,,outspok5 ,,essays ,,by ,,william ,,ralph ,,+e1 ,c4,v4,o41 ,d4,d4 ,,dean ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,fif? ,,impression ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,f\r? ,,av5ue #cj,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,& ,,madras #aibj ,,preface ,all ! ,essays 9 ?is volume1 except ! fir/1 h appe>$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 or ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 ,i h to ?ank ! ,publi%]s & ,editors ( ^? ,reviews = _! c\rtesy 9 p]mitt+ me to repr9t !m4 ,! articles on ,! ,bir?-,rate1 ,! ,future ( ! ,engli% ,race1 ,bi%op ,gore & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ,c>d9al ,newman are f ! ,ed9burgh ,review2 ^? on ,patriotism1 ,ca?olic ,mod]nism1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,! ,indictm5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity are f ! ,qu>t]ly ,review2 ^? on ,in/itutionalism & ,my/icism & ,survival & ,immortality f ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal4 ,i h n attempt$ to remove all traces ( ov]lapp+1 :i* ,i hope may be p>don$ 9 essays writt5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 b a few repetitions h be5 excis$4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,our ,,pres5t ,,discont5ts #a ,,ii4 ,,patriotism #ce ,,iii4 ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate #ei ,,iv4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,race #hb ,v4 ,,bi%op ,,gore ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& #ajf ,,vi4 ,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,mod]nism #acg ,,vii4 ,,c>d9al ,,newman #agb ,,viii4 ,,/4 ,,paul #bje ,,ix4 ,,in/itutionalism ,,& ,,my/icism #bcj ,x4 ,,! ,,indictm5t ,,aga9/ ,,*ri/ianity #bdc ,,xi4 ,,survival ,,& ,,immortality #bff ,phot]a !lei/ soi mal?aka pseydh lheg1 h sklhr' al?h2 phrhaze1 % g> h krhisi/4 ,euripides4 ,! case ( hi/orical writ]s is h>d2 = if !y tell ! tru? !y provoke man1 & if !y write :at is false !y (f5d ,god4--,mat!w ,p>is4 ,quattuor sunt maxime compreh5d5dae v]itatis (f5dicula2 videlicet1 fragilis et indignae auctoritatis exemplum1 consuetud9is diuturnitas1 vulgi s5sus imp]iti1 et propriae ignorantiae occultatio cum o/5tatione sapi5tiae sup]ioris4--,rog] ,bacon4 ,iudicio p]p5de2 et si tibi v]a vid5tur1 ,d$e manus2 aut si falsum e/1 acc+]e contra4 ,lucretius4 ,ev5tu r]um /olidi didic]e magi/ro4 ,claudian4 ',all' h toi m5 tahyta !hn en gohynasi kehitai4 ,hom]4 ,i ,,our ,,pres5t ,,discont5ts 7,,augu/1 #aiai7 ,! ,essays 9 ?is volume 7 writt5 at v>i\s times be=e & dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,9 read+ !m ?r\gh = republication1 ,i h to ask myself :e!r my op9ions on social sci5ce & on ! /ate ( religion1 ! two subjects :i* are ma9ly dealt ) 9 ?is collection1 h be5 modifi$ by ! greate/ calamity :i* has ev] befall5 ! civilis$ _w1 or by ! issue ( ! /ruggle4 ,i f9d v little t ,i %\ld n[ wi% to alt]4 ,! w> has caus$ ev5ts to move fa/]1 b 9 ! same direction z be=e4 ,! social revolution has be5 hurri$ on2 ! inevitable c\nt]-revolution has equally be5 br\ght ne>]4 ,= if !re is "o safe g5]alisation 9 human affairs1 x is t revolutions always de/roy !mselves4 ,h[ (t5 h fanatics proclaim$ '! ye> "o'6 ,b no revolution>y era has yet rea*$ 'ye> tw5ty-five4' ,z reg>ds ! national "*1 !re is no sign1 ,i fe>1 t mu* wisdom has be5 le>nt4 ,we are m wa/eful & reckless ?an ev]4 ,! doctr9aire democrat /ill vap\rs ab\t democracy1 ?\gh repres5tative gov]nm5t has obvi\sly lo/ bo? its p[] & its pre/ige4 ,! lab\r p>ty /ill hugs its compreh5sive assortm5t ( economic h]esies4 ,organis$ religion rema9s z impot5t z x 0 be=e ! w>4 ,b "o fact has em]g$ ) />tl+ cle>ness4 ,human nature has n be5 *ang$ by civilisation4 ,x has nei!r be5 levell$ up nor levell$ d[n to an av]age m$iocrity4 ,b5ea? ! d+y uni=mity ( int]national fa%ions 9 dress1 man rema9s :at he has always be5--a spl5did fight+ animal1 a self-sacrific+ h]o1 & a blood?ir/y savage4 ,human nature is at once sublime & horrible1 holy & satanic4 ,ap>t f ! accumulation ( k & exp]i5ce1 :i* are ext]nal & prec>i\s acquisitions1 !re is no pro( t we h *ang$ mu* s9ce ! fir/ /one age4 ,! w> itself1 z we %all soon be compell$ to recognise1 _h its roots deep 9 ! political & social /ructure ( ,europe4 ,! gr[? ( weal? & population1 & ! law ( dim9i%+ returns1 l$ to a scramble = unappropriat$ l&s produc+ ! raw mat]ials ( indu/ry4 ,x 01 9 a s5se1 a w> ( capital2 b capitalism is no accretion ^u ! body politic2 x is ! creator ( ! mod]n _w & an ess5tial "p ( a liv+ organism4 ,! ,g]mans unque/ionably made a deep-laid plot to capture all m>kets & cripple or ru9 all competitors4 ,_! aims & me?ods 7 v l ^? ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,tru/ on a /ill l>g] scale4 ,! o!r nations _h n foll[$ ! logic ( competition 9 ! same ru?less mann]2 !re 7 sev]al ?+s :i* !y 7 n will+ to d4 ,b w> to ! knife _c be conf9$ to "o ( ! combatants2 ! alt]native1 ,weltma*t od] ,ni$]gang1 0 ?ru/ by ,g]many ^u ! ,allies :5 %e *ose t motto = h]self4 ,if ! mod]n man 7 z mu* dom9at$ by economic motives z is sometimes suppos$1 ! suicidal results ( su* a conflict w\ld h be5 app>5t to all2 b ! poetry & idealism ( human nature1 no long] c5tr$1 z =m]ly1 9 religion1 _h ga!r$ r\nd a romantic patriotism1 = :i* ! bellig]5ts 7 will+ to sacrifice _! all )\t c\nt+ ! co/4 ,l o!r idealisms1 patriotism v>ies f a noble devotion to a moral lunacy4 ,b !re 0 ano!r cause :i* l$ to ! w>4 ,g]many 0 a curi\s comb9ation ( sev5te5? c5tury !ory & v mod]n practice4 ,an ,emp]or rul+ by div9e "r 0 ! head ( ! mo/ sci5tific /ate t ! _w has se54 ,9 _m ways ,g]many1 ) an intellig5t1 economical1 & uncorrupt ,gov]nm5t1 0 a model to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,b ! :ole /ructure 0 m5ac$ by t =m ( individuali/ic mat]ialism :i* calls itself social democracy1 & :i* 9 practice is at once ! copy ( organic mat]ialism & ! reaction aga9/ x4 ,! motives = drill+ a :ole nation 9 ! pursuit ( purely national & purely mat]iali/ic aims are n /rong en\gh to prev5t dis9tegration4 ,! ,g]man ,kriegs/aat 0 fall+ to pieces ?r\gh int]nal fissures4 ,a successful w> might give ! empire a new lease ( life2 o!rwise1 ! ris+ tide ( revolution 0 c]ta9 to sweep x away4 ,z ,sir ,*>les ,wal/on has %[n1 x 0 = "s ye>s d\btful :e!r ! democratic movem5t w\ld obta9 control be=e ! bureaucracy & army *iefs succe$$ 9 precipitat+ a w>4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( race betwe5 ! two =ces4 ,?is 0 ! situation :i* ,"l ,haldane f\nd /ill exi/+ 9 8 fam\s visit to ,g]many4 ,9 ! ev5t1 ! cons]vative p[]s 7 able to /rike & to ru% public op9ion4 ,p]haps ! bureaucracy 0 c>ri$ along by its own mom5tum4 ,two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! w> a ,g]man publici/1 reply+ to an em95t ,engli%man1 :o ask$ him :o really direct$ ! policy ( ,g]many1 answ]$3 ',x is a difficult "q4 ,nom9ally1 ( c\rse1 ! ,emp]or is responsible2 b he is a man ( moods1 n a /rong man4 ,9 reality1 ! ma*9e runs itself4 ,:i!r x is c>ry+ u we none ( u "k2 ,i fe> t[>ds "s great disa/]4' ,?is seems to be ! tru? ( ! matt]4 ,no d\bt1 a romantic imp]ialism1 ) dreams ( re/or+ ! empire ( ,*>lemagne1 0 a factor 9 ! crim9al ent]prise4 ,no d\bt ! natural ambitions ( (fic]s1 & ! gre$ ( contractors & speculators1 play$ _! "p 9 promot+ x4 ,b :5 we consid] t ,g]many held all ! w9n+ c>ds 9 a game ( peaceful p5etration & economic competition1 we %\ld attribute to ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t a /range recklessness if we did n conclude t ! political condition ( ,g]many itself1 & ! automatic work+ ( ! ma*9e1 7 ! ma9 causes :y ! attack 0 made4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 abundant evid5ce t x 0 s4 ,! s*eme fail$ only because ,g]many 0 fooli% en\gh to ?reat5 ,engl& be=e settl+ acc\nts ) ,russia4 ,b ?is1 aga91 0 ! result ( int]nal pressure4 ,hamburg1 & all ! int]e/s :i* ! "n /&s =1 c>$ less = expansion 9 ! ,ea/ ?an = ! capture ( m>kets ov]seas4 ,= ?is important section ( cons]vative ,g]many1 ,engl& 0 ! enemy4 ,s ! gauntlet 0 ?r[n d[n to ! :ole civilis$ _w at once1 & ! odds aga9/ ,g]many 7 too great4 ,= ! "t be+1 ! _w has no example ( a /rong mon>*y4 ,! ?ree great ,european empires are1 at ! "t ( writ+1 9 a /ate ( septic dissolution4 ,! victors h sprung to ! welcome conclusion t democracy is ev]y:]e triumphant1 & t be=e long no o!r type ( civilis$ /ate w exi/4 ,! amaz+ prov9cialism ( ,am]ican political ?\ght accepts ?is conclusion )\t demur2 & our public m51 "s ( :om d\btless "k bett]1 h s]v$ ! ne$s ( ! mom5t by effusions ( political nons5se :i* almo/ surpass ! orations deliv]$ e ye> on ! ,f\r? ( ,july4 ,b no hi/orian c suppose t "o ( ! mo/ widespread & successful =ms ( human association has be5 p]man5tly ext+ui%$ because ! ,c5tral ,empires 7 n q /rong en\gh to conqu] ,europe1 an attempt :i* has always fail$1 & probably w always fail4 ,! issue is n fully decid$1 ev5 = our own g5]ation4 ,! asc5dancy w belong to t nation :i* is ! be/ organis$1 ! mo/ /r5u\s1 ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! mo/ unit$4 ,be=e ! w> none w\ld h hesitat$ to "n ,g]many z hold+ ?is position2 & until ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire ! nation seem$ to possess ^? qualities unimpair$4 ,! ?ree ,empires collaps$ 9 hide\s *aos z soon z !y depos$ _! mon>*s4 ,9 ! case ( ,russia1 x is difficult to imag9e any recov]y until ! mon>*y is re/or$2 & ,g]many w\ld probably be well-advis$ to *oose "s memb] ( ! imp]ial family z a con/itutional sov]eign4 ,a mon>* frequ5tly repres5ts 8 subjects bett] ?an an elect$ assembly2 & if he is a good judge ( "* he is likely to h m capable & loyal advis]s4 ,presid5t ,wilson's decl>ation t 'a /eadfa/ conc]t = peace c nev] be ma9ta9$ except by a p>tn]%ip ( democratic nations2 = no autocratic gov]nm5t c\ld ev] be tru/$ to keep fai? )9 x1' is "o ( ! mo/ *ildi% exhibitions ( doctr9aire navet :i* ev] proce$$ f ! m\? ( a public man4 ,hi/ory gives no c\nt5ance to ! !ory t popul> gov]nm5ts are ei!r m moral or m pacific ?an /rong mon>*ies4 ,! late ,"l ,salisbury1 9 "o ( 8 articles 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 spoke ! tru? on ?is subject4 ',mod]ation1 especially 9 ! matt] ( t]ritory1 has nev] be5 a *>act]i/ic ( democracy4 ,:]ev] x has _h free play1 9 ! anci5t _w or ! mod]n1 9 ! old hemisph]e or ! new1 a ?ir/ = empire & a read9ess = aggressive w> has always m>k$ x4 ,?\gh gov]nm5ts may h an appe>ance & ev5 a reality ( pacific int5t1 _! action is always liable to be sup]s$$ by ! viol5t & vehem5t op]ations ( m]e ignorance4' ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are no exception to ?is rule4 ,!y h ext5d$ _! dom9ion by mu* ! same means z ! empire ( ! ,ts>s or our own4 ,texas & ,upp] ,cali=nia1 ! ,philipp9es & ,porto ,rico1 7 annex$ =cibly2 ,new ,mexico1 ,alaska1 & ,l\isiana 7 b\ght2 ,florida 0 acquir$ by treaty2 ,ma9e fil*$ f ,canada4 ,9 no case 7 ! wi%es ( ! inhabitants consult$4 ,our own exp]i5ce ( republicanism is ! same4 ,x 0 dur+ ! %ort p]iod :5 ,great ,brita9 _h no k+ t ,cromwell's c\rt-poet1 ,&rew ,m>vell1 urg$ him to complete 8 glori\s c>e] by demoli%+ our pres5t allies3 ,a ,cs> he1 ere long1 to ,gaul1 ,to ,italy an ,hannibal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 none ( ! 'autocrats' want$ ?is w>4 ,! ,kais] 0 c]ta9ly pu%$ into x4 ,democracy is a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* may be rationally def5d$1 n z be+ good1 b z be+ less bad ?an any o!r4 ,its /ronge/ m]its seem to be3 fir/1 t ! citiz5s ( a democracy h a s5se ( proprietor%ip & responsibility 9 public affairs1 :i* 9 times ( crisis may add to _! t5acity & endurance4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! ,f$]als 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 & ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti% 9 ! f\r ye>s' /ruggle aga9/ ,g]many1 may be legitimately adduc$ z argum5ts = democracy4 ,:5 ,de ,tocqueville says t 'x is h>d = a democracy to beg9 or to end a w>1' ! second is tru] ?an ! fir/4 ,&1 secondly1 ! educational value ( democracy is s great t x may be held to c\nt]balance _m defects4 ,mill decides 9 fav\r ( democracy ma9ly on ! gr\nd t 'x promotes a bett] & high] =m ( national "* ?an any o!r polity1' s9ce gov]nm5t by au?ority /unts ! intellect1 n>r[s ! sympa?ies1 & de/roys ! p[] ( initiative4 ',! p]fect commonweal?1' says ,mr4 ,zimm]n1' is a society ( free m5 & wom51 ea* at once rul+ & be+ rul$1' ,x is also fair to argue t mon>*ies d n escape ! wor/ evils ( democracies4 ,an autocracy is (t5 oblig$ to oppress ! educat$ classes & to propitiate ! mob4 ,domitian massacr$ s5ators ) impunity1 & only fell 'po/quam c]donibus esse tim5dus coep]at4' ,if an autocracy does n re/ on ! army1 :i* leads to ! *aos ( praetorianism1 x mu/ rely on 'panem et circ5ses4' ,h5ce x has "s ( ! wor/ faults ( democracy1 )\t its advantages4 ,z ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas says3 ',:5 a ,ts> or a bureaucracy f9ds itself =c$ to gov]n 9 opposition to a vague national feel+ :i* may at any mom5t create an ov]:elm+ national purpose1 ! autocrat becomes ! mo/ unscrupul\s ( demagogues1 & /irs up racial or religi\s or social hatr$1 or ! lu/ = =eign w>1 ) less scruple ?an a newspap] proprietor "u a democracy1' ,! autocrat1 9 fact1 is (t5 a slave1 z ! demagogue is (t5 a tyrant4 ,la/ly1 ! democrat may urge t "o ( ! commone/ accusations aga9/ democracy--t ! populace *ooses its rul]s badly--is n true 9 times ( great national dang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x (t5 %[s a s\nd in/9ct 9 f9d+ ! /ronge/ man to c>ry x ?r\gh a crisis4 ,at su* times ! p>rots & monkeys are disc>d$1 & a ,napoleon or a ,kit*5] is giv5 a free h&1 ?\gh he may h despis$ all ! demagogic arts4 ,9 o!r words1 a democracy sometimes kn[s :5 to abdicate4 ,! excesses ( revolutioni/s are n an argum5t aga9/ democracy1 s9ce revolutions are any?+ r ?an democratic4 ,nev]!less1 ! indictm5t aga9/ democracy is a v heavy "o1 & x is wor? :ile to /ate ! ma9 items 9 ! *>ge4 #a4 ,:atev] may be truly said ab\t ! good s5se ( a democracy dur+ a great crisis1 at ord9>y times x does n br+ ! be/ m5 to ! top4 ,pr(essor ,he>n%aw1 9 8 admirable ',democracy at ! ,crossroads1' collects a numb] ( weighty op9ions confirm+ ?is judgm5t4 ,c>lyle1 :o proclaim$ ! m]its ( sil5ce 9 "s ?irty volumes1 blames democracy = ignor+ ! 'noble1 sil5t m5' :o c\ld s]ve x be/1 & plac+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( w9dbags4 ,rusk91 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,sir ,james ,/eph51 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 & ,lecky1 all agree t '! p h = ! mo/ "p nei!r ! w nor ! p[] to f9d out ! be/ m5 to lead !m4' ,9 ,france ! d5unciations ( democratic politicians are s g5]al t x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate ! writ]s :o h utt]$ !m4 ,"o example w suffice2 ! words are ! words ( ,anatole ,beaulieu 9 #ahhe3 ,! wid] ! circle f :i* politicians & /ate-function>ies are recruit$1 ! l[] seems _! intellectual level to h sunk4 ,?is det]ioration 9 ! p]sonnel ( gov]nm5t has be5 yet m /rik+ f ! moral po9t ( view4 ,politics h t5d$ to become m corrupt1 m debas$1 & to soil ! h&s ( ^? :o take "p 9 !m & ! m5 :o get _! liv+ by !m4 ,political battles h become too bitt] & too vulg> n to h inspir$ av]sion 9 ! noble/ & mo/ upright natures by _! viol5ce & _! intrigues4 ,! lite ( ! nation 9 m ?an "o c\ntry are %[+ a t5d5cy to h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,politics is an indu/ry 9 :i* a man1 to prosp]1 requires less intellig5ce & k ?an boldness & capacity = intrigue4 ,x has already become 9 "s /ates ! mo/ ignom9i\s ( c>e]s4 ,p>ties are syndicates = exploitation1 & its =ms become ev] m %ameless4 ,a lat] acc\nt ( ,fr5* politics1 drawn f inside k & exp]i5ce1 is ! rem>kable novel1 ',les ,morts qui p>l5t1' by ! ,vicomte ,le ,vogu4 ,read]s ( ?is book w n =get ! description ( ! ba9 de ha9e 9 :i* a new deputy at once f9ds himself plung$1 & ! cank] ( corruption :i* eats into ! :ole sy/em4 ,x is no wond] t ! majority ( ,fr5*m5 d n c>e to record _! votes4 ,9 #aijf1 #e1bji1fjf votes 7 giv51 #f1chc1heb electors did n g to ! poll4 ,! record ( democracy 9 ! new c\ntries is no bett]4 ,we mu/ regretfully admit t ,l\is ,simond 0 "r :5 he said1 ',few p take ! tr\ble to p]suade ! p1 except ^? :o see _! int]e/ 9 deceiv+ !m4' #b4 ,! democracy is a ready victim to %ibbole?s & cat*words1 z all demagogues "k too well4 ',! ab/ract idea1' z ,s*r] says1 'is ! national alim5t ( popul> rhetoric1 ! fatal =m ( ?\ght :i*1 = want ( solid k1 op]ates 9 a vacuum4' ,! politician has only to f9d a fasc9at+ =mula2 facts & argum5ts are p[]less aga9/ x4 ,! art ( ! demagogue is ! art ( ! p>rot2 he mu/ utt] "s s5seless cat*word aga9 & aga91 work+ on ! sugge/ibility ( ! cr[d4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 ',on ! ,/udy ( ,words1' notices ?is fact ( psy*ology & ! use :i* is commonly made ( x4 ,if ,i want$ any fur!r evid5ce ( ! moral atmosph]e :i* words diffuse1 ,i w\ld ask y to obs]ve h[ ! fir/ ?+ m5 d1 :5 engag$ 9 controv]sy ) o!rs1 is ev] to assume "s hon\rable "n to !mselves1 su* z1 if possible1 %all beg ! :ole subject 9 dispute1 & at ! same "t to affix on _! adv]s>ies a "n :i* %all place !m 9 a ridicul\s or contemptible or odi\s light4 ,a deep in/9ct1 deep] p]haps ?an m5 give any acc\nt ( to !mselves1 tells !m h[ f> ?is w g2 t multitudes1 utt]ly unable to weigh ! argum5ts on "o side or ! o!r1 w yet be receptive ( ! influ5ces :i* ^! words are ev]more1 h[ev] imp]ceptibly1 diffus+4 ,by argum5t !y might hope to ga9 ov] ! reason ( a few1 b by help ( ^! nicknames ! prejudices & passions ( ! _m4 ,! *ief in/rum5t ( ?is base art is no long] ! public spee* b ! newspap]4 ,! psy*ology ( ! cr[d has be5 mu* /udi$ lately1 by ,le ,bon & o!r writ]s 9 ,france1 by ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas 9 ,engl&4 ,i ?9k t ,le ,bon is 9 dang] ( mak+ ,! ,cr[d a my/ical1 sup]human entity4 ,( c\rse1 a cr[d is made up ( individuals1 :o rema9 individuals /ill4 ,we mu/ n accept ! /uff$ idol ( ,r\sseau & ! sociali/s1 ',! ,g5]al ,w1' & turn x into an evil _s4 ,!re is no ,g5]al ,w4 ,all we h a "r to say is t individuals are occasionally guid$ by reason1 cr[ds nev]4 #c4 ,sev]al critics ( democracy h accus$ x n only ( ra% iconoclasm1 b ( ob/9ate cons]vatism & ob/ructiv5ess4 ,x seems unreasonable to *>ge ! same p]sons ) two opposite faults2 b x is true t :]e ! popul> emotions are n t\*$1 ! masses w cl+ to old abuses f m]e =ce ( habit4 ,z ,ma9e says1 univ]sal suffrage w\ld h prohibit$ ! sp9n+-j5ny & ! p[]-loom1 ! ?re%+-ma*9e & ! ,gregorian cal5d>2 & x w\ld h re/or$ ! ,/u>ts4 ,! !ory ( democracy--vox populi vox dei--is a pure sup]/ition1 a belief 9 a div9e or natural sanction :i* does n exi/4 ,& sup]/ition is usually ob/ructive4 ',we erect ! tempor>y wat*words ( evanesc5t politics into et]nal tru?s2 & hav+ accept$ z platitudes ! p>adoxes ( our fa!rs1 we p]petuate !m z ob/acles to ! progress ( our *ildr54'#a #d4 ,a m s]i\s dang] is t ( vexati\s & inquisitive tyranny4 ,?is is ex]cis$ p>tly ?r\gh public op9ion1 a vulg>1 imp]t95t1 anonym\s tyrant :o delib]ately makes life unpleasant = anyone :o is n cont5t to be ! av]age man4 ,b p>tly x is se5 9 con/ant int]f]5ce ) ! legislature & ! executive4 ,no "o c gov]n :o _c af=d to be unpopul>1 & no democratic (ficial c af=d to be unpopul>4 ,sometimes he has to w9k at flagrant inju/ice & oppression2 at o!r times a fanatical agitation compels him to pass laws :i* =bid ! citiz5 to indulge p]fectly h>mless ta/es1 or tax him to contribute to ! pleasures ( ! majority4 ,9 _m ways a ,russian "u ! ,ts>s 0 f> less int]f]$ ) ?an an ,engli%man or ,am]ican or ,au/ralian4 #e4 ,b ! two diseases :i* are likely to be fatal to democracy are an>*y & corruption4 ,a democratic gov]nm5t is almo/ necess>ily weak & timid4 ,a democracy _c tol]ate a /rong executive = fe> ( see+ ! control pass out ( ! h&s ( ! mob4 ,! executive mu/ be un>m$ & def5celess4 ,! result is t x is at ! m]cy ( any viol5t & anti-social faction4 ,no civilis$ gov]nm5t has ev] giv5 a m ludicr\s & humiliat+ object-lesson ?an ! ,cab9et & ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! ye>s be=e ! w>1 9 face ( ! outrages committ$ by a small gang ( female an>*i/s4 ,! legalisation ( t]rorism by ! trade-unions 0 too tragic a surr5d] to be ludicr\s1 b x 0 ev5 m disgraceful4 ,none c\ld be surpris$ :51 dur+ ! w>1 ! ,gov]nm5t %rank f deal+ ) treasonable conspiracy 9 ! same qu>t]4 ,! ,times = ,may #bd1 #aiag1 conta9$ a notewor?y example ( ju/ice influ5c$ by pressure1 & !re=e appli$ ) flagrant inequality4 ,9 p>allel columns appe>$ reports ( 'sug>-sell]s f9$' & '/rike lead]s releas$4' ,! =m] paid ! full p5alty ( _! misde$s because no body ( outside op9ion ma9ta9$ !m4 ,! latt]1 :o 7 /at$ to h committ$ (f5ces = :i* ! maximum p5alty 0 p5al s]vitude = life1 got (f scot-free because !y 7 memb]s ( a p[]ful organisation :i* 0 able to br+ imm5se weight to be> on ! ,gov]nm5t4#b ,! 'imm5se weight' 01 ( c\rse1 ! ?reat ( virtually betray+ ! c\ntry to ! ,g]mans4 ,! c\ntry is at ?is mom5t at ! m]cy ( any lawless faction :i* may *oose ei!r to hold ! community to ransom by p>alys+ our trade & *annels ( supply1 or by organis$ viol5ce aga9/ life & prop]ty4 ,democracy is p[]less aga9/ sectional an>*ism2 & :5 su* movem5ts break out !re is no rem$y except by sub/itut+ = democracy a gov]nm5t ( a v diff]5t type4 ,democracy is1 9 fact1 a dis9tegrat+ =ce4 ,x is /rong 9 de/ruction1 & t5ds to fall to pieces :5 ! "w ( demolition 7:i* may ( c\rse be a necess>y task7 is ov]4 ,democracy dissolves communities into individuals & collects !m aga9 into mobs4 ,x pulls up by ! roots ! social ord] :i* civilisation has gradually evolv$1 & leaves m5 drac9s1 z ,b\rget says 9 "o ( 8 be/ novels1 homeless & fri5dless1 ) no place ready = !m to fill4 ,x is ! opposite extreme to ! ca/e sy/em ( ,india1 :i*1 ) all its faults1 does n seem to bre$ ! ,european type ( enrag1 ! enemy ( society z su*4 #f4 ,! corruption ( democracies proce$s directly f ! fact t "o class imposes ! taxes & ano!r class pays !m4 ,! con/itutional pr9ciple1 ',no taxation )\t repres5tation1' is utt]ly set at n\ght "u a sy/em :i* leaves c]ta9 classes )\t any effective repres5tation at all4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is said t "o-t5? ( ! population pays five-six?s ( ! taxes4 ,! class :i* imposes ! taxes has refus$ to t\* ! burd5 ( ! w> ) "o ( its f+]s2 & e mon? new doles at ! public exp5se are di/ribut$ "u ! cam\flage ( 'social re=m4' ,at e election ! worldly goods ( ! m9ority are put up to auction4 ,?is is f> m immoral ?an ! old-fa%ion$ election brib]y1 :i* 0 a comp>atively hone/ deal betwe5 two p]sons2 & 9 its effects x is f> m ru9\s4 ,democracy is likely to p]i%1 l ! mon>*y ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 ?r\gh national bankruptcy4 ,besides ^! defects1 ! democracy has e?ical /&>ds ( its own1 :i* diff] widely f ^? ( ! educat$ classes4 ,among ! poor1 'g5]osity ranks f> be=e ju/ice1 sympa?y be=e tru?1 love be=e *a/ity1 a pliant & oblig+ disposition be=e a rigidly hone/ "o4 ,9 brief1 ! less admixture ( intellect requir$ = ! practice ( any virtue1 ! high] x /&s 9 popul> e/imation4#c ,9 ?is c\ntry1 at any rate1 democracy means a victory ( s5tim5t ov] reason4 ,"s may pref] ! s(t] type ( "*1 & may hope t x w make civilisation m humane & compassionate ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,un=tunately1 exp]i5ce %[s t none is s cruel z ! disillusion$ s5tim5tali/4 ,he ?9ks t he c break or ignore nature's laws ) impunity2 & !n1 :5 he f9ds t nature has no s5tim5t1 he rages l a mad dog1 & comb9es ) 8 !oretical objection to capital puni%m5t a lu/ to murd] all :o disagree ) him4 ,?is is ! g5esis ( ,jacob9ism & ,bol%evism4 ,b :e!r we ?9k t ! bad 9 democracy pr$om9ates ov] ! good1 or ! good ov] ! bad1 a "q :i* ,i %all n attempt to decide1 ! popul> bald]da% ab\t x corresponds to no real conviction4 ,! upp] class has nev] believ$ 9 x2 ! middle class has ! /ronge/ reasons to hate & fe> x4 ,b h[ ab\t ! l[] class1 9 ^: int]e/s ! :ole ma*9e is suppos$ to h be5 set go+8 ,! work+ man has no respect = ei!r democracy or lib]ty4 ,8 :ole int]e/ is 9 transf]r+ ! weal? ( ! m9ority to 8 own pocket4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 he ?\ght t univ]sal suffrage w\ld get = him :at he desires2 b he has lo/ all fai? 9 con/itutional me?ods4 ,to levy blackmail on ! community1 "u ?reats ( civil w>1 seems to him a m exp$iti\s way ( ga9+ 8 object4 ,monopolies are to be e/abli%$ by pitiless co]cion ( ^? :o wi% to keep _! fre$om4 ,! trade unions are l>ge capitali/s2 !y are well able to />t factories = !mselves & "w !m = _! own exclusive pr(it4 ,b !y f9d x m pr(itable to hold ! nation to ransom by blockad+ ! supply ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! new lab\r] despises productivity = ! same reason t ! old robb] b>ons did3 x is less tr\ble to take money ?an to make x4 ,! mo/ outspok5 popul> lead]s no long] conceal _! contempt = & rejection ( democracy4 ,! sociali/s p]ceive ! irreconcilable contradiction betwe5 ! two ideas1#d & !y are "r4 ,democracy po/ulates community ( int]e/ or loyal patriotism4 ,:5 ^! are abs5t x _c long exi/4 ,syndicalism1 :i* seems to be gr[+1 is ! antipodes ( socialism1 b1 l socialism1 x c make no t]ms ) democracy4 ',if syndicalism triumphs1' says its *ief prophet ,sorel1 '! p>liam5t>y rgime1 s de> to ! intellectuals1 w be at an end4' ',! syndicali/ has a contempt = ! vulg> idea ( democracy2 ! va/ unconsci\s mass is n to be tak5 into acc\nt :5 ! m9ority wi%es to act s z to b5efit x4'#e ',! effect ( political majorities1' says ,mr4 ,lev9e1 'is to h9d] advance1' ,accord+ly1 political me?ods are reject$ ) contempt4 ,! an>*i/s g "o /ep fur!r4 ,bakun9 proclaims t 'we reject all legislation1 all au?ority1 & all influ5ce1 ev5 :5 x has proce$$ f univ]sal suffrage4' ,^! p[]ful movem5ts1 oppos$ z !y are to ea* o!r1 agree 9 spurn+ ! v idea ( democracy1 :i* ,"l ,morley def9es z gov]nm5t by public op9ion1 & :i* may be def9$ ) m precision z direct gov]nm5t by ! votes ( ! majority among ! adult memb]s ( a nation4 ,ev5 a political philosoph] l ,mr4 ,l[es ,dick9son says1 ',= my "p1 ,i am no democrat4' ,:o !n are ! fri5ds ( ?is curieux fti*e1 z ,qu9et call$ democracy8 ,x appe>s to h none1 ?\gh x has be5 ! subject ( fatu\s laudation ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,r\sseau4 ,! ,am]icans burn inc5se be=e x1 b !y are !mselves rul$ by ! ,boss & ! ,tru/4 ,! attempt to ju/ify ! lab\r movem5t z a legitimate developm5t ( ! old democratic ,lib]alism is futile4 ,fre$om to =m comb9ations is no d\bt a logical application ( laiss] faire2 & ! an>*ic possibilities lat5t 9 laiss] faire h be5 made pla9 9 ! anti-democratic movem5ts ( lab\r4 ,b ,lib]alism re/$ on a too fav\rable e/imate ( human nature & on a belief 9 ! law ( progress4 ,z !re is no law ( progress1 & z civilis$ society is be+ de/roy$ by ! evil passions ( m51 ,lib]alism is1 = ! "t1 q discr$it$4 ,x w\ld also be true to say t !re is a fundam5tal contradiction betwe5 ! two dogmas ( ,lib]alism4 ,^! 71 t unlimit$ competition is /imulat+ to ! competitors & good = ! c\ntry1 & t e individual is an end1 n a means4 ,bo? are an>*ical2 b ! fir/ logically issues 9 individuali/ic an>*y1 ! la/ 9 communi/ic an>*y4 ,! economic & ! e?ical !ory ( ,lib]alism _c be h>monis$4 ,! result--cruel competition temp]$ by an artificial process ( c\nt]-selection 9 fav\r ( ! unfitte/--0 by no means satisfactory4 ,b x 0 bett] ?an :at we are n[ ?reat5$ )4 ,t ! lab\r movem5t is economically rott5 x is easy to prove4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,he>n%aw1 '! gov]nm5t has ceas$ to gov]n 9 ! _w ( lab\r1 & has be5 compell$1 in/ead ( gov]n+1 to bribe1 to cajole1 to beg1 to grovel4 ,x has pur*as$ brief truces at ! co/ ( increas+ levies ( ,danegeld drawn f ! dim9i%+ res\rces ( ! pati5t community4 ,x has emb>k$ on a c\rse ( paym5t ( blackmail :i* mu/ end ei!r 9 national bankruptcy or 9 ! social revolution :i* ! an>*i/s seek4' ,! p[]ful trade-unions are n[ plund]+ bo? ! own]s ( _! 'plant1' & ! g5]al public4 ,x is easy to %[ t _! memb]s already get mu* m ?an _! %>e ( ! national weal?4 ,pr(essor ,b[ley#f has e/imat$ t an equal division ( ! national income w\ld give ab\t #afj a ye> to ea* family1 free ( taxes4 ,b ev5 ?is e/imate1 disc\rag+ z x is1 seems n to all[ suffici5tly = ! fact t "u ! pres5t sy/em mu* ( ! income ( ! ri*] classes is c\nt$ twice or ?ree times ov]4 ,aboli% l>ge incomes1 & jewels1 pictures1 w9es1 furs1 special & r>e skill l t ( ! op]at+ surgeon & fa%ionable portrait pa9t]1 lose all or mo/ ( _! money value4 ,all ! l>ge pr(essional incomes1 except ^? ( ! l[ com$ian & 8 l1 are made out ( ! ri*1 & are c\nt$ at lea/ twice = income-tax4 ,x is c]ta9 t a l>ge "p ( ! national income c\ld n be 'r$i/ribut$1' & t 9 ! attempt to d s cr$it w\ld be de/roy$ & weal? w\ld melt l a sn[ man4 ,! m9]s1 !re=e1 are n seek+ ju/ice2 !y are blackmail+ ri* & poor alike by _! monopoly ( "o ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,& n[ !y /rike aga9/ pay+ income-tax6 ,x is n necess>y or j to br+ rail+ accusations aga9/ any class z a body4 ,p[] is always abus$1 & 9 ?is case !re is mu* hone/ ignorance1 /imulat$ by agitators :o are seldom hone/4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review ,sir ,lynd5 ,macassey speaks ( ! widespread1 almo/ univ]sal1 fallacies to :i* ! h&-work] has fall5 a victim4 ,!y believe t all _! aspirations c be satisfi$ out ( pres5t-day pr(its & production4 ,!y believe t 9 re/rict+ output !y are p]=m+ a moral duty to _! class4 ,!y d n believe t ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry dep5ds ^u its production1 & are oppos$ to all lab\r-sav+ devices4 ,!y refuse co-op]ation because !y desire ! cont9uance ( ! class-w>4 ,su* p]v]sity w\ld seem h>dly cr$ible if x 7 n atte/$ by ov]:elm+ evid5ce4 ,! ,gov]nm5t rem$y is fir/ to create unemploym5t & !n to end[ x--! %orte/ & madde/ road to ru9 s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,we may h a fa9t hope t "s ( ^! fallacies w be ab&on$ by ! workm5 :5 _! de/ructive results c no long] be conceal$4 ,b s5tim5talism seems to be incurable4 ,x erects irrationality into an act ( religi\s fai?1 gives free re9 to ! emotion ( pity1 & ?9ks t x is imitat+ ! ,good ,sam>itan by robb+ ! ,prie/ & ,levite = ! b5efit ( ! man by ! road-side4 ,! s5tim5tali/ %[s a bitt] hatr$ aga9/ ^? :o wi% to cure an evil by remov+ its causes4 ,a good example is ! language ( writ]s l ,mr4 ,*e/]ton ab\t eug5ics & population4 ,if social maladies 7 treat$ sci5tifically1 ! trade ( ! emotional rhetorician w\ld be gone4 ,we h se5 t democracy--! rule ( majorities--has be5 discr$it$ & ab&on$ 9 action1 ?\gh (ficially we all b[ d[n be=e x4 ,ano!r popul> delusion is t ! *ief *ange 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has be5 a conv]sion ( ! _w f individualism to socialism4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,*ri/ian sociali/s1 :o wi% to comb9e ! militant _s & organisation ( m$ieval ,ca?olicism ) a bid = ! popul> vote1 we h 'r$iscov]$ ! ,corporate ,idea4' ,b if we take socialism1 n 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( collectivism1 :i* w\ld be an economic exp]im5t1 b 9 ! wid] s5se ( a ke5 consci\sness ( ! solid>ity ( ! community z an organic :ole1 !re is v little tru? 9 ! commonly held notion t we h become m sociali/ic4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! idea has aris54 ,x became necess>y to f9d "s !oretical ju/ification = rais+ taxes1 no long] = national ne$s1 b = ! b5efit ( ! class :i* impos$ !m2 & ?is ju/ification 0 f\nd 9 ! !ory t all weal? belongs to '! ,/ate1' & may be ju/ly divid$ up z '! ,/ate'--t is to say1 ! majority ( ! vot]s--may det]m9e4 ,:5ev] ! "q arises ( vot+ new doles to ! dom9ant section ( ! p at ! exp5se ( ! m9ority1 our new political philosoph]s pr(ess !mselves f]v5t sociali/s4 ,b true socialism1 :i* is almo/ synonym\s ) patriotism1 is z conspicu\sly abs5t 9 ^? :o call !mselves sociali/s z x is /rong 9 ^? :o repudiate ! title4 ,?is p>adox c be easily prov$4 ,! mo/ sociali/ic ent]prise 9 :i* a nation ev] engages is a great w>4 ,a nation at w> is consci\s ( its corporate unity & its common int]e/s1 z x is at no o!r "t4 ,! nation !n calls ^u e citiz5 to surr5d] all 8 p]sonal rights & to (f] 8 life & limbs 9 ! s]vice ( ! community4 ,& :at has be5 ! record ( ! 'sociali/s' 9 ! /ruggle = national exi/5ce 9 :i* we h be5 engag$8 ,9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! w> !y ridicul$ ! idea t ! c\ntry 0 9 dang] ( be+ attack$1 & us$ all _! p[] to prev5t u f prep>+ aga9/ attack4 ,!y /eadily oppos$ ! tea*+ ( patriotism 9 ! s*ools4 ,:5 ! w> began1 !y prev5t$ ! ,gov]nm5t f introduc+ compulsory s]vice until our ,fr5* ,allies1 :o 7 left to be> ! brunt1 7 on ! po9t ( collapse2 !y1 9 v _m cases1 refus$ to s]ve !mselves1 !reby av[+ t1 z f> z !y 7 conc]n$1 !y 7 will+ to see _! c\ntry conqu]$ by a horde ( cruel b>b>ians2 & !y ne>ly h&$ ov] our armies to de/ruction by fom5t+ /rikes at ! mo/ critical p]iods ( ! w>4 ,?is attitude _c be acc\nt$ = by any consci5ti\s objection to viol5ce1 :i* is 9 fact _! fav\rite weapon1 except aga9/ ! enemies ( _! c\ntry4 ,_! socialism is1 9 tru?1 individualism run mad2 x is ! v anti!sis to ! consci\sness ( organic unity 9 a nation1 :i* is ! spiritual basis ( socialism4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! nation z a :ole has %[n a f9e sociali/ic temp]2 b ! disgraceful exception has be5 ! sociali/ p>ty4 ,! int5se & p]v]t$ individualism ( ! s-call$ sociali/ is %[n 9 ano!r way4 ,:atev] lib]ties a ,/ate may p]mit to its citiz5s1 x is c]ta9 t no nation c be 9 a heal?y condition unless ! gov]nm5t keeps 9 its own h&s ! keys ( bir? & ( dea?4 ,! ,/ate has ! "r ( ! f>m] to decide h[ _m c[s %\ld be all[$ to graze ^u t5 acres ( grass2 ! "r ( ! =e/] to decide h[ _m squ>e feet are requir$ = ea* tree 9 a wood4 ,x has also ! "r & ! duty ( ! g>d5] to pull up noxi\s we$s 9 8 fl[]-b$s4 ,b ! sociali/ vehem5tly repudiates bo? ^! rights4 ,be+ an ultra-individuali/1 he is 9 fav\r ( laiss] faire1 :]e laiss] faire is mo/ indef5sible & mo/ disa/r\s4 ,x w\ld be easy to ma9ta9 t ! organic idea 0 m pot5t1 bo? "u m$ieval feudalism & "u n9ete5?-c5tury indu/rialism1 ?an x is n[4 ,9 =m] days1 economic & social equality 7 n ev5 aim$ at1 because x 0 ?\ght inevitable t 9 a social organism !re mu/ be subord9ation & a hi]>*y ( functions4 ,ess5tially1 & 9 ! sight ( ,god1 all are equal1 or1 r1 ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 man & man are absolutely indep5d5t ( social /atus4 ,9 a few ye>s ,laz>us may be 9 heav5 & ,dives 9 hell4 ,beside ?is equality ( moral opportunity & trem5d\s inequality 9 self-*os5 de/9y1 ! /atus ( ma/] & s]vant seem$ ( small importance2 x 0 a tempor>y & trivial accid5t4 ,accord+ly1 9 feudal times1 z to-day 9 really ,ca?olic communities1 feel+s ( inju/ice & social bitt]ness 7 seldom ar\s$ & class diff]5ces take on a m g5ial col\r4 ,9 spite ( ! lawlessness & brutality ( ! ,middle ,ages x is probable t m5 7 happi] !n ?an !y are n[4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* 0 a dis9tegrat+ solv5t1 pulv]is$ society1 & 0 impot5t to recon/ruct x4 ,yet "u ! indu/rial rgime :i* foll[$ x 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! nation 0 consci\s ( its unity4 ,! sy/em 0 ! be/ t c\ld h be5 devis$ = increas+ ! population & aggregate weal? ( ! c\ntry2 & ev5 ^? :o suff]$ mo/ "u x 7 n )\t pride 9 its results4 ,! ill-paid workman ( ! la/ c5tury w\ld h ?\ght x a poor ?+ to d a delib]ately bad day's "w4 ,i am n prais+ ei!r ! age ( feudalism or ! 'hungry =ties' ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! latt] case especially ! sacrifice exact$ f ! poor 0 too great = ! r vulg> success ( :i* x 0 ! condition4 ,b to call t age ! p]iod ( individualism1 & our own g5]ation ! p]iod ( socialism1 is 9 my op9ion a pr(\nd mi/ake4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 ! real sociali/s are n ! ',sp>taci/' sc\ndrels :o h betray$ & ru9$ _! c\ntry1 b ! bureaucracy ) _! ,deuts*l& b] ,alles4 ,if ,i 7 a little m ( a sociali/1 ,i c\ld almo/ admire !m1 9 spite ( all _! crimes4 ,! l&$ g5try 7& 9 hone/y ,i mu/ add ! end[$ cl]gy7 are a survival ( feudalism1 z ! capitali/ is a survival ( indu/rialism4 ,bo? h to a l>ge ext5t surviv$ _! functions4 ,! mailclad b>on1 r\nd ^: =tifi$ ca/le ! peasants & o!rs ga!r$ = protection1 has become ! c\ntry g5tleman1 aga9/ :om ! indictm5t is n s mu* t 8 only pursuit is pleasure1 z t 8 only pleasure is pursuit4 ',! ri* man 9 8 ca/le1 ! poor man at 8 gate' 7 intelligible :ile ! ri* man protect$ ! poor man f be+ plund]$ & kill$ by m>aud]s2 b 9 our times nobody wants a ca/le or to live "u ! %ad[ ( a ca/le4 ,! cl]ical pr(ession 0 a necessity :5 mo/ p c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,b to-day our be/ prophets & prea*]s are laym54 ,z at anci5t ,a!ns1 9 ! "t ( ,ari/ophanes1 '! "y le>n f ! s*oolma/]1 ! mature f ! poets4' ,simil>ly1 ! capta9 ( indu/ry _c hold ! same autocratic position z =m]ly1 9 view ( ! gr[+ intellig5ce & capacity ( ! workm52 & ! capitali/ :o is n a capta9 ( indu/ry is a debtor to ! community to an ext5t :i* he does n always realise4 ,?is class is becom+ pa9fully consci\s ( its vuln]ability4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 irrational survivals 9 our social ord]2 & ?\gh x may be prov$ t !y are n a sev]e burd5 on ! community1 x is natural t popul> bitt]ness & discont5t %\ld fa/5 ^u !m & exagg]ate _! evil results4 ,x _c be disput$ t ?is bitt]ness & discont5t 7 becom+ v acute 9 ! ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,an increas+ numb] ( p]sons saw no mean+ & no value 9 our civilisation4 ,?is feel+ 0 common 9 all classes1 includ+ ! s-call$ leisur$ class2 & 0 s /rong t _m welcom$ ) joy ! cle> call to a pla9 duty1 ?\gh x 0 ! duty ( fac+ all ! horrors ( w>4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is discont5t8 ,!re are few m important que/ions = u to answ]4 ,^? :o f9d ! cause 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! survivals :i* we h m5tion$ are c]ta9ly mi/ak54 ,x is no new ?+ t !re %\ld be a small class m or less p>asitic on ! community4 ,! :ole numb] ( p]sons :o pay income-tax on #ejjj a ye> & upw>ds is only #ac1jjj out ( #df millions1 & _! weal?1 if x c\ld be divid$ up1 w\ld make no appreciable diff]5ce to ! work+ man4 ,! wage-e>n]s are bett] (f ?an !y h ev] be5 be=e 9 our hi/ory1 & ! dang] ( revolution comes n f ! poor1 b f ! privileg$ artisans :o already h incomes above ! family av]age4 ,we mu/ look else:]e = an explanation ( social unre/4 ,if we consid] :at are ! *ief c5tres ( discont5t ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w1 we %all f9d t !y are ! great aggregations ( population 9 weal?y indu/rial c\ntries4 ,social unre/ is a disease ( t[n-life4 ,:]ev] ! conditions :i* create ! great mod]n city exi/1 we f9d revolution>y agitation4 ,x has spread to ,b>celona1 to ,bu5os ,ayres1 & to ,osaka1 9 ! wake ( ! factory4 ,! inhabitants ( ! l>ge t[n d n envy ! c\ntryman & w\ld n *ange ) him4 ,b1 unkn[n to !mselves1 !y are lead+ an unnatural life1 cut (f f ! k9dly & :olesome influ5ces ( nature1 surr\nd$ by vulg>ity & ugl9ess1 ) no traditions1 no loyalties1 no culture1 & no religion4 ,we seldom reflect on ! /rang5ess ( ! fact t ! mod]n work+-man has few or no sup]/itions4 ,at o!r times ! masses h evolv$ = !mselves "s picturesque nature-religion1 "s pi\s ance/or-wor%ip1 "s cult ( sa9ts or h]oes1 "s /ories ( fairies1 gho/s1 or demons1 & a mass ( qua9t sup]/itions1 g5ial or fright5+4 ,! mod]n t[n-dwell] has no ,god & no ,devil2 he lives )\t awe1 )\t admiration1 )\t fe>4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ab\t ^! beliefs1 x is n natural = m5 & wom5 to be )\t !m4 ,! life ( ! t[n artisan :o works 9 a factory is a life to :i* ! human organism has n adapt$ itself2 x is an un:olesome & unnatural condition4 ,h5ce1 probably1 comes ! malaise :i* makes him ?9k t any radical *ange mu/ be = ! bett]4 ,:atev] ! cause ( ! disease may be 7& ,i d n pret5d t ! conditions ( urban life are an adequate explanation7 ! malady is !re1 & w probably prove fatal to our civilisation4 ,i h giv5 my views on ?is subject 9 ! essay call$ ,! ,future ( ! ,engli% ,race4 ,& yet !re is a rem$y )9 ! rea* ( all if we w\ld only try x4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation is ! proclamation ( a /&>d ( absolute values1 :i* contradicts at e po9t ! e/imates ( good & evil curr5t 9 '! _w4' ,x is n necess>y1 9 su* an essay z ?is1 to write out ! ,beatitudes1 or ! v num]\s passages 9 ! ,gospels & ,epi/les 9 :i* ! same lessons are en=c$4 ,x is n necess>y to rem9d ! read] t 9 ,*ri/ianity all ! p>aph]nalia ( life are valu$ v lightly2 t all ! good & all ! evil :i* exalt or defile a man h _! seat )9 him1 9 8 own "*2 t we are s5t into ! _w to suff] & to conqu] suff]+2 t x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive2 t love is ! great reveal] ( ! my/]ies ( life2 t we h "h no cont9u+ city1 & mu/ !re=e set our affections & lay up our treasures 9 heav52 t ! ?+s t are se5 are temporal1 & ! ?+s t are n se5 are et]nal4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is a =m ( idealism2 & idealism means a belief 9 absolute or spiritual values4 ,:5 appli$ to human life1 x introduces1 z x 71 a new curr5cy1 :i* demonetises ! old2 or gives u a new scale ( prices1 9 :i* ! *eape/ ?+s are ! de>e/1 & ! de>e/ ! *eape/4 ,! _w's /&>ds are quantitative2 ^? ( ,*ri/ianity are qualitative4 ,& be+ qualitative1 spiritual goods are unlimit$ 9 am\nt2 !y are increas$ by be+ %>$2 & we rob nobody by tak+ !m4 ,secul>i/s ask impati5tly :at ,*ri/ianity has done or proposes to d to make mank9d happi]1 by :i* !y mean m com=table4 ,! answ] is 7to put x 9 a =m intelligible to ! que/ion]7 t ,*ri/ianity increases ! weal? ( ! _w by creat+ new values4 ,weal? dep5ds on human valuation4 ,= example1 if wom5 7 suffici5tly well educat$ n to c>e ab\t diamonds1 ! ,kimb]ley m9es w\ld pay no divid5ds1 & ! r5ts 9 ,p>k ,lane w\ld g d[n4 ,! prices ( pa9t+s by old ma/]s w\ld decl9e if millionaires pref]r$ to collect ano!r k9d ( scalps to decorate _! wigwams4 ,bookmak]s & company-promot]s live on ! widespread passion = acquir+ money )\t work+ = x4 ,x is h>dly possible to e/imate ! increase ( real weal?1 & ! /oppage ( wa/e1 :i* w\ld result f ! adoption ( a rational1 /ill m ( a ,*ri/ian1 valuation ( ! good ?+s ( life4 ,i h dealt ) ?is subject 9 ! essay on ,! ,indictm5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & h emphasis$ ! importance ( tak+ into consid]ation1 9 all economic que/ions1 ! human co/s ( production1 ! factors :i* make "w pleasant or irksome1 & especially ! moral condition ( ! work]4 ,good-w dim9i%es ! toll :i* lab\r takes ( ! lab\r]2 envy & hatr$ va/ly increase x :ile !y dim9i% its product4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible t ! work] %\ld n res5t hav+ to devote 8 life to mak+ :at is useless or mis*iev\s1 & to m9i/]+ to ! irrational wa/efulness ( luxury4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 condemn+ ! selfi% & irresponsible use ( money1 seeks to remove "o ( ! *ief causes ( social bitt]ness4 ,s5seless extravagance is ! be/ fri5d ( revolution4 ,! abuse p\r$ ^u '! old political economy1' z x is call$1 is only half des]v$4 ,z comp>$ ) ! insane doctr9es n[ 9 fav\r ) ! work+-man1 ! old political economy 0 s\nd & s5sible4 ,h>d "w1 ?rift1 & economy 9 production are1 9 tru?1 z we us$ to be told1 ! only ways to increase ! national weal?1 & ! contr>y practices c only lead to economic ru94 ,!re is n mu* fault to f9d ) ! old economi/s s long z !y recognis$ t _! sci5ce 0 an ab/ract sci5ce1 :i* = its own purposes dealt ) an unreal ab/raction--! 'economic man4' ,e sci5ce is oblig$ to isolate "o aspect ( reality 9 ?is way4 ,b :5 political economy 0 treat$ z a philosophy ( life x began to be mis*iev\s4 ,a book on '! sci5ce ( ! /oma*1' )\t k ( physiology or ! work+ ( o!r organs1 w\ld n be ( mu* use4 ,man has nev] be5 a m]ely acquisitive be+2 = example1 he is also a fight+ & a pray+ be+4 ,if our dom9ant motives 7 *ang$1 ! :ole conditions dealt ) by political economy w\ld *ange ) !m4 ,!re h be5 civilisations 9 :i* ! passion = accumulation 0 comp>atively weak2 & notori\sly !re are _m p]sons 9 :om x is :olly abs5t4 ,devotion to art1 to sci5tific inve/igation1 & to religion is /rong en\gh1 :]e x exi/s1 to kill '! economic man' 9 human nature4 ,a civilis$ nation hon\rs its ideali/s1 & recognises ! imm5se b5efit :i* !y conf] on ! community by creat+ or reveal+ new & inexhau/ible values2 9 an uncivilis$ c\ntry !y c h>dly live4 ,rusk9 & ,william ,morris saw1 & d\btless exagg]at$1 ! dang] to :i* spiritual values 7 expos$ at ! h&s ( ! dom9ant economism4 ,our dang] n[ is t neglect ( ! simple/ economic laws may plunge ! nation into su* mis]y t ! p w no long] be will+ to support art1 sci5ce1 le>n+1 & philosophy4 ,a l>ge section ( ! lab\r p>ty has ! same /&>d ( values z ! hat$ 'capitali/1' & dete/s ^? :om x calls intellectuals & sky-pilots because !y depreciate ! curr5cy :i* _! class1 no less ?an ! capitali/1 believes to be ! only s\nd money4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r !re is any reason to ?9k t !re is n[ less reg>d = ! high]1 ! qualitative values ( life1 ?an at o!r p]iods4 ,my op9ion is t ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,r\sseau & 8 contempor>ies1 we h be5 l$ a/ray by a w-(-!-wisp ak9 to ! apocalyptic dreams ( ! ,jews 9 ! la/ two c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 dreams :i* also fill$ ! m9ds ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,greeks nev] made ! mi/ake ( ?r[+ _! ideals into ! future1 a practice :i*1 z ,dr4 ,bosanquet has said1 'is ! dea? ( all sane idealism4' ,! belief 9 'a good "t com+' is a ,jewi% delusion4 ,x n\ri%$ ! ,jews 9 _! amaz+ ob/9acy1 & l$ to ! annihilation ( _! ,/ate :i*1 to ! v end1 !y saw 9 _! dreams bruis+ all o!r nations ) a rod ( iron1 & break+ !m 9 pieces l a pott]'s vessel4 ,b1 z any idealism is bett] ?an none1 ! ,hebrew race has won rem>kable triumphs1 ?\gh ( a k9d :i* x nev] desir$4 ,! my? ( progress is our =m ( apocalyptism4 ,9 ,france x began ) s5tim5talism1 develop+ normally into homicidal mania4 ,9 ,engl& x took ! =m ( a k9d ( ,deut]onomic religion4 ,z a rew>d = our national virtues1 our population exp&$1 our exports & imports w5t up by leaps & b\nds1 & our empire receiv$ additions e decade4 ,x 0 pla9 t :5 ,*ri/ said ',bless$ are ! meek1 = !y %all inh]it ! e>?1' ,he 0 ?9k+ ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! :ole /ructure ( our social ord] enc\rag$ ! measurem5t ( ev]y?+ by quantitative /&>ds4 ,ev]yone c\ld und]/& t a g5]ation :i* travels sixty miles an h\r mu/ be five times z civilis$ z "o :i* only travell$ twelve4 ,?us ! b5efic5t 'law ( progress' 0 exemplifi$ 9 t nation :i* _h be/ des]v$ to be its expon5t4 ,! my? 9 "q is t !re is a natural law ( improvem5t1 manife/$ by great] complexity ( /ructure1 by increase ( wants & ! means to satisfy !m4 ,a nation advances 9 civilisation by increas+ 9 weal? & population1 & by multiply+ ! accessories & p>aph]nalia ( life4 ,belief 9 ?is alleg$ law has vitiat$ our natural sci5ce1 our political sci5ce1 our hi/ory1 our philosophy1 & ev5 our religion4 ,sci5ce decl>$ t '! survival ( ! fitte/' 0 a law ( nature1 ?\gh nature has condemn$ to ext9ction ! maje/ic animals ( ! saurian era1 & has c>efully pres]v$ ! bug1 ! l\se1 & ! spiro*aeta pallida4 ,we d9$ z a rule on ea* o!r2 ,:at matt]8 ! t\ghe/ surviv$1 is a fair p>ody ( ?is doctr9e4 ,9 political sci5ce1 by a port5t\s snobb]y1 ! actual evolution ( ,european gov]nm5t 0 assum$ to be 9 ! l9e ( upw>d progress4 ,our hi/ories contra/$ ! b5ight$ condition ( pa/ ages ) ! high morality & g5]al enlight5m5t ( ! pres5t4 ,9 philosophy1 ! problem ( evil 0 met by ! !ory t ?\gh ! ,deity is n omnipot5t yet1 ,he is on ,8 way to become s4 ,he means well1 & if we give ,him "t1 ,he w make a real success ( ,8 creation4 ,human be+s1 too1 commonly make a v poor ?+ ( _! lives "h4 ,b cont9ue _! tra9+ aft] !y are dead & !y w all come to p]fection4 ,we h be5 liv+ on ?is secul>is$ idealism = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,x has driv5 out ! true idealism1 ( :i* x is a c>icature1 & has made ! deep] & high] k9d ( religi\s fai? abnormally difficult4 ,ev5 ! hope ( immortality has deg5]at$ into a belief 9 app>itions & voices f ! dead4 ,nature kn[s no?+ ( ?is preci\s law4 ,h] figure is n ! v]tical l9e1 nor ev5 ! spiral1 b ! circle--! vici\s circle1 accord+ to ,samuel ,butl]4 ',m5 eat birds1 birds eat worms1 worms eat m5 aga94' ,"s />s are gett+ hott]1 o!rs cool]4 ,life appe>s at a c]ta9 temp]ature & is ext+ui%$ at ano!r temp]ature4 ,evolution & involution balance ea* o!r & g on concurr5tly4 ,! normal condition ( e species on ?is planet is n progress b /ation>9ess4 ',progress1' s-call$1 is an incid5t ( adaptation to new conditions4 ,bees & ants mu/ h sp5t mill5nia 9 p]fect+ _! organisation2 n[ t !y h rea*$ a /able equilibrium1 no m *anges are p]ceptible4 ,! 'progress' ( humanity has consi/$ almo/ entirely 9 ! trans=mation ( ! wild man ( ! woods1 n into homo sapi5s b into homo fab]1 man ! tool-mak]1 a process ( :i* nature expresses h] p>tial disapproval by plagu+ u ) div]se diseases & tak+ away our tee? & claws4 ,x is n c]ta9 t !re has be5 mu* *ange 9 our intellectual & moral end[m5ts s9ce pi!can?ropus dropp$ ! fir/ half ( 8 "n4 ,i %\ld be sorry to h to ma9ta9 t ! ,g]mans ( to-day are morally sup]ior to ! army :i* defeat$ ,qu9tilius ,v>us1 or t ! mod]n ,turks are m humane ?an ! hordes ( ,tim\r ! ,t>t>4 ,if !re is to be any improvem5t 9 human nature itself we mu/ look to ! infant sci5ce ( eug5ics to help u4 ,x is n easy to say h[ ?is my? ( progress came to take hold ( ! imag9ation1 9 ! tee? ( sci5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,qu9et speaks ( ! 'fatali/ic optimism' ( hi/orians1 ( :i* !re h c]ta9ly be5 "s /range examples4 ,we c only say t secul>ism1 l o!r religions1 ne$s an es*atology1 & has produc$ "o4 ,a m en]getic g5]ation ?an ours look$ =w>d to a gradual ext5sion ( busy indu/rialism ov] ! :ole planet2 ! pres5t ideal ( ! masses seems to be ! greate/ idl5ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 or a ,fabian f>m-y>d ( tame f[ls1 or 79 ,am]ica7 an ice-wat]-dr9k+ gyncocracy4 ,b ! sup]/ition _c fl\ri% mu* long]4 ,! p]iod ( expansion is ov]1 & we mu/ adju/ our view ( e>?ly provid5ce to a /ate ( decl9e4 ,= no nation c fl\ri% :5 x is ! ambition ( ! l>ge majority to put 9 f\rp5ce & take out n9ep5ce4 ,! middle-class w be ! fir/ victims2 !n ! privileg$ ari/ocracy ( lab\r w exploit ! poor4 ,b trade w take w+s & migrate to "s o!r c\ntry :]e lab\r is good & comp>atively *eap4 ,! de?ronem5t ( a feti% may give a s\nd] fai? its *ance4 ,9 ! "t ( decay & dis9tegration :i* lies be=e u1 m p]sons w seek consolation :]e x c be f\nd4 ',happ9ess & unhapp9ess1' says ,sp9oza1 'dep5d on ! nature ( ! object :i* we love4 ,:5 a ?+ is n lov$1 no qu>rels w arise conc]n+ x1 no sadness w be felt if x p]i%es1 no envy if x is possess$ by ano!r2 no fe>1 no hatr$1 no di/urbance ( ! m9d4 ,all ^! ?+s arise f ! love ( ! p]i%able4 ,b love = a ?+ et]nal & inf9ite fe$s ! m9d :olly ) joy1 & is itself unta9t$ ) any sadness2 :]e=e x is greatly to be desir$ & s\ght = ) our :ole /r5g?4' ,x is well kn[n t ^! noble words 7 n only s9c]e1 b ! expression ( ! work+ fai? ( ! philosoph]2 & we may hope t _m :o are doom$ to suff] h>d%ip & spoliation 9 ! evil days t are com+ w f9d ! same pa? to a happ9ess :i* _c be tak5 f !m4 ,sp9oza's words1 ( c\rse1 d n po9t only to religi\s ex]cises & m$itation4 ,! spiritual _w includes art & sci5ce 9 all _! bran*es1 :5 ^! are /udi$ ) a g5u9e devotion to ! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful = _! own sakes4 ,we %all ne$ 'a remnant' to save ,europe f relaps+ into b>b>ism2 = ! new =ces are almo/ :olly cut (f f ! preci\s traditions :i* l9k our civilisation ) ! great eras ( ! pa/4 ,! possibility ( ano!r d>k age is n remote2 b !re mu/ be en\gh :o value our be/ traditions to pres]ve !m till ! next spr+-"t ( civilisation4 ,we mu/ take long views1 & ?9k ( our great-gr&*ildr54 ,x is tempt+ to dream ( a new ,r5aissance1 "u :i* ! life ( reason w at la/ be ! life ( mank9d4 ,?\gh !re is little sign ( improvem5t 9 human nature1 a fav\rable conjunction ( circum/ances may br+ ab\t a civilisation v mu* bett] ?an ours to-day4 ,= a "t1 at any rate1 w> may be practically aboli%$1 & ! milit>y qualities may f9d ano!r & a less p]nici\s outlet4 ',sport1' z ,santayana says1 'is a lib]al =m ( w> /ripp$ ( its compulsions & malignity2 a rational art & ! expression ( a civilis$ in/9ct4' ,! art ( liv+ may be tak5 9 h& s]i\sly4 ,"s ( ! +5uity :i* has lately be5 lavi%$ on eng9es ( de/ruction may be devot$ to improvem5ts 9 our h\ses1 :i* %\ld be easily & *eaply put toge!r & able to be c>ri$ ab\t 9 sections2 on lab\r-sav+ devices :i* w\ld make s]vants unnecess>y2 & on int]national campaigns aga9/ diseases1 "s ( ! wor/ ( :i* c\ld be ext+ui%$ = ev] by tw5ty ye>s ( conc]t$ ef=t4 ,a sci5tific civilisation is n impossible1 ?\gh we are n likely to live to see x4 ,&1 if sci5ce & humanism c "w toge!r1 x w be a great age = mank9d4 ,su* hopes z ^! mu/ be all[$ to float be=e our m9ds3 !y are n unreasonable1 & !y w help u to get ?r\gh ! tw5tie? c5tury1 :i* is n likely to be a pleasant "t to live 94 ,"s writ]s1 l ,mr4 ,h4,g4 ,wells1 recognis+ ! dang] :i* ?reat5s civilisation1 h sugge/$ ! =mation ( a society = mutual enc\ragem5t 9 ! high] life4 ,mr4 ,wells develop$ ?is idea 9 8 ',mod]n ,utopia4' ,he contemplat$ a bro!rhood1 l ! ,japanese ,samurai1 liv+ by a ,rule1 a k9d ( lay mona/ic ord]1 :o %\ld endeav\r to live 9 a p]fectly rational & :olesome mann]1 s z to be ! nucleus ( :atev] 0 be/ 9 ! society ( ! "t4 ,! s*eme is int]e/+ to a ,platoni/1 because ( its resemblance to ! ,ord] ( ,gu>dians 9 ! ',republic4' ,a v good case may be made out = hav+ an ascetic ,ord] ( moral & physical ari/ocrats1 & entru/+ !m ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,plato =bade 8 gu>dians to own weal?1 & ?us secur$ an uncorrupt adm9i/ration1 "o ( ! r>e/ & be/ ( virtues 9 a gov]nm5t4 ,b political ev5ts are n mov+ 9 ?is direction at pres5t2 & ! "q = u is :e!r ^? :o believe 9 sci5ce & humanism %\ld attempt to =m a society1 n to rule ! c\ntry1 b to protect !mselves & ! ideas :i* !y wi% to pres]ve4 ,b ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,wells' second ?\ghts1 t ! "t is n ripe = su* a s*eme4#g ,*ri/ianity1 '! greate/ new beg9n+ 9 ! _w's hi/ory1' appe>$1 z he says1 9 an age ( dis9tegration1 & 'we are 9 a syn!tic r ?an a dis9tegrat+ phase4444 ,only a v va/ & t]rible w>-explosion c1 ,i ?9k1 *ange ?is /ate ( affairs4' ,! va/ explosion has occurr$1 & ! /age ( dis9tegration1 :i* ,mr4 ,wells ought p]haps to h se5 approa*+ ev5 elev5 ye>s ago1 has cle>ly begun4 ,b x w h to g fur!r be=e ! ne$ ( su* a society is felt4 ,! "t may come :5 ! educat$ classes1 & ^? :o desire fre$om to live z !y ?9k "r1 w f9d !mselves oppress$1 n only 9 _! home-life by ! tyranny ( ! trade-unions1 b 9 _! s\ls by ! pulpy & mawki% emotionalism ( h]d-morality4 ,!n a league = mutual protection may be =m$4 ,if su* a society ev] comes into be+1 ! foll[+ pr9ciples are1 ,i ?9k1 necess>y = its success4 ,fir/1 x mu/ be on a religi\s basis1 s9ce religion has a cohesive =ce great] ?an any o!r bond4 ,! religi\s basis w be a bl5d ( ,*ri/ian ,platonism & ,*ri/ian ,/oicism1 s9ce x mu/ be f\nd$ on t fai? 9 absolute spiritual values :i* is common to ,*ri/ianity & ,platonism1 ) t /urdy defiance ( tyranny & popul> folly :i* 0 ! /r5g? ( ,/oicism4 ,next1 x mu/ n be affiliat$ to any religi\s organisation2 o!rwise x w c]ta9ly be exploit$ 9 d5om9ational int]e/s4 ,?irdly1 x mu/ include "s purely discipl9>y asceticism1 su* z ab/95ce f alcohol & tobacco = m51 & f co/ly dresses & jewell]y = wom54 ,?is is necess>y1 because x is m important to keep out ! half-he>t$ ?an to increase ! numb] ( memb]s4 ,f\r?ly1 x mu/ prescribe a simple life ( duty & discipl9e1 s9ce frugality w be a condition ( enjoy+ self-respect & fre$om4 ,fif?ly1 x w enjo9 ! *oice ( an op5-air life 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e possible4 ,a :ole gr\p ( ,fr5* writ]s1 su* z ,pr\dhon1 ,delacroix1 ,leconte de ,lisle1 ,flaub]t1 ,leblond1 & ,faguet agree 9 attribut+ our social malaise to life 9 great t[ns4 ,! l[] dea?-rates ( c\ntry di/ricts are a h9t f nature t !y are "r4 ,six?ly1 e memb] mu/ pl$ge himself to give 8 be/ "w4 ,z ,dr4 ,jacks says1 ',produc]s ( good articles respect ea* o!r2 produc]s ( bad despise ea* o!r & hate _! "w4' ,x may be necess>y = ^? :o recognise ! "r ( ! lab\r] to pres]ve 8 self-respect1 to comb9e 9 ord] to satisfy ea* o!r's ne$s 9 resi/ance to ! trade-unions4 ,sev5?ly1 !re mu/ be provision = community-life1 l t ( ! old mona/]ies1 = bo? sexes4 ,! memb]s ( ! society %\ld be enc\rag$ to sp5d "s "p ( _! lives 9 ^! in/itutions1 )\t retir+ f ! _w altoge!r4 ,tempor>y 'retreats' might be ( great value4 ,intellectual "w1 includ+ sci5tific rese>*1 c\ld be c>ri$ on "u v fav\rable conditions 9 ^! lay mona/]ies & conv5ts1 :i* %\ld conta9 good libr>ies & laboratories4 ,la/ly1 a di/9ctive dress1 n m]ely a badge1 w\ld probably be ess5tial = memb]s ( bo? sexes4 ,?is la/ provision tempts me to add t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld d well to appo9t at once a ,royal ,commission1 or1 r1 two ,commissions1 to decide on a compulsory national uni=m = bo? sexes4 ,exp]ts %\ld recomm5d ! mo/ com=table1 becom+1 & economical dress t c\ld be devis$1 ) consid]able v>iety = ! diff]5t trades & pr(essions4 ,su* a law w\ld d m = social equality ?an any readju/m5t ( taxation4 ,x has be5 (t5 notic$ t e man looks a g5tleman 9 khaki2 & x is to be fe>$ t _m w> brides h suff]$ a pa9ful surprise on see+ _! husb&s = ! fir/ "t 9 civilian g>b4 ,!re ne$ be no sugge/ion ( milit>ism ab\t ! new co/ume2 b a man's call+ might be record$1 l ! "n ( 8 regim5t1 on 8 %\ld]-/raps1 & ! abs5ce ( su* a badge w\ld be reg>d$ z a disgrace1 :e!r ! subject 0 a tramp or "o ( ! idle ri*4 ,?is sugge/ion may seem trivial1 or ev5 ludicr\s2 & ,i may be rem9d$ ( my dislike ( m$dl+ legislation2 b ! importance ( ! philosophy ( clo!s has n dim9i%$ s9ce ',s>tor ,res>tus4' ,cl]ical dignit>ies might be tru/$ to vote = ?is mitigation ( _! lot4 ,"s may wond] :y ,i h n express$ a hope t ! gu>dian%ip ( our intellectual & spiritual bir?right may pass into ! h&s ( ! ,national ,*ur*4 ,i he>tily wi% t ,i c\ld *]i% ?is hope4 ,b organis$ religion has be5 a failure ev] s9ce ! fir/ concordat betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate "u ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 its corporate capacity has nev] seem$ to respect any?+ b organis$ =ce4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury x proclaim$ ,h5ry ,,viii ! ,supreme ,head ( ! ,*ur*2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x passionately upheld ! '"r div9e ( k+s to gov]n wrong'2 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? x 0 ! obsequi\s support] ( ! squire>*y & plutocracy2 & n[ x grovels be=e ! work+-man1 & supports e s*eme ( plund]+ ! m9ority4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 ecclesia/icism1 !ology1 & religion4 ,! future ( ecclesia/icism is a political "q4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s good judges1 ! acute nationalism n[ dom9ant 9 ,europe w quickly pass away1 & a duel w sup]v5e betwe5 ! ',black ,int]national' & ! ',r$4' ,ca?olicism1 x is suppos$1 w %elt] all :o dread revolution & all :o value traditional civilisation2 its unrivall$ organisation w make x ! "o possible c5tre ( resi/ance to an>*y & b>b>ism1 & ! conflict w g on till "o side or ! o!r is ov]?r[n4 ,?is pr$iction1 :i* op5s a truly appall+ prospect = civilisation1 might be less t]rible if ! ,*ur* 7 to op5 its arms to a new ,r5aissance1 & become once m1 z 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n p]iod1 ! home ( le>n+ & ! patroness ( ! arts4 ,b we mu/ n ov]look ! new & gr[+ p[] ( sci5ce2 & sci5ce c no m make t]ms ) ,ca?olic ecclesia/icism ?an ) ! ,revolution4 ,! ,jacob9s guillot9$ ,lavoisi]1 'hav+ no ne$ ( *emi/s'2 b ! ,*ur* burnt ,bruno & imprison$ ,galileo4 ,sci5ce1 too /rong to be victimis$ aga91 may come betwe5 ! two enemies ( civilisation1 ! ,bol%evik & ! ,ultramontane2 x is1 ,i ?9k1 our be/ hope4 ,i am consci\s t ,i h spok5 ) too little sympa?y 9 "o or two ( ^! essays ab\t ! ,rituali/ p>ty4 ,i 0 m afraid ( x a few ye>s ago ?an ,i am n[4 ,! ,ox=d movem5t began z a late wave ( ! ,romantic movem5t1 ) wi/ful eyes b5t ^u ! pa/4 ,b ,romanticism1 :i* dotes on ru9s1 %r9ks f real re/oration4 ,m$ievalism is attractive only :5 se5 f a %ort di/ance4 ,s ! movem5t is ceas+ to be ei!r m$ieval or ,ca?olic or ,anglican2 x is becom+ def9itely ,lat94 ,b a ,lat9 ,*ur* 9 ,engl& :i* dis[ns ! ,pope is an absurdity4 ,_m ( ! %rewd] ,high ,*ur*m5 are1 z ,i h said 9 ?is volume1 ?r[+ !mselves into political agitation & intrigue1 = :i* ,ca?olics always h a great aptitude2 b ?is involves !m 9 ano!r inconsi/5cy4 ,= ,ca?olicism is ess5tially hi]>*ical & undemocratic1 ?\gh x keeps a 'c>e] op5 to ! tal5ts4' ,! _s ( ,ca?olicism brea!s 9 ! ,?ird ,canto ( ! ',p>adiso1' :]e ,dante asks ! s\l ( a fri5d :om he f9ds 9 ! l[e/ circle ( ,p>adise1 :e!r he does n desire to g high]4 ,! fri5d replies3 ',bro!r1 ! =ce ( *>ity quiets our w1 mak+ u wi% only = :at we h & ?ir/ = no?+ m4 ,if we desir$ to be 9 a sublim] sph]e1 our desires w\ld be discordant ) ! w ( ,him :o "h allots u our div]se /ations4444 ,! mann] 9 :i* we are rang$ f /ep to /ep 9 ?is k+dom pleases ! :ole k+dom1 z x does ! ,k+ :o gives u ! p[] to w z ,he wills4' ,accord+ly1 ^! ecclesia/ical vot>ies ( democracy cut a /range figure :5 !y seek to legislate = ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,high ,*ur* s*eme 7defeat$ ! o!r day by a small majority7 = draw+ up a con/itution = ! ,*ur*1 consi/$ 9 disfran*is+ ! l>ge majority ( ! electorate & res]v+ ! initiative & veto = ! ,h\se ( ,lords 7! ,bi%ops74 ,9 fact1 ! con/itution :i* our ,ca?olic democrats w\ld l be/ = ! ,*ur* closely resembles t ( ,great ,brita9 be=e ! fir/ ,re=m ,bill4 ,9 ! same way ! rituali/ic cl]gy1 :ile pr(ess+ a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = ! episcopal (fice1 make a po9t ( fl\t+ ! au?ority ( _! own bi%op4 ,! movem5t1 9 my op9ion1 is beg9n+ to break up1 & ,rome w be ! *ief ga9]4 ,b _m ( its lead]s h be5 among ! glories ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ,i c\ld nev] speak ( !m ) disrespect4 ,ca?olicism1 :e!r ,roman or ,anglican1 /&s to lose heavily by ! decay ( in/itutionalism z an article ( fai?4 ,x is becom+ impossible = ^? :o mix at all ) _! fell[-m5 to believe t ! grace ( ,god is di/ribut$ d5om9ationally4 ,! ,*ri/ian virtues1 s f> z we c see1 fl[] imp>tially 9 ! s\ls ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 ( ,*ur*man & ,s*ismatic1 ( ,or?odox & ,h]etic4 ,& ! te/1 'by _! fruits ye %all "k !m1' _c be op5ly reject$ by any ,*ri/ian4 ,b fanatical in/itutionalism has be5 ! driv+ =ce ( ,ca?olicism z a p[] 9 ! _w1 f ! v fir/4 ,! ,*ur* has liv$ by its monopolies & conqu]$ by its intol]ance4 ,! w> has giv5 a fur!r impetus to ! fall ( ?is belief1 :i*1 ) its dogma1 ,extra ecclesiam nulla salus1 0 tott]+ be=e ! crisis came4 ,! prospects ( ,*ri/ian !ology are v difficult to e/imate2 & ,i am s conv9c$ myself ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,ca?olic !ology bas$ on ,neoplatonism1 t ,i _c view ! matt] ) imp>tial deta*m5t4 ,we all t5d to pr$ict ! triumph ( our own op9ions4 ,b miracles mu/1 ,i am conv9c$1 be relegat$ to ! sph]e ( pi\s op9ion4 ,x is n likely1 p]haps1 t ! progress ( sci5ce w increase ! difficulty ( believ+ !m2 b x c nev] aga9 be possible to make ! tru?s ( religion dep5d on physical port5ts hav+ tak5 place z record$4 ,! ,*ri/ian revelation c /& )\t !m1 & ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* w soon h to recognise t 9 v _m m9ds x does /& )\t !m4 ,i h already indicat$ :at ,i believe to be ! ess5tial p>ts ( t revelation4 ,:e!r x w be believ$ by a l>g] numb] ( p]sons a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ?an to-day dep5ds1 ,i suppose1 on :e!r ! nation w be 9 a m heal?y condition ?an x is n[4 ,! *ief rival to ,*ri/ianity is secul>ism2 & ?is cre$ has "s bitt] disappo9tm5ts 9 /ore = its wor%ipp]s4 ,i _c help hop+ t ! human race1 hav+ tak5 9 succession e pa? except ! "r "o1 may pay m att5tion to ! n>r[ way t leade? unto life4 ,9 morals1 ! ,*ur* w und\bt$ly h a h>d battle to fight4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation has disc>d$ all tabus1 & 9 matt]s ( sex we mu/ be prep>$ = a p]iod ( unbridl$ lic5se4 ,b su* lawlessness br+s ab\t its own cure by ar\s+ disgu/ & %ame2 & ! in/itution ( m>riage is f> too deeply root$ to be 9 any dang] f ! revolution4 ,i h1 ,i suppose1 made x cle> t ,i d n consid] myself specially =tunate 9 hav+ be5 born 9 #ahfj1 & t ,i look =w>d ) great anxiety to ! j\rney ?r\gh life :i* my *ildr5 w h to make4 ,b1 aft] all1 we judge our g5]ation ma9ly by its surface curr5ts4 ,!re may be 9 progress a /orage ( b5efic5t =ces :i* we _c see4 ,!re are ages ( s[+ & ages ( reap+3 ! brilliant epo*s may be ^? 9 :i* spiritual weal? is squ&]$1 ! epo*s ( app>5t decl9e may be ^? 9 :i* ! race is recup]at+ aft] an exhau/+ ef=t4 ,to all appe>ance1 man has /ill a great "p ( 8 long lease be=e him1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ! future w be less productive ( moral & spiritual triumphs ?an ! pa/4 ,! s\rce ( all good is l an inexhau/ible riv]2 ! ,creator p\rs =? new treasures ( goodness1 tru?1 & beauty = all :o w love !m & take !m4 ',no?+ t truly is c ev] p]i%1' z ,plot9us says2 :atev] has value 9 ,god's sight is safe = ev]more4 ,our half-real _w is ! factory ( s\ls1 9 :i* we are tri$1 z 9 a furnace4 ,we are n to set our hopes ^u x1 b to le>n su* wisdom z x c tea* u :ile we pass ?r\gh x4 ,i w !re=e end ^! ?\ghts on our pres5t discont5ts ) two messages ( c\rage & confid5ce1 "o f ,*auc]1 ! o!r f ,blake4 ,t !e is s5t1 receyve 9 buxomnesse1 ,! wra/l+ = ?is worlde axe? a fall4 ,h] is non hoom1 h] nis b wild]nesse3 ,=?1 pilgrim1 =?6 ,=?1 be/e1 out ( ?y /all6 ,"k ?y contree1 look up1 ?ank ,god ( all3 ,weyve ?y lu/1 & let ?y go/ !e l$e2 ,& tr\! %all deliv]e1 x is no dr$e4 ,& ?is3-- ,joy & woe are wov5 f9e1 ,a clo?+ = ! s\l div9e2 ,"u e grief & p9e ,runs a joy ) silk5 tw9e4 ,x is "r x %\ld be s2 ,man 0 made = joy & woe2 ,& :5 ?is we rightly "k ,safely ?r\gh ! _w we g4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t1 ,july #ah1 #aiah4 #b ,he>n%aw1 ,democracy at ! ,crossroads1 p4 #fc4 #c ,miss ,m4 ,loane4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,reynolds has said ! same4 #d ,pr(essor ,he>n%aw quotes3 ',il y a opposition vid5te et irrductible entre les pr9cipes sociali/es et les pr9cipes dmocratiques4 ,il n'y a pas de conceptions politiques qui soi5t sp>es p> des abmes plus pr(onds que la dmocratie et le socialisme' 7,le ,bon74 ',socialism mu/ be built on ideas & in/itutions totally diff]5t f ! ideas & in/itutions ( democracy' 7,lev9e74 ',la democratic t5d la conciliation des classes1 t&is que le socialisme organise la lutte de classe' 7,lag>delle74 #e ,a4,d4 ,lewis1 ,syndicalism & ! ,g5]al ,/rike4 #f ,! ,division ( ! ,product ( ,indu/ry4 #g ,fir/ & ,la/ ,?+s 7pp4 #adh-i4 ,publi%$ 9 #aijh74 ,,patriotism 7#aiae7 ,! s5tim5t ( patriotism has seem$ to _m to m>k an arre/ ( developm5t 9 ! psy*ical expansion ( ! individual1 a half-way h\se betwe5 m]e self-c5tr$ness & full human sympa?y4 ,"s morali/s h condemn$ x z pure egoism1 magnifi$ & disguis$4 ',patriotism1' says ,rusk91 'is an absurd prejudice f\nd$ on an ext5d$ selfi%ness4' ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 calls x 'a vulg> vice--! national or collective =m ( ! monopoli/ in/9ct4' ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis all[s x to be 'a virtue--among b>b>ians4' ,= ,h]b]t ,sp5c] x is 'reflex egoism--ext5d$ selfi%ness4' ,^! critics h made ! v common mi/ake ( judg+ human emotions & s5tim5ts by _! roots in/ead ( by _! fruits4 ,!y h =gott5 ! ,ari/otelian canon t ! 'nature' ( any?+ is its complet$ developm5t 7h phusis telos e/974 ,! human self1 z we "k x1 is a transitional =m4 ,x _h a humble orig91 & is capable ( indef9ite enhancem5t4 ,ultimately1 we are :at we love & c>e =1 & no limit has be5 set to :at we may become )\t ceas+ to be ourselves4 ,! case is ! same ) our love ( c\ntry4 ,no limit has be5 set to :at our c\ntry may come to mean = u1 )\t ceas+ to be our c\ntry4 ,m>cus ,aurelius exhort$ himself--',! poet says1 ,de> city ( ,cecrops2 %all n ,i pay1 ,de> city ( ,god8' ,b ! city ( ,god 9 :i* he wi%$ to be 0 a city 9 :i* he w\ld /ill live z 'a ,roman & an ,anton9e4' ,! citiz5 ( heav5 knew t x 0 8 duty to 'hunt ,s>matians' on e>?1 ?\gh he 0 n oblig$ to imbrue 8 h&s ) ',cs>ism4' ,patriotism has two roots1 ! love ( clan & ! love ( home4 ,9 migratory tribes ! =m] alone c\nts2 9 settl$ communities div]sities ( orig9 are (t5 =gott54 ,b ! love ( home1 z we "k x1 is a g5tl] & m spiritual bond ?an clan%ip4 ,! ^w home is associat$ ) all t makes life beautiful & sacr$1 ) t5d] memories ( joy & sorr[1 & especially ) ! fir/ eag] outlook ( ! "y m9d ^u a wond]ful _w4 ,a man does n z a rule feel mu* s5tim5t ab\t 8 ,london h\se1 /ill less ab\t 8 (fice or factory4 ,x is = ! home ( 8 *ildhood1 or ( 8 ance/ors1 t a man w fight mo/ readily1 because he is b\nd to x by a spiritual & poetic tie4 ,exp&+ f ?is c5tre1 ! s5tim5t ( patriotism embraces "o's c\ntry z a :ole4 ,bo? =ms ( patriotism--! local & ! racial1 are frequ5tly alloy$ ) absurd1 unwor?y or b>b>\s motives4 ,! local patriot ?9ks t ,peebles1 & n ,p>is1 is ! place = pleasure1 or asks :e!r any good ?+ c come out ( ,naz>e?4 ,to ! ,*9aman all ali5s are 'out] b>b>ians' or '=eign devils4' ,admiration = ourselves & our in/itutions is too (t5 measur$ by our contempt & dislike = =eign]s4 ,our own nation has a peculi>ly bad record 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i ! ,spani% ambassador 0 frequ5tly insult$ by ! ,london cr[d1 z 0 ! ,russian ambassador 9 #affb2 n1 app>5tly1 because we _h a burn+ grievance aga9/ ei!r ( ^? nations1 b because ,spani>ds & ,russians are v unlike ,engli%m54 ,t at lea/ is ! op9ion ( ! sagaci\s ,pepys on ! lat] ( ^! incid5ts4 ',"l6 to see ! absurd nature ( ,engli%m51 t _c =be> laugh+ & je]+ at any?+ t looks /range4' ,defoe says t ! ,engli% are '! mo/ *urli% p alive' to =eign]s1 ) ! result t 'all m5 ?9k an ,engli%man ! devil4' ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies ,scotl& seems to h rank$ z a =eign c\ntry1 & ! pres5ce ( ,scots 9 ,london 0 mu* res5t$4 ,clevel& ?\ght x witty to write3-- ,_h ,ca9 be5 ,scot1 ,god w\ld h *ang$ 8 doom2 ,n =c$ him w&]1 b conf9$ him home4 ,& we all rememb] ,dr4 ,johnson's gibes4 ,briti% patriotic arrogance culm9at$ 9 ! #ah? & 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury2 9 ,"l ,palm]/on x f\nd a *ampion at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,goldsmi? describes ! be>+ ( ! ,engli%man ( 8 day3-- ,pride 9 _! port1 defiance 9 _! eye1 ,i see ! lords ( human k9d pass by4 ,mi*elet f\nd 9 ,engl& 'human pride p]sonifi$ 9 a p1' at a "t :5 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,g]many 0 'a pr(\nd imp]sonality4' ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 ! arrogant brutality ( ! mod]n ,prussian is m (f5sive to =eign]s ?an 0 ! calm & haughty assumption ( sup]iority by our c\ntrym5 at ?is "t4 ,our gr&fa!rs & great-gr&fa!rs 7 q ( ,milton's op9ion1 t1 :5 ! ,almighty wi%es some?+ unusually great & difficult to be done1 ,he entru/s x to ,8 ,engli%m54 ,?is unamiable *>act]i/ic 0 probably mu* m ! result ( insul> ignorance ?an ( a deep-seat$ pride4 ',a g5]ation or two ago1' said ,mr4 ,asqui? lately1 'patriotism 0 l>gely f$ & fo/]$ ^u reciprocal ignorance & contempt4' ,! ,engli%man s]i\sly believ$ t ! ,fr5* subsi/$ ma9ly ^u frogs1 :ile ! ,fr5*man 0 equally conv9c$ t ! sale ( wives at ,smi?field 0 "o ( our national in/itutions4 ,?is fruitful s\rce ( int]national misund]/&+ has become less dang]\s s9ce ! facilities ( =eign travel h be5 increas$4 ,b 9 ! relations ( ,europe ) ali5 & indep5d5t civilisations1 su* z t ( ,*9a1 we /ill see brutal arrogance & vulg> ignorance produc+ _! natural results4 ,ano!r cause ( p]v]t$ patriotism is ! inborn pugnacity ( ! bte huma9e4 ,our species is ! mo/ cruel & de/ructive ( all t inhabit ?is planet4 ,if ! l[] animals1 z we call !m1 7 able to =mulate a religion1 !y might diff] greatly z to ! %ape ( ! b5efic5t ,creator1 b !y w\ld ne>ly all agree t ! devil mu/ be v l a big :ite man4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall#h has lately rais$ ! "q :e!r civilis$ man is less pugnaci\s ?an ! savage2 & he answ]s x 9 ! negative4 ,! ,europeans1 he ?9ks1 are among ! mo/ combative ( ! human race4 ,we are n all[$ to knock ea* o!r on ! head dur+ peace2 b our civilisation is bas$ on cut-?roat competition2 our fav\rite games are mimic battles1 :i* ,i suppose effect = u a 'purgation ( ! emotions' simil> to t :i* ,ari/otle attribut$ to witness+ ! p]=mance ( a trag$y3 &1 :5 ! fit seizes u1 we are ready to engage 9 w>s :i* _c fail to be disa/r\s to bo? combatants4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall does n regret ?is disposition1 irrational ?\gh x is4 ,he ?9ks t x t5ds to ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & t1 if we sub/itute emulation = pugnacity1 :i* on o!r gr\nds might seem an unmix$ advantage1 we %all h to call 9 ! sci5ce ( eug5ics to save u f becom+ z %eeplike z ! ,*9ese4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side to ?is "q1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,ano!r in/9ct :i* has suppli$ fuel to patriotism ( ! bas] sort is t ( acquisitiv5ess4 ,?is t5d5cy1 )\t :i* ev5 ! mo/ rudim5t>y civilisation w\ld be impossible1 began :5 ! female ( ! species1 in/ead ( c>ry+ h] baby on h] back & foll[+ ! male to 8 hunt+-gr\nds1 made "s sort ( a lair = h]self & h] family1 :]e primitive implem5ts & /ores ( food c\ld be kept4 ,!re are /ill tribes 9 ,brazil :i* h n rea*$ ?is fir/ /ep t[>ds humanisation4 ,b ! in/9ct ( ho>d+1 l all o!r in/9cts1 t5ds to become hyp]trophi$ & p]v]t$2 & ) ! in/itution ( private prop]ty comes ano!r in/itution--t ( plund] & brig&age4 ,9 private life1 no motive ( action is at pres5t s p[]ful & s p]si/5t z acquisitiv5ess1 :i*1 unlike mo/ o!r desires1 kn[s no satiety4 ,! av]age man is ri* en\gh :5 he has a little m ?an he has got1 & n till !n4 ,! acquisition & possession ( l& satisfies ?is desire 9 a high degree1 s9ce l& is a visible & inde/ructible =m ( prop]ty4 ,consequ5tly1 z soon z ! in/9cts ( ! individual are transf]r$ to ! gr\p1 t]ritorial aggr&isem5t becomes a ma9 preoccupation ( ! /ate4 ,?is desire 0 ! *ief cause ( w>s1 :ile k+s & nobles reg>d$ ! t]ritories ov] :i* !y rul$ z _! private e/ates4 ,:]ev] despotic or feudal conditions survive1 su* ideas are likely /ill to be f\nd1 & to cause dang]s to o!r /ates4 ,! greate/ ambition ( a mod]n emp]or is /ill to be commemorat$ z a ',mehr] des ,rei*s4' ,capitalism1 by sep>at+ ! idea ( prop]ty f any necess>y connection ) l&$ e/ate1 & democracy1 by d5y+ ! :ole !ory on :i* dyna/ic w>s ( conque/ are bas$1 h bo? contribut$ to *eck ?is1 p]haps ! wor/ k9d ( w>4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a great error to suppose t ! in/9ct ( acquisitiv5ess1 9 its old & b>b>\s =m1 has lo/ its hold ^u ev5 ! mo/ civilis$ nations4 ,:5 an old-fa%ion$ brig& appe>s1 & puts himself at ! head ( 8 nation1 he becomes at once a popul> h]o4 ,by any rational /&>d ( morality1 few great] sc\ndrels h liv$ ?an ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,napoleon ,i4 ,b !y are /ill names to conjure )4 ,bo? 7 m5 ( s+ul>ly lucid intellect & entirely m$ieval ambitions4 ,_! great a*ievem5t 0 to %[ h[ "u mod]n conditions aggressive w> may be c>ri$ on )\t mu* loss 7except 9 human life7 to ! aggressor4 ,!y tore up all ! conv5tions :i* regulat$ ! conduct ( w>f>e1 & r$uc$ x to %e] brig&age & t]rorism4 ,& n[1 aft] a hundr$ ye>s1 we see ^! me?ods delib]ately reviv$ by ! greate/ milit>y p[] 9 ! _w1 & appli$ ) ! same ru?lessness & ) an add$ p$antry :i* makes !m m inhuman4 ,! p]petrators ( ! crime calculat$ q correctly t !y ne$ fe> no reluctance on ! "p ( ! nation1 no qualms ( consci5ce1 no compassionate %r9k+1 no remorse4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be a bad cause t _c c\nt on ! support ( ! l>ge majority ( ! p at ! beg9n+ ( a w>4 ,pugnacity1 gre$1 m]e excitem5t1 ! contagion ( a cr[d1 w fill ! /reets ( almo/ any capital ) a %\t+ & jubilant mob on ! day aft] a w> has be5 decl>$4 ,& yet ! motives :i* we h enum]at$ are pla9ly atavi/ic & pa?ological4 ,!y belong to a m5tal condition :i* w\ld conduct an individual to ! prison or ! gall[s4 ,we d n argue s]i\sly :e!r ! c>e] ( ! highwayman or burgl> is legitimate & desirable2 & x is impossible to ma9ta9 t :at is disgraceful = ! individual is cr$itable = ! /ate4 ,& ap>t f ! consid]ation t pr$atory patriotism de=ms its own idol & makes x hateful 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 subsequ5t hi/ory has fully confirm$ ! moral in/9ct ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 t national insol5ce or inju/ice 7hybri/7 br+s its own sev]e puni%m5t4 ,! imag9>y dialogue :i* ,?ucydides puts into ! m\? ( ! ,a!nian & ,melian envoys1 & ! debate 9 ! ,a!nian ,assembly ab\t ! puni%m5t ( revolt$ ,mityl5e1 are int5d$ to prep>e ! read] = ! tragic fate ( ! ,sicilian exp$ition4 ,! same writ] describes ! break-up ( all social morality dur+ ! civil w> 9 words :i* seem to h]ald ! de/ruction n only ( ,a!ns b ( ,greek fre$om4 ,ma*iavelli's ',pr9ce' %[s h[ hi/ory c repeat itself1 reit]at+ its lesson t a nation :i* gives itself to immoral aggr&isem5t is f> on ! road to dis9tegration4 ,s5eca's rebuke to 8 slave-hold+ c\ntrym51 ',c y compla9 t y h be5 robb$ ( ! lib]ty :i* y h y\rselves aboli%$ 9 y\r own homes8' applies equally to nations :i* h enslav$ or exploit$ ! inhabitants ( subject l&s4 ,if ! ,roman ,empire _h a long & glori\s life1 x 0 because its me?ods 7 lib]al1 by ! /&>d ( anci5t times4 ,9 s f> z ,rome abus$ h] p[]1 %e suff]$ ! doom ( all tyrants4 ,! illusions ( imp]ialism h be5 made cle>] ?an ev] by ! c\rse ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,attempts to de/roy a nationality by ov]?r[+ its gov]nm5t1 proscrib+ its language1 & maltreat+ its citiz5s1 are nev] successful4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ) great ?or\ghness 9 ,pol&2 & ! ,poles are n[ m ( a nation ?an !y 7 "u ! oppressive feudal sy/em :i* exi/$ be=e ! p>titions4 ,our own empire w\ld be a ludicr\s failure if x 7 any "p ( our ambition to ,anglicise o!r races4 ,! only ,engli% p>ts ( ! empire 7 wa/e l&s :i* we h peopl$ ) our own emigrants4 ,we haul$ d[n ! ,fr5* flag 9 ,canada1 ) ! result t ,ea/]n ,canada is n[ ! only fl\ri%+ ,fr5* colony1 & ! only "p ( ! _w :]e ! ,fr5* race increases rapidly4 ,we h help$ ! ,dut* to multiply ) almo/ equal rapidity 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,we h add$ sev]al millions to ! native population ( ,egypt1 & ov] a hundr$ millions to ! population ( ,india4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,am]icans h made ,cuba = ! fir/ "t a really ,spani% isl&1 by driv+ out its incompet5t ,spani% gov]nors & s attract+ immigrants f ,spa94 ,on ! :ole1 9 imp]ialism no?+ fails l success4 ,if ! conqu]or oppresses 8 subjects1 !y w become fanatical patriots1 & soon] or lat] h _! rev5ge2 if he treats !m well1 & 'gov]ns !m = _! good1' !y w multiply fa/] ?an _! rul]s1 till !y claim _! indep5d5ce4 ,! ,engli%man n[ says1 ',i am q cont5t to h x s'2 b t is n ! old imp]ialism4 ,! notion t frequ5t w> is a heal?y tonic = a nation is sc>cely t5able4 ,its dysg5ic effect1 by elim9at+ ! /ronge/ & heal?ie/ ( ! population1 :ile leav+ ! weakl+s at home to be ! fa!rs ( ! next g5]ation1 is no new discov]y4 ,x has be5 support$ by a succession ( m51 su* z ,t5on1 ,dufau1 ,foissac1 de ,lap\ge1 & ,ri*et 9 ,france2 ,ti$emann & ,seeck 9 ,g]many2 ,gu]r9i 9 ,italy2 ,kellogg & ,/>r ,jordan 9 ,am]ica4 ,! case is inde$ ov]:elm+4 ,! lives de/roy$ 9 w> are ne>ly all males1 ?us di/urb+ ! sex equilibrium ( ! population2 !y are 9 ! prime ( life1 at ! age ( greate/ fecundity2 & !y are pick$ f a li/ out ( :i* f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 h be5 reject$ = physical unfitness4 ,x seems to be prov$ t ! *ildr5 born 9 ,france dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>s 7 poor & und]siz$--#cj millimetres bel[ ! normal height4 ,w> comb9$ ) religi\s celibacy to ru9 ,spa94 ',ca/ile makes m5 & wa/es !m1' said a ,spani% writ]4 ',?is sublime & t]rible phrase sums up ! :ole ( ,spani% hi/ory4' ,s*ill] 0 "r2 ',imm] d] ,krieg v]s*l+t die be/54' ,we 9 ,engl& h suff]$ f ?is dra9 9 ! pa/2 we %all suff] mu* m 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,we h f$ our sea = a ?\s& ye>s1 ,& %e calls u1 /ill unf$1 ,?\gh !re's nev] a wave ( all h] waves ,b m>ks our ,engli% dead4 ,we h /raw$ our be/ to ! we$'s unre/1 ,to ! %>k & ! %e]+ gull1 ,if blood be ! price ( admiralty1 ,"l ,god1 we ha' paid 9 full4 ,aggressive patriotism is ?us condemn$ by common s5se & ! v]dict ( hi/ory no less ?an by morality4 ,we are entitl$ to say to ! milit>i/s :at ,socrates said to ,polus3 ,?is doctr9e ( y\rs has n[ be5 exam9$ & f\nd want+4 ,& ?is doctr9e alone has /ood ! te/--t we ought to be m afraid ( do+ ?an ( suff]+ wrong2 & t ! prime bus9ess ( e man & nation is n to seem good1 b to be good1 9 all private & public deal+s4 ,if ! nations w\ld r5d] some?+ m ?an lip-s]vice to ?is pr9ciple1 ! abolition ( w> w\ld be )9 sight2 =1 z ,rusk9 says1 e*o+ ! judgm5t ( ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 ',! fir/ reason = all w>s1 & = ! necessity ( national def5ces1 is t ! majority ( p]sons1 high & l[1 9 all ,european c\ntries1 are ?ieves4' ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 spite ( ! prov]b1 x takes 9 reality only "o to make a qu>rel4 ,x is useless = ! %eep to pass resolutions 9 fav\r ( veget>ianism1 :ile ! wolf rema9s ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,our own conv]sion to pacificism1 ?\gh s9c]e1 is some:at rec5t4 ,our lit]ature does n reflect x4 ,bacon is frankly milit>i/3 ,above all1 = empire & greatness1 x importe? mo/1 t a nation d pr(ess arms1 z _! pr9cipal hon\r1 /udy1 & occupation4 ,= ! ?+s :i* we =m]ly h spok5 ( are b habilitations t[>ds arms2 & :at is habitation )\t int5tion & act8444 ,x is s pla9 t a man pr(ite? 9 t he mo/ int5de?1 t x ne$e? n to be /ood ^u4 ,x is en\gh to po9t at x2 t no nation1 :i* do? n directly pr(ess arms1 may look to h greatness fall into _! m\?s4 ,a /ate1 !re=e1 'ought to h ^? laws or cu/oms1 :i* may rea* =? unto !m j occasions ( w>4' ,%akespe>e's ',h5ry ,v' has be5 n unreasonably recomm5d$ by ! ,g]mans z 'good w>-read+4' ,x w\ld be easy to compile a cat5a ( bellicose maxims f our lit]ature1 rea*+ d[n to ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! *ange is p]haps due less to progress 9 morality ?an to t political good s5se :i* has aga9 & aga9 /e]$ our %ip ?r\gh dang]\s rocks4 ,b !re has be5 "s real advance1 9 all civilis$ c\ntries4 ,we d n f9d t m5 talk$ ab\t ! 'bankruptcy ( ,*ri/ianity' dur+ ! ,napoleonic campaigns4 ,ev5 ! ,g]mans ?9k x necess>y to tell ea* o!r t x 0 ,belgium :o began ?is w>4 ,b1 ?\gh pugnacity & acquisitiv5ess h be5 ! real f\ndation ( mu* miscall$ patriotism1 bett] motives are g5]ally m+l$ ) ^! primitive in/9cts4 ,x is ! subtle bl5d ( noble & ignoble s5tim5t :i* makes patriotism su* a difficult problem = ! morali/4 ,! patriot ne>ly always believes1 or ?9ks he believes1 t he desires ! greatness ( 8 c\ntry because 8 c\ntry /&s = some?+ intr9sically great & valuable4 ,:]e ?is conviction is abs5t we _c speak ( patriotism1 b only ( ! cohesion ( a wolf-pack4 ,! ,greeks1 :o at la/ p]i%$ because !y c\ld n comb9e1 _h nev]!less a consci\sness t !y 7 ! tru/ees ( civilisation aga9/ b>b>ism2 & 9 _! day ( triumph ov] ! ,p]sians !y 7 fill$1 = a "t1 ) an almo/ ,jewi% awe 9 pres5ce ( ! righte\s judgm5t ( ,god4 ,! ',p]s' ( s*ylus is "o ( ! noble/ ( patriotic poems4 ,! ,romans1 a h>d] & co>s] race1 _h _! ideal ( virtus & gravitas1 :i* includ$ simplicity ( life1 dignity & self-re/ra9t1 hone/y & indu/ry1 & devotion to ! /ate4 ,!y rightly felt t ^! qualities con/itut$ a vocation to empire4 ,!re 0 mu* h>%ness & inju/ice 9 ,roman imp]ialism2 b :at nobl] epitaph c\ld ev5 ! ,briti% empire desire ?an ! tribute ( ,claudian1 :5 ! we>y ,titan 0 at la/ /rick5 & dy+3 ,hc e/1 9 gremium victos qu sola recepit1 humanumque g5us communi nom9e fovit matris non dom9 ritu1 civesque vocavit quos domuit1 nexuque pio long9qua rev9xit8 ,jewi% patriotism 0 ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,a f$]ation ( fi]ce ,b$\9 tribes1 encamp$ amid ho/ile populations1 & set 9 ! cockpit ( rival empires aga9/ :i* x 0 impossible to /&1 ! ,israelites 7 hamm]$ by mis=tune into ! mo/ inde/ructible ( all organisms1 a !ocracy4 ,_! religion 0 to !m :at1 9 a m9or degree1 ,roman ,ca?olicism has be5 to ,irel& & ,pol&1 a consecration ( patriotic fai? & hope4 ,we/phal says ! ,jews fail$ because !y hat$ =eign]s m ?an !y lov$ ,god4 ,!y h _h good reason to hate =eign]s4 ,b und\bt$ly ! effect ( _! hatr$ has be5 t ! great gifts :i* _! nation _h to give to humanity h come ?r\gh o!r h&s1 & s h evok$ no gratitude4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era !y 7 call$ to an almo/ sup]human abnegation ( _! invet]ate nationalism1 & !y c\ld n rise to x4 ,z almo/ e o!r nation w\ld h done1 !y *ose ! l[] patriotism in/ead ( ! high]2 & x 0 aga9/ _! w t ! religion ( civilis$ humanity grew out ( ,hebrew soil4 ,b !y ga9$ ?is by _! *oice1 tragic ?\gh x 01 t !y h /ood by ! graves ( all ! empires t oppress$ !m1 & h pres]v$ _! racial integrity & traditions 9 ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,jews also %[s t oppression & p]secution are f> m efficaci\s 9 b9d+ a nation toge!r ?an community ( int]e/ & national prosp]ity4 ,increase ( weal? divides r ?an unites a p2 b suff]+ %>$ 9 common b9ds x toge!r ) hoops ( /eel4 ,! ,jews 7 ! only race ^: spiritual indep5d5ce 0 n cru%$ by ! ,roman /eam-roll]4 ,x w\ld be unfair to say t ,rome de/roy$ nations2 = h] subjects 9 ! ,we/ 7 b>b>\s tribes1 & 9 ! ,ea/ %e displac$ mon>*ies no less ali5 to _! subjects ?an h] own rule4 ,b %e prev5t$ ! gr[? ( nationalities1 z x is to be fe>$ we h done 9 ,india2 & ! abs5ce ( /urdy indep5d5ce 9 ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially 9 ! ,greek-speak+ prov9ces1 made ! f9al d[nfall inevitable4 ,! lesson has its w>n+ = mod]n !ori/s :o wi% to oblit]ate ! s5tim5t ( nationality1 ! revival ( :i*1 aft] a long eclipse1 has be5 "o ( ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n civilisation4 ,= x 0 n till long aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire t nationality began to assume its pres5t importance 9 ,europe4 ,! transition f m$ieval to mod]n hi/ory is mo/ /rongly m>k$ by ! em]g5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 ) all t x involves4 ,at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages ,europe 0 at la/ compell$ to admit t ! gr& idea ( an univ]sal /ate & an univ]sal *ur* _h def9itely brok5 d[n4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 assum$ t beh9d all national disputes lay a ius g5tium by :i* all 7 b\nd1 & t beh9d all religi\s que/ions lay ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 f :i* !re 0 no appeal4 ,! mod]n p]iod :i* c]ta9ly does n repres5t ! la/ ^w ( civilisation1 has witness$ ! ab&onm5t ( ^! ideas4 ,! *ange took place gradually4 ,france became a nation :5 ! ,engli% raids ceas$ 9 ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,spa9 a*iev$ unity a g5]ation lat] by ! union ( ,ca/ile & ,aragon & ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ! p59sula4 ,holl& f\nd h]self 9 ! h]oic /ruggle aga9/ ,spa9 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,b ! practice ( conduct+ w>s by hir+ =eign m]c5>ies1 a sure sign t ! nationali/ _s is weak1 cont9u$ till mu* lat]4 ,& ! dyna/ic pr9ciple1 :i* is ! v negation ( nationalism1 actually culm9at$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury2 & ?is is ! true explanation ( ! feeble resi/ance :i* ,europe (f]$ to ! ,fr5* revolution>y armies1 until ,napoleon /irr$ up ! dormant _s ( nationalism 9 ! peoples :om he plund]$4 ',9 ! old ,european sy/em1' says ,"l ,acton1 '! rights ( nationalities 7 nei!r recognis$ by gov]nm5ts nor ass]t$ by ! p4 ,! int]e/s ( ! reign+ families1 n ^? ( ! nations1 regulat$ ! fronti]s2 & ! adm9i/ration 0 conduct$ g5]ally )\t any ref]5ce to popul> desires4' ,m>riage or conque/ might unite ! mo/ div]se nations "u "o sov]eign1 su* z ,*>les ,v4 ,:ile su* ideas prevail$1 ! suppression ( a nation did n seem hateful2 ! p>tition ( ,pol& evok$ few prote/s at ! "t1 ?\gh p]haps few acts ( inju/ice h recoil$ ) great] =ce on ! heads ( _! p]petrators ?an ?is is likely to d4 ,poles h be5 & are among ! bitt]e/ enemies ( autocracy1 & ! /ronge/ advocates ( republicanism & racialism1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution op5$ a new era = nationalism1 bo? directly & indirectly4 ,! deposition ( ! ,b\rbons 0 a national act :i* might be a prec$5t = o!r oppress$ peoples4 ,& :5 ! ,revolution itself began to trample on ! rights ( o!r nations1 an upris+ took place1 fir/ 9 ,spa9 & !n 9 ,prussia1 :i* prov$ too /rong = ! tyrant4 ,! apo/asy ( ,france f h] own ideals ( lib]ty prov$ ! futility ( m]e doctr9es1 l ^? ( ,r\sseau1 & compell$ ! peoples to arm !mselves & w9 _! fre$om by ! sword4 ,! national milit>ism ( ,prussia 0 ! direct consequ5ce ( h] humiliation at ,j5a & ,au]/dt1 & ( ! h>% t]ms impos$ ^u h] at ,tilsit4 ,x is true t ! ,congress ( ,vi5na attempt$ to revive ! old dyna/ic sy/em4 ,b = ! /eady opposition ( ,engl&1 ! clique ( despots might h reimpos$ ! old yoke ^u _! subjects4 ,! settlem5t ( #ahae also left ! entire c5tre ( ,europe 9 a /ate ( *aos2 & x 0 only by sl[ degrees t ,italy & ,g]many atta9$ national unity4 ,pol&1 ! ,au/rian ,empire1 & ! ,balkan ,/ates /ill rema9 9 a condition to tr\ble ! peace ( ! _w4 ,9 ,au/ria-,hung>y ! cla% ( ! dyna/ic & ! nationali/ ideas is /rid5t2 & e citiz5 ( t empire has to *oose betwe5 a wid] & a n>r[] allegiance4 ,europeans are1 9 fact1 f> f hav+ made up _! m9ds z to :at is ! organic :ole t[>ds :i* patriotic s5tim5t ought to be direct$4 ,socialism agrees ) despotism 9 say+1 ',x is ! political aggregate1 ! /ate1' h[ev] mu* !y may diff] z to h[ ! /ate %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,= ?is reason milit>ism & /ate-socialism might at any "t come to t]ms4 ,!y are at "o 9 exagg]at+ ! 'organic' unity ( a political or geographical enclave2 & !y are at "o 9 depreciat+ ! value ( individual lib]ty4 ,loyalty to '! /ate' in/ead ( to 'k+ & c\ntry' is n an easy or a natural emotion4 ,! /ate is a bloodless ab/raction1 :i* z a rule only mat]ialises z a drill-s]geant or a tax-collector4 ,en?usiasm = x1 & n only = :at c be got out ( x1 does n ext5d mu* beyond ! ,fabian ,society4 ,cs>ism has ! great advantage ( a visible head1 z well z ( its appeal to v old & /rong ?\ght-habits2 & accord+ly1 9 any national crisis1 loyalty to ! ,w>-"l is likely to %[ unexpect$ /r5g?1 & doctr9aire socialism unexpect$ weakness4 ,b devotion to ! head ( ! /ate 9 8 repres5tative capacity is a diff]5t ?+ f ! old feudal loyalty4 ,x is f> m imp]sonal2 ! rul]1 :e!r an individual or a c\ncil1 is rev]5c$ z a non-human & non-moral embodim5t ( ! national p[]1 a sort ( ,platonic idea ( co]cive au?ority4 ,?is k9d ( loyalty may v easily be c>ri$ too f>4 ,9 reality1 we are memb]s ( a great _m 'social organisms1' ea* ( :i* has indefeasible claims ^u u4 ,our family1 our circle ( acqua9tance1 our bus9ess or pr(ession1 our *ur*1 our c\ntry1 ! comity ( civilis$ nations1 humanity at l>ge1 are all social organisms2 & "s ( ! *ief problems ( e?ics are conc]n$ ) ! adju/m5t ( _! conflict+ claims4 ,to make any "o ( ^! absolute is de/ructive ( morality4 ,b milit>ism & socialism delib]ately make ! /ate absolute4 ,9 int]nal affairs ?is may lead to ! ru?less oppression ( individuals or :ole classes2 9 ext]nal relations x produces w>s wag$ ) 'me?ods ( b>b>ism4' ,! :ole idea ( ! /ate z an organism1 :i* has be5 emphasis$ by social re=m]s z a !oretical refutation ( selfi% individualism1 re/s on ! abuse ( a metaphor4 ,! bond betwe5 ! dwell]s 9 ! same political area is f> less close ?an t betwe5 ! organs ( a liv+ body4 ,e man has a life ( 8 own1 & "s purely p]sonal rights2 he has1 moreov]1 moral l9ks ) o!r human associations1 outside 8 own c\ntry1 & important moral duties t[>ds !m4 ,no "o :o reflects on ! solid>ity ( int]e/s among capitali/s1 among h&-work]s1 or1 9 a diff]5t way1 among s*ol>s & arti/s1 all ov] ! _w1 c fail to see t ! apo!osis ( ! /ate1 :e!r 9 ! int]e/ ( w> or ( revolution1 is an ana*ronism & an absurdity4 ,a v diff]5t basis = patriotic s5tim5t is furni%$ by ! sci5tific or pseudo-sci5tific !ories ab\t race1 :i* h become v popul> 9 our "t4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ideas 9 ! #bj? c5tury comes to be writt51 x is c]ta9 t among ! causes ( ?is great w> w be nam$ ! belief ( ! ,g]mans 9 ! sup]iority ( _! own race1 bas$ on c]ta9 hi/orical & e?nological !ories :i* h act$ l a heady w9e 9 /imulat+ ! _s ( aggression among !m4 ,! !ory1 /at$ briefly1 is t ! %ores ( ! ,baltic are ! home ( ! f9e/ human type t has yet exi/$1 a type di/+ui%$ by blond hair1 great physical /r5g?1 unequall$ m5tal vig\r & ability1 sup]ior morality1 & an innate aptitude = gov]n+ & improv+ inf]ior races4 ,un=tunately = ! _w1 ?is noble /ock _c fl\ri% = v long 9 climates unlike its own2 b f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times x has 'sw>m$' p]iodically1 subjugat+ ! feebl] peoples ( ! s\?1 & elevat+ !m = a "t above ! level :i* !y 7 naturally fitt$ to rea*4 ,:]ev] we f9d m>k$ en]gy & nobl5ess ( "*1 we may suspect ,aryan blood2 & hi/ory w usually support our surmise4 ,among ! great m5 :o 7 c]ta9ly or probably ,g]mans 7 ,agamemnon1 ,julius ,cs>1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,dante1 & ,%akespe>e4 ,! blond ,nordic giant is fulfill+ 8 mission by conqu]+ & impos+ 8 culture ^u o!r races4 ,!y ought to be grateful to him = ! s]vice1 especially z x has a sacrificial aspect1 ! l[] types hav+1 at lea/ 9 _! own climates1 great] p[] ( survival4 ,?is fanta/ic !ory has be5 def5d$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,g]man books1 ( :i* ! ',f\ndations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1' by ! r5egade ,engli%man ,h\/on ,*amb]la91 is ! mo/ widely kn[n4 ,! objections to x are num]\s4 ,x is notori\s t until ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] ! settl$ & civilis$ peoples ( ,europe 7 9 frequ5t dang] f b&s ( h>di] m\nta9e]s1 =e/-dwell]s1 or pa/oral nomads1 :o g5]ally came f ! nor?4 ,b ! =midable fight+ p[]s ( ^! m>aud]s 7 no pro( ( intr9sic sup]iority4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ successful ( ^! conqu]ors1 if success is measur$ by ! am\nt ( t]ritory ov]run & subdu$1 7 n ! 'great blond bea/s' ( ,nietzs*e1 b yell[ mon/]s ) black hair1 ! ,huns & ,t>t>s4#i ,! causes ( ,t>t> asc5dancy _h n ! remote/ connection ) any moral or intellectual qualities :i* we c be expect$ to admire4 ,nor c ! ,nordic race1 well end[$ by nature z x und\bt$ly is1 prove su* a sup]iority z ?is !ory claims = x4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ bra9s yet measur$ h be5 ^? ( ,japanese2 & ! ,jews h probably a high] av]age ( ability ?an ! ,teutons4 ,aga91 ! ,g]mans are n desc5d$ f a pure ,nordic /ock4 ,! ,nor!rn type c be be/ /udi$ 9 ,sc&9avia1 :]e ! p %>e ) ! ,iri% ! di/9ction ( be+ ! h&some/ race 9 ! _w4 ,! ,g]man is a mixture ( v>i\s anatomical types1 includ+1 9 "s p>ts1 di/9ct traces ( ,mongolian blood1 :i* indicate t ! raid+ ,huns m$dl$1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 ) ! ,g]man wom51 & bequea!d to a section ( ! nation ! ,turanian *eek-bones1 z well z c]ta9 moral *>act]i/ics4 ,la/ly1 ! ,g]man race has nev] %[n mu* aptitude = gov]n+ & assimilat+ o!r peoples4 ,! ,fr5*1 by virtue ( _! great] sympa?y1 are f> m successful4 ,! ,fr5* h _! own =m ( ?is pseudo-sci5ce 9 _! doctr9e ( ! p]si/5ce ( national *>act]i/ics4 ,ea* nation may be summ$ up 9 a =mula3 ,engl&1 = example1 is '! c\ntry ( w4' ,a few in/ances may1 no d\bt1 be quot$ 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,julius ,cs> said3 ',duas res pl]asque ,gallia indu/riosissime prosequitur1 rem milit>em et argute loqui'2 & ^! are /ill ! *>act]i/ics ( our gallant allies4 ,& ,madame de ,/al may be ?\ght to h hit (f ! ,g]man "* v clev]ly ab\t ! "t :5 ,bism>ck fir/ saw ! light4 ',! ,g]mans are vigor\sly submissive4 ,!y employ philosophical reason+s to expla9 :at is ! lea/ philosophic ?+ 9 ! _w1 respect = =ce & ! fe> :i* trans=ms t respect into admiration4' ,b ! fact rema9s t ! *>act]s ( nations frequ5tly *ange1 or r t :at we call national "* is usually only ! policy ( ! gov]n+ class1 =c$ ^u x by circum/ances1 or ! mann] ( liv+ :i* climate1 geographical position1 & o!r ext]nal causes h made necess>y = ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry4 ,to f\nd patriotism on homog5eity ( race is no wis] ?an to b\nd x by fronti] l9es4 ,z ! ,abb ,nol has lately writt5 ab\t 8 own c\ntry1 ,belgium1 ! race is n ! nation4 ,! nation is n a physiological fact2 x is a moral fact4 ,:at con/itutes a nation is ! community ( s5tim5ts & ideals :i* results f a common hi/ory & education4 ,! v>iations ( ! cephalic index are "h ( no great importance4 ,! ess5tial factor ( ! national consci\sness resides 9 a c]ta9 common mode ( conceiv+ ! conditions ( ! social life4 ,belgium1 ! ,abb ma9ta9s1 has f\nd ?is national consci\sness amid h] suff]+s2 !re are no long] any di/9ctions betwe5 ,fr5*-speak+ ,belgians & ,walloons or ,flem+s4 ,?is is 9 tru? ! real base ( patriotism4 ,x is ! basis ( our own love = our c\ntry4 ,:at ,brita9 /&s = is :at ,brita9 is4 ,we h long kn[n 9 our he>ts :at ,brita9 /&s =2 b we h n[ be5 driv5 to se>* our ?\ghts & make our ideals explicit to ourselves & o!rs4 ,! ,engli%man has become a philosoph] malgr lui1 ',:atev] ! _w ?9ks1' writes ,bi%op ,b]keley4 'he :o ha? n mu* m$itat$ ^u ,god1 ! human s\l1 & ! summum bonum1 may possibly make a ?riv+ e>?worm1 b w mo/ indubitably make a sorry patriot & a sorry /atesman4' ,^! words1 :i* 7 quot$ by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r a few ye>s ago1 may seem to make a l>ge dem& on ! av]age citiz52 b 9 our quiet way we h all be5 m$itat+ on ^! ?+s s9ce la/ ,augu/1 & we "k pretty well :at our summum bonum is = our c\ntry4 ,we believe 9 *ivalry & fair play & k9dl9ess--^! ?+s fir/ & =emo/2 & we believe1 if n exactly 9 democracy1 yet 9 a gov]nm5t "u :i* a man may ?9k & speak ! ?+ he wills4 ,we d n believe 9 w>1 & we d n believe 9 bully+4 ,we d n flatt] ourselves t we are ! sup]m52 b we are conv9c$ t ! ideas :i* we /& =1 & :i* we h on ! :ole tri$ to c>ry out1 are ess5tial to ! peaceful progress & happ9ess ( humanity2 & = ^! ideas we h drawn ! sword4 ,! great words ( ,abraham ,l9coln h be5 on ! lips ( _m & 9 ! he>ts ( all s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! great conte/3 ',) malice t[>ds none2 ) *>ity = all3 ) firmness 9 ! "r z ,god gives u to see ! "r--let u /rive on to f9i% ! "w we are 94' ,patriotism ?us spiritualis$ & moralis$ is ! true patriotism4 ,:5 ! emotion is once set 9 its "r relations to ! :ole ( human life & to all t makes human life wor? liv+1 x _c become an immoral obsession4 ,x is c]ta9 to become an immoral obsession if x is isolat$ & made absolute4 ,we h se5 ! appall+ p]v]sion--! me?odical diabolism--:i* ?is obsession has produc$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x has />tl$ u because we ?\ght t ! civilis$ _w _h got beyond su* insanity2 b x is ( c\rse no new ?+4 ,ma*iavelli said1 ',i pref] my c\ntry to ! salvation ( my s\l'--a s5tim5t :i* s\nds noble b is n2 x has only a sup]ficial resemblance to ,/4 ,paul's will+ness to be 'accurs$' = ! sake ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,devil-wor%ip rema9s :at x 01 ev5 :5 ! idol is drap$ 9 ! national flag4 ,?is obsession may be 9 "p a survival f savage conditions1 :5 all 0 at /ake 9 e feud2 b *iefly x is an example ( ! idealis+ & univ]salis+ p[] ( ! imag9ation1 :i* turns e un*eck$ passion into a monomania4 ,! only rem$y is1 z ,l[ell's ,hosea ,bigl[ rem9ds u1 to be> 9 m9d t our true c\ntry is t ideal realm :i* we repres5t to ourselves "u ! names ( religion1 duty1 & ! l4 ,our t]re/rial organisations are b f>-(f approa*es to s fair a model2 & all !y are v]ily traitors :o resi/ n any attempt to div]t !m f ?is _! orig9al int5dm5t4 ,our true c\ntry is b\nd$ on ! nor? & ! s\?1 on ! ea/ & we/1 by ,ju/ice1 & :5 %e ov]/eps t invisible b\nd>y-l9e by s mu* z a hair's bread?1 %e ceases to be our "m1 & *ooses r to be look$ ^u quasi nov]ca4 ,s ,socrates said t ! wise man w be a citiz5 ( 8 true city1 ( :i* ! type is laid up 9 heav51 & only conditionally ( 8 e>?ly c\ntry4 ,! obsession ( patriotism is n ! only evil :i* we h to consid]4 ,we may err by defect z well z by excess4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] speaks ( an 'anti-patriotic bias'2 & x c h>dly be disput$ t _m ,engli%m5 :o pride !mselves on _! l(ty morality are suff]+ f ?is m5tal twi/4 ,! malady seems to belong to ! ,anglo-,saxon con/itution1 = x is r>ely enc\nt]$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 :ile we _h a noisy pro-,napoleonic faction a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ! ,am]icans _h _! ',copp]heads' 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates dur+ ! civil w>4 ,9 our own day1 e enemy ( ,engl&1 f ! mad ,mullah to ! mad ,kais]1 has _h 8 advocates at home2 & ! *ampions ( ,bo] & ,box]1 ( ,afridi & ,afrik&]1 ( ! ,mahdi & ! ,matabele1 h be5 usually ! same p]sons4 ,! ,engli%1 x w\ld appe>1 diff] f o!r misguid$ rascals 9 nev] be+ "r ev5 by accid5t4 ,b ! idiosyncrasy ( a few p]sons is f> less important ?an ! comp>ative ins5sibility ( :ole classes to ! patriotic appeal1 except :5 w> is actually rag+4 ,?is is n specially *>act]i/ic ( our own c\ntry4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or has compla9$ ( 8 ,social ,democrats z 'p )\t a fa!rl&'2 & ! cry ' bas la patrie' has be5 he>d 9 ,france4 ,x is usual to expla9 ?is attitude by ! fact t ! manual work]s 'h no /ake 9 ! c\ntry1' & might n f9d _! condition alt]$ = ! worse by subjection to a =eign p[]4 ,a few ( our work+-m5 h giv5 col\r to ?is *>ge by exclaim+ petulantly t !y c\ld n be worse (f "u ! ,g]mans2 b 9 ?is !y h done !mselves & _! class less ?an ju/ice4 ,! anti-milit>ism & cosmopolitanism ( ! masses 9 e c\ntry is a pr(\ndly int]e/+ fact1 a problem :i* dem&s no sup]ficial inve/igation4 ,x is "o result ( t emancipation f traditional ideas1 :i* makes ! mo/ important diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & middle classes on ! "o side & ! l[] on ! o!r4 ,we lam5t t ! work+-man takes b little int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & rack our bra9s to discov] :at we h done to discr$it our religion 9 8 eyes4 ,! tru? is t ,*ri/ianity1 z a dogmatic & ecclesia/ical sy/em1 is un9telligible )\t a v consid]able k ( ! conditions "u :i* x took %ape4 ,b :at are ! anci5t ,hebrews1 & ! ,greeks & ,romans1 to ! work+-man8 ,he is simply cut (f f ! means ( read+ intellig5tly any book ( ! ,bible1 or ( und]/&+ h[ ! in/itution call$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & its (f%oots1 came to exi/4 ,z our /aple education becomes m 'mod]n' & less lit]>y1 ! cu/odians ( organis$ religion w f9d _! difficulties increas+4 ,b ! same is true ab\t patriotism4 ,love ( c\ntry means pride 9 ! pa/ & ambition = ! future4 ,^? :o live only 9 ! pres5t are incapable ( x4 ,b our work+-man kn[s next to no?+ ab\t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,engl&2 he has sc>cely he>d ( our great m51 & has read few ( our great books4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! appeal to patriotism leaves him cold4 ,?is is an evil t has its prop] rem$y4 ,!re is no reason :y a sane & elevat$ love ( c\ntry %\ld n be /imulat$ by appropriate tea*+ 9 our s*ools4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is is done--r hy/]ically2 & 9 ,g]many--r brutally4 ,! ,jews h always made _! national hi/ory a l>ge "p ( _! education1 & ev5 ( _! religion4 ,no?+ has help$ !m m to reta9 _! self-consci\sness z a nation4 ,ignorance ( ! pa/ & indiff]5ce to ! future usually g toge!r4 ,^? :o mo/ value our hi/orical h]itage w be mo/ desir\s to transmit x unimpair$4 ,b ! abs5ce ( traditional ideas is by no means an unmix$ evil4 ,! work+-man sees m cle>ly ?an ! majority ( educat$ p]sons ! absurdity ( int]national hatr$ & jeal\sy4 ,he is consci\s ( great] solid>ity ) 8 own class 9 o!r ,european c\ntries ?an ) ! weal?i] class 9 8 own2 & z he approa*es ! :ole "q )\t prejudice1 he _c fail to realise h[ l>ge a "p ( ! product ( lab\r is div]t$ f useful purposes by mod]n milit>ism4 ,int]national rivalry is 9 8 eyes "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles to ! abolition ( want & mis]y4 ,tol/oy h>dly exagg]ates :5 he says3 ',patriotism to ! peoples repres5ts only a frightful future2 ! frat]nity ( nations seems an ideal m & m accessible to humanity1 & "o :i* humanity desires4' ,milit>y glory has v little attraction = ! work+-man4 ,8 humanit>ian in/9cts appe> to be actually /rong] ?an ^? ( ! %elt]$ classes4 ,to take life 9 any circum/ances seems to him a %ock+ ?+2 & ! h>% proc$ure ( m>tial law & milit>y cu/om is abhorr5t to him4 ,he sees no advantage & no cr$it 9 t]ritorial aggr&isem5t1 :i* he suspects to be prompt$ ma9ly by ! desire to make money unju/ly4 ,he is !re=e a conv9c$ pacifici/2 ?\gh 8 doctr9e ( human bro!rhood breaks d[n ignom9i\sly :5 he f9ds 8 economic position ?reat5$ by ! competition ( *eap =eign lab\r4 ,if an arm$ /ruggle ev] takes place betwe5 ! nations ( ,europe 7or _! coloni/s7 & ! yell[ races1 x w be a work+-man's w>4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! be/ hope ( gett+ rid ( milit>ism may lie 9 ! gr[+ p[] ( ! work+ class4 ,! poor1 be+ int5sely greg>i\s & v susceptible to all collective emotions1 are /ill liable to fits ( w>like excitem5t4 ,b _! real m9ds are at pres5t set aga9/ an aggressive =eign policy1 )\t be+ %ut aga9/ ! appeals ( a high] patriotism4 ,& yet ! irritation :i* is felt aga9/ prea*]s ( ! bro!rhood ( man is n )\t ju/ification4 ,"s p]sons :o condemn patriotism are simply lack+ 9 public _s1 or _! loyalty is monopolis$ by "s fad or 'cause1' :i* is a poor sub/itute = love ( c\ntry4 ,! man :o has no prejudices 9 fav\r ( 8 own family & 8 own c\ntry is g5]ally an unamiable creature4 ,s we ne$ n condemn ,molire = say+1 ',l'ami du g5re huma9 n'e/ pas du t\t mon fait1' nor ,brunetire = decl>+ t ',ni la nature ni l'hi/oire n'ont en effet v\lu que les hommes fuss5t t\s frres4' ,b ,fr5* ,neo-ca?olicism1 a b\rgeois movem5t direct$ aga9/ all ! 'ideas ( #aghi1' seems to h adopt$ ! mo/ f]oci\s k9d ( *auv9ism4 ,m4 ,paul ,b\rget wrote ! o!r day 9 ! *o de ,p>is1 ',?is w> mu/ be ! fir/ ( _m1 s9ce we _c ext]m9ate sixty-five million ,g]mans 9 a s+le campaign6' ,! wom5 & *ildr5 too6 ,?is is n ! way to revive ! religion ( ,*ri/ 9 ,france4 ,! practical "q = ! future is :e!r !re is any prospect ( return+1 "u m fav\rable auspices1 to ! unrealis$ ideal ( ! ,middle ,ages--an agreem5t among ! nations ( ,europe to live amicably "u "o sy/em ( int]national law & "r1 b9d+ ^u all1 & ) ! consci\sness ( an intellectual & spiritual unity deep] ?an political divisions4 ',! nations are ! citiz5s ( humanity1' said ,mazz9i2 & s !y ought to be4 ,"s ( ! om5s are fav\rable4 ,milit>ism has dug its own grave4 ,! great p[]s increas$ _! armam5ts till ! burd5 became insupportable1 & h n[ ru%$ into bankruptcy 9 ! hope ( %ak+ x (f4 ,9 prehi/oric times ! lords ( creation 7 c]ta9 gigantic liz>ds1 protect$ by massive arm\r-plates :i* c\ld only be c>ri$ by a creature ?irty to sixty feet long4 ,!n !y di$1 :5 nei!r e>?1 air1 nor wat] c\ld support !m any long]4 ,su* mu/ be ! end ( ! ,european nations1 unless !y le>n wisdom4 ,! lesson w be br\ght home to !m by ,transatlantic competition4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica _h already1 be=e ?is w>1 an initial advantage ov] ! disunit$ /ates ( ,europe1 am\nt+ to at lea/ #aj p] c5t4 on e contract2 aft] ! w> ?is advantage w be d\bl$4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! next g5]ation w hon\r ! debts :i* we are pil+ up4 ,disraeli us$ to compla9 ( :at he call$ ',dut* f9ance1' :i* consi/s 9 'mortgag+ ! indu/ry ( ! future to protect prop]ty 9 ! pres5t4' ,pitt paid = ! great w> ( a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ?is mann]2 aft] a c5tury we are /ill groan+ "u ! burd5 ( 8 loans4 ,we may he> m ( ! iniquity ( ',dut* f9ance' :5 ! democracies ( ! next g5]ation h a *ance ( repudiat+ obligations :i*1 z !y w say1 !y did n contract4 ,h[ev] t may be1 int]national rivalry is pla9ly v bad bus9ess2 & !re are great possibilities 9 ! ,hague ,tribunal1 if1 & only if1 ! signatories to ! conf]5ce b9d !mselves to use =ce aga9/ a recalcitrant memb]4 ,! conduct ( ,g]many 9 ?is w> has %[n t public op9ion is p[]less to re/ra9 a nation :i* feels /rong en\gh to defy x4 ,ano!r cause :i* may give patriots leisure to turn _! ?\ghts away f w>'s al>ms is t ! 'sw>m+' p]iod ( ! ,european races is com+ to an end4 ,! unp>allel$ increase ( population 9 ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! #ai? c5tury has be5 foll[$ by a progressive decrease 9 ! bir?-rate1 :i* w beg9 to tell ^u social conditions :5 ! r$uction 9 ! dea?-rate1 :i* has hi!rto kept pace ) x1 %all h rea*$ its natural limit4 ,europe ) a /ation>y population w be 9 a mu* happi] condition2 & problems ( social re=m c !n be tackl$ ) "s hope ( success4 ,hon\rable emulation 9 ! arts ( life may !n take ! place ( desp]ate competition & antagonism4 ,human lives w beg9 to h a positive value1 & we may ev5 ?9k x fair to hon\r our savi\rs m ?an our de/roy]s4 ,! effects ( pa/ follies w !n soon be effac$2 = nations recov] mu* m quickly f w>s ?an f int]nal disord]s4 ,ext]nal injuries are rapidly cur$2 b '^? w\nds heal ill t m5 d give !mselves4' ,! greate/ ob/acle to progress is n man's inh]it$ pugnacity1 b 8 incorrigible t5d5cy to p>asitism4 ,! true patriot w keep 8 eye fix$ on ?is1 & w dread z ! /ate's wor/ enemies ^? citiz5s :o at ! top & bottom ( ! social scale h no o!r ambition ?an to hang on & suck ! life-blood ( ! nation4 ,great ?+s may be hop$ f ! new sci5ce ( eug5ics1 :5 x has pass$ out ( its t5tative & exp]im5tal /age4 ,9 ! di/ant future we may reasonably hope t patriotism w be a s5tim5t l ! loyalty :i* b9ds a man to 8 public s*ool & univ]sity1 an affection purg$ ( all ranc\r & jeal\sy1 a /imulus to all hon\rable conduct & noble ef=t1 a "p ( ! poetry ( life4 ,x is s already to _m ( u1 & has be5 s to ! noble/ ,engli%m5 s9ce we h _h a lit]ature4 ,if ,h5ry ,v's spee* at ,ag9c\rt is ! spl5did gasconade ( a royal freeboot]1 !re is no false r+ 9 ! sc5e :]e ,john ( ,gaunt takes leave ( 8 bani%$ son2 nor 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ',brea!s !re a man ) s\l s dead1' etc4 ',if ,i =get !e1 ,o ,j]usalem1 let my "r h& =get h] cunn+4' ,we _c q manage to sub/itute ,london = ,zion 9 s++ psalms1 ?\gh !re are "s 9 ,engl&--,eton1 ,w9*e/]1 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge--:i* d evoke ^! feel+s4 ,^! emotions ( loyalty & devotion are by no means to be *eck$ or despis$4 ,!y h an inf9ite pot5cy = good4 ,9 spiritual ?+s !re is no conflict betwe5 int5sity & expansion4 ,! deepe/ sympa?y is1 pot5tially1 also ! wide/4 ,he :o loves n 8 home & c\ntry :i* he has se51 h[ %all he love humanity 9 g5]al :i* he has n se58 ,!re are1 aft] all1 few emotions ( :i* "o has less reason to be a%am$ ?an ! little lump 9 ! ?roat :i* ! ,engli%man feels :5 he fir/ cat*es sight ( ! :ite cliffs ( ,dov]4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,9 8 ,introduction to ,social ,psy*ology4 #i ,! reasons ( _! irresi/ible /r5g? h be5 expla9$ 9 a mo/ brilliant mann] by ,dr4 ,peisk] 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ',cambridge ,m$ieval ,hi/ory4' ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate 7#aiag7 ,! numb]s ( e species are det]m9$1 n by ! procreative p[] ( its memb]s1 :i* always greatly exce$s ! capacity ( ! e>? to support a prog5y increas+ 9 geometrical progression1 b by two factors1 ! activity ( its enemies & ! available supply ( food4 ,^? species :i* survive owe _! success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ma9ly to "o ( two qualities1 enorm\s f]tility or p>5tal c>e4 ,! female cod spawns ab\t #f1jjj1jjj eggs at a "t1 ( :i* at mo/ "o-?ird--p]haps mu* less--are aft]w>ds f]tilis$4 ,an inf9itesimal proportion ( ^! escapes be+ dev\r$ by fi% or f[l4 ,an insect-eat+ bird is said to require = its support ab\t #bej1jjj insects a ye>1 & ! numb] ( su* birds mu/ am\nt to ?\s&s ( millions4 ,z a rule !re is a k9d ( equilibrium betwe5 ! =ces ( de/ruction & ( reproduction4 ,if a species is ne>ly ext]m9at$ by its enemies1 ^? enemies lose _! food-supply & p]i% !mselves4 ,9 "s %elt]$ spot ! survivors ( ! victims rema9 & increase till !y beg9 to s5d out colonies aga94 ,9 "s species1 su* z ! mice 9 ,la ,plata1 & ! bea/s & birds :i* dev\r !m1 !re is an alt]nation ( increase & decrease1 to be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,b p]man5t di/urbances ( equilibrium sometimes occur4 ,! rabbit 9 ,au/ralia1 hav+ f\nd a virg9 soil1 multipli$ = "s "t almo/ up to ! limit ( its natural f]tility & is firmly e/abli%$ on t cont95t4 ,! br[n rat 7"s say7 has ext]m9at$ our black rat & ! ,maori rat 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! microbe ( ! t]rible disease :i* ! crews ( ,columbus br\ght back to ,europe1 aft] caus+ a deva/at+ epidemic at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 e/abli%$ a k9d ( modus viv5di ) its ho/s1 & has rema9$ z a p]man5t sc\rge 9 ,europe4 ,o!r microbes1 l ^? ( *ol]a & plague1 emigrate f ! l&s :]e !y are endemic1 l a horde ( ,t>t>s1 & aft] slay+ all :o are susceptible disappe> f inanition4 ,! dra9+ ( ! f5s has driv5 ! anopheles mosquito f ,engl&1 & our c\ntrym5 no long] suff] f 'ague4' ,cleanli] habits are bani%+ ! l\se & its accompanim5t typhus fev]4 ,f]tility & c>e = (fspr+ seem z a rule to v>y inv]sely4 ,! latt] is ! pa? ( biological progress1 & is *>act]i/ic ( all vivip>\s animals4 ,t any degree ( p>5tal att5tion is incompatible ) ! imm5se fecundity ( ! l[] organisms ne$s no demon/ration4 ,su* f]tility is n necess>y to keep up ! numb]s ( ! high] species1 :i* f9d abundant food 9 ! sw>m+ prog5y ( ! l[] types1 & are n !mselves expos$ to :olesale slaught]4 ,speak+ ( fi%es1 ,su!rl& says3 ,( species t exhibit no sort ( p>5tal c>e1 ! av]age ( =ty-n9e gives #a1jdj1jjj eggs to a female ea* ye>2 :ile among ^? :i* make ne/s or any apology = ne/s ! numb] is only ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,among ^? :i* h any protective tricks1 su* z c>ry+ ! eggs 9 p\*es or atta*$ to ! body1 or 9 ! m\?1 ! av]age numb] is "u #ajjj2 :ile among ^? ^: c>e takes ! =m ( ut]9e or quasi-ut]9e ge/ation :i* br+s ! "y into ! _w alive1 an av]age ( #ef eggs is q suffici5t4 ,man is no exception to ^! laws4 ,8 evolution has be5 /eadily 9 ! direction ( dim9i%+ f]tility & increas+ p>5tal c>e4 ,?is does n necess>ily imply t ! mod]n ,european loves 8 *ildr5 bett] ?an ! savage loves 84 ,x is grim necessity1 n want ( affection1 :i* det]m9es ! treatm5t ( *ildr5 by _! p>5ts ov] a great "p ( ! _w1 & ?r\gh ! great] "p ( human hi/ory4 ,! homeless hunt]s1 :o repres5t ! l[e/ /age ( savag]y1 are n[ almo/ ext9ct4 ,9 ^! tribes ! woman has to foll[ ! man c>ry+ h] baby4 ,"u su* conditions ! *ances ( re>+ a l>ge family are small inde$4 ,v diff]5t is ! life ( ! grassl& nomads1 :o roam ov] ! ,arabian plateau & ! /eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,^! tribes1 :o really live z ! p>asites ( _! flocks & h]ds1 dep5d+ on !m entirely = subsi/5ce1 (t5 multiply rapidly4 ,_! typical unit is ! great patri>*al family1 9 :i* ! %eikh may h scores ( *ildr5 by diff]5t mo!rs4 ,^! *ildr5 soon beg9 to e>n _! keep1 & are tak5 c>e (4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! patri>* s *ooses1 ,hag> ) h] *ild is ca/ adrift1 to f9d h] way back to h] own p1 if %e c4 ,! grassl&s are usually almo/ z full z !y c hold4 ,a p]iod ( dr\ght1 or pressure by rivals1 9 =m] times s5t a horde ( ^! h>dy %eph]ds on a raid into ! ne>e/ settl$ prov9ce2 & if1 l ! ,t>t>s1 !y 7 m\nt$1 !y usually kill$1 plund]$1 & conqu]$ :]ev] !y w5t1 until ! discov]y ( gunp[d] sav$ civilisation f ! recurr5t p]il ( b>b>ian inroads4 ,b>b>ians ( ano!r type1 hunt]s ) fix$ homes1 seldom increase rapidly1 p>tly because ! dang]s ( =e/-life = "y *ildr5 are mu* great] ?an on ! /eppe4 ,9 ! primitive riv]-valley civilisations1 su* z ,egypt & ,babylonia1 ! conditions ( increase 7 s fav\rable t a d5se population soon began to press ^u ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 ,egypt ! rem$y 0 a c5tralis$ gov]nm5t :i* c\ld und]take great irrigation works & int5sive cultivation4 ,9 ,babylonia1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 =eign trade 0 made to support a l>g] population ?an ! l& itself c\ld ma9ta94 ,!re 0 little or no infanticide 9 ,babylonia1 b ! dea?-rate 9 ^! /eam+ alluvial pla9s has always be5 v high4 ,:5 we turn to poor & m\nta9\s c\ntries l ,greece1 ! conditions are v diff]5t4 ,x 0 an old belief among ! ,hell5es t 9 ! days be=e ! ,trojan ,w> '! _w 0 too full ( p4' ,! increase 0 d\btless made possible by ! trade :i* develop$ 9 ! ,m9oan p]iod1 b ! s\rces ( food-supply 7 liable to be int]f]$ )4 ,h5ce came ! necessity = active colonisation1 :i* la/$ f ! eigh? to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is p]iod ( expansion came to an end :5 all ! available sites 7 occupi$4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! ,greeks f\nd !mselves head$ (f1 9 ! we/ by ,pho5icians & ,etruscans1 9 ! ea/ by ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,! problem ( ov]-population 0 aga9 press+ ^u !m4 ,incessant civil w>s betwe5 ,hell5es kept ! numb]s d[n to "s ext5t2 b ,greek battles 7 n z a rule v bloody1 & e heal?y nation has a surpris+ capacity ( mak+ good ! losses caus$ by w>4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! *eck to emigration 0 t ! old ideal ( ! 'self-suffici5t life1' :i* meant ! practice ( mix$ f>m+1 _h to be p>tially ab&on$4 ,! mo/ fl\ri%+ ,/ates1 & especially ,a!ns1 _h to take to manufactures1 :i* !y ex*ang$ = ! food-products ( ! ,balkan ,/ates & ,s\? ,russia4 ,! result 0 an increas+ urbanisation1 & a new population ( free 'resid5t ali5s4' ,cons]vatives hat$ ?is *ange & wi%$ to revive ! old ideal ( a small self-support+ ,/ate1 ) a maximum ( #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj citiz5s4 ,plato1 9 8 late/ "w1 ! ',laws1' wi%es 8 model city to be n too ne> ! sea1 ! proximity ( :i* 'fills ! /reets ) m]*ants & %opkeep]s1 & begets di%one/y 9 ! s\ls ( m54' ,on ! o!r side ,isocrates1 ! mo/ f>-see+ ( ,a!nian politicians1 realis$ t ! day ( small city-/ates 0 ov]1 & t ! limit$1 'self-suffici5t' community w\ld n long ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce4 ,he urg$ 8 c\ntrym5 to pursue a policy ( peaceful p5etration 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 z ! ,greeks 7 soon to d "u ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,b ! prejudice aga9/ indu/rialism 0 v /rong4 ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury rema9$ a poor c\ntry2 h] exports 7 n m ?an en\gh to pay = ! food ( h] exi/+ population2 & t population _h to be artificially re/rict$4 ,! ,greeks 7 an exceptionally heal?y & long-liv$ race2 _! great m5 = ! mo/ "p liv$ to ages :i* h no p>allel until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! infant dea?-rate f natural causes may h be5 r high1 z x is 9 mod]n ,greece1 b x 0 augm5t$ by sy/ematic infanticide4 ,! ,greek fa!r _h an absolute "r to decide :e!r a new-com] 0 to be admitt$ to ! family4 ,9 ,ephesus alone ( ,greek cities a p>5t 0 compell$ to prove t he 0 too poor to re> a *ild be=e he 0 all[$ to get rid ( x4#aj ,ev5 ,hesiod1 c5turies e>li]1 advises a fa!r n to br+ up m ?an "o son1 & daught]s 7 sacrific$ m frequ5tly ?an sons4 ,! usual practice 0 to expose ! infant 9 a j>2 anyone :o ?\ght x wor? :ile might rescue ! baby & br+ x up z a slave4 ,b ?is 0 n (t5 done4 ,at ,gela1 9 ,sicily1 !re are #bcc 'pott$' burials 9 an excavat$ gravey>d1 out ( a total ( #egj4aa ,! proportion ( female infants expos$ mu/ h be5 v l>ge4 ,! evid5ce ( lit]ature is support$ by su* lett]s z ?is f a husb& at ,oxyrhyn*us3 ',:5--good luck to y--y\r *ild is born1 if x is a male1 let x live2 if a female1 expose x4'#ab ,besides infanticide1 abortion 0 freely practis$1 & )\t blame4#ac ,! ,greek citiz5 m>ri$ r late2 b z 8 bride 0 usually 9 h] 'te5s ?is w\ld n affect ! bir?-rate4 ,nor ne$ we atta* mu* importance1 z a factor 9 *eck+ population1 to ! *>act]i/ic ,greek vice1 nor to pro/itution1 :i* ?r\gh\t antiquity 0 incr$ibly *eap & visit$ by no physical p5alty4 ,z = slaves1 ,x5ophon recomm5ds t !y %\ld be all[$ to h *ildr5 z a rew>d = good conduct4#ad ,a rapid decl9e 9 population set 9 "u ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,polybius ascribes x to selfi%ness & a high /&>d ( com=t1 :i* is d\btless true ( ! upp] & middle classes2#ae b ! depopulation ( rural ,greece c h>dly be s acc\nt$ =4 ,p]haps ! =e/s 7 cut d[n1 & ! ra9fall dim9i%$4 ,x 0 ! g5]al impression t ! soil 0 f> less productive ?an =m]ly4 ,! decay ( ! ,hell5ic race 0 accel]at$ aft] ! ,roman conque/1 until ! old /ock became almo/ ext9ct4 ,?is disappe>ance ( ! mo/ gift$ race t ev] inhabit$ our planet is "o ( ! /range/ cata/rophes ( hi/ory1 & is full ( w>n+s = ! mod]n sociologi/4 ,indu/rial slav]y1 indiff]5ce to p>5?ood1 & addiction to club-life 7 c]ta9ly ?ree ( ! ma9 causes1 unless we pref] to reg>d ! two la/ z symptoms ( hopelessness ab\t ! future4 ,! same disease fell ^u ,italy1 & 0 co9cid5t n ) ! murd]\s w> aga9/ ,hannibal & ! subsequ5t campaigns1 co/ly ?\gh !y 71 9 ,spa91 ,syria1 & ,mac$onia1 b ) ! ,hell5isation ( social life4 ,lucan1 "u ,n]o1 compla9s t ! t[ns h lo/ m ?an half _! inhabitants1 & t ! c\ntry-side lies wa/e4 ,"u ,titus x 0 e/imat$ t1 :]eas ,italy "u ! ,republic c\ld raise ne>ly #hjj1jjj soldi]s1 t numb] 0 n[ r$uc$ by "o-half4 ,m>cus ,aurelius plant$ a l>ge tribe ( ,m>comanni on unoccupi$ l& 9 ,italy4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ,bologna1 ,mod5a1 ,piac5za1 & _m o!r t[ns 9 ,nor? ,italy 7 9 ru9s4 ,! l& ( ! ,volscians & ,aequians1 once d5sely populat$1 0 a des]t ev5 9 ,livy's "t4 ,samnium rema9$ ! wild]ness t ,sulla _h left x2 & ,apulia 0 a lonely %eep-walk4 ,! causes ( ?is depopulation h be5 (t5 discuss$1 bo? 9 antiquity & 9 our own day4 ,slav]y1 infanticide1 celibacy1 w>s & massacres1 l>ge e/ates1 & pe/il5ce h all be5 nam$ z causes2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t all ^! influ5ces toge!r are insuffici5t to acc\nt = s rapid a decl9e4 ,! toll ( w> 0 light] by f> ?an 9 p]iods :5 ! population 0 ris+2 infecti\s disease 7unless we suppose1 z "s h sugge/$1 t mal>ia became = ! fir/ "t endemic "u ! ,roman dom9ation7 invad$ ! empire 9 occasional & de/ructive epidemics1 b a heal?y population recov]s f pe/il5ce1 z f w>1 ) great rapidity4 ,! l>ge graz+ ran*es displac$ f>ms because corn-gr[+ 9 ,italy 0 unpr(itable1 b !re 0 a l>ge supply ( gra9 f ,sicily1 ,africa1 & o!r di/ricts4 ,slav]y und\bt$ly acc\nts = a great deal4 ,?is in/itution is excessively wa/eful ( human life2 x is nev] possible to keep up ! numb]s ( slaves )\t slave-hunt+ 9 ! c\ntries f :i* !y come4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t anci5t civilisation 0 almo/ entirely urban4 ,! b>b>ians f\nd ample wa/e l&s betwe5 ! t[ns1 :i* !y did n z a rule c>e to visit1 probably because ^? :o did s soon fell victims to microbic diseases4 ,! sanit>y condition ( anci5t cities 0 bett] ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 b ! dea?-rate 0 probably too high to p]mit ( any increase 9 ! population4 ,b aft] admitt+ t all ^! causes 7 op]ative1 x may be t we %all be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge also a psy*ological factor4 ,if a nation has no hopes = ! future1 if x is ev5 d\btful :e!r life is wor? liv+1 if x is dispos$ to )draw f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & to meet ! problems ( life 9 a temp] ( passive resignation1 x w n reg>d *ildr5 z a h]itage & gift t come? f ! ,"l1 b r z an encumbrance4 ,t su* 0 ! temp] ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire may be ga!r$ n only f ! lit]ature1 :i* is s+ul>ly devoid ( hopefulness & ent]prise1 b f ! rapid spread ( mona/icism & eremitism 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is _w-we>9ess ( c\rse ne$s explanation1 & ! cause is r obscure4 ,x does n seem to be connect$ ) unfav\rable ext]nal conditions1 b r ) a racial exhau/ion ak9 to s5ile decay 9 ! individual4 ,b !re is no real analogy betwe5 ! life ( an individual & t ( a nation1 & x w\ld be v ra% to insi/ on ! hypo!sis ( racial decay1 :i* p]haps has no biological basis4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on population is v difficult to e/imate4 ,no?+ is m unsci5tific ?an to collect ! e?ical precepts & practices ( nations :i* pr(ess ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & to label !m z '! results ( ,*ri/ianity4' ,! hi/orian ( religion w\ld inde$ be fac$ by a /range task if he 7 compell$ to trace ! moral ideals ( ,simeon ,/ylites & ( ,h[>d ! philan?ropi/1 ( ,francis ( ,assisi & ,oliv] ,cromwell1 ( ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,?omas ,becket1 to a common s\rce4 ,! only e?ical & social pr9ciples :i* c prop]ly be call$ ,*ri/ian are ^? :i* c be prov$ to h _! root 9 ! tea*+ & example ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 0 a product ( ,jewi% soil4 ,x is hi/orically connect$ ) ! ,jewi% prophetic tradition1 :i* x c>ri$ to its fulle/ developm5t & pres5t$ 9 an univ]salis$ & spiritualis$ =m4 ,its social tea*+ consi/s *iefly ( g5]al pr9ciples :i* h to be appli$ to conditions unlike ^? contemplat$ by its fir/ disciples1 :o 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! apocalyptic expectations preval5t at ! "t4 ,jewi% morality 0 9 its orig9 ! morality ( a tribe ( nomad ,b$\9s2 & we h se5 t infant life is held sacr$ by ^! peoples4 ,m>riage is reg>d$ z a duty1 & *ildlessness z a mis=tune or a disgrace4 ,! =w>d look1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hebrews f ! fir/1 made e ,jew desir\s to leave desc5dants :o might witness happi] times1 & "o ( :om might ev5 be ! promis$ ,deliv]] ( 8 p4 ,no ,hebrew ( ei!r sex 0 all[$ to be a s]vant ( vice2 abnormal practices1 ?\gh scre5$ by ,canaanite religion1 7 f> less common ?an 9 ,greece or ,italy4 ,to ?is :olesome morality ,*ri/ianity add$ ! doctr9es ( ! value1 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ( e human life1 & ( ! sanctity ( ! body z ! 'temple ( ,god4' ,to ! ,pagans1 ! cont95ce ( ! ,*ri/ians 01 next to _! affection = ea* o!r1 _! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ic4 ,f ! fir/1 ! new religion set itself firmly aga9/ infanticide & abortion1 & won "o ( its mo/ signal moral triumphs 9 driv+ und]gr\nd & greatly dim9i%+ homosexual vice4 ,its enc\ragem5t ( celibacy1 especially = ^? :o foll[$ ! 'religi\s' vocation1 0 an (fset to its heal?y influ5ce on family life1 & ultimately1 z ,galton has %[n1 work$ great mis*ief by /]ilis+ = c5turies _m ( ! g5tle/ & noble/ 9 ea* g5]ation2 b ?is t5d5cy 0 adv5titi\s to ,*ri/ianity1 & w\ld nev] h tak5 root on ,pale/9ian soil4 ,! cult ( virg9ity has la/$ on1 ) mu* else t belongs to ! lat] ,hell5i/ic age1 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! population "q slumb]$4 ,! mis]able *aos into :i* ! old civilisation sank aft] ! b>b>ian invasions1 ! orgies ( massacre & plund]1 ! almo/ total oblivion ( m$ical sci5ce1 & ! pe/if]\s condition ( ! m$ieval wall$ t[n1 :i* c\ld be smelt miles away1 av]t$ any risk ( ov]-population4 ,families 7 v l>ge1 b ! majority ( ! *ildr5 di$4 ,millions 7 swept away by ! ,black ,dea?2 millions m by ! ,crusades4 ,su* books z t ( ,lu*aire1 on ,france 9 ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us1 br+ vividly be=e u ! horrible condition ( society 9 feudal times1 & expla9 amply ! sp>sity ( ! population4 ,! e>ly mod]n p]iod conta9s ano!r notable example ( a sudd5 & unacc\ntable decl9e 9 population4 ,! sc5e is ,spa91 :i*1 aft] play+ an active & v prom95t "p 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 sank quickly into ! le?>gy f :i* x has nev] recov]$4 ,x may be not$ t "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,rome1 ! decay ( population & en]gy foll[$ a great influx ( plund]$ weal?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! increase ( population 9 our newly-plant$ ,nor? ,am]ican colonies mu/ h be5 extremely rapid = two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,! enorm\s multiplication ( ! ,european races s9ce ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury is a ph5om5on q unique 9 hi/ory1 & nev] likely to be repeat$4#af ,x 0 r5d]$ possible by ! new lab\r-sav+ inv5tions :i* imm5sely increas$ ! exports :i* c\ld be ex*ang$ = food1 & by ! op5+ up ( va/ new food-produc+ areas4 ,! *ief me?od by :i* ! increase 0 effect$1 especially 9 ! lat] p]iod1 has be5 ! l5g!n+ ( human life by improv$ sanitation & m$ical sci5ce4#ag ,s9ce #ahfe ! av]age duration ( life 9 ,engl& & ,wales has be5 rais$ by a little m ?an "o-?ird4 ,o!r ,european c\ntries %[ ! same ratio ( improvem5t4 ,?is a/oni%+ result1 s little kn[n & s seldom ref]r$ to1 0 b\nd to h a great effect on ! bir?-rate4 ,s long z ! sw>m+ p]iod cont9u$ at its height1 a net annual increase ( #ae or ev5 #bj p] ?\s& c\ld be su/a9$2 b ! expansion ( ! ,european peoples has n[ pass$ its z5i?1 & a t5d5cy to rev]t to m normal conditions is almo/ ev]y:]e obs]vable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ advanc$ nations1 ,france1 has already rea*$ ! equilibrium t[>ds :i* o!r civilis$ nations are mov+4 ,! old-e/abli%$ families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are believ$ to be actually dw9dl+4 ,! /ud5t ( int]national vital /ati/ics w be /ruck fir/ by ! v wide diff]5ces 9 ! bir?-rate ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,he w !n notice t ! m backw>d c\ntries h on ! :ole a consid]ably high] bir?-rate ?an ! m advanc$4 ,?irdly1 he w obs]ve ! p>allelism betwe5 ! bir?-rate & dea?-rate1 :i* makes ! net increase 9 c\ntries ) a high bir?-rate v little l>g] ?an t ( c\ntries ) a l[ bir?-rate4 ,! foll[+ figures w illu/rate ^! po9ts2 !y are tak5 f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,blue ,book = #aiab4 ,bir?-rate ,dea?-rate ,net rate ( increase ,unit$ ,k+dom #bc4i #ac4h #aj4a ,au/ralia #bh4g #aa4b #ag4e ,au/ria #ca4c #bj4e #aj4h ,belgium #bb4i #af4d #f4e ,france #ai4j #ag4e #a4e ,g]many #bh4f #ag4c #aa4c ,italy #cb4d #ah4b #ad4b ,new ,zeal& #bf4e #h4i #ag4f ,norway #be4d #ac4d #ab4j ,r\mania #dc4d #bb4i #bj4e ,russia #dd4j #bh4i #ae4a ,x w be se5 t ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ) l[ bir?-rates & ! l[e/ dea?-rates 9 ! _w increase m rapidly ?an ,russia ) an enorm\s bir?-rate & proportionately high dea?-rate4 ,no "o c d\bt t our colonies a*ieve _! increase ) f> less friction & mis]y ?an ! prolific b %ort-liv$ ,slavs4 ,civilisation 9 a high =m is incompatible ) su* conditions z ^! figures disclose 9 ,russia4 ,! figures = ,egypt & ,india are simil> to ! ,russian1 b 9 ,india1 :i* is ov]full1 ! mortality is great] ?an ev5 9 ,russia1 & ! same is true ( ,*9a1 9 :i* we are told t sev5 out ( t5 *ildr5 die 9 infancy4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! faire/ measure ( a c\ntry's well-be+1 z reg>ds its actual vitality1 is ! squ>e ( ! dea?-rate divid$ by ! bir?-rate4 ,x is well kn[n t a decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate set 9 ab\t =ty ye>s ago 9 ?is c\ntry1 & has gone on /eadily ev] s9ce1 till ! fall n[ am\nts to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! total bir?s4 ,x ?us corresponds v ne>ly to ! fall 9 ! dea?-rate dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,x is also well kn[n t ?is decl9e is n ev5ly di/ribut$ among diff]5t classes ( ! p4 ,until ! decl9e began1 l>ge families 7 ! rule 9 all classes1 & ! slightly l>g] families ( ! poor 7 comp5sat$ by _! some:at high] mortality4 ,b s9ce #ahgg l>ge families h become increas+ly r>e 9 ! upp] & middle classes1 & among ! skill$ artisans4 ,!y are frequ5t 9 ! ?riftless ranks ( unskill$ lab\r1 & 9 "o section ( well-paid workm5--! m9]s4 ,! highe/ bir?-rates at pres5t are 9 ! m9+ di/ricts & 9 ! slums4 ,! l[e/ are 9 "s ( ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,9 ! ,rhondda ,valley ! bir?-rate is /ill ab\t =ty1 :i* is d\ble ! rate 9 ! prosp]\s resid5tial suburbs ( ,london4 ,9 ! seats ( ! textile indu/ry ! decl9e has be5 v sev]e1 al?\gh wages are fairly good2 among ! agricultural lab\r]s ! rate is also l[4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 all trades :]e ! wom5 "w = wages ! bir?-rate has fall5 %>ply2 ! m9]'s wife does n e>n money1 & has !re=e less inducem5t to re/rict h] family4 ,9 agricultural di/ricts ! h\s+ difficulty is ma9ly responsible2 9 ! upp] & middle classes ! heavy exp5se ( education & ! burd5 ( rates & taxes are probably ! ma9 reasons :y l>g] families are n desir$4 ,we may add t 9 almo/ all ! pr(essions old m5 are ov]paid & "y m5 "u-paid4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,:e?am#ah h f\nd t1 be=e #ahgj1 #adc m>riages ( m5 ^: names appe> 9 ',:o's ,:o' result$ 9 #gdc *ildr51 an av]age ( #e4b ea*2 aft] #ahgj ! av]age is only #c4jh4 ,celibacy also is common] among ! educat$4 ',f ! reports issu$ by two ,wom5's ,colleges1 x appe>s t1 exclud+ ^? :o h left college )9 ?ree ye>s or less1 out ( #cjjj wom5 only #bb p] c5t4 h m>ri$1 & ! numb] ( *ildr5 born to ea* m>riage is und\bt$ly v small4' ,! writ]s consid] t ?is /ate ( ?+s is extremely dang]\s = ! c\ntry1 inasmu* z we are n[ bre$+ ma9ly f our wor/ /ocks 7! feeble-m9d$ are v prolific71 :ile our be/ families are /ation>y or dw9dl+4 ,)\t d5y+ ! g5]al tru? ( ?is pessimi/ic conclusion1#ai x may be po9t$ out t ! m9]s are1 physically at lea/1 above ! av]age ( ! :ole population1 & t ! v l[ bir?-rate ( resid5tial di/ricts is p>tly due to ! pres5ce 9 l>ge numb]s ( unm>ri$ dome/ic s]vants4 ,! dea?-rate ( ! slums is also v high4 ,! fe>s ( ! eug5i/ ab\t ! quality ( ! population are f> m reasonable ?an ! invectives ( ! fanatic ab\t its defective quantity4 ,( ! latt] class we may say ) ,havelock ,ellis t '^? :o seek to re/ore ! bir?-rate ( half a c5tury ago are engag$ 9 a task :i* w\ld be crim9al if x 7 n bas$ on ignorance1 & :i* is 9 any case fatu\s4' ,& yet ,i hope to %[ be=e ! close ( ?is article t = two or ?ree g5]ations ! ,briti% ,empire c\ld absorb a consid]able increase1 & t ! ,gov]nm5t might ) advantage /imulate ?is by s*emes ( colonisation4 ,! lam5t ( ! eug5i/ res\nds 9 all c\ntries alike4 ,! ,g]man compla9s t ! ,poles1 :om he consid]s an inf]ior race1 bre$ l rabbits1 :ile ! gift$ expon5ts ( ,kultur only bre$ l h>es4 ,! ,am]ican is n]v\s ab\t ! numb]s ( ! negro2 he has m reason to be n]v\s ab\t ! fecundity ( ! ,slav & ,s\? ,italian immigrant4 ,ev]y:]e ! t5d5cy is = ! sup]ior /ock to dw9dle till x becomes a small ari/ocracy4 ,! ,am]icans ( ,briti% desc5t are ?reat5$ ) ?is fate4 ,pride & a high /&>d ( liv+ are n biological virtues4 ,! man :o ne$s & sp5ds little is ! ultimate inh]itor ( ! e>?4 ,i "k ( no in/ance 9 hi/ory 9 :i* a rul+ race has n ultimately be5 ou/$ or absorb$ by its subjects4 ,complete ext]m9ation or expropriation is ! only successful me?od ( conque/4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon race has ?us e/abli%$ itself 9 ! great] "p ( ,brita91 & 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x has de/roy$ ! ,indian hunt]1 :o c\ld n be us$ = indu/rial purposes2 b ! temptation to exploit ! negro & ! *eap] ,european races 0 too /rong to be resi/$1 & ,nature's heavie/ p5alty is n[ be+ exact$ aga9/ ! desc5dants ( our /urdy coloni/s4 ,we did n lose ,am]ica 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 we are los+ x n[4 ,z = ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,kaffir c live l a g5tleman 7accord+ to 8 own ideas7 on six mon?s' ill-paid "w e ye>2 ! ,engli%man f9ds an income ( #bjj too small4 ,!re is only "o end to ?is k9d ( colonisation4 ,! dang] at home is t ! l>g] "p ( ! population is n[ beg9n+ to insi/ ^u a scale ( remun]ation & a /&>d ( com=t :i* are incompatible ) any survival-value4 ,we all wi% to be privileg$ ari/ocrats1 ) no s]fs to "w = u4 ,dame ,nature c>es no?+ = ! babble ( politicians & trade-union regulations4 ,%e says to u :at ,plot9us1 9 a rem>kable passage1 makes h] say3 ',y %\ld n ask que/ions2 y %\ld try to und]/&4 ,i am n 9 ! habit ( talk+4' ,9 ,nature's s*ool x is a ^w & a bl[1 & ! bl[ fir/4 ,be=e ! close ( ?is article ,i w return to ! eug5ic problem1 & w consid] :e!r any?+ c be done to solve x4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 an app>5tly int]nec9e conflict is rag+ betwe5 ! ,briti% ,empire & ,g]many1 a m detail$ comp>ison ( ! vital /ati/ics ( ! two c\ntries w be read ) int]e/4 ,9 ,engl& & ,wales ! bir?-rate culm9at$ 9 #ahgf at a little ov] #cf1 aft] sl[ly ris+ f #cc 9 #ahej4 ,f #ahgf ! l9e ( decl9e is almo/ /raight1 d[n to ! ante-w> figure ( ab\t #bd4 ,9 ,prussia1 ow+ p>tly to w>s1 ! fluctuations h be5 viol5t4 ,9 #ahej ! figure 7omitt+ decimals7 0 #ci2 9 #ahee1 #cd2 9 #ahei1 #dj2 9 #ahga1 #cd2 9 #ahge1 ne>ly #da4 ,f ?is date1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! /eady decl9e began4 ,9 #aijg ! rate _h fall5 to #cc2 9 #aiac 7,g]man ,empire7 to #bg4e4 ,"h we may notice ! abnormally high rate 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! great w> ( #ahgj1 a ph5om5on :i* 0 m>k$ also ?r\gh\t ,europe aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,we may also notice t ! decl9e has be5 ( late slightly m rapid 9 ,g]many1 fall+ f a high bir?-rate1 ?an 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! maximum 0 nev] s high4 ,ano!r fact :i* comes out :5 ! ,g]man figures are m c>efully exam9$ is t urbanisation 9 ,g]many has a /]ilis+ effect :i* is n op]ative 9 ,engl&4 ,pr9z+ gives ! comp>ative figures ( legitimate f]tility = ,prussia z foll[s3 #ahgi-ahhb #ahid-ahig ,b]l9 #bc4h #af4ibj ,o!r great t[ns #bf4g #bc4e ,t[ns ( #bj1jjj to #ajj1jjj #bf4h #be4g ,small t[ns #bg4h #be4i ,c\ntry di/ricts #bh4h #bi4j ,n[ urbanisation is go+ on ev5 m rapidly 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! dea?-rate 9 ,engl& & ,wales rose f #ba 9 #ahej to #bc4e 9 #ahed2 aft] %>p fluctuations x rea*$ #bc4g 9 #ahfd2 s9ce !n x has decl9$ to its pres5t figure 79 normal times7 ( #ad4 ,9 ,prussia aft] ! w> ( #ahgj & ! small-pox epidemic ( #ahga1 !re has be5 a /eady fall f #bf to #ag4c 7,g]man ,empire 9 #aiaa74 ,! net increase is only slightly l>g] 79 proportion to ! population7 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&2 & ! increase 9 our great colonies1 especially 9 ,au/ralasia1 is mu* high] ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,!re is !re=e no reason to suppose t a rapid alt]ation is go+ on to our disadvantage4 ,x is widely believ$ t ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by /]nly =bidd+ ! artificial limitation ( families1 is increas+ its numb]s at ! exp5se ( ! non-,ca?olic populations4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is true4 ,! ,prussian figures = #ahie-aijj give ! numb] ( *ildr5 p] m>riage z3 ,bo? p>5ts ,ca?olic #e ,bo? p>5ts ,prote/ant #d ,bo? p>5ts ,jews #c4g ,an exam9ation ( ! entries 9 ',:o's ,:o' gives ab\t ! same proportion = well-to-d families 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,ca?olic bir?-rate ( ! ,iri% is ne>ly #dj4ba ,! ,fr5*-,canadians are among ! mo/ prolific races 9 ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! infant mortality is v high1 & x is said t ,fr5*-,canadian p>5ts take ^! losses philosophically4 ,x is q a diff]5t "q :e!r x is ultimately to ! advantage ( a nation :i* desires to increase its numb]s to pr(ess ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion4 ,! high bir?-rates are all 9 unprogressive ,ca?olic populations4 ,:5 a ,ca?olic p beg9s to be educat$1 ! prie/s app>5tly lose _! influ5ce ^u ! habits ( ! laity1 & a rapid decl9e 9 ! bir?s at once sets 94 ,! mo/ advanc$ c\ntries :i* did n accept ! ,re=mation1 ,france & ,belgium1 are precisely ^? 9 :i* p>5tal prud5ce has be5 c>ri$ almo/ to excess4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,dut* ,bo]s1 :o are ,prote/ants1 b :o live "u simple conditions n unlike ^? ( ! ,fr5*-,canadians1 are equally prolific1 z 7 our own coloni/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e t c\ntry 0 indu/rialis$4 ,! advantages 9 numb]s ga9$ by ,roman ,ca?olicism are likely to be conf9$ to half-empty c\ntries1 :]e !re is really room = m citiz5s1 & :]e social ambition & ! love ( com=t are ! *ief motives = re/rict+ ! family4 ,! population ( a settl$ c\ntry _c be increas$ at w2 x dep5ds on ! supply ( food4 ,! *oice is betwe5 a high bir?-rate comb9$ ) a high dea?-rate1 & a l[ bir?-rate ) a l[ dea?-rate4 ,! great sav+ ( life :i* has be5 effect$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s c>ries ) x ! necessity ( re/rict+ ! bir?s4 ,! next "q to be consid]$ is h[ ?is re/riction is to be br\ght ab\t4 ,! olde/ me?ods are delib]ate neglect & infanticide4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e au?orities diff] z to ! ext5t to :i* female infants are expos$1 ! practice c]ta9ly prevails ( fe$+ infants :om _! mo!rs are unable to suckle on rice & wat]1 :i* soon t]m9ates _! exi/5ce4 ,su* me?ods w\ld happily f9d no advocates 9 ,europe4 ,! v anci5t art ( procur+ misc>riage is a crim9al act 9 mo/ civilis$ c\ntries1 b x is practis$ to an appall+ ext5t4 ,hirs*1 :o quotes 8 au?orities1 e/imates t #b1jjj1jjj bir?s are s prev5t$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #djj1jjj 9 ,g]many1 #ej1jjj 9 ,p>is1 & #ai1jjj 9 ,lyons4 ,9 our own c\ntry x is exce$+ly common 9 ! nor!rn t[ns1 & attempts are n[ be+ made to prohibit ! sale ( c]ta9 prep>ations ( lead :i* are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,alike on gr\nds ( public heal? & ( morality1 x is mo/ desirable t ?is mis*iev\s practice %\ld be *eck$4 ,its great preval5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to be attribut$ ma9ly to ! dra/ic legislation 9 t c\ntry aga9/ ! sale & use ( prev5tives1 to :i* _m p]sons take objection on moral or /hetic gr\nds1 b :i* is surely on an entirely diff]5t level f ! de/ruction ( life t has already begun4 ,! ',com/ock' legislation 9 ,am]ica has done unmix$ h>m4 ,x is worse ?an useless to try to put d[n by law a practice :i* a v l>ge numb] ( p believes to be innoc5t1 & :i* mu/ be left to ! ta/e & consci5ce ( ! individual4 ,to ! pres5t writ] x seems a pis all] :i* high-m9d$ m>ri$ p]sons %\ld avoid if !y c practise self-re/ra9t4 ,:atev] injures ! feel+ ( 'sanctification & hon\r' ) :i* ,/4 ,paul bids u to reg>d ^! intimacies ( life1 :atev] t5ds to pr(ane or degrade ! sacram5ts ( w$d$ love1 is s f> an evil4 ,b ?is is emphatically a matt] 9 :i* e man & woman mu/ judge = !mselves1 & mu/ refra9 f judg+ o!rs4 ,9 e mod]n civilis$ c\ntry population is re/rict$ p>tly by ! delib]ate po/ponem5t ( m>riage4 ,9 _m cases ?is does no h>m :atev]2 b 9 _m o!rs x gravely dim9i%es ! happ9ess ( "y p1 & may ev5 cause m9or di/urbances ( heal?4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld n be s widely adopt$ b = ! tol]ance1 on ! "p ( society1 ( ! 'great social evil1' ! opprobrium ( our civilisation4 ,9 spite ( ! failure hi!rto ( prie/s1 morali/s1 & legislators to root x out1 & 9 spite ( ! acceptance ( x z inevitable by ! majority ( ,cont95tal op9ion1 ,i believe t ?is abom9ation w n long be tol]at$ by ! consci5ce ( ! free & progressive nations4 ,x is notori\s t ! :ole body ( wom5 deeply res5ts ! wrong & contumely done by x to _! sex1 & t1 if democracy is to be a reality1 ! immolation ( a consid]able section ( wom5 drawn f ! poor] classes _c be suff]$ to cont9ue4 ,x is also pla9 to all :o h exam9$ ! subject t ! campaign aga9/ c]ta9 diseases1 ! malignity & wide diffusion ( :i* are be+ m fully realis$ e ye>1 _c be successful ?r\gh m$ical me?ods alone4 ,if ! in/itution 9 "q 7 aboli%$1 m$ical sci5ce w\ld soon r$uce ^! sc\rges to manageable limits1 & might at la/ ext]m9ate !m altoge!r2 b :ile x cont9ues !re is no hope ( do+ ?is4 ,i believe !n t ! "t w come :5 ! trade 9 vice w cease2 & if ,i am "r1 e>ly m>riages w become ! rule 9 all classes4 ,?is w r5d] ! population "q m acute1 especially z ! diseases :i* we hope to extirpate are ! commone/ cause bo? ( /]ility & ( infant mortality4 ,"u ?is pressure1 we mu/ expect to see prev5tive me?ods widely accept$ z ! lea/ ( unavoidable evils4 ,:5 we reflect on ! :ole problem 9 its wide/ aspects1 we see t civilis$ humanity is confront$ by a ,*oice ( ,h]cules4 ,on ! "o side1 biological law seems to urge u =w>d to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & expansion4 ,! nation 9 t case w h to be organis$ on ! l9es ( greate/ effici5cy4 ,a /rong c5tralis$ gov]nm5t w occupy itself l>gely 9 prev5t+ wa/e4 ,all ! res\rces ( ! nation mu/ be us$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,p>ks mu/ be cut up into allotm5ts2 ! unproductive lab\rs ( ! s*ol> & ?9k] mu/ be jeal\sly controll$ & limit$4 ,ineffici5t citiz5s mu/ be we$$ out2 wages mu/ be l[ & h\rs ( "w long4 ,moreov]1 ! ,/ate mu/ be organis$ = w>2 = its neighb\rs1 we mu/ suppose1 are foll[+ ! same policy4 ,!n ! fi]ce extra-gr\p competition mu/ come to its logical arbitram5t 9 a life & dea? /ruggle4 ,& w> betwe5 two ov]-peopl$ c\ntries1 = bo? ( :i* m elb[-room is a vital necessity1 mu/ be a w> ( complete expropriation or ext]m9ation4 ,x mu/ be s1 = no o!r k9d ( w> c a*ieve its object4 ,! horrors ( ! pres5t conflict w be z no?+ comp>$ ) a /ruggle betwe5 two highly-organis$ ,/ate socialisms1 ea* ( :i* kn[s t x mu/ ei!r colonise ! t]ritory ( ! o!r or />ve4 ,x is idle to pret5d t su* a necessity w nev] arise4 ,ano!r c5tury ( increase 9 ,europe l t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld br+ x v ne>4 ,if ?is policy is adopt$1 we %all see all ! pr9cipal ,/ates organis+ !mselves ) a p]fection f> great] ?an t ( ,g]many to-day1 b tak+ ,g]man me?ods z _! model2 & ! end w be ! ext]m9ation ( ! small] or loos] organisations4 ,su* a prospect may well fill u ) horror2 & x is t]rible to f9d "s ( ! able/ ?9k]s ( ,g]many1 su* z ,ern/ ,troelts*1 writ+ calm elegies ov] '! dea? ( ,lib]alism' & pr$ict+ ! adv5t ( an era ( cut-?roat int]national competition4 ,juv5al speaks ( ! folly ( propt] vitam viv5di p]d]e causas2 & :o w\ld c>e to live 9 su* a _w8 ,b does ,nature c>e :e!r we enjoy our lives or n8 ,! o!r *oice is t :i* ,france has made = h]self2 x is on ! l9es ( ,plato's ideal ,/ate4 ,ea* c\ntry is to be1 z f> z possible1 self-suffic+4 ,if x _c gr[ suffici5t food = itself1 x mu/ ( c\rse export its coal or its gold1 or ! products ( its indu/ry & +5uity4 ,b x mu/ "k approximately :at '! numb] ( ! ,/ate' 7z ,plato said7 %\ld be4 ,x mu/ limit its population to t numb]1 & ! limit w be fix$1 n at ! maximum numb] :o c live !re anyh[1 b at ! maximum numb] :o c 'live well4' ,! object aim$ at w n be con/ant expansion1 b well-be+4 ,! en]gies lib]at$ f ! pitiless /ruggle = exi/5ce w be devot$ to mak+ social life wis]1 happi]1 m h>moni\s & m beautiful4 ,h we any reason to hope t ?is policy is n contr>y to ! h>d laws :i* ,nature imposes on e species 9 ! _w8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 w\ld su* a ,/ate escape be+ dev\r$ by "s brutal 'exp&+' neighb\r8 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ to ,france if %e _h /ood alone 9 ?is w>8 ,! dang] is real2 b we may answ] t ,france1 z a matt] ( fact1 did n /& alone1 because o!r nations ?\ght h] too preci\s to be sacrific$4 ,& ! completely organis$ competitive ,/ate :i* ,i h imag9$ w\ld be a f> m unlovely place ?an ,g]many1 & m unpleasant to live 94 ,! spectacle ( a san] & happi] polity next door w\ld break up ! purely competitive ,/ate f )92 ! /ra9 w\ld be too great = human nature4 ,we _c argue confid5tly f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! l[] animals to our own species4 ,= a long "t pa/1 human evolution has be5 direct$1 n to liv+ anyh[1 b to liv+ 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,we are guid$ by ideals = ! future1 by purposes w9* we cle>ly set be=e ourselves1 9 a way :i* is impossible to ! brutes4 ,^! purposes are common to ! l>ge majority ( m54 ,no ,/ate c long ma9ta9 a rigid & oppressive organisation1 except "u ! ?reat ( dang]2 & a nation :i* aims only at p]fect+ its own culture is n dang]\s to its neighb\rs4 ,x is probable t )\t ! suppos$ m5ace ( ano!r milit>y ,p[] on its ea/]n flank ,g]man milit>ism w\ld h begun to crumble4 ,9 ! second place1 w\ld ! abs5ce ( %>p competition )9 ! gr\p lead to racial deg5]ation8 ,?is is a difficult "q to answ]4 ,p]haps a dim9ution ( pugnacity & ( ! means to gratify ?is in/9ct w\ld n be a mis=tune4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true t1 if ! op]ation ( natural selection is susp5d$1 rational selection mu/ take its place4 ,fail+ ?is1 rev]sion to a l[] type is inevitable4 ,! infant sci5ce ( eug5ics w h mu* to say on ?is subject h]eaft]2 at pres5t we are only discov]+ h[ complex & obscure ! laws ( h]$ity are4 ,! ,/ate ( ! future w h to /ep 9 to prev5t ! propagation ( undesirable v>iations1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 & w d\btless f9d means to enc\rage ! increase ( families t are well end[$ by ,nature4 ,assum+ t a nation z a :ole pref]s a policy ( ?is k9d1 & aims at su* an equilibrium ( bir?s & dea?s z w set free ! en]gies ( ! p = ! high] objects ( civilis$ life1 h[ w x escape ! cacog5ic effects ( family re/riction 9 ! bett] classes comb9$ ) reckless multiplication among ! refuse :i* always exi/s 9 a l>ge community8 ,?is is a problem :i* has n yet be5 solv$4 ,public op9ion is n ready = legislation aga9/ ! multiplication ( ! unfit1 & x is n easy to see :at =m su* legislation c\ld take4 ,_m ( ! v poor are n undesirable p>5ts2 we mu/ n conf\nd economic prosp]ity ) biological fitness4 ,! 'subm]g$ t5?' %\ld be rais$1 :]e x is possible1 into a condition ( self-respect & responsibility2 b !y mu/ n be all[$ to be a burd5 ^u ! effici5t2 & ! upp] & middle classes %\ld simplify _! habits s f> z to make m>riage & p>5?ood possible = ! "y pr(essional man4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 t taxation is s adju/$ z n to p5alise p>5?ood 9 ! socially valuable middle class4 ,= "s "t to come we are likely to see1 9 all ! lead+ nations1 a re/rict$ bir?-rate1 prompt$ by desire = social bett]m5t1 comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) concessions to ! rival policy ( comm]cial expansion1 gr[+ numb]s1 & milit>y prep>ation4 ,! nations w n cease to fe> & suspect ea* o!r 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & any "o nation :i* *ooses to be a nuisance to ,europe w keep back ! progress & happ9ess ( ! re/4 ,! prospect is n v bright2 a too g5]\s confid5ce might betray "s nation into irretrievable disa/]4 ,b ! brac+ influ5ce ( national dang] may p]haps be b5eficial4 ,= we h to rememb] ! pitiable decay ( ! anci5t classical civilisation1 :i* 0 p>tly due1 z we h f\nd1 to a desire = com=table & easy liv+4 ,!re h be5 signs t _m ( our c\ntrym5 no long] ?9k ! /r5u\s life wor? :ile2 "p ( our res5tm5t aga9/ ,g]many resembles ! annoyance ( an old-fa%ion$ firm1 di/urb$ 9 its com=table security by ! competition ( a "y & m vigor\s rival4 ,x is ev5 sugge/$ t aft] ! w> we %\ld protect ourselves aga9/ ,g]man competition by t>iff walls4 ,?is ab&onm5t ( ! free trade policy on :i* our prosp]ity is built w\ld soon br+ our ov]-populat$ isl& to ru94 ,9 conclusion1 if we leave ! di/ant future to f5d = itself :5 ! "t comes1 :at %\ld be our policy ) reg>d to population = ! next fifty ye>s8 ,i am l$ to an op9ion :i* may seem to run c\nt] to ! g5]al purport ( ?is article4 ,= ?\gh ! ,briti% ,isles are ev5 dang]\sly full1 s t we are liable to be />v$ out if we lose ! comm& ( ! sea1 ! ,briti% ,empire is v f> f be+ ov]-populat$4 ,9 ,canada & ,au/ralasia !re is probably room = ne>ly #bjj1jjj1jjj p4 ,^! c\ntries are rem>kably heal?y = ,nor!rn ,europeans2 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be z ri* & p[]ful z ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n[4 ,we hope t we h sav$ ! ,empire f ,g]man cupidity--= ! "t2 b we _c tell h[ long we may be undi/urb$4 ,x w\ld be crim9al folly n to make ! mo/ ( ! respite grant$ u1 by peopl+ our ,dom9ions ) our own /ock1 :ile yet !re is "t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be done by casual & undirect$ emigration ( ! old k9d4 ,we ne$ an ,imp]ial ,bo>d ( ,emigration1 ! (ficials ( :i* w "w 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,gov]nm5ts ( our ,dom9ions4 ,^! ,gov]nm5ts1 x may be presum$1 w be anxi\s1 aft] ! w>1 to /r5g!n ! colonies by increas+ _! population & develop+ _! res\rces4 ,!y1 l ourselves1 h _h a sev]e fright1 & "k t prompt action is necess>y4 ,sy/ematic plans ( colonisation %\ld be work$ out1 & emigrants draft$ (f to ! ,dom9ions z "w c be f\nd = !m4 ,"y wom5 %\ld be s5t out 9 suffici5t numb]s to keep ! sexes equal4 ,we "k n[ t our "y p :o emigrate are by no means lo/ to ! ,empire4 ,! ,dom9ions h %[n t 9 "t ( ne$ !y are able & will+ to def5d ! "m c\ntry ) _! full /r5g?4 ,inde$1 a "y c\ple :o emigrate are likely to be ( m value to ! ,empire ?an if !y _h /ay$ at home2 & _! *ances ( happ9ess are mu* increas$ if !y f9d a home 9 a "p ( ! _w :]e m human be+s are want$4 ,b )\t (ficial advice & help emigration is difficult4 ,p>5ts d n "k :]e to s5d _! sons1 nor :at tra9+ to give !m4 ,mi/akes are made1 money is wa/$1 & bitt] disappo9tm5t caus$4 ,all ?is may be obviat$ if ! ,gov]nm5t w take ! matt] up s]i\sly4 ,! real issue ( ?is w> is :e!r our great colonies are to cont9ue ,briti%2 & ! "q w be decid$ n only on ! field ( battle1 b by ! action ( our ,gov]nm5t & p aft] peace is decl>$4 ,! next fifty ye>s w decide = all "t :e!r ^? magnific5t & /ill empty c\ntries are to be ! home ( great nations speak+ our language1 c>ry+ on our in/itutions1 & valu+ our traditions4 ,:5 ! future ( our ,dom9ions is secure1 ! "p ( ,engl& z a ,_w-,p[] w h be5 play$ to a successful issue1 & we may be cont5t ) a position m consonant ) ! small area ( ^! isl&s4 ,i believe1 !n1 t if facilities = migration are giv5 by ,gov]nm5t action1 x w be n only possible b desirable = ! increase 9 ! population ( ! ,empire1 tak5 z a :ole1 to be ma9ta9$ dur+ ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t *emical discov]ies & o!r sci5tific improvem5ts may greatly increase ! yield ( food f ! soil1 & t 9 ?is way ! f9al limit to ! population ( ! e>? may be fur!r (f ?an n[ seems probable4 ,b )9 a few c5turies1 at mo/1 ?is limit mu/ be rea*$2 & aft] t we may hope t ! _w w agree to ma9ta9 an equilibrium betwe5 bir?s & dea?s1 t be+ ! mo/ /able & ! happie/ condition 9 :i* human be+s c live toge!r4#bb ,,footnotes3 #aj ,myres1 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,april1 #aiae4 #aa ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorff1 ,kultur d] ,geg5w>t1 #b1 #d1 #a4 #ab ,cimon1 ,p]icles1 & ,socrates all _h ?ree sons1 & app>5tly no daught]s4--,zimm]n1 ,! ,greek ,commonweal?1 p4 #cca4 #ac ,cf4 7e4g47 ,plato1 ,!aetetus1 #adi4 #ad ,we may suppose t ! disproportion ( ! sexes1 caus$ by female infanticide1 0 ab\t rectifi$ by ! dea?s ( males 9 battle & civic /rife4 ,we d n he> t ! ,greek _h any difficulty 9 f9d+ a wife4 #ae ,families1 he says1 7 limit$ to "o or two '9 ord] to leave ^! ri*4' #af ,! population ( ,engl& & ,wales is said to h be5 #d1hjj1jjj 9 #afjj1 & #f1ejj1jjj 9 #agej4 ,x 0 #h1hij1jjj 9 #ahja1 #cb1ecj1jjj 9 #aija1 & approximately #cg1jjj1jjj 9 #aiad4 #ag ,/ati/ics are want+ = ! e>ly "p ( ! indu/rial revolution1 b my /udy ( p$igrees leads me to ?9k t ! av]age duration ( life 0 consid]ably increas$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #ah ,! ,family & ! ,nation1 p4 #adc4 #ai ,! bir?s p] #ajjj m>ri$ m5 "u fifty-five 9 ! diff]5t classes are3--,upp] & middle class1 #aai2 ,int]m$iate1 #acb2 ,skill$ workm51 #aec2 ,int]m$iate1 #aeh2 ,unskill$ workm51 #bac4 #bj ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! illegitimate bir?-rate 9 ,b]l9 is sc&al\sly high4 #ba ,! crude bir?-rate ( ,irel& is :olly mislead+1 because s _m "y c\ples emigrate be=e ! bir? ( _! fir/ *ild4 #bb ,! possible effect ( ! lab\r movem5t 9 dim9i%+ ! population is consid]$ 9 ! next ,essay4 ,! la/ two ye>s h1 9 my op9ion1 made ! outlook less fav\rable4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,race 7,,! ,,galton ,,lecture1 #aiai7 ,9 ! ye> #ahij ,sir ,*>les ,dilke end$ 8 survey ( ',great] ,brita9' & its problems ) ! pr$iction t '! _w's future belongs to ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,russian1 & ! ,*9ese races4' ,?is 0 9 ! heyday ( ,briti% imp]ialism1 :i* 0 inaugurat$ by ,seeley's ',expansion ( ,engl&' & ,fr\de's ',oceana1' & :i* inspir$ ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 to proclaim at ,toronto 9 #ahhg t ! ',anglo-,saxon /ock is infallibly de/9$ to be ! pr$om9ant =ce 9 ! hi/ory & civilisation ( ! _w4' ,x 0 an arrogant1 b n trucul5t1 mood1 :i* rea*$ its climax at ! #ahig ,jubilee1 & rapidly decl9$ dur+ & aft] ! ,bo] w>4 ,^! writ]s & /atesm5 7 utt]ly bl9d to ! ,g]man p]il1 ?\gh ! disciples ( ,treits*ke 7 already work+ out a !ory ab\t ! future de/9ies ( ! _w1 9 :i* nei!r ,great ,brita9 nor ,russia nor ,*9a c\nt$ = v mu*4 ,!re 7 illusions on bo? sides ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 :i* _h to be paid = 9 blood4 ,9 bo? c\ntries imp]ialism 0 a s5tim5t curi\sly comp\nd$ ( idealism & bomba/1 & support$ by v d\btful sci5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ,g]many ! di/ortion ( facts 0 delib]ate & mon/r\s4 ,n only 0 e s*oolboy br\ght up on cook$ population /ati/ics & falsifi$ geography1 b ! ?ick-set1 bra*ycephal\s ,c5tral ,european p]suad$ himself t he belong$ to ! pure ,nordic race1 ! great blond bea/s ( ,nietzs*e1 :i*1 z he 0 taught1 _h already produc$ ne>ly all ! great m5 9 hi/ory1 & 0 n[ ab\t to claim its prop] place z ma/] ( ! _w4 ,political an?ropology is no g5u9e sci5ce4 ,race & nationality are cat*words = :i* rul]s f9d t _! subjects are will+ to fight1 z !y f\ght = :at !y call$ religion f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 reality1 if we want to f9d a pure race1 we mu/ visit ! ,esquimaux1 or ! ,fuegians1 or ! ,pygmies2 we %all c]ta9ly n f9d "o 9 ,europe4 ,our own imp]iali/s _h _! illusions too1 & we are n rid ( !m yet1 because we d n realise t ! fate ( races is decid$1 n 9 ! c\ncil-*amb] or on ! battle-field1 b by ! same laws ( nature :i* det]m9e ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s plants & animals ( ! _w4 ,x may be t by approa*+ our subject f ?is side we %all arrive at a m sci5tific1 if a m *a/5$1 anticipation ( our national future ?an 0 acceptable to ! en?usia/s ( expansion 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,que5 ,victoria's reign4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w %[s u t !re h be5 ?ree great human res]voirs :i* f "t to "t h bur/ _! banks & flood$ neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,^! are ! ,arabian p59sula1 ! /eppes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & ! l&s r\nd ! ,baltic1 ! orig9al home ( ! ,g]manic & ,anglo-,saxon peoples4 ,! invad]s 9 ea* case 7 pa/oral folk1 :o 7 driv5 f _! homes by ov]-population1 or dr\ght & fam9e1 or ! pressure ( enemies beh9d !m4 ,x is easy = nomads to 'trek1' ev5 = great di/ances2 & till ! discov]y ( gunp[d] !y 7 ! mo/ =midable ( foes4 ,! ,arabs & ,nor!rn ,europeans h f\nd$ great civilisations2 ! ,mongol hordes h be5 an unmitigat$ curse to humanity4 ,! invad]s nev] kept _! blood pure4 ,! fam\s ,jewi% nose is probably ,hittite1 & c]ta9ly n ,b$\94 ,!re are no pure ,turks 9 ,europe1 & ! ,hung>ians h lo/ all resemblance to ,mongols4 ,! mod]n ,g]mans seem to belong ma9ly to ! r\nd-head$ ,alp9e race1 :i* migrat$ into ,europe 9 e>ly times f ! ,asiatic highl&s4 ,9 ,engl& !re is a l>g] proportion ( ,nordic blood1 because ! ,anglo-,saxons p>tially ext]m9at$ ! natives2 b ! old ,m$it]ranean race1 :i* _h made its way up ! w>m we/]n coa/s1 /ill holds its own 9 ,cornwall1 ,wales1 ,irel&1 & ! ,we/]n ,highl&s2 & )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 ow+ to frequ5t migrations1 has mix$ s ?or\ghly ) ! ,anglo-,saxon /ock t ! ,engli% are becom+ d>k] 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,?is is n ! result ( a racial decay ( ! blonds1 z ! ,am]ican1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,woodruff1 supposes1 b is to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t d>k eyes seem to be a ,m5delian dom9ant1 & d>k hair a m pot5t "* ?an light4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s are ne>ly all long-head$1 ?is be+ a *>act]i/ic ( bo? ! ,nordic & ,m$it]ranean races4 ,! r\nd-head$ invad]s1 :o p]haps br\ght ) !m ! s-call$ ,celtic languages at a remote p]iod1 & impos$ !m ^u ! inhabitants1 seem to h left no o!r m>k ^u ! population1 ?\gh _! type ( head is preval5t ov] a great "p ( ,france4 ,! ability ( races to fl\ri% 9 climates o!r ?an _! own is a "q ( supreme importance to hi/orians & /atesm51 &1 x ne$ n be said1 to emigrants4 ,b x is only lately t x has be5 /udi$ sci5tifically1 & ! results are /ill t5tative4 ,g]man e?nologi/s1 ( :at we may call ! dicephal\s s*ool1 already ref]r$ to1 reg>d x z "o ( ! trag$ies ( nature t ! noble ,nordic race1 to :i* !y ?9k !y belong1 dies out :5 x p5etrates s\?w>ds4 ,9 accordance ) ?is law1 ! yell[-hair$ ,a*ans decay$ 9 ,greece1 ! ,lomb>ds 9 ,nor? ,italy1 ! ,v&als 9 ,spa9 & ,africa4 ,aft] a few g5]ations ( life 9 a w>m climate ! ,aryan /ock inv>iably disappe>s4 ,we %all %[ reasons = ?9k+ t ?is !ory is mu* exagg]at$2 b !re is und\bt$ly "s tru? 9 x4 ,x has be5 f\nd to be impossible = :ite m5 to colonise ,india1 ,burma1 tropical ,am]ica1 & ,we/ ,africa4 ,x has be5 said t '!re is 9 ,india no ?ird g5]ation ( pure ,engli% blood4' ,x is notori\sly difficult to br+ up ev5 "o g5]ation ( :ite *ildr5 9 ,india4 ,! ,fr5* _c ma9ta9 !mselves )\t race admixture 9 ,m>t9ique & ,guadal\pe1 nor ! ,dut* 9 ,java1 ?\gh x is said t ! expectation ( life = a ,european 9 ,java is z good z 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x seems to be also true t ! blond race suff]s mo/ 9 a hot climate4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es x 0 obs]v$ t ! fair-hair$ soldi]s 9 ! ,am]ican army succumb$ mo/ readily to disease4 ,9 ,que5sl& ! ,italian coloni/s are said to /& ! heat bett] ?an ! ,engli%1 & ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 among o!r items ( good advice :i* he be/[$ s lib]ally on ! ,european nations1 advis$ u to populate ! torrid p>ts ( ,au/ralia ) immigrants f ! ,lat9 races4 ,9 ,natal ! ,engli% families :o are settl$ 9 ! c\ntry are said to be en]vat$ by ! climate2 & on ! high plateaux ( ! int]ior our c\ntrym5 f9d x necess>y to pay p]iodical visits to ! coa/1 to be unbrac$4 ,! e>ly dea?s & n infrequ5t suicides ( ,r& magnates may indicate t ! air ( ! ,transvaal is too /imulat+ = a life ( high t5sion & excitem5t4 ,!re are ev5 signs t ! same may be true 9 a m9or degree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,bo? ! capitali/ & ! work+ man1 if !y come ( ,engli% /ock1 seem to we> out m quickly ?an at home2 & ! /]ility ( m>riages among ! long settl$ ,am]ican families is s pron\nc$ t x c h>dly be due entirely to volunt>y re/riction ( p>5tage4 ,! effects ( an unsuitable climate are especially %[n 9 n]v\s disord]s1 & are !re=e likely to tell mo/ heavily on ^? :o engage 9 intellectual pursuits1 & p]haps on wom5 r m ?an on m54 ,! /]ilis+ effects ( wom5's high] education 9 ,am]ica are incontrov]tible1 ?\gh ?is inf]5ce is hotly d5i$ 9 ,engl&4 ,at ,holyoake ,college x 0 f\nd t only half ! lady graduates aft]w>ds m>ri$1 & ! av]age family ( ^? :o did m>ry 0 less ?an two *ildr54 ,at ,bryn ,mawr only #dc p] c5t1 m>ri$1 & _h #j4hd *ildr5 ea*2 ! av]age family p] graduate 0 !re=e #j4cg4 ,if x be object$ t new immigrants & _! *ildr5 are heal?y & vigor\s 9 ,am]ica1 x may be truly answ]$ t ! effects ( an unfav\rable climate are manife/$ fully only 9 ! ?ird & lat] g5]ations4 ,! argum5t may be fur!r support$ by ! fate ( black m5 :o try to settle 9 ,europe4 ,_! /rongly pigm5t$ sk91 :i* seems to protect !m f ! act9ic rays ( ! tropical sun1 s noxi\s to ,europeans1 & _! broad no/rils1 :i* inhale a l>g] numb] ( tub]cle bacilli ?an ! n>r[ nose-slits ( ! ,nor!rn]1 are disadvantages 9 a temp]ate climate4 ,9 any case1 ( ! _m ?\s&s ( negro s]vants :o liv$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a s+le desc5dant4 ,b !re are o!r factors 9 ! problem :i* %\ld make u bew>e ( ha/y g5]alisations4 ,x is obvi\s t s9ce ! ,am]ican ,republic conta9s _m climates 9 its va/ area1 !re may be p>ts ( x :i* are p]fectly heal?y = ,anglo-,saxons1 & o!r p>ts :]e !y _c live )\t deg5]at+4 ,v few a?letes1 we are told1 come f s\? ( ! =tie? p>allel ( latitude4 ,b ! decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! old] colonies1 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 :]e = a long p]iod ! ,engli% coloni/s1 liv+ ma9ly on ! l&1 n only ?rove & develop$ a s+ul>ly virile type ( humanity1 b multipli$ ) almo/ unexampl$ rapidity4 ,! same is true n only ( ! ,fr5* ,canadian f>m]s1 b ( ! ,s\? ,african ,bo]s1 :o re> enorm\s families 9 a climate v diff]5t f t ( ,holl&4 ,! inf]5ce is t ,europeans liv+ on ! l& may fl\ri% 9 any tol]ably heal?y climate :i* is n tropical4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two o!r causes besides climate :i* may prev5t immigrants f multiply+ 9 a new c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! pres5ce ( microbic diseases to :i* ! old inhabitants are :olly or p>tially immune1 b :i* f9d a virg9 soil 9 ! bodies ( ! newcom]s4 ,! /ronge/ example is ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ( :i* ,miss ,m>y ,k+sley writes3 ',yet rememb]1 be=e y elect to ca/ y\r lot ) ! ,we/ ,coa/]s1 t #he p] c5t1 ( !m die ( fev]1 or return home ) _! heal? p]man5tly wreck$4 ,also rememb] t !re is no gett+ acclimatis$ to ! ,coa/4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few m5 out !re :o1 al?\gh !y h be5 resid5t 9 ,we/ ,africa = ye>s1 h nev] _h fev]1 b y c c\nt !m on ! f+]s ( "o h&4' ,!re c be no acclimatisation :]e ! we$+ out is z dra/ic z ?is4 ,ei!r ! anopheles mosquito or ! ,european mu/ quit4 ,!re are p>ts ( tropical ,am]ica :]e ! natives h actually be5 protect$ by ! mal>ia1 :i* keeps ! :ite man at arm's l5g?4 ,b m (t5 ! microbe is on ! side ( ! civilis$ race1 kill+ (f ! natives :o h n run ! gauntlet ( t[n-life4 ,! extreme reluctance ( ! b>b>ians :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire to settle 9 ! t[ns is easily acc\nt$ = if1 z is probable1 ! t[ns kill$ !m (f :5ev] !y attempt$ to live 9 !m4 ,! diff]5ce is rem>kable betwe5 ! fate ( a conqu]$ race :i* has become accu/om$ to t[n-life1 & t ( "o :i* has n4 ,!re are no 'native qu>t]s' 9 ! t[ns ( any c\ntry :]e ! aborig9es 7 nomads or till]s ( ! soil4 ,to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 resid5ce 9 a t[n is a s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians 7 accu/om$ to none ( our zymotic diseases except mal>ia4 ,9 ! nor? !y 7 de/roy$ :olesale by tub]culosis2 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 :]e l>ge t[ns exi/$ be=e ! conque/1 !y f>$ bett]4 ,fiji 0 deva/at$ by measles2 o!r b>b>ians by small-pox4 ,negroes h acquir$1 ?r\gh sev]e natural selection1 a c]ta9 degree ( immunisation 9 ,am]ica2 b ev5 n[ x is said t 'e o!r negro dies ( consumption4' ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two races1 bo? long accu/om$ to t[n-life "u horribly insanit>y conditions1 :i* h %[n t !y c live 9 almo/ any climate4 ,^! are ! ,jews & ! ,*9ese4 ,! m$ieval ,ghetto ext]m9at$ all :o 7 n naturally resi/ant to e =m ( microbic disease2 ! mod]n ,jew1 ?\gh (t5 ( poor physique1 is h>d to kill4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,*9aman1 :o1 :5 at home1 lives "u conditions :i* w\ld kill mo/ ,europeans4 ,! o!r factor1 :i* is really promot+ ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! ,anglo-,saxons f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,! desc5dants ( ! old immigrants are on ! :ole ! ari/ocracy ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[ x is a law :i* h>dly admits ( exceptions1 t ari/ocracies d n ma9ta9 _! numb]s4 ,! rul+ race rules itself out2 no?+ fails l success4 ,gibbon has call$ att5tion to ! extreme respect paid to long desc5t 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 & to ! /range fact t1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 no +5uity ( p$igree mak]s c\ld d5y t all ! great families ( ! ,republic 7 ext9ct1 s t ! second-rate plebeian family ( ! ,anicii1 ^: "n did appe> 9 ! ,fa/i1 enjoy$ a pre/ige f> great] ?an t ( ! ,h[>ds & ,/anleys 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our own pe]age consi/s *iefly ( p>v5us4 ,only six ( our noble families1 x is said1 c trace _! desc5t 9 ! male l9e )\t a break to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! pe]age ( ,sw$5 tells ! same tale4 ,accord+ to ,gallon1 ! cu/om or law ( primog5iture1 comb9$ ) ! habit ( m>ry+ heiresses :o1 z ! la/ repres5tatives ( dw9dl+ families1 t5d to be b>r51 is ma9ly responsible = ?is4 ,additional causes may be ! great] dang] :i* ! (fic]-class incurs 9 w>1 &1 9 =m] times1 ! execution]'s axe4 ,9 our own day ! reluctance ( ri* & self-indulg5t wom5 to be> *ildr5 is und\bt$ly a factor 9 ! inf]tility ( ! leisur$ class4 ,?is br+s u naturally to ! second "p ( our discussion--! consid]ation ( ! causes :i* lead to ! increase or decrease ( population4 ,x is ! mo/ important "p ( our inquiry2 = x is usually assum$ t ! ,briti% ,isles w cont9ue to s5d out coloni/s 9 l>ge numb]s1 z x did 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ! hopes ( ! imp]iali/ t a l>ge "p ( ! _w w speak ,engli% = all "t dep5d on ! unte/$ assurance t ! sw>m+-"t ( our race is n yet ov]4 ,our />t+-po9t mu/ be t ! pressure ( population ^u ! means ( subsi/5ce is a con/ant fact 9 ! human race1 z 9 e o!r species ( animals & plants4 ,!re is no species 9 :i* ! numb]s are n kept d[n1 f> bel[ ! natural capacity = increase1 by ! limitation ( available food4 ,x may n always be easy to trace ! connection betwe5 ! appe>ance ( new lives & ! pass+ away ( old1 nor to say :e!r x is ! bir?-rate :i* det]m9es ! dea?-rate1 or ! dea?-rate ! bir?-rate4 ,b x is well kn[n t1 :]ev] /ati/ics are kept1 ! numb]s ( bir?s & ( dea?s rise & fall 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es1 s t ! net rate ( increase h>dly alt]s at all1 unless "s *ange1 :i* c easily be trac$1 occurs 9 ! habits ( ! p or 9 ! am\nt ( ! food supply4 ,9 civilis$ c\ntries ! great] c>e tak5 ( human life1 & its consequ5t prolongation1 has r$uc$ ! bir?-rate1 j z 9 ! high] mammals we f9d a greatly dim9i%$ f]tility z comp>$ ) ! l[]1 & a mu* high] survival-rate among ! (fspr+ born4 ,! av]age duration ( life 9 ?is c\ntry has increas$ by ab\t "o-?ird 9 ! la/ sixty ye>s1 & ! bir?-rate has fall5 9 almo/ exactly ! same proportion4 ,! position ( a nation 9 ! scale ( civilisation may almo/ be gaug$ by its bir?s & dea?s4 ,! ord] 9 ,europe1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ bir?-rate1 is ,france1 ,belgium1 ,sw$51 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,switz]l&1 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 ,hung>y1 ! ,balkan ,/ates1 ,russia4 ,! ord] ( dea?-rates1 aga9 beg9n+ at ! bottom1 is ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,switz]l&1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,s]bia1 ,spa91 ,bulg>ia1 ,hung>y1 ,r\mania1 ,russia4 ,^! two li/s1 z w be se51 correspond v ne>ly ) ! scale ( desc5d+ civilisation1 ! only notable exception be+ ! l[ position ( ,france 9 ! second li/4 ,?is anomaly is expla9$ by ! fact t ,france hav+ a /ation>y population1 ! dea?-rate 9 t c\ntry corresponds ne>ly ) ! mean expectation ( life1 :]eas 9 c\ntries :]e ! population is increas+ rapidly1 ei!r by excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s or by immigration1 ! prepond]ance ( "y lives br+s ! dea?-rate d[n4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 be on our gu>d aga9/ suppos+ t c\ntries ) ! l[e/ dea?-rates are necess>ily ! mo/ heal?y4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 = example1 ! dea?-rate is "u #aj p] #ajjj1 ! l[e/ 9 ! _w2 & ?\gh t c\ntry is und\bt$ly heal?y1 no "o supposes t ! av]age duration ( life 9 ,new ,zeal& is a hundr$ ye>s4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r a nation is long-liv$1 we mu/ correct ! crude dea?-rate by tak+ into acc\nt ! av]age age ( ! population4 ,:5 ?is correction has be5 made1 a l[ dea?-rate1 & ! l[ bir?-rate :i* necess>ily accompanies x1 is a sign t ! doctors are do+ _! duty by keep+ _! pati5ts alive4 ,if our physicians desire m mat]nity cases1 !y mu/ make m "w = ! und]tak]4 ,l>ge families almo/ always mean a high infant mortality2 & x is significant t a twelf? *ild has a v mu* poor] *ance ( survival ?an a fir/ or second4 ,! agitation = ! end[m5t ( mo!rhood & ! r$uction ( infant mortality is !re=e futile1 because1 :ile o!r conditions rema9 ! same1 e baby 'sav$' s5ds ano!r baby out ( ! _w or prev5ts him f com+ into x4 ,! numb] ( ! p is n det]m9$ by philan?ropi/s or ev5 by p>5ts4 ,*ildr5 w come someh[ :5ev] !re is room = !m1 & g :5 !re is none4 ,b o!r conditions d n rema9 ! same1 & x is 9 ^! o!r conditions t we mu/ seek ! causes ( expansion or contraction 9 ! numb]s ( a community4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales am\nt$ to ab\t five millions1 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] to ab\t six4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t "u ! conditions !n exi/+ ! c\ntry c\ld h support$ a l>g] numb]4 ,! bir?-rate 0 kept high by ! pe/il5tial /ate ( ! t[ns1 & ?us ! pressure ( numb]s 0 less felt ?an x is n[1 s9ce x 0 possible to h1 ?\gh n to re>1 unlimit$ families4 ,occasionally1 f accid5tal circum/ances1 ,engl& 0 = a %ort "t "u-populat$1 & ^! 7 ! p]iods :51 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,ar*deacon ,cunn+ham1 & o!r au?orities1 ! lab\r] 0 well (f4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example 0 9 ! half-c5tury aft] ! ,black ,dea?1 :i* c>ri$ (f ne>ly half ! population4 ,wages increas$ ?reefold1 & ! ,gov]nm5t tri$ 9 va9 to protect employ]s by en=c+ pre-plague rates4 ,n only 7 wages high1 b food 0 s abundant t f>m]s (t5 gave _! m5 a squ>e meal :i* 0 n 9 ! contract4 ,! o!r p]iod ( prosp]ity = ! work+ man1 accord+ to our au?orities1 0 ! second qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has n1 we ?9k1 be5 notic$ t ?is also foll[$ a tempor>y set-back 9 ! population4 ,9 #afhh ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales 0 #e1ejj1ebj2 9 #agaj x 0 m ?an a qu>t] ( a million less4 ,! cause ( ?is decl9e is obscure1 b its effects soon %[$ !mselves 9 easi] conditions ( life1 especially = ! poor4 ,su* p]iods ( "u-saturation1 :i* "s new c\ntries are /ill enjoy+1 are necess>ily %ort4 ,population fl[s 9 z naturally z wat] f9ds its level4 ,x 0 n till ! accession ( ,george ,,iii t ! increase 9 our numb]s became rapid4 ,no "o until !n w\ld h ?\ght ( s+l+ out ! ,engli%man z ! embodim5t ( ! good appr5tice4 ,met]51 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 f\nd our c\ntrym5 'z lazy z ,spani>ds'2 mo/ =eign]s 7 /ruck by our fondness = solid food & /rong dr9k4 ,! indu/rial revolution came ^u u sudd5ly2 x *ang$ ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry & ! app>5t "* ( ! p4 ,9 ! f> future our desc5dants may look back ^u ! p]iod 9 :i* we are liv+ z a /range episode :i* di/urb$ ! natural habits ( our race4 ,! fir/ impetus 0 giv5 by ! plund] ( ,b5gal1 :i*1 aft] ! victories ( ,clive1 fl[$ into ! c\ntry 9 a broad /ream = ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,?is ill-gott5 weal? play$ ! same "p 9 /imulat+ ,engli% indu/ries z ! 'five milli>ds1' extort$ f ,france1 did = ,g]many aft] #ahgj4 ,! half-c5tury :i* foll[$ 0 m>k$ by a s]ies ( inv5tions1 :i* made ,engl& ! work%op ( ! _w4 ,b ! basis ( our indu/rial supremacy 01 & is1 our coal4 ,^? :o are 9 ! habit ( comp>+ ! progressiv5ess ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,european ) ! /agnation or decad5ce ( ! ,lat9 races1 =get ! fact1 :i* is obvi\s :5 x has once be5 po9t$ out1 t ! progressive nations are ^? :i* happ5 to h valuable coal fields4 ,c\ntries :i* h no coal are oblig$ to import x pay+ ! freight1 or to smelt _! iron ) *>coal ,?is process makes excell5t /eel--! sup]iority ( ,sw$i% razors is due to wood-smelt+--b x is s wa/eful ( wood t ! ,m$it]ranean peoples v e>ly 9 hi/ory injur$ _! climate by cutt+ d[n _! scanty =e/s1 !reby dim9i%+ _! ra9fall1 & all[+ ! soil to be wa%$ (f ! hillsides4 ,! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean are1 9 consequ5ce1 f> less productive ?an !y 7 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 :5 ! />t 0 once made1 all circum/ances conspir$ to turn our once beautiful isl& into a *aos ( factories & mean /reets1 reek+ ( smoke1 millionaires1 & paup]s4 ,we 7 no long] able to gr[ our own food2 b we made masses ( goods :i* ! manufactur]s w>e eag] to ex*ange = x2 & ! population grew l crops on a newly-irrigat$ des]t4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! numb]s 7 ne>ly quadrupl$4 ,let ^? :o ?9k t ! population ( a c\ntry c be increas$ at w1 reflect :e!r x is likely t any physical1 moral1 or psy*ological *ange came ov] ! nation co9cid5tly ) ! inv5tions ( ! sp9n+-j5ny & ! /eam-eng9e4 ,x is too obvi\s = dispute t x 0 ! possession ( capital want+ employm5t1 & ( natural advantages = us+ x1 t call$ ^! multitudes ( human be+s into exi/5ce1 to eat ! food :i* !y paid = by _! lab\r4 ,& x %\ld be equally obvi\s t ! exi/5ce ( =ty-six millions ( p ^u #aba1jjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory dep5ds entirely ^u our f9d+ a m>ket = our manufactures abroad1 = s only are we able to pay = ! food ( ! p4 ,x is mo/ un=tunate t ^! exports mu/1 ) our pres5t population1 include coal1 :i*1 if we _h any ?\ght = po/]ity1 we %\ld gu>d jeal\sly & use sp>+ly2 = 9 five hundr$ ye>s at ! outside our /ock w be gone1 & we %all s9k to a ?ird-rate ,p[] at once4 ,we are sacrific+ ! future 9 ord] to provide = an excessive & discont5t$ population 9 ! pres5t4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury we h begun to be consci\s t our =eign trade is ?reat5$2 & s s5sitive is ! bir?-rate to economic conditions t x has begun to curve v slightly d[nw>d 9 relation to ! dea?-rate1 in/ead ( desc5d+ ) x 9 p>allel l9es4#bc ,?is may be p>tly due to ! curtailm5t ( facilities = emigration1 ow+ to ! fill+ up ( ! new c\ntries4 ,= emigration does n dim9i% ! population ( ! c\ntry :i* ! emigrants leave2 x only increases its bir?-rate4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to enum]ate ! causes :i* actually lead to an increase 9 ! population ( a c\ntry4 ,! fir/ is an increase 9 ! am\nt ( food produc$ 9 ! c\ntry itself4 ,if ! p>ks & g>d5s ( ! g5try 7 pl\gh$ up or turn$ into allotm5ts1 a few hundr$ ?\s&s w\ld be add$ to ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 at ! co/ ( "o ( ! few rema9+ beauties :i* make our c\ntry attractive to ! eye4 ,! introduction ( ! potato into ,irel& add$ sev]al millions ( squalid inhabitants to t ill-condition$ isl&1 & :5 ! crop fail$1 l>ge numb]s ( !m inflict$ !mselves on ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! detrim5t ( t c\ntry4 ,! ri*e/ c\ntries to-day are ^? :i* produce m food ?an !y require1 su* z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,r\mania1 & ! ,arg5t9e4 7,we ne$ h>dly say t ?r\gh\t ?is survey we are us+ ! /ati/ics ( ! ye>s imm$iately be=e ! w>47 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s _c la/ long1 = ! net increase 9 su* c\ntries is inv>iably high1 ei!r by reason ( a v high bir?-rate1 z 9 ,r\mania1 or because newcom]s flock 9 to enjoy a l& ( pl5ty4 ,ano!r condition :i* leads to abnormally rapid increase is f\nd :5 a civilis$ nation conqu]s & adm9i/]s a backw>d c\ntry1 introduc+ bett] me?ods ( agriculture1 & especially irrigation & ! reclamation ( wa/e l&s4 ,! ali5 ,gov]nm5t also gives great] security1 )\t rais+ ! /&>d ( liv+ among ! natives1 s9ce ! dom9ant race usually monopolises ! lucrative c>e]s4 ,9 ?is way we are directly responsible = increas+ ! population ( ,egypt f sev5 millions 9 #ahhc to n9e & ?ree-qu>t] millions 9 #ahii1 an augm5tation :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( immigration1 illu/rates ! great natural f]tility ( ! human race 9 ! r>e circum/ances :5 un*eck$ increase is possible4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! rise 9 ! population ( ,java f five millions 9 #ahbe to tw5ty-eight & a half millions 9 ! fir/ decade ( ?is c5tury4 ,! cause ( ?is increase is ! augm5t$ supply ( food comb9$ ) a v l[ /&>d ( liv+1 a comb9ation :i* is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,asia1 :]e extreme sup]saturation exi/s 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,a ?ird cause is production ( goods :i* c be ex*ang$ = food gr[n abroad4 ,?is ex*ange1 z we h se51 is /imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( capital seek+ employm5t4 ,our l>ge t[ns are ! creation ( ! capitali/1 mu* m ?an if he _h populat$ _! depress+ /reets ) 8 own *ildr54 ,f\r?ly1 a r$uction 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ ( c\rse makes a l>g] population possible4 ,! mis]y ( ! work+ class 9 ! g5]ation aft] ! ,napoleonic ,w>s 0 a condition ( ! prosp]ity ( our export trade at ?is p]iod2 & conv]sely1 ! prosp]ity ( our export trade 0 necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! new inhabitants4 ,capitalism is ! cause ( our d5se population2 & ! prolet>iat w\ld infallibly cut _! own ?roats by de/roy+ x4 ,x is an important "q :e!r a cr[d$ population adds to ! security ( a nation or n4 ,numb]s are und\bt$ly ( great importance 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,! ,fr5* w\ld h be5 less able to resi/ ! ,g]mans )\t allies 9 #aiad ?an !y 7 9 #ahgj4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t ,france c\ld support a mu* l>g] population )\t r$uc+ h] /&>d ( liv+ to ! po9t ( "u-de$+2 & an "u-f$ nation is incapable ( ! endurance requir$ ( fir/-class soldi]s4 ,a nation may be s mu* weak5$ 9 physique by "u-fe$+ z to be impot5t f a milit>y po9t ( view1 9 spite ( great numb]s2 ?is is ! case 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,defici5t n\ri%m5t also dim9i%es ! day's "w4 ,if ,european & ,am]ican capital goes to ,*9a1 & provides prop] food = ! workm51 we may h an e>ly opportunity ( discov]+ :e!r ! support]s ( ! ,league ( ,nations h any real consci5ti\s objection to viol5ce & blood%$4 ,we may surmise t ! ,european man1 ! fi]ce/ ( all bea/s ( prey1 is n likely to ab&on ! weapons :i* h made him ! "l & ! bully ( ! planet4 ,he has no o!r sup]iority to ! races :i* he arrogantly despises4 ,"u a rgime ( peace ! ,asiatic w\ld probably be 8 ma/]4 ,to return f a %ort digression1 we mu/ note fur!r t a nation ) a l[ /&>d has no res]ve to fall back ^u2 x lives on ! m>g9 ( subsi/5ce1 :i* may easily fail 9 w>-"t1 especially if mu* food is import$ :5 conditions are normal4 ,x c h>dly be an accid5t t 9 ?is w> ! nations ) a high bir?-rate broke up 9 ! ord] ( _! fecundity1 :ile ,france /ood l a rock4 ,! sacrifice ( com=t to numb]s1 :i* we h se5 to be possible by ma9ta9+ a l[ /&>d ( liv+1 n only dim9i%es ! happ9ess ( a nation1 & keeps x l[ 9 ! scale ( civilisation2 x may easily prove to be a s\rce ( weakness 9 w>4 ,! exp$i5ts (t5 advocat$ to enc\rage d5s] population--:i* ^? :o urge !m ?\ghtlessly assume to be a good ?+--su* z end[m5t ( p>5?ood1 & bett] h\s+ at ! exp5se ( ! taxpay]--h no effect except to p5alise & /]ilise ^? :o pay ! doles1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o receive !m4 ,!y are int5sely dysg5ic 9 _! op]ation1 = !y cripple & at la/ elim9ate j ^? /ocks :i* h %[n !mselves to be above ! av]age 9 ability4 ,! process has already advanc$ a long way1 ev5 )\t ! reckless legislation :i* is n[ advocat$4 ,! l[e/ bir?-rates1 less ?an half t ( ! unskill$ lab\r]s1 are ^? ( ! doctors1 ! tea*+ pr(ession1 & m9i/]s ( religion4 ,! position ( ?is class1 intellectually & (t5 physically ! f9e/ 9 ! k+dom1 is rapidly becom+ intol]able1 & x is ! wa/rels :o ma9ly b5efit by _! spoliation4 ,! causes ( %r9kage 9 population are ! opposites ( ^? :i* we h f\nd to promote its increase4 ,! production ( food may be dim9i%$ by ! exhau/ion ( ! soil1 or by ! progressive aridity caus$ by cutt+ d[n woods4 ,! manufacture ( goods to be ex*ang$ = food may fall (f ow+ to =eign competition1 a result :i* is likely to foll[ f a rise 9 ! /&>d ( liv+1 = ! lab\r] !n dem&s high] wages1 & consumes m food p] head1 :i* ( itself mu/ *eck f]tility1 s9ce ! same am\nt ( food w n[ support a small] numb]4 ,! delusion %>$ by ! :ole work+ class t !y c make "w = ea* o!r1 at wages fix$ by !mselves1 is ludicr\s2 a community _c subsi/ 'by tak+ 9 ea* o!r's wa%+4' ,or ! supply ( importable food may fail by ! peopl+ up ( ! c\ntries :i* gr[ x4 ,any conditions :i* make x no long] wor? :ile to inve/ capital 9 bus9ess1 or :i* de/roy cr$it1 h ! same effect4 ,"o ( ! causes ( ! decay ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ! dra9 ( specie to ! ,ea/ 9 ex*ange = p]i%able commodities4 ,:5 trade is decl9+ a g5]al li/lessness comes ov] ! indu/rial _w1 & ! output falls /ill fur!r4 ,!re h be5 alleg$ in/ances ( peoples :i* h dw9dl$ & ev5 disappe>$ f ta$ium vitae4 ,?is is said to h be5 ! cause ( ! ext9ction ( ! ,guan*es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 b ! symptoms describ$ r sugge/ an outbreak ( sleep+-sickness4 ,p>adoxical z x may seem1 nei!r volunt>y re/riction ( bir?s1 nor fam9e1 nor pe/il5ce1 nor w>1 has mu* effect 9 r$uc+ numb]s4 ,bir?-control in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! population1 may only l[] ! dea?-rate4 ,france 9 #agha1 ) a bir?-rate ( #ci1 _h mu* ! same net increase z 9 ! ye>s be=e ! w> ) a bir?-rate ( #bj4 ,! p>allel l9es ( ! bir?s & dea?s 9 ?is c\ntry h already be5 m5tion$4 ,fam9e & pe/il5ce are foll[$ at once by an increas$ numb] ( bir?s4 ,india & ,*9a1 ?\gh frequ5tly ravag$ by bo? ^! sc\rges1 rema9 sup]-saturat$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! fam9e is *ronic1 ! population mu/ fall to ! po9t :]e ! food is suffici5t2 & a zymotic disease :i* has become endemic may be too /rong = ! natural f]tility ( ! nation attack$1 z has happ5$ to sev]al b>b>\s races2 b an invasion ( plague1 *ol]a1 or influ5za has no p]man5t effect on ! numb]s ( ,europeans4 ,w> resembles plague 9 its action ^u population4 ,:51 z 9 ! late w>1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! able-bodi$ m5 are on active s]vice1 ! loss ( population caus$ by cessation ( bir?s is great] ?an all ! fatal casualties ( ! battle-field4 ,a r\gh calculation gives ! result t twelve million lives h be5 lo/ to ! bellig]5t nations by ! sep>ation ( husb&s & wives dur+ ! w>4 ,& yet x may be pr$ict$ t ^! losses1 add$ to ! eight millions or s :o h be5 kill$1 w\ld be made good 9 a v few ye>s b = ! de/ruction ( capital & cr$it :i* ! w> has caus$4 ,if we /udy ! vital /ati/ics ( a c\ntry l ,g]many1 :i* has engag$ 9 sev]al sev]e w>s s9ce bir?s & dea?s began to be regi/]$1 we %all f9d t ! cont\r-l9e repres5t+ ! fluctuations ( ! bir?-rate indicates a /eep rav9e 9 ! ye> or ye>s :ile ! w> la/$1 foll[$ by a hump or high table-l& = sev]al ye>s aft]4 ,9 a %ort "t1 z f> z numb]s are conc]n$1 ! w> is z if x _h nev] be54 ,:5 we rememb] t ! numb] ( possible fa!rs is mu* r$uc$ by casualties1 ?is rise 9 ! bir?-rate aft] a w> (f]s a /rong confirmation ( ! !sis :i* we h be5 ma9ta9+1 t ! ebb & fl[ ( population are n affect$ by consci\s int5tion1 b by increas$ or dim9i%$ pressure ( numb]s ^u subsi/5ce4 ,if ! ,g]man p1 :o be=e ! w> consum$ m food ?an 0 good = !m1 h be5 habituat$ by our blockade to a reasonable ab/emi\sness1 we %all h contribut$ to ! ev5tual increase ( ! ,g]man p1 9 spite ( all _! soldi]s :om we kill$ 9 ,france1 & ! civilians :om we />v$ 9 ,g]many4 ,& if our success leads to a great] consumption by our work+ class1 our population w %[ a correspond+ decl9e4 ,emigration1 z we h se51 does n dim9i% ! home population by a s+le unit2 & s1 :ile !re are empty l&s available = colonisation1 x is by f> ! be/ me?od ( add+ to ! numb]s ( our race4 ,x %\ld n[ be possible to =m a judgm5t on ! prospects ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ,india1 ,burma1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 & tropical ,africa !re is no possibility ( ev] plant+ a heal?y ,european population4 ,^! dep5d5cies may gr[ food = u1 or s5d u articles :i* we c ex*ange = food1 b !y are n1 & nev] c be1 colonies ( ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! prospects ( ,s\? ,africa are v dubi\s4 ,! :ite man is !re an ari/ocrat1 direct+ semi-s]vile lab\r4 ,! :ite population ( ! gold & diamond fields w /ay !re till ! m9es give out1 & no long]4 ,l>ge tracts ( ! c\ntry may at la/ be occupi$ only by ,kaffirs4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica are becom+ less ,anglo-,saxon e ye>1 & ?is process is likely to cont9ue1 s9ce 9 unskill$ lab\r ! ,italian & ! ,pole seem to give bett] value = _! wages ?an ! ,engli%man or born ,am]ican1 ) 8 high /&>d ( com=t4 ,9 ,canada1 ! temp]ate "p ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,tasmania ! *ances = a l>ge & fl\ri%+ ,engli%-speak+ population seem to be v fav\rable1 ?\gh 9 ^! dom9ions ! high /&>d ( liv+ is a *eck to population1 & 9 ! case ( ,au/ralasia ! possibility ( =eign conque/1 :ile ^! priceless l&s are /ill half empty1 _c be altoge!r exclud$4 ,ev5 m int]e/+ to mo/ ( u is ! future ( our race at home4 ,z reg>ds quality1 ! outlook = ! pres5t is bad4 ,we h se5 t ! de/ruction ( ! upp] & pr(essional classes by taxation direct$ expressly aga9/ !m has already begun1 & ?is victimisation is c]ta9 to become m & m acute1 till ^! classes are practically ext+ui%$4 ,! old ari/ocracy %[$ a t5d5cy to decay ev5 :5 !y 7 unduly fav\r$ by legislation1 & a little m pressure w drive !m to volunt>y /]ility & ext]m9ation4 ,ev5 m to be regrett$ is ! doom ( ! pr(essional ari/ocracy1 a ca/e almo/ peculi> to our c\ntry4 ,^! families c (t5 %[ long]1 & usually mu* bett] p$igrees ?an ! pe]age2 ! p]si/5ce ( m>k$ ability 9 _m ( !m1 = sev]al g5]ations1 is ! delight ( ! eug5i/4 ,!y are p]haps ! be/ specim5s ( humanity to be f\nd 9 any c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,yet !y h no prospects except to be gradually h>ass$ out ( exi/5ce1 l ! curiales ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire4 ,! p[] w app>5tly be grasp$ by a new highly privileg$ class1 ! ari/ocracy ( lab\r4 ,?is class1 be+ intellig5t1 en]getic1 & int5sely selfi%1 may reta9 its dom9ation = a consid]able "t4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t1 hav+ won its privilege ( exploit+ ! community1 x w use all its ef=ts to pres]ve t privilege & to prev5t o!rs f %>+ x4 ,9 o!r words1 x w become an exclusive & /rongly cons]vative class1 on a broad] basis ?an ! t]ritorial & comm]cial ari/ocracies :i* prec$$ x4 ,x w probably be /rong en\gh to discont9ue ! sy/em ( ,/ate doles :i* enc\rages ! wa/rel to multiply1 z he does multiply1 mu* fa/] ?an ! valuable "p ( ! population4 ,we are at pres5t bre$+ a l>ge p>asitic class subsi/+ on ! taxes & hamp]+ ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! comp>ative f]tility ( ! l[e/ class z comp>$ ) ! bett] /ocks has greatly increas$1 & is /ill increas+4 ,! compet5t work+-class families1 z well z ! ri*1 are f> less f]tile ?an ! wa/e products ( our civilisation4 ,dr4 ,tr$gold f\nd t #dc c\ples ( ! p>asitic class av]ag$ #g4d *ildr5 p] family1 :ile #ia respectable c\ples f ! work+ class av]ag$ only #c4g p] family4 ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb exam9$ ! /ati/ics ( ! ,he>ts ( ,oak ,b5efit ,society1 :i* is patronis$ by ! be/ type ( me*anic1 & f\nd t ! bir?-rate among its memb]s has fall5 #df p] c5t1 betwe5 #ahha & #aija2 or1 tak+ ! :ole p]iod betwe5 #ahhj & #aijd1 ! fall+ (f is #eb p] c5t4 ,?is decl9e proves t ! p]iod ( indu/rial expansion 9 ,engl& is ne>ly ov]4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] if our bir?-rate 7 z l[ z t ( ,france1 z x w\ld be b = ! reckless propagation ( ! 'subm]g$ t5?1' ,engl& be+ n[ a p>adise = human refuse1 ! (fsc\r+s ( ,europe 7#agj1jjj 9 #aijh7 take ! place ( ! bett] /ocks1 ^: position is made artificially unfav\rable4 ,^! doles are at pres5t paid by ! m9ority1 & ?is me?od may be expect$ to cont9ue until ! loot+ ( ! prop]ti$ classes comes to an en=c$ end4 ,?is w n take long1 = x is c]ta9 t ! am\nt ( weal? available = plund] is v mu* small] ?an is usually suppos$4 ,x is easy to de/roy capital values1 b v difficult to di/ribute !m4 ,! "t w soon arrive :5 ! pati5t %eep w be f\nd to h lo/ n only 8 fleece b 8 sk91 & ! privileg$ workman w !n h to *oose betwe5 tax+ himself & ab&on+ socialism4 ,!re is little d\bt :i* he w pref]4 ,! result w be t ! fe/]+ sore ( our slum-population w dry up1 & ! gradual disappe>ance ( ?is elem5t w be "s comp5sation1 f ! eug5ic po9t ( view1 = ! de/ruction ( ! intellectual class4 ,?is process w consid]ably1 & b5eficially1 dim9i% ! population3 & !re are sev]al o!r factors :i* w op]ate 9 ! same direction4 ,high wage indu/ry c only ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! competition ( *eap] lab\r abroad by introduc+ e k9d ( lab\r-sav+ device4 ,! numb] ( h&s employ$ 9 a factory mu/ progressively dim9i%4 ,& z1 9 spite ( all t +5uity c d1 ! competition ( ! *eap] races is c]ta9 to cripple our =eign trade1 ! trade unions w be oblig$ to provide = a %r9kage 9 _! numb]s4 ,we may expect t e unioni/ w be all[$ to place "o son1 & only "o1 9 ! privileg$ corporation4 ,a man w become a m9] or a railwayman 'by patrimony1' & x w be difficult to ga9 admission to a union 9 any o!r way4 ,! position ( ^? :o _c f9d a place )9 ! privileg$ circle w be s unhappy t mo/ unioni/s w take c>e to h "o son only4 ,ano!r *ange :i* w t5d to disc\rage families w be ! increas$ employm5t ( wom5 z bread-w9n]s4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 ! /udy ( vital /ati/ics ?an ! comp>ative bir?-rates ( ^? di/ricts 9 :i* wom5 e>n wages1 & ( ^? 9 :i* !y d n4 ,! rate ( increase among ! m9]s is z great z t ( ! reckless casual lab\r]s1 & ! obvi\s reason is t ! m9]'s wife loses no?+ by hav+ *ildr51 s9ce %e does n e>n wages4 ,contra/ ) ^! high figures 7runn+ up to #dj p] ?\s&7 ! v l[ bir?-rates ( t[ns l ,brad=d1 :]e ! wom5 are engag$ 9 ! textile indu/ry & e>n regul> wages 9 support ( ! family budget4 ,if ! "t comes :5 ! majority ( wom5 are wage-e>n]s1 we may ev5 see ! pressure ( population entirely )drawn4 ,?us 9 e class ( ! nation influ5ces are at "w t5d+ to a progressive decrease 9 our national f]tility4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t at pres5t ! annual increase1 9 peace "t1 is #i or #aj p] ?\s&1 s t x may be "s "t be=e an equilibrium is rea*$4 ,b if our pr$ictions are s\nd1 a positive decrease1 & probably a rapid "o1 is likely to foll[4 ,= our ability to ex*ange our manufactures = food w gr[ /eadily less1 z ! self-indulg5t & '"w-%y' lab\r] succe$s 9 ga9+ 8 wi%es4 ,if ! coal beg9s to give out1 ! retreat w become a r\t4 ,we are witness+ ! decl9e & fall ( ! social ord] :i* began ) ! indu/rial revolution #afj ye>s ago4 ,! canc] ( indu/rialism has begun to mortify1 & ! end is 9 sight4 ,)9 #bjj ye>s1 x may be--= we mu/ all[ = backwa%es & cross-curr5ts :i* w ret>d ! fl[ ( ! /ream--! hide\s new t[ns :i* disfigure our l&scape may h disappe>$1 & _! sites may h be5 reclaim$ = ! pl\gh4 ,humanit>ian legislation1 s f> f arre/+ ?is movem5t1 is m likely to accel]ate x1 & ! same may be said ( ! insatiate gre$ ( our new ma/]s4 ,x is inde$ in/ructive to obs]ve h[ cupidity & s5tim5t1 :i* 7) pugnacity7 are ! only passions :i* ! practical politician ne$s to consid]1 usually defeat _! own ends4 ,! work+ man is saw+ at ! bran* on :i* he is seat$4 ,he may b5efit = a "t a m9ority ( 8 own class1 b only by seal+ ! doom ( ! re/4 ,a d5sely populat$ c\ntry1 :i* is unable to fe$ itself1 c nev] be a work+-man's p>adise1 a l& ( %ort h\rs & high wages4 ,& ! s5tim5tali/1 k9d only to be cruel1 unwitt+ly promotes precisely ! results :i* he mo/ deprecates1 ?\gh !y are (t5 mu* m b5eficial ?an 8 own aims4 ,! evil t he w\ld he does n2 & ! good t he w\ld n1 t he sometimes does4 ,=1 mu* z we mu/ regret ! app>5tly inevitable ru9 ( ! upp] & upp] middle classes1 to :i* ,engl& 9 ! pa/ has ow$ ! major "p ( h] greatness1 we _c reg>d ! tr5d ( ev5ts z an unmix$ mis=tune4 ,! indu/rial revolution has no d\bt _h "s b5eficial results4 ,x has f\nd$ ! ,briti% ,empire1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & p]haps ! mo/ successful exp]im5t 9 gov]nm5t on a l>ge scale t ! _w has yet se54 ,x has foil$ two =midable attempts to place ,europe "u ! heel ( milit>y mon>*ies4 ,x has br\ght ord] & mat]ial civilisation to _m p>ts ( ! _w :i* be=e 7 b>b>\s4 ,b ^! a*ievem5ts h be5 c\nt]balanc$ by _m evils1 & 9 any case !y h done _! "w4 ,! aggregation ( mank9d 9 l>ge t[ns is itself a mis=tune2 ! life ( great cities is :olesome nei!r = body nor = m9d4 ,! sep>ation ( classes has become m complete2 ! c\ntry may ev5 be divid$ into ! picturesque c\nties :]e money is sp5t1 & ! ugly c\nties :]e x is made4 ,except ,london & ! sea-ports1 ! :ole ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl& is m or less p>asitic4 ,we mu/ add t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! movem5t ! workman & 8 *ildr5 7 exploit$ ru?lessly4 ,x is true t if !y _h n be5 exploit$ !y w\ld n h exi/$2 b a root ( bitt]ness 0 plant$ :i*1 accord+ to :at seems to be ! law 9 su* cases1 sprang up & bore its poison\s fruit ab\t two g5]ations lat]4 ,x is a s9i/] fact t ! wor/ tr\ble is n[ made by ! y\nge/ m54 ,! l>ge =tunes :i* 7 made by ! manufactur]s 7 n1 on ! :ole1 well sp5t4 ,_! luxury 0 n ( a ref9$ type2 lit]ature & art 7 n intellig5tly enc\rag$2 & ev5 sci5ce 0 mo/ inadequately support$4 ,! great a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 sci5ce & lett]s1 & to a less degree 9 art1 7 indep5d5t ( ! indu/rial _w1 & 7 *iefly ! "w ( t class :i* is n[ s9k+ helplessly "u ! bl[s ( pr$atory taxation4 ,capitalism itself has deg5]at$2 ! typical millionaire is no long] ! capta9 ( indu/ry1 b ! int]national bank] & company promot]4 ,x is m difficult ?an ev] to f9d any rational ju/ification = ! accumulations :i* are 9 ! h&s ( a few p]sons4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ! work+ class %\ld be less gre$y & unscrupul\s ?an ! educat$2 inde$ x is pla9 t1 n[ t x realises its p[]1 x w be ev5 m s4 ,9 "s ways ! national "* has /ood ! /ra9 ( ^! unnatural conditions v well4 ,^? :o fe>$ t ! mod]n ,engli%man w\ld make a poor soldi] h _h to own t !y 7 entirely wrong4 ,b z long z indu/rialism cont9ues1 we %all be 9 a /ate ( ?9ly disguis$ civil w>4 ,!re c be no indu/rial peace :ile our urban population rema9s1 because ! l>ge t[ns are ! creation ( ! sy/em :i* _! inhabitants n[ want to de/roy4 ,!y c & w de/roy x1 b only by de/roy+ !mselves4 ,:5 ! suicidal w> is ov] we %all h a comp>atively small population1 liv+ ma9ly 9 ! c\ntry & cultivat+ ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,x w be m l ! ,engl& ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?an ! ,engl& :i* we "k4 ,!re w be no v ri* m52 & if ! bir?-rate is regulat$ !re %\ld be no paup]s4 ,x w be a f> pleasant] age to live 9 ?an ! pres5t1 & m fav\rable to ! production ( great intellectual "w1 = life w be m leisurely1 & social conditions m /able4 ,we may hope t "s ( our be/ families w det]m9e to survive1 cote que cote1 until ^! bett] times arrive4 ,we %all n attempt to prophesy :at ! political con/itution w be4 ,e exi/+ =m ( gov]nm5t is bad2 & our democracy c h>dly survive ! two diseases :i* g5]ally kill democracies--reckless plund] ( ! national weal?1 & ! impot5ce ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t 9 face ( revolution>y & pr$atory sectionalism4 ,mean:ile1 we mu/ und]/& t al?\gh ! consid]ation ( mank9d 9 ! mass1 & ! calculation ( t5d5cies bas$ on figures & av]ages1 mu/ lead u to some:at pessimi/ic & cynical views ( human nature1 !re is no reason :y individuals1 unless !y wi% to make a c>e] out ( politics 7s9ce x is ! sad fate ( politicians always to deal ) human nature at its wor/71 %\ld con=m !mselves to ! l[ /&>ds ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,x is only '9 ! loomp' t humanity1 :e!r poor or ri*1 'is bad4' ,!re are mat]ials1 ?\gh f> less abundant ?an we c\ld wi%1 = a spiritual re=mation1 :i* w\ld smoo? ! transition to a new social ord]1 & op5 to u unfail+ s\rces ( happ9ess & inspiration1 :i* w\ld n only enable u to tide ov] ! p]iod ( dissolution1 b might make ! :ole _w our debtor4 ,no nation is bett] end[$ by nature ) a faculty = sane idealism ?an ! ,engli%4 ,we 7 nev] int5d$ to be a nation ( %opkeep]s1 if a %opkeep] is doom$ to be m]ely a %opkeep]1 :i* ( c\rse he is n4 ,our brutal comm]cialism has be5 a tempor>y ab]ration2 ! qu9tess5tial ,engli%man is n ! h]o ( ,smiles' ',self-help'2 he is ,raleigh1 ,drake1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,johnson1 or ,wordswor?1 ) a pleasant spice ( ,dick5s4 ,he is1 9 a ^w1 an ideali/ :o has n q =gott5 t he is desc5d$ f an indep5d5t race ( sea-rov]s1 accu/om$ to ?9k & act = !mselves4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ fe>less ( our prophets to-day1 quotes f an anonym\s j\rnali/ a pr$iction :i* may come true3 ',london may yet be ! spiritual capital ( ! _w2 :ile ,asia--ri* 9 all t gold c buy & guns c give1 "l ( l&s & bodies1 build] ( railways & promulgator ( police regulations1 glori\s 9 all mat]ial glories--po/ures1 complac5t & obtuse1 be=e a ,europe cont5t 9 ! possession ( all t matt]s4' ,=1 z ! ,greek poet says1 '! s\l's weal? is ! only real weal?4' ,! _s creates values1 :ile ! demagogue %rieks to transf] ! dead symbols ( !m4 ',all t matt]s' is :at ! _w c nei!r give nor take away4 ,! spiritual integration ( society :i* we desire & behold af> (f mu/ be illum9at$ by ! dry light ( sci5ce1 & w>m$ by ! rays ( idealism1 a :ite light b n cold4 ,& idealism mu/ be compact$ z a religion1 = x is ! function ( religion to prev5t ! fruits ( ! fl[]+-times ( ! _s f be+ lo/4 ,sci5ce has n yet come to its own 9 =m+ ! beliefs & practice ( mank9d1 because x has be5 s mu* exclud$ f high] education1 & s mu* repress$ by s5tim5talism "u ! w+ ( religion4 ,! nation t fir/ f9ds a practical reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce & idealism is likely to take ! front place among ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,9 ,engl& we h to /ruggle n only aga9/ ignorance1 b aga9/ a deep-root$ intellectual ins9c]ity1 :i* is our wor/ national fault4 ,! ,engli%man hates an idea :i* he has nev] met be=e1 z he hates ! di/urb] ( 8 privacy 9 a /eam-%ip cab92 & he takes opportunities ( mak+ ?+s unpleasant = ^? :o utt] indiscreet tru?s4 ,z ,samuel ,butl] says3 ',we hold x useful to h a c]ta9 numb] ( melan*oly examples ^: notori\s failure %all s]ve z a w>n+ to ^? :o d n cultivate a p[] ( immoral self-control :i* %all prev5t !m f say+1 or ev5 ?9k+1 any?+ t %all n be to _! imm$iate & palpable advantage4' ,to d our c\ntrym5 ju/ice1 x is (t5 n self-int]e/1 b a t5d5cy to deal ) ! concrete in/ance1 9 disreg>d ( ! g5]al law1 t bl9ds !m to ! l>g] aspects ( great problems4 ,^? :o are able to trace causes & effects fur!r ?an ! majority mu/ expect to be unpopul>1 b !y w n m9d x1 if !y c d good by speak+4 ,! logic ( ev5ts w ju/ify !m1 & sci5ce has a new weapon 9 (ficial /ati/ics :i* w regi/] at once ! disa/r\s effects ^u weal? & trade :i* ! insane !ories ( ! demagogue w br+ ab\t4 ,no agitator c expla9 away asc]ta9$ figures2 if we g d[n hill1 we %all d x ) our eyes op54 ,x may be t reactions w be set up :i* w r5d] ! anticipations 9 ?is article errone\s4 ,?+s nev] turn out ei!r s well or s badly z !y logically ought to d4 ,prophecy is only an amusem5t2 :at does conc]n u all deeply is t we %\ld see 9 :at direction we are n[ mov+4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,9 ! small isl&s r\nd our coa/ increase has ceas$ = "s decades4 ,! vital /ati/ics ( ^! isl&s furni% an excell5t illu/ration ( automatic adju/m5t to a /ate ( sup]saturation4 ,,bi%op ,,gore ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& 7#aijh7 ,! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* lie 9 ! fact t x is n ! be/ repres5tative ( any well-def9$ type ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n /rictly a ,prote/ant body2 = ,prote/antism is ! democracy ( religion1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& reta9s a hi]>*ical organisation1 ) an ord] ( prie/s :o claim a div9e commission n conf]r$ ^u !m by ! congregation4 ,x is n a ,/ate ,*ur* z ! ,russian ,empire has#bd a ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,t is a position :i* x has nei!r ! w nor ! p[] to rega94 ,/ill less c\ld x ev] ju/ify a claim to sep>ate exi/5ce z a purely ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 indep5d5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,a community ( ,ca?olics ^: claim to be a ,ca?olic & n a ,prote/ant ,*ur* is d5i$ by all o!r ,ca?olics1 by all ,prote/ants1 & by all :o are nei!r ,ca?olics nor ,prote/ants1 c\ld n long reta9 suffici5t pre/ige to keep its adh]5ts toge!r4 ,! de/9y ( su* a body is writt5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ',old ,ca?olics1' :o sec$$ f ,rome because !y w\ld n accept ! dogma ( ,papal infallibility4 ,! sec$]s includ$ _m m5 ( high "* & intellect1 b 9 numb]s & influ5ce !y are q insignificant4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has only "o title to exi/1 & x is a /rong "o4 ,x may claim to repres5t ! religion ( ! ,engli% p z no o!r body c repres5t x4 ',no ,*ur*1' ,dll+] wrote 9 #ahgb1 'is s national1 s deeply root$ 9 popul> affection1 s b\nd up ) ! in/itutions & mann]s ( ! c\ntry1 or s p[]ful 9 its influ5ce on national "*4' ,^! words are /ill p>tly true1 ?\gh x is n possible to make ! ass]tion ) s mu* confid5ce z :5 ,dll+] wrote4 ,! ,engli% ,*ur* repres5ts1 on ! religi\s side1 ! convictions1 ta/es1 & prejudices ( ! ,engli% g5tleman1 t truly national ideal ( "*1 :i* has long s9ce lo/ its adv5titi\s connexion ) h]aldry & prop]ty 9 l&4 ,a love ( ord]1 seeml9ess1 & good ta/e has l$ ! ,anglican ,*ur* along a middle pa? betwe5 :at a sev5te5?-c5tury div9e call$ '! m]etrici\s gaud9ess ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & ! squalid slutt]y ( fanatic conv5ticles4' ,a ke5 s5se ( hon\r & respect = p]sonal uprightness1 a hatr$ ( cruelty & trea*]y1 creat$ & long ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* an int5se repugnance aga9/ ! prie/craft ( ! ,roman hi]>*y1 feel+s :i* h only di$ d[n because ! bitt] memories ( ! sixte5? c5tury h at la/ become dim4 ,a jeal\s love ( lib]ty1 comb9$ ) contempt = !ories ( equality1 produc$ a sy/em ( graduat$ ranks 9 ,*ur* gov]nm5t :i* left a l>ge measure ( fre$om1 bo? 9 spee* & ?\ght1 ev5 to ! cl]gy1 & enc\rag$ no respect = :at ,ca?olics mean by au?ority4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur* is also *>act]i/ically ,engli% 9 its dislike = logic & intellectual consi/5cy & 9 its di/ru/ ( undiscipl9$ emotionalism1 :i* 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 kn[n & dread$ "u ! "n ( 'en?usiasm4' ,?is type is n ess5tially ari/ocratic4 ,x does n trav]se ! high] ideals ( ! work+ class1 :i* respects & admires ! qualities ( ! 'g5tleman1' ?\gh x res5ts ! privileges long connect$ ) ! "n4 ,b x has no attraction = :at may be impolitely call$ ! vulg> class1 ^: religi\s feel+s f9d a natural v5t 9 an unctu\s emotionalism & s5tim5tal humanit>ianism4 ,?is class1 :i* =ms ! backbone ( ,diss5t & ,lib]alism1 is in/9ctively antipa!tic to ,anglicanism4 ,nor does ! ,anglican type ( ,*ri/ianity appeal at all to ! ',celtic fr+e1' ^: temp]am5t is curi\sly opposite to t ( ! ,engli%1 n only 9 religion b 9 mo/ o!r matt]s4 ,! ,iri% & ! ,wel% are no m likely to become ,anglicans ?an ! l[l& ,scot* are to adopt ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,:e!r ,diss5t is a p]man5t necessity 9 ,engl& is a m difficult "q1 9 spite ( ! class diff]5ces ( temp]am5t above m5tion$4 ,if ! ,anglican organisation 7 ela/ic en\gh to p]mit ! ord] ( lay-read]s to be develop$ on /rongly ,evangelical l9es1 ! l[] middle class might f9d )9 ! ,*ur* ! m5tal food :i* x n[ seeks 9 ,noncon=mi/ *apels1 & might ga9 9 bread? & dignity by belong+ once m to a great hi/oric body4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 !n1 c ju/ify its exi/5ce z ,engli% ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,x began its sep>ate c>e] ) a s]ies ( 7d\btless7 illogical compromises1 9 ! belief t !re is an und]ly+ unity1 ?\gh n uni=mity1 9 ! religion z well z 9 ! "* ( ! ,engli% p1 :i* w\ld be /rong en\gh to hold a national ,*ur* toge!r4 ,! diss5t]s f ! ,re=mation settlem5t 7 num]ically insignificant1 & _! exi/5ce 0 n reg>d$ z a p]il to ! ,*ur*1 = x 0 recognis$ t 9 a free c\ntry absolute agreem5t _c be secur$4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics1 aft] "s futile p]secution1 7 all[$ to rema9 loyal to _! old allegiance 9 spiritual matt]s1 :ile ! ,indep5d5ts & simil> bodies 7 an>*ical on pr9ciple1 & upheld ! 'dissid5ce ( ,diss5t' z a ?+ desirable 9 itself4 ,b ! defection ( ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s 0 ano!r matt]4 ,?is 0 a bl[ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z irrep>able z ! loss ( ,nor!rn ,europe to ! ,papacy4 ,x f9ally upset ! balance ( p>ties 9 ! ,*ur*1 by deta*+ f x ! l>g] numb] ( ! ,evangelicals1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! tradesman class4 ,x gave a great /imulus to ,noncon=mity1 :i* n[ became = ! fir/ "t an important factor 9 ! national life4 ,till ! ,wesleyan secession1 ! ,noncon=mi/s 9 ,engl& _h be5 a feeble folk4 ,f a return made to ! ,cr[n 9 #agjj1 x appe>$ t ! ,diss5t]s numb]$ ab\t "o 9 tw5ty ( ! population4 ,n[ !y are z num]\s z ! ,anglicans4 ,_! pre/ige has also be5 l>gely augm5t$ by _! dom9at+ position 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! ,episcopal ,*ur*1 long view$ ) disfav\r z ta9t$ ) ,briti% sympa?ies1 has nev] recov]$ its lo/ gr\nd1 & is a comp>atively small1 ?\gh weal?y & influ5tial sect4 ,)9 ! ,anglican communion1 ! inevitable religi\s revival ( ! n9ete5? c5tury began on ,evangelical l9es1 b soon took a =m det]m9$ by o!r influ5ces ?an ^? :i* cov]$ ,engl& ) ! o/5tati\sly hide\s *apels ( ! ,wesleyans4 ,! ext5t ( ! revival has inde$ be5 mu* exagg]at$ by ! num]\s apologi/s ( ! ,ca?olic movem5t4 ,! und\bt$ increase ( pr(essional zeal1 activity1 & effici5cy among ! cl]gy has be5 tak5 z pro( ( a correspond+ access ( en?usiasm among ! laity1 = :i* !re is n mu* evid5ce4 ,9 spite ( slov5ly s]vices & an easy /&>d ( cl]ical duty1 ! obs]vances ( religion held a l>g] place 9 ! av]age ,engli% home be=e ! ,ox=d ,movem5t ?an is (t5 suppos$1 l>g]1 inde$1 ?an !y d n[1 :5 family pray]s & ,bible read+ h be5 ab&on$ 9 mo/ h\seholds4 ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t claim$ to be1 & 01 a revival ( ! pr9ciples ( ,anglo-,ca?olicism1 :i* _h n be5 left )\t witness = any long p]iod s9ce ! ,re=mation4 ,! cont9uity is c]ta91 z is ! cont9uity ( ! ,ritualism ( our day ) ! ,tract>ianism ( sev5ty ye>s ago2 b ! developm5t has be5 rapid1 especially 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,^? :o c rememb] ! ,high ,*ur*m5 ( ,pusey's g5]ation1 or _! disciples :o 9 _m c\ntry p>sonages pres]v$ ! fai? ( _! ,tract>ian tea*]s :ole & undefil$1 mu/ be /ruck by ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciples :i* !y !n he>d passionately ma9ta9$1 & ^? :i* ! y\ng] g5]ation1 :o use _! "n & enjoy _! cr$it1 av[ to be _! own4 ,9 ! ,tract>ians ! ,nonjurors seem$ to h come to life aga91 & "o might easily f9d en?usia/ic ,jacobites among !m4 ,unlike _! successors1 !y %[$ no sympa?y ) political ,radicalism4 ,_! love = & loyalty to ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 :i* f\nd melodi\s expression 9 ,keble's poetry1 7 int5se4 ,!y 7 n ho/ile to ,evangelicalism )9 ! ,*ur*1 until ! ultra-,prote/ant p>ty decl>$ w> aga9/ !m2 b !y view$ ,diss5t ) scorn & abhorr5ce4 ,!y w\ld gladly h exclud$ ,noncon=mi/s f any /atus 9 ! ,univ]sities1 & oppos$ any measures int5d$ to conciliate _! prejudices or remove _! disabilities4 ,ar*deacon ,d5ison1 9 8 /urdy opposition to ! 'consci5ce clause' 9 ,*ur* s*ools1 0 a typical repres5tative ( ! old ,high ,*ur* p>ty4 ,b /ill m bitt] 0 _! animosity aga9/ religi\s ,lib]alism4 ,ev5 aft] ! feud ) ! ,evangelicals _h develop$ into op5 w>1 ,pusey 0 ready to jo9 ) ,"l ,%aftesbury & 8 p>ty 9 unit$ ana!mas aga9/ ! au?ors ( ',essays & ,reviews4' ,! beg9n+s ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism evok$ an outbur/ ( fury almo/ unp>allel$4 ,:5 ,bi%op ,gray1 ( ,cape ,t[n1 solemnly 'excommunicat$' ,bi%op ,col5so1 ( ,natal1 & enjo9$ ! fai?ful to 'treat him z a hea!n man & a publican1' = expos+ ! unhi/orical "* ( portions ( ! ,p5tateu*1 he became a h]o ) ! :ole ,high ,*ur* p>ty1 & ev5 ! m lib]al among ! bi%ops 7 c[$ by ! tempe/ ( feel+ :i* ! case ar\s$4 ,9 ! same p]iod1 _m ,ox=d m5 c rememb] ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce's attack ^u ,d>w9ism1 &1 some:at lat]1 ,dean ,burgon's ,univ]sity s]mon :i* end$ ) ! /irr+ p]oration3 ,leave me my ance/ors 9 ,p>adise1 & ,i leave y y\rs 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s6' ,f ! same pulpit ,liddon1 a little be=e 8 dea?1 utt]$ a pa!tic remon/rance aga9/ ! c\rse :i* 8 y\ng] disciples 7 tak+ ab\t inspiration & tradition4 ,rev]5ce = tradition 0 a v prom95t feature 9 ! !ology ( ! old] g5]ation4 ,!y sp5t an imm5se am\nt ( "t1 le>n+1 & +5uity 9 e/abli%+ a cat5a ( patri/ic & or?odox au?ority = _! pr9ciples1 rea*+ back to ! e>lie/ times1 & h&$ d[n 9 ?is c\ntry by a s]ies ( ,anglo-,ca?olic div9es4 ,?is unbrok5 tradition 0 conceiv$ ( z purely /atic1 a 'me*anical unpack+1' z ,fa!r ,tyrrell puts x1 ( ! doctr9e once deliv]$ to ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,*ur*1 accord+ to _! !ory1 0 sup]naturally guid$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & its decisions 7 consequ5tly infallible1 z long z ! ,*ur* rema9$ undivid$4 ,?us ! e>li] ,g5]al ,c\ncils1 be=e ! s*ism betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 may n be appeal$ aga9/1 & ! ,cre$s drawn up by !m c nev] be revis$4 ,s9ce ! great s*ism1 ! infallible inspiration ( ! ,*ur* has be5 9 abeyance1 l an old ,engli% pe]age :5 a pe] leaves two or m daught]s & no sons4 ,?is fanta/ic !ory condemns all lat] developm5ts1 & leaves ! ,*ur* "u ! weight ( ! dead h&4 ,on ! "q ( ! ,e/abli%m5t ! p>ty 0 divid$1 "s ( its memb]s atta*+ great value to ! union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :ile o!rs made claims = ! ,*ur*1 9 ! matt] ( self-gov]nm5t1 :i* 7 h>dly compatible ) ,e/abli%m5t4 ,_! bond ( union 0 _! conviction ( '! necessity ( impress+ on p t ! ,*ur* 0 m ?an a m]ely human in/itution2 t x _h privileges1 sacram5ts1 a m9i/ry1 orda9$ by ,*ri/ ,himself2 t x 0 a matt] ( highe/ obligation to rema9 unit$ to ! ,*ur*4'#be ,z comp>$ ) _! successors1 ! ,tract>ians 7 academic & le>n$2 !y prea*$ ?\ghtful & c>efully prep>$ s]mons2 !y c>$ little = ecclesia/ical mill9]y1 & (t5 acquiesc$ 9 v simple & 'backw>d' c]emonial4 ,_! !ory ( ! ,*ur*1 _! p]sonal piety & self-discipl9e1 7 ( a ?or\ghly m$ieval type1 z may be se5 f c]ta9 *apt]s 9 ! life ( ,pusey4 ,!y f\ght ! battle ( ,anglo-,ca?olicism1 at ,ox=d & else:]e1 ) a :ole-he>t$ conviction t knew no misgiv+s or scruples4 ,ox=d has n =gott5 ! election1 z late z #ahfb1 ( an or?odox naval (fic] to a *air ( hi/ory = :i* ,freeman 0 a c&idate4 ,a *ange ( tone 0 already noticeable1 accord+ to ,dean ,*ur*1 soon aft] ,newman's secession4 ,_m ,high ,*ur*m51 9 speak+ ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 became apologetic or patronis+ or lukew>m4 ,progressive memb]s ( ! p>ty pr(ess$ a di/a/e = ! "n ,anglican1 & wi%$ to be /yl$ ,ca?olics pure & simple4 ,! same m5 began to speak ( _! oppon5ts 9 ! ,*ur* z ,prote/ants2 no long] z ultra-,prote/ants4 ,o!r *anges soon manife/$ !mselves4 ,! ar*aeological side ( ! movem5t lo/ its int]e/2 ! appeal to antiquity became only a conv5i5t argum5t to def5d practices adopt$ on q o!r gr\nds4 ,! epigoni ( ! ,ca?olic revival are n le>n$2 !y "k ev5 less ( ! ,fa!rs ?an ( _! ,bibles4 ,_! *ief lit]ature consi/s ( a weekly p5ny newspap]1 :i* reflects only too well _! prejudices & aspirations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are f> busi] ?an ! old] g5]ation4 ,! movem5t has become democratic2 x has pass$ f ! quadrangles ( ,ox=d to ! /reets & lanes ( our great cities1 :]e hundr$s ( devot$ cl]gym5 are work+ zeal\sly1 )\t c>e = remun]ation or ?\ght ( recognition1 among ! poore/ ( ! populace4 ,( late ye>s1 ! m en]getic section ( ! p>ty has n only ab&on$ ! ',*ur* & ,k+' ,toryism ( ! old ,high ,*ur* p>ty1 b has plung$ into socialism4 ,! ,mirfield community is said to be /rongly imbu$ ) collectivi/ ideas2 & ! ,*ri/ian ,social ,union1 :i* is *iefly support$ by ,high ,*ur*m51 t5ds to become m & m a ,union ( ,*ri/ian ,sociali/s1 in/ead ( be+1 z 0 int5d$ by its f\nd]s1 a non-political association = ! /udy ( social duties & problems 9 ! light ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,?is attitude is p>tly ! result ( a close acqua9tance ) ! suff]+s ( ! urban prolet>iat1 :i* moves ! prie/s :o m9i/] among !m to a g5]\s sympa?y ) _! lot2 &1 p>tly1 x may be1 to an unav[$ calculation t an alliance ) ! mo/ rapidly gr[+ political p>ty may 9 "t to come be useful to ! ,*ur*4 ,_! me?ods ( tea*+ are also m democratic1 ?\gh _m ( !m make ! fatal mi/ake ( despis+ prea*+4 ,!y rely p>tly on :at !y call 'def9ite ,ca?olic tea*+1' includ+ frequ5t exhortations to ! practice ( confession2 & p>tly on appeals to ! eye1 by symbolic ritual & elaborate c]emonial4 ,_! m ornate s]vices are (t5 admirably p]=m$ f a spectacul> po9t ( view1 & are f> sup]ior to mo/ ,roman ,ca?olic functions 9 rev]5ce1 beauty1 & good ta/e4 ,! extreme section ( ! p>ty is contemptu\sly lawless1 n only repudiat+ ! au?ority ( ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 b fl\t+ ! bi%ops ) /udi$ insol5ce4 ,a gl>+ in/ance is to be f\nd 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,a!l/an ,riley & ! ,bi%op ( ,ox=d1 :i* foll[$ ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ritual practices4 ,doctr9ally1 ! mod]n ,rituali/ is prep>$ to surr5d] ! old !ory ( inspiration4 ,he takes1 inde$1 b little int]e/ 9 ! ,bible2 8 oracle is n ! ,book1 b '! ,*ur*4' ,:at he means by ! ,*ur* x is n easy to say4 ,! old ,anglican !ory ( ! infallible undivid$ ,*ur* is n repudiat$ by him1 b does n appeal to m9ds :i* look =w>d mu* m ?an backw>d2 he is n yet1 except 9 a few in/ances1 dispos$ to accept ! mod]n ,roman ,*ur* z ! arbit] ( doctr9e2 & ! ,engli% ,*ur* has no liv+ voice to :i* he pays ! slighte/ respect4 ,! 'tradition ( ,we/]n ,ca?olicism' is a phrase :i* has a mean+ = him1 & he probably hopes = a reunion1 at "s di/ant date1 ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* ) a re=m$ ,rome4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial1 9 8 op9ion1 t no alt]ation %all take place 9 ! =mul>ies :i* we %>e ) ,rome2 ! ,bible may be ?r[n to ! critics1 b ! ,cre$s are inviolable4 ,! ,?irty-n9e ,articles he passes by ) sil5t disda94 ,!y are1 he ?9ks n unju/ly1 a docum5t to :i* no "o1 ,high1 ,l[1 or ,broad1 c n[ subscribe )\t m5tal res]vations4 ,! !ory ( developm5t 9 doctr9e1 :i*1 9 its late/ application by ',mod]ni/s' l ,loisy & ,tyrell1 is n[ agitat+ ! ,roman ,*ur*1 is excit+ int]e/ 9 a few ( ! m ?\ghtful ,anglo-,ca?olics2 b ! majority are bl9d to ! difficulties = :i* ! !ory ( two k9ds ( tru? is a desp]ate rem$y4 ,nor is x likely1 p]haps1 t ! pla9 ,engli%man w ev] all[ t an o/5sibly hi/orical proposition may be false z a matt] ( fact1 b true = fai?4 ,?is p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* has a lay ,pope1 :o repres5ts ! op9ions ( ! m ent]pris+ among ! rank & file1 & is presid5t ( _! society1 ! ,engli% ,*ur* ,union4 ,x has ! ably conduct$ weekly newspap] above ref]r$ to1 & x has ! g5]al sympa?y & support ( ! /ronge/ man 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 ,*>les ,gore1 ,bi%op ( ,birm+ham4 ,?is prelate1 p>tly by 8 p]sonal qualities--8 eloqu5ce1 high-m9d$ dis9t]e/$ness1 & spl5did g5]osity1 & p>tly by kn[+ exactly :at he wants1 & hav+ full c\rage ( 8 op9ions1 has at pres5t an influ5ce 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* :i* is probably f> great] ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( public int]e/ to asc]ta9 :at 8 views & int5tions are1 z an ecclesia/ical /atesman & re=m]1 & z a !ologian4 ,bi%op ,gore ex]cis$ a /rong influ5ce ov] ! y\ng] m5 at ,ox=d be=e ! publication ( ',lux ,mundi4' ,b x 0 8 editor%ip ( ?is book1 & 8 contribution to x1 :i* fir/ br\ght 8 "n into prom95ce z a lead] ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! religi\s public1 ) r m p5etration ?an usual1 fa/5$ on ! pages ab\t inspiration1 & ! limitations ( ,*ri/'s human k1 :i* are f ! editor's own p51 z ! mo/ significant "p ( ! book4 ,! au?ors are believ$ to h be5 annoy$ by ! disproportionate att5tion paid to ?is %ort section4 ,b 9 tru? ^! pages indicat$ a new dep>ture among ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty1 a *ange m important ?an ! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i* 0 be+ made smoo!r = ! religi\s public by ! brilliant writ+s ( ,aubrey ,moore4 ,! acceptance ( ! v]dict ( mod]n criticism z to ! au?or%ip ( ! #aaj? ,psalm1 9 ! face ( ! record$ te/imony ( ,*ri/ t x 0 writt5 by ,david1 0 a concession to ',mod]nism' :i* /agg]$ ! old-fa%ion$ ,high ,*ur*man4 ,liddon did n conceal 8 di/ress t su* doctr9e %\ld h come out ( ! ,pusey ,h\se4 ,b ! manife/o 0 well tim$2 x enabl$ ! y\ng] m5 to g =w>d m freely1 & sacrific$ no?+ t 0 9 any way ess5tial to ! ,anglo-,ca?olic position4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ',lux ,mundi1' ! ,high ,*ur* cl]gy h be5 able )\t fe> to av[ _! belief 9 ! sci5tific !ories associat$ ) ,d>w9's "n1 & _! rejection ( ! rigid doctr9e ( v]bal inspiration1 :ile ! ,evangelicals1 :o h n be5 emancipat$ by _! lead]s1 lab\r "u ! reproa* ( extreme obscurantism 9 _! attitude t[>ds ,biblical /udies4 ,z ,canon ( ,we/m9/]1 & !n z ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 & ( ,birm+ham1 ,dr4 ,gore has writt5 & spok5 mu*1 & has def9$ 8 position m closely 9 relation to ,anglo-,ca?olicism1 to ,*ur* ,re=m1 & to ! social "q4 ,x w be conv5i5t to take ^! ?ree heads sep>ately4 ,?is ,bi%op reg>ds ! excesses ( ! ,rituali/s z a deplorable b probably inevitable incid5t 9 a great movem5t4 ,he quotes ,newman's remon/rance aga9/ "s hot-head$ memb]s ( 8 adopt$ ,*ur*1 :o1 'hav+ done _! be/ to set ! h\se on fire1 leave to o!rs ! task ( ext+ui%+ ! flames4'#bf ,b he rem9ds u t !re has always be5 'intemp]ate zeal' 9 ! ,*ur*1 f ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul's lett]s to ! ,*ur* at ,cor9? to our own day4 ',x mu/ ne$s be t (f5ces come1' :]ev] p]sons ( limit$ wisdom are v mu* 9 e>ne/4 ,! rem$y = extravagance is to give fair scope = ! legitimate pr9ciple4 ,9 ! case ( ! s-call$ ,rituali/ movem5t1 ! inspir+ pr9ciple or motive is easily f\nd4 ,x is ! idea ( a visible ,*ur*1 ex]cis+ lawful au?ority ov] its memb]s4 ,?is is ! key to ,bi%op ,gore's :ole position4 ,x re/s on ! conviction t ,jesus ,*ri/ f\nd$1 & meant to f\nd1 a visible ,*ur*1 an organis$ society4 ,x is reasonable1 ! ,bi%op says1 to suppose t ,he did int5d ?is1 = x is only by becom+ embodi$ 9 ! convictions ( a society1 & in=m+ its actions1 t ideas h reality & p[]4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld nev] h liv$ if !re _h be5 no ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,&1 f ! fir/1 ,*ri/ians believ$ t ?is society1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 0 n left to organise itself on any model :i* f "t to "t might seem to promise ! be/ results1 b 0 in/itut$ f above1 z a ,div9e ord9ance1 by ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ ,himself4#bg ,! witness ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s is unanim\s t ! conception ( a visible ,*ur* 0 a prom95t feature 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! sub-apo/olic age1 & x is pla9 t ! civil p[] suspect$ ! ,*ri/ians j because !y 7 s well organis$4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0 accu/om$ to tol]ate sup]/itions1 b x 0 "p ( h] policy to repress collegia illicita4 ,! witness ( ! ,new ,te/am5t po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,jesus ,*ri/ committ$ ,8 message1 n to writ+1 b to a 'little flock' ( devot$ adh]5ts4 ,he in/itut$ ! two great sacram5ts 7,bi%op ,gore w admit no unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t7 to be a tok5 ( memb]%ip & a bond ( bro!rhood4 ,he in/itut$ a civitas ,dei :i* 0 to be wide en\gh to embrace all1 b :i* makes = itself an exclusive claim4 ,! 'heav5' ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 a city1 a new ,j]usalem2 ,*ri/ians are spok5 ( by ,/4 ,paul z citiz5s ( a heav5ly commonweal?4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! univ]sal invisible ,*ur* & p>ticul> visible ,*ur*es is 'utt]ly unscriptural1' & 0 ov]?r[n long ago by ,william ,law 9 8 controv]sy ) ,hoadly4 ,z = ! ',apo/olical ,succession1' ,dr4 ,gore ?9ks t its pr9ciple is m important ?an ! =m 9 :i* x is embodi$4 ,! succession w\ld n be brok5 if all ! presbyt]s 9 ! ,*ur* gov]n$ z a college ( bi%ops2 & if some?+ ( ?is k9d actually happ5$ = a "t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* no argum5t aga9/ ! ,apo/olical ,succession c be bas$ !reon4#bh ,! pr9ciple is t no m9i/ry is valid :i* is assum$1 :i* a man takes ^u himself1 or :i* is delegat$ to him f bel[4 ,t ?is !ory is ,sac]dotalism 9 a s5se may be admitt$4 ,b x does n imply a vic>i\s prie/hood1 only a repres5tative "o4 ,x does n d5y ! prie/hood :i* belongs to ! ,*ur* z a :ole4 ,! true sac]dotalism means t ,*ri/ianity is ! life ( an organis$ society1 9 :i* a graduat$ body ( orda9$ m9i/]s is made ! in/rum5t ( unity4 ,x is no d\bt true t 9 su* a ,*ur* unspiritual m5 are made to m$iate spiritual gifts1 b happily we may di/+ui% "* & (fice4 ,nor mu/ we be det]r$ f ass]t+ our convictions by ! indignant prote/s :i* we are sure to he>1 t we are 'un*ur*+' ! non-episcopal bodies1#bi ,we d n ass]t t ,god is ti$ to ,8 cov5ant1 b only t we are s4 ,dr4 ,gore has no difficulty 9 prov+ t ! sac]dotal !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry took %ape at an e>ly date1 & has be5 consi/5tly ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* f anci5t times to our own day4 ,x is mu* m difficult to trace x back to ! ,apo/olic age1 ev5 if1 ) ,dr4 ,gore1 we accept z c]ta9 ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 :i* is /ill sub judice4 ,! ',dida*e' is a /umbl+-block to ^? :o wi% to f9d ,ca?olic practice 9 ! c5tury aft] our ,"l's dea?2 b t docum5t is dismiss$ z compos$ by a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian = a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian community4 ,aft] ! second c5tury1 ! apologi/s = ! prie/hood are 9 smoo? wat]s4 ,! conclusion is t '! v>i\s presbyt]ian & congregationali/ organisations1 9 disp5s+ ) ! episcopal succession1 violat$ a fundam5tal law ( ! ,*ur*'s life4'#cj ',a m9i/ry n episcopally receiv$ is invalid1 t is to say1 x falls outside ! conditions ( cov5ant$ security1 & _c ju/ify its exi/5ce 9 t]ms ( ! cov5ant4'#ca ,! ,anglican ,*ur* is n ask+ = ! cause to be decid$ all h] own way2 = %e has mu* to d to recall h]self to h] true pr9ciples4 ',god's promise to ,judah 0 t %e %\ld rememb] h] ways & %\ld be a%am$1 :5 %e %\ld receive h] si/]s ,sam>ia & ,sodom1 & t ,he w\ld give !m to h] = daught]s1 b n by h] cov5ant4'#cb ,! 'cov5ant' :i* ! ,*ur* is to be cont5t to =go 9 ord] to recov] ,sam>ia & ,sodom 7! ',free ,*ur*es' c h>dly be expect$ to reli% ?is me?od ( op5+ negotiations7 is app>5tly ! cov5ant betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ',9 ! future ! ,anglican ,*ur* mu/ be cont5t to act z1 fir/ ( all1 "p & p>cel ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 rul$ by h] laws1 emp[]$ by h] _s4' ,! bi%ops are to be ready to ma9ta91 at all co/1 ! inh]5t spiritual indep5d5ce :i* belongs to _! (fice4 ,su* a !ory ( ! ess5tials ( a true ,*ur* necess>ily requires1 z a coroll>y1 a refutation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic !ory ( ord]s1 :i* r$uces ! ,anglican cl]gy to ! same level z ! m9i/]s ( s*ismatical sects4 ,bi%op ,gore answ]s ! objection t ! ,roman ,*ur* is ! logical expression ( 8 !ory ( ! m9i/ry1 by say+ t ,roman ,ca?olicism is n ! developm5t ( ! :ole ( ! ,*ur*1 b only ( a "p ( x2 & moreov]1 t spiritually x does n repres5t ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity z x f9ds expression 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian age or 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4#cc ,! ,roman ,*ur* is a "o-sid$ outgr[? ( ! religion ( ,*ri/--a developm5t ( ^? qualities 9 ,*ri/ianity ) :i* ! ,lat9 g5ius has special aff9ity4 ,x has committ$ itself to unhi/orical doctr9es1 involv+ a defici5t appreciation ( ! intellectual & moral claim ( tru? to be valu$ = its own sake no less ?an = its results4 ,mu* ( its tea*+ c only be expla9$ z ! result ( an 'ov]-reckless accommodation to ! unreg5]ate natural in/9cts 9 religion4'#cd ,! fact t ! l>ge/ section ( ,*ri/5dom has become :at ,rome n[ is1 is no pro( t !irs is ! l9e ( true developm5t4 ,we c see ?is cle>ly en\gh if we consid] ! case ( ,buddhism4 ,! ma9 exi/+ developm5ts ( ,buddhism are a m]e trave/y ( ! _s ( ,sakya ,muni4#ce ,9 ?is way ,dr4 ,gore anticipates & rejects ! argum5t s9ce !n put =w>d by ,loisy1 & o!r ,lib]al ,ca?olic apologi/s1 t hi/ory has prov$ ,roman ,ca?olicism to be ! prop] developm5t ( ,*ri/'s religion4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 :i* indisputably possesses ! ,apo/olic ,succession1 has no reason to g humbly to ,borne to obta9 recognition ( h] ,ord]s4 ,s f>1 9 review+ ,bi%op ,gore's publi%$ op9ions1 we are on famili> ,high ,anglican gr\nd4 ,b :at is ! ,bi%op's seat ( au?ority 9 doctr9e8 ,he has %[n himself will+1 )9 limits1 to apply critical me?ods to ,holy ,scripture4 ,he has v little respect = ! infallible ,pope4 ,& he w\ld be ! la/ to tru/ to private judgm5t--! te/imonium ,spiritus ,sancti z und]/ood by "s ,prote/ants4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! ultimate ,c\rt ( ,appeal8 ,bi%op ,gore f9ds x 9 ! two e>lie/ ( ! ?ree ,cre$s1 '9 :i* ,ca?olic cons5t is especially express$2' & 9 a half apologetic mann] he adds t ?is ,ca?olic basis has be5 'g5]ally und]/ood' to imply 'an unrealisable b n !re=e unreal appeal to a ,g5]al ,c\ncil4'#cf ,no revision1 !re=e1 ( ! ,*ur*'s doctr9al =mul>ies c be made except by ! au?ority ( a c\rt :i* c nev]1 by any possibility1 be summon$6 ,! unique sanctity & obligation :i* ,bi%op ,gore consid]s to atta* to ! ,cre$s h be5 ass]t$ by him aga9 & aga9 ) a vehem5ce :i* proves t he reg>ds ! matt] z ( vital importance4 ',!re mu/ be no compromise z reg>ds ! ,cre$s4444 ,if ^? :o live 9 an atmosph]e ( intellectual criticism become incapable ( su* s9c]e public pr(ession ( belief z ! ,cre$ conta9s1 ! ,*ur* mu/ look to recruit h] m9i/ry f classes /ill capable ( a m simple & unhesitat+ fai?4'#cg ,&1 aga91 9 8 mo/ rec5t book3 ',i h tak5 occasion be=e n[ to make x evid5t t1 z f> z ,i c secure x1 ,i w admit no "o into ?is diocese1 or into ,holy ,ord]s1 to m9i/] = ! congregation1 :o does n ex animo believe ! ,cre$s4'#ch ,dr4 ,gore has n sp>$ to /igmatise z morally di%one/ ^? :o desire to s]ve ! ,*ur* z its m9i/]s :ile h>b\r+ d\bts ab\t ! physical miracle kn[n z ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 & "o ( 8 cl]gy 0 a few ye>s ago induc$ to resign 8 liv+ by an asp]sion ( ?is k9d1 to :i* ! ,bi%op gave publicity 9 ! daily press4 ,n[ x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ! ,anglican cl]gy are b\nd to decl>e _! adhesion n only to ! ,cre$s1 b to ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 & to ! infallible tru? ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,bi%op ,gore1 h[ev]1 holds t :5 a new deacon1 on ! day ( 8 ord9ation1 solemnly decl>es t he 'ass5ts to ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1' & t he 'believes ! doctr9e !re9 set =? to be agreeable to ! ^w ( ,god1' he 'c no long] fairly be reg>d$ z b\nd to p>ticul> phrases or expressions 9 ! ,articles4'#ci ,& fur!r1 :5 ! same new deacon expresses 8 'unfeign$ belief 9 all ! canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1' 't expression ( belief c be fairly & ju/ly made by anyone :o believes he>tily t ! ,bible1 z a :ole1 records & conta9s ! message ( ,god to man 9 all its /ages ( deliv]y & t ea* "o ( ! books conta9s "s elem5t or aspect ( ?is revelation4'#dj ,! ,bi%op himself has affirm$ 8 p]sonal belief t "s n>ratives 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are probably n hi/orical4 ,x may fairly be ask$ on :at pr9ciple he is prep>$ to evade ! pla9 s5se & int5tion ( a doctr9al te/ 9 two cases :ile /igmatis+ z morally flagiti\s any attempts to d ! same 9 a ?ird4 ,= x is unque/ionable t a g5]al ass5t to ! ,articles does n mean t ! man :o gives t ass5t is free to repudiate any 'p>ticul> phrases or expressions' :i* d n please him4 ,a witness :o admitt$ hav+ sign$ an affidavit ) ?is int5tion w\ld cut a poor figure 9 a law c\rt4 ,& x is difficult to see h[ adhesion to ! antiquat$ !ory ( inspiration c\ld be dem&$ m /r+5tly ?an by ! =m ( words :i* 0 drawn up1 z none c d\bt1 to secure x4 ,^! ?+s be+ s1 ei!r ! accusation ( bad fai? applies to ! treatm5t :i* ! ,bi%op ju/ifies 9 ! case ( ! ,articles & ! ,bible1 or x %\ld n be br\ght aga9/ ^? :o apply to "o clause 9 _! v[s ! pr9ciple :i* is admitt$ & us$ 9 two o!rs4 ,!re are "s hon\rable m5 :o h ab/a9$ f ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* on acc\nt ( ^! requirem5ts4 ,b !re are _m o!rs :o recognise t k gr[s & op9ions *ange1 :ile =mul>ies = ! mo/ "p rema9 unalt]$2 & :o consid] t1 s long z _! g5]al position is und]/ood by ^? among :om !y "w1 x w\ld be ov]scrupul\s to refuse an inw>d call to ! m9i/ry because !y "k t !y w be ask$ to give a =mal ass5t to unsuitably word$ te/s drawn up ?ree c5turies ago4 ,dr4 ,gore himself w\ld probably h be5 refus$ ord9ation fifty ye>s ago on ! gr\nd ( 8 lax views on inspiration2 & ! ,bi%ops :o approv$ ( ! condemnation ( ,col5so1 :o condemn$ ',essays & ,reviews1' & :o w\ld h condemn$ ',lux ,mundi1' 7 m 'hone/' to ! te/s ?an _! successors4 ,b an ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 t k9d ( hone/y w\ld h exclud$ f ! m9i/ry all except fools1 li>s1 & bigots4 ,aga91 x might h be5 suppos$ t ! laity also1 :o at _! baptism & confirmation made ! same decl>ation ( belief 9 'all ! articles' ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & :o are bidd5 by ! ,*ur* to repeat ! same ,cre$ e week1 are 9 ! same position z ! cl]gy4 ,b ! ,bi%op aga9 attempts to draw a di/9ction4 ',! responsibility ( jo9+ 9 ! ,cre$ is left to ! consci5ce ( ! layman1' b n to ! consci5ce ( ! cl]gyman1 nor1 we suppose1 ( ! *oir4#da ,?is plea seems to u a v lame "o4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has nev] ?\ght ( impos+ sev]] doctr9al te/s on ! cl]gy ?an on ! laity1 & ass5t to ! ,cre$s is z integral a "p ( ! baptismal z ( ! ord9ation v[s4 ,no loyal ,*ri/ian wi%es to impugn a doctr9e :i* t\*es s closely ! life ( ! ,r$eem] z ! acc\nt ( ,8 miracul\s conception1 :i* appe>s1 9 our texts1 9 two books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if ! tradition is z old z ! ,*ur*1 :i* is v d\btful1 x mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 re/ on ! unsupport$ ass]tion ( ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus2 = ,joseph c\ld only te/ify t ! *ild 0 n 84 ,x is !re=e useless to re9=ce ! ,gospel n>rative by appeal+ to ',ca?olic tradition1'#db z if x c\ld add any?+ to ! evid5ce4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,bi%op's own feel+s ab\t tradition1 t he quietly sets aside ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels t ,joseph & ,m>y _h a l>ge family ( f\r sons & m ?an "o daught] by _! m>riage4 ,?is /atem5t1 :i* is d\btless hi/orical1 became intol]able to ! consci5ce ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! long fr5zy ( asceticism1 :5 m>ital relations 7 reg>d$ z impure & degrad+2 & 9 consequ5ce ! p]petual virg9ity ( ,m>y1 ?\gh contradict$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 became z mu* an article ( fai? z h] conception ( ,jesus by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,we h no wi% to criticise ! argum5ts = ! ,virg9 ,bir? :i* ,dr4 ,gore has collect$ 9 8 ',diss]tations4' ,b :5 a /r5u\s ef=t is made to exclude f ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur* all :o _c decl>e ex animo t !y believe x to be a c]ta9 hi/orical fact1 x becomes a duty to po9t out t1 on ord9>y pr9ciples ( evid5ce1 ! /ory mu/ %>e ! unc]ta9ty :i* hangs ov] o!r /range & unsupport$ n>ratives4 ,! ,bi%op expresses 8 d\bt :e!r ^? :o reg>d ?is miracle z unprov5 c be conv9c$ ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,?is only %[s h[ difficult x is = an ecclesia/ic 9 8 high position to induce ei!r cl]gy or laity to talk frankly to him4 ,to mo/ educat$ m5 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 believ+ t ! ,son ( ,god became inc>nate ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( two e>?ly p>5ts4 ,! analogy ( hybrids 9 ! animal _w is n felt to apply to ! union ( ! human & div9e natures1 except by p]sons ( v l[ intellig5ce4 ,we %\ld h pref]r$ to be sil5t on ?is delicate subject1 b = ! fact t "s m5 :om ! ,*ur* c ill sp>e h be5 advis$ (ficially n to apply = ord9ation1 on acc\nt ( _! views ab\t ?is miracle4 ,=tunately1 ! practice ( dem&+ m specific decl>ations ?an ! law requires has n be5 adopt$ 9 mo/ dioceses4 ,! "q ( ! miracul\s elem5t 9 religi\s tru? has inde$ rea*$ an acute /age4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e is & always has be5 t !re are two 'ord]s'--! natural & ! sup]natural--on ! same plane1 & di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! ,ca?olic !ologian is prep>$ to def9e :at occurr5ces 9 ! lives ( ! ,sa9ts are natural1 & :at sup]natural4 ,miracles are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & are e/abli%$ by ord9>y evid5ce4 ,?ree miracles h to be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ea* c&idate = canonisation be=e he or %e is entitl$ to be> ! title ( sa9t1 & ! evid5ce = ^! miracles is sift$ by a commission4 ,?is !ory has be5 practically ab&on$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,!re are few among our ecclesia/ics & !ologians :o w\ld sp5d five m9utes 9 inve/igat+ any alleg$ sup]natural occurr5ce 9 our own "t4 ,x w\ld be assum$ t1 if true1 x mu/ be ascrib$ to "s obscure natural cause4 ,! result is t ! miracles 9 ! ,cre$s1 or 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are isolat$ z !y h nev] be5 be=e4 ,!y seem to =m an ord] by !mselves1 a class ( fact belong+ nei!r to ! _w ( ph5om5a z we "k x1 nor to ! _w ( _s z we "k x4 ,f ?is situation has aris5 ! t5d5cy1 increas+ly preval5t bo? 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* & 9 ,prote/ant ,g]many1 to di/+ui% 'tru?s ( fai?' f 'tru?s ( fact1' ,! =m]1 x is said1 h a repres5tative1 symbolic "*1 & are only degrad$ by be+ plac$ 9 ! same category z physical ph5om5a4 ,?is cont5tion is op5 to v s]i\s objections1 b x at lea/ indicates ! actual /ate ( ! problem1 viz4 t to mo/ educat$ m5 ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity seems to float betwe5 e>? & heav51 no long] ess5tially connect$ ) ei!r1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! majority ( religi\s p1 includ+ a few m5 ( high intellig5ce1 f9d x difficult to realise _! fai? )\t ! help ( ! miracul\s4 ,sup]naturalism1 :i* f ! sci5tific po9t ( view is ! mo/ unsatisfactory ( all !ories1 trav]s+ z x does ! fir/ article 9 ! cre$ ( sci5ce--! uni=mity ( nature--gives1 aft] all1 a k9d ( crude syn!sis ( ! natural & ! spiritual1 by :i* x is possible to live2 x is1 = _m p]sons1 an indisp5sable bridge betwe5 ! _w ( ph5om5a & ! _w ( _s4 ,b :5 ! heavy-h&$ dogmati/ requires a categorical ass5t to ! lit]al tru? ( ! miracul\s1 9 exactly ! same s5se 9 :i* physical facts are true1 a t5sion betwe5 fai? & reason _c be avoid$4 ,& x is 9 ?is lit]al s5se t ,bi%op ,gore requires all 8 cl]gy to ass5t to ! miracles 9 ! ,cre$s4 ,! fact is t ! ,ca?olic p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* are 9 a hopeless impasse ) reg>d to dogma4 ,!y _c take any /ep :i* w\ld divide !m f '! :ole ,*ur*1' & ! :ole ,*ur* no long] exi/s except z an ideal--x has long ago be5 %iv]$ into fragm5ts4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* is 9 a mu* bett] position4 ,! ,pope may at any "t 'int]pret' tradition 9 su* a mann] z to *ange x completely--!re is no appeal f 8 au?oritative pron\ncem5ts2 b = ! ,high ,anglican !re is no liv+ au?ority1 only ! dead h&1 & a ,c\ncil :i* c nev] meet4 ,x is mu* z if no important legislation c\ld be pass$ 9 ?is c\ntry )\t a jo9t session ( our ,p>liam5t & ! ,am]ican ,congress4 ,x is difficult to see any way ( escape1 except by accept+ ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 a s5se :i* w\ld repudiate ! "t-hon\r$ 'appeal to antiquity4' ,we h next to consid] ,bi%op ,gore z a ,*ur* ,re=m]4 ,we h se5 t he desires an autonom\s ,*ur*1 :i* c legislate = itself4 ,! dead h&1 :i* weighs s lightly ^u him :5 x =bids any attempt to revise ! =mul>ies ( ! fai?1 seems to him intol]ably heavy :5 x obliges ! ,*ur* to con=m to '! laws1 canons1 & rubrics ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :i* x _c alt] or add to4'#dc ,! only rem$y1 he ?9ks1 is a really repres5tative assembly1 ( bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 & laym54 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 z he po9ts out1 ! laity 7 always recognis$ z con/itu5t memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 a democratic age1 ! laity z a body %\ld ex]cise ! p[]s :i* 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 delegat$ to1 or usurp$ by1 'emp]ors1 k+s1 *iefs & lords4' ,! p>i% ought to h ! real control ( ! ,*ur* build+s1 except ! *ancel2 ! ,*ur* s]vants ought to be appo9t$ & remov$ by ! p>i% meet+4 ,x w\ld be a /ep =w>d if ^! p>i% c\ncils c\ld be organis$ "u diocesan regulation1 & inve/$ ) ! control ( ! p>i% f9ances1 except ! vic>'s /ip5d2 ! "r to object to ! appo9tm5t ( an unfit pa/or2 & "s p[] ( det]m9+ ! c]emonial at ! ,*ur* s]vices4 ,! diocesan synod %\ld become a reality2 !re %\ld also be prov9cial synods1 :i* c\ld become national by fusion4 ,b 9 ! la/ resort ! decl>ation ( ! m9d ( ! ,*ur* on matt]s ( doctr9e & morals ought to belong to ! bi%ops4#dd ,b :o are ! laity8 ',by a layman1' he says1 ',i mean "o :o fulfils ! duties ( ,*ur* memb]%ip--"o :o is baptis$ into ! ,*ur*1 :o has be5 confirm$ if he has rea*$ ye>s ( discretion1 & :o is a communicant4' ,a roll ( ,*ur* memb]s1 he sugge/s1 %\ld be kept 9 ea* p>i%1 on :i* %\ld be ent]$ ! "n ( ea* confirm$ p]son1 male or female4 ,! names ( ^? :o _h pass$ 7say7 two ye>s )\t communicat+ %\ld be /ruck (f ! roll4 ,fur!r1 names %\ld be removable = any sc&al\s (f5ces4#de ,x is easy to see t ! 'communicant fran*ise' w\ld "w entirely 9 fav\r ( t p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* :i* atta*es ! greate/ importance to t ,sacram5t4 ,x w\ld exclude a l>ge numb] ( ,prote/ant laym5 :o subscribe to ,*ur* funds1 & :o on any o!r fran*ise w\ld h a %>e 9 its gov]nm5t4 ,b we ne$ n suspect ,dr4 ,gore ( any arrire p5se ( ?is k9d4 ,8 ideal ( p>o*ial life is "o :i* mu/ appeal to all :o wi% well to ! ,*ur*4 ,we w quote a few *>act]i/ic s5t5ces3 ',are we to set to "w to revive ,/4 ,paul's ideal ( ! life ( a ,*ur*8 ,if s1 :at we ne$ is n m ,*ri/ians1 b bett] ,*ri/ians4 ,we want to make ! moral mean+ ( ,*ur* memb]%ip und]/ood & its conditions appreciat$4 ,we want to make m5 und]/& t x co/s some?+ to be a ,*ri/ian2 t to be a ,*ri/ian1 t is1 a ,*ur*man1 is to be an intellig5t p>ticipator 9 a corporate life consecrat$ to ,god1 & to conc]n oneself1 !re=e1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 all t t\*es ! corporate life1 its ext]nal z well z its spiritual conditions4444 ,we ,*ri/ians are fell[-citiz5s toge!r 9 ! commonweal? t is consecrat$ to ,god1 a commonweal? ( mortal m5 ) bodies z well z s\ls4'#df ,) reg>d to ritual1 he w n all[ t ! disputes are unimportant4 ,! vital "q ( self-gov]nm5t is at /ake4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 a 'm]e c]emony' may mean a great deal4 ,/4 ,paul1 :o said ',circumcision is no?+1' also said1 ',if ye be circumcis$ ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+1'#dg ,?is is q consi/5t ) 8 he>ty disapproval ( ! introduction ( purely ,roman c]emonial4 ,does ?is ideal ( a free ,*ur* 9 a free ,/ate involve dise/abli%m5t8 ,n necess>ily1 ,dr4 ,gore ?9ks4 ,:y %\ld n legal au?ority be entru/$ to diocesan c\rts1 ) a "r ( appeal to a c\rt ( bi%ops1 aboli%+ ! jurisdiction ( ! ,judicial ,committee 9 spiritual cases8 ,x is ! p>alysis ( spiritual au?ority1 9 8 op9ion1 :i* pu%es into prom95ce all extravagances1 & conceals ! va/ am\nt ( agreem5t :i* exi/s 9 ess5tials4 ',we are we>y ( debat+ societies2 we want ! heal?y discipl9e ( co-op]ative gov]nm5t4'#dh ,! policy ( ?is self-gov]n+ ,*ur* is to be ',lib]al-,ca?olic1' a type :i* 'responds to ! moral ne$s ( our great race4' ,su* is ! s*eme ( ,*ur* re=m t[>ds :i* ! ,bi%op is work+2 & he has told u1 9 ! s5t5ce la/ quot$1 :at k9d ( ,*ur* he looks =w>d to see4 ,b :at k9d ( ,*ur* w\ld x actually be1 if 8 designs 7 c>ri$ out8 ,x w\ld n be a national ,*ur*2 = 8 belief t ,ca?olicism 'responds to ! moral ne$s ( our race' is contradict$ by ! :ole hi/ory ( mod]n ,engl&4 ,! laity ( ,engl& may n be q 'z ,prote/ant z ev] !y 71 ?\gh we (t5 he> t !y are s2 b !y %[ no disposition to become ,ca?olics4 ,ca?olicism z we "k x is ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 & ev5 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries x is n[ a ho?\se plant1 dep5d5t on a special education 9 ,ca?olic s*ools & sem9>ies1 ) an index librorum prohibitorum4 ,su* a sy/em is impossible 9 ,engl&4 ,sem9>ies = ! e>ly tra9+ ( future cl]gym5 may inde$ be e/abli%$2 b b$s ( exotics _c be rais$ by keep+ ! g>d5]s 9 gre5h\ses :ile ! "y plants are 9 ! op5 air4 ,! ',lib]al ,ca?olic' ,*ur*1 accord+ly1 w\ld %$1 by degrees1 ! v l>ge numb] ( ,*ur*m5 :o /ill call !mselves ,prote/ant4 ,nor w\ld ! adjective ',lib]al' secure ! adhesion ( ! 'intellectuals4' ,bi%op ,gore's ,lib]alism w\ld exclude mo/ ( !m z effectually z ! mo/ rigid ,cons]vatism4 ,x w\ld also be a dise/abli%$ & dis5d[$ ,*ur*2 = surely x is build+ ca/les 9 ! air to ?9k ( episcopal c\rts recognis$ by law4 ,! prospect ( dise/abli%m5t does n al>m ! ,bi%op4 ,"s ( 8 utt]ances sugge/ t he w\ld almo/ welcome x4 ,inde$1 dise/abli%m5t is view$ ) complac5cy by an increas+ numb] ( ,high ,*ur* cl]gy4 ,!y feel t !y c nev] c>ry out _! plans = de-,prote/antis+ ! ,*ur* :ile ! ,cr[n has ! appo9tm5t ( ! bi%ops4 ,= ev5 if1 z has lately be5 ! case1 _! p>ty gets m ?an its due %>e ( pref]m5t1 !re w always1 "u ! exi/+ sy/em1 be a suffici5t numb] ( ,lib]al & ,evangelical bi%ops on ! b5* to make a consi/5t policy ( ,ca?olicis+ impossible4 ,& ! ,ca?olic p>ty are s admirably organis$ t !y are confid5t 9 _! p[] to c>ry _! s*emes "u any =m ( self-gov]nm5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! mass ( ! laity are unt\*$ by _! views4 ,moreov]1 ! t[n cl]gy1 among :om are to be f\nd advocates ( dise/abli%m5t1 f9d 9 _m places t ! p>o*ial idea has completely brok5 d[n4 ,! unit is ! congregation1 no long] ! p>i%1 & ! cl]gy are support$ by pew-r5ts & volunt>y (f]+s1 n by end[m5ts4 ,9 su* p>i%es1 dise/abli%m5t might1 !y ?9k1 give !m great] lib]ty1 & w\ld make little diff]5ce to !m 9 o!r ways4 ,b 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ! case is v diff]5t4 ,?irty ye>s aft] dise/abli%m5t1 ! quiet c\ntry rectory1 ne/l+ 9 its b[] ( trees & %rubs1 ) all t x has meant = c5turies 9 ,engli% rural life1 w\ld 9 mo/ villages be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! ,bi%op's policy ( recon/ruct+ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z a self-gov]n+ body1 pr(ess+ def9itely ,ca?olic pr9ciples & enjo9+ ,ca?olic practices1 seems to u an impossible "o4 ,! *ief ga9] by x w\ld be ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :i* w\ld ga!r 9 ! mo/ consi/5t & en]getic ( ! ,anglo-,ca?olics1 :o w\ld be dissatisfi$ at ! contra/ betwe5 ! pret5sions ( _! own ,*ur* & its isolat$ position4 ,! non-episcopal bodies w\ld also ga9 num]\s recruits f among ! ru9s ( ! ,evangelical & ,lib]al p>ties 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,b1 x may be said1 ?is dismal =eca/ may be falsifi$ if ! ,anglican ,*ur* c w9 ! masses4 ,! ,engli% populace are at pres5t nei!r ,prote/ant nor ,ca?olic2 !y are1 if we c\nt heads1 ma9ly hea!n4 ,may n ! work+ man1 :o has no lean+ to diss5t1 unless x be ! 'corybantic ,*ri/ianity' ( ! ,salvation ,army1 be br\ght into ! ,*ur*8 ,bi%op ,gore has always %[n an e>ne/ sympa?y ) ! aspirations ( ! work+ class to improve _! mat]ial condition4 ,he is also pr(\ndly impress$ by ! app>5t discrepancy betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ ab\t weal? & ! pr9ciples :i* ,8 pr(ess$ disciples :olly foll[ & 9 "p av[4 ,^! anxi\s que/ion+s =m ! subject ( a f9e s]mon :i* he prea*$ at ! ,*ur* ,congress ( #aijf1 on ! text ab\t ! camel & ! ne$le's eye4 ,jesus ,*ri/ *ose to be born ( poor & humble p>5ts1 9 a l& remote f ! c5tre ( political or intellectual influ5ce1 & 9 ! circle ( lab\r+ m54 ,he *ose to belong to ! class ( ! respectable artisan1 & mo/ ( ! twelve ,apo/les came f ! same social level4 ,9 ,8 tea*+ ,he pla9ly associat$ bless$ness ) ! lot ( pov]ty1 & extreme dang] ) ! lot ( weal?4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t ! assumption is t ,god is on ! side ( ! poor aga9/ ! ri*4 ,z ,j[ett once said1 !re is m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t aga9/ be+ ri*1 & 9 fav\r ( be+ poor1 ?an we l to recognise4 ,& is n ?is ! cause ( our failure to w9 ! masses8 ,is x n because we are ! ,*ur* ( capital r ?an ( lab\r8 ,! ,*ur* ought to be a community 9 :i* religion works upw>d f bel[4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& expresses t po9t ( view :i* is precisely n t :i* ,*ri/ *ose = ,8 ,*ur*4 ,! incomes ( ! bi%ops range !m ) ! weal?i] classes2 ! cl]gy associate ) ! g5try & n ) ! artisans4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge ) deep p5it5ce t we are on wrong l9es4 ,= himself1 ! ,bi%op admits t he has 'a p]man5tly tr\bl$ consci5ce' 9 ! matt]4 ,!n1 ) t admirable c\rage & practicality :i* is ! secret ( mu* ( 8 influ5ce1 he proce$s to indicate f\r 'l9es ( hopeful recov]y4' ,fir/1 ! ,*ur* mu/ get rid ( ! adm9i/ration ( poor relief4 ,:]e ! *>ity ( ! ,*ur* is und]/ood to mean ! patronage ( ! ri*1 x c d no?+ )\t disa/]4 ,all w be 9 va9 till x has ceas$ to be a plausible taunt t a man or woman goes to *ur* = :at c be got4 ,secondly1 we mu/ give ! artisans _! true place 9 ,*ur* managem5t1 & mu/ consult _! ta/es 9 all non-ess5tials4 ,?irdly1 ! cl]gy %\ld 'conc5trate !mselves ^u br++ out ! social mean+ ( ! sacram5ts1' & giv+ voice to ! _s ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,la/ly1 we ought to free ! cl]ical pr(ession entirely f any association ( class4 ,! ,bi%op is n a ,collectivi/1 b he has great sympa?y ) "s ( ! aims ( ,socialism4 ,9 a ',pan-,anglican ,pap]' j issu$1 he discusses ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ,socialism4 ,*ri/ianity1 he says1 mu/ rema9 indep5d5t ( ,/ate-,socialism1 z ( o!r organisations ( society4 ,socialism w\ld make a f> deep] dem& on "* ?an mo/ ( its adh]5ts realise4 ',an exp]im5t 9 ,/ate-,socialism1 bas$ on ! av]age level ( human "* z x exi/s at pres5t1 w\ld be doom$ to disa/r\s failure4' 7,bi%op ,creighton said ! same ?+ m epigrammatically4 ',socialism w only be possible :5 we are all p]fect1 & !n x w n be ne$$4'7 ,b :at we h is no ,sociali/ic ,/ate1 b a great body ( aspiration1 bas$ on a great dem& = ju/ice 9 human life4 ,! indictm5t ( our pres5t social organisation is inde$ ov]:elm+1 & ) ?is indictm5t ,*ri/ianity ought to h ! pr(\nde/ sympa?y1 = x is sub/antially ! indictm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,! prophets 7 on ! side ( ! poor2 & s 0 our ,"l4 ,:]e is ! prophetic _s 9 ! ,*ur* to-day8 ,we ne$ 'a trem5d\s act ( p5it5ce4' ,our *>ities h be5 m]e ambulance-"w2 b '! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 n creat$ to be an ambulance-corps4' ,we h foll[$ ! old s*ool ( political economy in/ead ( ! prophets & ,*ri/4 ,broadly1 we may contra/ two ideals ( society3 individualism1 :i* means 9 ! long run ! "r ( ! /rong2 & socialism1 :i* means t ! society is supreme ov] ! individual4 ',on ! :ole1 ,*ri/ianity is ) ,socialism4' ,?is ',pan-,anglican ,pap]' is a fair repres5tation ( ! views :i* are spread+ rapidly among ! ,high ,*ur* cl]gy4 ,! p>ty is 9 fact mak+ a det]m9$ ef=t to enli/ ! sympa?ies ( ! work+ man ) ! ,*ur*1 by (f]+ him 9 return its sympa?y & c\nt5ance 9 8 /ruggle aga9/ capitalism4 ,?is is a phase ( ! movem5t :i* x is v difficult to judge fairly4 ,dr4 ,gore's s]mon 0 calculat$ to give any ,*ri/ian :o he>d x1 :e!r ,cons]vative or ,lib]al1 'a tr\bl$ consci5ce2' & 8 practical sugge/ions are z conv9c+ z any sugge/ions t are n platitudes are likely to be4 ,b 9 weak] h&s ?is sympa?y ) ! cause ( ,lab\r is 9 great dang] ( becom+ "o ( ! mo/ insidi\s temptations t c attack a religi\s body4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has be5 freely accus$ ( too great complaisance to ! p[]s t be1 :5 ^? p[]s 7 olig>*ic4 ,"s ( ! cl]gy are n[ try+ to repeat1 r ?an r$ress1 ?is error1 by an obsequi\s attitude to ,k+ ,work+-man4 ,b ! ,*ur* ought to be equally pro( aga9/ ! vultus in/antis tyranni & ! civium ardor prava iub5tium4 ,! position ( a ,*ur* :i* %\ld sell itself to ! ,lab\r p>ty w\ld be truly ignom9i\s4 ,x w\ld be us$ s long z ! politicians ( ! p>ty ne$$ moral support & eloqu5t advocacy1 & spurn$ z soon z its s]vices 7 no long] necess>y4 ,! taunt ( ,hel5 to ,aphrodite 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ',iliad' s\nds v apposite :5 we read ! spee*es ( "s cl]ical ',*ri/ian ,sociali/s1' :o f9d x m excit+ to organise processions ( ! unemploy$ ?an to att5d to _! pr(essional duties4 hs p>' ahy?on hiohysa1 !hn d' haphoeike kelehy?oy1 md' heti sohisi phodess9 hypo/rhepseia/ ',holympon1 hall' ahiehi p]hi keh9on hohizye kahi he phylasse1 ehi/ ho khe s' h halo*on poihsetai1 h ho ge dohyln4#di ,x is z a slave1 n z an hon\r$ help-mate1 t ! ,social ,democrats w\ld treat any ,*ri/ian body t help$ !m to ov]?r[ our pres5t civilisation4 ,& rightly2 = ,*ri/'s only injunction 9 ! sph]e ( economics 01 ',take he$ & bew>e ( all covet\sness1' ,he refus$ po9t$ly to h any?+ to d ) disputes ab\t ! di/ribution ( prop]ty2 & 9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son ! dem&1 ',give me ! portion ( goods t falle? to me1' is ! prelude to a j\rney 9 t 'f> c\ntry' :i* is =getfulness ( ,god 7t]ra long9qua e/ oblivio ,dei74 ,*ri/ unque/ionably meant ,8 foll[]s to ?9k b little ( ! accessories ( life4 ,he believ$ t if m5 c\ld be induc$ to adopt ! true /&>d ( values1 economic relations w\ld adju/ !mselves4 ,he promis$ ,8 disciples t !y %\ld n want ! necess>ies ( subsi/5ce1 & = ! re/1 ,he held t ! fre$om f anxiety1 covet\sness1 & envy1 :i* ,he enjo9$ z a duty1 w\ld also make _! life happy4 ,?is is a v diff]5t _s f t :i* makes ,socialism a =ce 9 politics4 ,bi%op ,gore1 we may be sure1 w n will+ly all[ ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty to be entangl$ 9 corrupt alliances4 ,:5 he h&les :at may be call$ appli$ ,*ri/ianity1 he does s 9 a mann] :i* makes u rejoice at ! popul>ity ( 8 books4 ,! little comm5t>ies on ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & on ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ,ephesians1 are admirable4 ,!y are simple1 practical1 & pr(\nd4 ,we subjo9 a %ort analysis ( ! notes on ! fir/ "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 z an illu/ration ( ! tea*+ :i* runs all ?r\gh ! ?ree comm5t>ies4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is n ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! climax ( law1 ( ! lett] t kille?4 ,! ,div9e requirem5t is press$ home ) unequall$ =ce ^u ! consci5ce2 yet n 9 ! =m ( m]e laws ( conduct1 b z a type ( "*4 ,x is promulgat$ n by an inaccessible ,god1 b by ! ,div9e ,love manife/$ 9 manhood4 ,! h>d dem& ( ! lett] is closely connect$ ) ! promise ( ! ,_s4 ,we are told t _m ( ! precepts 9 ! s]mon 7 anticipat$ by ,pagan & ,jewi% writ]s4 ,b ?is we might h expect$1 s9ce all m5 are rational & moral ?r\gh fell[%ip ) ! ,^w1 :o is also ! ,reason ( ,god4 ,*ri/ is ! light :i* 9 consci5ce & reason light5s e man ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,b ! ,s]mon is compreh5sive :]e o!r summ>ies are fragm5t>y1 x is pure :]e !y are mix$4 ,x is tea*+ = gr[n m51 :o require pr9ciples1 n rules4 ,& x is au?oritative1 re9=c$ by ! my/]i\s ,p]son ( ! speak]4 ,! ,beatitudes are a description ( "*4 ,*ri/ requires u1 n to d su* & su* ?+s1 b to be su* & su* p4 444 ,true bless$ness consi/s 9 memb]%ip ( ! k+dom ( heav51 :i* is a life ( p]fect relation%ip ) man & nature bas$ on p]fect fell[%ip ) ,god4444 ,! ,beatitudes describe ! ,*ri/ian "* 9 detail2 9 p>ticul>1 !y describe x z contra/$ ) ! "* ( ! _w1 :i*1 9 ! religi\s s5se1 may be def9$ z human society z x organises itself ap>t f ,god4 ,! fir/ ,beatitude enjo9s deta*m5t1 su* z ,8 :o empti$ ,himself1 z hav+ no?+ & yet possess+ all ?+s4 ,we are all to be deta*$2 !re are "s :om our ,"l c\nsels to be lit]ally poor4 ',bless$ are !y t m\rn' means t we are n to scre5 ourselves f ! common lot ( pa94 ,we mu/ di/+ui% 'godly sorr[' f ! peevi% discont5t & slo?fulness :i* ,/4 ,paul calls ! sorr[ ( ! _w1 & :i* 9 m$ieval casui/ry is nam$ ac$ia4 ',bless$ are ! meek' means t we are n to ass]t ourselves unless x is our duty to d s4 ,! true ,*ri/ian is a man :o 9 8 private capacity _c be provok$4 ,on a g5]al view ( life1 ?\gh n always 9 p>ticul> cases1 we mu/ all[ t we are n treat$ worse ?an we des]ve4 ,! f\r? ,beatitude tells u t if we want righte\sness s]i\sly1 we c h x4 ,! fif? proclaims ! rew>d ( m]cy1 t is1 compassion 9 action4 ,pity :i* does no?+ is only hypocrisy or emotional self-indulg5ce4 ,on ! :ole1 we c det]m9e m5's attitude to u by our attitude to !m2 ! m]ciful d obta9 m]cy4 ',purity ( he>t' means s+l5ess ( purpose2 b 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( purity x is wor? :ile to say t ^? :o pr(ess to f9d x 'impossible' to lead a pure life might ov]come _! fault if !y w\ld try to be ,*ri/like altoge!r1 in/ead ( /ruggl+ ) t "o fault sep>ately4 ',s9c]um e/ nisi vas1 quodcunque infundis acescit4' ,on ! sev5?--!re are _m k9ds ( false peace1 :i* ,*ri/ came to break up2 b fi]ce1 rel5tless competition is an (f5ce 9 a ,*ri/ian nation4 ,! la/ %[s :at our rew>d is likely to be 9 ?is _w1 if we foll[ ^! c\nsels4 ,:]e ! ,*ri/-"* is n welcom$1 x is hat$4 ,f ! lat] sections a few *>act]i/ic comm5ts may be giv5 9 an abridg$ =m4 ,we are apt to h r free & easy notions ( ! ,div9e fa!rhood4 ,to call ,god our ,fa!r1 we mu/ ourselves be sons2 & x is only ^? :o are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god :o are ! sons ( ,god4444 ,ask = great ?+s1 & small ?+s w be giv5 to y4 ,?is is exactly ! _s ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4444 ,act = ,god4 ,direct y\r ?\ghts & int5tions ,godw>d1 & y\r intellig5ce & affections w gradually foll[ along ! l9e ( y\r action4444 ,y mu/ put ,god fir/1 or n[h]e4444 ,x is a p]il\s error to say t we h only to foll[ our consci5ce2 we h to enlight5 our consci5ce & keep x enlight5$4444 ,!re is no great] plague ( our g5]ation ?an ! n]v\s anxiety :i* *>act]ises all its ef=ts4 ,we ought to be reasonably c>eful1 & !n g boldly =w>d 9 ! peace ( ,god4444 ,our ,"l did n mean to make ( ,8 disciples a new k9d ( ,ph>isee4 4444',judge n1' means1 ,d n be critical4 ,! condemnation ( "o :o is always f9d+ fault c>ries no moral weight4 ,x is ^? :o h ! l[e/ & vague/ /&>ds ( :at is "r :o are (t5 ! mo/ critical 9 judgm5t ( o!r p4444 ,we ought s to limit our desires t :at we want = ourselves we c reasonably expect also = o!rs4444 ,a man :o wants to d 8 duty mu/ always be prep>$ to /& alone4444 ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* a /atem5t ( ! true end or ideal ( human life1 z a great spiritual in/rum5t = realis+ ! end4 ,^! extracts w be suffici5t to %[ :at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! little comm5t>ies4 ,!y exhibit extreme hone/y ( purpose1 fe>less acceptance ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ hone/ly int]pret$1 scorn ( unreality & empty words1 & a det]m9ation nev] to all[ prea*+ to be divorc$ f practice4 ,no m /imulat+ ,*ri/ian tea*+ has be5 giv5 9 our g5]ation4 ,! valuable treatise on ! ,holy ,communion1 call$ ',! ,body ( ,*ri/1' is too !ological = detail$ discussion 9 ^! pages4 ,! po9ts 9 :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* has p]v]t$ & degrad$ ! really ,ca?olic sacram5tal doctr9e are =cibly expos$1 & ! true nature ( ! sacram5t is unfold$ 9 a ma/]ly & beautiful mann]4 ,a /udy ( ! :ole body ( !ological writ+s f ! p5 ( ?is rem>kable man leaves u ) ! conviction t he is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful spiritual =ces 9 our g5]ation4 ,x is ! m to be regrett$ t 9 c]ta9 po9ts he seems to be hamp]$ by false presuppositions & misl$ by unatta9able ideals4 ,8 loyalty to ',ca?olic tru?1' z und]/ood by ! p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* to :i* he cons5ts to belong1 prev5ts him f und]/&+ :]e ! %oe really p9*es among ^? ( ! y\ng] g5]ation :o are bo? ?\ghtful & dev\t4 ,he makes a feti% ( ! ,cre$s1 docum5ts :i* only repres5t ! op9ions ( a majority at a meet+2 & :at mann] ( meet+s ,*ur* ,c\ncils sometimes 71 is kn[n to hi/ory4 ,he is /ill impress$ ) ! gr&eur ( ! ,ca?olic idea1 z embodi$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & w d no?+ to preclude reunion1 %\ld a m enlight5$ policy ev] prevail at ! ,vatican4 ,b ?is c\ntry has done ) ! ,roman ,empire1 9 its spiritual z well z its temporal =m4 ,! dim5sions ( t pr\d dom9ion h %runk ) ! expansion ( k2 new worlds h be5 op5$ out1 geographical & m5tal1 :i* nev] own$ its sway2 ! caput orbis has become prov9cial1 & h] au?ority is spurn$ ev5 )9 h] own bord]s4 ,!re is no likelihood ( ! ,engli% p ev] aga9 accept+ ',ca?olicism1' if ,ca?olicism is ! ?+ :i* hi/ory calls by t "n4 ,! movem5t :i* ! ,bi%op hopes to lead to victory w rema91 z x has be5 hi!rto1 a !ory ( ! m9i/ry r ?an ( ! ,*ur*1 & its /r5g? w be conf9$1 z x is n[1 ma9ly to cl]ical circles4 ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism 79 s f> z !y are m ?an names = in/itutionalism & my/icism1 :i* are p]man5t types7 are bo? obsolesc5t phases 9 ! evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ',! "t come? :5 nei!r 9 ?is m\nta9 nor yet at ,j]usalem %all m5 wor%ip ! ,fa!r4' ,a pr(\nd recon/ruction is dem&$1 & = ^? :o h eyes to see has be5 already = "s "t 9 progress4 ,! new type ( ,*ri/ianity w be m ,*ri/ian ?an ! old1 because x w be m moral4 ,a numb] ( unwor?y beliefs ab\t ,god are be+ tacitly dropp$1 & !y are s treat$ because !y are unwor?y ( ,him4 ,! realm ( nature is be+ claim$ = ,him once m2 ! di/9ction betwe5 natural & sup]natural is repudiat$2 we he> less frequ5t compla9ts t ,god 'does no?+' because ,he does n ass]t ,himself by break+ "o ( ,8 own laws4 ,! div9ity ( ,*ri/ implies--"o might almo/ say x means--! et]nal supremacy ( ^? moral qualities :i* ,he exhibit$ 9 _! p]fection4 ',conv]sio fit ad ,dom9um ut ,spiritum1' z ,b5gel said4 ,! visible or ,ca?olic ,*ur* is n ! "n ( an in/itution :i* has ! privilege ( be+ gov]n$ by bi%ops4 ,x is 'disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1' "u _m bann]s & _m disguises4 ,its political reunion is 7,plato w\ld say7 an h5 mhy? ehy*1 & is at pres5t nei!r to be expect$ nor desir$4 ,among ^? :o are by "r citiz5s ( ! spiritual k+dom1 ^? only are 9 dang] ( exclusion f x :o entr5* !mselves 9 a little =t ( _! own & erect b>ri]s1 :i* may make !m _! own prison]s1 b :i* w n h9d] ! great commonweal? ( seek]s aft] tru? f work+ out mod]n problems by mod]n lights1 until ! :ole ( our new & ri* inh]itance1 intellectual1 moral1 & /hetic1 %all be br\ght aga9 "u ! ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,9 #aijh4 #be ,palm]'s ,n>rative1 p #bj4 #bf ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april #ahii4 #bg ,! ,*ur* & ! ,m9i/ry1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #bh ,ibid41 p4 #gd4 #bi ,! ,*ur* & ! ,m9i/ry1 p4 #aaj4 #cj ,ibid41 p4 #cdd4 #ca ,ibid41 p4 #cde4 #cb ,ibid41 p4 #cdh4 #cc ,! ,mission ( ! ,*ur*1 p4 #cb4 #cd ,*ur* ,congress ,report1 #ahif1 p4 #adc4 #ce ,ibid41 p4 #adb4 #cf ,*ur* ,congress ,report1 #aijc1 p4 #ae4 #cg ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 #ch ,! ,new ,!ology & ! ,old ,religion1 p4 #afb4 #ci ,*ur* ,congress ,report1 #aijc1 p4 #af4 #dj ,ibid4 #da ,! ,new ,!ology & ! ,old ,religion1 p4 #afc4 #db ,diss]tations1 pp4 #da-di4 #dc ,*ur* ,congress ,report1 #ahii1 p4 #fc4 #dd ,*ur* ,congress ,report1 #ahii1 pp4 #fe-fg4 #de ,ibid41 #ahif1 pp4 #cdb-cdf4 #df ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 #dg ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april #ahii4 #dh ,ibid4 #di ',g & sit ?\ by 8 side1 & dep>t f ! way ( ! gods2 nei!r let ?y feet ev] be> !e back to ,olympus2 b /ill be vex$ = 8 sake & gu>d him1 till he make !e 8 wife--or r 8 slave4' ,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,mod]nism 7#aiji7 ,! ,lib]al movem5t 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* is view$ by mo/ ,prote/ants ) mu* ! same mixture ( sympa?y & misgiv+ ) :i* ,engli%m5 reg>d ! ambition ( ,russian re=m]s to e/abli% a con/itutional gov]nm5t 9 _! c\ntry4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght & fre$om ( spee* are almo/ always desirable2 b h[1 )\t a viol5t revolution1 c !y be e/abli%$ 9 a ,/ate :i* exi/s only z a c5tralis$ autocracy1 held toge!r by au?ority & ob$i5ce8 ,?is sympa?y1 & ^! fe>s1 are likely to be /ronge/ 9 ^? :o h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,ca?olicism ) mo/ intellig5ce4 ,f ! ,edict ( ,milan to ! ,encyclical ( ,pius ,x1 ! evolution :i* end$ 9 papal absolutism has proce$$ 9 accordance ) :at looks l an inn] necessity ( gr[? & decay4 ,! task ( pr$ict+ ! policy ( ! ,vatican is surely n s difficult z ,m4 ,r5an sugge/$1 :5 he rem>k$ to a fri5d ( ! pres5t writ]1 ',! ,*ur* is a woman2 x is impossible to say :at %e w d next4' ,= :]e is ! evid5ce ( caprice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,*ur*8 ,if any ,/ate has be5 guid$ by a fix$ policy1 :i* has impos$ itself inexorably on its successive rul]s1 9 spite ( ! utmo/ div]g5ces 9 _! p]sonal *>act]s & aims1 t ,/ate is ! ,papacy4 ,b5ea? all ! eddies :i* h brok5 ! surface1 ! great /ream has fl[$ on1 & has fl[$ 9 "o direction4 ,! same logic ( ev5ts :i* trans=m$ ! con/itutional pr9cipate ( ,augu/us into ! sultanate ( ,diocletian & ,val5t9ian1 has br\ght ab\t a p>allel developm5t 9 ! ,*ur* :i* inh]it$ ! traditions1 ! policy1 & ! t]ritorial sph]e ( ! dead ,empire4 ,! second ,_w-,/ate :i* _h its seat on ! ,sev5 ,hills has foll[$ closely 9 ! foot/eps ( ! fir/4 ,x is n too fanciful to trace1 z ,h>nack has done1 ! resemblance 9 detail--,pet] & ,paul 9 ! place ( ,romulus & ,remus2 ! bi%ops & ar*-bi%ops in/ead ( ! proconsuls2 ! troops ( prie/s & monks z ! legion>ies2 :ile ! ,jesuits are ! ,imp]ial bodygu>d1 ! protectors & sometimes ! ma/]s ( ! sov]eign4 ,"o might c>ry ! p>allel fur!r by comp>+ ! s*ism betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es1 & ! lat] defection ( nor!rn ,europe1 ) ! disruption ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 & 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 by comp>+ ! s*ola/ic philosophy & casui/ry ) ! ,summa ( ,roman law 9 ! ,dige/4#ej ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( su* a gov]nm5t are impos$ ^u x by necessity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 progressive c5tralisation1 & ! sub/itution ( a graduat$ hi]>*y = popul> gov]nm5t1 came ab\t z inevitably 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,empire ( ! ,caes>s4 ,! primitive colleges ( presbyt]s soon fell "u ! rule ( ! bi%ops1 ! bi%ops "u ! patri>*s2 & !n ,rome suff]$ h] fir/ great defeat 9 los+ ! ,ea/]n patri>*ates1 :i* %e c\ld n subjugate4 ,! truncat$ ,*ur*1 no long] 'univ]sal1' f\nd itself oblig$ to cont9ue ! same policy ( c5tralisation1 & ) su* success t1 "u ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ! triumph ( ! !ocracy seem$ complete4 ,! ,papacy dom9at$ ,europe de facto1 & claim$ to rule ! _w de jure4 ,boniface ,,viii1 :5 ! cl\ds 7 already ga!r+1 issu$ ! fam\s ,bull ',unam sanctam1' 9 :i* he said3 ',subesse ,romano pontifici omnes humanas creaturas decl>amus1 def9imus1 et pronuntiamus omn9o esse de necessitate salutis4' ,! claim is logical4 ,a !ocracy 7:5 religion is truly mono!i/ic7#ea mu/ claim to be univ]sal de jure2 & its rul] mu/ be ! infallibly inspir$ & autocratic viceg]5t ( ! ,almighty4 ,he is ! rightful "l ( ! _w1 :e!r he gives a cont95t to ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 by a /roke ( ! p51 or :e!r 8 secul> jurisdiction is limit$ by ! walls ( 8 palace4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,pope is already call$ 'dom9us deus no/]'--precisely ! /yle 9 :i* ,m>tial adulates ,domitian4 ,9 ! ,bull ( ,pius ,v 7#aegj7 ! claim ( univ]sal dom9ion is reit]at$2 x is ass]t$ t ! ,almighty1 'cui data e/ omnis 9 caelo et 9 t]ra pote/as1 unam sanctam ca?olicam et apo/olicam ecclesiam1 extra quam nulla e/ salus1 uni soli 9 t]ris1 videlicet apo/olorum pr9cipi ,petro ,petrique successori ,romano pontifici 9 pote/atis pl5itud9e tradidit gub]n&am4' ,b ! f9al victory ( infallibilism 0 ! a*ievem5t ( ! n9ete5?-c5tury ,jesuits1 :o complet$ ! dogmatic apo!osis ( ! ,pope at ! mom5t :5 ! la/ ve/iges ( 8 temporal p[] 7 be+ snat*$ f him4 ,n[ a gov]nm5t ( ?is type is always 9 want ( money4 ,! spiritual ,roman ,empire 0 z co/ly an in/itution z ! c\rt & ! bureaucracy ( ,diocletian & 8 successors4 ,! same necessity :i* suppress$ democracy 9 ! ,*ur* drove x to elaborate an oppressive sy/em ( taxation1 9 :i* e weakness ( human nature 0 sy/ematically exploit$ = ga91 & e morsel ( div9e grace plac$ on a t>iff4 ,b ?is me?od ( rais+ rev5ue is only possible :ile ! prie/s c p]suade ! p t !y really control a treasury ( grace1 f :i* !y c make or )hold grants at _! pleasure4 ,x /&s or falls ) a non-e?ical & magical view ( ! div9e economy :i* is h>dly compatible ) a high level ( culture or morality4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ?us be5 oblig$1 = purely fiscal reasons1 to disc\rage secul> education1 p>ticul>ly ( a sci5tific k9d1 & to keep ! p1 s f> z possible1 9 ! m5tal & moral condition mo/ fav\rable to su* transactions z ! pur*ase ( indulg5ces & ! paym5t ( v>i\s insurances aga9/ hell & purgatory4 ,ano!r necessity ( absolute gov]nm5t is ! repression ( free criticism direct$ aga9/ itself4 ,h]esy & s*ism 9 an autocratic ,*ur* take ! place ( treason aga9/ ! sov]eign4 ,cyprian1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 _h already laid d[n ! pr9ciples by :i* alone ! c5tral au?ority c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ',ab arbore frange ramum2 fractus g]m9>e non pot]it4 ,a fonte praecide rivum2 praecisus arescit4444 ,quisquis ab ecclesia sep>atus adult]ae iungitur1 a promissis ecclesiae sep>atur4 ,ali5us e/1 ho/is e/4 ,hab]e non pote/ ,deum patrem1 qui ecclesiam non habet matrem4' ,s*ismatics are !re=e rebels1 ^: lives are =feit "u ! laws ( treason4 ,h]etics are 9 no bett] case2 = ! ,*ur* is ! only infallible int]pret] bo? ( ,scripture & ( tradition2 & to diff] f h] tea*+ is z disloyal z to sec$e f h] jurisdiction4 ,ev5 ,augu/9e c\ld say1 ',i %\ld n believe ! ,gospel1 if ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* did n det]m9e me to d s'2 a /atem5t :i* a mod]n ultra-montane has capp$ by say+1 ',)\t ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 ,i %\ld n place ! ,bible high] ?an ! ,koran4' ,bell>m9e claims an absolute monopoly ( inspiration = ! ,roman ,*ur* on ! gr\nd t ,rome alone has pres]v$ ! apo/olic succession beyond dispute4#eb ,z = ! treatm5t :i* h]etics des]ve1 ! same au?ority is v explicit4 ',9 ! fir/ place1 h]etics d m mis*ief ?an any pirate or brig&1 because !y slay s\ls2 nay m1 !y subv]t ! f\ndations ( all good & fill ! commonweal? ) ! di/urbances :i* necess>ily foll[ religi\s diff]5ces4 ,9 ! second place1 capital puni%m5t inflict$ on !m has a good effect on v _m p]sons4 ,_m :om impunity 0 mak+ indiff]5t are r\s$ by ^! executions to consid] :at is ! nature ( ! h]esy :i* attracts !m1 & to take c>e n to end _! e>?ly lives 9 mis]y & lose _! future happ9ess4 ,?irdly1 x is a k9dness to ob/9ate h]etics to remove !m f ?is life4 ,= ! long] !y live1 ! m errors !y devise1 ! m m5 !y p]v]t1 & ! great] damnation !y acquire = !mselves4'#ec ,9 all matt]s :i* are n ess5tial = ! safety ( ! autocracy1 an absoluti/ ,*ur* w consult ! av]age ta/es ( its subjects4 ,if ! populace are at he>t pagan1 & hank] aft] s5su\s ritual1 dramatic magic1 & a ri* my?ology1 ^! mu/ be provid$4 ,! 'intellectuals1' be+ few & weak1 may be safely rebuff$ or disreg>d$ until _! discov]ies are ?or\ghly popul>is$4 ,! pron\ncem5ts ( ! ,roman ,inquisition 9 ! case ( ,galileo are typical4 ',! !ory t ! sun is 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & /ation>y1 is absurd1 false 9 philosophy1 & =mally h]etical1 because x is contr>y to ! express language ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,! !ory t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 nor /ation>y1 b t x moves ) a daily motion1 is also absurd & false 9 philosophy1 &1 !ologically consid]$1 x is1 to say ! lea/1 errone\s 9 fai?4' ,! exig5cies ( despotic gov]nm5t ?us supply ! key to ! :ole policy & hi/ory ( ! ,papacy4 ',! wor/ =m ( ,/ate' c only be bol/]$ up by ! wor/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re %\ld !re=e be no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! (ficial policy ( ! ,roman ,see--:i* has be5 almo/ uni=mly odi\s--& ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries1 :i* has add$ new lu/re to human nature4 ,! ,ca?olic sa9ts did n fly ?r\gh ! air1 nor 7 _! he>ts pi]c$ ) sup]natural d>ts1 z ! m5daci\s hagiology ( _! ,*ur* w\ld h u believe2 b !y h a bett] title to be rememb]$ by mank9d1 z ! be/ examples ( a beautiful & preci\s k9d ( human excell5ce4 ,! papal autocracy has n[ rea*$ its ,byzant9e p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ,ca?olicism suit$ ! ,lat9 races v well on ! :ole4 ,_! ance/ral paganism 0 all[$ to rema9 sub/antially un*ang$--! nom9a1 b n ! num9a 7 alt]$2 _! awe & rev]5ce = ! caput orbis1 +ra9$ 9 ! populations ( ,europe by ! hi/ory ( a ?\s& ye>s1 made submission to ,rome natural & easy2 a ho/ ( my?s 'ab\nd+ 9 po9ts ( atta*m5t to human exp]i5ce & 9 g5ial int]pretations ( life1 yet lift$ beyond visible nature & fill+ a report$ _w believ$ 9 on fai?1'#ed adorn$ religion ) an arti/ic & poetical embroid]y v cong5ial to ! nations ( ! ,s\?4 ,b a mon>*y ess5tially ,ori5tal 9 its con/itution is unsuit$ to mod]n ,europe4 ,its :ole s*eme is bas$ on keep+ ! laity 9 cont5t$ ignorance & subs]vi5ce2 & ! laity h emancipat$ !mselves ,! ,teutonic nations broke ! yoke z soon z !y atta9$ a national self-consci\sness4 ,!y escap$ f a sy/em :i* _h educat$1 b nev] suit$ !m4 ,nor has ! %r9kage be5 m]ely t]ritorial4 ,! ,pyrrhic victories ov] ,gallicanism1 ,jans5ism1 ,ca?olic democracy 7,lam5nais71 hi/orical !ology 7,dll+] & ! ,old ,ca?olics71 ea* ali5at$ a section ( ?9k+ m5 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* c no long] be call$ ,ca?olic1 except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! k+dom ( ,francis ,,ii rema9$ ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,x is an exclusive sect1 :i* pres]ves mu* m political p[] ?an its numb]s entitle x to ex]t1 by means ( its excell5t discipl9e1 & by ! s9i/] policy ( fom5t+ political disaffection4 ,examples ( ?is la/ are furni%$ by ! contempor>y hi/ory ( ,irel&1 ( ,france1 & ( ,pol&4 ,^! consid]ations are ( prim>y importance :5 we try to answ] ! que/ions3 ,to :at ext5t is ! ,roman ,*ur* fett]$ by h] own pa/8 ,is !re any insup]able ob/acle to a modification ( policy :i* might give h] a new lease ( life8 ,we h se5 h[ mu* importance is atta*$ to ! ,*ur*'s title-de$s4 ,is tradition a fatal ob/acle to re=m8 ,!oretically1 ! tradition :i* %e traces back to ! apo/les gives h] a fix$ con/itution4 ,s ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has always ma9ta9$4 ',regula quidem fidei una omn9o e/1 sola immobilis et irre=mabilis4'#ee ,! rule ( fai? may be bett] und]/ood by a lat] age ?an an e>li]1 b !re c be no additions1 only a sort ( unpack+ ( a treasure :i* 0 giv5 :ole & entire 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,9 reality1 ( c\rse1 !re has be5 a /eady evolution 9 con=mity to type1 ! type be+ n ! 'little flock' ( ,*ri/ or ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les1 b ! absolute mon>*y above describ$4 ,x has long be5 ! crux ( ,ca?olic apologetics to reconcile ! !oretical immobility ( dogma ) ! actual facts4 ,! old] me?od 0 to rewrite hi/ory4 ,x 0 conv5i5t1 = example1 to =get t ,pope ,honorius ,i _h be5 ana!matis$ by ?ree ecum5ical c\ncils4 ,! =g$ ,decretals gave a m positive sanction to absoluti/ claims2 & int]polations 9 ! ,greek ,fa!rs deceiv$ ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as into giv+ 8 p[]ful au?ority to infallibilism4 ,?is me?od _c be call$ obsolete1 = ! pres5t ,pope rec5tly in=m$ ! fai?ful t '! ,hebrew patri>*s 7 famili> ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 & f\nd consolation 9 ! ?\ght ( ,m>y 9 ! solemn mom5ts ( _! life4'#ef ,b su* simple devices are h>dly practicable 9 an age :5 hi/ory is sci5tifically /udi$4 ,moreov]1 o!r consid]ations1 besides controv]sial /raits1 h sugge/$ a new !ory ( tradition4 ,a ,cs> :o1 l ! k+s ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 is b\nd by ! laws ( 8 pr$ecessors1 is n absolute4 ,acceptance ( ! !ory ( developm5t 9 dogma w\ld relieve ! ,pope f ! weight ( ! dead h&4 ,! new apologetic is g5]ally said to h be5 inaugurat$ by ,c>d9al ,newman4 ,8 "w ',! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1' is no d\bt an epo*-mak+ book1 ?\gh ! idea ( tradition z ! product ( ! liv+ _s ( a religi\s society1 pres]v+ its moral id5tity :ile express+ itself1 f "t to "t1 9 new =ms1 0 already famili> to read]s ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,newman gives u sev]al 'te/s' ( true developm5t4 ,^! are--pres]vation ( type2 cont9uity ( pr9ciples2 p[] ( assimilation2 logical sequ5ce2 anticipation ( results2 t5d5cy to cons]ve ! old2 *ronic vig\r4 ,^! te/s1 he consid]$1 diff]5tiate ! ,roman ,*ur* f all o!r ,*ri/ian bodies1 & prove its sup]iority4 ,! ,*ur* has its own g5ius1 :i* yes & works 9 x4 ,?is is inde$ ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 promis$ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?r\gh ! op]ation ( ?is _s1 old ?+s become new1 & fre% light is %$ f ! sacr$ pages ( ,scripture4 ,ca?olic tradition is1 9 fact1 ! glorifi$ b ev]-pres5t ,*ri/ ,himself1 re9c>nat+ ,himself1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 9 ! hi/orical ,*ur*4 ,x is unnecess>y to enquire :e!r !re is apo/olic au?ority = e new dogma1 = ! ,*ur* is ! m\?piece ( ! liv+ ,*ri/4 ,?is !ory m>ks1 on "o side1 ! complete & f9al apo!osis ( ! ,pope & ! hi]>*y1 :o are !reby made indep5d5t ev5 ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,pius ,,ix 0 n sl[ to realise t ! only c\rt ( appeal aga9/ 8 decisions 0 clos$ 9 #ahgj4 ',la tradizione sono io1' he said1 9 ! mann] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! ,pope is h5ce=? n ! int]pret] ( a clos$ cycle ( tradition1 b ! pilot :o guides its c\rse always 9 ! direction ( ! tru?4 ,?is is to de/roy ! old doctr9e ( tradition4 ,! ,*ur* becomes ! s\rce ( revelation in/ead ( its cu/odian4 ,on ! o!r side1 x is a p]il\s concession to mod]n ideas4 ,!re is an obvi\s dang] t1 z ! result ( ?is doctr9e1 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* may seem to h only a relative & provisional tru?2 =1 if ea* pron\ncem5t 7 absolutely true1 !re w\ld be no real developm5t1 & ! appe>ance ( x 9 hi/ory w\ld become inexplicable4 ,?is new &1 9 appe>ance1 m lib]al attitude t[>ds mod]n ideas ( progress has rais$ ! hopes ( _m 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* ^: m9ds & consci5ces are tr\bl$ by ! ev]-wid5+ *asm :i* sep>ates traditional dogma f secul> k4 ,:ile dogma 0 /ation>y--immobilis et irre=mabilis--!re seem$ to be no prospect except t ! progress ( human k w\ld leave !ology fur!r & fur!r beh9d1 till ! rupture betwe5 ,ca?olicism & civilisation became absolute4 ,! idea t ! ,*ur* w\ld ev] modify h] tea*+ to br+ x into h>mony ) mod]n sci5ce seem$ utt]ly *im]ical4 ,b if ! /atic !ory ( revelation is ab&on$1 & a dynamic !ory sub/itut$ = x2 if ! div9e "p ( ,*ri/ianity resides1 n 9 ! !oretical =mulations ( reveal$ fact1 b 9 ! liv+ & en]gis+ _s ( ! ,*ur*2 :y %\ld n dogmatic !ology become ela/ic1 *ang+ p]iodically 9 correspond5ce ) ! developm5t ( human k1 & no long] /& 9 irreconcilable contradiction ) ! asc]ta9$ laws ( nature8 ,?us ! de?ronem5t ( tradition by ! ,pope contribut$ to make ! ,mod]ni/ movem5t possible4 ,! ,mod]ni/s h ev5 claim$ ,newman z on _! side4 ,?is appeal _c be su/a9$4 ',! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e' is ma9ly a polemic aga9/ ! high ,anglican position1 & an answ] to attacks ^u ,roman ,ca?olicism f ?is side4 ,anglicanism at t "t _h committ$ itself to a ?or\ghly /ation>y view ( revelation4 ,its 'appeal to antiquity'--a p]iod :i*1 9 accordance ) a conv5i5t !ory1 x limit$ to ! c\ncils ( ! 'undivid$ ,*ur*'--0 int5d$ to prove ! ca?olicity & or?odoxy ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 z ! fai?ful gu>dian ( apo/olic tradition1 & to condemn ! m$ieval & mod]n accretions sanction$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,! e>li] !ory ( tradition left ! ,roman ,*ur* op5 to damag+ criticism on ?is side2 no +5uity c\ld prove t all h] doctr9es 7 'primitive4' ,ev5 9 ^? e>ly days ( hi/orical criticism1 x mu/ h be5 pla9 to any c&id /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian 'orig9s' t ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es 7 f> m ,prote/ant ?an ,ca?olic 9 type4 ,b ,newman _h set himself to prove t '! ,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,prote/antism2 if ev] !re 7 a safe tru?1 x is ?is1' ,accord+ly1 he argues t ',*ri/ianity came into ! _w z an idea r ?an an in/itution1 & _h to fit itself ) arm\r ( its own provid+4' ,su* expressions s\nd v l ! argum5ts ( ! ,mod]ni/s2 b ,newman assur$ly nev] contemplat$ t !y w\ld be turn$ aga9/ ! policy ( 8 own ,*ur*1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! critical rationalism :i* he abhorr$4 ,8 attitude t[>ds dogma is aft] all n v diff]5t f t ( ! old] s*ool4 ',"t 0 ne$$' 7he says7 '= ! elucidation ( doctr9es communicat$ once = all ?r\gh inspir$ p]sons'2 8 examples are purgatory & ! papal supremacy4 ,he insi/s t 8 'te/s' ( true developm5t are only controv]sial1 'in/rum5ts r ?an w>rants ( "r decisions4' ,! only real 'w>rant' is ! au?ority ( ! infallible ,*ur*4 ,x is highly significant t "o ( ! features 9 ,roman ,ca?olicism to :i* he appeals z prov+ its unblemi%$ desc5t f antiquity is its exclusiv5ess & intol]ance4 ',! ,fa!rs 7he says complac5tly7 ana!matis$ doctr9es1 n because !y 7 old1 b because !y 7 new2 = ! v *>act]i/ic ( h]esy is novelty & orig9ality ( manife/ation4 ,su* 0 ! exclusiv5ess ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( old4 ,i ne$ n insi/ on ! /ead9ess ) :i* t pr9ciple has be5 ma9ta9$ ev] s9ce4' ,! ,c>d9al is "r2 x is q unnecess>y to insi/ ^u x2 b1 :5 ! ,mod]ni/s claim ,newman z _! prophet1 x is fair to reply t1 if we may judge f 8 writ+s1 he w\ld gladly h s5t "s ( !m to ! /ake4 ,! ,mod]ni/ movem5t1 prop]ly s call$1 belongs to ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & mo/ ( ! lit]ature dates f ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x began 9 ! region ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & soon pass$ to biblical exegesis1 :]e ! new h]esy 0 at fir/ call$ 'concessionism1' ,! scope ( ! debate 0 enl>g$ ) ! /ir produc$ by ,loisy's ',l'vangile et l'glise' & ',aut\r d'un ,petit ,livre'2 x spread ov] ! field ( ,*ri/ian orig9s g5]ally1 & problems connect$ ) !m1 su* z ! gr[? ( ecclesia/ical p[] & ! evolution ( dogma4 ,= a few ye>s ! or?odox 9 ,france g5]ally spoke ( ! new t5d5cy z loisysme4 ,x 0 n till #aije t ,ed\>d ,le ,roy publi%$ 8 ',qu'e/-ce qu'un dogme8' :i* c>ri$ ! discussion into ! doma9 ( pure philosophy1 ?\gh ! /udies ( ,blondel & ,lab]?onnire 9 ! psy*ology ( religion may be said to involve a metaphysic closely resembl+ t ( ,le ,roy4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell's able works h a v simil> philosophical basis1 :i* is also assum$ by ! gr\p ( ,italian prie/s :o h remon/rat$ ) ! ,pope4#eg ,m4 ,loisy prote/s aga9/ ! classification made 9 ! papal ,encyclical :i* connects biblical critics1 metaphysicians1 psy*ologi/s1 & ,*ur* re=m]s1 z if !y 7 all p>tn]s 9 ! same ent]prise4 ,b 9 reality ! same presuppositions1 ! same philosophical pr9ciples1 are f\nd 9 all ! writ]s nam$2 & ! diff]5ces :i* may easily be detect$ 9 _! writ+s are comp>atively sup]ficial4 ,! movem5t appe>s to be /ronge/ 9 ,france1 :]e ! policy ( ! ,vatican has be5 uni=mly un=tunate ( rec5t ye>s1 & has br\ght _m humiliations ^u ,fr5* ,ca?olics4 ,italy has also be5 mov$1 ?\gh f slightly diff]5t causes4 ,9 ! prote/s f t c\ntry we f9d a tone ( disgu/ at ! con/itution ( ! ,roman hi]>*y & ! "* ( ! papal ent\rage1 ab\t :i* ,italians are 9 a position to "k m ?an o!r ,ca?olics4 ,ca?olic ,g]many has be5 almo/ sil5t2 & ,mr4 ,tyrrell is ! only ,engli%man ^: "n has come prom95tly =w>d4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] ! position ( ! ,mod]ni/s "u ?ree heads3 _! attitude t[>ds ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 especially 9 relation to ! life ( ,*ri/2 _! philosophy2 & _! position 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! ,mod]ni/s !mselves desire1 = ! mo/ "p1 t criticism r ?an philosophy %\ld be reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9t ( ! movem5t4 ',s f> f our philosophy dictat+ our critical me?od1 x is ! critical me?od t has ( its own accord =c$ u to a v t5tative & unc]ta9 =mulation ( v>i\s philosophical conclusions4444 ,?is indep5d5ce ( our criticism is evid5t 9 _m ways4'#eh ,! writ]s ( ?is manife/o1 & ,m4 ,loisy himself1 appe> n to p]ceive t _! critical position re/s on c]ta9 v important philosophical presuppositions2 nor inde$ is any criticism ( religi\s orig9s possible )\t presuppositions :i* involve metaphysics4 ,! results ( _! critical /udies1 z be>+ on ! life ( ,*ri/1 we %all proce$ to summ>ise1 dep>t+ z little z possible f ! actual language ( ! writ]s1 & giv+ ref]5ces 9 all cases4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t "s ( ! gr\p1 su* z ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 h n committ$ !mselves to ! m extreme critical views1 :ile o!rs1 su* z ! ,abb ,lab]?onnire1 ! mo/ brilliant & attractive writ] ( !m all1 hold a mod]ate position on ! hi/orical side4 ,x is p]haps significant t ^? :o are speciali/s 9 biblical criticism are ! mo/ radical memb]s ( ! s*ool4 ,! ,gospels1 says ,m4 ,loisy1 are = ,*ri/ianity :at ! ,p5tateu* is = ,judaism4 ,l ! ,p5tateu*1 !y are a pat*work & a comp\nd ( hi/ory & leg5d4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m am\nt 9 _m cases to unmi/akable contradictions4 ,9 ,m>k ! life ( ,jesus foll[s a progressive developm5t4 ,! fir/ to inf] ,8 ,messiah%ip is ,simon ,pet] at ,cs>ea ,philippi2 & ,jesus ,himself fir/ decl>es x op5ly 9 ,8 trial be=e ! ,sanh$r94 ,9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus is pres5t$ to ! public z ! ,son ( ,god f ! beg9n+ ( ,8 m9i/ry2 ,he comes =w>d at once z ! supreme ,lawgiv]1 ! ,judge1 ! ano9t$ ( ,god4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel goes mu* fur!r /ill4 ,8 heav5ly orig91 ,8 priority to ! _w1 ,8 co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( creation & salvation1 are ideas :i* are =eign to ! o!r ,gospels1 b :i* ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel has set =? 9 8 prologue1 &1 9 "p1 put into ! m\? ( ,john ! ,bapti/4#ei ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels & ! ,*ri/ ( ,john may be summ$ up by say+ t '! ,*ri/ ( ! ,synoptics is hi/orical1 b is n ,god2 ! ,johann9e ,*ri/ is div9e1 b n hi/orical4'#fj ,b ev5 ,m>k 7accord+ to ,m4 ,loisy7 probably only incorporates ! docum5t ( an eye-witness2 8 ,gospel betrays ,paul9e influ5ce4#fa ,! ,gospel :i* be>s 8 "n is lat] ?an ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & 0 issu$1 probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #ge1 by an unkn[n ,*ri/ian1 n a native ( ,pale/9e1 :o wi%$ to write a book ( evangelical in/ruction 9 con=mity ) ! ideas ( ! ,hell5ic-,*ri/ian community to :i* he belong$4#fb ,! tradition connect+ x ) ,pet] may indicate t x 0 compos$ at ,rome1 b has no o!r hi/orical value4#fc ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 probably writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury by a non-,pale/9ian ,jew resid+ 9 ,asia ,m9or or ,syria4 ,he is be=e all ?+s a ,ca?olic ecclesia/ic1 & may well h be5 "o ( ! presbyt]s or bi%ops ( ! *ur*es 9 :i* ! in/itution ( a mon>*ical episcopate took root4#fd ,! n>ratives peculi> to ,mat!w h ! "* r ( leg5d>y developm5ts ?an ( g5u9e rem9isc5ces4 ,! hi/orical value ( ^! additions is nil4 ,z a witness to fact1 ,mat!w ranks bel[ ,m>k1 & ev5 bel[ ,luke4#fe ,9 p>ticul>1 ! *apt]s ab\t ! bir? ( ,*ri/ seem n to h ! slighte/ hi/orical f\ndation4 ,! fictiti\s "* ( ! g5ealogy is prov$ by ! fact t ,jesus seems n to h kn[n ( ,8 desc5t f ,david4 ,! /ory ( ! virg9 bir? turns on a text f ,isaiah4 ,( ?is "p ( ! ,gospel1 ,loisy says1 'ri5 n'e/ plus arbitraire comme exgse1 ni plus faible comme n>ration fictive4'#ff ,luke has tak5 m pa9s to compose a lit]>y treatise ?an ,m>k or ,mat!w4 ,! au?orities :i* he foll[s seem to be--! s\rce ( our ,m>k1 ! s-call$ ,mat!w logia1 & "s o!r s\rce or s\rces4 ,b he treats 8 mat]ial m freely ?an ,mat!w4 ',! lam5t ( ,*ri/ ov] ! holy city1 ,8 words to ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem1 ,8 pray] = ,8 execution]s1 ,8 promise to ! p5it5t ?ief1 ,8 la/ words1 are v t\*+ traits1 :i* may be 9 con=mity ) ! _s ( ,jesus1 b :i* h no traditional basis4'#fg ',! fictiti\s "* ( ! n>ratives ( ! infancy is less app>5t 9 ! ,?ird ,gospel ?an 9 ! ,fir/1 because ! /ories are mu* bett] con/ruct$ z leg5d1 & d n resemble a midra% ^u ,messianic prophecies4 ,le m]veilleux en e/ mo9s banal et mo9s enfant94 ,,ii p>at cep5dant impossible de leur reconnatre une plus gr&e valeur de fond4'#fh ,! ,gospel ( ,luke 0 probably writt5 7n by a disciple ( ,/4 ,paul7 betwe5 #ij & #ajj ,a4,d42 b ! e>lie/ r$action1 :i* trac$ ! desc5t ( ,jesus f ,david ?r\gh ,joseph1 has be5 int]polat$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! lat] idea ( a virg9 bir?4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s are int]e/+ = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian beliefs1 n = ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,z = ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 x is en\gh to say t ! au?or _h no?+ to d ) ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & t he is 9 no s5se a biograph] ( ,*ri/1 b ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,*ri/ian my/ics4#fi ,! result ( ?is dra/ic treatm5t ( ! s\rces may be realis$ by p]us+ *apt] vii ( ,loisy's ',les vangiles ,synoptiques1' ,! foll[+ is a brief analysis ( ?is *apt]1 entitl$ ',la ,c>rire de ,jsus4' ,jesus 0 born at ,naz>e? ab\t f\r ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,8 family 7 c]ta9ly pi\s1 b none ( ,8 relatives seems to h accept$ ! ,gospel dur+ ,8 lifetime4 ,l _m o!rs1 ! "y ,jesus 0 attract$ by ! t]rify+ prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 f :om ,he receiv$ ,baptism4 ,:5 ,john 0 imprison$ ,he at once attempt$ to take 8 place4 ,he began to prea* r\nd ! lake ( ,galilee1 & 0 compell$ by ! p]si/5t dem&s ( ! cr[d to '"w miracles4' ,?is mission only la/$ a few mon?s2 b x 0 long en\gh = ,jesus to enrol twelve auxili>ies1 :o prep>$ ! villages ( ,galilee = ,8 com+1 travell+ two & two ?r\gh ! nor? ( ,pale/9e4 ,jesus f\nd ,8 audi5ce r among ! dclasss ( ,judaism ?an among ! ,puritans4 ,! /aple ( ,8 tea*+ 0 ! adv5t ( ! 'k+dom ( ,god'--! sudd5 & spe$y com+ ( ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,?is tea*+ 0 acceptable nei!r to ,h]od ,antipas nor to ! ,ph>isees2 & _! ho/ility oblig$ ,jesus to fly = a %ort "t to ! ,pho5ician t]ritory nor? ( ,galilee4 ,b a conf]5ce betwe5 ! ,ma/] & ,8 disciples at ,cs>ea ,philippi end$ 9 a det]m9ation to visit ! capital & !re proclaim ,jesus z ! promis$ ,messiah4 ,z !y approa*$ ,j]usalem1 ev5 ! ignorant disciples 7 fright5$ at ! risks !y 7 runn+1 b ,jesus calm$ _! fe>s by promis+ t !y %\ld soon be set on twelve ?rones judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ',jsus n'allait pas ,jrusalem p\r y m\rir4'#gj ,! doom$ prophet made 8 public entry into ,j]usalem z ,messiah1 &1 z a fir/ act ( au?ority1 cle>$ ! temple c\rts by an act ( viol5ce1 9 :i* ,he 0 d\btless assi/$ by ,8 disciples4 ,= "s days aft] ?is ,he prea*$ daily ab\t ! com+ ( ! k+dom1 & foil$ ) great dext]ity ! traps :i* ,8 enemies laid = ,him4 ',b ! situation c\ld only end 9 a miracle or a cata/rophe1 & x 0 ! cata/rophe :i* happ5$4'#ga ,jesus 0 arre/$1 aft] a brief scuffle betwe5 ! satellites ( ! ,high ,prie/ & ! disciples2 & ! latt]1 )\t wait+ to see ! end1 fl$ nor?w>ds t[>ds _! homes4 ,:5 br\ght be=e ,pilate1 ,jesus probably answ]$ ',yes' to ! "q :e!r ,he claim$ to be a k+2 b 'la p>ole du ,*ri/ johannique1 ,mon royaume n'e/ pas de ce monde1 n'aurait jamais pu tre dite p> le ,*ri/ d'hi/oire4' ,?is confession l$ naturally to ,8 imm$iate execution2 aft] :i* 'on peut suppos] que les soldats dta*r5t le corps de la croix avant le soir et le mir5t dans quelque fosse commune1 o l'on jetait ple-mle les re/es des supplicis4 ,les conditions de spulture fur5t telles qu'au b\t de quelques j\rs il aurait t impossible de reconnatre la dp\ille du ,sauveur1 qu& mme on l'aurait *]*e4'#gb ,! disciples1 h[ev]1 _h be5 too pr(\ndly /irr$ by hope to accept defeat4 ,none ( !m _h se5 ,jesus die2 & ?\gh !y knew t ,he 0 dead1 !y h>dly realis$ x4 ,besides1 !y 7 fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ^? :o _h ask$ :e!r ,jesus 0 n ,elijah1 or ev5 ,john ! ,bapti/1 come to life aga94 ,:at m natural ?an t ,pet] %\ld see ! ,ma/] "o day :ile fi%+ on ! lake8 ',! impulse once giv51 ?is belief grew by ! v ne$ :i* x _h to /r5g!n itself4' ,*ri/ 'appe>$ also to ! elev51' ,s x 0 t _! fai? br\ght !m back to ,j]usalem1 & ,*ri/ianity 0 born4 ',! sup]natural life ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fai?ful & 9 ! ,*ur* has be5 clo!d 9 an hi/orical =m1 :i* has giv5 bir? to :at we might some:at loosely call ! ,*ri/ ( leg5d4' ,s ! ,italian manife/o sums up ! result ( ?is recon/ruction or d5udation ( ! ,gospel hi/ory4#gc ',su* a criticism1' say ! au?ors n less frankly ?an truly1 'does away ) ! possibility ( f9d+ 9 ,*ri/'s tea*+ ev5 ! embryonic =m ( ! ,*ur*'s lat] !ological tea*+4'#gd ,read]s unfamili> ) ,mod]ni/ lit]ature w probably h read ! =ego+ extracts ) utt] amazem5t4 ,x seems h>dly cr$ible t su* views %\ld be prop\nd$ by ,ca?olic prie/s1 :o claim to rema9 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 to repeat h] cre$s1 m9i/] at h] alt>s1 & %>e h] fai?4 ,:at m1 x may well be ask$1 h rationali/ oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity ev] said1 9 _! ef=ts to te> up ! ,*ri/ian religion by ! roots1 ?an we f9d "h admitt$ by ,ca?olic apologi/s8 ,:at is left ( ! object ( ! ,*ur*'s wor%ip if ! ,*ri/ ( hi/ory 0 b an en?usia/ic ,jewi% peasant ^: pa!tic ignorance ( ! =ces oppos$ to ,him l$ ,him to ! absurd ent]prise ( attempt+ a c\p d'tat at ,j]usalem8 ,is n ,jesus r$uc$ by ?is criticism to ! same level z ,!udas or ,judas ( ,galilee8 &1 if ?is is ! true acc\nt1 :at s5tim5t c we feel1 :5 we read ,8 tragic /ory1 b compassion t+$ ) contempt8 ,& on :at pr9ciples are su* lib]ties tak5 ) our au?orities8 ,:at is ! crit]ion by :i* x is decid$ t ,*ri/ said1 ',i am a k+1' b n ',my k+dom is n ( ?is _w'8 ,:y mu/ ! resurrection h be5 only a subjective halluc9ation 9 ! m9ds ( ! disciples8 ,to ^! que/ions !re is a pla9 answ]4 ,! non-int]v5tion ( ,god 9 hi/ory is an axiom ) ! ,mod]ni/s4 ',l'hi/ori51' says ,m4 ,loisy1 'n'a pas s'inspir] de l'agno/icisme p\r c>t] ,dieu de l'hi/oire2 il ne l'y r5contre jamais4'#ge ,x w\ld be m accurate to say t1 :5ev] ! meet+ takes place1 '! hi/orian' gives ! ,o!r ! cut direct4 ,b n[ comes 9 ! peculi> philosophy by :i* ! ,mod]ni/s claim to rehabilitate !mselves z loyal & or?odox ,ca?olics1 & to turn ! flank ( ! rationali/ position1 :i* !y h seem$ to occupy !mselves4 ,! reaction aga9/ ,absolutism 9 philosophy has long s9ce e/abli%$ itself 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,9 ,engl& & ,scotl& ! battle /ill rages2 9 ,am]ica ! reb\nd has be5 s viol5t t an extreme =m ( anti-intellectualism is n[ ! dom9ant fa%ion 9 philosophy4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to pr$ict--& 9 fact ! pr$iction 0 made--t ! new _w-con/ruction 9 t]ms ( w & action1 :i* disp>ages speculative or !oretical tru? & gives ! primacy to :at ,kant call$ ! practical reason1 w\ld be eag]ly welcom$ by ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 h>d-press$ by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce & biblical criticism4 ,prote/ants1 9 fact1 _h rec\rse to ?is me?od ( apologetic be=e ! ,mod]ni/ movem5t arose4 ,! ,rits*lian !ology 9 ,g]many 79 spite ( its '/atic' view ( revelation71 & ! ,symbolo-fidisme ( ,sabati] & ,mngoz1 h _m aff9ities ) ! position ( ,tyrrell1 ,lab]?onnire1 & ,le ,roy4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to compress into a few pages a fair & intelligible /atem5t ( a ,weltansi*t :i* affects ! :ole conception ( reality1 & :i* has _m ramifications4 ,!re is an additional difficulty 9 ! fact t few ( ! ,mod]ni/s are m ?an amateurs 9 philosophy4 ,!y are quick to see ! /rategic possibilities ( a !ory :i* sep>ates fai? & k1 & decl>es t tru?s ( fai? c nev] come into collision ) tru?s ( fact1 because !y 'belong to diff]5t ord]s4' ,x suits !m to foll[ ! pragmati/s 9 talk+ ab\t 'freely *os5 beliefs1' & 'volunt>y c]ta9ty '2 ,mr4 ,tyrrell ev5 ma9ta9s t '! great mass ( our beliefs are rev]sible1 & dep5d = _! /ability on ! action or p]mission ( ! w4' ,b philosophy is = !m ma9ly a controv]sial weapon4 ,x gives !m ! means ( ju/ify+ _! position z ,ca?olics :o wi% to rema9 loyal to _! ,*ur* & h] =mul>ies1 b no long] believe 9 ! miracles :i* ! ,*ur* has always reg>d$ z matt]s ( fact4 ,nev]!less1 an attempt mu/ be made to expla9 a po9t ( view :i*1 to ! pla9 man1 is v /range & unfamili>4 ,two words are con/antly 9 ! m\? ( ,mod]ni/ controv]siali/s 9 speak+ ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! traditional !ology are 'intellectuali/s1' & _! conception ( reality is '/atic4' ,! mean+ ( ! latt] *>ge may p]haps be be/ expla9$ f ,lab]?onnire's brilliantly writt5 essay1 ',le ,ralisme ,*rti5 et l',idalisme ,grec4' ,! ,greeks1 he says1 7 insatiable 9 _! desire to see1 l *ildr54 ,bless$ness1 = !m1 consi/$ 9 a complete vision ( reality2 &1 s9ce ?\ght is ! highe/ k9d ( vision1 salvation 0 conceiv$ ( by !m z ! unbrok5 contemplation ( ! p]fectly true1 good1 & beautiful4 ,h5ce arose ! philosophy ( 'concepts'2 !y idealis$ nature by consid]+ x sub specie t]nitatis4 ,reality resid$ 9 ! un*ang+ ideas2 ! mutable1 ! p>ticul>1 ! individual 0 = !m an emb>rassm5t1 a 'sc&al ( ?\ght4' ,! sage always tries to escape f ! mov+ _w ( becom+ into ! /atic _w ( be+4 ,b an ideal _w1 s conceiv$1 c only be an ab/raction1 an impov]i%m5t ( reality4 ,su* an idealism gives u nei!r a sci5ce ( orig9s nor a sci5ce ( ends4 ,greek wisdom s\ght et]nity & =got "t2 x s\ght t :i* nev] dies1 & f\nd t :i* nev] lives4 ',an ab/ract doctr9e1 l t ( ,greek philosophy or ( ,sp9oza1 consi/s always 9 sub/itut+ = reality1 by simplification1 ideas or concepts :i* !y ?9k /atically 9 _! logical relations1 reg>d+ !m at ! same "t z adequate repres5tations & z ess5ces immovably def9$4'#gf ,hell5is$ ,*ri/ianity1 proce$s our critic1 reg>d$ ! inc>nation /atically1 z a fact 9 pa/ hi/ory4 ,b ! real ,*ri/ is an object ( fai?4 ',he introduces into u ! pr9ciples ( t :i* we ought to be4 ,t :i* ,he reveals1 ,he makes 9 reveal+ x4' ,9 o!r words1 ,*ri/1 & ! ,god :om ,he reveals1 are a p[] or =ce r ?an a fact4 ',a ,god :o has no?+ to become has no?+ to d4' ,god is n ! idea ( ideas1 b ! be+ ( be+s & ! life ( our life4 ,he is n a supreme notion1 b a supreme life & an imman5t action4 ,he is n ! 'unmov$ mov]1' b ,he is 9 ! movem5t itself z its pr9ciple & end4 ,:ile ! ,greeks conceiv$ ! _w sub specie t]nitatis1 ,god is conceiv$ by mod]n ?\ght sub specie temporis4 ,god's et]nity is n a sort ( arre/$ "t 9 :i* !re is no m life2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! maximum ( life4 ,x is pla9 t we h "h a "o-sid$ emphasis on ! dynamic aspect ( reality no less fatal to s\nd philosophy ?an ! exclusively /atic view :i* has be5 falsely attribut$ to ! ,greeks4 ,a little cle> ?9k+ ought to be en\gh to conv9ce anyone t ! two aspects ( reality :i* ! ,greeks call$ /hasi/ & kh9si/ are correlative & necess>y to ea* o!r4 ,a ,god :o is m]ely ! pr9ciple ( movem5t & *ange is an absurdity4 ,"t is always hurl+ its own products into no?+ness4 ,unless !re is a be+ :o c say1 ',i am ! ,"l1 ,i *ange n1' ! 'sons ( ,jacob' _c flatt] !mselves t !y are 'n consum$4'#gg ,b ,lab]?onnire & 8 fri5ds are n mu* conc]n$ ) ! ultimate problems ( metaphysics2 :at !y desire is to %ake !mselves free f 'brute facts' 9 ! pa/1 to be at lib]ty to d5y !m z facts1 :ile reta9+ !m z repres5tative ideas ( fai?4 ,if reality is def9$ to consi/ only 9 life & action1 x is a mean+less ab/raction to snip (f a mom5t 9 ! process1 & ask1 ',did x ev] really take place8' ,?is awkw>d "q may !re=e be ignor$ z mean+less & irrelevant1 except f ! 'ab/ract' /&po9t ( physical sci5ce4 ,! crusade aga9/ 'intellectualism' s]ves ! same end4 ,m4 ,le ,roy & ! o!r ,*ri/ian pragmati/s h return$ to ! ,nom9alism ( ,duns ,scotus4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,frass51 "o ( ,scotus' disciples1 might s]ve z a motto = ! :ole s*ool3 ',!ologia no/ra non e/ sci5tia4 ,nullat5us speculativa e/1 s$ simplicit] practica4 ,!ologiae obiectum non e/ speculabile1 s$ op]abile4 ,quidquid 9 ,deo e/ practicum e/ respectu no/ri4' ,m4 ,le ,roy also seems to "k only ^! two categories4 ,:atev] is n 'practical'--hav+ an imm$iate & obvi\s be>+ on conduct--is /igmatis$ z '!oretical' or 'speculative4' ,b ! :ole field ( sci5tific /udy lies outside ?is classification1 :i* pret5ds to be exhau/ive4 ,sci5ce has no 'practical' aim1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( t :i* may s]ve z a guide to moral action2 nor does x deal ) '!oretical' or 'speculative' ideas1 except provisionally1 until !y c be v]ifi$4 ,! aim ( sci5ce is to det]m9e ! laws :i* prevail 9 ! physical univ]se2 & its motive is t purely dis9t]e/$ curiosity :i* is su* an emb>rass+ ph5om5on to pragmati/s4 ,& s9ce ! fai? :i* lies beh9d natural sci5ce is at lea/ z /rong z any o!r fai? n[ active 9 ! _w1 x is useless to frame categories 9 su* a way z to exclude ! "q1 ',did ?is or t occurr5ce1 :i* is pres5t$ z an ev5t 9 ! physical ord]1 actually happ51 or n8' ,! "q has a v def9ite mean+ = ! man ( sci5ce1 z x has = ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,to call x '!oretical' is ridicul\s4 ,:at ,m4 ,le ,roy means by 'int]pret+ dogmas 9 ! language ( practical action' may be ga!r$ f 8 own illu/rations4 ,! dogma1 ',god is our ,fa!r1' does n def9e a '!oretical relation' betwe5 ,him & u4 ,x signifies t we are to behave to ,him z sons behave to _! fa!r4 ',god is p]sonal' means t we are to behave to ,him z if ,he 7 a human p]son4 ',jesus is ris5' means t we are to ?9k ( ,him z if ,he 7 our contempor>y4 ,! dogma ( ! ,real ,pres5ce means t we ought to h1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! consecrat$ ,ho/1 ! same feel+s :i* we %\ld h _h 9 ! pres5ce ( ! visible ,*ri/4 ',let ! dogmas be int]pret$ 9 ?is way1 & no "o w dispute !m4'#gh ,! same treatm5t ( dogma is advocat$ 9 ,mr4 ,tyrrell's v able book ',lex ,or&i4' ,! te/ ( tru? = a dogma is n its correspond5ce ) ph5om5al fact1 b its 'pray]-value4' ,?is writ]1 at any rate be=e 8 susp5sion by ! ,society ( ,jesus1 to :i* he belong$1 is less subv]sive 9 8 treatm5t ( hi/ory ?an ! ,fr5* critics :om we h quot$4 ,al?\gh 9 apologetics ! crit]ion = ! acceptance ( dogmas mu/1 he ?9ks1 be a moral & practical "o1 he sometimes speaks z if ! 'pray]-value' ( an o/5sibly hi/orical proposition c>ri$ ) x ! necessity ( its tru? z matt] ( fact4 ',betwe5 ! inw>d & ! outw>d1 ! _w ( reality & ! _w ( appe>ances1 ! relation is n m]ely "o ( symbolic correspond5ce4 ,! di/9ction t is dem&$ by ! dualism ( our m9d implies & presupposes a causal & dynamic unity ( ! two4 ,we %\ld look ^u ! outw>d _w z be+ an effectual symbol ( ! inw>d1 9 consequ5ce ( its natural & causal connection !re)4'#gi ,b ,mr4 ,tyrrell does n seem to mean all t ^! s5t5ces might imply4 ,he speaks repeat$ly1 9 ! ',lex ,or&i1' ( ! 'w-_w' z ! only real _w4 ',! w 7he says7 _c make t true :i* 9 itself is n true4 ,b x c make t a fact relatively to our m9d & action :i* is n a fact relative to our und]/&+4444 ,x re/s ) ea* ( u by an act ( w to create ! sort ( _w to :i* we %all accommodate our ?\ght & action4 4444,x does n foll[ t h>mony ( fai? ) ! tru?s ( reason & facts ( exp]i5ce is ! be/ or ess5tial condition ( its cr$ibility4444 ,ab/ractions 7he ref]s to ! _w z kn[n to sci5ce7 are simple only because !y are b>r5 =ms creat$ by ! m9d itself4 ,fai? & d\bt h a common elem5t 9 ! deep s5se ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! human m9d to grasp ultimate tru?s4444 ,! _w giv5 to our outw>d s5ses is %ad[y & dreamy1 except s f> z we ascribe to x "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( w & _s4444 ,! _w ( appe>ance is simply subord9ate to ! real _w ( our w & affections4' ,because ! 'ab/ract' sci5ces _c & d n attempt to rea* ultimate tru?1 x is assum$ t !y are altoge!r 'b>r5 =ms1' ,?is is ! error ( mu* ,ori5tal my/icism1 :i* d5ies all value to :at x reg>ds z ! l[] categories4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s ,mr4 ,tyrrell objects to be+ class$ ) ! ,am]ican & ,engli% pragmati/s--! s*ool ( ,mr4 ,william ,james4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ^! passages is ultra-pragmati/4 ,! w1 :i* is illegitimately /ret*$ to include feel+1#hj is treat$ z ! creator z well z ! disc]n] ( reality4 ,! '_w ( appe>ance' is pla/ic 9 its grasp4 ,x is ?is metaphysical pragmatism :i* is really s]viceable to ,mod]nism4 ,if ! categories ( ! und]/&+ c be s disp>ag$ z to be all[$ no indep5d5t tru?1 value1 or importance1 all collisions betwe5 fai? & fact may be avoid$ by discr$it+ 9 advance any conclusions at :i* sci5ce may arrive4 ,ass]tions ab\t 'brute fact' :i* are sci5tifically false may ?us n be untrue :5 tak5 out ( ! sci5tific plane1 because outside t plane !y are h>mless ^w-pictures1 soap-bubbles bl[n (f by ! poetical creativ5ess ( fai? ,any ass]tion ab\t fact :i* comm5ds itself to ! w & affections & :i* is prov$ by exp]i5ce to furni% nutrim5t to ! spiritual life1 may be adh]$ to )\t scruple4 ,x is n only useful1 b true1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* tru? c be pr$icat$ ( any?+ 9 ! high] sph]e4 ,! obvi\s criticism on ?is notion ( religi\s tru? z purely moral & practical is t x is itself ab/ract & "o-sid$4 ,! univ]se z x appe>s to discursive ?\ght1 ) its va/ sy/em ( seem+ly uni=m laws1 :i* op]ate )\t mu* consid]ation = our wi%es or feel+s1 mu/ be at lea/ an image ( ! real univ]se4 ,we _c accept ! irreconcilable dualism betwe5 ! w-_w & ! _w ( ph5om5a :i* ! philosophical ,mod]ni/s assume4 ,! dualism1 or r ! contradiction1 is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 nor 9 ! con/itution ( our m9ds1 b 9 ! consci\sness ( ! unhappy m5 :o are try+ to comb9e two :olly incompatible !ories4 ,on ! critical side !y are pure rationali/s1 mu* z !y dislike ! "n4 ,!y claim1 z we h se51 to h advanc$ to philosophy ?r\gh criticism4 ,b ! ,mod]ni/ critics />t ) v well-def9$ presuppositions4 ,!y ridicule ! notion t ',god is a p]sonage 9 hi/ory'2 !y assume t = ! hi/orian ',he _c be f\nd any:]e'2 t ,he is z ?\gh ,he did n exi/4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is presupposition1 & = no o!r reason1 !y proce$ to rule out1 )\t fur!r inve/igation1 all alleg$ in/ances ( div9e int]v5tion 9 hi/ory4 ,unhamp]$ by any ( ! misgiv+s :i* pr$ispose ! ord9>y believ] to cons]vatism1 !y foll[ ! rationali/ argum5t to its logical conclusions ) />tl+ ru?lessness4 ,& !n1 :5 ! :ole edifice ( hi/orical religion seems to h be5 ov]?r[n to ! v f\ndations1 !y turn r\nd sudd5ly & say t all _! critical lab\rs mean no?+ = fai?1 & t we may g on repeat+ ! old =mulas z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,! ,mod]ni/s p\r scorn on ! s*ola/ic 'faculty-psy*ology1' :i* resolves human p]sonality into a syndicate ( p>tially indep5d5t ag5ts2 b1 9 tru?1 _! attempt to bl[ hot & cold ) ! same m\? seems to h involv$ !m 9 a m disa/r\s self-disruption ?an has be5 witness$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght s9ce ! fall ( ! ,nom9ali/s4 ,9 a sceptical & disillusion$ age _! disp>agem5t ( 'intellectualism' or r ( discursive ?\ght 9 all its op]ations1 might f9d a response4 ,b 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ! sci5ce :i*1 z critics1 !y foll[ s unsw]v+ly w n submit to be b[$ out ( ! room z soon z matt]s ( fai? come into "q4 ,our contempor>ies believe t matt]s ( fact are important1 & !y insi/1 ) ev]-increas+ emphasis1 t !y %all n be call$ ^u to believe1 z "p ( _! religi\s fai?1 any?+ :i* z a matt] ( fact1 is n true4 ,! ,mod]ni/ critic1 :5 press$ on ?is side1 says t x is natural = fai? to repres5t its ideas 9 ! =m ( hi/orical facts1 & t x is ?is inevitable t5d5cy :i* causes ! difficulties betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,a sane criticism w all[ t ?is is v l>gely true1 b w n1 we are conv9c$1 be con/ra9$ to believe ) ,m4 ,loisy t ! hi/orical orig9al ( ! ,*ri/ian ,r$eem] 0 ! poor delud$ en?usia/ :om he portrays 9 ',les vangiles ,synoptiques4' ,h[ev] ?is may be--& x mu/ rema9 a matt] ( op9ion--! v s]i\s "q arises1 :e!r x is really natural = fai? to repres5t its ideas 9 ! =m ( hi/orical facts :5 x kn[s t ^! facts h no hi/orical basis4 ,! writ]s ) :om we are deal+ evid5tly ?9k x is natural & inevitable1 & we mu/ assume t !y speak f _! own spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is /ate ( m9d does n seem to be a v common "o4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 b n 9 ,8 sup]natural bir? & bodily resurrection1 d n1 z a rule1 make ^? miracles ! subject ( _! m$itations1 b f9d _! spiritual su/5ance 9 communion ) ! ',*ri/ :o is ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & = ev]4 ,^? :o reg>d ,jesus only z a prophet s5t by ,god to reveal ! ,fa!r1 g5]ally pray only to ! ,god :om ,he reveal$1 & *]i% ! memory ( ,jesus ) no o!r feel+s ?an supreme gratitude & v5]ation4 ,^?1 la/ly1 :o wor%ip 9 ,god only ! ,great ,unkn[n :o makes = righte\sness1 f9d my?s & an?ropomorphic symbols m]ely di/urb+ 9 su* devotions z !y are /ill able to practise4 ,9 deal+ ) conv9c$ ,volunt>i/s x is p]haps n disrespectful to sugge/ t ! difficult position 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves has produc$ a peculi> activity ( ! w1 su* z is seldom f\nd "u normal conditions4 ,we pass to ! position ( ! ,mod]ni/s 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is well kn[n t ! advis]s ( ,pius ,x h committ$ ! ,papacy to a :olesale condemnation ( ! new movem5t4 ,! reasons = ?is condemnation are ?us summ$ up by a di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ic ( t ,*ur*#ha3 ',:y has ! ,pope condemn$ ! ,mod]ni/s8 7#a7 ,because ! ,mod]ni/s h d5i$ t ! div9e facts relat$ 9 ! ,gospel are hi/orically true4 7#b7 ,because !y h d5i$ t ,*ri/ = mo/ ( ,8 life knew t ,he 0 ,god1 & t ,he ev] knew t ,he 0 ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 7#c7 ,because !y h d5i$ ! div9e sanction & ! p]petuity ( ! great dogmas :i* ent] into ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 7#d7 ,because !y h d5i$ t ,*ri/ ,himself p]sonally ev] f\nd$ ! ,*ur* or in/itut$ ! ,sacram5ts4 7#e7 ,because !y d5y & subv]t ! div9e con/itution ( ! ,*ur*1 by tea*+ t ! ,pope & ! bi%ops d]ive _! p[]s1 n directly f ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les1 b f ! ,*ri/ian p4' ,! (ficial condemnation is conta9$ 9 two docum5ts--! decree ( ! ,holy ,inquisition1 ',lam5tabili sane exitu1' ,july #c1 #aijg1 & ! ,encyclical1 ',pasc5di dom9ici gregis1' ,septemb] #h1 #aijg4 ,^! pron\ncem5ts are int5d$ = ,ca?olics2 & _! tone is t ( au?oritative d5unciation r ?an ( argum5t4 ,9 ! ma91 ! summ>y :i* !y give ( ,mod]ni/ doctr9es is z fair z c\ld be expect$ f a judge :o is pass+ s5t5ce2 b ! papal !ologians h n always resi/$ ! temptation to ar\se prejudice by misrepres5t+ ! views :i* !y condemn4 ,we h n space to analyse ^! docum5ts1 nor is x necess>y to d s4 ,x w be m to ! purpose to consid] :e!r1 9 spite ( _! (ficial condemnation1 ! ,mod]ni/s are likely 9 ! future to make good _! foot+ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,encyclical ! ,mod]ni/s _h us$ v bold language ab\t ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ',! visible ,*ur* 7writes ,mr4 ,tyrrell 9 8 ,mu*-abus$ ,lett]7 is b a means1 a way1 a creature1 to be us$ :]e x helps1 to be left :]e x h9d]s4444 ,:o h taught u t ! cons5sus ( !ologians _c err1 b ! !ologians !mselves8 ,mortal1 fallible1 ignorant m5 l ourselves6 444 ,_! pres5t dom9ation is b a pass+ episode 9 ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory4444 ,may n hi/ory repeat itself8 z 9 ! transition f ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,is ,god's arm %ort5$ t ,he %\ld n aga9 out ( ! v /ones raise up se$ to ,abraham8 ,may n ,ca?olicism1 l ,judaism1 h to die 9 ord] t x may live aga9 9 a great] & gr&] =m8 ,has n e organism got its limits ( developm5t1 aft] :i* x mu/ decay & be cont5t to survive 9 its prog5y8 ,w9e-sk9s /ret*1 b only )9 measure2 = !re comes at la/ a bur/+-po9t :5 new ones mu/ be provid$4' ,9 a note he expla9s3 ',! ,*ur* ( ! ,catacombs became ! ,*ur* ( ! ,vatican2 :o c tell :at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,vatican may n turn into8' ,x is ?us on a v ela/ic !ory ( developm5t t ! ,mod]ni/s rely4 ',! diff]5ces betwe5 ! l>val & f9al /ages ( _m an insect are (t5 f> great] ?an ^? :i* sep>ate k9d f k9d4' ,& s ?is ,proteus ( a ,*ur*1 :i* has *ang$ its =m s completely s9ce ! ,gospel 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 ! subt]ranean gall]ies ( ,rome1 may und]go ano!r equally />tl+ metamorphosis & come to believe 9 a ,god :o nev] int]v5es 9 hi/ory4 ,we may "h rem9d our read]s ( ,newman's te/s ( true developm5t1 & m>k ! enorm\s diff]5ce4 ,mr4 ,tyrrell's ',mu*-abus$ ,lett]' rea*es1 p]haps1 ! high-wat] m>k ( ,mod]ni/ claims4 ,n all ! writ]s :om we h quot$ w\ld view ) complac5cy ! prospect ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* dy+ to live aga91 or be+ cont5t to live only 9 its prog5y4 ,! prov]b ab\t ! new w9e-sk9s is "o ( s9i/] augury 9 su* a connection4 ,if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is really 9 su* an advanc$ /age ( decay t x mu/ die be=e x c live1 :y d ^? :o grasp ! situation wi% to keep x alive8 ,are !y n precisely p\r+ _! new w9e into old bottles8 ,mr4 ,tyrrell himself draws ! p>allel ) ,judaism 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,paul1 he says1 'did n feel t he _h brok5 ) ,judaism1' ,b ! ,synagogue did feel t he _h done s1 & hi/ory prov$ t ! ,synagogue 0 "r4 ,developm5t1 h[ev] great ! *anges :i* x exhibits1 c only foll[ c]ta9 laws2 & ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome has /eadily foll[$ a direction opposite to t :i* ! ,mod]ni/s dem& t x %all take4 ,newman might plausibly claim t ! doctr9es ( purgatory & ( ! papal supremacy are logically involv$ 9 ! e>ly claims ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! claim is true at lea/ 9 ?is s5se1 t1 giv5 a political ,*ur* organis$ z an autocracy1 ^! useful doctr9es 7 sure1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! gov]nm5t1 to be promulgat$ soon] or lat]4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ! next developm5t w be 9 ! direction ( t peculi> k9d ( ,lib]alism fav\r$ by ! ,mod]ni/s4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ! ,vatican c\ld ev5 meet ! re=m]s half-way )\t mak+ ru9\s concessions4' ,?is sup]natural me*anism1' ,m4 ,loisy says 9 8 la/ book1 ',mod]nism t5ds to ru9 completely1' ,j s2 b ! ,roman ,*ur* lives entirely on ! fai? 9 sup]natural me*anism4 ,h] sacram5tal & sac]dotal sy/em is bas$ on sup]natural me*anism--on div9e int]v5tions 9 ! physical _w condition$ by human ag5cy2 h] !ology & books ( devotion are full ( sup]natural me*anism2 ! lives ( h] sa9ts1 h] relics & holy places1 ! :ole lit]ature ( ,ca?olic my/icism1 ! liv+ piety & devotion ( ! fai?ful1 :]ev] x is /ill to be f\nd1 are bas$ entirely on t v !ory ( sup]naturali/ic dualism :i* ! ,mod]ni/1 :5 he acts z critic1 beg9s by rul+ out z devoid ( any hi/orical or sci5tific actuality4 ,! attractiv5ess ( ,ca?olicism z a cult dep5ds almo/ :olly on its frank admission ( ! miracul\s z a matt] ( daily occurr5ce4 ,to rationalise ev5 contempor>y hi/ory z ,m4 ,loisy has rationalis$ ! ,gospels w\ld be suicide = ,ca?olicism4 ,x is tempt+ to give a concrete in/ance by way ( illu/rat+ ! impassable *asm :i* divides ,ca?olicism z a work+ sy/em f ! academic s*eme ( trans=mation :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ',! ,fr5* ,ca?olics 7writes ! ,times correspond5t 9 ,p>is on ,june #be1 #aijh7 are await+ ) conc]n ! report ( a special commission on a my/]i\s affair kn[n z ! ,miracul\s ,hail/ones ( ,remiremont4 ,on ,sunday1 ,may #bf1 #aijg1 dur+ a viol5t /orm t swept ov] t region ( ! ,vosges1 among ! great quantity ( hail/ones t fell at ! "t a c]ta9 numb] 7 f\nd split 9 two4 ,on ! inn] face ( ea* ( ! halves1 accord+ to ! local pap]s t appe>$ ! next day1 0 ! image ( ! ,madonna v5]at$ at ,remiremont & kn[n z ,notre ,dame du ,trsor4 ,! local ,ca?olics reg>d$ x z a reply to ! municipal c\ncil's veto ( ! procession 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg94 ,s _m p te/ifi$ to hav+ se5 ! miracul\s hail/ones t ! bi%op ( ,sa9t-,di in/itut$ an inquiry2 #ajg m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 he>d by ! p>i% prie/1 & c]ta9 well-kn[n m5 ( sci5ce names giv5 7 consult$4 ,! report has j be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,sema9e ,religieuse1 & concludes 9 fav\r ( ! absolute au!nticity ( ! fact "u inquiry4 4444,! la/ ^w re/s ) ! bi%op1 :o w decide accord+ to ! conclusions ( ! report ( ! special commission4' ,?is is ,ca?olicism 9 practice4 ,^? :o ?9k to re=m x by _! cont5tion t sup]natural int]v5tions c nev] be matt]s ( fact1 are liable to ! reproa* :i* !y mo/ dislike--t ( s*ola/ic intellectualism1 & neglect ( concrete exp]i5ce4 ,?is d5ial ( ! sup]natural z a factor 9 ! physical _w seems to u alone suffici5t to make ! position ( ! ,mod]ni/s 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* unt5able4 ,t =m ( ,*ri/ianity /&s or falls ) belief 9 miracles4 ,x has always s\ght to br+ ! div9e into human life by int]calat+ acts ( ,god among facts ( nature4 ,its :ole sacr$ lit]ature1 z we h said1 is p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by ! belief t ,god cont9ually int]v5es to *ange ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,:at w\ld become ( ! cult ( ,m>y & ! sa9ts if x 7 recognis$ t ,god does n s int]f]e1 & t ! sa9ts1 if criticism all[s t !y ev] exi/$1 c d no?+ by _! int]cessions to av]t calamity or br+ bless+8 ,! ,mod]ni/ prie/1 x appe>s1 c /ill say ',ora pro nobis' to a ,m>y ^: biography he believes to be purely my?ical4 ,at any rate1 he c tell 8 consultants ) a good consci5ce t if !y pray to ,m>y = grace !y w receive x4 ,b :at is ! good ( ?is make-believe8 ,&1 if x is "p ( a transaction 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] pays money = assi/ance :i* he believes to be miracul\s & only obta9able ?r\gh ! good (fices ( ! ,*ur*1 is x ev5 morally hone/8 ,! wor%ipp] may be help$ by 8 subjective conviction t 8 *eque on ! treasury ( m]it has be5 hon\r$2 b if1 ap>t f ! natural effects ( sugge/ion1 no?+ has be5 giv5 him b a m]e placebo1 is ! sac]dotal (fice "o :i* an hon\rable man w\ld wi% to fill8 ,we h no wi% :atev] to make any imputation aga9/ ! motives ( ! brave m5 :o h )/ood ! ?und]s ( ! ,vatican1 & :o 9 "s cases h be5 pr(essionally ru9$ by _! c\rage\s av[al ( _! op9ions4 ,p]haps none b a ,ca?olic prie/ c und]/& h[ great ! sacrifice is :5 "o 9 8 position breaks away f ! au?ority ( ^? :o speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur*1 & delib]ately incurs ! *>ge1 /ill s t]rible 9 ,ca?olic e>s1 ( be+ a h]etic & a tea*] ( h]esy4 ,n "o man 9 tw5ty w\ld d>e to face ! /orm ( obloquy1 hatr$1 & calumny :i* is always ready to fall on ! head ( a h]etical prie/4 ,! ,encyclical indicates ! measures :i* are to be tak5 (ficially aga9/ ,mod]ni/s4 ,pius ,x orda9s t all ! "y pr(essors suspect$ ( ,mod]nism are to be driv5 f _! *airs 9 ! sem9>ies2 t infect$ books are to be condemn$ indiscrim9ately1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h receiv$ an imprimatur2 t a committee ( c5sors is to be e/abli%$ 9 e diocese = ! revision ( books2 t meet+s ( lib]al prie/s or laym5 are to be =bidd52 t e diocese is to h a vigilance committee to discov] & in=m aga9/ ,mod]ni/s2 & t "y cl]ical ,mod]ni/s are to be put '9 ! l[e/ places1' & held up to ! contempt ( _! m or?odox or obsequi\s comrades4 ,b ?is p]secution is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! cru%+ condemnation ) :i* ! religi\s _w1 :i* is 8 only _w1 visits ?is k9d ( contumacy2 ! loss ( fri5d%ips1 ! grief & %ame ( lov$ relatives1 & ! haunt+ dread t an au?ority s augu/ z t :i* has condemn$ him _c h spok5 9 va94 ,assur$ly all lov]s ( tru? mu/ d homage to ! c\rage & self-sacrifice ( ^! m54 ,! d\bt :i* may be reasonably felt & express$ z to ! consi/5cy ( _! attitude reflects no discr$it on !m p]sonally4 ,nev]!less1 ! alt]native mu/ be fac$1 t a 'mod]nis$' ,ca?olicism mu/ ei!r desc5d to delib]ate quack]y1 or proclaim t ! bank f :i* ! ma9 "p ( h] rev5ues is d]iv$ has /opp$ paym5t4 ,:at w be ! end ( ! /ruggle1 & 9 :at condition w x leave ! greate/ ,*ur* 9 ,*ri/5dom8 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ! ,*ur* w gr[ tir$ ( ! attitude ( ,canute1 & w retreat to ! *air :i* ,mod]nism pr(f]s1 well above high-wat] m>k4 ,b ! policy ( ,rome has nev] be5 concession1 b repression1 ev5 at ! co/ ( ali5at+ l>ge bodies ( h] support]s2 & we believe t 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 z on =m] occasions1 ! ,vatican w cont9ue to proscribe ,mod]nism until ! movem5t )9 h] body is cru%$4 ,%e c h>dly d o!rwise1 = ! alt]native (f]$ is n a gradual re=m ( h] dogmas1 b a sweep+ revolution4 ,?is we h made abundantly cle> by quotations f ! ,mod]ni/s !mselves4 ,if ! ,vatican once proclaim$ t su* views ab\t sup]naturalism z ^? :i* we h quot$ are p]missible1 a deadly w\nd w\ld be inflict$ on ! fai? ( simple ,ca?olics all ov] ! _w4 ,! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ w\ld seem to !m to h apo/atis$4 ,! :ole ma*9]y ( piety1 z practis$ 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 w\ld be ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,nor is !re any /rong body ( educat$ laym51 su* z exi/s 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 :o c\ld influ5ce ! ,papacy 9 ! direction ( ,lib]alism4 ,n only are ! laity taught t _! prov9ce is to obey1 & nev] to call 9 "q ! decisions ( ecclesia/ics1 b ! l>ge majority ( ?\ghtful laym5 h already sev]$ _! connection ) ! ,*ur*1 & take no int]e/ 9 projects = its re=m4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to a complete victory = ! ,jesuits & ! or?odox p>ty2 &1 mu* z we may regret ! /ifl+ ( free discussion1 & ! expulsion ( e>ne/ & consci5ti\s ?9k]s f ! ,*ur* :i* !y love1 x is difficult to see h[ any o!r policy c\ld be adopt$4 ,( ! ,mod]ni/s1 a few w sec$e1 o!rs w rema9 9 ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh 9 op5 revolt aga9/ ! ,vatican2 b ! majority w be sil5c$1 & w make a lip-submission to au?ority4 ,! disa/r\s results ( ! rebellion1 & ( ! means tak5 to cru% x1 w be app>5t 9 ! det]ioration ( ! prie/hood4 ,mod]n ?\ght1 x w be said1 has n[ be5 def9itely condemn$ by ! ,*ur*2 w> has be5 op5ly decl>$ aga9/ progress4 ,_m :o1 be=e ! crisis ( ! la/ few ye>s1 believ$ x possible to ent] ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/hood )\t any sacrifice ( intellectual hone/y1 w 9 ! future f9d x impossible to d s4 ,we may expect to see ?is result mo/ palpable 9 ,france1 :]e m5 ?9k logically1 & are b little influ5c$ by cu/om & prejudice4 ,unless ! ,republican ,gov]nm5t bl[s ! dy+ emb]s into a blaze by unju/ p]secution1 x is to be fe>$ t ,ca?olicism 9 t c\ntry may soon become 'une quantit ngligeable4' ,! prospects ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,italy & ,spa9 d n seem v mu* bett]4 ,9 fact ! only com=t :i* we c sugge/ to ^? :o regret ! decl9e ( an augu/ in/itution1 is t decad5t autocracies h (t5 %[n an a/oni%+ t\ghness4 ,b z head ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w1 ,rome has f9i%$ h] life4 ,a m vital "q1 = ^? at lea/ :o are ,*ri/ians1 b n ,roman ,ca?olics1 is 9 :at %ape ! ,*ri/ian religion w em]ge f ! assaults ^u traditional beliefs :i* sci5ce & hi/orical criticism are press+ home4 ,we h giv5 our reasons = reject+ ! ,mod]ni/ attempt at recon/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we d n feel t we are requir$ by sane criticism to surr5d] ne>ly all t ,m4 ,loisy has surr5d]$4 ,we believe t ! k+dom ( ,god :i* ,*ri/ prea*$ 0 some?+ mu* m ?an a patriotic dream4 ,we believe t ,he did speak z nev] man spake1 s t ^? :o he>d ,him 7 conv9c$ t ,he 0 m ?an man4 ,we believe1 9 %ort1 t ! object ( our wor%ip 0 a hi/orical figure4 ,no?+ has yet come to light1 or is likely to come to light1 :i* prev5ts u f id5tify+ ! ,*ri/ ( hi/ory ) ! ,*ri/ ( fai?1 or ! ,*ri/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,b1 if too mu* is surr5d]$ on "o side1 too mu* is tak5 back on ! o!r4 ,! cont5tion t ! progress ( k has left ! traditional beliefs & cultus ( ,ca?olics unt\*$ is unt5able4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! :ole edifice ( sup]naturali/ic dualism "u :i* ,ca?olic piety has %elt]$ itself = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s has fall5 9 ru9s to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is /ill en\gh sup]/ition left to w9 a c]ta9 vogue = miracul\s cures at ,l\rdes1 & split hail/ones at ,remiremont4 ,b t k9d ( religion is doom$1 & w n survive ?ree g5]ations ( s\nd secul> education giv5 equally to bo? sexes4 ,! crav+ = signs & wond]s--t broad road :i* attracts s _m conv]ts & w9s s rapid a success--leads religion at la/ to its de/ruction1 z ,*ri/ seems to h w>n$ ,8 own disciples4 ,sci5ce has be5 ! sl[ly advanc+ ,nemesis :i* has ov]tak5 a b>b>is$ & paganis$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,%e has come ) a w9n[+ fan 9 h] h&1 & %e w n /op till %e has ?or\ghly purg$ h] floor4 ,%e has left u ! div9e ,*ri/1 :atev] may be ! tru? ab\t c]ta9 my/]i\s ev5ts 9 ,8 human life4 ,b assur$ly %e has n left u ! "r to (f] :e$l+ pray]s to a my?ical ,que5 ( ,heav52 %e has n left u ! "r to believe 9 su* pu]ile /ories z ! ,madonna-/amp on hail/ones1 9 ord] to induce a com=tably pi\s /ate ( m9d4 ,! dualism alleg$ to exi/ betwe5 fai? & k w n s]ve4 ,man is "o1 & reality is "o2 !re c no m be two 'ord]s ( reality' n affect+ ea* o!r ?an !re c be two faculties 9 ! human m9d work+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,! univ]se :i* is int]pret$ to u by our und]/&+ is n unreal1 nor are its laws pliant to our wills1 z ! pragmati/s d va9ly talk4 ,x is a div9ely ord]$ sy/em1 :i* includes man1 ! ro( & cr[n ( ?+s1 & ,*ri/1 9 :om is reveal$ to u its inn] "* & mean+4 ,x is n ! prov9ce ( fai? ei!r to fl\t sci5tific k1 or to contam9ate ! mat]ial on :i* sci5ce works by int]calat+ :at ,m4 ,le ,roy calls 'tran%i/orical symbols'--my?s 9 fact--:i* d n become true by be+ recognis$ z false1 z ! new apologetic seems to sugge/4 ,fai? is n ! born /orytell] ( ,mod]ni/ !ology4 ,fai? is1 on ! practical side1 j ! resolution to /& or fall by ! noble/ hypo!sis2 &1 on ! intellectual side1 x is a progressive initiation1 by exp]im5t :i* ends 9 exp]i5ce1 into ! unity ( ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful1 f\nd$ on ! inn] assurance t ^! ?ree attributes ( ! div9e nature h "o s\rce & conduct to "o goal4 ,! ,mod]ni/s are "r 9 f9d+ ! prim>y pr9ciple ( fai? 9 ! dep?s ( our undivid$ p]sonality4 ,!y are "r 9 tea*+ t fai? develops & comes into its own only ?r\gh ! activity ( ! :ole man4 ,!y are "r 9 d5y+ ! "n ( fai? to correct op9ion1 :i* may leave ! "* unt\*$4 ,z ,h>tley ,col]idge says3 ',?9k n ! fai? by :i* ! j %all live ,is a dead cre$1 a map correct ( heav51 ,f> less a feel+ fond & fugitive1 ,a ?\ghtless gift1 )drawn z soon z giv54 ,x is an affirmation & an act ,t bids et]nal tru? be pres5t fact4' ,= all ?is we are grateful to !m4 ,b we ma9ta9 t ! future ( ,*ri/ianity is 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o insi/ t fai? & k mu/ be confront$ ) ea* o!r till !y h made up _! qu>rel4 ,! crisis ( fai? _c be dealt ) by e/abli%+ a modus viv5di betwe5 scepticism & sup]/ition4 ,t is all t ,mod]nism (f]s u2 & x w n d4 ,r we w believe1 ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t pi/ h gnhsi/1 gn/h de h phi/i/4 ,if ?is confid5ce 9 ! reality ( ?+s hop$ = & ! hopefulness ( ?+s real be well-f\nd$1 we mu/ wait 9 pati5ce = ! com+ ( ! wise ma/]-build]s :o w con/ruct a m truly ,ca?olic ,*ur* out ( ! fragm5ts ( ! old1 ) ! help ( ! mat]ial n[ be+ collect$ by philosoph]s1 psy*ologi/s1 hi/orians1 & sci5ti/s ( all cre$s & c\ntries4 ,:5 ! "t comes = ?is build+ to rise1 ! contributions ( ! ,mod]ni/s w n be describ$ z wood1 hay1 or /ubble4 ,!y h done valuable s]vice to biblical criticism1 & 9 o!r bran*es1 :i* w be always recognis$4 ,b ! build+ w n 7we v5ture to prophesy7 be erect$ on _! plan1 nor by _! ,*ur*4 ,hi/ory %[s few examples ( ! rejuv5esc5ce ( decay$ autocracies4 ,nor is our g5]ation likely to see mu* ( ! recon/ruction4 ,! *ur*es1 z in/itutions1 w cont9ue = "s "t to %[ app>5t weakness2 & o!r moralis+ & civilis+ ag5cies w d mu* ( _! "w4 ,b1 s9ce !re nev] has be5 a "t :5 ! "* ( ,*ri/ & ! e?ics :i* he taught h be5 held 9 high] hon\r ?an ! pres5t1 !re is e reason to expect t ! next ',age ( ,fai?1' :5 x comes1 w be ( a m g5u9ely ,*ri/ian type ?an ! la/4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,bi%op ,creighton always emphasis$ ?is view ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ',! ,roman ,*ur*1' he wrote1 'is ! mo/ complete expression ( ,era/ianism1 = x is n a ,*ur* at all1 b a /ate 9 its organisation2 & ! wor/ =m ( /ate--an autocracy4' 7,life & ,lett]s1 ii4 #cge47 #ea ,9 contra/ ) 'h5o!ism' or 'monolatry1' su* z ! wor%ip ( ! e>ly ,hebrews4 #eb ',nunc defecit c]ta successio 9 omnibus ecclesiis apo/olicis1 praet]quam 9 ,romana1 et ideo ex te/imonio huius solius ecclesiae sumi pote/ c]tum argum5tum ad prob&as apo/olicas traditiones4' ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,v]bo ,dei scripto et non scripto1 ,,iv1 ix1 #aj4 #ec ,bell>m9e1 ,de ,laicis1 ,,iii1 xxi1 #bb4 #ed3 ,santayana1 ,return 9 ,religion1 p4 #ajh4 #ee ,t]tullian1 ,de ,virg4 ,vel41 #a4 #ef ,encyclical ( ,octob] #bg1 #aija4 #eg ,9 ,! ,programme ( ,mod]nism1 & ,quello *e vogliamo4 #eh ,! ,programme ( ,mod]nism1 p4 #af4 #ei ,! ,programme ( ,mod]nism1 pp4 #ej-ed4 #fj ,loisy1 ,simples ,rflexions1 p4 #afh4 #fa ,ibid4 ,l'vangile et l'glise1 pp4 #c-e4 #fb ,ibid4 ,les vangiles ,synoptiques1 p4 #aai4 #fc ,ibid4 #fd ,ibid4 p4 #adc4 #fe ,ibid4 pp4 #ach1 #aci4 #ff ,ibid4 p4 #ajd4 #fg ,loisy1 ,les vangiles ,synoptiques1 p4 #aff4 #fh ,ibid4 p4 #afi4 #fi ,ibid4 ,le ,quatrime vangile1 passim4 #gj ,loisy1 ,les vangiles ,synoptiques1 p4 #bad4 #ga ,ibid4 p4 #bah4 #gb ,loisy1 ,les vangiles ,synoptiques1 p4 #bbc4 #gc ,! ,programme ( ,mod]nism1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 #gd ,ibid4 p4 #ij4 #ge ,loisy1 ,simples ,rflexions1 p4 #baa4 #gf ,lab]?onnire1 ,le ,ralisme ,*rti5 et l',idalisme ,grec1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #gg ,mala*i1 ii4 #f4 #gh ,le ,roy1 ,dogme et ,critique1 p4 #bf4 #gi ,lex ,or&i1 p4 #afe 7abridg$74 #hj ,?is is n c>elessness on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,pauls5 also says 7,introduction to ,philosophy1 p4 #aab71 #d ,x is impossible to sep>ate feel+ & will+ f ea* o!r4444 ,only 9 ! highe/ /age ( psy*ical life1 9 man1 does a p>tial sep>ation ( feel+ f will+ occur4' ,b x is ! highe/ /age ( psy*ical life1 ! human1 ) :i* we are alone conc]n$2 & 9 ?is /age x is bo? possible & necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 feel+ & will+4 ,"s ,volunt>i/s1 h>d press$ by facts1 try to make 'w' cov] ! :ole ( consci\s & subconsci\s life1 ) ! exception ( logical reason+1 :i* is exclud$ z a sort ( p>iah6 #ha ,mgr4 ,moyes1 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb]1 #aijg4 ,,c>d9al ,,newman 7#aiab7 ,! life ( ,newman 0 divid$ into two ne>ly equal portions by 8 *ange ( religion 9 ,octob] #ahde4 ,= ! e>li] half ( 8 c>e] we h long _h 8 own n>rative2 & ,newman is a pr9ce ( autobiograph]s4 ,x 0 8 wi% t ! ',apologia' %\ld be ! f9al & au?oritative acc\nt ( 8 life 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ( ! /eps by :i* he 0 l$ to transf] 8 allegiance to ano!r communion4 ,! volum9\s lit]ature ( ! ,tract>ian movem5t1 :i* includes l>ge collections ( ,newman's own lett]s1 has confirm$ ! accuracy ( 8 n>rative1 & has made any fur!r description ( t /range episode 9 ,engli% ,univ]sity life sup]flu\s4 ,) ! ',apologia' & ,dean ,*ur*'s ',ox=d ,movem5t' be=e him1 ! read] ne$s no m4 ,mr4 ,wilfrid ,w>d has !re=e be5 well advis$ to adh]e loyally to ! ,c>d9al's wi%es1 by conf9+ himself to ! la/ half ( ,newman's life1 aft] a brief summ>y ( 8 *ildhood1 y\?1 & middle age till #ahde4 ,nev]!less1 x is mislead+ to give ! title ',! ,life ( ,c>d9al ,newman' to a "w :i* is only1 z x 71 ! second volume ( a biography4 ,!re are v few m51 h[ev] long-liv$1 :o h n done mu* ( _! be/ "w be=e ! age ( =ty-five1 & ,newman 0 c]ta9ly n "o ( ! exceptions4 ,f e po9t ( view1 except t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ecclesia/ical hi/orian1 ,newman's ,anglican c>e] 0 f> m int]e/+ & important ?an 8 resid5ce at ,birm+ham4 ,he w live 9 hi/ory1 n z ! recluse ( ,edgba/on1 nor z ! we>] ( ! ,c>d9al's hat :i* fell to 8 lot1 almo/ too late to save ! cr$it ( ! ,vatican1 :5 he _h pass$ ! normal limit ( human life1 b z ! real f\nd] & lead] ( n9ete5? c5tury ,anglo-,ca?olicism1 ! movem5t :i* he creat$ & !n tri$ 9 va9 to de/roy4 ,! projects & failures & successes ( 8 lat] life seem v pale & almo/ petty :5 comp>$ ) ! activities ( ! ye>s :ile he 0 mak+ a *apt] ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,8 greate/ book1 ?\gh x 0 writt5 _m ye>s aft] 8 secession1 is ! record ( a drama :i* end$ 9 ! int]view ) ,fa!r ,dom9ic ! ,passioni/4 ,x is ',! ,hi/ory ( my ,religi\s ,op9ions'2 & aft] #ahde 8 religi\s op9ions _h1 z he says himself1 no fur!r hi/ory4 ,! incomp>able /yle :i* w give him a p]man5t place among ! ma/]s ( ,engli% prose 0 ! product ( 8 life at ,ox=d1 :]e he liv$ 9 a society ( highly cultivat$ m51 ^: writ+s %[ _m ( ! same excell5ces z 8 own4 ,newman's ,engli% is only ! ,oriel mann] at its be/4 ,su* an in/rum5t c\ld h>dly h be5 =g$ at ! ,birm+ham ,oratory1 :]e 8 associates1 :o _h foll[$ him f ,littlemore1 7 ( su* an inf]ior type t ,m>k ,pattison1 :o knew !m1 0 surpris$ t he c\ld be satisfi$ ) _! company4 ,8 be/ s]mons & 8 be/ poetry belong to 8 ,anglican p]iod4 ',! ,dream ( ,g]ontius1' ) all its t5d] grace1 is f> less virile ?an ',lead1 k9dly ,light1' & o!r %ort poems ( 8 y\?4 ,moreov]1 8 record z a ,roman ecclesia/ic is "o ( almo/ unreliev$ failure4 ,if he _h di$ eighte5 ye>s aft] 8 secession1 :5 he already look$ ^u himself z an old man ^: c\rse 0 ne>ly run1 he w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z "o :o _h sacrific$ a great c>e] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& = neglect & obscurity4 ,f ! fir/ he 0 di/ru/$ by ! ',old ,ca?olics' 7! old ,roman ,ca?olic families 9 ,engl&71 & suspect$ at ! ,vatican1 :]e ,talbot assidu\sly repres5t$ him z '! mo/ dang]\s man 9 ,engl&4' ,:5 ,mann+1 ,ar*deacon ( ,*i*e/]1 foll[$ 8 example & jo9$ ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ,newman 0 confront$ ) a /ill m subtle & rel5tless oppon5t1 ^: ho/ility 0 nev] relax$ till ! accession ( a ,lib]al ,pope made x no long] possible to resi/ ! be/[al ( t>dy hon\rs ^u a feeble octog5>ian4 ,! recognition came 9 "t to soo! 8 decl9e1 b too late to enable him to leave 8 m>k ^u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,! ma9 ev5ts 9 a v unev5tful c>e] are n>rat$ at l5g? 9 ,mr4 ,w>d's volumes4 ,aft] 8 'conv]sion' ,newman fir/ resid$ 9 a small community at ,m>yvale 7,oscott7 b soon left x on a j\rney to ,rome1 :]e he sp5t "s "t at ! ,collegio di ,propag&a1 & _h a =eta/e ( ! di/ru/ ) :i* ,pius ,,ix & 8 advis]s always reg>d$ him4 ,8 plan at ?is "t 0 to f\nd a !ological sem9>y at ,m>yvale2 & 9 ?is s*eme he _h ! support ( ,wiseman1 ! able/ ,roman ecclesia/ic 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,b ! ',essay on ,developm5t1' ) its uns*ola/ic language & unfamili> l9e ( apologetic1 s]i\sly al>m$ ! !ologians at ,rome2 & ,newman1 accept+ ! fir/ ( _m rebuffs1 ab&on$ ?is project 9 fav\r ( ano!r4 ,he resolv$ to jo9 ! ,oratorians1 an ord] f\nd$ by ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 & obta9$ p]mission to modify1 9 8 project$ e/abli%m5t1 ! rules ( ! ,ord]1 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 prescrib$ frequ5t flogg+s 9 public4 ,he visit$ ,naples1 & came back a believ] 9 ! liquefaction ( ! sa9t's blood4 ,! amaz+ lett] to ,h5ry ,wilb]=ce1 writt] f ,santa ,croce1 %[s t he 0 ! mo/ docile & cr$ul\s ( conv]ts4 ,ev5 ! ,holy ,h\se at ,loreto caus$ him no difficulty4 ',he :o float$ ! ark on ! surges ( a _w-wide sea1 & inclos$ 9 x all liv+ ?+s1 :o has hidd5 ! t]re/rial p>adise1 :o said t fai? might remove m\nta9s 444 c\ld d ?is wond] also4' ,x 'may h be5'2 'ev]ybody believes x 9 ,rome'2 !re=e ,newman 'has no d\bt'6 ,! new ,oratory 0 plac$ by ,papal brief at ,birm+ham4 ,! fir/ memb]s ( x 7 8 fri5ds :o _h left ! ,engli% ,*ur* ) him4 ,recruits soon came 91 & bran* h\ses 7 talk$ (4 ,b = _m ye>s ,newman _h reason to compla9 ( neglect & want ( sympa?y4 ,he ev5 f\nd empty *ur*es :5 he prea*$ 9 ,london4 ,9 conjunction ) ,fab]1 he next />t$ a s]ies ( ',lives ( ! ,sa9ts1' 9 :i* ! mo/ absurd 'miracles' 7 accept$ )\t "q z true4 ,! ',old ,ca?olics1' :o _h no /oma* = su* food1 prote/$2 & ,newman1 ?is "t ?or\ghly irritat$1 _h to admit ano!r failure4 ,! ,oratory1 h[ev]1 & its ,london (f%oot "u ,fab] 7 prosp]\s1 & ! *ur*es :]e ,newman prea*$ 7 n long empty4 ,9 #ahej we f9d him 9 bett] spirits4 ,he employ$ 8 en]gies 9 a s]ies ( clev] lectures on ',anglican ,difficulties1' 9 :i* he ridicul$ ! ,*ur* ( 8 e>li] v[s ) all ! ref9$ cruelty ( :i* he 0 a ma/]4 ,b he 0 soon 9 tr\ble aga94 ,"o ,dr4 ,giac9to ,a*illi1 =m]ly a ,dom9ican fri>1 gave lectures 9 ,london ^u ! sc&als ( ! ,roman ,inquisition1 :i* _h imprison$ him = attack+ ! ,ca?olic fai? & fom5t+ s$ition4 ,! temp] ( ! ,briti% public at ?is "t made x ready to believe any?+ to ! discr$it ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & ,a*illi became a popul> h]o4 ,wiseman publi%$ a libell\s article ^u him 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review1 :i* pass$ unnotic$4 ,b :5 ,newman repeat$ ! *>ges ( pr(ligacy 9 a public lecture1 ,a*illi br\ght an action = libel1 :i* 9 co/s & exp5ses co/ ,newman #ab1jjj4 ,! money h[ev] 0 paid1 & mu* m ?an paid1 by 8 co-religioni/s4 ,?is trial 0 quickly foll[$ by ! inauguration ( a s*eme = f\nd+ a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity 9 ,irel&1 ! av[$ object ( :i* 0 to )draw "y ,ca?olics f ! lib]alis+ influ5ces ( mix$ education4 ,?is s*eme 0 sure to appeal /rongly to ,newman4 ,lib]alism _h come 9 ) a ru% at ,ox=d1 aft] ! dissipation ( ! 'long nightm>e' 7z ,m>k ,pattison calls x7 :ile ! ,univ]sity 0 dom9at$ by religi\s m$ievalism4 ,! ,ox=d ( ,newman _h become ! ,ox=d ( ,j[ett4 ,! able/ ( ,newman's "y fri5ds & disciples1 su* z ,m>k ,pattison & ,j4,a4 ,fr\de1 7 n[ 9 ! opposite camp1 full ( ang] & disgu/ at ! s$uctive influ5ces f :i* !y _h j escap$4 ,newman1 z might be expect$1 0 anxi\s to protect ,ca?olic /ud5ts f simil> dang]s1 & accept$ ! po/ ( ,rector ( ! propos$ ,ca?olic ,univ]sity4 ,he int5d$ x to provide 'philosophical def5ces ( ,ca?olicity & ,revelation1 & create a ,ca?olic lit]ature4' ,! lectures 9 :i* he exp\nd$ 8 ideals at ,dubl9 7 a great success1 & he return$ to ,engl& full ( hope4 ,) a curi\s inability to read ! "* ( "o :o 0 to be 8 wor/ enemy1 he (f]$ ,mann+ ! po/ ( ,vice-,rector4 ,mann+'s refusal 0 foll[$ by 8 failure to obta9 ! support ( ,w>d1 ,h5ry ,wilb]=ce1 & o!rs2 & ,ca?olic op9ion 9 ,irel& 0 mu* divid$4 ,= ?ree or f\r ye>s ,newman 0 engag$ 9 ineffectual ef=ts to pu% 8 s*eme =w>d4 ,at la/1 9 #ahee1 he 0 in/all$ z ,rector1 & began 8 "w at ,dubl94 ,a f9e *ur* 0 built at ,/4 ,/eph5's ,gre5 ) ! surplus ( ! ,a*illi subscriptions1 & ,newman produc$ "s excell5t lit]>y "w 9 ! =m ( ,univ]sity lectures & s]mons4 ,b ! :ole movem5t 0 view$ ) di/ru/ by ! ,iri% ecclesia/ics1 :o1 z he said 9 a mom5t ( impati5ce1 'reg>d any intellectual man z be+ on ! road to p]dition4' ,!re 0 a cl\d ov] 8 "w f fir/ to la/4 ,he _h be5 promis$ a bi%opric1 )\t :i* he 0 made to feel himself 9 an inf]ior position by ! ,iri% prelates2 b ! promise 0 n fulfill$4 ,! ,iri% object$ to "o or two ,engli% pr(essors on 8 /aff1 because !y 7 ,engli%4 ,dr4 ,cull51 ! rul+ _s 9 ! ,iri% hi]>*y1 0 a n>r[ cons]vative1 :o wi%$ to use ,newman m]ely z an in/rum5t aga9/ progressive t5d5cies 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,9 #aheg he resign$ an impossible task1 & return$ to ,birm+ham4 ,new und]tak+s foll[$1 no m successful ?an ! abortive univ]sity s*eme4 ,!re 0 to be a new translation ( ! ,bible1 & a new ,ca?olic magaz9e call$ ! ,rambl]4 ,! =m] ent]prise 0 already well advanc$ :5 ! g5]al indiff]5ce ( ! ,ca?olic public caus$ x to be ab&on$4 ,! ,rambl]1 ! contributors to :i* us$ a fre$om ( discussion unpalatable to ,roman ecclesia/ics1 /ruggl$ on amid a /orm ( criticism till #ahei1 :5 ,newman1 :o 0 !n himself editor1 resign$1 & "o m humiliat+ failure 0 regi/]$4 ,! managem5t ( ! magaz9e pass$ into o!r h&s4 ,! ,oratory ,s*ool at ,birm+ham1 a mu* less cont5ti\s und]tak+1 0 successfully laun*$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,9 #ahfj came ! emancipation ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* by ,cav\r & ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,newman ref]r$ to ! ,pi$montese z 'sacrilegi\s robb]s1' b 8 advocacy ( ! temporal p[] 0 n /rong en\gh to please ! ,vatican1 :ile ! /r5g? ( ,mann+'s language left no?+ to be desir$4 ,newman became m unpopul> ?an ev]4 ,8 reputation suff]$ by 8 =m] connection ) ! ,rambl] & 8 suppos$ connection ) ! ,home & ,=eign ,review1 :i* ,acton int5d$ to repres5t ! views ( progressive ,ca?olics1 till x also 0 snuff$ out by ! hi]>*y4 ,! five ye>s f #ahei to #ahfd are consid]$ by ,mr4 ,w>d to h be5 ! sadde/ 9 ,newman's life4 ,he felt1 truly en\gh1 t ! dom9ant p>ty _h no sympa?y ) 8 aims1 & t he 0 treat$ z '"s wild incompreh5sible bea/1 a spectacle = ,dr4 ,wiseman to exhibit to /rang]s1 z himself be+ ! hunt] :o captur$ x4' ',all ?r\gh my life ,i h be5 pluck$1' he writes to an old ,ox=d fri5d4 ,!re 0 ev5 9 8 m9d at ?is "t a wi/ful ye>n+ aft] ! fri5ds & ! ,*ur* t he _h left--a feel+1 d\btless transi5t1 b significant1 :i* 8 biograph] has all[$ to %[ itself 9 a few pages ( 8 book4 ,aft] rem9d+ himself1 9 8 di>y1 ( ! w>n+ aga9/ ^? :o1 aft] putt+ _! h& to ! pl\gh1 'look back1' he proce$s to look back1 because he _c help x4 ',i live m & m 9 ! pa/1 & 9 hopes t ! pa/ may revive 9 ! future4444 ,i ?9k1 z dea? comes on1 8 cold brea? is felt on s\l z on body1 & t1 view$ naturally1 my s\l is half dead n[1 :]eas !n 9 8 ,prote/ant days x 0 9 ! fre%ness & f]v\r ( y\?4444 ,i say ! same ( my /ate ( m9d f #ahcd to #ahde1 :5 ,i became a ,ca?olic4 ,x is a "t pa/ & gone--x relates to a "w done & ov]4 ,quis mihi tribuat1 ut sim iuxta m5ses pri/9os1 secundum dies1 quibus ,deus cu/odiebat me8 ,qu&o spl5debat luc]na eius sup] caput meum1 et ad lum5 eius ambulabam 9 t5ebris8 444 ,i h no fri5d at ,rome2 ,i h lab\r$ 9 ,engl&1 to be misrepres5t$1 backbitt5 & scorn$4 ,i h lab\r$ 9 ,irel&1 ) a door ev] %ut 9 my face4444 ,contemporane\sly ) ?is neglect on ! "p ( ^? = :om ,i lab\r$1 !re has be5 a draw+ t[>ds me on ! "p ( ,prote/ants4 ,^? v books & lab\rs :i* ,ca?olics did n und]/&1 ,prote/ants did4 ,i am "u ! temptation ( look+ out =1 if n c\rt+1 ,prote/ant praise4444 ,:at ,i wrote z a ,prote/ant has _h f> great] p[]1 =ce1 mean+1 success1 ?an my ,ca?olic works4' ,su* reflections might seem to indicate a disposition to return to ! ,anglican fold4 ,b a man mu/ h vanqui%$ pride 9 its mo/ insidi\s =m be=e he c leave ! ,*ur* ( ,rome = any o!r4 ,! ari/ocratic hauteur ( ! civis ,romanus among b>b>ians lives on 9 ! s5tim5t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic t[>ds ,prote/ants4 ,:5 ,newman 0 publicly *>g$ ) int5d+ to return to ,anglicanism1 ?is _s broke out 9 a disagreeable & insult+ mann]4 ,! bitt]ness ( ^! five ye>s ( neglect1 9 :i* he _h be5 eat+ 8 he>t 9 sil5ce1 mu/ be rememb]$ 9 connexion ) ! fam\s ,k+sley controv]sy1 :i* 9 #ahfd r\s$ him to put on 8 arm\r & fight = 8 reputation4 ,!re _h always be5 an elem5t ( combativ5ess 9 ,newman's disposition4 ',nescio quo pacto1 my spirits mo/ happily rise at ! prospect ( dang]1' he wrote e>ly 9 life4 ,& :5 he c\ld p]suade himself t n only 8 hon\r b t ( ! ,*ur* 0 at /ake1 he c\ld feel & %[ ! true ,ca?olic f]ocity1 ! cruelle/ _s on e>?4 ',a h]esi>*1' he _h writt5 ev5 9 8 ,anglican days1 '%\ld meet ) no m]cy4 ,he mu/ be dealt ) by ! compet5t au?ority z if he 7 embodi$ evil4 ,to sp>e him is a false & dang]\s pity4 ,x is to endang] ! s\ls ( ?\s&s1 & x is un*>itable t[>ds himself'6 ,?is 0 ! temp]1 s\r$ by defeat & n mell[$ by age1 :i* ,*>les ,k+sley 9 an evil mom5t = himself *ose wantonly to provoke4 ,at ,*ri/mas #ahfc !re appe>$ 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e a review ( ,fr\de's ',hi/ory ( ,engl&1' 9 :i* ,k+sley wrote ',tru? = its own sake has nev] be5 a virtue ) ! ,roman cl]gy4 ,fa!r ,newman in=ms u t x ne$ n be1 & on ! :ole ought n to be--t cunn+ is ! weapon :i* ,heav5 has giv5 to ! sa9ts :]e) to )/& ! brute male =ce ( ! wick$ _w4' ,?is *>ge 0 9 fact bas$ on a c>eless read+1 or an imp]fect recollection1 ( ! tw5tie? disc\rse 9 ',s]mons on ,subjects ( ! ,day4' ,! disc\rse 9 "q is a some:at nause\s glorification ( ! s]vile temp]1 b x only says t ! meekness ( ! sa9ts is 7by ,div9e provid5ce7 s successful t x is always mi/ak5 = craft4 ,! imputation ( cunn+ is !re=e a note ( sanctity 9 its victim4 ,k+sley ought to h read ! s]mon aga91 & )drawn unres]v$ly f an unt5able position4 ,b he ?\ght t some?+ less ?an a complete apology w\ld s]ve2 & s gave ,newman ! opportunity ( 8 life4 ,:5 ! )drawal :i* he (f]$ 0 reject$1 ,k+sley made matt]s t5 times worse = himself by an ill-consid]$ pamphlet call$ ',:at !n does ,dr4 ,newman mean8' ,9 ?is effusion he v5ts all 8 scorn & hatr$ = ,ca?olicism--= its tortu\s tactics1 its mon/r\s cr$ulity & appetite = miracles1 :i* mu/ proce$1 accord+ to him1 ei!r f infantile folly or f delib]ate impo/ure4 ,=gett+ altoge!r t he has to def5d himself aga9/ a specific *>ge ( sl&]1 he (f]s 8 great oppon5t ! *oice betwe5 writ+ himself d[n a knave or a fool--a knave if he pret5ds to believe 9 ! ,holy ,coat & ! blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius1 a fool if he does believe 9 !m4 ,! co>s5ess ( ?is attack ^u an eld]ly man ( sa9tly "* & ackn[l$g$ intellectual em95ce1 :o _h to all appe>ance blight$ a great c>e] by hone/ly obey+ 8 consci5ce1 (f5d$ ! ,briti% public1 :i* 0 n[ fully dispos$ to give a respectful & fav\rable he>+ to :atev] ,newman might c>e to say 9 reply4 ,9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry x w\ld h be5 useless = a ,prote/ant1 h[ev] falsely attack$1 to appeal to ,ca?olic public op9ion = ju/ice2 b ,newman und]/ood ! ,engli% "*1 & saw 8 spl5did *ance4 ,! fam\s def5ce 01 f e po9t ( view except ! highe/1 a complete triumph4 ,& al?\gh ,hort 0 /rictly accurate 9 describ+ ! treatm5t ( ,k+sley z 'horribly un*ri/ian1' x is dem&+ too mu* ( human nature to expect a ma/] ( f5ce1 :5 wantonly attack$ ) a bludgeon1 to ab/a9 f ! pleasure ( prick+ 8 adv]s>y sci5tifically 9 ! t5d] p>ts ( 8 body4 ,! bitt]e/ passages 7 excis$ 9 lat] editions2 & ! ',apologia' rema9s a ma/]piece ( autobiography1 & a p[]ful def5ce ( ,ca?olicism4 ,to ,newman ?is appe>$ to be ! turn+-po9t 9 8 =tunes4 ,he felt /rong en\gh to adm9i/] a sev]e snub to ,monsignor ,talbot1 8 old enemy1 :o1 he>+ ( ! success ! ',apologia1' invit$ him to prea* at ,rome4 ,!n at once he ?rew himself into a great s*eme = f\nd+ an ,oratory at ,ox=d4 ,eight & a half acres 7 b\ght betwe5 ,worce/] ,college1 ! ,cl>5don ,press1 ! ,obs]vatory1 & ,beaumont ,/reet1 a magnific5t site1 :i* ! ,oratorians acquir$ = only #hdjj4 ,b "h aga9 he 0 ?w>t$4 ,w4,g4 ,w>d oppos$ ! s*eme ) all 8 might1 insi/+ on ! necessity ( 'pres]v+ ! purity ( a ,ca?olic atmosph]e ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( education4' ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ! ,ultramontane movem5t 0 to secure1 be=e all o!r ?+s1 a body ( militant "y ,ca?olics to fight ! battles ( ! ,*ur*4 ,newman 0 will+ to support ! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 its w>f>e aga9/ unbelief2 to ! ,ultramontane a ,prote/ant is z c]ta9ly damn$ z an a!i/1 & is m mis*iev\s z be+ less am5able to ,ca?olic influ5ce4 ,mann+ & ,talbot seem to h giv5 ! project its c\p de grce at ,rome1 & ,newman sold ! l& :i* he _h b\ght4 ,he 0 bitt]ly disappo9t$2 b ! gr[? ( public e/eem _h giv5 him self-confid5ce1 & he did n aga9 fall into despond5cy1 ?\gh he _h a /range pres5tim5t ( approa*+ dea?1 :i* prompt$ 8 la/ fam\s poem1 ',! ,dream ( ,g]ontius4' ,a second attempt to g to ,ox=d 0 ?w>t$ by enemies at ,home & 9 ,engl& 9 #ahff-g4 ,! extreme p>ty1 ) ,mann+1 n[ ,ar*bi%op1 at _! head1 seem$ to be victori\s all along ! l9e4 ,!y 7 able to proce$ to _! supreme triumph 9 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil :i* issu$ ! dogma ( ,papal ,infallibility4 ,newman1 :ile o!rs 7 intrigu+ & h>angu+1 0 quietly engag$ 9 prep>+ 8 subtle/ & 7on "o side7 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic "w1 ',! ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1' an attempt at a ,ca?olic apologetic on a 'p]sonali/1' z oppos$ to an 'intellectuali/' basis4 ,he decl9$ to take an active "p 9 ! !ological conf]5ces ab\t infallibility1 be+ by ?is "t well aw>e h[ little weight su* argum5ts z he c\ld br+ 7 likely to h at ,rome4 ,he 0 disgu/$ at ! insol5t aggressiv5ess ( ! ,ultramontanes1 b he _h no wi% to combat x4 ,! situation 0 hopeless1 & he knew x4 ,! dea? ( sev]al fri5ds increas$ ! s5se ( isolation1 & dur+ ! ye>s #ahge to #ahgi 8 sil5ce & depression 7 v noticeable to ^? :o liv$ ) him4 ,8 de>e/ fri5d1 ,ambrose ,/4 ,john1 0 "o ( sev]al :o di$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,b ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d1 made him an honor>y fell[ 9 #ahgg1 an hon\r :i* seem$ to progno/icate ! f> high] di/9ction :i* 0 soon to be conf]r$ ^u him4 ,! dea? ( ,pius ,,ix 9 #ahgh br\ght to an end ! long reign ( obscurantism at ! ,vatican1 & ) ! election ( ,leo ,,xiii ,newman em]g$ f ! cl\d "u :i* he _h rema9$ = m ?an a g5]ation4 ,! new ,pope lo/ no "t 9 mak+ him a ,c>d9al1 ?\gh ev5 n[ ! prize seem$ to be on ! po9t ( slipp+ ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,he valu$ ! hon\r imm5sely z sett+ ! (ficial seal ( approbation on 8 life's "w1 & ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 quietly happy4 ,he 0 able to m+le actively 9 affairs ( public int]e/1 & to write long lett]s1 till ne> ! end4 ,he di$ on ,augu/ #aa1 #ahij1 9 8 n9etie? ye>1 & 0 buri$1 by 8 own reque/1 9 ! same grave ) 8 fri5d ,ambrose ,/4 ,john4 ,:y is x t ?is sad1 isolat$1 brok5 life1 9 :i* ! "y man r5\nces ! cre$ ( ! boy1 & ! eld] man p\rs scorn ^u ! loyalties ( 8 prime2 :i* f\nd its la/ hav5 9 a society :i* wi%$ to make a tool ( him b di/ru/$ him too mu* = ev5 ?is pitiful s]vice1 has /ill an absorb+ int]e/ = our g5]ation8 ,= x is n only 9 ,engl& t ,newman's fame lives & gr[s4 ,9 ,france !re is a cult ( ,newman1 :i* has produc$ biographies by ,bremond & ,faure1 z well z a hi/ory ( ! ,ca?olic ,revival 9 ,engl& by ,?ureau-,dang94 ,9 ,engl&1 besides ,dean ,*ur*'s ',ox=d ,movem5t1' we h biographies by ,r4,h4 ,hutton & ,w4 ,b>ry1 & appreciations or depreciations by ,e4 ,abbott1 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,fr\de1 ,m>k ,pattison1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,! int]e/ is ma9ly p]sonal & psy*ological4 ,newman's writ+s1 & 8 life1 are a 'human docum5t' 9 a v peculi> degree4 ,bremond is "r 9 call+ att5tion to ! autoc5trism ( ,newman4 ',al?\gh 7he says7 ! words ,i & me are relatively r>e 9 ,newman's writ+s1 :e!r z prea*]1 noveli/1 controv]siali/1 philosoph]1 or poet1 he always reveals & always describes himself4' ,ev5 8 hi/orical portraits are recon/ruct$ f 8 inn] consci\sness2 h5ce _! hi/orical falsity--all ages are mix$ 9 8 hi/ories--& _! philosophical tru?4 ,9 a s5se he 0 ! mo/ res]v$ ( m54 ,we d n "k :e!r he _h any ord9>y temptations2 we d n "k :e!r he ev] fell 9 love4 ,b ! texture ( 8 m9d & ! gr[? ( 8 op9ions h be5 laid b>e to u ) ! c&\r ( a sa9t & ! accuracy ( a dissector or analy/4 ,he rem9ds u ( ,de ,qu9cey1 :o also c\ld tell ! /ory ( 8 own life1 b no o!r1 & ^: /yle1 l 8 own1 0 modell$ on ! lit]>y traditions ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he has left u1 9 ! ',apologia1' a picture ( 8 precoci\s & dreamy boyhood1 :5 he liv$ 9 a _w ( 8 own1 peopl$ by angels & spirits1 a _w 9 :i* ! sup]natural 0 ! only nature4 ,he 0 lonely & res]v$1 !n z always4 ,x is n = no?+ t 9 8 s]mons he expatiates s (t5 on ! imp5etrability ( ! human s\l4 ,a nature s self-c5tr$ has always some?+ h>d & inhuman ab\t x2 he 0 lov$1 b lov$ little 9 return4 ,& yet he crav$ = m affection ?an he c\ld reciprocate4 ',i _c ev] realise to myself1' he wrote once1 't anyone loves me4' ,x is a common feel+ 9 imag9ative1 )drawn *>act]s4 ,deepseat$ 9 8 nature 0 a rev]5ce = ! hidd5 spr+s ( ?\ght1 action1 & belief4 ,:5 he spoke ( 'consci5ce1' z he did cont9ually1 he meant1 n ! faculty :i* decides e?ical problems1 b ! undivid$ s\l-nature :i* und]lies ! sep>ate activities ( ?\ght1 w1 & feel+4 ,9 ?is s5se ! epigrammati/ 0 "r :o said t 'to ,newman 8 own nature 0 a revelation :i* he call$ consci5ce4' ,he 'foll[$ ! gleam1' unc]ta9 :i!r x w\ld lead him4 ,! poem ',lead1 k9dly ,light' is ! mo/ intimate self-revelation t he ev] made4 ,?is m5tal attitude1 :i* he took e>ly 9 life1 became ! f\ndation ( 8 'p]sonali/' philosophy1 & ( ! anti-intellectualism :i* 0 ! negative side ( x4 ,b ?is reliance on ! inn] light1 :i* ne>ly made a my/ic ( him1 0 cl\d$ by a haunt+ fe> ( ,god's wra?1 :i* imp>ts a gloomy t+e to 8 ,anglican s]mons1 & :i*1 :ile he 0 halt+ betwe5 ! ,engli% ,*ur* & ,rome1 pli$ him ) ! v unmy/ical "q ',:]e %all ,i be mo/ safe8' an argum5t :i* he _h us$ repeat$ly & )\t scruple 9 8 p>o*ial s]mons4#hb ,x is nev]!less true t ?is self-c5tr$ _s 01 at lea/ 9 e>ly life1 impressionable & op5 to ! influ5ce ( o!rs4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) ,hurrell ,fr\de & ,keble affect$ 8 op9ions consid]ably3 & /ill m pot5t 0 ! p]vad+ intangible influ5ce ( ,ox=d--! academic atmosph]e4 ,x _c inde$ be said t ! ,univ]sity 0 at ?is "t 9 a heal?y condition4 ,m>k ,pattison has describ$ ) cau/ic contempt ! intellectual le?>gy ( ! place1 & ! mis]able quality ( ! lectures4 ,ox=d 0 /ill de facto a close cl]ical corporation1 & 9 mo/ colleges 'clubbable m5' r ?an s*ol>s 7 *os5 = ! fell[%ips4 ,oriel won its unique position by break+ ?r\gh ?is tradition1 & also by mak+ orig9ality r ?an success 9 ! univ]sity exam9ations ! ma9 qualification = election4 ,b ev5 at ,oriel1 & among ! able/ m51 !re 0 great ignorance ( mu* t 0 be+ ?\ght & writt5 else:]e4 ,k ( ,g]man 0 r>e4 ,ev5 ! classics 7 n read 9 a humani/ic _s4 ',( ! _w ( wisdom & s5tim5t--( poetry & philosophy1 ( social & political exp]i5ce1 conta9$ 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics1 & ( ! true relation ( ! deg5]ate & semi-b>b>\s ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! f\r? c5tury to t _w--,ox=d1 9 #ahcj1 _h nev] dreamt4#hc ,!ological prejudice 9 fact di/ort$ ! :ole outlook ( ! resid5t fell[s1 & conf\nd$ all e/imation ( relative values4 ,newman nev]1 all ?r\gh 8 life1 took a /ep t[>ds ov]com+ ?is e>ly prejudice4 ,he imag9$ a gold5 age ( ! ,*ur*1 or sev]al gold5 ages1 & f\nd !m 9 '! fir/ ?ree c5turies1' 9 ! "t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great or ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 or 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he 0 only sure t ! sixte5? c5tury 0 made ( mu* bas] metal4 ,?is unhi/orical idealisation ( ! pa/1 ev5 ( a b>b>\s pa/1 0 v *>act]i/ic ( ,newman & 8 fri5ds4 ,!y bequea!d to ! ,anglican ,*ur* ! /range leg5d ( an age ( pure doctr9e & h]oic practice1 to :i* x %\ld be our aim to 'return4' ,! real /r5g? ( ?is leg5d lies 9 ! fact t x has no hi/orical f\ndation4 ,! ideal :i* is pres5t$ z a return or a revival is no?+ ( ! k9d1 b a creation ( our own "t1 project$ by ! imag9ation into ! pa/1 f :i* x comes back ) a halo ( au?ority4 ,newman _h 8 full %>e ( ^! illusions4 ,9 8 y\? & prime he 0 m ( an ,engli%man ?an an ,anglican4 ,he despis$ =eign]s1 unless !y 7 ,ca?olic sa9ts1 c\ld n be> ! sight ( ! tricolor1 & hat$ all ! 'ideas ( ! ,revolution4' ,8 dictum1 ',lu!r is dead1 b ,hildebr& & ,loyola are alive1' ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! cont5ts ( 8 m9d1 z does ! truly ,briti% prejudice :i* caus$ him to be horrifi$ at ! sight ( %ips coal+ at ,malta 'on a holy day4' ,8 range ( ideas 0 s mu* re/rict$ t ,bremond1 a s9c]e admir]1 says t 8 imag9ation liv$ on 'une poigne de s\v5irs d'enfant4' ,h[ tragic 0 ! fate :i* caught ?is loyal ,engli%man & m ?an loyal ,oxonian 9 ! me%es ( a cosmopolitan in/itution 9 :i* ,engl& c\nt$ = little & ,ox=d = no?+ at all6 ,! ,re=m ( #ahcb seem$ to ?reat5 ! ,engli% ,*ur* ) de/ruction4 ,arnold 9 ?is ye> wrote ',! ,*ur*1 z x n[ /&s1 no human p[] c save4' ,! bi%ops 7 /unn$ & bewild]$ by ! unexpect$ outbreak ( popul> ho/ility4 ,old me?ods ( def5ce 7 pla9ly useless2 "s new plan ( campaign mu/ be devis$ aga9/ ! d\ble assault ( political radicalism & !ological lib]alism4 ,to ,newman bo? alike 7 ( ! devil2 !ological lib]alism especially 0 only speci\s infidelity4 ,he nev] _h ! slighte/ inkl+ t a deep religi\s e>ne/ness & love ( tru? und]lay ! revolt aga9/ or?odox tradition4 ,8 fight+ in/9cts 7 ar\s$4 ,:5 ,keble attribut$ ! s*eme = suppress+ "s ,iri% bi%opries to 'national apo/asy1' he ru%$ to arms 9 def5ce ( ,*ur* privileges & prop]ty4 ,9 ! fir/ ,tract 7#ahcc7 he says3 ',a notion has gone abroad t ! p c take away y\r p[]4 ,!y ?9k !y h giv5 x & c take x away4 ,!y h be5 delud$ into a notion t pres5t palpable usefulness1 produceable results1 acceptabl5ess to y\r flocks--t ^! & su*-l are ! te/s ( y\r ,div9e commission4 ,enlight5 !m 9 ?is matt]4 ,exalt our holy fa!rs ! ,bi%ops1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,angels ( ! ,*ur*es1 & magnify y\r (fice1 z be+ orda9$ by !m to take "p 9 _! m9i/ry4' ,t 0 ! keynote ( ! :ole ,tract>ian movem5t4 ,a weapon 0 ne$$ to smite lib]alism4 ,no?+ b a compact & p[]ful organisation c\ld repel ! foe4 ,god mu/ h provid$ su* an organisation3 a ,div9e society1 c]ta9 ( ultimate victory1 mu/ exi/ some:]e4 ,newman & 8 fri5ds hop$ to f9d x 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 & su* 0 ! p[] ( _! contagi\s zeal & confid5t en?usiasm1 t ! imm$iate dang] 0 actually /av$ (f1 & ! ,e/abli%m5t 0 all[$ a new lease ( life4 ,b ! national ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 n con/itut$ to resi/ ! national w1 & ! attempt to reorganise x on ,ca?olic l9es 0 =e-doom$ to failure4 ,& s1 s9ce ! assumption t a great in/itutional fight+ ,*ur* mu/ exi/ 0 nev] ev5 que/ion$1 :5 ,anglicanism fail$ him !re 0 no o!r refuge b ,rome4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly m logical ?an 8 fri5ds :o rema9$ beh9d4 ,anglo-,ca?olicism has its !oretical basis 9 a def9ition ( ,ca?olicity :i* is repudiat$ by all o!r ,ca?olics2 its traditions are l>gely leg5d>y4 ,b x is an eclectic sy/em well suit$ to ! ,engli% "*1 & ! di/ort$ view ( hi/ory :i* ,newman bequea!d to ! p>ty has enabl$ x to borr[ mu* t is good f diff]5t sides1 )\t any s5se ( inconsi/5cy4 ,! idea ( a ,div9e society has be5 & is ! inspiration ( ?\s&s ( ard5t work]s 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,x lift$ ! religion ( _m ,engli%m5 f ! some:at gross & b\rgeois condition 9 :i* ! movem5t f\nd x1 to a pure & unworldly idealism4 ,&1 unlike mo/ o!r religi\s revivals1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 x has rema9$ rem>kably free f unheal?y emotionalism & hy/]ics4 ,! social atmosph]e ( ,ox=d1 always ali5 to mawki% s5tim5t1 p5etrat$ ! :ole movem5t1 & ma9ta9$ 9 x = _m ye>s a c]ta9 sanity & dignity :i*1 :ile !y d\btless prev5t$ x f spread+ widely 9 ! middle class1 made ! ,tract>ians respect$ by m5 ( ta/e & education4 ,b ^! influ5ces c\ld n be p]man5t4 ,! goodwill ( ! ,tract>ian firm 7if we may s express x7 has n[ be5 acquir$ by m5 ) v diff]5t aims & me?ods4 ,! able/ memb]s ( ! p>ty are plung+ viol5tly into social politics1 :ile ! rank & file 9 increas+ numb]s are flutt]+ r\nd ! ,roman c&le1 into :i* _m ( !m mu/ ultimately fall4 ,! progress ( ! movem5t betwe5 #ahcc & #ahde 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! direction ( tea*+ ! cl]gy to 'magnify _! (fice4' ,! o!r "p ( ! s*eme1 ! combat aga9/ !ological lib]alism1 fell q into ! backgr\nd4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is 0 t dur+ ^? /range ye>s ! !ologians s completely dom9at$ ,ox=d t lib]alism c\ld h>dly raise its head1 & 0 despis$ z well z hat$4 ,only aft] ,newman's secession c\ld ! reg5]ation ( ! ,univ]sity beg94 ,!n inde$ lib]alism came 9 l a flood1 ?\gh x 0 a v %all[ flood 9 "s cases4 ,?is 0 ! day ( ! self-satisfi$ "y rationali/1 'ec>t p> une plaisant]ie des croyances dont la raison d'un ,pascal ne russit pas se dgag]1' z ,r5an says--an orgy ( facile free ?\ght :i* aft] a g5]ation 0 *a/is$ by ano!r cl]ical reaction4 ,if ,newman c\ld h =ese5 ! victory ( 8 p>ty 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 he might p]haps h be5 cont5t to rema9 9 x4 ,we _c tell4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r he w\ld h tak5 ,pusey's place z lead] ( ! p>ty4 ,newman's influ5ce 0 di/urb+ & subtly dis9tegrat+ to e cause = :i* he lab\r$4 ,8 />tl+ c&\r (t5 seem$ l trea*]y4 ,he c\ld n "w ) o!rs1 & broke ) ne>ly all 8 fri5ds1 reta9+ only 8 disciples4 ,he confess$ himself a bad judge ( "*4 ,x is d\btful1 aft] all1 :e!r he 0 mu* injur$ by ! jeal\sy & almo/ in/9ctive fe> :i* he inspir$ among ! ,roman ,ca?olic hi]>*y4 ,if he _h be5 all[$ to take ! place due to 8 abilities1 8 "*1 & 8 reputation1 :at c\ld he h done t he 0 unable to d at ,edgba/on8 ,we _c fancy him plung$ 9 crook$ ecclesia/ical intrigue1 l t ,+lese italianato1 ,c>d9al ,mann+4 ,/ill less c we fancy him h>angu+ /rik]s1 & /eal+ ! cr$it ( compos+ a trade dispute4 ,no d\bt he suff]$ "u ! s5se ( injury2 b probably he did :at 0 9 him to d4 ,if ! ,roman ,*ur* w\ld n use him z a tool1 x 0 probably because he w\ld n h be5 a good tool4 ,!re are "s mi/akes :i* t ,*ur* seldom makes2 x kn[s h[ to *oose its m54 ,:at w be ! v]dict ( hi/ory on ! type ( ,ca?olicism :i* ,newman repres5t$8 ,he 0 kept out 9 ! cold by a cons]vative ,pope1 & hon\r$ by a lib]al ,pope4 ,:i* 0 "r1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,ca?olic int]e/s & policy8 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ important "q :i* ! life ( ,newman raises2 = x affects our anticipations ( ! future ev5 m ?an our judgm5ts ( ! pa/4 ,is ,newman a safe or a possible guide = ,ca?olics 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury8 ,newman 0 no metaphysician2 he confesses x himself4 ',my turn ( m9d1' he says1 'has nev] l$ me t[>ds metaphysics2 r x has be5 logical1 e?ical1 practical4'#hd ,= metaphysics requires an initial act ( fai? 9 human reason1 & ,newman _h n ?is fai?4 ,ev5 9 8 ,anglican days he utt]$ _m a/oni%+ ?+s 9 contempt ( reason4 ',:at is intellect itself 7he asks7 b a fruit ( ! ,fall1 n f\nd 9 p>adise or 9 heav51 m ?an 9 little *ildr51 & at ! utmo/ b tol]at$ by ! ,*ur*1 & only n incompatible ) ! reg5]ate m9d8444 ,reason is ,god's gift1 b s are ! passions4444 ,eve 0 tempt$ to foll[ passion & reason1 & %e fell4'#he ',fai? does n reg>d degrees ( evid5ce4'#hf ',fai? & humility consi/1 n 9 go+ ab\t to prove1 b 9 ! outset confid+ 9 ! te/imony ( o!rs4' ',! m y set y\rself to argue & prove1 9 ord] to discov] tru?1 ! less likely y are to reason correctly4'#hg ,! amaz+ crudity ( ?is av[$ obscurantism is likely to make ! or?odox apologi/ wri!1 & to move ! rationali/ to contemptu\s laught]4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r cases1 ,newman seems to love to c>icature himself1 & to put 8 beliefs 9 t =m 9 :i* !y outrage common s5se mo/ completely4 ,we c imag9e no?+ m calculat$ to drive a "y & +5u\s m9d into flippant scepticism ?an a c\rse ( ,newman's s]mons4 ,! r$uctio ad absurdum ( 8 argum5ts is n left to ! read] to make2 x is innoc5tly provid$ by ! prea*]4 ,& yet ,newman's c5tral position is n absurd1 or only becomes absurd :5 x is appli$ to ju/ify belief 9 gross sup]/ition4 ,he holds t :at he calls 'reason+' deals only ) ab/ractions1 & is n ! faculty on :i* we rely 9 =m+ 'judgm5ts4' ,^! judgm5ts1 to :i* we give our 'ass5t1' & by :i* we regulate our conduct1 are affirmations ( ! basal p]sonality4 ,& ^! h an au?ority f> great] ?an c ev] arise out ( ! logical manipulation ( concepts4 ',!re is no ultimate te/ ( tru? besides ! te/imony borne to ! tru? by ! m9d itself4' ,! 'm9d itself1' ! concrete p]sonality1 is conc]n$ ) realities1 :ile ! intellect1 :i* = him corresponds v ne>ly ) ! discursive reason 7dihanoia7 ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 is at home only 9 ma!matics &1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 9 logic4 ,! concepts ( ! intellect h no exi/5ce outside x4 ',! m9d has ! gift1 by an act ( creation1 ( br++ be=e x ab/ractions & g5]alisations :i* h no c\nt]p>t1 no exi/5ce1 out ( x4'#hh ,p>5!tically1 we may rem>k t passages l ?is %[ h[ wide ( ! tru? ,mr4 ,b>ry is :5 he speaks ( ,newman z a '?or\gh ,alex&r9e4' ,to d5y ! exi/5ce ( univ]sals1 to reg>d !m z m]e creations ( ! m9d1 is rank blasphemy to a ,platoni/2 & ! ,alex&r9es 7 ,*ri/ian ,platoni/s4 ,no m mislead+ /atem5t c\ld be made ab\t ,newman's philosophy ?an to associate him ) ,platonism ( any k9d1 :e!r ,pagan or ,*ri/ian4 ,newman adopts ! s5sationali/ 7,lockian7 !ory ( k4 ,ideas are copies or modifications ( ! data pres5t$ by ! s5ses2 'fir/ pr9ciples are ab/ractions f facts1 n elem5t>y tru?s prior to reason+4' ,?is is pure nom9alism1 9 its crude/ =m4 ,x makes all argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! great tru?s ( religion valueless2 = if !re are no univ]sals1 rational !ism is impossible4 ,x foll[s t ! fam\s s*ola/ic 'pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce' h = ,newman no cog5cy :atev]2 inde$ x is difficult to see h[ he c h escap$ condemn+ ! :ole philosophy ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as z a juggl+ ) bloodless concepts4 ,newman himself plead$ t he _h no wi% to oppose ! (ficial dogmatics ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,b prote/ations are ( no avail :]e ! facts are s cle>4 ',! natural !ology ( our s*ools1' says a writ] 9 ! ,tablet1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,caldecott 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,religion1' 'is bas$ frankly & :olly on ! appeal to reason4' ,?is is notori\sly true2 & :at ,newman ?\ght ( reason we h already se54 ,8 extreme disp>agem5t ( ! intellect seems to preclude :at he calls 'real ass5t' to ! cre$s & dogmas ( ,ca?olicism2 = ^! cle>ly consi/ ( 'notional' propositions4 ,b ,newman w\ld answ] t ! ,*ur* is a concrete fact1 to :i* 'real ass5t' c be giv52 & ! ,*ur* has gu>ante$ ! tru? ( ! notional propositions 9 "q4 ,b s9ce reason is put out ( c\rt z a witness to tru?1 on :at faculty1 or on :at evid5ce1 does ,newman rely8 ,feel+ he di/ru/s2 t side ( my/icism1 at any rate1 f9ds no sympa?y f him4 ,nor does he1 l _m ,kantians & o!rs1 make ! w supreme ov] ! o!r faculties4 ,r1 z we h se51 he bases 8 reliance on ! v]dicts ( ! undivid$ p]sonality1 :i* he (t5 calls consci5ce4 ,?is l9e ( apologetic 0 at ?is v "t be+ ably develop$ by ,julius ,h>e4 ,x is 9 itself an argum5t :i* has no necess>y connexion ) obscurantism4 ',p]sonalism1' z x is te*nically call$1 rem9ds u t we d actually base our judgm5ts on gr\nds :i* are nob purely rational2 t ! intellect1 9 =m+ concepts1 has to be cont5t ) an approximate resemblance to concrete reality2 & t ! w & feel+s h _! rights & claims :i* _c be ignor$ 9 a philosophy ( religion4 ,b :ile x is compatible ) a robu/ fai? 9 ! p[]s ( ! con/ructive intellect1 p]sonalism is beyond "q a self-suffici5t1 indep5d5t1 individuali/ic doctr9e4 ,:5 x is comb9$ ) a nom9ali/ !ory ( k1 x naturally sugge/s t e man may & %\ld live by ! cre$ :i* be/s suits 8 idiosyncrasies4 ,n[ !re 0 mu* 9 ,newman's temp]am5t :i* made him turn 9 ?is direction4 ',lead1 k9dly ,light' has be5 ! fav\rite hymn ( _m an indep5d5t ?9k]1 to :om ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* is less ?an no?+4 ,b on ano!r side ,newman 0 all 8 life a fi]ce uphold] ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,8 reason = accept+ ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 & = wi%+ to de/roy h]esi>*s l wild bea/s1 0 c]ta9ly n t 8 basal p]sonality te/ifi$ to ! tru? & value ( all ecclesia/ical dogmas4 ,he believ$ !m 'by confid+ 9 ! te/imony ( o!rs'--9 o!r words1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if we pu% back ! enquiry "o /ep fur!r1 & ask on :at gr\nds he *ooses to pref] ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to o!r au?orities1 su* z natural sci5ce or philosophy1 we are driv5 aga9 to lay great /ress on ! almo/ political necessity :i* he felt t su* a ,div9e society %\ld exi/4 ,9 accept+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 he accept$ ! au?ority ( all t ! ,*ur* tea*es1 9 complete indep5d5ce ( human reason4 ,b ! ,roman ,*ur* nev] pr(esses to be indep5d5t ( human reason4 ,! (ficial s*ola/ic philosophy claims to be a demon/rative pro( ( !ism4 ,newman1 !n1 0 only half a ,ca?olic4 ,he accept$ ) all ! f]v\r ( a neophyte ! pr9ciple ( submission to ,holy ,*ur*4 ,b 9 place ( ! (ficial intellectuali/ apologetic1 :i* an ,engli%man may /udy to great advantage 9 ! rem>kably able s]ies ( manuals issu$ by ! ,jesuits ( ,/onyhur/1 he sub/itut$ a philosophy ( exp]i5ce :i* is c]ta9ly n ,ca?olic4 ,! au?ority claim$ by ! ,roman ,*ur* re/s on "o side ^u revelation1 on ! o!r ^u an elaborate /ructure ( demon/rative reason+1 :i* ! simple folk are all[$ to 'take z read1' only because !y _c be expect$ to und]/& x1 b :i* is decl>$ to be ( irresi/ible cog5cy to any prop]ly in/ruct$ m9d4 ,to d5y ! validity ( reason+ ^u ,div9e ?+s is to )draw "o ( ! supports on :i* ,ca?olicism re/s4 ,subjectivism1 bas$ on vital exp]i5ce1 mixes no bett] ) ?is sy/em ?an oil ) wat]4 ,s*ola/icism prides itself on cle>-cut def9itions1 on irrefragable logic1 on us+ words always 9 ! same s5se4 ,= ,newman1 z = 8 disciples ! ,mod]ni/s1 !ological t]ms are only symbols = v>y+ values1 & he holds t ! mom5t !y are treat$ z hav+ any fix$ connotation1 error beg9s4 ,x is no wond] if le>n$ ,ca?olics ?\ght t ,newman did n play ! game4 ,fa!r ,p]rone1 9 spite ( 8 fri5d%ip = ! object ( 8 criticism1 decl>$ t ',newman miscet et confundit omnia4' ,! accusation ( scepticism1 :i* 0 n unnaturally br\ght aga9/ him1 0 hotly res5t$ by ,newman1 & ) "s ju/ice4 ,( ! int5sity ( 8 p]sonal conviction !re c be no d\bt :atev]4 ,inde$1 x 0 j because 8 fai? 0 9 no dang] t he c>$ s little = any intellectual def5ce ( x4 ,he might h made 8 own ! l9es ( ,wordswor?3 ',"h !n we re/2 n fe>+ = our cre$ ,! wor/ t human reason+ c a*ieve ,to unsettle or p]plex x4' ,wordswor? too1 x may be rememb]$1 speaks ( 'reason' ) h>dly m respect ?an ,newman himself z3 ',! inf]ior faculty t m\lds ,) h] m9ute & speculative pa9s ,op9ion1 ev] *ang+4' ,rob]t ,br[n+ also1 especially 9 8 lat] ye>s1 uses anti-intellectuali/ language equally uncompromis+4 ',:olly di/ru/ ?y reason1' he says 9 ',la ,saisiaz4' ,col]idge's di/9ction betwe5 'und]/&+' & 'reason1' or ,we/cott's di/9ction betwe5 'reason' & 'reason+1' might h sav$ ^! great writ]s f ! appe>ance1 & p]haps m ?an ! appe>ance1 ( blasphem+ aga9/ ! highe/ & mo/ div9e faculty ( human nature4 ,= ! reason is some?+ mu* high] ?an logic-*opp+2 x c provide1 f its own res\rces1 a rem$y = ! intellectual error :i* is j n[ miscall$ intellectualism2 x is ! activity ( ! :ole p]sonality "u ! guidance ( its highe/ "p2 & because x is a real unification ( our disord]$ nature1 x c br+ u into real contact ) ! high] _w ( ,_s4 ,newman's scepticism 0 n d\btfulness ab\t matt]s ( fai?2 x 0 only a :olly unju/ifiable contempt & di/ru/ = ! unaid$ activity ( ! human m9d4 ,?is activity1 z f> z he c\ld see1 produc$ only v>i\s =ms ( 'lib]alism1' :i* he /rangely en\gh reg>d$ z a k9d ( scepticism4 ,?us he retort$1 ) equal inju/ice1 ! unju/ *>ge br\ght aga9/ himself4 ,newman has (t5 be5 suspect$ or accus$ ( quibbl+ & intellectual di%one/y4 ,k+sley1 ^: heal?y b some:at r\gh ,engli% morality & common s5se 7 revolt$ by ,newman's :ole attitude to life & conduct1 0 unable to conceive h[ any educat$ man c\ld believe 9 w9k+ ,virg9s & liquefy+ blood1 & ?\ght t ,newman mu/ be di%one/4 ,m rec5tly ,dr4 ,abbott has accus$ him ( be+ a philomy?us4 ,judg$ by ord9>y /&>ds1 ,newman's crit]ia ( belief d seem incompatible ) intellectual hone/y4 ,locke1 :om ,newman resembles 9 8 !ory ( k1 lays d[n a canon :i* condemns absolutely ! ,c>d9al's doctr9e ( ass5t4 ',!re is "o un]r+ m>k1' he says1 'by :i* a man may "k :e!r he is a lov] ( tru? 9 e>ne/1 namely1 ! n ent]ta9+ any proposition ) great] assurance ?an ! pro(s x is built on w w>rant4' ,newman himself quotes ?is dictum1 & argues aga9/ x t m5 d1 z a matt] ( fact1 =m _! judgm5ts 9 a v diff]5t fa%ion4 ,to mo/ p1 h[ev]1 ! fact t op9ions are s manufactur$ is no pro( t !y ought to be s4 ,to mo/ p x seems pla9 t ! practical necessity ( mak+ unv]ifi$ assumptions1 & ! habit ( cl++ to !m because we h made !m1 ev5 aft] _! falsity has be5 expos$1 is a satisfactory explanation ( ! preval5ce ( error1 b n a reason = acquiesc+ 9 x4 ,x is useful1 !y hold1 to po9t out h[ assumption has a p]il\s t5d5cy to pass = pro(1 n t we may cont5t$ly confuse assumption ) pro(1 b t we may be on our gu>d aga9/ do+ s4 ,b su* is ,newman's dislike ( 'reason' t he rejoices to f9d t ! majority ( mank9d are1 9 fact1 n guid$ by x4 ,& !n1 hav+ made ?is discov]y1 he is q ready to 'reason' himself1 b n 9 ! mann] ( an e>ne/ seek] aft] tru?4 ,reason1 = him1 is a s]viceable weapon ( attack or def5ce1 b he is l a man fight+ ) magic imp5etrable arm\r4 ,he enjoys a b\t ( logical f5ce2 b x w decide no?+ = him3 8 'c]titude' is indep5d5t ( x4 ,x is easy to see t su* an attitude mu/ appe> pr(\ndly di%one/ to any man :o accepts ,locke's maxim ab\t tru?-seek+4 ,x is equally easy to see t ,newman w\ld spurn ! *>ge ( di%one/y z hotly z ! *>ge ( scepticism4 ,8 pr9ciples made x easy = him to adopt ! *>act]i/ic ,ca?olic habit ( 'believ+' any?+ t is pleas+ to ! religi\s imag9ation4 ,8 s]mons are full ( su* phrases z ',scripture seems to %[ u'2 ':y %\ld we n believe 444'2 ':o kn[s :e!r 4441' & ! l1 all introduc+ "s fanta/ic sup]/ition4 ,he delib]ately accepts ! insidi\s & deadly doctr9e t 'no man is conv9c$ ( a ?+ :o c endure ! ?\ght ( its contradictory be+ true4' ,to :i* we may rejo9 t1 on ! contr>y1 no man has a "r to be conv9c$ ( any?+ until he has fairly fac$ ! hypo!sis ( its contradictory be+ true4 ,s long z ,newman's me?od prevail$ 9 ,europe1 e bran* ( practical k 0 condemn$ to b>r5ness4 ,= :at k9d ( k is x :i* is acquir$1 n by ! ex]cise ( ! discursive intellect1 or by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 b by ! affirmations ( our basal p]sonality8 ,surely ! legitimate prov9ce ( 'p]sonalism' lies 9 ! region ( g5]al ideas1 or r 9 ! ,weltans*auung z a :ole4 ,our undivid$ p]sonality prote/s aga9/ any philosophy :i* makes life irrational1 or base1 or incurably evil4 ,x claims t ^? pictures ( reality :i* are provid$ by ! intellect1 by ! /hetic s5se1 & by ! moral s5se1 %all all h ju/ice done to !m 9 any attempt$ syn!sis4 ,x rejects mat]ialism1 metaphysical dualism1 solipsism1 & pessimism1 on "o or o!r ( ^! gr\nds4 ,su* a f9al int]pretation ( exi/5ce z any ( ^! (f]s1 leaves out "s fundam5tal & ess5tial factor ( exp]i5ce1 & is !re=e unt5able4 ,if no metaphysical s*eme c be con/ruct$ :i* is at once compreh5sive & inw>dly consi/5t1 p]sonalism insi/s t we mu/ ackn[l$ge defeat = ! "t1 r ?an take refuge 9 a logical sy/em :i* may be free f inn] contradictions b :i* does n satisfy ! :ole man z a liv+ & active spiritual be+4 ,?is is a s\nd argum5t4 ,b x is absurd to suppose t our p]sonality1 act+ z an undivid$ :ole1 c decide :e!r ! in/itutional ,*ur*1 or "o bran* ( x1 is ! ,body ( ,*ri/ & ! receptacle ( infallible revelation2 :e!r ,*ri/ 0 born at ,be?lehem or ,naz>e?2 or :e!r ,ne/orius 0 a h]etic4 ,we h no magical sword = cutt+ ^! knots1 & no miracul\s guide to tell u t au?ority ,a is to be believ$ implicitly1 :ile ! possibility ( au?ority ,b be+ "r is n to be ent]ta9$ ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,newman z usual supplies u ) ! be/ weapons aga9/ himself4 ,x />tles u to f9d1 ev5 9 #aheb1 su* a s5t5ce z ?is3 ',reveal$ religion furni%es facts to o!r sci5ces1 :i* ^? sci5ces1 left to !mselves1 w\ld nev] rea*4 ,?us1 9 ! sci5ce ( hi/ory1 ! pres]vation ( our race 9 ,noah's ark is an hi/orical fact1 :i* hi/ory nev] w\ld arrive at )\t revelation4' ,! transition f belief on ! purely int]nal gr\nd ( p]sonal ass5t to belief on ! purely ext]nal gr\nd ( ,*ur* au?ority is c]ta9ly abrupt & h>d to expla92 b ,newman makes x habitually1 )\t any consci\sness ( a salto mortale4 ,9 ! ',apologia' he ev5 says t ! argum5t f p]sonality is '"o =m ( ! argum5t f au?ority4' ,! argum5t seems to be--',!re is no ?ird alt]native besides ,ca?olicism or ,rationalism4 ,b p]sonality w n accept ! dictation ( reason2 !re=e x mu/ accept ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4' ,x is a /range argum5t4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life he enorm\sly exagg]at$ ! moral & intellectual weight :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ,*ur* tradition4 ',securus judicat orbis t]r>um' 7 ! words :i* rang 9 8 e>s at ! supreme mom5t ( 8 great decision4 ,8 'orbis t]r>um' 0 ! ,lat9 empire4 ,& :5 ev5 9 ^? c\ntries ! au?ority ( ! ,pope is reject$1 he condemns mod]n civilisation z an ab]ration4 ,?is h[ev] is a complete ab&onm5t ( 8 own te/4 ,he fir/ says ',! judgm5t ( ! great _w is f9al'2 & !n ',if ! _w decides aga9/ ,rome1 s mu* ! worse = ! _w4' ,aft] all1 ,newman _h no "r to compla9 if 8 oppon5ts f\nd 8 reason+ dis+5u\s4 ,to make up our m9ds fir/1 & to argue 9 fav\r ( ! decision aft]w>ds1 is 9 tru? to make ! reason a hew] ( wood & draw] ( wat] to ! irrational "p ( our nature4 ,x is precisely 8 sympa?y ) ,ca?olicism on ! religi\s side1 & 8 ali5ation f its intellectual me?od1 :i* makes ,newman's apologetic su* a two-edg$ weapon4 ,9 attempt+ to def5d ,ca?olicism1 he has gone f> to expla9 x4 ,to ! hi/orian1 !re is no great my/]y ab\t ! gr[? & success ( ! ,we/]n ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,*ri/ianity 0 already a syncreti/ic religion 9 ! second c5tury4 ,l ! o!r =ms ( wor%ip ) :i* x compet$ = ! popul> fav\r1 x conta9$ ! necess>y elem5ts ( my/]y-cult1 ( e?ical rule1 ( social bro!rhood1 & ( p]sonal devotion4 ,b besides _m g5u9e po9ts ( sup]iority1 x _h a decisive advantage ov] ! religions ( ,isis & ,mi?ra 9 ! exclusiv5ess & intol]ance :i* x d]iv$ f ! ,jewi% tradition4 ,:5 ! failure ( ! la/ p]secution =c$ ! ,empire to make a concordat ) ! ,*ur*1 ! trans=mation ( ! f$]at$ b autonom\s ,*ri/ian communities into a c5tralis$ !ocratic despotism1 claim+ secul> z well z spiritual sov]eignty1 0 only a matt] ( "t4 ,x 0 inevitable1 j z ! pr9cipate ( ,augu/us & ! sultanate ( ,diocletian 7 inevitable2 b !re is no?+ specially div9e or glori\s ab\t any ( ^! phases ( human evolution4 ,! revolt ( ,nor!rn ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 equally inevitable2 & s is ! ali5ation ( enlight5$ m9ds f ! ,roman ,*ur* at ! pres5t day4 ,newman %[s ) great =ce & +5uity t all ! developm5ts 9 ! ,roman sy/em :i* ,prote/antism rejects z lat] accretions 7 natural & necess>y4 ,b ?is only means t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 ord] to live1 0 compell$ to adapt itself to ! prevail+ conditions ( human culture 9 ! c\ntries :]e x desir$ to be supreme4 ,! argum5t1 s f> z x goes1 tells aga9/ r ?an 9 fav\r ( any special sup]natural "* belong+ to t in/itution4 ,& if ! 'orbis t]r>um1' :i* once gave its v]dict 9 fav\r ( ,lat9 ,ca?olicism1 is n[ dispos$ to rev]se its decision1 h[1 on ,newman's pr9ciple1 c its "r to d s be d5i$8 ,! true reasons = ! /r5g? & vitality :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* /ill reta9s are n difficult to f9d4 ,its sy/em possesses an inn] consi/5cy1 :i* is de>ly pur*as$ by neglect+ mu* t %\ld ent] into a l>ge & true view ( ! _w1 b :i* gu>antees to ^? :o h once accept$ x an untr\bl$ calm & assurance v acceptable to ^? :o h be5 toss$ ^u a sea ( d\bt4 ,x surr\nds itself ) an imp5etrable arm\r by p]suad+ its adh]5ts t all moral & intellectual scruples1 9 matt]s :]e ,holy ,*ur* has pron\nc$ its v]dict1 are sugge/ions ( ! ,evil ,"o1 to be spurn$ l ! prick+s ( s5suality4 ,x has succe$$1 by long exp]i5ce1 9 provid+ satisfaction = ne>ly all ! ne$s ( ! av]age man1 & = all ! ne$s ( ! av]age woman4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! /hetic ta/es :i*1 9 ,s\!rn ,europe at any rate1 are closely connect$ ) religi\s feel+1 are fully cat]$ =2 & ^? sup]/itions :i* ! majority ( mank9d /ill love 9 _! he>ts1 ?\gh !y are some:at a%am$ ( !m1 are all[$ to luxuriate un*eck$4 ,fur!r1 ,ca?olicism enc\rages & blesses t esprit de corps :i* has produc$ ! brighte/ triumphs ( self-abnegation z well z ! d>ke/ crimes ( cruel bigotry 9 human hi/ory4 ,a ,*ur* :i* unites ^! advantages is 9 no dang] ( fall+ into insignificance1 ev5 if ! be/ intellect & morality ( ! age are e/rang$ f x4 ,x may ev5 h a great future z ! nucleus ( a cons]vative resi/ance to ! social revolution4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ^? :o wi% to pres]ve ! traditions & civilisation ( ! pa/ w be able to f9d any:]e1 except 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 an organisation suffici5tly coh]5t & univ]sal to provide a rally+ gr\nd = def5ce aga9/ ! new b>b>ian invasion--proce$+ ?is "t n f ! rude nations ( ! ,nor?1 b f ! cr[d$ alleys ( our great t[ns--:i* ?reat5s to plunge u into a new ,d>k ,age4 ,! m5ace ( ! ,r$ ,p]il w secure1 = a long "t to come1 ! survival ( ! ,black4 ,b ! ,roman ,ca?olicism :i* has a future is probably t ( ,mann+1 & n t ( ,newman4 ,a ,*ur* :i* dep5ds = its /r5g? & pre/ige on ! iron discipl9e ( a c5tralis$ autocracy1 & on ! fanatical devotion ( soldi]s :o "k no duty except ob$i5ce1 no cause except ! int]e/s ( _! society1 c make no t]ms ) ! dis9tegrat+ nom9alism1 ! unc]ta9 subjectivism1 ( a m9d l ,newman's4 ,x has be5 ! /range fate ( ?is great man1 aft] driv+ a w$ge deep into ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 :i* at ?is day is ?reat5$ ) disruption ?r\gh ! movem5t :i* he help$ to orig9ate1 to h ne>ly succe$$ 9 do+ ! same to ! f> m compact /ructure ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,! ,mod]ni/ movem5t has f ! fir/ appeal$ to ,newman z its f\nd]1 & has s\ght to protect itself "u 8 au?ority4 ,x is necess>y to consid]1 z ! la/ topic ( ?is article1 :e!r ?is affiliation c be all[$ to be true4 ,no "o :o has read any ( ,newman's works c d\bt t he w\ld h recoil$ ) horror f ! de/ructive criticism ( ,loisy1 ! contempt = s*ola/ic au?ority ( ,tyrrell1 & ! defiance hurl$ at ! ,papacy 9 ! manife/o ( ! ,italian ,mod]ni/s4 ,newman's doctr9e ( ,developm5t 0 f> remov$ f t ( ,b]gson's ',l'volution ,cratrice4' ,he def5d$ ! fact ( developm5t aga9/ ! /aticism ( contempor>y ,anglicanism2 b 8 notion ( developm5t 0 m l ! unroll+ ( a scroll ?an ! gr[? ( a tree or ! expansion & *ange ( a human "*4 ',e ,ca?olic holds1' he says1 't ! ,*ri/ian dogmas 7 9 ! ,*ur* f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les2 t !y 7 ev] 9 _! sub/ance :at !y are n[4' ,comp>e ?is ) ! foll[+ words f ! ,italian manife/o3 ',! sup]natural life ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fai?ful & 9 ! ,*ur* has be5 clo!d 9 an hi/orical =m1 :i* has giv5 bir? to :at we might some:at loosely call ! ,*ri/ ( leg5d4444 ,su* a criticism does away ) ! possibility ( f9d+ 9 ,*ri/'s m9i/ry ev5 ! embryonic =m ( ! ,*ur*'s lat] !ological tea*+4' ',a dogma1' says ,le ,roy1 "o ( ! able/ philosoph]s ( ! s*ool1 'proclaims1 above all1 a prescription ( practical ord]2 x is ! =mula ( a rule ( practical conduct4 ,:y !n %\ld we n br+ !ory into h>mony ) practice8' ,^! extracts m>k a mu* lat] phase ( ! revolt aga9/ ,ca?olic dogma & s*ola/ic !ology ?an c be f\nd 9 ,newman's writ+s4 ,!y are contempor>y ) ! ,pragmatism ( ,james & ,s*ill]1 & ! ,activism ( ,b]gson4 ,s bold a defiance ( tradition w\ld h be5 impossible ?irty ye>s e>li]4 ,& yet1 :5 ,newman p\rs scorn ^u human reason1 & :5 he en?rones ! 'consci5ce' z ! supreme arbit] ( tru?1 is he n1 9 fact1 prep>+ ! way = ^! />tl+ decl>ations1 :i* imply a complete rupture ) ,ca?olic au?ority8 ,dogmas are indisputably 'notional' propositions2 t is to say1 !y belong to t class ( tru?s to :i* ,newman ascribes only a v subord9ate importance4 ,we _c1 9 8 s5se1'ass5t' to an hi/orical proposition z su*1 b only to ! au?ority :i* has ord]$ u to believe x4 ,& is !re any ju/ification = ,newman's confid5ce t ?is au?ority may make app>5t innovations1 su* z he admits to h be5 made ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 b no real *anges8 ,if he _h be5 able to ?9k out ! implications ( 8 doctr9e ( developm5t ) ! help ( su* argum5ts z ^? ( ,b]gson1 w\ld he n h se5 t )\t *ange & real innovation !re c be no true evolution8 ,d n ! fluidity & pragmatic "* ( dogma1 s mu* insi/$ on by ,sabati] & ,le ,roy1 foll[ f ! anti-intellectuali/ p]sonalism :i* we h se5 to be ! f\ndation ( ,newman's philosophy ( religion8 ,! ,mod]ni/ might argue t he is only ext5d+ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ! doctr9e ( education by exp]i5ce :i* ,newman f\nd to be true 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! individual4 ,life itself1 ) its exp]i5ces & its ne$s1 is ! reveal] ( tru?4 ,we _c anticipate ! wisdom ( ! future4 ',i d n ask to see ,! di/ant sc5e2 "o /ep en\gh = me4' ,! k9dly light leads a man on /ep by /ep2 x conducts him f exp]i5ce to exp]i5ce1 n )\t lapses into error2 x reproves him if he desires to '*oose & see 8 pa?4' ,if ?is is true 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual1 is x n probably also true 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*8 ,& if x is true 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 are n ! dogmati/s wrong :o h tri$ to legislate n only = ! pres5t b ! future1 & to b9d ! ,*ur* = all "t to ! =mulations :i* appe>$ satisfactory to !mselves8 ,if ,provid5ce is lead+ ! ,*ur* ?r\gh v>i$ exp]i5ces 9 ord] to tea* x great] wisdom1 is x n cle> t we mu/ n ra%ly preclude ! possibility ( future revelation by /]eotyp+ ! results ( "s e>li] /age ( exp]i5ce8 ,?us ! empiricism ( ,newman leads logically to consequ5ces :i* he w\ld h be5 among ! fir/ to reject4 ,"s r %all[ ?9k]s 9 ?is c\ntry h express$ _! surprise & regret t ! ,vatican has refus$ to make any t]ms ) ,mod]nism4 ,!y h suppos$ t ! fault lies ) an ignorant & reaction>y ,pope4 ,b !re are _m reasons :y ?is dang]\s & dis9tegrat+ t5d5cy mu/ be rigor\sly exclud$ f ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,mod]nism de/roys ! hi/orical basis ( ,*ri/ianity1 & conv]ts ! ,inc>nation & ,atonem5t into my?s l ^? ( o!r dy+ & ris+ savi\r-gods1 :i* h>dly pret5d to be hi/orical4 ,b x 0 ?is f\ndation 9 hi/ory :i* help$ l>gely to secure ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ov] its rivals4 ,9 ! place ( ! hi/orical ,god-,man1 ,mod]nism gives u ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* z an object ( rev]5ce4 ,we are bidd5 to contemplate an in/itution ( amaz+ly t\gh vitality b great adaptability1 :i* 9 its det]m9ation to survive has n only *ang$ col\r l a *ameleon b has f "t to "t put =? new organs & discov]$ new weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,we ask = evid5ce t ! ,*ur* has reg5]at$ ! _w2 & we are %[n h[1 by hook or by crook1 x has succe$$ 9 safegu>d+ its own int]e/s4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/orians are +5i\s & unscrupul\s2 b x is impossible ev5 = !m to exhibit ,*ur* hi/ory z ! record ( a cont9u\s int]v5tion ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 9 human affairs4 ,if any ,_s has presid$ ov] ! c\ncils ( popes1 c>d9als1 & inquisitors x is n t ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,fur!r1 ! religi\s philosophy ( ,mod]nism is bad1 mu* worse ?an ! s*ola/icism :i* x d]ides4 ,x is 9 ess5tials a revival ( ! sophi/ry ( ,protagoras4 ,& if x 7 metaphysically m respectable ?an x is1 x is s widely oppos$ to ! :ole sy/em ( ,ca?olic apologetics1 t if x 7 accept$1 x w\ld necessitate a complete recon/ruction ( ,ca?olic dogma4 ,let any man read ! ,/onyhur/ manuals1 & say :e!r ! radical empiricism ( ! ,mod]ni/s c\ld f9d a lodgm5t any:]e 9 su* a sy/em )\t di/urb+ ! /ability ( ! :ole4 ,ca?olicism is "o ( ! mo/ compact /ructures 9 ! _w1 & x re/s on presuppositions :i* are f> remov$ f ^? ( ,mod]nism4 ,x is "o ?+ to admit t dogmas 9 _m cases h a pragmatic orig91 & q ano!r to say t !y may be inv5t$ or reject$ ) a pragmatic purpose4 ,! heal?y human intellect w nev] believe t ! same proposition may be true = fai? & untrue 9 fact2 b ?is is ! ,mod]ni/ cont5tion4 ,la/ly1 ! subjectivism ( ,newman & ! ,mod]ni/s is fatal to t exclusiv5ess :i* is ! corn]-/one ( ,ca?olic policy4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! individual & ! ,*ur* sugge/s t ,god may 'fulfil ,himself 9 _m ways1 le/ "o good cu/om %\ld corrupt ! _w4' ,z !re are _m individuals1 ea* ( :om is be+ guid$ sep>ately by ! 'k9dly light1' s !re may be _m *ur*es4 ,! pragmatic pro( ( ! tru? ( a religion1 f ! fact ( its survival & successful work+1 does n ju/ify ! ,roman claim to monopoly4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es also display vitality1 & _! memb]s seem to exhibit ! fruits ( ! ,_s4 ,! condemnations ( ,mod]nism publi%$ by ! ,vatican %[ t ! ,papal c\rt is q alive to ?is dang]4 ,to ! outsid]1 inde$1 x might seem a happy solution ( a long controv]sy if ! ,roman ,*ur* w\ld be cont5t to claim ! gifts ( grace :i* are really h]s1 )\t d5y+ ! validity ( ! ,ord]s & ,sacram5ts ( o!r bodies1 & ! g5u95ess ( ! ,*ri/ian graces :i* !y exhibit4 ,x w\ld !n be admitt$ on all h&s t "s temp]am5ts are m suit$ to ,ca?olicism1 o!rs to ,prote/antism1 & t ! "* ( ea* man develops mo/ satisfactorily "u ! discipl9e :i* suits 8 nature4 ,b we mu/ n expect any su* concession f ,rome2 & 9 tru? su* an admission w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( ! end = ,ca?olicism 9 its pres5t =m4 ,our conclusion !n is t al?\gh ,newman 0 n a ,mod]ni/1 b an exce$+ly /iff cons]vative1 he did introduce into ! ,roman ,*ur* a v dang]\s & ess5tially ali5 habit ( ?\ght1 :i* has s9ce develop$ into ,mod]nism4 ,p]haps ,monsignor ,talbot 0 n f> wrong1 f 8 own po9t ( view1 :5 he call$ him '! mo/ dang]\s man 9 ,engl&4' ,"o side ( 8 religion 0 bas$ on pr9ciples :i*1 :5 logically drawn out1 mu/ lead away f ,ca?olicism 9 ! direction ( an individuali/ic religion ( exp]i5ce1 & a sub/itution ( hi/ory = dogma :i* makes all tru? relative & all values fluid4 ,newman's writ+s h always made g5u9e ,ca?olics uneasy1 ?\gh !y h>dly "k :y4 ,x is probable t "h is ! solution4 ,! "* ( ,newman--= ) ?is we mu/ end--may seem to h be5 m admirable ?an lovable4 ,he 0 m apt to make disciples ?an fri5ds4 ,yet he 0 lov$ & hon\r$ by m5 ^: love is an hon\r1 & he is admir$ by all :o c appreciate a consi/5tly unworldly life4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* has be5 less unpopul> 9 ,engl& s9ce ,newman receiv$ f x ! highe/ hon\r :i* x c be/[4 ,?r\gh\t 8 c>e] he 0 a /eadfa/ witness aga9/ tepid & ins9c]e pr(essions ( religion1 & aga9/ any compromise ) ! %ift+ curr5ts ( popul> op9ion4 ,all cultivat$ read]s1 :o h =m$ _! ta/es on ! ma/]pieces ( good lit]ature1 are attract$1 sometimes aga9/ _! w1 by ! dignity & res]ve ( 8 /yle1 qualities :i* belong to ! man1 & n only to ! writ]4 ,l ,goe!1 he disda9s ! facile arts :i* make ! commonplace read] laugh & weep4 ',a* die zrtli*5 ,h]z56 e9 ,pfus*] v]mag sie zu rhr56' ,l ,wordswor?1 he might say ',to /ir ! blood ,i h no cunn+ art4' ,!re are no *eap effects 9 any ( ,newman's writ+s4 ,he is ! mo/ undemocratic ( tea*]s4 ,su* m5 d :at c be done to save a nation f itself1 its natural enemy4 ,!y are n indiff]5t to fame1 because !y desire influ5ce2 b !y w d no?+ to adv]tise !mselves4 ,! public mu/ come to !m2 !y w n g to ! public4 ,!re h be5 o!r great m5 :o h be5 z indiff]5t z ,newman to ! applause ( ! vulg>4 ,b !y h be5 g5]ally ei!r pure intellectuali/s or pure arti/s1 9 :om ',! intellectual p[] ?r\gh words & ?+s ,w5t s\nd+ on a dim & p]il\s way4' ,newman's 'confid5ce t[>ds ,god' 0 ( a /ill nobl] k9d4 ,x re/$ on an uncl\d$ fai? 9 ! ,div9e guidance1 & on a v j e/imate ( ! wor?lessness ( contempor>y praise & blame4 ,!re h be5 v few m5 :o h be5 able to comb9e s /rong a fai? ) a ?or\gh di/ru/ ( bo? logic-*opp+ & emotional excitem5t1 & :o1 :ile d5y+ !mselves ^! aids to conviction1 h be5 able to say1 calmly & )\t petulance1 t ) !m x is a v small ?+ to be judg$ ( man's judgm5t4 ',:at 7he asks7 c increase _! peace :o believe & tru/ 9 ! ,son ( ,god8 ,%all we add a drop to ! ocean1 or gra9s to ! s& ( ! sea8 ,we pay inde$ our sup]iors full rev]5ce1 & ) *e]fulness z unto ! ,"l2 & we hon\r em95t tal5ts z des]v+ admiration & rew>d2 & ! m readily act we ?us1 because ^! are little ?+s to pay4'#hi ,su* unworldl9ess z ?is1 9 ! well-*os5 words ( ,r4,h4 ,hutton1 '/&s out 9 /range & almo/ maje/ic contra/ to ! eag] turmoil ( confus$ passions1 hesitat+ ideals1 t5tative virtues1 & grop+ philan?ropies1 amid/ :i* x 0 liv$4' ,ano!r m>k ( greatness is unbrok5 consi/5cy & unity ( aim 9 a long life4 ,!re are few p>allels to ! neglect ( 8 own lit]>y reputation by ,newman4 ,high] int]e/s1 he ?\ght1 7 at /ake2 & s he _h no dream ( build+ = himself 'a monum5t m durable ?an brass1' & ( claim+ a p$e/al among ! great writ]s ( ,engli% prose & v]se4 ,he accept$ long ye>s ( lit]>y b>r5ness2 he wrote hi/orical essays = :i* he _h no special aptitude1 & dogmatic disquisitions :i* ev5 8 g5ius c\ld n save f dulness2 he ev5 desc5d$ into m]e j\rnalism4 ,! ',apologia' w\ld probably n h be5 writt5 b = ! accid5t ( ,k+sley's attack4 ,x has1 no d\bt1 be5 said ) tru? t ,newman %[$ great dext]ity 9 *oos+ oppon5ts ) :om to cross swords--,k+sley1 ,pusey1 ,glad/one1 & 8 old ,anglican self4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! fact t a man :o mu/ h be5 consci\s ( r>e lit]>y gifts made no attempt to immortalise himself by !m4 ,x 0 = ! ,*ur*1 & n = himself1 t he wrote z well z liv$4 ,t 8 life is = ! mo/ "p a record ( sadness & failure is no indication t he 0 n "o ( ! great m5 ( 8 "t4 ,indep5d5ce is no passport to success 9 a _w :]e1 z ,swift said1 climb+ & crawl+ are p]=m$ 9 mu* ! same attitude4 ,& if we are "r 9 our view t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! composition ( 8 m9d :i* prev5t$ him f be+ ei!r a complete ,ca?olic or a complete ,prote/ant1 ?is too is no ob/acle to our recognition ( 8 greatness4 ,he has left an indelible m>k ^u two great religi\s bodies4 ,he has /irr$ movem5ts :i* /ill agitate ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ! end ( :i* is n yet 9 sight4 ,anglo-,ca?olicism & ,mod]nism are ali5 gr[?s1 p]haps1 9 ! in/itutions :]e !y h f\nd a place2 b ! man :o beyond all o!rs is responsible = graft+ !m ^u ! old /ems is secure ( 8 place 9 hi/ory4 ,,footnotes3 #hb ,cf4 e4 ,p>o*ial & ,pla9 ,s]mons1 vi4 #bei4 #hc ,m>k ,pattison1 ,memoirs1 p4 #ig4 #hd ,/ray ,essays1 p4 #id4 #he ,p>o*ial & ,pla9 ,s]mons1 v4 #aab4 #hf ,ibid4 vi4 #bei4 #hg ,ibid4 vi4 #cdj4 #hh ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 "p i4 c4 #a & #b4 #hi ,p>o*ial & ,pla9 ,s]mons1 vii4 #gc4 ,,/4 ,,paul 7#aiad7 ,among all ! great m5 ( antiquity !re is none1 ) ! exception ( ,cic]o1 :om we may "k s intimately z ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,! ma9 facts ( 8 c>e] h be5 record$ by a contempor>y1 :o 0 probably 8 fri5d & travell+ companion4 ,a collection ( lett]s1 address$ to ! little religi\s communities :i* he f\nd$1 reveals ! "* ( ! writ] no less ?an ! nature ( 8 "w4 ,alone among ! fir/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 he /&s be=e u z a liv+ man4 ,ohio/ phepnytai1 toi de skiai hahissoysi4 ,we "k v little 9 reality ( ,pet] & ,james & ,john1 ( ,apollos & ,b>nabas4 ,& ( our div9e ,ma/] no biography c ev] be writt54 ,) ,/4 ,paul x is q diff]5t4 ,he is a sa9t )\t a lum9\s halo4 ,8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics are too di/9ct & too human to make idealisation easy4 ,= ?is reason he has nev] be5 ! object ( popul> devotion4 ,%ad[y figures l ,/4 ,joseph & ,/4 ,anne h be5 div9is$ & surr\nd$ ) picturesque leg5ds2 b ,/4 ,paul has be5 sp>$ ! hon\r or ! ignom9y ( be+ coax$ & :e$l$ by ! piety ( paganis$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,no t5d] fairy-tales are atta*$ to 8 cult2 he rema9s = u :at he 0 9 ! fle%4 ,x is ev5 possible to feel an active dislike = him4 ,lag>de 7',deuts*e ,s*rift51' p4 #ga7 abuses him z a politician might vilify an oppon5t4 ',x is mon/r\s' 7says he7 't m5 ( any hi/orical tra9+ %\ld atta* any importance to ?is ,paul4 ,?is outsid] 0 a ,ph>isee f top to toe ev5 aft] he became a ,*ri/ian'--& mu* m to ! same effect4 ,nietzs*e describes him z '"o ( ! mo/ ambiti\s ( m51 ^: sup]/ition 0 only equall$ by 8 cunn+4 ,a mu* tortur$1 mu* to be piti$ man1 an exce$+ly unpleasant p]son bo? to himself & to o!rs4444 ,he _h a great deal on 8 consci5ce4 ,he alludes to enmity1 murd]1 sorc]y1 idolatry1 impurity1 drunk5ness1 & ! love ( c>\s+4' ,r5an1 :o c\ld nev] h made himself ridicul\s by su* ebullitions z ^!1 does n disguise 8 repugnance = ! 'ugly little ,jew' ^: "* he c nei!r und]/& nor admire4 ,^! outbur/s ( p]sonal animosity1 s /range 9 mod]n critics deal+ ) a p]sonage ( anci5t hi/ory1 %[ h[ vividly 8 figure /&s out f ! canvas4 ,!re are v few hi/orical *>act]s :o are alive en\gh to be hat$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 our own day t ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ,/4 ,paul h be5 intellig5tly /udi$2 & ! mo/ valuable books ab\t him are lat] ?an ! unbalanc$ tirades ( ,lag>de & ,nietzs*e1 & ! c>p+ e/imate ( ,r5an4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,paul 0 obscur$ beh9d ,paul9ism4 ,8 lett]s 7 /udi$ z treatises on sy/ematic !ology4 ,elaborate !ories ( atonem5t1 ju/ification1 & grace 7 exp\nd$ on 8 au?ority1 z if he _h be5 a religi\s philosoph] or !ological pr(essor l ,orig5 & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! "n ( ! apo/le came to be associat$ ) angul> & frigid disquisitions :i* 7 rapidly los+ _! connexion ) vital religion4 ,x has be5 left = ! s*ol>s ( ! pres5t c5tury to give u a picture ( ,/4 ,paul z he really 0--a man mu* ne>] to ,george ,fox or ,john ,wesley ?an to ,orig5 or ,calv92 ! greate/ ( mission>ies & pione]s1 & only incid5tally a great !ologian4 ,! critical /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has op5$ our eyes to see ?is & _m o!r ?+s4 ,mu* new light has also be5 ?r[n by /udies 9 ! hi/orical geography ( ,asia ,m9or1 a "w 9 :i* ,briti% s*ol>s h *>act]i/ically tak5 a prom95t "p4 ,! delightful books ( ,sir ,w4,m4 ,ramsay h n[ be5 supplem5t$ by ! equally attractive volume ( ano!r travell+ s*ol>1 ,pr(essor ,deissmann4 ,a ?ird s\rce ( new in=mation is ! mass ( inscriptions & papyri :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! social life ( ! middle & l[] classes 9 ! ,levant1 _! religi\s beliefs & practices1 & ! language :i* !y spoke1 are n[ p>tially kn[n to u1 z !y nev] 7 be=e4 ,! human int]e/ ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 & ( ! ,acts1 is l>gely increas$ by ^! accessions to k4 ,! ,epi/les are real lett]s1 n treatises by a !ological pr(essor1 nor lit]>y productions l ! ,epi/les ( ,s5eca4 ,ea* 0 writt5 ) ref]5ce to a def9ite situation2 !y are messages :i* w\ld h be5 deliv]$ orally _h ! ,apo/le be5 pres5t4 ,sev]al lett]s h c]ta9ly be5 lo/2 & ,/4 ,paul w\ld probably n h c>$ mu* to pres]ve !m4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he ev] ?\ght ( add+ to ! ,canon ( ,scripture by 8 correspond5ce4 ,! ,au?or ( ,acts seems n to h read any ( ! lett]s4 ,?is view ( ! ,epi/les has rehabilitat$ "s ( !m1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z spuri\s by ! ,tb+5 s*ool & _! successors4 ,! "q :i* we n[ ask :5 ! au!nticity ( an ,epi/le is d\bt$ is1 ,d we f9d ! same man8 n1 ,d we f9d ! same sy/em8 ,!re is1 prop]ly speak+1 no sy/em 9 ,/4 ,paul's !ology1 & !re is a s+ul>ly rapid developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,! ',pa/oral ,epi/les' are probably n g5u9e1 ?\gh ! def5ce ( !m is n q a desp]ate und]tak+4 ,( ! re/1 ! weight ( evid5ce is slightly aga9/ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ,ephesians1 ! vocabul>y ( :i* diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! und\bt$ ,epi/les2 & ! %ort lett] call$ #b ,!ssalonians is op5 to "s suspicion4 ,! g5u95ess ( ,ephesians is n ( great importance to ! /ud5t ( ,paul9e !ology1 unless ! closely alli$ ,epi/le to ! ,colossians is also reject$2 & !re has be5 a rem>kable return ( confid5ce 9 ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ?is lett]4 ,all ! o!r ,epi/les seem to be firmly e/abli%$4 ,! o!r s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ,/4 ,paul's life is ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! value ( :i* z a hi/orical docum5t is v v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,! d\bts ref] ma9ly to ! e>li] *apt]s1 be=e ,/4 ,paul appe>s on ! sc5e4 ,sane criticism c h>dly dispute t ! 'we-passages1' 9 :i* ! writ] speaks ( ,/4 ,paul & himself 9 ! fir/ p]son plural1 are ! "w ( an eye-witness1 & t mo/ ( ! important facts 9 ! lat] *apt]s are f ! same s\rce4 ,! difficult problem is conc]n$ ) ! relation ( ?is writ] to ! editor1 :o is responsible = ! ',petr9e' "p ( ! book4 ,!re is v mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ! tradition t ?is editor1 :o also compil$ ! ,?ird ,gospel1 0 ,lucas or ,lucanus1 ! physician & fri5d ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[ t he 0 ! fell[-travell] :o 9 a few places speaks ( himself 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,luke 7if we may decide ! "q = ourselves by giv+ him ?is "n7 mu/ h be5 a man ( v attractive "*2 full ( k9dness1 loyalty1 & ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,he is ! mo/ fem99e 7n effem9ate7 writ] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & %[s a m>k$ p>tiality = ! t5d] aspects ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he is attract$ by miracles1 & by all t makes hi/ory picturesque & romantic4 ,8 social sympa?ies are s ke5 t 8 gospel furni%es ! ,*ri/ian sociali/ ) ne>ly all 8 fav\rite texts4 ,above all1 he is a ,greek man ( lett]s1 dom9at$ by ! conv5tions ( ,greek hi/orical composition4 ,= ! ,greek1 hi/ory 0 a "w ( art1 writt5 = edification1 & n m]ely a bald record ( facts4 ,! ,greek hi/orian inv5t$ spee*es = 8 pr9cipal *>act]s2 ?is 0 a conv5tional way ( elucidat+ ! situation = ! b5efit ( 8 read]s4 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ ,?ucydides1 ! mo/ consci5ti\s hi/orian 9 antiquity1 habitually uses ?is device1 & h[ c&idly he expla9s 8 me?od4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! au?or ( ,acts has us$ a simil> fre$om1 ?\gh ! report ( ! address to ! eld]s ( ,ephesus reads l a summ>y ( an actual spee*4 ,! n>rative is col\r$ 9 places by ! hi/orian's love = ! miracul\s4 ,critics h also suspect$ an eir5ical purpose 9 8 treatm5t ( ! relations betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 a ,b5jamite ( pure ,israelite desc5t1 b also a ,roman citiz5 by bir?4 ,8 fam\s old ,jewi% "n 0 ,lat9is$ or ,graecis$ z ,paulos 7,sahylo/ means 'waddl+1' & w\ld h be5 a ridicul\s "n72 he d\btless bore bo? names f boyhood4 ,t>sus is situat$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,cilicia1 & is n[ ab\t t5 miles f ! sea4 ,x is back$ by a range ( hills1 on :i* ! weal?i] resid5ts _h villas1 :ile ! high gl5s ( ,taurus1 n9e or t5 miles fur!r inl&1 provid$ a summ] resid5ce = ^? :o c\ld af=d x1 & a =tifi$ acropolis 9 "t ( w>4 ,! t[n on ! pla9 mu/ h be5 almo/ intol]able 9 ! fi]ce ,anatolian summ]-heat4 ,! h>b\r 0 a lake =m$ by ! ,cydnus1 five or six miles bel[ ,t>sus2 b light %ips c\ld sail up ! riv] into ! he>t ( ! city4 ,?us ,t>sus _h ! advantages ( a m>itime t[n1 ?\gh f> en\gh f ! sea to be safe f pirates4 ,! fam\s pass call$ ! ',cilician ,gates' 0 trav]s$ by a high-road ?r\gh ! gorge into ,cappadocia4 ,ionian coloni/s came to ,t>sus 9 v e>ly times2 & ,ramsay is confid5t t ,t>%i%1 '! son ( ,javan1' 9 ,g54 x4 #d1 is none o!r ?an ,t>sus4 ,! ,greek settl]s1 ( c\rse1 mix$ ) ! natives1 & ! ,ori5tal elem5t gradually swamp$ ! ,hell5ic4 ,! co9s ( ,t>sus %[ ,greek figures & ,aramaic lett]+4 ,! pr9cipal deity 0 ,baal-,t>z1 ^: effigy appe>s on mo/ ( ! co9s4 ,"u ! successors ( ,alex&]1 ,greek influ5ce reviv$1 b ! adm9i/ration cont9u$ to be ( ! ,ori5tal type2 & ,t>sus nev] became a ,greek city1 until 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 x proclaim$ its own autonomy1 & r5am$ itself ,antio*-on-,cydnus4 ,great privileges 7 grant$ x by ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & x rapidly grew 9 weal? & importance4 ,besides ! ,greeks1 !re 0 a l>ge colony ( ,jews1 :o always e/abli%$ !mselves on ! highways ( ! _w's comm]ce4 ,s9ce ,/4 ,paul 0 a 'citiz5' ( ,t>sus1 i4e4 a memb] ( "o ( ! ',tribes' into :i* ! citiz5s 7 divid$1 x is probable 7s ,ramsay argues7 t !re 0 a l>ge ',tribe' ( ,jews at ,t>sus2 = no ,jew w\ld h be5 admitt$ into1 or w\ld h cons5t$ to jo91 a ,greek ,tribe1 ) its pagan cult4 ,s matt]s /ood :5 ,cilicia became a ,roman ,prov9ce 9 #ajd ,b4,c4 ,! city fell into ! h&s ( ! b>b>ian ,tigranes tw5ty ye>s lat]1 b ,gnaeus ,pompeius re-e/abli%$ ! ,roman p[]1 & ) x ! dom9ance ( ,hell5ism1 9 #fc4 ,augu/us turn$ ,cilicia into a m]e adjunct ( ,syria2 & ! pride ( ,t>sus receiv$ a *eck4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,emp]or %[$ great fav\r to ! ,t>sians1 :o _h sid$ ) ,julius & himself 9 ! civil w>s4 ,t>sus 0 made a 'lib]a civitas1' ) ! "r to live "u its own laws4 ,! lead+ citiz5s 7 d\btless giv5 ! ,roman citiz5%ip1 or all[$ to pur*ase x4 ,among ^! w\ld naturally be a numb] ( ,jews1 = t nation lov$ ,julius ,cs> & dete/$ ,pompeius4 ,b ,hell5ism c\ld n reta9 its hold on ,t>sus4 ,dion ,*ryso/om1 :o visit$ x at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 f\nd x a ?or\ghly ,ori5tal t[n1 & notes t ! wom5 7 closely veil$ 9 ,ea/]n fa%ion4 ,possibly ?is acc\nts = ,/4 ,paul's prejudice aga9/ unveil$ wom5 9 *ur*4 ,"o ,greek in/itution1 h[ev]1 surviv$ & fl\ri%$--a univ]sity "u municipal patronage4 ,/rabo speaks ) high admiration ( ! zeal = le>n+ display$ by ! ,t>sians1 :o =m$ ! entire audi5ce at ! pr(essors' lectures1 s9ce no /ud5ts came f outside4 ,?is la/ fact %[s1 p]haps1 t ! lectur]s 7 n m5 ( wide reputation2 inde$1 x is n likely t ,t>sus 0 able to compete ) ,a!ns & ,alex&ria 9 attract+ fam\s tea*]s4 ,! mo/ em95t ,t>sians1 su* z ,antipat] ! ,/oic1 w5t to ,europe & taught !re4 ,:at di/+ui%$ ,t>sus 0 its love ( le>n+1 widely diffus$ 9 all classes ( ! population4 ,/4 ,paul did n belong to ! upp] class4 ,he 0 a work+ artisan1 a 't5t-mak]1' :o foll[$ "o ( ! regul> trades ( ! place4 ,p]haps1 z ,deissmann ?9ks1 ! 'l>ge lett]s' ( ,gal4 vi4 #aa imply t he wrote clumsily1 l a work+ man & n l a scribe4 ,! words indicate t he usually dictat$ 8 lett]s4 ,! ',acts ( ,paul & ,!kla' describe him z %ort & bald1 ) a hook-nose & beetl+ br[s2 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ?is description4 ,b he 0 f> bett] educat$ ?an ! mod]n artisan4 ,n t a s+le quotation f ,m5&] 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cc7 %[s him to be a good ,greek s*ol>2 an ,engli%man may quote ',"o t\* ( nature makes ! :ole _w k9' )\t be+ a ,%akespe>ean4 ,b he 0 well educat$ because he 0 ! son ( a /rict ,jew4 ,a *ild 9 su* a home w\ld le>n by he>t l>ge pieces ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &1 at ! ,synagogue s*ool1 all ! m9uti ( ! ,jewi% ,law4 ,! pupil 0 n all[$ to write any?+ d[n2 all 0 committ$ to ! memory1 :i* 9 consequ5ce became extremely ret5tive4 ,! p]fect pupil 'lo/ n a drop f 8 tea*]'s ci/]n4' ,at ! age ( ab\t f\rte5 ! boy w\ld be s5t to ,j]usalem1 to /udy "u "o ( ! great ,rabbis2 9 ,/4 ,paul's case x 0 ,gamaliel4 ,"u 8 tuition ! "y ,ph>isee w\ld le>n to be a '/rong ,*ur*man4' ,! ,rabbis view$ ev]y?+ f an ecclesia/ical /&po9t4 ,! int]e/s ( ! ,prie/hood1 ! ,alt>1 & ! ,temple ov]%ad[$ ev]y?+ else4 ,! ,prie/ly ,code1 says ,mr4 ,cohu1 practically resolves itself into "o idea3 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,israel belongs to ,god2 all places1 all times1 all p]sons1 & all prop]ty are ,84 ,b ,god accepts a "p ( ,8 due2 &1 if ?is "p is scrupul\sly paid1 ,he w s5d ,8 bless+ ^u ! rema9d]4 ,besides ! writt5 law1 ! ,ph>isee _h to take on himself ! /ill heavi] burd5 ( ! oral law1 :i* 0 equally b9d+4 ,x 0 a sem9>y education ( ! mo/ rigor\s k9d4 ,/ ,paul _c reproa* himself ) any slackness dur+ 8 novitiate4 ,he ?rew himself into ! sy/em ) *>act]i/ic ard\r4 ,probably he meant to be a ,j]usalem ,rabbi himself1 /ill practis+ 8 trade1 z ! ,rabbis usually did4 ,= he 0 unm>ri$2 & e ,jew except a ,rabbi 0 expect$ to m>ry at or be=e ! age ( tw5ty-"o4 ,he suff]$ f "s obscure physical tr\ble1 ! nature ( :i* we c only guess4 ,x 0 probably epilepsy1 a disease :i* is compatible ) great p[]s ( endurance & great m5tal en]gy1 z is prov$ by ! cases ( ,julius ,cs> & ,napoleon4 ,he 0 liable to my/ical trances1 9 :i* "s h f\nd a confirmation ( ! supposition t he 0 epileptic4 ,b ^! abnormal /ates 7 r>e ) him2 9 writ+ to ! ,galatians he has to g back f\rte5 ye>s to ! date :5 he 0 'caught up into ! ?ird heav51' ,! visions & voices :i* att5d$ 8 active m9i/ry prove no?+ ab\t 8 heal?4 ,at t "t anyone :o und]w5t a psy*ical exp]i5ce = :i* he c\ld n acc\nt believ$ t he 0 possess$ by a _s1 good or bad4 ,x is significant t ,t]tullian1 at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 says t 'almo/ ! majority ( mank9d d]ive _! k ( ,god f visions4' ,! impression t ,/4 ,paul makes ^u u is t ( a man full ( n]v\s en]gy & able to endure an exceptional am\nt ( privation & h>d%ip4 ,a curi\s indication1 :i* has n be5 notic$1 is t1 z he tells u himself1 he five times receiv$ ! maximum numb] ( la%es f ,jewi% tribunals4 ,^! flogg+s 9 ! ,synagogues 7 v sev]e1 ! op]ator be+ requir$ to lay on ) 8 full /r5g?4 ,!re is evid5ce t 9 mo/ cases a mu* small] numb] ( /rokes ?an ! full ?irty-n9e 0 inflict$1 s z n to endang] ! life ( ! culprit4 ,! o!r trials :i* he m5tions--?ree ,roman sc\rg+s1 "o /on+1 a day & night sp5t 9 battl+ ) ! waves aft] %ipwreck1 w\ld h worn out any con/itution n exceptionally t\gh4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ?is t]rible record ( suff]+ if we wi% to e/imate fairly ! "* ( ! man4 ,dur+ 8 :ole life aft] 8 conv]sion he 0 expos$ n only to ! h>d%ips ( travel1 sometimes 9 half-civilis$ di/ricts1 b to 'all ! cruelty ( ! fanaticism :i* rages l a consum+ fire ?r\gh ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ f ! slaught] ( ,baal's prie/s to ! slaught] ( ,/4 ,/eph51 & f ! but*]ies ( ,jews at ,alex&ria "u ,caligula to ! massacres ( ,*ri/ians at ,adana1 ,t>sus1 & ,antio* 9 ! ye> #aiji'--7;,deissmann74 ,x is "o evil result ( su* furi\s bigotry t x k9dles hatr$ & res5tm5t 9 its victims1 & tempts !m to reprisals4 ,/4 ,paul does speak bitt]ly ( 8 oppon5ts1 ?\gh *iefly :5 he f9ds t !y h injur$ 8 conv]ts1 z 9 ! lett] to ! ,galatians4 ,mod]n critics h exagg]at$ ?is elem5t 9 a "* :i* does n seem to h be5 fi]ce or implacable4 ,he writes l a man engag$ 9 a /]n conflict aga9/ enemies :o w give no qu>t]1 & :o %r9k f no trea*]y4 ,b ! %>pe/ expression t c be laid to 8 *>ge is ! impati5t1 p]haps half humor\s wi% t ! ,judais]s :o want to circumcise ! ,galatians might be subject$ to a sev]] op]ation !mselves 7,gal4 v4 #ab74 ,! dom9ant impression t he makes ^u u is t he 0 ca/ 9 a h]oic m\ld4 ,he is s]5ely indiff]5t to criticism & calumny2 no p[] on e>? c turn him f 8 purpose4 ,he has made once = all a complete sacrifice ( all e>?ly joys & all e>?ly ties2 he has brok5 7he1 ! dev\t ,jewi% ,ca?olic7 ) 8 ,*ur* & brav$ h] ?und]s2 he has fac$ ! opprobrium ( be+ call$ traitor1 h]etic1 & apo/ate2 he has ')/ood to ! face' ! ,pale/9ian apo/les :o 7 *os5 by ,jesus & held ,8 commission2 he has set 8 face to a*ieve1 almo/ s+le-h&$1 ! conque/ ( ! ,roman ,empire1 a ?+ nev] dream$ ( by ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 he is absolutely indiff]5t :e!r 8 mission w co/ him 8 life1 or only involve a cont9uation ( almo/ intol]able h>d%ip4 ,x is ?is indomitable c\rage1 complete self-sacrifice1 & s+le-m9d$ devotion to a magnific5tly audaci\s b n impracticable idea1 :i* con/itute ! greatness ( ,/4 ,paul's "*4 ,he 01 ) all ?is1 a w>m-he>t$ & affectionate man1 z he proves abundantly by ! tone ( 8 lett]s4 ,8 p]sonal religion 01 9 ess5ce1 a pure my/icism2 "o wor%ips a ,*ri/ :om he has exp]i5c$ z a liv+ pres5ce 9 8 s\l4 ,! my/ic :o is also a man ( action1 & a man ( action because he is a my/ic1 wields a trem5d\s p[] ov] o!r m54 ,he is l an invuln]able knight1 fight+ 9 magic arm\r4 ,x is an int]e/+ & difficult "q :e!r we %\ld reg>d ! int5se moral dualism ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans z a confession t ! writ] has _h an unusually sev]e p]sonal battle ) temptation4 ,! moral /ruggle c]ta9ly assumes a m tragic aspect 9 ^! passages ?an 9 ! exp]i5ce ( _m sa9tly *>act]s4 ,we f9d some?+ l x 9 ,augu/9e1 & aga9 9 ,lu!r2 x may ev5 be sugge/$ t ^! great m5 h /amp$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian tradition ! idea ( a h>%] 'cla% ( yes & no' ?an ! normal exp]i5ce ( ! moral life c ju/ify4 ,b x is n c]ta9 t ! fir/ p]son s+ul> 9 su* v]ses z ',o wret*$ man t ,i am6 :o %all deliv] me f ?is body ( dea?8' is a p]sonal confession at all4 ,x may be = human nature g5]ally t he is speak+1 :5 he gives utt]ance to t consci\sness ( s9 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion f ! fir/4 ,x does n seem likely t a man ( s l(ty & h]oic a "* 0 ev] s]i\sly tr\bl$ ) ignom9i\s temptations4 ,t he yield$ to !m1 z ,nietzs*e & o!rs h sugge/$1 is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,ev5 if ! self-reproa*es 7 utt]$ 9 8 own p]son1 we h _m o!r in/ances ( sa9ts :o h blam$ !mselves passionately = :at ord9>y m5 w\ld consid] slight transgressions4 ,( all ! ,epi/les1 ! ,second to ! ,cor9?ians is ! "o :i* conta9s ! mo/ intimate self-revelations1 & few c read x )\t lov+ z well z hon\r+ its au?or4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! ,apo/le's resid5ce at ,j]usalem except ! "n ( 8 tea*]4 ,b x 0 at ?is "t t he became /eep$ 9 ! ,ph>isaic doctr9es :i* loam$ ! framework 9 :i* 8 e>li] ,*ri/ian beliefs 7 set4 ,x is n[ recognis$ t ,ph>isaism1 f> f be+ ! antipodes ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 r ! qu>t] :]e ! ,gospel f\nd its be/ recruits4 ,! ,ph>isaic s*ool conta9$ ! great] "p ( :atev] fai?1 loyalty & piety rema9$ among ! ,jewi% p2 & its dogmatic sy/em pass$ almo/ entire into ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ) ! mom5t\s addition t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah4 ,a few words on ! ,ph>isaic tea*+ :i* ,/4 ,paul mu/ h imbib$ f ,gamaliel are indisp5sable ev5 9 an article :i* deals ) ,paul1 & n ) ,paul9ism4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! ,jewi% religion is n1 z is (t5 suppos$1 its mono!ism1 ,hebrew religion 9 its gold5 age 0 monolatry r ?an mono!ism2 & :5 ,jahveh became m /rictly '! only ,god1' ! cult ( int]m$iate be+s came 91 & re/or$ a quasi-poly!ism4 ,! di/9ctive feature 9 ,jewi% fai? is its hi/orical & teleological "*4 ,! ,god ( ! ,jew is n natural law4 ,if ! idea ( necess>y causation ev] =c$ itself ^u 8 m9d1 he at once gave x ! =m ( pr$e/9ation4 ,! :ole ( hi/ory is an unfold+ ( ! div9e purpose2 & s hi/ory z a :ole has = ! ,jew an importance :i* x nev] _h = a ,greek ?9k]1 nor = ! ,hell5is$ ,jew ,philo4 ,! ,hebrew idea ( ,god is dynamic & e?ical2 x is !re=e root$ 9 ! idea ( ,"t4 ,! ,ph>isaic s*ool modifi$ ?is prophetic tea*+ 9 two ways4 ,x became m spiritual2 an?ropomorphisms 7 remov$1 & ! transc5d5ce ( ,god above ! _w 0 m /rictly ma9ta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! religi\s relation%ip became 9 _! h&s n>r[] & m ext]nal4 ,! notion ( a cov5ant 0 def9$ m rigor\sly2 ! ,law 0 practically exalt$ above ,god1 s t ! ,rabbis ev5 repres5t ! ,deity z /udy+ ! ,law4 ,) ?is legalism w5t a _s ( int5se exclusiv5ess & n>r[ ecclesia/icism4 ,z ,god 0 rais$ above direct contact ) m51 ! old animi/ic belief 9 angels & demons1 :i* _h la/$ on 9 ! popul> m9d by ! side ( ! wor%ip ( ,jahveh1 0 ext5d$ 9 a new way4 ,a cele/ial hi]>*y 0 inv5t$1 ) names1 & an inf]nal hi]>*y too2 ! malevol5t gho/s ( animism became fall5 angels4 ,satan1 :o 9 ,job is ! cr[n-prosecutor1 "o ( ,god's ret9ue1 becomes ,god's adv]s>y2 & ! angels1 =m]ly manife/ations ( ,god ,himself1 are n[ q sep>at$ f ,him4 ,a supramundane physics or cosmology 0 evolv$ at ! same "t4 ,above ,zion1 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 rise sev5 heav5s1 9 ! highe/ ( :i* ! ,deity has ,8 ?rone4 ,! und]world is n[ fir/ divid$ into ,p>adise & ,geh5na4 ,! doctr9e ( ! fall ( man1 ?r\gh 8 p>ticipation 9 ! repres5tative guilt ( 8 fir/ p>5ts1 is ,ph>isaic2 z is ! /range leg5d1 :i* ,/4 ,paul seems to h believ$ 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #c71 t ! ,s]p5t c>nally s$uc$ ,eve1 & s infect$ ! race ) spiritual poison4 ,ju/ification1 9 ,ph>isaism z = ,/4 ,paul1 means ! v]dict ( acquittal4 ,! bad receive 9 ?is life ! rew>d = any small m]its :i* !y may possess2 ! s9s ( ! good mu/ be aton$ =2 b m]its1 z 9 ,roman ,ca?olicism1 may be /or$ & transf]r$4 ,m>tyrdoms especially augm5t ! spiritual bank-balance ( ! :ole nation4 ,!re 0 no (ficial ,messianic doctr9e1 only a mass ( vague fancies & beliefs1 gr\p$ r\nd ! c5tral idea ( ! appe>ance on e>? ( a sup]natural ,be+1 :o %\ld e/abli% a !ocracy ( "s k9d at ,j]usalem4 ,! righte\s dead w be rais$ to take "p 9 ?is k+dom4 ,! c\rse ( ! _w is ?us divid$ into two epo*s--'?is age' & '! age to come4' ,a cata/rophe w end ! =m] & inaugurate ! latt]4 ,! promis$ deliv]] is n[ wait+ 9 heav5 ) ,god1 until 8 h\r comes2 & x w come v soon4 ,all ?is ,/4 ,paul mu/ h le>n$ f ,gamaliel4 ,x =m$ ! framework ( 8 !ology z a ,*ri/ian = _m ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 & 0 only p>tially ?r[n (f1 "u ! influ5ce ( my/ical exp]i5ce & ( ,greek ideas1 dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! lett]s4 ,! lore ( good & bad spirits 7! latt] are '! pr9ces ( ?is _w' 9 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #f1 #h7 p]vades ! ,epi/les m ?an mod]n read]s are will+ to admit4 ,x is "p ( ! h]itage ( ! ,ph>isaic s*ool4 ,x is v unlikely 79 spite ( ,johannes ,weiss7 t ,/4 ,paul ev] saw ,jesus 9 ! fle%4 ,b he did come 9 contact ) ! little ,*ri/ian community at ,j]usalem4 ,^! disciples at fir/ attempt$ to live z /rict memb]s ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,!y knew t ! com+ ,messiah 0 _! crucifi$ ,ma/]1 b ?is belief involv$ no rupture ) ,judaism4 ,s at lea/ !y ?\ght !mselves2 ! ,sanh$r9 saw m cle>ly :at ! new movem5t meant4 ,! crisis came :5 num]\s ',hell5i/s' atta*$ !mselves to ! ,*ur*--,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 f ,syria1 ,egypt1 & else:]e4 ,a ?reat5$ rupture betwe5 ^! & ! ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians 0 av]t$ by ! appo9tm5t ( sev5 deacons or *>ity commission]s1 among :om ,/eph5 soon became prom95t by ! dang]\sly 'lib]al' "* ( 8 tea*+4 ,philo gives important te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( a 'lib]al' s*ool among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 :o1 "u pretext ( spiritualis+ ! traditional law1 left (f keep+ ! ,sabba? & ! great fe/ivals1 & ev5 disp5s$ ) ! rite ( circumcision4 ,?us ! admission ( ,g5tiles on v easy t]ms into ! ,*ur* 0 no new idea to ! ,pale/9ian ,jews2 x 0 kn[n to !m z "p ( ! %ock+ laxity :i* prevail$ among _! bre?r5 ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,) ,/eph51 ?is k9d ( lib]alism seem$ to h ent]$ ! gr\p ( 'disciples4' ,he 0 accus$ ( say+ t ,jesus 0 to de/roy ! temple & *ange ! cu/oms ( ,moses4 ,9 8 bold def5ce he admitt$ t 9 8 view ! ,law 0 valid only = a limit$ p]iod1 :i* w\ld expire s soon z ,jesus return$ z ,messiah4 ,?is 0 q en\gh = ! ,sanh$r94 ,!y /on$ ,/eph51 & compell$ ! 'disciples' to disp]se & fly = _! lives4 ,only ! ,apo/les1 ^: devotion to ! ,law 0 well kn[n1 7 all[$ to rema94 ,?is la/ fact1 briefly record$ 9 ,acts1 is important z an indication t ! p]secution 0 direct$ only aga9/ ! lib]alis+ ,*ri/ians1 & t ^! 7 ! great majority4 ,saul1 x seems1 _h no qu>rel ) ! ,twelve2 8 hatr$ & fanaticism 7 ar\s$ aga9/ a sect ( ,hell5i/ ,jews :o op5ly proclaim$ t ! ,law _h be5 abrogat$ 9 advance by _! ,ma/]1 :o1 z ,saul obs]v$ ) horror1 _h incurr$ ! curse ( ! ,law by dy+ on a gibbet4 ,all ! ,ph>isee 9 him 0 revolt$2 & he l$ ! savage h]etic-hunt :i* foll[$ ! execution ( ,/eph54 ,:at caus$ ! sudd5 *ange :i* s a/oni%$ ! survivors among 8 victims8 ,to suppose t no?+ prep>$ = ! vision ne> ,damascus1 t ! app>ition 9 ! sky 0 a m]e 'bolt f ! blue1' is an impossible !ory4 ,! be/ explanation is furni%$ by a /udy ( ! ,apo/le's "*1 :i* we really "k v well4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/les 0 c]ta9ly n a man :o c\ld wat* a "y sa9t be+ batt]$ to dea? by h[l+ fanatics1 & feel no emotion4 ,/eph5's spee* may h made him indignant2 8 h]oic dea?1 ! v ideal ( a m>tyrdom1 mu/ h awak5$ v diff]5t feel+s4 ,an und]curr5t ( dissatisfaction1 almo/ ( disgu/1 at ! arid & unspiritual sem9>y tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees n[ surg$ up & came v ne> ! surface4 ,8 bigotry su/a9$ him z a p]secutor = a few weeks m2 b h[ if he c\ld himself see :at ! dy+ ,/eph5 said t he saw8 ,w\ld n t be a welcome lib]ation8 ,! vision came 9 ! des]t1 :]e m5 see visions & he> voices to ?is day4 ,!y 7 v common 9 ! des]t ( ,gobi :5 ,m>co ,polo trav]s$ x4 ',! ,_s ( ,jesus1' z he came to call x1 spoke to 8 he>t1 & ! =m ( ,jesus fla%$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,/eph5 _h be5 "r2 ! ,crucifi$ 0 inde$ ! ,"l f heav54 ,s ,saul became a ,*ri/ian2 & x 0 to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,/eph51 n to t ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 t he 0 conv]t$4 ,! ,ph>isee 9 him 0 kill$4 ,! travell+ mission>y 0 z famili> a figure 9 ! ,levant z ! travell+ lectur] on philosophy4 ,! ,greek language br\ght all nationalities toge!r4 ,! ,hell5is+ ( ! ,ea/ _h gone on /eadily s9ce ! conque/s ( ,alex&]2 & ,greek 0 already z useful z ,lat9 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,we/4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ,m>cus ,aurelius wrote 8 ,confessions 9 ,greek2 & ev5 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ! tide 0 beg9n+ to turn 9 fav\r ( ,lat91 ,plot9us lectur$ 9 ,greek at ,rome4 ,*ri/ianity1 )9 a few ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion1 _h alli$ itself def9itely ) ! spee*1 & !re=e inevitably ) ! _s1 ( ,hell5ism4 ,at no "t s9ce h travel & trade be5 s free betwe5 ! ,we/ ( ,europe & ! ,we/ ( ,asia4 ,a ,phrygian m]*ant 7accord+ to ! inscription on 8 tomb7 made sev5ty-two j\rneys to ,rome 9 ! c\rse ( 8 bus9ess-life4 ,! decomposition ( nationalities1 & ! de/ruction ( civic exclusiv5ess1 l$ naturally to ! =mation ( volunt>y associations ( all k9ds1 f religi\s sects to trade unions2 sometimes a s+le association comb9$ ^! two functions4 ,! ,ori5tal religions appeal$ /rongly to ! unprivileg$ classes1 among :i* g5u9e religi\s fai? 0 gr[+1 :ile ! (ficial cults ( ! ,roman ,empire 7 unsatisfy+ 9 !mselves & associat$ ) tyranny4 ,! attempt ( ,augu/us to resuscitate ! old religion 0 artificial & unfruitful4 ,! liv+ movem5t 0 t[>ds a syncretism ( religi\s ideas & practices1 all ( :i* came f ! ,ea/]n prov9ces & beyond !m4 ,! prom95t features 9 ?is new devotion 7 ! removal ( ! supreme ,godhead f ! _w to a transc5d5tal sph]e2 contempt = ! _w & ascetic abnegation ( '! fle%'2 a long+ = heal+ & r$emption1 & a close id5tification ( salvation ) individual immortality2 &1 f9ally1 tru/ 9 sacram5ts 7'my/]ies1' 9 ,greek7 z indisp5sable means ( grace or r$emption4 ,?is 0 ! ,paganism ) :i* ,*ri/ianity _h to reckon1 z well z ) ! (ficial cult & its gu>dians4 ,! e/abli%$ *ur* x conqu]$ & de/roy$2 ! liv+ syncreti/ic beliefs x cleans$1 simplifi$1 & discipl9$1 b only absorb$ by becom+ itself a syncreti/ic religion4 ,b besides ,*ri/ians & ,pagans1 !re 7 ! ,jews1 disp]s$ ov] ! :ole ,empire4 ,!re 7 at lea/ a million 9 ,egypt1 a c\ntry :i* ,/4 ,paul1 = reasons unkn[n to u1 left sev]ely alone2 !re 7 /ill m 9 ,syria1 & p]haps five millions 9 ! :ole ,empire4 ,9 spite ( ! fecundity ( ,jewi% wom51 s mu* emphasis$ by ,seeck 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,d[nfall ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 x is impossible t ! ,hebrew /ock %\ld h multipli$ to ?is ext5t4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a v l>ge numb] ( conv]ts1 :o 7 admitt$1 sometimes )\t circumcision1 on _! pr(ession ( mono!ism & acceptance ( ! ,jewi% moral code4 ,! majority ( ^! rema9$ 9 ! class te*nically call$ ',god-fe>]s1' :o nev] took ^u !mselves ! :ole yoke ( ! ,law4 ,^! half-,jews 7 ! mo/ promis+ field = ,*ri/ian mission>ies2 & no?+ exasp]at$ ! ,jews m ?an to see ,/4 ,paul fi%+ s successfully 9 _! wat]s4 ,! _s ( propag&ism almo/ disappe>$ f ,judaism aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,judaism %rank aga9 into a purely ,ea/]n religion1 & r5\nc$ ! dang]\s compromise ) ,we/]n ideas4 ,! lab\rs ( ,/4 ,paul made an all-important p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,_! result 0 t ,*ri/ianity became a ,european religion1 :ile ,judaism fell back ^u its old traditions4 ,x is v un=tunate t we h no ?or\ghly tru/wor?y records ( ! ,apo/le's e>li] mission prea*+4 ,! ,epi/les only cov] a p]iod ( ab\t t5 ye>s2 & ! rapid developm5t ( ?\ght :i* c be trac$ dur+ ?is %ort "t prev5ts u f assum+ t 8 e>li] tea*+ closely resembl$ t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,lett]s4 ,b if1 dur+ ! e>li] p]iod1 he devot$ 8 att5tion ma9ly to ^? :o 7 already "u ,jewi% influ5ce1 we may be sure t he spoke mu* ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 & ( ,8 approa*+ return1 ^! be+ ! *ief articles ( fai? 9 ,judaic ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 only ! framework4 ,:at attract$ conv]ts 0 really ! hi/orical picture ( ! life ( ,jesus2 8 message ( love & bro!rhood1 :i* !y f\nd realis$ 9 ! little communities ( believ]s2 & ! abolition ( all ext]nal b>ri]s betwe5 human be+s1 su* z social position1 race1 & sex1 :i* _h und\bt$ly be5 proclaim$ by ! ,f\nd]1 & conta9$ implicitly ! promise ( an univ]sal religion4 ,we c inf] :at ! mann] ( 8 prea*+ 0 f ! /yle ( ! lett]s1 :i* 7 probably dictat$ l extempore addresses1 )\t mu* prep>ation4 ,he 0 no tra9$ orator1 & he ?or\ghly disda9$ ! arts ( ! rhetorician4 ,8 ,greek1 ?\gh vigor\s & effective1 is nei!r correct nor elegant4 ,8 eloqu5ce is ( ! k9d :i* proce$s f int5se conviction1 & f a ?or\gh k ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecy & psalmody--no bad prep>ation = a religi\s tea*]4 ,if at times he argu$ l a ,rabbi1 ^! frigid debates 7 z acceptable to anci5t ,jews z !y are to mod]n ,scotsm54 ,& :5 he takes fire1 z he deals ) "s vital tru? :i* he has liv$ z well z le>n$ & taught1 he e/abli%es 8 "r to be call$ :at he nev] aim$ at be+--a writ] ( g5ius4 ,su* passages z #a ,cor4 xiii41 ,phil1 ii41 ,rom4 viii41 rank among ! f9e/ compositions 9 lat] ,greek lit]ature4 ,reg>d$ m]ely z a piece ( poetical prose1 #a ,cor4 xiii4 is f9] ?an any?+ t _h be5 writt5 9 ! ,greek language s9ce ! great ,attic prose-writ]s4 ,& if ?is 0 dictat$ impromptu1 simil> outbur/s ( spl5did eloqu5ce 7 probably frequ5t 9 8 mission-prea*+4 ,_! effect mu/ h be5 ov]:elm+1 :5 re9=c$ by ! fla%+ eye ( ! speak]1 & by ! absolute s9c]ity :i* none c\ld d\bt :o saw 8 face & figure1 furr[$ by toil & sc>r$ by torture4 ,9 address+ ! ,g5tiles1 we may assume t he foll[$ ! cu/om>y ,jewi% l9e ( apologetic1 d5\nc+ ! folly ( idolatry--an aid to wor%ip :i* is q innoc5t & natural 9 "s peoples1 b :i* ! ,jews nev] und]/ood2 t he spoke mu* ( judgm5t to come2 & especially t he contra/$ ! pure & affectionate social life ( ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood ) ! lic5ti\sness1 cruelty1 inju/ice1 oppression1 & mutual suspicion ( ,pagan society4 ,?is argum5t probably /ruck home 9 v _m ',g5tile' he>ts4 ,! old civilisation1 ) all ! brilliant qualities :i* make _m mod]ns regret its de/ruction1 re/$ on too n>r[ a base4 ,! woman & ! slave 7 left out1 ! woman especially by ! ,greeks1 & ! slave by ! ,romans4 ,acute social inequalities always create pride1 brutality1 & widespread sexual immorality4 ,& :5 ! /ructure :i* ma9ta9$ ^! inequalities is itself tott]+1 ! oppress$ classes beg9 to feel t !y are unnecess>y1 & to hope = emancipation4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul drew 8 lurid pictures ( ,pagan society /eep$ 9 unnatural abom9ations1 )\t hope = ! future1 'hateful & hat+ "o ano!r1' & !n po9t$ to ! little flock ( ,*ri/ians--among :om no "o 0 all[$ to be idle & no "o to />ve1 & :]e family life 0 pure & mutual confid5ce full1 frank & seldom abus$--! woman & ! slave1 ( :om ,ari/otle _h spok5 s contemptu\sly1 flock$ into 8 congregations1 & began to organise !mselves = t victory :i* ,nietzs*e ?\ght s deplorable4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is essay to trav]se aga9 ! famili> field ( ,/4 ,paul's mission>y j\rneys4 ,! fir/ epo*1 :i* embraces ab\t f\rte5 ye>s1 _h its sc5e 9 ,syria & ,cilicia1 ) ! %ort t\r 9 ,cyprus & o!r p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! second p]iod1 :i* ends ) ! imprisonm5t 9 ,a4,d4 #eh or #ei1 is f> m important4 ,/4 ,paul crosses into ,europe2 he works 9 ,mac$onia & ,greece4 ,*ur*es are f\nd$ 9 two ( ! great t[ns ( ! anci5t _w1 ,cor9? & ,ephesus4 ,accord+ to 8 lett]s1 we mu/ assume t he only once return$ to ,j]usalem f ! great t\r 9 ! ,we/1 und]tak5 aft] ! controv]sy ) ,pet]2 & t ! object ( ?is visit 0 to deliv] ! money :i* he _h promis$ to collect = ! poor 'sa9ts' at ,j]usalem4 ,he int5d$ aft] ?is to g to ,rome1 & !nce to ,spa9--a s*eme wor?y ( ! re/less g5ius ( an ,alex&]4 ,he saw ,rome inde$1 b z a prison]4 ,! re/ ( 8 life is lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,! writ] ( ! ,acts does n say t ! two ye>s' imprisonm5t end$ 9 8 execution2 & if x 0 s1 x is difficult to see :y su* a fact %\ld be suppress$4 ,if ! *>ge aga9/ him 0 at la/ dismiss$1 because ! accus]s did n ?9k x wor? :ile to come to ,rome to prosecute x1 ,/4 ,luke's sil5ce is m explicable4 ,9 any case1 we may reg>d x z almo/ c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul end$ 8 life "u a ,roman axe dur+ ! reign ( ,n]o4 ',!re is h>dly any fact' 7says ,h>nack7 ':i* des]ves to be turn$ ov] & pond]$ s mu* z ?is1 t ! religion ( ,jesus has nev] be5 able to root itself 9 ,jewi% or ev5 ^u ,semitic soil4' ,?is extraord9>y result is ! judgm5t ( hi/ory ^u ! life & "w ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity rapidly )]$ & di$4 ,accord+ to ,ju/91 :o mu/ h kn[n ! facts1 ,jesus 0 reject$ by ! :ole ,jewi% nation ') a few exceptions4' ,9 ,galilee especially1 few1 if any1 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es exi/$4 ,!re are o!r examples1 ( :i* ,buddhism is ! mo/ notable1 ( a religion ga9+ its wide/ acceptance outside ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry :i* gave x bir?4 ,b hi/ory oil]s no p>allel to ! complete v9dication ( ,/4 ,paul's policy 9 c>ry+ ,*ri/ianity ov] into ! ,grco-,roman _w1 :]e alone1 z ! ev5t prov$1 x c\ld live4 ,?is is a complete answ] to ^? :o ma9ta9 t ,*ri/ made no break ) ,judaism4 ,su* a /atem5t is only t5able if x is made 9 ! s5se ( ,h>nack's words1 t ':at ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity did 0 to c>ry out a process :i* _h 9 fact comm5c$ long be=e 9 ,judaism itself1 viz4 ! process by :i* ! ,jewi% religion 0 inw>dly emancipat$ & turn$ into a religion = ! _w4' ,b ! true acc\nt w\ld be t ,judaism1 l o!r great ideas1 _h to 'die to live1' ,x di$ 9 its old =m1 9 giv+ bir? to ! religion ( civilis$ humanity1 z ! ,greek nation p]i%$ 9 giv+ bir? to ,hell5ism1 & ! ,roman 9 creat+ ! ,m$it]ranean empire ( ! ,caes>s & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! ,popes4 ,! ,jewi% p 7 unable to make s great a sacrifice ( _! national hopes4 ,) ! mat*less t5acity :i* *>act]ises _! race !y clung to _! tribal ,god & _! temporal & local mill5nium4 ,! disa/]s ( ,a4,d4 #gj & ( ! revolt "u ,hadrian de/roy$ a great "p ( ! race1 & at la/ uproot$ x f ! soil ( ,pale/9e4 ,b cons]vatism1 z usual1 has _h its p>tial ju/ification4 ,judaism has refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! religion ( ! civilis$ _w z h] legitimate *ild2 b ! nation has refus$ also to surr5d] its life4 ,!re are no m ,greeks & ,romans2 b ! ,jews we h always ) u4 ,/4 ,paul saw t ! ,gospel 0 a f> great] & m revolution>y s*eme ?an ! ,galilean apo/les _h dream$ (4 ,9 pr9ciple he committ$ himself f ! fir/ to ! complete emancipation ( ,*ri/ianity f ,judaism4 ,b x 0 inevitable t he did n at fir/ realise all t he _h und]tak54 ,&1 =tunately = u1 ! mo/ rapid evolution 9 8 ?\ght took place d>+ ! t5 ye>s to :i* 8 extant lett]s belong4 ,x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to trace 8 gradual progress away f ,apocalyptic ,messianism to a position v ne> t ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! evangeli/ :om we call ,/4 ,john is ! be/ comm5tator on ,paul9ism4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ( rec5t ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,epi/les--^? to ! ,!ssalonians--we h ! nave picture ( ,messiah com+ on ! cl\ds1 :i*1 z we n[ "k1 0 "p ( ! ,ph>isaic tradition4 ,9 ! c5tral gr\p ! ,*ri/ology is f> m complex4 ,besides ! ,ph>isaic ,messiah1 & ! records ( ! hi/orical ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 we h n[ to reckon ) ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian idea ( ! g5]ic1 ar*etypal man1 :i* is un9telligible )\t ref]5ce to ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,philo is "h a great help t[>ds und]/&+ "o ( ! mo/ difficult p>ts ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+4 ,we h also1 fully develop$1 ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ imman5t 9 ! s\l ( ! believ]1 a conception :i* 0 ! core ( ,/4 ,paul's p]sonal religion1 & m ?an any?+ else emancipat$ him f apocalyptic dreams ( ! future4 ,we h also a f\r? conception1 q di/9ct f ! ?ree :i* h be5 m5tion$--t ( ,*ri/ z a cosmic pr9ciple1 ! in/rum5t 9 creation & ! su/a9] ( all 8 9 ! univ]se4 ,we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to ,philo & 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 to und]/& ! g5esis ( ?is idea1 & to ! ,f\r? ,gospel to f9d x /at$ 9 cle> philosophical =m4 ,9 ?is second p]iod1 ^! !ories ab\t ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ are held concurr5tly1 )\t any attempt to reconcile or sy/ematise !m4 ,! es*atology is be+ s]i\sly modifi$ by ! conception ( a 'spiritual body1' :i* is prep>$ = u s soon z our 'outw>d man' decays 9 dea?4 ,! resurrection ( ! fle% is explicitly d5i$ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ej72 b a new & incorruptible 'clo?+' w be giv5 to ! s\l 9 ! future /ate4 ,already ! fundam5tal ,ph>isaic doctr9e ( ! two ages--! pres5t age & t :i* is to come--is 9 dang]4 ,/4 ,paul c n[1 l a true ,greek1 contra/ ! ?+s t are se51 :i* are temporal1 ) ! ?+s t are n se51 :i* are et]nal4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,_s z a pres5t possession ( ,*ri/ians br+s d[n heav5 to e>? & exalts e>? to heav52 ! ',p>\sia' is n[ only ! end ( ! exi/+ _w-ord]1 & has b little significance = ! individual4 ,^! ideas h n displac$ ! e>li] apocalyptic language2 b x is easy to see t ! "o or ! o!r mu/ rec$e into ! backgr\nd1 & t ! ,ph>isaic tradition w be ! "o to fade4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( ,epi/les--,philippians1 ,colossians1 & ,ephesians--are /eep$ 9 ideas :i* belong to ,greek philosophy & ! ,greek my/]y-religions4 ,x w\ld be impossible to translate !m into any ,ea/]n language4 ,! ,rabb9ical disputes ) ! ,jews ab\t ju/ification & election h disappe>$2 ! dang] ahead is n[ f !osophy & ! b>b>is$ ,platonism :i* 0 aft]w>ds matur$ 9 ,gno/icism4 ,! tea*+ is ev5 m ,*ri/oc5tric ?an be=e2 & ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* z ! body ( ,*ri/ is m prom95t ?an individuali/ic my/icism4 ,! cosmology is ?or\ghly ,johann9e1 & only awaits ! "n ( ! ,logos4 ,?is receptiv5ess to new ideas is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ,/4 ,paul's m9d4 ,few inde$ are ! religi\s prophets & prea*]s ^: convictions are /ill malleable aft] !y h begun to gov]n ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,/4 ,paul _h already prov$ t he 0 a man :o w\ld 'foll[ ! gleam1' ev5 :5 x call$ him to a complete brea* ) 8 pa/4 ,& ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 ?\ght 0 made mu* easi] by ! fact t he 0 no sy/ematic philosoph]1 b a great mission>y :o 0 will+ to be all ?+s to all m51 :ile 8 own fai? 0 unifi$ by 8 /r5g? ( purpose1 & by ! /eady gl[ ( ! light )94 ,x is difficult = u to realise ! life ( 8 little communities )\t import+ into ! picture features :i* belong to a lat] "t4 ,! organisation1 su* z x 01 0 democratic4 ,! congregation z a :ole ex]cis$ a c5sor%ip ov] ! morals ( its memb]s1 & p5alties 7 inflict$ 'by vote ( ! majority' 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #f74 ,! family =m$ a gr\p = religi\s purposes1 & rema9$ ! recognis$ unit till ! second c5tury4 ,9 ,ignatius & ,h]mas we f9d ! campaign aga9/ family *ur*es 9 full sw+4 ,! meet+s 7 l ^? ( mod]n revivali/s1 & sometimes became disord]ly4 ,b ( ! moral beauty :i* p]vad$ ! :ole life ( ! bro!rhoods !re c be no d\bt4 ,_m ( ! conv]ts _h =m]ly l$ disreputable lives2 b ^! 7 ! mo/ likely to appreciate ! ga9 ( be+ no long] outlaws1 b memb]s ( a true family4 ,! hea!n 7 amaz$ at ! k9d ( p :om ! ,*ri/ians admitt$ & treat$ l bre?r52 b 9 ! fir/ c5tury sc&als d n seem to h be5 frequ5t4 ,wom51 :o 7 probably always ! majority1 enjoy$ a consid]ation unkn[n by !m be=e4 ,! extreme importance atta*$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* to sexual purity made x possible = !m to mix freely ) ,*ri/ian m52 inde$1 ! /range & p]il\s practice ( a 'bro!r' & a virg9 %>+ ! same h\se seems to h already begun1 if ?is is ! mean+ ( ! obscure passage 9 ,i ,cor4 vii4 #cf4 ,*a/ity & indiff]5ce to dea? 7 ! two qualities 9 ,*ri/ians :i* made ! greate/ impression on _! neighb\rs4 ,gal5 is especially int]e/+ on ! =m] topic4 ,b we mu/ add a ?ird *>act]i/ic--! *e]fulness & happ9ess :i* m>k$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities4 ',joy' z a moral quality is a ,*ri/ian inv5tion1 z a /udy ( ! usage ( *>ha 9 ,greek w %[4 ,ev5 9 ,augu/9e's "t ! temp] ( ! ,*ri/ians1 's]5a et non dissolute hil>is' 0 "o ( ! ?+s :i* attract$ him to ! ,*ur*4 ,! secret ( ?is happy social life 0 an int5se realisation ( corporate unity among ! memb]s ( ! confrat]nity1 :i* !y repres5t$ to !mselves z a 'my/]y'--a my/ical union betwe5 ! ,head & memb]s ( a 'body4' ,x is 9 ?is conception1 & n 9 ritual details1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 f9d+ a real & deep influ5ce ( ! my/]y-cults ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,ca?olic conception ( sacram5ts z bonds unit+ religi\s communities1 & z *annels ( grace fl[+ f a corporate treasury1 0 z c]ta9ly "p ( ! ,greek my/]y-religion z x 0 =eign to ,judaism4 ,! my/]ies _h _! bad side1 z might be expect$ 9 private & half-secret societies2 b _! influ5ce z a :ole 0 c]ta9ly good4 ,! ?ree *ief *>act]i/ics ( my/]y-religion 71 fir/1 rites ( purification1 bo? moral & c]emonial2 second1 ! promise ( spiritual communion ) "s deity1 :o ?r\gh !m ent]s into 8 wor%ipp]s2 ?ird1 ! hope ( immortality1 :i* ! ,greeks (t5 call$ 'deification1' & :i* 0 secur$ to ^? :o 7 initiat$4 ,x is useless to d5y t ,/4 ,paul reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity z1 at lea/ on "o side1 a my/]y-religion4 ,:y else %\ld he h us$ a numb] ( te*nical t]ms :i* 8 read]s w\ld recognise at once z belong+ to ! my/]ies8 ,:y else %\ld he repeat$ly use ! ^w 'my/]y' itself1 apply+ x to doctr9es di/9ctive ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ! resurrection ) a 'spiritual body1' ! relation ( ! ,jewi% p to ,god1 &1 above all1 ! my/ical union betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ians8 ,! great' my/]y' is ',*ri/ 9 y1 ! hope ( glory' 7,col i4 #bg74 ,x 0 z a my/]y-religion t ,europe accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,j z ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians took ) !m ! :ole framework ( apocalyptic ,messianism1 & set ! figure ( ,jesus )9 x1 s ! ,greeks took ) !m ! :ole s*eme ( ! my/]ies1 ) _! sacram5ts1 _! purifications & fa/s1 _! idea ( a my/ical bro!rhood1 & _! doctr9e ( 'salvation' 7strhia is ess5tially a my/]y ^w7 ?r\gh memb]%ip 9 a div9e society1 wor%ipp+ ,*ri/ z ! patronal deity ( _! my/]ies4 ,hi/orically1 ?is type ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! orig9 ( ,ca?olicism1 bo? ,we/]n & ,ea/]n2 ?\gh x is only rec5tly t ?is "* ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es has be5 recognis$4 ,& /ud5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h n yet realis$ ! importance ( ! fact t ,/4 ,paul1 :o 0 ready to fight to ! dea? aga9/ ! ,judais+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 will+ to take ! fir/ /ep1 & a long "o1 t[>ds ! ,paganis+ ( x4 ,x does n appe> t 8 p]sonal religion 0 ( ?is type4 ,he speaks ) contempt ( "s doctr9es & practices ( ! ,pagan my/]ies1 & w all[ no rappro*em5t ) :at he reg>ds z devil-wor%ip4 ,9 ?is he rema9s a pure ,hebrew4 ,b he does n appe> to see any dang] 9 all[+ 8 ,hell5i/ic *ur*es to assimilate ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ to ! hon\rs paid to ! gods ( ! my/]ies1 & to set _! :ole religion 9 ?is framework1 provid$ only t !y h no "p nor lot ) ^? :o sit at '! table ( demons'--! sacram5tal love-fea/s ( ! hea!n my/]ies4 ,! dang]s :i* he does see1 & aga9/ :i* he issues w>n+s1 are1 besides ,judaism1 ant9omianism & disord] on ! "o h&1 & duali/ic asceticism on ! o!r4 ,he dislikes or mi/ru/s '! speak+ ) tongues' 7glssolalhia71 :i* 0 ! fav\rite exhibition ( religi\s en?usiasm at ,cor9?4 7,on ?is subject ,pr(4 ,lake's excursus is ! mo/ in/ructive discussion t has yet appe>$4 ,! ',te/am5t ( ,job' & ! magical papyri %[ t gibb]i% utt]$ 9 a /ate ( spiritual excitem5t 0 suppos$ to be ! language ( angels & spirits1 und]/ood by !m & act+ ^u !m z a *>m47 ,he urges 8 conv]ts to d all ?+s 'dec5tly & 9 ord]4' ,he is al>m$ at signs ( moral laxity on ! "p ( self-/yl$ 'spiritual p]sons'--a great dang] 9 all times ( ec/atic en?usiasm4 ,he is also alive to ! dang]s connect$ ) t k9d ( asceticism :i* is bas$ on !ories ( ! impurity ( ! body--! typical ,ori5tal =m ( _w-r5unciation4 ,b he does n appe> to h =ese5 ! une?ical & poly!i/ic developm5ts ( sacram5tal in/itutionalism4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> 8 ,judais+ oppon5ts _h a little m ju/ification ?an he is will+ to all[ !m4 ,,/4 ,,paul ,!re is some?+ transitional ab\t all ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 ,we _c take him out ( 8 hi/orical sett+1 z s _m ( 8 comm5tators 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury tri$ to d4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t he 01 to use 8 own expression1 a wise ma/]-build]1 n a deta*$ ?9k]1 an arm-*air philosoph]4 ,to ! hi/orian1 !re mu/ always be some?+ a/\nd+ 9 ! magnitude ( ! task :i* he set himself1 & 9 8 enorm\s success4 ,! future hi/ory ( ! civilis$ _w = two ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps = all "t1 0 det]m9$ by 8 mission>y j\rneys & hurri$ writ+s4 ,x is impossible to guess :at w\ld h become ( ,*ri/ianity if he _h nev] liv$2 we _c ev5 be sure t ! religion ( ,europe w\ld be call$ by ! "n ( ,*ri/4 ,?is /up5d\s a*ievem5t seems to h be5 due to an almo/ unique practical insight into ! ess5tial factors ( a v difficult & complex situation4 ,we wat* him1 ) brea?less int]e/1 /e]+ ! vessel :i* c>ri$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & its =tunes ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel full ( sunk5 rocks & %oals4 ,) un]r+ in/9ct he avoids !m all1 & br+s ! %ip1 n into smoo? wat]1 b into ! op5 sea1 out ( t p]il\s /rait4 ,& s f> 0 8 ma/]ly policy f m]e opportunism1 t 8 correspond5ce has be5 ',holy ,scripture' = fifty g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians1 & !re has be5 no religi\s revival )9 ,*ri/ianity t has n be51 on "o side at lea/1 a return to ,/4 ,paul4 ,prote/ants h always felt _! aff9ity ) ?is in/itutionali/1 my/ics ) ?is discipl9>ian4 ,! reason1 put %ortly1 is t ,/4 ,paul und]/ood :at mo/ ,*ri/ians nev] realise1 namely1 t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ is n a religion1 b religion itself1 9 its mo/ univ]sal & deepe/ significance4 ,,in/itutionalism ,,& ,,my/icism 7#aiad7 ,x happ5s sometimes t two opposite t5d5cies fl\ri% toge!r1 d]iv+ /r5g? f a s5se ( ! dang] ) :i* ea* is ?reat5$ by ! popul>ity ( ! o!r4 ,:]e ! antagonism is n absolute1 ea* may ga9 by be+ compell$ to recognise ! /rong po9ts 9 ! rival position4 ,9 a s]i\s controv]sy ! "r is seldom or nev] all on "o side2 & 9 ! normal c\rse ( ev5ts bo? !ories und]go "s modification ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( _! oppon5ts1 until a compromise1 n always logically def5sible1 br+s to an end ! acute /age ( ! controv]sy4 ,su* a t5sion ( rival movem5ts is v app>5t 9 ! religi\s ?\ght ( our day4 ,! quick5+ ( spiritual life 9 our g5]ation has tak5 two =ms1 :i* appe> to be1 & to a l>ge ext5t are1 %>ply oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,on ! "o side1 !re has be5 a great revival ( my/icism4 ,my/icism means an imm$iate communion1 real or suppos$1 betwe5 ! human s\l & ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w or ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,! hypo!sis on :i* x re/s is t !re is a real aff9ity betwe5 ! individual s\l & ! great imman5t ,_s1 :o 9 ,*ri/ian !ology is id5tifi$ ) ! ,logos-,*ri/4 ,he 0 ! in/rum5t 9 creation1 & ?r\gh ! ,inc>nation & ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 9 :i* ! ,inc>nation is cont9u$1 has ent]$ into ! mo/ intimate relation ) ! inn] life ( ! believ]4 ,?is reviv$ belief 9 ! inspiration ( ! individual has imm5sely /r5g!n$ ! position ( ,*ri/ian apologi/s1 :o f9d _! old =tifications no long] t5able aga9/ ! assaults ( natural sci5ce & hi/orical criticism4 ,x has giv5 to fai? a new indep5d5ce1 & has v9dicat$ = ! spiritual life ! "r to /& on its own feet & re/ on its own evid5ce4 ,spiritual ?+s1 we n[ realise1 are spiritually disc]n$4 ,! enlight5$ s\l c see ! invisible1 & live its true life 9 ! supras5sible sph]e4 ,! prim>y evid5ce = ! tru? ( religion is religi\s exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 p]sons ( religi\s g5ius--^? :om ! ,*ur* calls sa9ts & prophets--includes a cle> p]ception ( an et]nal _w ( tru?1 beauty1 & goodness1 surr\nd+ u & p5etrat+ u at e po9t4 ,x is ! unanim\s te/imony ( ^! fav\r$ spirits t ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( realis+ ?is transc5d5tal _w are purely subjective & to a l>ge ext5t removable by ! appropriate tra9+ & discipl9e4 ,nor is !re any s]i\s discrepancy among !m ei!r z to ! nature ( ! vision :i* is ! highe/ rew>d ( human ef=t1 or z to ! c\rse ( prep>ation :i* makes u able to receive x4 ,! ,*ri/ian my/ic mu/ beg9 ) ! punctual & consci5ti\s dis*>ge ( 8 duties to society2 he mu/ next purify 8 desires f all worldly & c>nal lu/s1 = only ! pure 9 he>t c see ,god2 & he may ?us fit himself = 'illum9ation'--! /age 9 :i* ! glory & beauty ( ! spiritual life1 n[ cle>ly disc]n$1 are !mselves ! motive ( action & ! inc5tive to contemplation2 :ile ! possibility ( a yet m imm$iate & ineffable vision ( ! ,godhead is n d5i$1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ?is conception ( religion appeals m & m /rongly to ! y\ng] g5]ation to-day4 ,x br+s an int5se feel+ ( relief to _m :o h be5 di/ress$ by be+ told t religion is b\nd up ) c]ta9 ev5ts 9 antiquity1 ! hi/oricity ( :i* x is 9 "s cases difficult to e/abli%2 ) a cosmology :i* has be5 def9itely disprov$2 & ) a philosophy :i* !y _c make _! own4 ,x all[s u :at ,george ,m]$i? calls '! rapture ( ! =w>d view4' ,x br+s home to u ! mean+ ( ! promise made by ! ,johann9e ,*ri/ t !re are _m ?+s z yet hid f humanity :i* w 9 ! future be reveal$ by ! ,_s ( ,tru?4 ,x enc\rages u to hope t = ea* individual :o is try+ to live ! "r life ! v5ture ( fai? w be progressively ju/ifi$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x breaks d[n ! d5om9ational b>ri]s :i* divide m5 & wom5 :o wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?--b>ri]s :i* become m s5seless 9 ea* g5]ation1 s9ce !y no long] correspond ev5 approximately ) real diff]5ces ( belief or ( religi\s temp]am5t4 ,x makes ! :ole _w k9 by (f]+ a pure religion :i* is sub/antially ! same 9 all climates & 9 all ages--a religion too div9e to be fett]$ by any man-made =mulas1 too nobly human to be readily acceptable to m5 9 :om ! ape & tig] are /ill alive1 b :i* f9ds a cong5ial home 9 ! purifi$ _s :i* is ! '?rone ( ! ,godhead4' ,su* is ! type ( fai? :i* is a/ir among u4 ,x makes no impos+ %[ 9 ,*ur* conf]5ces2 x does n fill our *ur*es & *apels2 x has no organisation1 no propag&a2 x is = ! mo/ "p passively loyal1 )\t mu* en?usiasm1 to ! in/itutions among :i* x f9ds itself4 ,b 9 reality x has ov]leapt all b>ri]s2 x kn[s its true spiritual k92 & amid ! /rifes & p]plexities ( a sad & tr\bl\s "t x c always recov] its hope & confid5ce by asc5d+ 9 he>t & m9d to ! heav5 :i* is clos] to x ?an brea?+1 & ne>] ?an h&s & feet4 ,b on ! o!r side we see a t5d5cy1 ev5 m manife/ if we look = ext]nal signs1 to emphasise ! in/itutional side ( religion1 t :i* prompts m5 & wom5 to comb9e 9 sacr$ societies1 to *]i% en?usia/ic loyalties = ! ,*ur* ( _! e>ly education or ( _! lat] *oice1 to f9d _! *ief satisfaction 9 acts ( corporate wor%ip1 & to subord9ate _! individual ta/es & beliefs to ! common tradition & discipl9e ( a hi/orical body4 ,x is n[ ab\t eighty ye>s s9ce ?is t5d5cy began to manife/ itself z a new ph5om5on 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,s9ce !n1 x has spread to o!r organisations4 ,x has prompt$ a new degree ( d5om9ational loyalty 9 sev]al ,prote/ant bodies on ! ,cont95t1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 our own c\ntry2 & x has arre/$ ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 c\ntries :]e ! outlook seem$ lea/ hopeful f ! ecclesia/ical po9t ( view4 ,su* a movem5t1 s widespread & s p[]ful 9 its results1 is cle>ly a ?+ to be reckon$ ) by all :o desire to e/imate rightly ! signs ( ! times4 ,x is a curr5t runn+ 9 ! opposite direction to ! my/ical t5d5cy1 :i* reg>ds unity z a spiritual1 n a political ideal4 ,=tunately1 ! !ory ( in/itutionalism has lately be5 def5d$ & exp\nd$ by sev]al able writ]s belong+ to diff]5t d5om9ations2 s t we may hope1 by comp>+ _! utt]ances1 to und]/& ! attractions ( ! !ory & its mean+ = ^? :o s highly value x4 ,aubrey ,moore1 writ+ 9 #ahhi1 connect$ ! ,ca?olic revival ) ! ab&onm5t ( atomism 9 natural philosophy & ( ,baconian metaphysics4 ,^! 71 he ?\ght1 ! c\nt]p>t ( individualism 9 politics & ,calv9ism 9 religion4 ,! adh]5ts ( mid-,victorian sci5ce & philosophy 7 bewild]$ by ! ph5om5on ( 'm5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury actually express+ a belief 9 a div9e society & a sup]natural pres5ce 9 our mid/1 a bro!rhood 9 :i* m5 become memb]s ( an organic :ole by %>+ 9 a common life1 a s]vice ( man :i* is ! natural & spontane\s outcome ( ! s]vice ( ,god4'#ij ,9 ! view ( ?is le>n$ & acute ?9k]1 ,ca?olicism1 or in/itutionalism1 is de/9$ to supplant ,prote/antism1 z ! organic !ory is de/9$ to displace ! atomic4 ,m rec5tly ,troelts*1 writ+ z a ,prote/ant1 has emphasis$ ! in/itutional side ( religion 9 ! mo/ uncompromis+ way4 ',"o ( ! cle>e/ results ( all religi\s hi/ory & religi\s psy*ology is t ! ess5ce ( all religion is n dogma & idea1 b cultus & communion1 ! liv+ int]c\rse ) ! ,deity--an int]c\rse ( ! entire community1 hav+ its vital roots 9 religion & d]iv+ its ultimate p[] ( ?us unit+ individuals1 f its fai? 9 ,god4444 ,:atev] ! future may br+ u1 we _c expect a c]ta9ty & =ce ( ! k ( ,god & ( ,8 r$emptive p[] to subsi/ )\t communion & cultus4 ,& s long z a ,*ri/ianity ( any k9d %all subsi/ at all1 x w be unit$ ) a cultus1 & ) ,*ri/ hold+ a c5tral position 9 ! cultus4'#ia ,f ,am]ica1 ! la/ refuge ( individualism1 !re has come a pron\ncem5t n less dra/ic4 ,pr(essor ,royce1 ! au?or ( ! admirable metaphysical treatise entitl$ ',! ,_w & ! ,individual1' has rec5tly publi%$ a d\ble s]ies ( ,hibb]t ,lectures on ',! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1' 9 :i* he affirms ! in/itutionali/ !ory ) a surpris+ abs5ce ( qualification4 ,! :ole book is dom9at$ by "o idea1 advocat$ ) a navet :i* w\ld h>dly h be5 possible to a !ologian--! idea t *ur*man%ip is ! ess5tial "p ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ',! salvation ( ! individual man is det]m9$ by "s sort ( memb]%ip 9 a c]ta9 spiritual community--a religi\s community1 & 9 its inmo/ nature a div9e community1 9 ^: life ! ,*ri/ian virtues are to rea* _! highe/ expression & ! _s ( ! ,ma/] is to obta9 its e>?ly fulfilm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a c]ta9 univ]sal & div9e spiritual community4 ,memb]%ip 9 t community is necess>y to ! salvation ( man4444 ,su* a community exi/s1 is ne$$1 & is an indisp5sable means ( salvation = ! individual man1 & is ! fitt+ realm :]e9 alone ! k+dom ( heav5 :i* ! ,ma/] prea*$ c f9d its expression1 & :]e9 alone ! ,*ri/ian virtues c be effectively prea*$4'#ib ,^! /atem5ts1 :i* 9 vig\r & rig\r w\ld satisfy ! mo/ extreme curiali/ 9 ! ,society ( ,jesus1 are n a little />tl+ 9 an ,am]ican philosoph]1 :o1 z f> z ! pres5t writ] kn[s1 does n belong to any ',ca?olic' ,*ur*4 ,! !sis ?us enunciat$ is ! argum5t ( ! :ole book1 9 :i* 'loyalty to ! belov$ community' is decl>$ to be ! *>act]i/ic ,*ri/ian virtue4 ,x is true t ! satisfaction ( ,pr(essor ,royce's ,ca?olic read]s is de/9$ to be damp$ 9 ! second volume1 :]e he =bids u to look = ! ideal div9e community 9 any exi/+ ,*ur*1 & expresses 8 conviction t great *anges mu/ come ov] ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b = our purpose ! significant fact is t ?r\gh\t ! book he insi/s t ,*ri/ianity is ess5tially an in/itutional religion1 ! mo/ completely in/itutional ( all religions4 ,= ,pr(essor ,royce to be a ,*ri/ian is to be a ,*ur*man4 ,our la/ witness %all be ! le>n$ ,roman ,ca?olic layman1 ,b>on ,fri$ri* von ,hgel1 ! deepe/ ?9k]1 p]haps1 ( all liv+ !ologians 9 ?is c\ntry4 ',x is n[ ev] increas+ly cle> to all deep imp>tial /ud5ts t religion has ev] prim>ily express$ & =m$ itself 9 cultus1 9 social organisation1 social wor%ip1 int]c\rse betwe5 s\l & s\l & betwe5 s\l & ,god2 & 9 symbols & sacram5ts1 9 contacts betwe5 _s & matt]4' ,he proce$s to discuss ! /r5g? & weakness ( in/itutionalism 9 a p]fectly c&id _s1 b ) too p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! pres5t conditions )9 ! ,roman ,*ur* to help u mu* 9 our m g5]al survey4 ,he m5tions ! drawbacks ( an (ficial philosophy1 prescrib$ by au?ority2 'only 9 #ahce did ! ,congregation ( ! ,index )draw helioc5tric books f its li/4' ,he emphasises ! necessity ( hi/orical dogmas1 b admits t or?odoxy *]i%es1 along ) !m1 'fact-l hi/orical pictures' :i* '_c be tak5 z directly1 simply factual4' ,he v9dicates ! or?odoxy ( religi\s tol]ation1 & refuses to consign all non-,ca?olics to p]dition1 lam5t+ ! t5d5cy to id5tify absolutely ! visible & invisible ,*ur*1 :i* prevails among '"s ( ! 7n[ dom9ant7 ,italian & ,g]man ,jesuit ,canoni/s4' ,la/ly1 he boldly recomm5ds ! frank ab&onm5t ( ! ,papal claim to ex]cise temporal p[] 9 ,italy4 ,?is is n s mu* a critique ( in/itutionalism z ! plea ( a ,lib]al ,ca?olic t ! logic ( in/itutionalism %\ld n be all[$ to ov]ride all o!r consid]ations4 ,! ,b>on is1 inde$1 himself a my/ic1 ?\gh also a /rong believ] 9 ! necessity ( in/itutional religion4 ,we h !n a consid]able body ( v compet5t op9ion1 t a man _c be a ,*ri/ian unless he is a ,*ur*man4 ,to ! my/ic pure & simple1 su* a /atem5t seems mon/r\s4 ,did n ev5 ,augu/9e say1 ',i want to "k ,god & my own s\l2 ^! two ?+s1 & no ?ird :atev]'8 ,:at int]m$i>y c !re be1 he w ask1 betwe5 ! s\l & ,god8 ,:at sacr$ness is !re 9 an organisation8 ,is x n a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t ! morality ( an in/itution1 a society1 a /ate1 is inf]ior to t ( ! individuals :o compose x8 ,& is organis$ ,ca?olicism an exception to ?is rule8 ,& yet we mu/ admit ! glam\r ( ! idea ( a div9e society4 ,x ar\ses t esprit de corps :i* is ! /ronge/ appeal t c be made to "s noble m9ds4 ,x calls = self-sacrifice & devot$ lab\r 9 a cause :i* is high] ?an private int]e/4 ,x dem&s discipl9e & co-op]ation1 ?r\gh :i* alone great ?+s c be done on ! field ( hi/ory4 ,x holds out a prospect ( really influ5c+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,& if !re has be5 a hi/orical ,inc>nation1 x foll[s t ,god has actually int]v5$ on ! /age ( hi/ory1 & t x is ,8 w to c>ry out "s great & div9e purpose 9 & by means ( ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,) ?is object1 z ! ,ca?olic believes1 ,he e/abli%$ an in/itutional ,*ur*1 pl$g$ to ! highe/ ( all causes2 & :at great] privilege c !re be ?an to take "p 9 ?is "w1 z a soldi] 9 ! army ( ,god 9 ,8 long campaign aga9/ ! spiritual p[]s ( evil8 ,! ,*ri/ian in/itutionali/ is ! s]vant ( a gr& idea4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few que/ions :i* we are b\nd to ask him4 ,fir/1 is 8 idea ( ! ,*ur* ,*ri/ian8 ,did ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity contemplate or ev5 implicitly sanction ! e/abli%m5t ( a semi-political int]national society1 su* z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has actually be58 ,or?odox ,ca?olicism ma9ta9s t ,he did4 ,mod]nism admits t ,he did n1 b adds t if ,he _h kn[n t ! ,messianic expectation 0 illusory1 & t ! exi/+ _w-ord] 0 to cont9ue = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly h wi%$ t a ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld exi/4 ,&1 argues ! ,mod]ni/1 if x is a good ?+ t a ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld exi/1 x is useless to qu>rel ) ! conditions "u :i* alone x c ma9ta9 its exi/5ce4 ,! philosophical hi/orian mu/ admit t all ! *anges :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has und]gone--its concessions to ,pagan sup]/ition1 its secul> p[]1 its ru?less extirpation ( rebels aga9/ its au?ority1 its /eadily gr[+ c5tralisation & autocracy--7 =c$ ^u x 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,^? :o wi% t ,*ur* hi/ory _h be5 diff]5t are wi%+ ! impossible1 or wi%+ t ! ,*ur* _h p]i%$4 ,b ?is argum5t is n valid z a def5ce ( a div9e in/itution4 ,x is r a m]ciless exposure ( :at happ5s1 & mu/ happ51 to a great idea :5 x is enslav$ by an in/itution ( its own creation4 ,! political organisation :i* has gr[n up r\nd ! idea ends by /rangl+ x1 & cont9ues to fight = its own pres]vation by ! me?ods :i* gov]n ! policy ( all o!r political organisations--=ce1 fraud1 & accommodation4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! political hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism :i* sugge/s 9 ! slighte/ degree t ! _s ( ,*ri/ has be5 ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 its c\ncils4 ,its me?ods h1 on ! contr>y1 be5 m cruel1 m fraudul5t1 m unscrupul\s1 ?an ^? ( mo/ secul> p[]s4 ,if ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity _h appe>$ aga9 on e>? dur+ ! s-call$ ages ( fai?1 x is h>dly possible to d\bt t ,he w\ld1 h be5 burnt alive or crucifi$ aga94 ,:at ! ,lat9 ,*ur* pres]v$ 0 n ! religion ( ,*ri/1 :i* liv$ on by its inh]5t inde/ructibility1 b p>ts ( ! ,ari/otelian & ,platonic philosophies1 di/ort$ & petrifi$ by s*ola/icism1 a va/ quantity ( purely ,pagan sup]/itions1 & ! arcana imp]ii ( ,roman ,cs>ism4 ,! normal end ( ,s*ola/icism is a mummifi$ philosophy ( au?ority1 9 :i* !re are no problems to solve1 b a great _m dead pundits to consult4 ,! normal end ( a policy :i* exploits ! sup]/itions ( ! peasant is a desp]ate w>f>e aga9/ education4 ,! normal end ( ,roman ,imp]ialism is a sultanate l t ( ,diocletian4 ,x is difficult to f9d a pro( ( infallible & sup]natural wisdom 9 ! evolution ( :i* ^! are ! la/ t]ms4 ,we read ) ! utmo/ sympa?y & admiration ,b>on von ,hgel's loyal & rev]5t appeals to ! au?orities ( 8 ,*ur*1 t !y may draw out ! /rong & b5efic5t p[]s ( in/itutionalism1 & avoid its insidi\s dang]s4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r su* a policy is possible4 ,! future ( ,roman ,ca?olicism is1 ,i fe>1 ) ! ,ultramontanes4 ,!y1 & n ! ,mod]ni/s1 are 9 ! l9e ( developm5t :i* ,ca?olicism z an in/itution has consi/5tly foll[$1 & mu/ cont9ue to foll[ to ! end4 ,i c see no o!r fate 9 /ore = ! soma ( ,ca?olicism2 ! g]m-cells ( true ,*ri/ianity live _! own life )9 x1 & are transmitt$ )\t ta9t to ^? :o are born ( ! ,_s4 ,we mu/ fur!r ask ! in/itutionali/ :at are 8 gr\nds = id5tify+ ! ,*ur* ( ,god ) ! p>ticul> in/itution to :i* he belongs4 ,on ! in/itutionali/ hypo!sis1 x might h be5 expect$ ei!r t !re w\ld h be5 no divisions 9 ,*ri/5dom1 or t all sec$+ bodies w\ld h %[n su* manife/ inf]iority 9 wisdom1 morality1 & sanctity1 t ! exclusive claims ( ! ,great ,*ur* w\ld h be5 ratifi$ at ! b> ( hi/ory4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! claim :i* ,roman ,ca?olics make4 ,b x c only be upheld by writ+ hi/ory 9 ! _s ( an advocate1 or by giv+ a pref]5ce1 n 9 accordance ) mod]n e?ical views1 to c]ta9 types ( "* :i* are produc$ by ! mona/ic life ( ! ,ca?olic 'religi\s1' ,x is increas+ly difficult to f9d1 9 ! lives ( ^? :o belong to any "o d5om9ation1 pro(s ( m>k$ sup]iority ov] o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,( c\rse1 we "k little ( ! real "* ( our neighb\rs z !y appe> 9 ! eyes ( ,god2 b 9 consid]+ a !ory :i* lays s mu* /ress on hi/ory z ,ca?olic in/itutionalism does1 we are b\nd to make use ( su* evid5ce z we h4 ,& ! evid5ce does n support ! !ory t we _c be ,*ri/ians unless we are ,ca?olics4 ,nor does x ev5 c\nt5ance ! view t we _c be ,*ri/ians unless we are en?usia/ic memb]s ( "s religi\s corporation4 ,pr(essor ,royce seems to h be5 c>ri$ away by ! idea :i* prompt$ him to write 8 book2 b a little ?\ght ab\t ! *>act]s ( 8 acqua9tances might h giv5 him pause4 ,! me*anical !ory ( devolution :i* assumes s mu* importance 9 "s fa%ionable ,anglican tea*+ ab\t ! ,*ur* ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,! logical *oice mu/ ultimately be betwe5 ! great int]national ,ca?olic ,*ur* & :at ,augu/e ,sabati] call$ ! religion ( ! ,_s4 ,! religion ( all ,prote/ants1 :5 x is n secul>is$1 z x too (t5 is1 belongs to ?is latt] type1 ev5 :5 !y lay mo/ /ress on ! idea ( bro!rhood & corporate action4 ,= ) !m in/itutions are nev] mu* m ?an associations = mutual help & edification4 ,! ,prote/ant always hopes to be sav$ qua ,*ri/ian1 n qua ,*ur*man4 ,a ?ird "q :i* mu/ be ask$ is :e!r in/itutionalism 9 practice makes = unity among ,*ri/ians1 or = division4 ,too (t5 ! *ief visible sign ( ! 'corporate idea' ( :i* s mu* is said1 is ! rigidity ( ! spikes :i* x erects r\nd its own p>ticul> fold4 ,! ob/acles to acts ( reunion 7:i* 9 no way c>ry ) !m ! necessity ( =mal amalgamation7 are rais$ almo/ exclusively by /iff in/itutionali/s4 ,! mu*-discuss$ ,kikuyu case has br\ght ?is home to ev]ybody4 ,b = ^! uncompromis+ ,*ur*m51 ,*ri/ians ( all d5om9ations w\ld be glad en\gh to meet toge!r at ! ,"l's table on special occasions l ! s]vice :i* gave rise to ?is controv]sy4 ,anglicans are well aw>e t ! diff]5ces ( op9ion )9 _! body are f> great] ?an ^? :i* sep>ate "s ( !m f ,prote/ant ,noncon=mity1 & o!rs ( !m f ,home4 ,allegiance to ?is or t d5om9ation is g5]ally an accid5t ( e>ly surr\nd+s4 ,to make ^! ext]nal classifications into b>ri]s :i* _c be cross$ is ei!r an absurdity or a confession t a ,*ur* is a political aggregate4 ,a ,roman ,monsignor expla9$1 propos ( ! ,kikuyu s]vice1 t no ,roman ,ca?olic c\ld ev] communicate 9 a ,prote/ant *ur*1 because 9 s do+ he w\ld be guilty ( an act ( apo/asy1 & w\ld be no long] a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,! attitude is consi/5t ) ! ,roman claim to univ]sal jurisdiction2 = any o!r body x w\ld be absurd4 ,! /iff in/itutionali/ is deb>r$ by 8 !ory f frat]nis+ ) _m :o %\ld be 8 fri5ds1 :ile he is b\nd to o!rs ) :om he has no sympa?y4 ,8 !ory is once m f\nd to conflict ) ! facts4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ ask :e!r in/itutionalism is really a spiritual & moral =ce4 ,( ! advantages ( esprit de corps ,i h spok5 already4 ,no "o c d\bt t unity is /r5g?1 or t ,ca?olicism has an imm5se advantage ov] its rivals 9 ! effici5cy ( its organisation4 ,b is n ?is advantage de>ly pur*as$8 ,p>ty loyalty is notori\sly unscrupul\s4 ,! idealis$ in/itution becomes itself ! object ( wor%ip1 & x is entirely =gott5 t a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ought to h no 'int]e/s' except ! highe/ welf>e ( humanity4 ,! sub/itution ( milit>y = civil e?ics has work$ disa/r\sly on ! conduct ( ,*ur*m54 ,!oretically x is admitt$ by ,roman casui/s t an immoral ord] ought n to be obey$2 b x is n = a layman to pron\nce immoral any ord] receiv$ f a prie/2 if ! ord] is really immoral1 'ob$i5ce' exon]ates him :o executes x2 9 all o!r cases disob$i5ce is a deadly s94 ,! result ( ?is submission ( private judgm5t is t ! voice ( consci5ce is (t5 /ifl$1 & unscrupul\s policies are c>ri$ ?r\gh by ,*ur*m51 :i* secul> public op9ion w\ld h condemn$ decisively & reject$4 ,! p]secution ( ,dreyfus is a rec5t & /rong in/ance4 ,if all ,france _h be5 ,ca?olic1 ! victim ( ?is %ock+ inju/ice w\ld c]ta9ly h di$ 9 prison4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! pres5ce ( a highly organis$ ,*ur* is conducive to moral & social re=m 9 a c\ntry4 ,! temptation to play a political game seems to be always too /rong4 ,9 ,irel& ! prie/hood has probably help$ to ma9ta9 a comp>atively high /&>d ( sexual morality1 b x _c be said t ! ,iri% ,ca?olic population is 9 o!r respects a model ( civilisation & good citiz5%ip4 ,9 education especially ! influ5ce ( ecclesia/icism has be5 almo/ uni=mly p]nici\s1 s t x seems impossible = any c\ntry :]e ! *ildr5 are left "u prie/ly influ5ce to rise above a c]ta9 r l[ level ( civilisation4 ,! /ronge/ claim ( in/itutionalism to our respect is probably ! b5eficial re/ra9t :i* x ex]cises ^u _m p]sons :o ne$ moral & intellectual guidance4 ,x is ! fa%ion to disp>age ! s*ola/ic !ology1 & x has c]ta9ly suff]$ by be+ congeal$1 l ev]y?+ else t ,rome t\*es1 into a h>d sy/em2 b x is immeasurably sup]ior to ! !osophies & fancy religions :i* run riot 9 ! sup]ficially cultivat$ classes ( ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,! undiscipl9$ my/ic1 9 8 reliance on ! inn] light1 may fall into v>i\s k9ds ( ,s*wrm]ei & sup]/ition4 ,9 "s cases he may ev5 lose 8 sanity = want ( a wise re/ra9+ influ5ce4 ,x is n an accid5t t ,am]ica1 :]e in/itutionalism is weake/1 is ! happy hunt+-gr\nd ( religi\s quacks & cranks4 ,individuali/s are too prone to und]value ! /eady+ influ5ce ( anci5t & consecrat$ tradition1 :i* is kept up ma9ly by ecclesia/ical in/itutions4 ,^! probably prev5t _m ra% exp]im5ts f be+ tri$1 especially 9 ! field ( morals4 ,ev5 writ]s l ,dr4 ,fraz] insi/ on ! imm5se s]vices :i* consecrat$ tradition /ill r5d]s to humanity4 ,^! claims may be admitt$2 b !y come v f> %ort ( ! glorification ( in/itutionalism :i* we f\nd 9 ! au?ors quot$ a few pages back4 ,! in/itutionali/1 h[ev]1 may reply t he by no means admits ! validity ( ,sabati]'s anti!sis betwe5 religions ( au?ority & ! religion ( ! ,_s4 ,8 own religion1 he believes1 is q z spiritual z t ( ! ,prote/ant individuali/4 ,he may quote ! f9e say+ ( a m$ieval my/ic t he :o c see ! inw>d 9 ! outw>d is m spiritual ?an he :o c only see ! inw>d 9 ! inw>d4 ,we may1 inde$1 be ?ankful t we h n to *oose betwe5 two mutually exclusive types ( religion4 ,! ,quak]1 :om we may take z ! type ( anti-in/itutional my/icism1 has a bro!rhood to :i* he is pr\d to belong1 & = :i* he feels loyalty & affection4 ,& ,ca?olicism has be5 ri* 9 contemplative sa9ts :o h liv$ 9 ! light ( ! ,div9e pres5ce4 ,! "q rais$ 9 ?is essay is r ( ! relative importance ( ^! two elem5ts 9 ! religi\s life1 ?an ( *oos+ "o & reject+ ! o!r4 ,i w conclude by say+ t our pref]5ce ( "o ( ^! types to ! o!r w be l>gely det]m9$ by our attitude t[>ds hi/ory4 ,i am glad to see t ,pr(essor ,bosanquet1 9 8 f9e ,gif=d ,lectures1 has ! c\rage to expose ! limitations ( ! 'hi/orical me?od1' n[ s popul>4 ,he prote/s aga9/ ,pr(essor ,w>d's dictum t '! actual is :olly hi/orical1' z a view little bett] ?an nave realism4 ,hi/ory1 he says1 is a hybrid =m ( exp]i5ce1 incapable ( any consid]able degree ( be+ or tru5ess4 ,x is a fragm5t>y diorama ( f9ite life-processes se5 f ! outside1 & v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( assign+ p>ts 9 "s great _w-exp]i5ce to p>ticul> actors--a highly speculative ent]prise4 ,to set ^! cont+5t & dubi\s con/ructions above ! op]ations ( pure ?\ght & pure insight is inde$ a return to ! philosophy ( ! man 9 ! /reet4 ',social morality1 art1 philosophy1 & religion take u f> beyond ! spatio-temporal ext]nality ( hi/ory2 ^! are concrete & necess>y liv+ worlds1 & 9 !m ! f9ite m9d beg9s to exp]i5ce some?+ ( :at individuality mu/ ultimately mean4' ,our inquiry has ?us l$ u to ! ?re%old ( "o ( ! fundam5tal problems ( philosophy--! value & reality ( "t4 ,= ! in/itutionali/1 happ5+s 9 "t h a mean+ & importance f> great] ?an ! my/ic is will+ to all[ to !m4 ,l mo/ o!r great philosophical problems1 ?is "q is l>gely "o ( temp]am5t4 ,*ri/ianity has f\nd room = bo? types4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! ab]rations or exagg]ations ( in/itutionalism h be51 & are1 m dang]\s1 & fur!r remov$ f ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ^? ( my/icism1 & t we mu/ look to ! latt] type1 r ?an to ! =m]1 to give life to ! next religi\s revival4 ,,footnotes3 #ij ,moore1 ,sci5ce & ! ,fai?1 ,introduction4 #ia ,troelts*1 ,die ,b$eutung d] ,ges*i*tli*keit ,jesu fr d5 ,glaub51 pp4 #be sq4 #ib ,royce1 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 #ci4 ,,! ,,indictm5t ,,aga9/ ,,*ri/ianity 7#aiag7 ,no ?9k+ man c d5y t ?is w> has griev\sly /a9$ ! reputation ( ,europe4 ,ev5 if ! v]dict ( hi/ory confirms ! op9ion t ! conspiracy :i* ?rew ! tor* into ! p[d]-magaz9e 0 laid by a few p]sons 9 "o or two c\ntries1 & t ! unp>allel$ outrages :i* h accompani$ ! conflict 7 ord]$ by a small cot]ie ( brutal (fic]s1 we _c =get t ^! crimes h be5 committ$ by ! responsible repres5tatives ( a civilis$ ,european p[]1 & t ! nation :i* !y repres5t has %[n no qualms ( consci5ce4 ,t su* a calamity1 ! p]man5t results ( :i* include a holocau/ ( ,european weal? & cr$it1 accumulat$ dur+ a c5tury ( unprec$5t$ indu/ry & +5uity1 ! loss ( innum]able lives1 & ! de/ruction ( all ! old & hon\rable conv5tions :i* h hi!rto regulat$ ! int]c\rse ( civilis$ nations ) ea* o!r1 9 w> z well z 9 peace1 %\ld h be5 possible1 is ju/ly felt to be a reproa* to ! :ole cont95t1 & especially to ! nations :i* h tak5 ! lead 9 its civilisation & culture4 ,! anci5t races ( ,asia1 :i* h nev] admitt$ ! moral sup]iority ( ! ,we/1 are ke5ly int]e/$ spectators ( our suicidal fr5zy4 ,a ,japanese is report$ to h said1 ',we h only to wait a little long]1 till ,europe has complet$ h] h>a kiri4' ,?is is1 inde$1 :at any intellig5t obs]v] mu/ ?9k ab\t ! pres5t /ruggle4 ,j z ! feudal b>ons ( ,engl& de/roy$ ea* o!r & br\ght ! feudal sy/em to an end 9 ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 s ! great indu/rial nations are r5d+ to pieces ! :ole fabric ( mod]n indu/rialism1 :i* c nev] be recon/ruct$4 ,mr4 ,norman ,angell 0 p]fectly "r 9 8 argum5t t a ,european w> w\ld be ru9\s to bo? sides4 ,! mat]ial objects at /ake1 su* z ! control ( ! ,turki% ,empire & ! ,african cont95t1 are n wor? m ?an an insignificant fraction ( ! w>-bill4 ,we are witness+ ! suicide ( a social ord]1 & our desc5dants w m>vel at our madness1 z we m>vel at ! s5seless w>s ( ! pa/4 ,!re has1 x is pla91 be5 some?+ fundam5tally wrong ) ,european civilisation1 & ! disease appe>s to be a moral "o4 ,) ?is conviction x is natural t m5 %\ld turn ^u ! (ficial cu/odians ( religion & morality1 & ask !m :e!r !y h be5 unfai?ful to _! tru/1 or :e!r x is n r prov$ t ! fai? :i* !y pr(ess is itself bankrupt & incapable ( ex]t+ any salut>y influ5ce ^u human "* & action4 ,*ri/ianity /&s arraign$ at ! b> ( public op9ion4 ,b x is n )\t significance t ! indictm5t %\ld n[ be urg$ ) a vehem5ce :i* we d n f9d 9 ! records ( =m] convulsions4 ,x 0 n g5]ally felt to be a sc&al to ,*ri/ianity t ,engl& 0 at w> = #fi ye>s out ( ! #abj :i* prec$$ ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,ei!r our g5]ation expect$ m f ,*ri/ianity1 or x 0 f> m %ock$ by ! sudd5 outbreak ( ?is fi]ce w> ?an our ance/ors 7 by ! almo/ *ronic condition ( desultory campaign+ to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,! latt] is probably ! true reason4 ,! belief 9 progress1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/rial revolution 0 an article ( fai?1 _h become a tacitly accept$ presupposition ( all s]i\s ?\ght2 & ev5 ^? :o 7 dubi\s ab\t ! moral improvem5t ( mank9d 9 o!r directions1 seldom d5i$ t we 7 m humane & peaceable ?an our =efa!rs4 ,! disillusion has /ruck our self-complac5cy 9 its mo/ vital spot4 ,no?+ 9 our own exp]i5ce _h prep>$ u = ! hide\s savag]y & v&alism ( ,g]man w>f>e1 ! fir/ acc\nts ( :i* we receiv$ ) blank amazem5t & incr$ulity4 ,!n1 :5 disbelief 0 no long] possible1 !re awoke )9 u a s5se ( fe> = our homes & wom5 & *ildr5--feel+ to :i* mod]n civilis$ man _h long be5 a /rang]4 ,we _h n suppos$ t ! non-combatant population ( any ,european c\ntry w\ld ev] aga9 be expos$ to ! horrors ( savage w>f>e4 ,?is1 mu* m ?an ! w> itself1 has made ?\s&s feel t ! h\se ( civilisation is built ^u ! s&1 & t ,*ri/ianity has fail$ to subdue ! mo/ b>b>\s in/9cts ( human nature4 ,*ri/ians _c regret t ! flagrant contradiction betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( _! cre$ & ! sc5es t h be5 enact$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s is fully recognis$4 ,b ! (t5 repeat$ /atem5t t ',*ri/ianity has fail$' ne$s m exam9ation ?an x usually receives f ^? :o utt] x4 ,hi/ory acqua9ts u ) two k9ds ( religion1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are n entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r1 diff] v widely 9 _! effects ^u conduct & morality4 ,! religio :i* ,lucretius hat$1 & f :i* he /rangely hop$ t ! atomi/ic mat]ialism ( ,epicurus _h f9ally deliv]$ mank9d1 has its roots 9 ! sombre & confus$ sup]/itions ( ! savage4 ,fe>1 z ,/atius & ,petronius tell u1 creat$ ! gods ( ?is religion4 ,^! deities are my/]i\s & caprici\s p[]s1 :o exact v5geance = ! transgression ( arbitr>y laws :i* !y h n reveal$1 & :o mu/ be propitiat$ by public sacrifice1 le/ "s collective puni%m5t fall on ! tribe1 blight+ its crops & smit+ its h]ds ) murra91 or giv+ x ov] into ! h& ( its enemies4 ,?is religion makes v little attempt to correct ! curr5t /&>d ( values4 ,its rew>ds are weal? & prosp]ity2 its puni%m5ts are calamity 9 ?is _w & p]haps torture 9 ! next4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 incapable ( moralisation4 ,! wra? ( heav5 may visit n ! innoc5t violation ( "s tabu1 b cruelty & inju/ice4 ,9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ,uzzah is /rick5 dead = t\*+ ! ark1 & ! subjects ( ,k+ ,david afflict$ ) pe/il5ce because _! rul] took a c5sus ( 8 p1 ,jehovah is above all ?+s a righte\s ,god1 :o puni%es blood%$1 adult]y1 & social oppression4 ,s 9 ,greece ! ,furies pursue ! homicide & ! p]jur]1 till ! "n ( 8 family is clean put out4 ,h]odotus tells u h[ ! family ( ,glaucus 0 ext+ui%$ because he consult$ ! oracle ( ,delphi ab\t an act ( embezzlem5t :i* he 0 m$itat+4 ,int]national law 0 protect$ by ! same fe> ( div9e v5geance4 ,! murd] ( h]alds mu/ by all means be expiat$4 ,:5 ! ,romans repudiate _! 'scrap ( pap]' ) ! ,samnites1 !y deliv] up to ! enemy ! (fic]s :o sign$ x1 ?\gh 7) *>act]i/ic 'slimness'7 n ! army :i* ! m\nta9e]s _h captur$ & lib]at$ "u ! agreem5t4 ,to de/roy ! temples 9 an enemy's c\ntry 0 an act ( wanton impiety2 ,h]odotus _c und]/& ! religi\s intol]ance :i* l$ ! ,p]sians to burn ! %r9es ( ,greek gods4 ,?us religion _h a re/ra9+ influ5ce 9 w> ?r\gh\t antiquity1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,pope1 :o 0 believ$ to hold ! keys ( future bliss & torm5t1 0 frequ5tly1 ?\gh by no means always1 obey$ by ! turbul5t feudal lords1 & (t5 en=c$ ! sanctity ( a contract by ! ?reat or ! imposition ( excommunication & int]dict4 ,9 ord] to make ^! p5alties m t]rible1 ! torm5ts ( ^? :o di$ "u ! displeasure ( ! ,*ur* 7 pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ vivid col\rs4 ,b 9 ! (ficial & popul> ,*ri/ian es*atology1 z 9 ! t]re/rial !odicy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re is little or no moral idealism4 ,! joys or pa9s ( ! future life are made to dep5d1 9 "p at lea/1 on ! obs]vance or violation ( ! moral law1 b !y are !mselves ( a k9d :i* ! natural man w\ld desire or dread4 ,!y are an enhanc$1 because a def]r$1 retribution ( ! same k9d :i* 9 m primitive religions promises e>?ly prosp]ity to ! righte\s1 & e>?ly calamities to ! wick$4 ,values1 positive & negative1 are tak5 ne>ly z !y /& 9 ! e/imation ( ! av]age man4 ,b !re is ano!r religi\s tradition1 :i* 9 ,greece 0 almo/ sep>at$ f ! (ficial & national cults1 & among ! ,hebrews 0 (t5 9 opposition to !m4 ,! ,hebrew prophets c]ta9ly proclaim$ t '! hi/ory ( ! _w is ! judgm5t ( ! _w1' & (t5 assum$1 too crudely z x seems to u1 t national calamities are a pro( ( national transgression2 b ! :ole c\rse ( developm5t 9 prophecy 0 t[>ds an autonom\s morality bas$ on a spiritual valuation ( life4 ,its qu>rel ) sac]dotalism 0 ma9ly direct$ aga9/ ! une?ical tabu-morality ( ! prie/hood2 ! revolt 0 gr\nd$ 9 a l(ty moral idealism1 :i* f\nd expression 9 a half-symbolic vision ( a com+ /ate 9 :i* might & "r %\ld co9cide4 ,! apocalyptic prophecies ( po/-exilic ,judaism1 :i* 7 n bas$1 l "s political pr$ictions ( ! e>li] prophets1 on a /atesmanlike view ( ! int]national situation1 b on hopes ( sup]natural int]v5tion1 _h _! roots 9 visions ( a new & bett] _w-ord]4 ,?is aspiration1 :i* _h to dis5tangle itself by degrees f ! patriotic dreams ( a /ubborn & un=tunate race1 0 project$ into ! ne> future1 & 0 mix$ ) less wor?y political ambitions :i* _h a diff]5t orig94 ,! prophet always =e%ort5s 8 revelation1 & g5]ally bl5ds ! city ( ,god ) a vision ( 8 own c\ntry transfigur$4 ,we see him do+ ?is ev5 to-day1 9 8 ,utopian dreams ( social recon/ruction4 ,& s x has always be54 ,we rememb] ,condorcet =etell+ a reign ( tru? & peace j be=e he 0 compell$ to flee f ! /orm ( calumny to die 9 a damp cell at ,b\rg la ,re9e2 & ,kant hail+ ! approa* ( a peaceful int]national republic :ile ,napoleon 0 prep>+ to dr[n ,europe 9 blood4 ,apocalyptism is a compromise betwe5 ! religion ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts & ! religion ( spiritual deliv]ance4 ,x calls a new _w into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! old2 b its discont5t ) ! old is ma9ly ! result ( a moral & spiritual valuation ( life4 ,greek philosophy has really mu* 9 common ) ,hebrew prophecy1 ?\gh ! ,greek envisag$ 8 ideal _w z ! et]nal backgr\nd ( reality1 & n "u ! =m ( hi/ory4 ,9 its mature/ =m1 x is a transvaluation ( all values 9 accordance ) an absolute ideal /&>d--t ( ! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful4 ,?is idealism appe>s 9 a /ill m dra/ic =m 9 ! religions ( ,asia1 :i* prea* deliv]ance by demonetis+ at a /roke all ! _w's curr5cy4 ,spiritual values are alone accept$2 man w9s peace & fre$om by r5\nc+ 9 advance all ( :i* =tune may deprive him4 ,we are apt to assume1 9 def]5ce to our !ories ( human progress1 t ! evolution ( religion is normally f a l[] to a high] type4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be absurd to "q t ! religion ( a civilis$ p is usually m spiritual & m rational ?an t ( b>b>ians4 ,b none ! less1 ! hi/ory ( religions is g5]ally a hi/ory ( decl9e4 ,9 ,judaism ! prophets came be=e ! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism 7 bo? degrad$ by sup]/itions & une?ical rites4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* began z a republication ( ! pure/ prophetic tea*+1 has suff]$ ! same fate4 ,9 ea* case1 :5 ! revelation has lo/ its fre%ness1 & ! en?usiasm :i* x evok$ has begun to cool1 a rev]sion to old] habits ( ?\ght & cu/oms takes place2 & sometimes x may be said t ! old religion has really conqu]$ ! new4 ,*ri/ianity1 z taught by its ,f\nd]1 is bas$ on a transvaluation ( values ev5 m complete ?an t ( ,/oicism & ! lat] ,platonism1 because1 :ile x reg>ds ! objects ( ord9>y ambition z a positive h9drance to ! high] life1 x accepts & gives value to ^? pa9s ( sympa?y :i* ,greek ?\ght dread$1 z detract+ f ! calm enjoym5t ( ! philosophic life4 ,?is acceptance ( ! _w's suff]+1 f :i* e o!r spiritual religion & philosophy promise a way ( escape1 is p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,9 practice1 x ?us a*ieves a m complete conque/ ( evil ?an any o!r sy/em2 & by br++ sorr[ & sympa?y into ! ,div9e life1 x n only pres5ts ! "* & nature ( ! ,deity 9 a new light1 b op5s out a new ideal ( moral p]fection4 ,?is is n ! place = a discussion ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & !y are famili> to u all4 ,b1 s9ce we are n[ consid]+ ! *>ge ( failure br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 9 connexion ) ! pres5t _w-w>1 x seems necess>y to emphasise two po9ts :i* are n always rememb]$4 ,! fir/ is t !re is no evid5ce t ! hi/orical ,*ri/ ev] int5d$ to f\nd a new in/itutional religion4 ,he nei!r attempt$ to make a s*ism 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur* nor to sub/itute a new sy/em = x4 ,he plac$ ,himself delib]ately 9 ! prophetic l9e1 only claim+ to sum up ! s]ies 9 ,himself4 ,! :ole mann] ( ,8 life & tea*+ 0 prophetic4 ,! diff]5ces :i* und\bt$ly may be f\nd betwe5 ,8 /yle & t ( ! old] prophets d n remove ,him f ! company 9 :i* ,he cle>ly wi%$ to /&4 ,he treat$ ! in/itutional religion ( ,8 p ) ! indep5d5ce & indiff]5ce ( ! prophet & my/ic2 & ! hi]>*y1 :i*1 l o!r hi]>*ies1 _h a sure in/9ct 9 disc]n+ a dang]\s enemy1 0 n sl[ to decl>e w> to ! knife aga9/ ,him4 ,su*1 ,he rem9d$ ,8 enemies1 0 ! treatm5t :i* all ! prophets _h met ) f ! class to :i* ^? enemies belong$4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ fact to rememb]4 ,in/itutional ,*ri/ianity may be a legitimate & necess>y hi/orical developm5t f ! orig9al ,gospel1 b x is some?+ ali5 to ! ,gospel itself4 ,! fir/ disciples believ$ t !y _h ! ,ma/]'s au?ority = expect+ ! end ( ! exi/+ _w-ord] 9 _! own lifetime4 ,!y believ$ t ,he _h come =w>d ) ! cry ( ',hora novissima6' ,:e!r !y misund]/ood ,him or n1 !y cle>ly c\ld n h held ?is op9ion if !y _h receiv$ in/ructions = ! con/itution ( a ,*ur*4 ,! second po9t on :i* x is necess>y to insi/ is t ,*ri/ nev] expect$1 or taught ,8 disciples to expect1 t ,8 tea*+ w\ld meet ) wide acceptance1 or ex]cise political influ5ce4 ',! _w'--organis$ human society--0 ! enemy & 0 to cont9ue ! enemy4 ,8 message1 ,he =esaw1 w\ld be scorn$ & reject$ by ! majority2 & ^? :o prea*$ x 7 to expect p]secution4 ,?is w>n+ is repeat$ s (t5 9 ! ,gospels t x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give quotations4 ,he made x q pla9 t ! big battalions are nev] likely to be ga!r$ be=e ! n>r[ gate4 ,he decl>$ t only false prophets are well spok5 ( by ! majority4 ,:5 we consid] ! revolution>y "* ( ! ,*ri/ian idealism1 its indiff]5ce to ne>ly all t passes = 'religion' ) ! vulg>1 & its rev]sal ( all curr5t valuations1 x is pla9 t x is nev] likely to be a popul> cre$4 ,z surely z ! pres5ce ( high spiritual in/9cts 9 ! human m9d gu>antees its inde/ructibility1 s surely ! deeply-root$ prejudices :i* keep ! majority on a l[] level mu/ prev5t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ f dom9at+ mundane politics or social life4 ,moreov]1 ! actual ext5t ( its influ5ce _c be e/imat$4 ,! inw>dness & individualism ( its tea*+ make its app>5t effectiv5ess small] ?an its real p[]1 :i* works secretly & unobs]v$4 ,! vices :i* ,*ri/ reg>d$ ) abhorr5ce are p]v]sions ( "*--hypocrisy1 h>d-he>t$ness1 & worldl9ess or secul>ity2 & :o c say :at degree ( success ! ,gospel has a*iev$ 9 combat+ ^!8 ,! me?od ( ,*ri/ianity is ali5 to all ext]nalism & ma*9]y2 x does n l5d itself to ^? accommodations & compromises )\t :i* no?+ c be done 9 politics4 ,z ,h>nack says1 ! ,gospel is n "o ( social improvem5t1 b ( spiritual r$emption4 ,its influ5ce ^u social & political life is indirect & obscure1 op]at+ ?r\gh a subtle modification ( curr5t valuations1 & curb+ ! competitive & acquisitive in/9cts1 :i* ne>ly correspond ) :at ,*ri/ call$ ',mammon' & ,/4 ,paul '! fle%4' ,*ri/ianity is a spiritual dynamic1 :i* has v little to d directly ) ! me*anism ( social life4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta9 t :5 we speak ( ,*ri/ianity z a factor 9 human life1 we mu/ n id5tify x ) ! op9ions or actions ( ! multitudes :o are nom9ally ,*ri/ians4 ,we mu/ n ev5 id5tify x1 )\t qualification1 ) ! types ( "* exhibit$ by ^? :o try to frame _! lives 9 accordance ) its precepts4 ,= ^! types are v l>gely det]m9$ by ! ideals :i* belong to ! /age ?r\gh :i* ! life ( ! race is pass+2 & ^! diff] s widely 9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries t ! hi/orian ( religion might well despair if he 0 compell$ to reg>d !m all z typical manife/ations ( ! same idea4 ,!re are times :5 ! disciple ( ,*ri/ seems to turn 8 back ^u society2 he is occupi$ solely ) ! relation ( ! individual s\l to ,god4 ,^! are p]iods :5 ! opportunities = social s]vice are mu* re/rict$ by a faulty /ructure ( ! body politic2 p]iods :5 secul> civilisation is s brutal1 or s s]vile1 t ! religi\s life c only be l$ 9 seclusion f x4 ,at ano!r "t ! typical ,*ri/ian seems to be ! active & valiant soldi] ( a militant corporation4 ,at ano!r1 aga91 he is a philan?ropi/1 :o devotes 8 life to ! r$ress ( "s great wrong1 su* z slav]y1 or ! promotion ( a m righte\s sy/em ( production & di/ribution4 ,9 all ^! types we c trace ! op]ation ( ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !y are p>tial manife/ations ( x1 ) mu* ali5 admixture4 ,! _s ( ! age1 z well z ! _s ( ,*ri/1 has m\ld$ ! v>i\s types ( ,*ri/ian piety4 ,if !re has ev] be5 a "t :5 organis$ ,*ri/ianity 0 a concrete embodim5t ( ! pure pr9ciples ( ! ,gospel1 we mu/ look = x 9 ! era ( ! p]secutions1 :5 ! ,*ur* _h already ga9$ coh]5ce & discipl9e & a corporate self-consci\sness1 & 0 /ill pres]v$ f ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( secul>ity by ! dang] :i* att5d$ ! pr(ession ( an illicit cre$4 ,a vivid picture ( ! ,*ri/ian communities at ?is p]iod has be5 giv5 by ,dobs*tz1 ^: le>n+ & imp>tiality are unimpea*able4 ,! ,*ur* at ?is "t dem&$ f its foll[]s an unres]v$ confession1 ev5 :5 ?is meant dea?4 ,x 0 a bro!rhood )9 :i* !re 0 no privileg$ class4 ,m5 & wom51 ! free & ! slave1 _h an equal %>e 9 x4 ,x aboli%$ ! fundam5tal ,greek di/9ction ( civilis$ & b>b>ian4 ,x look$ ) contempt on none4 ,its great organisation 0 spread by purely volunt>y means1 till x ga9$ a firm foot+ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire & beyond x4 ,to a l>ge ext5t x 0 an association = mutual aid4 ,:]ev] anyone 0 9 ne$1 help 0 at h&4 ,! tangible advantages ( belong+ to su* a guild 7 s great t ! ,*ur* _h to en=ce lab\r on all :o c\ld "w1 z a condition ( %>+ 9 ! b5efits ( memb]%ip4 ,social di/9ctions1 su* z ^? ( ri* & poor1 ma/] & slave1 7 n aboli%$1 b !y _h lo/ _! /+1 because g5u9e affection1 loyalty & sympa?y neutralis$ ^! inequalities4 ,great importance 0 laid on tru?1 integrity 9 bus9ess1 & sexual purity4 ,a complete rupture ) pagan /&>ds ( morality 0 insi/$ on f new memb]s4 ,! human body mu/ be kept holy1 z ! temple ( ,god4 ,rev5ge 0 =bidd51 & inju/ice 0 endur$ ) meekness & p>don4 ,?is is no imag9>y picture4 ,9 t brief gold5 age ( ! ,*ur*1 su* 7 inde$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*ri/ian society4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,dobs*tz ! moral condition ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! second c5tury 0 mu* high] ?an among ,/4 ,paul's conv]ts 9 ! fir/4 ,! paucity ( ref]5ces to s9s ( ! fle%1 & to fraud1 is to be acc\nt$ = by ! actual r>ity ( su* (f5ces4 ,= a %ort "t1 !n1 ! artificial selection effect$ by ! p]secutions kept ! ,*ur* pure2 & f ! happy pictures :i* we c recon/ruct ( ?is p]iod we c judge :at a really ,*ri/ian society w\ld be l4 ,! hi/ory ( in/itutional ,ca?olicism mu/ be approa*$ f a diff]5t side4 ,troelts* argues ) mu* cog5cy t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* mu/ be reg>d$ r z ! la/ creative a*ievem5t ( classical antiquity ?an z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its gr[? belongs ma9ly to ! political hi/ory ( ,europe2 ! /rictly religi\s elem5t 9 x is q subord9ate4 ,!re is1 z ,mod]ni/ critics h se51 a real break betwe5 ! ,pale/9ian ,gospel & ! elaborate my/]y-religion1 ) its grad$ hi]>*y1 its ,roman organisation1 its ,hell5i/ic speculative !ology1 :i* a*iev$ ! conque/ ( ! ,empire 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,*ur*1 z ,loisy says1 det]m9$ to survive & to conqu]1 & adapt$ itself to ! dem&s ( ! "t4 ,x has travell$ f> f ! simple tea*+ ( ! e>?ly ,*ri/2 ?\gh we may1 if we *oose1 hold t ,8 _s cont9u$ to direct ! gr[+ & *ang+ in/itution :i*1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 _h its s\rce 9 ! ,galilean m9i/ry4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ! extremely effici5t organisation ( ! ,roman ,*ur* began 9 self-def5ce & 0 cont9u$ = conque/4 ,x is "o ( ! /ronge/ ( all human in/itutions1 s t x 0 said be=e ! w> t x is "o ( ! '?ree inv9cibles1' ! o!r two be+ ! ,g]man ,army & ! ,/&>d ,oil ,tru/4 ,b our admiration = ! subtle & t5aci\s p[] ( ?is corporation mu/ n bl9d u to its ess5tially political "*4 ,its policy has be5 always direct$ to self-pres]vation & aggr&isem5t2 x is an imp]ium 9 imp]io1 :i* has only *eck$ fanatical nationalism by ! compet+ influ5ce ( a /ill m fanatical p>tisan%ip4 ,9 ! pres5t w>1 ! problem be=e ! ,pope's c\ncillors 0 :e!r ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s or t ( ! ,ent5te 0 be/ wor? cultivat+2 & ! un%ak5 loyalty ( ,au/ria to ! ,*ur*1 toge!r ) a natural pref]5ce = ,g]man me?ods ( gov]n+ z comp>$ ) democracy1 turn$ ! scale aga9/ u4 ,9 ,irel&1 9 ,canada & 9 ,spa9 ! ,ca?olic prie/s h be5 =midable enemies ( our cause4 ,z = ! o!r ,*ur*es1 !y h n ! same p[] ( arbitrat+ 9 national qu>rels4 ,! ,russian ,*ur* has nev] be5 indep5d5t ( ! secul> gov]nm5t2 & ! ,anglican & ,lu!ran ,*ur*es c h>dly be expect$ to be imp>tial :5 ! vital int]e/s ( ,engl& or ,g]many are at /ake4 ,lov]s ( peace h n mu* to hope = f organis$ religion4 ,national ,*ri/ianity1 z ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw says1 w only be possible :5 we h a nation ( ,*ri/s4 ,! d[nfall ( ! m$ieval ,european sy/em1 ?\gh 9 tru? x 0 a !ory r ?an a fact1 has remov$ "s ( ! re/ra9ts ^u w>4 ,! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! m$ieval political !ory 0 ! conception ( a 'lex ,dei1' :i* includ$ ! 'lex ,mosis1' ! 'lex ,*ri/i1' & ! 'lex ecclesiae1' b :i* also1 z 'lex natur1' compris$ ! law1 sci5ce1 & e?ics ( antiquity4 ,^! laws 7 sup]-national1 & no nation d>$ explicitly to repudiate !m4 ,!y =m$ ! basis ( a real sy/em ( int]national law1 re/+1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 on suppos$ div9e au?ority4 ,?is !ory1 ) its sanctions1 0 %att]$ at ! ,r5aissance2 & ! ,ma*iavellian doctr9e ( ! absolute ,/ate1 accept$ by ,bacon & put into practice by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 has prevail$ ev] s9ce1 ?\gh n )\t frequ5t prote/s4 ,! rise ( nationalities1 ea* ) an int5se self-consci\sness1 has facilitat$ ! adoption ( a !ory too grossly immoral to h f\nd fav\r except 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( mod]n civilisation4 ,! em]g5ce ( nationalities 0 (t5 connect$ ) a legitimate /ruggle = fre$om2 & at su* times esprit de corps seems to be almo/ ! sum ( morality1 ! sub/itute = all o!r virtues4 ,loyalty is "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( moral qualities1 & x necess>ily inhibits criticism ( its own objects1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( treason4 ,b1 unless ! aims ( ! corporate body :i* claims our absolute allegiance are "r & reasonable1 loyalty may be1 & (t5 has be51 ! p>5t ( hide\s crimes1 & a social evil ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! p]v]sion ( esprit de corps does incalculable h>m 9 e direction1 de/roy+ all s5se ( hon\r & ju/ice1 ( *ivalry & g5]osity1 ( sympa?y & humanity4 ,x involves a complete repudiation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* breaks d[n all b>ri]s by ignor+ !m1 & insi/s on love & ju/ice t[>ds all mank9d )\t di/9ction4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,/ate has dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury be5 s$ul\sly & artificially fo/]$ 9 ,g]many1 until x has produc$ a k9d ( moral insanity4 ,ev5 philosophical hi/orians l ,troelts* seem unable to see ! mon/rosity ( a political doctr9e :i* has caus$ 8 c\ntry to be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! enemy ( ! :ole human race4 ,euck51 writ+ "s ye>s be=e ! w>1 9 a r g+]ly mann] deprecates ,politismus z a national dang]2 b he does n d>e to grasp ! nettle firmly4 ,x is possible t ?is deification ( ! ,/ate 9 ,g]many may be 9 "p due to an unsatisfi$ in/9ct ( wor%ip4 ,9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 :]e !re mu/ be a divid$ allegiance1 patriotism nev]1 p]haps1 assumes su* s9i/] & fanatical =ms4 ,b we %all n und]/& ! attraction :i* ?is nak$ immoralism 9 int]national affairs ex]cises ov] ! m9ds ( _m :o are n o!rwise ignoble1 if we d n rememb] t ! repudiation ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ical /&>d has be5 equally ?or\gh 9 comm]cial competition4 ,! ,g]man (fic] believes himself to h *os5 a morally nobl] pr(ession ?an t ( ! bus9ess-man2 he s]ves 7he ?9ks7 a l>g] cause1 & he is cont5t ) mu* less p]sonal rew>d4 ,sociali/ assailants ( our indu/rial sy/em1 mu* z !y dislike w>1 w\ld probably agree ) him4 ,x is n necess>y to condemn all competition4 ,! desire to excel o!rs is n repreh5sible1 :5 ! rivalry is 9 r5d]+ useful social s]vice4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t ! pres5t condition ( indu/ry is su* t a heavy premium is (f]$ to m]e cupidity2 t ! frat]nal social life :i* ,*ri/ianity enjo9s is (t5 lit]ally impossible1 except at ! co/ ( economic suicide2 & t 9 a competitive sy/em a bus9ess man is1 by ! v =ce ( circum/ances1 a w>rior1 ?\gh w> is an enemy ( love & de/ructive ( ,*ri/ian society4 ,:5 ! object ( b>ga9+ is to give z little & ga9 z mu* z possible1 ! ,*ri/ian /&>d ( values has be5 reject$ z completely z x 0 by ,ma*iavelli himself4 ,! competition betwe5 two p>ties to a b>ga9 is (t5 a competition 9 uns]viceabl5ess4 ,money is v frequ5tly made by creat+ a local & tempor>y monopoly1 :i* enables ! v5dor to squeeze ! pur*as]4 ,9 all su* transactions "o man's ga9 is ano!r man's loss4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! evils ( :i* are almo/ univ]sally recognis$ & deplor$1 m>ks ! end ( ! glorification ( productive indu/ry :i* 0 "o result ( ! ,re=mation4 ,h>dly any?+ di/+ui%es mod]n f m$ieval e?ics m %>ply ?an ! emphasis laid by ,prote/ant morality on ! duty ( mak+ & produc+ some?+ tangible4 ,!oretically ! ,prote/ant may hold t 'do+ ends 9 dea?1' & he may s+ ^! words on ,sunday2 b 8 :ole life on week days is occupi$ 9 /r5u\s 'do+4' ,we f9d 9 ,calv9ism & ,quak]ism ! g5u9ely religi\s basis ( ! mod]n bus9ess life1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has deg5]at$ sadly1 n[ t ! l>ge/ =tunes are made by deal+ 9 money r ?an 9 commodities4 ,9 ! books ( ,samuel ,smiles1 & 9 ,cl\gh's poem beg9n+ ',hope ev] m & believe1 ,o ,man1' we f9d ! ,gospel ( productive "w prea*$ ) f]v\r4 ,x is out ( fav\r n[ 9 ,engl&2 b 9 ,am]ica we /ill see qua9t attempts to make bus9ess a religion1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages religion 0 a bus9ess4 ,9 ^! circles1 x is productive activity z su* to :i* value is atta*$1 )\t mu* enquiry z to ! utility ( ! product4 ,! result has be5 an imm5se accumulation ( ! app>atus ( life1 )\t any correspond+ elevation 9 moral /&>ds4 ,! mis*iefs wr\ght by mod]n comm]cialism are l>gely ! fruit ( ! purely irrational production :i* x enc\rages4 ,!re are1 says ,pr(essor ,santayana1 ,nibelung5 :o toil und]gr\nd ov] a gold :i* !y w nev] use1 & 9 _! obsession ) production begrudge !mselves all incl9ations to recreation1 to m]rim5t1 to fancy4 ,visible signs ( su* unreason appe> 9 ! rel5tless & hide\s aspect :i* life puts on2 = ^? in/rum5ts :i* emancipate !mselves f _! uses soon become hateful4 ',a b>b>ic civilisation1 built on bl9d impulse & ambition1 %\ld fe> to awak5 a deep] dete/ation ?an c\ld ev] be ar\s$ by ^? m beautiful tyrannies1 *ivalr\s or religi\s1 aga9/ :i* pa/ revolutions h be5 direct$4' ,we _c1 inde$1 be surpris$ t ?is ideal ( productive "w z a means ( grace1 preci\s = its own sake1 has no attraction = ! masses1 & t indep5d5t ?9k]s l ,edw>d ,c>p5t] %\ld write books on ',civilisation1 its ,cause & ,cure4' ,?is ,puritan ideal is n s mu* un*ri/ian z n>r[ & un9tellig5t2 b ! money-mak+ life has ( late become m & m frankly pr$atory & anti-social4 ,! great tru/s1 & ! arts ( ! company-promot]1 c h>dly be said to p]=m any social s]vice2 !y exi/ to levy tribute on ! public4 ,we may say !re=e t1 ?\gh w> betwe5 ! lead+ nations ( ! _w _h become a /range idea & a f>-(f memory1 we _h by no means ris5 above ! pr9ciples & practices ( w> 9 our int]nal life4 ,! immunity f milit>ism hi!rto enjoy$ by ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a =tunate accid5t1 n a pro( ( high] morality4 ,our fleet protect$ bo? ourselves & ! ,am]icans f ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ a conscript army2 b we _h drift$ into a condition 9 :i* civil w> seem$ n to be f> (f1 & 9 :i* viol5ce & lawlessness 7 increas+4 ,by a /range inconsi/5cy1 _m :o on moral or religi\s gr\nds condemn$ w>s betwe5 nations 7 f\nd to condone or ju/ify acts ( w> aga9/ ! ,/ate1 organis$ by discont5t$ factions ( its citiz5s4 ,revolution>y /rikes1 prep>$ long 9 advance by =c$ levies ( money :i* 7 c&idly call$ w>-funds1 _h z _! av[$ aim ! p>alysis ( ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry & ! r$uction ( ! population to di/ress by )hold+ ! necess>ies ( life4 ,^! acts ( civil w>1 & disgraceful outbreaks ( crim9al an>*ism1 7 ju/ifi$ by p]sons :o pr(ess$ a consci5ti\s objection to def5d+ _! homes & families aga9/ a =eign invad]4 ,?is /ate ( m9d proves h[ little ess5tial connexion !re is betwe5 democracy & peace4 ,x discloses a confusion ( ideas ev5 great] ?an ! anti!sis betwe5 indu/rialism & milit>ism 9 ! writ+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,on ?is latt] fallacy x is en\gh to quote ! words ( ,admiral ,mahan2 ',z f> z ! advocacy ( peace re/s on mat]ial motives l economy & prosp]ity1 x is ! s]vice ( ,mammon2 & ! bottom ( ! plat=m w drop out :5 ,mammon ?9ks t w> w pay bett]4' ,?is is notori\sly :at has happ5$ 9 ,g]many4 ,a %ort w>1 ) huge indemnities1 seem$ to ,g]man f9anci]s a promis+ speculation4 ,if su* 7 ! rott5 f\ndations ^u :i* anti-milit>ism 9 ?is c\ntry 0 bas$1 ! ,*ur*es _c be blam$ = giv+ ! peace-movem5t a r lukew>m support4 ,9 ,g]many !re 0 no int]nal an>*y1 su* z prevail$ 9 ,engl&2 !re 0 also no illusion ab\t ! imm95ce ( w>4 ,our politicians ought to h read ! signs ( ! times bett]2 b !y 7 too int5t on feel+ ! pulse ( ! electorate at home to att5d to di/urb+ & unwelcome symptoms abroad4 ,! causes ( ! w> are n difficult to det]m9e4 ,w> has long be5 a national indu/ry ( ,g]many1 & ! idea ( x evok$ no moral repugnance4 ,! milit>y virtues 7 extoll$2 ! milit>y pr(ession enjoy$ an a/oni%+ social pre/ige2 ! le>n$ class proclaim$ ! biological necessity ( int]national conflicts4 ,! army believ$ itself to be inv9cible1 & x _h begun to control ! policy ( ! c\ntry2 :]e ^! two conditions exi/1 no diplomacy c av]t w>4 ,pr(essionalism always has a selfi% & anti-social elem5t 9 its code1 & ! pr(essionalism ( ! soldi] is always prone to ov]ride ! rights & disda9 ! scruples ( civilians4 ,! dom9ant classes 9 ,g]many also f\nd t _! p[] 0 be+ und]m9$ by ! gr[+ indu/rialisation4 ,! /eady increase 9 ! social-democratic vote 0 a port5t n to be disreg>d$4 ,a lett] f a ,g]man (fic] to a fri5d 9 ,r\mania1 :i* f\nd its way into ! newspap]s1 tells a great deal ( tru? 9 a few words4 ',y _c conceive1' he wrote1 ':at difficulty we _h 9 p]suad+ our ,emp]or t x 0 necess>y to let loose ?is w>4 ,b x has be5 done2 & ,i hope t = a long "t to come we %all he> no m 9 ,g]many ( pacifism1 int]nationalism1 democracy1 & simil> pe/il5t doctr9es4' ,sir ,*>les ,wal/on1 9 8 ?\ghtful book ',ari/odemocracy1' lays great /ress on ?is4 ',x appe>$ to me1' he says1 'ev] s9ce #aije1 t 9 ! imm$iate future x 0 all a "q z to :e!r ! lab\r-m51 ! practical pacifi/s1 w\ld arrive at ! realisation ( _! p[] be=e ! milit>i/s _h =c$ a w> ^u u1 or :e!r ! milit>y p[]s w\ld anticipate ?is result1 & )9 ! next few ye>s =ce a w> ^u ! _w4' ,to ! influ5ce ( ! milit>y 0 add$ ! cupidity ( ! comm]cial & f9ancial class4 ,! law ( dim9i%+ returns 0 driv+ capital fur!r & fur!r afield2 & l>ge pr(its1 x 0 hop$1 might be made by ! exploitation ( backw>d c\ntries & ! r$uction ( _! inhabitants to s]fdom4 ,to a pr$atory & p>asitic class w> seems only a logical ext5sion ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x habitually acts2 & = ?is reason privileg$ ord]s seldom feel mu* moral compunction ab\t a w>-policy4 ,la/ly1 among ! causes ( ! w> mu/ be reckon$ "o :i* has receiv$ f> too little att5tion f social & political philosoph]s--! t5aci\s & half-unconsci\s memories ( a race4 ,inju/ice comes home to roo/1 sometimes aft] an a/oni%+ly long int]val4 ,! disaffection ( ,ca?olic ,irel& w\ld be q un9telligible )\t ! massacres ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! unju/ trade-legislation ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5?4 ,! bitt]ness ( ! work+ class 9 ,engl& has its roots 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! indu/rial revolution 7ab\t #agfj-ahcb71 :5 ! lab\r]1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 0 treat$ z ! 'cannon-fodd]' ( indu/ry4 ,simil>ly1 ! se$s ( ,prussian brutality & aggressiv5ess 7 s[n at ,j5a & 9 ! raid+ ( ,prussia = recruits be=e ! ,mosc[ exp$ition4 ,if su* 7 ! causes ( ! great _w-w>1 h[ little c be hop$ f c\rts ( int]national arbitration6 ,^! consid]ations h1 p]haps1 made x cle> t ! ma9 causes ( int]national conflicts are :at ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james decl>es !m to be--'! lu/s t w> 9 y\r memb]s1' ! pugnaci\s & acquisitive in/9cts :i* p]vade our social life 9 times ( peace1 & n lea/ 9 ^? nations :i* pride !mselves on hav+ advanc$ beyond ! militant /age4 ,!re are "s :o accept ?is /ate ( ?+s z natural & necess>y1 & :o blame ,*ri/ianity = c>ry+ on a futile campaign aga9/ human nature4 ,?is is a v diff]5t indictm5t f t :i* condemns ,*ri/ianity = tol]at+ a prev5tible evil2 & x is1 9 our op9ion1 ev5 less ju/ifi$4 ,! argum5t t1 because w> has always exi/$1 x mu/ always cont9ue to exi/1 is ju/ly ridicul$ by ,mr4 ,norman ,angell4 ',x is commonly ass]t$ t old habits ( ?\ght c nev] be %ak52 t1 z m5 h be51 s !y w be4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 is :y we n[ eat our enemies1 enslave _! *ildr51 exam9e witnesses ) ! ?umbscrew1 & burn ^? :o d n att5d ! same *ur*4' ,! long hi/ory ( w> z a racial habit expla9s :y a ru9\s & insane ana*ronism %[s su* t5acity2 = ! conditions :i* e/abli%$ ! habit among primitive tribes demon/rably no long] exi/4 ,x is probably true1 z ,william ,james says1 t 'milit>i/ writ]s )\t exception reg>d w> z a biological or sociological necessity'2 lawy]s might say ! same ab\t litigation4 ,b laws ( nature 'are n effici5t causes1 & x is op5 to any "o to prove t !y are n laws1 if he c break !m ) impunity4 ,x w\ld be ! height ( pessimi/ic fatalism to hold t m5 mu/ always g on do+ t :i* !y hate1 & :i* br+s !m to mis]y & ru94 ,man is n b\nd = ev] by habits contract$ dur+ 8 racial nonage2 8 moral1 rational1 & spiritual in/9cts are z natural z 8 physical appetites2 & aga9/ !m1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 '!re is no law1' ,huxley's ,romanes ,lecture gave an un=tunate support to ! mis*iev\s notion t ! 'cosmic process' is ! enemy ( morality4 ,! tru? seems to be t ,nature pres5ts to u n a categorical imp]ative1 b a *oice4 ,d we pref] to pay our way 9 ! _w1 or to be p>asites8 ,w>1 ) v few exceptions1 is a mode ( p>asitism4 ,its object is to exploit ! lab\r ( o!r nations1 to make !m pay tribute1 or to plund] !m op5ly1 z ! ,g]mans h plund]$ ! cities ( ,belgium4 ,w> is a p>asitic indu/ry2 & ,*ri/ianity =bids p>asitism4 ,nature has h] own p5alties = ! l[] animals :i* make ?is *oice1 & !y /rike ) equal sev]ity '! peoples t delight 9 w>1' ,! bellicose nations h ne>ly all p]i%$4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 a class ( w>s :i* escapes ?is condemnation2 & ab\t !m difficult moral problems may be rais$4 ,we c h>dly d5y to a gr[+ & civilis$ nation ! "r to exp& at ! exp5se ( b>b>\s hunt]s & nomads4 ,no "o w\ld sugge/ t ! ,am]icans ought to give back _! c\ntry to ! ,indians1 or t ,au/ralia %\ld be ab&on$ to ! aborig9es4 ,b 7 ! ,anglo-,saxons ju/ifi$ 9 expropriat+ ! ,britons1 & ! ,spani>ds ! ,aztecs8 ,!re is room = diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 ^! cases2 & a v s]i\s problem may arise 9 ! future1 z to :e!r ! ,european races are morally ju/ifi$ 9 us+ arm$ =ce to re/rict ,asiatic competition4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 we mu/ condemn ! expropriation ( any nation :i* is 9 effective occupation ( ! soil4 ,! popul> e/imate ( sup]ior & inf]ior races is ?or\ghly un*ri/ian & unsci5tific1 z is ! prejudice aga9/ a d>k sk94 ,! op9ion t a nation :i* is increas+ 9 population has a "r to expel ! inhabitants ( ano!r c\ntry to make room = its own emigrants is surely unt5able4 ,if x ju/ifies w> at all1 x sanctions a w> ( ext]m9ation1 :i* w\ld atta9 its objects mo/ completely by massacr+ girls & "y wom54 ,! pressure ( population is a real cause ( w>2 b ! moral is1 n t w> is "r1 b t a nation mu/ cut its coat accord+ to its clo?1 & limit its numb]s4 ,unless we ju/ify w>s ( ext]m9ation1 w> has no biological sanction1 & ,*ri/ianity is n fly+ 9 ! face ( nature by condemn+ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 by condemn+ e =m ( p>asitism1 x indicates ! true pa? ( evolution4 ,x is equally "r 9 reject+ ! purely economic valuation ( human goods4 ,! 'economic man' does n exi/ 9 nature2 he is a fictiti\s creature :o is responsible = a great deal ( social inju/ice4 ,"s mod]n economi/s1 l ,mr4 ,hobson1 w\ld sub/itute = ! old monet>y /&>ds ( production & di/ribution an attempt to e/imate ! 'human co/s' ( lab\r4 ,creative "w involv+ +5uity & arti/ic qualities is n 'co/ly' at all1 unless ! h\rs ( lab\r1 or ! n]v\s /ra91 exce$ ! p[]s ( ! work]4 ,m monoton\s "w is n co/ly to ! work] if ! day's lab\r is fairly %ort1 or if "s v>iety c be introduc$4 ,! human co/ is greatly increas$ if ! work] ?9ks t 8 lab\r is useless1 or t x w only b5efit ^? :o d n des]ve ! enjoym5t ( its fruits4 ,"w :i* only produces frivol\s luxuries is & ought to be unwelcome to ! produc]1 ev5 if he is well paid4 ,x mu/ also be emphasis$ t worry & anxiety take ! he>t out ( a man m ?an any?+ else4 ,security ( employm5t greatly r$uces ! 'human co/' ( lab\r4 ,^! consid]ations are comp>atively new 9 political economy4 ,!y *ange x f a highly ab/ract sci5ce into a /udy ( ! conditions ( human welf>e z affect$ by social organisation4 ,! *ange is a victory = ! ideas ( ,busk9 & ,morris1 ?\gh n necess>ily = ! practical rem$ies = social maladju/m5ts :i* !y prop\nd$4 ,x br+s political economy into close relations ) e?ics & religion1 & %\ld induce economi/s to consid] c>efully ! contribution :i* ,*ri/ianity makes to ! solution ( ! :ole problem4 ,= ,*ri/ianity has its rem$y to propose1 & x is a solution ( ! problem ( w>1 n less ?an ( indu/rial evils4 ,*ri/ianity gives ! _w a new & *>act]i/ic /&>d ( values4 ,x dim9i%es greatly ! values :i* c accrue f competition1 & enhances immeasurably ! non-competitive values4 ',a man's life consi/e? n 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s :i* he possesse?4' ',is n ! life m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t8' ',! ,k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k1 b righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/4' ,passages l ^! are f\nd 9 e "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is ,*ri/ian idealism has a direct be>+ on ! doctr9e ( 'human co/s4' ,"w is irksome1 n only :5 x is excessive or ill-paid1 b :5 ! work] is lazy1 selfi%1 envi\s or discont5t$4 ,!re is "o ?+ :i* c make almo/ any "w welcome4 ,if x is done f love or unselfi% affection1 ! human co/ is almo/ nil1 because x is n c\nt$ or consci\sly felt4 ,?is is no exagg]ation :5 x is appli$ to ! devot$ lab\r ( ! "m & ! nurse1 or to t ( ! evangeli/ consci\s ( a div9e vocation4 ,b 9 all useful "w ! ke5 desire to r5d] social s]vice1 or to d ,god's w1 dim9i%es to an incalculable ext5t ! 'human co/' ( lab\r4 ,?is pr9ciple introduces a deep cleavage betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian rem$y & t ( political socialism1 :i* fo/]s discont5t & indignation z a lev] = social amelioration4 ,m5 are made unhappy 9 ord] t !y may be urg$ to claim a l>g] %>e ( ! _w's weal?4 ,*ri/ianity consid]s t1 measur$ by human co/s1 ! rem$y is worse ?an ! disease4 ,! adoption ( a tru] /&>d ( value w\ld te> up ! lu/ ( accumulation by ! roots1 & w\ld ?us effect a real cure4 ,x w\ld also /op ! grudg+ & delib]ately bad "w :i* at pres5t s]i\sly dim9i%es ! national weal?4 ,! ,*ri/ian cure is ! only real cure4 ,x is ! fa%ion to assume t milit>ism & cupidity are vices ( ! privileg$ classes1 & t democracies may be tru/$ nei!r to plund] ! m9ority at home nor to seek =eign adv5tures by unju/ w>s4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason to accept ei!r ( ^! views4 ,political p[] is always abus$2 an unrepres5t$ class is always plund]$4 ,nor are democracies pacific1 except by accid5t4 ,at pres5t !y d n wi% to see ! capital :i* !y reg>d z _! prospective prey dissipat$ 9 w>2 & = ?is reason _! influ5ce 9 our "t w probably be on ! side ( peace4 ,b1 z soon z ! competition ( *eap ,asiatic lab\r becomes acute1 we may expect to see ! democracies bellicose & ! employ+ class pacific4 ,?is is n guess-"w2 we already see h[ ! democracies ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia behave t[>ds immigrants f ,asia4 ,read]s ( ,anatole ,france w rememb] 8 description ( ! economic w>s decre$ by ! ,s5ate ( ! great republic1 at ! end ( ',l'le des ,p+\9s4' ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be difficult to prove t ! expansion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has diff]$ mu*1 9 me?ods & morals1 f t ( ! ,european mon>*ies2 & ! me?ods ( trade-unions are ! me?ods ( pitiless bellig]5cy4 ,democracy & socialism are brok5 re$s = ! lov] ( peace to lean ^u4 ,9 conclusion1 our answ] to ! indictm5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity is t in/itutional religion does n repres5t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 b ! op9ions ( a mass ( nom9al ,*ri/ians4 ,x _c be expect$ to d mu* m ?an look aft] its own int]e/s & reflect ! moral ideas ( its support]s4 ,! real ,gospel1 if x 7 accept$1 w\ld pull up by ! roots n only milit>ism b its analogue 9 civil life1 ! desire to exploit o!r p = private ga94 ,b x is n accept$4 ,we h se5 t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity _h no illusions z to ! reception :i* ,8 message ( r$emption w\ld meet )4 ,! ',pr9ce ( ?is ,_w' is n ,*ri/1 b ! ,devil4 ,nev]!less1 ,he did speak ( ! ':ole lump' be+ gradually leav5$1 & we %all n exce$ ! limits ( a reasonable & ju/ifiable optimism if we hope t ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( humanity1 & p]haps a real ?\gh v sl[ modification = ! bett] ( human nature itself1 may at la/ elim9ate ! wick$e/ & mo/ insane ( our malefic5t in/itutions4 ,! human race has probably hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s to live1 :]eas our s-call$ civilisation _c be trac$ back = m ?an a few ?\s& ye>s4 ,! "t :5 'nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m1' w probably come at la/1 ?\gh no "o c pr$ict :at ! conditions w be :i* w make su* a *ange possible4 ,! signs are n v fav\rable at pres5t = int]nationalism4 ,! great nations1 bankrupt & honey-comb$ ) social unre/1 w be oblig$ aft] ! w> to organise !mselves z units1 ) gov]nm5ts /rong en\gh to put d[n revolutions1 & direct$ by m5 ( ! highe/ m]cantile ability1 ^: ma9 function w be to increase productiv5ess & /op wa/e4 ,we may ev5 see ,g]many mobilis$ z "o gigantic tru/ = captur+ m>kets & regulat+ prices4 ,a comb9ation s =midable w\ld compel o!r nations1 & our own c]ta9ly among ! numb]1 to adopt a simil> organisation4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 mean a complete victory = bureaucratic /ate-socialism1 & ! defeat ( democracy & trade-union syndicalism4 ,su* a *ange1 :i* few w\ld j n[ welcome1 w occur if no o!r =m ( /ate is able to survive2 & ?is is :at we may live to see4 ,b !re is no f9ality ab\t any exp]im5ts 9 gov]nm5t4 ,a p]iod ( int]nationalism may foll[ ! int5se nationalism :i* hi/orical critics =esee = ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,or p]haps ! int]national lab\r-organisations may be too /rong = ! c5tralis+ =ces4 ,x is j possible t ,lab\r1 by a conc]t$ movem5t dur+ ! viol5t reaction aga9/ milit>ism :i* w probably foll[ ! w>1 w =bid any fur!r milit>y or naval prep>ations to be made4 ,:atev] =ms recon/ruction may take1 ,*ri/ianity w h its "p to play 9 mak+ ! new ,europe4 ,x w be able to po9t to ! t]rible v9dication ( its doctr9es 9 ! mis]y & ru9 :i* h ov]tak5 a _w :i* has reject$ its valuations & scorn$ its precepts4 ,x is n ,*ri/ianity :i* has be5 judg$ & condemn$ at ! b> ( civilisation2 x is civilisation :i* has de/roy$ itself because x has hon\r$ ,*ri/ ) its lips1 :ile its he>t has be5 f> f ,him4 ,b a spiritual religion c w9 a victory only )9 its own sph]e4 ,x c promise no ,deut]onomic catalogue ( bless+s & curs+s to ^? :o obey or disobey its pr9ciples4 ,social happ9ess & peace w\ld c]ta9ly foll[ a :ole-he>t$ acceptance ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples2 b !y w\ld n c]ta9ly br+ weal? or empire4 ',philosophy1' said ,hegel1 'w bake no man's bread'2 & x is only 9 a spiritual s5se t ! meek-spirit$ c expect to possess ! e>?4 ,nev]!less1 x is a mi/ake to suppose t a ,*ri/ian nation w\ld be unable to hold its own 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,a nation 9 :i* e citiz5 endeav\r$ to pay 8 way & to help 8 neighb\r w\ld be 9 no dang] ( s]vitude or ext9ction4 ,! mills ( ,god gr9d sl[ly1 b ! future does n belong to lawless viol5ce4 ,9 ! long run1 ! wisdom t is f above w be ju/ifi$ 9 h] *ildr54 ,,survival ,,& ,,immortality 7#aiag7 ,! recrudesc5ce ( sup]/ition 9 ,engl& 0 pla9 to all obs]v]s _m ye>s be=e ! w>2 x 0 p]haps mo/ noticeable among ! half-educat$ ri*4 ,sev]al causes contribut$ to ?is ph5om5on4 ,! crav+ = ! sup]natural1 a v anci5t & deeply root$ ?\ght-habit1 _h be5 suppress$ & driv5 und]gr\nd by ! arrogant dom9ance ( a mat]iali/ic philosophy1 & by ! absorption ( society 9 ! pursuit ( ga9 & pleasure4 ,mod]n miracles 7 laugh$ out ( c\rt4 ,b mat]ialism has sup]naturalism = its nemesis4 ,an ab/ract sci5ce1 erect+ itself into a false philosophy1 leaves half our nature unsatisfi$1 & becomes morally bankrupt be=e its intellectual errors are expos$4 ,sup]naturalism is ! refuge ( ! mat]iali/ :o wi%es to make room = ideal values )\t ab&on+ ! presuppositions ( mat]ialism4 ,by dovetail+ acts ( ,god into ! ord] ( nature1 he mat]ialises ! spiritual1 b br+s ! ,div9e w into ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 f :i* x _h be5 expell$1 & produces a r\gh s*eme ( provid5tial gov]nm5t1 by :i* he c live4 ,! revolt aga9/ sci5tific mat]ialism 0 made mu* easi] by ! dis9tegration ( ! me*anical !ory itself4 ,biology f\nd itself cramp$ by ! categories ( inorganic sci5ce1 & claim$ its autonomy4 ,! result 0 a fatal brea* 9 ! def5ces ( mat]ialism1 = biology is be+ driv5 to accept f9al causes1 & w\ld be glad to adopt "s !ory ( vitalism1 if x c\ld d s )\t fall+ back into ! old error ( a my/]i\s 'vital =ce4' ,biological tru?1 x is pla91 _c be r$uc$ to ! purely quantitative categories ( ma!matics & physics4 ,!n psy*ology aspir$ to be a philosophy ( real exi/5ce1 & attack$ bo? absolutism & mat]ialism4 ,! pret5sions ( psy*ology rehabilitat$ subjectivism & f\nd$ pragmatism1 till reaction>y !ology took he>t ( grace & def5d$ crude sup]naturalism1 ) ! :ole app>atus ( sac]dotal magic1 z ! ',gospel = human ne$s4' ,all protection aga9/ ! grosse/ sup]/itions 0 ?us swept away4 ,) no fix$ /&>d ( ref]5ce to di/+ui% fact f fiction1 x 0 possible to argue t ':atev] suits s\ls is true4' ,9 ?is atmosph]e _m old habits ( ?\ght reass]t$ !mselves4 ,:ile we enjoy$ peace & prosp]ity1 ! cr$ulity ( ! public f\nd its *ief outlet 9 v>i\s sy/ems ( fai?-heal+ & 9 ! "t-hon\r$ pret5sions ( prie/-craft4 ,b ! deva/ation :i* ! w> has br\ght into c\ntless lov+ families has turn$ ! curr5t ( sup]/ition /rongly t[>ds necromancy4 ,! 'w to believe1' no long] inhibit$ & suspect$ z a reason = d\bt1 has be5 all[$ to create its own logic4 ,a few highly educat$ m51 :o h long be5 play+ ) occultism & gratify+ _! intellectual curiosity by explor+ ! d>k places ( p]v]t$ my/icism1 h be5 swept (f _! feet by x1 & _! au?ority1 z 'm5 ( sci5ce1' has dispell$ ! hesitation ( _m m to accept :at !y de>ly wi%$ to believe4 ,! long+ ( ! b]eav$ has creat$ = itself a spuri\s & dre>y satisfaction4 ,"o cause ( ?is /range movem5t _c be emphasis$ too /rongly4 ,x proves t ! ,*ri/ian hope ( immortality burns v dimly among u4 ,^? :o /udy ! utt]ances ( our religi\s guides mu/ admit t x is s4 ,ref]5ces to ! future life _h1 be=e ! w>1 become r>e ev5 9 ! pulpit4 ,! topic 0 ma9ly res]v$ = lett]s ( condol5ce1 & 0 !n h&l$ g+]ly1 z if x w\ld n be> mu* pressure4 ,work+-class audi5ces & congregations li/5$ eag]ly to ! wilde/ promises ( an e>?ly utopia ! day aft] tomorr[1 b cool$ d[n at once :5 !y 7 rem9d$ t 'if 9 ?is life only we h hope 9 ,*ri/1 we are ( all m5 mo/ mis]able4' ,accord+ly1 ! cl]ical demagogue %[$ m int]e/ 9 ! unemploy$ ?an 9 ! unconv]t$4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* began z a revolution>y idealism1 _h sunk into h]ald+ mat]iali/ic revolution4 ,su* tea*]s h no message ( hope & com=t = ^? :o h lo/ _! de>e/4 ,& !y h1 9 fact1 be5 des]t$4 ,_! secul>is$ ,*ri/ianity 0 receiv$ ) half-contemptu\s approval by trade unions1 b f> deep] hopes1 fe>s1 & long+s h n[ be5 /irr$1 :i* conc]n all m5 & wom5 alike1 & on ! answ]s to :i* ! :ole value ( exi/5ce is n[ se5 to dep5d4 ,*ri/ianity c answ] !m1 b n ! ,*ur*es ?r\gh ! m\?s ( _! accr$it$ repres5tatives4 ,& s1 in/ead ( '! bless$ hope ( ev]la/+ life1' ! b]eav$ h be5 driv5 to ?is pa!tic & mis]able sub/itute1 ! b>b>ic belief 9 gho/s & dmons1 :i* 0 old be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 "y4 ,& :at a />vel+ hope x is t necromancy (f]s u6 ,an exi/5ce z poor & unsub/antial z t ( ,hom]'s ,hades1 :i* ! %ade ( ,a*illes w\ld h be5 glad to ex*ange = s]fdom to ! poore/ f>m]1 & ) no gu>antee ( p]man5ce1 ev5 if ! p[] ( com=t+ or t]rify+ surviv+ relations is suppos$ to p]si/ = a few ye>s4 ,su* a prospect w\ld add a new t]ror to dea?2 & none w\ld desire x = himself4 ,x is pla9ly ! dream ( an a*+ he>t1 :i* _c be> to be left alone4 ,b1 x w be said1 !re is sci5tific evid5ce = survival4 ,?is claim is n[ made4 ,cases are report$1 ) mu* p>ade ( sci5tific language & me?od1 & ^? :o reject ! /ories ) contemptu\s incr$ulity are accus$ ( m]e prejudice4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c help be+ conv9c$ t if communications betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+ 7 "p ( ! nature ( ?+s1 !y w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ long ago beyond cavil4 ,= !re are few ?+s :i* m5 h wi%$ m eag]ly to believe4 ,x is no d\bt j possible t among ! vibrations ( ! fundam5tal +r$i5ts ( our _w--^? att5uat$ =ms ( matt] :i* are said to be n ev5 'mat]ial1' !re may be "s :i* act z vehicles = psy*ical int]*ange4 ,if su* psy*ic waves exi/1 ! discov]y is :olly 9 fav\r ( mat]ialism4 ,x w\ld t5d to rehabilitate ^? notions ( _s z ! mo/ r>efi$ =m ( matt]--an ultra-gase\s condition ( x--:i* ,/oicism & ! ,*ri/ian ,/oic ,t]tullian po/ulat$4 ,! mean+ ( ',god is ,_s' c\ld n be und]/ood till ?is insidi\s residue ( mat]ialism _h be5 got rid (4 ,x is a retrograde !ory :i* we are ask$ to re-exam9e & p]haps accept4 ,! mom5t we are ask$ to accept 'sci5tific evid5ce' = spiritual tru?1 ! alleg$ spiritual tru? becomes = u nei!r spiritual nor true4 ,x is degrad$ into an ev5t 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 & :5 s degrad$ x _c be sub/antiat$4 ,psy*ical rese>* is try+ to prove t et]nal values are temporal facts1 :i* !y c nev] be4 ,! case = necromancy is no bett] if we leave 'sci5tific pro(' alone1 & appeal to ! relativi/ metaphysics ( ! psy*ological s*ool4 ,int]c\rse ) ! dead is1 we are told1 a real psy*ical exp]i5ce1 & we ne$ n worry ourselves ) ! "q :e!r x has any 'objective tru?4' ,b we _c all[ psy*ology to h ! la/ ^w 9 det]m9+ ! tru? or falsehood ( religi\s or spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,! extravagant claims ( ?is sci5ce to take ! place ( philosophy mu/ be abat$4 ,psy*ology is ! sci5ce :i* describes m5tal /ates1 z physical sci5ce describes ! behavi\r ( matt] 9 motion4 ,bo? are ab/ract sci5ces4 ,physical sci5ce treats nature z ! totality ( ?+s conceiv$ ( z indep5d5t ( any subject2 psy*ology treats inn] exp]i5ce z indep5d5t ( any object4 ,bo? are outside any idea ( value1 ?\gh x is ne$less to say t ! vot>ies ( bo? sci5ces trespass habitually1 & (t5 unconsci\sly4 ,bo? are dualisms ) "o side ignor$ or suppress$4 ,:5 psy*ology m$dles ) ontological problems--:51 = in/ance x d5ies ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute1 or says t reality _c be kn[n--x is tak+ too mu* ^u itself1 & has fall5 into ! same error z ! mat]ialism ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,on su* que/ions z ! immortality ( ! s\l x mu/ rema9 sil5t4 ,fai? 9 human immortality /&s or falls ) ! belief 9 absolute values4 ,! int]e/ ( consci\sness1 z ,pr(essor ,pr+le-,pattison has said 9 8 admirable ,gif=d ,lectures1 lies 9 ! ideal values ( :i* x is ! be>]1 n 9 its m]e exi/5ce z a m ref9$ k9d ( fact4 ,idealism is mo/ satisfactorily def9$ z ! int]pretation ( ! _w accord+ to a scale ( value1 or1 9 ,plato's phrase1 by ! ,idea ( ! ,good4 ,! highe/ values 9 ?is scale are absolute1 et]nal1 & sup]-individual1 & l[] values are assign$ _! place 9 virtue ( _! correspond5ce to or p>ticipation 9 ^! absolute values4 ,i agree ) ,mn/]b]g t ! conditional & subjective values ( ! pragmati/ h no mean+ unless we h ackn[l$g$ be=eh& ! indep5d5t value ( tru?4 ,if ! pro( ( ! m]ely individual significance ( tru? has itself only individual importance1 x _c claim any g5]al mean+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x dem&s to be tak5 z g5]ally valid1 ! possibility ( a g5]al tru? is ackn[l$g$ f ! />t4 ,if ?is "o exception is grant$1 ! :ole illusory univ]se ( relativism is ov]?r[n4 ,to d5y any ?\ght :i* is m ?an relative is to deprive ev5 scepticism itself ( ! presuppositions on :i* x re/s4 ,! logical sceptic has no ego to d\bt )4 ',e d\bt ( absolute values de/roys itself4 ,z ?\ght x contradicts itself2 z d\bt x d5ies itself2 z belief x despairs ( itself4' ,x is n necess>y or desirable to foll[ ,mn/]b]g 9 id5tify+ valuation ) w4 ,he talks ( ! w judg+2 b ! w _c judge4 ,9 contemplat+ exi/5ce we use our w to fix our att5tion1 & !n try consci5ti\sly to prev5t x f influ5c+ ! v]dict4 ,b ?is illegitimate use ( ! ^w 'w' does n impair ! =ce ( ! argum5t = absolute values4 ,n[1 valuation arranges exp]i5ce 9 a diff]5t mann] f natural sci5ce4 ,! attributes ( reality1 9 our _w ( values1 are ,goodness1 ,tru?1 & ,beauty4 ,& we ass]t t we h z good reason to claim objective reality = ^! ,ideas z = any?+ 9 ! _w reveal$ to our s5ses4 ',all claims on man's behalf1' says ,pr(essor ,pr+le-,pattison1 'mu/ be bas$ on ! objectivity ( ! values reveal$ 9 8 exp]i5ce1 & brok5ly realis$ !re4 ,man does n make values any m ?an he makes reality4' ,our cont5tion is t ! _w ( values1 :i* =ms ! cont5t ( ideali/ic ?\ght & aspiration1 is ! real _w2 & 9 ?is _w we f9d our own immortality4 ,b !re c\ld be no great] error ?an to leave ! two worlds1 or ! two 'judgm5ts1' t ( exi/5ce & t ( value1 contra/$ ) ea* o!r1 or treat$ z unrelat$ 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,a value-judgm5t :i* is n also a judgm5t ( exi/5ce is 9 ! air2 x is ! baseless fabric ( a vision4 ,exi/5ce is itself a value1 & an +r$i5t 9 e valuation2 t :i* has no exi/5ce has no value4 ,&1 on ! o!r side1 x is a delusion to suppose t any sci5ce c disp5se ) valuation4 ,ev5 ma!matics admits t !re is a "r & a wrong way ( solv+ a problem1 ?\gh by conf9+ itself to quantitative measurem5ts x c ass]t no m ?an a hypo!tical reality = its _w4 ,x is q c]ta9 t we c ?9k ( no exi/+ _w )\t valuation4 ',! ultimate id5tity ( exi/5ce & value is ! v5ture ( fai? to :i* my/icism & speculative idealism are committ$4'#ic ,x is inde$ ! presupposition ( all philosophy & all religion2 )\t ?is fai? !re c1 prop]ly speak+1 be no belief 9 ,god4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 naturalism & idealism may1 ,i ?9k1 be bett] /at$ o!rwise ?an by emphasis+ ! contra/ betwe5 exi/5ce & value1 :i* x is impossible = ei!r side to ma9ta94 ,naturalism seeks to int]pret ! _w by inve/igation ( orig9s2 idealism by inve/igation ( ends4 ,! "o f9ds ! explanation ( evolution 9 t f :i* x />t$1 ! o!r 9 t to :i* x t5ds4 ,! "o expla9s ! high] by ! l[]2 ! o!r ! l[] by ! high]4 ,?is is a pla9 issue2 ei!r ! _w %[s a teleology or x does n4 ,if x does1 ! philosophy bas$ on ! inorganic sci5ces is wrong4 ,& ! attempt to expla9 ! high] by ! l[] becomes mis*iev\s or impossible :5 we pass f "o ord] to ano!r4 ,9 speak+ ( diff]5t 'ord]s1' we d n commit ourselves to any sudd5 breaks or leaps 9 evolution4 ,! organic may be l9k$ to ! inorganic1 s\l to ! l[] =ms ( life1 _s to s\l4 ,b :e!r ! 'scale ( p]fection' is a ladd] or an incl9$ plane1 new categories are necess>y z we asc5d x4 ,& unless we admit an inn] teleology z a det]m9+ factor 9 gr[?1 _m facts ev5 9 physiology are h>d to expla94 ,if ! basis ( our fai? 9 ! _w-ord] is ! conviction t ! ,ideas ( ! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful are fully real & fully op]ative1 we mu/ try to =m "s cle> notion ( :at ^! ,ideas mean1 & h[ !y are relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! goal ( ,tru?1 z an absolute value1 is unity1 :i* 9 ! out] _w means h>mony1 9 ! int]c\rse ( _s ) _s1 love2 & 9 ! inn] _w1 peace or happ9ess4 ,! goal ( ,goodness z an absolute value is ! realisation ( ! ought-to-be 9 victori\s moral ef=t4 ,beauty is ! self-recognition ( creative ,_s 9 its own works2 x is ! expression ( ,nature's own deepe/ "*4 ,beauty gives nei!r in=mation nor advice2 b x satisfies a "p ( our nature :i* is n less ,div9e ?an t :i* pays homage to ,tru? & ,goodness4 ,n[1 ^! absolute values are supra-temporal4 ,if ! s\l 7 9 "t1 no value c\ld arise2 = "t is always hurl+ its own products into no?+ness1 & ! pres5t is an unext5d$ po9t1 divid+ an unreal pa/ f an unreal future4 ,! s\l is n 9 "t2 "t is r 9 ! s\l4 ,values are et]nal & inde/ructible4 ,:5 ,plot9us says t 'no?+ t really is c ev] p]i%' 7hapolehitai ohyd5 ?n hontn71 & :5 ,hffd+ says t 'no value p]i%es out ( ! _w1' !y are say+ ! same ?+4 ,9 s f> z we c id5tify ourselves 9 ?\ght & m9d ) ! absolute values1 we are sure ( our immortality4 ,b x w be said t 9 ! fir/ place ?is promise ( immortality c>ries ) x no gu>antee ( survival 9 "t1 & 9 ! second place t x (f]s u1 at la/1 only an imp]sonal immortality4 ,let u take ^! two objections 9 turn1 ?\gh !y are 9 reality closely connect$4 ,we mu/ n reg>d "t z an ext]nal1 inhuman1 unconsci\s process4 ,"t is ! frame ( s\l-life2 outside ?is x has no exi/5ce4 ,! entire cosmic process is ! life-frame ( ! univ]sal ,s\l1 ! ,div9e ,logos4 ,) ?is life we are vitally connect$1 h[ev] brief & unimportant ! span & ! task ( an individual c>e] may seem to u4 ,if my p>ticul> life-mean+ passes out ( activity1 x w be because ! l>g] life1 to :i* ,i belong1 no long] ne$s t =m ( expression4 ,my dea?1 l my bir?1 w h a teleological ju/ification1 to :i* my supra-temporal self w cons5t4 ,:5 a good man's "w 9 ?is _w is done1 :5 he is able to say1 )\t =gett+ 8 _m failures1 ',i h f9i%$ ! "w t ,?\ gave/ me to d1' surely 8 la/ ^w w be1 ',"l1 n[ lette/ ,?\ ,?y s]vant dep>t 9 peace'2 n1 ',grant t ,i may flit = a :ile ov] my =m] home1 & he> :at is happ5+ to my c\ntry & my family4' ,we may leave x to our misguid$ necromanc]s to describe ! adv5tures ( ! disembodi$ gho/-- ',quo cursu des]ta petiv]it1 et quibus ante ,infelix sua tecta sup]volitav]it alis4' ,! mo/ respectable motive :i* leads m5 to desire a cont9uance ( active p>ticipation 9 ! affairs ( "t is t :i* ,t5nyson expresses 9 ! (t5-quot$ l9e1 ',give h] ! wages ( go+ on1 & n to die4' ,we may feel t we h x 9 u to d m = ,god & our fell[-m5 ?an we %all be able to accompli% 9 ?is life1 ev5 if x be prolong$ to old age4 ,is n ?is a desire :i* we may pref] z a claim8 ,& 9 any case1 x is admitt$ t "t is ! =m ( ! w4 ,are we to h no m w aft] dea?8 ,fur!r1 is our probation ov] :5 we die8 ,:at is to be ! fate ( t l>ge majority :o1 s f> z we c see1 are equally undes]v+ ( heav5 & ( hell8 ,to ^! que/ions no answ] is possible1 because we are confront$ ) a blank wall ( ignorance4 ,we d n "k :e!r !re w be any future probation4 ,we d n "k :e!r ,rob]t ,br[n+'s expectation ( 'o!r tasks 9 o!r lives1 ,god will+1' w be fulfill$4 ',& ,i %all !reupon ,take re/1 ere ,i be gone ,once m on my adv5ture brave & new4' ,! "q "h rais$ is :e!r !re is su* a ?+ z re9c>nation4 ,?is belief1 s widely held at all times by em95t ?9k]s1 & sanction$ by "s ( ! high] religions1 _c be dismiss$ z obsolete or impossible4 ,b if x is put 9 ! =m1 ',w ! same self live aga9 on e>? "u diff]5t conditions8' x may be t no answ] c be giv51 n only because we d n "k1 b because ! "q itself is mean+less4 ,! psy*o-physical organism :i* 0 born at a c]ta9 date & :i* w die on ano!r date is compact$ ( idiosyncrasies1 inh]it$ & acquir$1 :i* seem to be insep>able f its hi/ory z born ( c]ta9 p>5ts & liv+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is n easy to say :at "p ( su* an organism c\ld be said to ma9ta9 its id5tity1 if x 7 h\s$ 9 ano!r body & set d[n 9 ano!r "t & place1 :5 all recollection ( a previ\s /ate has be5 7z we mu/ admit7 cut (f4 ,! only cont9uity1 x seems to me1 w\ld be t ( ! racial self1 if !re is su* a ?+1 or ( ! direct+ intellig5ce & w ( ! high] ,p[] :i* s5ds human be+s into ! _w to p]=m _! allott$ tasks4 ,! second objection1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is closely connect$ ) ! fir/1 is t idealism (f]s u a m]ely imp]sonal immortality4 ,b :at is p]sonality8 ,! notion ( a _w ( spiritual atoms1 'solida poll5tia simplicitate1' z ,lucretius says1 seems to be attractive to "s m9ds4 ,!re are ?9k]s ( repute :o ev5 picture ! ,deity z ! con/itutional ,presid5t ( a collegium ( s\ls4 ,?is k9d ( pluralism is ( c\rse fundam5tally incompatible ) ! presuppositions ( my pap]4 ,! idea ( ! 'self' seems to me to be an arbitr>y fixation ( our av]age /ate ( m9d1 a half-way h\se :i* belongs to no ord] ( real exi/5ce4 ,! conception ( an ab/ract ego seems to involve ?ree assumptions1 none ( :i* is true4 ,! fir/ is t !re is a %>p l9e sep>at+ subject f object & f o!r subjects4 ,! second is t ! subject1 ?us sund]$ f ! object1 rema9s id5tical ?r\gh "t4 ,! ?ird is t ?is indisc]ptible entity is 9 "s my/]i\s way bo? myself & my prop]ty4 ,9 opposition to ! fir/1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! foci ( consci\sness fl[ freely into ea* o!r ev5 on ! psy*ical plane1 :ile 9 ! et]nal _w !re are probably no b>ri]s at all4 ,9 opposition to ! second1 x is c]ta9 t ! empirical self is by no means id5tical ?r\gh\t1 & t ! spiritual life1 9 :i* we may be said to atta9 real p]sonality = ! fir/ "t1 is only 'ours' pot5tially4 ,9 opposition to ! ?ird1 ,i repeat t ! "q :e!r x is 'my' s\l t w live 9 ! et]nal _w seems to h no mean+ at all4 ,9 philosophy z 9 religion1 we _h bett] foll[ ! advice ( ! ,!ologia ,g]manica & bani%1 z f> z possible1 ! words 'me & m9e' f our vocabul>y4 ,= p]sonality is n some?+ giv5 to />t )4 ,x does n belong to ! _w ( claims & c\nt]-claims 9 :i* we *iefly live4 ,we mu/ be will+ to lose our s\l on ?is level ( exp]i5ce1 be=e we c f9d x unto life et]nal4 ,p]sonality is a teleological fact2 x is "h 9 ! mak+1 else:]e 9 fact & p[]4 ,s 9 ! case ( our fri5ds4 ,! man :om we love is n ! *ang+ psy*o-physical organism2 x is ! ,*ri/ 9 him t we love1 ! p]fect man :o is /ruggl+ into exi/5ce 9 8 life & gr[?4 ,if we ask :at a man is1 ! answ] may be ei!r1 ',he is :at he loves1' or ',he is :at he is wor?4' ,! two are n v diff]5t4 ,?us ,i _c agree ) ,keys]l+1 :o 9 criticis+ ?is type ( ?\ght 7) :i*1 none ! less1 he has great sympa?y7 says t 'my/icism1 :e!r x likes x or n1 ends 9 an imp]sonal immortality4' ,= imp]sonality is a purely negative conception1 l timelessness4 ,:at is negat$ 9 'timelessness' is n ! reality ( ! pres5t1 b ! unreality ( ! pa/ & future4 ,s ! 'imp]sonality' :i* is "h 7n )\t w>rant f ! my/ics !mselves7 said to belong to et]nal life is really ! lib]ation ( ! idea ( p]sonality4 ,p]sonality is all[$ to exp& z f> z x c1 & only s c x come into its own4 ,:5 ,keys]l+ adds1 ',! in/9ct ( immortality really affirms t ! individual is n ultimate1' ,i entirely agree ) him4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r 9 heav5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! s\l's life is indef9itely enl>g$1 b :e!r ! c5tre rema9s4 ,^! c5tres are c5tres ( consci\sness2 & consci\sness app>5tly belongs to ! _w ( w4 ,x comes into exi/5ce :5 ! w has "s "w to d4 ,x is n cont]m9\s ) life2 !re is a life :i* is bel[ consci\sness1 & !re may be a life above consci\sness1 or :at we mean by consci\sness4 ,we mu/ rem9d ourselves t we are us+ a spatial metaphor :5 we speak ( a c5tre ( consci\sness1 & a temporal "o :5 we ask ab\t a cont9u+ /ate ( consci\sness2 & space & "t d n belong to ! et]nal _w4 ,! "q !re=e ne$s to be trans=m$ be=e any answ] c be giv5 to x4 ,spiritual life1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 mu/ h a ri*ness ( cont5t2 x is1 pot5tially at lea/1 all embrac+4 ,b ?is enhancem5t ( life is exhibit$ n only 9 ext5sion b 9 int5sity4 ,et]nal life is no diffusion or dilution ( p]sonality1 b its consummation4 ,x seems c]ta9 t 9 su* a /ate ( exi/5ce individuality mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,if e life 9 ?is _w repres5ts an unique purpose 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 & if ! end or mean+ ( s\l-life1 ?\gh /riv5 = 9 "t1 has bo? its s\rce & its a*ievem5t 9 et]nity1 ?is1 ! value & reality ( ! individual life1 mu/ rema9 z a di/9ct fact 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,we are sometimes incl9$ to ?9k1 ) a natural regret1 t ! conditions ( life 9 ! et]nal _w are s utt]ly unlike ^? ( ! _w :i* we "k1 t we mu/ ei!r leave our m5tal picture ( t life 9 ! b>e/ outl9e1 or fill x 9 ) ! col\rs :i* we "k on e>?1 b :i*1 z we are well aw>e1 _c portray truly ! life ( bless$ spirits4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is true2 & :]eas a b>e & col\rless sket* ( ! ri*e/ ( all facts is z f> f ! tru? z possible1 we may all[ ourselves to fill 9 ! picture z be/ we c1 if we rememb] ! risks :i* we run 9 do+ s4 ,!re are1 x seems to me1 two *ief risks 9 all[+ our imag9ation to create images ( ! bliss ( heav54 ,"o is t ! et]nal _w1 ?us drawn & pa9t$ ) ! =ms & col\rs ( e>?1 takes sub/ance 9 our m9ds z a second physical _w1 ei!r suppos$ to exi/ some:]e 9 space1 or expect$ to come into exi/5ce some:5 9 "t4 ,?is is ! heav5 ( popul> religion2 & be+ a geographical or hi/orical expression1 x is op5 to attacks :i* _c be met4 ,h5ce 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons ! :ole fact ( human immortality seems to belong to dreaml&4 ,! o!r dang] is t1 s9ce a geographical & hi/orical heav5 is f\nd to h no actuality1 ! hope ( et]nal life1 ) all t ! spiritual _w conta9s1 %\ld be relegat$ to ! sph]e ( ! 'ideal4' ,?is seems to be ! position ( ,hffd+1 & is q cle>ly ! view ( ?9k]s l ,santayana4 ,!y accept ! dualism ( value & exi/5ce1 & place ! highe/ hopes ( humanity 9 a _w :i* has value only & no exi/5ce4 ,?is seems to me to be (f]+ mank9d a /one = bread4 ,m>t9eau's prote/ aga9/ ?is philosophy is surely ju/ifi$3 ',amid all ! sickly talk ab\t ideals1 x is well to rememb] t z long z !y are a m]e self-pa9t+ ( ! ye>n+ _s1 !y h no m solidity ?an float+ air-bubbles1 gay 9 ! sun%9e & brok5 by ! pass+ w9d4 ,y d n s mu* z t\* ! ?re%old ( religion1 s long z y are deta9$ by ! phantoms ( y\r ?\ght2 ! v gate ( entrance to religion1 ! mom5t ( its new bir?1 is ! discov]y t y\r gleam+ ideal is ! ev]la/+ real4'#id ,b ?\gh our k ( ! et]nal _w is mu* less ?an we c\ld desire1 x is mu* great] ?an _m ?9k]s all[4 ,we are by no means %ut (f f realisation & possession ( ! et]nal values :ile we live "h4 ,we are n conf9$ to local & temporal exp]i5ce4 ,we "k :at ,tru? & ,beauty mean1 n only = ourselves b = all s\ls ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & = ,god ,himself4 ,above all1 we "k :at ,love means4 ,n[ ,love1 :i* is ! realisation 9 exp]i5ce ( spiritual exi/5ce1 has an unique value z a hi]ophant ( ! highe/ my/]ies4 ,& ,love gu>antees p]sonality1 = x ne$s :at has be5 call$ o!rness4 ,9 all love !re mu/ be a subject & an object1 & a bond betwe5 !m :i* transc5ds )\t annull+ _! sep>at5ess4 ,:at ?is means = p]sonal immortality has be5 se5 by _m great m9ds4 ,z an example ,i w quote f ,plot9us' picture ( life 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,?is writ] is c]ta9ly n incl9$ to ov]e/imate ! claims ( sep>ate individuality1 & he is "u no obligation to make 8 doctr9e con=m to ! dogmas ( any cre$4 ',spirits yond] see !mselves 9 o!rs4 ,= !re all ?+s are transp>5t1 & !re is no?+ d>k or resi/+1 b ev]yone is manife/ to ev]yone int]nally1 & all ?+s are manife/2 = light is manife/ to light4 ,= ev]yone has all ?+s 9 himself & sees all ?+s 9 ano!r1 s t all ?+s are ev]y:]e & all is all & ea* is all1 & inf9ite ! glory4'#ie ,?is et]nal _w is ab\t u & )9 u :ile we live "h4 ',heav5 is ne>] to our s\ls ?an ! e>? is to our bodies4' ,! _w :i* we ord9>ily ?9k ( z real is an arbitr>y selection f exp]i5ce1 correspond+ r\ghly to ! av]age reaction ( life ^u ! av]age man4 ,"s values1 su* z exi/5ce1 p]si/5ce1 & rationality1 are assum$ to be 'real'2 o!rs are relegat$ to ! 'ideal' ,"u ! influ5ce ( natural sci5ce1 special emphasis is laid on ^? values ) :i* t sci5ce is engag$4 ,b our _w *anges ) u4 ,x rises z we rise1 & falls z we fall4 ,x puts on immortality z we d4 ',su* z m5 !mselves are1 su* w ,god appe> to !m to be4'#if ,sp9oza rightly says t all true k takes place sub specie t]nitatis4 ,= ! pneymatiko/ ! :ole ( life is spiritual1 &1 z ,euck5 says1 he recognises ! :ole ( ! spiritual life z 8 own life-be+4 ,he le>ns1 z ,plot9us decl>es 9 a pr(\nd s5t5ce1 t 'all ?+s t are ,yond] are also ,"h bel[4' ,is x !n ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] t et]nal life is m]ely ! true read+ ( temporal life8 ,is e>?1 :5 se5 ) purg$ vision1 n m]ely ! %ad[ ( heav51 b heav5 itself8 ,if we c\ld fuse pa/1 pres5t1 & future into a totum simul1 an ',et]nal ,n[1' w\ld t be et]nity8 ,?is ,i d n believe4 ,a full und]/&+ ( ! values ( our life 9 "t w\ld inde$ give u a good picture ( ! et]nal _w2 b t _w itself1 ! abode ( ,god & ( bless$ spirits1 is a /ate high] & pur] ?an c be fully express$ 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,! p]petuity ( natural laws z !y op]ate ?r\gh endless ages is only a ,platonic 'image' ( et]nity4 ,t all values are p]petual is true2 b !y are some?+ m ?an p]petual3 !y are et]nal4 ,^! laws are ! creative =ces :i* %ape our lives f )92 b all ! creatures1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e says 9 a well-kn[n passage1 decl>e _! inf]iority to _! ,creator4 ',we are l[] ?an ,he1 = ,he made u4' ,s*ola/ic !ologians int]pos$ an int]m$i>y :i* !y call$ vum betwe5 "t & et]nity4 vum is p]petuity1 :i* !y rightly di/+ui%$ f true et]nity4 ,*ri/ianity is philosophically "r 9 insi/+ t our true home1 our patria1 is 'n "h4' ,nor is x 9 any place3 x is ) ,god1'^: c5tre is ev]y:]e & ,8 circumf]5ce n[h]e4' ,!re rema9e? a re/ = ! p ( ,god1 :5 _! w>f>e on e>? is accompli%$4 ,a ,*ri/ian mu/ feel t ! abs5ce ( any cle> revelation ab\t a future /ate is an indication t we are n meant to make x a pr9cipal subject ( our ?\ghts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m we ?9k ab\t ! et]nal values ! happi] we %all be4 ,z ,sp9oza says1 ',love direct$ t[>ds ! et]nal & inf9ite fills ! m9d ) pure joy1 & is free f all sadness4 ,:]e=e x is greatly to be desir$1 & s\ght aft] ) our :ole might4' ,b he also says1 & ,i ?9k wisely1 t !re are few subjects on :i* ! 'free' man w pond] less (t51 ?an on dea?4 ,! end ( life is z "r & natural z its beg9n+2 we mu/ n rebel aga9/ ! common lot1 ei!r = ourselves or = our fri5ds4 ,we are to live 9 ! pres5t ?\gh n = ! pres5t4 ,! two l9es ( ,goe! :i* ,lewis ,nettle%ip 0 s fond ( quot+ convey a valuable lesson3 ',nur we du bi/1 sei alles1 imm] k9dli*3 ,s bi/ du alles1 bi/ unb]w9dli*4' ',dea? does n c\nt1' z ,nettle%ip us$ to say2 & he met 8 own fate on ! ,alps ) a *e]fulness :i* %[$ t he believ$ x4 ,! crav+ = m]e survival1 no matt] "u :at conditions1 is natural to "s p]sons1 & ^? :o h x n mu/ n claim any sup]iority ov] ^? :o %udd] at ! idea ( resign+ ?is 'pleas+1 anxi\s be+4' ,"s brave & loyal m51 l ,samuel ,johnson1 h fe>$ dea? all _! lives long2 :ile o!rs1 ev5 :5 =tune smiles ^u !m1 'h a desire to dep>t & to be ) ,*ri/1 :i* is f> bett]4' ,b ! long+ = survival1 & ! anxi\s se>* = evid5ce :i* may satisfy x1 h und\bt$ly ! effect ( b9d+ u to e>? & e>?ly conditions2 !y come betwe5 u & fai? 9 true immortality4 ,!y _c re/ore to u :at dea? takes away4 ,!y _c lay ! spectre :i* made ,claudio a crav54 ',ay1 b to die & g we "k n :]e2 ,to lie 9 cold ob/ruction & to rot2 ,?is s5sible w>m motion to become ,a knead$ clod2 & ! delight$ _s ,to ba! 9 fi]y floods1 or to reside ,9 ?rill+ regions ( ?ick-ribb$ ice2 ,to be imprison$ 9 ! viewless w9ds1 ,& bl[n ) re/less viol5ce r\nd ab\t ,! p5d5t _w2 or to be worse ?an wor/ ,( ^? t lawless & unc]ta9 ?\ghts ,imag9e h[l+6 'tis too horrible6 ,! we>ie/ & mo/ loa!d e>?ly life ,t age1 a*e1 p5ury1 & imprisonm5t ,c lay on nature1 is a p>adise ,to :at we fe> ( dea?4' ,we "k n[1 if we did n "k x ?ree ye>s ago1 t ! av]age man c face dea?1 & does face x 9 ! majority ( cases1 ) a s]5ity :i* w\ld be incompreh5sible if he did n "k 9 8 he>t ( he>ts t x does n matt] mu*4 ,he may h no articulat$ fai? 9 immortality1 b1 l ,sp9oza1 he has 'felt & exp]i5c$ t he is et]nal4' ,p]haps he only says to himself1 ',:o dies if ,engl& lives8' ,b ! ,engl& t lives is 8 own l>g] self1 ! life t is m 8 own life ?an ! beat+ ( 8 he>t1 :i* a bullet may /ill = ev]4 ,& if ! exaltation ( noble patriotism c 'aboli% dea?1 & br+ life & immortality to light' = almo/ any un?9k+ lad f our factories & h$g][s1 %\ld n religion be able to d z mu* = u all8 ,& may x n be t "s t\* ( h]oic self-abnegation is necess>y be=e we c h a s\l :i* dea? _c t\*8 ,:5 ,*ri/ said t ^? :o are will+ to lose _! s\ls %all save !m1 is n ?is :at ,he meant8 ,we mu/ accu/om ourselves to brea! ! air ( ! et]nal values1 if we desire to live = ev]4 ,& a /rong fai? is n curi\s ab\t details4 ',belov$1 n[ are we sons ( ,god2 & x do? n yet appe> :at we %all be4 ,b we "k t :5 ,he is made manife/ we %all be l ,him1 = we %all see ,him z ,he is4' ,,footnotes3 #ic ,quot$ by ,pr(essor ,pr+le-,pattison f an article by me 9 ! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t4 #id ,/udy ( ,religion1 vol4 i4 #ab4 #ie ,ennead1 v4 #h1 #d4 #if ,f ,john ,smi?1 ! ,cambridge ,platoni/4 ,,! ,,end