,illu/ration     ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  
,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hda     ,,new ,,york1
 ,,febru>y #ac1 #ahib  ,sci5tific       
,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1    
,no4 #hda4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$
 #ahde  ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 
#e a ye>4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican &        
,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4   ,i4            
,,an?ropology4--,inve/igation ( a ,m\nd 
ne> ,jeff]son       ,city1 ,mo4--,by    
,a4,s4 ,,logan4--,prehi/oric rema9s f ! 
banks       ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] ,,ii4    
,,biology4--,new ,obs]vations on !      
,language ( ,animals4--,by       ,m4    
,,de ,,lacaze ,,du?i]s4--,a l5g?y       
exam9ation ( "s facts       9 ! language
 ( animals1 includ+ birds & quadrup$s   
,,iii4  ,,botany4--,electricity 9       
,agriculture4--,by ,,cl>5ce ,d4         
,,w>n]4--,!       effect ( curr5ts (    
electricity ^u ! g]m9ation ( se$s4      
--,int]e/+ exp]im5ts detail$1 :i* c be  
easily repeat$        ,electricity 9    

,horticulture4--,! effect ( ! electric  
light on       vegetation1 availability 
x may possess = ! g>d5]                 
,p5tapt]ygium ,s]p5s4--,a ,himalayan    
fl[]+ plant introduc$       9 ,engl&    
ab\t t5 ye>s ago4--#b illu/rations      
,! ,p]=ation ( ,fl[]s4--,:at insects d  
to promote !       propagation ( plants 
by p]=at+ ! fl[]s 9 se>* (              
honey4--#af illu/rations  ,,iv4         
,,*emi/ry4--,a ,new ,laboratory ,process
 = ,prep>+ ,hydrobromic                 
,acid4--,by ,g4,s4 ,,new?4--,simple     
syn!sis ( hydrog5       & bromium       
,boron ,salts4--,boron sulphides &      
sel5ides & silicon sel5ide              
,detection ( ,peanut ,oil 9 ,olive      
,oil4--,a practical laboratory       te/
 = ! above adult]ation                  
,hydroxylam9e4--,rec5t prep>ation ( ?is 
comp\nd & its       prop]ties           
,new ,boron ,comp\nds4--,comp\nds (     
boron1 phosphorus1 &       iod9e rec5tly
 prep>$ by ,m4 ,,moissan        ,sapot91
 a ,new ,glucoside4--,by ,,gu/ave       

,,mi*aud4--,prep>ation       ( a new    
glucoside f almonds & o!r s\rces  ,v4   
,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,completion ( !     
,m]sey ,tunnel ,railway4--,!            
p5etration ( ! b$ ( ! ,m]sey ,riv] by a 
tunnel       at ! rate ( #aej feet p]   
week4--,details ( ! "w  ,,vi4           
,,educational ,,sci5ce4--,*9ese         
,competitive ,exam9ations4              
--,int]e/+ details ( ! fam\s exam9ations
 ( ,*9a4--,fatal       consequ5ces to   
ov]work$ competitors  ,,vii4            
,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4--,high ,spe$    
,eng9e & ,dynamo4--,a       high spe$   
comp\nd eng9e1 runn+ at #ejj revolutions
       p] m9ute1 ) direct-driv5 dynamo =
 electric light+4--#c       illu/rations
  ,,viii4 ,,m$ic9e4--,! ,treatm5t (     
,rattlesnake ,bite by ,p]manganate      
( ,potassium1 ,bas$ on ,n9e ,successful 
,cases4--,by       ,,amos ,w4 ,,b>b]1   
,m4,d4--,! use ( ?is p[]ful dis9fectant1
       & ! prop] treatm5t & mode (      
apply+ x4  ,,ix4                        
,,meteorology4--,modification ( ,our    

,climate4--,by ,,joseph                 
,,wallace4--,climate epo*s & !          
probabilities ( ! pres5t       climatic 
era4--,*anges )9 ! records ( man        
,! ,eruption ( ,krakatoa4--,a graphic   
description ( ?is cata/rophe1           
involv+ ! lives ( #ce1jjj p  ,x4        
,,milit>y ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,milit>y       
,eng9e] & ,8       ,"w4--,by ,col4      
,w4,r4 ,,k+4--,a ,sibley ,college       
lecture1 treat+       ( ! special       
problems ,9 =tifications1 sieges1 & ! m 
pacific "w ( surveys & explorations     
,,xi4   ,,m9]alogy4--,natural ,sulphide 
( ,gold4--,by ,t4,w4,t4                 
,,a!rton4--,a probable new occurr5ce (  
gold  ,,xii4  ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,!   
,liv+ ,j]boa 9 ! ,zoological       ,g>d5
 ( ,b]l94--,a r>e rod5t f ,s\? ,africa1 
"o seldom       se5 alive 9             
captivity4--#e illu/rations  ,,xiii4    
,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,tw5ty-f\r ,knot    
,/eam]s4--,! possibility (       fa/    
%ips = long voyages4--,! prospects &    
difficulties  ,,xiv4  ,,railroad        

,,eng9e]+4--,a ,/eam ,/reet ,railway    
,motor4--,a       noiseless motor built 
( /eel on trial 9 ,*icago4--#a          
illu/ration  ,,xv4   ,,sanit>y          
,,eng9e]+4--,"s ,means ( ,purify+       
,wat]4--,diff]5t filt]+ processes & !   
subsid5ce treatm5t       ( wat]  ,,xvi4 
,,te*nology4--,action ( ,cau/ic ,soda on
 ,wood4--,by ,m4,h4                     
,,tauss4--,direct exp]im5ts on ! action 
( lye on wood at v>i\s       pressures  
,burn+ ,brick ) ,crude ,oil ,fuel4--,!  
use ( petroleum 9       brick           
kilns4--,its advantages1 cleanl9ess1 &  
*eapness4        ,*lor9e ,gas & ,soda by
 ! ,electrolytic ,process4--,!          
decomposition       ( common salt       
solution into *lor9e & cau/ic soda      
on ! comm]cial scale        ,h[ ,enamel$
 ,lett]s are ,made4--,! manufacture (   
sep>ate       enamel$ lett]s z conduct$ 
9 ,london4--#e illu/rations        ,h[  
,me*anical ,rubb] ,goods are            
,made4--,hose1 corrugat$       matt+1   
pack+1 & j> r+s4--,processes ( _!       

production         99       99       99 
99       99     ,,! ,,liv+ ,,j]boa ,,9  
,,! ,,zoological ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,b]l94   ,l
 o!r /rangely =m$ quadrup$s1 ! j]boas   
are c\nt$ among ! curiosities ( ! animal
 k+dom1 & z su* are describ$ 9 natural  
hi/ory2 b1 nev]!less1 !re has nev] be5 a
 good exhibition ( !m1 = ! simple reason
 t live j]boas are seldom se5 9 ,europe1
 z !y usually die dur+ ! j\rney hi!r or 
soon aft] _! arrival4 ,aft] "s          
hesitation ,i decid$ to pur*ase a pair t
 ,i happ5$ to f9d m5tion$ 9 ! price li/ 
( ,mr4 ,c4 ,rei*e1 ( ,alfeld1 z "o ( !  
mo/ int]e/+ specim5s obta9$ dur+ 8      
exp$ition to ,s\? ,africa ! ye> be=e2 b 
,i1 also1 f\nd ! s5sitiv5ess & delicacy 
( ! j]boa v try+1 = ! %ort j\rney f     
,alfeld to ?is city caus$ ! dea? ( !    
female & r$uc$ h] mate to su* a         
condition t :5 x arriv$ !re seem$ little
 hope t x c\ld ev] be utiliz$ =         
sci5tific rese>* or arti/ic life /udies4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,j]boa ,,9 ,,!         
,,zoological ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,b]l94--,,drawn

 ,,f ,,life ,,by ,g4 ,,mutzel4  ,my     
anticipation & pleasure 7 *ang$ to      
vexation & grief4 ,! mo/ c>eful nurs+--!
 /iff1 weak little legs 7 dipp$ into &  
rubb$ ) ,fr5* br&y--& a w>m p5 ) a dry  
s&$ floor directly ov] a heat]1 did _!  
"w4 ,z ! new-com] got on 8 feet aga9 my 
hope ga9$ new life1 & n[ our j]boa is my
 delight4 ,x is1 inde$1 a curi\s animal4
 ,"o :o saw x only 9 ! day "t asleep    
w\ld sc>cely "k :at he _h be=e him1 = he
 w\ld see little m ?an a mass ( s(t1    
bright s&y hair4 ,! com+ ( ! keep] ) !  
di% ( food & ! unfa/5+ ( ! door ( ! cage
 br+ life to ! ball ( hair 9 ! corn]2 a 
"p ( x is unroll$ & ! long1 black-tipp$ 
tail ) two l9es ( hair is laid out on ! 
gr\nd1 & !n on ea* side ( x a leg is run
 out :i* is ne>ly z long z ! tail & is  
provid$ ) blunt1 smoo?1 ho(-life nails2 
&1 f9ally1 ! head & body are di/+ui%able
 & ! animal /ret*es out com=tably on its
 back 9 ! s&4 ,! f9e-sk9n$1 hairless e>s
 /ill hang limp1 ! eyes are half clos$ &
 ! %ort =e legs are cross$ "u ! *94  ,b 

n[ ! animal gets on its legs by an      
ela/ic sw+1 & its e>s are rais$ & its   
eyes wide op51 s t we c see t ! latt]   
are l>ge & d>k1 ) long eyela%es4 ,!n !  
j]boa raises himself to 8 full height & 
playfully measures 8 cage by "o b\nd f  
corn] to corn]4 ,soon aft]1 ! fre% food 
receives due att5tion1 ! animal ei!r    
jump+ t[>d x 9 rabbit fa%ion or crawl+  
sl[ly on all f\rs4 ,:5 x has rea*$ its  
goal x aga9 assumes ! upright position1 
9 :i* x is evid5tly mo/ com=table1 &    
beg9s to eat x 9 8 own peculi> way2 t   
is1 sitt+ on 8 h9d legs he quickly      
seizes a piece ( bread1 turnip or o!r   
food 9 8 =e paws & conveys x to 8 m\?1  
app>5tly indiff]5t to ! nature ( ! food 
be=e him4 ,he nev] takes any?+ directly 
9 8 m\?2 ev5 ! grass on a piece ( turf t
 ,i _h giv5 to him z an exp]im5t 0 n    
eat5 z x w\ld h be5 eat5 by o!r animals1
 b 0 fir/ pluck$ ) ! =e paws4 ,if we    
notice ! position ( ! m\?1 f> back on ! 
"u side ( ! head1 we w und]/& t ! j]boa 
c\ld n take 8 food 9 any o!r way4       

,besides ?is1 no?+ ( special int]e/ has 
be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is nocturnal creature1 b  
he1 ( c\rse1 lives m regul>ly & quietly 
?an if 8 mate _h liv$4  ,"o :o kn[s     
any?+ ab\t ! /ructure ( animals' bodies 
ne$ n be told t ! j]boa is a rod5t4 ,"o 
glance at ! peculi> %ape ( 8 head w\ld  
assure him ( t4 ,! =m ( ! re/ ( its     
body1 especially its long h9d & %ort =e 
legs1 give unmi/akable pro( t x is      
relat$ to ! jump+ rod5ts2 x belongs1 9 a
 wide s5se1 to ! family ( ! jump+ m\se1 
! sci5tific "n 7,dipodidea1 two-foot$7 (
 :i* is v significant1 z ! v %ort =e    
legs are usually c>ri$ close "u ! *9 &  
are sc>cely noticeable :5 ! animal is 9 
its normal position1 & are ( little use 
:5 x moves ab\t4 ,! h9d legs are v      
/rong1 & :5 go+ at full spe$ ! j]boa    
takes jumps t measure f eight to t5     
y>ds1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony (  
v>i\s witnesses4  ,! jump+ m\se ( ,nor? 
,am]ica1 :i* is some:at l>g] ?an an     
ord9>y m\se1 is1 accord+ to ,brehm1 also
 z swift z an arr[ or a l[-fly+ bird4   

,?is exceptional velocity is n all t    
rem9ds u ( a bird1 = !re is also a /rong
 resemblance 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( 
! bodies ( ! two creatures2 b1 aft]     
consid]ation1 ?is %\ld n seem /range1   
because 9 animal organisms simil> means 
are employ$ to accompli% simil> ends4 ,x
 is only natural t !re %\ld be          
peculi>ities 9 ! con/ruction ( ! limbs &
 skulls ( ! ,dipodidea ) _! bird-l      
movem5ts & bird-l %>p-sight$ness1 t are 
usually f\nd only among birds4 ,!       
consi/5cy betwe5 ! con/ruction ( _!     
bodies & _! mode ( life is a beautiful  
example ( fitness2 only by extraord9>y  
quickness ( movem5t & sagacity c\ld !   
little def5seless plant-eat]s ma9ta9 !  
/ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! b>r5 /eppes &     
des]ts4 ,! =mation ( ! bodies ( !       
diff]5t memb]s ( ! family v>ies accord+ 
to _! ne$s4 ,! j]boa is ! l>ge/ memb] ( 
! family4 ,v little is kn[n ( 8 life :5 
free2 x be+ kn[n only t ! j]boas are    
widely spread ov] ! :ole ( s\!rn        
,africa1 & are nocturnal burr[]s ( !    

/eppes4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season !y rema9 9 a
 sort ( w9t] sleep4--,dr4 ,l4 ,heck1 9 !
 ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4         99       
99       99       99       99     ,,new 
,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,language ,,(   
,,animals4  ,by ,m4 ,,de ,,lacaze       
,,du?i]s1 ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4   ,i 
_h occasion 9 a note publi%$ sev]al ye>s
 ago 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique to m5tion a
 p>roquet :i* ,i h s9ce cont9u$ to      
obs]ve1 ! manife/ations ( ^: intellig5ce
 are bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,_m acts 
( birds are difficult ( int]pretation4  
,to speak only ( _! songs1 ! mean+s (   
mo/ ( ! innum]able v>ieties ( s\nds :i* 
!y produce1 & ( _! div]se w>bl+s1 escape
 u completely4 ,x is n possible to f9d !
 mean+ ( ^! ?+s except by =m+           
suppositions & hypo!ses1 or by cat*+ !  
connections betwe5 cries & acts4 ,b     
in/ances ( ! latt] k9d are extremely r>e
 9 comp>ison ) ! great majority ( !     
manife/ations made by animals4  ,?us1 to
 select examples :i* e "o c obs]ve1 :5 a
 can>y bird is w>bl+ 9 its cage &       

becomes deaf5+1 or :5 a l>k rises       
/raight up 9 ! air & incantat suum      
tirile tirile--s+s its tirile tirile--z 
,l9nu picturesquely expresses x2 :5 a   
tomtit1 leap+ f bran* to bran* ( a will[
 or among ! re$s1 repeats its florid    
w>bl+s2 :5 a rav5 croaks2 :5 a blackbird
 :i/les--:at significance c we atta* to 
_! songs & _! cries8 ,c]ta9ty is        
impossible1 & we c only =m m or less    
plausible hypo!ses conc]n+ !            
int]pretation ( !m4  ,! p>rot furni%es u
 "o m aid 9 ?is matt] ?an o!r birds1 &  
?is helps u1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ov]com+
 ! difficulty ( int]pretation4 ,x has an
 articulate voice1 & :5 we h taught x a 
few words1 ! mean+ :i* x gives !m may be
 bett] div9$ by u accord+ to ! tone & ! 
rapidity or sl[ness ( its utt]ance4 ,?is
 p]mits u to discov] ! feel+s t move x1 
= we c bett] judge f an articulate s\nd 
?an f "o t is m]ely musical4  ,mu* has  
be5 writt5 on ! language ( animals4 ,x  
is nei!r my desire nor my int5tion to   
repeat "h all t may h be5 said on ?is   

subject4 ,x w\ld take too long & w\ld be
 ( no use4 ,i h (t5 witness$ facts t may
 be ( int]e/ to ^? :o are occupi$ ) !   
m5tal manife/ations ( animals4 ,i w     
simply relate !m2 & ( su* z are already 
kn[n1 ,i w m]ely m5tion !m anew1 admitt+
 9 advance a priority = o!rs :i* ,i d n 
dem& = myself4  ,!re c be no d\bt t     
animals communicate _! impressions by an
 in>ticulate voice4 ,common s5se & ! mo/
 sup]ficial obs]vations are oppos$ to ! 
negative ( ?is proposition4 ,b :5 a     
can>y bird w>bles till x /uns u1 or a   
night+ale s+s 9 ! %ad[s on ! f9e nights 
( ,june1 c we foll[ & discov] !         
significance ( ^? modulations--n[ %>ply 
cad5c$1 n[ sl[ly drawn out1 & end+ ) a  
trill long & accurate en\gh to *all5ge !
 mo/ skillful musician8  ,all ! poets ( 
e c\ntry h con/antly sung ( ! songs (   
,philomela4 ,b _! f]v5t & en?usia/ic    
v]ses ca/ little light on ! value ( !   
night+ale's song4 ,x is said t ! male   
s+s = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! sitt+ female1 b  
!re is no pro( ( ! ass]tion4 ,! note    

w>n+ ( ! approa* ( dang] is easi] to    
recognize4 ,! bird utt]s a %ort1 ho>se  
cry1 & repeats x ) a succession ( trrre1
 trrre1 :i* is impossible to mi/ake4 ,:5
 we he> ?is cry we may be sure t an     
enemy is ne>4 ,music gives way to a cry 
( di/ress & w>n+1 & ! female leaves h]  
ne/ if ! s\nds become pi]c+4 ,:at d we  
"k ( ! gobbl+ ( ! turkey1 :i* ! :i/l+ & 
! cries ( *ildr5 excite8 ,!y are        
d\btless responses to ^? *all5ges2 b :at
 d !y mean8  ,! cr[+ ( ! cock1 recurr+  
regul>ly at fix$ h\rs1 has "s           
signification1 b we _c compreh5d x4 ,if 
on a f9e aft]noon 9 autumn ! cock cr[s1 
& repeats 8 /ra9 betwe5 two & f\r       
o'clock1 ! c\ntrym5 9 "s places w say   
!re w be a fog on ! morr[1 & !y are     
g5]ally n mi/ak54 ,h5s d n mi/ake 8     
notes ei!r2 :5 a lead] ( ! troop1 com+  
^u a spot ri* 9 food1 utt]s 8 peculi>   
*uckle1 !y run f all ar\nd to %>e ! f9d 
) him4 ,x is evid5t t ! cock has call$  
!m & !y h und]/ood him4 ,^! facts       
indicate t !re is "s def9ite s5se 9 ?is 

in>ticulate language2 & examples ( x1   
tak5 f o!r gr\ps1 might be multipli$4   
,! dog1 intellig5t animal z he is1      
manife/s 8 affection on meet+ 8 ma/]1 ) 
peculi> cries :i* v>y ) ! int5sity ( 8  
joy4 ,no "o c\ld conf\nd ^! notes (     
pleasure ) ^? :i* he utt]s :5 he is     
angrily driv+ away a begg>1 or :5 he    
meets ano!r dog ( unpleasant appe>ance &
 puts himself 9 ! position ( attack4    
,an int]e/+ /udy ( ! voice ( ! dog on   
gu>d may be made 9 ! c\ntry at night4   
,if ano!r dog b>ks 9 ! di/ance1 ! h\se  
dog answ]s 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,he gives 
a few gr[ls1 /ops1 seems to li/51 beg9s 
aga91 v (t5 gett+ answ]s2 &1 aft] two or
 ?ree int]ruptions1 he t]m9ates 8 b>k+ )
 abrupt yelps1 l\d at ! beg9n+ & long   
drawn out1 & gradually dy+ away4 ,?is   
end+ ( 8 cries is habitually accompani$ 
by 8 rais+ 8 head & ?r[+ x back4 ,i h   
(t51 :5 )9 ! h\se1 on he>+ ! wat* dog   
b>k 9 ?is way1 op5$ ! w9d[ to assure    
myself on ! subject1 & di/+ui%$1 z ,i   
c\ld n d ) ! w9d[s clos$1 ! voice (     

ano!r wat* dog b>k+ 9 ! same way 9 !    
di/ance--! b>k+s ( ! two dogs alt]nat+1 
"o answ]+ ! o!r4 ,!re is 9 su* cases an 
evid5t communication ( impressions4 ,"o 
( ! dogs1 hav+ _h 8 att5tion ar\s$ by "s
 unusual noise1 has transmitt$ 8        
impression to ! o!r1 z s5t9els po/$ at  
int]vals call out !ft w>n+s "o to ano!r4
 ,i h (t5 repeat$ ?is obs]vation dur+ ! 
long ev5+s ( w9t]4  ,ano!r example1     
little kn[n 9 ?ickly populat$ c\ntries1 
is drawn f a curi\s sc5e :i* ,i witness$
 dur+ a w9t] pass$ 9 ,p]igord ,noir4 ,we
 _h rem>k$ t = sev]al nights ! ?ree wat*
 dogs1 a "y & an old male & a bit*1 h[l$
 (t5 t[>d midnight1 b 9 a peculi> way4  
,"o night 9 p>ticul>1 dur+ _! t$i\s     
conc]t1 j z we _h got to sleep1 !y m+l$ 
) _! cries h[l+s l ^? !y w\ld h utt]$ if
 !y _h be5 beat51 ) a %ad+ h>d to def9e1
 b :i* we p]ceiv$ pla9ly2 & we rem>k$ t1
 leav+ _! k5nel 9 ! av5ue t l$ up to !  
lodge1 !y _h come to close qu>t]s ) "o  
ano!r at ! gate1 ) alt]nat+ h[l+s &     
pla9tive cries4 ,inquir+ 9 ! morn+ = !  

cause ( ^! s+ul> cries1 ! peasants told 
me t a wolf _h pass$1 & pr$ict$ t x w\ld
 return4 ,!y said1 too1 t a neighbor's  
hunt+ bit* _h disappe>$1 & its bones _h 
be5 f\nd 9 ! fields ne> a wood4 ,we 7   
awak5$ aga9 ab\t midnight by ! cries ( !
 dogs1 & ! sc5e 0 r5ew$4 ,in=m$ z we n[ 
7 ( ! nature ( :at 0 go+ on1 we ran to  
"o ( ! w9d[s1 :5ce we c\ld see1 9 ! cle>
 light ( ! moon1 all t pass$4 ,! ?ree   
dogs 7 c[]+ aga9/ ! gate1 ! olde/ "o    
h[l+ by ! side ( ! o!rs1 :ile ! y\ng] "o
 & ! bit* 7 expos$ at int]vals to !     
attacks ( ano!r animal1 br[n] ?an !y1 & 
( ab\t _! size1 )\t def5d+ !mselves1 b  
moan+ z if !y 7 und]go+ a vigor\s       
correction4  ,fright5$1 d\btless1 by !  
op5+ ( ! bl9ds ( ! fir/ /ory above him1 
! /range animal _h gone away & 0 sitt+ 9
 ! middle ( ! road4 ,we c\ld only see t 
he _h /raight e>s4 ,:ile we 7 go+ d[n to
 get a gun ! visitor came back to 8 *>ge
 on ! dogs1 :i* _h begun h[l+ aft] he   
left !m1 & resum$ ! cries significant ( 
*a/isem5t :5 !y 7 attack$ aga94 ,= "s   

reason1 p]haps because he he>d ! click (
 ! gun1 ! foe drew back & sat d[n 9 a   
g>d5 walk1 conceal$ by a bun* ( %rubb]y4
 ,! ?ree dogs1 not)/&+ our reit]at$     
urg+1 7 no m dispos$ to pursue him ?an  
be=e4 ,if ! assailant _h be5 a dog !y   
w\ld h ru%$ ^u him1 b !y /ay$ c[]+ at ! 
gate & h[l$ di/ressfully4 ,! bit* 0 mo/ 
affect$1 & !y all seem$ p>alyz$ by fe>4 
,x is said 9 ! c\ntry t bit*es are      
especially liable to be attack$ by      
wolves4 ,x 0 s "h4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 feature 
9 ! matt] 0 ! t]ror ( ! animals4 ,!y 7  
capable ( resi/+ ! attack ?ree times    
ov]4 ,! "y dog 0 a savage "o1 &         
pass]s-by 7 afraid ( ! bit*2 b t night  
!y 7 t]roriz$1 & all incapable ( def5d+ 
!mselves4 ,_! cries 7 !re=e due to !    
same cause z 9 ! prec$+ night--! pres5ce
 & attacks ( ! wolf4 ,i c\ld n h realiz$
 _! mean+ if ,i _h n be5 a witness ( !  
sc5e--t is1 ,i c\ld n h correlat$ !     
cries & ! acts4  ,a %ot at ! animal     
beh9d ! bu%es 0 foll[$ by a ho>se cry4  
,he 0 hit1 & ran2 b1 9 spite ( our      

urg+s1 ! dogs /ay$ at ! gate & only     
/opp$ h[l+4 ,"u any o!r conditions1 ^u !
 signal ( ! %ot !y w\ld all h />t$ 9    
pursuit ( ! w\nd$ animal4  ,a wolf came 
to ! f>m dur+ ! la/ w9t] 7#ahij-ia7 &   
attack$ ! same bit*4 ,he w\ld h c>ri$ h]
 (f1 = he _h seiz$ h] by ! ?roat1 if we 
c\ld judge f ! /ifl$ cries %e utt]$2 b  
?is "t he f\nd ) h] a new wat* dog--a   
m\nta9 bit* f ! ,pyr5ees--( a bre$ t    
attacks ! wolf & ! be>4 ,! wolf w\ld h  
be5 caught if he _h n run away4 ,he did 
n return1 = he _h be5 attack$1 & le>n$  
:at he _h to deal )4  ,! ,pyr5ean bre$  
furni%es excell5t wat* dogs4 ,i knew "o 
( rem>kable traits4 ,at ev5+ he w\ld g  
r\nd ! h\se1 giv+ two or ?ree gr[ls at  
ea* door4 ,) 8 head rais$ he seem$ to   
li/5 to 8 f9e voice1 !n he w\ld />t aga9
 & g to ano!r door4 ,he seem$ desir\s to
 %[ ^? :o 7 obs]v+ him t he 0 att5d+ to 
8 po/ z gu>dian4 ,he !n w5t away 9      
sil5ce along ! walk1 ?r\gh a d>k1 ris+  
h$g][1 leap+ ! slight hillock1 yelp+    
t[>d ! wood4 ,he li/5$1 yelp$ aga91 &   

w5t 94 ,!re 0 nev] any failure 9 ?is    
p]=mance1 b e ev5+ z night 0 com+ on he 
began 8 r\nd1 :i* no "o _h taught him4  
,x 0 all done 9 8 function z a gu>d4 ,x 
w\ld be h>d to det]m9e :at 8 yelps      
meant1 b !re 7 9 !m an inflection1 a    
sonor\sness1 & a cont9uance q diff]5t f 
^? he utt]$ :5 pursu+ a pass]-by or :5  
go+ to meet a p]son com+ t[>d ! h\se4 ,e
 "o :o has a wat* dog is able to tell by
 ! s\nd ( 8 b>k+ :5 a p]son is com+ up1 
& usually :at sort ( a visitor x is4  ,!
 peasants' dogs ( ! s\?we/ ( ,france    
dislike ! c\ntry mill]s1 because ( !    
long :ips :i* !y are always c>ry+ &     
snapp+1 & ) :i* ! dogs1 runn+ aft] !m1  
are (t5 /ruck4 ,f z f> (f z ! snapp+ ( !
 :ip c be he>d1 ! dogs come to wait = ! 
mill]s & pursue !m2 & x is easy to      
recognize :5 ! mill]s are pass+1 by !   
behavior ( ! dogs4 ,!re is 9 ?is also a 
significance1 at once aggressive &      
def5sive1 9 ! cries :i* "o c1 by giv+ a 
little att5tion1 soon le>n to di/+ui%4  
,ano!r example ( ! reality ( ! v>i\s    

mean+s ( ! cries ( ! dog "u diff]5t     
circum/ances is af=d$ by ! companies t  
collect ar\nd a female 9 heat4  ,i h a v
 intellig5t & exp]i5c$ bra* h\nd1 ! same
 :i* ) ! bit* _h to face ! attack ( !   
wolf4 ,he amuses me mu* at my c\ntry    
lun*es4 ,hunt+ dogs :i* h be5 mu* ) _!  
ma/]s at lun* d n l to h ! dr9k+ glass  
(f]$ !m4 ,?is dog 0 mu* afraid ( !      
glass1 & ,i _h only to pres5t x to him  
at lun* "t to make him keep 8 di/ance4  
,i us$ to keep my door op5 at lun*1 = ! 
amusem5t ( obs]v+ h[ ,i c\ld make him   
/op exactly at ! ?re%old )\t /epp+ ov]  
x4 ,if he _h pass$ ov] x ,i c\ld always 
s5d him back by ca/+ t[>d him a few     
drops ( wat] f ! bottom ( ! glass aft]  
dr9k+4 ,sitt+1 z 0 8 habit1 on ! sill ( 
! door1 ) ! tip ( 8 muzzle nev] ext5d+  
beyond ! plane ( ! panels1 he w\ld foll[
 my motions ) ! close/ att5tion1 rem9d+ 
me1 if ,i fail$ to give him a sign (    
att5tion1 by a discreet1 pla9tive cry1 t
 he 0 !re4 ,b if ,i t\*$ my glass1 he   
w\ld spr+ up at once2 if ,i fill$ x1 he 

w\ld put himself on gu>d1 utt] a k9d (  
sigh1 sneeze1 lick 8 lips1 yawn1 &1 %ak+
 8 e>s briskly1 make little /ifl$ cries4
 ,!n he w\ld gr[ impati5t1 & m & m      
wat*ful & n]v\s4 ,:5 ,i lift$ my glass  
to my lips he w\ld draw back1 work+     
gradually ne>] to ! f>!r door1 & at la/ 
disappe> & hide4 ,"o :o 0 look+ at him  
)\t see+ me c\ld tell by 8 wails & 8    
attitude ! level & position ( my glass4 
,:5 ! glass 0 horizontal1 ,i c\ld see   
only ab\t half ( 8 head1 ) "o eye reg>d+
 me fix$ly1 = t 0 usually ! critical    
mom5t--! "o1 also1 :5 ! wails & re/ra9ts
 7 mo/ demon/rative ( ! anxi\s fe> ( my 
poor animal4  ,:5 we d9e 9 ! kit*51 :i* 
is on ! gr\nd floor1 ! dogs are usually 
all put out4 ,!re are f\r ( !m1 ?ree "y 
& n exp]i5c$1 & ?is old1 sagaci\s bra*  
h\nd4 ,he insi/s on com+ 91 &1 to ga9 8 
purpose1 tries to h ! door op5$4 ,al?\gh
 no p]son may be com+ up ! walk1 he     
da%es d[n x b>k+1 all ! o!rs go+ along  
too & yelp+ ) him2 !n he /ops1 rema9s a 
little beh9d aft] hav+ got ! o!rs out ( 

! way1 &1 turn+ 8 head f mom5t to mom5t1
 looks to see if ! door has be5 op5$1 = 
we g5]ally g to x to see :o has come4 ,9
 t case ! feign$ attack is successful1 &
 ! dog1 :o has evid5tly meant to give ! 
al>m s z to h ! door op5$1 comes 9 at   
once & claims a place at ! table4 ,he   
has accompli%$ 8 end1 = ! door is       
usually %ut )\t pay+ att5tion to 8 hav+ 
got 94 ,i h frequ5tly witness$ ?is      
/ratagem1 & :51 dur+ my kit*5 d9n]1 ,i  
sudd5ly he> ! dogs yelp+ aft] ! bra*    
h\nd has begun1 ,i am pretty sure t     
nobody is 9 sight4  ,i h =gott5 :]e ,i  
f\nd ! next /ory ( an old dog :o 0 also 
v sagaci\s4 ,hunt+ dogs1 :5 !y gr[ old1 
become rheumatic1 or are at lea/        
debilitat$ ) pa9s4 ,we "k1 too1 t !y    
crave heat1 & get z ne> ! fire z        
possible--a crav+ :i* increases z !y gr[
 old]4 ,"o su* dog1 old] ?an ! o!rs1 &  
sl[] 9 gett+ into ! lodge on return+ f !
 hunt1 0 (t5 cr[d$ away f ! fire by !   
o!r liveli] dogs gett+ all ! be/ places 
be=e him4 ,f9d+ himself ?us turn$ out 9 

! cold1 he w\ld da% t[>d ! door b>k+1 :5
 ! o!rs1 suppos+ x 0 an al>m1 w\ld ru%  
away too1 :ile ! old rheumatic w5t to ! 
fire & select$ a place to suit him4  ,x 
is n necess>y to dwell ^u ! intellig5ce 
%[n by su* acts4 ,b x is h>dly          
conte/able t ! old animal1 :o kn[s h[ to
 play su* tricks ^u 8 less exp]i5c$     
companions1 deceives !m by 8            
intonations1 :ile he is well aw>e t no  
enemy is approa*+ ! h\se2 b he does x   
sci5tifically1 by ! inflections ( 8     
voice1 z a man speak+ to o!r m5 w\ld d 9
 ann\nc+ ! arrival ( an imag9>y enemy4  
,in>ticulate cries are all pretty mu* ! 
same to u2 _! inflections1 duration1    
pit*1 abruptness1 & prolongation alone c
 in=m u ( _! purpose4 ,b exp]i5ce &     
close att5tion h %[n u ! connection ( ^!
 v>iations ) ! acts t accompany or      
prec$e !m4 ,animals evid5tly und]/& ^!  
inflections at once4 ,we _c bett] comp>e
 ! language ( animals ?an ) :at takes   
place 9 a pleasant sport1 a k9d (       
pantomime ( ! voice or language :i* _m  

y\? d\btless und]/&1 & :i* ,i v5ture to 
ref] to "h to aid 9 m easily conceiv+ ( 
! communication ( ?\ght among animals by
 s\nds :i* seem to u all alike4 ,:5 ,i 0
 engag$ 9 hospitals1 ! ev5+s 9 ! gu>d   
room 7 sometimes enliv5$ by ! pres5ce ( 
a companion :o excell$ 9 humor\s        
mimicry4 ,he w\ld repres5t a man 9      
liquor :o _h /opp$ at a f\nta9 t fl[$ ) 
a g5tle s\nd1 some:at l t ( 8 own       
hicc\gh4 ,a s+le oa?1 pron\nc$ 9 diff]5t
 tones1 0 suffici5t to enable u to      
compreh5d all ! impressions1 all ! /ates
 ( m9d ?r\gh :i* ?is devotee ( ,bac*us  
pass$4 ,! oa?1 at fir/ pron\nc$ sl[ly & 
) an acc5t express+ relief1 repres5t$ a 
feel+ ( satisfaction1 ) %ad+s ( prolong$
 exclamation :i* x w\ld be h>d = "o to  
imag9e )\t sugge/ion4 ,! cont9u$ fl[+ ( 
! f\nta9 made our drunk5 man impati5t1 &
 he want$ x to /op4 ,?is /ate ( m9d 0   
translat$ by a new modulation ( ! same  
^w4 ,9 a little :ile ! gurgl+ ( ! f\nta9
 produc$ a/oni%m5t4 ,0 x possible t he1 
) all ! liquid he _h imbib$1 c\ld vomit 

s mu* & = s long a "t8 ,?is m5tal       
condition 0 express$ by a new modulation
 ( ! same oa?4 ,! fir/ movem5t (        
surprise ov]1 resignation foll[s1 & our 
man decides to wait pati5tly = ! end4 ,a
 p]iod ( half le?>gy 0 easily repres5t$ 
by ! sl[ness & weakness ( ! man's voice 
:ile liv+ up to ?is decision2 b :5 he   
comes out ( ?is sleepy condition & he>s 
! f\nta9 aga91 he is possess$ ) fe>2 he 
_c und]/& ! flood he is p\r+ out--he    
d>es n move--he believes he is lo/4     
,gradually ! fumes ( ! liquor pass away1
 &1 8 mi/ake be+ recogniz$1 ! drunk>d is
 tak5 ) a laugh+ & a gayety :i* are     
indicat$ by ! same oa? repeat$ 9 tones  
correspond+ ) ! satisfaction he is !n   
enjoy+4 ,?is mak+ ! s]ies ( impressions 
a man passes ?r\gh compreh5sible by a   
s+le ^w1 v>i$ 9 pronunciation &         
utt]ance1 is v l ! language ( animals1  
:i* is always ! same1 & ! significance (
 :i* is giv5 by v>iety ( intonations    
correspond+ ) s5sational conditions4  ,!
 mew+ ( ! cat is always ! same2 b :at a 

numb] ( m5tal conditions x expresses6 ,i
 _h a kitt5 ^: gambols & livel9ess      
ent]ta9$ me greatly4 ,i und]/ood well1  
:5 x came up to me mew+1 :at ! s\nd     
meant2 sometimes ! kitt5 want$ to come  
up & sleep 9 my lap2 at o!r times x 0   
ask+ me to play ) x4 ,:51 at my meals1 x
 jump$ on my knees1 turn$ r\nd1 look$ at
 me1 & spoke 9 a coax+ & flatt]+ way1 x 
0 ask+ = some?+ to eat4 ,:5 its "m came 
up ) a m\se 9 h] jaws1 h] muffl$ &      
l[-ton$ mew in=m$ ! little "o f a       
di/ance1 & caus$ x to spr+ & run up to !
 game t 0 br\ght to x4 ,! cry is always 
! same1 b v>i$ 9 ! /r5g? ( ! inflections
 & 9 its protraction1 s z to repres5t ! 
v>i\s /ates ( m9d ) :i* my "y animal is 
mov$--j z x 0 ) ! drunk5 man 9 ! mimicry
 sc5e4 ,^! facts are probably well kn[n 
to all obs]v]s ( animals4  ,we h se5 t  
?is tonality ( ! wat* dog's cries is    
compet5t to indicate t a p]son is com+  
to ! h\se4 ,we f9d simil> cries ( w>n+  
utt]$ by birds4 ,:5 ,i 0 a pr(essor 9 ! 
faculty ( ,lille1 ,i frequ5tly visit$ ! 

well kn[n ag$ ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,m4 
,delez5ne4 ,he _h a work+ room at ! end 
( a g>d51 9 :i* a laugh+ mew w&]$4 ,f ! 
"t t any "o came 9 till he w5t out1 ?is 
bird made ! vocal explosions to :i* x   
owes its "n2 & ! good pr(essor 0 c]ta91 
)\t ev] be+ mi/ak51 t somebody 0 com+ to
 8 laboratory4 ,he 0 notifi$4 ,my ,jaco 
9 ,p>is has a w>ble t answ]s ! r++ ( !  
bell4 ,if we h n he>d ! bell1 we are    
notifi$ by ,jaco ( its r++1 &1 go+ to ! 
door1 f9d "s "o !re4 ,i h be5 told ( a  
p>rot belong+ to ! /ew>d ( a lyceum :i* 
_h he>d ! words ,come 91 :5 any "o rang 
! bell4 ,he nev] fail$ to cry1 ,come 91 
:5 ! bell mov$1 & ! visitor 0 emb>rass$ 
at see+ nobody aft] hav+ be5 invit$ to  
op5 ! door4  ,in/ances 9 :i* ! cries (  
birds _h an inconte/able & precise      
signification are num]\s2 let me ref] to
 a few ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,! cackle ( a h51  
aft] hav+ laid an egg & left h] ne/1 is 
decid$ly *>act]i/ic4 ,h] cluck+ :5 %e is
 impell$ to sit on h] eggs1 or :5 %e is 
call+ h] *icks1 is no less demon/rative4

 ,!re is n a f>m] :o does n recognize x 
& und]/& x4 ,9 ^! ?+s we see ! relation 
betwe5 ! tone ( ! prat+ or cluck ( ! h5 
& h] acts4 ,b :5 a night+ale s+s all    
night1 or a goldf9* :i/les1 or a rav5   
croaks1 we _c s easily int]pret !       
significance ( _! in>ticulate s\nds4 ,! 
f9* calls its mate by utt]+ a few notes 
foll[$ by a long trill4 ,mat*es ( a     
b>b>\s "*1 bas$ on ?is habit1 ,i 7 held 
9 ! nor? ( ,france :ile ,i 0 liv+ at    
,lille1 betwe5 #ahee & #ahfj4 ,i d n "k 
:e!r !y h be5 suppress$ or n1 b ! laws =
 ! protection ( animals ought to take   
cognizance ( !m4 ,! game/]s put out !   
eyes ( ! male f9*es1 & made !m1 ?us     
bl9d$1 compete z s+]s1 = :i* purpose !y 
br\ght _! cages into proximity4 ,:5 !   
birds he>d & recogniz$ "o ano!r's       
voices1 !y made _! appeal to ! female2 !
 "o t r5ew$ 8 amor\s trills mo/         
frequ5tly1 protract$ !m longe/ & to !   
la/1 ga9$ ! prize4 ,! bird t 0 decl>$   
victor receiv$ a m$al amid ! applause ( 
a l>ge & en?usia/ic cr[d2 & consid]able 

wag]s 7 /ak$ ^u ! result4 ,i h he>d t ^!
 poor bl9d$ birds sometimes fell d[n    
exhau/$ ) s++1 & kept on call+ ! abs5t  
female till !y di$1 n be+ will+ to yield
 to a rival1 :o on 8 side 0 also keep+  
up 8 equally useless appeals4  ,^! f9*  
conte/s 7 sugge/$ aft] ! mean+ ( ! song 
( ! birds 0 le>n$4 ,b :5 ^! birds1 :i*  
are m usually isolat$--:5ce !y h be5    
nam$ ,fr+illa coelebs1 or celibates--hop
 ar\nd our h\ses & also utt] _! amor\s  
trills at ano!r ?an ! mat+ season1 !y   
are evid5tly n call+ ! female4 ,%\ld we 
n !n seek to det]m9e by ! tone :e!r _!  
call1 :i* is always ! same1 is amor\s or
 n8  ,9 c\ntries :]e flocks ( turkeys   
are rais$ "o c le>n v quickly f _!      
gobbl+s :5 !y h captur$ a h>e4 ,if !y   
meet him /&+ /ill or ly+ d[n1 !y =m 9 a 
circle ar\nd him1 &1 putt+ _! heads d[n1
 repeat cont9ually _! peculi> cries4 ,! 
h>e rema9s quiet1 & x is sometimes      
possible to take him up1 t]roriz$ z he  
is 9 ! mid/ ( ! black circle ( gobbl+   
beaks & heads4 ,! language ( ! turkeys  

is at t "t inconte/ably significant4 ,x 
is w>like1 & simil> to t ( ! males :5 !y
 are fight+4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance !y h   
jo9$ = w>1 & !y make x on ! fright5$    
h>e4  ,my ,jaco1 l all p>rots1 :i* are  
excell5t imitators1 pron\nces a few     
words & repeats !m ov] & ov] aga94 ,su* 
birds amuse u because ! words !y "k     
sometimes happ5 to be ludicr\sly fitt+4 
,a bird ( ?is k9d _h be5 /ruck by ! note
 s\nd$ by ! w9d bl[+ into a room ?r\gh a
 crack 9 ! glass "w :5ev] a c]ta9 door 0
 op5$2 & he _h become s p]fect 9 8      
imitation t !y sometimes1 on he>+ !     
noise1 w5t to %ut ! door :5 x 0 n op54  
,jaco =m]ly belong$ to a v pi\s old lady
 :o 0 accu/om$ to say h] litanies )     
ano!r p]son4 ,he _h caught ! words ,pray
 = u1 9 ! invocations to ! sev]al sa9ts1
 & said !m s well z sometimes to deceive
 8 le>n$ mi/ress1 & cause h] to ?9k %e 0
 say+ h] litanies ) two colleagues4 ,:5 
,jaco 0 out ( food1 & any "o pass$ by   
him1 he w\ld say1 ,my poor ,cocotte6 or 
,my poor rat6 9 an ar*1 mawki%1         

protract$ tone t indicat$ v cle>ly :at  
he want$1 & t 8 dr9k+ cup 0 empty4 ,!re 
0 no d\bt 9 ! h\se z to 8 mean+2 & :5ev]
 "o he>d x he said3 ,he has no?+ to eat4
 ,he 0 exce$+ly fond ( fre% pits (      
apples & pe>s1 & ,i 0 9 ! habit (       
collect+ !m & keep+ !m to give him4 ,s  
:5ev]1 z ,i came ne> him1 ,i put my h&  
into my pocket he nev] fail$ to say3    
,poor ,cocco6 9 a supplicat+ tone :i* x 
0 impossible to mi/ake4 ,a sug> plum is 
a *oice morsel to him4 ,he c tell :at x 
is f a di/ance :5 ,i hold x out 9 my    
f+]s2 & :5 ,i give x to him he _c re/ra9
 himself if x has be5 any consid]able "t
 s9ce he has _h ! delicacy4 ,usually1   
aft] hav+ made ! fir/ motion to get x1 z
 if he 7 ravi%$ & want$ to express 8 joy
 9 advance1 he w\ld draw back be=e tak+ 
x1 & say1 9 a comical tone1 ,hold1 my   
poor ,cocotte6 ,8 mann] ( ?ank+ 9       
advance is likewise amus+4 ,! expression
 ( 8 eyes & ! pose ( 8 head are all 9   
accord ) ! tone ( 8 exclamation4 ,:5 he 
ta/es ! plum he utt]s a s]ies ( ahs1 &  

produces a k9d ( w>ble by prolong+ "s ( 
8 notes & %ort5+ up o!rs4 ,we f9d 9 ^!  
examples1 )\t d\bt1 t ! articulate voice
 makes u bett] able to judge ! mean+ ( !
 impressions t are mov+ ! animal ?an    
in>ticulate cries1 or m]ely musical     
s\nds4 ,:5 ,jaco met a *ild = :om he _h 
a great affection1 he w\ld prom5ade on 8
 p]*1 or turn ! :eel1 spread+ out 8 tail
 & ruffl+ ! fea!rs ( 8 head1 :ile 8 eyes
 grew r$ ) excitem5t if ! *ild 0 too sl[
 9 be/[+ ! accu/om$ c>ess4 ,!n he w\ld  
/op1 b5d d[n 8 head1 &1 look+ at 8      
fri5d1 say pleasantly1 ,jaco1 9 a tone &
 ) a mann] q 9 contra/ ) ! pronunciation
 ( ! same ^w :5 he 0 hungry4  ,x is n ! 
^w he speaks t is ( int]e/2 he might h  
be5 taught ano!r1 & x w\ld h be5 ! same2
 b x is ! tone4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 !     
articulation gives an easi] clew to !   
mean+ ! bird seeks to express1 hav+ a   
mean+ accord+ to ! mann] ( pron\nc+ x1  
?an any isolat$1 simply musical s\nd1 l 
! song ( ! night+ale1 can>y bird1 &     
w>bl]4 ,?is became evid5t to me1 n f    

obs]v+ animals = a few mom5ts )\t see+  
!m aga91 b f /udy+ !m cont9u\sly4  ,jaco
 did n l solitude1 & 0 talkative & fond 
( be+ c>ess$1 l all ( 8 k9d4 ,"o day1 :5
 !re 0 no "o 9 ! c\ntry h\se1 all hav+  
gone out into ! g>d5 or ! fields1 ,i    
he>d him say+ ov] :at few words he knew1
 9 diff]5t inflections4 ,i w5t quietly  
into ! room :]e he 01 )\t be+ se52 b he 
he>d my /eps1 al?\gh ,i walk$ 9 v       
cauti\sly1 hop+ to surprise him4 ,he    
ceas$ 8 *att]1 li/5$1 &1 aft] a sil5ce1 
pron\nc$ ,jaco 9 a l[ tone1 draw+ out ! 
end ( ! ^w4 ,he li/5$ aga91 & repeat$ ! 
^w 9 ! same tone2 !n1 aft] ano!r sil5ce1
 repeat$ x ) a rise ( ! voice4 ,i       
cont9u$ obs]v+ him1 &1 z he he>d no "o1 
he rais$ 8 tone gradually1 repeat+ !    
same ^w1 & end$ at la/ ) a g5u9e cry (  
di/ress4 ,! p ran 9 f )\t1 suppos+      
some?+ _h happ5$ to him4 ,he !n repeat$ 
8 "n 9 a l[] tone1 :i* seem$ to indicate
 8 satisfaction at f9d+ 8 isolation     
end$4 ,i w5t 9 myself1 & 8 prattle      
unmi/akably betray$ 8 gladness at be+ no

 long] alone4  ,is !re n 9 ?is an act ( 
real intellig5ce8 ,:ile alone1 ! p>rot  
ent]ta9$ himself by talk+2 b :5 he he>d 
a s\nd he hop$ at fir/ to see "s "o     
come2 & :5 no "o answ]$ him1 he rais$ 8 
voice1 z a p]son w\ld d :o calls1 &1    
gett+ no reply1 cri$ out l\d] & l\d]    
till he 0 he>d & answ]$4 ,! mean+ ( !   
diff]5ces ( intonation is z evid5t 9 ?is
 case z 9 t ( ! drunk5 man4 ,a p>rot    
rais$ 9 ! ,s\? _h le>n$ to swe> 9 !     
local patois4 ,be+ fond ( c(fee1 he 0   
sometimes giv5 a spoonful1 :i* he w\ld  
come awkw>dly up to ! table to dr9k ) 8 
ma/]4 ,"o day ! ma/]1 n ?9k+ ( 8 bird1  
_h already add$ cognac to 8 c(fee1 &    
gave ! p>rot ! accu/om$ spoonful4 ,!    
p>rot took a swall[ ( x1 &1 9 8 surprise
 at ! novel ta/e1 rais$ 8 head & repeat$
 ! oa? 9 a tone t excit$ laught] 9 all  
:o 7 pres5t4 ,! cause ( 8 surprise be+  
discov]$1 he 0 soo!d1 & !n took 8 usual 
ration ) evid5t signs ( cont5tm5t4 ,!   
mimicry ( language 9 ?is case cle>ly    
repres5t$ ! %ade ( ! new impression he  

felt4  ,jaco is v timid4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5  
he is put to roo/ 9 a close & d>k room1 
he is afraid ( ! %ad[ ( 8 p]* t is ca/  
by ! light we c>ry 9 our h&2 he eyes x1 
& utt]s a l[ cry1 :i* /ops :5 ! c&le is 
bl[n out & he _c see ! %ad[ any long]4  
,he /&s 9 dread ( bl[s 9 ! bottom ( 8   
cage1 because1 hav+ a w+ brok51 he _c   
fly1 & is afraid ( fall+4 ,feel+ 8      
weakness1 8 language has a diff]5t tone 
f ! usual "o4 ,l>ge birds fly+ 9 ! sky  
above him annoy him greatly1 & we c all 
tell by 8 voice :5 su* a bird is ne> or 
fly+ ov]4 ,he incl9es 8 head & *att]s 9 
a l[ tone z long z ! bird is 9 sight1   
pay+ no att5tion to any?+ else4 ,turkeys
 & h5s ann\nce ! approa* ( a bird ( prey
 9 a simil> mann]4  ,we f9d 9 ! facts   
:i* we h relat$1 z well z 9 _m o!rs :i* 
are cit$ respect+ ! ways & habits (     
p>rots1 pro(s ( a rem>kable intellig5ce4
 ,^! creatures are di/+ui%$ by !        
unlimit$ affection :i* !y be/[ ^u "s    
p]sons1 z well z by _! excessive        
dislikes1 :i* no?+ c expla94 ,jaco      

conceiv$ an extraord9>y dislike = a maid
 :o1 al?\gh %e took good c>e ( him1 0 9 
! habit ( wa%+ ! bottom ( 8 cage "u a   
faucet4 ,he aft]w>d disc>d$ ano!r p]son1
 :om he _h lik$ s mu* t %e c\ld d :at %e
 pleas$ ) him1 ev5 to pass+ h] h& ov] 8 
back & tak+ him by ! tail1 hold+ him 9  
h] h&s1 or putt+ him 9 h] apron--c>esses
 ( a k9d t p>rots d n usually p]mit4    
,no?+ a/oni%$ him or (f5d$ him4 ,he     
prov$ v incon/ant t[>d h]1 & n[1 :ile   
bett] dispos$ t[>d ! o!r girl1 he is    
furi\s aga9/ ?is "o4 ,a ?ird miss has   
come to capture 8 affection2 & :5 he has
 be5 left asleep1 or re/+ 9 8 cage1 he  
has always ! same ^w1 b diff]5t 9 !     
inflection :e$l+1 angry1 or ne>ly       
indiff]5t1 z ei!r ( ! ?ree p]sons comes 
ne> him4 ,jaco's pronunciation is scann$
 9 _m met]s4 ,only "o "y /ud5t has _h ! 
privilege ( reta9+ 8 affection unm>r$4  
,jaco _h be5 left 9 ! c\ntry = a :ole   
week 9 ! w9t]4 ,alone & isolat$1 he 0   
tak5 c>e ( by a p]son :o 0 n con/antly )
 him4 ,! "y /ud5t1 accompani$ by a      

tutor1 came to pass a few days 9 ! h\se4
 ,at ! sight ( ! y\?1 ,jaco1 surpris$1  
call$ out1 ,momon6 ,momon6 ,x 0 affect+1
 !y wrote me1 to see s great signs (    
joy4 ,i h also myself witness$ simil>   
signs ( joy at ! com+ ( ! /ud5t4 ,jaco's
 spee* at su* times is always 9 h>mony )
 8 feel+s4 ,9 ! pleasant season ,jaco's 
cage is put outdoors2 & at meal times1  
kn[+ v well :at is go+ on )91 he keeps  
up a /eady c\rse ( suppliant appeals =  
att5tion4 ,8 appeals cease at once if ,i
 g out ) fruit 9 my h&1 & if ,i g t[>d  
him he utt]s a prattle ( joy t s\nds l  
musical laught]4 ,^! manife/ations      
indicate t he is happy at see+ t he has 
be5 ?\ght (4  ,i close ^! anecdotes1 z  
,i began !m1 by repeat+ t animals       
communicate _! impressions1 & ! feel+s t
 move !m1 by v>i\s modulations ( _!     
in>ticulate cries1 :i* are              
incompreh5sible to u unless we h succe$$
 by att5tive obs]vation 9 connect+ !m ) 
! acts t foll[ or prec$e !m4 ,we h also 
se5 t ! articulation ( a few words le>n$

 by p>rots aids u greatly 9 le>n+ !     
mean+ ( ^! diff]5t inflections4  ,!     
ext5sion ( ^! /udies w\ld furni% mu* (  
int]e/2 b fur!r obs]vations %\ld be made
 ^u ! same animals = a longtime         
cont9u\sly1 relat+ especially to _!     
peculi> in/9cts z manife/$ by _! v>i\s  
cries4 ,we might !n1 by comp>+ & relat+ 
acts & cries1 rea* ! po9t ( compreh5d+ &
 p]haps fix+ ! mean+ 9 _m cases :]e we  
are n[ 9 ignorance4 ,e "o has notic$ a  
few facts1 & has int]pret$ & relat$ !m1 
b mu* is /ill want+ = ! co-ord9ation (  
!m 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! signification ( !
 language & communication ( animals     
among !mselves4 ,x has n be5 made 9 a   
g5]al s5se4 --,translat$ = ! ,popul>    
,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,revue ,sci5tifique4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,,modification ,,( ,,our         
,,climate4  ,by ,,joseph ,,wallace4   ,e
 n[ & !n "s wea!r sage pr$icts extremely
 cold w9t]s1 & ano!r v5tures to say t ! 
sun is gradually los+ heat & 9 "t       
,arctic cold w prevail ov] ! globe4     

,:atev] may h be5 ! *anges dur+ ! va/   
cycles ( "t prior to ! adv5t ( man1 or  
:atev] may be ! *anges 9 ! "t to come1  
"o ?+ is q c]ta92 t our climate has be5 
mu* modifi$ )9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ?\s&   
ye>s4  ,!re h be5 fifte5 climatic *anges
 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! glacial age1 ea*     
*ange la/+ #aj1ejj ye>s1 & ea* *ange    
rev]s+ ! season 9 ! two hemisph]es1 !   
pole :i* _h enjoy$ cont9u\s summ] be+   
doom$ to und]go p]petual w9t] = #aj1ejj 
ye>s1 & !n pass+ to its =m] /ate = an   
equal t]m4 ,! physical *anges ^u ! e>?'s
 surface dur+ ! pa/ #hj1jjj ye>s modifi$
 ! *anges ( climate ev5 9 ! ,arctic     
regions1 s t ! int5se cold ( ! =m] epo*s
 0 mu* modifi$ dur+ ! latt] epo*s4      
,reckon+ ^! climatic *anges 9 _! ord]1  
we _h ent]$ ! epo* ( a m g5ial          
temp]ature ab\t fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago2 
& if no di/urb+ *ange takes place dur+ !
 pres5t epo*1 we may reasonably expect a
 gradual modification ( our w9t]s = n9e 
?\s& ye>s to come4 ,! *anges to int5se  
cold f p]petual summ] dur+ ! great] "p (

 ! glacial p]iod are suppos$ to h be5   
caus$ by ! high temp]ature ( ! nor? pole
 z comp>$ to t ( ! s\? pole1 ow+ to !   
di/ribution ( l& ar\nd ! two1 ! s\? hav+
 almo/ none4 ,dr4 ,croll ?9ks x 0 caus$ 
by ! v>y+ incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis1 :i*
 produc$ ! relative position ( ! two    
poles t[>d ! sun to be p]iodically      
rev]s$ at di/ant p]iods4 ,dr4 ,james    
,geikie agrees ) ,croll on ! rev]se (   
seasons e #aj1ejj ye>s dur+ c]ta9 p]iods
 ( high ellipticity ( ! e>?'s orbit4  ,b
 x may be ask$1 ,h[ c\ld ! fauna & flora
 propagate !mselves "u su* conditions8  
,! flora itself at ! quat]n>y age 0 (   
extreme vigor4 ,we "k ?is f ! little :i*
 is left u1 b m especially f ! pres5ce (
 a l>ge numb] ( h]bivor\s animals--/ags1
 horses1 elephants1 rh9oc]os1 etc4--:i* 
animat$ ! pla9s & valleys ( ,europe &   
,am]ica at ! same "t4 ,evid5tly !y c\ld 
n h liv$ & propagat$ !mselves )\t       
abundant vegetation = n\ri%m5t &        
developm5t4  ,t :i* has deceiv$ !       
adh]5ts ( ! glacial !ory1 z und]/ood 9  

its absolute s5se1 is1 !y h g5]ally     
plac$ a too high e/imate on its ext5t & 
int5sity4 ,x ne$s b a little ef=t ( !   
reason+ p[]s to come to ! conclusion t !
 e>? _h cool$ to ! degree t all animal &
 vegetable life c\ld exi/ ^u x1 & t a   
portion ( ! e>?'s surface p]man5tly     
cov]$ ) sn[ & ice 0 absolutely          
indisp5sable to ! exi/5ce1 p]petuity1 & 
well-be+ ( animal & vegetable life4     
,aga91 !y h attribut$ to ! glaci]s !    
rocks1 gravels1 & o!r mat]ial :i* !y h  
f\nd spread "h & !re long di/ances f !  
m\nta9s4 ,! transportation ( ! s-call$  
erratic rocks has appe>$ inexplicable 9 
any o!r way1 & ! piles ( rock & gravel h
 be5 consid]$ s _m mora9es1 t is1       
deposits ( div]se mat]ial transport$ by 
! glaci]s4 ,!y d n reg>d ! probability (
 o!r ag5ts tak+ ! place ( glaci]s1 &    
und]value ! mov+ p[] ( wat]4 ,wat] 9    
liquid /ate has (t5 produc$ analog\s    
effects1 & x has (t5 be5 ! error ( !    
glaciali/s to conf\nd ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,!  
erratic rocks & ! mora9es are und\bt$ly 

! ord9>y indications ( ! anci5t gravels1
 b1 tak5 isolat$ly1 !y are n suffici5t  
pro(4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce !y %\ld be     
accompani$ ) a ?ird indication1 :i* is !
 pres5ce ( /riat$ rocks :i* we f9d 9 !  
neighborhood ( our actual glaci]s4 ,:5  
all ^! signs are toge!r !n !re is h>dly 
a possibility ( error1 b "o alone is n  
suffici5t1 because x c be ! effect (    
ano!r cause4  ,no d\bt ! temp]ature 0   
really l[] at ! quat]n>y age & at ! epo*
 g5]ally assign$ to man's adv5t 9       
,european c\ntries1 b ! diff]5ce 0 n s  
great z "s say4 ,a l[]+ ( f\r degrees is
 suffici5t to expla9 ! anci5t ext5sion (
 ! glaci]s4 ,we c look on ?is figure z !
 maximum1 = x is prov$ to-day t humanity
 play$ ! ma9 role 9 ! glacial ph5om5a4  
,! b$s ( riv]s & ! alluvia are !re to   
tell t all ! wat] 0 n 9 a solid /ate at 
t "t1 t ! glaci]s 7 mu* m ext5d$ ?an 9  
our days1 & t ! c\rses ( ! riv]s 7      
inf9itely m abundant4 ,:5 ?is is        
und]/ood we c reasonably r$uce !        
ext5sion ( ! anci5t glaci]s1 ! l[]+ ( ! 

temp]ature at ! quat]n>y age1 & acc\nt =
 ! un9t]rupt$ life ( ! fauna & flora4   
,h[ev]1 we mu/ n fall into ! opposite   
excess & ass]t1 z "s h done1 t ! glacial
 p]iod is comp>atively rec5t1 ! traces (
 :i* are too pla9 & fre% 9 "s localities
 to assign to x an age prior to man1 & t
 ! temp]ature has r l[]$ itself s9ce ?is
 epo*4 ,! anci5t ext5sion ( ! glaci]s   
has be5 foll[$ by a correspond+ gr[? &  
ext5sion ( animal life1 ?us prov+ t !   
p]man5ce ( glaci]s is a wise provision &
 absolutely ess5tial to man & ! high    
ord]s ( animals & vegetation4 ,! anci5t 
ext5sion does n prove alone t x 0 mu*   
cold] ?an 9 hi/oric times1 = ! animals  
!mselves are pro( ( ?is4 ,at t "t !     
pla9s ( ,europe1 & ( ,france 9 p>ticul>1
 7 animat$ by h]ds ( re9de]1 gluttons1  
camels1 & m>mots1 :i* "o does n f9d     
to-day except 9 ! high] latitudes or m  
consid]able heights4 ,! mammo? &        
rh9oc]os are no exception to ?is1 =     
naturali/s "k !y 7 organiz$ to live 9   
cold c\ntries4  ,space w n p]mit u to   

pursue ?is po9t fur!r1 or speculate on !
 probable climatic conditions ( ! ice   
age2 b we c c>ry ourselves back a few   
?\s& ye>s & describe ! climate ( ,europe
 & neighbor+ c\ntries ( ,africa & ,asia4
 ,h]odotus describes ! climate ( ,scy?ia
 9 t]ms :i* w\ld indicate 9 our day !   
c\ntries ( ,lapl& & ,gre5l&4 ,he %[s u !
 c\ntry completely froz5 dur+ eight     
mon?s ( ! ye>2 ! ,black ,sea froz5 up s 
t x bore ! heavie/ loads2 ! region ( !  
,danube buri$ "u sn[ = eight mon?s1 &   
wat]$ 9 summ] by ! abundant ra9s :i*    
gave to ! riv] its viol5t c\rse4 ,!     
hi/orian adds t ! ass _c live 9 ,scy?ia 
on acc\nt ( ! extreme cold :i* reigns   
!re4 ,! foll[+ c5tury ,ari/otle makes ! 
same rem>ks conc]n+ ,gaul4 ,8           
contempor>y1 ,!ophra/es1 tells u t !    
olive tree did n succe$ 9 ,greece m ?an 
five hundr$ furlongs f ! sea4 ,we c     
assure ourselves t bo? ! ass & ! olive  
?rive 9 ^! c\ntries at ! pres5t day4    
,?ree c5turies lat]1 ,cs> speaks        
frequ5tly & emphatically ( ! rigor (    

w9t]s & e>ly sett+ 9 ( cold 9 ,france1 !
 abundance ( sn[ & ra91 & ! numb] (     
lakes & m>%es :i* became e mom5t s]i\s  
ob/acles to ! army4 ,he says he is      
c>eful n to und]take any exp$ition      
except 9 summ]4 ,cic]o1 ,v>ro1          
,possidonius1 & ,/rabo insi/ equally on 
! rigor ( ! climate ( ,gaul1 :i* all[s  
nei!r ! culture ( ! v9e nor ! olive4    
,diodorus ( ,sicily confirms ?is        
in=mation3 ,! cold ( ! w9t]s 9 ,gaul is 
su* t almo/ all ! riv]s freeze up & =m  
natural bridges1 ov] :i* num]\s armies  
pass q safely ) teams & baggages2 9 ord]
 to h9d] ! pass5g]s to slip out ^u ! ice
 & to r5d] ! m>*+ m secure1 !y spread   
/raw !reon4  ,virgil & ,ovid insi/ on ! 
sev]ity ( cold 9 ! regions ( ! ,danube4 
,! fir/ describes ! inhabitants ( ^!    
mis]able c\ntries )draw+ !mselves into  
caves dress$ ) ! sk9s ( wild bea/s4     
,ovid1 :o _h pass$ sev]al ye>s ( 8 life 
9 t region1 is m precise 9 8            
description4 ,he says ! w9e has *ang$   
itself "h 7,black ,sea7 into a solid    

froz5 mass2 "o gives x to dr9k by       
pieces4 ,fe>+ ( be+ accus$ ( poetic     
exagg]ation he appeals to ! te/imony (  
two anci5t gov]nors ( ,moesia1 :o c\ld  
e/abli% ! facts l himself4 ,! au?or :o  
w\ld give su* acc\nts ( ! ,black ,sea 9 
our days w\ld risk 8 reputation =       
v]acity4  ,italy1 too1 exp]i5c$ its "p (
 ! cold 9 e>ly days4 ,virgil tells u ( !
 sn[s be+1 heap$ up1 riv]s :i* c>ri$ ice
 along1 ! sad w9t] :i* split ! /one &   
b\nd up ! c\rse ( l>ge /reams1 & all ?is
 9 ! w>me/ "p ( ,italy1 at ! base ( !   
walls ( ,t>anto4 ,h]atius affirms t !   
,soracte1 a neighbor+ m\nta9 ( ,rome1 0 
:it5$ ) ?ick sn[1 riv]s froz51 & !      
c\ntry cov]$ ) sn[4 ,to-day ! sn[ /ays v
 little ^u ! ,soracte & nev] 9 ! c\ntry 
ar\nd ,rome4 ,dur+ ! f\r or five        
c5turies :i* foll[$1 writ]s speak ( !   
sev]ity ( climate 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 !   
lagoons on ! ,adriatic be+ froz5 ov]4   
,algi]s 0 mu* cold] !n ?an n[4 ,!       
,danube1 ,rh9e1 & o!r riv]s 9 ,europe1 !
 ,nile 9 ,africa1 ! ,amazon 9 ,s\?      

,am]ica1 ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri 9    
,nor? ,am]ica1 _h q diff]5t volumes two 
?\s& ye>s ago ?an _! pres5t actual ones1
 & !y especially roll$ mu* great] masses
 ( wat]4  ,!re is ev]y?+ to %[ a        
modification ( climate 9 our own days4  
,if ?is goes on 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1   
!re w be a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature 
two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s f n[4 ,ev5 a    
degree 9 a ?\s& ye>s w\ld effect a great
 *ange 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! l[]+ ( f\r    
degrees e/abli%$ ! anci5t ext5sion (    
glaci]s1 ?\gh x did n int]rupt animal or
 vegetable life4 ,fifty-f\r ( !         
fifty-sev5 species ( ,mollusca h outliv$
 ! glacial age1 & all our savage        
animals--ev5 a c]ta9 numb] :i* h        
disappe>$--date equally f ! quat]n>y1 & 
7 contempor>y ) ! great ext5sion ( !    
glaci]s4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,news4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,eruption ,,( ,,krakatoa4   ,be=e !
 ye> #ahhc physical geograph]s1 9 speak+
 ( ! mo/ disa/r\s volcanic eruption on  
record1 ref]r$ fir/1 9 po9t ( "t1 to !  

celebrat$ eruption ( ,vesuvius1 9 ,a4,d4
 #gi1 :5 ! cities ( ,h]culaneum1        
,pompeii & sev]al small] t[ns on ! slope
 ( ! m\nta9 7 de/roy$ by lava or buri$  
"u a mass ( pumice /ones & a%es2 second 
to t ( ,hecla & ,skapt> ,jokull1        
contigu\s m\nta9s 9 ,icel&1 9 #aghc1 :5 
two enorm\s lava /reams1 "o #ae miles   
wide & ov] #ajj ft4 deep & ! o!r sc>cely
 inf]ior1 fl[$1 ! fir/1 #ej miles & !   
o!r #dj1 till !y rea*$ ! sea1 p\r+ a    
flood ( :ite hot lava into ! ocean1     
de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 _! pa?s & kill+ 9 !    
wat]s ( ! ocean ! fi%1 ! ma9/ay ( !     
inhabitants1 :o 7 r$uc$ by ! disa/]1    
directly or indirectly1 to less ?an     
five-six?s ( _! =m] /r5g?2 & ?ird to t (
 ,galungung1 9 #ahbb1 :i* deva/at$ su*  
an imm5se area 9 ,java2 b all !         
eruptions kn[n besides 7 z m]e *ild's   
play to ! t]rible "o ( ,krakatoa 9      
#ahhc4  ,if ! read] w exam9e ! map ( !  
,ea/ ,indies he w f9d repres5t$ 9 !     
/raits ( ,sunda1 :i* lie betwe5 ,sumatra
 & ,java1 ! little isl& ( ,krakatoa4 ,9 

maps made be=e #ahhc he w hunt 9 va9 = !
 "n1 = l ,bull ,run be=e #ahfa1 x 0 !n  
unkn[n to fame1 ?\gh navigators :o pass$
 ?r\gh ! /raits knew x z a beautiful    
tropical isle1 ) an ext9ct volcanic cone
 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahhc1 h[ev]1 !
 little well behav$ isl& %[$ symptoms ( 
wra? t bod$ no good to ! l>g] isl&s 9 ! 
vic9ity4 ,not$ = ! f9e fruits ) :i* x   
ab\nd$1 x 0 a fam\s picnic gr\nd = t[ns 
& cities ev5 #ajj miles away1 & :5 !    
subt]ranean rumbl+s & mutt]+s ( wra?    
became conspicu\s ! p ( ! capital (     
,java1 ,batavia1 put a /eamboat into    
requisition & visit$ ! isl& 9 l>ge      
numb]s4 ,= a "t ! isl& 0 con/antly 9 a  
slight tremor1 & ! subt]ranean ro> 0 l !
 cont9u$ b di/ant mutt]+s ( ?und]1 b !  
crisis 0 rea*$ ,augu/ #bc1 at #aj       
o'clock ,a4,m4 ,x 0 a beautiful ,sunday 
morn+ & ! wat]s ( ! /raits ( ,sunda 7 l 
t sea ( glass1 z cle> z cry/al1 ( :i*   
,john 9 8 apocalyptic vision speaks4 ,! 
beauty t morn+ 0 enhanc$ by !           
extraord9>y transp>5cy ( ! tropical air1

 = di/ant m\nta9 ranges seem$ s ne> t x 
seem$ possible to /rike !m ) a /one ca/ 
f ! h&4 ,only ! my/]i\s rumbl+s &       
mutt]+s ( ! p5t up =ces b5ea? ! isl&    
di/urb$ ! brea?less calm & sil5ce t lay 
on nature--! calm be=e ! t]rible /orm--!
 mightie/1 ! mo/ awful on record6 ,x    
bur/ =?6 ,sudd5 night snat*$ away day f 
! eyes ( ! t]rifi$ behold]s on ! ma9l&1 
b ! vivid play ( lightn+s ar\nd ! asc5d+
 column ( du/ p5etrat$ ev5 ! deep       
obscurity to a di/ance ( #hj miles4 ,?is
 awful d>kness /ret*$ )9 a circle ^:    
diamet] 0 #djj miles1 :ile m or less    
d>kness reign$ )9 a circle ) a diamet]  
?ree times z great4 ,)9 ?is latt] area  
du/ fell l sn[ f ! sky1 break+ (f limbs 
( trees by its weight miles di/ant1 :ile
 9 ,batavia1 #ajj miles away f ! sc5e ( 
! disa/]1 x fell to ! dep? ( sev]al     
in*es4 ,! explosions 7 s l\d z to be    
di/9ctly he>d 9 ,h9do/an1 #a1hjj miles  
away1 & at ,batavia ! s\nd 0 l ! con/ant
 ro> ( cannon 9 a field ( battle4       
,f9ally ! :ole isl& 0 bl[n to pieces1 & 

n[ came ! mo/ awful conte/ ( nature--a  
battle ( dea? betwe5 ,neptune & ,vulcan2
 ! sea p\r$ d[n into ! *asm millions (  
tons1 only to be at fir/ conv]t$ into   
vapor by ! millions ( tons ( see?+ :ite 
hot lava b5ea?4 ,ov] ! %ores #cj miles  
away1 waves ov] #ajj ft4 high roll$ )   
su* a fury t ev]y?+1 ev5 to a "p ( !    
b$rock1 0 swept away4 ,blocks ( /one1 ( 
#ej tons weight 7 c>ri$ two miles inl&4 
,on ! ,sumatra side ( ! /raits a l>ge   
vessel 0 c>ri$ ?ree miles inl&4 ,! wave1
 ( c\rse gr[+ less 9 int5sity1 travel$  
across ! :ole ,indian ,ocean1 #e1jjj    
miles1 to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ar\nd 
x into ! ,atlantic4 ,! waves 9 !        
atmosph]e travel$ ar\nd ! globe ?ree    
times at ! rate ( #gjj miles p] h\r4 ,! 
du/ f ! volcano 0 c>ri$ up into !       
atmosph]e fully tw5ty miles & ! f9e/ ( x
 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole body ( air4 ,!
 read] d\btless rememb]s ! beautiful    
r$di% or purple gl[ at sunrise & sunset 
= fully six mon?s aft] ,augu/1 #ahhc--t 
gl[ 0 caus$ by volcanic du/ 9 !         

atmosph]e int]f]+ ) ! passage ( ! sun's 
rays ( ! upp] "p ( ! sol> spectrum1 m   
manife/ at sun ris+ & sett+ ?an at o!r  
times dur+ ! day1 because at ^! p]iods !
 sun's rays h to travel obliquely ?r\gh 
! atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly p5etrat+ a v 
deep lay]1 7 depriv$ ( all _! colors    
except ! r$4  ,! loss ( life 0 appall+4 
,! la/ sight on e>? to #ce1jjj p 0 t ( !
 awful eruption4 ,engulf$ 9 ! ocean or  
cov]$ ) heaps ( a%es1 a few h\rs aft] ! 
eruption comm5c$ ! awful "w 0 done1 & t 
va/ multitude _h vani%$ f (f ! face ( ! 
e>?4 ,! fact t 9 ! neighborhood ( !     
m\nta9 !re 0 a sp>se population acc\nts 
= !re n be+ ev5 a f> great] loss ( life4
  ,not)/&+ ! awfulness ( volcanic &     
e>?quake ph5om5a1 !re is "s silv] l9+ to
 ! d>k cl\ds4 ,!y prove t ! e>? is yet a
 liv+ planet4 ,c5turies mu/ pass away   
be=e x w become l ! moon--a dead        
planet--)\t wat]1 air or life4 ,our     
satellite is a prophecy inde$ ( :at !   
e>? mu/ ev5tually become :5 all its life
 =ces1 its int]nal en]gies1 are         

dissipat$ into space4--,granville ,f4   
,fo/]1 ,m94 ,sci4 ,press4         99    
99       99       99       99           
,,p5tapt]ygium ,,s]p5s4   ,?is is "o (  
five species ( ,himalayan plants :i*1   
until rec5tly1 7 includ$ 9 ! g5us       
vacc9ium4 ,! new "n = !m is ugly en\gh  
to make "o wi% t !y 7 vacc9iums /ill4   
,p5tapt]ygium s]p5s is ! mo/ beautiful (
 ! lot1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?is & ,p4      
rugosum are ! only species 9 cultivation
 9 ,engl&4 ,! =m] 0 collect$ 9 !        
,himalayas ab\t t5 ye>s ago by ,capta9  
,elwes1 :o =w>d$ x to ,kew1 :]e x gr[s &
 fl[]s freely "u ! same treatm5t z suits
 ,cape hea?s4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] says x
 is abundant on ! ,sikkim m\nta9s at f  
#c1jjj to #h1jjj feet elevation1 & t x  
usually gr[s on ! /\t limbs ( l(ty      
trees4 ,9 ?is x resembles _m ( !        
rhodod5drons ( t region1 & x has be5    
sugge/$ t !y are epiphytic f =ce (      
circum/ances1 n f *oice4 ,on ! gr\nd !y 
w\ld h no *ance aga9/ ! o!r vegetation1 
:i* w\ld /rangle or />ve !m out4 ,remove

 !m f ?is /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & !y at    
once %[ _! pref]5ce = ri* soil & pl5ty (
 x4 ,all ! p5tapt]ygiums h ! l[] "p ( ! 
/em (t5 swell+ out into a pro/rate      
trunk1 z ?ick z a man's leg sometimes1 &
 s5d+ out /\t bran*+ roots :i* cl+      
tightly r\nd ! limbs ( ! tree ^u :i* x  
gr[s4 ,^! swoll5 /ems are q succul5t1 & 
!y s]ve z res]voirs ( moi/ure &         
n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ! wet season !y pu% out new
 %oots1 f :i* gr[ rapidly w&s ?ree or   
f\r feet long1 clo!d ) box-l leaves1 &  
aft]w>d ) num]\s p5dul\s fl[]s4 ,^! are 
elegant 9 %ape & ri*ly color$4 ,!y are  
urn-%ap$1 ) five ribs runn+ ! :ole l5g? 
( ! corolla1 & _! color is bright       
crimson ) deep] color$ ,v-%ap$ ve9s1 z  
%[n 9 ! illu/ration ( ! fl[]s ( almo/   
natural size4 ,!y rema9 fre% ^u ! plant 
= sev]al weeks4 ,! beautiful appe>ance (
 a well gr[n specim5 :5 9 fl[] may be   
se5 f ! accompany+ sket* ( ! specim5 at 
,kew1 :i* 0 at its be/ 9 ,july1 & rema9$
 9 bloom until ! middle ( ,septemb]4    
,illu/ration3 ,,p5tapt]ygium ,,s]p5s    

7,,fl[]s ,,ne>ly ,,natural ,,size7  ,p4 
rugosum is also gr[n z a gre5h\se plant 
at ,kew1 :]e x has be5 9 cultivation    
ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,x has l>g] leaves & a 
m bu%y habit ?an ,p4 s]p5s1 :ile ! fl[]s
 are produc$ 9 fascicles on ! old wood4 
,!y are z l>ge z ^? "h figur$1 b diff] 9
 color1 be+ :iti%1 ) br[n-r$ ,v-%ap$    
m>ks4 ,bo? species may be propagat$ f   
cutt+s4 ,! plants ?rive 9 s&y peat1 & !y
 l pl5ty ( moi/ure at all times4--,w4   
,watson1 9 ,! ,g>d5]s' ,magaz9e4        
,illu/ration3 ,,p5tapt]ygium ,,s]p5s    
7,,fl[]s ,,deep ,,crimson7         99   
99       99       99       99     ,,!   
,,p]=ation ,,( ,,fl[]s4   ,! subject ( !
 relations & adaptations :i* exi/ betwe5
 fl[]s & insects does n appe> to excite 
z mu* popul> att5tion z _m o!r bran*es (
 natural sci5ce :i* are no m int]e/+4   
,spr5gel1 ,d>w91 & ,h]mann ,mull] h be5 
! *ief au?ors 9 giv+ u our pres5t k &   
int]e/ 9 ! /udy2 ,sir ,john ,lubbock has
 help$ to popul>ize x1 & ,pr(4 ,w4      
,trelease & o!rs h c>ri$ on ! "w 9 ?is  

c\ntry4  ,! p]=ation z well z !         
f]tilization ( fl[]s has receiv$        
att5tion1 b !re is a wide field = fur!r 
/udy = ^? :o h leisure to pursue x1 z x 
requires mu* "t & pati5ce1 z well z     
clos5ess & accuracy ( obs]vation4  ,!   
accompany+ figures1 f draw+s by ,mr4    
,c4,e4 ,faxon1 %[ a few *>act]i/ic      
p]=ations & mutilations1 & also repres5t
 two ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( insects :i*    
make !m4  ,any "o int]e/$ 9 ! subject w 
f9d an excell5t brief review ( ! "w     
already done1 a fair bibliography1 & a  
li/ ( p]=at$ fl[]s 9 ,pr(essor ,l4,h4   
,pammel's pap] on ! ,p]=ation ( ,fl[]s1 
9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy
 ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bdf-bgg4  ,!  
g5]al beauty ( fl[]s is usually n       
greatly m>r$ by ! p]=ations except 9 a  
few cases1 z :5 ! spurs ( columb9es &   
corollas ( trumpet creep]s are mu* torn1
 :i* frequ5tly happ5s4  ,! great object 
( ! p]=ations by insects is ! obta9+ ( !
 conceal$ nect> 9 an easy way4 ,v       
naturally1 fl[]s :i* dep5d on insect    

ag5cy = f]tilization r>ely produce se$  
:5 punctur$ if !y are n also ent]$ 9 !  
normal way4 ,p]=at+ is only practic$ by 
a small numb] ( species ( insects1 & _m 
b n all ( ! p]=ators d s because _!     
tongues are too %ort to rea* ! nect> by 
ent]+ ! fl[]4 ,"s obta9 nect> f ! same  
k9d ( fl[] bo? 9 ! normal way & by      
p]=at+4  ,! *ief p]=ators ( fl[]s1 9 ?is
 "p ( ! cont95t at lea/1 appe> to be "s 
k9ds ( humble bees 7,bombus7 & c>p5t]   
bees 7,xylocopa74 ,^! insects h develop$
 an un]r+ in/9ct z to ! prop] po9t to   
p]=ate ! corollas f ! outside1 9 ord] to
 readily get at ! nect>4 ,! holes made  
by ! humble bees & by ! c>p5t] bees are 
usually q diff]5t & easily di/+ui%$4  ,!
 humble bees h %ort1 /\t1 blunt jaws1   
ill adapt$ = cutt+1 & ! p]=ations made  
by !m are app>5tly always irregul> 9    
%ape1 & h jagg$ edges4 ,x has be5 /at$ t
 ! humble bees (t5 bore ?r\gh ! tubes ( 
_! corollas ) _! maxill1 b 9 all cases  
obs]v$ by me ! m&ibles 7 fir/ br\ght    
into use 9 effect+ an op5+4 ,! noise    

caus$ by ! te>+ is (t5 audible = a      
di/ance ( sev]al feet4  ,! true jaws ( !
 c>p5t] bees are n any m prom95t or     
bett] adapt$ = mak+ clean-cut p]=ations 
?an ^? ( ! humble bees2 b beh9d ! jaws  
!re is a pair ( long1 %>p-po9t$1        
knife-l1 jo9t$ organs 7maxill7 :i* seem 
to be exclusively us$ on all ord9>y     
occasions 9 mak+ p]=ations4 ,! inn]     
edges ( ^! maxill are ne>ly /raight1 &  
:5 br\ght toge!r !y =m a %>p-po9t$1     
w$ge-%ap$1 pl[-l in/rum5t :i* makes a   
clean1 n>r[1 longitud9al slit :5 x is   
ins]t$ 9 ! fl[] & %ov$ =w>d4 ,! slits   
made by x are (t5 n readily se51 because
 ! ela/icity ( ! tissues ( "s fl[]s     
causes !m to p>tially close aga94 ,:5 n 
9 use ! in/rum5t c be fold$ back1 s t x 
is n conspicu\s4 ,! ord9>y obs]v]       
usually sees no diff]5ce betwe5 ! humble
 bees & ! c>p5t] bees1 b !y may be      
readily di/+ui%$ by a little close      
obs]vation4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!          
,,p]=ation ,,( ,,fl[]s4  #a4 ,xylocopa &
 heads ( male & female4 #b4 ,bombus &   

head4 #c4 ,dic5tra spectabilis1 %[+     
punctures4 #d4 ,ribes aureum4 #e4       
,ligu/rum ,ibota4 #f4 sculus glabra4 #g4
 ,lonic]a involucrata4 #h4 ,c>agana     
arboresc5s4 #i4 ,&rom$a ,japonica4 #aj4 
,buddleia ,japonica4 #aa4 ,m]t5sia      
,virg9ica4 #ab4 ,rhodod5dron arboresc5s4
 #ac4 ,corydalis bulbosa4  ,no d\bt1 9  
"s ( ! record$ cases ( p]=ations1 c>p5t]
 bees h be5 mi/ak5 = humble bees4 ,!    
heads ( all our ,nor!rn humble bees are 
r n>r[1 retreat+ f ! ant5n t[>d ! sides1
 & ) a m or less d5se tuft ( hair betwe5
 ! ant5n4 ,! abdom51 z well z ! ?orax1  
is always q d5sely cov]$ ) hair1 :i* may
 be black or yell[i% or 9 b&s ( ei!r    
color4 ,) possibly "o or two exceptions1
 ! only species ,i h se5 do+ ! punctur+ 
is ,bombus aff9is1 ,cresson4  ,! c>p5t] 
bees 7,xylocopa ,virg9ica7 ( ?is region 
h ! head v broad & squ>e 9 front1 & ) no
 noticeable hair betwe5 ! ant5n4 ,!     
heads ( ! male & female diff] /rik+ly4  
,9 ! male ! eyes are light] color$ & are
 h>dly half z f> ap>t z 9 ! female1 & ! 

l[] "p ( ! face is yell[i% :ite4 ,!     
female has eyes small]1 d>k]1 & v f>    
ap>t1 & ! :ole face is p]fectly black4  
,! abdom5 is broad1 ( a %9+ blue-black  
color1 v sp>sely cov]$ ) black hairs1   
except on ! fir/ l>ge segm5t ne>e/ !    
?orax4 ,on ?is segm5t !y are m d5se & ( 
! same tawny color z ^? on ! ?orax4 ,b x
 is p>ticul>ly f ! "* ( ! head t !      
amateur obs]v] ( ! p]=ators may soon    
le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 a ,xylocopa & a  
,bombus z !y "w among ! fl[]s4 ,x is    
also int]e/+ to "k t ! ,xylocopas are n 
s incl9$ to /+ z ! humble bees1 & !     
males1 ( c\rse1 be+ )\t /++ organs1 may 
be h&l$ ) impunity4  ,among o!r insects1
 honey bees h be5 said to p]=ate fl[]s1 
b au!ntic in/ances are r>e ( _! do+ mu* 
damage1 or ev5 mak+ holes4 ,i h only    
record$ a s+le in/ance1 & 9 ?is a honey 
bee 0 se5 to p]=ate ! fragile spurs (   
,impati5s4 ,:5 se>*+ = nect> !y q       
commonly use ! p]=ations ( o!r insects4 
,wasps & o!r alli$ insects also p]=ate =
 nect>4 ,my only obs]vations be+ a      

,vespa punctur+ ,cass&ra calyculata1 an 
,&r5a 787 p]=at+ ! spurs ( ,aguilegia1 &
 ,adyn]us =am9atus bit+ holes close to !
 base on ! upp] side ( rhodod5dron      
fl[]s4 ,! holes made by "s ( ! wasp-l   
insects are (t5 m or less circul> & )   
clean-cut edges4 ,! ravages committ$ by 
l>v1 beetles & o!r insects 9 dev\r+     
fl[]s1 or p>ts ( !m1 d n prop]ly come "u
 ! head ( p]=ations4  ,! "q z to ! cause
 ( ! h&some corollas ( ! trumpet creep] 
7,tecoma radicans7 be+ s (t5 split &    
torn has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways 9   
publi%$ notes on ! subject4 ,humm+ birds
 & ants h be5 blam$1 ! humm+ birds be+  
su* con/ant visitors ( ^! fl[]s t x     
really seem$ z ?\gh !y mu/ be ! au?ors (
 ! mis*ief4 ,i h (t5 wat*$ !m :5 !y     
appe>$ z ?\gh !y 7 peck+ at ! blossoms1 
b c>eful exam9ations1 bo? be=e & aft] _!
 visits1 always fail$ to %[ any trace ( 
injury4 ,f9ally1 on ,july #bf1 #ahij1 ,i
 0 rew>d$ by see+ a numb] ( ,baltimore  
orioles vigor\sly peck+ at & te>+ op5 a 
lot ( fre% blossoms1 & ?is obs]vation 0 

aft]w>d repeat$4 ,t ! oriole %\ld d ?is 
0 n surpris+1 consid]+ its kn[n habits 9
 relation to "s o!r fl[]s4 ,j4,g4       
,,jack4  ,mr4 ,jack adds a li/ ( sixte5 
plants ^: fl[]s he has se5 punctur$ by !
 c>p5t] bee & sev5te5 o!rs ^: fl[]s 7   
punctur$ by ! humble bee4 ,he names m   
?an ?irty o!r fl[]s :i* he has f\nd     
p]=at$ )\t hav+ se5 or id5tifi$ ! au?ors
 ( ! mis*ief4--,,ed4--,g>d5 & ,=e/4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,electricity ,,9 ,,horticulture4   ,!  
influ5ce ( electricity ^u vegetation has
 be5 ! subject ( num]\s inve/igations4  
,"s h be5 made to asc]ta9 ! effects ( ! 
electric curr5t ?r\gh ! soil2 o!rs to   
asc]ta9 ! effect ( ! electric light ^u  
gr[? ?r\gh ! air4 ,among ! latt] are ^? 
( ,pr(4 ,l4,h4 ,bailey ( ! ,cornell     
,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t      
,/ation4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cj ( !       
,horticultural ,dep>tm5t is giv5 an     
acc\nt ( exp]im5ts ) ! electric light ^u
 ! gr[? ( c]ta9 vegetables1 l endive1   
sp9a*1 & radi%2 & ^u c]ta9 fl[]s l !    

heliotrope1 petunia1 v]b5a primula1 etc4
 ,! results are int]e/+ & some:at       
v>iable4 ,! =c+ h\se :]e ! exp]im5ts 7  
c>ri$ on 0 #bj  #fj ft41 & 0 divid$ into
 two portions by a p>tition4 ,9 "o ( ^! 
! plants receiv$ light f ! sun by day & 
7 9 d>kness at night4 ,9 ! o!r !y       
receiv$ ! sunlight & 9 addition _h !    
b5efit ( an arc light ! :ole or a "p ( !
 night4 ,! exp]im5t la/$ f ,janu>y until
 ,april dur+ two ye>s1 six weeks ( ! "t 
! fir/ ye> ) a nak$ light & ! balance ( 
! "t ) ! light protect$ by an ord9>y    
:ite globe4 ,x is n ! purpose "h to ent]
 into any great details1 b to give !    
g5]al conclusions4  ,! effect ( ! nak$  
light runn+ all night 0 to ha/5         
maturity1 ! ne>] ! plants be+ to ! light
 ! great] be+ ! accel]ation4 ,! lettuce1
 sp9a*1 etc41 ran to se$ 9 ! light h\se 
long be=e simil> plants 9 ! d>k4 ,an    
exam9ation ( ! sp9a* leaves ) !         
microscope %[$ ! same am\nt ( />* 9 ea*1
 b 9 ! electric light plants ! gra9s 7  
l>g]1 _h m di/9ct m>k+s & gave a deep]  

color ) iod9e4  ,) lettuce x 0 f\nd t ! 
ne>] ! plants 7 to ! light ! worse !    
effect2 & conv]sely ^? fur!/ away 7 !   
be/ develop$4 ,cress & endive gave !    
same results4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 "s ( 
! plants 7 %ad$ f ! light by an iron    
po/1 & ^! grew bett] & 7 l>g] ?an ^?    
expos$ to its direct rays4 ,! av]age    
weight ( eight plants 9 full light 0    
#di4f gra9s1 z oppos$ to an av]age ( six
 plants 9 ! %ade ( #ic4h gra9s4 ,radi%es
 7 /rongly attract$ to ! light & mov$   
t[>d x dur+ ! night4 ,dur+ ! day !y     
/raight5$ up1 b mov$ aga9 t[>d ! light  
at night4 ,! plants ne>e/ ! lamp made a 
poor gr[? & 7 ne>ly dead at ! end ( six 
weeks4 ,av]ag+ ! weight ( plant1 ( top &
 ( tub]1 x 0 f\nd t ^? gr[n 9 ! d>k 7   
heavi] 9 e in/ance ?an ^? gr[n 9 !      
light2 & ! p]c5tage ( m>ketable tub]s f 
! light-gr[n plants 0 tw5ty-sev51 z     
oppos$ to sev5ty-eight 9 ! d>k4 ,*emical
 analyses %[$ ! plants 9 ! light to be m
 mature ?an ^? 9 ! d>k1 al?\gh !y 7 mu* 
small]4 ,dw>f peas %[$ ! same facts1 ^? 

9 full light be+ small] ?an ^? 9 ! d>k4 
,! =m] bloom$ a week e>li] ?an ! latt]1 
b ! production ( se$ 0 less1 be+ only   
ab\t f\r-sev5?s z great4  ,fur!r        
exp]im5ts 7 made by exclud+ ! sun dur+ !
 day & expos+ ! plants to ! diffus$     
electric light only4 ,9 all cases1 )    
radi%es1 lettuce1 peas1 corn1 &         
potatoes1 ! plants di$ 9 ab\t f\r weeks4
 ,only a little />* & no *lorophyl 0    
f\nd 9 ! plants depriv$ ( sunlight &    
only receiv+ ! electric light4 ,?us !   
exp]im5ts ) a nak$ light %[$            
conclusively t )9 range ( an ord9>y =c+ 
h\se ! nak$ arc light runn+ cont9u\sly  
?r\gh ! night is injuri\s to "s plants4 
,9 no case did x prove pr(itable4       
,exp]im5ts ) ! light inclos$ 9 a :ite   
globe & runn+ all night 7 diff]5t 9 _!  
results4 ,! effect 0 mu* less m>k$4     
,lettuce 0 decid$ly bett] 9 ! light     
h\se2 radi%es 7 ?rifty b did n produce z
 mu* z 9 ! d>k h\se4 ,a ?ird s]ies (    
exp]im5ts ) ! nak$ light runn+ a "p ( ! 
night only 7 also made4 ,radi%es1 peas1 

lettuce1 & _m fl[]s 7 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,!  
lettuce 0 greatly b5efit$ by ! light4   
,?ree weeks aft] transplant+ 7,feb4 #e71
 we are told1 bo? v>ieties 9 ! ligh?\se 
7 fully #ej p] c5t4 9 advance ( ^? 9 !  
d>k h\se 9 size1 & ! color & o!r *>act]s
 ( ! plants 7 fully z good4 ,! plants _h
 receiv$ at ?is "t #gj h\rs ( electric  
light4 ,j a mon? lat] ! fir/ heads 7    
sold f ! light h\se1 b x 0 six weeks    
lat] :5 ! fir/ heads 7 sold f ! d>k     
h\se4 ,9 o!r words1 ! electric light    
plants 7 two weeks ahead ( ! o!rs4 ,?is 
ga9 _h be5 pur*as$ by #afa h\rs (       
electric light1 wor? at curr5t prices ( 
/reet light+ ab\t #g4  ,?is exp]im5t 0  
repeat$ ) ! same results4 ,9 ! second   
exp]im5t ! plants receiv+ eighty-f\r    
h\rs ( electric light1 co/+ #c4ej1 7    
ready = m>ket t5 days be=e ! plants 9 ! 
d>k h\se4 ,! influ5ce ( ! light ^u color
 ( fl[]s 0 v>iable4 ,) tulips ! colors (
 ! light$ plants 7 deep] & ri*] ?an !   
o!rs1 b !y fad$ aft] f\r or five days4  
,v]b5as 7 injur$ 9 e case1 be+ ( %ort]  

gr[? & los+ _! fl[]s soon] ?an ^? 9 !   
d>k h\se4 ,sc>let1 d>k r$1 blue & p9k   
fl[]s )9 ?ree feet ( ! light soon turn$ 
to a grayi% :ite4 ,*9ese primulas sev5  
feet f ! light 7 unaffect$1 b ^? f\r    
feet away 7 *ang$4 ,lilac colors 7      
blea*$ to pure :ite :5 ! light /ruck !m 
fairly4 ,an elaborate s]ies ( tables ( !
 effect ( ! light is giv5 9 ! pap]4 ,!  
au?or believes x possible t ! electric  
light may be us$ "s day to pecuni>y     
advantage 9 floricultural e/abli%m5ts4  
,^! exp]im5ts naturally op5 up _m       
que/ions4 ,^? :i* w be ( mo/ importance 
to ! practical man w be su* z relate to 
! b5efits to be d]iv$ f ! use ( !       
electric light4 ,t electricity has a    
great effect ^u vegetation c no long] be
 d5i$4 ,:at rema9s n[ is to asc]ta9 h[  
to use ! =ce ) ! mo/ economy & to ! be/ 
advantage4 ,if by its use e>ly          
vegetables w be made e>li]1 bright fl[]s
 be made bright]1 x w be a "q ( only a  
%ort "t be=e x w come into g5]al use4   
,to ! /ud5t ( plant physiology !re are  

also _m que/ions ( int]e/1 b into ^! x  
is n ! int5tion to ent]4 ,pr(4 ,bailey's
 g5]al conclusions are1 9 "p1 z foll[s3 
,!re are a few po9ts :i* are cle>3 !    
electric light promotes assimilation1 x 
(t5 ha/5s gr[? & maturity1 x is capable 
( produc+ natural flavors & colors 9    
fruits1 x (t5 int5sifies colors ( fl[]s 
& sometimes increases ! production (    
fl[]s4 ,! exp]im5ts %[ t p]iods (       
d>kness are n necess>y to ! gr[? &      
developm5t ( plants4 ,!re is e reason1  
!re=e1 to suppose t ! electric light c  
be pr(itably us$ 9 ! gr[+ ( plants4 ,x  
is only necess>y to ov]come !           
difficulties1 ! *ief ( :i* are !        
injuri\s influ5ces ^u plants ne> !      
light1 ! too rapid ha/5+ to maturity 9  
"s species1 & 9 %ort ! :ole s]ies (     
practical adju/m5ts ( conditions to     
individual circum/ances4 ,?us f>1 to be 
sure1 we h le>n$ m ( ! injuri\s effects 
?an ( ! b5eficial ones1 b ?is only means
 t we are acquir+ def9ite facts conc]n+ 
! :ole influ5ce ( electric light ^u     

vegetation2 & 9 "s cases1 notably 9 our 
lettuce te/s1 ! light has already be5   
f\nd to be a useful adjunct to =c+      
e/abli%m5ts4444 ,x is highly probable t 
!re are c]ta9 times 9 ! life ( ! plant  
:5 ! electric light w prove to be       
p>ticul>ly helpful4 ,_m exp]im5ts %[ t  
injury foll[s its use at t critical "t  
:5 ! planetlet is los+ its support f !  
se$ & is beg9n+ to %ift = itself1 & o!r 
exp]im5ts %[ t good results foll[ f its 
lat] use4444 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$   
t[>d ,siem5s' view t !re is a future =  
electro-horticulture4  ,,joseph ,p4     
,,james4 ,wa%+ton1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahib4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,electricity ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,by    
,,cl>5ce ,d4 ,,w>n]4   ,x is well kn[n t
 curr5ts ( electricity exi/ 9 !         
atmosph]e4 ,cl\ds are *>g$ & dis*>g$4   
,!re is a con/ant *ange ( electricity f 
e>? to air & f air to e>?1 ! latt] be+ !
 great res]voir = all electricity4      
,hills1 m\nta9 peaks1 trees1 high       
*imneys1 spires1 9 fact all po9ts       

elevat$ above ! e>?'s surface assi/     
greatly 9 *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! atmosph]e4   
,aga91 if two iron rods are driv5 into !
 e>? & connect$ by a copp] wire ) an    
electromet] 9 ! circuit1 ! in/rum5t is  
almo/ imm$iately affect$1 %[+ t curr5ts 
( electricity are runn+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4  
,n[1 :at is ! function ( ^! atmosph]ic &
 gr\nd electric curr5ts8 ,_m sci5ti/s   
are agre$ t c]ta9 =ms ( precipitation   
are due to electrical action2 b my      
obs]vations h l$ me to believe          
conclusively t electricity is a pot5t   
factor 9 ! economy ( nature1 & has m to 
d ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( plants ?an has
 hi!rto be5 kn[n4 ,davy succe$$ 9 !     
decomposition ( ! alkalies1 pota% &     
soda1 by means ( electric curr5ts4 ,9   
our laboratories1 wat] & t]n>y comp\nds 
are rapidly decompos$ by ! batt]y1 & we 
may reasonably suppose t t :i* is       
effect$ 9 our laboratories by artificial
 means takes place 9 ! great laboratory 
( nature on a gr&] & m ext5d$ scale4    
,plant food is c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! plant by 

means ( ! fl[ ( sap2 ^! curr5ts         
circulate ?r\gh all ! rootlets & c5t]1 z
 x 71 9 ! /alk1 c>ry+ _! t9y burd5s (   
v>i\s elem5ts & deposit+ !m 9 _! prop]  
places4 ,t ?is ph5om5on ( circulation is
 due to electricity _c be d\bt$4 ,mo/   
plants gr[ m rapidly dur+ ! night ?an 9 
! day4 ,may n ! foll[+ be a reason =    
?is8  ,we h already m5tion$ h[ electric 
curr5ts pass f air to e>? & vice v]sa2  
at night ! plant is g5]ally cov]$ ) dew 
& ! plant itself becomes a good         
conductor1 &1 consequ5tly1 curr5ts (    
electricity pass to ea* ?r\gh ?is m$ium1
 & dur+ ! passage conv]t soil elem5ts   
into plant food & /imulate ! upw>d      
curr5ts to ga!r up ! dissolv$ elem5ts & 
c>ry !m to _! prop] places4  ,f ! "t    
electricity became a sci5ce1 mu* rese>* 
has be5 made to det]m9e its effect1 if  
any1 ^u plant gr[?4 ,! e>li]            
inve/igations gave 9 _m cases           
contradictory results4 ,:e!r ?is 0 due  
to a lack ( k ( ! sci5ce on ! "p ( ! "o 
p]=m+ ! exp]im5ts1 or "s defect 9 !     

te*nical applications1 we are n prep>$  
to say2 b ?is we d "k1 t su* m5 z       
,jolab]t1 ,nollet1 ,ma9bray & o!r em95t 
physici/s affirm$ t electricity favor$ !
 g]m9ation ( se$s & accel]at$ ! gr[? (  
plants2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,+5h\se1     
,sylve/re & o!r savants d5i$ ! exi/5ce (
 ?is electric influ5ce4 ,! heat$        
controv]sies & animat$ discussions      
att5d+ ! oppos+ !ories /imulat$ m c>eful
 & ?or\gh inve/igations1 :i* e/abli%    
beyond a d\bt t electricity has a       
b5eficial effect on vegetation4 ,sir    
,humphry ,davy1 ,humboldt1 ,wolla/on &  
,becqu]el occupi$ !mselves ) ! !oretical
 side ( ! "q2 b x 0 n till aft] #ahde t 
practical electroculture 0 und]tak54    
,williamson sugge/$ ! use ( gigantic    
electro/atic ma*9es1 b ! attempts 7     
fruitless4 ,! me?ods mo/ g5]ally adopt$ 
9 exp]im5ts consi/$ ( two metallic      
plates--"o ( copp] & "o ( z9c--plac$ 9 !
 soil & connect$ by a wire4 ,%epp>d     
employ$ ! me?od 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdf & ,=/] 
us$ ! same 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg    

,hubeck 9 ,g]many surr\nd$ a field ) a  
network ( wires4 ,%epp>d's exp]im5ts %[$
 t electricity increas$ ! return f root 
crops1 :ile grass p]i%$ ne> !           
electrodes1 & plants develop$ )\t ! use 
( electricity 7 inf]ior to ^? gr[n "u   
its influ5ce4 ,hubeck came to !         
conclusion t se$s g]m9at$ m rapidly &   
buck:eat gave l>g] returns2 9 all o!r   
cases ! electric curr5t produc$ no      
result4 ,pr(essor ,fife 9 ,engl& & ,otto
 von ,ende 9 ,g]many c>ri$ on exp]im5ts 
at ! same "t1 b ) negative results1 & ^!
 sci5ti/s advis$ ! complete ab&onm5t (  
apply+ electricity to agriculture4 ,aft]
 "s ye>s _h elaps$ ,fi*tn] began a s]ies
 ( exp]im5ts 9 ! same direction4 ,he    
employ$ a batt]y1 ! two wires ( :i* 7   
plac$ 9 ! soil p>allel to ea* o!r4      
,betwe5 ! wires 7 plant$ peas1 grass &  
b>ley1 & 9 e case ! crop %[$ an increase
 ( f ?irte5 to tw5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 :5    
comp>$ ) ord9>y me?ods ( cultivation4   
,fis*]1 ( ,waldheim1 believ+ atmosph]ic 
electricity to aid mu* 9 ! gr[? &       

developm5t ( plants1 made ! foll[+ te/s3
  ,he plac$ metallic supports to ! numb]
 ( ab\t sixty ar\nd ea* hect>e 7#b4dg   
acres7 ( loam2 ^! supports 7 provid$ at 
_! summits ) electrical accumulators 9 !
 =m ( cr[ns surm\nt$ ) tee?4 ,^!        
collectors 7 unit$ by metallic          
connection4 ,! result ( ?is culture     
appli$ to c]eals 0 to increase ! crop by
 half4  ,! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 also tri$3 
,metallic plates sixty-five c5timet]s by
 =ty c5timet]s 7 plac$ 9 ! soil4 ,^!    
plates 7 alt]nately ( z9c & copp] &     
plac$ ab\t ?irty met]s ap>t1 connect$   
two & two1 by a wire4 ,! result 0 to    
increase f tw(old to f\rfold !          
production ( c]ta9 g>d5 plants4 ,mr4    
,fis*] says t x is evid5tly prov$ t     
electricity aids 9 ! m complete break+  
up ( ! soil con/itu5ts4 ,f9ally he says 
t plants ?us treat$ mature m quickly1   
are almo/ always p]fectly heal?y1 & are 
n affect$ ) fungoid gr[?4  ,lat]1 ,n4   
,specnew1 inspir$ by ! results arriv$ at
 by 8 pr$ecessors1 0 l$ to inve/igate ! 

influ5ce ( electricity on plants 9 e    
/age ( _! developm5t2 ! results ( 8     
exp]im5ts 7 mo/ satisfactory & (        
practical int]e/4 ,he began by submitt+ 
diff]5t se$s to ! action ( an electric  
curr5t1 & f\nd t _! developm5t 0 r5d]$ m
 rapid & complete4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) !    
se$s ( h>icot beans1 sunfl[]s1 w9t] &   
spr+ rye4 ,two lots1 ( twelve gr\ps ( "o
 hundr$ & tw5ty se$s ea*1 7 plung$ into 
wat] until !y swell$1 & :ile wet ! se$s 
7 introduc$ into long glass cyl9d]s1 op5
 at bo? ends4 ,copp] disks 7 press$     
aga9/ ! se$s1 ! disks 7 connect$ ) !    
poles ( an induction coil1 ! curr5t 0   
kept on = "o or two m9utes & imm$iately 
aft]w>d ! se$s 7 s[n4 ,! temp]ature 0   
kept f #de to #ej ,fahr5heit1 & !       
exp]im5ts repeat$ f\r times4 ,! foll[+  
table %[s ! results3                    
,peas4  ,beans4  ,b>ley4  ,sunfl[]s4    
,days4   ,days4    ,days4      ,days4   
,electrifi$ se$s develop$ 9      #b4e   
#c        #b          #h4e              
,non-electrifi$ se$s develop$ 9  #d     

#f        #e         #ae  ,x 0 also     
obs]v$ t ! plants com+ f electrifi$ se$s
 7 bett] develop$1 _! leaves 7 mu* l>g] 
& _! color bright] ?an 9 ^? plants gr[+ 
f non-electrifi$ se$s4 ,! curr5t did n  
affect ! yield4  ,at ! ,botanical ,g>d5s
 at ,kew1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 tri$3     
,l>ge plates ( z9c & copp] 7#j4dde met] 
& #j4gab met]7 7 plac$ 9 ! soil &       
connect$ by wires1 s arrang$ t ! curr5t 
pass$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd2 ! arrangem5t 0     
really a batt]y ( 7z9c  e>?  copp]74    
,?is me?od 0 appli$ to pot h]bs & fl[]+ 
plants & also to ! gr[+ ( g>d5 produce2 
9 ! latt] case ! result 0 a l>ge crop & 
! vegetables gr[n 7 ( enorm\s size4     
,ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 electroculture 7  
also made at ,pskov1 ,russia4 ,plots (  
e>? 7 s[n to rye1 corn1 oats1 b>ley1    
peas1 clov] & flax2 ar\nd ^! respective 
plots 7 plac$ insulat+ rods1 on ! top ( 
:i* 7 cr[n-%ap$ collectors--! latt]     
connect$ by means ( wires4 ,atmosph]ic  
electricity 0 ?us collect$ above ! se$s1
 & ! latt] matur$ 9 a highly electrifi$ 

atmosph]e2 ! plots 7 submitt$ to        
id5tical conditions & ! exp]im5ts 7     
c>ri$ on = five ye>s4 ,! results %[$ a  
consid]able increase 9 ! yield ( se$ &  
/raw1 ! rip5+ 0 m rapid & ! b>ley rip5$ 
ne>ly two weeks e>li] ) electroculture4 
,potatoes gr[n by ! latt] me?od 7 seldom
 diseas$1 only to #e p] c5t41 aga9/ #aj 
to #dj p] c5t4 by ord9>y culture4       
,gr&eau1 at ! ,s*ool ( ,=e/ry at ,nancy1
 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! electrical t5sion 
always exi/+ betwe5 ! upp] air & soil   
/imulat$ gr[?4 ,he f\nd plants protect$ 
f ! influ5ce 7 less vigor\s ?an ^?      
subject to x4  ,macagno1 also believ+ t 
! passage ( electricity f air ?r\gh !   
v9e to e>? w\ld /imulate gr[?1 select$ a
 c]ta9 numb] ( v9es1 all ( ! same v>iety
 & all 9 ! same condition ( heal? &     
developm5t4 ,sixte5 v9es 7 submitt$ to  
exp]im5t & sixte5 7 left to natural     
influ5ces4 ,9 ! ends ( ! v9es "u        
treatm5t1 po9t$ plat9um wires 7 ins]t$1 
to :i* 7 atta*$ copp] wires1 lead+ to ! 
tops ( tall poles ne> ! v9es2 at ! base 

( ^! same v9es o!r plat9um wires 7      
ins]t$ & connect$ by copp] wires ) !    
soil4 ,at ! close ( ! exp]im5t1 :i*     
began ,april #ae1 & la/$ till ,septemb] 
#af1 ! wood1 leaves & fruit ( bo? sets (
 v9es 7 submitt$ to c>eful analysis ) ! 
foll[+ results3                         
,)\t conductor4  ,) conductor4          
,moi/ure p] c5t4          #gh4ba        
#gi4hd   ,sug>4                         
#af4hf            #ah4da   ,t>t>ic acid4
               #j4hhj            #j4gia 
,bit>trate ( pota%4        #j4ahj       
#j4ahf  ,?us we see t ! p]c5tage (      
moi/ure & sug> is great] & ! undesirable
 acid l[] 9 ^? v9es subject to          
electrical influ5ces ?an 9 ^? left to   
natural conditions4 ,!re are also       
exp]im5ts :i* prove ! b5eficial effects 
( electricity on v9es attack$ by        
phyllox]a4  ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made  
at ?is /ation3 ,sev]al plots 7 prep>$ 9 
! gre5h\se1 all ( :i* _h ! same k9d (   
soil & 7 subject$ to l influ5ces &      
conditions4 ,frames 9 ! =m ( a          

p>allelogram1 ab\t ?ree feet by two     
feet1 7 put toge!r2 across ! n>r[ way 7 
run copp] wires 9 s]ies ( f f\r to n9e  
/r&s1 ea* s]ies sep>at$ by a space ab\t 
f\r in*es wide1 & ! /r&s by a space (   
"o-half in*4 ,^! frames 7 buri$ 9 ! soil
 ( ! plot at a little dep?1 s t ! roots 
( ! g>d5 plants set w\ld come 9 contact 
) ! wires1 ! supposition be+ t ! curr5ts
 ( electricity pass+ along ! wires w\ld 
decompose into its con/itu5ts ! plant   
food 9 ! vic9ity ( ! roots & m readily  
prep>e x = ! plants4 ,two electric g>d5s
 7 ?us prep>$ & ea* furni%$ ) two common
 batt]y cells1 s arrang$ z to all[      
cont9u\s curr5ts to pass ?r\gh ea* s]ies
 ( wires4 ,ne> ea* electric g>d5 0 a    
plot prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 save !      
electrical app>atus4 ,we w call ! two   
g>d5s ,a & ,b4  ,! place *os5 = !       
exp]im5ts 0 9 a "p ( ! gre5h\se :i* is  
giv5 up l>gely to ! rais+ ( lettuce1 & !
 g>d5s 7 locat$ :]e mu* tr\ble f mildew 
_h be5 exp]i5c$4 ,! reason = ?is *oice (
 location 0 to notice1 if any1 ! effect 

( electricity ^u mildew1 ?is disease    
be+1 z x is well kn[n1 a s\rce ( mu*    
tr\ble to ^? :o desire to gr[ e>ly      
lettuce4 ,! soil 0 c>efully prep>$1 !   
mat]ial tak5 f a pile ( loam commonly   
us$ 9 ! plant h\se4  ,g>d5 ,a 0 locat$  
:]e mildew _h be5 ! mo/ detrim5tal2 !   
exp]im5ts began ! fir/ ( ,janu>y & clos$
 ! fir/ ( ,april4 ,= ! g>d51 fifte5     
lettuce plants ( ! head v>iety 7        
select$1 all ( ! same size & ( ! same   
degree ( vitality1 z ne>ly z c\ld be    
det]m9$2 ! plants 7 set directly ov] !  
wires1 s t ! roots 7 9 contact ) !      
latt]2 ! plants 7 well wat]$ & c>$ = z 9
 ord9>y culture1 & ! fluid 9 ! batt]y   
cells 0 r5ew$ f "t to "t1 t ! curr5t (  
electricity might n become too feeble4  
,at ! close ( ! exp]im5ts ! foll[+      
results 7 not$3  ,five plants di$ f     
mildew1 ! o!rs 7 well develop$ & ! heads
 l>ge4 ,! l>ge/ heads 7 ov] ! greate/   
numb] ( wires & ne>e/ ! electrodes4 ,x 0
 fur!r notic$ t ! heal?ie/ & l>ge/      
plants1 z soon z ! curr5t became feeble 

or ceas$ altoge!r1 began to be affect$ )
 mildew4 ,on exam9+ ! roots ( ! plants x
 0 f\nd t !y _h gr[n ab\t ! wires z if  
!re !y f\nd ! greate/ am\nt ( n\ri%m5t2 
! roots 7 heal?y & 9 no way appe>$ to h 
be5 injur$ by ! curr5t1 b1 r1 mu*       
b5efit$ by ! electrical influ5ces4      
,beside g>d5 ,a 0 prep>$ ano!r plot ( ! 
same dim5sions1 hav+ ! same k9d ( soil &
 treat$ 9 l mann] z ! fir/1 b !         
electrical app>atus & wires 7 want+4 ,at
 ! close ( ! exp]im5ts only ?ree plants 
_h p>tially develop$1 & two ( ^! 7 ne>ly
 de/roy$ by mildew--"o only 0 free f !  
disease4 ,! results1 !re=e1 %[ t !      
heal?ie/ & l>ge/ plants grew 9 !        
electric plot4  ,9 ! second exp]im5t1   
:i* we call$ ,b1 tw5ty plants ( ! same  
v>iety ( lettuce & ( equal size 7 tak54 
,! treatm5t giv5 0 ! same z ! plants 9  
plot ,a receiv$4 ,five plants only      
rema9$ unaffect$ ) mildew2 sev5 di$ f ! 
disease :5 !y 7 half gr[n2 ! re/ 7 q    
well develop$1 b at ! la/ "p ( !        
exp]im5t began to be affect$4 ,sev]al   

heads 7 l>ge1 ! l>ge/ be+ ov] ! greate/ 
numb] ( wires & ne>e/ ! electrodes4     
,exam9ation ( ! roots disclos$ ! same   
ph5om5a z 9 ,a4  ,ne> plot ,b 7 also set
 tw5ty o!r plants1 subject$ to l        
conditions z ! fir/1 b )\t electricity2 
all b "o di$ f mildew be=e !y 7 half    
gr[n1 ! solit>y plant t surviv$ be+ only
 p>tly develop$ at ! close ( ! exp]im5t1
 & ev5 ?is 0 badly affect$ ) ! disease4 
,ev]y?+ consid]$1 ! results 7 9 favor ( 
electricity4 ,^? plants subject$ to !   
greate/ electrical influ5ce 7 h>di]1    
heal?i]1 l>g]1 _h a bett] color1 & 7 mu*
 less affect$ by mildew ?an ! o!rs4     
,exp]im5ts 7 made ) v>i\s grasses1 b no 
m>k$ results 7 obta9$4  ,! "q w\ld      
naturally arise :e!r !re may n be a     
limit rea*$ :]e electricity w\ld        
completely ov]come ! attack ( mildew &  
/imulate ! plant to a heal?y & vigor\s  
condition ?r\gh\t its entire gr[?4 ,f ! 
fact t ! h>die/1 heal?ie/1 & l>ge/ heads
 ( lettuce grew ov] ! greate/ numb] (   
curr5ts & ne>e/ ! electrodes1 x w\ld    

seem t electricity is "o ( ! ag5ts      
employ$ by nature to aid 9 supply+ !    
plant ) n\ri%m5t & to /imulate its gr[?4
 ,to :at ext5t plants may be submitt$ to
 electrical influ5ce1 or :at /r5g? (    
curr5t is be/ suit$ to !m & :at curr5ts 
prove detrim5tal to _! developm5t1 h n  
be5 det]m9$ z yet1 b x is desirable to  
cont9ue ?is rese>* until "s def9ite     
in=mation %all be ga9$ on ^! po9ts4     
,probably diff]5t v>ieties ( plants     
diff] greatly 9 _! capacity = endur+ !  
action ( electric curr5ts )\t           
injury--exp]im5t alone mu/ det]m9e ?is4 
,x has be5 prov$ t ! sl[ dis*>ge ( /atic
 electricity facilitates ! assimilation 
( nitrog5 by plants4 ,f>aday %[$ t      
plants gr[n 9 metallic cages1 ar\nd :i* 
circulat$ electric curr5ts1 conta9$ #ej 
p] c5t4 less organic matt] ?an plants   
gr[n 9 ! op5 air4 ,x w\ld seem f !      
rese>*es ( ! latt] physici/ t ^? plants 
requir+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( nitrog5 = _!  
developm5t w\ld be rem>kably b5efit$ if 
gr[n "u electric                        

influ5ce4--,massa*usetts ,agricultural  
,college1 ,bullet9 ,no #af4  ,a v       
int]e/+ article on ! ,influ5ce (        
,electricity ^u ,plants1 illu/rat$1 is  
giv5 9 ,,supplem5t #hjf4 ,x pres5ts !   
results ( ! /udies ( ,pr(4 ,lem/rom1 (  
,hels+=s4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,(      
,,rattlesnake ,,bite ,,by ,,p]manganate 
,,( ,,potassium1 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,n9e      
,,successful ,,cases4  ,by ,,amos ,w4   
,,b>b]1 ,m4,d41#a ,*ey5ne4  ,footnote   
#a3 ,gov]nor ( ,wyom+4   ,poison$ w\nds1
 inflict$ by ! fangs ( ! rattlesnake1   
are happily m r>e ea* ye>1 s9ce1 z !    
c\ntry is becom+ m populat$1 ! crotalus 
is rapidly be+ ext]m9at$4 ,yet1 consid]+
 ! recklessness :i* *>act]izes ! c[ boy 
9 8 treatm5t ( ?is reptile1 x is a/oni%+
 t ?is class ( injury is n m common4    
,?us x is ! inv>iable cu/om among !     
cattlem5 to dism\nt & de/roy ^! snakes  
:5ev] !y are se54 ,?is is readily       
accompli%$1 s9ce a slight bl[ w break ! 
back4 ,?is bl[ is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally       

deliv]$ by means ( ! quirt1 a :ip n ov] 
two & a half feet long1 & h5ce a weapon 
:i* br+s ! "o :o wields x 9 unpleasant  
proximity to ! fangs ( ! reptile4 ,a    
/ill m dang]\s practice1 & "o :i* ,i h  
frequ5tly se51 is a me?od ( play+ ) !   
rattlesnake = ! delectation ( ! c[ boy  
at ! exp5se ( a t5d]foot4 ,x is well    
kn[n t unless a snake is coil$1 or held 
by ! tail or body1 or plac$ at l5g? 9 a 
hole or crevice s n>r[ t by r5d]+ its   
l5g? s9u\s a c]ta9 am\nt ( support is   
giv51 x _c /rike4 ,on ?is !ory a m\nt$  
c[ boy fir/ puts a rattl] to flight1 !n 
pu%es 8 pony 9 pursuit1 /oops f !       
saddle1 seizes x by ! tail1 gives a     
quick upw>d j]k1 &1 sw++ x s rapidly    
ar\nd 8 head t x is impossible = x to   
/rike1 sets (f 9 pursuit ( :oev] has    
exhibit$ mo/ t]ror at ! sight ( !       
reptile4 ,:5 )9 fair di/ance he hurls ! 
snake at ! un=tunate victim1 9 ! full   
assurance t ev5 %\ld x /rike him x _c   
bury its fangs 9 8 fle%1 s9ce x is      
impossible = x to coil till x rea*es !  

gr\nd4 ,?is is a je/ ( :i* ,i h         
frequ5tly be5 ! victim1 nor h ,i yet    
le>n$ to appreciate x ) unalloy$ mir?4  
,! belief t rattlesnakes always give    
w>n+ be=e /rik+ is n well f\nd$4 ,if    
come ^u sudd5ly1 !y (t5 /rike fir/1 & if
 di/urb$ :5 9 a space s n>r[ t ! coil _c
 be =m$1 !y may give no w>n+ ( _!       
pres5ce beyond ! p5etration ( ! fangs   
into ! h& or foot ( an intrud]4 ,"o su* 
case ,i saw4  ,x seems to be well       
e/abli%$ t a snake w n volunt>ily crawl 
ov] a hair rope1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( !     
c\ntry x is common = camp]s-out to      
surr\nd _! b$s ) su* a rope1 s9ce !     
reptiles seek w>m?1 & are frequ5tly f\nd
 "u or 9 ! blankets ( ^? sleep+ on !    
gr\nd4  ,aft] an exceptionally l>ge     
exp]i5ce ) w\nds inflict$ by ! fangs ( !
 rattlesnake1 & an exp]i5ce :i*1 ,i am  
glad to say1 has be5 mo/ successful 9   
its outcome1 ,i ?9k x my duty to add1 f 
a practical /&po9t1 my te/imony z to !  
efficacy ( p]manganate ( potassium 9 !  
treatm5t ( ?is class ( cases4 ,?is drug 

0 fir/ introduc$ by ,lac]da1 ( ,brazil1 
&1 if m g5]ally us$1 w\ld1 ,i believe1  
r5d] comp>atively innocu\s a class (    
injury :i* n[ usually t]m9ates 9 dea?4  
,i make ?is /atem5t z to ! fatality (   
crotalus poison advis$ly4 ,i "k ! belief
 is v common t ! poison ( a rattlesnake 
is readily combat$ by full doses (      
:isky4 ,?is is fallaci\s4 ,i h tak5 !   
pa9s to inve/igate a numb] ( in/ances ( 
cure result+ f ! employm5t ( free       
/imulation4 ,9 ea* case ! fangs did n   
p5etrate deeply into ! tissues1 b ei!r  
scrat*$ ov] ! surface or tore ?r\gh1    
mak+ a w\nd ( entrance & exit1 s t !    
poison1 or at lea/ ! major "p ( x1 0 n  
inject$ into ! tissues ( ! p]son /ruck4 
,! effect is v mu* ! same z :5 an       
inexp]i5c$ practition] picks up a fold (
 sk9 = ! purpose ( mak+ a hypod]mic     
injection1 & plunges 8 ne$le entirely   
?r\gh1 =c+ ! m$icam5t wide ( 8 pati5t4  
,ne>ly all1 if n all1 ( ! cases treat$  
by /imulation alone h1 accord+ to my    
exp]i5ce1 p]i%$ if !y h receiv$ a full  

dose ( virus f a vigor\s snake4 ,"o ( ^!
 cases liv$ = upw>d ( a mon?4 ,he !n    
p]i%$ ( :at might be consid]$ a *ronic  
pymia1 ! symptoms be+ ^? ( blood        
poison+1 accompani$ by multiple         
abscesses4 ,ano!r case1 n occurr+ 9 my  
own practice1 di$ at ! end ( f\r days   
app>5tly ( c>diac failure4 ,active      
delirium p]si/$ all ?r\gh ?is case4 ,two
 o!r cases treat$ by /imulants also di$ 
) symptoms ( m or less acute blood      
poison+4  ,! feel+ is almo/ univ]sal    
among ! p ( ,wyom+ t a fair /rike f a   
rattlesnake is c]ta9 dea?1 & t ! free   
use ( /imulants simply po/pones ! end4  
,i d n = a mom5t d5y t a /rong1 lu/y man
 may be /ruck fairly by a rattlesnake & 
if ! w\nd is at once op5$ & caut]iz$1 & 
! he>t judici\sly support$1 he may yet  
recov]2 /ill ! fact rema9s t ! great    
majority ( ^! cases p]i% at a long] or  
%ort] int]val foll[+ ! infliction ( !   
w\nd4 ,h5ce any treatm5t t w save ev5 ! 
majority ( su* cases is a di/9ct ga91 & 
"o :i* has sav$ e "o ( n9e cases to :i* 

x has be5 appli$ ne$s no fur!r          
comm5dation4  ,! fir/ case ( rattlesnake
 w\nd to :i* ,i 0 call$ occurr$ 9 #ahhe4
 ,a c[ boy 0 bitt5 on ! foot1 ! fang    
p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! boot4 ,he 0 br\ght =ty 
miles to ,=t ,fett]man1 :]e ,i 0 !n     
/ation$4 ,i saw him ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
aft] he 0 /ruck4 ,!re 0 an enorm\s      
swell+1 ext5d+ up to ! knee4 ,! :ole    
limb 0 bronz$ 9 appe>ance4 ,!re 0 no    
special discoloration ab\t ! w\nd2 9    
fact1 ! swell+ disguis$ ?is to su* an   
ext5t t x 0 impossible to det]m9e       
exactly :]e ! fangs _h ent]$4 ,! pulse 0
 sc>cely p]ceptible at ! wri/2 ! he>t 0 
beat+ ) excessive rapidity4 ,! pati5t 0 
suff]+ great pa94 ,8 m9d 0 cle>1 b he 0 
oppress$ ) a dreadful anxiety4 ,up to ! 
"t ,i saw him he _h receiv$ absolutely  
no treatm5t1 except+ ! application ( a  
cactus p\ltice to ! leg1 s9ce !re 0 no  
:isky at ! ran* :]e he 0 w\nd$4 ,i at   
once made free incisions1 five or six 9 
numb]1 f "o to two in*es 9 dep?1 & ab\t 
?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,^! cuts gave him v  

little pa91 nor 0 !re mu* ble$+1 ?\gh   
!re 0 an enorm\s am\nt ( s]\s ooz+4     
,into ^! w\nds 0 p\r$ a fifte5 p] c5t4  
solution ( p]manganate ( potassium1 &   
fully half an h\r 0 devot$ to knead+ ?is
 drug into ! tissues4 ,9 addition ,i    
made _m hypod]mic injections into all   
portions ( ! swoll5 tissue1 b p>ticul>ly
 ab\t ! w\nd4 ,s9ce !re 0 no v di/9ct   
l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ! swoll5 &      
heal?y tissue1 ,i did n1 z 9 o!r cases1 
endeavor to prev5t ! ext5sion ( !       
cellul> involvem5t by a complete circle 
( hypod]mic injections4 ,i employ$1 9   
all1 ab\t =ty gra9s ( ! p]manganate4 ,9 
addition to ! local treatm5t ,i pu%$    
/imulation1 employ+ c>bonate ( ammonium 
& :isky4 ,by means ( diuretics &        
laxatives ! kidneys & b[els 7 enc\rag$  
to elim9ate z mu* ( ! poison z possible4
  ,! pati5t w5t on to un9t]rupt$        
recov]y4 ,! w\nd heal$ ) v little       
sl\gh+4 ,! pati5t return$ to 8 "w 9 ab\t
 a mon?4 ,! cure ( ?is case 0 reg>d$ by 
! c[ boys z mo/ exceptional1 s9ce1 9 _! 

exp]i5ce1 simil> cases1 ev5 ?\gh v      
freely /imulat$1 _h n recov]$4  ,"s "t  
lat] ,i 0 call$ to see a girl1 ag$ #ad1 
:o 0 /ruck by a rattlesnake1 fifty-six  
miles f ,=t ,fett]man4 ,!re 0 "s tr\ble 
ab\t procur+ relays1 & ,i 0 compell$ to 
ride ! same horse all ! way out4 ,?is   
took a little %ort ( five h\rs4 ,?is1   
toge!r ) ! "t consum$ 9 s5d+ me ^w1     
caus$ an int]val ( ab\t tw5ty h\rs      
betwe5 ! infliction ( ! injury & ! "t ,i
 saw ! pati5t4 ,i f\nd ! fangs _h ent]$ 
on ei!r side ( ! di/al jo9t ( ! middle  
metac>pal bone4 ,! arm 0 enorm\sly      
swoll51 almo/ to ! axilla1 & exhibit$ a 
bronz$ discoloration2 ?is 0 especially  
m>k$ ab\t ! w\nd & along ! c\rse ( !    
lymphatics4 ,! swoll5 area 0 boggy to ! 
t\*1 & exhibit$ a di/9ct l9e (          
dem>kation betwe5 ! heal?y & diseas$    
tissues1 except+ along ! c\rse ( !      
bra*ial vessels1 :]e ! indurat$         
discolor$ area ext5d$ z a broad b& into 
! axilli>y lymphatics1 :i* 7 di/9ctly   
swoll54 ,! pati5t 0 deliri\s1 0 h>rass$ 

by t]ror1 compla9$ bitt]ly ( pa91 & _h  
an exce$+ly feeble1 rapid he>t action4  
,!re 0 m>k$ dyspnoea1 & all ! signs (   
imp5d+ dissolution4 ,i at once made free
 multiple incisions into all p>ts ( !   
inflam$ tissue1 c>ry+ two ( my cuts     
?r\gh ! w\nds made by ! fangs ( ! snake4
 ,9 ! arm ^! incisions 7 sev]al in*es   
long & f "o to two in*es deep4 ,z 9 !   
=m] case1 ! ble$+ 0 slight1 b !re 0 a   
free exudation ( s]um4 ,into ^! w\nds a 
fifte5 p] c5t4 p]manganate ( potassium  
solution 0 p\r$1 & z mu* z possible 0   
knead$ into ! tissues4 ,9 addition      
multiple hypod]mic injections 7 made1 ^!
 be+ c>ri$ p>ticul>ly into ! bitt5      
region1 & circul>ly ar\nd ! arm j at !  
bord] ( ! l9e ( dem>kation1 ?us         
endeavor+ to limit by a complete circle 
( ! antiseptic solution ! fur!r ext5sion
 ( ! inflammatory process4 ,9 ! region (
 ! bra*ial vessels ,i hesitat$ to make  
my injections z ?or\ghly z 9 ! re/ ( !  
circumf]5ce ( ! arm1 fe>+ le/ !         
p]manganate ( potassium might injure    

important vessels or n]ves4  ,?is       
treatm5t caus$ v little pa91 b          
imm$iately aft] ! con/itutional symptoms
 became di/9ctly aggravat$4 ,i /imulat$ 
freely1 & at once made prep>ations to   
take ! pati5t to ! ,=t ,fett]man        
hospital4 ,%e 0 transport$ ov] !        
fifty-six miles1 ,i rid+ ! same horse   
back aga91 & arriv+ at ,=t ,fett]man !  
same ev5+4  ,! aft] treatm5t ( ?is case 
0 comp>atively simple4 ,%e 0 /imulat$   
freely z long z c>diac weakness 0       
manife/$4 ,z 9 ! =m] case1 diuretics &  
laxatives 7 employ$4 ,! arm 0 wrapp$ 9  
clo? soak$ 9 a weak p]manganate         
solution1 0 plac$ 9 a spl9t1 & 0 loosely
 b&ag$4 ,!re 0 "s sl\gh+1 b ?is 0 treat$
 on g5]al surgical pr9ciples4 ,! pati5t 
recov]$ ! entire use ( h] arm1 & 0 turn$
 out cur$ 9 ab\t six weeks4  ,! ?ird    
case ,i saw ab\t f\rte5 h\rs aft] he 0  
/ruck4 ,! pati5t 0 a heal?y blacksmi?1  
ab\t #cj ye>s ( age4 ,! w\nd 0 at ab\t !
 middle ( ! =e>m1 ! fangs ent]+ t[>d !  
uln> side4 ,:5 ,i saw ! pati5t he       

exhibit$ comp>atively trifl+ symptoms4  
,8 he>t action 0 rapid1 & he 0 suff]+ f 
! typical despond5cy & t]ror1 b ,i c\ld 
n note ! pr(\nd sy/emic depression      
*>act]i/ic ( ! great majority ( cases4  
,surr\nd+ ! w\nd & ext5d+ up ! =e>m =   
sev]al in*es !re 0 a boggy swell+1      
exhibit+ a %>p l9e ( dem>kation4 ,x 0   
bronz$ 9 color1 & 0 app>5tly spread+4 ,i
 at once appli$ ! int]mitt5t ligature j 
above ! elb[1 & inject$ ! p]manganate ( 
potassium solution freely all ?r\gh !   
involv$ tissues1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region (
 ! bite & ab\t ! p]iph]y ( ! swell+1    
surr\nd+ ! latt] by a complete r+ (     
injections4  ,! g5]al treatm5t ( ?is    
pati5t 0 cont9u$ on ! same g5]al l9e z  
describ$ 9 ! =m] cases1 /imulants be+   
employ$ mod]ately4 ,he recov]$ )\t any  
bad symptoms4 ,!re 0 no sl\gh+2 ! swell+
 disappe>$ )\t any necrosis ( tissue4   
,he is /ill pursu+ 8 trade 9 ,*ey5ne1 & 
suff]s f absolutely no disability4  ,i  
saw b "o case %ortly aft] ! w\nd 0      
inflict$4 ,?is pati5t 0 a heal?y "y man1

 :o 0 /ruck ab\t ! middle ( ! dorsal    
surface ( ! h&1 ! fangs ent]+ on ea*    
side ( a metac>pal bone1 & ! poison     
lodg+ app>5tly 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,!      
pati5t1 :5 se51 exhibit$ ! *>act]i/ic   
t]ror & depression1 weak1 rapid he>t    
action1 & agoniz+ local pa94 ,i made two
 small incisions 9 ! region ( ! w\nd ^u 
! dorsum ( ! h&1 & inject$ p]manganate (
 potassium freely4 ,?is pati5t          
ultimately recov]$1 b only aft] sl\gh+ &
 prolong$ suppuration4 ,i believe t _h  
,i incis$ freely & at once f ! palm>    
surface1 ,i w\ld h be5 sp>$ ?is         
unpleasant complication4  ,i h _h 9 all 
n9e cases1 & )\t a s+le dea?4 ,! o!rs   
are 9 _! g5]al features & 9 ! treatm5t  
employ$ q simil> to ^? giv54  ,!        
symptoms result+ f snake bite poison are
 /rik+ly l ^? dep5d5t ^u ! viol5t septic
 poison se5 9 pre-antiseptic times4 ,!re
 is (t5 ! same prodromal *ill1 ! high   
elevation ( temp]ature1 ! pr(\nd effect 
on ! circulation1 & ! rapid cellul>     
involvem5t4 ,! tissue di/urbance foll[+ 

snake poison+ diff]s f ord9>y           
cellulitis1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3
 ,! color is bronze1 n r$2 ! involv$    
area is boggy1 n brawny2 & ! ext5sion ( 
! process is exce$+ly rapid4  ,!        
treatm5t applicable to "o condition     
seems to be equally successful :5 appli$
 to ! o!r4 ,9 cellulitis1 free          
incisions1 antiseptic lotions1 & active 
/imulation are ! ?ree means ^u :i* !    
surgeon ma9ly dep5ds1 & 9 combat+ !     
local & g5]al symptoms excit$ by snake  
bite poison+1 ! same treatm5t has giv5  
me ! successful results detail$ above4  
,:e!r or n p]manganate ( potassium is m 
active ?an o!r antiseptics 9 snake bite 
poison+ ,i am n prep>$ to /ate1 b ! high
 au?ority ( ,s4 ,weir ,mit*ell1 toge!r )
 my own exp]i5ce1 does n incl9e me to   
sub/itute any o!r drug at pres5t4  ,i   
w\ld =mulate ! treatm5t = poison ( !    
rattlesnake z foll[s3  #a4 ,free        
incisions to ! bottom ( ! w\nd &        
imm$iate caut]ization2 or1 if ?is is n  
practicable1 suck+ ( ! w\nd4  #b4 ,!    

imm$iate application ( an int]mitt5t    
t\rniquet1 t is1 "o :i* is relax$ = a   
mom5t at a "t1 s t ! poison may ga9     
admission into ! circulation 9 small    
doses4  #c4 ,! free adm9i/ration (      
alcohol or c>bonate ( ammonium4  ,?is   
might be t]m$ ! urg5cy treatm5t ( snake 
bite poison+4 ,! curative treatm5t      
requires--  #d4 ,free incisions into all
 portions ( ! inflam$ tissues1 & !      
?or\gh knead+ into ^! incisions ( a     
fifte5 p] c5t4 solution ( p]manganate ( 
potassium4  #e4 ,multiple injections ( !
 same solution into all ! inflam$       
regions1 b p>ticul>ly into ! region ( ! 
w\nd4  #f4 ,! complete surr\nd+ ( all ! 
involv$ tissues1 by p]manganate (       
potassium injections plac$ f half an in*
 to an in* ap>t1 ! ne$le be+ driv5 into 
! heal?y tissue j beyond ! l9e (        
dem>kation1 & its po9t be+ c>ri$ to !   
deepe/ "p ( ! bord] ( ! indurat$ area4  
#g4 ,! p]manganate ( potassium solution 
%\ld be us$ freely 9 fifte5 p] c5t4     
solution4 ,i h us$ "o & a half dra*ms ( 

! pure drug dilut$1 & w\ld n hesitate to
 use f\r times t quantity 7 x necess>y1 
s9ce x seems to ex]t no delet]i\s       
effect1 ei!r locally or g5]ally4  #h4 ,!
 involv$ area %\ld be dress$ by means ( 
l9t saturat$ ) fifte5 p] c5t4           
p]manganate ( potassium solution4       
,/imulants %\ld be giv5 accord+ to !    
indications--i4e41 ! condition ( !      
pulse4 ,laxatives1 diuretics1 &         
diaphoretics %\ld be adm9i/]$ to aid 9 !
 elim9ation ( ! poison4 ,! diet %\ld be 
z nutriti\s z ! /oma* c dige/4--,!      
,!rapeutic ,gazette4         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,*9ese 
,,competitive ,,exam9ations4   ,wu*ang1 
on ! ,yangtsze opposite ,hank[1 is !    
capital ( ! two prov9ces ,hupeh &       
,hunan4 ,"h1 e ?ird ye>1 ! exam9ation = 
competitors f bo? prov9ces is held1 & a 
correspond5t ( ! ,nor? ,*9a ,h]ald1 (   
,%anghai1 describes ! sc5e at !         
exam9ation at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] la/4 
,! /reets1 he says1 are ?rong$ )        
long-rob$1 l>ge-spectacl$ g5tlem51 :o   

in=m ! _w at l>ge by e fold ( drap]y1 e 
swagg] ( gait1 e curve ( nail1 t !y are 
! ari/ocracy ( ! mo/ anci5t empire ( !  
_w4 ,wu*ang _h f #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj     
ba*elors ( arts )9 its walls1 :o came f 
! f> bord]s ( ! prov9ce = ! exam9ation =
 ! prov9cial degree4 ,ab\t "o-half p]   
c5t4 w be successful2 ?\s&s ( !m "k !y h
 n ! %ad[ ( a *ance1 b lit]>y etiquette 
b9ds !m to appe>4 ,9 ! wake ( ^!        
,confucian s*ol>s come a r\t ( trad]s1  
pa9t]s1 scroll sell]s1 teapot v5d]s1    
c&le m]*ants1 spectacle mong]s1 etc42   
s]vants & fri5ds swell ! numb]1 s t !   
exam9ation makes a diff]5ce ( "s #dj1jjj
 or #ej1jjj to ! resid5t population4 ,9 
! great exam9ation hall1 :i* is compos$ 
( a s]ies ( p5s %ut (f f ea* o!r 9      
little r[s ( #bj or #cj1 & ! view ( :i* 
is sugge/ive ( a huge cattle m>ket1 !re 
is accommodation = ov] #aj1jjj c&idates4
 ,! obs]vance ( rules ( academic        
propriety is v /rict4 ,a c&idate may be 
exclud$1 n only = incompet5ce1 b = writ+
 8 "n 9 ! wrong place1 = te>+ or blott+ 

8 exam9ation pap]1 etc4 ,aft] !         
exam9ation ( ea* bat* a li/ ( ^? all[$  
to compete = honors is publi%$1 & !     
essay =ms = ea* di/rict are prep>$ )    
prop] names & p>ticul>s4 ,! ance/ors ( !
 c&idate = ?ree g5]ations mu/ be        
record$1 !y mu/ be free f ta9t ( yam5   
s]vice1 pro/itution1 ! b>b]'s trade & ! 
!at]1 or ! c&idate w\ld n h obta9$ 8    
fir/ degree4 ,) ! =ms #cjj ca% 7ab\t    
#as47 are pres5t$ to ea* c&idate = food 
dur+ ! ordeal4 ,! li/s be+ ?us prep>$1  
on ! six? day ( ! eigh? moon 7,tuesday1 
! #h? ( ,septemb]1 9 #ahia71 ! city     
takes a holiday to witness ! c]emony (  
ent]+ ! curta91 i4e41 op5+ ! exam9ation 
hall4 ,= days coolies h be5 pump+ wat]  
into great tanks1 droves ( pigs h be5   
driv5 into ! inclosure1 doctors1        
tailors1 cooks1 c(f9s1 pr9t]s1 etc41 h  
be5 mass$ )9 ! hall = possible ne$s4 ,! 
imp]ial commission]s are escort$ by !   
exam9ation (ficials to ! place4 ,a doz5 
di/rict magi/rates h be5 appo9t$ to     
sup]9t5d )9 ! walls1 & z _m m outside1  

two prefects h (fice inside1 & ! gov]nor
 ( ! prov9ce has also to be lock$ up    
dur+ ! eight days ( exam9ation4 ,! :ole 
company is fir/ ent]ta9$ to breakfa/ at 
! yam51 & !n ! procession =ms2 ! ord9>y 
umbrellas1 lictors1 gongs1 fea!rs1 &    
ragamuff9s are !re 9 =ce2 ! exam9]s & ! 
highe/ (fic]s are c>ri$ 9 op5 *airs     
drap$ 9 sc>let & cov]$ ) tig] sk9s4 ,!  
dead sil5ce t falls on ! cr[d betok5s ! 
approa* ( ! gov]nor1 :o br+s up ! re>4  
,!n ! bu/le ( ! actual exam9ation beg9s4
 ,! hall is a m9iature city4            
,practically m>tial law is proclaim$4 ,9
 ! c5tral t[] is a sword1 & misdemeanor 
)9 ! limits is puni%$ ) in/ant dea?4 ,! 
m&>9s take up _! qu>t]s 9 _! respective 
lodges1 ! :ole army ( writ]s ^: duty x  
is to copy out ! essays ( ! c&idates1 to
 prev5t collusion1 take _! places4      
,altoge!r !re mu/ be ov] #bj1jjj p %ut  
94 ,cases h be5 kn[n 9 :i* a hopeful    
c&idate 0 cru%$ to dea? 9 ! cr[d at !   
gate4 ,ea* c&idate is fir/ id5tifi$1 &  
he is assign$ a c]ta9 numb] :i*         

corresponds to a cell a few feet squ>e1 
conta9+ "o bo>d = a seat & "o = a desk4 
,mean:ile ! pr9t]s 9 ! build+ are h>d at
 "w pr9t+ ! essay texts4 ,ea* r[ ( cells
 has two att5dants = cook+1 etc41       
assign$ to x1 ! c&idates take _! seats1 
! r[s are lock$ f ! outside1 ! !mes are 
h&$ out1 ! conte/ has begun4 ,!         
exam9ation is divid$ into ?ree b\ts (   
ab\t #cf h\rs1 two nights & a day1 ea*1 
) int]vals ( a day4 ,! fir/ is !        
production ( ?ree essays on ! f\r       
assign$ books2 ! second ( five essays on
 ! five classics2 ! ?ird ( five essays  
on miscellane\s subjects4 ,! /ra91 z may
 be imag9$1 is v great1 & sev]al victims
 die 9 ! hall4 ,! lit]>y ambition :i*   
leads old m5 ( #fj & #gj to ent] n      
unfrequ5tly de/roys !m4 ,%\ld any fatal 
case occur1 ! c(f9 may on no acc\nt be  
c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! gates2 x mu/ be lift$ 
ov] or sometimes ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! wall4
 ,dea? mu/ n pollute ! great entrance4  
,at ! end ( ! ?ird trial1 ! fir/ bat* ( 
^? :o h complet$ _! essays is honor$ ) !

 fir+ ( guns1 ! b[s ( ! (ficials1 & !   
m9i/ry ( a b& ( music4 ,?ree weeks (    
anxi\s wait+ w ensue be=e a huge cr[d w 
assemble to see ! li/ publi%$4 ,!n !    
successful c&idates are ! pride ( _!    
c\ntry side1 & well d ! survivors ( su* 
an ordeal des]ve _! cr$it4 ,! case ( ^? 
:o are 9 ! la/ selection & are left     
degreeless1 = ! /]n reason t "s mu/ be  
cr[d$ out1 is ! h>de/ ( all4         99 
99       99       99       99     ,,high
 ,,spe$ ,,eng9e ,,& ,,dynamo4   ,we     
illu/rate a high spe$ eng9e & dynamo    
con/ruct$ by ,ea/on  ,&]son1 ,london4   
,?is plant 0 us$ at ! ,royal            
,agricultural ,society's %[ at ,donca/] 
9 te/+ ! ma*9]y 9 ! dairy1 & con/itut$ a
 di/9ct innovation1 z well z an         
improvem5t1 on ! appliances previ\sly   
employ$ = ! purpose4 ,! sep>ator1 or    
:atev] might be ! ma*9e "u trial1 0     
driv5 by an electric motor f$ by a      
curr5t f ! dynamo we illu/rate4 ,a      
record 0 made ( ! volts & amp]es us$1 & 
f ?is ! p[] exp5d$ 0 d$uc$1 ! motor hav+

 be5 previ\sly c>efully calibrat$ by    
means ( a brake4 ,s delicate 0 ! te/ t !
 obs]v]s c\ld detect ! pres5ce ( a w>m  
be>+ 9 ! sep>ator f ! *ange 9 ! read+s (
 ! ammet]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$     
,,high ,,spe$ ,,eng9e ,,& ,,dynamo4  ,! 
eng9e is c>efully balanc$ to enable x to
 run at ! v high spe$ ( #ejj revolutions
 p] m9ute4 ,! cranks are opposite ea*   
o!r1 & ! mov+ p>ts connect$ ) ! two     
pi/ons are ( ! same weight4 ,! result is
 complete abs5ce ( vibration1 & exce$+ly
 quiet runn+4 ,v lib]al lubricat+       
arrangem5ts are fitt$ to provide = long 
runs1 :ile uni=mity ( spe$ is provid$ = 
by a ,pick]+ gov]nor4 ,! high pressure  
cyl9d] is #d 94 9 diamet]1 & ! l[       
pressure cyl9d] is #g 94 9 diamet]4 ,!  
/roke 9 ea* case is #d 94  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #b4  ,! dynamo is design$ to fe$ 
sixty lamps ( #af c&le p[] ea*1 ! curr5t
 be+ #fj amp]es at #ej volts4 ,!        
armature is ( ! drum type4 ,! peculi>   
feature ( x is t grooves are plan$ 9 !  
lam9at$ core f end to end1 & 9 ^!       

grooves ! conductors1 :i* are ( ribbon  
section1 are laid4 ,slips ( insulat+    
mat]ial are laid betwe5 ! coils & !     
dovetail$ m\?s ( ! grooves are clos$ )  
bone or vulcaniz$ fib]1 or o!r          
dielectric4 ,at ea* end ( ! core !re are
 fitt$ non-magnetic cov]s4 ,at !        
commutator end ! cov] is l a truncat$   
cone1 & incloses ! connections          
completely4 ,"o end ( ! cone is support$
 on ! end plate ( ! armature & ! o!r end
 on a r+ on ! commutator4 ,a bell-%ap$  
cov] incloses ! conductors at ! o!r end 
( ! armature4 ,! result is t !          
conductors are completely incas$1       
protect$ f all me*anical injury1 &      
positively driv54 ,!y c nei!r be        
displac$ nor abrad$4 ,! conductors on ! 
magnet coils are likewise c>efully      
protect$ f h>m by metal cov]+s4 ,^!     
dynamos are made 9 sixte5 sizes1 ( :i*  
sev5 sizes are design$ to fe$ m ?an #ajj
 lamps1 ! l>ge/ s]v+ = #fjj lamps4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,messrs4 ,ea/on
  ,&]son are %[+ ma*9]y ( ?is type at ! 

,cry/al ,palace ,electrical ,exhibition 
n[ op5 9 ,london4--,eng9e]+4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,,*lor9e ,,gas ,,& ,,soda ,,by ,,!      
,,electrolytic ,,process4   ,!          
decomposition ( a solution ( common     
salt1 & its conv]sion into *lor9e gas & 
cau/ic soda solution by means ( an      
electric curr5t1 has long be5 a /udy )  
electro-*emi/s4 ,exp]im5tally x has (t5 
be5 effect$1 b s f> z we are aw>e1 !    
success ( ?is me?od ( production has    
nev] until n[ be5 demon/rat$ on a s\nd  
comm]cial basis4 ,! solution ( ?is      
important indu/rial problem is due to   
,mr4 ,james ,gre5wood1 :o has be5 engag$
 9 ! developm5t ( electro-*emical       
processes = _m ye>s4 ,! outcome ( ?is is
 t ,mr4 ,gre5wood has n[ p]fect$ an     
electrolytic process = ! direct         
production ( cau/ic soda & *lor9e1 z    
well z o!r *emical products1 ! op]ation 
( :i* we rec5tly inspect$ at ,pho5ix    
,:>f1 ,batt]sea1 ,london4 ,"o ( !       
special features 9 connection ) ,mr4    

,gre5wood's new dep>ture is ! novel &   
+5i\s me?od by :i* ! electrolyz$        
products are sep>at$1 & _! recomb9ation 
r5d]$ impossible4 ,?is object is atta9$ 
by ! use ( a specially con/ruct$        
diaphragm :i* is compos$ ( a s]ies (    
,v-%ap$ glass tr\ghs1 fitt$ 9 a frame )9
 ea* o!r ) a small space betwe5 !m1 :i* 
is lightly pack$ ) asbe/os fib]4 ,ano!r 
important feature ( ! app>atus is a     
comp\nd anode :i* consi/s ( c>bon       
plates1 ) a metal core to increase !    
conductivity4 ,! anode is treat$ 9 a    
special mann] s z to r5d] x non-por\s & 
imp]vi\s to attack by ! nasc5t *lor9e   
evolv$ on its surface4 ,no anode appe>s 
ev] to h be5 inv5t$ t is at all suitable
 = work+ on a l>ge scale1 & ! successful
 introduction ( ?is comp\nd anode1      
!re=e1 con/itutes a m>k$ advance 9 !    
app>atus us$ 9 electrolytic me?ods (    
production4  ,! app>atus by :i* ! new   
process is be+ successfully demon/rat$  
on a work+ scale has be5 put up by !    
,cau/ic ,soda & ,*lor9e ,syndicate1     

,london1 & has be5 9 op]ation = sev]al  
mon?s pa/4 ,! in/allation consi/s ( five
 l>ge electrolytic vessels1 ea* ( :i* is
 fitt$ up ) five anodes & six ca?odes   
arrang$ alt]nately4 ,! anodes & ca?odes 
are sep>at$ by ! special diaphragms1 &  
ea* vessel is ?us divid$ into t5 anode  
or *lor9e sections & t5 ca?ode or cau/ic
 soda sections4 ,! anodes & ca?odes 9   
ea* vessel are connect$ up 9 p>allel    
simil> to an ord9>y /orage batt]y1 b !  
five electrolytic vessels are connect$  
up 9 s]ies4 ,! curr5t is produc$ by an  
,elwell-,p>k] dynamo1 & ! electromotive 
=ce requir$ to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ea*
 vessel is ab\t #d4d volts1 ) a curr5t  
d5sity ( #aj amp]es p] squ>e foot (     
electrode surface4 ,! anode sections1   
numb]+ fifty altoge!r1 are connect$ by  
means ( tubes1 ! inlet be+ at ! bottom &
 ! outlet at ! top ( ea* section4 ,!    
:ole ( ! ca?ode sections are connect$ 9 
! same mann]4 ,9 comm5c+ op]ations1 !   
electrolytic vessels are *>g$ ) a       
solution ( common salt1 ?r\gh :i* a     

curr5t ( electricity is !n pass$1 ?us   
decompos+ or splitt+ up ! salt into its 
elem5ts1 *lor9e & sodium4 ,9 ! sep>ation
 ( ! sodium1 h[ev]1 a second>y action   
takes place1 :i* conv]ts x into cau/ic  
soda4 ,an automatic circulation ( !     
solutions is ma9ta9$ by plac+ ! *>g+    
tanks at a slight elevation1 & ! vessels
 !mselves on plat=ms arrang$ 9 /eps4 ,! 
solutions are pump$ back f ! l[e/ vessel
 to _! respective *>g+ tanks1 ! salt    
solution to be fur!r decompos$ & !      
cau/ic soda solution to be fur!r        
conc5trat$4 ,! *lor9e gas evolv$ 9 !    
fifty anode sections is convey$ by means
 ( ma9 & bran* tubes into sev]al        
absorb]s1 9 :i* milk ( lime1 kept 9 a   
/ate ( agitation1 takes up ! *lor9e1 ?us
 mak+ x into blea*+ or *lorate liquor z 
may be requir$4 ,if ! *lor9e is requir$ 
to be made into blea*+ p[d]1 !n x is    
convey$ into lead5 *amb]s & treat$ )    
lime 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! cau/ic soda =m$
 9 ! fifty ca?ode sections is m or less 
conc5trat$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> purpose

 = :i* x may be requir$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !  
cau/ic soda is requir$ 9 solid =m1 &    
practically free f salt1 !n ! cau/ic    
alkal9e liquor is transf]r$ f !         
electrolytic vessels to evaporat+ pans1 
:]e x is conc5trat$ to ! requir$ /r5g?  
by evaporation & at ! same "t ! salt    
rema9+ 9 ! solution is elim9at$ by      
precipitation4  ,su* is ! me?od (       
manufactur+ cau/ic soda & *lor9e by ?is 
process1 :i* w d\btless h a mo/         
important be>+ ^u _m trades &           
manufactures1 m p>ticul>ly ^u ! pap]1   
soap1 & blea*+ indu/ries4 ,b ! inv5tion 
does n /op :]e we h left x1 = x is /at$ 
t ! process c be appli$ to ! production 
( sodium amalgam & *lor9e = extract+    
gold & o!r metals f _! ores4 ,x c also  
be utiliz$ 9 ! production ( cau/ic &    
*lorate ( pota% & o!r *emicals1 :i* c be
 manufactur$ 9 a /ate ( ! greate/       
purity4 ,a v important consid]ation is t
 ( co/1 = ^u ?is dep5ds comm]cial       
success4 ,x is !re=e satisfactory to    
le>n t ! co/ ( production has be5       

det]m9$ by ! mo/ c>eful electrical &    
analytical te/s1 :i* demon/rate an      
economy ( ov] #ej p] c5t4 z comp>$ )    
pres5t me?ods4 ,highly favorable reports
 on ! process h be5 made by ,dr4 ,g4    
,gore1 ,f4,r4,s41 ! em95t au?ority on   
electro-*emical processes1 by ,mr4      
,w4,h4 ,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 & by ,messrs4
 ,cross  ,bevan1 consult+ *emi/s4 ,dr4  
,gore /ates t ! *emical & electrical    
pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is process is bas$ are
 ?or\ghly s\nd1 & t ! process is ( a    
sci5tifically practical "*4 ,%\ld1      
h[ev]1 ! economy ( production ev5 fall  
some:at bel[ ! anticipations ( ^? :o h  
exam9$ into ! process v c>efully1 x c   
h>dly fail to prove z successful        
comm]cially z x has sci5tifically4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,m]sey ,,tunnel   
,,railway4   ,on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y 7says 
! ,liv]pool ,daily ,po/7 w be op5$ =    
traffic ! new /ation ( ! ,m]sey ,tunnel 
,railway at ! bottom ( ,bold ,/reet4 ,) 
! completion ( ! /ation at ,bold ,/reet 

! s*eme may be said to h be5 br\ght     
successfully to a conclusion4 ,x 0 n    
until #ahgi1 aft] ! exp5diture (        
#abe1jjjl4 ^u trial bor+s1 t ! promot]s 
v5tur$ to appeal to ! public = support1 
& t a company1 ( :i* ! ,"r ,hon4 ,h4    
,cecil ,raikes1 ,m4,p41 0 *airman1 0 =m$
 = c>ry+ ! project ( ! ,m]sey ,railway  
into effect4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! eng9e]s 9 !
 con/ruction ( ! tunnel is n a little   
curi\s4 ,x 0 prov$ by ! bor+s t !       
position 9 :i* ! tunnel 0 propos$ to be 
bor$ 0 n only ! mo/ important f ! po9t (
 view ( public conv5i5ce1 & !re=e (     
comm]cial advantage1 b 0 f ! po9t ( view
 ( eng9e]+ difficulty decid$ly ! mo/    
pref]able4 ,9 ?is position ! cutt+s     
pass$ ?r\gh ! s&/one rock1 al?\gh on !  
,liv]pool side ! %afts 7 sunk ?r\gh a   
consid]able dep? ?r\gh made gr\nd1 !    
:ole ( ,mann ,isl& & ! ,goree be+       
compos$ ( e>? & gravel tipp$ on ! old   
bank ( ! riv]4 ,inde$ ! m9]s pass$ ?r\gh
 ! cell>s ( old h\ses & une>!d old wat] 
pipes2 excavat$ ?r\gh a dep? ( tipp$    

rubbi% on :i* ^! h\ses _h evid5tly be5  
built2 & !n came ^u ! =m] /r& ( ! riv]1 
b5ea? :i* 0 ! blue silt usually f\nd2 !n
 a /ratum ( b[ld] clay2 & f9ally ! r$   
s&/one rock4 ,once begun1 ! works 7 pu%$
 =w>d night & day1 ,sundays except$1    
until ,janu>y1 #ahhd1 :5 ! la/ few feet 
( rock 7 cle>$ away by ! bor+ ma*9e1 & !
 mayors ( ,liv]pool & ,birk5head met 9  
frat]nal greet+ b5ea? ! riv]4 ,!        
op]ations gave employm5t to #c1jjj m5   
work+ ?ree %ifts ( eight h\rs ea*1 b 7  
greatly accel]at$ by ! use ( ,colonel   
,beaumont's bor+ ma*9e1 on :i* disks (  
*ill$ iron are set 9 a /rong iron b>    
made to revolve by means ( compress$    
air4 ,?is ma*9e scoop$ out a tunnel #g  
feet 9 diamet]2 & by successive         
improvem5ts ,colonel ,beaumont atta9$ a 
spe$ ( #aej feet p] week1 leav+ ! old   
me?od ( bla/+ f> beh9d4 ,z ! ma*9e mov$ 
=w>d ! rock beh9d 0 brok5 out to ! size 
( ! ma9 tunnel & brick$ 9 9 %ort l5g?s4 
,"o rem>kable circum/ance 9 connection )
 ! "w is t ! bor+ f ! ,birk5head side & 

! bor+ f ,liv]pool 7 f\nd1 :5 !y 7      
complet$ & jo9$1 to be out ( l9e by only
 #a in*4  ,?is excell5t result 0 atta9$ 
by c>eful calculations & exp]im5ts )    
p]p5dicul> wires kept 9 position by     
weights1 :i*1 to avoid oscillation1 7   
susp5d$ 9 buckets ( wat]4 ,f %aft to    
%aft ! tunnel is #a1ggj y>ds 9 l5g? &   
#bf feet 9 diamet]2 b = a l5g? ( #djj   
feet at ! ,james ,/reet & ,hamilton     
,squ>e /ations ! ar* is enl>g$ to #ej   
feet4 ,! tunnel is l9$ ) f six to eight 
r+s ( solid brickwork emb$d$ 9 cem5t1 ! 
two inn] r+s be+ blue ,/af=d%ire or     
,burnley bricks4 ,= ! purpose (         
v5tilation a small] tunnel1 #g feet 9   
diamet]1 0 bor$ p>allel ) ! ma9 tunnel1 
) :i* x is connect$ 9 eight places by   
cross cuts1 provid$ ) suitable doors4   
,bo? at ,liv]pool & at ,birk5head !re   
are two guibal fans1 "o #dj feet & ! o!r
 #cj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! small]1 :i* ?r[ 
ea* #ahj1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute1 
v5tilate ! cont9uations ( ! tunnel "u   
,liv]pool & ,birk5head respectively1 & !

 l>g] tunnel "u ! riv]4 ,! fans remove  
toge!r #fjj1jjj cubic feet ( air p]     
m9ute1 & by ?is comb9$ op]ation ! entire
 air 9 ! tunnel is *ang$ once 9 e sev5  
m9utes4 ,by ! use ( regulat+ %utt]s !   
air passes 9 a cont9u\s curr5t & ! fans 
are noiseless4 ,! telegraph & telephone 
wires pass ?r\gh ! tunnel1 ?us avoid+ ! 
long det\r by ,runcorn4 ,probably1 z a  
feat ( eng9e]+1 ! con/ruction ( ! new   
/ation at ,bold ,/reet is n inf]ior to  
any "p ( ! s*eme advanc$4 ,"u v s+ul> & 
p]plex+ difficulties x c\ld only be     
proce$$ ) 9 its fir/ /ages f midnight   
until six o'clock ! foll[+ morn+1 x be+ 
( c\rse ess5tial t ! traffic at !       
,c5tral ,/ation %\ld n be int]f]$ )4    
,dur+ ^! h\rs1 night aft] night1 tr5*es 
7 cut at int]vals ( #aj feet across !   
roadway connect+ ! arrival plat=ms at ! 
/ation1 & into ^! 7 plac$ /rong balks ( 
timb]1 across :i* planks 7 laid z a     
tempor>y roadway4 ,b5ea? ^! planks1 :i* 
7 tak5 up & put d[n z requir$1 ! rock 0 
excavat$ to a dep? ( #i feet1 & ! balks 

support$ ^u /\t props4 ,!n f ! driftway 
or r\gh bor+ b5ea? well holes 7 bor$ to 
! upp] excavation1 & ?r\gh !m ! /rong   
upright iron pill>s design$ to support !
 ro( ( ! new tunnel /ation 7 pass$1 b$d$
 & securely fix$ 9 position4 ,no soon] 7
 !y 9 situ ?an ! mo/ tr\blesome "p ( !  
task 0 ent]$ ^u1 = ! balks _h !n to be  
remov$ 9 ord] to all[ to be plac$ 9     
position ! gird]s runn+ ! l5g? ( ! new  
/ation1 & re/+ on ! tops ( ! upright    
pill>s4 ,f ^! longitud9al gird]s cross  
gird]s ( great /r5g? 7 plac$1 & betwe5  
^! 7 built brick ar*es1 pack$ above )   
concrete4 ,?is =m$ ! ro( ( ! new /ation4
 ,"o portion ( x pass$ "u ! rails 9 !   
/ation above1 & _h to be con/ruct$ )\t  
/oppage ( ! traffic4 ,! rails _h        
consequ5tly to be support$ on a tempor>y
 /eel bridge ( +5i\s design1 con/ruct$  
by ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,r[l5dson1 ! resid5t     
eng9e] & manag] ( ! company1 "u ^:      
p]sonal sup]vision1 z repres5t+ ,sir    
,d\glas ,fox1 ! "w has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,)
 ?is device ! m5 7 enabl$ to g on 9     

safety al?\gh locomotives 7 pass+       
imm$iately above _! heads4 ,aft] !      
completion ( ! ro( ! /ation bel[ 0      
excavat$ by :at is te*nically call$ plug
 & fea!r "w--t is to say1 by drill+     
holes into :i* p[]ful w$ges are driv5 to
 split ! rock4         99       99      
99       99       99     ,a ,,/eam      
,,/reet ,,railway ,,motor4              
,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,*icago ,/reet      
,railroad ,eng9e  ,:ile 9 ,p>is1        
,presid5t ,y]kes1 ( ! ,nor? ,*icago     
,/reet ,railway ,company1 pur*as$ a     
noiseless /eam motor1 ! results 9       
exp]im5t+ ) :i* w be wat*$ ) great      
int]e/4 ,! accompany+ engrav+1 = :i* we 
are indebt$ to ! ,/reet ,railway        
,review1 gives a v accurate idea ( !    
g5]al ext]nal appe>ance4 ,! c> is all   
/eel ?r\gh\t1 except w9d[s1 doors &     
ceil+4 ,x is #ab ft4 long1 #h ft4 wide1 
& #i ft4 high1 & weighs ab\t sev5 tons4 
,! eng9es1 :i* h #be horse p[] & are ( !
 d\ble cyl9d] patt]n1 are bel[ ! floor &
 connect$ directly to ! :eels4 ,! :eels 

are f\r 9 numb] & #ca 94 9 diamet]4 ,!  
int]nal appe>ance & g5]al arrangem5t (  
ma*9]y1 etc41 is ab\t t ( ! ord9>y /eam 
dummy4 ,x w run 9 ei!r direction1 & !   
exhau/ /eam is run ?r\gh a s]ies (      
muffl]s :i* suppress ! s\nd1 cond5se !  
/eam & return ! wat] to ! boil]1 :i*    
occupies ! c5t] ( ! c>4 ,! motor 0 built
 9 ,gh5t1 ,belgium1 & co/ ab\t #e1jjj1  
cu/om h\se duties am\nt+ to ab\t #b1jjj 
m4--,! ,railway ,review4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,knot ,,/eam]s4          
,probably ! mo/ important =m ( /eam     
ma*9]y is ! m>9e eng9e1 n only because (
 ! conditions "u :i* x works1 b because 
( ! great p[] x is call$ ^u to ex]t4    
,naturally its mo/ int]e/+ application  
is to ,atlantic /eam+4 ,! success ( !   
f\r great l9]s1 ,teutonic1 ,maje/ic1    
,city ( ,p>is & ,city ( ,new ,york1 has 
/imulat$ dem&1 & ! ,cun>d ,company has  
resolv$ to add to its fleet1 & place two
 %ips on ! ,atlantic :i* w out/rip !    
rac]s we h nam$4  ,! visitor to ! late  

,naval ,exhibition int]e/$ 9 %ipp+ w h  
rem>k$ at ea* ( ! sev]al exhibits ( !   
great firms a model ( a project$ /eam]1 
int5d$ to r$uce ! pres5t record ( ! six 
days' voyage across ! ,atlantic--! ne   
plus ultra at ?is "t ( /eam navigation4 
,to secure ?is pres5t result a cont9u\s 
/eam+ = ! six days at #bj knot spe$ is  
requisite1 n to m5tion an extra day or  
two at ea* end ( ! voyage4 ,! ,city (   
,p>is & ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,fur/     
,bism>ck1 ,teutonic & ,maje/ic are      
capable ( ?is1 ) ! ,umbria & ,etruria   
close beh9d at #ah to #ai knots4 ,only  
t5 ye>s ago ! av]age passage1 reckon$ 9 
! same way z f l& to l&--or ,que5/[n to 
,s&y ,hook--0 sev5 days ) a spe$ ( #ag  
knots1 ! p]=mance ( su* vessels z !     
,arizona & ,alaska4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !   
l5g? ( ! voyage 0 e/imat$ z sev5 & a    
half to eight days at a spe$ ( #af      
knots1 ! p]=mance ( su* vessels z !     
,g]manic & ,britannic ( ! ,:ite ,/>     
fleet ( #e1jjj tons & #e1jjj horse p[]4 
,?irty ye>s ago ! paddle /eam] 0 n yet  

driv5 (f ! ocean1 & we f9d ! ,scotia    
cross+ 9 betwe5 eight & n9e days1 at a  
spe$ ( #ac or #ad knots4 ,9 #aheh t5 & a
 half to twelve & a half days 0 all[$ = 
! passage betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,new ,york4
 ,s z we rec$e we f9ally arrive at !    
pione] vessels1 ! ,sirius & ,great      
,we/]n1 cross+ 9 f\rte5 to eighte5 days 
at a spe$ ( #f to #h knots4 ,= ^!       
hi/orical details an int]e/+ pap] may be
 consult$1 ,de ,to5em5de ,grootte d]    
,zee-,/oomboot51 #ahhh1 by ,pr(essor ,a4
 ,huet1 ( ! ,delft ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4  
,ea* ( ! la/ two or ?ree decades has ?us
 succe$$1 always1 h[ev]1 ) increas+     
difficulty1 9 knock+ (f a day f !       
duration ( ! voyage4 ,b al?\gh ! pres5t 
six-day #bj knot boats are ( extreme    
size & p[]1 & date only f ! la/ two or  
?ree ye>s1 /ill ! _w ( travel]s decl>es 
itself unsatisfi$4 ,already we he> t    
ano!r day mu/ be /ruck (f1 & t five-day 
/eam]s h become a necessity ( mod]n     
requirem5ts1 keep+ up a cont9u\s ocean  
spe$ ( #bc knots to #bd knots4          

,%ipbuild]s & eng9e]s are a%am$ to      
m5tion ! ^w impossible2 & design]s are  
already at "w1 z we saw 9 ! ,naval      
,exhibition1 b only s f> 9 ! model /age2
 z ! abs5ce ( any ( ! well kn[n di/+ui%+
 blazons ( ! =emo/ l9es 0 suffici5t to  
%[ t no ord] _h be5 plac$ = !           
con/ruction ( a real vessel4 ,x w take a
 v %ort "t to exam9e ! task ( ! naval   
ar*itect requir$ to secure ^! on]\s &   
magnific5t conditions1 five days'       
cont9u\s ocean /eam+ at a spe$ ( #bd    
knots4  ,! mo/ practical1 !ory-despis+  
among !m mu/ = ! nonce become a !ori/1 &
 argue f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 &1 fir/1 ! 
practical man w turn--secretly p]haps1 b
 wisely--to ! invaluable exp]im5ts &    
laws laid d[n s cle>ly by ! late ,mr4   
,fr\de4 ,al?\gh prim>ily design$ to     
assi/ ! ,admiralty 9 argu+ f ! resi/ance
 ( a model to t ( ! full size vessel1 ! 
practical man ne$ n !reby despise       
,fr\de's laws1 z he is able to *oose 8  
mode3 to any scale he likes1 & he c take
 8 exp]im5ts ready made by practice on a

 l>ge scale1 z ,newton took ! ph5om5a ( 
a/ronomy = ! illu/ration ( ! me*anical  
laws4 ,suppose !n he takes ! ,city (    
,p>is z 8 model1 #efj ft4 by #fc ft41 9 
r\nd numb]s #aj1jjj tons displacem5t1 & 
#bj1jjj horse p[]1 = a spe$ ( #bj knots1
 ) a coal capacity ( #b1jjj tons1       
suffici5t1 ) cont+5cies1 = a voyage (   
six to eight days4 ,or we may take a    
lat] #bj knot vessel1 ! ,fur/ ,bism>ck1 
#ejj ft4 by #ej;ft41 #h1jjj tons1 &     
#af1jjj horse p[]1 spe$ #bj knots1 &    
coal capacity #b1gjj tons1 to all[ = !  
entire l5g? ( voyage to ,g]many4  ,9    
,fr\de's me?od ( comp>ison ! laws (     
me*anical similitude are pres]v$ if we  
make ! displacem5ts ( ! model & ( its   
copy 9 ! ratio ( ! six? p[] ( ! spe$s   
design$1 or ! l5g? z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4  
,our new #bd knot vessel1 tak+ ! ,city (
 ,p>is z a model1 w\ld !re=e h #aj1jjj  
7#bd  #bj7f  #bi1hfj1 say #cj1jjj tons  
displacem5t1 & w\ld be #hjj ft4  #ij ft4
 9 dim5sions4 ,! horse p[] w\ld h to be 
z ! sev5? p[] ( ! spe$1 & our vessel    

w\ld !re=e h #bj1jjj 7#bd  #bj7g1 or say
 #gb1jjj horse p[]4 ,fur!r applications 
( ,fr\de's laws ( similitude w %[ t !   
/eam pressure & pi/on spe$ w\ld h to be 
rais$ #bj p] c5t41 :ile ! revolutions 7 
disc\nt$ #bj p] c5t41 suppos+ ! eng9es &
 propell]s to be increas$ 9 size to     
scale4 ,to provide ! requisite enorm\s  
boil] p[]1 all geometrical scale w\ld   
disappe>2 b x w\ld c>ry u too f> at     
pres5t to foll[ up ?is int]e/+          
comp>ison4  ,our naval ar*itect is n    
likely at pres5t to proce$ fur!r ) ?is  
mon/r\s design1 exce$+ ev5 ! ,great     
,ea/]n 9 size1 if only because no dock  
is 9 exi/5ce capable ( receiv+ su* a    
%ip4 ,he has h[ev] le>n$ some?+ ( value1
 namely1 t ?is vessel1 if ! prop]       
similitude is c>ri$ out1 is capable (   
keep+ up a spe$ ( #bd knots = five days 
) ample coal supply1 provid$ ! boil]s   
are n f\nd to occupy all ! available    
space4 ,= x is an imm$iate consequ5ce ( 
,fr\de's laws t 9 simil> vessels run at 
correspond+ spe$s ov] ! same voyage1 !  

coal capacity is proportionately ! same1
 or t a ton ( coal w c>ry ! same numb] (
 tons ( displacem5t ov] ! same di/ance4 
,?us our enl>g$ ,city ( ,p>is w\ld      
require to c>ry ab\t #d1jjj tons ( coal1
 burn+ #hjj tons a day4  ,) ! ,britannic
 & ,g]manic z models ( #e1jjj tons &    
#e1jjj horse p[] at #af knot spe$1 ! #bd
 knot vessel w\ld require to be (       
#eg1jjj tons & #he1jjj horse p[]1 to    
c>ry suffici5t coal = ! voyage ( #c1jjj 
miles4 ,^! enorm\s vessels be+ out ( !  
"q1 ! design] mu/ r$uce ! size4 ,b n[ ! 
,city ( ,p>is w no long] s]ve z a model1
 he mu/ look else:]e = a vessel ( high  
spe$1 & small] scale1 & naturally he    
picks out a torp$o boat at ! o!r end ( !
 scale4 ,a spe$ ( #bd knots--& x is     
claim$ ev5 ( #be1 #bf1 & #bg knots--has 
be5 atta9$ on ! mile by a torp$o boat4  
,b su* a p]=mance is useless = our mode 
( comp>ison1 z suffici5t fuel at ?is    
high spe$ = t5 or twelve h\rs only at   
mo/ c be c>ri$--a voyage (1 say1 #ejj   
miles2 :ile our /eam] is requir$ to c>ry

 coal = #c1jjj miles4 ,! ,russian torp$o
 boat ,wiborg1 = in/ance1 is design$ to 
c>ry coal = #a1bjj miles at #aj knot    
spe$2 b at #bj knots ?is fuel w\ld la/  
only tw5ty-sev5 h\rs1 c>ry+ ! vessel    
#edj miles4 ,x w n[ be f\nd t ) ?is     
limit$ coal capacity ! spe$ ( ! ord9>y  
torp$o boat mu/ be r$uc$ consid]ably    
bel[ #aj knots = x to be able to cross !
 ,atlantic1 #c1jjj miles "u /eam4 ,s t1 
ev5 at a possible spe$ ( #aj knots = !  
voyage1 ! full siz$ #bd knot five-day   
vessel1 ( :i* ! be/ torp$o boat is !    
model1 mu/ h 7#b4d7f1 say #bjj times !  
tonnage1 & 7#b4d7g1 or #dfj times !     
horse p[]4 ,! enl>g$ ,wiborg w\ld ?us n 
diff] mu* f ! enl>g$ ,city ( ,p>is4 ,a  
bett] model to select w\ld be "o ( !    
rec5t dispat* boats1 comm]ce de/roy]s1  
or torp$o cat*]s1 rec5tly design$ by    
,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,:ite1 = our navy--!        
,intrepid or ,endymion1 = in/ance4 ,!   
,intrepid is #cjj ft4 by #dd ft41 #c1fjj
 tons1 & #i1jjj horse p[] = #bj knot    
spe$1 ) #hjj h\rs' coal capacity =      

#h1jjj miles at #aj knot spe$2 :i* w    
r$uce to #c1jjj miles at #af knots1 &   
#b1jjj miles at #bj knots4  ,! ,endymion
 is #cfj ft4 by #fj ft41 ) coal capacity
 = #b1hjj miles at #ah knot spe$1 or =  
ab\t #add h\rs or six days4 ,! enl>g$   
,endymion = ! same voyage ( #b1hjj miles
 9 five days1 or at #ba knot spe$1 w\ld 
be #dd p] c5t l>g] & broad]1 t is #ebj  
ft4 by #hf ft41 & ( ?reefold tonnage1 & 
?ree & a half times1 or ab\t #cj1jjj    
horse p[]--ab\t ! dim5sions ( ! ,fur/   
,bism>ck1 b mu* m p[]fully eng9$4 ,?is  
agrees fairly ) ! e/imate 9 !           
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( #ai? ,sept1     
#ahia41 :]e x is /at$ t tw5ty-two       
boil]s1 at a work+ pressure ( #ahj lb4  
on ! squ>e in*1 w\ld be requir$1 all[+  
#a lb4 ( coal p] horse p[] h\r4  ,!     
,intrepid1 enl>g$ to a #bd knot boat1 = 
! same l5g? ( voyage ( #c1jjj miles1    
w\ld be #fej ft4 by #ajj ft41 #dj1jjj   
tons1 & ab\t #de1jjj horse p[]4 ,s n[ we
 are ne>+ ! ,messrs4 ,?omson design 9 ! 
,naval ,exhibition ( ! five-day /eam]1  

#bc knot spe$1 #fcj ft4 by #gc ft41 &   
#cj1jjj to #dj1jjj horse p[]4  ,no "o   
d\bts ! ability ( our %ipbuild+ y>ds to 
turn out ^! mon/]s2 & on ! measur$ mile1
 & = a good long di/ance1 we %all       
c]ta9ly see ! contract spe$s atta9$ & "s
 excell$4 ,b ! :ole difficulty turns on 
! "q ( ! coal capacity1 & :e!r x is     
suffici5t to la/ = ev5 five days or =   
#c1jjj miles4 ,e ef=t !n mu/ be made to 
%ort5 ! l5g? ( ! voyage f port to port2 
& we may yet see ,galway & ,halifax1    
only #b1bjj miles ap>t1 once m m5tion$ z
 ! />t+ po9ts ( ! voyage z ( old1 9 !   
e>lie/ days ( /eam navigation4 ,9 ^?    
days ! "q ( fuel supply 0 a difficulty1 
ev5 at ! !n sl[ spe$s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! 
wa/eful "* ( ! eng9es1 burn+ f #g lb4 ( 
coal & upw>d p] horse p[] h\r4 ,dr4     
,l>dn]'s calculations1 bas$ ^u ! av]age 
p]=mance ( ^? days1 ju/ifi$ him 9 say+ t
 /eam navigation c\ld n pay--z 0 really 
! case until ! introduction ( ! comp\nd 
eng9e4  ,x is record$ 9 ,admiral        
,preble's ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,/eam  

,navigation1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhc1 page 
#afj1 t ! ,sirius1 #gjj tons & #cbj     
horse p[]1 on h] return voyage _h to    
burn up all t old be sp>$ on bo>d1 &    
took sev5te5 days to rea* ,falm\?4 ,an  
int]e/+ old book to consult n[ is       
,a!rton's ,tables ( ,/eam%ip ,capacity1 
#ahed1 bas$ z !y are ^u ! p]=mance ( !  
m>9e eng9e ( ! day4 ,a!rton calculates t
 a #aj1jjj ton vessel c\ld at #bj knots 
c>ry only #bjd tons ( c>go #a1fgf miles1
 :ile a #e1jjj ton vessel at #ah knots  
on a voyage ( #c1jjj miles c\ld c>ry no 
c>go at all4 ,also t ! co/ p] ton ( c>go
 at #af knots w\ld be tw5ty times ! co/ 
at eight knots1 imply+ a coal           
consumption rea*+ to #ab lb4 p] horse   
p[] h\r4 ,x is q possible t "s inv5tion 
is /ill lat5t :i* w enable u to g       
consid]ably bel[ ! pres5t av]age        
consumption ( #b lb4 to #a lb4 p] horse 
p[] h\r2 b at pres5t our rate ( progress
 appe>s asymptotic to a def9ite limit4  
,to conclude1 ! :ole difficulty is "o ( 
fuel supply1 & x is useless to employ a 

fa/ torp$o boat z our model1 except at !
 spe$ at :i* ! torp$o boat c c>ry h] own
 fuel to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,if ! voyage
 mu/ be r$uc$ 9 "t1 let x be r$uc$ f six
 days to f\r1 by runn+ betwe5 ,galway & 
,halifax1 a problem n too extravagant 9 
its dem&s = mod]n eng9e]+ capabilities4 
,a /atem5t has rec5tly ga9$ a c]ta9     
am\nt ( circulation to ! effect t !     
,inman ,company 0 ab\t to use petroleum 
z fuel1 9 ord] to obta9 m /eam4 ,we h ! 
be/ possible au?ority = say+ !re is n ! 
lea/ syllable ( tru? 9 ?is rumor4 ,x has
 also be5 /at$ t s9ce solid pi/on valves
 h be5 fitt$ to ! ,teutonic 9 lieu ( !  
orig9al spr+ r+ valves1 %e has /eam$    
fa/]4 ,?is rumor is only p>tially true4 
,h] record1 outw>d passage1 ( #e days   
#af h\rs #ca m9utes1 0 made on h]       
previ\s voyage4 ,%e has1 h[ev]1 s9ce    
made h] ?ree fa/e/ trips homew>d4--,!   
,eng9e]4         99       99       99   
99       99     ,,! ,,milit>y ,,eng9e]  
,,& ,,8 ,,"w4#a  ,by ,col4 ,w4,r4 ,,k+4 
,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! 

/ud5ts ( ,sibley ,college1 ,cornell     
,univ]sity1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahia4--,!     
,crank4   ,x is n an easy matt] to      
pres5t a dry subject 9 su* an attractive
 =m z to excite a ?rill+ int]e/ 9 x1 &  
milit>y sci5ce is no exception to ?is   
rule4 ,an +5i\s milit>y in/ructor at "o 
( our univ]sities has succe$$ 9 po9t+   
out c]ta9 analogies betwe5 gr& tactics &
 ! fe/ive game ( football1 :i* appe>s to
 h greatly improv$ ! football1 if we may
 judge f ! rec5t victories ( ! blue ov] 
! r$ & ! black & orange1 b x is n s cle>
 t ! effect ( ! union has be5 v         
b5eficial to milit>y sci5ce2 & ev5 if   
su* _h be5 ! case1 ,i fe> !re are no    
simil> analogies t w\ld be useful 9     
enliv5+ ! subject ( milit>y eng9e]+4  ,f
 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h record man   
has be5 dispos$ to /rive ) 8 fell[ man1 
ei!r to ma9ta9 8 own rights or to       
possess himself ( "s rights or mat]ial  
advantage enjoy$ by o!rs4 ,:5 "o or only
 a few m5 encroa* on ! rights ( o!rs 9  
an organiz$ community1 !y may be re/ra9$

 by ! legal ma*9]y ( ! /ate1 su* z      
c\rts1 police1 & prisons1 b :5 a :ole   
community or /ate rises aga9/ ano!r1 !  
civil law becomes p[]less & a /ate ( w> 
ensues4 ,x is n propos$ "h to discuss ! 
e?ics ( ?is "q1 nor ! desirability (    
provid+ a suitable c\rt ( nations =     
settl+ all int]national difficulties )\t
 w>4 ,! great advantage ( su* a sy/em ( 
avoid+ w> is admitt$ by all intellig5t  
p4 ,we notice "h a s+ul> inconsi/5cy 9 !
 pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is /rife is c>ri$ on1
 viz43 ,if x be a s+le combat1 ei!r a   
fri5dly conte/ or a deadly "o1 ! p>ties 
are expect$ to conte/ on equal t]ms z   
ne>ly z may be arrang$2 b if l>ge numb]s
 are engag$1 or 9 o!r words1 :5 ! conte/
 becomes w>1 ! rule is rev]s$ & ea* p>ty
 is expect$ to take e possible advantage
 ( 8 adv]s>y1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( /ratagem 
or deception4 ,9 fact1 x has pass$ into 
a prov]b t all ?+s are fair 9 love & w>4
  ,n[ "o ( ! fir/ ?+s resort$ to1 9 ord]
 to ga9 an advantage ov] ! enemy1 0 to  
br+ 9 mat]ial appliances1 su* z walls1  

dit*es1 catapults1 scal+ ladd]s1 batt]+ 
rams1 & subsequ5tly ! m mod]n           
appliances1 su* z guns1 =ts1 & torp$oes1
 all ( :i* are kn[n z eng9es ( w>1 & !  
m5 :o built & op]at$ ^! eng9es 7 v      
naturally call$ eng9e]s4 ,x is ?is k9d (
 an artific] t ,%akespe>e ref]s to :5 he
 playfully sugge/s t 'tis ! sport to h !
 eng9e] hoi/ ) 8 own pet>d4  ,! e>ly    
milit>y eng9e] has left ample records & 
monum5ts ( 8 g5ius4 ,! walls ( anci5t   
cities1 ca/les t /ill cr[n _m hills 9   
bo? hemisph]es1 ! great ,*9ese wall1 !  
hi/orical bridge ( ,julius ,cs>1 :i* )  
*>m+ simplicity he tells u 0 built      
because x did n comport ) 8 dignity to  
cross ! /ream 9 boats1 ! bridge ( boats 
across ! ,hellespont1 by ,x]xes1 are all
 examples ( e>ly milit>y eng9e]+4 ,!    
,bible tells u ,k+ ,uzziah built t[]s at
 ! gates ( ,j]usalem1 & at ! turn+ ( !  
wall1 & =tifi$ !m4 ,we may note 9 pass+ 
t ! buttresses1 battlem5ts1 & b>tizans )
 :i* our mod]n ar*itects ornam5t or     
disfigure *ur*es1 peaceful dwell+s1 &   

public build+s1 are copi$ f ! e>ly works
 ( ! milit>y eng9e]4  ,com+ d[n to !    
milit>y eng9e]s ( our own c\ntry1 we f9d
 t "o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,cont95tal      
,congress1 aft] appo9t+ ,wa%+ton z      
comm&]-9-*ief1 0 to au?orize him to     
employ a numb] ( eng9e]s4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1
 until #aggg t a numb] ( eng9e] (fic]s f
 ! ,fr5* army arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 7  
appo9t$ 9 ! ,cont95tal army4 ,g5]al     
,du,portail 0 made ,*ief ,eng9e]1 &     
,colonel ,kosciusko1 ! great ,poli%     
patriot1 0 among 8 assi/ants4 ,o!r      
(fic]s ( ! ,cont95tal army 7 employ$ on 
eng9e]+ duty2 & "u _! sup]vision su*    
works z ! =ts & ! great *a9 b>ri] at    
,we/ ,po9t 7 built1 & ! siege op]ations 
ar\nd ,bo/on & ,yorkt[n 7 c>ri$ on4     
,aft] ! close ( ! w>1 9 #agid1 a ,corps 
( ,artill]i/s & ,eng9e]s 0 organiz$4    
,?is corps 0 /ation$ at ,we/ ,po9t1 &   
became ! nucleus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
,milit>y ,academy4 ,9 #ahjb1 by op]ation
 ( ! law reorganiz+ ! army1 ?is corps 0 
divid$1 z ! names w\ld indicate1 into an

 ,artill]y ,corps & ,corps ( ,eng9e]s4  
,! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s consi/$ ( "o major1
 two capta9s1 f\r lieut5ants1 & t5      
cadets4 ,! ,artill]y ,corps 0 aga9      
divid$ into ! ,ordnance ,corps & sev]al 
regim5ts ( artill]y1 n[ five 9 numb]1   
:ile ! duties ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s 7   
divid$ betwe5 ! ,eng9e] ,corps & a      
,corps ( ,topographical ,eng9e]s1       
organiz$ at a lat] date2 b on ! break+  
out ( ! late rebellion x 0 deem$ be/ to 
unite ! two corps1 & !y h s rema9$ until
 ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s n[   
consi/s ( #aah (fic]s ( v>i\s grades1 f 
second lieut5ant to brigadi] g5]al1 (   
:i* la/ grade !re is only "o (fic]1 !   
*ief ( ! corps1 & x requires some?+ m   
?an an av]age (ficial lifetime = !      
a=esaid lieut5ant to atta9 t rank4      
,h>dly "o 9 t5 ( !m ev] rea* x4 ,daniel 
,web/]'s rem>k to ! "y lawy]1 t !re is  
always room at ! top1 w n apply to !    
,corps ( ,eng9e]s4 ,! (fic]s are all    
graduates ( ! ,milit>y ,academy1 :i*    
in/itution cont9u$ z a "p ( ! ,corps (  

,eng9e]s until #ahff4 ,! vacancies 9 !  
corps are fill$ by ! assignm5t to x ( f 
two to six graduates ea* ye>1 & !re is  
atta*$ to ! corps a battalion ( f\r     
companies ( enli/$ m51 =m]ly call$      
,sapp]s & ,m9]s1 b n[ kn[n z !          
,battalion ( ,eng9e]s4  ,we n[ come     
naturally to ! duties ( our milit>y     
eng9e]1 & "h ,i may rem>k t ^! duties   
are s v>i$ & s num]\s t a detail$       
recital ( !m w\ld sugge/ ,goldsmi?'s    
,des]t$ ,village3        444 ,& /ill !  
wond] grew       ,t "o small head c\ld  
c>ry all he ought to "k  ,nev] lose     
sight ( fact = ! sake ( rhyme4  ,9 g5]al
 t]ms1 8 duties consi/ (3      #a4      
,milit>y surveys & explorations4        
#b4 ,b\nd>y surveys4      #c4 ,geodetic 
& hydrographic survey ( ! great lakes4  
#d4 ,build+ =tifications--bo? p]man5t   
works & tempor>y     or field works4    
#e4 ,con/ruct+ milit>y roads4      #f4  
,pontoni]+ or build+ milit>y bridges1   
bo? ) !     regul> bridge tra9s & )     
improv$ mat]ials4      #g4 ,! plann+ &  

direct+ ( siege op]ations1 ei!r         
(f5sive or def5sive2 sapp+1 m9+1 etc4   
#h4 ,provid+1 te/+ & plant+ torp$oes =  
h>bor     def5se :5 op]at+ f %ore       
/ations4      #i4 ,/aff duty ) g5]al    
(fic]s4      #aj4 ,improv+ riv]s &      
h>bors4      #aa4 ,! build+ & repair+ ( 
ligh?\ses4      #ab4 ,v>i\s special     
duties z commission] ( ,di/rict (       
,columbia1 sup]9t5d5t milit>y academy1  
comm&ant eng9e]     s*ool1 in/ructors at
 bo? ( ^! s*ools1 atta*es to     sev]al 
=eign legations1 = ! collection (       
milit>y     in=mation1 etc4  ,x w\ld1 ( 
c\rse1 exce$ ! prop] limits ( a s+le    
lecture to g into ! details ( ^! _m     
duties1 b we may take only a pass+      
glance at mo/ ( !m1 & give m special    
att5tion to a few t may involve "s po9ts
 ( int]e/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ bran* (
 ! subject w\ld be t ( p]man5t          
=tifications1 or :at am\nts to almo/ !  
same ?+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 sea coa/ def5ses4 
,& "h our tr\ble beg9s1 =1 :ile civil   
eng9e]s h con/ant exp]i5ce to guide !m1 

_! roads1 bridges1 & o!r /ructures be+ 9
 con/ant use1 ! milit>y eng9e] has only 
n[ & !n1 at long int]vals1 a w> or a    
siege ( suffici5t ext5t to furni% data  
^u :i* he c safely plan or build 8      
/ructures4 ,imag9e a civil eng9e]       
design+ a bridge1 road1 or a dam to meet
 "s possible future dem&1 )\t hav+ se5  
su* a /ructure us$ = tw5ty ye>s or m1 & 
y c =m "s e/imate ( ! delightful        
unc]ta9ties t surr\nd ! milit>y eng9e]  
:5 call$ ^u to design a mod]n =t4 ,!    
prov+ gr\nd %[s him t radical           
improvem5ts are necess>y1 b actual      
s]vice conditions are almo/ entirely    
want+1 & su* z we h contradict _m ( !   
prov+ gr\nd !ories4 ,?us we h ! records 
( %ot go+ ?r\gh #be in*es ( iron or #be 
feet ( concrete on ! prov+ gr\nd2 b su* 
actual s]vice te/s z ! bomb>dm5t ( ,=t  
,sumt]1 ,=t ,fi%]1 & ! =ts at ,alex&ria 
contradict ?is entirely1 & indicate t1  
except = ! moral effect1 our old =ts1 ) 
mod]n guns 9 !m & "s additional /r5g!n+ 
at _! weak] po9ts1 w\ld answ] all       

purposes s f> z bomb>dm5t f fleets is   
conc]n$4 ,?is is n say+ t ! =ts are good
 en\gh 9 _! pres5t condition1 b simply t
 !y c readily be made f> sup]ior 9      
/r5g?1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive1 to any   
fleet t c\ld possibly be provid$ at     
any?+ l ! same exp5se1 or 9 fact at any 
exp5se t w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! condition 
( our treasury1 ei!r pa/1 pres5t1 or    
probable future4 ,x might be add$ t a   
/ill m s]i\s difficulty 9 ! way ( !     
milit>y eng9e]1 s f> z practice & its   
consequ5t exp]i5ces are conc]n$1 is t = 
_m ye>s pa/1 until q rec5tly1 !re h be5 
no funds ei!r = exp]im5ts or actual "w  
on =tifications1 s t v little has be5   
done on !m dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4  ,)\t 
go+ into ! "q ( ! necessity = sea coa/  
def5ses1 we may assume t an enemy is    
likely to come into "o ( our h>bors & t 
x is desirable to keep him out4 ,:at    
provisions mu/ be made to accompli% ?is1
 i4e41 to secure ! safety ( ! h>bors & !
 millions ( doll>s' wor? ( de/ructible  
prop]ty conc5trat$ at ! great trade     

c5t]s t are usually locat$ ^u ^? h>bors8
 ,we mu/ fir/ take a look at ! enemy &  
see :at he is l be=e we c decide :at w  
be ne$$ to repel 8 attack4 ,= ?is       
purpose we ne$ n draw on ! imag9ation1 b
 we may simply exam9e "s ( ! m rec5t    
armadas s5t to bomb>d seaports4 ,=      
example1 ! fleet s5t by ,great ,brita9  
to bomb>d ! ,egyptian city ( ,alex&ria1 
9 #ahhb4 ,?is fleet consi/$ ( eight     
heavy ironclad %ips ( f #e1jjj to       
#aa1jjj tons displacem5t & five or six  
small] vessels2 & ! armam5t ( ?is       
squadron numb]$ m ?an "o hundr$ guns (  
all calib]s1 f ! sixte5 in* rifle d[n to
 ! sev5 in* rifle1 besides sev]al small]
 guns4 ,b ?is fleet repres5t$ only a    
small fraction ( ,engl&'s naval p[]4    
,dur+ "s rec5t evolutions %e turn$ out  
?irty-six heavy ironclads & =ty small]  
vessels & torp$o boats4 ,! crews ( ^!   
vessels numb]$ ne>ly #ai1jjj (fic]s &   
m51 or ab\t ?ree times ! entire numb] 9 
our navy4 ,su* a fleet1 or1 m likely1 a 
mu* l>g] "o1 might appe> at ! entrance  

say ( ,new ,york h>bor )9 t5 days aft] a
 decl>ation ( w>1 & dem& :atev] ! nation
 to :i* x belong$ might *oose1 ) !      
alt]native ( bomb>dm5t4  ,! problem (   
protect+ our p & prop]ty f su* attacks  
is n a new "o1 &1 9 fact1 mo/ ( !       
conditions ( ?is problem rema9 ! same z 
!y 7 fifty ye>s ago1 ! diff]5ces be+ 9  
degree r ?an 9 k9d4 ,! mo/ natural ?\ght
 w\ld be to meet su* a fleet by ano!r   
fleet1 b ! folly ( su* a c\rse w become 
app>5t f a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,!     
difficulties w\ld be3  #a/4 ,our fleet  
mu/ be decid$ly /rong] ?an t ( ! enemy1 
or we simply fight a duel ) an equal    
*ance ( success or failure4  #b;d4 ,9   
su* a duel ! enemy w\ld risk no?+ b !   
loss ( 8 fleet1 & ev5 a portion ( t w\ld
 be likely to escape1 b we w\ld n only  
risk a simil> loss1 b we w\ld also lose 
! city or subject x to ! paym5t ( a     
heavy contribution to ! enemy4  #c;d4   
,unless we h a fleet = e h>bor1 x w\ld  
be impossible to dep5d ^u ?is k9d (     
def5se1 z ! enemy w\ld select :i*ev]    

h>bor he f\nd lea/ prep>$ to receive    
him4 ,x w\ld be ( vital importance t we 
def5d e h>bor ( importance1 z a neglect 
to d s w\ld be l lock+ "s ( our doors & 
leav+ ! o!rs op5 to ! burgl>s4  #d?4 ,x 
might be ?\ght t we c\ld s5d our fleet  
to int]cept ! enemy or blockade him 9 8 
own ports1 b ?is has be5 f\nd           
impracticable4 ,l>ge fleets c readily   
escape f blockad$ h>bors1 or elude ea*  
o!r on ! high seas1 & any su* s*eme     
implies t we are mu* /rong] on ! ocean  
?an ! enemy1 :i* is v f> f ! case4 ,to  
build a navy t w\ld ov]mat* t ( ,great  
,brita9 alone w\ld n only co/ untold    
millions1 b x w\ld require _m ye>s = its
 accompli%m5t2 & ev5 if ?is 7 done1 !re 
w\ld be no?+ unusual 9 an alliance ( two
 or m p[]ful nations1 :i* w\ld leave u  
aga9 9 ! m9ority4 ,fleets1 !n1 _c be    
reli$ on = p]man5t def5se4  ,aga91 x may
 be said t we h millions ( ! brave/     
soldi]s 9 ! _w :o c\ld be assembl$ &    
plac$ "u arms at a few days' notice4    
,?is k9d ( def5se w\ld also prove a     

delusion1 = a hundr$ acres ( soldi]s    
arm$ ) rifles & field artill]y w\ld be  
p[]less to drive away ev5 ! smalle/     
ironclad or /op a s+le projectile f "o4 
,9 fact1 nei!r ( ^! plans1 nor bo?      
toge!r1 w\ld be mu* m effective ?an !   
w9dmills & proclamations :i* ,irv+      
humor\sly describes z ! means adopt$ by 
! e>ly ,dut* gov]nors ( ,new ,york to   
def5d t city aga9/ ! ,sw$es & ,yankees4 
,hav+ consid]$ "s ( ! means ( def5se t w
 n answ] ! purpose1 we may inquire :at  
means w be effective4 ,& "h x %\ld be   
not$ t our def5ses %\ld be s effective z
 n only to be reasonably safe1 b to be s
 recogniz$ by all nations1 & ?us        
disc\rage1 if n actually prev5t1 an     
attack ^u our coa/4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 we
 mu/ h heavy guns 9 su* numb]s & ( su*  
sizes z to ov]mat* ^? ( any fleet likely
 to attack u4 ,^! guns mu/ be securely  
m\nt$1 s z to be work$ ) facility &     
accuracy1 & !y mu/ be protect$ f !      
enemy's projectiles at lea/ z securely z
 8 guns are f ours4 ,m]ely plac+        

ourselves on equal t]ms ) ! enemy1 z 9  
case ( a duel or an anci5t knight's     
t\rnam5t1 w n answ]1 fir/1 because su* a
 /ate ( ?+s w\ld invite r ?an disc\rage 
attack1 & secondly1 because ! enemy w\ld
 h va/ly m to ga9 by success & va/ly    
less to lose by failure ?an we w\ld4    
,?is c be accompli%$ mu* easi] ?an is   
g5]ally suppos$1 ei!r by e>!n p>apets ( 
suffici5t ?ickness or by iron turrets or
 casem5ts4 ,x is evid5t t ! weight (    
metal us$ 9 ^! /ructures may be va/ly   
great] ?an c\ld be c>ri$ on %ipbo>d4    
,great weight ( metal is no objection on
 l&1 b1 aside f its co/1 is a positive  
advantage4 ,?is is evid5t :5 we consid] 
! enorm\s quantity ( en]gy /or$ 9 ! l>g]
 projectiles mov+ at high velocities4 ,=
 example1 we (t5 he> ( ! sixte5 in*     
rifle ^: projectile weighs ab\t "o ton1 
& ?is enorm\s mass project$ at a        
velocity ( #b1jjj feet p] second w\ld h 
a k9etic en]gy ( #fj1jjj foot tons1 or x
 w\ld /rike a bl[ equal to t ( t5       
locomotives ( #ej tons ea* runn+ at #fj 

miles an h\r & /rik+ a solid wall4 ,any 
/ructure design$ to resi/ su* pond]\s   
bl[s mu/1 !re=e1 h enorm\s weight1 or x 
w be ov]turn$ or driv5 bodily f its     
f\ndations4 ,if ! armor itself is n ?ick
 en\gh to give ! requir$ weight z well z
 resi/ance to p5etration1 ! additional  
/ability mu/ be suppli$ by re-en=c+ x ) 
heavy masses ( metal or masonry4 ,x is  
evid5t1 !re=e1 t quality ( metal is less
 important ?an quantity1 & t s long z x 
is suffici5tly t\gh to resi/ fracture1 a
 s(t1 *eap metal1 l wr\ght iron or l[   
/eel1 is bett] adapt$ = p]man5t works   
?an any ( ! fancy k9ds ( armor t h be5  
te/$ = naval purposes4 ,z an illu/ration
 ( ?is1 we may comp>e comp\nd or        
/eel-fac$ armor ) wr\ght iron z foll[s3 
,! be/ ( ! =m] (f]s only ab\t "o-?ird   
great] resi/ance to p5etration ?an !    
latt]1 or #ab in*es ( comp\nd armor may 
equal #af in*es ( wr\ght iron1 b ! co/  
p] ton is ne>ly d\ble2 s t by us+ wr\ght
 iron we may h d\ble ! ?ickness1 or #bd 
in*es1 :i* w\ld give m ?an d\ble !      

resi/ance to p5etration1 9 addition to  
giv+ d\ble ! /ability aga9/ ov]turn+ or 
be+ driv5 bodily out ( place4 ,b our    
guns may be reasonably well protect$ by 
e>!n p>apets )\t any exp5sive armor by s
 m\nt+ !m t :5 fir$ !y w recoil d[nw>d  
or to "o side1 s z to come bel[ ! p>apet
 = load+4 ,?is me?od ( m\nt+ is call$ ! 
disappe>+ pr9ciple1 & has be5 sugge/$ by
 _m eng9e]s1 "s ( ^: designs date back m
 ?an "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,we may also m\nt  
our guns 9 deep pits1 :]e !y w be cov]$ 
f ! enemy's guns1 & fire !m at high     
elevation1 s t ! %ell w fall f a great  
height & p5etrate ! decks ( ! enemy's   
%ips4 ,?is is kn[n z mort> fir+1 b !    
mod]n ordnance us$ = ?is purpose is m ( 
a h[itz] ?an a mort>1 be+ simply %ort   
rifl$ pieces arrang$ = bree* load+4 ,all
 our batt]ies %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be z f> f !
 city or o!r object to be protect$ z    
possible1 to prev5t ! enemy f fir+ ov] &
 beyond ! batt]ies into ! city4  ,b1 )  
all ^! precautions1 ! enemy might put on
 all /eam & run by u ei!r at night or 9 

a d5se fog1 & we mu/ h "s means ( hold+ 
him "u ! fire ( our guns until 8 %ips c 
be disabl$ or driv5 away4 ,?is object is
 s\ght to be accompli%$ by ! use (      
torp$oes an*or$ 9 ! *annels & "u ! fire 
( our guns1 s t !y _c be remov$ by !    
enemy4 ,^! torp$oes are g5]ally explod$ 
by electricity f batt]ies locat$ 9      
casem5ts on %ore1 ^! casem5ts be+       
connect$ ) ! torp$oes by subm>9e cables4
 ,x is easy to see h[ ! torp$o may be s 
arrang$ t :5 /ruck by a %ip ! electric  
curr5t w be clos$1 &1 if ! batt]y on    
%ore is connect$ at ! same in/ant1 an   
explosion w take place2 on ! o!r h&1 if 
! batt]y on %ore is disconnect$ a       
fri5dly %ip may pass 9 safety ov] !     
torp$oes4 ,_m +5i\s contrivances h also 
be5 devis$ by :i* ! torp$o may be made  
to signal back to ! %ore /ation ei!r t x
 has be5 /ruck or t x is 9 good ord] =  
s]vice1 9 case ! enemy %\ld und]take to 
run ov] x4 ,"o simple plan = ?is is to h
 a small telephone 9 ! torp$o ) "s loose
 buck%ot on ! diaphragm1 :i* is plac$ 9 

a horizontal position1 & w be slightly  
tilt$ z ! torp$o is mov$ ab\t by !      
waves4 ,by connect+ ! %ore end ( ! cable
 ) a telephone receiv]1 ! roll+ ( ! %ot 
may be di/9ctly he>d if ! torp$o is     
float+ prop]ly1 b if sunk at its moor+s1
 or if ! cable is brok51 no s\nd w be   
he>d4  ,! use ( torp$oes involves ! use 
( bo? electricity & high explosives1 & a
 c>eful /udy bas$ ^u actual exp]im5ts   
has be5 c>ri$ on = _m ye>s1 by ! eng9e]s
 & naval (fic]s 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4
 ,"s ( ^! exp]im5ts h suppli$ int]e/+ & 
useful data1 = ! use ( ! ag5ts 9 "q1 =  
v>i\s indu/rial purposes4  ,ano!r =m (  
torp$o is t kn[n z ! locomotive torp$o1 
( :i* !re are sev]al k9ds2 "s are       
propell$ by liquid c>bonic acid1 :i* is 
c>ri$ 9 a /rong tank & acts ?r\gh a     
compact eng9e 9 driv+ ! propell]4 ,"o ( 
^! is /e]$ by electricity f ! %ore1 & is
 kn[n z ! ,lay-,haight torp$o1 & c run  
tw5ty-five miles p] h\r4 ,! ,:itehead   
torp$o is also propell$ by liquid       
c>bonic acid1 b is n /e]$ f %ore4 ,its  

dep? is regulat$ by an automatic device 
actuat$ by ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,!      
,h[ell torp$o is driv5 by a heavy fly   
:eel :i* is set 9 rapid rotation j be=e 
! torp$o is laun*$4 ,x has b a %ort     
range & is int5d$ = laun*+ f %ips4      
,ano!r torp$o is propell$ & /e]$ f %ore 
by rapidly pull+ out ( x two f9e /eel   
wires :i*1 9 unw9d+1 drive ! tw9 screw  
propell]s4 ,?is is ! ,br5nan torp$o4 ,! 
,sims-,edison torp$o is bo? propell$ &  
/e]$ by electricity f ! %ore1 transmitt$
 to a motor & /e]+ relay 9 ! torp$o by  
an insulat$ cable4 ,?is cable has two   
cores & is paid out by ! torp$o z x     
travels ?r\gh ! wat] j z a spid] pays   
out its web4 ,! cable is ab\t half an   
in* 9 diamet] & two miles long1 & !     
torp$o c be driv5 at ab\t eighte5 miles 
p] h\r ) a curr5t ( ?irty amp]es &      
#a1hjj volts pressure4  ,/ill ano!r     
auxili>y weapon ( def5se is ! dynamite  
gun1 or r1 a pneumatic gun1 t ?r[s long 
projectiles c>ry+ f #bej to #dej p\nds (
 dynamite1 to a di/ance ( ab\t two      

miles4 ,! %ells are arrang$ to explode  
soon aft] /rik+ ! wat]1 by an +5i\s     
batt]y t ignites ! fuse z soon z ! salt 
wat] ent]s x4 ,! gun1 :i* is kn[n z !   
,zal9ski gun1 is "s sixty feet long &   
fifte5 in*es 9 calib]1 ! compress$ air  
be+ sudd5ly admitt$ to x f ! res]voirs  
at any desir$ pressure by a special =m (
 valve t regulates ! range4 ,^! guns are
 to be m\nt$ 9 deep pits & fir$ at      
some:at high] elevations ?an ord9>y     
guns1 b x has great accuracy )9         
reasonable limits ( range4   ,,field    
,,=tifications4  ,9 field =tification an
 enorm\s quantity ( "w 0 done dur+ our  
la/ w>4 ,wa%+ton1 ,ri*mond1 ,na%ville1  
,pet]sburg1 ,norfolk1 ,new ,b]ne1       
,plym\?1 ,vicksburg1 & _m o!r cities 7  
elaborately =tifi$ by field works :i*   
involv$ ! h&l+ ( va/ quantities ( e>?1  
&1 :]e ! oppos+ l9es 7 ne> toge!r1      
dit*es1 abbatis1 gr\nd torp$oes1 & wire 
entanglem5ts 7 freely us$4 ,9 "s cases !
 same gr\nd 0 =tifi$ 9 succession by bo?
 armies1 s t ! total am\nt ( "w exp5d$1 

9 ?is way1 w\ld h built sev]al hundr$   
miles ( railway4 ,ar\nd ,ri*mond &      
,pet]sburg alone ! developm5t ( field   
works 0 f> great] ?an ,well+ton's       
celebrat$ l9es at ,torres ,v$ras4 ,9 all
 future w>s1 :5 l>ge armies are oppos$  
to ea* o!r1 x is probable t field works 
w play ev5 a m important "p ?an 9 ! pa/4
 ,! great advantage ( su* works1 s9ce ! 
introduction ( ! deadly bree* load+     
rifles & ma*9e guns1 0 %[n at ,plevna1  
:]e ! ,russians 7 almo/ annihilat$ 9    
attempt+ to capture ! ,turki%           
intr5*m5ts4   ,,sieges4  ,x is n propos$
 to g into hi/orical or o!r details (   
?is bran* ( ! subject1 b to give 9 a    
cond5s$ =m "s acc\nt ( siege op]ations4 
,accord+ to ! text books1 ! fir/ ?+ to  
be done1 if possible1 9 case ( a regul> 
siege1 is to inve/ ! =tress4 ,?is is    
done by surr\nd+ x z quickly z possible 
) a cont9u\s l9e ( troops1 :o spe$ily   
intr5* !mselves & m\nt guns be>+ outw>d 
on all l9es ( approa* to ! =tress1 to   
prev5t ! enemy f s5d+ 9 supplies or     

re-en=cem5ts4 ,z ?is l9e mu/ be at      
consid]able di/ance f ! =t1 x is usually
 q long1 & s is its "n1 = x is call$ !  
l9e ( ,circumvallation4 ,inside ( ?is   
l9e is !n e/abli%$ a simil> l9e fac+    
t[>d ! =t1 to prev5t sorties by !       
g>rison4 ,?is l9e is call$ ! l9e (      
,c\nt]vallation1 & %\ld be z close to ! 
=t z ! range ( its guns & ! nature ( !  
gr\nd w p]mit4 ,f ?is l9e ! troops ru%  
=w>d at night & op5 ! tr5*es1 beg9n+ )  
:at is call$ ! fir/ p>allel1 :i* %\ld be
 s laid out z to envelop ^? p>ts ( ! =t 
:i* are to be made ! special objects (  
attack4 ,f ?is fir/ p>allel a numb] (   
zigzag tr5*es are />t$ t[>d ! =t & at   
prop] int]vals o!r p>allels1 batt]ies1 &
 magaz9es are built2 ?is me?od ( approa*
 be+ cont9u$ until ! besieg$ =t is      
rea*$1 or until su* batt]ies c be br\ght
 to be> ^u x z to bree* ! walls & all[ !
 attack+ troops to make an assault4     
,dur+ ^! op]ations ( c\rse _m           
precautions mu/ be obs]v$1 bo? by !     
attack+ & def5d+ =ce1 to annoy ea* o!r &

 to prev5t surprise1 & ! "w is mo/ly    
c>ri$ on "u cov] ( ! e>? ?r[n f !       
tr5*es4 ,^! op]ations 7 suppos$ to      
occupy1 "u normal conditions1 ab\t      
=ty-"o days1 or r nights1 z mo/ ( ! "w  
is done aft] d>k1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! =t
 %\ld be r$uc$ to su* a condition t its 
comm&]1 hav+ exhau/$ all means ( def5se1
 w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ t]ms (      
surr5d]4  ,! ,!oretical ,j\rnal ( !     
siege prescribes j :at is to be done ea*
 day by bo? attack & def5se up to ! f9al
 cata/rophe1 & ?is some:at disc\rag+    
outlook = ! def5d]s 0 =cibly illu/rat$  
by ! late ,capta9 ,d]by1 bett] kn[n by !
 read+ public z ,john ,pho5ix1 :o1 :5 a 
cadet1 0 call$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,mahan to
 expla9 h[ he w\ld def5d a =t1 m\nt+ a  
c]ta9 numb] ( guns & g>rison$ by a c]ta9
 numb] ( m51 if besieg$ by an army (    
ano!r assum$ /r5g? 9 m5 & guns1 repli$3 
,i w\ld imm$iately evacuate ! =t & !n   
besiege x & capture x aga9 9 =ty-"o     
days4  ,( c\rse ! fallacy ( ?is reason+ 
0 9 ! fact t ! besieg+ army is g5]ally  

suppos$ to be f\r or five times z l>ge z
 ! g>rison ( ! =t2 ! prim>y object ( =ts
 be+ to enable a small =ce to hold a    
position1 at lea/ = a "t1 aga9/ a mu*   
l>g] =ce ( ! enemy4  ,sieges h *ang$ ) !
 developm5t ( eng9es ( w>1 f ! rude &   
muscul> ef=ts ( p]sonal pr[ess l t      
describ$ 9 ,ivanhoe1 :]e ! ,black       
,knight cuts 8 way ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ) 8   
battle axe1 to su* sieges z ^? at       
,vicksburg1 ,pet]sburg1 & ,plevna1 :]e !
 individual c\nt$ = v little1 & !       
results dep5d$ ^u ! comb9$ ef=ts ( l>ge 
numb]s ( m5 & sy/ematic siege op]ations4
 ,x %\ld also be notic$ t mod]n sieges  
are n necess>ily hamp]$ by ! rules laid 
d[n 9 text books1 b v>y f !m accord+ to 
circum/ances4  ,= example1 _m sieges h  
be5 c>ri$ to successful issues )\t      
completely inve/+ or surr\nd+ ! =tress4 
,?is 0 ! case at ,pet]sburg1 :]e ,g5]al 
,lee 0 entirely free to move out1 or    
receive supplies & re-en=cem5ts up to ! 
v la/ /ages ( ! siege4 ,9 o!r cases1 z  
at ,=t ,pulaski1 ,sumt]1 & ,macon1 !    

bree*+ batt]ies 7 e/abli%$ at v mu*     
great] di/ances ?an ev] be=e attempt$1 &
 ! prelim9>y siege op]ations 7 v mu*    
abbreviat$ & "s ( !m omitt$ altoge!r4   
,?is is n an argum5t aga9/ hav+ well    
def9$ rules & pr9ciples1 b x %[s t !    
eng9e] mu/ be prep>$ to cut loose f old 
rules & cu/oms :5ev] ! *ang$ /ate (     
circum/ances requires diff]5t treatm5t4 
,,milit>y ,,bridges4  ,9 ! movem5t (    
armies1 especially on long m>*es 9 !    
enemy's c\ntry1 "o ( ! greate/          
difficulties to be ov]come is ! cross+ (
 /reams1 & ?is is usually done by means 
( portable bridges4 ,^! may be built (  
light tre/les ) adju/able legs to suit !
 diff]5t dep?s1 or ( wood5 or canvas    
boats support+ a light roadway wide     
en\gh = a s+le l9e ( ord9>y wagons or   
artill]y c>riages4 ,! mat]ials = ^!     
bridges1 :i* are kn[n z ,ponton         
,bridges1 are load$ ^u wagons &         
accompany ! army on its m>*es1 & :5     
requir$ = use ! bridge is rapidly put   
toge!r1 piece by piece1 9 accordance )  

fix$ rules1 :i* con/itute1 9 fact1 a    
regul> drill4 ,! wood5 boats are q heavy
 & are us$ = heavy traffic1 b = light   
"w1 z1 = example1 to accompany ! rapid  
movem5ts ( ! cavalry1 boats made ( heavy
 canvas1 /ret*$ ^u light wood5 frames1 t
 are put toge!r on ! spot1 are us$4     
,dur+ ,g54 ,%]man's memorable ,georgia  
campaign & m>* to ! sea1 ov] ?ree miles 
( ,ponton bridges 7 built 9 cross+ !    
num]\s /reams met )1 & ne>ly two miles (
 tre/le bridges4 ,9 ,g54 ,grant's       
,wild]ness campaign ! eng9e]s built n   
less ?an ?irty-eight bridges betwe5 !   
,rappahannock & ! ,james ,riv]s1 ^!     
bridges aggregat+ ov] #f1fjj feet 9     
l5g?4 ,"u favorable circum/ances su*    
bridges c be built at ! rate ( #bjj to  
#cjj feet p] h\r1 & !y c be tak5 up at a
 /ill m rapid rate4 ,:5 !re is no bridge
 tra9 at h& ! eng9e] is oblig$ to use   
su* improvis$ mat]ials z he c get2      
build+s are torn d[n to get plank &     
trees are cut to make ! frame4          
,sometimes s+le /r+]s w answ]1 b if a   

great] l5g? ( bridge is requir$ x may be
 support$ on piles or tre/les1 or 9 deep
 wat] on rafts ( logs or casks4 ,b !    
heavy traffic ( armies1 op]at+ at "s    
di/ance f _! bases1 mu/ be transport$ by
 rail1 & ! build+ ( railway bridges or  
rebuild+ ^? de/roy$ by ! enemy is an    
important duty ( ! eng9e]4 ,on !        
,potomac ,creek1 9 ,virg9ia1 a tre/le   
bridge #hj feet high & #djj feet long 0 
built 9 n9e work+ days1 f timb] out ( ! 
neighborhood4 ,ano!r bridge across !    
,et[ah ,riv]1 9 ,georgia1 0 built 9 ,g54
 ,%]man's campaign1 & a simil> bridge 0 
also built ov] ! ,*attahoo*ee4          
,,surveys ,,& ,,explorations4  ,= m ?an 
half a c5tury be=e ! build+ ( ! great   
,pacific railways1 eng9e] (fic]s 7      
engag$ 9 mak+ surveys & explorations 9 !
 great unkn[n c\ntry we/ ( !            
,mississippi ,riv]1 & ! f9al map ( t    
c\ntry 0 lit]ally cov]$ ) a network (   
trails made by !m4 ,sev]al ( ^! (fic]s  
lo/ _! lives 9 su* exp$itions1 :ile o!rs
 liv$ to become m fam\s z comm&]s dur+ !

 great rebellion4 ,g5]als ,ke>ney1      
,j4,e4 ,john/on1 ,pope1 ,w>r51 ,fremont 
& ,p>ke1 & ,colonels ,long1 ,ba*e1      
,emory1 ,:ipple1 ,woodruff & ,simpson1  
,capta9s ,w>n]1 ,/ansbury1 ,gunnison &  
_m o!r (fic]s1 g5]ally 9 _! y\ng] days1 
contribut$ _! quota to ! geographical k 
( ! c\ntry1 & made possible ! wond]ful  
network ( railways gu>d$ by milit>y po/s
 t has foll[$ _! foot/eps4 ,_! reports  
fill twelve l>ge qu>to volumes4         
,,b\nd>y ,,& ,,lake ,,surveys4  ,!      
a/ronomical location ( ! b\nd>ies ( !   
sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 z well z ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is a duty frequ5tly    
requir$ ( ! eng9e] (fic]1 & su* a survey
 betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,mexico is n[ 9    
progress4 ,! entire l9e ( ! #di? p>allel
 ( latitude f ! ,lake ( ! ,woods to !   
,pacific ,ocean1 :i* =ms our nor!rn     
b\nd>y1 0 locat$ a few ye>s ago by a    
jo9t commission ( ,engli% & ,unit$      
,/ates eng9e]s1 & monum5ts 7 e/abli%$ at
 %ort int]vals ov] its entire l5g?4  ,a 
c>eful geodetic & hydrographic survey ( 

! ,great ,nor!rn ,lakes1 includ+ e h>bor
 ^u !m & ! riv]s connect+ !m1 0 c>ri$ on
 = _m ye>s & 0 f9ally complet$ "s t5    
ye>s ago4 ,maps & *>ts ( ^! surveys are 
publi%$ f "t to "t = use ( pilots       
navigat+ ^! wat]s4  ,n only are ! duties
 ( ! milit>y eng9e] simil> 9 _m respects
 to ^? ( ! civil eng9e]1 b !re are _m   
in/ances 9 :i* ! duties ( "o bran* ( !  
pr(ession h be5 p]=m$ by memb]s ( ! o!r 
bran*1 q z effici5tly z ?\gh !y _h be5  
p]=m$ by eng9e]s specially educat$ = !  
purpose4 ,dur+ ! late civil w> !re 7 _m 
illu/rations ( ?is1 all %[+ t an +5i\s  
eng9e] c readily adapt himself to       
circum/ances entirely diff]5t f ^? to   
:i* he has be5 accu/om$4 ,a v good      
example ( ?is occurr$ 9 ! ,r$ ,riv]     
exp$ition ( ,g5]al ,banks & ,admiral    
,port]4 ,9 t memorable b disa/r\s       
campaign an army accompani$ by a fleet (
 transports & light draught gunboats1   
sometimes call$ t9 clads because "s p>ts
 ( !m 7 cov]$ ) boil] plate to /op !    
bullets ( ! enemy1 asc5d$ ! ,r$ ,riv] 9 

,l\isiana2 b ! advance hav+ be5 *eck$ & 
a retreat comm5c$1 x 0 f\nd t ! riv] _h 
fall5 to su* a l[ /ate t ! fleet 0      
caught above ! rapids ne> ,alex&ria1 & x
 w\ld 9 all probability h be5 a complete
 loss _h x n be5 = ! timely application 
( eng9e]+ skill by ,lieut4 ,col4 ,joseph
 ,bailey1 a civil eng9e] f ,wiscons91 :o
 built a tempor>y dam across ! riv] bel[
 ! rapids & float$ out ! entire fleet4  
,?is dam 0 ov] #gej feet long & 9       
connection ) "s auxili>y dams rais$ !   
wat] level "s #f feet4 ,x 0 built "u _m 
difficulties1 b by ! skill & ability ( !
 eng9e] & ! co-op]ation ( ! troops x 0  
complet$ 9 t5 days4 ,ano!r case 0 at !  
siege ( ,pet]sburg1 ,va41 :]e ,lieut4   
,col4 ,pleasants1 a ,p5nsylvania coal   
m9]1 ran a gall]y f our l9es1 "u ! rebel
 batt]y1 "s #ejj feet di/ant1 & blew x  
entirely out ( exi/5ce4 ,! m9e conta9$  
f\r tons ( p[d] & produc$ a crat] #bjj  
feet by #ej feet & #be feet deep1 & 0   
complet$ 9 "o mon?4 ,! sequel to ?is 0  
to be an attack on ! enemy's l9e ?r\gh !

 gap made by ! explosion1 & su* an      
attack prop]ly foll[$ up w\ld d\btless h
 _h a m>k$ effect 9 %ort5+ ! duration ( 
! w>1 b ?is attack 0 s badly manag$ t x 
utt]ly fail$ & caus$ a sev]e loss to our
 own army4 ,! m9e itself1 h[ev]1 0 a    
great success & produc$ a decid$ moral  
effect on bo? sides :i* la/$ until ! end
 ( ! w>4  ,x may be out ( place to      
digress a mom5t to illu/rate ! moral    
effect ( su* a convulsion4 ,sev]al weeks
 aft] ?is great m9e explosion1 ! #ah?   
,army ,corps1 to :i* ,i !n belong$1 0   
hold+ a l9e ( works rec5tly captur$ f ! 
rebels1 ab\t six miles f ,ri*mond1 :5 "o
 night ! colonel comm&+ ,=t ,h>rison1 a 
l>ge field "w =m+ a "p ( ?is l9e1 came  
d[n to headqu>t]s & report$ t "s old    
,p5nsylvania coal m9]s 9 8 comm& _h he>d
 m9+ go+ on "u ! =t4 ,z ! ne>e/ "p ( !  
enemy's l9e 0 "s #djj y>ds f ! =t1 ,i 0 
q c]ta9 t !y c\ld n h run a gall]y t    
di/ance 9 ! "t t _h elaps$ s9ce we      
occupi$ ! "w1 b !re 0 ( c\rse !         
possibility t ! m9e _h be5 p>tly built  

be=eh& s z to be ready 9 j su* a case z 
_h aris51 viz41 ! capture ( ! =t by our 
troops4 ,i !re=e w5t ) ! colonel up to !
 =t to li/5 = ! m9+ op]ations1 & got !  
m5 :o claim$ to h he>d ! subt]ranean    
noises1 d[n 9 ! bottom ( ! dit* ( ! =t1 
:i* 0 t5 feet deep1 & at ! angles =m$ a 
fairly good li/5+ gall]y1 b no?+ unusual
 c\ld be he>d4 ,i !re=e made arrangem5ts
 to s9k a l9e ( pits 9 ! bottom ( !     
dit*1 some?+ l ord9>y wells2 ! bottoms (
 ^! pits to be f9ally connect$ by a     
horizontal gall]y :i* w\ld envelop ! =t 
& enable u to he> ! enemy & bl[ him up1 
be=e he c\ld get "u ! =t4 ,al?\gh !     
comm&+ (fic] ( t =t 0 z brave an (fic] z
 ! w> develop$1 he w\ld n keep 8 m5 9 ! 
=t aft] d>k1 b )drew !m quietly to !    
flanks ( ! "w1 :]e !y n only w\ld be    
safe f an explosion1 b w\ld be ready to 
fall ^u ! enemy 9 case he %\ld bl[ up ! 
=t & ru% 9 to capture ! l9e1 z our      
troops _h attempt$ to d at ,pet]sburg4  
,no explosion took place1 h[ev]1 & aft] 
our c\nt]m9+ "w 0 complet$1 ! g>rison   

became reassur$ & rema9$ 9 ! =t at night
 z well z 9 day "t4 ,a few mon?s lat]1  
:5 ! enemy 0 driv5 f 8 l9es1 ,i w5t     
?r\gh 8 works to see :e!r any m9+ _h be5
 attempt$1 & f\nd t a gall]y lead+ t[>d 
,=t ,h>rison _h be5 c>ri$ q a di/ance1 b
 0 /ill incomplete1 & x is b>ely        
possible t ! old m9]s 7 "r1 aft] all1 9 
?9k+ t !y c\ld he> ! s\nd ( ! pick1     
al?\gh ! di/ance 0 almo/ too great to   
make ?is !ory v probable4  ,/ill ano!r  
illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* civil eng9e]s 
c make !mselves extremely useful 9      
milit>y op]ations 0 ! wond]ful sy/em (  
milit>y railways1 or railways op]at$ =  
milit>y purposes1 t =m$ complete l9es ( 
transportation = ! armies & _! enorm\s  
quantities ( supplies & munitions1 m    
especially ^? 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/4       
,con/ruction tra9s 7 organiz$ 9 ! mo/   
complete /yle1 & :5 a piece ( track or a
 numb] ( bridges 7 de/roy$ by ! enemy1  
!y w\ld be rebuilt s rapidly t our tra9s
 w\ld h>dly seem to be delay$ by x4 ,!  
tra9s c>ri$ sp>e rails1 ties1 & bridges 

( v>i\s l5g?s ready to put up1 & !y also
 c>ri$ ! necess>y roll+ /ock & tools =  
de/roy+ ! roads & bridges ( ! enemy4 ,s 
exp]t _h ?is con/ruction corps become t 
! enemy 0 ready to believe almo/ any    
/atem5t 9 reg>d to x4 ,g5]al ,%]man     
tells ( an in/ance :]e x 0 propos$ to   
bl[ up a tunnel1 to *eck 8 ,m>* to !    
,sea1 :5 "o ( ! m5 object$1 say+ x 0 (  
no use1 = ,%]man _h a duplicate tunnel 9
 8 tra94  ,al?\gh ?is is n a s]mon1 x   
may n be out ( place to po9t out a few  
qualifications common to all eng9e]s1 = 
!y all deal m or less ) ! same mat]ials 
& =ces & employ simil> me?ods (         
inve/igation & con/ruction4 ,wood1 iron1
 /eel1 copp] & /one & _! comp\nds are ! 
mat]ials ( ! civil1 m9+1 me*anical &    
electrical1 z well z ( ! milit>y        
eng9e]s4 ,!y all deal ) ! =ces (        
gravitation1 cohesion1 in]tia & *emical 
aff9ity4 ,!y all require skill1         
intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 confid5ce1        
accuracy1 ?or\ghness1 +5uity &1 beyond  
all1 s\nd judgm5t4 ,want+ 9 any "o ( ^! 

qualifications1 an eng9e] is m or less  
disqualifi$ = important "w4 ,x is said t
 a di/+ui%$ eng9e] 0 always afraid to   
cross 8 own bridges1 al?\gh built 9 !   
mo/ ?or\gh & approv$ mann]4 ,he 0       
defici5t 9 confid5ce4 ,ano!r eng9e]     
di/+ui%$ = 8 ma!matical atta9m5ts built 
a bridge :i* promptly collaps$ at ! fir/
 opportunity4 ,on ov]haul+ 8            
computations he ejaculat$ some:at       
=cibly1 ,t conf\nd$ m9us sign6 ,x %\ld h
 be5 plus4 ,he 0 defici5t 9 s\nd        
judgm5t1 or :at is sometimes call$ horse
 s5se4  ,ano!r & m common defect 9 "y   
eng9e]s is a want ( ?or\ghness4 ,x is   
g5]ally be/ to g to ! bottom ( a "q at  
fir/ & keep at x until x is ?or\ghly &  
fully complet$4 ,confucius says1 ,if ?\ 
ha/ aught to d1 fir/ consid]1 second    
act1 ?ird let ! s\l resume h]           
tranquillity4 ,^? :o beg9 a great _m ?+s
 & nev] fully complete !m lose a great  
deal ( valuable "t1 b d v little        
valuable "w4 ,! way to avoid ?is        
difficulty is to be cauti\s ab\t beg9n+ 

?+s1 b :5 once />t$ don't leave x until 
y are satisfi$ to leave x = good4 ,!re  
is an ,arabian say+1 ,nev] und]take all 
y c d1 = he :o und]takes all he c d w   
frequ5tly und]take m ?an he c d4  ,ano!r
 common error is extravagance4 ,on !    
plea t ! be/ is always ! *eape/1 & to be
 sure ( a l>ge factor ( safety1 or z !  
late ,mr4 ,holley call$ x a factor (    
ignorance1 )\t mu* tr\ble to !mselves1  
"s eng9e]s use m or bett] mat]ials ?an !
 "w requires1 & ?us greatly increase !  
co/ )\t any correspond+ advantage4      
,almo/ any eng9e] c d almo/ any?+ 9 !   
way ( eng9e]+ if n limit$ by ! co/1 b ! 
man :o kn[s j :at mat]ials to use & h[  
to use !m s t !y w answ] ! purpose z to 
/r5g? & durability c save 8 own sal>y to
 8 employ] _m times ov] by simply omitt+
 unnecess>y exp5se4         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,h[           
,,me*anical ,,rubb] ,,goods ,,are       
,,made4   ,:ile ! manufacture ( rubb]   
goods is 9 no s5se a secret indu/ry1 !  
majority ( buy]s & us]s ( su* goods h   

nev] /epp$ inside ( a rubb] mill1 & _m h
 v crude ideas z to h[ ! goods are made 
up4 ,9 ord9>y g>d5 hose1 = in/ance1 !   
process is z foll[s3 ,! inn] tub+ is    
made ( a /rip ( rubb] fifty feet 9 l5g?1
 :i* is laid on a long z9c-cov]$ table &
 its edges drawn toge!r ov] a hose pole4
 ,! cov]1 :i* is ( :at is call$         
friction1 t is clo? ) rubb] =c$ ?r\gh   
its me%es1 comes to ! hose mak] 9 /rips1
 cut on ! bias1 :i* are w\nd ar\nd !    
outside ( ! tube & adh]e tightly to x4  
,! hose pole is !n put 9 some?+ l a     
fifty foot la!1 & :ile ! pole revolves  
sl[ly1 x is tightly wrapp$ ) /rips (    
clo?1 9 ord] t x may n get out ( %ape   
:ile und]go+ ! process ( vulcaniz+4 ,:5 
a numb] ( ^! hose poles h be5 cov]$ 9   
?is way !y are laid 9 a pan set on      
trucks & are !n run into a long boil]1  
%ut 91 & live /eam is turn$ on4 ,:5 !   
goods are cur$ /eam is bl[n (f1 !       
vulcaniz] op5$ & ! clo?s are remov$4 ,! 
hose is !n slipp$ (f ! pole by =c+ air f
 a compressor betwe5 ! rubb] & ! hose   

pole4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at is kn[n z   
hose t has a seam 9 x4  ,= seamless hose
 ! tube is made 9 a tub+ ma*9e & slipp$ 
^u ! hose pole by rev]s+ ! process t is 
us$ 9 remov+ hose by air compression4 ,9
 o!r words1 a knot is ti$ 9 "o end ( !  
fifty foot tube & ! o!r end is plac$    
aga9/ ! hose pole & be+ c>efully inflat$
 ) air x is slipp$ on )\t ! lea/ tr\ble4
 ,= v>i\s k9ds ( hose ! processes v>y1 &
 !re are ma*9es = w9d+ ) wire &         
intricate processes = ! heavy grades (  
suction hose1 etc4 ,= /eam hose1        
brew]s'1 & acid hose1 special resi/+    
comp\nds are us$1 t z a rule are !      
secrets ( ! v>i\s manufactur]s4 ,cotton 
hose is wov5 ?r\gh ma*9es expressly     
design$ = t purpose1 & aft]w>d has a    
half-cur$ rubb] tube drawn ?r\gh x4 ,"o 
end is !n securely /opp$ up & ! o!r end 
=c$ on a cone ?r\gh :i* /eam is         
introduc$ to ! inside ( ! hose1 =c+ !   
rubb] aga9/ ! cotton cov]1 f9i%+ ! cure 
& fix+ x firmly 9 its place4            
,,corrugat$ ,,matt+4  ,aft] ! mix+ ( !  

comp\nd & ! cal5d]+1 t is ! spread+ x 9 
%eets1 ! great roll ( rubb] & clo? t is 
to be made into corrugat$ matt+ is s5t  
to ! pressman4 ,"h x is hung 9 a rack & 
fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( x drawn betwe5 ! 
plates ( ! huge hydraulic /eam press4 ,!
 bottom plate ( ?is press is groov$ its 
:ole l5g?1 s t :5 ! upp] plat5 is let   
d[n ! pla9 %eet ( rubb] is =c$ into !   
grooves & ! corrugations are =m$4 ,:ile 
9 t position /eam is let into ! upp] &  
l[] plat5s & ! matt+ is cur$4 ,aft] x   
has be5 9 !re ! prop] "t1 cold wat] is  
let into ! press1 x is cool$ (f1 & !    
upp] plat5 be+ rais$1 x is ready to come
 out4 ,a simple device = loos5+ ! matt+ 
f ! grooves into :i* x has be5 =c$ is a 
long /eel rod1 ) a h&le on "o h& l an   
aug] h&le1 :i*1 be+ introduc$ "u ! edge 
& twi/$1 all[s ! air to ent] ) x &      
releases x f ! m\ld4   ,,pack+4  ,%eet  
pack+ is (t5 times made 9 a press1 l    
corrugat$ matt+4 ,! v>ieties1 h[ev]1    
kn[n z gum core h to g ?r\gh a diff]5t  
process4 ,usually a core is squirt$     

?r\gh a tube ma*9e & ! outside cov]+ (  
jute or cotton1 or :atev] ! fabric may  
be1 is put on by a braid] or is wrapp$  
ab\t x some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! old     
fa%ion$ clo?-wrapp$ tub+4 ,! fabric is  
ei!r treat$ ) "s heat-resi/+ mixture or 
some?+ t is a lubricant1 plumbago & oil 
be+ ! comp\nd4 ,o!r pack+s are made f ! 
ends ( belts cut out 9 a circul> =m &   
treat$ ) a lubricant4 ,!re are scores ( 
/yles t make special claims = excell5ces
 t are made 9 a v>iety ( ways1 b z a    
rule ! g5]al sy/em z outl9$ above is    
foll[$4   ,,j> ,,r+s4  ,! old fa%ion$   
way ( mak+ j> r+s 0 fir/ to take a l>ge 
m&rel & wrap x ar\nd ) a %eet ( comp\nd$
 rubb] until ! ?ickness ( ! r+ 0 secur$4
 ,x 0 !n held 9 place by a fur!r wrapp+ 
( clo?1 vulcaniz$1 put 9 a la! & cut up 
into r+s by h&4 ,t mann] ( proc$ure1    
h[ev]1 0 too sl[1 & x is to-day done    
almo/ :olly by ma*9]y4 ,= example1 !    
rubb] is squirt$ out ( a mammo? tub+    
ma*9e 9 ! %ape ( a huge tube1 !n slipp$ 
on a m&rel & vulcaniz$4 ,x is !n put 9  

an automatic la! & revolv+ swiftly is   
br\ght aga9/ a %>p knife blade :i* cuts 
r+ aft] r+ until ! :ole is consum$1 )\t 
any h&l+ or wat*+4--,india ,rubb] ,_w4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,h[ ,,enamel$ ,,lett]s ,,are ,,made4   
,! foll[+ is a description ( a brief    
visit by a repres5tative ( ! ,j\rnal (  
,decorative ,art to ! new factory ( !   
,pat5t ,lett] & ,enamel ,company1 ,ltd41
 situate 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london4  ,!   
company h rec5tly secur$ a l>ge freehold
 plot 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london1 
& h built = !mselves a mo/ commodi\s &  
spaci\s factory1 "s hundr$s ( feet 9    
l5g?1 all on "o floor1 & comm&$ f "o end
 by ! manag]'s (fice1 f :5ce c be se5 at
 a glance ! entire premises4  ,! works  
are divid$ into two l>ge comp>tm5ts1 &  
are light$ f ! ro(1 ample provision be+ 
made = v5tilation1 & att5tion be+ giv5  
to ^? sanit>y conditions :i* are1 or    
%\ld be1 imp]ative on all well manag$   
e/abli%m5ts4  ,we fir/ explore !        
/ockroom4 ,"h are /or$ ! num]\s dies1 ( 

all sizes & %apes1 :i* ! company        
possess1 v>y+ 9 size f half an in* to   
twelve or sixte5 in*es4 ,"h1 too1 is    
kept ! l>ge /ore ( ?9 %eet copp] out (  
:i* ! lett]s are /amp$4 ,our read]s are 
famili> ) ! =m or pr9ciple ^u :i* ^!    
lett]s are made4 ,x is simply a convex  
surface1 ! rev]se side be+ concave1 &   
be+ fix$ on to ! glass or o!r mat]ial ) 
a :ite lead prep>ation4 ,:5 ^! lett]s 7 
fir/ made1 ! practice 0 to cut or /amp  
!m out 9 flat copp]1 & !n to r\nd or    
m\ld !m by a second op]ation4 ,rec5t    
improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 h disp5s$
 ) ?is dual process1 & ! /amp+ & m\ld+  
is done 9 ! "o swift1 %>p op]ation4  ,! 
process ( mak+ an enamel$ lett] has f\r 
/ages--/amp+1 enamel+1 fir+1 & fil+4    
,!re are o!r & subsequ5t processes =    
elaborat+1 b ^? nam$ are ( ! ess5ce ( ! 
transaction4   ,,/amp+4  ,! /amp+ is    
done by means ( presses1 & is a v rapid 
& complete op]ation4  ,! op]ator takes a
 piece ( ! %eet copp]1 places x on !    
press1 ! lev] desc5ds1 !re is a %>p     

crun*+1 bur/+ s\nd1 & 9 a "t %ort] ?an x
 has tak5 to describe1 ! lett] is made1 
%>p & p]fect 9 e way4   ,,enamel+4  ,!  
lett]s are n[ tak5 *>ge ( by a girl1 :o 
lays !m out on a wire tray1 ! holl[ side
 up1 & pa9ts !m ov] ) a ?9 mordant4     
,:ile !y are 9 ?is position1 & be=e !   
mordant dries1 !y are tak5 on !         
gridiron-l tray to a k9d ( l>ge box1 :i*
 is full ( ! p[d]$ enamel1 &1 hold+ !   
tray 9 h] left h&1 ! girl takes a f9e   
sieve full ( ! p[d] & du/s x ov] !      
lett]1 all sup]flu\s p[d] fall+ ?r\gh ! 
op5 wirework & into ! b9 aga91 s t !re  
is absolutely no wa/e4  ,illu/ration3   
,,du/+ ,,! ,,lett]s ,,be=e ,,fir+4      
,,fir+4  ,! lett]s are n[ tak5 & plac$  
c>efully on ?9 iron disks or plates on !
 b5*1 :]e !y rema9 until !y are fir$4 ,x
 w be rememb]$ t we said at ! outset t !
 factory 0 divid$ into two l>ge         
comp>tm5ts1 & x is into ! second ( ^! t 
we n[ g4  ,"h are rang$ ! s]ies (       
furnaces :i* conv]t ! copp] &           
sup]9cumb5t enamel into "o common       

body--fuse ! "o into ! o!r4 ,an unw>y   
/ep soon w>ns u t we are too ne> !      
furnace1 unless we want to run ! risk ( 
a premature cremation1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( !
 read]s ( ?is j\rnal we /ep back to a   
respectful & prop] di/ance1 & wat* !    
op]ations f af>4  ,!re seems to be      
some?+ innately picturesque ab\t all    
furnaces & ^? :o "w ab\t !m4 ,:e!r x is 
! ,rembr&t effects produc$ by ! /rong   
light & %ade1 or :e!r x is t ! necess>y 
use ( ! long iron in/rum5ts1 su* z all  
furnace work]s employ1 compels a c]ta9  
dignity & grace ( poise & action1 we "k 
n2 b c]ta9 x is t ! grace is !re 9 a    
m>k$ degree1 & z we wat*$ ! m5 take _!  
long-h&l$ iron tongs & place 9 or lift  
out ! plates ( hot metal1 we c\ld n fail
 to be impress$ ) ! *>m ( ! physical    
action !y display$4  ,! disk conta9+ !  
enamel$ lett]s is tak5 at ! end ( a long
 iron h&le & c>efully plac$ 9 a         
dome-%ap$ muffle4 ,^! muffles are all   
heat$ f ! outside2 t is1 ! fire is all  
r\nd ! *amb]1 b n 9 x1 ! fumes ( !      

sulphur be+ de/ructive ( ! enamel if !y 
are all[$ to come into contact ) x4 ,s  
int5se is ! heat1 h[ev]1 t a muffle la/s
 only ab\t n9e days1 & at ! end ( t "t  
has to be r5ew$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fir+  
,,! ,,lett]s  ,aft] ! enamel is fus$ on 
to ! copp]1 ! disk is tak5 out & plac$  
on a side slab1 :]e x is all[$ to cool4 
,?is process is repeat$ on ! front side 
( ! lett]1 :5 all t rema9s to complete x
 is   ,,! ,,fil+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fil+ 
,,! ,,lett]s ,,aft] ,,enamel+4  ,?is is 
done by girls1 :o1 ) v f9e files1 rub (f
 ! edges & any protub]ances :i* may be  
!re4 ,e lett] is subject to ?is         
op]ation1 & all are turn$ out smoo? &   
well f9i%$4  ,sometimes ! lett]s are    
color$ or fur!r def9$ by ! addition ( a 
l9e1 b ! ess5tials are z we h already   
describ$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,mix+ ,,!     
,,enamel   ,,bru%+ ,,out4  ,!re are1    
h[ev]1 "o or two o!r op]ations ( int]e/ 
:i* we may notice4 ,! company d n conf9e
 _! ex]tions to ! mak+ ( lett]s1 v>i\s  
collat]al developm5ts hav+ tak5 place   

:i* fill an important "p 9 ?is s*eme (  
"w4  ,( ^!1 small tablets1 conta9+      
adv]tisem5ts or notices1 su* z we see 9 
railway c>riages1 ,pu% aft] rais+ w9d[1 
or ,close ?is door aft] y1 or "s leg5d  
p]ta9+ to ,br[n's ,soap or ,rob9son's   
,wa%+ ,p[d]4 ,^! are done by diff]5t    
processes1 ! transf] process1 z us$ 9 ! 
pott]ies1 be+ employ$1 b ! "o mo/ l>gely
 us$ is t ( bru%+ out1 :i* is done by   
plates4  ,let u suppose t ! tablet %[s  
:ite lett]s on a d>k gr\nd1 ! modus     
op]&i is z foll[s3  ,! tablet has be5   
enamel$1 z already describ$1 & is :ite4 
,! op]ator n[ takes a d>k enamel &      
spreads x ev5ly ov] ! entire surface ( !
 tablet4 ,he1 or %e1 n[ takes a /5cil   
plate1 ( t9foil1 out ( :i* ! gr\nd is   
cut1 leav+ ! lett] 9 ! c5t]4  ,?is is   
c>efully plac$ ov] ! tablet & held tight
 ) ! left h&1 :ile ) ! "r h& he holds a 
f9e bru%1 :i* he uses ) a quick1 %>p    
movem5t ov] ! surface4 ,?is action      
readily removes ! unfir$ color f ! h>d1 
glassy surface und]nea?1 & leaves a :ite

 lett]4 ,?is is fir$1 & is !n complete4 
,sometimes two &1 x may be1 ?ree plates 
are necess>y to complete ! bru%+ out1 z 
ties mu/ be left1 z 9 ! case ( ord9>y   
/5cils1 & ^! h to be bru%$ out )        
additional plates4 ,two or ?ree colors  
may be introduc$ by ?is process1 b ea*  
sep>ate color means sep>ate fir+4 ,if ! 
lett]s are d>k on a light gr\nd1 !      
process is exactly ! same1 ! /5cil only 
be+ modifi$4 ,9 addition to ! lett]s &  
tablets ?us describ$1 ! company also    
und]take ! production ( l>ge enamel$    
signs1 & to cope ) ! rapid expansion (  
?is dep>tm5t ( _! "w !y are erect+      
special furnaces1 to enable !m to deal )
 any dem& likely to be made ^u !m4 ,!   
call = ?+s p]man5t & wa%able 9 ! way (  
adv]tis+ is on ! increase1 & ! enamel$  
plates made by ! company is "o ( ! mo/  
successful ways ( meet+ ! dem&4         
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,smi? ,a ,,mighty    
,,man ,,is ,,he4         99       99    
99       99       99     ,,burn+ ,,brick
 ,,) ,,crude ,,oil ,,fuel4   ,at !      

pres5t "t !re is n ! lea/ reason :y ei!r
 wood1 coal1 or any o!r solid fuel %\ld 
be us$ = ! burn+ ( brick4 ,?is /yle (   
burn+ brick belongs to a pa/ age4 ,! art
 ( brickmak+ has made trem5d\s progress 
dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x is no   
long] ! art ( ! ignorant2 bra9s1        
capital1 exp]i5ce1 sci5ce1 wide & g5]al 
k1 mu/ 9 ^! days be ! prop]ty ( !       
successful brick manufactur]4 ,!re are  
"s su* progressive brick manufactur]s 9 
,*icago1 :o use nei!r coal nor wood 9 ! 
dry+ or burn+ ( _! clay products4 ,crude
 oil is ! fuel :i* !y employ1 & ) ?is   
fuel !y obta9 *eap] & bett] brick ?an d 
manufactur]s :o employ solid fuel4 ,"s (
 ^! manufactur]s h express$ !mselves z  
pref]r+ to quit ! brick bus9ess r ?an   
return to ! use ( wood or coal z fuel 9 
brick burn+4  ,?is %[s pla9ly t progress
 9 our art1 :5 x does come1 comes to    
rema94 ,x is true t crude oil =         
brick-burn+ purposes is n ev]y:]e       
obta9able4 ,b !re is a fuel :i* is ev5  
bett] ?an crude oil1 namely1 fuel gas1 &

 :i* c be produc$ & employ$ on any brick
 y>d at a sav+ ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ov]
 coal or o!r solid fuel4  ,! ,rose      
process = mak+ fuel gas gives a wat] gas
 enri*$ by petroleum4 ,r\ghly1 ab\t half
 ! co/ ( ?is gas z made at ,bellefonte1 
,pa41 0 = oil4 ,! gas co/ #f4fh;c4 p]   
#a1jjj cu4 ft41 ) oil at #b;c4 a gallon4
 ,at d\ble ?is price ! gas w\ld co/ b   
#aj;c41 & %[ t 9 practice1 foot = foot1 
x equals natural gas4  ,fuel gas means a
 l>g] inve/m5t ( capital ?an does any ( 
! o!r modes ( brick burn+1 & is1 !re=e1 
n )9 ! rea* ( ! entire trade4 ,! co/ (  
appliances = burn+ brick ) crude oil is 
n v l>ge1 & z all grate b>s1 iron       
frames1 & doors c be disp5s$ ) 9 ! use (
 crude oil fuel1 ! co/ ( an oil-burn+   
equipm5t is b little 9 excess ( an      
equipm5t ( grates1 etc41 = coal-burn+   
kilns4  ,at works us+ small am\nts (    
fuel1 especially if co/ ( fuel be>s b a 
small proportion to total co/ ( !       
manufactur$ product1 oil w be 9 ! future
 v l>gely us$4 ,x is clean1 z comp>$ )  

coal1 c be easily h&l$1 & :5 c>efully   
us$ 9 small quantities1 is safe4 ,!re   
are sev]al me?ods ( burn+ oil t are well
 adapt$ to ! use ( brick manufactur]s & 
o!r fuel consum]s4  ,! ,p5nsylvania     
,railroad made "s v ?or\gh exp]im5ts on 
! use ( petroleum 9 _! locomotives1 &   
:ile ! results obta9$ are report$ to h  
be5 satisfactory1 x 0 ! op9ion ( ^? hav+
 ! exp]im5ts 9 *>ge t ! dem& = !        
,p5nsylvania ,railroad alone1 7 x to    
*ange its locomotives f coal to oil1    
w\ld consume all ! surplus & s5d up !   
price ( oil to a figure t w\ld compel a 
return to coal4  ,x is true t production
 has enorm\sly increas$ 9 ! la/ ?ree    
ye>s1 & ! promise = ! ne> future is t a 
high rate w be ma9ta9$4 ,x is fur!r true
 t ! production ( ,russia has increas$  
enorm\sly1 & w probably be l>g] ?is ye> 
?an ev] be=e4 ,?is ,russian oil mu/ g to
 m>kets & supply dem&s t h be5 met by   
,am]ican oil1 & ?is w /ill fur!r        
increase ! am\nt ( oil available = fuel 
purposes4  ,!re is no d\bt1 !re=e1 t    

petroleum has a future = fuel uses4 ,_m 
brick manufactur]s are ready to use x1  
not)/&+ ! possibility ( an advance 9 its
 co/4  ,:ile !re are "s objections to ! 
use ( petroleum z a fuel1 gr[+ *iefly   
out ( ! risk att5d+ its /orage &        
conveyance to ! po9t ( consumption1 x is
 und\bt$ly true t ! *ief objection is ! 
fe> t ) ! increas$ dem& t w\ld foll[ any
 ext5d$ use = ?is purpose w\ld come an  
increase 9 price t w\ld make its cont9u$
 use too exp5sive4  ,j f\r ye>s ago1 :5 
! fuel oil indu/ry 0 fir/ project$1 x 0 
cri$ d[n because1 z its enemies claim$1 
!re 0 n en\gh oil fuel to be obta9$ 9   
,am]ica to supply ! ,new ,york ,city    
factories alone1 to say no?+ ( o!r      
t]ritory1 & because ( ! high prices =   
oil t 7 sure to foll[ its sub/itution = 
coal fuel4 ,s9ce !n ! indu/ry has       
exp]i5c$ a magnific5t success1 ! sales  
exce$+ #bj1jjj1jjj b>rels a ye>1 :ile ! 
price is l[] ?an ev]4  ,a curi\s        
impression seems to h ga9$ gr\nd to !   
effect t ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company does n   

want to sell oil = fuel4 ,x may be /at$ 
au?oritatively t ! company is n only    
able b will+ to sell & deliv] oil = fuel
 purposes 9 any quantity t may be       
desir$4 ,x is n[ deliv]+ oil = fuel     
purposes 9 f\rte5 ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,= 
its sales 9 ,*icago & ! ,we/ & ,nor?we/1
 ! deliv]y is by tank c>s f ! t]m9us ( !
 pipe l9e at ,s\? ,*icago1 to :i* po9t x
 is pump$ f ,lima1 ,o4 ,! ,*icago price 
is #a-b_/c;c4 p] gallon1 or #gj;c4 p]   
b>rel ( #db gallons1 f4o4b4 c>s at      
,*icago4  ,a great _m ( ! brick         
manufactur]s "h & ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?we/ are
 beg9n+ to use crude petroleum z a      
sub/itute = s(t coal4 ,x is smokeless1 =
 ! f9e spray ( oil :i* comes f !        
injector consi/s ( su* m9ute drops ( !  
liquid & is s ?or\ghly mix$ ) oxyg5 t :5
 x burns ! combu/ion is complete1 & only
 /eam & c>bonic acid gas g out ( ! top (
 ! kiln4 ,n a speck ( soot comes f !    
kiln or ! smoke/ack or soils ! :itewa%$ 
purity ( ! boil] room4 ,oil fuel is     
absolutely clean4 ,x is labor sav+1 too4

 ,no fireman has to keep %ovel+ coal1   
!re are no a%es to be dragg$ out f "u ! 
furnace grates1 & !re are no cl9k]s to  
clog up ! b>s4 ,"o man1 by turn+ a      
valve1 may regulate ! heat ( a kiln     
conta9+ "o million brick4  ,n only is x 
clean] ?an coal & calls = less labor1 b 
x is actually *eap] z a fuel4 ,a b>rel &
 a half ( crude oil is equal = furnace  
fuel to a ton ( ! be/ ,ill9ois bitum9\s 
coal1 & at #gj;c4 a b>rel any "o c      
easily calculate ! advantages petroleum 
has ov] its smoky rival4 ,!oretically1  
two b>rels ( oil equal 9 heat+ p[] "o   
ton ( be/ ,pittsburg coal4  ,an         
exam9ation into ! relative co/ ( !      
,pittsburg & ,*icago coal to ! oil      
consum$ %[s t ! price ( oil at          
,pittsburg is #ei;c4 p] b>rel ( #db     
gallons1 & slack coal c be pur*as$ at f 
#gj;c4 to #hj;c4 p] ton1 & ! be/ quality
 ( lump coal at f #a4aj to #a4be p] ton1
 :ile ! same quality ( fuel c be b\ght 9
 ,*icago at ab\t #gj;c4 a b>rel1 z aga9/
 coal at f #b to #c4ej p] ton4 ,x w\ld1 

!re=e1 look z ?\gh !re c\ld be no "q    
:atev] z to ! economy & advantages to be
 d]iv$ f ! use ( oil z a fuel 9 ?is     
vic9ity4  ,! weight ( oil requir$ is    
less ?an half t ( av]age coal to produce
 ! same am\nt ( /eam4  ,a great         
advantage 9 us+ oil z fuel 9 brick burn+
 is t ! fires are always "u ! absolute &
 direct control ( ! man 9 *>ge ( !      
burn+1 :o c regulate ! volume ( flame to
 ! nice/ degree & ?r[ ! heat to any "p (
 ! ar*es t he may desire4  ,f pres5t    
indications1 oil w be ! fuel adopt$     
g5]ally = g5]at+ p[] & = brick burn+ 9  
,*icago1 z x saves ! boil]s1 avoids     
grate b>s1 saves dirt & c9d]s1 & r$uces 
runn+ exp5ses1 etc4  ,mu* skepticism 0  
at fir/ exhibit$ 9 ,*icago only a few   
ye>s ago :5 "o ( ! lead+ brick          
manufactur]s attempt$ to burn a kiln (  
brick ) coal = fuel4 ,ne>ly all !       
brickmak]s !n 9 bus9ess put on wise     
looks & pr$ict$ ! failure ( ! exp]im5t )
 coal4 ,b coal prov$ to be a bett] &    
*eap] fuel ?an wood1 & 9 five or six    

ye>s wood 0 us$ only = ! k9dl+ ( ! coal 
fires4  ,!n came ! attempt to burn brick
 ) crude oil1 & ! exp]im5t hav+ prov$ a 
success1 coal has be5 bani%$ f ! lead+  
brick y>ds 9 ,*icago & vic9ity4  ,!     
,pur+ton-,kimball ,brick ,co41 ,adams   
,j4 ,weckl]1 ,web]  ,la ,bond1 !        
,may-,pur+ton ,brick ,co41 ! ,union     
,brick ,co41 & ! ,pullman ,brick ,co41  
all hav+ headqu>t]s 9 ,*icago1 z well z 
! ,pe]less ,brick ,co4 & ! ,pione]      
,firepro( ,con/ruction ,co41 bo? (      
,ottawa1 ,ill41 are us+ crude oil fuel =
 brick burn+4  ,lima crude oil is us$1 &
 x is atomiz$ by means ( /eam 9 small   
furnaces ext5d+ ab\t two feet f ! face (
 ! brick kilns1 & 9 :i* furnaces        
combu/ion occurs1 & ! conv]sion ( ! oil 
& /eam into a gase\s fuel is secur$4    
,!re is little d\bt t ! fuel employ$ 9 !
 future by ! successful brick           
manufactur] mu/ be 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,ow+  
to ! enorm\s co/ ( h&l+ coal1 wood1 &   
o!r crude fuel1 & ( remov+ ! a% result+ 
f su* fuel1 x has be5 demon/rat$ 9      

practice by ! use ( crude oil t ! exp5se
 connect$ ) ! burn+ ( brick c be r$uc$  
fully #fj p] c5t4 ,?is l>ge sav+ is made
 by conv]t+ crude petroleum into gas &  
utiliz+ ?is fuel1 ei!r directly 9 !     
ar*es ( ! kiln or by conv]t+ ! crude oil
 into gas 9 a gas produc]1 & draw+ ?is  
fuel gas f ! produc] & burn+ ! same z   
requir$ 9 kilns ( suitable con/ruction4 
,crude oil fuel mu/ 9 ! future play an  
important "p 9 all bran*es ( manufacture
 requir+ high1 con/ant heats1 & 9 :i* ! 
co/ ( wood1 coal1 & o!r solid fuels1    
toge!r ) ! labor co/ ( h&l+ !m1 =ms a   
consid]able "p ( ! co/ ( production4    
,:]e coal is requir$ to be haul$ 9 c>ts 
f ! :>ves1 or f a l9e ( railway to !    
brick y>d1 locat$ a mile1 m or less1 f !
 places :]e ! coal is receiv$1 ! co/ (  
h&l+1 haulage1 & wa/e is an important   
item4 ,add$ to ^! co/s1 ! det]ioration (
 s(t coal "u atmosph]ic influ5ces & !   
wa/e f imp]fect combu/ion & f ! p>ticles
 :i* fall f ! grate b>s into ! a% pits1 
all eat a l>ge hole 9 ! brickmak]s'     

pr(it4  ,mr4 ,d4,v4 ,pur+ton1 ( ,*icago1
 ,ill41 9 speak+ on ?is subject1 says3  
,i w say t my fuel bill = oil is *eap]  
?an x w\ld     co/ me = coal4 ,!re is a 
v wide diff]5ce 9 ! co/     ( unload+1  
haul+ away a%es & c9d]s1 & gett+ my     
coal ar\nd to ! kiln1 or boil]s1 or     
dri]1 or :]ev] ,i     use x1 & ,i get v 
mu* bett] results by be+ able to     put
 ! heat f oil fuel j :]e ,i want x4  ,9 
ord] to secure ! be/ results ) any fuel 
x is n only necess>y t a *eap fuel %\ld 
be us$1 b t x %\ld be always obta9able1 
& t all ( x %\ld be burn$ & turn$ to    
comm]cial acc\nt 9 ! op]ations ( brick  
manufacture4  ,ow+ to ! losses :i* we h 
previ\sly m5tion$1 & result+ f ! use (  
coal1 ?is fuel is de/9$ to be sup]s$$ by
 "s =m ( fuel :i* w avoid su* losses1 & 
:i* w disp5se ) all ( ! inconv5i5ces n[ 
enc\nt]$ 9 ! h&l+ ( coal & ( ! a%es     
result+ f combu/ion4 ,wood is rapidly   
becom+ too sc>ce & high ne> ! great     
c5t]s ( man's habitation to be reg>d$ 9 
! pres5t discussion4  ,fully two hundr$ 

million ( brick a ye> are be+ burn$ 9 ! 
city ( ,*icago ) crude oil fuel1 & a    
clamp kiln conta9+ "o million brick c be
 burn$ ) crude oil 9 ,*icago at a labor 
co/ ( less ?an #ajj1 & at a total co/ = 
labor & oil ( ab\t #dj;c4 p] ?\s& brick4
  ,!re are n1 h[ev]1 _m places 9 ! _w   
:]e brick c be burn$ ) oil at su* a l[  
co/ z 9 ! city ( ,*icago2 ! reason be+ t
 oil is n ev]y:]e obta9able s *eaply z 9
 ?is city1 & because few clays 9 ! _w   
are s easily burn$ into brick z are !   
clays ( ,*icago4 ,9 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 &
 9 o!r places )9 a di/ance ( #ajj miles 
f ,*icago1 ! "t requir$ to burn build+  
brick ) crude oil fuel av]ages f sixte5 
to tw5ty-"o days1 :]eas ! "t ( burn+ !  
,*icago clays av]ages only ab\t five    
days1 & spl5did burns h be5 secur$ !re )
 crude oil 9 ?ree & "o-half days4 ,x is 
evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! advantages ( us+     
crude oil fuel = ! burn+ ( brick w v>y 9
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,:]e  
circum/ances & ! nature ( ! clay p]mit (
 its use1 crude oil is1 next to fuel    

gas1 ! brickmak]s' ideal fuel4--,!      
,brickmak]4         99       99       99
       99       99     ,,inve/igation   
,,( ,a ,,m\nd ,,ne> ,,jeff]son ,,city1  
,,mo4  ,by ,a4,s4 ,,logan4   ,rec5tly1 a
 p>ty consi/+ ( eng9e]s & employes ( !  
,miss\ri ,riv] ,improvem5t ,commission  
began an exploration ( "o ( ! m\nds1 a  
"w ( a prehi/oric race1 situat$ on !    
bluff1 :i* ov]looks ! ,miss\ri ,riv] f  
an elevation ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet1  
locat$ ab\t six miles bel[ ,jeff]son    
,city4  ,?is m\nd is "o ( ab\t tw5ty    
embrac$ 9 a circle "o qu>t] ( a mile 9  
diamet]4  ,! above p>ty select$ ! m\nd 9
 "q app>5tly at haphaz>d2 all ! m\nds   
pres5t+ ne>ly a uni=m outl9e1 diff]+    
only 9 size & mo/ly circul> 9 =m1 & f   
tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r feet at ! base1 ris+ 
to a height ( eight feet & "u4 ,a tr5* 0
 cut on a level ) ! natural soil1       
p5etrat+ ! m\nd ab\t eight feet4 ,a /one
 wall 0 enc\nt]$ :i* 0 built v          
sub/antially1 mak+ access 9 t direction 
difficult1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! e>? 0   

remov$ f ! top = ! purpose ( ent]+ f t  
direction4 ,! e>? 0 remov$ = a dep? (   
f\r feet1 :5 ! top ( ! wall 0 expos$4   
,fur!r excavation br\ght to light human 
bones1 "s ( !m fairly well pres]v$1     
especially ! bones ( ! legs4 ,on !      
removal ( ^! & a lay] ( clay1 ano!r lay]
 ( bones 0 expos$1 b pres5t+ a diff]5t  
appe>ance ?an ! fir/1 hav+ evid5tly be5 
burn$ or *>r$1 a consid]able quantity ( 
*>coal be+ mix$ ) ! bones4 ,9 ?is ti] 7 
f\nd portions ( sev]al skulls1 ly+ close
 toge!r1 z if !y _h be5 int]r$ )\t reg>d
 to ord]4 ,!y 71 9 all probability1     
deta*$ f ! body :5 buri$4  ,! portions (
 ! skulls f\nd 7 ^? ( ! back ( ! head1  
no frontal bones be+ discov]$4 ,"s jaw  
bones ) ! tee? atta*$ 7 among ! rema9s1 
b only t portion ( ! jaw conta9+ ! mol> 
tee?4  ,a few pieces ( fl9t weapons 7   
f\nd 9 ! upp] lay]s1 & no?+ else ( any  
significance4  ,at ?is juncture ! digg]s
 ab&on$ ! se>*1 & "s days lat] ! writ]1 
desir\s ( see+ all t 0 to be se51 resum$
 ! "w & remov$ ! e>? & rema9s until !   

bottom ( ! vault 0 rea*$2 sev]al lay]s  
be+ ?us remov$4 ,all ( ^! _h evid5tly   
be5 burn$1 z *>coal & a%es 7 mix$ ) !   
bones ( ea* succe$+ lay]4 ,! lay]s 7    
ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness1 ) f two to f\r  
in*es ( e>? betwe51 & small flat /ones1 
ab\t ! size ( a man's h&1 spread on ea* 
diff]5t lay]1 z if to m>k its division f
 ! next above4  ,betwe5 ! bottom lay]s1 
mix$ ) *>coal1 a%es & small portions (  
burn$ bones 7 f\nd :at gives value to ! 
se>*1 numb]+ ab\t fifty tools & a smok+ 
pipe4  ,! mat]ial ( ! tools is ! same z 
! rock =m+ ! vault1 locally kn[n z      
cotton rock4 ,i w\ld consid] x a species
 ( s&/one4  ,ov]ly+ ! edge ( cotton rock
 9 ! bluff is fl9t 9 great quantities1 &
 9 e conceivable %ape1 t ^! p c\ld h    
resort$ to _h !y be5 s dispos$1 & :y !y 
us$ ! s(t] mat]ial ,i w leave to "s     
ar*ologi/ to det]m9e4 ,! tools !mselves 
are made aft] no patt]n1 b select$ = _! 
cutt+ qualities1 z !y all h a m or less 
ke5 edge :i* c\ld be us$ = cutt+        
purposes1 & 7 no d\bt highly priz$1 z !y

 7 f\nd all 9 a pile 9 "o corn] ( !     
vault & on top ( :i* 0 f\nd a /one pipe4
 ,! pipe is made b[l & /em toge!r1 & x  
is curi\s t p ( su* crude ideas ( tools 
& weapons %\ld manufacture su* a p]fect 
specim5 ( a pipe4 ,x is compos$ ( a v   
heavy /one1 ! nature ( :i* w\ld be      
difficult to det]m9e1 z x is consid]ably
 burn$4  ,a description ( ! vault w be  
f\nd int]e/+ to _m4 ,! wall ( ! vault   
re/s ^u ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd1    
ab\t ?ree feet high & eight & a half    
feet squ>e1 ! inside corn]s be+ slightly
 r\nd$2 x is built 9 lay]s ab\t f\r     
in*es 9 ?ickness & v>y+ 9 l5g? upw>d to 
?ree feet1 nei!r cem5t nor mort> be+ us$
 9 ! jo9ts2 ! corn]s =m$ a sort ( recess
 z !y 7 drawn inw>d to ! top1 9 :i* _m (
 ! /ones 7 f\nd4 ,! /one = con/ruct+ !  
vault 0 br\ght f a di/ance ( ab\t a     
qu>t] ( a mile1 z !re is none 9 sight   
ne>]4  ,i assume f all ^! circum/ances t
 ^! p liv$ 9 ?is neighborhood ant]ior to
 ! age ( fl9t tools1 z ! m rec5t        
int]m5ts indicate t !y 7 !n ent]+ ^u !  

fl9t indu/ry1 & x may be t ! cotton rock
 _h become obsolete4  ,^! p buri$ _!    
dead on ! highe/ gr\nd1 cov]+ & protect+
 !m ) ^! great m\nds1 :5 x w\ld seem mu*
 easi] to bury z at ! pres5t day2 b     
in/ead1 !y1 ) great labor1 c>ri$ ! rock 
f a great di/ance1 & x is reasonable to 
suppose1 also1 t ! e>? 0 br\ght f a     
di/ance ) :i* !y are surr\nd$1 & pil$   
high above1 z !re is no trace ( an      
imm$iate or local excavation4  ,9 my    
view f ! m\nds & _! surr\nd+s ,i w\ld   
unhesitat+ly say ! wat]1 ! foot hills ( 
! glaci] & ! swamps left 9 its wake 7 b 
a %ort di/ance to ! nor? ( !m1 & dur+ ! 
summ] mon?s ! melt+ ice w\ld s5d a      
volume ( wat] d[n ?is valley t !        
,miss\ri ,riv] ( to-day is b a m9iature 
(1 & !re=e ! highe/ hills 7 ! only l& t 
c\ld be us$ by t anci5t race4  ,9 ?is   
connection ,i w\ld make ! foll[+        
sugge/ions t may lead to m important    
disclosures3 ,my object is ! hope ( a m 
?or\gh inve/igation at "s future "t4    
,ne>] to ! top ( ! m\nd 0 f\nd1 c]ta9ly1

 ! rema9s ( a p ( m rec5t date ?an ^?   
f\nd 9 ! vault1 z _! bones 7 l>g]1 :i*  
w\ld indicate a m /alw>t tribe1 & also  
_! mode ( burial 0 diff]5t1 z !re 0 no  
indication ( fire be+ us$1 z 0 ! case ) 
! l[] burials4 ,i w\ld pron\nce ! upp]  
int]m5ts ^? ( ,indians ( ! pres5t day2 !
 tools f\nd ) ^! 7 weapons ( ! *ase4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ^? f\nd 9 ! vault 7 ( a      
peaceful "*1 & _! surr\nd+s w\ld readily
 comport1 9 my op9ion1 to ! glacial     
p]iod4 ,! entire abs5ce ( fl9t 9 !      
bottom ( ! m\nd w\ld %[ "o ( two ?+s1   
ei!r !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( fl9t or  
at t "t !re 0 no fl9t to be _h4 ,x is   
!re n[ 9 great abundance1 9 su* =ms =   
cutt+ purposes t w\ld r5d] ! cotton rock
 almo/ useless4 ,! fl9t is f\nd 9 a hill
 close to ! riv] bank1 ab\t half a mile 
f ! m\nd1 & ! upp] portion ( ! l$ge has 
! appe>ance1 to me1 ( glacial action &  
probably =ms a mora9e1 z x has1         
evid5tly1 be5 pu%$ ov] ! und]ly+ l$ge1 &
 be5 gr\nd & spl9t]$ 9 a mann] t c\ld n 
h be5 )\t great cru%+ =ce4 ,x w\ld be   

reasonable en\gh to suppose t ! action (
 ! riv] may h uncov]$ ?is fl9t by wa%+  
away ! s(t] mat]ial s9ce ! occupation ( 
! old] race4  ,9 relation to ! ,indian  
int]m5t 9 ! exam9$ m\nd1 ,i c\ld n say  
di/9ctly :e!r ! ,indian burials _h be5  
su* z to make !m aw>e ( =m] burials or  
n1 b ,i ?9k f ! ?ickness ( ! clay betwe5
 ! two t !y 7 ignorant ( =m] burials4 ,!
 m\nds ( ! mod]n ,indian1 s f> z my     
inve/igations are conc]n$1 w\ld indicate
 a m rudely =m$ /ructure :i* w\ld appe> 
to be an imitation ( ! old] m\nds1 z !y 
are n f9i%$ ) l c>e nor h !y ! ult]ior  
/ructures4--,! ,sci5ti/4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,action ,,( ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,on       
,,wood4  ,by ,m4,h4 ,,tauss4   ,!       
rese>*es ( ! au?or ^u ! action :i* wat] 
ex]ts ^u wood at a high temp]ature h %[n
 h[ mu* ( ! incru/+ mat]ial c be remov$ 
)\t ! aid ( any reag5t4  ,9 connection )
 ! manufacture ( cellulose1 x is also   
int]e/+ to prosecute at ! same "t       
exp]im5ts ) solutions ( ! cau/ic        

alkalies1 9 ord] to /udy ! mode ( action
 ^u bo? wood & pure cellulose4 ,!       
manufacture ( cellulose has = _m ye>s   
be5 an indu/ry1 & yet little or no?+ f a
 *emical po9t ( view is kn[n ( ! action 
( cau/ic soda ^u vegetable fib]s4       
,braconnot1 9 #ahbj1 obta9$ alum9a by   
treat+ wood ) an alkali1 b ! fir/       
application ( wood to ! manufacture (   
pap] 0 due to ,*au*>d4 ,by boil+        
vegetable fib]s ) cau/ic lyes1 ,colli] &
 ,piette obta9$ cellulose4 ,aga91 9     
#ahfb1 ,b>ne & ,blondel propos$ to make 
cellulose 9 a simil> way1 b employ$     
nitric acid 9 ! place ( soda4  ,! fir/  
cellulose made exclusively f wood &     
cau/ic soda 0 produc$ at ! ,manayunk    
,wood ,pulp ,works1 9 #ahed1 9 !        
neighborhood ( ,philadelphia1 by        
,burgess  ,watt4 ,! op]ation consi/$ 9  
treat+ ! wood = six h\rs at a pressure (
 f six to eight atmosph]es1 ) a solution
 ( cau/ic soda ( #ab ,b4  ,ung]] notic$ 
t x 0 suffici5t to limit ! pressure f   
?ree to six atmosph]es1 accord+ to !    

quality ( ! wood1 & advis$ ! use (      
solutions conta9+ f\r to five p] c5t4 ( 
cau/ic soda4 ,he employ$ a s]ies (      
cyl9d]s1 arrang$ v]tically1 9 :i* ! wood
 0 subject$ to a me?odical sy/em (      
lixiviation4 ,! same lye pass$ ?r\gh _m 
cyl9d]s1 s t :5 x made its exit at ! end
 x 0 ?or\ghly exhau/$1 & ! wood ?us kept
 com+ 9 contact ) fre% alkal9e          
solutions4  ,accord+ to ! acc\nt (      
,kiclan]1 ! dis9tegration ( wood may be 
effect$ 9 ! foll[+ f\r ways3      #a4   
,by heat+ direct 9 boil]s at a pressure 
( #aj     atmosph]es4 7,see ,dresel &   
,roseha947      #b4 ,9 v]tical boil]s   
heat$ direct or by /eam1 & kept at     a
 pressure ( f #aj to #ad atmosph]es4    
7,s9clair1 ,nicol1 &     ,behr5d47      
#c4 ,9 revolv+ boil]s1 ma9ta9$ at a     
pressure ( #ab     atmosph]es by direct 
/eam4      #d4 ,by means ( a s]ies (    
small vessels communicat+ )     ea* o!r1
 & ?r\gh :i* a lye circulates at a      
pressure     ( six atmosph]es4 7,ung]]47
  ,?is latt] process is pref]able to !  

o!rs4  ,rese>*es h also be5 made by !   
au?or 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! loss :i* wood 
& cellulose suff] at diff]5t temp]atures
 or 9 contact ) v>y+ quantities ( alkali
 7,na,h,o74  ,! foll[+ is a resum ( !   
exp]im5ts1 giv+ ! loss 9 p] c5t4 result+
 f a cook+ ( ?ree h\rs duration3    ,i4 
,ord9>y pressure3        #aj grms4      
cellulose1 ) #ehj c4c4 ( cau/ic         
soda solution1 sp4 gr4 #a4ji            
#ba4ii        #aj grms4 ( s(t wood1     
treat$ z above        #di4ai        #aj 
h>d                            #ec4fh   
,,ii4 ,pressure ( five atmosph]es3      
#aj grms4 cellulose1 ) #ejj c4c4 cau/ic 
soda            solution ( sp4 gr4      
#a4jii                  #eh4jb          
#aj grms4 ( s(t wood1 treat$ z above    
#ge4he        #aj         h>d           
#fi4hj    ,,iii4 ,pressure ( t5         
atmosph]es3        #aj grms4 ( cellulose
                          #eh4ii        
#aj         s(t wood                    
#ha4hj        #aj         h>d           
#gj4ci    ,,iv4 ,ord9>y pressure3       

#aj grms4 ( cellulose1 ) #ejj c4c4      
cau/ic          soda solution ( sp4 gr4 
#a4afb               #ba4hh        #aj  
grms4 ( s(t wood                        
#ce4de        #aj         h>d           
#df4dc    ,v4 ,pressure ( five          
atmosph]es3        #aj grms4 (          
cellulose1 ) #ejj c4c4 cau/ic           
soda solution ( sp4 gr4 #a4afb          
#gg4cc        #aj grms4 ( s(t wood      
#ig4ac        #aj         h>d           
#ia4dh    ,,vi4 ,ord9>y pressure3       
#aj grms4 ( cellulose1 ) #ejj c4c4      
cau/ic          soda solution ( sp4 gr4 
#a4jdc               #ab4jg        #aj  
grms4 ( s(t wood                        
#bh4cg        #aj         h>d           
#cj4be    ,,vii4 ,pressure ( five       
atmosph]es3        #aj grms4 (          
cellulose1 ) #ejj c4c4 ( cau/ic         
soda solution ( sp4 gr4 #a4jdc          
#ae4cf        #aj grms4 ( s(t wood      
#ej4if        #aj         h>d           
#ee4ff    ,,viii4 ,pressure ( t5        
atmosph]es3        #aj grms4 (          

cellulose1 ) #bjj c4c4 cau/ic           
soda solution ( sp4 gr4 #a4jdc          
#bj4bh        #aj grms4 ( s(t wood      
#gj4ca        #aj         h>d           
#fe4ei  ,f ?is x is evid5t t by increas+
 ! temp]ature & pressure ! solv5t action
 ( ! alkali is increas$1 b ! /r5g? ( !  
lye ex]cises an influ5ce :i* is ev5 m   
m>k$4 ,?us1 at a pressure ( five        
atmosph]es1 ! loss ( cellulose 0 #j4ge )
 a cau/ic lye conta9+ #ad p] c5t4 (     
,na,h,o1 :ile x 0 only #j4je ) a lye (  
#h p] c5t4 ,na,h,o4  ,to fur!r elucidate
 ! action ( ! alkali "u ! conditions    
giv5 above1 ! au?or has e/imat$ ! am\nt 
( precipitate :i* alcohol gives ) ! soda
 solutions1 aft] boil+ ) ! wood3        
#a4      #b4     #c4   ,specific gravity
 ( ,na,h,o solutions          #a4jdc    
#a4ji  #a4afb   ,s(t wood1 ord9>y       
pressure                #a4jdc  traces  
#d4h             pressure ( five        
atmosph]es     #a4jdc   #b4j   #bf4h    
t5                 #a4jdc   #a4g    --  
,h>d wood1 ord9>y pressure              

#aa4aj   #bg4dj  #cj4hj                 
pressure ( five atmosph]es     #a4aj    
#be4gj  #ae4h                        t5 
traces  #e4bj  #ae4h  ,! e/imation ( !  
precipitate1 produc$ 9 ! soda solutions 
employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts cit$ above1 gives3
    ,s(t wood1 ord9>y pressure          
#a4ca traces   #b4j             pressure
 ( five atmosph]es    #ae4id  #af4j     
#bd4hj                        t5        
#ag4jj  #be4d    --   ,h>d wood1 ord9>y 
pressure                #e4dj   #f      
#e4fj             pressure ( five       
atmosph]es     #i4dj  #ae4dj  #cc4fj    
t5                 #ad4jj #ah4dj  #cc4fj
  ,z a g5]al rule manufactur]s employ a 
great] pressure ?an t :i* 0 f\nd        
necess>y by ! au?or4 ,z a result1 x     
appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts t ! wood n only   
loses incru/+ matt]1 b t "p ( !         
cellulose ent]s into solution4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact1 ! yield obta9$ 9 practical
 work+ f #ajj p>ts ( wood does n exce$  
#cj to #ce p] c5t4--,le ,bull4 ,fab4    
,pap42 ,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4         

99       99       99       99       99  
,,new ,,boron ,,comp\nds4   ,an         
important pap] is contribut$ by ,m4     
,moissan to ! curr5t numb] ( ! ,comptes 
,r5dus1 describ+ two int]e/+ new        
comp\nds conta9+ boron1 phosphorus1 &   
iod9e4 ,a few mon?s ago ,m4 ,moissan    
succe$$ 9 prep>+ ! iodide ( boron1 a    
beautiful sub/ance ( ! composition      
,,bi#c1 cry/alliz+ f solution 9 c>bon   
bisulphide 9 pe>ly tables1 :i* melt at  
#dc to a liquid :i* boils undecompos$ at
 #baj4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is br\ght 9     
contact ) fus$ phosphorus an int5se     
action occurs1 ! :ole mass inflames )   
evolution ( violet vapor ( iod9e4 ,r$   
phosphorus also reacts ) inc&esc5ce :5  
heat$ 9 ! vapor ( boron iodide4 ,!      
reaction may1 h[ev]1 be mod]at$ by      
employ+ solutions ( phosphorus & boron  
iodide 9 dry c>bon bisulphide4 ,! two   
solutions are mix$ 9 a tube clos$ at "o 
end1 a little phosphorus be+ 9 excess1 &
 ! tube is !n seal$4 ,no ext]nal        
application ( heat is necess>y4 ,at fir/

 ! liquid is q cle>1 b 9 a few m9utes a 
br[n solid sub/ance comm5ces to sep>ate1
 & 9 ?ree h\rs ! reaction is complete4  
,! sub/ance is fre$ f c>bon bisulphide 9
 a curr5t ( c>bon dioxide1 ! la/ traces 
be+ remov$ by means ( ! ,spr5gel pump4  
,! comp\nd ?us obta9$ is a deep r$      
amorph\s p[d]1 readily capable (        
volatilization4 ,x melts betwe5 #aij &  
#bjj4 ,:5 heat$ 9 vacuo x comm5ces to   
volatilize ab\t #agj1 & ! vapor cond5ses
 9 ! cool] portion ( ! tube 9 beautiful 
r$ cry/als4 ,analyses ( ^! cry/als agree
 p]fectly ) ! =mula ,,bpi#b4 ,boron     
phospho-di-iodide is a v hygroscopic    
sub/ance1 moi/ure rapidly decompos+ x4  
,9 contact ) a l>ge excess ( wat]1 yell[
 phosphorus is deposit$1 & hydriodic1   
boric1 & phosphorus acids =m$ 9 !       
solution4 ,a small quantity (           
phosphuret$ hydrog5 also escapes4 ,if a 
small quantity ( wat] is us$1 a l>g]    
deposit ( yell[ phosphorus is =m$1      
toge!r ) a consid]able quantity (       
phosphonium iodide4 ,/rong nitric acid  

oxidizes boron phospho-di-iodide )      
inc&esc5ce4 ,dilute nitric acid oxidizes
 x to phosphoric & boric acids4 ,x burns
 spontane\sly 9 *lor9e1 =m+ boron       
*loride1 *loride ( iod9e1 & p5ta*loride 
( phosphorus4 ,:5 slightly w>m$ 9 oxyg5 
x inflames1 ! combu/ion be+ r5d]$ v     
beautiful by ! fumes ( boric &          
phosphoric anhydrides & ! violet vapors 
( iod9e4 ,heat$ 9 contact ) sulphuret$  
hydrog51 x =ms sulphides ( boron &      
phosphorus & hydriodic acid1 )\t        
lib]ation ( iod9e4 ,metallic magnesium  
:5 slightly w>m$ reacts ) x )           
inc&esc5ce4 ,:5 ?r[n into vapor (       
m]cury1 boron phospho-di-iodide in/antly
 takes fire4  ,! second phospho-iodide (
 boron obta9$ by ,m4 ,moissan is        
repres5t$ by ! =mula ,,bpi4 ,x is =m$ :5
 sodium or magnesium 9 a f9e /ate (     
division is all[$ to act ^u a solution (
 ! di-iodide j describ$ 9 c>bon         
bisulphide2 or :5 boron                 
phospho-di-iodide is heat$ to #afj 9 a  
curr5t ( hydrog54 ,x is obta9$ 9 ! =m ( 

a bright r$ p[d]1 some:at hygroscopic4  
,x volatilizes 9 vacuo )\t fusion at a  
temp]ature ab\t #baj1 & ! vapor cond5ses
 9 ! cool] portion ( ! tube 9 beautiful 
orange color$ cry/als4 ,:5 heat$ to l[  
r$ness x decomposes into free iod9e &   
phosphide ( boron1 ,,bp4 ,nitric acid   
reacts en]getically ) x1 b )\t          
inc&esc5ce1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( iod9e is  
lib]at$4 ,sulphuric acid decomposes x ^u
 w>m+1 )\t =mation ( sulphur\s & boric  
acids & free iod9e4 ,by ! cont9u$ action
 ( dry hydrog5 ^u ! heat$ comp\nd !     
iod9e & a portion ( ! phosphorus are    
remov$1 & a new phosphide ( boron1 ( !  
composition ,b#e,p#c1 is                
obta9$4--,nature4         99       99   
99       99       99     ,,boron        
,,salts4   ,a pap] ^u ! sulphides (     
boron is communicat$ by ,m4 ,paul       
,sabati] to ! ,septemb] numb] ( !       
,bullet9 de la ,societe ,*imique4       
,nature gives ! foll[+3 ,hi!rto only "o 
comp\nd ( boron ) sulphur has be5 kn[n  
to u1 ! trisulphide1 ,b#b,s#c1 & conc]n+

 ev5 t our in=mation has be5 ( ! mo/    
incomplete description4 ,b]zelius obta9$
 ?is sub/ance 9 an impure =m by heat+   
boron 9 sulphur vapor1 b ! fir/         
practical mode ( its prep>ation 9 a /ate
 ( tol]able purity 0 t employ$ by ,wohl]
 & ,deville4 ,^! *emi/s prep>$ x by     
all[+ dry sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas to     
/ream ov] amorph\s boron heat$ to       
r$ness4 ,subsequ5tly a me?od ( obta9+   
boron sulphide 0 propos$ by ,fremy1     
accord+ to :i* a mixture ( boron        
trioxide1 soot1 & oil is heat$ 9 a /ream
 ( ! vapor ( c>bon bisulphide4 ,m4      
,sabati] f9ds t ! be/ results are obta9$
 by employ+ ! me?od ( ,wohl] & ,deville4
 ,! reaction betwe5 boron & sulphuret$  
hydrog5 only comm5ces at r$ heat1 ne> ! 
temp]ature ( ! s(t5+ ( glass4 ,:51      
h[ev]1 ! tube conta9+ ! boron becomes   
rais$ to ! temp]ature1 boron sulphide   
cond5ses 9 ! portion ( ! tube adjac5t to
 ! heat$ portion2 at fir/ x is deposit$ 
9 a /ate ( fusion1 & ! globules on cool+
 pres5t an opal9e aspect4 ,fur!r along !

 tube x is sl[ly deposit$ 9 a porcela9 l
 =m1 :ile fur!r /ill ! sublimate (      
sulphide takes ! =m ( brilliant acicul> 
cry/als4 ,! cry/als consi/ ( pure       
,b#b,s#c2 ! vitre\s modification1 h[ev]1
 is usually contam9at$ ) a little free  
sulphur4 ,v f9e cry/als ( ! trisulphide 
may be obta9$ by heat+ a quantity ( !   
porcela9-l =m to #cjj at ! bottom ( a   
clos$ tube ^: upp] portion is cool$ by  
wat]4 ,! cry/als are viol5tly decompos$ 
by wat]1 yield+ a cle> solution ( boric 
acid1 sulphuret$ hydrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,on
 exam9+ ! porcela9 boat 9 :i* ! boron _h
 be5 plac$1 a non-volatile black        
sub/ance is f\nd1 :i* appe>s to consi/ (
 a l[] sulphide ( ! composition ,b#d,s4 
,! same sub/ance is obta9$ :5 !         
trisulphide is heat$ 9 a curr5t (       
hydrog52 a portion volatilizes1 & is    
deposit$ aga9 fur!r along ! tube1 :ile !
 residue fuses1 & becomes r$uc$ to !    
unalt]able subsulphide ,b#d,s1          
sulphuret$ hydrog5 pass+ away 9 ! /ream 
( gas4  ,two sel5ides ( boron1 ,b#b,se#c

 & ,b#d,se1 correspond+ to ! above      
describ$ sulphides1 h also be5 prep>$ by
 ,m4 ,sabati]1 by heat+ amorph\s boron 9
 a /ream ( hydrog5 sel5ide1 ,h#b,se4 ,! 
trisel5ide is less volatile ?an !       
trisulphide1 & is pale gre5 9 color4 ,x 
is en]getically decompos$ by wat]1 )    
=mation ( boric acid & lib]ation (      
hydrog5 sel5ide4 ,! liquid rapidly      
deposits free sel5ium1 ow+ to !         
oxidation ( ! hydrog5 sel5ide reta9$ 9  
solution4 ,light appe>s to decompose !  
trisel5ide into free sel5ium & !        
subsel5ide ,b#d,se4  ,silicon sel5ide1  
,si,se#c1 has likewise be5 obta9$ by ,m4
 ,sabati] by heat+ cry/all9e silicon to 
r$ness 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 sel5ide4 ,x 
pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a fus$ h>d        
metallic mass incapable (               
volatilization4 ,wat] reacts mo/        
vigor\sly ) x1 produc+ silicic acid1 &  
lib]at+ hydrog5 sel5ide4 ,pota%         
decomposes x ) =mation ( a cle>         
solution1 ! silica be+ lib]at$ 9 a =m 9 
:i* x is readily dissolv$ by alkalies4  

,silicon sel5ide emits a v irritat+     
odor1 due to ! hydrog5 sel5ide :i* is   
=m$ by its reaction ) ! moi/ure ( !     
atmosph]e4 ,:5 heat$ to r$ness 9 ! air x
 becomes conv]t$ into silicon dioxide & 
free sel5ium4         99       99       
99       99       99     ,,natural      
,,sulphide ,,( ,,gold4  ,by ,t4,w4,t4   
,,a!rton4   ,! exi/5ce ( gold 9 ! =m ( a
 natural sulphide 9 conjunction )       
pyrites has (t5 be5 advanc$ !oretically 
z a possible occurr5ce1 b up to ! pres5t
 "t ?is occurr5ce has1 ,i believe1 nev] 
be5 e/abli%$ z an actual fact4  ,dur+ my
 inve/igations on ! ore ( ! ,deep ,creek
 ,m9es1 ,i h f\nd 9 !m :at ,i believe to
 be gold exi/+ z a natural sulphide4 ,! 
description ( ?is ore w1 no d\bt1 be (  
int]e/ to y\r read]s4  ,! lode is a l>ge
 irregul> "o ( pure ars5ical pyrites1   
exi/+ 9 a felsite dike ne> ! sea coa/4  
,surr\nd+ x on all sides are micace\s   
s*i/s1 & 9 ! neighborhood is a l>ge hill
 ( granite ab\t #hjj ft4 high4 ,9 ! lode
 & ! rock imm$iately adjo9+ x are l>ge  

quantities ( pyrophylite1 & 9 "s places 
( ! m9e are deposits ( ?is pure :ite1   
transluc5t m9]al1 b 9 ! ore itself x is 
a yell[ & pale olive gre5 color1 & is   
nev] abs5t f ! pyrites4  ,f ! fir/ ,i 0 
mu* /ruck ) ! exce$+ly f9e /ate (       
division 9 :i* ! gold exi/$ 9 ! ore4    
,aft] roa/+ & v c>efully gr9d+ d[n 9 an 
agate mort>1 ,i h nev] be5 able to get  
any pieces ( gold exce$+ ! "o-?\s&? ( an
 in* 9 diamet]1 & ! great] quantity is v
 mu* f9] ?an ?is4 ,c>eful dissolv+ ( !  
pyrites & gangue1 s z to leave ! gold   
intact1 fail$ to f9d x 9 any l>g]       
diamet]4 ,z ?is 0 a v unusual exp]i5ce 9
 inve/igations on _m o!r k9ds ( pyrites1
 ,i 0 l$ fur!r into ! matt]4            
,ultimately1 aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts1  
!re 0 no?+ left b to te/ = gold z a     
sulphide4  ,tak+ #bjj grammes ( pyrites 
f a sample assay+ #ag ounces f9e gold p]
 ton1 gr9d+ x f9ely1 &2 heat+ = "s h\rs 
) a solution ( sodium sulphide          
7,na#b,s#b71 on decompos+ ! filtrate &  
treat+ x = gold ,i got a result at !    

rate ( #ab ounces gold p] ton4 ,?is 0   
repeat$ sev]al times ) ! same result4   
,?is sample came f ! lode at ! #adj ft4 
level1 :ile samples f ! high] levels :]e
 ! ore is m oxidiz$1 al?\gh c>ry+ ! gold
 9 ! same degree ( f95ess1 d n give z   
high a p]c5tage ( auric sulphide4  ,x   
w\ld appe> t all ! gold 9 ! pyrites 7&  
,i h nev] f\nd any ap>t f x7 has        
orig9ally tak5 its place !re z a        
sulphide4  ,! sulphide is an analysis ( 
a g5]al sample ( ! ore3    ,silica      
#ac4idj p4c4   ,alum9a        #f4eib    
,lime           #j4ijbe    ,sulphur     
#af4ehd     ,ars5ic       #cc4bfg       
,iron          #bg4gbj     ,cobalt      
#j4ifd                                  
,p] ,ton4   ,nickel                     
,traces4   ,gold                      #e
 ozs4 #c dwts4 #h grs4   ,silv]         
#j     #af     #j                       
-------                 #ii4ifi         
,nambucca ,head's ,gold ,m9+ ,company1  
,deep ,creek1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,oct4 #i1  
#ahia4--;,*emical ,news4         99     

99       99       99       99     ,,"s  
,,means ,,( ,,purify+ ,,wat]4   ,!re are
 sev]al me?ods extant = ! purpose (     
purify+ & s(t5+ wat]1 & 9 ! foll[+ brief
 acc\nt "s ( ! *ief features ( ^! me?ods
 are summ>iz$4 ,! ,slack & ,br[nl[      
app>atus we w deal ) fir/4 ,?is purifi] 
is "o :i* is int5d$ to remove ! matt] 9 
susp5sion 9 ! wat] to be treat$ by      
subsid5ce & n by filtration4 ,! app>atus
 consi/s ( a v]tical iron tank or       
cyl9d]1 inside :i* are a s]ies ( plates 
arrang$ 9 a spiral direction ar\nd a    
fix$ c5t]1 & slop+ at an angle ( #de on 
bo? sides outw>d4 ,! wat] to be dealt ) 
fl[s ?r\gh a l>ge inlet tube fix$ to !  
bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 rises to ! top by    
pass+ spirally r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce1 
& deposit+ on ! plates or %elves all    
solids & impurities at ! out] edges ( ! 
plates4 ,mud cocks are plac$ to remove !
 solids deposit$ dur+ ! fl[ ( ! wat]    
upw>d to ! outlet pipe1 plac$ close to !
 top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! tanks1 a squ>e
 "o1 is at "w purify+ ! ,m$lock wat] at 

,man*e/]1 & on draw+ samples ( wat] f   
ne>ly e plate1 t f ! l[] mud cock %[$   
consid]able deposit1 :i* decreas$ 9 bulk
 until ! top mud cock 0 rea*$1 :5 ! wat]
 0 q free f deposit4 ,x is /at$ t "o man
 w\ld be suffici5t to att5d to #bj ( ^! 
purifi]s4  ,to filt] or purify          
#b1jjj1jjj gallons p] #bd h\rs w\ld     
require #dj tanks1 #aj ft4 by #g ft4    
diamet]1 ea* do+ #b1jjj gallons p] h\r1 
& w\ld co/1 ) _! fitt+s1 #f1djj1 includ+
 all pat5t rights1 b exclusive ( lime   
mix+ tanks1 agitators1 lime wat] & s(t5+
 tanks1 eng9e & boil]1 & suitable       
build+s1 ! co/ ( :i* w\ld n be f> %ort (
 #e1jjj1 or a total ( #aa1djj to s(t5   
#b1jjj1jjj gallons p] #bd h\rs4 ,! labor
 & o!r work+ exp5ses 9 connection ) ?is 
plant w\ld n be less ?an t necess>y to  
"w ! ,port]-,cl>k process1 :i* is giv5 z
 ,o4#ee;d4 p] #a1jjj gallons4  ,! ,brock
 & ,m9ton filt] press sy/em is ano!r    
me?od4 ,?is pat5t press is made ( /eel1 
p]=at$ )  in* holes4 ,on ! inside ( !   
%ell !re is fir/ laid a lay] ( f9e wire 

nett+1 !n a lay] ( clo?1 & la/ly ano!r  
lay] ( wire nett+ ( a l>g] me% ?an !    
o!r4 ,! matt] treat$ is pump$ into !    
body ( ! cyl9d]1 ! liquid pass+ ?r\gh ! 
filt]+ mat]ial to ! outside1 ! solids   
be+ reta9$ inside1 & are got rid ( by   
p>tially revolv+ ! upp] half to relieve 
x f ! knuckle jo9t1 &1 aft] be+ rais$1 !
 l[] half is turn$ ov] by ma*9]y1 & !   
solid matt] is simply all[$ to fall out 
into wagons or trucks run und]nea? = t  
purpose4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! mann] ( us+
 ?is filt] press = *emical works'       
purposes4 ,! co/ ( ea* filt] press1     
includ+ royalties1 is f #bej to #cjj1 ! 
size be+ #h ft4 by #d ft4 diamet]4 ,hav+
 a filt]+ area ( #ajj squ>e feet1 x w\ld
 require #cb ( ^! appli$ to s(t5+ wat]  
to effectually deal ) #b1jjj1jjj gallons
 p] #bd h\rs2 ?is1 at ! l[e/ e/imate =  
filt]s alone1 w\ld be #h1jjj1 &1 us+ !  
same figures1 #e1jjj = lime mix+ tanks1 
etc41 z ref]r$ to 9 ! ,slack & ,br[nl[  
purifi]1 w\ld br+ ! total co/ up to     
#ac1jjj1 & ! work+ exp5se w\ld n be less

 ?an t requir$ to "w ! ,port]-,cl>k     
process1 & w\ld probably be v mu*       
great]4 ,?is filt] press is n 9 use     
any:]e = deal+ ) l>ge quantities ( wat] 
9 connection ) a t[n wat] supply4  ,a   
process :i* has be5 work+ = a long "t at
 ,s\?ampton is ! ,atk9s sy/em1 :i* also 
includes ! use ( filt] presses4 ,! pump+
 /ation & s(t5+ works are situat$ at    
,ott]b\rne1 eight miles f ,s\?ampton1 & 
7 built toge!r z "o s*eme4 ,! mix+ room 
has two slak+ lime tanks1 ) agitators   
driv5 by /eam p[]4 ,! mixture is !n run 
z cream ( lime into a tank #bj ft4 squ>e
 & is !n pump$ into ! l[] ends ( two    
lime wat] produc+ cyl9d]s4 ,! agitation 
is "h obta9$ by pressure f a small ci/]n
 plac$ above !m ) a #ab ft4 head1 ! pipe
 f :i* is atta*$ to ! l[] ends ( !      
cyl9d]s4 ,?is has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t  
to be ! mo/ satisfactory means ( obta9+ 
! prop] degree ( agitation necess>y2 !  
cle> lime wat] is !n drawn (f at ! top (
 ! cyl9d]s1 & fl[s by gravity into a    
mix]1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! h>d     

wat]4 ,bo? fl[ toge!r into a di/ribut+  
tr\gh1 f :i* x ov]fl[s into a small     
s(t5+ res]voir1 hav+ a capacity ( "o    
h\r's supply1 a weir be+ plac$ along !  
l[] end1 ov] :i* ! wat] fl[s to #ac     
filt] presses4 ,! cle> wat] f ! filt]s  
is !n convey$ to a small well1 f :i* !  
p]man5t eng9es raise x to ! fir/ ( a    
s]ies ( high level cov]$ s]vice         
res]voirs4  ,9 ! filt] press !re are #bj
 holl[ disks repres5t+ a filt]+ area (  
#bej squ>e feet1 or a total ( #c1bej    
squ>e feet4 ,! wat] to be filt]$ passes 
into ! body ( ! filt] & !n ?r\gh a      
filt]+ m$ium ( clo? laid on a ?9 p]=at$ 
z9c plate1 into ! inn] side ( ! disks1 f
 :5ce x is convey$ ?r\gh ! holl[ %aft1  
to :i* ! disks are atta*$1 to ! high    
level pumps4  ,! filt] clo?s are clean$ 
?ree times e #bd h\rs1 )\t removal1 by  
jets ( s(t5$ wat] f ! ma91 hav+ a       
pressure ( #fj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4    
,dur+ clean+ op]ations ! disks are made 
to revolve sl[ly2 ?is only occupies a   
space ( five m9utes = ea* clean+4 ,!    

clo?s la/ f six to eight mon?s )\t be+  
r5ew$4 ,!y also occasionally use = fur!r
 clean+ ! clo?s a jet ( /eam inject$ ^u 
! c5t] ( ! disks 9 ord] to remove by    
p>tial boil+ ! insoluble p>ticles       
engra9$ 9 ! clo?s4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to 
make ! clo?s la/ long]4 ,?is clo? is    
obta9$ f ,porritt ,bros4 & ,au/51 ,/ubb+
 ,vale1 ,ramsbottom1 & co/s #ac;d4 p]   
l9eal y>d ( a wid? to suit ! disks4  ,! 
quantity s(t5$ is #b million gallons p] 
#bd h\rs1 b ! pres5t plant c deal ) #b  
million gallons1 & ! build+s are erect$ 
= #c million gallons1 additional filt]s 
& lime produc+ tanks be+ only requir$ to
 deal ) ! increas$ quantity4 ,! co/s ( !
 s(t5+ works 0 #aj1cid1 ( :i* #g1hdd 0 =
 ! s(t5+ ma*9]y & plant & #b1eej = !    
res]voir1 build+s1 etc4  ,! work+       
exp5ses1 includ+ lime1 labor1 clo?s1    
g5]al repairs1 & /eam1 is /at$ to be    
#j4bbe;d4 p] #a1jjj gallons1 ! labor    
requir$ be+ only two m51 "o on ! day & !
 o!r on ! night %ift1 ) an occasional   
man to assi/4  ,! h>dness ( ! ,s\?ampton

 wat] on ,cl>k's scale is #ah ( total   
h>dness1 & ?is is r$uc$ d[n to #f or #h 
by ?is process4--,*em4 ,tr4 ,j\r4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,new ,,laboratory ,,process ,,=     
,,prep>+ ,,hydrobromic ,,acid4  ,by     
,g4,s4 ,,new?4   ,?is me?od is a        
syn!tical "o1 & consi/s 9 pass+ a /ream 
( hydrog5 & brom9e vapor ov] a spiral ( 
plat9um wire heat$ to bright r$ness by  
means ( an electric curr5t4 ,a glass    
tube1 ab\t #g in*es long & #e_/h ( an   
in* bore1 is fitt$ at ea* end ) a cork  
c>ry+ a %ort /raight piece ( small tube2
 ?r\gh ea* cork is also fix$ a /\t wire1
 & ^! two wires are jo9$ by means ( a   
%ort spiral ( plat9um wire1 ! spiral be+
 ab\t #a in* long4 ,"o end ( ?is        
app>atus is connect$ to a small wa%     
bottle conta9+ brom9e1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream
 ( hydrog5 c be bubbl$4 ,! o!r end is   
atta*$ to a tube dipp+ into a vessel (  
wat] = ! absorption ( ! gas1 or1 if a   
l>ge quantity ( ! solution is requir$1  
to a s]ies ( ,w\lf's bottles conta9+    

wat]4 ,hydrog5 is fir/ sl[ly pass$ ?r\gh
 ! tube until ! air is displac$1 :5 !   
plat9um spiral is heat$ to bright r$ness
 by ! passage ( a suitable electric     
curr5t4 ,complete comb9ation takes place
 9 contact ) ! hot wire1 & ! color      
imp>t$ to ! +o+ gases by ! brom9e vapor 
is entirely remov$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! tube
 beyond ! plat9um are p]fectly          
colorless4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! brom9e   
may be heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj 
,c4 9 a wat] ba?1 at :i* temp]ature !   
hydrog5 w be mix$ ) ne>ly ! requisite   
am\nt ( brom9e to comb9e ) ! :ole ( x4  
,s long z ev5 a slight excess ( hydrog5 
is pass+1 :i* is readily se5 by ! escape
 ( bubbles ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! absorb+     
vessels1 ! issu+ hydrobromic acid w     
rema9 p]fectly colorless1 & !re=e free f
 brom9e2 s t x is n necess>y to adopt   
any ( ! usual me?ods = scrubb+ ! gas    
?r\gh vessels conta9+ phosphorus4 ,:5 ! 
op]ation is proce$+ v rapidly a lamb5t  
flame occasionally appe>s 9 ! tube j    
be=e ! plat9um wire1 b ?is flame is nev]

 propagat$ back ?r\gh ! n>r[ tube into !
 brom9e bottle4 ,! precaution may be    
tak51 h[ev]1 ( plugg+ ?is n>r[ tube ) a 
little glass wool1 :i* r5d]s any        
inconv5i5ce f ?is cause q impossible4   
,by ?is me?od a l>ge quantity ( brom9e  
may be rapidly conv]t$ into hydrobromic 
acid )\t any loss ( brom9e1 & ! op]ation
 :5 once />t$ c be all[$ to proce$ )\t  
any fur!r att5tion4--,*emical ,news4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,sapot93 ,a ,,new ,,glucoside4  ,by    
,,gu/ave ,,mi*aud4   ,a*ras ,sapota1    
,l41 is a l>ge tree scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s
 ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies2 its
 fruit is (t5 se5 ^u ! ,creole d9n]     
table4 ,?is fruit is a b]ry1 ! size ( an
 orange1 ! ta/e ( :i* sugge/s ! flavor (
 melon1 z well z t ( hydrocyanic acid4  
,! fruit conta9s "o or two se$s l l>ge  
*e/nuts1 :i*1 if brok51 let fall a :ite 
almond4 ,?is la/ conta9s ! glucoside :i*
 ,i call sapot94  ,i obta9$ sapot9 = !  
fir/ "t by heat+ dry rasp+s ( ! almond )
 #ij p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,:ile cool+1 !    

filt]$ liquid deposit$ a good deal ( !  
comp\nd4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h advantage\sly  
modifi$ ! process & increas$ ! am\nt (  
product4 ,i prep>e sapot9 9 ! foll[+    
way3 ,! almonds are rasp$1 dri$ at #ajj 
,c4 & wa%$ ) b5z5e1 :i* takes away an   
enorm\s quantity ( fatty matt]4 ,! b5z5e
 :i* rema9s 9 ! almond is driv5 put fir/
 by compression1 aft]w>d by heat+4 ,!n !
 rasp+s are exhau/$ ) boil+ #ij p] c5t4 
alcohol4 ,! solution is filt]$ z rapidly
 z possible1 9 ord] to avoid its cool+ &
 deposit+ ! sapot9 9 ! filt]4 ,z soon z 
! temp]ature ( ! filt]$ liquid beg9s to 
fall1 a volum9\s precipitate is se5 to  
=m1 :i* is ! sapot94  ,9 ord] to purify 
x1 ! precipitate is collect$ 9 a filt] &
 express$ betwe5 %eets ( filt] pap]4 ,:5
 dry x is wa%$ ) e!r1 :i* takes away !  
la/ p>ticles ( fatty & res9\s matt]4 ,! 
purification is complet$ by two         
cry/allizations f #ij p] c5t4 alcohol4  
,at la/ ! sub/ance is dri$ at #ajj4  ,! 
sapot9 sep>ates f its alcohol solution 9
 ! =m ( microscopic cry/als4 ,:5 dry1 x 

is a :ite1 inodor\s p[d]4 ,its ta/e is  
extremely acrid & burn+4 ,if ! p[d]     
p5etrate into ! no/rils or ! eyes1 x    
produces a p]si/5t burn+ s5sation :i*   
br+s ab\t sneez+ & fl[ ( te>s4 ,x melts 
at #bdj ,c41 gr[+ br[n at ! same "t4  ,x
 has a laevo-rotatory p[] ( aj  -#cb4aa1
 :i* 0 det]m9$ ) an alcoholic solution1 
! aque\s solution n be+ suffici5tly     
transp>5t4  ,x is v soluble 9 wat]1     
easily soluble 9 boil+ alcohol1 mu* less
 9 cold alcohol1 & insoluble 9 e!r1     
*lor(orm & b5z5e4 ,its alcoholic        
solution is precipitat$ by e!r4  ,tann9 
has no action on x1 b basic acetate (   
lead produces a gelat9\s precipitate 9  
its aque\s solution4 ,/range en\gh1 ?is 
precipitate is entirely soluble 9 a     
small excess ( basic acetate ( lead4 ,if
 ?r[n into conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1   
sapot9 colors x ) a g>net r$ t9t4 ,x    
does n r$uce ,fehl+'s solution4 ,its    
analysis gave ! foll[+ results3         
,calculat$ =                     ,f\nd4 
,c#bi;,h#eb,o#bj4         ,i4           

,,ii4    ,c          #dh4cc             
#dh4fi             #dh4ca   ,h          
#g4bc                  #g4cc            
#g4de  ,:5 heat$ ) wat] & a little      
sulphuric acid1 sapot9 is decompos$ &   
yields glucose & an insoluble matt] :i* 
,i call sapotiret94 ,"o hundr$ p>ts (   
sapot9 produce #ea4eh p>ts ( glucose &  
#di4fg ( sapotiret94 ,! equation :i*    
repres5ts ?is reaction is3              
,c#bi;,h#eb,o#bj  #b;,h#b,o             
#b;,c#f;,h#ab,o#f  ,c#ag;,h#cb,o#aj  &  
requires #ej p] c5t4 ( glucose & #ee p] 
c5t4 ( sapotiret94  ,sapotiret9 is an   
amorph\s comp\nd1 insoluble 9 wat]1 v   
soluble 9 alcohol1 less soluble 9       
*lor(orm1 insoluble 9 e!r4 ,bel[ is !   
result ( its analysis3                  
,calculat$ =                      ,f\nd4
          ,c#ag;,h#cb,o#aj4         ,i4 
,,ii4    ,c          #ea4eb             
#ea4ea                #ea4bj   ,h       
#h4jh                  #h4ai            
#h4cd  --,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\r4         99   
99       99       99       99           

,,detection ,,( ,,peanut ,,oil ,,9      
,,olive ,,oil4   ,holde1 aft] a c>eful  
trial ( ! v>i\s processes = detect+ !   
above adult]ation1 gives ! pref]5ce to  
,r5>d's1 :i* he describes z foll[s3  ,t5
 grms4 ( ! suspect$ oil1 aft] be+       
saponifi$1 & ! fatty acids sep>at$ by   
hydro*loric acid1 are dissolv$ 9 #ij p] 
c5t4 alcohol1 & precipitat$ by sug> (   
lead4 ,! oleate ( lead is sep>at$ by    
e!r1 & ! residuum1 consi/+ ( palmitic & 
ara*ic acids1 is decompos$ by           
hydro*loric acid4 ,! fatty acids are    
dissolv$1 ) ! aid ( heat1 9 #ej c4c4 (  
#ij p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! ara*ic acid :i* 
sep>ates aft] cool+ is filt]$ out &     
wa%$1 fir/ ) #ij p] c5t4 & aft]w>d ) #gj
 p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,x is !n dissolv$ 9   
hot alcohol1 & ! solution evaporat$ 9 a 
weigh$ sauc]4 ,! weight ( ! residuum1   
aft] tak+ into acc\nt ! acid dissolv$ 9 
! alcohol1 equals ! :ole am\nt ( ara*ic 
acid conta9$ 9 ! oil2 ! melt+ po9t ( ?is
 residuum %\ld be #gj to #ga ,c4 ,) ?is 
process ! au?or has always be5          

successful2 b :5 ! olive oil conta9s n m
 ?an #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( peanut oil1 x  
is necess>y to make ! te/ ) #dj grms4 ( 
! =m]1 o!rwise ! melt+ po9t ( ! ara*ic  
acid _c be e/imat$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! acids 
:i* are sep>at$ f ! lead salt by        
hydro*loric acid mu/ be recry/alliz$    
repeat$ly ) #ij p] c5t4 alcohol1 until !
 melt+ po9t ceases to rise1 9 case !    
latt] is n f\nd to exce$ #gj ,c4 at !   
fir/ e/imation4 ,:5 peanut oil is       
pres5t1 ! melt+ po9t w always be above  
#gj4--;,*em4 ,zeit4         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,hydroxylam9e4
   ,free hydroxylam9e1 ,,nh#b,,oh1 has  
be5 isolat$ by ,m4 ,lobry de ,bruyn1 & a
 prelim9>y acc\nt ( its mode (          
prep>ation & prop]ties is publi%$ by him
 9 ! curr5t numb] ( ! ,recueil des      
travaux *imiques des ,pays-,bas 7#ahia1 
#aj1 #aja74 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! free base 0
 obta9$ 0 briefly z foll[s4 ,ab\t a     
hundr$ grammes ( hydroxylam9e           
hydro*loride1 ,,nh#b,,oh4,h,cl1 7       
dissolv$ 9 six hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( 

w>m me?yl alcohol4 ,to ?is solution a   
quantity ( sodium dissolv$ 9 me?yl      
alcohol 0 add$1 9 su* proportion t !    
hydro*loride ( hydroxylam9e 0 pres5t 9  
slight excess ov] & above t requir$ to  
conv]t x to sodium *loride4 ,aft]       
deposition ( ! sep>at$ sodium *loride ! 
solution 0 decant$ & filt]$4  ,! great] 
portion ( ! me?yl alcohol 0 next remov$ 
by di/illation "u ! r$uc$ pressure (    
#afj-bjj mm4 ,! rema9d] 0 !n treat$ )   
anhydr\s e!r1 9 ord] to completely      
precipitate ! la/ traces ( dissolv$     
sodium *loride4 ,! liquid ev5tually     
sep>at$ into two lay]s1 an upp] e!real  
lay] conta9+ ab\t #e p] c5t4 (          
hydroxylam9e1 & a l[] lay] conta9+ ov]  
#ej p] c5t4 ( hydroxylam9e1 ! rema9d] ( 
! me?yl alcohol1 & a little dissolv$    
salt4 ,by subject+ ?is l[] lay] to      
fractional di/illation "u #fj mm4       
pressure1 x 0 sep>at$ into ?ree         
fractions1 ( :i* ! fir/ conta9$ #bg p]  
c5t4 ( hydroxylam9e1 ! second #fj p]    
c5t41 & ! ?ird cry/alliz$ 9 ! ice-cool$ 

receiv] 9 long ne$les4 ,?is ?ird        
fraction consi/$ ( free solid           
,,nh#b,,oh4 ,hydroxylam9e z ?us isolat$ 
9 ! free /ate is a v hygroscopic        
sub/ance1 :i* rapidly liquefies :5      
expos$ to air1 ow+ to ! absorption (    
wat]4  ,! cry/als melt at #cc1 & ! fus$ 
sub/ance appe>s to possess ! capability 
( readily dissolv+ metallic salts4      
,sodium *loride is v l>gely soluble 9 ! 
liquid2 p[d]$ nit] melts at once 9      
contact ) x1 & ! two liquids !n mix4    
,free hydroxylam9e is )\t odor4 ,x is   
heavi] ?an wat]4 ,:5 rapidly heat$ ^u   
plat9um foil x sudd5ly decomposes 9 a   
mo/ viol5t mann]1 ) production ( a l>ge 
%eet ( bright yell[ flame4 ,x is only v 
slightly soluble 9 liquid c>bon         
comp\nds1 su* z *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 e!r1   
acetic e!r1 & c>bon bisulphide4 ,! vapor
 attacks corks1 s t ! solid requires to 
be pres]v$ 9 glass-/opp]$ bottles4 ,!   
free base appe>s also to act ^u         
cellulose1 =1 ^u plac+ a few drops ( !  
melt$ sub/ance ^u filt] pap]1 a         

consid]able am\nt ( heat is evolv$4 ,!  
pure cry/als are v /able1 ! base 9 !    
free /ate appe>+ to possess mu* great]  
/ability ?an :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,!     
in/ability ( ! solution appe>s1 h[ev]1  
to be influ5c$ to a consid]able ext5t by
 ! alkal9ity ( ! glass ( ! conta9+      
vessel1 = conc5trat$ solutions free f   
dissolv$ alkali are f\nd to be p]fectly 
/able4 ,brom9e & iod9e react 9 a        
rem>kable mann] ) free hydroxylam9e4    
,cry/als ( iod9e dissolve in/antly 9    
contact ) x1 ) evolution ( a gas &      
consid]able rise ( temp]ature4 ,brom9e  
reacts ) viol5ce1 a gas aga9 be+        
explosively evolv$ & hydrobromic acid   
=m$4 ,! nature ( ! gas evolv$ is n[     
und]go+ inve/igation4 ,a lett] f ,m4    
,lobry de ,bruyn appe>s 9 ! numb] ( !   
,*emik] ,zeitung = ,octob] #ca1 w>n+ ^? 
:o may attempt to prep>e free           
hydroxylam9e by ! above me?od t x is a  
dang]\sly explosive sub/ance :5 w>m$ to 
a temp]ature ( #hj-ajj4 ,^u w>m+ a flask
 conta9+ ! free solid base ^u a wat] ba?

 a mo/ viol5t explosion occurs4 ,a      
spontane\s decomposition appe>s to set 9
 ab\t #hj1 & ev5 9 op5 vessels !        
explosion is v viol5t4 ,c>e mu/ also be 
tak5 dur+ ! fractional di/illation ( !  
conc5trat$ solution 9 me?yl alcohol to  
cool ! app>atus be=e *ang+ ! receiv]1 z 
if air is admitt$ :ile ! retort is heat$
 ! exp]im5t ends ) an                   
explosion4--,nature4         99       99
       99       99       99   ,,!       
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  ,,ar*itects ,,&  
,,build]s ,,edition  #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le
 ,copies1 #be cts4  ,?is is a ,special  
,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1     
issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4   
,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to  
pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y  
book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge &  
spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1    
ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors &
 ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+
 examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural         
,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4  ,a      
special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea*  

numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans =
 private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1      
includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m 
exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color
 are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1        
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build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1
 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z !  
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dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s 
plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m   
o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4       
,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is
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sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+  
or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( 
any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/    
endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f
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money4  ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+       
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reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1   
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are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( 
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 ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any          
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,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry    
p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$   
free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4  ,,munn
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,,new ,,york4         99       99       
99       99       99   ,,! ,,sci5tific  
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,,price #e  ,?is spl5did "w conta9s a   
c>eful compilation ( ! mo/ useful       
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,qu]ies ( correspond5ts z publi%$ 9 !   
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c5tury pa/2 toge!r ) _m valuable &      

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compreh5sive volume ( ! k9d ev] plac$   
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t c be ?\ght (1 relat+ to =mul us$ 9 !  
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diff]5t processes 9 ! arts are giv54 ,h[
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