,,! ,,comm]cial ,,products ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,v>i\s ,,uses ,,to ,,man ,,& ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,manufactures2 ,,=m+ ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,h&book ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,= ,,! ,coloni/1 ,manufactur]1 ,m]*ant1 & ,consum]1 ,,on ,,! ,,cultivation1 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,%ipm5t1 ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,value1 c4 ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,sub/ances ,,obta9$ ,,f ,,trees ,,& ,,plants1 ,,ent]+ ,,into ,,! ,,husb&ry ,,( ,,tropical ,,& ,,sub-,,tropical ,,regions1 c4 ,,by ,p4,l4 ,,simmonds1 ,,honor>y ,,& ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,societies ,,( ,,jamaica1 ,,briti% ,,guiana1 ,,antigua1 ,,b>bados1 ,,konigsb]g1 ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope1 ,,natal1 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,society1 ,,! ,,nova ,,scotia ,,c5tral ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,! ,,societies ,,= ,,promot+ ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,philadelphia ,,& ,,new ,,orleans2 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,editors ,,( ,,johnson',s ,,f>m]',s ,,encyclop,,dia2 ,,_m ,,ye>s ,,editor ,,& ,,proprietor ,,( ,,! ,,colonial ,,magaz9e1 c4 c4 ,,mdcccliv4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,subscrib]s4 ,african ,/eam ,%ip ,company1 #c1 ,m9c+ ,lane ,ar*bell1 ,j41 ,esq41 ,piet]m>itzburg1 ,natal ,assam ,company1 #cj1 ,great ,w9*e/]-/reet ,aub]t1 ,hon\rable ,j4,m4,a41 ,m4,c41 ,/4 ,lucia ,botanical ,society 7! ,royal71 ,reg5t's ,p>k ,burton1 ,c4,h41 ,esq41 #acc1 ,f5*ur*-/reet ,bodd+ton1 ,messrs4 ,co41 #i1 ,/4 ,hel5's ,place ,bri/ol ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ,bri/ol ,br[n1 ,messrs4 ,co41 #d1 ,pancras ,lane ,begg1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 #c1 ,corbett ,c\rt1 ,grace*ur*-/reet ,b[1 ,j4,b4 ,de41 ,editor ( ,comm]cial ,review1 ,new ,orleans ,bre$e1 ,l4 ,von1 ,esq41 ,natal ,bre51 ,h4,h41 ,esq41 ,/4 ,lucia ,b>bados ,g5]al ,agricultural ,society ,briti% ,guiana ,royal ,agricultural & ,comm]cial ,society ,br[ne1 ,hunt] ,co41 ,messrs41 ,liv]pool ,bag%aw1 ,john1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,cliff ,h\se1 ,h>wi* ,b]ry1 ,ri*>d ,l41 ,esq41 ,*ag=d1 ,devon%ire ,bly?1 ,messrs41 ,j4 ,a41 ,/eam ,eng9e ,h\se1 ,limeh\se ,bly?1 ,philip ,p41 ,esq41 #bc1 ,upp] ,wimpole ,/reet ,br[n1 ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,co41 #be1 ,lawr5ce ,p\ntney ,lane ,c>mi*ael1 ,sir ,james1 ,b>t41 ,sussex ,g>d5s ,*ri/oph]1 ,j4,s41 ,esq41 #bf1 ,coleman-/reet ,*allis1 ,ald]man1 #cb1 ,wilson ,/reet1 ,f9sbury ,*ilds1 ,r4,w41 ,esq41 #bf1 ,coleman ,/reet ,cape ( ,good ,hope ,agricultural ,society ,campbell1 ,c4,t41 ,graham's ,t[n1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7#c copies7 ,c5tral ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia 7#e copies7 ,crum1 ,h4,e41 ,esq41 7,messrs4 ,j4 ,ew+ ,co's417 ,glasg[ ,clegg1 ,t41 ,esq41 ,man*e/] ,c>leton1 ,p]cival ,a41 ,esq41 ,/ip5di>y ,magi/rate1 ,bahamas ,davis1 ,messrs4 ,t4,e4 ,w4,w41 manufactur]s1 #aei & #afj1 ,:ite*apel ,road ,d9ne=d1 ,messrs4 ,co1 #agb1 ,new ,bond-/reet ,d5oon1 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,co41 #f1 ,adam's ,c\rt1 ,old ,broad-/4 ,decass]es1 ,ph9eas1 ,esq41 ,falm\?1 ,jamaica ,dod1 ,francis1 ,esq41 ,savanna le ,m>1 ,jamaica ,duke1 ,sir ,james1 ,m4,p41 ,portl& ,place ,dunb>1 ,messrs4 ,d41 ,sons1 #ie1 ,=e-/reet1 ,limeh\se ,d5ni/\n1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,a41 ,glasg[ ,drysdale1 ,hon4 ,j4,v41 ,colonial ,secret>y1 ,/4 ,lucia ,drumm1 ,mr4 ,w41 ,*emi/1 ,b>bados 7#ab copies7 ,ede1 ,francis1 ,esq41 ,great ,w9*e/]-/reet ,ede1 ,limbrey1 ,esq41 m]*ant1 ,w9*e/]-/reet ,edmonds1 ,e41 junr41 ,esq41 ,bilcomb ,brook1 ,brad=d1 ,wilts ,evett1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 ,trelawney1 ,jamaica ,=bes1 ,dr41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,burl+ton-/reet ,field51 ,j4 ,leyl&1 ,esq41 ,f5isc[les1 ,blackburn ,fox1 ,mr4 ,c41 ,pat]no/] ,r[ ,fo/]1 ,t4,c41 ,esq41 ,natal ,framgee1 ,neeswanjee ,co41 ,bombay ,=man1 ,mr4 ,r4,b41 #ad1 ,m9c+ ,lane ,franks ,co41 ,messrs41 #cf1 ,f5*ur*-/reet ,grey1 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,e>l ,grassett1 ,elliot1 ,esq41 #f1 ,*e%am-/reet1 ,belgrave ,squ>e ,gray1 ,messrs4 ,b4,c4,t4 ,co41 ,great ,/4 ,hel5's ,gray ,co41 ,messrs41 ,comm]cial ,*amb]s1 ,m9c+ ,lane ,glasg[1 ,messrs4 ,alex&] ,co41 ,glasg[ ,glasg[ ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce & ,manufactures ,h>k]1 ,george1 ,esq41 #ajb & #ajc1 ,upp] ,?ames-/reet ,h5ry1 ,j4,g41 ,esq41 ,bicknollon ,h\se1 ,williton1 ,som]set ,holl[ay1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 #bdd1 ,/r& ,hanbury1 ,daniel1 ,esq1 #b1 ,pl\gh ,c\rt ,h[>d1 ,messrs4 ,james ,fr$]ick1 ,b$=d ,haywood1 ,james1 ,esq41 ,birm+ham ,h5ley1 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,j4,w41 ,m4,p4 ,humphreys1 ,e4,r41 ,l4,l4,d41 ,*elt5ham ,s*ool ,haynes1 ,rob]t1 ,esq41 ,?imbleby ,lodge1 ,nor?all]ton ,h[son1 ,rev4 ,j4,s41 ,m4,a41 ,pr9cipal ( ,liv]pool ,collegiate ,s*ool ,h[>d1 ,w4,m41 ,esq41 ,b>bados ,hit*9s1 ,ri*>d1 ,esq41 ,k+/on1 ,jamaica ,hamilton1 ,william1 ,esq41 #bi1 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,place1 ,glasg[ ,hodge1 ,honorable ,lang=d ,l41 ,antigua ,ifill1 ,b5jam91 ,esq41 #hf1 ,gl\ce/] ,t]race1 ,hyde ,p>k ,g>d5s ,innes1 ,j41 ,esq41 ,moorgate-/reet ,isle ( ,?anet ,agricultural ,association1 ,ramsgate ,jamaica ,association1 #a1 ,new ,squ>e1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,jamaica ,royal ,agricultural ,society ,j5n+s1 ,j4,h41 ,esq41 ,/ip5di>y ,magi/rate1 ,/4 ,lucia ,jung ,burg!el1 ,messrs41 #b1 ,w9*e/] ,build+s ,johnson1 ,c4,w41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,croydon ,keane1 ,*>les ,c41 ,esq41 ,b]muda ,keat+1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d ,keel+ ,hunt1 ,messrs41 ,monum5t ,y>d ,laird1 ,j4,m41 ,esq41 ,african ,/eam ,%ip ,co41 ,m9c+ ,lane ,laurie1 ,w4,c41 ,esq4 #f1 ,great ,w9*e/]-/reet ,lane1 ,craw=d ,co41 ,messrs41 ,hong ,kong 7#ab copies7 ,lee1 ,d4 ,mc,phee1 ,esq41 ,b]muda ,livesay1 ,drs41 ,r4,n41 #ce1 ,nelson ,squ>e ,lloyd1 ,b4,s41 ,esq41 ,bir*9 ,lane ,liv]pool1 ,libr>y ( ,collegiate ,in/itution ,lawton1 ,isaac1 ,esq41 ,k+/on1 ,jamaica 7#b copies7 ,lyons1 ,george1 ,esq41 ,falm\?1 ,jamaica 7#b copies7 ,lawr5ce ,co41 ,messrs41 ,madras 7#c copies7 ,losack1 ,f4,c41 ,esq41 ,trelawney1 ,jamaica ,"l ,mayor1 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable1 ,mansion ,h\se ,moleswor?1 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,sir ,william1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p41 ,eaton ,squ>e ,mc,culloch1 ,j4,r41 ,esq41 ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice ,morewood1 ,edw>d ,esq41 ,comp5sation1 ,natal ,morewood1 ,j4,j41 ,esq41 #a1 ,w9*e/] ,build+s ,m>t91 ,r4 ,montgom]y1 ,esq41 #ba1 ,victoria ,road1 ,k5s+ton ,mc,henry1 ,george1 ,m4,d41 #ab1 ,danzie ,/reet1 ,liv]pool ,ma/]man1 ,john1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,ni*olas ,lane1 ,city ,may]s1 ,j4,p4 ,esq41 ,/aplegrove1 ,b>bados ,m\at1 ,ri*>d1 ,esq41 ,r4,n41 ,h4,m4 ,docky>d1 ,port ,royal1 ,jamaica ,mc,hugh1 ,r4,g41 ,esq41 ,/4 ,lucia ,m>ryatt1 ,*>les1 ,esq41 ,laur5ce ,p\ntney ,lane ,mason1 ,j4,p4 & ,co41 #ah1 ,m9c+ ,lane ,mosely1 ,mr4 ,e4,n41 ,nassau1 ,bahamas4 ,mi*elli1 ,mr4 ,f41 ,g\ld ,squ>e ,nesbit1 ,j4,c4 ,esq41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,k5n+ton ,lane ,newdegate1 ,c4,n41 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,blackhea? ,natal ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,society ,newca/le1 8 ,grace ! ,duke (1 7#b copies7 ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society1 ,albany ,noble1 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,j4,a41 #aa1 ,george ,y>d1 ,lomb>d ,/reet1 ,pak+ton1 ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,s41 ,m4,p4 ,poole1 ,david1 ,esq41 ,analytical ,*emi/1 #ah1 ,jubilee ,/reet1 ,mile ,end ,road4 ,poole1 ,brai?waite1 ,esq41 ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway1 ,liv]pool4 ,pitts & ,gav91 ,messrs41 ,k&y1 ,ceylon4 ,porte\s1 ,! ,honorable ,james1 ,jamaica4 ,prescott1 ,george ,w41 ,esq41 #fb1 ,?readne$le ,/reet ,r[l&1 ,messrs4 ,alex4 & ,sons1 #bj1 ,hatton ,g>d5 7#c copies7 ,ransomes & ,sims1 ,messrs41 ,implem5t ,mak]s1 ,ipswi* 7#b copies7 ,rolph1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,portsm\?4 ,ri*>dson1 ,rob]t1 ,esq41 #c1 ,j]myn ,/reet1 ,/4 ,james's ,ri*>dson1 ,mr4 ,j4,m41 ,cornhill ,r[e1 ,sir ,jo%ua1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,jamaica ,rob]ts1 ,*>les1 ,esq41 #ch1 ,m9c+ ,lane ,russell1 ,graham1 ,esq41 #fc1 ,mill] ,/reet1 ,glasg[ ,ro?s*ild1 ,b>on1 ,lionel ,de1 ,m4,p41 ,new ,c\rt1 ,s)9's ,lane ,sampson1 ,m4,b41 ,esq41 ,city ,editor ( ! ,times1 ,lomb>d ,/reet ,saund]s1 ,trelawney ,w41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 #f1 ,*>+ ,cross ,/aunton1 ,sir ,george ,?omas1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,b4,s41 ,hants ,/r\sb]g1 ,b4,h41 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,editor ( ,! ,m]*ant's ,magaz9e4 ,/raube1 ,dr41 #cf1 ,moorgate ,/reet ,/ew>t1 ,*>les1 ,esq41 #d1 ,adam's ,c\rt1 ,old ,bond-/reet 7#b copies7 ,s*omburgk1 ,sir ,r4,h41 ,briti% ,consul1 ,/4 ,dom+o ,sewell1 ,william1 ,esq41 ,/4 ,james's1 ,jamaica ,/eph5son1 ,r4 ,macdonald1 ,esq41 ,ea/ ,india ,railway1 ,calcutta ,simmonds1 ,ri*>d1 ,esq41 ,r4,n41 ,admiralty1 ,som]set ,h\se ,simmonds1 ,j4,g41 ,esq41 ,r4,n41 ,h4,m4,s4 ,crane1 ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa ,simeon1 ,h>dy & ,sons1 ,messrs41 ,cork ,samuelson1 ,b41 ,esq41 ,britannia ,iron ,works1 ,banbury ,/an=d1 ,mr41 #f1 ,*>+ ,cross ,trade1 ,! ,honorable ! ,bo>d ( ,t5n5t1 ,sir ,j4 ,em]son1 ,m4,p4 ,trav]s1 ,messrs41 & ,co41 #ai1 ,/4 ,s)9's ,lane ,?ib\1 ,james ,b41 ,esq41 ,antigua ,tollema*e1 ,honorable ,f41 ,hillmagham ,hall1 ,ipswi* ,?ornton1 ,edw>d1 ,esq41 ,/ati/ical ,dep>tm5t1 ,ea/ ,india ,h\se ,we$+1 ,?omas1 ,esq41 #f1 ,great ,w9*e/] ,/reet 7#b copies7 ,weguel91 ,t4,m41 ,esq41 #g1 ,au/9 ,fri>s ,wyld1 ,james1 ,esq1 ,great ,globe1 ,leice/] ,squ>e ,we/g>?1 ,ross & ,co41 ,messrs41 ,melb\rne1 ,port ,philip ,wortley1 ,s4,s41 ,esq41 ,cumb]l& ,p51 ,spani% ,t[n1 ,jamaica ,wray1 ,leon>d1 ,esq41 ,natal ,wells1 ,*>les1 ,esq41 ,gr5ada ,woodifield1 ,r4,d41 ,esq41 ,cu/om ,h\se ,woods1 ,r4,c41 ,esq41 ,/raits ,times1 ,s+apore 7#bj copies7 ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,eff+ham1 ,royal ,ex*ange ,build+s 7#b copies7 ,yeatman1 ,rev4 ,h4,f41 ,l4,l4,b41 ,/ockh\se1 ne> ,%]borne ,"y1 ,bryan1 ,t41 ,esq41 ,b>bados ,,works ,,consult$4 ,,simmonds',s ,,colonial ,,magaz9e1 #ae vols4 ,,port]',s ,,tropical ,,agriculturi/4 ,,paxton',s ,,botanical ,,diction>y4 ,,lawson',s ,,m]*ant',s ,,magaz9e1 #b vols4 ,,pr(essor ,,royle1 on ! ,productive ,res\rces ( ,india4 ,,craw=d',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,ar*ipelago1 #c vols4 ,,logan',s ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,ar*ipelago1 #c vols4 ,,reports ,,& ,,docum5ts ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company1 9 reg>d to ! ,cultivation & ,manufacture ( ,cotton1 ,wool1 ,raw ,silk1 & ,indigo 9 ,india4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,agricultural ,,society ,,( ,,we/]n ,,au/ralia4 ,,milburn',s ,,ori5tal ,,comm]ce4 ,,ure',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,manufactures1 ,,& ,,supplem5ts4 ,,*ase',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope4 ,,pr(essor ,,balf\r',s ,,manual ,,( ,,botany4 ,,dupon',s ,,travels ,,9 ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 #b vols4 ,,c\nt ,,d&olo on ! art ( ,re>+ ,silk ,worms4 ,,j\rnal ,,& ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,agricultural ,,society1 #g vols4 ,,pridham',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ceylon ,,& ,,its ,,dep5d5cies1 #b vols4 ,,pridham',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mauritius4 ,,transactions ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,society ,,( ,,jamaica1 #e vols4 ,,! ,,b>bados ,,agricultural ,,society',s ,,report]1 #b vols4 ,,l[',s ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,agriculture ,,( ,,! ,,/raits ,,settlem5ts4 ,m',,cullo*',s ,,comm]cial ,,diction>y1 la/ ,edition & ,supplem5ts4 ,,hunt',s ,,new ,,york ,,m]*ant',s ,,magaz9e1 #bg vols4 ,,de ,,b[',s ,,comm]cial ,,review1 ,new ,orleans1 #f vols4 ,,r5ny',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,jamaica4 ,,s*omburgk',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,b>bados4 ,,bre5',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/4 ,,lucia4 ,,capta9 ,,beev]',s ,,african ,,memor&a4 ,,p]reira',s ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica4 ,,spry',s ,,plants1 c41 requir$ = ,india4 ,,hoop]',s ,,m$ical ,,diction>y4 ,,p]ley',s ,,reports ,,on ,,! ,,=e/ ,,trees ,,& ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,new ,,brunswick4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,tea ,,plant ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 by ,junius ,smi?1 ,l4,l4,d4 ,,! ,,mahogany ,,tree1 its ,range1 c4 ,,! ,,/ates ,,( ,,c5tral ,,am]ica1 by ,john ,bailey1 ,r4,m4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,res\rces ,,( ,,nova ,,scotia1 by ,a ,gesn]4 ,,reports ,,on ,,! ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,h4,m4's ,,colonial ,,possessions1 = ! ye>s #ahdi-ej4 ,,poole',s ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,reports ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahdi-ej4 ,,de ,,b[',s ,,indu/rial ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,& ,,we/]n ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica1 #d vols4 ,,(ficial ,,& ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,exhibition2 ,"p #a4--,,raw ,,mat]ials4 ,,dr4 ,o',,%aughnessy',s ,,b5gal ,,disp5satory4 ,,ar*]',s ,,economic ,,botany4 ,a ,,few ,,words ,,on ,,! ,,tea ,,duties1 by ,j4 ,+ram ,trav]s4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,vegetable ,,products ,,( ,,ceylon4 ,,g5]al ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire1 by ,james ,mc,queen4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom1 by ,w4 ,rh9d4 ,,! ,,/ati/ical ,,companion1 by ,banfield & ,weld4 ,,=tune',s ,,travels ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,,ball ,,on ,,tea ,,culture4 ,,pr(essor ,,royle ,,on ,,cotton4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,exhibition1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 #b vols4 ,,johnson',s ,,f>m]',s ,,encyclop,,dia4 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,^u ,,tea1 by ,?omas ,%ort1 ,m4,d42 #agec4 ,,p>liam5t>y ,,pap]s ,,on ,,trade ,,& ,,navigation4 ,,! ,,hong ,,kong ,,almanac ,,& ,,directory4 ,,jamaica ,,almanacs1 c4 ,,keef]',s ,,prize ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,canals ,,( ,,canada1 #ahej4 ,,colman',s ,,cont95tal ,,agriculture1 #ahdh4 ,,cuba ,,9 #ahea1 by ,alex&] ,jones4 ,,m>t91 on ,*9a4 ,,ceylon ,,almanacs4 ,,e>l',s ,,ent]prise ,,9 ,,tropical ,,au/ralia4 ,,cunn+ham',s ,,h9ts ,,= ,,au/ralian ,,emigrants4 ,,dr4 ,,turnbull',s ,,cuba1 ) ,notes ( ,porto ,rico4 ,,lt4 ,,moodie',s ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,s\? ,,africa1 #b vols4 ,,f>m]',s ,,magaz9e1 #bj vols4 ,,rob]tson',s ,,lett]s ,,on ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 #c vols4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,,resid5ce ,,9 ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 #c vols4 ,,j\rnals ,,( ,,! ,,/ati/ical ,,societies ,,( ,,london ,,& ,,p>is4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,j\rnal1 #aj vols4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,agricultural ,,p]iodicals ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,! ,,colonies4 ,,balanza ,,g5]al ,,de ,,com]cio ,,( ,,cuba4 ,,knight',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,! ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,all ,,nations4 ,,preface4 ,! objects & purposes ( ! foll[+ ,"w are fully set =? 9 ! introductory *apt]2 b ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k "h1 t its compilation & arrangem5t h occupi$ a v l>ge %>e ( my "t & att5tion1 & ,i c !re=e ass]t ) confid5ce1 t x w be f\nd ! mo/ full & complete book ( ! k9d t has ev] yet appe>$4 ,x is n a m]e cond5sation f ,encyclopdias1 ,comm]cial ,diction>ies1 & ,p>liam5t>y & ,consul> ,reports2 b is ! fruit ( my own ,colonial exp]i5ce z a practical plant] & ( mu* labori\s rese>* & /udi\s inve/igation into a class ( ephem]al b useful publications1 :i* seldom meet ) any ext5d$ or endur+ circulation--assi/$1 moreov]1 by ! contributions & sugge/ions ( _m ( ! mo/ em95t agricultural *emi/s1 plant]s1 & m]*ants ( our ,colonial ,possessions & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,few are aw>e ( ! great labor & rese>* requir$ = dige/+ & arrang+ conflict+ acc\nts--= consult+ ! num]\s deta*$ pap]s & =eign works treat+ ( ! subjects embrac$ 9 ?is volume1 & = ref]r+ to ! home & colonial trade circul>s1 ,legislative pap]s1 & sci5tific p]iodicals ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! h>ass+ duties app]ta9+ to ! position ( ,city editor ( a daily pap]1 c\pl$ ) num]\s o!r lit]>y engagem5ts1 h af=d$ me insuffici5t "t to d full ju/ice to ! "w :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! press2 & sev]al lit]al typographical errors 9 ! botanical names h1 ,i f9d1 escap$ my att5tion 9 ! revision ( ! %eets4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x sc>cely necess>y to make a li/ ( errata = ^!4 ,f want ( leisure1 to r$uce all ! weights & measures nam$ 9 ! body ( ! "w into ,engli%1 ,i h giv5 _! relative value 9 ! ,index4 ,i h tak5 consid]able pa9s to make ! ,index mo/ full & complete1 = x has always appe>$ to me1 t 9 works embrac+ a great v>iety ( subjects1 facility ( ref]5ce is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,"s discrepancy may "h & !re be f\nd betwe5 ! figures quot$ f ,p>liam5t>y returns & ^? d]iv$ f private trade circul>s2 b ! /ati/ics are accurate en\gh = approximate calculations4 ,:il/ ! "w has be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 sev]al important modifications & alt]ations h be5 made 9 our ,t>iff4 ,i h ?r\gh\t f\nd great difficulty 9 obta9+ comm]cial in=mation f ! v>i\s ,colonial brok]s & import]s ( ! ,city1 :o1 ) b few exceptions1 h be5 /upidly jeal\s ( any publicity respect+ ! /aples 9 ! sale ( :i* !y 7 specially int]e/$4 ,! greate/ fe> 0 express$ le/ any details z to ! s\rces ( supply1 /ocks on h&1 & co/ prices ( _m ( ! m9or articles1 %\ld transpire4 ,aft] ! results ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 ! ex]tions mak+ to e/abli% ,trade ,museums1 & ! prospect ( in=mation to be furni%$ at ! new ,cry/al ,palace1 ?is n>r[-m9d$ & selfi% feel+ seems s+ul>ly misplac$4 ,i _h n orig9ally contemplat$ t\*+ ^u ! gra9 crops & food plants ( temp]ate regions2 b ! prospect ( a failure 9 our h>ve/1 ! di/urb$ /ate ( political affairs on ! ,cont95t1 ) %ort supplies f ,russia & ! ,danubian prov9ces1 & ! abs5ce ( any reliable /ati/ics & in=mation = conv5i5t ref]5ce on ?is all-important subject1 add$ to ! recomm5dations ( "o or two well-in=m$ correspond5ts1 induc$ me to g m into detail on ! ,food-plants & ,bread/uffs ?an ,i _h at fir/ int5d$1 & to treat v fully ^u ,:eat1 ,b>ley1 ,potatoes1 & o!r subsidi>y food crops4 ,?is has tr5*$ some:at l>gely on my space2 & al?\gh ! volume has be5 swell$ to an unexpect$ size1 ,i am reluctantly compell$ to omit "s few ,sections1 su* z ^? treat+ ( ela/ic & o!r ,gums1 ,res9s1 c42 on tropical ,fruits2 & on textile sub/ances & products available = cordage & clo?+4 ,! latt] section1 :i* includes ,cotton1 ,flax1 ,jute1 c41 & embraces a wide & important range ( plants1 ,i propose issu+ 9 a sep>ate volume at an e>ly date1 ) a l>ge fund ( /ati/ical & g5]al in=mation4 ,among ^? g5tlem5 to :om ,i ackn[l$ge myself mo/ indebt$ = valuable sugge/ions or important in=mation1 are my fri5ds ,sir ,r4,h4 ,s*omburgk1 ,briti% ,consul at ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,montgom]y ,m>t91 ! well-kn[n ,/ati/ & ,colonial ,hi/orian2 ,mr4 ,r4,d4 ,wodifield1 ,deputy ,inspector ( ,imports at ! port ( ,london2 ,mr4 ,leon>d ,wray1 ( ,natal1 au?or ( ,! ,practical ,sug> ,plant]2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hamilton1 ( ,plym\?1 a tal5t$ & frequ5t contributor to ! sci5tific p]iodicals ( ! day2 ,mr4 ,t4,c4 ,ar*]1 ( ,liv]pool1 au?or ( ,economic ,botany2 ,mr4 ,gre5e1 ( ! firm ( ,bly?1 ,bro!rs1 & ,gre5e2 ,mr4 ,j4,s4 ,*ri/oph]1 au?or ( sev]al works on ! ,cape ,colony1 & ,natal2 ,mr4 ,b4,h4 ,/r\sb]g1 editor ( ,! ,m]*ant's ,magaz9e1 & ,mr4 ,g4,w4 ,johnson1 ! em95t agricultural writ]1 au?or ( v>i\s elaborate ,essays on ! ,agriculture ( ,h9do/an1 :i* 7 writt5 = my ,colonial ,magaz9e4 ,p4,l4 ,,simmonds4 #e1 ,,b>ge ,,y>d1 ,,buckl]sbury1 ,decemb]1 #ahec4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,objects ( ! "w4 ,pr(4 ,solly on ! dem& = a practical book on raw mat]ials4 ,objects ( ! ,society ( ,arts & ,great ,exhibition4 ,necessity = an att5tion to ! culture ( ! m9or /aples ( ! soil4 ,new objects ( indu/ry wor?y ! att5tion ( ,sci5ce4 ,pr9cipal "p ( our homew>d comm]ce compos$ ( raw mat]ials f ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,mutual dep5d5ce ( c\ntries on ,comm]ce = ! supply ( _! wants4 ,sy/em ( arrangem5t ( subjects adopt$ by ! au?or4 ,_m articles ( comm]ce omitt$ = want ( space4 ,^? ( tropical & sub-tropical regions *iefly discuss$4 ,h9ts = ! cultivator4 ,division ( zones1 & c\ntries ly+ )9 ea*1 ) _! range ( temp]ature4 ,table ( climate2 duration & production ( ! pr9cipal cultivat$ plants4 ,,section ,i4--,,dri$ ,,leaves1 ,,se$s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,popul> ,,dietetic ,,bev]ages ,cacao or ,cocoa4 ,v>ieties & description ( ! tree4 ,mode ( cultivation 9 ! ,colombian ,republics4 ,enemies ( ! tree4 ,exp5ses ( a plantation 9 ,jamaica4 ,cultivation 9 ,tr9idad & ,/4 ,lucia4 ,/ati/ics & consumption4 ,c(fee4 ,home consumption & rev5ue ( c(fee4 ,*icory l>gely sub/itut$ =2 hi/ory ( ! fiscal *anges4 ,cont95tal dem&4 ,pres5t produce & consumption 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,cultivation 9 ,mo*a4 ,cultivation 9 ,india2 9 ,ceylon4 ,exports f t isl&4 ,manures suitable = ! tree4 ,peel+1 pulp+1 & w9n[+4 ,improv$ ma*9]y4 ,new use = c(fee leaves4 ,culture 9 ,java4 ,production ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies2 ,v5ezuela4 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,brazils4 ,%ipm5ts ( v>i\s c\ntries to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,comp>ative consumption by diff]5t nations4 ,cultivation 9 ,jamaica2 ,tr9idad2 ,briti% ,guiana2 ,cuba2 decl9e ( production 9 ?is isl&4 ,/ati/ics ( exports4 ,prep>ation ( c(fee leaves = infusion accord+ to ,dr4 ,g>dn]'s pat5t4 ,dr4 ,hook]'s op9ion !reon4 ,tea4 ,imm5se consumption (4 ,liebig's analysis (4 ,v>ieties ( ! plant4 ,imports ( tea = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,alt]ations 9 ! duties4 ,/ati/ics ( import & consumption1 rev5ue & prices4 ,value & ext5t ( ! tea export$ f ,*9a2 fir/ co/ at ! ports2 enorm\s prices paid = sup]ior teas4 ,total outlay = tea4 ,consumption ( tea 9 ,*9a4 ,export to v>i\s c\ntries4 ,total production4 ,consumption p] head 9 ,engl&2 n prop]ly )9 ! rea* ( ! poor] classes4 ,*9a c\ld furni% any quantity4 ,mr4 ,trav]s on ! tea duties4 ,brick tea ( ,?ibet4 ,tea annually import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 proportion ( gre5 to black4 ,range ( ! plant4 ,c\ntries 9 :i* its culture has be5 attempt$4 ,its progress 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,assam ,company & its plantations4 ,ext5sion ( tea culture by ! ,ea/ ,india ,co4 ,mr4 ,=tune's travels 9 ! tea di/ricts ( ,*9a4 ,in/ructions & details z to soil1 managem5t & manufacture1 by ,dr4 ,jameson & ,mr4 ,=tune4 ,dr4 ,campbell's notes4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,macf>lane's ,report4 ,! ,ea/ ,india tea plantations 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces4 ,exp]im5tal cultivation ( ! tea plant 9 ,brazil2 ,m4 ,geullem9's report !reon4 ,p>aguay ,tea3 ,mr4 ,rob]tson's description ( ! collection & manufacture4 ,sug>4 ,plants f :i* x is usually obta9$4 ,! sug> cane2 its range ( cultivation4 ,production 9 our colonies4 ,consumption 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,improvem5ts 9 sug> ma*9]y & manufacture4 ,quantity ( cane sug> annually produc$ & s5t into ! m>kets4 ,local consumption 9 ,india4 ,pres5t ,european supply2 dem& accord+ to ! consumption 9 ,engl&4 ,e/imat$ annual production ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,consumption 9 ! pr9cipal ,european c\ntries4 ,av]age annual consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,comp>ative am\nt ( beet-root & cane sug> produc$ 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,gazette prices ( sug> 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,production ( sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,production 9 ,cuba4 ,production 9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies4 ,production 9 ,mauritius4 ,/ati/ics ( imports f ! ,mauritius4 ,production 9 ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies4 ,production 9 ,java4 ,production 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,*emical di/9ction betwe5 cane & grape sug>4 ,v>ieties ( ! sug> cane cultivat$4 ,possibility ( rais+ ! cane f se$4 ,analysis ( ! cane1 & ( a sug> soil4 ,*emical exam9ation ( cane juice4 ,vacuum pans4 ,boil+ & temp]+4 ,composition ( cane juice4 ,ramos's prep>$ planta9 juice4 ,pr(essor ,f[nes on ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,expression ( cane juice4 ,con/ruction ( ! sug> mill4 ,quantity ( juice obta9$ by ea* k9d ( mill4 ,position ( roll]s4 ,mode ( culture & v>ieties 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,soils consid]$ be/ adapt$ = its luxuriant gr[?4 ,manures4 ,sets & plant+4 ,aft]gr[?4 ,h>ve/+4 ,injuries1 f seasons1 /orms1 insects1 c4 ,mode ( cultivation 9 ! ,brazils2 9 ,natal2 exp5ses4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! co/ ( production 9 ,mauritius & ,natal4 ,comp>ative co/ 9 free & slave c\ntries4 ,beet-root sug>3 v>iety cultivat$2 mode ( expression & manufacture2 yield ( sug>2 e/imat$ pr(it2 ext5sive production 9 ,france2 production 9 ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,prussian ,prov9ces ( ,saxony2 ,russia1 ,belgium & ,au/ria4 ,a ,visitor's acc\nt ( ! ,fr5* manufactories4 ,mr4 ,colman's op9ion4 ,proportion ( sug> 9 ! beet4 ,maple ,sug>3 description ( ! tree2 its production limit$ to ,am]ica2 ext5t ( ! manufacture 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 processes employ$2 /ati/ics ( production4 ,maize ,sug>4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,! ,,gra9 ,,crops1 ,,edible ,,roots ,,& ,,f>9ace\s ,,plants1 ,,=m+ ,,! ,,bread/uffs ,,( ,,comm]ce ,/ati/ics ( ,:eat ,culture4 ,exports ( fl\r f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,adaptation ( ! soil & climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! culture ( ! c]eals4 ,export ( sophi/icat$ 7damag$7 fl\r4 ,kiln dry+ ( bread /uffs & exclusion ( air4 ,value ( ! :ole meal ( :eat z comp>$ ) t ( ! f9e fl\r4 ,nutriti\s prop]ties ( v>i\s articles ( food4 ,composition ( :eat & :eat-fl\r1 & ! modes ( det]m9+ _! nutritive value4 ,rotation ( crops 9 connexion ) :eat culture4 ,production & consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,/ati/ics ( o!r c\ntries4 ,b>ley1 ,oats1 ,rye1 ,buck:eat1 ,maize3 ,indian corn & meal import$4 ,crop & exports ( ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sy/em ( culture4 ,rice3 ,/ati/ics ( production & culture 9 ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,bhull rice l&s ( ,l[] ,sc9de4 ,rice 9 ,ka%mir2 exports f ,arracan4 ,millet4 ,broom ,corn4 ,*5opodium ,qu9oa4 ,fundi or ,fundungi4 ,pulse4 ,! ,sago ,palms4 ,manufacture & ext5t ( ! trade 9 ,s+apore4 ,! bread-fruit tree4 ,kafir bread4 ,! ,,planta9 & ,,banana2 v>i\s products ( ^! palms4 ,,/>*-,,produc+ ,,plants inve/igat$4 ,*>act]s ( />* f diff]5t plants4 ,t5acity & cle>ness ( jellies2 p] c5tage ( />* yield$1 & produce ( plant p] acre2 _! meal z articles ( export4 ,indian ,corn />*4 ,rice />*4 ,,arr[root3 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india1 culture & /ati/ics (4 ,,root ,,crops3 ,potatoes1 ,yams1 ,cocos1 or ,eddoes1 ,sweet ,potatoes1 ,cassava or ,manioc4 ,,new ,,tub]\s ,,plants recomm5d$ z sub/itutes = ! potato4 ,,miscellane\s ,,food ,,plants4 ,,li*5s & ,,mosses4 ,,f]ns4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,spices1 ,,aromatic ,,condim5ts1 ,,& ,,fragrant ,,woods4 ,,c9namon4 ,limit$ range ( ! culture 9 ,ceylon4 ,analysis ( ! soil mo/ favorable to ! tree4 ,peel+4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( b>k2 comm]cial classification1 di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( good c9namon2 suitability ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5t = c9namon plantations2 oil ( c9namon2 /ati/ics & exports f ,ceylon1 & prices realis$2 r$uction ( ! duty2 ext5t ( l& "u cultivation ) ! tree2 progress ( ! culture 9 ,java2 exports !nce to ,holl&4 ,,cassia ,,b>k3 species f :5ce d]iv$2 imports1 consumption & prices4 ,cassia ,buds4 ,cassia ,oil4 ,,canella ,,alba4 ,,casc>illa ,,b>k4 ,,cloves3 description & v>ieties ( ! tree4 ,produce 9 ,java4 ,introduction into ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,progress ( ! culture 9 ,p9ang & ,s+apore4 ,! ,clove plantations ( ,zanzib>4 ,imports & consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! ,,nutmeg3 ,botanical description4 ,dr4 ,oxley's acc\nt ( ! cultivation & managem5t ( a plantation2 enemies ( ! tree4 ,produce & returns4 ,prep>ation ( ! nuts = m>ket4 ,/ati/ics ( culture 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,memor&um on ! duties on nutmegs4 ,exports ( nutmegs f ,s+apore & ,java4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & consumption ( wild & cultivat$ nutmegs & mace4 ,,g+]3 description & consumption (4 ,comm]cial di/9ction betwe5 black & :ite g+]4 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india g+]1 directions = cultivation4 ,%ipm5ts f ,jamaica4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! imports f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/4 ,total annual imports & consumption4 ,,galangale ,,root4 ,,c>damoms2 plants f :i* d]iv$4 ,gra9s ( ,p>adise4 ,meleguetta1 or ,gu9ea pepp]4 ,,pepp]3 description ( ! v9e2 range ( ! plant4 ,production ( ! ,_w4 ,! culture decl9+ 9 ,java4 ,ext5t ( ! production 9 ,s+apore4 ,exports f ,ceylon4 ,its introduction into ! ,mauritius4 ,%ipm5ts f ,s+apore4 ,imports & consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,*illies ,,& ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]3 v>ieties ( ,capsicum4 ,,pim5to3 description ( ! tree2 production ( ! spice limit$ to ,jamaica4 ,imports & consumption4 ,,vanilla3 description ( ! plant4 ,its collection & prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,comm]cial v>ieties4 ,tonqu9 beans4 ,,turm]ic3 s\rces ( supply4 ,comm]cial uses4 ,value ( ! ,curry /uffs ( ! ,ea/4 ,imports & consumption4 ,,g9s5g3 description (--dem& = 9 ,*9a1 exports f ,am]ica1 & comm]cial value4 ,can>y1 ,cori&]1 mu/>d & anise se$s4 ,,put*ux1 or ,,co/us4 ,,lignum ,,aloes1 & fragrant woods4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,dyes ,,& ,,color+ ,,/uffs ,,& ,,tann+ ,,sub/ances ,importance & value ( ^! sub/ances to our manufactur+ int]e/s4 ,new specim5s & mat]ials rec5tly produc$4 ,miscellane\s notices ( useful plants4 ,lana ,dye4 ,prices ( ,dyewoods4 ,r$ ,,s&]s ,,wood4 ,,fu/ic4 ,,sappan ,,wood1 ,camwood & ,b>wood4 ,imports ( ,dyewoods4 ,,arnatto4 ,comm]cial k9ds4 ,cultivation & manufacture4 ,imports1 consumption & prices4 ,,*ay-,,root4 ,wood ,dyes4 ,mangrove ,b>k4 ,,suma*4 ,/ati/ics ( imports & prices4 ,,saffl[]4 ,gamboge4 ,common native dyes4 ,,indigo2 plants :i* produce x4 ,comm]cial s\rces ( supply4 ,cultivation 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 ,jamaica & ! ,we/ ,indies2 once an important crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! indigo plant a common we$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4 ,cultivation 9 ,india4 ,classification ( ! dye-/uff4 ,localities be/ suit$ to its production4 ,process ( ,manufacture4 ,annual production 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies2 adaptation ( ,ceylon4 ,ext5t ( ! culture 9 ,java2 annual exports !refrom2 imports & consumption4 ,,madd]3 ext5t ( ! dem& =4 ,enorm\s pr(it ( ! cultivation2 sy/em ( h>ve/+ & manufacture4 ,l>ge supplies receiv$ f ,france4 ,,munjeet1 or ,indian madd]1 des]v+ ( m consid]ation4 ,,logwood1 ,,fu/ic1 ,qu]citron4 ,brazil ,wood4 ,,li*5s ,,= ,,dye+4 ,h5na4 ,,or*illa ,,we$4 ,*emical exam9ation ( ! color+ pr9ciples ( ! ,li*5s4 ,,b>ks ,,= ,,tann+3 cursory notice ( a v>iety ( suitable b>ks4 ,proportions ( tann9 yield$ by diff]5t b>ks4 ,,cate*u3 def9ition (1 & :5ce d]iv$4 ,,gambi] ,,plant3 cultivation 9 ,s+apore2 returns f a plantation4 ,diff]5t qualities ( extract & mode ( obta9+ x4 ,places ( manufacture2 av]age produce4 ,t]ra ,japonica1 a misnom]4 ,cut*1 ano!r "n = ,cate*u4 ,/ati/ics ( imports & consumption2 ! am\nt & value ( ,gambi] f ,s+apore4 ,,divi-,,divi3 description (4 ,,cork ,,tree ,,b>k4 ,,mimosa ,,b>k4 ,valuable native b>ks ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,mangrove b>k4 ,,myrobalans4 ,k9o3 def9ition (2 s\rces f :5ce obta9$4 ,,valonia3 /ati/ics (1 consumption & prices4 ,,section ,v4--,,oleag9\s ,,plants ,,& ,,^? ,,yield+ ,,fix$ ,,or ,,ess5tial ,,oils ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,ext5sive dem& = ,oils4 ,proportion ( oil furni%$ by v>i\s se$s4 ,ri*ness ( ,indian se$s 9 oil4 ,,rape ,,oil4 ,domba ,oil4 ,! ,,e>? or ,,gr\nd ,,nut1 its ext5sive cultivation = food & oil4 ,tea oil4 ,tobacco se$ oil4 ,poppy oil4 ,tallicoonah oil4 ,c>ap oil4 ,macaw oil4 ,madia sativa4 ,cocum oil4 ,c&le ,tree4 ,c9namon ,suet4 ,croton oil4 ,oil ( ,b54 ,,palm ,,oil3 progress ( ! ,african trade4 ,imports into ,liv]pool4 ,quantity reta9$ = home consumption4 ,/ati/ics (2 imports ( ! f\r pr9cipal vegetable oils4 ,,olive ,,oil3 description ( ! tree & its v>ieties2 its cultivation attempt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pres]vation ( ! fruit4 ,expression ( ! oil4 ,range ( prices4 ,frequ5tly adult]at$ ) *eap] oils4 ,annual imports & consumption4 ,,almond ,,oil4 ,,sesame1 or ,,teel ,oil4 ,v>i\s species cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,l>ge exports ( ! se$ f ,india2 native oil mills2 processes ( expression & manufacture4 ,sunfl[] oil4 ,m>gose1 or ,neem oil4 ,illepe oil4 ,vegetable butt]4 ,c&le nut tree4 ,colza oil4 ,,vegetable ,,wax4 ,! ,c&leb]ry myrtle4 ,! ,,ca/or ,,oil ,,plant3 manufacture ( ! oil 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,ext5t ( ! imports annually4 ,! oil-cake = manure4 ,kan>i oil4 ,! ,,coco-,,nut ,,palm3 description ( ! tree2 its v>i\s & important uses4 ,v>ieties ( ?is palm met )4 ,wide range ( ! plant4 ,directions = its culture2 pr(its d]iv$ f plantations2 great att5tion paid to !m 9 ,ceylon4 ,comm]cial value ( its products4 ,/ati/ics ( culture 9 ,p9ang4 ,natural enemies ( ! tree4 ,copp]ah & ,poonac4 ,/ati/ical returns connect$ ) its products 9 ,ceylon4 ,imports & consumption ( coco-nut oil4 ,comp>ison ( ! consumption ( ! *ief vegetable oils ( comm]ce4 ,! value & uses ( oil-cake = cattle-fe$+4 ,,volatile1 ,,or ,,ess5tial ,,oils3 description ( ! mo/ important4 ,oil ( pepp]m9t4 ,process ( obta9+ ! p]fum$ oils4 ,cultivation ( ,roses 9 ! ,ea/ & prep>ation ( ,att>4 ,lemon-grass oil4 ,citronella oil4 ,pat*\ly4 ,,saponace\s ,,plants4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,drugs1 ,,includ+ ,,n>cotics ,,& ,,o!r ,,m$ic9al ,,sub/ances ,! ,,coca ,,plant4 ,cocculus ,indicus4 ,,betel ,,leaf4 ,! ,,areca ,,palm2 ext5sive use ( ! nuts 9 ! ,ea/ z a ma/icatory4 ,n>cotic prop]ties4 ,cate*u1 or ,cut*2 its a/r+5t prop]ties4 ,davy's analysis4 ,value ( ! ,areca nuts export$ f ,ceylon4 ,! ,,poppy3 increas+ consumption ( ,opium 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,production ( ! ,drug 9 ,india4 ,l>ge rev5ue d]iv$ !refrom4 ,v>iety ( ! poppy gr[n2 sy/em ( culture pursu$4 ,v>i\s modes ( consum+ opium4 ,its prep>ation & manufacture describ$4 ,comm]cial v>ieties met )4 ,requisites = ! successful culture ( ! poppy = opium4 ,! ,,tobacco ,,plant2 species cultivat$4 ,london's classification4 ,analyses ( v>i\s samples ( tobacco2 ,/ati/ics ( ! culture 9 ,brazil2 ext5t ( ! consumption2 consid]ations ( rev5ue2 memorial ( ,liv]pool ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,comp>ative consumption ( tea1 c(fee & tobacco1 p] head4 ,imports & duty receiv$ on tobacco 9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,consumption *eck$ 9 ,engl& & ,france by ! high duties4 ,imports1 sales1 & /ocks1 9 ,brem5 = #aj ye>s4 ,culture & /ati/ics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,quantity export$ f #ahba to #ahej4 ,c\ntries f :5ce we receiv$ our supplies 9 #ahej4 ,p>ticul>s ( ! tobacco trade 9 #ahej & #ahec4 ,mode ( culture pursu$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,g5]al in/ructions = ! plant]4 ,in=mation z to gr[+ ,cuba tobacco4 ,hi/ory ( ! trade & cultivation 9 ,cuba4 ,/ati/ics ( exports f ! ,havana4 ,culture ( tobacco 9 ! ,ea/4 ,analysis ( tobacco soils4 ,progress ( cultivation & %ipm5ts 9 ,ceylon4 ,manila tobacco & cig>s4 ,production 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,sugge/ions & directions = tobacco culture 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,its value & ext5sive use z a %eep wa%4 ,excell5ce ( ! product & manufacture 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 culture ( tobacco 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,,miscellane\s ,,drugs4 ,poisons4 ,,aloes3 v>ieties ( ! plant2 culture & manufacture 9 ,socotra1 ,b>bados1 & ! ,cape ,colony4 ,,asafoetida4 ,,camphor4 ,,c9*ona ,,b>k3 comm]cial v>ieties ( ,,calumba ,,root4 ,,colocyn?4 ,,cubebs4 ,,gamboge4 ,,g5tian4 ,,ipecacuan4 ,,introductory4 ,! want ( a practical "w treat+ ( ! cultivation & manufacture ( ! *ief ,agricultural ,productions ( ! ,tropics & ,=eign ,c\ntries1 has long be5 felt1 = n ev5 sep>ate essays are to be met ) on v _m ( ! important subjects treat$ ( 9 ?is volume4 ,! requirem5ts ( sev]al fri5ds proce$+ to settle 9 ! ,colonies1 & wi%+ to devote !mselves to ,cotton culture1 ,c(fee plant+1 ! rais+ ( ,tobacco1 ,indigo1 & o!r agricultural /aples1 fir/ call$ my att5tion to ! consid]ation ( ?is f]tile & ext5sive field ( inve/igation4 ,pr(essor ,solly1 9 "o ( ! s]ies ( ,lectures on ! results ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 e>ly la/ ye>1 made "s practical rem>ks be>+ on ! subject3-- ,if 7he said7 y 7 to place be=e any manufactur] specim5s ( all ! sub/ances :i* c\ld be employ$ 9 8 p>ticul> manufacture1 & if y c\ld tell him f :5ce ea* c\ld be procur$1 its co/1 ! quantities 9 :i* he might obta9 x1 & its physical & *emical prop]ties1 he w\ld soon be able to select = himself ! "o be/ suit$ = 8 purposes4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has nev] happ5$ 9 relation to any "o art2 9 e case manufactur]s h _h to make ! be/ ( ! mat]ials :i* *ance or accid5t has br\ght be=e !m4 ,x is /range & />tl+1 b nev]!less p]fectly true1 t ev5 at ! pres5t "t !re are _m excell5t & abundant productions ( nature ) :i* n only our manufactur]s1 b1 9 "s in/ances1 ev5 our m5 ( sci5ce1 are :olly unacqua9t$4 ,!re is n a s+le book publi%$ :i* gives ev5 tol]ably complete in=mation on any "o ( ! diff]5t classes ( vegetable raw produce at pres5t "u our consid]ation4 ,! tru? ( ^! rem>ks w be felt /rongly by any "o :o takes ! tr\ble to exam9e any ( ^! great divisions ( raw mat]ials4 ,he w obta9 tol]ably complete in=mation respect+ mo/ ( ^? sub/ances :i* are kn[n 9 trade & comm]ce2 b ( ! great] numb] ( ^? n kn[n to ! brok]1 he w le>n little or no?+4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 = ! mo/ "p1 look d[n ^u su* k4 ,! practical uses ( any sub/ances1 ! wants & difficulties ( ! manufactur]1 are reg>d$ z m]e trade que/ions1 vulg> & l[--simple que/ions ( money4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]e m5 ( bus9ess d n feel ! want ( su* k1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y are ignorant ( its exi/5ce1 & secondly1 because !y d n see h[ x c\ld aid !m or _! bus9ess2 & if x %\ld happ5 t an ent]pris+ manufactur] desires to le>n some?+ ( ! cultivation & production ( ! raw mat]ial ) :i* he works1 he g5]ally f9ds x q impossible to obta9 any really s\nd & useful in=mation4 ,9 su* cases1 if he is a man ( en]gy & ( capital1 he (t5 is at ! co/ ( s5d+ out a p]fectly qualifi$ p]son to "s di/ant "p ( ! globe1 to le>n = him ^? practical details :i* he desires to "k4 ,?is is no uncommon ?+2 & _m cases might be /at$1 %[+ ! great advantages :i* h aris5 to ^? :o h ?us ga9$ a m>* ^u _! neighb\rs4 ,! ,society ( ,arts1 appreciat+ ! importance ( f "t to "t enc\rag+ ! introduction ( new & improv$ products f our ,indian & ,colonial ,possessions1 has (f]$ _m gold m$als z premiums = a great v>iety ( /aples f abroad4 ,! ,great ,exhibition ( ! ,indu/ry ( all ,nations br\ght toge!r an imm5se v>iety ( productions f tropical regions1 ( :i* ! ,engli% public 7 comp>atively ignorant4 ,attract+ public att5tion1 z ^! necess>ily did1 in=mation on ! be/ modes ( cultivat+ & manufactur+ !m w be peculi>ly valuable to ! coloni/s1 & is z eag]ly s\ght aft] by _m brok]s1 m]*ants & manufactur]s at home4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rec5t lib]al policy ( ,great ,brita91 ! competition ( =eign c\ntries1 ! want ( *eap & abundant labor1 & o!r causes1 ^? *ief /aples1 ,sug> & ,c(fee1 :i* = a s]ies ( ye>s =m$ ! pr9cipal & almo/ exclusive articles ( production 9 our colonies1 & :i* _h met ) a ready & remun]ative sale 9 ! ,briti% m>kets1 h ei!r fall5 (f to an al>m+ ext5t1 or become s r$uc$ 9 price z sc>cely to repay ! co/ ( cultivation4 ,! p>tial ab&onm5t ( ! cultivation ( ^! /aples 9 our colonies has _h ! effect ( crippl+ ! agricultural & comm]cial ent]prise ( sev]al ( our mo/ valuable =eign possessions1 & ?r[+ out ( employm5t a numb] ( p]sons3 x behoves u1 !re=e1 to direct att5tion to "s ( ! _m m9or articles 9 dem&2--to ^? indig5\s or exotic products ( ! soil 9 tropical regions1 :i*1 be+ inexp5sive 9 cultivation & manufacture1 might be und]tak5 ) a mod]ate outlay ( labor & capital1 & ! c]ta9ty ( a ready & remun]ative sale 9 ! ,european m>kets2 & c\ld moreov] be att5d$ to )\t neglect+ or at all int]f]+ ) ! cultivation ( ! lead+ /aples4 ,x is evid5t t ! export weal? ( tropical regions mu/ be *iefly agricultural1 ! soil & climate be+ peculi>ly fitt$ = ! culture ( fruits1 trees & plants yield+ oils1 gums1 />*1 spices1 & o!r valuable products1 :i* no art c raise *eaply 9 m temp]ate latitudes4 ,! l>ge & cont9u$ emigration ( f>m]s & o!r ent]pris+ p]sons f ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t to ,natal1 ! ,cape ,colony1 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 ,ceylon1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's ,possessions & ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,brazil1 ,new ,granada1 & ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,republics1 ,texas1 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & o!r tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries1 r5d]s in=mation z to ! agriculture & productions ( ^? regions highly desirable4 ,ev5 to ! settl]s 9 our ,we/ ,indian possessions1 mo/ ( :om h too long pursu$ ! old beat5 track ( culture & manufacture1 comp>atively reg>dless ( mod]n improvem5ts & ! results ( *emical1 sci5tific1 & practical inve/igation1 rec5t in=mation on all ^! subjects1 & a comp>ison ( ! practices ( diff]5t c\ntries1 _c fail to be useful4 ,!re is mu* valuable in=mation to be met ) 9 deta*$ pap]s & essays 9 ! sci5tific p]iodicals ( ! day1 & 9 colonial & o!r publications2 su* z ! ,transactions & ,j\rnals ( ! diff]5t agricultural & horticultural societies ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,au/ralia1 c41 b none readily accessible = easy ref]5ce1 & :i* ! new settl]1 proce$+ out to try 8 =tune 9 ^? fair & productive regions ( ! globe1 c turn to z a h& book4 ,i h _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 ,tropical ,agriculture1 & = _m ye>s my att5tion has be5 ma9ly direct$ to ?is important subject1 = :i* purpose ,i h kept up a l>ge & ext5d$ correspond5ce ) num]\s agricultural1 sci5tific & o!r societies abroad2 ) exp]i5c$ practical m51 & h also receiv$ ! lead+ j\rnals ( all ! tropical ,colonies4 ,no "o p]son c\ld be expect$ to be ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! diff]5t modes ( culture & prep>ation ( e "o ( ! num]\s products to be describ$ 9 ?is volume2 b :]e my own agricultural exp]i5ce 7( sev]al ye>s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica7 0 at fault1 ,i h avail$ myself ( ! practical k ( ^? ( my colonial fri5ds & correspond5ts be/ in=m$ on ! subject1 & am p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 hav+ _m valuable essays on ,tropical ,agriculture scatt]$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t volumes ( my ,colonial ,magaz9e4 ,! discussion ( ! be/ modes ( culture1 prop]ties1 manufacture1 consumption1 uses1 & value ( ! comm]cial products ( ! vegetable k+dom _c be )\t its value1 & ! att5tion ( m]*ants & plant]s may be usefully direct$ to v>i\s articles1 :i* w be pr(itable bo? 9 an agricultural & comm]cial po9t ( view2 _m ( :i* are already s\rces ( weal? to o!r c\ntries4 ,! introduction ( new objects ( indu/ry into ! colonial dep5d5cies ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 is no long] consid]$ a m]e subject ( speculation1 b "o well wor?y ! att5tion ( ! eye ( sci5ce2 & ! fo/]+ h& ( c>e is beg9n+ to be held out to productions ( nature & art1 :i*1 if n all equally necess>y to ! welf>e ( man1 yet c]ta9ly m]it ! att5tion ( ! cultivator & capitali/1 & h great claims on ! sci5tific obs]v]1 & on ^? int]e/$ 9 rais+ ! manufactures ( our c\ntry to a high] /&>d4 ,few :o h n inve/igat$ ?is subject are aw>e ( ! imm5se numb] ( c\ntries ly+ 9 ! equatorial & tropical ranges ( ! torrid zone1 _m ( :i*1 f ! value & importance ( _! indig5\s productions1 h already attract$ consid]able notice1 & to :i* /ill m att5tion w be direct$ by ,european nations z ! value ( _! v>i\s products becomes m ext5sively kn[n4 ,! homew>d comm]ce :i* we c>ry on ) our num]\s ,colonies1 ) our ,indian ,possessions1 & ) =eign c\ntries1 is pr9cipally 9 articles furni%$ by ! vegetable k+dom1 su* z ! c]eal gra9s1 :eat1 rice1 maize1 c42 vegetables us$ 9 prep>+ dietetic dr9ks & di/ill$ liquors1 z tea1 c(fee1 cacao1 & ! sug> cane1 grapes1 c42 spices & condim5ts2 drugs2 dyes & tann+ sub/ances1 obta9$ f ! b>k1 leaves1 fruit1 & roots ( v>i\s h]bs & trees2 ! express$ or di/ill$ oils ( diff]5t plants2 fruits 9 ! gre51 dri$1 or pres]v$ /ate2 />*es obta9$ f ! roots or trunks ( _m f>9ace\s plants2 fibr\s sub/ances us$ = cordage1 matt+1 & clo?+1 z cotton1 ,indian hemp1 flax1 coco-nut coir1 planta9 & p9e-apple fibre2 timb] & fancy woods4 ,^! sub/ances1 9 ! aggregate1 =m at lea/ n9e-t5?s 9 value ( ! :ole imports ( ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are also sev]al products ( ! animal k+dom dep5d5t on vegetable culture1 :i* might be br\ght into ?is category1 su* z silk & co*9eal4 ,v few ( ^! products ( ! vegetable k+dom come to u 9 any o!r ?an an unmanufactur$ /ate2 !y are %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry z ! *ief emporium & factory ( ! _w1 ei!r = re-export or to be prep>$ = consumption by ! millions to :om !y furni% employm5t1 su/5ance1 & articles ( clo?+4 ,x is a wise ord9ation ( ,provid5ce1 t ! diff]5t nations ( ! e>? are z x 7 mutually dep5d5t on ea* o!r = _m ( ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life1 & ! means ( progress & civilization4 ,comm]ce is ?us ext5d$1 ! v>i\s arts & manufactures improv$ by comp>ison & competition2 & ! acres yet untill$ 9 di/ant l&s hold out /rong inducem5ts = immigration1 _! climate & products af=d+ heal?1 fre$om1 & indep5d5ce to ! ov]-task$ & heavily tax$ artisan & agriculturi/ ( ,europe4 ,al?\gh ! sy/ems ( tropical agriculture1 g5]ally pursu$1 are peculi> & effective1 yet !re is no d\bt t mu* improvem5t rema9s to be c>ri$ out 9 ! practices adopt$1 9 ! implem5ts employ$1 & ! ma*9]y us$ = prep>+ ! crops = %ipm5t4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isles our insulat$ position1 limit$ ext5t ( c\ntry1 unsettl$ climate1 & num]\s population1 aggregat$ 9 d5se masses1 h compell$ u to inve/igate & avail ourselves ( e improvem5t 9 agriculture1 arts & manufactures1 :i* exp]i5ce1 +5uity1 & a comp>ison ) ! cu/oms ( o!r c\ntries1 h plac$ at our disposal4 ,if we except s&y des]ts1 & "s ( ! int]ior portions ( ! pol> regions1 x w be f\nd t !re is sc>cely any c\ntry b :at is capable ( improvem5t4 ,inde$1 s ext5sive are ! res\rces ( agriculture1 t fur!r improvem5ts may be mo/ easily effect$4 ,let u !n exam9e & asc]ta9 :at new objects may be improv$ ^u1 & if by our speculations only "o s+le article1 ei!r = food or use1 is add$ to ^? already 9 use1 or ^? t are already cultivat$ be improv$ ^u1 x is equival5t to an increase ( our weal?4 ,an em95t writ] has truly rem>k$ t ,agriculture is ! p>5t ( ,manufactures1 see+ t ! productions ( nature are ! mat]ials ( art4 ,9 ! economy ( ,provid5ce e fragm5t ( creation seems to unfold1 z man progresses 9 ! arts ( life1 unb\nd$ capabilities ( adaptation to 8 e want4 ,we h1 inde$1 daily illu/ration ( ! tru? ( t trite & homely adage1 t no?+ is made 9 va94 ,t qua9t old ,engli% poet1 ,h]b]t1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 a %ort poem on ,provid5ce1 has graphically describ$1 9 8 unique ve91 ! s5tim5t :i* =ces itself ^u u 9 view ( ! num]\s discov]ies ( ! age 9 :i* we live3-- ,all c\ntries h en\gh to s]ve _! ne$4 99 99 99 99 99 ----,! ,indian nut alone ,is clo?+1 meat & tr5*]1 dr9k & c1 ,boat1 cable1 sail1 & ne$le1 all 9 "o4 ,! addition 7x has be5 well obs]v$7 ( ev5 a s+le fl[]1 or an ornam5tal %rub1 to ^? :i* we already possess1 is n to be reg>d$ z a matt] bel[ ! c>e ( indu/ry & sci5ce4 ,! m we ext5d our rese>*es into ! productions ( nature1 ! m are our m9ds elevat$ by contemplat+ ! v>iety z well z ! exce$+ beauty & excell5ce ( ! works ( ! ,creator4 ,! mode ( arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s subjects treat$ ( involv$ "s consid]ation2 two or ?ree plans 7 op5 = adoption4 #a/4 ,to describe ! sev]al products 9 ! ord] ( _! agricultural importance or comm]cial value4 #bnd4 ,an alphabetical ref]5ce1 9 ! /yle ( a ,diction>y or ,encyclopdia2 & #crd4 ,classify+ !m "u subdivisions1 accord+ to _! p>ticul> or *ief uses4 ,! la/ seem$ to me ! mo/ desirable & effici5t mode1 al?\gh op5 to "s objections1 f ! v>iety ( uses to :i* diff]5t p>ts ( _m plants 7 appli$4 ,"s1 z cotton1 indigo1 sug>1 c(fee1 tea1 c41 w\ld readily fall into _! prop] division1 b o!rs1 z ! coco-nut1 planta91 c41 f ! v>iety ( _! products1 w\ld come "u sev]al heads4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 endeav\r$ to meet ?is difficulty by plac+ ea* plant or tree "u ! section to :i* its mo/ valuable production seem$ naturally to ref] x4 ,!re are v _m plants & sub/ances :i* h be5 pass$ ov] altoge!r1 x be+ impossible1 )9 ! limits ( a mod]ate siz$ volume1 to br+ "u notice ev5 a ti! ( ! valuable grasses1 timb] trees1 cab9et woods1 fruits1 c42 & ,i h conf9$ myself 9 a great measure to ^? :i* ei!r already are1 or might easily be r5d]$1 articles ( comm]ce1 ( "s importance4 ,i h %[n _! pres5t value by quot+ ! curr5t prices1 & br\ght d[n1 z f> z possible1 ! /ati/ics ( ea* article to ! close ( la/ ye>1 ?us r5d]+ ! "w valuable by comm]cial ref]5ces :i* c\ld n be f\nd collectively else:]e4 ,!re are "s articles ( comm]ce :i* c\ld n prop]ly be treat$ ( 9 a "w int5d$ z a guide on agriculture & husb&ry1 = ! tropical plant] & cultivator1 :o purposes devot+ 8 att5tion to ! rais+ ( useful crops & plants on 8 e/ate4 ,! =e/s & jungles ( ! tropics ab\nd 9 products ( an useful "*1 ! luxuri\s & spontane\s gr[? ( nature1 su* z ebony1 s&al wood1 c42 b ^! mu/ be s\ght = by a diff]5t class ( settl]s2 & ! mahogany cutt] ( ,honduras1 ! teak-fell] ( ,india1 ! ga!r] ( ela/ic gums1 c sc>cely be rank$ ) ! cultivators ( ! soil4 ,i _h orig9ally int5d$ to conf9e my rem>ks to /aples ( tropical gr[?1 b ,i h be5 induc$ to dep>t f my prescrib$ plan by ! importance ( "s ( ! comm]cial products ( temp]ate regions1 su* z maple & beet-root sug>1 :eat1 ! gra9 crops1 & potatoes4 ,! sy/em ( agriculture1 & modes ( tillage1 c41 ( sep>ate c\ntries 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n hemisph]e1 not)/&+ _! simil>ity ( climate1 are z opposite z if ea* c\ntry belong$ to a diff]5t zone2 & yet mu* may be le>n$ by "o ( ! o!r4 ,! only ess5tially useful division ( seasons 9 c\ntries )9 ! tropics is into a wet & dry season1 ! =m] be+ ! p]iod ( g]m9ation1 ! latt] t ( fructification4 ,! implem5ts ( agriculture requir$ are = ! mo/ "p few & simple1 = no high tillage is necess>y1 ! luxuriance ( vegetation be+ s great t mo/ ( ! products ( ! soil w gr[ indiscrim9ately ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ! only c>e ( ! husb&man1 aft] ! fir/ prep>ation ( ! soil1 is to keep d[n ! va/ gr[? ( we$s1 :i* might /ifle ! crops4 ,9 tropical regions !re is less dem& = manures ?an 9 temp]ate climates1 b /ill !re are _m additions to ! soil t may pr(itably be made4 ,fir/ly1 t mo/ important pr9ciple1 :i* has only rec5tly be5 practically inculcat$1 is 9 too _m qu>t]s entirely neglect$1 namely1 return+ to ! soil ! compon5t p>ts tak5 (f by v>i\s crops1 & :i* is s g5]ally practis$ 9 all good agricultural di/ricts1 by a c>eful rotation ( crops4 ,liebig has well po9t$ out ?is3 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 7he says71 z a pr9ciple ( agriculture1 t ^? sub/ances :i* h be5 remov$ f a soil mu/ be completely re/or$ to x2 & :e!r ?is re/oration be effect$ by means ( excrem5ts1 a%es1 or bones1 is 9 a great measure a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,aga9 he rem>ks1 ,we c\ld keep our fields 9 a con/ant /ate ( f]tility by replac+ e ye> z mu* z we remove f !m 9 ! =m ( produce2 b an increase ( f]tility1 & consequ5t increase ( crop1 c only be obta9$ :5 we add m to !m ?an we take away4 ,( all natural manures1 !re=e1 ! be/ = ea* description ( plant is its own refuse1 or a%es2 en\gh ( ^! c seldom1 h[ev]1 be obta9$4 ,b1 z f> z !y c be re/or$1 ?is pr9ciple is beg9n+ to be act$ ^u by ! sug> plant]s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :o employ ! wa/e leaves & a%es ( ! express$ /alk ( ! cane1 aft] x has be5 us$ z fuel1 to manure _! cane-fields4 ,! v9e gr[]s ( ,g]many & ! ,cape also bury ! cutt+s ( _! v9es ar\nd ! roots ( ! plants4 ,! c9namon gr[] ( ! ,ea/ returns ! wa/e b>k & cutt+s ( ! %oots to ! soil4 ,& 9 ! coco-nut groves ( ,ceylon1 ! roots ( ! trees are be/ manur$ ) ! husks ( ! nuts & decompos$ poonac1 or ! refuse cake1 aft] ! oil has be5 express$ f ! pulp4 ,analysis ( soils is1 p]haps1 n s ess5tial 9 c\ntries :]e virg9 l& is usually 9 abundance1 & ! luxuriance ( vegetation furni%es itself1 by decomposition1 abundant mat]ials = repl5i%+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,b !re are "s sub/ances1 su* z muriate ( soda1 gypsum1 phosphate1 & o!r comp\nds ( lime1 :i* may be advantage\sly appli$4 ,guano & exp5sive artificial manures1 are seldom requir$1 &1 inde$1 w n repay ! plant]s = import+4 ,an exp]i5c$ cultivator c g5]ally judge by a sup]ficial exam9ation1 aid$ by ! situation1 locality1 & appe>ance ( ! soil1 :e!r a c]ta9 portion ( l& is fitt$ = ! pr(itable gr[? ( any p>ticul> plant4 ,dep? ( soil1 & facilities = deep5+ x1 ) ! nature ( ! subsoil1 s z to "k :e!r x reta9s or p>ts ) wat]1 are also important consid]ations1 because tap-root$ plants require free scope = p5etrat+ deep into ! gr\nd4 ,a due supply ( wat] is ( vital importance to mo/ crops--& !re=e ! ext5t & p]iods ( ! fall ( ra9 are ess5tial to be kn[n1 z x is n always possible to resort to irrigation4 ,! quantity ( labor requir$ = previ\s tillage1 cultivation1 & h>ve/+ ( diff]5t crops1 & ! available supply1 are prim>y ess5tials to be consid]$ be=e ent]+ ^u ! culture ( any /aple product1 h[ev] remun]ative x may appe> 9 prospective4 ,facility & co/ ( transport to ! ne>e/ m>ket or %ipp+ port are ! next desid]ata to be asc]ta9$1 z well z a c>eful e/imate ( ! co/ ( plant or ma*9]y necess>y4 ,x may be desirable at ! outset to make a brief enum]ation ( ! c\ntries ly+ )9 ! diff]5t zones1 & ! agricultural products ( :i* come1 !re=e1 m especially "u ! notice ( ! tropical plant]4 ,mey51 9 8 division ( ! horizontal range ( vegetation into zones1 ext5ds-- #a4 ,! equatorial zone to fifte5 degrees on bo? sides ( ! equator4 ,9 ?is division we %all f9d ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,asc5sion1 & ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,republic ( ,lib]ia1 ! ,european & native settlem5ts 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 & on ! we/]n ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ,abyss9nia1 ,zanzib> on ! ,ea/ ,coa/1 ,mo*a & ,ad5 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! nor!rn portion ( ,madagasc>1 ! ,sey*elles1 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 ,nor!rn ,india1 ,ceylon & ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 ,sumatra1 ,siam1 ,malacca1 ,s+apore & ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ! ,phillipp9e ,isl&s1 ,borneo1 ,celebes & ! ,moluccas1 ,java & ,madura1 ,banca1 ! ,johore ,ar*ipelago1 ,timor & ! ea/]n gr\p ( ,isl&s1 ) ,new ,gu9ea1 a l>ge portion ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 ! ,m>quesas1 ,society's & o!r oceanic isl&s4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,republics ( ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 ,ecuador1 ,new ,granada1 & ,v5ezuela1 ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,dut* ,guiana1 & a l>ge portion ( ! empire ( ,brazil2 ,tr9idad1 ,b>bados1 & mo/ ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,c>ribean ,sea4 ,?is zone has a mean temp]ature ( #gh to #hb ,fahr5heit4 #b4 ,! tropical zone rea*es f ! #ae? deg4 on ea* side ( ! equator to ! tropics 9 #bc lat4 ,! mean temp]ature is #gc to #gh deg4 ,summ] temp]ature #hj to #hf deg42 w9t] temp]ature 9 ! ea/]n coa/ di/ricts1 #ei deg4 ,9 ?is region is compris$ ! foll[+ c\ntries3--,s&wi* ,isles1 ,canton1 9 prov9ce ( ,*9a1 ,burmah1 ,calcutta1 & a portion ( ! ,b5gal ,presid5cy1 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 ,madagasc>1 ,mauritius & ,b\rbon2 ! s\!rn portion ( ,brazil1 ,cuba1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 #c4 ,! sub-tropical zone ext5ds f ! tropics #bc to #cd deg4 ( latitude4 ,!re are a numb] ( tropical fruits 9 ?is region4 ,! w9t]s are mild & vegetation is gre5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ! nor!rn division ( ! zone palms & bananas gr[ on ! pla9s4 ,9 ?is region is compris$ all ! extreme nor!rn portions ( ,africa1 coa/+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 compris+ ,algi]s & ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 ,egypt1 "p ( ,p]sia1 ,cabool & ! ,punjab2 ! great] portion ( ,*9a1 ,l[] ,cali=nia1 ,texas1 ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! ,b]mudas1 ! ,cape ,colony & ,natal1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,au/ralia--! ,gov]nm5t settlem5ts 9 ! ,nor!rn ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 ! l>ge/ portion ( ,*ile1 ,p>aguay1 ,uruguay & ! ,arg5t9e ,republics1 ! ,prov9ces ( ,brazil f ,/4 ,paul to ,rio ,gr&e1 ,madeira & ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,to def9e accurately ! conditions ( temp]ature :i* a plant requires to ma9ta9 x 9 a fl\ri%+ condition we mu/ asc]ta9 )9 :at limits its p]iod ( vegetation1 may v>y1 & :at quantity ( heat x requires4 ,?is mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,b\ss+ault1 b un=tunately we d n z yet possess suffici5tly accurate acc\nts ( ! conditions ( culture 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 to enable u to foll[ out ?is +5i\s view 9 all its details4 ,8 !ory is1 t ! "t requir$ by a plant to arrive at maturity is z ! inv]se ratio ( ! temp]ature2 !re=e1 kn[+ ! mean temp]ature ( any place1 & ! numb] ( days :i* a plant takes to rip51 ! "t requir$ at any o!r po9t m or less elevat$1 c easily be asc]ta9$4 ,pet] ,purry1 a native ( ,switz]l&1 :o settl$ 9 ,*>le/on 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 a memorial to ! ,duke ( ,newca/le1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 sets out ) ?is po/ulate1 t !re is a c]ta9 latitude on our globe1 s happily temp]$ betwe5 ! extremes ( heat & cold1 z to be m p>ticul>ly adapt$ ?an any o!r = c]ta9 ri* productions ( ! e>?2 among :i* are silk1 cotton1 indigo1 c4--& he fixes on ! latitude ( #cc deg41 :e!r nor? or s\?1 z ! "o ( t peculi> "*4 ,! foll[+ ,table1 %[+ ! climate1 duration & production ( c]ta9 plants cultivat$ 9 tropical ,am]ica1 is f ! proce$+s ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,gr5ada4 ,! second1 column gives ! altitude 9 ,engli% y>ds above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ?ird1 ! mean temp]ature by ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,! f\r?1 ! av]age "t requir$ to comm5ce be>+4 ,! fif?1 ! numb] ( plants 9 a ,spani% fanegada ( #agj v>ras1 ab\t #aec squ>e y>ds4 ,! six?1 ! av]age duration ( ea* plant4 ,! sev5?1 ! av]age produce ( ea* plant 9 ! ye>3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #b #c #d #e #f #g ,level ( ,mn4 ,temp4 ,"t ,no4 ( ,av]age ! ,sea1 to,deg4 ,m94,requir$plants,ye>s produce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,cacao #ha4ag #f #a1aef #dj #a lb 7,!obroma #ehg yds4 #df4jj yrs p] tree ,cacao7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,planta9 #fcj yds4 to#ha4ag #i m?s4 #c1fac #cj #ej 7,musa #ajgg #df4jj #i planta9s ,p>adisiaca7 #dj4fa #aa ---------------------------------------- --------- ,indian ,corn #ajgg #ha4ag #ij days#bh1ijj;,annual#bch = 7,zea ,mays7 #abfj to #dj4fa #aaj e #ahij #cfto#cg4hjabj se$ #bhhj #be4bjto#bgahj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,manioc or #ajgg #ha4ag #aj m?s #bh1ijj;,bic5-,"o ,cassava #aaie #dj4fa #ab nial cassava #dc4jj #abj days weigh+ lb4 oz4 />* ---------------------------------------- -------- ,coco nut #fcj #ha4ag #e yrs4 #deb #fj #d bottles 7,cocos #df4jj #f oil p] nucif]a7 tree ---------------------------------------- -------- ,tobacco #fcj #ha4ag #aej days#bh1ijj;,annual lb4 7,nicotiana #ajgg #df4jj #agj dri$ tabacum7 #aihj #dj4fa #ahj to ea* #cc4cj #bbe #e plants ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cotton #fcj #ha4ag #f m? #bh1ijjc lb4 7,gossypium7 #ajgg #df4jj #g nett #adae #dj4fa #g p] #cd4fa #i plant ---------------------------------------- -------- ,c(fee #bcj #dg #bd m?s #e1cjj #de #a 7,c(fea #fcj #df #be lb4 ,arabica7 #ajggto #bbejcg4hj to #bh p] #bdec #ci4fj #cf tree #cc4cj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,sug> cane #fcj #hd4ag #aa m?s4#bh1ijj #e #aj p]cnt 7,sac*>um #ajhj #df4jj #ab sug> (fic9>um7 #da4dj #ad ^u ! weight ( ! raw cane ---------------------------------------- -------- ,indigo #ij #dh4fj #b #eg1hjj #a #gj plants 7,indig(]a #fcj #df4jj #c produce t9ctoria7 #ajgg #dj4fa #c #a lb4 color+ matt] ---------------------------------------- -------- ,potato #ajhj #ch4gj #adj days#aaf1fjj #d 7,solanum #aihj #cc4cj #afe ,annuallb ea* tub]osum7 #bgjj #bg4jj #baj plant ---------------------------------------- -------- ,:eat #efg #db4cj #hj #eg1hjj;,annual#cg = 7,triticum #aagj #ch4gj #ajj e /ivum7 #bebj #cb4ii #abj se$ plant$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! planta9 be>s at #a1ebi y>ds1 9 a temp]ature ( #fa deg4 ,fahr5heit1 & requires fifte5 mon?s1 b its cultivation is ( little b5efit 9 s high a latitude4 ,x is ! same ) ! cassava root4 ,! cane at #a1afj altitude1 9 a temp]ature ( #ff deg41 gives no sug>2 & indigo at #a1fbj af=ds no color+ matt]4 ,,section ,i4 ,,dri$ ,,leaves1 ,,se$s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,sub/ances ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,popul> ,,dietetic ,,bev]ages4 ,no sub/ances are s ess5tially necess>y to mank9d1 or =m su* important articles ( comm]ce1 z ^? :i* we come fir/ to consid]1 ! dietetic products--cacao1 c(fee1 tea1 & sug>4 ,! consumption ( ^! 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries is imm5se1 not)/&+ t 9 _m !y h be5 fett]$ ) heavy fiscal duties4 ,! inve/igation ( ! culture ( ! plants f :i* !y are obta9$1 & ! manufacture ( ! products1 is a v curi\s object ( rese>*4 ,,cacao ,,or ,,cocoa4 ,! *ocolate nuts or se$s1 t]m$ cacao1 are ! fruit ( species ( ,!obroma1 an ev]gre5 tree1 native ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t4 ,t commonly gr[n is ,t4 cacao2 b ,l9dley enum]ates two o!r species1 ,t4 bicolor1 a native ( ,new ,granada2 & ,t4 ,guian5sis1 ) yell[ fl[]s1 a native ( ,guiana4 ,! se$s be+ n\ri%+ & agreeable to mo/ p1 are kept 9 ! majority ( h\ses 9 ,am]ica1 z a "p ( ! provisions ( ! family4 ,by pressure !y yield fatty oil1 call$ butt] ( cacao4 ,!y also conta9 a cry/all9e pr9ciple analog\s to caffe9e1 call$ !obrom9e4 ,! common cacao ( ! %ops consi/s g5]ally ( ! roa/$ beans1 & sometimes ( ! roa/$ integum5ts ( ! beans1 gr\nd to p[d]4 ,! consumption ( cacao 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ab\t ?ree millions ( p\nds annually1 yield+ a rev5ue ( #ae1ejj4 ,few tropical products are m valuable or m useful z food to man ?an cacao4 ,x is )\t any exception ! *eape/ food t we c conceive1 & 7 x m g5]ally employ$1 s t ! b]ries %\ld n be m ?an two1 ?ree1 or1 at mo/1 six mon?s old1 f ! "t ( ga!r+ 7=1 if kept long]1 !y lose _! nutritive prop]ties71 ev5 a small] quantity ?an t usually tak5 9 a cup w\ld suffice3 9 fact1 cacao _c be too new4 ,! cacao beans lie 9 a fruit some:at l a cucumb]1 ab\t five in*es long & ?ree-&-a-half in*es ?ick1 :i* conta9s f tw5ty to ?irty beans1 arrang$ 9 five regul> r[s ) p>titions betwe51 & :i* are surr\nd$ ) a rose-color$ spongy sub/ance1 l t ( wat] melons4 ,!re are fruits1 h[ev]1 s l>ge z to conta9 f =ty to fifty beans4 ,^? gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 z well z ,b]bice & ,dem]>a1 are mu* small]1 & h only f six to fifte52 _! developm5t be+ less p]fect ?an o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,aft] ! maturation ( ! fruit1 :5 _! gre5 col\r has *ang$ to a d>k yell[1 !y are pluck$1 op5$1 _! beans cle>$ ( ! m>r[y sub/ance1 & spread out to dry 9 ! air4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies !y are imm$iately pack$ up = ! m>ket :5 !y are dri$2 b 9 ,c>accas !y are subject$ to a species ( slight f]m5tation1 by putt+ !m into tubs or *e/s1 cov]+ !m ) bo>ds or /ones1 & turn+ !m ov] e morn+ to equalize ! op]ation4 ,!y emit a good deal ( moi/ure1 & lose ! natural bitt]ness & acrimony ( _! ta/e by ?is process1 z well z "s ( _! weight4 ,in/ead ( wood5 tubs1 pits or tr5*es dug 9 ! gr\nd are sometimes _h rec\rse to = cur+ ! beans2 an op]ation call$ e>?+4 ,!y are1 la/ly1 expos$ to ! sun & dri$4 ,accord+ to ,lampadius1 ! k]nels ( ! ,we/ ,india cacao beans conta9 9 #ajj p>ts1 besides wat]1 #ec4a ( fat or oil1 #af4g ( an album9\s br[n matt]1 :i* conta9s all ! aroma ( ! bean2 #aj4ia ( />*1 #g ( gum or mucilage1 #j4i ( lign9e1 & #b4ja ( a r$di% dye-/uff1 some:at ak9 to ! pigm5t ( co*9eal4 ,! husks =m #ab p] c5t1 ( ! weight ( ! beans4 ,! fatty matt] is ( ! consi/5ce ( tall[1 :ite1 ( a mild agreeable ta/e1 & n apt to turn rancid by keep+4 ,x melts only at #aab degrees ,fahr41 & %\ld1 !re=e1 make tol]able c&les4 ,x is obta9$ by expos+ ! beans to /rong pressure 9 canvas bags1 aft] !y h be5 /eam$ or soak$ 9 boil+ wat] = "s "t4 ,f five to six ounces ( butt] may be ?us obta9$ f a p\nd ( cacao4 ,x has a r$di% t+e :5 fir/ express$1 b x becomes :ite by boil+ ) wat]4 ,! beans1 be+ fre$ f all spoil$ & m\ldy portions1 are to be g5tly roa/$ ov] a fire 9 an iron cyl9d]1 ) holes 9 its ends = all[+ ! vapors to escape1 ! app>atus be+ simil> to a c(fee-roa/]4 ,:5 ! aroma beg9s to be well develop$1 ! roa/+ is kn[n to be f9i%$1 & ! beans mu/ be turn$ out1 cool$1 & fre$ by fann+ & sift+ f _! husks4 ,! k]nels are !n to be conv]t$ into a pa/e1 ei!r by trituration 9 a mort> heat$ to #acj degrees ,fahr41 or by a p[]ful mill4#a ,! cacao tree resembles our dw>f apple tree bo? 9 body & bran*es1 b ! leaf1 :i* is ( a d>k gre51 is consid]ably broad] & l>g]4 ,! nuts are ( ! color & ab\t ! size ( an almond1 & hang eighte5 to ?irty toge!r by a sl5d] /r+y film1 enclos$ 9 a pod4 ,a ripe pod is ( a beautiful yell[1 int]mix$ ) crimson /reaks2 :5 dri$1 x %rivels up & *anges to a deep br[n2 ! juice squeez$ f ! mucilag9\s pulp conta9$ 9 ! husks ( ^! nuts appe>s l cream1 & has a v grateful ta/e ( a cordial quality4 ,! nuts h a light pleasant smell1 & an unctu\s1 bitt]i%1 r\ghi% 7n ungrateful7 ta/e4 ,^? ( ,nic>agua & ,c>acas are ! mo/ agreeable & are ! l>ge/2 ^? ( ! ,fr5* ,antilles1 & our own ,we/ ,india isl&s1 are ! mo/ unctu\s4 ,! ,mexicans1 9 prep>+ ! *ocolate pa/e1 add "s long pepp]1 a little annatto1 & la/ly vanilla2 "s add c9namon1 cloves & anise1 & ^? :o love p]fumes1 musk & amb]gris4 ,! f9e/ ,am]ican cacao is said to be t ( ,soconusco1 b ! pr9cipal imports are f ,c>acas & ,guayaquil1 :i* is ( a v good quality4 ,! prov9ce ( ,b>celona1 adjo9+ ,c>acas exports annually f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj cwt4 ,! v l>ge %ipm5ts f ,guayaquil are %[n by ! foll[+ return4 ,( ?is quantity ,spa9 takes ! l>ge/ portion1 ,mexico ! next1 & ,engl& receives b a v small quantity4 ,cacao export$ f ,guayaquil3-- lbs4 #ahcc #f1fje1ghf #ahcd #aj1iii1hec #ahce #ac1hjj1hea #ahcf #aj1iah1efe #ahcg #h1ebj1aba #ahch #g1aii1jeg #ahci #ab1afi1ghg #ahdj #ad1bff1idb ,! exports ( cacao f ! port ( ,la ,guayra1 has be5 z foll[s 9 ! ye>s end+ ,decemb] #ca4 ,fanegas4 #ahej #dj1aha #ahea #dg1iea #aheb #ed1jhc ,five fanegas are equal to "o ,engli% qu>t]4 ,! price ( cacao 01 at ! close ( #aheb1 sixte5 doll>s ! fanega4 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 produc$ annually #aej1jjj fanegas ( cacao1 ( :i* two-?irds 7 export$ to ,spa91 & ! rema9d] locally consum$4 ,! %ipm5ts f ! port ( ,la ,guayra alone av]ag$ #hj1jjj to #ajj1jjj1 or ne>ly d\ble ! pres5t %ipm5ts4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury ! capta9-g5]al%ip ( ,c>acas produc$ ne>ly #bjj1jjj fanegas1 ( :i* ab\t #ade1jjj 7 s5t direct to ,europe4 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>acas !n produc$ #aej1jjj fanegas2 ,m>acaibo1 #bj1jjj2 ,cumana1 #ah1jjj1 & ,new ,b>celona1 #e1jjj4 ,! vallies ( ,aragua1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 ^? ( ,c>iaco1 ,campano1 ( ,rio ,c>ibe & ! banks ( ! riv] ,c>oni1 9 ,spani% ,guiana1 produce excell5t cacao 9 abundance4 ,! tree !re be>s fruit 9 f\r ye>s aft] x has be5 plant$1 ! foll[+ ye> /ill m1 & increases 9 fecundity until ! n9? or t5? ye>1 :5 x is 9 full be>+4 ,! banks ( ! ,magdal5a1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,santa ,m>?a & ,c>?ag5a1 are fam$ = ! excell5t cacao !y produce4 ,?is tree1 says ,bonnyca/le 7,spani% ,am]ica1 vol4 #a1 p4 #beg71 is indig5\s1 seldom exce$s ! diamet] ( sev5 in*es1 & is extremely beautiful :5 lad5 ) its fruit1 :i* are dispos$ on %ort /alks ov] ! /em & r\nd ! great bran*es1 resembl+ citrons1 f _! yell[ color1 & w>ty appe>ance4 ,! leaves are att5uate1 /alk$1 droop+1 ab\t a foot long & ?ree in*es broad1 elliptic1 oblong1 po9t$1 slightly wavy1 entire1 & v smoo? on bo? sides2 ) "o mid-rib & _m transv]se ones1 connect$ by innum]able ve9s4 ,! petals ( ! fl[] are yell[1 ! calyx ( a light rose-color1 & ! fl[]s !mselves are small & plac$ on tufts on ! sides ( ! bran*es1 ) s+le foot-/alks1 ab\t an in* long4 ,its fruit is r$1 or a mixture ( r$ & yell[1 & ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a fle%y r9d half-an-in* ?ick2 ! pulp is :iti% & ( ! consi/5ce ( butt]1 conta9+ ! se$2 ^! se$s are g5]ally tw5ty-five 9 numb] 9 ea* fruit1 & :5 fir/ ga!r$ are ( a fle% color1 & =m a nice pres]ve if tak5 j be=e !y are ripe4 ,ea* tree yields ab\t two or ?ree p\nds ( fruit annually1 & comes to maturity ! ?ird ye> aft] plant+ f ! se$2 x also be>s leaves1 fl[]s1 or fruit all ! ye> r\nd1 ! usual seasons = ga!r+ be+ ,june & ,decemb]4 ,! excell5ce ( ! ,magdal5a *ocolate may be attribut$ to ! moi/ nature ( ! soil1 z ! plant nev] ?rives :]e ! gr\nd is h>d & dry1 or _c be irrigat$4 ,mode ( cultivation 9 ! ,colombian ,republics--,plantations ( cacao 7 spe$ily multipli$ 9 ,colombia1 & ! soil s admirably second$ ! labors ( ! plant]1 t 9 ! produce abundance 0 unit$ to excell5ce4 ,! cacao ( ?is qu>t] ranks next to t ( ,soconusco4 ,x is well kn[n t ! be/ comm]cial recomm5dation ( cacao is t ( com+ f ,c>acas4 ,b ev5 9 ^! prov9ces ! quality v>ies4 ,! cacao ( ,orituco is sup]ior to t ( o!r places1 & a quantity ( equal bulk weighs tw5ty p] c5t4 m4 ,! cacao ( ! coa/ comes next1 & obta9s a pref]5ce ov] t ( ! int]ior4 ,! plantations ( cacao are all to ! nor? ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* coa/ ! sea1 & 9 ! int]ior c\ntry4 ,! =m] ext5d f ,cumana to ! m\? ( ! ,tocaygo2 ! latt] are situate 9 ! vallies ( ,tuy1 ,orituco1 ,ocum>e1 ,cura1 ,m>r91 ,t>e1 ,santa ,!resa1 ,santa ,lucia1 ,zuapira1 ,santa ,philippo1 ,b>quisimeto1 ,val5cia1 ,gruige & ,c>iaco4 ,all k9ds ( soil are n equally adapt$ to ! culture ( cacao1 /ill less are all exposures2 b an analysis ( ! soil de/9$ to ?is culture nev] furni%es indications on :i* reliance c be plac$4 ,no reg>d %\ld be _h to color or composition2 x is only requisite t x %\ld be friable to a c]ta9 dep?1 :i* is asc]ta9$ by ! size ( ! trees ) :i* x is cov]$2 ?is sign det]m9es ! l& prop] = cacao4 ,a suitable situation is n s easily f\nd4 ,x %\ld be expos$ z little z possible to ! nor?1 & be on ! bord]s ( a riv]1 :i* may communicate moi/ure to ! soil 9 dry seasons1 & receive its dra9+s 9 times ( ra94 ,a pref]5ce is p>ticul>ly to be giv5 to l& :i* c receive f ! riv] ! b5efits ( irrigation )\t be+ expos$ to injury f its ov]fl[4 ,aft] hav+ *os5 ! l&1 x %\ld be cle>$ ( all trees1 %rubs1 & o!r plants4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ,colombia to comm5ce fell+ ! trees imm$iately aft] ! ra9s1 t is1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,novemb]2 ! wood1 aft] be+ cut1 is left to dry1 !n collect$ 9 heaps & burnt4 ,z soon z ! new plantation is cle>$1 x is cross$ ) small dit*es1 9 directions accord+ to ! declivity ( ! soil4 ,^! s]ve to dra9 ! /agnant wat]s1 to c>ry (f ! ra9s1 & to irrigate or wat] ! soil :5ev] necess>y4 ,! alignem5t is !n laid out1 9 :i* ! cacao trees are to be arrang$4 ,!y are plant$ 9 triangles or squ>es4 ,9 ei!r case1 !re is always 9 ! c5tre an alley1 bord]$ by cacao trees1 & runn+ f ea/ to we/4 ,:5 !y are plant$ 9 squ>es1 ?is alley is cross$ by ano!r runn+ f nor? to s\?4 ,! cacao plants %\ld be plac$ at fifte5 or sixte5 feet 7,fr5* measure7 f ea* o!r1 9 good soil2 & ab\t ?irte5 or f\rte5 feet 9 soil ( inf]ior quality4 ,?is is almo/ ! only tree 9 nature to :i* ! enliv5+ beams ( ! sun are obnoxi\s4 ,x requires to be %elt]$ f _! ard\r2 & ! mode ( comb9+ ?is protection ) ! pr9ciples ( f]tility1 =ms a v ess5tial "p ( ! skill :i* its cultivation dem&s4 ,! cacao tree is m+l$ ) o!r trees1 :i* gu>d x f ! rays ( ! sun1 )\t depriv+ x ( ! b5efit ( _! heat4 ,! ,ery?r9a & ! banana are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! latt]1 by ! rapidity ( its gr[?1 & ! magnitude ( its leaves1 protect x = ! fir/ ye>4 ,! ery?r9a endures at lea/ z long z ! cacao2 x is n e soil1 h[ev]1 t agrees ) x4 ,x p]i%es aft] a :ile 9 s&y & clayey gr\nd1 b x fl\ri%es 9 su* z comb9e ^? two +r$i5ts4 ,9 ! ,antilles ?is protection _c be giv5 to cacao1 z x w\ld expose ! plantation to de/ruction by e hurricane4 ,besides1 ! cacao succe$s b indiff]5tly !re1 & is mu* less oily ?an 9 o!r p>ts4 ,! quality ( ! soil1 & ! species ( ! ery?r9a1 %\ld det]m9e ! di/ance at :i* !y ought to be plac$4 ,t k9d :i* ! ,spani>ds call buc>e anaveo1 is plant$ 9 a f]tile soil1 at ! di/ance ( two alleys1 t is to say1 at ea* second range ( cacao trees4 ,t :i* !y call buc>e peonio1 is plac$ at ?ree alleys 9 good soils 7ab\t =ty-eight ,fr5* feet74 ,! =m] species ( ery?r9a is t :i* elevates itself ! highe/4 ,! second species has _m ?orns1 ! upp] surface ( ! leaf is d>k] & ! l[] :it]4 ,bo? k9ds %\ld be cut 9 ! wane ( ! moon1 & rema9 9 ! %ade until its increase1 at :i* "t !y %\ld be plant$4 ,x is mu* pref]able1 h[ev]1 to take !m f a nurs]y4 ,9 "o range ( cacao trees a banana is plac$ betwe5 two cacaos1 & an ery?r9a betwe5 ! two foll[+4 ,9 ! o!r range a banana is plac$ betwe5 ea* cacao tree1 & no ery?r9as1 s t ! latt] are at ! di/ance ( two alleys4 ,! banana & ! ery?r9a are fir/ plant$1 & :5 a %elt] f ! sun is ?us provid$1 ! hole = ! cacao is made1 ar\nd :i* are plant$ f\r /alks ( ! yucca plant1 at ! di/ance ( two feet f ea* o!r4 ,at ! end ( two mon?s ! cacao is plant$4 ,! small] ! plant is1 ! bett]4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 soils subject to worms :]e ! small plants d n ?rive2 b1 except+ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! small plants are pref]able1 because ! l>ge require m labor = _! transportation & plant+2 _m ( !m die1 & ^? :i* survive bud & %oot =?1 b are nev] ( any value4 ,! cacao plant %\ld n exce$ ?irty-six in*es 9 size :5 transplant$2 if l>g]1 x succe$s ) difficulty1 z w be %[n4 ,! nurs]ies ( cacao dem& an excell5t soil1 well prep>$1 :]e ! wat] does n rema94 ,!y %\ld be well %elt]$ f ! sun4 ,small knolls ( e>? are =m$1 9 ea* ( :i* are put two se$s ( cacao1 9 su* a mann] t !y are p>allel ) ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty days ! se$s are cov]$ ) two lay]s ( banana or o!r leaves4 ,if necess>y1 ! gr\nd is wat]$2 b ! wat] is n suff]$ to rema94 ,! mo/ suitable "t = s[+ is 9 ,novemb]4 ,:]e !re is n a facility = wat]+1 ! plant+ ( ! cacao %\ld take place 9 ! ra9y season2 b :5 ! =m] is practicable1 x is be/ to plant 9 dry wea!r & assi/ nature by irrigation1 s9ce x is !n 9 ! p[] ( ! cultivator to give ! exact quantity ( moi/ure necess>y4 ,b1 9 all cases1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! plants are n wet 9 ! int]val betwe5 _! be+ tak5 out ( ! gr\nd & replant$4 ,:5 ! bananas gr[ old1 !y %\ld be c>efully fell$1 le/ ! cacaos %\ld be injur$ by _! accid5tal fall4 ,!y are totally remov$ z soon z ! ery?r9a yields suffici5t %ade2 ?is op]ation gives m air to ! trees ( ! plantation1 & enc\rages _! gr[?4 ,until ! cacao atta9s f\r feet 9 height1 x is trimm$ to ! /em4 ,if x %oots =? sev]al bran*es1 !y are r$uc$ to ?ree1 at equal di/ances2 &1 9 proportion z ! plant increases1 ! leaves :i* appe> on ! ?ree bran*es are /ripp$ (f4 ,if !y b5d mu*1 & incl9e t[>ds ! e>?1 !y are ti$ 9 bun*es1 s t ! tree may n rema9 crook$4 ,! bran*es1 :i* are trimm$1 are cut at ! di/ance ( two f+]s f ! tree4 ,! suck]s :i* spr+ f ! tree are also remov$1 z !y only live at its exp5se4 ,enemies ( ! tree4--,! cacao trees %\ld1 z already /at$1 h suffici5t %ade to prev5t _! be+ burn$ by ! sun4 ,if !y are mu* expos$ to its rays1 _! bran*es are scatt]$1 crack1 & ! tree dies4 ,!y are also infe/$ ) worms1 :i* gnaw ! b>k all ar\nd1 !n attack ! int]ior & de/roy !m4 ,! only rem$y :i* has hi!rto be5 f\nd1 is to employ p to kill ^! worms1 :i* are deposit$ by a small1 scaly w+$ insect1 :i* gnaws ! tree2 z soon z x he>s ! approa* ( its de/roy]s1 x lets itself fall1 & tru/s to its w+s = safety4 ,! color ( ?is insect is a mixture ( a% color & :ite4 ,if press$1 x emits a s\nd some?+ simil> to ! noise ( wat] ?r[n on a v hot sub/ance4 ,x has two small horns on its head1 ! po9ts ( :i* are direct$ upw>ds4 ,x is s lively t1 ev5 :5 ! head is sep>at$ f ! body1 x is a long "t 9 dy+4 ,to deposit its prog5y x makes small holes 9 ! tree4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w9t]1 or ra9y season1 ano!r worm makes its appe>ance1 :i* dev\rs ! leaves ( ! "y cacao plant4 ,?is species ( worm is call$ goaseme1 & !y are 9 "s ye>s s abundant1 t all ! p ( ! plantation are solely employ$ 9 de/roy+ !m4 ,?is worm is f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! ?ickness ( a f+]4 ,x is sometimes call$ ang>ipola1 or ,indian1 on acc\nt ( ! vivacity ( its colors4 ,x is believ$ t ^! worms are m$iately produc$ by o!r l>ge worms 9 ! e>?1 f :i* are eng5d]$ butt]flies1 :o lay _! eggs on ! leaves ( ! cacao4 ,^! eggs are full ( small worms1 :i* fe$ on ! leaves ( ! cacao1 & appe> 9 clu/]s ( ! size ( a %ill+4 ,!y are s\ght & de/roy$ ) great att5tion1 z !y occasion consid]able damage4 ,^? :i* escape lodge !mselves 9 ! e>?1 & 9 ! succe$+ ye> are *ang$ into butt]flies4 ,at ! "t :5 ! worm makes its appe>ance1 x is necess>y to make fires1 :i* %\ld n be s l>ge z to injure ! cacao1 yet suffici5t to attract & burn ! butt]fly4 ,! plantations ( cacao 9 ! valley ( ,tuy1 ! qu>t]s ( ,m>r91 ,cuba1 ,sabana1 ,ocum>e1 ,san ,francis1 c41 are subject to ano!r species ( worm call$ rasquilla4 ,x multiplies 9 ! dry seasons4 ,!re are small insects1 call$ by ! ,spani>ds acc]r$ores1 ( ! same figure ) ^? :i* eat ! b>k ( ! cacao1 b l>g] & ( a blacki% col\r4 ,!y fe$ on ! bran*es ( ! tree2 are always f\nd ^u ^? bran*es :i* !y h cut2 & ! evil c only be obviat$ by kill+ !m4 ,! worms call$ va*acos occasion also mu* damage4 ,!y eat ! leaf & ! fl[]4 ,to de/roy !m x is necess>y to seek !m 9 _! ne/s 9 ! e>?4 ,wat] is ?r[n on ! spot1 & /irr$1 z 9 mak+ mort>4 ,by ?is means _! "y are cru%$1 & ! evil is dim9i%$1 if x be n entirely remov$4 ,a p>asitical plant (t5 atta*es itself to a bran* ( ! cacao tree :i* x cov]s ov] & causes to )]1 by n\ri%+ itself ) ! sub/ance ( ! plant4 ,! only rem$y is to remove x4 ,:5 ! cacao trees are 9 a be>+ /ate1 !y are subject to a disease call$ ta*e4 ,?is is a black ta9t1 or /a91 :i* attacks ! trees1 encircl+ !m bel[1 & kills !m4 ,! mode ( pres]vation is to make1 9 ! beg9n+1 a slight not* t %all pi]ce ! b>k4 ,b if ! ta9t is ext5sive1 x is necess>y to cut all ! affect$ "p4 ,x !n exudes a liquid & is heal$4 ,! b>k rema9s ( a violet color 9 ! "p t has be5 ta9t$4 ,! o!r enemies ( ! cacao are ! ag\ti1 /ag1 squirrel1 monkey1 c4 ,! ag\ti produces mo/ havoc4 ,x (t5 de/roys 9 "o night all ! hopes ( ! proprietor4 ,birds are n less injuri\s to ! cacao4 ,! :ole class ( p>rots1 9 p>ticul> ! great ,ara1 :i* de/roys = ! pleasure ( de/roy+1 &1 ! p>roquets1 :i* come 9 num]\s flocks1 conspire also to ru9 ! plantations ( cacao4 ,means ( pres]v+ a plantation4--,x is necess>y t a cacao plantation %\ld h always %ade & irrigation2 ! bran*es ( ! plant %\ld be cle>$ ( ! li*5s t =m on !m2 ! worms de/roy$2 & no l>ge h]bs or %rubs & mosses p]mitt$ to gr[ ne>1 s9ce ! lea/ disadvantage result+ !refrom w\ld be ! loss ( all ! fruit t %\ld fall into ^! ?ickets4 ,b x is mo/ ess5tial to deep5 ! tr5*es :i* c>ry (f ! wat]1 9 proportion z ! plant increases 9 size1 & z ! roots ( c\rse pi]ce deep]2 = if ! tr5*es are left at a dep? ( ?ree feet1 :ile ! roots are six feet 9 ! e>?1 x foll[s t ! l[] "p ( ! cacao plant is 9 a situation ( too great humidity1 & rots at ! level ( ! wat]4 ,?is precaution contributes n only to make ! plantation m durable1 b also to r5d] ! crop m productive4 ,x is necess>y1 also1 to ab/a9 f cutt+ any bran* f cacao plants t are already be>+4 ,su* an op]ation might occasion ! subsequ5t crop to be /rong]2 b ! plants become en]vat$1 & (t5 p]i%1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! soil & ! numb] ( bran*es cut (f4 ,if ! e>? ( ! plantations be press$ & trampl$ d[n by animals1 ! duration ( ! plant is dim9i%$4 ,irrigation1 made ) judgm5t1 ma9ta9s !m long 9 a /ate ( produce4 ,)]+ ( ! fruit4--,! fruit ( ! cacao )]s on ! tree f ?ree causes3-- ,fir/4--,:5 ! plantation is1 dur+ a long "t1 inundat$ ) wat]4 ,i h se5 plantations ( cacao1 :i* _h only be5 cov]$ ) wat] ?irty h\rs1 & ( :i* ! fruit 0 totally )]$4 ,second4--,f abundant ra9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 v damp valleys4 ,?is is only to be rem$i$ by keep+ ! plantation well dra9$1 t ! wat] may n rema9 on x4 ,?ird4--,a want ( necess>y irrigation1 & ! wat]+ ( ! plantation "u an ard5t sun4 ,! vapor f ! e>? kills ! fruit4 ,if ! ra9s are defici5t = a "t1 & an excessive ra9 succe$s1 ! fruit ( ! cacao also )]s4 ,?is dessication or )]+ takes place ev]y:]e2 b 9 "s places ! surplus ( fruit1 :i* ! tree is unable to n\ri%1 is alone subject to x4 ,9 o!rs1 z ,araquita & ,caucagua1 x )]s 9 proportion to ! nor!rly ra9s4 ,an unsuitable soil occasions ano!r k9d ( decay4 ,! pods become /9t$1 conta9+ "s good & "s bad se$s4 ,! ,spani>ds call ?is cocose>se1 :i* means defective4 ,h>ve/ ( ! cacao4--,! tree yields two pr9cipal crops 9 a ye>1 "o ab\t ,/4 ,john's day1 ! o!r t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]4 ,! cacao h[ev] rip5s & is ga!r$ dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,b 9 all seasons ! plant]s ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republics make x a po9t1 s f> z possible1 to collect _! crops only at ! decl9e ( ! moon2 because exp]i5ce proves t ?is precaution r5d]s ! cacao m solid1 & less liable to spoil4 ,to collect ! fruit1 ^? negroes & ,indians are employ$ :o h ! %>pe/ sight1 t only ! ripe fruit may be ga!r$4 ,! mo/ robu/ & active are *os5 to c>ry x to ! places :]e ! beans are to be %ak5 out4 ,! ag$ & maim$ are employ$ to d ?is4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ on a floor well swept1 & cov]$ ) gre5 leaves1 on :i* !y place ! cacao4 ,"s op5 ! pod1 & o!rs /rike out ! beans ) a small piece ( wood1 :i* mu/ n be %>p1 le/ x %\ld injure !m4 ,! good & bad beans mu/ n be m+l$ toge!r4 ,!re are f\r sorts ( cacao 9 e crop2 ! ripe & 9 good condition1 ! gre5 b s\nd1 ! worm-eat51 & ! rott54 ,! fir/ quality is be/1 ! second is n bad2 b ! two o!rs %\ld be reject$4 ,z soon z t :i* is n fully ripe beg9s to %[ specks1 x mu/ be sep>at$4 ,z to ! pods :i* are n p]fectly ripe1 !y %\ld rema9 9 heaps dur+ ?ree days "u gre5 banana leaves1 t !y may rip5 be=e !y are hull$4 ,:5 ! cacao is /or$1 great c>e is necess>y n to leave among/ x pieces ( ! pod or leaves1 or any o!r excrem5titi\s p>ticles4 ,?is c>e mu/ be repeat$ e "t t x is remov$ f ! /ore1 or replac$ 9 x4 ,! cacao mu/ always be expos$ to ! sun on ! f\r? day aft] x has be5 ga!r$1 & ?is exposure %\ld be daily repeat$ until x is p]fectly dry4 ,:5 t is ! case1 ! beans bur/ on be+ squeez$1 _! %ell res\nds :5 /ruck1 & !y no long] become heat$ :5 plac$ 9 heaps2 ! latt] is ! be/ pro( t ! moi/ure injuri\s to _! pres]vation is dissipat$4 ,if ! cacao is n suffici5tly expos$ to ! sun1 x becomes m\ldy2 if too mu*1 x )]s1 & easily pulv]ises--9 ei!r case x soon rots4 ,:5 ! quantity ( cacao ga!r$ is consid]able1 x is plac$ 9 ! sun%9e by a hundr$ qu9tals at a "t1 unless ! cultivator has a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons employ$ to expose a great] quantity4 ,?is op]ation is indisp5sable1 to prev5t x f becom+ m\ldy4 ,if ! ra9s prev5t ?is exposure to ! sun1 x is necess>y1 z soon z x is suffici5tly clean$ or purifi$1 to spread x 9 ap>tm5ts1 gall]ies1 or halls1 ) :i* ! plantation mu/ be provid$2 ?is op]ation _c be delay$ )\t dang] ( los+ ! crop4 ,x is to be wi%$ t /oves 7 employ$ to dry ! cacao :5 ! sun fails1 b ?is exp$i5t1 s simple & important1 is g5]ally unkn[n4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally believ$ t ! mo/ ess5tial precautions = pres]v+ ! cacao consi/s 9 ga!r+ x at ! decl9e ( ! moon4 ,i believe t !y may m s]i\sly calculate on ! c>e ( deposit+ x 9 ap>tm5ts s h]metically clos$ t ! air _c p5etrate2 x w\ld be advisable to make ^! ap>tm5ts ( wood1 = ! m p]fect exclusion ( moi/ure4 ,! floor %\ld be elevat$ two feet2 "u ! floor a pan ( coals is plac$1 cov]$ ) a funnel1 ! po9t ( :i* ent]s into ! heap ( cacao & !n diffuses ! vapor4 ,9 ! ap>tm5t :i* conta9s ! cacao1 "s p]sons place bottles ( v9eg>1 slightly /opp$ ) pap]1 to prev5t ! =mation ( worms4 ,! beans :i* beg9 to %[ specks1 may be pres]v$ f entire corruption by a slight application ( br9e4 ,?is occasions a small degree ( f]m5tation1 :i* is suffici5t to de/roy ! worms1 & to pres]ve ! cacao dur+ a consid]able "t f new attacks4 ,:y is n ?is pres]vative also employ$ aft] ! cacao is dri$1 & :5 plac$ 9 ! /ore1 :]e x awaits ! pur*as]8 ,at ,/4 ,philip !y make use ( smoke to pres]ve ! cacao2 x is also asc]ta9$ t f9e salt1 ?r[n 9 small quantities on ! cacao1 protects x f worms4 ,mu* has be5 done = ! cacao :5 x has be5 cle>$ ( all gre5 or dead beans1 & extrane\s sub/ances2 :5 x has receiv$ no bruise or injury 9 ! op]ation ( dry+1 & :5 x has be5 subsequ5tly kept 9 a place t is dry & n expos$ to ! air2 yet1 ev5 ) all ^! precautions1 cacao ( ! be/ quality is seldom f\nd m>ketable at ! end ( a ye>4 ,^! circum/ances suffici5tly prove t ! culture ( cacao requires att5tion m ?an sci5ce1 vigilance r ?an g5ius1 & assiduity 9 pref]5ce to !ory4 ,*oice ( gr\nd1 di/ribution & dra9+ ( ! wat]s1 position ( ! trees de/9$ to %ade ! cacao1 are almo/ ! only po9ts :i* require m ?an common intellig5ce4 ,less exp5se is also requir$ = an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d ?an = any o!r ( equal rev5ue4 ,"o able h&1 z ,i h already said1 is suffici5t = ! pres]vation & h>ve/ ( a ?\s& plants1 ea* ( :i* %\ld yield at lea/ "o p\nd ( cacao1 9 gr\nd ( mod]ate quality1 & a p\nd & a half 9 ! be/ soil4 ,by an av]ag$ calculation ( tw5ty ounces to ea* plant1 ! ?\s& plants mu/ produce twelve hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 :i*1 at ! ord9>y price ( #cas4 #f;d4 p] cwt41 w\ld produce ab\t #ag #ajs4 p] annum = ea* labor]4 ,! exp5ses ( ! plantation1 includ+ ^? ( ut5sils1 ma*9es1 & build+s1 are also less consid]able = cacao ?an = any o!r produce4 ,! delay ( ! fir/ crop1 & ! accid5ts peculi> to cacao1 c alone dim9i% ! numb] ( plant]s atta*$ to its culture1 & induce a pref]5ce to o!r commodities4 ,! cacao plant is n 9 a /ate ( prolific produce till ! eigh? ye> 9 ! int]ior1 & ! n9? 9 plantations on ! coa/4 ,yet1 by a s+ul>ity :i* situation alone c expla91 ! crops ( cacao comm5ce 9 ! n9? ye> 9 ! valley ( ,goapa1 & at ! ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,tuy4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! l9e1 & on ! banks ( ,rio-,negro1 ! plantations are 9 full produce on ! f\r?1 or at mo/ ! fif? ye>4 ,! cacao tree cont9ues productive to ! age ( fifty ye>s on ! coa/1 & ?irty ye>s 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 g5]al ! culture & prep>ation ( cacao receives m att5tion 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,v5ezuela ?an 9 o!r places1 & ev5 ?an 9 ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,x is true t ! suitability ( ! soil contributes mu* to ! quality ( ! article2 b )\t ! assi/ance d]iv$ f art1 x w\ld be f> f possess+ t sup]iority aw>d$ to x by comm]ce ov] ! cacao ( e o!r c\ntry4 ,/ev5son 7,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica7 speaks ( ano!r k9d ( cacao tree1 call$ moracumba1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! ord9>y species1 & gr[s wild 9 ! woods4 ,! beans "u ! br[n husk are compos$ ( a :ite1 solid matt]1 almo/ l a lump ( h>d tall[4 ,! natives take a quantity ( ^!1 & pass a piece ( sl5d] cane ?r\gh !m1 & roa/ !m1 :5 !y h ! delicate flav\r ( ! cacao4 ,!re are sev]al cacao plantations 9 ,sur9am4 ,! trees are left to gr[ _! natural height1 :i* is ab\t t ( a *]ry-tree2 _! leaves resemble ^? ( ! broad-leav$ laurel1 & are ( a d>k gre5 col\r4 ,! fruit 9 %ape resembles a lemon1 b is r m oval2 x is at fir/ gre51 &1 :5 ripe1 yell[4 ,x is said t !re are "s trees :i* produce above two hundr$1 ea* conta9+ ab\t tw5ty beans or nuts4 ,! fruit n only proce$s f ! bran*es1 b ev5 f ! /em2 & ?\gh !re is always ripe & unripe fruit1 x is only ga!r$ twice a ye>4 ,! *ocolate is 9 t colony 9 g5]al ( an inf]ior quality1 kn[n by its d>k br[n color & r\gh ta/e1 b ! sup]iority ( ! cacao dep5ds pr9cipally on ! soil :]e ! trees are plant$4--7,b>on ,von ,sack's ,sur9am47 ,my fri5d1 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 9 8 ,description ( ,briti% ,guiana1 says--,:ile we cross$ f ! riv] ,b]bice to ! ,essequibo1 we met a numb] ( *ocolate nut trees1 ne> ! ab&on$ ,c>ibi settlem5t ( ,primoss4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t ! trees 7 orig9ally plant$ by ! ,indians1 b f _! numb] & ! di/ance f ! riv]1 ,i judg$ !y 7 propagat$ by nature4 ,?\gh !y 7 ov]%ad[$ by l>g] trees1 & _h = _m ye>s be5 neglect$1 !y _h rea*$ nev]!less a height ( f ?irty to =ty feet1 & ! luxuriant gr[? & ! abundance ( fruit1 prov$ t ! plant 0 satisfi$ ) ! soil4 ,! =e/s at ! banks ( ! ,rio ,branco1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,santa ,m>ia & ,c>no1 ab\nd 9 wild cacao trees1 ! fruits ( :i* are collect$ by ! scanty population ( t di/rict = _! own use4 ,! cultivation ( cacao w be mo/ suitable to ! less weal?y individual1 z x dem&s s little labor & outlay4 ,b>on ,humboldt obs]ves1 9 allud+ to ,spani% ,am]ica1 t cacao plantations are occupi$ by p]sons ( humble condition1 :o prep>e = !mselves & _! *ildr5 a sl[ b c]ta9 =tune2 a s+le labor] is suffici5t to aid !m 9 _! plantations1 & #cj1jjj trees1 once e/abli%$1 assure compet5ce = a g5]ation & a half4 ,! foll[+ h be5 ! total imports ( ,cacao into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 c43-- lbs4 #ahcb #he1fdb #ahcd #af1aga #ahce #baa #ahcf #hfa1eca #ahcg #efd1iib #ahch #a1fha1ife #ahci #ejh1cjg #ahdj #a1jeh1jae #ahda #a1hjb1edg #ahdb #dda1jhd #ahdc #a1bbi1eae 7,p>l4 ,pap]1 ,no4 #dbf1 ,sess4 #ahdd47 ,only a few hundr$ p\nds ( ?is is ent]$ annually = home consumption1 ! great bulk be+ re-export$4 ,9 #ahej we import$ #a1bjd1egb lbs4 f ,mexico2 #a1bca1ggc lbs4 f ,*ile2 #d1dch lbs4 f ,v5ezuela1 & #bc1ech lbs4 f ,hayti4 ,,brazil4--,a great deal ( cacao is rais$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is empire4 ,f ! prov9ce ( ,p>a alone #ce1jjj bags1 valu$ at #ce1jjj1 7 export$ 9 ! ye> #ahde4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 9 8 ,voyage up ! ,riv] ,amazon1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt3-- ,we 7 n[ 7he says7 9 ! great cacao region1 :i*1 = an ext5t ( sev]al hundr$ squ>e miles1 bord]s ! riv]4 ,! cacao trees are l[1 n ris+ above fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & are di/+ui%able f a di/ance by ! yell[i% gre5 ( _! leaves1 s diff]5t f aught else ar\nd !m4 ,!y are plant$ at int]vals ( ab\t twelve feet1 &1 at fir/1 are protect$ f ! sun's fi]c5ess by banana trees1 :i*1 ) _! broad leaves1 =m a complete %elt]4 ,?ree ye>s aft] plant+ ! trees yield1 & !re=e require little att5tion1 or1 r1 receive n any4 ,f an idea t ! sun is injuri\s to ! b]ry1 ! tree-tops are suff]$ to mat toge!r until ! :ole becomes d5se z ?at*-"w4 ,! sun nev] p5etrates ?is1 & ! gr\nd bel[ is con/antly wet4 ,! trunk ( ! tree gr[s irregul>ly1 )\t beauty1 al?\gh p]haps by c>eful tra9+ x might be made z graceful z an apple tree4 ,! leaf is ?91 mu* resembl+ our bee*1 except+ t x is smoo?-edg$4 ,! fl[] is v small1 & ! b]ry gr[s direct f ! trunk or bran*es4 ,x is eight in*es 9 l5g?1 five 9 diamet]1 & %ap$ mu* l a r\nd$ d\ble cone4 ,:5 ripe1 x turns f light gre5 to a deep yell[1 & at t "t ornam5ts ! tree f9ely4 ,)9 ! b]ry is a :ite acid pulp1 & emb$d$ 9 ?is are f ?irty to =ty se$s1 an in* 9 l5g?1 n>r[ & flat4 ,^! se$s are ! cacao ( comm]ce4 ,:5 ! b]ries are ripe1 !y are collect$ into great piles ne> ! h\se1 are cut op5 ) a tresado1 & ! se$s1 squeez$ c>elessly f ! pulp1 are spread ^u mats to dry 9 ! sun4 ,be=e be+ half dri$ !y are load$ into canoes 9 bulk1 & transmitt$ to ,p>a4 ,"s ( ^! vessels w c>ry f\r ?\s& arrobas1 ( ?irty-two p\nds weight ea*1 &1 z if su* a bulk ( damp produce w\ld n suffici5tly spoil itself by its own /eam+ dur+ a tw5ty days' voyage1 ! capta9s are 9 ! habit ( ?r[+ ^u x great quantities ( wat]1 to prev5t its loss ( weight4 ,z might be expect$1 :5 !y arrive at ,p>a x is little m ?an a heap ( m\ld1 & x is !n little wond] t ,p>a cacao is consid]$ ! mo/ inf]ior 9 =eign m>kets4 ,cacao is v little drunk ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce1 & 9 ! city we nev] saw x except at ! cafs4 ,x is a delici\s dr9k :5 prop]ly prep>$1 & "o soon loses reli% = t na/y comp\nd kn[n 9 ! ,/ates z *ocolate1 ^: ma9 +r$i5ts are damag$ rice & soap fat4 ,! cacao trees yield two crops annually1 &1 except+ 9 h>ve/ "t1 ! proprietors h no?+ to d b l\nge 9 _! hammocks4 ,mo/ ( ^! p are 9 debt to trad]s 9 ,sant>em1 :o tru/ !m to an unlimit$ ext5t1 tak+ a li5 ^u _! crops4 ,sometimes ! plantations are ( va/ ext5t1 & "o c walk = miles along ! riv]1 f "o to ano!r1 z freely z ?r\gh an or*>d4 ,no d\bt a sci5tific cultivator might make ! rais+ ( cacao v pr(itable1 & elevate its quality to t ( ,guyaquil4 ,cacao %ipp$ f ,brazil to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 = n9e ye>s1 end+ #ahce3-- lbs4 #ahbg #c1iib1ddi #ahbh #a1agd1afh #ahbi #b1ddb1def #ahcj #a1cjh1fid #ahca #a1gaf1fad #ahcb #b1aih1gji #ahcc #b1djb1hjc #ahcd #a1eia1fjj #ahce #a1fgh1gfi ,cultivation 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4--,! only ,engli% colonies :]e ?is nutriti\s & :olesome sub/ance is n[ cultivat$ to any ext5t1 are ,tr9idad1 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,gr5ada1 & ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,9 ,jamaica & ,briti% ,guiana x has giv5 place to ! production ( sug>1 & ?\gh x =ms su* an important article 9 ! imports & consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! quantity introduc$ f ,briti% plantations is b>ely equal to ! dem&4 ,! imports f ,jamaica 9 #ahca 7 #f1fhd lbs41 & 9 #ahch1 #af1efd lbs42 :ile ! imports s9ce h be5 m]ely nom9al4 ,( #e1jad1fha lbs4 import$ 9 #ahda1 #b1ibj1bih lbs4 7 furni%$ by ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indian colonies1 #a1hjb1edg lbs4 came f ! ,colombian republics1 & #bfi1gid lbs4 7 br\ght f ,brazil4 ,tr9idad furni%es by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! ,we/ ,indian supplies1 ! imports f !nce 9 #ahda hav+ be5 #b1ejj1jjj lbs41 :ile ! imports f all ! o!r isl&s 7 b #dbg1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahej1 #d1gej1jjj lbs4 7 %ipp$ f ,tr9idad1 :il/ 9 #ahea ! quantity 0 ne>ly z mu*4 ,tr9idad4--,al?\gh ?is tree is indig5\s to _m1 if n mo/ ( ! tropical p>ts ( ,am]ica1 x 0 fir/ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,mexico2 & x is rem>kable t ! words cacao & *ocolate are bo? ( ,mexican orig94 ,f ,mexico ! v>iety call$ ,creole cacao x is suppos$ 0 transplant$ to ! ,we/ ,india colonies2 t v>iety call$ ,=a/]o 7/rang]7 came f ! ,brazils4 ,! latt] tree is ! mo/ productive1 b ! =m] gives ! be/ fruit1 insomu* t few p]sons n[ plant ! ,=a/]o cacao4 ,!re are two or ?ree indig5\s species f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,tr9idad1 viz41 ,t4 ,sylve/ris cacao1 ,t4 ,guian5sis1 & ano!r sort4 ,!re are few1 p]haps no agricultural or horticultural pursuits1 s delightful 7obs]ves ,mr4 ,joseph1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,tr9idad17 z t ( ! cultivation ( ! cacao4 ,x is plant$ 9 r[s1 int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 at ! di/ance ( f twelve to fifte5 feet1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! tree is n suff]$ to gr[ high] ?an ab\t fifte5 feet1 & its broad ri* foliage1 ! hues ( :i* v>y f a light gre5 to a d>k r$1 load$ ) yell[ & d>k r$ pods1 :i* conta9 ! *ocolate bean1 are beautiful objects2 ^! alleys are %ad$ by r[s ( magnific5t trees1 call$ ,bois ,immortel by ! ,fr5* & ,engli%1 by ! ,spani>ds ! ,madre de ,cacao4 ,x is ! ,ery?r9a umbrosa or arborea ( ,l9nu4 ,l ! ,bignonia or ,p\ie1 ?is tree1 at p>ticul> seasons1 ?r[s (f its foliage & is cov]$ ) blossoms2 ^? ( ! ,ery?r9a are ( a brilliant r$ color1 ju/ify+ its ,greek appellation4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are lit]ally dazzl+ to behold--no object 9 ! vegetable _w looks m /rik+ ?an ! alleys ( a cacao walk %ad$ by a =e/ above !m ( ! ,bois ,immortel4 ,i h be5 oblig+ly furni%$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,purdie1 ! able ,gov]nm5t botani/ ( ,tr9idad1 ) a %ort essay ^u ! cultivation ( ! cacao tree1 ) :i* _m ( ! valleys ( t isl& are s beautifully adorn$1 & :i*1 at "o "t1 p\r$ into t n[ un=tunate colony s l>ge a /ream ( weal?4 ,=tunately ! cacao plant] ( ! isl& has manag$ to survive ! _m ye>s ( depression "u :i*--l sug> n[--! cacao cultivations l+]$ & sunk1 & :i* br\ght ! once weal?y plant] d[n to pov]ty & mis]y4 ,8 prospects1 h[ev]1 are gradually improv+4 ,! op9ions put =? by ,mr4 ,purdie1 on ! subject ( :i* he treats1 w be f\nd to run c\nt] to ! long-e/abli%$ practice hi!rto pursu$ 9 ! treatm5t ( cacao plantations2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! are ! op9ions ( a p]son ) :om ! /udy ( trees1 _! physiology & functions1 has be5 n m]ely an amus+ sci5ce1 b an adopt$ employm5t1 & ^: acquirem5ts 9 ?is respect1 previ\s to 8 arrival 9 ! colony1 recomm5d$ him = selection z ! ag5t to ext5d ?r\gh ,s\? ,am]ica 7! great cacao region7 ! inve/igations ( "o ( ! mo/ not$ botanical g>d5s 9 ,europe4 ,mr4 ,purdie says3-- ,9 ! pres5t depress$ times1 x behoves u to look well into ! res\rces ( our f]tile isl&1 p>ticul>ly z f> z any improvem5t c be sugge/$ capable ( av]t+1 at lea/1 a "p ( ! mis]y & ru9 t is hov]+ ov] u1 & :i* is too eag]ly borne on ! lips ( all classes ( ! community1 in/ead ( us+ our ef=ts to d :at we c to meet ! difficulty2 b few seem to inquire :e!r we make ! mo/ ( our pres5t means or n1 :il/ e "o r jo9s 9 ! cry t sug> fet*es little or no?+1 & x is no uncommon ?+ to he> ! compla9t transf]r$ f sug> to cacao4 ,x is b too true t ! m>kets are at pres5t lam5tably aga9/ ! mo/ important bran* ( our indu/ry1 "u ! pres5t mann] ( sug> cultivation & manufacture 9 ?is isl&4 ,b x c h>dly be admitt$ t ! same is ! case 9 t ( cacao--also a v important bran* ( our agriculture4 ,my att5tion has be5 lately direct$ to ! av]age produce p] tree1 :i* w1 ,i hope1 ?r[ "s light on its cultivation4 ,f fifte5 cacao trees1 :i* are all !re are at ,/4 ,ann's1 ,i h ?is ye> ga!r$ #aae lbs4 ( cacoa 7dri$71 & at pres5t !re is at lea/ #ej lbs4 m ripe on ! same trees4 ,?is gives #afe lbs4 ( cacao f fifte5 trees1 or #aa lbs4 p] tree4 ,^! _c be consid]$ f9e trees2 on ! contr>y1 !y are :at w\ld be consid]$ ord9>y ones2 !re=e ! av]age 9 ?is case is fair1 & diff]s mat]ially f select+ ! produce ( fifte5 trees f a l>ge plantation1 & giv+ ! av]age return ( :at might be obta9$ f cacao cultivation4 ,la/ ye> ^! trees did n av]age m ?an #b lbs4 p] tree1 & ,i attribute ! increase ( crop to ! ?9n+ out ( bo? ! cacao & %ade trees4 ,9 a =m] lett] to ! cacao-plant]s ( ,tr9idad1 ,i recomm5d$ tw5ty-f\r to ?irty feet f tree to tree z ! prop] di/ance2 b s z to meet ! feel+s ( ^? :o1 un=tunately = !mselves1 consid] e cacao tree cut d[n a sacrifice1 ,i propose t ! trees be ?9n$ out to tw5ty-f\r feet1 & t1 at int]vals ( tw5ty r[s at mo/1 av5ues ( fifty feet 9 bo? directions %\ld be left4 ,aft] ?is1 x w be bett] se5 :at may be necess>y to be done to ea* individual tree2 nei!r %\ld ! %ade trees be =gott52 z a g5]al rule1 !y are prejudicially ?ick4 ,by att5d+ to ?is1 ,i am q satisfi$ t a v mat]ial increase 9 ! produce w be se52 inde$1 ,i may say t on ?is dep5ds ! *ief diff]5ce ( #a lb4 & #aa lbs4 p] tree2 = ,i consid] x a v fair inf]5ce1 t ! av]age obta9$ "h c be realis$ 9 any o!r place 9 ?is isl&1 & to any ext5t1 "u ! same circum/ances ( light & air1 unless on v poor soil1 ( :i* we =tunately h b little4 ,at tw5ty-f\r feet ap>t !re w\ld be sev5ty-five trees p] acre1 or #bej p] qu>re4 ,?is1 at #aa lbs4 p] tree1 gives #b1gej lbs4 ( dri$ cacao p] qu>re1 at #e doll>s p] #ajj lbs41 gives #acg doll>s #ej c5ts gross2 d$uct+ #hj doll>s p] qu>re exp5ses1 leaves #eg doll>s #fj c5ts net pr(it4 ,?us an e/ate ( #abj acres1 or #cf qu>res1 w\ld conta9 #i1jjj trees1 at #aa lbs4 p] tree w give #cc1jjj lbs4 ( cacao1 at #e doll>s gives #d1cej doll>s gross p] annum2 d$uct+ #hj doll>s p] qu>re 7a mu* m lib]al sum ?an is at pres5t laid out71 leaves a net balance ( #a1iej doll>s1 or #af doll>s #be c5ts p] acre4 ,n[ ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 w\ld be ! produce f #i1jjj trees1 & f an e/ate conta9+ only #cf qu>res ( l& 7:i* _c be consid]$ a l>ge "o72 :at1 !n1 might be expect$ f e/ates conta9+ #dj1jjj trees8 ,i h be5 rec5tly fav\r$ ) ! foll[+ av]age return ( cacao 9 ?is isl&1 :i* ,i h no d\bt w be consid]$ a fair "o4 ,i ins]t x 9 full1 &1 f ! v l[ return1 x %[s a lam5table defici5cy 9 ! cultivation ( ?is mo/ grateful tree3-- ',! av]age numb] ( cacoa trees 9 a qu>re ( l& is #hfh4 '#a/4 ,! e/ates ?r\gh\t ! isl& are g5]ally plant$ at a di/ance ( #ab feet by #ab1 & #ac feet by #ac4 ,^? plant$ at #ab by #ab conta9 #ifi trees 9 ! qu>re1 & ^? at #ac by #ac conta9 #gfg trees1 ! area ( ! qu>re be+ tak5 at #aci1fig sup]ficial feet4 ,!re may be 9 ! isl& ab\t #fj qu>res 9 all1 plant$ at #ae by #ae feet4 '#bnd4 ,! actual annual value ( a qu>re ( l& plant$ 9 cacoa is t5 fanegas1 or #a lb4 to a tree4 ',x is to be obs]v$ t ?is is ! g5]al return f ea* tree z e/ates are n[ cultivat$1 b if plant]s _h ! means ( keep+ _! e/ates 9 high cultivation1 ea* cacoa tree w\ld produce #b lbs4 on an av]age4 '#crd4 ,! annual av]age co/ ( cultivat+ a qu>re 9 cacao1 & manufactur+ ! produce !refrom1 is #ce doll>s1 9 ! imp]fect mann] x is c>ri$ on at pres5t1 !reby giv+ only #aj fanegas p] qu>re4' ,i believe !re are _m e/ates 9 ! isl& :]e ! av]age di/ance is less ?an #ab by #ab2 h[ev]1 to give ! pres5t mode ! full b5efit ( ! return1 ,i w adopt1 = comp>ison's sake1 ! maximum numb] ( trees2 s t #ifj trees p] qu>re1 at l lb4 p] tree1 gives #a1baa lbs4 ( cacao1 at #e doll>s p] #ajj lbs4 is wor? #fj doll>s1#b gross return p] qu>re2 d$uct+ #cf doll>s1 n #hj doll>s1 = exp5ses1 :i* leaves #bd doll>s p] qu>re net1 or ab\t #g doll>s #ge c5ts p] acre4 ,?is is a />tl+ acc\nt f l&s among ! mo/ f]tile 9 ! _w1 & f a plant1 "u fair treatm5t1 next to ! sug> cane1 p]haps ! mo/ grateful = ! c>e be/[$1 m especially :5 we consid] t m ?an t5 times t quantity might be obta9$ ) a comp>atively insignificant outlay ( money4 ,if su*1 !n1 be ! case1 z /at$ 9 ! above report 7& x is to be regrett$ t x is too ne> ! tru?71 apa?y on ! "p ( ^? ^: int]e/s are s mu* conc]n$ is unw>rantable4 ,x is n en\gh to say t our fa!rs mu/ h kn[n ! prop] way to plant cacao2 ?is is b a lame excuse1 & n suffici5t to disp5se ) any ex]tions ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 beyond m]ely collect+ :atev] fruit may come1 z x 71 =tuit\sly4 ,moreov]1 at ! "t ! pres5t cacao plantations 7 e/abli%$ 9 ?is isl&1 its cultivation 0 comp>atively little kn[n2 x is !re=e likely t !y might h err$1 z !y und\bt$ly did1 9 cramm+ !m s close toge!r2 b not)/&+ ?is1 by a prop] sy/em ( ?9n+1 ! evils might h be5 easily obviat$1 & l>ge crops ensur$4 ,a few morn+s ago1 a cacao plant] f ,santa ,cruz call$ on me1 & 9 conv]sation /at$ t ! only place :]e he _h any?+ l a crop ( cacao at pres5t1 0 :]e ! hurricane ( ! #aa? ( ,octob] _h deva/at$ 8 e/ate mo/ sev]ely1 & :i* he at t "t consid]$ a ru9\s visitation4 ,i hope ! lesson w n be lo/ on him4 ,9 ,jamaica x is f\nd necess>y to prune ! c(fee trees ye>ly1 :i* is done ) z mu* c>e z gooseb]ry or currant bu%es 9 ,engl&2 b1 not)/&+ ?is1 ,i rememb] a fri5d ( m9e 9 ,jamaica tell+ me ( ! extraord9>y diff]5ce on 8 c(fee plantation "u ! managem5t ( a p]son :o und]/ood & att5d$ m p>ticul>ly to ! prun+ ( 8 trees4 ,lunan1 9 8 ',hortus ,jamaic5sis1' publi%$ 9 #ahad1 gives a v elaborate article on ! cacao1 al?\gh its cultivation 0 almo/ ext9ct 9 8 day 9 t isl&4 ,he1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h d]iv$ 8 in=mation *iefly f ,blume1 :o wrote a %ort acc\nt ( ,jamaica1 9 #afgb1 at :i* "t cacao 0 ! *ief export ( ! isl&4 ,lunan attributes its d[nfall to heavy m9i/]ial exaction1 :i* 0 !n1 he says1 upw>ds ( #dhj p] c5t4 on its m>ketable value4 ,speak+ ( ! av]age weight ( cacao p] tree1 he has ! foll[+3--',! produce ( "o tree is g5]ally e/imat$ at ab\t #bj lbs4 ( nuts4 ,! produce p] acre 9 ,jamaica has be5 rat$ at #a1jjj lbs4 weight p] annum1 all[+ = bad ye>s4 ,9 poor soils1 & "u bad managem5t1 ! produce ( ! tree r>ely exce$s #h lbs4 weight4' ,he also says--',:5 ! cacao plants are six mon?s old1 ! plant] f ?is p]iod mu/ n be too fond ( clean+ ! plantation f grass & h]bage1 because !y keep ! gr\nd cool2 b all creep+1 climb+ plants1 & su* we$s z gr[ high en\gh to ov]top ! cacao1 %\ld be de/roy$4' ,he gives ! di/ance f tree to tree at #ah feet4 ,i h long s9ce be5 ( op9ion t x is ( less consequ5ce to clean ! gr\nd b5ea? ! trees ?an to att5d to ! top-prun+ ( ! %ade trees1 z well z to ! cacao 7al?\gh ! =m] is v desirable1 x is nev]!less a subord9ate consid]ation74 ,"u ! pres5t mode ( cultivation ! gr\nd-clean+ is ! only "o at all att5d$ to1 & t badly4 ,a v important economy might also be made 9 ! cur+ ( ! cacao1 by :i* mu* "t w\ld be sav$1 & consequ5tly exp5se1 by adopt+ ! same me?od z is us$ 9 ,jamaica = dry+ c(fee1 namely1 floor+s ( cem5t1 or1 z !y are call$1 b>becues4 ,at conv5i5t di/ances 9 ! c5tre ( ^! floor+s 7:i* are incl9$ planes7 a slightly-rais$ circul> ridge is =m$ ) cem5t1 leav+ an ap]ture at ! l[] side to all[ ! escape ( any wat] t may h lodg$ 9 !m4 ,! cacao is easily br\ght toge!r 9 ^! places 9 ! ev5t ( ra91 & at night cov]$ ) portable wood5 frames1 :i* are readily remov$ by two m54 ,9 ?is way ! cacao w\ld be dri$ 9 a fif? ( ! "t mu* m effectually1 & ( a bright] col\r4 ,any exp]im5ts t5d+ to br+ ab\t a prop] sy/em ( cultivation & manufacture ( cacao1 mu/ be b5eficial to ! isl&1 z well z to individuals2 = x _c be d5i$ t ! cultivation ( cacoa w /ill prove advantage\s 9 proportion to ! c>e be/[$ on x4 ,inde$ its cultivation is at pres5t langui%+1 n s mu* f inadequate prices1 z f a want ( prop] att5tion to its cultivation4 ,9 #agif1 !re 7 sixty plantations 9 ,tr9idad1 :i* produc$ #if1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahjb ! plantations 7 r$uc$ to fifty-sev51 ! yield be+ ab\t ! same4 ,9 #ahjg1 #cee1jjj lbs4 ( cacao 7 gr[n4 ,9 #ahca1 !re 7 #b1igb qu>rees 7ea* ?ree acres & "o-fif? ,engli%7 "u cultivation 9 ,tr9idad ) cacao1 on :i* 7 #b1dfd1dbf trees1 :i* produc$ a crop ( #a1dgi1efh lbs4 ,9 #ahda !re 7 #f1iaj acres plant$ ) cacao4 ,! foll[+ h be5 ! exports f ?is isl& f #ahba to #ahdd3-- lbs4 #ahba #a1bad1jic #ahbb #a1ghj1cgi #ahbc #b1dbd1gjc #ahbd #b1ffa1fbh #ahbe #b1gfj1fjc #ahbf #b1iea1aga #ahbg #c1fif1add #ahbh #b1ehb1cbc #ahbi #b1gef1fjc #ahcj #a1fdf1eca #ahca #a1hhh1heb #ahcb #a1ecj1iij #ahcc #c1jij1ebf #ahcd #c1cfc1fcj #ahce #b1gdd1fdc #ahcf #c1ahh1hgj #ahcg #b1ejg1dhc #ahch #b1ega1iae #ahci #b1iad1jfh #ahdj #b1jjg1did #ahda #b1dic1cjb #ahdb #b1afc1gih #ahdc #a1jii1ige 7,mill's ,tr9idad ,almanac74 ,9 a lecture deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 allud+ to ! colonial products %[n1 at ! ,great ,exhibition1 he said3-- ,!re 0 "o sample :i* ought to be m5tion$ mo/ especially2 namely1 ! cocoa ( admirable quality :i* comes1 or :i* may come1 f ,tr9idad4 ,cocoa--cacao1 z we %\ld call x--is an article ( v l>ge consumption4 ,enorm\s quantities ( x are n[ us$ 9 ! navy2 & e "o kn[s h[ mu* x is employ$ daily 9 private life4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! basis ( *ocolate4 ,b we h ! evid5ce ( "o ( ! mo/ skilful brok]s 9 ,london1 :o has _h =ty ye>s exp]i5ce to enable him to speak to ! fact--t we nev] get good cocoa 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t all ! be/ *ocolate is made 9 ,spa91 9 ,france1 & ! c\ntries :]e ! f9e description ( cocoa goes4 ,we get "h cocoa :i* is unripe1 fl9ty1 & bitt]1 hav+ und]gone *anges t cause x to be> a v l[ price 9 ! m>ket4 ,b x comes f ,briti% possessions1 & is1 !re=e1 sold "h subject to a duty ( only #ahs4 #h;d4 p] cwt41 :]eas if x came f a =eign c\ntry x w\ld pay #efs4#c ,! diff]5tial duty drives ! be/ cocoa out ( ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,/ill x appe>s t we might supply1 f our own colonies1 ?is v cocoa2 because1 z ,i h said1 !re 0 exhibit$1 f ,tr9idad1 a v beautiful sample1 q equal to any?+ produc$ 9 ! be/ m>kets ( ! ,magdal5a1 ( ,soconusco1 or ( o!r places on ! ,spani% ma94 ,x _h no bitt]ness1 no fl9t9ess1 no damag$ gra9 9 x2 b all 7 plump & ripe1 z if !y _h be5 pick$4 ,! cocoa f ! ,spani% ma9 goes into o!r c\ntries1 = ! prep>ation ( t delici\s *ocolate :i* we buy ( !m4 ,x is ?r[n out ( our m>ket by ! diff]5tial duty4 ,b x is _! own fault if our own colonies d n produce f9e cocoa1 z ,tr9idad has conclusively prov$4 ,! exports ( cacao f ,/4 ,lucia1 :]e !re are n[ #cjj acres "u cultivation1 h be5 z foll[s3#d--;,i h also add$ ! produce ( ,/4 ,v9c5t & ,gr5ada import$ "h3-- ,gr5ada4 ,/4 ,lucia4 ,/4 ,v9c5t4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahbh #ge1bge #ag1chd #ahbi #cjj1jea #ic1gic #ab1baf #ahcj #ccg1ija #aec1cdj #i1ihi #ahca #cfh1hhb #ih1jij #g1hfa #ahcb #aif1aie #ea1ibe #ech #ahcc #cab1ddf #ia1jdh #a1jje #ahcd #cdi1cfg #fj1fbj #b1aig #ahce #bgf1cei #di1bah #e1hgf #ahcf #cjg1bcf #dg1iej #g1gba #ahcg #cea1fac #dh1eia #b1ebe #ahch #dbf1fbf #ch1eij #f1ehh #ahci #cbg1dig #ed1fci #gfj #ahdj #bfi1fhj #hb1bic #c1ief #ahda #cgb1jjh #gh1bbe #c1hgd #ahdb #bhj1fgi #ee1age #g1bfh #ahdc #bif1bfi #dh1bgi #ee1hfg #ahdd #edd1bec #fe1ffg #h1cjd #ahde #cdb1jib #ca1jjj #f1dej #ahej #fji1iaa #a1cgb #h1fdb #aheb #fjd1bii #i1dbh #e1bhg ,a little cacao is n[ gr[n 9 ,antigua1 ab\t #ai1jjj lbs4 hav+ be5 export$ f t isl& 9 #ahdc1 & #b1jjj 9 #ahdf4 ,dom9ica & ,briti% ,guiana produce small quantities2 our imports f ^! qu>t]s hav+ be5 z foll[s3-- ,dom9ica4 ,dem]>a4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahcc #h1hjh #b1jea #ahcd #d1gfg #hf #ahce #fhe #abf #ahcf #bgi #a1aba #ahcg #a1hif #ebb #ahch #a1jed #ahci #a1abg #eh #ahdj #b1cff #b1cgf #ahda #d1jad #abi #ahdb #ffg #ih #ahdc #d1fad #d1agh #ahdd #a1gdf #aj1bji #ahde #e1ddd ,! cultivation ( cacao 9 ,cuba is ( comp>atively rec5t introduction1 b x is expect$ to increase1 &1 9 "s degree1 to supply ! place ( c(fee1 :i* is evid5tly on ! decl9e !re4 ,9 #ahbg1 ! gross produce ( ,cuba am\nt$ to #bc1hjf arrobas1 & ! exports to #ai1jec4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ae1cja arrobas 7 import$1 s t at t p]iod ! production 0 n adequate to ! consumption4 ,! expectation ( a great increase ( production seems n to h be5 realiz$1 z ! exports ( cacao 9 #ahcg 7 only #ehg arrobas1 :ile ! imports am\nt$ to #dj1hcg arrobas4 ,!re are n[ ab\t sixty-n9e cacao plantations 9 t isl&1 almo/ exclusively situate 9 ! c5tral & ori5tal dep>tm5ts1 :i* produc$1 9 #ahdi1 #c1hcf arrobas1 valu$ at #ai1ahj doll>s4 ,hayti export$1 9 #ahja1 #fdh1eah lbs4 ( cacao2 9 #ahbf1 #deg1eib lbs41 & 9 #ahcf1 #eej1dhd lbs4 ,! ,fr5* isl& ( ,m>t9ique produces a consid]able quantity ( cacao4 ,9 #agfc1 !re 7 /at$ to be #ajc1hgj trees 9 be>+4 ,! produce export$ 9 #agfi 0 #aa1gca qu9tals4 ,9 #aggj !re 7 #hga1jdc trees4 ,9 #ahbj !re 7 #dab squ>e acres "u cultivation ) cacao1 produc+ #ddi1dib lbs42 & 9 #ahce1 #dib hect>es1 :i* yield$ #aee1cjj kilogrammes4 ,i h no lat] returns at h&4 ,! bev]age g5]ally call$ cocoa is m]ely ! b]ries ( ,!obroma ,cacao1 p\nd$ & drank ei!r ) wat] or milk1 or ) bo?4 ,*ocolate 7( :i* ,i %all speak by & bye7 is a comp\nd dr9k1 & is manufactur$ *iefly f ! k]nels ( ?is plant1 ^: natural habitat w\ld seem to be ,guayaquil1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\gh x fl\ri%es 9 great p]fection 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x gr[s also spontane\sly & luxuriantly on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 b ! fruit ( ^? trees t are f\nd 9 ! di/rict ( ,c>?ag5a is pref]r$ to all o!rs1 probably f a sup]ior mode ( cultivation4 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 9 8 exp$ition into ! int]ior ( ,briti% ,guiana1 f\nd ! c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 cacao1 :i* ! ,indians 7 mo/ anxi\s to secure1 z ! pulpy arillus surr\nd+ ! se$ has an agreeable v9\s ta/e4 ,s+ul> to say1 h[ev]1 !y appe>$ p]fectly ignorant ( ! qualities ( ! se$1 :i* possesses ! mo/ delightful aroma4 ,sir ,rob]t adds1 !y ev9c$ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t :5 !y beheld him & ,mr4 ,goodall collect+ ^! se$s & us+ !m z *ocolate1 :i* 0 ! mo/ delici\s !y _h ev] ta/$4 ,^! indig5\s cacao trees 7 met ) 9 innum]able quantities on ! #e? ( ,june1 #ahdc1 & ! foll[+ day2 & ?us inexhau/ible /ores ( a highly-priz$ luxury are "h reap$ solely by ! wild hog1 ! ag\ti1 monkeys1 & ! rats ( ! int]ior4--7,simmonds's ,col4 ,mag4 vol4 i41 p4 #da47 ,! height ( ! cacao %rub is g5]ally f eighte5 to tw5ty feet2 ! leaf is betwe5 f\r & six in*es long1 & its bread? ?ree or f\r1 v smoo?1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t l t ( ! orange tree1 b diff]+ f x 9 color2 ( a dull gre51 )\t gloss1 & n s ?ickly set ^u ! bran*es4 ,! blossom is fir/ :ite1 !n r$di%1 & conta9s ! rudim5ts ( ! k]nels or b]ries4 ,:5 fully develop$1 ! p]ic>p or se$-vessel is a pod1 :i* gr[s n only f ! bran*es1 b ! /em ( ! tree1 & is f six to sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & %ap$ l a cucumb]4 ,its color is gre5 :5 gr[+1 l t ( ! leaf2 b :5 ripe1 is yell[1 smoo?1 cle>1 & ?94 ,:5 arriv$ at its full gr[?1 & be=e x is ripe1 x is ga!r$ & eat5 l any o!r fruit1 ! ta/e be+ subacid4 ,if all[$ to rip51 ! k]nels become h>d2 &1 :5 tak5 out ( ! se$-vessel1 are pres]v$ 9 sk9s1 or1 m frequ5tly1 laid on ! vijahua leaves1 & plac$ 9 ! air to dry4 ,:5 fully dry1 !y are put 9 lea!rn bags1 & s5t to m>ket3 ?is is ! ,spani% mode ( tak+ 9 ! crop4 ,a some:at diff]5t me?od is foll[$ 9 ,tr9idad & ,jamaica 79 ! latt] isl& x c sc>cely be said to be cultivat$ n[72 b x diff]s 9 no ess5tial degree f ! pr9ciple ( gradual exsiccation1 & protection f moi/ure4 ,*ocolate1 prop]ly s call$1 & s priz$ bo? 9 ! ,spani% cont95t & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 nev] rea*es ,great ,brita9 except z a contrab& article1 be+1 l ne>ly all colonial manufactur$ articles1 prohibit$ by ! ,cu/om-h\se laws4 ,:at is g5]ally drank "u t "n is simply ! cacao boil$ 9 milk1 gruel1 or ev5 wat]1 & is z mu* l ! ,spani% or ,we/ ,india *ocolate z v9eg> is to ,burgundy4 ,x is1 )\t any exception1 ( all dome/ic dr9ks ! mo/ alim5t>y2 & ! ,spani>ds e/eem x s necess>y to ! heal? & support ( ! body1 t x is consid]$ ! sev]e/ puni%m5t to )hold x1 ev5 f crim9als2 nay1 to be unable to procure *ocolate1 is deem$ ! greate/ mis=tune 9 life6 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is e/imation 9 :i* x is held1 ! quantity made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,c>?ag5a is insuffici5t = ! dem&s ( ! population1 & is s highly pric$ t none is export$ b z pres5ts6 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,spani>ds fir/ manufactur$ ?is v]itable ,!obroma--?is food = gods 7f ,!os1 ,god1 & broma1 food7--0 v simple4 ,!y employ$ ! cacao1 maize1 ,indian corn 7,zea ,mays71 & raw cane-juice1 & col\r$ x ) arnatto1 :i* !y call$ a*iotti or roc\1 b :i* 0 kn[n 9 ,europe at t "t by ! "n ( ,t]ra ,orellana4 ,^! f\r sub/ances 7 levigat$ betwe5 two /ones1 & aft]w>ds1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 mix$ toge!r 9 "o mass1 :i* mass 0 subsequ5tly divid$ into little cakes1 & us$ z requir$1 bo? 9 ! solid & fluid =m4 ,! ,indians us$ "o p\nd ( ! wa/$ nuts1 half a p\nd ( sug>1 & half a p\nd ( gr\nd corn 7maize7 ea*1 & !n add$ rose-wat] to make x palatable4 ,?is ! ,mexicans call$ *ocolate1 f two words 9 _! language1 signify+ ! noise made by ! in/rum5ts us$ to mill & prep>e x 9 ! wat]4 ,_m o!r +r$i5ts 7 subsequ5tly add$2 b ) ! exception ( ,vanilla1 9 ! op9ions ( mo/ p]sons1 !y spoil1 r ?an improve x4 ,*ocolate1 z us$ 9 ,mexico1 is ?us prep>$3 --,! k]nels are roa/$ 9 an iron pot pi]c$ ) holes2 !y are !n p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd betwe5 two /ones1 g5]ally ( m>ble1 till x is br\ght to a pa/e1 to :i* sug> is add$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! manufactur]4 ,f "t to "t1 z ! pa/e assumes consi/5cy1 !y add long pepp]1 arnatto1 & la/ly1 vanilla4 ,"s manufactur]s v>y ^! +r$i5ts1 & sub/itute c9namon1 cloves1 or anise$1 & sometimes musk & amb]gris--! two latt] on acc\nt ( _! aphrodisiac qualities4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula giv5 by a late writ]3--,to six p\nds ( ! nut add ?ree-&-a-half p\nds ( sug>1 sev5 pods ( vanilla1 "o-&-a-half p\nds ( corn meal 7maize gr\nd71 half-a-p\nd ( c9namon1 six cloves1 "o dra*m ( capsicums 7bird pepp]71 & z mu* ( ! roc\ or arnatto z is suffici5t to color x1 toge!r ) amb]gris or musk1 to en=ce 7z he says7 ! flavor1 b 9 reality to /imulate ! sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r *ocolate made ( filb]ts & almonds1 b ?is is n consid]$ g5u9e4 ,9 old ,spa9 x is some:at diff]5tly made2 two or ?ree k9ds ( fl[]s1 also ! pods ( ,campe*e1 almonds1 & hazel-nuts1 be+ mix$ up ) x1 :ile ! pa/e is work$ ) orange-wat]4 ,) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* *ocolate is prep>$ 9 ,engl& no?+ ne$ be said1 z x is too well kn[n to require description4 ,t :i* has appe>$ to me ! be/ is ,fry's ,*ocolate1 :i* requires only to be rubb$ up ) a little boil+ wat]1 & scald$ milk add$ to x ) sug>1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! dr9k]2 !re is a flav\r1 h[ev]1 9 ?is *ocolate sometimes ( suet1 :i* is probably add$ to give x a ri*ness :i* ! cacao employ$ may n possess ( itself4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies !y r>ely add any?+ to cacoa b arnatto 7sometimes a little fre% butt]71 ?\gh x is (t5 sc5t$ & sweet5$1 & sold 9 little rolls at five-p5ce & t5-p5ce ea*1 curr5cy4 ,x is always boil$ ) milk1 :i*1 ?\gh v indige/ible :5 boil$ & tak5 alone1 seems to lose ?is quality :5 tak5 ) *ocolate4 ,*ocolate ?us made is mu* drank1 :5 cold1 9 ! middle ( ! day1 & is consid]$1 bo? by ! negroes & ! old settl]s1 z a mo/ nutritive & salut>y bev]age4 ,! signs by :i* good *ocolate or cacao is kn[n are ^!3--,x %\ld dissolve entirely 9 wat]1 & be )\t s$im5t2 x %\ld be oily1 & yet melt 9 ! m\?2 & if g5u9e1 & c>efully prep>$1 %\ld deposit no grits or gr\nds4 ,t made 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,cuba1 is d>k2 b t manufactur$ 9 ,jamaica is ( a bright brick col\r1 ow+ to ! great] quantity ( arnatto :i* is us$ 9 ! prep>ation1 & :i*1 ,i ?9k1 gives x a ri*] & m agreeable flavor4 ,9 an economical po9t ( view1 *ocolate is a v important article ( diet1 z x may be lit]ally t]m$ meat & dr9k2 & 7 our half-/>v$ artisans1 ov]-wr\ght factory *ildr51 & ricketty mill9]y girls1 induc$ to dr9k x in/ead ( ! innutriti\s bev]age call$ tea1 its nutritive qualities w\ld soon develop !mselves 9 _! improv$ looks & m robu/ con/itution4 ,! price1 too1 is 9 its fav\r1 cacao be+ eight-p5ce p] p\nd2 :ile ! *eape/ black tea1 su* z ev5 ! ,*9ese begg> w\ld despise1 drank by mill9]s1 wa%]wom51 & ! poor] class 9 ! metropolis1 is ?ree %ill+s a p\nd1 or ?ree hundr$ & fifty p] c5t1 de>]1 :ile x is decid$ly injuri\s to heal?4 ,! heads ( ! naval & milit>y m$ical dep>tm5ts 9 ,engl& h be5 s impress$ ) ! :olesom5ess & sup]ior nutrim5t ( cocao1 t !y h judici\sly direct$ t x %all be s]v$ out twice or ?rice a week to regim5ts ( ! l9e1 & daily to ! seam5 on bo>d ,h] ,maje/y's %ips1 & ?is wise regulation has ev9c$ its salut>y effects 9 ! improv$ heal? & condition ( ! m54 ,inde$1 ?is has be5 mo/ satisfactorily e/abli%$ 9 ,jamaica among ! troops2 & ! same may be ass]t$ ( ! seam5 9 m5 ( w> on ! coa/4 ,b ! excell5t qualities ( *ocolate 7 kn[n n only to ! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 f :om1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! ,spani>ds acquir$ a k ( its prop]ties2 b ,european nations also ackn[l$g$ its virtues4 ,! ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 & ,dut*1 consid]$ x an exce$+ly valuable article ( diet1 & ,h(fman look$ ^u x bo? z a food & a m$ic9e4 ,9 8 monograph1 entitl$ ,potus ,*ocolati1 he recomm5ds x 9 all diseases ( g5]al weakness1 macies1 l[ spirits1 & 9 hypo*ondrial compla9ts1 & :at s9ce 8 "t h be5 t]m$ n]v\s diseases4 ,z "o example ( ! good effects ( cacao1 he adduces ! case ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 :o 0 cur$ ( eramacausis1 or a g5]al wa/+ away ( ! body1 by dr9k+ *ocolate4#e ,& ,edw>ds in=ms u t ,colonel ,montague ,james--! fir/ :ite p]son born 9 ,jamaica aft] ! occupation ( ! isl& by ! ,engli%--liv$ to ! great age ( #ajd2 & = ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life took sc>cely any o!r food b *ocolate4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ^? :o indulge 9 excesses f9d _! vigor m spe$ily re/or$ by ! alt]nate use ( *ocolate & c(fee ?an by any o!r +e/a2 & pigs1 goats1 & horses1 :i* are f$ ev5 on ! spoil$ b]ries1 are obs]v$ to become v spe$ily fat1 & 9 good condition4 ,b cacao has n only ! prop]ty ( rapidly re/or+ ! invalid to heal?1 /r5g?1 & condition1 b a v inconsid]able quantity ( x w su/a9 life = a long p]iod4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians p]=m extraord9>y j\rneys1 subsi/+1 d>+ ^! prolong$ travels1 on an incr$ibly small quantity ( *ocolate--s small1 inde$1 z to r5d] ! acc\nts ( travell]s ^u ! subject almo/ m>vell\s4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles c(fee1 :i* also possesses ! e/imable prop]ty ( su/a9+ ! p[]s ( life1 :ile x modifies & re/ra9s ! passion ( hung]4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 & h[ f> ?is condition may be connect$ ) its p[]s ( su/5ance is wor?y ( inquiry1 t *ocolate rec5tly boil$1 if ! op]ation be p]=m$ 9 a t9 pan1 is highly electrical2 & ?is prop]ty may be frequ5tly manife/$ by repeat+ ! process4 ,cacao1 accord+ to ,bridges1 0 ! fav\rite /aple ( ! ,spani% comm]ce1 trifl+ z t comm]ce 02 & :5 ! ,engli% took possession ( ! isl& ( ,jamaica1 x 0 t :i* fir/ engag$ _! att5tion4 ,! ext5sive plantations left by _! pr$ecessors1 :o _h made x _! pr9cipal food & only support1 soon1 h[ev]1 began to fail4 ,!y 7 r5ew$2 b :e!r x might be f ! want ( att5tion1 or ( in=mation 9 ! new coloni/s1 ! plants nev] succe$$ "u _! managem5t2 s t1 disgu/$ ) ! tr\blesome & unpr(itable cultivation1 !y soon sub/itut$ indigo4 ,yet =e/s ( cacao trees gr[ wild 9 ,guiana1 ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 ,yucatan1 ,honduras1 ,guatemala1 ,*iapa1 & ,nic>agua2 :ile 9 ,cuba1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ,jamaica1 x 0 once an indig5\s plant4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! exp5ses ( a cacao plantation 9 ,jamaica dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ,briti% possession3-- /g ,lett]s pat5t ( five hundr$ acres ( l& #aj ,six negroes #abj ,f\r :ite p]sons1 _! passage & ma9t5ance #hj ,ma9t5ance ( six slaves = six mon?s #ah ,work+ implem5ts #e ---- #bcc ,9 f\r to five ye>s ! produce ( "o hundr$ acres w\ld usually sell = #d1bdj /]l+4 ,?is 0 a mon/r\s & mo/ unlook$-= return2 b !n1 :at 0 x to ! pr(its ( sug>1 :i*1 ow+ to ! prodigi\s increase ( ! slave trade1 0 fa/ com+ into active op]ation1 & eat+ up & de/roy+ all o!r s\rces & spr+s ( indu/ry8 ,h[ de>ly h ! ,we/ ,indians paid = ! %ort-liv$ afflu5ce :i* ! sug> cane conf]r$6 ,blome1 9 8 brief acc\nt ( ,jamaica1 publi%$ 9 #afgb1 speaks ( cacao z be+ "o ( ! *ief articles ( export4 ,he /ates t !re 7 sixty cacao-walks or plantations1 & _m m plant+2 b1 = _m ye>s1 no cacao plantation has exi/$ 9 ,jamaica1 all ! *ocolate us$ be+ made f import$ b]ries1 or ! *ance gr[? ( a munific5t climate & r$undant soil6 ,a few scatt]$ trees1 ,edw>ds says 7& z ,i my self "k71 "h & !re1 are all t rema9 ( ^? fl\ri%+ & beautiful groves1 :i* 7 once ! pride & boa/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y h )]$ ) ! indigo manufactory1 "u ! heavy h& ( m9i/]ial exaction4 ,! excise on cacao1 :5 made into cakes1 rose to no less ?an #ab #abs4 p] cwt41 exclusive ( #aas4 #aa;d4 paid at ! ,cu/om-h\se1 am\nt+ toge!r to upw>ds ( #hdj p] c5t4 on its m>ketable value6 ,! mode ( cultivat+ ! cacao is giv5 at "s l5g? by ,edw>ds2 x is t ( ! ,spani>ds1 a process /rictly foll[$ 9 ,tr9idad1 :]e1 ( all ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 x con/itutes a consid]able item ( exports4 ,x is ?us describ$3--,a spot ( level l& be+ *os5--pref]5ce is always giv5 to a deep black m\ld1 %elt]$ by a h$ge or ?icket1 s z to be scre5$ by ! w9d1 especially ! nor?1 & cle>$ ( all we$s & /umps ( trees--a numb] ( holes are dug1 at t5 or twelve feet di/ance f ea* o!r1 ea* hole be+ ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & six or eight in*es deep4 ,a v important matt] is ! selection ( ! se$s = plant+1 & ?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! f9e/ & l>ge/ pods ( ! cacao are select$ :5 full ripe1 & ! gra9s tak5 out & plac$ 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,^? :i* swim are reject$2 ^? *os5 are wa%$ clean f ! pulp1 sk9n$1 & !n replac$ 9 ! wat] till !y beg9 to spr\t2 ,banana 7,musa p>adisiaca71 or "s o!r l>ge leaves1 ^? ( ! sea-side grape 7,coccoloba uvif]a71 = in/ance1 are !n tak51 & ea* hole is l9$ ) "o ( !m1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! sides ( ! leaves "s in*es above gr\nd2 aft] :i* ! m\ld is rubb$ 9 g5tly till ! hole is fill$2 ?ree nuts are !n select$ = ea* hole1 & !y are set triangul>ly 9 ! e>?1 by mak+ a small op5+ ) ! f+] ab\t two in*es deep1 into :i* ! nuts are put1 ) t end d[nw>ds f :i* ! spr\t issues4 ,!y are !n cov]$ lightly ) m\ld1 ! leaf fold$ ov]1 & a small /one plac$ on ! top1 to prev5t its op5+2 9 eight or t5 days ! "y %oots appe> above ! gr\nd2 ! leaves are !n op5$ to give !m light & air1 & a %elt] f ! sun1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( planta9 or banana leaves1 is n =gott52 b ! coco-nut & o!r species ( palm1 on acc\nt ( _! fibr\s /ructure & great durability1 are always pref]r$4 ,?is artificial %elt] is cont9u$ = five or six mon?s4 ,b1 z a fur!r security to ! "y plants1 = !y are v delicate1 o!r trees or %rubs are plant$ to ! s\?-we/ ( ! plants1 t !y may gr[ up ) & %elt] !m1 = "y cacao w gr[ & fl\ri% only 9 ! %ade4 ,= ?is purpose ! coral bean-tree 7,ery?r9a ,corallod5drum7 is *os54 ,i %\ld presume !re are o!r trees & plants equally eligible = ?is purpose1 & m useful2 b my exp]i5ce does n enable me to speak positively ^u ! subject4 ,%\ld ! ?ree se$s plac$ 9 ea* hole spr+ up1 x is ?\ght necess>y1 :5 ! plants are fifte5 or tw5ty in*es high1 to cut "o ( !m d[n4 ,! two o!rs1 if !y dev>icate1 are sometimes suff]$ to rema91 b x does n always happ5 t ev5 "o ( ! ?ree spr+s above ! e>?2 consequ5tly ?is additional labor is n inv>iably requisite4 ,on ! f\r? or fif? ye> ! tree beg9s to be>1 & atta9s p]fection by ! eigh?1 cont9u+ to produce two crops ( fruit p] annum1 yield+ at ea* crop f #aj lbs4 to #bj lbs41 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,x w cont9ue be>+ = tw5ty ye>s2 b1 z x is a delicate plant1 x suff]s f dr\ght1 & is liable to blight4 ,9 ^! respects1 h[ev]1 x does n diff] f _m o!r plants1 :i* are ev5 m subject to disease1 ?\gh n half s valuable4 ,besides1 a prop] sy/em ( irrigation1 su* z c\ld be _h rec\rse to 9 _m p>ts ( ,jamaica1 w\ld obviate & prev5t ^! evils4 ,! :ole quantity import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ! ,we/ ,indies & ,briti% ,guiana dur+ ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s1 has be5 z foll[s3-- lbs4 #ahca #a1dia1idg #ahcb #fah1jij #ahcc #b1abe1fda #ahcd #a1cfj1cbe #ahce #dci1ddj #ahcf #a1faa1ajd #ahcg #a1hdg1abe #ahch #b1adg1haf #ahci #ifi1dbh #ahdj #b1cgd1bcc #ahda #b1iai1aje #ahdb #b1dij1fic #ahdc #a1dif1eed #ahdd #c1aai1eee #ahde #c1cea1fjb #ahdf #a1gch1hdh #ahdg #c1jbf1cha #ahdh #b1fjb1cji #ahdi #c1aei1jhf #ahej #a1ihg1gag #ahea #d1cdg1aie #aheb #c1icc1hfc ,cacao is cultivat$ 9 ! highl&s z well z on ! coa/s ( ! nor?-ea/]n p59sula ( ! l>ge & ri* isl& ( ,celebes1 :i* has )9 ! la/ ye> or two be5 ?r[n op5 to =eign trade4 ,! plantations ( x are ev5 n[ consid]able1 & ?is bran* ( indu/ry only requires n to be imp$$ by any ob/acles 9 ord] to be /ill fur!r ext5d$4 ,x =ms a l>ge +r$i5t 9 ! local trade1 & furni%es _m petty trad]s ) _! daily bread1 n to speak ( ! l&[n]s1 = :om ! cultivation ( ! cacao af=ds ! only subsi/5ce4 ,! prep>ation ( ! product diff]s f t adopt$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 b we h n be5 able to asc]ta9 ! practice4 ,we may reckon t #a1bjj to #b1jjj piculs ( #acc lbs4 are ye>ly produc$2 ! prices v>y mu*1 be+ f #ej to #ge flor9s p] picul4--7,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 ii41 p4 #hbi47 ,b\rbon n[ produces #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj kilogrammes ( cacao annually4 ,cacao is gr[n to a small ext5t 9 "s ( ! settlem5ts ( ,we/]n ,africa1 b z yet only a few pun*eons h be5 export$1 all ! produce be+ requir$ = local consumption4 ,! foll[+ figures give ! imports & consumption ( cacao into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! la/ five ye>s3-- ,imports4 ,consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahdh #f1ddb1ihf #ahdi #g1gfi1bcd #c1bcc1ace #ahej #d1dgh1beb #c1ajc1ibf #ahea #f1ggc1ifj #c1jbd1cch #aheb #f1bfh1ebe #c1chb1idd ,! home consumption is v /eady at ab\t #c1jjj1jjj lbs41 yield+ to ! rev5ue #ae1jjj to #af1jjj = duty4 ,! produce ( ,briti% colonies pays #a;d4 p] lb4 duty1 t f =eign c\ntries #b;d2 cocoa husks & %ells half ^! am\nts2 :5 manufactur$ into *ocolate or cocoa pa/e ! duty is #b;d4 p] lb4 f ,briti% possessions1 & #f;d4 f o!r p>ts4 ,! quantity import$ 9 ?is =m is to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ad1jjj lbs4 weight4 ,,c(fee4 ,! next /aple ,i proce$ to speak ( is c(fee--second only 9 importance z a popul> bev]age to t univ]sal commodity1 tea4 ,i %all proce$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to take a retrospect ( ! progress ( ! c(fee trade1 & glance at ! pres5t condition & future prospects ( produce & consumption4 ,x w be se51 by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ figures1 t ! consumption ( c(fee 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom %[s a successive decrease1 f #ahdg to #ahej1 ( #f1dad1ecc lbs41 & a loss to ! rev5ue ( #agi1fad4 ,,home ,,consumption ,,& ,,rev5ue ,,( ,,c(fee ,,= ,,! ,ye>s lbs4 #ahbd #h1bfb1idc #dbj1ihh #ahbe #aa1jhb1igj #cae1hji #ahbh #ag1abg1fcc #ddj1bde #ahce #bc1bie1jdf #feb1abd #ahci #bf1ghi1ide #ggi1aae #ahdj #bh1gbc1gce #iba1eea #ahdd #ca1cid1bbe #fha1faj #ahde #cd1cah1jie #gag1hga #ahdf #cf1gic1jfa #gef1hch #ahdg #cg1dda1cgc #gdf1dcf #ahdh #cg1ajf1bib #gaj1bgj #ahdi #cd1dca1jgd #fdc1baj #ahej #ca1bbf1hdj #eff1hbb #ahea #cb1efd1afd #dde1gci #aheb #ce1jdd1cgf #dch1jhd ,i e/imat$1 9 a little treatise on c(fee & its adult]ations1 :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahej1 t n less ?an #ah1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( vegetable matt] ( v>i\s k9ds 7 sold annually "u ! deceptive "n ( c(fee4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ^! #ah1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( pret5d$ c(fee 7 compos$ ( *icory1 & ! rema9+ f\r? ( o!r +r$i5ts prejudicial to heal?1 z well z a fraud ^u ! rev5ue4 ,! v>i\s sub/ances us$ 9 adult]at+ bo? *icory & c(fee1 :5 sold 9 ! p[d]$ /ate1 h be5 specifically po9t$ out & set =? f "t to "t 9 memorials f ! trade & ! c(fee-gr[]s4 ,mr4 ,m',cullo* & o!r compet5t judges set d[n ! actual consumption ( *icory 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at #ab1ejj tons p] annum4 ,:5 we consid] ! va/ diff]5ce ( price betwe5 *icory & c(fee1 z pur*as$ by ! :olesale deal]1 ! temptation to its fraudul5t use 0 obvi\sly great1 & !re 0 no p5al re/riction aga9/ x4 ,x w be int]e/+ & useful to trace ! hi/ory ( ! trade 9 *icory f its fir/ introduction4 ,! sub/itution ( *icory = c(fee occasion$ a loss to ! rev5ue ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds /]l+ a-ye>1 besides its mis*iev\s effect 9 adult]at+ & debas+ a popul> bev]age :5 us$ 9 su* l>ge & undue proportions = admixture1 & sold at ! price ( c(fee4 ,s9ce ! prohibition ( ! admixture ( *icory ) c(fee1 :5 sold to ! public1 & ! compulsory sale by ,treasury m9ute ( ! two articles 9 sep>ate packages1 a l>ge & rapid increase 9 ! consumption ( c(fee has tak5 place1 & ! trade is n[ plac$ 9 a heal?y position4 ,:il/ ! increase 9 ! consumption ( c(fee f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 to #e? ,septemb]1 #aheb1 0 b #adb1bfg lbs4 z comp>$ ) ! same p]iod ( #ahea2 ! increase 9 ! rema9+ f\r mon?s ( ! ye> 0 to ! amaz+ ext5t ( #b1cej1cfh lbs4 ,?is increas$ consumption is likely to cont9ue1 & our colonial possessions are furni%+ u ) l>g] proportionate supplies1 z may be se5 by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,,total ,,imports ,,( ,,c(fee ,,9 #ahdh #ahdi #ahej #ahea #aheb ,produce ( lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,briti% ,possessions #ce1igj1ejg #dj1cci1bde #cf1had1jcf #ce1igb1afc #db1eai1big ,ditto =eign c\ntries #ba1jhb1idc #bb1igf1edb #ac1ihi1aaf #ag1ach1dig #aa1heg1ieg ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #eg1jec1dej #fc1cae1ghg #ej1hjc1aeb #ec1aaj1ffj #ed1cgg1bed ,9 ! ye> #ahcb *icory 0 fir/ import$ into ,engl&1 subject to a duty equival5t to t levi$ ^u colonial c(fee1 & p]mitt$ to be sold by groc]s sep>ately z *icory2 b notices 7 at ! same "t issu$1 t ! legal p5alties w\ld be rigidly en=c$1 if discov]$ mix$ ) c(fee4 ,9 #ahdj1 9 consequ5ce ( memorials f ! groc]s & deal]s 9 *icory1 & also f ! circum/ance ( exce$+ly high rates !n rul+ = c(fee1 toge!r ) ! disruption ( our comm]cial relations ) ,*9a1 simultane\sly advanc+ ! price ( tea 7?us r5d]+ bo? ^! popul> bev]ages excessively de> to ! consum]71 an ord] 0 issu$ f ! ,treasury to ! ,excise ,bo>d1 au?oriz+ ! admixture ( *icory ) c(fee2 a duty1 h[ev]1 be+ /ill ma9ta9$ on ! =m] ( #bj p] ton on ! kiln-dri$1 & #f;d4 p] lb4 on ! p[d]$ root1 :5 import$ f abroad4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde1 ! cultivation ( *icory 0 introduc$ ^u ,briti% soil1 &1 be+ a home-gr[n commodity1 0 exempt f duty1 b nev]!less1 by virtue ( ! said ,treasury ,ord]1 0 p]mitt$ to ent] into competition ) a /aple production ( our own colonies1 contribut+ on its import a tax ( #fj to #hj p] c5t4 to ! rev5ue ( ! ,/ate4 ,! result1 z might h be5 =ese51 necess>ily creat$ & /imulat$ a demoraliz+ sy/em ( fraud1 unju/ & de/ructive to ! int]e/s ( ! c(fee plant]1 & prejudicial to ! national rev5ue4 ,! effects ( s baneful a sy/em be+ equally manife/ ^u bo? consumption & rev5ue1 !y are "h sep>ately illu/rat$4 ,9 #ahbd1 accord+ to ! foll[+ high scale ( duties1 viz41 #as4 on ,we/ ,india1 #as4 #f;d4 on ,ea/ ,india1 & #bs4 #f;d4 on =eign1 ! ,cu/oms d]iv$ f c(fee 0 #dbj1ihh2 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! rates 7 r$uc$ "o-half1 & 9 ! %ort space ( ?ree ye>s ! am\nt yield$ _h advanc$ to #ddj1bde1 an increase :i* /eadily progress$ 7p>tly aid$ by ! admission ( ! produce ( ,briti% ,india at ! l[ duty7 until x rea*$ #iba1eea 9 #ahdj4 ,^! satisfactory results ju/ifi$ a fur!r r$uction ( ! duties 9 #ahdb to #d;d4 on colonial & #h;d4 7& 9 ! subsequ5t ye> to #f;d47 on =eign1 "u :i* ! rev5ue decl9$ 9 #ahdd to #fha1faf4 ,9 #ahdf x _h aga9 rea*$ to #gef1hch1 & 0 gradually recov]+ itself1 :5 ?is sy/em ( adult]ation fir/ began to ext5d itself g5]ally1 & s9ce t "t ! rev5ue has rapidly decl9$ "u ! same scale ( duties to #eff1hbb 9 #ahej4 ,9 #ahbd ! quantity reta9$ = home consumption 0 #h1bfb1idc lbs41 :i* 0 augm5t$ to #aa1jhb1igj lbs4 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! r$uction ( duty1 & cont9u$ to exhibit an increase at a rate r exce$+ two million p\nds p] annum until #ahcj1 :5 c(fee w\ld appe> to h rea*$ its limit ( consumption )\t fur!r /imulus1 & rema9$ /ation>y until ! modification ( duties all[+ ! admission ( =eign c(fee1 via ! ,cape1 at ! colonial rate1 :5 x advanc$ f #bc1bie1jdf lbs4 9 #ahce1 to #bh1gbc1gce lbs4 9 #ahdj2 & consequ5t ^u a fur!r r$uction ( duties 9 #ahdb1 ! ela/icity ( ! trade exp]i5c$ a /ill wid] developm5t1 & an increase ( n9e million p\nds is exhibit$ 9 ! next five ye>s4 ,f t p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al use ( *icory has n only *eck$ ! progressive increase ( ?is heal?y dem&1 b an annual decl9e is obs]vable to ! ext5t ( above six million p\nds 9 #ahej1 z comp>$ ) #ahdg4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april1 #ahea1 ) ! view ( p>tly rem$y+ ! grievance ( ! coloni/s on ?is head1 ! duties 7 equaliz$ & r$uc$ to #c;d4 ,! results are1 h[ev]1 f> f satisfactory1 ei!r 9 a fiscal or comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,x is true t an increase 9 consumption1 ( "o-&-a-qu>t] million p\nds has tak5 place1 b at ! sacrifice ( #aba1jjj ( rev5ue4 ,b ?is increase1 x w be se51 has n exce$$ #d p] c5t41 :il/ !re has be5 a dim9ution ( #ba p] c5t4 9 ! rev5ue receipts4 ,^u inve/igation1 moreov]1 x w be f\nd t1 not)/&+ ! total increase exhibit$1 !re has be5 an actual fall+ (f ( #hid1ggh lbs4 ( colonial c(fee 9 #ahea2 ! items = la/ ye> are1 h[ev]1 mu* m favorable & enc\rag+ = ! plant]s4 ,no reasonable cause c be assign$ = ?is rapid & s]i\s dim9ution 9 ! consumption ( c(fee1 except ! notori\s sub/itution ( *icory & o!r sub/ances4 ,! argum5ts advanc$ to acc\nt = ! fall+ (f 9 ! consumption ( c(fee1 by adduc+ ! increase ( tea & cacao = a simil> p]iod are fallaci\s1 & contr>y to ! comm]cial exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s1 :i* conv9c+ly proves ^! k9dr$ articles to h always simultane\sly increas$1 or dim9i%$1 9 ratio ) ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! k+dom1 & ! preval5ce ( temp]ate habits among ! community4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to trace ! fluctuations 9 ! consumption ( c(fee4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! consumption ( c(fee 0 "u "o million p\nds ye>ly2 ! only descriptions !n kn[n 9 ! ,london m>ket 7 ,gr5ada1 ,jamaica1 & ,mo*a--! two =m] av]ag+ ab\t #e p] cwt41 & ! latt] #bj p] cwt4 ,gr5ada c(fee is n[ unkn[n1 & ,ceylon & ,brazil are ! l>ge/ produc]s4 ,9 #agfj1 ! total quantity ( c(fee consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 #bfb1jjj lbs41 or ?ree qu>t]s ( an ounce to ea* p]son 9 ! population4 ,9 #ahcc ! quantity 0 #bj1fia1jjj lbs41 or #a lb4 to ea* p]son4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury1 c(fee 0 sold 9 a liquid /ate1 & paid a duty ( #d;d4 p] gallon2 aft]w>ds1 until ! ye> #agcc1 ! duty 0 #bs4 p] lb42 x 0 !n r$uc$ to #as4 #f;d41 s9ce :i* x has paid v>i\s rates ( duty2 9 ! ye> #ahbd x 0 settl$ at #f;d4 p] lb4 ,all descriptions ( c(fee n[ pay b #c;d4 p] lb4 ,! consumption ( c(fee 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 = sev]al ye>s previ\s to #ahbe1 v>i$ f sev5 millions & a half to eight millions & a half p\nds 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! duty be+ #as4 p] lb4 on ,briti% plantation1 #as4 #f;d4 p] lb4 on ,ea/ ,india1 & #bs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 on =eign4 ,f ! #e? ( ,april ( t ye> ^? rates 7 ea* r$uc$ to "o half1 & ! imm$iate consequ5ce 0 a /eady increase ( ! consumption until #ahca1 :5 x am\nt$ to #bc1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,! consumption cont9u$1 )\t any mat]ial v>iation1 at ?is rate1 or to advance by v sl[ degrees1 until #ahcf1 :5 ! duty on ,ea/ ,india c(fee 0 r$uc$ to #f;d4 p] lb42 & ?is *ange _h precisely ! same effect z ! previ\s "o1 = ! consumption aga9 advanc$ to upw>ds ( #bf1jjj1jjj lbs41 :i* 0 !n consid]$1 9 a memorial ( ! ,london trade1 to be z mu* z our colonies 7 capable ( produc+6 ,we n[ f9d1 h[ev]1 "o small isl&1 ,ceylon1 produc+ a f\r? m ?an ?is am\nt annually4 ,! ,belgians1 a population ( #d1ejj1jjj1 consume m ?an #cc1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( c(fee annually2 q z mu* z is us$ by ! :ole #ce1jjj1jjj ,fr5*4 ,! duty on #ajj lbs4 ( c(fee 9 ,france is m ?an ! common orig9al co/--! ,belgian duty n a t5? "p2 s t ! ,fr5* d n use #a lb4 ( c(fee p] head1 :ile ! ,belgians consume #g lbs4 ea* p] annum4 ,! proportion 9 ,engl& is n m ?an #a lb4 p] head to ! population4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! l>ge/ consum]s ( c(fee1 z x is admitt$ into _! ports free ( duty1 & c !re=e be sold = ne>ly ! price p] p\nd :i* ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t levies on x = rev5ue4 ,! entire consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1 call+ _! population #bc1jjj1jjj & ours #cj1jjj1jjj1 exce$s ours1 on an e/imate ( population1 by sixfold4 ,?us ! av]age consumption ( c(fee by ea* ,am]ican1 annually1 is ab\t #h lbs41 :ile ! quantity us$ by ea* p]son 9 ! ,european ,/ates is less ?an #a lb4 ,! *anges 9 ! s\rces ( supply1 )9 ! la/ fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s1 h be5 v rem>kable4 ,! ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,ea/ h tak5 ! place :i* our isl&s ( ! ,we/ =m]ly occupi$4 ,! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies h fall5 (f 9 _! produce ( c(fee f #cj1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,ceylon :i*1 fifte5 ye>s ago1 _h sc>cely turn$ att5tion to c(fee1 n[ exports ne>ly #ce1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,san ,dom+o1 ,cuba1 & ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india colonies are gradually giv+ up c(fee-cultivation 9 favor ( o!r /aples2 & x is only ,brazil1 ,java1 & "s ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,republics t are able to r5d] c(fee a pr(itable crop4 ,! export crop ( ,brazil 7! greate/ c(fee-produc+ c\ntry71 gr[n 9 #ahej1 = ! supply ( ! ye> end+ ,july1 #ahea1 am\nt$ to no less ?an #cjb1jjj1jjj lbs41 ( ?is a l>ge quantity rema9$ 9 ! int]ior to supply ! defici5cy ( ! curr5t ye>4 ,x is sc>cely ?irty ye>s ago t ! c(fee-plant 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,b5gal by two refugees f ,manilla2 & ! ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies n[ yield #db1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,suffici5t ext5t has n yet be5 giv5 to enable x to be decid$ 9 :at di/rict ( ,cont95tal ,india x may be mo/ advantage\sly cultivat$4 ,x is 9 ! f9e isl& ( ,ceylon1 h[ev]1 t c(fee-culture has made ! mo/ rapid progress4 ,x is an important fact t ! supply ( c(fee f ,ceylon1 ev5 at ! pres5t mom5t1 & irrespective ( l& already plant$ b n yet come into full be>+1 is 9 excess ( ! :ole consumption ( ,great ,brita91 & ! plant] is ?us compell$ to c>ry ! surplus to cont95tal m>kets4 ,! exports ( c(fee f ,ceylon h be5 r /ation>y ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 av]ag+ ab\t #cjj1jjj cwt4 ,9 ! sixte5 ye>s end+ ) #ahea1 ,ceylon _h export$ #acj1jhc tons ( c(fee6 ,! pres5t produce ( ! v>i\s c(fee-gr[+ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 may be set d[n at ! foll[+ figures3 ,,s\? ,,& ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4 ,millions ( lbs4 ,co/a ,rica #i ,la ,guayra & ,porto ,cabello #ce ,brazil #cjb ,briti% ,we/ ,indies #h ,fr5* & ,dut* ,we/ ,indies #g ,cuba & ,porto ,rico #cj ,/4 ,dom+o #cc ,,asia ,,& ,,! ,,ea/4 ,java #adj ,! ,philipp9e ,isles #c ,celebes #a ,sumatra #e ,ceylon #cd ,malab> & ,mysore #e ,arabia 7,mo*a7 #c --- #faf #bge1jjj tons4 ,?is ,i h comput$ z accurately z possible f ! mo/ rec5t returns1 b x falls mu* bel[ ! actual capabilities ( production1 ev5 ) ! trees at be>+1 & l& already "u cultivation2 & also1 9 a great measure1 excludes ! local consumption 9 ! produc+ c\ntries4 ,9 _m qu>t]s !re has be5 a consid]able fall+ (f 9 ! production4 ,! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 z we h se51 =m]ly export$ #cj1jjj1jjj lbs41 ! ,fr5* & ,dut* ,we/ ,indies #ag1jjj1jjj1 ,cuba & ,porto ,rico #ef1jjj1jjj1 & ,/4 ,dom+o1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 #gf1jjj1jjj4 ,! gr[? ( c(fee has be5 transf]r$ f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & to ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t1 :]e labor is m abundant1 c]ta91 & *eap4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! increase 9 production has be5 enorm\s & progressive1 )1 p]haps1 ! exception ( ,sumatra1 :i* has fall5 (f f #ae1jjj1jjj lbs4 to some:]e ab\t "o-?ird ( t quantity4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t may be tak5 z an approximate e/imate ( ! actual consumption ( c(fee at ! pres5t "t3-- ,millions ( lbs4 ,great ,brita9 #cb ,holl& & ,belgium #abe ,france #cc ,g]man ,cu/oms ,union #ie ,o!r ,g]man ,c\ntries n includ$ #df 9 ! ,union1 & ,au/ria ,switz]l& #ac ,m$it]ranean ,c\ntries #bj ,russia #ab ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k #bj ,spa9 & ,portugal #ae ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,au/ralia #f ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,am]ica #agj --- #ehg ,a calculation made 9 ! ,economi/1 a ye> or two ago1 gave ! foll[+ z ! probable consumption3-- ,millions ( lbs4 ,holl& & ,ne!rl&s #ajh ,g]many & ,nor? ,europe #age ,france & ,s\? ( ,europe #aje ,great ,brita9 #cg ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,am]ica #age --- ,total #fjj ,b ?is e/imate is too high 9 "s ( ! figures4 ,great ,brita9 we "k1 f ! (ficial tables only1 consumes #cd1jjj1jjj lbs4 annually2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,am]ica n s mu* z set d[n by sev]al millions2 = ! (ficial returns ( ! imports ( c(fee into ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ an av]age = ! ?ree ye>s end+ ,june1 #ahej1 ( less ?an #aed1jjj1jjj lbs42 al?\gh a writ] 9 a rec5t numb] ( ,hunt's ,m]*ant's ,magaz9e1 ,new ,york1 7usually a well-in=m$ p]iodical17 assumes a consumption ( #bjj1jjj1jjj lbs41 = ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,/ates & ,prov9ces4 ,! quantity ( c(fee produc$ be+ great] ?an ! consumption !re(1 ! gr[? ( x becomes less remun]ative1 & consequ5tly we may look = a decrease 9 ! supply4 ,ceylon1 z well z ! ,we/ ,indies g5]ally1 ,briti% & =eign1 are likely to direct _! att5tion to "s m pr(itable /aple4 ,a dim9i%$ production may fur!r be expect$ 9 ,brazil1 consequ5t on ! ext]m9ation ( ! slave-trade & ! m sp>+ ex]tion ( ! lab\r ( ! slaves4 ,9 ,cuba ! want ( lab\r is s mu* felt t l>ge engagem5ts h be5 ent]$ into = ! importation ( ,*9ese2 & !re are _m reasons = expect+ a dim9i%$ production 9 ,java1 ! next l>ge/ c(fee-produc+ c\ntry4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is expect$ decrease 9 ! quantity ( c(fee produc$ w be1 to br+ ! produce z mu* bel[ ! wants ( ! consum]s z x is n[ above1 & ?is mu/ aga9 result 9 an enhancem5t ( prices 9 process ( "t4 ,if x 7 ?\ght desirable to ext5d ! production ( c(fee1 !re are _m new qu>t]s1 besides ! exi/+ c\ntries 9 :i* x is l>gely cultivat$1 :]e x c\ld be ext5sively gr[n4 ,we may in/ance ,lib]ia & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa g5]ally1 ! int]ior ranges ( ,natal1 ! m\nta9-ranges on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 f ,moreton ,bay to ,torres ,/raits1 c41 c4 ,b ! pres5t production is m ?an equal to ! dem&2 & unless a v l>gely increas$ consumption takes place 9 ! ,european c\ntries1 ! pres5t plantations 7colonial & =eign7 are amply suffici5t to supply1 = _m ye>s to come1 all ! dem&s t c be made ^u _! trees1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* h yet to come into full be>+4 ,! c(fee tree w\ld gr[ to ! height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet if p]mitt$1 b x is bad policy to let x gr[ high] ?an f\r or five feet4 ,x comes to maturity 9 five ye>s1 b does n ?rive beyond ! tw5ty-fif?1 & is useless g5]ally aft] ?irty ye>s4 ,al?\gh ! tree af=ds no pr(it to ! plant] = ne>ly five ye>s2 yet aft] t "t1 ) v little labor be/[$ ^u x1 x yields a l>ge return4 ,mr4 ,*ur*ill1 ,jamaica1 f\nd t #a1jjj gra9s ( ! wood1 leaves1 & twigs ( ! c(fee tree1 yield$ #cc gra9s ( a%es1 or #c4cjj p] c5t4 ,! a%es consi/ ( potass1 lime1 alum9a1 & iron 9 ! /ate ( c>bonates1 sulphates1 muriates1 & phosphates1 & a small portion ( silica4 ,accord+ to ,liebig's classification ( plants1 ! c(fee tree falls "u ! description ( ^? not$ = _! prepond]ance ( lime4 ,?us ! proportions 9 ! c(fee tree are-- ,lime salts #gg ,potass salts #bj ,silica #c --- #ajj ,i %all n[ proce$ to describe ! cultivation ( ! tree & prep>ation ( ! b]ry1 z c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,cultivation ( ,mo*a--,9 ,arabia ,felix1 ! culture is pr9cipally c>ri$ on 9 ! k+dom ( ,yem51 t[>ds ! cantons ( ,ad5 & ,mo*a4 ,al?\gh ^! c\ntries are v hot 9 ! pla9s1 !y possess m\nta9s :]e ! air is mild4 ,! c(fee is g5]ally gr[n half way up on _! slopes4 ,:5 cultivat$ on ! l[] gr\nds x is always surr\nd$ by l>ge trees1 :i* %elt] x f ! torrid sun1 & prev5t its fruit f )]+ be=e _! maturity4 ,! h>ve/ is ga!r$ at ?ree p]iods2 ! mo/ consid]able occurs 9 ,may1 :5 ! reap]s beg9 by spread+ clo?s "u ! trees1 !n %ak+ ! bran*es /rongly1 s z to make ! fruit drop1 :i* !y collect & expose ^u mats to dry4 ,!y !n pass ov] ! dri$ b]ries a heavy roll]1 to break ! envelopes1 :i* are aft]w>ds w9n[$ away ) a fan4 ,! int]ior bean is aga9 dri$ be=e be+ laid up 9 /ore4 ,! pr9cipal c(fee di/ricts are ,h5j]sia1 ,t>zia1 ,oude91 ,aneizah1 ,bazil1 & ,weesaf4 ,! ne>e/ c(fee plantations are ?ree-&-a-half days j\rney 7ab\t #hj miles7 f ,ad54 ,! foll[+ in=mation is d]iv$ f ,capt4 ,s4,b4 ,ha9es ( ! ,indian ,navy1 & our political ag5t at ,ad54 ,a camel load is ab\t #djj lbs #be frazlas or bales4 ,g4,c4 ,commassees4 ,! price ( ditto inl& #ca #da ,at ,mo*a1 duty to ,dewla unc]ta9 ,bake fee "o but%a on ea* frazla #be ,weigh+ & cl]k's fee #bj ,pack+ #dj ,camel hire to ! coa/ #ab #ej ,co/ f ,sana to ,mo*a #dd #ae ,c(fee is br\ght into ! ,sana m>ket 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y f ! surr\nd+ di/ricts4 ,! v>ieties are-- #a4 ,%]zee1 be/--price #a ,g4,c4 frazla #be but%a4 #b4 ,ouceaime4 #c4 ,muttanee4 #d4 ,%>razee4 #e4 ,hubbal f ,aniss4 #f4 ,%]issee f ditto--price p] frazla #a ,g4,c4 #ae ,b4 ,! ne>e/ place to ,sana :]e ! c(fee tree gr[s1 is at ,arfi%1 half a day di/ant4 ,attempts h be5 made to introduce ! %rub 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,imaum at ,sana1 b )\t success1 ascrib$ to cold4 ,ke%] is m priz$ at ,sana2 ! be/ is ,anissea1 & is sold at a high] price ?an o!r c(fee1 namely1 g4c4 #ab p] #ajj lbs42 inf]ior1 at f #d1 #e1 & #f4 ,ra9 falls 9 ,sana ?ree times 9 ! ye>4 #a/4 ,9 ,janu>y1 9 small quantities4 #bnd4 ,beg9n+ ( ,june1 :5 x falls = eight or t5 days4 ,by ?is "t ! se$ is s[n1 & ! cultivators look =w>d to ! season ) anxiety4 #crd4 ,9 ,july1 :5 x falls 9 abundance4 ,a few f>m]s def] s[+ till ?is p]iod1 b x is unusual :5 !y expect ra9 9 ,june4 ,! c(fee plant is mo/ly f\nd gr[+ ne> ! sides ( m\nta9s1 valleys1 & o!r %elt]$ situations1 ! soil ( :i* has be5 gradually wa%$ d[n f ! surr\nd+ heights1 be+ t :i* =ms its s\rce ( support4 ,?is is af=d$ by ! decomposition ( a species ( clay/one 7slightly phosphoritic7 :i* is f\nd irregul>ly dispos$ 9 company ) a few pieces ( trap-rocks1 among/ :i*1 on approa*+ ,sana f ! s\?w>d1 basalt is f\nd to prepond]ate4 ,! clay /one is only f\nd 9 ! m elevat$ di/ricts1 b ! debris f9ds a ready way into ! l[] c\ntry by ! num]\s & /eep gorges :i* are conspicu\s 9 e direction4 ,z x is ?r[n ^u "o side ( ! valley1 x is c>efully protect$ by means ( /one walls1 s z to pres5t to ! travell] ! appe>ance ( t]races4 ,! plant requires a moi/ soil1 ?\gh mu* ra9 does n appe> necess>y4 ,x is always f\nd 9 great] luxuriance at places :]e !re is no spr+4 ,! tree at times looks languid1 & half )]$2 an abundant supply ( wat] to ! root ( ! plant seems necess>y = ! full gr[? & p]fection ( its bean4 ,progress ( ,cultivation 9 ,india4--,!re are said to be t5 v>ieties ( ! c(fee1 b only "o is f\nd indig5\s to ,india1 & x is que/ionable if ?is is n ! ,mo*a species introduc$ f ,arabia4 ,! cultivation ( ?is important crop is spread+ fa/ ?r\gh\t ! ea/1 & has be5 adopt$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,h9do/an4 ,9 ! ,t5ass]im prov9ces1 on ! table l& ( ,mysore1 9 ,p5ang1 & especially 9 ! isl&s ( ,b\rbon & ,ceylon1 x is becom+ m & m an object ( att5tion4 ,x is kn[n to h giv5 good produce 9 ,sang> & ! ,n]budda2 also 9 ,mirzapore1 z well z ,dacca1 & o!r p>ts ( ,b5gal2 ,*ota ,najpore1 ,malab>1 & ,travancore4 ,f ?ree to f\r million p\nds ( c(fee are n[ export$ f ! ,indian presid5cies annually4 ,! highe/ quantity 0 f\r & a qu>t] million p\nds 9 #ahde1 b ! progress ( culture1 judg+ f ! export1 has be5 small4 ,on ! hilly di/ricts on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,siam1 ! cultivation is c>ri$ on on a limit$ scale4 ,! annual produce is n mu* m ?an ab\t #djj cwt41 al?\gh x is und]/ood to be increas+4 ,! quality ( ! b]ry is reckon$ to be ne>ly equal to ,mo*a1 & x comm&s a high price 9 ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,! soil recomm5d$ 9 ,india is a good ri* g>d5 l&1 ! situation high & n liable to inundation1 & well %elt]$ to ! nor?-we/1 or 9 su* o!r direction z ! prevail+ /orms are f\nd to come f4 ,a plantation1 or a hill af=d+ ! %rubs %ade1 has be5 f\nd b5eficial 9 all tropical climates1 because1 if gr[n fully expos$ to ! sun1 ! b]ries h be5 f\nd to be rip5$ prematurely4 ,! spot %\ld be well dug to a dep? ( two feet be=e ! trees are plant$ out1 & ! e>? pulv]is$ & cle>$ f ! roots ( rank we$s1 b p>ticul>ly f ! co>se woody grasses ) :i* all p>ts ( ,india ab\nd4 ,! be/ manure is f\nd 9 ! decay$ leaves t fall f ! trees !mselves1 to :i* may be add$ ! we$s produc$ 9 ! plantation1 dri$ & burnt4 ,^!1 !n1 dug 91 are ! only manure t w be requir$4 ,c[-dung is ! be/ manure = ! se$-b$s4 ,! se$ res]v$ = s[+ mu/ be put into ! gr\nd q fre%1 z x soon loses its p[] ( g]m9ation4 ,clean1 well-=m$ b]ries1 free f injury by insects1 or ! decay ( ! pulp1 %\ld be select$4 ,^! b]ries mu/ be s[n 9 a nurs]y1 ei!r 9 small1 well-manur$ b$s1 or 9 pots 9 a %elt]$ spot1 n too close1 z x is well to leave !m :]e s[n until !y acquire a good gr[?2 inde$1 x is bett] if !y are remov$ at once f ! b$ :]e !y are s[n1 to ! plantation4 ,"h !y %\ld be plant$ z soon z !y h atta9$ two ye>s ( age1 =1 be x rememb]$1 t if !y are left too long 9 ! nurs]y1 !y become unproductive & nev] recov]4 ,! di/ance at :i* !y %\ld be put out 9 ! plantation ne$ n exce$ eight feet ap>t 9 ! r[s1 betwe5 :i*1 also1 !re %\ld be eight feet di/ance4 ,! se$l+s appe> 9 ab\t a mon? aft] ! se$ is s[n4 ,! culture requisite is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to af=d %ade to ! "y plants2 _m consid] t ?is %elt] %\ld be cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! culture2 b ?is is some:at d\btful1 z x has be5 f\nd t plants s protect$ are n su* good be>]s z ^? :i* are expos$4 ,! be/ plants = ?is purpose are tall1 wide-bran*+ trees or %rubs1 )\t mu* und]wood4 ,! o!r culture requisite is only to keep ! gr\nd tol]ably clean f we$s1 = :i* "o cooly on f five to t5 biggahs is suffici5t4 ,he %\ld also prune (f decay$ or dead bran*es4 ,?is treatm5t mu/ be cont9u$ until ! f\r? ye>1 :5 ! trees w fir/ beg9 be>+1 &1 aft] ! ga!r+ ( ea* crop1 ! trees w require to be ?9n$ out f ! sup]abundant bran*es1 _! extremities /opp$1 & ! tops r$uc$ to prev5t _! gr[+ above sev5 or eight feet 9 height2 ! /ems1 also1 %\ld be kept free f %oots or suck]s = ! height ( at lea/ "o foot1 z well z cle> f we$s4 ,irrigation mu/ be frequ5t dur+ ! fir/ ye> t ! plants are remov$ to ! plantation1 & may be aft]w>ds advantage\sly cont9u$ at int]vals dur+ ! dry & hot wea!r1 z a v hot season is f\nd unfavorable to ! plant1 dry+ up & de/roy+ ! top bran*es & ! extremities ( ! side %oots2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 a v long ra9 de/roys ! fruit by swell+ x out & rott+ x be=e x c be rip5$3 h5ce x is necess>y to att5d to a good dra9age ( ! plantation1 t no wat] be any:]e all[$ to lodge1 z c]ta9 loss w ensue1 n only ( ! crop ( ! curr5t ye>1 b mo/ frequ5tly ( ! trees also1 z _! roots require to be r dry ?an o!rwise4 ,! crop w be ready to ga!r f ,octob] to ,janu>y1 :5 ! ripe b]ries %\ld be c>efully pick$ f ! trees by h& e morn+1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade1 ! sun be+ apt to make !m too brittle2 !y mu/ be c>efully turn$ to prev5t f]m5tation1 & :5 suffici5tly dry ! husks mu/ be remov$1 & ! clean c(fee sep>at$ f ! brok5 b]ries4 ,aft] be+ pick$ out & put aside1 & !n aga9 dri$1 x is fit to pack4 ,! fir/ ye>'s crop w be less ?an ! succe$+ ones1 9 :i* ! produce w range f a lb4 to #a lb4 9 ea* ye>4--7,simmonds's ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 xv47 ,ceylon4--,c(fee is /at$ to h be5 introduc$ into ?is isl& f ,java1 some:]e ab\t ! ye> #agcj4 ,x 0 ext5sively diffus$ ov] ! c\ntry by ! ag5cy ( birds & jackalls4 ,9 #ahba its cultivation may be said to h p>tially comm5c$1 & 9 #ahcf1 x _h become widely ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ,k&yan prov9ces4 ,9 #ahci n a tree _h be5 fell$ on ! wide range ( ! ,himasg>ia m\nta9s4 ,9 #ahdj a small plantation 01 = ! fir/ "t1 =m$4 ,9 #ahdf !re 7 fifty e/ates1 !n av]ag+1 ea*1 #bjj acres ( plant$ l&1 & yield+ an av]age crop ( #hj1jjj cwt4 ( c(fee4 ,e acre is n[ pur*as$ 9 t locality1 & 9 l>ge tracts1 or !re w\ld h be5 twice ! numb] ( e/ates 9 cultivation4 ,9 #ahdh1 ! ,galgawatte e/ate1 situate 9 ?is range1 at an elevation ( #d1jjj feet1 conta9+ #bdf acres1 ( :i* #gb 7 plant$1 0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,r4,d4 ,g]>d1 = #a1fjj4 ,! quantity ( l& :i* _h be5 br\ght "u cultivation ) c(fee 9 ?is isl& 9 ! t5 ye>s previ\s to ! la/ r$uction ( duty 9 #ahdd1 01 9 r\nd numb]s1 #be1jjj acres2 b s rapid 0 ! subsequ5t increase1 t 9 ! succe$+ ?ree ye>s1 t ext5t ( l& 0 d\bl$2 s t1 9 #ahdg1 !re 7 upw>ds ( #fj1jjj acres ( l& "u cultivation ) c(fee1 giv+ employm5t to #dj1jjj immigrant coolies f ! cont95t ( ,india1 & upw>ds ( two millions ( capital 7 inve/$ 9 ! cultivation ( ?is /aple4 ,! quantity ( l& "u culture ) c(fee by ,europeans1 0 ab\t #ee1jjj acres 9 #ahea4 ,all[+ #bj1jjj acres to produce ! quantity ( native c(fee export$1 & #e1jjj = t consum$ 9 ! isl&1 ! total ext5t ( c(fee cultivation 9 ,ceylon1 ,european & native1 w be #hj1jjj acres4 ,! produce export$ 9 #ahdi 0 #cgc1eic cwt41 :ile 9 ! ye> #ahcf1 :5 att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ?is isl& z a c(fee-produc+ c\ntry1 ! crop 0 n m ?an #fj1ccj cwt4 ,l>ge pr(its 7 made by ! fir/ plant]s1 m capital 0 introduc$1 until1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdj & #ahdb1 ! influx ( capitali/s1 to und]take ?is species ( cultivation1 completely *ang$ ! face ( ! colony1 & enl>g$ its trade1 & ! produce ( c(fee 9 sixte5 ye>s has increas$ sixfold4 ,! g5]al culture resembles ! practice 9 ,java4 ,( ! ,ceylon c(fee1 t gr[n ab\t ,ramboddi fet*es ! highe/ price1 f ! sup]iority ( ! make1 %ape1 & boldness ( ! b]ry4 ,! weight p] bu%el1 clean1 av]ages #ef lbs42 #eg lbs4 is ab\t ! greate/ weight ( ,ceylon c(fee4 ,! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( ,ceylon plantation c(fee is ! ,doomb]a1 :i* av]ages #ed lbs41 cle>1 p] bu%el4 ,! foll[+ h be5 ! prices ( good ord9>y ,ceylon c(fee 9 ! port ( ,london = ! la/ eight ye>s 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahec1 #dfs4 to #dhs42 #aheb1 #djs4 to #dbs42 #ahea1 #chs4 #f;d4 to #djs4 #f;d42 #ahej1 #efs4 #f;d4 to #egs4 #f;d42 #ahdi1 #cas4 to #cbs4 #f;d42 #ahdh1 #cas4 #f;d4 to #ccs42 #ahdg1 #cis4 #f;d4 to #das4 #f;d42 #ahdf1 #dis4 to #ejs4 ,=e/ l&s are ^? usually plant$ 9 ,ceylon1 & ! exp5se att5dant on cle>+ & reclaim+ !m f a /ate ( nature1 & conv]t+ !m into plantations1 is e/imat$ to av]age #h p] acre4 ,! l[e/ upset price ( cr[n l&s 9 ! colony is #a p] acre4 ,c(fee plant+ has fail$ ov] a consid]able portion ( ! s\!rn prov9ce ( ! isl&1 :]e ! exp]im5t 0 tri$4 ,! temp]ature 0 f\nd to be too equable1 n desc5d+ suffici5tly l[ at any "t to invigorate ! plant2 :i*1 ?\gh gr[+ luxuriantly at fir/1 soon became weak & delicate4 ,nurs]ies are e/abli%$ = "y plants4 ,! di/ricts 9 :i* ! c(fee is pr9cipally cultivat$1 ext5d ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! hilly region1 :i* is ! m$ium & connect+ l9k betwe5 ! m\nta9\s zone & ! level di/ricts ( ! coa/4 ,! mania = c(fee plant+ has rec5tly subsid$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! b>ely remun]ative returns at :i* t article has be5 sold1 ascribable p>tly to ov]-production1 & 9 "s measure1 p]haps1 to ! tempor>y glut ( =eign c(fee ?r[n on ! ,briti% m>ket by ! r$uction ( ! duty4 ,z reg>ds ! yield1 "s e/ates 9 ,ceylon h produc$ upw>ds ( #ae cwt4 p] acre1 b x is a good e/ate t w av]age sev51 & _m d n give m ?an #d cwt4 ! acre4 ,! %ipm5ts f ,colombo = five ye>s1 are /at$ bel[1 ) ! class ( c(fee3-- ,plantation4 ,native4 ,total4 cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 #ahde #ge1jjb #aab1hhi #ahg1hia #ahdf #ia1bdj #gj1iia #afb1bca #ahdg #ajf1aih #adc1deg #bdi1fee #ahdh #aia1dfd #hh1dbb #bgi1hhf #ahdi #bdc1ibf #aah1gef #cfb1fhb #ahej #aih1iig #ef1fib #bee1fhi #ahea #bbj1dga #ig1jia #cag1efb ,:ile1 9 #ahci1 ! total value ( ! exports f ,ceylon 0 only #ccj1jjj1 9 #ahej ! value ( ! s+le /aple ( c(fee 0 no less ?an #fji1bfb1 & 9 #ahea _h /ill fur!r increas$4 ,i app5d a memor&um ( ! quantities ( c(fee export$ f ,ceylon s9ce #ahcf3-- ,quantity4 ,value4 cwt4 #ahcf #fj1cbi #ahcg #cd1afd #ahch #di1eda #ahci #da1hfc #ahdj #fh1bjf #ahda #hj1ehd #aif1jdh #ahdb #aai1hje #bfi1gfc #ahdc #id1hdg #aib1hia #ahdd #acc1ieg #bfg1ffc #ahde #agh1fjc #cfc1bei #ahdf #agc1hib #cbh1gha #ahdg #bic1bba #def1fbd #ahdh #bhj1jaj #chg1aej #ahdi #cgc1eic #ede1cbb #ahej #bgh1dgc #fji1bfb #ahea #cci1gdd --------- ,total 9 #af ye>s #b1fjj1hcb --------- ,av]age #afb1eeb 7,ceylon ,almanac = #ahec47 ,! local export duty ( two-&-a-half p] c5t41 0 aboli%$ f #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahdh4 ,f ^! figures x appe>s t1 9 a p]iod ( sixte5 ye>s1 ,ceylon export$ two & a half millions ( cwts4 ( c(fee4 ,! consumption ( c(fee1 al?\gh = a long "t /ation>y 9 ,brita91 n[ t adult]ation is no long] legalis$1 is likely to increase z rapidly z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 & x appe>s pretty evid5t t1 s long z any?+ l remun]ative prices c be obta9$1 ,ceylon w d h] "p 9 supply+ ! _w ) an article :i* occupies ! position ( a necess>y to ! poor z well z a luxury to ! ri*4 ,! exports ( c(fee f ?is colony h1 )9 a few ?\s&s ( hundr$weights1 be5 ne>ly quadrupl$ s9ce #ahdc1 :5 only #id1jjj cwts4 7 s5t away4 ,dr4 ,rudolph ,gygax1 9 a pap] submitt$ to ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 (f]$ rem>ks on "s analyses1 ( ! c(fee ( ,ceylon1 ) sugge/ions = ! applications ( manures4 ,hav+ _h1 he obs]ves1 my att5tion drawn to an acc\nt ( an analysis ( ! ,jamaica c(fee b]ry1 made by ,mr4 ,h]apa?1 ! ,liv]pool *emi/1 ,i h paid "s little att5tion to ! subject ( ! c(fee plant ( ?is isl&1 =m+1 z x does1 s v important a feature 9 ! res\rces ( ?is colony4 ,! desire t ,i ?us felt = obta9+ "s in=mation reg>d+ ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,ceylon tree & its fruit1 0 height5$ by a k ( ! fact1 t n a few ( ^? c(fee e/ates1 :i* once gave good promise ( success1 are n[ 9 a v prec>i\s /ate ( production4 ,i mu* regret t ! means at my disposal h n all[$ me to c>ry out any quantative analysis1 b ! result ( my lab\rs are suffici5tly accurate = my pres5t purpose4 ,i h analys$ ! wood & fruit ( trees f two diff]5t localities1 z well z ! a%es ( "s plants s5t me f ! ,rajawella e/ate ne> ,k&y1 & !y all t5d to be> out ! result ( ,mr4 ,h]apa?'s inquiries4 ,plac+ ! sub/ances trac$ 9 ! c(fee plant 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! greate/ quantity1 !y w /& ?us3-- ,lime1 pota%1 magnesia1 phosphoric acid1 o!r acids4 ,( ^! lime is by f> ! mo/ prom95t1 =m+ ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,i _c help1 !re=e1 arriv+ at ! conclusion t1 to cultivate c(fee ) any degree ( success1 ! fir/-nam$ sub/ance mu/ be pres5t 9 ! soil2 or1 if n pres5t1 mu/ be suppli$ to x by "s process4 ,n[ x is a s+ul> fact t ! rocks & soils ( ,ceylon are greatly defici5t 9 alkal9e matt]2 &1 tak+ ?is view ( ! case1 "o no long] wond]s t _m e/ates cease to produce c(fee4 ,t all1 or ne>ly all ! plantations did1 9 _! fir/ ye> or two ( be>+1 produce lib]ally 9 fruit1 may readily be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! alkal9e pov]ty ( ! soil 0 enri*$ by ! burn+ ( ! va/ quantities ( timb] :i* lay fell$ on all sides4 ,:il/ ?is tempor>y supply la/$1 all 0 well ) ! plant]4 ,heavy ra9s1 & frequ5t scrap+s ( ! l& ) ! mamotie1 or hoe1 soon dissipat$ ?is scanty supply1 & %ort crops are n[ ! consequ5ce4 ,b nature1 ev] b\ntiful1 ev] ready to comp5sate = all defici5cies1 has provid$ to our h&s a ready means ( rem$y+ ?is evil ( ! soil1 by scatt]+ ?r\gh\t mo/ p>ts ( ! int]ior supplies ( dolomitic lime/one4 ,! dolomite ( ,ceylon is n pure1 f> f x1 be+ mix$ freely ) apatite or phosphate ( lime4 ,ev5 9 ?is v accid5tal circum/ance ! c(fee plant] is aid$2 = ! phosphoric acid ?us comb9$ ) ! lime/one is ! v sub/ance requir$ 9 addition4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ prop]ties 9 ! isl& are situat$ on a lime/one bottom1 & ^! no d\bt w cont9ue to yield abundant crops = a v long p]iod4 ,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is op9ion t 9 "s di/ricts :]e c(fee plant+ has prov$ a complete failure1 dolomite is f\nd mo/ abundantly2 b ,i h v little d\bt t ! dolomite "h allud$ to is only magnesian lime/one1 & :i* is mo/ inimical to ! c(fee bu%4 ,i am aw>e t already sev]al manures h be5 tri$ on c(fee ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,guano has1 ,i believe1 q fail$1 & is besides v co/ly4 ,cattle manure is said to be effective1 & no d\bt x is1 b x is a co/ly & tr\blesome affair4 ,bones1 gr\nd f9e1 are n[ be+ tri$1 ?\gh !y _c b prove mo/ exp5sive1 especially :5 import$4 ,a ton ( bone du/ conta9s ( animal matt]1 #gdf lbs12 phosphates ( lime1 c41 #a1bde lbs42 c>bonates ( lime1 c41 #bdi lbs4 ,! virtue ( bones lies 9 ! phosphates f> m ?an 9 ! animal matt]1 & ?us _! action on soils is felt = _m ye>s aft] _! application4 ,! ,s+alese cultivators ( paddy ab\t ,colombo & ,galle1 appe> to h be5 long aw>e ( ! f]tiliz+ effects ( ?is k9d ( manure1 & import ! article 9 dhonies f _m p>ts ( ! coa/3 !y bruise !m co>sely be=e apply+ !m4 ,! p>tially decompos$ husks ( ! c(fee b]ry h be5 tri$ = "s ye>s1 & successfully1 b !y are difficult ( collection1 & bulky to remove f "o "p ( ! e/ate to ano!r4 ,9 ,europe x w\ld appe> t little is yet kn[n z to ! causes ( ! f]tilis+ effects ( oil cake3 "s suppose !m to arise ma9ly f ! oil left by ! cru%+ process1 b ?is is n at all cle>4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 see t we mu/ look = mu* assi/ance f ,poonac z a manure = c(fee3 = ! cocoanut tree x is d\btless mo/ valuable1 b we h yet to le>n t1 beyond supply+ s mu* m vegetable matt]1 x helps ! action ( ! soil on ! roots ( ! c(fee bu%1 :i*1 aft] all1 is :at is really requir$4 ,= ! prop] application ( ! dolomite to l& z manure1 x %\ld be freely burnt 9 a kiln1 ) a good quantity ( wood1 ! a%es ( :i* %\ld be aft]w>ds mix$ ) ! burnt lime1 & ! :ole expos$ = sev]al days to ! action ( ! air1 %elt]$ ( c\rse f ! wea!r4 ,! mixture %\ld be appli$ j be=e ! sett+ 9 ( ! monsoon ra9s3 if ! l& be tol]ably level1 ! lime may be scatt]$ broadca/ on ! surface1 ?\gh n q ne> ! plants4 ,:5 ! e/ate to be manur$ is /eep1 !n ! sub/ance to be appli$ %\ld be plac$ 9 ridges cut crossways to ! desc5t ( ! slopes4 ,ab\t "o cwt4 to ! acre w\ld be ample = mo/ l&s2 "s may1 h[ev]1 require m4 ,! cont5ts ( ! husk pits might advantage\sly be mix$ up ) ! burnt lime1 :5 a suffici5cy ( x has be5 sav$4 ,a plant] 9 ,ambagamoe /ates t he has tri$ ! foll[+ rem$y = t de/ructive sc\rge1 ! c(fee-bug1 ) great success4 ,he applies saltpetre 9 a f9ely-p[d]$ /ate1 du/$ ov] ! tree :5 wet ) ra9 or dew4 ,! op]ation is inexp5sive1 z a v small quantity suffices1 "o cwt4 be+ suffici5t = n9e or t5 acres4 ,x c be appli$ ?r\gh a bamboo-jo9t cov]$ ) a p]=at$ top1 or any equally simple contrivance4 ,messrs4 ,worms' are report$ to h f\nd coco-nut oil an effectual rem$y4 ,to sum up ! "q ( manures3-- ,poonac1 ! m>c or cake1 aft] ! coco-nut oil is express$1 is repres5t$ to be a /imulat+ manure2 b is n durable4 ,lime is an useful application1 especially to /iff soils1 z ! c(fee tree conta9s #fj p>ts ( lime4 ,bone-du/ is an excell5t f]tilis]1 b 9 ,ceylon x is f\nd t x _c be appli$ at a less exp5se ?an #e p] acre4 ,cattle manure is ! *eape/ & mo/ available4 ,guano does n seem suitable4 ,peel+1 pulp+1 & w9n[+4--,! c(fee-peel]1 us$ = sep>at+ ! bean f ! pellicle1 0 =m]ly a l>ge :eel revolv+ 9 a tr\gh1 ! disadvantage ( :i* 0 ! flatt5+ m or less ( ! bean :5 n ?or\ghly dry4 ,a new ma*9e has be5 rec5tly introduc$1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,nelson1 ,c4,e41 ( ! ,ceylon iron works1 by :i* ?is evil is obviat$2 its pr9ciple be+ n weight1 b simple friction1 ( suffici5t =ce to break ! p>*m5t at fir/1 &1 :5 cont9u$1 to poli% ! bean free f ! husk4 ,a v simple w9n[+ ma*9e = clean+ ! c(fee z x comes out ( ! peel]1 is atta*$4 ,f ! w9n[+ ma*9e x runs into ! sep>at+ ma*9e1 :i* sorts x into sizes1 & equalizes ! samples1 by :i* a va/ am\nt ( "t & manual lab\r are sav$4 ,! same pr9ciple is int5d$ to be appli$ by ,mr4 ,nelson to pulp+1 :i* w obviate ! injury n[ inflict$ by ! grat] ^u ! fre% b]ry4 ,9 spite ( ! greate/ c>e numb]s ( ! beans 9 a sample1 on close exam9ation1 w be f\nd scrat*$ or peck$2 & :5 ! close/ att5tion is n paid1 or ! p]son sup]9t5d+ ! process is devoid ( me*anical skill1 ! injury is proportionate4 ,! ord9>y pulp+-mill 9 use1 consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( wood or iron1 cov]$ ) %eet brass or copp]1 & punctur$ simil>ly to a nutmeg grat]4 ,?is cyl9d]1 te*nically call$ ! b>rel1 runs ^u a sp9dle1 :i* turns a brass pick on ea* side ( a frame4 ,imm$iately 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ^u :i* x turns1 & plac$ v]tical to ea* o!r1 are two pieces ( wood1 frequ5tly %od ) iron ( copp]1 call$ ! *ops1 plac$ ab\t half an in* ap>t1 or suffici5t to all[ ! passage ( p>*m5t c(fee betwe5 !m4 ,! l[] *op is plac$ s close to ! b>rel1 yet )\t contact1 t all c(fee mu/ be /opp$ by x & ?r[n outw>ds4 ,! upp] *op is adju/$ to t di/ance only :i* w p]mit ! *]ry c(fee to come into contact ) ! b>rel2 b w n all[ ! b]ries to pass on till !y h be5 d5ud$ ( _! r$ epid]mis by a g5tle squeeze aga9/ its r\gh surface4 ,! f> great] portion ( ! pulps are sep>at$ by be+ c>ri$ pa/ ! l[] *ops ^u ! %>p po9ts ( ! copp]1 & ?r[n out beh9d1 & a few are left ) ! p>*m5t c(fee4 ,z f ! diff]5t sizes ( ! b]ries1 & _! cr[d+ = prec$5ce z !y desc5d f ! hopp] above to ! g5tle embrace ( ! b>rel & upp] *op1 "s pass unpulp$1 ! c(fee z x comes f ! l[] *op is made to fall ^u a riddle1 :i* sep>ates ! unpulp$ *]ries4 ,^! are put back aga91 & pass$ ?r\gh a pulp] ) ! upp] *op set clos]4 ,! secret ( work+-appe>s to be ! prop] sett+ ( ! *ops1 & _m h be5 ! s*emes propos$ = r$uc+ ?is to a c]ta9ty4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 few plans are bett] ?an ! old w$ges1 by tight5+ or loos5+ ( :i* ! *op is kept 9 ! requir$ position4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! ma*9e has be5 consid]ably improv$ by be+ =m$ entirely ( iron1 cog-:eels be+ sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( /raps & drums to move ! riddle1 & ! riddle itself is n[ =m$ ( two sieves1 by :i* ! *ance ( unpulp$ b]ries rea*+ ! p>*m5t is less5$4 ,on "s e/ates1 wat]-:eels h be5 put up to drive sev]al pulp]s at "o "t1 :i* o!rwise w\ld require f two to f\r m5 ea* to "w !m1 b f ! co/ly build+s & appurt5ances :i* su* ma*9]y r5d]s necess>y1 !y are r>e4 ,al?\gh ! op]ation ( pulp+ is s simple1 x is "o :i* requires ! ma*9e to be set 9 su* a way t ! greate/ quantity ( "w may be done1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! smalle/ quantity ( unpulp$ b]ries be all[$ to pass ?r\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! b]ries mu/ n be subject$ to injury f ! b>rel2 = if ! p>*m5t sk9 is prick$ ?r\gh1 ! b]ry w appe>1 :5 cur$1 ) an unsightly br[n m>k ^u x4 ,sev]al new cov]+s = b>rels1 in/ead ( punctur$ copp]1 h be5 tri$2 among o!rs1 coir-clo? & wire net1 b ! old mat]ial is n z yet sup]s$$4 ,aft] pulp+1 ! c(fee 9 p>*m5t is receiv$ into ci/]ns1 9 :i* x is1 by wa%+1 depriv$ ( ! mucilag9\s matt] t /ill adh]es to x4 ,)\t ?is mo/ necess>y op]ation1 ! mucilage w\ld f]m5t & expose ! b]ry to injury1 f its highly corrosive qualities4 ,z "s portion ( pulp f9ds its way ) ! c(fee to ! ci/]n1 :i*1 if suff]$ to rema9 w\ld1 by its long ret5tion ( moi/ure1 l5g!n ! subsequ5t dry+ process1 v>i\s me?ods h be5 adopt$ to remove x4 ,"o mode is to pass ! c(fee a second "t ?r\gh a sieve work$ by two m52 ano!r to pick x (f ! surfaces ( ! ci/]n1 to :i* x naturally rises4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahdf1 premiums 7 aw>d$ by ! ,ceylon ,agricultural ,society to ,messrs4 ,cl]ihew & ,josias ,lamb]t = ! improvem5ts !y _h introduc$ into c(fee-pulp]s1 :i*1 by _! ex]tions1 _h be5 br\ght to great p]fection4 ,! fir/ improv$ complete ca/-iron pulp] receiv$ 9 ! isl&1 0 made = ,mr4 ,jolly1 f draw+s s5t home by ,mr4 ,lamb]t to ,messrs4 ,b4 ,hick & ,son1 eng9e]s4 ,?is pulp] is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect 9 e respect t has yet be5 br\ght into use1 ! disadvantages belong+ to ! old ma*9e hav+ be5 entirely rem$i$4 ,! sieve crank has a d\ble ecc5tric action4 ,! *ops are regulat$ by set screws1 & ! sieve susp5d$ 9 a novel & secure mann]1 ! :ole comb9+ /r5g? & efficacy1 toge!r ) an elegance ( =m1 :i* w likewise be appreciat$4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,cl]ihew1 ( ,ceylon1 submitt$ to ! ,great ,exhibition a model ( 8 approv$ app>atus = dry+ c(fee 7:i* has be5 pat5t$ 9 ! "n ( ,rob]t ,r4 ,banks1 ,great ,george ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]71 & receiv$ ! ,isis gold m$al = ! same4 ,! int5tion is to dry ! vegetable & aque\s moi/ure ( ! b]ry4 ,be=e ?is is requir$1 ! c(fee has previ\sly und]gone ! process ( pulp+1 or removal f ! s(t fle%y husk4 ,"h let ,mr4 ,cl]ihew describe ! advantages = himself-- ,:5 ! c(fee b]ry is pick$ f ! tree x be>s a clos] resemblance to a ripe *]ry1 bo? 9 size & appe>ance2 & sev]al processes h to be gone ?r\gh be=e ! article kn[n 9 comm]ce z c(fee is produc$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pulpy ext]ior ( ! *]ry has to be remov$ by ! process ( pulp+1 :i* sep>ates ! se$ & its ?9 cov]+ call$ ! p>*m5t1 f ! husk4 ,:5 ! pulp+ process is complet$1 we h ! p>*m5t c(fee by itself 9 a ci/]n1 & ! next process consi/s 9 gett+ rid ( ! mucilage ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,hav+ become assur$1 bo? by exp]im5t & by ,liebig's reason+1 t ! successive /ages ( decomposition 7 :olly ascribable to ! action ( ! /agnant air :i* occupies ! int]/ices betwe5 ! beans1 & tak+ into acc\nt t a mass ( c(fee pres5t$ a m$ium p]vi\s to air1 x occurr$ to ,mr4 ,cl]ihew t x 0 possible1 by means ( fann]s1 work+ on ! exhau/+ pr9ciple1 s to )draw air f an enclos$ space z to e/abli% a curr5t ( air ?r\gh masses ( c(fee spread on p]=at$ floors =m+ ! top & bottom ( t space4 ,! plan he c>ri$ into execution at ,ra?goongodde plantation 9 #ahdi4 ,no soon] 0 ! plan put 9 op]ation ?an1 in/ead ( /agnant air occupy+ ! int]/ices ( ! beans & gradually act+ on !m1 a /ream ( air 0 e/abli%$ & fl[+ ?r\gh ! mass ( c(fee1 ea* bean ( x became surr\nd$ by a con/antly r5ew$ atmosph]e ( fre% air4 ,java4--,:5 ,arabia enjoy$ ! exclusive monopoly ( c(fee1 x c\ld n be =ese5 t "o day ! isl& ( ,java w\ld furni% = ! consumption ( ! _w f #abe to #acj millions ( p\nds p] annum4 ,! cultivation 0 introduc$ by ,m4 ,zwa5d5kroom1 ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,batavia1 :o obta9$ se$s f ,mo*a1 9 #agbc4 ,accord+ to (ficial /atem5ts ! foll[+ are ! exports4 ,9 #ahci !re 7 export$ #df1gha1gbi kilogrammes1 valu$ at #dh million flor9s4 ,eight ye>s labor1 #ahcc to #ahda1 br\ght its produce ( c(fee f #ab million kilogrammes annually1 up to #ee millions4 ,9 #ahdf1 ! exports 7 #iaf1hgf piculs1 b1 9 #ahej !y 7 only #ad1hja piculs4 ,! total c(fee crop ( ,java 0 9 #ahej1 #a1bhj1gjb lbs42 9 #ahea1 #a1dcf1aga lbs42 9 #aheb1 #a1bbi1cdi lbs4 #ahdj #ahda ,resid5ces 9 :i* ?is produce has be5 cultivat$ 9 #ahdj & #ahda #bj #bj ,numb] ( families de/9$ = ! labor #dgj1fgc #dec1bhi ,trees :i* h yield$ a crop #iaf1aic1hid #baf1jhe1fjj ,trees :i* h produc$ ! av]age quantity ( a picul ( #abe lbs4 ,dut* #bhj #bdh ,quantity ( c(fee furni%$ to ! god[ns 9 piculs #gjf1beh #hgg1ddd ,trees accord+ to ! reckon+ made 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahda & #ahdb #ccf1ibb1dfj #cbi1hih1icf ,! comp>ative result ( ?is table %[s--#a/4 ,t1 9 ! ye> #ahda1 c(fee _h be5 ga!r$ f #bj1jjj1jjj m trees ?an ! numb] 9 #ahdj1 & t ! crop _h increas$ by #aga1jjj piculs4 #bnd4 ,t1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahdb1 !re 7 above #g millions less ( c(fee trees ?an 9 #ahdj4 ,?is dim9ution is m]ely nom9al1 see+ t ^! trees h s]v$ to replace ^? :i* by _! small produce h to be suppress$ 9 ! l[l&s ( ! resid5cy ( ,bayl54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! increase ( trees1 plant$ f #ahci to #ahdj1 am\nt to v ne>ly ! same numb]1 ( #g millions4 #crd4 ,t1 9 ! season ( #ahdb1 !re 0 plant$ ne>ly #bj millions ( plants2 ( :i* #ab millions are to s]ve to replace ! old trees1 & #h millions are de/9$ to ext5d ?is culture4 ,x is calculat$ t ?is isl& w v soon be 9 a condition to produce a million ( piculs or #abe millions m ( ,dut* p\nds ( c(fee4 ,previ\s to #ahcj1 ,java sc>cely export$ z mu* z #dj millions ( p\nds4 ,cultivation & ,prep>ation ( ,c(fee 9 ,java4--,= ! foll[+ valuable details ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 de ,munnick1 ! inspector ( ! agricultural dep>tm5t1 ,batavia1 z contribut$ to my ,colonial ,magaz9e 7vol4 xi4 p4 #df74 ,soil & ,situation4--,elevat$ l&s are f\nd to be ^? be/ suit$ = ! gr[? ( c(fee 9 ,java4 ,l& situat$ betwe5 #a1jjj & #d1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea may be g5]ally said to be adapt$ to ! cultivation ( c(fee4 ,x mu/ n be tak5 = grant$ t all gr\nd ( less elevation is unsuit$4 ,suitable gr\nd is to be f\nd l[] d[n1 b ! cultivation on x is m difficult2 ! tree gives less fruit1 & ! plant is less durable4 ,valleys ly+ betwe5 high m\nta9s are m especially fit = c(fee plantations1 because ! soil :i* is wa%$ d[n f ! heights af=ds fre% food cont9ually to ! l[l&s2 ! valleys !mselves are moi/1 s9ce ! hills surr\nd+ !m attract ! ra92 & !y are %ut out f sev]e w9ds by ! same protect+ enclosure4 ,! soils be/ suit$ to ! successful gr[? ( c(fee may be class$ z foll[s3-- ,fir/ly4 ,cle>$ =e/ l&s1 especially ^? 9 :i* ! black leafy1 or vegetable m\ld is f\nd to consid]able dep?4 ,^! are ! ri*e/ gr\nds1 & w support ! c(fee plant = _m ye>s1 & !y are also cultivat$ ) ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,secondly4 ,d>k br[n soils1 approa*+ to black1 :i*1 )\t hav+ mu* clay 9 !m1 appe> to ! eye to h a mixture ( coral4 ,! great] ! dep? ( ?is coral-l /ratum1 & ( ! r$di% or deep yell[i% soil1 ! bett] is ! gr\nd = c(fee4 ,?is k9d ( l& also has suffici5t /r5g? & sub/ance to af=d n\ri%m5t = _m ye>s to ! plant2 b x entails m tr\ble ?an ! be=e m5tion$ soils1 because ! "y plant does n s spe$ily /rike root into x1 & sometimes dies1 s t provision has to be made aga9/ failures4 ,?irdly4 ,r$di% & loose gr\nd1 su* z is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanic l&s4 ,?is k9d is frequ5tly f\nd well adapt$ = c(fee2 x fl\ri%es on su* l& luxuriantly1 b does n la/ long1 z ! gr\nd possesses less /r5g? & n\ri%+ sub/ance4#f ,by digg+ 9 diff]5t places we become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 b we may take x z a rule1 t ri* old =e/ l& on :i* _m l>g] trees are f\nd1 & pla9s cov]$ ) heavy und]wood1 mo/ frequ5tly (f] eligible sites = c(fee plantations4 ,gr\nds 9 :i* loam is f\nd1 & /ony soils1 are unfit = c(fee4 ,b ,i d n mean by /ony soils l& on :i* _m /ones are ly+1 = on t v acc\nt x may be mo/ suitable2 b ,i mean l& :i* %[s a pebbly /ratum j bel[ ! surface1 or su* z is ( a por\s1 /ony nature4 ,9 ! *oice ( situation c>e mu/ be tak5 to select t :i* is z mu* z possible protect$ aga9/ ! s\?-ea/ w9d1 because its dry influ5ce is v injuri\s to ! c(fee plant1 & also prev5ts ! gr[? ( ! ,ery?r9a 7kn[n "h locally z ! ,dadap tree7 :i* is s necess>y = its %ade4 ,flat gr\nds1 or g5tle declivities1 are bett] ?an /eep slopes2 yet ! latt] c be well employ$ if prop] c>e is tak54 ,cultivation4--,aft] ! gr\nd has be5 cle>$ 9 ! dry season--t is1 aft] ! bu%es h be5 root$ out1 ! und]gr[? burnt (f1 & ! ?ickets remov$--pl\gh+ is comm5c$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,:5 ! gr\nd has twice be5 deeply pl\gh$1 ! we$s & roots mu/ be br\ght toge!r ) ! rake & c>efully burnt4 ,! dep? ( ! pl\gh+ mu/ be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 all k9ds ( cultivation1 deep pl\gh+ is recomm5d$1 b 9 ,java we ought n to pl\gh deep] ?an ! /ratum ( f]tile soil1 z a k9d ( subsoil may be wr\ght upp]mo/ injuri\s to plants1 & :i*1 be=e x c become f]tile1 mu/ = a ye> at lea/ h be5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,! gr\nd hav+ be5 turn$ up1 %\ld be left expos$ = "s days to ?r[ (f ! vapor aris+ f x2 & mu/ !n be aga9 pl\gh$ & cle>$ ) ! rake4 ,aft] wait+ = "s days1 x %\ld be pl\gh$ = ! f\r? & la/ "t1 & made z clean & friable z possible4 ,9 small plantations ?is is to be done ) ! spade1 b on l>ge e/ates ! roll] mu/ be us$4 ,?is roll] consi/s ( a heavy piece ( r\nd wood1 eight or t5 feet long1 to :i* a pole is fa/5$ 9 ! middle to h ox5 h>ness$ to x4 ,x is drawn sl[ly ov] ! pl\gh$ l&1 & presses ! clods to e>?4 ,to give x great] =ce1 ! driv] sits or /&s ^u x4 ,be=e ! field has be5 prop]ly pl\gh$ & roll$ 9 ! above way1 ! middle ( ,octob] w h arriv$1 & we !n beg9 to op5 a pa? ?r\gh ! plantation f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ po9t1 ab\t two roods broad1 & ! :ole ( ! l& is !n divid$ into sep>ate p>cels4 ,portion+ (f ! e/ates into divisions ( equal size is a sy/em to be mu* recomm5d$4 ,by ?is means labor may be equally divid$1 sup]9t5d$ & inspect$4 ,ord] & regul>ity1 :i* are necess>y 9 all ?+s1 are mo/ especially requir$ 9 cultivation on a l>ge scale4 ,! size ( ^! p>cels is regulat$ by ! nature ( ! e/ate4 ,on flat or g5tly decl9+ l& !y may be great] ?an on /eep gr\nds1 because1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wa%+ away ( ! soil on precipit\s l&1 ! wat] mu/ be l$ (f by tr5*es1 :i* ( !mselves make ! divisions ( l& small]4 ,on flat gr\nd ! divisions may be ea* #fbe squ>e roods1 ea* ( :i* may conta91 if plant$-- ,trees4 #ab feet by #ab #fbe #aj #aj #ijj #h #h #adjf #f #f #bejj ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c(fee bu%es _c be def9itely laid d[n1 z x dep5ds on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,on ! mo/ f]tile =e/ l&s twelve feet by twelve is a good di/ance4 ,only on l[ & meagre gr\nds1 :]e ! tree gr[s less luxuriantly & /rong1 c six feet by six be reckon$ a prop] di/ance4 ,betwe5 ! divisions a pa? %\ld be left1 "o rood 9 bread?4 ,along ! middle pa?s & by ! side ( ! divisions dra9s mu/ be cut1 ! =m] two feet 9 brea? & dep?1 ! latt] "o foot4 ,! dra9s along ! divisions mu/ be cut 9 su* a way z to conduct ! ra9-wat] to ! l>g] dra9s :i* flank ! middle pa?s4 ,on precipit\s gr\nd1 :5 ! c(fee is plant$1 small ridges %\ld be rais$ betwe5 ! r[s1 to prev5t ! ri* e>? f wa%+ d[n 9 ! heavy ra9s4 ,! /eep] ! l& is1 ! clos] ^! ridges %\ld be2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to incl9e !m1 s z to break ! desc5t1 ! direction ( :i* !y %\ld 9 "s degree foll[4 ,! fir/ ridges may be made ) ! bran*es ( ! trees :i* h be5 fell$1 or ) ! rubbi% cle>$ f ! gr\nd on ! fir/ rak+ ( x4 ,plac+ ! pickets4--,:5 ! gr\nd has be5 work$ & divid$ 9 ! above mann]1 ! pickets are plac$4 ,^! are slips ( bamboo "o-&-a-half to two feet long4 ,fir/--two long canes 7:i* d n /ret* l /r+71 ea* "o hundr$ feet long1 are m>k$ (f 9 feet accord+ to ! di/ance at :i* ! plant+ is to take place2 heavy /akes are made fa/ to ea* end ( !m1 by :i* !y c be well secur$ on ! gr\nd4 ,at ! places :]e !y are m>k$ (f 9 feet1 /r+s are fa/5$ s tightly t !y _c be displac$2 & !n ! canes are laid d[n & well fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 "o 9 ! l5g? & ! o!r 9 ! bread?4 ,picket+ does n give mu* tr\ble2 x ensures regul> plant+1 & makes ! daily inspection simple4 ,! plant+ ?us takes place 9 /raight l9es1 :i* give an ornam5tal appe>ance1 & aft]w>ds r5d]s ! view ov] ! :ole plantation easy4 ,at e place :]e a /r+ has be5 ti$1 a picket is /uck 9 ! gr\nd2 !n ! cane is remov$ to ano!r place1 & s on till all ! e/ate is m>k$ out by pickets4 ,aft] ! picket+1 a hole is made ) ! spade at e m>k2 x %\ld be a good foot broad & deep1 & ! e>? inside %\ld be made v f9e & cle>4 ,! e>? is n[ ready to receive ! c(fee plant1 & ! "t has only to be wait$ = :5 ! fir/ ra9s fully beg94 ,nurs]ies4--,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 or e>li]1 if c(fee trees are ne> at h&1 nurs]ies mu/ be prep>$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l& ab\t to be plant$4 ,?is c be done 9 ! rav9es1 or1 if !y are too f> f ! spot :]e ! plants are want$1 pieces ( gr\nd mo/ conv5i5t c be select$4 ,if ! rav9es are pref]r$1 places mu/ be *os5 :i* are %ad$ by trees n prejudicial to ! c(fee plants4 ,on gr\nd :]e !re is no trees1 ! nurs]ies may be cov]$1 at ! height ( f\r feet1 ) leaves ( jack 7,artoc>pus integrifolia71 areca1 or o!r palm trees1 9 a mann] to admit ! air4 ,! gr\nd made loose & f9e1 c(fee plants newly op5+1 or se$s only1 are plant$ or s[n at a di/ance ( f\r in*es squ>e2 #ejj squ>e roods w 9 ?is way furni% #fdh1jjj plants1 :i* are suffici5t = an e/ate ( #cjj1jjj trees4 ,transplant+ f nurs]ies is absolutely necess>y 9 c(fee cultivation1 & ! tr\ble x co/s is always d\bly repaid4 ,hav+ a *oice ( plants1 a p]son c be conv9c$ he has tak5 none b heal?y trees1 & he proce$s !re=e ) a confid5ce ( success4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>1 all failures hav+ be5 ne>ly replac$1 ! e/ate is fully plant$1 ! trees are ( regul> gr[?1 & no useless cle>+ is requir$--a ?+ :i* is always necess>y 9 irregul> plantations4 ,x is easy also to pick ! b]ries f ! trees :i* are plant$ ) regul>ity2 ! "w goes on smoo?ly2 &1 :5 ! e/ate has liv$ its "t1 x may be ab&on$ altoge!r1 )\t leav+ pat*es ( liv+ trees "h & !re1 :i* r5d]s sup]9t5d5ce s v difficult4 ,!re %\ld always be a pl5tiful supply ( plants1 to give an ample *oice & to make up = failures4 ,:5 plants are plac$ 9 ! nurs]ies1 !y %\ld n h m ?an two (f%oots1 or leaves1 above ea* o!r2 & :5 ! ball plants are transplant$1 !y %\ld n be high] ?an a foot1 z l>ge plants always give meagre trees4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] or beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 if ! nurs]ies are kept free f we$s1 &1 if necess>y1 occasionally wat]$1 ! plants w be ab\t a foot high1 & w h put =? #d or #e leaves2 !y are !n j fit to be transplant$4 ,!n1 ! gr\nd is clov5 ) ! spade1 at a di/ance ( an in* & a half r\nd ! /em ( ! plant1 to ab\t ?ree in*es deep2 ! plant1 ) ! ball ( e>? adh]+ to x1 is c>efully lift$ out ( ! gr\nd1 & ! ball is wrapp$ 9 a jack1 planta91 or o!r leaf1 & ti$ to prev5t ! e>? fall+ (f2 b1 be=e ! plants are ?us tak5 f ! gr\nd1 x mu/ be moi/5$ to make ! e>? adhesive4 ,plant+ ! c(fee trees4--,! plants1 :i*1 aft] ! above op]ation are call$ ball plants1 are !n plac$ 9 a bamboo wick] frame1 & are c>efully c>ri$ by two m5 to ! place :]e !y are to be put into ! gr\nd4 ,!y are !n tak5 out ( ! frame & plac$ 9 ! holes next to ! pickets4 ,! pickets are remov$1 & ! plant is fix$ upright2 ! leaf surr\nd+ ! ball is made loose1 b n tak5 away2 ! plant] presses ! plant d[n ) 8 h& & fills up ! hole ) f9e loose e>?1 & ! bus9ess ( plant+ ! c(fee tree is f9i%$4 ,plant+ ! ,dadap tree4--,?is is a species ( ,ery?r9a1 probably ,e4 indica1 or ,e4 arboresc5s2 t us$ = ! purpose 9 ! ,we/ ,indies is ,e4 ,corallod5drum4 ,9 ,java1 z soon z ! c(fee is plant$1 ! op]ation ( plant+ ! dadap tree is comm5c$4 ,! be/ sort ( dadap comes f ,s]p or ,mi5yak2 x is smoo? & broad-leav$1 & %oots up quickly4 ,?ick "y /ems are *os51 ab\t ?ree feet long1 & ! l[] "p is po9t$ (f4 ,if ! dadap is moi/ or juicy1 x %\ld be cut tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e x is plant$4 ,! dadap is plant$ uni=mly by measur+ ! cane 9 ! same way z ! c(fee itself4 ,betwe5 e two r[s ( c(fee "o ( dadap is plant$1 n on a l9e ) ! c(fee plants1 b alt]nately ) !m2 ?us1 if ! c(fee is eight feet by eight1 ! dadap is sixte5 by sixte54 ,! dadap is plant$ to ! dep? ( a foot1 ) some:at ( a we/]ly incl9ation1 9 ord] t ! morn+ sun may fall on a l>g] surface ( ! /ick4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be /iffly trodd5 r\nd ! bottom ( ! /em1 & ! upp] "p ( x %\ld h "s k9d ( leaf tightly b\nd ar\nd x to prev5t ! sap f escap+4 ,:5 ! c(fee & dadap plants h ?us be5 put out1 e fif? day ! "y plantation %\ld be c>efully inspect$1 & a picket plac$ :]ev] !re is a failure1 z a m>k to ! plant] t a new plant is !re requir$4 ,?is op]ation ( replac+ failures is c>ri$ on all ?r\gh ! wet season1 & ! dadaps :i* h n succe$$ are at ! same "t *ang$4 ,keep+ up ! e/ate4--,9 ! fir/ six mon?s aft] plant+1 ! e/ate %\ld be clean$ ea* =tnight ) ! hoe2 ! gr\nd be+ well mov$ & ! we$s tak5 out4 ,^? we$s :i* are too close to ! plants to be remov$ 9 ?is mann]1 mu/ be pull$ out ) ! h&4 ,:5 ! plantation is ?us :olly or p>tially clean$1 ! e>? mu/ be tak5 (f ! we$s1 & !y mu/ be collect$ & ?r[n on ! pa?ways4 ,! we$+ 9 ?is mann] gives at fir/ a great deal ( tr\ble1 b x is mo/ advantage\s 9 ! long run1 z ! we$s are ?us easily kept d[n4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to d away ) an old cu/om ( bury+ ! we$s 9 l>ge holes on ! e/ates4 ,x conduces to bad & slov5ly habits1 su* z cutt+ (f ! tops ( ! we$s by :olesale1 & ?us giv+ ! plantation an appe>ance ( cleanl9ess1 :il/ x1 9 fact1 is z dirty z ev]4 ,?is is soon discov]$ by ! we$s %[+ !mselves aga9 above gr\nd 9 a v few days1 & ev5 if !y rot "u gr\nd1 !y bre$ insects :i* are v hurtful to ! bu%es1 & ! se$s vegetate4 ,aft] ! fir/ six mon?s1 ?is we$+ w be suffici5t if x takes places once a mon?1 b ?is mu/ be p]sev]$ 9 till ! ?ird ye>1 :5 !re may be a mu* great] int]val betwe5 ! we$+4 ,:5 ! trees are com+ to full gr[?1 ! hoe %\ld be less frequ5tly us$ 9 clean+2 ! h& mu/ be us$ to ! full ext5t to :i* ! bran*es rea*1 z ! roots ( ! tree spread to a l di/ance1 & if !y are injur$ ! gr[? ( ! tree is prejudic$4 ,! well-be+ ( an e/ate *iefly dep5ds on frequ5t clean+ ( ! plantation 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! idea ( "s p]sons t clean+ 9 ! dry season is ( little consequ5ce1 mu/ be giv5 up1 z x is pr9cipally at t v "t t x is extremely pr(itable to remove & cle> ! gr\nd r\nd ! trees 9 _! gr[?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is de/roys ! we$s :i* take ! n\ri%m5t away f ! trees2 secondly1 ! gr\nd is r5d]$ m op5 to receive ! slight %[]s & dews :i* moi/5 x1 & to b5efit by ! influ5ce ( ! air2 ! roots are ?us consid]ably refre%$4 ,! dew fall+ on gr\nd :i* has be5 rec5tly mov$1 p5etrates at once into x1 & does good to ! plant2 b if x falls on ! we$s1 ! fir/ rays ( ! sun absorb x1 & deprive ! tree ( ?is s\rce ( refre%m5t4 ,! dadap is to be tak5 c>e ( :il/ cle>+ goes on2 x mu/ be cropp$ s z to cause x to gr[ upright1 & to ?r[ z mu* %ade z possible on ! c(fee )\t press+ ^u x4 ,9 w>m f]tile gr\nd1 :]e ! c(fee plant gr[s rapidly1 ! trees %\ld be topp$ 9 ! ?ird ye>2 b ?is %\ld be done sp>+ly1 & z a g5]al measure x is n to be recomm5d$2 x %\ld be resort$ to only z a means to prev5t ! too rapid gr[? ( ! tree1 or its runn+ up to a po9t4 ,topp+ & tak+ (f suck]s are bo? necess>y on meagre soils1 :]e ! trees run mu* to wood2 & x prev5ts ! trees be+ injur$ 9 ! pick+ season1 :i* (t5 occurs )\t ?is precaution4 ,! top or middle /em is brok5 (f at a height ( six or sev5 feet1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to te> ! tree2 :5 ! top %oots out aga9 x mu/ be cropp$ a second "t1 & x is seldom necess>y to d ?is m ?an twice4 ,! cropp+ causes ! tree to %oot out 9 bread?1 & to pu% =? a great] numb] ( sprigs1 & good /rong ones4 ,pick+ c(fee4--,:5 ! e/ate becomes productive1 x mu/ 9 ! pick+ season1 j be=e ! "w beg9s1 be kept exce$+ly cle> ( we$s1 & be ev5 swept clean ) brooms1 9 ord] t ! b]ries :i* fall (f may be ga!r$ up4 ,! pick+ %\ld take place "u prop] sup]9t5d5ce1 ! trees be pick$ r[ by r[1 & c>e tak5 t ea* b]ry is pluck$ (f sep>ately1 & n a heap toge!r1 by :i* ! trees are torn & ! fir/ (f%oots prev5t$4 ,9 pick+ high trees1 light ladd]s %\ld be us$1 made out ( two or ?ree bamboos ti$ toge!r4 ,cu/om>y prep>ation ( ! b]ry 9 ! pulp4--,:5 ! c(fee is pick$ & br\ght into ! village1 x is pil$ up 9 a heap 9 ! op5 air1 & left 9 t mann] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?us heap$ up x gets w>m1 & ?is creates a c]ta9 f]m5tation ( ! juice :i* is 9 ! b]ry4 ,t f]m5tation promotes ! dry+ & loos5s ! silv]y pellicle :i* is atta*$ to ! bean inside ! p>*m5t1 & :i* _c be entirely got rid ( 9 any o!r way4 ,c(fee :i* /ill reta9s t pellicle is call$ 9 trade grey c(fee1 & is l[] pric$ ?an good clean sorts4 ,aft] ! f]m5tation1 ! c(fee is spread out 9 r ?ick lay]s1 & turn$ ov] twice a day4 ,if x ra9s dur+ ?is fir/ spread+ out1 ! c(fee does n require to be %elt]$1 z ! wa%+ causes ! juicy sub/ance to evaporate1 & ?is accel]ates ! dry+ aft]w>ds4 ,9 proportion z ! c(fee becomes dry]1 ! ?ickness ( ! lay] mu/ be r$uc$1 & ! turn+ ov] mu/ be m frequ5t till ! c(fee is q dry outside & ! pulp has become h>d4 ,!n ! c(fee is laid out on dry+ floors1 :i* c be easily & spe$ily cov]$ 9 ra9y or damp wea!r1 & is dri$ by ! p[]ful heat ( ! sun4 ,?is sy/em ( dry+ 9 ! pulp requires six weeks or two mon?s1 z x is advisable n to be ov] ha/y ) dry+4 ,:5 ! c(fee is entirely dry1 x is ei!r at once p\nd$ or plac$ 9 ! /ores to await t op]ation4 ,9 ord] to "k if ! c(fee be suffici5tly dry1 take a h&ful ( x & %ut y\r h& close2 %ake x to y\r e>1 & li/5 if ! beans rattle freely 9 ! pulp4 ,or try !m by bit+ ! b]ry1 & see if ! bean & pulp are bo? brittle & crisp1 :i* %[s t ! fruit is dry en\gh4 ,prep>ation ( ! c(fee 9 ! p>*m5t1 or ! ,we/ ,india sy/em4--,only s\nd & fully ripe beans c be prep>$ 9 ! ,we/ ,india mann]4 ,9 pick+1 !re=e1 all unripe1 gre51 or uns\nd beans mu/ be tak5 away to dry 9 ! pulp4 ,z soon z ! c(fee is br\ght 91 x mu/ be pulp$4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by means ( small peel+ mills4 ,^! mills consi/ ( two horizontal wood5 cyl9d]s rubb+ on a plank2 !y are cov]$ ) hoop-iron1 & set 9 motion by a wat]-:eel4 ,! c(fee is driv5 "u ! cyl9d]1 & kept con/antly moi/2 by be+ turn$ ?r\gh ! mill1 ! pulp is s bruis$ t ! bean 9 ! p>*m5t falls f x into ! bamboo op5 frame1 :i* is plac$ 9 front ( ! mill4 ,! c(fee is !n press$ ) ! h&1 & falls ?r\gh ! frame into a basket4 ,! pulp1 & beans n rid ( ! pulp1 rema9 on ! frame2 ! fir/ is cle>$ away1 ! re/ passes a second "t into ! mill1 & ?is op]ation is cont9u$ till all ! c(fee is /ripp$ ( ! pulp1 & ! p>*m5t beans are 9 ! basket4 ,:5 ! p>*m5t c(fee is ?us sep>at$ f ! out] sk91 x is ?r[n into ! wa%+ tr\ghs1 & rema9s !re = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ?is dra9s f x ! slimy sub/ance adh]+ to x4 ,aft] be+ ?us /eep$1 x is wa%$ ) pure wat] two or ?ree times 9 ! basket1 s t x becomes q free f slimy matt]4 ,! p>*m5t c(fee is !n spread out on dry+ frames1 & expos$ = six or eight days to ! heat ( ! sun1 till ! outside is p]fectly dry4 ,to d ?is equally x mu/ be /irr$ ab\t e h\r4 ,^! frames1 :i* s]ve also to dry ! c(fee 9 ! pulp1 are made z foll[s3--,a bamboo ro( is set up1 re/+ on f\r wood5 pill>s1 & slop+ consid]ably2 x is cov]$ closely ) re$s2 its l5g? is t5 feet1 its bread? six feet2 ! pill>s are f n9e to t5 feet high2 a wood5 framework is atta*$ to ?is1 ab\t ?irty feet long1 or ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! space cov]$ by ! ro(4 ,on ?is frame are br\ght out ?ree plat=ms1 "o above ! o!r1 :i* are pu%$ out by means ( little roll]s "u !m2 !y are t5 feet long by six broad1 & six in*es deep4 ,! bord]s are ( wood1 & ! bottom ( platt$ bamboo4 ,9 ra9y wea!r1 or :5 ! dry+ _c g on1 ! ?ree plat=ms are pu%$ "u ! cov]$ space4 ,^! dry+ places are set up ne> ! ov]se]'s dwell+1 :]e !y /& free1 & are n %ad$ by trees or build+s4 ,aft] ?is fir/ dry+ on plat=ms1 ! p>*m5t c(fee is aga9 dri$ inside ! h\se1 & bamboo huts are = ?is purpose erect$ on ea* side ( ! ou?\se ( ! plant]s4 ,^! huts h trays1 divid$ into two or ?ree comp>tm5ts1 "o above ! o!r1 to keep ! c(fee sep>ate1 accord+ to ! "t ( its hav+ be5 pick$4 ,! p>*m5t c(fee is spread out z ?9 z possible1 & turn$ ov] ) a small wood5 rake e h\r4 ,9 proportion to ! dryness ( ! wea!r1 f "o to two mon?s are requir$ to dry ! c(fee fully4 ,9 dry+ inside ! h\ses1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t heat+ ! c(fee2 ?is is ! great object ( ! ,we/ ,indian sy/em1 z su* heat+ is v prejudicial4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! huts 9 :i* ! plat=ms are plac$ mu/ be v airy1 s t ! w9d may h good play among ! trays1 on :i* ! c(fee mu/ be ?9ly spread & frequ5tly turn$4 ,p\nd+4--,c(fee 9 ! pulp1 z well z t 9 ! p>*m5t1 mu/1 be=e be+ p\nd$1 be expos$ = "s h\rs to ! sun to make x crisp & h>d2 b x mu/ be all[$ to cool aga9 be=e ! p\nd+ beg9s1 or ! beans w be liable to be brok54 ,! p\nd+ is done 9 small baskets ( a conical =m1 two feet high1 at ! top eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & at ! bottom "o foot4 ,^! baskets are1 up to "o-?ird ( _! height1 ?ickly wov5 r\nd ) coir1 & fa/5$ on ! gr\nd betwe5 f\r ?ick bamboo poles1 & ) ! bottom half an in* 9 ! gr\nd itself4 ,! c(fee is p\nd$ by small quantities at a "t ) light1 wood5 pe/les2 ! baskets mu/ n be m ?an half full4 ,:5 ! c(fee is suffici5tly p\nd$1 ! basket is lift$ f betwe5 ! poles & ! beans are ?r[n into sieves1 on :i* x is clean$ f sk91 & :ite1 black1 or brok5 beans4 ,accord+ to ! ,we/ ,indian sy/em1 ! c(fee mu/ n[ be in/antly put 9 bags1 to pres]ve its gre5i% col\r1 :i* is v peculi>4 ,if ! gre5 c(fee is n in/antly s5t to ! pack+ /ores to be bagg$1 x mu/ be put up 9 a v dry place1 & be turn$ ov] once e day1 to prev5t heat+1 :i* damps & discolors ! b]ry4 ,c(fee is gr[n to "s ext5t 9 ,celebes--! av]age crop be+ f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj piculs ( #acc ,engli% p\nds4 ,! production has r fall5 (f ?an increas$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! :ole ( ! c(fee gr[n mu/ be deliv]$ by ! inhabitants to ! gov]nm5t exclusively1 at twelve copp] flor9s p] picul4 ,x is mu* priz$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ma9ta9s a high] price 9 ! m>ket ?an ! be/ ,java c(fee4 ,z ! treatm5t ( ! product 9 ,java diff]s :olly f t :i* is 9 vogue 9 ,celebes1 & ?is1 9 our eyes1 is mu* inf]ior1 ,i "k n :e!r ! high] price is ascribable to ! "n1 or to an intr9sic sup]iority 9 quality4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is cultivation is susceptible ( mu* improvem5t1 & might be advanc$ to a mu* high] condition4 ,f tables giv5 by ,m4 ,spreeuw5b]g 7,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hbi7 ( ! quantity ( c(fee deliv]$ f ea* di/rict ( ?is isl&1 = ! ye>s #ahch to #ahdb1 x appe>s t ! av]age annual deliv]y ( c(fee 0 #a1bhh1aah lbs4 ,( ! production ( ,sumatra ,i h no details1 b a v fair proportion is gr[n !re--ab\t five million p\nds4 ,production ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4--,! cultivation ( ! c(fee plant is l>gely c>ri$ on 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,its culture has greatly increas$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 ,v5ezuela1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! valleys & on ! sides ( ! hills4 ,! exports f ,la ,guayra1 9 #ahcc1 7 ab\t twelve millions ( p\nds1 be+ ne>ly d\ble ! quantity export$ 9 #ahcj4 ,! price !re is ab\t t5 doll>s ! #ajj lbs41 :i* is /ill too high to enable x to ent] into competition ) ! produce ( ,brazil or ,cuba4 ,! total produce ( c(fee 9 ,v5ezuela 9 #ahci 0 #bed1efg qu9tals4 ,! qu9tal is ab\t #aj lbs4 less ?an ! ,engli% cwt4 ,la ,guayra4--,! exports ( c(fee f ?is port 9 #agif1 7 #bhc qu9tals4 ,qu9tals4 #ahdc #afd1jff #ahdd #ada1icd #ahde #acd1ehe #ahdf #age1cdf #ahdg #acj1fga #ahej #agi1ecg ,! exports ( c(fee f ,la ,guayra h be5 decl9+ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s2 ! %ipm5ts 7 b #aec1ija qu9tals 9 #ahea1 & only #abd1fbc 9 #aheb4 ,c>acas c(fee ranks 9 our m>ket ) good ord9>y ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,! decl9e 9 ! produce ( c(fee 9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india possessions has be5 v great4 ,9 #ahch1 we import$ f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & ,briti% ,guiana #ag million p\nds ( c(fee1 9 #ahej we only receiv$ #d million p\nds f !nce4 ,! %ipm5ts f ,jamaica h decreas$ f ab\t #ae million p\nds 9 #ahcf1 to #d million p\nds 9 #ahej2 ,b]bice & ,dem]>a1 f #e million p\nds 9 #ahcg1 to ab\t #h1jjj p\nds 9 #ahej4 ,production ( c(fee 9 ! ,brazils4--,=ty-two ye>s ago ! annual crop ( c(fee 9 ,brazil did n exce$ #cj1jjj bags1 & ev5 9 #ahbj x only rea*$ #ajj1jjj bags4 ,ab\t t "t ! high price ( c(fee 9 ,engl&1 sup]add$ to ! dim9i%$ production 9 ,cuba1 /imulat$ ! ,brazilian plant]s to ext5d its cultivation1 & 9 #ahcj !y s5t to m>ket #djj1jjj bags1 or #fd1jij1jjj lbs41 & 9 #ahdg1 ! enorm\s quantity ( #cjj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,x w\ld seem f ! annex$ figures t ! production ( c(fee 9 ,brazil d\bl$ e five ye>s1 up to #ahdj1 s9ce :5 x has increas$ eighty p] c5t4 ,! increase s9ce #ahce has be5 upw>ds ( two hundr$ millions ( p\nds1 & ( t increase ! ,unit$ ,/ates h tak5 "o half4 lbs4 #ahbj #ae1cab1jjj #ahbe #bi1bja1fjj #ahcj #fb1fhe1fjj #ahce #ajj1cdf1djj #ahdj #agj1bjh1hjj #ahej #cjc1eef1ifj ,! s\rces f :5ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates d]ives its supplies ( c(fee are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,ye>s4 ,brazil4 ,cuba4 ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,java4 ,total #ahce #ce1ggd1hgf #bi1cgc1fge #ai1bgf1bij #d1gbh1hij #ajc1aii1egg #ahdj #dg1dab1gef #be1cca1hhh #i1aec1ebd #d1cdc1bed #id1iif1jie #ahde #gh1eec1faf #a1aeg1gid #ac1jij1cei #c1ibe1gaf #ajh1acc1cfi #ahej #ij1cai1eaa #c1gdj1hjc #ai1ddj1ihe #e1adf1ifa #add1ihf1hie #ahea #ajg1egh1beg #c1jji1jhd #ac1bje1gff #b1dbc1ifh #aeb1dec1fag ,c(fee1 up to #ahcj1 paid a duty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( five c5ts a p\nd4 ,s9ce #ahcb x has be5 free4 ,! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdj 01 9 r\nd numb]s1 sev5te5 millions2 ! av]age consumption ( c(fee = ! ?ree ye>s end+ #ahda1 #ih millions ( p\nds1 :i* gave a consumption ( #e lbs4 p] head4 ,! av]age = ! ?ree ye>s end+ #ahej1 0 #adc millions ( p\nds1 & ! population 0 tw5ty-?ree millions1 :i* gave a consumption ( #f lbs4 p] head4 ,9 #ahcj ! consumption 0 only #c lbs4 p] head2 b ! price rul$ ne>ly d\ble :at x 0 9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ #ahej4 ,9 #ahba ! consumption p] head1 to ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 #a lb4 #d oz4 ,9 #ahcj1 ! proportion _h increas$ to #c lbs4 p] head1 ! =eign price hav+ fall5 fifty p] c5t4 ,! importation 9 ! ye> #ahca d\bl$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! r$uc$ duty2 & ! consumption p] head = ! f\r ye>s end+ ) #ahdb1 av]ag$ #f lb4 p] head1 hav+ quadrupl$ to ea* inhabitant s9ce #ahba4 ,f #ahbj to #ahdj1 ! ,brazilian product increas$ #a1ajj p] c5t1 or #aee million p\nds4 ,9 ! same "t ! consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ #acg million p\nds2 leav+ an increase ( eighte5 million p\nds ( ,rio c(fee1 besides ! enhanc$ products ( all c\ntries1 to supply ! increas$ consumption ( ,engl& & ,europe4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! duty 9 ,engl& is1 t :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a population ( sev5te5 millions1 consum$1 9 #ahdd1 #adi1gaa1hbj lbs4 ( c(fee1 ,great ,brita91 ) a population ( tw5ty-sev5 millions1 consum$ #ca1icd1jjj lbs4 only1 or less ?an "o-f\r? ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahea ! figures rema9$ ne>ly ! same1 viz41 #adh1ibj1jjj lbs4 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & #cb1efd1jjj lbs4 = ,great ,brita94 ,! cultivation ( c(fee =ms ! pres5t ri*es ( ,co/a ,rica1 & has rais$ x to a /ate ( prosp]ity unkn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x 0 begun ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago2 a few plants hav+ be5 br\ght f ,new ,granada1 & ! fir/ trial be+ successful1 x has rapidly ext5d$4 ,all ! c(fee is gr[n 9 ! pla9 ( ,san ,jose1 :]e ! ?ree pr9cipal t[ns are situat$--ab\t two-?irds be+ produc$ 9 ! environs ( ! capital1 a f\r? 9 ^? ( ,h9dia1 & ! rema9d] at ,alhajuela1 & its vic9ity4 ,! l& :i* has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to be be/ suit$ to c(fee is a black loam1 & ! next be/1 a d>k-r$ e>?--soils ( a br[n & dull yell[ color be+ q unsuitable4 ,! pla9 ( ,san ,jose is mo/ly ( ! fir/ class1 be+1 l all ! soils ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 =m$ ) a l>ge admixture ( volcanic mat]ials4 ,contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( ,java & ,arabia ,felix1 c(fee is "h f\nd to ?rive mu* bett]1 & produce a m heal?y & equal b]ry on pla9 l&1 ?an ^u hills1 or undulat+ slopes1 :i* d\btless arises f ! =m] reta9+ its moi/ure bett]1 & g5]ally conta9+ a l>g] deposit ( loam4 ,i am incl9$1 9 a great measure1 to attribute ! practice ( s[+ c(fee 9 slop+ l& 9 ,java to ?is fact1 t ! pla9s are usually occupi$ by ! m pr(itable cultivation ( sug>-canes4 ,9 ,arabia1 ! pla9s are g5]ally ( a s&y nature 7be+ l&s :i* h1 app>5tly1 at no v di/ant geological p]iod1 =m$ ! b$ ( ! sea71 :i* may acc\nt = ! plantations exi/+ only ^u ! l[ hills & slopes4 ,a c(fee plantation 9 ,co/a ,rica produces a crop ! ?ird ye> aft] x is plant$1 & is 9 p]fection ! fif? ye>4 ,! c(fee trees are plant$ 9 r[s1 ) a space ( ab\t ?ree y>ds betwe5 ea* & "o betwe5 ea* plant1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance h$ges ( ! laurel bay4 ,! we$s are cut d[n1 & ! e>? slightly turn$ ) a hoe1 ?ree or f\r times 9 ! ye>2 & ! plant is n all[$ to increase above ! height ( six feet1 = ! facility ( ga!r+ ! fruit4 ,! c(fee tree "h beg9s to fl[] 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april1 & ! b]ry rip5s 9 ! pla9s ( ,san ,jose 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 /rongly resembl+ a wild *]ry 9 =m & appe>ance1 be+ cov]$ ) a simil> sweet pulp4 ,z soon z ! crimson color assum$ by ! ripe fruit indicates ! "t = cropp+1 numb]s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are s5t to ga!r ! b]ry1 :i* is pil$ 9 l>ge heaps1 to s(t5 ! pulp1 = =ty-eight h\rs1 & !n plac$ 9 tanks1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( wat] passes1 :5 x is cont9ually /irr$1 to free x f ! out] pulp2 aft] :i* x is spread out on a plat=m1 ) :i* e c(fee e/ate is furni%$1 to dry 9 ! sun2 b !re /ill exi/s an inn] husk1 :i*1 :5 p]fectly dry1 is1 9 ! small] e/ates1 remov$ by tread+ ! b]ry "u ! feet ( ox52 & 9 ! l>g]1 by wat]-mills1 :i* bruise ! b]ry slightly to break ! husk1 & aft]w>ds sep>ate x by fann]s4 ,! entire co/ ( produc+ a qu9tal 7#aja #a-e lbs4 ,briti%7 ( c(fee1 includ+ ! keep+ ( ! e/ate 9 ord]1 clean+ & fann+ ! plants1 & ga!r+ & prep>+ ! b]ries1 is1 at ! pres5t rate ( wages 7two rials1 or ab\t a %ill+ p] day71 calculat$ at two & a half doll>s 7equal to t5 %ill+s72 b ! labor]s are n[ h>dly suffici5t = work+ all ! e/ates :i* are plant$1 s t ! price may probably rise a little1 ?\gh ! pres5t rate ( paym5t enables ! natives to live mu* bett] ?an has be5 _! wont4 ,! c(fee tree be>s fl[]s only ! second ye>1 & its blossoms la/ only #bd h\rs4 ,! returns ( ! ?ird ye> are v abundant2 at an av]age1 ea* plant yield+ a p\nd & a-half or two p\nds ( c(fee4 ,! price ( c(fee 9 ,san ,jose dur+ ! mon?s ( ,febru>y1 ,m>* & ,april1 aft] :i* none c g5]ally be met )1 01 9 #ahdf1 ab\t #e doll>s ca% p] qu9tal1 ! duty 7:i* is collect$ = ! repairs ( ! road7 "o rial m1 s t ! speculator makes at lea/ t5 rials1 or ab\t #bj p] c5t41 by pur*as+ & s5d+ ! c(fee to ! port1 on 8 outlay & *>ges2 b x is (t5 b>t]$ = manufactur$ goods1 & is also pur*as$ be=e-h&1 half be+ paid 9 imports & half 9 ca% to ! gr[]4 ,! l>ge/ c(fee e/ates ( ,co/a ,rica are possess$ by ! family ( ,montealegre & ,don ,juan ,moira4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! ,i h exam9$4 ,!y appe> to be v c>efully & judici\sly manag$1 possess+ good mills = clean+ & husk+ ! c(fee1 work$ by wat] p[]2 & annually produc+ #ejj tons4 ,! entire produce ( ! ye> #ahcf1 am\nt$ to ab\t #c1jjj tons1 & ! crop ( #ahdg exce$$ #d1jjj tons1 ne> :i* quantity x w probably cont9ue1 till ! population gradually increases1 ! labor]s1 z already m5tion$1 be+ b>ely suffici5t = ! pres5t cultivation4 ,z ! value at ! pres5t av]age price 9 ! ,engli% m>ket ( #ejs4 a cwt41 w give #bjj1jjj1 ! produce ( ! di/rict w appe> pretty consid]able = a petty ,am]ican ,/ate1 possess+ only #hj1jjj inhabitants1 & j em]g+ f a half-savage condition4--7,dunlop's ,c5tral ,am]ica47 ,! cultivation ( c(fee on ! pla9s ( ,san ,jose1 9 ,co/a ,rica1 accord+ to ,/eph5s1 has increas$ rapidly )9 a few ye>s4 ,sev5 ye>s be=e1 ! :ole crop 0 n m ?an #ejj qu9tals1 & 9 #ahdd x am\nt$ to #ij1jjj4 ,don ,m>iano ,montealegre is "o ( ! l>ge/ proprietors !re1 & _h ?ree plantations 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,"o1 :i* ,mr4 ,/eph5s visit$1 conta9$ #bg1jjj trees1 & he 0 prep>+ to make great additions ! next ye>4 ,he _h exp5d$ a l>ge sum ( money 9 build+s & ma*9]y2 & ?\gh 8 c\ntrym5 said he w\ld ru9 himself1 e ye> he plant$ m trees4 ,8 wife1 ,la ,s5ora1 0 busily engag$ 9 husk+ & dry+ ! b]ries4 ,9 ,san ,jose1 by ! way 7he adds71 all ! ladies 7 :at might be call$ good bus9ess-m51 kept /ores1 b\ght & sold goods1 look$ out = b>ga9s1 & 7 p>ticul>ly kn[+ 9 ! article ( c(fee4 ,! c(fee at ,sur9am is suff]$ to gr[ 9 ?ree /ems f ! root1 & :5 "o ( !m does n produce pl5ty ( b]ries1 x is ca/ away1 & ! be/ %oot 9 appe>ance next ! root is all[$ to gr[ 9 its room4 ,! trees are n p]mitt$ to rise high] ?an ab\t five feet1 s t ! negroes c v easily pluck ! b]ries1 = ga!r+ :i* !re are two seasons1 ! "o 9 ,may1 or ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & ! o!r 9 ,octob] or ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]4 ,! b]ries are (t5 pluck$ ( unequal rip5ess1 :i* mu/ greatly injure ! quality ( ! c(fee4 ,x is true :5 ! c(fee is wa%$1 ! b]ries :i* float on ! wat] are sep>at$ f ! o!rs2 b !y are only ^? ( ! wor/ quality1 or brok5 pieces1 :ile ! half-ripe beans rema9 at ! bottom ) ! re/4 ,n[1 9 ! description ,i h giv5 ( ! me?od ( ga!r+ c(fee 9 ,arabia1 x is se5 t ! tree is suff]$ to gr[ to its natural height1 & ! b]ries are ga!r$ by %ak+ ! tree1 & mak+ !m fall on mats plac$ = !m4 ,by ?is way ! ,arabians h>ve/ only ! beans p]fectly ripe at ! "t1 & :i* mu/ give ! c(fee a m delicate flavor4 ,a tree w yield ea* "t on an av]age f #a lb4 to #a lb4 ( c(fee1 :5 pulp$ & p]fectly dri$4 ,an acre ( l& plant$ ) c(fee1 :5 favor$ by ! wea!r1 becomes m pr(itable ?an :5 x is plant$ ) sug> canes2 b its crops are always v prec>i\s1 z ! blossoms1 & ev5 ! b]ries1 are sometimes damag$ by ! heavy ra9s1 :i* are mu* less injuri\s to sug> canes2 :]e=e a plant] feels himself be/ secur$ 9 8 rev5ue1 z soon z he c cultivate !m bo?4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! beauty ( ! walks plant$ ) c(fee trees1 f _! pyramidical %ape & f _! glossy d>k gre5 leaves1 %9+ ) great brightness1 among/ :i* are hang+ ! sc>let-col\r$ b]ries4 ,mr4 ,baird1 9 8 ,impressions ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ?us speaks ( a c(fee plantation3-- ,any?+ 9 ! way ( cultivation m beautiful1 or m fragrant1 ?an a c(fee plantation1 ,i _h n conceiv$2 & (t did ,i say to myself1 t if ev] ,i became1 f heal? & o!rwise1 a cultivator ( ! soil )9 ! tropics1 ,i w\ld cultivate ! c(fee plant1 ev5 ?\gh ,i did s irrespective altoge!r ( ! pr(it t might be d]iv$ f s do+4 ,mu* has be5 writt51 & n )\t ju/ice1 ( ! ri* fragrance ( an orange grove2 & at home we (ttimes he> ( ! sweet odors ( a bean-field4 ,i h1 too1 (t5 enjoy$ 9 ! ,c>se ( ,/irl+1 & else:]e 9 ,scotl&1 ! balmy breezes z !y swept ov] ! latt]1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! sun _h bur/ out1 ) unusual /r5g?1 aft] a %[] ( ra94 ,i h likewise1 9 ,m>t9ique1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,jamaica1 & ,cuba1 inhal$ ! gales waft$ f ! orang]ies2 b n = a mom5t w\ld ,i comp>e ei!r ) ! exquisite aromatic odors f a c(fee plantation 9 full bl[1 :5 ! hill-side--cov]$ ov] ) regul> r[s ( ! tree-l %rub1 ) _! millions ( jessam9e-l fl[]s--%[]s d[n ^u y1 z y ride up betwe5 ! plants1 a p]fume ( ! mo/ delicately delici\s description4 ',tis wor? go+ to ! ,we/ ,indies to see ! sight & inhale ! p]fume4 ,! decl9e 9 ! quantities ( c(fee drawn f ! ,we/ ,indies to supply ! great dem&1 is manife/ 9 ! foll[+ summ>y ( imports f ^? isl&s3-- lbs4 ,9 #ahbh !y export$ ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj #ahca ! imports f ,briti% ,we/ ,indies 7 #bj1jag1fbc #ahda ,ditto ,ditto #i1ijd1bcj #ahej1 ! la/ ye> 9 :i* di/9ct acc\nts #d1bfb1bbe 7 kept ----------- ,decrease f #ahca #ae1gee1cih ,jamaica4--,! c(fee plant 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,jamaica by ,sir ,ni*olas ,lawes1 9 #agbh1 :5 x 0 cultivat$ on an e/ate call$ ,temple ,hall1 9 ,liguanea1 n f> f ,k+/on4 ,9 #ageb !re 7 export$ #fj1jjj lbs42 & 9 #agge1 #dd1jjj lbs4 ,until #aghh little att5tion 0 paid to ?is product4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s end+ #cj? ,septemb]1 #agid1 ! av]age exportation ( c(fee 0 #a1fjc1jjj lbs42 9 #ahjd x am\nt$ to #bb1jjj1jjj lbs42 & dur+ ! ?ree ye>s end+ #cj? ,septemb]1 #ahjg1 ! av]age annual exportation 0 m ?an #bh1ejj1jjj lbs42 :i*1 at #f p] cwt41 its co/ 9 ,jamaica1 produc$ m ?an #a1gjj1jjj4 ,x is calculat$ t #bj1jjj1jjj 0 inve/$ 9 c(fee e/ates4 ,! c(fee plant ?rives 9 almo/ e soil ab\t ! m\nta9s ( ,jamaica1 & 9 ! v drie/ spots has frequ5tly produc$ abundant crops4 ,9 #ahdd !re 7 #fga c(fee plantations 9 ! isl&4 ,c(fee is gr[n 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9 ,peak at a height ( #d1gjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & "s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ productive plantations are 9 ?is locality4 ,! bran*es ( a c(fee tree1 on ,radnor e/ate1 cov]$1 9 #ahea1 a space ( ?irte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & ! tree 0 ab\t ?irte5 ye>s old4 ,9 #aghi ,hayti export$ #gg1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( c(fee1 b 9 #ahbf x _h decl9$ to #cb1jjj1jjj lbs41 9 #ahcg x 0 #ca1jjj1jjj lbs41 & ! %ipm5ts ( ?is /aple are n[ v inconsid]able4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,i speak pr9cipally ( ,jamaica1 :]e my exp]i5ce ext5d$1 ! soil be/ adapt$ = ! cultivation ( c(fee is f\nd to be loose gravelly or /ony4 ,a ri* black m\ld w produce a luxuriant bu%1 :i* w yield little fruit4 ,decompos+ s&/one1 & slate1 kn[n 9 ,jamaica z rott5 rock1 mix$ ) vegetable m\ld1 is "o ( ! mo/ favorable soils4 ,! subsoil %\ld be also c>efully exam9$ by a bor+ augur1 = a /iff moi/ clay1 or m>ly bottom ret5tive ( moi/ure1 is p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! plant4 ,a d>k1 ru/y-color$ s&1 or a f]rug9\s m>l on a sub/ratum ( lime/one1 kills ! tree 9 a few ye>s4 ,9 virg9 l&s1 aft] ! wood has be5 fell$ & cle>$1 ! l& is l9$ (f into r[s ( f six to sev5 feet squ>e1 & at ea* squ>e a hole is made ab\t eighte5 in*es deep1 into :i* ! "y plant is plac$ & ! e>? pli$ g5tly ab\t x1 leav+ f six to eight in*es ( ! plant above gr\nd4 ,nurs]ies = rais+ plants f se$s 7 =m]ly made1 b = _m ye>s ?is has be5 neglect$1 & plantations are set out n[ f suck]s :i* are drawn & trimm$ ( _! roots1 & cut ab\t two feet long4 ,! "y plants require to be kept well cle> f we$s1 & f\r clean+s 9 ! ye> may be deem$ necess>y1 ! plants :i* h fail$ mu/ be suppli$ 9 ord] to ensure uni=mity ( appe>ance4 ,all manure1 :e!r fluid or solid1 9 w>m climates %\ld be appli$ 9 wet seasons1 :]e x is n practicable to dig or turn x 9 to prev5t ! escape ( its volatile & nutritive pr9ciples4 ,z respects situation1 c(fee ?rives be/ on elevat$ situations1 :]e ! morn+ sun has mo/ influ5ce2 & on l[] m\nta9s1 :]e ! temp]ature is high]1 9 situations fac+ ! s\?-ea/1 or :]e ! sun does n act ) su* int5sity4 ,l[ m\nta9s1 9 :i* ! !rmomet] ranges f #ge to #ij degrees ,fahr41 z well z ^? expos$ to sea breezes1 are less suitable = ! cultivation ( c(fee ?an ^? di/ricts :]e ! temp]ature av]ages #fe to #hj degrees ,fahr41 & situat$ at high] elevations 9 ! int]ior4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be ass]t$ t ! elevation be/ adapt$ = c(fee is at an altitude rang+ f #b1jjj to #d1jjj feet1 at a temp]ature f #gj to #ge degrees ,fahr4 ,a we/ or s\?-we/ aspect is ! be/1 & ! field %\ld be well %elt]$ f ! nor? breezes4 ,z a g5]al rule 9 plant+ 9 light soils & high temp]atures1 trees may be plac$ at ! di/ance ( f\r or five feet1 :ile 9 /rong] soils & l[] temp]atures ! av]age di/ance w\ld be f five to sev5 feet4 ,topp+4--,! "y tree %oots out its lat]al bran*es at ea* jo9t1 :i* foll[ 9 regul> succession1 till ! tree atta9s ! height ( ab\t f\r feet six in*es1 :5 x is usual to top x d[n to f\r feet4 ,b c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! wood has rip5$1 :i* is kn[n by its assum+ a br[n & h>d appe>ance1 ,?is /r5g!ns ! vegetation ( ! bran*es1 :i* beg9 to ?r[ out buds1 & ^! %ortly =m collat]al bran*es2 9 ! c\rse ( eighte5 mon?s aft] ! tree w h arriv$ at its be>+ po9t4 ,trees1 aft] be+ topp$1 ?r[ (f suck]s1 :i* are call$ gorm&iz]s1 f ea* jo9t1 b m especially at ! head4 ,!y %\ld be pluck$ (f ) c>e1 b n cut1 z ! sap w\ld fl[ m readily if cut4 ,9 prun+1 "o ( ! ma9 objects is ! admission ( a free circulation ( air & light ?r\gh ! bran*es to ! root ( ! tree4 ,no g5]al rules c be laid d[n = prun+2 mu* mu/ dep5d on judgm5t1 exp]i5ce1 & a nice eye to appe>ance & pres]vation ( prim>y bran*es = be>+ & rip5+ wood = ! ensu+ ye>1 z well z to regulate & proportion ! size ( ! tree to ! functions ( ! roots 9 supply+ su/5ance1 & ! conv5i5ce ( pick+ ! b]ries :5 ripe4 ,e old b\gh :i* has se5 its day1 e wilful %oot gr[+ 9 a wrong direction1 e =k1 e cross bran* or dead limb1 mu/ be cut away4 ,! blossom+1 & rip5+ ( ! fruit v>ies accord+ to ! situation & temp]ature ( ! plantation4 ,9 l[ & hot situations1 :]e ! !rmomet] ranges f #gh to #ij degrees1 ! tree %[s its fir/ blossoms :5 ab\t two-&-a-half ye>s old4 ,9 high] & cold] situations ! tree w n blossom 9 pr(usion until ! f\r? or fif? ye>4 ,if !re be light %[]s1 ! blossoms w cont9ue on ! tree = a week or m1 & by ! sett+ ( ! blossoms ! plant] c det]m9e :at g]ms w become fruit4 ,! trees w blossom 9 l[ situations z e>ly z ,m>*1 b ! ,april bloom is consid]$ ! mo/ abundant4 ,9 high] elevations1 ! trees w bloom ev5 s late z ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,9 w>m climates ! fruit advances z rapidly1 & 9 a mon? w h atta9$ ! size ( a pea2 9 m elevat$ & cold] localities1 x w take two mon?s to arrive at ?is /age4 ,! fruit w be ripe 9 f six to eight mon?s aft] ! blossom has set2 x rip5s 9 w>m di/ricts ab\t ! mon? ( ,augu/1 :ile 9 o!rs ! crop w n be mature till ,febru>y4 ,an acre w usually conta9 #a1bjj trees 9 ,jamaica1 & ! produce w\ld be ab\t #djj lbs4 ( c(fee an acre1 or six ounces z ! produce ( ea* tree annually4 ,9 "s in/ances1 b v seldom1 "o p\nd a tree may be obta9$4 ,a bu%el ( *]ry c(fee w produce ab\t t5 or twelve p\nds ( m]*antable c(fee4 ,! c(fee b]ry1 aft] be+ pulp$ & soak$ = a day & night to free x f ! mucilage1 is spread out on b>bacues to dry2 9 t5 or twelve days1 if ! wea!r has be5 good1 x w be suffici5tly cur$ = ! peel+ mill4 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,m>ah1 ( ,jamaica1 9 a ,prize ,essay on ! ,cultivation & ,manufacture ( ,c(fee 9 t ,isl&1 publi%$ 9 my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 makes "s useful rem>ks3-- ,! manufacture ( ?is /aple commodity1 ) a view to its improvem5t 9 quality1 is a subject :i* dem&s our s]i\s att5tion2 & :5 we obs]ve ! va/ importance & pecuni>y advantage :i* accrue ^u ! slighte/ %ade ( improvem5t ei!r 9 col\r or appe>ance1 x becomes ! m imp]ative on u to use all ^? means :i* are available1 9 ord] to place ourselves on a foot+ ) ! =eign gr[]4 ,x is true t we are unable to ent] ! conte/ ) ! ,ea/ ,indian or slave cultivator1 f ! abundance & *eapness ( lab\r :i* is plac$ at _! comm&2 b by means ( our skill & assiduity1 we c successfully compete ) !m by ! manufacture ( sup]ior produce4 ,to ?is portion ( plantation managem5t ,i h giv5 an att5tive inquiry1 & %all %ortly proce$ to /ate my views on ! sy/em be/ adapt$ to ! cur+ & prep>+ = m>ket ( good quality produce4 ,! fruit %\ld be ga!r$ 9 :5 9 a blood-ripe /ate1 to all appe>ance l *]ries4 ,! lab\r]s are pr9cipally accu/om$ to reap ! crop 9 baskets1 ( :i* !y c>ry two to ! field2 & :5 ! c(fee is be>+ heavily1 & is at its full /age ( rip5ess1 ! good pick]s w ga!r 9 f\r bu%els p] diem1 & c>ry ! same on _! heads to ! works4 ,! fruit is !n measur$ & ?r[n into a l(t above ! pulp] 9 a heap4 ,x %\ld be submitt$ to ! fir/ process ( ma*9]y1 ! pulp]1 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]1 if n imm$iately2 b x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! manag] is unable to pulp 8 c(fee = two & sometimes ?ree days1 by :i* "t f]m5tation ensues1 & x becomes impossible aft] pulp+ to wa% (f ! mucilage1 :i* r adh]es to ! out] envelope ( ! b]ry1 & gives ! produce :at is t]m$ a r$ or blanketty appe>ance :5 spread out on ! b>bacues4 ,! produce is let d[n by means ( a small hole cut into ! floor ( ! l(t1 or a float+ box1 into ! hopp] ( ! pulp]1 & by means ( a grat] =c+ ! fruit aga9/ ! *ops1 ! b]ries are dislodg$ f ! pulp & fall ^u a sieve1 :i* be+ %ak5 by ! ma*9]y1 lets ! b]ries fall into ! ci/]n1 :il/ ! grat] cat*es ! pulp & c>ries x backw>ds at ea* evolution ( ! roll]1 ar\nd :i* x is encircl$4 ,! fruit :i* might h pass$ ?r\gh )\t be+ m ?an half squeez$1 & hav+ only eject$ "o b]ry1 is !n return$ 7aft] be+ %ak5 (f by ! sieve7 into ! hopp]1 to und]go ! process a second "t4 ,! pulp$ c(fee is !n p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! ci/]n = a day & a night1 dur+ :i* p]iod x und]goes a process ( f]m5tation2 x is !n wa%$ out 9 two or ?ree wat]s1 & ! :ole ( ! mucilag9\s /uff :i* _h ris5 f ! b]ry by ! f]m5tation is entirely wa%$ (f1 & ! c(fee pres5ts a beautiful :ite appe>ance4 ,f ?is ! produce is turn$ out to dra9 on a b>bacue1 slop$ s z to ?r[ all ! wat] to ! c5tre1 :]e a dra9 is plac$ to c>ry x all (f4 ,9 an h\r or s aft]1 ! c(fee may be remov$ to ! b>bacues = cur+2 x is !re spread out ?9ly & expos$ to ! sun1 :i*1 if %9+ /rong1 w 9 eight or n9e h\rs absorb all ! wat]1 & ! c(fee be fit = h\s+ t day4 ,i say fit = h\s+1 because ,i h repeat$ly se5 c(fee wa%$ out e>ly 9 ! morn+ & put up ! same ev5+4 ,i _c say ,i approve ( ! sy/em1 ?\gh 9 f9e wea!r x has be5 att5d$ ) success4 ,f ! "t ! c(fee is fir/ expos$ to ! sun till ! silv] sk9 />ts1 is ! /age1 9 my op9ion1 dur+ :i* ! produce suff]s mo/ injury4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x %\ld be kept con/antly turn$1 9 ord] to get ! wat] absorb$ z e>ly z possible2 & aft] x has be5 h\s$1 ! greate/ precaution %\ld be tak5 to prev5t its heat+3 & x is = ?is reason t ,i disapprove ( e>ly h\s+1 = if wet wea!r %\ld int]v5e1 & ! c(fee _c be turn$ out1 x is sure to get heat$4 ,f ?is neglect ,i h se5 a p]fect /eam issu+ f ! h\se 9 ! morn+ :5 ! doors h be5 op5$2 & ,i h kn[n1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ! adhesion ( ! silv] sk9 to ! b]ry s firm1 t x c\ld n be remov$ by a %>p p5knife )\t slic+ ! b]ry4 ,9 a succession ( wet wea!r ! produce has rema9$ on ! b>bacues = sev]al weeks1 )\t ! slighte/ advance 9 cur+2 &1 unless x be frequ5tly turn$ :ile 9 ?is wet /ate1 x is sure to g]m9ate2 ! b]ries fir/ swell1 !n a ?9 :ite spire issues f ! seam1 & on op5+ ! b]ry ! "y leaves w be actually se5 =m$ inside1 s rapid is ! c\rse ( vegetation4 ,i am ( op9ion t c(fee %\ld n be h\s$ till ! silv] sk9 beg9s to />t1 :5 no dang] c ensue2 = if a few wet days %\ld int]v5e1 by turn+ ! c(fee ov] 9 ! h\se1 & all[+ a curr5t ( air to pass ?r\gh x1 x w keep = weeks4 ,x is at ?is /age t ! p>*m5t sk9 beg9s to %[ itself1 = at fir/ x adh]es to ! inn] k]nel1 b ! heat ( ! sun />ts x f its hold & x sep>ates2 ?us1 on %ak+ a h&ful ( ! produce x w be he>d to rattle1 a sure indication t ! silv] sk9 has ris5 f ! bean1 )\t ev5 ?re%+ x to asc]ta9 ! fact4 ,! bean is p]fectly :ite till ! silv] sk9 />ts2 x !n beg9s gradually to assume ! d>k1 or :at is call$ ! half-cur$ appe>ance4 ,a good day's /rong sun w !n half cure x1 & by subsequ5t exposure ! produce takes ano!r /age1 & gradually loses ! half-cur$1 & assumes a blue col\r2 & :5 ! produce is prop]ly cur$ & fit = ! mill1 n ! slighte/ d>k spot w be p]ceptible 9 ! bean1 b x w exhibit a horny blue col\r4 ,x is )9 my obs]vation t c(fee has be5 ga!r$ f ! field on ! ,monday1 & prep>$ = m>ket on ! ,saturday1 9 a spell ( dry wea!r2 b ,i h kn[n x also to lie on ! b>bacues = z _m weeks 9 contr>y wea!r1 be=e x _h gone ?r\gh ! same ordeal4 ,) good wea!r & smoo? t]races :]eon to cure1 no?+ b gross ignorance & unp>donable c>elessness c produce a bad quality ( c(fee4 ,! difficulty arises 9 wet wea!r1 :5 "o's skill & assiduity is call$ into action to save ! produce f be+ spoil$4 ,aft] c(fee has be5 half-cur$1 ! putt+ x up hot at an e>ly p]iod ( ! day has ! effect ( cur+ x all night4 ,i h notic$ produce h\s$ 9 ?is mann]1 & requir+ ano!r day's exposure to fit x = ! mill1 f\nd p]fectly cur$ next morn+4 ,! b>bacues %\ld be kept 9 good ord]--all ruts & holes neatly pat*$ e crop1 = to !m & o!r r\ghnesses is to be attribut$ ! peel+ ( ! b]ries1 _! be+ scrat*$1 & v>i\s injuries :i* ! produce su/a9s4 ,& :ile on ! subject ( ,works1 ,i _c help notic+ ! extreme c>elessness & inatt5tion :i*1 on visit+ prop]ties1 ! works & build+s pres5t to our view4 ,x is utt]ly impossible to manufacture good produce unless ! ma*9]y & build+s are kept 9 good ord]2 & ! p>simony :i* is ?us display$ 9 ?is necess>y outlay is fallaci\s1 :5 "o ?9ks ( ! result ( "o or two %ill+s p] #ajj lbs4 lo/ on a crop ?r\gh ?is neglect4 ,:5 ! c(fee is p]fectly cur$--:i* is g5]ally asc]ta9$ by ?re%+ out a few b]ries 9 "o's h&s1 & see+ if x has atta9$ its horny blue col\r--x is !n fit = mill+1 :i* is ! second process ( ma*9]y :i* x has to und]go4 ,"h ! p>*m5t & silv] sk9s are dislodg$ f ! b]ry1 by means ( ! friction ( a l>ge roll] pass+ ov] ! produce 9 a wood5 tr\gh4 ,x is !n tak5 out ( ! tr\gh1 & submitt$ to ! fann] or w9n[+ ma*9e1 :5 ! tra% is all bl[n away1 & ! c(fee1 pass+ ?r\gh two or ?ree sieves1 comes away p]fectly clean & p>tially siz$4 ,f ?is x is aga9 siev$ 9 ord] to size x prop]ly1 h&-pick$1 put into bags1 & s5t on mules' backs to ! :>f4 ,x is !n put into ti]ces & sold 9 ! ,k+/on m>ket1 or %ipp$ to ,brita94 ,a v>iety ( circum/ances t5d to injure ! quality ( ! c(fee1 :i* x is beyond human ag5cy to control4 ,dry wea!r int]v5+ at ! p>ticul> p]iod :5 ! b]ry is gett+ full1 subjects x to be /9t$ & %rivell$2 & /rong dry breezes happ5+ at ! same p]iod1 w cause an adhesion ( ! silv] sk9 :i* ! ord9>y process ( cur+ & manufacture w n remove4 ,late discov]ies 9 ! latt] h1 h[ev]1 %[n ! possibility ( dive/+ ! produce ( t silv]y appe>ance1 :5 br\ght ab\t "u ! =ego+ circum/ances4 ,x is almo/1 unnecess>y to /ate t ?is improvem5t 9 manufacture ref]s to ! inv5tions ( ,messrs4 ,my]s & ,meacock1 ^: respective m]its h already und]gone public revision4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,my]s' plan ( imm]s+ c(fee 9 w>m wat]1 ,i may be all[$ to /ate t x has come "u my own obs]vation1 t produce :i* _h previ\sly be5 heat$ ?r\gh "s c>elessness 9 ! cur+1 subsequ5tly 0 expos$ to a slight spr9kl+ ( ra91 & :5 gr\nd out & fann$1 0 f\nd to h lo/ its silv]y appe>ance4 ,to ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,meacock1 a pref]5ce has1 h[ev]1 be5 giv51 9 consequ5ce ( ! impression t ! produce ?us imm]s$ 9 wat] w absorb a portion ( ! liquid1 :i* w det]iorate its quality 9 its passage across ! ,atlantic4 ,sev]al g5tlem5 h %ipp$ c(fee submitt$ to ?is process to ,engl&1 b ,i h n le>nt ! result4 ,x appe>s v manife/ t a great deal might be done 9 ! way ( ma*9]y1 to relieve produce ( t silv]y or foxy appe>ance :i* is s prejudicial to its value 9 ! ,briti% m>ket1 & :i* appe>ances might accrue f a v>iety ( incid5ts to :i* all plantations are m or less subject4 ,a manife/ pref]5ce is giv5 9 ! lead+ ,european m>kets to c(fee :i* has gone ?r\gh ! pulp+ & wa%+ process2 b1 /range to say1 ! consum]s ( ?is bev]age are totally ignorant ( ! fact1 t ! produce :i* is cur$ 9 ! pulp furni%es a /rong] decoction ?an an equal quantity ( ! same :i* has und]gone ! o!r process4 ,_m p]sons are ( op9ion t ! mucilag9\s sub/ance :i* is wa%$ (f 9 pulp+ is absorb$ by ! bean :5 cur$ 9 ! pulp1 & :i* gives /r5g? to ! produce & enhances its aromatic flav\r4 ,on mo/ prop]ties x has be5 cu/om>y to cure ! remnants ( ! crop 9 ?is way1 = ! use ( ! plantation2 & x has be5 well notic$ by great epicures 9 ! flav\r ( ! decoction1 t ! c(fee ?us cur$ produc$ ! /ronge/ & be/ bev]age4 ,tr9idad4--,! c(fee plant does n succe$ well 9 ,tr9idad1 ! tree giv+ b little fruit1 & p]i%+ at ! end ( t5 or twelve ye>s2 ?\gh ! article is always ( a sup]ior quality1 & has ! advantage ov] t ( ,m>t9ique & ! o!r ,antilles ( n requir+ age to produce an agreeable bev]age4 ,x is f ! fault & ob/9ate atta*m5t to old habits ( ! plant]s1 t ?is cultivation has n be5 m successful 9 ,tr9idad4 ,because c(fee trees ?rive 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,guadalupe1 ,dom9ica1 ,/4 ,lucia & ,m>t9ique1 on ! hills1 !y _h conclud$ t x w\ld be ! same 9 ,tr9idad2 )\t notic+ t ! hills ( t isl& are compos$ only ( s*i/us cov]$ ) gravel1 on :i* lies a light lay] ( vegetative e>?1 t ! ra9 wa%es away aft] "s ye>s ( cultivation2 :il/ ! hills ( ! ,antilles1 mu* m high & cool1 are cov]$ ) a deep b$ ( e>?1 :i* is reta9$ by enorm\s blocks ( /one1 t at ! same "t ma9ta9 humidity & fre%ness4 ,messrs4 ,branbrun1 ( ,tac>igua1 & ,don ,juan de ,are/imuno1 ( ,c>iaco1 wor?y & intellig5t plant]s1 "s ye>s ago adopt$ ! plan ( plant+ c(fee trees on ! pla9s1 9 ! mann] cacao trees are plant$1 t is1 9 ! %ade ( ! ,ery?r9a1 & ?is mode ( cultivation has p]fectly succe$$4 ,x is to be hop$ t _! success w enc\rage ! cultivation ( ?is valuable tree 9 ! unit$ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 & 9 ^? p>ts ( ,tr9idad :i* 7 deem$ unfavorable to x f ! too great dryness ( ! climate4 ,9 #agif1 ! ye> prec$+ its capture1 !re 7 #acj c(fee plantations 9 ,tr9idad1 :i* produc$ #ccj1jjj lbs4 ( c(fee4 ,9 #ahjb1 ! produce _h slightly increas$ to #ceh1ffj lbs41 b !re 7 two plantations less4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,gr5ada1 accord+ to ! returns made to ! local ,treasury ( ! /aple products rais$1 :ile !re 7 #fd1fed lbs4 made-9 #ahbi1 ! quantity _h decreas$ to #ac1fea lbs4 9 #ahcg4 ,! colony ( ,briti% ,guiana 0 =m]ly not$ = its produce ( c(fee4 ,! foll[+ figures m>k ! decl9e ( ! culture ( ?is /aple1 %[+ ! exports 9 ,dut* p\nds3-- ,dem]>a & ,essequibo4 ,b]bice4 #ahcd #a1ajb1bjj #a1dbi1hjj #ahce #a1bii1jhj #a1igi1hej #ahcf #b1aag1bej #b1fhd1ajj #ahcg #a1hdi1fej #b1bag1cjj #ahch #b1dhf1bdj #a1gjj1eej #ahci #gdg1dej #a1bee1hjj #ahdj #a1eca1cej #a1hbe1iej #ahda #efh1ibj #eai1gej #ahdb #a1cgb1fej #hjd1dgj #ahdc #dbh1hjj #iii1cjj #ahdd #gaf1acg #ggd1fjj ,?us ! exports ( ! colony :i* 9 #ahcf 7 #d1hja1cej lbs4 _h decl9$ 9 #ahdd to #a1dij1gcg2 :il/ 9 #ahca we receiv$ f ,briti% ,guiana #c1egf1ged lbs4 ( c(fee1 9 #ahej we only receiv$ #h1dgb lbs4 ,!re are ab\t #ejj acres "u cultivation ) c(fee 9 ,/4 ,lucia4 ,! exports1 :i* 9 #ahdj 7 #cbc1hbj lbs41 _h decl9$1 9 #ahdd1 to #eh1hcd lbs4 ,! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies export$ to ,great ,brita91 9 #ahbi & #ahej1 ! foll[+ quantities ( c(fee3-- #ahbi4 #ahej4 lbs4 lbs4 ,jamaica #ah1fij1fed #d1aef1baj ,dem]>a #d1fhj1aah #ag1ggd ,b]bice #b1dhb1hih #fih ,tr9idad #gc1ffg #if1cgf ,dom9ica #idb1aad #gib ,/4 ,lucia #cjc1dii #ce ,cuba4--,= ! foll[+ valuable rem>ks & details ( c(fee culture 9 ,cuba1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,turnbulls ,travels 9 ! ,we/3-- ,at ! p]iod ( ! break+ out ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 ! cultivation ( c(fee c\ld sc>cely be said to h rea*$ ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t2 s t till t its cultivation 0 9 a great measure conf9$ to ,arabia & ! ,c>ibbean ,ar*ipelago4 ,its extreme sc>city dur+ ! w> enhanc$ its price s enorm\sly1 t on ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( peace 9 #ahad1 ! plants 7 multipli$ to inf9ity1 & c(fee plantations 7 =m$ 9 e possible situation--on ! ,co/e ,firme ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 along ! ,brazilian %ores ( t cont95t1 & ev5 at "s po9ts on ! coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,to %[ ! extreme rapidity ) :i* ! cultivation has be5 ext5d$1 take ! /ati/ical returns ( ,la ,guayra1 ! *ief port ( ! ,/ate ( ,v5ezuela1 f :5ce ! :ole export ( c(fee 9 ! ye> #aghi 0 n m ?an t5 tons2 & ( late ye>s f t port alone1 & 9 spite ( ! int]nal disunions ( ! c\ntry1 x has rea*$ ! enorm\s quantity ( #b1ejj tons4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon 7n[ ,reunion71 & ! ,mauritius & ,ceylon1 ! plant]s h also appli$ !mselves to ?is bran* ( indu/ry2 x has be5 prosecut$ successfully 9 our ,ea/]n ,possessions1 & ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 n cont5t ) ! natural influ5ce ( ! univ]sal dem& = x1 h be5 endeav\r+ to /imulate ! production by means ( premiums & o!r artificial advantages4 ,9 =m+ a c(fee plantation1 ! *oice ( situation & soil becomes a consid]ation ( ! fir/ importance4 ,a v high temp]ature is by no means a fav\rable condition4 ,if a spot c\ld be f\nd :]e ! range ( ! ,fahr5heit !rmomet] did n s9k bel[ #ge degrees1 nor rise above #hj degrees1 & :]e ! soil 0 o!rwise suitable1 no plant] c\ld desire a m fav\rable situation4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s isl&s ( ,jamaica & ,/4 ,dom+o1 ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is temp]ature is f\nd :]e ! elevation is n less ?an #b1jjj1 & n m ?an #c1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & x is mo/ successfully cultivat$ 9 ! two isl&s ,i h nam$4 ,! ,isl& ( ,cuba be+ mu* less m\nta9\s1 b at ! same "t be+ ne>] ! tropical limit1 ! plant] 9 seek+ ! degree ( heat he requires is =c$ to conf9e himself 9 a great measure to ! nor!rn side ( ! isl&1 :]e1 accord+ly1 we f9d t ! cultivation ( c(fee is mo/ successfully c>ri$ on4 ,! vic9ity ( ! cafetal to a conv5i5t place ( emb>cation1 ent]s l>gely1 ( c\rse1 into ! consid]ation ( ! plant] :5 *oos+ a suitable locality4 ,a compact =m is also ?\ght desirable1 9 ord] to save ! "t & lab\r ( ! negroes2 & ! ord9>y ext5t is ab\t six caball]ias1 or some?+ less ?an #bjj ,engli% acres4 ,! locality be+ f9ally *os51 su* op5 places are =m$ or select$1 f di/ance to di/ance1 z may be f\nd mo/ suitable1 9 respect to %ade & moi/ure1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( conv5i5t nurs]ies4 ,! fruit :i* has be5 ga!r$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? ( ,octob]1 & :i* has be5 dri$ 9 ! %ade1 is pref]r$ = se$4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 drills half a y>d asund]1 & introduc$1 two beans toge!r1 by means ( a dibble1 into holes two in*es deep & t5 or twelve in*es ap>t4 ,! ext5t ( "o ( ^! nurs]ies is g5]ally ab\t #ajj y>ds squ>e1 :i*1 ) su* int]vals z ,i h m5tion$1 ought to conta9 ab\t #fj1jjj plants4 ,a qu>t] ( a caball]ia1 or ab\t eight ,engli% acres1 is visually set ap>t1 9 a c5tral & conv5i5t position1 = ! site ( ! build+s1 & = gr[+ provisions = ! use ( ! lab\r]s on ! future plantation4 ,9 fav\rable seasons x is f\nd t heavi] crops are obta9$ f c(fee trees left :olly un%ad$2 b1 9 ! av]age ( two ye>s1 x seems to be settl$1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba at lea/1 t a mod]ate degree ( protection f ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun produces a /eadi]1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 a m advantage\s return4 ,! di/ribution ( ! l& into "r-angl$ sections1 & ! plant+ ( ! trees 9 /raight l9es1 is s contriv$ z to fav\r ! future sup]vision ( ! lab\r]s mu* m ?an f any /rict att5tion to m]e symmetry4 ,! di/ance ( ! trees f ea* o!r ought to be regulat$ by ! quality ( ! soil1 & ! degrees ( heat & %ade !y are to enjoy4 ,! ranges f nor? to s\? are usually f\r y>ds ap>t1 & ^? f ea/ to we/ n m ?an ?ree2 b ! l[] ! temp]ature ! wid] %\ld be ! int]val1 because 9 t case ! vegetation is m active & m rapid1 & ! tree requires a wid] space ov] :i* to ext5d itself4 ,! be/ season = plant+ ! trees is ! middle ( ! mon? ( ,may1 if !re be !n a suffici5t degree ( moi/ure2 b ! op]ation is (t5 p]=m$ successfully dur+ ! ra9y mon? ( ,octob]2 subject always to ! risk1 h[ev]1 ( s]i\s injury to ! "y plantation f ! nor? w9ds :i* prevail at t advanc$ season ( ! ye>4 ,! holes prep>$ to receive ! plants are eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t two feet deep4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,cuba !re are two rival modes ( plant+ ! c(fee tree4 ,! "o is call$ la siembra la mota2 ! o!r la siembra la e/aca4 ,by ! me?od a la mota1 a circle is =m$ ar\nd ! plant 9 ! nurs]y1 & c>e is tak5 to remove x )\t di/urb+ ! e>? ar\nd ! roots4 ,! plants are !n plac$ c>efully 9 will[ baskets1 prep>$ = ! purpose1 & c>ri$ to ! holes already op5$ = _! reception2 ga!r+ up ! e>? ar\nd ! /em1 & press+ x c>efully d[n ) ! foot1 9 su* a mann] z to =m a bas9 or filt] = ! reception ( ! ra9-wat]1 & = suff]+ x to p]colate among ! roots1 & also to provide a conv5i5t place ( deposit = ! subsequ5t application ( manure4 ,! siembra la e/aca is diff]5tly execut$4 ,su* plants are select$ f ! nurs]y z are ( ! ?ickness ( ! little f+]1 or f t to an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 )draw+ !m f ! gr\nd1 great c>e is tak5 n to injure or compress ! bulbs or buttons )91 eight or t5 in*es ( ! level ( ! soil1 because ^! are to s]ve = ! production ( fre% roots :5 ! e/aca is aft]w>ds plant$ m deeply 9 its p]man5t position4 ,! great] "p ( ! capill>y roots are cut away ) a knife2 b a few1 toge!r ) ! pr9cipal root1 are suff]$ to rema9 f f\r to six in*es long4 ,9 plant+ !m1 f ?ree to f\r in*es ( ! trunk are left above gr\nd4 ,! little bas9 ( e>? = ! reception & filtration ( ! ra9-wat]1 is n s l>ge 9 ! /ake sy/em ( plant+ z 9 t ) ! clod ( e>? la mota2 b if ! soil be poor1 x mu/ be proportionably enl>g$ to admit ! application ( ! necess>y quantity ( manure4 ,! /ake sy/em1 requir+ mu* less lab\r ?an ! o!r1 is g5]ally pref]r$2 b :5 !re is abundance ( %ade to protect ! "y plant f dr\ght1 & always1 ( c\rse1 9 replac+ ! decay$ trees ( an old plantation1 x is consid]$ m desirable to remove ! :ole plant1 its roots & bran*es entire1 ) z mu* z possible ( ! adh]+ soil f ! nurs]y1 accord+ to ! sy/em la mota4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? ye> ( ! plantation1 ! trees1 accord+ to ! be/ sy/em ( husb&ry1 are prun$ d[n to ! height ( ?ree feet f ! gr\nd on ! ri*e/ soil1 & /ill l[] 9 proportion to its /]ility4 ,all ! bran*es :i* are n z ne>ly z possible at "r angles ) ! trunk1 are likewise remov$ by ! prun+-knife1 s t 9 ! foll[+ spr+ ! :ole /em is cov]$ ) fre% %oots4 ,by ?is op]ation ! p[] ( nature seems to be exhau/$1 z = t ye> ! trees 9 g5]al be> no fruit2 b 9 subsequ5t seasons ! loss is amply repaid by a crop (t5 great] ?an ! bran*es c support1 or ?an ! fl[ ( n\ri%m5t is always able to br+ to full size & maturity4 ,! ma*9]y = remov+ ! ext]nal pulp ( ! c(fee-bean is seldom ( a v p]fect description 9 ?is isl&1 & ! loss su/a9$ 9 consequ5ce is (t5 v consid]able4 ,x is almo/ uni=mly mov$ by ! p[] ( horses or ox51 work+ 9 a g91 & ! "n x be>s is t ( ! ,desc]ecador4 ,! ,b>becues1 :5 ! c(fee is laid out to dry1 are call$ indiscrim9ately ,t5dales or ,secadores4 ,!y are m num]\s & ( small] dim5sions ?an is cu/om>y 9 ! ,briti% colonies1 :]e a s+le b>becue1 laid d[n ) tiles or pla/]1 is consid]$ suffici5t = a :ole e/ate4 ,! w>eh\se = receiv+ ! crop & pres]v+ ! c(fee aft] x is put into bags & ready = ! m>ket1 is g5]ally ( su* limit$ dim5sions z to be b>ely suffici5t = ! purposes = :i* x is design$2 s t1 :5 ! h>ve/ has be5 abundant1 or :5 any?+ has occurr$ to int]f]e ) ! despat* ( :at is ready = removal1 ! con/ant accumulation is att5d$ ) s]i\s inconv5i5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! occupation ( ! c(fee plant] has be5 = "s "t on ! decl9e 9 ! isl&1 ow+ to ! sup]ior rate ( pr(it d]iv$ f ! mak+ ( sug>2 & ev]y?+ rem9ds y ( x1 ! mol5o de pil>1 ! av5tador1 & ! sep>ador1 d[n to ! humble/ implem5t ( husb&ry on ! e/ate4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! fruit comm5ces 9 ,cuba 9 ,augu/2 b ,novemb] & ,decemb] are ! mo/ active & important mon?s ( ! h>ve/s4 ,! lab\r]s are s5t out ) two baskets ea*1 "o l>ge1 ! o!r small4 ,e lab\r] has a file ( c(fee trees assign$ to him2 ! l>ge basket he leaves ne> ! place :]e 8 "w is to beg92 ! o!r he c>ries ) him to receive ! b]ries f ! trees2 & z (t5 z x is full he empties x into ! l>ge "o4 ,! baskets are made ( ru%es1 will[s1 or bamboo2 & ! l>ge "o is ( su* a size t ?ree ( !m ought to fill ! b>rel1 )\t top or bottom1 :i* s]ves ! purposes ( a measure at ! ,t5dal or ,secador4 ,?ree baskets1 or "o b>rel-measure1 ( ! newly-ga!r$ c(fee b]ry1 ought to produce ?irty p\nds aft] ! process ( dry+1 ! removal ( ! pulp1 & ! f9al prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,:5 !re is a suffici5t numb]1 or a suffici5t space ( ,b>becues or ,secadors1 sixty or sev5ty b>rels only are put toge!r2 b f want ( room x (t5 happ5s t ! quantity am\nts to a hundr$ b>rels4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! :ole is ga!r$ into two great heaps1 & 9 ?is /ate x is all[$ to rema9 = f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs1 9 ord] to subject x to a c]ta9 degree ( f]m5tation4 ,aft] ?is1 x is spread out to dry ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ,b>becue1 & until x is suffici5tly s1 x rema9s !re uncov]$ day & night4 ,:5 ! dessication is f\nd to be f> en\gh advanc$1 x is no long] expos$ dur+ ! night2 nor ev5 dur+ ! day1 if ! wea!r be damp or unfavorable4 ,! subsequ5t op]ations are c]ta9ly n bett]1 probably n s well1 conduct$ z 9 our own ,we/ ,india possessions4 ,9 ! f\r? ye>1 x is presum$ t ! agricultural produce ( ! l&1 & ! fir/ returns ( c(fee1 %\ld be suffici5t to meet all ! curr5t exp5ses4 ,at ! end ( ! fif? ye> !re ought to be =ty ?\s& c(fee trees f\r ye>s old on ! e/ate1 #fj1jjj ( ?ree ye>s1 & #ajj1jjj ( two & "o ye>1 ! produce ( :i* ought to be at lea/ #djj qu9tals1 :i*1 at a mod]ate e/imate1 %\ld be wor? #b1djj doll>s4 ,?us ! calculation goes on until we arrive at ! end ( ! sev5? ye>1 :5 ! e/ate ought to be 9 full be>+4 ,! returns are e/imat$ at #c1jjj arrobas1 or #gej qu9tals1 :i*1 at eight doll>s p] qu9tal deliv]$ free on bo>d1 make #f1jjj doll>s4 ,! m9or products ( ! e/ate1 su* z ,indian corn1 pigs1 & oil1 are giv5 at #a1acj doll>s1 mak+ ! gross returns #g1acj doll>s2 &1 aft] d$uct+ ! annual exp5ses1 leav+ #e1cjj doll>s z ! regul> return on ! capital inve/$1 :i*1 hav+ be5 ab\t #dj1jjj doll>s1 gives ab\t ?irte5 p] c5t42 n c]ta9ly to be consid]$ extravagant 9 a c\ntry :]e twelve p] c5t1 is ! regul> rate ( int]e/4 ,! produce ( c(fee f ea* section is giv5 at #djj arrobas1 or #c1ejj arrobas = ! :ole ( ! n9e sections4 ,! av]age price ( c(fee1 free ( ! exp5se ( c>riage1 is assum$ to be two doll>s ! arroba1 or eight doll>s p] qu9tal1 :i* w\ld give a return ( #g1bjj doll>s1 besides ! repaym5t ( ! r5t by ! coloni/s4 ,! cultivation ( c(fee has be5 fall+ (f 9 ,cuba = sev]al ye>s pa/1 ! crops x is ass]t$ be+ too prec>i\s !re1 & ! prices too l[ to enc\rage ! cont9uance ( plant+4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! isl& is :]e ?is decrease is mo/ p]ceptible1 sev]al ( ! l>ge/ e/ates hav+ be5 conv]t$ to ! gr[? ( sug> & tobacco1 o!rs ab&on$ to s]ve z pa/ure fields1 & ! v few rema9+ yield+ less & less e ye>4 ,h5ce=w>d ! culture ( ?is b]ry "h is likely to be v insignificant1 & n _m ye>s w elapse be=e ! am\nt produc$ w m]ely suffice = ! local consumption4 ,ab\t ,/4 ,jago de ,cuba ! cultivation is m att5d$ to1 ! article =m+ /ill _! pr9cipal export4 ,tak+ five qu9qu5nial p]iods1 ! foll[+ figures %[ ! av]age annual exports ( c(fee3-- arrobas4 #ahbf to #ahcj #a1gah1hfe #ahcj #ahce #a1iie1hcb #ahce #ahdj #a1hgg1fdf #ahda #ahdf #a1hhg1ddd #ahdf #ahea #gfh1bdd ,! bett] to exhibit ! decrease ( production ?r\gh\t ! isl&1 ,i may /ate t ! export f #ahci to #ahda inclusive1 0 9 ! aggregate #a1ccb1bba qu9tals2 #ahdb to #ahdd1 inclusive1 0 9 ! aggregate #a1bag1fff qu9tals2 #ahde to #ahdg1 inclusive1 0 9 ! aggregate b #ehc1bjh qu9tals4 ,! exports ( c(fee = ! :ole isl&1 71 9 #ahdj1 #b1aig1gga arrobas2 9 #ahda1 #a1bfj1ibj arrobas4 ,9 #ahdg !re 7 #b1jfd plantations "u cultivation ) c(fee 9 ,cuba1 9 #ahdf !re 7 only #a1fgj4 ,! production ( #ahdi 0 #a1dgj1ged arrobas1 valu$ at #b1bjf1aca doll>s4 ,f ! ye> #ahda to #ahdf1 ! av]age ye>ly production 0 #de1bcf1ajj lbs42 b f #ahdf to #ahea1 x 0 only #ai1bjf1ajj lbs42 %[+ a fall+ (f ( #gb p] c5t42 ! production /ill fur!r decreas$ 9 #ahea1 x be+ only #ac1jjd1cej lbs41 or #a4eb p] c5t4 less ?an ! prec$+ ye>4 ,?is enorm\s decl9e 9 ! production ( c(fee has be5 caus$ by ! l[ price ( ! article 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c\pl$ ) ! m remun]ative price ( sug>1 dur+ ! same p]iod2 caus+ capitali/s r to inve/ money 9 ! =mation ( new sug> e/ates4 ,z a consequ5ce1 _m c(fee plantations h be5 turn$ into cane cultivation2 or1 be+ ab&on$1 ! slaves atta*$ !reto 7 sold or leas$ to sug> plant]s4 ,! foll[+ is private in=mation f a correspond5t3-- ,we g5]ally plant ab\t #bjj1jjj trees )9 a space ( #ejj feet1 *oos+ ! /ronge/ soil4 ,i h adopt$ a diff]5t sy/em f ! "o g5]ally 9 use "h1 = !y usually plant ! trees too ne> ea* o!r4 ,i f9d by giv+ !m space & air1 t ! plant develops itself & yields m beans4 ,x is v important to protect ! trees f ! rays ( ! sun1 = :i* purpose ,i plant bananas at int]m$iate r[s2 _! broad leaves1 l p>asols1 %$ a delightful %ade r\nd ! c(fee plant1 & t5d to accumulate ! moi/ure :i* /r5g!ns ! roots ( ! "y tree4 ,:5 ! tree is ab\t two ye>s old ! top bran*es are lopp$ (f = ! purpose ( ?r[+ ! sap into ! bean4 ,"s plant]s cut ! trees s %ort1 t !y d n all[ !m to /& m ?an five or six feet above ! gr\nd2 b ,i all[ m9e to atta9 great] height prior to lopp+ !m1 :]eby !y produce l>g] crops4 ,nor d ,i all[ my negroes to beat ! trees1 or =ce !m to pluck a c]ta9 quantity a day1 = ,i discov]$ t !y pick$ ! ripe & unripe beans indiscrim9ately--frequ5tly injur+ ! trees4 ,i only all[ !m to %ake ! tree1 & pick up ! beans t h fall5 dur+ ! night4 ,c(fee exports f ! ports ( ,havana & ,matanzas1 9 ,cuba1 = ! ye>s end+ ,decemb] 9 ,qu9tals4 #ahci #cdd1gbe #ahdj #djb1ace #ahda #bab1gfg #ahdb #cad1aia #ahdc #bbc1bfe #ahdd #ahf1cdi #ahde #db1dji #ahdf #fe1jde #ahdg #ajf1ijd #ahdh #ca1fgd #ahdi #ib1igd #aheb #db1eaj ,porto ,rico export$ #he1chd cwt4 ( c(fee 9 #ahci4 ,africa4--,c(fee w require "s f\r ye>s to gr[ be=e x w give to ! cultivator any income1 b x %\ld be kn[n t aft] t "t ! tree1 ) little or no labor be/[$ on x1 w yield two crops a ye>4 ,! quality ( c(fee gr[n 9 ! republic ( ,lib]ia1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 is pron\nc$ by compet5t judges to be equal to any 9 ! _w4 ,9 num]\s in/ances1 trees full ( c(fee1 are se5 at only ?ree ye>s old4 #bad casks & bags ( c(fee 7 import$ f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa 9 #ahdf4 ,c(fee1 x has be5 prov$1 c be cultivat$ ) great ease to any ext5t 9 ! republic ( ,lib]ia1 be+ indig5\s to ! soil1 & f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,x be>s fruit f ?irty to =ty ye>s1 & yields #aj lbs4 to ! %rub ye>ly6 ,a s+le tree 9 ! g>d5 ( ,colonel ,hicks1 a coloni/ at ,monrovia1 is said to h yield$ ! enorm\s quantity ( #af lbs4 at "o ga!r+4 ,judge ,b5son1 9 #ahej1 _h br\ght #be acres "u cultivation1 & _m o!rs _h also devot$ !mselves to rais+ c(fee4 ,x 0 e/imat$ !re 7 ab\t #cj1jjj c(fee trees plant$ 9 "o ( ! c\nties1 t ( ,gr& ,bassa1 & ! quality ( ! produce 0 /at$ to be equal to ! be/ ,java4 ,ab\t ! villages & settlem5ts ( ! ,%]bro riv]1 & ,si]ra ,leone1 wild c(fee-trees are v abundant4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! int]ior1 ! natives make use ( ! %rub to f5ce _! plantations4 ,c(fee has be5 successfully gr[n at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ( an excell5t quality1 & might be made an article ( export4 ,portugal s5t to ! ,great ,exhibition1 9 #ahea1 a v valuable s]ies ( c(fees f _m ( h] colonies2 ( ord9>y description f ,/4 ,?omas2 tol]ably good f ! ,cape de ,v]d isl&s2 bad f ,timor2 worse 7b curi\s f ! v small size ( ! b]ry7 f ,mozambique2 good f ,angola2 & excell5t f ,madeira4 ,ad51 alias ,mo*a c(fee1 is1 along ) ! o!r c(fees ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 s5t fir/ to ,bombay by ,arab %ips1 :]e x is g>bell$1 or pick$1 previ\sly to its be+ export$ to ,engl&4 ,an excell5t sample ( c(fee1 app>5tly ( ! ,b>b]a 7,abyss9ia7 v>iety1 0 contribut$ to ! ,great ,exhibition f ,norfolk ,isl&4 ,x 0 ( good color1 well adapt$ = roa/+1 & a mo/ desirable novelty f t qu>t]4 ,dr4 ,g>dn]1 ( ,ceylon1 has tak5 out a pat5t = prep>+ ! c(fee leaf 9 a mann] to af=d a bev]age l tea1 t is by infusion1 =m+ an agreeable refre%+ & nutritive article ( diet4 ,an infusion ( ! c(fee-leaf has long be5 an article ( univ]sal consumption among/ ! natives ( p>ts ( ,sumatra2 :]ev] ! c(fee is gr[n1 ! leaf has become "o ( ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* ! natives reg>d z indisp5sable4 ,! c(fee-plant1 9 a cong5ial soil & climate1 exhibits great luxuriance 9 its foliage1 ?r[+ out abundance ( suck]s & lat]al /ems1 especially :5 f any cause ! ma9 /em is ?r[n out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 to :i* x is v liable f its great sup]9cumb5t weight comp>$ ) ! hold ( its root 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! native plant]s1 avail+ !mselves ( ?is prop5sity1 (t5 give ?is plant a consid]able incl9ation1 n only to increase ! foliage1 b to obta9 new fruit-be>+ /ems1 :5 ! old ones become unproductive4 ,x is also f\nd desirable to limit ! height ( ! plant by lopp+ (f ! top to increase ! produce1 & facilitate ! collect+ x1 & fre% spr\ts 9 abundance are ! c]ta9 consequ5ce4 ,^! are s _m causes ( ! developm5t ( a vegetation1 :i* becomes injuri\s to ! quantity ( ! fruit or b]ry unless remov$2 & :5 ?is sup]abundant foliage c be conv]t$ into an article ( consumption1 z hi!rto ! case 9 ,sumatra1 ! culture mu/ become ! m pr(itable2 & x is cle>ly ! int]e/ ( ! plant]s ( ,ceylon to respond to ! call ( ,dr4 ,g>dn]1 & by supply+ ! leaf on reasonable t]ms1 to assi/ 9 creat+ a dem& = an article !y h 9 abundance1 & :i* = ! want ( t dem& is ( no value to !m4 ,x ought to be m5tion$ also1 t ! leaves :i* become ripe & yell[ on ! tree & fall (f 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 conta9 ! l>ge/ portion ( extract1 & make ! ri*e/ infusion2 & ,i h no d\bt1 %\ld ! c(fee leaf ev] come into g5]al use1 ! ripe leaf w be collect$ ) z mu* c>e z ! ripe fruit4 ,! mode ( ! prep>ation by ! natives is ?is4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es & suck]s1 ) ! leaves on2 are tak5 f ! tree & brok5 into l5g?s ( f twelve to eighte5 in*es4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 ! split ( a /ick or small bamboo1 side by side1 =m+ a truss 9 su* a mann]1 t ! leaves all appe> on "o side1 & ! /alk on ! o!r1 ! object ( :i* is to secure equal roa/+1 ! /alks be+ ?us expos$ to ! fire toge!r1 & ! leaves toge!r4 ,! slit be+ ti$ up 9 two or ?ree places1 & a "p ( ! /ick or bamboo left z a h&le1 ! truss is held ov] a fire )\t smoke1 & kept mov+ ab\t1 s z to roa/ ! :ole equally1 )\t burn+1 on ! success ( :i* op]ation ! quality & flavor ( ! article mu/ dep5d4 ,:5 successfully roa/$1 ! raw vegetable ta/e is entirely dissipat$1 :i* is n ! ease if insuffici5tly done4 ,:5 s+$ or ov]done1 ! extract is de/roy$ & ! aroma lo/4 ,:5 ! fire is smoky1 ! flavor v>ies ) ! nature ( ! smoke4 ,! /alks are roa/$ equally ) ! leaves1 & are said to add fully z mu* to ! /r5g? ( ! infusion4 ,by roa/+ ! :ole becomes brittle1 & is r$uc$ to a co>se p[d] by rubb+ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,9 ?is /ate x is ready = use1 & ! g5]al mode ( prep>+ ! bev]age is by infusion1 z 9 ! case ( common tea4 ,t x w\ld soon become a mo/ valuable article ( diet among/ ! labor+ classes1 & on %ip bo>d p>ticul>ly1 if1 once br\ght into use1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! c(fee-tree c be gr[n to advantage = ! leaf 9 ! l[l&s ( e tropical c\ntry1 :]e ! soil is suffici5tly f]tile1 :il/ x requires a diff]5t soil & climate to produce ! fruit#g4 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 ! ,jury ,reports1 obs]ves ^u ! prep>$ c(fee leaves1 submitt$ by ,dr4 ,g>dn]1 ( ,ceylon1 to be us$ z tea leaves1 t !y are wor?y ( notice z af=d+ a really palatable dr9k :5 infus$ z tea is2 m s1 p]haps1 ?an c(fee is to ! un9itiat$4 ,t ?is prep>ation conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( ! nutriti\s pr9ciples ( c(fee1 is evid5t f ! analysis2 b z ! leaves c only be collect$ 9 a good /ate at ! exp5se ( ! c(fee bu%1 x is d\btful :e!r ! c(fee produc$ by ! b]ries be n1 aft] all1 ! *eape/1 z x c]ta9ly is ! be/4 ,,tea4 ,! imm5se traffic 9 ! produce ( ?is simple %rub1 ! gr[? ( a rem>kable c\ntry1 hi!rto almo/ entirely isolat$ f ! we/]n nations1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable illu/rations ( ! ent]prise & en]gy ( mod]n comm]ce4 ,! trade 9 tea n[ gives employm5t to upw>ds ( #fj1jjj tons ( ,briti% %ipp+1 & ab\t t5 millions /]l+ ( ,engli% capital1 produc+ a rev5ue to ?is c\ntry ( ne>ly six millions /]l+4 ,e reflect+ man w admit t articles ( su* va/ consumption z tea & c(fee 7am\nt+ toge!r to m ?an #cdc1ejj tons annually71 =m+ ! *ief liquid food ( :ole nations1 mu/ ex]cise a great influ5ce ^u ! heal? ( ! p4 ,!re is sc>cely any c\ntry 9 ! _w 9 :i* a dietetic dr9k or bev]age resembl+ tea1 is n prep>$1 & 9 g5]al use1 f "s exotic or indig5\s %rub4 ,! two *ief plants laid "u contribution are1 h[ev]1 ! ,*9ese tea-plant1 & a species ( holly peculi> to ,s\? ,am]ica1 produc+ ! ,p>aguay tea4 ,a/oria !i=mis is us$ at ,santa ,fe z tea4 ,! leaves ( ,cano?us ,am]icanus1 an a/r+5t h]b1 h be5 us$ z a sub/itute1 "u ! "n ( ,new ,j]sey tea4 ,x has be5 a matt] ( surprise :y tea %\ld be s mu* s\ght aft] by ! poor] classes1 s9ce by _m x is look$ on m z a luxury ?an ( use to ! human sy/em4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x acts1 & ! cause :y x is s mu* 9 dem& by all classes1 is satisfactorily expla9$ by ,liebig2 & ! b5efit1 !re=e1 :i* w be conf]r$ by sell+ x at a l[ rate1 & ?us plac+ x )9 ! means ( all1 has at la/ come to be duly appreciat$4 ,liebig says1 )\t ent]+ m9utely into ! m$ical action ( caffe9e1 !9e1 c41 x w surely appe> a mo/ /rik+ fact1 ev5 if we 7 to d5y its influ5ce on ! process ( secretion1 t ! sub/ance1 ) ! addition ( oxyg5 & ! elem5ts ( wat]1 c yield taur9e1 ! nitrog5is$ comp\nd peculi> to bile3-- ,c>bon4 ,nitrog54 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 #a atom caffe9e or !9e #h #b #e #b #i atoms wat] -- -- #i #i #i atoms oxyg5 -- -- -- #i #b atoms taur9e #h #b #ad #bj #b #d #i #aj ,to see h[ ! action ( caffe9e1 !obrom9e1 !9e1 c41 may be expla9$1 we mu/ call to m9d t ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! bile conta9s only #c4h p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 ( :i* only ! half1 or #a4i p] c5t41 belongs to ! taur9e2 bile conta9s1 9 its natural /ate1 wat] & solid matt]1 9 ! proportion ( n9ety p>ts by weight ( ! =m]1 to t5 ( ! latt]4 ,if we suppose ^! t5 p>ts1 by weight ( solid matt]1 to be *loric acid1 ) #c4hg p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 !n #ajj p>ts ( !9e w\ld conta9 #j4aga ( nitrog5 9 ! %ape ( taur9e4 ,n[ ?is quantity is conta9$ 9 #j4f p>ts ( !9e1 or #b gra9s #h_/aj?s ( !9e c give to an ounce ( bile ! nitrog5 x conta9s 9 ! =m ( taur9e4 ,al?\gh an infusion ( tea conta9s no m ?an ! "o-t5? ( a gra9 ( !9e1 /ill1 if x contribute 9 po9t ( fact to ! =mation ( bile1 ! action ev5 ( su* a quantity _c be look$ ^u z a nullity4 ,nei!r c x be d5i$1 t 9 ! case ( an excess ( non-azotis$ food1 & a defici5cy ( motion1 :i* is requir$ to cause ! *ange ( matt] ( ! tissues1 & ?us to yield ! nitrog5is$ product :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! bile1 t 9 su* a condition ! heal? may be b5efit$ by ! use ( comp\nds :i* are capable ( supply+ ! place ( ! nitrog5is$ sub/ances produc$ 9 ! heal?y /ate ( ! body1 & ess5tial to ! production ( an important elem5t ( inspiration4 ,9 a *ronical s5se1 & x is ?is alone :i* ! prec$+ rem>ks are int5d$ to %[1 caffe9e1 or !9e1 c41 are1 9 virtue ( _! composition1 bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an all nitrog5is$ vegetable pr9ciples4 ,! action ( ^! sub/ances 9 ord9>y circum/ances is n obvi\s1 b x unque/ionably exi/s4 ,tea & c(fee 7 orig9ally met ) among nations ^: diet 0 *iefly vegetable4 ,consid]able discussion has tak5 place reg>d+ ! tea plants2 "s say t !re is only "o species2 o!rs t !re are two or ?ree4 ,mr4 ,=tune1 :o visit$ ! tea di/ricts ( ,canton1 ,foki51 & ,*ekiang1 ass]ts t ! black & gre5 teas ( ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,*9a are obta9$ f ! same species or v>iety1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,!a ,bohea4 ,"s make ! ,assam tea a diff]5t species1 & ?us recognise ?ree3 ,t4 ,cantoni5sis or ,bohea1 ,t4 ,viridis1 & ,t4 ,assamica4 ,! quality ( ! tea dep5ds mu* on ! season :5 ! leaves are pick$1 ! mode 9 :i* x is prep>$1 z well z ! di/rict 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,! gre5 teas include ,twankay1 ,"y ,hyson1 ,hyson1 ,gunp[d]1 & ,imp]ial2 :ile ! black comprise ,bohea1 ,cong\1 ,s\*ong1 ,oolong1 & ,pekoe4 ,! teas ( c]ta9 di/ricts1 su* z ,anhoi1 h peculi> *>act]s4 ,! fir/ tea import$ into ,engl& 0 a package ( two p\nds1 by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 9 #affd1 z a pres5t to ! k+2 9 #affg1 ano!r small importation took place1 f ! company's factory at ,bantam4 ,! directors ord]$ _! s]vants to s5d home by _! %ips #ajj p\nds weight ( ! be/ tey !y c\ld get4 ,9 #afgh 7 import$ #d1gac lbs42 b 9 ! six foll[+ ye>s ! entire imports am\nt$ to no m ?an #daj lbs4 ,accord+ to ,milburn's ,ori5tal ,comm]ce1 ! consumption 9 #agaa 0 #ada1iie lbs42 #abj1eie lbs4 9 #agae1 & #bcg1ijd lbs4 9 #agbj4 ,9 #agde ! am\nt 0 #gcj1gbi lbs4 ,= above a c5tury & a half1 ! sole object ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's trade ) ,*9a 0 to provide tea = ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! company _h ! exclusive trade1 & 7 b\nd to s5d ord]s = tea1 & to provide %ips to import ! same1 & always to h a ye>'s consumption 9 _! w>eh\ses4 ,! teas 7 dispos$ ( 9 ,london1 :]e only !y c\ld be import$1 at qu>t]ly sales4 ,! act ( #ahcd1 h[ev]1 ?rew op5 ! trade to ,*9a4 ,f a ,p>liam5t>y return1 %[+ ! quantity ( tea reta9$ = home consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 ea* ye>1 f #agdj to ! t]m9ation ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's sales1 & !nce to ! pres5t "t1 x appe>s t 9 #agdj1 #a1dic1fie lbs4 ( tea 7 reta9$ = home consumption4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! quantity fell to #dgc1hfh lbs41 & 9 #agfg only #bae1jai lbs4 7 reta9$4 ,next ye> ! am\nt increas$ to #c1aee1dag lbs42 9 #agfi x 0 #i1aad1hed lbs42 9 #agie1 #ba1cdb1hde lbs42 9 #ahcf1 #di1hdb1bcf lbs4 ,! return 9 "q also specifies ! quantity ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( tea1 ) ! av]age sale prices4 ,accord+ to ! annual tea reports ( ,messrs4 ,w4,j4 ,?ompson & ,son1 & ,messrs4 ,w4,e4 ,franks & ,son1 ! total imports ( tea dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s 7 z foll[s1 reckon$ 9 millions ( lbs43-- ,ye>s4 ,black4 ,gre54 ,total4 ,home ,consumption4 #ahch #bf1ghf #h1bae #ce1jja #cf1dae #ahci #cj1fdd #g1fhj #ch1cbd #cf1cea #ahdj #ba1jfc #g1afa #bh1bbd #ca1gaf #ahda #bd1iae #f1cjc #ca1bah #cf1haa #ahdb #ca1iae #i1gbi #da1fdd #cg1eed #ahdc #ci1eac #g1cdj #df1hec #ci1ijb #ahdd #ci1fdd #h1gdi #dh1cic #da1agf #ahde #ci1eah #aa1gij #ea1cch #dd1abg #ahdf #dd1jag #ab1dhf #ee1ejc #dg1ecd #ahdg #df1hhg #h1cfh #ee1bee #df1bdg #ahdh #cg1eab #g1faa #de1abc #dh1dca #ahdi #dc1bcd #i1aef #eb1djj #ej1ajj #ahej #ci1hgc #h1dbg #dh1cjj #ea1jjj #ahea #fb1cfi #i1aca #ga1ejj #ed1jjj #aheb #ee1ebe #i1age #fd1gjj #ed1gbd ,! duty on tea 0 gradually rais$ f #i;d4 p] lb4 9 #aghg to #cs4 a lb4 9 #ahjf4 ,x 0 #bs4 #b;d4 p] lb4 until ,may1 #aheb1 :5 #d;d4 p] lb4 0 tak5 (f1 & fur!r annual r$uctions are to be made4 ,d[n to ! ye> #ahcd ! duty 0 an ad valorem "o ( #if p] c5t4 on all teas sold "u #bs4 a lb41 & ( #ajj p] c5t4 on all t 7 sold at or above #bs41 *>g$ on ! prices :i* !y br\ght at ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's sales4 ,! ad valorem duties ceas$ on ! #bbnd ( ,april1 #ahcd1 & "u ! act #c & #d ,william ,,iv4 c4 #ajj1 all tea import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = home consumption 0 *>g$ ) a cu/oms z foll[s3-- ,bohea #as4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,cong\1 twankay1 hyson sk91 orange pekoe1 & campoi #b #b ,s\*ong1 fl[]y pekoe1 hyson1 "y hyson1 gunp[d]1 imp]ial1 & o!r teas n enum]at$ #c #j ,9 #ahcf1 ! uni=m duty ( #bs4 #a;d4 p] lb4 on all descriptions ( tea 0 impos$1 :i*1 ) ! additional #e p] c5t1 impos$ 9 #ahdj1 made ! total duty levi$ p] lb4 #bs4 #b;d4 & a fraction4 ,dur+ ! ye>s f #ahca to #ahda1 9 spite ( an increase ( ne>ly ?ree millions 9 ! population ( ! c\ntry1 & not)/&+ ! impetus giv5 to ! tea-trade by ! abolition ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's monopoly 9 #ahcc1 ! increas$ consumption 0 only #f1fge1eff lbs4 ,great z ! increase has be5 ( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 x is v f> %ort ( :at we might expect to see 7 ! duty r$uc$ to a mod]ate p] c5tage on ! value ( ! article z x comes f ! ,*9ese m]*ant4 ,9 ,j]sey & ,gu]nsey1 :]e !re is no duty on tea1 ! av]age consumption is #d lbs4 p] head p] annum4 ,! same rate = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom w\ld require an annual importation ( ne>ly #aej million lbs4 ,i ass]t$1 _m mon?s ago1 if ! duty c\ld be gradually r$uc$ f its pres5t exorbitant am\nt to #as4 p] lb41 ! rev5ue w\ld n suff] mu*1 :il/ ! com=t ( ! p w\ld be mu* increas$1 & our trade ) ,*9a greatly improv$4 ,ye>s4 ,teas ,import$1 lbs4 ,ent]$ = ,home ,consumption1 lbs4 #ahdc #db1ggi1bfe #ce1fhe1bfb #ahdd #ej1fac1cbh #da1agf1jj #ahde #ec1egj1bfg #dd1abg1jjj #ahdf #eg1ehd1efa #df1eed1ghg #ahdg #ee1bee1jjj #ej1iba1dhf #ahdh #dg1ggd1gee #dh1gce1fif #ahdi #ec1dfj1gea #ej1jbd1fhh #ahej #ej1eab1chd #ea1agh1bae #ahea #ga1dff1dba #ec1ife1aab #aheb #ff1cfa1jbj #ed1gbd1fae ,am\nt ( duty receiv$ on tea3-- ,prices ( ,s\nd ,common ,cong\ p] lb4 #ahda #c1igc1ffh #as4 #g;d4 to #bs4 #j;d4 #ahdb #d1jhh1ieg #a #g #a #aj #ahdc #d1djg1fdb #a #j #a #b #ahdd #d1ebd1jic #j #aj #a #j #ahde #d1hcc1cea #a #j #a #i #ahdf #e1aab1jje #j #i #j #i #ahdg #e1jff1hfj #j #h #j #i #ahdh #e1ccj1eae #j #h #j #h #ahdi #e1dga1fda #j #h #j #i #ahej #e1eig1gjh #j #aj #a #a #ahea #e1ijb1dcc #j #h #j #h #aheb #e1ihf1dhb #j #g #b #b ,mr4 ,montgom]y ,m>t91 9 8 "w on ,*9a1 publi%$ 9 #ahdg1 gave ! av]age annual consumption ( tea1 ! produce ( ,*9a1 z foll[s3-- lbs4 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #de1jjj1jjj ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica & ,we/ ,indies #b1ejj1jjj ,au/ralasia1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 c4 #b1ejj1jjj ,briti% ,india & ,ea/]n ,isl&s #b1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,empire #eb1jjj1jjj ---------- ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica 99 #g1jjj1jjj ,russia #aj1jjj1jjj ,france & ,colonies #ejj1jjj ,hanse ,t[ns1 c4 #aej1jjj ,holl& & its ,colonies #a1jjj1jjj ,belgium #bjj1jjj ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,norway #bej1jjj ,! ,g]man ,/ates #ejj1jjj ,spa9 & ,portugal #ajj1jjj ,italian ,/ates #ej1jjj ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates #ejj1jjj ------- ,total consumption 9 =eign c\ntries #bj1bej1jjj 99 ,?is is only "o-?ird ! actual consumption4 ,accord+ to ?is /atem5t1 x w\ld seem t ! ,engli% consume twice ! quantity ( tea t is us$ by all ! o!r c\ntries except+ ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! consumption ( tea 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ,i e/imat$ a ye> or two ago z foll[s3-- lbs4 ,russia #ae1jjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #ah1jjj1jjj ,france #b1jjj1jjj ,holl& #b1hjj1jjj ,o!r c\ntries #b1jjj1jjj ,great ,brita9 #ej1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total #hi1hjj1jjj ,! e/imat$ consumption1 at ! rate ( consumption f\nd :]e taxation is favorable 7z = in/ance #a p\nds--! av]age ( ?is c\ntry7 w\ld give ! foll[+3-- cwts4 ,engl& #djj1jjj ,france #eaj1jjj ,g]many #djj1jjj ,au/ria #ejj1jjj ,prussia 444 ,belgium #fc1jjj ,russia #ijj1jjj ,re/ ( ,europe #gej1jjj ,! total exportation ( tea by sea f ,*9a1 0 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,m>t9 9 #ahdg at #gf millions ( p\nds1 viz43-- ,engl& #ej1jjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #bj1jjj1jjj ,all o!r c\ntries #e1jjj1jjj ---------- #ge1jjj1jjj :i*1 at #bj taels p] picul 7#acc lbs47 am\nts to #aa1bhj1jjj taels ( silv] at #hj;d4 p] tael1 #c1gfj1jjj4 ,! pres5t ,*9ese duty ( two taels five mace1 does n include %ipp+ & o!r *>ges2 ! old duty 0 five taels1 & includ$ all *>ges paid ! ,hong m]*ants4 ,! export by sea is n[ ab\t #ig millions ( lbs4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! return$ value ( ! tea export$ f ! five ,*9ese ports 9 #ahdd & #ahde3-- #ahdd4 #ahde4 ,canton #b1iaj1dgd #c1dbi1gij ,%anghae #fg1aae #dfb1gdf ,n+po #b1jjj #b1jjj ,amoy #edd ,foo-*[-foo #fch --------- --------- #b1igi1ehi #c1hie1gah ,! av]age co/ ( tea 9 ,*9a at ! %ip's side is #aj;d4 p] p\nd1 :ile x is confid5tly ass]t$ t x c\ld be produc$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica at #e;d4 ! p\nd4 ,! great co/ 9 ,*9a is ow+ to ! exp5sive transportation1 ! cultivation ( ! fuel us$1 ! abs5ce ( all economy ( ma*9]y1 c4 ,x is only by adult]ation t tea is sold 9 ,*9a z *eap z #aj;d4 ,9 ,am]ica ! beat+ & roll+ ( ! leaves 7"o half ( ! labor7 c\ld be done by ! simple/ ma*9]y1 fuel c\ld be economis$ by flues1 c4 ,! ,russian teas1 br\ght by c>avans1 are ! mo/ exp5sive & be/ teas us$ 9 ,europe4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves pay #g doll>s p] p\nd = ! ,y5 ,p\*ong teas4 ,full *e/s 7 exhibit$ 9 #ahea1 by ,mr4 ,ripley1 ( v>i\s ,pekoe teas1 "s ( :i* fet* #ejs4 p] lb4 9 ! ,*9a m>ket2 :il/ #gs4 is ! v highe/ price any ( ! sort w fet* 9 ,engl&1 & ?is only z a fancy article4 ,! pla9 & orange-sc5t$ ,pekoes n[ fet* little ) u2 b z c>avan teas1 are pur*as$ by ! weal?i] ,russian families4 ,! f9e/1 h[ev]1 nev] leave ,*9a1 be+ b\ght up by ! ,m&>9s2 = ?\gh ! transit exp5ses add #cs4 to #ds4 p] lb4 to ! value :5 sold 9 ,russia1 ! highe/ m>ket price 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg is always "u #ejs4 ,among ^! sc5t$ teas are v>i\s cap] teas1 flav\r$ ) *loran?us fl[]s & ! buds ( "s species ( plants belong+ to ! orange tribe1 magnolia fuscata1 olea fl[]s1 c4 ,! ,cong ,s\*ong1 or ,n+-"y teas1 are *iefly pur*as$ = ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,oolong tea is ! fav\rite dr9k 9 ,calcutta1 ?\gh less priz$ 9 ,engl&1 its delicate flavor be+ injur$ by ! l5g? ( ! voyage4 ,= delicacy1 no teas1 approa* ^? usually call$ ,m&>9 teas1 :i* be+ slightly fir$ & r damp :5 9 ! fitte/ /ate = use1 w be> nei!r transport nor keep+4 ,!y are 9 great dem& among ! weal?y ,*9ese1 & av]age #bjs4 p] lb 9 ! native m>ket4--7,jury ,reports47 ,! consumption ( tea 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom may n[ be fairly tak5 at fifty-f\r million p\nds ye>ly1 & sold at an av]age price to ! consum] ( #ds4 #f;d41 p] p\nd4 ,! money exp5d$ = tea is upw>ds ( twelve millions /]l+4 ,! exp5diture ( ?is sum is di/ribut$ z foll[s1 9 r\nd numb]s3-- ,net co/ ( #ed1jjj1jjj p\nds1 av]age #as4 p] p\nd #b1gjj1jjj ,export duty 9 ,*9a ( #a;d4 a lb4 #ccg1ejj ,%ipp+ *>ges1 c41 9 ,*9a #be1jjj ,freight1 c41 ,*9a to ,engl&1 ab\t #b;d4 p] lb4 #dej1jjj ,insurance1 d4 p] lb4 #aab1ejj ,commission1 ab\t d4 p] lb4 #ef1bej ,ta/+ *>ges1 c41 ab\t #a_/h ( a p5ny p] lb4 #bh1abe ,int]e/ = #f mon?s on #c1gji1cge at #e p] c5t4 #ib1gcd --------- ,total outlay 9 ,*9a #c1hjb1aji ,pr(it to export]s 9 ,*9a17ab\t #ab p] c5t47 #dde1aaf ,l&+ *>ges1 c41 9 ,engl& #ci1jjj ---------- ,co/ price 9 bond 9 ,engl& #d1bhf1bbe ,duty receiv$ by gov]nm5t at #bs4 #b4 p] lb41 ab\t #e1ihe1dhb ---------- #aj1bga1gjg ,pr(it divid$ among tea-brok]s1 :olesale & retail deal]s1 c #a1hgh1bic ---------- ,total outlay by ,briti% public = tea1 at #ds4 #f;d4 p] lb4 #ab1aej1jjj ,! tea import$ into ,engl& 9 #affg 0 only #ajj lbs41 :ile = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahea1 ! export f ,*9a to ,great ,brita9 0 #fd1jbj1jjj lbs41 employ+ #aae vessels 9 its transportation2 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! same "t1 #bh1gfj1hjj lbs41 9 sixty-f\r vessels4 ,)9 ! la/ five ye>s1 ! export has increas$ #aj1jjj1jjj lbs4 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & #ag1jjj1jjj to ,great ,brita94 ,^! /ati/ics w %[ ! imm5se importance ( ?is article to comm]ce1 & ! va/ am\nt ( %ipp+ x supports4 ,b let u foll[ out ! /ati/ics a little m 9 detail4 ,! population ( ! ,*9ese prov9ces1 z quot$ by ,dr4 ,morison1 f an (ficial c5sus tak5 9 #ahbe1 0 #ceb1hff1jab1 & we may fairly conclude t dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-eight ye>s ?is population has ext5sively increas$4 ,if we assume ! annual consumption ( tea at f\r lb4 p] head on ! above population2 & ?is is no unreasonable assumption 9 a c\ntry1 :]e1 to quote f ,murray's valuable "w on ,*9a1 tea is ! national dr9k1 :i* is pres5t$ on e occasion1 s]v$ up at e fea/1 & ev5 sold on ! public roads2 we %all h a tol]ably accurate result z to ! total consumption 9 ! empire4 ,inde$ ?is computation falls %ort ( ! actual relative consumption 9 ! isl& ( ,j]sey1 :]e1 z we h se51 ne>ly five lbs4 is ! annual all[ance ( ea* individual4 ,if we multiply ! population ( ,*9a by f\r1 we h-- lbs4 ,total consumption ( tea 9 ,*9a #a1daa1dfd1jdh ,export ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahea4 #fd1jbj1jjj ,export to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 same p]iod #bh1gfj1hjj ,export to ,holl&1 return$ at #b1jjj1jjj 9 ,davis's ,*9a #c1jjj1jjj ,inl& trade to ,russia #ae1jjj1jjj ,export to ,hamburg1 ,brem51 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 c41 sev5 c>goes1 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj ,export to ,sydney1 & ,au/ralasian ,colonies1 at lea/ #f1jjj1jjj ,export to ,spa9 & ,france1 f\r c>goes #b1jjj1jjj --------- ,total lbs4 #a1ecc1bdd1hdh ,! above is exclusive ( ! heavy exportation 9 ,*9ese vessels to all p>ts ( ! ea/ :]e ,*9ese emigrants are settl$1 su* z ,tonqu91 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,cambodia1 ,siam1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,borneo1 & ! v>i\s settlem5ts )9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 ,9 comp>ison ) su* an enorm\s quantity1 ! #ed million lbs4 consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom s9k into insignificance4 ,! co/ ( tea to ,am]ica1 at ! %ip's side 9 ,*9a1 say #bi1jjj1jjj lbs41 at an av]age ( #as4 p] lb41 w\ld be #a1dej1jjj ,! co/ to ,engl&1 #fd1jjj1jjj1 at ! same price #c1bjj1jjj ,! co/ to o!r places1 say #be1jjj1jjj #a1bej1jjj ,russia1 #ae1jjj1jjj #gej1jjj ---------- ,total #f1fej1jjj ,x is !re=e cle>1 t 7 ! dem& to be d\bl$ f ,great ,brita91 x w\ld make v little diff]5ce 9 ! ,*9ese m>ket2 s9ce x w\ld be only a "q ( lett+ u h six p] c5t1 ( _! gr[? ( ! article1 in/ead ( ?ree4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! tea plant atta9s to maturity 9 ?ree ye>s1 & its leaves are !n fit = pick+2 & t !re is a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry to :i* x is indig5\s1 gr[+ 9 e climate betwe5 ! equator & ! latitude ( #de degrees1 x is evid5t t1 7 !re a necessity = x1 ! actual production ( tea 9 ,*9a c\ld be increas$ to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t 9 ! space ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 an ext5t f> m ?an comp5sat+ = ! extra ?ree p] c5t41 :i* might be1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 requir$ by ! ,briti%4 ,! c]ta9ty ( an increas$ consumption foll[+ ^u a r$uction 9 ! price ( tea to ! actual consum]s ( x1 is s obvi\s z to require demon/ration to ^? only :o h n consid]$ ! subject4 ,! population ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is1 say 9 r\nd numb]s #cj1jjj1jjj1 ! actual consumption ( tea is only #ed1jjj1jjj lbs41 or little m ?an "o p\nd & ?ree qu>t]s = ea* individual4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,j]sey1 !re are ne>ly five lbs4 ( tea consum$ by e inhabitant ye>ly2 & z we may fairly inf] f analogy t simil> results w\ld arise f a simil> cause1 ! consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! same ratio w\ld am\nt to no less ?an #aej millions ( p\nds annually4 ,tea1 obs]ves a mo/ compet5t au?ority 7,mr4 ,j4 ,+ram ,trav]s71 is ! fav\rite dr9k ( ! p3 all desire to h x /rong & good1 & none :o c af=d x are )\t x4 ,b 9 ! agricultural di/ricts ! labor]s use b little2 numb]s ( !m make tea ) burnt cru/s1 because ! ,*9a tea is too de>4 ,9 ,irel& ! consumption is greatly bel[ t ( ,engl&2 !re are comp>atively few p :o d n1 on company occasions1 make _! tea /rong] ?an = ord9>y use1 & ! g5]al economy 9 ! use ( tea =ms an exception to almo/ e o!r article ( consumption4 ,z to ! work+ classes 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts1 ,mr4 ,bayley1 ,presid5t ( ! ,man*e/] ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 himself a v ext5sive manufactur]1 & !re=e well qualifi$ to speak to ! fact1 says3--,! common calculation ( two ounces p] head p] week ,i %\ld ?9k is v mu* 9 excess ( :at ! work+ classes consume4 ,dome/ic s]vants1 ,i believe1 h t quantity all[$ !m1 b ,i %\ld say t ! work+ classes d n consume "o qu>t] ( t4 ,& yet x is ^! classes :o are ! great consum]s ( ev]y?+ *eap en\gh to be )9 _! rea*4 ,x is ?is consumption t1 "u bett] e>n+s1 has su/a9$ ! /eady increase ( ne>ly two million p\nds ( tea p] annum = ! la/ eight ye>s1 & /ill !re is su* ample room = increase t dome/ic s]vants are all[$ at lea/ f\r times z mu* p] head z ^? work+ p :o value1 m ?an any o!r class1 ! *e]ful refre%+ness ( tea1 b :o1 /9t$ 9 its use by ! exorbitant duty1 are tempt$ & almo/ driv5 to ! use1 in/ead1 ( degrad+ dr9ks4 ,& if ! g5]al consumption ( ! population %\ld rise to ev5 half s]vants' all[ance1 or "o ounce p] head p] week1 ! consumption ( tea w\ld rea* #ig1ejj1jjj lbs4 p] annum4 ,& z to :at might be us$ if ! ta/e = x _h free scope1 "s idea may be =m$ f ! fact t ! consumption ( su* p z h f\nd _! way f ^! c\ntries1 :]e ! consumption is #a lb4 #i ozs4 p] head1 to ,au/ralia1 has !re ris5 to #g lbs4 p] head1 at :i* rate ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom w\ld be ab\t #baj1jjj1jjj lbs4 p] annum1 & :i*1 ev5 at a #f;d4 duty1 w\ld produce five millions & a half4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! air ( ,au/ralia to give any especial impulse to tea dr9k+3 on ! contr>y2 9 ?is comp>atively cold1 damp climate1 p w\ld naturally use a hot bev]age m l>gely ?an 9 ! dry w>m climate ( ,au/ralia2 &1 aft] all1 great z ! ,au/ralian consumption seems1 x is sc>cely m ?an a qu>t] ( an ounce p] head p] week above ! all[ance to ,engli% dome/ic s]vants4 ,! consumption ( tea1 not)/&+ ! dicta ( ,mr4 ,montgom]y ,m>t91 is de/9$ to a prodigi\s increase4 ,nor is x solely to an increase 9 ! consumption ( tea1 t we mu/ look to prev5t any defici5cy 9 ! rev5ue1 z !re is no d\bt t a r$uction 9 ! price ( ! article w\ld lead to a prodigi\s increase 9 ! quantity ( sug> consum$1 especially by ! l[] classes1 :o seldom take ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m]ely t !y w\ld buy sug> 9 proportion to ! quantity ( tea t !y consume2 ! circum/ance ( a small] sum be+ requisite = _! weekly /ock ( tea1 w\ld enable !m to sp5d a l>g] am\nt 9 o!r articles1 among :i* sug> w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 be "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,! m]*ant1 %ip[n]1 manufactur]1 & all connect$ ) ! trade betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,*9a1 are 9 a position to see ! prodigi\s advantages t su* a measure z an ext5sive r$uction ( ! impo/ on tea w\ld occasion to ! g5]al trade ( ! c\ntry2 & ! public at l>ge1 :o are n practically famili> ) ! subject1 only require x to be br\ght be=e !m 9 a di/9ct po9t ( view1 :5 ! important results ( su* a r$uction _c fail to be app>5t to !m4 ,tea is n n[ )9 ! rea* ( ! poor man4 ,a p]son tak+ tea once a day1 w consume ab\t #g lbs4 a ye>4 lbs4 ,say #ejj1jjj p]sons take tea twice a day1 or #ae lbs4 a ye>1 is #g1ejj1jjj ,say #d1jjj1jjj p]sons take tea once a day1 or #g lbs4 a ye>1 is #cj1jjj1jjj ,say #ab1jjj1jjj p]sons take tea once a week1 or #a lb4 a ye>1 is #ab1jjj1jjj ---------- #di1ejj1jjj ,:i* %[s t1 at pres5t1 only "o p]son out ( e sixty c h tea twice a day2 "o ( e sev5 only once a day2 & t out ( ! rema9+ #ac1ejj1jjj p]sons1 only five millions & a half c procure x once 9 ! week4 ,! exact /ate ( ! case %[s t only eight millions ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom enjoy ! use ( tea1 leav+ ! o!r tw5ty-two millions exclud$4 ,a ,*9ese w consume ?irty p\nds ( tea 9 ! ye>4 ,b x is said we mu/ n1 if our accumulat$ /ocks be drank (f ?is ye>1 expect ! ,*9ese to meet at once s huge an increase 9 ! dem& z to supply u ) z mu* next ye>4 ,n[ on no po9t ( ! case is ! evid5ce s cle> z ^u ! capacity ( ! ,*9ese to furni%1 )9 any ye>1 any quantity we may require4 ,! ,committee ( #ahdg1 on ,comm]cial ,relations ) ,*9a1 /ate--,t ! dem& = tea f ,*9a has be5 progressively & rapidly ris+ = _m ye>s1 ) no o!r results ?an t ( dim9i%$ prices3--a fact to be acc\nt$ = only ^u ! supposition t our ord9>y dem& is exce$+ly small 9 proportion to ! ,*9ese supply4 ,nor is x an unreasonable inf]5ce1 t if s mu* m ?an usual 0 to be _h at a less price ?an be=e1 any rise ( price1 h[ev] trivial x might be1 w\ld br+ =w>d a mu* l>g] quantity3#h a supposition :i* is completely confirm$ by a review ( prices "h1 & exports f ,*9a )9 ! la/ f\r ye>s2 & 9 consid]+ :i* x is important to be> 9 m9d--#a/1 t our tea trade ye>1 on :i* our acc\nt ( import1 export1 home consumption1 & /ock on h& is tak51 is f ,janu>y to ,janu>y1 & ! ,*9ese tea ye> f ,july to ,july2 #bnd1 t a rise at ! close ( ! la/ mon?s ( ! ye> 9 ,engl&1 influ5ces ! next ye>'s exports f ,*9a2 & #crdly1 t ( late ye>s1 s9ce some?+ ( decrepitude has fall5 ^u ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 smuggl+ !re1 to escape ! export duty1 has be5 c>ri$ on l>gely & at an increas+ rate1 s t ! return is consid]ably bel[ ! real export4 ,9 ! ,*9ese tea ye>1 ,july to ,july1 #ahdh-i1 ! price ( good ord9>y cong\1 ! tea ( by f> ! l>ge/ consumption "h1 & :i*1 9 fact1 rules ! m>ket1 0 #h;d4 to #i-a_/c;d41 & ! export f ,*9a #dg1bea1jjj lbs4 ,! ye> clos$ ) ! high] price1 & ! ,*9ese export f ,july #ahdi1 to ,july #ahej1 0 #ed1jjj1jjj lbs41 %[+ an increase ( export on ! ye> ( #f1gej1jjj lbs4 ,?r\gh\t #ahej1 "h1 prices fluctuat$ a good deal4 ,!y 7 l[ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ye>1 b 9 ,janu>y w5t up f #i;d4 to #aa;d41 & f ,july #ahej1 to ,july #ahea1 ! export f ,*9a rose to #fd1jjj1jjj lbs41 be+ an increase ( t5 million p\nds on a previ\s increase ( ne>ly sev5 million lbs4 ,prices "h1 dur+ #ahea1 v>i$ v mu*3 x 0 difficult to say :e!r any rise w\ld be e/abli%$1 b ! export /ill w5t up & rea*$1 f ,july #ahea1 to ,july #aheb1 #fg1jjj1jjj lbs41 giv+ a total increase 9 ?ree ye>s ( #ai1gej1jjj lbs4 ,nor 0 x pret5d$ t 9 any ( ^? ye>s ! ,*9ese m>ket %[$ ev5 ! lea/ symptoms ( exhau/ion4 ,we "k1 say ! ,committee1 t ! ,*9ese m>ket has nev] be5 dra9$ ( tea 9 any "o ye>1 b t !re has be5 always a surplus left to meet any extraord9>y dem&4 ,b ! effect ( ! rise 9 price 9 #ahej is /ill m =cibly %[n by a comp>ison ( our total imports 9 t & ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #ahej we import$ #dh1cjj1jjj lbs42 9 #ahea1 #ga1ejj1jjj lbs41 be+ an increase ( #bc1bjj1jjj lbs4 ,d\btless ! ,*9ese export1 if made up totally ) our ye>1 w\ld n acc\nt = ! :ole quantity1 "p ( :i* is to be set d[n to ,*9ese export-smuggl+1 & "p to arrivals f ,am]ica & ! ,cont95t4 ,! probability is t ! increase ( price ref]r$ to above nev] rea*$ ! ,*9ese tea f>m]s2 ! supply came f ! m]*ants' /ock on h&4 ,! rise 01 besides1 unc]ta91 & f any e/abli%$ advance a mu* l>g] increase ( export might be look$ =4 ,b ! mi/ake made 9 ,engl& 9 e/imat+ :at tea we may look = f ,*9a goes ^u ! supposition t !y gr[ expressly = u3 ! fact be+1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,robt4 ,=tune1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,tea ,di/ricts ( ,*9a1 t ! quantity export$ be>s b a small proportion to t consum$ by ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,on ?is po9t ! report ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee is explicit3--,!re is a population 9 ,*9a1 commonly assum$ at above ?ree hundr$ millions1 at all h\rs 9 ! day consum+ tea1 :i* only requires "s *ange ( prep>ation to be fit = exportation2 ?us imply+ an am\nt ( supply on :i* any dem& t may be made = =eign export c be1 aft] a v %ort "t1 b slightly felt4 ,mr4 ,=tune1 9 8 evid5ce1 says t ! ,*9ese dr9k ab\t f\r times z mu* z we d3 !y are always dr9k+ x4 ,f\r times z mu* is probably v mu* an "u-e/imate4 ,) ri* & poor ( all t sw>m+ population1 tea1 n su* z our work+ classes dr9k1 b fre% & /rong1 & ) no second wat]+1 accompanies e meal4 ,b ev5 tak+ _! consumption at f\r times z mu* p] head z ours1 & _! population at ! l[e/ e/imate1 at ?ree hundr$ millions1 _! consumption1 sett+ ours at #ee1jjj1jjj lbs41 w be no less ?an two ?\s& two hundr$ millions ( p\nds p] annum1 or =ty times ! quantity us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,z reasonably might ! few =eign]s :o visit ! metropolis 9 ! summ] expect to cause a fam9e ( fruit & vegetables 9 ,london1 z we t a d\bl+ ( our dem& = tea w\ld be felt 9 ,*9a4 ,! fur!r fifty-five million p\nds w\ld be b ano!r =tie? ( :at !y use !mselves1 & w\ld h no m effect ^u _! entire m>ket ?an ! arrival ( "s ?\s& /rang]s )9 ! ye> 9 ,london w\ld h ^u ! supply ( bread or but*]s' meat4 ,!re is no ne$1 !re=e1 to wait = ! ext5sion ( tea plantations1 & s f> f tak+ = grant$ ! /atem5t ( ! late ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 t "t mu/ be giv5 to increase production1 & t ! po9t ( its tak+ ?ree or f\r ye>s to make a tea-tree is to be consid]$ 9 deal+ ) ! duties1 we h ! fact unmi/akeably be=e u1 t ! production is already s va/1 t any dem& f u c\ld h no appreciable effect4 ,& z to future supplies1 if we %\ld come to dr9k z mu* z ! ,*9ese !mselves1 a matt] n at all ne$ful to be consid]$ at pres5t1 ! ,committee report t ! cultivation ( ! plant may be indef9itely ext5d$2 :il/ ,mr4 ,=tune1 :o has be5 ^u ! spot1 /ates t !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t !re is a great "p ( ! l& :i* is ne>ly uncultivat$ n[1 :i*1 7 !re a dem& = tea1 c\ld be br\ght into cultivation4 ,! co/ w\ld be v little inde$2 !y w\ld cut d[n a quantity ( bru%wood1 & probably dig ov] ! gr\nd & plant ! bu%es4 ,!y c\ld cle> & plant x 9 ! same ye>1 & 9 ab\t two ye>s !y c\ld get some?+ f x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 )\t ?is ext5sion !y h hi!rto f\nd en\gh = ! increase ( _! own va/ population1 = e ext5sion ( dem& f u & e o!r =eign cu/om]1 :e!r by l& or wat]1 )\t ! lea/ t5d5cy to an advance 9 price1 !re is no ne$ to d m ?an ?us t\* ^u ! undevelop$ res\rces ( tea production4--,trav]s on ! ,tea ,duties4 ,! consumption ( tea 9 ,russia is v great1 z ! middl+ classes make a m frequ5t use ( t bev]age ?an ! re/4 ,e ye> #fj1jjj *e/s ( tea arrive at ,maimiat*9 & ,kiakhta1 ( ! decl>$ (ficial value ( #a1ahe1jjj /]l+2 & to ?is may be add$ #ch1fej = inf]ior tea us$ by ! p ( ! s\?1 :i* makes ! total decl>$ value ( ! tea introduc$ ab\t "o & a qu>t] million /]l+4 ,! consumption ( ,russia may be assum$ at ov] fifte5 millions ( p\nds1 al?\gh we h no correct data1 z 9 ! case ( %ipp+ returns1 to calculate f4 ,9 #ahdh1 h[ev]1 ! ,russians took #acf1bag boxes ( f9e tea ( ! ,*9ese1 = :i* !y paid #e1cdi1iah silv] r\bles--"o million /]l+4 ,! quantity =w>d$ f ,kiakhta into ! int]ior consi/$ (-- ,foods4 ,fl[]y or ,pekoe tea #fi1fgg ,ord9>y tea #ahc1geb ,brick tea #aaf1bdi ,equal to ab\t fifte5 million lbs4 ,engli%4 ,brick tea ( ,?ibet4--,a sample ( ?is curi\s product 0 %[n by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #ahea4 ,x is =m$ ( ! refuse tea-leaves & sweep+s ( ! gran>ies1 damp$ & press$ into a m\ld1 g5]ally ) a little bullock's blood4 ,! f9] sorts are friable masses1 & are pack$ 9 pap]s2 ! co>s] sewn up 9 %eep's sk94 ,9 ?is =m x is an article ( comm]ce ?r\gh\t ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,asia & ! ,himalayan prov9ces2 & is consum$ by ,mongols1 ,t>t>s1 & ,tibetans1 *urn$ ) milk1 salt1 butt]1 & boil+ wat]1 m z a s\p ?an z tea prop]4 ,c]ta9 quantities are =c$ ^u ! acceptance ( ! ,we/]n tribut>ies ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 9 paym5t = ! support ( troops1 c42 & is h5ce1 f its conv5i5t size & =m1 br\ght into circulation z a co91 ov] an area great] ?an t ( ,europe4--,dr4 ,hook]1 9 ,jury ,reports4 ,! quantity & value ( ! tea import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f #ahba1 is ?us /at$3-- ,ye>s4 ,p\nds4 ,value1 dolls4 #ahba #d1ige1fdf #a1cbb1fcf #ahbb #f1fci1dcd #a1hfj1ggg #ahbc #h1baj1jaj #b1cfa1bde #ahbd #h1ibj1dhg #b1ghf1hab #ahbe #aj1bji1edh #c1gbh1ice #ahbf #aj1ajh1ijj #c1geb1bha #ahbg #e1hge1fch #a1gad1hhb #ahbh #g1gjg1dbg #b1dea1aig #ahbi #f1fcf1gij #b1jfj1deg #ahcj #h1fji1dae #b1dbe1jah #ahca #e1ahb1hfg #a1dah1jcg #ahcb #i1ijf1fjf #b1ghh1cec #ahcc #ad1fci1hbb #e1dhd1fjc #ahcd #af1bhb1igg #f1bag1idi #ahce #ad1dae1egb #d1ebb1hjf #ahcf #af1chb1aad #e1cdb1haa #ahcg #af1ihb1chd #e1ijc1jed #ahch #ad1dah1aab #c1dig1aef #ahci #i1dci1hag #b1dbh1dai #ahdj #bj1jjf1eie #e1dbg1jaj #ahda #aj1ggb1jhg #c1jge1ccb #ahdb #ac1dhb1fde #c1efg1gde #ahdc #ab1ghe1gdh #c1dje1fbg #ahdd #ac1jed1cbg #c1aeb1bbe #ahde #ag1afb1eej #d1hjb1fba #ahdf #af1hia1jbj #c1ihc1ccg #ahdg #ad1bba1daj #c1bjj1jef #ahdh #ah1hhi1bag ,! annual reports ( ! ,secret>y to ! ,treasury1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 %[ a consid]able increase 9 ! consumption ( tea 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b n s great z 9 ! article ( c(fee4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( tea %ops1 9 all ! l>ge cities ( ,am]ica1 is a new feature 9 ! retail trade1 dat+ only "s six ye>s back4 ,! av]age rate ( duty1 :i* previ\sly rang$ betwe5 ?irty & ?irty-f\r c5ts4 p] p\nd1 0 r$uc$ 9 #ahcb to f\rte5 c5ts 7#g;d47 a p\nd4 ,! proportion ( gre5 to black us$ is %[n by ! foll[+ return ( ! imports3-- lbs4 #ahdd ,gre5 #aj1aca1hcg ,black #d1abe1ebg ---------- ,total #ad1beg1cfd #ahde ,gre5 #ac1hjb1jii ,black #f1iej1dei ---------- ,total #bj1geb1eeh ,! l>ge import ( #ahdj1 ( #bej1jjj *e/s1 ( :i* #bjj1jjj 7 gre51 0 9 anticipation ( ! di/urbances aris+ f ! w> ) ,great ,brita91 & ! blockade ( ! ports4 ,9 #ahej1 !re 7 #agc1cag *e/s ( gre5 tea1 & #ia1jag ( black tea export$ f ,*9a to ,am]ica2 ^! quantities1 ) a fur!r portion pur*as$ f ,engl&1 made a total ( ab\t tw5ty-?ree million lbs4 ( tea :i* cross$ ! ,atlantic 9 #ahej4 ,! imports & exports ( tea into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ye>s end+ ,dec4 #ca/1 #ahdh & #ahdi1 7 z foll[s3-- ,,imports4 #ahdi4 #ahdh4 lbs4 lbs4 ,gre5 #ad1bcg1gjj #ac1fhf1ccf ,black #e1iii1cae #c1hae1feb ---------- ---------- ,total #bj1bcf1iaf #ag1ejc1ihh ,,exports4 ,gre5 #bcj1dgj #bfb1gjh ,black #ahf1fej #aid1bab ---------- ---------- ,total #dag1abj #def1ibj ,! value ( tea import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj?1 #ahea1 am\nt$ to #d1gih1jjf doll>s 7ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj /]l+72 ( ?is 0 re-export$ a little ov] #a1jjj1jjj doll>s wor?1 leav+ = home consumption #c1ffh1ada doll>s4 ,! quality ( tea dep5ds mu* ^u ! season :5 ! leaves are pick$1 ! mode 9 :i* x is prep>$1 z well z ! di/rict 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,! tea di/ricts 9 ,*9a ext5d f ! #bg? degree to ! #ca/ degree ( nor? latitude1 &1 accord+ to mission>ies1 x ?rives 9 ! m nor!rn prov9ces4 ,koempf] says x is cultivat$ 9 ,japan1 z f> nor? z #de degrees4 ,x seems to succe$ be/ on ! sides ( m\nta9s1 among s&/one1 s*i/us1 & granite4 ,9 #ahcd1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company introduc$ ! cultivation ( tea 9 ,upp] ,assam1 :]e x is said to be indig5\s2 & !y n[ %ip l>ge quantities ( v excell5t tea f !nce4 ,mr4 ,boy]1 director ( ! museum at ,port ,l\is1 ,mauritius1 has succe$$ 9 re>+ #dj1jjj tea-trees1 & expresses an op9ion1 t if ! isl& ( ,b\rbon w\ld give itself up to ! cultivation1 x might easily supply ,france ) all ! tea %e requires4 ,! culture has also be5 comm5c$ on a small scale1 9 ,/4 ,hel5a1 & ! ,cape ,colony4 ,! cultivation ( ! tea-tree might be tri$ ) probability ( success 9 ,natal1 & ! ,mauritius4 ,! plant gr[s 9 e soil1 ev5 ! mo/ ungrateful2 resi/s ! hurricanes1 & requires little c>e4 ,! pick+ ( ! leaves1 l ! pods ( cotton1 is p]=m$ by wom51 *ildr51 & ! infirm1 )\t mu* exp5se4 ,! prep>ation is kn[n to ! great] "p ( ! ,*9ese1 ( :om !re are s _m 9 ,mauritius2 besides1 x is n difficult4 ,a ,mr4 ,duprat has1 ,i am in=m$1 plant$ a c]ta9 ext5t ( l& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,c]npipe1 9 t isl&1 b ,i h n yet le>nt ) :at success4 ,! tea-plant has be5 successfully cultivat$1 on a l>ge scale1 9 ! isl& ( ,madeira1 at an elevation ( #c1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 by ,mr4 ,hy4 ,veit*1 ,briti% ex-,consul4 ,! quality ( ! leaf is excell5t4 ,! :ole !ory ( prep>+ x is m]ely to de/roy ! h]bace\s ta/e1 ! leaves be+ p]fect1 :51 l hay1 !y emit an agreeable odor4 ,b to roll up ea* leaf1 z 9 ,*9a1 is f\nd too exp5sive1 al?\gh boys & girls are employ$ at ab\t two-p5ce or ?ree-p5ce p] day4 ,mr4 ,veit* has1 !re=e1 tri$ ! plan ( compress+ ! leaves into small cakes1 :i* c be done at a trifl+ exp5se4 ,x is p]=m$ :5 ! leaf is dry2 :]eas1 ! roll+ requires moi/ure1 & subsequ5t roa/+ on copp] plates is necess>y to prev5t mu/9ess4 ,9 ?is process ! acid ( ! tea acts ^u ! copp]1 & causes t a/r+5cy :i* we rem>k 9 all ! ,*9a teas4 ,! tea ( ,co*9 ,*9a is consid]$ inf]ior to t ( ,*9a1 be+ less /rong & pleasant 9 flav\r4 ,an inf]ior sort ( tea1 ) a leaf twice or ?rice z l>ge z t ( ,bohea1 gr[s wild 9 ! hilly p>ts ( ,quang-ai1 & is sold at f #abs4 #f;d4 to #djs4 ! picul ( #acclbs4 ,! ,dut* h devot$ mu* att5tion to tea cultivation 9 ,java1 & ! plantations are 9 f9e ord]4 ,ne>ly a million lbs4 ( tea 7 %ipp$ !nce 9 #ahdh2 b ! tea is said to be ( inf]ior quality1 & gr[n & manufactur$ at consid]able exp5se4 ,japan produces bo? black & gre5 tea4 ,! ,japanese pref] ! latt] to ! ,*9ese gre5 tea4 ,! black tea is v bad4 ,! ,japanese tea-tree1 is an ev]gre51 gr[+ 9 ! mo/ /]ile places to ! height ( ab\t six feet4 ,x is describ$ z above1 by ,koempf]1 z hav+ leaves l ! *]ry1 ) a fl[] l ! wild rose2 :5 fre%1 ! leaves h no smell1 b a v a/r+5t ta/e4 ,tea gr[s 9 all ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,japan1 b ! be/ gre5 is produc$ 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,kioto1 :]e x is cultivat$ ) great c>e4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,messrs4 ,worms attempt$ ! cultivation ( tea 9 ,ceylon4 ,! isl&1 h[ev]1 lies too f> )9 ! tropics to (f] a climate l ,assam1 :i* is situate )\t !m4 ,! plants may ?rive to appe>ance1 b t is n a demon/ration ( _! quality4 ,! tea-plant has rea*$ upw>ds ( six feet 9 height at ,p9ang1 & 9 z heal?y a /ate z c\ld be desir$1 b ! leaf _h no flavor1 & al?\gh ?\s&s ( ,*9ese husb&m5 cultivate spices1 & o!r tropical productions on t isl&1 no "o ?9ks x wor? :ile to ext5d ! cultivation ( ! tea-plant 9 ,p9ang4 ,! ,*9ese !re laugh at ! idea ( conv]t+ ! leaf into a bev]age4 ,! cultivation ( ! tea-plant has be5 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^? plant]s :o h tri$ ! exp]im5t h succe$$ beyond _! highe/ expectations4 ,dr4 ,junius ,smi? _h successfully cultivat$ ! plant on 8 prop]ty call$ ,gold5 grove1 ne> ,gr5ville1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,8 plants 7 9 full blossom1 & z heal?y & fl\ri%+ z ^? ( ,*9a at ! same /age ( gr[?4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m look$ favorable1 & ,dr4 ,smi? felt abundantly enc\rag$ to ext5d ! culture ( ! sev]al descriptions ( tea ^u 8 prop]ty4 ,x is /at$ t 8 expectations 7 s great1 t he contemplat$ to place fre% tea on ! tea-tables ( ,engl& & ,p>is 9 tw5ty days1 f ! plantation4 ,he _h a l>ge supply ( plants1 & tea se$ en\gh = a million m4 ,! black descriptions blossom$ e>li] ?an ! gre5 plant1 b ! latt] also blossom$ luxuriantly4 ,he introduc$ at fir/ ab\t #ejj plants ( f five to sev5 ye>s' gr[?1 ov]l& f ! nor?-we/ prov9ces ( ,india1 & "s f ,*9a direct4 ,9 ! close ( #ahdi1 he writes me3-- ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! tea-plant "u my c>e has pass$ ?r\gh sev]e trials1 f ! injury receiv$ 9 transplant+1 f ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! pack+-cases1 f ! want ( %elt] dur+ ! sev]e fro/s ( ,febru>y1 f ! excessive heat 9 ,june1 & f ! dr\ght ( #eh days' cont9uance 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! plants 7 dive/$ ( _! leaves & g5]ally ( _! bran*es & twigs 9 ,febru>y1 dur+ my abs5ce 9 ,new ,york4 ,kn[+ t ! plants 7 t5d]1 & n =tifi$ by age & mature gr[? aga9/ sev]e wea!r1 ,i _h direct$ !m to be cov]$ 9 case a mat]ial *ange ( temp]ature %\ld occur4 ,b ^! ord]s 7 neglect$1 & !y consequ5tly suff]$ f t cause4 ,! plant is suffici5tly h>dy to resi/ any wea!r occurr+ 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 :5 season$ = "o ye>4 ,! plant has gr[n ?rifty s9ce ,april1 & ! quantity ( foliage1 buds1 & blossoms1 %[ t ! root has tak5 /rong hold1 & is n[ fully equal to produce its fruit next autumn1 :i* always foll[s ! ye> aft] ! blossoms4 ,i h a v>iety ( bo? black & gre5 tea-plants4 ,! buds & blossoms ( ! latt] did n appe> until a =tnight aft] ! black tea-plant4 ,b ! blossoms 7 l>g] :5 !y did appe> 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]4 ,f pres5t appe>ances1 ,i ?9k ! blossoms ( "s ( ! late plants w cont9ue to unfold until spr+4 ,x is n an unusual ?+ = ! blossoms & ! fruit to appe> at ! same "t ^u ! same plant4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> x diff]s f any plant ,i h se54 ,z my *ief object1 at pres5t1 is to cultivate & increase ! tea-nut1 x w be a ye> or two p]haps be=e ,i attempt to conv]t ! leaf into tea4 ,! root supports ! leaf & fruit1 & ! leaf ! root1 s t nei!r c be sp>$ )\t detrim5t4 ,?is climate appe>s cong5ial to ! gr[? ( ! plant1 & ! soil is s div]sifi$ 9 ?is m\nta9\s di/rict1 t !re is no difficulty 9 select+ t be/ adapt$ to se$-gr[+ plants1 or t design$ = ! leaf only4 ,^u ! plantation pur*as$ ?is summ]1 ,i h light-yell[1 d>k-br[n1 & r$ clay subsoil1 ( a friable "*1 ) a surface soil suffici5tly s&y to answ] ! dem&s ( ! plant4 ,i d n see any reason to d\bt1 f a ye>'s exp]i5ce1 t ! tea-plant 9 its v>ieties w fl\ri% 9 :at ,i h]et(ore d5om9at$ ! tea-gr[+ di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 any "p ( ,*9a4 ,! sl[ness ( its gr[? requires pati5ce4 ,b :5 once e/abli%$1 ! tea-nuts w supply ! means ( ext5d+ cultivation1 & ! duration ( ! plant = tw5ty ye>s dim9i%es ! exp5se ( labor4 ,to illu/rate ! h>dihood ( ! plant1 ,i may obs]ve1 t not)/&+ ! z]o sev]ity ( ,febru>y fro/ de/roy$ ! leaves & bran*es ( mo/ ( ! plants1 & ^? n[ bloom+ 9 great beauty & /r5g? are f roots ! gr[? ( ?is summ]1 ,i h "o gre5 tea-plant ! /em & bran*es ( :i* )/ood ! fro/ ( ,febru>y )\t ! slighte/ protection1 & is n[ a spl5did plant1 cov]$ ) bran*es & ev]gre5 leaves1 af=d+ und5iable evid5ce n only ( its capability ( resi/+ fro/1 b ( its adaptation to j su* a degree ( temp]ature4 ,i h (t5 rem>k$ t ! tea-plant requires = its p]fection ! influ5ce ( two sep>ate & di/9ct climates1 ! heat ( summ] & ! cold ( w9t]4 ,! !rmomet] 9 ?is vic9ity dur+ ! heat ( summ] g5]ally ranges f #gd at #f o'clock a4m4 to #hb at #c o'clock p4m41 only "o day dur+ ! summ] s high z #hf4 ,?is is a mo/ agreeable temp]ature1 nights always cool1 :i* ! tea-plant enjoys1 & ! days hot & fann$ ) ! m\nta9 breeze4 ,! dr\ght ,i f\nd ! mo/ difficult po9t to cont5d )1 ow+ to ! want ( adequate means = irrigation4 ,i lo/ #bj or #cj plants ?r\gh ?is1 & le>n$ t no tea plantation %\ld he e/abli%$ )\t irrigation4 ,aft] two or ?ree ye>s !re w be little necessity = x1 because ! dep? ( ! roots w g5]ally !n protect ! plant4 ,my plantation at ,gold5 ,grove is well suppli$ ) wat]1 or ,i %\ld n h pur*as$ x at any price4 ,x is ! fir/ & mo/ important po9t to secure a s\!rn or we/]n aspect1 a g5tle declivity ! second1 salubri\s air & suitable soil ! ?ird4 ,our c\ntry is fill$ ) natural tea plantations1 :i* are only wait+ ! h& ( ! husb&man to be cov]$ ) ?is luxuriant & productive plant4 ,i "k ! public is naturally impati5t ( delay4 ,l corn1 x is expect$ t ! tea-nuts w be plant$ 9 ! spr+1 & ! crop ga!r$ 9 ! autumn4 ,b !y =get t ! tea-plant does n int]f]e ) any o!r crop1 & :5 once plant$ x does n soon require a r5ewal4 ,i h sometimes felt ?is impati5ce myself1 & long$ = a cup ( tea ( my own gr[+1 b ,i h nev] _h "o4 ,z a husb&man1 ,i mu/ wait "s "t long]1 & let pati5ce h h] p]fect "w4 ,aga91 "u date ,may #a1 #ahej1 he /ates t he has succe$$ admirably 9 ! culture4 ,! plants be> ! w9t] well1 & _! physiology & g5]al *>act]i/ics rema9 un*ang$ by ! *ange ( climate & soil4 ,! leaf puts out at ! same p]iod ( ! ye> t x does 9 ,*9a4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,may1 #ahej1 ,dr4 ,smi? receiv$ a fur!r bat* ( trees1 fre%1 gre5 & heal?ful1 z if /ill gr[+ 9 ! plantations ( ,*9a2 aft] a passage ( little m ?an five mon?s4 ,^! plants1 toge!r ) ! se$l+s & nuts1 7 ( ! gre5 tea species1 & obta9$ f a qu>t] situat$ ab\t #gjj miles f ,canton4 ,9 a lett]1 dat$ ,gr5ville1 ,s4,c41 ,june #ag?1 #ahej1 ) :i* ,i h be5 favor$1 he adds3-- ,i nev] he>d ( ! failure ( ! tea-crop4 ,all vegetation may be ret>d$1 or less5$1 or augm5t$1 9 its production1 9 a slight degree1 by excessive ra9s1 or dr\ght1 or cold1 or heat1 or atmosph]ic action2 b ! tea-plant is sure to produce its leaf4 ,f all ,i h obs]v$1 a decid$ dr\ght is ! mo/ detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ! tea plant4 ,! almo/ cont9u$ ra9s :i* m>k$ ! advance ( ! pa/ spr+1 seem$ p]fectly agreeable to ! tea-plant1 & facilitat$ ! g]m9ation ( ! tea-nuts4 ,:]e any vitality rema9$ 9 ! nut1 x 0 sure to g]m9ate4 ,curiosity1 on ?is po9t %\ld be re/ra9$1 & no pick+ & paw+ up ( ! nuts p]mitt$4 ,i h se$l+s ) tap roots f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 :]e no appe>ance ( g]m9ation is visible ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! *ances are t5 to "o t ! se$l+ w\ld be de/roy$ by ! tamp]+s ( idle curiosity4 ,let nature h h] own mo/ p]fect "w1 & see t ! enemy1 ! dr\ght1 is vanqui%$ by an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,f exp]i5ce1 ,i notice t no?+ is m cong5ial to ! g]m9ation ( ! tea-nut ?an a good /iff blue1 clay$ soil4 ,! m>ly col\r ( ! soil is und\bt$ly ! result ( a ri* loam1 comb9$ ) ! clay ( a light] hue4 ,! adhesive nature ( ! clay reta9s moi/ure 9 an em95t degree1 & ! f]tilis+ qualities ( ! loam are well kn[n to e bottom l& f>m]4 ,plants put out ?ree weeks ago1 aft] a long voyage f ,*9a1 are n[ tak+ root1 & look fre% & vigor\s1 not)/&+ ! rec5t heat & dryness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b ,i h tak5 unwe>i$ pa9s 9 ! cultivation4 ,e plant is %elt]$ f ! scor*+ influ5ce ( ! sun1 n[ f #gj deg4 to #hf deg4 ( temp]ature4 ,al?\gh ! soil is naturally moi/ & clayey1 & half bottom l&1 f ! "w ( g5tle acclivities1 ris+ on ei!r h&1 yet ,i h giv5 ! plants a lib]al wat]+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,by la/ summ]'s dr\ght ( fifty-sev5 days1 ,i 0 taught ! absolute necessity ( deep digg+ & deep plant+4 ,none ( my plants1 ( ?is season's plant+1 are m ?an two or ?ree in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,if any ( ! plants h leaves1 z mo/ ( !m h1 bel[ t height1 !y are plant$ ) ! leaves reta9$2 none are remov$4 ,"s ( ! old] plants h no leaves rema9+1 & look$ l dry /icks4 ,_m ( ^! are n[ beg9n+ to break1 & put =? fre% leaves4 ,9 #ahea1 ,mr4 ,frank ,bonynge set on foot a subscription li/ ( fifty doll>s ea*1 to procure tea & v>i\s ,indian plants = culture 9 ,am]ica4 ,t tea c be gr[n successfully 9 ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,florida1 is almo/ c]ta91 because ! exp]im5t has be5 pretty fairly tri$1 z above %[n1 by ,dr4 ,smi?4 ,! !rmomet] at ,%anghai indicates ! cold z m sev]e by ?irte5 degrees ?an at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! cold w9t] ( #ahcd-e1 :i* de/roy$ ! oranges 9 ,mr4 ,middleton's plantation1 9 ,*>le/on1 left 8 tea plants un9jur$4 ,! "q ( cultivat+ tea 9 ,cali=nia has be5 s]i\sly discuss$1 & w no d\bt be gone into :5 ! gold digg+ mania has a little subsid$4 ,!re is ! necess>y labor & exp]i5ce on ! spot1 9 "s #ab1jjj or #ad1jjj ,*9ese1 mo/ ( :om d\btless und]/& ! culture & manufacture4 ,! climate1 soil & surface ( ,cali=nia exactly answ] ! requirem5ts = ! gr[? ( ?is plant4 ,! "t may yet come :5 ! va/ ranges ( hills t trav]se ?is ,/ate %all pres5t t]races ( tea g>d5s1 cultivat$ by ! labori\s ,*9ese1 & add+ millions to ! value ( its products4 ,a company = ! cultivation ( tea1 "u ! title ( ! ,assam ,company1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahci2 & :i*1 ) a call$-up capital ( #aic1ccg1 has made up to ! pres5t "t v pr(itable progress2 hav+ n[ got its plantations into excell5t cultivation1 & all its arrangem5ts 9 admirable work+ ord]1 x has sold teas to ! am\nt ( #ij1jjj1 & has a /eam-boat1 a consid]able plant & ma*9]y4 ,9 ! report ( ! ,company1 at _! annual meet+1 held at ,calcutta1 9 ,jan41 #ahej1 x 0 /at$1 z ! result ( _! op]ations1 t dur+ ! ye> #ahdi1 ! manufactur+ season 0 unusually cold & ung5ial1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! developm5t ( leaf = manufacture 0 mu* *eck$4 ,al?\gh "s loss 0 su/a9$1 !re 0 consid]able increase 9 ! crop not)/&+1 attributable to ! cont9u$ improvem5ts 9 ! culture :i* _h be5 obta9$1 & improvem5ts ov] ! previ\s season 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( ! manufactur+ process4 ,! gross quantity ( unsort$ tea manufactur$ 9 ! s\!rn division 0 #bjg1ihb lbs41 be+ #b1fgc lbs4 less ?an t ( ! previ\s season1 b ! actual net out-turn 0 expect$ to rea* #bjj1jjj lbs4 ,z mu* z #aeg1ijh lbs4 ( ! crop _h be5 already receiv$ & %ipp$ to ,engl&4 ,^! teas consi/$ *iefly ( ! f9] qualities4 ,:il/ ! crops h be5 ?us s5sibly advanc+ 9 quantity & quality1 & ! value ( ! company's plantations p]man5tly rais$ by ext5d$ & improv$ culture1 & "s increase to ! s[+s1 ! total outlay _h be5 some:at less ?an ! previ\s ye>1 ! exp5diture be+ limit$ to #ejj = a crop ( #ab1jjj acres ( tea4 ,) m ext5d$ g>d5s1 ! produce w be rais$ at a yet l[] rateable co/ ?an at pres5t4 ,! numb] ( acres 9 cultivation 9 #ahdi1 0 ab\t #ab1jjj2 ^! 7 n all 9 be>+1 b w\ld %ortly be s1 & ! produce f ?is ext5t might be e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj lbs41 & ! co/ ( produc+ ?is w\ld be ab\t #aa1jjj4 #a1jaj *e/s ( ! produce 7 sold 9 ,london on ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 #ahej1 at a gross av]age ( #as4 #aa;d4 p] lb4 ,! produce ( #ahdg1 sold 9 ,engl&1 0 #ada1bgg lbs41 at a gross av]age ( #as4 #h;d4 p] lb43 t ( #ahdh 0 #agf1adi lbs4 :i* sold at ! av]age ( #as4 #h;d4 p] lb4 ,! produce ( #ahdi 0 #baf1jjj lbs41 & !re 0 e expectation ( ! av]age prices realis$ be+ high] ?an ^? ( ! previ\s ye>s4 ,! season 0 cold & unfavorable1 or ! crop w\ld h be5 #aj1jjj lbs4 m4 ,! exact am\nts obta9$ = ! ,company's teas 9 ! five ye>s1 end+ ) #ahea1 w be se5 f ! foll[+ figures3-- ,net produce1 lbs4 ,av]age price4 #ahdg #add1afd at p] lb4 ls4 #g-a_/af;d4 #aa1eac #ahdh #ahb1iec ls4 #h;d4 #ae1dcf #ahdi #baf1jjj ls4 #i;d4 #ai1cej #ahej #bec1dbg ls4 #f-a_/h;d4 #ah1aec #ahea #bga1dbg ls4 #h;d4 #bb1aeb #aheb esmtd4 #bhj1jjj ,?is exhibits a progressive increase 9 ! aggregate value ( ! ,company's produce1 & ?is has be5 effect$1 x is /at$1 )\t any s5sible increase ( ! curr5t exp5diture4 ,x exhibits also a rise 9 ! value ( ! tea 7#aeg1idb lbs4 hav+ be5 sold at ! high av]age price ( #as4 #aa;d471 a fact /rongly indicative ( its increas+ excell5ce4 ,! details ( ! crop ( ! season ( #ahdi %[$ a net produce ( #bcg1jjj lbs4 ( tea2 s t ! ,company are increas+ _! cultivation to ! ext5t ( ne>ly t5 p] c5t1 p] annum1 & ! increase w d\btless proce$ ) great] rapidity1 :5ev] ! increase ( capital enables ! directors to ext5d _! op]ations4 ,9 a report submitt$ to ! ,directors1 by ,mr4 ,burk9y\ng1 ! manag+ director 9 ,calcutta la/ ye>1 he ?us speaks ( ! ,company's field ( op]ations & future prospects3-- ,! box-mak+ is especially wor?y ( notice = its effective organisation & economical arrangem5t2 ! "w is p]=m$ *iefly by ,assamese boys in/ruct$ at ! factory3 ! numb] ( boxes requir$ = ! ye>'s consumption w n be %ort ( f\r ?\s&1 ! :ole ( :i* w be made at ! factory1--an a*ievem5t t _c be too highly e/imat$ 9 a c\ntry s de/itute ( me*anical labor4 ,not)/&+ ! high /&>d ( quality & /r5g? to :i* our teas h already atta9$1 ,i am ( op9ion t1 z exp]i5ce advances1 & our k & sy/em ( pluck+ & manufactur+ ! crops become improv$1 & bett] organis$1 a high] /&>d ( quality & value may yet be realis$2 9 ?is op9ion ! sup]9t5d5t concurs ) me1 & ! atta9m5t ( ?is object is "o to :i* 8 att5tion's prom95tly direct$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my enquiries & trials ( diff]5t samples ( tea 9 ,assam1 my att5tion 0 direct$ to "o description ( black tea1 ( r\gh /rong flavor1 made by a quick] process ?an t ord9>ily us$ 9 ! manufacture ( black tea3 "u ?is mode ( manipulation1 a quality ( tea is produc$ suffici5tly di/9ctive 9 its flavor & appe>ance to r5d] x wor?y ( att5tion & trial1 & ,i ?9k1 :5 p]fect$ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 calculat$ to come into popul> e/imation4 ,samples ( ?is tea ! sup]9t5d5t w =w>d to ! bo>d = trial4 ,9 conduct+ ! op]ations 9 ,assam1 ! *ief difficulty ( importance :i* has n yet be5 effectually met is ! paucity ( labor2 ?is does n1 h[ev]1 exi/ to ! ext5t ( mat]ially *eck+ any ( ! important op]ations connect$ ) ! production ( ! tea1 b x is felt 9 ! arre> ( v>i\s descriptions ( "w1 9 provid+ bricks = build+1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( a /ock ( season$ timb] & bo>ds = build+ & box-mak+2 :ile ! out factories w\ld be b5efit$ by a l>g] proportion ( agricultural labor4 ,great advance1 h[ev]1 has be5 made by ! sup]9t5d5t 9 ! employm5t ( ,assamese labor 9 contract "w3 "u ! arrangem5t he has e/abli%$1 ^! contracts are n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 fulfill$ ) mu* punctuality1 & !re is reason to expect t ?is sy/em ( labor w be fur!r ext5d$4 ,! ,ka*orie ,coolies are a valuable class ( labor]s1 b !y d n appe> to be suffici5tly num]\s1 or to emigrate 9 suffici5t numb]s to af=d ) ! native ,assamese a supply ( labor altoge!r equal to our wants1 s z to r5d] ! conc]n indep5d5t ( ,b5gal labor4 ,! tea l&s are = ! mo/ "p advantage\sly situat$1 )9 conv5i5t rea* ( wat]-c>riage1 ei!r by ! ',dickhoo1' ',dsang1' & ',deh+' riv]s1 or by means ( small /reams lead+ to !m4 ,! ,plantations ( ! ,satsohea & ,rookang =e/s1 & on ! banks ( ! ,t+ri 9 ! ,nor!rn ,division1 are all valuable c5tres ( ext5sion 9 ea* di/rict4 ,! l&s suitable = tea cultivation are ample 9 ext5t1 & ( ! highe/ f]tility2 :ile ! ,hill ,factories ( ! ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,divisions1 al?\gh second>y 9 importance1 are1 z reg>ds ext5t & quality ( soil1 equally eligible z bases ( ext5sion4 ,! prospects ( ! future1 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt1 w keep pace ) ! satisfactory results t h hi!rto be5 realis$1 look+ to ! s\nd organisation t n[ exi/s 9 our e/abli%m5t at ,assam1 an organisation t has already tak5 heal?y root1 & mu/ 9 its gr[? ga9 /r5g? & p]man5ce4 ,i ?9k we may safely calculate1 aft] ! curr5t ye>1 ^u an annual increase 9 our production ( #dj1jjj lbs4 ( tea1 until a l>g] sy/em ( op]ations c be matur$1 ( :i* ! basis is already laid d[n1 9 ! new l&s cle>$ & s[n dur+ ! pa/ cold season1 av]ag+ #bbe to #bej poorahs2 & ?is ext5d$ basis w be d\btless foll[$ up by annual ext5sions ( simil>1 if n l>g]1 area4 ,! conc]n is n[ tak+ a position :i* w place x on a scale ( work+ comm5surate ) ! objects ent]ta9$ ^u ! fir/ incorporation ( ! company1 ! pr(its n[ likely to be realis$ be+ adequate to all ! outlay necess>y4 ,! prices 9 ! la/ two ye>s 9 ,london h be5 fully ma9ta9$ at #as4 #c;d4 to #ds4 #d;d41 accord+ to sorts4 ,( ,assam tea1 ! sales 9 ! ,london m>ket 9 #ahea am\nt$ to #b1bjj packages1 aga9/ #a1ijj packages 9 #ahej1 & all 7 freely tak5 7on acc\nt ( _! great /r5g?7 at v full prices4 ,sev5ty-six packages ( ,kumaon tea1 bo? black & gre51 gr[n by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 9 ! ,himalayas1 z an exp]im5t1 7 also br\ght to sale4 ,!y 7 teas ( high quality2 b be+ ( ! light flavor$ class1 & n duly e/eem$ 9 ?is m>ket1 !y realis$ only ab\t _! relative value z comp>$ ) ,*9a teas ( simil> grade4 ,! ,s\*ong & ,p\*ong sold at #as4 #a;d4 to #as4 #c;d42 ! ,hyson1 ,imp]ial1 & ,gunp[d] realis$ #as4 #g;d4 to #bs4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,=tune1 :o1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london1 gave su* satisfaction by 8 botanical rese>*es 9 ,*9a1 01 on 8 return to ,engl&1 9 #ahdh1 engag$ by ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to proce$ aga9 to ! ,cele/ial ,empire1 & procure & transmit to ,india su* a quantity & v>iety ( ! tea plant1 t its cultivation 9 ! nor?-we/]n prov9ces w\ld be a matt] ( m]e manual labor4 ,hav+ p5etrat$ ab\t #cjj miles into ! int]ior1 he left ,hong ,kong 9 ! middle ( #ahea = ,calcutta1 ) a l>ge quantity ( *oice plants1 select$ 9 ! gre5 tea di/ricts1 & ^! h fl\ri%$ z well z c\ld possibly be expect$2 s t1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 !re is e probability t tea w =m a consid]able article ( export f our ,indian ,presid5cies4 ,mr4 ,=tune secur$ ! s]vices (1 & took ) him1 eight ,*9ese1 f ! di/rict ( ,wei-*[1 "u an agreem5t = ?ree ye>s1 at ! rate ( fifte5 doll>s a mon? ea*4 ,six ( ^! are regul> tea-manufactur]s2 ! o!r two are pewt]]s1 ^: sole bus9ess is t ( prep>+ lead cas+s = tea-*e/s4 ,9 ! ,briti% portion ( ! ,punjaub1 x has be5 resolv$ to exp5d #aj1jjj a ye> on ! cultivation ( ! tea plant on ! banks ( ! ,beas1 z well z at ,an>kullee1 & ,kotghur 9 ! ,simla jurisdiction4 ,beyond ! ,beas !re is a s]ies ( valleys on to ,noonpoor1 viz41 ! ,palklun1 ,kangra1 ,rillo1 c41 f #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by small ranges ( hills4 ,! valleys are f ?ree to f\r miles 9 bread?1 & f sixty to sev5ty 9 l5g?3 !y are %elt]$ on ! nor? by high m\nta9s4 ,!y are describ$ z admirably suit$ = ! cultivation ( ! plant1 n[ ab\t to be attempt$ "u ! able managem5t ( ,dr4 ,jamieson4 ,%\ld x prove successful1 ! b5efits x w conf] on ! c\ntry w be enorm\s4 ,tea is a favorite bev]age ev]y:]e ) ! natives3 at pres5t _! supplies come 9 scanty measure & bad condition1 at extravagant *>ges1 across ! fronti]4 ,! cultivation ( ! tea plant 9 ! highl&s ( ! ,punjaub1 is likely to be successful1 ev5 beyond ! hopes ( its promot]s4 ,?\s&s ( plants s[n 9 #ahdi h atta9$ a height ( f\r or five feet1 & !re seems no reason :y tea %\ld n ultimately become an important article ( trade 9 ! ,punjaub1 z well z 9 ,kumaon4 ,! ,indian teas are already becom+ popul> 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 & ! cultivators h ! advantage ( a dem& :i* is almo/ unlimit$1 & ( prices :i* seldom fluctuate to any great ext5t4 ,! exp]im5t ( gr[+ tea 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy has be5 (t5 successfully tri$1 on a small scale4 ,a numb] ( plants suppli$ by gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ,dr4 ,walli*1 7 plant$ 9 ! ,%ev>oy hills1 ab\t twelve or f\rte5 ye>s s9ce1 & h ?riv5 well2 b ?\gh no d\bt is ent]ta9$ ( ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld be propagat$ ov] a wide ext5t ( c\ntry1 no attempt has be5 made to give ! cultivation a practical turn1 or to make a cup ( tea f ! s\!rn ,indian tree4 ,9 ,coorg1 too1 ! exp]im5t has be5 te/$ ) l results1 s t suffici5t w>ranty exi/s to ju/ify trials on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,tea plants gr[ 9 luxuriance 9 ! op5 air1 at ! ,botanical ,g>d5s1 at ,kew4 ,mr4 ,bonynge has se5 ?is plant gr[+ wild 9 ,n4 lat4 #bg deg4 #cj m94 on hills f ?ree to #ejj feet 9 height1 :]e too1 !re 0 an abundance ( fro/1 sn[ & hail4 ,^? p]sons 9 ,engl& :o possess tea plants1 & :o cultivate !m = pleasure1 %\ld always be> 9 m9d t1 ev5 9 ! tea di/ricts ( ,*9a1 ?is %rub w n succe$ if x be plant$ 9 l[1 wet l&2 & ?is is1 d\btless1 "o ( ! reasons :y s few p]sons succe$ 9 gr[+ x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x ought always to be plant$ on a w>m slop+ bank1 9 ord] to give x a fair *ance ( success4 ,if "s ( ! w>m spots ( ?is k9d 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& or ,irel& 7 select$1 :o kn[s b t our cottag]s might be able to gr[ _! own tea8 at all ev5ts1 !y might h ! fragrant h]b to look ^u4 ,! ,dut* made ! fir/ movem5t to break ! *>m ( ,*9ese monopoly1 by introduc+ & cultivat+ ! tea plant 9 _! ri* & fruitful colony ( ,java4 ,t isl& lies betwe5 ! six? & eigh? degrees ( s\? latitude4 ,9 #ahbh1 ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 ! cultivation ( tea 0 made 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,*ateau ( ,burt5zorg1 at ,java1 :]e #hjj plants ( an a/oni%+ vigor1 s]v$ z an enc\ragem5t to und]take ?is culture1 & consid]able plantations 7 made 9 _m p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! fir/ trials did n answ] to ! expectations1 z f> z reg>ds ! quality ( ! article1 ! a/r+5t ta/e & feeble aroma ( :i* caus$ ! conjecture t ! prep>ation ( ! leaf1 & its f9al manipulation1 are n exactly accord+ to ! process us$ 9 ,*9a4 ,at pres5t tea is cultivat$ 9 ?irte5 ,resid5cies3 b ! pr9cipal e/abli%m5t1 :]e ! f9al manipulation is made1 is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,batavia4 ,! tea :i* ,java n[ furni%es ye>ly to ! m>kets ( ! "m c\ntry1 may be /at$ at f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj p\nds4 ,x is intimat$ t ! gov]nm5t int5ds to ab&on ?is culture to ! indu/ry ( private individuals1 "u ! gu>antee ( equitable contracts4 ,! m\nta9 range1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 is ! mo/ productive1 because ! tea g>d5s1 ext5d+ f ne> ! base1 high up ! m\nta9s1 rea* an atmosph]e temp]$ by elevation4 ,! plant escapes ! scor*+ heats ( ! torrid zone1 & f9ds a climate1 by height r ?an by latitude1 adapt$ to its nature4 ,b ! plant is n conf9$ to l(ty ridges4 ,9 ! pla9s1 ! h$ges & f5ces1 if "o may s call !m1 are all plant$ ) ! tea %rub1 :i* fl\ri% 9 great] or less p]fection ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,b1 z has already be5 intimat$1 ! equatorial latitudes are n ! mo/ auspici\s = ! vigor\s gr[? ( a plant t requires a temp]ature equally remov$ f ! extremes ( heat & cold1 & ! quality ( ! tea is z mu* affect$ by ! climate z ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,a consid]able quantity ( tea is annually %ipp$ f ,java to ,europe2 b ! ext5sion ( ! cultivation is no d\bt *eck$ by ! exce$+ f]tility ( ! soil1 & its adaptation to ! gr[? ( ! ri* products ( tropical regions4 ,mr4 ,jacobson1 inspector ( tea culture 9 ,java1 has publi%$ at ,batavia a "w 9 ?ree volumes1 ^u ! mode ( cultivat+ ?is plant1 ^u ! *oice ( gr\nds1 & ! be/ processes = ! prep>ation & manipulation ( ! leaves4 ,?is book1 ! fruit ( _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce & c>e giv5 to ! subject1 has be5 well receiv$ by ! cultivators :o devote !mselves to ?is bran* ( indu/ry4 ,if1 by means ( c>eful exp]im5ts & exp]i5ce1 ! gov]nm5t succe$ 9 conf]r+ on ! isl& ( ,java ?is important bran* ( comm]ce1 %e may hope to obta9 brilliant results2 at all ev5ts1 x w op5 to ! c\ntry a new s\rce ( prosp]ity & ri*es4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! tea plants1 & ! manufacture ( tea1 w be f\nd 9 ,=tune's ,w&]+s 9 ,*9a1 9 ,ball's ,acc\nt ( ! ,cultivation & ,manufacture ( ,tea1 ,boyle's ,illu/rations ( ,himalayan ,botany1 & 8 ,productive ,res\rces ( ,india4 ,f ,=tune's ,travels ,i take ! foll[+ extract3-- ,!re are few subjects connect$ ) ! vegetable k+dom :i* h attract$ su* a l>ge %>e ( public notice z ! tea-plant ( ,*9a4 ,its cultivation on ! ,*9ese hills1 ! p>ticul> species ( v>iety :i* produces ! black & gre5 teas ( comm]ce1 & ! me?od ( prep>+ ! leaves1 h always be5 objects ( peculi> int]e/4 ,! jeal\sy ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t 9 =m] times1 prev5t$ =eign]s f visit+ any ( ! di/ricts :]e tea is cultivat$2 & ! in=mation d]iv$ f ! ,*9ese m]*ants1 ev5 scanty z x 01 0 n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,& h5ce we f9d our ,engli% au?ors contradict+ ea* o!r2 "s ass]t+ t ! black & gre5 teas are produc$ by ! same v>iety1 & t ! diff]5ce 9 col\r is ! result ( a diff]5t mode ( prep>ation2 :ile o!rs say t ! black teas are produc$ f ! plant call$ by botani/s ,!a ,bohea1 & ! gre5 f ,!a viridis1 bo? ( :i* we h _h = _m ye>s 9 our g>d5s 9 ,engl&4 ,dur+ my travels 9 ,*9a s9ce ! la/ w>1 ,i h _h frequ5t opportunities ( inspect+ "s ext5sive tea di/ricts 9 ! black & gre5 tea c\ntries ( ,canton1 ,foki51 & ,*ekiang3 ! result ( ^! obs]vations is n[ laid be=e ! read]4 ,x w prove t ev5 ^? :o h _h ! be/ means ( judg+ h be5 deceiv$1 & t ! great] "p ( ! black & gre5 teas :i* are br\ght ye>ly f ,*9a to ,europe & ,am]ica are obta9$ f ! same species or v>iety1 namely1 f ! ,!a viridis4 ,dri$ specim5s ( ?is plant 7 prep>$ 9 ! di/ricts ,i h nam$1 by myself1 & are n[ 9 ! h]b>ium ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london1 s t !re c be no long] any d\bt ^u ! subject4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,canton prov9ces :]e ,i h _h an opportunity ( see+ tea cultivat$1 ! species prov$ to be ! ,!a ,bohea1 or :at is commonly call$ ! black tea plant4 ,9 ! gre5 tea di/ricts ( ! nor?--,i allude m p>ticul>ly to ! prov9ce ( ,*ekiang--,i nev] met ) a s+le plant ( ?is species1 :i* is s common 9 ! fields & g>d5s ne> ,canton4 ,all ! plants 9 ! gre5 tea c\ntry ne> ,n+po1 on ! isl&s ( ! ,*usan ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 e "p ( ! prov9ce :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( visit+1 prov$1 )\t an exception1 to be ,!a viridis4 ,two hundr$ miles fur!r to ! nor?-we/1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangnan1 & only a %ort di/ance f ! tea hills 9 t qu>t]1 ,i also f\nd 9 g>d5s ! same species ( tea4 ,?us f> my actual obs]vations exactly v]ifi$ ! op9ions ,i _h =m$ on ! subject be=e ,i left ,engl&1 viz3 t ! black teas 7 prep>$ f ! ,!a ,bohea1 & ! gre5 f ,!a viridis4 ,:5 ,i left ! nor?1 on my way to ! city ( ,foo-*[-foo1 on ! riv] ,m91 9 ! prov9ce ,foki51 ,i _h no d\bt t ,i %\ld f9d ! tea hills !re cov]$ ) ! o!r species1 ,!a ,bohea1 f :i* we g5]ally suppose ! black teas are made2 & ?is 0 ! m likely to be ! case z ?is species actually d]ives its specific "n f ! ,bohea hills 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,great 0 my surprise to f9d all ! plants on ! tea hills ne> ,foo-*[ exactly ! same z ^? 9 ! gre5 tea di/ricts ( ! nor?4 ,"h 71 !n1 gre5 tea plantations on ! black tea hills1 & n a s+le plant ( ! ,!a ,bohea to be se54 ,moreov]1 at ! "t ( my visit1 ! natives 7 busily employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( black teas4 ,al?\gh ! specific diff]5ces ( ! tea plant 7 well kn[n to me1 ,i 0 s mu* surpris$1 & ,i may add amus$1 at ?is discov]y1 t ,i procur$ a set ( specim5s = ! h]b>ium1 & also dug up a liv+ plant1 :i* ,i took nor?w>d to ,*ekiang4 ,on comp>+ x ) ^? :i* gr[ on ! gre5 tea hills1 no diff]5ce :atev] 0 obs]v$4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! black & gre5 teas ( ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,*9a 7^? di/ricts 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! teas = ! =eign m>ket are made7 are bo? produc$ f ! same v>iety1 & t t v>iety is ! ,!a viridis1 or :at is commonly call$ gre5 tea plant4 ,on ! o!r h& ^? black & gre5 teas :i* are manufactur$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ! vic9ity ( ,canton1 are obta9$ f ! ,!a ,bohea1 or black tea4 ,9 ! gre5 tea di/ricts ( ,*ekiang1 ne> ,n+po1 ! fir/ crop ( leaves is g5]ally ga!r$ ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,?is consi/s ( ! "y leaf buds j z !y beg9 to unfold1 & =ms a f9e & delicate k9d ( "y hyson1 :i* is held 9 high e/imation by ! natives1 & is g5]ally s5t ab\t 9 small quantities z pres5ts to _! fri5ds4 ,x is a sc>ce & exp5sive article1 & ! pick+ (f ! leaves 9 su* a "y /ate does consid]able injury to ! tea plantation4 ,! summ] ra9s1 h[ev]1 :i* fall copi\sly ab\t ?is season1 moi/5 ! e>? & air2 & if ! plants are "y & vigor\s1 !y soon pu% out fre% leaves4 ,9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks f ! "t ( ! fir/ pick+1 ! %rubs are aga9 cov]$ ) fre% leaves1 & are ready = ! second ga!r+1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( ! season4 ,! ?ird & la/ ga!r+1 :i* takes place z soon z new leaves are =m$1 produces a v inf]ior k9d ( tea1 :i* is r>ely s5t out ( ! di/rict4 ,! mode ( ga!r+ & prep>+ ! leaves ( ! tea plant is v simple4 ,we h be5 s long accu/om$ to magnify & my/ify ev]y?+ relat+ to ! ,*9ese1 t 9 all _! arts & manufactures we expect to f9d "s peculi> practice1 :5 ! fact is1 t _m op]ations 9 ,*9a are m simple 9 _! "* ?an 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,to rightly und]/& ! process ( roll+ & dry+ ! leaves1 :i* ,i am ab\t to describe1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! gr& object is to expel ! moi/ure1 & at ! same "t to reta9 z mu* z possible ( ! aromatic & o!r desirable secretions ( ! species4 ,! sy/em adopt$ to atta9 ?is end is z simple z x is efficaci\s4 ,9 ! h>ve/ seasons1 ! natives are se5 9 little family gr\ps on ! side ( e hill1 :5 ! wea!r is dry1 engag$ 9 ga!r+ tea leaves4 ,!y d n seem s p>ticul> z ,i imag9$ !y w\ld h be5 9 ?is op]ation1 b /rip ! leaves (f rapidly & promiscu\sly1 & ?r[ !m all into r\nd baskets1 made = ! purpose out ( split bamboo or ratan4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 :5 ! pr9cipal ga!r+ takes place1 ! "y se$-vessels are ab\t z l>ge z peas4 ,^! are also /ripp$ (f & mix$ ) ! leaves2 x is ^! se$-vessels :i* we (t5 see 9 our tea1 & :i* has "s slight resemblance to cap]s4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( leaves are ga!r$1 !y are c>ri$ home to ! cottage or b>n1 :]e ! op]ation ( dry+ is p]=m$4 ,?is is m9utely describ$1 & ! au?or cont9ues3-- ,i h /at$ t ! plants gr[n 9 ! di/ricts ( ,*ekiang produce gre5 teas1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y are ! gre5 teas :i* are export$ to ,engl&4 ,! leaf has a mu* m natural color1 & has little or none ( :at we call ! 'beautiful bloom' ^u x1 :i* is s mu* admir$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!re is n[ no d\bt t all ^! 'bloom+' gre5 teas1 :i* are manufactur$ at ,canton1 are dy$ ) ,prussian blue & gypsum1 to suit ! ta/e ( ! =eign 'b>b>ians2' inde$ ! process may be se5 any day1 dur+ ! season1 by ^? :o give !mselves ! tr\ble to seek aft] x4 ,x is v likely t ! same +r$i5ts are also us$ 9 dye+ ! nor!rn gre5 teas = ! =eign m>ket2 ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i am n q c]ta94 ,!re is a vegetable dye obta9$ f ,isatis indigotica mu* us$ 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts1 & call$ ,te9s+2 & x is n unlikely t x may be ! sub/ance :i* is employ$4 ,! ,*9ese nev] use ^! dy$ teas !mselves1 & ,i c]ta9ly ?9k _! ta/e 9 ?is respect is m correct ?an ours4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! dye us$ c produce any v bad effects on ! consum]1 =1 _h ?is be5 ! case1 x w\ld h be5 discov]$ be=e n[2 b if entirely h>mless or in]t1 its be+ s mu/ be ascrib$ to ! v small quantity :i* is employ$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,9 %ort1 ! black & gre5 teas :i* are g5]ally export$ to ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 are made f ! same species2 & ! diff]5ce ( color1 flavor1 c41 is solely ! result ( ! diff]5t modes ( prep>ation4 ,i %all make an extract1 also1 f ,williams's ,middle ,k+dom3-- ,! native names giv5 to ! v>i\s sorts ( tea are d]iv$ = ! mo/ "p f _! appe>ance or place ( gr[?2 ! names ( _m ( ! be/ k9ds are n commonly kn[n abroad4 ,bohea is ! "n ( ! ,wu-i hills1 7or ,bu-i1 z ! p on ! spot call !m17 :]e ! tea is gr[n1 & n a t]m = a p>ticul> sort among ! ,*9ese1 ?\gh x is appli$ to a v poor k9d ( black tea at ,canton4 ,sunglo is likewise a g5]al t]m = ! gre5 teas produc$ on ! hills 9 ,kiangsu4 ,! names ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( black tea are z foll[s3 ,pecco1 ':ite hairs1' s call$ f ! :iti% d[n on ! leaves1 is "o ( ! *oice/ k9ds1 & has a peculi> ta/e2 ,orange ,pecco1 call$ %ang hiang1 or 'mo/ fragrant1' diff]s f x slightly2 ,hungmuey1 'r$ plum blossoms1' has a slightly r$di% t+e2 ! t]ms pr9ce's eyebr[s1 c>nation hair1 lotus k]nel1 sp>r['s tongue1 fir-leaf patt]n1 dragon's pellet1 & dragon's :isk]s1 are all translations ( ! native names ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,s\*ong or ,pecco4 ,s\*ong1 or siau *ung1 means little plant or sort1 z ,p\*ong1 or fold$ sort1 ref]s to ! mode ( pack+ x2 ,campoi is corrupt$ f kan pei i4e4 c>efully fir$2 ,*ulan is ! tea sc5t$ ) ! *ulan fl[]1 & appli$ to "s k9ds ( sc5t$ gre5 tea4 ,! names ( gre5 teas are less num]\s3 ,gunp[d]1 or ma *u1 i4e4 hemp pe>l1 d]ives its "n f ! =m into :i* ! leaves are roll$2 ta *u or 'great pe>l1' & *u lan1 or 'pe>l fl[]1' d5ote two k9ds ( ,imp]ial2 ,hyson1 or yu tsi51 i4e4 be=e ! ra9s1 orig9ally d5ot$ ! t5d]e/ leaves ( ! plant1 & is n[ appli$ to ,"y ,hyson2 z is also ano!r "n1 mei pe91 or 'plum petals2' :ile hi *un1 'fl\ri%+ spr+1' describes ,hyson2 ,twankay is ! "n ( a /ream 9 ,*ehkiang1 :]e ?is sort is produc$2 & ,hyson sk91 or pi *a1 i4e4 sk9 tea1 is ! poore/ k9d1 ! sift+s ( ! o!r v>ieties2 ,oolung1 'black dragon1' is a k9d ( black tea ) gre5 flavor4 ,ankoi teas are produc$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,ngank1 n f> f ,tsiu5*au fu1 possess+ a peculi> ta/e1 suppos$ to be ow+ to ! f]rug9\s nature ( ! soil4 ,de ,guignes speaks ( ! ,pu-'rh tea1 f ! place 9 ,kiangsu :]e x gr[s1 & says x is cur$ f wild plants f\nd !re2 ! infusion is unpleasant1 & is us$ = m$ical purposes4 ,! ,mongols & o!rs 9 ! we/ ( ,*9a prep>e tea by press+ x1 :5 fre%1 into cakes l bricks1 & ?or\ghly dry+ x 9 t %ape to c>ry 9 _! w&]+s4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s labor ( prep>+ tea1 x is surpris+ t ev5 ! poore/ k9d c be af=d$ to ! =eign pur*as] at ,canton1 m ?an a ?\s& miles f ! place ( its gr[?1 = #i;d4 & less a p\nd2 & 9 _! ability to furni% x at ?is rate1 ! ,*9ese h a security ( reta9+ ! trade 9 _! h&s1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts to gr[ ! plant else:]e4 ,comp>atively little adult]ation is practis$1 if ! am\nt us$ at home & abroad be consid]$1 ?\gh ! temptation is great1 z ! infusion ( o!r plants is drunk in/ead ( ! true tea4 ,! poor] natives sub/itute ! leaves ( a species ( ,rhamnus or ,fallopia1 :i* !y dry2 ,camellia leaves are p]haps mix$ up ) x1 b probably to no great ext5t4 ,! refuse ( pack+-h\ses is sold to ! poor at a l[ rate1 "u ! "n ( tea end+s & tea bones2 & if a few ( ! r>e/ sorts d n g abroad1 nei!r d ! poore/4 ,x is a necess>y ( life to all classes ( ,*9ese1 & t its use is n injuri\s is abundantly evid5t f its g5]al acceptance & ext5d+ adoption2 & ! prejudice aga9/ x among "s out ( ,*9a may be attribut$ *iefly to ! use ( /rong gre5 tea1 :i* is no d\bt prejudicial4 ,if ^? :o h giv5 x up on ?is acc\nt w adopt a weak] infusion ( black tea1 g5]al exp]i5ce is pro( t x w d !m no great h>m1 & !y may be sure t !y w n be deceiv$ by a color$ article2 ,nei!r ! ,*9ese nor ,japanese use milk or sug> 9 _! tea1 & ! peculi> ta/e & aroma ( ! infusion is mu* bett] p]ceiv$ )\t ^? additions2 nor c x be drunk s /rong )\t ta/+ an unpleasant bitt]ness1 :i* ! milk p>tly hides4 ,! ,japanese sometimes r$uce ! leaves to a p[d]1 & p\r boil+ wat] ?r\gh !m 9 a cull5d]1 9 ! same way t c(fee is (t5 made4 ,! foll[+ valuable details z to ! cultivation & manufacture ( tea 9 ,briti% ,india1 are f int]e/+ reports by ,dr4 ,jameson1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,company's ,botanical ,g>d5s 9 ! ,nor? ,we/ ,prov9ces1 publi%$ 9 #ahdg 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,society ( ,calcutta2--& f ,mr4 ,rob]t ,=tune's report to ! ,hon4 ,ea/ ,india ,company3-- ,! quantity manufactur$4--,! quantity ( tea manufactur$ f five plantations1 ( #hi acres 9 all1 am\nt$ 9 #ahde to #faj lb4 #b oz41 & 9 #ahdf1 on #aae acres1 to l1#jbc lb4 ll oz4 ,! small nurs]y ( ,lut*miss]1 consi/+ ( ?ree acres ( l&1 gave a return 9 #ahde ( #baf lb41 or #b maunds & #ef p\nds2 9 #ahdf ! return 0 #bgb lbs41 or #c maunds & #cb p\nds4 ,! small plantation ( ,kuppe5a1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahda-b1 & !n consi/+ ( ?ree acres 7b increas$ 9 #ahdd to f\r71 yield$ 9 #ahde1 #a maund & #ef p\nds1 & 9 #ahdf1 #b maunds & #ef p\nds4 ,?us we h receiv$ f a plantation ( only five ye>s' =mation1 & ( f\r acres 7"o ( ^! rec5tly add$71 upw>ds ( #b maunds ( tea1 & f ano!r1 ,lut*miss]1 ( ?ree acres1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahce-f1 #c maunds & #cj p\nds1 equal to #bgb p\nds4 ,i h1 9 a =m] report1 ass]t$ t ! m9imum return ( tea = an acre ( l& may be e/imat$ at #a pucka maund1 or #hj lb4 ,! only plantations t ,i c z yet br+ =w>d 9 fav\r ( my ass]tion1 are ! two above-m5tion$3 ,kuppe5a has n yield$ ! proportion m5tion$1 b x 0 only e/abli%$ 9 #ahda-db1 & ! tea-plants d n come into full be>+ until ! eigh? ye>2 on ! o!r h&1 ,lut*miss] has giv5 m ?an ! av]age return4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! returns already yield$ are highly favorable1 & t ?\gh ! data are small1 !y are v satisfactory4 ,soil be/ adapt$ = ! tea-plant4--,! soil 9 :i* ! tea-plant is n[ ?riv+ 9 ! ,himalayas & 9 ! valley ( ,deyrah ,dhoon1 v>ies exce$+ly4 ,at ,bhurtpoor & ,russiah x is ( a light silico-alum9\s nature1 & ab\nd+ ) small pieces ( clay slate1 :i* is ! subjac5t rock1 & trap 7gre5-/one71 :i* occurs 9 l>ge dykes1 cutt+ ?r\gh & alt]+ ! /rata ( clay slate2 mix$ ) ! /ony soil1 !re is a small quantity ( vegetable matt]4 ,! clay slate is metamorphic1 be+ almo/ entirely compos$ ( mica4 ,9 "s places x is mix$ ) qu>tz1 =m+ mica slate4 ,f ! decomposition ( ^! rocks1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( vegetable matt]1 ! soil is =m$4 ,at ,kuppe5a & ,lut*miss]1 ! soil is also v /ony1 =m$ f ! decomposition ( clay slate1 :i*1 9 _m places1 z at ,russiah & ,bhurtpoor1 passes into mica slate1 or alt]nates ) x1 & a little vegetable matt]4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! plantations ( ,gudd[li1 ,k\?1 & ,rumas]ai4 ,at ,huwalbaugh "p ( ! soil consi/s ( a /iff clay1 ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r1 ow+ to p]oxide ( iron4 ,"h1 too1 ! tea-plants1 provid$ t ! gr\nd ar\nd !m is occasionally op5$ up1 ?rive well4 ,9 ,mr4 ,lu%+ton's g>d5 at ,lobha1 9 ,kumaon1 & 9 ,assi/ant ,commission] ,capta9 ,h4 ,ramsay's g>d5 at ,pooree1 9 ,gurwahl1 plants are ?riv+ well 9 a ri*1 black1 vegetable m\ld4 ,! soil 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon v>ies exce$+ly f clayey & /iff soil to s& & gravelly soil1 or light & free4 ,! soil at ,kaolagir is a comp\nd ( ! two1 nei!r clayey1 nor free1 nor light soil1 b compos$ p>tly ( clay & s&1 mix$ ) vegetable m\ld1 & 9 "s places mix$ ) mu* gravel1 consi/+ ( lime/one1 m>l1 s&/one1 clay slate1 & qu>tz rock1 or ( su* rocks z ent] into ! composition ( ! surr\nd+ ranges ( m\nta9s1 viz41 ! ,sewalick range to ! s\?1 & ! ,himalayas1 prop]ly s call$1 to ! nor?1 ,f ! above /atem5t1 we f9d t ! tea-plant ?rives well bo? 9 /iff & free soils1 & 9 _m modifications ( ^!4 ,b ! soil :i* seems be/ adapt$ to its gr[? may be /yl$ free soil1 z at ,russiah1 or a mixture ( bo?1 z at ,kaolagir1 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon4 ,9 lime/one di/ricts1 :]e ! tea has be5 tri$1 if ! sup]-impos$ soil has be5 ?9 & untransport$1 & ?is prov$ f ! decomposition ( ! subjac5t rock1 ! plant has g5]ally fail$2 & ?is has be5 p>ticul>ly ! case :]e ! lime/one1 by plutonic action1 has become metamorphic4 ,^! di/ricts1 !re=e1 9 =m+ plantations1 are to be avoid$4 ,f ! writ+s ( v>i\s au?ors1 x appe>s t ! di/ricts :]e ! tea-plant ?rives be/ 9 ,*9a1 h a geological /ructure v simil> to t met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,himalayas1 be+ compos$ ( primitive & transition rocks4 ,altitude above ! sea be/ suit$ to ! tea plant4--,to /ate :at altitude is be/ adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! tea-plant1 & = ! production ( ! be/ k9ds ( tea1 w require mu* m obs]vation4 ,at pres5t ! tea-plant ?rives equally well at ,kaolagir1 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon2 at ,russiah1 9 ! ,*ikata di/rict2 at ,huwalbaugh2 at ,kuppe5a & ,lut*miss]2 & at ,rumas]ai1 or at heights rang+ f #b1bjj feet above ! level ( ! sea to #f1jjj feet4 ,moreov]1 ! tea manufactur$ f leaves procur$ f ,kaolagir1 has be5 consid]$ by ! ,london brok]s equal to t made f leaves procur$ f ,lut*miss] & ,kuppe5a4 ,on ! me?od ( prep>+ gr\nd prior to =m+ a plantation4--,9 =m+ a plantation1 ! fir/ object ( att5tion1 bo? 9 ! hills & 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon1 is a f5ce4 ,9 ! =m]1 to prev5t ! depr$ations ( wild animals1 su* z wild hog1 de]1 c41 :i* ab\nd 9 ! hills1 & ?\gh !y d n eat tea leaves1 yet hogs1 9 se>* ( tub]s1 9 ! space ( a s+le night w d mu* damage by uproot+ "y %rubs--9 ! latt]1 to prev5t ! /ray+ ( cattle4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 !re=e1 is to dig a tr5* ?ree feet broad & two deep1 & to plant a h$ge1 if 9 ! hills1 ( black ?orn 7,cratoegus72 if 9 ! pla9s1 ! diff]5t species ( aloe are be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,! f5ce be+ =m$1 all trees & %rubs are !n to be uproot$2 ?is is v heavy "w1 bo? 9 ! hills & pla9s1 f ! va/ numb] ( %rubs1 all[$ by natives 7f indol5ce to remove !m7 to gr[ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t _! fields4 ,roads are !n to be m>k$ (f4 ,aft] ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! l& is to be dra9$1 if necess>y1 by op5 dra9s--"u dra9age1 = want ( means & ! exp5se1 be+ impracticable--& !n pl\gh$ ?ree or f\r times ov]4 ,! b$s = "y tea-plants are !n to be =m$2 ^! ought to be ?ree feet 9 bread?1 alt]nat+ ) a pa?way ( two feet 9 bread?4 ,by arrang+ b$s 9 ?is mann] mu* "t & lab\r is sav$ 9 transplant+2 9 irrigation ! wat] is economis$1 & 9 pluck+ tea leaves a road is giv5 to ! ga!r]4 ,9 transplant+1 ea* plant is all[$ #d feet2 ?is is at once ga9$1 ! b$s & pa?ways be+ =m$ by plac+ 9 "o direction ! plant 9 ! c5tre ( ! b$4 ,tr5*+4--,on ! tea b$s be+ m>k$ (f1 !y are to be tr5*$ to a dep? ( f two to ?ree feet1 9 ord] to de/roy all ! roots ( we$s1 :i* are to be c>efully remov$4 ,! tr5*+ is to be p]=m$ by ! f[rah1 or ,indian spade4 ,9 ! hills1 9 _m places ! f[rah _c be us$1 ow+ to ! numb] ( /ones4 ,! "w is !n to be done by ! koatlah1 a flat-po9t$ piece ( iron1 ( ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is ins]t$ into a wood5 h&le4 ,x is 9 =m l ! pick1 & is mu* us$ 9 hill cultivation = we$+ & op5+ up ! gr\nd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n mu* to be comm5d$ = tr5*+ purposes1 z natives1 9 us+ x1 nev] p5etrate ! gr\nd beyond a few in*es4 ,= we$+1 h[ev]1 x is p>ticul>ly useful1 & to su* soil is mu* bett] adapt$ ?an mo/ o!r implem5ts4 ,=mation ( roads & pa?s4--,9 addition to ! pa?ways ( two feet 9 bread?1 recomm5d$ to be =m$ betwe5 ea* b$1 !re ought1 = g5]al use1 to be a f\r feet road c>ri$ r\nd ! plantation1 & "o ( #aj feet ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,?is applies to a limit$ plantation1 t is1 ( f #bjj to #djj acres4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 on a m ext5sive scale1 sev]al hack]y roads ( #aj feet 9 bread? w\ld be necess>y1 9 ord] to c>t away we$s1 c41 or c>ry manure to se$l+ b$s4 ,on se$s :5 ripe1 & me?od to be adopt$ to asc]ta9 x4--,9 all ,septemb] & ,octob] ! tea se$s rip51 b 9 ! m elevat$ plantations1 z at ,rumas]ai1 _m d n rip5 until ,novemb]4 ,! se$s are conta9$ 9 a capsule1 & v>y 9 numb] f "o to sev52 to asc]ta9 t !y are ripe1 op5 ! capsule1 al?\gh gre51 & if _! color is a nut-br[n1 !y are sure to be s4 ,if !y are n ripe1 !y are ( a r$di%-br[n above1 mix$ ) :ite4 ,if ! se$s are all[$ to rema9 a %ort "t on ! bu%es1 aft] !y are ripe1 ! capsules bur/1 & !y fall out2 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to remove !m be=e ?is takes place4 ,on ! me?od ( s[+ se$s1 & season1 & on ! treatm5t ( ! "y tea plants aft] !y h g]m9at$4--,! gr\nd hav+ be5 fir/ well tr5*$ & manur$1 t is1 f sixty to sev5ty maunds ( manure giv5 to ! acre1 ! se$s are1 :5 ripe1 to be remov$ f ! capsules1 & imm$iately s[n to ! dep? ( "o in*1 & v close1 9 drills #h to #aj in*es ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,! soon] t !y are s[n aft] be+ remov$ f ! capsules ! bett]1 z _! g]m9at+ prop]ties are apt to be de/roy$ if !y are kept = any l5g? ( "t4 ,"s g]m9ate 9 ! space ( a few weeks1 o!rs lie dormant until ,febru>y & ,m>*1 & o!rs d n g]m9ate until ! ra9s4 ,! me?od ( s[+ se$s 9 ,*9a is ?us describ$1 be+ simil> to ! native plan ( s[+ mangoes 9 ,india4 ,sev]al se$s are dropp$ into holes f\r or five in*es deep & ?ree or f\r feet ap>t1 %ortly aft] !y rip51 or 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]2 ! plants rise up 9 a clu/] :5 ! ra9s come on4 ,!y are seldom transplant$1 b sometimes f\r to six are put q close to =m a f9e bu%4#i ,by ?is me?od no?+ is ga9$1 & ! exp5diture ( se$s great4 ,if ! plants g]m9ate 9 ,novemb]1 :i*1 z already /at$1 _m d1 !y ought to be cov]$ ) a *upp] made ( bamboo & grass4 ,9 ! hills1 ev]y:]e at an elevation ( #f1jjj & #g1jjj feet1 ! r+al1 a small k9d ( bamboo1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species1 is f\nd 9 great abundance1 & well adapt$ = ! purpose1 & 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon ! bamboo occurs 9 va/ quantity2 ! m>ket ( ! ,upp] ,prov9ces be+ *iefly suppli$ f t valley & o!r =e/s at ! base ( ! ,himalayas4 ,bamboos are also met ) to ! height ( six & sev5 ?\s& feet on ! ,himalayas 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,almorah4 ,dur+ ! day1 9 ! cold wea!r1 ! *upp]s ought to be remov$1 & aga9 replac$ at night2 z ! wea!r becomes hot1 x is necess>y to protect ! "y plants f ! heat ( ! sun1 t is1 9 ,april & ,may1 & until ! ra9s comm5ce2 ! *upp]s at ?is "t ought to be put on ab\t eight a4m41 & remov$ aga9 ab\t f\r p4m4 ,me?od ( re>+ plantations by lay]s1 & by cutt+s4--,! be/ season = lay+ d[n is :5 ! sap is dormant1 or 9 cold wea!r2 or :5 9 full action1 z 9 ! ra9s4 ,lay+1 z express$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley1 is no?+ b /rik+ f cutt+s1 :i* are /ill all[$ to ma9ta9 _! connection ) ! "m plant by means ( a portion ( _! /em4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ lay]s1 b ! mo/ simple & effici5t is to b5d d[n a bran*1 & s9k x into ! e>? aft] hav+ made a slit or not* 9 ! c5tre ( ! emb$d$ portion4 ,by s do+1 ! desc5t ( ! sap is ret>d$1 & ?us ! =mation ( radicles or "y roots is promot$2 ab\t five or six in*es or m1 ( ! bran*1 is to be all[$ to rema9 above gr\nd1 & 9 a position z p]p5dicul> to ! po9t :]e ! plant is not*$ z possible4 ,9 ?ree or f\r m\?s ^! lay]s are ready to be remov$ & transplant$2 ! removal ( ! lay]s is to be gradual1 t is1 !y ought fir/ to be cut half ?r\gh1 !n a little m1 & f9ally altoge!r sep>at$4 ,! be/ season = propagat+ by cutt+s is ! cold wea!r1 t is1 f ,novemb] to ,febru>y2 !y may also be propagat$1 ?\gh n ) ! same success1 dur+ ! ra9s2 x is necess>y to protect !m aga9/ fro/ 9 ! cold wea!r1 & f ! rays ( ! sun 9 ! hot4 ,cutt+s put 9 dur+ ! cold wea!r are ready to transplant 9 ! ra9s1 & if put 9 dur+ ! ra9s1 !y are g5]ally fit = removal 9 ,febru>y4 ,on ! me?od ( transplant+ & season4--,9 transplant+ "y tea-plants c>e %\ld be tak5 to lift !m ) a good l>ge ball ( e>? atta*$ to _! roots1 z !y ?r[ out a long c5tral or tap root1 :i*1 if cut ?r\gh1 inv>iably de/roys ! plant4 ,on be+ plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! e>? ar\nd !m is to be well press$ d[n & wat]$2 ! wat]+ is to be cont9u$ e ?ird or f\r? day1 until ! plants h tak5 hold ( ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! ra9s1 grass spr+s up ) great rapidity1 s z to r5d] x impossible = "o man to keep ?ree acres 7! quantity assign$ by u7 clean4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y1 if c>e be tak5 to make a golah r\nd ea* plant1 & keep x cle> ( we$s2 ^! golahs ought always1 9 hill plantations :]e ! gr\nd is irregul>1 to be connect$ by small khauls or *annels1 9 ord] to make irrigation easy2 by s do+ too1 wat]1 if ! supply be scanty1 :i* (t5 happ5s 9 ! hills 9 ! hot wea!r1 w be economis$4 ---------------------------------------- - b b a a a a ,tea plant4 ,?us-- ,x----------,x----------,x b ,b$ c c c ,wat]c\rse b b ---------------------------------------- - ,we h already /at$ t #d squ>e feet ought to be assign$ to ea* plant4 ,9 ,*9a1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,royle1 ?ree to f\r feet are giv52 ?is1 h[ev]1 is too small a space to all[ ! plant to gr[ freely4 ,aft] ! tea plants are transplant$1 x is n necess>y to protect !m4 ,! be/ seasons = transplant+ are t[>ds ! end ( ,febru>y1 or z soon z ! fro/ has ceas$1 & ?r\gh\t ,m>*1 & dur+ ! ra9s1 & until ! end or middle ( ,novemb]1 dep5d+ on ! season4 ,9 transplant+1 f\r p>ties ought to be employ$2 viz41 "o p]son to dig holes1 a second to remove plants1 a ?ird to c>ry !m to ! gr\nd :]e !y are requir$1 & a f\r? to plant4 ,by ?is means1 n only "t is sav$1 b ! plants h a mu* bett] *ance1 :5 ?us treat$1 ( do+ well4 ,:5 ! se$l+ b$s are ext5sive1 s _m ( ! plants ought n to be remov$1 t is1 a plant left e #d feet1 & ^! b$s add$ to ! plantation4 ,on prun+1 be/ season & mode4--,! plants d n require to be prun$ until ! fif? ye>1 z ! pluck+ ( leaves g5]ally t5ds to make ! plants assume ! basket %ape1 ! =m mo/ to be desir$ to procure ! greate/ quantity ( leaves2 if1 h[ev]1 ! plants %[ a t5d5cy to run into we$1 f c5tral bran*es be+ ?r[n out1 ?is ought to be *eck$ by remov+ ! c5tral /em4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> a quantity ( ! old & h>d wood ought to be remov$1 to induce ! plants to ?r[ out m bran*es4 ,! be/ season = prun+ is f ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,on irrigation4--,to keep ! tea-plants heal?y1 irrigation = two or ?ree ye>s is absolutely necess>y1 & no l& ought to be select$ = a tea plantation :i* _c be irrigat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l& liable to be flood$ dur+ ! ra9s1 & ^u :i* wat] lies = any l5g? ( "t1 is equally detrim5tal to ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,?is applies to a small portion ( ! ,kooasur plantation1 :i* receives ! dra9age ( ! adjo9+ hills1 & ! soil be+ ret5tive1 keeps ! wat]4 ,deep tr5*es h be5 dug 9 ord] to dra9 x (f--^!1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! l[ness ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 act badly4 ,?ree successive seasons plants h be5 put into ! gr\nd1 & z (t5 h be5 de/roy$ on ! sett+ 9 ( ! ra9s1 %[+ ! necessity ( avoid+ su* k9d ( l& = tea plantation4 ,to facilitate irrigation1 c41 z already /at$1 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon1 ,i h limit$ ! tea b$s to ?ree feet 9 bread?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly requisite 9 l& s con/itut$ z t ( ! ,deyrah ,dhoon1 x be+ s por\s1 z m5tion$ by ,major ,cautley 9 8 ,notes & ,memor&a ( ,wat]c\rses4 ,?is is caus$ by ! sup]9cumb5t soil n be+ m ?an f "o to ?ree feet ?ick1 9 "s places m1 b v>y+ exce$+ly4 ,b5ea? ?is !re is a b$ ( %+le ( va/ ?ickness1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p]colates2 x is ?is t r5d]s ! s9k+ ( wells s difficult 9 ! ,deyrah ,dhoon1 & :i* has t5d$ s mu* to ret>d individuals f becom+ p]man5t resid5ts2 at pres5t !re are _m tracts ( sev]al ?\s& acres 9 t valley unoccupi$ f want ( dr9k+ wat]1 z = in/ance1 at ,innesphaeel4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is v unev51 z is ! case g5]ally 9 ! hills1 ! khaul sy/em1 already recomm5d$1 ought to be adopt$4 ,on ! tea-plant2 season ( fl[]+1 its *>act]s & species1 & on ! advantages to be d]iv$ f import+ se$s f ,*9a4--,f ! importance ( tea1 z an article ( comm]ce1 ! plant has attract$ mu* att5tion2 & f few qualifi$ ,europeans hav+ travell$ 9 ! tea di/ricts ( ,*9a1 !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! numb] ( species belong+ to ! g5us ,!a4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t plantations 9 ,kumaon & ,gurwahl1 ! plants beg9 to fl[] ab\t ! end ( ,augu/ & beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 or1 z ! se$s ( ! =m] ye> beg9 to rip54 ,!y d n all come into fl[] at once1 b "s are 9 full blossom 9 ,septemb]1 o!rs 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,"s ?r[ out a second set ( blossoms 9 ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may1 & dur+ ! ra9s2 s t f ! same plant unripe or ripe se$s & fl[]s may be collect$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,to ! g5us ,!a1 :i* belongs to ! ord] ,t]n/rmiace1 ! foll[+ *>act]s h be5 ascrib$3 calyx p]si/5t1 )\t bracts1 five-leav$1 leaflets imbricat$ & g5]ally ( ! same size4 ,petals ( ! corolla v>y 9 numb] f five to n9e1 imbricat$1 ! inn] ones mu* ! l>ge/4 ,/am5s num]\s1 9 sev]al r[s adh]+ to ! bottom ( ! petals4 ,filam5ts fili=m4 ,an!rs incumb5t1 two-cell$1 oblong1 ) a ?icki% connectivum4 ,cells op5+ longitud9ally4 ,ov>y free1 ?ree-cell$2 ovules f\r 9 ea* cell1 ins]t$ int]nally into ! c5tral angle1 ! upp] ones asc5d+1 ! l[] p5dul\s4 ,/yle trifid1 /igmas ?ree1 acute4 ,capsule sph]oidal1 #a-g-lob$ ) loculicidal dehisc5ce1 or ) dessepim5ts =m$ f ! turn$-9 edges ( ! valves4 ,se$s solit>y1 or two 9 cells1 %ell-l te/a1 m>k$ ) ! v5tral umbilicus4 ,cotyl$ons ?ick1 fle%y1 oily1 no album54 ,radicle v %ort1 v ne> ! umbilicus c5tripetal4 ,9 ! plantations !re are two species1 & two well m>k$ v>ieties4 ,! fir/ is *>act]is$ by ! leaves be+ ( a pale-gre5 col\r1 ?91 almo/ membrane\s1 broad lanceolate1 s9atures or edge irregul> & rev]s$1 l5g? f ?ree to six in*es4 ,! color ( ! /em ( newly-=m$ %oots is ( a pale-r$di% col\r1 & gre5 t[>ds ! end4 ,?is species is also m>k$ by its /rong gr[?1 its erect /em1 & ! %oots be+ g5]ally upright & /iff4 ,! fl[]s are small1 & its se$s b sp>+4 ,9 its *>act]s ?is plant1 receiv$ f ,assam1 agrees 9 "p ) ^? assign$ by ,dr4 ,lettsom & ,sir ,w4 ,hook] to ! ,!a viridis1 b diff]s 9 its bran*es be+ /iff & erect4 ,! fl[]s small1 or r mu* ab\t ! same size z ! species ab\t to be describ$1 & n conf9$ to ! upp] axils ( ! plant1 & solit>y1 z /at$ by !m4#aj ,by ! ,*9ese manufactur]s x is consid]$ an inf]ior plant = mak+ tea1 x is n !re=e gr[n to any ext5t4 ,! second species is *>act]is$ by its leaves be+ mu* small]1 & n s broadly lanceolate2 slightly wav$1 ( a d>k-gre5 color1 ?ick & coriace\s1 s9ature or edge irregul>1 l5g? f "o to ?ree in*es & a half4 ,9 its gr[? x is mu* small] ?an ! =m]1 & ?r[s out num]\s spread+ bran*es1 & seldom pres5ts its m>k$ lead+ /em4 ,?is species1 !re=e1 9 ! above *>act]s1 agrees mu* ) ^? t h be5 assign$ to ,!a ,bohea by au?ors4 ,! *>act]s h be5 mix$ up 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,?us x has be5 /at$1 t ! ,!a viridis has l>ge1 /rong gr[+1 & spread+ bran*es1 & t ,!a ,bohea is a small] plant1 ) bran*es /iff & /raight1 & /em erect4 ,no d\bt ! ,!a viridis is a mu* l>g] & /rong] gr[+ plant ?an ! ,!a ,bohea1 or r ! plant n[ exi/+ 9 ! diff]5t plantations is s2 b 9 ! =m] ! bran*es are /iff & erect1 & 9 ! latt] incl9$ & bran*es4 ,! m>k$ di/+ui%+ *>act]s betwe5 ! two species are ! coriace\s d>k-gre5 leaves 9 ! ,!a ,bohea1 & ! l>ge pale-gre5 monhanous leaves ( ! ,!a viridis4 ,! mann]1 too1 ( gr[? is v /rik+1 & on ent]+ ! plantation ! di/9ction is at once m>k$ to ! mo/ unobs]vant eye4 ,?is species ( ,!a ,bohea =ms ne>ly ! :ole ( ! plantations1 & 0 br\ght f ,*9a by ,dr4 ,gordon4 ,9 ! plantations !re is a ?ird plant1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c only be consid]$ a m>k$ v>iety ( ,!a ,bohea4 ,its leaves are ?ick1 coriace\s1 & ( d>k-gre5 color1 b inv>iably v small1 & n exce$+ two in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?9ly lanceolate2 ! s]ratures1 too1 on ! edge1 :i* are /raight1 are n s deep4 ,9 o!r *>act]s x is id5tical4 ,?is m>k$ v>iety 0 receiv$ f ,calcutta at ! plantation 9 a sep>ate despat* f ! o!rs4 ,b 9 addition to ^! !re are1 no d\bt1 _m m v>ieties1 & ?\gh x may be a fact t1 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 gre5 tea is manufactur$ f a species diff]+ f t f :i* black tea is manufactur$1 yet1 9 o!r di/ricts1 gre5 & black teas are manufactur$ f "o & ! same plant4 ,! ,*9ese manufactur]s n[ 9 ,kumaon /ate t ! plant is "o & ! same1 & t x c be prov$ by conv]t+ black tea into gre54 ,9 manufactur+ teas n[ 9 ! manufactory1 if a l>ge quantity ( leaves are br\ght 9 f ! plantations1 "o half are conv]t$ into gre51 & "o half into black tea4 ,?is only %[s t mu* ( ! gre5 & black teas ( comm]ce are manufactur$ f "o & ! same plant4 ,! ,assam plant is1 f ! *>act]s giv51 q a di/9ct plant1 & agrees1 z already /at$1 mo/ ne>ly ) ! species describ$ z ,!a viridis4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be mo/ desirable to procure se$s ( ?is s-call$ species1 & also ( o!r v>ieties1 ( :i*1 no d\bt1 !re is a great v>iety4 ,f ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,*9a 9 p>ticul>1 se$s ought to be import$1 n1 h[ev]1 9 l>ge quantities1 b 9 quantities ( two or ?ree se]s1 s t !y might1 on arrival at ,calcutta1 be s5t up ! c\ntry z quickly z possible1 =1 if ! se$s are kept long out ( ! gr\nd1 n "o w g]m9ate2 su* 0 ! fate ( all ! se$s conta9$ 9 t5 boxes import$ by gov]nm5t 9 #ahde1 n "o hav+ g]m9at$1 :i* 0 mu* to be regrett$4 ,_h !y be5 s5t 9 small p>cels1 well pack$ 9 wax clo?1 to prev5t !m f be+ injur$ by moi/ure1 & plac$ 9 an airy "p ( ! vessel 9 transmission f ,*9a to ,calcutta1 &1 on arrival !re1 s5t by dwk banghay direct to ! plantation1 !y w\ld1 ,i am confid5t1 h rea*$ 9 good condition4 ,x is well wor?y ( a trial & se$s ought1 if possible1 to be obta9$ f e di/rict celebrat$ = its teas4 ,x is 9 ?is mann]1 by obta9+ se$s ( ! f9e/ v>ieties ( plants1 t ! f9e/ teas w be procur$4 ,i d n mean to inf] t ! tea plants n[ "u cultivation are n ! produce ( f9e v>ieties1 = t has be5 prov$ by ! und\bt$ te/imony ( ! ,london brok]s1 b only t !re are1 no d\bt1 _m o!rs well wor?y ( introduction4 ,9 confirmation ( :at ,i h /at$1 ,i may quote ! words ( my late fri5d ,dr4 ,griffi?1 :o1 9 8 report on ! tea plant ( ,assam1 says--,i n[ come to ! consid]ation ( ! /eps :i*1 9 my op9ion1 mu/ be foll[$ if any degree ( success 9 ! cultivation ( tea is to be expect$2 ( ^! ! mo/ important is ! importation ( ,*9ese se$s ( unexceptionable quality1 & ( small numb]s ( _! sorts4#aa ,dr4 ,royle1 too1 :o 0 ! fir/ p]son to po9t out t ! ,himalayas 7 well adapt$ to tea cultivation1 & to :om ! cr$it ( recomm5d+ to gov]nm5t ! introduction ( ! plant into ,nor!rn ,india is due1 /rongly urges ! necessity ( import+ se$s f diff]5t localities 9 ,*9a celebrat$ = _! teas4 ,me?od & season = pluck+ & ga!r+ leaves4--,! season = pick+ leaves comm5ces 9 ,april & cont9ues until ,octob]4 ,! numb] ( ga!r+s v>ies1 dep5d+ on ! moi/ure#ab or dryness ( ! season4 ,if ! season be good1 z _m z sev5 ga!r+s may be obta9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ra9s are p>tial1 only f\r or five4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 may be r$uc$ to _! g5]al p]iods = ga!r+--t is1 f ,april to ,june1 f ,july to #ae? ,augu/1 & f ,septemb] to ! end ( ,octob]4 ,b few leaves are collect$ aft] ! #ae? ( ! latt] mon?4 ,z soon z ! new & "y leaves h appe>$ 9 ,april1 ! pluck+ takes place1 ?is be+ done by ! ,*9ese1 assi/$ by ! ,mallees4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od adopt$3--,a c]ta9 division ( ! plantation is m>k$ (f1 & to ea* man a small basket is giv51 ) in/ructions to proce$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 s t no plant may be pass$ ov]4 ,on ! small basket be+ fill$1 ! leaves are empti$ into ano!r l>ge "o1 :i* is put 9 "s %ady place1 & 9 :i*1 :5 fill$1 !y are convey$ to ! manufactory4 ,! leaves are g5]ally pluck$ ) ! ?umb & =ef+]4 ,sometimes ! t]m9al "p ( a bran*1 hav+ f\r or five "y leaves atta*$1 is pluck$ (f4 ,all old leaves are reject$1 z !y w n curl1 & !re=e are ( no use4 ,z ! season advances1 & manufactory & plantation works become necess>y1 ! ,mallees are assi/$ 9 ga!r+ leaves by ,coolies4 ,! process is simple1 & ?us e man1 woman1 & *ild ( villages c\ld be pr(itably employ$1 on ! plantations be+ greatly ext5d$4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( leaves are n select$ 9 ! plantation1 9 ord] to make c]ta9 k9ds ( tea1 b all new & fre% leaves are indiscrim9ately collect$ toge!r1 & ! diff]5t k9ds sep>at$ on ! leaves be+ fir$4 ,me?od ( manufactur+ black tea4--,! "y & fre% leaves on be+ pick$ 7!y only be+ us$1 ! old ones be+ too h>d1 & !re=e unfit to curl71 are c>ri$ to ! manufactory1 & spread out 9 a l>ge airy room to cool1 & are !re kept dur+ ! night1 be+ occasionally turn$ ) ! h& if br\ght 9 9 ! aft]noon2 or1 if br\ght 9 dur+ ! morn+1 !y are all[$ to lie until noon4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! manufactur]s visit ! air+ room1 & pack up ! leaves 9 baskets & remove !m to ! manufactur+ room4 ,ea* manufactur] takes a basketful1 & comm5ces to beat !m betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s ) a lat]al motion1 9 ord] to s(t5 & make !m m pliable = work+1 & ?us prev5t !m1 :5 roll$1 f break+4 ,?is beat+ process cont9ues = ab\t an h\r1 & x may ei!r consi/ ( "o or two processes2 ! ,*9ese sometimes f9i% ! beat+ process at once2 at o!rs1 !y all[ ! leaves1 aft] be+ beat = half an h\r1 to rema9 a "t & !n resume x4 ,!y n[ g to breakfa/1 & 9 "o h\r & a half ! leaves are ready = ! pan4 ,! pans be+ heat$ by wood plac$ 9 ! ov51 s z to feel hot to ! h&s1 are fill$ to ab\t two-?irds1 or ab\t ?ree se]s ( leaves are ?r[n 9 at a "t--! quantity :i* a manufactur] is capable ( lift+ ) bo? h&s4 ,) ! h&s ! leaves are kept mov+ ) a rotatory motion 9 ! pan1 & :5 !y become v hot1 ! motion is kept up ) a pair ( =k$ /icks4 ,?is process is cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 dep5d+ on ! heat ( ! pan1 or until ! leaves feel hot & s(t4 ,!y are !n1 ) "o sweep ( a bamboo bru%1 swept into a basket1 & ?r[n on to ! roll+-table1 :i* is cov]$ ) a co>se mat made ( bamboo4 ,ea* manufactur] !n takes z mu* z he c hold 9 bo? h&s1 & =ms a ball & comm5ces to roll x ) all 8 might ) a semicircul> motion1 :i* causes a gre5i% yell[ juice to exude4 ,?is process is cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 ! balls be+ occasionally undone & made up aga94 ,! balls are !n h&$ to ano!r p>ty at ! extremity ( ! table1 to undo !m & spread ! leaves out ?9ly on flat baskets & expose !m to ! sun1 if !re is any2 if n !y are kept 9 ! manufactory4 ,aft] all ! leaves h gone ?r\gh ?is process1 ! fir/ baskets are br\ght back1 & ! leaves aga9 transf]r$ to ! pan1 work$ up 9 a simil> mann] = ! same l5g? ( "t1 re-transf]r$ to ! table1 & aga9 roll$4 ,?is be+ done1 ! leaves are aga9 spread out on l>ge flat baskets to cool4 ,on be+ cool$ ! leaves are collect$ toge!r & ?9ly spread out on flat wick]-work$ sieve-baskets1 :i* are plac$ 9 o!rs ( a deep & ( a d\ble-con$ %ape4 ,! *oolahs be+ light$ = "s "t1 & ! *>coal burn+ cle>1 !y are n[ ready to receive ! con$ baskets4 ,! basket is plac$ ov] ! *oolah & kept !re = ab\t five m9utes4 ,! leaves are !n remov$1 re-transf]r$ to ! flat baskets1 & re-roll$ = a few m9utes4 ,?is be+ done1 ! leaves are aga9 br\ght toge!r1 plac$ 9 ! conical basket & kept ov] ! *>coal fire = ab\t two m9utes4 ,! cont5ts ( ! conical baskets are !n all collect$ toge!r 9 a heap1 & z mu* is plac$ 9 a conical basket z x w hold1 & x is aga9 plac$ ov] ! *>coal *oolah until ! tea is p]fectly dry4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! baskets are frequ5tly remov$ & ! tea turn$1 9 ord] to all[ ! leaves to be completely & uni=mly dri$1 & ! basket too is g5]ally /ruck1 on removal1 a viol5t side bl[ ) ! h&1 to remove f ! sieve any small p>ticles t might o!rwise fall into ! fire4 ,be=e remov+ ! basket f ! *oolah1 a flat basket is always plac$ on ! floor to receive x1 & all ! p>ticles :i* pass ?r\gh1 on ! con$ basket be+ /ruck1 are aga9 replac$4 ,on ! conical basket be+ fill$1 be=e plac+ x ov] ! *oolah1 a funnel is made 9 ! c5tre ( ! tea ) ! h&1 to all[ ! heat$ air to pass ?r\gh4 ,sometimes a funnel made ( bamboo is made = ?is purpose4 ,aft] ! tea feels p]fectly dry1 x is pack$ 9 boxes1 & s5t to ! god[n4 ,next day ! diff]5t k9ds ( tea are pick$1 & on be+ sep>at$ !y are aga9 plac$ 9 ! conical baskets & heat$4 ,dur+ ?is process ! baskets are frequ5tly remov$ f ! *oolah 9 ord] to turn ! tea1 s t ! heat+ may be g5]al & uni=m4 ,9 do+ ?is a flat basket is always plac$ on ! floor1 z on ! =m] day 7& a flat basket1 too1 is plac$ on ! top to conf9e ! heat71 to receive ! conical "o1 :i* receive "o or two bl[s to op5 ! pores ( ! sieve4 ,:at passes ?r\gh is replac$ among/ ! tea4 ,:5 x is p]fectly dry x is ready = f9ally pack+4 ,! k9ds ( black tea at pres5t manufactur$ are--,s\*ong1 ,p\*ong1 ,fl[]y ,pekoe1 & ,bohea4 ,! ,fl[]y ,pekoe is manufactur$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,me?od ( manufactur+ ,gre5 ,tea4--,on ! "y & fre% leaves be+ pluck$ !y are spread out on ! gr\nd ( ! air+ room & all[$ to cool4 ,aft] rema9+ = ab\t two h\rs1 or 7if br\ght 9 late 9 ! aft]noon7 dur+ ! night1 !y are remov$ to ! gre5 tea room4 ,! pans be+ prop]ly heat$1 ! leaves1 z 9 ! case ) ! black tea1 are ?r[n into ! pans & kept ei!r ) ! h& or two =k$ /icks 9 con/ant motion = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & are !n remov$ to ! roll+ table1 & !n roll$ 9 ! same mann] 9 balls z ! black tea4 ,!y are !n scatt]$ mo/ sp>+ly on l>ge flat baskets & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,if !re is no sun ! baskets are arrang$ 9 frames1 :i* are plac$ ov] ! *oolah1 heat$ ) *>coal4 ,dur+ ! dry+ ! leaves are frequ5tly made into balls & roll$ 9 ! flat baskets1 9 ord] to extract ! juice4 ,! dry+ process cont9ues = ab\t two h\rs1 & on ! leaves becom+ dry1 ^? conta9$ 9 two baskets are ?r[n toge!r1 & !n f\r basketsful into "o1 & s on until !y are all collect$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is /ate ! leaves /ill feel s(t1 damp1 & pliant to ! h&1 & are n[ br\ght back to ! tea manufactur+-room4 ,opposite to ea* ( ! incl9$ pans1 :i* h be5 prop]ly heat$ s z to feel w>m to ! h& by wood suppli$ to ! ov5s und]nea?1 "o ( ! ,*9ese /ations himself1 & puts z _m leaves into x z x w hold4 ,he !n moves !m 9 a heap g5tly1 f be=e backw>d1 mak+ ^! p]=m a circle1 & presses !m /rongly to ! sides ( ! pan4 ,z ! leaves become hot he uses a flat piece ( wood1 9 ord] t he may m effectually compress !m4 ,?is process cont9ues = ab\t two h\rs1 ! leaves be+ compress$ into at lea/ half ( _! bulk1 & become s dry t :5 press$ aga9/ ! back "p ( ! pan 9 mass1 !y aga9 fall back 9 pieces4 ,! tea1 z by ?is "t x has assum$ ?is appe>ance1 is n[ plac$ 9 a bag made ( ,am]ican drill or jean 7! size dep5d+ on ! quantity ( tea71 :i* is damp$1 & "o end twi/$ ) mu* =ce ov] a /ick1 & ?us x is mu* r$uc$ 9 size4 ,aft] be+ ?us p[]fully compress$ & beat5 s z to r$uce ! mass z mu* z possible1 ! bag is expos$ to ! sun until x feels p]fectly dry4 ,if !re is no sun x is plac$ 9 ! heat$ pan1 & !re reta9$ until x is s4 ,?is f9i%es ! fir/ day's process4 ,on ! second day x is plac$ 9 small quantities 9 ! heat$ incl9$ pans1 & mov$ up & d[n aga9/ ! sides & bottom ) ! palm ( ! h&1 :i* is made to p]=m a semi circle4 ,?is is cont9u$ = ab\t six h\rs1 & by s do+ ! col\r ( ! tea is gradually br\ght out4 ,! ?ird day x is pass$ ?r\gh sieve baskets ( diff]5t dim5sions1 !n expos$ to ! w9n[+ ma*9e1 :i* sep>ates ! diff]5t k9ds ( gre5 teas4 ,! w9n[+ ma*9e is divid$ into a s]ies ( divisions1 :i* receive ! diff]5t k9ds accord+ to _! size & weight4 #a/4 ,co>se/ ,s\*oo4 ,?is tea1 ow+ to its co>s5ess1 is n m>ketable4 #bnd4 ,*\n*oo4 ,?is is a l>ge1 r\nd-gra9$ tea4 #crd4 ,ma*oo4 ,?is is also a r\nd-gra9$ tea1 b f9] ?an ! =m]4 #d?4 ,hyson4 #e?4 ,gunp[d] ,hyson4 #f?4 ,*umat4 ,?is k9d ( tea consi/s ( brok5 p>ticles ( o!r k9ds ( tea4 ,on be+ sep>at$1 ! diff]5t k9ds are plac$ 9 baskets & pick$ by ! h&1 all ! old or badly curl$ & also light-col\r$ leaves be+ remov$1 & o!rs ( diff]5t v>ieties1 :i* by *ance may h become mix$4 ,to make ! bad or light-color$ leaves m>ketable1 !y und]go an artificial process ( color+1 b ?is ,i h prohibit$ 9 compliance ) ! ord]s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,directors1 & !re=e d n consid] ?is tea at pres5t fit = ! m>ket#ac4 ,on ! diff]5t teas be+ prop]ly pick$1 !y are aga9 plac$ 9 ! heat$ incl9$ pans1 & und]go sep>ately ! process ( be+ mov$ viol5tly up & d[n & along ! bottom ( ! pan = ?ree h\rs 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! color is n[ fully develop$4 ,if ! tea feels damp1 x is kept long] ?an ?ree h\rs 9 ! pan4 ,! tea is n[ ready to be pack$4 ,pack+4--,z soon z ! tea is prep>$1 boxes l9$ ) %eet lead ought to be ready to receive x4 ,on be+ pack$ x is to be firmly press$ d[n1 & ! lead is !n to be sold]$4 ,be=e ! %eet lead box is plac$ 9 ! wood5 "o x is cov]$ ) pap]1 :i* is pa/$ on to prev5t any air act+ on ! tea ?r\gh any holes :i* might exi/ 9 ! lead4 ,! box is !n nail$1 remov$ to ! god[n1 pap]$1 /amp$1 & numb]$4 ,x is !n ready = sale4 ,f :at ,i h j /at$1 x w be p]ceiv$ t box mak]s & %eet lead mak]s are ess5tial to =m a complete tea e/abli%m5t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! box mak+ x is unnecess>y = me to make any rem>k1 fur!r ?an t c>e is to be tak5 9 select+ wood = mak+ boxes1 z x ought to be free ( all smell4 ,all conif]\s 7p9e7 woods are !re=e unfit = ! purpose4 ,9 ! hills ! be/ woods are toon & walnut1 & at ,deyrah ! saul 7,%orea ,robu/a74 ,manufacture ( %eet lead4--,%eet lead mak+ is a mu* m complicat$ process1 & !re=e requires m consid]ation4 ,to make %eet lead1 ! manufactur] mixes #a to #c se]s ( block t9 ) a pucka maund ( lead1 & melts !m toge!r 9 a ca/ metal pan4 ,on be+ melt$1 ! flat /one slabs1 "u :i* x is 8 int5tion to run ! lead1 are fir/ cov]$ ) t5 or twelve %eets ( smoo? pap] 7! hill pap] be+ well adapt$ to ! purpose71 :i* are pa/$ to ! sides1 & *alk$ ov]4 ,he !n places ! "u /one 9 a skeleton frame ( wood1 to keep x firm1 & above x ! o!r /one4 ,on ! upp] /one ! manufactur] sits1 & g5tly raises x ) 8 left h&1 assi/$ by ?r[+ ! weight ( 8 body backw>ds4 ,) 8 "r h& he fills an iron ladle ) ! molt5 matt]1 ?r[s x "u ! rais$ slab1 :i* he imm$iately compresses & br+s =w>d 7x hav+ be5 plac$ back1 & ?us ov]lapp+ ! "u slab by ab\t half an in*7 ) 8 own weight4 ,on do+ s1 ! sup]abundant lead issues 9 front & at bo? sides2 :at rema9s atta*$ to ! slabs is remov$ by ! iron ladle4 ,! upp] slab is n[ lift$1 & ! %eet ( lead exam9$4 ,if x is devoid ( holes x is reta9$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are sev]al1 :i* is g5]ally ! case ) ! fir/ two or ?ree %eets run1 or until ! slabs get w>m1 x is aga9 ?r[n back to ! melt+ pan4 ,aft] hav+ run (f a s]ies ( %eets ! slabs are to be exam9$1 &1 if ! pap] is 9 ! lea/ burnt1 ! fir/ %eet is to be remov$1 & ! "o und]nea? tak+ its place1 & ?us secur+ an uni=m smoo? surface1 is !n to be *alk$4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! /one slabs us$1 s is ! size ( ! %eet lead4 ,^? n[ 9 use are #af in*es squ>e by #b in*es 9 ?ickness1 & are a composition1 be+ pr9cipally =m$ ( lime4 ,to make %eet lead boxes1 a model "o ( wood 7a little small] ?an ! box = :i* ! lead is int5d$7 is =m$1 :i* has a hole 9 ! bottom1 & a transv]se b> ( wood to assi/ 9 lift+ x up1 in/ead ( a lid4 ,! lead is !n %ap$ on ?is model & sold]$4 ,?is be+ done1 ! model is remov$ by ! transv]se b>1 & by press+1 if necess>y1 ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! lead box is !n pap]$ ov]1 9 case !re %\ld be any small holes 9 x1 to prev5t ! action ( air on ! tea1 &1 :5 dry1 transf]r$ to ! wood5 box = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,! manufactory4--,! rooms ( ! manufactory ought to be l>ge & airy1 & to consi/ (--#a/1 a black tea manufactory2 #bnd1 a gre5 tea manufactory2 #crd1 w9n[+ room2 & #d?1 air+ room4 ,at ,almorah ! black tea manufactur+ room is #ec feet long by #bj broad1 & ! o!r ?ree1 #bj by #bd4 ,! walls are #ah feet 9 height4 ,implem5ts requir$ 9 manufactur+4--,9 ! body ( ?is report ,i h notic$ all ! diff]5t k9ds ( implem5ts requir$1 ,i may h[ev]1 aga9 briefly notice !m1 & give a %ort acc\nt ( ea*4 ,ca/-iron ,pans--,9 ! manufactory !re are two k9ds 9 use1 "o receiv$ f ,*9a1 ! o!r f ,engl&4 ,bo? are consid]$ equally good by ! tea manufactur]s1 ?\gh 9 fir+ gre5 tea !y pref] ! ,*9ese ones1 z !y are ?9n]1 & are ?us by !m bett] able to regulate ! heat4 ,! ,*9ese pans are two feet two in*es 9 diamet]1 & #aj in*es 9 dep?1 by ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,engli% pans are two feet two in*es 9 diamet]1 & eight in*es 9 dep?1 & r ?ick] ?an ! ,*9ese4 ,! ov5 = mak+ black tea is made ( ku*a brick4 ,9 height x is two feet n9e in*es1 9 l5g?1 ?ree feet1 & 9 bread? ?ree feet "o in*4 ,door "o foot five in*es 9 height1 & #aa in*es 9 bread?4 ,! base ( ! ov5 is #aj in*es elevat$ above ! floor ( ! manufactur+ room4 ,! ov5 ) d\ble pans = manufactur+ gre5 tea1 is also built ( ku*a bricks4 ,x is ?ree feet 9 height & ?ree feet 9 bread?2 base ( ov5 "o foot 9 height4 ,door "o foot six in*es 9 height1 & #aj in*es 9 bread?4 ,! pans are plac$ horizontally4 ,a bru% made ( split bamboo1 us$ 9 sweep+ ! tea leaves out ( ! pans4 ,a basket = receiv+ tea f ! pan :5 ready to be roll$4 ,x is #b feet long1 & #a feet broad1 & gradually increases 9 dep? f be=e backw>ds to #f in*es4 ,x is made ( bamboo4 ,! mat made ( bamboo = plac+ on ! table :5 ! tea leaves are ab\t to be roll$4 ,x is #h feet long & #d feet broad4 ,a flat basket made ( bamboo = spread+ out ! tea leaves :5 !y h be5 roll$ on ! mat4 ,^! flat baskets are ( v>i\s sizes1 v>y+ f #c to #e feet 9 diamet]4 ,a flat sieve basket ( #b feet 9 diamet]1 made ( bamboo1 ^u :i* ! roll$ tea leaves are plac$1 & :i* is deposit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! d\ble-con$ basket4 ,d\ble-con$ baskets4 ,! height ( ^! baskets v>ies f #b feet #b in*es to #b feet #f in*es1 ext]nal diamet] #b feet #h in*es4 ,9 ! c5tre !re are "s pegs ( bamboo to support ! flat sieve basket on :i* ! tea re/s4 ,=k$ /icks = turn+ leaves4 ,*oolahs4 ,^! are =m$ ( ku*a bricks1 & are #aj in*es high1 #aj in*es deep1 & g5]ally ab\t #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,funnel made ( bamboo to all[ ! heat$ air f ! *oolahs to pass ?r\gh ! tea2 x is seldom us$2 ! ,*9ese tea manufactur]s pref]r+ "o made 9 ! tea basket by ! h&4 ,ov5 = fir+ gre5 tea made ( ku*a bricks4 ,! pans are incl9$ at an angle ( #ej4 ,9 front ! ov5 is #c feet #b in*es 9 height1 beh9d #d feet #h in*es1 l5g? #e feet1 bread? #c feet4 ,door #aj in*es f ! base1 #a foot #b in*es high1 & #g in*es wide4 ,frames = plac+ baskets4 ,! fir/ be+ incl9$4 ,baskets = collect+ leaves4 ,%ovel1 c41 us$ 9 regulat+ ! fire4 ,w9n[+ ma*9e4 ,?is is a common w9n[+ ma*9e1 ) a box #b feet #aj in*es 9 l5g?1 #a foot #b in*es 9 bread?1 & #a foot #c in*es 9 dep?1 atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! hopp]1 & closely fitt$ into ! middle ( ! circul> ap>tm5t :i* conta9s ! fann]s4 ,?is box is entirely clos$ above 7unless at ! small op5+ receiv+ ! hopp]7 & at ! sides4 ,at ! base !re are two incl9$ bo>ds :i* project f ! side ( ! ma*9e #f in*es1 & are p>tly sep>at$ f ea* o!r by angul> pieces ( wood4 ,! end t[>ds ! fann]s is op51 ! o!r is p>tly clos$ by a semicircul> box :i* is moveable4 ,i %all n[ give ! dim5sions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* may be useful to p>ties wi%+ to make up simil> ones to ^? employ$ 9 ! manufactories4 ,ext]nal frame #g feet #b in*es 9 l5g?1 #ah in*es 9 bread?1 & #e feet #h in*es 9 height4 ,hopp] #b feet #aj in*es above1 & #a foot #h in*es 9 dep?4 ,frame ( box = fann]s #c feet #i in*es 9 diamet]4 ,hopp] frame #b feet #g in*es4 ,semicircul> box1 9 l5g? #b feet #e in*es & #g in*es 9 dep?4 ,incl9$ plane at base1 fir/ #ae in*es1 second #ac in*es4 ,i may briefly /ate h[ ?is ma*9e acts4 ,) ! "r h& ! fann]s are propell$ by ! crank1 & ) ! left h& ! bottom ( ! hopp] is op5$ by remov+ ! wood4 ,! flat piece ( wood 7! regulator7 is held 9 ! h& to regulate ! quantity ( tea t passes d[n4 ,an assi/ant !n ?r[s a quantity ( tea into ! hopp] :i* escapes ?r\gh ! ap>tm5t1 & !re meets ! air4 ,! fir/ k9d ( tea falls d[n ! incl9$ plane into "o box :i* has be5 plac$ to receive !m1 ! second are propell$ fur!r on1 & fall into ano!r box1 & ! light] p>ticles are propell$ on to ! semicircul> end1 & fall into a ?ird box4 ,note on ! culture ( ! tea plant at ,d>jeel+1 9 #ahdg1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,campbell1 ,sup]9t5dant4--,ab\t six ye>s ago ,i receiv$ a few tea se$s f ,dr4 ,walli*2 !y 7 ( ,*9a /ock1 gr[n 9 ,kumaon4 ,i plant$ !m 9 my g>d5 9 ,novemb]1 #ahda1 & _h ab\t a doz5 se$l+s 9 ! mon? ( ,may foll[+1 :i* 7 all[$ to gr[ :]e !y _h come up1 & r close toge!r4 ,! plants 7 heal?y f ! comm5cem5t1 & up to ,may1 #ahdd1 _h gr[n v well2 at ?is p]iod ! gr\nd pass$ into o!r h&s 7,mr4 ,samuel ,smi?'s71 & ,i lo/ sight ( !m until la/ ,augu/1 :5 ,mr4 ,macf>lane1 f ,assam1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! tea plant 9 t prov9ce1 arriv$ "h4 ,be+ desir\s ( asc]ta9+ h[ f> ! climate & soil ( ,d>jeel+ 7 suitable to ! tea1 ,i took him to exam9e ! plants1 & begg$ ( him to record 8 op9ion on _! gr[? & qualities1 ) ref]5ce to _! age1 & 8 exp]i5ce ( ! plant 9 ,assam4 ,! result 0 q satisfactory4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is result1 ,i det]m9$ to give an ext5d$ trial to ! plant1 & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,major ,j5k9s & ,capta9 ,brodie1 ( ,assam1 ,i procur$ a supply ( fre% se$ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] la/1 :i* 0 plant$ 9 ,novemb] & ! e>ly "p ( ,decemb]4 ,! se$ 0 ( excell5t quality4 ,x comm5c$ g]m9at+ 9 ,m>*1 a few plants appe>$ above gr\nd 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 & n[ ,i h upw>ds ( #g1jjj f9e heal?y se$l+s 9 ! plantation4 ,= ! in=mation ( ^? :o may desire to try ! tea culture 9 ?is soil & climate1 ,i h to /ate ! mode ( plant+ pursu$ by me1 & o!r p>ticul>s4 ,! gr\nd is a g5tle slop+ bank1 fac+ ! nor? & we/2 ! soil is a r$di% clay mix$ ) vegetable m\ld4 ,aft] tak+ up a crop ( potatoes1 & c>efully prep>+ ! gr\nd1 ,i put 9 ! se$s 9 r[s six feet ap>t & six feet di/ance 9 ! r[s4 ,! se$s 7 plac$ ab\t ?ree in*es "u ! surface1 five 9 numb]1 at ea* place ab\t f\r in*es ap>t--?us 3 4 3 ,on an av]age1 two out ( five h come up4 ,! se$l+s comm5c$ appe>+ above gr\nd e>ly 9 ,may1 & cont9u$ to %[ until ! end ( ,july4 ,! e>lie/ 71 !re=e1 six mon?s 9 ! gr\nd2 ! late/ ab\t eight mon?s4 ,! se$ 0 ( ,*9a /ock1 gr[n 9 ,assam1 & ( ! ,assam plant mix$4 ,i am anxi\s to h ! ,*9a /ock only1 & purpose sep>at+ ! plants ( ! ,assam /ock z soon z ,i c di/+ui% !m1 :i* ,capta9 ,brodie in=ms me c be readily done z !y gr[ up2 ! ,*9a plants beg9 ( a d>k] color1 & small] ?an ! ,assam ones4 ,i hope to h a supply ( ! se$ ( ,*9a /ock f ,kumaon next ,novemb]1 & ) x to cause ! ext5sion ( ! exp]im5t at ?is place4 ,i ?9k t x is reasonable to expect q z good tea to be produc$ "h z 9 ,kumaon4#ad ,i h n ta/$ ! ,kumaon tea1 b1 f ! op9ion express$ on x 9 ,engl&1 ,i am satisfi$ t x is a v dr9kable bev]age1 & t ) simil> success "h1 ! tea w be a valuable addition to our products4 ,i h rec5tly tri$ two k9ds ( ! ,assam tea pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,/okes to a fri5d4 ,!y are excell5t teas1 & ,i %all be well cont5t to h an equally good article manufactur$ "h4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,macf>lane's report on ! tea plants 9 ,mr4 ,smi?'s gr\nd is annex$3-- ,accord+ to y\r reque/ ,i h ! pleasure ( transmitt+ y my op9ion ( ! tea plants 9 y\r g>d5 9 ?is place4 ,! two l>g] plants h made v good progress1 consid]+ _! clos5ess to ea* o!r1 :i* prev5ts !m f ?r[+ _! bran*es freely 9 e direction1 b z !y h atta9$ s great a size ,i w\ld n recomm5d _! be+ transplant$1 because let x be done ev] s c>efully1 ! roots mu/ receive m or less injury1 & %\ld ! injury be great ! dea? ( ! tree is c]ta94 ,! small] ones on ! contr>y are mu* /unt$2 ?is is caus$ by _! conf9$ situation1 be+ completely *ok$ up by ! rose trees1 :i* prev5ts _! receiv+ a prop] supply ( light & air1 s necess>y to vegetation4 ,!y are also plant$ too closely1 &1 z ! plants are /ill small1 by avail+ y\rself ( ! mo/ fav\rable season1 & us+ great c>e 9 ! op]ation1 !y might he transplant$ ) safety1 & %\ld !n be plac$ at a di/ance ( n less ?an six feet ap>t4 ,! difficulty ( transplant+ is occasion$ by ! dep? to :i* ! root p5etrates1 z x g5]ally gr[s d[nw>ds1 & 9 a l>ge tree is pr9cipally 9 ! subsoil4 ,! l>g] plants %\ld be prun$ ( _! l[] bran*es to all[ a free curr5t ( air4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ 9 ,novemb]1 b any "t dur+ ! cold season or be=e ! ra9s1 :ile ! plant is at re/1 w\ld answ]3 z ,i h no k ( ?is climate1 ,i w\ld leave x to m exp]i5c$ p]sons to judge ( ! prop] season4 ,to conclude1 ! plants are 9 a v heal?y condition1 & _h !y be5 9 ! h&s ( a cultivator1 w\ld n[ h be5 giv+ a v fair supply ( produce4 ,! small sample ,i tri$ 0 ( a v good flavor1 b on acc\nt ( ! defective mann] ( manufacture1 = want ( prop] mat]ials1 no prop] judgm5t c be =m$4 7,simmonds's ,col4 ,mag41 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dd47 ,report ^u ! ,tea ,plantations ( ,deyra1 ,kumaon & ,gurhwal1 by ,rob]t ,=tune1 ,esq41 address$ to ,john ,?ornton1 ,esq41 ,secret>y to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,nor? ,we/]n ,prov9ces1 dat$ ,calcutta1 ,septemb] #f?1 #ahea3-- ,,kaolagir ,,tea ,,plantation4 #a4 ,situation & ext5t4--,! ,deyra ,doon1 or ,valley ( ,deyra1 is situat$ 9 latitude #c deg4 #ah m94 nor?1 & 9 longitude #gh deg4 ea/4 ,x is ab\t #fj miles 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 & #af miles broad at its wide/ "p4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! ,sewalick range ( hills1 & on ! nor? by ! ,himalayas prop]1 :i* are "h ne>ly #h1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,on ! we/ x is op5 to ! riv] ,jumna1 & on ! ea/ to ! ,ganges1 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! riv]s be+ ab\t #fj miles4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is flat valley1 ! ,kaolagir tea plantation has be5 =m$4 ,eight acres 7 "u cultivation 9 #ahdg4 ,!re are n[ #cjj acres plant$1 & ab\t #ij m tak5 9 & ready = _m ?\s&s ( "y plants rais$ lately f se$s 9 ! plantation4 #b4 ,soil & culture4--,! soil ( ?is plantation is compos$ ( clay1 s&1 & vegetable matt]1 r /iff1 & apt to get bak$ 9 dry wea!r1 b free en\gh :5 x is moi/ or dur+ ! ra9s4 ,x re/s ^u a gravelly subsoil1 consi/+ ( lime/one1 s&/one1 clay-slate1 & qu>tz rock1 or ( su* rocks z ent] into ! composition ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9 ranges4 ,! surface is comp>atively flat1 al?\gh x falls 9 c]ta9 directions t[>ds ! rav9es & riv]s4 ,! plants are arrang$ neatly 9 r[s #f feet ap>t1 & ea* plant is ab\t #d feet f its neighb\r 9 ! r[4 ,a long1 rank-gr[+ species ( grass1 indig5\s to ! ,doon1 is mo/ difficult to keep f ov]-topp+ ! tea-plants1 & is ! cause ( mu* extra labor4 ,besides ! labor common to all tea c\ntries 9 ,*9a1 su* z we$+1 & occasionally loos5+ ! soil1 !re is "h an ext5sive sy/em ( irrigation c>ri$ on4 ,to facilitate ?is1 ! plants are plant$ 9 tr5*es1 f f\r to six in*es bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd1 & ! soil ?us dug out is ?r[n betwe5 ! r[s to =m ! pa?s4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! plantation consi/s ( num]\s tr5*es ( ?is dep?1 & five feet f c5tre to c5tre4 ,at "r angles ) ^! tr5*es a small /ream is f$ f ! canal1 &1 by op5+ or %utt+ _! ends1 irrigation c be c>ri$ on at ! pleasure ( ! ov]se]4 #c4 ,appe>ance & heal? ( plants4--,! plants g5]ally did n appe> to me to be 9 t fre% & vigor\s condition :i* ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to see 9 good ,*9ese plantations4 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 is caus$1 #a/1 by ! plantation be+ =m$ on flat l&2 #bnd1 by ! sy/em ( irrigation2 #crd1 by too e>ly pluck+2 & #d?1 by hot dry+ w9ds1 :i* are n unfrequ5t 9 ?is valley f ,april to ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,,gudd[li ,,plantation 7,,ne> ,,paorie74 #a4 ,situation & ext5t4--,?is plantation is situat$ 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ea/]n ,gurhwal1 9 latitude #cj deg4 #h m94 nor?1 & 9 longitude #gh deg4 #de m94 ea/4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge tract ( t]rac$ l&1 ext5d+ f ! bottom ( a valley or rav9e to m ?an #a1jjj feet up ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,its l[e/ portion is ab\t #d1cjj feet1 & its highe/ #e1cjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s appe> to be f #g1jjj to #h1jjj4 ,! plantation has n be5 measur$1 b !re are1 app>5tly1 fully "o hundr$ acres "u cultivation4 ,!re are ab\t #ejj1jjj plants already plant$1 besides a l>ge numb] ( se$l+s 9 b$s ready = transplant+4 ,ab\t #c1djj ( ! =m] 7 plant$ 9 #ahdd1 & are n[ 9 full be>+2 ! great] portion ( ! o!rs are mu* y\ng]1 hav+ be5 plant$ out only "o1 two1 & ?ree ye>s4 #b4 ,soil & culture4--,! soil consi/s ( a mixture ( loam1 s&1 & vegetable matt]1 is ( a yell[ col\r1 & is mo/ suitable = ! cultivation ( ! tea-plant4 ,x resembles greatly ! soil ( ! te/ tea di/ricts 9 ,*9a4 ,a consid]able quantity ( /ones are mix$ ) x1 *iefly small pieces ( clay-slate1 ( :i* ! m\nta9s "h are compos$4 ,l>ge tracts ( equally good l&1 at pres5t cov]$ ) jungle1 are available 9 ?is di/rict )\t int]f]+ 9 any way ) ! rights ( ! settl]s4 ,i h /at$ t ?is plantation is =m$ on ! hill side4 ,x consi/s ( a succession ( t]races1 f ! bottom to ! top1 on :i* ! tea bu%es are plant$4 ,9 its g5]al features x is v l a ,*9ese tea plantation1 al?\gh "o r>ely sees tea l&s t]rac$ 9 ,*9a4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be necess>y 9 ! ,himalayas1 :]e ! ra9s fall s heavily4 ,"h1 too1 ! sy/em ( irrigation is c>ri$ on1 al?\gh to a small ext5t only1 ow+ to ! sc>city ( wat] dur+ ! dry season4 #c4 ,appe>ance & heal? ( plants4--,?is plantation is a mo/ promis+ "o1 & ,i h no d\bt w be v valuable 9 a few ye>s4 ,! plants are gr[+ admirably1 & evid5tly l _! situation4 ,"s ( !m are suff]+ slightly f ! effects ( h>d-pluck+1 l ^? at ,kaolagir2 b ?is c easily be avoid$ 9 _! future managem5t4 ,altoge!r1 x is 9 a mo/ satisfactory condition1 & %[s h[ safe x is 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d to foll[ ! example ( ! ,*9ese cultivator1 :o nev] makes 8 tea plantations on l[ rice l&1 & nev] irrigates4 ,,hawulbaugh ,,plantation 7,,ne> ,,almorah74 #a/4 ,situation & ext5t4--,?is tea f>m is situat$ on ! banks ( ! riv] ,kosilla1 ab\t six miles nor?-we/ f ,almorah1 ! capital ( ,kumaon4 ,x is ab\t #d1ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! l& is ( an undulat+ "*1 consi/+ ( g5tle slopes & t]races1 & rem9d$ me ( "s ( ! be/ tea di/ricts 9 ,*9a4 ,inde$1 ! hills !mselves1 9 ?is "p ( ! ,himalayas1 are v mu* l ^? ( ,*9a1 be+ b>r5 ne> _! summit & f]tile on _! l[] sides4 ,?irty-f\r acres ( l& are "u tea cultivation "h1 includ+ ! adjo9+ f>m ( ,*ull>4 ,"s ( ! plants appe> to h be5 plant$ 9 #ahdd2 b1 z at ,paorie1 ! great] numb] are only f "o to ?ree ye>s old4 #bnd4 ,soil & culture4--,! soil is :at is usually call$ a s&y loam2 x is mod]ately ri*1 be+ well mix$ ) vegetable matt]4 ,x is well suit$ = tea cultivation4 ,! great] "p ( ! f>m is t]rac$ z at ,gudd[li1 b "s few pat*es are left 9 natural slopes 9 accordance ) ! ,*9ese me?od4 ,irrigation is practis$ to a limit$ ext5t4 #crd4 ,appe>ance & heal? ( ! plants4--,all ! "y plants "h are 9 robu/ heal? & are gr[+ well1 p>ticul>ly :]e !y are gr[+ on l& :]e wat] _c flood or injure !m4 ,z examples ( ?is1 ,i may po9t out a long belt betwe5 ,dr4 ,jameson's h\se & ! fl[] g>d51 & also a piece ( gr\nd a little bel[ ! h\se 9 :i* ! ,*9ese manufactur]s live4 ,"s few ( ! old] bu%es appe> r /unt$2 b ?is is evid5tly ! result ( wat] rema9+ /agnant ab\t ! roots1 & p>tly also ( ov] pluck+2 bo? defects1 h[ev]1 admit ( be+ easily cur$4 ,,lut*miss] ,,& ,,kuppe5a ,,plantations4 #a/4 ,situation & ext5t4--,^! plantations are on ! hill side ne> ,almorah1 & ab\t #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! situation is some:at /eep1 b well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( tea4 ,! =m] conta9s ?ree acres1 & ! latt] f\r acres "u cultivation4 #bnd4 ,soil & culture4---,! soil is light & s&y1 & mu* mix$ ) p>ticles ( clay-slate1 :i* h crumbl$ d[n f ! adjo9+ rocks4 ,i believe ^! plantations are r>ely irrigat$1 & ! l& is /eep en\gh to prev5t any /agnant wat] f rema9+ ab\t ! roots ( ! plants4 #crd4 ,appe>ance & heal? ( plants4--,mo/ ( ! bu%es "h are fully gr[n1 & 9 full be>+1 & g5]ally 9 good heal?4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i consid] ^! plantations 9 excell5t ord]4 ,,bheemtal ,,plantations4 ,! lake ( ,bheemtal is situate 9 latitude #bi deg4 #bj m94 nor?1 & 9 longitude #gi deg4 #cj m94 ea/4 ,x is #d1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & "s ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s are said to be #h1jjj feet4 ,^! =m ! s\!rn *a9 ( ! ,himalayas1 & b\nd ! va/ pla9 ( ,india1 ( :i* a glimpse c be _h ?r\gh ! m\nta9 passes4 ,among/ ^! hills !re are sev]al tals or lakes1 "s flat mead[-look+ l&1 & g5tle undulat+ slopes1 :ile high] up we h /eep & rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,x is among/ ^! hills1 t ! ,bheemtal tea plantations h be5 =m$4 ,!y may be class$ "u ?ree heads1 viz4-- #a/4 ,anoo & ,kooasur plantations4--,^! adjo9 ea* o!r1 are bo? =m$ on l[ flat l&1 & toge!r cov] ab\t =ty acres4 ,! plants d n seem heal?y or vigor\s2 _m ( !m h di$ out1 & few are 9 t /ate :i* tea plants ought to be 94 ,su* situations nev] ought to be *os5 = tea cultivation4 ,! same objection applies to ^! z to ^? at ,deyra1 b 9 a great] degree4 ,no d\bt1 ) suffici5t dra9age1 & great c>e 9 cultivation1 & ! tea plant might be made to exi/ 9 su* a situation2 b ,i am conv9c$ x w\ld nev] gr[ ) t luxuriance :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] x a pr(itable crop4 ,besides1 su* l&s are valuable = o!r purposes4 ,!y are excell5t rice l&s1 & z su* ( consid]able value to ! natives4 #bnd4 ,bhurtpoor plantation4--,?is plantation cov]s ab\t f\r & a half acres ( t]rac$ l& on ! hill side1 a little to ! ea/w>d ( ^? la/ notic$4 ,! soil is compos$ ( a light loam1 mu* mix$ ) small pieces ( clay-slate & trap or gre5-/one1 ( :i* ! adjac5t rocks are compos$4 ,x conta9s a small portion ( vegetable matt] or humus4 ,bo? ! situation & soil ( ?is plantation are well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! tea %rub1 & consequ5tly we f9d x succe$+ "h z well z at ,gudd[li1 ,hawulbaugh1 ,almorah1 & o!r places :]e x is plant$ on ! slopes ( ! hills4 #crd4 ,russia plantation4--,?is plantation ext5ds ov] sev5ty-five acres1 & is =m$ on slop+ l&4 ,! elevation is some:at less ?an ,bhurtpoor1 & al?\gh t]rac$ 9 ! same way1 ! angle is mu* l[]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! f>m ! plants are do+ well1 b g5]ally !y seem$ to be suff]+ f too mu* wat] & h>d pluck+4 ,i h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! success ( ?is f>m1 :5 ! sy/em ( cultivation is improv$4 ,i obs]v$ "s mo/ vigor\s & heal?y bu%es 9 ! ov]se]'s g>d51 a spot adjo9+ ! plantation1 :i* c\ld n be irrigat$1 & 0 in=m$ !y nev] receiv$ any wat]1 except t :i* fell f ! skies4 ,9 ! ,bheemtal di/rict1 !re are l>ge tracts ( excell5t tea l&4 ,9 cross+ ov] ! hills t[>ds ,na9ee ,tal1 ) ,j4,h4 ,batt51 ,esq41 ,commission] ( ,kumaon1 ,i po9t$ out _m tracts admirably adapt$ = tea cultivation1 & ( no great value to ! natives2 g5]ally1 ^? l&s on :i* ! mundoca is cultivat$ are ! mo/ suitable4 ,i h ?us describ$ all ! ,gov]nm5t plantations 9 ,gurhwal & ,kumaon4 ,dr4 ,jameson1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 des]ves ! highe/ praise = ! en]gy & p]sev]ance ) :i* he has conduct$ 8 op]ations4 ,i %all n[ notice ! plantations ( ! zem9d>s1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! commission] & assi/ant-commission] ( ,kumaon & ,gurhwal4 ,,zem9d>ee ,,tea ,,plantations4 #a/1 at ,lohba4--,?is place is situat$ 9 ea/]n ,gurhwal1 ab\t #ej miles to ! we/w>d ( ,almorah1 & is at an elevation ( #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful spots 9 ?is "p ( ! ,himalayas4 ,! surr\nd+ m\nta9s are high1 & 9 "s p>ts precipit\s1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are f\nd consi/+ ( g5tle slopes & undulations4 ,on ^! undulat+ slopes1 !re is a great deal ( excell5t l& suitable = tea cultivation4 ,a few tea bu%es h be5 gr[+ vigor\sly = "s ye>s 9 ! commission]'s g>d51 & !y are n[ fully t5 feet 9 height4 ,^! plants hav+ succe$$ s well1 naturally induc$ ! au?orities ( ! prov9ce to try ?is cultivation ^u a m ext5sive scale4 ,x appe>s t 9 #ahdd1 ab\t #d1jjj "y plants 7 obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t plantations1 & plant$ on a tract ( excell5t l&1 :i* ! natives wi%$ to ab&on4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! p to ?r[ up _! l&1 !y 7 promis$ x r5t-free ^u ! condition t !y att5d$ to ! cultivation ( ! tea1 :i* _h be5 plant$ on a small portion ( ! gr\nd atta*$ to ! village4 ,?is arrangem5t seems to h fail$ ei!r f want ( k1 or f design1 or p]haps p>tly f bo? ( ^! causes4 ,m lately1 a l>g] numb] ( plants h be5 plant$1 b ,i regret to say ) ne>ly ! same results4 ,b results ( ?is disc\rag+ k9d are :at any "o1 acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! tea plant1 c\ld h easily =etold1 _h ! treatm5t1 int5d$ to be giv5 x1 be5 expla9$ to him4 ,^u enquiry1 ,i f\nd ! villag]s _h be5 manag+ ! tea l&s j z !y _h be5 do+ _! rice fields1 t is1 a regul> sy/em ( irrigation 0 practis$4 ,z wat] 0 pl5tiful1 a great numb]1 inde$ ne>ly all1 ! plants seem to h p]i%$ f ?is cause4 ,! la/ plant+ allud$ to _h be5 done late 9 ! spr+1 & j at ! comm5cem5t ( ! dry wea!r1 & to ^! plants little or no wat] seems to h be5 giv52 s t1 9 fact1 x 0 go+ f "o extreme to ano!r equally bad1 & ! result 0 ( c\rse ne>ly ! same4 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t ! di/rict 9 "q is well adapt$ = ! cultivation ( tea4 ,) judici\s managem5t1 a mo/ productive f>m might be e/abli%$ "h 9 f\r or five ye>s4 ,l& is pl5tiful1 & ( little value ei!r to ! natives or to ! ,gov]nm5t4 #bnd1 at ,kutoor4--,?is is ! "n ( a l>ge di/rict #cj or #dj miles nor?w>d f ,almorah1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! old t[n or village ( ,byzna? /&s4 ,x is a f9e undulat+ c\ntry1 consi/+ ( wide valleys1 g5tle slopes1 & little hills1 :ile ! :ole is int]sect$ by num]\s /reams1 & surr\nd$ by high m\nta9s4 ,! soil ( ?is ext5sive di/rict is mo/ f]tile1 & is capable ( produc+ l>ge crops ( rice1 on ! l[ irrigable l&s1 & ! dry gra9s & tea on ! sides ( ! hills4 ,f "s cause1 h[ev]1 ei!r ! ?9ness ( population or ! want ( a remun]ative crop1#ae l>ge tracts ( ?is f]tile di/rict h be5 all[$ to g out ( cultivation4 ,ev]y:]e ,i obs]v$ ru9\s & jungle-cov]$ t]races1 :i* told ( ! m ext5d$ cultivation ( =m] ye>s4 ,among/ "s hills ne> ! upp] portion ( ?is di/rict1 two small tea plantations h be5 =m$ "u ! patronage & sup]9t5d5ce ( ,capta9 ,ramsey1 ,s5ior ,assi/ant ,commission] ( ,kumaon4 ,ea* ( !m cov] ?ree or f\r acres ( l&1 & _h be5 plant$ ab\t a ye> be=e ! "t ( my visit4 ,9 ?is %ort space ( "t ! plants _h gr[n into nice /rong bu%es1 & 7 9 ! highe/ /ate ( heal?4 ,i nev] saw1 ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\r$ di/ricts 9 ,*9a1 any plantations look+ bett] ?an ^!4 ,?is result1 ,capta9 ,ramsay in=m$ me1 _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! foll[+ simple mann]3--,all ! l& atta*$ to ! two villages ) :i* ! tea f>ms are connect$1 is exempt$ f ! rev5ue tax1 a sum am\nt+ only to #ebe ,rs4 p] annum4 ,9 lieu ( ?is1 ! assamees 7cultivators7 ( bo? villages assi/ ) manure1 & at ! transplant+ season1 z well z pl\gh+ & prep>+ fre% l&4 ,9 addition to ?is1 "o *[dree & f\r prison]s are con/antly employ$ ^u ! plantations4 ,! *ief reason ( ! success ( ^! plantations1 next to t ( ! l& be+ well suit$ = tea cultivation1 may1 no d\bt1 be trac$ to a good sy/em ( managem5t2 t is1 ! "y plants h be5 c>efully transplant$ at ! prop] season ( ! ye>1 :5 ! air 0 *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & !y h n be5 de/roy$ by excessive irrigation aft]w>ds4 ,! o!r zem9d>ee plantation at ,lohba might h be5 n[ 9 full be>+ _h ! same sy/em be5 foll[$4 ,f ! description ?us giv51 x w be obs]v$ t ,i consid] ! ,kutoor plantations 9 a mo/ fl\ri%+ condition4 ,& ,i h no d\bt !y w cont9ue to fl\ri%1 & soon conv9ce ! zem9d>s ( ! value ( tea cultivation1 provid+ ?ree ?+s1 intimately connect$ ) ! success ( ! crop are /rongly impress$ ^u _! m9ds2 viz41 ! unsuitabl5ess ( l[ wet l&s = tea cultivation2 ! folly ( irrigat+ tea z !y w\ld d rice1 & ! impropriety ( comm5c+ ! pluck+ be=e ! plants are /rong1 & ( consid]able size4 ,i am happy to add1 t among/ ^! hills !re are no fooli% prejudices 9 ! m9ds ( ! natives aga9/ ! cultivation ( tea4 ,ab\t ! "t ( my visit1 a zem9d> came & begg$ two ?\s& plants1 to enable him to comm5ce tea gr[+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,x is ( great importance1 t ! au?orities ( a di/rict1 & p]sons ( influ5ce1 %\ld %[ an int]e/ 9 a subject ( ?is k9d4 ,at pres5t ! natives d n "k its value2 b !y are z docile z *ildr51 & w ent] will+ly ^u tea cultivation1 provid+ ! ,sahib %[s t he is int]e/$ 9 x4 ,9 a few ye>s ! pr(its receiv$ w be a suffici5t inducem5t4 ,9 conclud+ ?is "p ( my ,report1 ,i beg to sugge/ ! propriety ( obta9+ "s ( ! be/ v>ieties ( ! tea plant :i* h be5 introduc$ lately into ! gov]nm5t plantations f ,*9a4 ,dr4 ,jameson c\ld1 no d\bt1 sp>e a few1 b !y ought to be giv5 to ^? zem9d>s only :o h succe$$ ) ! orig9al v>iety4 ,hav+ describ$ 9 detail ! v>i\s gov]nm5t plantations1 & also ^? ( ! zem9d>s :i* came "u my notice 9 ! ,himalayas1 ,i %all n[ make "s g5]al rem>ks ^u ! cultivation ( tea 9 ,india1 & (f] "s sugge/ions = its improvem5t4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,on l& & cultivation4--,f ! obs]vations already made ^u ! v>i\s tea f>ms :i* ,i h visit$ 9 ! ,himalayas1 x w be se5 t ,i d n approve ( l[ flat l&s be+ select$ = ! cultivation ( ! tea %rub4 ,9 ,*9a1 :i* at pres5t mu/ be reg>d$ z ! model tea c\ntry1 ! plantations are nev] made 9 su* situations1 or !y are s r>e z n to h come "u my notice4 ,9 t c\ntry !y are usually =m$ on ! l[] slopes ( ! hills1 t is1 9 su* situations z ^? at ,gudd[li1 ,hawulbaugh1 ,almorah1 ,kutoor1 c41 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,x is true t 9 ! f9e gre5 tea c\ntry ( ,hwuy-*[1 9 ,*9a1 ne> ! t[n ( ,tun*e1 _m hundr$ acres ( flatti% l& are "u tea cultivation4 ,b ?is l& is close to ! hills1 :i* jut out into x 9 all directions1 & x is int]sect$ by a riv] ^: banks are usually f #ae to #bj feet above ! level ( ! /ream itself1 n unlike ^? ( ! ,ganges bel[ ,b5>es4 ,9 fact1 x has all ! advantages ( hilly l& su* z ! tea plant delights 94 ,9 ext5d+ ! ,himalaya plantation ?is important fact ought to be kept 9 view4 ,!re is no sc>city ( su* l& 9 ^! m\nta9s1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,ea/]n ,gurhwal & ,kumaon4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! di/ricts ( ,paorie1 ,kun\r1 ,lohba1 ,almorah1 ,kutoor1 & ,bheemtal1 & ,i 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,batt51 t !re are l>ge tracts ab\t ,gungoli & v>i\s o!r places equally suitable4 ,mu* ( ?is l& is out ( cultivation1 z ,i h already /at$1 :ile ! cultivat$ portions yield on an av]age only two or ?ree annas p] acre ( rev5ue4 ,su* l&s are ( less value to ! zem9d>s ?an l[ rice l&1 :]e !y c comm& a good supply ( wat] = irrigation4 ,b ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to recomm5d poor worn out hill l&s = tea cultivation1--l& on :i* no?+ else w gr[4 ,no?+ is fur!r f my mean+4 ,tea 9 ord] to be pr(itable requires a good s\nd soil1--a light loam1 well mix$ ) s& & vegetable matt]1 mod]ately moi/1 & yet n /agnant or s\r4 ,su* a soil1 = example1 z on ^! hill sides produces good crops ( mundooa1 :eat or millet1 is well adapt$ = tea4 ,x is su* l&s :i* ,i h allud$ to z ab\nd+ 9 ! ,himalayas1 & :i* are1 at pres5t1 ( s little value ei!r to ! ,gov]nm5t1 or to ! natives !mselves4 ,! sy/em ( ,irrigation appli$ to tea 9 ,india is nev] practis$ 9 ,*9a4 ,i did n obs]ve x practis$ 9 any ( ! great tea c\ntries :i* ,i visit$4 ,on ask+ ! ,*9ese manufactur]s :om ,i br\ght r\nd1 & :o _h be5 born & br\ght up 9 ^! di/ricts1 :e!r !y _h se5 su* a practice1 !y all repli$1 no1 t is ! way we gr[ rice3 we nev] irrigate tea4 ,inde$1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! effects ( irrigation are mo/ injuri\s4 ,:5 tea w n gr[ )\t irrigation1 x is a sure sign t ! l& employ$ is n suitable = su* a crop4 ,x is no d\bt an excell5t ?+ to h a comm& ( wat] 9 case ( a long dr\ght1 :5 its ag5cy might be useful 9 sav+ a crop :i* w\ld o!rwise fail1 b irrigation ought to be us$ only 9 su* em]g5t cases4 ,i h already obs]v$ t good tea l& is naturally moi/1 al?\gh n /agnant2 & we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! tea %rub is n a wat] plant1 b is f\nd 9 a wild /ate on ! sides ( hills4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! views1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve fur!r1 t all ! be/ ,himalayan plantations are ^? to :i* irrigation has be5 mo/ sp>+ly appli$4 ,9 cultivat+ ! tea %rub1 mu* injury is (t5 done to a plantation by pluck+ leaves f v "y plants4 ,9 ,*9a "y plants are nev] t\*$ until ! ?ird or f\r? ye> aft] !y h be5 plant$4 ,if gr[+ "u favorable circum/ances1 !y w yield a good crop aft] t "t4 ,all t ought to be done1 9 ! way ( pluck+ or prun+ be=e t "t1 %\ld be done ) a view to =m ! plants1 & make !m bu%y if !y d n gr[ s naturally4 ,if pluck+ is comm5c$ too e>ly & cont9u$1 ! en]gies ( ! plants are weak5$1 & !y are long 9 atta9+ any size1 & consequ5tly !re is a great loss ( produce 9 a giv5 numb] ( ye>s4 ,to make ?is m pla91 ,i w suppose a bu% t has be5 prop]ly treat$ to be eight ye>s ( age4 ,x may !n be yield+ f two to ?ree p\nds ( tea p] annum1 :ile ano!r ( ! same age1 b n a qu>t] ( ! size1 f ov]-pluck+1 is n giv+ m ?an z _m ounces4 ,! same rem>ks apply also to plants :i* become unheal?y f any cause2 leaves ought nev] to be tak5 f su* plants2 ! ga!r]s %\ld h /rict ord]s to pass !m ov] until !y get aga9 into a good /ate ( heal?4 #bnd4 ,on climate4--,i h already /at$ t ea/]n ,gurhwal & ,kumaon appe> to me to be ! mo/ suitable = ! cultivation ( ! tea plant 9 ?is "p ( ! ,himalayas4 ,my rem>ks ^u climate w !re=e ref] to ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,f a table ( temp]ature kept at ,hawulbaugh f ,novemb] #bh?1 #ahej1 to ,july #ac?1 #ahea1 oblig+ly furni%$ me by ,dr4 ,jameson1 ,i obs]v$ t ! climate "h is extremely mild4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 ! !rmomet] ,fahr4 at sunrise 0 nev] l[] ?an #dd deg41 & only on two occasions s l[1 namely on ! #ae? & #af? ( ,febru>y1 #ahea4 ,once x /ood s high z #ff deg4 on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #d?1 b ?is is full t5 degrees high] ?an usual4 ,! m9imum 9 ,febru>y mu/1 h[ev]1 be sev]al degrees l[] ?an is %[n by ?is table1 = ice & sn[ 7 n unfrequ5t2 inde$1 opposite ! #af? ( ,febru>y 9 ! column ( rem>ks1 ,i f9d writt5 d[n a v fro/y morn+4 ,?is discrepancy no d\bt arises ei!r f a bad !rmomet] be+ us$1 or f its be+ plac$ 9 a %elt]$ v]&ah4 ,we may1 !re=e1 safely m>k ! m9imum z #cb deg4 in/ead ( #dd degrees4 ,! mon? ( ,june appe>s to be ! hotte/ 9 ! ye>4 ,i obs]ve ! !rmomet] on ! #e?1 #f? & #g? ( t mon? /ood at #ib deg4 at #c ,p4,m41 & ?is 0 ! highe/ degree m>k$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,! l[e/1 at ?is h\r1 dur+ ! mon? 0 #gf deg41 b ! g5]al range 9 ! #c ,p4,m4 column ( ! table is f #hj deg4 to #ij degrees4 ,! wet & dry seasons are n s decid$ 9 ! hills z !y are 9 ! pla9s4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 x ra9$ on five days & t5 nights1 & ! total quantity ( ra9 :i* fell1 z indicat$ by ! ra9 gauge1 dur+ ?is mon?1 0 #e4be in*es2 9 ,febru>y1 #c4hd fell2 9 ,m>*1 #b4aa2 9 ,april1 #b4bd2 9 ,may1 none2 & 9 ,june #f4ac4 ,9 ,june !re are g5]ally "s days ( heavy ra91 call$ by ! natives ,*ota ,bursaut1 or small ra9s1 aft] ?is !re is an int]val ( "s days ( dry wea!r be=e ! regul> ra9y season comm5ces4 ,?is season comes on 9 ,july & cont9ues until ,septemb]4 ,octob] & ,novemb] are said to be beautiful mon?s ) a cle> atmosph]e & cl\dless sky4 ,aft] ?is fogs are frequ5t 9 all ! valleys until spr+4 ,9 comp>+ ! climate ( ^! prov9ces ) t ( ,*9a1 al?\gh we f9d "s important diff]5ce1 yet ^u ! :ole !re is a great simil>ity4 ,my comp>isons apply1 ( c\rse1 to ! be/ tea di/ricts only1 = al?\gh ! tea %rub is f\nd cultivat$ f ,canton 9 ! s\? to ,tan-*[poo 9 ,%an-tung1 yet ! prov9ces ( ,foke91 ,ka9see & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,kiangnan1 yield ne>ly all ! f9e/ teas ( comm]ce4 ,! t[n ( ,tsong-gan1 "o ( ! great black tea t[ns ne> ! f> fam$ ,woo-e-%an1 is situat$ 9 latitude #bg deg4 #dg m91 nor?4 ,"h ! !rmomet] 9 ! hotte/ mon?s1 namely 9 ,july & ,augu/1 r>ely rises above #ajj deg4 & ranges f #ib deg4 to #ajj deg41 z maximum2 :ile 9 ! colde/ mon?s1 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 x s9ks to ! freez+ po9t & sometimes a few degrees l[]4 ,we h ?us a close resemblance 9 temp]ature betwe5 ,woo-e-%an & ,almorah1 ,! great gre5 tea di/rict be+ situat$ two degrees fur!r nor?1 ! extremes ( temp]ature are some:at great]4 ,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! hotte/ mon? 9 ! ,himalayas is ,june1 9 ,*9a ! highe/ temp]ature occurs 9 ,july & ,augu/3 ?is is ow+ to ! ra9y season tak+ place e>li] 9 ,*9a ?an x does 9 ,india4 ,9 ,*9a ra9 falls 9 heavy & copi\s %[]s 9 ! end ( ,april1 & ^! ra9s cont9ue at int]vals 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! fir/ ga!r+ ( tea-leaves1 ^? f :i* ! ,pekoe is made1 is sc>cely ov] be=e ! air becomes *>g$ ) moi/ure1 ra9 falls1 & ! bu%es be+ ?us plac$ 9 su* fav\rable circum/ances = vegetat+ are soon cov]$ aga9 ) "y leaves1 f :i* ! ma9 crop ( ! season is obta9$4 ,no "o1 acqua9t$ ) vegetable physiology1 c d\bt ! advantages ( su* wea!r 9 ! cultivation ( tea = m]cantile purposes4 ,& ^! advantages1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 seem to be ext5d$ to ! ,himalayas1 al?\gh ! regul> ra9y season is lat] ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,i h already %[n1 f ,dr ,jameson's table1 t spr+ %[]s are frequ5t 9 ,kumaon1 al?\gh r>e 9 ! pla9s ( ,india2 /ill1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be prud5t to adopt ! ga!r+ ( leaves to ! climate1 t is to take a mod]ate portion f ! bu%es be=e ! ra9s1 & ! ma9 crop aft] !y h comm5c$4 #crd4 ,on ! vegetation ( ,*9a & ! ,himalayas4 ,"o ( ! sure/ guides f :i* to draw conclusions1 on a subject ( ?is nature1 is f\nd 9 ! indig5\s vegetable productions ( ! c\ntries4 ,dr4 ,royle1 :o 0 ! fir/ to recomm5d ! cultivation ( tea 9 ! ,himalayas1 drew 8 conclusions1 9 ! abs5ce ( t positive in=mation f ,*9a :i* we possess n[1 n only f ! great simil>ity 9 temp]ature betwe5 ,*9a & ^! hills1 b also f ! resemblance 9 vegetable productions4 ,?is resemblance is c]ta9ly v /rik+4 ,9 bo? c\ntries1 except 9 ! l[ valleys ( ! ,himalayas 7& ^! we are n consid]+71 tropical =ms are r>ely met )4 ,if we take trees & %rubs1 = example1 we f9d su* g5]a z p9us1 cypress1 b]b]is1 qu]cus1 viburnam1 indig(]a1 & rom$a1 lonic]a1 deutzia1 rubus1 myrica1 spir1 ilex1 & _m o!rs common to bo? c\ntries4 ,among/ h]bace\s plants we h g5tiana1 aquilegia1 anemone1 rumex1 primula1 lilium1 l\todon1 ranunculus1 c4 equally di/ribut$ 9 ! ,himalayas & 9 ,*9a1 & ev5 9 aquatics ! same resemblance may be trac$1 z 9 nelumbium1 caladium c4 ,& fur!r ?an ?is1 we d n f9d plants belong to ! same g5]a only1 b 9 _m in/ances ! id5tical species are f\nd 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,! indig(]a1 common 9 ! ,himalayas1 ab\nds also on ! tea hills ( ,*9a1 & s does ,b]b]is nepaul5cis1 ,lonic]a div]sifolia1 ,myrica sapida1 & _m o!rs4 ,7 x necess>y1 ,i might n[ %[ t !re is a mo/ /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! geology ( ! two c\ntries z well z 9 _! vegetable productions4 ,9 bo? ! black & gre5 tea c\ntries :i* ,i h allud$ to1 clay-slate is mo/ abundant4 ,b en\gh has be5 advanc$ to prove h[ well _m p>ts ( ! ,himalayas are adapt$ = ! cultivation ( tea2 besides1 ! fl\ri%+ condition ( _m ( ! plantations is1 aft] all1 ! be/ pro(1 & puts ! matt] beyond all d\bt4 #d?4 ,conclud+ ,sugge/ions4--,hav+ %[n t tea c be gr[n 9 ! ,himalayas1 & t x w\ld produce a valuable & remun]ative crop1 ! next great object appe>s to be ! production ( sup]ior tea1 by means ( f9e v>ieties & improv$ cultivation4 ,x is well kn[n t a v>iety ( ! tea plant exi/$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,*9a f :i* inf]ior teas only 7 made4 ,t1 be+ m easily procur$ ?an ! f9e nor!rn v>ieties1 f :i* ! great mass ( ! be/ teas are made1 0 ! v>iety orig9ally s5t to ,india4 ,f x all ^? 9 ! ,gov]nm5t plantations h sprung4 ,x 0 to rem$y ?is1 & to obta9 ! be/ v>ieties f ^? di/ricts :i* furni% ! trees ( comm]ce1 t induc$ ! ,hon\rable ,c\rt ( ,directors to s5d me to ,*9a 9 #ahdh4 ,ano!r object 0 to obta9 "s good manufactur]s & implem5ts f ! same di/ricts4 ,z ! result ( ?is mission1 ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& plants f ! be/ black & gre5 tea c\ntries ( ,c5tral ,*9a1 h be5 introduc$ to ! ,himalayas4 ,six fir/-rate manufactur]s1 two lead m51 & a l>ge supply ( implem5ts f ! celebrat$ ,hwuy-*[ di/ricts 7 also br\ght r\nd & safely locat$ on ! ,gov]nm5t plantations 9 ! hills4 ,a great /ep has ?us be5 ga9$ t[>ds ! objects 9 view4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 rema9s /ill to be done4 ,! new ,*9a plants ought to be c>efully propagat$ & di/ribut$ ov] all ! plantations2 "s ( !m ought also to be giv5 to ! zem9d>s1 & m ( ^! f9e v>ieties might be ye>ly import$ f ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese manufactur]s1 :o 7 obta9$ "s ye>s s9ce f ,calcutta or ,assam1 are1 9 my op9ion1 f> f be+ fir/-rate workm52 inde$1 ,i d\bt mu* if any ( !m le>n$ _! trade 9 ,*9a4 ,!y ought to be gradually got rid ( & _! places suppli$ by bett] m51 = x is a great pity to tea* ! natives an inf]ior me?od ( manipulation4 ,! m5 br\ght r\nd by me are fir/-rate gre5 tea mak]s1 !y c also make black tea1 b !y h n be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ s mu* black z gre54 ,!y h none ( ! ,canton illib]ality or prejudices ab\t !m1 & are mo/ will+ to tea* _! art to ! natives4 ,i h no d\bt "s ( ! latt] w soon be made excell5t tea manufactur]s4 ,& ! in/ruction ( ! natives is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! *ief objects :i* ought to be kept 9 view1 = ! importation ( ,*9ese manipulators at high wages c only he reg>d$ z a tempor>y measure2 ultimately ! ,himalayan tea mu/ be made by ! natives !mselves2 ea* native f>m] mu/ le>n h[ to make tea z well z h[ to gr[ x2 he w !n make x ^u 8 own premises1 z ! ,*9ese d1 & ! exp5ses ( c>riage w be mu* less ?an if ! gre5 leaves _h to be tak5 to ! m>ket4 ,b z ! zem9d>s w be able to gr[ tea long be=e !y are able to make x1 x w\ld be prud5t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to (f] !m a c]ta9 sum = gre5 leaves br\ght to ! gov]nm5t manufactory4 ,i h po9t$ out ! l& mo/ suitable = ! cultivation ( tea1 & %[n t su* l& exi/s 9 ! ,himalayas to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,b if ! object ! gov]nm5t h 9 view be ! e/abli%m5t ( a company to develop ! res\rces ( ^! hills1 z 9 ,assam1 ,i w\ld /rongly urge ! propriety ( conc5trat+1 z mu* z possible1 ! v>i\s plantations4 ,sites ought to be *os5 :i* are n too f> ap>t1 easy ( access1 &1 if possible1 ne> riv]s2 =1 no d\bt1 a consid]able portion ( ! produce w\ld h to be convey$ to ! pla9s or to a sea-port4 ,9 my t\r among/ ! hills1 ,i h se5 no place s well adapt$ = a c5tral situation z ,almorah1 or ,hawulbaugh4 ,"h ! gov]nm5t has already a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 & tea l&s are abundant 9 all directions4 ,! climate is heal?y1 & bett] suit$ to a ,european con/itution ?an mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,"h plants f ne>ly all ! temp]ate p>ts ( ! _w are gr[+ z if !y 7 at home4 ,z examples1 ,i may m5tion myrtles1 pomegranates1 & tub]oses f ! s\? ( ,europe2 dahlias1 potatoes1 aloes1 & yuccas f ,am]ica2 ,melian?us major & bulbs f ! ,cape2 ! cypress & deod> ( ! ,himalayas1 & ! lag]/roemias1 loquats1 roses & tea ( ,*9a4 ,9 ^! days1 :5 tea has become almo/ a necess>y ( life to ,engl& & h] wide-spread+ colonies1 its production ^u a l>ge & *eap scale is an object ( no ord9>y importance4 ,b to ! natives ( ,india !mselves1 ! production ( ?is article w\ld be ( ! greate/ value4 ,! poor pah>ie1 or hill f>m]1 at pres5t has sc>cely ! common necess>ies ( life1 & c]ta9ly none ( its luxuries4 ,! common sorts ( gra9 :i* 8 l&s produce w sc>cely pay ! c>riage to ! ne>e/ m>ket t[n1 f> less yield a pr(it ( su* a k9d z w enable him to pur*ase "s few ( ! necess>y & simple luxuries ( life4 ,a common blanket has to s]ve him = 8 cov]+ by day & = 8 b$ at night1 :ile 8 dwell+-h\se is a m]e mud-hut1 capable ( af=d+ b little %elt] f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,7 "p ( ^! l&s produc+ tea1 he w\ld !n h a heal?y bev]age to dr9k1 besides a commodity :i* w\ld be ( great value 9 ! m>ket4 ,be+ ( small bulk comp>$ ) its value1 ! exp5se ( c>riage w\ld be trifl+1 & he w\ld return home ) ! means 9 8 pocket ( mak+ himself & 8 family m com=table & m happy4 ,7 su* results d\btful1 we h only to look across ! fronti]s ( ,india into ,*9a4 ,"h we f9d tea "o ( ! necess>ies ( life1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,a ,*9ese nev] dr9ks cold wat]1 :i* he abhors1 & consid]s unheal?y4 ,tea is 8 favorite bev]age f morn+ until night2 n :at we call tea1 mix$ ) milk & sug>1 b ! ess5ce ( ! h]b itself1 drawn out 9 pure wat]4 ,"o acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( ?is p c sc>cely conceive ! idea ( ! ,*9ese empire exi/+ 7 x depriv$ ( ! tea plant2 & ,i am sure t ! ext5sive use ( ?is bev]age adds mu* to ! heal? & com=t ( ! great body ( ! p4 ,! p ( ,india are n unlike ! ,*9ese 9 _m ( _! habits4 ,! poor ( bo? c\ntries eat sp>+ly ( animal food1 & rice1 ) o!r gra9s & vegetables1 =m ! /aple articles on :i* !y live2 ?is be+ ! case1 x is n at all unlikely ! ,indian w soon acquire a habit :i* is s univ]sal 9 ! si/] c\ntry4 ,b 9 ord] to enable him to dr9k tea1 x mu/ be produc$ at a *eap rate2 he _c af=d to pay at ! rate ( f\r or six %ill+s a p\nd4 ,x mu/ be furni%$ to him at f\r p5ce or six p5ce in/ead2 & ?is c be done easily1 b only on 8 own hills4 ,if ?is is accompli%$1 & ,i see no reason :y x %\ld n be1 a boon w h be5 conf]r$ ^u ! p ( ,india1 ( no common k9d1 & "o :i* an enlight5$ & lib]al gov]nm5t may well be pr\d ( conf]r+ on its subjects4 ,i %all n[ add a description ( ! ,*9ese me?od ( mak+ black tea 9 ,upp] ,assam1 by ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,bruce1 sup]9t5d5t ( tea culture3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! y\nge/ & mo/ t5d] leaves are ga!r$2 b :5 !re are _m h&s & a great quantity ( loaves to be collect$1 ! p employ$ nip (f ) ! =ef+] & ?umb ! f9e end ( ! bran*1 ) ab\t f\r leaves on1 & sometimes ev5 m if !y look t5d]4 ,^! are all br\ght to ! place :]e !y are to be conv]t$ into tea3 !y are !n put into a l>ge1 circul>1 op5 work$ bamboo basket1 hav+ a rim all r\nd1 two f+]s broad4 ,! leaves are ?9ly scatt]$ 9 ^! baskets1 & !n plac$ 9 a framework ( bamboo1 9 all appe>ance l ! sides ( an ,indian hut1 )\t grass1 re/+ on po/s1 #b feet f ! gr\nd1 ) an angle ( ab\t #be deg4 ,! baskets ) leaves are put 9 ?is frame to dry 9 ! sun1 & are pu%$ up & br\ght d[n by a long bamboo ) a circul> piece ( wood at ! end4 ,! leaves are p]mitt$ to dry ab\t two h\rs1 be+ occasionally turn$2 b ! "t requir$ = ?is process dep5ds on ! heat ( ! sun4 ,:5 !y beg9 to h a slightly )]$ appe>ance1 !y are tak5 d[n & br\ght into ! h\se1 :5 !y are plac$ on a frame to cool = half an h\r2 !y are !n put into small] baskets ( ! same k9d z ! =m]1 & plac$ on a /&4 ,p are n[ employ$ to s(t5 ! leaves /ill m1 by g5tly clapp+ !m betwe5 _! h&s1 ) _! f+]s & ?umbs ext5d$1 & toss+ !m up & lett+ !m fall1 = ab\t five or t5 m9utes4 ,!y are !n aga9 put on ! frame dur+ half an h\r1 & br\ght d[n & clapp$ ) ! h&s z be=e4 ,?is is done ?ree successive times1 until ! leaves become to ! t\* l s(t lea!r2 ! beat+ & putt+ away be+ said to give ! tea ! black color & bitt] flavor4 ,aft] ?is ! tea is put into hot ca/-iron pans1 :i* are fix$ 9 a circul> mud fireplace1 s t ! flame _c asc5d r\nd ! pan to incommode ! op]ator4 ,?is pan is well heat$ by a /raw or bamboo fire to a c]ta9 degree4 ,ab\t two p\nds ( ! leaves are !n put into ea* hot pan1 & spread 9 su* a mann] t all ! leaves may get ! same degree ( heat4 ,!y are e n[ & !n briskly turn$ ) ! nak$ h&1 to prev5t a leaf f be+ burnt4 ,:5 ! leaves become inconv5i5tly hot to ! h&1 !y are quickly tak5 out & deliv]$ to ano!r man ) a close-work$ bamboo basket1 ready to receive !m4 ,a few leaves t may h be5 left beh9d are sm>tly bru%$ out ) a bamboo broom3 all ?is "t a brisk fire is kept up "u ! pan4 ,aft] ! pan has be5 us$ 9 ?is mann] ?ree or f\r times1 a bucket ( cold wat] is ?r[n 91 & a s(t brick-bat & bamboo broom us$1 to give x a good sc\r+ out2 ! wat] is ?r[n out ( ! pan by ! bru% on "o side1 ! pan itself be+ nev] tak5 (f4 ,! leaves1 all hot 9 ! bamboo basket1 are laid on a table t has a n>r[ rim on its back1 to prev5t ^! baskets f slipp+ (f :5 pu%$ aga9/ x4 ,! two p\nds ( hot leaves are n[ divid$ into two or ?ree p>cels1 & di/ribut$ to z _m m51 :o /& up to ! table ) ! leaves "r be=e !m1 & ea* plac+ 8 legs close toge!r1 ! leaves are next collect$ into a ball1 :i* he g5tly grasps 9 8 left h&1 ) ! ?umb ext5d$1 ! f+]s close toge!r1 & ! h& re/+ on ! little f+]4 ,! "r h& mu/ be ext5d$ 9 ! same mann] z ! left1 b ) ! palm turn$ d[nw>ds re/+ on ! top ( ! ball ( tea leaves4 ,bo? h&s are n[ employ$ to roll & propel ! ball along2 ! left h& pu%+ x on1 & all[+ x to revolve z x moves2 ! "r h& also pu%es x =w>d1 re/+ on x ) "s =ce1 & keep+ x d[n to express ! juice :i* ! leaves conta94 ,! art lies "h 9 giv+ ! ball a circul> motion1 & p]mitt+ x to turn "u & 9 ! h& two or ?ree :ole revolutions1 be=e ! arms are ext5d$ to _! full l5g?1 & draw+ ! ball ( leaves quickly back )\t leav+ a leaf beh9d1 be+ roll$ = ab\t five m9utes 9 ?is way4 ,! ball ( tea leaves is f "t to "t delicately & g5tly op5$ ) ! f+]s lift$ z high z ! face1 & !n all[$ to fall aga94 ,?is is done two or ?ree times to sep>ate ! leaves2 & aft]w>ds ! basket ) ! leaves is lift$ up z (t51 & receives a circul> %ake to br+ ^! t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! leaves are n[ tak5 back to ! hot pans & spread out 9 !m z be=e1 be+ aga9 turn$ ) ! nak$ h&1 & :5 hot tak5 out & roll$2 aft] :i*1 !y are put into a dry+ basket & spread on a sieve1 :i* is 9 ! c5tre ( ! basket1 & ! :ole plac$ ov] a *>coal fire4 ,! fire is v nicely regulat$2 !re mu/ n be ! lea/ smoke1 & ! *>coal %\ld be well pick$4 ,:5 ! fire is light$ x is fann$ until x gets a f9e r$ gl>e1 & ! smoke is all gone (f2 be+ e n[ & !n /irr$1 & ! coals br\ght into ! c5tre1 s z to leave ! out] edge l[4 ,:5 ! leaves are put into ! dry+ basket1 !y are g5tly sep>at$ by lift+ !m up ) ! f+]s ( bo? h&s ext5d$ f> ap>t1 & all[+ !m to fall d[n aga92 !y are plac$ ?ree or f\r in*es deep on ! sieve1 leav+ a passage 9 ! c5tre = ! hot air to pass4 ,be=e x is put ov] ! fire1 ! dry+ basket receives a sm>t slap ) bo? h&s 9 ! act ( lift+ x up1 :i* is done to %ake d[n any leaves t might o!rwise drop ?r\gh ! sieve1 or to prev5t !m f fall+ into ! fire & occasion+ a smoke1 :i* w\ld affect & spoil ! tea4 ,?is slap on ! basket is inv>iably appli$ ?r\gh\t ! /ages ( tea manufacture4 ,!re is always a l>ge basket und]nea? to receive ! small leaves t fall1 :i* are aft]w>ds collect$1 dri$1 & add$ to ! o!r tea2 9 no case are ! baskets or sieves all[$ to t\* or rema9 on ! gr\nd1 b always laid on a receiv]1 ) ?ree legs4 ,aft] ! leaves h bean half-dri$ 9 ! dry+-basket1 & :ile !y are /ill s(t1 !y are tak5 (f ! fire & put into l>ge op5-work$ baskets1 & !n put on ! %elf1 9 ord] t ! tea may improve 9 color4 ,next day ! leaves are all sort$ into l>ge1 middl+1 & small2 sometimes !re are f\r sorts4 ,all ^!1 ! ,*9ese in=m$ me1 become s _m diff]5t k9ds ( teas2 ! smalle/ leaves !y call ,pha-ho1 ! second ,p[-*ong1 ! ?ird ,s\*ong1 & ! f\r?1 or ! l>ge/ leaves1 ,zoy-*ong4 ,aft] ?is assortm5t !y are aga9 put on ! sieve 9 ! dry+-basket 7tak+ c>e n to mix ! sorts71 & on ! fire1 z on ! prec$+ day2 b n[ v little m ?an w cov] ! bottom ( ! sieve is put 9 at "o "t2 ! same c>e ( ! fire is tak5 z be=e1 & ! same precaution ( tapp+ ! dry+ basket e n[ & !n4 ,! tea is tak5 (f ! fire ) ! nice/ c>e1 = fe> ( any p>ticles ( ! tea fall+ into x4 ,:5ev] ! dry+-basket is tak5 (f1 x is put on ! receiv]1 ! sieve 9 ! dry+-basket tak5 out1 ! tea turn$ ov]1 ! sieve replac$1 ! tap giv51 & ! basket plac$ aga9 ov] ! fire4 ,z ! tea becomes crisp1 x is tak5 out & ?r[n into a l>ge receiv+-basket1 until all ! quantity on h& has become alike dri$ & crisp1 f :i* basket x is aga9 remov$ into ! dry+-basket1 b n[ 9 mu* l>g] quantities4 ,x is !n pil$ up eight & t5 in*es high on ! sieve 9 ! dry+-basket2 9 ! c5tre a small passage is left = ! hot air to asc5d2 ! fire t 0 be=e bright & cle> has n[ a%es ?r[n on x to dead5 its effect1 & ! %ak+s t h be5 collect$ are put on ! top ( all2 ! tap is giv51 & ! basket1 ) ! greate/ c>e1 is put ov] ! fire4 ,ano!r basket is plac$ ov] ! :ole1 to ?r[ back any heat t may asc5d4 ,n[ & !n x is tak5 (f1 & put on ! receiv]2 ! h&s1 ) ! f+]s wide ap>t1 are run d[n ! sides ( ! basket to ! sieve1 & ! tea g5tly turn$ ov]1 ! passage 9 ! c5tre aga9 made1 c41 & ! basket aga9 plac$ on ! fire4 ,x is f "t to "t exam9$1 & :5 ! leaves h become s crisp t !y break by ! slighte/ pressure ( ! f+]s1 x is tak5 (f1 :5 ! tea is ready4 ,all ! diff]5t k9ds ( leaves und]w5t ! same op]ation4 ,! tea is n[1 little by little1 put into boxes1 & fir/ press$ d[n ) ! h&s & !n ) ! feet 7clean /ock+s hav+ be5 previ\sly put on74 ,!re is a small room inside ( ! tea-h\se1 sev5 cubits squ>e1 & five high1 hav+ bamboos laid across on ! top to support a network ( bamboo1 & ! sides ( ! room sme>$ ) mud to exclude ! air4 ,:5 !re is wet wea!r1 & ! leaves _c be dri$ 9 ! sun1 !y are laid out on ! top ( ?is room1 on ! network1 on an iron pan1 ! same z is us$ to heat ! leaves2 "s fire is put into x1 ei!r ( grass or bamboo1 s t ! flame may asc5d high2 ! pan is put on a squ>e wood5 frame1 t has wood5 roll]s on its legs1 & pu%$ r\nd & r\nd ?is little room by "o man1 :ile ano!r fe$s ! fire1 ! leaves on ! top be+ occasionally turn$2 :5 !y are a little )]$1 ! fire is tak5 away1 & ! leaves br\ght d[n & manufactur$ into tea1 9 ! same mann] z if x _h be5 dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,b ?is is n a good plan1 & nev] _h rec\rse to if x c possibly be avoid$4 ,9 #ahaj1 a numb] ( tea plants 7 introduc$ into ,brazil1 ) a colony ( ,*9ese to sup]9t5d _! culture4 ,! plantation 0 =m$ ne> ,rio ,janeiro & occupi$ sev]al acres4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 answ] ! expectations =m$ ( x1 ! %rubs became /unt$1 cank]$ & moss gr[n1 & ! ,*9ese f9ally ab&on$ !m4 ,! culture 0 aga9 tri$ 9 #ahag4 ,! plantations lie betwe5 ! equator & #aj deg4 s\? latitude1 ne>ly p>allel ) ,java1 & ( c\rse are expos$ to ! same intemp]ate climate1 & suff] 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 addition to ^! physical disabilities1 ! ent]prise has _h to cont5d ) ! natural indol5ce ( ! natives1 ! univ]sal repugnance to labor1 ! cru%+ effect ( committ+ s important a "w to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( slaves & ov]se]s1 ! amaz+ f]tility ( ! soil1 ! ext5t ( unappropriat$ l&1 ! ease ) :i* subsi/5ce c be obta9$ & ! l[ degree ( p]sonal ent]prise4 ,^! are fr[n+ features1 & w\ld r seem to indicate a failure1 be=e ! attempt at cultivation 0 made4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! plant does n\ri% to "s ext5t1 ev5 9 ,brazil1 "u all ! disp>ag+ circum/ances :i* surr\nd x4 ,f ! ,brazilian ,consul ,g5]al1 ,i le>n t al?\gh ! plant = "s ye>s aft] its introduction receiv$ b little att5tion & 0 almo/ ab&on$1 yet )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! cultivation has reviv$ & is n[ prosecut$ ) en]gy & ) a correspond+ success4 ,"s ( ! l>ge & weal?y l& proprietors ( ,brazil h direct$ _! att5tion to tea culture1 & "o g5tleman has giv5 up 8 c(fee plantation & direct$ 8 att5tion exclusively to ! cultivation ( ! tea plant4 ,! m>ket ( ,rio ,janeiro is said to be l>gely & almo/ entirely suppli$ ) tea ( dome/ic gr[?1 & ! public m9d is awak5$ to ! prom95t fact1 t no plant cultivat$ 9 ,brazil is m pr(itable & none is des]v+ m decid$ att5tion4 ,exp]im5tal cultivation ( ! tea plant 9 ,brazil4--,i n[ proce$ to notice ! report ( ,m4 ,guillem91 pres5t$ 9 #ahci to ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( agriculture & comm]ce1 on ! culture & prep>ation ( ! tea plant 9 ,brazil--9 a climate ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e j equival5t to t ( ,cuba 9 ! nor!rn4 ,! report ent]s v m9utely into ! incid5ts ( temp]ature & cultivation1 & _c fail to /rike ! att5tion :5 disclos+ ! important fact1 t ! tea plant gr[s luxuriantly ) ! c(fee & o!r valuable plants ( ! equatorial regions1 & ev5 on l[-ly+ l&s1 on a level ) ! sea1 & expos$ to ! full rays ( a burn+ sun4 ,z ! tea %rub1 says ,m4 ,guillem91 is gr[n 9 sev]al plantations ab\t two days' j\rney di/ant f ,rio1 9 diff]5t directions1 ,i hir$ a lodg+ at ,/4 ,!resa1 suffici5tly contigu\s to all ! e/abli%m5ts ,i meant to visit1 & fur!r recomm5d$ by hav+ a small g>d5 atta*$ to ! h\se1 :]e ,i c\ld deposit ! gr[+ plants ( tea1 & s[ se$s4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 except :5 h9d]$ by slight indispositions incid5tal to ! ,brazilian climate1 ,i pursu$ my rese>*es1 & pr9cipally 9 ! *>m+ valleys ( ! ,tijuka & ,gavia m\nta9s4 ,!re1 toge!r ) c(fee1 _! pr9cipal product1 ! mo/ valuable plants ( ! equatorial region are cultivat$4 ,9 ! middle ( ,novemb] ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! me?od pursu$ :5 cull+ ! tea1 :i* is p]=m$ by black slaves1 *iefly wom5 & *ildr54 ,!y c>efully select$ ! t5d]e/ & pale-gre5 leaves1 nipp+ (f ) _! nails ! "y leaf bud1 j bel[ :]e ! fir/ or second leaf 0 unfold$4 ,"o :ole field _h already und]gone ?is op]ation2 no?+ b tea %rubs /ripp$ ( _! foliage rema9$4 ,! inspector assur$ me t ! plant receiv$ no injury f ?is process1 & t ! h>ve/ ( leaves 0 to become p]man5t by c>efully regulat+ x1 s t ! foliage %\ld h gr[n aga9 on ! fir/ /ripp$ %rubs at ! p]iod :5 ! leaves ( ! la/ plant 7 pull$ (f4 ,ab\t #ab1jjj tea %rubs are gr[n 9 ?is g>d53 !y are regul>ly plant$ 9 qu9cunxes1 & /& ab\t "o metre di/ant f ea* o!r2 ! great] numb] are /unt$ & %abby look+1 probably ow+ to ! aspect ( ! gr\nd1 :i* lies l[1 on ! level ( ! sea1 & expos$ to ! full rays ( a burn+ sun2 p]haps ! quality ( ! soil may h some?+ to d ) x1 ?\gh ?is is app>5tly simil> to :at prevails 9 ! prov9ce ( ,rio ,janeiro4 ,?is soil1 :i* is highly argillace\s1 & /rongly t+$ ) tritoxyde ( iron1 is =m$ by ! decomposition ( gneiss or granite rocks4 ,! flat situation ( ?is tea gr\nd is unfavorable to ! improvem5t ( ! soil1 = ! heavy ra9s :i* wa% away ! sup]flu\s s& f slant+ situations1 ( c\rse only consolidate m /rongly ! rema9+ compon5t p>ts1 :]e ! l& lies p]fectly level1 & ?us ! tea plants suff] f ?is /ate ( soil4 ,! k9dness ( ,m4 de ,br&ao1 director ( ! ,botanic ,g>d51 induc$ him to invite me1 %ortly aft] ,i _h se5 ! above describ$ tea gr\nd1 t ,i might inspect all ! op]ations = ! prep>ation ( tea4 ,i f\nd t ! pick+ ( ! leaves _h be5 comm5c$ v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & two kilogrammes 7 pull$ t 7 /ill wet ) dew4 ,^! 7 deposit$ 9 a well-poli%$ iron vase1 ! %ape be+ t ( a v broad flat pan1 & set on a brick furnace1 :]e a brisk wood5 fire kept ! temp]ature ne>ly up to t ( boil+ wat]4 ,a negro1 aft] c>efully wa%+ 8 h&s1 kept cont9ually /irr+ ! leaves 9 all directions1 till _! ext]nal dampness 0 q evaporat$1 & ! leaves acquir$ ! s(tness ( l95 rag1 & a small p9* ( !m1 :5 roll$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! h&1 became a little ball t w\ld n unroll4 ,9 ?is /ate ! mass ( tea 0 divid$ into two portions1 & a negro took ea* & set !m on a hurdle1 =m$ ( /rips ( bamboo1 laid at "r angles1 :]e !y %ook & knead$ ! leaves 9 all directions = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 an op]ation :i* requires habit to be prop]ly p]=m$1 & on :i* mu* ( ! beauty ( ! product dep5ds4 ,x is impossible to describe ?is process2 ! motion ( ! h&s is rapid & v irregul>1 & ! degree ( pressure requisite v>ies accord+ to circum/ances2 g5]ally speak+1 ! "y negro wom5 are consid]$ m clev] at ?is "p ( ! "w ?an old] p]sons4 ,z ?is process ( roll+ & twi/+ ! leaves goes on1 _! gre5 juice is dra9$ (f ?r\gh ! hurdle1 & x is ess5tial t ! tea be p]fectly dive/$ ( ! moi/ure1 :i* is acrid1 & ev5 corrosive1 ! bruis+ & knead+ be+ especially design$ to break ! p>5*yma ( ! leaf1 & p]mit ! escape ( ! sap4 ,:5 ! leaves h be5 ?us twi/$ & roll$1 !y are replac$ 9 ! great iron pan1 & ! temp]ature rais$ till ! h& c no long] be> ! heat at ! bottom4 ,= upw>ds ( an h\r ! negroes are !n con/antly employ$ 9 sep>at+1 %ak+1 & ?r[+ ! foliage up & d[n1 9 ord] to facilitate ! dessication1 & mu* neatness & quickness ( h& 7 requisite1 t ! manipulators might nei!r burn !mselves nor all[ ! masses ( leaves to adh]e to ! hot bottom ( ! pan4 ,x is easy to see t1 if ! pan 0 plac$ )9 ano!r pan fill$ ) boil+ wat]1 & ! leaves 7 /irr$ ) an iron spatula1 mu* tr\ble might be obviat$4 ,/ill1 ! roll+ & dry+ ( ! leaves 7 successfully p]=m$2 !y became m & m crisp1 & pres]v$ _! twi/$ %ape1 except "s few :i* seem$ too old & coriace\s to submit to be roll$ up4 ,! tea 0 !n plac$ on a sieve1 ) wide ap]tures ( regul> sizes1 & =m$ ( flat /rips ( bamboo4 ,! be/ roll$ leaves1 produc$ f ! tips ( ! buds & ! t5d]e/ leaves1 pass$ ?r\gh ?is sieve1 & 7 subsequ5tly fann$1 9 ord] to sep>ate any unroll$ fragm5ts :i* might h pass$ ?r\gh !m2 ?is produce 0 call$ ,imp]ial1 or ,u*im ,tea4 ,x 0 aga9 laid 9 ! pan till x acquir$ ! lead5 grey t9t1 :i* prov$ its p]fect dryness1 & any defective leaf :i* _h escap$ ! w9n[+ & sift+ 0 pick$ out by h&4 ,! residue1 :i* 0 left f ! fir/ fann+1 0 submitt$ to all ! op]ations ( w9n[+1 sift+1 & scor*+1 & x !n af=d$ ! ,f9e ,hyson ,tea ( comm]ce2 :ile ! same op]ations p]=m$ on ! residuum ( x yield$ ! ,common ,hyson2 & ! refuse ( ! ?ird quality aga9 af=d$ ! ,co>se ,hyson4--,f9ally1 ! brok5 & unroll$ foliage1 :i* 7 reject$ 9 ! la/ sitt+s1 furni% :at is call$ ,family ,tea1 & ! bett] k9d ( :i* is call$ ,*ato1 & ! inf]ior ,*uto4 ,! latt] sort is nev] sold1 b kept = consumption 9 ! families ( ! gr[]s4 ,su* is ! mode ( prep>ation pursu$ at ,rio ,janeiro1 ?\gh ,i mu/ add t ! process employ$ at ! ,botanic ,g>d5 be+ mo/ c>efully p]=m$ 9 ord] to s]ve z a model = private cultivators ( tea1 ! produce is sup]ior to ! g5]ality1 s t we d>e n judge ( all ,brazilian tea by :at is rais$ at ! g>d5 ( ,rio4 ,i 0 also assur$1 t at ,sa9t ,paul ea* gr[] _h 8 own peculi> me?od1 influ5c+ mat]ially ! quality ( ! tea1 :i* decid$ me to visit t prov9ce1 :]e ,i hop$ to ga9 valuable in=mation respect+ ! culture & fabrication ( tea1 especially consid]$ z an article ( comm]ce4 ,9 ! int]im1 ! mon? ( ,decemb] prov+ excessively hot & ra9y1 s z to =bid any di/ant excursions1 ,i turn$ my att5tion to ! important object ( procur+ tea plants 9 numb] & /ate fit = exportation2 &1 obs]v+ t almo/ all ! %rubs ,i saw 7 too l>ge = ?is purpose1 ,i appli$ to ,m4 de ,br&ao = 8 help & advice4 ,?is g5tleman1 9 ! mo/ c\rte\s mann]1 (f]$ me ei!r se$s or slips f 8 own tea %rubs4 ,! /rik+ ( ! latt] 01 he own$1 a haz>d\s & unc]ta9 affair1 ?\gh x _h ! probable advantage ( secur+ a f9] k9d ( plant ?an c\ld ) c]ta9ty be rais$ f se$4 ,i1 h[ev]1 began by ask+ him = newly ga!r$ se$s1 9 ord] to set !m 9 my little nurs]y g>d5 at ,santa ,!resa1 & he oblig+ly gave me a ?\s& ( ! se$s1 p]fectly ripe & s\nd1 :i* is easily kn[n by ! purpli%-br[n color ( _! integum5t4 ,m4 ,h\let imm$iately set ab\t prep>+ ! soil 9 :i* to plant ^! se$s1 & ! e>? be+ excessively argillace\s & h>d1 mu* digg+1 manur+1 & dress+ 7 ne$ful2 9 a ^w1 we neglect$ no precautions :i* c\ld contribute to ! gr[? ( our se$s4 ,9 ! int]im ,i all[$ n a s+le dry day to elapse )\t visit+ ! c\ntry h\se ne> ,rio1 9 all ( :i* ,i saw some?+ m or less int]e/+1 ei!r 9 ! culture ( tea1 or o!r vegetable productions ( comm]cial value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i detect$1 gr[+ n unfrequ5tly 9 ! environs ( ,rio1 ! ,ilex ,p>aguay5sis ( ,m4 ,augu/e de ,/4 ,hilaire1 p]fectly id5tical ) ! tree :i* ! ,jesuits plant$ 9 ! missions ( ,p>aguay1 & ^: foliage is an article ( great importance ?r\gh\t ,spani% ,am]ica1 & v5d$ "u ! "n ( ,p>aguay ,tea4 ,a liv+ plant ( ?is %rub 0 br\ght home by me1 & plac$ 9 ! ,royal ,g>d5 at ,p>is1 z well z a species ( ,vanilla1 & _m o!r r>e & int]e/+ plants4 ,i also made a valuable collection ( woods employ$ = dye+1 build+1 & cab9et "w1 ) samples ( _! fl[]s1 fruits1 & leaves1 to facilitate botanical det]m9ation4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci1 ,m4 ,h\let began anew s[+ tea1 n only 9 ! op5 gr\nd 9 our little g>d51 b also 9 pans1 9 ord] to facilitate ! lift+ ( ! "y plants1 & putt+ !m into ! cases t ,i _h br\ght = ! purpose4 ,! heat be+ excessive1 we pur*as$ mats1 t we might %elt] !m f ! sun1 & we gave !m wat] f> m frequ5tly4 ,_m ( ! se$s t we _h s[n a mon? previ\sly1 7 already appe>+ above ! gr\nd1 b ! soil be+ ( too compact a nature1 "s did n come up1 :i* w>n$ u to make *oice 9 future ( a light] k9d ( soil4 ,! p]iod n[ arriv$ :5 ,i 0 to visit ! tea plantations 9 ! prov9ce ( ,/4 ,paul2 & hop+ t ! cultivators w\ld give me "s ( ! "y %rubs1 ,i took ,m4 ,h\let ) me1 leav+ ! *>ge ( our collections & se$l+s to ,m4 ,pissis1 a ,fr5* geologi/ & eng9e]1 ) :om ,i _h =m$ an intimate acqua9tance1 & :o mo/ oblig+ly (f]$ to att5d to !m dur+ my abs5ce4 ,_m 7 ! influ5tial p]sons at ,rio ,janeiro1 :o gave me introductory lett]s to ! proprietors & tea gr[]s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,we />t$ on ! #ae? ,janu>y1 by /eam-boat1 & 9 two days rea*$ ,santos1 ! pr9cipal port 9 ! prov9ce ( ,/4 ,paul2 !nce cross+ ! great *a9 ( m\nta9s1 nam$ ! ,s]ra d ,m>1 9 c>avans drawn by mules1 we rea*$ ! city ( ,/4 ,paul on ! #bj? ,janu>y1 :]e ,i exp]i5c$ ! w>me/ reception f ! gov]nor1 two ex-gov]nors1 & "s o!r g5tlem54 99 99 99 99 99 ,accompani$ by ,m4,j4 ,gomez & a ,m4 ,b>&i]1 an hi/orical pa9t]1 :om ! desire to visit a new c\ntry1 & to see its inhabitants1 _h induc$ to become my compagnon de voyage1 we visit$ almo/ imm$iately a ,m4 ,feigo1 ex-,reg5t ( ! ,empire1 & n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,prov9cial ,s5ate4 ,we f\nd ?is v5]able ecclesia/ic at 8 c\ntry-h\se1 two leagues di/ant f ! city1 & "h we saw all ! process pursu$ on ! tea leaf1 comm5c+ by ! bruis+1 dry+1 & scor*+ ( a l>ge quantity ( foliage pick$ ! prec$+ ev5+4 ,! *ief diff]5ce t /ruck me 9 ! mode "h adopt$1 01 t ! t5d]1 flexible1 & n brittle leaves1 7 ga!r$ ) ! petiole & tip extremity ( e bud1 & t "s wat] 0 put ) !m into ! iron pan1 9 :i* ! negresses twi/$1 squeez$1 broke & %ook ! masses ( foliage4 ,! op]ation 01 on ! :ole1 m neatly p]=m$ ?an at ,rio4 ,:5 ! tea 0 p]fectly dry & remov$ f ! pan1 x 0 plac$ aside 9 a box1 %ad$ f ! air & light1 & 0 consid]$ ready = pres5t use1 on ! spot2 b ,m4 ,feigo in=m$ me1 t :5 s5t to a di/ance1 ! cases 7 h]metically clos$1 & ! tea und]w5t an extra dessication ov] ! fire4 ,! plantations belong+ to ,m4 ,feigo1 & surr\nd+ 8 *ag>a1 are ext5sive1 conta9+ ab\t #bj1jjj tea %rubs1 ( f9e gr[? & high vigor1 mo/ ( !m six or eight ye>s old1 set 9 regul> l9es1 a metre asund] f ea* o!r1 & ! l9es ) a metre & a half betwe5 !m4 ,! soil is excell5t1 argillaceo-f]rug9\s1 z is g5]ally ! case ne> ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,/4 ,paul1 "s squ>es are devot$ to ! gr[? ( tea2 b ,i am n aw>e t ! leaves are ev] subject to prep>ation4 ,m4 da ,luz _h invit$ u to inspect 8 tea-gr\nds ne> ,nossa ,s5hora da ,p5ha1 & ,i w5t ?i!r1 accompani$ by ,messrs4 ,b>&i] & ,h\let4 ,! cultivation is admirable1 ! soil excell5t1 & ! tea-plants peculi>ly vigor\s4 ,ea* %rub 0 s plac$ t a man c easily g all r\nd x1 & "y plants1 self-s[n1 7 spr++ up bel[ e old "o2 ( ^! (fsets1 ,i 0 made welcome to z _m z ,i c\ld take away1 & %\ld h _h a great /ock1 b t ! gr\nd _h be5 v rec5tly cle>$4 ,m4 da ,luz %[$ me 8 magaz9es ( prep>$ tea1 :i* 7 ext5sive & well /ock$4 ,h5ce ,i w5t to ! prop]ty ( a lady1 ,donna ,g]trude ,g$ioze ,l>c$a1 situat$ at ! foot ( ,j>igur1 a m\nta9 fam$ = its gold m9es1 & pass$ two days 9 explor+ ?is celebrat$ locality1 & !n visit$ ! ,colonel ,ana/osio on my way back to ,/4 ,paul4 ,^! plantations are 9 ! mo/ prosp]\s condition1 situat$ on a slop+ & well-manur$ tract beh9d ! habitations4 ,! %rubs are g5]ally kept l[1 & frequ5tly cut1 s z to1 make !m bran*+1 by :i* ! process ( pick+ ! leaves is r5d]$ easi]4 ,!re may be #fj1jjj or #gj1jjj plants1 b a ?ird ( !m 7 only set a ye> be=e4 ,e arrangem5t is excell5tly conduct$ "h2 ! pans kept v clean1 ?\gh p]haps r ?9 f long use & ! fi]c5ess ( ! fires4 ,b ! g5]al good ord] t prevails1 speaks mu* 9 favor ( ! tea produc$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,! colonel %[$ me 8 w>eh\se1 :]e ! tea is /or$ 9 iron j>s1 n>r[-neck$ & clos$ by a tight fitt+ /opp]4 ,i v5tur$ to put "s que/ions to ,colonel ,ana/osio respect+ ! sale ( ! produce4 ,he gave me to und]/& t he 0 by no means eag] to sell2 b1 confid5t ( ! good quality1 he wait$ till application 0 made to him = x1 z ! tea is ?\ght to improve by "t1 & ! price is kept up by !re be+ a small supply4 ,) respect to ! co/ ( its production 9 ,brazil1 he said1 ?is 0 s great t1 to make x answ] to ! gr[]1 a price ( n less ?an #b1jjj reis1 ab\t six francs 7#es471 mu/ be got = ea* p\nd4 ,! :ole labor 9 ,brazil is done by slaves1 :o c]ta9ly d n co/ mu* to keep1 b :o1 on ! o!r h&1 "w z little z !y c help1 hav+ no int]e/ 9 ! occupation4 ,! slaves1 too1 be> a high price1 & ! *ances ( mortality1 ) ! exorbitant value ( money 9 ,brazil1 augm5t _! sell+ value4 ,! ,major da ,luz k9dly pres5t$ me ) #cjj "y tea-plants1 :i* he _h caus$ 8 negroes to pull up = me2 & 9 an adjo9+ f>m1 :]e an imm5se tract plant$ ) tea is n[ all[$ to run to wa/e1 be+ no object ( value to ! proprietor1 ,i 0 p]mitt$ to take all ,i c\ld c>ry away2 & 9 a s+le day's "t1 ,m4 ,h\let & ,i1 aid$ by "s slaves1 succe$$ 9 possess+ ourselves ( #c1jjj "y plants1 :i* we c>efully arrang$ 9 bamboo baskets 7"h call$ ce/os74 ,to dim9i% ! weight1 ,m4 ,h\let remov$ z little soil z possible2 b c>efully wett$ ! roots be=e clos+ ! baskets1 & cov]$ !m ) banana leaves4 ,9 "o g>d51 ! l>ge/ ,i h se5 devot$ to ! gr[? ( tea1 b :i* is n p>ticul>ly well kept1 ,i saw t ! spaces betwe5 ! %rubs 7 plant$ ) maize1 & ! bord]+ ( ! squ>es :i* int]sect ?is va/ plantation1 & ! :ole ( :i* is inclos$ ) valleys ( ,arauc>ia ,brasili5sis1 is =m$ ( little dw>f tea-plants1 :i* are kept l[ by cutt+ _! ma9 %oots d[n to ! level ( ! soil4 ,on ! #h? ( ,febru>y ,i aga9 emb>k$ 9 ! /eam-boat to return to ,rio ,janeiro1 & :5 we came 9 sight ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,i left ,m4 ,h\let to proce$ to ! city alone1 *>g+ him to take ! v greate/ c>e ( our package ( tea-plants1 z well z ( ! nurs]y-gr\nd at ,/4 ,!resa1 :ile ,i %\ld visit ! fl\ri%+ colony ( ,ubatuba1 inhabit$ by ,fr5* families1 :o cultivate mo/ successfully c(fee1 & o!r useful vegetables4 ,aft] a delightful sail ?r\gh an ar*ipelago ( en*ant+ isl&s1 ,i l&$ at ,pontagrossa1 :]e ,i 0 mo/ k9dly receiv$1 & sp5t a week1 obta9+ mu* & v>i$ in=mation1 bo? respect+ cultivat$ plants & ! k9ds ( trees :i* gr[ spontane\sly 9 ! virg9 =e/s ( ?is lovely l&1 & af=d valuable woods = build+1 cab9et "w1 & dye+4 ,f9ally1 ,i visit$ ! tea plantations ( ,m4 ,vign]on1 :i* are rem>kably f9e1 ?\gh _! own] f9ds a mu* m pr(itable employm5t 9 ! gr[? ( c(fee1 :i* is v lucrative4 ,he k9dly gave me a quantity ( "y tea-plants & *ocolate trees4 ,reluctantly quitt+ ^! wor?y coloni/s1 ,i re-emb>k$ 9 a ,brazilian galliot1 :i* took me back to ,rio ,janeiro 9 ! close ( ,febru>y4 ,!re ,i f\nd ! tea-plants f ,/4 ,paul1 set by ,m4 ,h\let1 9 our g>d5 at ,/4 ,!resa1 & ,i add$ to !m ! /ock ,i _h br\ght f ,ubatuba4 ,all ! v "y ones _h p]i%$ on ! way1 f ! excessive heat1 & ,m4 ,h\let _h mu* difficulty 9 sav+ ! o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,guillem9 concludes 8 int]e/+ n>ration ) ?is p>tially disc\rag+ fact2--t ?\gh ! culture ( ! tea-%rub succe$s p]fectly well 9 ,brazil2 ?\gh ! ga!r+ ( ! foliage proce$s ) h>dly any int]ruption dur+ ! entire ye>2 ?\gh ! quality 7sett+ aside ! aroma1 :i* is believ$ to be artificially add$7 is n inf]ior to t ( ! f9e/ tea f ,*9a--/ill ! gr[]s h n realis$ any l>ge pr(its4 ,!y h manufactur$ an imm5se quantity ( tea1 to judge by :at he saw 9 ! w>eh\ses at ,/4 ,paul1 b !y _c af=d to sell x "u six francs = ! half kilogramme 7a p\nd weight71 :i* is high] ?an ,*9ese tea ( equally good quality4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 precisely "o ( ^? commodities 9 :i* free lab\r1 t is1 ! labor ( a free peasant's family1 ! wife & *ildr51 ! "y & ! old1 c successfully compete ) slave labor1 & consid]ably und]sell x4 ,x is manife/1 f ! rem>ks ( ,m4 ,guillem91 t ! co/ = plantation slaves1 "u a sy/em app>5tly s pr(itable z labor )\t wages1 is a dead weight on ! ,brazilian plant]4 ,p>aguay ,tea4--,a species ( holly 7,ilex ,p>agu5sis71 :i* gr[s spontane\sly 9 ! =e/ regions ( ,p>aguay1 & ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 furni%es ! celebrat$ bev]age call$ ,y]ba ,mate1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ev]gre5 leaf ( ?is plant is f f\r to five in*es long2 :5 prep>$ = use z tea x is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & h5ce ! decoction has to be quaff$ by means ( a tube ) a bulb p]=at$ ) small holes4 ,! leaves yield ! same bitt] pr9ciple call$ !9e1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! leaf ( ! ,*9ese tea-plant1 ! c(fee b]ry1 c4 ,v>i\s o!r species ( ,ilex are sometimes employ$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica = a simil> purpose4 ,al?\gh ! leaves may n conta9 z mu* ( ! agreeable n>cotic oil z ^? ( ! ,*9a %rub1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rude way 9 :i* x is collect$ & prep>$ = use1 yet x is mu* reli%$ by ,european travell]s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & w\ld d\btless ent] l>gely into consumption if import$ into ?is c\ntry at a mod]ate rate ( duty4 ,! consumption 9 ! v>i\s ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics is e/imat$ at ?irty or =ty millions ( p\nds annually4 ,x is g5]ally drank )\t sug> or milk4 ,!re are no correct data = calculat+ ! exports1 b "s au?orities /ate ! am\nt s5t to ,santa ,fe & ,bu5os ,ayres at eight millions ( p\nds4 ,a great trade is c>ri$ on ) x at ,/a4 ,fe1 :]e x is br\ght f ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,!re are two sorts1 "o call$ ,y]ba de ,palos1 ! o!r1 :i* is f9]1 ,y]ba de ,c>n9i4 ,frezi] tells u t1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ag? c5tury1 above #ej1jjj arrobas1 or m ?an #ab1jjj cwt4 ( ?is h]b 7 br\ght into ,p]u f ,p>aguay1 exclusive ( ab\t #be1jjj arrobas tak5 to ,*ile2 & ,fa!r ,*>l]oix1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,p>aguay1 /ates ! quantity %ipp$ to ,p]u annually at #ajj1jjj arrobas1 or ne>ly #b1ejj1jjj lbs4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,w4,p4 ,rob]tson1 has favor$ me ) "s details z to ! production ( ,p>aguay tea4 ,8 bro!r has graphically describ$ a visit he paid to ! wa/es or woods ( ! ,y]ba tree1 ) a colony ( manufactur]s f ,assumption4 ,^! woods 7 situat$ *iefly 9 ! c\ntry adjac5t to a small mis]able t[n call$ ,villa ,real1 ab\t #aej miles high] up ! riv] ,p>aguay ?an ,assumption4 ,! ma/] manufactur]1 ) ab\t =ty or fifty hir$ peons or s]vants1 m\nt$ on mules1 & a hundr$ bulls & sumpt] mules1 set out on _! exp$ition1 & hav+ discov]$ 9 ! d5se wood a suitable locality1 =?) a settlem5t is e/abli%$1 & ! necess>y wigwams = dwell+s1 c41 run up4 ,! next /ep is ! con/ruction ( ! tatacua4 ,?is 0 a small space ( gr\nd1 ab\t six feet squ>e1 ( :i* ! soil 0 beat5 d[n ) heavy mallets1 till x became a h>d & consi/5t f\ndation4 ,at ! f\r corn]s ( ?is space1 & at "r angles1 7 driv5 9 f\r v /rong /akes1 :ile ^u ! surface ( x 7 laid l>ge logs ( wood4 ,?is 0 ! place at :i* ! leaves & small sprigs ( ! y]ba tree1 :5 br\ght f ! woods1 7 fir/ scor*$--fire be+ set to ! logs ( wood )9 x4 ,by ! side ( ! tatacua 0 spread an ample squ>e net ( hidework1 ( :i*1 aft] ! scor*$ leaves 7 laid ^u x1 a peon ga!r$ up ! f\r corn]s & proce$$ ) 8 bur!n on 8 %\ld]s to ! second place con/ruct$1 ! b>bacue4 ,?is 0 an ar* ( consid]able span1 & ( :i* ! support consi/$ ( ?ree /rong tre/les4 ,! c5tre tre/le =m$ ! highe/ "p ( ! ar*4 ,ov] ?is sup]/ructure 7 laid cross-b>s /rongly rail$ to /akes on ei!r side ( ! c5tral supports1 & s =m$ ! ro( ( ! ar*4 ,! leaves be+ sep>at$ aft] ! tatacua process1 f ! gross] b\ghs ( ! y]ba tree1 7 laid on ?is ro(1 "u :i* a l>ge fire 0 k9dl$4 ,( ?is fire ! flames asc5d$1 & /ill fur!r scor*$ ! leaves ( ! y]ba4 ,! two peons b5ea? ! ar*1 ) long poles1 took c>e1 z f> z !y c\ld1 t no ignition %\ld take place2 & 9 ord] to ext+ui% ?is1 :5 x did occur1 ano!r peon 0 /ation$ at ! top ( ! ar*4 ,along bo? sides ( ?is !re 7 two deal planks1 &1 ) a long /ick 9 8 h&1 ! peon ran along ^! planks1 & in/antly ext+ui%$ any incipi5t sp>ks ( fire t appe>$4 ,:5 ! y]ba 0 ?or\ghly scor*$1 ! fire 0 swept f ! b>bacue or ar*2 ! gr\nd 0 !n swept1 & p\nd$ ) heavy mallets1 into ! h>de/ & smoo!/ sub/ance4 ,! scor*$ leaves & v small twigs 7 !n ?r[n d[n f ! ro( ( ! ar*1 &1 by means ( a rude wood5 mill1 gr\nd to p[d]4 ,! y]ba or tea 0 n[ ready = use2 & be+ convey$ to a l>g] %$1 previ\sly erect$ = ! purpose1 0 !n receiv$1 weigh$1 & /or$ by ! ov]se]4 ,! next & la/ process1 & ! mo/ labori\s ( all1 0 t ( pack+ ! tea4 ,?is 0 done by fir/ sew+ toge!r1 9 a squ>e =m1 ! half ( a bull's hide1 :i* be+ /ill damp1 0 fa/5$ by two ( its corn]s to two /rong tre/les1 driv5 f> into ! gr\nd4 ,! pack] !n1 ) an enorm\s /ick1 made ( ! heavie/ wood1 & hav+ a huge block at "o end1 & a pyramidal piece to give x a great] impulse at ! o!r1 press$1 by repeat$ ef=ts1 ! y]ba into ! hide sack1 till he got x full to ! brim4 ,x !n conta9$ f #bjj to #bej p\nds1 & be+ sew$ up1 & left to tight5 ov] ! cont5ts z ! hide dri$1 x =m$ at ! end ( a c\ple ( days1 by exposure to ! sun1 a sub/ance z h>d z /one1 & almo/ z weighty & imp]vi\s too4 ,hav+ describ$ ! process ( mak+ ready ! y]ba = use1 we w n[ accompany ,mr4 ,rob]tson to ! woods1 to see h[ x is collect$4 ,aft] all ! prep>ations :i* ,i h detail$ 7 complet$ 7& x requir$ only ?ree days to f9i% !m71 ! peons salli$ =? f ! y]ba colony by c\ples4 ,i accompani$ two ( ! /\te/ & be/ ( !m4 ,!y _h ) !m no o!r weapon ?an a small axe2 no o!r clo?+ ?an a girdle r\nd _! wai/ & a r$ cap on _! head2 no o!r provision ?an a cig>1 & a c['s horn fill$ ) wat]2 & !y 7 animat$ by no o!r hope or desire1 t ,i c\ld p]ceive1 ?an ^? ( soon discov]+ a "p ( ! wood ?ickly /udd$ ) ! y]ba tree4 ,!y also desir$ to f9d x z ne> z possible to ! colonial encampm5t1 9 ord] t ! labor ( c>ry+ ! r\gh bran*es to ! sc5e ( op]ations might be z mu* z possible dim9i%$4 ,we _h sc>cely skirt$ = a qu>t] ( a mile ! woods :i* %ut 9 ! valley :]e we 7 biv\ack$1 :5 we came ^u num]\s clumps ( ! y]ba tree4 ,x 0 ( all sizes1 f t ( ! %rub to t ( ! full-gr[n orange tree2 ! leaves ( x 7 v l ^? ( t beautiful production4 ,! small] ! plant1 ! bett] is ! tea :i* is tak5 f x consid]$ to be4 ,to "w ) _! hat*ets w5t ! peons1 & 9 less ?an a c\ple ( h\rs !y _h ga!r$ a m\nta9 ( bran*es1 & pil$ !m up 9 ! =m ( a hay/ack4 ,bo? ( !m !n fill$ _! l>ge pon*os ) ! covet$ article ( comm]ce 9 its raw /ate1 & !y m>*$ (f ) _! respective loads4 ,hav+ deposit$ ?is fir/ load )9 ! prec9cts ( ! colony1 ! peons return$ = a second1 & s on till !y _h cle>$ away ! :ole mass ( bran*es & ( leaves cut & collect$ dur+ t day4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ! colony ,i f\nd ! peons com+ by two & two1 f e "p ( ! valley1 all lad5 9 ! same way4 ,!re 7 tw5ty tatacuas1 tw5ty b>bacues1 & tw5ty pies ( ! y]ba cut & ready = manufacture4 ,two days aft] t ! :ole colony 0 9 a blaze1 tatacuas & b>bacues 7 envelop$ 9 smoke2 on ! ?ird day all 0 /[$ away 9 ! %$2 & on ! f\r? ! peons aga9 w5t out to procure m ( ! b\ghs & leaves4--7,lett]s on ,p>aguay1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adb-adg74 ,ea* peon or labor]1 go+ into ! woods = six mon?s1 c procure eight arrobas1 or #bjj lbs4 ( y]ba a day4 ,?is1 at ! rate ( two rials1 or #as4 = ea* arroba1 w\ld make 8 wages p] day #hs42 & ?is = six mon?s' "w1 at six days 9 ! week1 w\ld produce to ! labor] a sum ( #eg #abs4 ,wilcockes1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 publi%$ 9 #ahjg1 /ates3--,?\gh ! h]b is pr9cipally b\ght by ! m]*ants ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 x is n to t place t x is c>ri$1 no m be+ s5t ?i!r ?an is want$ = ! consumption ( its inhabitants & ^? ( ! vic9ity2 b ! greate/ "p is dispat*$ to ,santa ,fe & ,cordova1 !nce to be =w>d$ to ,potosi & ,m5doza4 ,! quantity export$ to ,p]u is e/imat$ at #ajj1jjj arrobas1 & to ,*ile #dj1jjj4 ,! rema9d] is consum$ 9 ,p>aguay1 ,tucuman1 & ! o!r prov9ces4 ,x is convey$ 9 p>cels ( six or sev5 arrobas1 by waggons1 f ,santa ,fe to ,jugui1 & !nce by mules to ,potosi1 ,la ,paz1 & into ,p]u prop]4 ,ab\t f\r pia/res p] arroba is ! price 9 ,p>aguay1 & at ,potosi x fet*es f eight to n9e1 & m 9 proportion z x is c>ri$ fur!r4 ,,sug>4 ,sug> is obta9$ f _m grasses2 &1 inde$1 is common 9 a l>ge numb] ( plants4 ,x is procur$ 9 ,italy f ,sorghum sac*>atum2 9 ,*9a1 f ,sac*>um s95se2 9 ,brazil1 f ,gyn]ium sac*>oides2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 f sac*>um violaceum2 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w f ,s (fic9>rum4 ,! la/ two are commonly kn[n z sug> canes1 & !y are g5]ally consid]$ z v>ieties ( a s+le species1 ,s4 (fic9>um1 :i* is n[ widely spread ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"s curi\s specim5s ( palm sug>s 7 exhibit$ at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 among o!rs1--gomuti palm sug> 7,ar5ga sac*>if]a7 f ,java2 date palm sug>1 f ! ,deccan2 nipa sug>1 f ! /ems ( ,nipa fruticans1 & sug> f ! fle%y fl[]s ( ,bassia latifolia1--an ,ea/ ,indian tree4 ,among ! o!r sug>s %[n 7 beet root sug>1 maple sug>1 date sug>1 f ,dacca1 sug> f ! butt] tree 7,bassia butyracea71 produc$ 9 ! division ( ,rohekkund1 9 ,india2 & sug> c&y1 cry/alliz$ by ! natives ( ,calcutta & o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,sug> & molasses f ! grape1 7 also %[n f ,spa91 ,tunis & ! ,zollv]e94 ,sug>1 or sug> c&y1 has be5 made 9 ,*9a f v remote antiquity1 & l>ge quantities h be5 export$ f ,india1 9 all ages1 :5ce x is mo/ probable t x f\nd its way to ,rome4 ,! pr9cipal impurities to be s\ght = 9 cane sug> are inorganic matt]1 wat]1 molasses1 f>9a1 & grape1 or />* sug>4 ,! latt] sub/ance is occasionally1 = adult]at+ purposes1 add$ 9 ,europe to cane sug>2 x may be detect$ by ! action ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & ( a solution ( cau/ic potassa2 ! =m] black5s cane sug>1 b does n affect ! />* sug>1 :ile potassa d>k5s ! color ( />* sug>1 b does n alt] t ( cane sug>4 ,b ! copp] te/ is f> m delicate4 ,add to ! solution to be te/$1 a few drops ( blue vitriol1 & !n a quantity ( potassa solution1 & apply heat2 if ! cane sug> is pure1 ! liquor w rema9 blue1 :ile1 if x be adult]at$ ) />* sug>1 x w assume a r$di% yell[ color4 ,inorganic matt] is det]m9$ by inc9]ation1 f>9a by ! iod9e te/1 wat] by dry+ at #baj deg41 & molasses by gett+ rid ( x by re-cry/alization f alcohol1 z also by ! color & moi/ure ( ! article4 ,! natural impurities ( sug> are gum & tann92 gum is detect$ by giv+ a :ite precipitate ) diacetate ( lead1 & tann9 by giv+ a black coloration or precipitate ) p]sulphate ( iron4 ,an exp]i5c$ sug> deal] easily judges ( ! value ( sug> by ! ta/e1 smell1 specific gravity1 moi/ure & g5]al appe>ance4 ,! value ( molasses may be det]m9$ by dry+ at #bbj degs41 & by ! ta/e4 ,! comm]cial dem& = sug> is ma9ly suppli$ f ! juice ( ! cane1 :i* conta9s x 9 great] quantity & purity ?an any o!r plant1 & (f]s ! greate/ facilities = its extraction4 ,al?\gh sug>1 id5tical 9 its "*1 exi/s 9 ! maple1 ! coco-nut1 maize1 ! beet root1 & mango1 & is economically obta9$ f ^! to a consid]able ext5t1 yet x is n suffici5tly pure to admit ( ready sep>ation f ! =eign matt] comb9$ ) x1 at lea/ by ! simple me*anical means1 ! ord9>y produc]s usually h at comm&2 unless c>ri$ onto a l>ge ext5t1 & ) suitable ma*9]y & *emical k & appliances4 ,! diff]5t species ( comm]cial sug> usually met ) 9 ?is c\ntry1 are f\r1 viz3--br[n1 or muscovado sug> 7commonly call$ moi/ sug>72 clay$ sug>1 ref9$ or loaf sug>1 & sug> c&y2 ^! v>ieties are altoge!r dep5d5t on ! diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods employ$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,! cultivation ( ! sug> cane1 & ! manufacture ( sug>1 7 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ea/1 by ! ,s>ac5s1 soon aft] _! conque/s1 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,x is /at$ by ! ,v5etian hi/orians1 t _! c\ntrym5 import$ sug> f ,sicily1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 at a *eap] rate ?an !y c\ld obta9 x f ,egypt1 :]e x 0 !n ext5sively made4 ,! fir/ plantations 9 ,spa9 7 at ,val5cia2 b !y 7 ext5d$ to ,granada1 ,m]cia1 ,portugal1 ,madeira1 & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,f ,gom]a1 "o ( ^! isl&s1 ! sug> cane 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/ ,indies1 by ,columbus1 9 8 second voyage to ,am]ica 9 #adic4 ,x 0 cultivat$ to "s ext5t 9 ,/4 ,dom+o 9 #aejf1 :]e x succe$$ bett] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r isl&s4 ,9 #aeah1 !re 7 tw5ty-eight plantations 9 t colony1 e/abli%$ by ! ,spani>ds1 :]e an abundance ( sug> 0 made1 :i*1 = a long p]iod1 =m$ ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,european supplies4 ,b>bados1 ! olde/ ,engli% settlem5t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 began to export sug> 9 #afdf1 & z f> back z ! ye> #afgf ! trade requir$ f\r hundr$ vessels1 av]ag+ "o hundr$ & fifty tons burd54 ,! common sug> cane is a p]5nial plant1 v s5sitive to cold1 & is1 !re=e1 re/rict$ 9 its cultivation to regions bord]+ on ! tropics1 :]e !re is little or no fro/4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n hemisph]e its production is pr9cipally conf9$ to situations favorable to its gr[?1 ly+ betwe5 ! =tie? p>allel ( nor? latitude & a correspond+ degree s\?4 ,on ! ,atlantic side ( ! ,we/]n cont95t1 x w n ?rive beyond ! ?irty-?ird degree ( nor? latitude & ! ?irty-fif? p>allel s\?4 ,on ! ,pacific side x w p]fect its gr[? "s five degrees fur!r nor? or s\?4 ,f ! flexibility ( ?is plant1 x is highly probable t x is gradually becom+ m h>dy1 & w ev5tually endure an exposure & yield a pr(itable return mu* fur!r nor?1 along ! bord]s ( ! ,mississippi & "s ( its tribut>ies1 ?an x has hi!rto be5 produc$4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,l\isiana ! canes yield ?ree crops f "o plant+4 ,! fir/ season is d5om9at$ plant cane1 & ea* ( ! subsequ5t gr[?s1 ratoons4 ,b1 sometimes1 z on ! prairies ( ,attakapas & ,opel\sas1 & ! high] nor!rn range ( its cultivation1 x requires to be replant$ e ye>4 ,)9 ! tropics1 z 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & else:]e1 ! ratoons frequ5tly cont9ue to yield abundantly = twelve or fifte5 ye>s f ! same roots4 ,! cultivation ( ?is plant is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,v5ezuela1 ,brazil1 ,mauritius1 ,briti% ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ! ,sunda1 ,phillipp9e1 & ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & to ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! v>ieties mo/ cultivat$ 9 ! latt] are ! /rip$ blue & yell[ ribbon1 or ,java1 ! r$ ribbon1 violet1 f ,java1 ! ,creole1 cry/all9e or ,malab>1 ! ,otaheite1 ! purple1 ! yell[1 ! purple-b&$1 & ! grey canes4 ,! quantity ( sug> produc$ on an acre v>ies f five hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 av]ag+1 p]haps1 f eight hundr$ to "o ?\s& p\nds4 ,six to eight p\nds ( ! sac*>9e juice ( ! plant1 yield "o p\nd ( raw sug>2 f #af to #bj c>t-loads ( canes1 ought to make a hog%ead ( sug>1 if ?or\ghly ripe4 ,! weight necess>y to manufacture #aj1jjj hhds ( sug>1 is usually e/imat$ at #bej1jjj tons1 or #be tons p] hhd4 ( #ae or #af cwt4 ,! quantity ( sug> n[ produc$ 9 our colonies is 9 excess ( ! dem&s ( ! consum]s1 t is1 ( _! dem&s cramp$ z !y are by ! duties /ill levi$ on sug> consum$ 9 ,great ,brita91 impos$ = ! purposes ( rev5ue2 ! high duty on all o!r b indig5\s sug>1 consum$ all ov] ! cont95t1 impos$ to promote ! manufacture ( beet-root sug>1 & ! legal duty levi$ on all o!r ?an indig5\s sug> us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! purpose ( protect+ ! sug> production ( t c\ntry2 & s long z t excess exi/s---until a fur!r r$uction ( duties %all increase consumption & cause sug> to be us$ = _m purposes :i* ! pres5t high rates prohibit its be+ appli$ to--any improvem5t :i* may be effect$ 9 ! quality--any increase :i* may take place 9 ! quantity ( colonial sug>--w only result inf9itely m to ! b5efits ( ! consum]s ?an ! produc]s4 ,9 #agjj ! quantity consum$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 0 only ab\t #bjj1jjj cwt4 ,9 #aheb1 includ+ molasses1 c41 x 0 n less ?an #h1jjj1jjj cwt41 a =ty-fold increase 9 ! c5tury & a-half4 ,tak+ ! :ole population la/ ye>1 x 0 ne>ly #bh lbs4 p] head4 ,9 #ahcb ! consumption 9 ,great ,brita9 alone 0 put d[n by ,mr4 ,m',cullo* at #bc lbs42 & z my e/imate includes ,irel&1 :]e ! consumption is notori\sly small1 we may inf] t x has increas$ 9 ,great ,brita9 s9ce #ahcb at lea/ #e lb4 p] head4 ,z ! all[ance to s]vants is f lb4 to #a lb4 p] week1 x may be assum$ t #ej lb4 a ye>1 at lea/1 is n too mu* = gr[n p]sons4 ,9 sug>-produc+ c\ntries ! quantity consum$ is enorm\s2 ! lab\r]s live on x 9 ! manufactur+ season2 & a ,duke ( ,beau=t1 :o di$ ab\t #agbj1 consum$ "o p\nd daily = =ty ye>s1 & enjoy$ excell5t heal? till he 0 sev5ty ye>s ( age4 ,! consumption ( sug> has increas$ consid]ably s9ce x has become *eap2 & we may expect1 !re=e1 t ! consumption w ext5d m rapidly ?an ev]4 ,! :ole quantity consum$ 9 ,europe la/ ye>1 includ+ beet-root sug>1 0 n less ?an #af1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,if peace be pres]v$ & prosp]ity cont9ue1 ! m>ket = sug> w ext5d amaz+ly1 & =ce ! cultivation by free m5 9 all tropical c\ntries4 ,briti% ,ea/ ,india & ,total ( ,b4,p4 ,ye>s4 ,plantation ,mauritius ,e4,i4 & ,consumption tons4 tons ,mauritius tons4 #ahch-ci #agf1jcc #ed1jag #bcj1jej #aie1dhc #ci-dj #ada1bai #fj1ceh #bja1egg #aia1bgi #dj-da #aaj1gci #eb1bcb #afb1iga #agi1gda #da-db #ajg1efj #ig1gib #bje1ceb #bjb1iga #db-dc #abc1fhe #hj1dbi #bjd1aad #aii1dia #dc-dd #abe1agh #gh1idc #bjd1aba #bjb1bei #dd-de #abb1fci #ha1iei #bjd1eih #bjf1iii #de-df #adb1chd #ajb1fij #bde1jgd #bdd1jcj #dg-dh #afd1fdf #abe1hbi #bij1dge #bhi1ecg #dh-di #aci1hfh #ajg1hdd #bdg1gab #cjh1aca #di-ej #adb1bjc #aba1hej #bfd1jec #bif1aai #ej-ea #abi1dga #aai1cag #bdh1ghh #cje1faf #ea-eb #adh1jjj #aaj1jjj #beh1jjj #cab1ggh --,! above figures ref] to raw sug> only4 ,at ^! p]iods1 calculat+ f #ahch-ci1 ! duty on ,briti% sug> rang$ f #bds4 d[n to #ajs4 p] cwt41 & =eign slave-gr[n sug> f #fcs4 d[n to #ads4 ,! greate/ impetus 0 giv5 to =eign sug> :5 ! duties 7 r$uc$1 9 #ahdf4 ,! ext5sion ( sug> cultivation 9 v>i\s c\ntries :]e ! climate is suitable1 has rec5tly attract$ consid]able att5tion among plant]s & m]*ants4 ,! ,au/ralian ,society ( ,sydney (f]$ its ,isis ,gold ,m$al rec5tly to ! p]son :o %\ld h plant$1 be=e ,may1 #ahea1 ! greate/ numb] ( sug> canes 9 ! colony4 ,i h n he>d :e!r any claim 0 put 9 = ! premium1 b ,i fe> t ! gold fev] has div]t$ att5tion f any new agricultural pursuit1 & t honor>y gold m$als are !re=e unappreciat$4 ,moreton ,bay & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 are admirably suit$ to ! gr[? ( all descriptions ( tropical products4 ,! ,natal ,agricultural ,society is also mak+ great ex]tions to promote sug> culture 9 t settlem5t4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,morewood1 "o ( ! olde/ coloni/s1 has ab\t #ajj acres "u cultivation ) ! cane1 & ,i h se5 "s v excell5t specim5s ( ! produce1 not)/&+ ! want ( suitable ma*9]y to gr9d ! cane & boil ! juice4 ,_m plant]s f ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,mauritius are settl+ !re4 ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,alb]t aw>d$1 ?r\gh ! ,society ( ,arts1 a ye> or two ago1 a gold m$al1 wor? #ajj gu9eas1 to ,mr4 ,j4,a4 ,leon1 = 8 beautiful "w descriptive ( new & improv$ ma*9]y & processes employ$ 9 ! cultivation & prep>ation ( sug> 9 ! ,briti% colonies1 design$ to economise labor & increase production4 ,! c5trifugal ma*9es1 rec5tly br\ght into use1 = sep>at+ ! molasses f ! sug>1 m quickly ?an ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( cool]s1 h t5d$ to *eap5 ! production & simplify ! processes ( sug> mak+4 ,! plant]s object1 h[ev]1 to ! high prices :i* !y are *>g$ = ^! ma*9es1 s simple 9 _! con/ruction2 & t !y are n all[$1 by ! pat5t laws1 to obta9 !m 9 ! *eap] m>kets ( ,france & ,belgium4 ,great loss has hi!rto tak5 place annually1 9 ! sug> colonies1 ?r\gh ! dra9age ( ! molasses1 result+ f ! imp]fect processes 9 use2 b ?is c n[ be obviat$1 by ! use ( ! c5trifugal ma*9e4 ,x is a modification ( ! hydro-extractor1 & is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,f9zel1 ( ,bri/ol4 ,! ma*9e be+ fill$ ) sug>1 appropriately plac$1 is rapidly revolv$1 & a p[]ful ceutrifugal =ce g5]at$2 ! moi/ure is spe$ily remov$ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! revolv+ vessel1 & passes (f ?r\gh ap]tures adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,v>i\s o!r improvem5ts 9 ! mak+ ( sug> h be5 c>ri$ into effect )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 by ,dr4 ,sc(f]n1 ,messrs4 ,oxl& & ,m4 ,mels5s1 b ! description ( ^! w\ld occupy too mu* ( my space1 & ^? :o are desir\s ( gr[+ sug> on an ext5sive scale1 ,i mu/ ref] to ,dr4 ,evans' ,sug> ,plant]'s ,manual1 ,mr4 ,wray's ,practical ,sug> ,plant]1 ,agricola's ,lett]s on ,sug> ,f>m+1 & o!r works :i* treat l>gely & exclusively ( ! subject4 ,an ann\ncem5t has rec5tly be5 made1 t a ,mr4 ,ramos1 ( ,porto ,rico1 has discov]$ "s new dessicat+ ag5t1 to be us$ 9 sug> mak+1 :i* is to co/ next to no?+1 b improves mo/ mat]ially ! quality ( ! sug> made1 & also increases consid]ably ! quantity obta9$ by ! ord9>y process4 ,! av]age annual quantity ( cane sug> produc$ & s5t into ! m>kets ( ! civilis$ _w1 at ! pres5t "t1 may be tak5 at #a1ejj1jjj tons1 exclusive ( ! am\nt gr[n & manufactur$ = local consumption 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ( :i* no c]ta9 /ati/ics exi/1 b :i* has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t ano!r million tons4 ,s f> back z #ahdd1 ! ,calcutta ,/>1 9 an article on sug>1 e/imat$ ! dome/ic consumption 9 ,india1 at #ejj1jjj tons4 ,?is is consid]ably bel[ ! m>k1 ev5 if ,india is tak5 9 its limit$ signification1 z includ+ only ,briti% subjects4 ,on ?is e/imate ! #id1jjj1jjj ( ,briti% subjects1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 w\ld n individually consume m ?an "o p\nd avoirdupois by ! mon?4 ,a fat1 hungry ,brahm91 at any ( ! fe/ivals giv5 by ! great1 w dige/ = 8 own %>e f\r p\nds1 )\t at all emb>rass+ 8 /oma*4 ,assum+ ! million & a half ( tons t f9d _! way into civiliz$ m>kets1 to repres5t an av]age value at ! place ( production ( #ae p] ton1 we h "h ! repres5tation ( #bb1ejj1jjj /]l+4 ,b ?is value may fairly be increas$ by "o-f\r?4 ,! :ole exportable production ( ! sug>-gr[+ c\ntries 0 f\nd to be1 9 #ahdd1 ab\t #ghj1jjj tons1 ( :i* ,cuba furni%$ #bjj1jjj tons4 ,9 #ahde1 not)/&+ ,cuba only produc$ #hj1jjj tons1 ! increase f o!r s\rces 0 s consid]able 7namely3--! ,briti% ,colonial supply #dj1jjj1 ,unit$ ,/ates #dj1jjj1 ,porto ,rico #ae1jjj1 ,brazil #aj1jjj tons7 t ! total produce fell v little %ort ( ! previ\s ye>--hav+ rea*$ #gfd1jjj tons4 ,! pres5t ,,supply ( sug> to ! m>kets ( ,europe1 is ne>ly z foll[s3-- ,cwts4 ,engl& #h1jjj1jjj ,france #b1eej1jjj ,g]man ,league #a1cej1jjj ,prussia #bbj1jjj ,au/ria1 7t5 ,prov9ces7 #efj1jjj ,belgium #bid1jjj ,o!r ,/ates n def9$4 ,! pres5t ,,dem&1 accord+ to ! e/imat$ consumption p] head 7#bh lbs471 f\nd to exi/ 9 ,engl&1 :]e taxation is favorable1 & ! price mod]ate1 w\ld be ab\t #c2 million tons1 viz43-- ,cwts4 ,engl& #h1jjj1jjj ,france #h1hge1jjj ,g]many #e1gej1jjj ,prussia #d1ajj1jjj ,au/ria #h1fdb1heg ,belgium #a1bej1jjj ,russia #ae1bej1jjj ,re/ ( ,europe #ab1ejj1jjj ,! :ole annual ,,production ( ! _w is e/imat$ by ano!r p>ty at #a1dga1jjj1jjj lbs41 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates produce #aej1jjj1jjj lbs41 includ+ #dj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( maple sug>4 ,( ! :ole am\nt ( sug> produc$1 ,europe consumes ab\t #fdh1gjj tons1 divid$ ne>ly z foll[s3-- lbs4 ,great ,brita9 #hjc1cfj1jif ,france #afj1jhj1jjj ,belgium #ai1hdj1jjj ,ne!rl&s #db1jjj1jjj ,russia #gj1jjj1jjj ,d5m>k & ,sw$5 #bb1jjj1jjj ,g]man ,zollv]e9 #aja1cjj1jjj ,o!r p>ts ( ,g]many #afj1jjj1jjj ,au/ria #ej1jjj1jjj ------------- #a1dbh1ehj1jif ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! quantities ( raw sug> 9 g5]al1 9 tons1 import$ into ! ,briti% m>kets = ! la/ five ye>s1 comp>$ ) consumption3-- ,entire ,briti% ,ye>s4 ,importations4 ,consumption4 ,surplus4 #ahdg #dae1bhi #bij1bha #abe1jjh #ahdh #ced1hcd #cji1dbd #de1daj #ahdi #cfb1jhg #bii1jda #fc1jdf #ahej #ccb1dgj #caj1cia #bb1jhi #ahea #dai1jhc #cbi1efa #hi1dgb #aheb #cfj1jcc #ceh1fdb #a1cia ,d$uc$ f ,p>liam5t>y ,pap]1 ,no4 #dfa1 ,session #ahec4 ,! consumption ( sug> !n 9 ! :ole _w may be r\ghly e/imat$ at two & a half million tons1 ( :i* ! ,unit$ ,k+dom may n[ be put d[n = #cej1jjj2 ! re/ ( ,europe #dbj1jjj1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates #cjj1jjj4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates produce ab\t #adj1jjj tons ( cane & maple sug>1 :i* are exclusively us$ = home consumption1 ! rema9d] ( _! requirem5ts be+ made up by =eign importation4 ,! ,am]ican consumption1 :i* 9 #ahea am\nt$ to #acc1jjj tons ( sug> cane rea*$ la/ ye> a total ( #cba1jjj tons1 almo/ z mu* z ,engl& consum$--#ceh1jjj--;& m ?an ! consumption ( #ajj1jjj1jjj ( p]sons on ! cont95t4 ,! :ole production ( tropical sug>1 is ab\t "o million & a-half tons1 :ile ! consumption is probably two million tons2 b ! manufacture ( sug> f beet root1 maple & o!r s\rces1 supplies ! defici5cy4 ,! total quantities ( sug>1 & molasses z sug>1 consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! la/ six ye>s1 71 accord+ to a ,p>liam5t>y pap]1 ,no4 #bib1 ( ! la/ session1 z foll[s3-- ,cwt4 sug>4 ,cwt4 molasses4 #ahdg #d1gbc1bcb #a1bef1dba #ahdh #e1jjc1cah #hfe1geb #ahdi #e1bhc1gbi #a1jba1jfe #ahej #e1egj1dfa #geb1jbg #ahea #e1jdc1hgb #a1ebb1dje #aheb #g1bjc1fca #gii1idb ,! returns fur!r specify t ! annual av]age consumption ( ,briti% colonial sug>1 9 ! five ye>s end+ #ahea1 0 #e1abd1ibb cwt42 & 9 ! five ye>s end+ #ahdf1 0 #d1egi1jed cwt42 ! av]age consumption ( ,briti% colonial sug>1 has1 !re=e1 exce$$ 9 ! five ye>s s9ce ! duties 7 r$uc$1 9 #ahdf1 ! av]age consumption = ! five previ\s ye>s by #ede1hfh cwt4 p] annum2 or 9 ! aggregate 9 ! five ye>s1 ! excess has be5 #c1bci1cch cwt4 ,! quantity consum$ 9 ! ye> end+ ,decemb]1 #aheb1 0 #d1jcc1hgi cwt4#af ,!re c be no d\bt :atev]1 t ! consumption ( sug> 9 ,great ,brita9 is capable ( v l>ge increase2 mod]ate co/1 & ! removal ( re/rictions to its g5]al use1 be+ ! ma9 elem5ts requir$ to br+ x ab\t4 ,! "q ( rev5ue mu/ ( c\rse be a mat]ial consid]ation ) ,gov]nm5t2 b rec5t exp]i5ce c]ta9ly leads to ! conclusion t x w\ld n suff] "u a fur!r r$uction ( duty4 ,! rev5ue d]iv$ f sug> be=e ! r$uction ( ! duty1 0 five millions p] annum2 9 ! pa/ two ye>s x rea*$ ne>ly f\r millions4 ,! r$uction 9 duties :i* took place 9 #ahde1 may be said to h answ]$ ! expectations =m$ ( x1 z reg>ds ! increase ( consumption1 :i* !re is no d\bt w\ld h ev5 gone beyond ! e/imate1 if ! failure 9 ! crop ( sug> 9 ,cuba--t mo/ important isl&1 :i* usually yields "o-fif? ( ! cane crop ( ! :ole _w--_h n driv5 up prices 9 ! g5]al m>ket ( ! cont95t1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 div]t$ ! supply ( free labor sug> f ?is c\ntry4 ,z x 01 h[ev]1 ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :i* 9 #ahdd 0 #bjf1dgb tons1 9 #ahde 0 n less ?an #bdc1jjj--,sir ,rob]t ,peel's e/imate 0 #bej1jjj tons--! av]age r$uction 9 price to ! consum] dur+ ! latt] ye> hav+ be5 #bj p] c5t4 ,! l>ge increase 9 subsequ5t ye>s ,i h already %[n4 ,! consumption ( sug> we f9d1 !n1 has be5 /eadily & rapidly increas+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & if we add toge!r to ! ref9$ & raw sug> & molasses us$1 x w be se5 t ! consumption ( #aheb am\nt$ to #djj1agh tons2 :i* is at ! rate ( #bi lbs4 p] head ( ! population p] annum4 ,:il/ ! quantity reta9$ = home consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 #ahdd2 0 b #d1acj1jjj cwt41 ! am\nt _h ris5 9 #aheb to upw>ds ( #h1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,sug> unref9$1 ent]$ = home consumption4 ,colonial ,raw4 ,=eign ,raw4 ,total4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 #ahdh #e1icf1cee #a1bbe1hff #f1afb1bba #ahdi #e1dbd1bdh #dih1jch #e1ibb1chf #ahej #e1bja1bjf #iaa1aae #f1aab1cba #ahea #e1hgb1bhh #a1chc1bhf #f1bee1egd #aheb #f1bda1eha #fhg1bfi #f1ibh1hej ,to ! =ego+ %\ld be add$ ! foll[+ quantities ( ref9$ sug> & molasses1 ent]$ = home consumption4 ,ref9$ ,sug> & ,c&y4 ,molasses4 ,total ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 #ahdh #df1bib #fcg1jej #fhc1cdb #ahdi #ge1cib #hab1ccj #hhg1gbb #ahej #aaf1gdd #iag1ehh #a1jcd1cfb #ahea #cch1gcd #ggc1jce #a1aaa1gfi #aheb #bgd1gha #gii1idb #a1jgd1gbc ,! quantity ( sug> ref9$ by our bond$ ref9]s1 & export$1 is %[n by ! foll[+ figures4 ,! increase 9 #ahea1 0 "o-f\r? 9 excess ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,cwt4 #ahdh #bdh1gjb #ahdi #bbb1ijj #ahej #bji1adh #ahea #beh1efc #aheb #bad1bii ,! foll[+ 7 ! imports ( sug> into ,great ,brita91 9 #ahdh & #ahea1 respectively--& ! qu>t]s f :5ce supplies 7 d]iv$3-- #ahdh--,tons4 #ahea--,tons4 ,we/ ,indies #aba1fjj #aec1cjj ,mauritius #dc1fjj #ej1jjj ,ea/ ,indies #fe1bjj #gh1bhf ,java & ,manila #aa1jjj #bj1hej ,havana1 ,porto ,rico1 & ,brazil #gf1ijj #gf1ebf ------- ------- #cah1cjj #cgh1ifb ,! production ( sug> 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s1 may be /at$ comp>atively z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,cane ,,sug>4 #ahdi4 #ahej4 #ahea4 #aheb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,cuba #bbj1jjj #bej1jjj #beb1jjj #cbj1jjj ,porto ,rico #dc1fjj #dh1bjj #di1ejj #ej1jjj ,brazil #ajf1jjj #ajc1jjj #aac1jjj #ajj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #ih1bjj #abj1djj #ajc1bjj #aaj1jjj ,! ,we/ ,indies #a4 ,fr5* ,colonies #ef1cjj #dg1bjj #ej1jjj #ej1jjj #b4 ,dani% ,d4 #g1ijj #e1jjj #f1jjj #e1jjj #c4 ,dut* ,d4 #ac1hjj #ad1bjj #ae1jjj #bj1jjj #d4 ,briti% ,d4 #adb1bjj #abi1bjj #adh1jjj #adj1jjj ,! ,ea/ ,indies #gj1djc #fg1cjj #ff1jjj #fj1jjj ,mauritius #ej1ghb #eg1hjj #ee1ejj #fe1jjj ,java #ij1jjj #hi1ijj #ii1cdg #ajd1edb ,manila #bj1jjj #bj1jjj #bj1jjj #bj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #iai1ahb #ieb1bjj #igg1edg #a1jdd1edb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,beet ,,root ,,sug>4 #ahdi4 #ahej4 #ahea4 #aheb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,e/md4 ,tons4 ,france #ch1jjj #fa1jjj #ge1jjj #fj1jjj ,belgium #e1jjj #f1jjj #h1jjj #i1jjj ,zollv]e9 #cc1jjj #ch1jjj #di1jjj #ej1jjj ,russia #ac1jjj #ad1jjj #ae1jjj #af1jjj ,au/ria #f1ejj #aj1jjj #ae1jjj #ah1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ie1ejj #abi1jjj #afb1jjj #aec1jjj ,cane ,sug> #iai1ahb #ieb1bjj #igg1edg #a1jdd1edb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total #a1jad1fhb #a1jha1bjj #a1aci1edg #a1aig1edb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! price ( sug> has1 h[ev]1 fall5 consid]ably1 & l _m o!r ?+s--corn1 & cotton1 & tea--has be5 l[] = a long p]iod ?an ev] 0 kn[n be=e4 ,av]age price p] ,london ,gazette4 ,ye> end+ ,july #e1 ,briti% ,we/ ,india4 ,mauritius4 #ahdb #cgs4 #j;d4 ----- #ahdc #cds4 #g;d4 #ccs4 #aj;d4 #ahdd #cds4 #i;d4 #cds4 #g;d4 #ahde #cas4 #c;d4 #cjs4 #c;d4 #ahdf #ces4 #c;d4 #cds4 #b;d4 #ahdg #cbs4 #aa;d4 #cbs4 #a;d4 #ahdh #bds4 #c;d4 #bcs4 #c;d4 #ahdi #bds4 #d;d4 #bds4 #j;d4 #ahej #bes4 #c;d4 #bhs4 #h;d4 #ahea #bgs4 #c;d4 #bfs4 #i;d4 ,half-ye> end+ ,jan4 #e1 #aheb #bgs4 #c;d4 #bfs4 #i;d4 ,?us1 x is equally cle> t ! fall 9 ! price has be5 v consid]able s9ce #ahde1 & t 9 #ahdi & #ahej ! price ( sug> 0 ab\t #ajs4 p] cwt41 or ne>ly "o-?ird less ?an 9 #ahch4 ,! plant]s compla9 ( ! fall ( price2 & ! only "q 9 dispute is :e!r ! fall has be5 occasion$ by ! r$uction ( ! duties4 ,n[ ! r$uction ( duties subsequ5t to #ahdf & to #ahea1 01 on br[n ,muscovado sug>1 f #acs4 to #ajs41 or #cs42 & on =eign1 f #bas4 #g;d4 to #afs4 #d;d41 or #es4 #c;d4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 a v l>ge increase ( consumption1 & ! price1 z ( almo/ all articles1 w\ld n h be5 r$uc$ to ! full ext5t ( ! r$uction ( ! duties1 & c]ta9ly n r$uc$ 9 a mu* great] degree1 _h !re n be5 o!r causes at "w to r$uce ! price4 ,betwe5 #ahdf & #ahea freight f ! ,mauritius fell f #d #as4 #h;d4 to #b #acs4 #i;d41 or #ce p] c5t42 & t r$uction ( price 0 n made f ! plant]4 ,9 ! int]val1 too1 great improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! manufacture ( sug>2 & 9 proportion z ! article 0 produc$ *eap]1 x c\ld be sold *eap]1 )\t any loss to him4 ,i %all n[ take a sep>ate review ( ! capabilities & progress ( ! lead+ sug> produc+ c\ntries4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,sug> cultivation1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is a subject ( increas+ int]e/4 ,! dem& is rapidly advanc+4 ,its production 9 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana1 to :i* x is !re pr9cipally conf9$1 is a s\rce ( mu* weal?4 ,9 #ahdj1 ! numb] ( slaves employ$ 9 sug> culture 0 #adh1hij1 & ! product1 #aai1idg hhds4 ( #a1jjj lbs4 ea*2 besides #fjj1jjj gallons ( molasses4 ,la/ ye>1 ! crop exce$$ #bdj1jjj hhds41 wor? #ab1jjj1jjj ( doll>s4 ,! capital n[ employ$1 is #ge1jjj1jjj ( doll>s4 ,! protection af=d$ by ! ,am]ican t>iff1 has greatly increas$ ! production ( sug> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f #ahaf to #ahej1 ?is increase 0 f #ae1jjj hhds4 to #bej1jjj hhds4 ,9 #ahdc1 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana _h #gjj plantations1 #ebe 9 op]ation1 produc+ ab\t #ij1jjj hhds4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! numb] ( hog%eads 0 #aia1cbd1 & ( p\nds1 #bjd1iac1jjj2 b ?is 0 exclusive ( ! molasses1 rat$ at #i1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 #ahde !re 7 9 ,l\isiana #b1jgg sug> plantations1 9 #be p>i%es2 #a1bdj sug> h\ses1 #fcj /eam p[]1 #faj work+ horse p[]2 & ! yield ( sug> 0 #ahf1fej hhds41 or #bjg1ccg1jjj lbs4 ,! introduction ( ! sug> cane into ,florida1 ,texas1 ,cali=nia1 & ,l\isiana1 probably dates back to _! e>lie/ settlem5t by ! ,spani>ds or ,fr5*4 ,x 0 n cultivat$ 9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 z a /aple product be=e ! ye> #agea1 :5 x 0 introduc$1 ) sev]al negroes1 by ! ,jesuits1 f ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,!y comm5c$ a small plantation on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 j above ! old city ( ,new ,orleans4 ,! ye> foll[+1 o!rs1 cultivat$ ! plant & made "s rude attempts at ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,9 #ageh1 ,m4 ,dubreuil e/abli%$ a sug> e/ate on a l>ge scale1 & erect$ ! fir/ sug> mill 9 ,l\isiana1 9 :at is n[ ! l[] "p ( ,new ,orleans4 ,8 success 0 foll[$ by o!r plantations1 & 9 ! ye> #agfe !re 0 sug> en\gh manufactur$ = home consumption2 & 9 #aggj1 sug> _h become "o ( ! /aple products ( ! colony4 ,soon aft] ! revolution a l>ge numb] ( ent]pris+ adv5tur]s emigrat$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,l[] ,l\isiana1 :]e1 among o!r objects ( indu/ry1 !y engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( cane1 & by ! ye> #ahjc !re 7 no less ?an eighty-"o sug> e/ates on ! ,delta alone4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 :ile ! production ( cane sug> has be5 annually increas+ at ! s\?1 ! manufacture ( maple sug> has be5 ext5d+ 9 ! nor? & we/4 ,hi!rto1 ! am\nt ( sug> & molasses consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has exce$$ ! quantities produc$--consequ5tly !re has be5 no direct occasion = _! exportation4 ,9 ! ye> #ahae x 0 e/imat$ t ! sug> made on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi am\nt$ to #aj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahdj1 ! am\nt ( cane & maple sug> produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #aee1ajj1jhi lbs41 ( :i* #aai1idg1gbj lbs4 7 rais$ 9 ,l\isiana4 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahej1 ! cane sug> made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #bdg1eha1jjj lbs41 besides #ab1gjj1fjf gallons ( molasses2 maple sug>1 #cd1bdi1hhf lbs41 %[+ an increase1 9 t5 ye>s1 ( #abf1gcj1jgg lbs4 ,! culture & manufacture ( sug> f ! cane1 ) ! exception ( a small quantity produc$ 9 ,texas1 c5tres 9 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana--:]e ! cane is n[ cultivat$ & work$ into sug> 9 tw5ty-f\r p>i%es4 ,! ext5t ( sug> l&s available 9 ^? p>i%es is suffici5t to supply ! :ole consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sug> cultivation 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,l\isiana to a small ext5t be=e its cession to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahah ! crop _h rea*$ #be1jjj hog%eads4 ,9 #ahcd-ce x 0 #aaj1jjj hog%eads1 & 9 #ahdd-de #bjd1iac hog%eads4 ,ea* hog%ead av]ag+ #a1jjj lbs4 net1 & yield+ f #de to #ej gallons ( molasses4 ,! numb] ( sug> e/ates 9 op]ation 9 #ahcj1 0 #fjj4 ,! manual p[] employ$ on ^! plantations1 0 #cf1jia slaves1 #bhb /eam-eng9es1 & #djf horse p[]4 ,! capital inve/$ be+ e/imat$ at #ej million doll>s4 ,9 #ahdd ! e/ates _h increas$ to #gfb1 employ+ #ej1fgj slaves1 #dfh /eam-eng9es1 #ced horse p[]4 ,! sug>-cane is n[ cultivat$ on bo? bran*es ( ! ,mississippi f #eg miles bel[ ,new ,orleans to ne>ly #aij miles above4 ,! :ole numb] ( sug> h\ses 9 ! ,/ate is #a1ecf1 ( :i* #hfe employ /eam1 & ! re/ horse p[]4 ,! crop ( #ahdi-ej 0 #bdg1ibc hhds4 ( #a1jjj lbs41 :i*1 at an av]age ( #c c5ts41 am\nt$ to ne>ly #i million doll>s4 ,! quantity ( molasses produc$ 0 m ?an #ab million gallons1 wor?1 at #bj c5ts ! gallon1 ab\t #b1djj1jjj doll>s1 giv+ a total value ( close ^u #ab million doll>s1 or an av]age to ea* ( ! #a1dee work+ sug> h\ses ( #h1adh doll>s4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! ,mississippi & ,r$ ,riv]s 9 #ahej1 %ort5$ ! crop ne> #bj1jjj hhds41 & 0 felt 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,s9ce #ahdf1 n less ?an #cee sug> mills & eng9es h be5 erect$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! sug> crop ( #ahea-eb 0 #bcf1edg hhds41 produc$ by #a1dgd sug> h\ses1 #iad ( :i* 7 work$ by /eam1 & ! re/ by horse-p[]4 ,texas raises ab\t #h1jjj to #aj1jjj hhds4 ( sug>1 & ,florida & ,georgia small] quantities4 ,9 ! ye> end+ ,decemb]1 #ahea1 !re 7 tak5 = consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #acb1hcb tons ( cane sug>1 ( :i* #abj1eii 7 =eign import$4 ,! quantity consum$ 9 #ahej 0 #ajd1jga tons1 ( :i* #fe1jhi 0 =eign4 ,production 9 ,cuba4--,! av]age ye>ly production ( sug> 9 ,cuba has be51 9 ! five ye>s f #ahdf to #ahej1 #ah1fij1efj arrobas1 equal to #dfg1bfa1ejj lbs41 or #bib1jca hhds4 ( #a1fjj lbs4 weight4 ,! crop ( #ahea 0 e/imat$ at tw5ty-"o & a-half million arrobas1 equal to ab\t #cce1icg ,we/ ,india hhds4 ,?us1 ! increase f #ahcf to #ahda1 has be5 z #bi p] c5t42 f #ahda to #ahdf1 z #be p] c5t42 & f #ahdf to #ahea1 z #de p] c5t4 ,a portion ( sug> is also smuggl$ out1 to evade ! export duty1 & by "s ?is is set d[n z high z a f\r? ( ! =ego+ am\nts4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ #ahda1 ! exports ( ! :ole isl& 7 #b1bbg1fbd boxes2 9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ #ahdd1 #b1gaf1cai boxes2 9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ ) #ahdg1 #b1hje1ecj boxes4 ,betwe5 #ahci & #ahdg1 ! exports _h ris5 f #ejj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj boxes4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! quantity %ipp$ f ! lead+ port ( ,havana1 to diff]5t c\ntries3-- ,c\ntries4 ,sug> boxes ( ab\t #djj lbs4 ea*4 #ahej4 #ahea4 ,spa9 #ha1bfg #aja1gfb ,unit$ ,/ates #adf1fgb #aii1bjd ,engl& #be1fig #df1fae ,c[es & a m>ket #bba1che #bgj1jaj ,! ,baltic #de1jhe #ha1hff ,hamburgh & ,brem5 #bi1bga #cc1afe ,holl& #bc1bdb #bf1hbh ,belgium #fb1hdi #bi1had ,france #dd1idg #df1eag ,trie/e & ,v5ice #ch1fbg #ad1hcb ,italy #b1hef #e1bdc ,o!r places #ac1hhh #af1fja ------- ------- ,boxes #gdc1bdi #hgb1deg ,our ,we/ ,india possessions h1 ow+ to ! want ( a good supply ( labor & available capital to introduce v>i\s sci5tific improvem5ts1 some:at retrograd$ 9 ! production ( sug>2 :i*1 f ! l[ price rul+ ! pa/ ye> or two1 has n be5 f\nd a remun]ative /aple4 ,! two l>ge isl&s ( ,jamaica & ,cuba1 may be fairly comp>$ z to _! production ( sug>4 ,f #ahjd to #ahjh1 ,jamaica export$1 on ! av]age1 annually #ace1cca hhds41 & f #ahdd to #ahdh1 x _h decreas$ to #da1hgb hhds4 ,! exports f ! s+le port ( ,havana1 :i* 9 ! fir/ nam$ p]iod 7 #afe1fij boxes1 rose dur+ ! latt] p]iod to #fce1ahe boxes2 s t ! %ipm5ts ( sug> f ,jamaica1 :i* 7 9 #ahjd to #ahjh d\ble ^? ( ,havana--9 ! p]iod f #ahdd to #ahdh1 7 five times less6 ,cuba w be able to )/& ! crisis ( ! l[ price ( sug>s1 bett] ?an ! emancipat$ ,briti% ,colonies1 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,x w f9d1 9 its pres5t prosp]ity1 a p[] ( resi/ance t no long] exi/s 9 ! ,briti% sug>-gr[+ colonies4 #b4 ,because x enjoys 9 ! ,spani% m>kets a protection = at lea/ #af1iee tons ( its sug>1 or ab\t eight-t5?s ( its total exportation4 #c4 ,because x has secur$ a v /rong position 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & bo? f its proximity to1 & its comm]cial relations ) t c\ntry1 z also f ! bett] quality ( its sug>1 w comm& ! sale ( at lea/ #cc1ejj tons1 or ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( its total production4 #d4 ,because 9 #ahed1 aft] ! duties %all h be5 equaliz$1 x w be enabl$ to und]sell ! ,briti% article 9 its own m>ket4 #e4 ,because1 n be+ an exclusively sug>-gr[+ colony1 z are almo/ all ,briti% ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 x may suff] f ! pres5t depress$ condition ( ! sug> m>ket1 b _c be entirely ru9$1 ow+ to its hav+ comm&+ res\rces1 & _m o!r valuable /aples1--c(fee1 copp]1 cotton1 c4 #f4 ,because1 by improv+ its agriculture & introduc+ useful ma*9]y1 railroads1 c41 = :i* x has l>ge available capital1 x c produce sug> at a dim9i%$ co/4 #g4 ,& la/ly1 because ! proprietors h cont9u\s lab\r at comm&1 until slav]y be aboli%$--( :i* !re seems no pres5t prospect4 ,! slave population numb]s ab\t #cej1jjj1 & ! free col\r$ population1 ab\t #ij1jjj4 ,! consumption ( sug>1 dur+ #ahdg1 v s+ul>ly talli$ ) ! production ( ! ,briti% ,colonies t ye>--be+ exactly #bhi1jjj tons2 b z #ej1jjj tons ( =eign sug> 7 consum$1 an accumulation ( ,briti% plantation sug> necess>ily rema9$ on h&4 ,! production ( ! ,fr5* colonies 0 #ajj1jjj tons1 ( :i* ,france receiv$ n9e-t5?s4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,jamaica made #a1acf1eed cwt4 ( sug>4 ,9 #ahdj1 its produce _h fall5 (f to #ede1fjj cwt42 b 9 ! same ye>s1 ,porto ,rico _h increas$ its sug> crop1 f #dih1jjj cwt41 to #a1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,9 #ahcg1 ,cuba made #i1jfj1jeh arrobas ( sug>1 equal to #acb1gfe hhds42 9 #ahda1 x _h increas$ to #aci1jjj hhds4 ,! l>ge/ crop gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 s9ce #ahch1 0 t ( #ahdg1 :i* am\nt$ to #aei1fjj tons4 ,! annex$ returns ( ! sug> crops ( ,b>bados & ,jamaica1 = a s]ies ( ye>s may1 be int]e/+3-- ,,sug> ,,crops ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,b>bados1 ,,f #ahbg ,,to #ahdf ,,& #ahea4 #ahbg #ah1aji hhds4 #ahbh #bh1ecc #ahbi #bc1dhf #ahcj #bf1cfj #ahca #bh1agd #ahcb #ai1gfa #ahcc #bh1jii #ahcd #bh1gaj #ahce #be1cga #ahcf #bf1ceh #ahcg #ca1fgj #ahch #cc1jeh #ahci #bh1bac #ahdj #ac1ehi #ahda #ag1hja #ahdb #ba1fjg #ahdc #bd1ehg #ahdd #bc1adg #ahde #bd1gfg #ahdf #ba1icf #ahea #dh1jjj ,,sug> ,,crops ,,( ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,jamaica1 ,,f #agij ,,to #ahea4 #agij #ia1aca #agia #ia1jbj #agib 444 #agic #hb1acf #agid #ig1abd #agie #ie1cgb #agif #if1dfj #agig #he1aji #agih #ie1heh #agii #aaj1fdf #ahjj #aje1ehd #ahja #aci1jcf #ahjb #adj1aac #ahjc #aae1dif #ahjd #aab1afc #ahje #aej1ceb #ahjf #adf1fja #ahjg #ace1bjc #ahjh #acb1ccc #ahji #aad1fcj #ahaj #aab1bjh #ahaa #ach1bib #ahab #aac1agc #ahac #aji1aeh #ahad #ajd1eeh #ahae #abg1bji #ahaf #ajj1chb #ahag #abc1gff #ahah #aba1geh #ahai #aaf1chb #ahbj #abb1ibb #ahba #aai1efj #ahbb #id1eae #ahbc #aja1bga #ahbd #ajf1jji #ahbe #gb1jij #ahbf #ajf1gab #ahbg #hg1cii #ahbh #aja1ege #ahbi #ig1hic #ahcj #ajj1bje #ahca #id1cha #ahcb #ih1fhf #ahcc #he1afa #ahcd #hd1gef #ahce #gg1igj #ahcf #fg1jid #ahcg #fa1eje #ahch #fi1fac #ahci #di1bdc #ahdj #cc1jff #ahda #cd1dia #ahdb #ej1bie #ahdc #dd1afi #ahdd #cd1ddd #ahde #dg1ibf #ahea #da1fgh ,! av]age ( ! five ye>s end+ #ahea1 be+ ! fir/ five ( ,free trade1 %[s an annual export f ,jamaica ( #da1fgh hhds4 ,! quantity ( unref9$ sug> import$ f ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies & ,guiana 9 a s]ies ( ye>s s9ce ! emancipation1 is %[n by ! foll[+ ab/ract3-- ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,sug>4 ,molasses4 #ahca #d1ajc1hjj #cbc1cjf #ahcb #c1ggc1def #eec1ffc #ahcc #c1fdf1bje #fhf1gid #ahcd #c1hdc1igf #fej1cff #ahce #c1ebd1bji #ejg1die #ahcf #c1fja1gia #ebf1ece #ahcg #c1cjf1gge #ege1feg #ahch #c1ebj1fgf #fch1jjg #ahci #b1hbd1cgb #dgd1cjg #ahdj #b1bad1gfd #dbd1ada #ahda #b1adh1bah #dcj1bba #ahdb #b1ejh1gbe #dga1gei #ahdc #b1eji1gja #fje1fcb #ahdd #b1dea1jfc #egi1deh #ahde #b1hec1iie #dia1jhc #ahdf #b1adg1cdg #dgg1fbc #ahdg #c1aii1had #eca1aga #ahdh #b1gid1ihg #che1dhd #ahdi #b1hci1hhh #fje1dhg #ahej #b1ehf1dbi #dgj1ahg ,mauritius4--,9 ! ye> #ahac ! exports ( sug> f ?is isl& 7 b #edi1dfe lbs41 & increas+ gradually to #abh1dgf1edg lbs4 9 #ahdi1 or two-hundr$ fold 9 ?irty-six ye>s4 ,! equalisation ( ! duties 9 #ahbe1 & ! admission ( ,mauritius sug>s into ,engl& on ! same foot+ z ^? f ! ,we/ ,indies1 _h ! effect ( /imulat+ ! sug> trade ( ,mauritius1 & advanc+ x to its pres5t rem>kable success4 ,not)/&+ its imm5se crops1 sc>cely m ?an ?ree-fif?s ( ! isl& is yet "u cultivation2 b x has ! advantage ( a *eap & abundant supply ( labor1 & mu* improv$ ma*9]y has be5 introduc$4 ,! plant]s fir/ comm5c$ introduc+ ,coolies 9 #ahce1 & 7 = "s "t re/rict$ to ! s+le port ( ,calcutta = _! supply4 ,! rec5t advices f ,mauritius furni% "s int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! progress mak+ 9 ! sug> production ( t colony4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! cultivation ( ! cane1 x is /at$ t by ! introduction ( guano ^u sev]al e/ates 9 ! int]ior1 ! production has be5 v l>gely increas$2 b z ! value & economy ( manure has n be5 hi!rto suffici5tly e/imat$1 its introduction has n be5 s g5]al z c\ld be desir$4 ,! importance ( free labor to ! cultivation ( ! e/ates1 has n[ become fully appreciat$ by ! plant]s2 x be+ f\nd t an equal am\nt ( "w c be obta9$ by ?is means f a less numb] ( h&s1 & t at l[] rates ( wages ?an 7 curr5t 9 previ\s ye>s1 ! av]age ( :i* is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb] ( ,aggregate ,av]age ,ye>s4 ,coolies am\nt ( wages wages p] head employ$4 paid p] week4 p] week4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- s4 d4 #ahdf #dg1gcc #cc1dhd #ad #j #ahdg #dh1cad #ce1cch #ad #i #ahdh #da1ggg #bf1fbg #ab #i #ahdi #de1chd #bg1fbe #ab #b #ahej #dg1iab #ca1ffd #ab #c #ahea #db1bge #bg1hcb #ab #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 #ahbf1 to make f #be to #cj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( sug>1 x requir$ #cj1jjj labor]s 7slaves72 at ! pres5t "t1 ) less ?an #de1jjj 7f :i* numb] fully #e1jjj mu/ be d$uct$ z abs5t f "w f v>i\s causes71 #ace1jjj1jjj lbs4 are produc$1 or ab\t five times ! quantity "u slav]y4 ,! coolies are f\nd to be an intellig5t race1 :o h become inur$ to ! "w requir$1 & by ^: labor ?is small isl& c produce ! fif? "p ( ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & t ) only ab\t #gj1jjj acres "u cane cultivation4 ,ab\t #aj1jjj male immigrants1 introduc$ s9ce #ahdc1 are n n[ work+ "u engagem5t1 b are foll[+ o!r occupations1 & ?us become p]man5t consum]s4 ,"s cultivate l& on a small scale1 on _! own acc\nt1 b v few plant canes1 z x requires f eighte5 to tw5ty mon?s be=e !y obta9 any return = _! labor2 b ! mo/ important fact e/abli%$ by ?is & o!r (ficial /atem5ts is1 t only a small numb] ( immigrants leave ! colony at ! expiration ( _! indu/rial resid5ce4 ,9 ! manufacture ( sug> f ! cane1 consid]able improvem5t has be5 effect$ by ! introduction ( new me?ods ( boil+ & gr9d+4 ,! vacuum pan & ! sy/em ( ,wetsell are all t5d+ to economise ! co/ ( production1 & to save t loss :i* = ye>s am\nt$1 9 gr9d+ alone1 to ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! juice ( ! cane4 ,! plant]s beg9 to f9d t !y c increase ! value ( _! sug> #cj to #dj p] c5t4 by ^! improvem5ts1 & t _! future prosp]ity dep5ds ^u c>ry+ !m out4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 "h1 z 9 _m o!r ( our colonies1 a v l>ge numb] ( plant]s d n yet appreciate ! advantages to be obta9$ by ! adoption ( improv$ ma*9]y & manufacture1 or by improv$ cultivation1 & /ill /ruggle on "u ! old sy/em ( wa/e & neglig5ce1 :i* c only result 9 ! ru9 & de/ruction ( _! prop]ty4 ,9 #ahbg1 ! numb] ( sug> e/ates 9 op]ation 9 ,mauritius1 7 #di work$ by wat] p[]1 #ej by cattle or horses1 & #bb by /eam--total #aaa2 9 #ahcf1 ?is numb] _h increas$ to #ahf1 viz4--#fd mov$ by wat] p[]1 #aj by horse1 & #aab by /eam4 ,9 #ahci1 ! numb] 0 #baa1 ( :i* #ach 7 work$ by /eam p[]--#gj1bib acres 7 !n "u cultivation ) sug>4 ,!re are n[ ab\t #dij sug> e/ates1 :]e( only #bca h mills--#db are work$ by wat] p[]1 ! re/ by /eam4 ,! annual ,mauritius crops1 z export$1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 h be5 z foll[s4 ,! %ipm5ts frequ5tly ext5d beyond a ye>1 h5ce a discrepancy sometimes betwe5 ! ye>'s crop & ! ye>'s export3-- ,tons1 #ahdb-dc #bd1djj #ahdc-dd #bh1fjj #ahdd-de #cg1fjj #ahde-df #di1ajj #ahdf-dg #fd1ajj #ahdg-dh #ei1jba #ahdh-di #ej1ghb #ahdi-ej #ea1haa #ahej-ea #ee1jjj #ahea-eb #fe1jhj ,besides its exports to ,great ,brita91 ,mauritius %ips l>ge quantities ( sug> to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,au/ralia4 ,its local consumption is moreov] set d[n at ab\t #b1ejj tons4 ,! progressive increase 9 its exports is m>k$ by ! foll[+ return ( imports into ,great ,brita9 f ! isl&3-- ,cwt4 #ahbf #ic1gbc #ahbg #ahf1ghb #ahbh #bjd1cdd #ahbi #cfa1cbe #ahcj #big1ieh #ahca #dhe1gaj #ahcb #eag1eec #ahcc #eba1ijd #ahcd #eaf1jgg #ahce #eec1hia #ahcf #eeh1bcg #ahcg #dig1cjb #ahch #ecg1dee #ahci #fjd1fga #ahdj #fij1bid #ahda #ede1cef #ahdb #gaf1jji #ahdc #fif1feb #ahdd #ede1dae #ahde #gaf1agc #ahdf #hde1aig #ahdg #a1aic1ega #ahdh #hhf1ahd #ahdi #hic1ebd #ahej #a1jjc1bif #ahea #iii1ccg ,ea/ ,indies4--,sug> is a v old & ext5sive cultivation 9 ,india4 ,x w\ld probably be )9 ! m>k1 to e/imate ! annual produce ( ! c\ntry at a million ( tons4 ,an (ficial return %[s t ! quantity ( sug> c>ri$ on "o road ( ! int]ior1 = prov9cial consumption1 is ab\t equal to ! :ole quantity %ipp$ f ,calcutta--"s #ej1jjj or #fj1jjj tons4 ,india is fa/ becom+ a great sug> produc+ c\ntry1 al?\gh its produce & processes ( manufacture are rude & imp]fect4 ,! ,coolies :o return f "t to "t to ! ,indian ports1 br+ ) !m mu* acquir$ k & exp]i5ce f ! ,mauritius4 ,9 #ahbe1 ! import ( sug> f ! ,ea/ ,indies 0 b #adf1jjj cwt41 & x fluctuat$ greatly 9 succe$+ ye>s1 be+ occasionally z l[ z #gf1fjj cwt4 ,9 #ahcg ! quantity import$ 0 j d\ble :at x 0 9 #ahbg4 ,9 #ahda1 x _h rea*$ z high z #a1bci1gch cwt41 & subsequ5tly kept /eady = a few ye>s at #a1ajj1jjj cwt4--& = ! la/ f\r ye>s has av]ag$ #a1djj1jjj cwt4 ,java4--,att5tion has be5 )drawn1 9 a great measure1 f sug> cultivation 9 ,java1 ow+ to c(fee be+ f\nd a m remun]ative /aple4 ,! foll[+ figures s]ve to %[ ! ext5t ( its exports ( sug>3-- ,cwt4 #ahbf #bc1efe #ahbg #ch1ceg #ahbh #ca1cja #ahbi #ia1bbg #ahcj #abi1cjj #ahca #add1jgg #ahcb #bib1gje #ahcc #aea1abh #ahcd #ddc1iaa #ahce #ebc1afb #ahcf #fjg1ccf #ahcg #hbj1jfc #ahch #hgc1jef #ahci #iii1hie #ahdj #a1bca1ace #ahda #a1beb1jda #ahdb #a1aje1hef #ahdc #a1afb1baa #ahdd #a1bfj1gij #ahde #a1hab1ejj #ahdh #a1gih1fab #ahej #a1gig1hgd #ahea #a1ihg1ieg #aheb #b1jij1hde ,9 #ahdj1 we import$ f ,java #ge1ecc cwt42 9 #ahda1 #hg1cdb cwt42 9 #ahdb1 #bd1ibb cwt42 9 #ahdc1 #ce1afa cwt42 & 9 #ahdd1 ab\t #gb1jjj cwt42 b mo/ ( ?is 0 only s5t to ,c[es1 = ord]s1 to be tran%ipp$ to ! ,cont95t4 ,philipp9es4--,! exports f ,manila into ?is c\ntry 9 #ahda1 7 #acc1dhb cwt42 9 #ahdb1 #fc1dfd cwt42 & 9 #ahdc1 #dh1igg cwt4 ,9 ! fifte5 ye>s betwe5 #ahce & #ahej1 ! export ( sug> f ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s m ?an d\bl$3-- ,tons4 #ahce #aa1edb #ahcf #ad1hge #ahcg #ab1bic #ahch #ab1cge #ahci #ae1fca #ahdj #af1efc #ahda #ae1cba #ahdb #ah1edj #ahdc #bb1bci #ahdd #ba1ebh #ahde #bd1ejj #ahej #bh1gde ,ab\t a ?ird ( ?is is raw sug>1 ! re/ is clay$ or ref9$4 ,x is s+ul>1 t ?\gh ^! isl&s belong to ,spa91 ! export ( ?is /aple product to t c\ntry %\ld be limit$ to ab\t #fjj tons2 ,am]ica tak+ ab\t "o-six?1 & ,engl& & h] colonies ! rema9d]4 ,!re is n[ an increas$ dem& = ! ,au/ralian colonies1 consequ5t ^u ! l>ge influx ( population to t qu>t]4 ,export ( sug> f ,manila 9 #ahej4 ,piculs4 ,to ,great ,brita9 #adf1ibf ,cont95t ( ,europe #ej1hcj ,au/ralian ,colonies #adb1cei ,s+apore1 ,batavia1 & ,bombay #ab1gdi ,cali=nia & ! ,pacific #bi1add ,! ,unit$ ,/ates #gg1iai ------- #dei1ibg ,! sug> cane occurs 9 a wild /ate on _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 b 9 no "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 not)/&+ a contr>y op9ion has be5 express$4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,l\isiana1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,mauritius3-- #a4 ,common or creole cane1 s call$ f be+ introduc$ f ! ,new ,_w4 #b4 ,yell[ ,b\rbon4 #c4 ,yell[ ,otaheite4 #d4 ,otaheite ) purple b&s4 #e4 ,purple ,otaheite4 #f4 ,ribbon cane4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,wray1 9 8 ,practical ,sug> ,plant]1 consid]s ! ,b\rbon1 & yell[1 or /raw-col\r$ ,otaheite cane1 z id5tical1 b m]ely alt]$ by *ange ( soil & climate4 ,! yield f ^! cane-plants seems to be ab\t ! same 9 ei!r ,indies1 viz41 9 good l& ab\t two-&-a-half tons ( dry sug> p] acre--sometimes ?ree tons4 ,a v l>ge species ( r$ cane1 gr[n at ,g[hatty1 9 ,assam1 is made favorable m5tion ( = its /r5g? ( gr[?1 e>ly maturity1 & juic9ess2 & ,mr4 ,wray /rongly recomm5ds ! introduction into ! ,we/ ,indies ( ano!r f9e v>iety1 g5]ally gr[n 9 ! ,/raits' settlem5ts1 :]e x is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,salangore cane4 ,he consid]s !y w\ld ratoon bett] ?an any o!r cane1 & ! return f x is on ! av]age #c1fjj lbs4 ( dry sug> to ! acre4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h always reckon$ z an av]age1 #c1fjj lbs4 ( dry sug> to ! acre z ! return ?is cane w give1 on any?+ l good l&1 9 ! ,/raits1 accord+ to ! pres5t imp]fect mode ( express+ & manufacture2 b1 consid]+ ! surpass+ ri*ness ( l& 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ,dem]>a1 & ,mauritius1 ,i %\ld n be 9 any way surpris$ to f9d t x w\ld !re give ev5 ?ree tons an acre4 ,! ,salangore cane gr[s firm & /rong2 /&s upright mu* bett] ?an ! ,otaheite2 gives juice mo/ abundantly1 :i* is sweet & easy ( cl>ification1 boils well1 & produces a v f9e1 fair sug>1 ( a bold & sp>kl+ gra94 ,mu* discussion has aris5 on ! subject ( rais+ ! sug> cane f se$1 & ! possibility has be5 univ]sally d5i$ among ! plant]s & agricultural societies ( ! ,we/ ,india colonies4 ,mr4 ,prit*>d1 a sug> plant] ( ,l\isiana1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,report = #ahej1 h[ev]1 /ates3-- ,x is an error to suppose t ! cane _c be propagat$ f ! se$4 ,?is may be ! case :5 ! se$ is obta9$ f plants t h be5 produc$ = a numb] ( ye>s f buds1 or eyes4 ,all plants t h be5 produc$ 9 ?is way = a s]ies ( ye>s1 lose ! faculty ( =m+ prolific se$s2 & ! sug> cane is gov]n$ by ! same laws :i* gov]n ! :ole vegetable k+dom4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be expect$ to produce se$s aft] x has be5 cultivat$ = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,! sug> cane is compos$ ( wat]1 woody fibre1 & soluble matt]1 or sug>4 ,9 r\nd numb]s x may be /at$ t ! proportions are #gb p] c5t4 ( wat]1 #aj p] c5t4 ( woody fibre1 & #ah p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,! fluid cont5ts ( a cane1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,evans1 conta9 #ij p] c5t4 ( ! entire /ructure ( ! /em4 #a1jjj gra9s ( sug> cane1 be+ burnt1 gave #g gra9s ( a%1 :i*1 on analysis1 furni%$ ! foll[+ compon5ts3-- ,silica #a4gh ,phosphate ( lime #c4da ,r$ oxide ( iron & clay 4#ag ,c>bonate ( pota% #a4df ,sulphate ( pota% 4#ae ,c>bonate ( magnesia 4#dc ,sulphate ( lime #f ---- #g4df ,! foll[+ is ! quantative analysis ( a portion ( soil tak5 f ! surface ( a cane field1 on ! ,diamond e/ate1 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,we/ ,indies3 -- ,alum9a soluble 9 acids #ab4hg ,organic matt] #aa4bf ,gypsum 4#bc ,c>bonate ( lime #ab4eb ---- ( magnesia 4#ga ,oxide ( iron #h4ea ,oxide ( manganese 4#cc ,insoluble silici\s & alum9\s matt] #ec4eg ------ #ajj4jj ,! sug> ( ! cane & grape sug> are di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ diff]5ce 9 _! elem5ts1 z prov$ by analysis3-- ,cane sug>4 ,grape sug>4 ,c>bon #ab #ab ,hydrog5 #aj #ab ,oxyg5 #aj #ab ,wat] #a #b ,!re is a rem>kable diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 _! f]m5table prop]ties4 ,:5 a solution is made ( ! same quantities ( ^! two sug>s1 9 equal proportions ( di/ill$ wat]1 x w be necess>y to add eight times z mu* ( ! same f]m5t to induce alcoholic f]m5tation 9 ! solution ( cane sug>1 z 9 t ( grape sug>4 ,"u ! action ( a l>g] quantity ( f]m5t1 cane sug> is trans=m$ into grape sug>4 ,if y cut a sug> cane 9 two1 & exam9e ! int]ior "p ( x ) a magnify+ glass1 y p]ceive ! cry/als ( sug> z di/9ct & z :ite z ^? ( d\ble-ref9$ sug>4 ,! object ( ! op]ator %\ld be !n ei!r to extract ^? cry/als )\t alt]+ _! color1 or1 if t be f\nd impracticable1 to sep>ate !m f ! impurities mix$ ) !m1 :ile ! juice is 9 its natural /ate1 & yet conta9s b little color+ matt]4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! juice is lim$ :ile all ! impurities are 9 x4 ,9 sep>at+ ! fecul5cies f ! juice & unit+ !m 9 l>ge flakes1 lime dissolves a portion ( !m & =ms ) !m color+ matt]1 :i* we all "k at once discolors ! juice1 :5 lime is us$ 9 excess4 ,aft]w>ds heat is appli$1 ei!r 9 cl>ifi]s or 9 ! gr& copp]1 b mo/ ( ! impurities f\nd 9 ! juice w decompose1 & burn at a degree ( heat f> bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 say at #abj deg4 ( ,fahr5heit4 ,?is is %[n by ! ?ick scales cont9ually =m+ 9 ! gr&e4 ,f t degree ( heat ! decomposition goes on 9 ! cl>ifi] till ! juice is drawn1 & cont9ues 9 ! gr&e s long z !re are fecul5cies left4 ,?is decomposition greatly increases ! quantity ( color+ matt]1 s t1 z ! juice is be+ cl>ifi$1 x loses 9 color :at x ga9s 9 purity4 ,& "h let me %[ ! relative value ( ! gr&e & ( cl>ifi]s z ag5ts ( cl>ification4 ,9 ! gr&e1 if x is well att5d$ to1 ! scumm+s are tak5 up z soon z !y rise4 ,a portion ( !m is remov$ be=e !y beg9 to decompose1 & ! process goes on1 s t be=e ! juice rea*es ! boil+ po9t ne>ly all ! fecul5cies are remov$1 & ! s\rce ( color+ matt] is remov$ ) !m4 ,cl>ifi]s rea* ! boil+ po9t mu* quick]1 & _c easily be scumm$4 ,! g5]al practice is to br+ !m to t po9t )\t scumm+1 to let ! fecul5cies sep>ate f ! juice by cool+ & by re/1 & to wa% out ! cl>ifi]s e second or ?ird "t !y are fill$4 ,heat & alkalies act+ 9 !m ^u ! accumulat$ fecul5cies ( "o1 two1 or ?ree *>ges1 dissolve a mu* l>g] portion ( ^? fecul5cies ?an !y c possibly d 9 ! gr&e4 ,! =mation ( color+ matt] cont9ues dur+ ! "t ( re/1 & accord+ly plant]s1 aft] repeat$ trials1 g5]ally agree t juice well cl>ifi$ 9 ! gr&e1 has a light] & bright] color1 & makes bett] sug> ?an t obta9$ f cl>ifi]s4 ,! fir/ object ( rese>* %\ld be to f9d means ( cl>ify+ ! juice )\t creat+ color+ matt]4 ,x is said t presses some?+ l ^? us$ to press cotton1 h lately be5 successfully employ$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 in/ead ( roll]s2 t ! juice obta9$ is mu* pur]1 & t a mu* l>g] quantity ( x is extract$ f ! cane4 ,if s1 ?is w be a great improvem5t1 & ! fir/ /ep ( ! process ,i %\ld recomm5d4 ,f juice ?us obta9$1 ,i h no d\bt t all impurities less soluble ?an itself may be sep>at$ by me*anical means be=e heat & alkalies are appli$1 or at lea/ ) a v small quantity ( alkalies4 ,all o!r liquids1 all fatty sub/ances & oils1 except cotton se$ oil1 are cl>ifi$ by a v rapid process4 ,cane juice c no d\bt be cl>ifi$ by simil> means1 & if ?is 7 accompli%$ ! process ( sug> mak+ w\ld be v mu* simplifi$4 ,! cl>ifi$ juice might !n be plac$ 9 an evaporator1 heat$ by ! wa/e /eam ( ! eng9e2 !n be lim$ & scumm$ if necess>y1 & conc5trat$ to fifte5 or sixte5 ( ! prese sirop2 !n purifi$ by filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal1 if :ite sug> 0 want$1 or by re/ = o!r qualities2 & f9ally conc5trat$ 9 vacuum pans ( great p[]1 su* pans z ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,morgan1 ( ,l\isiana1 n[ uses1 & :i*1 ,i am in=m$1 are only made 9 ,am]ica4 ,! sup]iority ( ! vacuum pan is n univ]sally admitt$1 & we are told t 9 ,france x is sup]s$$ by op5 pans1 simil> to ^? call$ 9 ,am]ica ,mape's ,evaporators4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i _c help believ+ t ! vacuum pan has _m decid$ advantages ov] all o!rs4 ,"o is manife/2 ! sug> may be gra9$ 9 ! pan1 & ! granulation is completely "u ! control ( ! op]ator4 ,he may accel]ate or ret>d x at pleasure2 he may c>ry x s f> t sug> w n run f ! pan1 & w h to be tak5 out ( x2 he may s conduct ! op]ation z to increase1 almo/ at w1 ! size & h>dness ( ! cry/als4 ,?is la/ is an indisp5sable requisite if ! practice ( dra9+ sug> 9 pneumatic pans %\ld be adopt$4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure is made too p[]ful = sug>s boil$ 9 any o!r mann]2 x breaks & de/roys ! cry/als1 & 9 a v few days sets ! sug> to f]m5t+4 ,! pneumatic dra9+ ( sug> has _m ?+s to recomm5d x--! usual loss by dra9age is avoid$1 sug> is got ready = m>ket day by day1 z x is made1 & x may be blea*$ by p\r+ :ite syrup ov] x & =c+ x ?r\gh ! mass4 ,x is said t ! process is att5d$ ) consid]able loss 9 weight1 b z all t dra9s f ! pan may be boil$ ov] once or twice1 x is n easy to conceive h[ ! loss c occur4 ,cane juice conta9s _m +r$i5ts besides sug>1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are album51 glut51 gum1 />*1 res91 wax1 color+ matt]1 & c]ta9 salts1 all ( :i*1 ei!r collectively or individually1 h ! p[] ( prev5t+ granulation1 z may be prov$ by _! addition to a syrup ( pure sug>1 :i* w !n defy all attempts to make x cry/allise4 ,if1 !re=e1 we want to make good sug>1 we mu/ endeav\r to free our cane juice z mu* z possible f ^? sub/ances4 ,n[1 cane juice is no m ! sap ( ! cane1 ?an apple juice is t ( ! apple tree2 x is ! natural product ( ! cane1 &1 9 all probability1 w\ld conta9 b a small proportion ( ^! =eign matt]s if x c\ld be express$ )\t be+ accompani$ by ! sap1 !y be+ ! natural con/itu5ts ( ! la/-nam$ fluid4 ,a pat5t has1 ,i believe1 be5 lately tak5 out = sep>at+ ! cane juice )\t ! sap4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* an improvem5t1 mu* may be done by c>e & att5tion at ! mill2 ! gre5 b&s & tra% :i* usually accompany ! canes f ! field1 %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>efully remov$ be=e !y are pass$ ?r\gh1 z !y conta9 no sac*>9e matt]1 ab\nd 9 ! delet]i\s sub/ances already m5tion$1 & communicate a bad color to ! juice2 !re=e1 ! ripe cane only %\ld pass ?r\gh ! mill4 ,!re are b few plant]s :o h n _h to cont5d ) s\r juice1 & !y attribute ! difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9 mak+ sug> !refrom1 to ! pres5ce ( acetic acid1 or v9eg>2 b ?is is q an errone\s idea1 z ! acetic acid is v volatile1 & evaporates quickly on ! application ( heat1 :i* may be prov$ by ?r[+ a gallon ( /rong v9eg> into a pan ( liquor2 x w d no h>m1 provid$ x be boil$ be=e temp]+2 on ! contr>y1 ! effect1 if x be prop]ly done1 w be b5eficial1 z x w promote ! coagulation ( ! album52 x is ! gum :i* is always =m$ dur+ ! acet\s f]m5tation ( sug> t prev5ts granulation2 h5ce1 !n1 acidity is /rictly to be gu>d$ aga9/1 z f]m5tation once comm5c$1 x w be impossible to make good sug>1 x w cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! process1 & ev5 9 ! hog%ead2 s t canes %\ld be gr\nd z soon z possible aft] !y are cut1 & all rat-eat5 & brok5 ones c>efully exclud$4 ,canes may1 h[ev]1 be kept "s days )\t f]m5t+1 provid$ !y be n brok5 or damag$1 x be+1 z we said be=e1 ! mixture ( ! sap & ! cane juice t makes ! liquid s prone to f]m5tation2 & ! mill1 gutt]s1 & ev]y?+ ) :i* ! juice is likely to come 9 contact1 %\ld be kept c>efully clean1 & :itewa%$ imm$iately aft]1 & ! :itewa% remov$ be=e use1 z acetate ( lime be+ an exce$+ly soluble & deliquesc5t salt1 w n improve ! quality ( ! sug>2 :il/ ! gutt] %\ld be %ort1 & %elt]$ f ! sun's rays1 !y hav+ ! effect ( greatly exp$it+ *emical action4 ,i %all say no m on ?is subject1 b w proce$ to consid] ! mode ( temp]+ & cl>ify+ cane juice1 & ! action ( lime on ! v>i\s sub/ances conta9$ !re94 ,! expression temp]+ has1 ,i presume1 be51 adopt$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! use ( temp]$ lime = ! purpose ( precipitat+ ! fecul5cies1 held 9 solution 9 ! cane juice1 into a /ate ( susp5sion2 & cl>ification is ! process by :i* we aft]w>ds cle> ! liquor ( ^! & o!r =eign matt]4 ,n[1 z ,i be=e obs]v$1 f]m5tation %\ld be mo/ /rictly gu>d$ aga9/2 our fir/ ef=ts %\ld be direct$ to free ! cane juice f ^? sub/ances mo/ conducive to t process2 & on inquiry we f9d ^! to be album5 & glut52 s f>1 h[ev]1 f gett+ rid ( !m 9 cold temp]+1 we adopt a c\rse :i* reta9s !m p]man5tly 9 solution1 z lime has ! p[] ( r5d]+ !m p]man5tly soluble1 & ( =m+ soapy comp\nds ) res91 wax1 & *lorophyle1 or ! gre5 color+ matt] ( leaves1 =m+ an insoluble comp\nd ) & precipitat+ only ! />*1 & conv]t+ at ! same "t ! gre5 color ( ! *lorophyle 7:i* is1 9 all probability1 atta*$ to ! res971 into a d>k br[n1 ( a great] or less int5sity1 accord+ to ! composition ( ! cane juice1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! quantity ( lime requir$2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t if juice be temp]$ be=e ^! sub/ances h be5 remov$1 !y mu/ be p]man5tly reta9$1 & !y h all ! p[] ( prev5t+ granulation4 ,album51 & glut5 are bo? coagulable by heat2 if1 !re=e1 we raise ! liquor to ! boil+ po9t prior to apply+ ! lime1 tak+ c>e to remove ! scum z soon z x %[s signs ( break+1 & cont9u+ ! boil+ until ! scum ?r[n to ! surface becomes inconsid]able1 we %all f9d t ! album5 & glut51 9 coagulat+ & ris+1 h c>ri$ ) !m ! small p>ticles ( woody fibre1 ! wax1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! color+ matt]1 & t ! lime w n[ ?r[ d[n ! />*1 & any o!r little impurities rema9+ 9 susp5sion 9 ! liquor1 leav+ x p]fectly cle> & bright4 ,temp]+ is an exce$+ly delicate *emical op]ation1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 t on its prop] p]=mance dep5ds ! quality ( ! produce4 ,! foll[+ simple exp]im5ts1 :i* all h x 9 _! p[] to try1 w1 if !y give !mselves ! tr\ble1 fully satisfy !m ( two important po9ts--! sup]iority ( ! hot ov] ! cold mode1 & ! necessity = great att5tion to ! op]ation ( temp]+4 ,let !m take a tumbl] ( cane-juice & a bottle conta9+ lime wat]1 add ! latt] to ! =m] by drops1 paus+ & /irr+ betwe5 ea*1 & !y w f9d t1 aft] ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity1 ! opaque gummy appe>ance ( ! liquor und]goes a *ange1 & ! impurities conta9$ 9 x sep>ate into flakes1 :i* increase 9 size ) ea* drop ( lime add$1 until !y become ext9ct1 & ! sup]natant liquor p]fectly transp>5t2 ?is is ! precise po9t at :i* ! liquor is temp]$1 & ea* drop ( lime add$ aft] ?is1 causes ! flakes to dim9i% rapidly 9 size1 at la/ entirely to disappe> 7be+ re-dissolv$71 & ! liquor to resume its =m] gummy appe>ance2 x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t !re %\ld be no su* expressions z temp]+ high or l[4 ,! reason :y "s liquor is s difficult to clean is1 t x is ei!r temp]$ high or l[2 if x be exactly temp]$1 ! impurities conta9$ 9 x be+ entirely sep>at$ & ?r[n out ( solution1 rise to ! surface imm$iately on ! application ( heat1 & are easily remov$2 b if !re be too little lime1 a great portion rema9s 9 solution1 & if too mu*1 a proportional quantity is re-dissolv$2 & 9 ei!r case _c be remov$ by any me*anical means4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to h "s precise te/ = ! application ( lime4 ,z reg>ds ! sup]iority ( ! hot ov] ! cold temp]+1 let any "o take1 9 sep>ate vessels1 two gallons ( cane-juice1 & temp] "o1 add+ ! lime 9 small quantities--say1 ( ?ree gra9s at a "t--& keep+ an acc\nt ( ! quantity us$2 he w f9d t ! fir/ portions produce no effect :atev]1 & t x is only aft] ! addition ( a consid]able quantity t ! desir$ precipitation ( ! impurities manife/ itself4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because album51 glut51 res91 & *lorophyle1 be+ soluble 9 lime1 lime is equally s 9 !m1 & !y mu/ fir/ be saturat$ be=e x w produce any o!r effect4 ,let ! liquor ?us temp]$1 be !n plac$ on "o side4 ,put ! o!r gallon ov] a fire1 & boil x1 remov+ ! scum j be=e1 & dur+1 ebullition2 let x !n be tak5 (f ! fire1 & temp]$ 9 ! same way z ! o!r4 ,! v fir/ quantity ( lime add$ causes ! appe>ance ( ! floccy precipitate2 & if ! addition ( ! lime be cont9u$ until x be precisely temp]$1 x w be f\nd t ! hot possesses ! foll[+ advantages ov] ! cold-temp]$ liquor3--,9 a qu>t] ( an h\r its impurities w h subsid$ to a sixte5? ( its bulk1 leav+ ! sup]natant liquor z bright & cle> z pale br&y2 :ile ^? 9 ! o!r h only sunk to "o-qu>t] ( its bulk4 ,! color ( ! =m] cle> liquor w n be less ?an "o-half ! int5sity ( t ( ! latt]4 ,! lime us$ 9 ! hot has be5 less by "o-?ird ?an ! quantity us$ 9 ! cold temp]+4 ,( c\rse1 on level e/ates !re is little difficulty 9 temp]+ liquor1 b on hilly prop]ties sc>cely two pans w require ! same quantity4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! object ( add+ lime to cane-juice is = ! purpose ( neutralis+ an acid1 & x is to ! reception ( ?is fallaci\s idea t x is indebt$ = its long & cont9u$ use1 & ! pres5t backw>d /ate ( sug> manufacture is attributable3 ,i unhesitat+ly ass]t t1 if !re be an acid pres5t 9 ! cane-juice1 ! addition ( lime to x w be injuri\s in/ead ( b5eficial4 ,!re are only f\r acids t we c\ld expect to f9d 9 cane juice--muc\s1 sac*olactic or saclactic1 oxalic1 & acetic acids4 ,! ?ree fir/ nam$ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 h nev] be5 trac$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute quantities2 & if ! latt] be pres5t1 :i*1 un=tunately1 is b too (t5 ! case1 ! addition ( lime w\ld only result 9 ! =mation ( acetate ( lime1 :i* is1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 an exce$+ly difficult cry/allisable1 v soluble1 & deliquesc5t salt4 ,x has a bitt]1 sal9e ta/e2 #ajj p>ts consi/ ( #fd4e acid1 #ce4e lime1 & x is easily recognisable by its ta/e 9 ! molasses made f s\r cane-juice3 s t1 suppos+ ! cane-juice s\r1 e p9t ( acid pres5t w\ld require ne>ly half a p\nd ( lime = its neutralisation1 indep5d5t ( ! quantity requir$ = ! temp]+ or precipitation ( ! fecul5cies conta9$ 9 x1 & w\ld result 9 ! =mation ( "o-&-a-half p\nd ( ! above m5tion$ highly delet]i\s salt4 ,suppose we boil ! cane-juice prior to temp]+ x1 we !n drive (f a great portion ( acetic acid1 mu* less lime w be requir$1 & if we c\ld1 by filtration or subsid5ce1 get rid ( ! precipitat$ fecul5cies1 we %\ld make a tol]ably good sug>2 b z1 "u ! pres5t plan1 we h no means ( s do+1 ! acetic acid1 :i* is =m+ dur+ ! :ole process ( evaporation 7z f]m5tation /ill goes on71 unites ) ! lime be=e x c be dissipat$ by ! heat1 & ?us n only =ms acetate ( lime1 b causes ! re-solution ( ! precipitat$ fecul5cies1 ?us r5d]+ x necess>y to add a fre% portion ( lime 9 ! ta*e1 a proce$+ always to be avoid$1 if possible1 b g5]ally necess>y 9 boil+ d[n s\r liquor4 ,take a small portion ( cane-juice 7hot or cold7 9 a tumbl]1 & temp] x ) lime until ! fecul5cies are precipitat$ & ! flakes p]fectly visible1 !n add v9eg> by drops1 & x w be f\nd t ! flakes w spe$ily disappe> & be re-dissolv$1 %[+ t lime has a great] aff9ity = acetic acid ?an />*1 & t1 al?\gh :5 add$ to s\r cane-juice1 x neutralises ! acidity1 /ill t result is a consequ5ce1 n ! cause1 ( ! application1 & is highly injuri\s4 ,lime is "o ( ! greate/ kn[n solv5ts ( vegetable matt]2 x dissolves album51 glut51 gum & lign91 or woody fibre1 =m+ soapy comp\nds ) wax1 res91 &1 *lorophyle4 ,ord9>y cane-juice conta9s ab\t ?ree p>ts ( res9 to e #ajj ( sug>1 & ! projection ( a small piece ( soap into a ta*e full ( granulat+ syrup w soon conv9ce any "o ( ! effect likely to result f ! pres5ce ( t mat]ial4 ,al?\gh1 by temp]+ hot1 we get rid ( a v great quantity ( ! sub/ances on :i* lime acts injuri\sly1 a consid]able portion ( !m rema9 9 susp5sion1 ! quantity ( album5 conta9$ 9 ! cane-juice n be+ suffici5t to c>ry !m all (f by coagulation2 on ! addition ( ! lime1 h[ev]1 !y are entirely dissolv$ & z ! impurities left beh9d consi/ *iefly ( glut51 ! liability ( ! liquor to f]m5t is greatly increas$ by its ret5tion1 t be+ ! f]m5t+ pr9ciple conta9$ 9 :eat & o!r vegetable productions prone to t process4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( ,album5 consi/ ( ,c>bon1 #eb4hh2 ,oxyg51 #bc4hh2 ,hydrog51 #g-ed2 ,nitrog51 #ae4gj4 ,glut51 ne>ly same z ,album54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ajj p>ts ,excess6 ,excess consi/ ( ,c>bon4,oxyg54,hydro- ,c>bon4 ,wat]4 ( ( g54 ,oxyg5,hydrog5 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lign91 or ,woody ,fibre #ea4de #db4gc #e4hb or#ea4de #dh4ee ,/>* #dc4ee #di4fc #f4gg #dc4ee #ef4de ,sug> #db4dg #ej4fc #f4ij #db4dg #eg4ec ,gum #db4bc #ej4hd #f4ic #db4bc #eg4gg ,alcohol #ea4ih #cd4cb #ac4gj #ea4ih #ch4ii #i4jc ,acetic ,acid #ej4bb #dd4ae #e4fc #ej4bb #df4ia #b4hg ,res9 #ge4id #ac4cd #aj4gb #ge4id #ae4af #h4ij ,wax #ha4gi #e4ed #ab4gf #ha4gi #f4cj #aa4ja ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,by a ref]5ce to ! =ego+ table x w be easily und]/ood h[ slight a *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts ( any "o ( ! sub/ances conta9$ !re9 w conv]t x into an entirely diff]5t "o4 ,9 *emi/ry we are able1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to imitate ! op]ations ( nature2 b we mu/ foll[ 9 ! same c\rse laid d[n by h]2 ?us1 we c conv]t woody fibre1 or sawdu/ & />*1 into sug>1 gum1 alcohol1 & acetic acid2 b we _c conv]t alcohol1 acetic acid1 or gum into sug>1 />* or woody fibre2 & ( su* importance is a slight alt]ation ( ! proportions ( ^! elem5ts--c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5--t ! ab/raction ( c>bon f sug>1 & ! addition ( a portion ( ! prime support ( life1 vegetation & combu/ion1 oxyg51 *anges ! h>mless sug> into ! mo/ viol5t ( poisons1 oxalic acid1 :i* consi/s ( #bf4eg c>bon1 #gj4fi oxyg51 & #b4gd hydrog54 ,let u n[ exam9e ! action ( lime on sug>1 & we %all f9d x equally1 if n m1 injuri\s ?an on ! o!r sub/ances4 ,sug> is capable ( dissolv+ half its weight ( lime1 by :i* its sweet ta/e is de/roy$1 & x becomes conv]t$ into gum2 ! lime ab/ract+ c>bonic acid f x to =m a c>bonate ( lime or *alk4 ,x w be se5 by ! above table t-- #ajj p>ts ( sug> conta9 #db4dg c>bon4 #ajj p>ts ( gum conta9 #db4bc ditto4 ----- ,diff]5ce #bd ,s t1 if we extract #bd-ajj?s ( a gra9 ( c>bon f #ajj gra9s ( sug>1 we conv]t !m into gum4 ,let u suppose t ab\t two ounces ( lime1 or say #a1jjj gra9s1 rema9 9 solution 9 a pan1 7say #bjj gallons ( liquor17 ^? #a1jjj gra9s ( lime w require #gfa ( c>bonic acid to conv]t !m into c>bonate ( lime or *alk1 #ajj gra9s ( :i* consi/ ( #ef4b lime & #dc4h c>bonic acid4 ,s t #a1gfa gra9s ( *alk consi/ ( #a1jjj lime & #gfa c>bonic acid4 ,n[ #ajj gra9s ( c>bonic add consi/ ( #bg4ec c>bon & #gb4dg oxyg52 !re=e #gfa gra9s w consi/ ( #bji4ej c>bon & #eea4ec oxyg54 ,consequ5tly1 #a1jjj gra9s ( lime w require #bji4ej gra9s ( c>bon to conv]t !m into c>bonate ( lime2 & z we h se5 t ! ab/raction ( #bd f #ajj gra9s ( sug> conv]t !m into gum1 x foll[s1 t ! ab/raction ( #bji4ej gra9s w\ld h a simil> effect on #hg1jjj gra9s1 or ab\t #ae lbs4 ( sug>1 :i*1 be+ conv]t$ into gum1 w\ld prev5t ! cry/allisation ( sev]al times its weight ( sug>2 & ?is is ! cause ( ! =mation ( molasses4 ,! loss ( sug> is n ! only bad consequ5ce ( ! use ( lime1 z ! great] ! quantity ( gum 9 ! liquor1 ! m x mu/ be boil$--! m x is boil$ ! d>k] x gets--& ! high] ! temp]ature at :i* ! skip is /ruck1 ! small] ! gra94 ,! foll[+ is a good pro( t lime dissolves album51 & becomes conv]t$ into *alk3--,take a spoonful ( syrup out ( ! ta*e ( any e/ate on :i* ! liquor is temp]$ cold2 x w be f\nd fill$ ) small flakes2 ^! are album5 set free f its solution 9 ! lime by ! conv]sion ( ! latt] into c>bonate ( lime1 & coagulat$ by heat4 ,x is p]fectly possible to temp] liquor1 s t sc>cely any uncry/allisable sug> w rema92 b plant]s d n l ?is2 !y mu/ h molasses = ! /ill-h\se2 !y c\ld1 h[ev]1 boil l[1 by :i* ! gra9 & color w\ld be improv$1 & pl5ty ( uncry/allis$1 al?\gh n uncry/allisable1 syrup w\ld be left to take ! place ( molasses4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ fully prov$ ! foll[+ facts1 viz43--,t ! use ( lime 9 sug>-mak+ is n to neutralise an acid2 t if acidity be pres5t1 ! application ( lime is injuri\s2 t its action on glut51 album51 wax1 res91 & *lorophyle is equally s2 t by decompos+ ! sug> & =m+ gum1 ! quantity ( molasses or uncry/allisable sug> is mu* increas$1 :]eby high boil+ is r5d]$ necess>y1 ) its consequ5t height5+ ( color & injury to ! gra9 ( ! produce1 & t !re=e x is p]fectly unfit = ! purpose ( temp]+ cane-juice4 ,messrs4 ,?omas ,begg & ,co41 ( ,london1 h procur$ f ,e4,f4 ,tel*ema*] & ,j4 ,d5ham ,smi?1 an analysis ( "o gallon ( ord9>y planta9 juice1 & "o gallon ( ,ramos' prep>$ planta9 juice = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any sub/ance c be us$ :i*1 9 conjunction ) wat]1 w answ] z a sub/itute = ! planta9 juice 9 ! receipt :i* accompani$ ! samples4 ,! *emi/s say !y f9d t "o gallon ( ord9>y planta9 juice holds 9 solution2-- ,extract simil> to tann9 #be4fj gra9s ,vegetable extract & fatty matt] #eg4gj ,c>bonate ( pota% #aej4dj ,muriate ( pota% #cc4fj ,muriate ( soda #b4jj ,silica #a4bj ------------- ,cont5ts ( "o imp]ial gallon #bgj4ej gra9s --:il/ "o gallon ( ,ramos' prep>$ planta9 juice conta9s1 besides vegetable extract1 #bbf gra9s ( solid matt]1 consi/+ ( sulphuret & pota%1 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,sulphur #dj gra9s ,lime #aef ,pota% #cj ---------- #bbf gra9s ,!y d n ?9k x likely t ! pota% exi/s 9 fre% planta9 juice z c>bonate1 b r t ?is salt is ! product ( decomposition1 aris+ f a comp\nd ( pota% & a vegetable acid1 su* z t>t>ic or oxalic acid pres5t 9 ! fre% juice2 be ?is z x may1 any utility d]ivable f ! planta9 juice is evid5tly ow+ to ! pota% x conta9s4 ,!y !n give z a sub/itute = ,ramos' liquid1 & to be us$ 9 a simil> way1 ! foll[+-- ,take ( subc>bonate ( pota% #b ounces1 avoirdupois2 sulphur1 #b ounces2 be/ ,briti% lime slak$1 #a lb42 mix !m into a pa/e 9 an e>!n pan or wood5 tub1 ) "o qu>t ( wat] 7w>m7 & :5 ?or\ghly mix$1 p\r 9 t5 gallons ( boil+ wat]--ra9 wat] is ! be/ to use--& /ir f "t to "t until x has cool$1 :5 x may be drawn (f f ! s$im5t & kept = use4 ,if ra9 wat] _c be obta9$1 ! pure/ wat] obta9able may be us$4 ,"o ( ! causes mo/ fatal to ,we/ ,indian prosp]ity1 is t exub]ance ( advantages :i* !y enjoy f s]5ity ( climate & f]tility ( soil--causes :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( prop] /imulus to indu/ry & improvem5t1 h l$ to an improvid5t sy/em ( cultivation1 & to a bl9d & ignorant adh]5ce to wa/eful me?ods ( manufacture4 ,! cane is believ$ to conta9 f #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( its own weight ( sac*>9e juice2 & yet 7z ,mr4 ,f[nes1 a ,pr(essor ( ,practical ,*emi/ry 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 in=ms u1 9 an excell5t pap] ,on ! ,manufacture ( ,sug> 9 ,b>bados1#ag f :i* mu* ( :at foll[s has be5 borr[$7 ow+ to ! defective con/ruction ( ! mills1 h>dly s mu* z #ej p] c5t4 is obta9$1 al?\gh he believes x practicable1 by an improvem5t 9 ! mills1 to obta9 f #gj to #ge p] c5t42 & ( ! rema9+ #aj or #ae p] c5t4 :i* he reg>ds x z impossible to extract1 mu*1 if n ! :ole1 might1 ,i conceive1 be obta9$1 by mac]at+ ! press$ canes or megass1 z x issues f ! mill1 & repass+ x ?r\gh ! roll]s2 &1 be x rememb]$1 t f #dj to #de p] c5t4 ( sac*>9e juice is ne>ly1 if n altoge!r1 equival5t to a simil> p] c5tage ( sug>2 s t by ^! initiatory improvem5ts alone1 & ) little additional tr\ble1 ! produce ( sug> might be ne>ly d\bl$ f any giv5 quantity ( canes4 ,f ! action ( lime-wat] :5 add$ 9 a slight excess to ! cane juice or raw liquor1 z x is v]nacul>ly t]m$1 imm$iately on issu+ f ! mill1 z well z f ! effect produc$ by ammonia or pota%1 ?is liquid appe>s to conta9 a consid]able quantity ( cane sug>1 mix$ ) mu* glucose1 or t sac*>9e matt] :i* is f\nd 9 fruits2 gum or dextr9e1 phosphates1 & probably malates ( lime & magnesia1 ) sulphates & *lorides1 pota% & soda1 & a peculi> azotis$ matt]1 alli$ to album51 :i* =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) lime1 is n coagulable by heat or acids1 & runs readily into putrefactive f]m5tation4 ,to free x f ^! con/itu5ts1 & enable x to yield pure & cry/allisable sug>1 ! liquor1 on ent]+ ! boil+-h\se1 is receiv$ into ! fir/ ( ?ree cl>ifi]s1 ( ! capacity ( f ?ree hundr$ to a ?\s& gallons ea*4 ,"h x is subject$ to ! action ( lime-wat]1 :i* *ecks ! t5d5cy to f]m5tation1 & neutralises any free acid :i* x may conta94 ,! common defection process1 says ,mr4 ,f[nes1 9 c>eful h&s1 seems susceptible ( little improvem5t4 ,_m o!r sub/ances ?an lime h be5 propos$ & tri$ ) m or less success1 "s ( :i*1 9 p>ticul> /ates ( ! cane juice1 may prove v useful2 b1 = g5]al purposes1 no?+ seems to answ] s well z neutralisation by lime1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( lime-wat] or milk ( lime1 add$ until ! slighte/ possible t5d5cy to alkal9ity1 z asc]ta9$ by delicate r$d5$ litmus pap]1 is p]ceiv$4 ,! juice %\ld be some:at heat$ be=e ! lime is add$1 & aft]w>ds rais$ q to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! fire is !n to be )drawn1 & ! :ole all[$ to re/ a %ort "t4 ,su* is ,mr4 ,f[nes' description ( ! process ( cl>ification2 to :i* ,i w v5ture to add1 ^u ! au?ority ( ^? :o h exp]i5c$ its good effects1 ! jo9t use ( ! mucilage ( ! ,guazuma ulmifolia1 or gun-/ock tree1 z x is popul>ly t]m$ 9 ,nevis f ! use to :i* its timb] has be5 appli$4 ,?is is ! ba/>d c$> ( ,jamaica1 or ,orme d',am]ique1 & ,bois d',orme ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* may be f\nd describ$ by ,lunan1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hortus ,jamaic5sis1 page #ei1 "u ! "n ( ,bubroma ,guazuma4 ,?is tree pres5ts 9 ! int]val betwe5 its out] b>k ( sap-wood1 a mass ( fibr\s matt] ab\t half an in* 9 ?ickness1 ri*ly impregnat$ ) mucilage1 :i* is obta9$ by mac]at+ ! fibr\s mass1 conv5i5tly divid$ into small %r$s1 = ab\t twelve h\rs1 9 w>m wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t two h&sful to eight gallons ( wat]4 ,( ?is solution1 :i* is ( a light1 /raw color1 & some:at ?ick5$1 "o gallon is to be add$ = e hundr$ gallons ( cane juice1 aft] ! cl>ifi] has be5 *>g$ ) ! prop] quantity ( lime-wat]1 & has become lukew>m4 ,! mixture %\ld !n be /irr$1 & aft]w>ds all[$ to settle till ! scum has ris5 to ! surface4 ,! fire mu/ next be cauti\sly & gradually rais$ to ! po9t ( boil+1 :5 x mu/ aga9 be slack5$1 & ! :ole left to /& = ab\t =ty m9utes1 by :i* "t ! mass ( fecul5cies w h ris5 to ! surface1 :5 ! cle> liquor und]nea? may ei!r be drawn (f by a siphon or cock2 ! :ole may be filt]$ z ,mr4 ,f[nes recomm5ds1 by :i* means ! liquor w\ld be m effectually cl>ifi$1 & mu*1 if n all1 ! subsequ5t lab\r ( skimm+ disp5s$ )4 ,! matt] rema9+ on ! filt] may be employ$1 ei!r z a f]m5t 9 ! /ill-h\se1 or add$ to ! manure heap4 ,mu* ( ! b5eficial effect ( ! mucilage ( ! guazuma arises probably f an admixture ( tann91 or "s o!r a/r+5t2 = ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck ) ! peculi> :it5ess ( ! pott$ sug> 9 ! cur+-h\se1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,banana /alks1 result+1 no d\bt1 f _! p[]ful a/r+5cy2 & tann9 has already be5 f\nd useful 9 ! manufacture ( sug> f beet-root 9 ,france1 & is no d\bt equally applicable to cane-sug>4 ,! liquor1 :5 cl>ifi$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 mu/ be conc5trat$1 by regulat$ evaporation1 to ! degree requisite = cry/allisation4 ,?is ,mr4 ,f[nes advises to be done by /eam ( a mod]ate pressure circulat+ 9 a spiral ( copp]-pipe laid at ! bottom ( ! evaporat+ vessels1 :i* %\ld be l>ge & %all[1 & :olly unlike ^? 9 pres5t use4 ,"h x may be rapidly boil$ d[n till ! heat rises to ab\t #bbe deg41 )\t risk ( burn+4 ,:5 cold1 x %\ld h a d5sity ( ab\t #a4ch1 & m>k ! #ch? degree ( ,baume's hydromet]2 beyond :i* po9t ( inspissation x w\ld be dang]\s to g4 ,! rema9+ conc5tration w be mo/ safely conduct$ 9 ! vacuum pan1 :]e a sc>city ( wat] does n1 z 9 ,b>bados1 militate aga9/ its use4 ,mr4 ,f[nes exposes ! absurdity ( us+ %all[ cool]s1 expos+ a l>ge surface1 & produc+ a rapid evaporation1 = ! process ( cry/allisation4 ,by ! use ( ! %all[ cool]s =m]ly1 &1 ,i believe1 yet to be f\nd on mo/ e/ates1 f ! rapidity ( ! evaporation1 ! sug> is obta9$ 9 a mass ( confus$ & imp]fectly-=m$ cry/als1 entangl+ 9 _! int]/ices a consid]able quantity ( molasses1 :i* impairs ! color ( ! product1 & escap+ sl[ly1 & ) difficulty1 is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 lo/ on ! homew>d voyage by dra9age into ! hold1 occasion+ mu* positive loss to ! own]1 & giv+ ! bilge-wat] a mo/ (f5sive odor4 ,he !re=e recomm5ds ! use ( deep vessels1 & avoidance ( all agitation 9 ?is "p ( ! process1 s z to enable ! cry/allisable portion ( ! syrup to effect a m complete sep>ation f ! uncry/allisable portion or ! molasses4 ,by ?is simple me?od1 n only sug> ( a f9] & :it] quality w\ld be obta9$1 b a l>ge p] c5tage ( loss bo? ( cry/allisable & uncry/allisable sug> at pres5t caus$ by ! leakage ( ! hog%ead into ! hold1 w\ld be prev5t$1 n only to ! great advantage ( ! plant]1 b to ! great com=t ( ! capta91 pass5g]s1 & crew ( ! vessel freight$ ) x4 ,x is n improbable t1 by re-boil+ ! molasses 9 ! vacuum-pan1 & employ+ tann9 9 ! mann] adopt$ 9 ! process = mak+ sug> f beet-root1 f "o to five p] c5t4 ( cry/allisable sug> c\ld be recov]$ f x1 & ?is p] c5tage might possibly ev5 be f\nd to admit ( increase by ! fur!r treatm5t ) lime-wat] & ! gun-/ock tree s already sugge/$1 = ! fir/ cl>ification ( ! liquor receiv$ f ! mill4 ,) ?is view1 ,mr4 ,f[nes recomm5ds ! sub/itution ( pun*eons1 or casks1 = ! molasses ci/]ns ord9>ily employ$ 9 ! cur+-h\se1 to receive ! molasses z x dra9s f ! new sug>1 & ?us reta9+ x until aft] ! busy p]iod ( crop "t has clos$4 ,%\ld sug> ( a :it] quality ?an ! ord9>y muscovado ( comm]ce be desir$1 ?is advantage may be readily obta9$1 z ,mr4 ,f[nes judici\sly obs]ves1 by filt]+ ! ?9 syrup1 ready = ! vacuum-pan1 ?r\gh a b$ ( f9e *>coal1 z is done by ! sug> ref9]s1 & aft]w>ds wa%+ ! cry/als ( sug> ) :ite syrup1 :5 ! molasses has ?or\ghly dra9$ f !m4 ,by ?is process1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is att5d$ ) "s increase ( exp5se1 & may n1 9 consequ5ce1 be always advisable1 muscovado sug> may be obta9$1 ( a quality h>dly inf]ior to t ( ref9$ sug>4 ,mr4 ,f[nes ?us sums up ! pr9cipal po9ts to :i* he is desir\s ( call+ ! att5tion ( ! intellig5t & ent]pris+ plant]4 #a4 ,to obta91 by ! use ( a prop]ly-con/ruct$ mill1 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( juice f ! cane4 ,by ?is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f[nes1 a ga9 ( f #bj to #cj p] c5t41 equival5t to z mu* m>ketable sug>1 may be obta9$ )\t any additional exp5se2 b z1 f ,mr4 ,f[nes' own %[+1 !re is a residuum ( #aj to #ae p] c5t ( liquor ob/9ately reta9$ by ! megass1 or cane tra%1 aft] ! mo/ p[]ful pressure to :i* x c be subject$2 mu*1 if n all1 ev5 ( ?is loss might be prev5t$ by subject+ ! megass1 on issu+ f betwe5 ! roll]s1 to ! action ( wat] = a brief "t1 pass+ x once m ?r\gh ! mill1 & add+ ! sac*>9e solution s obta9$1 or t obta9$ directly f ! cane on its fir/ cru%+4 ,! wat] ?us employ$ w\ld s]ve = _m successive portions ( megass1 until at l5g? x became s ri*ly load$ ) sac*>9e matt] z to be wor? att5tion 9 ! boil+-h\se2 or1 at all ev5ts1 x w\ld be s]viceable = ! cattle1 :o w\ld fatt5 rapidly ^u x4 ,by ?is additional process a fur!r ga9 ( at lea/ five p] c5t4 might be expect$1 rais+ ! total ga9 f improvem5ts 9 ?is fir/ /age ( ! process1 to f #be to #ce p] c5t4 #b4 ,to cl>ify & filt] ?is juice ) exp$ition1 & to evaporate x rapidly1 ei!r ov] ! op5 fire or by /eam heat1 z f> z x c be done ) safety4 ,by ! use ( /eam1 n only is a va/ economy ( fuel effect$1 b ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at a uni=m & suffici5t /&>d1 & ! liquor effectually gu>d$ aga9/ ! risks ( c>elessness or ignorance4 ,coal may be obta9$ on f> *eap] t]ms1 9 ex*ange = produce1 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates or f ,cape ,breton1 ?an f ,engl&2 & z colli]s f ^? qu>t]s w\ld f9d x _! int]e/ to br+ c>goes at _! own risk1 & take return c>goes ( sug>1 rum1 or molasses1 at ! m>ket price1 ! plant] w be d\bly a ga9] by ! sy/em1 obta9+ 8 fuel at a r$uc$ rate1 & hav+ 8 tra% & megass left free z manure = ! use ( 8 cane fields4 #c4 ,to complete ! conc5tration 9 a vacuum pan1 or by o!r means1 at a mod]ate temp]ature1 n hurtful to ! sug>1 & facilitate ! natural process ( cry/allisation1 s z to obta9 sug> ( a l>ge & di/9ct gra94 #d4 ,to dra9 & dry ! sug> p]fectly1 & to save all ! molasses4 ,! advantages to be anticipat$ f ^! improvem5ts1 sup]add$ to an improvem5t 9 cultivation1 _c be e/imat$ at less1 ^u a mod]ate calculation1 ?an f #aej to #bjj p] c5t4 ( increase 9 ! production ( sug>1 ) h>dly an appreciable increase ( labor or exp5se2 = we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 a ga9 by improv$ culture (1 at lea/1 two hog%eads an acre 9 sug>1 equival5t to #ajj p] c5t42 9 ! next1 by employ+ improv$ mills & extract+ ! residuum1 #cj p] c5t42 by conduct+ ! process ( manufacture m judici\sly1 #aj p] c5t42 & by ! prev5tion ( wa/e dur+ ! transit to m>ket1 #aj p] c5t41 mak+ a total ( at lea/ #aej p] c5t4 ,! common sug>-mill consi/s ( ?ree cyl9d]s1 tight5$ ei!r by w$ges1 if 9 a wood5 frame1 or by screws 9 a ca/-iron frame4 ,if 9 an iron frame1 ! above-m5tion$ noise is obviat$1 b ! friction & loss ( p[] is ! same1 :i* is asc]ta9able by subsequ5t inve/igation4 ,! cyl9d]s or roll]s1 :i* are mov+ ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 are f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ) be>+s or %afts ( "o f\r? ( _! diamet]4 ,if ! be>+s or %afts ( ! cyl9d]s 7 ( less sub/ance1 !y c\ld n resi/ ! great /ra9 to :i* !y are subject$ :5 9 op]ation4 ,! :ole ( ! prime mov] 7/eam-eng9e1 wat]-:eel1 or animals71 m9us ! friction ( int]m$iate ma*9]y1 is transmitt$ to ! pla9s ( ^! roll]s & resi/$ by _! be>+s2 h5ce ! action is equal to a weight mov+ on l[ :eels ( eighte5 or tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 on axles ( f f\r to six in*es ?ickness1 :i* weight is equal to ! =ce appli$2 consequ5tly1 if ! /ra9 is great] ?an ! resi/ance ( ! roll]s or ! be>+s1 !y mu/ be wr5*$ (f1 or if great] ?an ! =ce appli$1 ! mill w be /opp$4 ,! p[] necess>y to move weights ^u :eels1 on a smoo? & level surface1 is 9 proportion to ! respective diamet]s ( :eels & axles4 ,! same pull :i* moves "o ton at a giv5 velocity ^u a :eel ( two feet1 ) an axle ( six in*es1 w move f\r tons1 if on a :eel ( f\r feet diamet]1 ) an axle ( six in*es4 ,consequ5tly1 cyl9d]s ( small diamet]1 ) /rong & sub/antial be>+s1 are only admissible z work+ ma*9es1 if no o!r me*anical means are applicable1 z1 = in/ance1 9 roll+ out metals1 compress+ ! surface ( v>i\s bodies = a glossy appe>ance1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 to produce a c]ta9 & equal =m ( ! sub/ance :i* is press$ & pass$ betwe5 !m4 ,!y compress ! atoms ( bodies1 & = ?is reason alone are ill suit$ to sep>ate ! fibres ( ! sug> canes1 & to express effectively ! sac*>9e matt] betwe5 !m4 ,a practical pro( ( ?is demon/ration is furni%$ by e sug> cane :i* has gone ?r\gh ! mill4 ,fre% megass is at pres5t bett] suit$ = fatt5+ animals ?an = fuel "u ! sug> pans4 ,! loss ( mat]ial ?us su/a9$1 :i* is1 on an av]age1 equal 9 e mill1 :e!r driv5 by /eam1 wat]1 or animal p[]1 is entirely *>geable to ! con/ruction ( ! mill1 & am\nts to ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( ! sac*>9e matt] conta9$ 9 ! sug> canes4 ,m4 ,duprez1 an ag5t ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ exp]im5t$ on ! canes 9 ,guadal\pe1 f\nd ! quantity ( juice 9 e #ajj lbs4 cru%$-- lbs4 #a ,by mills hav+ horizontal roll]s2 ! motive p[] n /at$ #fa4b #b ,by mills1 motive p[]1 /eam #fj4i #c ,by mills1 motive p[]1 w9d & /eam #ei4c #d ,by mills1 hav+ v]tical roll]s #ei4b #e ,by mills1 motive p[]1 cattle #eh4e #f ,by mills1 motive p[]1 w9d 99 #ef4d 99 ,dr4 ,evans' ,treatise on ,sug>1 p4 #ge4 ,! av]age ( all ^! exp]im5ts be+ #ef p] c5t4 only4 ,! result ( ,m4 ,avequ91 on ,l\isiana cane1 0 #ej p] c5t4 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ( ,jamaica1 /ates #ej p] c5t4 z ! av]age ?r\gh\t ! isl& ( ,m>t9ique4 ,dr4 ,evans v5tures #dg p] c5t4 z ! l[e/1 & #fa p] c5t4 z ! highe/ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,a mill 9 ,madeira gave #dg4e & #gj4b ( juice--! l>g] yield be+ obta9$ by brac+ ! horizontal roll]s m ?an usually tight1 & introduc+ only a few canes at a "t1 ! motive p[] be+ cattle4 ,! ?ree roll] mill has ! disadvantage ( re-absorb+ a "p ( ! cane juice 9 ! spongy megass1 7or tra% z x is t]m$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies71 & a loss ( p[]4 ,^? ) five roll]s h be5 us$ 9 ,cuba1 ,b\rbon & ! ,mauritius1 :i* gave #gj p] c5t41 b a great increase ( motive p[] is necess>y4 ,f\r roll] mills1 two bel[ & two above1 requir+ little m motive p[] ?an ?ree roll]s1 h giv5 #gj to #ge p] c5t ( juice4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company in/itut$ inquiries relative to ! cultivation ( ! sug> cane 9 ,h9do/an1 & ! in=mation obta9$ 0 publi%$ 9 a l>ge folio volume4 ,! ,reports furni%$ by _! (fic]s1 f almo/ e di/rict1 concur 9 /at+ t !re 7 ?ree k9ds cultivat$3--#a4 ,! purple4 #b4 ,! :ite4 #c4 ,a v>iety ( ! :ite1 requir+ a l>ge supply ( wat]4 ,! epitome ( ! ,reports af=ds ?is in=mation3-- #a4 ,! purple color$ cane yields a sweet]1 ri*] juice1 ?an ! yell[ or light color$1 b 9 less quantity1 & is h>d] to press4 ,gr[s on dry l&s4 ,sc>ce any o!r sort 9 ,be]bhoom1 mu* 9 ,radnagore1 "s ab\t ,santipore1 mix$ ) light color$ cane4 ,gr[s also ne> ,calcutta2 9 "s fields sep>ate1 9 o!rs mix$ ) pooree or light color$ cane4 ,:5 eat5 raw1 is m dry & pi?y 9 ! m\?1 b e/eem$ bett] sug> ?an ! pooree1 & appe>s to be ! sup]ior sort ( cane4 ,p]sons :o h be5 ,we/ ,indian plant]s d n "k x z a ,we/ ,indian cane4 #b4 ,! light color$ cane1 yell[1 incl9+ to :ite2 deep] yell[ :5 ripe1 & on ri* gr\nd1 x is ! same sort z t :i* gr[s 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 s(t]1 m juicy ?an ! ,cadjoolee1 b juice less ri*1 & produces sug> less /rong2 requires sev5 maunds ( pooree juice to make z mu* goor or inspissat$ juice z is produc$ f six ( ! ,cadjoolee4 ,mu* ( ?is k9d is br\ght to ! ,calcutta m>kets1 & eat5 raw4 #c4 ,! :ite v>iety1 :i* gr[s 9 swampy1 l&s1 is light color$1 & gr[s to a great height4 ,its juice is m wat]y1 & yields a weak] sug> ?an ! ,cadjoolee4 ,h[ev]1 z mu* ( ,b5gal consi/s ( l[ gr\nds1 & z ! upl& canes are liable to suff] f dr\ght1 x may be advisable to enc\rage ! cultivation ( x1 %\ld ! sug> x produces be approv$1 ?\gh 9 a less degree ?an o!r sug>s1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! effects ( dry seasons4 ,exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e h[ f> ! idea ( enc\rag+ ?is sort may answ]4 ,besides ! =ego+1 sev]al k9ds are n[ kn[n to ! ,indian plant]4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,*9a sug> cane1 0 consid]$ by ,dr4 ,roxburgh to be a di/9ct species1 & di/+ui%$ by him z ,sac*>um s95sis4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,india 9 #agif1 by ,e>l ,cornwallis1 z be+ sup]ior to ! native k9ds4 ,x is *>act]is$ by a h>dness :i* effectually resi/s mo/ ( ! c\ntry rude mills2 b ?is h>dness is importantly b5eficial1 inasmu* z t x )/&s ! attack ( ! :ite ants1 hogs1 & jackals1 :i* de/roy annually a l>ge portion ( ! common cane4#ah ,dr4 ,bu*anan f\nd t f\r k9ds are kn[n 9 ,mysore4 ,two ( ^! are evid5tly ! purple & :ite g5]ally kn[n2 b z ?is is n di/9ctly /at$1 ,i h reta9$ ! =m 9 :i* he notices !m4 ,re/ali1 ! native sug> ( ! ,mysore1 c only be plant$ 9 ! la/ two weeks ( ,m>* & two fir/ ( ,april4 ,x completes its gr[? 9 twelve mon?s1 & does n survive = a second crop4 ,its cultivation has be5 sup]s$$ by ! o!r4 ,putta-putti4--,?is 0 introduc$ f ,arcot1 dur+ ! reign ( ,hyd] ,ali4 ,x is ! only "o f :i* ! natives c extract sug>2 x also produces ! be/ ,bella or ,jagg]y4 ,x c be plant$ at ! same season z ! o!r1 z well z at ! end ( ,july & beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,x is f\rte5 mon?s 9 complet+ its gr[?2 b ! /ools produce a second crop1 l ! ratoons ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* rip5 9 twelve mon?s4 ,m>acabo1 ,cuttaycabo4--,^! two are v small1 seldom exce$+ half an in* 9 diamet]2 yet 9 "s di/ricts ( ,mysore1 z ab\t ,col>1 ! la/-nam$ is ! v>iety usually cultivat$2 b ?is arises f its requir+ less wat] ?an ! l>g] v>ieties4 ,! be/ v>ieties are ^? introduc$ f ! ,isl&s ( ,otaheite & ,b\rbon4 ,h9do/an is indebt$ = _! introduction to ,capta9 ,sleeman1 :o br\ght !m hi!r f ! ,mauritius 9 #ahbg4 ,he committ$ !m to ,dr4 ,walli*1 "u ^: c>e1 at ! ,botanic ,g>d51 !y h fl\ri%$1 & be5 ! s\rce f :5ce ! b5efit has be5 g5]ally diffus$4 ,_! sup]iority ov] ^? :i* h be5 usually cultivat$ by ! natives has be5 completely e/abli%$4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ,h9do/an canes1 ripe & trimm$ ready = ! mill1 has nev] be5 f\nd to exce$ five p\nds2 b x is n uncommon = an ,otaheite cane1#ai "u simil> circum/ances1 to weigh sev5 p\nds4 ,! extra weight arises proportionately f an increas$ secretion ( sup]ior sap4 ,! sug> is m abundant1 granulates m readily1 & has less scum4 ,o!r sup]ior qualities are1 t ! canes rip5 e>li]1 & are less injur$ by ! occurr5ce ( protract$ dry wea!r4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ! sug> cane a popul> tradition obta9s among/ ! natives1 t1 9 v anci5t times1 a vessel belong+ to _! c\ntry *anc$ by accid5t to leave "o ( h] crew1 "u a desp]ate fit ( sickness1 at a des]t isl&1 at a consid]able di/ance 9 ! ,ea/]n ,seas1 & t1 return+ by ! same r\te1 curiosity prompt$ !m to inquire aft] ! fate ( _! companion1 :51 to _! utt] a/oni%m5t1 ! man pres5t$ himself to _! view1 completely recov]$ f 8 sickness1 & ev5 9 a /ate ( m ?an common heal?4 ,) anxiety !y inquir$ = ! physic he _h s successfully appli$1 & 7 conduct$ by him to ! sug> cane1 on :i* he acqua9t$ !m he _h solely subsi/$ f ! "t ( _! dep>ture4 ,attract$ by su* p[]ful recomm5dation1 e c>e & att5tion 0 be/[$1 we may suppose1 to convey su* an invaluable acquisition to _! own l&s1 :]e ! soil & climate h mutually s9ce contribut$ to its pres5t prosp]ity4 ,soil4--,! soil be/ suit+ ! sug> cane is alum9\s r ?an ! contr>y1 t5aci\s )\t be+ heavy1 readily all[+ excessive moi/ure to dra9 away1 yet n light4 ,"o g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,ball>d1 has endeav\r$ to make ?is po9t cle> by describ+ ! mo/ favorable soils ab\t ,gazepore z light clays1 call$ !re ,moote>ee1 or doansa1 accord+ z !re is m or less s& 9 _! composition4--,trans4 ,agri-,hort4 ,soc4 i4 #aba4 ,mr4 ,p$d+ton seems to ?9k t calc>e\s matt]1 & iron 9 ! /ate ( p]oxide1 are ess5tial to be pres5t 9 a soil = ! production ( ! sup]ior sug> cane4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! calc>e\s matt] is necess>y1 b exp]i5ce is oppos$ to 8 op9ion relative to ! p]oxide4 ,! soil pref]r$ at ,radnagore is !re di/+ui%$ z ! soil ( two qualities1 be+ a mixture ( ri* clay & s&1 & :i* ,mr4 ,t\*et believ$ to be kn[n 9 ,engl& z a light brick m\ld4 ,ab\t ,rungpore1 ,d9ajpoor1 & o!r places :]e ! gr\nd is l[1 !y raise ! b$s :]e ! cane is to be plant$ f\r or five feet above ! level ( ! l& adjac5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,roxburgh agrees ) ! prec$+ /atem5ts4 ,he says1 ,! soil t suits ! cane be/ 9 ?is climate is1 a ri* vegetable e>?1 :i* on exposure to ! air readily crumbles d[n into v f9e m\ld4 ,x is also necess>y = x to be ( su* a level z all[s ( its be+ wat]$ f ! riv] by simply damm+ x up 7:i* almo/ ! :ole ( ! l& adjo9+ to ?is riv]1 ! ,godav]y1 admits (71 & yet s high z to be easily dra9$ dur+ heavy ra9s4 ,su* a soil1 & 9 su* a situation1 hav+ be5 well meliorat$ by v>i\s crops ( legum9\s plants1 or fall[+1 = two or ?ree ye>s1 is slightly manur$1 or has _h = "s "t cattle p5t ^u x4 ,a fav\rite manure = ! cane ) ! ,h9doo f>m] is ! rott5 /raw ( gre5 & black pessaloo 7,phaseolus ,mungo max74#bj ,_m accordant op9ions might be add$ to ! prec$+1 b x seems only necess>y to obs]ve fur!r1 t ! sug> cane requires a soil suffici5tly elevat$ to be entirely free f inundation1 b n s high z to be depriv$ ( moi/ure1 or z to enc\rage ! production ( :ite ants 7t]mes74 ,! sug> cane is an exhau/+ crop1 & x is seldom cultivat$ by ! ryot m frequ5tly ?an once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s on ! same l&4 ,dur+ ! int]m$iate p]iod1 su* plants are gr[n z are f\nd to improve ! soil1 ( :i*1 says ,dr4 ,t5nant1 ! ,indian f>m] is a p]fect judge4 ,!y f9d ! legum9\s tribe ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,su* long int]vals ( repose f ! cane w\ld n be requisite if a bett] sy/em ( manur+ 7 adopt$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,pr9sep has record$ ! foll[+ analysis ( ?ree soils di/+ui%$ = produc+ sug>4 ,!y 7 all a s(t1 f9e-gra9$ alluvium1 )\t pebbles4 ,no4 #a 0 f a village call$ ,mo!1 on ! ,s>jee1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ! ,ganges1 at ,bux>1 & ! o!rs f ! s\? bank ( ! ,ganges1 ne> ! same place4 ,!re is a sub/ratum ( kunk> ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & to "s mixture ( ?is e>? ) ! surface soil ! f]tility ( ! latt] is ascrib$3-- #a #b #c ,hygrometric moi/ure1 on dry+ at #bab deg4 #b4e #b4a #c4f ,c>bonace\s & vegetable matt]1 on calc9ation #a4h #b4a #d4j ,c>bonate ( lime 7,no4 #c eff]vesc$7 #a4f #j4f #c4i ,alkal9e salt1 soluble #a4j #a4a #j4c ,silex & alum9a #id4a #id4a #hh4b ----- ----- ----- #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ,! e>?s un=tunately 7 n sep>at$4 ,mr4 ,pr9sep says ! two fir/ 7 *iefly ( s&1 & ! ?ird some:at argillace\s4 ,! =m] requir$ irrigation1 b ! o!r 0 suffici5tly ret5tive ( moi/ure to r5d] x unnecess>y4--7,j\rn4 ,asiatic ,soc41 ii4 #dce47 ,manures4--,! sug> cane be+ "o ( ! mo/ valu$ crops ( ! ryot1 he always devotes to x a portion ( ! f]tilis+ matt]s he has at comm&1 ?\gh 9 e in/ance ?is is too small4 ,9 ! ,rajahmundry di/rict1 previ\sly to plant+1 ! soil is slightly manur$1 ei!r by hav+ cattle fold$ ^u x1 or by a light cov]+ ( ! rott5 /raw ( ! gre5 & black pessalloo1 :i* is "h a fav\rite f]tilis]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,mysore ! mud f ! bottom ( tanks is employ$1 & ?is practice is m g5]ally adopt$ 9 o!r places4 ,?us ! fields be+ divid$ by deep dit*es 9 ,d9ajpoor1 ! mud f :i* is enri*$ by ! rema9s ( decay$ aquatic plants & animals1 =ms an excell5t manure = ! sug> cane1 & ( ?is ! ryots make use1 spread+ x ov] ! surface be=e ! pl\gh+ is comm5c$2 & :5 t op]ation is complet$1 ! soil is fur!r f]tilis$ by a dress+ ( oil-cake & a%es4 ,cru%$ bones w\ld unque/ionably be ( ! greate/ b5efit if appli$ to ! sug> cane crop4 ,n only w\ld _! animal matt] s]ve z food = ! plants1 b ! phosphate ( lime ( ! bones is "o ( ! *ief sal9e con/itu5ts ( ! sug> cane4 ,salt is ano!r valuable manure = ?is crop4 ,dr4 ,nug5t1 9 a ,report made to ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,antigua1 obs]ves t salt has be5 f\nd a valuable auxili>y 9 cultivat+ ! sug> cane4 ,_m trials ( x1 he says1 h be5 made dur+ successive seasons1 appli$ g5]ally to ! ext5t ( ab\t n9e or t5 bu%els p] acre4 ,x de/roys grubs & o!r insects1 & gives ! canes an increas$ vigor & ability to resi/ dr\ght4 ,x is a s+ul> rem>k ( ! intellig5t travell]1 ,m4 de ,humboldt1 :ile speak+ ( ! practice adopt$ 9 ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco1 :5 a coco-nut plantation is made1 ( ?r[+ a c]ta9 quantity ( salt into ! hole :i* receives ! nut2 t ( all ! plants cultivat$ by man !re are only ! sug> cane1 ! planta91 ! mammee1 & ! ,avocado pe>1 :i* endure equally irrigation ) fre% & salt wat]4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :5 ! cane is affect$ by :at is call$ !re ! bla/1 :i* is a )]+ or dry+ up ( ! plants1 an unfail+ rem$y is f\nd to be wat]+ !m ) an infusion ( dung 9 salt wat]4#ba ,prep>ation ( soil4--,9 ! ,rajahmundry di/rict1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 ! gr\nd is frequ5tly pl\gh$1 until br\ght into a v f9e til?4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,may1 or beg9n+ ( ,june1 ! ra9s usually comm5ce1 & ! canes are !n to be plant$4 ,if ! ra9s d n set 9 s e>ly1 ! l& is flood$ artificially1 & :5 conv]t$ into a s(t mud1 :e!r by ! ra9 or by flood+1 ! canes are plant$4 ,9 ,mysore ! gr\nd is wat]$ = ?ree days1 & !n1 aft] dry+ = ! same p]iod1 pl\gh+ comm5ces1 ?is op]ation be+ repeat$ five times dur+ ! foll[+ eight days4 ,! clods dur+ ?is "t are brok5 small by an in/rum5t call$ colkudali4 ,! field is !n manur$ & pl\gh$ a six? "t4 ,aft] fifte5 days x is pl\gh$ aga91 twice 9 ! c\rse ( "o or two days4 ,aft] a lapse ( eight days x is pl\gh$ a n9? "t4 ,altoge!r ^! op]ations occupy ab\t =ty-f\r days4 ,= plant+1 :i* is done six days1 an implem5t call$ yella kudali is employ$4 ,9 ,d9ajpoor1 ! field1 f ab\t ! middle ( ,octob] until ab\t ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 receives t5 or twelve d\ble pl\gh+s1 & aft] ea* is smoo!d ) ! moyi4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( ?is "t x is manur$ ) c[-dung & mud f ponds & dit*es4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! l& fit = sug> cane is g5]ally divid$ into fields by wide dit*es1 into :i* mu* mud is wa%$ by ! ra91 & is aga9 ?r[n on ! fields :5 ! c\ntry dries1 & leaves x enri*$ by innum]able aquatic vegetables & animals t h di$ z ! wat] left !m4 ,:5 ! pl\gh+ has be5 complet$1 ! field is manur$ ) a%es & oil-cake4 ,ab\t ,malda1 ! l& is fir/ pl\gh$ 9 ! mon? ( ,c>tick1 l5g? & bread? ways1 & h>r[$ 9 l mann]2 f\r or five days aft] x is aga9 pl\gh$ & h>r[$1 z be=e1 twice4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,aghun1 ! :ole l& is cov]$ ) fre% e>?1 aga9 twice pl\gh$1 & h>r[$ 9 diff]5t directions1 & !n manur$ ) dung4 ,fifte5 or tw5ty days aft]w>ds x is to be twice pl\gh$1 z be=e2 eight or t5 days aft] :i*1 x is to be slightly manur$ ) dung1 & ! refuse ( oil1 mix$ toge!r2 !n twice pl\gh$ & h>r[$ 9 diff]5t directions1 s t ! clods ( e>? br\ght be well mix$ toge!r ) ! l&4 ,?is prep>ation cont9ues until ! #bj? or #be? ( ! mon? ,p[s4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,dacca1 dur+ ,cautic or ,augun 7,octob]1 ,novemb]7 ! ,ryots beg9 to prep>e _! gr\nd4 ,!y fir/ dig a tr5* r\nd _! fields1 & raise a m\nd ( ab\t ?ree feet 9 height4 ,if ! gr\nd to be cultivat$ is wa/e1 ab\t n9e in*es ( ! surface are tak5 (f1 & ?r[n )\t ! enclosure4 ,! gr\nd is pl\gh$ to ! dep? ( n9e in*es m4 ,! clods are brok51 & ! e>? made f9e4 ,9 ,maug or ,faugun 7,janu>y1 ,febru>y7 ! sug> cane is plant$2 a mon? aft]w>ds e>? is rais$ ab\t ! plants2 aft] ano!r mon? ?is is repeat$4 ,! crop is cut 9 ,po\s & ,maug 7,decemb]1 ,janu>y74 ,if ! gr\nd be n wa/e1 b cultivat$1 ! surface is n tak5 (f4 ,aft] cutt+ ! crop1 x is n usual aga9 to gr[ sug> cane on ! same gr\nd = eighte5 mon?s1 on acc\nt ( ! indiff]5t produce af=d$ by a m e>ly plant+4 ,9 ! ,zillah1 ,nor? ,mooradabad1 ! l& is brok5 up at ! end ( ,june4 ,aft] ! ra9s h ceas$ x is manur$1 & has eight or t5 pl\gh+s4 ,?is cle>s x ( we$s4 ,9 ,febru>y x is aga9 manur$ & pl\gh$ f\r or five times1 & j be=e ! sets are plant$1 "s dung1 f\r c>t-loads to ea* cut*a beegah ( l[ l&1 & five c>t-loads to high l&1 are add$4 ,! l& is well roll$ aft] ! f\r la/ pl\gh+s1 & aga9 aft] ! cutt+s are set4 ,ab\t ,b5>es & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 ,mr4 ,ha9es says1 t ow+ to ! hot w9ds :i* prevail f ,m>* until ! sett+ 9 ( ! annual ra9s 9 ,june or ,july1 ! l&s rema9 fall[ till t p]iod4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ^? fields t are select$ = sug> cane are p>tially manur$ by ?r[+ ^u !m all mann] ( rubbi% !y c collect1 & by h]d+ _! buffaloes & cattle ^u !m at night1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! manure f ! latt] s\rce is aga9 collect$ & dri$ = fuel4 ,:5 ! annual ra9s h fairly set 91 & ! ,ass>ree crops s[n 79 "s in/ances ,i h se5 an ,ass>ree crop tak5 f ! l&s int5d$ = sug> cane71 !y comm5ce pl\gh+ ! cane l&s1 & cont9ue to d s f\r or five times mon?ly 7z !y consid] ! great] numb] ( times ! fields are turn$ up at ?is p]iod ( ! season1 ! bett] ! crop ( cane w be71 till ! end ( ,octob]1 cont9u+ to ?r[ on ! little manure !y c collect4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 & 9 ,novemb]1 _! pl\ghs are mu* engag$ 9 s[+ _! w9t] 7or rubbee7 crops ( :eat1 b>ley1 gra91 c42 & at ?is p]iod !y make arrangem5ts ) ! %eph]ds :o h l>ge flocks ( %eep1 to fold !m ^u ! fields at night1 = :i* !y pay s mu* p] beegah 9 gra94 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,novemb]1 & e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 ! fields are aga9 pl\gh$ well1 & all grass1 we$s1 c41 remov$ ) ! hoe2 !n ! surface ( ! field is made z smoo? z possible by putt+ ! h5gah 7a piece ( wood eight to t5 feet 9 l5g?1 & five to six in*es 9 bread?1 & ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 drawn by two pairs ( bullocks1 & ! man /&+ ^u ! wood to give x weight71 ov] sev]al times = ?ree or f\r days 9 succession4 ,?is makes ! surface ( ! field v ev5 & some:at h>d1 :i* prev5ts ! sun & dry we/ w9d f ab/ract+ ! moi/ure1 :i* is ( great importance at ?is p]iod ( ! season1 =1 %\ld !re be no ra91 !re w\ld n be suffici5t moi/ure at ! "t ( plant+ ! cane to cause vegetation4 ,9 ?is /ate ! l& rema9s till ! "t ( plant+ ! cane cutt+s1 :i* is g5]ally ! #a/ to ! #ae? ( ,febru>y2 b %\ld !re h be5 a fall ( ra9 9 ! mean "t1 or excess ( moi/ure appe>1 ! field is aga9 pl\gh$1 & ! h5gah put ov] z be=e4 ,a day or two previ\s to plant+ ! cane1 ! field is pl\gh$ & ! h5gah lightly put ov]4--7,trans4 ,agri-,hort4 ,soc4 vi4 #d1 #e47 ,sets4--,:5 ! canes are cut at h>ve/ "t1 twelve or eighte5 in*es ( _! tops are usually tak5 (f1 & /or$1 to be employ$ = sets4 ,ea* top has sev]al jo9ts1 f ea* ( :i* a %oot rises1 b seldom m ?an "o or two arrive at a prop] gr[?4 ,:5 fir/ cut f ! /em1 ! tops int5d$ = plants are ti$ 9 bundles ( =ty or fifty ea*1 & are c>efully kept moi/4 ,9 a few days !y put =? new leaves3 !y are !n cle>$ ( ! old leaves1 & sep>ately dipp$ into a mixture ( c[-dung1 press$ mu/>d se$1 & wat]4 ,a dry spot is prep>$1 & ri* loose m\ld & a small quantity ( press$ mu/>d-se$2 ! plants are sep>ately plac$ !re91 a small quantity ( e>? /rew$ among/ !m1 & !n cov]$ ) leaves & grass to pres]ve !m f heat4 ,t5 or twelve days aft]w>ds !y are plant$ 9 ! fields4 ,9 ,burdwan1 ! tops1 be=e !y are plant$1 are cut into pieces f f\r to six in*es long1 s t !re are n m ?an f\r knots 9 ea*4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! plant tops are put toge!r 9 ! gr\nd1 & a beegah requires f #g1ejj to #aj1bdj plants4 ,9 ,rungpore & ,d9ajpoor1 ab\t #i1jjj plants are requir$ = a beegah1 ea* be+ ab\t a foot 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,be]bhoom1 #c1jjj plants are said to be requisite = a beegah1 ea* cane top be+ ab\t fifte5 in*es long4 ,ne> ,calcutta1 f #c1jjj to #h1jjj plants are requir$ = a beegah1 accord+ to ! goodness ( ! soil1 ! wor/ soil ne$+ mo/ plants4 ,9 ,mysore an acre conta9s #b1dbj /ools1 & yields ab\t #aa1jjj ripe canes4 ,ne> ,rajahmundry1 ab\t #djj cutt+s are plant$ on a cut*a beegah 7"o-eigh? ( an acre74 ,9 ,zilla1 ,nor? ,mooradabad1 #d1bjj sets1 ea* eight in*es long1 are ins]t$ ^u ea* cut*a beegah ( l[ l&1 & #e1bej ^u high l&4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,gollagore ! ,ryots cut a ripe cane into sev]al pieces1 pres]v+ two or ?ree jo9ts to ea*1 & put !m into a small b$ ( ri* m\ld1 dung1 & mu/>d-se$ f :i* ! oil has be5 express$4 ,at ,radnagore1 :5 ! "t ( cutt+ ! canes arrives1 _! tops are tak5 (f1 & ^! are plac$ upright 9 a b$ ( mud = ?irty or =ty days1 & cov]$ ) leaves or /raw4 ,! leaves are !n /ripp$ f !m1 & !y are cut into pieces1 n hav+ less ?an two nor m ?an f\r jo9ts ea*4 ,^! sets are kept = t5 or fifte5 days 9 a b$ prep>$ = !m1 f :5ce !y are tak5 & plant$ 9 r[s two or ?ree toge!r1 eighte5 in*es or two feet int]v5+ betwe5 ea* /ool4 ,plant+4--,! "t & mode ( plant+ v>y4 ,9 ! ,rajahmundry ,circ>1 ,dr4 ,roxburgh says1 t dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may ! l& is repeat$ly pl\gh$ ) ! common ,h9doo pl\gh1 :i* soon br+s ! loose ri* soil 7speak+ ( ! ,delta ( ! ,godav]y7 into v excell5t ord]4 ,ab\t ! end ( ,may & beg9n+ ( ,june1 ! ra9s g5]ally set 91 9 frequ5t heavy %[]s4 ,n[ is ! "t to plant ! cane2 b %\ld ! ra9s hold back1 ! prep>$ field is wat]$ or flood$ f ! riv]1 &1 :ile p]fectly wet1 l s(t mud1 ! cane is plant$4 ,! me?od is mo/ simple4 ,labor]s ) baskets ( ! cutt+s1 ( "o or two jo9ts ea*1 arrange !mselves along "o side ( ! field4 ,!y walk side by side1 9 z /raight a l9e z _! eye & judgm5t enable !m1 dropp+ ! sets at ! di/ance ( ab\t eighte5 in*es asund] 9 r[s1 & ab\t f\r feet f r[ to r[4 ,o!r labor]s foll[1 & ) ! foot press ! set ab\t two in*es into ! s(t1 mud-l soil1 :i*1 ) a sweep or two ) ! sole ( ! foot1 !y mo/ easily & readily cov]4--7,roxburgh on ! ,culture ( ,sug>47 ,ab\t ,malda1 9 ! mon? ( ,maug 7,janu>y1 ,febru>y71 ! l& is to be twice pl\gh$1 & h>r[$ repeat$ly1 l5g? & bread? ways2 aft] :i* x is furr[$1 ! furr[s half a cubit ap>t1 9 :i* ! plants are to be set at ab\t f\r f+]s' di/ance f ea* o!r1 :5 ! furr[s are fill$ up ) ! l& t lay ^u its ridges4 ,! plants be+ ?us set1 ! l& is h>r[$ twice 9 diff]5t directions2 fifte5 or tw5ty days aft]w>ds ! cane beg9s to gr[1 :5 ! we$s :i* appe> ) x mu/ be tak5 up2 t5 or twelve days aft] ?is ! we$s w aga9 appe>4 ,!y mu/ aga9 be tak5 up1 & ! e>? at ! roots ( ! canes be remov$1 :5 all ! plants :i* h gr[n w appe>4 ,at ,ghazepore ! ra9s set 9 at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 & plant+ !n comm5ces4 ,ne> ,calcutta ! plant+ takes place 9 ,may & ,june4 ,9 ,d9ajpoor & ,rungpore ! plant+ "t is ,febru>y4 ,ab\t ,comm]colly x is p]=m$ 9 ,janu>y4 ,! field is divid$ into b$s six cubits broad1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by small tr5*es f\rte5 in*es wide & eight in*es deep4 ,9 e second tr5* are small wells1 ab\t two feet deep4 ,! irrigat+ wat] fl[+ along ! tr5*es fills ! wells1 & is tak5 !nce & appli$ to ! canes by h&4 ,ea* b$ has five r[s ( canes4 ,! sets are plant$ 9 holes ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree deep2 two sets1 ea* hav+ ?ree jo9ts1 are laid horizontally 9 e hole1 cov]$ slightly ) e>?1 & ov] ?is is a little dung4 ,:51 ! canes are plant$ 9 ! spr+1 ! tr5*es mu/ be fill$ ) wat]1 & "s p\r$ into e hole4 ,at ! o!r season ( plant+ ! tr5*es are full1 x be+ ra9y wea!r2 b ev5 !n ! sets mu/ be wat]$ = ! fir/ mon?4 ,mr4 ,ha9es says t 9 ,mirzapore & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 9 plant+ ! cane !y comm5ce a furr[ r\nd ! field1 9 :i* !y drop ! cutt+s4 ,! second furr[ is left empty2 cutt+s aga9 9 ! ?ird2 s !y cont9ue dropp+ cutt+s 9 e second furr[ till ! :ole field is complet$1 f9i%+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,! field rema9s 9 ?is /ate till ! second or ?ird day1 :5 = two or ?ree days 9 succession x is made ev5 & h>d ^u ! surface ) ! h5gah1 z be=e /at$4--7,trans4 ,agri-,hort4 ,soc4 vi4 #e47 ,mr4 ,vaupell1 9 describ+ ! mo/ successful mode ( cultivat+ ! ,mauritius sug> cane 9 ,bombay1 says1 t aft] ! gr\nd is levell$ ) ! small pl\gh1 call$ 'paur1' 9 ! mann] ( ! cultivators1 pits ( two feet 9 diamet]1 & two feet 9 dep?1 %\ld be dug ?r\gh\t ! field at ! di/ance ( five feet ap>t1 & fill$ ) manure & soil to ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! surface4 ,set 9 ^! pits y\r canes1 cut 9 pieces ab\t a foot & a half long1 lay+ !m d[n 9 a triangul> f1 ?us _/4 ,keep z mu* ( ! eyes or %oots ( ! cane upp]mo/ z y c2 !n cov] !m ) manure & soil2 b$s %\ld next be =m$ to reta9 wat]1 hav+ f\r pits 9 ea* b$1 leav+ passages = wat]+ !m4 ,! cutt+ %\ld be wat]$ e ?ird day dur+ hot wea!r1 & ! field %\ld always be kept 9 a moi/ /ate4--7,ibid4 iii4 #dc47 ,ab\t ,b5>es1 ! sets require1 aft] plant+1 f f\r to six wat]+s1 until ! ra9s comm5ce1 & z _m hoe+s to loos5 ! surface1 :i* becomes cak$ aft] e wat]+4 ,! moi/] nature ( ! soil r5d]s ^! op]ations g5]ally unnecess>y 9 ,b5gal4 ,aft]-culture4--,9 ,mysore1 ! surface ( ! e>? 9 ! holl[s 9 :i* ! sets are plant$ is /irr$ ) a /ick z soon z ! %oots appe>1 & a little dung is add$4 ,next mon? ! daily wat]+ is cont9u$1 & !n ! :ole field dug ov] ) ! hoe1 a cavity be+ made r\nd ea* /ool1 & a little dung add$4 ,9 ! ?ird mon? wat] is giv5 e second day3 at its close1 if ! canes are luxuriant1 ! gr\nd is aga9 dug2 b if weakly1 ! wat]+ is cont9u$ dur+ ! f\r? mon?1 be=e ! digg+ is giv54 ,at ?is "t ! e>? is drawn up ab\t ! canes1 s z to leave ! holl[s betwe5 ! r[s at "r angles ) ! tr5*es4 ,no m wat] is giv5 to ! plants1 b ! tr5*es betwe5 ! b$s are kept full = ?ree days4 ,x is !n left (f = a week1 & if ra9 occurs1 no fur!r wat] is requisite2 b if ! wea!r is dry1 wat] is admitt$ once a week dur+ ! next mon?4 ,! digg+ is !n repeat$1 & ! e>? levell$ ) ! h& ab\t ! /ools4 ,! /ems ( ea* /ool are t5 or twelve 9 numb]1 :i* are r$uc$ to five or six by ! mo/ weakly ( !m be+ n[ remov$4 ,! heal?y canes are to be ti$ ) "o ( _! own leaves1 two or ?ree toge!r1 to *eck _! spread+2 & ?is b9d+ is repeat$ z requir$ by _! increas$ gr[?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ra91 ! tr5*es are fill$ ) wat] once a =tnight4 ,:5 ! ,putta-putti is to be kept = a second crop1 ! dry leaves cut (f 9 ! crop season are burnt ^u ! field1 & ?is is dug ov]1 & tr5*es fill$ ) wat]1 & dur+ six weeks ! plants wat]$ once 9 e six or eight days 7unless ra9 falls71 & ! digg+ repeat$ ?ree times1 dung be+ add$ at ea* digg+4 ,! aft]-culture is ! same z = ! fir/ crop4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,prov9ces1 ,dr4 ,t5nant says1 if mod]ate %[]s occur aft] plant+1 no?+ m is done until ! %oots f ! sets h atta9$ a height ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,! soil imm$iately ar\nd !m is !n loos5$ ) a small we$+ iron1 some?+ l a *isel2 b if ! season %\ld prove dry1 ! field is occasionally wat]$2 ! we$+ is also cont9u$1 & ! soil occasionally loos5$ ab\t ! plants4 ,9 ,augu/1 small tr5*es are cut ?r\gh ! field1 ) small int]vals betwe5 !m1 = ! purpose ( dra9+ (f ! wat]1 if ! season is too wet4 ,?is is v requisite1 = if ! canes are n[ suppli$ ) too mu* moi/ure1 ! juice is r5d]$ wat]y & unpr(itable4 ,if ! season happ5s to be dry1 ! same dikes s]ve to conduct ! irrigat+ wat] ?r\gh ! field1 & to c>ry (f :at does n soak into ! e>? 9 a few h\rs4 ,/agnant wat] !y consid] v injuri\s to ! cane1 & on ! dra9s be+ well contriv$ dep5ds 9 a great measure ! future hope ( pr(it4 ,imm$iately aft] ! field is tr5*$1 ! canes are propp$4 ,!y are n[ ab\t ?ree feet high1 & ea* set has produc$ f ?ree to six canes4 ,! l[] leaves ( ea* are fir/ c>efully wrapt up ar\nd x1 s z to cov] x completely 9 e "p2 a small /rong bamboo1 eight or t5 feet long1 is !n ins]t$ firmly 9 ! middle ( ea* /ool1 & ! canes ti$ to x4 ,?is secures !m 9 an erect position1 & facilitates ! circulation ( ! air4 ,hoe+ _c be repeat$ too frequ5tly4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ! practice ( ! mo/ successful cultivators4 ,9 ,zilla1 ,n4 ,mooradabad1 9 ,april1 ab\t six weeks aft] plant+1 ! e>? on ea* side ( ! cane-r[s is loos5$ by a %>p-po9t$ hoe1 %ap$ some:at l a bricklay]'s tr[el4 ,?is is repeat$ six times be=e ! field is laid out 9 b$s & *annels = irrigation4 ,!re1 likewise1 if ! season is unusually dry1 ! fields 9 ! l[ gr\nd are wat]$ 9 ,may & ,june4 ,?is supposes !re are ei!r nullahs1 or anci5t pucka wells1 o!rwise ! canes are all[$ to take _! *ance1 = ! co/ ( mak+ a well on ! upl&s is f t5 to tw5ty rupees--an exp5se too heavy = an individual cultivator1 & n _m w\ld dig 9 p>tn]%ip1 = !y w\ld fight = ! wat]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,b5>es1 z ! canes advance 9 gr[?1 !y cont9ue to wrap ! leaves z !y beg9 to )] up r\nd ! advanc+ /em1 & to tie ?is to ! bamboo high] up4 ,if ! wea!r cont9ue wet1 ! tr5*es are c>efully kept op52 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if dry wea!r occurs1 wat] is occasionally suppli$4 ,hoe+ is also p]=m$ e five or six weeks4 ,wrapp+ ! leaves ar\nd ! cane is f\nd to prev5t !m crack+ by ! heat ( ! sun1 & h9d]s _! ?r[+ out lat]al bran*es4 ,9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ! canes are ready = cutt+4 ,! av]age height ( ! cane is ab\t n9e feet1 foliage includ$1 & ! nak$ cane f "o in* to "o in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]4 ,ne> ,maduna1 ! h&-wat]+ is facilitat$ by cutt+ a small tr5* d[n ! c5tre ( ea* b$4 ,! b$s are !re a cubit wide1 b only f\r r[s ( canes are plant$ 9 ea*4 ,x is des]v+ ( notice1 t ! ea/]n & nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,b5gal are m subject to ra9 at e season ( ! ye>1 b especially 9 ! hot mon?s1 ?an ! we/]n2 :i* acc\nts = ! l& be+ prep>$ & ! plants set s mu* e>li] 9 ,rungpore ?an 9 ,be]bhoom4 ,?is latt] c\ntry has also a dry] soil g5]ally2 = ?is reason1 s mu* is said 9 ! report f !nce ( ! necessity ( wat]+4 ,! ,b5>es c\ntry is also dry] ?an ,b5gal1 !re=e m wat]+s are requisite4 ,at ,malda1 t5 or fifte5 days aft] ! e>? has be5 remov$ f ! roots ( ! canes & ! plants h appe>$1 ! l& is to be slightly manur$1 well cle>$ ( we$s1 & ! e>? t 0 remov$ aga9 laid ab\t ! canes2 aft] :i*1 t5 or fifte5 days1 x mu/ be well we$$1 & aga9 tw5ty or tw5ty-five days aft]w>ds4 ,?is mode ( cultivation x is necess>y to foll[ until ! mon? ( ,joy/ee4 ,! l& mu/ be pl\gh$ & manur$ betwe5 ! r[s ( canes 9 ! mon? ( ,assa>2 aft] :i*1 fifte5 or tw5ty days1 ! canes are to be ti$ two or ?ree toge!r ) ! leaves1 ! e>? ab\t !m well clean$1 & ! e>? t 0 pl\gh$ up laid ab\t ! roots ( ! canes some?+ rais$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,saubun1 tw5ty or tw5ty-five days f ! prec$+ op]ation1 ! canes are ti$ z be=e1 & aga9 t5 or fifte5 days aft]w>ds2 :i* done1 n9e or t5 clumps are !n to be ti$ toge!r4 ,9 ! ,rojahmundry ,circ>1 on ! ,delta ( ! ,godav]y1 ,dr4 ,roxburgh /ates1 t no?+ m is done aft] ! cane is plant$1 if ! wea!r be mod]ately %[]y1 till ! "y %oots are "s two or ?ree in*es high2 ! e>? is !n loos5$ = a few in*es r\nd !m ) ! we$+ iron4 ,%\ld ! season prove dry1 ! field is occasionally wat]$ f ! riv]1 cont9u+ to we$ & to keep ! gr\nd loose r\nd ! /ools4 ,9 ,augu/1 two or ?ree mon?s f ! "t ( plant+1 small tr5*es are cut ?r\gh ! field at %ort di/ances1 & s contriv$ z to s]ve to dra9 (f ! wat]1 %\ld ! season prove too wet = ! canes1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 & w\ld r5d] _! juices weak & unpr(itable4 ,! f>m]1 !re=e1 nev] fails to h 8 field pl5tifully & judici\sly int]sect$ ) dra9s :ile ! cane is small1 & be=e ! usual "t = ! viol5t ra9s4 ,imm$iately aft] ! field is tr5*$1 ! canes are all propp$2 ?is is an op]ation :i* seems peculi> to ^! p>ts4 ,9 ,d9ajpoor1 9 ab\t a mon? aft] plant+1 ! "y plants are two or ?ree in*es high2 ! e>? is !n rais$ f ! cutt+s by means ( a spade1 & ! dry leaves by :i* !y are surr\nd$ are remov$4 ,= a day or two !y rema9 expos$ to ! air1 & are !n manur$ ) a%es & oil-cake1 & cov]$ ) e>?4 ,we$s mu/ be remov$ z !y spr+2 & :5 ! plants are ab\t a cubit high1 ! field mu/ be pl\gh$4 ,:5 !y h gr[n a cubit high]1 :i* is betwe5 ! #ac? ( ,june & #ad? ( ,july1 !y are ti$ toge!r 9 bundles ( ?ree or f\r1 by wrapp+ !m r\nd ) _! own leaves4 ,?is is done p>tly to prev5t !m f be+ laid d[n by ! w9d1 & p>tly to prev5t !m f be+ eat5 by jackals4 ,dur+ ! next mon? ?ree or f\r ( ^! bun*es are ti$ toge!r2 & ab\t ! end ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! canes gr[ rank1 !y are support$ by bamboo /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are cut betwe5 ! middle ( ,decemb] & ! end ( ,m>*4 ,if ! canes gr[ too vigor\sly1 develop+ a sup]abundance ( leaves1 x is a good practice to remove ^? leaves :i* are decay$1 t ! /ems may be expos$ fully to ! sun4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ?is is call$ tra%+ ! canes4 ,x requires discretion2 = 9 dry soils or seasons1 or if ! leaves are remov$ be=e suffici5tly dead1 m injury ?an b5efit w be occasion$4 ,h>ve/+4--,! season 9 :i* ! canes become ripe 9 v>i\s di/ricts has already be5 notic$ :5 consid]+ _! cultivation4 ,9 addition ,i may /ate1 t 9 ! ,rajahmundry ,circ>1 ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,godav]y1 ,dr4 ,roxburgh adds1 t 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ! canes beg9 to be ready to cut1 :i* is ab\t n9e mon?s f ! "t ( plant+4 ,?is op]ation is ! same z 9 o!r sug> c\ntries--( c\rse ,i ne$ n describe x4 ,_! height1 :5 /&+ on ! field1 w be f eight to t5 feet 7foliage includ$71 & ! nak$ cane f an in* to an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]4 ,9 ,malda1 ! canes are cut 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,9 ,n4 ,mooradabad1 ^u ! l[ l&1 ! canes are ripe 9 ,octob]1 & ^u ! high l&s a mon? lat]4 ,! fitness ( ! cane = cutt+ may be asc]ta9$ by mak+ an incision across ! cane1 & obs]v+ ! int]nal gra94 ,if x is s(t & moi/1 l a turnip1 x is n yet ripe2 b if ! face ( ! cut is dry1 & :ite p>ticles appe>1 x is fit = h>ve/+4--7,fitzmaurice on ! ,culture ( ! ,sug> ,cane47 ,injuries4--#a4 ,a wet season1 ei!r dur+ ! v e>ly or 9 ! conclud+ p]iod ( ! cane's vegetation1 is "o ( ! wor/ causes ( injury4 ,9 su* a season1 ! abs5ce ( ! usual int5sity ( light & heat causes ! sap to be v mat]ially defici5t 9 sac*>9e matt]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 #b4 ,a v dry season1 imm$iately aft] ! sets are plant$1 ?\gh ! want ( ra9 may 9 "s degree be suppli$ by artificial means1 causes ! produce to be b indiff]5t4 ,^! inconv5i5ces are ( a g5]al nature1 & irrem$iable4 #c4 ,animals4--,9 ,india n only ! incursions ( dome/icat$ animals1 b 9 "s di/ricts ( ! wild elephant1 buffalo1 & hog1 are frequ5t s\rces ( injury4 ,almo/ e plantation is liable1 also1 to ! attack ( ! jackal1 & rats are de/ructive enemies4 #d4 ,:ite ,ants4--,! sets ( ! sug> cane h to be c>efully wat*$1 to pres]ve !m f ! :ite ant 7,t]mes fatalis71 to attacks f :i* !y are liable until !y h begun to %oot4 ,to prev5t ?is injury1 ! foll[+ mixture has be5 recomm5d$3-- ,asafoetida 7h+71 #h *ittacks4 ,mu/>d-se$ cake 7s>sum ki khalli71 #h se]s4 ,putrid fi%1 #d se]s4 ,bruis$ but* root1 #b se]s2 or muddur1 #b se]s4 ,mix ! above toge!r 9 a l>ge vessel1 ) wat] suffici5t to make !m into ! ?ickness ( curds2 !n /eep ea* slip ( cane 9 x = half an h\r aft] plant+2 &1 la/ly1 wat] ! l9es ?ree times previ\s to sett+ ! cane1 by irrigat+ ! wat]-c\rse ) wat] mix$ up ) bruis$ but* root1 or muddur if ! =m] be n procurable4#bb ,a v effectual mode ( de/roy+ ! :ite ant1 is by mix+ a small quantity ( ars5ic ) a few ounces ( burn$ bread1 pulv]is$ fl\r1 or oatmeal1 moi/5$ ) molasses1 & plac+ pieces ( ! d\gh ?us made1 ea* ab\t ! size ( a turkey's egg1 on a flat bo>d1 & cov]$ ov] ) a wood5 b[l1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! plantation4 ,! ants soon take possession ( ^!1 & ! poison has a cont9u\s effect1 = ! ants :i* die are eat5 by ^? :i* succe$ !m4#bc ,!y are said to be driv5 f a soil by frequ5tly hoe+ x4 ,!y are f\nd to prevail mo/ ^u newly brok5-up l&s4 ,9 ,c5tral ,india1 ! p5etration ( ! :ite ants into ! int]ior ( ! sets1 & ! consequ5t de/ruction ( ! latt]1 is prev5t$ by dipp+ ea* end into butt]milk1 asafoetida1 & p[d]$ mu/>d-se$1 mix$ into a ?ick comp\nd4 #e4 ,/orms4--,unless !y are v viol5t1 ,dr4 ,roxburgh obs]ves1 !y d no great h>m1 because ! canes are propp$4 ,h[ev]1 if !y are once laid d[n1 :i* sometimes happ5s1 !y become bran*y & ?91 yield+ a poor1 wat]y juice4 #f4 ,! ,worm is ano!r evil1 :i* g5]ally visits !m e few ye>s4 ,a beetle deposits its eggs 9 ! "y canes2 ! cat]pill>s ( ^! rema9 9 ! cane1 liv+ on its m$ull>y p>ts1 till !y are ready to be metamorphos$ into ! *rysalis /ate4 ,sometimes ?is evil is s great z to injure a six? or an eigh? "p ( ! field2 b1 :at is worse1 ! disease is commonly g5]al :5 x happ5s--few fields escap+4 #g4 ,! ,fl[]+ is ! la/ accid5t !y reckon ^u1 al?\gh x sc>ce des]ves ! "n1 = x r>ely happ5s1 & nev] b to a v small proportion ( "s few fields4 ,^? canes t fl[] h v little juice left1 & x is by no means s sweet z t ( ! re/4 ,9 ! ,brazils1 ! fact ( ! slave trade be+ at an end mu/ influ5ce ! future produce ( sug>1 & att5tion has be5 lately *iefly direct$ to c(fee1 cotton1 & o!r /aples4 ,! exports ( t empire 9 #ahdb1 7 #ei1jjj tons2 9 #ahdc1 #ed1ejj2 9 #ahdd1 #gf1djj2 9 #ahde1 #ia1jjj2 av]age ( ^! f\r ye>s #fi1gbj4 ,! exports 9 ! next f\r ye>s av]ag$ #if1aej tons1 viz3--#gf1ajj1 9 #ahdf2 #if1cjj1 9 #ahdg2 #aab1ejj1 9 #ahdh2 & #ii1gjj1 9 #ahdi4 ,mode ( ,cultivation 9 ,brazil4--,! l&s 9 ,brazil are nev] grubb$ up1 ei!r = plant+ ! sug> cane1 or = any o!r agricultural purposes4 ,! inconv5i5ces ( ?is cu/om are p]ceivable m p>ticul>ly 9 high l&s2 because all ( ^! t are ( any value are naturally cov]$ ) ?ick woods4 ,! cane is plant$ among/ ! num]\s /umps ( trees1 by :i* means mu* gr\nd is lo/1 & z ! spr\ts f ^! /umps almo/ imm$iately spr+ =? 7su* is ! rapidity ( vegetation7 ! clean+s are r5d]$ v labori\s4 ,^! %oots require to be cut d[n sometimes1 ev5 be=e ! cane has f\nd its way to ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! labor likewise is great e "t a piece ( l& is to be put "u cultivation1 = ! wood mu/ be cut d[n afre%2 & al?\gh x _c h rea*$ ! same size :i* ! orig9al timb] _h atta9$1 /ill z sev]al ye>s are all[$ to pass betwe5 ea* p]iod at :i* ! gr\nd is plant$1 ! trees are g5]ally ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,! wood is suff]$ to rema9 ^u ! l& until ! leaves become dry2 !n x is set on fire1 & ^! are de/roy$ ) ! bru% wood & ! small] bran*es ( ! trees4 ,heaps are n[ made ( ! rema9+ timb]1 :i* is likewise burnt4 ,?is process is univ]sally practis$ 9 prep>+ l& = ! cultivation ( any plant4 ,i h (t5 he>d ! me?od mu* c5sur$ z be+ injuri\s 9 ! ma9 to ! soil1 ?\gh ! crop imm$iately succe$+ ! op]ation may be r5d]$ m luxuriant by x4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! canes :i* grew ^u ! spots :]e ! heaps ( timb] & l>ge bran*es ( trees _h be5 burnt1 7 ( a d>k] & ri*] gre5 ?an ^? ar\nd !m1 & t !y likewise ov]-topp$ !m4 ,aft] ! plant-canes1 or ^? ( ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?1 are tak5 f ! l&s1 ! field-tra%1 t is ! dri$ leaves & /ems ( ! canes :i* rema9 ^u ! gr\nd1 are set fire to1 ) ! idea t ! ratoons1--t is1 ! spr\ts f ! old roots ( ! canes1--spr+ =? ) m luxuriance1 & atta9 a great] size by means ( ?is practice4 ,! ratoons ( ! fir/ ye> are call$ 9 ,brazil1 socas2 ^? ( ! second ye>1 resocas2 ^? ( ! ?ird ye>1 t]ceiras socas1 & s =?4 ,aft] ! roots are left un5cumb]$ by burn+ ! field-tra%1 ! m\ld is rais$ r\nd ab\t !m2 inde$1 if ?is 0 neglect$1 _m ( ^? roots w\ld rema9 too mu* expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 & w\ld n cont9ue to vegetate4 ,"s l&s w cont9ue to give ratoons = five1 or ev5 sev5 ye>s2 b an av]age may be made at "o crop ( good ratoons fit = gr9d+1 ano!r ( inf]ior ratoons fit = plant+1 or = mak+ molasses to be us$ 9 ! /ill-h\se1 & a ?ird :i* af=ds b a trifl+ pr(it1 9 return = ! tr\ble :i* ! clean+s give4 ,i h above spok5 m p>ticul>ly ( high l&s4 ,! l[ & m>%y gr\nds1 call$ 9 ,brazil1 v>zeas1 are1 h[ev]1 ^? :i* are ! be/ adapt$ to ! cane2 &1 inde$1 ^u ! plantations t d n possess "s portions ( ?is description ( soil ! crops are v unequal1 & sometimes almo/ entirely fail1 accord+ to ! great] or less quantity ( ra91 :i* may *ance to fall 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! v>zeas are usually cov]$ ) %ort & close bru%wood1 & z ^! admit1 f _! rank nature1 ( frequ5t cultivation1 !y soon become easy to "w4 ,! soil ( ^!1 :5 x is new1 receives ! "n ( paul2 x trembles "u ! pressure ( ! feet1 & easily admits ( a po9t$ /ick be+ ?ru/ into x2 & ?\gh dry to appe>ance requires dra9+4 ,! macape m>l is (t5 to be met ) 9 all situations2 x is ( a gre5i% :ite color1 & if at all wet1 x /icks v mu* to ! hoe2 x becomes soon dry at ! surface1 b ! canes :i* h be5 plant$ ^u x seldom fail to revive aft] ra91 ev5 ?\gh a want ( x %\ld h be5 mu* felt4 ,! :ite m>l1 b>ro branco1 is less frequ5tly f\nd2 x is acc\nt$ extremely productive4 ,?is clay is us$ 9 mak+ bricks & co>se e>!nw>e1 & also = clay+ ! sug>4 ,r$ e>? is occasionally met ) ^u sides ( hills ne> to ! coa/2 b ?is description ( soil belongs prop]ly to ! cotton di/ricts4 ,black m\ld is common1 & likewise a loose br[ni% soil1 9 :i* a less or great] proportion ( s& is int]mix$4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t no l& c be too ri* = ! gr[? ( ! sug> cane4 ,"o disadvantage1 h[ev]1 att5ds soil t is l[ & q new1 :i* is1 t ! canes run up to a great height )\t suffici5t ?ickness1 & are ?us (t5 lodg$ 7or bl[n d[n7 be=e ! season = cutt+ !m arrives4 ,i h se5 rice plant$ ^u l&s ( ?is k9d on ! fir/ ye> to decrease _! rankness1 & r5d] !m bett] adapt$ to ! cane on ! succe$+ season4 ,"s attempts h be5 made to plant cane ^u ! l&s :i* rea* d[n to ! edge ( ! mangroves1 & 9 a few in/ances pieces ( l& h]et(ore cov]$ by ! salt wat] at ! fl[ ( ! tide1 h be5 laid dry by means ( dra9+ = ! same purpose2 b ! desir$ success has n att5d$ ! plan1 = ! canes h be5 f\nd to be unfit = mak+ sug>2 ! syrup does n coagulate1 or at lea/ does n atta9 t consi/5ce :i* is requisite1 & !re=e x c only be us$ = ! di/ill]ies4 ,! g5]al mode ( prep>+ ! l& = ! cane is by hol+ x ) hoes4 ,! negroes /& 9 a r[1 & ea* man /rikes 8 hoe into ! gr\nd imm$iately be=e him1 & =ms a tr5* ( five or six in*es 9 dep?2 he !n falls back1 ! :ole r[ do+ ! same1 & !y cont9ue ?is op]ation f "o side ( ! cle>$ l& to ! o!r1 or f ! top ( a hill to ! bottom4 ,! e>? :i* is ?r[n out ( ! tr5* rema9s on ! l[] side ( x4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india colonies ?is "w is done 9 a mann] ne>ly simil>1 b m sy/ematically4 ,! l&s 9 ,brazil are n measur$1 & ev]y?+ is done by ! eye4 ,! quantity ( cane :i* a piece w require = plant+ is e/imat$ by s _m c>t-loads2 & no?+ c be m vague ?an ?is mode ( computation1 = ! load :i* a c>t c c>ry dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! ox51 ^u ! nature ( ! road1 & ^u ! l5g? ( ! cane4 ,su* is ! awkw>d make ( ^! vehicles1 t mu* nicety is necess>y 9 pack+ !m1 & if two canes w ab\t fit into a c>t l5g?ways1 mu* m w be convey$ ?an if ! canes are long] & !y d\ble ov] ea* o!r4 ,! pl\gh is sometimes us$ 9 l[ l&s1 ^u :i* dra9+ has n be5 f\nd necess>y2 b su* is ! clumsy con/ruction ( ! ma*9e ( :i* !y make use1 t six ox5 are yok$ to x4 ,a pl\gh drawn by two ox51 con/ruct$ aft] a model :i* 0 br\ght f ,cay5ne1 has be5 introduc$ 9 "o or two in/ances4 ,^u high l&s ! /umps ( ! trees almo/ preclude ! possibility ( ?us reliev+ ! labor]s4 ,! tr5*es be+ prep>$1 ! cutt+s are laid longitud9ally 9 ! bottom ( !m1 & are cov]$ ) ! greate/ "p ( ! m\ld :i* _h be5 tak5 out ( ! tr5*4 ,! %oots beg9 to rise above ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! c\rse ( twelve or f\rte5 days4 ,! canes und]go ?ree clean+s f ! we$s & ! spr\ts proce$+ f ! /umps ( ! trees2 & :5 ! l& is poor1 & produces a great] quantity ( ! =m]1 & conta9s few] ( ! latt]1 ! canes require to be clean$ a f\r? "t4 ,! cutt+s are usually #ab to #ah in*es 9 l5g?1 b x is judg$ t ! %ort] !y are ! bett]4 ,if !y are %ort1 & "o piece ( cane rots1 ! space :i* rema9s vacant is n s l>ge z :5 ! cutt+s are long1 & !y by any accid5t fail4 ,! canes :i* are us$ = plant+ are g5]ally ratoons1 if any exi/ ^u ! plantation2 b if !re are none ( ^!1 ! inf]ior plant canes supply _! places4 ,x is acc\nt$ m economical to make use ( ! ratoons = ?is purpose2 & _m p]sons say t !y are less liable to rot ?an ! plant canes4 ,9 ! ,briti% sug> isl&s ! cutt+s = plant+ are commonly ! tops ( ! canes :i* h be5 gr\nd = sug>4 ,b 9 ,brazil ! tops ( ! canes are all ?r[n to ! cattle1 = !re is usually a want ( grass dur+ ! season t ! mills are at "w4 ,9 ! ,briti% colonies1 ! canes are at fir/ cov]$ ) only a small portion ( m\ld1 & yet !y are z long 9 =c+ _! way to ! surface z 9 ,brazil1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] a m consid]able quantity ( e>? is laid ^u !m4 ,i suppose t ! sup]ior ri*ness ( ! ,brazilian soil acc\nts = ?is4 ,^u ri* soils ! cutt+s are laid at a great] di/ance1 & ! tr5*es are dug f>!r f ea* o!r1 ?an ^u ^? :i* h und]gone m frequ5t cultivation1 or :i* are kn[n to possess less p[] f _! natural composition4 ,! canes :i* are plant$ ^u ! =m] ?r[ out great numb]s ( spr\ts1 :i* spread ea* way2 &1 al?\gh :5 !y are "y1 ! l& may appe> to promise b a scanty crop1 !y soon close1 & no op5+ is to be se54 ,x is (t5 judg$ prop] to ?9 ! canes1 by remov+ "s ( ! suck]s at ! "t t ! la/ clean+ is giv52 & "s p]sons recomm5d t a portion ( ! dry leaves %\ld also be /ripp$ (f at ! same p]iod1 b on o!r plantations ?is is n practis$4 ,! prop] season = plant+ is f ! middle ( ,july to ! middle ( ,septemb]1 ^u high l&s1 & f ,septemb] to ! middle ( ,novemb] 9 l[ l&s4 ,occasionally1 ! great moi/ure ( ! soil induces ! plant] to cont9ue 8 "w until ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 if 8 p are suffici5tly num]\s to answ] all ! necess>y purposes4 ,! fir/ ( ! canes are ready to be cut = ! mill 9 ,septemb] ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! crop is f9i%$ usually 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,9 ! ,briti% sug> isl&s ! canes are plant$ f ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 & are ripe = ! mill 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye>4 ,?us ?is plant 9 ,brazil requires f ?irte5 to fifte5 mon?s to atta9 its prop] /ate = ! mill2 & 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s x rema9s /&+ sixte5 or sev5te5 mon?s4 ,! ,otaheitan1 or ! ,b\rbon cane1 has be5 br\ght f ,cay5ne to ,p]nambuco s9ce ! ,portuguese obta9$ possession ( t settlem5t4 ,i believe ! two species ( cane are mu* alike1 & ,i h n be5 able to discov] :i* ( !m x is4 ,its advantages are s app>5t1 t aft] "o trial on ea* e/ate1 x has sup]s$$ ! small cane :i* 0 9 g5]al use4 ,! ,cay5ne cane1 z x is call$ 9 ,p]nambuco1 is ( a mu* l>g] size ?an ! common cane2 x bran*es s v greatly1 t ! labor 9 plant+ a piece ( cane is mu* decreas$1 & ! returns f x are at ! same "t mu* m consid]able4 ,x is n plant$ 9 tr5*es1 b holes are dug at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 9 :i* ^! cutt+s are laid4 ,?is cane be>s ! dry wea!r bett] ?an ! small cane2 & :5 ! leaves ( ! latt] beg9 to turn br[n1 ^? ( ! =m] /ill pres]ve _! natural color4 ,a plant] 9 ! ,v>zea told me t he _h obta9$ f\r crops f "o piece ( l& 9 ?ree ye>s1 & t ! soil 9 "q _h be5 consid]$ by him z ne>ly worn out1 be=e he plant$ ! ,cay5ne cane ^u x4--7,ko/]'s ,travels 9 ,brazil1 vol4 #b47 ,mr4 ,e4 ,morewood1 ( ,comp5sation1 ,natal1 :o has paid mu* att5tion to sug> culture 9 t colony1 has favor$ me ) ! foll[+ details1 :i* w be useful = ! guidance ( o!rs1 z be+ ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce3-- lbs4 ,produce ( "o acre ( sug> cane #gb1bdj ,juice express$1 7or #fd p] c5t47 #df1cjh ,dry sug> #g1cef ,gre5 syrup or molasses #b1hbi ,?is syrup c>ry+ ) x a good deal ( sug> out ( ! cool]s1 conta9s fully #ge p] c5t4 ( cry/alizable sug>1 or #b1aba ,?us ! total am\nt ( sug> p] acre is #i1dgg ,! av]age d5sity ( ! cane juice 0 #ab degrees ,beaume1 or #ba p] c5t4 ,all ! improv$ cane mills are n[ con/ruct$ to give at lea/ #ge p] c5t4 ( juice4 ,) su* a mill1 an acre w\ld yield #aa1jge lbs4 ( sug>4 ,) prop] cultivation ,i h no d\bt ! produce c\ld be l>gely increas$2 =1 z ! num]\s visitors :o h se5 ?is place c te/ify1 my cane fields 7 n att5d$ to4 ,to enable me to %[ ! co/ ( produc+ a crop ( canes1 y mu/ all[ me to g into ! exp5se ( cultivat+ ! l& fir/4 ,to keep "o pl\ghman go+1 a p]son requires-- #bj ,ox5 at #c #fj #j #j #a ,pl\gh #g #aj #j #a set ,h>r[s #g #aj #j ,yokes1 ,trekt[s1 ,re9s1 c4 #e #j #j ---------- #hj #j #j ,!n ! exp5ses p] mon? w be3-- ,pl\ghman's wages #b #aj #j ,bo>d #a #aj #j #a ,driv]1 #ajs41 ,lead]s1 #es4 #j #ae #j ,food = two natives #j #aj #j ,we> & te> ( ox5 & ge>1 at #be p] c5t4 p] annum #a #aj #d --------- #f #ah #d ,^! two spans ( ox5 w com=tably pl\gh & h>r[ tw5ty acres p] mon?1 & ! co/ w ?us be ab\t #gs4 p] acre4 ,n[1 let u suppose t a p]son wi%es to put 9 tw5ty acres ( canes1 ! exp5se w\ld be ab\t z foll[s3-- #d ,pl\gh+s & h>r[+s1 #hj acres at #gs4 #bh #j #j ,draw+ canefurr[s1 #d acres p] day1 #e days at #fs4 #a #aj #j #b1jjj ,cane tops p] acre1 at #ejs4 #ajj #j #j #d ,horsehoe+s1 at #bs4 #f;d4 #aj #j #j #d ,h&we$+s 9 ! r[s1 at #bs4 #f;d4 #aj #j #j ,cutt+ & c>ry+ out canes1 at #cjs4 #cj #j #j ,c>riage to ,mill1 ?irty tons p] acre1 at #bs4 #fj #j #j ---------- #bci #aj #j or #ab p] acre4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! r5t ( l&1 say #ajs4 p] acre1 ) "r ( graz+ cattle1 = two ye>s1 :5 ! fir/ crop w come 91 w\ld br+ ! exp5se to #ac p] acre4 ,! cane yield+ say only ?ree tons ( sug> p] acre1 ( :i* ! plant] w\ld1 mo/ likely1 h to give ! manufactur] "o-?ird1 he w receive =ty tons ( sug>1 co/+ him #f #ajs4 p] ton1 & wor? on ! spot1 accord+ to advices receiv$ f ,engl& & ! ,cape1 #ae p] ton1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 or #fjj4 ,! greate/ exp5se1 y w p]ceive1 is ! article ( tops = plant+2 b ?is ought n to disc\rage p]sons4 ,! plants :i* ,i import$ f ! ,mauritius "s ye>s ago1 co/ me1 on acc\nt ( _m ( !m n vegetat+1 at ! rate ( #cj p] acre4 ,p>ties :o beg9 plant+ n[ h ! great advantage t !y c get plants1 e "o ( :i*1 if prop]ly treat$1 w gr[1 at "o-six? ( t price4 ,h[ _m crops cane w give on good soil 9 ,natal1 ,i am ( c\rse unable to /ate1 z ! olde/ cane ,i h got has be5 cut only ?ree times--! la/ yield 7second ratoons7 0 mu* f9] ?an ! prec$+ ones1 & by adopt+ ! improv$ mann] ( cane cultivation1 viz41 return+ all b ! cane juice to ! soil1 ,i am confid5t t replant+ w be f\nd q unnecess>y2 ! exp5ses = ! second & foll[+ ye>s w !re=e be v trifl+4 ,comp>ative ,/atem5t ( ! rul+ ,prices at ,natal & ! ,mauritius ( ,l&1 ,live ,/ock1 ,implem5ts1 ,labor1 & o!r requirem5ts connect$ ) ! cultivation ( ! ,sug> ,cane4 ,,mauritius ,,natal s4 d4 s4 d4 ,,l&1 p] acre1 #c #ajs4 to #bj #j #j ,,l&1 p] acre1 #ajs4 to #a #j #j ,,r5t ,,( ,,l&4 ,x is n ,,r5t ,,( ,,l&1 #f;d4 to #j #e #j cu/om>y to let l& at ! ,mauritius1 except on ! sy/em ( an equal division ( ! produce4 ,,manure4 ,guano1 commonly ,,cattle ,,manure 9 us$ 9 its dry /ate1 abundance1 accord+ to also o!r manures or di/ance1 p] load1 compo/s1 p] ton1 #f to #g #j #j #as4 to #j #b #f 7,none requir$ on virg9 soil = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( cultivation47 ,,live ,,/ock4 ,mules1 #e ( ,ox51 ( :i* #ab are :i* are requir$ to ea* requir$ to ea* load1 load ( #c1jjj to #d1jjj #c ea* #cf #j #j lbs41 #cj ea* #aej #j #j ,keep ( ox51 on ,keep ( ,mules ea*1 p] pa/urage free4 annum #g #j #j ,,labor4 ,driv]s1 ea*1 p] ,color$ driv]1 mon? #a #j #j ea*1 p] mon? #j #ae #j ,coolies1 includ+ keep1 ,kafir lead]1 ditto #j #aj #j ea* #a #j #j ,kafirs1 includ+ ,:ite labor1 ea* #d #j #j keep1 ditto #j #aj #j ,:ite labor1 ea* p] mon?1 #c #ajs4 to #d #j #j ,,fuel4 ,cane tra% or wood ,cane tra% or wood ,,mill ,,p[]4 ,/eam or wat] ,! same ,,implem5ts4 ,all agricultural ,all agricultural labor labor is p]=m$ by ! is p]=m$ ) ! h&-hoe1 v exp5sive pl\gh1 h>r[s1 & 9 its nature4 sc>ifi]1 ) ox5 s mu* less exp5sive ?an ! h& labor at ! ,mauritius4 ,,produce ( ! ,cane4 ,av]age ,f #b to #c tons f #a to #d tons4 ,,cane4 ,p]iodical r5ewal ( ,n yet asc]ta9$1 ! cane1 accord+ to ! & dep5d+ on ! soil quality ( ! soil1 e #c to #aj ye>s 4 s4 d4 4 s4 d4 ,,provisions1 c4 ,beef1 ,,provisions1 c4 ,beef1 p] lb4 #f;d4 to #j #j #h p] lb41 #a;d4 to #j #j #b ,bread1 p] loaf #j #j #f ,bread1 p] loaf #j #j #f ,butt]1 p] lb41 #as4 #c;d4 ,butt]1 p] lb41 #f;d4 to #j #j #i to #j #a #f ,rice1 ! food ( ! ,indian corn1 7maize p] ,coolies1 p] bag ( #ahj lbs4 #es47 p] #aej #aej lbs41 #abs4 #f;d4 to #j #ae #j lbs4 #j #d #b ,oats1 p] bag1 ( #ajj ,oats1 p] #ajd lbs41 #ajs4 lbs4 #abs4 #f;d4 to #j #ae #j to #a #j #j ,bran1 ditto1 #ajj lbs4 ,bran1 n us$4 #abs4 to #j #ac #i ,beans1 ditto1 #ajj lbs4 ,beans1 p] #ahj lbs41 #acs4 #bbs4 #f;d4 to #a #e #j to #bjs41 or p] #ajj lbs4 #gs4 #b;d4 to #j #aa #j ,coal1 p] ton1 #djs4 to #b #aj #j ,! same ,,*>ge ,,( ,,manufacture4 ,! ,mauritius pr9ciple ,! manufactur] reaps may be adopt$ 9 ?is & c>ries to ! mill colony1 ) su* ! canes ( ! gr[]1 modifications z may be b ! latt] provides call$ = by local 8 own bagg+1 & exig5cies4 c>ts away 8 half ( ! sug>1 ! o!r half be+ ! remun]ation ( ! manufactur] ,analysis ( ! =ego+ ,/atem5t1 %[+ ! total comp>ative outlay = sundries connect$ ) ! cultivation ( ,sug> at ,natal & ,mauritius1 comput$ at ! l[e/ rul+ prices4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,mauritius ,,natal ,diff]5ce 9 favor ( ,natal ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l&1 #ajj acres #gjs4 #cej #j #j #ajs4 #ej #j #j #cjj #j #j ,manure1 ,guano #aj loads #f #fj #j #j ,cattle ,manure1 #aj loads #as4 #j #aj #j ,live ,/ock1 #aj mules4 #cj #cjj #j #j #ae4 #aej #j #j #aej #j #j ---- #aj ox5 #ab #abj #j #j #c4 #cj #j #j #ij #j #j ,two driv]s p] m\? #a #b #j #j #a #e #j #j #ae #j ,coolies1 #aj ) keep #aj #j #j #b #aj #j ,kafirs1 #aj ditto #aes4 #g #aj #j ,:ite m51 #aj #d #dj #j #j #d4 #dj #j #j ,beef1 #ajj lbs4 at #f;d4 #b #aj #j #a;d4 #j #ab #f #a #ag #f ,bread1 #ajj loaves #f;d4 #b #aj #j #f;d4 #b #aj #j ,butt]1#ajj lbs4 #as4#c;d4 #f #e #j #f;d4 #b #aj #j #c #ae #j ,rice1 #ajj lbs41 food #j #h #d = ,coolies1 ,indian #j #e #g ,corn1 #ajj lbs41 food #j #b #i = ,kafirs ,oats #j #ab #f #j #aj #j #j #b #f ,beans1 #ajj lbs4 #a #b #f #j #aj #j #j #ab #f ,coals #b #j #j #b #j #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #hig #h #d #bhh #j #c #eed #ah #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! imm5se sav+ obta9$ by pl\gh+1 c41 ov] ! ,mauritius h& labor ) ! hoe1 is n %[n 9 ! above figures4 ,table %[+ ! co/ ( produc+ ,muscovado sug>1 & ! quantity produc$ or available 9 ! sev]al c\ntries m5tion$1 z made up f ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,committee on ,sug> & ,c(fee ,plantations2 by ,t4 ,wilson4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,excess ( co/ ,excess ( free ( co/ ov] ,co/ ( free ,,slave ,av]age ,av]age ( pro-lab\r ,,trade availableavailableduc+ ov] labor1 produce produce "o slave tak+ ,9- ,av]age "u dur+ cwt4 (or com- ! crease co/ ( slav]y ! la/ sug> pulsoryco/ 9( co/ produc- or com- ?ree at labor1,brazil 9 ! tion pulsory ye>s ( pres5t p] at ,briti% ,,c\ntry4 "u labor1 fre$om1 date1 cwt41 #gs4 #f;d4planta- slav]y = ! = ! exclu- tak+ p] tions or com-supply (supply (sive ( ! cwt4 s9ce pulsory ,europe ,europe int]- av]agemak+ emanci- labor4 & ! & ! e/ on co/ ( ! pation4 ,unit$ ,unit$ capi- ! av]age ,/ates1 ,/ates4 tal1 latt] ( etc4 at #aas4 slave p] trade cwt4 labor #hs4 p] cwt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,briti% s4 d4 ,tons4 ,tons4 s d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,plantations4 ,antigua #g #f #g1gfg #h1ifc #af #f #e #f #h #f #i #j ,b>bados #f #j #ag1agd #af1cgh #ae #f #d #f #g #f #i #f ,gr5ada #aa #j #i1fcd #c1ggi #ag #f #f #f #i #f #f #f ,/4 ,kitts #e #j #d1chb #e1eeh #ai #j #h #j #aa #j #ad #j ,/4 ,v9c5t #e #f #aj1jef #f1fcf #ai #f #h #f #aa #f #ad #j ,tobago #e #f #e1cba #b1ead #ai #f #h #f #aa #f #ad #j ,/4 ,lucia1 etc4 #e #f #i1fjj #h1fej #ai #f #h #f #aa #f #ad #j ,jamaica #aj #j #fh1fbf #cj1hjg #bb #f #aa #f #ad #f #ab #f ,guiana #f #h #dd1agh #bd1hag #be #aj #ad #aj #ag #aj #ai #b ,tr9idad ,a99 #c #j #ae1dbh #af1eci #bj #aj #i #aj #ab #aj #ag #aj ,mauritius #ce1jjj #ej1jjj #bj #j #i #j #ab #j ,b5gal #fb1jjj #bc #j #ab #j #ae #j ,madras #g1jjj #bj #j #i #j #ab #j ,=eign ,free ,labor ,c\ntry4 ,europe 7,beet-root7 ,b99 #ajj1jjj #bd #d #ac #d #af #d ,=eign ,slave1 or ,compulsory ,labor ,c\ntries4 ,java ,c99 #ae #j #hh1jjj #ae #j ,fr5* ,colonies #ae #j #ij1jjj #ae #j ,slave ,cuba 7,muscovado7 #h #j #bbj1jjj #h #j or com- ,porto ,rico #h #f #dj1jjj #h #f pulsory ,l\isiana #ab #f #ajj1jjj #ab #f labor ,brazils ,d99 #aa #aa #ij1jjj #aa #aa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,a99 ,?is co/1 z tak5 f ! av]ages giv5 9 ,"l ,h>ris's despat*es1 is l[] ?an ! av]ages giv5 by ! witnesses be=e ! ,committee4 ,b99 ,?is beet-root sug> sells1 9 ! cont95tal m>kets1 on acc\nt ( its inf]ior quality1 at ab\t #ds4 to #fs4 p] cwt4 bel[ ,colonial ,muscovado1 s t ,colonial ,muscovado mu/ be ab\t #ccs4 p] cwt4 to enable beet sug> to sell 9 ?is m>ket = co/ & *>ges1 & all[+ no pr(it to ! beet sug> mak]4 ,c99 ,! co/ ( produc+ sug> 9 ,java is tak5 at ! av]age betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t contract sug>1 & ! free sug>1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,san ,m>t94 ,d99 ,! co/ ( produc+ sug> 9 ,brazil is tak5 f ! ,consul> return3 ?is return has giv5 no cr$it = rum or molasses1 & has *>g$ #fs4 #e;d4 = manufactur+1 fully #cs4 #e;d4 m ?an ! co/ 9 ,cuba1--all[ance = ^! two items w\ld give #gs4 #f;d4 z ! nett co/ p] cwt4 ,,beet ,,root ,,sug>4 ,! rapid progress ( ! production ( beet root sug> on ! cont95t1 especially 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,russia1 & its rec5t introduction & cultivation z an article ( comm]ce 9 ,irel&1 r5d]s ! detail ( its culture & manufacture on ! cont95t int]e/+4 ,i h1 !re=e1 be5 induc$ to be/[ "s pa9s on an inve/igation ( ! rise & progress ( its production & consumption 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 ! smalle/ e/imate :i* c be =m$ ( ! quantity ( cane sug> t has be5 replac$ by beet root sug> 9 ! *ief ,european c\ntries1 is ab\t #hj1jjj tons annually1 ) ! c]ta9ty t1 ye> aft] ye>1 ! consumption w become exclusively conf9$ to ! =m]1 to ! great] exclusion ( ! latt]2 unless "s great *ange %all take place 9 ! relative p]fection & manufacture ( ! two diff]5t descriptions ( produce4 ,al?\gh1 obs]ves ! ,economi/1 ! beet root sug> produc$ 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t is n br\ght into competition 9 our own m>kets ) ! produce ( ! ,briti% colonies1 yet x mu/ be pla9 t ! exclusion ( s mu* =eign cane sug> f ! cont95t1 :i* 0 =m]ly consum$ !re1 mu/ ?r[ a mu* l>g] quantity ( ,cuba & ,brazilian sug> ^u ?is m>ket2 & by ?is means ! increas$ production ( beet root sug>1 ev5 9 ^? c\ntries :]e x is highly protect$1 does indirectly increase ! competition among ! produc]s ( cane sug> 9 our m>ket4 ,s e>ly z #agdg1 a *emi/ ( ,b]l91 nam$ ,m>graf1 discov]$ t beet root conta9$ a c]ta9 quantity ( sug>1 b x 0 n until #agif t ! discov]y 0 prop]ly br\ght "u ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific 9 ,europe by ,a*>d1 :o 0 also a *emi/ & resid5t ( ,b]l91 & :o publi%$ a circum/antial acc\nt ( ! progress by :i* he extract$ f #c to #d p] c5t4 ( sug> f beet root4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made1 f "t to "t1 to manufacture beet root sug> 9 ,engl&1 b nev]1 hi!rto1 on a l>ge & sy/ematic scale4 ,"s ye>s ago a company 0 e/abli%$ = ! purpose1 b !y did n proce$ 9 _! op]ations4 ,a ref9]y ( sug> f ! beet root 0 erect$ at ,?ames ,bank1 ,*elsea1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahcg4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahci a great _m acres ( l& 7 put into cultivation ) ! root1 at ,w&swor? & o!r places 9 ! vic9ity ( ! metropolis4 ,! ma*9]y us$ 9 ! manufacture 0 pr9cipally on ! plan ( ! vacuum pans1 & a f9e ref9$ sug> 0 produc$ f ! juice by ! fir/ process ( evaporation1 aft] x _h und]gone discolorization4 ,ano!r "p ( ! premises 0 appropriat$ to ! manufacture ( co>se br[n pap] f ! refuse1 = :i* x is ext5sively us$ 9 ,france4 ,a ref9]y 0 also e/abli%$ ab\t ?is p]iod at ,belfa/1 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* t[n upw>ds ( #bjj acres ( l& 7 put into cultivation ) beet root = ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,france ought to be a suffici5t gu>antee t ! manufacture ( beet root sug> is n a speculative b a great /aple trade1 9 :i* ! supply c be regulat$ by ! dem&1 ) a precision sc>cely atta9able 9 any o!r ease1 & :51 9 addition1 ?is dem& t5ds r to increase ?an to dim9i%4 ,t ! trade is pr(itable !re c also be no d\bt f ! l>ge capital emb>k$ 9 x on ! ,cont95t--a capital :i* is /eadily increas+ ev5 9 ,france1 :]e protection has be5 gradually )drawn1 & :]e1 s9ce #ahdh1 x has compet$ ^u equal t]ms ) colonial sug>s4 ,! produce ( ,france 9 #ahea 0 ne>ly #fj1jjj tons4 ,! beet root sug> made 9 ! ,zollv]e9 9 #ahea 0 ab\t #de1jjj tons4 ,probably half z mu* m z is made 9 ,france & ! ,zollv]e91 is made 9 all ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ,belgium1 ! quantity made is said to be #g1jjj tons2 9 ,russia1 #ce1jjj2 mak+ a total ( beet root sug> n[ manufactur$ 9 ,europe ( at lea/ #aej1jjj & probably m1 or ne>ly "o-six? "p ( ! pres5t consumption ( ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & our v>i\s colonies4 ,9 #ahdg ?is 0 e/imat$ at upw>ds ( #a1jjj1jjj tons2 &1 z ! production has increas$ consid]ably s9ce t p]iod1 x is n[ n less ?an #a1ajj1jjj tons4 ,! soil ( ! ,cont95t1 x is said1 w give #af tons to ! acre1 & t ( ,irel&1 #bf tons to ! acre4 ,! =m] yields f #f to #g p] c5t4--! latt] f #g to #h p] c5t4 z ! extreme maximum /r5g? ( sac*>9e matt]4 ,! co/ ( ! root 9 ,irel&--= x is ) t1 & n ) ! co/ ( ! ,cont95tal root1 ) :i* ! ,we/ ,indies w h to cont5d--is said to be at ! rate ( #afs4 p] ton ?is2 b w probably be #acs4 next season4 ,! co/ ( manufacture is set d[n at #g #es4 p] ton4 ,calculat+ ! yield ( ! root to be #g lbs4 to e #ajj lbs41 = #bf tons ! yield w\ld be ne>ly #b tons ( sug>1 :i* w\ld give ab\t #i #ajs4 p] ton1 putt+ d[n ! raw mat]ial to co/ #ads1 #f;d4 p] ton1 ! m$ium betwe5 #afs4 & #acs4 ,?us a ton ( ,iri%-gr[n & manufactur$ beet root sug>1 w\ld co/ #af #aes4 p] ton4 ,mr4 ,sullivan1 ! sci5tific guide to ^? :o are und]tak+ to make beet root sug> at ,m\ntmellick1 ,que5's ,c\nty1 ,irel&1 e/imates ! co/ ( obta9+ pure sug> at f #af #ags4 to #ai #ahs4 p] ton1 accord+ to ! quantity ( sug> 9 ! root4 ,beet root is a vegetable ( l>ge circumf]5ce1 at ! upp] end n9e to elev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds4 ,t :i* is consid]$ to yield ! mo/ sug> is ! :ite or ,silesian beet 7,beta alba74 ,x is small] ?an ! mangel wurzel1 & m compact1 & appe>s 9 its texture to be m l ! ,sw$i% turnip4 ,= ! manufacture ( sug>1 ! small] beets1 ( :i* ! roots weigh only "o or two p\nds1 7 pref]r$ by ,*aptal1 :o1 besides be+ a celebrat$ *emi/1 0 also a practical agriculturi/ & a manufactur] ( sug> f beet root4 ,aft] ! :ite beet foll[s ! yell[ 7beta major71 !n ! r$ 7beta romana71 & la/ly ! common or field beet root 7,beta sylve/ris74 ,m>graf1 z we h se51 0 ! fir/ *emi/ :o discov]$ ! sac*>9e pr9ciple 9 beet root2 & ,a*>d1 ! fir/ manufactur] :o fitt$ up an e/abli%m5t 79 ,silesia7 = ! extraction ( sug> f ! root4 ,x 0 n be=e #ahji t ?is manufacture 0 introduc$ into ,france4 ,! manufacture sprung up !re 9 consequ5ce ( ,bonap>te's s*eme = de/roy+ ! colonial prosp]ity ( ,great ,brita9 by exclud+ ,briti% colonial produce4 ,x hav+ be5 f\nd t f ! juice ( ! beet root a cry/allizable sug> c\ld be obta9$1 he enc\rag$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! manufacture by e advantage :i* monopoly & premiums c\ld give x4 ,colonial sug> 0 at ! enorm\s price ( f\r & five francs a p\nd1 & ! use ( x 0 become s habitual1 t no ,fr5*man c\ld d )\t x4 ,sev]al l>ge manufactories ( beet root 7 e/abli%$1 "s ( :i* only s]v$ z pretexts = sell+ smuggl$ colonial sug> z ! produce ( _! own works4 ,c\nt ,*aptal1 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ "o on 8 own f>m1 rais+ ! beet root1 z well z extract+ ! sug>4 ,! roots are fir/ clean$ by wa%+ or scrap+1 & !n plac$ 9 a ma*9e to be rasp$ & r$uc$ to a pulp4 ,?is pulp is put into a /rong canvas bag & plac$ "u a p[]ful press to squeeze out ! juice4 ,x is !n put into copp]s & boil$1 und]go+ c]ta9 o!r processes4 ,mo/ ( ! op]ations are ne>ly ! same z ^? by :i* ! juice ( ! sug> cane is prep>$ = use2 b mu* great] skill & nicety are requir$ 9 r5d]+ ! juice ( ! beet root cry/allizable1 on acc\nt ( its great] rawness & ! small] quantity ( sug> x conta9s4 ,b :5 ?is sug> is ref9$1 x is impossible = ! mo/ exp]i5c$ judge to di/+ui% x f ! o!r1 ei!r by ! ta/e or appe>ance2 & f ?is arose ! facility ) :i* smuggl$ colonial sug> 0 sold 9 ,france1 "u ! "n ( sug> f beet root4 ,five tons ( clean roots produce ab\t #d cwt4 ( co>se sug>1 :i* give ab\t #afj lbs4 ( d\ble ref9$ sug>1 & #fj lbs4 ( inf]ior lump sug>4 ,! re/ is molasses1 f :i* a good _s is di/ill$4 ,! dry residue ( ! roots1 aft] express+ ! juice1 consi/s *iefly ( fibre & mucilage1 & am\nts to ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! clean roots us$4 ,x conta9s all ! nutritive "p ( ! root1 ) ! exception ( #d p] c5t4 ( sug>1 :i* has be5 extract$ f ! juice1 ! re/ be+ wat]4 ,z ! exp5se ( ?is manufacture greatly exce$$ ! value ( ! sug> produc$1 accord+ to ! price ( colonial sug>1 x 0 only by ! artificial enc\ragem5t ( a monopoly & premiums t x c\ld be c>ri$ on to advantage4 ,! process is "o ( m]e curiosity z long z sug> f ! sug> cane c be obta9$ *eap]1 & ! import duties laid ^u x are n s excessive z to am\nt to a prohibition2 & 9 ?is case x is almo/ impossible to prev5t its cl&e/9e introduction4 ,ano!r mode ( mak+ sug> f beet root1 practis$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 is z foll[s1 & is said to make bett] sug> ?an ! o!r process3--,! roots hav+ be5 wa%$1 are slic$ l5g?ways1 /rung on pack?read1 & hung up to dry4 ,! object ( ?is is to let ! wat]y juice evaporate1 & ! sweet juice1 be+ conc5trat$1 is tak5 up by mac]at+ ! dry slices 9 wat]4 ,x is manag$ s t all ! juice %all be extract$ by a v small quantity ( wat]1 :i* saves mu* ( ! tr\ble ( evaporation4 ,pr(essor ,lampadius obta9$ f #aaj lbs4 ( roots #d lbs4 ( well-gra9$ :ite p[d]-sug>1 & ! residuum af=d$ #g p9ts ( _s4 ,a*>d says t ab\t a ton ( roots produc$ #ajj lbs4 ( raw sug>1 :i* gave #ee lbs4 ( ref9$ sug>1 & #ae lbs4 ( treacle4 ,?is result is n v diff]5t f t ( ,*aptal4 #f1jjj tons ( beet root x is said w produce #djj tons ( sug> & #ajj tons ( molasses4 ,beet root sug> 9 ! raw /ate conta9s an ess5tial oil1 ! ta/e & smell ( :i* are disagreeable4 ,?us ! treacle ( beet root _c be us$ 9 a direct way1 :]eas ! treacle ( cane sug> is ( an agreeable flavor1 = ! ess5tial oil :i* x conta9s is aromatic1 & has "s resemblance 9 ta/e to vanilla4 ,b beet root sug>1 :5 x is completely ref9$1 diff]s 9 no s5sible degree f ref9$ cane sug>4 ,9 appe>ance x is q equal to cane sug>1 & ! process ( ref9+ x is m easy ?an = ! latt]4 ,samples made 9 ,belgium 7 exhibit$ at a late meet+ ( ! ,dubl9 ,society4 ,x 0 ( ! f9e/ appe>ance1 ( /rong sweet5+ quality1 & 9 color resembl+ ! species ( sug> kn[n z cru%$ lump4 ,! mo/ s+ul> "p ( ! matt] is1 t x 0 manufactur$ 9 ! space ( =ty-five m9utes--! entire "t occupi$ f ! tak+ ( ! root out ( ! gr\nd & putt+ x into ! ma*9e1 to ! production ( ! p]fect article4 ,x 0 said t x c\ld be produc$ = #c;d4 p] lb4 ,an acre ( gr\nd is calculat$ to yield #ej tons ( ,silesian beet1 :i*1 9 ,france & ,belgium1 give ?ree tons ( sug>1 wor? ab\t #ej2 ! refuse be+ appli$ 9 ^? c\ntries to fe$+ cattle4 ,b f ! sup]ior fitness ( ! ,iri% soil1 z %[n by exp]i5ce to be ! case1 x is confid5tly affirm$ by p]sons compet5t to =m an op9ion1 t #h p] c5t4 ( sug> c\ld be obta9$ !re on ! raw bulk4 ,! foll[+ figures are giv5 z illu/rative ( ! exp5se ( ! cultivation ( "o acre ( beet-root 9 ,irel&3-- ,two pl\gh+s & h>r[+ #a #a #j ,exp5se ( manure & c>t+ #e #j #j ,hoe+ & se$ #j #f #j ,drill+ & s[+ #j #e #j ,r5t #b #j #j ------- #h #ab #j ,an av]age produce ( #bj tons1 at #ae p] ton1 w\ld leave a pr(it ( #f #hs4 p] acre1 leav+ ! l& 9 a /ate fit = ! reception1 at little exp5se1 ( a crop ( :eat1 b>ley1 or oats = ! next ye>1 & ( hay = ! ye> ensu+2 a consid]ation ( no small importance to ! f>m]4 ,! foll[+ e/imates1 rec5tly giv51 are n by any means exagg]at$3-- #fa1fjg tons ( beet1 at #ajs4 #cj1hjc #aj #j ,co/ ( manufacture1 at #aas4 p] ton4 #cc1hhc #ag #j ------------- #fd1fhg #g #j ,produce #g p] c5t ( sug>1 at #bhs4 p] cwt4 #acf1gfg #aj #j ------------- ,e/imat$ pr(it #gb1jhj #c #j ,! quantity ( sug> made f beet-root 9 ,france 9 #ahbh1 0 ab\t #b1fej tons2 9 #ahcj1 its weight 0 e/imat$ at #f million kilogrammes#bd 7#e1hbj tons72 9 #ahcd1 at #bf million kilogrammes 7#bd1jjj tons72 9 #ahce1 #cf1jjj tons2 9 #ahcf1 #di1jjj tons4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> #ahcg1 ! numb] ( ref9]ies at "w or be+ built 0 #edc2 on an av]age #bj kilogrammes ( beet-root are requir$ = ! production ( "o kilogramme ( sug>4 ,! sug> manufactur$ f ! beet-root 9 ,france a few ye>s ago 0 /at$ to am\nt to #ee1jjj tons1 or "o half ( ! entire consumption ( ! k+dom4 ,! ,c\rri] ,francais calculat$ t ! beet-root sug> made 9 ,france 9 #ahch am\nt$ to #aaj million lbs41 & ! j\rnal add$1 !re is no d\bt t1 9 a few ye>s1 ! produce w be equal to ! entire dem&4 ,! cultivation !n ext5d$ ov] #aej1jjj acres1 & 9 ! environs ( ,lille & ,val5ci5nes x has sometimes be5 z high z #bh1jjj lbs4 p] acre4 ,f returns ( ! produce & consumption ( beet-root sug> publi%$ 9 ! ,moniteur1 x appe>s t on ! #a/ ,dec4 #ahea1 !re 7 #cce manufactories 9 op]ation1 or #ha m ?an 9 ! correspond+ p]iod ( #ahej4 ,! quantity ( sug> made1 includ+ ! portion ly+ ov] f ! previ\s ye>1 am\nt$ to #ai1fbe1chf kilogrammes1 & t /or$ 9 ! public bond+ w>eh\se to #aj1eef1hdg4 ,at ! end ( ,june1 #aheb1 #cbi manufactories 7 at "w1 or two m ?an at ! same p]iod 9 #ahea4 ,! quantity sold 0 #fb1baa1ffc kilogrammes1 or #i1afg1jah less1 z comp>$ ) ! correspond+ p]iod ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,!re rema9$ 9 /ock 9 ! manufactories #ia1dcd1jgj kilogrammes1 & 9 ! entrepot #d1eig1hbi kilogrammes1 be+ an increase ( #b1efh1ffb kilogrammes 9 ! manufactories1 & a decrease ( #a1bib1ifb 9 ! entrepots4 ,! manufacture ( beet-root sug> is e ye> assum+ 9 ,france increas$ importance1 & attracts m & m ! att5tion ( political economi/s z a s\rce ( national weal?1 & ( gov]nm5t1 z af=d+ matt] ( taxation4 ,?irty new factories1 got up ^u a v ext5sive scale1 are enum]at$ z go+ into op]ation ?is ye>4 ,!y are locat$1 ) b two exceptions1 9 ! nor? ( ,france2 fifte5 ( !m are 9 ! s+le dep>tm5t ( ,nord4 ,inde$1 ! manufacture ( beet-root sug> is conf9$1 almo/ exclusively1 to ! five nor!rn adjac5t dep>tm5ts ( ,nord1 ,pas de ,calais1 ,somme1 ,aisne1 & ,oise4 ,! be/ quality retails at #af c5ts ! p\nd4 ,i take f a table 9 ! ,moniteur ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! numb] ( factories & _! location1 ) ! am\nt ( production up to ! #ca/ ,may1 #ahea4 ,at t date ! season is suppos$ to end4 ,a sep>ate column gives ! total production 9 ! season ( #ahdb1 %[+ an increase 9 t5 ye>s ( m ?an d\ble1 viz41 ( #da1ehb1aac kilogrammes1 or1 9 our weight1 ( #ic1eei1ged p\nds4 ,numb] ( ,kilogrammes ,kilogrammes ,dep>tm5ts4 ,factories4 ,prod4 #ahej-a4 ,prod4 #ahdc4 ,aisne #cj #e1cjg1ged #c1ajc1agh ,nord #aee #dd1adb1bbd #ae1ccd1jfc ,oise #h #a1ehi1ici #gea1gdf ,pas-de-,calais #gj #af1ffe1jhd #e1hef1idd ,somme #bc #c1djd1ggf #b1fhc1dba ,scatt]$ ab\t #ah #b1gjg1aij #c1eje1fjb ------ ------------ ------------ #cjd #gc1hag1fjg #cj1bcd1ied ,?is in=mation 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,f\ld1 ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance1 ^u ! introduction ( a bill mak+ an appropriation = ! pur*ase ( #dee sac*>omet]s1 :i* _h become necess>y by reason ( ! late law ord]+ t f & aft] ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aheb1 ! beet sug>s 7 to be tax$ accord+ to _! sac*>9e ri*ness4 ,! ,m9i/] decl>$ t at t date !re w\ld be 9 active op]ation 9 ,france #ccd sug> factories & #hd ref9+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! ,moniteur ,p>isi5 has ! foll[+3-- ,not)/&+ ! advantages accord$ to colonial sug>1 & ! duties :i* weigh on beet-root sug>1 ! latt] article has acquir$ su* a regul> ext5sion t x has rea*$ ! quantity ( #fj1jjj tons--t is to say1 ! half ( our consumption4 ,france 7d$uct+ ! ref9$ sug> export$ "u fav\r ( ! drawback7 consumes #abj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #fj1jjj are home made1 #ej1jjj colonial1 & #aj1jjj =eign4 ,! two sug>s h be5 plac$ on ! same conditions z to duties1 b x is only f ! #a/ in/4 7,jan4 #aheb71 t ! beet-root sug> w pay a heavi] duty ?an our colonial sug>4 ,9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce we are conv9c$ t ! manufacture ( beet-root sug>1 :i* is e day1 improv$ by new processes1 w be always v advantage\s1 & w atta9 9 "s ye>s ! total quantity ( ! consumption4 ,9 ,belgium ! produce ( ! beet-root foll[s ! same progress4 ,! consumption ( sug> !re 01 9 #ahej1 #ad1jjj tons1 ( :i* #g1jjj 0 beet-root1 made 9 #bb manufactories4 ,?is ye> !re are #ah new ones1 & al?\gh _! organisation does n all[ ( _! manufactur+ 9 ! same proportion z ! #bb old ones1 !y w furni% at lea/ #c1jjj tons4 ,! quantity ( =eign sug> 9 t m>ket does n reckon m ?an #d1jjj tons4 ,?is conclusion is ! m c]ta91 z 9 #ahdh-ahdi1 ! beet-root only /ood at #d1ejj tons 9 ! g5]al acc\nt4 ,x may !re=e be se5 f ^! figures :at progress has be5 made4 ,! same progressive movem5t is go+ on 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahdh x produc$ #bf1jjj tons1 & 9 #ahfa1 #dc1jjj4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! importance ( ?is improvem5t4 ,x comprises ! ,zollv]e91 ,hanov]1 & ! ,hanse ,t[ns3-- ,cane ,sug>4 ,beet-root4 ,totals4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 #ahdh #fj1ejj #bf1jjj #hf1ejj #ahdi #ed1jjj #cd1jjj #hh1jjj #ahea #de1jjj #dc1jjj #hh1jjj ,?us we f9d t 9 ! p]iod ( f\r ye>s cane sug> has lo/ #ae1jjj tons & x w lose /ill m :5 new manufactories %all h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! consumption ( ,russia is e/imat$ at #he1jjj tons1 ( :i* #ce1jjj is beet-root1 & :at proves t ! latt] e day ga9s gr\nd is1 t ! ord]s to ! ,havana are con/antly decreas+1 & prices are gett+ l[]4 ,9 #ahdh ,au/ria consum$ #dj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #h1jjj 7 beet-root4 ,la/ ye> 7#ahea17 %e produc$ #ae1jjj tons4 ,! production ( ! cont95t ris+ to #bjj1jjj tons1 & ! consumption rema9+ ne>ly /ation>y1 x is evid5t t ,brazilian & ,cuban sug>s w encumb] ! ,engli% m>ket1 indep5d5tly ( ! ref9$ sug> ( ,java1 :i* ,holl& s5ds to ,great ,brita94 ,:5 ! cont95tal sy/em 0 e/abli%$ by ! decrees ( ,milan & ,b]l91 ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ask$ ! savans to po9t out ! means ( replac+ ! productions :i* he proscrib$3 x is to ! active & useful impulse :i* 8 g5ius impress$ on all m9ds1 t ,france & ,europe owe ?is fre% manufacture--a creation ! m valuable z its =tunate developm5t requir$ ! co-op]ation ( *emical sci5ce & agricultural improvem5t4 ,! quantity ( sug> extract$ f beet-root 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! process1 am\nt$ to only #b p] c5t42 b x 0 aft]w>ds made to yield #e p] c5t41 & x 0 !n suppos$ possible to extract #f p] c5t4 ,on ?is calculation ! fiscal regulations = ! protection ( colonial sug>s 9 ,france 7 f\nd$2 b rec5t exp]im5ts h be5 made1 by means ( :i* z mu* z t5 & a half p] c5t4 ( sug> has be5 obta9$4 ,! foll[+ notice ( ! improv$ process is giv5 9 a numb] ( ! ,con/itutionnel3-- ,x appe>s t a great improvem5t is likely to be made 9 ! manufacture ( beet-root sug>4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! process ( ?is manufacture1 are aw>e t ,m4 de ,dombasle has ! la/ six ye>s exclusively devot$ himself to br+ to p]fection ! process ( mac]ation1 ( :i* he is ! inv5tor4 ,adopt+ rec5t improvem5ts1 ?is process is mat]ially alt]$1 & has n[ arriv$ at su* a po9t ( p]fection t x c\ld sc>cely be exce$$4 ,! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,national ,indu/ry rec5tly appo9t$ committees to exam9e ! effect produc$ 9 ! manufactory ( ,roville4 ,!y witness$ ! entire progress ( ! "w1 e "p ( :i* 0 subject$ to m9ute inve/igation4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ! pres5ce ( _m di/+ui%$ manufactur]s4 ,we h n ! lea/ int5tion to prejudge ! decision :i* may be made on ?is subject by ! society we h allud$ to2 b we believe we are able to m5tion ! pr9cipal results t h regul>ly att5d$ ! works ( ! manufactory ?is ye>4 ,! produce 9 co>se sug> has be5 m ?an eight p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ quality1 & m ?an two p] c5t4 ( ! second quality1 9 all ne>ly t5 & a half p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( beet-root us$2 & ! quality ( ^! sug>s has be5 consid]$ by all ! manufactur]s sup]ior to any?+ ( ! k9d t has hi!rto be5 made1 & admits ( its be+ conv]t$ into loaf-sug> ( ! fir/ quality4 ,! progress ( ^! op]ations is z simple z possible1 & ! exp5ses att5d+ ! manufacture are consid]ably less ?an t ( ! process hi!rto adopt$4 ,! cultivation ( ! beet 9 ,france appe>s likely to prove /ill m advantage\s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y t ! molasses drawn f ! root may be1 aft] s]v+ = ! manufacture ( sug>1 turn$ to f>!r advantage4 ,x appe>s t pota% may be made f x1 ( a quality equal to =eign pota%4 ,a ,monsieur ,dubranfaut has discov]$ a me?od ( extract+ ?is sub/ance f ! residue ( ! molasses aft] di/illation1 & :i* residue1 hav+ s]v$ = ! production ( alcohol1 0 =m]ly ?r[n away4 ,to give "s idea ( ! importance ( ! creation ( ?is new s\rce ( national weal? 7rem>ks ! ,j\rnal des ,debats71 x w be suffici5t to say t ! quantity ( pota% furni%$ by ,m4 ,dubranfaut's process is equal to l_/#f? ( ! quantity ( sug> extract$ f ! beet4 ,?us1 tak+ ! am\nt ( indig5\s sug> manufactur$ ea* ye> at sev5ty million kilogrammes 7ea* kil4 equal to #b lbs4 #b oz4 avoird471 !re may besides be extract$ f ?is root1 :i* has s]v$ = t production1 twelve million kilogrammes ( sal9e matt]1 comp>able to ! be/ pota% ( comm]ce2 & ?is1 too1 )\t1 ! loss ( ! alcohol & ! o!r produce1 ! fabrication ( :i* may be cont9u$ simultane\sly4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t prices1 ! twelve millions ( kilogrammes repres5t a value ( f f\rte5 to fifte5 million francs4 ,! ,/ates compos+ ! ,g]man ,union possess$ t[>ds ! close ( #ahch1 #hg manufactories ( beet-root sug> 9 full op]ation1 viz41 ,prussia1 #fc2 ,bav>ia1 #e2 ,wurtemburg1 #c2 ,d>m/adt1 #a2 o!r /ates1 #ae2 besides #ff :i* 7 !n con/ruct+4 ,! only returns giv5 = ,prussia & ,c5tral ,g]many are #ahcf to #ahch1 & ! annual production ( sug> 0 !n e/imat$ at elev5 million p\nds4 ,! quantity n[ made is1 ( c\rse1 mu* great]4 ,at ! close ( #ahhh1 ,au/ria produc$ n9e million p\nds2 %e n[ makes fifte5 ?\s& tons4 ,! gr[? ( beet-root 9 ,hung>y1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahcg & #ahch1 0 extremely favorable1 & ! manufacture ( sug> f x has become v ext5sive4 ,x has be5 greatly enc\rag$ by ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t fifty millions ( p\nds 7 manufactur$ 9 ,prussia & ,g]many 9 #ahci4 ,9 ,bohemia !re 71 9 #ahdj1 fifty-two factories ( beet-root sug>1 & n9e = ! mak+ ( syrup out ( potato meal4 ,9 #ahch1 ! numb] 0 z high z eighty-sev54 ,! ,dut* pap]s /ate t 9 a s+le e/abli%m5t 9 ,vo/] ,vick1 9 ,guild]l&1 ab\t five million p\nds' weight ( ! beet-root are consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,! foll[+ is a ,comp>ative ,/atem5t ( ! numb] ( ,sug> ,manufactories1 & ! ,quantity ( ,beet-root ^u :i* duty 0 paid = ! ,manufacture ( ,sug> 9 ! ,zollv]e9 dur+ ! ye>s end+ ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 #ahdf & #ahdg3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,quantity ( ,beet-root ^u :i* duty 0 paid = ! ,manufacture ( ,sug>4 ----------------------------------- ,numb] ( ,comp>ison 9 ,"n ( ! ,/ate ,manufactories #ahdf-g ) ! ( ! ,zollv]e9 #ahde-f #ahdf-g prec$+ ye>4 ------------ ---------------- ,m 9 ,less 9 #ahde-fahdf-g #ahdf-g #ahdf-g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,prussia ,cwts4 9999 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,ea/]n ,prussia #b #b #ab1cic #bi1ida #ag1edh -- ,we/]n ,prussia -- -- -- -- --- -- ,pos5 #g #h #aja1dbb #aba1iad #bj1dib -- ,pom]ania #e #d #hi1hfe #aba1jfa #ca1aif -- ,silesia #af #bb #eij1ede #gaa1fcb #aba1jhg -- ,br&5burg #c #c #adj1dba #adh1jff #g1fde -- ,prussian ,saxony #ch #db #b1fgf1jhdc1edg1hia #hga1hag -- ,du*ies ( ,anhalt #d #e #bff1cde #bhh1jhb #ba1gcg -- ,we/phalia -- -- -- -- -- -- ,rh5i% ,prov9ces #b -- #b1dgi -- -- #b1dgi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total 9 ,prussia #gg #hf #c1hgi1eedd1ifh1ehga1jgi1jdc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,luxemburg -- -- -- -- -- -- ,bav>ia1 ,k+dom ( #h #g #ej1ieb #df1adb -- #d1haj ,saxony1 #a #b #bj1hhg #cd1bcj #ac1cdc -- ,wurtemburg1 #b #b #ei1eba #ada1cff #ha1hde -- ,bad51 ,gr& ,du*y #b #b #caf1ifh #cbh1fjh #aa1fdj -- ,hesse1 ,electorate #b #c #be1cgf #bc1ebi -- #a1hdg ,hesse1 ,gr& ,du*y -- -- -- -- -- -- ,?ur+ia #b #c #cf1abg #ch1bah #b1jia -- ,brunswick1 ,duk$om #b #b #fe1gjg #eb1gif -- #ab1iaa ,nassau1 ,duk$om -- -- -- -- -- -- ,frank=t1 ,free,city -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total1 exclusively ( ,prussia #ai #ba #ege1ech #ffd1hhi #hi1cea ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total 9 ! ,zollv]e9 #if #ajg #d1dee1jibe1fcc1dgfa1afh1cid ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 9999 ,prussian cwts4 are equal to #hj ,engli% cwts4 ,?is /atem5t proves t ! cultivation ( ! beet-root1 & ! subsequ5t manufacture into sug>1 has greatly increas$ 9 ! ,zollv]e94 ,elev5 manufactories _h be5 add$ to ! numb] 9 ! previ\s ye>1 & an increase ( #bf p] c5t4 took place 9 ! quantity ( beet-root :i* 0 manufactur$ into sug>4 ,ea* manufactory us$1 ^u an av]age1 ! foll[+ quantity dur+ ! und]m5tion$ ye>s3-- #ahda-b #ahdd-e #ahdf-g ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,9 ,prussia g5]ally #ch1afa #ej1chd #eg1ggd ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,saxony #ee1dab #gj1dbc #hd1dgc ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,silesia #cc1eie #cf1iji #cb1cdg ,9 ! ,zollv]e91 on an av]age 9 ea* manufactory #bg1bcg #df1djg #eb1fcd ,! increase is *iefly evid5t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,saxony1 :]e1 9 #ahdf-g1 an augm5tation ( #a1jhg1hea cwt4 ( beet-root2 9 comp>ison to ! prec$+ ye>1 took place4 ,if we comp>e ! quantity ( beet-root employ$ 9 ,saxony ) t ( ! :ole ,zollv]e91 we f9d t ! =m] prov9ce requires #fc p] c5t1 ( ! :ole quantity us$ = ! manufacture ( sug>4 ,! great activity 9 t prov9ce 7*iefly 9 ! di/rict ( ,magdeburg7 is r5d]$ m app>5t by ! foll[+ table3-- ,comp>ative ,/atem5t ( ! ,numb] ( ,manufactories1 & _! ,ma*9]y & ,ut5sils1 employ$ = ! ,manufacture ( ,beet-root ,sug> 9 ! ,prussian ,prov9ce ( ,saxony dur+ ! ye>s #ahda-b & #ahdf-g respectively4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,9 ! neighb\rhood ,prov9ce ( ,saxony ( ,magdeburg ------------------------------------- #ahda-b #ahdf-g #ahda-b #ahdf-g ------------------------------------- ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,manufactories #dj #ci #ae #ae ,app>atus = grat+ #eh #fe #bg #cb ,hydraulic presses #acf #bji #gb #ic ,cl>ify+ pans1 ) op5 fir+ #ha #fh #bd #bd ,ditto1 by /eam #ej #gf #cc #db ,evaporat+ pans1 ) op5 fir+ #acj #abc #ee #ed ,ditto1 by /eam #df #ga #bh #cb ,cl>ifi]s1 ) op5 fir+ #bc #ba #ad #aj ,ditto1 by /eam #bc #bh #ai #ba ,boil+ pans1 ) op5 fir+ #gf #fa #cc #bd ,ditto1 by /eam #bj #ce #ab #ag ,( :i* !re are vacuum pans #h #ba #c #i ,/eam-eng9es #ai #dj #ab #bj ,horse-p[] #baj #deg #aec #bfg ,cattle mills #ai #i #d #b ,cattle employ$ #gi #ch #ai #ab ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,quantity ( beet-root us$ = manufacture #b1cdi1ggdc1chg1bhja1dcc1bica1hhi1dfc ,or on an av]age 9 ea* manufactory #eh1gdd #hf1hec #ie1eec #abe1ifd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! increase ( p[] by ma*9]y is surpris+1 *iefly by /eam & hydraulic presses1 :i* has n only effect$ a great] produce1 b likewise a mu* l>g] increase ( ! quantity ( beet-root requir$ = manufacture4 ,! works :]e draught cattle are employ$ h decreas$1 & are only 9 use :]e ! manufacture ( beet root sug> is comb9$ ) a f>m4 ,9 ,russia1 9 #ahcb1 !re exi/$ only #bj manufactur]s ( beet root sug>1 b ?is numb] subsequ5tly increas$ to #ajj1 & !y annually produc$ ! twelf? ( ! total quantity ( sug> :i* ,russia receives f =eign p>ts4 ,! numb] ( ^? manufactories 9 #ahdj1 0 #adj1 & ! importation ( sug>1 :i* rea*$ to #a1eee1ceg lbs4 9 #ahcg1 am\nt$ to only #a1bfi1bji lbs4 9 #ahci4 ,! production ( indig5\s sug> is n[ set d[n at #ce1jjj tons4 ,9 ,france1 = _m ye>s pa/1 ! production ( beet-root sug> has be5 rapidly increas+1 9 spite ( a gradual r$uction ( ! protection :i* x enjoy$ aga9/ colonial & =eign sug>1 until x has rea*$ a quantity ( #fj1jjj tons1 or fully "o half ( ! entire consumption4 ,indep5d5t ( ! ref9$ sug> export$ "u drawback1 ! consumption ( ,france may be n[ e/imat$ at #abj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #fj1jjj tons are ( beet-root1 #fj1jjj tons ( ,fr5* colonial1 & #aj1jjj tons at ! outside ( =eign sug>4 ,! beet-root & ! ,fr5* colonial sug>s are n[ plac$ on ! same foot+ z reg>ds duty1 & a law 0 rec5tly pass$1 subject+ beet-root sug>1 f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aheb1 to ev5 a high] duty ?an ,fr5* colonial sug>4 ,nev]!less1 x is admitt$ t ! manufacture ( beet-root sug> is highly pr(itable & rapidly increas+1 s t x is likely 9 a v %ort "t to exclude =eign sug> f ,fr5* consumption altoge!r4 ,9 ,belgium1 ! production ( beet-root sug> is also rapidly increas+2 9 #ahea ! entire consumption ( sug> 0 e/imat$ at #ad1jjj tons1 ( :i* #g1jjj tons 7 ( beet-root1 & #g1jjj tons ( =eign cane sug>4 ,! numb] ( beet-root factories to supply t quantity 0 tw5ty-two1 b ?is numb] has1 already increas$ 9 ! pres5t ye> to =ty4 ,_m ( ^! w be b imp]fectly at "w dur+ ?is season1 b x is e/imat$ t ( ! entire consumption ( #ad1jjj tons1 at lea/ #aj1jjj tons w consi/ ( beet-root1 & only #d1jjj tons ( =eign cane sug>4 ,& f pres5t appe>ances ! manufacture ( beet-root is likely to increase s mu* z to con/itute ne>ly ! entire consumption4 ,s lately z #ahdh & #ahdi ! production ( beet-root sug> 0 only #d1ejj tons4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ! consumption ( sug> 9 #ahda 0 #dj1jjj tons1 ( :i* #h1jjj tons 7 ( beet-root1 & #cb1jjj tons ( =eign cane sug>4 ,b ! production ( beet-root has increas$ s fa/ t x is e/imat$ to produce 9 ! pres5t ye> #ae1jjj tons2 & z no increase has tak5 place 9 ! entire consumption1 ! portion ( =eign cane sug> requir$ 9 ! pres5t ye> w be r$uc$ f #cb1jjj tons to #be1jjj tons4 ,! foll[+ in=mation1 ) reg>d to ! /ate ( ! manufacture ( beet-root sug> on ! ,cont95t la/ ye>1 has be5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,ramsay1 ( ,tr9idad4 ,my fir/ />t 0 = ,p>is1 :]e ,i rema9$ a week1 procur+ ! necess>y lett]s ( introduction1 to enable me to see "s ( ! sug> works 9 ! prov9ces4 ,:il/ !re ,i call$ ^u ,messrs4 ,cail & ,co41 ! pr9cipal ma*9e mak]s 9 ,france1 m5tion$ ! subject ( my visit1 & reque/$ _! assi/ance4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m lib]al ?an ! way 9 :i* !y treat$ me4 ,i 0 at once ask$ to look ov] _! e/abli%m5t & reque/$ to call ! next day1 :5 lett]s ( introduction to _! bran* e/abli%m5ts at ,val5ci5nes & ,brussels w\ld be ready = me4 ,?is ,i ( c\rse did1 & receiv$ n only ^! lett]s b "s o!rs1 to sug> manufactur]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,val5ci5nes4 ,?us provid$1 & ) lett]s f ,mr4 ,d',eick?al1 a bank] 9 ,p>is1 to ,mr4 ,dubranfaut1 ! *emi/1 to ,mr4 ,gr>1 a ref9] ( ,val5ci5nes1 to ,mr4 ,mels5s ( ,brussels1 & to ano!r sug> mak] ne> ,val5ci5nes1 ^: "n ,i =get1 & :o 0 ! only man f :om ,i did n receive ! greate/ polit5ess1 ,i />t$ = ,val5ci5nes4 ,my fir/ essay 0 ^u ! latt] p]sonage1 :o evid5tly ) a consid]able grudge %[$ me a simple room 9 8 works :]e f\r c5trifugal ma*9es 7 at "w--rais$ ! cry ( ru91 if ! ,fr5* improvem5ts 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & in=m$ me he _h no?+ else wor? see+4 ,i return$ to ,val5ci5nes1 ?9k+ if ?is is ! way ,i 0 to be treat$1 ,i might z well h /ay$ at home4 ,t ?is 0 a solit>y in/ance ( illib]ality1 y w pres5tly see4 ,i next call$ ^u ,mr4 ,gr>1 by :om ,i 0 receiv$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]2 he at once (f]$ to %[ me ov] 8 works1 & especially t "p ( !m :]e a new process1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,dubranfaut1 0 c>ri$ on1 e "p ( :i* 0 fully expla9$1 ,mr4 ,dubranfaut's laboratory is connect$ ) ^! works1 & hav+ inspect$ ! work+ "p ( ! e/abli%m5t ,mr4 ,g4 !n took me !re1 & introduc$ me to t g5tleman1 ) :om ,i pass$ ! rema9d] ( ! aft]noon1 receiv+ a full explanation ( 8 new process1 :i* is ?is3--a solution ( hydrate ( b>ytes is made 9 boil+ wat]--! sac*>9e solution to be treat$ is heat$ to ! same degree1 & ! two mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportions ( #df p>ts ( hydrate ( b>ytes to e #ajj p>ts ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! solution1 :i* has previ\sly be5 asc]ta9$ by pol>iscopic exam9ation4 ,a sac*>ate ( b>ytes is imm$iately =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a copi\s precipitate2 ?is1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ & ?us fre$ f all soluble impurities1 is transf]r$ into l>ge1 deep vats1 & a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas =c$ into x1 :i* decomposes ! sac*>ate ( b>ytes1 =m+ c>bonate ( b>ytes1 & lib]at+ ! sug> 9 ! %ape ( a p]fectly pure solution ( sug> 9 wat]1 ( ! d5sity ( #bj to #bc degrees ,baum2 ! c>bonate ( b>ytes be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ is aga9 conv]t$ into cau/ic b>ytes by burn+1 s t !re is little loss 9 ! op]ation4 ,! :ole process is c]ta9ly v beautiful1 & its economic work+ has be5 tri$ = a ye>1 on a suffici5tly l>ge scale to leave no d\bt z to ! economy ( ! process 9 ref9+ molasses1 :i* is ! only purpose x has yet be5 appli$ to4 ,! ,messrs4 ,gr> 7 s ?or\ghly satisfi$ ) x1 t :5 ,i 0 !re !y _h tak5 d[n _! orig9al app>atus1 & 7 re-erect+ x on su* a scale z to "w up all ! molasses by x1 equal to almo/ five tons ( sug> daily4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance1 ,i _h n an opportunity ( see+ ! process on a work+ scale1 b 0 %[n ! :ole proce$+s 9 ! laboratory4 ,! only difficulties ,i see 9 apply+ ?is process at once to ! cane juice1 are ! l>ge quantity ( b>ytes requir$1 ! exp5se ( re-burn+ x & ! entire *ange 9 works t w\ld be necess>y be=e x c\ld be introduc$4 ,! advantage w\ld be1 ! obta9+ ! :ole sug> conta9$ 9 ! juice1 free f all impurities1 consequ5tly :ite1 & 9 ! %ape ( a syrup m>k+ #bj to #bc degrees in/ead ( #h or #aj degrees1 ?us sav+ fully half ! evaporation n[ requir$4 ,! sug> made 9 ?is way1 ,i 0 told1 conta9s no trace ( b>ytes4 ,to %[ y ! degree ( economy practis$ 9 su* e/abli%m5ts 9 ,france1 ,i may m5tion t ! wa%+s ( ! sac*>ate ( b>ytes are sold to ! mak]s ( pota% & soda1 :o make a pr(it by boil+ !m d[n to obta9 :at salts !y conta94 ,! c>bonic acid is obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( *>coal 9 a clos$ iron furnace into :i* air is =c$ by an air pump1 requir+1 ,i believe1 ab\t "o horse p[]4 ,f ! top ( ! furnace a pipe leads into a wa%+ vessel1 f :i* ! gas is l$ into ! bottom ( ! vats by pipes4 ,at ,val5ci5nes ,i met ) ,mr4 ,cail1 :o1 beside be+ an eng9e] & ma*9e-mak]1 is int]e/$ 9 sug>-mak+1 bo? 9 ,france & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & mo/ ?or\ghly und]/&s ! subject4 ,he invit$ me to accompany him to ,d\ai1 to see a new set ( works :i* _h be5 set ago+ ?is mon?4 ,i 0 ( c\rse too glad to accept 8 invitation1 & />t$ ) him at six next morn+1 rea*$ ,d\ai at eight1 & !n proce$$ to ! works1 :i* are a few miles out ( t[n4 ,9 ?is "w a new process is also employ$2 x is t ( ,mr4 ,r\seau1 & is said to answ] well4 ,! beet root juice1 z soon z possible aft] expression1 is ?r[n up by a montjus into copp] cl>ifi]s ) d\ble bottoms1 heat$ by /eam at a pressure ( five atmosph]es4 ,to e hundr$ litres ( juice 7#bb gals47 two kilogrammes ( lime are add$ 7ab\t f\r & a half p\nds ,engli% weight74 ,! lime is mo/ c>efully prep>$ & mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( hot wat] till x =ms a milk p]fectly free f lumps4 ,! /eam is turn$ (f1 & ! juice heat$ to #ij deg4 ,a complete defecation has tak5 place1 ! /eam is %ut (f1 & ! juice left a %ort "t1 to all[ ! heavi] impurities to subside4 ,x is !n run (f 9 ! usual mann]1 und]goes a slight filtration ?r\gh a cotton clo? plac$ ov] a lay] ( ab\t f\r in*es ?ick ( animal *>coal1 & runs into a second set ( copp] vessels plac$ on a l[] level ?an ! cl>ifi]s2 ^! vessels are heat$ by means ( a coil ( /eam pip+ suffici5t to make !m boil4 ,a second pipe passes into !m1 mak+ a s+le turn at ! bottom ( ! vessel2 ?is is pi]c$ on ! l[] side ) small holes1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas is =c$4 ,?is decomposes ! sac*>ate ( lime1 :i* has be5 =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge excess ( lime add$ to ! cl>ifi]s4 ,! lime is precipitat$ z c>bonate4 ,:5 precipitation has ceas$1 /eam is turn$ on1 & ! :ole made to boil2 ?is expels any excess ( c>bonic acid2 ! liquor is !n run (f1 und]goes a simil> p>tial filtration to t m5tion$ above1 & is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! *>coal filt]s to be decompos$4 ,! sug> made by ?is process1 directly f ! beet-root juice1 is ne>ly :ite4 ,! molasses is re-boil$ z (t5 z six times2 ea* "t und]go+ a cl>ification & filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal4 ,& ! proce$s ( ! la/ re-boil+ is c]ta9ly 9 appe>ance n worse ?an a great deal ( muscovado ,i h se5 %ipp$ f ,tr9idad4 ,9 ?is "w !re are ab\t #aej p employ$4 ,! "w goes on night & day1 "o gang replac+ ! o!r4 ,! :ole evaporation is done by two vacuum pans1 ea* #f feet 9 diamet]1 #hj1jjj kilogrammes ( beet-root are us$ daily1 f :i* ab\t #f1jjj kilogrammes ( sug> are obta9$1 equal to ab\t #f tons ,engli% weight4 ,9 ^! & e o!r works ,i visit$--eight 9 all--! c5trifugal ma*9es 7 9 use1 & _h 9 mo/ cases be5 s = two ye>s2 ^? lately made h be5 mu* simplifi$ 9 con/ruction1 & "w admirably4 ,cail ,co41 ( ,p>is1 are ! mak]s2 _! *>ge is #c1jjj francs = ea* ma*9e 7#abj /g474 ,!y require ab\t "o & a half horse p[] ea*4 ,z !y are wr\ght 9 ,france1 "o ma*9e is ab\t equal to "w (f a ton & a half ( sug> daily1 work+ all ! #bd h\rs4 ,mr4 ,cail recomm5ds a sep>ate eng9e = ^? ma*9es2 s t !y c be us$ at any "t1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r ma*9]y4 ,! *>ge put into a ma*9e is ab\t #hj kilogrammes1 f :i* ab\t #cj to #ce kilogrammes ( dry sug> is obta9$2 ! calculation is1 ,i believe1 #dj p] c5t4 ,i weigh$ "s ( ! baskets ( sug> tak5 out aft] dry+1 & f\nd !m #ce kilogrammes4 ,sug> int5d$ = ! ma*9e is nev] conc5trat$ beyond #da degrees ,baum2 t made f ! juice direct is all[$ #ah to #cd h\rs to cry/allize1 & is put into ! ma*9e 9 a semi-liquid /ate2 ! motion at fir/ is comp>atively sl[2 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes ! sug> appe>s ne>ly dry2 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a gallon ( br[n syrup is !n p\r$ into ! ma*9e :il/ 9 motion1 & ! spe$ br\ght up to its highe/1 ab\t #abjj revolutions a m9ute2 9 #c or #d m9utes m ! ma*9e is /opp$1 ! sug> scoop$ out & ?r[n into baskets1 ! inside ( ! revolv+ "p1 & especially ! wire clo?1 c>efully wa%$ ) a bru% & wat]1 & a fre% *>ge put 94 ,! :ole "t betwixt ea* *>ge is ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,f ! l>ge proportion ( molasses y w see v pla9ly t ^? :o d n int5d to re-boil1 ne$ n ?9k ( c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,! sug> dri$ 9 ?is way is n altoge!r :ite1 b has a slight greyi% yell[ t+e4 ,( ! o!r sug> works :i* ,i visit$1 ! only "o ( peculi> int]e/ 0 t ( ,mr4 ,dequesne1 ne> ,val5ci5nes4 ,"h ! roots are fir/ cut into small pieces by an in/rum5t simil> to a turnip slic]1 !n dri$ 9 a species ( kiln1 & /or$ up till requir$4 ,9 ?is way ,i 0 told beet-root c\ld be pres]v$ ) v little det]ioration = a full ye>1 & ?is enables ,mr4 ,dequesne to g on mak+ sug> all ! ye> r\nd4 ,:5 ! sug> is to be extract$1 ! dri$ cutt+s are put into a s]ies ( clos$ vessels connect$ by pipes1 & by a sy/em ( cont9u\s filtration ( w>m wat] ?r\gh ^! vessels ! solution ( sug> is obta9$1 ( a d5sity equal1 ,i believe1 to #be degrees ,baum2 x is a good deal color$1 & requires filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal4 ,mr4 ,dequesne in=m$ me t = five ye>s he _h be5 unable to make ?is mode ( sug>-mak+ cov] its exp5ses1 ow+ to ! loss occasion$ by f]m5tation tak+ place 9 ! beet-root2 b t he has n[ entirely ov]come t difficulty2 by :at means ,i 0 n told4 ,! numb] ( mac]at+ vessels is f\rte51 t5 ( :i* are work+ at a "t1 ! o!r f\r fill+ & empty+4 ,a great] numb] ( vessels1 ,mr4 ,dequesne ?9ks1 w\ld be advantage\s1 z cold in/ead ( hot wat] c\ld !n be employ$4 ,he ?9ks a simil> plan might be introduc$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ) great advantage1 & t by employ+ ! prop] means to prev5t f]m5tation ! sun's heat w\ld be q suffici5t to dry ! cane slices4 ,mr4 ,dubranfaut & ,mr4 ,r\seau's processes are pat5t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! t]ms = ! use ( ! =m] w\ld1 ,i 0 told1 be made s mod]ate1 z to (f] no ob/ruction to its be+ us$ 9 ! colonies4 ,:at ,mr4 ,r\seau's t]ms are ,i c\ld n le>n4 ,!re are n[ #bhh works mak+ beet root sug> 9 ,france1 & ov] #cj 9 ,belgium4 ,! same manufacture is rapidly spread+ 9 ,g]many & ,russia1 & is n[ be+ introduc$ 9 ,italy4 ,:il/ at ,val5ci5nes1 ,i le>n$ t two ,engli% g5tlem5 _h j prec$$ me 9 visit+ ! works 9 t neighb\rhood1 m5tion+ t !y _h 9 view introduc+ ! beet root sug> manufacture 9 ,irel&4 ,! sug> crop ( ,france 0 la/ ye> ov] #fj1jjj1jjj ( kilogrammes 7#fj1jjj tons74 ,= two ye>s ,belgium has be5 export+ to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"o mak] told me t he _h la/ ye> export$ a consid]able "p ( 8 crop4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe>1 t ev5 beet root sug> c compete 9 o!r ?an ! produc+ c\ntry ) ! sug> ( ! tropics--a mo/ significant h9t t1 unless ! cane c be made to yield m & bett] sug> ?an is n[ g5]ally got f x1 !re is "s risk ( its be+ ultimately beat5 by ! beet root1 ! cultivation ( :i* is n[ c>ri$ on ) s mu* pr(it t new works are spr++ up e ye>1 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ! cont95t4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* works1 ,i made inquiries z to h[ f> ! proc$ ,mels5s _h be5 adopt$1 & 0 ev]y:]e told x 0 a total failure4 ,i1 h[ev]1 det]m9$ to see ,mr4 ,mels5s & judge = myself h[ f> x might be applicable to ! cane1 ev5 if a failure ) reg>d to ! beet root4 ,i1 !re=e1 w5t on to ,brussels1 enclos$ my lett]s ( introduction & c>d1 & receiv$ 9 return a note1 appo9t+ to meet me next morn+4 ,i f\nd him "o ( ! be/ & mo/ oblig+ ( m54 ,he imm$iately (f]$ to g ov] "s exp]im5ts on beet root juice ) me at 8 laboratory1 :]e ,i accord+ly sp5t ! great] "p ( two days ) him1 & w5t ov] a v>iety ( exp]im5ts2 & f :at ,i saw & assi/$ 9 do+1 ,i feel /rongly incl9$ to ?9k t1 not)/&+ ! ,fr5* commission at ,m>t9ique report o!rwise1 "s modification ( ,mr4 ,mels5s' process may be mo/ advantage\sly employ$ 9 mak+ cane sug> if n z a defecator1 at lea/ to prev5t f]m5tation1 &1 probably1 also z a decoloris+ ag5t4 ,mr4 ,mels5s %[$ me lett]s he _h receiv$ f ,java f a p]son ) :om he _h no acqua9tance1 /at+ t he _h us$ ! bisulphate ( lime ) complete success2 & :il/ ,i 0 ) him he aga9 receiv$ lett]s f ! same p]son1 /at+ t by its use he _h n only improv$ ! quality ( sug>1 b _h rais$ ! return to #i p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( cane4 ,f ! lett]s :i* ,i saw1 ! process appe>s to h be5 tri$ on a v l>ge scale1 ) ! advantage ( filt]s & a vacuum pan4 ,:]e ! old mode ( leav+ half ! dirt ) ! sug>1 & boil+ up to a temp]ature ( #cdj degrees or !reby1 is cont9u$1 ,i fe> !re is n mu* *ance ( ei!r bisulphate or any?+ else mak+ any v great improvem5t4 ,! use ( bisulphate ( lime is pat5t$ 9 ,engl& & ! colonies1 b ,i believe ,i may /ate ! *>ge = ! "r ( us+ x w be made extremely mod]ate4 ,! po9ts :i* appe>$ to me wor?y ( rem>k 9 visit+ ! beet-root sug> works are1 ! extreme c>e t no?+ %all be lo/--! great att5tion paid to cleanl9ess 9 e "p ( ! process1 besides ! p>ticul> c>e giv5 to defecation4 ,no vessel is ev] us$ twice )\t be+ ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,su* a ?+ z ! employm5t ( an op5 fire 9 any "p ( ! manufacture is q unkn[n4 ,ev]y?+ is done by /eam1 ( a pressure ( f #d to #e atmosph]es4 ,9 ! m rec5tly />t$ works1 ! evaporation is entirely c>ri$ on 9 vacuum4 ,9 "s ( ! old] works copp] evaporators1 heat$ by coils ( /eam pip+1 & hav+ cov]s1 ) *imneys to c>ry (f ! vapor1 are /ill us$2 b ( ! eight works ,i visit$ ,i only saw !m 9 use 9 "o ( !m1 & !y are n[h]e us$ except+ to evaporate to ! po9t :5 ! second filtration takes place4 ,! cool]s ,i saw 7 inv>iably made ( iron1 & v>i$ 9 dep? f #b to ov] #f feet4 ,^! v deep vessels are us$ = ! cry/allization ( sug>1 made ( ! f\r?1 fif? & six? re-boil+s ( molasses1 :i* requires f ?ree to six mon?s4 ,"o ?+ /ruck me =cibly 9 go+ ov] ! ,fr5* & ,belgian works2 x 0 ! extreme lib]ality ) :i* ,i 0 all[$ to g ov] e "p ( !m2 to rema9 9 !m z long z ,i pleas$2 _h all my inquiries answ]$1 & e explanation giv52 9 mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! grudg+ mann] 9 :i* ,i h be5 trott$ ov] "s ( ! ref9]ies 9 ,engl&1 z if ^? :o %[$ !m 7 afraid ,i %\ld ga9 any in=mation on ! subject ( _! trade4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,colman1 speak+ ( ! agriculture ( ! ,cont95t1 gives "s in=mation he obta9$ on ! comp>ative co/ ( produc+ beet & cane sug>4 ,a hect>e 7two & a half acres7 produces1 9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 ab\t #gf1jjj kilogrammes 7a kilogramme is ne>ly two & "o-fif? p\nds7 ( cane1 :i* w give #b1bjj kilogrammes ( sug>1 & ! co/ = labor is #b1ejj francs4 ,a hect>e ( beet root produces #dj1jjj kilogrammes ( roots1 :i* yield #b1djj kilogrammes ( sug>1 & ! exp5se ( ! culture is #ced francs4 ,! co/ ( ! cane sug> 9 ?is case is #bg c5times1 & ( ! beet sug> #ad c5times only1 p] kilogramme4 ,^! are extraord9>y /atem5ts1 & w be look$ at by ! political economi/ & ! philan?ropi/ ) great int]e/4 ,!re are few ( ! nor!rn /ates ( ,europe1 or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* might n produce _! own sug>2 & :5 we take into acc\nt ! value ( ?is product1 ev5 9 its rema9s aft] ! sug> is extract$1 = ! fatt5+ ( cattle & %eep1 & ( c\rse = ! enri*m5t ( ! l& = ! succe$+ crops1 its important be>+ ^u agricultural improvem5t _c be exagg]at$4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,peligot1 ! av]age am\nt ( sug> 9 beets is #ab p] c5t42 b1 by extraction1 !y obta9 only #f p] c5t4 ,! cane conta9s ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ( sac*>9e matt]1 b !y get only ab\t #g4 ,! exp5se ( cultivat+ a hect>e ( beets1 accord+ to ,dombasle1 is #ced francs4 ,an hect>e ( cane1 :i* produces #b1bjj kilogrammes ( sug>1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,b\rbon1 & only #b1jjj 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 dem&s ! labor ( twelve negroes1 ! annual exp5se ( ea* ( :om is #bej francs1 accord+ to ,m4 ,labran4--7,commission ( ,inquiry 9 #ahdj47 ,sug> has become n only an article ( luxury1 b ( utility1 to su* a degree1 t a supply ( x con/itutes an important article ( importation1 & is ( national consequ5ce4 ,= sug> ! _w has hi!rto reli$ on ! cane1 ) ! exception ( "s p>ts ( ,india1 :]e ! sug> palm yields x mu* m *eaply4 ,! sug> cane is1 h[ev]1 a tropical plant1 &1 ( c\rse1 its cultivation mu/ ( necessity be limit$ to su* hot c\ntries4 ,france1 dur+ ! w>s ( ,napoleon1 %ut out f h] ,indian possessions or depriv$ ( !m1 comm5c$ mak+ sug> f beets1 & x prov+ unexpect$ly successful & pr(itable1 x has z we h j se51 ext5d$ n only ov] t empire1 b ne>ly ! :ole ( cont95tal ,europe1 :]e x =ms an important item 9 _! sy/em ( cultivation & pr(it4 ,! manufacture has be5 attempt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ?\gh ! facts ( ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* ! beets may be gr[n & _! great value = /ock has be5 fully asc]ta9$1 /ill little progress 9 ! production ( sug> f !m has be5 made !re4 ,,maple ,,sug>4 ,!re are few trees 9 ! ,am]ican =e/ ( m value ?an ! maple 7,ac] sac*>9um74 ,z an ornam5tal tree1 x is exce$$ by few2 its a%es ab\nd 9 alkali1 & f x a l>ge proportion ( ! pota% ( comm]ce is produc$2 & its sap furni%es a sug> ( ! be/ quality1 & 9 abundance4 ,x likewise af=ds molasses & an excell5t v9eg>4 ,9 ! maple ! sug> am\nts to five p] c5t4 ( ! :ole sap4 ,!re is no tree ^: %ape & ^: foliage is m beautiful1 & ^: pres5ce indicates a m g5]\s1 f]tile1 & p]man5t soil ?an ! rock maple3 9 v>i\s cab9et-"w its timb] vies ) black walnut & mahogany = durability & beauty2 & z an article ( fuel its wood equals ! solid hickory4 ,its height is sometimes #ajj feet1 b x usually gr[s to a height v>y+ f =ty to eighty feet4 ,x is bu%y1 !re=e an elegant %ade tree4 ,! maple is indig5\s to ! =e/s ( ,am]ica1 & :]ev] !re has be5 opportunity = a second gr[?1 ?is tree atta9s to a consid]able size mu* soon] ?an might be imag9$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s ! maple becomes ( a size to produce sug>4 ,! trees :i* h come up s9ce ! fir/ cle>+1 produce sap t yields mu* m sac*>9e ?an ! orig9al =e/ maples4 ,! :ole int]ior ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h reli$1 & /ill rely1 m on _! maple woodl&s = sug> ?an on any o!r s\rce2 & z a bran* ( dome/ic manufacture & home production1 ! bus9ess is ( no little consequ5ce4 ,! "t occupi$ too 9 ! manufacture is v limit$1 & occurs at a season :5 v little o!r labor c be p]=m$4 ,hi!rto b comp>atively little att5tion has be5 be/[$ ^u ?is important bran* ( indu/ry 9 ,canada4 ,! inhabitants ( t prov9ce might d\btless manufacture a suffici5t quantity ( maple sug> to supply ! dem& or consumption 9 ?is article = ! :ole population ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is v>iety ( sug> may be ref9$1 & made z valuable = table use z ! f9e/ qualities ( ,we/ ,india sug>4 ,on ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,huron1 & ! isl&s ( t inl& sea1 !re are =e/s ( sug> maple unsurvey$ capable ( produc+ a supply = ! :ole population4 ,! ,indians ^u ^? isl&s h lately turn$ _! att5tion pretty l>gely to ! manufacture ( sug> f ! maple2 & _m tons h be5 export$ f ?is s\rce4 ,if ! ,indians c\ld obta9 a fair value = _! sug>1 say sev5 or eight doll>s p] #ajj lbs41 !y w\ld ext5d _! op]ations ^u a l>ge scale4 ,^u ^! isl&s alone1 !re are upw>ds ( a million ( full-gr[n maple trees1 capable ( yield+ ea* f two & a half to ?ree p\nds ( excell5t sug> p] annum2 & if prop] att5tion 7 giv5 to ?is bran* ( production 9 t qu>t]1 ,i see no reason :y a mo/ pr(itable bus9ess c\ld n be c>ri$ on4 ,e f>m] :o has a grove ( sug> maple1 %\ld endeav\r to manufacture at lea/ suffici5t = ! consumption ( 8 own family4 ,9 mo/ cases #aej trees ( m$ium gr[? w\ld yield an am\nt ( sap t w\ld make #cjj lbs4 ( sug>1 tw5ty-five gallons ( molasses1 & a b>rel ( v9eg>4 ,! labor requir$ to manufacture ?is am\nt ( sug>1 molasses1 & v9eg>1 w\ld sc>cely be felt by ! well-organis$ cultivator1 z ! season = ! bus9ess is at ! close ( ! w9t]1 & op5+ spr+1 :5 no labor c be done ^u ! l&4 ,9 proportion to ! am\nt ( labor & money exp5d$ 9 ! production ( maple sug>1 x is z capable ( yield+ z l>ge a return ( pr(its z any o!r bran* ( f>m bus9ess4 ,x is c]ta9ly an object ( great national int]e/ to ! inhabitants ( our ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies1 t !y %\ld supply _! own m>ket ) su* products z _! highly-favor$ c\ntry is capable ( produc+4 ,sug> is an article :i* w ev] f9d a ready sale at highly-remun]at+ prices1 provid$ t x be prop]ly manufactur$ & br\ght into m>ket 9 good condition4 ,x requires a little outlay at fir/ to pur*ase buckets1 ci/]ns1 & boil]s1 to /ock a sug> bu%2 b by c>efully us+ ! above necess>y app>atus1 !y w la/ = a v long p]iod4 ,a f>m] c supply himself ) ! suitable mat]ials = p]=m+ ! sug> bus9ess )\t any co/ fur!r ?an 8 own labor4 ,! spr+ is ! season ( ! ye> t ev]y?+ %\ld be put 9 read9ess1--ev5 ! wood %\ld be *opp$ & drawn to ! spot1 s t :5 ! sap comm5ces to run1 !re may be no imp$im5ts 9 ! way to h9d] ! complete success ( ! bus9ess4 ,l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ! ,ottawa di/rict are cov]$ ) ! true sug> maple4 ,x is f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! ea/]n t[n%ips ( ,l[] ,canada1 :]e consid]able =e/s ( miles 9 ext5t conta9 no?+ else1 & 9 o!r places x is mix$ ) v>i\s trees4 ,!re is sc>cely a spot 9 ,l[] ,canada :]e x is n to be met )4 ,capt4 ,m>ryatt has /at$ t !re 7 trees en\gh on ! %ores ( ,lakes ,huron & ,sup]ior1 to supply ! :ole _w ) sug>4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! manufacture ( ! sug> 0 fir/ attempt$ ab\t ! ye> #ageb1 by "s f>m]s ( ,new ,engl&1 z a bran* ( rural economy4 ,?is gradually spread :]ev] ! tree 0 kn[n4 ,n[ x =ms an article ( food ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,almo/ e f>m] prep>es sug> en\gh f ! trees 9 8 neighb\rhood = ! consumption ( 8 family dur+ ! ye>1 & has (t5 a surplus = sale4 ,x is mu* *eap] ?an muscovado1 be+ sold at f #b;d4 to #c;d4 p] p\nd1 :il/ common muscovado _c be b\ght = less ?an #d;d4 to #e;d4 p] p\nd4 ,! prov9ce ( ,canada produc$ ne>ly t5 million p\nds 9 #aheb1 #f1aij1fid be+ made 9 ,l[] ,canada1 & #c1eha1eje 9 ,upp] ,canada4 ,! quantity made 9 ,l[] ,canada 9 #ahdi 0 only ab\t #a1ecg1jic lbs4 ,! maple sug> product ( ! ,canadas 9 #ahdh 0 (ficially /at$ z foll[s3-- lbs4 ,upp] ,canada #d1afj1ffg ,l[] ,canada #b1cjc1aeh --------- #f1dfc1hce ,?is product is !re=e ( imm5se importance to ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican prov9ces1 all ( :i*1 "u a judici\s sy/em1 might be made to produce va/ly increas$ quantities ( ?is :olesome & valuable commodity4 ,! importation ( sug> 9 ,canada may v safely be comput$ at #dj1jjj p] annum1 & ! :ole ( ?is am\nt ( money c\ld be reta9$ 9 ! c\ntry if ! p w\ld only look well to ! matt]4 ,9 tapp+ ! tree1 ! g\ge is ! be/ implem5t t c be us$1 provid$ x is an object to save ! timb]4 ,x is usual1 :5 us+ ! g\ge1 to take out a *ip ab\t an in* & a half 9 diamet]2 b ?is sy/em is objectionable :]e ! maple is n abundant1 z x subjects ! timb] to decay2 x is a bett] c\rse to make an incision by hold+ ! g\ge obliquely upw>ds an in* or m 9 ! wood4 ,a sp\t1 or spile1 z x is t]m$1 ab\t a foot long1 to conduct (f ! sap1 is ins]t$ ab\t two in*es bel[ ?is incision ) ! same g\ge4 ,by ?is mode ( tapp+1 ! w\nd 9 ! tree is s small t x w be p]fectly heal$ or gr[n ov] 9 two ye>s4 ,a boil]1 ( ?ick %eet-iron1 made to re/ on ! top ( an ar*1 by :i* ! sides w\ld be free f heat1 & only ! bottom is expos$1 is d\btless a secure & rapid process ( evaporation4 ,! sides & ends ( ! boil] may be made ( well-season$ bo>ds1 :i* w answ] ! same purpose z if made solely ( %eet-iron4 ,:5 ! sap is boil$ d[n into syrup or ?9 molasses1 x mu/ be tak5 out ( ! boil] & /ra9$ ?r\gh a flannel clo? into a tub1 :]e x %\ld settle ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cle> syrup %\ld be sep>at$ f ! s$im5t1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! tub4 ,! pure syrup mu/ be boil$ d[n into sug> ov] a sl[ fire4 ,a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 be=e ! syrup is br\ght to a boil+ heat1 to complete ! cl>ify+ process1 ! :ites ( five eggs well beat51 ab\t "o qu>t ( new milk1 & a spoonful ( sal]atus1 %\ld be all well mix$ ) a suffici5t am\nt ( syrup1 to make #ajj lbs4 ( sug>4 ,! scum :i* w\ld rise on ! top mu/ be skimm$ (f4 ,caution is to be obs]v$ 9 n all[+ ! syrup to boil until ! skimm+ process is complet$4 ,to secure a good article1 ! greate/ att5tion mu/ be be/[$ 9 granulat+ ! syrup4 ,! boxes or tubs = dra9+ %\ld be l>ge at ! top & small at ! bottom4 ,! bottom ( ! tubs %\ld be bor$ full ( small holes1 to let ! molasses dra9 ?r\gh4 ,aft] x has ne>ly done dra9+1 ! sug> may be dissolv$1 & ! process ( cl>ify+1 granulat+1 & dra9+ repeat$1 :i* w give z pure a quality ( sug> z ! be/ ref9$ ,we/ ,india article4 ,! greate/ objections t are advanc$ aga9/ maple sug> are1 t ! processes made use ( 9 prep>+ ! sug> = m>ket are s rude & imp]fect t x is too g5]ally acid1 & besides *>g$ ) salts ( ! oxide ( iron1 insomu* t x ord9>ily /rikes a black color ) tea4 ,^! objections may be remov$ )\t any comp>ative difficulty1 z x has be5 prov$ to demon/ration1 by ! application ( "o ounce ( cle> lime-wat] to a gallon ( maple sap1 t ! acidity w be completely neutralis$1 & ! dang] ( ! syrup adh]+ to ! sides ( ! boil] totally remov$4 ,! acid s peculi> to ! maple sug>1 :5 comb9$ ) lime 9 ! above proportion1 is f\nd to be excessively soluble 9 alcohol2 s mu* s1 t yell[ sug> c be r5d]$ :ite 9 a few m9utes by plac+ x 9 an inv]t$ cone1 op5 at ! top1 ) small holes at ! bottom1 & by p\r+ on ! base ( ! cone a quantity ( alcohol4 ,?is %\ld filtrate ?r\gh until ! sug> is :ite2 x %\ld !n be dri$ & re-dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & aga9 evaporat$ until x becomes d5se en\gh to cry/allise4 ,!n p\r x into ! cones aga91 & let x h>d54 ,by ?is process a v :ite sample ( sug> may be made1 & bo? ! alcohol & acids w be ?or\ghly dispell$ ) ! vapor4 ,! process ( mak+ maple sug> x w be se5 is v simple & easily p]=m$4 ,! trees mu/ be ( suitable size1 & )9 a conv5i5t di/ance ( ! place :]e ! op]ations ( boil+1 c41 are to be p]=m$4 ,:5 ga!r$1 ! sap %\ld be boil$ z e>ly z possible1 z ! quality ( ! sug> is 9 a great degree dep5d5t on ! newness or fre%ness ( ! sap4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to acidity 9 ?is fluid :i* produces a quick effect 9 prev5t+ ! mak+ ( sug>2 & :i*1 :5 ! sap is oblig$ to be kept = _m h\rs 9 ! res]voirs1 mu/ be c\nt]act$ by ?r[+ into !m a few qu>ts ( slak$ lime4 ,dur+ ! "t ( sug> mak+1 w>m wea!r1 9 :i* ! trees w n dis*>ge _! sap1 sometimes occurs1 & ! buckets become :ite & slimy1 f ! s\r+ ( ! little sap !y conta94 ,9 ?is case !y %\ld be br\ght to ! boil] & wa%$ out c>efully ) hot wat]1 & a h&ful ( lime to ea*4 ,9 r$uc+ ! sap1 ! great dang] to be appreh5d$ is f burn+ ! liquid aft] x is made to ! consi/5ce ( molasses1 s9ce1 :5 ?is is done1 x is impossible to conv]t x into sug>2 a t\gh1 black1 /icky mass1 ( little value1 be+ ! result4 ,inde$1 con/ant c>e & att5tion is requir$ to produce a fir/-rate article3 = ?\gh sug> may be made 9 almo/ any way :]e ! sap c be procur$1 yet unless ! /ricte/ c>e is obs]v$ 9 ! processes1 9 ga!r+ & boil+ ! sap1 cl>ify+ ! syrup1 & 9 conv]t+ ! syrup to sug>1 a dirty inf]ior article w be made1 in/ead ( ! beautiful & delici\s sweet :i* ! maple1 prop]ly treat$1 is sure to yield4 ,! quantity ( sug> produc$ 9 a ye> v>ies consid]ably f ! same trees4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! dep? ( sn[1 cont9u$ cold1 or a sudd5 transition f cold to w>m1 ?us abridg+ ! p]iod ( sug>-mak+4 ,a %>p fro/ at night1 ) cle> w>m days1 is ! mo/ favorable to ! sug>-mak]4 ,p]haps f\r p\nds ( sug> f a tree may be a pretty fair av]age ( seasons g5]ally1 al?\gh we h kn[n ! gr[? to exce$ six p\nds1 & s9k z l[ z ?ree4 ,a man w take c>e ( "o hundr$ trees easily1 dur+ ! season ( sug>1 :i* usually la/s f ab\t ! middle ( ,m>* into ,april1 p]haps employ+ him tw5ty days 9 ! :ole4 ,dr4 ,jackson1 9 8 ,report ( ! ,ma9e ,geological ,survey1 gives ! foll[+ in/ances ( ! production ( sug> 9 t ,/ate3-- ,lbs4 ( ,sug>4 ,at ! ,=ks ( ! ,k5nebec1 twelve p]sons made #c1fje ,on ,no4 #a1 #b;d range1 "o man & a boy made #a1jjj ,9 ,f>m+ton1 ,mr4 ,titcomb made #a1ejj ,9 ,mosc[1 ?irty families made #aj1ejj ,9 ,b+ham1 tw5ty-five families made #i1jjj ,9 ,concord1 ?irty families made #aa1jjj ,a cold & dry w9t] is foll[$ ) a great] yield ( sug> f ! maple ?an a season v moi/ & v>iable4 ,trees gr[+ 9 wet places w yield m sap1 b mu* less sug> f ! same quantity1 ?an trees on m elevat$ & dri] gr\nd4 ,! r$ & :ite maple w yield sap1 b x has mu* less ( ! sac*>9e quality ?an ! rock or sug> maple4 ,! "w beg9s usually ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,! tree w yield its sap long be=e vegetation appe>s f ! bud3 frequ5tly ! mo/ copi\s fl[ is be=e ! sn[ disappe>s f ! gr\nd4 ,"s p]sons h a camp 9 _! maple or*>ds1 :]e l>ge cauldrons are set 9 :i* to boil d[n ! sap to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick syrup3 o!rs take ! liquid to _! h\ses1 & !re boil d[n & make ! sug>4 ,! process beg9s by ! prep>ation ( sp\ts & tr\ghs or tubs = ! trees3 ! sp\ts or tubes are made ( eld]1 suma*1 or p9e1 %>p5$ to fit an aug] hole ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! hole is bor$ a little upw>d1 at ! di/ance horizontally ( five or six in*es ap>t1 & ab\t tw5ty in*es f ! gr\nd on ! s\? or sunny side ( ! tree4 ,! tr\gh1 cut f :ite maple1 p9e1 a%1 or bass wood1 is set directly "u ! sp\ts1 ! po9ts ( :i* are s con/ruct$ z completely to fill ! hole 9 ! tree1 & prev5t ! loss ( ! sap at ! edges1 hav+ a small gimlet or pit* hole 9 ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* ! entire juice dis*>g$ f ! tree runs1 & is all sav$ 9 ! vessels bel[4 ,! di/ance bor$ into ! tree is only ab\t "o-half an in* to give ! be/ run ( sap4 ,! me?od ( bor+ is f> bett] = ! pres]vation ( ! tree ?an box+1 or cutt+ a hole ) an axe1 f ! l[] edge ( :i* ! juice is direct$ by a sp\t to ! tr\gh or tub prep>$ to receive x4 ,! tub %\ld be ( a% or o!r wood t w communicate no vici\s ta/e to ! liquid or sug>4 ,! sap is ga!r$ daily f ! trees & put 9 l>g] tubs = ! purpose ( boil+ d[n4 ,?is is done by ! process ( a /eady hot fire4 ,! surface ( ! boil+ kettle is f "t to "t cleans$ by a skimm]4 ,! liquid is prev5t$ f boil+ ov] by ! susp5sion ( a small piece ( fat pork at ! prop] po9t4 ,fre% additions ( sap are made z ! volume boils away4 ,:5 boil$ d[n to a syrup1 ! liquor is set away 9 "s e>!n or metal vessel till x becomes cool & settl$4 ,aga9 ! pure/ "p is drawn (f or p\r$ into a kettle until ! vessel is two-?irds full4 ,by a brisk & cont9ual fire1 ! syrup is fur!r r$uc$ 9 volume to a degree ( consi/5ce be/ taught by a little exp]i5ce1 :5 x is ei!r put into m\lds to become h>d z x is cool$1 or /irr$ until x %all be gra9$ into sug>4 ,! "r po9t ( "t to take x away f ! fire may be asc]ta9$ by cool+ & gra9+ a small quantity4 ,! s$im5t is /ra9$ (f & boil$ d[n to make molasses4 ,! foll[+ is f a ,massa*usetts pap]3-- ,! maple produces ! be/ sug> t we h f any plant4 ,almo/ e "o admires its ta/e4 ,x usually sells 9 ?is m>ket 7,bo/on7 ne>ly twice z high z o!r br[n sug>4 ,_h c>e be5 tak5 f ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry to pres]ve ! sug> maple1 & prop] att5tion be5 giv5 to ! cultivation ( ?is tree1 s valuable = fuel1 timb]1 & ornam5t1 besides ! abundant yield ( sac*>9e juice1 we c\ld n[ produce 9 ,new ,engl& sug> en\gh = our own consumption1 & n be dep5d5t on ! lab\r ( ^? :o toil & suff] 9 a tropical sun = ?is luxury or necess>y ( life4 ,b1 = want ( ?is fri5dly admonition1 ,axeman1 sp>e t tree1 ! /urdy bl[s 7 dealt ar\nd )\t m]cy or discretion2 & ! v g5]ation t committ$ deva/ation 9 ! fir/ settlem5ts 9 diff]5t sections ( our c\ntry1 g5]ally liv$ to witness a sc>city ( fuel2 & means 7 resort$ to = ! pur*ase ( sug>1 t 7 f> m exp5sive ?an w\ld h be5 its manufacture1 "u a prop] mode ( economy 9 ! pres]vation ( ! maple1 & ! production ( sug> f its sap4 ,^? :o h trees ( ! sug> maple1 %\ld prep>e 9 season = mak+ sug>4 ,9 _m localities1 wood is no object1 & a rude me?od ( boil+ is foll[$2 b :]e fuel is v sc>ce1 a *eap app>atus %\ld be prep>$ t w require b little fuel4 ,9 "s sections1 broad pans or kettles h be5 made ( %eet-iron bottoms1 & sides ( plank or bo>ds1 c>e be+ tak5 7cont9u$7 to all[ ! fire to come into contact ) ! iron only4 ,^! pans co/ b a trifle1 &1 ow+ to _! l>ge surface1 ! evaporation is rapid4 ,ano!r *eap con/ruction = boil+ ) economy is1 to make a tight box ( plank1 "s f\r or five feet squ>e--! wid? ( a wide plank w answ]1 & !n put into x1 almo/ at ! bottom1 a piece ( l>ge copp] funnel1 say t5 or twelve in*es at ! out] "p1 & !n small]4 ,?is funnel1 beg9n+ ne> "o end1 %\ld run back ne>ly to ! opposite side1 !n turn & come put at ! opposite end1 or at ! side ne> ! end1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 be+ 9 only two /raight p>ts1 t ! soot may be cle>$ out4 ,ea* end %\ld be made tight1 ) a flange nail$ to ! box4 ,at ! m\? ( ! l>ge "p !re %\ld be a door1 to r$uce ! draught2 "h make ! fire1 & at ! o!r end h a funnel to c>ry (f ! smoke4 ,9 ?is case1 !re is only %eet copp] betwe5 ! fire & ! sap :i* surr\nds ! funnel1 s t ! heat is readily tak5 up by ! liquid1 & v little escapes4 ,?is is an economical plan = cook+ food = /ock1 /eam+ timb]1 c4 ,= cat*+ ! sap1 v>i\s k9ds ( vessels are us$4 ,! *eape/ are made ( :ite bir*1 :i* la/ "o season1 or less4 ,tr\ghs ( p9e1 or l9d5 or bass wood1 may be made = a few c5ts ea*1 & !y w la/ = a numb] ( ye>s1 if inv]t$ 9 ! %ade ( trees4 ,b ^! are inconv5i5t2 &1 aft] ! fir/ ye>1 !y become dirty1 & clog ! sap4 ,pails ) iron hoops are ! be/1 &1 ev5tually1 ! *eape/4 ,by pa9t+ & c>efully pres]v+ !m1 !y w co/1 = a c\rse ( ye>s1 ab\t "o c5t ea* = a ye>4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,fit*1 9 ! ,g5esee ,f>m]1 says3-- ,9 cl>ify+1 ,i use = #ej lbs4 ( sug> "o p9t ( skimm$ milk1 put into ! syrup :5 cold1 & place x ov] a mod]ate fire until x rises1 :i* %\ld occupy ?irty or =ty m9utes2 !n skim & boil until x w gra92 aft] :i* ,i put x into a tub1 & turn on a little cold wat]1 & 9 a few days ! molasses w dra9 out1 & leave ! sug> dry1 light1 & :ite4 ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,cl>k1 ( ,oswego1 furni%es ! foll[+3-- ,on ,f9+ ,maple ,sug>4--,! sweet obta9$ f ! maple tree is und\bt$ly ! pure/ kn[n2 b f mismanagem5t 9 ! manufacture x frequ5tly becomes v impure4 ,its value is less5$1 :ile ! exp5se ( mak+ x increases4 ,i am s5sible t ! me?od :i* ,i %all recomm5d is n altoge!r a new "o1 & t x is m by att5d+ to "s app>5tly m9ute & trivial circum/ances1 ?an to any new plan1 t my sug> is s good4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ^u1 & _m useful improvem5ts be5 made 91 t "p ( ! process :i* relates to tapp+ ! trees1 & ga!r+ & evaporat+ ! sap1 c42 b /ill1 if ! f9al op]ation is n und]/ood1 !re w be a defici5cy 9 ! quality ( ! sug>4 ,i %all conf9e myself to t "p ( ! op]ation :i* relates to r$uc+ ! syrup to sug>1 z x is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,my process is ?is3--,:5 ! syrup is r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( ,we/ ,india molasses1 ,i set x away till x is p]fectly cold1 & !n mix ) x ! cl>ify+ matt]1 :i* is milk or eggs4 ,i pref] eggs to milk1 because :5 heat$ ! :ole ( x curdles2 :]eas milk produces only a small portion ( curd4 ,! eggs %\ld be ?or\ghly beat5 & effectually mix$ ) ! syrup :ile cold4 ,! syrup %\ld !n be heat$ till j be=e x w\ld boil1 :5 ! curd rises1 br++ ) x e impurity1 ev5 ! color+ matt]1 or a great portion ( t :i* x _h receiv$ f ! smoke1 kettles1 buckets1 or res]voirs4 ,! boil+ %\ld be *eck$1 & ! scum c>efully remov$1 :5 ! syrup %\ld be sl[ly turn$ into a ?ick wooll5 /ra9]1 & left to run ?r\gh at leisure4 ,i w\ld rem>k1 t a great proportion ( ! sug> t is made 9 our c\ntry is n /ra9$ aft] cleans+4 ,?is is an error4 ,if exam9$ 9 a w9e-glass1 innum]able m9ute & almo/ imp]ceptible p>ticles ( curd w be se5 float+ 9 x1 :i*1 if n remov$1 r5d] x liable to burn1 & o!rwise injure ! ta/e & color ( x4 ,a flannel /ra9] does ?is mu* bett] ?an a l95 "o4 ,x is1 inde$1 indisp5sable4 ,z to ! quantity ( eggs necess>y1 "o p9t to a pailful ( syrup is amply suffici5t1 & half z mu* w d v well4 ,i n[ put my syrup into ano!r kettle1 :i* has be5 made p]fectly clean & bright1 :5 x is plac$ ov] a quick b solid fire1 & soon rises1 b is kept f ov]fl[+ by be+ ladl$ ) a long dipp]4 ,:5 x is suffici5tly r$uc$1 7,i asc]ta9 ?is by dropp+ x f ! po9t ( a knife1 :ile hot1 into "o in* ( cold wat]--if done1 x w n imm$iately mix ) ! wat]1 b lies at ! bottom 9 a r\nd flat drop17 x is tak5 f ! fire1 & ! foam+ all[$ to subside4 ,a ?ick :ite scum1 :i* is useable1 is remov$1 & ! sug> turn$ into a cask1 plac$ on an incl9$ plat=m1 & left undi/urb$ = six weeks or long]1 :5 x %\ld be tapp$ 9 ! bottom & ! molasses drawn (f4 ,x w dra9 p]fectly dry 9 a few days4 ,! sug> made 9 ?is mann] is v ne>ly z :ite z lump sug>1 & beautifully gra9$4 ,we h always sold ours at ! highe/ price ( ,muscovadoes2 & ev5 :5 ^! sug>s h sold at eighte5 c5ts1 ours f\nd a ready m>ket at tw5ty4 ,two h&s w sug> (f #bej lbs4 9 a day4 ,f ! scum tak5 (f 9 cleans+1 ,i usually make1 by dilut+ & recleans+1 "o-six? z mu* z ,i _h at fir/1 & ( an equal quality4 ,x is n ( mu* consequ5ce z reg>ds ! quality ( ! sug>1 :e!r c>e be tak5 to keep ! sap clean or n4 ,! po9ts 9 :i* ! greate/ error is committ$1 are1 neglect+ to use a flannel /ra9]1 or to /ra9 aft] cleans+--to h ! sug> kettle prop]ly clean$--& to remove ! :ite scum f ! sug>4 ,an important process ( manufactur+ maple sug>1 :i* produces a mo/ beautiful article1 is also ?us describ$ 9 a communication by ! g5tleman :o ga9$ ! fir/ premium at ! ,/ate ,fair at ,ro*e/] 9 #ahdc1 to ! ,committee on ,maple ,sug> ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i make my buckets1 tubs1 & kettles all p]fectly clean4 ,i boil ! sap 9 a pota% kettle1 set 9 an ar* 9 su* a mann] t ! edge ( ! kettle is def5d$ all ar\nd f ! fire4 ,i boil ?r\gh ! day1 tak+ c>e n to h any?+ 9 ! kettle t w give color to ! sap1 & to keep x well skimm$4 ,at night ,i leave fire en\gh "u ! kettle to boil ! sap ne>ly or q to syrup by ! next morn+4 ,i !n take x out ( ! kettle1 & /ra9 x ?r\gh a flannel clo? into a tub1 if x is sweet en\gh2 if n1 ,i put x 9 a cauldron kettle1 :i* ,i h hung on a pole 9 su* a mann] t ,i c sw+ x on or (f ! fire at pleasure1 & boil x till x is sweet en\gh1 & !n /ra9 x into ! tub1 & let x /& till ! next morn+4 ,i !n take x & ! syrup 9 ! kettle1 & put x altoge!r into ! cauldron1 & sug> x (f4 ,i use1 to cl>ify say #ajj lbs4 ( sug>1 ! :ites ( five or six eggs well beat51 ab\t "o qu>t ( new milk1 & a spoonful ( sal]atus1 all we'll mix$ ) ! syrup be=e x is scald+ hot4 ,i !n make a mod]ate fire directly "u ! cauldron1 until ! scum is all rais$2 !n skim x (f clean1 tak+ c>e n to let x boil s z to rise 9 ! kettle be=e ,i h done skimm+ x4 ,i !n sug> x (f1 leav+ x s damp t x w dra9 a little4 ,i let x rema9 9 ! kettle until x is well granulat$4 ,i !n put x into boxes made smalle/ at ! bottom1 t w hold f fifty to sev5ty lbs41 hav+ a ?9 piece ( bo>d fitt$ 91 two or ?ree in*es above ! bottom1 :i* is bor$ full ( small holes1 to let ! molasses dra9 ?r\gh1 :i* ,i keep drawn (f by a tap ?r\gh ! bottom4 ,i put on ! top ( ! sug>1 9 ! box1 a clean damp clo?2 & ov] t1 a bo>d1 well fitt$ 91 s z to exclude ! air f ! sug>4 ,aft] x has done dra9+1 or ne>ly s1 ,i dissolve x1 & sug> x (f aga92 go+ ?r\gh ) ! same process 9 cl>ify+ & dra9+ z be=e4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks f ,dr4 ,jackson1 ( ,bo/on1 may be ( int]e/ to ! sections ( ! c\ntry :]e maple sug> is made3-- ,! nor!rn p>ts ( ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 & ,new ,york1 h d5se =e/s ( ! sug> maple1 & at pres5t only v rude processes are made use ( 9 prep>+ ! sug> = m>ket1 s t x is too g5]ally acid & deliquesc5t1 besides be+ *>g$ ) salts ( ! oxide ( iron1 insomu* t x ord9>ily /rikes a black color ) tea4 ,to rem$y ^! difficulties 0 ! object ( my rese>*es2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ,i 0 engag$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! true composition ( ! sap1 ) a view to ! !ory ( vegetable nutrition4 ,i receiv$ sev]al gallons ( fre%ly-drawn maple sap f ,nor?ampton1 ,w>n]1 & ,cant]bury1 & made analyses ( ea* lot1 sep>at+ ! acids1 salts1 & ! sug>4 ,i also analys$ ! sap ( ! yell[ & :ite bir*1 :i* d n give any cry/allisable sug>1 b an a/r+5t molasses4 ,i %all n[ communicate to y ! process by :i* ,i manufactur$ sug> maple sap1 receiv$ f ! ,%ak]s ( ,cant]bury1 :o collect$ x ) c>e 9 a cle> glass demijohn1 & s5t x =?)1 s t x came to me )\t any *ange ( composition1 ! wea!r be+ cold at ! "t4 ,! evaporation 0 c>ri$ on 9 glass vessels until ! sap 0 r$uc$ to ab\t "o-eigh? its orig9al bulk1 & !n x 0 treat$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( cle> lime-wat] to r5d] x neutral1 & ! evaporation 0 complet$ 9 a %all[ porcela9 bas94 ,! result 01 t a beautiful yell[ granul> sug> 0 obta9$1 f :i* n a s+le drop ( molasses dra9$1 & x did n deliquesce by exposure to ! air4 ,ano!r lot ( ! sap1 r$uc$ to sug> )\t lime-wat]1 granulat$1 b n s well1 0 s\r to ! ta/e1 deliquesc$ by exposure1 & gave a consid]able quantity ( molasses4 ,hav+ /udi$ ! nature ( ! peculi> acid ( ! maple1 ,i f\nd t its comb9ations ) lime 7 excessively soluble 9 alcohol1 s t ! yell[ sug> fir/ describ$ c\ld be r5d]$ :ite 9 a few m9utes1 by plac+ x 9 an inv]t$ cone op5 at ! bottom1 & p\r+ a fre% quantity ( alcohol ^u x1 & all[+ x to filtrate ?r\gh ! sug>4 ,! :it5$ sug> 0 !n tak5 & re-dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat] & cry/allis$1 by :i* all ! alcoholic flav\r 0 entirely remov$1 & a p]fectly f9e cry/allis$ & pure sug> result$4 ,n[1 9 ! l>ge way1 ,i advise ! foll[+ me?od ( manufactur+ maple sug>4 ,obta9 sev]al l>ge copp] or brass kettles1 & set !m up 9 a r[1 ei!r by tripods ) iron r+s1 or by hang+ !m on a cross-b>2 clean !m well1 !n collect ! sap 9 buckets1 if possible1 s t b little ra9-wat] w be mix$ ) ! sap1 & take c>e n to h any dead leaves 9 x4 ,= e gallon ( ! maple sap add "o measur$ ounce ( cle> lime-wat]1 pass ! sap into ! fir/ kettle & evaporate2 !n1 :5 x is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-half1 dip x out into ! second kettle1 & skim x ea* "t2 !n into ! next1 & s on1 until x has rea*$ ! la/1 :]e x is r$uc$ to syrup1 & !n may be ?r[n into a tr\gh1 & granulat$ by beat+ x up ) an o>4 ,z soon z ! fir/ kettle is ne>ly empty1 p\r 9 a new lot ( ! sap1 & s cont9ue work+ x =w>d exactly aft] ! mann] ( ! ,we/ ,india sug>-boil]s4 ,! crude sug> may be ref9$ subsequ5tly1 or at ! "t ( ca/+ x into ! cones made ( %eet iron1 well pa9t$ ) :ite lead & boil$ l9se$ oil1 & ?or\ghly dri$1 s t no pa9t c come (f4 ,^! cones are to be /opp$ at fir/1 until ! sug> is cold2 !n remove ! /opp] & p\r on ! base ( ! cone a quantity ( /rong :iskey1 or f\r? pro( rum4 ,all[ ?is to nitrate ?r\gh1 until ! sug> is :ite2 dry ! loaf1 & r$issolve x 9 boil+ hot wat]1 & evaporate x until x becomes d5se en\gh to cry/allise4 ,n[ p\r x into ! cones aga91 & let x h>d54 ,if any color rema9s1 p\r a saturat$ solution ( ref9$ :ite sug> on ! base ( ! cone1 & ?is syrup w remove all traces ( color f ! loaf4 ,"o gallon ( pa/ure maple sap yield$ #c1dea gra9s ( pure sug>4 ,"o gallon ( ! juice ( ! sug> cane yields1 on an av]age1 9 ,jamaica1 #g1jjj gra9s ( sug>4 ,h5ce1 x w appe> t maple sap is v ne>ly half z sweet z cane juice2 & s9ce ! maple requires no outlay = its cultivation1 & ! process may be c>ri$ on :5 !re is little else to be done1 ! manufacture ( maple sug> is de/9$ to become an important dep>tm5t ( rural economy4 ,x is well kn[n1 by ! ,report ( ! ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ,v]mont ranks next to ,l\isiana z a sug> /ate1 produc+ 7if ,i recollect correctly7 #f1jjj1jjj ( p\nds 9 "s seasons1 ?\gh ! bus9ess is n[ c>ri$ on 9 a v rude way1 )\t any app>atus1 & ) no great *emical skill2 s t only a v impure k9d ( sug> is made1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> flavor1 has n f\nd its way into common use1 = sweet5+ tea & c(fee4 ,x w\ld appe> wor? :ile1 !n1 to improve ?is manufacture1 & to make ! maple sug> equal to any n[ 9 use4 ,?is c be readily accompli%$1 if ! f>m]s 9 ! back c\ntry w /udy ! process ( sug>-mak+1 = cane & maple sug> are1 :5 pure1 absolutely id5tical4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 t =e/ maples d n produce s mu* sug> z ^? gr[n 9 op5 fields or 9 groves1 :]e !y h m light1 ! "u-bru% be+ cle>$ away4 ,9 ,f>m+ton1 on ! ,s&y ,riv]1 9 ,ma9e1 ,i h se5 a v f9e grove ( maples1 b ?irty ye>s old1 :i* produc$ a l>ge yield ( v good sug>4 ,a man & two boys made #a1ejj lbs4 ( sug> f ! sap ( ^! trees 9 a s+le season4 ,! sap 0 boil$ d[n 9 pota% kettles1 :i* 7 sc\r$ bright ) v9eg> & s&4 ,! sug> 0 ( a f9e yell[ color1 & well cry/allis$4 ,x 0 dra9$ ( its molasses 9 casks1 ) a false bottom p]=at$ ) small holes--! cask hav+ a hole bor$ at ! bottom1 ) a t[ plug plac$ loosely 9 x1 to conduct (f ! molasses4 ,?is me?od is a good "o1 b ! sap ought to be lim$ 9 boil+1 z ,i h describ$2 !n x w n atta* to ! iron or copp] boil]s4 ,! latt] metal mu/ n be us$ ) acid syrup1 = copp] salts are poison\s4 ,!re are sev]al t[ns 9 ! nor!rn sections ( ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,v]mont1 t produce m ?an suffici5t sug> = ! consumption ( _! inhabitants4 ,a lot ( good sug> trees w av]age f\r p\nds to ! tree1 9 a favorable season4 ,_m f>m]s h or*>ds t w yield five hundr$ to a ?\s& p\nds ( sug> 9 a ye>4 ,z ?is is made at a season int]f]+ v little ) ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! f>m1 ! sug> t ! f>m] makes is s mu* cle> ga94 ,!re is1 on almo/ e hill-f>m1 "s place favorable = ! gr[? ( a maple or*>d--"s rocky spots yield+ little grass1 & imp]vi\s = ! pl\gh4 ,su* spots may be favorably *os5 = ! gr[? ( a maple or*>d2 & :e!r ! increase be us$ = manufactur+ sug> or molasses1 or = timb] or fuel1 ! proprietor ( ! l& w f9d a pr(it bett] ?an money at int]e/ 9 ! gr[? ( ?is beautiful tree1 :i* w spontane\sly propagate itself 9 _m positions4 ,its great excell5ce consi/s 9 yield+ sap = ! manufacture ( va/ quantities ( maple sug> 9 ! c\ntry dur+ ! mon?s ( spr+4 ,an op5 w9t]1 con/antly freez+ & ?aw+1 is a =]unn] ( a b\ntiful crop ( sug>4 ,! or*>d ( maple trees is almo/ equal to a field ( sug> cane ( ! same area1 9 ! production ( sug>4 ,?is tree rea*es an age ( #bjj ye>s4 ,v]mont is ! second sug>-produc+ ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,! am\nt ( maple sug> produc$ !re 9 #ahdj 0 ov] #b1eej tons1 be+ m ?an #ag p\nds to ea* inhabitant1 all[+ a population ( #bia1idh4 ,at five c5ts a p\nd1 ?is is wor?4 #bee1ifc dols4 #bj c5ts4 ,! ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus = #ahej1 %[ t ab\t ?irty-five millions ( p\nds 7#ae1bej tons7 ( maple sug> 7 manufactur$ 9 t ye>3-- ,ma9e #ig1eda ,new ,hamp%ire #a1cib1dhi ,massa*usetts #gfh1eif ,v]mont #e1aei1fda ,connecticut #cg1gha ,new ,york #aj1caj1gfd ,new ,j]sey #e1hhf ,p5nsylvania #b1bah1fda ,m>yl& #dg1gdj ,virg9ia #a1bbc1ijh ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bg1ddh ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bjj ,georgia #ej ,alabama #dgc ,mississippi #aaj ,l\isiana #bfj ,arkansas #h1hbe ,t5nessee #aei1fdg ,k5tucky #chh1ebe ,ohio #d1ebh1edh ,mi*igan #b1dbc1hig ,indiana #b1iba1fch ,ill9ois #bdf1jgh ,miss\ri #aga1idb ,i[a #gj1fhd ,miss\ri #ffa1ifi ,m9nesota #b1iej ----------- ,total #cb1ggf1fga ,!re is a balance ( ab\t two million p\nds produc$ by ,rhode ,isl&1 ,texas1 ,oregon1 ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 ,delaw>e1 & ,florida4 ,! above /atem5t does n include ! sug> made by ! ,indians1 ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 :i* may be set d[n at #aj1jjj1jjj lbs41 & we/ ( t riv] #b1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,besides ! above sug> crop1 !re 0 a yield by ! sug> maple 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahej1 ( #dj1jjj1jjj gallons ( maple molasses4 ,maize ,sug>4--,! /em & bran*es ( ,indian corn1 dur+ ! "t t its gra9 is fill+1 ab\nds ) sug>1 ev5 :5 gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry2 s mu* s1 t x might be turn$ to acc\nt by ^? ( ! peasantry :o h small plots ( gr\nd atta*$ to _! cottages2 & ,i appli$ a simple me?od by :i* a ri* syrup may be obta9$ f x1 equal 9 sweetness to treacle1 & sup]ior to x 9 flavor4 ,! prop] "t = cutt+ d[n ! plant 7:i* %\ld be done )9 an in* ( ! gr\nd71 is :5 ! corn 9 ! e> is small & full ( a milky juice4 ,all ! l>ge & old leaves %\ld be /ripp$ (f1 leav+ only ! "y & t5d] ones2 !y %\ld !n be cut into %ort l5g?s1 ?or\ghly bruis$1 & ! juice entirely press$ out f !m4 ,:]e ! means _c be obta9$ = express+ ! juice by ?is me?od1 ! foll[+ may be employ$3--,aft] ! plants h be5 cut into small pieces1 put !m into a l>ge pot or copp]1 ) only j suffici5t wat] to extract ! juice2 boil = "o h\r1 & !n /ra9 (f ! liquor2 to ea* gallon ( ?is liquor add a w9e-glass full ( lime-wat] :il/ w>m2 b if x be ! express$ juice1 obta9$ z above m5tion$1 add d\ble ! quantity ( lime-wat]4 ,:5 ! liquor is cold1 = e ?ree gallons beat up an egg ) "s ( ! liquor2 put altoge!r into a boil]1 & boil g5tly till ! syrup acquires ! consi/5ce ( treacle4 ,:il/ ?is is go+ on1 ! liquor %\ld e n[ & !n be well /irr$1 & ! scum :i* rises to ! surface tak5 (f4 ,?is syrup1 :i* w be f\nd a bett] sub/itute = sug> ?an treacle1 & m :olesome1 %\ld be kept 9 lightly-cov]$ vessels1 9 a dry place4 ,my own obs]vations1 twelve ye>s ago1 acqua9t$ me ) ! fact1 t :5 ! gra9 9 ! e> has acquir$ "o half ( ! full size1 ! quantity ( sug> 9 ! sap has pass$ its maximum1 or begun to decrease1 & cont9ues to d s until x disappe>s entirely4 ,lopp+ (f ! "y e>s makes %ort] "w ( x4 ,x is l tak+ ! "y f an animal giv+ suck1 9 :i* case ! milk soon ceases to fl[ into ! brea/1 & t :i* produc$ x is elaborat$ into o!r fluids necess>y to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( ! p>5t4 ,9 ! corn-/alk1 :5 depriv$ ( its e>s1 ! elem5ts ( sug> are dissipat$ by increas+ ! size ( ! plant4 ,sug> may also be obta9$ f ! c>rot & ! p>snip1 z well z f all sweet fruits4 ,x is abundant ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom2 x =ms ! fir/ food ( plants :5 !y g]m9ate 9 ! se$2 :5 ! fir/ little spr\t is project$ f a gra9 ( corn1 a portion ( ! f>9a1 or />*1 is *ang$ into sug>1 :i* may be call$ ! blood ( ! plant1 & f x is drawn ! n\ri%m5t necess>y to its expansion & appe>ance above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! latt] gr[? ( _m plants an inv]se process is c>ri$ on1 z 9 ! ,indian corn1 :i* ,i h j spok5 (4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 z also numb]less o!rs1 sug> is =m$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! body ( ! plant1 & elaborat$ into f>9a1 or />*1 9 ! e>4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* sug> & />* are compos$ are ! same2 ! only diff]5ce is 9 _! proportions4 ,*emi/s1 be+ aw>e ( ?is1 h conv]t$ />* into sug>2 & c\ld d x ) c]ta9ty to any ext5t1 7 any advantage to be ga9$ by x2 b hi!rto />* has be5 high] 9 price ?an sug>4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,gra9 ,,crops1 ,,edible ,,roots1 ,,& ,,f>9ace\s ,,plants ,,=m+ ,,! ,,bread ,,/uffs ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,! vegetable sub/ances1 f :i* man d]ives 8 pr9cipal su/5ance1 su* z ! nutriti\s c]eal gra9s1 ! tub]\s root$ plants & ! trees yield+ f>9a1 are v widely diffus$1 & necess>ily occupy ! ma9 att5tion ( ! cultivator2 _! products =m+ ! mo/ important /aples ( dome/ic & =eign comm]ce4 ,! c]eal grasses & roots1 cultivat$ 9 temp]ate regions1 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 rye1 & ! potato1 are s well kn[n1 & h be5 s fully describ$ by agricultural writ]s t ,i %all n g mu* into details z to _! v>ieties1 culture1 c41 b conf9e myself *iefly to _! di/ribution1 produce1 /ati/ics1 & comm]cial importance4 ,! food plants may be mo/ conv5i5tly arrang$ "u ?ree heads4 ,fir/ly--! ,gra9 crops & legumes1 :i* comprises ! ,european cultivat$ grasses1 :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 c42 & ! tropical ones ( rice1 maize1 millet1 ,gu9ea corn1 c4 ,secondly--,palms & o!r trees yield+ f>9a1 includ+ ! sago palms1 planta9 & banana1 & ! bread fruit tree4 ,& ,?irdly--! edible ,root crops & ,/>* produc+ plants1 :i* are a some:at ext5sive class1 ! *ief ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are ! common potato1 yams1 cocos or eddoes1 sweet potatoes1 ! bitt] & sweet cassava or manioc1 ! arr[root & o!r plants yield+ />* 9 m or less purity4 ,!re is a great div]sity ( food1 f ! humble oak b>k bread ( ! ,norwegian peasant1 or ! ,brahm91 ^: appetite is satisfi$ ) vegetables1 to ! luxuri\s diet ( a ,hung>ian ,magnate at ,vi5na4 ,! bread /uffs1 z !y are popul>ly t]m$1 p>ticul>ly :eat & :eat fl\r1 maize1 & rice1 =m v important articles ( comm]ce1 & ent] l>gely into cultivation 9 v>i\s c\ntries = home consumption & export4 ,russia1 ,india1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c>ry on a v consid]able trade 9 gra9 ) o!r c\ntries4 ,our local production be+ insuffici5t = food & manufactures1 we import ye>ly imm5se quantities ( gra9 & fl\r4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s end+ #aheb1 ! annual quantity ( corn1 ( v>i\s1 k9ds1 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 exclusive ( fl\r & meal1 rice1 sago1 c41 av]ag$ #h1jhe1ijc qu>t]s4 ,! fl\r & meal import$1 omitt+ sago1 arr[root & o!r />*es1 av]ag$ 9 ! same p]iod #d1adc1fjc cwts4 annually4 ,! annual imports ( bread/uffs = food1 tak+ ! av]age ( ! f\r ye>s end+ ) #aheb1 may be ?us summ$ up-- ,tons4 ,corn & gra91 #h1jhe1ijc qu>t]s1 at #fj lb4 ! bu%el #agc1bgj ,fl\r & meal #bjg1ahj ,rice #dj1hag ,potatoes #db1ddj ,sago1 arr[root1 c4 #e1jjj ------- ,total #dfh1gjg ,"s portion ( ?is quantity is d\btless consum$ 9 ! arts--z />* = /iff5+ l95s1 c41 & = o!r purposes n com+ "u ! t]m ( food1 b ,i h purposely left out 9 ! calculation ab\t #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj qu>t]s ( rice 9 ! husk annually import$4 ,irel& took1 9 #ahdi1 ( =eign gra9 #b1aae1abi qu>t]s2 #a1fhc1fhg qu>t]s 9 #ahej2 & #b1ejd1bbi 9 #ahea2 z well z #bef1hcg cwts4 ( v>i\s k9ds ( meal & fl\r 9 #ahdi2 #bbj1ajg cwts4 9 #ahej2 & #cda1fhj cwts4 9 #ahea4 ,engl& also suppli$ h] ) ab\t #ejj1jjj qu>t]s ( gra9 & #cej1jjj cwts4 ( meal 9 ea* ( ^? ye>s4 ,! comp>ative returns ( ! importations ( gra9 into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = ! la/ f\r ye>s1 are z foll[s1 9 qu>t]s3-- #aheb4 #ahea4 #ahej4 #ahdi4 ,:eat #c1jfh1hib #c1hab1jji #c1gch1iie #c1hde1cgh ,b>ley #fef1gcg #hbi1efd #a1jce1ijc #a1cha1jjh ,oats #iie1dhj #a1aih1ebi #a1aed1dgc #a1bfg1ajf ,rye #aj1jbc #bd1fji #ih1hcf #bdj1eff ,beans #cga1bej #cah1ejb #ddc1cjf #deg1icc ,peas #ajg1jag #ii1cii #aha1dai #bcd1cff ,maize #a1dgi1hia #a1hjg1fcf #a1bgg1jga #b1bbd1dei ,o!r sorts #h1jhe #c1dcb #hfh #a1aej --------- --------- --------- --------- ,qu>t]s #f1ffg1cge #h1abd1bhj #g1icj1hga #i1fea1iff ,! meal & fl\r import$ 9 ! same ye>s1 9 cwts41 7 z foll[s3-- #aheb4 #ahea4 #ahej4 #ahdi4 ,:eat #c1hhi1ehc #e1cad1dad #c1hai1ddj #c1cdi1hci ,b>ley #bab #cd #ajh #bbd ,oats #eba #b1ebe #e1iii #dj1bcj ,rye #ib #f1dic #ifd #ah1dfh ,indian corn #gdb #i1efa #aa1ccd #aja1fhc ,o!r sorts #ed #cdc #afc #a1cif --------- --------- --------- --------- ,cwts4 #c1hia1aie #e1cbc1cgj #c1hch1jjh #c1eaa1hdj ,be=e ! fam9e 9 ,irel& ! imports seldom rea*$ #bj millions ( bu%els ( gra9 & meal ( all k9ds4 ,9 #ahdh our imports 7 ab\t #fj millions2 9 #ahdi1 #he millions2 9 #ahej1 #fh millions2 9 #ahea1 #ge millions2 9 #aheb1 #fi millions1 ) good :eat h>ve/s2 %[+ ! great %ock receiv$ & ! sl[ness ( recov]y4 ,) a rapidly increas+ population 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w1 ! production ( bread is obvi\sly ! fir/ object to be s\ght aft]1 alike by ! /atesman & ! peasant4 ,i sc>cely d>e give ! calculation ( ! imm5se am\nt :i* w\ld be realis$ 9 any great c\ntry1 by ! s+le sav+ ( a bu%el to an acre1 9 ! quantity ( se$ ord9>ily s[n4 ,! same result w\ld foll[ if an additional bu%el c\ld be produc$ 9 ! annual av]age yield ( ! :eat crop4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,colman1 ! annual am\nt ( se$ = :eat s[n 9 ,france is e/imat$ at #cb1dia1igh bu%els4 ,if we c\ld suppose a ?ird ( ?is sav$1 ! sav+ w\ld am\nt to #aj1hfc1iei bu%els p] ye>4 ,suppose an annual increase ( ! crops ( five bu%els p] acre1 ?is w\ld give an increase ( production ( #ed1cai1gie bu%els4 ,add ?is1 "u improv$ cultivation1 to ! am\nt ( se$ sav$1 & ! result w\ld be #fe1ahc1ged bu%els--,i believe "u an improv$ agriculture ?is is q practicable4 ,an em95t agricultural writ] plac$ ! av]age yield 9 ,engl& at eighte5 bu%els p] acre2 "s ye>s s9ce a man ( sangu9e temp]am5t rat$ x at ov] ?irty bu%els4 ,9 ,france x is /at$1 9 ! be/ di/ricts1 to av]age tw5ty-two bu%els4 ,^! evid5tly are :olly conjectural e/imates4 ,9 ,engl& ,mr4 ,colman /ates t fifty bu%els p] acre 7 report$ to him on ! be/ au?ority1 z ! yield ^u a l>ge f>m 9 a v favorable season4 ,m ?an eighty bu%els h be5 return$1 ^u :at is deem$ ample te/imony1 to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 z ! product ( a s+le acre4 ,9 ,france ,mr4 ,colman _h1 ^u cr$ible au?ority1 reports ( =ty1 =ty-f\r & sev5ty-two bu%els4 ,x w\ld be ( imm5se importance to any gov]nm5t to "k ! exact produce gr[n 9 any c\nty1 or di/rict1 or 9 ! :ole c\ntry2 & ?is might be obta9$ by compell+1 on ! "p ( ! own] or cultivator1 an actual return ( 8 crop2 b x is ( little use to f\nd su* returns on e/imates purely conjectural4 ,f ! be/ /ati/ical acc\nts t c be obta9$1 ! :eat annually produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel& is #aaa1fha1cbj bu%els4 ,9 ,france x is #aih1ffj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #ajj1ejc1hii ,! am\nt ( se$ ord9>ily s[n to ! acre 9 ,france is f two to ?ree bu%els4 ,! return ( crop = ! se$ s[n is repres5t$ z 9 ! be/ di/ricts av]ag+ #f4be = "o2 9 ! lea/ productive #e4dj = "o4 ,my read]s may be curi\s to "k ! calculations :i* h be5 made 9 "s o!r c\ntries 9 reg>d to ?is matt]4 ,,c5tral ,,europe ,increase ,c\ntries4 ,ye>4 = se$ s[n4 ,spa9 #ahbh #f = "o ,portugal #aghf #aj ,tuscany #aj ,pla9s ( ,lucca #ae ,pi$mont--,pla9s ( ,m>5go #d to five ,bologna #ae ,roman ,/ates--,pont9e m>%es #bj ,ord9>y l&s #h ,k+dom ( ,naples--be/ di/ricts #bj ,ord9>y l&s #h ,malta--! be/ l&s #ch to #fd ,ord9>y l&s #bb1 #be1 #cj ,,nor!rn ,,europe4 ,sw$5 & ,norway #ahch #d4ej = "o ,d5m>k #ahbg #f ,russia1 a good h>ve/ #ahai #e ---- prov9ce ( ,tamb( #ahba #d4ej ---- prov9ces nor? ( #ej deg4 latitude #ahba #c ,pol& #ahbf #h ,engl& #ahcj #i ,scotl& #ahcj #h ,irel& #ahbe #aj ,holl& #ahbh #g4ej ,belgium #ahbh #aa ,bav>ia #ahbg #g to #h ,prussia #ahag #f ,au/ria #ahab #g4je ,hung>y #ahab #d ,switz]l&1 l&s ( an inf]ior quality #ahbe #c ,( a good quality1 #h2 ( ! be/ quality #ab ,france1 inf]ior l&s1 #c2 be/ l&s #f 7,/ati/ique des ,c]eales de la ,france p> ,moreau de ,jonnes47 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,:eat ,,culture4 ,z :eat =ms ! pr9cipal nutriti\s food ( ! _w1 claim+ ! indu/ri\s application ( labor ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe1 ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate regions ( ,asia1 along ! nor!rn k+doms ( ,africa1 & ext5d+ f> into ! nor!rn & s\!rn regions ( ! ,am]ican cont95ts2 z x has be5 cultivat$ f "t immemorial1 & has produc$ 9 v>i\s climates & soils _m v>ieties2 x is surpris+ t s little is g5]ally kn[n ( ! di/9ct v>ieties be/ adapt$ to p>ticul> climates--& t 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h yet to le>n ! v>iety :i* w yield ! l>ge/ & be/ am\nt ( human food6 ,at ! ,indu/rial ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 tw5ty-six premiums only 7 di/ribut$ = specim5s ( :eat2 ( ^!1 five 7 aw>d$ to ,briti% f>m]s1 ?ree to ,france1 ?ree to ,russia1 ?ree to ,au/ralia1 ?ree to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o ea* or sev]ally to o!r nations4 ,"s beautiful specim5s ( :eat 7 exhibit$ f ,s\? ,au/ralia1 weigh+ sev5ty p\nds a bu%el2 :i* 7 eag]ly s\ght aft] = se$ :eat by our f>m]s & ! coloni/s ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b z is well obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 x has no peculi> con/itutional *>act]i/ics by :i* x may be di/+ui%$ f o!r :eats4 ,its sup]ior quality is entirely ow+ to local conditions2 to ! peculi> temp]ature1 ! brilliant light1 ! soil1 & ^? o!r circum/ances :i* *>act]ise ! climate ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,all k9ds ( :eat conta9 wat] 9 great] or less] quantities4 ,its am\nt is great] 9 cold c\ntries ?an 9 w>m4 ,9 ,alsace f #af to #bj p] c5t42 ,engl& f #ad to #ag p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates f #ab to #ad p] c5t42 ,africa & ,sicily f #i to #aa p] c5t4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact1 t ! same weight ( s\!rn fl\r yields m bread ?an nor!rn1 ,engli% :eat yields #ac lbs4 m to ! qu>t] ?an ,scot*4 ,alabama fl\r1 x is said1 yields #bj p] c5t4 m ?an t ( ,c9c9nati4 ,& 9 g5]al ,am]ican fl\r1 accord+ to "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive ,london bak]s1 absorbs #h or #aj p] c5t4 m ( its own weight ( wat] 9 be+ made into bread ?an ! ,engli%4 ,! ,engli% gra9 is full] & r\nd] ?an ! ,am]ican1 be+ puff$ up ) moi/ure4 ,e ye> ! total loss 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f moi/ure 9 :eat & fl\r is e/imat$ at f\r to five million doll>s4 ,to rem$y ?is great evil1 ! gra9 %\ld be well rip5$ be=e h>ve/+1 & well dri$ be=e be+ /or$ 9 a good dry gran>y4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 gr9d+ & 9 transport+1 x %\ld be c>efully protect$ f wet1 & ! fl\r be kept f exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,! be/ precaution is kiln-dry+4 ,by ?is process ! :eat & fl\r are pass$ ov] iron plates heat$ by /eam to ! boil+ po9t4 ,f ea* b>rel ( fl\r #af or #ag p\nds ( wat] are ?us expell$1 leav+ /ill f\r or five p] c5t4 9 ! fl\r1 an am\nt too small to d injury4 ,if all ! wat] be expell$1 ! quality ( ! fl\r is det]iorat$4 ,! mode ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( wat] 9 fl\r is ?is2 take a small sample1 say five ounces1 & weigh x c>efully2 put x into a dry vessel1 :i* %\ld be heat$ by boil+ wat]2 aft] six or sev5 h\rs1 weigh x2 its loss ( weight %[s ! orig9al am\nt ( wat]4 ,! next object is to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( glut54 ,glut5 is an adhesive1 pa/y mass1 & consi/s ( sev]al diff]5t pr9ciples1 ?\gh its con/itution has n yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,x is *iefly ! nutriti\s portion ( ! fl\r4 ,! rema9+ pr9ciples are mo/ly />*1 sug> & gum4 ,on an av]age _! relative am\nt 9 #ajj p>ts are ab\t z foll[s3-- ,av]age4 ,kobanga :eat1 ! be/4 ,wat] #ac #ab ,glut5 #ab #af ,/>* #fg #fj ,sug> & ,gum #h #h --- --- #ajj #ig ,pr(essor ,beck exam9$ ?irty-?ree diff]5t samples f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 & he gives ! pref]5ce to ! ,kobanga v>iety f ! s\? ( ,russia4 ,!re w\ld probably be a prejudice aga9/ x 9 ?is c\ntry1 f ! natural yell[i% hue ( its fl\r & bread4 ,! value ( ! vegetable food1 gra91 potatoes1 rice & apples export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! pa/ few ye>s is ?us set d[n3-- ,doll>s4 #ahdg #eg1igj1cef #ahdh #be1ahe1fdg #ahdi #be1fdb1cfb #ahej #ae1hbb1bgc ,to ?is has to be add$ n9e or t5 million doll>s m = tobacco1 #gb million doll>s = cotton1 & #ahj1jjj doll>s = hops & o!r m9or agricultural /aples--mak+ ! value ( ! raw vegetable exports ab\t #ih million doll>s4 ,!re is fur!r ! value ( ! products ( ! =e/1 timb]1 a%es & b>k1 t>1 c41 :i* are equal to ne>ly sev5 millions m1 z %[n by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,doll>s4 #ahdg #e1bdh1ibh #ahdh #f1dae1big #ahdi #e1bfa1gff #ahej #f1eij1jcg ,x appe>s f an (ficial docum5t ( ! ,am]ican ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 t ! av]age value ( ! bread/uffs & provisions annually export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahba to #ahcf inclusive1 0 #ab1gib1jjj dolls42 9 #ahcg & #ahch1 ab\t #i1fjj1jjj dolls42 f #ahci to #ahdf1 #af1agf1jjj dolls42 & = ! la/ sev5 ye>s z foll[s3-- ,doll>s4 #ahdf #bg1gja1aba #ahdg #fh1gja1iba #ahdh #cg1dgb1gea #ahdi #ch1aee1ejg #ahej #bf1jea1cgc #ahea #ba1idh1fea #aheb #be1heg1jbg ,out ( ! :eat crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdf ( #aaj million bu%els rais$1 #aj millions 7 us$ = se$1 />*1 c42 #gb consum$ = food1 & #bh million export$4 ,! #dfj million bu%els ( ,indian corn rais$1 7 ?us dispos$ (2 export$ to =eign c\ntries #bb million bu%els2 sold to & consum$ by non-produc]s1 #ajj million2 consum$ on ! f>ms & plantations ( ! produc]s = human & animal food1 se$1 c41 #cch million bu%els4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ produce ab\t #abj million bu%els ( :eat1 & ne>ly #fjj million bu%els ( corn4 ,_! surplus ( :eat1 = export1 may be tak5 at #bj million bu%els1 & ( ,indian corn an almo/ unlimit$ quantity4 ,!y export ab\t "o & a qu>t] million b>rels ( fl\r1 & ab\t "o million ( bu%els ( :eat to o!r m>kets besides ^? ( ,great ,brita9 or h] ,nor? ,am]ican colonies1 viz41 to ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia1 manufactur$ fl\r be+ ! article requir$ = ^! latt] m>kets4 ,ne>ly f\r million bu%els ( ,indian corn1 & #cjj1jjj b>rels ( corn meal1 are export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,we/ ,indies & o!r =eign m>kets4 ,f ! ab/racts ( /ati/ical returns prep>$ at ! ,am]ican ,c5sus (fice1 x appe>s t ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahej1 0 ! l>ge/ :eat produc+ ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,i h _h ! curiosity to comp>e ! mo/ prom95t ,/ates 9 respect to ?is crop1 & give !m bel[1 ) ! crop ( ea*1 z %[n by ! returns3-- ,bu%els4 ,p5nsylvania #ae1dhb1aia ,ohio #ad1ifg1jef ,virg9ia #ad1eaf1ijj ,new ,york #ac1jgc1jjj ,mi*igan #d1iah1jjj ,m>yl& #d1did1fhj ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld export #f1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 & its equival5t 9 fl\r 9 #ahde2 #ac1jjj1jjj 9 #ahdf1 #bf1jjj1jjj 9 #ahdg1 & !n fell back to #ac1jjj1jjj 9 #ahdh1 & #f1jjj1jjj 9 #ahdi1 ) _! production ( :eat con/antly increas+ ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod1 %[s a wond]ful ela/icity1 & ext5sive home m>ket4 ,if ! price ( :eat is high] 9 proportion ?an = corn1 ! ,am]icans export ! =m] & consume ! latt]2 if ! dem& = corn be also great1 !y kill _! hogs & export corn1 = ! pork w keep4 ,if !re be no great dem& = ei!r1 !y eat _! surplus :eat1 fe$ _! hogs ) ! corn1 & export pork z hav+ ! greate/ value 9 ! lea/ bulk4 ,,de/9ation ,,( ,,fl\r ,,%ipp$ ,,f ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,:]e ,,to4 #ahdg #ahdi #ahej #ahea ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sw$i% ,we/ ,indies #g1cff #g1egc #h1geg #e1cae ,dani% ditto #eb1aej #di1efh #dd1hjb #fj1ajb ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #a1aej #d1fbe #a1fjj #a1hgc ,dut* ,we/ ,indies #aa1chg #ag1bba #ah1ced #ai1bag ,holl& & ,belgium #gc1hga #gbg #a1agg #eid ,engl& #b1dge1jgf #iec1hae #cfi1ggga1jjd1ghc ,gibralt> #bc1igd #f1bfe #b1edc #aie ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies #c1jcd #gia #a1fdf #a1fjj ,briti% ,we/ ,indies #cbj1cfc #cjc1eea #bej1ggf #bid1gca ,briti% ,am]ican ,colonies #bgb1bii #bid1hia #bdd1jgb #beb1chj ,france #fab1fda -- -- -- ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies #bh1iff #e1eed #e1dhj #g1ijb ,hayti #dj1beg #aj1ijc #ca1ejd #dc1hfg ,cuba #ej1jdf #g1aed #e1ehd #e1faa ,spani% ,we/ ,indies #ag1ghj #f1dbi #g1jgd #b1bhe ,madeira #d1hef #d1ceh #f1cba #g1jjf ,cape de ,v]ds #a1fcd #eja #dee #hch ,mexico #e1ibh #aa1fcc #i1gcf #ad1ifd ,honduras #aj1fhf #d1abe #d1gbe #e1iab ,c5tral ,am]ica #eej #d1ahj #gdf #b1egc ,columbia #ci1djc #cb1bea #da1jgb #dg1dgg ,brazil #bgj1dgc #cbh1abi #bie1dae #cgd1gaa ,arg5t9e ,republic #aj1fhd #f1eii #d1ija #bb1fab ,*ili #e1igg #e1abi #b1hdh #d1cbg ,s\? ,am]ica #b1abh -- #dj #bjj ,we/ ,indies #d1ijb #c1ihd #a1gjb #d1jgi ,africa #be1gbh #d1fag #e1ebd #e1dcj ,nor?-we/ ,coa/ #gfd #a1ahj #heh #b1eic ,o!r ports #bi1hff #ce1jag #ah1idi #ai1aeh ------------------------------------ ,total--,b>rels #d1chb1difb1ajh1jaca1che1ddhb1bjb1cce ------------------------------------ ,av]age price #e4ie #e4ce #e4jj #d4gg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,:eat1 :]e ! soil & ! climate are adapt$ to its gr[?1 & ! requisite progress has be5 made 9 its culture1 is decid$ly pref]r$ to all o!r gra9s1 &1 next to maize1 is ! mo/ important crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n only on acc\nt ( its g5]al use = bread1 b = its safety & conv5i5ce = exportation4 ,x is n kn[n to :at c\ntry x is indig5\s1 any m ?an any o!r cultivat$ c]eals1 all ( :i*1 no d\bt1 h be5 ess5tially improv$ by man4 ,by "s1 :eat is consid]$ to h be5 coeval ) ! creation1 z x is kn[n t upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s be=e our era x 0 cultivat$1 & a sup]ior v>iety _h be5 atta9$4 ,x has /eadily foll[$ ! progress ( civilisation f ! e>lie/ times1 9 all c\ntries :]e x w\ld gr[4 ,9 #aggf !re 0 entail$ ^u ,am]ica an endur+ calamity1 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( ! ,hessian or :eat fly1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ,g]many 9 "s /raw1 employ$ 9 ! deb>kation ( ,h[e's troops on ! we/ end ( ,long ,isl&4 ,f t po9t ! insect gradually spread 9 v>i\s directions1 at ! rate ( tw5ty or ?irty miles a ye>1 & ! :eat ( ! entire regions ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies is n[ m or less infe/$ ) ! l>va1 z well z 9 l>ge portions ( ! ,/ates bord]+ on ! ,ohio & ,mississippi1 & on ! great ,lakes2 & s great h be5 ! ravages ( ^! insects t ! cultivation ( ?is gra9 has 9 _m places be5 ab&on$4 ,! geographical range ( ! :eat region 9 ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t & ,au/ralia1 lies pr9cipally betwe5 ! #cj? & #fj? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 & ! #cj? & #dj? degrees s\?1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,russia1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,pol&1 ,prussia1 ,ne!rl&s1 ,belgium1 ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,africa1 ,t>t>y1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,au/ralia1 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & ,japan4 ,along ! ,atlantic portions ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t1 x embraces ! tract ly+ betwe5 ! #cj? & #ej? p>allels1 & 9 ! c\ntry we/w>d ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 "o or two m degrees fur!r nor?4 ,along ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 situations )9 ! torrid zone1 suffici5tly elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 & prop]ly irrigat$ by natural or artificial means1 abundant crops are (t5 produc$4 ,! pr9cipal di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* ?is important gra9 is produc$ 9 ! greate/ abundance1 & :]e x =ms a lead+ article ( comm]ce1 embrace ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 ,mi*igan1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 ,wiscons91 & ,i[a4 ,! *ief v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,/ates are ! :ite fl9t1 tea1 ,sib]ian1 bald1 ,black ,sea1 & ! ,italian spr+ :eat4 ,9 ! middle & ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,virg9ia :ite ,may1 ! blue /em1 ! ,indiana1 ! ,k5tucky :ite be>d$1 ! old r$ *afet1 & ! ,talav]a4 ,! yield v>ies f t5 to =ty bu%els & upw>ds p] acre1 weigh+1 p] bu%el1 f fifty-eight to sixty-sev5 p\nds4 ,x appe>s t on ! :ole crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 a ga9 dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahej1 ( #ae1fde1cgc bu%els4 ,! crop ( ,new ,engl& decreas$ f #b1jad1jjj to #a1jgh1jjj bu%els1 exhibit+ a decl9e ( #icf1jjj bu%els1 & indicat+ ! att5tion ( f>m]s has be5 mu* )drawn f ! culture ( :eat4 ,gr\p+ ! ,/ates f ! ,hudson to ! ,potomac1 includ+ ! di/rict ( ,columbia1 x appe>s t !y produc$1 9 #ahdi1 #ce1jhe1jjj bu%els1 aga9/ #bi1icf1jjj 9 #ahci4 ,9 ,virg9ia !re 0 an increase ( #a1abc1jjj bu%els4 ,^! ,/ates embrace ! olde/ :eat-gr[+ region ( ! c\ntry1 & t 9 :i* ! soil & climate seem to be adapt$ to promote ! p]man5t culture ( ! gra94 ,! increase ( production 9 ! t5 ye>s has be5 #f1bgb1jjj bu%els1 equal to #ae4f p] c5t4 ,! area till$ 9 ^! ,/ates is #cf1jjj1jjj acres1 only ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! :ole am\nt return$1 :ile ! proportion ( :eat produc$ is =ty-six p] c5t4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a !re has be5 an increase ( #agj1jjj bu%els1 b 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates g5]ally !re 0 a consid]able decrease4 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons9 contribut$ to ! g5]al aggregate "u ! six? c5sus only #i1hjj1jjj bu%els2 "u ! la/ !y are %[n to h produc$ upw>ds ( #be1jjj1jjj bu%els1 an am\nt equal to ! :ole increase 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! p]iod4 ,:5 we see ! gr[? ( :eat keep+ pace ) ! progress ( population 9 ! olde/ ,/ates ( ! ,union1 we ne$ h no appreh5sion ( a decl9e 9 ! cultivation ( ?is important crop4 ,! am\nt ( fl\r export$ f ,new ,j]sey 9 #agea1 0 #f1dbd b>rels4 ,f ,philadelphia 9 #ageb1abe1ifj b>rels1 besides #he1ejj bu%els ( :eat2 9 #agfg1 #aih1haf b>rels1 besides #cfg1ejj bu%els ( :eat2 9 #agga1 #beb1gdd b>rels4 ,f ,savannah1 9 #agga1 #g1bjj lbs4 ,f ,virg9ia1 = "s ye>s annually prec$+ ! revolution1 #hjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat4 ,! total exports ( fl\r f ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 9 #agia 7 #fai1fha b>rels1 besides #a1jah1cci bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahjj1 #fec1jeb b>rels1 besides #bf1hec bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahaj1 #gih1dca b>rels1 besides #cbe1ibd bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahbj-ba1 #a1jef1aai b>rels1 besides #be1hba bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahcj-ca1 #a1hjf1ebi b>rels1 besides #djh1iaj bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahdj-da1 #a1eae1hag b>rels1 besides #hfh1ehe bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahde-df1 #b1bhi1dgf b>rels1 besides #a1fac1gie bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahdf-dg1 #d1chb1dif b>rels1 besides #d1cii1iea bu%els ( :eat2 9 #ahej-ea1 #b1bjb1cce b>rels1 besides #a1jbf1gbe bu%els ( :eat4 ,9 ! ,london ,exhibition v little :eat 0 exhibit$ equal to t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially t f ,g5essee c\nty1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york--a s(t :ite v>iety1 to ! exhibitor ( :i* a prize m$al 0 aw>d$ by ! ,royal ,commission]s4 ,! r$ ,m$it]ranean :eat exhibit$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,! :eat f ,s\? ,au/ralia 0 probably sup]ior to any exhibit$1 :ile mu* f ! ,unit$ ,/ates fell b little beh9d1 & 0 unque/ionably next 9 quality4 ,f ! ,second ,report on ! ,bread/uffs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 made to ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 by ,lewis ,c4 ,beck1 ,m4,d41 ,i am induc$ to make "s extracts4 ,he /ates3-- ,! analyses ( sev]al samples1 ! gr[? ( v>i\s =eign c\ntries1 h af=d$ me an opportunity ( comp>+ ! ,am]ican & =eign :eats & fl\rs4 ,) a few exceptions ( peculi> v>ieties1 x w be se5 f ! results t ) ord9>y c>e ! :eat ( ?is c\ntry w comp>e advantage\sly ) t ( any o!r4 ,inde$1 on review+ my analyses1 ,i "q :e!r !re is any "p ( ! _w :]e ?is gra9 is g5]ally ( a f9] quality ?an x is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b all ! advantages :i* we possess 9 ?is respect w be ( little avail s long z inf]ior & damag$ bread/uffs are %ipp$ f our ports4 ,9 addition to ! analyses :i* ,i h execut$ ( ! v>i\s samples ( :eat & :eat fl\r accord+ to ! mode h]et(ore pursu$1 ,i h p]=m$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( settl+ ! important "q 9 reg>d to ! relative value ( ! f9e fl\r ( :eat1 & ! :ole meal4 ,i h also consult$ e "w )9 my rea* :i* c\ld ?r[ any light ^u ! diff]5t po9ts t h pres5t$ !mselves dur+ ! progress ( ! inve/igation4 ,! l>ge numb] ( samples ( :eat & :eat fl\r :i* h be5 plac$ 9 my h&s = exam9ation1 h left me no "t = ! analysis ( our o!r bread/uffs4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! am\nt %ipp$ to =eign ports dur+ #ahdi is consid]ably less ?an = ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 a new & important m>ket has be5 op5$ 9 our t]ritories on ! ,pacific4 ,x may also be safely affirm$ t ! causes = =eign dem&1 & :i* mu/ h]eaft] op]ate1 /ill rema94 ,^! are ! *eapness ( l& 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! peculi> adaptation ( our soil & climate to ! gr[? ( ! two important c]eals1 :eat & maize4 ,ano!r fact1 x seems to me1 is ( suffici5t int]e/ 9 connection ) ?is subject1 to be "h notic$4 ,! failure ( ! potato crop 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w = sev]al ye>s pa/ has engag$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific & practical m54 ,un=tunately1 ! nature ( ! blight :i* has seiz$ ^u ?is tub] has elud$ ! mo/ c>eful inquiries2 b x has be5 %[n by well-conduct$ analyses t potatoes at _! late prices are ! mo/ exp5sive k9d ( f>9ace\s food4 ,?is w be evid5t f ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- ,potatoes conta9 f ab\t sev5ty to sev5ty-n9e p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :ile ! proportion 9 :eat fl\r is f twelve to f\rte5 p] c5t2 & :ile ! glut5 & album5 9 potatoes sc>cely rise to "o p] c5t41 9 :eat fl\r ! range may be set d[n at f n9e to ?irte5 p] c5t4 ,aga91 ! non-nitrog5\s pr9ciples are z ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 9 :eat fl\r aga9/ fifte5 or sixte5 9 potatoes4 ,9 %ort1 :il/ potatoes supply only tw5ty p] c5t4 ( heat-=m+ & nutriti\s pr9ciples1 tak5 toge!r1 :eat supplies m ?an sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! =m]1 & m ?an tea ( ! latt]4 ,! value ( :eat to potatoes1 !re=e1 is at lea/ f\r to "o2 or1 if :eat sells at fifte5 %ill+s /]l+ p] cwt41 potatoes to be equally *eap1 ought to sell at betwe5 ?ree & f\r %ill+s4 ,! prec$+ results1 = :i* ,i am pr9cipally indebt$ to ,dr4 ,daub5y1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,ox=d1#be %[ t unless a great *ange occurs 9 ! culture ( ! potato1 !re mu/ be an increas$ dem& = o!r k9ds ( f>9ace\s food4 ,& x is wor?y ( notice t :ile ?is blight is "o ( ! causes :i* br+ to our %ores ! />v+ population ( ,europe1 ! rais+ ( ! c]eals n only furni%es pr(itable employm5t to ! emigrant1 b enables him to make ! be/ return to ^? :o are /ill oblig$ to rema94 ,adaptation ( ! soil & climate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! culture ( ! c]eals4--,t ! soil & climate ( _m portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are well adapt$ to ! cultivation ( ! m important c]eals1 is fully %[n by ! results ( all ! rese>*es :i* h ?us f> be5 prosecut$4 ,i h inde$ se5 x ass]t$ t ! climate ( ,engl& is ! be/ = ! cultivation ( :eat1 & pref]able to any 9 our c\ntry2 its humidity be+ ! peculi>ity to :i* ?is sup]iority is ascrib$4#bf ,b ?is is und\bt$ly ! te/imony ( a too p>tial witness4 ,a rec5t /atem5t by an ,engli% au?or is ! result ( a m correct k ( ! facts4 ,he ackn[l$ges t !re is no gr\nd = ! expectation :i* has be5 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! advantage\s gr[? ( maize 9 ,engl&4 ,nor is ours1 says he1 ! mo/ favorable c\ntry = :eat1 b skill 9 husb&ry has ov]come great difficulties4#bg ,! mi/ake on ?is subject may h orig9at$ f ! occurr5ce ( a l>g] & plump] gra9 9 ! m humid climate2 b analysis %[s t ! small gra9 rais$ 9 ! hott] & dri] air (t5times greatly surpasses ! =m] 9 its nutriti\s value4 ,russia is said to be ! great rival ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! gr[? ( :eat1 b ,i ?9k x d\btful :e!r %e possesses sup]ior natural advantages2 & ,i am sure %e w f9d x difficult to compete ) ! indu/ry & skill :i* "h *>act]ize ! op]ations ( husb&ry1 & ! manufacture & %ipm5t ( bread/uffs4 ,export ( sophi/icat$ & damag$ fl\r4--,x is a matt] ( deep regret t circum/ances h occurr$ :i* mu/ h a mo/ injuri\s influ5ce ^u ! trade 9 bread/uffs betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita94 ,i ref] to ! mixtures ( damag$1 inf]ior1 & good k9ds ( fl\r1 :i* x appe>s on au!ntic te/imony h be5 l>gely export$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,:e!r ?is fraudul5t op]ation1 :i* is said to h be5 pr9cipally conf9$ to ,new ,york1 is ! result ( ! *ange 9 ! inspection laws1 z "s ass]t1 ,i am unable to say4 ,b x requires no great =esight to pr$ict t1 if cont9u$1 x w create a di/ru/ ( our bread/uffs 9 =eign ports :i* x w be v difficult to remove4 ,x _c b excite ! indignation ( ! _m honorable deal]s1 t ! unwor?y cupidity ( a few individuals %\ld lead to su* disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,i h z yet be5 unable to obta9 samples ( ^! sophi/icat$ fl\rs1 & ! only in=mation :i* ,i h 9 reg>d to !m is ! g5]al fact above /at$1 & conc]n+ ! tru? ( :i* !re c be little d\bt4 ,no means %\ld be left untri$ to devise "s mode by :i* ^! frauds c be easily & c]ta9ly detect$4 ,injury su/a9$ by bread/uffs dur+ _! transport & %ipm5t4--,dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 ,i h _h abundant means ( det]m9+ ! nature ( ! injuries :i* are (t5 su/a9$ by our bread/uffs 9 _! transport f ! p>ticul> di/ricts 9 :i* !y are gr[n & manufactur$ to our comm]cial depots1 & 9 _! %ipm5t to =eign ports4 ,z ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts connect$ ) ^! rese>*es1 ,i h devot$ mu* "t to its inve/igation4 ,f ! results ( num]\s analyses1 ,i ?9k x may be safely ass]t$1 t ( ! :eat fl\r :i* arrives 9 ,engl& f v>i\s ports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a l>ge proportion is m or less injur$ dur+ ! voyage4 ,! same rem>k may be made 9 reg>d to _m ( ! samples s5t f ! ,we/]n ,/ates to ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,_! nutritive value is consid]ably impair$1 & )\t m c>e ?an is usually ex]cis$1 !y are entirely unfit = export4 ,9 my =m] report1 ,i adv]t$ to "o ( ! great causes ( ! det]ioration :i* our bread/uffs (t5 suff] dur+ _! transport & %ipm5t4 ,?is 0 ! undue proportion ( ! great disorganiz+ sub/ance1 wat]1 "u ! influ5ce ( :at usually occurs1 viz41 an elevation ( temp]ature above ! ord9>y /&>d4 ,my rec5t inve/igations h s]v$ only to /r5g!n ^! views4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! are ! conditions :i* cause ! *ange ( ! non-nitrog5\s pr9ciples into acids 7! lactic or acetic71 :ile a portion ( ! glut5 is ?us also consum$4 ,i h tri$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! action ( moi/ure ^u v>i\s samples ( :eat & :eat fl\r4 ,! samples 7 plac$ = twelve h\rs 9 ! ov5 ( a ba? ) a d\ble cas+1 conta9+ a boil+ saturat$ solution ( common salt1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 0 ab\t #bbj deg4 ,fahr4 ,subject$ to ?is te/1 #ajj gra9s ( ,milwaukie :eat lo/ #ab4aj gra9s4 ,guild]l& 7,holl&7 :eat lo/ #i4ce ,poli% ,odessa r$ :eat #aj4ee ,s(t ,russian :eat #h4ee ,kobanga :eat #h4ae ,aft] an exposure ( ! dri$ samples to ! air = two or ?ree days1 !y increas$ 9 weight f "o to ?ree gra9s 9 ! hundr$ orig9ally employ$4 ,n9ete5 diff]5t samples ( :eat fl\r1 :i* lo/ by exposure to ! above heat f t5 to f\rte5 gra9s 9 ! "o hundr$1 :5 simil>ly expos$ to ! air = eighte5 h\rs1 aga9 increas$ 9 weight f #h4dj to #aa4fj 9 ! hundr$ gra9s orig9ally employ$4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[1 :at might inde$ h be5 pr$ict$ z to ! g5]al result1 t :eat 9 gra91 if n less liable to injury ?an fl\r1 yet if once prop]ly dri$1 suff]s mu* less f a subsequ5t exposure to air & moi/ure4 ,x is n[ asc]ta9$ t 9 pres5ce ( a consid]able proportion ( wat]1 :eat fl\r "u ! influ5ce ( heat und]goes a l[ degree at lea/ ( lactic f]m5tation1 :i* w acc\nt = ! s\r+ ( ! ord9>y samples :5 expos$ to w>m or humid climates4 ,! same result w inevitably foll[ f _! c>eless exposure 9 ! holds ( vessels4 ,t ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) _m ( ! c>goes ( :eat fl\r %ipp$ to ,great ,brita91 !re is little reason to d\bt4 ,?is may be p>tly ow+ to ! great humidity ( ! ,engli% climate1 z ! det]ioration is obs]v$ z well 9 ! fl\r :i* is ! produce ( t c\ntry z 9 t :i* is receiv$ f abroad4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,edl91 quot$ 9 an article on ,bak+1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! ,london fl\r is decid$ly bad4 ,! glut5 g5]ally wants ! adhesiv5ess :i* *>act]izes ! glut5 ( good :eat4 ,i h obs]v$ t1 9 ! analyses ( "s ( ! samples ( damag$ fl\r1 ! proportions ( :at is set d[n "u ! head ( glucose & dextr9e are unusually l>ge4 ,?is is p]haps due to ! *ange produc$ 9 ! />* by ! action ( dia/ase1 & :i* may "u c]ta9 circum/ances be =m$ 9 :eat fl\r4 ,x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gur91 t />* may ?us be act$ on ev5 at slightly elevat$ temp]atures4 ,9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1 at a temp]ature no high] ?an #fh deg4 ,fahr41 a quantity ( />*1 at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 0 conv]t$ into syrup1 :i* yield$ sev5ty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( sac*>9e matt]4#bh ,x may be ?\ght t ,i h ov]rat$ ! importance ( ?is subject1 b x is believ$ t a c>eful exam9ation ( ! facts w relieve me f ?is *>ge4 ,i am n[ satisfi$ t1 if ! proportion ( wat] 9 our export$ bread/uffs c\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t five or six p] c5t41 "o ( ! great causes ( compla9t 9 reg>d to !m w\ld be completely remov$4 ,kiln-dry+ ( bread/uffs1 & exclusion ( air4--,! injury :i* our bread/uffs su/a9 by ! l>ge proportion ( wat] c ( c\rse be prev5t$ only by c>eful dry+ be=e %ipm5t1 & by ! employm5t ( b>rels r5d]$ z imp]vi\s z possible to ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,9 my fir/ report1 ,i h spok5 favorably ( ! process ( dry+ by /eam1 accord+ to ! plan pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4,r4 ,/af=d4 ,i /ill ?9k ?is mode possesses great advantages ov] ^? previ\sly foll[$1 & :i* almo/ always injur$ ! quality ( ! gra9 or fl\r3 b f "s trials :i* ,i h made dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 x is inf]r$ t ! exposure to ! heat is p]haps usually n suffici5tly prolong$ to answ] ! purpose int5d$ by ! op]ation4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ t samples ( :eat fl\r1 aft] be+ expos$ to ! heat ( ! salt wat]-ba? ov5 7#bbj deg4 ,fahr47 = two or ?ree h\rs1 lo/ weight by a fur!r cont9uance ( ! heat4 ,an app>atus has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4,h4 ,t[]1 ( ,cl9ton1 ,n4,y41 consi/+ ( a cyl9d] ( squ>e ap>tm5ts or tubes1 into :i* ! gra9 or fl\r is introduc$1 & subject$ to heat :ile 9 rapid revolution4 ,i exam9$ samples :i* _h be5 subject$ to ?is op]ation1 & asc]ta9$ t :eat fl\r1 orig9ally conta9+ #ad4hj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 _h ! proportion r$uc$ to #aj4be p] c5t41 :ile 9 :eat ! proportion ( wat] 0 r$uc$ f #ad4ge to #h4ee p] c5t4 ,n[ x is probable t by ei!r ( ! above modes1 & p]haps by _m o!rs1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( bread/uffs may be br\ght to t degree ( dryness :i*1 ) ord9>y c>e1 %all protect !m f subsequ5t injury2 b 9 ord] to secure ?is advantage1 ! op]ation mu/ be c>efully p]=m$1 & exp]im5ts mu/ be made to asc]ta9 h[ long an exposure to heat is necess>y to br+ ! sample to ! prop] degree ( dryness1 & to det]m9e :e!r 9 any respect its quality is impair$4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t absolute desiccation is n necess>y1 ev5 7 x atta9able2 b any process 9 ord] to be effective %\ld r$uce ! proportion ( wat] to ab\t six1 or at mo/ sev5 p] c5t4 ,i h h]et(ore adv]t$ to ! great c>e employ$ 9 ! dry+ ( gra9 9 v>i\s =eign c\ntries1 & to :i* ! pres]vation ( x = a great numb] ( ye>s is to be ascrib$4 ,! op]ation is n conduct$ 9 ! hurri$ mann] :i* is "h ?\ght to be s ess5tial1 b is cont9u$ long en\gh to effect ! int5d$ object4 ,?or\gh v5tilation1 z well z ! prop] degree ( dry+1 & :i* is equally important1 is ?us secur$4 ,x is said t 9 ,russia ! %eaves ( :eat1 c>ri$ into ! huts1 are susp5d$ ^u poles & dri$ by ! heat ( ! ov54 ,! gra9 %r9ks v mu* dur+ ?is process1 b x is suppos$ to be less liable to ! attacks ( insects1 & pres]ves its nutritive qualities = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 x is s5t to m>ket4--7,! ,cz>1 8 ,c\rt & ,p4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,maxwell1 p4 #bgb47 ,) all ! necess>y att5tion :i* may be paid to ! prop] dry+ ( our bread/uffs int5d$ = export1 ano!r po9t is ( equal importance1 viz41 ! %ipm5t 9 vessels r5d]$ z imp]vi\s z possible to ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,= h[ev] c>efully & ?or\ghly ! dry+1 especially ( :eat fl\r or maize meal1 may h be5 p]=m$1 x w be ne>ly useless if ! %ipm5t is aft]w>ds made 9 ! b>rels commonly employ$4#bi ,& x is v c]ta9 t ! transport & %ipm5t ( gra9 9 bulk1 z usually conduct$1 are att5d$ ) great loss4 ,?is difficulty might be remov$ at a trifl+ exp5se by adopt+ ! plan sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ report1 & to :i* ,i w\ld aga9 respectfully call ! att5tion ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( trade4 ,i might "h adduce a mass ( te/imony %[+ ! importance ( ! matt]s j ref]r$ to1 b w only adv]t to ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 :i* al?\gh made 9 allusion pr9cipally to maize1 are equally applicable to our o!r bread/uffs4 ,maize meal1 if kept too long1 is liable to become rancid1 & x is !n m or less unfit = use4 ,9 ! %ipm5ts made to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! meal is commonly kiln-dri$1 to obviate z mu* z possible ?is t5d5cy to rancidity4 ,:5 gr\nd v f9e1 maize meal suff]s a *ange by exposure to ! air4 ,x is oxyg5at$4 ,x is ^u ! same pr9ciple t ! juice ( an apple1 aft] a little exposure to ! air1 is oxyg5at$1 & *anges its "* & ta/e4 ,if ! fl\r c\ld be bolt$ 9 vacuo1 x w\ld n be *ang$4 ,intellig5t writ]s speak ( ! necessity ( prep>+ corn = exportation by kiln-dry+ z indisp5sable4 ,)\t t process1 corn is v liable to become heat$ & mu/y1 s z to be unfit = food = ei!r man or bea/4 ,! kiln-dri$ maize meal f ! ,br&yw9e ,mills1 c41 made f ! yell[ corn1 has almo/ monopoliz$ ! ,we/ ,india trade4 ,?is process is indisp5sable1 if we export maize to ,europe4 ,james ,c&y says t f fifty ye>s exp]i5ce he has le>n$ ! necessity ( ?is process ) corn int5d$ = exportation4 ,i h (t5 f\nd ! corn f our c\ntry :5 x rea*$ its de/9ation1 ru9$ by heat+ on ! voyage4 ,x _h become mu/y & ( little or no value4 ,kiln-dry+ is absolutely necess>y to pres]ve x = exportation4 ,we mu/ le>n & practice ! be/ mode ( kiln-dry+ x4#cj ,! nutriti\s value ( ! :ole meal ( ,:eat1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! f9e fl\r4--,! "q :e!r :at is call$ ! :ole meal ( :eat1 or t :i* is obta9$ by ! mixture ( ! bran1 conta9s m nutriti\s matt] ?an ! f9e fl\r1 is "o ( great importance4 ,9 my =m] report1 ,i adv]t$ to ! /atem5t made 9 reg>d to x by ,pr(essor ,j4,f4,w4 ,john/on1 & :i* seem$ to be almo/ conclusive 9 favor ( ! value ( ! :ole meal4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 h[ev] 7#ahdi71 ,m4 ,eug4 ,peligot1 an em95t ,fr5* *emi/1 9 an elaborate article ,on ! ,composition ( ,:eat1 to :i* m p>ticul> ref]5ce w be made h]eaft]1 combats ! op9ion t ! bran is an alim5t>y sub/ance4 ,he obs]ves t ! difficulty ( keep+ ! bran 9 fl\r int5d$ = ! manufacture ( bread ( good quality appe>s to result mu* less f ! pres5ce ( ! cellulose 7"o ( ! con/itu5ts ( woody matt]7 conta9$ 9 :eat ?an t ( ! fatty matt]4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! bran 9 a quantity at lea/ triple ( t :i* rema9s 9 ! fl\r1 & ! bolt+ sep>ates x f ! gr\nd :eat n less usefully ?an ! cellulose itself4#ca ,m4 ,millon objects entirely to ! views ( ,m4 ,peligot on ?is po9t1 & /ates "s facts :i* are especially wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,he ass]ts t1 accord+ to ! views ( ! la/ nam$ *emi/1 ! sep>ation at mo/ ( "o "p ( fatty matt] sacrifices fifte51 tw5ty1 & ev5 tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( sub/ances :i* are ( ! highe/ nutritive value4 ,?is ab/racts f :eat1 = ! :ole am\nt rais$ 9 ,france1 ! enorm\s sum ( ab\t two hundr$ millions ( p\nds annually4 ,x seems t 9 ,france ! "q :e!r ! bolt+ ( fl\r is advantage\s has always be5 decid$ 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]4 ,an ord9ance ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 issu$ 9 #afeh1 prohibit$1 "u a v heavy p5alty1 ! regr9d+ ( ! bran & its mixture ) ! fl\r2 ?is1 ) ! mode ( gr9d+ !n 9 use1 caus$ a loss ( m ?an =ty p] c5t4--7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,febru>y #ai?1 #ahdi47 ,9 l>ge cities & else:]e1 !re seems = "s "t to h be5 a gr[+ prejudice aga9/ ! use ( br[n bread2 & x is said t n[ ne>ly all ! peasantry ( ,france bolt _! fl\r4 ,! increase ( ?is practice1 accord+ to ,m4 ,millon1 ?reat5s ! nation ) an annual loss ( f two to ?ree hundr$ millions ( francs4 ,if ! bran 0 entirely valueless1 !re w\ld be a loss ( m ?an "o million a day4 ,x is q difficult to det]m9e ! precise am\nt ( bran :i* may h be5 remov$ f :eat1 = v>i\s samples conta9 su* a diff]5t proportion ( bran t 9 ! "o case a removal ( t5 p] c5t1 leaves m bran 9 ! fl\r ?an a bolt+ ( five p] c5t4 9 ano!r4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( bran by ,m4 ,millon2 ! sample be+ a s(t ,fr5* :eat gr[n 9 #ahdh3-- ,/>*1 dextr9e & sug> #ec4jj ,sug> ( liquorice #a4jj ,glut5 #ad4ij ,fatty matt] #c4fj ,woody matt] #i4gj ,salts 4#ej ,wat] #ac4ij ,incru/+ matt] & aromatic pr9ciples 7by diff]5ce7 #c4dj ------ #ajj4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ?is analysis is1 t bran is an alim5t>y sub/ance4 ,if x conta9s six p] c5t4 m ( woody matt] ?an ! r\gh1 fl\r1 x has also m glut51 d\ble t ( fatty matt]1 besides two aromatic pr9ciples :i* h ! p]fume ( honey1 & bo? ( :i* are want+ 9 ! f9e fl\r4 ,?us by bolt+1 :eat is impov]i%$ 9 its mo/ valuable pr9ciples1 m]ely to remove a few hundr$?s ( woody matt]4 ,! economical sugge/ion :i* spr+s f ^! views is1 t ! bran & co>se fl\r %\ld be regr\nd & !n mix$ ) ! f9e fl\r4 ,millon /ates t he has asc]ta9$1 by repeat$ exp]im5ts1 t bread ?us made is ( sup]ior quality1 easily work$1 & n subject to ! inconv5i5ce ( bread manufactur$ f ! r\gh fl\r1 su* z is made 9 "s places1 & especially 9 ,belgium4 ,op9ions simil> to ^? above notic$ are ent]ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,daub5y4 ,! great importance atta*$ to hav+ bread p]fectly :ite is a prejudice1 he says1 :i* leads to ! rejection ( a v :olesome "p ( ! food1 & "o :i*1 al?\gh n dige/ible alone1 is suffici5tly s 9 t /ate ( admixture ) ! fl\r 9 :i* nature has prep>$ x = our use4 ,aft] quot+ ! rem>ks ( ,pr(essor ,john/on on ! same side ( ! "q1 he adds1 t accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,mag5die1 animals f$ ^u f9e fl\r di$ 9 a few weeks1 :il/ !y ?riv$ ^u ! :ole meal bread4 ,br[n bread1 !re=e1 %\ld be adopt$1 n m]ely on a pr9ciple ( economy1 b also z provid+ m ( ^? +r$i5ts :i* are p]haps defici5t 9 ! f9] p>ts ( ! fl\r4--7,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,janu>y #bg?1 #ahdi1 p4 #ec47 ,! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson may also be "h introduc$4 ,! advantage1 he obs]ves1 ( us+ m or less ( ! cov]+s ( ! gra9 9 ! prep>ation ( bread has (t5 be5 urg$ on economical pr9ciples4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a v l>ge proportion ( nutritive matt] is conta9$ 9 ! bran & ! poll>d2 & ^! are e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t "o-fif? "p ( ! entire weight ( ! :eat gra94 ,x is1 unque/ionably1 s f> wa/eful to remove ^! altoge!r f ! fl\r2 & 9 ! case ( ! majority ( p1 ?is wa/e may be unnecess>y1 ev5 on ! score ( dige/ibility4#cb ,?is subject c also be r5d]$ app>5t to ! eye4 ,if we make a cross section ( a gra9 ( :eat1 or rye1 & place x "u ! microscope1 we p]ceive v di/9ct lay]s 9 x z we exam9e f )\t inw>ds4 ,! out] ( !m belong to ! husk ( ! fruit & se$1 & are sep>at$ z bran1 9 gr9d+4 ,b ! mill/one does n sep>ate s exactly z ! eye may by means ( ! microscope1 n ev5 z accurately z ! knife ( ! vegetable anatomi/1 & ?us ) ! bran is remov$ also ! :ole out] lay] ( ! cells ( ! nucleus1 & ev5 "s ( ! subjac5t lay]s4 ,?us ! anatomical inve/igations ( "o ( ^! corn gra9s at once expla9s :y bread is s mu* ! less nutriti\s ! m c>efully ! bran has be5 sep>at$ f ! meal4#cc ,!re c !re=e be little d\bt t ! removal ( ! bran is a s]i\s injury to ! fl\r2 & ,i h pres5t$ ! above array ( evid5ce on ?is po9t 9 ! hope ( direct+ public att5tion to x "h1 z has be5 done 9 v>i\s =eign c\ntries4 ,aft] ?is1 x w easily be inf]r$ t ,i am n dispos$ to look ) mu* favor ^u ! plan propos$ by ,mr4 ,b5tz = tak+ ! out] coat+ or bran f :eat & o!r gra9s previ\sly to gr9d+4#cd ,indep5d5tly ( ! consid]ations :i* h already be5 pres5t$1 x is f> f be+ prov$1 z ?is g5tlem5 ass]ts1 t ! mixture ( ! bran ) ! meal :i* results f ! common mode ( gr9d+ is ! *ief cause ( ! s\r+ ( ! fl\r 9 hot climates4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! bran is p]haps z little liable to und]go *ange z ! f9e fl\r1 & !n ! moi/5+ to :i*1 z ,i am in=m$1 ! gra9 is subject$ previ\sly to ! removal ( ! husk1 is /ill fur!r objectionable1 & mu/ be foll[$ by a mo/ c>efully-conduct$ process ( kiln-dry+4 ,nutriti\s prop]ties ( v>i\s articles ( food4--,!re seems to be "s diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! nutriti\s prop]ties ( v>i\s k9ds ( food4 ,x is g5]ally1 h[ev]1 agre$ t ^? :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( nitrog5\s matt]s are ! mo/ nutriti\s4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t h>icots1 peas1 & beans1 =m1 9 "s sort1 sub/itutes = animal food4 ,tub]s1 roots1 & ev5 ! se$s ( ! c]eal grasses1 are b mod]ately nutriti\s4 ,if we see h]bivor\s animals fatt5+ ^u su* articles1 x is because1 f _! peculi> organisation1 !y c consume !m 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is q d\btful :e!r a man do+ h>d "w c\ld exi/ on bread exclusively4 ,! in/ances :i* are giv5 ( c\ntries :]e rice & potatoes =m ! sole articles ( food ( ! inhabitants1 are believ$ to be incomplete4 ,b\ss+ault /ates t 9 ,alsace1 = example1 ! peasantry always associate _! potato di% ) a l>ge quantity ( s\r or curdl$ milk2 9 ,irel& ) butt]milk4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,upp] ,&es d n by any means live on potatoes alone1 z "s travell]s h said !y d3 at ,quito1 ! daily food ( ! inhabitants is lorco1 a comp\nd ( potatoes & a l>ge quantity ( *eese4 ,rice is (t5 cit$ z "o ( ! mo/ n\ri%+ articles ( diet4 ,i am satisfi$1 h[ev]1 aft] hav+ liv$ 9 c\ntries :]e rice is l>gely consum$1 t x is any?+ b a sub/antial1 or1 = its bulk1 nutriti\s article ( su/5ance4--7,rural ,economy1 ,am]4 edition1 p4 #dji47 ,^! /atem5ts are fur!r confirm$ by ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,lequ]ri1 :o1 dur+ a long resid5ce 9 ,india1 paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! inhabitants ( ,pondi*]ry4 ,_! food1 he /ates1 is almo/ entirely vegetable1 & rice is ! /aple2 ! inf]ior ca/es only ev] eat meat4 ,b all eat k>i 7curry71 an article prep>$ ) meat1 fi%1 or vegetable1 :i* is mix$ ) ! rice1 boil$ 9 v little wat]4 ,x is requisite to h se5 ! ,indians at _! meals to h any idea ( ! enorm\s quantity ( rice :i* !y w put into _! /oma*s4 ,no ,european c\ld cram s mu* at a "t2 & !y v commonly all[ t rice alone w n n\ri% !m4 ,!y v g5]ally /ill eat a quantity ( bread4#ce ,9 reg>d to ! proportion ( nutriti\s matt] conta9$ 9 gra9s ( v>i\s k9ds1 x may be rem>k$ t ! tables :i* h be5 con/ruct$ z ! results ( v>i\s exp]im5ts are liable to an objection1 :i* w be m p>ticul>ly adv]t$ to "u ano!r head4 ,= example1 two sub/ances1 by ! process ( ultimate analysis1 may exhibit ! same proportion ( nitrog5\s matt]1 & /ill diff] v mat]ially 9 _! value z articles ( food4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! dige/ibility ( ! =m 9 :i* ?is matt] is pres5t$ to ! dige/ive organs4 ,a /rong illu/ration is af=d$ 9 ! case ( hay1 ! proportion ( nutritive matt] ( :i*1 ab\t #i4ga1 w\ld c]ta9ly n repres5t its p[] ( af=d+ n\ri%m5t to ! human sy/em4 ,x is 9 tru? q impossible to arrive at any o!r ?an approximate results f ! op]ations ( *emi/ry1 z to ! am\nt ( nutrim5t conta9$ 9 a giv5 quantity or weight ( any article ( food4#cf ,x is p]haps n irrelevant to notice 9 ?is place "s ( ! rese>*es :i* h rec5tly be5 made ^u f]m5tation1 & p>ticul>ly its effects 9 ! manufacture ( bread4 ,x appe>s t :5 ?is process is br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( yea/ or leav5 to ! pa/e or d\gh1 ! "* ( ! mass is mat]ially alt]$4 ,a l>g] or small] proportion ( ! fl\r is virtually lo/4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,william ,gregory ! loss am\nts to ! v l>ge proportion ( "o-sixte5? "p ( ! :ole ( ! fl\r4 ,he says1 ,to avoid ?is loss1 bread is n[ rais$ by means ( c>bonate ( soda1 or ammonia & a dilut$ acid1 :i* are add$ to ! d\gh1 & ! effect is p]fectly satisfactory4 ,equally good or bett] bread is obta9$1 & ! quantity ( fl\r :i* w yield fifte5 hundr$ loaves by f]m5tation1 furni%es sixte5 hundr$ by ! new me?od1 ! sug> & fibr9 7glut57 be+ sav$4--7,outl9es ( ,*emi/ry1 p4 #ceb47 ,ano!r au?or1 ,dr4 ,r4,d4 ,?omson1 /ates1 z ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts ^u bread produc$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid ^u c>bonate ( soda1 t 9 a sack ( fl\r !re 0 a diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! unf]m5t$ bread to ! am\nt ( ?irty p\nds ?irte5 ounces1 or 9 r\nd numb]s1 a sack ( fl\r w\ld produce "o hundr$ & sev5 loaves ( unf]m5t$ bread1 & only "o hundr$ loaves ( f]m5t$ bread ( ! game weight4 ,h5ce x appe>s t 9 ! sack ( fl\r by ! common process ( bak+1 sev5 loaves1 or six-&-a-half p] c5t1 ( ! fl\r are driv5 into ! air & lo/4--7,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! ,food ( ,animals1 c41 p4 #ahc47 ,! only objection to ! g5]al introduction ( ?is process seems to be ! degree ( c>e & accuracy requir$ 9 prop]ly adju/+ ! respective qualities & quantities ( acid & alkali1 & :i* c\ld seldom be atta9$ ev5 by ^? :o are l>gely engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( bread4 ,i _c leave ?is subject )\t adv]t+ to a practice :i* has prevail$ 9 ,engl& & ,france1 & p]haps also 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( /eep+ :eat be=e s[+ x 9 solutions ( ars5ic1 sulphate ( copp]1 & o!r poison\s prep>ations4 ,! result has be5 t injuri\s effects h (t5 foll[$1 bo? to ^? :o are employ$ 9 s[+ su* gra91 & to ^? :o h us$ ! bread manufactur$ f x4 ,! great importance ( ! subject l$ to ! appo9tm5t ( a commission at ,r\51 9 ,france1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdb1 hav+ = its object to det]m9e ! be/ process ( prev5t+ ! smut 9 :eat1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r o!r means less dang]\s ?an ^? above notic$ 7 productive ( equally good results4 ,! labors ( ?is commission ext5d$ ov] ! ye>s #ahdc-'dd-'de1 & ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ two ye>s foll[+ on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,fau*et1 "o ( ! commission1 at ,boisquilaume1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e ,inf]ieure4 ,! results arriv$ at by ?is commission are--#a/4 ,t x is n be/ to s[ se$ )\t /eep+4 #bnd4 ,t x is be/ to make use ( ! sulphate ( soda & lime process1 inasmu* z x is m simple & economical1 9 no way injuri\s to ! heal?1 & yields ! s\nde/ & mo/ productive :eat4 #crd4 ,t ! use ( ars5ic1 sulphate ( copp]1 v]digris1 & o!r poison\s prep>ations1 %\ld be int]dict$ by ! gov]nm5t4--7,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 ,janu>y #f?1 #ahdi1 pp4 #aj & #aa47 ,composition ( :eat & :eat fl\r1 & ! v>i\s modes ( det]m9+ _! nutritive value4--,9 my =m] report x 0 /at$ t ! analyses ( ! v>i\s samples ( :eat1 ! results ( :i* 7 !re giv51 _h be5 *iefly direct$ to ! det]m9+ ! am\nt ( r\gh glut5 :i* !y conta9$4 ,my reasons = adopt+ ?is plan1 & ! argum5ts 9 favor ( its g5]al accuracy1 z comp>$ ) o!r modes ( analysis1 & especially t by :i* ! ultimate composition is asc]ta9$1 7 also detail$4 ,a m full exam9ation ( ?is subject has s]v$ only to /r5g!n ! op9ion already express$1 t = ! great purpose to be answ]$ by ^! rese>*es1 ! process :i* ,i h adopt$ is1 to say ! lea/1 z free f objection z any o!r1 & if c>efully & uni=mly c>ri$ out1 w truly repres5t ! relative values ( ! sev]al samples ( :eat fl\r4 ,z ?is is a matt] ( mu* consequ5ce 9 a practical po9t ( view1 ,i tru/ ,i %all be excus$ = introduc+ "s additional facts 9 reg>d to x4 ,! t]m glut5 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! gray1 viscid1 t5aci\s1 & ela/ic matt]1 :i* is obta9$ by subject+ :eat fl\r to ! cont9u\s action ( a curr5t ( wat]4 ,b x appe>s t ?is is a mixture ( fibr9e & case9e1 ) :at is n[ call$ glut9e1 & a peculi> oily or fatty matt]4 ,n[ ^! sub/ances may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 b ! processes employ$ = ?is purpose are t$i\s1 & to insure accuracy ! v>i\s solv5ts mu/ be entirely pure--a po9t :i*1 especially 9 ! case ( alcohol & e!r1 is n ord9>ily easy to be atta9$4 ,?is w be r5d]$ /ill m evid5t by a ref]5ce to a ,fr5* process1 :i* w h]eaft] be notic$4 ,b 7 x mu* less difficult 9 e case accurately to sep>ate ! con/itu5ts ( glut51 x w\ld n1 9 my op9ion1 be ( ! lea/ practical utility4 ,x is to ! peculi> me*anical prop]ty ( ?is glut5 t :eat fl\r owes its sup]ior p[] ( deta9+ ! c>bonic acid eng5d]$ by f]m5tation1 & ?us communicat+ to x ! vesicul> spongy /ructure s *>act]i/ic ( good bread4#cg ,x may also be add$1 t ! results ( m ?an "o hundr$ trials h satisfi$ me t a dim9ution or loss ( ela/icity 9 ! glut5 is ! sure/ index ( ! am\nt ( injury :i* ! sample ( fl\r has su/a9$4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 ! sample conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( nitrog51 or :e!r x conta9s album51 fibr9e1 & case9e 9 suffici5t quantity1 x may /ill want ! v condition :i* is ess5tial to ! manufacture ( good bread4 ,my objection1 !re=e1 to ! m]e det]m9ation1 h[ev] accurate1 ( ! proportion ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 :eat fl\r1 or ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples :i* =m ! glut51 is1 t x does n repres5t ! value ( ! v>i\s samples = ! only use to :i* !y are appli$1 viz41 ! mak+ ( bread4 ,! rem>ks ( ,muld]1 ! celebrat$ ,dut* *emi/1 ^u ! subject ( manures1 are s applicable to ?is po9t t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ !m4 ,x has1 he says1 become almo/ a regul> cu/om to det]m9e ! value ( manures by ! quantity ( nitrog5 !y yield by ultimate analysis4 ,?is me?od is entirely errone\s2 = x is bas$ ^u ! false pr9ciple1 t by putrefaction all nitrog5e\s sub/ances are imm$iately conv]t$ into ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 & wat]6 ,b ^! *anges sometimes require a numb] ( ye>s4 ,morph9e1 = example1 is prep>$ by all[+ opium to putrefy2 & ! process = prep>+ leuc91 a sub/ance :i* conta9s #aj4gb ( nitrog51 is to br+ *eese into putrefaction4 ,*eese1 !re=e1 does n p]haps 9 a numb] ( ye>s resolve itself into c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 & wat]1 b produces a cry/all9e sub/ance1 :i* conta9s no ammonia4 ,h5ce ! proportion ( nitrog5 yield$ by manures is n a prop] measure ( _! value1 & !re=e ?is mode ( e/imat+ t value ought to be discont9u$4#ch ,we inf]1 !re=e1 t ! proportion ( nitrog5 furni%$ by food ( v>i\s k9ds is n ! true measure ( _! nutriti\s value1 & _c = practical purposes take ! place ( t process by :i* ! am\nt ( r\gh glut5 is det]m9$4 ,no bett] illu/ration c be giv5 ( ! unc]ta9ty :i* att5ds ! inf]5ces drawn f ! ultimate composition1 ?an ! fact h]et(ore /at$ 9 reg>d to hay1 ! nutritive value ( :i* is plac$ 9 ! tables conta9+ ! results ( ^! analyses1 at a figure ne>ly ! same z t ( ord9>y :eat fl\r4#ci ,9 ! pap] on ! ,composition ( ,:eat1 by ,m4 ,peligot--7 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,febru>y #e?1 #ahdi7--to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 ! au?or gives ! results ( ! v>i\s analyses :i* he has made1 & details ! process he adopt$4 ,aw>e ( ! complex & difficult nature ( ! exam9ation z conduct$ by him1 he seems to d\bt 9 reg>d to "s ( ! results giv5 9 8 tables ,9 ! f\rte5 samples :i* he analys$1 ! proportion ( wat] ranges f #ac4b to #ae4b1 :i* is a r high] av]age ?an is yield$ by our ,am]ican samples1 especially ^? :i* h n be5 %ipp$ across ! ,atlantic4 ,( ! nitrog5\s matt]1 soluble & insoluble1 ! proportions range f #i4ij p] c5t1 to #ba4ej p] c5t42 ! =m] be+ f a sample ( v s(t & :ite ,fr5* :eat2 ! latt] f a v h>d :eat ) long gra9s1 f ,nor!rn ,africa1 cultivat$ at ,v]rires4 ,ano!r sample f ,egypt yield$ #bj4fj p] c5t1 ( ^! nitrog5\s matt]s1 bo? ( :i* are v rem>kable proportions4 ,9 describ+ ! process = asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( insoluble nitrog5\s matt]s1 ?is au?or adv]ts to _! e/imation ei!r by ! quantity ( nitrog5 gas furni%$1 or ( ammonia =m$1 ! la/ be+ pref]r$ = sub/ances1 :i*1 l :eat1 conta9 only a few hundr$?s ( nitrog54 ,! results :i* he obta9$ by ?is me?od 7 comp>$ ) ^? yield$ by ! direct extraction ( ! glut5 by s(t5+ ! f>9a "u a small /ream ( wat]4 ,^! results1 says he1 diff] b little f ea* o!r :5 we op]ate ^u :eat 9 good condition1 al?\gh ! glut5 :i* we ?us obta9 holds "s />* & fatty matt]1 :ile ! />* :i* is c>ri$ away by ! wat] conta9s also "s glut54 ,! loss & ga91 z ,i h already expla9$1 & z has be5 prov$ by ^! & o!r comp>isons1 are ne>ly balanc$1 & ! am\nt ( r\gh glut5 w !re=e af=d a fair exhibit ( t ( ! insoluble nitrog5\s matt]s 9 ?is gra94 ,! salts 9 ! samples ( :eat analys$ by ,m4 ,peligot1 7 ei!r want+ or 7 9 small proportion2 :ile ! am\nt ( fatty matt] rang$ f #a4jj to #a4hj & #a4ij p] c5t4 ,^! results agree v well ) ^? :i* ,i h obta9$4 ,b x is probable t ! proportion is liable to great v>iation1 inasmu* z x is inf]r$ t ! fatty matt] orig9ates f />* ?r\gh its exposure to ! g5]al deoxidis+ influ5ce :i* prevails 9 plants4#dj ,!re are also _m difficulties att5d+ ! accurate det]m9ation ( ?is matt]1 & :i* are probably ! cause ( ! high] proportion (t5 giv54 ,x is prop]ly rem>k$ by ,m4 ,peligot t ! e!r employ$ 9 ?is process %\ld be free f wat]1 & t ! fl\r ought also to be v dry4 ,by neglect+ ^! precautions1 we sep>ate n only ! fatty matt]1 b also a c]ta9 am\nt ( matt]s soluble 9 ! wat]1 :i* is furni%$ z well by ! :eat z by ! e!r4 ,x w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be difficult to po9t out "s incorrect views ent]ta9$ by ?is *emi/1 & m especially ^? :i* relate to ! fatty matt]4 ,"s ( 8 processes = ! sep>ation ( v>i\s sub/ances1 if n faulty1 require s _m conditions = success z to r5d] ! results1 at lea/ 9 o!r h&s1 exce$+ly unc]ta94 ,b ! capital error :i* he has committ$ is t conc]n+ ! bran1 already adv]t$ to1 :i* he consid]s injuri\s to ! fl\r1 *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge proportion ( fatty matt] :i* x conta9s4 ,9 reg>d to ! soluble nitrog5\s matt] usually call$ album51 f its resemblance to ! animal sub/ance ( ! same "n1 ,i h to rem>k t 9 my trials ! proportion has be5 f\nd to be consid]ably less ?an t (t5 giv5 9 tables ( ! composition ( :eat4 ,9 "o sample x 0 f\nd to be z l[ z #j4ae p] cant41 9 ano!r x did n rise above #j4bj p] c5t4 ,! am\nt 0 usually s inconsid]able1 t ,i did n ?9k x wor? :ile to ret>d ! progress ( ! "w by foll[+ out processes :i* c\ld add little to ! utility ( ^! inve/igations4 ,al?\gh mu* "t & labor h be5 exp5d$ ^u ! analyses ( ! a% ( plants1 ,i h b slight confid5ce 9 ! results h]et(ore giv54 ,! difficulties :i* att5d ! obta9+ ! a% 9 a prop] condition1 & ! fact t ! products ( all ! organs & p>ts ( ! plants h be5 analys$ toge!r1 mu/ necess>ily impair ! accuracy ( ! exp]im5ts1 & r5d] ! inf]5ces drawn f !m ( unc]ta9 value4 ,mu*1 inde$ ,i may say almo/ ev]y?+1 /ill rema9s to be done 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry4 ,weight ( :eat z an index to its value4--,mu* has be5 said 9 reg>d to ! relative weights ( ! bu%el ( :eat ( diff]5t v>ieties or "u diff]5t modes ( culture4 ,z ord9>ily det]m9$1 ?is weight ranges f fifty-six to sixty-five or sixty-six p\nds1 be+ 9 a few cases set d[n some:at high]4 ,x is said also t ! bu%el ( :eat weighs less 9 "s ye>s ?an x does 9 o!rs1 & t ! diff]5ce (t5 am\nts to two1 or ?ree1 or ev5 f\r p\nds4 ,?\gh ?is may seem ( comp>atively little consequ5ce = a few bu%els1 yet1 = ! aggegate ( ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or = a ,/ate1 or ev5 a c\nty1 x makes a great diff]5ce4 ,?us1 7 we to e/imate ! product ( "o ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at "o hundr$ & t5 million bu%els1 weigh+ fifty-six p\nds to ! bu%el1 & ano!r ye> at "o hundr$ & eight million bu%els1 weigh+ sixty-two p\nds1 ! diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! latt]1 ?\gh ! lea/ 9 quantity1 w\ld am\nt to five hundr$ & ?irty-six million p\nds 9 weight1 or m ?an "o million & a qu>t] ( b>rels ( fl\r4--7,report ( ! ,am]ican ,commission] ( ,pat5ts = #ahdg1 p4 #aag47 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t x is n aft] all s easy to det]m9e ) accuracy ! weight ( a bu%el ( :eat1 nor to decide ^u ! circum/ances :i* h an influ5ce 9 increas+ ! d5sity ( a gra9 ( :eat4 ,if ! microscopical repres5tations ( :eat are to be reli$ on1 x is probable t ! increase 9 ! d5sity ( :eat dep5ds ^u ! increase 9 ! proportion ( glut54 ,i h f\nd 9 sev]al cases t1 ! proportion ( wat] be+ ! same1 ^? samples ( :eat :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( glut5 exhibit ! highe/ specific gravity1 or1 9 o!r words1 w yield ! greate/ numb] ( p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,b ! weight ( :eat w be influ5c$ by ! proportion ( wat] :i* x conta9s2 ! dri] ! gra91 ! great] is its d5sity2 a fact :i* may acc\nt = ! diff]5ce :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! weight ( :eat 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,if ?is is ! cause1 ! calculation above giv5 9 ref]5ce to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is fallaci\s--b if ! am\nt ( glut5 is actually1 in/ead ( relatively1 increas$ by peculi>ities 9 seasons1 x is no d\bt correct4 ,i h devis$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to te/ ! accuracy ( ! /atem5ts made ^u ?is po9t1 b h n yet _h leisure to complete !m4 ,g5]al conditions f ! analyses ( :eat fl\r4--,! l>ge numb] ( analyses :i* ,i h made1 & ! uni=mity ( ! processes pursu$1 enable me to draw "s g5]al conclusions :i* x may be useful to pres5t 9 a connect$ =m4 #a4 ,9 ! samples f ! m nor!rn :eat-gr[+ ,/ates1 !re seems to be little diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( nutritive matt] t c be set d[n to ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,?us1 ! yield ( ! :eat f ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons9 & ,i[a1 is sc>cely inf]ior to t f ,new ,york1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois1 al?\gh ! two latt] are some:at f>!r s\?4 ,local causes1 & m especially ! peculi>ities ( culture & manufacture1 h m influ5ce1 )9 ^! p>allels ( latitude1 ?an ! diff]5ce ( mean temp]ature4 #b4 ,! samples f ,new ,j]sey1 ,l[] ,p5nsylvania1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,ohio1 ,m>yl& 7probably ,delaw>e71 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ,georgia1#da conta9 less wat] & m nutritive matt] ?an ^? f ! ,/ates previ\sly enum]at$4 ,t ! samples f ,miss\ri1 :i* is includ$ )9 ne>ly ! same p>allels ( latitude z ,virg9ia1 d n exhibit s high an av]age ( nutritive matt] z ^? f ! latt] ,/ate1 mu/ be ascrib$ pr9cipally to a want ( c>e 9 ! managem5t ( ! crop1 & p]haps also 9 ! manufacture ( ! fl\r4 ,virg9ia fl\r1 = obvi\s reasons1 ma9ta9s a high reputation = %ipm5t4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! nutritive value ( ! v>i\s samples ( :eat dep5ds greatly ^u ! v>iety1 & mode ( culture1 indep5d5tly ( climate4 ,! correctness ( ! =m] /atem5t is %[n by ! mu* l>g] proportions ( glut5 yield$ by _m ( ! samples ( h>d :eat f abroad1 ! ,oregon :eat 9 ,virg9ia1 & a v>iety ( ,ill9ois :eat1 c4 ,& 9 reg>d to ! effect ( p>ticul> modes ( culture1 ! v>i\s analyses ( ,b\ss+ault may be ref]r$ to1 & t 9 my table ( a sample f ,ul/] c\nty1 ,new ,york4 #d4 ,! det]ioration ( _m ( ! samples ( :eat & :eat fl\r arises 9 mo/ cases f ! pres5ce ( a too l>ge p] c5tage ( wat]4 ,?is is (t5 ! result ( a want ( prop] c>e 9 ! transport1 & is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! losses :i* are su/a9$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( bus9ess4 #e4 ,!re seems to be little d\bt t a consid]able portion ( ! :eat & :eat fl\r1 z well z ( o!r bread/uffs1 %ipp$ f ?is c\ntry to ,engl&1 is m or less injur$ be=e x rea*es t m>ket4 ,x is also %[n t ?is is mo/ly to be ascrib$ to ! want ( c>e above notic$1 & to ! fraudul5t mixture ( good & bad k9ds4 ,! rem$y 9 ! =m] case is ! dry+ ( ! gra9 or fl\r be=e %ipm5t1 by "s ( ! modes propos$1 & ! protection ( x aft]w>ds z completely z possible f ! effect ( moi/ure4 ,! frauds :i* are occasionally practis$ %\ld be promptly expos$1 & ^? :o are engag$ 9 !m held up to m]it$ reproa*4 #f4 ,x has be5 fully %[n1 by ! results ( _m trials1 t ! fl\r obta9$ by ! second gr9d+ ( :eat1 or ! :ole meal1 conta9s m glut5 ?an ! f9e fl\r4 ,h5ce ! g5]al use ( ! latt]1 & ! entire rejection ( ! bran1 is wa/eful1 & ought 9 e way to be disc\rag$4 #g4 ,x _c b be gratify+ to u t ! av]age nutritive value ( ! :eat & :eat fl\r ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is %[n by ^! analyses to be fully equal to1 if n great] ?an1 t af=d$ by ! samples produc$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,& x w1 9 my op9ion1 be *iefly ow+ to a want ( prop] c>e & ( comm]cial hone/y1 if ! great advantages :i* %\ld accrue to ?is c\ntry f ! export ( ^! articles are ei!r endang]$ or entirely lo/4 ,,table ,,exhibit+ ,,! ,,p] ,,c5tage ,,composition ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,samples ,,( ,,am]ican ,,& ,,=eign ,,:eat ,,fl\r1 ,,by ,,lewis ,c4 ,,beck1 ,m4,d4 7#ahdi74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,glut5 ,glucos ,k9d ( ,:eat ,fl\r1 & f & dextr9e1 :5ce obta9$ ,wat]album5,/>* c4 ,bran ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c\ntry ,mills1 ,new ,j]sey #ab4ge #aa4ee #fe4ie #h4aj 4#fe ,we/ ,j]sey ,:eat #ab4hj #ab4cb #fi4dh #e4ij 4#ej ,:ite ,:eat1 ,new ,j]sey #aa4ee #ab4fj #ff4he #h4ej 4#ej ,p5nsylvania ,:eat #aa4ij #ac4af #ff4bj #g4be 4#ge ditto ditto #ac4ce #ab4gc #ff4ij #f4ej 4#eb ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ac4ce #ad4gb #ga4bh 4#fe ,pelham ,:eat1 ,ul/] ,co41 ,n4,y4 #aj4gi #ac4ag #fg4gd #g4fj 4#gj ,pure ,g5esee ,:eat #ac4bj #aa4je #ge4bj 4#ee ,ohio ,:eat1 f9e #ab4he #ab4be #gc4ij #a4jj ,ohio ,:eat1 sup]f9e #ac4jj #i4aj #gg4hj 4#aj ,w9t] ,:eat1 ,ohio #ac4aj #aa4ef #ff4hd #g4ij 4#fj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ac4je #ab4fi #gc4fa 4#fe ,mi*igan ,:eat1 sup]f9e #ac4be #aa4aj #gd4hj 4#he ,mi*igan ,:eat #ab4be #aj4jj #fg4gj #h4ge 4#ge ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ab4ge #aa4bj #ff4jj #h4ej #a4je ,ill9ois ,:eat #ab4gc #ad4fa #fe4bj #f4de 4#hj ,magnolia ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #ac4ac #aj4bg #fi4ge #f4ae 4#ce ,m\nd ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ac4dh #aj4ec #fg4ce #h4ae 4#bj ,wal%'s ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ab4gj #aj4fc #fi4dj #f4fe 4#dj ,wa%+ton ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ab4hh #aa4jj #fh4fe #g4bg 4#bj ,miss\ri ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ac4jj #aj4df #fg4gi #h4ce 4#dj ,o',fallan's ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ab4he #aa4be #fh4bd #g4jj 4#ff ,pho5ix ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ac4bb #aj4aj #fh4gj #g4cj 4#ae ,nonantum ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ab4aj #aa4jb #fh4fj #g4ic 4#ce ,frankl9 ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #ab4be #aj4bi #fi4he #g4bf 4#ce ,eagle ,mill1 ,/4 ,l\is #aa4jj #aj4ae #fi4ej #h4fe 4#bj ,w9t] ,:eat1 ,miss\ri #ad4jj #i4cj #gj4je #f4cj 4#ce ,wiscons9 ,:eat #ab4hj #ac4bj #fh4ij #f4ej 4#gj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ab4hj #ac4df #gb4ed #a4bj ,m>yl& ,:eat #ac4jj #ab4cj #ff4fe #g4aj 4#fe ,ri*mond ,city ,mill #aa4gj #ac4jj #fg4ej #f4ij 4#ej ,haxall & ,co41 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #aa4dj #ab4hj #fh4ej #f4fj 4#ce ,virg9ia ,:eat1 sup]f9e #ab4je #ab4ie #gd4ej 4#ej ,haxall & ,co41 be/ br&1 '#di #aa4dj #ac4be #fh4bj #f4be 4#fj ,haxall & ,co41 #bnd br&1 '#di #aa4jj #ac4bj #ge4fj 4#bj ,ri*mond ,city ,mill1 '#di #aa4ij #aj4ej #gj4jj #g4aj 4#ej ,oregon ,:ite ,:eat1 ,va4 #ab4hj #ad4hj #ga4cj #a4aj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ac4he #ad4ej #fe4ae #e4ij 4#fj ,gallego ,mill1 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #aa4ej #ac4ej #fh4ce #f4jj 4#fe ,%ip ,br&yw9e1 ,liv]pool #ac4ch #aj4fb #fg4fj #g4ge 4#fe ,%ip ,fan*on1 ,liv]pool #ac4hc #aa4ch #fg4de #f4cd #a4jj ,%ip ,new ,_w1 ,liv]pool #ac4fe #aa4fj #fe4hj #g4gj 4#fe ,%ip ,juniata1 ,liv]pool #ab4ej #ad4ad #fd4bj #h4cf 4#hj ,%ip ,/eph5 ,lurman1 ,liv]pool #aa4fe #ac4ah #fd4ej #i4ee 4#fh ,%ip ,leila1 ,liv]pool #ac4bb #ac4ah #fd4fe #h4jj 4#ie ,%ip ,ox5bridge1 ,liv]pool #ac4ij #aj4ac #fh4db #g4cj 4#be bran ,%ip ,italy1 ,liv]pool #ab4id #aj4fj #fh4ef #g4ij ,%ip ,we/ ,po9t1 ,liv]pool #ad4cj #ab4cj #fc4jj #i4de 4#ie ,%ip ,w4,h4 ,h>beck1 ,liv]pool #ac4ec #aj4ah #ff4ie #h4hj 4#cj ,%ip ,pr9ceton1 ,liv]pool #ac4dj #aa4eb #fe4fj #g4ij 4#he ,%ip ,columbus1 ,liv]pool #ac4ej #aj4de #ff4de #h4ej #a4jc ,%ip ,russell ,glov]1 ,liv]pool #ac4de #aj4dg #ff4bj #h4hc #a4je ,%ip ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,liv]pool #ac4hj #i4jj #gj4hj #e4ie 4#ch ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ac4cj #i4de #gf4ij 4#ce ,%ip ,cambridge1 ,liv]pool #ad4ej #h4eb #gj4fj #e4dj 4#dj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ad4aj #i4aj #gj4ee #e4de 4#bj ,%ip ,columbus1 ,liv]pool #ad4he #h4dg #gf4dh 4#bj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ad4ae #i4jj #gf4fj 4#be ,%ip ,a%burton1 ,liv]pool #ac4ee #aa4fh #fi4bb #e4cj 4#be ,:eat gr[n 9 ,canada ,we/ #ab4hj #g4bc #gd4ab #e4aj 4#ge ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ab4fj #h4de #gh4ee 4#dj ,*ilian ,:eat #ab4dd #i4de #fg4hj #h4cg #a4cj ,*ilian ,:eat #ab4he #h4fe #ga4fj #f4aj 4#fj bran ,valp>aiso ,:eat #ab4ej #ad4ee ,fr5* ,:eat #ac4bj #i4he #fi4jj #g4fe 4#cj ,spani% ,:eat #ac4ej #aj4cj #fh4ij #g4jj 4#cj ,canivano ,:eat #aa4cc #af4ce #fc4aj #f4ej #b4cj ,canivano ,:eat #aa4ae #ae4dj #fg4be #e4gj 4#fj ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #ab4fj #ah4gj #fg4jj #a4gj ,h>d :eat1 gr[n ne> ,malaga #aj4hg #ab4ae #fd4ch #ab4fj lactic acid ditto ditto 7#bnd gr9d+7 #aj4jj #ad4ej #fj4bj #ae4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,!re is no crop1 ! skilful & successful cultivation ( :i* on ! same soil1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 requires m art ?an is dem&$ to produce good :eat4 ,to gr[ ?is gra9 on fre% l&1 adapt$ to ! peculi> habits & wants ( ! plant is an easy task4 ,b su* fields1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 fail soon] or lat] to produce s\nd & heal?y plants1 :i* are little liable to attacks f ! malady call$ ru/1 or :i* give l5g!n$ e>s or heads1 well fill$ ) plump se$s4 ,hav+ long resid$ 9 ! be/ :eat-gr[+ di/rict 9 ! ,union1 ! writ] has devot$ ye>s ( /udy & obs]vation to all ! influ5ces ( soil1 climate1 & con/itutional peculi>ities1 :i* affect ?is bread-be>+ plant4 ,x is f> m liable to smut1 ru/1 & %r9k 9 "s soils ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is is true 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 & e o!r section :]e :eat has long be5 cultivat$4 ,z ! alkalies & o!r f]tiliz+ elem5ts become exhau/$ 9 ! virg9 soils ( ,am]ica1 its crops ( :eat n only become small] on an av]age1 b ! plants fail 9 con/itutional vigor1 & are m liable to diseases & attacks f p>asites & de/ructive insects4 ,defects 9 soil & improp] nutrition lead to ^! disa/r\s results4 ,soils are defective 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,!y lack soluble silica1 or fl9t 9 an available =m1 ) :i* to produce a h>d glassy /em t w be little subject to ru/4 ,soluble fl9t is nev] v abundant 9 cultivat$ soils2 & aft] !y h be5 till$ "s ye>s1 ! supply is defici5t 9 quantity4 ,x is n v difficult to le>n ) consid]able accuracy ! am\nt ( silica :i* ra9-wat] z x falls on ! e>? w dissolve out ( #a1jjj gra9s ( soil 9 ! c\rse ( eight or t5 days4 ,hot wat] w dissolve m ?an cold2 & wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid m ?an pure wat] :i* has be5 boil$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,rog]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 z publi%$ 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 h a direct be>+ on ?is subject4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pr(4 ,emmons ( ,albany1 9 8 elaborate & valuable "w on ,agriculture1 z a "p ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 %[ t #aj1jjj p>ts ( soil yield only f "o to ?ree p>ts ( soluble silica4 ,! analyses ( ,dr ,jackson1 z publi%$ 9 8 ,geological ,survey ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 give simil> results4 ,e>? tak5 f an old & badly exhau/$ field 9 ,georgia1 gave ! writ] only "o "p ( soluble fl9t 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,:at elem5ts ( crops ra9 wat]1 at summ] heat1 w dissolve out ( t5 or tw5ty p\nds ( soil1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree mon?s1 is a po9t 9 agricultural sci5ce :i* %\ld be made ! subject ( num]\s & rigid exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is way1 ! capabilities ( diff]5t soils & _! adaptation to diff]5t crops may be te/$1 9 connection ) practical exp]im5ts 9 field culture1 on ! same k9d ( e>?4 ,few :eat-gr[]s are aw>e h[ mu* dissolv$ fl9t an acre ( good :eat dem&s to prev5t its hav+ co>se1 s(t1 & spongy /ems1 :i* are any?+ b a heal?y organization ( ! plant4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 vol4 #g1 !re is an ext5d$ ,report on ! ,analysis ( ! ,a%es ( ,plants1 by ,?omas ,way1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college1 ,cir5ce/]1 :i* gives ! result ( sixty-two analyses ( ! a% ( :eat1 f z _m samples ( t gra91 mo/ly gr[n on diff]5t soils & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 ?is report are giv5 ! quantity ( :eat p] acre1 ! weight ( /raw cut close to ! gr\nd to ! acre1 & also t ( ! *aff4 ,^! rese>*es %[1 t f n9ety-?ree to "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( soluble fl9t are requir$ to =m an acre ( :eat2 & ,i w add f my own inve/igations1 t ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is silica is dem&$ by nature dur+ ! la/ sixty days prec$+ ! matur+ ( ! crop4 ,?is is ! p]iod 9 :i* ! /em acquires its solidity & /r5g?1 & mo/ ( its incombu/ible e>?y matt]4 ,! quantity ( ?is v>ies f ?ree to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! /raw4 ,pr(4 ,john/on & ,sir ,humphry ,davy give in/ances 9 :i* m ?an fifte5 p] c5t4 ( a% 0 f\nd2 & ,pr(4 ,way gives cases :]e less ?an ?ree p] c5t4 7 obta9$4 ,! mean ( =ty samples 0 f\r & a half p] c5t4 ,dr4 ,spr5gel gives ?ree & a half z ! mean ( 8 analyses4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd an av]age ( sev5 p] c5t4 ,z fl9t is truly ! bone ( all ! grass family1 imp>t+ to !m /r5g?1 z 9 cane1 timo?y1 corn1 oats1 rye1 rice1 millet1 & ! proportion ( ?is m9]al v>ies z mu* 9 :eat-/raw1 z bone does 9 v lean & v fat hogs or cattle4 ,a "y gr[+ animal1 :e!r a *ild or a colt1 t is kept on food :i* lacks bone-e>?1 7phosphate ( lime17 w h s(t c>tilag9\s bones4 ,nature _c sub/itute iron or any o!r m9]al 9 ! animal sy/em1 out ( :i* to =m h>d /rong bones2 nor c any o!r m9]al 9 ! soil p]=m ! peculi> function assign$ to silica 9 ! vital economy ( c]eal plants4 ,to protect ! liv+ g]ms 9 ! se$s ( :eat1 corn1 oats1 rye1 b>ley1 c1 ! cuticle or bran ( ^! se$s conta9s consid]able fl9t4 ,! same is true ( *aff4 ,! "q naturally arises1--,h[ is ! f>m] to increase ! quantity ( soluble silica or fl9t 9 8 soil8 ,?is is a "q ( ! highe/ practical importance4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ways 9 :i* ! object nam$ may be atta9$4 ,fir/1 by keep+ few] acres "u ! pl\gh4 ,l& 9 pa/ure1 if well manag$1 w ga9 its f]tility1 & 9 ! process accumulate soluble silica 9 ! surface soil4 ,9 ?is way m :eat & sur] crops may be made by cultivat+ a field 9 :eat two ye>s ?an f\r or six4 ,if ! field 9 ! mean "t be devot$ to wool-gr[+1 butt] or *eese-mak+1 or to /ock-rais+1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to make great crops ( grass or clov] to gr[ on ! l&1 & h all ! manure1 bo? solid & liquid1 appli$ to its surface4 ,!re are _m c\nties 9 ,engl& t yield an av]age ( ?irty-two bu%els ( :eat p] acre = t5 crops 9 succession4 ,!re are b few ( ! old c\nties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* av]age ! half ( t quantity3 & yet ,am]ica has great] agricultural capabilities ?an t ( ,great ,brita94 ,ano!r way to increase soluble silica 9 ! soil1 is to gr[ su* crops1 9 rotation ) :eat culture1 z w be/ prev5t ! loss ( dissolv$ fl9t1 at any "t by lea*+ & wa%+1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ra9 wat]4 ,?is rem>k is int5d$ to apply m p>ticul>ly to ^? l>ge di/ricts devot$ to cotton & tobacco culture1 plants t take up no consid]able am\nt ( silica1 & :i* by ! con/ant /irr+ ( ! e>?1 & ! clean tillage :i* !y dem&1 favor ! lea*+ ( ! soil4 ,to keep too mu* ( a plantation ( ^! crops1 is to less5 its capabilities = produc+ good crops ( corn1 :eat1 & b>ley1 at a small exp5se4 ,corn plants1 well manag$1 w extract m p\nds ( silica 9 ?ree or six mon?s f ! soil1 ?an any o!r4 ,z n an ounce ( ?is m9]al is ne$$ 9 ! animal economy ( man or bea/1 x c all be compo/$ 9 corn/alks1 blades1 & cobs1 or 9 ! dung & ur9e d]iv$ f corn1 & be f9ally reorganiz$ 9 ! /ems ( :eat plants4 ,corn culture & :eat culture1 if skilfully & sci5tifically conduct$1 g admirably toge!r4 ,( ! two1 m bread1 m meat1 & m money c be made f ! corn ?an f ! :eat plant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b s soon z :at is call$ high f>m+ 9 ,engl&1 %all be popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! crops bo? ( :eat & corn gr[n "h w demon/rate h[ little we appreciate ! va/ sup]iority ( our climate = ! economical fe$+ & clo?+ ( ! human family1 ov] t ( our "m c\ntry4 ,9 sev]al c\nties 9 ,engl&1 x takes f twelve to f\rte5 mon?s to make a crop ( :eat1 aft] ! se$ is put into ! gr\nd4 ,at or ne> ! fir/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahdg1 ,mr4 ,m4,b4 ,moore1 ( ,augu/a1 ,ga41 s[$ a bu%el ( se$ :eat on an acre & a half ( gr\nd1 :i* gave him ov] ?irty bu%els by ! middle ( ,may foll[+4 ,?is gr\nd 0 !n pl\gh$1 & a f9e crop ( hay made & cut 9 ,july4 ,aft] ?is1 a good crop ( peas 0 rais$1 & h>ve/$ 9 ,octob]1 be=e x 0 "t to se$ ) :eat aga91 z 0 done4 ,:ile ! mean temp]ature ( ,engl& is s l[1 t corn plants w n rip51 9 ,georgia "o c gr[ a crop ( :eat 9 ! w9t]1 & ne>ly two crops ( corn 9 succession 9 ! summ] & autumn1 be=e x is "t to s[ :eat aga94 ,no writ]1 to my k1 has done full ju/ice to ! va/ agricultural res\rces ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,am]ican conf$]acy4 ,b !re is mu* ( its soil :i* is n ri* 9 ! elem5ts ( bread4 ,no?+ b ! c>eful /udy ( ^! elem5ts1 & ( ! natural laws by :i* !y are gov]n$1 c rem$y defects 9 :eat culture any:]e1 b especially on v poor l&4 ,all alkal9e m9]als1 su* z pota%1 soda1 lime1 ammonia1 & magnesia1 ha/5 ! solution ( ! sev]al insoluble comp\nds ( silica 9 ! soil4 ,?is fact %\ld be rememb]$ by e f>m]4 ,to und]take an explanation ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* alkalies1 oxides1 & acids act & re-act ^u ea* o!r 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 :5 subject to tillage1 w\ld be out ( place 9 ?is outl9e view ( :eat-gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i may /ate ! fact1 h[ev]1 z asc]ta9$ by _m analyses1 t a cubic foot ( good :eat soil 9 ! valley ( ! ,g5esee1 conta9s tw5ty times m lime ?an d ! poore/ soils 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,! quantity ( gypsum1 bone-e>?1 & magnesia1 available z food = plants1 v>ies 9 an equal degree4 ,n only lime1 b phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & magnesia are lack+ 9 mo/ soils1 if "o desires to raise a l>ge crop ( :eat1 & h ! se$s ( ! gra9 weigh z mu* z ! /raw4 ,9 a numb] ( ! specim5s ( :eat analyz$ by ,pr(4 ,way1 :5 cut close to ! roots1 ! dry :eat outweigh$ ! dry /raw4 ,hav+ secur$ ! gr[? ( a bright1 h>d1 glassy /em1 ! next ?+ is to develop a long1 well-fill$ e>4 ,to ?is end1 available ammonia or nitrog51 phosphorus1 pota%1 & magnesia are indisp5sable4 ,ammonia 7spirits ( h>t%orn7 is necess>y to aid 9 =m+ ! combu/ible "p ( ! se$4 ,! o!r +r$i5ts nam$ are requir$ to assi/ 9 mak+ ! incombu/ible "p ( ! gra94 ,9 #ajj p>ts ( ! a% ( :eat1 !re are ! foll[+ sub/ances1 viz43-- ,silica #b4bh ,phosphoric acid #de4gc ,sulphuric acid #j4cb ,lime #b4jf ,magnesia #aj4id ,p]oxide ( iron #b4jd ,pota% #cb4bd ,soda #d4jf ,*loride ( sodium #j4bg ----- ,total #ii4id ,! quantity ( a% 9 :eat v>ies f #a to #b p] c5t42 ! av]age is ab\t #a4fi4 ,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid 9 any giv5 quantity ( ! a% ( :eat v>ies f =ty to fifty p] c5t4 ( ! same4 ,se$s t h a ?ick cuticle or bran1 & little glut51 conta9 a small] p] c5tage ( phosphoric acid1 & m silica4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! a% is pota%2 9 ne>ly all cases magnesia v>ies f n9e to f\rte5 p] c5t42 lime f "o & a half to six p] c5t4 ,p]oxide ( iron is seldom z abundant z 9 ! a% above giv51 & ! same is true ( soda4 ,*loride ( sodium is common salt1 & exi/s 9 a small quantity4 ,salt is beg9n+ to be mu* us$ z a f]tiliz] on :eat l&s 9 we/]n ,new ,york4 ,x op]ates indirectly to increase ! crop4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z ab\t ! av]age composition ( ! a% ( :eat-/raw4 ,x is ,specim5 ,no4 #dj1 9 ! tables ( ,pr(4 ,way1 & ,i copy v]batim all t is said ^u ! subject3 ,soil1 s&y2 subsoil1 /one & clay2 geological =mation1 silurian2 dra9$2 eight ye>s 9 tillage2 crop1 aft] c>rots1 tw5ty tons p] acre2 till$ ,decemb]1 #ahde2 heavy crop2 m[n1 ,augu/ #ab?2 c>ri$1 ,augu/ #bj?2 e/imat$ yield1 =ty-two bu%els p] acre2 /raw long1 gra9 good1 weight sixty-two p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,l5g? ( /raw1 =ty-two in*es4 ,relation ( ,gra91 ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,actual quantities4 ,p] c5tage4 ,gra9 #afcc lbs4 #de4ae ,/raw #agcb #dg4hi ,*aff #bej #f4if ---- ,total #cfae lbs4 ,specific gravity ( gra9 #a4cif ,weight ( gra9 p] acre #bfjd lbs4 /raw #b1gge #c_/aj?s4 *aff #dja #a_/f?4 ,m9]al ,matt] 9 an ,acre4 ,:eat #dd lbs4 ,/raw #aac ,*aff #dg #a_/f?4 ----------- ,total #bjd #g_/aj?s4 ,analysis ( ! ,a% ( ! ,gra94 ,p] c5tage4 ,remov$ f an acre4 lbs4 ozs4 ,silica #e4fc #b #h ,phosphoric acid #dc4ih #ai #h ,sulphuric acid 4#ba #j #a #a_/f?4 ,lime #a4hj #j #ab #h_/aj?s4 ,magnesia #aa4fi #e #c #b_/aj?s4 ,p]oxide ( iron 4#bi #j #b ,pota% #cd4ea #ae #e #f_/aj?s4 ,soda #a4hg #j #ac #c_/aj?s4 ----- --- ---------- ,total #ii4ih #dd #f l_/#aj?s4 ,analysis ( ,/raw ) its proportion ( ,*aff4 ,p] c5tage4 ,remov$ p] acre4 lbs4 ozs4 ,silica #fi4cf #aaa #a #g_/aj?s4 ,phosphoric acid #e4bd #h #f #g_/aj?s4 ,sulphuric acid #d4de #g #b #b_/aj?s4 ,lime #f4if #aa #b #b_/bj?s4 ,magnesia #a4de #b #e ,p]oxide ( iron 4#bi #a #b ,pota% #aa4gi #ah #ad ,soda none none4 ,*loride ( sodium ----- --- ----------- ,total #ii4ed #afj #a l_/#aj?s4 ,if we subtract ! #aaa p\nds ( silica f #afj p\nds ( m9]als 9 ! /raw & *aff1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at are left & ^? 9 :eat1 is n great4 ,z ! /ems & leaves ( :eat plants gr[ be=e _! se$s1 if all ! phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & lime available 9 ! soil is consum$ be=e ! organization ( ! se$s beg91 f :at s\rce is nature to draw h] supply ( ^! +r$i5ts to =m a good crop ( :eat8 ,if ! f>m] c\ld rev]se ! ord] ( nature1 & gr[ a good supply ( se$s fir/1 & make /raw aft]w>ds1 !n _m a "o w\ld h>ve/ m :eat & less /raw4 ,b ! cultivator mu/ gr[ ! /ems1 roots1 & leaves ( :eat1 corn1 & cotton1 be=e nature w beg9 to =m ! se$s ( ^! sev]al plants3 & e "o %\ld "k t ! atoms 9 ! soil1 :i* are consum$ 9 organiz+ ! bodies ( cultivat$ plants1 are1 9 ! ma91 id5tical 9 k9d ) ^? requir$ to make _! se$s4 ,! proportions1 h[ev]1 diff] v consid]ably4 ,?us1 :ile #ajj p>ts ( ! a% ( :eat conta9 an av]age ( #de p>ts ( phosphoric acid1 #ajj ( ! a% ( ! :eat /raw conta9 an av]age ( only #e p>ts4 ,! diff]5ce is z #i to #a4 ,9 magnesia ! disp>ity is only a little less /rik+4 ,9 :at are call$ ! organic elem5ts ( :eat 7! combu/ible "p7 !re are sev5 times m nitrog5 9 #ajj p\nds ?an 9 a l weight ( /raw4 ,h5ce1 if ! f>m] conv]ts /raw into manure or compo/1 ) ! view ultimately ( trans=m+ x into :eat1 x w take #g p\nds ( /raw to yield nitrog5 en\gh to =m "o p\nd ( :eat4 ,few are aw>e h[ mu* labor & money is annually lo/ by ! fe$+ ( plants on food n /rictly adapt$ to ! peculi> wants ( nature 9 organiz+ ! same4 ,x is true1 t mo/ f>m]s dep5d on ! natural f]tility ( ! soil to n\ri% _! crops1 ) p]haps ! aid ( a little /able & b>n-y>d manure1 giv5 to a "p ( !m4 ,z ! natural res\rces ( ! l& beg9 to fail1 ! supply mu/ be drawn f o!r qu>t]s ?an an exhau/$ field1 or its cultivator w receive a poor return = ! labor be/[$4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :]e ! necessity = lib]al h>ve/s & artificial f]tiliz+ is f> great] ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! yield ( :eat is said to be gov]n$ 9 a good degree by ! am\nt ( ammonia available z food = gr[+ plants4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ n at all on !ory1 b altoge!r on ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 lime+ & manur+ are s mu* matt]s ( con/ant practice1 t few soils are s improv]i%$ z _m are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,) l& z nak$ & /]ile z is mu* t c be f\nd 9 ! :ole ?irte5 colonies betwe5 ,ma9e & ,alabama1 ,engli% f>m]s c\ld h>dly pay _! ti!s & poor rates1 to say no?+ ( o!r taxes1 r5t1 & ! coat ( produc+ _! annual crops4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds mak+ f>m+ p]man5tly pr(itable 9 all ! old] ,/ates1 is to accumulate 9 a *eap & skilful mann] ! raw mat]ial = good h>ve/s 9 ! soil4 ,ov] a t]ritory s ext5sive z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is extremely difficult to lay d[n any rule t w be applicable ev5 to a moiety ( ! republic4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m b$s ( m>l1 gre5s&1 gypsum1 lime/one1 sal9e & vegetable deposits available = ! improvem5t ( f>m+ l&s1 9 ! ,union4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are extrane\s res\rces1 ! ocean ) its fi%1 its %ells1 its sea-we$s1 & its f]tiliz+ salts1 :i* w yield an incalculable am\nt ( bread & meat4 ,9 ! subsoil & ! atmosph]e1 e agriculturi/ has res\rces :i* are n duly appreciat$ by "o 9 a ?\s&4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! soil mu/ be deep5$ be=e x c be p]man5tly improv$4 ,"o acre ( soil #ab in*es deep is wor? m to make money f1 by cultivat+ x1 ?an f\r acres #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,?us1 admit t a soil #f in*es deep w produce #ad bu%els ( :eat1 & t #ab bu%els w pay all exp5ses & give #b = pr(it4 ,f\r acres ( ?is l& w yield a net income ( only #h bu%els4 ,n[ d\ble ! dep? ( ! soil & ! crop3 mak+ ! latt] #bh bu%els1 in/ead ( #ad p] acre1 & ! =m] #ab in*es deep1 9 ! place ( #f4 ,fifte5 bu%els in/ead ( twelve1 w n[ pay all annual exp5ses1 & leave a net pr(it n ( two b ( ?irte5 bu%els p] acre4 ,if small crops w pay exp5ses1 l>ge ones w make a =tune2 provid$ ! f>m] kn[s h[ to enri* 8 l& 9 ! mo/ economical way4 ,x is q z easy to pay too de> = improv+ l&s1 z to lose money at any o!r bus9ess :atev]4 ,! fir/ ?+ = ! op]ator to d is to acquire all ! k )9 8 rea*1 f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs :o h done = _! soils :at he proposes to accompli% = 84 ,tw5ty or fifty doll>s1 inve/$ 9 ! be/ agricultural works 9 ! ,engli% language1 may save him ?\s&s 9 ! end1 & d\ble 8 pr(its 9 two ye>s4 ,! ,agricultural ,j\rnals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\nd 9 in=mation mo/ useful to ! practical f>m]3 & ! back volumes1 if collect$ & b\nd1 w =m a libr>y ( great value4 ,rotation ( ,crops 9 connexion ) ,:eat ,culture4--,a sy/em ( tillage & rotation :i* w pay be/ 9 "o locality1 or on "o quality ( soil1 & 9 a p>ticul> climate1 w be f\nd n at all adapt$ to o!r localities1 diff]5t soils & latitudes4 ,h5ce1 no rule c be laid d[n t w meet ! peculi> exig5cies ( a f>m+ c\ntry s ext5sive z ! ?irty ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,!re are soils 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 kn[n to ! writ]1 :i* h borne good crops ( :eat e o!r ye> = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & produce bett] n[ ?an at ! beg9n+ ( _! cultivation4 ,! res\rces ( ! e>? 9 supply+ ! elem5ts ( :eat & corn are extremely v>iable4 ,!re are friable %aley rocks 9 ,liv+/one c\nty1 ,n4,y41 :i* crumble & slake :5 expos$ to ! air1 t ab\nd 9 all ! e>?y m9]als necess>y to =m good :eat4 ,^! rocks are hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness1 & h furni%$ mu* ( ! soil 9 ! valley ( ! ,g5esee4 ,! ,onondaga ,salt ,gr\p1 & o!r contigu\s /rata1 :i* ext5d into ,canada ,we/1 =m soils ( extraord9>y capacity = gr[+ :eat4 ,inde$1 ! rocks & drift ( a di/rict give "* to its arable surface4 ,no?+ is m ne$$ at ?is "t ?an a good geological map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accompani$ by an accurate & popul>ly arrang$ "w on agricultural geology4 ,! writ] _h hop$ to give su* a map 9 ?is report2 b x is ?\ght be/ to devote ano!r ye> to ! collection ( geological surveys & facts1 & to ! mak+ ( m critical & ext5d$ rese>*es be=e publi%+4 ,9 ! matt] ( rotation ( crops 9 connection ) :eat culture1 clov] & corn are g5]ally pref]r$ 9 all ! ,nor!rn1 & mo/ ( ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,nor!rn ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois1 s f> z ! writ] is acqua9t$1 a crop ( :eat is made 9 rotation1 ei!r e ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? ye>4 ,:]ev] wool gr[+ is unit$ ) :eat culture1 clov] & :eat are ! /aple crops ( ! f>m4 ,wool & sup]f9e fl\r are export$2 f>m]s tak+ ne>ly all ! bran & %orts ( ! mill]s :o pur*ase _! :eat4 ,! (fal ( :eat makes n a little fe$ ) *aff & cut /raw4 ,_m agriculturi/s gr[ peas1 beans1 turnips1 beets1 & c>rots 9 l>ge quantities1 z well z clov]1 corn1 oats1 & b>ley4 ,peas & beans1 bo? /ems & pulse1 :5 well cur$1 are excell5t fe$ = %eep2 & on good l& !y are easily gr[n4 ,!y prep>e ! soil well = :eat4 ,all ! manure d]iv$ f %eep is husb&$ ) extreme c>e by ! f>m]s :o are gradually enri*+ _! l&s4 ,on a deep1 ri*1 arable soil1 q a numb] ( %eep may be kept p] acre1 if highly cultivat$2 & _! manure prep>es ! l& = produc+ g5]\s crops ( :eat at a small exp5se4 ,( all bus9ess m51 f>m]s %\ld be ! close/ calculators ( pr(it & loss4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to s[ good & clean se$ on clean l&4 ,previ\s to putt+ ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd 7drill+ is pref]able to s[+ broadca/71 :eat %\ld be soak$ five or six h\rs--n long]--9 /rong br9e4 ,aft] ?is1 add a peck or m ( rec5tly slak$ lime to ea* bu%el1 & %ovel x ov] well1 t ! lime may cov] ea* se$4 ,x is n[ ready to commit to ! e>?4 ,mo/ good f>m]s roll ! e>? aft] se$+3 "s be=e4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 plant]s are 9 ! habit ( p]mitt+ _! :eat to rema9 too long 9 ! field aft] x is cradl$1 & 9 small %ocks4 ,good b>ns are too sc>ce 9 all ! plant+ ,/ates1 & 9 "s o!rs4 ,summ] fall[+ is g5]ally ab&on$1 except 9 cases :]e old pa/ures & mead[s1 new prairie1 or bu%y bad fields are to be subdu$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 friable soils ne$ n be pl\gh$ long be=e ! int5d$ crop is expect$ to beg9 to gr[4 ,among f]tiliz]s1 wood a%es1 salt1 bones1 lime1 guano1 & p\drette h be5 us$ 9 :eat culture ) decid$ advantage4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 manure d]iv$ f ! consumption ( turnips & o!r root crops by %eep & neat cattle1 is mu* us$ 9 prep>+ l& = :eat4 ,%eep1 clov] & peas1 corn & hogs1 rotate well to insure ! economical production ( ?is /aple4 ,manure is usually appli$ to ! crop prec$+ :eat4 ,x may be int]e/+ to "s read]s to see 9 ?is place ! mean result ( sev]al organic analyses ( :eat made by ,m4 ,b\ss+ault4 ,:eat1 dri$ at #bcj deg4 9 vacuo1 0 f\nd to conta93 ,c>bon #df4a ,oxyg5 #dc4d ,hydrog5 #e4h ,nitrog5 #b4c ,a% #b4d ----- ,total #ajj4j ,*>coal may be reg>d$ z a fair repres5tative ( c>bon1 & wat] z ! repres5tative ( bo? oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,x w be se5 by ! above figures1 t ov] #ie p] c5t4 ( :eat is made up ( elem5ts :i* greatly ab\nd 9 nature 9 an available condition2 & ! same is true ( all o!r plants4 ,x is d\btless ow+ to ?is circum/ance1 t a comp>atively small quantity ( guano & o!r highly conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s are able to produce crops five1 t51 & fifty times great] ?an _! own weight4 ,azote1 or nitrog51 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 or nitric acid1 7aqua =tis71 & ! incombu/ible "p ( plants are ! elem5ts :i* lea/ ab\nd 9 soils1 & %\ld be husb&$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! ,hon4 ,c4,p4 ,holcomb1 ( ,delaw>e1 furni%es "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3-- ,a %ort :eat crop 9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,web/] says1 affects ! ex*anges ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ! va/ increase ( population 9 ! abs5ce ( long w>s & fam9es1 ! importance ( ?is /aple is con/antly increas+4 ,its cultivation is ! mo/ attractive & pleasant ( all descriptions ( husb&ry2 & its rew>ds are g5]ally remun]at+1 :5 ! soil & climate are favorable1 & ! m>kets are n too di/ant4 ,x is important to "k :at our relation is to ?is /aple ( ! _w1 & :at is1 & :at is likely to be1 our contribution to ! great aggregate ( production4 ,beyond fe$+ our own great & rapidly increas+ population1 x probably w n soon1 if ev]1 be v great4 ,x is a mi/ake1 ,i appreh5d1 to suppose our c\ntry is naturally a great :eat-produc+ c\ntry4 ,! :eat di/rict at pres5t1 9 comp>ison to ! :ole ext5t ( our t]ritory1 is limit$4 ,x is conf9$1 s f> z any appreciable am\nt is gr[n1 to ab\t t5 degrees ( latitude & tw5ty degrees ( longitude1 & embrac+ ab\t "o half ! numb] ( ! ,/ates4 ,! crop ( #ahdh is e/imat$ by ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts at "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six millions1 & our population at tw5ty-two millions4 ,?is gives a less numb] ( bu%els1 p] head1 to our population ?an ! consumption ( ,great ,brita91 :i* is g5]ally set d[n at "o hundr$ & sixty millions1 or six bu%els to ea* inhabitant4 ,b ) u ,indian corn is a great sub/itute2 s are potatoes & oats 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,/ill our consumption ( :eat1 includ+ ! black population1 is und\bt$ly less1 p] head1 ?an !irs4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any c]ta9 data1 to asc]ta9 ei!r ! actual production1 or our consumption1 our only safe c\rse is to take ! actual excess1 or ! am\nt export$1 aft] supply+ our own wants4 ,?is1 = ! fiscal ye> #ahdh1 be+ ! crop ( #ahdg1 am\nt$1 9 fl\r & :eat1 to twelve millions two hundr$ & n9ety-f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five bu%els1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,burke's figures w\ld %[ a surplus ( "s =ty millions6 ,t !re 0 n1 & nev] has be5 any su* surplus 9 ! c\ntry is v evid5t1 = ! =eign dem& 0 all ! "t good1 & drew away all we _h to "p )4 ,! crop ( #ahdh 01 und\bt$ly1 "o ( ! be/ & l>ge/ we h ev] gr[n2 yet ,i h asc]ta9$1 by application at ! regi/r>'s (fice1 t ! exports = ! fiscal ye> #ahdb1 am\nt$ 9 :eat to b #a1ebg1ecd bu%els1 & 9 fl\r to #b1ajh1jac b>rels1 or less by #bbf1fgf bu%els ?an ! exports ( #ahdh4 ,twelve millions is comp>atively a small surplus 9 a favorable season1 = a c\ntry ) a population ( tw5ty-two millions ( inhabitants4 ,! loss ( a small p] c5t4 9 an unfavorable season w\ld at once s9k ?is excess4 ,let u n[ notice m 9 detail ! diff]5t sections ( our c\ntry z adapt$ to ! gr[? ( :eat4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 "s ( !m aid$ 9 _! rec5t ent]prises by b\nties (f]$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 h fail$ to insure su* success z is likely to enc\rage !m to cont9ue ! culture ( :eat2 or1 at all ev5ts1 to induce !m to aim at increas+ _! product to any consid]able ext5t1 s9ce1 z "o ( _! own f>m]s c&idly /ates1 ! attempt to gr[ a crop ( :eat is an exp]im5t4 ,! ,/ates s\? ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & inclusive ( a "p ( ,delaw>e1 h nev] h]et(ore succe$$ 9 gr[+ :eat to any consid]able ext5t1 ?\gh !re 7 p]iods 9 _! hi/ory--be=e ! g5]al introduction ( ! culture ( cotton--:51 if x _h be5 practicable to make ! c]eal "o ( _! /aples1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h done s4 ,besides ! common dang]s f ru/ & blight1 ! fly1 & sometimes ! fro/--z ! pa/ season--!y h a mo/ =midable enemy 9 ! weevil4 ,9 ,upp] ,georgia1 9 ! ,*]okee c\ntry 9 p>ticul>1 :eat w probably be cultivat$ to "s ext5t1 & a limit$ cultivation ( x by ! plant]s = _! own use w probably cont9ue 9 sev]al ( ! s\!rn /ates4 ,b ! cotton1 rice1 & sug> /ates1 l ! manufactur+ /ates ( ,new ,engl&1 w n soon1 if ev]1 add mu* to ! supply ( :eat2 ! ri* /aples ( ! =m]1 & ! v>i$ husb&ry & graz+ ( ! latt]1 suit$ to supply ! imm$iate wants ( a manufactur+ population1 w be likely to receive _! att5tion 9 pref]5ce4 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 ?\gh _! agricultural hi/ory dates back beyond ! settlem5t ( ! nor?-we/]n /ates1 h already be5 out-/ripp$ by at lea/ two ( !m4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! /ates has ! culture ( :eat ev] be5 put =w>d1 & reg>d$ z "o ( _! be/ /aples1 or z v favorably adapt$ to _! soil & climate4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ! =midable dang] f ru/1 ! production ( ,t5nessee is e/imat$ to be equal to n9e bu%els to ea* p]son1 & ,k5tucky ab\t sev5 & a half bu%els4 ,miss\ri may be class$ ) ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 :i* %e mu* resembles 9 soil1 climate1 & productions1 except t %e raises mu* less :eat ?an ei!r1 h] crop be+ plac$ by ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts at only two millions1 or less ?an f\r bu%els to ea* resid5t ( ! /ate4 ,b1 besides t ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ disc\rages ! idea t ^! f9e /ates are likely to become great :eat-produc+ /ates1 ! fact t ! /aple ( cotton may be cultivat$ ov] a consid]able portion ( "o ( !m1 & t hemp & tobacco are among ! valuable products ( ! o!r two2 t ,t5nessee is ! v l>ge/ corn-produc+ /ate 9 ! ,union1 %[+ h] soil & climate are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ?is description ( gra91 & t ,k5tucky & ,miss\ri are unsurpass$ z graz+ c\ntries1 & !re is little gr\nd to suppose t any *ange 9 _! husb&ry w v greatly or sudd5ly augm5t ! production ( :eat4 ,let u come n[ to ! ,/ates ( ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 & ,i[a1 & t fabul\s :eat di/rict or t]ritory to ! we/ ( ^! aga91 f :i*1 accord+ to ! vatic9ations ( "s1 may be drawn supplies ( :eat to fe$ ! population ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica1 or fill w>eh\ses t w\ld su/a9 our p ?r\gh a long] fam9e ?an t :i* afflict$ ! p ( ,egypt6 ,i _c help ?9k+ t1 to "s ext5t1 ?is g5]ally f]tile di/rict ( c\ntry has1 s f> z ! production ( :eat is conc]n$1 be5 %\t$ =? 9 acclamations hyp]bolical4 ,my own impression 9 reg>d to x is1 includ+ ! /ates la/ nam$1 d]iv$ 9 "p f obs]vation1 f int]c\rse & correspond5ce ) intellig5t agriculturi/s ( ^! /ates1 & f a c>eful exam9ation ( a geological survey ( two ( !m1 t ! soil & climate ( ?is :ole di/rict ( c\ntry are n p>ticul>ly favorable to ! production ( :eat4 ,! popul> idea ,i "k to be o!rwise4 ,i am n go+ to dwell ^u x1 or to exam9e ! subject at any l5g?4 ,!re is a s+le rem>k t may help to expla9 ! reputation t has gone abroad 9 ref]5ce to ! :eat-produc+ qualities ( ^! l&s4 ,! prairie sod1 :5 fir/ brok5 up1 g5]ally produces :eat well1 (t5 mo/ abundantly1 provid$ x escapes ! ru/1 insect1 c4 ,b1 :5 ?is gr\nd has be5 mu* furr[$1 becomes completely pulv]iz$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e1 ! light & friable m\ld1 ( :i* mo/ ( x is compos$1 dr5*$1 z a good deal ( x is1 at times1 ) surface wat]1 fails to hold or su/a9 ! roots ( ! plant1 x is ?r[n out1 or w9t]-kill$2 & w9t]-kill$1 w9t]-kill$1 w9t]-kill$1 we all "k1 is among ! catalogue ( disa/]s t almo/ annually rea* u4 ,sometimes1 :5 escap+ ! w9t]1 ! high w9ds ( spr+ bl[ ?is light soil f ! roots1 expos+ !m to su* an ext5t1 t1 9 a dry "t 9 p>ticul>1 ! :eat (t5 p]i%es4 ,:5 break+ up fre% prairies1 !re 0 mu* enc\ragem5t & promise ( hope1 b :i*1 ,i believe1 has n be51 nor is likely to be1 realiz$ by _! husb&m51 9 ! degree t e>ly exp]im5ts induc$ !m to look =4 ,z appe>s by ! la/ report ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 ! crop ( ,ill9ois1 9 ref]5ce to population & production1 is bel[ t ( ,k5tucky1 & bo? ,indiana & ,ill9ois are bel[ t ( ,t5nessee4 ,! crop ( ,indiana is set d[n at #h1cjj1jjj1 h] population at #a1jjj1jjj1 or equal to #h bu%els a-head4 ,! production ( ,ill9ois is /at$ at #e1djj1jjj1 h] population at #hjj1jjj1 or less ?an sev5 bu%els to ea* inhabitant--& bo? ^! fair & f]tile pla9s are /ill f>!r beh9d ! old batt]$ moors ( ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia4 ,mu* ( _! :eat1 too1 is spr+ :eat1 s[n (t5 on l& :]e ! fall crop _h w9t]-kill$1 increas+ ! numb] ( bu%els mu* m ?an ! value ( ! crop4 ,i h he>d x e/imat$ t full "o-?ird ( all ! :eat %ipp$ f ,*icago 0 ( ?is description4 ,*icago is _! great :eat depot4 ,sev]al millions ( bu%els are %ipp$ f ?is po9t1 ! contributions f p>ts ( ?ree ,/ates1 ,wiscons91 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois2 & :i* conc5tration ( _! jo9t product at ?is new we/]n city1 or some?+ else1 seems to h imp>t$ to ea* & all ^! /ates ! reputation ( great :eat-gr[+ /ates1 ?\gh !y are1 9 fact1 ) ! advantage ( a virg9 soil1 beh9d sev]al ( ! we/]n /ates1 & two at lea/ ( ! ea/]n or ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,! geological explorations ( ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,dale ,ow51 und]tak5 "u ! au?ority ( ,congress1 ?r[s mu* light on ! "* ( ! soil ( ,wiscons9 & ,i[a1 & ! description giv5 und\bt$ly *>act]izes mu* ( t region ( c\ntry4 ,! specific gravity ( ! soil1 ,mr4 ,ow5 /ates to be rem>kably light2 b :at he repres5ts to be a /rik+ feature 9 ! "* ( ! ,i[a & ,wiscons9 soils1 is ! entire abs5ce1 9 ! mo/ ( ! specim5s ( clay1 & 9 a l>ge proportion ( silex4 ,aga91 he speaks ( _! be+ p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! sug>-beet1 :i* he truly says1 fl\ri%es be/ 9 a loose f]tile m\ld4 ,aga91 he detect$ no phosphates2 b !y might be !re1 z ! virg9 soil produc$ good :eat4 ,s does ! virg9 soil ( mo/ ( ! prairie l&4--,! soil 0 ri* 9 ge9e1 c4 ,b ,i submit t ?is does n describe a :eat soil1 h>dly 9 any "o p>ticul>4 ,liebig tells u1 t h[ev] great ! proportion ( humus 9 a soil1 x does n necess>ily foll[ x w produce :eat--& cites ! c\ntry ( ,brazil4 ,aga91 he adds1 h[ does x happ5 t :eat does n fl\ri% on a s&y soil 7:i* mu* ( ! soil ( ^! /ates is describ$ to be71 & t a calc>e\s soil is also unsuitable to its gr[?1 unless x be mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( clay8 ,! late ,mr4 ,colman1 9 8 ,european ,agriculture1 /ates1 t ! soil pref]r$ = :eat 79 ,engl&7 is a /rong soil ) a l>ge proportion ( clay4 ,b ! "q aft] all is1 n :e!r ^! ,/ates _c gr[ :eat1 & 9 comp>atively l>ge quantities1 = we "k t :ile _! l&s are fre%1 !y c & d--b :e!r1 consid]+ ! haz>d ( ! crop f w9t]-kill+1 ! ru/1 ! fly--! risk f ! two =m] be+ equal to a l>ge p] c5t4 premium ( insurance1 !y are n likely to f9d _! int]e/ 9 graz+1 9 rais+ & fe$+ /ock1 in/ead ( attempt+ to ext5d _! :eat husb&ry4 ,"l ,br\gham has said1 t graz+ c\ntries are always ! mo/ prosp]\s1 & _! population ! mo/ cont5t$ & happy4 ,! meat m>kets ( ,great ,brita9 are likely to prove bett] & m /able = u1 ?an _! gra9 m>kets4 ,! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,ellswor?1 a di/+ui%$ citiz51 & l>ge f>m] ( ,indiana--di/+ui%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,union = 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( agriculture--?us expresses himself on ?is subject3 ,aft] a full consid]ation ( ! subject1 ,i am satisfi$ t /ock-rais+ at ! ,we/ is mu* m pr(itable ?an rais+ gra94 ,inde$1 an exam9ation ( ! nor?-we/]n ,/ates %[s a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! weal? ( ! grazi] ov] ^? :o crop ) gra94 ,! pr(its ( :eat appe> well 9 expectation on pap]1 b ! prospect is bla/$ by a sev]e w9t]1 appe>ance ( insects1 bad wea!r 9 h>ve/+1 9 ?re%+1 = !re are b few b>ns at ! ,we/1 or transport+ to m>ket1 or la/1 a fluctuation 9 ! m>ket itself4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,ellswor?1 ! result ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 himself l>gely int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! safe/ & sure/ c\rse to be pursu$4 ,! de/9y he has indicat$ = ?is beautiful f]tile region ( c\ntry1 w und\bt$ly be fulfill$2 x w become a great pa/oral1 /ock-rais+1 & /ock-fe$+ c\ntry4 ,ohio /&s n[1 z %e did at ! c5sus ( #ahdj1 at ! head ( all ! :eat ,/ates1 9 ! aggregate ( production2 h] crop ( #ahdh be+ e/imat$ at #bj1jjj1jjj1 :i* is ab\t equal to #aj bu%els p] head ( h] population4 ,! geological survey ( ?is ,/ate1 & ! "* ( ! soil1 z describ$ 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 9 a l>ge range ( h] c\nties1 z a clayey soil1 clayey loam1 clay subsoil1 c41 %[s ,ohio to possess a f9e natural :eat soil1 if inde$1 alt] ?irty ye>s ( a g5]ally successful :eat husb&ry1 su* additional te/imony or confirmation 0 necess>y4 ,mi*igan has also be5 successful 9 ! cultivation ( :eat4 ,h] burr-oak op5+s are unsurpass$ 9 produc+ :eat4 ,!y are int]v5+ ridges betwe5 l[ gr\nds1 or m>%es & bodies ( wat]1 & _! location n g5]ally consid]$ v heal?y4 ,a d\bt has also be5 sugge/$ z to :e!r ?is soil1 be+ a clayey loam1 re/+ on a s&y & gravelly subsoil1 is likely to we> z well z "s o!r portions ( ! f]tile soil ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts puts h] crop = #ahdh at #aj1jjj1jjj ( bu%els1 :i* is equal to #bc bu%els to ea* inhabitant6 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahdj1 ! population ( ,mi*igan 0 #bab1bfg2 numb] ( bu%els ( :eat1 #b1aeg1ajh4 ,h] population 9 #ahdh is e/imat$ at #dab1jjj4 ,:ile %e has b>ely d\bl$ h] population1 %e has1 accord+ to ! above e/imate1 m ?an quadrupl$ h] production ( :eat--increas$ x at ! rate ( ab\t "o million bu%els a ye> = eight consecutive ye>s1 mak+ ! quantity %e gr[s to ea* head ( h] population m ?an d\ble t ( any ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,we c at lea/ say1 & appeal to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! c\ntry to %[ x1 t = a p]iod ( m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s1 ! supply ( ! ,atlantic :eat ,/ates has g5]ally be5 con/ant1 & = ! mo/ "p abundant4 ,!y h furni%$ ! /aff ( life to sev]al g5]ations ( m51 & cotempor>y ) x1 an annual am\nt = export1 t mat]ially assi/$ 9 regulat+ ! ex*anges ( ! c\ntry4 ,engl& requires = h] own consumption1 ^u ! av]age ( ye>s1 some:]e ab\t #cb1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat m ?an %e produces4 ,! av]age annual entries ( =eign :eat = consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 = ! sixte5 ye>s end+ ) #ahde1 7 ab\t n9e & a half million bu%els4 ,inasmu* z ! av]age numb] ( acres 9 :eat crop 7 9 #ahdf ab\t #d1fjj1jjj1 ! av]age produce #adb1bjj1jjj bu%els1 or ov] #cj bu%els to ! acre--an improvem5t 9 ! h>ve/ to ! ext5t ( two bu%els p] acre1 w de/roy ! dem&1 & a defici5cy to t ext5t w d\ble x4 ,n[ z !re is an available surplus at ! neighb\r+ ports 9 ,europe1 9 ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea1 ( ab\t #ah1jjj1jjj ( bu%els only1 :5ev] !re is a dem& = home consumption1 =1 say #bj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 z 0 ! case 9 ea* ( ! five ye>s f #ahch to #ahdc1 l>g] %ipm5ts f ,am]ica w take place2 b :5ev] !re are good h>ve/s1 z 9 ! six ye>s f #ahca to #ahcg1 9 :i* ! defici5cy only rang$ f #bcj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj bu%els1 ! trade is n wor? notice4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t 9 a c\ntry l ,brita91 :]e capital is abundant1 consumption great1 speculation rife1 ! h>ve/ s unc]ta91 & ! /ake s great t a cl\dy day transf]s ?\s&s f "o brok] to ano!r1 ! importation _c be closely assimilat$ to ! actual wants ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ord9>y yield ( gra9 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom aft] d$uctions = se$1 is ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 & z ne>ly #ajj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( gra9 & meal 7 import$ 9 #ahdg1 !re mu/ h be5 a g5]al defici5cy ( ne>ly tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,/ati/ics ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 ! av]age ext5t ( l& "u gra9 culture1 c41 9 #ahdj1 0 e/imat$ z foll[s3-- ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 ,produce p] ,acre4 ,total ,produce4 ,:eat #c1hjj1jjj #c qu>t]s4 #ab1cej1jjj ,b>ley & rye4 #ijj1jjj #d #c1fjj1jjj ,oats & beans4 #c1jjj1jjj #d #ac1ejj1jjj ,,scotl&4 ,:eat #bbj1jjj #c #ffj1jjj ,b>ley #bhj1jjj #c #ihj1jjj ,oats #a1bge1jjj #d #e1gcg1ejj ,9 ,scotl&1 t5 ye>s ago1 #aej1jjj acres 7 reckon$ to be "u cultivation ) :eat1 #cjj1jjj ) b>ley1 & #a1cjj1jjj ) oats1 :i* is ! great crop & *ief food ( ! p4 ,mr4 ,brai?waite ,poole1 9 8 ,/ati/ics ( ,briti% ,comm]ce1 #aheb1 /ates--,! annual av]age production ( all sorts ( corn 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has be5 e/imat$ by compet5t p>ties at r m ?an #fj1jjj1jjj qu>t]s1 & #hj1jjj1jjj 9 value2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( g5]al (ficial returns1 we _c v\* = its accuracy1 al?\gh1 f v>i\s comp>isons1 !re are reasonable gr\nds = assum+ ?is calculation to be z ne>ly correct z possible4 ,"s p]sons 9 ! corn trade imag9e ! aggregate production to approa* almo/ #hj1jjj1jjj qu>t]s2 b ,i _c f9d any data extant to w>rant su* an ext5d$ assumption4 ,! e/imat$ produce ( :eat1 9 qu>t]s1 & acreage1 he /ates z foll[s3-- ,qu>t]s4 ,acreage4 ,engl& #ae1bjj1jjj #c1hjj1jjj ,irel& #a1hjj1jjj #fjj1jjj ,scotl& #a1bbe1jjj #cej1jjj ---------- --------- ,total #ae1bbe1jjj #d1gej1jjj ,! av]age price ( :eat p] qu>t] 9 ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 has be5 z foll[s3-- s4 d4 #ahdj #ff #d #ahda #fd #d #ahdb #eg #c #ahdc #ej #a #ahdd #ea #c #ahde #ej #aj #ahdf #ed #h #ahdg #fi #i #ahdh #ej #f #ahdi #dd #c #ahej #dj #d #ahea #ch #g #aheb #da #j ,! be/ :eat1 z well z ! greate/ quantity1 is rais$ 9 ! midl& c\nties4 ,f two & a half to ?ree ,w9*e/] bu%els p] acre are requir$ = se$1 & ! av]age produce v>ies f tw5ty-two to ?irty-two bu%els p] acre4 ,,! ,,cont95t4 ,! quantity ( :eat rais$ 9 ,france 9 #ahce 0 #ga1fig1dhd hectolitres1 ( :i* elev5 millions 0 requir$ = se$4 ,! av]age produce p] hect>e 0 /at$ at ?irte5 & a half hectolitres4 ,! total gra9 & pulse rais$ 9 t ye> 0 set d[n at #bjd1afe1aid hectolitres4 ,hectolitres4 ,masl9 #ab1bha1jbj ,b>ley #ah1ahd1caf ,rye #cb1iii1iej ,buck:eat #e1age1icc ,maize & ,millet #f1iea1agi ,oats #di1dfj1jeg ,peas & ,beans #c1cah1fia ,oats1 next to :eat is ! l>ge/ crop gr[n 9 ,france1 = ! support ( two million horses & ?ree & a half million mules & asses4 ,accord+ to ! ,annuaire de l',economie ,politique de la ,/ati/ique1 !re 7 #ac1ijj1jjj hect>es 7ea* ab\t #b acres7 "u cultivation ) ! c]eals 9 ,france4 ,! prim>y article ( consumption is :eat4 ,at ! rate ( ?ree hectolitres 7#a qr4 bu%47 to ea* individual1 e family w\ld require ?irte5 to f\rte5 hectolitres1 co/+ #baj to #bhj francs 7#h #aes4 to #aa #ajs47 accord+ z ! price v>ies1 betwe5 its pres5t value fifte5 francs1 & its occasional co/ tw5ty francs4 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi1 ,ar?ur ,"y ref]r$ ) horror to ! black bread eat5 by ! ,fr5*4 ,s9ce t "t half a c5tury has pass$1 & :il/ ! agricultural produce 9 ,france has tripl$ 9 value1 ! lab\r]s :o produce x cont9ue1 f cu/om & necessity1 to eat a dete/able bread made f rye1 b>ley1 or peas & potatoes2 &1 to make ! matt] /ill worse1 x is badly bak$1 )\t yea/1 & be+ sometimes kept = weeks1 x becomes cov]$ ) m\ld1 & altoge!r pres5ts an appe>ance en\gh to turn ! /oma* ( a savage4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,gregor's e/imate "s t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 ! l& "u :eat culture 0 #ac1hjh1aga acres1 produc+ #aia1jjj1jjj bu%els2 & #aa1gae acres ) spelt1 or r$ :eat1 ! yield ( :i* 0 #cgd1jjj bu%els4 ,! o!r crops 7-- ,acres ,crops1 bu%els ,masl9 #b1bea1dch #cb1jjj1jjj ,rye #f1cfi1hgi #gf1jjj1jjj ,b>ley #b1icf1dec #de1jjj1jjj ,oats #g1daf1big #acd1jjj1jjj ,maize #a1efa1cgb #bj1jjj1jjj ,:eat & oats are gr[n all ov] ,russia1 :i* is ! greate/ corn l& 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,au/rian ,italy ! yield ( gra9 has be5 reckon$ at ?ree million qu>t]s1 b ?is seems r l[4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ?is is maize & rye1 & a qu>t] :eat4 ,x is reckon$ t eight million qu>t]s ( gra9 are rais$ ye>ly 9 ,d5m>k1 b ?is seems d\btful4 ,9 #ahci1 a million qu>t]s ( gra91 h[ev]1 7 %ipp$ f t k+dom4 ,,briti% ,,am]ican ,,prov9ces4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus return ( #aheb1 ! numb] ( acres "u gra9 crops1 & ! produce 9 ,canada1 7 z foll[s3-- ,l[] ,canada--,produce4 ,upp] ,canada--,produce4 ,acres4 ,bu%els4 ,acres4 ,bu%els4 ,l[] ,canada--,produce ,upp] ,canada--,produce ,acres ,bu%els ,acres ,bu%els ,:eat #dbg1aaa #c1jge1hfh #ghb1aae #ab1fib1heb ,b>ley #db1ibg #ffh1fbf #bi1iaf #fbe1hge ,rye #df1jjg #cda1ddc #ch1ifh #dgi1fea ,oats #edj1dbb #h1ifg1eid #dba1fhd #aa1aic1hdd ,buck:eat #ea1gha #ecj1dag #dd1bfe #fci1cha ,maize #bb1ffi #djj1bhg #gj1ega #a1fff1eac ,fl\r may be valu$ at #bas4 ! b>rel4 ,! gra9 crops 9 ,l[] ,canada are tak5 9 ! m9ot1 & n 9 ! bu%el1 except 9 ! t[n%ips4 ,9 l mann]1 ! acres are tak5 9 arp5ts4 ,an arp5t is ab\t "o-sev5? less ?an an acre2 & a m9ot ab\t "o-eigh? 7"s say "o-twelf?7 m ?an a bu%el4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahej-a1 ,we/]n ,canada export$ upw>ds ( two million b>rels ( fl\r1 & ?ree million bu%els ( :eat1 be+ equival5t to #ac1fjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat4 ,! value ( ! :eat & fl\r export$ 9 #ahea 0 #djd1jcc4 ,canadian fl\r1 l t ( ,g5essee1 is ( v sup]ior quality4 ,,:eat4--,,upp] ,,canada4 ,bu%els4 ,to ea* inhabitant4 ,:eat crop ( #ahda 0 #c1bba1iia or #f4fj ,d4 #ahdg #g1eeh1ggc #aj4de ,d4 #ahdi #i1gjf1jhb #ab4jh ,d4 #ahea #ab1fib1heb #ac4cc ,! quantity ( l& "u :eat 9 ,upp] ,canada 0 #ghb1aae acres1 %[+ a yield ( ab\t sixte5 & ?ree qu>t] bu%els to ! acre4 ,! :eat produc$ 9 #aheb 0 valu$ at ne>ly two million p\nds /]l+4 ,,l[] ,,canada4 ,m9ots4 ,:eat crop 9 #ahdc 0 #idb1hce or #a4cf ,d4 #ahea #c1jge1hfh #c4df ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,bu%els4 ,:eat crop 9 #ahci 0 #hd1hcb1bgb or #d4if ,e/imat$ by pat5t (fice #ahdg #aad1bde1ejj #e4ej ,crop ( :eat #ahdi #ajj1fhd1fbg #d4cc ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to in/itute a fair] comp>ison1 ,i w divide ! ,/ates into ?ree classes1 viz43--#a/4 ,/ates gr[+ ov] six million bu%els4 ,bu%els4 ,population4 ,bu%1 p] head4 ,p5nsylvania #ae1cfg1fia #b1caa1gcf #f4fe ,ohio #ad1dhg1cea #a1ihj1djh #g4cb ,new ,york #ac1aca1dih #d1adh1ahb #c4af ,virg9ia #aa1bcb1faf #a1dba1ffa #g4ij ,ill9ois #i1dad1ege #hea1dga #aa4jf ,indiana #f1bad1deh #ihh1daf #f4bh ---------- ---------- ----- ,total #fi1hdg1ahi #aa1gja1ibd #e4ig #bnd4 ,/ates gr[+ ov] "o million & less ?an six million bu%els4 ,bu%els4 ,population4 ,bu%1 p] head4 ,mi*igan #d1ibe1hhi #cig1fed #ab4ci ,wiscons9 #d1bhf1aca #cje1aia #ad4jd ,m>yl& #d1did1fha #ehc1jca #g4ga ,miss\ri #b1iha1feb #fhb1jdc #d4ch ,k5tucky #b1adj1hbb #ihb1dje #b4ae ,nor? ,c>ol9a #b1acj1ajb #hfh1ijc #b4de ,t5nessee #a1fai1cha #a1jjb1ebe #a4fa ,new ,j]sey #a1fja1aij #dha1eee #c4bg ,i[a #a1ecj1eha #aib1bad #g4if ,georgia #a1jhh1ecd #ije1iii #a4ba ,s\? ,c>ol9a #a1jff1bgg #ffh1ejg #a4fj ---------- --------- ---- ,total #bg1hfe1bdj #g1jgh1aca #c4ic #crd4 ,! rema9+ ,/ates & t]ritories4 #b1gia1dgj #d1dff1bdf #j4fc ,total :eat crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ajj1ejc1hii bu%els4 ,population1 #bc1bdf1cja4 ,bu%els p] head1 #d4cc4 ,increase3--,u4 ,/ates1 #ahci #hd1hbc1bgb bu%els #ahdi #ajj1ejc1hif ----------- #ae1fhj1fbg ,or #ah4di p] c5t4 9 t5 ye>s4 ,upp] ,canada1 #ahda #c1bba1iia #ahea #ab1fib1hbe ---------- #i1dgj1hfa ,or ne>ly quadrupl+ itself 9 t5 ye>s4 ,bu%els4 ,population4 ,bu%4 p] head4 ,pr4 ,ed4 ,isl& #ahdg #bai1ghg #fb1fgh #c4ej ,newf\ndl& #ahej #big1aeg #bgf1aag #a4jh ,new ,brunswick #ahej #bjf1fce #aic1hjj #a4jf ,! ,ea/]n ,/ates 9 #ahdi rais$ #a1jij1hif bu%els4 ,population #b1ffh1ajf1 or #j4da ea*4 ,! population ( ,upp] ,canada is #ieb1ijd1 & all[+ five bu%els = ea*1 #d1gfj1jbj bu%els2 & = se$ at "o & a half bu%els p] acre #a1agc1agc bu%els #e1icc1aic2 leaves = export #f1gfa1ffh bu%els4 ,m ?an suffici5t to supply ! consumption ( ! :ole ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,7 ! population ( ,l[] ,canada to consume fl\r at ! giv5 rate1 x w\ld require-- ,bu%els4 #hij1bfa at five bu%els ea* #d1dea1cje ,se$ #fdj1jjj --------- #e1jia1cje ,gr[n #c1jge1hfh --------- #b1jae1dcg ,leav+ a surplus ( :eat 9 ,canada #d1gdf1bca bu%els1 or at f\r & a half bu%els = ea*1 equal to #a1jed1gah b>rels ( fl\r4 ,pr(essor ,john/on 9 8 report on ,new ,brunswick1 furni%es "s valuable in=mation z to ! produce !re4 ,! foll[+ table ( av]age weights indicates a capacity 9 ! soil & climate to produce gra9 ( a v sup]ior quality3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,buck- ,,c\nties ,:eat ,b>ley ,oats ,rye ,:eat ,maize ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sa9t ,john #fa -- #da -- #ej -- ,we/morel& #fj #dh #ce -- #dh #ei ,alb]t #eh #ej #cd #ej #de -- ,*>lotte #ei #de #ci -- #eg #ei ,k+'s #ei #dh #cg -- #dh #fj ,que5's #eh #ej #cf #ec #dc #fa ,sunbury #eg #ee #ch #ec #dg #eg ,york #fc #ej #ch -- #ea #fj ,c>leton #fd -- #ch -- #eb #fe ,k5t #fc -- #cg -- #ej -- ,nor?umb]l& #fb #ec #cg -- #de #eg ,gl\ce/] #fc #ea #ci -- -- -- ,re/ig\*e #fc #dh #db -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! g5]al av]age weights = ! :ole ,prov9ce are1 = ,:eat #fj #aa-ac lbs4 ,b>ley #ej ,oats #ch ,rye #eb ,buck:eat #dh #h-aa ,indian ,corn #ei ,potatoes #fc ,turnips #ff ,c>rots #fc ,! annex$ /atem5t %[s n only ! av]age yield p] acre ( ea* description ( crop1 b af=ds an opportunity ( contra/+ x ) ! l products 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york3-- ,,av]age ,,produce ,,p] ,,imp]ial ,,acre4 ,new ,brunswick ,/ate ( ,new ,york ,bu%els ,bu%els ,:eat #bj #ad ,b>ley #bi #af ,oats #cd #bf ,rye #bj #i ,buck:eat #cc #ad ,indian ,corn #da #be ,potatoes #bbf #ij ,turnips #dfj #hh ,hay #a -- ,a possibility ( error 9 /rik+ ! av]ages is sugge/$ 9 ! report2 & to gu>d aga9/ x ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! av]ages d]iv$ f ! m9imum returns is giv51 viz43--,:eat #ag bu%els2 ,b>ley1 #bg2 ,oats1 #cc2 ,buck:eat1 #bh2 ,rye1 #ah2 ,indian ,corn1 #cf2 ,potatoes1 #bjd2 ,turnips1 #chi4 ,! dim9i%$ av]ages sc>cely affect ! "q ( productiv5ess1 z 9 e p>ticul> !y exce$ ! av]ages = ! favor$ ,g5esee ,valley & ! s\!rn %ores ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,:ile ! productiv5ess ( ! soil is ?us prov5 by ! /atem5ts ( mo/ exp]i5c$ f>m]s1 ! av]age prices appe> to be equally favorable to ! ,prov9cial gr[]s4 ,! foll[+ tables ( av]ages set ?is 9 a cle> po9t ( view3-- ,,av]age ,,prices ,,( ,,gra9 ,,p] ,,bu%el ,,& ,,p] ,,qu>t]4 ,p] ,bu%el ,p] ,qu>t] ,:eat #gs4 #f;d4 #fjs4 #j;d4 ,b>ley #d #b #cc #h ,oats #b #j #af #j ,rye #d #aj #ch #h ,buck:eat #c #i #cj #j ,indian ,corn #d #h #cg #d ,,root ,,crops ,,& ,,hay4 ,potatoes #as4 #aa;d4 p] bu%el4 ,turnips #a #b ,eng4 ,hay #di #j p] ton4 ,c>rots #b #e p] bu%el4 ,man4 ,wurtzel #b #a ,m>% ,hay #bj #j p] ton4 ,,av]age ,,money ,,value ,,( ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,ea* ,,crop4 ,new ,brunswick ,canada ,we/ ,/ate ( ,ohio ,:eat #f #ac #j #b #d #g #b #ai #j ,b>ley #e #ac #g #a #ai #d #b #d #j ,oats #f #c #f #a #aa #j #a #ac #i ,rye #d #g #j #a #e #aj #a #ab #d ,buck:eat #e #e #j #c #e #j #a #af #c ,indian ,corn #h #aj #d #b #ad #d #b #ae #j ,potatoes #ai #aa #j #f #f #j #f #i #d ,on a review ( ! =ego+ & o!r tables1 ,pr(essor ,john/on has drawn ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,t gra9 & roots g5]ally c be rais$ m *eaply 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,new ,brunswick ?an 9 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 or ,upp] ,canada2 & t ! ,prov9ce ought to be able to compete ) ^? c\ntries & drive !m f its home m>kets4 ,su* are ! d$uctions ( a skilful & sci5tific1 practical & !oretical agriculturi/1 f ! /atem5ts furni%$ by ! mo/ ent]pris+ & successful ( our coloni/s4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c conceal a d\bt :e!r all ! elem5ts ( comp>ison h be5 duly weigh$4 ,! result1 especially z reg>ds :eat1 is s contr>y to pre-conceiv$ op9ions1 t fur!r inve/igations %\ld be made4 ,is x n possible t1 :ile an equality ( exp5se 9 prep>+ ! l& = a :eat crop appe>s to h be5 assum$1 ! great c>e & exp5se necess>y 9 ,new ,brunswick to prep>e ! l&1 & an occasional succession ( m9imum returns w\ld1 to a v consid]able ext5t1 acc\nt = ! suppos$ discrepancy8 ,:eat has1 f "t immemorial1 be5 a /aple crop 9 ! pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,india1 & especially 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,! climate & soil are well fitt$ = ?is c]eal1 b ow+ to defects & c>elessness 9 ! agriculture & h>ve/+1 ! crops1 ?\gh excell5t1 fall %ort ( :at mo/ corn-gr[+ c\ntries produce4 ,fur!r--ow+ to f\l boats & gran>ies1 & to ! moi/ heat ( ! mon?s imm$iately succe$+ h>ve/1 ! :eat rea*es ,engl& 9 a /ate too dirty & weevell$ = m>ket4 ,! h>d :eat is pref]r$ by ! natives 9 ,india to ! s(t1 probably = no bett] cause ?an t ! h>dness ( ! gra9 m closely resembles _! favorite food1 rice4 ,,b>ley4 ,oats1 rye & b>ley1 are ! /aple crops ( nor!rn & m\nta9\s ,europe & ,asia4 ,9 ,engl& b>ley is gr[n pr9cipally 9 ! ea/]n & "s ( ! midl& c\nties1 & *iefly = malt+4 ,x is mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,himalaya & ,?ibet1 replac+ 9 _m di/ricts ! :eat1 & produc+ an admirable fl\r4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! /uds at ,bux>1 ,ghazepore1 c41 oats h be5 ext5sively cultivat$4 ,x is a w9t] crop4 ,al?\gh believ$ to h be5 indig5\s to ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! torrid zone1 ?is gra9 possesses ! rem>kable flexibility ( matur+ 9 favorable seasons & situations on ! ea/]n cont95t z f> nor? z #gj deg41 & fl\ri%es well 9 lat4 #db deg4 s\?4 ,along ! ,atlantic side ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 its gr[? is re/rict$ to ! tract ly+ betwe5 ! #cj? & #ej? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 & betwe5 #cj & #dj deg4 s\?4 ,ne> ! we/]ly coa/1 its range lies pr9cipally betwe5 latitude #bj & #fb deg4 nor?4 ,! b>ley *iefly cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! two-r[$ v>iety :i* is g5]ally pref]r$ f ! fulness ( its gra9 & its fre$om f smut4 ,b>ley has nev] be5 mu* import$ f t c\ntry1 z ! ,am]icans h be5 r consum]s ?an produc]s4 ,! consumption ( b>ley !re 9 #ahej 9 ! manufacture ( malt & spiritu\s liquors am\nt$ to #c1ghj1jjj bu%els1 & accord+ to ! c5sus returns1 ! quantity ( b>ley rais$ 0 #d1afa1ejd bu%els 9 #ahdj1 & #e1afg1bac bu%els 9 #ahej4 ,9 ?is c\ntry b>ley is ext5sively us$ = malt+1 di/ill+1 & mak+ be]2 l>ge quantities are consum$ 9 ,scotl&1 or c>ri$ into ,engl&4 ,9 ,prussia1 ab\t t5 & a half million hectolitres ( b>ley are annually rais$4 ,9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 ab\t #ced1jjj bu%els are annually export$4 ,9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& 9 #ahdd1 #agd1dje bu%els ( b>ley 7 gr[n on #ab1dff acres4 ,! quantity ( b>ley made into malt 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! ye> end+ #aj? ,octob]1 #ahej1 0 #e1ahc1fag qu>t]s1 ( :i* ab\t f\r million qu>t]s 7 us$ by #h1ejj malt/]s4 ,! quantity ( malt *>g$ ) duty 9 ! ye> end+ #e? ,janu>y1 #ahea1 0 #fcf1fda tons2 ! av]age price p] qu>t]1 #bfs4 #b;d4 ,b>ley is at pres5t ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! temp]ate di/ricts & isl&s ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,spa91 ,sicily1 ! ,can>ies1 ,azores & ,madeira1 two crops are produc$ 9 a ye>4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica its gr[? is pr9cipally conf9$ to ,mexico1 ! middle1 we/]n1 & nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union1 & to ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican prov9ces4 ,! introduction ( b>ley into ! ,am]ican colonies may be trac$ back to ! p]iod ( _! settlem5t4 ,by ! ye> #afdh x 0 rais$ 9 abundance 9 ,virg9ia1 b soon aft] its culture 0 suff]$ to decl9e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m pr(itable & increas$ production ( tobacco4 ,x has also be5 sp>+ly cultivat$ 9 ! regions ( ! middle & nor!rn ,/ates = malt+ & di/illation1 & has be5 employ$1 aft] be+ malt$1 z a sub/itute = rice4 ,b>ley1 l :eat1 has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,syria & ,egypt = m ?an #c1jjj ye>s1 & x 0 n until aft] ! ,romans adopt$ ! use ( :eat5 bread1 t !y f$ _! /ock ) ?is gra94 ,x is evid5tly a native ( a w>m climate1 z x is kn[n to be ! mo/ productive 9 a mild season1 & w gr[ )9 ! tropics at an elevation ( #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is "o ( ! /aple crops ( nor!rn & m\nta9\s ,europe & ,asia4 ,x is ! corn t1 next to rice1 gives ! greate/ weight ( fl\r p] acre1 & x may be eat5 ) no o!r prep>ation ?an t ( boil+4 ,x requires little or no dress+ :5 x is s5t to ! mill1 hav+ no husk1 & consequ5tly produces no bran4 ,9 ?is c\ntry b>ley is *iefly us$ = malt+ & di/ill+ purposes4 ,9 ! ye> #ahej1 #dj1gde1jej bu%els ( malt paid duty1 ! numb] ( malt/]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom be+ f #h1jjj to #i1jjj4 ,ab\t "o & a half million qu>t]s ( b>ley 7 import$ 9 #ahdi1 & a little ov] a million qu>t]s 9 #ahej1 pr9cipally f ,d5m>k & ,prussia4 ,! c\nties 9 ,engl& :]e ?is gra9 is *iefly cultivat$ are ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,cambridge1 ,b$=d1 ,h]ts1 ,leice/]1 & ,nott+ham4 ,! produce ( b>ley on l& well prep>$1 is f ?irty to fifty bu%els or m p] /atute acre1 weigh+ f #de to #ee lbs4 p] bu%el1 accord+ to quality4 ,x is said to conta9 #fe p] c5t4 ( nutritive matt]1 :ile :eat conta9s #gh p] c5t4 ,! e/imat$ av]age produce ( b>ley 9 ?is c\ntry may be /at$ z foll[s3-- ,acres4 ,crop4 ,engl& #a1ejj1jjj #f1cge1jjj ,irel& #cbj1jjj #a1abj1jjj ,scotl& #dej1jjj #a1hjj1jjj -------- ----------- #b1bgj1jjj #i1bie1jjj ,! av]age produce p] acre1 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 is #d qu>t]s 9 ,engl&1 #c 9 ,irel&1 & #d 9 ,scotl&4 ,! prices ( b>ley p] qu>t] h rang$1 9 ,engl&1 f #cfs4 #e;d4 9 #ahdj1 to #bgs4 #f;d4 9 #ahdb4 ,9 #ahdg b>ley rea*$ #dds4 #b;d41 & gradually decl9$ to #bcs4 #e;d1 9 #ahej4 ,,oats4 ,oats are pr9cipally 9 dem& = horses1 & ! extraord9>y increase ( ! latt] has occasion$ a proportional increase 9 ! culture ( oats4 ,!y are gr[n m especially 9 ! nor? & nor?-ea/]n c\nties2 9 ! midl& c\nties _! culture is less ext5sive1 b x is preval5t ?r\gh\t mo/ p>ts ( ,wales4 ,ne>ly twice z mu* oats z :eat is rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b ! proportion gr[n 9 ,scotl& is n s l>ge z is suppos$4 ,! foll[+ is a fair e/imate ( ! comp>ative production3-- ,acres4 ,produce4 ,engl& #b1ejj1jjj #ab1ejj1jjj ,irel& #b1cjj1jjj #aa1fjj1jjj ,scotl& #a1cjj1jjj #f1ejj1jjj --------- --------- ,total #f1ajj1jjj #cj1ejj1jjj ,we import annually ab\t l million qu>t]s f =eign c\ntries & ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( a million qu>t]s f ,irel&4 ,! av]age produce p] acre ?r\gh\t ! k+dom is five qu>t]s4 ,! price )9 ! la/ #aj ye>s has rang$ f #bhs4 #g;d4 p] qu>t] 7! fam9e ye>7 to #ags4 #f;d4 ,! oat1 :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! artificial grasses1 & ! n\ri%m5t & improvem5t x af=ds to live /ock1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important crops produc$4 ,its hi/ory is highly int]e/+1 f ! circum/ance t 9 _m portions ( ,europe x is =m$ into meal1 & =ms an important alim5t = man2 "o sort1 at lea/1 has be5 cultivat$ f ! days ( ,pl9y1 on acc\nt ( its fitness z an article ( diet = ! sick4 ,! c\ntry ( its orig9 is some:at unc]ta91 ?\gh ! mo/ common v>iety is said to be indig5\s to ! ,isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez4 ,ano!r oat1 resembl+ ! cultivat$ v>iety1 is also f\nd gr[+ wild 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is plant 0 introduc$ into ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,colonies soon aft] _! settlem5t by ! ,engli%4 ,x 0 s[n by ,gosnold on ! ,elizabe? ,isl&s 9 #afjb2 cultivat$ 9 ,newf\ndl& 9 #afbb1 & 9 ,virg9ia1 by ,b]kley1 prior to #afdh4 ,! oat is a h>dy gra91 & is suit$ to climates too hot & too cold ei!r = :eat or rye4 ,inde$1 its flexibility is s great1 t x is cultivat$ ) success 9 ,b5gal z l[ z latitude tw5ty-five degrees ,nor?1 b refuses to yield pr(itable crops z we approa* ! equator4 ,x fl\ri%es rem>kably well1 :5 due reg>d is paid to ! selection ( v>ieties1 ?r\gh\t ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ,europe1 ! nor!rn & c5tral portions ( ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,africa1 ! cultivat$ regions ( ne>ly all ,nor? ,am]ica1 & a l>ge portion ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! gr[? ( ! oat is conf9$ pr9cipally to ! ,middle1 ,we/]n & ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! v>ieties cultivat$ are ! common :ite1 ! black1 ! grey1 ! imp]ial1 ! ,hopet[n1 ! ,poli%1 ! ,egyptian1 & ! potato oat4 ,! yield ( ! common v>ieties v>ies f =ty to n9ety bu%els & upw>ds p] acre1 & weigh+ f tw5ty-five to fifty p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,! ,egyptian oat is cultivat$ s\? ( ,t5nessee1 :i* aft] be+ s[n 9 autumn1 & f$ (f by /ock 9 w9t] & spr+1 yields f t5 to tw5ty bu%els p] acre4 ,9 ! manufacture ( malt & spiritu\s liquors oats ent] b lightly1 & _! consumption = ?is purpose does n exce$ #fj1jjj bu%els annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,irel& export$ #b1jcg1hce qu>t]s ( oats & oatmeal1 b 9 #ahdf1 on acc\nt ( ! de>?1 ! gra9 exports fell (f completely4 ,mo/ ( ! gra9 gr[n 9 ,irel& requires to be kiln-dri$1 & is1 !re=e1 ( l[] value4 ,! oat1 l rye1 nev] has ent]$ mu* into our =eign comm]ce1 z ! dome/ic consumption has always be5 ne>ly equal to ! quantity produc$4 ,! annual av]age exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = sev]al ye>s prec$+ #ahag1 7 #gj1jjj bu%els4 ,by ! c5sus returns ( #ahdj1 ! total produce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #abc1jga1cda bu%els2 ( #ahej1 #adf1fgh1hgi bu%els4 ,9 ,prussia #dc million hectolitres ( oats are annually rais$4 ,! quantity ( oats import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 has be5 decl9+ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,9 #ahdi1 we import$ #a1bfg1ajf qu>t]s2 9 #ahej1 #a1aed1dgc2 9 #ahea1 #a1bji1hdd2 9 #aheb1 #iie1dgi4 ,9 #ahdd1 #bba1aje bu%els ( oats 7 rais$ 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& on #ac1hfd acres4 ,,rye4 ,rye 7,secale c]eale7 is sc>cely at all rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry = bread1 except 9 ,durham & ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is usually mix$ ) :eat1 & =ms :at is call$ masl91--a bread corn 9 consid]able use 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,geographically rye & b>ley associate ) "o ano!r1 & gr[ ^u soils ! mo/ analog\s1 & 9 situations alike expos$4 ,x is cultivat$ = bread 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 & all ov] ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,russia1 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,g]many & ,holl&2 9 ! latt] ( :i* x is mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( g94 ,x is also gr[n to "s ext5t 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,wales4 ,) u x is little us$ z an article ( food comp>$ ) :eat & oats1 ?\gh 9 ! nor? ( ,europe & 9 ,fl&]s x =ms ! pr9cipal article ( human subsi/5ce1 b g5]ally mix$ ) :eat1 & sometimes1 also ) b>ley2 #ajj p>ts ( ! gra9 consi/ ( #fe4f ( meal1 #bd4b ( husk1 & #aj4b ( wat]4 ,! quantity ( rye we import seldom rea*es #ajj1jjj qu>t]s p] annum4 ,! /raw is solid1 & ! int]nal "p1 be+1 fill$ ) pi?1 is highly e/eem$ = ,dun/able "w1 = ?at*+ & litt]1 & x is also us$ to /uff horse coll>s4 ,9 ,irel& !re are #ba1jjj acres "u culture ) rye1 produc+ #aje1jjj qu>t]s4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica rye is pr9cipally re/rict$ to ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b its culture is giv+ place to m pr(itable crops4 ,9 ,bohemia1 z 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,g]many1 rye =ms ! pr9cipal crop1 ! product be+ ab\t #c1bej1jjj qu>t]s annually4 ,! ?ree lead+ v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! spr+1 w9t]1 & s\!rn2 ! latt] diff]+ f ! o!rs only f dissimil>ity ( climate4 ,! yield v>ies f #aj to #cj or m bu%els p] acre1 weigh+ f #dh to #ef p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,! production ( rye has decreas$ #d1deg1jjj bu%els 9 ! aggregate1 b 9 ,new ,york x is great] by ! la/ dec5nial c5sus ?an 9 #ahdj1 by ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* is ! l>ge/ produc]1 has fall5 (f f #f1fac1cgc to #d1hje1afj bu%els4 ,p]haps ! g5]al dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( ?is gra9 n[ produc$ may be acc\nt$ =1 by suppos+ a correspond+ decl9e 9 ! dem& = di/ill+ purposes1 to :i* a l>g] "p ( ! crop is appli$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is gra9 has nev] ent]$ l>gely into its =eign comm]ce1 z ! home consumption = a long p]iod ne>ly kept pace ) ! supply4 ,! am\nt export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahja1 0 #cib1bgf bu%els2 9 #ahab1 #hb1gje bu%els2 9 #ahac1 #adj1acf bu%els4 ,9 #ahbj-a !re 7 export$ #bc1ebc b>rels ( rye fl\r2 9 #ahcj-a1 #ai1ajj b>rels2 9 #ahdj-a #dd1jca2 9 #ahde-f1 #ch1ecj b>rels2 9 #ahdf-g1 #dh1hib b>rels2 9 #ahej-a1 #dd1aeb b>rels4 ,dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #a1 #ahej1 !re 7 consum$ ( rye ab\t #b1add1jjj bu%els 9 ! manufacture ( malt & spiritu\s liquors4 ,accord+ to ! ,am]ican c5sus returns ( #ahdj1 ! product ( ! c\ntry 0 #ah1fde1efg bu%els2 9 #ahej1 #ad1ahh1fcg bu%els4 ,we import$ #bdf1hdc qu>t]s ( rye & rye meal1 9 #ahdi1 equival5t to #di1cfh tons2 b 9 #ahej ! imports 7 only #id1jgh qu>t]s & 9 #ahea !y 7 b #bf1cbc qu>t]s4 ,ab\t #bj1jjj acres are "u cultivation ) rye 9 ,irel&1 ! produce ( :i* is #ajj1jjj qu>t]s4 ,,buck:eat4 ,buck:eat belongs to ! temp]ate & arctic climates1 & is cultivat$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica = ! f>9ace\s album5 ( its se$s1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly cook$1 af=ds a delici\s article ( food to a l>ge portion ( ! human race4 ,x also s]ves z excell5t fodd] to mil* c[s1 & ! /raw1 :5 cut gre5 & conv]t$ into hay1 & ! rip5$ se$s1 are food = cattle1 p\ltry1 & sw9e4 ,x is rais$ mo/ abundantly 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ! ,himalaya4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry ! diff]5t v>ieties are gr[n at v>i\s elevations1 betwe5 #d1jjj & #ab1jjj feet4 ,! f9e/ samples exhibit$ 9 #ahea 7 f ,canada1 b "s ( excell5t quality 0 also %[n by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 & ,belgium4 ,! common v>iety gr[n 9 ,europe is ! ,polygonum fagopyrum1 & ,p4 em>g9atum is gr[n 9 ,*9a & ! ,ea/4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! produce v>ies f #b to #d qu>t]s p] acre4 ,! quantity ( se$ s[n is #e to #h pecks ! acre4 ,vauquel9 f\nd #ajj p>ts ( its /raw to conta9 #bi4e ( c>bonate ( pota%1 #c4h ( sulphate ( pota%1 #ag4e ( c>bonate ( lime1 #ac4e ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 #af4b ( silica1 #aj4e ( alum1 & #i ( wat]4 ,x is believ$ to be a native ( ,c5tral ,asia1 z x is suppos$ to h be5 fir/ br\ght to ,europe 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 at ! "t ( ! crusades = ! recov]y ( ,syria f ! dom9ion ( ! ,s>ac5s2 :ile o!rs cont5d t x 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors1 f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,! cultivation ( buck:eat1 9 "o or o!r ( its species1 is pr9cipally conf9$ to ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 ,ne!rl&s1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 ,*9a1 ,t>t>y1 ,japan1 ,alg]ia1 ,canada1 & ! middle & nor!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,am]ica f #cj to #de bu%els p] acre may be consid]$ z an av]age yield 9 favorable seasons & situations1 b #fj or m bu%els are n unfrequ5tly produc$4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus returns ( #ahdj1 ! annual quantity rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #g1bia1gdc bu%els2 ( #ahej1 #h1iej1iaf bu%els4 ,! av]age annual imports ( buck:eat into ?is c\ntry h n exce$$ #a1jjj qu>t]s1 until la/ ye> 7#aheb71 :5 !y rea*$ #h1jhe qu>t]s4 ,a small quantity ( ! meal is also annually import$4 ,,maize4 ,maize 7,zea ,mays71 is ! common well-kn[n ,indian corn =m+ "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! gra9 crops1 & has a great] range ( temp]ature ?an ! o!r c]eal grasses4 ,x 0 f\nd cultivat$ = food by ! ,indians ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 on ! fir/ discov]y ( t cont95t1 & !nce d]iv$ its popul> "n4 ,maize succe$s be/ 9 ! hotte/ & dampe/ p>ts ( tropical climates4 ,x may be re>$ z f> z #dj degrees nor? & s\? latitude on ! ,am]ican cont95t2 :ile 9 ,europe x c gr[ ev5 to #ej degrees or #eb degrees ( latitude1 "s ( ! num]\s v>ieties be+ h>dy en\gh to rip5 9 ! op5 air1 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,x is n[ cultivat$ 9 all regions 9 ! tropical & temp]ate zones1 :i* are coloniz$ by ,europeans4 ,x is mo/ l>gely gr[n1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! ,republics bord]+ on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,cali=nia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s & ,guiana1 on ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & p>tially 9 ,india1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia4 ,we see ! s+ul> fact 9 ,mexico ( l& :i*1 aft] p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s' culture1 is s little exhau/$1 t ) a v little labor be/[$ on x1 a bad maize h>ve/ w yield two hundr$fold pr(it1 :ile a good crop returns #fjj fold4 ,?is gra9 adopts itself to almo/ e v>iety ( climate1 & is f\nd gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! l[ c\ntries ( tropical ,mexico1 & ne>ly equally well on ! mo/ elevat$ & colde/ regions ( ! table-l&2 9 ! ri* valleys ( ! ,cordill]as or ! ,&es1 & on ! s&y heights ( ^? m\nta9s :]ev] a rill ( wat] c be br\ght to n\ri% its roots4 ,9 %ort1 x rip5s "u ! sun ( ,am]ica1 9 e "p ( bo? cont95ts4 ,?\gh :eat is *>act]is$ z ! mo/ nutriti\s food = man 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 yet ! ,indian corn crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n second 9 value to any product ( ! e>?2 cultivat$ 9 ! middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 nay1 ev5 9 ! ri* cotton-gr[+ di/ricts1 ,indian corn is fa/ ris+ 9 importance1 & w soon equal 9 value t important comm]cial /aple4 ,?is indig5\s gra9 yields to ! nation an annual av]age ( five hundr$ millions ( bu%els1 & has1 )9 ! la/ five ye>s1 attract$ mu* att5tion z a life-su/a9+ food1 m p>ticul>ly at ! p]iod ( ,irel&'s sev]e suff]+1 9 #ahdg1 & ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,nations1 z well z /atesm5 & f>m]s1 h f\nd x an object wor?y ( _! consid]ation & e/eem4 ,:5 due reg>d is paid to ! selection ( v>ieties1 & cultivat$ 9 a prop] soil1 maize may be acc\nt$ a sure crop 9 almo/ e portion ( ! habitable globe1 betwe5 ! #dd? degree ( nor? latitude & a correspond+ p>allel s\?4 ,among ! objects ( culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x takes prec$5ce 9 ! scale ( c]eal crops1 z x is be/ adapt$ to ! soil & climate1 & furni%es ! l>ge/ am\nt ( nutritive food4 ,besides its production 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,republic1 its ext5sive culture is limit$ to ,mexico1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 mo/ ( ! ,/ates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,lomb>dy1 & ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,europe g5]ally4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also cultivat$ ) success 9 ,nor!rn1 ,s\!rn1 & ,we/]n ,africa1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! gr\ps ( ! ,azores1 ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies1 & num]\s o!r oceanic isles4 ,maize is n a favorite gra9 z bread-corn ) ! ,european nations1 = al?\gh x ab\nds 9 mucilage1 x is ass]t$ to conta9 less glut51 & is n likely to be mu* us$ by ^? :o c procure :eat5 fl\r1 or ev5 rye bread4 ,! l>ge importations :i* 7 made by our ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! potato disease1 br\ght x into m g5]al use among "s classes1 & ! imports = home consumption are /ill ext5sive1 hav+ be5 z foll[s 9 ! la/ few ye>s3-- #ahdh4 #ahdi4 ,indian corn1 qu>t]s #a1ehb1gee #b1bdi1ega meal1 cwts4 #bcc1hhj #ajb1aha #ahej4 #ahea4 ,indian corn1 qu>t]s #a1bhf1bfd #a1haj1dbe meal1 cwts4 #aa1dja ,! trade 9 maize1 or ,indian corn1 is totally new s9ce #ahdf4 ,! fam9e 9 ,irel& 9 t ye>1 & ! potato rot 9 almo/ e successive ye> s9ce1 h n[ fully e/abli%$ x4 ,l ! gold discov]ies1 ! potato rot may be reg>d$ z a provid5tial means ( effect+ a great *ange 9 ! condition ( society4 ,^? discov]ies are n )\t _! influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/1 &1 comb9$ ) ! potato rot1 !y h rapidly increas$ ! comm]ce betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ( ,europe1 :ile !y are spread+ broad pa?s betwe5 all ,europe & ! l&s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,! imports ( maize f all p>ts1 9 #aheb1 am\nt$ to #a1eej1jjj qu>t]s1 ( :i* ab\t #a1ajj1jjj qu>t]s arriv$ 9 vessels f ! ,m$it]ranean1 c41 call+ at ,que5/[n or ,falm\? = ord]s4 ,! balance consi/$ ( imports f ,am]ica1 ,france1 ,portugal1 c41 & also ( c>goes address$ direct to a port ( dis*>ge1 )\t fir/ call+ (f ! coa/ = ord]s4 ,! quantities receiv$ 9 #ahea & #aheb f ! ,m$it]ranean 7 z foll[s3-- #aheb4 #ahea4 ,receiv$ f qrs4 qrs4 ,galatz #bbc1jjj #bhf1jfg ,ibraila #cfb1fjj #baa1ggi ,salonica #ce1fdj #ie1cgg ,odessa #bai1agj #gd1jfe ,egypt #ej1ifj #hf1bfj ,italy #h1bej #afb1edd ,con/ant9ople1 ,malta1 ,trie/e1 & o!r ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean #aij1gbj #bhf1ceh --------- --------- #a1jij1cdj #a1bjb1dej ,! v>i\s qu>t]s f :5ce we d]ive supplies ( ?is gra91 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table ( ! imports = ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 :i* ,i h compil$ f ! mo/ rec5t ,p>liam5t>y returns4 ,,indian ,,corn ,,& ,,meal ,,import$ ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ahdi4 #ahej4 #ahea4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,places4 ,corn4 ,meal4 ,corn4 ,meal4 ,corn4 ,meal4 qrs4 cwts4 qrs4 cwts4 qrs4 cwts4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,russian ,ports 9 ,black ,sea #be1eai #ai1gba #ih1agf ,d5m>k #a1cjj #bej #e ,hanov] #a1cdd ,belgium #fg ,france #ace1aae #eaj #ajb1igh #bf #afd1abh #bi ,portugal ,prop] #fa1ddf #fg1eah #ec #ba1ibb ,azores & ,madeira #ag1bad #g #g1gid #f #d1cef #a ,spa9 & ,bahama ,isl&s #bf1hef #dh #ai1ihb #dh #cd1gga ,s>d9ian ,t]ritories #ac1ceg #be #b #a1cjb #a ,tuscany #aa1dha #ie #ae1fab #id #cd1gfj ,papal ,t]ritories #h1ibg #a1hgf #ge1ehh ,naples & ,sicily #ah #aj1jff #aja1dhi ,au/rian ,t]ritories #ij1edj #de1gdh #gc1iff ,malta & ,gozo #ah1aih #d1ifi #aa1jjb ,ionian ,isl&s #e1cij #g1cbd #e1ifg ,greece #eg1ebj #h1gab #c1beb ,egypt #ab1gfg #ga1hjh #abg1fib ,turki% dom9ions1 includ+ ,walla*ia1 ,moldavia & ,syria #efc1gii #cdh1def #gdh1ahj ,morocco #gfj ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa #hhi #b1cbb ,b4,n4,a4 ,colonies #a1fde #afd #a1ecj #d1cgg #g ,u4,s4 ( ,am]ica #a1agj1aedajj1hei #ech1aeeaa1bec #bie1ighi1ebb ,brazil #a1bec #dfh #gbe ,o!r places #a1gef #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #b1bbe1deiaja1fhca1bgg1jgjaa1dhba1hjg1fc fi1efa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ 7,p>liam5t>y ,pap]1 ,no4 #ad1 ,sess4 #aheb47 ,! _m excell5t prop]ties ( ,indian corn1 z a :olesome nutriti\s food1 & ! ri* fodd] obta9$ f ! /alk & leaf = ! n\ri%m5t ( cattle1 invite m e>ne/ att5tion f ! f>m] & plant] 9 ! ,colonies to its bett] & ext5d$ cultivation4 ,?\gh ! av]age quantity ( gra9 f ea* acre 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n m ?an ?irty or =ty bu%els1 yet x is kn[n t ) due c>e & labor #ajj to #acj bu%els may be obta9$4 ,9 fe$+ cattle little diff]5ce is discov]able betwe5 ! effects ( ,indian corn meal & oil-cake meal2 ! pref]5ce r prepond]ates 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,corn cobs1 gr\nd ) ! gra91 h advocates1 b ?is food is n reli%$1 & sw9e decl9e x4 ,indian corn conta9s ab\t ! same proportion ( />* z oats 7sixty p] c5t471 b is m fatt5+1 z x conta9s ab\t n9e or t5 p] c5t4 ( oily or fatty +r$i5ts4 ,! foll[+ analysis ( maize is giv5 by ,dr4 ,samuel ,david1 ( ,massa*usetts3-- ,,fle% ,,=m+ ,,pr9ciples4 ,glut51 album51 & case9 #ab4fj ,,fat ,,=m+ ,,pr9ciples4 ,gum1 sug>1 />*1 woody fibre1 oil1 c4 #gg4ji ,wat] #i4jj ,salts #a4ca ----- #ajj4 ,pr(4 ,gorham1 9 ,?omson's ,organic ,*em41 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahch1 gives ano!r analysis3-- ,fre% gra94 ,dri$ gra94 ,wat] #i4jj ,/>* #gg4jj #hd4fj ,glut5 #c4jj #c4cj ,album5 #b4ej #b4gd ,gum #a4ge #a4ib ,sug> #a4de #a4fj ,loss #e4cj #e4hd ------ ------ #ajj4 #ajj4 ,pr(essor ,john/on supplies a table1 :i*1 he says1 exhibits ! be/ approximate view we are yet able to give ( ! av]age proportion ( />* & glut5 conta9$ 9 #ajj lbs4 ( our common gra9 crops z !y are met ) 9 ! m>ket4 ,f ?is table ,i extract ! foll[+3-- ,/>*1 gum1 c4 ,glut51 album51 c4 ,:eat fl\r4 #ee lbs4 #aj to #ae lbs4 ,oats #fe #ah lbs4 ,indian corn #gj #ab ,beans #dj #bh ,peas #ej #bd ,potatoes #ab #b-a_/c ,! ,pr(essor rem>ks t ! proportion ( oil is1 9 #ajj lbs4 ( ,:eat fl\r #b to #d ,oats #e #h ,indian corn #e #i ,beans & peas #b #c ,potatoes #j ,maize is "o ( ^? plants 9 :i* pota% prepond]ates1 = analysis ( its a%es gives ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,salts ( pota% & soda #ga4jj ---- lime & magnesia #f4ej ,silica #ah4jj ,loss #d4ej ------ #ajj4 ,dr4 ,salisbury has also furni%$ ! proximate analysis ( five v>ieties ( ripe maize or ,indian corn3-- ,proportions4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( ea*4 ,wat]4 ,dry4 ,gold5 ,si\x corn1 a bright1 yell[1 twelve-r[$ v>iety1 frequ5tly hav+ f\rte5 r[s #ae4jb #hd4ih ,l>ge eight-r[$ yell[ corn #ad4jj #hf4jj ,small eight-r[$ ditto #ad4jc #he4ig ,:ite fl9t corn #ad4jj #hf4jj ,ohio ,d5t corn1 "o ( ! l>ge/ v>ieties ( maize #ad4ej #he4ej ,,comp>ative ,,organic ,,analysis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,gold5 ,ohio ,small ,l>ge ,:ite ,si\x4 ,d5t #h-r[$ #h-r[$ ,fl9t ,corn4 ,corn4 ,corn4 ,corn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,/>* #cf4jf #da4he #cj4bi #di4bb #dj4cd ,glut5 #e4jj #d4fb #e4fj #e4dj #g4fi ,oil #c4dd #c4hh #c4ij #c4ga #d4fh ,album5 #d4db #b4fd #f4jj #c4cb #c4dj ,case9 #a4ib #a4cb #b4bj #j4ge #j4ej ,dextr9e #a4cj #e4dj #d4fa #a4ij #c4jj ,fibre #ah4ej #ba4cf #bf4hj #aa4if #ah4ja ,sug> & extract #g4be #aj4jj #e4bj #i4ee #h4cj ,wat] #ae4jb #aj4jj #ac4dj #ad4jj #ad4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l>ge quantities ( />* are n[ made f ?is gra9 9 ,ohio2 an e/abli%m5t ne> ,columbus consume #bj1jjj bu%els ( corn annually = ?is purpose4 ,! (fal ( ! gra9 is giv5 to hogs1 #ejj to #fjj head be+ annually fatt5$ !re)4 ,! quality ( ! />* is said to be sup]ior to t ( :eat1 & comm&s a high] price 9 ,new ,york4 ,a corn plant1 fifte5 days aft] ! se$ 0 plant$1 cut on ! #crd ,june close to ! gr\nd1 gave (-- ,wat] #hf4fbf ,dry matt] #aj4cgd ,a% #a4ced ,a% calculat$ dry #ac4jec ,by ! above figures x w be se5 t ne>ly #ij p] c5t1 ( ! "y plant is wat]2 & t 9 proportion to ! dry matt]1 ! am\nt ( e>?y m9]als :i* rema91 z a%1 :5 ! plant is burnt1 is l>ge4 ,?is excess ( wat] cont9ues = _m weeks4 ,?us1 on ! #e? ,july1 ?irty-?ree days f plant+1 ! relations /ood ?us3-- ,wat] #ij4eah ,dry matt] #i4dhb ,a% #a4ccc ,a% calculat$ dry #ad4aja 7,a% v sal9e47 ,be=e gre5 succul5t food ( ?is "* is fit to give to c[s1 ox51 mules1 or horses1 x %\ld be p>tly dri$4 ,plants t conta9 f #gj to #ge p] c5t4 ( wat] ne$ no cur+ be=e eat54 ,! "y /alk cut ,july #ab1 gave ov] #id p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,su* food us$ = soil+ )\t dry+ w\ld be likely to sc\r an animal1 & give x ! *olic4 ,! root at ?is "t 7,july #ab7 gave (-- ,wat] #ha4jbf ,dry matt] #ah4igd ,a% #b4bbb ,a% calculat$ dry #aa4gaa 7,a% ta/es ( cau/ic pota%47 ,a% ( ! :ole plant above gr\nd1 #f4gg gra9s4 ,am\nt ( a% 9 all bel[ gr\nd1 #c4ic gra9s4 ,s late z ,july #bf1 ! proportion ( wat] 9 ! /alk 0 #id p] c5t42 & ! a% calculat$ dry #ag4ff p] c5t4 ,! plant ga9$ #ba4cf4ih gra9s 9 weight 9 a week prec$+ ! #f? ,septemb]4 ,?is 0 equal to a ga9 ( #ab4gb gra9s p] h\r4 ,! rapid gr[? ( corn plants1 :5 ! heat1 light1 & moi/ure1 z well z ! soil are favorable1 is truly wond]ful4 ,a deep1 ri*1 mell[ soil1 9 :i* ! roots c freely ext5d to a great di/ance 9 dep? & lat]ally1 is :at ! corn-gr[] %\ld provide = 8 crop4 ,! p]vi\sness ( riv] bottoms contributes l>gely to _! productiv5ess ( ?is c]eal4 ,a compact clay1 :i* excludes alike air1 wat]1 & roots1 =bidd+ all *emical *anges1 is n ! soil = ,indian corn4 ,:5 f>m]s sell corn soon aft] x is ripe1 !re is consid]able ga9 9 n keep+ x long to dry & %r9k 9 weight4 ,corn gr[n by ,mr4 ,salisbury1 :i* 0 ripe by ! #ah? ,octob]1 !n conta9$ #cg p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* is #be p] c5t4 m ?an old corn f ! crib w yield4 ,! mean ( man exp]im5ts tri$ by ! writ] has be5 a loss ( #bj p] c5t4 9 moi/ure betwe5 new & old corn4 ,! butts ( corn/alks conta9 ! mo/ wat]1 & husks or %ucks ! lea/1 :5 fully matur$ & n dri$4 ,! latt] h ab\t #cj p] c5t1 ( dry matt] :5 *emically desiccat$4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,a% ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,/ages4 ,july #ai4 ,aug4 #b4 ,aug4 #bc4 ,aug4 #cj4 ,oct4 #ah4 ,c>bonic acid #e4dj #b4hej #j4fe #c4ej #d4jej ,silicia #ac4ej #ai4hej #cd4ij #cf4bg #eh4fej ,sulphuric acid #b4af #a4iie #d4ib #e4hd #d4hha ,phosphates #ba4fj #af4bej #ag4jj #ac4ej #e4hej ,lime 4#fi #d4jce #b4jj #c4hh #d4eaj ,magnesia 4#cg #b4ihj #a4ei #b4cj #j4hfe ,pota% #i4ih #aa4fge #aj4he #i4ae #g4ccc ,soda #cd4ci #bi4ehj #ba4bc #bb4ac #h4ebj ,*lor9e #d4ee #f4jbj #c4jf #a4fc #b4ffd ,organic acids #e4ej #b4djj #c4ch #b4je #b4bjj ----- ------ ------ ----- ------ #ih4ad #ig4gej #ih4ahg #ii4hc #ii4ccd ,! above figures disclose sev]al int]e/+ facts4 ,x w be se5 t ! increase ( silica or fl9t 9 ! leaf is /eadily progressive f #ac p] c5t4 at ,july #ai1 to #eh4fe at ,octob] #ah4 ,fl9t is sub/antially ! bone e>? ( all grasses4 ,if "o 7 to analyse ! bones ( a calf :5 a day old1 aga9 :5 ?irty days ( age1 & :5 a ye> old1 ! increase ( phosphate ( lime 9 its skeleton w\ld be simil> to t witness$ 9 ! leaves & /ems ( maize4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! gr[? ( corn1 its leaves ab\nd 9 phosphates2 b aft] ! se$s beg9 to =m1 ! phosphates leave ! tissues ( ! plant 9 o!r p>ts1 & conc5trate 9 & ar\nd ! g]ms 9 ! se$s4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 ! a% ( ! :ole /alk conta9$ #ai p] c5t4 ( phosphates2 & on ! #ah? ( ,octob]1 only #ae4ae p] c5t4 ,9 =m+ ! cobs ( ?is plant1 consid]able pota% is drawn f ! /alk1 z x decreases f #ce4ed p] c5t4 ,augu/ #af1 to #bd4fi ,octob] #ah4 ,:5 ! plant is gr[+ fa/e/1 its roots yield an a% :i* conta9s less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( lime2 b aft] ?is developm5t is ne>ly complet$1 ! roots reta91 or p]haps rega9 f ! plant above1 ov] #d p] c5t4 ( ?is m9]al4 ,soda figures z high z f #bj to #ca p] c5t4 9 ! a% obta9$ f corn roots4 ,ripe se$s gave ! foll[+ results on ! analysis ( _! a%3-- ,silica #j4hej ,phosphoric acid #di4baj ,lime #j4jge ,magnesia #ag4fjj ,pota% #bc4age ,soda #c4fje ,sodium #j4afj ,*lor9e #j4bie ,sulphuric acid #j4eae ,organic acids #e4gjj ------ #ii4age ,! above table %[s a small] quantity ( lime ?an is usually f\nd 9 ! a% ( ?is gra94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 nev] s abundant z magnesia2 & ,pr(essor ,emmons has %[n t ! be/ corn l&s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york conta9 a consid]able quantity ( magnesia4 ,all exp]i5ce1 z well z all *emical rese>*es1 g to prove t pota% & phosphoric acid are important elem5ts 9 ! organisation ( maize4 ,corn yields m p\nds ( /raw & gra9 on poor l& ?an ei!r :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 or oats2 & x does inf9itely bett] on ri* ?an on /]ile soils4 ,to make ! e>? f]tile1 x is bett] economy to plant ?ick ?an to h ! r[s five feet ap>t ea* way1 z is cu/om>y 9 "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & only "o /alk 9 a hill4 ,?is gives b "o plant to tw5ty-five squ>e feet ( gr\nd4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ?ree squ>e feet are suffici5t = a s+le plant2 & f t up to six1 = ! l>ge/ v>ieties ( ?is crop4 ,mr4 ,humboldt /ates ! production ( maize 9 ! ,antilles z #cjj = "o2 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,colman has se5 9 sev]al cases 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 a return ( #djj = "o2 t is to say1 ! hills be+ ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 a peck ( ,indian corn w\ld be suffici5t se$ = an acre4 ,if #ajj bu%els ( gra9 is 9 su* case produc$ by an acre--& ?is sometimes happ5s--?is is cle>ly a return ( #djj = "o4 ,( ! :ole family ( c]eals1 ,zea ,mays is unque/ionably ! mo/ valuable = cultivation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ! "t %all come t population presses closely on ! highe/ capabilities ( ,am]ican soil1 ?is plant1 :i* is a native ( ! ,new ,_w1 w be f\nd greatly to excel all o!rs 9 ! quantity ( bread1 meat1 milk1 & butt] :i* x w yield f an acre ( l&4 ,) prop] culture1 x has no equal = ! production ( hay1 9 all cases :]e x is desirable to gr[ a l>ge crop on a small surface4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 mu* writt5 on ! ,ea/]n orig9 ( ?is gra91 x did n gr[ 9 t "p ( ,asia wat]$ by ! ,indus1 at ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great's exp$ition1 z x is n among ! productions ( ! c\ntry m5tion$ by ,ne>*us1 ! comm&] ( ! fleet2 nei!r is x notic$ by ,arian1 ,diodorus1 ,columella1 nor any o!r anci5t au?or2 & ev5 z late z #adia1 ! ye> be=e ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 ,joan di ,cuba1 9 8 ,ortus ,sanitatis1 makes no m5tion ( x4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd 9 any anci5t tumulus1 s>cophagus1 or pyramid2 nor has x ev] be5 repres5t$ 9 any anci5t pa9t+1 sculpture1 or "w ( art1 except 9 ,am]ica4 ,b 9 t c\ntry1 accord+ to ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 "o ( ! anci5t ,p]uvian hi/orians1 ! palace g>d5s ( ! ,incas1 9 ,p]u1 7 ornam5t$ ) maize1 9 gold & silv]1 ) all ! gra9s1 spikes1 /alks1 & leaves2 & 9 "o in/ance1 9 ! g>d5 ( gold & silv]1 !re 0 an entire cornfield1 ( consid]able size1 repres5t+ ! maize 9 its exact & natural %ape2 a pro( no less ( ! weal? ( ! ,incas1 ?an _! v5]ation = ?is important gra94 ,9 fur!r pro( ( ! ,am]ican orig91 x may be /at$ t ?is plant is /ill f\nd gr[+1 9 a wild /ate1 f ! ,rocky m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 to ! humid =e/s ( ,p>aguay1 :]e1 in/ead ( hav+ ea* gra9 nak$1 z is always ! case aft] long cultivation1 x is completely cov]$ ) glumes or husks4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 a well au!nticat$ fact1 t maize 0 f\nd 9 a /ate ( cultivation by ! aborig9es1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 on its discov]y by ,columbus1 z well z 9 mo/ o!r places 9 ,am]ica1 fir/ explor$ by ,am]icans4 ,! fir/ successful attempt to cultivate ?is gra9 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ! ,engli%1 occurr$ on ,james' riv]1 9 ,virg9ia1 9 #afjh4 ,x 0 und]tak5 by ! coloni/s s5t ov] by ! ,indian company1 :o adopt$ ! mode !n practis$ by ! natives1 :i*1 ) "s modifications1 has be5 pursu$ ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry ev] s9ce4 ,! yield1 at ?is "t1 is repres5t$ to h be5 f two hundr$ to m ?an "o ?\s& fold4 ,! same increase 0 not$ by ! e>ly settl]s 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! pres5t yield1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :5 judici\sly cultivat$1 v>ies f #bj to #ace bu%els to an acre4 ,! v>ieties ( ,indian corn are v num]\s1 exhibit+ e grade ( size1 color1 & con=mation1 betwe5 ! *ubby re$ t gr[s on ! %ores ( ,lake sup]ior--! gigantic /alks ( ! ,ohio valley--! t9y e>s1 ) flat1 close1 cl++ gra9s1 ( ,canada--! brilliant1 r\nd$ little pe>l--! bright r$ gra9s & :ite cob ( ! eight-r[$ hmatite--! swell+ e>s ( ! big :ite & ! yell[ g\rd se$ ( ! ,s\?4 ,f ! flexibility ( ?is plant1 x may be acclimatis$1 by gradual cultivation1 f ,texas to ,ma9e1 or f ,canada to ,brazil2 b its "*1 9 ei!r case1 is some:at *ang$1 & (t5 new v>ieties are ! result4 ,! blades ( ! plant are ( great value z food = /ock1 & is an article b r>ely e/imat$ suffici5tly1 :5 consid]+ ( ! agricultural products ( ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates especially4 ,to supply slaves on plantations ) bread1 includ+ old & "y1 requires f twelve to ?irte5 bu%els ( corn ea* a ye>4 ,tak+ ?irte5 bu%els z ! av]age consumption ( bread/uffs by ! #bb1jjj1jjj ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! aggregate is #bhf1jjj1jjj bu%els p] annum4 ,! increase ( production1 f #ahdj to #ahej1 0 #bad1jjj1jjj bu%els1 equal to #ef p] c5t4 ,! production ( ,new ,engl& advanc$ f #f1iic1jjj to #aj1cgg1jjj bu%els1 %[+ an increase ( #c1chd1jjj bu%els1 ne>ly fifty p] c5t4 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e & ,m>yl&1 increas$ #bj1hab1jjj bu%els1 m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ,9 ! production ( ?is crop no ,/ate has retrograd$4 ,ohio1 :i* 9 #ahdj occupi$ ! f\r? place z a corn-produc+ ,/ate1 n[ ranks z ! fir/4 ,k5tucky is second1 ,ill9ois ?ird1 ,t5nessee f\r?4 ,! crop ( ,ill9ois has increas$ f #b1jjj1jjj to #e1ejj1jjj bu%els1 or at ! rate ( #afj p] c5t4 9 t5 ye>s4 ,( ! num]\s v>ieties "s are be/ adapt$ to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :ile o!rs are bett] suit$ = ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n4 ,^? g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! =m] are ! ,s\!rn big & small yell[1 ! ,s\!rn big & small :ite fl9t1 ! yell[ ,p]uvian1 & ! ,virg9ian :ite g\rd se$4 ,9 ! m ,nor!rly & ,ea/]ly ,/ates !y cultivate ! gold5 si\x1 or ,nor!rn yell[ fl9t1 ! ,k+ ,philip1 or eight-r[$ yell[1 ! ,canadian e>ly :ite1 ! ,tusc>ora1 ! :ite fl\r1 & ! ,rhode ,isl& :ite fl9t4 ,! ext5d$ cultivation ( ?is gra9 is *iefly conf9$ to ! ,ea/]n1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates1 ?\gh mu* m successfully gr[n 9 ! latt]4 ,! am\nt export$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #agdh1 0 #ci1cjh bu%els2 f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 #agec1 #fa1ehj bu%els2 f ,georgia1 9 #agee1 #fjj bu%els2 f ,virg9ia1 = sev]al ye>s prec$+ ! revolution1 annually #fjj1jjj bu%els2 f ,philadelphia1 9 #agfe-ff1 #ed1bje bu%els2 9 #agga1 #bei1dda bu%els4 ,! total am\nt export$ f ,am]ica 9 #aggj1 0 #egc1cdi bu%els2 9 #agia1 #b1jfd1icf bu%els1 #cea1fie ( :i* 7 ,indian meal2 9 #ahjj1 #b1jcb1dce bu%els1 #cch1ajh ( :i* 7 9 meal2 9 #ahaj1 #a1adj1ifj bu%els1 #hf1gdd ( :i* 7 meal4 ,9 #ahbj-ba1 !re 7 export$ #fjg1bgg bu%els ( corn1 & #aca1ffi b>rels ( ,indian meal2 9 #ahcj-ca1 #ega1cab bu%els ( corn1 & #bjg1fjd b>rels ( meal2 9 #ahdj-da1ece1gbg bu%els ( corn1 & #bcb1bhd b>rels ( meal2 9 #ahde-df1 #a1bhf1jfh bu%els ( corn1 & #bih1gij b>rels ( meal2 9 #ahdf-dg #af1cbf1jej bu%els ( corn1 & #idh1jfj b>rels ( meal2 9 #ahej-ea1 #c1dbf1haa bu%els ( corn1 & #bjc1fbb b>rels ( meal4 ,m ?an elev5 millions ( bu%els ( ,indian corn 7 consum$ 9 #ahej1 9 ! manufacture ( spiritu\s liquors4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahdj1 ! corn crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #cgg1eca1hge bu%els2 9 #ahej1 #eib1cbf1fab bu%els4 ,! increase 9 ! production ( corn 9 ,ohio has be5 79 t5 ye>s7 #ff p] c5t4 ,i h also be=e me ! auditor's returns = ! crop ( #ahej1 z tak5 by assessors1 & ! numb] ( acres plant$4 ,! auditor's returns are3-- ,sev5ty-?ree c\nties #ee1jgi1cgd ,d>ke c\nty #ebd1dhd ,twelve c\nties1 av]age #h1djj1jjj ---------- ,total #fd1jjc1heh ,?is is an advance ( #ae p] c5t4 on ! crop ( #ahdj1 & x is kn[n t ! crop ( #ahej 0 bett] ?an t ( #ahdi4 ,! numb] ( acres plant$1 & ! av]age production 03-- ,acres plant$ #a1haj1idg ,bu%els produc$ #fd1jjc1heh ,av]age p] acre #ce-c_/h bu%4 ,consid]+ h[ l>ge a portion ( hill l& is plant$1 & h[ _m fields are ill cultivat$1 ! av]age is high4 ,_m p]sons h believ$ t tak+ all ye>s & all l&s into view1 ! av]age ( corn l&s 0 n m ?an ?irty bu%els4 ,b ! imm5se f]tility ( bottom l&s on ! riv]s & creeks ( ,ohio make up = bad cultivation & inf]ior soil4 ,we may see some?+ ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! production ( corn1 by tak+ ! av]ages ( diff]5t c\nties1 ?us3-- ,acres4 ,crop4 ,av]age4 ,butl] #fb1jca #b1fdf1cec #db ,w>r5 #db1cbb #a1geg1dji #db ,pickaway #fe1hfj #b1fbg1gbg #dj ,ross #fi1ebj #b1iah1ieh #db ,comp>e ! av]age ( ^! c\nties1 :i* embrace "s ( ! be/ l&s 9 ! ,/ate1 ) ! foll[+3-- ,acres4 ,crop4 ,av]age4 ,c>roll #aj1ajg #caf1iii #cb ,jackson #ae1fhj #dci1hej #cj ,monroe #bc1cge #gbh1bdb #ca ,portage #aj1dbf #cbi1ebi #cb ,v9ton #aa1dac #cde1dgj #cj ,! la/ c\nties conta9 b little bottom l&1 & h5ce ! av]age ( corn is r$uc$ "o-f\r? 9 am\nt4 ,( ^! c\nties1 two are full ( coal & iron4 ,! res\rces ( ! la/ are m sl[ to develop1 b 9 ! end w be equally valuable4 ,b a small quantity ( ! corn ( ,ohio is export$ z gra94 ,x is fir/ manufactur$ into o!r articles1 & !n export$ 9 ano!r =m4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ^! are hogs1 cattle1 & :iskey4 ,x is difficult to say exactly h[ mu* corn is 9 ?is way export$1 b ! foll[+ is an approximation-- ,bu%els4 ,9 ,fat ,cattle #d1jjj1jjj ,9 ,fat ,hogs #aj1jjj1jjj ,9 ,:iskey #b1ejj1jjj ---------- ,total #af1ejj1jjj ,tak+ into view ! export ( corn meal--ab\t tw5ty millions ( bu%els--! residue goes to ! support ( ! /ock animals on h&1 ( :i* !re are ne> ?ree millions1 exclusive ( ^? fatt$ = m>ket4 ,! export$ corn 9 ! %ape ( cattle1 hogs1 & :iskey1 is wor? ab\t ?irty c5ts ca%1 :ile on ! f>m x is n wor? tw5ty--?us prov+ t x is m pr(itable to consume corn on ! f>m1 ?an to export x 9 bulk4 ,?is fact is well kn[n to good f>m]s1 :o seldom attempt to sell corn z a m]*antable article4 ,no m9+ 9 ! _w has ev] be5 equal to m9+ 9 a f]tile soil1 & no treasury is s reliable z a gran>y ( surplus products4 ,indian corn & meal g5]ally f9d a m>ket 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,x comm&s a good price1 & f9ds a ready sale 9 ! ports :i* are op5 to its reception4 ,d$uct+ "o-sixte5? = ! am\nt export$1 & "o-t5? = se$1 ! quantity ( maize annually consum$ = food 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a family ( five p]sons is #he bu%els4 ,maize may be consid]$ z ! great /aple ( ! agricultural products ( ! ,/ates4 ,x is export$ 9 l>ge quantities1 9 a raw /ate1 or :5 manufactur$ into meal4 ,be=e x is manufactur$ into meal x is dri$ by a fire1 9 a kiln prep>$ = t purpose4 ,by ?is process ! meal is mu* less liable to become s\r on ! voyage1 & c be pres]v$ mu* long] 9 a w>m climate4 ,no inconsid]able quantities h likewise be5 consum$ 9 di/illation2 & ! article ( kiln-dri$ meal = exportation is de/9$ to be ( no small acc\nt to ! corn-gr[+ sections ( t c\ntry4 ,! improvem5t cont9ually mak+ 9 ! quality ( ! se$ augurs well = ! productiv5ess ( ?is indig5\s crop1 z x has be5 f\nd t new v>ieties are susceptible ( be+ us$ to great advantage4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! produce ( ! diff]5t ,/ates 9 ! ye>s nam$1 z giv5 9 ! ,(ficial ,c5sus ,returns3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ahdj #ahda #ahdc #ahej ,bu%els4 ,bu%els4 ,bu%els4 ,bu%els4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ma9e #iej1ebh #ihh1edi #a1cij1gii ,new ,hamp%ire #a1afb1egb #aia1bge #ccj1ibe ,massa*usetts #a1hji1aib #a1ije1bgc #b1cdg1dea ,rhode ,isl& #dej1dih #dga1jbb #egh1gbj ,connecticut #a1ejj1dda #a1eba1aia #a1ibf1deh ,v]mont #a1aai1fgh #a1afg1bai #a1beb1hec ,new ,york #aj1igb1bhf #aa1dda1bef #ae1egd1eij ,new ,j]sey #d1cfa1ige #e1acd1cff #e1hje1aba ,p5nsylvania #ad1bdj1jbb #ad1ifi1dgb #ae1heg1dca ,delaw>e #b1jii1cei #b1afd1ejg #b1gci1ihb ,m>yl& #h1bcc1jhf #f1iih1abd #f1bje1bhb ,virg9ia #cd1egg1eia #cc1ihg1bee #de1hcf1ghh ,n4 ,c>ol9a #bc1hic1gfc #bd1aaf1bec #bg1iaf1jgg ,s4 ,c>ol9a #ad1gbb1hje #ad1ihg1dgd #ah1aij1iac ,georgia #bj1ije1abb #ba1gdi1bbg #bf1ifj1fhg ,alabama #bj1idg1jjd #ba1eid1ced #bd1hag1jhi ,mississippi #ac1afa1bcg #e1ihe1gbd #i1chf1cii ,l\isiana #e1ieb1iab #f1bbd1adg #h1ieg1cib ,t5nessee #dd1ihf1ahh #df1bhe1cei #fg1hch1dgg #eb1jjj1jjj ,k5tucky #ci1hdg1abj #dj1ghg1abj #ei1cee1aef #eh1jjj1jjj ,ohio #cc1ffh1add #ce1eeb1afa #ch1fea1abh #ei1ghh1gej ,indiana #bh1aee1hhg #cc1aie1ajh #cf1fgg1aga #ec1jjj1jjd ,ill9ois #bb1fcd1baa #bc1dbd1dgd #cb1gfj1dcd #eg1jjj1jjj ,miss\ri #ag1ccb1ebd #ai1gbe1adf #bg1adh1fjh ,arkansas #d1hdf1fcb #f1jci1dej #h1ged1bjd ,mi*igan #b1bgg1jci #c1jeh1jij #c1eib1dhb ,florida ,t]ritory #hih1jgd #fid1bje #hch1ffg ,wiscons9 #cgi1cei #eba1bdd #gej1gge ,i[a ,t4 #a1djf1bda #a1edg1bae #b1abh1daf ,d4 ( ,columbia #ci1dhe #dc1gbe #dg1hcg ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #cgg1eca1hge #chg1chj1ahe #did1fah1cjf #ejj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! ,indian corn crop ( #ahej1 = ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is return$ z ov] #ejj million bu%els1 a ga9 ( ab\t #dj millions on t ( #ahdj4 ,i give bel[ ! quantities ( ,indian corn & meal :i* 7 export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3-- ,corn1 ,bu%els4 ,meal1 ,bu%els4 ,value4 ,dolls4 #agij #a1gac1bda #agid #a1eje1igg #bda1egj #agih #a1bah1bca #baa1fid #ahjb #a1fcc1bhc #eff1haf #ahjf #a1jfd1bfc #ajh1cdb #a1bhf1jjj #ahaj #a1jed1beb #hf1gdd #a1ach1jjj #ahad #fa1bhd #bf1dch #agj1jjj #ahah #a1jge1aij #abj1jbi #b1cce1dje #ahbb #eji1jih #adh1bhh #ijj1fef #ahbf #eje1cha #aeh1feb #a1jjg1cba #ahbi #hig1fef #agc1gge #igd1ece #ahcc #dcg1agd #adf1fgh #hga1had --7,pitk9's ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ales1 & ,seyb]t's ,/ati/ical ,annals47 ,sy/em ( culture pursu$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,maize1 ! corn1 p> excell5ce1 ( ,am]ica1 is gr[n 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,virg9ia1 & ,indiana1 are 9 _! ord] ! greate/ produc]s ( ?is gra94 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,miss\ri1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,new ,york1 ,m>yl&1 ,arkansas1 & ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 x appe>s to be a v favorite crop4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ! mo/ ,nor!rn & lea/ favorable ,/ate on t acc\nt1 be+ cold1 a fair proportion is gr[n1 ! aggregate produce be+ great] !re ?an 9 any ( ! gra9s1 except oats2 m1 inde$1 ?an might be expect$1 7 n labor some:at *eap] ?an 9 m ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e ! climate is m cong5ial4 ,! ord9>y produce is tw5ty-five bu%els p] acre2 =ty bu%els is (t5 rais$1 & 9 prize crops ! weight has come up to #ajj bu%els p] acre4 ,9 ,ohio ! av]age is fifty-five bu%els to ! acre4 ,! eight & twelve-r[$ v>ieties ( ,indian corn are ^? mo/ usually gr[n 9 ,new ,york1 & ! av]age produce ( a good field 9 t ,/ate is f =ty to sixty bu%els2 on ord9>y gr\nd tw5ty-five to ?irty is a fair crop4 ,! same returns appe>$ to be d]iv$ f gr\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,mr4 ,d\bl$ay1 ( ,b+hampton1 ,new ,york1 e/imates ! produce ( t neighb\rhood at =ty bu%els1 & ! exp5se ( rais+ ! crop z foll[s1 e/imat+ ! wor? ( ! l& at tw5ty-five doll>s 7say #e7 p] acre3-- ,doll>s4 ,c5ts4 ,! int]e/ ( :i* is #a #af ,"o pl\gh+ ) d\ble team1 & h>r[+ #c #ej ,se$ & plant+ #a #jj ,pla/] or gypsum1 & putt+ on ! hill #j #cg ,pl\gh+ & hoe+ twice1 cutt+ or /alk+ ! corn #b #ge ,husk+ or ?ra%+ #b #ej ----------------- #aa #fb ,av]age yield1 =ty bu%els2 co/ ( produce1 tw5ty-n9e c5ts4 7#as4 #d;d47 p] bu%el4 ,no?+ is "h put d[n = manure or c>tage1 because ! fodd]1 cut up & sav$1 z usually adopt$1 is equal to ! manure requir$4 ,x is look$ ^u t ! prep>ation ( gr\nd = corn co/s less ?an :eat2 ! approv$ plan is to plant on sw>d gr\nd1 pl\gh+ at once1 & turn+ ! gr\nd completely ov]1 !n h>r[+ longitud9ally until1 a good til? is obta9$4 ,%\ld ! soil n be ri* en\gh1 /able manure is fir/ spread on ! l&4 ,n[ suppose ! corn to sell at sev5ty-five c5ts ! bu%el1 ! acc\nt w\ld /& ?us3-- ,doll>s4 ,c5ts4 ,=ty bu%els1 at sev5ty-five c5ts4 #cj #jj ,co/ #aa #fb --------------- ,ga9 p] acre #ah #ch or #c #acs4 #f;d4 ,briti% money pr(it p] acre4 ,9 ,li*field1 ,connecticut1 ! co/ ( produce has be51 = ! items z /at$ above1 eighte5 doll>s tw5ty-five c5ts1 or ! co/ ( ea* bu%el ?irty-six & "o-half c5ts4 ,! acre produce 0 fifty bu%els1 s t x /ood ?us3-- ,doll>s4 ,c5ts4 ,fifty bu%els1 at sev5ty-five c5ts #cg #ej ,co/ #ah #be ----------------- ,ga9 #ai #e or #c #abs4 p] acre4 ,! co/ ( produc+ maize v>ies some:at 9 ! o!r ,/ates1 ?us3-- ,p] bu%el4 ,c5ts4 ,new ,hamp%ire 7,unity7 ! co/ 0 #ej ,fayette c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania #af ,donesville1 ,mi*igan1 only #ag ,plym\?1 ,massa*usetts #ag #g_/aj ,! co/ on produc+ ?is crop 0 small1 b x appe>s to h be5 a small crop1 & did n br+ m ?an ?irty c5ts p] bu%el4 ,9 ,monroe c\nty1 ! ri*e/ l& 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 e/imat+ ! l& at fifte5 doll>s p] acre1 ! produc+ co/ /ood at3-- ,doll>s4 ,c5ts4 ,int]e/ at six p] c5t4 #j #de ,"o pl\gh+ sw>d1 cov] or /ubble #a #jj ,h>r[+1 furr[+1 se$1 & plant+ #j #hg ,cultivat+ ?ree times & hoe+ #a #jj ,husk+ ! hill #a #jj ,%ell+ & clean+ #a #jj --------------- #e #hb ,?is yield$ fifty bu%els1 ! co/ ( produc+ ! bu%el 0 elev5 & ?ree-fif?s c5ts4 ,?is l[ co/ 0 ow+ to ! fact ( no manure be+ us$2 & :ile x speaks volumes z to ! natural f]tility ( ,am]ican soils1 yet x reflects v disgracefully ^u ! c>eless sy/em adopt$ !re1 z "u su* treatm5t no l& c\ld cont9ue1 aft] "s ye>s1 to produce a crop :i* c\ld come into competition ) ^? f new] & less exhau/$ l&s2 b if "u a good sy/em ( tillage ! gr\nd 0 ye>ly r5ew$ ) manure1 & ^? am5dm5ts :i* e soil requires1 aft] a crop has be5 rais$ f x1 add$ to ! soil 9 top-dress+ & 9 pl\gh+-91 we %\ld nev] he> ( ! exhau/$ /ate ( ,new ,engl& l&1 or see ! sons ( ! soil mov+ we/ & cultivat+ new] soils1 ?us remov+ mu* ( ! capital & intellig5ce ( a c\ntry away f x4 ,suppos+ ! corn ( ,monroe c\nty sold at sev5ty c5ts p] bu%el1 ! balance w\ld appe> ?us3-- ,doll>s4 ,c5ts4 ,fifty bu%els1 at sev5ty c5ts #ce #jj ,co/ ( production #e #hb -------------- ,ga9 #bi #ah #f #as4 p] acre pr(it4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,ohio & 9 ,ill9ois ! co/ ( production av]ages tw5ty c5ts p] bu%el4 ,! mode ( cultivation 9 ,connecticut & ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates has be5 ?us describ$ to me by ,mr4 ,l4 ,dur&1 an exp]i5c$ agriculturi/3--,if ! soil select$ is light & mell[1 x %\ld be pl\gh$ & subsoil$ 9 ! spr+1 fir/ spread+ on ! co>se unf]m5t$ manure :i* is to be pl\gh$ 94 ,= m>k+ ! r[s = plant+1 a corn m>k] may be us$ to advantage4 ,x is made by tak+ a piece ( scantl+1 ?ree in*es squ>e & t5 to twelve feet long1 ) tee? ( hickory or :ite oak ins]t$ at di/ances ( two to f\r feet1 accord+ to ! wid? design$ = ! r[s4 ,!n an old pair ( waggon-?ills & a pair ( old pl\gh-h&les are put to x1 & y\r m>k] is done4 ,) a good horse to draw ?is implem5t1 ! gr\nd may be made ready = plant+ v rapidly4 ,x is bett] to leave ! gr\nd flat ?an to ridge x1 = ! latt] mode has no advantage1 except :5 ! gr\nd is wet4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two modes is *iefly ?is3--,:5 ! gr\nd is ridg$1 ! corn be+ plant$ betwe5 ! edges ( ! furr[s1 x comes imm$iately 9 contact ) ! manure1 spr+s up & gr[s rapidly ! =e "p ( ! season4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is left flat1 & ! manure turn$ "u ! furr[s1 ! corn w (t5 look feeble at fir/1 & 9 gr[? w frequ5tly be mu* beh9d t on ! ridges2 & ! inf]5ce e>ly 9 ! season is1 t ! ridg$ gr\nd w give ! be/ crop1 b z soon z ! roots ( ! corn on ! flat gr\nd get hold ( ! manure 7say ab\t ! #bj? ( ,july71 ! corn w %oot rapidly ahead1 & ! full =ce ( ! manure w be giv5 to ! /alk j at ! "t ( =m+ ! gra94 ,corn cultivat$ 9 ?is way1 if ! soil is deeply till$1 w (t5 keep gre51 :ile t on ridges is dri$ up4 ,_m f>m]s1 at plant+1 %ell ! corn (f ! cob1 & plant x dry4 ,o!rs soak x a few days 9 w>m wat]4 ,b :5 ! se$ is only treat$ 9 ?is way1 x is v likely to be pull$ up by birds & injur$ by worms4 ,! be/ way to prev5t ?is is to fir/ soak ! corn 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre2 !n take a quantity ( t>1 & hav+ w>m$ x ov] a fire1 p\r x on ! corn1 & /ir ) a /ick or paddle till ! gra9 is all sme>$ ) ! t>2 !n add gypsum or pla/] till ! corn w sep>ate freely1 & no birds w t\* ! gra94 ,! "t ( plant+1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 v>ies ) ! season & ! section ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,new ,engl& x may g5]ally be plant$ f ! #ae? to ! #be? ,may4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is flat1 a light h>r[ or a cultivator is mu* bett] to g betwe5 ! r[s ?an ! pl\gh4 ,=m]ly a great deal ( useless labor 0 sp5t 9 hill+ up corn2 9 dry seasons ?is 0 worse ?an useless4 ,! e>? haul$ r\nd ! /alk does n assi/ its gr[?1 nor aid 9 hold+ x up2 ! brace roots1 :i* come out z ! /alk increases 9 height1 support x2 & x has be5 obs]v$1 t 9 a heavy /orm & ?und] gu/1 corn t is hill$ w be brok5 d[n m ?an t :i* is n hill$4 ,! gr\nd :i* is kept level has also ! advantage ( m readily absorb+ ra91 r5d]+ ! crop less liable to suff] f dr\ght4 ,! field %\ld h two or ?ree regul> hoe+s1 & ! we$s be c>efully kept "u4 ,9 h>ve/+ ! foll[+ w be f\nd a good plan3--,let two h&s take five r[s1 cutt+ ! corn close to ! gr\nd4 ,a hill %\ld be left /&+ to =m ! c5tre ( ! %ock1 plac+ ! /alks r\nd x1 s t !y may n lie on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ! %ock is made ( suffici5t size1 take a b& ( /raw1 & hav+ turn$ d[n ! tops ( ! /alks1 b9d !m firmly1 & ! "w is done4 ,maize may be cut z soon z ! c5tre ( ! gra9 is glaz$1 ev5 if ! /alks are gre54 ,!re w be suffici5t nutrim5t 9 ! /alk to p]fect ! e>1 & ! fodd] is mu* bett] ?an :5 x gets dry be=e x is cut4 ,if ! %ocks are well put up1 !y may /& f\r or five weeks4 ,! corn may !n be knock$ out1 & ! fodd] secur$ = w9t] use4 ,! report ( ! ,ohio ,bo>d ( ,agriculture = #ahdi1 conta9s _m int]e/+ /atem5ts 9 ref]5ce to maize culture1 made by ! (fic]s ( num]\s c\nty agricultural societies4 ,9 ,miami c\nty1 #b1jcj1fgj bu%els 7 gr[n1 at an av]age yield ( fifty-five bu%els p] acre4 ,?ree v>ieties are cultivat$3 ! common g\rd se$1 = cattle2 ! yell[ ,k5tucky1 = hogs & di/ill+2 & ! :ite1 = gr9d+ & exportation4 ,accord+ to ! returns f ,gre5 c\nty1 :i* produc$ #a1bej1jjj bu%els ( corn 9 #ahdi1 a regul> rotation ( clov]1 corn1 :eat1 & clov] aga91 is be/ = corn2 & no crop pays bett] = extra culture4 ,! ,h>rison c\nty ,agricultural ,society reports ! pork crop at #d1hjj1jjj p\nds2 & x gave its fir/ premium = corn to ,mr4 ,s4,b4 ,luk5s1 ^: /atem5t is z foll[s3-- ,! gr\nd _h be5 9 mead[ t5 ye>s1 0 pl\gh$ six in*es deep ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 0 h>r[$ twice ov] on ! #i? ,may1 & plant$ on ! #aa? f\r feet by two feet4 ,x came up well1 0 cultivat$ & ?9n$ :5 t5 in*es high2 ?ree /alks 7 left 9 a hill4 ,ab\t two weeks aft]w>d x 0 aga9 cultivat$1 & ! suck]s pull$ (f4 ,ab\t ! la/ ( ,june x 0 aga9 cultivat$1 mak+ ?ree times ! same way1 z x 0 laid (f b "o way4 d4 c4 ,exp5se ( culture1 ga!r+1 & cribb+1 0 #ag #aj ,produce ( #cgd-c_/h bu%els1 at #ca c5ts #aag #aj ---------- ,pr(it on ?ree acres #ajj #jj ,! evid5ce on :i* a premium 0 aw>d$ 0 su* z %\ld satisfy any "o t #cgd bu%els 7 gr[n on ?ree acres ( l&1 & at a co/ n exce$+ #ag doll>s #aj c5ts1 deliv]$ 9 ! crib4 ,?is is produc+ corn at less ?an #e c5ts a bu%el4 ,:e!r ! /atem5t be true to ! lett] or n1 x %[s conclusively ! great value ( a ri* soil = mak+ *eap corn4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture e/imates ! crop ( ,ohio la/ ye> at #gj1jjj1jjj ( bu%els4 ,tak+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 probably ! crop ( corn 0 nev] bett] ?an 9 ! ye> #ahdi4 ,"o t has ri* l& ne$s only to pl\gh x deep & well1 plant 9 season1 & cultivate ! e>? prop]ly ) a pl\gh or cultivator1 to secure ! gr[? ( a g5]\s crop4 ,on poor soils ! case is v diff]5t4 ,to raise a good crop ( corn on poor l&1 & at ! lea/ possible exp5se1 requires "s sci5ce & mu* skill 9 ! art ( tillage4 ,take ! same field to op]ate 91 & "o f>m] w gr[ #ajj bu%els ( corn at half ! co/ p] bu%el t ano!r w exp5d 9 labor1 :i* is money4 ,x un=tunately happ5s t v skilful f>m]s are few 9 numb]1 9 comp>ison ) ^? :o h fail$ to /udy & practice all atta9able improvem5ts4 ,to produce *eap corn on poor l&1 "o ne$s a cle> und]/&+ ( :at elem5ts ( ! crop air & wat] w furni%1 & :at !y _c supply4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! atmosph]e is precisely ! same ov] gr\nd :i* yields #ajj bu%els ( corn p] acre1 t x is ov] t :i* produces only five bu%els p] acre4 ,n[1 ! :ole matt] :i* =ms ! /ems1 leaves1 roots1 cobs1 & se$s ( corn1 :]e ! crop is #ajj bu%els p] acre1 is n "p & p>cel ( ! soil4 ,a h>ve/ equal to fifty bu%els p] acre c be obta9$ )\t consum+ ov] t5 p] c5t1 ( e>?1 z comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! crop4 ,no plant c imbibe m ( ! sub/ance ( ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s1 ?an is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 or r5d]$ gase\s by ! decomposition ( m\ld4 ,! quantity ( matt] dissolv$1 :e!r organic or inorganic1 dur+ ! few weeks 9 :i* corn plants organise ! bulk ( _! solids1 is small4 ,f #ic to #ig p>ts 9 #ajj ( ! dry matt]1 9 a mature1 p]fect plant1 includ+ its se$s1 cob1 /ems1 leaves1 & roots1 are c>bon 7*>coal7 & ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,x is n only an important1 b an exce$+ly in/ructive fact1 t ! mo/ effective f]tilis]s kn[n 9 agriculture are ^? t lea/ ab\nd 9 ! elem5ts ( wat] & c>bon4 ,! unlea*$ dry excrem5ts ( dunghill f[ls & pigeons1 h five times ! f]tilis+ p[] on all c]eal plants t ! dry dung ( a grass-f$ c[ has1 al?\gh ! latt] has five times m c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 p] #ajj p\nds1 ?an ! =m]4 ,al?\gh x is desirable to apply to ! soil 9 :i* corn is to gr[ z mu* ( organis$ c>bon & wat] z "o conv5i5tly c1 yet1 :]e f]tilis]s h to be transport$ _m miles2 x is important to "k t su* ( ! measure z w\ld =m coal1 if c>efully burnt1 c be/ be sp>$4 ,! same is true ( ^? elem5ts 9 manure :i* =m vapor or wat]1 :5 ! f]tilis] decomposes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,c>bonic acid & nasc5t hydrog5 evolv$ 9 rott+ /able manure are truly valuable food = plants1 & p]=m important *emical (fices 9 ! soil2 b !y are1 nev]!less1 n s indisp5sable to ! economical production ( crops1 z available nitrog51 pota%1 silica1 magnesia1 sulphur1 & phosphorus4 ,^! elem5ts ( plants be+ less abundant 9 nature1 & q indisp5sable 9 =m+ corn1 cotton1 & e o!r product ( ! soil1 _! artificial supply 9 guano1 night soil1 & o!r highly conc5trat$ f]tilis]s1 adds imm5sely to ! h>ve/1 ?r\gh ! aid ( a small weight ( matt]4 ,9 all sections :]e corn is wor? #cj c5ts & ov] a bu%el1 great b5efits may be realis$ by ! skilful manufacture & use ( p\drette4 ,?is article is an inodor\s comp\nd ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5ts ( human food & clo?+4 ,x is ! raw mat]ial ( crops4 ,x is n necess>y to re/ore to a cornfield all ! matt] remov$ 9 ! crop to ma9ta9 its f]tility4 ,a "p ( ea* se$1 h[ev]1 ought to be c>ri$ back & replac$ 9 ! soil1 to make good its loss by ! h>ve/4 ,9 e b>rel ( meal or fl\r s5t to m>ket 7#aif p\nds71 !re are n f> f #ahf p\nds ( c>bon 7coal71 & ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,:5 a bird eats :eat or corn1 ,i h reason to believe1 f sev]al exp]im5ts1 t ov] #hj p] c5t1 ( ! food escapes into ! air ?r\gh its capaci\s lungs 9 ! process ( respiration2 & yet ! #bj p] c5t1 ( guano left w re-produce z mu* :eat or corn z 0 consum$4 ,import$ guano1 :i* has be5 expos$ to ! wea!r = ages1 (t5 gives an increase 9 ! crop ( :eat equal to ?ree p\nds ( se$ to "o ( f]tilis]2 :ile x has giv5 a ga9 ( sev5 to "o ( corn1 & fifty to "o ( gre5 turnips4 ,l o!r gra9s t h be5 long cultivat$1 ,indian corn ab\nds 9 v>ieties4 ,9 ,spa9 !y c\nt no less ?an #acj1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! numb] is upw>ds ( =ty4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s 9 size1 color1 p]iod ( maturation1 & h>dness & weight ( gra94 ,( size !re exi/s a consid]able v>iety1 f ,zea ,curagua ( ,*ili1 & ! ,egyptian or *ick5 corn1 bo? extremely dim9utive1 to ! l>ge :ite fl9t1 & gr\nd se$ corn ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! diff]5ces 9 color are ! r$1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,! p]iod ( maturation v>ies1 app>5tly1 v consid]ably2 b x is que/ionable :e!r ?is v>iation is real1 & indep5d5t ( climate4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,indian corn rip5s 9 a %ort] p]iod ( "t ?an x does 9 ! ,s\?1 ow+1 possibly1 to ! great] l5g? ( ! summ] day 9 ^? latitudes4 ,9 select+ v>ieties1 "s exp]i5c$ & judici\s f>m]s pref] t :i* yields ! great] numb] ( e>s1 )\t reg>d to _! size1 or numb] ( r[s4 ,o!rs pref] t :i* furni%es "o or two l>g] e>s1 hav+ f twelve to tw5ty-f\r r[s4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! yell[ corn be>s ! highe/ price 9 ! m>ket1 & is consid]$ ! mo/ prolific & be/ suit$ to fe$ cattle & hogs4 ,= bread1 ! :ite ,button is pref]r$ at ! ,nor?1 & ! :ite gr\nd se$ is us$ = t purpose 9 o!r qu>t]s4 ,pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 is mo/ frequ5tly giv5 to :ite fl9t corn1 :i* is unque/ionably ! heavie/1 & conta9s ! greate/ proportion ( f>9a4 ,9 ,mississippi _m v>ieties are gr[n1 pr9cipally ^? kn[n z fl9t & ba/>d fl9t4 ,! g\rd-se$ v>ieties are v objectionable 9 t climate1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( _! s(tness r5d]+ !m unfit = bread1 & op5 to ! attacks ( insects 9 ! field & ! crib4 ,!y require a gra91 :ite1 h>d1 & r fl9ty--:ite because ( its great consumption 9 bread & hommony1 9 ! prep>ation ( bo? ( :i* _! cooks greatly excel4 ,:5 meal is gr\nd = bread1 ! mill is set r wide1 t ! fl9ty "p ( ! gra9 may n be cut up too f9e1 ?is be+ sift$ out = small hommony2 ! f>9ace\s "p ( ! gra9 is left = bread4 ,?is hommony is a beautiful & delici\s di%4 ,on mo/ plantations ! negroes h x = supp]1 ) molasses or butt]milk4 ,a h>d fl9ty gra9 is necess>y to head ! weevil1 ) :i* n only ! cribs b ! heads ( corn 9 ! field are infe/$4 ,^! are ! ,cal&ra oryz1 ! true rice weevil1 di/+ui%$ f 8 ,european c\s9 by ! two r$di% spots on ea* elytra or w+-cov]1 & kn[n 9 ,am]ica z ! black weevil2 also a little br[n insect1 n a true weevil1 b a ,sylvanus4 ,?is sylvanus1 & ano!r ( ! same g5us1 mo/ probably ! ,s4 sur9am5sis1 attack ! corn 9 ! field be=e x becomes h>d1 caus+ s]i\s damage--b no?+ to equal t occasion$ by ! black weevil4 ,i "k ( no g5]ally successful me?od ( /ay+ or ev5 *eck+ ! injury caus$ by ! insects1 ?\gh mu* might be writt5 9 ! way ( sugge/ion4 ,9 ,mi*igan1 ! d5t v>iety 9 dry seasons produces ! be/ crops on s&y loam1 z its roots run deep] ?an ! common eight-r[$ yell[ or :ite4 ,9 moi/ seasons ! latt] v>ieties usually d well4 ,!y are gr[n mo/ g5]ally 9 ! ,nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 :ile 9 ! ,s\!rn section ! ,ohio d5t is pr9cipally rais$4 ,! %uck & blade are mu* us$ z fodd] = cattle1 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t]4 ,indian corn is v liable to *ange ( "* f soil & climate1 gr[+ small] ! f>!r ,nor? x is rais$4 ,! mix+ ( ! eight-r[$ yell[ ) ! ,ohio d5t has1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 be5 b5eficial 9 increas+ ! yield4 ,s&y loam1 or clay1 is consid]$ ! soil be/ adapt$ to corn4 ,x is usually plant$ 9 ,may1 & h>ve/$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,! blade is n tak5 (f !re z at ! ,s\?2 "s f>m]s cut up _! corn :5 ripe1 put x into %ocks1 & husk x late 9 ! fall2 o!rs cut ! /alks1 b9d !m 9 %eaves1 & /ack !m = w9t] 9 ! fields1 or put !m away 9 b>ns or %$s2 :ile o!rs husk ! corn on ! hill )\t cutt+ ! /alks1 & late 9 ! fall turn _! cattle into ! field to eat ! fodd]4 ,( ^! diff]5t modes ! pref]5ce is usually giv5 to cutt+ ! /alks & putt+ !m "u cov] aft] be+ well cur$1 & bu/+ ! corn on ! hill4 ,! corn is ?\ght to rip5 bett] 9 ?is way1 & to keep bett] 9 ! cribs4 ,! ,ohio d5t1 hav+ a small] e> conta9+ less moi/ure ?an o!r v>ieties1 rip5s quick] & keeps bett]4 ,?is crop ranges f #be to #fe bu%els p] acre1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! yield is to be attribut$ to ! mann] ( cultivation4 ,my exp]i5ce %[s t a crop ( #de bu%els p] acre co/s #ac c5ts a bu%el1 includ+ int]e/ on l&4 ,corn is pr9cipally rais$ 9 ,mi*igan = home consumption1 & ! /alks & %ucks1 if well cur$1 are wor?s doll>s p] acre1 comp>$ ) hay at #e doll>s p] ton4 ,z mu* z #acd bu%els p] acre h be5 obta9$1 9 "s in/ances1 9 ,massa*usetts2 till ! la/ #bj ye>s #ce bu%els 0 consid]$ an av]age crop1 b by a due rotation ( crops1 & pl\gh+ 9 long manure1 at lea/ #ge bu%els to ! acre are n[ rais$4 ,! k9ds pref]r$ !re1 are an eight-r[$ v>iety1 procur$ orig9ally f ,canada2 ! ,cass corn1 ano!r eight-r[$ v>iety1 & ! ,dutton corn1 ea* ( :i* av]ages ab\t #fj lbs4 to ! bu%el4 ,maize is a pr9cipal crop 9 ! ,connecticut ,riv] ,valley1 ,we/]n ,v]mont1 & along ! ,lake %ore2 b 9 ! high divid+ ridge1 & 9 ! ,nor!rn c\nties bord]+ on ,canada1 ! climate is too sev]e = its pr(itable cultivation4 ,! k9d mo/ly gr[n 7obs]ves ,mr4 ,colburn1 ( ,v]mont7 is ! yell[ eight-r[$1 ?\gh "s pref] ! twelve & sixte5-r[$1 kn[n "h by ! "n ( ! ,button corn2 b my exp]i5ce 9 cultivat+ ! diff]5t k9ds = ! la/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 has =c$ me to ! conclusion t ! common eight-r[$1 mix$ ) a k9d call$ ! ,br[n corn1 does ! be/2 ! k]nel ( !-latt] be>+ ^u a *ocolate hue1 & ! mixture ( ^! two k9ds ( se$ imp>t+ a deep ri* color to ! :ole1 :5 !y become bl5d$1 & enhanc+ ! yield :5ev] ! soil is 9 high til?4 ,( ?is k9d1 ! writ] has rais$1 ! pa/ season1 ^u elev5 acres on ! ,connecticut ,riv] alluvium1 ov] eight hundr$ bu%els %ell$ corn1 f\r acres ( :i*1 ) extra prep>ation1 produc$ f\r hundr$ & sixte5 bu%els4 ,x w nev] d to c>ry se$ corn f ,s\? to ,nor?1 z x w n mature 9 a high] or cold] climate ?an t f :i* x has be5 tak54 ,ev5 half a degree ( latitude s5sibly affects ! matur+ ( ! blade1 & r5d]s x an unc]ta9 crop 9 our high nor!rn latitudes4 ,to insure an extra yield ( ?is valuable gra91 ! soil mu/ be highly manur$1 deeply pl\gh$1 ?or\gh cultivat$ & ho$1 & top-dress$ ) lime1 h\se a%es1 & pla/]4 ,?is done1 x is ! mo/ remun]ative & pr(itable ( all gra9 crops4 ,9 ,delaw>e !re are _m v>ieties1 & ev]ybody e/eems 8 own k9d ! be/4 ,! gra9 v>ies f pure fl9t to pure g\rd se$--( c\rse ! mixtures :i* are betwe5 ^! two v>ieties are mo/ common--x incl9es m to g\rd se$ ?an to fl9t4 ,m9t weighs full /&>d fifty-six1 ! g\rd se$ f =ty-n9e to fifty-two p\nds1 & ! mixtures range betwe54 ,fl9t rip5s f t5 days to two weeks e>li]4 ,x w n produce z _m p\nds p] acre z ! light] g\rd se$4 ,soil ex]ts its influ5ce ov] ! "* ( corn1 a heavy soil t5d+ to produce fl9t--light soil1 g\rd se$4 ,! corn is cut up 9 ! fall1 & aft] cur+ 9 ! %uck1 is husk$2 ! %uck rema9+ on ! /alk ) ! blades4 ,! av]age yield1 on improv$ l&1 is fifty bu%els2 ?\gh crops ( "o hundr$ & twelve1 & "o hundr$ & sixty bu%els p] acre are report$ to h be5 rais$ 9 ! c\nty1 9 #ahdi4 ,! yield increases f ye> to ye>4 ,a g5]al & rapid improvem5t ( ! ,/ate is 9 progress1 & 9 no?+ is ?is se5 m cle>ly ?an 9 ! corn crop4 ,mossy old s$ge fields1 :i* h be5 laid out = ye>s1 are brok5 up1 & w yield1 if x be a good season1 f five to t5 bu%els p] acre2 f5ce !m1 lime !m ) tw5ty to ?irty bu%els1 & se$ ! oat crop ) clov]1 & 9 two ye>s ! clov] sod w return eighte5 to tw5ty bu%els ( corn4 ,ano!r dress+ ( lime1 or its equival5t 9 m>l1 ( :i* !re is an abundance 9 ! l[] half ( ,newca/le ,c\nty1 w %[ ?irty bu%els ( corn2 & ( :eat1 if ! f>m manure be us$ on x1 n9e to twelve bu%els w n be too mu* to expect4 ,9 ,arkansas1 ,indian corn is reg>d$ z ! k+ ( gra9s4 ,x con/itutes ! *ief food ( e animal1 f man d[n to ! m>aud+ rat1 :ile its dri$ blade furni%es sev5-t5?s ( ! long food = work+ animals4 ,! l>ge :ite is ! v>iety mo/ e/eem$1 & mo/ g5]ally cultivat$1 = ! reasons t x yields m gra9 & fodd]1 makes1 :5 gr\nd into meal1 :it] & sweet] bread1 & is less liable to injury f ! weevils4 ,! blade is usually e/eem$ ! be/ long food = horses1 exce$+ 9 price ! be/ ,nor!rn hay2 ! av]age price may be /at$ at ab\t sev5ty c5ts p] cwt4 ,! %uck is f$ to c[s & "y mules1 !y eat x1 b ) less reli% ?an !y d ! blades1 :i* are sweet] & m nutriti\s4 ,! =m] are mu* us$ = mattresses1 be+ pref]r$ to moss1 z !y are clean]1 & easi] manufactur$4 ,:5 mix$ ) co>se cotton1 & prop]ly prep>$1 !y w make a mattress b little inf]ior to curl$ hair3 price ab\t fifty c5ts p] cwt4 ,! av]age price ( ?is gra9 may be set d[n at =ty c5ts p] bu%el2 & ! yield on upl& 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ate may be /at$ at ?irty bu%els p] acre4 ,five v>ieties ( maize are gr[n 9 ,p]u4 ,"o is kn[n by ! "n ( *ancayano1 :i* has a l>ge semi-transp>5t yell[ gra92 ano!r is call$ moro*o1 & has small yell[ gra9 ( a horny appe>ance2 am>ello1 or ! yell[1 has a l>ge yell[ opaque gra91 & is m f>9ace\s ?an ! two =m] v>ieties2 blanco1 :ite--?is v>iety is l>ge1 & conta9s m f>9a ?an ! =m]2 & can*a1 or sweet maize4 ,! la/ is only cultivat$ 9 ! cold] climates ( ! m\nta9s2 x gr[s ab\t two feet high1 ! cob is %ort1 & ! gra9s l>ge & :ite2 :5 gre51 x is v bitt]1 b :5 ripe & roa/$1 x is p>ticul>ly sweet1 & s t5d] t x may be r$uc$ to fl\r betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,9 ?is roa/$ /ate x con/itutes ! pr9cipal food ( ! m\nta9e]s ( sev]al prov9ces4 ,! natives remove ! husk f ! maize by putt+ x into wat] ) a quantity ( wood a%es1 expos+ x to a boil+ heat1 & wa%+ ! gra9 9 runn+ wat]1 :5 ! husk imm$iately sep>ates f ! gra94 ,9 ,jamaica ,i f\nd maize to produce two crops 9 ! ye>1 & (t5 ?ree4 ,x is usually gr[n !re on ! banks or ridges ( ! cane fields4 ,x may be plant$ at any "t :5 !re is ra91 & x yields f fifte5 to =ty bu%els p] acre1 accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil1 & ! m or less close mann] 9 :i* x is plant$4 ,9 ! colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 includ+ ! di/rict ( ,port ,phillip1 !re 7 #bj1gih acres "u cultivation ) maize 9 #ahdd1 ! produce f :i* 0 return$ at #ege1heg bu%els2 #bg1jeh bu%els ( maize 7 export$ f ,sydney 9 #ahdh4 ,culture 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4--,! gr[]s on ! hills ( ,nepaul reckon ?ree k9ds ( maize3 a :ite gra9$ species1 :i* is g5]ally gr[n on ! hill sides2 a yell[ gra9$ "o1 gr[n 9 ! l[ & hot valleys2 & a small] "o1 call$ ,bhoteah1 or ,murilli ,makii1 :i* is consid]$ ! sweete/ ( ! ?ree1 b f be+ less productive is n g5]ally gr[n on good l&s4 ,maize ?rives be/ on a silice\s1 well-dra9$1 ri* soil4 ,a correspond5t 9 my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji1 says ! f9e/ ,indian corn he ev] saw 0 9 ! ,himalayas ( ! ,sikim-range1 :]e ! soil consi/s ( a sub/ratum ( decompos$ mica f ! "u or rocky /ratum1 ) a sup]/ratum ( f ?ree to six in*es ( decay$ vegetable matt]1 f leaves1 c41 ( ! anci5t =e/s4 ,?r\gh\t ,h9do/an1 ,june is ! usual "t = s[+4 ,9 ,beh>1 ab\t two se]s are usually s[n ^u a beggah2 9 ,nepaul1 tw5ty-f\r se]s ^u an ,engli% acre2 9 ! vic9ity ( ,poonah1 "o & a-half se] p] beggah4 ,be=e ! se$ is s[n ! l& is usually pl\gh$ two or ?ree times1 & no fur!r att5tion giv5 to ! crop ?an two hoe+s4 ,9 ,nepaul1 :]e x is ! pr9cipal crop cultivat$1 ! se$ is s[n1 aft] "o delv+ & pulv]isation ( ! soil1 9 ! latt] end ( ,may & e>ly "p ( ,june1 9 drills1 ! se$s be+ laid at int]vals ( sev5 or eight in*es 9 ! drills1 & ! drills an equal space ap>t4 ,! drills are n rais$ z = turnip s[+1 b consi/ m]ely ( r[s ( ! plant on a level surface4 ,! se$ is di/ribut$ 9 ?is mann] ) ! view ( facilitat+ ! we$+ ( ! crop1 n = ! purpose ( e>?+ up ! roots1 :i* seems unnecess>y4 ,! ,indian corn s[+ resembles t ( ! gohya 7or upl&7 rice1 9 ! c>eful mann] 9 :i* x is p]=m$2 ! s[] deposit+ ea* gra9 9 its place1 hav+ fir/ dibbl$ a hole = x five or six in*es deep1 ) a small h& hoe1 ) :i* he also cov]s up ! gra94 ,! aft]-culture ( ?is crop is p]=m$ ) great c>e 9 ! valleys1 b mu* neglect$ 9 ! hills1 especially on new & /rong l&s4 ,9 ! =m] x und]goes repeat$ we$+ dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( its gr[?1 ! e>? be+ loos5$ r\nd ! roots1 at ea* we$+1 ) ! h& hoe4 ,aft] ! fir/ loos5+ ( ! soil1 :i* is p]=m$ z soon z ! plants are fairly above gr\nd1 a top dress+ ( a%es or o!r manure is giv54 ,by ?is mode ! crop gets ! imm$iate b5efit ( ! manure1 :i* o!rwise1 f ! extraord9>y rapidity ( its gr[?1 c\ld n be obta9$ by x4 ,9 ?ree mon?s f ! "t ( s[+1 ! se$ is ripe4 ,! crop is h>ve/$ by cutt+ (f ! heads4 ,9 ,nepaul ^! are ei!r heap$ on a rude scaffold+1 ne> ! cultivator's h\se1 or1 m commonly1 !y are susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( ! trees close by1 :]e1 expos$ to w9d & wea!r1 ! h>d & t\gh %ea? ( ! se$ cones pres]ves ! gra9 = _m mon?s un9jur$4 ,cattle are voraci\sly fond ( ! leaves & /ems1 :i* are v sweet1 & ev5 ! dry /raw1 :i* ,dr4 ,bu*anan surmises may be ! reason :y x is n m g5]ally cultivat$ by ! natives1 z ! difficulty w\ld be great to pres]ve ! crop4 ,s sl[ is ! progress ( *anges 9 ! regions ( ,india1 t ne> ,kaliya*ak1 ?\gh ! p give all o!r /raw to _! cattle1 yet !y burn t ( maize z unfit = fodd]4 ,9 ,nepaul ! /alks1 ) ! leaves atta*$1 (t5 twelve feet long1 cut by ! sickle1 are us$ z fodd] = elephants1 b$d+ = cattle1 & z fuel4 ,! maize crop )9 ! hills ( ,nepaul suff]s mu* f ! inroads ( be>s1 :i* are v num]\s 9 ^! regions1 & extremely p>tial to ?is gra94 ,! av]age return f ?is crop is seldom bel[ fifty se]s1 rang+ frequ5tly f> above x4#db ,maize is increas+ 9 cultivation 9 ,java1 & "s ( ! ,ea/]n isl&s4 ,x is f\nd to h ! advantage !re ov] m\nta9 rice1 ( be+ m fruitful & h>dy1 & does n suff] f cold until ! mean temp]ature falls to #de deg4 ( ,fahr5heit1 & no heat is injuri\s to x4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( x are kn[n1 b = all practical purposes ^! resolve !mselves into two k9ds3 "o1 a small gra91 requir+ five mon?s to rip51 & a l>g] "o1 :i* takes sev5 to mature4 ,9 "s prov9ces ( ,java x yields a return ( #djj or #ejj fold4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd f\nd1 f repeat$ trials1 t 9 ! soil ( ,mat>am1 9 ,java1 an acre ( l&1 :i* af=d$ a d\ble crop1 produc$ ( ! small] gra9 #hdh lbs4 annually4 ,,rice4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively diffus$ & useful ( gra9 crops1 & supports ! greate/ numb] ( ! human race4 ,! cultivation prevails 9 ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,asia1 & x is also a common article ( subsi/5ce 9 v>i\s c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is gr[n 9 ! ,japan ,isl&s1 on all ! sea coa/s ( ,*9a1 ! ,philipp9e & o!r l>ge ,isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 p>tially 9 ,ceylon1 ,siam1 ,india1 bo? %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,egypt1 ! %ores ( ! ,mozambique ,*annel1 ,madagasc>1 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,africa1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,?ree species only are enum]at$ by ,l9dley3--,oryza sativa1 ! common rice1 a native ( ! ,ea/2 ,o4 latifolia1 a species hav+ its habitat 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ,o4 ,nepal5sis1 common 9 ,nepaul4 ,b !re are a ho/ ( v>ieties kn[n 9 ! ,ea/2 ^!1 h[ev]1 may = all practical purposes1 be resolv$ into two k9ds--! upl& or m\nta9 rice 7,o4 ,nepal5sis1 ! ,o4 mutica1 ( ,roxburgh71 & ! l[l& or aquatic species 7,o4 sativa74 ,zizania aquatica is exce$+ly prolific ( bl&1 f>9ace\s se$s1 :i* af=d a k9d ( rice 9 ,canada & ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 :]e x ab\nds wild 9 all ! %all[ /reams4 ,! se$s contribute ess5tially to ! support ( ! w&]+ tribes ( ,indians1 & fe$ imm5se flocks ( wild swans1 geese1 & o!r wat] f[l4 ,p9k]ton says1 ?is plant seems int5d$ to become ! bread-corn ( ! ,nor?4 ,two o!r species ( ,zizania are common 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,rice1 ! *ief food1 p]haps1 ( "o-?ird ( ! human race1 possesses ! advantage att5d+ :eat1 maize1 & o!r gra9s1 ( pres]v+ pl5ty dur+ ! fluctuations ( trade1 & is also susceptible ( cultivation on l& too l[ & moi/ = ! production ( mo/ o!r useful plants4 ,al?\gh cultivat$ pr9cipally )9 ! tropics1 x fl\ri%es well beyond1 produc+ ev5 heavi] & bett] fill$ gra94 ,l _m o!r plants 9 common use1 x is n[ f\nd wild x is to be und]/ood t ! wild rice1 or wat] oat 7,zizania aquatica71 already ref]r$ to1 :i* gr[s along ! muddy %ores ( tide wat]s1 is a di/9ct plant f ! common rice1 & %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) x1 nor is its native c\ntry kn[n4 ,l9nu consid]s x a native ( ,e?iopia1 :ile o!rs reg>d x ( ,asiatic orig94 ,! *ief v>iety ( ?is c]eal is cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! torrid zone1 :]ev] !re is a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 & x w mature1 "u favorable circum/ances1 9 ! ,ea/]n cont95t1 z high z ! #de? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 & z f> s\? z ! #ch?4 ,on ! ,atlantic side ( ! ,we/]n cont95t1 x w fl\ri% z f> nor? z latitude #ch degrees1 & to a correspond+ p>allel s\?4 ,on ! ,we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 x w gr[ s f> nor? z #dj or m degrees4 ,its g5]al culture is pr9cipally conf9$ to ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,ceylon1 ,madagasc>1 ,ea/]n ,africa1 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 ! ,s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,spani% ,ma91 ,brazil1 & ! ,valley ( ,p>ana & ,uruguay4 ,9 #ahcd1 #bi1ehc bags ( rice 7 %ipp$ f ,m>anham1 b ,i am n aw>e :at h be5 ! exports s9ce4 ,at ! ,indu/rial ,exhibition 9 ,london1 9 #ahea1 !re 7 display$ _m curi\s specim5s & v>ieties ( rice1 gr[n )\t irrigation1 at elevations ( ?ree ?\s& to six ?\s& feet on ! ,himalaya1 :]e ! dampness ( ! summ] mon?s comp5sates = ! want ( artificial moi/ure4 ,among ^! ,am]ican rice receiv$ n only honorable m5tion = its v sup]ior quality1 b ! ,c>ol9a rice1 exhibit$ by ,e4,i4 ,h]iot1 0 pron\nc$ by ! jury magnific5t 9 size1 color1 & cle>ness1 & x 0 aw>d$ a prize m$al4 ,! jury also admitt$ t ! ,am]ican rice1 ?\gh orig9ally import$ f ! ,old ,_w1 is n[ mu* ! f9e/ 9 quality4 ,?is gra9 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,virg9ia by ,sir ,william ,b]keley1 9 #afdg1 :o receiv$ half a bu%el ( se$1 f :i* he rais$ sixte5 bu%els ( excell5t rice1 mo/ or all ( :i* 0 s[n ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x is also /at$ t a ,dut* brig1 f ,madagasc>1 came to ,*>le/on 9 #afid1 & left ab\t a peck ( paddy 7rice 9 ! husk71 ) ,gov]nor ,?omas ,smi?1 :o di/ribut$ x among 8 fri5ds = cultivation4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( its introduction into ,c>ol9a is1 t ,a%ley 0 enc\rag$ to s5d a bag ( se$ rice to t prov9ce1 f ! crops ( :i* sixty tons 7 %ipp$ to ,engl& 9 #afih4 ,x soon aft] became ! *ief /aple ( ! colony4 ,its culture 0 introduc$ into ,l\isiana 9 #agah1 by ! ,company ( ! ,we/4 ,! pres5t culture ( rice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is *iefly conf9$ to ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,texas4 ,! yield p] acre v>ies f tw5ty to sixty bu%els1 weigh+ f =ty-five to =ty-eight p\nds :5 clean$4 ,"u favorable circum/ances z _m z n9ety bu%els to an acre h be5 rais$4 ,judge ,d\gh]ty1 :o resides ne> ! bord]s ( ,h5d]son c\nty1 ,texas1 has rais$ a crop ( sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( upl& rice4 ,! crop av]ages ?irty bu%els to ! acre4 ,he ?9ks rice c be rais$ !re z easily z ,indian corn1 & w be f> m pr(itable4 ,ano!r v>iety is cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica to a limit$ ext5t1 call$ ,co*9-,*9a1 dry1 or m\nta9 rice1 f its adaptation to a dry soil1 )\t irrigation4 ,x w gr[ sev]al degrees fur!r nor? or s\? ?an ! ,c>ol9a rice1 & has be5 cultivat$ ) success 9 ! ,nor!rn prov9ces ( ,hung>y1 ,*9a1 ,we/phalia1 ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&2 b ! yield is mu* less ?an t already /at$1 be+ only fifte5 to tw5ty bu%els to an acre4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,*>le/on1 f ,canton1 by ,john ,brodly ,blake1 9 #aggb4 ,! ,am]ican crop ( rice 9 #ahdh1 rea*$ #afb1jeh ti]ces 9 m>ket1 & ( ^! #afj1ccj ti]ces 7 export$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! l>ge/ rice crop gr[n 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 0 9 #ahdg1 :5 #aib1dfb ti]ces 7 rais$2 #adj1jjj to #aej1jjj is ab\t ! av]age1 & x has only exce$$ #agj1jjj on f\r occasions4 ,! am\nt ( rice export$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #agbd1 0 #ah1jjj b>rels2 9 #agca1 #da1ieg b>rels2 9 #agdj1 #ij1aaj b>rels2 9 #agdg-dh1 #ee1jjj b>rels2 9 #aged1 #ajd1fhb b>rels2 9 #agfj-fa1 #ajj1jjj b>rels2 f ,savannah1 9 #agee1 #b1bii b>rels1 besides #bcg bu%els ( paddy or r\gh rice2 9 #agfj1 #c1bhc b>rels1 besides #bjh bu%els ( paddy2 9 #aggj1 #bb1abj b>rels1 besides #g1jfd bu%els ( paddy2 f ,philadelphia1 9 #agga1 #beh1cge p\nds4 ,! am\nt export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #aggj1 0 #aej1ebi b>rels2 9 #agia1 #if1ihj ti]ces2 9 #ahjj1 #aab1jef ti]ces2 9 #ahaj1 #aca1cda ti]ces2 9 #ahbj-ba1 #hh1bba ti]ces2 9 #ahcj-ca1 #aaf1eag ti]ces2 9 #ahdj-da1 #aja1fag ti]ces2 9 #ahde-df1 #abd1jjg ti]ces2 9 #ahdf-dg1 #add1dbg ti]ces2 9 #ahej-ea1 #aje1eij ti]ces4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahdj1 ! rice crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to #hj1hda1dbb lbs42 9 #ahej1 #bae1cab1gaj lbs4 ,rice be+ an aquatic plant1 is be/ gr[n 9 l[ moi/ l&s1 t are easily inundat$4 ,! gr\nd is pl\gh$ sup]ficially1 & divid$ into squ>es ( f tw5ty to ?irty y>ds 9 ! sides1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by dykes ( e>? ab\t two feet 9 height1 & suffici5tly broad = a man to walk ^u4 ,^! dykes are = reta9+ ! wat] :5 x is requir$1 & to p]mit ( its be+ drawn (f :5 ! inundation is no long] necess>y4 ,! gr\nd prep>$1 ! wat] is let on1 & kept at a c]ta9 height 9 ! sev]al comp>tm5ts ( ! rice field1 & ! se$sman goes to "w4 ,! rice t is to be us$ z se$ mu/ h be5 kept 9 ! husk2 x is put into a sack1 :i* is imm]s$ 9 ! wat] until ! gra9 swells & %[s signs ( g]m9ation2 ! se$sman1 walk+ ?r\gh ! inundat$ field1 scatt]s ! se$ ) 8 h&1 z usual2 ! rice imm$iately s9ks to ! bottom1 & _m ev5 p5etrate to a c]ta9 dep? 9 ! mud4 ,9 ,pi$mont1 :]e ! s[+ takes place at ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 !y g5]ally use ab\t fifty-five p\nds ( se$ p] acre4 ,! rice beg9s to %[ itself above ! surface ( ! wat] at ! end ( a =tnight2 z ! plant gr[s1 ! dep? ( ! wat] is increas$1 s t ! /alks may n b5d ) _! own weight4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,june ?is disposition is no long] to be appreh5d$2 ! rice is n s flexible z x 01 s t ! wat] c be drawn (f = a few days to p]mit hoe+2 aft] :i* ! wat] is aga9 let on1 & ma9ta9$ to ! height ( ! plant4 ,9 ,july x is usual to top ! /alks1 an op]ation :i* r5d]s ! fl[]+ almo/ simultane\s4 ,rice g5]ally fl[]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & a =tnight lat] ! gra9 beg9s to =m4 ,x is at ?is p]iod especially t ! /alks require to be support$1 & ?is is effectually done by keep+ ! wat] at ab\t half _! height4 ,! rice field is empti$ :5 ! /raw turns yell[4 ,! h>ve/ g5]ally takes place at ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,france rice is cultivat$ 9 v damp soils1 ^u :i* a great deal ( ra9 falls1 b :i* are n flood$1 z 9 o!r tropical c\ntries3 b ! process is n s c]ta9 nor ! crop s great1 z :5 inundation is employ$4 ,9 ,pi$mont ! usual return ( a rice field is reckon$ at ab\t fifty = "o4 ,at ,munzo1 9 ,new ,granada1 ! paddy fields :i* are n inundat$1 "u ! influ5ce ( a mean temp]ature ( #bf deg4 c5trigrade 7#gi4j deg4 ,fahr5heit71 yield #ajj = #a4--7,simmonds's ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 xi41 p4 #ib47 ,! rice n[ gr[n ab\t ,new ,orleans is z sweet1 if n sweet]1 ?an t import$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 b x is defici5t 9 h>dness & brightness :5 ready = m>ket1 a defect ow+ entirely to two causes1 nei!r ( :i* is beyond ! control ( ! plant]4 ,! "o cause is ! mode ( culture1 x be+ g5]ally gr[n )\t due att5tion to ! se$--se$$ at too late a p]iod ( ! season1 & all[$ to become r>e-ripe ^u ! /alk4 ,! o!r cause is ! v imp]fect mode ( its prep>ation = m>ket2 ?is be+ inv>iably accompli%$ by ! primitive pe/le & mort>1 or ! old-fa%ion$ peck] mill4 ,! same se$ is plant$ 9 ! same soil f ye> to ye>1 a sy/em :i*1 x is g5]ally conc$$1 w det]iorate ! quality & production ( any gra9 crop4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! rice gr[n 9 ,c>ol9a is prep>$ = m>ket at ! /eam toll-mills1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on2 & a mill ( ?is description ne> ,new ,orleans1 w\ld rem$y ! greate/ defect 9 ! rice ( ! c\ntry1 greatly increase ! dem& = ! article1 & und\bt$ly yield a l>ge return = ! inve/m5t4 ,! toll mills at & ar\nd ,*>le/on are1 & always h be51 prosp]\s4 ,! mills ( ,mr4 ,lucas1 9 ,engl&1 erect$ to clean paddy1 i4e4 r\gh rice1 s5t !re 9 bulk f ,c>ol9a1 h succe$$ also1 & h increas$ ! consumption ( ! article 9 t c\ntry4 ,! r\gh rice1 paddy1 or gra91 z x comes f ! e>1 is compos$1 fir/1 ( a r\gh1 silici\s out] cov]+1 imp]vi\s to wat]1 :i* is v useful 9 ! neighb\rhood ( cities1 = fill+ up l[ lots or pools1 = horse b$s1 & = pack+ crock]y & ice1 be+ f> bett] = ! latt] purpose ?an ! sawdu/ us$2 second1 a br[n fl\r or bran1 ly+ directly "u ! out] cov]+2 & ?ird1 ( ! clean or :ite rice4 ,!re is no "q t1 z a common diet1 x is bett] adapt$ to ! climate ( ,l\isiana ?an ,indian corn2 & x c be gr[n on ! hi!rto wa/e l&s ( ! sug> plantations2 x is always sub/itut$ by ! physician1 :5 practicable1 z ! food be/ adapt$ to ! labor]1 9 seasons ( di>rhoea & o!r simil> diseases1 is pref]r$ be=e any o!r gra9 by ! negro2 & if ! clean rice be gr\nd & bolt$1 a meal is produc$ :i* c be made up into v>i\s =ms ( cake & o!r bread1 ( unrivall$ sweetness & delicacy4 ,! out] fl\r1 or br[n bran1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! *aff at ! toll mill1 is kn[n z rice fl\r1 & corresponds to ! bran ( :eat1 x is a mo/ excell5t food = horses1 p\ltry1 pigs & mil* c[s1 & w\ld always comm& a ready sale 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,x is us$ ext5sively = ^! purposes at & ar\nd ,*>le/on1 & is %ipp$ !nce1 by ! c>go1 to ,bo/on & o!r ,nor!rn ports4 ,no portion ( ! globe is bett] adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ?is gra9 ?an ! delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! riv] is always up & ready to d ! all-important duty ( irrigation 9 ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 9 :i* p]iod ( ! ye> ! crop ought to be made2 & ,i am in=m$1 & d\bt n1 t two cutt+s c be obta9$ f ! same plants1 betwe5 ,m>* & ! kill+ fro/s ( ! succe$+ ,novemb]4 ,an int]e/+ report by ,dr4 ,e4 ,elliot1 on ! ,cultivation ( ,rice1 0 read be=e ! ,p5dleton ,f>m]'s ,society1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 at a rec5t annual meet+1 f :i* ,i %all make an extract4 ,9 ,ramsay's ,hi/ory ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a x is /at$3--,l&grave ,?omas ,smi?1 :o 0 ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce 9 #afic1 _h be5 at ,madagasc> be=e he settl$ 9 ,c>ol9a4 ,!re he obs]v$ t rice 0 plant$ & grew 9 l[ moi/ gr\nd4 ,hav+ su* gr\nd 9 8 g>d51 atta*$ to 8 dwell+ 9 ,ea/ ,bay1 ,*>le/on1 he 0 p]suad$ t rice w\ld gr[ !re91 if se$ c\ld be procur$4 ,ab\t ?is "t a vessel f ,madagasc>1 be+ 9 di/ress1 came to an*or ne> ,sullivan's ,isl&4 ,! ma/] inquir$ = ,mr4 ,smi?1 z an old acqua9tance4 ,an int]view took place4 ,9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation ,mr4 ,smi? express$ a wi% to obta9 "s se$ rice to plant 9 8 g>d54 ,! cook be+ call$1 said t he _h a small bag ( rice suitable = ! purpose4 ,?is 0 pres5t$ to ,mr4 ,smi?1 :o s[$ x 9 a l[ spot 9 ,longitude ,lane4 ,f ?is small beg9n+ did "o ( ! great /aple commodities ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a takes its rise1 :i* soon became ! *ief support ( ! colony1 & its great s\rce ( opul5ce4 ,su* is ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ! introduction ( rice into ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 & f t day to ?is1 x has con/itut$ "o ( h] /aple articles ( production4 ,al?\gh ! climate & soil 7 f\nd admirably suit$ to ! plant1 ! plant]s enc\nt]$ incr$ible difficulty 9 prep>+ or dress+ ! rice = m>ket4 ,f ! day ( its introduction1 to ! close ( ! ,revolution1 ! gra9 0 mill$1 or dress$1 p>tly by h& & p>tly by animal p[]4 ,b ! processes 7 imp]fect1 v t$i\s1 v de/ructive to ! labor]1 & v exhau/+ to ! animal p[]4 ,! plant] reg>d$ a good crop z an equivocal bless+1 = z ! product 0 great s 9 proportion 0 ! labor ( prep>+ x = m>ket4 ,:ile matt]s /ood ?us1 ! plant]s 7 releas$ f _! pa9ful condition by a circum/ance s curi\s t x des]ves a place 9 ! hi/ory ( human inv5tions4 ,a plant] f ! ,santee1 :il/ walk+ 9 ,k+-/reet1 ,*>le/on1 notic$ a small w9dmill p]*$ on ! gable end ( a wood5 /ore4 ,8 att5tion 0 arre/$ by ! beauty ( its p]=mance4 ,he ent]$ ! /ore & ask$ :o ! mak] 04 ,he 0 told t he 0 a ,nor?umbrian1 !n resid5t 9 ! h\se--a man 9 necessit\s circum/ances1 & want+ employm5t4 ,a conf]5ce 0 held2 ! plant] c>ri$ ! ma*9e to ! ,santee1 po9t$ out ! difficulties "u :i* ! plant]s labor$1 & ! result 0 ! rice p\nd+-mill4 ,?is man 0 ! fir/ ,mr4 ,lucas1 & to 8 g5ius ,s\? ,c>ol9a owes a l>ge debt ( gratitude4 ,= :at ! cotton plant] owes to ,eli ,:itney1 ! rice plant] owes to ,mr4 ,lucas4 ,8 mills 7 fir/ impell$ by wat]1 b m rec5tly by /eam1 & ?\gh mu* me*anical +5uity & mu* capital h be5 exp5d$ 9 improv+ !m1 ! rice p\nd+-mill ( ?is day1 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 does n diff] mat]ially f ! mill z x came f ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,lucas4 ,?is great imp$im5t be+ remov$1 "o =midable difficulty /ill rema9$ 9 ! way ( ! rice plant]s1 & t 0 ! ?re%+ ( ! crop by flail4 ,! labor requisite to accompli% ?is 0 s great1 t we once he>d a di/+ui%$ plant] say1 :ile hav+ "o l>ge crop ?re%$ out by flail1 t he w\ld reg>d ano!r l>ge crop z a calamity4 ,previ\s to #ahcj ?re%+ mills _h be5 tri$ by v>i\s individuals1 b ) no app>5t success4 ,9 t ye> ! attempt 0 r5ew$1 & we 7 pres5t & witness$ ! fir/ trial ( a ?re%]1 con/ruct$ 9 ,new ,york1 & :i* 0 te/$ on ,savannah riv]1 "u ! auspices ( ,g5]al ,hamilton4 ,! ma*9]y 0 driv5 by app>atus simil> to t employ$ = driv+ ! cotton g94 ,! result 0 n v satisfactory1 b !re 0 gr\nd = hope1 & aft] an outlay ( v l>ge sums1 & aft] _m disappo9tm5ts1 ! happy exp$i5t 0 ?\ght (1 ( te/+ ! mill ) /eam in/ead ( animal p[]4 ,! exp]im5t 0 completely successful1 & x 0 manife/ at once t ! difficulties _h n be5 9 ! imp]fect con/ruction1 ( ! ?re%]1 b 9 ! insuffici5cy ( ! mov+ p[]4 ,x is n[ tw5ty ye>s s9ce we witness$ ! work+ ( ! small mill allud$ to1 & ! rice ?re%+-mill1 ) /eam-eng9e atta*$1 is n[ a spl5did piece ( op]ative ma*9]y4 ,! rice 9 %eaf is tak5 up to ! ?re%] by a conveyor1 x is ?re%$1 ! /raw tak5 (f1 !n ?rice w9n[$ & twice scre5$1 & ! result 9 "s cases exce$s a ?\s& bu%els ( clean r\gh rice1 ! "w ( a %ort w9t] day4 ,humanity rejoices at ^! inv5tions--at ?is transf] to wat] & /eam1 ( processes s sl[ & s exhau/+ to ! human z well z to ! animal frame--& 9 ?is feel+ we are confid5t e plant] deeply sympa?ises4 ,moreov]1 ! relief !y h af=d$ 9 o!r respects has be5 p]fectly indescribable4 ,previ\s to ^! improvem5ts all ! f9] portions ( ! w9t] 7 appropriat$ exclusively to ! mill+ & ! ?re%+ ( ! crop ) ! flail1 yet x is manife/ !y add$ n "o p>ticle to ! value ( ! prop]ty2 inde$1 :ile go+ on1 all o!r "w1 & all prep>ation = ano!r crop _h to be susp5d$1 s t ! condition ( ! plantation 0 n progressive1 b retrograde4 ,a %ort recapitulation w %[ :at has be5 accompli%$ by ! ent]prise ( our plant]s 9 ! la/ sev5ty ye>s4 ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution x is believ$ ! rice fields 7 poorly dra9$1 & :5 brok5 up 7 *iefly turn$ ) ! hoe1 !n tr5*$ ) ! hoe2 !n came ?ree or f\r hoe+s & z _m pick+s4 ,! rice 0 !n cut ) ! sickle & c>ri$ 9 on ! head1 !n ?re%$ ) ! flail1 !n mill$ & dress$1 9 "s cases :olly by human labor1 & 9 o!rs by a rude ma*9e1 call$ a peck] mill4 ,n[1 9 #aheb1 ! hoe+1 ! pick+s1 & ! cutt+ ) ! sickle rema9 un*ang$2 b ! l&s are bett] dra9$1 & 9 ! turn+ ! pl\gh has sup]s$$ ! hoe2 ! tr5*+1 :51 necess>y1 is done by animal p[]2 ! rice1 :5 cut1 is c>ri$ 9 on a flat & wagon1 !n ?re%$ & mill$ by ma*9]y1 s p]fect t x is difficult to imag9e h[ x c be surpass$4 ,x is "o hundr$ & fifty-n9e ye>s s9ce ! introduction ( rice into ,c>ol9a1 & !re are gr\nds = suppos+ t our p h accompli%$ m dur+ t p]iod1 9 ! cultivation & prep>ation ( ?is gra91 ?an has be5 done by any ( ! ,asiatic nations :o h be5 conv]sant ) its gr[? = _m c5turies4 ,we _h ! r>e opportunity1 a few ye>s s9ce1 ( see+ a ,*9ese book on rice plant+1 :i* conta9$ _m engrav+s4 ,! language we c\ld n read1 b we compreh5d$ a suffici5t numb] ( ! engrav+s to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 _! sy/em & our own1 & ! result 01 9 our me?od ( irrigation we 7 _! equals1 :ile 9 economy ( cultivation1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( ! gra9 = m>ket & = use1 we are greatly _! sup]iors4 ,aga91 "s six or sev5 ye>s s9ce ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ( ,london1 s5t an ag5t to ?is c\ntry to procure ,am]ican cotton se$1 g9s1 & ov]se]s1 = ! purpose ( te/+ ! practicability ( rais+ cotton by our me?od 9 ,india4 ,?is ag5t1 ,capta9 ,bayles1 :5 9 ,savannah1 0 he>d to say t he _h especial directions f ! ,company to in=m himself m9utely ( our sy/em ( rice culture4 ,"h1 !n1 0 an embassage f ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 a spot :]e rice has be5 cultivat$ probably = tw5ty c5turies1 to inquire into ! me?od ( cultivation & prep>ation1 ( a p among/ :om ! gra9 _h no exi/5ce "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s ago4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( culture = rice 9 ,c>ol9a3--,x is s[$ z soon z x conv5i5tly c be aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 f :i* p]iod until ! middle1 & ev5 ! la/ ( ,may1 is ! usual "t ( putt+ x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,x gr[s be/ 9 l[ m>%y l&1 & %\ld be s[$ 9 furr[s twelve in*es asund]2 x requires to be flood$1 & ?rives be/ if six in*es "u wat]2 ! wat] is occasionally dra9$ (f1 & turn$ on aga9 to ov]fl[ x1 = ?ree or f\r times4 ,:5 ripe ! /raw becomes yell[1 & x is ei!r reap$ ) a sickle1 or cut d[n ) a scy! & cradle1 "s "t 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]2 aft] :i* x is rak$ & b\nd1 or got up loose1 & ?re%$ or trodd5 out1 & w9n[$ 9 ! same mann] z :eat or b>ley4 ,husk+ x requires a diff]5t & p>ticul> op]ation1 9 a mill made = t purpose4 ,?is mill is con/ruct$ ( two l>ge flat wood5 cyl9d]s1 =m$ l mill-/ones1 ) *annels or furr[s cut !re91 div]g+ 9 an oblique direction f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 made ( a heavy & exce$+ly h>d timb]1 call$ lightwood1 :i* is ! knots ( ! pit* p9e4 ,?is is turn$ ) ! h&1 l ! common h&-mills4 ,aft] ! rice is ?us cle>$ ( ! husks1 x is aga9 w9n[$1 :5 x is fit = exportation4 ,a bu%el ( rice w weigh ab\t sixty or sixty-six p\nds1 & an acre ( middl+ l& w produce tw5ty-five bu%els4 ,v>i\s ma*9es h be5 contriv$ = clean+ rice1 ( :i* "o secur$ by pat5t to ,mr4 ,m4 ,wilson1 9 #ahbf1 & ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,ure1 may be reg>d$ z a fair specim53--,x consi/s ( an oblong holl[ cyl9d]1 laid 9 an incl9$ position1 hav+ a great _m tee? /uck 9 its int]nal surface1 & a c5tral %aft1 also furni%$ ) tee?4 ,by ! rapid revolution ( ! %aft1 its tee? are c>ri$ across ! int]vals ( ^? ( ! cyl9d]1 ) ! effect ( p>t+ ! gra9s ( rice1 & deta*+ :atev] husks or impurities may adh]e to !m4 ,a hopp] is set above to receive ! rice1 & conduct x d[n into ! clean cyl9d]4 ,ab\t eighty tee? are suppos$ to be set 9 ! cyl9d]1 project+ s z to rea* v ne>ly ! c5tral %aft1 9 :i* !re is a correspond+ numb] ( tee?1 t pass freely betwe5 ! =m]4 ,! cyl9d] may also be plac$ upright1 or horizontal if pref]r$1 & m\nt$ 9 any conv5i5t framework4 ,! c5tral %aft %\ld be put 9 rapid rotation1 :ile ! cyl9d] receives a sl[ motion 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! rice1 z clean$ by t action1 is dis*>g$ at ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d]1 :]e x falls into a %ute1 & is conduct$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! ma*9e may be driv5 by h&1 or by any o!r conv5i5t motive p[]4#dc ,! gr[? ( rice 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is almo/ :olly conf9$ to two ,/ates2 n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole product1 inde$1 be+ rais$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,a little is gr[n 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,l\isiana1 & ,mississippi4 ,! aggregate crop1 = #ahdc1 am\nt$ to #hi1hgi1ahe lbs41 :ile 9 #ahdg x _h ris5 to #ajc1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,besides ! rice :i* is rais$ 9 ! wat]1 !re is also ! dry1 or m\nta9 rice1 :i* is rais$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe on ! sides ( ! hills4 ,x is said to ?rive well 9 ,co*9 ,*9a1 9 dry light soils1 n requir+ m moi/ure ?an ! usual ra9s or dews supply4 ,by long culture ! ,g]man rice1 rais$ by ! aid ( wat]1 is /at$ to h acquir$ a rem>kable degree ( h>dness & adaptation to ! climate4 ,! upl& rice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ?\ght by "s to be only a modifi$ description ( ! swamp rice4 ,x w gr[ on high & poor l&1 & produce m ?an ,indian corn on ! same l& w\ld d1 ev5 fifte5 bu%els1 :5 ! corn is b sev5 bu%els4 ,! swamp rice 0 orig9ally cultivat$ on high l&1 & is n s n[1 because x is m productive 9 ! swamp1 9 ! proportion1 z is said1 ( tw5ty to sixty bu%els p] acre2 & ! use ( wat] likewise1 x is /at$1 makes x easi] ( cultivation1 by enabl+ ! plant] to kill ! grasses4 ,x is ?\ght t on ri* high l&1 rice may be made to produce tw5ty-five or ?irty bu%els to an acre 9 a good season4 ,a lett] f a g5tleman 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "s rice rais$ !re4 ,he says3-- ,i h plant$ x ! two pa/ ye>s ) a view to private consumption only2 n1 h[ev]1 ) ! success ( my neighb\rs1 :o are fam\s1 & h ! ?+s "u _! own managem5t4 ,!y make f =ty to fifty1 & "s1 sixty bu%els to ! acre1 on f9e l& t produces ord9>ily f t5 to fifte5 bu%els ( ,indian corn or maize4 ,x is a l>g] gra9 ?an ! gold or swamp rice1 & v :ite2 h5ce x is commonly call$ "h ! ':ite rice4' ,x is plant$ g5]ally ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 or #a/ ( ,april1 9 small ridges two-&-a-half feet ap>t1 9 *ops at int]vals ( ab\t eighte5 in*es1 on ! top ( ! ridge1 t5 or twelve se$s 9 ea* *op4 ,a season t w make ,indian corn1 w1 if long en\gh1 make ?is rice2 b x requires ab\t f\r or five weeks m ?an ! corn to mature4 ,x ought to be cut be=e q ripe1 z x ?re%es (f v easily1 & is liable to great wa/e4 ,in/ead ( ! flail1 we take ! %eaf 9 ! h&1 & :ip x across a b5* 9 a close room until ! rice leaves ! /raw4 ,x does n /& ! pe/le z well z ! swamp rice1 b breaks a good deal 9 ! beat+2 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i h he>d attribut$ to ! dry culture4 ,a new v>iety ( rice is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahch1 call$ ! big-gra9$ rice4 ,x has be5 prov$ to be unusually productive4 ,"o g5tleman1 9 #ahdj1 plant$ n q half an acre ) ?is se$1 :i* yield$ =ty-n9e & a half bu%els ( clean w9n[$ rice4 ,9 #ahdb1 he plant$ #djj acres1 & 9 #ahdc1 he s[$ 8 :ole crop ) ?is se$4 ,8 fir/ p>cel :5 mill$1 0 eighty b>rels1 & nett$ half a doll> p] cwt4 ov] ! prime/ rice sold on ! same day4 ,ano!r g5tleman also plant$ two fields 9 #ahci1 :i* yield$ sev5ty-?ree bu%els p] acre4 ,! av]age crop be=e f ! same fields ( fifte5 & t5 acres1 _h only be5 ?irty-?ree bu%els p] acre4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! returns ( produce on "s ( ! lead+ e/ates ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahdh3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,b>rels ,%ipp$ ,b>rels ,av]age ,net ,net ,income ,plantation ( ,produce ,am\nt ,:ole,half#fjj lbs4net ,weight p] b>rel4 ,doll>s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,prospect ,hill #a1chg #aj #a1die #hig1affaf #jh-ajj?s #bd1jja #b4 ,spr+field #gcg #e #hja #dhj1icgaf #fj-ajj?s #ac1bfd #c4 ,brook ,gre5 #a1ega #ae #a1gaf #a1jbf1djeaf #ec-ajj?s #bh1bfa #d4 ,longwood #a1aac #d #a1bbg #gcf1dacae #ec-ajj?s #ai1jba #e4 ,ald]ly #dhd #f #ecc #cai1iabaf #fh-ajj?s #h1hea ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total #e1bib #dj #e1ggc #c1dfj1hcc #ic1cih ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nos4 #b & #c 7 s[n ) long gra9 rice1 ! o!rs ) small gra94 ,^! plantations 7 all on ! riv] ,waccamaw4 ,! exp5ses ( a well suppli$ rice plantation may be /at$ at #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 on ! net income4 ,a g5tleman f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nam$ ,colv91 proposes to e/abli% ! cultivation ( rice 9 ! colony ( ,dem]>a4 ,?is is no new exp]im5t1 rice hav+ be5 already gr[n ) success 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! colony--= in/ance1 9 ,leguan1 up ! ,canje ,creek1 & else:]e2 & "s ( x is ( sup]ior quality1 pref]able1 inde$1 to t import$4 ,if ,mr4 ,colv9's object be n m]ely to demon/rate ! practicability ( rice be+ gr[n 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 b to promote its cultivation on su* a scale z may t5d to r5d] x 9 "t "o ( ! /aples ( ! colony1 he is des]v+ ( support1 & ,i hope t 8 ef=ts w be cr[n$ ) complete success4 ,! editor ( ! ,gazeta1 a local pap]1 has be5 %[n "s sprigs ( rice rais$ ne> ,matanzas1 9 ,cuba1 ! smalle/ ( :i* conta9s at lea/ ?ree hundr$ gra9s1 p]fectly op5$1 & ( a l>g] size ?an is usually produc$ on ! isl&4 ,he obs]ves t ?is ph5om5on is n limit$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( sprigs1 b t ! :ole crop is simil>--t ?is excess ( production is to be attribut$ to ! extraord9>y abundance ( ra9 ?is ye>4 ,"h we h a specim51 says ! editor1 ( ! enorm\s production t c\ld be rais$ 9 our fields ( ?is excell5t & nutriti\s gra91 if x 7 cultivat$ 9 places contigu\s to ! riv]s1 :]e x c\ld be fl[$ dur+ dr\ght4 ,! exp]im5t ( cultivat+ rice 9 ,france appe>s to h succe$$ p]fectly4 ,a piece ( gr\nd ( #ajj hect>es 9 ext5t 7#bej acres7 0 s[n ) rice la/ ye> 9 ! l&s ( ,arca*on1 ne> ,bordeaux1 & ! crop prov$ a highly satisfactory "o4 ,! se$ is s[n ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 & almo/ imm$iately appe>s above gr\nd4 ,rice may be kept a v long p]iod 9 ! r\gh--,i believe a lifetime4 ,aft] be+ clean$1 if x be prime rice1 & well mill$1 x w keep a long "t 9 ?is climate2 only :5 ab\t to be us$ 7if old7 x requires m c>eful wa%+ to get rid ( ! mu/1 :i* accumulates ^u x4 ,"s plant]s--! writ] among ! numb]--pref] = table use rice a ye> old to ! new4 ,! gra9 is sup]ior to any o!r provisions 9 ?is respect4 ,if a labor] 9 ! gold digg+s1 or else:]e1 takes ) him two days' or a week's provisions1 9 rice1 & 8 wallet happ5s to get wet1 he has only to op5 x to ! sun & air1 & he w f9d x soon dries1 & is n at all injur$ = 8 purpose4 ,r\gh rice may rema9 "u wat] tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t injury1 if dri$ soon aft]4 ,pass+ ea/w>d1 rice beg9s to be f\nd cultivat$ 9 ,egypt1 becomes m g5]al 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 & holds undisput$ rule 9 ! p59sulas ( ,india1 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ! ,ea/ ,india isl&s--%>es x 9 ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa ) maize1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! exclusively cultivat$ corn plant ( ! greate/ "p ( tropical ,am]ica1 ) only "s unimportant exceptions4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,africa rice rip5s 9 ?ree mon?s2 !y put x "u wat] :5 cut1 :]e x keeps s\nd & good = "s "t4 ,rice is n[ ! /aple commodity ( ,b\rbon1 & x produces ab\t #bf1jjj qu9tals annually4 ,x =ms1 toge!r ) maize & m&ioc1 ! pr9cipal article ( food among/ ! negroes & color$ p4 ,! ,bhull rice l&s ( ,l[] ,s9d4--,l all l>ge riv]s :i* fl[ ?r\gh an alluvial soil1 = a v l5g!n$ c\rse1 ! ,indus has a t5d5cy to ?r[ up pat*es ( alluvial deposit at its m\?2 & ^! are 9 ,s9d call$ bhulls1 & are 9 g5]al v valuable = ! cultivation ( ! r$ rice ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! bhulls are l>ge tracts ( v muddy swampy l&1 almo/ on a level ) ! sea1 & expos$ equally to be flood$ bo? by x & ! fre% wat]2 inde$ on ?is dep5ds mu* ( ! value ( ! soil1 z a bhull :i* is n at c]ta9 times well cov]$ ) salt wat]1 is unfit = cultivation4 ,!y exi/ on bo? sides ( ! pr9cipal m\?s ( ! ,indus1 9 ! ,gorab>ee & ,%ahbund] p]gunnas1 :i* "p ( ! prov9ce is call$ by ! natives ,kukralla1 & 0 9 old5 days1 be=e ! era ( ,goolam ,%ah ,kalora1 a small /ate almo/ indep5d5t ( ! ,ame]s ( ,s9d4 ,on ! left bank ( ! m\?s ( ! riv] ^! bhulls are v num]\s & =m by f> ! mo/ f]tile portion ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,!y be> a mo/ dre>y1 desolate1 & swampy appe>ance--are int]sect$ 9 all directions by /reams ( salt & bracki% wat]1 & are g5]ally surr\nd$ by l[ dykes or embankm5ts1 9 ord] to regulate ! influx & reflux ( ! riv] & sea4 ,yet f ^! dre>y swamps a v consid]able portion ( ! rice consum$ 9 ,s9d is produc$2 & ! ,zem9d>s1 :o hold !m1 are e/eem$ among/ ! mo/ respectable & weal?y 9 ,l[] ,s9d4 ,to visit a bhull is no easy matt]4 ,r\te by l& !re is none1 & ! only way is to g by boat1 9 :i* x is advisable to take at lea/ "o day's provisions & wat]1 z ! "t occupi$ 9 ! inspection w be regulat$ entirely by ! /ate ( ! tide & wea!r4 ,v difficult is x too1 to l& on any ( ^! places1 ! mud be+ g5]ally two or ?ree feet deep1 & x is only "h & !re t a foot+ c be secur$1 9 ! embankm5t surr\nd+ ! field4 ,let me n[ describe ! mode ( cultivat+ ^! anomal\s isl&s1 float+ z x 7 9 ! ocean1 & d]iv+ b5efit bo? f x & ! mighty riv] itself1 ^: (fspr+ !y are4 ,%\ld ! riv] dur+ ! high season h ?r[n up a bhull1 ! ,zem9d> select+ x = cultivation1 fir/ surr\nds x ) a l[ bund ( mud1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t ?ree feet 9 height4 ,:5 ! riv] has rec$$ to its cold wea!r level1 & ! bhull is free ( fre% wat] 7= be x rememb]$1 t ^! bhulls be+ =m$ dur+ ! inundation1 are (t5 consid]ably remov$ f ! riv] bran*es dur+ ! l[ season71 he takes advantage ( ! fir/ high spr+ tide1 op5s ! bund & all[s ! :ole to be cov]$ ) ! salt wat]4 ,?is is g5]ally done 9 ,decemb]4 ,! sea wat] rema9s on ! l& = ab\t n9e weeks1 or till ! middle ( ,febru>y1 :i* is ! prop] "t = s[+ ! se$4 ,! salt wat] is n[ let out1 & z ! gr\nd _c1 on acc\nt ( ! mud1 be pl\gh$1 buffaloes are driv5 ov] e "p ( ! field1 & a few se$s ( ! rice ?r[n into e footm>k2 ! m5 employ$ 9 s[+ be+ oblig$ to crawl along ! surface on _! bellies1 ) ! basket ( se$ on _! backs2 = 7 !y to assume an upright position1 !y w\ld inevitably be bogg$ 9 ! deep swamp4 ,! holes conta9+ ! se$ are n cov]$ up1 b p are plac$ on ! bunds to drive away birds1 until ! "y gra9 has well sprung up4 ,! l& is n manur$1 ! /agnant salt wat] rema9+ on x be+ suffici5t to r5ovate ! soil4 ,! rice se$ is /eep$ 9 wat]1 & !n 9 dung & e>? = ?ree or f\r days1 & is n s[n until x beg9s to spr\t4 ,! f>m] has n[ safely got ov] 8 s[+1 & z ?is rice is n z 9 o!r cases transplant$1 8 next anxiety is to get a supply ( fre% wat]2 & = ?is he wat*es = ! fre%es :i* usually come d[n ! riv] ab\t ! middle & end ( ,febru>y1 & if ! riv] !n rea*es 8 bhull1 he op5s 8 bund1 & fills ! enclosure ) ! fre% wat]4 ,! soon] he gets ?is supply ! bett]1 = ! "y rice w n gr[ 9 salt wat]1 & soon )]s if left entirely dry4 ,! welf>e ( ! crop n[ dep5ds entirely on ! supply ( fre% wat]4 ,a v high inundation does n injure ! bhull cultivation1 z "h ! wat] has free space to spread ab\t4 ,9 fact ! m fre% wat] ! bett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! riv] rema9s l[ 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 & ! s\?-we/ monsoon sets 9 heavily on ! coa/1 ! sea is frequ5tly driv5 ov] ! bhulls & de/roys ! crops4 ,x is 9 fact a cont9ual /ruggle betwe5 ! salt wat] & ! fre%4 ,:5 ! riv] runs out /rong & full1 ! bhulls prosp]1 & ! sea is kept at a di/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! salt wat] obta9s ! supremacy :5 ! riv] is l[1 & !n ! f>m] suff]s4 ,9 ?is mann] mu* bhull crop 0 de/roy$ 9 ! monsoons ( #ahea & #aheb1 dur+ ! heavy gales :i* prevail$ 9 ^? seasons4 ,! rice is subject to attacks also ( a small black sea crab1 call$ by ! natives ,kookaee1 & :i*1 )\t any app>5t cause1 cuts d[n ! gr[+ gra9 9 l>ge quantities1 & (t5 occasions mu* loss4 ,! crop :5 ripe1 :i*1 if all goes well w be ab\t ! ?ird week 9 ,septemb]1 is reap$ 9 ! wat] by m51 ei!r 9 boats1 or on l>ge masses ( /raw rudely %ap$ l a boat1 & :i* be+ made v tight & close1 w float = a consid]able "t4 ,! rice is c>ri$ a%ore to ! high l&1 :]e x is dri$1 & put ?r\gh ! usual h>ve/ process ( division1 c43 & ! bhull is !n on ! fall ( ! riv] aga9 ready = its annual pickl+4 ,! process ( prep>+ ! field = rice culture1 9 ! ,k&ian c\ntry1 ,ceylon1 is v simple4 ,:5 ! paddy is to be cultivat$ 9 mud1 a piece ( gr\nd is enclos$ 9 a s]ies ( squ>es or t]races1 by ridges rais$ ) mud & turf2 a quantity ( wat] is direct$ into ! field f an adjac5t /ream or tank1 & is all[$ to rema9 on x = fifte5 days2 at ! expiration ( ?is "t ! field is pl\gh$ ) a yoke ( buffaloes1 :i* op]ation is repeat$ at ! end ( fifte5 days m1 :51 by ! rott+ ( ! we$s & o!r matt]1 ! field has become manur$4 ,aft] ano!r int]val ( fifte5 days ! field is aga9 pl\gh$ & ! brok5 ridges are repair$4 ,eight days aft] ! field is h>r[$1 & subsequ5tly roll$ or levell$2 & :5 ! wat] has be5 let out ! se$ is s[n1 hav+ 9 mo/ in/ances be5 previ\sly made to g]m9ate1 by be+ spread on plat=ms & kept wet4 ,! wat] is turn$ 9 dur+ night1 to prev5t crabs & insects f de/roy+ ! se$l+s1 & let out dur+ ! day2 & ?is !y cont9ue to d till ! plants atta9 ! height ( "o foot4 ,wat] is only reta9$ 9 ! field until ! e>s are half ripe1 o!rwise !y w\ld rip5 indiff]5tly & be de/roy$ by v]m94 ,a v>iety ( coa/ paddy1 call$ moottoo samboo1 0 introduc$ into ! ,k&ian prov9ce 9 #ahcb1 :i* 0 f\nd to produce a m abundant crop1 by "o ?ird1 ?an ! native4 ,x is ( six mon?s gr[?4 ,9 ,ka%mir rice is ! /aple ( cultivation1 & ! practice adopt$ !re is ?us describ$ by a writ] 9 my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 x4 p4 #acj4 ,x is s[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 & is fit to cut ab\t ! end ( ,augu/4 ,! gra9 is ei!r s[n broadca/ 9 ! place :]e x is int5d$ to /& till x is ripe1 or ?ickly 9 b$s1 f :i* x is transplant$ :5 ! blade is ab\t a foot high4 ,z soon z ! season w admit aft] ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 ! l& is op5$ by "o or m pl\gh+s1 accord+ to its /r5g?1 & ! clods are brok5 d[n by bl[s ) wood5 mattocks1 manag$ 9 g5]al by wom51 ) great regul>ity & address2 aft] :i* wat] is let 9 ^u ! soil1 :i* = ! mo/ "p ( a r$di% clay1 or foxy e>?1 is conv]t$ into a smoo? s(t mud4 ,! se$ gra91 put into a sack ( wov5 grass1 is subm]g$ 9 a runn+ /ream until x beg9s to spr\t1 :i* happ5s soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! wat] & ( ! atmosph]e1 b ord9>ily takes place 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,?is precaution is adopt$ = ! purpose ( gett+ ! "y %oots z quickly z possible out ( ! way ( a small snail1 :i* ab\nds 9 "s ( ! wat]$ l&s ( ,ka%mir1 b sometimes proves insuffici5t to def5d x aga9/ ! activity ( ?is de/ructive enemy4 ,:5 ! f>m] suspects1 by ! scanty appe>ance ( ! plants above ! wat] 9 :i* ! gra9 has be5 s[n1 & by ! pres5ce ( ! snail drawn up 9 ! mud1 t 8 hopes ( a crop are likely to be disappo9t$1 he repeats ! s[+1 ?r[+ into ! wat] "s fre% leaves ( ! ,prangos plant1 :i* ei!r poison ! snails or cause !m to desc5d out ( ! rea* ( its influ5ce4 ,! se$ is = ! mo/ "p ?r[n broadca/ into ab\t f\r or five in*es ( wat]1 :i* dep? is endeav\r$ to be ma9ta9$4 ,diff]5ce ( practice exi/s z to wat]+1 b x seems g5]ally agre$ t rice c sc>cely h too mu* wat]1 provid$ x be n subm]g$1 except = a few days be=e x rip5s1 :5 a dri$ /ate is suppos$ to ha/5 & to p]fect ! maturity1 :il/ x improves ! quality ( ! gra94 ,9 g5]al ! culture ( rice is att5d$ ) little exp5se1 al?\gh de>] 9 ,ka%mir ?an ,h9do/an1 f its be+ cu/om>y 9 ! =m] c\ntry to manure ! rice-l&s1 :i* is nev] done 9 ! latt]4 ,?is manure1 = ! mo/ "p1 consi/s ( rice /raw reject$ by ! cattle1 & mix$ ) c[-dung4 ,x is convey$ f ! home/ead to ! fields by wom51 9 small wick] baskets1 & is set on ! l& ) m lib]ality ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! di/ance x is c>ri$4 ,_m ( ! ripe l&s are situat$ mu* high] ?an might be ?\ght conv5i5t 9 ,h9do/an1 & are r press$ into ?is species ( culture ?an naturally invit+1 b /ill yield good crops1 ?r\gh ! facility ) :i* wat] is br\ght ^u !m f ! /reams :i* fall d[n ! face ( ! neighb\r+ hills4 ,9 common seasons ! return ( gra9 is f ?irty to =ty = "o1 on an av]age1 besides ! /raw4 ,! rice ( ,b5gal1 by ! ex]cise ( "s c>e & skill1 has rec5tly be5 s f> improv$ z ne>ly to equal t ( ! ,c>ol9as4 ,dr4 ,falcon] has introduc$ into ,india ! num]\s & f9e v>ieties ( rice cultivat$ 9 ! ,himalayas2 ( ^! "s ( ! be/ sorts 7 at 8 sugge/ion di/ribut$ to cultivators along ! ,doab canal4 ,a species ( hill rice gr[s on ! edge ( ! ,himalaya m\nta9s4 ,! m\nta9 rices ( ,india are gr[n )\t irrigation1 at elevations ( #c1jjj to #f1jjj feet on ! ,himalaya1 :]e ! dampness ( ! summ] mon?s comp5sates = ! want ( artificial moi/ure4 ,! small r$di% ,assamese rices1 :i* become gelat9\s 9 boil+1 & ! l>ge1 flat-gra9$1 s(t1 purple-black ,ketana rice1 ( ,java & ,malacca1 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition1 7 curi\s4 ,! f]tility ( ! prov9ce ( ,arracan is v great1 its soil be+ fit = ! culture ( ne>ly all tropical productions2 rice1 h[ev]1 is alone cultivat$ to any great ext5t2 ! l[ alluvial soil :i* ext5ds ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s to ! sea1 be+ admirably suit$ = its gr[?4 ,ab\t #aae squ>e miles are "u culture ) rice4 ,! export trade 9 rice ( ! di/rict1 is se5 by ! foll[+ /ati/ical return2 & x gives employm5t to f #djj to #gjj vessels1 aggregat+ #fj1jjj to #hj1jjj tons4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,paddy ,,& ,,rice ,,export$ ,,f ,,akyab1 ,,! ,,port ,,( ,,arracan4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,av]age price p] #ajj baskets ,total ( #ab se]s1 9 ,rupees ,maunds (,maunds value --------------------------------- ,paddy ( rice ,rupees ,rice ,paddy ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahca-cb #chj1fjj #bh1igj #acj1eia #ae4d to #af4f #h to #i #ahcb-cc #ejb1gdjage1efj #bcb1iae #af #ag #g4e #h #ahcc-cd #eee1edjdah1iej #dcj1hcj #ai #bj #i #aj #ahcd-ce #abg1jejbfj1fej #agf1gag #ah #ai #h #i #ahce-cf #ghc1hgjedh1dfj #ced1gia #aj #aa #e #e4h #ahcf-cga1gcg1hdafda1jaj #fff1gcb #aj4h #ab #e #f #ahcg-cha1fba1effbdh1ghc #fej1che #ba #bc #i #aj4h #ahch-cia1cfd1ajjccb1chj #hba1afh #bd #be4a #h4h #aa4ab #ahci-djb1jcc1fihebi1ifaa1aba1caa #ba4h #bc #i4h #aj #ahdj-dab1bab1jfhddf1idaa1aca1jhg #bj #ba4h #aj #aa #ahda-dba1bfe1chhbgj1jjj #eec1jad #ai #bj #h #i #ahdb-dca1caj1ijjcic1ijj #dgb1hhi #ad #ae #g4h #h #ahdc-dd #hdh1ibbgjg1ghj #fcc1gaj #ag #ah #g #h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7 ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 vi41 p4 #cdh47 ,,export ,,( ,,rice ,,f ,,m\lme9 ,baskets ,value #ahdj #fg1cah #ch1gjh #ahda #aa1age #f1ijj #ahdb #fd1jee #dj1jcd #ahdc #ce1fce #ce1bhi #ahdd #ga1hbb #dd1ebi #ahde #adi1hae #gc1jcd #ahdf #aic1bfg #aja1dfe --7,simmonds's ,colonial ,magaz9e1 vol4 xii41 p4 #dfb47 ,f ,tavoy & ,m]gui rice 0 also export$1 equal 9 value to #da1jjj rupees1 9 #ahdf2 #ajj baskets ( #ab se]s ea*1 are equal to #cj ,b5gal maunds4 ,! basket ( rice nam$ above1 is equal to #ee lbs4 ,engli%4 ,paddy means rice 9 ! husk--rice1 ! gra9 :5 unhusk$--a di/9ction to be kept 9 m9d4 ,! daily av]age consumption ( rice 9 a family ( five1 is rat$ 9 ! ,/raits' settlem5ts at ?ree & a qu>t] *upahs4 ,! ,burmese & ,siamese are ! grosse/ consum]s ( rice4 ,a common labor+ ,malay requires mon?ly #cj *upahs1 or #ef p\nds ( rice1 value #cs4 #i;d4 or #ds4 ,! ,burmese & ,siamese ab\t #cd *upahs1 or #fd p\nds4 ,rice l& 9 ,p5ang yields a return :i* _c be av]ag$ high] ?an sev5ty-five fold--or ne>ly ?irty guntangs ( paddy = ea* orlong 7#a-a_/c acres72 b x has be5 consid]$ advisable to rate x "h at sixty fold only4 ,! rice l& ( ,prov9ce ,wellesley gives an av]age return ( #aag fold2 ! maximum degree ( productiv5ess be+ #fjj guntangs ( paddy to an orlong ( well flood$1 alluvial l&1 or #aej fold1 equal to #cjj guntangs ( clean rice1 weigh+ ne>ly #d1ebj ,engli% p\nds4 ,! pres5t av]age produce has be5 v mod]ately e/imat$ at #dgj guntangs ! orlong ( paddy4 ,! quantity ( se$ inv>iably allott$ = an orlong ( l& is f\r guntangs4 ,9 ,siam =ty fold is e/imat$ a good av]age produce4 ,at ,tavoy1 on ! ,t5ass]im coa/1 ! maximum rate ( productiv5ess ( ! rice l& 01 9 #ahbe1 & is /ill believ$ to be1 ne>ly ! same z ! av]age ( ,siam2 :ile _! av]age 0 only tw5ty-fold4--7,l[1 on ,/raits ,settlem5ts47 ,rice 9 ,co*9-,*9a is ! /aff ( life1 & =ms ! ma9 article ( culture4 ,!re are six diff]5t sorts gr[n2 two on ! upl&s1 us$ = confection]y1 & yield+ only "o crop annually2 ! o!r sorts af=d+ f two to five crops a ye>2 b g5]ally two1 "o 9 ,april & ano!r 9 ,octob]2 or ?ree :5 ! inundations h be5 pr(use4 ,! late ,dr4 ,gutzlaff /at$1 at a meet+ ( ! ,/ati/ical ,society ( ,london1 t ! population ( ,*9a 0 ab\t #cfg1jjj1jjj1 & ! returns ( ! l& subject to tax z us$ 9 rice cultivation !re1 gave ne>ly half an acre to ea* liv+ p]son2 & he fur!r /at$ t 9 ! s\!rn & well wat]$ prov9ces1 x is any?+ b uncommon to take two crops ( rice1 "o ( :eat1 & "o ( pulse1 f ! same l& 9 a s+le season4 ,rice is ! only article ! ,*9ese ev] (f] a b\nty =2 ! price fluctuates accord+ to ! seasons1 f "o & ?ree-qu>t] doll>s to eight doll>s p] picul4 ,siam & ! ,indian ,isl&s1 p>ticul>ly ,bali & ,lombok1 supply ! empire occasionally ) l>ge quantities4 ,! price ( rice 9 ,*9a v>ies accord+ to ! /ate ( ! canals lead+ to ! int]ior2 if !y are full ( wat] ! prices rise2 if on ! contr>y !y are l[1 prices fall 9 proportion at ! produc+ di/ricts4 ,! am\nt ( consumption is controll$1 9 a consid]able degree1 by ! co/ ( transit2 :5 ?is is *eap prices rise f ! g5]al dem&2 b :5 l&-c>riage to any ext5t has to be resort$ to1 !y fall2 x raises prices s mu* at any great di/ance1 t rice mu/ be us$ v sp>+ly1 f its enhanc$ price4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! wat]s are suffici5tly high to all[ a boat to pass fully load$1 %e does s at an exp5se ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t1 less ?an %e w\ld d1 if1 f want ( wat]1 %e c\ld only take half ! quantity2 :5 transport is *eap e "o obta9s a full supply2 :5 x is de> ! rice di/ricts h m ?an !y c consume4 ,at home we are s mu* accu/om$ to ! facilities ( transit (f]$ by railroads1 canal boats1 c41 t we d n readily take into consid]ation1 t 9 ,*9a1 except by wat]1 all articles are convey$ f "o place to ano!r on m5's %\ld]s4 ,tak+ ! population ( ,canton at ! usual e/imate ( a million1 & all[+ to ea* a catty a day1 ! quantity ( rice requir$ = "o day's consumption alone 9 t city w\ld be #aj1jjj piculs1 ( #acc lbs4 ea* #a1cdj1jjj lbs4 ,java is ! gran>y ( pl5ty = all ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago2 & ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company occupies itself 9 ?is culture ) solicitude1 well p]suad$ t a sc>city ( rice might be fatal to its p[]4 ,ord9ances to enc\rage & increase ?is bran* ( agriculture1 h be5 promulgat$ at diff]5t times by an au?ority call$ to wat* ov] ! physical well-be+ ( _m millions ( inhabitants4 ,z an evid5t pro( t ! culture ( rice1 ( :i* x w\ld be difficult to fix ! quantity produc$ annually1 increases consid]ably1 ,i may m5tion t ! exportation f ,java1 9 #ahdj1 0 #a1dhh1cej piculs ( #abe ,dut* lbs4 ,rice is cultivat$ 9 ,java 9 ?ree sy/ems4 ,! "n ( sawah is giv5 to ! rice fields1 :i* c be irrigat$ artificially2 tep>1 or tagal1 are elevat$ b level gr\nds2 & gagah1 or ladang1 are cle>$ =e/ gr\nds4 ,! two la/ only give "o crop2 a second crop may be obta9$ f ! sawah1 :i* !n mo/ commonly consi/s ( katjang1 f :i* oil is extract$1 9 kapus or f9e cotton1 & 9 ubie1 a k9d ( potato4 ,!re are1 says ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 two di/9ct descriptions ( rice cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,indian isl&s1 "o :i* gr[s )\t ! help ( imm]sion 9 wat]1 & ano!r = :i* t imm]sion is indisp5sably requisite4 ,9 ext]nal "* !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & 9 intr9sic value n mu*4 ,! m>% rice g5]ally br+s a some:at high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,! great advantage ( ?is latt] consi/s 9 its sup]ior fecundity4 ,two v important v>ieties ( ea* are well kn[n to ! ,javanese husb&man1 "o be+ a l>ge productive1 b delicate gra91 :i* requires ab\t sev5 mon?s to rip51 & ! o!r a small1 h>dy1 & less fruitful "o1 :i* takes little m ?an five mon?s4 ,! fir/ we con/antly f9d cultivat$ 9 ri* l&s1 :]e "o annual crop only is tak52 & ! la/ 9 well wat]$ l&s1 b ( inf]ior f]tility1 :]e two crops may be rais$4 ,bo? ( ^!1 b p>ticul>ly ! m>% rice1 is divid$ into a great numb] ( sub-v>ieties1 *>act]is$ by be+ awn$ or o!rwise1 hav+ a long or r\nd gra91 or be+ 9 color black1 r$1 or :ite4 ,! mo/ s+ul> v>iety is ! ,o4 glut9osa1 ( ,rumphius4 ,?is is nev] us$ z bread1 b commonly pres]v$ z a sweetmeat4 ,! rude/1 & probably ! e>lie/ practis$ mode ( cultivat+ rice1 consi/s 9 tak+ f =e/ l&s a fugitive crop1 aft] burn+ ! trees1 grass1 & und]wood4 ,! gr\nd is turn$ up ) ! mattock1 & ! se$ plant$ by dibbl+ betwe5 ! /umps ( trees4 ,! p]iod ( s[+ is ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s1 & ( reap+ t ( ! dry season4 ,! rice is ( c\rse ( t description :i* does n require imm]sion4 ,! second description ( tillage consi/s also 9 gr[+ m\nta9 or dry l& rice4 ,?is mode is usually adopt$ on ! common upl& arable l&s1 :i* _c conv5i5tly be irrigat$4 ,! gra9 is s[n 9 ! middle ( ! dry season1 ei!r broadca/ or by dibbl+1 & reap$ 9 sev5 or five mon?s1 z ! gra9 happ5s to be ! l>g] or ! small] v>iety4 ,! culture ( rice by ! aid ( ! p]iodical ra9s =ms ! ?ird mode4 ,! gra9 be+ t k9d :i* requires subm]sion1 ! process ( s[+ & reap+ is det]m9$ ) precision by ! seasons4 ,) ! fir/ fall ( ! ra9s ! l&s are pl\gh$ & h>r[$4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 b$s1 usually by /rew+ v ?ickly ! corn 9 ! e>4 ,f ^! b$s ! plants1 :5 #ab or #ad days old1 are remov$ into ! fields & ?9ly set by ! h&4 ,!y are !n kept con/antly imm]s$ 9 wat] until )9 a =tnight ( ! h>ve/1 :5 x is drawn (f to facilitate ! rip5+ ( ! gra94 ,! f\r? mode ( cultivat+ rice is by =c+ a crop by artificial irrigation1 at any "t ( ! ye>2 ?us1 9 "o field1 9 v>i\s plots1 ! op]ations ( s[+1 pl\gh+1 transplant+1 & reap+ may be se5 at ! same p]iod4 ,! f]tile1 popul\s1 & indu/ri\s c\ntries ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago export rice to _! neighb\rs4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! are ,java1 ,bali1 "s p>ts ( ,celebes1 ) ! mo/ f]tile spots ( ,sumatra1 & ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,rice is g5]ally import$ to ^! we/]n c\ntries f ^? f>!r ea/1 su* z ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,java is ! pr9cipal place ( production = ! consumption ( ! o!r isl&s1 & ! only isl& ( ! ,ar*ipelago t s5ds rice abroad4 ,! rice ( ! ea/]n di/ricts is g5]ally sup]ior to t ( ! we/]n4 ,! wor/ rice is t ( ,indramayu1 :i* is usually discolor$4 ,! subdivision ( ! prov9ce ( ,*]ibon1 call$ ,gabang1 yields rice ( f9e :ite gra91 equal to t ( ,c>ol9a4 ,! rice ( ,gressie pres]ves be/4 ,all ,indian rice is class$1 9 comm]cial language1 into ! ?ree descriptions ( table rice1 :ite rice1 & c>go rice4 ,f ! limit$ dem& = ! fir/1 x is only to be _h 9 ,java1 9 small quantity4 ,= ! same reason ! second is n procurable 9 l>ge quantity1 unless bespok5 "s "t be=e-h&2 b ! ?ird may be _h at ! %orte/ notice 9 any quantity requir$4 ,java rice is inf]ior 9 e/imation to t ( ,b5gal or ,c>ol9a 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics %[ ! ext5t & progress ( ! culture 9 ,java3-- ,9 #ahdj4 ,9 #ahda4 --------- ---------- ,no4 ( ,resid5cies 9 :i* rice is cultivat$ #ah #ah ,reg5cies #fi #fh ,di/ricts #dad #dad ,desas or villages #ci1ica #cf1bif ,am\nt ( ! population :o take a "p 9 x1 )\t di/9ction ( ca/e #f1gjd1gig #f1heg1cgb ,numb] ( families1 c4 #a1dff1hde #a1dge1fge families :o devote !mselves to ! cultivation #a1aej1djf #a1adf1jhc ,numb] ( m5 b\nd to obligatory s]vice #a1cba1gfg #a1cbe1gdf ,cle>$ gr\nds 9 bahus1 ( #ga decametres #a1dgj1jdg #a1edj1jed ,^u ?is ext5t ! population _h cultivat$ = ! gov]nm5t1 9 bahus ( #ga decametres #gh1ahb #gd1bgg ,ext5t ( fields :i* ! population _h cultivat$ #a1bhf1aci #a1cha1baf on _! own acc\nt1 9 bahus1 c4 ,ext5t ( l& 9 fall[ 9 bahus1 c4 #aje1gbf #hd1efa ,produce 9 piculs ( fields cultivat$ by ! population on its own acc\nt #ba1bgc1bgh #bc1haj1egc ,av]age produce ( a bahu #af #ag ,gross am\nt ( ! l& tax ( #ahdj #h1ejb1djb fl #i1jcj1gfa fl4 ,ext5t ( rice fields newly cultivat$ 9 bahus #aj1cbh #ac1efa ,?is comp>ative summ>y %[s t ! culture ( rice increases ye>ly1 & t ! av]age produce ( ! fields is also cont9ually increas+4 ,^! results h be5 obta9$ by ! att5tion paid to ! prop] irrigation ( ! soil fit = ?is culture2 & to ! hydraulic works :i* ! ,gov]nm5t executes on its own acc\nt 9 ! p>ts ( ! isl& :]e rice fields c be e/abli%$1 & :]e !y are requir$ to fe$ a population ^: numb] is /ill increas+ ye>ly4 ,i h se51 cont9ues ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 l&s :i* h produc$1 f "t beyond ! memory ( any liv+ p]son1 two ye>ly crops ( rice4 ,:5 ?is practice is pursu$1 x is always ! five-mon?s gra9 :i* is gr[n4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ?is v>iety1 has1 inde$1 enabl$ ! ,javanese husb&man1 9 a few happy situations1 to urge ! culture to ! am\nt ( six crops 9 two ye>s & a half4 ,rice cultivat$ 9 a virg9 soil1 :]e ! wood has be5 burnt (f1 w1 "u favorable circum/ances1 give a return ( tw5ty-five & ?irty fold4 ,( m\nta9 rice1 cultivat$ 9 ord9>y upl& arable l&s1 fifte5 fold may be look$ ^u z a good return4 ,9 f]tile soils1 :5 "o crop only is tak5 9 ! ye>1 m>% rice w yield a return ( tw5ty-five se$s4 ,:5 a d\ble crop is tak51 n m ?an fifte5 or sixte5 c be expect$4 ,9 ! f9e prov9ce ( ,kadu1 an ,engli% acre ( good l&1 yield+ annually "o gre5 crop & a crop ( rice1 0 f\nd to produce ( ! latt] #fda lbs4 ( clean gra94 ,9 ! light s&y1 b well wat]$ l&s ( ! prov9ce ( ,mat>am1 :]e x is ! common practice to exact two crops ( rice ye>ly )\t any fall[1 an acre 0 f\nd to yield no m ?an #bhe lbs4 ( clean rice1 or an annual produce ( #egj lbs4 --7,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago47 ,! l[ e/imation ( ,java rice is n attributable to any real inf]iority 9 ! gra91 b to ! mode ( prep>+ x = ! m>ket4 ,9 husk+ x1 x is1 = ! want ( prop] ma*9]y1 mu* brok51 &1 f c>elessness 9 dry+1 subject to decay f ! attack ( insects & worms4 ,:5 9 ! progress ( improvem5t m intellig5t me?ods are pursu$ 9 prep>+ ! gra9 = ! m>ket1 x w equal ! gra9 ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,ma*9]y mu/ be employ$ = husk+ ! gra91 & "s degree ( kiln dry+ w be necess>y to ensure its pres]vation 9 a long voyage4 ,i "k n[h]e t rice is s *eap z 9 ,java1 except 9 ,siam1 :5ce x is export$ at "o-?ird less co/4 ,a great deal ( rice is export$ f ,siam to ,*9a by ! junks1 & also occasionally a little f ,java4 ,! quantity export$ f ,java 9 #ahcj 0 #ac1eba coyans4 #ahce #be1egg #ahci #a1ajc1cgh piculs #ahda #fgf1bac #ahdc #a1ajh1ggd ,rice is gr[n to "s ext5t 9 ! ,dut* portion ( ,celebes2 x yields at a m9imum "o hundr$ & fifty fold4 ,! av]age annual deliv]y ( rice to ! ,gov]nm5t1 f #ahch to #ahdb1 0 #c1cij1aai lbs4 ,at pres5t ! ,gov]nm5t pays sixty c5ts = a measure ( =ty p\nds4 ,t :i* is sold = ! consumption ( ! inhabitants may be procur$ at ! public w>eh\se = a guild] ! #ce lbs42 & t :i* is sold = export may be _h at public auction = #abe flor9s ! coyan ( #c1jjj lbs4 ,! foll[+ description ( "s v>ieties ( rice cultivat$ 9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,ri*1 botani/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,! v>ieties are v num]\s2 ! natives di/+ui% !m by ! size & %ape ( _! gra93-- ,b9ambang4--,leaves slightly hairy2 glumes :iti%2 gr[s to ! height ( ab\t five feet2 fl[]s 9 ,decemb]3 aquatic4 ,lamuyo greatly resembles ! above2 is m ext5sively cultivat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,batangas1 :]e x =ms ! pr9cipal article ( food ( ! inhabitants ( ! coa/3 aquatic4 ,malagcquit4--,?is v>iety d]ives its "n f its be+ v glut9\s aft] bail+2 x is mu* us$ by ! natives 9 mak+ sweet or fancy di%es2 & also us$ 9 mak+ a :itewa%1 mix$ ) lime1 :i* is rem>kable = its brilliancy1 & = )/&+ ra91 c43 aquatic4 ,bontot ,cabayo4--,common 9 ,ilocos1 :]e x is cultivat$ bo? upl& & l[l&2 x produces a l>ge gra91 & is !re=e mu* e/eem$1 b has r a r\gh ta/e4 ,dumali1 or e>ly rice4--,?is rice is rais$ 9 ! upl&s exclusively1 & d]ives its "n f rip5+ its gra9 ?ree mon?s f plant+2 ! se$ is r broad] & %ort] ?an ! o!r v>ieties2 x is n ext5sively cultivat$1 z birds & insects are v de/ructive to x4 ,qu9&a1 ) smoo? leaves4--,?is v>iety is held 9 great e/imation by ! p ( ,batangas1 z !y say x swells m 9 boil+ ?an any o!r v>iety2 x is s[n 9 ,may1 & ga!r$ 9 ,octob]3 upl&4 ,bolohan4--,?is v>iety has v hairy glumes2 x is n held 9 mu* e/eem by ! natives1 b x is cultivat$ on acc\nt ( its n be+ s liable to ! attacks ( insects & diseases z mo/ ( ! o!r upl& v>ieties4 ,malagcquit4--,) smoo? leaves1 & r$ glumes 7all ! prec$+ are :iti%72 possesses all ! qualities ( ! aquatic v>iety ( ! same "n--t ( be+ v glut9\s aft] boil+4 ,?is rice is said to be a rem$y = worms 9 horses1 soak$ 9 wat]1 ) ! hulls on2 x is giv5 ) honey & wat]4 ,tangi4--,leaves slightly hairy1 glumes light violet color4 ,?is upl& v>iety is held 9 mu* e/eem = its f9e flavor4 #dce1jfg arrobas ( rice 7 export$ f ,manilla 9 #ahdg4 ,a simple b rude mill is 9 use 9 ,siam1 & _m p>ts ( ,india1 = hull+ paddy1 :i* is simil> to ^? us$ #d1jjj ye>s ago4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> /ones1 two feet 9 diamet]1 re/+ "o on ! o!r2 a bamboo basket is wr\ght ar\nd ! upp] "o1 s z to =m ! hopp]4 ,a peg is firmly set into ! face ( ! upp] /one1 half way betwe5 its p]iph]y & c5tre1 hav+ ti$ to x by "o end a /ick ?ree feet long1 ext5d$ horizontally1 & atta*$ by ! o!r to ano!r /ick p5d+ f ! ro( ( ! %$ "u :i* ! mill is plac$4 ,?is =ms a crank1 by :i* ! upp] /one is made to revolve on ! o!r set firmly on ! gr\nd4 ,! motion ?r[s ! rice ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! /one1 & causes x to escape betwe5 ! edges ( ! two4 ,m />* is conta9$ 9 ?is gra9 ?an 9 :eat4 ,braconnet obta9$ f ,c>ol9a rice #he4jg1 & f ,pi$mont rice #hc4h p] c5t4 ( />*4 ,vogel procur$ f a dri$ rice no less ?an #ih p] c5t4 ( />*4 ,!re are sev]al pat5t processes 9 exi/5ce = ! manufacture ( rice-/>*1 :i* are accompli%$ *iefly by dige/+ rice 9 solutions1 m or less /rong1 ( cau/ic alkali 7soda71 by :i* ! glut5 is dissolv$ & remov$1 leav+ an insoluble matt] compos$ ( />*1 & a :ite sub/ance te*nically call$ fibre4 ,"u ,jones's pat5t1 ! alkal9e solution employ$ conta9s #bjj gra9s ( real soda 9 e gallon ( liquor1 & #aej gallons ( ?is liquor are requisite to conv]t #ajj lbs4 ( rice into />*4 ,9 manufactur+ rice-/>* on a l>ge scale1 ,patna rice yields #hj p] c5t1 ( m>ketable />*1 & #h4b p] c5t4 ( fibre1 ! rema9+ #aa4h p] c5t4 be+ made up ( glut51 gruff1 or bran1 & a small quantity ( light />* c>ri$ (f 9 susp5sion by ! solution4 ,jones's process may be ?us describ$3--#ajj lbs4 ( rice are mac]at$ = #bd h\rs 9 #ej gallons ( ! alkal9e solution1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ ) cold wat]1 dra9$1 & gr\nd4 ,to #ajj gallons ( ! alkal9e solution are !n to be add$ #ajj lbs4 ( gr\nd rice1 & ! mixture /irr$ repeat$ly dur+ #bd h\rs1 & !n all[$ to /& = ab\t #gj h\rs to settle or deposit4 ,! alkal9e solution is to be drawn (f1 & to ! deposit cold wat] is to be add$1 = ! d\ble purpose ( wa%+ out ! alkali & = draw+ (f ! />* f ! o!r matt]s4 ,! mixture is to be well /irr$ up & !n all[$ to re/ ab\t an h\r = ! fibre to fall d[n4 ,! liquor hold+ ! />* 9 susp5sion is to be drawn (f & all[$ to /& = ab\t #gj h\rs = ! />* to deposit4 ,! wa/e liquor is n[ to be remov$1 & ! />* /irr$ up1 blu$ 7if ?\ght necess>y71 dra9$1 dri$1 & f9i%$ 9 ! usual way4#dd ,rice is import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 bags ( #a cwt41 & ti]ces ( #f cwt41 n only = edible purposes1 b1 :5 gr\nd into fl\r1 = cotton manufactures1 9 aid+ to =m ! weav]'s dress+s = w>ps4 ,rice-meal is commonly us$ = fe$+ pigs4 ,import$4 ,briti% ,reta9$ = home ,plantation4 ,=eign4 consumption ( all k9ds4 ,bags4 ,bags4 ,bags4 #ahdc #acf1cai #ce1abe #fj1ife #ahdd #abg1hgf #fi1aab #abf1gcc #ahde #agc1gid #e1gac #aad1icc ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 #ahdg #ch1gcf #c1jcc #bh1cge #ahdh #ba1bbf #d1fca #ae1dfh #ahdi #ai1cig #a1daj #ad1ifa ,total import$4 ,re-export$4 #ahdi #igf1aif cwts4 #bij1gcb cwts4 9 ! husk #ca1hbh qrs4 #ahej #ghe1dea cwts4 #bdh1acf 9 ! husk #cg1aej qrs4 #ahea #gad1hdg cwts4 #cde1fgg 9 ! husk #ca1dha qrs4 #aheb #ihi1caf cwts4 #dad1ejg 9 ! husk #bc1idf qrs4 ,! quantity ( rice reta9$ = home consumption1 by ! correct$ returns1 9 #ahej1 0 #dja1jah cwts4 & #ce1aai qu>t]s2 9 #ahea1 #cii1agj cwts4 & #ca1dha qu>t]s2 9 #aheb1 #egd1hji cwts4 & #bc1idf qu>t]s4 ,! aggregate imports range f #dj1jjj to #hj1jjj tons annually1 ( :i* ab\t #ejj to #hjj tons are 9 ! husk4 ,among culmif]\s plants & legumes us$ 9 ! ,ea/1 are ! ,panicum italicum1 ,p4 miliaceum1 ,eleus9e coracana 7! meal ( :i* is bak$ & eat5 9 ,ceylon "u ! "n ( ,corakan fl\r71 & ,paspalum ( sev]al v>ieties4 ,! pigeon pea 7,cytisus ,cajan71 & a v valuable & prolific species ( bean1 call$ ! ,mauritius black bean 7,mucuna utilis71 gr[+ ev5 9 ! poore/ soil1 is cultivat$ 9 ,india & ,ceylon4 ,sorghum vulg>e is ! pr9cipal gra9 ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 & ! /ems are also us$ ext5sively = fe$+ cattle4 ,! plant be>s its ,indian "n ( jo>1 or juri1 & is cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,h9do/an4 ,job's te>s 7,croix la*ryma7 is ano!r c]eal grass1 native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,,millet4 ,millet ( diff]5t k9ds is met ) 9 ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,africa1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is a small yell[i% se$1 gr[+ 9 d5se panicles or clu/]s1 ! produce ( a grassy plant ) l>ge & compact se$s1 gr[+ to ! height1 9 ,india1 ( sev5 or eight feet4 ,! millets1 kn[n to ,europeans z petit mais1 are tropical or sub-tropical crops4 ,9 ,india !y hold a second rank to rice alone2 & 9 ,egypt1 p]haps1 surpass all o!r crops 9 importance4 ,9 ,we/]n ,africa !y are ! /aff ( life4 ,! r$ & :ite millets %[n by ,au/ria1 ,russia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ! ,great ,exhibition1 7 beautiful1 & ,ceylon exhibit$ fair samples4 ,turkey ab\nds 9 small gra9s4 ,panicum miliaceum & ,p4 frum5taceum are ! species gr[n 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,l\don says !re are ?ree di/9ct species ( millet2 ! ,poli%1 ! common or ,g]man1 & ! ,indian4 ,set>ia ,g]manica yields ,g]man millet4 ,! plants are readily increas$ by division ( ! roots or by se$1 & w gr[ 9 any common soil4 ,! native ,we/ ,indian species are ,p4 fascisculatwm & oryzoides4 ,millet receives "s att5tion 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 #ahdd !re 7 #ajj acres ( l& "u cultivation ) x1 & ! am\nt gr[n 9 "s ye>s 9 ?is colony has be5 ab\t #c1ejj bu%els4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates millet is *iefly gr[n = mak+ hay1 be+ f\nd a good sub/itute = clov] & ! ord9>y grasses4 ,x is a plant :i* w fl\ri% well on r ?9 soils1 & x gr[s s fa/ t :5 x is up & well set x is seldom mu* affect$ by dr\ght4 ,x is commonly s[n !re 9 ,june1 b ! "t ( s[+ w v>y ) ! latitude4 ,half a bu%el ( se$ to ! acre is ! usual quantity1 s[n broadca/ & h>r[$ 94 ,= ! f9e/ quantity ( hay1 x is ?\ght advisable to s[ an additional quantity ( ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( se$4 ,! ord9>y yield ( crops may be put at f a ton to a ton & a half ( hay to ! acre4 ,x %\ld be cut z soon z x is out ( blossom2 if x /&s lat]1 ! /ems are liable to become too h>d to make good hay4 ,! v>iety kn[n z ,g]man millet is t mo/ common 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x gr[s ord9>ily to ! height ( ab\t ?ree feet1 ) compact heads f six to n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 be>+ yell[ se$4 ,!re are "s sub-v>ieties ( ?is1 z ! :ite & purple-se$$4 ,! ,italian millet1 ,set>ia italica1 is l>g] ?an ! prec$+1 rea*+ ! height ( f\r feet 9 tol]able soil1 & its leaves are correspond+ly l>g] & ?ick]4 ,! heads are sometimes a foot or m 9 l5g?1 & are less compact ?an ! ,g]man1 be+ compos$ ( sev]al spikes slightly bran*+ f ! ma9 /em4 ,x is said to d]ive its specific "n f be+ cultivat$ 9 ,italy1 ?\gh its native habitat is ,india4 ,x is claim$ by "s t ?is v>iety w yield m se$ ?an any o!r1 & ! se$ is r l>g]1 b ! /alk is co>s]1 & w\ld probably be less reli%$ by /ock4 ,if ! greate/ am\nt ( se$ is desir$ f ! crop1 x is be/ to s[ x 9 drills1 two to two-&-a-half feet ap>t1 us+ a se$ drill = ! purpose4 ,?is admits ( ! use ( a small h>r[ or cultivator betwe5 ! r[s1 :ile ! plants are small1 :i* keeps out ! we$s4 ,! crop w rip5 m uni=mly 9 ?is way ?an broadca/1 & enables ! cultivator to cut x :5 !re w be ! lea/ wa/e4 ,! se$ %att]s out v easily :5 x is ripe1 & :5 ! crop rip5s unequally x _c be cut )\t loss1 because ei!r a portion ( x w be immature1 or1 if left till x is all ripe1 ! se$ ( ! e>lie/ falls out4 ,x %\ld be closely wat*$1 & cut 9 j ab\t ! same /age t x is prop] to cut :eat1 :ile ! gra9 may be cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x may be cut ) a gra9 cradle1 &1 :5 dry1 b\nd & %ock$ l gra92 b x %\ld be ?re%$ out z soon z practicable1 on acc\nt ( its be+ usually mu* attack$ by birds1 _m k9ds ( :i* are v fond ( ! se$4 ,9 p>ticul> localities !y assail ! crop 9 su* numb]s1 f ! "t x is out ( ! milk1 till x is h>ve/$ & c>ri$ (f ! field1 t x is no object to attempt to rip5 x4 ,?is crop is sometimes s[n 9 drills1 :5 x is only int5d$ = fodd]1 be+ cut & cur$ 9 bundles1 z ! /alks ( ,indian corn are4 ,x is be/ to pass x ?r\gh a cutt+ ma*9e be=e fe$+ x to /ock2 inde$1 all millet hay w be f$ ) less loss 9 ?is way1 ?an if f$ to animals )\t cutt+4 ,! se$ is us$ 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries z a sub/itute = sago1 = :i* x is consid]$ excell5t4 ,x is likewise a valuable food = p\ltry1 p>ticul>ly = "y *ick5s1 :i* f ! smallness ( ! gra9 c eat x readily1 & x appe>s to be :olesome = !m4 ,9 "s c\ntries millet se$ is gr\nd into fl\r & conv]t$ into bread2 b ?is is br[n & heavy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 useful 9 o!r respects1 z a sub/itute = rice4 ,a good v9eg> has be5 made f x by f]m5tation1 &1 on di/illation1 x yields a /rong _s4 ,millet se$--! produce ( ,h4 sac*>atum--is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ! ,ea/ ,indies = ! purpose *iefly ( pudd+s2 by _m p]sons x is pref]r$ to rice4 ,x is cultivat$ l>gely 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,! /alks1 if subject$ to ! same process t is adopt$ ) ! sug>-cane1 yield a sweet juice1 f :i* an excell5t k9d ( sug> may be made4 ,millet w gr[ be/ on light1 dry soils4 ,! gr\nd be+ fir/ well prep>$1 half a bu%el ( se$ to ! acre is pl\gh$ 9 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s1 9 ,india4 ,! crop rip5s )9 ?ree mon?s f ! "t ( s[+4 ,! usual produce is ab\t #af bu%els to ! acre4 ,! ,can>y ,isl&s export annually ab\t #bab1djj bu%els ( millet4 ,great ,indian ,millet1 or ,gu9ea ,corn4--,?is is a native ( ,india 7! ,sorghum vulg>e1 ! ,&ropogon ,sorghum ( ,roxburgh71 :i* produces a gra9 a little l>g] ?an mu/>d or millet se$4 ,x is gr[n 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries1 & has peculi> local names4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e x is *iefly rais$ = fe$+ p\ltry1 x is call$ ,gu9ea corn4 ,9 ,egypt x is kn[n z ,dhurra1 9 ,h9do/an & ,b5gal z ,jo>1 & 9 "s di/ricts z ,cu%4 ,9 ,l[] ,sc9de jo> is v ext5sively cultivat$1 z well z bajree 7,h4 spicatus74 ,x is h>ve/$ 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y2 requires a light soil1 & is usually gr[n 9 ! ea/1 aft] ,cynosurus corocanus4 ,gu9ea corn is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,jamaica4 ,i did n1 h[ev]1 f9d x ?rive on ! nor? side ( ! isl&4 ,x is be/ plant$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies betwe5 ,septemb] & ,novemb]1 & rip5s 9 ,janu>y4 ,x ratoons or yields a second crop1 :5 cut4 ,! returns are f #cj to #fj bu%els an acre1 b ! crops are unc]ta94 ,mr4 ,c4 ,bravo tri$ ,gu9ea corn at ,/4 ,ann's1 ,jamaica1 z a gre5 crop1 s[n broadca/1 = fodd]1 & x answ]$ admirably1 ! produce be+ v consid]able4 ,x 0 weigh$1 & yield$ #ad tons ( fodd] p] acre1 & 0 f\nd v palatable & nutriti\s = cattle4 ,x 0 gr[n on a v poor soil1 :i* _h1 previ\sly to pl\gh+1 giv5 no?+ b m>igolds & we$s4 ,! luxuriant gr[? ( ! corn completely kept "u ! we$s4 ,a great numb] ( ! /alks 7 measur$1 & !y av]ag$ #aj feet f ! root to ! top ( ! upp] leaf4 ,x _h be5 plant$ #aj weeks1 & _h1 !re=e1 gr[n a foot a mon?4 ,mr4 ,bravo is ( op9ion1 t s[n broadca/ x w\ld answ] ei!r z a gra9 crop1 z fodd]1 or pl\gh$ 9 to increase ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,dr4 ,phillips1 ( ,b>bados1 be+ ( op9ion t x might be advantage\sly employ$ z human food1 reque/$ ,dr4 ,%i]1 ! analytical *emi/1 ( ,dem]>a1 to det]m9e 9 8 laboratory its ri*ness 9 prote9 comp\nds 7! muscle-=m+ "p ( vegetable food7 9 comp>ison ) ,indian corn4 ,he1 !re=e1 caus$ a sample ( ea* to be burn$ = nitrog51 :5 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,indian corn4 ,gu9ea corn4 ,wat]1 p] c5t4 #ab4ha #ac4gf ,9 ord9>y /ate-- ,nitrog51 p] c5t4 #a4hc #a4ah ,prote9 comp\nds #aa4ea #g4db ,9 dry /ate-- ,nitrog51 p] c5t4 #b4aj #a4cf ,prote9 comp\nds #ac4bj #h4fj ,accord+ to ^! results1 ! ,gu9ea corn is less ri* 9 nitrog5 or prote9 comp\nds ?an ,indian corn1 ?\gh n mu* less s ?an "s v>ieties ( ,engli% :eat4 ,indian corn meal1 analys$ by ,mr4 ,h]e=d1 f two localities1 gave 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( dryness #aa4ec & #ab4dh p] c5t4 ( prote9 comp\nds--results :i* come v ne> to t obta9$ by ,dr4 ,%i]4 ,sorghum av5aceum1 or ,holcus av5aceus1 is a native ( ! ,cape4 ,sev]al species & v>ieties ( sorghum h be5 introduc$1 & m or less cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is (t5 popul>ly t]m$ ,egyptian corn4 ,x is closely alli$ to broom corn 7,s4 sac*>atum71 ! head be+ simil> 9 /ructure1 & ! se$ simil>1 except t 9 mo/ v>ieties ( sorghum1 ! out] cov]+ does n adh]e z 9 broom corn4 ,! plant be>s a /rong resemblance1 :ile gr[+1 to maize or ,indian corn4 ,!re is also "s simil>ity 9 ! gra91 & x is ext5sively us$ z food by _m ori5tal nations4 ,a v>iety1 "u ! "n ( ,african purple millet1 0 "s ye>s s9ce introduc$ into ,nor? ,am]ica1 & recomm5d$ = cultivation z a soil+ crop2 b ?is1 z well z o!r v>ieties1 d n possess any advantages ov] ,indian corn4 ,! natives ( ,mysore reckon ?ree k9ds1 kn[n z :ite1 gre51 & r$4 ,! r$ rip5s a mon? e>li] ?an ! re/1 or ab\t f\r mon?s f ! "t ( s[+4 ,ne> ,b5gal1 ,bombay1 & else:]e1 9 ,ea/]n ,india1 s[+ is p]=m$ at ! close ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june4 ,a gallon & a ?ird ( se$ is s[n p] acre1 & ! produce av]ages #af bu%els4 ,?is gra91 ?\gh small1 & ! size ( its head dim9utive1 comp5sates = ?is defici5cy by ! great hulk & goodness ( its /raw1 :i* gr[s usually to ! height ( #h or #aj feet4 ,x is sometimes s[n = fodd] 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 & is ready to cut 9 ,july4 ,x is said to be injuri\s to cattle1 if eat5 z gre5 prov5d]1 ! /raw is !re=e fir/ dri$1 & is !n pref]able to t ( rice4 ,?is gra9 is frequ5tly f]m5t$ to =m ! basis1 9 comb9ation ) goor or half made sug>1 ( ! common arrack ( ! natives1 & 9 ! hills is f]m5t$ into a k9d ( be] or sweet wort1 drank w>m4 ,holcus spicatus1 ! ,panicum spicatum ( ,roxburgh1 is cultivat$ 9 ,mysore1 ,beh>1 & ! prov9ces m to ! nor?4 ,f "o to f\r se]s are s[n on a biggah ( l&1 & ! yield is ab\t f\r maunds p] acre4 ,x is s[n aft] ! heavy ra9s comm5ce1 & ! pl\gh s]ves to cov] ! se$4 ,! crop is ripe 9 ?ree mon?s1 & ! e>s only are tak5 (f at fir/4 ,aft]w>ds ! /raw is cut d[n close to ! surface ( ! soil1 to be us$ = ?at*+1 = x is n mu* 9 reque/ z fodd]4 ,be+ a gra9 ( small price1 x is a common food ( ! poor] class ( natives1 & really yields a sweet palatable fl\r4 ,x is also excell5t z a fatt5+ gra9 = p\ltry4 ,! ,poa ,abyss9icais "o ( ! bread-corns ( ,abyss9ia4 ,! bread made f x is call$ teff1 & is ! ord9>y food ( ! c\ntry1 t made f :eat be+ only us$ by ! high] classes4 ,! way ( manufactur+ x is by all[+ ! d\gh to become s\r1 :51 g5]at+ c>bonic acid gas1 x s]ves in/ead ( yea/4 ,x is !n bak$ 9 circul> cakes1 :i* are :ite1 spongy1 & ( a hot acid ta/e1 b easy ( dige/ion4 ,?is bread1 c>efully toa/$1 & left 9 wat] = ?ree or f\r days1 furni%es ! b\sa1 or common be] ( ! c\ntry1 simil> to ! quas ( ,russia4 ,,broom ,,corn4 ,! production ( broom corn is rapidly ext5d+1 & corn brooms are driv+ broom s$ge1 z an article = sweep+ floors1 out ( e humble dwell+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are ab\t #a1jjj acres ( x "u culture 9 "o c\nty 7,montgom]y7 alone1 & x br+s #cj doll>s p] acre 9 ! field4 ,messrs4 ,van ,eppes1 ( ,s*5ectady1 h be5 engag$ 9 ! broom manufactory bus9ess ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,!y h a f>m ( ab\t #cjj acres1 #bjj ( :i* are ,mohawk flats4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! flats 0 =m]ly ( little value1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ kept wet by a %all[ /ream :i* ran ?r\gh1 x1 & :i*1 toge!r ) sev]al spr+s t issue f ! s&y bluff on ! s\? side ( ! flats1 kept ! gr\nd m>%y1 & unfit = cultivation4 ,by deep5+ ! *annel ( ! /ream1 & conduct+ mo/ ( ! spr+s into x1 _m acres1 :i* 7 =m]ly almo/ wor?less1 h be5 made wor? #abe doll>s p] acre4 ,!y h also1 by deep5+ ! *annel1 sav+ ! wat] ( ! spr+s1 & secur+ all ! fall1 made a wat] privilege1 on :i* !y h erect$ an excell5t mill1 ) sev]al run ( /ones1 leav+ besides suffici5t p[] to c>ry saws = cutt+ out ! h&les ( brooms1 c4 ,!y h ab\t #bjj acres ( ! flats 9 broom-corn4 ,! cultivation ( ?is article has )9 a few ye>s be5 simplifi$ to almo/ z great a degree z its manufacture4 ,! se$ is s[n ) a se$-b>r[ or drill1 z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! /ate ( ! gr\nd w admit1 9 r[s #c feet ap>t4 ,z soon z ! corn is above gr\nd1 x is ho$1 & soon aft] ?9n$1 s z to leave ! /alks two or ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,x is only ho$ 9 ! r[1 9 ord] to get out ! we$s t are close to ! plants1 ! rema9+ space be+ left = ! h>r[ & cultivator1 :i* are run s frequ5tly z to keep d[n ! we$s4 ,! cultivation is f9i%$ by runn+ a small1 d\ble m\ld-bo>d pl\gh1 r %all[1 betwe5 ! r[s4 ,! broom corn is n left to rip51 z =m]ly1 b is cut :5 x is q gre51 & ! se$ n mu* pa/ ! milk4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! practice to lop d[n ! tops ( ! corn1 & let x hang "s "t1 t ! bru% might become /raight5$ 9 "o direction4 ,n[1 ! tops are n lopp$ till ! bru% is ready to cut1 :i*1 z be=e /at$1 is :ile ! corn is gre54 ,a set ( h&s goes =w>d1 & lops or b5ds ! tops to "o side1 & ano!r set foll[s imm$iately & cuts (f ! tops at ! place at :i* !y are b5t1 & a ?ird set ga!rs ! cut tops into c>ts or waggons1 :i* take !m to ! factory4 ,"h !y are fir/ sort$ ov]1 & p>cell$ out into small bun*es1 ea* bun* be+ made up into bru% ( equal l5g?4 ,! se$ is !n tak5 (f by an app>atus ) tee?1 l a hat*et4 ,! ma*9e is work$ by six horses1 & cleans ! bru% v rapidly4 ,x is !n spread ?9 to dry1 on racks put up 9 build+s design$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ab\t a week1 ) ord9>y wea!r1 x becomes s dry t x w be> to be pack$ closely4 ,! /alks ( ! corn1 aft] ! tops h be5 cut (f1 are five or six feet high1 & !y are left on ! gr\nd1 & pl\gh$ 9 ! next spr+4 ,x is f\nd t ?is keeps up ! f]tility ( ! soil1 s t ! crop is cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s )\t app>5t dim9ution4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! gr\nd is ov]fl[$ e w9t] or spr+1 & a consid]able deposit left on ! surface1 :i* is und\bt$ly equival5t to a dress+ ( manure4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! fact t "s ( ! flats h be5 9 ,indian corn e ye> = =ty or fifty ye>s1 )\t manure1 & ) good cultivation h seldom produc$ less ?an sixty bu%els p] acre1 & ) extra cultivation f eighty to n9ety bu%els h be5 obta9$4 ,9 case ( ne$1 ! /alks w\ld furni% a l>ge am\nt ( good food = cattle4 ,!y are full ( leaves :i* are nutritive1 & :e!r cut & dri$ = w9t]1 or eat5 gre5 by /ock turn$ on ! gr\nd :]e !y gr[1 w\ld be v valuable 9 case ( defici5cy ( grass4 ,messrs4 ,van ,eppes employ tw5ty h&s dur+ ! summ]2 & 9 autumn1 :5 ! bru% is be+ ga!r$ & prep>$1 !y h ne>ly a hundr$1 male & female4 ,!y are mo/ly ,g]mans1 :o come to ,s*5ectady ) _! families dur+ ! broom corn h>ve/1 & leave :5 x is ov]4 ,! manufacture ( brooms is c>ri$ on mo/ly 9 ! w9t] season4 ,! quantity usually turn$ out by ,messrs4 ,van ,eppes is #aej1jjj doz5 p] annum4--7,albany ,cultivator47 ,,*5opodium ,,qu9oa4 ,ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s ago ?is plant 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 f ,p]u1 :]e ! se$s are us$ z food1 "u ! "n ( petty rice4 ,att5tion 0 drawn to x by ,l\don1 9 8 ,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1 9 #ahcd1 & 9 #ahcf x 0 cultivat$ on a l>ge scale by ,sir ,*>les ,lemon4 ,?is plant & ! l5til are two ( ! mo/ promis+ exotics t h be5 recomm5d$ = field culture4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( qu9oa1 ! :ite & ! r$ se$$2 ! r$ has bitt] prop]ties1 & is only us$ = m$ic9e4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! se$s ( ! =m] are us$ z a sub/itute = maize & ! potato4 ,a :ite meal is obta9$ f x1 hav+ a t+e ( yell[4 ,x conta9s sc>cely any glut51 b1 l oatmeal1 makes v good porridge & cakes4 ,its nutritive qualities are prov$ by ! analysis ( ,dr4 ,voelck] 7,j\rnal ( ,agriculture ( ,scotl&1 ,octob]1 #ahej71 :i* /ates x to yield #c4ff p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 equal to #b4hg p] c5t4 ( prote9 comp\nds4 ,9 ?is respect ! meal appe>s to be sup]ior to rye1 b>ley1 rice1 maize1 ! planta91 & potato4 ,x has long furni%$ ! food ( millions 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& ! plant w\ld f9d a cong5ial climate & ri* soil4 ,,fundi ,,or ,,fundungi4 ,?is is an hi!rto undescrib$ species ( ,african gra9 7probably ! ,paspalum exile71 mu* cultivat$ & e/eem$ 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 & o!r places on ! ,african coa/1 :]e x is kn[n by ! ,f\lahs1 ,jol(fs1 & o!r native tribes1 "u ! local "n ( ,hungry rice4 ,x is a sl5d] grass ) digitate spikes1 :i* h mu* ( ! habit ( ,digit>ia1 b :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! small out] glume exi/+ 9 t g5us1 ,mr4 ,keppi/1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ( ,london1 ref]s to ,paspalum4 ,x produces a semi-transp>5t cordi=m gra91 ab\t ! size ( a mignionette se$2 ! e> consi/s ( two conjugate spikes1 ! gra9 be+ arrang$ on ! out] edge ( ei!r spike1 & alt]nat$2 !y are atta*$ by a p$uncle to ! husk4 ,! pic>p1 or out] membrane1 is slightly rug\s4 ,! gr\nd is cle>$ = its reception by burn+ d[n ! copse wood & hoe+ betwe5 ! roots & /umps4 ,x is s[n 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 ! gr\nd be+ slightly op5$1 & aga9 lightly drawn toge!r ov] ! se$s ) a hoe4 ,9 ,augu/1 :5 x %oots up1 x is c>efully we$$4 ,x rip5s 9 ,septemb]1 gr[+ to ! height ( ab\t #ah in*es1 & its /ems1 :i* are v sl5d]1 are b5t to ! e>? by ! m]e weight ( ! gra94 ,! pat* ( l& is !n ei!r suff]$ to lie fall[1 or is plant$ ) yams or cassava 9 rotation4 ,exp]i5c$ cultivators ( ?is ,lilliputian gra9 ass]t t manure is unnecess>y1 z x delights 9 light soils1 & x is ev5 rais$ on rocky situations1 :i* are mo/ frequ5t ab\t ,kissy4 ,:5 cut d[n1 x is ti$ up 9 small %eafs & plac$ 9 a dry situation )9 ! hut2 = if all[$ to rema9 on ! gr\nd & to become wet1 ! gra9s are agglut9at$ to _! cov]+s4 ,! gra9 is trodd5 out ) ! feet1 & is !n p>*$ or dri$ 9 ! sun1 to all[ ! m easy removal ( ! *aff 9 ! process ( p\nd+1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 wood5 mort>s4 ,x is aft]w>ds w9n[$ ) a k9d ( cane fann] or mats4 ,?is gra9 c\ld be rais$ 9 suffici5t quantities to become an article ( comm]ce1 & ,i h no d\bt w\ld prove a valuable addition to ! li/ ( light f>9ace\s articles ( food 9 use among ! delicate or convalesc5t4 ,9 prep>+ ?is delici\s gra9 = food1 x is fir/ put into boil+ wat]1 9 :i* x is assidu\sly /irr$ = a few m9utes2 ! wat] is !n p\r$ (f1 & ! ,f\lahs1 ,jol(fs1 c41 add to x palm oil1 butt]1 or milk2 b ,europeans & negroes connect$ ) ,si]ra ,leone prep>e x z foll[s3--,to ! gra9 cook$ z above m5tion$1 f[l1 fi%1 or mutton1 ) a piece ( salt pork = ! sake ( flavor is add$1 ! :ole be+ !n /ew$ 9 a close saucepan4 ,?is makes a v good di%1 & ?us prep>$ resembles ,k\s-k\s4 ,! gra9 is sometimes made into pudd+s1 ) ! usual condim5ts1 & eat5 ei!r hot or cold1 ) milk4 ,by ! few natives ( ,scotl& 9 ! colony1 x is occasionally dress$ z milk porridge4 ,! negroes also eat x 9 ! same way z !y d rice1 ) palav] sauce4 ,fundi ought to be well wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 & aft]w>ds rewa%$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,if prop]ly prep>$ x w be :ite1 & p]fectly free f gritty matt]4 ,can>y-se$1 obta9$ f ,phal>is can>i5sis1 is gr[n r l>gely 9 ,k5t1 ! ,isle ( ,?anet1 & o!r p>ts ( ! s\? ( ,engl&1 z mu* z #ejj tons be+ annually consum$ "h = fe$+ s++ birds4 ,! produce is ?ree to five qu>t]s ! acre1 & x is sold at ab\t #be ! ton4 ,we receive =eign supplies ( ! se$ f ,g]many & ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! duty on imports is #bs4 #f;d4 p] bu%el4 ,,pulse4 ,!re are a v>iety ( pulses & legum9\s se$s ext5sively cultivat$ z food = bo? man & cattle1 & :i* =m an important article 9 ! husb&ry ( tropical c\ntries4 ,! importance ( peas & beans is well appreciat$1 bo? by ! horticulturi/s & agriculturi/s 9 ,europe & our temp]ate colonies1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y are comp>atively ( less importance ?an ! small] pulses & gra9s are 9 v>i\s tropical c\ntries1 su* z h>icots 9 ! ,brazils & ,we/ ,indies2 gr\nd or e>? nuts 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & especially 9 ,we/]n ,africa2 beans ( diff]5t k9ds among/ ! m9]s ( ,p]u2 gram 7,ervum l5s71 & dholl 7,cajanus71 ) innum]able v>ieties ( beans & small l5tils among ! natives ( ,india & ,egypt2 & ! ,c>ob bean1 or ,/4 ,john's bread 7,c]atonia siliqua71 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4--7,jury ,reports47 ,( legum9\s gra9s !re are v>i\s species cultivat$ & us$ by ! ,asiatics1 z ! ,phaseolus ,mungo1 ,p4 ,max & ,p4 radiatus1 :i* conta9 mu* alim5t>y matt]2 ! e>?-nut 7,ara*is hypoga71 :i* buries its pods "u gr\nd aft] fl[]+4 ,! gram 7,cic] arict9um7 :i* is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,*ri/ie 7,madras ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,no4 #ac7 z exud+ oxalic acid f all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,x is us$ by ! ryots 9 _! curries in/ead ( v9eg>4 ,x is ! *ick pea ( ,engl&1 & *5na ( ,h9do/an4 ,among ! mo/ commonly cultivat$ legum9\s plants are ! l5til 7,ervum l5s71 horse gram 7,doli*os biflorus1 ,l9n71 v>i\s species ( ,cytisus & ,cajanus1 c4 ,_m ( ^! are gr[n 9 ,india z fodd] plants2 o!rs = _! se$s1 kn[n z gram1 dholl1 c4 ,! ,cajanus flavus1 ( ,dec&olle 7,cytisus ,cajan71 is v g5]ally cultivat$ along ! ,we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 & cont9ues to be> = ?ree ye>s4 ,sev]al species ( doli*os are us$ z food 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 z ,d4 ensi=mus 9 ,jamaica1 ,d4 tub]osus 9 ,m>t9ique1 ,d4 bulbosus & ,d4 lignosus 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! vessels ( ! ,nor? br+ to ,%anghae a great quantity ( a dry pa/e1 kn[n "u ! "n ( tanp+1 ! residuum or husk ( a legum9\s plant call$ ,teuss1 f :i* ! ,*9ese extract oil1 & :i* is us$1 aft] be+ press$1 z manure = ! gr\nd4 ,capta9 ,h4 ,biggs1 9 a communication to ! ,agri4-,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,india1 9 #ahde1 /ates t ( ! escul5ts a l>ge :ite pea =ms ! /aple ( ! trade ( ,%anghae1 or ne>ly s1 to ! a/oni%+ am\nt ( two & a-half millions /]l+4 ,?is he gives on ! au?ority ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,m$hur/1 ( ,%anghae1 & ,mr4 ,?orns1 ,briti% ,consul at ,n+po4 ,^! peas are gr\nd 9 a mill & !n press$1 9 a some:at complicat$1 ?\gh1 z usual 9 ,*9a1 a mo/ effici5t press1 by means ( w$ges driv5 "u ! out] p>ts ( ! framework ) mallets4 ,! oil is us$ bo? = eat+ & burn+1 m = ! latt] purpose1 h[ev]1 & ! cake1 l l>ge ,gl\ce/] *eese1 or small gr9d/ones 9 circul> %ape1 is di/ribut$ ab\t ,*9a 9 e direction1 bo? z food = pigs & buffaloes1 z also = manure4 ,we import on ! av]age ab\t #bj1jjj qu>t]s ( beans1 peas1 c41 f ,irel&1 #dej1jjj qu>t]s ( beans & #bjj1jjj qu>t]s ( peas f =eign c\ntries4 ,! l& "u cultivation ) pulse1 & ! crops rais$1 h be5 e/imat$ z foll[s3-- ,acres4 ,qu>t]s4 ,engl& #ejj1jjj #a1hge1jjj ,irel& #acj1jjj #edj1jjj ,scotl& #ej1jjj #aej1jjj ------- --------- #fhj1jjj #b1efe1jjj ,?is is ( c\rse exclusive ( g>d5 cultivation4 ,! av]age produce ( beans p] acre 9 ,engl& is #c qu>t]s1 #c 9 ,irel&1 & ?ree 9 ,scotl&4 ,! price ( beans p] qu>t] 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s has rang$ f #cis4 to #bgs4 ! qu>t]2 peas f #djs4 #f;d4 to #bgs4 #f;d4 ,alg>oba beans4--,! se$ pods or bean ( ! c>ob-tree 7,c]atonia siliqua1 or ,prosopis pallida87 a tree common 9 ! ,levant & ,s\? ( ,europe1 are us$ z food4 ,! pods conta9 a l>ge proportion ( sweet fecula1 & are frequ5tly us$ by s+]s1 be+ consid]$ to improve ! voice4 ,! "n ( ,/4 ,john's ,head has be5 appli$ to !m1 f ! supposition t !y 7 ! wild honey spok5 ( 9 ,scripture z ! food ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,ab\t #dj1jjj qu9tals ( ^! c>obs are annually export$ f ,crete4 ,dur+ ! ,p59sul> w>1 ! horses ( our cavalry 7 pr9cipally f$ ^u ^! alg>oba se$s4 ,! pods ( ! ,we/ ,india locu/ tree1 ,hym5a c\rb>il1 also supply a nutriti\s matt]4 ,t well kn[n sauce1 ,soy1 is made 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 f a species ( ! ,doli*os bean 7,soja hispida71 :i* gr[s 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ,java x is procur$ f ! ,phaseolus radiatus4 ,! beans are boil$ s(t1 ) :eat or b>ley ( equal quantities1 & left = ?ree mon?s to f]m5t2 salt & wat] are !n add$1 :5 ! liquor is press$ & /ra9$4 ,good soy is agreeable :5 a few ye>s old2 ! ,japan soy is sup]ior to ! ,*9ese4 ,l>ge quantities are %ipp$ = ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! ,doli*os bean is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,japan1 :]e v>i\s cul9>y articles are prep>$ f x2 b ! pr9cipal are a sort ( butt]1 t]m$ mico1 & a pickle call$ sooja4 #a1ajh piculs ( soy 7 %ipp$ f ,canton 9 #ahdd1 = ,london1 ,briti% ,india1 & ,s+apore4 #ajj j>s1 or ab\t #ej gallons ( soy1 7 receiv$ at ,liv]pool 9 #ahej4 ,! price is ab\t #fs4 p] gallon 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,,! ,,sago ,,palms1 ,,bread-,,fruit1 c4 ,sago1 & />*y matt] alli$ to x1 is obta9$ f _m palms4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! cellul> tissue ( ! /em1 & is sep>at$ by bruis+ & elutriation4 ,f ! s(t /em ( ,cycas circ9alis1 a k9d ( sago is produc$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! f9e/ is1 h[ev]1 procur$ f ! /ems ( ,sagus lvis 7,s4 in]mis1 ( ,roxburgh71 a native ( ,borneo & ,sumatra2 & ,ar5ga sac*>if]a1 or ,gomutus sac*>ifus1 ( ,rumphius4 ,! ,sagu]us ,rumphii1 or ,metroxylon ,sagus1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 yields a fecul5t matt]4 ,aft] ! />*y sub/ance is wa%$ out ( ! /ems ( ^! palms1 x is !n granulat$ s z to =m sago4 ,! la/-m5tion$ palm also furni%es a l>ge supply ( sug>4 ,sago z well z sug>1 & a k9d ( palm w9e1 are procur$ f ,c>yota ur5s4 ,9 ,*9a sago is obta9$ f ,rhapis flabelli=mis1 a dw>fi% palm2 & "s sago is made f x = native use 9 ,travancore1 ,mysore1 & ,wynaad1 & ! jungles 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! trunk ( ! sago palm is five or six feet r\nd1 & x gr[s to ! height ( ab\t #bj feet4 ,x c only be propagat$ by se$4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 bogs & swampy m>%es2 a good plantation be+ (t5 a bog1 knee deep4 ,! pi? produc+ ! sago is seldom ( use till ! tree is f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old2 & ! tree does n live long] ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd says !re are f\r v>ieties ( ?is palm2 ! cultivat$1 ! wild1 "o di/+ui%$ by long sp9es on ! bran*es1 & a f\r? de/itute ( ^! sp9es1 & call$ by ! natives female sago4 ,?is & ! cultivat$ species af=d ! be/ f>9a2 ! sp9y v>iety1 :i* has a sl5d] trunk1 & ! wild tree1 yield b an inf]ior quality ( sago4 ,! f>9ace\s matt] af=d$ by ea* plant is v consid]able1 #ejj lbs4 be+ a frequ5t quantity1 :ile #cjj lbs4 may be tak5 z ! common av]age produce ( ea* tree4 ,suppos+ ! plants set at a di/ance ( t5 feet ap>t1 an acre w\ld conta9 #dce trees1 :i*1 on com+ to maturity 9 fifte5 ye>s1 w\ld yield at ! be=e-m5tion$ rate #abj1ejj lbs4 annually ( f>9ace\s matt]4 ,! sago meal1 9 its raw /ate1 w keep good ab\t a mon?4 ,! ,malays & natives ( ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s1 ) :om x =ms ! *ief article ( su/5ance1 p>tially bake x 9 e>!nw>e m\lds into small h>d cakes1 :i* w keep = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ,java ! ^w saga signifies bread4 ,! sago palm 7,metroxylon ,sagus7 is "o ( ! smalle/ ( its tribe1 seldom rea*+ to m ?an #cj feet 9 height1 & gr[s only 9 a region ext5d+ we/ to ,celebes & ,borneo1 nor? to ,m9danao1 s\? to ,timor1 & ea/ to ,papua4 ,c]am is its *ief seat1 & !re l>ge =e/s ( x are f\nd4 ,! edible f>9a is ! c5tral pi?1 :i* v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t trees1 & z to ! "t requir$ = its atta9+ prop] maturity4 ,x is eat5 by ! natives 9 ! =m ( pottage4 ,a f>9a ( an inf]ior k9d is suppli$ by ! ,gomuti palm 7,borassus gomutus71 ano!r tree peculi> to ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago gr[+ 9 ! valleys ( hilly tracts4 ,at s great a di/ance x is difficult to decide z to :i* ( ^! trees really produce ! ord9>y sagos ( comm]ce1 = !re are sev]al k9ds4 ,plan*e1 9 an excell5t memoir on ! sagos1 has describ$ six species1 :i* he di/+ui%es by ! names ( ! places f :i* !y come4 ,pref]r+ to classify !m accord+ to _! *>act]s1 ,m4 ,mayet di/+ui%es only ?ree species4 ,! fir/ he d5om9ates ,anci5t sago1 :i* comes f diff]5t p>ts1 & v>ies mu* 9 color4 ,x compreh5ds--#a/1 ,maldivian sago ( ,plan*e1 9 sph]ical globules1 ( two or ?ree millimetres 9 diamet]1 translucid1 ( an unequal p9ki% :ite color1 v h>d & insipid4 #bnd1 ,new ,gu9ea sago1 ( ,plan*e1 9 r small] globules1 ( a bright r$ color on "o side1 & :ite on ! o!r4 #crd4 ,grey sago ( ! ,moluccas or br[n sago ( ! ,engli%2 ( unequal globules1 f "o to ?ree millimetres 9 diamet]1 opaque1 ( a dull grey color on "o side1 & :iti% on ! o!r4 ,?is grey color probably arises f long keep+ & humidity4 #d?4 ,l>ge grey sago ( ! ,moluccas1 exactly resembl+ ,no4 #c1 only t ! globules are f f\r to eight millimetres 9 diamet]4 #e?4 ,f9e :ite sago ( ! ,moluccas2 entirely resembl+ ,no4 #c1 only t x is purely :ite1 ow+ to ! complete edulcoration ( ! fecula ( :i* x is made4 ,:atev] may be ! places ( orig9 ( ^! sagos1 !y all possess ! foll[+ *>act]s-- ,r\nd$ globules1 g5]ally sph]ical1 all isolat$1 v h>d1 ela/ic1 & difficult to break or p[d]4 ,! globules put into wat]1 g5]ally swell to twice _! orig9al size1 b d n adh]e toge!r4 ,second sage4--,?is species corresponds ) ! p9ki% sago ( ! ,moluccas ( ,plan*e4 ,x is 9 v small globules1 less regul> ?an ^? ( ! fir/ sago1 & sometimes /uck toge!r to ! numb] ( two or ?ree4 ,soak$ 9 wat]1 x swells to d\ble its volume4 ,?ird ,species4--,tapioca sago4---,?is "n has be5 appli$ to a species ( sago n[ abundant 9 comm]ce1 because x be>s ! same relation to ! anci5t or fir/ sago1 & ev5 to ! prec$+ sago1 t tapioca be>s to ,m\ssa*e1 :i* is ! fecula ( ! manioc1 ,janipha manihot 7,manihot utilissima74 ,:il/ ! two prec$+ species ( sago1 :atev] may h be5 /at$ to ! contr>y1 h be5 nei!r bak$ nor submitt$ to any heat+ process1 z is prov$ by ! p]fect /ate ( ne>ly all _! gra9s ( fecula1 ?is species has be5 subject$ to ! action ( heat :ile 9 a /ate ( a moi/ pa/e4 ,?is sago is n 9 sph]ical globules1 l ! two prec$+ species1 or at lea/ !re are b few ( ! globules ( t =m2 x is r 9 ! =m ( v small irregul> tub]cul> masses1 =m$ by ! adh]5ce ( diff]5t numb]s ( ! prim>y globules4 ,! facility ) :i* ?is sago swells & is divid$ by wat]1 has occasion$ x to be pref]r$ z an article ( food to ! anci5t sago4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,plan*e "u ! "n ( ! :ite sago ( ! ,moluccas1 & by ,dr4 ,p]eira "u ! "n ( pe>l sago4 ,b5net1 9 8 "w on ,ceylon & its ,capabilities1 7#ahdc71 /ates t sago is procur$ f ! granulat$ pi? ( ! talipot palm1 ,corypha umbraculif]a4 ,! ,sagus ,rumphii1 ,willd5[1 & ,s4 f>9if]a1 ,ga]tn]4--,be=e maturity1 & previ\s to ! =mation ( ! fruit1 ! /em consi/s ( a ?9 h>d wall1 ab\t two in*es ?ick1 & ( an enorm\s volume ( tissue 7commonly t]m$ ! m$ulla or pi?71 f :i* ! f>9a or sago is obta9$4 ,z ! fruit =ms1 ! f>9ace\s m$ulla disappe>s1 & :5 ! tree1 atta9s full maturity1 ! /em is no m ?an a holl[ %ell4 ,sago occurs 9 comm]ce 9 two /ates1 pulv]ul5t & granulat$4 #a4 ,! meal or fl\r z import$ 9 ! =m ( a f9e amylace\s p[d]4 ,x is :iti%1 ) a buffy or r$di% t9t4 ,its odor is fa9t1 b some:at unpleasant & mu/y4 #b4 ,granulat$ sago is ( two k9ds1 pe>l & common br[n4 ,! =m] occurs 9 small h>d gra9s1 n exce$+ 9 size t ( a p9's head1 inodor\s1 & hav+ little ta/e4 ,!y h a br[ni% or p9ki% yell[ t9t1 & are some:at transluc5t4 ,by ! aid ( a solution ( *loride ( lime !y c be blea*$1 & r5d]$ p]fectly :ite4 ,! deal]s1 x is said1 pay #g p] ton = blea*+ x4 ,common sago occurs 9 l>g] gra9s1 ab\t ! size ( pe>l b>ley1 :i* are br[ni% :ite4 ,sago is an article ( exportation to ,europe1 & is also %ipp$ to ,india1 pr9cipally ,b5gal1 & to ,*9a4 ,x is 9 its granulat$ =m t x is usually s5t abroad4 ,! be/ sago is ! produce ( ,siak1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,sumatra4 ,?is is ( a light br[n color1 ! gra9s l>ge1 & n easily brok54 ,! sago ( ,borneo is ! next 9 value2 x is :it]1 b m friable4 ,! produce ( ! ,moluccas1 ?\gh greate/ 9 quantity1 is ( ! smalle/ e/imation4 ,! co/ ( granulat$ sago1 f ! h&s ( ! gr[] or produc]1 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 only a doll> a picul4 ,x fet*es 9 ! ,london m>ket--common pe>l1 #bjs4 to #bfs4 ! cwt41 sago fl\r1 #bjs4 ! cwt4 ,! ,*9ese ( ,malacca & ,s+apore h inv5t$ a process by :i* !y ref9e sago1 s z to give x a f9e pe>ly lu/re1 & x is f !nce we n[ pr9cipally d]ive our supplies ( ?is article4 ,! exports f ,s+apore 9 #ahdg exce$$ #f million p\nds1 b are n[ mu* l>g]4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! manufacture ( ?is important article ( comm]ce3--,! tree be+ cut d[n1 ! ext]ior b>k is remov$1 & ! he>t1 or pi? ( ! palm1 a s(t1 :ite1 spongy & mealy sub/ance is ga!r$2 & = ! purpose ( di/ant transportation1 x is put into conical bags1 made ( planta9 leaves1 & neatly ti$ up4 ,9 t /ate x is call$ by ! ,malays ,sangoo tamp91 or bundles ( sago2 ea* bundle weighs ab\t #cj lbs4 ,on its arrival at ,s+apore x is pur*as$ by ! ,*9ese manufactur]s ( sago1 & is ?us treat$3--,^u be+ c>ri$ to ! manufactory1 ! planta9-leaf cov]+ is remov$1 & ! raw sago1 imp>t+ a /rong acid odor1 is bruis$1 & is put into l>ge tubs ( cold spr+ wat]1 :]e x und]goes a process ( purification by be+ /irr$1 suff]$ to repose1 & aga9 re-/irr$ 9 newly-introduc$ wat]4 ,:5 well purifi$ ?us1 x is tak5 out ( ! tubs by means ( small vessels2 & be+ mix$ ) a great deal ( wat]1 ! liquid is g5tly p\r$ ^u a l>ge & slightly incl9$ tr\gh1 ab\t t5 in*es 9 height & wid?2 & 9 ! desc5t t[>ds ! depress$ end1 ! sago is deposit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! tr\gh1 :il/ ! wat] fl[s into ano!r l>ge tub1 :]e :at may rema9 ( sago is f9ally deposit$4 ,z ! /rata ( deposit$ sago increases 9 ! tr\gh1 small pieces ( slates are adju/$ to its l[] end to prev5t ! escape ( ! sub/ance4 ,:5 by ?is p\r+ process ! tr\gh becomes q full ( sago1 x is !n remov$ to make room = a fre% "o1 :il/ ! =m] "o is put out into ! air1 "u cov]1 = a %ort "t2 & on its be+ well dri$1 ! sago )9 is cut into squ>e pieces & tak5 out to be ?or\ghly dri$1 "u cov]1 to protect x f ! sun4 ,x has !n lo/ ! acid smell already notic$1 & has become q :ite4 ,aft] "o day's dry+ ?us1 x is tak5 into :at may be call$ ! manufactory1 a long %$1 op5 9 front & on "o side1 & clos$ at ! o!r & 9 ! re>4 ,"h ! lumps ( sago are brok5 up1 & are r$uc$ into an impalpable fl\r1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,! lumps1 :i* are reta9$ by ! sieve are put back to be re-bruis$1 :il/ t portion :i* has pass$ is collect$1 & is plac$ 9 a long clo? bag1 ! ga!r$ ends ( :i*1 l ^? ( a hammock1 are atta*$ to a pole1 :i* pole be+ susp5d$ to a beam ( ! build+ by a rope1 "o end ( x is %>ply ?r[n =w>d ) a p>ticul> j]k1 by means ( :i* ! sago )9 is %ortly granulat$ v f9e1 & becomes :at is te*nically t]m$ pe>l$4 ,x is !n tak5 out & put into iron vessels1 call$ quallies1 = ! purpose ( be+ dri$4 ,^! quallies are small elliptical pans1 & resemble 9 =m ! sug> copp]s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & w\ld ea* hold ab\t five gallons ( fluid4 ,!y are set a little incl9+1 & 9 a range1 ov] a l9e ( furnaces1 ea* "o hav+ its own fire4 ,be=e putt+ 9 ! sago to be dri$1 a clo?1 :i* conta9s a small quantity ( hog's-l>d1 or "s oily sub/ance1 is ha/ily pass$ into ! qually1 & ! sago is equally quickly put into x1 & a ,*9ese labor] :o att5ds x1 comm5ces /irr+ x ) a pallit1 & ?us cont9ues 8 labor dur+ ! few m9utes necess>y to expel ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance4 ,?us ea* qually1 conta9+ ab\t t5 p\nds ( sago1 requires ! att5dance ( a man4 ,! sago1 on be+ tak5 (f ! fire1 is spread out to cool on l>ge tables1 aft] :i* x is fit to be pack$ 9 boxes1 or put into bags = %ipm5t2 & is kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! "n ( pe>l sago4 ,?us ! labor ( fifte5 or tw5ty m5 is requir$ to d t :i*1 ) ! aid ( simple ma*9]y1 might be done mu* bett] by ?ree or f\r labor]s4 ,a wat]-:eel w\ld bo? "w a /irr+ ma*9e & cause an incl9$ cyl9d] to revolve ov] a fire1 = ! purpose ( dry+ ! sago1 9 ! mann] us$ = corn1 meal1 & fl\r 9 ,am]ica1 or = roa/+ c(fee & *icory 9 ,engl&4 ,b ! ,*9ese h no idea ( sub/itut+ artificial means1 :5 manual ones are obta9able4 ,a consid]able quantity ( sago is export$ f ,s+apore 9 ! /ate ( fl\r4 ,! :ole quantity made & export$ !re exce$s1 on ! av]age1 #b1ejj tons annually4 ,! quantity %ipp$ f ?is entrepot is %[n by ! annex$ returns1 ne>ly all ( :i* 0 gr[n & manufactur$ 9 ! settlem5t4 ,! e/imat$ value = export is set d[n at #ads4 p] picul ( #a cwt4 ,,exports ,,f ,,s+apore4 ,piculs #ahdj-da ,pe>l sago #da1adf ,sago fl\r #cc1eeb #ahda-db ,pe>l sago #df1bbe ,sago fl\r #g1ddg #ahdb-dc ,pe>l sago #be1cjf ,sago fl\r #d1hch #ahdc-dd ,pe>l sago #ad1bff ,sago fl\r #ad1jfg #ahdd-de ,pe>l sago #ah1dgb ,sago fl\r #cf1ada #ahde-df ,pe>l sago #ai1ccc ,sago fl\r #bf1ibe #ahdf-dg ,pe>l sago #dj1gfe ,sago fl\r #i1jbe ,imports ( sago into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & quantity reta9$ = home consumption3-- ,imports4 ,home consumption4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 #ahbf #i1fdd #b1efe #ahcj #b1fgg #c1che #ahcd #be1gfc #ac1hbg #ahch #ah1fbg #bh1cif #ahdb #de1fdf #ej1iid #ahdf #ch1eie #de1fga #ahdh #fe1jjj #ahdi #hc1gaa #gb1gda #ahej #hi1hhd #hc1ied ,,! ,,bread-,,fruit ,,tree4 ,artoc>pus incisa4--,?is tree is less cultivat$ ?an w\ld be suppos$ f its useful prop]ties4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,indian ,isl&s1 :]e x has be5 introduc$ f its native place1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 x is held 9 v little consid]ation1 ! gram9ea1 tub]\s roots1 & f>9ace\s plants be+ m easily & readily cultivat$4 ,!re are two or ?ree v>ieties kn[n 9 ! ,asiatic regions4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is tree are ?us enum]at$ by ,hook]3--,! fruit s]ves = food2 clo!s are made f ! fibres ( ! inn] b>k2 ! wood is us$ = build+ h\ses & mak+ boats2 ! male catk9s are employ$ z t9d]2 ! leaves = table clo?s & = wrapp+ provisions 92 & ! viscid milky juice af=ds birdlime4 ,a4 integrifoliais ! ,jack or ,jacca1 ! fruit ( :i* atta9s a l>ge size1 sometimes weigh+ #cj lbs41 b is inf]ior 9 quality to ! bread-fruit4 ,! nuts or fruit ( ,brosimum ,alica/rum1 an ev]gre5 %rub1 native ( ,jamaica1 are nutriti\s & agreeable articles ( food4 ,:5 boil$ ) salt fi%1 pork or beef1 !y h frequ5tly be5 ! support ( ! negroes & poor] sorts ( :ite p 9 times ( sc>city1 & prov$ a :olesome & n unpleasant food2 :5 roa/$ x eats some?+ l our common *esnut1 & is call$ bread-nut4 ,kafir ,bread4--,accord+ to ,?unb]g1 ! ,hott5tots be+ v little acqua9t$ ) agriculture1 or ) ! use ( ! c]ealia1 & subsi/+ pr9cipally ^u wild bulbs & fruits1 obta9 food also f ,encephal>tos caff]1 a species ( ,zamia1 ) a cyl9drical trunk1 ! ?ickness ( a man's body1 & ab\t sev5 feet high4 ,hav+ cut d[n a tree1 !y took out ! pi?1 t ne>ly fills its trunk1 & :i* ab\nds 9 mucilage & an amylace\s fluid2 aft] keep+ ?is = "s "t buri$ "u gr\nd 9 ! sk9 ( an animal1 !y r$uc$ x by p\nd+ & knead+ into a k9d ( pa/e2 & !n bak$ x 9 hot a%es1 9 ! =m ( r\nd cakes1 ne>ly an in* ?ick4 ,! ,dut* coloni/s1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is practice ( ! natives1 call$ ! plant brood-boon1 :i* signifies lit]ally bread tree4 ,,! ,,planta9 ,,& ,,banana4 ,! sev]al v>ieties ( ! edible planta9 :i* are kn[n & cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & 9 ! ,ea/ are all r$ucible to two classes1 viz41 ! ,planta9 & ! ,banana 7,musa ,p>adisiaca& sapi5tum74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two plants is ev5 s slight z to be sc>cely specific2 x is !re=e mo/ probable t !re 0 orig9ally b "o /ock1 f :i* !y h1 by cultivation & *ange ( locality1 be5 d]iv$4 ,! tig] planta9 7,m4 maculata7 & ! black ditto 7,m4 sylve/ris7 are cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica4 ,! :ole ( ! species & v>ieties ( ! tribe are :at are call$ polygam\s monoeci\s plants1 ea* individual tree be>+ ! male & female organs ( reproduction4 ,! planta9 & its v>ieties inv>iably be> male1 female & h]maphrodite fl[]s )9 ! same spa!1 all ( !m be+ imp]fect & consequ5tly unproductive ( se$4 ,an individual may1 ev5 f excess ( culture1 moi/ure1 c41 be entirely incapable ( fl[]+4 ,dur+ ! preval5ce ( a disease or blight among ! planta9 walks ( ,dem]>a 9 ! ye>s #ahdd & #ahde1 x 0 s]i\sly propos$ to introduce male planta9s1 or obta9 fre% /ock by se$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to det]m9e ) exactness1 if possible1 :e!r ! ,planta9 or ,banana1 7:i*ev] be ! p>5t /ock7 exi/s any:]e at pres5t1 or has be5 kn[n to h exi/$ z a p]fect plant1 t is be>+ f]tile se$s2 or1 :e!r x has always exi/$ 9 ! imp]fect /ate1 t is1 incapable ( be+ procreat$ by se$1 ! only /ate 9 :i* x at pres5t exi/s 9 our colonies4 ,:e!r ,l9nu be "r 9 8 conjecture 7,spec4 ,plant1 #agfc7 t ! ,bihai 7,heliconia humilis71 a native ( ,c>accas1 :i* produces f]tile se$s1 is ! /ock plant ( ! planta91 x is almo/ impossible to asc]ta92 b ! abs5ce ( any description ( a wild se$-be>+ planta91 r5d]s x highly probable t ! cultivat$ species are hybrids produc$ long ago4 ,! banana1 f "t immemorial1 has be5 ! food ( ! philosoph]s & sages ( ! ,ea/1 & almo/ all travell]s ?r\gh\t ! tropics h describ$ ^! plants exactly z !y are kn[n to u1 ei!r z sweet fruit eat5 raw1 or a f>9ace\s vegetable roa/$ or boil$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! planta9 & banana %\ld be indig5\s1 or at all ev5ts cultivat$ = ages bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w4 ,num]\s ,s\? ,am]ican travell]s describe "s "o ( ^! plants z be+ indig5\s articles ( food among ! natives1 ?us %[+ 7if ! planta9 & its v>ieties be hybrids7 a communication betwe5 ! tropics ( ,am]ica1 ,asia & ,africa1 long be=e ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,! old] writ]s on ! colony ( ,guiana1 z ,h>ts9ck1 ,bell9 & o!rs1 consid] ! planta9 to be a native4 ,x is rem>kable t ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 dur+ 8 travels1 f\nd a l>ge species ( edible planta9 f> 9 ! int]ior4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 f all ! inve/igations t h be5 made1 t ! planta9 is ei!r a hybrid1 or its p[] ( production f se$ has be5 de/roy$ long ago by cultivation1 & t x is n kn[n to exi/ any:]e 9 a p]fect /ate2 9 :i* case any attempt to improve ! pres5t /ock by ! introduction ( suck]s f else:]e1 mu/ be totally futile4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g>nett recomm5ds ! foll[+ sy/em ( cultivation1 z calculat$ to prev5t ! blight4 ,! walk or plantation is to be =m$ into b$s #cf feet wide1 divid$ by op5 dra9s #cj in*es deep4 ,two r[s ( planta9s to be plant$ ^u ea* b$ at #ah feet di/ance1 bo? betwe5 & along ! r[s1 to af=d a cle> v5tilation to ! enl>g+ plants1 & s soon z ! plantation has be5 e/abli%$1 ! space ( l& betwe5 ea* r[ to be %ovel-pl\gh$ #ab in*es deep2 ! same to be repeat$ annually1 & ^u ! int]space may be plant$ maize1 yams1 sug> cane1 or eddoes1 & ! :ole kept cle> at all times4 ,?us1 ) ! conjo9$ pr9ciples ( good tillage1 free v5tilation1 & mix$ crops1 ! blight may yet be successfully combat$4 ,a great dim9ution 9 ! cultivation ( ! planta9 has be5 occasion$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana by ?is blight or disease1 :i* fir/ made its de/ructive appe>ance 9 ,essequibo1 upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s ago1 :]e its ravages increas$ ) su* fatal int5sity z to r5d] ! pr(itable gr[? ( ! plant almo/ hopeless2 & up to ?is h\r no "o has be5 able to discov] ! imm$iate or remote cause ( ?is extraord9>y vegetable endemic2 :e!r aris+ f ! action ( insects among ! %ea!s ( ! petioles ( ! leaves1 or 9 ! soil1 or f organic decay ( ! plant1 rema9s )\t solution4 ,! la/-nam$ cause seems to be reject$1 by ! fact t ! fructification ( ! plant is z heal?y & abundant 9 p>ts ( ! colony :]e ! blight does n prevail1 bo? 9 numb] & size ( ! fruit ^u ! spike1 z at any =m] p]iod4 ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,dem]>a1 bo? ! planta9 & banana h be5 gr[n = m ?an tw5ty ye>s ^u ! same l&1 )\t any attack ( ! disease1 & )\t any extrane\s manure or ev5 lime hav+ be5 appli$1 & ! plants /ill exhibit great luxuriance1 & produce _! =m] weight ( fruit4 ,! foliage ( ! planta9 af=ds food & b$d+1 & is us$ = ?at*1 mak+ pap]1 & basket mak+2 & f its petioles is obta9$ a f9e & durable ?read4 ,! tops ( ! "y plants are eat5 z a delicate vegetable2 ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! trunk produces an agreeable w9e4 ,! abundance & excell5ce ( ! nutritive food :i* ! plants ( ?is valuable g5us supply are well kn[n2 b ( ! num]\s uses to :i* !y are appli$ ,i may m5tion1 ! foll[+3-- ,! fruit is s]v$ up bo? raw & /ew$2 slices fri$ are also consid]$ a delicacy4 ,planta9s are sometimes boil$ & eat5 ) salt meat1 & p\nd$ & made into pudd+s1 & us$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,9 _! ripe /ate ^! fruits conta9 mu* />*y matt]4 ,f _! spuri\s /ems1 ! fibres ( ! spiral vessels may be pull$ out 9 su* quantity z to be us$ = t9d]4 ,m4 textilis yields a fibre :i* is us$ 9 ,india 9 ! manufacture ( f9e musl9s1 & ! co>s] woody tissue is export$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,manila1 "u ! "n ( :ite rope or ,manila hemp4 ,horses1 cattle1 sw9e1 & o!r dome/ic animals are f$ ^u ! fruit1 leaves1 & succul5t trunks4 ,! same ext5t ( gr\nd :i* 9 :eat w\ld only ma9ta9 two p]sons1 w yield su/5ance "u ! banana to fifty4 ,t em95t naturali/ & elegant writ]1 ! ,b>on ,von ,humboldt1 /ates 7,political ,essay on ,new ,spa91 vol4 ii47 t an acre ( l& cultivat$ ) planta9s produces ne>ly tw5ty times z mu* food z ! l space s[n ) corn 9 ,europe4 ,he ref]s to a place 9 ,v5ezuela1 :]e ! mo/ c>eful tillage 0 r5d]$ to a piece ( l&1 yield+ produce support+ a humble population resid+ 9 huts1 ea* plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( an enclosure1 gr[+ ! sug> cane1 ,indian corn1 ! ,papaw tree1 & ! ,musa--a tropical g>d56--^u ! elaborate culture ( :i* a :ole family reli$ = subsi/5ce4 ,al?\gh f ! ext5sive planta9 walks 9 our colonies--:i* are seldom cultivat$ ) a g>d5-l c>e--s l>ge an av]age proportion may n be obta9$ z tw5ty times ! production ( :eat 9 ,europe1 yet ,i h _h practical exp]i5ce ( ! prodigi\s quantity ( f>9ace\s matt] obta9able f an acre ( tol]ably well-cultivat$ planta9s1 & no escul5t plant requires less labor 9 its culture ^u l& suitable = its production4 ,!y are readily increas$ by suck]s1 :i* ! old plants produce 9 abundance4 ,l9dley enum]ates t5 species ( ,musa1 "s ( :i* gr[ to ! height ( #be or #cj feet1 b t valuable species ,m4 ,cav5di%ii1 does n gr[ m ?an f\r or five feet high4 ,! bananas ( ! family ( ! ,musace1 appe> to be natives ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,asiatic cont95t 7,r4 ,br[n1 ,bot4 ( ,congo1 p4 #ea74 ,transplant$ at an unkn[n epo* into ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,africa1 !y h spread also into !1 ,new ,_w1 & 9 g5]al into all int]tropical c\ntries1 sometimes be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt x af=ds1 9 a giv5 ext5t ( gr\nd1 =ty-f\r times m nutritive matt] ?an ! potato1 & #acc times m ?an :eat4 ,^! figures mu/ be consid]$ z only approximative1 s9ce no?+ is m difficult ?an to e/imate ! nutritive qualities ( diff]5t alim5ts4 ,musa p>adisiaca is cultivat$ 9 ,syria1 to latitude #cd deg4 ,humboldt says x ceases to yield fruit at a height ( #c1jjj feet1 :]e ! mean annual temp]ature is #fh deg41 & :]e1 probably1 ! heat ( summ] is defici5t4 ,! banana seems1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd no high] ?an #d1fjj feet 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 ,no fruit is s easily cultivat$ z are ! v>ieties ( ! planta94 ,!re is h>dly a cottage 9 ! tropics t is n p>tly %ad$ by !m2 & x is successfully gr[n "u o!r fruit trees1 al?\gh x is indep5d5t ( %elt]4 ,its succul5t roots & dew-attract+ leaves r5d] x useful 9 keep+ ! gr\nd moi/ dur+ ! greate/ heats4 ,! planta9 may be deem$ ! mo/ valuable ( fruits1 s9ce x w1 9 "s measure1 supply ! place ( gra9 9 "t ( sc>city4 ,to ! negroes 9 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s ! planta9 is invaluable1 &1 l bread to ! ,europeans1 is ) !m d5om9at$ ! /aff ( life4 ,9 ,jamaica1 ,dem]>a1 ,tr9idad1 & o!r pr9cipal colonies1 _m ?\s& acres are plant$ ) ^! trees4 ,! vegetation ( ?is tree is s rapid t if a l9e ( ?read be drawn across1 & on a level ) ! top ( "o ( ! leaves1 :5 x beg9s to exp&1 x w be se51 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 to h gr[n ne>ly an in*4 ,! fruit :5 ripe is ( a pale yell[1 ab\t a foot 9 l5g? & two in*es ?ick1 & is produc$ 9 bun*es s l>ge z ea* to weigh #dj lbs4 & upw>ds4 ,! soil be/ suit$ to ! gr[? ( ! planta9 is f\nd 9 ! virg9 l& mo/ rec5tly tak5 9 f ! =e/1 hav+ a =mation ( clay & decompos$ vegetable sub/ances4 ,a l>ge portion ( organic matt] is requir$1 z well z clay or o!r pond]\s /rata1 to af=d ! greate/ production ( fruit4 ,i h kn[n good planta9s produc$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ^u l& consid]ably exhau/$ by ! culture ( cotton1 b :i* 0 enri*$ by ! application ( a quantity ( ! decompos$ se$ ( t %rub ne> ! roots ( ! "y planta9s4 ,9 ! ,/raits' settlem5ts ( ! ,ea/1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ approv$ v>ieties3--,! royal planta91 :i* fruits 9 eight mon?s2 "o :i* be>s 9 a ye>1 ! milk planta91 ! d[ny planta91 & ! gold5 planta9 or banana4 ,a species t]m$ g9dy has be5 lately import$ f ,madras1 :]e x is 9 great reque/4 ,x has ?is advantage ov] ! o!r k9ds1 t x c be /ew$ d[n l an apple :ile !y rema9 t\gh4 ,! ,malays allege t !y c produce new v>ieties1 by plant+ ?ree %oots ( diff]5t sorts toge!r1 & by cutt+ ! %oots d[n to ! gr\nd ?ree successive times1 :5 !y h rea*$ ! height ( n9e or t5 in*es4 ,ab\t #add suck]s ( ! planta9 are set on an orlong 7#a-a_/c acres71 ea* ( :i* spreads into a gr\p ( six or eight /ems1 ( ab\t six in*es to "o foot 9 diamet]1 :i* yield ea* a bun* ( fruit1 & are !n cut d[n1 :5 fre% %oots succe$4 ,9 v ri* soils ! plant w cont9ue to be> = tw5ty ye>s1 b o!rwise x is dug up aft] ! sev5? or eigh? ye>4 ,! co/ ( cultivat+ #ajj orlongs ( l& exclusively ) planta9s1 w be ne>ly #b1jjj ,spani% doll>s until produce be obta9$4 ,ab\t #dc1bjj bun*es may be _h aft]w>ds ye>ly1 :i* might give a return ( #b1afj doll>s1 or1 d$uct+ ! co/ ( cultivation & orig9al exp5ses1 a pr(it p] annum ( #a1dej doll>s4 ,! planta9 has frequ5tly be5 sugge/$ z an article ( export f our colonies4 ,a few bun*es are occasionally br\ght ov] by ! ,royal ,we/ ,india ,mail ,company's /eam]s runn+ to ,s\?ampton1 b m z a curiosity ?an z articles ( comm]ce4 ,9 its ripe /ate no unexceptionable & suffici5tly *eap me?od ( pres]v+ x has yet be5 sugge/$4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,mexico x is1 inde$1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & 9 ?is /ate =ms a consid]able article ( int]nal comm]ce "u ! "n ( plantado pasado4 ,x is sometimes s abundant & *eap 9 ,dem]>a1 ,jamaica1 ,tr9idad1 & o!r ( our colonies1 t x might1 if cut & dri$1 9 its gre5 /ate1 be export$ ) advantage4 ,x is 9 ! unripe /ate t x is s l>gely us$ by ! peasantry ( ! colonies z an article ( food4 ,x has always be5 believ$ to be highly nutritive1 b ,dr4 ,%i] /ates t1 9 any sample ( ! dri$ planta9 :i* he analys$1 he c\ld n f9d a l>g] am\nt ?an #hh p] c5t ( nitrog51 :i* corresponds ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( prote9e comp\nds4 ,:5 dri$1 & r$uc$ to ! /ate ( meal1 x _c1 l :eat fl\r1 be manufactur$ into macc>oni or v]micelli1 or at lea/ ! macc>oni made f x falls to p[d] :5 put into hot wat]4 ,! fre% planta91 h[ev]1 :5 boil$ :ole1 =ms a pretty d5se firm mass1 ( great] consi/5cy & t\ghness ?an ! potato4 ,! mass1 beat5 9 a mort>1 con/itutes ! foo-foo ( ! negroes4 ,! planta9 meal _c be got into ?is /ate unless by mix+ x up ) wat] to =m a /iff d\gh1 & !n boil+ x 9 %apes or b\nd 9 clo?s4 ,planta9 meal is prep>$ by /ripp+ (f ! husk ( ! planta91 slic+ ! core1 & dry+ x ! sun4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry x is p[d]$ & sift$4 ,x is kn[n among ! ,creoles ( ! ,we/ ,indies "u ! "n ( ,conqu9 tay4 ,x has a fragrant od\r1 acquir$ 9 dry+1 some:at resembl+ fre% hay or tea4 ,x is l>gely employ$ z ! food ( infants1 *ildr51 & invalids4 ,z food = *ildr5 & convalesc5ts1 x w\ld probably be mu* e/eem$ 9 ,europe1 & x des]ves a trial on acc\nt ( its fragrance1 & its be+ exce$+ly easy ( dige/ion4 ,9 respect ( nutritiv5ess1 x des]ves a pref]5ce ov] all ! pure />*es on acc\nt ( ! prote9e comp\nds x conta9s4 ,! planta9 meal w\ld probably be be/ & fre%e/ 7 ! slic$ & dri$ planta9 cores export$1 leav+ ! gr9d+ & sift+ to be done 9 ,europe4 ,! flavor ( ! meal dep5ds a good deal on ! rapidity ) :i* ! slices are dri$2 h5ce ! op]ation is only fitt$ = dry wea!r1 unless inde$1 :5 !re 0 occasion = x1 res\rce 7 _h to a kiln or /ove4 ,above all1 ! planta9 mu/ n be all[$ to approa* too closely to yell[ness or rip5ess1 o!rwise x becomes impossible to dry x4 ,! color ( ! meal is injur$ :5 /eel knives are us$ 9 husk+ or slic+1 b silv] or nickel blades d n injure ! color4 ,on ! l>ge scale a ma*9e1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! turnip slic]1 might be employ$4 ,! husk+ c\ld be greatly facilitat$ by a v simple ma*9e4 ,7 ! planta9 meal to come into use 9 ,engl&1 & be> a price 9 any way approa*+ to t ( ,b]muda arr[root1 x w\ld become an ext5sive & v pr(itable export4 ,full-siz$ & well-fill$ bun*es give #fj p] c5t4 ( core to #dj ( husk & top-/em1 b 9 g5]al x w\ld be f\nd t ! core did n mu* exce$ #ej p] c5t41 & ! fre% core w yield #dj p] c5t4 ( dry meal1 s t f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( meal is obta9$ f ! planta91 or #e lbs4 f an av]age bun* ( #be lbs42 & an acre ( planta9 walk ( av]age quality1 produc+ dur+ ! ye> #dej su* bun*es1 w\ld yield a ton & #aj lbs4 ( meal1 :i*1 at ! price ( arr[root1 namely1 #as4 p] lb41 w\ld be a gross return ( #aab #ajs4 p] acre4 ,a new planta9 walk w\ld give twice z mu*4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! meal n to comm& ov] half ! price ( arr[root1 x w\ld /ill =m an excell5t outlet = planta9s :5ev]1 f any cause1 ! price 9 ! colony sank unusually l[4 ,9 respect ( ! *oice ( a situation = e/abli%+ a planta9 walk1 ) a mill1 boil+-h\se & dry+ gr\nd1 x w be necess>y to fix ^u new l& ) pl5ty ( moi/ure1 & flat if possible1 9 ord] t !re may be no difficulty 9 mak+ roads to c>ry ! trees2 :il/ a deep riv] trav]s+ ! l&1 :]e !re is no tide or dang] ( salt wat]--:]e facility w\ld be af=d$ 9 mak+ ! bas9s :]e9 to wa% ! fibre2 :]e a sea port w\ld be ne> at h& = %ipp+ ! produce--:]e workm51 provisions1 & fuel w\ld be readily obta9$1 & :]e ! climate is p>ticul>ly heal?y1 %\ld be especially s\ght aft]4 ,! planta9 gr[s 9 pr(usion betwe5 ! tropics 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 b z x is an object to h ! ,london m>ket available = ! prep>$ fibre1 ! foll[+ places may be m5tion$ z be/ calculat$ to produce a good & con/ant supply1 viz3--! ,we/ ,india ,colonies1 ! ,briti% ,colonies 9 ,africa1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics1 along ! ,mosquito %ore1 & o!r places on ! ,cont95t ( ,am]ica1 includ+ ,porto ,rico1 ,hayti1 & ,cuba4 ,! advantages to ! pap] manufactur] 9 employ+ ! prep>$ fibre in/ead ( rags1 w be num]\s1 = ! fibre is equal 9 texture1 clean1 & aromatic2 :il/ rags are dirty1 full ( v]m91 & v (t5 pe/il5tial4 ,a l>ge /ock ( ! planta9 c always be secur$1 )\t fe> ( its be+ injur$ by keep+4 ,! pap] w be sup]ior to t made ( rags1 & ! process ( mak+ x w be m economical1 inasmu* z ! sort+ ( ! mat]ial w n be requir$4 ,ano!r advantage is1 t a new article ( comm]ce w be op5$ = ! b5efit ( ! colonial %ipp+ int]e/s1 & a /imulus w be giv5 to ! cultivation ( a fruit :i* is ! favorite food ( l>ge masses ( ! population4 ,! foll[+ is a specification ( articles requisite = mak+ ?ree tons ( prep>$ fibre 9 a day3-- ,f\r wood5 boil]s l9$ ) lead1 9 ! =m ( cool]s1 #g feet deep by #f 9 diamet]4 ,"o hydraulic press1 f #djj to #ejj tons4 ,"o /\t screw press1 to compress ! fibre be=e x is submitt$ to ! hydraulic press4 ,"o iron mill ) horizontal cyl9d]s4 ,six waggons2 tw5ty mules4 ,ut5sils1 su* z spatulas1 cutlasses1 hoes1 rakes1 c4 c4 ,"o lev]1 to take out ! fibre f ! boil]s4 ,"o /eam boil]1 equal to #ab-;horse p[]1 to /eam ! f\r wood5 boil]s4 ,x be+ v desirable t ! works %\ld be 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( a riv]1 ! ma*9]y %\ld be work$ by wat]-p[]2 b if ?is mode %\ld be inconv5i5t1 a /eam eng9e 9 addition mu/ be obta9$1 ( ab\t #h or #aj-;horse p[]2 or if "o /eam eng9e ( #bj-;horse p[] 7 employ$1 x w\ld be suffici5t = all purposes4 ,?irty m5 are requir$ to make ?ree tons ( fibre 9 a day4 ,build+s4--,a /ore1 #ajj feet long by #be feet broad1 9 wood1 cov]$ ) /raw1 to conta9 ! dri$ fibre & ! presses4 ,"o op5 %$ ( ! same dim5sions1 cov]$ ) /raw = ! boil]s4 ,capital requir$4--,x is asc]ta9$ t ! foll[+ outlay w be suffici5t3-- ,! mat]ials w co/ #b1jjj ,build+s #ejj ,pur*ase ( l& #a1ejj ,work+ capital #a1jjj ------ #e1jjj ,! e/imat$ exp5se 9 cultivat+ "o qu>ree1 or #e #a-e? ,engli% acres1 9 planta9s1 w be #cj1 z ! "w c be easily p]=m$ by "o labor] 9 #cjj days1 at #bs4 /]l+ p] day4 ,a qu>ree w produce #ah tons ( mill fibre1 ! co/ ( ! prep>ation ( :i* is z foll[s3-- ,= workm5's wages1 soda1 lime1 & fuel1 at #c p] ton #ed ,freight to ,europe at #d p] ton #gb ,manag]s #cj ,duty1 insurance1 (fice fees1 c41 at #a p] ton #ah ---- #agd ,?us1 mak+ ! total exp5se ( produc+ #ah tons ( fibre #agd1 or #i #acs4 #d;d4 p] ton4 ,9 #ahdh ,manila rope1 or planta9 fibre ( good quality1 0 wor? #ch p] ton4 ,a correspond5t 9 ,jamaica1 :o has devot$ mu* att5tion to ! subject1 has furni%$ me ) "s v valuable detail$ in=mation1 ! mo/ complete & practical t has ev] yet appe>$3-- ,cultivation4--,! fir/ c>e ( a plant] 9 sup]9t5d+ ! cultivation ( ! banana tree1 ) ! two-fold object ( collect+ bo? fibre & fruit1 w be to /udy ! nature ( ! tree to :i* he w give ! pref]5ce4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u diff]5t species ( ! banana ) a view ( obta9+ !refrom ! l>ge/ quantity & ! be/ color ( fibre1 z well z ! f9e/ fruit4 ,^? exp]im5ts 7 v t$i\s & m9ute1 b 7 absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to arrive at ! mo/ economical & advantage\s me?od ( r5d]+ ! fibre into a /ate fit = %ipm5t to ,europe4 ,at ! same "t1 x 0 ( ! utmo/ importance to f9d out ! be/ description ( tree1 = produc+ ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ abundant1 & ! mo/ silky fibre--= conta9+ ! lea/ quantity ( juice1 = produc+ ! color suffici5tly :ite to facilitate ! op]ation ( blea*+1 = be>+ fruit ( ! mo/ e/eem$ quality1 &1 !re=e1 ! mo/ favorable = g5]al consumption4 ,a banana tree1 :i* seem$ at fir/ sight to possess all ^? good qualities--be+ ( a l>ge size1 ) :iti% or flax5 color$ fibre1 & produc+ v sav\ry fruit1 only gave #b p] c5t1 ( fibre aft] prep>ation2 t is to say1 #ajj lbs4 9 its raw /ate1 only gave two p\nds ( fibre aft] x 0 boil$4 ,9 endeavor+ to f9d out ! cause ( su* a small result1 x 0 discov]$ t ?is specim5 ( banana 7commonly call$ ! pig banana17 conta9$ a l>g] proportion ( wat] ?an ( fibre1 comp>$ ) o!r sorts--t ! he>t 0 too l>ge1 & t ! inside leaves 7 s t5d] t !y almo/ dissolv$ 9 ! process ( boil+4 ,^! 7 ! greate/ inconv5i5ces ( ?is species ( tree4 ,!re 0 also ano!r disadvantage1 9 ! quality ( its fruit1 :i* 0 yell[ 9 color1 & n s useful z ^? descriptions ( banana :i* are g5]ally eat5 z a sub/itute = bread4 ,! results ( sev]al exp]im5ts made ^u v>i\s descriptions ( banana1 demon/rat$ ! prop]ties ( ea* species1 bo? z reg>d$ fibre & fruit4 ,! mo/ pr(itable 9 bo? respects is und\bt$ly ! yell[ banana1 or common planta94 ,?is tree gr[s to ! height ( ab\t fifte5 feet1 x is n9e or t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 its fibre is firm & abundant1 & its fruit is us$ bo? 9 a gre5 & ripe /ate4 ,?is planta9 ab\nds on ! cont95t ( ,spani% ,am]ica & betwe5 ! tropics1 :]e ! natives cultivate x z produc+ ! mo/ nutrici\s fruit ( its k9d4 ,c>goes ( ! fruit are frequ5tly export$ f ,sur9am & ,dem]>a4 ,on ! ,spani% "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 l& is measur$ by fanegas1 ea* fanega conta9+ twelve qu>rees1 & ea* qu>ree five & "o-fif? ,engli% acres4 ,a qu>ree measures "o hundr$ geometrical paces1 or ?ree hundr$ squ>e feet4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! suck]s ( ! planta9 7! tree be+ propagat$ by cutt+s or suck]s :i* %oot up f ! bulb71 %\ld be set at t5 feet di/ance f ea* o!r2 ?is proposition gives #cjj plants on "o l9e ( trees1 or #ijj on ! surface ( "o qu>ree ( l&4 ,ea* plant propagates itself & gives ^u an av]age t5 trees ( ! same size & be>+4 ,on "o qu>ree ( l&1 !re=e !re w\ld be #i1jjj trees1 yield+ f\r p\nds ( fibre & "o bun* ( fruit ea*1 :i* is #i1jjj bun*es ( fruit1 & #cf1jjj lbs4 nett ( fibre1 9 ! :ole4 ,9 good gr\nd ! same plant w la/ fifte5 ye>s )\t any fur!r tr\ble4 ,flat l&s ought to be cultivat$ 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,! planta9 ?rives ) ! root 9 ! wat]1 & ! head to ! sun4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! riv] ,or9oco x gr[s to ! height ( tw5ty feet1 is "o foot 9 diamet]1 & ! /alks ( ! bran*es are ?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,cutt+4--,! tree :i* has n produc$ its ripe fruit ought to be cut1 = two reasons--fir/1 t ! fruit be n lo/2 & secondly1 t ! tree w n h arriv$ at its full gr[? & ord9>y size1 & ! fibres w be too t5d]4 ,9 cutt+ x d[n1 take x (f six in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 !n divide x longitud9ally into f\r p>ts1 take out ! he>t1 :i* mu/ be left to s]ve = manure1 & if f]m5tation is decid$ ^u1 leave ! pieces at ! foot ( ! tree1 o!rwise take !m to ! mill to be cru%$4 ,! tree be+ v t5d]1 may1 on be+ b5t d[n1 be cut asund] ) a s+le /roke ( a hat*et1 cutlass1 or o!r conv5i5t in/rum5t4 ,"o man c cut d[n #hjj trees1 & split !m 9 a day4 ,c>ry+4--,! trees be+ ?us divid$1 may be imm$iately c>ri$ to ! mill to be cru%$1 or may rema9 until ! f]m5tation sep>ates ! juice ( sap f ! fibres & ! pi?4 ,by f]m5t+ ! trees1 _! weight w be s mu* r$uc$ z to r5d] _! c>riage consid]ably light] ?an if tak5 away :5 fir/ cut d[n4 ,a wagon1 ) ox5 or mules1 c c>ry ab\t a ton p] day1 & "o man c load ! wagon & drive ! cattle4 ,cru%+4--,if ! tree is c>ri$ f ! plantation )\t be+ subject$ to f]m5tation1 x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a mill1 ! roll]s ( :i*1 if made ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & "o foot 9 diamet]1 w be f\nd a v conv5i5t size4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 c>e %\ld be tak51 fir/ ( all1 to sep>ate ! t5d] f ! h>d] or rip] lay]s ( fibre4 ,! tree is compos$ ( diff]5t lay]s ( fibre1 :i* may be divid$ into ?ree sorts2 ^? ( ! ext]ior1 hav+ be5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 possess a great degree ( t5acity--:il/ ^? ( ! int]ior1 hav+ be5 seclud$ f ! air1 are mu* m s(t & t5d]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! lay]s ( ! planta9 are pass$ indiscrim9ately ?r\gh ! mill1 ^? :i* are h>d or firm w n be injur$ by ! pressure1 :il/ ^? :i* are s(t w be almo/ r$uc$ to pulp4 ,!re=e1 ! roll]s ( ! mill %\ld be always plac$ horizontally1 & ^u pass+ ! trees l5g?ways ?r\gh ! mill1 ! pressure w be uni=m & ! fibre un9jur$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 pass ! diff]5t sorts ( lay]s sep>ately1 & ! produce w be ab\t f\r p\nds ( fibre f ea* tree4 ,! /alks ( ! bran*es ( ! planta9 give ! be/ fibre1 & a l>ge quantity1 z comp>$ ) ! body ( ! tree2 #ajj lbs4 ( ! /alk w give #ae lbs4 nett ( fibre4 ,9 g5]al1 if a tree w give #d lbs4 nett ( fibre1 ! /alks w give #a lb4 out ( ! #d lbs4 ,! /alks ought also to be cru%$ sep>ately1 because !y are h>d] ?an ! ext]ior lay]s ( ! tree4 ,ab\t #c1jjj trees may be pass$ ?r\gh ! mill 9 a day4 ,:il/ ! exp]im5ts 7 9 progress x 0 asc]ta9$ t ) a s+le horse1 #ajj planta9 trees on an av]age 7 cru%$ 9 tw5ty m9utes1 giv+ five m9utes re/ = ! horse4 ,f]m5tation4--,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,if ! trees are all[$ to f]m5t ^u ! spot aft] be+ cut1 a great sav+ w occur 9 respect ( c>riage2 ?is matt] ought to be c>efully /udi$1 because1 on an ext5sive scale ( manufacture1 x is ( s]i\s importance4 ,x is f\nd t ! trees :5 cut & heap$ up1 are subject to a dra9age ( juice1 :i*1 hav+ a tann+ prop]ty1 discolors ^? pieces :i* lie at ! bottom2 h5ce mu* "t is consum$ 9 aft]w>ds re/or+ ! fibre to its natural color4 ,! cut plants %\ld be remov$ f ! /umps ( ! trees1 & !n plac$ 9 heaps1 %ad$ f ! sun by lay+ ! leaves ov] !m4 ,!y w take sev]al weeks to f]m5t4 ,to pursue ?is process 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! e/abli%m5t1 w\ld give rise to _m inconv5i5ces1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v l>ge space ( gr\nd t w\ld !reby be occupi$4 ,f]m5tation requires a mean temp]ature4 ,a tree cut d[n & expos$ to ! sun1 w\ld be ne>ly dry at ab\t #cj deg4 c5tigrade1 %[+ a result q diff]5t to t :i* ought to be obta9$2 :il/ a tree plac$ on a wet soil1 & op5 = ! fre% air to circulate betwe5 ! plants1 cov]$ at ! same "t ) its own leaves1 & %ad$ by ! foliage ( ! plantation1 w\ld be decompos$ at ! desir$ po9t ( ab\t #bb degrees4 ,! diff]5t modes ( f]m5tation require ! same proportions4 ,if ! cut plants be cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( e>?1 !y w n decompose 9 six mon?s2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are cov]$ slightly1 s t !y may receive ! fre%ness ( ! e>?1 & ! heat ( ! air1 !y w decompose 9 six weeks4 ,x is ! same ) ! f]m5tation ( alkal9e ba?s4 ,ba?s at only "o degree w produce decomposition1 :il/ ba?s at ?ree degrees w n produce any decomposition4 ,! /uff aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! mill1 or aft] f]m5tation1 w be put into ! *emical ba?s1 or vats1 or *emical liquor1 & ! p]sons 9 *>ge ( ! mill & boil]s w d ?is "w4 ,f]m5tation may be advantage\sly us$1 9 cases :]e ! trees are gr[n at a di/ance f ! e/abli%m5t--b1 :]e !y are 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! works1 x w be be/ to cru% !m by ! mill4 ,! pr9cipal sav+ t is occasion$ by f]m5tation1 w be f\nd 9 ! c>riage1 z ! sub/ance w be mu* r$uc$ 9 weight by t process4 ,9 an e/abli%m5t :]e ! manufacture is c>ri$ on ^u a v l>ge scale1 trees cut d[n at a di/ance c be f]m5t$1 :il/ ^? produc$ ne> ! mill c be cru%$4 ,*emical ,ag5ts4--,= decompos+ ! glut5 9 ! trees dur+ ! process ( boil+1 soda1 c>bonate ( soda1 & quick lime1 are us$4 ,! proportions h]e9 giv51 are ^? requisite = mak+ ?ree tons ( fibre p] day1 ^u :i* scale ! co/ price ( ! fibre 9 a prep>$ /ate = blea*+1 is subsequ5tly calculat$4 ,to make ?ree tons ( fibre p] day1 x is necess>y to h f\r boil]s ( #hjj gallons ea*1 & give five boil+s 9 a day1 or #a1fej lbs4 ( nett fibre = ea* boil]1 or #f1fjj lbs4 = ! f\r boil]s p] day4 ,aft] hav+ put into ! boil] a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to cov] ! mat]ial1 wait until ! wat] beg9s to boil1 & !n add ! *emical ag5ts4 lbs4 ,to ! fir/ boil+ ( a copp]1 put ( soda #fj ,to ! #bnd1 #crd1 #d?1 & #e? boil+s ( ! same copp]1 #ae lbs41 ea* mak+ #fj ----- #abj ----- ,!re=e ! f\r boil+s w take ( soda #dhj ,! same liquid w s]ve = two o!r days1 by add+ #ae lbs4 to ea* fre% boil+1 say1 9 ! :ole1 #dj lbs41 or #fjj ,x w consume 9 soda = n9e tons made 9 ?ree days #a1jhj ,or #cfj lbs4 = ?ree tons made 9 "o day4 ,on ! f\r? day comm5ce aga9 9 ! same mann]1 & g on = ! two rema9+ days z above1 produc+ eighte5 tons 9 ! six days4 ,! quick lime is to be employ$ 9 ea* ( ! boil+s1 9 ! proportion ( "o-?ird less ?an ! quantity ( soda4 ,crude soda may be us$ 9 ! boil+s1 )\t previ\sly disc>bonis+ x1 & quick lime r$uc$ to lime wat]2 b1 to r5d] ! action ( ! *emical +r$i5ts m quick & c]ta91 x is bett] to disc>bonise ! soda be=e x is put into ! boil]4 ,?is may be done by prep>+ 9 a small sep>ate boil] ! quantity ( liquid necess>y = a day's consumption1 :i* is prep>$ 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,! c>bonisation is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,t5 p>ts ( salt ( soda4 ,six p>ts ( quick lime4 ,9 weight4 ,sev5ty p>ts ( wat] 7nev] less47 ,boil+4--,?is is a mo/ important op]ation4 ,by x ! glut5 & color+ matt] are sep>at$ f ! fibres1 :i* sep>ation is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to prep>e ! fibre to receive ! blea*+4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! ?ree sev]al sorts ( lay]s :i* are f\nd 9 ! tree1 & :i*1 "u ! head ( cru%+1 are recomm5d$ to be press$ sep>ately1 %\ld be also boil$ sep>ately1 because ! out]mo/ lay] has m color+ matt] ?an ! next "u x1 :i* aga9 has m ?an ! inn]mo/ lay]4 ,z !y are boil$ s w !y be dri$ & %ipp$1 & ea* sort w h a diff]5t price 9 ! m>ket2 t fibre :i* is lighte/ 9 color be>+ ! pref]5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( its n requir+ m ?an six h\rs to blea*--:il/ ! d>ke/ w1 probably f its great] t5acity1 take twelve to eighte5 h\rs4 ,x is advisable to place ov] ea* boil] ! means ( lift+ ! mass ( fibre :5 boil$1 & suff]+ x to dra9 into ! boil] be=e x is c>ri$ away to be wa%$4 ,?is is easily effect$ by a *a9 f ! ro(1 to :i* may be hung a lev]1 hav+ at t end ov] ! boil] "s hooks atta*$ to x1 :]eby ! mass is lift$ out ( ! boil]1 & ! liquor ?us pres]v$ = ! next boil+4 ,wa%+4--,x is absolutely necess>y t ! fibre %\ld be well wa%$ aft] be+ tak5 out ( ! boil]1 9 ord] t all extrane\s matt] may be sep>at$ !refrom4 ,9 *oos+ ! site = an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d1 c>e mu/ always be tak5 to make *oice ( a spot 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( a l>ge riv]1 or o!r pl5tiful supply ( fre% clean wat]4 ,! ma*9]y necess>y = cleans+ & wa%+ ! fibre may be ( v>i\s descriptions2 b1 p]haps a selection f "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ sorts w be f\nd to answ] e purpose1 viz41 ^? us$ by pap] manufactur]s 9 ,engl&1 & by c(fee plant]s & arr[root gr[]s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,dry+4--,! wa%$ fibre1 :5 hung ov] l9es made ( ! twi/$ fibre1 or any o!r conv5i5t mat]ial1 w be suffici5tly dry 9 a few h\rs to be tak5 d[n1 :5 m c be hung up1 & !n sev]al bat*es c be dri$ 9 a day2 & x w be necess>y to h ! dry+ gr\nd z ne> ! wat] z possible1 9 ord] to save weight 9 c>riage4 ,press+4--,:5 ! fibre is p]fectly dry1 x mu/ be well press$1 = ! conv5i5ce ( pack+1 c>riage1 & %ipm5t4 ,! hydraulic press is ! be/ ma*9e t c be us$ = ! purpose2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( t1 ! lev] & screw w make a l>ge am\nt ( pressure available4 ,a hydraulic press ( f #djj to #ejj tons1 w press bales ( f f\r to five hundr$ weight ea*1 :i* w n be too l>ge = %ipm5t4 ,,/>*-,,produc+ ,,plants ,,inve/igat$4 ,/>* is "o ( ! con/itu5t p>ts 9 all mealy f>9ace\s se$s1 fruits1 roots1 & o!r p>ts ( plants1 & is 9 l>ge dem& = dome/ic use1 ! arts1 c4 ,our common />* is made f :eat1 & a good deal f potatoes4 ,pure fecula is sep>at$ by art f a v>iety ( plants4 ,( plants yield+ />* we h ! ,indian arr[root1 :i* is ! fecula 9 ! rhizomata ( sev]al species ( ! ,m>antace4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies x is obta9$ f ! ,m>anta arund9acea1 ,allomyca & nobilis1 & also f v>i\s species ( ,canna call$ ,t\s les mois1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies f species ( ,curcuma1 & f ,m>anta ramossissima 9 ,silhet4 ,! bread fruit 7,artoc>pus incisa71 already allud$ to1 yields a l>ge quantity ( />*2 z d ! sweet potato 7,convolvulus ,batatas1 or ,batatas edulis74 ,! pi? or f>9ace\s "p ( ! trunk ( ! ,c>yota ur5s1 is almo/ equal to ! f9e/ sago4 ,9 ,assam ! sago ( ?is palm is mu* us$4 ,! two v>ieties ( ! ,cassava af=d a v sup]ior fecula1 :i* is import$ "u ! "n ( ,brazilian arr[root4 #h1ced bags ( tapioca & f>9a 7 import$ f ,m>anham 9 #ahcd4 ,"s excell5t />* f ,norfolk ,isl& 0 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,! ,cycadace\s family yields mu* />*y matt]1 along ) mucilage4 ,f ! s(t /ems ( ,cycas revoluta & ,c4 circ9alis1 natives ( ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 a k9d ( sago is made4 ,^! plants are propagat$ by suck]s4 ,zamia pumila1 a native ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & o!r species ( ?is rem>kable g5us ( plants1 :i* is ne>ly relat$ to bo? f]ns & palms1 supply an amylace\s matt]1 :i* has be5 sold z arr[root4 ,a simil> product is obta9$ f ,al/roem]ia pallida1 a p]5nial plant1 ) p9k r$ fl[]s1 gr[+ 9 ,*ili4 ,f ! nuts ( ! ,cycas circ9alis1 ! ,s+alese prep>e an inf]ior k9d ( />*1 by p\nd+ ! fre% k]nels4 ,^! are cut 9 slices1 & well dri$ 9 ! sun be=e !y are fit = use1 o!rwise :5 eat5 !y are intoxicat+1 & occasion vomit+ & purg+4 ,! quantity ( />* 9 a plant v>ies accord+ to ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,! results ( exam9ation on ! comp>ative yield ( />* 9 ! potato1 %[$ t :ile x ab\nd$ t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! season1 x decreas$ :5 ! tub]s began to g]m9ate 9 ! spr+4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,balf\r t #bdj lbs4 ( potatoes left 9 ! gr\nd1 conta9$ ( />*-- lbs4 ,p] c5t4 ,9 ,augu/ #bc to #be or #i4f to #aj4d ,septemb] #cb #ch #ac4c #af ,octob] #cb #dj #ac4c #af4f ,novemb] #ch #de #af #ah4g ,april #ch #bh #af #aa4f ,may #bh #bj #aa4f #h4c ,! quantity ( />* rema9$ ! same dur+ ! dormant /ate ( w9t]1 b decreas$ :5ev] ! plant began to gr[1 & to require a supply ( n\ri%m5t4 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ( ,jamaica1 "s ye>s ago1 made exp]im5ts ^u ! nutriti\s qualities ( ! pr9cipal roots & vegetables ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,^! be+ well wa%$ & scrap$1 7 grat$1 9 ea* case into two gallons ( cle> ra9-wat]1 & ! :ole !n filt]$ ?r\gh a clean l95 /ra9]1 aft] :i* x 0 left to settle2 :5 ! amylace\s matt] _h :olly subsid$ ! sup]natant liquor 0 c>efully decant$1 & fre% wat] add$1 :i* process 0 repeat$ until e =eign sub/ance appe>$ to be remov$2 ! produce ( ^! sev]al op]ations 0 !n c>efully collect$ & dri$ ) a temp]ature ( ab\t #aaj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 &1 :5 dry1 weigh$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! results giv5 9 ! foll[+ table 7 obta9$3-- ,,produce ,,f ,,five ,,p\nds ,,( ,,! ,oz4 ,drms4 ,c5tes4 prop4 ,root ( ! sweet cassava 7,janipha ,loefl+ii7 #ad #a #ag4bg ,root ( ocoes or tani]s 7,caladium escul5tum7 #aa #ag #ad4bi ,root ( ! bitt] cassava 7,janipha manihot71 ! ,yucca am>ga ( ! ,spani>ds #aa #b #ac4ij ,full gr[n b unripe fruit ( ! planta9 7,musa p>adisiaca7 #aa #a #ac4hb ,root ( ! ,gu9ea yam 7,dioscorea bulbif]a7 #h #f #aj4df ,root ( ! sweet potato 7,batatas edulis7 #h #f #aj4df ,root ( ! arr[root 7,m>anta arund9acea7 #e #f #f4ga ,! full-gr[n b unripe fruit ( ! banana 7,musa sapi5tum7 #j #j #j4jj ,?is table exhibits1 no d\bt1 v unexpect$ results1 s9ce x places ! sweet cassava at ! v top1 & ! banana at ! l[e/ place 9 ! li/1 :ile ! bitt] cassava1 :i* seems to be little m ?an a v>iety ( ! sweet1 not)/&+ its be+ ! /aple mat]ial ( ,we/ ,indian bread1 occupies two places l[] d[n1 & is foll[$ by ! planta94 ,! sweet potato & ! yam1 bo? ( :i* are consid]$ to be less nutriti\s ?an ! arr[root1 rank above x 9 ! c5tesimal proportion ( _! amylace\s produce4 ,^u :at1 !n1 d ! nutritive prop]ties ( ^! v>i\s sub/ances dep5d8 ,is x ^u a glut5 :i* 0 ov]look$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 8 exp]im5ts1 or1 if n1 may we n suspect "s inaccuracy 9 ! proportion ( />* assign$ by him to ea*8 ,x is to be wi%$ t simil> exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) c>e 9 diff]5t qu>t]s1 & ! li/ ext5d$ to o!r tropical products applicable to human su/5ance1 especially ! roots :i* yield ! f>9ace\s />* ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s1 to ! a*ira ( ,*oco1 c4 ,i %all extract l>gely f a v valuable report drawn up by ,dr4 ,john ,%i]1 agricultural *emi/1 ( ,dem]>a1 & submitt$ to ! ,gov]nor ( t colony 9 #ahdg1 on ! />*-produc+ plants1 :i* is des]v+ ( m widely ext5d$ publicity ?an ! m]ely local circulation x has receiv$4 ,! rem>ks & results ( exp]im5ts are wor?y ( deep consid]ation2 & al?\gh !y 7 meant to apply specially to ,briti% ,guiana1 !y are equally p]t95t to ! ,we/ ,india colonies g5]ally1 our ,african & ,au/ralian settlem5ts1 & _m o!r ( our =eign possessions4 ,= _m reasons x is desirable t ! numb] ( ! /aples ( cultivation & export ( our colonies %\ld be increas$4 ,x is ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( ,briti% agriculturi/s1 t ! mix$ sy/em ( agriculture is m pr(itable to ! f>m] & saf] = ! l&1 ?an ! cont9u$ cultivation ( any s+le crop1 or inde$ ( ne>ly alli$ crops2 & al?\gh few] valid objections c be urg$ aga9/ ! cont9u$ cultivation ( ! sug> cane1 :5 prop]ly conduct$1 ?an aga9/ t ( gra9 crops1 x is nev]!less c]ta9 t a well-arrang$ alt]nation or rotation ( crops w\ld be bett]4 ,:5 an effici5t sy/em ( cov]$ dra9age is adopt$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 !re c be no d\bt t ! sug> cane w be replant$ at %ort] int]vals ( "t ?an at pres5t1 & t o!r crops1 su* z prov5d] crops = cattle1 & provision crops = ! colonial & p]haps ! home m>ket1 w be made to alt]nate 9 cultivation ) ! cane4 ,:5 ! cane r[s are z f> ap>t z !y require to be1 to admit ( suffici5t tillage ) ! pl\gh & o!r implem5ts1 x w also be possible to int]calate crops ( rapidly gr[+ plants2 & 7 ?is done1 z x easily might1 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t undue exhau/ion ( ! l&1 or impov]i%m5t ( ! sug> crop1 ! returns c\ld n fail to be mat]ially increas$4 ,x w\ld !n probably be f\nd t ! fluctuations 9 prices w\ld be less felt1 = !y w\ld n likely1 at ! same "t1 affect diff]5t crops 9 ! same mann]4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 9 reg>d to "s plants at lea/1 t a mu* l>g] return c be obta9$ 9 ! colonies ?an c be gr[n 9 temp]ate c\ntries1 h[ev] f]tile4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! great] f]tility ( ! soil "u p[]ful tropical atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & p>tly to ! fact t vegetation is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 s t sl[ gr[+ plants c d m )9 ! "t1 f _! functions n be+ arre/$ by ! *ill ( w9t]2 & ( _m rapidly gr[+ plants1 two successive crops c be gr[n )9 ! ye>4 ,/>* is a sub/ance easily manufactur$1 & be+ l>gely us$ 9 sev]al ( ! arts1 z well z an article ( diet1 !re consequ5tly exi/s a consid]able dem& = x 9 ,engl&4 ,x may be obta9$ f a great v>iety ( plants1 & _m ( ! mo/ productive ( x are natives ( ! tropics4 ,! high prices comm&$ by gra9 & bread/uffs 9 ,europe1 r5d]s ! pres5t a rem>kably favorable "t to asc]ta9 :at c be done 9 ?is bran* ( tropical agriculture2 = %\ld ! potato disease return1 or ?is root be less ext5sively plant$ ?an hi!rto1 />* mu/ ma9ta9 a high price1 & x w be wor? asc]ta9+ :e!r "s ( ! sup]ior />*-produc+ plants ( ! tropics might n be cultivat$ to su* an ext5t z to supply ! ,engli% m>ket1 & ?us be at once pr(itable to ! colonies & advantage\s to ! "m c\ntry4 ,be=e ent]+ on su* a cultivation1 h[ev]1 v>i\s po9ts require inve/igation4 ,we ought to be able to answ] su* que/ions z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,:at diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 ! *>act]s ( />* produc$ by diff]5t plants8 #b4 ,:at are ! qualities or prop]ties t lead manufactur]s--calico pr9t]s = example--to pref] "o v>iety to ano!r8 #c4 ,= cul9>y purposes1 & z an article ( diet1 :at qualities or *>act]s obta9 a pref]5ce8 #d4 ,c ! />*es f diff]5t plants be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by di/9ct & well m>k$ *>act]s1 s t ! sub/itution ( a less e/eem$ v>iety = a m e/eem$ "o1 or ! adult]ation ( a high pric$ v>iety ) a *eap] "o1 c\ld be readily detect$8 #e4 ,:at plants produce ! mo/ e/eem$ v>ieties8 #f4 ,:at plants produce x 9 ! l>ge/ quantity8 #g4 ,:at plants produce ! l>ge/ yield p] acre8 #h4 ,f :at plants is x mo/ easily manufactur$8 #i4 ,is ! process att5d$ ) any p>ticul> difficulties t ought to det] ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,india plant]s f engag+ 9 x8 ,9 ! foll[+ obs]vations 7cont9ues ,dr4 ,%i]7 ,i %all be able to reply to sev]al ( ^! que/ions1 especially ^? capable ( be+ settl$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,on o!r po9ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to ! returns p] acre1 ,i am at pres5t b imp]fectly in=m$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! limit$ ext5t to :i* ^! plants h hi!rto be5 cultivat$ 9 ?is colony 7,dem]>a71 & f ! total abs5ce ( au!ntic data reg>d+ ! am\nt ( yield4 ,*>act]s ( />* produc$ f diff]5t plants4--,/>*es f diff]5t plants are be/ di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by exam9ation "u a good miscroscope4 ,! gra9s or globules may be exam9$ ei!r z transp>5t or opaque objects2 & al?\gh 9 ! same species !re are consid]able diff]5ces 9 size & =m1 ! diff]5t k9ds are1 on ! :ole1 q di/+ui%able4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( exam9+ ! =m ( ! globules1 "u ! microscope1 is to lay !m on a plate ( glass & cov] !m ) a drop ( aque\s solution ( iod9e1 :i* r5d]s !m gradually blue & opaque4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce 9 size & =m betwe5 ! globules ( diff]5t species is consid]able1 z betwe5 ! ,t\s les mois />* & cassava />*1 or ev5 betwe5 ! arr[root />* & cassava />* frequ5tly us$ to adult]ate x1 x is n difficult1 ) a little practice1 to detect ! fraud4 ,,table ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,& ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,/>* ,,globules ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,plants4 #a4 ,t\s-les-mois 7,canna cocc9ea74--,gr[n 9 ,gr5ada1 #a-cjj to #a-b1jjj ( an in*2 g5]al size1 #a-ejj2 =m ( ! globules1 l>ge1 elliptical & ovate1 & rem>kably transp>5t4 #b4 ,ditto ditto 7species unkn[n74--,f a plant gr[n 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,croal1 ,georget[n1 b ga!r$ be=e ! root 0 fully ripe2 globules sph]ical1 %ortly ovate & elliptical2 size1 f #a-fjj to #a-a1fjj2 g5]al size1 #a-hjj4 #c4 ,buck ,yam 7,dioscorea triphylla74--,gr[n on ! banks ( ! ,dem]>a ,riv]4 ,=m ( globules1 elliptical1 (t5 truncat$ at "o end1 s z to be mull>-%ap$1 "s pe>-%ap$2 l5g?1 twice ! wid?2 size1 #a-fjj to #a-b1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-hjj4 #d4 ,common ,yam 7,d4 sativa74--,gr[n on ,no4 #a ,canal1 ,dem]>a ,riv]4 ,elliptical1 "s long elliptical2 size1 #a-gjj to #a-b1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-a1jjj4 #e4 ,gu9ea ,yam 7,d4 aculeata74--,gr[n 9 ! same locality4 ,l>g] globules1 elliptical2 small] ditto1 sph]ical1 (t5 truncat$2 "s %ortly ovate1 ) ! appe>ance ( be+ flatt5$2 g5]al size & range1 same z ,no4 #d4 #f4 ,b>bados ,yam1 gr[n on banks ( ,dem]>a riv]4 ,globules1 pe>-%ap$ & mull>-%ap$2 range1 #a-gjj to #a-a1fjj2 g5]al size1 #a-a1jjj4 #g4 ,planta9 7,musa p>adisiaca74--,gr[n on ! banks ( ! ,dem]>a riv]4 ,globules long & n>r[1 g5]ally long elliptical1 (t5 m acute at ! ends ?an 9 any o!r species1 "s l9e> end$ abruptly2 l5g?1 (t5 ?ree times ! wid?2 range1 f #a-djj to #a-d1jjj ( an in*2 g5]al size1 #a-hjj4 #h4 ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum74--,iri% tub]s1 f ,belfa/ ,s\nd4 ,globules1 #a-fjj to #a-b1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-a1bjj4 #i4 ,potato 7,comm]cial74--,locality unkn[n4 ,range f #a-fjj2 globules g5]ally same z =m]1 b a few /ray ones z l>ge z #a-dj ( an in*4 #aj4 ,sweet ,potato 7,convolvulus ,batatas74--,gr[n at ! ,lodge1 ,dem]>a4 ,=m ( globules1 sph]ical aggregat$2 range1 #a-a1jjj to #a-d1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-b1djj4 #aa4 ,arr[root 7,m>anta arund9acea74--,specim5s f ,b]muda1 :]e ! highe/ pric$ & be/ quality is prep>$4 ,ovate & elliptical2 l5g? 9 ! l>g] globules1 twice ! wid?2 range1 f #a-hjj to #a-b1djj2 g5]al size1 #a-a1djj4 #ab4 ,ditto ditto1 gr[n on plantation ,turkey51 ,dem]>a1 by ,j4,w4 ,k+4 ,size & description same z ,no4 #aa4 #ac4 ,ditto ditto1 gr[n & prep>$ 9 ,b>bados4 ,*>act]i/ics ! same1 b globules m uni=m 9 size4 #ad4 ,ditto ditto1 gr[n on plantation ,enmore2 n q s uni=m 9 size4 #ae4 ,bitt] ,cassava 7,janipha ,manihot74--,gr[n on ,haagsbos* plantation4 ,a few globules occur z l>ge z ! #a-a1jjj ( an in*2 ^! are ovate1 ! re/ are sph]ical4 ,! range is f #a-b1jjj to #a-h1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-d1jjj4 #af4 ,sweet ,cassava 7,janipha ,loefl+ii74--,gr[n on ,no4 #a ,canal1 ,dem]>a ,riv]4 #ag4 ,tannia 7,caladium sagittifolium74--,gr[n at ! ,lodge4 ,globules n s truly sph]ical z ! =ego+1 b range & size ! same4 #ah4 ,:eat 7,triticum sativum74--,locality unkn[n4 ,=m ( globules1 sph]ical & slightly elliptical1 "s v small2 range1 #a-b1jjj to #a-f1jjj1 ! =m] ! g5]al size4 #ai4 ,maize 7,zea ,mays74--,gr[n 9 ! colony1 b locality unc]ta94 ,globules1 approa*+ to sph]ical1 mu* aggregat$2 range1 #a-b1jjj to #a-d1jjj2 g5]al size1 #a-c1jjj4 ,f an inspection ( ?is li/1 x does n appe> t ! species w\ld be easily di/+ui%able1 & x is n easy briefly to describe ! diff]5ces2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 & especially :5 ! obs]v] has a numb] ( pure & au!ntic specim5s be=e him1 to h rec\rse to z /&>ds ( comp>ison1 ! discrim9ation is by no means difficult4 ,specific gravity ( />* d]iv$ f v>i\s plants4--,( _m bodies ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity is "o ( ! be/ modes ( di/+ui%+ ! purity4 ,) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! diff]5t v>ieties ( />* h all ! same d5sity1 z has be5 ass]t$ by "s1 trials 7 c>efully made ( z _m specim5s z ,i c\ld procure4 ,! results are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,no4 ,i4--,,d5sity ,,( ,,/>* ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,plants4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,tem4 at ,names ( ,d5sity"t ( ,rem>ks ,plants ,obs4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,bitt] cassava#a4d #c #hg4 ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ! ,colonial ,laboratory4 #b4 ,tannia #a4dggc #hg4 ,ditto ditto #c4 ,arr[root #a4dggb #hf4be ,ditto ditto #d4 ,arr[root #a4dgdh #hf4be ,ditto ditto #e4 ,common yam #a4dgcc #hc4be ,ditto ditto #f4 ,sweet potato #a4dgah #he4ge ,ditto ditto #g4 ,arr[root #a4dgag #hb4ge ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 comm]cial #h4 ,arr[root #a4dgja #hd4ge ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #i4 ,t\s les mois #a4dfih #he4be ,ditto ditto #aj4 ,sweet cassava #a4dfib #hf4e ,ditto ditto #aa4 ,:eat />* #a4dfcb #he4 ,comm]cial1 ( ,engli% manufacture #ab4 ,planta9 #a4dfae #he4ge ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #ac4 ,t\s les mois #a4dfaa #hd4be ,gr5ada1 comm]cial #ad4 ,b>bados yam #a4dfjg #hc4e ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #ae4 ,iri% potato #a4dehi #hd4ge ,tub]s f ,belfa/2 prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #af4 ,gu9ea yam #a4deha #hd4b ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #ag4 ,potato #a4defa #hd4 ,comm]cial #ah4 ,buck yam #a4ddhi #ha4be ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 #ai4 ,arr[root #a4dddc #he4e ,b>bados1 comm]cial #bj4 ,arr[root #a4daeh #hf4be ,b]muda1 ditto #ba4 ,maize #a4daji #he4e ,gr[n 9 ! colony & prep>$ 9 ,c4,l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! ord] ( d5sity does n correspond ) ! ord] 9 any ( ! o!r tables4 ,probably ^? specim5s prep>$ f dry se$s1 su* z :eat & maize />*1 :i*1 z comm]cial articles at lea/1 are less pure ?an ^? prep>$ f rec5tly dug roots1 h also ! l[e/ d5sity4 ,hygroscopic prop]ties ( />* produc$ f diff]5t plants4--,su* ( ! specim5s z are m>k$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 z prep>$ 9 ! colonial laboratory1 7 dri$ 9 ! sun 9 %all[ trays1 to :i* !y _h previ\sly be5 transf]r$ 9 ! wet /ate4 ,:5 sun dri$1 ! masses 7 brok5 d[n1 & ! />*es freely expos$ to ! air 9 ! %ade = t5 days4 ,any adh]5t masses 7 !n rubb$ to p[d] by light pressure 9 a glaz$ mort>1 & ! :ole sift$4 ,portions ( ea* ( ^! />*es1 & ( o!rs = ! sake ( comp>ison1 7 !n dri$1 at #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 9 a curr5t ( dry air1 & ! loss det]m9$3-- ,,table ,no4 ,,ii4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,hygroscopic ,,wat] ,,conta9$ ,,by ,,/>* ,,produc$ ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,plants4 ,p] c5tage ( wat]4 ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,potato #bj4bg ,comm]cial1 locality unkn[n #b4 ,sweet potato #ai4eg ,c41 ,c4,l49999 #c4 ,buck yam #ai4dc ,c41 ,c4,l4 #d4 ,b>bados yam #ai4dj ,c41 ,c4,l4 #e4 ,arr[root #ah4ha ,b]muda1 comm]cial #f4 ,iri% potato #ag4bh ,tub]s f ,belfa/1 ,c4,l4 #g4 ,gu9ea yam #ag4ad ,c41 ,c4,l4 #h4 ,t\s les mois #af4gd ,gr5ada1 comm]cial #i4 ,arr[root #af4dc ,b>bados1 ditto #aj4 ,common yam #af4cf ,c41 ,c4,l4 #aa4 ,planta9 #af4bc ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ab4 ,arr[root #ae4fe ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ac4 ,arr[root #ad4hd ,c41 ,plantation ,enmore #ad4 ,t\s les mois #ad4fd ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ae4 ,tannia #ad4fj ,c41 ,c4,l4 #af4 ,sweet cassava #ad4cj ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ag4 ,maize #ad4bb ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ah4 ,arr[root #ac4cf ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ai4 ,bitt] cassava #aa4hh ,c41 ,c4,l4 #bj4 ,:eat />* #aa4af ,comm]cial1 ( ,engli% manufacture 9999 ,! initial ,c4 ?r\gh\t ^! tables indicates t ! plant 0 gr[n 9 ! colony2 ,c4,l41 t ! />* 0 prep>$ 9 ! colonial laboratory4 ,t ! extremes 9 ?is table %\ld occur 9 ! case ( ! />*es ( comm]ce1 01 p]haps1 to be expect$2 nev]!less ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! />* ( ! sweet potato & t ( ! bitt] cassava is ne>ly z great1 & bo? ^! specim5s 7 prep>$ 9 ! laboratory1 by ! same process1 & subject to ! same temp]ature & exposure4 ,*>act]s ( ! jellies =m$ by v>i\s />*es4--,t5acity4--,i h met ) no v precise results on ?is subject1 except ! well-kn[n fact t x takes a mu* l>g] quantity ( "s />*es1 ! arr[root = in/ance1 to =m a jelly ( equal t5acity ) t =m$ by o!rs1 su* z ! ,t\s les mois2 & h5ce 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! latt] is univ]sally pref]r$ to ! cassava />*es4 ,aft] try+ v>i\s plans1 ! me?od :i* ,i f\nd be/ fitt$ = comp>+ ! t5acity ( diff]5t />* jellies1 0 ! foll[+3--,( ea* ( ! k9ds ( />*1 #bd gra9s 7 weigh$ out & mix$ ) #djj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 a porcela9 capsule ( suitable size4 ,! mixture 0 !n heat$ & boil$ briskly = ?ree m9utes1 ) con/ant /irr+1 & 0 imm$iately p\r$ into a conical te/-glass1#de :i* ! jelly ne>ly fill$4 ,! "t at :i* ea* glass 0 fill$ 0 not$1 & exactly two h\rs 7 all[$ = ! cont5ts to cool 9 a curr5t ( air4 ,! glass is !n set on a plate ( glass1 support$ on a r+ ( a retort /&1 & ! weight asc]ta9$1 :i* 0 necess>y to =ce a metallic disc1 ( asc]ta9$ size1 ?r\gh ! jelly4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way ( do+ ?is 0 by us+ a piece ( app>atus ( ! =m rudely repres5t$ on ! m>g94 ,! rectangul> frame is ( ?9 brass wire1 & ! slightly cup-%ap$ disc1 d d1 is sold]$ to a wire1 atta*$ to ! upp] %ort side ( ! rectangle4 ,f ! opposite or l[] side ( ! rectangle a small glass cup1 c41 is susp5d$1 into :i* weights are put z soon z ! disc has be5 made to re/ on ! surface ( ! jelly1 pp is ! plate ( glass on :i* ! te/-glass is set4 ,:5ev] ! disc te>s ! sk9 ( ! jelly & beg9s to s9k 9 x1 no fur!r addition1 ( weights is made1 & ! weight ( ! disc1 framework1 & cup be+ kn[n1 we h an e/imate ( ! t5acity ( ! jelly4 ,?is process is b approximative1 & "s practice is necess>y be=e ! op]ator succe$s 9 gett+ uni=m results f ! same s]ies ( specim5s4 -------------------- d _/ d p--------------p -------------------- --------- c4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! results on su* specim5s z ,i c\ld procure4 ,! disc 0 exactly #g_/aj?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,,table ,,no4 ,,iii4--,,t5acity ,,( ,,/>* ,,9 ,,jellies4 ,no4 ,names ( specim5s4 ,weight 9 gra9s requir$ to break ! jelly4 #a4 ,t\s les mois1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #b1ddf99 #b4 ,t\s les mois1 ,gr5ada1 ,comm]cial #a1gdb #c4 ,maize1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #iee #d4 ,b>bados yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #hie #e4 ,iri% potato1 f ,belfa/1 ,c4,l4 #gef #f4 ,tannia1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #fcj #g4 ,b]muda arr[root1 f9e/ ,comm]cial #fbg #h4 ,common yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #feg #i4 ,gu9ea yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ega #aj4 ,planta91 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #dfg #aa4 ,potato />*1 ,comm]cial #dfg #ab4 ,arr[root1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #cic #ac4 ,sweet potato1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #cfh #ad4 ,arr[root1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #cdj #ae4 ,arr[root1 ,c4 #cja #af4 ,arr[root1 ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 ,comm]cial #bhi #ag4 ,b>bados arr[root1 ,comm]cial #bgc #ah4 ,:eat />*1 ,comm]cial #ahc #ai4 ,buck yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #aea #bj4 ,bitt] cassava1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #aej #ba4 ,sweet cassava1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #gh 99 ,9 ?is in/ance ! weight /at$ deta*$ ! jelly f ! side ( ! glass1 b ! sk9 ( ! jelly 0 n torn z 9 ! o!r cases4 ,f ?is li/ x is obvi\s t1 9 respect ( t5acity1 !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! jellies prep>$ f ! diff]5t />*es--great]1 inde$1 ?an exi/s 9 reg>d to any o!r "*4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght x probable t ! t5acity ( ! jelly w\ld be> "s relation to ! size ( ! globules1 & x is true t we f9d ! ,gr5ada ,t\s les mois1 ! l>ge/ globule1 next ! top1 & ! cassava among ! smalle/1 at ! bottom ( ! scale4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! ,buck yam />*1 a l>ge siz$ globule1 v high2 toge!r ) _m o!r exceptions4 ,z an article ( diet1 ! mo/ t5aci\s v>ieties ( />* are pref]r$1 on acc\nt ( ! economy ( employ+ an article ( :i* a less quantity w suffice2 & ! same is true :5 appli$ to />*+ l951 provid$ ! jelly be n defici5t 9 cle>ness4 ,cle>ness ( jellies4--,:5 />* jelly is us$ = ! purpose ( />*+1 or glaz+ l951 or cotton goods1 ^? v>ieties t are mo/ transp>5t are und]/ood to be pref]r$1 provid$1 at ! same "t1 !y possess ! requisite t5acity4 ,?is & o!r matt]s w be be/ det]m9$ by practical m5 9 ,engl&2 b hav+ _h occasion _m times to prep>e specim5s = try+ ! t5acity1 ! opportunity 0 always tak5 ( arrang+ ! specim5 ( jellies 9 ! ord] ( _! cle>ness1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( _! transluc5cy4 ,9 ?is respect also !y exhibit consid]able diff]5ces1 v>y+1 :5 prep>$ accord+ to ! =mula describ$ "u ! head ( t5acity1 f v transluc5t approa*+ to opaque4 ,! ord] is %[n 9 ! annex$ li/1 :i* beg9s ) ! cle>e/4 ,,table ,,no4 ,,iv4--,,%[+ ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,cle>ness ,,or ,,transluc5cy ,,( ,,uni=mly ,,prep>$ ,,/>* ,,jellies4 ,ord]4 ,names ( specim5s4 #a4 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,arr[root1 ,comm]cial #b4 ,arr[root1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #c4 ,sweet cassava1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #d4 ,bitt] cassava1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #e4 ,b]muda arr[root1 ,coml4 #f4 ,arr[root1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #g4 ,iri% potato1 ,c4,l4 #h4 ,potato />*1 ,coml4 #i4 ,buck yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #aj4 ,arr[root1 ,c4 #aa4 ,planta91 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ab4 ,tannia1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ac4 ,sweet potato1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ad4 ,common yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ae4 ,t\s les mois1 ,gr5ada1 ,cml4 #af4 ,b>bados arr[root1 ,coml4 #ag4 ,t\s les mois1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ah4 ,b>bados yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #ai4 ,gu9ea yam1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 #bj4 ,:eat />*1 ,coml4 #ba4 ,maize1 ,c41 ,c4,l4 ,on comp>+ ?is li/ ) ! =m] "o1 & tak+ a g5]al view ( ! subject1 x w be se5 t ! jellies t are mo/ t5aci\s are g5]ally ! lea/ transluc5t1 & t ! ord] ( ! two li/s is m ne>ly ! conv]se ?an occurs 9 reg>d to any o!r prop]ties4 ,p]c5tage ( />* yield$ by diff]5t plants4--,on ?is po9t no two writ]s d or c agree4 ,! quantity ( />*1 ev5 9 ! same plants1 ! potato = in/ance1 v>ies ) ! season1 ! soil1 climate1 age1 rip5ess1 l5g? ( "t ! roots h be5 out ( ! gr\nd1 c4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ,i h giv5 ! result ( a s]ies ( trials made 9 ! ,colonial ,laboratory1 ,dem]>a4 ,! roots 7 all fre% dug1 &1 ) two exceptions1 notic$ 9 ! rem>ks1 7 fair av]age specim5s4 ,! process 0 ! common "o4 ,! grat] or rasp+ ma*9e 0 ( copp]1 to avoid injur+ ! color ( "s ( ! />*es1 :i* an iron grat] is liable to d3-- ,,table ,,no4 ,v4--,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,/>* ,,yield$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,plants4 ,no4 ,names ( plants4 ,p]c5tage ( />*4 #a4 ,sweet cassava #bf4ib #b4 ,bitt] cassava #bd4hd #c4 ,ano!r sample #bj4bf #d4 ,a ?ird #af4jb #e4 ,common yam #bd4dg #f4 ,arr[root 7roots sc>cely ripe7 #ba4dc #g4 ,ano!r sample #ag4bh #h4 ,b>bados yam #ah4ge #i4 ,tannia #ag4je #aj4 ,ano!r sample #ae4ce #aa4 ,gu9ea yam #ag4jc #ab4 ,planta9 #af4ii #ac4 ,sweet potato #af4ca #ad4 ,buck yam #af4jg #ae4 ,ano!r sample #ae4fc #af4 ,a ?ird1 f a d>k color$ v>iety #ad4hc ,f ! =ego+ li/ x appe>s t ! sweet & bitt] cassava m]it att5tion z />*-produc+ plants4 ,!y are occasionally gr[n = ?is purpose 9 ! colonies1 & yield a l>ge p] c5tage ( />*2 b !re exi/s an op9ion1 :e!r well or ill f\nd$1 t x is liable to rot l951 & ! pref]5ce is giv5 "h to ! />* ( arr[root4 ,x rema9s to be se51 h[ev]1 :at e/imate w be =m$ ( ?is />* 9 ,engl&1 = if x %\ld prove an e/eem$ v>iety1 !re c be no d\bt ( its prov+ a highly pr(itable cultivation4 ,cassava gr[s readily 9 almo/ any soil1 & :5 ! dra9age is tol]able1 two crops ( ! sweet v>iety c1 x is /at$ be gr[n 9 a ye>4 ,i h se5 x gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! light soils ( ! int]ior1 z well z 9 ! /iff clay soils ( ! coa/s4 ,x is consid]$ an excell5t prep>atory crop 9 new & /iff l&1 on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to loos5 ! soil4 ,7 ! bitt] v>iety fix$ on1 ! prep>ation ( ,cas>eep might be comb9$ ) ! prep>ation ( />*2 & z t sub/ance is "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ bases = ! prep>ation ( v>i\s sauces1 x is probable t ?is might turn out ! mo/ pr(itable "p ( ! produce4 ,at all ev5ts1 bitt] cassava w\ld h ?is advantage ov] all o!r />*-produc+ roots1 t ! juice ( ! roots c\ld be turn$1 to acc\nt z well z ! />*4 ,( all ! plants m5tion$ 9 ! li/1 />* is mo/ readily sep>at$ f ! arr[root1 9 consequ5ce ( ! tissue be+ m fibr\s1 & yield+ little or no cellul> tissue requir+ to be run (f ! />*4 ,"t & wat] are ?us sav$ 9 ! process1 & 7 ! fibr\s residue press$ & dri$1 x c\ld probably be turn$ to good acc\nt 9 ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,9 respect ( facility ( prep>ation1 ! planta9 />*1 ?\gh ( excell5t quality1 ranks l[e/1 = ! fle%-color$ tissue 9 :i* ! />* is emb$d$ is some:at d5s] ?an ! />*1 & settles d[n "u x1 & x is n a little difficult to arrange ! process s z completely to sep>ate ! f9] p>ts ( ?is matt] f ! />*1 & h5ce its color is nev] p]fectly :ite4 ,yield ( />*-produc+ plants p] acre4--,on ?is subject1 z already rem>k$1 ,i d n at pres5t possess suffici5tly accurate data4 ,9 ,engl& t5 tons ( potatoes are n unfrequ5tly produc$ p] acre2 n[ assum+ #ae ! p] c5tage ( />*1 !re w\ld be a yield ( "o-&-a-half tons p] acre1 :i*1 at !-l[e/ quotation1 #bhs4 a cwt41 w\ld give #db p] acre2 & 7 ! />* to rank ) t prep>$ f :eat1 x w\ld produce #dj p] ton1 or #fj p] acre4 ,9 ! ?or\gh dra9$ l& ( ,dem]>a1 & "u a good sy/em ( cultivation1 ,i h no d\bt t t5 tons ( cassava c\ld easily be gr[n1 & if x yield$ #be p] c5t4 ( />*1 x w\ld be a return ( #b tons1 or ( #fb #ajs4 p] acre1 reckon$ at ! price ( potato />*4 ,( ! yield ( ! planta9 we possess mu* m accurate in=mation4 ,a new planta9 walk 9 ?is colony 7,briti% ,guiana7 w yield #dej bun*es1 ( #ej lbs4 ea*1 ( :i*1 z ne>ly z possible1 #ej p] c5t4 w be ( core1 conta9+ #ag p] c5t4 ( />*1 ?us produc+ #ag cwt4 ( />* p] acre4 ,b an old planta9 walk1 ev5 :5 free f disease1 c\ld n be reckon$ to yield m ?an half ?is quantity1 namely1 #h cwt4 p] acre4 ,consid]+ ! value t is set on ! planta9 z an article ( food1 & ! difficulties incid5t to ! process ( mak+ />* f x1 x is by no means probable t x w ev] be us$ z a s\rce f :i* to obta9 />*4 ,( ! quantity ( arr[root t c be gr[n p] acre1 ,i h be5 able 7cont9ues ,dr4 ,%i]7 to procure no in=mation2 b f ! price x comm&s 9 ! m>ket1 ! facility ) :i* x c be gr[n1 & ! ease ) :i* ! process ( sep>at+ ! />* c be c>ri$ on1 x des]ves a fair trial "h4 ,to cultivate x to advantage x ought to be done on ?or\gh-dra9$ & well-till$ l&1 plant$ at ! prop] season1 & n dug till ripe & 9 dry wea!r4 ,( ! ,t\s les mois1 ,i h only be5 able to procure a s+le plant1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ! ,hon4 ,john ,croal4 ,z ! root 0 immature1 x w\ld be unfair to d$uce f ! quantity ( />* obta9$1 ! p] c5tage g5]ally conta9$ by ! plant4 ,its immaturity 0 also indicat$ by ! globules be+ small] ?an 9 ! specim5 obta9$ f ,gr5ada2 9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 su* z ! t5acity ( its jelly1 x /&s highe/4 ,x is altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ promis+ />*-produc+ plants1 & obvi\sly des]ves a c>eful trial4 ,x is a plant t exp5ds a good deal ( matt] 9 matur+ a consid]able quantity ( d5se & bulky se$s1 b z x propagates bo? by root & se$1 x is probable t1 z a root-crop1 x w\ld be highly advantage\s to procure a v>iety t does n fl[]4 ,bo? ! tannia & ! sweet potato c be readily gr[n1 & ! produce p] acre is l>ge2 b f ! =ego+ tables x w\ld appe> t !re are o!r plants ^: />* is likely to be held 9 great] e/imation4 ,difficulties att5dant on ! process ( prep>+ />*4--,7 ! manufacture ( sup]ior />* to be c>ri$ out 9 ?is colony 7,briti% ,guiana7 on a l>ge scale & pr(itably1 rec\rse w\ld require to be _h to all ! well-kn[n means ( economis+ labor4 ,9 ! cultivation z mu* z possible w\ld require to be done by cattle & implem5t labor1 & ?is w\ld be ! easi] to accompli%1 inasmu* z1 to gr[ roots to great advantage1 ! l& w\ld require to be ?or\gh dra9$4 ,:5 ! produce 0 br\ght to ! build+s1 ma*9]y simil> to :at is already 9 use 9 ,europe1 = ! purpose ( wa%+ & rasp+ roots1 & ( sep>at+ & wa%+ />*1 w\ld suffice ) comp>atively little manual labor4 ,an ord9>y am\nt ( judgm5t be+ ex]cis$ 9 det]m9+ ! prop] p]iod ( rip5ess ( ! roots1 & 9 select+ seasons :5 ! wea!r is usually mo/ suitable = conduct+ ! process ( manufacture1 x does n appe> t any unusual difficulty w\ld h to be enc\nt]$ by gr[]s or manufactur]s1 unless z reg>ds ! obta9+ ( a suffici5t supply ( good wat]2 = t is ess5tial to ! production ( good />*4 ,! creek wat] ( ! colony is g5]ally too br[n1 & ! tr5* wat] too muddy1 & conta9s (t5 too mu* salt to produce />*es ( ! f9e/ color1 h5ce rec\rse w\ld require to be _h to ra9 wat]1 or ,artesian wat]4 ,! fir/ is rem>kably pure1 & x c]ta9ly does n appe> t 7 suffici5tly capaci\s res]voirs built1 or ponds dug1 & protect$ f infiltration by ! usual well-kn[n means1 !re w\ld be great difficulty 9 gett+ a suffici5t supply ( ra9 wat]4 ,x is done 9 ,b]muda1 & :y n "h8 ,on ! o!r h&1 almo/ all ! ,artesian wells 9 ! colony conta9 a l>ge quantity ( oxide ( iron held 9 solution by c>bonic acid1 & :i* sep>ates z an o*rey deposit on free exposure to ! air4 ,7 ?is wat] us$ 9 ! />* process1 x w\ld c]ta9ly injure ! color mat]ially2 b by a *emical process1 exce$+ly simple1 inexp5sive1 & easy ( application1 x is possible to purify ! ,artesian wat]1 & r5d] x almo/ z fit z ra9 wat] = ! purpose ( manufactur+ />*4 ,9 "s ( ! o!r colonies a great deal ( ! be/ />* is produc$ by ! hold]s ( small lots ( l&1 & _m p>ts ( ! labor be+ light1 & suit$ = wom5 & *ildr51 x is "o ( ! mo/ desirable cultivations = small hold]s1 & w\ld be v b5eficial = ,dem]>a1 :]e ! l&s ( ! peasantry too g5]ally lie 9 a /ate ( utt] neglect2 yet small hold]s c\ld n be expect$ to be able to compete ) ^? :o %\ld gr[ />* on ! l>ge scale1 & prep>e x ) ! be/ ma*9]y4 ,cassava meal1 planta9 meal1 c41 z articles ( export4--,x may soon become an important "q :e!r ! planta91 or "s ( ! edible roots gr[n 9 ! tropics1 might n be s5t to ,europe 9 a fre% /ate z a sub/itute = ! potato4 ,_m ( !m1 ! buck yam & ! cassava1 = in/ance1 ought to be us$ :5 fre% dug1 = e day !y are out ( ! gr\nd !y det]iorate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* ! case ) "s ( ! l>g] yams4 ,x is wor? try+ :e!r ! f9] sorts t det]iorate by keep+1 might n1 aft] be+ slic$ & dri$ 9 ! sun1 become articles ( export1 ei!r 9 t /ate or :5 gr\nd to meal4 ,= ?is purpose ! bitt] cassava1 ! planta91 & ! buck yam are ! mo/ promis+4 ,( ! bitt] cassava m5tion has already be5 made z a sub/ance f :i* ! />* & cas>eep might be prep>$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! woody & cellul> tissue1 ) ! small quantity ( />* left 9 x by ! ord9>y />* process1 w\ld =m f> too poor an article ( diet to con/itute "p ( ! food ( man4 ,b ! roots might be us$ z a m$ium f :i* to prep>e cassava meal1 cas>eep1 & ! v small quantity ( />* :i* is express$ along ) ! juice1 leav+ all ! re/ ( ! />* to =m "p ( ! meal4 ,x is ( su* meal t ! cassava cakes ( ! ,indians are prep>$2 & al?\gh by no means s nutritive z ,indian corn meal#df1 !re c be little d\bt t 9 ! ,scot* & ,iri% m>kets ! cassava meal w\ld obta9 a pref]5ce2 & 7 x export$ 9 quantity x w\ld probably come into ext5sive use among all classes4 ,! process w\ld be z foll[s3--,aft] wa%+ 9 a revolv+ app>atus1 by :i* means ! adh]5t e>? w\ld be got quit (1 & almo/ ! :ole ( ! ?9 d>k color$ cuticle become deta*$1 ! roots c\ld be r$uc$ to pulp 9 a rasp+-mill1 )\t ! use ( wat]2 ! pulp might be compress$ 9 bags by hydraulic pressure1 :]eby ! juice1 toge!r ) a small portion ( ! />*1 w\ld be express$4 ,aft] all[+ ! />* to subside1 ! juice %\ld be conc5trat$ to ab\t ! d5sity ( #a4d4 ,! />* w\ld be wa%$1 purifi$1 & dri$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bags w\ld !n be brok5 up & dri$ 9 ! sun or 9 a curr5t ( air1 aft] :i* ! meal w\ld be sift$ ?r\gh a co>se sieve to sep>ate ! co>s] p>ts1 :i*1 if _! am\nt 0 consid]able1 c\ld be gr\nd & add$ to ! re/4 ,9 ?is /ate ( r\gh meal x is fit = mak+ ! cassava cakes4 ,if gr\nd to fl\r x might be us$ to mix ) :eat1 rye1 or b>ley fl\r4 ,! process is usually conduct$ z foll[s3--,! squeez$ pulp is brok5 up1 sift$1 & expos$ to ! sun on trays or mats till x is fully m ?an half dry4 ,an iron hoop ( ! size & ?ickness ( ! cake to be made is !n laid on a griddle or hot plate1 & ! space )9 ! hoop is fill$ ev5ly ) ! some:at moi/ meal1 no previ\s knead+ or roll+ hav+ be5 employ$4 ,z soon z ! co>se meal coh]es1 ! r+ is lift$ & ! cake is turn$ & heat$ on ! opposite side4 ,! heat %\ld n be suffici5t to br[n ! cake4 ,! cakes are f9ally dri$ by exposure to ! sun4 ,f ! dry cassava meal cakes may be prep>$ by spr9kl+ x ) z mu* cold wat] z to moi/5 x to ! prop] po9t1 & !n proce$+ z above4 ,hot wat] _c be employ$1 nei!r c knead+1 or any consid]able degree ( compression be us$1 o!rwise ! wat] does n evaporate readily en\gh2 ! />* gets too mu* alt]$ by ! heat1 & ! cake becomes t\gh4 ,if an acre ( well-till$ ?or\gh-dra9$ l& yield #aj tons ( fre% roots1 & ,i h e reason to believe t su* a return might be obta9$1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! produce w\ld be #c tons ( meal1 #eih lbs4 ( cas>eep1 & #b cwt4 ( />*2 & e/imat+ ! meal at #a;d4 p] lb41 ! cas>eep at #as4 #e;d4 p] lb41 & ! />* at #djs4 p] cwt41 ! gross am\nt w\ld be #gh #acs4 #d;d4 p] acre4 ,9 asc]ta9+ ^! proportions1 v simple ma*9]y 0 employ$1 & _h ! pulp be5 bett] press$ ! quantity ( cas>eep w\ld h be5 consid]ably great]4 ,f ! table giv5 9 a =m] note x w be se5 t ! cassava meal prep>$ 9 ?is way conta9s b a v small proportion ( matt] nutritive 9 ! s5se ( contribut+ to ! =mation ( blood1 & t ! express$ juice c>ries (f fully "o-half ( ! prote9e comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! plant4 ,li*59 is a v>iety ( />* occurr+ 9 ,cetr>ia isl&ica1 or ,icel& moss4 ,indian corn />*4--,! advance ( sci5ce has rec5tly br\ght to our k ! prep>ation & use ( ano!r article1 n only important z food1 b also ess5tial 9 ! arts4 ,i h _h occasion to m5tion ! high value ( ! ,indian corn1 & ,i might ) advantage allude to _m ( its uses & prop]ties2 at pres5t ,i mu/ conf9e my rem>ks to a product f ?is valuable gra91 kn[n z corn />*1 & yet ano!r z ! fecula ( maize4 ,9 ! close ( #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,will>d & 8 associates1 ( ,auburn1 e/abli%$ ext5sive works at ,oswego1 = ! prep>ation ( ^! important products1 _! e/abli%m5t cov]+ an area ( #di1jjj squ>e feet4 ,z ! proprietors h to "s ext5t held unreveal$ ! process by :i* !y produce a />* m pure ?an ! />* ( comm]ce1 we may n indulge 9 speculative curiosity2 yet ,i c h>dly d\bt _! great success is ma9ly attributable to p]fect ma*9]y1 guid$ by sci5ce & tal5t4 ,! rapid & ext5d$ dem& = ^! new products pres5ts suffici5t evid5ce ( _! "*1 z we are told t ab\t ?ree millions ( p\nds ( ?is corn />* are dem&$ annually by ! trade1 not)/&+ ! usual supply ( :eat />* is undim9i%$4 ,a rem>kable feature ( maize />* is ! abs5ce ( impurities2 ^u be+ subject$ to analysis1 x is f\nd t only #b #gf-ajj p>ts 9 #ajjj are ( o!r matt] ?an pure />*4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ure1 :eat yields only #ce to #dj p] c5t1 ( good />*1 a mat]ial ext5sively us$ 9 arts & manufactures4 ,9 addition to />*1 ! ,oswego />*-factory produces f ,indian corn a fecula1 peculi>ly adapt$ to cul9>y purposes1 pres5t+ to our dome/ic economy "o ( ! mo/ acceptable1 pure1 & nutriti\s articles ( food4 ,already has x become an indisp5sable h\sehold article1 & is consum$ l>gely at home & abroad4 ,! factory1 ?\gh 9 its infancy1 consumes annually #aej1jjj bu%els ( corn1 equal to ab\t n9e millions ( p\nds 9 weight4 ,hi!rto ! quantities ( />* us$ = laundry purposes & 9 ! manufactories ( ,am]ica1 h be5 produc$ f co/ly :eats1 ?\gh x may be f\nd 9 _m vegetable sub/ances1 su* z potatoes1 ! horse *esnut & o!r se$s4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e bread/uffs1 p>ticul>ly :eat1 h be5 rais$ 9 quantities inadequate to ! dem& = food1 attempts h be5 made to conv]t ! viscid matt] ( li*5s into a gum1 = ! use ( calico pr9t]s1 pap]-mak]s1 & ink mak]s2 = ! /iff5+ ( silks1 crapes1 & ! endless v>iety ( dry goods1 :i*1 by means ( ^! gums or />*1 are made to appe> ( great] consi/5cy4 ,mo/ ( ^! attempts _h p>tial success1 yet ! mak+ ( />* f :eat has n be5 arre/$4 ,! ,oswego />* factory has happily introduc$ ! use ( ,indian corn1 z a gra9 produc+ a l>g] proportion ( pure amylace\s prop]ties ?an any o!r kn[n vegetable sub/ance1 pr(f]+ to ! ,am]ican manufactur] ano!r economic advantage1 su/a9+1 9 a mo/ legitimate matt]1 s\nd rivalry & competition ) all ! _w4 ,i am n aw>e :e!r ! ,oswego factory has conv]t$ its />* into gum--a process easily accompli%$ by heat1 & ?us r5d]$ soluble 9 cold wat]1 :i* _c be done :ile 9 its condition ( />*4 ,"h is ano!r result ( va/ importance d]ivable f ,indian corn2 & we c well conceive t1 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t1 ! advantages n[ d]iv$ f ! production ( corn />*1 may h gr[n into a national b5efit4 ,rice 7accord+ to ,pr(4 ,solly7 conta9s on an av]age ab\t #hd p] c5t ( />*2 b till comp>atively a few ye>s ago1 no />* 0 manufactur$ f x1 not)/&+ its l[ price1 & ! l>ge quantity ( />* :i* exi/s 9 x4 ,! reason ( ?is 01 t ! old process ( f]m5tation1 by means ( :i* />* is procur$ f gra91 0 n f\nd to be applicable to rice2 & h5ce ! latt] only became available z a s\rce ( />* 9 #ahdj1 :5 ,mr4 ,orl&o ,jones introduc$ 8 new process1 = :i* he obta9$ a pat5t4 ,?is process consi/$ 9 mac]at+ ! rice = ab\t #bj h\rs 9 a dilute solution ( cau/ic pota%1 conta9+ ab\t #bjj gra9s ( ! alkali 9 e gallon2 ! liquor is !n drawn (f1 ! rice dri$1 r$uc$ to p[d] by gr9d+1 !n a second "t dige/$ 9 a simil> alkal9e lye = #bd h\rs1 repeat$ly agitat$4 ,aft] ?is x is all[$ to settle1 & well wa%$ ) pure cold wat]4 ,a prize m$al 0 aw>d$ = ?is rice />* at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,b]g]1 ( ,bromley1 also receiv$ a prize m$al4 ,he adopts a diff]5t mode ( prep>ation4 ,9 place ( employ+ a dilute solution ( cau/ic pota% to dissolve ! glut5 & o!r insoluble matt]s ( ! gra91 ,mr4 ,b]g] uses a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 conta9+ half a p\nd to ! gallon4 ,! rice is /eep$1 9 cold wat] = #dh h\rs1 levigat$ 9 a suitable mill1 & ! pulp ?us =m$ is treat$ ) ! solution ( c>bonate ( soda = #fj or #gj h\rs1 be+ repeat$ly /irr$2 x is !n all[$ to settle = "s h\rs1 ! alkal9e liquor is drawn (f1 & ! />* is wa%$ & purifi$4 ,?is process 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,b]g]1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahda4 ,a ?ird process 0 pat5t$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdb1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,colman2 he uses dilute muriatic acid = ! same purpose z ,messrs ,jones & ,b]g]4 ,,arr[root1 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,indian4 ,! g5u9e arr[root ( comm]ce is ! produce ( ! tub]\s rhizomata ( ,m>anta arund9acea1 a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,m4 indica1 indig5\s to ! ,we/ ,indies1 b also cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! be/ ,we/ ,indian arr[root comes f ,b]muda4 ,its globules are mu* small] & less gli/5+ ?an ^? ( ,t\s-les-mois1 or potato />*4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! />* obta9$ f v>i\s plants has be5 p>ticul>is$ & describ$ already 9 ! elaborate inve/igation ( ! comm]cial yield & value ( ! />*-produc+ plants4 ,amylace\s matt] ( a simil> k9d to arr[root is obta9$ f o!r species ( ,m>anta1 z f "s species ( ,canna1 well kn[n "u ! popul> "n ( ,indian %ot1 f ! simil>ity ( _! r\nd black se$s4 ,! arr[root plant 7,m4 arund9acea7 is a p]5nial1 its root is fle%y & creep+1 & v full ( knots & num]\s long :ite fibres4 ,aris+ f ! root are _m leaves1 spe>-%ap$1 smoo? on ! upp] surface & hairy b5ea?4 ,! l5g? ( ! leaf is ab\t six or sev5 in*es1 & ! bread? ab\t ?ree t[>ds _! base1 ! color & consi/5ce resembl+ ^? ( ! se$4 ,f ! root arise sl5d] petioles ^u :i* ! leaves /&1 & sev]al h]bace\s erect /alks come out betwe5 !m1 ris+ to ! height ( ab\t two feet4 ,a loose bun* ( small :ite fl[]s is succe$$ by ?ree-corn]$ capsules1 ea* conta9+ "o h>d r\gh se$4 ,! propagation & culture ( ?is plant are ( ! simple/ k9ds4 ,! roots %\ld be p>t$1 & ! mo/ suitable soil is a ri* loam4 ,9 ! ,b]mudas1 a deep ri* soil1 or "o 9 :i* m>% or peat prevail1 is alone adapt$ = gr[+ arr[root 9 p]fection4 ,a correspond5t f ! ,b]mudas1 7:]e arr[root =ms ! great /aple crop ( ! isl&s71 in=ms me t he pl\gh$ up a small piece ( l&1 tw5ty rods 7or ! eigh? "p ( an acre71 ) a small pl\gh & "o horse4 ,he pl\gh$ x ov] ?ree times1 & ! ?ird "t plant$ ! arr[root z he pl\gh$ x4 ,! l& _h n be5 turn$ up be=e = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! exp5ses & pr(its /& ?us3-- ,,exp5se4 4 s4 d4 ,to ! pl\ghman1 h>r[+ & plant+ ! arr[root #a #j #j ,arr[root plants #af #j ,digg+ x up #a #j #j ,d$uct half1 z ! l& 0 plant$ = ! next ye> #j #aj #j #j #aj #j ,balance c>ri$ d[n1 be+ net pr(it #e #ad #j -------- #h #j #j ,,produce4 ,by #b1jjj lbs4 ( root at #hs4 p] #ajj lbs4 #h #j #j ,by balance br\ght d[n z net pr(it #e #ad #j ,! above #e #ads4 cle> pr(it on ! #bj rods1 is at ! rate ( #de #abs4 pr(it = "o acre4 ,n[1 if a small cultivator 7 to plant ?ree or f\r acres1 & get only "o-half ( ! above pr(it1 x w\ld give a good return1 & w\ld be well wor? ! trial4 ,arr[root requires a good ri* r$ soil1 ( :i* !re is /ill mu* ly+ wa/e4 ,! be/ "t = plant+ x is 9 ,april1 b x c be plant$ 9 ,m>*1 or inde$ at any "t aft] ! fir/ ( ! ye>1 till ,may3 ?\gh if tak5 up & plant$ be=e ,*ri/mas1 y may dep5d x w n come to any p]fection4 ,arr[root c be plant$ 9 _m ways2 ei!r 9 holes made ) a hoe1 pl\gh$ "u1 or 9 drills l ,iri% potatoes4 ,n[ ! way ,i pref] is to prep>e ! l&1 !n /rike ! l9e at two feet ap>t1 & make holes ) a po9t$ /ick or dibble six in*es ap>t1 putt+ 9 ea* hole "o /rong plant or two small ones1 !n cov] !m up4 ,?is is m tr\ble ?an ! old way1 b x gives an excell5t crop4 ,x c also be plant$ l ,iri% potatoes 9 drills1 two feet ap>t 9 ! r[s1 & six in*es betwe5 ! plants4 ,x %\ld be h&-we$$ 9 ! spr+1 because if x is ho$1 mo/ likely y w cut "s ( x (f :i* may be spr++ "u gr\nd1 & x w nev] come up s /rong aga94 ,arr[root requires v /rong gr\nd & pl5ty ( manure4 ,f>m y>d manure is ! be/2 next to t gre5 seawe$ dripp+ ) salt wat]--?is is an excell5t manure1 & %\ld be dug 9 ! gr\nd z ! arr[root is tak5 up4 ,i h no d\bt t x w\ld be ( great advantage to ! plant]1 if he 7 to put a cask 9 a c>t1 fill x ) salt wat]1 & put x on ! l& a few weeks be=e x is plant$4 ,"s p say t arr[root does n pay s well1 because x has to /ay 9 ! gr\nd a :ole ye>2 b !n if y h onions y c plant !m ov] x1 & s obta9 a crop :i* w pay mu* bett] ?an ! arr[root itself4 ,if y h a l>ge piece ( arr[root gr\nd1 take up "o half e>ly1 & plant x out ) ,iri% potatoes2 !n take up ! o!r half lat]1 & ) ! plants set out y\r potato gr\nd1 t is if y h tak5 up y\r potatoes2 if n1 plant ! arr[root betwe5 ! r[s1 9 holes2 s t :5 y take up ! potatoes1 y clean ! arr[root & loos5 ! gr\nd1 :i* w give a good crop2 or y c plant ,indian corn v ?9 ov] ! arr[root gr\nd 7if y h no?+ else71 b be sure to cut x up be=e x rip5s corn1 or x w injure y\r arr[root crop2 or y may plant a few melon se$s ov] x1 & y w h a f9e crop ( fruit4 ,9 #ahde ,i plant$1 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 a qu>t] ( an acre ( good l&1 9 arr[root & onions4 ,! exp5se & pr(it /& z foll[4-- ,,exp5se 4 s4 d4 ,to digg+ ! gr\nd #a #j #j ,plant+ arr[root #j #f #j ,twelve load ( seawe$1 at #as4 #j #ab #j ,rott5 manure = onions1 #aj loads1 at #bs4 #a #j #j ,"o bottle onion se$ #j #af #j ,s[+ onion se$ & keep+ ! plants clean #j #aj #j ,plant+ out onions #a #j #j ,clean+ onions aft] set out #j #ae #j ,tops & mak+ basket #a #h #j ,pull+1 cutt+1 & basket+ #j #ah #j ,c>t+ & %ipp+ #j #h #j ,digg+ arr[root #b #j #j -------- #aj #ac #j ,cle> pr(it on qu>t] acre #bb #ac #i -------- #cc #f #i ,,produce ,by onions sold #bj #af #j ,by arr[root #ab #aj #i -------- #cc #f #i ,?is is at ! rate ( #ij #aes4 cle> pr(it p] acre1 :i* is m ?an d\ble ! wor? ( ! l&4 ,i h n nam$ ! arr[root plants1 because ,i h plant$ my l& ) !m aga91 b !y might be fairly put to ! cr$it ( ! acc\nt4 ,! above /atem5t %[s :at may be done ) good l& & good managem5t2 b ev5 if a man c only cle> #aj on an acre ( l&1 he ought n to grumble4 ,dr4 ,ure gives a mo/ int]e/+ & lucid acc\nt ( ! mode ( manufacture 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :]e ! plant is n[ cultivat$ ) great success1 & ! root manufactur$ 9 a sup]ior mann]4 ,x gr[s !re to ! height ( ab\t ?ree feet1 & x s5ds d[n its tap root f twelve to eighte5 in*es into ! gr\nd4 ,its maturity is kn[n by ! flagg+ & fall+ d[n ( ! leaves1 an ev5t :i* takes place :5 ! plant is f t5 to twelve mon?s' old4 ,! roots be+ dug up ) ! hoe1 are transport$ to ! wa%+-h\se1 :]e !y are ?or\ghly fre$ f all adh]+ e>?1 & next tak5 individually into ! h& & depriv$1 by a knife1 ( e portion ( _! sk9s1 :ile e uns\nd "p is cut away4 ,?is process mu/ be p]=m$ ) great nicety1 = ! cuticle conta9s a res9\s matt]1 :i* imp>ts color & a disagreeable flavor to ! fecula1 :i* no subsequ5t treatm5t c remove4 ,! sk9n$ roots are ?r[n into a l>ge ci/]n1 ) a p]=at$ bottom1 & !re expos$ to ! action ( a copi\s cascade ( pure wat]1 till ?is runs (f q unalt]$4 ,! cleans$ roots are next put into ! hopp] ( a mill1 & are subject$ to ! p[]ful pressure ( two pairs ( poli%$ roll]s ( h>d brass2 ! l[] pair ( roll]s be+ set mu* clos] toge!r ?an ! upp]4 ,! />*y matt] is ?us gr\nd into a pulp1 :i* falls into ! receiv] plac$ b5ea?1 & is !nce transf]r$ to l>ge fix$ copp] cyl9d]s1 t9n$ inside1 & p]=at$ at ! bottom ) num]\s m9ute orifices1 l a kit*5 dra9]4 ,)9 ^! cyl9d]s1 wood5 paddles are made to revolve ) great velocity1 by ! p[] ( a wat]-:eel1 at ! same "t t a /ream ( pure wat] is admitt$ f above4 ,! paddle-arms beat out ! fecula f ! fibres & p>5*yma ( ! pulp1 & dis*>ge x 9 ! =m ( a milk ?r\gh ! p]=at$ bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is />*y wat] runs along pipes1 & !n ?r\gh /ra9]s ( f9e musl9 into l>ge res]voirs1 :]e1 aft] ! fecula has subsid$1 ! sup]natant wat] is drawn (f1 & fre% wat] be+ let on1 ! :ole is agitat$ & left aga9 to repose4 ,?is process ( ablution is repeat$ till ! wat] no long] acquires any?+ f ! fecula4 ,f9ally1 all ! deposits ( fecula ( ! day's "w are collect$ into "o ci/]n1 & be+ cov]$ & agitat$ ) a fre% *ange ( wat]1 are all[$ to settle till next morn+4 ,! wat] be+ n[ let (f1 ! deposit is skimm$ ) palette knives ( ,g]man silv]1 to remove any ( ! sup]ficial p>ts1 9 ! slighte/ degree color$2 & only ! l[]1 pur]1 & d5s] portion is prep>$ by dry+ = ! m>ket4 ,on ! ,hopewell e/ate1 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :]e ! *ief improvem5ts h be5 c>ri$ out1 ! dry+-h\se is con/ruct$ l ! hot-h\se ( an ,engli% g>d54 ,b in/ead ( plants x conta9s ab\t f\r doz5 ( dry+ pans1 made ( copp]1 #g feet by #d feet1 & t9n$ inside4 ,ea* pan is support$ on a c>riage hav+ iron axles1 ) lignum vit :eels1 l ^? ( a railway c>riage1 & !y run on rails4 ,imm$iately aft] sunrise1 ^! c>riages1 ) _! pans1 cov]$ ) :ite gauze to exclude du/ & insects1 are run out into ! op5 air1 b if ra9 be appreh5d$ !y are run back "u ! glaz$ ro(4 ,9 ab\t f\r days ! fecula is ?or\ghly dry & ready to be pack$1 ) ,g]man silv] %ovels1 into t9s or ,am]ican fl\r b>rels1 l9$ ) pap]1 atta*$ ) arr[root pa/e4 ,! packages are nev] s5t to ?is c\ntry 9 ! hold ( ! %ip1 z _! cont5ts are easily ta9t$ by noisome effluvia1 ( sug>1 c4 ,arr[root is mu* m n\ri%+ ?an ! />* ( :eat or potatoes1 & ! flavor is pur]4 ,! fre%1 root consi/s1 accord+ to ,b5zon1 ( #j4jg ( volatile oil2 #bf ( />* 7#bc ( :i* are obta9$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 :ile ! o!r #c mu/ be extract$ f ! p>5*yma 9 a pa/e1 by boil+ wat]72 #a4dh ( vegetable album52 #j4f ( a gummy extract2 #j4be ( *loride ( calcium2 #f ( insoluble fibr9e2 & #fe4f ( wat]4 ,arr[root is (t5 adult]at$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) potato fl\r & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,dr4 ,lanke/] ass]ts t ! value ( arr[root />*1 z an article ( diet1 is n great] ?an t ( potato />*1 & t ! yield ( />* is n great] f ! arr[root ?an f potatoes2 b ?is ,i mu/ decid$ly d5y4 ,*emical analysis & exp]i5ce are pro(s to ! contr>y4 ,! analogy arr[root has to potato />*1 has induc$ _m p]sons to adult]ate ! =m] sub/ance ) x2 & n only has ?is be5 done1 b ,i h kn[n in/ances 9 :i* potato />* alone has be5 sold = ! g5u9e =eign article4 ,!re is no h>m 9 ?is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b x c]ta9ly is a v great fraud ^u ! public 7& "o = :i* ! p]petrators ought to be mo/ sev]ely puni%$71 to sell s *eap an article at ! same price z "o :i* is comp>atively co/ly4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 potato />*1 a peculi> ta/e1 br++ to m9d t ( raw potatoes1 f :i* ! g5u9e arr[root is entirely free4 ,?is fraud1 h[ev]1 c be readily detect$2 arr[root is n q s :ite z potato />*1 & its gra9s are small]1 & h a pe>ly & v brilliant lu/re2 & fur!r1 x always conta9s peculi> clott$ masses1 m or less l>ge1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! adhesion ( a multitude ( gra9s dur+ ! dry+4 ,^! masses cru% v readily :5 press$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 & z be=e /at$1 arr[root is free f t peculi> odor due to potato />*4 ,?is may be mo/ readily develop$ by mix+ ! suspect$ sample ) hot wat]2 if x be g5u9e arr[root1 ! mixture is inodor\s1 if potato />*1 ! smell ( raw potatoes is imm$iately develop$4 ,if a mixture ( arr[root & potato />* be m9utely obs]v$ by means ( a good microscope1 ! gra9s ( arr[root may be readily detect$2 !y are v small & exce$+ly regul> 9 %ape1 :il/ ^? ( potato />* are mu* l>g]1 & v irregul> 9 %ape4 ,b ! mo/ conv5i5t & delicate te/ ( all1 is t propos$ by ,dr4 ,s*>l+1 ( ,cop5hag54 ,aft] m5tion+ ! te/ by ! microscope1 he goes on to /ate t he has obta9$ m favorable results by employ+ dilut$ nitric acid2 & t1 if arr[root or potato />* be mix$ ) ab\t two p>ts ( conc5trat$ nitric acid1 bo? w imm$iately assume a t\gh gelat9\s /ate4 ,?is mass1 :5 potato />* is employ$1 is almo/ transp>5t1 & :5 arr[root is us$1 is ne>ly opaque1 z 9 ! case above m5tion$1 9 :i* hydro*loric acid is sub/itut$4 ,a mixture ( nitric acid & wat]1 h[ev]1 op]ates v diff]5tly on ^! two k9ds ( />*4 ,! glut9\s mass yield$ by ! potato />*1 becomes 9 a v brief p]iod s t\gh t ! pe/le employ$ = /irr+ ! mixture is suffici5tly agglut9at$ to ! mort>1 t ! latt] may be lift$ f ! table by its means4 ,arr[root1 on ! o!r h&1 requires f tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes to acquire a l t5acity4 ,! ,lancet rec5tly /at$ t1 on a microscopical analysis ( #ej samples ( arr[root1 pur*as$ indiscrim9ately ( v>i\s ,london tradesm51 #bb 7 f\nd to be adult]at$4 ,9 #af cases ?is adult]ation consi/$ 9 ! addition ( a s+le inf]ior product mu* *eap] 9 price1 su* z potato fl\r1 sago meal1 or tapioca />*1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances !re 0 a comb9ation ( ^! articles1 potato fl\r be+ usually prepond]ant4 ,t5 ( ! mixtures conta9$ sc>cely a p>ticle ( ! g5u9e ,m>anta or ,we/ ,india arr[root1 = :i* !y 7 sold4 ,"o consi/$ almo/ :olly ( sago meal2 two ( potato fl\r & sago meal2 two ( potato fl\r1 sago meal1 & tapioca />*2 "o ( tapioca />*2 & f\r ( potato arr[root1 or />* entirely4 ,! wor/ specim5s 7 ^? :i* 7 done up 9 cani/]s especially m>k$ z ,g5u9e ,we/ ,india arr[root1 or z be+ w>rant$ free f adult]ation2 & "o1 :i* conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( potato fl\r1 0 p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ to invalids1 & c]tifi$ z ! f9e/ quality ev] import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,! pr(its to ! v5dors ( ! inf]ior comp\nds are to be e/imat$ f ! fact t ! price ( sago meal & potato />* is ab\t #d;d4 p] lb41 :ile ! g5u9e ,m>anta arr[root is f #as4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,! arr[root ( ,b]muda has long borne a high reputation1 be+ manufactur$ on a bett] pr9ciple & be+ !re=e ( sup]ior quality to t produc$ 9 ,antigua1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & o!r ,we/ ,indian isl&s4 ,! process is t$i\s & requires a good deal ( labor4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! quality ( ! wat] has a great deal ( influ5ce on ! fecula4 ,b]muda arr[root is necess>ily made f ra9 wat] collect$ 9 tanks or res]voirs1 & ! lime & ! deposit f h\ses1 c41 may alt] its prop]ties4 ,aft] ! root is tak5 f ! gr\nd x is plac$ 9 a mill1 & is !reby cleans$ ( its ext]ior excresc5ces2 x is !n ?or\ghly wa%$1 :5 x is ready = ! l>ge ma*9e1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is simil> to ! treadmill4 ,a horse is plac$ on some?+ l a plat=m1 & z he prances up & d[n1 ! ma*9]y is set 9 play4 ,a p]son /&s at ! end1 & places ! root 9 ! :eel ( ! ma*9e1 :i*1 aft] be+ gr\nd1 falls into a tr\gh ( wat]4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh ?is process1 x is rewa%$ & !n plac$ 9 vessels to dry 9 ! sun4 ,x is pack$ 9 boxes l9$ ) blue pap] or t91 & s5t to ! m>kets 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :]e x g5]ally meets ) ready sale4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,b]muda1 held 9 ,may1 #ahdj1 ,mr4 ,w4,m4 ,cox submitt$ a new arr[root /ra9] :i* he _h inv5t$4 ,x consi/s ( two clo? /ra9]s fix$ to hoops f #ae to #bj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! /ra9]s work+ "o )9 ! o!r1 are kept 9 motion by a lev]1 mov$ by h&4 ,! :ole app>atus is n an exp5sive "o1 & is well adapt$ = aid+ ! manufacture ( arr[root ^u an exp$iti\s & economical plan4 ,a simple me?od by :i* />* may be extract$ f ! fecula ) mu* purity consi/s 9 enclos+ ! fl\r 9 a musl9 bag & squeez+ x ) ! f+]s :ile subm]g$ 9 clean wat]1 by :i* process ! />* passes out 9 a /ate ( :ite p[d] & subsides4 ,two ess5tial con/itu5ts ( fl\r are ?us sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 a viscid sub/ance rema9s 9 ! bag1 :i* is call$ glut51 & ! :ite p[d] deposit$ is />*4 ,! pr9cipal qu>t]s f :5ce ! supply is d]iv$1 are ! ,b]mudas1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,b>bados & ,gr5ada1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 ,ceylon1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/--& a few ( our settlem5ts on ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! annual imports = home consumption av]age #ejj tons4 ,! cultivation ( arr[root = ! production ( />* 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t has increas$ enorm\sly ( late ye>s4 ,9 #ahce1 ! isl& produc$ #da1cig lbs42 9 #ahde x export$ #hbh1hdb lbs4 ,! exports to #ae? ,june1 #ahea1 71 #b1icd b>rels1 #b1jhc half b>rels1 #e1faj t9s4 ,! culture is ye> by ye> ext5d+1 & z1 unlike t ( ! sug> cane1 x may be c>ri$ on on a small scale ) v little outlay ( capital1 we may reasonably anticipate a /ill fur!r progressive ext5sion = "s ye>s to come4 ,arr[root1 :5 once e/abli%$ 9 virg9 soil1 produces sev]al crops ) v little culture4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( #ahea1 #be1jbg lbs4 7 %ipp$ f ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica4 ,! quantity ( arr[root on :i* duty ( #as4 p] cwt4 0 paid 9 ! six ye>s end+ #ahdj1 0 z foll[s3-- ,cwts4 #ahce #c1eha #ahcf #c1bhj #ahcg #b1heh #ahch #b1ech #ahci #b1bfd #ahdj #b1abd ,! imports 9 ! la/ few ye>s h be5 9 ,cwt4 #ahdg #h1jdj #ahdh #aj1ehj #ahdi #i1beb #ahej #ae1ihj #ahea ,ab\t #ejj cwt4 are re-export$4 ,ea/ ,india arr[root is procur$ 9 "p f ,curcuma angu/ifolia1 kn[n locally z ,tikoor 9 ! ,ea/1 & a simil> k9d ( />* is yield$ by ,c4 ,z]umbet1 ,c4 rubesc5s1 ,c4 leucorhiza1 & ,alp9ia ,galanga1 ! ,galangale root ( comm]ce4 ,c4 angu/ifolia gr[s abundantly on ! ,malab> coa/1 & is cultivat$ ab\t ! di/ricts ( ,patna1 ,sagur & ! s\?-we/ fronti]1 ,mysore1 ,vizigapatam1 & ,canjam1 ,co*9 & ,telli*]ry4 ,x 0 discov]$ b a few ye>s ago gr[+ wild 9 ! =e/s ext5d+ f ! banks ( ! ,sona to ,nugpore4 ,! p>ticles ( ,ea/ ,india arr[root are v unequal 9 size1 b on ! av]age are l>g] ?an ^? ( ,we/ ,india arr[root4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 9 8 ,topography ( ,dacca1 speaks ( fecula or />* be+ obta9$ f ! ,egyptian lotus 7,nympha lotus71 :i* is us$ by ! native practition]s z a sub/itute = arr[root4 ,*9ese arr[root is said to be made f ! root ( ,nelumbium speciosum4 ,! orig9al ,indian arr[root is extract$ at ,travancore1 accord+ to ,a9slie1 f ! root ( ! ,curcuma angu/ifolia4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by its =m1 :i* is sometimes ovoid1 sometimes elongat$1 ( consid]able size1 r\nd$ at "o ( ! extremities1 & t]m9at+ 9 a po9t at ! o!r1 (t5 resembl+ a gra9 ( rice4 ,! manufacture ( arr[root on ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,ev]glades1 at ,key ,we/1 ,florida1 bids fair to become z ext5sive & z pr(itable z at ,b]muda1 :5ce1 at pres5t1 we receive ! bulk ( our supplies4 ,! wild root1 :i* ! ,indians call ,compti1 gr[s spontane\sly ov] an imm5se area ( o!rwise b>r5 l&4 ,x is easily ga!r$1 & is fir/ peel$ 9 l>ge hopp]s +5i\sly contriv$1 & ?r[n into a cyl9d] & gr\nd into an impalpable pulp4 ,x is !n wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! sun1 bak$ & brok5 into small lumps1 :5 x is ready = ! m>ket4 ,! article is ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,ea/]n wooll5 & cotton e/abli%m5ts1 z well z = family use4 ,arr[root is cultivat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,ea/ ,florida ) great success4 ,x is also cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,georgia1 & is1 ,i und]/&1 a pr(itable crop4 ,! foll[+ is ! process ( manufacture3--,! roots1 :5 a ye> old1 are dug up1 & beat5 9 deep wood5 mort>s to a pulp2 :i* is !n put into a tub ( clean wat]1 well wa%$1 & ! fibr\s "p ?r[n away4 ,! milky liquor be+ pass$ ?r\gh a sieve or co>se clo?1 is suff]$ to settle1 & ! clean wat] is drawn (f2 at ! bottom ( ! vessel is a :ite mass1 :i* is aga9 mix$ ) clean wat]1 & dra9$2 la/ly ! mass is dri$ 9 ! sun1 & is pure />*4 ,arr[root c be kept )\t spoil+ = a v long "t4 ,a consid]able quantity ( arr[root is n[ produc$ 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,9 #ahda arr[root to ! value ( #c1cbj dolls4 0 %ipp$1 & 9 #ahdc1 #ce1adj lbs41 valu$ at #a1dje1 0 export$1 pr9cipally to ,tepic & ,san ,blas1 :]e x is us$ z />* = l954 ,a k9d ( arr[root ( v good quality 0 s5t to ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 by ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 :i* is obta9$ 9 ,/4 ,dom+o f ! /ems ( a species ( ,zamia1 call$ !re ,guanjiga2 & ! ,zamia ,au/ralis1 ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 yields ev5 bett] fecula4 ,! ta/e 0 unpleasant & salt1 z if x _h be5 imm]s$ 9 lime4 ,! o!r />*1 f ! ,we/]n ,au/ralian ,zamia1 9 quality rivall$ arr[root4 ,?is fecula hangs toge!r 9 *a9s1 q unlike ! ord9>y appe>ance ( arr[root :5 se5 "u ! microscope4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! exports ( arr[root f ,b]muda3-- lbs4 ,value ( ! exports4 #ahcj #ah1agd -- #ahca #gg1aec -- #ahcb #cd1hcc -- #ahcc #dd1fea -- #ahcd #ed1dga -- #ahce #fe1ejj -- #ahcf -- -- #ahda #ia1bcj -- #ahdb #acf1faj -- #ahdc #aea1geg #h1fhb #ahdd #agc1bge #aj1igd #ahde #bbd1dhj #h1jhd #ahdg -- #d1gaf #ahdh -- #d1gdg #ahdi -- #f1gfj #ahej #hed1cbi -- ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahea1 #bja1acj lbs4 7 %ipp$ f ,b]muda4 ,9 #ahdc ! quantity ( arr[root 9 ! r\gh /ate made 9 ,b]muda 0 #a1aaj1ejj lbs4 ,,arr[root ,,export$ ,,f ,,antigua ,,to ,great ,brita9 ,b4,n4 ,am]ica ,b4,w4 ,indies ,boxes ,boxes ,boxes #ahce #a1jge #bj -- #ahcf #eha #dc -- #ahcg #ajj #db -- #ahch #dgb #bj -- #ahci #fhb -- #cb #ahdj #dec -- #cj #ahda #bhi -- #aj #ahdb #ehb -- -- #ahdc #gdd -- -- #ahdd #cgf -- -- #ahde #djb #e -- ,b>bados export$ 9 #ahcb1 #af1had lbs41 value #dfi2 9 #ahdj1 #chg packages2 9 #ahdc1 #cjb2 9 #ahdd1 #gij packages2 9 #ahea1 #cjf packages2 ^! av]age ab\t #cj lbs4 ea*4 ,ceylon n[ produces excell5t arr[root4 ,9 #ahdb1 #aej boxes 7 export$2 9 #ahdc1 #bjj2 9 #ahdd1 #cjj2 9 #ahde1 #fjj boxes4 ,f ,africa we n[ import a l>ge quantity3 #bej boxes 7 receiv$ 9 #ahdf4 ,n unfrequ5tly arr[root f ,africa has be5 s5t to ! ,we/ ,indies 9 ! %ips ) ! lib]at$ ,africans1 & !nce re-export$ to ,engl&1 z ( ,/4 ,v9c5t or ,b]muda gr[?4 ,! duty on arr[root1 "u ! new t>iff1 is equalis$ on all k9ds to #d;d4 p] lb4 ,! imports & home consumption ( arr[root h increas$ v l>gely1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ figures3-- ,reta9$ = home ,imports consumption lbs4 lbs4 #ahbf #cah1hcj #ceh1jjg #ahcj #ddi1gbc #eaf1ehg #ahcd #hcg1haa #gce1aij #ahce #bhg1iff #hie1djf #ahch #djd1gch #dcd1egd #ahci #cjc1dhi #bbd1gib #ahdj #djh1dfi #ccj1dij #ahda -- #ded1hic #ahdb #hij1gcf #hdf1hcb #ahdf #ije1jgb #iha1abj #ahdg #a1ahe1ifh #a1baa1afh #ahdh #ijf1cjd #icc1gdd #ahdi #a1jcf1ahe #a1jcb1iib #ahej #a1ghi1ggd #a1dad1ffi #ahea #b1jhc1fha #a1hdh1ggh #aheb #b1aci1cij #b1jbd1caf ,,salep is ! prep>$ & dri$ roots ( sev]al or*ide\s plants1 & is sometimes sold 9 ! /ate ( p[d]4 ,indig5\s salep is procur$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,p]ceval f ,or*is mascula1 ,o4 latifolia1 ,o4 morio1 & o!r native plants ( ?is ord]4 ,on ! cont95t x is obta9$ f ,o4 papilionaceo1 & milit>is4 ,ori5tal salep is procur$ f o!r or*ideoe4 ,pr(essor ,royle /ates t ! salep ( ,ka%mir is obta9$ f a species ( ,eulophia1 probably ,e4 vir5s4 ,salep is also obta9$ f ! tub]\s roots ( ,tacca p9natifida1 & o!r species ( ! same g5us1 :i* are pr9cipally natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,! l>ge fle%y tub]s ( tacca1 :5 scrap$ & frequ5tly wa%$1 yield a nutriti\s fecula resembl+ arr[root4 ,salep consi/s *iefly ( bassor91 "s soluble gum1 & a little />*4 ,x =ms an article ( diet fitt$ = convalesc5ts :5 boil$ ) wat] or milk4 ,! price ( salep is ab\t eight gu9eas p] cwt4 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,a little is export$ f ,con/ant9ople1 z ,i notic$ a %ipm5t ( #ff casks 9 #ahdb2 excell5t specim5s f ?is qu>t] 7 %[n 9 ! ,egyptian dep>tm5t ( ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea4 ,x 0 =m]ly a great deal us$1 b has latt]ly be5 mu* sup]s$$ by o!r articles4 ,major ,d4 ,williams 7,j\rnal ( ! ,agri4 & ,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,india1 vol4 iv41 "p ,i71 /ates t ! tacca plant ab\nds 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! prov9ce ( ,arracan1 :]e ! ,mugs prep>e ! f>9a = export to ! ,*9a m>ket4 ,aft] remov+ ! peel1 ! root is grat$ on a fi%-sk91 & ! pulp hav+ be5 /ra9$ ?r\gh a co>se clo?1 is wa%$ ?ree or f\r times 9 wat]1 & !n dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,accord+ to a rec5t exam9ation ( ! plant by ,mr4 ,nuttall 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cje71 ! ,otaheite salep is obta9$ f a new species ( tacca1 :i* he names ,t4 oceanica4 ,= _m ye>s we h obta9$ f ,tahiti1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,seas1 ?is fecula1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,tahiti arr[root1 probably ! produce ( ,tacca p9natifida4 ,x is g5]ally sph]ical1 b also (t5 ovoid1 elliptic1 or r\nd$1 ) a prolongation 9 ! =m ( a neck1 sudd5ly t]m9at$ by a plane4 ,! tacca plant gr[s at ,zanzib>1 & is f\nd naturalis$ on ! high isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,! art ( prep>+ arr[root f x is aborig9al ) ! ,polynesians & ,feejeeans4 ,at ,tahiti ! fecula is procur$ by wa%+ ! tub]s1 scrap+ (f _! out] sk91 & !n r$uc+ !m to a pulp by friction1 on a k9d ( rasp1 made by w9d+ co>se tw9e 7=m$ ( ! coco-nut fibre7 regul>ly r\nd a bo>d4 ,! pulp is wa%$ ) sea wat] ?r\gh a sieve1 made ( ! fibr\s web :i* protects ! "y frond ( ! coco-nut palm4 ,! /ra9$ liquor is receiv$ 9 a wood5 tr\gh1 9 :i* ! fecula is deposit$2 & ! sup]natant liquor be+ p\r$ (f1 ! s$im5t is =m$ into balls1 :i* are dri$ 9 ! sun = twelve or tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n brok5 & r$uc$ to p[d]1 :i* is spread out 9 ! sun fur!r to dry4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w cakes ( a l>ge size are made ( ! meal1 :i* =m an article ( diet 9 ,*9a1 ,co*9-,ca9a1 ,travancore1 c41 :]e !y are eat5 by ! natives ) "s acid to subdue _! acrimony4 ,"s tw5ty v>ieties ( ! ,ti plant 7,diaca5a t]m9alis7 are cultivat$ 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b "o :i* is consid]$ f>9ace\s & edible4 ,9 ,java ! root is consid]$ a valuable m$ic9e 9 dys5t]y4 ,)9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 consid]able quantities ( a fecul5t sub/ance1 call$ ,t\s les mois1 h be5 import$ f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ,b>bados1 ,/4 ,kitts1 & ! ,fr5* isl&s1 & is said to be prep>$ by a t$i\s & tr\blesome process f ! rhizomes ( v>i\s species ( ,canna ,cocc9ea1 ,a*iras1 glauca1 & edulis4 ,x approa*es m ne>ly to potato />* ?an to any o!r fecula1 b its p>ticles are l>g]4 ,l ! o!r amylace\s sub/ances1 x =ms a valuable & nutriti\s article ( food = ! invalid4 ,! l>ge tub]\s roots ( ! ,canna are equal 9 size to ! human head4 ,! plant atta9s 9 ri* soils a /ature ( f\rte5 feet1 & is id5tical1 x is suppos$1 ) ! ,a*ira ( ,*oco1 :i* has an escul5t root highly e/eem$2 & my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,hamilton1 ( ,plym\?1 has nam$ x provisionally1 9 consequ5ce1 ,canna a*ira4 ,! />* ( ?is root1 he ass]ts1 is sup]ior to t ( ! ,m>anta4 ,,root ,,crops4 ,among/ tub]\s root$ plants1 :i* s]ve z food = man 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ! pr9cipal are ! common potato1 yam1 cocoes or eddoes1 sweet potatoes1 t>o1 tacca1 arr[root1 cassava1 or manioc1 & ! ,apios 7,arraca*a escul5ta74 ,!re are o!rs ( less importance1 :i* may be incid5tally m5tion$4 ,! roots ( ,tropolum tub]osum are eat5 9 ,p]u1 ^? ( ,ocymum tub]osum 9 ,java4 ,9 ,kams*atka !y use ! root ( ! ,lilium ,pomponium z a sub/itute = ! potato4 ,9 ,brazil ! ,helian?us tub]osus4 ,! rhizom & se$ vessels ( ! ,lotus =m ! pr9cipal food ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,z a matt] ( curi\s in=mation1 ,i h also briefly allud$ to _m o!r plants & roots1 furni%+ f>9ace\s sub/ance & support 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! comp>ative am\nt ( human food t c be produc$ ^u an acre f diff]5t crops1 is wor?y ( great consid]ation4 ,"o hundr$ bu%els ( ,indian corn p] acre is n an uncommon crop4 ,"o peck p] week w n only su/a9 life1 b give a man /r5g? to labor1 if ! /oma* is prop]ly ton$ to ! am\nt ( food4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld fe$ "o man #djj weeks1 or almo/ eight ye>s6 #djj bu%els ( potatoes c also be rais$ ^u an acre4 ,?is w\ld give a bu%el a week = ! same l5g? ( "t2 & ! actual weight ( an acre ( sweet potatoes 7,convolvulus batatas7 is #ba1cdd lbs41 :i* is n consid]$ an extraord9>y crop4 ,?is w\ld fe$ a man 7six p\nds a day7 = #c1eeg days1 or n9e & two-?ird ye>s6 ,to v>y ! diet we w occasionally give rice1 :i* has be5 gr[n at ! rate ( #ic bu%els to ! acre1 ov] an entire field4 ,?is1 at #de lbs4 to ! bu%el1 w\ld be #d1ahe lbs42 or1 at #bh lbs4 to ! bu%el :5 husk$1 #b1fjd lbs41 :i*1 at two p\nds a day1 w\ld fe$ a man #a1cjb days1 or m ?an ?ree-&-a-half ye>s6 ,,potatoes4 ,! common ,engli% or ,iri% potato 7,solanum tub]osum71 s ext5sively cultivat$ ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! temp]ate c\ntries ( ! civilis$ globe1 contribut+ z x does to ! necessities ( a l>ge portion ( ! human race1 z well z to ! n\ri%m5t & fatt5+ ( /ock1 is reg>d$ z ( b little less importance 9 our national economy ?an :eat or o!r gra94 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 an indig5\s /ate 9 ,*ili1 on ! m\nta9s ne> ,valp>aiso & ,m5doza2 also ne> ,monte ,video1 ,lima1 ,quito1 z well z 9 ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 & m rec5tly 9 ,mexico1 on ! flanks ( ,orizaba4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is plant1 9 connection ) t ( ! sweet potato1 is involv$ 9 obscurity1 z ! acc\nts ( _! introduction into ,europe are some:at conflict+1 & (t5 !y appe> to be conf\nd$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! common k9d 0 d\btless introduc$ into ,spa9 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,quito1 :]e1 z well z 9 all ,spani% c\ntries1 ! tub]s are kn[n z papas4 ,! fir/ publi%$ acc\nt ( x we f9d on record is 9 ,la ,cronica del ,p]u1 by ,p$ro de ,cieca1 pr9t$ at ,seville1 9 #aeec1 9 :i* x is describ$ & illu/rat$ by an engrav+4 ,f ,spa9 x appe>s to h f\nd its way into ,italy1 :]e x assum$ ! same "n z ! truffle4 ,x 0 receiv$ by ,clusius1 at ,vi5na1 9 #aeih1 9 ^: "t x spread rapidly 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 & ev5 into ,g]many4 ,x is said to h f\nd its way to ,engl& by a diff]5t r\te1 hav+ be5 br\ght f ,virg9ia by ,raleigh coloni/s1 9 #aehf1 :i* w\ld seem improbable1 z x 0 unkn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica at t "t1 ei!r wild or cultivat$2 & besides1 ,g\gh1 9 8 edition ( ,camd5's ,britannia1 says x 0 fir/ plant$ by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 on 8 e/ate at ,y\ghal1 ne> ,cork1 & t x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,irel& be=e its value 0 kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,g]>de1 9 8 ,h]bal1 publi%$ 9 #aeig1 gives a figure ( ?is plant1 "u ! "n ( ,batata ,virg9iana1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,batata edulis1 & recomm5ds ! root to be eat5 z a delicate di%1 b n z a common food4 ,! sweet potato1 says ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 0 us$ 9 ,engl& z a delicacy1 long be=e ! introduction ( our potatoes4 ,x 0 import$ 9 consid]able quantities f ,spa9 & ! ,can>ies1 & 0 suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( re/or+ decay$ vigor4 ,x is relat$ t ! common potato 0 accid5tally introduc$ into ,engl& f ,irel&1 at a p]iod some:at e>li] ?an t notic$ by ,g]>de1 9 consequ5ce ( ! wreck ( a vessel on ! coa/ ( ,lanca%ire1 :i* _h a quantity on bo>d4 ,9 #affc ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl& took measures = ! cultivation ( ?is vegetable1 ) ! view ( prev5t+ fam9e4 ,not)/&+ its utility z a food became bett] kn[n1 no high "* 0 atta*$ to x2 & ! writ]s on g>d5+ t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a hundr$ ye>s or m aft] its introduction1 treat$ ( x r indiff]5tly4 ,!y are mu* us$ 9 ,irel& & ,am]ica z bread1 says "o au?or1 & may be propagat$ ) advantage to poor p4 ,! fam\s nurs]ym51 ,l\don & ,wise1 did n consid] x wor?y ( notice 9 _! ,complete ,g>d5]1 publi%$ 9 #agai4 ,b its use gradually spread z its excell5cies became bett] und]/ood4 ,x 0 ne> ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury be=e x 0 g5]ally kn[n ei!r 9 ,brita9 or ,nor? ,am]ica1 s9ce :i* x has be5 mo/ ext5sively cultivat$4 ,! p]iod ( ! introduction ( ! common potato into ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican colonies1 is n precisely kn[n4 ,x is m5tion$ among ! products ( ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia 9 #agdi1 & by ,kalm z gr[+ 9 ,new ,york ! same ye>4 ,! culture ( ?is root ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe1 a l>ge portion ( ,asia1 ,au/ralia1 ! s\!rn & nor!rn p>ts ( ,africa1 & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ) ! exception ( "s sections ( ! torrid zone1 ! culture ranges f ,labrador on ! ea/1 & ,nootka ,s\nd on ! we/1 to ,cape ,horn4 ,x resi/s m effectually ?an ! c]eals ! fro/s ( ! nor?4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,union x is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! ,nor!rn1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e1 f ! coolness ( ! climate x acquires a f>9ace\s consi/5ce highly conducive to ! support ( animal life4 ,x has nev] be5 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana1 probably f ! great] facility ( rais+ ! sweet potato1 its m tropical rival4 ,its p]fection1 h[ev]1 dep5ds z mu* ^u ! soil z on ! climate 9 :i* x gr[s2 = 9 ! r$ loam1 on ! banks ( ,bay\ ,boeuf1 9 ,l\isiana1 :]e ! l& is new1 x is said t tub]s are produc$ z l>ge1 savory1 & z free f wat] z any rais$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! same may be said ( ^? gr[n at ,b]muda1 ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies1 & num]\s o!r ocean isles4 ,! *ief v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica are ! c>t]1 ! kidneys1 ! p9k-eyes1 ! m]c]1 ! orange1 ! ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ! m]9o1 & ,we/]n r$2 9 ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! m]c]1 ! long r$1 or m]9o1 ! orange1 & ! ,we/]n r$4 ,! yield v>ies f #ej to #djj bu%els & upw>ds p] acre1 b g5]ally x is bel[ #bjj bu%els4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s an al>m+ disease1 or rot1 has attack$ ! tub]s ( ?is plant1 ab\t ! "t !y are fully gr[n4 ,x has n only appe>$ 9 ne>ly e "p ( ,am]ica1 b has spread dismay1 at times1 ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & has be5 felt m or less s]i\sly 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,to ! great] unc]ta9ty att5d+ its cultivation ( late ye>s1 mu/ be attribut$ ! defici5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates crop ( #ahdi1 z comp>$ ) t ( #ahci4 ,?is is "o ( ! f\r agricultural products :i*1 by ! la/ c5sus1 appe>s small] ?an t5 ye>s s9ce4--7,am]ican ,c5sus ,reports = #ahej47 ,! crops 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! potato is ! pr9cipal object ( culture1 v>y f #a to #aj tons p] acre1 accord+ to ! season2 b 9 ! av]age ( ?ree ye>s end+ #ahdi1 ! annual gr[? ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& am\nt$ to n9e million tons1 :i*1 at #c p] ton1 exhibits ! value at #bg1jjj1jjj /]l+4 ,irel& produc$ 9 #ahdg a little ov] two million tons1 ! yield be+ #g tons p] acre4 ,9 #ahdh ! produce 0 #b1hhj1had tons1 av]ag+ only f\r tons to ! acre4 ,9 #ahdi1 #d1jad1abb tons1 av]ag+ #e tons to ! acre4 ,9 #ahej1 #c1ied1iij tons2 & 9 #ahea1 #d1dda1jbb tons2 ! av]age yield p] acre n /at$4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl& #bd tons to ! acre are rais$4 ,! sales ( potatoes 9 ! pr9cipal metropolitan m>kets exce$ #adj1jjj tons a ye>1 :i* are irrespective ( ! sales :i* take place at railway /ations1 :>fs1 %ops1 c4 ,! imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom av]age ab\t #gj1jjj tons annually4 ,potatoes are export$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,m$it]ranean1 & o!r qu>t]s4 ,= emigrant %ips1 pres]v$ or dri$ potato fl\r is n[ mu* us$4 ,! foll[+ quantities ( potato fl\r 7 import$ f ,france 9 ! la/ few ye>s3-- ,cwts4 #ahdh #ag1bbb #ahdi #c1heh #ahej #ab1eia #ahea #b1fca ,we also import$ ! foll[+ quantities ( potatoes 9 ! la/ five ye>s3-- ,cwts4 #ahdh #idj1fig #ahdi #a1dag1hfg #ahej #a1cdh1hfg #ahea #fcf1gga #aheb #ggc1feh ,?or\ghly dri$ potatoes w always produce a crop free f disease4 ,su* is ! positive ass]tion ( ,mr4 ,bollman1 "o ( ! pr(essors 9 ! ,russian ,agricultural ,in/itution1 at ,gorigoretsky4 ,9 a v int]e/+ pamphlet#dg by ?is g5tleman1 x is ass]t$1 z an unque/ionable fact1 t m]e dry+1 if conduct$ at a suffici5tly high temp]ature1 & cont9u$ long en\gh1 is a complete antidote to ! disease4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,pr(essor ,bollman ( ! accid5t :i* l$ to ?is discov]y is z foll[s3--,he _h contriv$ a potato-sett]1 :i* _h ! bad quality ( de/roy+ any spr\ts t might be on ! sets1 & ev5 ( te>+ away ! r9d4 ,to h>d5 ! potatoes s z to protect !m aga9/ ?is accid5t1 he resolv$ to dry !m4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahej1 he plac$ a lot 9 a v hot room1 & at ! end ( ?ree weeks !y 7 dry en\gh to plant4 ,! potatoes came up well1 & produc$ z good a crop z t ( ! neighb\r+ f>m]s1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t !y _h no disease1 & ! crop 01 !re=e1 ^u ! :ole1 m abundant4 ,pr(essor ,bollman tells u t he reg>d$ ?is z a m]e accid5t2 he1 h[ev]1 aga9 dri$ 8 se$ potatoes 9 #ahea1 & aga9 8 crop 0 abundant & free f disease1 :ile ev]y:]e on ! surr\nd+ l& !y 7 mu* affect$4 ,?is 0 too rem>kable a circum/ance n to excite att5tion1 & 9 #aheb a ?ird trial took place4 ,all ,mr4 ,bollman's own /ock ( potatoes be+ exhau/$1 he 0 oblig$ to pur*ase 8 se$1 :i* bore unmi/akable m>ks ( hav+ =m$ "p ( a crop t _h be5 sev]ely diseas$2 "s1 9 fact1 7 q rott54 ,aft] keep+ !m ab\t a mon? 9 a hot room1 z be=e1 he cut ! l>ge/ potatoes into qu>t]s1 & ! small] into halves1 & left !m to dry = ano!r week4 ,accid5tally ! dry+ 0 c>ri$ s f> t appreh5sions 7 ent]ta9$ ( a v bad crop1 if any4 ,contr>y to expectation1 h[ev]1 ! sets pu%$ promptly1 & grew s fa/ t excell5t "y potatoes 7 dug ?ree weeks e>li] ?an usual4 ,ev5tually n9e times ! quantity plant$ 0 produc$1 & al?\gh ! neighb\r+ fields 7 attack$1 no trace ( disease c\ld be f\nd on ei!r ! h]bage or ! potatoes !mselves4 ,?is s+ul> result1 obta9$ 9 ?ree successive ye>s1 l$ to inquiry z to :e!r any simil> cases 7 on record4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation two o!r facts 7 elicit$4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ,mr4 ,losovsky 7liv+ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,witebsk1 9 ! di/rict ( ,sebege71 _h = f\r ye>s adopt$ ! plan ( dry+ 8 se$ potatoes1 & t dur+ t "t !re _h be5 no disease on 8 e/ate4 ,x 0 aga9 an accid5t :i* l$ to ! practice ( ?is g5tleman4 ,five ye>s ago1 :ile 8 potatoes 7 digg+1 he put "o 9 8 pocket1 & on return+ home ?rew x on ! /ove 7poele71 :]e x rema9$ =gott5 till ! spr+4 ,hav+ !n *anc$ to obs]ve x1 he _h ! curiosity to plant x1 all dri$ up z x 01 & obta9$ an abundant1 heal?y crop2 s9ce t "t ! practice ( dry+ has be5 cont9u$1 & always ) great success4 ,pr(essor ,bollman rem>ks t x is usual 9 ,russia1 9 _m places1 to smoke-dry flax1 :eat1 & rye2 & 9 ! we/ ( ,russia1 exp]i5c$ proprietors pref]1 = se$1 onions t h be5 kept ov] ! w9t] 9 cottages )\t a *imney4 ,su* onions are call$ dymka1 :i* may be int]pret$ smoke-dri$4 ,! second fact is ?is3--,mr4 ,wasileffsky1 a g5tlem5 resid+ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,mohileff1 is 9 ! habit ( keep+ potatoes all ! ye> r\nd1 by /or+ !m 9 ! place :]e 8 hams are smok$4 ,x happ5$ t 9 ! spr+ ( #aheb 8 se$ potatoes1 kept 9 ! usual mann]1 7 insuffici5t1 & he made up ! requisite quantity ) "s ( ^? :i* _h be5 = a mon? 9 ! smok+ place4 ,^! potatoes produc$ a capital crop1 v little diseas$1 :ile at ! same "t ! crop f ! sets :i* 7 n smoke-dri$ 0 ext5sively attack$ by disease4 ,pr(essor ,bollman is ( op9ion t !re w\ld h be5 no disease at all if ! sets _h be5 bett] dri$4 ,! temp]ature requir$ to produce ! desir$ result is n v cle>ly made out4 ,mr4 ,bollman's room1 9 :i* 8 fir/ potatoes 7 dri$1 0 heat$ to ab\t #gb degrees1 & mu* high]4 ,by way ( exp]im5t he plac$ o!rs 9 ! *amb] ( ! /ove itself1 :]e ! !rmomet] /ood at #acf degrees1 & m4 ,he also asc]ta9$ t ! vitality ( ! potato is n affect$1 ev5 if ! r9d is *>r$4 ,^? :o h ! use ( a malt-kiln1 or ev5 a lime-kiln1 might try ! effect ( excessive dry+1 = a mon? seems to be long en\gh = ! process4--7,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle47 ,a ,mr4 ,p5oy]1 ( ,we/]n ,s>atoga1 ,ill9ois1 publi%es ! foll[+1 :i* he recomm5ds z a p]fect cure & prev5tive ( ! potato rot1 hav+ te/$ x ?or\ghly f\r ye>s ) p]fect success2 :ile o!rs 9 ! same field1 :o did n use ! prev5tive1 lo/ _! entire crop by ! rot4 ,x n only prev5ts ! rot1 b re/ores ! potato to its primitive vigor1 & ! product is n only s\nd1 b d\ble ! size1 consequ5tly produc+ twice ! quantity on ! same gr\nd1 & ! v9es gr[ mu* l>g]1 & reta9 _! fre%ness & vitality until ! fro/ kills !m4 ,aside f ! cure ( ! rot1 ! f>m]s w\ld be m ?an d\bly comp5sat$ = _! tr\ble & exp5se 9 ! increase & quality ( ! crop4 ,! rem$y or prev5tive is z foll[s3--,take "o peck ( f9e salt & mix x ?or\ghly ) half a bu%el ( ,nova ,scotia pla/] or gypsum 7! pla/] is ! be/71 & imm$iately aft] hoe+ ! potatoes ! second "t1 or j z ! "y potato beg9s to set1 spr9kle on ! ma9 v9es1 next to ! gr\nd1 a tablespoon full ( ! above mixture to ea* hill1 & be sure to get x on ! ma9 v9es1 z x is f\nd t ! rot proce$s f a /+ ( an insect 9 ! v9e1 & ! mixture com+ 9 contact ) ! v9e1 kills ! effect ( x be=e x rea*es ! potato4 ,i _c b consid] ,pr(essor ,bollman's z ! mo/ important ( ! two rem$ies sugge/$4 ,! potato crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates exce$s #ajj million bu%els1 ne>ly all ( :i* are consum$ 9 ! c\ntry2 ! av]age exports ( ! la/ eight ye>s n hav+ exce$$ #afj1jjj bu%els p] annum4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus returns ( #ahdj1 ! quantity ( potatoes ( all sorts rais$ 9 ! ,union1 0 #ajh1bih1jfj bu%els2 ( #ahej1 #ajd1jee1ihi bu%els1 ( :i* #ch1bei1aif bu%els 7 sweet potatoes4 ,la/ ye> 7#aheb7 !re 0 "u cultivation ) potatoes 9 ,canada1 ! foll[+ ext5t ( l&3-- ,acres4 ,bu%els4 ,upp] ,canada #gg1fgb ,produce #dih1gdg ,l[] ,canada #gc1bdd ,produce #def1aaa ,ab\t #ghb1jjh cwts4 ( potatoes are annually export$ f ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,9 ,prussia1 #aec million hectolitres ( potatoes 7 rais$ 9 #ahdi4 ,9 #ahdj ,van ,diem5's ,l& produc$ #ae1jjj tons ( potatoes1 on ab\t #e1jjj acres ( l&4 ,! potato is n yet an article ( s mu* importance 9 ,france1 z 9 ,engl& or ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 b )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s its cultivation has increas$ v rapidly4 ,x is mo/ly gr[n :]e corn is ! lea/ cultivat$4 ,! quantity rais$ 9 #ahah1 0 #bi1bca1hfg hectolitres1 :i* _h increas$ 9 #ahce to #ga1ihb1had hectolitres4 ,ab\t #b1jjj1jjj hectolitres ( *esnuts are also annually consum$ 9 ,france1 a portion ( ! rural population 9 "s ( ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,dep>tm5ts liv+ almo/ entirely on !m = half ! ye>4 ,9 ,p]u dri$ potatoes are ?us prep>$3--,small potatoes are boil$1 peel$1 & !n dri$ 9 ! sun1 b ! be/ are ^? dri$ by ! sev]e fro/s on ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,cordill]as !y are cov]$ ) ice1 until !y assume a horny appe>ance4 ,p[d]$1 x is call$ *imo4 ,!y w keep = any l5g? ( "t1 & :5 us$ requir$ to be bruis$ & soak$4 ,if introduc$ z a vegetable sub/ance 9 long sea voyages1 ! potato ?us dri$ w\ld be f\nd :olesome & n\ri%+4 ,a l>ge & pr(itable bus9ess is n[ c>ri$ on1 9 :at is call$ pres]v$ potatoes1 = %ips' use1 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,edw>ds & ,co41 :i* are f\nd exce$+ly useful 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 9 emigrant %ips1 = troops & o!r s]vices1 f _! portability1 nutriti\s prop]ties1 & be+ un9jur$ by climate4 ,few p]sons are probably aw>e ( ! quantity ( potatoes us$ 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica & ! ,cont95t1 9 ! manufacture ( />*1 arr[root1 & tapioca1 c41 ,a />* manufactory 9 ,m]c]1 ,ma9e1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 gr9ds f #af1jjj to #bd1jjj bu%els annually ( potatoes1 & makes #adj1jjj to #bdj1jjj lbs4 ( />*1 :i* f9ds a ready m>ket at ,bo/on1 at f\r doll>s ! hundr$ p\nds4 ,! ,new ,engl& manufactur]s pref] x to ,pol& />*4 ,ano!r />* manufactur]1 9 ,hampd51 ,am]ica1 consumes #b1ejj bu%els p] day4 ,9 a s+le di/rict 9 ,bav>ia1 9 ,g]many1 #djj1jjj lbs4 ( sago & />* are manufactur$ f potatoes2 #ajj lbs4 ( potatoes are said to yield #ab lbs4 ( />*4 ,f exp]im5ts made 9 ,am]ica1 ) ?ree v>ieties ( potatoes1 ! long r$s1 ,philadelphia1 & p9k-eyes1 x 0 f\nd t ! =m] yield$ ! mo/ />*1 viz41 ab\t #f lbs4 to ! bu%el4 ,a bu%el ( potatoes weighs ab\t #fd lbs4 ,! foll[+ table f ,accum1 gives ! rate ( />* & compon5t p>ts p] c5t4 9 diff]5t v>ieties3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sort4 ,fibr9e4,/>*4,vegetable ,gum4 ,acids &,wat]4 ,album54 ,salts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,r$ potatoes #g4j #ae4j #a4d #d4a #e4a #ge4j ,ditto g]m9at$ #f4h #ab4b #a4c #c4g #gc4j ,potato spr\ts #b4h #j4d #j4d #c4c #ic4j ,kidney potatoes #h4h #i4a #j4h #ha4c ,l>ge r$ ditto #f4j #ab4i #j4g #gh4j ,sweet ditto #h4b #ae4a #j4h #gd4c ,potato ( ,p]u #e4b #ae4j #a4i #a4i #gf4j ,ditto ( ,engl& #f4h #ab4i #a4a #a4g #gg4e ,onion potato #h4d #ah4g #j4i #a4g #gj4c ,voigtl& #g4a #ae4d #a4b #b4j #gd4c ,cultivat$ 9 ! environs ( ,p>is #f4h #ac4c #j4i #c4c #a4d #gc4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! fir/ six v>ieties 7 analys$ by ,e9h(f1 ! next f\r by ,lamp$1 & ! la/ nam$ by ,h5ry4 ,,yams4 ,! diff]5t species ( yams h a wide range4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies !re are sev]al v>ieties1 hav+ di/9ctive names1 accord+ to quality1 color1 c41 z ! :ite yam1 ! r$ yam1 ! negro yam1 ! creole yam1 ! afoo yam1 ! buck yam 7,dioscorea triphylla71 :i* is f\nd wild 9 ,java & ! ,ea/2 ! ,gu9ea yam1 ! ,portuguese yam1 ! wat] yam1 & ! ,indian yam1 c4 ,! la/ is consid]$ ! mo/ f>9ace\s & delicate 9 its texture1 resembl+ 9 size ! potato2 mo/ ( ! o!r sorts are co>se1 b /ill v nutritive & useful4 ,! common yam 7,dioscorea sativa7 is indig5\s to ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,gu9ea yam 7,d4 aculeata7 is a native ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,b>bados or w+$ yam 7,d4 alata87 has a widely ext5d$ range1 be+ common to ,india1 ,java1 ,brazil1 & ,we/]n ,africa4 ,! yam species are climb+ plants1 ) h&some foliage1 ( ! simple/ culture1 :i* succe$ well 9 any light1 ri*1 or s&y soil1 & are readily increas$ by divid+ ! tub]\s roots4 ,! ,indian1 ,b>bados1 & r$ yams are plant$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies e>ly 9 ,may1 & dug e>ly 9 ! ,janu>y foll[+4 ,if n bruis$1 !y w keep well pack$ 9 a%es1 ! fir/ n9e1 & ! second & la/ twelvemon?s4 ,! ,portuguese & ,gu9ea yams are plant$ e>ly 9 ,janu>y & dug 9 ,septemb]4 ,creole yams & ,tanias are dug 9 ,janu>y4 ,sweet potatoes f ,janu>y to ,m>*4 ,9 mo/ ( our colonies l>ge crops ( ! f9e/ descriptions ( yams1 cocos1 c41 c\ld be obta9$1 b ! plant+ ( gr\nd provisions is too mu* neglect$ by all classes4 ,f ! tub]s ( yams ( all sorts1 & p>ticul>ly ! buck yam1 />* is easily prep>$1 & ( excell5t quality4 ,"s v>ieties ( ! buck yam are purple-fle%$1 (t5 ( a v deep t9t1 approa*+ to black1 & al?\gh ?is is an objection1 because x r5d]s m wa%+ necess>y1 yet ev5 f ^! ! />* is at la/ obta9$ p]fectly :ite4 ,z an edible root ! buck yam1 especially :5 gr[n 9 a light soil1 is equal to ! potato1 if n sup]ior to x4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 keep = any l5g? ( "t1 & !re=e c\ld n be export$ to ,europe1 unless ! roots 7 slic$ & dri$4 ,yams & sweet potatoes ?rive well 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 inde$ ! =m] are indig5\s !re1 & con/itute ! *ief article ( vegetable food us$ by ! natives4 ,! yam 0 introduc$ into ,sw$51 :]e x succe$$ well1 & bread1 />*1 & br&y 7 made f x1 b x pref]s a w>m] climate4 ,yams are occasionally br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 cook$1 ei!r by roa/+ or boil+1 ! root is ev5 m nutriti\s ?an ! potato1 nor is x possess$ ( any unpalatable flavor1 ! pecul>ity be+ betwe5 t ( rice & ! potato4 ,dress$ 9 milk1 or ma%$1 !y are absolutely a delicacy2 & f ! abundance 9 :i* !y are cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & o!r p>ts1 !y promise to become a mo/ economical & nutriti\s sub/itute = ! potato4 ,! yam frequ5tly gr[s to ! enorm\s size ( =ty or fifty p\nds weight1 b 9 ?is l>ge /ate x is co>se-flavor$ & fibr\s4 ,an acre ( l& is capable ( produc+ #d tons ( yams1 & ! same quantity ( sweet potatoes1 )9 ! twelve mon?s1 or n9e tons p] acre = bo?1 be+ ne>ly z mu* z ! return obta9$ at home 9 ! cultivation ( potatoes2 & ,i h ! au?ority ( all analytical *emi/s = say+ t 9 po9t ( value1 z an article ( food1 ! sup]iority is z two to "o 9 favor ( ! tropical roots4 ,! kidney-root$ yam 7,d4 p5taphylla71 is indig5\s to ! ,polynesian isl&s1 & is sometimes cultivat$ = its roots4 ,x is call$ kawaii 9 ! ,feejee isl&s4 ,d4 bulbif]a1 a native ( ! ,ea/1 is also abundantly naturalis$ 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s1 b is n consid]$ edible4 ,!re are sev5 or eight k9ds ( yams gr[n 9 ,india4 ,two are ( a rem>kably f9e flavor1 "o weigh+ z mu* z eighte5 p\nds1 ! o!r ?ree p\nds4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ! ,t>t> c\ntry4 ,,cocos ,,or ,,eddoes ,arum escul5tum4--,?is root has n hi!rto be5 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to dem& p>ticul> c>e 9 its cultivation1 except by ^? :o are engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits1 & d]ive _! subsi/5ce f ! production ( ! soil4 ,b ?\gh ! cultivation ( ! root is almo/ unkn[n to ! high] classes 9 society1 & little reg>d$ by plant]s 9 ! colonies1 x is a mo/ valuable article ( consumption4 ,among/ ! labor+ population x is ! pr9cipal dep5d5ce = a supply ( food4 ,long dr\ghts may disappo9t ! hopes ( ! yam crop1 /orms & blight may de/roy ! planta9 walks1 b nei!r dry or wet wea!r mat]ially injure ! coco2 x w always make "s return1 & ?\gh x may n af=d a pl5tiful crop1 x w yield a suffici5cy until a supply c be _h f o!r s\rces4 ,= ?is reason ! labor] 9 ! ,we/ ,indies always takes c>e to put 9 a good plant ( cocos to 8 provision gr\nd z a /& by1 & kn[+ _! value1 is p]haps ! only p]son :o be/[s any degree ( c>e or att5tion ^u !m4 ,previ\s to _! emancipation1 :ole families ( negroes liv$ ^u ! produce ( "o provision gr\nd1 & ! coco =m$ ! ma9 article ( _! support4 ,:]e ! soil is cong5ial to ! :ite & black ,b\rbon coco1 ! labor ( "o indu/ri\s p]son once a =tnight w raise a supply suffici5t = ! consumption ( a family ( six or sev5 p]sons4 ,! coco beg9s to be> aft] ! fir/ ye>1 & ) common c>e & cultivation ! same plant ought to give annually two or ?ree returns = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ,jamaica1 a disease some?+ simil> to t affect+ ! potato1 has be5 f\nd injuri\s to ! coco root4 ,?is disease1 :i* has baffl$ all inquiry z to its orig91 affects ! plants 9 & aft] ! second ye> ( _! be+ plant$4 ,! fir/ indication ( x is ! *ange 9 ! leaves1 :i* gradually turn to a yell[ hue1 h a sickly appe>ance1 & at l5g? drop (f at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! /ock or coco head1 z x is call$1 bel[ gr\nd1 hav+ become rott51 no?+ b a s(t pulpy mass rema9s4 ,9 "s fields e ?ird or f\r? root is ?us affect$1 9 o!rs mu* great] numb]s are de/roy$1 s mu* s t ! field requires to be almo/ entirely replant$1 by :i* n only an exp5se is entail$1 b a heavy loss su/a9$1 f ! field be+ ?r[n out ( its regul> be>+4 ,! black coco seems to suff] less ?an ! :ite4 ,ano!r species1 ! ,t>o 7,arum ,colocasia1 ,colocasia escul5ta & macrorhizon71 is an important escul5t root 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,9 ! dry me?od ( culture practis$ on ! m\nta9s ( ,hawaii1 ! roots are protect$ by a cov]+ ( f]n leaves4 ,! cultivation ( t>o is h>dly a process ( multiplication1 = ! cr[n ( ! root is p]petually replant$4 ,z ! plant endures = a s]ies ( ye>s1 ! tub]\s roots s]ve at "s ( ! rocky gr\ps z a security aga9/ fam9e4 ,x is also ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,madeira & ,zanzib>1 & has ev5 )/ood ! climate ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,x is gr[n also 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & "s ( ! adjac5t c\ntries1 = its escul5t roots4 ,a species is cultivat$ 9 ! ,deccan1 = ! sake ( ! leaves1 :i* =m a sub/itute = sp9a*4 ,f>9a is obta9$ f ! root ( ,arum ,rumphii 9 ,polynesia4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes4 ,! batatas1 or camote ( ! ,spani% colonies 7,convolvulus batatas1 ,l9n2 ,batatas edulis1 ( ,*oisy1 & ! ,ipoma ,batatas ( o!r botani/s71 belongs to a family ( plants :i* has be5 split into sev]al g5]a4 ,x is a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ( int]tropical ,am]ica1 & 0 ! potato ( ! old ,engli% writ]s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 d\btless introduc$ into ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,virg9ia soon aft] _! settlem5t by ! ,europeans1 be+ m5tion$ z "o ( ! cultivat$ products ( ^? colonies z e>ly z ! ye> #afdh4 ,x gr[s 9 excessive abundance ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey1 & ! s\!rn "p ( ,mi*igan4 ,! v>ieties cultivat$ !re are ! purple1 ! r$1 ! yell[1 & ! :ite1 ! =m] ( :i* is conf9$ to ! ,s\?4 ,! am\nt ( sweet potatoes export$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #agdg-dh1 0 #gjj bu%els2 t ( ! common potato export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahbj-ba1 #ij1hhi1jjj bu%els2 9 #ahcj-ca1 #aab1hge1jjj bu%els2 9 #ahdj-da1 #acf1jie1jjj bu%els2 9 #ahej-ea1 #ajf1cdb1jjj bu%els4 ,! sweet potato is cultivat$ g5]ally 9 all ! int]tropical regions1 = ! sake ( its roots1 & z a legume 9 temp]ate c\ntries4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! culture ceases 9 ,c>ol9a "u latitude #cf degs42 9 ,portugal & ,spa9 x rea*es to latitude #dj & #db deg42 & z a legume its cultivation is attempt$ to ! vic9ity ( ,p>is4 ,9 ,india x is a v common crop2 its tub]s are v simil> to ! potato1 b h a sweet] ta/e1 :5ce ! common "n2 b x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! top9ambur 7,helian?us tub]osus71 a native ( ,brazil1 :i* is less cultivat$4 ,! root conta9s mu* sac*>9e & amylace\s matt]4 ,sev]al m>k$ v>ieties ( ! sweet potato are rais$ 9 ! ,polynesian gr\ps4 ,9 "s isl&s x =ms ! pr9cipal object ( cultivation4 ,x is gr[n 9 ! ,nor!rn di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&1 at ,zanzib>1 ,monomoisy1 ,bombay1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,!y are rais$ on ! b>e surface ( ! rock 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s1 & a s\ri% liquor is procur$ f !m4 ,x 0 e>ly cultivat$ on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,africa1 = ! ,portuguese ,pilot 7:o set out on 8 voyages to ! colony at ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea7 speaks ( ?is plant1 & /ates t x is call$ batata by ! aborig9als ( ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,!y are abundant at ,mo*a & ,muscat4 ,sweet potatoes =m a pr9cipal & important crop 9 ! ,b]mudas4 ,a valuable addition has lately be5 made to ! vot>ies ( ! sweet potato 9 ,alabama1 suppos$ to be f ,p]u4 ,a lett] describ+ x says3--,x is altoge!r diff]5t & equally sup]ior to any v>iety ( ?is root hi!rto kn[n4 ,x is productive1 & atta9s a prodigi\s size1 ev5 ^u ! poore/ s&y l&1 & ! roots rema9 )\t *ange f ! "t ( tak+ !m out ( ! gr\nd until ! foll[+ ,may4 ,! plant is s+ul>ly easy ( cultivation1 gr[+ equally well f ! slip or v9e1 ! top or v9e ( ! full-gr[n plant be+ rem>kably small2 ! inside is z :ite z sn[4 ,x is dry & mealy1 & ! sac*>9e pr9ciple conta9$ resembles 9 delicacy ( flavor f9e virg9 honey4 ,!re is 9 g5]al a great error 9 cultivat+ ?is root1 z mo/ p /ill plant 9 ! old way1 two or ?ree sets 9 ! hole1 :i* is a great deal too close4 ,:5 a piece ( l& is to be plant$ 9 sweet potatoes1 x %\ld be top-dress$ ) "s manure1 to be dug or pl\gh$ "u a week or two be=e x is to be plant$4 ,drills %\ld be made two feet ap>t1 & ! potatoes plac$ 9 ! drill ab\t "o foot asund]4 ,f eight to twelve to ! p\nd are ! be/ size = plant+4 ,! :ite upright k9d1 :5 int5d$ = sets1 %\ld be tak5 up e>ly 9 ,m>*1 & kept ab\t a mon?1 s z to be q dry be=e plant+4 ,abundant crops c r>ely be rais$ f ! /em ( ! uprights2 ! old potato1 h[ev]1 gr[s to a l>ge size4 ,i h plant$ a potato weigh+ ab\t an ounce1 & dug x up 9 ,augu/1 weigh+ ov] two p\nds4 ,! drills c be made ) a small pl\gh to great advantage1 :5 a p]son und]/&s x4 ,! be/ manure = ! sweet potato is any?+ gre51 su* z fre% seawe$1 gre5 oats1 bu%es1 or any?+ ( ! k9d1 put 9 9 abundance4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to get e>ly & good /rong slips4 ,a slip ) ab\t six jo9ts is q long en\gh2 ?ree or f\r jo9ts to be put "u gr\nd1 & ! re/ above4 ,= slips1 ! l& mu/ be prep>$ z already describ$ = ! potatoes2 ?is %\ld be done be=e ! slips are ready to cut4 ,! be/ way to plant slips is to drill1 ! same way z = ! potatoes1 only a little clos]2 !n put ! end ( ! slip 91 leav+ ab\t two jo9ts out ( gr\nd1 plac+ !m "o foot ap>t4 ,! drills c be made 9 dry wea!r1 s z n to h any delay :5 x ra9s2 by ?is means a great _m c be plant$ 9 a day4 ,! be/ l& = sweet potatoes is ! light s&y k9d2 a ri* friable black m\ld1 or a rocky sub/ratum2 = hill sides1 rocky rav9es1 & places :i* w\ld be call$ b>r5 & unpr(itable = o!r crops1 are f\nd to yield a good return :5 plant$ ) sweet potatoes4 ,! be/ "t to plant slips to get /ock f1 is ! latt] end ( ,augu/ or e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 z ! season may suit4 ,! sweet potato ( ,java1 says ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 is ! f9e/ ,i ev] met )4 ,"s are frequ5tly ( sev]al p\nds weight1 & n[ & !n h be5 f\nd ( ! enorm\s weight ( #ej lbs4 ,! sweetness is n disagreeable to ! palate1 ?\gh consid]able1 & !y conta9 a l>ge portion ( f>9ace\s matt]1 be+ z mealy z ! be/ ( our own potatoes4 ,9 ,java x is cultivat$ 9 ord9>y upl& arable1 or 9 ! dry season z a gre5 crop 9 succession to rice4 ,a tub]\s root 7,ocymum tub]osum71 an inhabitant ( ! hot pla9s1 is frequ5tly cultivat$ 9 ,java4 ,x is small1 r\nd1 & mu* resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! ,am]ican potato1 b has no great flavor4 ,its local "n is kantang4 ,,cassava ,,or ,,manioc4 ,( ?is plant1 :i* is a %rub ab\t six feet high1 ext5sively gr[n = its f>9ace\s root1 !re are sev]al species1 ne>ly all natives ( ,am]ica1 pr9cipally ( ,brazil1 :5ce x d]ives "o ( its common names ( ,manihot or ,m&ioc4 ,two species ( ,manihot h be5 f\nd indig5\s 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! v>ieties commonly cultivat$ = _! roots1 are ! sweet & ! bitt]4 #a4 ,sweet cassava 7,janiphi 7or ,jatropha17 ,loefl+ii1 ,kun?2 ,manihot ,aipi1 ( ,pohl74--,?is species has a sp9dle-%ap$ root br[n ext]nally1 ab\t six or sev5 ounces or m 9 weight1 :i* conta9s amylace\s matt]1 )\t any bitt]ness1 & is us$ z food1 aft] be+ rasp$ & wa%$1 s z to cleanse x f ! fibr\s matt]1 9 ! same mann] z arr[root is prep>$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! bitt] cassava by a t\gh ligne\s fibre1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! tub]4 ,manihot />* is sometimes import$ into ,europe "u ! "n ( ,brazilian arr[root4 ,! cassava is kn[n 9 ,p]u z yucca4 ,a dry mix$ soil is be/ suit$ to its culture4 ,s exhau/+ is ?is crop1 t x _c be rais$ m ?an two or ?ree times successively on ! same l&4 ,! roots arrive at maturity 9 eight or n9e mon?s aft] plant+1 b may be kept 9 ! gr\nd a mu* long] "t )\t injury4 ,sweet cassava might be slic$1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & s5t to ,europe 9 t /ate4 ,9 dry wea!r ! process succe$s rem>kably well1 & ! dri$ slices keep = a consid]able "t4 ,dr4 ,%i] asc]ta9$ t :5 ^! slic$ & dri$ roots 7 fir/ /eep$ & !n boil$1 !y return to v ne>ly _! orig9al condition1 & make an excell5t sub/itute = ! potato4 ,! plant ?rives on ev5 ! poore/ soil2 ! mode ( plant+ is simple4 ,x consi/s 9 lay+ cutt+s a foot long 9 squ>e pits a foot deep1 & cov]+ !m ) m\ld1 leav+ ! upp] ends op54 ,f two to f\r pieces may be plac$ 9 ea* squ>e4 ,! plant+ ought to be 9 ! ra9y season4 ,! cutt+s mu/ be made f ! full-gr[n /em4 ,a humid soil causes ! root to decay1 a dry soil is !re=e m adapt$ = its cultivation4 ,z blossoms are occasionally pluck$ f potato plants1 s ! manihot or cassava is depriv$ ( its buds to increase ! size ( its roots4 ,! raw root ( ! bitt] species1 :5 tak5 out ( ! gr\nd1 is poison\s--if expos$1 h[ev]1 to ! sun = a %ort "t1 x is innocu\s1 & :5 boil$ is q :olesome4 ,! />* ( ! root ( ! manioc is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 z describ$ by ,dr4 ,ure3-- ,! roots are wa%$ & r$uc$ to a pulp by means ( a rasp or grat]4 ,! pulp is put into co>se /rong canvas bags1 & ?us submitt$ to ! action ( a p[]ful press1 by :i* x p>ts ) mo/ ( its noxi\s juice4 ,z ! active pr9ciple ( ?is juice is volatile1 x is easily dissipat$ by bak+ ! squeez$ cakes ( pulp ^u a plate ( hot iron4 ,! pulp ?us dri$ concretes into lumps1 :i* become h>d & friable z !y cool4 ,!y are !n brok5 into pieces1 & laid out 9 ! sun to dry4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are a :olesome nutrim5t4 ,^! cakes con/itute ! only provisions laid 9 by ! natives1 9 _! voyages ^u ! ,amazon4 ,boil$ 9 wat]1 ) a little beef or mutton1 !y =m a k9d ( s\p simil> to t ( rice4 ,! cassava cakes s5t to ,europe are compos$ almo/ entirely ( />*1 along ) a few fibres ( ! ligne\s matt]4 ,x may be purifi$ by diffusion 9 w>m wat]1 pass+ ! milky mixture ?r\gh a l95 clo?1 evaporat+ ! /ra9+ liquid ov] ! fire1 ) con/ant agitation4 ,! />*1 dissolv$ by ! heat1 ?ick5s z ! wat] evaporates1 b on be+ /irr$ x becomes granulat$1 & mu/ be f9ally dri$ 9 a prop] /ove4 #b4 ,bitt] cassava 7,janipha ,manihot1 ( ,kun?2 ,jatropha ,manihot1 ( ,l9nu2 & ,manihot utilissima1 ,pohl74--,?is species has a knotty root1 black ext]nally1 :i* is occasionally #cj lbs4 9 weight4 ,9 ! root !re is mu* />*y matt] deposit$1 usually along ) a poison\s n>cotic sub/ance1 :i* is said to be hydrocyanic acid4 ,! juice ( ! plant1 :5 di/ill$1 af=ds z a fir/ product a liquor :i*1 9 ! dose ( ?irty drops1 w cause ! dea? ( a man 9 six m9utes4 ,x is d\bt$ :e!r ?is acid pre-exi/s 9 ! plant2 "s suppose x to be g5]at$ aft] x is grat$ d[n into a pulp4 ,x c be driv5 (f by roa/+1 & !n ! />* is us$ 9 ! =m ( cassava bread4 ,x is pr9cipally f ! />* ( ! bitt] cassava t tapioca is prep>$ by elutriation & granulat+ on hot plates4 ,?is s]ves to agglut9ate x into ! =m ( concretions1 con/itut+ ! tapioca ( comm]ce4 ,?is be+ />* v ne>ly pure1 is (t5 prescrib$ by physicians z an alim5t ( easy dige/ion4 ,a tol]ably good imitation ( x is made by beat+1 /irr+1 & dry+ potato />* 9 a simil> way4 ,! grat$ />* ( ! roots1 float$ 9 wat]1 is spontane\sly deposit$1 & :5 repeat$ly wa%$ & dri$ 9 ! sun1 =ms cassava fl\r1 call$ ,m\ssa*e by ! ,fr5*4 ,! juice ( ! bitt] cassava1 mix$ ) molasses & f]m5t$1 has be5 made into an intoxicat+ liquor1 :i* is mu* reli%$ by ! negroes & ,indians4 ,! conc5trat$ juice ( ! bitt] cassava1 "u ! "n ( cass>eep1 =ms ! basis ( ! ,we/ ,india di%1 pepp] pot4 ,"o ( its mo/ rem>kable prop]ties is its highly antiseptic p[]1 pres]v+ meat t has be5 boil$ 9 x = a mu* long] p]iod ?an c be done by any o!r cul9>y process4 ,cass>eep 0 orig9ally an ,indian prep>ation4 ,! manioc or cassava is cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica1 on bo? sides ( ! equator1 to ab\t latitude #cj degrees nor? & s\?4 ,among ! m\nta9s ( int]tropical ,am]ica1 x rea*es to an elevation ( #c1bjj feet4 ,x is cultivat$ also 9 great abundance on ! isl& ( ,zanzib>1 & among ! negro tribes ( ,ea/]n ,africa to ! ,monomoesy1 inclusive2 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,congo & ,gu9ea4 ,x appe>s n to h be5 introduc$ into ,asia4 ,! f>9a ( ! manioc is almo/ ! only k9d ( meal us$ 9 ,brazil1 at lea/ 9 ! nor?1 ne> ! equator4 ,an acre ( manioc is said to yield z mu* nutrim5t z six acres ( :eat4 ,mey5 /ates1 ,x is n possible suffici5tly to praise ! beautiful manioc plant4 ,! ,indians f9d 9 ?is a comp5sation = ! rice & o!r c]ealia ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ f ,brazil to ! ,mauritius & ,madagasc>4 ,! foll[+ quantities ( ,brazilian arr[root1 or tapioca1 7 import$ 9 ! und]m5tion$ ye>s3-- ,cwts4 #ahcc #idb #ahcd #hhh #ahce #a1ffc #ahcf #c1gce #ahcg #b1adb #ahch #dfb #ahci #djb #ahdj #ihc #ahda #a1hgj #ahdc #b1cbe ,/4 ,lucia gr[s a consid]able quantity ( manioc2 x export$ ( cassava fl\r 9-- ,b>rels4 #ahbg #h #ahbh #had #ahbi #bgi #ahcj #ii #ahca #ei #ahcd #gac ,! cassava root gr[s abundantly 9 mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s & tropical ,am]ica2 ! tr\ble ( plant+ is inconsid]able1 & ! pr(it aris+ f its manufacture1 ev5 by ! common process ( h&-grat+1 is imm5se4 ,i %\ld be glad if ,i c\ld induce ! ent]pris+ ( our colonial settl]s to give ?is a fair trial1 z well z enc\rage ! pres5t gr[]s to increase _! crops & improve ! quality ( ! article1 s z to r5d] x suitable = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,! manufacture ( />* w "o ( ^! days become a productive s\rce ( colonial weal?4 ,s9ce cassava 0 fir/ gr[n 9 ! ,we/1 its capabilities z a />*-produc] h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 kn[n1 & = t purpose x has be5 9 limit$ use4 ,mr4 ,james ,gl51 ( ,haagsbos* plantation1 ,dem]>a1 has rec5tly te/$ its value z an article ( export1 & add$ x to ! o!r indu/rial res\rces ( t colony4 ,?is g5tleman1 by erect+ ma*9]y on 8 plantation = gr9d+ ! root & prep>+ ! />* ( ! bitt] cassava1 has already %ipp$ ! article 9 consid]able quantities to ,europe1 & x has be5 sold at a price :i* puts ! pr(it ^u sug> cultivation completely to ! blu%4 ,8 ag5t 9 ,glasg[ writes1 t any quantity 7l t already %ipp$7 c comm& a ready sale at #i;d4 p] lb4 ,its use is co-ext5sive1 or ne>ly s1 ) t ( sug>4 ,! productive capabilities ( ! soil are n p]haps g5]ally kn[n2 nor is x necess>y t1 to pay ! gr[] !re1 x %\ld br+ ev5 half t price4 ,a sample ( a ton1 :i* 0 prep>$ at ,haagsbos* 9 #ahda1 0 submitt$ = exam9ation to ,dr4 ,%i]1 at ! colonial laboratory1 ,georget[n1 :o admitt$ x to be a beautiful specim5 ( />*1 al?\gh x _h und]gone b "o wa%+4 ,! root f :i* x 0 made1 0 plant$ eight or n9e mon?s previ\sly1 ^u an acre ( soil1 :i* _h nev] und]gone any prep>ation ( pl\gh+1 or be5 brok5 & turn$ up 9 any way4 ,! plants 7 nev] we$$ aft] !y _h begun to spr+1 nor 7 !y t5d$ or di/urb$ until !y 7 ripe & pull$ up4 ,! exp5se ( plant+ ! acre 0 five doll>s1 & reap+ ?is crop w\ld1 ,i suppose1 am\nt to z mu* m1 say #b 9 all4 ,! gre5 cassava 0 nev] weigh$1 b ! acre yield$ fully a ton ( />*--equal1 at #i;d4 p] lb41 to #hd4 ,! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,%i] h l$ him to believe t ! gre5 bitt] cassava w give "o-fif? its weight ( />*4 ,if ?is be ! case ! return p] acre w\ld1 "u favorable circum/ances1 :5 ! l& is prop]ly work$1 be enorm\s4 ,on an e/ate at ,essequibo1 a %ort "t ago1 an acre ( cassava1 gr[n 9 f9e p]meable soil1 0 lift$ & weigh$2 x yield$ #be tons ( gre5 cassava4 ,su* a return z ?is p] acre w\ld enable our ,we/ ,india colonies to inundate ,great ,brita9 ) food1 & at a rate :i* w\ld make fl\r to be consid]$ a luxury4 ,dr4 ,%i] is conv9c$ t1 9 ?or\gh dra9$ l&1 :]e ! roots c\ld p5etrate ! soil1 & :]e its p]meability w\ld p]mit ( _! indef9ite expansion1 a return ( #be tons an acre might uni=mly be calculat$ ^u4 ,:at a bless+1 n only = ^? colonies1 b = ! _w1 w\ld ! introduction be ( ?is *eap & nutriti\s sub/itute = ! potato4 ,,new ,,tub]\s ,,plants ,,recomm5d$ ,,z ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,! ,,potato4 ,9 ! pres5t di/urb$ /ate ( ! gra9 m>kets ( ,europe1 ! advantage ( cultivat+ plants :i* directly or indirectly c =m a sub/itute = ! potato1 admits ( no d\bt4 ,x appe>s to me1 moreov]1 t :5 ! way is once op5$ up1 ev5 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! tropical colonies ( ,great ,brita91 )\t dim9i%+ ! quantity ( sug> & c(fee !y produce1 c\ld advantage\sly supply ! ,briti% m>ket ) ! pure/ />*es1 & possibly also ) v>i\s o!r articles ( f>9ace\s food4 ,any?+ t w lead ! plant]s to a m v>i$ cultivation ?an ! pres5t uni=m & p]si/5t "o1 w be advantage\s to our colonies2 & ! gr[? ( f>9ace\s root crops = exportation1 _c fail to produce mo/ b5eficial effects on t class ( ! peasantry 9 ! ,briti% possessions1 :o are own]s ( small lots ( l&1 :i* at pres5t !y ei!r totally neglect1 or cultivate mo/ imp]fectly4 ,9 #ahdf1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,gesn]1 "o ( my correspond5ts1 call$ att5tion1 9 my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 to two indig5\s roots ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* he ?\ght des]v+ special att5tion4 ,^! 7 ,apios tub]osa1 & ,claytonia acutiflora1 or ,virg9iana4 #a4 ,a4 tub]osa 7,bo]have71 or ,glyc9e ,apios4--,?is plant is common ?r\gh\t ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & is also met ) 9 ! l[] ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican ,prov9ces4 ,x is kn[n "u ! native "n ( ,saa-ga-ban by ! ,micmac ,indians1 by :om ! pe>-%ap$ roots are us$ z an article ( food4 ,l ! ,ara*is hypoga1 x belongs to ! ,legum9os family4 ,! fruit & fl[] resemble ^? ( ! wood vet*4 ,x is ?us describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,eaton's ,manual ( ,botany = ,nor? ,am]ica1 publi%$ 9 #ahcf3--;,color ( corolla1 blue & purple2 "t ( fl[]+1 ,july 7& ,augu/ 9 ,nova ,scotia71 p]5nial2 /em1 tw9+2 leaves1 p9nate1 ) sev5 lance-ovate leaflets2 racemes %ort] ?an ! leaves1 axill>y2 root1 tub]\s4 ,root v nutritive2 ought to be g5]ally cultivat$4 ,! av]age size ( ! tub]s is t ( *]ries1 b a few are f\nd ( mu* l>g] dim5sions4 ,9 _! appe>ance !y resemble ! common potato1 hav+ app>5tly ! peculi> ind5tations call$ eyes4 ,! sk9 ( ! tub] is ( a ru/y or blacki% br[n color4 ,! int]ior is v :ite1 & ! root has ! ta/e & odor ( ! common potato4 ,! ,indians /ate t ! roots1 if kept ei!r 9 a dry or moi/ /ate1 w n suff] any decay = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,!y are v f>9ace\s1 & conta9 a l>ge p] c5tage ( />*1 :i* resembles t ( :eat2 by be+ dri$ ! tub] %r9ks a little1 b x imm$iately exp&s on be+ ?r[n into w>m wat]4 ,x conta9s mu* nutritive matt]1 is :olesome1 & ,i h no d\bt1 if prop]ly cultivat$1 x w prove to be v prolific4 ,! tub]s are situat$ a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 & are /rung toge!r l beads by a /rong ligam5t4 ,a simil> k9d ( e>?-nut1 or tub]\s root1 probably ! ,glyc9e subt]ranea ( ,l9nu1 ! ,vo&z\ ( ,madagasc>1 is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa4 #b4 ,claytonia acutiflora or ,virg9iana1 ! ,musqua% ( ! ,micmac ,indians1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,pr(4 ,eaton1 ,man4 ,bot4 ,n4,a4--,color ( corolla1 :ite & r$2 situation1 alp9e1 p]5nial2 leaves1 l9e>1 lance-ovate2 petals1 obovate1 retuse2 leaves ( ! calyx1 some:at acute2 root1 tub]\s4 ,x blossoms 9 ,may4 ,! se$ is ripe 9 ,june1 :5 ! plant disappe>s4 ,^! roots may be collect$ along ! sea coa/s & pr9cipal lakes & riv]s ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl&1 al?\gh !y are n pl5tiful1 = !y are gre$ily dev\r$ by "s ( ! wild animals1 & :]ev] sw9e h be5 p]mitt$ to run at l>ge !y h be5 de/roy$4 ,dr4 ,gesn] %ipp$ sev]al bu%els ( ! saa-ga-ban to ! pr9cipal agricultural societies 9 ,great ,brita91 also to ,halifax1 & ,nova ,scotia4 ,! ord9>y potato ( ?is c\ntry does n yield m ?an #ad p] c5t4 ( />*1 & x conta9s #gf p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,f ! be/ saa-ga-ban ,dr4 ,gesn] obta9$ #ba p] c5t4 ( />*1 & ! quantity ( wat] is r$uc$ to #ej p] c5t4 ,x also conta9s vegetable album51 gum1 & sug>4 ,f ^! facts x is evid5t t ! saa-ga-ban is mu* m nutritive ?an ! potato1 & ! weight ( ! tub]s1 9 _! wild /ate1 comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! sl5d] v9e 9 ! be/ samples1 is equal 9 proportion to ! common cultivat$ potato 9 its ord9>y gr[?4 ,! />* is v :ite1 & closely resembles t made f ! arr[root4 ,x is n improbable t ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! tub] w be increas$ by cultivation2 yet ! fibr\s p>5*yma w be r$uc$1 & tak5 altoge!r1 ! nutritive prop]ties w be increas$2 if ! plant improve z mu* by cultivation z ! potato & _m o!rs h done1 its success is c]ta94 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians h sev]al wild roots :i* !y dig up = su/5ance :5 o!r food is exhau/$4 ,among ^! are--#a/1 ! m5do1 or wild sweet potato2 #bnd1 ! tip-s9-ah1 or wild prairie turnip2 #crd1 ! om5-e-*ah1 or wild bean4 ,! fir/ is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! valleys ( ! ,mississippi & ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ab\t ! basis ( bluffs1 9 r moi/ b s(t & ri* gr\nd4 ,! plant resembles ! sweet potato1 & ! root is simil> 9 ta/e & gr[?4 ,x does n gr[ s l>ge or long z ! cultivat$ sweet potato1 b ,i %\ld h ?\ght x ! same1 7 x n t ! wild potato is n affect$ by ! fro/4 ,a woman w dig f a peck to half a bu%el a day4 ,! ,indians eat !m1 simply boil$ 9 wat]1 b pref] !m cook$ ) fat meat4 ,! wild potato1 ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,am]ica1 is a g5]al article ( food2 x is call$ by !m wabessep92 x resembles ! common potato1 is mealy :5 boil$1 & gr[s only 9 wet clay gr\nd1 ab\t "o & a half feet deep4 ,! crane potato1 call$ sit*auc-wabessep91 is ( ! same k9d1 b inf]ior 9 quality4 ,! ,indians use ^! = food z well z ! memom9e1 & ano!r long & sl5d] root call$ watapp9ee4 ,probably x is ! fir/ ( ^! t is ref]r$ to by ,nicollet1 z ! prairie potato4 ,all ! high prairies 7he says7 ab\nd ) ! silv]-leaf$ ,psoralia1 :i* is ! prairie turnip ( ! ,am]icans1 ! pomme des prairies ( ! ,canadians1 & furni%es an invaluable food to ! ,indians4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ,psoralia1 viz41 escul5ta1 argophylla1 cuspidata1 & lanceolata4 ,! prairie turnip gr[s on ! high dry prairies1 "o or two toge!r1 9 size f t ( a small h5's egg to t ( a goose egg1 & ( ! same =m4 ,!y h a ?ick black or br[n b>k1 b are ne>ly pure :ite inside1 ) v little moi/ure4 ,!y are met ) f\r to eight in*es bel[ ! surface1 & are dug by ! wom5 ) a long po9t$ /ick1 =c$ into ! gr\nd & us$ z a lev]4 ,!y are eat5 boil$ & ma%$ l a turnip1 or are split op5 & dri$ = future use4 ,9 ?is /ate !y resemble pieces ( *alk4 ,x is said t :5 ?us dri$ !y may be gr\nd into fl\r1 & t !y make a v palatable & nutriti\s bread4 ,m4 ,lam>e ,picot1 a ,fr5* naturali/1 has lately incurr$ a v consid]able exp5se to obta9 ! se$1 :i* he has c>ri$ to ,france1 believ+ t x is capable ( cultivation1 & may =m a sub/itute bo? = potato & :eat4 ,! wild bean is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! valleys :]e ! l& is moi/ & ri*4 ,x is ( ! size ( a l>ge :ite bean1 ) a ri* & v pleasant flavor4 ,:5 us$ 9 a /ew1 ,i h ?\ght x sup]ior to any g>d5 vegetable ,i _h ev] ta/$4 ,! ,indians are v fond ( !m1 & pigeons get fat on !m 9 spr+4 ,! plant is a sl5d] v9e1 f two to f\r feet 9 height1 ) small pods two to ?ree in*es long1 conta9+ ?ree to five small beans4 ,! pod dries & op5s1 ! beans fall to ! gr\nd1 & 9 spr+ take root & gr[ aga94 ,! beans on ! gr\nd are ga!r$ by ! ,indians1 :o sometimes f9d a peck at once1 ga!r$ by mice = _! w9t] /ore4 ,!re are also sev]al k9ds ( edible roots gr[+ 9 ! ponds or small lakes1 :i* are ga!r$ by ! ,indians = food4 ,! psui-c9h-*ah1 or swamp potato1 is f\nd 9 mud & wat]1 ab\t ?ree feet deep4 ,! leaf is z l>ge z ! cabbage leaf4 ,! /em has b "o leaf1 :i* has1 z x 71 two horns or po9ts4 ,! root is obta9$ by ! ,indian wom52 !y wade into ! wat] & loos5 ! root ) _! feet1 :i* !n floats1 & is pick$ up & ?r[n into a canoe4 ,x is ( an oblong %ape1 ( a :iti% yell[1 ) f\r black r+s ar\nd x1 ( a slightly pung5t ta/e1 & n disagreeable :5 eat5 ) salt or meat4 ,! psui-*ah1 ) a /em & leaf simil> to ! la/1 has a root ab\t ! size ( a l>ge hickory-nut4 ,!y gr[ 9 deep wat]1 & be+ small] are mu* m difficult to get1 b ! ,indians pref] !m2 !y h an agreeable ta/e1 & are h>d] & firm] :5 cook$4 ,bo? ^! roots are f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! musk-rat lodges1 /or$ by !m = w9t] use4 ,! ta-wah-pah1 ) a /em1 leaf1 & yell[ fl[]1 l ! pond-lily1 is f\nd 9 ! lakes1 9 wat] & mud1 f f\r to five feet deep4 ,! ,indian wom5 dive = !m1 & frequ5tly obta9 z _m z !y are able to c>ry4 ,! root is f "o to two feet 9 height1 v por\s2 !re are z _m z six or eight cells runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! root4 ,x is v difficult to describe ! flavor4 ,x is slightly sweet & glut9\s1 & is g5]ally boil$ ) wild f[l1 b is occasionally roa/$4 ,9 8 explor+ exp$ition into ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 9 ! region ( ! ,upp] ,essequibo1 ,sir ,e4 ,s*omburgk notices ! discov]y ( a v>iety ( ,legum9os1 ^: tub]s gr[ to an enorm\s size1 fully equal to ! l>ge/ yam4 ,^! roots 7 n1 at ! "t he 0 !re1 9 full p]fection1 b _! ta/e 0 some:at betwe5 ! yam & ! sweet potato4 ,! ,t>uma ,indians call$ !m ,cuyupa4 ,! roots are consid]$ fit = use :5 ! h]b above gr\nd dies4 ,sir ,rob]t br\ght a few ( ! se$s ( ! plant ) him on 8 return to ,dem]>a4 ,two int]e/+ productions h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 at ,p>is1 f ! ,ecuador1 by ,m4 ,b\rci]1 =m]ly ,consul-,g5]al ( ,france 9 t c\ntry4 ,"o is ! r$ & yell[ ocas1 :i* is ( ! =m ( a long potato1 & has ! ta/e ( a *esnut2 ! o!r is ! milloco1 :i* has ! ta/e & =m ( our be/ potatoes4 ,^! two roots1 :i* are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,quito1 gr[ readily 9 ! poore/ l&4 ,! oca is cultivat$ 9 ! fields ( ,mexico1 b only succe$s 9 ! w>m] di/ricts4 ,f ! bulb\s roots ( ! cacomite1 a species ( ,tigridia1 a good fl\r is also prep>$ !re4 ,/ev5son 7,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ee7 says1 a root call$ ! oca is cultivat$ 9 sev]al ( ! cold] prov9ces ( ,p]u4 ,?is plant1 he /ates1 is ( a mod]ate size1 9 appe>ance some:at l ! acet\s trefoil2 ! roots yell[1 ea* ab\t five or six in*es long1 & two 9 circumf]5ce4 ,!y h _m eyes1 & ! roots1 sev]al ( :i* are yield$ by "o plant1 are some:at curv$4 ,:5 boil$ x is mu* sweet] ?an ! camote or batata2 inde$ x appe>s to conta9 m sac*>9e matt] ?an any root ,i ev] ta/$2 if eat5 raw x is v mu* l ! *esnut4 ,! roots may be kept = _m mon?s 9 a dry place4 ,! transplant+ ( ! oca 7he adds7 to ,engl&1 :]e ,i am p]suad$ x w\ld prosp]1 w\ld add ano!r agreeable & useful escul5t to our tables4 ,! ,brussels pap]1 ,l',emancipation1 m5tions t a root has be5 discov]$ by ! ,director ( ! ,museum ( ,indu/ry1 9 t place1 de/9$ to take ! place ( ! potato4 ,x is ! ,la?yrus tub]osus1 call$ by ! peasants ! e>? m\se1 on acc\nt ( its =m1 & ! e>? *esnut on acc\nt ( its ta/e4 ,?is plant exi/s only 9 "s localities ( ,lorra9e & ,burgundy4 ,! ,la?yrus has nev] be5 cultivat$1 & x is ?\ght t x w atta91 ) cultivation1 ! size ( ! potato4 ,! ,fr5* peasants h a prejudice aga9/ cultivat+ x1 because !y say x walks "u gr\nd1 & leaves ! place x is plant$ 9 to g into ! neighb\r+ field4 ,! fact is1 t x gr[s 9 a *aplet1 ( :i* ! bulbs are arrang$ along a root runn+ horizontally1 ( :i* ! two extremities are v r>ely f\nd1 s t on tak+ up ! h9d] tub]cles x cont9ues its gr[? 9 front1 :i* gives rise to ! say+ t if ! plant _h only "t en\gh1 x w\ld make ! t\r ( ! _w4 ,! bulb ( ,ga/rodia sesamoides 7,r4 ,br[n71 a curi\s h]bace\s species ( or*is1 native ( ,new ,holl&1 is edible1 & pref]r$ by ! aborig9es to potatoes & o!r tub]\s roots4 ,"s ( my accr$it$ in=mants believe x might be turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt1 b be+ a p>asitic plant1 x c\ld sc>cely be sy/ematically cultivat$4 ,x fl\ri%es 9 its wild /ate on loamy soil 9 l[ or slop+ gr\nds4 ,! fir/ indication ( its vegetation 9 ! spr+1 is ! appe>ance ( a :iti% bulb above ! sw>d1 ( an hemisph]ical %ape1 & ab\t ! size ( a small egg4 ,! dusky :ite cov]+ resembles a f9e :ite net1 & )9 x is a pellucid gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,aga9 )9 ?is is a firm k]nel1 ab\t z l>ge z a ,spani% nut1 & f ?is a f9e fibr\s root desc5ds into ! soil4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 by ! common "n ( native bread4 ,capta9 ,hunt]1 9 8 ,j\rnal ( ! ,transactions at ,port ,jackson on ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! ,convict ,colony1 speaks ( f9d+ l>ge quantities ( wild yams1 on :i* ! natives f$1 b ! roots 7 n bigg] ?an a walnut2 !re=e x 0 probably ?is plant4 ,arraca*a escul5ta1 ( ,bancr(t & ,dec&olle 7,conium ,arraca*a74--,?is p]5nial h]b is a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i*1 f its salubri\s qualities1 is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,v5ezuela & o!r p>ts ( tropical & ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 = cul9>y purposes4 ,x is propagat$ by plant+ pieces ( ! tub]\s root1 9 ea* ( :i* is an eye or %oot4 ,! late ,b>on de ,%ack introduc$ x into ,tr9idad1 f ,c>accas1 & x has !nce be5 c>ri$ to ! isl& ( ,gr5ada4 ,x ?rove !re rem>kably well1 b has be5 unacc\ntably neglect$4 ,he also s5t roots ( ?is valuable plant to ,london1 ,liv]pool1 & ,glasg[4 ,al?\gh x be>s cold bett] ?an ! potato1 x requires a w>m] & m equal temp]ature ?an mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe af=d4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 make an excell5t addition to ! cul9>y vegetables ( _m tropical c\ntries1 unit+ ! ta/e ( ! potato & p>snip1 b be+ sup]ior to bo?4 ,! arraca*a has be5 introduc$ into ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 n z a sub/itute =1 b z a provision aga9/ a failure ( ! potato crop4 ,x is highly recomm5d$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4,m4 ,wilson1 9 ! ,rural ,encyclopdia4 ,/ev5son 7,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii41 p4 #chc7 says ! yucas 7cassava71 camotes 7sweet potatoes71 & yams cultivat$ at ,esm]aldas & t neighb\rhood1 7 ! f9e/ he ev] saw4 ,x is n uncommon = "o ( ^! roots to weigh upw>ds ( tw5ty p\nds4 ,at "o place ,i saw a few plants ( ! yuca t _h /ood upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s1 ! own] hav+ frequ5tly b>$ ! bottom ( ! plants & tak5 ! ripe roots1 aft] :i*1 ?r[+ up ! e>? aga91 & all[+ a suffici5t "t = new roots to gr[1 a cont9ual succession ( ?is excell5t nutriti\s food 0 procur$4 ,! ,aipi gr[s 9 ,brazil1 & accord+ to ,t4 ,a%e1 may be eat5 raw1 &1 :5 press$1 yields a pleasant juice = dr9k2 or be+ inspissat$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 is kept ei!r to be boil$ & eat51 or dissolv$ & drank4 ,! tap9amb> gr[s 9 ,*ili1 & is us$ by ! ,indians4 ,! tapioca1 or bay ra%1 a plant :i* gr[s ab\t ! out-isl&s ( ! ,bahamas gr\p1 0 f\nd ( great use z a food plant to ! inhabitants ( ,long ,isl&1 dur+ a sc>city ( food occasion$ by ! dr\ght 9 #ahdc4 ,?is root gr[s 9 ! =m ( a l>ge beet1 & is f twelve to sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is entirely f>9ace\s1 &1 :5 prop]ly gr\nd & prep>$1 makes good bread4 ,x fet*es !re f\r to six c5ts a p\nd4 ,! root ( ! kooyah plant 7,val]iana edulis7 is mu* us$ by "s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians z food4 ,! root is ( a v bright yell[ color1 ) a peculi> ta/e & odor1 & h5ce is call$ tobacco root4 ,x is depriv$ ( its /rong poison\s qualities by be+ bak$ 9 ! gr\nd = ab\t two days4 ,a v>iety ( o!r roots & tub]s furni% !m ) food4 ,among ^! are kamas root 7,camassia escul5ta71 :i* is highly e/eem$2 ! bulb has a sweet pleasant flavor1 some:at ( ! ta/e ( pres]v$ qu9ce4 ,x is a /rik+ly h&some bulb\s plant1 ) l>ge beautiful purple fl[]s4 ,yampah root 7,ane?um graveol5s7 is a common article ( food ) ! ,indians ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! roots ( a ?i/le 7,c]sium virg9ianium1 or ,c>duus virg9ianus71 :i* are ab\t ! ord9>y size ( c>rots1 are also eat5 by !m4 ,!y are sweet & well flavor$1 b require a long prep>ation to fit !m = use4 ,! p ( ,s\!rn ,india & ,ceylon h = _m hundr$ ye>s be5 9 ! habit ( eat+ ! bulb or root1 :i* is ! fir/ %oot f ! ,palmyra nut1 :i* =ms ! g]m ( ! future tree1 & is kn[n locally z ,pannam kil+oes4 ,x is ab\t ! size ( a common c>rot1 ?\gh ne>ly :ite4 ,x =ms a great article ( food among ! natives = sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>2 b ,europeans dislike x f its be+ v bitt]4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h prov$ t a f>9a sup]ior to arr[root c be obta9$ f x1 prep>$ 9 ! same way2 & #ajj roots1 co/+ #b;d41 yield "o & a-half to two p\nds ( ! fl\r4 ,f ! boil$ inn] b>k ( ! ,russian l>*1 mix$ ) rye fl\r1 & aft]w>ds buri$ a few h\rs 9 ! sn[1 ! h>dy ,sib]ian hunt]s prep>e a sort ( leav51 ) :i* !y supply ! place ( common leav5 :5 ! latt] is de/roy$1 z x frequ5tly is by ! int5se cold4 ,! b>k is ne>ly z valuable z oak b>k4 ,f ! inn] b>k ! ,russians manufacture f9e :ite gloves1 n inf]ior to ^? made ( ! mo/ delicate *amois1 :ile !y are /rong]1 cool]1 & m pleasant = we>+ 9 ! summ]4 ,! fruit ( ! ,cycas angulata =ms ! pr9cipal food ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es dur+ a portion ( ! ye>4 ,!y cut x into ?9 slices1 :i* are fir/ dri$1 aft]w>ds soak$ 9 wat]1 & f9ally pack$ up 9 %eets ( tea-tree b>k4 ,9 ?is condition x und]goes a species ( f]m5tation2 ! delet]i\s prop]ties ( ! fruit are de/roy$1 & a mealy sub/ance ) a mu/y flavor rema9s1 :i* ! blacks probably bake into cakes4 ,!y appe> also to l ! fruit ( ! ,p&anus1 ( :i* l>ge quantities 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,lei*>dt 9 _! camps1 soak+ 9 wat]1 conta9$ 9 vessels =m$ ( /r+y b>k4 ,! fl\r obta9$ f ! se$s ( ,spurry 7,sp]gula sativa71 :5 mix$ ) t ( :eat or rye1 produces :olesome bread1 = :i* purpose x is (t5 us$ 9 ,norway & ,go?l&4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 be=e ! introduction ( ! potato1 ! roots ( ! f]n 7 l>gely consum$4 ,_m species ( ,bolitus are us$ z food by ! natives 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 accord+ to ,drummond4 ,! ?ick tub]\s roots ( a climb+ species ( bean 7,pa*yrhizus angulatus1 or ,doli*os bulbosus7 are cultivat$ & eat5 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,! bulb\s roots ( "s species ( ,or*ide are eag]ly s\ght aft] 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales by ! natives1 be+ t]m$ boyams1 & highly e/eem$ z an article ( food = ! viscid mucilage :i* !y conta94 ,! root ( ! ,b]> 7,caladium co/atum7 is eat5 by ! natives ( ! ,p$ir coa/ 7,a*971 aft] be+ well wa%$4 ,! pignons or edible se$s ( ,p9us ,p9ea are consum$ occasionally 9 ,italy4 ,9 ,*ili ! cone or fruit ( ! pehu51 or p9o de la ti]ra1 are consid]$ a great delicacy4 ,! p9ones are sometimes boil$1 & aft]w>ds1 by gr9d+ !m on a /one1 conv]t$ into a k9d ( pa/e1 f :i* v delicate pa/ry is made4 ,! p9e is cultivat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is prov9ce on acc\nt ( its valuable wood & ! p9ones4 ,! se$s f ! cones ( ! ,auracanean p9e1 collect$ 9 autumn1 furni% ! ,paw5*es 7f paw5 p9e7 & ,auracanians ) a v nutriti\s food4 ,:5 cook$1 ! flavor is n unlike t ( ! *esnut1 & z !y w keep = "s "t1 !y con/itute1 :5 ! ga!r+ season has be5 favorable1 a great "p ( _! diet4 ,! se$s ( ! cones ( ! nut p9e 7,p9us monophyllus71 a new species describ$ by ,dr4 ,torrey1 & allud$ to by ,col4 ,fremont 9 8 explor+ exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 are l>gely us$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! nut is oily1 ( a mo/ agreeable flavor1 & mu/ be v nutriti\s z x con/itutes ! pr9cipal subsi/5ce ( _m ( ! native tribes4 ,! cone ( ano!r magnific5t p9e 7,aurac>ia ,bidwillii71 indig5\s to ! ,ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 ab\t ! ,moreton ,bay di/rict1 is frequ5tly met ) twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & conta9+ #aej edible se$s z l>ge z a walnut4 ,! aborig9es roa/ ^! se$s1 crack ! husk betwe5 two /ones1 & eat !m hot4 ,!y ta/e some?+ l a yam or h>d dry potato4 ,! trees be> cones only once 9 f\r ye>s1 dur+ a p]iod ( six mon?s4 ,?is season is held z a great fe/ival by ! aborig9es ( t locality1 call$ by !m ,bunga ,bunga1 & !y congregate 9 great] numb]s ?an is kn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ,au/ralia1 frequ5tly com+ f a di/ance ( #cjj miles4 ,!y gr[ sleek & fat ^u ?is diet4 ,an ,act has be5 pass$ by ! legislature ( ! colony1 prohibit+1 "u heavy pa9s & p5alties1 ! demolition ( ^? trees1 be+ ! natural food ( ! natives4 ,! common p eat ! se$s ( ! r$ s&al wood 7,ad5an!ra ,pavon9a7 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india4 ,! pulp ( ! fruit ( ! ,adansonia digitata1 or monkey bread1 is also us$ z an article ( food4 ,,s+h>a ,,or ,,wat] ,,nuts4--,! l>ge se$s ( ,trapa bicornis1 a native ( ,*9a1 & ( ,t4 bisp9osa & natans1 species indig5\s to ,india1 are sweet & eatable1 & ! aquatic plants :i* furni% !m are h5ce an ext5sive article ( cultivation4 ,9 ,ca%m]e & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ !y are common food1 & kn[n "u ! "n ( ,s+h>a nuts4 ,9 ,ca%m]e ! gov]nm5t obta9s f ^! nuts #ab1jjj ( annual rev5ue4 ,mr4 ,moorcr(t m5tions t ,runjeet ,s+ d]iv$ ne>ly ! same sum4 ,f #if1jjj to #abh1jjj loads ( ?is nut are yield$ annually by ! lake ( ,ooll] alone4 ,! nut ab\nds 9 fecula4 ,9 ,*9a ! k]nel is us$ z an article ( food1 be+ roa/$ or boil$ l ! potato4 ,! se$s ( v>i\s species ( ,nelumbium1 natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,jamaica1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 also =m articles ( food4 ,! fruit ( ,n4 speciosum is suppos$ to be ! ,egyptian bean ( ,py?agoras4 ,! petioles & p$uncles conta9 num]\s spiral vessels1 :i* h be5 us$ = wicks ( c&les4 ,! fruit ( ,willughbeia edulis1 a native ( ! ,ea/1 z its "n implies1 is eatable4 ,! k]nel ( ! mango c be r$uc$ to an excell5t fl\r = mak+ bread4 ,n only f ! ,li*5 tribe1 b also f ! ,alg1 fungi1 mosses & f]ns man d]ives nutrim5t & valuable products4 ,"s ( ! cryptogamic plants =m consid]able articles ( comm]ce1 p>ticul>ly z food plants1 af=d+ gelat9\s & amylace\s matt]1 & be+ useful 9 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,no/oe eduli is us$ 9 ,*9a z food2 ,gelidium corneum ent]s into ! =mation ( ! edible swall[s' ne/s ( ! ,japanese isl&s4 ,ag>-ag> moss is %ipp$ f ,s+apore to ! ext5t ( #ac1jjj tons a-ye>4 ,iri% moss1 ,icel& moss1 ,ceylon moss1 & "s o!rs1 are also ( "s importance4 ,iod9e & kelp are prep>$ to a consid]able ext5t f sea we$s2 "o species 7,fucus t5ax7 furni%es l>ge supplies ( glue to ! ,canton m>ket1 & ! or*illa we$ is ( great importance to ! dy]4 ,x is pr9cipally z food t ,i h to speak ( !m 9 ?is section4 ,9 "s ( ! isl&s (f ! ,scot* coa/s1 sea-wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus7 =ms ! *ief support ( horses & cattle 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,f4 s]ratus is simil>ly employ$ 9 ,norway4 ,! ,lam9>ia sac*>9a is int]e/+ f ! fact ( its conta9+ sug>4 ,x is highly e/eem$ 9 ,japan1 :]e x is ext5sively us$ z an article ( diet1 be+ fir/ wa%$ 9 cold wat] & !n boil$ 9 milk or bro?4 ,,c>rage51 or ,,iri% ,,rock ,,moss1 ,sphroccus 7,*ondus7 crispus1 ab\nds on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,irel&1 r\nd ! ,orkneys1 ,hebrides1 ,scilly ,isl&s1 c4 ,x is purpli% :ite1 & ne>ly transp>5t1 & is l>gely import$ to fe$ cattle & pigs 9 ,york%ire4 ,x is also us$ = dress+ ! w>p ( webs 9 ! loom1 & mix+ ) ! pulp = siz+ pap] 9 ! vat4 ,x swells up l tragacan? 9 wat]2 &1 by long decoction1 af=ds a consid]able quantity ( a light1 nutriti\s1 b nause\s jelly4 ,x is sometimes sold z pe>l moss1 & is employ$ 9 ! place ( gelat9e or is+lass = prep>+ blanc-manges1 jellies1 c4 ,x fet*es ab\t #g ! ton4 ,,ag>-,,ag>1 a sort ( edible seawe$1 or tripe de ro*e1 is f\nd gr[+ on ! rocks ab\t ! ea/]n isl&s t are cov]$ by ! tide4 ,x is mu* us$ = mak+ a k9d ( jelly1 :i* is highly e/eem$ bo? by ,europeans & natives = ! delicacy ( its flavor4 ,! fir/ quality is wor? ab\t #cjs4 ! picul 7#acc lbs474 ,an inf]ior k9d is collect$ on ! subm]g$ banks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,macass> 7,celebes71 by ! ,baj[ ,laut1 or ,sea ,gipsies4 ,x is also collect$ on ! rocks ab\t ! settlem5t ( ,s+apore1 = export to ,*9a1 :]e x is mu* us$ z a size = /iff5+ silks & = mak+ jellies4 ,x con/itutes ! bulk ( ! c>goes ( ! ,*9ese junks on _! return voyage4 ,! quantity %ipp$ f ,s+apore is ab\t #aj1jjj piculs 7#ab1ejj tons7 annually4 ,,icel& ,,moss 7,cetr>ia isl&ica7 comb9es valuable alim5t>y & m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,x is import$ 9 bags & b>rels f ,hamburg & ,go!nburg1 & is said to be ! produce ( ,norway & ,icel&4 ,! quantity consum$ v>ies2 9 #ahcf1 #bj1eii lbs4 paid duty2 9 #ahdj1 #f1dfb lbs4 ,9 ,c>niola1 sw9e1 ox51 & horses1 are fatt5$ on x4 ,boil$ 9 wat] or milk1 & flavor$ to ! palate ) sug>1 w9e1 & aromatics1 x =ms a v agreeable diet = invalids4 ,,ceylon ,,moss 7,gracel>ia1 or ,gig>t9a1 li*5oides71 a small & delicate fucus1 is well kn[n = ! amylace\s prop]ty x possesses1 & ! l>ge proportion ( true />* x furni%es4 ,! fronds are fili=m2 ! filam5ts mu* bran*$1 & ( a light purple color4 ,x gr[s abundantly 9 ! l>ge lake or back-wat] :i* ext5ds betwe5 ,putlam & ,calp5tyr1 ,ceylon4 ,x is collect$ by ! natives pr9cipally dur+ ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 :5 x becomes sep>at$ by ! agitation ( ! wat]4 ,! moss is spread on mats & dri$ 9 ! sun = two or ?ree days4 ,x is !n wa%$ sev]al times 9 fre% wat]1 & aga9 expos$ to ! sun1 :i* blea*es x1 aft] :i* x is collect$ 9 heaps = exportation4 ,pr(essor ,o',%aughnessy has giv5 ! be/ analysis ( ?is moss1 :i* he describ$ "u ! "n ( ,fucus amylaceus2 #ajj gra9s weight yield$ ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,vegetable jelly #ed4ej ,true />* #ae4jj ,ligne\s fibre #ah4jj ,sulphate & muriate ( soda #f4ej ,gum #d4jj ,sulphate & phosphate ( lime #a4jj ----- ,total #ii4jj ,) a trace ( wax & iron4 ,i obs]ve among ! imports into ,new ,orleans1 #iaa bu%els ( ,spani% moss 9 #ahdi1 & #a1cid bu%els 9 #ahdh4 ,i d n "k precisely its use1 or f :5ce d]iv$1 b ,i believe x is *iefly us$ = /uff+ cu%ions1 mattresses1 c4 ,,f]n4--,! rhizome ( ,pt]is escul5ta is us$ z food 9 ,au/ralia1 & t ( ,m>attia alata 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,! trunks ( ! ,alsophila1 or tree f]n1 ( ! we/]n side ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & ( ! common tree f]n1 ,cibotium ,bill>di]i 7! ,dicksonia ant>ctica1 ( ,labill>di]e71 conta9 ! edible pi? or bread-fruit eat5 by ! natives4 ,_m o!r species ( f]ns are escul5t4 ,typha bread is prep>$ 9 ,sc9de f ! poll5 ( ! fl[]s ( ! ,typha elephant9a1 & 9 ,new ,zeal& f ano!r species ( bulru% 7,typha utilis74 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 z "s h believ$1 t ! f]n root1 :]ev] x gr[s1 is fit = food4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only t f\nd 9 ri* loose soils :i* conta9s fecula 9 suffici5t quantity = ?is purpose3 9 poor] gr\nd ! root conta9s proportionally m fibre4 ,we 7 n[ encamp$ on an alluvial flat 9 ! valley ( ! riv]1 ?irty or =ty feet bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! pla92 & ,i obs]v$ t1 ev5 9 ?is fav\rable spot1 a great deal ( discrim9ation 0 us$ 9 select+ ! be/ roots1 :i* 0 discov]able by _! be+ crisp en\gh to break easily :5 b5t3 ^? :i* w\ld n /& ?is te/ be+ ?r[n aside4 ,"h a quantity suffici5t = sev]al days 0 procur$1 & 0 pack$ 9 baskets1 to la/ till ano!r spot equally fav\rable c\ld be rea*$4 ,! process ( cook+ f]n root is v simple2 = x is m]ely roa/$ on ! fire1 & aft]w>ds bruis$ by means ( a flat /one simil> to a cobbl]'s lap-/one1 & a wood5 pe/le4 ,! long fibres :i* run l wires ?r\gh ! root are !n easily drawn out2 & ! rema9d] is p\nd$ till x acquires ! consi/5ce ( t\gh d\gh1 9 :i* /ate x is eat51 its ta/e be+ v l t ( cassava bread4 ,sometimes x is sweet5$ ) ! juice ( ! 'tutu4' ,! natives consid] t !re is no bett] food ?an ?is = a travell]1 z x bo? appeases ! crav+s ( hung] = a long] p]iod ?an _! o!r ord9>y food1 & r5d]s ! body less s5sible to ! fatigue ( a long m>*4 ,x is 9 ?is respect to ! human frame1 :at oats or beans are to ! horse4 ,!y h a song 9 praise ( ?is root1 :i* ,i h once or twice he>d *ant$ on occasions ( fe/ivals1 by a troop ( "y wom5 :o c>ry baskets ( ! food int5d$ = ! gue/s4--7,%ortl&'s ,new ,zeal&47 ,i ought n to omit notic+ ! ,tub] cib>ium1 a plant ( ! mu%room family1 gr[+ "u gr\nd1 :i* furni%es ! fam\s truffle1 s celebrat$ 9 ! annals ( cook+1 ( :i* imm5se quantities are import$1 *iefly f ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,x is common also 9 ,italy & ,g]many1 & is (t5 f\nd 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & "s o!r ( our own c\nties4 ,! kemmayes1 a des]t plant ( ! truffle k9d1 is a great favorite ) ! ,arabs4 ,9 ,t]ra del ,fuego ! only vegetable food ( ! natives1 besides a few b]ries ( a dw>f arbutus1 is a species ( globul> bright yell[ fungus 7,cytt>ia ,d>w9ii71 :i* gr[s 9 va/ numb]s on ! bee* trees4 ,9 its t\gh & mature /ate x is collect$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! wom5 & *ildr51 & eat5 uncook$4 ,x has a slightly sweet mucilag9\s ta/e1 ) a fa9t smell l t ( a mu%room4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,spices1 ,,aromatic ,,condim5ts1 ,,fragrant ,,woods1 c4 ,! v>i\s spices & condim5ts :i* =m s l>ge an item 9 our comm]cial imports1 are obta9$ f ! b>ks1 ! dri$ se$s1 ! fruit1 fl[]-buds1 & root-/ocks1 ( diff]5t plants4 ,! *ief aromatic b>ks comprise ! c9namon1 cassia lignea1 casc>illa1 & canella alba4 ,! m$ic9al b>ks w be notic$ else:]e4 ,! se$s & fruits include pepp]1 pim5to1 c>damoms1 anise1 nutmegs1 *illies4 ,! fl[]-buds ( "s furni% cloves & cassia buds2 ! roots supply g+]1 galangale1 turm]ic1 & g9s5g4 ,a few o!r useful sub/ances1 su* z vanilla1 ! co/us1 or put*uk1 mace1 soy1 & "s ( ! odorif]\s woods ,i h includ$ "u ?is section4 ,,c9namon4 ,! true c9namon ( comm]ce is obta9$ f ! inn] b>k ( ,c9namonum v]um1 ,r4 ,br[n2 or ,c4 zeylanicum2 ! ,laurus c9namonum1 ( ,l9nu1 a h&some look+ tree1 native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! isl& ( ,ceylon is ! *ief seat ( its cultivation1 & = a long "t ! ,dut* dep5d$ solely = _! supply ( ?is b>k = ! home m>ket on ! produce ( ! wild c9namon trees 9 ! ,k+ ( ,k&y's t]ritories !re4 ,at la/1 f ! increas+ dem&1 !y resort$ to ! gr[? & m c>eful culture ( ! tree !mselves4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agid1 ! cultivation _h succe$$ s well t !y 7 enabl$ to meet ! dem& = ! spice f trees ( _! own gr[?1 indep5d5t ( any supplies f ! ,k&ian mon>*'s t]ritory4 ,9 #agif1 :5 ?is isl& fell into our h&s1 ! local gov]nm5t endeav\r$1 aft] ! =m] fa%ion ( ! ,dut*1 to re/ra9 ! production ( ?is article ( comm]ce )9 due b\nds1 by de/roy+ all above a c]ta9 quantity4 ,g5]al ,maitl&1 9 #ahje1 & 8 successors 9 ! gov]nm5t1 see+ ! folly ( su* a ridicul\s policy1 v wisely fo/]$ & promot$ ! ext5d$ cultivation ( c9namon plantations4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,java1 & 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 c9namon culture has )9 ! la/ few ye>s made consid]able progress4 ,! leaves ( ! c9namon tree are m or less acum9at$1 f five to eight in*es long1 by ab\t ?ree broad1 gr[+ 9 pairs opposite ea* o!r4 ,!y h ?ree pr9cipal ribs1 :i* come 9 contact at its base1 b d n unite4 ,! leaves1 :5 fir/ develop$1 are ( a bright r$ hue1 !n ( a pale yell[1 & la/ly ( a d>k %9+ gre52 :5 mature1 !y emit a /rong aromatic odor if brok5 or rubb$ 9 ! h&s1 & h ! pung5t ta/e ( cloves4 ,! "y twigs ( ! true c9namon tree are n d[ny1 l ^? ( ! cassia b>k4 ,! plant blooms 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 & ! se$s rip5 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! blossoms gr[ on sl5d] foot-/alks1 ( a pale yell[ color1 f ! axill ( ! leaves & ! extremity ( ! bran*es4 ,!y are num]\s clu/]s ( small :ite fl[]s1 hav+ a br[ni% %ade 9 ! c5tre1 ab\t ! same size z ! lilac1 :i* x resembles4 ,! fruit is a drupe1 ab\t ! size ( a small h$ge /rawb]ry1 conta9+ "o se$1 & ( ! %ape ( an acorn1 :i* :5 ripe is s(t & ( a d>k purple color4 ,! roots are fibr\s1 h>d1 & t\gh1 cov]$ ) an odorif]\s b>k2 on ! outside ( a greyi% br[n1 & on ! inside ( a r$di% hue4 ,!y /rike ab\t ?ree feet into ! e>?1 & spread to a consid]able di/ance4 ,_m ( !m smell /rongly ( camphor1 :i* is sometimes extract$ f !m4 ,! trees 9 _! wild /ate w gr[ ord9>ily to ! height ( #cj feet4 ,! trunk is ab\t ?ree feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ?r[s out a great numb] ( l>ge spread+ horizontal bran*es1 clo!d ) ?ick foliage4 ,:5 cultivat$ = _! b>k1 ! trees are n p]mitt$ to rise above ! height ( t5 feet4 ,! true c9namon tree 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,crawfurd7 is n a native ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago2 b ,m>%all1 9 8 description & hi/ory ( ! tree 7,annals ( ,philos1 vol4 x47 assigns v ext5sive limits to its cultivation4 ,he ass]ts t x is f\nd on ! ,malab> coa/1 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,tonqu91 ,sumatra1 ! ,soolo ,ar*ipelago1 ,borneo1 ,timor1 ! ,nicob> & ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,x has be5 transplant$1 & gr[s well 9 ! ,mauritius1 ,b\rbon & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa2 9 ! ,brazils1 ,guiana1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,guadal\pe1 ,m>t9ique1 ,tobago1 & ,jamaica2 b produces 9 ! ,we/ a b>k ( v inf]ior quality to ! ,ori5tal4 ,rumphius has rem>k$1 t ! trees :i* yield c9namon1 cassia1 & clove b>k 7,c9namonum ,culilaban71 ?\gh s mu* alike1 are h>dly ev] f\nd 9 ! same c\ntries4 ,! t]m clove b>k has be5 appli$ to ! b>ks ( two diff]5t trees belong+ to ! natural ord] ,laur9e4 ,"o ( ^! b>ks is frequ5tly call$ ,culilaban b>k4 ,x consi/s ( almo/ flat pieces1 & is obta9$ f ,c9namonum ,culilaban1 a tree gr[+ 9 ,amboyna1 & probably o!r p>ts ( ! ,moluccas4 ,! o!r b>k1 kn[n z clove b>k1 occurs 9 quills1 :i* are import$ f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,murray says x is produc$ by ! ,myrtus c>ophyllata1 a tree t]m$ by ,dec&olle ,syzgium c>ophyllum4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is is an error1 = bo? ,nees & ,von ,m>tius decl>e x to be ! produce ( ,dicypellium c>yophyllatum2 & ! la/ quot$ au?ority /ates t ?is tree is ! noble/ ( all ! laurels f\nd 9 ! ,brazils1 :]e x is call$ ,pao ,cravo4 ,x gr[s at ,p>a & ,rio ,negro4 ,c9namon may be propagat$ by se$s1 plants1 or lay]s2 roots also1 if c>efully transplant$1 w ?rive 9 favorable localities1 & yield useful %oots 9 twelve mon?s4 ,x is usually cultivat$ f suck]s1 :i* %\ld n h m ?an ?ree or f\r leaves1 & require cont9ual wat]+4 ,if rais$ f se$1 ! "y plants are kept 9 a nurs]y = a ye> or two1 & !n transplant$2 b ! trees f se$s are long] arriv+ at maturity4 ,! plants are kept well e>!d ab\t ! roots to reta9 ! moi/ure1 & coco-nut husks are plac$ above !m1 :i* 9 "t =m an excell5t compo/4 ,a c9namon plantation1 ev5 9 a favorable locality1 seldom yields mu* return until eight or n9e ye>s h elaps$4 ,! mode ( cultivation pursu$ by ! natives diff]s f t foll[$ 9 ! plantations ( ! ,europeans4 ,! native sy/em is to all[ ! c9namon to gr[ l>ge be=e cutt+2 ! ,european practice is to cut x "y4 ,! result is t ! native produces quantity1 b co>se2 ! ,european produces quality1 b less 9 quantity4 ,i h f\nd1 9 conv]sation ) ! native gr[]s1 t !y consid] ! bu% or tree decid$ly weak5$ by its be+ kept d[n by con/ant cutt+ twice a ye>2 & t _! plants are /rong] & bett]4 ,x is n absolutely an orig9al op9ion1 b ,i ?9k ! two sy/ems might be judici\sly bl5d$4 ,9 cutt+ ! c9namon /icks = peel+1 z ! ,europeans d x twice a ye>1 !re is always risk ( los+ mu* valuable "y wood1 :i* is de/roy$ 9 sla%+ into ! bu%es ) catties 7bill-hooks7 to take out t :i* is 9 a fit /ate = peel+1 all ( :i* is s mu* loss f ! next cutt+2 & on ?is gr\nd ,i %\ld be incl9$ to advocate cutt+ once a ye>4 ,!re are1 ,i "k1 o!r consid]ations ?an ! m]e gr[? ( ! /icks to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,( ^! may be nam$ ! "t :5 ! b>k peels be/ f ! /ick1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ dep5d ^u age z well z season1 ! excit$ or unexcit$ /ate ( ! %oots1 & _! sev]al effects ^u ! quality ( ! spice4 ,we$+ ! plantations does n seem to be ( s mu* consequ5ce1 if ! %rub gets pl5ty ( free air all r\nd x4 ,c9namon l& cont9ues to yield abundantly crop aft] crop1 n = ye>s1 b = scores ( ye>s4 ,! great] portion ( ! late pres]v$ plantations 9 ,ceylon 7 plant$ by ! ,dut*1 "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ! bu%es are /at$ to be z vigor\s z ev]1 & q likely to g on yield+ crops till ! ye> #bjjj4 ,?is productiv5ess c only be acc\nt$ = on ,liebig's pr9ciple ( return+ to ! soil a portion ( :at we take f x4 ,9 ! op]ation ( peel+ c9namon1 ! tops & lat]al bran*es are cut (f1 & left by ! peel]s on ! gr\nd close to ! bu%es4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 furni% a consid]able quantity ( manure to ! plants4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plantation is t ( a copse1 ) laurel leaves & /ems1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( hazel2 occasionally a tree may be se5 :i*1 hav+ be5 all[$ to gr[ = se$1 has rea*$ a height ( =ty or fifty feet1 ) a trunk eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:5 9 full bloom1 ! c9namon bu%es h a v beautiful appe>ance1 ! small :ite petals af=d+ a mo/ agreeable contra/ ) ! flame-color$ extremities ( ! upp]1 & ! d>k gre5 ( ! inf]ior foliage1 ) ! blossoms ( v>i\s lovely p>asitical plants4 ,! c9namon tree fl\ri%es only 9 a small portion ( ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,x is *iefly conf9$ to ! s\?-we/ angle1 =m$ by ! sea coa/1 f ,tangalle 9 ! s\? to ,*ilaw on ! we/4 ,x is 9 a climate ( agreeable temp]ature1 :i* is at once hot & moi/2 hot f its tropical position1 & moi/ f ! frequ5cy & pl5tifulness ( ra9s4 ,! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry is l[1 9 ! mid/ ( fre%-wat] lakes1 divid$ f ! sea by a n>r[ rib& ( l&4 ,& ! wat] 9 ! soil ( ! c9namon g>d5s is ( extraord9>y purity1 s z to be = t reason mu* 9 reque/ 9 ! neighb\r+ city z a bev]age4 ,?is exact comb9ation ( influ5ces does n occur any:]e else 9 ! isl&1 at lea/ n 9 ! same degree4 ,! cultivation pr9cipally c5tres r\nd ,colombo1 ! capital & pr9cipal port4 ,on ! hills & valleys1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k&y1 :i* h a temp]ate climate1 ! tree fl\ri%es well2 a r elevat$ situation1 ) %elt]1 contribut+ to ! luxuriance ( ! plants4 ,! be/ soil = x appe>s to be a pure qu>tz s&1 :i* 9 "s places re/s on black moss or m\ld4 ,f ! surface to ! dep? ( a few in*es1 ?is s& is z f9e 9 its nature & z pe>ly :ite 9 its appe>ance z ! be/ table salt2 b bel[ t dep?1 & ne> ! roots ( ! bu%es1 ! s& is greyi%4 ,a specim5 ( ?is soil be+ c>efully dri$ by ,dr4 ,davy1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #ih4e silici\s s&1 #j4e vegetable matt]1 & #a4a wat]--9 #ajj p>ts4 ,?is circum/ance impresses "o v /rongly on visit+ ! c9namon g>d5s2 x seems s /range to see a pla9 ( pure qu>tz s& :it5$ 9 ! sun1 & yet cov]$ ov] ) a luxuriant gr[? ( trees4 ,9 ri*] soils ! aroma does n seem to develop itself 9 ! same conc5trat$ =m4 ,a mixture ( loam & peat1 ) s&1 is said1 h[ev]1 to =m a good soil 9 "s localities4 ,^! plantations may well sugge/ a d\bt z to ! tru? ( ! proposition s unqualifi$ly laid d[n by "s au?ors1 t e>? de/itute ( organic matt] _c su/a9 vegetation4 ,c]ta9ly x is n organic matt] :i* supports ! c9namon trees ( ,colombo4 ,peel+4--,! be/ c9namon is obta9$ f ! /alks or twigs1 :i* %oot up 9 a clu/] ( eight or t5 toge!r f ! roots1 aft] ! p>5t bu% or tree has be5 cut d[n4 ,^! %oots are cut once 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s1 close to ! gr\nd4 ,great c>e is requisite1 bo? z to ! exact size & age2 = if ! b>k is too "y1 x has a gre5 ta/e1 if too old x is r\gh & gritty4 ,^! %oots yield an incomp>ably f9e c9namon b>k4 ,:5 cut = peel+ !y are ( v>i\s sizes & l5g?s1 dep5d+ on ! texture ( ! b>k4 ,^! rods af=d ! hazel-l walk+-/icks s mu* e/eem$ by /rang]s1 & :i*1 ?\gh difficult to be procur$ dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! oppressive c9namon regulations1 may n[ be v easily obta9$ f proprietors ( gr\nds produc+ t spice4 ,c9namon is b>k$ at two p]iods ( ! ye>1 betwe5 ,april & ,decemb]4 ,^? suck]s :i* are consid]$ fit = cutt+1 are usually ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & five feet or m long4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to /rip !m ( ! outside pellicle ( b>k4 ,! twigs are !n ripp$ up l5g?wise ) ! po9t ( a knife1 & ! lib] or inn] b>k gradually loos5$1 till x c be entirely tak5 (f4 ,:ile dry+ !y are cut up into long n>r[ rolls1 call$ quills1 !n /uck into "o ano!r1 s z to =m pipes ab\t ?ree or f\r feet long1 :i* are aft]w>ds made up 9 r\nd bundles4 ,dur+ ! fir/ day ! c9namon is susp5d$ "u %elt] ^u op5 plat=ms1 & on ! second day x is plac$ on wick]-"w %elves1 & expos$ to ! sun until suffici5tly dry to be exam9$ & sort$ = %ipm5t4 ,x is br\ght home 9 bags or bales ( #hj or #ij lbs4 weight1 & class$ be=e export into ?ree sorts2 fir/1 second1 & ?ird quality4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( c9namon b>k may be ?us classifi$1 accord+ to quality-- #a4 ,t :i* ranks above all o!rs 9 quality1 is kn[n by ! ,s+halese "n ( p5ne or rasse kuroondu1 %>p sweet1 or honey c9namon4 #b4 ,naya kuroondu1 snake c9namon4 #c4 ,kapoorn kuroondu1 camphorat$ c9namon1 f ! v /rong smell ( camphor :i* x possesses4 ,?is v>iety is pr9cipally obta9$ f ! plantations ( ! int]ior4 #d4 ,kahate or canalle kuroondu1 a/r+5t c9namon4 ,9 ?is species ! b>k peels (f v easily1 & smells agreeably :5 fre%1 b x has a bitt] ta/e4 #e4 ,savel kuroondu1 mucilag9\s or glut9\s c9namon4 ,?is sort acquires a v consid]able degree ( h>dness1 :i* ! *ew+ ( x suffici5tly proves4 ,x has o!rwise little ta/e1 & an ungrateful smell2 b ! color is v f9e1 & x is (t5 mix$ ) ! fir/ & be/ sort2 ! color be+ mu* alike1 except+ only t 9 ! good sort "s few yell[i% spots appe> t[>ds ! extremities4 #f4 ,dawool kuroondu1 or drum c9namon4 ,! wood ( ?is tree1 :5 gr[n h>d1 is light & t\gh1 & ! natives make "s ( _! vessels & drums ( x4 ,! b>k is ( a pale color4 #g4 ,nika kuroondu1 wild c9namon1 ^: leaf resembles t ( ! nicasol 7,vitex ,negundo74 ,! b>k ( ?is tree has nei!r ta/e or smell :5 peel$1 & is made use ( by ! natives only 9 physic1 & to extract an oil f to ano9t _! bodies4 #h4 ,mal kuroondu1 fl[]+ c9namon1 because ?is tree is always 9 blossom4 ,! sub/ance ( ! wood nev] becomes s solid & weighty 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r nam$ species1 :i* are sometimes n9e or t5 feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,if ?is ev]-fl[]+ c9namon be cut or bor$1 a limpid wat] w issue out ( ! w\nd2 b x is ( use only = ! leaves & b>k4 #i4 ,t\pat kuroondu1 trefoil c9namon1 ( :i* !re are ?ree v>ieties1 :i* gr[ 9 ! m\nta9s & valleys ( ! int]ior ab\t ,k&y4 #aj4 ,we kuroondu1 :ite ant's c9namon4 ,! fir/-nam$ f\r ( ^! are1 h[ev]1 alone v>ieties ( ! ,c9namonum v]um4 ,good c9namon is kn[n by ! foll[+ prop]ties3--,x is ?9 & r pliable2 x ought to be ab\t ! sub/ance ( royal pap]1 or some:at ?ick]4 ,x admits ( a consid]able degree ( pressure1 & b5ds be=e x breaks2 ! fracture is !n spl9t]+4 ,x is ( a light color1 approa*+ to yell[1 bord]+ b little ^u ! br[n2 x possesses a sweeti% ta/e1 at ! same "t x is n /rong] ?an c be borne )\t pa91 & is n succe$$ by any aft]-ta/e4 ,! m c9namon dep>ts f ^! *>act]i/ics1 ! co>s] & less s]viceable x is e/eem$2 & x %\ld be reject$ if x be h>d1 & ?ick z a half-cr[n piece2 if x be v d>k color$ or br[n2 if x be v pung5t & hot on ! tongue1 ) a ta/e bord]+ ^u t ( cloves1 s t x _c be suff]$ )\t pa94 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 t x is n false-pack$1 or mix$ ) c9namon ( a common sort4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 by ,mr4 ,dunewille1 ( ,malacca1 z to ! suitability ( ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts = c9namon culture1 are int]e/+1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances a repetition ( previ\s obs]vations3-- ,x appe>s1 f exp]i5ce1 t ! soil ( ,ceylon is m favorable to ! gr[? ( c9namon ?an to t ( any o!r aromatic plant1 & ,i f9d ! climate ( ,ceylon1 if at all1 diff]s b 9 a v slight degree f t ( ! ,/raits4 ,i !re=e conclude t ! spice1 if cultivat$ 9 ! ,/raits1 w prove sup]ior to t ( ,ceylon1 if "o may judge f ! v>i\s spices t gr[ "h almo/ wild1 & x w\ld moreov] yield a bett] return ?an 9 ,ceylon4 ,my supposition is confirm$ f hav+ se5 ! spice :i* 0 prep>$ la/ ye> 9 ,pr+et by ! ,honorable ,resid5t ,c\ncillor ( ,malacca1 & :i* ,i f\nd to be equally z good 9 e respect z t gr[n & cultivat$ 9 ! m>itime prov9ces 9 ,ceylon4 ,a s&y soil is t :i* is g5]ally select$ = c9namon1 b o!r soils may be *os5 also1 su* z a mixture ( s&y ) r$ soil1 free f qu>tz1 gravel1 or rock1 also r$ & d>k br[n soils4 ,su* l& 9 a flat c\ntry is pref]able to hilly spots1 ^u :i*1 h[ev]1 c9namon also gr[s1 & are kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,k&yan ,m\nta9s4 ,! soil t is rocky & /ony "u ! surface is bad1 & n adapt$ = ! cultivation ( c9namon1 z ! trees w\ld nei!r gr[ fa/1 nor yield a remun]ative return4 ,:5 a tract ( l& ( ! above description is select$1 ! :ole ( ! gr\nd %\ld be cle>$1 leav+ a few trees = %ade1 to :i* ! labor]s might return = re/ & relaxation2 ^! may be f #ej to #fj feet ap>t4 ,! trees fell$ %\ld be well lopp$1 burnt & cle>$ away1 ! /umps %\ld be remov$ ) roots1 aft] :i* !y may be all[$ to rema91 9 ord] to save exp5se ( c>riage1 m]ely by obs]v+ "s degree ( ord] 9 ! disposition1 by =m+ regul> r[s1 ( :i* ! int]v5+ spaces are plant$ ) c9namon4 ,! gr\nd be+ ?us cle>$1 holes may be dug at eight to t5 feet ap>t1 & ( "o foot squ>e2 ! di/ance f ea* plant w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! soil--t is1 ! poor] ! soil1 ! ne>] to ea* o!r %\ld ! trees be plant$1 & vice v]sa4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is ov]1 %\ld ! holes be int5d$ = c9namon roots1 or /umps1 ! latt] mu/ be c>efully remov$ ) z mu* e>? z c be c>ri$ up ) !m & plac$ 9 ! holes1 tak+ c>e n to return ! e>? remov$ orig9ally 9 digg+ ! holes1 :i* are to be fill$ ) ! soil scrap$ f ! surface1 :i* has be5 previ\sly burnt1 expos$1 & =m$ into manure4 ,%\ld no ra9 h fall5 aft] ! plac+ ( ! roots 9 ! holes1 ! /umps %\ld be well cov]$1 & wat]$ morn+ & ev5+1 until su* "t z ! spr\ts %oot out fre% buds1 :i* w be 9 a =tnight or s f ! "t !y 7 transplant$1 :5 ! wat]+ may be discont9u$4 ,9 a mon? ! new %oots w be ?ree or f\r in*es high2 ?is mu* dep5ds ^u ! wea!r4 ,if ! holes be int5d$ = "y plants or se$l+s1 ! plants mu/ be remov$ ) boles ( e>? f ! nurs]ies1 & plac$ 9 ! holes1 tak+ ! same c>e z ) ! /umps1 bo? 9 wat]+ & cov]+1 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ dry wea!r4 ,:5 ! se$l+s take root1 ! cov]+s %\ld n be remov$ until ! plants ?r[ out a new pair ( leaves f ! buds1 :i* is a sign ( _! hav+ tak5 root4 ,:5 a plantation is =m$ ( old /umps1 all ! bran*es %\ld be cut d[n )9 six in*es f ! gr\nd2 ?is %\ld be done ) "o /roke ( a %>p in/rum5t1 9 ord] to avoid ! splitt+ ( ! /em4 ,f ^! /umps c9namon may be cut & peel$ )9 eighte5 mon?s f ! "t ( transplant+4 ,(t5 ?is is done aft] ! lapse ( twelve mon?s f ! "t ( transplant+4 ,f se$l+s "o _c expect to ga!r a crop be=e two or ?ree ye>s f ! "t ! plants 7 transplant$1 :5 !re w be b "o or a s+le tree1 :i*1 :5 cut d[n z already %[n1 f\r or six in*es to ! gr\nd1 ought to be cov]$ ) fre% e>? ga!r$ f ! space betwe5 ! r[s1 & =m$ 9 a heap r\nd ! plant4 ,! next crop w be ?ree or f\r times z mu* z ! fir/1 f ! numb] ( spr\ts ! /em w ?r[ out1 & s on e ye>1 ! crop increas+ accord+ to ! numb] ( spr\ts ea* /em w ?r[ out ye>ly f ! cutt+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( sev5 or eight ye>s1 ! space left betwe5 ! r[s w only admit ! peel]s & o!rs to g r\nd ! bu%es1 we$1 cle> & remove cutt+s1 z ! bran*es f ea* bu% w almo/ t\* ea* o!r at _! ends4 ,x is ess5tially necess>y to take e c>e n to all[ any creep]s or o!r we$s to gr[1 ! =m] int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! bu%es by entangl+1 because x n only takes out s mu* ( ! support fe$+ ! c9namon trees1 b int]f]es ) ! peel]s dur+ ! cutt+ season1 & prev5ts ! bran*es gr[+ up /raight ) a free circulation ( air4 ,! plantation ought to be kept clean & free f we$s2 ! c9namon requires no manur+1 b :5 ! plantation is we$+ ! bu%es %\ld be cov]$ ) ! surface soil & rais+ ! gr\nd r\nd ! bu% by mak+ a heap ( ! e>?1 :i* answ]s well 9 lieu ( manure4 ,?is op]ation mu/ be att5d$ to z soon z ! c9namon /icks are remov$ = peel+4 ,! plantation requires we$+ ?ree or f\r times a ye> dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 !n twice a ye> w answ] ! purpose2 z by t "t ! trees w =m into bu%es & de/roy ! se$s ( ! we$s on ! gr\nd4 ,! =m+ ( a nurs]y is necess>y1 = :i* a space ( gr\nd1 say an acre1 %\ld be select$ 9 a ri* bit ( soil free f /ones4 ,cle> ! :ole bru%wood1 only leav+ ! l>ge trees = %ade1 remove all /ones1 /umps1 & roots1 dig ! place well six or eight in*es deep1 !n =m into long b$s ( ?ree or f\r feet wide1 put ! se$s d[n n9e or twelve in*es ap>t1 cov] !m eight or twelve in*es above ! gr\nd by a plat=m1 & wat] !m e o!r day until ! se$s gr[ up & give "o pair ( leaves1 !n leave (f wat]+ 7unless great dry wea!r prevail1 !n x ought to be cont9u$7 b n uncov] until ! plants gr[ up six or eight in*es high1 & c be> ! sun2 ^! se$l+s w be ready = transplant+ aft] ?ree mon?s f ! "t !y 7 s[n4 ,! =m+ ( nurs]ies is done at ! close ( ! ye>1 be=e ,decemb]4 ,:5 ?is is done fir/1 ! p>ty comm5ces cle>+ & prep>+ ! l& dur+ ! dry season1 :i* is f ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb] up to ! end ( ,m>* foll[+4 ,april w set 9 ) heavy ra9 7x is g5]ally s 9 ,ceylon71 & x w cont9ue wet wea!r till ! end ( ,augu/1 v (t5 till ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & y h ! b5efit ( f\r or five mon?s ra94 ,! c9namon se$s are to be ga!r$ :5 !y are fully ripe1 !y mu/ be heap$ up 9 a %ady place1 to h ! outside r$ pulp rott$1 :5 x turns q black1 !n h ! se$s trampl$ or o!rwise fre$ f ! decompos$ pulp1 )\t injur+ ! se$s1 & well wa%$ 9 wat] 7j z is done to *]ry c(fee1 be=e !y are made into p>*m5t 9 ! :ole %ell74 ,f9ally1 h ! se$s#dh well dri$ 9 ! air )\t expos+ !m to ! sun1 & !n put !m 9 on ! gr\nd prep>$ = _! reception4 ,9 wa%+ ! se$s1 ^? t float on ! surface %\ld be reject$4 ,!re are five diff]5t sorts ( c9namon1 viz43-- #a/ is call$ ,panny ,me]s ,c>undoo4 #bnd ,tit?a #crd ,kahatte #d? ,wallee #e? ,savell ,( ^!1 ! fir/ k9d is ! be/ ( all1 ! #bnd & #crd1 al?\gh inf]ior1 are peel$ likewise1 ! #d? & #e? are spuri\s4 ,! di/9ction 9 ! c9namon c be kn[n bo? by ta/e1 ! %ape ( ! leaves on ! tree1 & an exp]i5c$ ,*allya man w judge ! c9namon by fir/ sight4 ,! quality ( ! b>k dep5ds ^u its situation 9 ! bran*1 t peel$ f ! middle ( ! bu% or bran* be+ ! mo/ sup]ior1 & class$ z #a/ sort1 t tak5 f ! upp] end is ! #bnd quality1 :ile ! b>k remov$ f ! base ( ! bran*1 or ! ?icke/ end1 is ! inf]ior1 & call$ ! #crd sort4 ,f ! c9namon b>k refus$ 9 ! sort+ /ore ( all k9ds1 9 sep>at+ ! fir/1 second & ?ird qualities & 9 mak+ bales = exportation1 ! refuse is collect$1 & by a *emical process c9namon oil is extract$1 :i* sells v high1 ) an export duty ( #cs4 or l rupees on ea* ounce1 exclusive ( ! ,briti% duties payable 9 ,engl& = importation1 :i* is at pres5t "o %ill+ & ?ree p5ce p] p\nd4#di ,( ! c9namon roots camphor is made1 :i* sells well bo? 9 ,ceylon & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,c9namon1 z a m$ic9e1 is a p[]ful /imulant1 b x is n mu* us$ alone4 ,x is g5]ally unit$ ) o!r tonics & /imulants1 b its ord9>y use is to mask ! disagreeable odor & ta/e ( o!r m$ic9es4 ,! oil ( c9namon is prep>$ by be+ grossly p[d]$ & mac]at$ 9 sea wat] = two days & two nights1 & bo? are put into ! /ill4 ,a light oil comes ov] ) ! wat]1 & floats on its surface2 a heavy oil s9ks to ! bottom ( ! receiv]1 f\r h\rs be=e ! light oil sep>ates f ! wat]1 & :il/ ! heavy oil cont9ues to be precipitat$ = t51 twelve1 or sometimes f\rte5 days4 ,! heavy oil1 :i* sep>ates fir/1 is ab\t ! same color z ! light oil1 b sometimes ! portion :i* sep>ates la/ has a br[n] %ade ?an ! sup]natant oil4 ,! same wat] c be us$ advantage\sly 9 a second di/illation4 ,pr(essor ,duncan in=ms u t #hj lbs4 ( newly-prep>$ c9namon yield ab\t #b ozs4 ( oil1 :i* floats ^u ! wat]1 & #e ( heavy oil4 ,! same quantity ( c9namon1 if kept 9 /ore = _m ye>s1 yields #b ozs4 ( light oil & #e ozs4 ( heavy oil4 ,c9namon oil is obta9$ f ! fragm5ts ( b>k :i* rema9 aft] peel+1 sort+1 & pack+4 ,x is di/ill$ ov] ) difficulty1 & ! process is promot$ by ! addition ( salt wat]1 & ! use ( a l[ /ill4 ,! oil ?us obta9$ by di/illation is at fir/ ( a yell[ color1 b soon assumes a r$di% br[n hue4 ,x has an odor int]m$iate betwe5 t ( c9namon & vanilla1 b possesses 9 a high degree bo? ! sweet burn+ ta/e & ! agreeable aromatic smell ( c9namon4 ,x is heavi] ?an wat]1 its specific gravity be+ #a4jce4 ,! ripe fruit ( ?is tree yields a concrete oil call$ c9namon suet1 :i* 0 =m]ly employ$ to make c&les = ! ,k&ian k+s4 ,an oil1 call$ clove oil1 is also di/ill$ f ! leaf1 :i* is said to be equal 9 aromatic pung5cy to t made f ! clove at ! ,moluccas4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! quantities sold1 & ! av]age prices realis$ dur+ ! ,dut* rule 9 ,ceylon3-- s4 d4 #afij #c1gej bales sold at #d #h all r\nd4 #agji #c1gej #d #f #agaj #c1ejj #d #d #agbj #e1jjj #d #d #agdj #d1jjj #i #c #agfj #e1jjj #h #e #aghj #b1ejj #ab #f #aghd #b1ejj #ag #d ,! la/ quotation appe>s to h be5 ! highe/ ev] obta9$ = c9namon1 = #ags4 #h;d4 av]age w\ld give ab\t #bbs4 = ! fir/ sort4 ,9 lat] ye>s we f9d ! deliv]ies & prices to h be5 z foll[s3-- s4 d4 #ahbd #e1icd bales sold at #f #f all r\nd4 #ahbh #c1iah #f #j #ahcj #e1hdi #g #h #ahdb #a1jah --- #ahde #c1bde --- ,! comp>ative exports ( c9namon f ,ceylon 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #ahec1 z comp>$ ) ! same p]iod la/ ye>1 are z foll[s3-- #ahec4 #aheb4 lbs4 lbs4 ,qu>t] end+ #e? ,janu>y #ii1ggh #ic1bia #e? ,april #gc1hae #ace1bdh ------- ------- ,total #agc1eic #bbh1eci ,! dim9i%$ export 0 caus$ by ! prospective abolition ( ! export duty1 :i* came into op]ation on ! #a/ ,july la/4 ,! quantity t w be s5t to ! ,engli% m>ket by ! close ( ! ye> 7#ahec7 w be some?+ prodigi\s comp>$ ) ! av]age consumption4 ,f ,octob] #aj1 #aheb1 to ,july #bb1 #ahec1 ! %ipm5ts 7 #djf1cbf lbs4 ,,return ,,( ,,c9namon ,,export$ ,,f ,,ceylon1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantity ,,& ,,value4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,ye>4 lbs4 #ahcf #gbd1cfd -- #ahcg #eeh1aaj -- #ahch #cih1aih -- #ahci #eif1eib -- #ahdj #chi1cgc -- #ahda #cag1iai #bd1heg #ahdb #aba1ade #ae1bjg #ahdc #ffb1gjd #ff1bgj #ahdd #a1jeg1hda #aje1ghd #ahde #djh1baa #dj1hba #ahdf #dia1fef #di1afe #ahdg #ddg1cfi #dd1gcf #ahdh #dia1fhh #di1afh #ahdi #gcc1ghb #gc1cgh #ahej #fdd1heg #fd1dhe #ahea #ejj1eah #ej1jea #aheb #dbg1ffg #db1gff ,! "q ( ! export duty on c9namon has1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 occupi$ a consid]able space 9 ,ceylon correspond5ce & ! ,isl& j\rnals4 ,?is duty 0 fir/ impos$ 9 #ahcb1 on ! abolition ( ! ,grov]nm5t monopoly1 & 0 !n fix$ at ! rate ( #cs4 p] lb4 on all qualities4 ,f ! #ai? ,april1 #ahce1 x 0 fix$ at #cs4 p] lb4 on ! be/1 & #bs4 on ! second quality4 ,x 0 r$uc$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg1 to #bs4 #f;d4 on ! fir/ & second sorts1 & #bs4 on ! ?ird2 & 9 ,june1 #ahda1 to #bs4 on all qualities2 9 #ahdc1 to #as42 & 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdh1 to #d;d4 p] lb4 ,su* a rate ( export duty c\ld be ma9ta9$ only on an article = :i* !re 0 a consid]able dem&1 & :i* c\ld n be suppli$ f o!r places1 & ?is 0 = a long "t ! case4 ,! circum/ances are n[ diff]5t1 & ! abolition ( ! duty1 :i* has s repeat$ly be5 br\ght "u ! notice ( ! ,treasury1 has at l5g? be5 det]m9$ on4 ,! quantity ( c9namon1 c41 tak5 = consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 sc>cely am\nts to #b1hjj bales p] annum4 ,! sale & consumption is ne>ly /ation>y1 & c9namon is only 9 dem& = ^? f9] purposes = :i* cassia1 its competitor1 _c be us$4 ,:il/ we import$ ! l>ge am\nt ( #gjj1jie lbs4 9 #ahej1 only #bh1cdg lbs4 w5t into consumption4 ,! consumption has decl9$ 9 ! la/ two ye>s to ab\t #ba1ejj lbs4 ,c9namon is n[ import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom duty free4 ,! l& "u cultivation ) c9namon 9 ,ceylon is ab\t #ac1jjj acres1 pr9cipally 9 ! we/]n & s\!rn prov9ces4 ,! numb] ( g>d5s be+ elev5 at ,kad]ane1 sev5 at ,ekelli1 sev5 at ,morotto1 six at ,m>&ham1 & two at ,willis5e4 ,sev]al ent]pris+ plant]s h rec5tly comm5c$ ! cultivation ( ?is spice at ,s+apore & ,malacca4 ,! plants already promise well4 ,inde$ !re c be little d\bt ( its ?riv+1 z ! tree has be5 long gr[n 9 g>d5s & pleasure gr\nds 9 ^? settlem5ts1 z an ornam5tal plant1 & has always fl\ri%$4 ,! ,ceylon article is be+ supplant$ 9 ! cont95tal m>kets by a *eap] "o1 ( ,*9a & ,malab> gr[?4 ,! ,javanese1 tempt$ by ! fatally high prices caus$ by ! excessive duties on our ,colonial spice1 smuggl$ a quantity ( se$1 & ) x a c9namon cultivator1 out ( ! isl&1 & h s9ce paid consid]able att5tion to its gr[?4 ,! ,dut* h at pres5t m ?an five millions ( plants1 equal to upw>ds ( #e1jjj acres1 ! great] "p ( :i* are 9 tol]ably full be>+4 ,! c9namon trees 9 ,java beg9 to blossom 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,!y d n all fl[] at ! same "t1 b 9 succession4 ,! fruit beg9s to rip5 9 ,octob] 9 ! same mann]1 s t ! crop la/s f ,octob] to ,febru>y4 ,9 ,ceylon ! blossom beg9s to appe> 9 ,novemb]4 ,! se$s :5 pluck$ ought to be fully ripe1 & aft] be+ sep>at$ f ! out] pulpy cov]+1 %\ld be dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,!y c be kept = two or ?ree mon?s 9 dry s& or a%es1 b mu/ n be expos$ to ! sun1 z !y w\ld split1 & ?us be r5d]$ useless4 ,! plants 9 nurs]ies mu/ be well %elt]$ f ! sun & heavy ra9s1 b ! plants are /r5g!n$ by ! cov]s be+ remov$ at night :5 heavy ra9s are n expect$ to fall1 & 9 ! day "t :5 only light ra9s prevail4 ,! mode ( plant+ out1 cultivation1 prep>+ ! b>k1 c41 appe>s to be ! same 9 ,java z t practis$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t :ile 9 ,ceylon ! c9namon1 :5 ready = m>ket1 is pack$ 9 gunny or canvass bags1 9 ,java x is put into boxes1 made ( wood free f any smell or flavor :i* w\ld injure ! spice4 ,! inf]ior c9namon1 h[ev]1 is pack$ 9 /raw mats4 ,! foll[+ is a return ( ! ext5t ( c9namon culture 9 ,java 3-- ,9 #ahdj4 ,9 #ahda4 ,resid5cies 9 :i* c9namon is cultivat$ #aj #aj ,numb] ( plantations #dh #di families devot$ to ?is culture #g1ija #i1fhh paid budjans #bid #cde ,ext5t ( gr\nd occupi$ by ! cultivation1 9 bahus ( #ga decametres #a1fij #a1hhj --------- --------- ,c9namon trees ( :i* ! b>k c be tak5 #a1ajf1eff #a1djg1bac ,"y trees 9 ! p>ks #b1dgh1dbg #b1efe1ggd ,= r5ew+ #cjg1jjj #hf1hjj --------- --------- ,total #c1hia1iih #d1jei1ghg --------- --------- ,c9namon crop1 9 ,dut* lbs4 #eg1jgd #ch1bai refuse #bc1bhc #hb1hjc ,! numb] ( trees peel$ 9 #ahdb 0 tak5 at #a1hbd1eii1 & ! crop reckon$ at #ajh1ije lbs4 ,9 ! resid5cy ( ,bantam1 f\r trees suffice to produce a p\nd ( c9namon1 :il/ 9 ! o!r resid5cies elev5 trees mu/ g5]ally be /ripp$ to furni% ! same quantity2 9 #ahci "o p\nd c\ld sc>cely be obta9$ f ?irte5 trees4 ,?is cultivation increases ea* ye>1 & ! quality ( ! produce improves1 :il/ ! exp5ses dim9i%4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t has judg$ x prop] n to ext5d x1 al?\gh ! soil ( ,java appe>s favorable to ?is culture4 ,f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj lbs4 ( true c9namon1 n fre$ f its epid]mis1 is export$ annually f ,co*9-,*9a4 ,,java ,,c9namon ,,sold ,,9 ,,holl&4 lbs4 ,9 #ahce #b1bjj #ahcf #a1cjj #ahcg #a1fjj #ahch #b1ajj #ahci #d1gjj #ahdj #g1ijj #ahda #bc1ijj #ahdb #ac1jjj #ahdc #bc1jjj #ahdd #aja1djj #ahde #acd1ejj #ahdh #bej1eej ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,packages ,,9 ,,london4 #ahdb4 #ahdc4 #ahdd4 #ahde4 ,import$ #b1aif #d1deh #i1aig #h1iji ,export$ #c1ffa #c1ifd #f1gab #f1jha ,duty paid #hch #gch #hja #a1jab ,/ock #b1gji #b1fbb #d1bcj #e1edi ,,cassia ,,b>k4 ,c9namonum ,cassia1 or aromaticum1 ! ,laurus cassia ( ,l9nu1 seems to be ! *ief s\rce ( ! cassia lignea ( comm]ce4 ,x diff]s f ! true c9namon tree 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,its leaves are oblong-lanceolate2 !y h ?ree ribs1 :i* coalesce into "o at ! base2 its "y twigs are d[ny1 & its leaves h ! ta/e ( c9namon4 ,malab> cassia appe>s to be ! produce ( ano!r species ( ,c9namonum1 probably ,c4 eucalyptoides1 or ,malabatrum4 ,dr4 ,wight1 ( ! ,madras ,m$ical ,s]vice1 9 a report to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 expresses 8 belief t ! cassia produc+ plants ext5d to ne>ly e species ( ! g5us4 ,a set ( specim5s 7he obs]ves7 submitt$ = my exam9ation1 ( ! trees furni%+ cassia on ! ,malab> coa/1 pres5t$ no few] ?an f\r di/9ct species2 includ+ among !m ! g5u9e c9namon plant1 ! b>k ( ! old] trees ( :i*1 x w\ld appe>1 are export$ f ! coa/ z cassia4 ,?ree or f\r m species are natives ( ,ceylon1 exclusive ( ! c9namon prop]1 all ( :i* greatly resemble ! c9namon plant1 & 9 ! woods might easily be mi/ak5 = x & peel$1 ?\gh ! produce w\ld be inf]ior4 ,?us we h f ,we/]n ,india & ,ceylon alone1 probably n less ?an six plants produc+ cassia2 add to ^! ne>ly twice z _m m species ( ,c9namonum1 ! produce ( ! m ea/]n /ates ( ,asia1 & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 all rem>kable = _! /rik+ family lik5ess2 all1 ,i believe1 end[$ ) aromatic prop]ties1 & probably ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 contribut+ some?+ t[>ds ! g5]al result1 & we at once see ! impossibility ( aw>d+ to any "o individual species ! cr$it ( be+ ! s\rce :5ce ! ,cassia lignea ( comm]ce is d]iv$2 & equally ! impropriety ( apply+ to any "o ( !m ! compreh5sive specific appellation ( cassia1 s9ce all sorts ( c9namon-l plants1 yield+ b>k ( a quality unfit to be> ! designation ( c9namon 9 ! m>ket1 are pass$ (f z cassia4 ,! cassia tree1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 is f\nd 9 ! m nor!rn portion ( ! ,indian isles1 z 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ,maj9danao1 ,sumatra1 ,borneo1 & p>ts ( ,celebes4 ,x is also gr[n on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! pr9cipal seat ( its culture is1 h[ev]1 ! ,malab> coa/1 & ! prov9ces ( ,quantong & ,k+se1 9 ,*9a4 ,! fam\s cassia ( ,*9a is incomp>ably sup]ior 9 p]fume & flavor to any spice ( its class4 ,its native place is unkn[n1 ?\gh suppos$ to be ! int]ior prov9ces ( ,*9a4 ,! m>ket price is said to be #e p] lb4 ,! ,malab> sort br\ght f ,bombay is ?ick]1 d>k] color$1 & co>s] ?an t f ,*9a1 & is m subject to f\l pack+4 ,a small quantity ( cassia is br\ght f ,mauritius & ,brazil1 & a l>ge am\nt f ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,cassia b>k fet*es f #hjs4 to #ajes4 p] cwt4 9 ! ,london m>ket1 accord+ to quality4 ,! imports appe> on ! decl9e4 ,9 #ahdc & #ahdd we import$ ne>ly two millions ( p\nds4 ,! quantity import$ & reta9$ = home consumption 9 ! pa/ f\r ye>s are %[n 9 ! foll[+ figures3-- ,import$4 ,reta9$ = consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahdh #eaj1bdg #gf1aeb #ahdi #dgb1fic #hc1ejj #ahej #a1jej1jjh #ig1agh #ahea #bfg1ehb #hb1dfg ,! *eap] ,indian b>ks1 z well z ! c9namon ( ! ,ea/1 seem$ at "o "t to be fa/ driv+ out ( ! m>ket ! sup]ior class c9namon ( ,ceylon4 ,9 #ahda ,java export$ #djj cwts4 ( c9namon2 & ! quantity ( cassia import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ,india & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 9 ! five ye>s end+ ) #ahdd1 0-- lbs4 #ahdj #cbi1caj #ahda #a1bfa1fdh #ahdb #a1cab1hjd #ahdc #b1dgj1ejb #ahdd #a1bgh1dac #dj1jjj lbs4 7 receiv$ f ,india 9 #ahdh2 & #c1gie arrobas ( cassia 7 export$ f ,manila 9 #ahdg4 ,9 #aheb1 #b1hjf cwts4 ( cassia 7 receiv$ at ,s+apore f ,*9a1 & #a1chj cwts4 export$ f t settlem5t to ! ,cont95t1 aga9/ #ijc cwts4 %ipp$ 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,:at ! ,ceylon spice-gr[] wants1 is an ext5d$ field ( op]ation--a l>g] class ( consum]s to take (f 8 c9namon1 & ?is c only be obta9$ by br++ x )9 ! means ( ! great mass ( cassia buy]s4 ,look at ! quantity ( c9namon export$ by ! ,dut* 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,eight or n9e ?\s& bales a ye> 7 export$1 & n[1 aft] a lapse ( a hundr$ ye>s1 ,ceylon h>dly s5ds away half t quantity4 ,yet ! consumption ( spice mu/ h kept pace ) ! increas$ population ( c\ntries us+ x1 & s x has4 ,b ! diff]5ce is made up1 & m ?an made up1 by cassia f ,*9a1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,malab> ,coa/1 c41 & ?\gh ! new article is n equal to ! c9namon ( ,ceylon1 yet ! va/ diff]5ce 9 ! price obta9s = x ! pref]5ce4 ,n[ :at ! ,ceylon plant] wants1 is to be all[$ to produce a spice on equal t]ms1 & ( a sup]ior quality to cassia1 :i* might be done "u an ad valorem export duty ( #e p] c5t4 ,spice ( ?is description ( c\rse c\ld n af=d ! high cultivation be/[$ on ! f9e qualities1 nei!r w\ld x be requir$4 ,9 fact little or no cultivation ne$ be giv5 x4 ,at pres5t any?+ inf]ior to ! ?ird sort is n wor? produc+1 because x _c /& ! %ill+ export duty4 ,b "u a m enlight5$ sy/em ( ?+s1 ) a l[ duty su* z ,i sugge/1 myriads ( bu%es w\ld spr+ up on ^? l[1 s&y1 & at pres5t unpr(itable wa/es t skirt ! sea-coa/ ( ! we/]n prov9ce1 ar\nd ,negombo & ,*ilaw4 ,! diff]5ce ( duty w\ld be m ?an made up by ! diffusion ( capital 9 plant+1 ! employm5t ( va/ numb]s ( labor]s1 ! pur*ase f ,gov]nm5t ( _m ?\s& acres ( n[ valueless flats1 & all ! att5dant b5efits aris+ out ( ! developm5t ( a new field ( op]ation = ! colonial indu/rial res\rces4#ej ,! cassia tree gr[s naturally to ! height ( #ej or #fj feet1 ) l>ge1 spread+1 horizontal bran*es4 ,! peel]s take (f ! two b>ks toge!r1 & sep>at+ ! r\gh out] "o1 :i* is ( no value1 !y lay ! inn] b>k to dry1 :i* rolls up & becomes ! ,cassia lignea ( comm]ce4 ,x resembles c9namon 9 ta/e1 smell & appe>ance4 ,! be/ is import$ f ,*9a1 ei!r direct f ,canton1 or ?r\gh ,s+apore1 9 small tubes or quills1 sometimes ! ?ickness ( ! ord9>y pipes ( c9namon & ( ! same l5g?2 b usually !y are %ort] & ?ick]1 & ! b>k itself co>s]4 ,x is ( a tol]ably smoo? surface & br[ni% color1 ) "s ca/ ( r$1 b mu* less s ?an c9namon4 ,! exports f ,*9a are said to be ab\t five million p\nds annually2 price ab\t #cbs4 p] cwt4 ,9 #ahej1 #f1eji piculs ( cassia lignea 7ne>ly "o million p\nds71 valu$ at #hg1hej doll>s1 7 %ipp$ f ! s+le port ( ,canton4 ,cassia b>k is ( a less fibr\s texture1 & m brittle1 & x is also di/+ui%$ f c9namon by a want ( pung5cy1 & by be+ ( a mucilag9\s or gelat9\s quality4 ,,cassia ,,buds are ! dri$ fl[] buds 7p]ian? & ov>y7 ( ! cassia tree1 & are mo/ly br\ght f ,*9a4 ,!y be> "s resemblance to a clove1 b are small]1 & :5 fre% h a ri* c9namon flavor4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 r\nd1 fre%1 & free f /alk & dirt4 ,!y are us$ *iefly 9 confection]y1 & h ! flavor & pung5cy ( cassia4 ,! exports f ,canton 9 #ahdd 7 #ba1ejj lbs42 9 #ahej1 #dd1adj lbs41 valu$ at #g1djj doll>s4 ,! av]age quantity ( cassia buds import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 ea* ( ! ?irte5 ye>s end+ ) #ahdb1 0 #dj1bca lbs42 ! av]age quantity ent]$ = home consumption 9 ^! ye>s 0 #f1faj lbs41 & ! av]age annual am\nt ( duty receiv$ 0 #cab4 ,cassia b>k yields a yell[ volatile oil1 call$ oil ( cassia1 ! f9] k9d ( :i* diff]s b little 9 its prop]ties f t ( c9namon1 = :i* x is g5]ally sub/itut$2 x has a specific gravity ( #ajga4 ,! be/ is manufactur$ 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! wood1 b>k1 leaves & oil are all 9 reque/4 ,! cassia oil is rat$ at #aej doll>s p] picul1 & ! trade 9 ?is article rea*es ab\t #bej1jjj doll>s4 ,,canella ,,alba1 or wild c9namon1 is a valuable & ornam5tal tree1 gr[+ ab\t fifte5 feet high1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies = its pung5t b>k1 :i* is %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry 9 bales or cases1 9 long quills & flat pieces1 some?+ l c9namon4 ,l>ge old cutt+s root readily 9 ! s&4 ,x is gr[n *iefly 9 ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 f :5ce we d]ive our supplies4 ,by ! ,c>ibs1 ! anci5t natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! negroes1 x 0 fir/ employ$ z a condim5t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly us$ z an aromatic /imulant & tonic1 rank+ betwe5 c9namon & cloves4 ,! b>k possesses1 h[ev]1 no o!r quality ?an its hot spicy flavor & /rong aromatic odor :5 expos$ to ! action ( heat4 ,,casc>illa ,,b>k is obta9$ *iefly f ! ,croton casc>illa1 a small %rub gr[+ at ,/4 ,dom+o1 ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 & ! ,antilles4 ,! *ief portion comes f ,eleu!ra4 ,9 ,hayti a pleasant k9d ( tea is made f ! leaves4 ,o!r species ( ! family supply "s ( ! b>k ( comm]ce4 ,f its /rong & aromatic prop]ties x has be5 f\nd v efficaci\s 9 all febrile diseases1 & vies ) ! ,jesuits' b>k2 z a tonic x has v :olesome qualities1 a pleasant & /rong bitt]ness1 & 0 = "s "t held 9 consid]able repute among ! faculty4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 l>ge %ipm5ts 7 made f ! ,bahamas4 ,x 0 f\nd1 ^u adult]ation ) hops1 to r$uce ! co/ ( t article1 & = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! hop gr[] a prohibitory impo/ 0 laid ^u x by ! ,home ,gov]nm5t1 consequ5tly x became an unsaleable product4 ,! sea-side balsam1 or sweet wood 7,croton ,eleut]ia71 f :i* "s casc>illa b>k is obta9$1 gr[s 9 ! ,bahama ,isl&s & ,jamaica1 b almo/ all ! b>k import$ comes f ,nassau1 ,new ,provid5ce4 ,9 #ahdj1 #ae1jjj lbs4 7 import$ = home consumption4 ,?is b>k produces ! comb9$ effect ( an aromatic & ( a mod]ately p[]ful tonic2 b x does n possess any a/r+5cy4 ,x has be5 employ$ z a sub/itute = c9*ona4 ,:5 burn$ x gives out a musky odor1 & is (t5 us$ 9 pa/iles4 ,! value ( ?is b>k ranges1 accord+ to quality1 f #ags4 #f;d4 to #dc s4 p] cwt4 ,,cloves4 ,! cloves ( comm]ce are obta9$ f ! fl[] buds ( ,c>yophyllus aromaticus 7,eug5ia c>yophyllata71 :i* 0 orig9ally a native ( ! ,moluccas1 b is n[ cultivat$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y h ! =m ( a nail1 & :5 exam9$ are se5 to consi/ ( ! tubul> calyx ) a r\ndi% projection1 =m$ by ! unop5$ petals4 ,x is a v h&some tree1 gr[+ to ! height ( ab\t tw5ty feet4 ,! trunk is /raight1 & rises f\r or five feet be=e x ?r[s out bran*es4 ,! b>k is smoo?1 ?91 ( a grey color1 & ! wood ( ! trunk too h>d = ord9>y cab9et "w4 ,! leaves are opposite1 smoo?1 n>r[1 po9t$1 ( a rup\s color above1 & gre5 on ! "u side4 ,!y h a v aromatic odor :5 bruis$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! fl[]s produc$ 9 bran*$ p$uncles1 at ! extremity ( ! b\gh1 are ( a delicate pea* color4 ,! elongat$ calyx1 =m+ ! se$ vessel1 fir/ *anges to yell[1 &1 :5 ripe1 r$1 :i* is f ,octob] to ,decemb]1 & 9 ?is /ate x is fit to ga!r4 ,if left = a few weeks long] on ! trees1 !y exp&1 & become :at are t]m$ "m cloves1 fit only = se$ or = c&y+4 ,! gr\nd "u ! tree is fir/ swept clean1 or else a mat or clo? is spread4 ,! ne>e/ clu/]s are tak5 (f ) ! h&1 & ! m di/ant by ! aid ( crook$ /icks4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to injure ! tree1 z x w\ld prev5t future be>+4 ,! cloves are !n prep>$ = %ipm5t by smok+ !m on hurdles ne> a sl[ wood fire1 to give !m a br[n color1 aft] :i* !y are fur!r dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,!y may !n be cut (f f ! fl[] bran*es ) ! nails1 & w be f\nd to be purple color$ )91 & fit to be bal$ = ! ,european m>ket4 ,9 "s places !y are scald$ 9 hot wat] be=e be+ smok$1 b ?is is n common4 ,! tree may be propagat$ ei!r f lay]s or se$4 ,lay]s w root 9 five or six mon?s if kept moi/4 ,a /rong d>k loam1 a gravelly1 s&y1 or clayey soil1 b "o n ret5tive ( moi/ure1 seems t be/ suit$ = its successful culture4 ,x does n ?rive well ne> ! sea1 nor 9 ! high] m\nta9s1 ! spray ( ! sea & ! cold be+ f\nd injuri\s4 ,! plants at fir/ require ! %ade ( o!r trees1 su* z ! mango1 coco-nut1 c4 ,al?\gh g5]ally a h>dy plant1 x suff]s f excessive dr\ght4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ ab\t tw5ty feet ap>t4 ,9 its native c\ntry ! tree beg9s to yield fruit 9 ! six? ye>1 b a crop c seldom be look$ = 9 o!r qu>t]s "u eight ye>s4 ,x is v long liv$1 sometimes atta9+ ! age ( #acj ye>s4 ,!re appe>s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 to be five v>ieties ( ! clove1 viz4--! ord9>y cultivat$ clove2 a k9d call$ ! female clove by ! natives1 :i* has a pale /em2 ! kiri or loory clove2 ! royal clove1 :i* is v sc>ce1 & ! wild clove4 ,! ?ree fir/ are equally valuable z spices1 ! female clove be+ consid]$ fitte/ = ! di/illation ( ess5tial oil4 ,! wild clove1 hav+ sc>cely any aromatic flavor1 is valueless4 ,! produce :i* may be expect$ f ! tree seems to be unc]ta92 x may1 h[ev]1 be av]ag$ at five or six p\nds4 ,a clove tree1 well we$$ & tak5 c>e (1 w produce f five to tw5ty p\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a tree t is neglect$ w n give above two or ?ree p\nds4 ,at int]vals ( f ?ree to six ye>s !y usually produce "o extraord9>y crop1 b !n a ye> n[ & !n int]v5es1 :5 !y yield none at all2 9 o!rs !y w af=d a d\ble h>ve/4 ,! clove tree 0 orig9ally conf9$ to ! five pr9cipal ,molucca isl&s1 & *iefly to ,ma*ean4 ,f ^! x 0 convey$ to ,amboyna1 a v %ort "t only be=e ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese4 ,by !m ! cultivation 0 /rictly re/rict$ to ,amboyna1 e ef=t be+ made to extirpate ! plant else:]e4 ,x has n[1 h[ev]1 spread to ,java1 ,s+apore1 & ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts1 ,ceylon1 ! ,mauritius & ,sey*elles1 ,b\rbon1 ,zanzib>1 ,cay5ne1 ,dom9ica1 ,m>t9ique1 ,/4 ,kitts1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & ,tr9idad4 ,cloves conta9 a volatile oil1 associat$ ) res9\s1 gummy1 & a/r+5t matt]1 :i* is yield$ 9 l>g] proportion ?an by any o!r plant4 ,neuman obta9$ by di/illation two ounces & two dra*ms f sixte5 ounces ( cloves4 ,on an av]age cloves yield f #ag to #bb p] c5t4 ( oil1 includ+ ! heavy & light oils4 ,! oil is aromatic & acrid1 & has be5 us$ z a condim5t & a /imulant c>m9ative4 ,x is also ext5sively us$ by di/ill]s & soap mak]s4 ,x is said t ! clove does n ?rive well on ! soil ( ,java1 ! plantations ( :i* trial _h be5 made n hav+ succe$$ to ! ext5t expect$1 al?\gh !y 7 direct$ by skill$ p]sons f ,amboyna2 ! places !y made *oice ( did n diff] mat]ially z to soil & climate f ^? ( ! ,moluccas4 ,m4 ,teysman1 ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,batavia1 seems to h be/[$ mu* att5tion on ! subject4 ,! exports h[ev] f ! isl& h be5 consid]able4 ,9 #ahcj1 !re 7 #hjc piculs %ipp$2 9 #ahce1 #d1eff2 9 #ahci1 #b1ccd2 9 #ahdc1 #b1jbg piculs ( #acc lbs4 ,m4 ,buee1 :o introduc$ ! culture ( ! clove 9 ! isl& ( ,dom9ica1 ab\t #aghi1 ?us describes ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce1 :i* may be useful to o!r exp]im5tal cultivators4 ,he obta9$ a few plants f ,cay5ne1 & rais$ #a1fjj trees f se$1 :i*1 9 a ye> f ! fir/ s[+1 7 transplant$4 ,! se$s 7 s[n at ab\t six in*es ap>t f ea* o!r1 9 b$s2 ov] ^! b$s small frames 7 erect$ ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 & planta9 leaves 7 spread on ! top1 9 ord] to %elt] ! "y plants f ! sun4 ,! leaves 7 all[$ gradually to decay1 & at ! end ( n9e mon?s ! "y plants1 :i* by t "t 7 /rong1 7 p]mitt$ to receive ! b5efit ( ! sun2 b if n protect$ f x :5 v "y1 !y 7 f\nd to droop & die4 ,:5 transplant$1 ! trees 7 plac$ at sixte5 feet ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,!y grew v luxuriantly1 & at ! end ( fifte5 mon?s aft] _! removal1 atta9$ ! height ( f ?ree to f\r feet4 ,! gr\nd :]e9 !y 7 plant$ _h be5 a c(fee plantation dur+ =ty ye>s4 ,! c(fee trees _h decay$1 & an attempt _h be5 made to replace !m2 b !y refus$ to gr[2 :]eas ! clove plants fl\ri%$ z if on cong5ial soil1 & a crop 0 ga!r$ on "s ( !m :5 !y 7 n m ?an six ye>s old1 :i* p]iod is two or ?ree ye>s e>li] ?an ! usual "t = ga!r+4 ,! cloves s5t f ,/4 ,v9c5t to ,engl& 9 #ahjj1 7 obta9$ f trees eight feet high1 hav+ a /em only two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,trial 0 made 9 t isl& ( ! relative gr[? ( ! plant on diff]5t soils2 x grew sickly on l& :i* 0 n manur$1 b on l& :i* _h receiv$ ?is prep>ation x fl\ri%$4 ,9 ,s+apore1 ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 !re 7 !n ab\t #ae1jjj clove trees plant$ out1 a few ( :i* only _h come 9 be>+4 ,if ^! plantations _h prov$ equally productive ) ^? ( ! si/] settlem5t ( ,p9ang1 x w\ld h be5 able to export #fj1jjj lbs4 ( cloves1 its own produce2 b ?is expectation1 x w be se51 has n be5 realis$4 ,9 ! season ( #ahda-db1 !re 0 #ajjj piculs ( cloves %ipp$ f ,p9ang1 b none 7 export$ 9 ! two previ\s ye>s4 ,! quantity ( l& "u cultivation ) cloves !re1 9 #ahdc1 0 #dfc orlongs 9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 & #eag 9 ,prov9ce ,wellesley4 ,! numb] ( trees plant$ out 9 ! =m] isl& 0 #gb1ggi2 9 ! latt] prov9ce #g1fci4 ,!re 7 9 ! isl& #be1afa plants 9 nurs]y4 ,! trees 9 be>+ 7--,9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 #bh1gci2 n be>+1 #dd1jdj2 produce 9 #ahdc1 #hg piculs1 #ej catties2 gross value1 #c1cii doll>s2 e/imat$ produce ( cloves = #ahdd1 #dfi piculs4 ,9 ,prov9ce ,wellesley--,trees 9 be>+1 #a1jgc2 n be>+1 #f1eff2 produce 9 #ahdc1 #a picul1 #ac catties2 gross value #de doll>s4 ,! export ( cloves f ,p9ang 01 9 #ahdi1 #bd1jjj lbs42 9 #ahej1 #eb1djj2 9 #ahea1 #bg1hff2 9 #aheb1 #de1jhg4 ,f tabul> /atem5ts drawn up 9 #ahdd1 by ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,br[n1 ,*airman ( ! ,p9ang ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 x appe>s t !re 71 9 #ahdc1 9 t isl& & ,prov9ce ,wellesley adjo9+1 #if clove plantations1 conta9+ #hj1dah clove trees2 besides _m "y trees 9 nurs]ies ready to be plant$ out4 ,! produce ( cloves !re1 9 #ahdb1 0 #aa1hac lbs41 & ?is 0 a v %ort crop1 x hav+ t ye> prov$ a complete failure2 ! av]age crop = "s ye>s previ\s _h be5 #df1fff lbs4 ,p9ang only began to export ?is spice 9 #ahcb4 ,( ! clove trees 9 ,p9ang !re 7 !n only #bi1hab 9 be>+1 leav+ #ge1gfg 9 t settlem5t alone to come to maturity2 e/imat$ to yield ab\t #cjj1jjj lbs4 ,no success has att5d$ repeat$ trials ( cloves 9 ,s+apore4 ,until ! trees rea* ! age ( be>+1 !y gr[ & look extremely well2 b any expectation ( a crop t may h be5 rais$ by _! hi!rto f9e condition1 ends 9 disappo9tm5t1 = j !n ! trees assume ! appe>ance ( sudd5 blight1 z if lightn+-/rick51 & !n die4 #abe clove plants & #cej se$l+s 7 s5t to ,s+apore f ,b5cool51 by ,sir ,t4 ,raffles1 9 ! close ( #ahai2 b al?\gh e c>e 0 paid !m--:ile ! nutmegs :i* accompani$ !m ?rove amaz+ly well--little or no progress has be5 made ) clove culture4 ,two or ?ree hundr$-weight 7 %ipp$ 9 #ahde1 b s9ce !n h>dly any m5tion is made ( ! spice4 ,9 a petition pres5t$ by ! spice plant]s ( ,p9ang & ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 to ! au?orities at home1 9 #ahdd1 pray+ t ! duty on ,briti% ,colonial nutmegs1 mace1 & cloves might be r$uc$ to #as4 #i;d41 #as4 #c;d41 & #c;d4 respectively1 on importation into ,engl&1 9 ord] to compete ) =eign produce1 x 0 /at$ t a few ye>s h5ce ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl& might be expect$ to produce #fjj1jjj lbs4 ( nutmegs1 #bjj1jjj lbs4 ( mace1 & #cjj1jjj lbs4 ( cloves2 :il/ ,s+apore1 if equally successful 9 ! culture ( ! same1 w\ld yield ye>ly #acg1jjj lbs4 ( nutmegs1 #de1jjj lbs4 ( mace1 & #fj1jjj lbs4 ( cloves4 ,9 %ort1 ! plant]s ne$$ only enc\ragem5t to produce 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s a full supply ( ^? valuable spices = ! :ole consumption ( ,great ,brita94 ,dr4 ,rus*5b]g]1 :o visit$ ,zanzib> 9 #ahce1 ?us speaks ( ! clove plantations !re3--,z f> z ! eye c\ld rea* ov] a beautifully undulat$ l&1 no?+ 0 to be se5 b clove trees ( diff]5t ages1 v>y+ 9 height f five to tw5ty feet4 ,! =m ( ! tree is conical1 ! bran*es gr[ at ne>ly "r angles ) ! trunk1 & !y beg9 to %oot a few in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! plantation conta9s ne>ly f\r ?\s& trees1 & ea* tree yields on an av]age six p\nds ( cloves a ye>2 !y are c>efully pick$ by h&1 & !n dri$ 9 ! %ade2 we saw numb]s ( slaves /&+ on ladd]s ga!r+ ! spice1 :ile o!rs 7 at "w cle>+ ! gr\nd ( dead leaves4 ,! :ole is 9 ! f9e/ ord]1 pres5t+ a picture ( indu/ry & ( admirable neatness & beauty4 ,!y 7 introduc$ into ,zanzib> 9 #ahah1 f ,mauritius1 & are f\nd to ?rive s well t almo/ ev]ybody 9 ! isl& is n[ cle>+ away ! cocoa nut to make way = !m4 ,! clove be>s 9 five or six ye>s f ! se$2 ( c\rse "t en\gh has n yet elaps$ = ! value & quantity ( ,zanzib> cloves to be g5]ally kn[n2 !y are wor?1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,bombay m>ket1 ab\t #cjs4 ! ,surat maund ( #ci lbs42 ! price = ,molucca cloves 9 ! ,ea/]n m>ket is f #bh to #cj doll>s p] picul ( #acc lbs42 = ^? ( ,mauritius1 #bj to #bd doll>s p] picul4 ,! av]age annual consumption ( cloves 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 ! f\r ye>s end+ #ahda1 0 #di1jjj lbs4 ,! l>ge/ quantity ( cloves import$ dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s 0 #a1jda1aga lbs41 9 #ahdg4 ,! quantities import$ & ent]$ = home consumption 9 ! la/ five ye>s h be5 z foll[s3-- ,imports4 ,home consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahdh #aag1dcc #abf1fia #ahdi #bgd1gac #acc1gac #ahej #gdi1fdf #aei1icd #ahea #bec1dci #ach1acb #aheb #cac1idi #age1bhg ,9 #ahdh we receiv$ #fj1jjj lbs4 ( cloves f ,briti% ,india4 ,,! ,,nutmeg4 ,myri/ica mos*ata1 ,m4 (fic9alis1 or aromatica4--,?is tree is ( a l>g] gr[? ?an ! clove1 atta9+ a height ( ?irty feet1 & has its leaves broad] 9 proportion to _! l5g?2 ! upp] surface ( ^! is ( a bright gre51 ! "u ( a greyi% color4 ,x is a dioeci\s plant1 hav+ male or b>r5 pale yell[ fl[]s ^u "o tree1 & female or f]tile fl[]s ^u ano!r4 ,! fruit is drupace\s1 & op5s by two valves :5 ripe1 display+ ! beautiful reticulat$ sc>let arillus1 :i* con/itutes mace4 ,)9 ?is is a h>d1 d>k br[n1 & glossy %ell1 cov]+ ! k]nel1 :i* is ! nutmeg ( ! %ops4 ,! k]nels ( ,m4 tom5tosa are also us$ z aromatics1 "u ! "n ( wild or male nutmegs4 ,l9dley describes two o!r species1 ,m4 fatua1 a native ( ,sur9am1 ) gre5i% :ite fl[]s1 & ,m4 sebif]a or ,virola sebif]a1 a native ( ,guiana1 ) yell[i% gre5 fl[]s4 ,by expression1 nutmegs are made to yield a concrete oil1 call$ ,adeps ,myri/ic1 or sometimes errone\sly oil ( mace4 ,a volatile oil is also procur$ by di/illation4 ,nutmegs & mace are us$ m$ic9ally z aromatic /imulants & condim5ts4 ,9 l>ge doses !y h a n>cotic effect4 ,! fle%y "p ( ! fruit is us$ z a pres]ve4 ,dr4 ,oxley has giv5 su* an admirable acc\nt ( ! nutmeg & its cultivation1 z ! result ( #bj ye>s exp]i5ce 9 ,s+apore1 t ,i %all draw l>gely f 8 valuable pap]1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! second volume ( ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 page #fda4 ,! nutmeg tree1 l _m ( its class1 has a /rong t5d5cy to become monoeci\s1 & plant]s 9 g5]al are well pleas$ at ?is habit1 ?9k+ !y secure a d\ble advantage by hav+ ! male & female fl[]s on ! same plant4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 delusive1 & be+ aga9/ ! ord] ( nature1 ! produce ( su* trees is inv>iably inf]ior1 %[+ itself 9 ! production ( d\ble nuts & o!r de=mities4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to h only female trees1 ) a due proportion ( males4 ,! female fl[]s1 :i* are m]ely compos$ ( a tripid calyx & no corolla1 :5 produc$ by a tree 9 full vigor are p]fectly urceolate1 slightly t+$ ) gre5 at ! base1 & well fill$ by ! ov>y1 :]eas ! female fl[]s ( weakly trees are entirely yell[1 imp]fectly urceolate1 & approa* m to ! /am9if]\s fl[]s ( ! male4 ,! %ape ( ! fruit v>ies consid]ably1 be+ sph]ical1 oblong1 & egg-%ap$1 b ! ne>] !y approa* sph]icity ( figure1 ! m highly are !y priz$4 ,!re is also a great v>iety 9 ! foliage ( diff]5t trees1 f elliptic1 oblong & ovate1 to almo/ purely lanceolate-%ap$ leaves4 ,?is diff]5ce seems to indicate 9 "s measure ! "* ( ! produce2 trees ) l>ge oblong leaves appe>+ to h ! l>ge/ & mo/ sph]ical fruit1 & ^? ) small lanceolate leaves be+ 9 g5]al m prolific be>]s1 b ( inf]ior quality4 ,:il/ its cong5] ! clove has be5 spread ov] ,asia1 ,africa1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! nutmeg refuses to fl\ri% out ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 except z an exotic1 all attempts to introduce x l>gely into o!r tropical c\ntries hav+ decid$ly fail$4 ,! isl& ( ,t]nate1 :i* is 9 ab\t ! same latitude z ,s+apore1 is said to h be5 ! spot :]e x 0 truly indig5\s1 b no d\bt ! tree is to be f\nd on mo/ ( ! ,moluccas4 ,at pres5t ! place ( its orig9 is unproductive ( ! spice1 hav+ be5 robb$ ( its ri* h]itage by ! policy ( ! ,dut*1 :o at an e>ly p]iod remov$ ! plantations to ! ,b&a isles = bett] surveillance1 :]e !y /ill rema9 & fl\ri%4 ,b al?\gh c>e 0 =m]ly tak5 to extirpate ! tree on ! ,moluccas1 ! mace-fe$+ pigeons h fru/rat$ ! ma*9ations ( man1 & spread x widely ?r\gh ! ,ar*ipelago ( isl&s ext5d+ f ! ,moluccas to ,new ,gu9ea4 ,its circle ( gr[? ext5ds we/w>d z f> z ,p9ang1 or ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 :]e1 al?\gh an exotic1 x has be5 cultivat$ z a m]cantile speculation ) success = _m ye>s4 ,we/w>d ( ,p9ang !re are no plantations1 look+ at ! subject 9 a m]cantile po9t ( view4 ,! tree is to be f\nd1 inde$1 9 ,ceylon1 & ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,india1 b to gr[ x z a speculation out ( its indig5\s limits1 is z likely to prove successful z ! cultivation ( apples & pe>s 9 ,b5gal4 ,9 ! ,b&a ,isles1 :]e ! tree may be consid]$ z indig5\s1 no fur!r att5tion is paid to its cultivation ?an sett+ out ! plants 9 p>ks1 "u ! %ade ( l>ge =e/ trees1 ) long horizontal bran*es1 call$ ,can>i by ! natives4 ,!re x atta9s a height ( #ej feet & upw>ds1 :]eas f #bj to #cj feet may be tak5 z a fair av]age ( ! trees 9 ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts2 b notwit/&+ our pigmy proportions 7adds ,dr4 ,oxley71 x does n appe>1 f1 all ,i c\ld ev] le>n1 t we are relatively beh9d ! ,b&a trees1 ei!r 9 quantity or quality ( produce1 & ,i am /rongly impress$ ) ! idea t ! isl& ( ,s+apore c compete ) ! ,b&a gr\p on p]fectly ev5 t]ms4 ,our climate is q unexceptionable = ! gr[? ( ! nutmeg1 be+ nei!r expos$ to dr\ghts or high w9ds2 & al?\gh we may lose by comp>ison ( soils1 we aga9 ga9 by great] facilities ( s5d+ our products to m>ket1 by ! facility ( obta9+ abundant supplies ( manure1 & any am\nt ( free & *eap labor4 ,a nutmeg plantation1 well laid out & br\ght up to p]fection1 is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ & agreeable prop]ties t c be possess$4 ,yield+ returns1 m or less daily1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 !re is increas+ int]e/1 besides ! usual /imulus to all agriculturi/s ( a crop "t1 :5 8 produce increases to d\ble & quadruple ! ord9>y r\t9e4 ,trees hav+ arriv$ at fifte5 ye>s gr[?1 !re is no inc]titude or fe> ( total failure ( crop1 only 9 relative am\nt ( produce1 & ?is1 z w be se51 is greatly 9 ! plant]'s own p[] to comm&4 ,x is aga9/ reason to suppose t a tree 9 fl[] & fruit w n exp5d itself if left to unaid$ nature3 x mu/ be suppli$ ) suitable /imuli to make good ! wa/e1 !re=e he :o wants nuts mu/ n be sp>+ ( manure4 ,! fir/ requisite = ! plant] is *oice ( location4 ,x is true t ! nutmeg tree1 aid$ by manure1 w gr[ 9 almo/ any soil :]e wat] does n lodge1 b x makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( success1 :e!r ! soil be orig9ally good1 or poor & improv$ by art4 ,! tree does n ?rive 9 :ite or s&y soils1 b pref]s ! deep r$ & friable soils =m$ by ! decomposition ( granite rocks & t+$ ) iron1 & ! deep] ! t+e ! bett]4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to ?9k1 t iron 9 ! soil is almo/ necess>y = ! full developm5t ( ! plant4 ,if "u ! be=e-m5tion$ soil !re be a rubble ( iron-/one at f\r or five feet f ! surface 7a v common =mation 9 ,s+apore71 =m+ a natural dra9age1 ! plant] has obta9$ all t he c desire 9 ! gr\nd1 & ne$s only pati5ce & p]sev]ance to secure success4 ,! =m ( ! gr\nd ought to be undulat+1 to p]mit ! runn+ (f ( all sup]flu\s wat]1 z !re is no "o ?+ m injuri\s to ! plant ?an wat] lodg+ ar\nd its roots1 al?\gh1 9 ord] to ?rive well1 x requires an atmosph]e ( ! mo/ humid sort1 & ra9 almo/ daily4 ,besides ! =m ( ! gr\nd1 situation is highly desirable1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds exposure4 ,a spot select$ = a nutmeg plantation _c be too well %elt]$1 z high w9ds are mo/ de/ructive to ! tree1 indep5d5tly ( ! loss occasion$ by ! bl[+ (f ( fruit & fl[]4 ,at pres5t !re is abundant *oice ( l& 9 ,s+apore1 ! great] portion ( ! isl& be+ z yet uncultivat$1 & mu* answ]+ to ! above description4 ,! l& c be pur*as$ f ,gov]nm5t at ! rate ( f #ajs4 to #bjs4 p] acre 9 p]petuity4 ,i w\ld advise ! man :o wi%es to e/abli% a plantation1 to select ! virg9 =e/1 & ( all ?+s let him avoid des]t$ gambi] plantations1 ! soil ( :i* is completely exhau/$1 ! ,*9ese tak+ good c>e nev] to leave a spot until !y h tak5 all !y c out ( x4 ,a cle>$ spot has a great attraction = ! inexp]i5c$1 & x is n easy to conv9ce a man t x is less exp5sive to attack ! primitive =e/1 ?an to attempt to cle> an old gambi] plantation1 ov]run ) lalang grass2 b ! cutt+ d[n & burn+ ( l>ge =e/ trees is f> less exp5sive ?an ! extirpation ( ! lalang1 & z ! ,*9ese leave all ! /umps ( ! l>ge trees 9 ! gr\nd1 x is almo/ m difficult to remove !m 9 ?is /ate ?an :5 y h ! p[]ful lev] ( ! trunk to aid y 9 te>+ up ! roots1 sett+ aside ! p>am\nt advantage t1 9 ! "o case y possess a fre% & f]tile soil1 9 ! o!r an effete & b>r5 "o4 ,=e/ l&1 or jungle1 z x is call$ 9 ! ,ea/1 c be cle>$ = ab\t #be to #cj doll>s 7#e to #f7 p] acre1 by contract1 b ! plant] _h bett] be c>eful to h e /ump & root ( tree remov$1 ere he v5tures to comm5ce plant+1 or ! :ite ants1 attract$ by ! dead wood1 w cr[d into ! l&1 & hav+ consum$ ! food ?us prep>$ = !m1 w n be sl[ 9 attack+ ! "y trees4 ,:il/ ! plant] is ?us cle>+ ! gr\nd1 he may advantage\sly at ! same "t be e/abli%+ nurs]ies2 = ^! ! gr\nd ought to be well tr5*$ & mix$ ) a small quantity ( ?or\ghly decompos$ manure & burn$ e>?1 mak+ up ! e>? aft]w>ds into b$s ( ab\t ?ree feet wide1 ) pa?s betwe5 !m = ! conv5i5ce ( we$+ & clean+ ! "y plants4 ,( c\rse if ! plant] c obta9 really good plants1 ! produce ( well-select$ se$1 x w be a great sav+ ( "t & exp5se to him1 b unless ! se$ be c>efully *os51 ,i w\ld pref] beg9n+ my own nurs]ies1 & 9 ! selection ( se$ w\ld recomm5d ! mo/ p]fectly ripe & sph]ical nuts4 ,oval long nuts are to be reject$1 p>ticul>ly any ( a pale color at "o end4 ,! plant] hav+ select$ 8 se$1 :i* ought to be put 9 ! gr\nd )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] be+ ga!r$1 sett+ x ab\t two in*es deep 9 ! b$s already prep>$1 & at ! di/ance ( twelve to eighte5 in*es ap>t1 ! :ole nurs]y to be well %ad$ bo? on top & sides1 ! e>? kept moi/ & cle> ( we$s1 & well smok$ by burn+ wet grass or we$s 9 x once a week1 to drive away a v small mo?-l insect t is apt to infe/ "y plants1 lay+ its eggs on ! leaf1 :5 !y become cov]$ ) yell[ spots1 & p]i% if n att5d$ to spe$ily4 ,wa%+ ! leaves ) a decoction ( ! ,tuba root is ! be/ rem$y ,i "k (1 b :]e only a few plants are affect$1 if ! spots be num]\s1 ,i w\ld pref] to pluck up ! plant altoge!r1 r ?an run ! risk ( ! insect becom+ m num]\s1 to ! total de/ruction ( ! nurs]y4 ,! nuts g]m9ate 9 f a mon? to six weeks1 & ev5 lat]1 & = _m mon?s aft] g]m9ation ! se$ is atta*$ to ! "y plant1 & may be remov$ app>5tly z s\nd z :5 plant$1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! unle>n$1 :o are n aw>e ( ! great disproportion 9 size betwe5 ! ovule & album51 ! =m] ( :i* is alone necess>y to =m ! plant4 ,! plant may be kept 9 nurs]y ) advantage = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,%\ld !y gr[ rapidly1 & ! int]spaces become too small = !m1 e second plant _h bett] be remov$ to a fre% nurs]y2 & set out at a di/ance ( a c\ple ( feet f ea* o!r4 ,:5 transplant$1 ei!r 9 ?is way or = _! ultimate position 9 ! plantation1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove !m ) a good ball ( e>?1 secur$ by ! sk9 ( ! planta91 :i* prev5ts ! ball ( e>? fall+ to pieces4 ,! nurs]ies be+ e/abli%$1 ! gr\nd cle>$ & ready1 ! next proce$+ is to lay out & dig holes ab\t #bf or #cj feet ap>t1 & z ! qu9cunx ord] has s _m advantages1 x is ! =m ,i w\ld recomm5d = adoption4 ,! holes %\ld be at lea/ six feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t f\r feet deep1 & :5 refill$ ! surface soil is to be us$1 & n t :i* is tak5 out ( ! hole4 ,ea* hole %\ld be fill$ up ab\t "o foot high] ?an ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 to all[ = ! settl+ ( ! soil & ! s9k+ ( ! tree1 :i*1 plant$ at ?is height1 w 9 a few ye>s be f\nd bel[ ! level4 ,ov] ea* hole ?us fill$ up1 a %$1 made ( ,attap leaves or o!r %elt]1 clos$ on two sides1 ea/ & we/1 & proportion$ to ! size ( ! plant1 is to be erect$4 ,x is n a bad plan to leave an op5 space 9 ! c5tre ( ! top ( ea* %$1 ab\t twelve in*es wide1 by :i* ! "y plant c obta9 ! b5efit ( ! dew & g5tle ra9s1 :i* m ?an comp5sates = ! few rays ( sun t c only fall ^u x :il/ t body is v]tical4 ,aft] ! %$s h be5 complet$1 ea* hole %\ld h add$ to x a c\ple ( baskets ( well decompos$ manure1 & an equal quantity ( burn$ e>?1 :5 all is ready = ! reception ( ! plant1 :i*1 hav+ be5 set out1 if ! wea!r be dry w require wat]+ = t5 days or a =tnight aft]1 9 fact until x takes ! soil4 ,! plant] hav+ set out all 8 trees mu/ n deem 8 labors complet$1 !y are only comm5c+4 ,to arrive ?us f> is simple & easy1 b to pati5tly wat* & t5d ! trees = t5 ye>s aft]1 requires all ! en?usiasm already m5tion$4 ,ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] plant+ out1 ! "y trees w receive great b5efit if a small quantity ( liquid fi% manure be giv5 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ six ye>s !y ought to be tr5*$ r\nd ?ree times1 enl>g+ ! circle ea* "t1 ! tr5*es be+ dug close to ! extremities ( ! roots1 :i* g5]ally correspond to ! ends ( ! bran*es1 & ea* new tr5* comm5c+ :]e ! old "o t]m9at$4 ,!y mu/ ( c\rse greatly increase 9 size z ! circle ext5ds1 requir+ a proportionate quantity ( manure1 b ! dep? ought nev] to be less ?an two feet4 ,! object ( tr5*+ is to loos5 ! soil & p]mit ! roots to spread1 o!rwise ! tree sp9dles in/ead ( becom+ broad & umbrage\s4 ,manure is beyond all o!r consid]ations ! mo/ important to ! welf>e ( ! e/ate2 x is t :i* gives quantity & quality ( produce1 & )\t x a plantation _c be c>ri$ on4 ,! want ( x mu/ limit ! cultivation 9 ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts1 & w arre/ _m a plant]1 :o1 hav+ got 8 plantation to look well up to ! eigh? ye> ) v little manure1 ?9ks he c g on 9 ! same mann]4 ,! nutmeg tree likes well all sorts ( manures1 b t :i* is be/ suit$ = x seems to be well-rott$ /able & c[-y>d manure1 mix$ ) vegetable matt]1 & :5 ! tree is 9 be>+ ! out] cov]+ ( ! nut itself is ab\t "o ( ! v be/ ?+s to be ?r[n into ! dung-pit4 ,dead animals buri$ n too ne> ! roots1 also blood1 fi%1 & oil cakes are b5eficial4 ,guano is ( no use4 ,b al?\gh manur+ is ! *ief elem5t 9 successful cultivation1 !re are _m o!r matt]s = ! plant] to att5d to dur+ ! p]iod t ! trees are gr[+4 ,all obnoxi\s grasses mu/ be c>efully kept out ( ! plantation1 at lea/ f betwe5 ! trees1 & ! h>mless grasses r enc\rag$1 z !y keep ! surface cool4 ,! trunk ( ! tree ought to be c>efully wa%$ ) soap & wat] once a ye> to keep x cle> ( moss2 ?is has be5 ridicul$ z a "w ( sup]]ogation1 b let ^? :o ?9k s omit ! op]ation4 ,p>asitical plants ( ! g5us ,loran?us are v apt to atta* !mselves to ! bran*es1 & if n remov$ d great injury4 ,! insect enemies ( ! tree are n v num]\s1 b x has a few1 :ite ants among ! numb]4 ,!y seldom attack a vigor\s plant2 x is ^u ! fir/ symptoms ( weakness or decay t !y comm5ce _! op]ations4 ,_! ne/s may be dislodg$ f ! roots ( ! plant by a dose ( solution ( pig dung1 to :i* !y h a great av]sion4 ,!re are sev]al species ( insects :i* lay _! eggs on ! leaves1 & unless c>efully wat*$ & remov$1 !y commit great havoc among/ ! trees4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to wa% ! leaves ) a decoction ( ,tuba root1 & syr+e !m by means ( a bamboo ) lime & wat]1 ( ! consi/5ce ( :itewa%2 ?is adh]es to ! leaves1 & w rema9 ev5 aft] sev]al heavy %[]s4 ,ano!r nuisance is ! ne/ ( ! l>ge r$ ant2 ^! collect & glue ! leaves toge!r1 =m+ a cavity = ! deposition ( _! l>v4 ,! be/ mode ( de/roy+ !m is to hang a portion ( "s animal sub/ance1 su* z ! entrails ( a f[l1 fi%1 c41 to ! end ( a pole1 ?ru/ ?r\gh & protrud+ f ! bran*es2 ! ants w run along ! pole & collect 9 imm5se quantities ar\nd ! bait1 :51 by a light$ faggot1 !y c be burn$ by ?\s&s4 ,?is repeat$ once or twice a day = a week or s1 w soon rid ! tree ( ! invad]s4 ,! numb] ( m5 to be kept on an e/ate to pres]ve x 9 fir/-rate ord] aft] x has come into be>+1 mu/ dep5d ( c\rse ^u ! size ( ! plantation1 b 9 g5]al "o man = e "o hundr$ trees w be f\nd suffici5t1 provid$ !re be "s f\r or five ?\s& trees4 ,on a small scale ! proportion mu/ be great]4 ,! nutmeg plant] is "u ! necessity ( keep+ up nurs]ies ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 op]ations = ! replacem5t ( bad plants & r$undant males4 ,( ! latt] t5 p] c5t4 seems to be ab\t ! be/ proportion to keep1 b ,i w\ld h completely dioeci\s trees4 ,no p]son c boa/ to get a plantation completely fill$ up & 9 p]fect ord] mu* soon] ?an fifte5 ye>s4 ,( ! fir/ bat* plant$1 n m ?an "o-half w turn out p]fect females1 = ,i d n take into acc\nt monoeci\s trees1 :i* ,i h already condemn$4 ,! tree %[s fl[] ab\t ! sev5? ye>1 b ! long] x is be=e do+ s1 ! bett] & /rong] w x be4 ,i _c refra9 f a smile :5 a sangu9e plant] in=ms me ) exultation t he has obta9$ a nut f a tree only ?ree or f\r ye>s plant$ out2 s mu* ! worse = 8 *ance ( success1 too great precocity be+ incompatible ) /r5g? & longevity4 ,! be/ trees d n %[ fl[] be=e ! n9? ye>1 & "o su* is wor? a score ( ! o!rs4 ,?is w be evid5t :5 x is /at$ t ,i h se5 sev]al trees yield m ?an #aj1jjj nuts ea* 9 "o ye>1 :]eas ,i d n believe t !re is a plantation 9 ! ,/raits' t av]ages #a1jjj f e tree4 ,?is v great disp>ity ( be>+ %[s pla9ly t ! cultivation ( ! plant is n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood1 or great] uni=mity w\ld prevail1 & ,i ?9k x cle>ly en\gh po9ts out t a high] degree ( cultivation w\ld meet its rew>d4 ,! tree has n be5 introduc$ into ! ,/raits' suffici5tly long to det]m9e its longevity1 b ^? introduc$ & plant$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 z yet %[ no symptoms ( decay4 ,! exp]im5t ( graft+ ! trees1 :i* at fir/ view pres5ts s _m advantages1 bo? 9 secur+ ! f9e/ quality ( nut & ! c]ta9ty ( ! sex1 has /ill to be tri$ 9 ?is cultivation4 ,"s ?ree ye>s ago 7cont9ues ,dr4 ,oxley71 ,i succe$$ 9 graft+ sev]al plants by approa*2 ^! are n suffici5tly old = me to decide :e!r x be desirable or n1 = al?\gh ! plants are look+ well & gr[+1 !y z yet h ?r[n out _! bran*es 9 a /raggl+ irregul> mann]1 hav+ no lead]s1 & consequ5tly !y _c ext5d _! bran*es 9 ! regul> v]ticles necess>y = ! p]fect =mation ( ! tree1 )\t :i* !y mu/ ev] be small & /unt$1 & consequ5tly incapable ( yield+ any quantity ( produce4 ,! grafts h succe$$ s f> z /ock & scion becom+ "o1 & 9 "t a p]p5dicul> %oot f ! wood may appe>4 ,if aft] t x %\ld increase 9 size & /r5g?1 s z to =m a tree ( full dim5sions1 ! advantage ga9$ w\ld be wor? any tr\ble1 ! quality ( "s nuts be+ s f> above t ( o!rs1 x w\ld make a diff]5ce beyond pres5t calculation2 9 %ort1 #a1jjj su* pick$ trees at ! pres5t prices w\ld yield some?+ equival5t to #d1jjj a ye>1 = #d p] tree w\ld be a l[ e/imate = su* plants4 ,if ?is ev] does occur1 x w *ange ! aspect ( cultivation altoge!r1 & ,i see no good reason :y x %\ld n1 except t ^? possess+ trees ( ! quality allud$ to1 w\ld n v will+ly p]mit o!rs to graft f !m1 s x is only ! already successful plant] :o c try ! exp]im5t prop]ly4 ,an acre ( l& conta9s on an av]age #ib trees1 & x is calculat$ an outlay ( #cjj doll>s is requir$ ^u e acre to br+ ! tree to maturity2 b z n m ?an "o-half ( ! trees g5]ally turn out females1 & z _m o!rs are de/roy$ by accid5t & diseases to :i* ?is plant is v liable1 x makes ! co/ ( ea* tree1 by ! "t x yields fruit1 ab\t eight doll>s4 ,! nutmeg tree beg9s to be> :5 ab\t eight ye>s old1 b x gives no return = sev]al ye>s long]2 & !re=e to ! exp5se ( cultivation mu/ be add$ ! int]e/ ( ! capital sunk4 ,! plant be+ indig5\s 9 ! ,moluccas1 ! exp5se ( cultivation !re is greatly less1 & ?is consequ5tly =ms a /rong gr\nd ( claim to ! ,briti% plant] = protective duties to _! spices f ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,! plant] hav+ 8 tree arriv$ at ! agreeable po9t ( produc+1 has b slight tr\ble 9 prep>+ 8 produce = m>ket4 ,z ! fruit is br\ght 9 by ! ga!r]s1 ! mace is c>efully remov$1 press$ toge!r & flatt5$ on a bo>d1 expos$ to ! sun = ?ree or f\r days1 x is !n dry en\gh to be put by 9 ! spice-h\se until requir$ = exportation1 :5 x is to be screw$ into boxes1 & becomes ! mace ( comm]ce4 ,! av]age proportion ( mace yield$ 9 ,s+apore is "o p\nd = e #dcc nuts4 ,! nutmeg itself requires m c>e 9 its cur+1 x be+ necess>y to h x well & c>efully dri$ ere ! out] black %ell be brok54 ,= ?is purpose ! usual practice is to subject x = a c\ple ( mon?s to ! smoke ( sl[ fires kept up und]nea?1 :il/ ! nuts are spread on a grat+ ab\t eight or t5 feet above4 ,! model ( a p]fect dry+-h\se is easily to be obta9$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to dry ! nuts by too great a heat1 z !y %rivel & lose _! full & m>ketable appe>ance4 ,x is !re=e desirable to keep ! nuts1 :5 fir/ collect$1 = eight or t5 days out ( ! dry+-h\se1 expos+ !m at fir/ = an h\r or s to ! morn+ sun1 & increas+ ! exposure daily until !y %ake 9 ! %ell4 ,! nuts ought nev] to be crack$ until requir$ = exportation1 or !y w be attack$ & de/roy$ by a small weasel-l insect1 ! l>v ( :i* is deposit$ 9 ! ovule1 &1 becom+ ! p]fect insect1 eats its way out1 leav+ ! nut bor$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & wor? less z a m>ketable commodity4 ,lim+ ! nuts prev5ts ?is to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b lim$ nuts are n ^? be/ lik$ 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 :]eas !y are pref]r$ 9 t /ate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ! nuts are to be lim$1 x is simply necess>y to h !m well rubb$ ov] betwe5 ! h&s ) p[d]$ lime4 ,by ! ,dut* mode ( prep>ation1 !y are /eep$ 9 a mixture ( lime & wat] = sev]al weeks4 ,?is no d\bt w pres]ve !m1 b x mu/ also h a prejudicial effect on ! flavor ( ! spice4 ,aft] ! nuts are ?or\ghly dri$1 :i* requires f six weeks to two mon?s smok+1 !y _c be too soon s5t to m>ket4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! mace2 t commodity1 :5 fre%1 n be+ 9 e/eem 9 ! ,london m>ket1 see+ t !y desire x ( a gold5 color1 :i* x only assumes aft] a few mon?s1 :]eas at fir/ :5 fre% x is blood r$2 n[ r$ blades are look$ ^u ) suspicion1 & are highly injuri\s to ! sale ( ! article4 ,?is is "o ( ^? peculi> prejudices ( ,john ,bull1 :i* some:at impugns 8 wisdom2 b x mu/ be att5d$ to1 z ,john is v ready to pay = 8 caprice2 !re=e ^? :o provide = him h no "r to compla91 al?\gh !y may smile4 ,! nutmeg tree 0 s5t f ,b5cool5 to ,s+apore1 ! latt] end ( #ahai1 s t ?irty-f\r ye>s h elaps$ s9ce its fir/ introduction4 ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles %ipp$ to ! c>e ( ! resid5t comm&ant1 ,major ,f>quh>1 #ajj nutmeg plants1 #be l>g] ditto1 & #a1jjj nutmeg se$s1 :i* 7 committ$ to ! *>ge ( ,mr4 ,brooks1 a ,european g>d5]1 :o 0 specially engag$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to look aft] _! embryo spice plantations "h4 ,"s ( ^! plants 7 set out 9 r a bad soil & locality1 b sev]al ( !m are at pres5t1 & h be5 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 f9e fruitful trees4 #cae ( ! trees 9 ! ,gov]nm5t g>d5 yield$1 9 #ahdh1 #aij1dbf nuts1 or at ! av]age ( #fjd = ea* tree2 b ( ^! n ov] #ej 7 ( ! old /ock1 mo/ hav+ be5 plant$ s9ce #ahcf2 s t a plant] may safely calculate on hav+ a bett] av]age ?an is "h set =?1 provid$ he att5ds to 8 cultivation1 & 8 trees are br\ght up to ! age ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,if a plantation be att5d$ to f ! comm5cem5t aft] ! mann] ,i h endeav\r$ to expla91 & ! trees be 9 a good locality1 ! plant] w und\bt$ly obta9 an av]age ( #aj lbs4 ( spice f ea* tree f ! fifte5? ye>2 ?is1 at an av]age price ( #bs4 #f;d4 p] lb41 is #bes4 p] annum4 ,he c h ab\t sev5ty su* trees 9 an acre1 s t !re is sc>cely any bett] or m remun]ative cultivation :5 once e/abli%$4 ,b ! race is a long "o1 ! *ances ( life1 & a high rate ( int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry1 make x "o ( no ord9>y risk1 & x is "o t holds out no prospect ( any return 9 less ?an t5 ye>s4 ,a p]son comm5c+ & /opp+ %ort ( ! be>+ po9t1 ei!r by dea? or want ( funds1 w suff] almo/ total loss1 = ! value ( su* a prop]ty br\ght into a m>ket :]e !re are no buy]s mu/ be purely nom9al4 ,aga91 if ! prop]ty has arriv$ at ! pay+ po9t1 almo/ any p]son ( common hone/y c take *>ge ( & c>ry x on1 = ! trees aft] twelve ye>s are rem>kably h>dy1 & be> a deal ( ill treatm5t & neglect2 n t ,i w\ld recomm5d any p]son to try ! exp]im5t4 ,b x is "s consolation = ! proprietor to "k t /upidity w n ru9 him1 & t ev5 at ! di/ance ( ?\s&s ( miles he c give su* directions1 z1 if att5d$ to1 w keep 8 e/ate 9 a fl\ri%+ & fruitful /ate4 ,! total numb] ( nutmeg trees 9 ,s+apore 9 #ahdh 0 #ee1ibe1 ( :i* #ad1iad only 7 9 be>+4 ,! produce ( t ye> 0 #d1jhe1cfa nutmegs1 or #cc1fjj lbs4 9 weight4 ,! great] numb] ( ! trees1 x w be p]ceiv$1 h n come into full be>+1 b ! produce is increas+ rapidly1 & 9 #ahdi x am\nt$ to fully #ff1fgj lbs4 ,among ! pr9cipal gr[]s 9 t isl& are ,dr4 ,oxley1 ,mr4 ,c4,r4 ,pr9sep1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,montgom]ie1 :o h ea* l>ge plantations1 ) f #b1jjj to #e1jjj be>+ trees on !m4 ,o!rs1 z ,sir4 ,j4 d',almeida1 ,mr4 ,nicol1 & "o or two m1 h plant$ ext5sively1 b h n yet got _! trees to ! be>+ po9t4 ,a l>ge supply ( nutmeg & clove plants arriv$ at ,p9ang 9 #ahjb1 f ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 ,!re 7 #ga1bff nutmeg & #ee1bfd clove plants2 all[+ "o half ( ! =m] to h be5 male trees1 !re w\ld only h be5 #ce1fcc useful nutmeg plants4 ,x is believ$ t a m]e fraction ( ^! ev] rea*$ maturity1 b !y s]v$ to introduce ! cultivation p]man5tly4 ,plants 7 likewise s5t to ,ceylon & ,cape ,comor94 ,x does n appe> t ! climates ( ^! two localities suit ! nutmeg tree1 z x requires ra91 or at lea/ a v damp climate ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company's spice plantations 9 ,p9ang 7 sold 9 #ahbd1 & ! trees 7 disp]s$ ov] ! isl&4 ,! spice cultivators ( ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts h = "s "t s\ght a fur!r protective duty on nutmegs1 & ! ext5sion ( a simil> protection to mace & cloves1 ! produce ( ^! settlem5ts2 = s+ul>ly en\gh ! pres5t t>iff af=ds no protection to mace1 ! gr[? ( ,briti% possessions4 ,f tabul> /atem5ts1 furni%$ by ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,p9ang1 drawn up app>5tly ) great c>e1 x appe>s t 9 #ahdc !re 7 #c1jdf acres cultivat$ ) spice trees 9 ,p9ang & prov9ce ,wellesley1 conta9+ #bcc1iie nutmegs1 & #hj1dah clove trees1 besides #gg1fga trees 9 nurs]ies ready to be plant$ out2 & by a simil> /atem5t f ,s+apore1 :i* is h[ev] n s complete1 t #gdc acres are cultivat$1 conta9+ #dc1edd nutmeg trees4 ,! isl& ( ,p9ang is e/imat$ to conta9 #afj squ>e miles1 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i*1 ) ! exception p]haps ( summits ( ! hills1 is well adapt$ to spice gr[+4 ,prov9ce ,wellesley is ( mu* great] ext5t1 & ! soil ( x has already be5 prov$ to be equally well fitt$ = t k9d ( cultivation2 & ! settlem5ts ( ,malacca & ,s+apore are said to be admirably suit$1 9 _m places1 = t species ( produce1 ! latt] ( :i* has already sev]al plantations fa/ approa*+ to maturity4 ,! cultivation is capable ( great ext5sion2 enc\ragem5t is only requir$ to be held out1 & new plantations w be rapidly =m$ 9 ^! settlem5ts4 ,! same tables %[ t ! produce 9 #ahdb 01 9 ,p9ang & ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 #ah1efj1bha nutmegs1 #db1hff lbs4 ( mace1 & #aa1hac lbs4 ( cloves#ea2 & 9 ,s+apore1 #hdb1cbh nutmegs1 & #a1ifb lbs4 ( mace4 ,?us mak+ ! produce f ! two settlem5ts #ai1djh1fjh nutmegs 9 numb] 7or 9 weight #adg1jcd lbs471 #dd1hbb lbs4 ( mace1 & #aa1hac lbs4 ( cloves4 ,n[ ! consumption ( ^! spices 9 ,great ,brita9 01 on an av]age ( f\r ye>s end+ #ahda1 z foll[s3--,nutmegs1 #aba1jjj lbs42 mace1 #ah1jjj lbs42 cloves1 #ib1jjj lbs4 ,%[+1 !re=e1 t ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts already produce m ?an suffici5t ( ! two =m] to supply ! home m>ket4 ,9 ! c\rse ( f\r or five ye>s m1 ,p9ang alone w m ?an d\ble ! pres5t quantity ( nutmegs & mace produc$ 9 ! ,/raits1 & ! produce ( cloves w be m ?an tripl$4 ,i h be5 able1 f sev]al elaborate pap]s 9 my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 to cond5se details1 %[+ ! progress ( spice plantations 9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl& & ,prov9ce ,wellesley4 ,9 ! close ( #ahdc !re 7 #fd1ijb nutmeg trees 9 be>+ 9 ! isl&2 #ci1bji male trees1 #ajc1ihb n be>+2 mak+ a total ( #bjh1jic trees plant$ out1 besides #eb1eaj plants 9 nurs]y4 ,! quantity ( gr\nd "u cultivation 0 #b1bhb orlongs4 ,! produce 9 #ahdb 0 #ae1aaf1eia good nuts1 #a1dfa1bbi inf]ior nuts1 & #ch1bfj lbs4 ( mace4 ,! gross value ( ! produce 9 #ahdc1 reckon+ ! good nuts at five doll>s p] ?\s&1 & ! inf]ior at "o doll>1 0 #gf1idd doll>s4 ,! e/imat$ numb] ( nuts 9 #ahdc 0 #ab1deh1gfb2 9 #ahdd1 #be1dbi1jjj4 ,9 ,prov9ce ,wellesley !re 7 #bdg orlongs "u cultivation ) ! nutmeg1 on :i* 7 #aj1ejj be>+ trees1 #h1jie male trees1 & #g1cjg n yet be>+1 mak+ 9 all #be1ijb trees plant$ out4 ,! produce 0 9 #ahdb1 #a1ifi1fai good nuts1 #ah1hdb inf]ior ditto1 & #d1ejj lbs4 ( mace4 ,! value ( ! produce ( nutmegs 0 #i1hfg doll>s4 ,! e/imat$ numb] ( nuts 9 #ahdc 0 #a1ihj1jjj2 9 #ahdd1 #b1ieh1jjj4 ,!re 7 9 all #dbc nutmeg plantations on ! isl& & ma9 l&4 ,!re 7 annually export$ 9 ! f\r ye>s end+ #ahej1 #dh1jjj lbs4 ( nutmegs f ,p9ang1 & #eg1djj lbs4 ( mace4 ,! ,fr5* at an e>ly p]iod cultivat$ ! nutmeg at ! ,mauritius1 & f !nce !y c>ri$ x to ,cay5ne4 ,9 ,sumatra x appe>s to h be5 gr[n successfully1 & accord+ to ,sir ,s4 ,raffles1 !re 0 9 #ahai a plantation at ,b5cool5 ( #ajj1jjj nutmeg trees1 "o-f\r? ( :i* 7 be>+4 ,attempts h be5 made 9 ,tr9idad & ,/4 ,v9c5t to c>ry out ! culture1 b = want ( ent]prise v little progress seems to h be5 made 9 ! matt]4 ,"u ! new duties :i* came into op]ation ?is ye>1 nutmegs1 in/ead ( /&+ at #as4 p] p\nd all r\nd1 h be5 classifi$1 & ! s-call$ wild nutmegs ( ! ,dut* isl&s are to pay only #e;d p] p\nd4 ,?is deprives ! ,/raits' produce ( its la/ protection aga9/ t ( ! ,b&a plantations1 :]e ! tree gr[s spontane\sly1 :ile x gives ! long ,dut* nut a high protection4 ,if an alt]ation 9 ?is suicidal measure is n spe$ily obta9$1 ! ,/raits' plant]s w be ru9$4 ,! ,dut* h ! p[] ( inundat+ ! m>ket ) ! long aromatic nut4 ,if ! orig9al plan ( putt+ all ,briti% & all =eign nutmegs on ! same foot+ _h be5 adh]$ to1 ! ,/raits' plant]s w\ld n h compla9$1 z !y w\ld h tru/$ to _! sup]ior skill & c>e to comp5sate = ! gr& advantage ! ,dut* h 9 _! ri* soils4 ,on obs]v+ ?is alt]ation ( duty1 ,mr4 ,crawfurd & ,mr4 ,gilman imm$iately prep>$ ! foll[+ memor&um = ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 :i* h[ev] fail$ to influ5ce t ,m9i/]3-- ,,memor&um ,,on ,,! ,,duties ,,on ,,nutmegs4 ,! duty propos$ to be levi$ on nutmegs is #as4 p] p\nd = cultivat$1 & #e;d4 p] p\nd = ^? commonly call$ wild4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ?is di/9ction is f\nd$1 is said to be t ! m>ket value ( ! "o is b half t ( ! o!r1 & t ! ,cu/oms c readily di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,n[ x is admitt$1 on all sides1 t !re is b "o species ( cul9>y nutmeg1 ! ,myri/ica ,mos*ata ( botani/s1 al?\gh at lea/ a score ( ! same g5us1 all unfit = human food4 ,! p>5t c\ntry ( ! aromatic nutmegs ext5ds f ! ,molucca ,isl&s to ,new ,gu9ea1 inclusive4 ,9 ?is !y gr[ ) facility & ev5 9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s1 :]e !re are p>ks ( !m1 !y h>dly und]go any cultivation1 & may truly be said1 ev5 !re1 to be a wild product4 ,x is only :5 gr[n z exotics1 z 9 ! ,briti% settlem5ts ( ,p9ang & ,s+apore1 t !y require cultivation1 & t a m c>eful & exp5sive "o ?an any o!r produce ( ! soil4 ,aromatic nutmegs are sometimes l>ge & sometimes small--sometimes r\nd1 sometimes oblong1 & sometimes long1 & ?is w be f\nd ! case :e!r cultivat$ or uncultivat$4 ,h[1 !n1 ! ,cu/oms are able to di/+ui% !m x is difficult to und]/&4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,prices ,curr5t no m5tion :atev] is made ( ! wild & cultivat$1 ! l[e/ quality be+ quot$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t at #bs4 p] p\nd1 & ! highe/ at #cs4 #aj;d41--! be/ ( :at are call$ wild fet*+ a high] price ?an ! l[] qualities ( :at are call$ cultivat$4 ,b suppose ! di/9ction c\ld be made ) ! mo/ p]fect c]ta9ty1 to make x w\ld be a palpable dep>ture f ! pr9ciple adopt$ ) e o!r commodity1 ( *>g+ a uni=m rate ( duty on quality4 ,to give an example1 ! pres5t price ( black pepp] is #c-e_/h;d4 to #d;d4 p] p\nd1 :ile t ( :ite pepp] is #h;d4 to #as4 #b;d4 p] p\nd1 bo? pay+ ! same duty ( #f;d42 yet no?+ c be m easily di/+ui%$ ?an ^! two commodities1 :i*1 except z to cur+1 are ! same article4 ,tea is a /ill m /rik+ example4 ,! duty is ! same on all qualities1 ?\gh prices range f #ald4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,x 0 ! v circum/ance ( ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( tea1 especially betwe5 ,bohea & ,cong\1 :i*1 aft] an eighte5 mon?s trial1 ov]?rew ! sy/em ( rat$ duties ( #as4 #f;d41 #bs41 & #cs41 adopt$ on ! abolition ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's monopoly 9 #ahcc4 ,unless ! duty on nutmegs is equalis$ !re w be no end ( tr\ble & disputes1 & h[ev] exp]t ! ,cu/oms may be1 !y w c]ta9ly be outwitt$1 & long-%ap$ & small nutmegs1 al?\gh really cultivat$1 w be introduc$ at ! l[] duty1 by unscrupul\s trad]s1 z wild ones4 ,x may be add$ t duties ( #ab;d4 & #e;d4 d n1 ev5 if a dep>ture f ! pr9ciple ( *>g+ on quality 7 ju/ifiable1 repres5t ! j proportional rates :i* ought to be levi$ ^u :at are suppos$ to be1 respectively1 cultivat$ & wild1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! ord9>y ,price ,curr5t by ! highe/ & l[e/ prices1 :i* are #cs4 #aj;d4 & #bs4 ,! j proportional duty ought to be on ! l[e/1 n #e;d41 b #g;d4 ,! duty1 z fir/ propos$ by ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 ( #as4 p] p\nd on nutmegs1 )\t di/9ction1 0 p]fectly satisfactory to ! plant]s1 m]*ants1 & ! trade 9 g5]al4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t a duty ( #as4 w\ld exclude ! s-call$ wild nutmegs4 ,!y w\ld be import$ 9 l>ge quantities1 z ! co/ is l[4 ,9 quantity x 0 #ag ,spani% doll>s p] picul1 & !re is no reason to suppose x w\ld be m n[4 ,! f9e/ pick$ co/ say #cd ,spani% doll>s4 ,9 ,p9ang & ,s+apore = cultivat$ ! price is #fe to #gj doll>s4 ,! plant]s = ! mo/ "p d n sell on ! spot1 b consign "h = sale on _! own acc\nt4 ,london1 ,may #bcrd1 #ahec4 ,,nutmegs ,,import$ ,,& ,,export$ ,,to ,,& ,,f ,,s+apore4 ,value ( ! ,import$4 ,export$4 ,gr[? ( native gr[?4 piculs4 piculs4 ,s+apore4 #ahda #bbg #dab #ahd #c1cbc #ahdb #beh #hji #eea #i1hig #ahdc #aej #bdi #ih #a1gfj #ahdd #eb #bhb #bcj #d1aca #ahde #da #chc #cdb #f1adc #ahdf #gi #cca #beb #d1ebf #ahdg #aci #daf #bgg #d1bge ,,nutmegs ,,export$ ,,f ,,java4 ,nutmegs4 ,mace4 piculs4 piculs4 #ahcj #a1cjd #agg #ahce #e1jbb #a1fjf #ahci #e1jbg #a1eha #ahdc #b1acc #dhf ,,imports ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,,nutmegs1 ,,wild ,,& ,,cultivat$4 ,,mace4 ,imports4 ,home consump4 ,imports4 ,consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahdg #cfg1icf #aej1feg #ahdg #fj1bfe #ah1hba #ahdh #ccf1dbj #afg1adc #ahdh #dg1egb #ai1gab #ahdi #bbd1jba #agh1dag #ahdi #de1igh #bj1fje #ahej #cae1abf #afg1fhc #ahej #gg1ccg #ba1iig #ahea #ceh1cbj #aid1acb #ahea #gg1hfc #ba1fie #aheb #ceg1idj #bci1aac #aheb #fa1fig #ba1dhj ,,mace ,,export$--,,actual ,,gr[? ,,( ,,s+apore4 ,quantity--piculs4 ,value-- #ahda #be #ehc #ahdb #gb #a1faf #ahdc #dj #idc #ahdd #af #cei #ahde #ga #a1faf #ahdf #h #agi #ahdg #ge #a1ffa #aji piculs ( import$ mace 7 also re-%ipp$ 9 #ahdg4 #dj1jjj lbs4 ( mace 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ,india 9 #ahdh4 ,,g+]1 ,,galangale1 ,,& ,,c>damoms4 ,! rhizome ( ,z+ib] (fic9ale 7,amomum ,z+ib]71 con/itutes ! g+] ( comm]ce1 :i* is import$ *iefly f ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is also gr[n 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ! "y /ate ! rhizomes are fle%y & slightly aromatic1 & !y are !n us$ z pres]ves1 or prep>$ 9 syrup2 9 a m advanc$ /age ! aroma is fully develop$1 _! texture is m woody1 & !y become fit = ord9>y g+]4 ,! inf]ior sorts1 :5 dri$ aft] imm]sion 9 hot wat]1 =m black g+]4 ,! be/ roots are scrap$1 wa%$1 & simply dri$ 9 ! sun ) c>e1 & !n !y receive ! "n ( :ite g+]4 ,! rhizome conta9s an acid res9 & volatile oil1 />* & gum4 ,x is us$ m$ic9ally z a tonic & c>m9ative1 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 syrup1 & t9cture4 ,! root /ocks ( ,alp9ia racemosa1 ,a4 ,galanga1 & _m o!r plants ( ! ord]1 h ! same aromatic & pung5t prop]ties z g+]4 ,! consumption ( g+] is ab\t #ac1jjj or #ad1jjj cwt4 a ye>4 ,( #af1jjd cwt4 import$ 9 #ahdj1 #e1cha came f ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 #i1gbg f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's possessions & ,ceylon1 & #hif cwt4 f ,we/]n ,africa4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! black & :ite g+] ( ! %ops is ascrib$ by ,dr4 ,p4 ,br[ne & o!rs to diff]5t me?ods ( cur+ ! rhizomes2 b ?is is sc>cely suffici5t to acc\nt = !m1 & ,i _c help suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( "s diff]5ce 9 ! plants !mselves4 ,t ?is really exi/s is prov$ by ! /atem5ts ( ,rumphius 7,h]b4 ,amb41 lib4 #h1 cap4 xix41 p4 #aef71 t !re are two v>ieties ( ! plant1 ! :ite & ! r$4 ,moreov] ,dr4 ,wright 7,lond4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 viii47 says t two sorts are cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica1 viz41 ! :ite & ! black2 &1 he adds1 black g+] has ! mo/ num]\s & l>ge/ roots4 ,! rhizome1 call$ 9 comm]ce g+] root1 occurs 9 flatti%-bran*$ or lob$ palmate pieces1 call$ races1 :i* d n exce$ f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,sev]al v>ieties1 di/+ui%$ by _! color & place ( gr[?1 are met )4 ,! f9e/ is t br\ght f ,jamaica4 ,a great "p ( t f\nd 9 ! %ops has be5 wa%$ 9 :it+ & wat]1 "u ! pret5ce ( pres]v+ x f insects4 ,! d>k color$ k9ds are frequ5tly blea*$ ) *loride ( lime4 ,b>bados g+] is 9 %ort] flatt] races1 ( a d>k] color1 & cov]$ ) a corrugat$ epid]mis4 ,african g+] is 9 smalli% races1 :i* h be5 p>tially scrap$1 & are pale color$4 ,ea/ ,india g+] is unscrap$2 its races are d>k a% color$ ext]nally1 & are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,african g+]4 ,telli*]y g+] is 9 l>ge plump races1 ) a rem>kable r$di% t9t ext]nally4 ,jamaica black g+] is n frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! %ops4 ,! ,malab> d>k g+] is 9 unscrap$ %ort pieces1 :i* h a horny appe>ance int]nally1 & are ( a dirty br[n color bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,g+] is import$ 9 bags weigh+ ab\t a hundr$-weight4 ,! ,malab> g+] export$ f ,calicut is ! produce ( ! di/rict ( ,%]naad1 situat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,calicut2 a place *iefly inhabit$ by ,moplas1 :o look ^u ! g+] cultivation z a mo/ valuable & pr(itable trade1 :i* 9 fact x is4 ,! soil ( ,%]naad is s v luxuriant1 & s well suit$ = ! cultivation ( g+]1 t x is reckon$ ! be/1 & 9 fact ! only place 9 ,malab> :]e g+] gr[s & ?rives to p]fection4 ,gravelly gr\nds are consid]$ unfit2 ! same may be said ( swampy ones1 & :il/ ! =m] *eck ! gr[? ( ! g+]1 ! latt] t5d 9 a great measure to rot ! root2 ?us ! only suitable k9d ( soil is t :i*1 be+ r$ e>?1 is yet free f gravel1 & ! sod good & heavy4 ,! cultivation g5]ally comm5ces ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 aft] ! gr\nd has und]gone a ?or\gh process ( pl\gh+1 h>r[+1 c4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! monsoons1 b$s ( t5 or twelve feet long by ?ree or f\r feet wide are =m$1 & 9 ^! b$s small holes are dug at ?ree-f\r?s to "o foot ap>t1 :i* are fill$ ) manure4 ,! roots1 hi!rto c>efully buri$ "u %$s1 are dug out1 ! good ones pick$ f ^? :i* are affect$ by ! moi/ure1 or any o!r concomitant ( a half-ye>'s exclusion f ! atmosph]e1 & ! process ( clipp+ !m into suitable sizes = plant+ p]=m$ by cutt+ ! g+] into pieces ( an in* & a half to two in*es long4 ,^! are !n buri$ 9 ! holes1 :i* h be5 previ\sly manur$1 & ! :ole ( ! b$s are !n cov]$ ) a good ?ick lay] ( gre5 leaves1 :i*1 :il/ !y s]ve z manure1 also contribute to keep ! b$s f unnecess>y dampness1 :i* might o!rwise be occasion$ by ! heavy falls ( ra9 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july4 ,ra9 is ess5tially requisite = ! gr[? ( ! g+]2 x is also h[ev] necess>y1 t ! b$s be con/antly kept f inundation1 :i*1 if n c>efully att5d$ to1 ! crop is entirely ru9$2 great precaution is !re=e tak5 9 =m+ dra9s betwe5 ! b$s1 & lett+ wat] out1 ?us prev5t+ a sup]fluity4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great t5d5cy "s k9ds ( leaves h to bre$ worms & insects1 /rict c>e is obs]v$ 9 ! *oos+ ( !m1 & none b ! p>ticul> k9ds us$ 9 manur+ g+] are tak5 91 le/ ! wrong ones might fet* 9 worms1 :i*1 if once 9 ! b$s1 no rem$y c be resort$ to successfully to de/roy !m2 ?us !y 9 a v %ort "t ru9 ! crop4 ,worms br$ f ! leaves laid on ! soil1 ?\gh highly de/ructive1 are n s p]nici\s to g+] cultivation z ^? :i* proce$ f ! effect ( ! soil4 ,! =m] k9d1 :il/ !y de/roy ! b$s 9 :i* !y once appe>1 d n spread !mselves to ! o!r b$s1 be !y ev] s close1 b ! latt] k9d mu/ ( c\rse be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! b$s1 z !y d n proce$ f accid5tal causes1 b f ! nature ( ! soil4 ,9 cases l ^!1 ! :ole crop is (t5times ru9$1 & ! cultivators are !reby subject$ to heavy losses4 ,g+] is ext5sively diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! ,indian isles1 x be+ especially indig5\s to ! ,ea/1 & ( pretty g5]al use among ! natives1 :o neglect ! f9] spices4 ,! great & small] v>ieties are cultivat$1 & ! sub-v>ieties di/+ui%$ by _! br[n or :ite colors4 ,!re is no production :i* has a great] div]sity ( names4 ,?is div]sity proves1 z usual1 ! wide diffusion ( ! plant 9 its wild /ate4 ,! g+] ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago is h[ev] inf]ior 9 quality to t ( ,malab> or ,b5gal4 ,9 ! cultivation ( g+] great improvem5t may be adopt$ & exp5se sav$4 ,! g>d5 pl\gh & small h>r[ %\ld be us$4 ,! pres5t mode ( prep>+ ! l& = ?is crop 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 is by fir/ c>efully hoe+ (f all bu% & we$s f ! piece y int5d to plant2 ! workm5 are !n plac$ 9 a l9e1 & dig =w>d ! l& to ! full dep? ( ! hoe1 cutt+ ! furr[ n m ?an f five to six in*es ?ick4 ,! l& is !n all[$ to pulv]ise = a %ort "t2 y !n prep>e x = receiv+ ! plants by op5+ drills ) ! hoe1 f t5 to twelve in*es ap>t1 & ! same 9 dep?1 *opp+ or break+ up any clods t may be 9 ! l&4 ,two or ?ree wom5 foll[ & drop ! plants 9 ! drills1 say f n9e to t5 in*es ap>t4 ,! plants or sets are ! small knots or f+]s brok5 (f ! orig9al root1 z n wor? ! scrap+4 ,! plants are !n cov]$ 9 ) a portion ( ! e>?-bank =m$ 9 drill+4 ,x requires great c>e & att5tion 9 keep+ !m clean f we$s until !y atta9 suffici5t age4 ,x ?r[s out a p$icle or foot /alk 9 ! c\rse ( ! second or ?ird week1 ! leaves ( :i* are ( simil> %ape to t ( ! ,gu9ea grass4 ,g+] is a delicate plant1 & v liable to rot1 p>ticul>ly if plant$ 9 too ri* a soil1 or :]e x may be subject to heavy ra9s4 ,! g5]al av]age ( yield is f #a1ejj to #b1jjj lbs4 p] acre 9 plants1 al?\gh ,i h kn[n z mu* z #c1jjj lbs4 ( g+] cur$ f an acre ( l&4 ,! plant+ season g5]ally comm5ces 9 ,jamaica 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 & ! crop is got 9 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 :5 ! /alks beg9 to )]4 ,! g+] is tak5 f ! gr\nd by means ( ! hoe1 ea* labor] fill+ a good-siz$ basket1 at ! same "t break+ (f ! small knots or knobs = future plant+4 ,a good scrap] ( g+] w give y f #cj to #dj lbs4 ( g+] p] day4 ,x is !n laid on b>bacues 7g5]ally made ( bo>ds7 to dry4 ,x takes f six to t5 days to be prop]ly cur$4 ,! av]age yield 9 weight is ab\t "o-?ird ( :at is scrap$4 ,:5 int5d$ = pres]v+1 ! roots mu/ be tak5 up at ! end ( ?ree or f\r mon?s1 :ile ! fibres are t5d] & full ( sap4 ,! g+] gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies is consid]$ sup]ior 9 quality to t ( ! ,ea/1 d\btless because m c>e is paid to ! culture & dry+ ( ! root1 b x is ( less importance to comm]ce4 ,! quantities import$ f ^! two qu>t]s is h[ev] becom+ m equal1 & ,africa is com+ into ! field z a produc]1 #a1ede casks & packages hav+ arriv$ f ! we/]n coa/ 9 #ahdf4 ,! annual av]age export ( g+] f ,b>bados betwe5 ! ye>s #agdj & #aghh1 0 #d1ffg bags2 betwe5 #aghd & #aghf1 #f1cbj bags2 9 #aghh1 #e1efb cwt4 7 %ipp$2 9 #agib1 #c1jdf bags & b>rels4 ,9 #agch1 s widely 0 ! culture ( ?is root diffus$ 9 ,jamaica1 t #bj1icc bags1 ( "o cwt4 ea*1 & #h1hfd lbs4 9 casks 7 %ipp$4 ,! exports may n[ be tak5 on an av]age at #d1jjj cwt42 b1 l all ! o!r /aple products ( ! isl&1 ?is has fall5 (f "o-half s9ce ! emancipation ( ! negro population4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s :i* prec$$ ! abolition ( slav]y1 #e1gai1jjj lbs4 ( g+] 7 %ipp$ f ,jamaica4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ ) #ahdh1 ! quantity %ipp$ _h decreas$ #b1fab1ahf lbs41 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ returns3-- ,,g+] ,,%ipp$4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahcj #a1gdh1hjj #ahdf #a1dfb1jjj #ahca #a1fad1fdj #ahdg #a1cbd1dhj #ahcb #b1cee1efj #ahdh #cbj1cdj --------- --------- #e1gai1jjj #c1ajf1hbj ,9 #ahdc !re 7 %ipp$ f ,jamaica #c1gai casks & bags2 9 #ahdd1 #c1fib casks & #agcj bags2 9 #ahde1 #c1ejf casks1 valu$ at #d #ajs4 ea*1 & #a1abi bags1 valu$ at #b ea*1 equal 9 all to #ah1jcg4 ,f ! isl& ( ,hayti #h1gfi lbs4 ( g+] 7 export$ 9 #ahce1 & #ae1eji lbs4 9 #ahcf4 #ci packages ( g+] 7 %ipp$ f ,b>bados 9 #ahea4 ,9 ,m>anham & "o or two o!r prov9ces ( ,brazil1 g+] ( an excell5t quality is gr[n1 & a good deal is export$4 ,x 0 v e>ly an article ( culture 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,accord+ to ,aco/a1 x 0 br\ght to ,am]ica by "o ,francisco de ,m5doza1 f ,malab>1 & s rapidly did its cultivation spread1 t z f> back z #aedg1 #bb1jec cwt4 7 %ipp$ to ,europe4 ,s\!y1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,brazil 7vol4 i41 p4 #cbj71 says1 ,g+] _h be5 br\ght f ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & ?rove s well t 9 ! ye> #aegc1 #d1jjj arrobas ( #be lbs4 ea* 7 cur$2 x 0 bett] ?an :at came f ,india1 ?\gh ! art ( dry+ x 0 n s well und]/ood4 ,great use 0 made ( ?is root 9 pres]ves1 b x 0 prohibit$1 z int]f]+ ) ! ,indian trade 9 t wret*$ species ( policy :i* reg>ds imm$iate rev5ue z its ma9 object4 ,g+] 0 wor? 9 ! ,london m>ket #bes4 to #fjs4 ! cwt4 9 bond2 middl+ & f9e qualities1 #hjs4 to #afjs4 ,! duty is #es4 p] cwt4 ,am\nt ( imports ( g+] into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ) ! quantities ent]$ = home consumption3-- ,we/ ,india ,ent]$ = ,ea/ ,india ,ent]$ = g+]4 home consumption4 g+]4 home consumption4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahca #c1eea #d1gji #hdi #gi #ahcb #e1idg #f1gie #b1ejh #bac #ahcc #f1jfd #f1egj #aj1jdi #a1jii #ahcd #i1iac #i1iah #aj1jjd #a1fch #ahce #h1cba #h1ihb #d1dhi #a1fdg #ahcf #aj1bbf #f1cjd #ac1ehi #c1ebd #ahcg #aj1icc #i1ije #bc1hgf #c1chf #ahch #ac1cff #i1idd #be1fdi #a1dca #ahci #h1iif #g1bac #bi1fbd #iad #ahdj #e1cha #g1ice #i1gai #a1efh #ahda #d1ddf #e1ebc #e1bib #a1agg #ahdb #d1fga #e1jfh #c1fhj #a1ief #ahdc #d1jac #e1iec #d1ajf #c1bed casks1 c4 casks4 bags4 bags4 #ahdd #d1fai #c1abh #e1aja #f1ifd #ahde #f1jcc #d1jjj #h1afe #g1ich ,total ,reta9$ = g+] import$4 home consumption4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahdf #bd1cgj #ae1icg #ahdf #bj1jaj #ae1afc #ahdg #ab1iie #i1gdd #ahdh #ac1gdh #aj1ded #ahdi #bh1jae #ab1hhj #ahej #cc1iec #af1edc #ahea #ce1fgh #ai1hee #aheb #bj1big #ah1fia ,,galangale ,,root is a good deal us$ 9 ,*9a1 & =ms an article ( comm]ce1 fet*+ 9 ! ,london m>ket #abs4 to #afs4 p] cwt4 9 bond4 ,x is ! rhizoma ( ,alp9ia ,galanga4 ,its ta/e is pepp]y & aromatic4 ,ext]nally ! color ( ! root-/ocks is r$di% br[n1 int]nally pale r$di% :ite4 #a1bhj cwt4 ( galangale root1 valu$ at #b1hhj doll>s1 0 export$ f ,canton 9 #ahej4 ,,c>damoms4 ,c>damoms are ! production ( v>i\s species ( plants ( ! same tribe z ! g+]1 & might be pr(itably cultivat$ ) t aromatic root1 z well z ! ,turm]ic 7,curcuma longa71 :i* see4 ,v>i\s species ( ,alp9i1 ,amomum1 ,elett>ia1 & ,r5ealmia1 appe> to furni% ! c>damoms ( ! %ops1 :i* consi/ ( ! oval1 trivalvul> capsules conta9+ ! se$s4 ,! bright yell[ se$s are us$ 9 m$ic9e z aromatic tonics & c>m9atives2 & = curries1 ket*ups1 s\ps1 c4 ,_! active +r$i5t is a pung5t volatile oil4 ,! lea/ dampness injures ! f9] sorts4 ,ab\t #fhh cwts4 ( c>damoms1 & #e1jjj cwts4 ( ba/>d c>damoms are annually export$ f ,siam1 ,we import$ ab\t #cjj tons 9 #ahdi4 ,! price ranges f #as4 #f;d4 to #cs4 ! p\nd4 ,! e/imat$ value ( ! c>damoms & pepp] %ipp$ f ,ceylon 9 ! pa/ few ye>s 0 z foll[s3--#ahdf1 #bjh2 #ahdg1 #bdf2 #ahdh1 #bje2 #ahdi1 #ded2 #ahej1 #ifj2 #ahea1 #gga2 #aheb1 #eij4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! plants f :i* c>damoms are procur$4 #a4 ,amomum ,c>damomum1 a ,java plant1 supplies ! r\nd c>damoms4 ,x has pale br[n fl[]s4 ,! fruit v>ies 9 size f t ( a black currant to a *]ry4 #b4 ,a4 angu/ifolium 7,p]eira71 a plant hav+ r$ blossoms2 furni%es ! l>ge ,madagasc> c>damoms1 & also supplies "s ( ! se$s call$ ,gra9s ( ,p>adise1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 l>g] ?an ^? import$ "u t "n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,abyss9ia1 accord+ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,*as4 ,john/on1 au?or ( ,travels 9 ,abyss9ia1 :o favor$ me ) "s specim5s4 ,! se$s are pale olive br[n1 devoid ( ! fi]y pepp]y ta/e ( ! gra9s ( p>adise4 #c4 ,a4 maximum1 ! great w+$ amomum1 produces ! ,java c>damoma ( ! ,london m>ket1 & is also gr[n ext5sively 9 ,ceylon1 ! ,malay isl&s1 ,nepaul1 ,sumatra1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,!re 7 export$ f ,ceylon 9 #ahdb1 #e1cfd lbs42 9 #ahdc1 #i1fcb lbs42 #ahdd1 #g1bhj lbs42 & 9 #ahde1 #aa1hab lbs4 ,! pods are l>ge & long1 & d>k color$1 approa*+ to black1 ! ta/e nause\s & disagreeable1 n ! lea/ resembl+ t ( ! ,malab> c>damoms4 ,x is propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! rhizoma4 ,! plants yield 9 ?ree ye>s1 & aft]w>ds give an annual crop4 ,!y are n us$ "h1 b s5t to ! cont95t4 #d4 ,alp9ia ,c>damomum4--,?is is ! s\rce ( ! clu/]$ c>damoms1 & furni%es ! be/ kn[n sort4 ,its produce is 9 great reque/ ?r\gh\t ,india1 fet*+ z mu* z #cj ! c&y ( #fjj ,lbs4 ,ab\t #aib c&ies are gr[n annually 9 ,travancore1 & ! usual crop 9 ,malab> is reckon$ at #ajj c&ies annually4 ,x fl\ri%es on ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! ,malab> coa/1 & among ! we/]n m\nta9s ( ,wynaad4 ,! bulb\s plants1 :i* gr[ ?ree or f\r feet high1 are produc$ 9 ! recesses ( ! m\nta9s by fell+ trees1 & aft]w>ds burn+ !m1 = :]ev] ! a%es fall 9 ! op5+s or fissures ( ! rocks1 ! plant naturally spr+s up4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! plants come to p]fection1 be>+ abundantly = a ye> or two1 & !n die4 ,9 ,soonda ,balagat1 & o!r places :]e c>damoms are plant$1 !y are mu* inf]ior to ^? gr[n 9 ! wild /ate4 ,x may be propagat$ by cutt+s or divisions ( ! roots4 ,n m ?an "o-hundr$? "p ( ! c>damoms rais$ 9 ,malab> are us$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y are s5t 9 l>ge quantities to ! ports on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 up ! ,indus to ,sc9de1 to ,b5gal & ,bombay4 ,! price ( ,malab> c>damons at ,madras1 9 ,june1 #ahec1 0 ab\t #c ! maund ( #be lbs4 ,!y fet* 9 ! ,bombay m>ket #d #ajs4 ! maund ( #dj lbs4 ,c>damoms =m a univ]sal +r$i5t 9 curries1 pillaus1 c4 ,! se$ capsules are ga!r$ z !y rip51 & :5 dri$ 9 ! sun are fit = sale4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 full1 plump1 & difficult to be brok52 ( a bright yell[ color1 & pi]c+ smell2 ) an acrid bitt]i%1 ?\gh n v unpleasant ta/e1 & p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are prop]ly dri$4 #e4 ,amomum ,grana-,p>adisi1 :i* is indig5\s to ! isl&s ( ,madagasc> & ,ceylon1 yields an inf]ior sort ( c>damoms1 kn[n by ! names ( gra9s ( p>adise1 or ,meleguetta pepp]4 ,^! are wor? 9 ! ,engli% m>ket only f #as4 #b;d4 to #as4 #d;d4 p] p\nd1 :ile ! long & ,malab> c>damoms fet* #bs4 #h;d4 to #cs4 #c;d4 ! p\nd4 ,?is plant is a native ( ,gu9ea1 & ! we/]n p>ts ( ,africa ab\t ,si]ra ,leone4 ,we import$ f !nce 9 #ahda1 #g1iaa p\nds4 ,! ta/e ( ^! ,gu9ea gra9s is aromatic & vehem5tly hot or pepp]y4 ,!y are import$ 9 casks f ,africa1 & are pr9cipally us$ 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 & to give an artificial /r5g? to spirits1 w9e1 be]1 c4 ,! av]age quantity on :i* duty 0 paid 9 ! six ye>s end+ ) #ahdj1 0 #af1jjj lbs4 p] annum4 ,!y are e/eem$ 9 ,africa ! mo/ :olesome ( spices1 & g5]ally us$ by ! natives to season _! food4 ,dr4 ,p]eira1 f a c>eful exam9ation & close inquiry1 is ( op9ion t ! ,amomum ,grana-,p>adisi ( ,smi?1 & ! ,amamum ,melegueta ( ,roscoe1 are id5tical species4 ,9 ! second volume ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,dr4 ,p]eira /ates t ! t]m gra9s ( p>adise1 or ,melegueta1 has be5 appli$ to ! produce ( no less ?an six scitam9e\s plants4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! t]m is exclusively giv5 to ! hot acrid se$s import$ into ,engl& f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 & frequ5tly call$ ,gu9ea gra9s2 & by ! ,africans ,gu9ea pepp]4 ,elett>ia ,c>domomum1 ,don4--,! fruit ( ?is species con/itutes ! true1 small1 (fic9al ,malab> c>damoms4 ,x is an ovate oblong1 obtusely triangul> capsule1 f ?ree to t5 l9es long1 r>ely exce$+ ?ree l9es 9 bread?1 coriace\s1 ribb$1 greyi% or br[ni% yell[4 ,x conta9s _m angul>1 blacki% or r$di% br[n rugose se$s1 :i* are :ite int]nally1 h a pleasant aromatic odor1 & a w>m agreeable ta/e4 #ajj p>ts ( ! fruit yield #gd p>ts ( se$s1 & #bf p>ts ( p]ic>pal coats4 ,?is seems to be id5tical ) ,amomum ,c>damomum4 ,elett>ia major1 is a p]5nial1 native ( ,ceylon1 :i* gr[s 9 %ady situations 9 a ri* mix$ soil4 ,! dri$ capsules are kn[n 9 comm]ce z wild or ,ceylon c>damoms1 & are ( less value 9 ! m>ket ?an ^? ( ,malab> 7,elett>ia ,c>damomum1 ,maton74 ,x is *iefly gr[n ab\t ! ,k&yan di/rict2 & 9 ! eight ye>s end+ ) #ahac1 ! av]age export 0 n9e & a-half c&ies p] annum4 ,! se$s 9 ta/e resemble our c>raways1 & are us$ = season+ v>i\s di%es4 ,ceylon c>damoms are n[ wor? 9 ! ,london m>ket 7,sept41 #ahec7 #as4 to #as4 #c;d4 p] lb42 ,malab> ditto1 #bs4 #c;d4 to #cs4 ,,pepp]4 ,! black pepp] ( comm]ce is obta9$ f ! dri$ unripe fruit 7drupes7 ( ,pip] nigrum1 a climb+ plant common 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ( ! simple/ culture1 be+ multipli$ ) facility by cutt+s or suck]s4 ,! ripe fruit1 :5 depriv$ ( its out] fle%y cov]+ by wa%+1 =ms ! :ite pepp] ( ! %ops4 ,! dri$ fruit+ spikes ( ,p4 longum1 a p]5nial %rub1 native ( ,malab> & ,b5gal1 con/itute long pepp]4 ,! fruit ( ,xylopia aromatica is commonly call$ ,e?iopian pepp]1 f be+ us$ z pepp] 9 ,africa4 ,! se$s ( "s species ( f5nel-fl[] 7,nigella sativa & arv5sis71 natives ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 7 =m]ly us$ in/ead ( pepp]1 & are said to be /ill ext5sively employ$ 9 adult]at+ x4 ,9 ,japan1 ! capsules ( ,xan?oxylum pip]itum1 or ,fag>a ,pip]ita1 are us$ z a sub/itute = pepp]1 & s is ! fruit ( ,tasmannia aromatica 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,roxburgh1 ,p4 trioicum is cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & yields an excell5t pepp]4 ,! pepp] v9e rises ab\t two feet 9 ! fir/ ye> ( its gr[?1 & atta9s to ne>ly six feet 9 ! second1 at :i* "t1 if vigor\s & heal?y1 ! petals beg9 to =m ! corolla or blossom4 ,all suck]s & side %oots are to be c>efully remov$1 & ! v9es %\ld be ?9n$ or prun$1 if !y become bu%y at ! top4 ,rank co>se we$s & p>asitical plants %\ld be uproot$4 ,! v9e w\ld climb1 if p]mitt$1 to ! elevation ( tw5ty feet1 b is said to be> be/ :5 kept d[n to ! height ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,x produces two crops 9 ! ye>4 ,! fruit gr[s abundantly f all ! bran*es1 9 long small clu/]s ( f #bj to #ej gra9s2 :5 ripe x is ( a bright r$ color4 ,aft] be+ ga!r$1 x is spread on mats 9 ! sun to dry1 :5 x becomes black & %rivell$4 ,! gra9s are sep>at$ f ! /alks by h& rubb+4 ,! roots & ?icke/ p>ts ( ! /ems1 :5 cut into small pieces & dri$1 =m a consid]able article ( comm]ce all ov] ,india1 "u ! "n ( ,pippula moola4 ,almo/ all ! plants ( ! family ,pip]ace h a /rong aromatic smell & a %>p burn+ ta/e4 ,?is small gr\p ( plants is conf9$ to ! hotte/ regions ( ! globe2 be+ mo/ abundant 9 tropical ,am]ica & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 b m r>e 9 ! equ9octial regions ( ,africa4 ,! common black pepp]1 ,p4 nigrum1 repres5ts ! usual prop]ty ( ! ord]1 :i* is n conf9$ to ! fruit1 b p]vades1 m or less1 ! :ole plant4 ,x is peculi> to ! torrid zone ( ,asia1 & appe>s to be indig5\s to ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 :]e x has be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,f ?is x ext5ds betwe5 ! m]idians ( longitude #if deg4 & #aaf deg4 ,s4 & ! p>allels ( latitude #e deg4 ,s4 & #ab deg4 ,n41 beyond :i* no pepp] is f\nd4 ,)9 ^! limits are ! isl&s ( ,sumatra & ,borneo1 ) ! ,malay p59sula & "p ( ,siam4 ,sumatra produces by f> ! greate/ quantity ( pepp]4 ,9 #ahdb1 ! annual produce ( ?is isl& 0 reckon$ at #cj1jjj1jjj lbs41 be+ m ?an ! am\nt furni%$ by all ! o!r pepp] di/ricts 9 ! _w4 ,a little pepp] is gr[n 9 ! ,mauritius & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & its cultivation is mak+ "s progress on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,africa1 z we import$ f !nce #b1iji bags & casks 9 #ahdf1 & ab\t #aaj1jjj lbs4 9 #ahdg4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,crawfurd1 ,f4,r4,s41 "o ( ! be/ au?orities on all t relates to ! comm]ce & agriculture ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 rec5tly e/imat$ ! produce ( pepp] z foll[s3-- lbs4 ,sumatra 7,we/ ,coa/7 #bj1jjj1jjj 7,ea/ ,coa/7 #h1jjj1jjj ,isl&s 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca #c1fjj1jjj ,malay ,p59sula #c1gcc1ccc ,borneo #b1fff1ffg ,siam #h1jjj1jjj ,malab> #d1jfj1jjj ---------- ,total #ej1jjj1jjj ,if we add to ?is ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,africa & ,b4,w4 ,indies #ec1jjj ,java #d1jjj1jjj ,mauritius & ,ceylon #hj1jjj ---------- ,x gives #ed1acc1jjj z ! total produce ( ! _w ,black pepp] con/itutes a great & valuable article ( export f ! ,indian ,isl&s2 :i*1 z we h se51 af=d by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ,:at is consum$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ! fir/ int]c\rse ( ! ,dut* & ,engli% ) ,india1 x con/itut$ ! mo/ consid]able & important /aple ( _! comm]ce4 ,! production ( pepp] is conf9$ 9 a great measure to ! we/]n c\ntries ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 & among ^! to ! isl&s 9 ! c5tre & to ! nor!rn qu>t]1 includ+ ! ,p59sula4 ,x is obta9$ 9 ! ports on bo? sides ( ! coa/ ( ! latt]1 b p>ticul>ly ! nor?-ea/]n coa/4 ,! pr9cipal qu>t]s 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 my au?ority on ?is subject71 are ,patani1 ,tr+anu1 & ,kalant94 ,9 ! ,/raits a l>ge quantity is produc$ 9 ! isl& ( ,s+apore1 & above all 9 ,p9ang1 :]e ! capital ( ,europeans & ! skill & indu/ry ( ! ,*9ese h be5 successfully appli$ to its culture4 ,! we/]n extremity ( ,sumatra1 & ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( t isl&1 are ! mo/ rem>kable situations 9 x = ! production ( pepp]1 & "h we h ,a*e51 ,tikao1 ,b5cool51 ,padang1 & ! c\ntry ( ! ,lampungs4 ,! production ( ! ea/]n extremity ( ,sumatra or ,palembang is consid]able1 b held ( inf]ior quality4 ,9 ! f]tile isl& ( ,java1 ! quantity ( pepp] gr[n is inconsid]able1 nor is x rem>kable = ! goodness ( its quality4 ,! prov9ce ( ,bantam has always furni%$1 & /ill cont9ues to produce1 ! mo/ pepp]2 b ! culture ( ?is creep] is fa/ giv+ place 9 ,java to /aples af=d+ high] pr(its & requir+ less c>e4 ,! exports 71 9 ! foll[+ ye>s3-- piculs4 lbs4 #ahcj #f1jfa #ahdc #c1gcg1gcb #ahce #aa1hfh #ahdh #dfa1fhj #ahci #aa1jdd #ahea #ie1jcg #ahda #ac1dgg #aheb #ace1fij ,! numb] ( pepp] v9es 9 ! di/rict ( ,b5cool51 9 ! close ( la/ ye>1 #aheb1 0 z foll[s3--#a1ega1hid "y v9es2 #b1dcg1jeb be>+ ditto2 total1 #d1jjh1idf4 ,up to ! end ( ,septemb] !re _h be5 deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t #a1ade piculs :ite pepp]1 & #a1abh piculs black pepp]1 :ile ( ! h>ve/ ( #aheb !re 7 /ill probably to be receiv$ #ccj piculs :ite1 & #d1ifg piculs black pepp]4 ,! s\?1 ! we/1 & ! nor? coa/s ( ! great isl& ( ,borneo produce a l>ge quantity ( pepp]2 z e>ly z #agba x 0 a /aple commodity ( ?is isl&4 ,banj>mass9 is ! mo/ productive place on ! s\? coa/1 & ! ,/ate ( ,borneo ,prop] on ! nor? coa/4 ,! be/ pepp] c]ta9ly does n gr[ 9 ! ri*e/ soils1 = ! pepp]s ( ,java & ,palembang are ! wor/ ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 & t ( ,p9ang & ! we/ coa/ ( ,sumatra are ! be/4 ,c>e 9 culture & cur+ improves ! quality1 z ) o!r articles1 & = ?is reason *iefly x is t ! pepp] ( ,p9ang is m 9 e/eem ?an t ( any o!r portion ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,f ! ports & di/ricts ( ,siam #c1ejj to #d1jjj tons are export$ annually4 ,! duty at pres5t levi$ on pepp] 9 ,engl& is #f;d4 p] lb41 :ile ! :olesale price = t ( ,p9ang1 ,malab>1 & ,sumatra is ab\t #d;d4 p] lb4 ,:ite pepp] ranges f #i;d4 to #as4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,! prime co/ 9 ,s+apore is n m ?an #a;d4 p] lb4 ,ab\t #gj1jjj or #hj1jjj piculs ( pepp] are annually export$ f ,s+apore1 ( :i* betwe5 #cj1jjj & #dj1jjj piculs h1 until )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 gone on to ,great ,brita94 ,m ?an "o-half ( ! pepp] export$ f ,s+apore is gr[n 9 ! isl& by ,*9ese settl]s4 ,! l[ sell+ price ( ! article 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 ! high duty levi$ ^u x1 & ! l>ge freight paid = its c>riage to ,great ,brita91 n[ leave s small a price to ! cultivator 9 ,s+apore1 t ! cultivation ceases to be remun]ative1 & is c>ri$ on at a loss2 & has consequ5tly )9 ! la/ ye> or two begun to decrease rapidly1 involv+ ! ,*9ese gr[]s1 :o are g5]ally ( ! poore/ class1 & )\t capital1 9 great di/ress4 ,a r$uction 9 ! duty on pepp] has always be5 foll[$ by a v l>ge increase 9 ! consumption ( ! article1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! importation & consumption 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ "s ( ! fir/ & la/ ye>s ( ! diff]5t rates ( duty3-- ,duty ,s+apore price ,ye> ,quantity consum$ s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #ahaa #a1deg1chc #a #aj #j #g to #j #g #ahad #ida1efi #a #aj #j #aa #a #a #ahbj #a1djd1jba #b #f #j #f #j #f #ahbd #a1ddg1jcj #b #f #j #d #j #e #ahbf #b1ebi1jbg #b #j #j #d #j #d #ahcf #b1gdi1dia #a #j #j #j #j #j #ahcg #b1fbe1jge #j #f #j #j #j #j #ahde #c1baj1dae #j #f #j #b #j #d ,9 a memorial f ! m]cantile community ( ,s+apore1 s5t home 9 #ahdh1 x is ass]t$ t a r$uction 9 ! duty ( pepp] be+ always att5d$ by a l>ge increase 9 ! consumption1 w\ld n lead to any s]i\s loss 9 ! rev5ue1 :ile x w\ld conf] a great boon on ! poor] classes1 to :om x has n[ become a necess>y article ( life4 ,! r$uction w\ld also be ( great advantage to ,briti% manufactur]s1 z well z to our ,indian possessions1 by giv+ rise to an increas$ dem& or ,briti% goods & productions1 & ( ! highe/ b5efit to ! agricultural settl]s 9 ! isl& ( ,s+apore1 by enabl+ !m to procure = _! labor an hone/ means ( livelihood4 ,! pepp] v9es1 :i* are all[$ to climb poles or small trees1 are tol]ably productive at ,s+apore2 & pepp] plant+ is e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese to be a pr(itable speculation1 p>ticul>ly if !y are enabl$ to evade ! paym5t ( quit-r5t4 ,an acre ( pepp] v9es w yield #a1afa lbs4 ( clean pepp]4 ,9 ,sumatra a full gr[n plant has be5 kn[n to produce sev5 p\nds2 9 ,p9ang ! yield is mu* m4 ,! av]age produce ( "o ?\s& v9es is said1 h[ev]1 to be only ab\t #dej lbs4 ,colonel ,l[1 9 8 ,diss]tation on ,p9ang1 publi%$ at ,s+apore "s ye>s ago1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! culture3-- ,pepp] 01 dur+ _m ye>s1 ! /aple product ( ,p9ang soil1 ! av]age annual quantity hav+ be5 ne>ly f\r millions ( p\nds2 b previ\s to ! ye> #ahaj1 ! above am\nt _h decreas$ to ab\t two-&-a-half millions ( p\nds1 :i* 0 ! result ( ! cont95tal sy/em4 ,! price hav+ fall5 at l5g? to ?ree & ?ree-&-a-half doll>s ! picul--) only a few occasional exceptions ( rises--! cultivation ( ?is spice 0 gradually ab&on$1 & ! total product at ?is day does n exce$ #b1jjj piculs4 ,! orig9al co/1 :5 pepp] 0 at a high price1 toge!r ) *>ges ( transport+ x to ,europe1 am\nt$ to #cf1ceg = e five hundr$ tons1 & ! loss by wa/age 0 e/imat$ at #e1dje4 ,9 #ahah !re rema9$ on ! isl& #a1dhj1bfe pepp] v9es 9 be>+1 & ! av]age value ( exports ( pepp] f ,p9ang1 includ+ t receiv$ f o!r places1 0 av]ag$ at #ajf1hgj ,spani% doll>s4 ,z might h be5 =ese51 ! fall ( prices has s greatly dim9i%$ ! cultivation ( pepp] to ! ea/w>d1 t a reaction is likely to take place2 & has 9 fact p>tly %[n itself already4 ,"s ,*9ese 9 ,p9ang & ,prov9ce ,wellesley seem to be prep>+ to r5ew ! cultivation4 ,!re is abundant scope = ! purpose on bo? sides ( ! h>b\r1 & e facility is at h& = c>ry+ x on4 ,! pepp] plant or v9e requires a good soil1 ! ri*] ! bett]1 b ! r$ soil ( ! high] hills is n cong5ial1 ! ,*9ese ?9k1 to x4 ,! undulations skirt+ ! bases ( ! hills1 & ! deep alluvial l&s1 :]e n saturat$ ) wat]1 or liable to be ov]fl[$1 are pref]r$4 ,! ,*9ese h always be5 ! *ief cultivators1 & :5 ! speculation fl\ri%$ !y receiv$ advances f ! m]*ants1 :i* !y paid back 9 produce at fix$ rates4 ,:5 pepp] 0 ext5sively cultivat$ on ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 ! ,european own] ( ! l& _h ! =e/ cle>$ by contract1 & ! v9es plant$ by contract1 & :5 ! v9es came into be>+ ! plantation 0 f>m$ to ! ,*9ese f ye> to ye>1 on paym5t ( a specific quantity ( pepp]4 ,any o!r plan w\ld h ru9$ ! capitali/1 z ! culture is almo/ entirely 9 _! h&s 9 ! ,/raits' ,settlem5ts1 & !y w n "w s well = o!rs z :5 !y are specially int]e/$4 ,! plants are set out at int]vals1 e way1 ( f sev5 to twelve feet1 accord+ to ! degree ( f]tility ( ! soil1 s t !re are f #hjj to #a1jjj v9es 9 "o orlong ( l&2 to ea* v9e is allott$ a prop ( f t5 to ?irte5 feet high1 cut f ! ?orny tree call$ dadap1 or :]e t is sc>ce1 f ! less durable boonglai2 ^! props take root1 ?us af=d+ bo? %ade & support to ! plant4 ,! plant may be rais$ f se$ pepp]1 b ! plan is n approv$ (1 cutt+s be+ pref]able1 z !y soone/ come into be>+4 ,! pits 9 :i* ^! cutt+s are set %\ld be a foot-&-a-half squ>e1 & two feet 9 dep?2 manure is n (t5 appli$1 & !n x is only "s turf a%es4 ,h[ev] unpicturesque a pepp] plantation may be1 /ill its neat & uni=m appe>ance r5d]s ! l&scape lively1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! isl& has suff]$ 9 its salubrity s9ce ! jungle usurp$ ! ext5sive tracts =m]ly "u pepp] cultivation4 ,:5 ! v9e has rea*$ ! height ( ?ree or f\r feet1 x is b5t d[n & laid 9 ! e>?1 & ab\t five ( ! /ronge/ %oots :i* n[ spr+ up are reta9$ & c>efully tra9$ up ! prop1 to :i* !y are ti$ by means ( ligatures ( "s creep+ plants4 ,"o ,*9ese1 aft] ! plantation has be5 =m$1 c take c>e ( two orlongs ( l&4 ,! usual mode is ?is3--an advance is made by ! capitali/ to ! labor] = build+ a h\se1 & = agricultural implem5ts2 he !n receives two doll>s mon?ly to subsi/ on1 until ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 :5 ! e/ate or plantation is equally divid$ betwixt ! contract+ p>ties4 ,! ,*9ese & ev5 ,european cultivators us$ =m]ly to engage ! ,*9ese :o _h j arriv$ f ,*9a2 !y paid (f _! passage-money1 & !n all[$ !m two doll>s mon?ly1 = provisions1 = "o ye>2 ) a suit ( clo!s1 by :i* means ! co/ ( ! labor ( "o man av]ag$ ab\t ?ree doll>s mon?ly2 b ?is plan is att5d$ ) risks4 ,! co/ att5dant on ! cultivation ( two orlongs ( l&1 ) pepp]1 = ?ree ye>s--! ,*9ese labor] receiv+ ! usual hire ( five ,spani% doll>s mon?ly--w be ne>ly z foll[s3-- ,spani% doll>s4 ,price ( l&1 cle>+1 & plant+ #dj ,quit r5t1 at #ge c5ts p] annum p] orlong #i ,two ?\s& plants #d dadap props #f ,implem5ts #f ,h\se #aj ,labor #bjj ,int]e/1 loosely calculat$ at #cj --- ,total ,spani% doll>s #cje ,9 a v good soil a pepp] v9e w yield ab\t "o-eigh? ( a p\nd ( dry produce at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>2 at ! end ( ! second1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a p\nd2 & at ! expiration ( ! ?ird1 probably "o p\nd2 at ! end ( ! f\r?1 f ?ree to ?ree-&-a-half p\nds2 ditto fif?1 f eight to t5 p\nds4 ,aft] ! fif? ye> up to ! fifte5?1 or ev5 ! tw5tie? ye>1 ab\t t5 p\nds ( dry m]*antable produce may be obta9$ f ea* v9e1 "u favorable circum/ances4 ,! ,*9ese speculator us$ to r5t out 8 half-%>e ( a new plantation = five ye>s1 to 8 cultivat+ p>tn]1 aft] ! expiration ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 at ! rate ( ?irty piculs p] annum2 ! total produce ( ^! five ye>s giv+ ab\t fifty-six piculs annually z an av]age4 ,a pepp] plantation nev] survives ! ?irtie? ye>1 unless 9 extremely ri* soil1 & !n x is unproductive2 nor w ! "y v9e ?rive on an old worn out pepp] l&1 a peculi>ity :i* is applicable to ! c(fee tree4 ,! *ief crop la/s f ,augu/ to ,febru>y4 ,f\r p\nds ( dry produce1 = t5 ( gre51 is consid]$ a fair e/imate4 ,great c>e is requisite 9 ! managem5t ( ! v9e1 & especially 9 tra9+ & ty+ x on ! props4 ,x is subject to be injur$ by ! attacks ( a small insect4 ,! gre5 pepp] dries 9 two or ?ree days1 & if x is int5d$ t x %all be black1 x is pull$ be=e x is q ripe4 ,to make :ite pepp]1 ! b]ry is all[$ to rema9 some:at long] on ! v9e2 x is1 :5 pluck$1 imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]1 by means ( :i* process & subsequ5t friction1 be=e dry+1 ! husk is sep>at$4 ,! exports ( pepp] f ,p9ang 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s h be5--,9 #ahdi1 #b1eia1bcc lbs42 9 #ahej1 #f1cig1gcc lbs42 9 #ahea1 #b1cff1icc lbs42 9 #aheb1 #b1aab1acc lbs4 ,a small quantity ( pepp] seems to be annually export$ f ,ceylon1 :i* ,i presume is ! gr[? ( t isl&2 ?us !re 73-- #ed cwts4 %ipp$ 9 #ahdb #hc #ahdc #ajb #ahdd ,9 ! ,cu/oms' returns ( ,ceylon1 x is class$ ) c>damoms1 & #afj to #agj cwt4 ( ! two 7 %ipp$ 9 ea* ( ! ye>s #ahej & #ahea4 ,la/ ye> ! quantity 0 small]4 ,pepp] cultivation has be5 introduc$ into ! ,mauritius1 & 9 #ahci m ?an #ejj1jjj lbs4 7 import$ f !nce1 b z ! %ipm5ts h s9ce decreas$1 ,i presume x has giv5 place to ! m pr(itable /aple sug>4 ,i h be5 able to glean no in=mation z to ! progress x has made 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ,cay5ne x has be5 successfully c>ri$ on = _m ye>s2 & l>ge %ipm5ts ( pepp] h be5 made !nce to ,france4 ,,black ,,pepp] ,,export$ ,,f ,,s+apore4 ,piculs4 ,value 9 rupees4 #ahda ,total ,exports #ff1haj ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ba1bca #dg1fgd #ahdb ,exports #gd1bbh ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #cb1bgg #gb1dgc #ahdc ,exports #eg1hhc ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ce1ehe #gi1ijj #ahdd ,exports #fg1adh ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #db1iie #chf1aeb #ahde ,exports #fe1hib ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ci1jai #cej1ddc #ahdf ,exports #ef1gji ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ce1gab ----- #ahdg ,exports #fj1iid ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #cf1efe #cbh1cig ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 /ates t ! price ( pepp] 9 ! m>ket ( ,rome 9 8 "t 01 9 ,engli% money1 #is4 #d;d4 a p\nd1 & ?us we h ! price ( pepp] at lea/ #a1ggd ye>s ago4 ,! pepp] allud$ to mu/ h be5 ! produce ( ,malab>1 ! ne>e/ "p ( ,india to ,europe t produc$ ! article1 & its prime co/ c\ld n h exce$$ ! pres5t "o1 or ab\t #b;d4 a p\nd4 ,x w\ld mo/ probably h come to ,europe by cross+ ! ,indian & ,arabian ocean1 ) ! ea/]ly monsoon1 sail+ up ! ,r$ ,sea1 cross+ ! des]t1 dropp+ d[n ! ,nile1 & mak+ its way along ! ,m$it]ranean by two-?irds ( its :ole l5g?4 ,?is voyage1 :i* 9 our times c be p]=m$ 9 a mon?1 mo/ probably !n took eighte54 ,transit & cu/oms duties mu/ h be5 paid ov] & ov] aga91 & !re mu/ h be5 pl5ty ( extortion4 ,all ?is w expla9 h[ pepp] c\ld n be sold 9 ! ,roman m>ket "u fifty-six times its prime co/4 ,imm$iately previ\s to ! discov]y ( ! r\te to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 we f9d t ! price ( pepp] 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe _h fall5 to #fs a p\nd1 or #cs4 #d;d4 less ?an 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 ,:at probably contribut$ to ?is fall1 0 ! sup]ior skill 9 navigation ( ! n[ conv]t$ ,arabs1 & ! ext5sion ( _! comm]ce to ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 :i* ab\nd$ 9 pepp]4 ,aft] ! great discov]y ( ,vasco de ,gama1 ! price ( pepp] fell to ab\t #as4 #c;d4 a p\nd1 a fall ( #hs4 #a;d4 f t ( ! "t ( ,pl9y1 & ( #ds4 #i;d4 f t ( ! ,mahomm$an ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,v5etians4 ,9 #ahbf1 #ad1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( pepp] 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ( :i* ab\t #e1ejj1jjj 7 re-export$4 ,9 #ahda1 #ae1jjj1jjj lbs4 7 import$1 ( :i* #f1ejj1jjj 7 re-%ipp$ to o!r c\ntries4 ,! home consumption1 x w be se51 n[ av]ages ab\t #c1bej1jjj lbs43-- ,imports ,home consumption lbs4 lbs4 #ahde #i1heb1ihd #c1bji1gah #ahdf #e1ijf1ehf #c1bii1iee #ahdg #d1ffi1icj #b1iff1jbb #ahdh #h1abe1ede #c1ahe1ccg #ahdi #d1gif1jdb #c1beg1iaa #ahej #h1jbh1cai #c1agj1hhc #ahea #c1iif1dif #c1cjc1djc #aheb #f1fda1fii #c1ebd1eja ,! foll[+ return %[s ! numb] ( bags ( pepp] import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ) ! quantity reta9$ = home consumption3-- ,imports4 ,reta9$ = home consumption4 ,black4 ,:ite4 ,black4 ,:ite4 bags bags bags4 bags4 #ahdc #cg1hdj #c1hfa #ba1afc #b1beg #ahdd #fj1gje #b1abc #bc1ebe #b1abb #ahde #hj1fjj #c1bjh #cj1bid #b1hfa #ahdg #cg1aid #a1bcf #bh1gfh #b1fed #ahdh #fe1eah #c1jdb #ca1ffe #c1iej #ahdi #dc1fea #b1faf #cb1bdf #c1hei ,,*illies ,,& ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]4 ,*illies or capsicum are long r\ndi% tap] pods1 divid$ into two or ?ree cells1 full ( small :iti% se$s4 ,:5 ?is fruit is fre%1 x has a p5etrat+ acrid smell2 to ! ta/e x is extremely pung5t1 & produces a mo/ pa9ful burn+ 9 ! m\?4 ,!y are occasionally import$ dry1 & =m ! basis ( ,cay5ne pepp]2 put 9 v9eg> :5 gre5 or ripe1 !y are an acceptable pres5t 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,b5gal ! natives make an extract f ! *illies1 :i* is ab\t ! consi/5ce & color ( treacle4 ,! consumption ( *illies 9 ,india is imm5se1 z bo? ri* & poor daily use !m1 & x is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 all *utnies & curries2 gr\nd into a pa/e1 betwe5 two /ones1 ) a little mu/>d1 oil1 g+]1 & salt1 x =ms ! only season+ :i* ! millions ( poor 9 t c\ntry c obta9 to eat ) _! insipid rice4 ,!y are wor? 9 ! ,bombay m>ket ab\t #djs4 ! c&y ( #fjj lbs4 ,imm5se quantities ( ! capsicum are us$ by ! native population ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,africa1 & ,mexico2 ! consumption z a condim5t be+ almo/ univ]sal1 & p]haps equal 9 quantity to salt4 ,t5 b>rels ( ^! pepp]s 7 %ipp$ f ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica1 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #ahea4 ,! :olesale price ( *illies 9 ! ,london m>ket is f #aes4 to #bes4 ! cwt41 & !re is a duty ( #f;d4 p] p\nd on !m4 ,cay5ne fet*es #i;d4 to #bs4 ! p\nd4 ,*illi is ! ,mexican "n = all v>ieties ( ,capsicum4 ,!y are natives ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & o!r hot climates4 ,c4 annuum is ! species commonly notic$1 b !re seems to be num]\s v>ieties1 :i* by _m are reckon$ species4 ,?us1 ,c4 frutesc5s is a %rubby plant1 :i*1 along ) ,c4 m9imum1 supplies ! v>iety call$ bird-pepp]1 x gr[s to a l>g] & m bu%y size2 ,c4 baccatum has a globul> fruit1 & furni%es *]ry or b]ry capsicum4 ,!y are all ( ! simple/ culture1 & may ev5 be gr[n ) v little c>e 9 ,engl&4 ,culture appe>s to increase ! size1 b to dim9i% ! pung5cy ( ! fruit4 ,9 capsicums irritant prop]ties prevail s z to obscure ! n>cotic action4 ,_! acridity is ow+ to an oleag9\s sub/ance call$ capsic94 ,cay5ne pepp] is us$ 9 m$ic9e *iefly 9 ! =m ( t9cture1 z a rubefaci5t & /imulant1 especially 9 cases ( ulc]at$ sore ?roat4 ,x acts on ! /oma* z an aromatic condim5t1 & :5 pres]v$ 9 acetic acid x =ms *illi v9eg>4 ,r$ pepp] may be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ useful vegetables 9 hygi5e4 ,z a /imulant & auxili>y 9 dige/ion x has be5 consid]$ invaluable1 especially 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,a k9d call$ ! tobacco r$ pepp]1 is said to possess ! mo/ pung5t prop]ties ( any ( ! species4 ,x yields a small r$ pod1 less ?an an in* 9 l5g?1 & longitud9al 9 %ape1 :i* is s exce$+ly hot t a small quantity ( x is suffici5t to season a l>ge di% ( any food4 ,ow+ to its oleag9\s "*1 x has be5 f\nd impossible to pres]ve x by dry+1 b by p\r+ /rong boil+ v9eg> on x a sauce or decoction c be made1 :i* possesses 9 a conc5trat$ =m all ! ess5tial qualities ( ! vegetable4 ,a s+le drop ( ?is sauce w flavor a :ole plate ( s\p or o!r food4 ,! wort or ,cay5ne pottage may be t]m$ ! national di% ( ! ,abyss9ians1 z t1 or its basis dillock1 is inv>iably eat5 ) _! ord9>y diet1 ! ?9 crumpet-l bread ( teff or :eat fl\r4 ,equal p>ts ( salt & ! r$ cay5ne pods are well p[d]$ & mix$ toge!r ) a little pea or bean meal to make a pa/e4 ,?is is call$ dillock1 & is made 9 quantities at a "t1 be+ pres]v$ 9 a l>ge g\rd-%ell1 g5]ally susp5d$ f ! ro(4 ,! wort is m]ely a little wat] add$ to ?is pa/e1 :i* is !n boil$ ov] ! fire1 ) ! addition ( a little fat meat & m meal to make a k9d ( porridge1 to :i* sometimes is also add$ sev]al w>m se$s1 su* z ! common cress or black mu/>d1 bo? ( :i* are indig5\s 9 ,abyss9ia4--7,john/on's ,abyss9ia47 ,a great quantity ( ,agi or ,gu9ea pepp] is gr[n 9 ,p]u1 ! natives be+ v fond ( ?is condim5t4 ,x is n uncommon = an ,am]ican ,indian to make a meal ( tw5ty or ?irty pods ( capsicum1 a little salt1 & a piece ( bread1 wa%$ d[n by two or ?ree qu>ts ( *ica1 ! popul> bev]age4 ,,pim5to4 ,! pim5to1 ,eug5ia ,pim5to 7,myrtus ,pim5ta71 is a native ( ,mexico1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x fl\ri%es spontane\sly & 9 great abundance on ! nor? side ( ! isl& ( ,jamaica2 its num]\s :ite blossoms mix+ ) ! d>k gre5 foliage1 & ) ! slighte/ breeze diffus+ ar\nd ! mo/ delici\s fragrance1 give a beauty & a *>m to nature r>ely equall$1 & ( :i* he :o has n visit$ ! %ady arbors & p]fum$ groves ( ! tropics c h little conception4 ,?is lovely tree1 ! v leaf ( :i* :5 bruis$ emits a f9e aromatic odor1 ne>ly z p[]ful z t ( ! spice itself1 has be5 kn[n to gr[ to ! height ( f #cj to #dj feet1 exce$+ly /raight1 & hav+ = its base ! sp9\s ridge ( a rock1 eight or t5 feet above ! surface ( ! hill or m\nta94 ,a s+le tree has frequ5tly produc$ #aej lbs4 ( ! raw1 or #ajj lbs4 ( ! dri$ fruit4 ,! fruit has an aromatic odor1 & its ta/e comb9es t ( c9namon1 nutmeg1 & cloves2 h5ce its common "n ( allspice4 ,! fruit ( ,eug5ia acris is us$ = pim5to4 ,! trunk is ( a grey color1 smoo? & %9+1 & altoge!r de/itute ( b>k4 ,x is luxuriantly clo!d ) leaves ( a deep gre51 some:at l ^? ( ! bay tree1 & ^! leaves are1 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 beautifully contra/$ & reliev$ by an exub]ance ( :ite fl[]s4 ,! leaves yield by di/illation a delicate odorif]\s oil1 :i* is said to be sometimes pass$ (f = oil ( cloves4 ,! b]ries are ga!r$ be=e !y are ripe1 & spread on a t]race1 expos$ to ! sun = ab\t a week1 dur+ :i* "t !y lose _! gre5 color1 & acquire t r$di% br[n t9t :i* r5d]s !m m>ketable4 ,"s plant]s kiln-dry !m4 ,l _m ( ! m9or productions ( ! tropics1 pim5to is exce$+ly unc]ta91 & p]haps a v pl5te\s crop occurs b once 9 five ye>s4 ,9 #ahjj !re 7 #ab1gei bags & #faj casks ( pim5to import$ f ,jamaica2 9 #ahbd !re 7 #cc1cjh bags & #eii casks %ipp$ f ! isl&2 9 #ahbi ! quantity export$ 0 #f1jfi1abg lbs4 ,9 ! ye> end+ ,octob] #ahdc1 ! export ( pim5to f ,jamaica 0 #bi1cbb bags & #aef casks2 9 ! ye> end+ ,octob] #ahdd1 #ab1jee bags & #hh casks2 9 ! ye> end+ ,octob] #ahde1 #bcc casks1 valu$ at #cjs4 ea*1 & #ei1did bags1 valu$ at #bjs4 ,f #a/ ,janu>y to #a/ ,augu/1 #ahea1 #abh1bgg lbs4 pim5to 7 %ipp$ f ! port ( ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica4 ,!re 0 a v consid]able pim5to plantation made 9 ,tobago1 "s ye>s ago1 by a ,mr4 ,frankl91 b x 0 ab&on$ by 8 sons1 t !y might att5d ! m exclusively to sug> culture4 ,jamaica export$ ne>ly two millions ( p\nds ( pim5to less1 9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ #ahdh1 ?an %e did 9 ! ?ree previ\s to ! emancipation ( ! slaves4 ,! numb] ( p\nds %ipp$ annually1 9 ^! p]iods1 is %[n by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,ye>4 lbs4 #ahcj #e1efj1fbj #ahca #c1agb1cbj #ahcb #d1jbd1hjj #ahdf #b1iig1jfj #ahdg #b1hjj1adj #ahdh #e1bca1ijh ,pim5to is import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 bags ( ab\t #ajj lbs4 ea*4 ,! imports h be53-- ,ye>4 ,imports4 ,home consumption4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahdh #bj1ggc #d1bcj #ahdi #bd1iid #c1dai #ahej #bj1ddh #c1dfg #ahea #ad1hdj #c1ice #aheb #bb1gjh #c1hgb ,! foll[+ is a /atem5t ( ! imports f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 p\nds3-- ,entries = ,ye>4 ,imports4 home consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahca #a1hja1cee #cje1gci #ahcb #a1cff1ahc #bif1aig #ahcc #d1ggj1bee #ccj1hij #ahcd #a1chi1djb #cbj1gai #ahce #b1ecf1cec #cdc1idb #ahcf #c1bcj1igh #djj1ida #ahcg #b1jbf1abh #chc1dja #ahch #hib1igd #chc1iig #ahci #a1jga1eaa #cji1jgh #ahdj #iii1jfh #cch1ifi #ahda #gig1geg #big1bja #ahdb #a1fdc1cah #dej1fhc #ahdc #b1jbh1feh #cgh1jif ,! imports h be51 9-- bags4 #ahdc #ah1fdi #ahdd #b1djh #ahde #ba1jib #ahdg #i1fdi #ahdh #ah1aif #ahdi #ad1ajh ,pim5to is wor? 9 ! ,london m>ket #f;d4 to #g;d4 p] lb4 ,! duty is #es4 p] cwt4 ,,vanilla4 ,! fle%y1 pod-l1 odorif]\s fruit ( diff]5t species ( ,epid5drum con/itute ! sub/ance call$ vanilla1 :i* is us$ 9 confection]y = giv+ a delici\s p]fume to *ocolate1 liqueurs1 c4 ,z an aromatic x is mu* s\ght aft] by confection]s1 = flavor+ ices & creams2 & also by p]fum]s1 liqueuri/s1 & di/ill]s4 ,! be/ comes f ! =e/s r\nd ! village ( ,zurtila1 9 ! int5dancy ( ,oaxaca1 on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,anahuac1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ai deg4 & #bj deg4 ,n4 ,all ! vanilla :i* is us$ 9 ,europe is import$ f ,mexico1 ,v5ezuela1 & ,v]a ,cruz4 ,x is a native ( tropical ,am]ica1 & gr[s wild 9 ,brazil1 ,p]u1 ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & all places :]e heat1 %ade1 & moi/ure prevail4 ,!re are _m species indig5\s to ! ,bahamas1 ,tr9idad1 ,jamaica1 ,cuba1 ,dom9ica1 ,m>t9ique & ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :i* w\ld produce consid]able ga9 to ! inhabitants if !y w\ld give !mselves ! tr\ble ( cultivat+ or collect+ its fruit4 ,?is p>asitical plant has a trail+ /em1 n unlike ! common ivy1 b n s woody1 by :i* x atta*es itself to ! trunks ( trees1 & sucks ! moi/ure :i* _! b>k d]ives f ! li*5s & o!r cryptogamia1 b )\t draw+ n\ri%m5t f ! tree itself1 l ! misletoe & loran?us4 ,! ,indians 9 ,mexico propagate x by plant+ cutt+s at ! foot ( trees select$ = t purpose4 ,x rises to ! height ( #ah or #bj feet2 ! fl[]s are ( a gre5i% yell[1 mix$ ) :ite4 ,! plant is subcyl9drical ab\t eight or t5 in*es long1 ( a yell[ color :5 ga!r$1 b d>k br[n or black :5 import$ into ,europe4 ,x is "o-cell$ siliquose1 & pulpy )91 wr9kl$ on ! outside1 & full ( a va/ numb] ( se$s l gra9s ( s&1 hav+ :5 prop]ly prep>$1 a peculi> & delici\s fragrance4 ,x %\ld be ga!r$ be=e x is fully ripe4 ,diff]5t species ( vanilla are natives ( ,guiana1 & x is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities along ! banks ( its riv]s1 & 9 ! wood$ di/ricts :i* int]sp]se ! savannahs4 ,! oily & balsamic sub/ance :i* ! m9ute se$s possess1 may be f\nd to h m$ic9al qualities4 ,its cultivation c be connect$ ) no difficulties2 x ne$s only to plant ! slips among trees1 & to keep !m cle> ( we$s4 ,x w\ld prove !re=e a great addition to a cocoa plantation4 ,9 #ahbe ! price 01 9 ,g]many1 sixty-six doll>s 7equal to #i7 p] p\nd1 & tw5ty-five to ?irty doll>s are paid = x 9 ,m>t9ique4 ,humboldt /ates t ! annual value ( vanilla export$ f ! /ate ( ,v]a ,cruz 0 #dj1jjj doll>s1 #h1jjj /]l+4 ,"s vanilla is export$ f ,m>anham4 ,! cultivation ( vanilla1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,java 9 ! ye> #ahdg1 is said to h made consid]able progress1 !re be+ n[ no few] ?an ?irty plantations4 ,! fruit ( ?is or*ide\s plant is entirely neglect$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 ?\gh abundant crops ( x might be ga!r$ on ! humid coa/ betwe5 ,porto ,cabello & ,ocum>e1 especially at ,turiamo1 :]e ! pods atta9 ! l5g? ( ne>ly a foot4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican m]*ants (t5 seek to make pur*ases at ! port ( ,la ,guayra1 b ) difficulty procure x 9 small quantities4 ,9 ! valleys t desc5d f ! *a9 ( coa/ t[>ds ! ,c>ibbean sea1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,truxillo1 z well z 9 ! mission ( ,guiana1 ne> ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 a great quantity ( ! vanilla pods might be collect$1 ! produce ( :i* w\ld be /ill m abundant1 if1 accord+ to ! practice ( ! ,mexicans1 ! plant 7 dis5tangl$ f "t to "t f ! o!r creep]s1 ) :i* x is int]tw9$ & /ifl$4 ,:5 collect$ to prep>e x = ! m>ket1 ab\t #ab1jjj ( ! pods are /rung l a g>l& by _! l[] end1 z ne> z possible to _! foot-/alk2 ! :ole are plung$ = an in/ant into boil+ wat] to blan* !m2 !y are !n hung up 9 ! op5 air & expos$ to ! sun = a few h\rs4 ,by "s !y are wrapp$ 9 wooll5 clo?s to sweat4 ,next day !y are lightly sme>$ ) oil1 by means ( a fea!r or ! f+]s1 & are surr\nd$ ) oil$ cotton to prev5t ! valves f op5+4 ,z !y become dry1 on inv]t+ _! upp] end !y dis*>ge a viscid liquor f x1 & !y are press$ sev]al times ) oil$ f+]s to promote its fl[4 ,! dri$ pods1 l ! b]ries ( pepp]1 *ange color "u ! dry+ op]ation1 gr[ br[n1 wr9kl$1 s(t1 & %r9k to "o-f\r? ( _! orig9al size4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are t\*$ a second "t ) oil1 b v sp>+ly1 because ) too mu* oil !y w\ld lose "s ( _! delici\s p]fume4 ,!y are !n pack$ = ! m>ket 9 small bundles ( #ej or #ajj 9 ea*1 enclos$ 9 lead foil1 or tight metallic cases4 ,!re are f\r local v>ieties1 all diff]+ 9 price & excell5ce2 viz41 ! vanilla f9a1 ! zacate1 ! rezacate1 & ! vasura4 ,"o pod ( vanilla is suffici5t to p]fume a p\nd & a half ( cacao4 ,x is ) difficulty r$uc$ to f9e p>ticles1 b x may be suffici5tly att5uat$ by cutt+ x into small bits1 & gr9d+ ^! along ) sug>4 ,z x comes to u1 vanilla is a capsul> fruit1 ( ! ?ickness ( a swan's quill2 /raight1 cyl9drical1 b some:at flatt5$1 truncat$ at ! top1 ?9n$ (f at ! ends1 gli/5+1 wr9kl$1 furr[$ l5g?wise1 flexible1 f five to t5 in*es long1 & ( a r$di% br[n color4 ,x conta9s a pulpy p>5*yma1 s(t1 unctu\s1 v br[n1 9 :i* are emb$d$ black1 brilliant1 v small se$s4 ,! k9d mo/ e/eem$ 9 ,france is call$ leq vanilla2 x is ab\t six in*es long1 f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ( an in* broad1 n>r[$ at ! two ends & curv$ at ! base2 some:at s(t & viscid1 ( a d>k r$di% color1 & ( a mo/ delici\s flavor1 l t ( balsam ( ,p]u4 ,x is call$ vanilla giorees1 :5 x is cov]$ ) effloresc5ces ( b5zco9 acid1 aft] hav+ be5 kept 9 a dry place1 & 9 vessels n h]metically clos$4 ,! second sort1 call$ vanilla sim>ona1 or ba/>d1 is a little small] ?an ! prec$+1 ( a less deep br[n hue1 dri]1 less aromatic1 de/itute ( effloresc5ce4 ,x is said to be ! produce ( ! wild plant1 & is br\ght f ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,a ?ird sort1 :i* comes f ,brazil1 is ! vanillon1 or l>ge vanilla ( ! ,fr5* m>ket2 ! vanilla pamprona or bova ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,its l5g? is f five to six in*es1 its bread? f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,x is br[n1 s(t1 viscid1 almo/ always op51 ( a /rong smell1 b less agreeable ?an ! leq4 ,x is sometimes a little spoil$ by an incipi5t f]m5tation4 ,x is cur$ ) sug>1 & enclos$ 9 t9 plate boxes1 :i* conta9 f #bj to #fj pods#eb4 ,! av]age annual import ( vanilla into ,havre1 9 ! five ye>s end+ #ahda1 0 ab\t #af boxes2 9 #ahdb x 0 #cj packages4 ,,tonqu9 ,,beans4--,! se$s ( ! ,tongo tree 7,dipt]ix odorata71 a native ( ,guiana1 are ! well-kn[n tonqu9 beans us$ to give a pleasant flavor to snuff4 ,,turm]ic4 ,?is article ( comm]ce is furni%$ by ! bran*es ( ! rhizome or root-/ock ( ! ,curcuma longa1 & ,c4 rotunda1 plants :i* are natives ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 b h be5 gr[n 9 ,engl& & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y ?rive well 9 a ri* light soil1 & are readily increas$ by (fsets f ! roots4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e x is kn[n z ,huldee1 turm]ic is mu* employ$ 9 dye+ yell[1 pr9cipally silks1 b ! color is v fugitive4 ,x is also us$ m$ic9ally z an aromatic c>m9ative1 & z a condim5t2 x ent]s into ! composition ( curry sauce or p[d]1 & _m o!r articles ( ,indian cook]y4 ,x is cordial & /oma*ic1 & consid]$ by ! native doctors ( ,india an excell5t application 9 p[d] = cleans+ f\l ulc]s4 ,x is gr[n 91 & export$ *iefly f1 ,b5gal & ,malab>1 ,madras1 ,java1 & ,*9a4 ,! turm]ic ( ,java is 9 high e/imation 9 ! ,european m>kets1 rank+ next to t ( ,*9a1 & be+ mu* sup]ior to t ( ,b5gal4 ,! se$s ( ,ane?um ,s[a1 f _! c>m9ative prop]ties1 =m an +r$i5t 9 curry p[d]4 ,! price ( turm]ic 9 ,london is f #abs4 to #bjs4 p] cwt41 accord+ to quality4 ,! entries = home consumption are ab\t #d1jjj to #e1jjj cwts4 annually4 ,x is bett] %ipp$ 9 casks or cases ?an 9 bags4 ,a k9d ( arr[root is prep>$ f ,c4 angu/ifolia1 ano!r species ( ?is tribe ( plants4 ,am>an?us gangiticus1 & ano!r species1 are mu* cultivat$ by ! ,h9doos = _! /ews & curries4 ,! quantity & value ( ! curry /uff import$ into ,ceylon1 *iefly f ,india1 has be5 9 ! la/ few ye>s z foll[s3-- ,quantity4 ,ye>s4 cwts4 packages4 ,value4 #ahdg #f1hff #ahdh #i1iha #ahdi #bf1cdg #aji #i1ffd #ahej #bd1cif #cjj #g1bfg #ahea #cb1eej #i1ddf #aheb #i1jci ,:at is compris$ "u ! t]m curry /uff1 ,i am n aw>e1 b x appe>s to be a bulky article1 = x 0 import$ to ! ext5t ( #cb1jjj cwt4 9 #aheb4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( turm]ic usually s5t into ,europe f ! ,ea/ 7:5ce all ! turm]ic import$ into ,europe is obta9$71 ! long turm]ic 7,curcuma longa71 & ! r\nd1 or z x is bett] kn[n ! ,*9ese turm]ic4 ,! latt] description is v r>e1 ! =m] is ! common article ( comm]ce4 ,accord+ to "o ( my correspond5ts1 ,mr4 ,hepburn1 *emi/1 ( ,falm\?1 ,jamaica1 ! common or long turm]ic is indig5\s to t isl&1 gr[+ luxuriantly 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 9 r damp soils1 its locality be+ 9 ! vic9ity ( riv]s1 wat]-c\rses & spr+s4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f g+]1 :i* requires a r dry soil = its culture4 ,i am n aw>e t ?is plant possesses ! prop]ty ( impov]i%+ ! soil l ! g+]4 ,f ! g5]al habits ( ! plant 9 its natural /ate1 we may ga!r ! foll[+ rules = our guidance 9 its culture4 ,! plants %\ld be laid d[n 9 r[s ( five or six in*es di/ant f ea* o!r1 9 a soil mod]ately damp1 ( an alum9\s or clayey nature1 & free to a great ext5t ( ! m soluble alkalies1 pota% & soda1 z ^!1 by absorption1 may de/roy ! color+ matt] ( ! plant1 & s dim9i% its value z a dye-/uff4 ,f9ally1 9 prep>+ ! roots = exportation1 !y %\ld be cleans$ f all e>?y p>ticles1 expos$ = dry+ 9 ! %ade1 & )\t any fur!r prep>ation bagg$ = %ipm5t4 ,! color+ matt] ( turm]ic is ( an orange yell[ color exce$+ly delicate & capable ( *ange1 ei!r f ! action ( light or ( alkalies1 :i* turn x to a d>k br[n color4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & readily soluble 9 an alkal9e solution1 becom+ d>k br[n4 ,alcohol extracts ! color+ matt]4 ,! uses to :i* turm]ic is appli$ are two3 z an +r$i5t 9 ! curry p[d] & pa/e1 & z a dye = silk4 ,x 0 "s "t ago us$ z a m$ic9e2 b ?\gh reta9$ 9 ! ,ph>macopoeias ( ! pres5t day1 x is entirely disc>d$ by ! practition] z a curative ag5t4 ,! be/ ,b5gal & ,malab> turm]ic fet*es a price ne>ly z high z t ( g+]1 & ,i see no reason :y ! ,we/ ,india plant] c\ld n s5d x into ! ,briti% m>ket q z *eap z ! ,ea/ ,india trad]4 ,accord+ to ,dallas1 #cig bags ( turm]ic 7 export$ f ,jamaica 9 #agig4 ,turm]ic is gr[n ab\t ! city ( ,patna & ,beh>4 ,x is mu* cultivat$ ab\t ,calcutta & all p>ts ( ,b5gal4 ,"o acre yields ab\t #b1jjj lbs4 ( ! fre% root4 ,x is also gr[n on ! c5tral table l& ( ,afghani/an4 ,! exports f ,calcutta 9 #ahda 7 #aa1jjj ,indian maunds1 & #bh1acg 9 #ahdb4 ,! value ( t export$ f ,madras 9 #ahci 0 #dj1jjj rupees1 or #d1jjj2 9 #ahdj1 #d1bjj4 ,! quantity %ipp$ f t ,presid5cy 9 #ahej 0 #f1hgg bags4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dacca ab\t #bjj lbs4 ( se$ is s[n to ! beegah1 measur+ #hj cubits by #hj1 & ! yield is f #fdj to #hjj lbs4 #adj tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahdi1 = dye+ & = curries2 #dad tons 9 #ahej2 #aa1eed bags & packages 9 #ahea2 & only #c1eie ditto 9 #aheb4 ,! price 9 ,janu>y #ahec 01 = ,b5gal1 #ajs4 to #abs42 ,*9a1 #abs4 to #ads41 & ,malab> #is4 to #abs4 ! cwt4 ,! imports into ,london 7 #ah tons 9 #ahdh1 #aia 9 #ahdi1 & #ihj 9 #ahej4 ,! deliv]ies = consumption1 #aib tons 9 #ahdh1 #bgj 9 #ahdi1 & #hgj tons 9 #ahej4 ,9 ,*9a turm]ic is us$ ) ,prussian blue 9 color+ & fac+ tea4 ,,g9s5g ,! produce ( ?is plant1 z an article ( comm]ce1 is conf9$ to our transatlantic neighb\rs1 :o h ! monopoly ( ! supply to ,*9a4 ,! root ( ,panax qu9quefolium1 ! ,am]ican g9s5g1 is mu* e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese1 = c]ta9 suppos$ b5eficial effects ^u ! n]ves1 & = o!r presum$ virtues2 b our physicians h n discov]$ any pro(s ( its efficacy 9 ,europe4 ,! plant is an h]bace\s p]5nial1 gr[+ ^u ! conf9es ( ,t>t>y & ,*9a1 ne> ! great wall4 ,x is f\nd wild1 fl\ri%+ 9 moi/ situations1 & atta9s ! height ( f two to ?ree feet2 x is also n[ produc$ l>gely 9 ! nor!rn1 middle1 & we/]n ,/ates ( ! ,union1 p>ticul>ly ,virg9ia1 ,l\isiana1 & ,p5nsylvania1 & a consid]able trade is c>ri$ on ) x to ,*9a4 ,a v>iety ( ! plant 0 discov]$1 a few ye>s ago1 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 & small quantities h be5 !nce s5t to ,canton4 ,x is also f\nd gr[+ 9 ,canada4 ,! root is ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x resembles a small c>rot1 b n s tap] at ! end1 & is sometimes s+le1 sometimes divid$ into two bran*es4 ,! /em is /riat$1 )\t bran*es1 & ( a r$ color ne> ! root4 ,! leaves1 f f\r to six ( :i* surr\nd ! /em :]e !y =m %ea?s 7bracteal71 are simply p9nate4 ,! fl[] /alk is long & gre51 ! infloresc5ce a simple umbel4 ,! fruit is a b]ry ( a r$ color1 & conta9s two se$s ( ! size ( mu/>d se$4 ,! (fic9al root diff]s 9 appe>ance1 accord+ to ! c\ntry f :i* x is br\ght4 ,9 ,korea & ,*9a x is :ite1 corrugat$ :5 dry1 & cov]$ ) a p[d] resembl+ />*4 ,9 ,m&s*>ia & ,dauria x is yell[1 smoo? & transp>5t1 & :5 cut resembles amb]4 ,! ta/e ( ! root is bitt]4 ,crude g9s5g n[ sells 9 ! ,canton m>ket at #gj to #hj doll>s p] picul ( #acc lbs41 & cur$ or cl>ifi$ root at #acj to #adj doll>s4 ,! /em ( ! plant1 :i* is r5ew$ e ye>1 leaves1 z x falls (f1 an impression ^u ! neck ( ! root1 s t ! numb] ( ^! r+s or m>ks indicates ! age ( ! plant1 & ! value ( ! root increases accord+ly4 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t 7 =m]ly 9 ! habit ( s5d+ out annually #cj1jjj ,t>t> soldi]s to se>* = ! plant1 & ea* 0 oblig$ to br+ home two ounces ( ! root gratis1 & = all above t quantity he 0 paid its weight 9 silv]4 ,! ,asiatic g9s5g is said to be obta9$ f ! root ( ,p4 ,s*9s5g ( ,nees von ,es5beck1 ,p4 ,pseudo g9s5g ( ,walli*4 ,?is root might be procur$ 9 ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl& & "s ( ! o!r ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,i h be5 able to trace1 aft] "s labor & rese>*1 ! progressive exports ( ?is curi\s article ( trade f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #agij1 #hac casks1 ( ! value ( #dg1jbe doll>s1 7 export$2 & 9 #agia1 #bi1bjh lbs4 ,f #ahjc to #ahjg1 ! annual value ( g9s5g %ipp$ 0 ab\t #abc1jjj doll>s1 & f #ahbj to #ahcj1 x av]ag$ #aeg1jjj doll>s4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! value ( ! article 9 subsequ5t ye>s3--#ahca1 #aae1iba doll>s2 ye> end+ #cj? ,septemb]1 #ahce1 #id1ifj doll>s2 #ahcg1 #bab1hii lbs41 valu$ at #ajh1edh doll>s2 #ahdj1 #bb1gbh doll>s2 #ahda1 #dcg1bde doll>s4 ,! quantity %ipp$ 9 #ahci1 f ,philadelphia alone1 0 #cag1ddc lbs4 ,9 #ahda1 #fcg1hhe lbs4 7 export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! value ( t export$ 9 ! ye>s end+ #cj? ,june1 0 #ahdd1 #ie1jjh 9 doll>s1 & 9 #ahde1 #aag1adf doll>s2 #aaj1jjj lbs4 7 collect$ at ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 9 #ahde4 ,! value ( ! exports 9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 end+ ,june #cj?1 7--#ahdg1 #fd1dff doll>s2 #ahdi1 #afb1fdj2 #ahdi1 #ahb1iff2 #ahej1 #abb1iaf doll>s4 ,,cori&]1 ,,c>raway1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,se$s4 ,! fruits ( anise1 c>raway1 cori&]1 c41 7errone\sly call$ se$s17 are 9 dem& = v>i\s purposes4 ,,c>raway ,,se$ is import$ to ! ext5t ( #ejj tons annually f ,g]many & ,holl&1 ! price be+ ab\t #ccs4 p] cwt4 ,x is also n[ mu* gr[n 9 ,essex & ,k5t4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahdh & #ahdi1 #g1jjj cwt4 ( ?is se$ 0 import$1 ( :i* ne>ly ! :ole quantity 0 reta9$ = home consumption4 ,,cori&] ,,se$ is *iefly us$ by di/ill]s1 to produce an aromatic oil4 ,! quantity import$ annually does n exce$ #ej tons1 & x is br\ght pr9cipally to ! port ( ,hull4 ,x is also cultivat$ 9 ,suffolk1 ,essex & ,k5t4 ,( ,,mu/>d ,,se$ ! aggregate quantity import$ annually is ab\t #b1jjj tons = home consumption1 & ! fl\r is us$ z a well-kn[n condim5t to food1 c41 & 9 m$ic9e2 ! av]age price be+ ab\t #i;d4 p] p\nd4 ,,anise4--,! fruit ( ,pimp9illa anisum1 "u ! "n ( anise$1 is pr9cipally import$ f ,alicant & ,g]many 7! fir/ is pref]r$71 b "s is also br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is an annual plant1 l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,spa91 ,malta1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 & also 9 ! isl& ( ,scio1 ,egypt1 & p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! imports are n l>ge2 #aib cwts4 paid duty 9 #ahcc1 & #cae cwts4 9 #ahdj4 ,ab\t #fj cwts4 are annually receiv$ at ,hull f ,g]many4 ,x is us$ to flavor liqueurs1 sweetmeats1 & confection]y ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,oil ( anise$ is obta9$ by di/illation f ! fruit1 & #a1edd lbs4 7 import$ 9 #ahci4 ,ab\t two p\nds ( oil are obta9$ f "o hundr$-weight ( se$4 ,,/> ,,anise1 ,illicum anisatum1 is a native ( ! c\ntries ext5d+ f #bc deg4 to #ce deg4 ( nor? latitude1 or f ,canton to ,japan4 ,! capsules con/itute 9 ,india a r important article ( comm]ce1 & are sold 9 all ! baza>s4 ,l>ge quantities are also us$ 9 ,europe 9 ! prep>ation ( liqueurs4 #fie piculs ( /> anise$ 7 export$ f ,canton 9 #ahej1 valu$ at #h1bjj ,spani% doll>s4 #ha piculs ( oil ( anise$ 7 export$ f ,canton 9 #ahde1 & #aje piculs 9 #ahej1 valu$ at #aa1ijj doll>s4 #c1jjj piculs ( anise$ are export$ annually f ,cambodia4 ,,put*uk1 ,,or ,,co/us4 ,! sub/ance call$ co/us 0 highly priz$ by ! anci5ts1 & specim5s may be met ) at a few ( ! ,london drug-h\ses4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,falcon] to be ! produce ( a g5us ( ! ?i/le tribe1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( ,auckl&ia4 ,! root ( ,a4 ,co/us is suppos$ to be ! ,co/us ,arabicus1 on ! foll[+ gr\nds3--,x corresponds ) ! descriptions giv5 by ! anci5t au?ors1 & is us$ at ! pres5t day = ! same purposes 9 ,*9a1 z co/us 0 =m]ly appli$ to by ! ,greeks4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! names--9 ,ca%m]e ! root is call$ koot1 & ! ,arabic synonym is said to be koo/4 ,x gr[s 9 imm5se abundance on ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ,ca%m]e4 ,x is a greg>i\s h]b1 ab\t six or sev5 feet high1 ) a p]5nial ?ick bran*$ root1 ) an annual r\nd smoo? /em1 l>ge leaves & d>k purple fl[]s4 ,! roots are dug up 9 ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob]1 :5 ! plant beg9s to be torpid2 !y are *opp$ up into pieces1 f two to six in*es long1 & are export$ )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,! quantity collect$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,falcon]1 is v l>ge1 am\nt+ to ab\t two million p\nds p] annum4 ,! co/ ( its collection & transport to a m]cantile depot 9 ,ca%m]e1 is ab\t #bs4 #d;d4 ! cwt4 ,! commodity is lad5 on bullocks & export$ to ! ,punjaub1 :5ce ! l>g] portion goes d[n to ,bombay1 :]e x is %ipp$ = ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ,*9a2 a portion ( x f9ds its way across ! ,sutlej & ,jumna into ,h9do/an ,prop]1 :5ce x is tak5 to ,calcutta1 & b\ght up !re ) avidity "u ! "n ( put*uk4 ,! value is enhanc$ at ,jugadree1 on ! ,jumna1 to ab\t #afs4 #i;d4 or #bcs4 #d;d4 p] cwt4 ,9 ! ,*9ese ports x fet*es ne>ly d\ble t price ! cwt4 ,! ,*9ese burn ! roots z an inc5se 9 ! temples ( _! gods1 & !y also atta* great efficacy to x z an aphrodisiac4 ,! imports into ,canton 9 #ahdh 7 #dad piculs2 9 #ahej1 #hed piculs2 valu$ at #e1aej doll>s4 ,9 ,ca%m]e x is *iefly us$ = ! protection ( bales ( %awls f insects4 ,! exports f ! port ( ,calcutta 71 9 #ahdj-da1 #ai1ffj maunds2 9 #ahda-db1 #ab1hdg2 9 #ahdg-dh1 #b1jej2 9 #ahdh-di1 #b1aaj2--wor? ab\t #a1ejj annually4 ,specim5s ( amboyna wood1 ! odorif]\s s&al wood f ,timor1 clove wood1 & o!r *oice woods f ! ,moluccas & ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 7 s5t home to ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea4 ,,lignum ,,aloes1 ! eagle wood & ,calambak ( comm]ce1 yield+ an aromatic p]fume1 is furni%$ by ! ,aquil>ia malacc5sis1 & agallo*a1 9 ,silhet1 an ornam5tal ev]gre5 %rub4 ,a v high artificial value is plac$ on ! bett] qualities ( ?is product by ! natives ( ! ,ea/2 ! be/ quality be+ wor? ab\t #ad ! picul ( #acc lbs4 ,?is fragrant wood is probably ! lign aloes ( ! ,bible4 ,inc5se to ! value ( ne>ly "o million & a qu>t] francs 0 export$ f ,alex&ria 9 #ahcg4 ,calambak or eagle wood1 ! true lignum aloes s highly e/eem$ 9 ! ,ea/ z a p]fume or inc5se1 is said to be produc$ by ! ,aloexylum agallo*um1 ,l\r4 ,?is rem>kable wood conta9s a l>ge quantity ( an odorif]\s oleo-res92 :5 heat$ x und]goes a sort ( imp]fect fusion1 & exhales a fragrant & v agreeable odor4 ,its price 9 ,sumatra is ab\t #cj p] cwt4 ,inf]ior specim5s are obta9$ at ,malacca4 ,eagle wood is also obta9$ f sev]al o!r trees4 ,! true eagle wood is h[ev] v sc>ce4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,dyes ,,& ,,color+ ,,/uffs1 ,,& ,,tann+ ,,sub/ances4 ,( ! sev]al classes ( mat]ials collect$ at ! ,indu/rial ,exhibition 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 9 #ahea1 few possess$ s mu* importance 9 ! eyes ( ! textile & lea!r manufactur] & *emi/ z ! diff]5t products us$ 9 ! arts & manufactures = color+ & tann+ purposes4 ,^! 7 9 a great measure lo/ sight ( by ! public at l>ge1 be+ scatt]$ ab\t 9 small quantities 9 a great numb] ( directions2 &1 f ! m9ute samples %[n1 7 9 _m in/ances ov]look$ altoge!r4 ,besides furni%+ "s novel & g5]al /ati/ical facts1 :i* may prove int]e/+1 ,i propose also 9 ?is section to draw att5tion m prom95tly to "s ( ^! products1 :i* are at pres5t little kn[n or appreciat$4 ,color+ sub/ances = /a9+ & dye+ are obta9$ indiff]5tly f ! animal1 m9]al1 & vegetable k+doms1 b x is ( ! la/ alone t ,i %all h to speak4 ,! importance ( a m c>eful consid]ation ( ?is subject w be admitt$1 if we consid] h[ mu* ! prosp]ity & ext5t ( our cotton1 silk1 wooll51 & lea!r manufactures dep5ds on a lib]al & *eap supply ( dyes & tann91 to give beauty & color to ! fabrics1 & sub/ance & utility to ! sk9s4 ,ev5 oil colors1 = pa9t]s' purposes1 :i* d n come )9 ! scope ( my rem>ks1 =m an item 9 our ye>ly exports ( ! value ( #bej1jjj1 & :5 we calculate ! l>ge am\nt ( cotton1 silk & wool work$ up1 mo/ ( :i* requires v>i\s color+ ag5ts1 gums1 />*es1 & mordants2--t ne>ly #cj1jjj tons ( hides are annually import$1 exclusive ( ^? obta9$ f our n[ slaught]-h\ses1 besides goat1 seal1 & o!r sk9s--& t ! exports ( our v>i\s manufactures ( cotton1 l951 silk1 wool & lea!r 9 #aheb1 sett+ aside our home consumption1 am\nt$ to ne>ly fifty millions /]l+1 we %all be able to =m a bett] e/imate ( ! importance ( ! v>i\s subjects we are ab\t to notice4 ,great ,brita9 does n pay less ?an #fjj1jjj annually = ! dri$ c>casses ( ! t9y co*9eal insect1 :ile ! produce ( ano!r small insect1 t :i* produces ! lac dye1 is sc>cely less valuable4 ,!n !re are ! gall nuts us$ = dye+ & mak+ black ink4 ,upw>ds ( #c1jjj1jjj is paid = b>ks ( v>i\s k9ds = tann]s' purposes1 ab\t "o million = o!r tann+ sub/ances & heavy dye woods1 besides ab\t #bjj1jjj = v>i\s extracts ( tann91 su* z ,gambi]1 ,cut*1 ,divi-divi1 & ,k9o4 ,! aggregate value ( ! dye /uffs & gum x is difficult to e/imate4 ,! beautiful specim5s ( mat]ials import$ f ,*9a1 ,india1 ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,cont95t1 & o!r c\ntries1 & exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 proves to u t we h yet mu* to le>n f o!r nations 9 ! art ( fix+ colors & obta9+ brilliant dyes4 ,! ,fr5* are mu* our sup]iors 9 dye+ & ! production ( fa/ & beautiful colors4 ,_! *emical rese>*es & inve/igations are c>ri$ out m sy/ematically & effectively ?an our own4 ,russia imports dyewoods & dye-/uffs to ! value ( five millions & a half ( silv] r\bles annually4 ,x 0 well obs]v$ by ! ,jury ,report]s at ! ,great ,exhibition1 t a va/ numb] ( new color+ mat]ials h be5 discov]$ or made available1 & improv$ modes h be5 devis$ ( economically apply+ ^? already 9 use2 s t ! dy] ( ! pres5t "t employs _m sub/ances ( ! v exi/5ce ( :i* 8 practical pr$ecessors 7 :olly ignorant4 ,f ! increas$ use ( _m ( ! vegetable colors1 & f ! improv$ modes ( apply+ ! color+ matt]s1 a dem& has naturally sprung up = v>i\s dye /uffs2 & at ! pres5t "t1 _m ( ! dye+ mat]ials ( di/ant c\ntries are beg9n+ to excite ! att5tion ( practical m52 = ?\gh !y h be5 acqua9t$ ) _m ( ^! sub/ances1 x is only rec5tly t ! progress ( ! art has r5d]$ _! use desirable or ev5 practicable4 ,x w\ld be q impossible1 )9 ! limits :i* ,i h assign$ myself1 to make ev5 a b>e enum]ation ( ! v>i\s plants & trees f :i* color+ sub/ances & dye /uffs c be obta9$1 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be cont5t to specify only a few4 ,! roots ( "s species ( ,li?osp]mum af=d a lac = dye+ & pa9t+4 ,dri$ pomegranates are said to be us$ 9 ,tunis = dye+ yell[2 ! r9d is also a tann+ sub/ance4 ,sir ,john ,frankl9 tells u t ! ,crees extract "s beautiful colors f sev]al ( _! native vegetables4 ,!y dye a beautiful sc>let ) ! roots ( two species ( b$-/raw1 ,galium t9ctorium & boreale4 ,!y dye black1 ) an ink made ( eld] b>k & a little bog-iron ore dri$ & p[d]$1 & !y h v>i\s modes ( produc+ yell[4 ,!y employ ! dri$ roots ( ! c[bane 7,cicuta virosa71 ! bruis$ buds ( ! ,dut* myrtle1 & h discov]$ me?ods ( dye+ ) v>i\s li*5s4 ,9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus1 xxxv41 p4 #eeh1 !re is an acc\nt by ,m4,j4 ,p]soz1 ( a gre5 color+ matt] f ,*9a1 ( great /ability1 f :i* x appe>s t ! ,*9ese possess a color+ sub/ance hav+ ! appe>ance ( indigo1 :i* communicates a beautiful & p]man5t sea gre5 color to mordants ( alum9a & iron1 & :i* is n a prep>ation ( indigo1 or any d]ivative ( ?is dye+ pr9cipal4 ,z furni%$ to ,m4 ,p]soz by ,mr4 ,=bes1 ! ,am]ican consul at ,canton1 x 0 9 ?9 plates ( a blue color1 resembl+ ,japanese indigo1 b ( a f9] gra91 diff]+ also f indigo 9 its composition & *emical prop]ties4 ,on infus+ a v small quantity ( x 9 wat]1 ?is fluid soon acquir$ a deep blue color ) a gre5i% t+e2 ^u boil+ & imm]s+ a piece ( calico on :i* ! mordants ( iron & alum9a _h be5 pr9t$1 x 0 dy$ a sea gre5 color ( great] or less int5sity accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! mordant--! portions n coat$ rema9+ :ite4 ,a b]ry call$ ,makleua gr[s on a l>ge =e/ tree at ,bankok1 :i* is us$ mo/ ext5sively by ! ,siamese z a vegetable black dye4 ,x is m]ely bruis$ 9 wat]1 :5 a f]m5tation takes place1 & ! article to be dy$ is /eep$ 9 ! liquid & !n spread out 9 ! sun to dry4 ,! b]ry1 :5 fre%1 is ( a f9e gre5 color1 b aft] be+ ga!r$ = two or ?ree days x becomes q black & %rivell$ l pepp]4 ,x mu/ be us$ fre%1 & :il/ its mixture ) wat] produces f]m5tation4 ,! b>k ( ,datisca cannab9a also dyes yell[4 ,x conta9s a bitt] pr9ciple1 l quassia4 ,a color+ matt] is prep>$ f ! dri$ fruit ( ! ,rottl]a t9ctoria1 by ! natives ( ! ,ea/1 to dye orange1 :i* is a brilliant & tol]ably p]man5t dye4 ,x is app>5tly ( a res9\s nature4 ,a small quantity ( ,alkanet root 7,an*usa t9ctoria71 is import$ f ! ,levant & ! s\? ( ,france1 & is us$ to color gun /ocks1 furniture1 c41 ( a deep r$ mahogany & rosewood color4 ,x is br\ght ov] 9 packages weigh+ ab\t two cwt41 ! price be+ #djs4 or #ejs4 p] cwt4 ,turm]ic is n[ import$ to ! ext5t ( upw>ds ( #hjj tons1 a portion ( ?is is us$ 9 dye+4 ,! culture & comm]ce has be5 already notic$ 9 ,section ,,iii4 ,! b>k & roots ( ! b]b]ry are us$ 9 ! ,ea/ to dye yell[2 ! color is be/ :5 boil$ 9 ley4 ,"s ( ! species ( ,symplocos1 z ,s4 racemosa1 kn[n z lodh ab\t ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 & ,s4 t9ctoria1 a native ( ,c>ol9a1 are us$ = dye+4 ,! sc>let fl[]s ( ,butea frondosa 7! ,dhaktree71 & ,b4 sup]ba1 natives ( ! ,indian jungles1 yield a beautiful dye1 & furni%+ a species ( k9o 7,pulas k9o71 are also us$ = tann+4 ,al!a rosea1 ! p>5t ( ! _m beautiful v>ieties ( hollyhock1 a native ( ,*9a1 yields a blue color+ matt] equal to indigo4 ,indigo ( an excell5t quality has be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,ea/ f a tw9+ plant1 ,gymnema t+5s or ,asclepias t+5s4 ,! juice ( ! unripe fruit ( ,rhamnus infectorius1 ca?>ticus & virigatius1 kn[n z ,turkey or ,fr5* b]ries1 is us$ = dye+ lea!r yell[4 ,:5 mix$ ) lime & evaporat$ to dryness1 x =ms ! color call$ sap-gre54 ,a great quantity ( yell[ b]ries are annually %ipp$ f ,con/ant9ople2 #aae tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool la/ ye>4 ,! av]age annual imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are ab\t #dej tons4 ,!y come f ! ,levant 9 hair bales weigh+ ?ree & a qu>t] cwt41 or 9 ti]ces ( f\r to five cwt41 & are us$ by calico pr9t]s = dye+ a yell[ color4 ,!y are sometimes call$ ,p]sian b]ries4 ,x is a subject ( surprise t ! common betel-nut ( ! ,ea/ has nev] be5 introduc$ = dye+ purposes4 ,! roots ( ! awl tree ( ,malab> & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 ,mor9da citrifolia1 & ( ,m4 t9ctoria1 f\nd abundant 9 all ! ,asiatic isl&s1 are ext5sively us$ z a dye /uff = giv+ a r$ color4 ,x is usually gr[n z a prop & %ade = ! pepp] v9e & c(fee tree4 ,! color+ matt] resides pr9cipally 9 ! b>k ( ! roots1 :i* are long & sl5d]1 & ! small pieces are ! be/1 fet*+ #hs4 to #ajs4 a maund4 ,x is export$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,malab> to ,guz]at1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,h9do/an1 b seldom f9ds its way to ,europe4 ,! wood & roots ( ano!r species1 ,m4 umbellata1 kn[n 9 ! ea/]n isl&s z ,mangkudu1 are us$ ext5sively = _! r$ dye1 9 ,celebes & ,java4 ,specim5s ( all ^!1 & ( ! ,lopisip b>k1 bun*ong bulu wood1 & ! gaju gum 7f undescrib$ plants71 h be5 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,!y are said to furni% excell5t dyes 9 ! ,asiatic isl&s4 ,native dyes f ,arracan h also be5 import$1 viz41 ?it-tel & !-dan yield+ r$ dyes1 t+-nget & r]os1 af=d+ d>k purple dyes2 & ?it-nan-w5g1 a *ocolate dye4 ,^! w\ld be wor? enquiry1 & p>ticul>s ( ! plants yield+ !m1 ! quantities available1 & ! prices might be procur$4 ,dyes & colors f ! foll[+ plants are obta9$ 9 ,india3 sev]al species ( ,t]m9alia1 ,s9ec>pus ,anac>dium1 ,myrica ,sapide1 ,nelumbium speciosus1 ,butea frondosa1 & ,nyctan!s arboretri/is4 ,! bunkita b>r+1 obta9$ f an undescrib$ plant 9 ,borneo1 produces a d>k purple or black dye4 ,a species ( ruellia1 "u ! "n ( ,room1 is employ$ 9 its raw /ate by ! ,khamptis & ,l+phos to dye _! clo!s ( a deep blue4 ,x is describ$ by ! late ,dr4 ,griffi?s z a valuable dye1 & highly wor?y ( att5tion4 ,x might1 p]haps1 be usefully employ$ z ! gr\nd = a black dye4 ,9 ,nepaul !y use ! b>k ( ,phot9ia dubia or ,mespilus ,b5gal5sis = dye+ sc>let4 ,! b>k ( ! black oak1 ,qu]cus t9ctoria & its v>ieties1 natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 are us$ by dy]s "u ! "n ( qu]citron4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ,daphne ,gnidium is us$ to dye yell[4 ,! root ( reilbon1 a sort ( madd] 9 ,*ili1 dyes r$4 ,a purple t9t or dye is obta9$ f ! b>k ( an undescrib$ tree1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,grana ponciana1 gr[+ ab\t ,quito2 & ,/ev5son 7,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica7 says1 if kn[n 9 ,europe1 x w\ld und\bt$ly become an article ( comm]ce4 ,ano!r mu* m exp5sive species ( color+ matt] 7r$7 is obta9$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica f ! leaves ( ! ,bignonia ,*ica1 a climb+ ev]gre5 %rub1 native ( ! ,or9oco c\ntry1 ) l>ge h&some panicles ( fl[]s4 ,! color+ sub/ance is obta9$ by decoction1 :i* deposits1 :5 cool1 a r$ matt]2 ?is is =m$ into cakes & dri$4 ,dr4 ,ure ?9ks x might probably be turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! arts ( civilization4 ,! ord] ( plants to :i* x belongs1 conta9s a va/ numb] ( species1 all natives ( tropical regions1 & _! value = ! production ( color+ sub/ances may be wor? inve/igation4 ,x is met ) 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 & ! ,indian tribes ( t di/rict prep>e ! pigm5t ) :i* !y /a9 _! sk9 f x2 x is call$ by !m ,c>av]u4 ,! color+ matt] is us$ z a dye 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = arti/ical purposes w\ld rival madd]4 ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk ?9ks x might =m an article ( export if x 7 suffici5tly kn[n1 z its prep>ation is extremely simple4 ,! leaves are dri$ 9 ! sun1 & at ! fir/ exposure1 aft] hav+ be5 pluck$ f ! v9e :i* produces !m1 !y %[ ! abundant fecul5t sub/ance :i* !y conta94 ,,lana ,,dye4--,a beautiful blui%-black color1 kn[n z ,c>uto1 is procur$ 9 ,dem]>a & ,b]bice f ! juice ( ! fruit ( ! ,g5ipa ,am]icana1 ,l9n4--a tree v common 9 ! colony4 ,! ,indians use x = /a9+ _! faces & p]sons4 ,! ,lana dye 0 honorably m5tion$ by ! jurors at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea4 ,! blui%-black color obta9$ f x is rem>kably p]man5t1 a fact :i* has v long be5 kn[n1 ?\gh h>dly any attempt appe>s to h be5 made to introduce x to ! notice ( ,european dy]s4 ,ano!r pigm5t is prep>$ by !m f arnotto1 mix$ ) turtle oil1 or c>ap oil1 obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! ,c>apa guian5sis 7,aubl474 ,! wild planta9 7,urania guian5sis7 & ! cultivat$ planta9 7,musa p>idisiaca71 ! ,mahoe 7,!spesia populnea71 & ! pe> se$ ( ! ,avocado 7,p]sea gratissima71 furni% dyes 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,indies2 specim5s ( _m ( ^! h be5 import$ f ,briti% ,guiana & ,tr9idad4 ,russia produces good specim5s ( ! wood ( ,/atice cori>ia1 ! leaves & b>k ( suma*1 ! b>k ( ! wild pomegranate1 yell[ b]ries1 ,madia sativa1 saffron1 saffl[] & madd] roots = dye+ purposes4 ,avic5na tom5tosa1 a species ( mangrove1 is v common ab\t ! creeks ( ,antigua1 ,jamaica1 & o!r ,we/ ,india isl&s1 :]e x is us$ = dye+ & tann+4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 ! natives produce a mo/ brilliant blue-black dye f ! b>k ( ! ,eno1 :i* is 9 great abundance4 ,"s ( ! bord]s ( ! native mats1 ( a mo/ magnific5t black1 are dy$ ) ?is sub/ance4 ,x has be5 tri$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 b1 z ) o!r local dyes1 al?\gh f\nd well suit$ = flax1 hemp1 l951 or o!r vegetable productions1 x c\ld n be fix$ on wools or animal matt]4 ,dr4 ,holroyd1 ( ,sydney1 "s "t s9ce1 import$ a ton ( x = a fri5d ne> ,ba?ur/4 ,x is ( great importance t *emical sci5ce %\ld be appli$ to devise "s means ( fix+ ?is valuable dye on wool4 ,z ! tree is s common1 ! b>k c\ld be _h 9 any quantity at ab\t #c #ajs4 a ton2 & our twe$ manufactur]s are 9 great want ( a black dye = _! *eck & o!r clo?s4 ,! pr9cipal heavy woods us$ = dye+ are fu/ic1 logwood1 ,nic>agua wood1 b>wood1 camwood1 r$ ,s&]s wood1 ,brazil wood1 & sappan wood4 ,all ! dyewoods are ne>ly #b p] ton high] ?an la/ ye>4 ,common ,spani% fu/ic :i* 9 ,septemb]1 #aheb1 0 only #c #ajs4 p] ton1 n[ fet*es #f #ajs4 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket2 & !re is a great dem& = all k9ds ( dyewoods4 ,tampico & ,pu]to ,cabello fu/ic are n[ wor? #f #ajs4 to #g ! ton1 ,cuba ditto1 #i #ajs4 to #aj4 ,sappan wood is #d high] ?an la/ ye>2 b>wood has ris5 c5t p] c5t2 logwoods are #b p] ton high]4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! prices ( ! diff]5t dyewoods 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 on ! #a/ ,septemb]1 #ahec1 p] ton3-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,,fu/ic1 common ,spani% #e #aj #j to #f #aj #j ,tampico #f #aj #j #g #j #j ,pu]to ,cabello #f #aj #j #g #aj #j ,cuba #h #j #j #i #aj #j ,,logwood1 ,jamaica #e #j #j #e #e #j ,/4 ,dom+o #e #e #j #e #aj #j ,campea*y1 direct #g #ab #f #h #j #j ,indirect & ,tobasco #f #aj #j #g #j #j ,,nic>agua4 ,,wood4 ,rio de la ,ha*e1 solid #i #j #j #aa #aj #j small #f #j #j #f #aj #j ,lima #ab #j #j #ad #aj #j ,,b>wood1 ,angola ,gaboon #g #j #j ----- ,,camwood #be #j #j #cj #aj #j ,,r$ ,,s&]s ,,wood #e #ae #j #f #aj #j ,,sappan ,,wood #aj #j #j #ae #j #j ,,r$ ,,s&]s ,,wood 7,pt]oc>pus santal9us71 :i* is h>d & ( a bright g>net r$ color1 is employ$ to dye a la/+ r$di% br[n on wool4 ,x only yields its color to e!r or alcohol4 ,! tree1 :i* is a l(ty "o1 is common ab\t ,madras & o!r p>ts ( ,india2 x is also indig5\s to ,ceylon1 ,timor1 & o!r ,ea/]n isl&s4 ,! exports ( ?is wood f ,madras 9 "o ye> h be5 ne>ly #b1jjj tons4 ,! imports ( r$ ,s&]s wood f ,calcutta & ,bombay *iefly into ,london are to ! ext5t ( #gjj or #hjj tons a ye>1 wor? #f to #i p] ton4 ,( ,,fu/ic we import f #a1ejj to #b1jjj tons annually4 ,we d]ive our supplies f ,brazil1 ,tampico1 ,pu]to ,cabello1 ,cuba1 & ,jamaica4 ,! be/ is obta9$ f ,cuba2 = :ile ! common :ite fu/ic f ,jamaica & ! ,spani% ,ma9 fet*es only #e #ajs4 to #f #ajs4 ! ton1 t ( ,cuba realizes f #h to #i #ajs4 ! ton4 ,,sappan ,,wood 7,csalp9ia ,sappan7 is an article ( consid]able comm]ce 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is ! bukkum wood ( ,sc9de1 & is procur$ 9 ,m]gui1 ,b5gal1 ! ,t5ass]im ,prov9ces1 ,malab> & ,ceylon4 ,9 #ahdb z mu* #gh1jjj cwts4 7 %ipp$ f ,ceylon1 b ! export f !nce has decreas$4 ,?is isl&1 h[ev]1 %ips dyewoods annually to ! am\nt ( #b1jjj4 ,a l>ge quantity is export$ f ,siam & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s2 z mu* z #bjj1jjj piculs annually f ! =m]1 & #bc1jjj piculs f ,manila4 #c1ebd piculs 7 %ipp$ f ,s+apore 9 #ahea1 & #d1jgd piculs 9 #aheb4 ,! picul is ab\t "o cwt4 & a qu>t]4 ,sappan wood yields a yell[i% color1 l t ( ,brazil wood 7,c4 brasili5sis7 b x does n af=d ( dye matt] s mu* 9 quantity or s good 9 quality4 ,x =ms a l>ge export f ,ceylon3 ! %ipm5ts f !nce 71 9 #ahdb1 #gg1fid cwt42 9 #ahdc1 #a1fib2 9 #ahdd1 #b1eib2 9 #ahde1 #b1hed4 ,i h no detail$ returns at h&1 b 9 #ahcg1 #bc1fie piculs ( sappan wood1 & #b1bff piculs ( roots ( ditto 7 %ipp$1 & 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #ahdc1 #bb1cbf piculs 7 export$ f ,manila2 a l>ge portion ( ?is comes to ,europe1 b "s goes to ,*9a1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,s+apore1 c4 #ae1ejj piculs 7 %ipp$ f ,manila 9 #ahdd1 #e1bej ditto 9 #ahde2 & #a1baj tons 9 #ahej4 ,ab\t #c1jjj piculs ( sappan wood & ! same quantity ( o!r dye-/uffs are annually import$ into ,%anghae4 ,! price ( /raight sappan wood at ,%anghae 9 ,july1 la/ ye>1 0 ?irty doll>s p] picul4 ,9 ,calcutta1 9 ,june la/ ye>1 #d1jjj piculs ( ! root ( ,manila sappan wood sold freely at ab\t #gs4 #f;d4 p] factory maund1 ,siam ditto #fs4 #ge tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahdi2 & #abj tons 9 #ahej1 f ,calcutta4 ,! imports ( sappan wood into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 #ahej1 am\nt$ to #c1fgj tons1 wor? #h to #ab ! ton1 & ?is cont9u$ ! price 9 ,janu>y #ahec4 ,camwood1 r$ s&]s wood1 b>wood1 & o!r dye woods1 are f\nd 9 great quantities 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4 ,! dyes ( ,africa are f\nd to resi/ bo? acids & light1 prop]ties :i* no o!r dyes seem to possess 9 ! same degree4 ,ab\t ?irty miles ea/ ( ,bassia ,cove1 9 ! republic ( ,lib]ia1 is ! comm5cem5t ( a region ( unkn[n ext5t1 :]e sc>cely any tree is se5 except ! camwood4 ,?is b\ndless =e/ ( weal?1 z yet unt\*$1 is easily accessible f t settlem5t2 roads c be op5$ to x ) little exp5se1 & ! neighb\r+ k+s w\ld probably give _! co-op]ation to a measure s va/ly b5eficial to !mselves4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! exact am\nt ( export ( ^! commodities to ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is v great1 & employs a l>ge am\nt ( vessels4 ,"o ,liv]pool h\se import$ #fjj tons 9 a s+le ye>1 wor? #i1jjj4 ,9 #ahda upw>ds ( #c1jjj tons ( dye woods 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,,camwood 7,baphia nitida7 is us$ z a mordant & = produc+ ! bright r$ color se5 9 ,engli% b&ana h&k]*iefs4 ,! imports f ,si]ra ,leone to ,liv]pool 9 #ahdi 7 #baf tons1 wor? #bj to #be p] ton4 ,gaboon b>wood is ano!r v>iety ( ?is dyewood :i* is import$ f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 9 /raight flat pieces1 f ?ree to1 five feet 9 l5g?2 ! av]age annual import be+ ab\t #b1jjj tons1 ( ! value ( #d a ton4 ,! imports ( b>wood into ,liv]pool 7 9-- ,tons4 #ahce #b1jjj #ahcf #a1jjj #ahcg #a1aej #ahch #fej #ahci #cej #ahda #b1jab #ahej #a1gaj ,dyewoods import$ 9 #ahej4 ,re-export$4 ,logwood #cb1icj #d1ccb ,fu/ic #i1hjh #a1gga ,nic>agua #g1iji #aab ,b>wood #a1hif #a1bbi ,sappan #c1fgj -- ,gre5 ,ebony1 & ,cocuswood #a1deg -- ,r$ ,s&]s #fef -- ,camwood #daf -- ,brazil & ,brazillito #cji -- ------ ----- #ei1jea #g1ddd ,?us we p]ceive ! annual consumption ( heavy dyewoods 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 dye+ cotton1 l951 wooll5 & silk goods1 c41 exce$s 9 weight #ea1jjj tons4 ,,arnotto4--,! plants ( ?is family are *iefly natives ( ! w>me/ p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & ,africa4 ,9 ,am]ica ! se$s are call$ a*ote or r\c\4 ,f ! port ( ,b>celona1 9 ,v5ezuela1 ab\t #b1jjj qu9tals are annually export$4 ,! species gr[n = its dye is ! ,bixa orellana4 ,x is us$ to imp>t a bright orange color to silk goods1 & to af=d a deep] %ade to simple yell[s4 ,! dry h>d pa/e is also f\nd to be ! be/ ( all +r$i5ts = giv+ a gold5 t9t to *eese or butt]4 ,a conv5i5t liquid prep>ation is n[ sold to dairym54 ,! ,spani% ,am]icans mix x ) _! *ocolate1 to :i* x gives a beautiful ri* hue4 ,x is ( two sorts1 viz43-- #a4 ,flag or cake arnotto1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ important article 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 is furni%$ almo/ :olly by ,cay5ne4 ,x is import$ 9 squ>e cakes1 weigh+ two or ?ree p\nds ea*1 wrapp$ 9 banana leaves1 pack$ 9 casks4 #b4 ,roll arnotto is pr9cipally br\ght f ,brazil4 ,! rolls are small1 n exce$+ two or ?ree ounces 9 weight4 ,x is h>d1 dry1 & compact1 br[ni% on ! outside1 & ( a beautiful r$ color )94 ,! dye is usually prep>$ by mac]at+ ! pods 9 boil+ wat] = a week or long]4 ,:5 !y beg9 to f]m5t1 ! se$s ought to be /rongly /irr$ & bruis$ ) wood5 pe/les to promote ! sep>ation ( ! r$ sk9s4 ,?is process is repeat$ sev]al times1 till ! se$s are left :ite4 ,! liquor pass$ ?r\gh close cane sieves1 pretty ?ick1 ( a deep r$ color1 & a v bad smell1 is receiv$ into copp]s4 ,9 boil+1 x ?r[s up its color+ matt] to ! surface 9 ! =m ( scum1 :i* is tak5 (f1 sav$ 9 l>ge pans1 & aft]w>ds boil$ d[n to a due consi/5ce1 & !n made up1 :5 s(t1 into balls or cakes ( two or ?ree p\nds weight4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! manufacture is f ,dr4 ,ure3-- ,! pods ( ! tree be+ ga!r$1 _! se$s are tak5 out & bruis$2 !y are !n transf]r$ to a vat1 :i* is call$ ! /eep]1 :]e !y are mix$ ) z mu* wat] z cov]s !m4 ,"h ! sub/ance is left = sev]al weeks or ev5 mon?s2 x is n[ squeez$ ?r\gh sieves plac$ above ! /eep]1 t ! wat] conta9+ ! color+ matt] 9 susp5sion may return into ! vat4 ,! residuum is pres]v$ "u ! leaves ( ! p9e-apple %rub1 till x becomes hot by f]m5tation4 ,x is aga9 subject$ to ! same op]ation1 & ?is treatm5t is cont9u$ till no m color rema9s4 ,! sub/ance ?us extract$ is pass$ ?r\gh sieves1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! rema9d] ( ! se$s1 & ! color is all[$ to subside4 ,! precipitate is boil$ 9 copp]s till x be r$uc$ to a consi/5t pa/e2 x is !n suff]$ to cool1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,in/ead ( ?is long & pa9ful labor1 :i* occasions diseases by ! putrefaction induc$ & :i* af=ds a spoil$ product1 ,leblond proposes simply to wa% ! se$s ( arnotto till !y be entirely depriv$ ( _! color1 :i* lies :olly on _! surface2 to precipitate ! color by means ( v9eg> or lemon juice1 & to boil x up 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 or to dra9 x 9 bags z is practis$ ) indigo4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* ,vauquel9 made on ! se$s ( arnotto import$ by ,leblond1 confirm$ ! efficacy ( ! process :i* he propos$2 & ! dy]s asc]ta9$ t ! arnotto obta9$ 9 ?is mann] 0 wor? at lea/ f\r times m ?an t ( comm]ce2 t1 moreov]1 x 0 m easily employ$2 t x requir$ less solv5ts2 t x gave less tr\ble 9 ! copp]1 & furni%$ a pur] color4--7,dict4 ( ,arts47 ,our imports ( arnotto = home consumption are f #bjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj lbs4 p] annum4 ,! plant is gr[n 9 ,dacca & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 & ! ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,at ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,tongataboo1 ,rio ,janeiro1 ,p]u & ,zanzib>1 ! arnotto is an indig5\s %rub :i* rises to ! height ( sev5 or eight feet1 produc+ oblong heavy pods1 some:at resembl+ ^? ( a *esnut4 ,)9 ^! !re are g5]ally ?irty or =ty irregul>ly-=m$ se$s1 :i* are envelop$ 9 a pulp ( a bright r$ color1 & a fragrant smell4 ,! imports ( arnotto h be5 z foll[s3-- ,reta9$ = lbs4 home consumption4 #ahcd #beb1iha -- #ahce #afc1dba -- #ahci #cjc1dhi #bbd1gid #ahdj #djh1dfi #ccj1dij #ahdg #bgj1jjj #bif1hba #ahdi #afb1djj #ade1hbd #ahej #cja1ejd #bca1bhj ,! price ( flag arnotto 9 ! ,london m>ket1 9 ,june #ahec1 0 #as4 p] lb4 ,we import$ f ,france1 9 #ahej1 #a1ibd cwt4 ( roll or flag arnotto1 ( ! (ficial value ( #ba1dii2 & 9 #ahea1 #a1bec cwt41 wor? #ac1ifh4 ,wood dye export$ f ,ceylon-- ,value ,quantity cwts4 #ahdh #a1cei -- #ahdi #b1jce -- #ahej #a1gff #e1bjf #ahea #bei #ggf #aheb #ggj #b1cif ,,*ay-,,root4--,!re is a plant call$ *ay1 ! ,old5l&ia umbellata1 :i* is ext5sively cultivat$ z a dye plant 9 ! ,ea/1 especially on ! coa/s ( ,corom&el1 ,nellore1 ,masulipatam1 ,malab>1 & o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,! out] b>k ( ! roots furni%es ! color+ matt] = ! durable r$ = :i* ! *9tzes ( ,india are fam\s4 ,*ay-root =ms a consid]able article ( export f ,ceylon4 ,! wild plant !re is consid]$ pref]able2 ! roots1 :i* are %ort]1 yield+ "o-f\r? "p m color+ matt]1 & ! "r to dig x is f>m$ out4 ,x gr[s spontane\sly on light1 dry1 s&y gr\nd on ! sea coa/2 ! cultivat$ roots are sl5d]1 ) a few lat]al fibres1 & f "o to two feet long4 ,! dye is said to h be5 tri$ 9 ,europe1 b n ) v advantage\s effect4 ,dr4 ,bancr(t suspects x may be injur$ by ! long voyage1 b he adds t x _c produce any effect :i* may n be m *eaply obta9$ f madd]4 ,?is r$ dye1 simil> to ,munjeet1 is us$ to a great ext5t 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,h9do/an by ! native dy]s4 ,x is n held 9 v good e/imation 9 ,europe b seems to des]ve a bett] reputation ?an x at pres5t possesses4 ,att5tion 0 drawn to x z a dye-/uff 9 #agih1 by a special m9ute ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade recomm5d+ its importation2 b ,dr4 ,bancr(t1 :o made "s exp]im5ts ) a sample ( damag$ *ay-root1 consid]$ x inf]ior to madd] & h5ce disc\rag$ its fur!r importation4 ,! b>k & root ( v>i\s species ( ,mor9da 7,m4 citrifolia & t9ctoria7 are us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & consid]$ a v valuable r$ dye4 ,! colors dy$ ) x are = ! mo/ "p exce$+ly brilliant1 & ! color+ matt] is f> m p]man5t ?an _m o!r r$ colors are1 ) improv$ managem5t x w\ld probably rival t ( madd]1 & is1 !re=e1 wor?y m att5tion f dy]s4 ,,mangrove ,,b>k 7,rhizophora mangle71 is us$ to dye a *ocolate color 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! colors introduc$ by ,dr4 ,bancr(t1 & = ! exclusive use ( :i* he obta9$ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x is procur$ 9 pl5ty at ,arracan1 ,malab>1 & ,s+apore 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,%umac or ,,suma*1 sometimes call$ "y fu/ic1 is ! p[d] ( ! leaves1 p$uncles1 & "y bran*es ( a small decidu\s plant 7,rhus cori>ia71 native ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 b :i* is also gr[n 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 = its p[]ful a/r+5t prop]ties1 :i* r5d]s x valuable = tann+ light-color$ lea!r1 & x imp>ts a beautiful bright yell[ dye to cottons1 :i* is r5d]$ p]man5t by prop] mordants4 ,x is pr9cipally import$ f ! ,ionian ,isl&s & ! ,morea4 ,! species gr[n = ! purpose 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,italy is ,r4 ,cot9us1 a %rub ) pale purple fl[]s1 :]eas ,r4 cori>ia has gre5i% yell[ blossoms4 ,!y may be propagat$ by cutt+s ( ! roots & lay]s4 ,r4 typh9a1 & ,r4 glabia1 ) _! v>ieties1 are ,nor? ,am]ican species1 :i* are also us$ = tann+ purposes4 ,9 ,montpelli] & ! ,s\? ( ,france ! twigs & leaves are kn[n "u ! "n ( r$\l or r\do4 ,!y are ga!r$ e ye>1 & ! %oots are *ipp$ or r$uc$ to p[d] by a mill4 ,! imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 9 #ahdf1aj1bef tons2 9 #ahdg1 #aa1ige tons2 9 #ahdh1 #i1fag tons2 9 #ahdi1 #ab1eij tons2 9 #ahej1 #ab1ibi tons1 & 9 #aheb1 #i1geh2 :i* 7 all reta9$ = consumption4 ,9 #ahda1 we receiv$ ab\t #i1jjj tons f ! port ( ,leghorn4 ,!re 7 export$ f ,sicily 9 #ahdb1 #abc1cje tons1 valu$ at #fh1hid4 ,x is import$ 9 packages ( ab\t a cwt41 wrapp$ 9 clo?4 ,am]ica takes a l>ge quantity ( suma*4 ,! imports into ! port ( ,bo/on alone1 7 #ai1jgj bags 9 #ahdg2 #cd1ebd 9 #ahdh2 & #cj1jej 9 #ahdi4 ,! prices 9 ,liv]pool1 duty paid1 9 ! close ( ?is ye>1 are p] cwt43-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,sicily1 ,mess9a #aj #j to #aj #f ,pal]mo #ab #j #ac #j ,trie/e #g #j #g #f ,v]ona #e #f #f #f ,tyrolese #h #j #i #j ,,saffl[]4--,! dri$ fl[]s ( ,c>?amus t9ctorius yield a p9k dye1 :i* is us$ = silks & cottons1 & ! manufacture ( r\ge2 ! color1 h[ev]1 is v fugitive4 ,x is an annual plant1 cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,am]ica1 ,spa91 & "s ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ,europe2 & is indig5\s to ! :ole ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,a l>ge quantity is gr[n 9 & export$ f ,bali4 ,! ,*9ese saffl[] is consid]$ ! be/1 & t f ,bombay is lea/ e/eem$4 ,! annual quantity export$ f ! di/rict ( ,dacca av]ages ab\t #aej tons4 ,! %ipm5ts f ,calcutta exce$ #cjj tons to v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,our imports are on ! decl9e1 & are n[ only ab\t #a1bjj cwt4 p] annum4 ,saffl[] 0 %[n 9 ! ,great ,exhibition f ,celebes1 ,assam1 ! vic9ity ( ,calcutta1 ,dacca1 ! /ates ( ,rajpootana1 & o!r places4 ,!re are two species3 ,c4 t9ctorius1 :i* has small leaves & an orange fl[]2 & ,c4 oxyacan?a1 ) l>g] leaves & a yell[ fl[]1 a native ( ,caucasus4 ,! =m] is cultivat$ 9 ,egypt1 ! ,levant1 c41 :]e x =ms a consid]able article ( comm]ce4 #f1fcc cwts4 ( saffl[] 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahce1 ( :i* ab\t "o-half 0 reta9$ = home consumption4 ,( #e1ceb cwts4 import$ 9 #ahdj1 ne>ly ! :ole came f our possessions 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 #ahdg1 ab\t #dje tons 7 import$2 9 #ahdh1 #ejf tons2 9 #ahdi1 #djg tons2 9 #ahej1 #ebb tons4 ,! price ( saffl[] v>ies f #a to #h p] cwt41 accord+ to quality4 ,t f ,bombay is lea/ e/eem$1 fet*+ only #bjs4 to #cjs4 ,! annual quantity ( saffl[]1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,taylor1 export$ f ! di/rict ( ,dacca = eight ye>s end+ ) #ahci1 am\nt$ to #d1jjj maunds1 or ab\t #adi tons4 ,! exports ?r\gh ! ,calcutta ,cu/om ,h\se are occasionally l>ge3 9 #ahbd-be !re 7 ab\t #caf tons2 #h1ejj ,indian maunds 7 %ipp$ f ,calcutta 9 ea* ( ! ye>s #ahda & #ahdb4 ,! prices 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 9 ,janu>y #ahec1 7 = ,b5gal1 good & f9e1 #f to #g #ajs4 p] cwt42 middl+1 #d to #d #ajs42 inf]ior & ord9>y1 #b #ajs4 to #c4 ,,gamboge is ext5sively us$ z a pigm5t1 f its bright yell[ color4 ,!re are two k9ds kn[n 9 comm]ce1 ! ,ceylon & ! ,siam4 ,! =m] is procur$ f ! ,hebrad5dron ,cambogoides1 ,graham2 a tree :i* gr[s wild on ! ,malab> & ,ceylon coa/s1 & af=ds ! co>se/ k9d4 ,! pipe gamboge ( ,siam is said to be obta9$ f ! bruis$ leaves & "y bran*es ( ,/alagmites cambogoides4 ,! res9\s sap is receiv$ into calaba%es1 & all[$ to ?ick51 aft] :i* x is =m$ into rolls4 ,sev]al o!r plants1 z ! ,mango/ana ,gambogia1 ,ga]tn]1 & ! ,hyp]icum baccif]um & ,cayan5se1 yield simil> yell[ viscid exudation1 h>dly di/+ui%able f gamboge & us$ = ! same purpose by pa9t]s4 ,! ,g>c9ia elliptica1 ,walli*1 ( ,tavoy & ,m\lme91 af=ds gamboge1 & approa*es v closely 9 its *>act]s to ,graham's ,hebrad5dron4 ,9 l mann] ! ,mysore tree be>s an exce$+ly close resemblance to t species4 ,x is common 9 ! =e/s ( ,wynaad 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,mysore1 & has be5 nam$ by ,dr4 ,*ri/ison ,hebrad5dron pictorium4 ,ano!r gamboge tree has rec5tly be5 f\nd inhabit+ ! we/]n ,burmese t]ritories4 ,bo? ^! seem to furni% an equally f9e pigm5t4 ,z x c be obta9$ 9 unlimit$ quantity1 x might be introduc$ into ,european trade1 if ! natives le>n h[ to collect x 9 a /ate ( purity1 & make x up 9 homog5\s masses 9 imitation ( pipe gamboge1 ! f9e/ ,siam v>iety4 ,x seems to possess m color+ matt]1 m res9 & less gum ?an ! ord9>y gamboge ( comm]ce4 ,gamboge owes its color to ! fatty acid4 ,! res9 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! *ief con/itu5t1 & is mo/ abundant 9 t import$ f ,ceylon1 :i* conta9s ab\t #gf p] c5t41 & is !re=e be/ adapt$ = pa9t+4 ,gamboge also has its m$ic9al uses4 ,v>i\s species ( ,lecanora1 p>ticul>ly ,l4 t>t>ea1 kn[n z cudbe>1 are us$ 9 dye+ wooll5 y>n4 ,! ,rocella t9ctoria & fusi=mis furni% ! or*il1 or or*illa we$ ( comm]ce1 :i* is sometimes sold z a moi/ pulp1 b usually 9 ! =m ( dry cakes1 kn[n "u ! "n ( litmus2 x produces a f9e purple color4 ,our imports1 :i* h am\nt$ to #f1jjj or #g1jjj cwts4 annually1 are d]iv$ *iefly f ! ,can>y1 ,azores1 & ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s4 ,rock or*illa 0 %[n at ! ,exhibition1 f ! ,b]l+5 ,isles1 f ,angola1 ,madeira & ! ,cape de ,v]ds4 ,or*illa we$ is v pl5tiful ab\t ! %ores ( ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal&1 "s be+ s5t f !nce to ! ,exhibition2 b f a want ( k z to ! "t at :i* x %\ld be ga!r$1 & ! mode ( prep>+ x = ! m>ket1 x has n yet become a saleable commodity !re4 ,! ri* v>ieties ( li*5s on ! rocks & pla9s ( ,au/ralia h n be5 te/$1 z !y ought to be1 ) ,helot's li*5 te/4 ,v>i\s li*5s1 & ,rocella t9ctoria1 f ,t5ass]im & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 h be5 introduc$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,9 ! ,admiralty in/ructions giv5 to ,capt4 ,sir ,james ,c4 ,ross1 on 8 ,ant>ctic voyage1 a few ye>s ago1 8 att5tion 0 specially call$ to ! se>* & enquiry = sub/itutes = ! ,rocella1 :i* is n[ becom+ sc>ce4 ,a prize m$al 0 aw>d$1 9 #ahea1 to an exhibitor f ! ,elbe = specim5s ( ! we$1 & an extract ( r$ & violet or*il4 ,specim5s ( v>ieties ( ! li*5s us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cudbe>1 or*il & litmus1 & ( ! sub/ance obta9$1 7 also %[n 9 ! ,briti% dep>tm5t1 :i* 7 aw>d$ prize m$als4 ,! beauty ( ! dyes giv5 by common mat]ials1 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 to "s ( ! clo?s :i* 7 exhibit$1 %\ld lead our botani/s & *emi/s to exam9e1 m closely ?an !y h hi!rto done1 ! dye-/uffs t might be extract$ f ,briti% plants4 ,woad 7,isatis t9ctoria7 & ! dy]s' yell[ woad 7,res$a lutea71 are bo? well kn[n4 ,a piece ( twe$1 spun & wov5 9 ,ross-%ire1 0 dy$ br[n & black1 by su* *eap & common dyes z moss & ald] b>k1 & ! colors 7 unexceptionable4 ,su!rl&%ire twe$ & /ock+s1 possess+ a ri* br[n color1 7 produc$ ) no m valuable dye ?an soot2 9 ano!r piece1 beautifully dy$1 ! yell[ 0 obta9$ f /oney rag1 br[n f ! crops ( "y hea!r1 & purple f ! same1 b subject+ ! y>n to a great] action ( ! dye ?an 0 necess>y to produce br[n4 ,!re is v little d\bt b t beautiful & p]man5t dyes1 f br[n to a v ri* purple1 might be *eaply procur$ by sci5tific prep>ations ( ! common hea!r 7,g5i/a t9ctoria74 ,! inhabitants ( ,skye exhibit$ clo? ) a peculi>ly ri* dye1 obta9$ f ! crobal moss4 ,9 ! ,spani% dep>tm5t1 specim5s ( vegetable dyes f _m cultivat$ & wild plants 7 furni%$ by ! ,agricultural ,bo>d ( ,s>agossa1 & ( sev]al ( ^! x w\ld be important to obta9 descriptions & p>ticul>s4 ,gums are ( ess5tial importance to ! dy]1 & ! imports ( ^!1 !re=e1 are l>ge1 av]ag+ ab\t #h1jjj tons4 ,,indigo4 ,! plants :i* af=d ?is dye gr[ *iefly 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 9 ! middle regions ( ,am]ica1 9 ,africa & ,europe4 ,!y are all species ( ! g5]a ,indig(]a1 ,isatis & ,n]ium4 ,indig(]a t9ctoria or co]ulea1 furni%es ! *ief indigo ( comm]ce1 & af=ds 9 ,b5gal1 ,malab>1 ,madagasc>1 ! ,isle ( ,france1 & ,/4 ,dom+o1 an article ( middl+ quality1 b n 9 l>ge quantity4 ,! ,indig(]a disp]ma1 a plant cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,am]ica1 gr[s high] ?an ! prec$+1 is woody1 & furni%es a sup]ior dye-/uff4 ,! ,guatamela indigo comes f ?is species4 ,indig(]a ,anil gr[s 9 ! same c\ntries1 & also 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,indig(]a ,arg5tea1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 ,africa1 yields little indigo1 b x is ( an excell5t quality4 ,i4 pseudot9ctoria1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 furni%es ! be/ ( all4 ,i4 glauca is ! ,egyptian & ,arabian species4 ,!re are also ! c9]ea1 erecta 7a native ( ,gu9ea71 hirsuta1 glabra1 ) r$ fl[]s1 species common to ! ,ea/1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,! ,wrightia t9ctoria1 ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 an ev]gre51 ) :ite blossoms1 af=ds "s indigo1 z does ! ,isatis t9ctoria1 or1 ,woad1 9 ,europe1 & ! ,polygonum t9ctorium1 ) r$ fl[]s1 a native ( ,*9a4 ,baptisia t9ctoria furni%es a blue dye1 & is ! wild indigo ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply4--,indigo is at pres5t gr[n = comm]cial purposes 9 ,b5gal1 & ! o!r prov9ces ( t ,presid5cy1 f ! #bj? to ! #cj? deg4 ( nor? latitude2 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,t9nevelly2 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy2 9 ,java1 9 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 9 ,guatemala1 ,c>accas1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,brazil4 ,b5gal is1 h[ev]1 ! *ief m>t = indigo1 & ! quantity produc$ 9 o!r places is comp>atively inconsid]able4 ,x is also /ill cultivat$ 9 "s ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 especially ,/4 ,dom+o1 b n 9 l>ge quantities4 ,indigo gr[s wild 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,pale/9e1 b att5tion seems n to h be5 giv5 to its cultivation or collection4 ,on mo/ p>ts ( ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 x is indig5\s2 at ,si]ra ,leone1 ,natal1 & o!r places x is f\nd abundant4 ,9 our settlem5ts ( ,honduras1 ,dem]>a1 & v>i\s portions ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 x w\ld amply rew>d ! labor ( ! cultivator2 sev]al inf]ior sorts ( ,indig(]a be+ f\nd !re indig5\s1 & only requir+ c>e & culture to improve !m4 ,! quality ( indigo dep5ds ^u ! species ( ! plant1 its rip5ess1 ! soil & climate ( its gr[?1 & ! mode ( manufacture4 ,! ,ea/ ,india1 & ,brazilian indigo arrives "h pack$ 9 *e/s1 ! ,guatemala 9 ox-hides1 call$ s]ons4 ,! indigo import$ f ! we/]n hemisph]e 0 = "s "t consid]$ sup]ior 9 quality to t ( ! ,ea/4 ,its cultivation1 h[ev]1 has be5 neglect$1 & ! ,b5gal indigo is pref]r$ at pres5t to any import$ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x is n[ only cultivat$ by ! ,brazilians & ,colombians4 ,if prop] att5tion 7 paid to ! cultivation ( ! plant1 & to ! prep>ation ( ! dye1 x is v likely "p ( t important trade w\ld be br\ght back4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 a moi/ climate1 & ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 *iefly newly-cle>$ l&1 w\ld be well adapt$ = x4 ,! late ,mr4 ,dunlop 7,travels 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica7 gives an int]e/+ description1 :i*1 at ! risk ( repetition 9 "s po9ts1 ,i %all give entire4 ,sev]al vessels g5]ally arrive at ! ,union f ,s\? ,am]ica at ! "t ( ! p]iodical fairs1 :]e ne>ly all ! indigo 7! only produce ( any importance71 is dispos$ (2 =m]ly x rea*$ #aj1jjj bales1 b at pres5t x does n at mo/ exce$ #c1jjj bales ( #aej lbs4 ea*4 ,! indigo well kn[n 9 ,europe by ! "n ( ,guatemala indigo1 0 nev] cultivat$ 9 t prov9ce 79 ! same mann] z n a gra9 ( ! ,honduras co*9eal is gr[n !re71 be+ entirely gr[n 9 ! /ate ( ,san ,salvador1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,miguel1 ,san ,vic5ti1 & ! ,city ( ,salvador1 ) ! exception ( a small quantity ( v sup]ior quality gr[n 9 ! /ate ( ,nic>agua1 & a few bales 9 ,co/a ,rica1 :i* is all consum$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,"u ! gov]nm5t ( ,spa91 ! produce ( ! /ate ( ,san ,salvador alone _h rea*$ #aj1jjj bales1 & t ( ,nic>agua #b1jjj2 ! produce ( ,san ,salvador 9 #ahbj1 two ye>s be=e its indep5d5ce1 be+ #h1cbc bales4 ,b s9ce #ahbb ! annual produce _h gradually decl9$1 & 9 #ahdf x did n exce$ #a1jjj to #a1bjj bales1 ne>ly all ! indigo e/ates be+ ab&on$1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 f ! great fall 9 ! price ( ! article1 b m on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( gett+ labor]s to "w /eadily4 ,! plant cultivat$ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica = ! manufacture ( indigo1 is ! tri5nial plant1 suppos$ to be a native ( ,am]ica2 b !re is also an indig5\s p]5nial plant1 ab\nd+ 9 _m p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :i* produces indigo ( a v sup]ior quality1 b gives less ?an half ! weight :i* is produc$ by ! cultivat$ species4 ,! gr\nd = s[+ ! indigo se$ is prep>$ 9 ,april1--a piece ( good =e/ l& ne> "o ( ! t[ns be+ select$1 a "p is cut to make a rude f5ce1 & ! rema9d] burnt1 :i* is easily accompli%$1 z ev]y?+ is v dry at t season2 & ! gr\nd is aft]w>ds scrat*$ ) two /icks1 fa/5$ crosswise1 to resemble some:at ! %ape ( a pl\gh1 & ! se$ scatt]$ ov] x by h&4 ,! ra9y season always comm5ces e>ly 9 ,may1 & ! indigo is ready = cutt+ ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 tak+ ab\t two & a half mon?s to come to p]fection4 ,! gr[+ crop some:at resembles luc]ne1 & is 9 ! be/ /ate = mak+ indigo1 :5 x becomes cov]$ ) a sort ( gre5i% f>9a4 ,! crop ( ! fir/ ye> is small1 & sometimes n wor? manufactur+2 t ( ! second ye> is ! be/1 & ! ?ird is also v good1 if x has be5 c>efully we$$2 b _m indigo fields h la/$ m ?an t5 ye>s )\t be+ re-s[n1 z ! se$ :i* falls naturally spr+s up aga91 & :]e ! l& is good yields ne>ly z l>ge a crop z a new s[n field4 ,:5 ! plant is ready = manufactur+1 a numb] ( m5 are collect$1 ea* ( :om is ei!r provid$ )1 or br+s 8 own mule or horse1 if he has "o4 ,two m5 always g toge!r1 cut ! plant1 !n ab\t ! height ( full-gr[n r$ clov]1 & take x to ! vats1 :i* are l>ge tanks made ( brick & lime1 hold+ at lea/ #a1jjj gallons1 & "s z mu* z #aj1jjj4 ,into ^! ! plant is ?r[n till !y are ne>ly full1 :5 weights are put above x to prev5t its float+2 & ! vats fill$ ) wat] till x cov]s ! mass ( ! indigo plant4 ,aft] rema9+ f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! plant1 wea!r1 & o!r circum/ances 7! "t requir$ be+ det]m9$ by ! color :i* ! wat] assumes71 ! h]b is tak5 out1 & ! wat] beat5 ) paddles 9 ! v small vats1 & by a :eel susp5d$ above & turn$ by m5 or horses 9 ! l>g] ones1 till x *anges f a gre5 color1 :i* x has acquir$ ere ! removal ( ! h]b1 to a f9e blue1 :5 x is all[$ to /& = "s h\rs1 till ! color+ matt] has settl$ to ! bottom ( ! tank1 a process :i* is g5]ally ha/5$ by ?r[+ 9 an infusion ( c]ta9 h]bs to facilitate its settlem5t1 or z ! natives t]m x curdle 7cuaj>7 ! color$ wat]4 ,z soon z all ! color has settl$1 ! wat] is drawn (f1 & ! blue1 :i* is ( ! consi/5cy ( ?ick mud1 is tak5 out ( ! vat & spread ^u cotton1 or co>se wooll5 clo?1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! color 9 a great measure dep5ds ^u remov+ ! h]b exactly at ! prop] "t1 & ^u prop]ly beat+ ! wat]1 nei!r too long1 or too %ort4 ,unless ^! processes are prop]ly p]=m$1 ! indigo w n be ( fir/-rate quality2 b "s e/ates w nev] produce ! be/ indigo1 :atev] c>e may be be/[$ on ! manufacture4 ,a mansana1 ( #ajj y>ds squ>e1 :i* is ne>ly two ,briti% /atute acres1 produces g5]ally ab\t #ajj to #abj lbs4 ( indigo1 ! c>riage & cutt+ ( ! h]b co/+ ab\t tw5ty doll>s1 & ! clean+ ( ! field & all o!r exp5ses connect$ ) x1 includ+ ! manufacture ( ! indigo1 ab\t z mu* m4 ,! indigo ( ,c5tral ,am]ica is n put into m\lds :5 dry+1 z t ( ,b5gal1 b is all[$ to rema9 9 ! r\gh %ape 9 :i* x dries1 & )\t fur!r prep>ation is ready = bal+ & exportation4 ,! bales are g5]ally made up 9 #aej lbs4 ea*1 & ! quality is class$ by numb]s1 f #a to #i2 ,nos4 #a to #c be+ ( ! quality call$ cobres 9 ,europe2 ,nos4 #d to #f ( t call$ cortes1 & ,nos4 #g to #i ( t call$ flores2 ,nos4 #a to #f d n at pres5t pay ! exp5ses ( manufacture1 & are nev] int5tionally made4 ,no d\bt1 ) a little m skill 9 ! manufacture1 ! :ole might1 z 9 ,b5gal1 be made ( ! quality call$ flores2 b su* improvem5ts _c be expect$ till a new race ( p inhabit ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,at pres5t ab\t "o-half ( ! indigo produc$ is "u ,no4 #g1 & z ! cultivation is said n to pay at ! pres5t prices--&1 inde$1 h>dly c be suppos$ to compete ) ,b5gal1 a c\ntry :]e labor is s mu* *eap]1 & capital abundant--x is probable1 t ! cultivation w %ortly be entirely ab&on$1 unless ! price %\ld aga9 rise 9 ,europe4 ,9 #ahdf1 #ba1icc lbs4 ( indigo 7 export$ f ,ango/ura4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s 7 contribut$ to my ,colonial ,magaz9e1 by ! late ,dr4 ,edw>d ,b9ns1 ( ,jamaica3-- ,! species g5]ally cultivat$ is ! ,i4 t9ctoria1 :i* requires a ri* moi/ soil & w>m wea!r4 ,! se$1 :i* is at fir/ sight n unlike co>se gunp[d]1 is s[n ?ree or f\r in*es deep1 9 /raight l9es1 twelve or fifte5 in*es ap>t4 ,! %oots appe> above gr\nd 9 ab\t a week2 at ! end ( two mon?s ! plant fl[]s1 :5 x is fit = cutt+1 :i* is done ) a prun+ knife4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t great c>e is requisite 9 we$+ ! indigo field :5 plants fir/ %oot ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,/4 ,salvador1 l>ge vats made ( mahogany1 or o!r h>d wood1 are con/ruct$ = ! reception ( ! plant1 :]e x is all[$ to und]go mac]ation & f]m5tation4 ,9 a %ort "t ! wat] becomes gre5i%1 & emits a /rong pung5t smell1 :ile c>bonic acid gas is freely evolv$4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is run (f into l>ge flat vessels1 & /irr$ ab\t until a blue scum appe>s1 :5 additional wat] is add$1 & ! blue flakes s9k to ! bottom4 ,! sup]natant wat] has n[ acquir$ a yell[i% t+e1 :5 x is run (f c>efully1 & ! blue deposit or s$im5t put into bags to dra94 ,x is subsequ5tly dri$ 9 ! %ade1 or sometimes 9 ! sun1 !n plac$ 9 cotton bags & c>ri$ to ! indigo fair1 or =w>d$ to ! city ( ,guatemala4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian mode ( manufactur+ ! indigo diff]s mat]ially1 & _m suppose x pref]able to ! ,salvador4 ,x consi/s 9 /eam+ ! f]m5t$ mass 9 l>ge pipes enclos$ 9 huge boil]s4 ,i am incl9$ to believe ?is to be ! mo/ economical1 if n ! be/ way ( manufactur+ indigo4 ,f ,guatemala alone1 x is comput$ t f #f1jjj to #h1jjj s]ons ( indigo are export$ annually2 :ile ,san ,miguel1 ,*alat5augo1 ,tejulta1 ,secatecolnea1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,s5suntepepe1 n only1 x is said1 produce a l>g] quantity1 b ! f\r la/-m5tion$ places h ! advantage z to quality4 ,! ,belize ,adv]tis] /at$1 "s "t s9ce1 t ! value ( ?is dye f "o ,/ate 9 #ahcj produc$ #b1jjj1jjj doll>s1 ! m9imum ( an imm5se sum :i* has be5 mo/ unju/ly & unwisely wre/$ f ! p ( ,jamaica1 & ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,bridges 7,annals ( ,jamaica1 p4 #ehd1 ,app5d471 speak+ ( ! va/ returns ( an indigo plantation1 says1 ,! lab\r ( a s+le negro w\ld (t5 br+ to 8 own] #cj /]l+ p] annum cle> pr(it1--a sum :i* 0 at ! "t ! labor]'s highe/ price4 ,x cont9u$ ! /aple ( ,jamaica till an intol]able tax oppress$ x1 :ile its price 0 l[]$ by ! competition ( o!r colonies4 ,its cultivation imm$iately decl9$ ?r\gh\t !m all1 b n[h]e s rapidly z "h4 ,! f9ancial error 0 quickly discov]$1--a rem$y 0 attempt$ by a b\nty2 b x came too late1 ! plantations 7 ?r[n up1 & ! plant]s1 attract$ by ! tempor>y ga91 abus$ ! t>dy boon1 by introduc+1 z ( _! own gr[?1 l>ge quantities ( =eign indigo4 ,z ,bridges may be said 9 ?is passage to be m]ely a comm5tator on ,edw>ds1 :o has ent]$ m l>gely ^u ! subject1 ,i %all cond5se f ! latt]1 /atem5ts connect$ ) ! manufacture & decay ( ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 once ! /aple ( ,jamaica4 ,edw>ds 7,we/ ,indies1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bge1 #bnd edition7 reckons ?ree k9ds ( indigo--! wild1 ,guatemala1 & ,fr5*4 ,! fir/ is ! h>de/1 & ! dye extract$ f x ( ! be/ quality z reg>ds color & gra92 b "o or o!r ( ! two species is commonly pref]r$ by ! plant]1 z yield+ a great] return4 ,( ^! ! ,fr5* surpasses ! ,guatemala 9 quantity1 b yields to x 9 f95ess ( gra9 & beauty ( color4 ,! indigo ?rives almo/ on any l&1 ?\gh ! ri*e/ soils produce ! mo/ luxuriant plants1 & ! longe/ dry wea!r w n kill x4 ,! cultivation & manufacture our au?or ?us describes3--,! l& be+ prep>$1 tr5*es1 two or ?ree in*es 9 dep?1 are made by ! hoe4 ,^! are t5 or twelve in*es asund]4 ,! se$s are !n /rew$ 9 ! tr5*es by ! h&1 & slightly cov]$ ) m\ld4 ,:5 ! plants %oot1 !y are c>efully we$$1 & kept con/antly clean1 until !y rise high en\gh to cov] ! gr\nd4 ,a bu%el ( se$ is suffici5t = f\r or five acres4 ,! be/ season = plant+ is ,m>*2 b if ! l& be good1 x may be s[n at any "t1 & 9 ?ree mon?s ! plants atta9 maturity4 ,9 seasonable situations1 !y h f\r cutt+s 9 ! ye>4 ,! subsequ5t gr[?s f ! plants rip5 9 six or eight weeks2 b ! produce dim9i%es aft] ! second cutt+1 s t ! se$s %\ld be s[n e second ye>4 ,a species ( grub1 or worm1 :i* infe/s ! plant on ! second ye> is avoid$ by *ang+ ! soil2 or1 9 o!r words1 by a rotation ( crops4 ,! produce p] acre ( ! fir/ cutt+ is ab\t #fj lbs4 ,x is ne>ly z mu* 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 b :5 ! !rmomet] falls to sixty1 ! returns are v unc]ta91 t degree ( heat be+ too l[ = ! necess>y vegetation1 mac]ation1 & f]m5tation4 ,! yield+s = ! subsequ5t cutt+s some:at dim9i%2 b 9 ,jamaica & ,/4 ,dom+o1 if ! l& is new1 ab\t #cjj lbs4 p] acre ( ! second quality may be expect$ annually f all ! cutt+s toge!r2 & f\r negroes are suffici5t to c>ry on ! cultivation ( five acres1 besides do+ o!r occasional "w1 suffici5t to reimburse ! exp5ses ( _! ma9t5ance & clo?+4 ,! process = obta9+ ! dye1 accord+ to ! same au?or1 0 conduct$ ?r\gh ! means ( two ci/]ns1 ! "o elevat$ above ! o!r1 9 ! mann] ( /eps4 ,! high]1 :i* 0 also ! long]1 0 nam$ ! sleep]--its dim5sions sixte5 feet squ>e & two & a half 9 dep?4 ,! second1 into :i* ! fluid 0 dis*>g$1 0 call$ ! batt]y2 x 0 ab\t twelve feet squ>e1 & f\r & a half 9 dep?4 ,^! ci/]ns 7 ( /one2 b /rong timb] answ]$ rem>kably well4 ,!re 0 also a lime-vat1 six feet squ>e & f\r feet deep1 ! plug ( :i* 0 at lea/ eight in*es f ! bottom4 ,?is 0 = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! lime to subside1 be=e ! lime-wat] 0 )drawn4 ,! plants !n be+ ripe1 or fit = cutt+1 7 cut ) reap+-hooks1 or sickles1 a few in*es f ! gr\nd--six 0 ! m9imum--& plac$ by /rata 9 ! sleep]1 until x 0 ab\t ?ree p>ts full4 ,!y 7 !n press$ ) bo>ds1 ei!r load$ ) weights or w$g$ d[n1 s z to prev5t ! plants f float+ loosely2 & z mu* wat] 0 admitt$ z !y w\ld imbibe1 until x cov]$ ! mass f\r or five in*es deep4 ,9 ?is /ate x 0 all[$ to f]m5t until ! wat] _h extract$ ! pulp4 ,to "k :5 ?is _h be5 ?or\ghly effect$1 requir$ extreme att5tion & great practical k2 = if ! fluid 7 drawn (f too soon1 mu* ( ! pulp 0 left beh9d2 & if ! f]m5tation cont9u$ too long1 ! t5d] tops ( ! plants 7 decompos$1 & ! :ole crop lo/4 ,:5 ! t9cture or extract 0 receiv$ 9 ! batt]y1 x 0 agitat$ or *urn$ until ! dye began to granulate1 or float 9 little flakes ^u ! surface4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ at "o p]iod 9 ,jamaica by paddles1 work$ by manual labor1 &1 9 ! ,fr5* isl&s1 by buckets or cyl9d]s1 work$ by long poles2 b subsequ5tly--t is1 at ! "t ,edw>ds wrote--conv5i5t app>atus 0 con/ruct$1 ! lev]s ( :i* 7 work$ by a cog-:eel1 kept 9 motion by a horse or mule4 ,:5 ! fluid _h be5 *urn$ = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 a small quantity 0 exam9$ 9 a cup or plate1 & if x appe>$ curdl$ or coagulat$1 /rongly impregnat$ lime-wat] 0 gradually add$1 n only ) a view to promote sep>ation1 b to prev5t decomposition4 ,br[ne rem>ks 7,civil & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,jamaica1 art4 ,indigo71 ! plant]s mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ! diff]5t /ages ( ?is "p ( ! op]ation also1 & att5tively exam9e ! appe>ance & color z ! "w advances1--= ! gra9 passes gradually f a gre5i% to a f9e purple1 :i* is ! prop] color :5 ! liquor is suffici5tly work$1--too small a degree ( agitation leav+ ! indigo gre5 & co>se1 :ile too vigor\s an action br+s x to be almo/ black4 ,! liquor be+ !n1 z we %all suppose1 prop]ly work$1 & granulation e/abli%$1 x 0 left undi/urb$ until ! flakes settl$ at ! bottom1 :5 ! liquor 0 drawn (f1 & ! s$im5t 7:i* is ! indigo7 plac$ 9 little bags to dra91 aft] :i* x 0 c>efully pack$ 9 small squ>e boxes1 & suff]$ to dry gradually 9 ! %ade4 ,su* is ! acc\nt1 ne>ly ^w = ^w1 :i* ,edw>ds gives ( ! mode ( manufactur+ indigo4 ,i %all n[ quote 8 rem>ks ^u ! outlay & ga9 ^u ! article v]batim4--,to :at has be5 said above ( ! nature ( ! plant suit+ itself to e soil1 & produc+ f\r cutt+s 9 ! ye>1 if we add ! *eapness ( ! build+s1 app>atus1 & labor1 & ! great value ( ! commodity1 !re w seem b little cause = wond] at ! spl5did acc\nts :i* are transmitt$ d[n to u conc]n+ ! great opul5ce ( ! fir/ indigo-plant]s4 ,all[+ ! produce ( an acre to be #cjj lbs41 & ! produce no m ?an #ds4 p] p\nd1 ! gross pr(it ( only tw5ty acres w be #a1bjj1 produc$ by ! labor ( only sixte5 negroes1 & on capital 9 l& & build+s sc>ce des]v+ consid]ation4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is /atem5t1 ! au?or in=ms u aft]w>ds t he knew1 9 ! c\rse ( eighte5 ye>s' resid5ce 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 upw>ds ( tw5ty p]sons :o tri$ to re-e/abli% indigo manufactories1 b fail$4 ,?is appe>s /range1 s9ce x is pla9 t :at has once be5 done c be done aga91 b especially 9 ! manufacture ( an article requir+ a capital s v small 9 proportion to ! pr(its z almo/ to tempt ! mo/ cauti\s & ! mo/ timid man to emb>k 9 x4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passage f ! same au?or1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! v loose mann] 9 :i* /atem5ts are made on ! au?ority ( o!rs1 :o are z incompet5t to decide ! m]its ( a "q z ! p>ty himself *ronicl+ _! op9ion4 ,speak+ ( ! tw5ty un=tunate indigo-plant]s1 our au?or ?us writes3--,_m ( !m 7 m5 ( =esight1 k1 & prop]ty4 ,t !y fail$ is c]ta92 b ( ! causes ( _! ,,failure ,i confess ,i c give no satisfactory acc\nt4 ,i 0 told t disappo9tm5t trod close ^u _! heels at e /op4 ,at "o "t ! f]m5tation 0 too long cont9u$1 at ano!r ! liquor 0 drawn (f too soon2 n[ ! pulp 0 n duly granulat$1 & n[ x 0 work$ too mu*4 ,to ^! inconv5i5ces1 = :i* practice w\ld d\btless h f\nd a rem$y1 7 add$ o!rs ( a mu* great] magnitude--! mortality ( ! negroes1 f ! vap\r ( f]m5t$ liquor 7an al>m+ circum/ance1 t1 ,i am in=m$1 bo? by ! ,fr5* & ,engli% plant]s1 con/antly att5ds ! process71 ! failure ( ! seasons1 & ! ravages ( ! worm4 ,^!1 or "s ( ^! evils1 drove !m at l5g? to o!r pursuits1 :]e indu/ry might f9d a sur] recomp5se4--7p4 #bhc47 ,! fallacy ( mu* ( ?is requires no comm5t1 z x mu/ /rike ev5 ! mo/ c>eless read]1--= if ! s-call$ indigo-gr[]s did n "k ! process ( manufactur+ ! commodity1 !n x c\ld n be surpris+ t !y fail$4 ,?us ! cause ( _! failure requir$ no comm5t1 & no explanation4 ,7 a pl\ghman tak5 f ! field & plac$ at ! helm ( a %ip1 & ! vessel 9 consequ5ce wreck$1 w\ld any "o be a/oni%$ b at ! folly ( ^? :o plac$ him !re8 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! indigo-gr[]s1--!y attempt$ :at !y did n und]/&1 &1 consequ5tly1 lo/ _! labor & _! money4 ,! mortality ( ! negroes employ$1 /at$ z ano!r reason = ab&on+ ! attempt1 requires a some:at m l5g?y notice4 ,i c briefly say1 t ,i h le>n$ t 9 ! ,c5tral ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 dea?s among indigo-labor]s are n m frequ5t ?an 9 o!r bran*es ( tropical indu/ry2 & ,i nev] he>d or h read t ! orig9al gr[]s compla9$ ( ! mortality att5d+ ! progress4 ,! tru? is1 t ?is /atem5t is n f\nd$ on fact4 ,!re is no?+ :atev] 9 ! manufacture ( indigo1 ei!r 9 ! cultivation or ! granulation1 or ev5 ! mac]ation & f]m5tation ( ! plant1 :i* is directly or indirectly1 p] se1 injuri\s to human life4 ,i h c]ta9ly nev] se5 ! indigo plant mac]at$ on a l>ge scale2 b ,i h myself /eep$ mu* ( x 9 wat]1 & all[$ x ev5 to rot1 & f\nd no?+ 9 ! mass diff]+ 9 any m>k$ degree f decompos$ vegetable matt]4 ,x seems to me t ?is idea ( ! manufacture ( indigo be+ especially inimical to human life1 is z unf\nd$ z ! belief1 ev5 by ,humboldt1 up to a v rec5t p]iod1 t none ( ! ,c]ealia w\ld gr[ 9 tropical climates4 ,9 conv]s+ ) an old g5tleman 9 ,jamaica1 "s twelve ye>s s9ce1 :o _h tri$ ! manufacture ( indigo1 & ) e prospect ( success1 b ab&on$ x1 z he confess$1 = ! cultivation ( ! sug> cane1 s9ce x 0 !n m pr(itable1 he sugge/$ ! solution1 t z ! manufacture 0 light "w1 probably ag$ & debilitat$1 9 place ( y\?ful & vigor\s slaves1 7 too frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! process--h5ce ! mortality4 ,?is may be correct to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b ,i am also incl9$ to ?9k t ano!r cause ( mortality might be f\nd 9 ! mode & mann] 9 :i* ! negro 0 f$ & clo!d1 & n because ag$ p]sons 7 exclusively engag$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,i believe ,i may /ate1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t ! real cause ( ! decl9e & consequ5t ab&onm5t ( ! indigo plant 0 ! mon/r\s duty levi$ ^u x by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,inde$1 ?is has be5 already /at$ 9 ! extract f ,bridges2 :ile ! cause ( ! failure ( ! attempt to r5ew x1 ov] & above ! reasons we h giv51 0 ! great] temptation to emb>k capital 9 sug> plantations1--! ,we/ ,indies enjoy+ a monopoly 9 ?is article1 :ile !y _h competitors 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ! o!r4 ,i h1 !re=e1 no hesitation 9 say+1 t1 ) a trifl+ capital1 "u prud5t managem5t1 indigo might be cultivat$ to a v great ext5t1 & ) consid]able pr(it1 ev5 n[1 9 ,jamaica4 ,b ! adv5tur] is n to expect to c\nt 8 ga9s1 z ! orig9al gr[]s did1 by ?\s&s2 he mu/ be cont5t ) hundr$s1 if n fifties2 = at ! pres5t day e bran* ( indu/ry is lad5 ) difficulties1 encumb]$ by taxation1 & ob/ruct$ by competition4 ,!re are two objections1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h n remov$1--,i allude to ! failure ( ! seasons & ! ravages ( ! worm4 ,v little ne$ be said to combat ^!4 ,seasons are mutable1 & ! same heav5 t fr[ns ?is ye> on ! labors ( ! husb&man1 may smile ! next2 :ile a rem$y = ! ravages ( ! worm may be f\nd 9 ! mutation ( ! soil1 ! de/ruction ( ! grub1 or ! rotation ( crops1--accessories to success :i* seem n to h ent]$ into ! vocabul>ies ( ! tw5ty pseudo indigo-gr[]s1 _m ( !m m5 ( k1 =esight & prop]ty4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,bryan ,edw>ds w corroborate mu* t ,i h endeavor$ to en=ce4 ,x furni%es n only a solution :i* has be5 h9t$ at be=e1 ( ! enigma :y indigo ceas$ to be cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica1 b also an inc5tive to re-introduce ! culture4 ,he says 7p4 #ddd71 ,x is a rem>kable & well-kn[n circum/ance1 aft] ! cultivation ( indigo 0 suppress$ by an exorbitant duty ( ne> #bj ! hundr$-weight1 ,great ,brita9 0 compell$ to pay h] rivals & enemies #bjj1jjj annually = ?is commodity1 s ess5tial to a great v>iety ( h] mo/ important manufactures4 ,at l5g?1 ! duty be+ repeal$1 & a b\nty "s "t aft] sub/itut$ 9 its place1 ! ,/ates ( ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ent]$ ^u1 & succe$+ 9 ! culture ( ?is valuable plant1 suppli$ at a f> *eap] rate ?an ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds 7receiv+ too our manufactures 9 paym5t7 n only ! ,briti% consumption1 b also enabl$ ,great ,brita9 to export a surplus at an advanc$ price to =eign m>kets4--,x is !re=e pla9 t ! manufacture ( indigo 0 lo/ to ,jamaica1 n f any difficulty 9 gr[+ ! plant1 or f any loss ( life att5d+ ! process ( manufactur+ x1 b f ! ru9\sly heavy duty ( #bj ! hundr$-weight--& t n[1 :5 no duty exi/s1 x might be aga9 cultivat$ ) great advantage4 ,! cultivation ( indigo has be5 repeat$ly attempt$ 9 ,cuba1 b nev] ) mu* success2 al?\gh ! %rub call$ ! ,xiquilite1 f :i* x is extract$1 gr[s wild 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ! isl&1 b m especially t[>ds ! ea/]n extremity4 ,! fir/ anil]ia1 or manufactory ( indigo1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agie1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,ayuntam5to ( ! ,havana1 :o made an advance ( #c1ejj doll>s1 )\t int]e/1 to ! p>ty engag+ 9 ! speculation1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! ent]prise2 b ! und]tak+ prov$ unsuccessful1 & ! same fate has befall5 e subsequ5t attempt to introduce ?is bran* ( indu/ry4 ,9 #ahbg1 ! :ole produce am\nt$ only to #ef arrobas4 ,9 #ahcg ! imports ( indigo greatly exce$$ ! exports2 ! =m] hav+ am\nt$ to #aba1cej lbs41 & ! latt] to #hb1hij lbs4 ,9 #ahcc1 #e1ahd lbs4 rea*$ ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ! ,havana1 & 9 #ahdc1 #fb1fge lbs4 ,9 #ahbf ,briti% ,honduras export$ #ceh1eeb lbs42 9 #ahcj1 #b1fej s]ons2 9 #ahdd1 #a1bdg s]ons2 & 9 #ahde1 #a1jeb s]ons4 ,! indigo %rub is "o ( ! mo/ common bu%es 9 ,tr9idad1 :]e x gr[s wild on almo/ all ! indiff]5t soils4 ,9 #aghc1 !re 7 sev]al plantations & manufactories ( indigo e/abli%$ 9 ,tr9idad2 ^! 7 subsequ5tly ab&on$1 on acc\nt ( a supposition t !y 7 unheal?y4 ,prior to #aghc1 ! coloni/s _h a k9d ( simple process by :i* !y extract$ suffici5t color+ matt] to s]ve dome/ic consumption4 ,?is process is at pres5t unkn[n1 h5ce all ! indigo us$ !re is import$ f ,europe1 al?\gh ! plant f :i* x c be made vegetates 9 e direction4 ,9 #agia ,hayti import$ #icj1jaf lbs4 ( indigo1 :ile 9 #ahjd ! export _h dw9dl$ to #ce1djj lbs4 ,indigo1 z ,i h already /at$1 0 once a mo/ important crop 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 "s att5tion has rec5tly aga9 be5 giv5 to x by an individual or two 9 ,l\isiana1 & ! ent]prise is said to promise success2 en\gh might und\bt$ly be rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to supply ! home m>ket4 ,"s indigo produc$ at ,baton ,r\ge 0 pron\nc$ to h be5 equal to ! be/ ,c>accas1 :i* sells at two doll>s p] p\nd2 & ! g5tleman :o cultivat$ x rem>ks1 t "o acre ( gr\nd !re1 well cultivat$1 w yield f #dj to #fj lbs42 t x requires only f ,july to ,octob] = cultivat+ x2 t !re is n connect$ ) x "o-?ird ( ! exp5se or "t t is g5]ally requir$ = ! cultivation ( cotton4 ,i take ! foll[+ f ,smy?'s ,t\r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is plant is some:at l ! f]n :5 gr[n1 & :5 "y is h>dly di/+ui%able f luc]n grass1 its leaves 9 g5]al are p9nat$1 & t]m9at$ by a s+le lobe2 ! fl[]s consi/ ( five leaves1 & are ( ! papilonace\s k9d1 ! upp]mo/ petal be+ long] & r\nd] ?an ! re/1 & lightly furr[$ on ! side1 ! l[] ones are %ort & end 9 a po9t2 9 ! middle ( ! fl[] is =m$ ! /yle1 :i* aft]w>ds becomes a pod conta9+ ! se$s4 ,!y cultivate ?ree sorts ( indigo 9 ,c>ol9a1 :i* dem& ! same v>iety ( soils4 ,fir/1 ! ,fr5* or ,hispaniola indigo1 :i* /rik+ a long tap root w only fl\ri% 9 a deep ri* soil1 & !re=e1 ?\gh an excell5t sort1 is n s mu* cultivat$ 9 ! m>itime p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 :i* are g5]ally s&y1 b x is produc$ 9 great p]fection "o hundr$ miles backw>ds2 x is neglect$ too on ano!r acc\nt1 = x h>dly be>s a w9t] s %>p z t ( ,c>ol9a4 ,! second sort1 :i* is ! false ,guatemala1 or true ,bahamas1 be>s ! w9t] bett]1 is a m tall & vigor\s plant1 is rais$ 9 great] quantities f ! same compass ( gr\nd1 is cont5t ) ! wor/ soil 9 ! c\ntry1 & is !re=e m cultivat$ ?an ! fir/ soil1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 ! quality ( its dye4 ,! ?ird sort is ! wild indigo1 :i* is indig5\s "h2 ?is1 z x is a native ( ! c\ntry1 answ]s ! purposes ( ! plant] be/ ( all1 ) reg>d to ! h>d9ess ( ! plant1 ! eas9ess ( ! culture1 & ! quantity ( ! produce4 ,( ! quality !re is "s dispute n yet settl$ among/ ! plant]s !mselves2 nor c !y di/9ctly tell :5 !y are to attribute ! faults ( _! indigo to ! nature ( ! plant1 to ! seasons1 :i* h mu* influ5ce ^u x1 or to "s defect 9 ! manufacture4 ,! "t ( plant+ ! indigo is g5]ally aft] ! fir/ ra9s succe$+ ! v]nal equ9ox2 ! se$ is s[n 9 small /raight tr5*es1 ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty in*es asund]2 :5 x is at its height1 x is g5]ally eighte5 in*es tall4 ,x is fit = cutt+1 if all ?+s answ] well1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,july4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/ a second cutt+ is obta9$1 & if !y h a mild autumn1 !re is a ?ird cutt+ at ,mi*aelmas4 ,! indigo l& mu/ be we$$ e day1 ! plants cleans$ f worms1 & ! plantation att5d$ ) ! greate/ c>e & dilig5ce4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five h&s may manage a plantation ( fifty acres1 & complete ! manufacture ( ! drug1 besides provid+ _! own necess>y subsi/5ce & t ( ! plant]'s family4 ,ea* acre yields1 if ! l& be v good1 #fj or #gj lbs4 weight ( indigo1 at a m$ium ! produce is #ej lbs4 ,?is h[ev]1 is reckon$ by _m skilful plant]s b a v indiff]5t crop4 ,:5 ! plant is beg9n+ to blossom x is fit = cutt+1 & :5 cut great c>e ought to be tak5 to br+ x to ! /eep] )\t press+ or %ak+ x1 z great "p ( ! beauty ( ! indigo dep5ds ^u ! f9e f>9a1 :i* adh]es to ! leaves ( ?is plant4 ,! app>atus = mak+ indigo is inconsid]able & n exp5sive1 = besides a pump1 ! :ole consi/s only ( vats & tubs ( cypress wood1 common & *eap 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! indigo1 :5 cut1 is fir/ laid 9 a vat1 ab\t twelve or f\rte5 feet long & f\r feet deep1 to ! height ( ab\t f\rte5 in*es1 to mac]ate & dige/2 !n ?is vessel1 :i* is call$ ! /eep]1 is fill$ ) wat]2 ! :ole hav+ laid f ab\t twelve to sixte5 h\rs1 accord+ to ! wea!r1 beg9s to f]m5t1 swell1 rise1 & gr[ s5sibly w>m4 ,at ?is "t sp>s ( wood are run across1 to m>k ! highe/ po9t ( its asc5t2 :5 x falls bel[ ?is m>k1 !y judge t ! f]m5tation has atta9$ its due pit*1 & beg9s to abate2 ?is directs ! manag] to op5 a cock1 & let (f ! wat] into ano!r vat1 :i* is call$ ! beat]2 ! gross matt] t rema9s 9 ! fir/ vat is c>ri$ (f to manure ! gr\nd1 = :i* purpose x is excell5t1 & new cutt+s are put 91 z long z ! h>ve/ ( ! we$ cont9ues4 ,:5 ! wat]1 /rongly impregnat$ ) ! p>ticles ( indigo1 has run into ! second vat or beat]1 !y att5d ) a sort ( bottomless buckets1 ) long h&les1 to "w & agitate x1 :5 x fro?s1 f]m5ts1 & rises above ! rim ( ! vessel t conta9s x4 ,to allay ?is viol5t f]m5tation1 oil is ?r[n 9 z ! fro? rises1 :i* in/antly s9ks x4 ,:5 ?is beat+ has cont9u$ = tw5ty1 ?irty1 or ?irty-five m9utes1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r 7= 9 cool wea!r x requires ! longe/ cont9u$ beat+71 a small muddy gra9 beg9s to be =m$2 ! salts & o!r p>ticles ( ! plant unit$1 dissolv$1 & be=e mix$ ) ! wat]1 are n[ re-unit$ toge!r1 & beg9 to granulate4 ,to discov] ^! p>ticles ! bett]1 & to f9d :5 ! liquor is suffici5tly beat51 !y take up "s ( x f "t to "t on a plate1 or 9 a glass2 :5 x appe>s 9 a hopeful condition1 !y let loose "s lime wat] f an adjac5t vessel1 g5tly /irr+ ! :ole1 :i* wond]fully facilitates ! op]ation2 ! indigo granulates m fully1 ! liquor assumes a purpli% color1 & ! :ole is tr\bl$ & muddy2 x is n[ suff]$ to settle2 !n ! cle>] "p is p]mitt$ to run (f into ano!r succession ( vessels1 f :5ce ! wat] is convey$ away z fa/ z x cle>s on ! top1 until no?+ rema9s b a ?ick mud1 :i* is put into bags ( co>se l954 ,^! are hung up & left = "s "t until ! moi/ure is entirely dra9$ (f4 ,to f9i% ! dry+1 ?is mud is turn$ out ( ! bags1 & work$ ^u bo>ds ( "s por\s timb]1 ) a wood5 spatula2 x is frequ5tly expos$ to ! morn+ & ev5+ sun1 b = a %ort "t only2 & !n x is put into boxes or frames1 :i* is call$ ! cur+1 expos$ aga9 to ! sun 9 ! same cauti\s mann]1 until1 ) great labor & att5tion ! op]ation is f9i%$1 & ! valuable drug fitt$ = ! m>ket4 ,! greate/ skill & c>e is requir$ 9 e "p ( ! process1 or !re may be great dang] ( ru9+ ! :ole2 ! wat] mu/ n be suff]$ to rema9 too %ort or too long a "t1 ei!r 9 ! /eep] or beat]2 ! beat+ itself mu/ be nicely manag$1 s z n to exce$ or fall %ort2 & 9 ! cur+ ! exact m$ium betwe5 too mu* or too little dry+ is n easily atta9$4 ,no?+ b exp]i5ce c make ! ov]se]s skilful 9 ^! matt]s4 ,!re are two me?ods ( try+ ! goodness ( indigo2 by fire & by wat]4 ,if x swims x is good1 if x s9ks x is inf]ior1 ! heavi] ! worse2 s if x :olly dissolves 9 wat] x is good4 ,ano!r way ( prov+ x1 is by ! fire ordeal2 if x entirely burns away x is good1 ! adult]ations rema9 unt\*$4 ,indigo to ! ext5t ( #bbj1jjj lbs4 p] annum is gr[n 9 ,egypt4 ,! leaves are !re ?r[n into e>!n vessels1 :i* are buri$ 9 pits & fill$ ) wat]2 heat is appli$1 & ! liquid is boil$ away until ! indigo becomes ( a fit consi/5ce1 :5 x is press$ into %ape & dri$4 ,_m ,arm5ians h be5 invit$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies to tea* ! fellahs ! be/ mode ( prep>ation1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 n9e indigo works h be5 e/abli%$ belong+ to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! indigo plant is f\nd scatt]$ l a we$ abundantly ov] ! face ( ! c\ntry 9 ! di/rict ( ,natal1 ,ea/]n ,africa4 ,x is said t !re are no less ?an t5 v>ieties ( ! plant commonly to be met ) !re4 ,mr4 ,bla9e submitt$1 9 #ahdh1 to ! ,man*e/] ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 a small specim5 ( ?is dye-/uff1 :i* _h be5 extract$ by a rude process f a native plant1 :i* 0 pron\nc$ by good au?ority to be ( sup]ior quality1 & wor? #cs4 #d;d4 p] p\nd4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,wilson1 a settl] at ,natal1 9 a lett] to ! editor ( ! ,natal ,witness1 ?us speaks ( ! culture3-- ,my att5tion 0 fir/ =cibly drawn to ! cultivation ( indigo by "s se$ import$ by ,mr4 ,k9lock1 f ,india4 ,?is se$1 on trial1 ,i f\nd to gr[ luxuriantly2 & aft] a few exp]im5ts ,i succe$$ 9 manufactur+ ! dye4 ,! success :i* ?us att5d$ my fir/ attempts has enc\rag$ me to try indigo plant+ on a m ext5sive scale4 ,= ?is purpose ,i am all[+ all ! plants ( ?is season to run to se$1 & int5d to plant equal quantities ( ,b5gal & native indigo4 ,:ile my att5tion 0 engag$ 9 ^! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 ,i obs]v$ t ! c\ntry ab\nd$ 9 a v>iety ( species ( indigo1 & by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts f\nd x ri* & abundant1 & h s9ce le>nt t x is kn[n & 9 use among ! natives1 & call$ by !m ,umpekumbeto4 ,?is ( c\rse induc$ fur!r inquiry1 & on consult+ diff]5t works ,i f9d t ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope possesses m species ( indigo ?an ! :ole _w besides4 ,n[ ,i take x = grant$ t if ,provid5ce has plac$ ^! mat]ials )9 our rea*1 x 0 evid5tly int5d$ t we %\ld1 by ! application ( indu/ry1 appropriate !m to our use4 ,x becomes1 !n1 a matt] ( necessity t indigo mu/ ?rive1 ?is be+ its native soil & climate2 & ! exp]im5ts ,i h successfully made1 g to support me 9 ! op9ion t ! cultivation ( indigo w br+ an ample rew>d4 ,inde$ x seems contr>y to ! laws ( nature t x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,i h obta9$ f ! #adj? "p ( an acre ! proportion ( #cjj lbs4 ( indigo p] acre4 ,t ! plant w cross successfully1 ,i h also asc]ta9$4 ,cultivation 9 ,india4--,dur+ ! n9e ye>s :i* prec$$ ! op5+ ( ! trade ) ,india 9 #ahad1 ! annual av]age produce ( indigo 9 ,b5gal1 = exportation1 0 ne>ly #e1fjj1jjj lbs4 ,b s9ce ! ports 7 op5$1 ! indigo produc$ = exportation has increas$ fully a ?ird2 ! exports dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s end+ ) #ahbi-cj1 be+ above #g1djj1jjj lbs4 a ye>4 ,! consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has av]ag$1 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ab\t #b1ejj1jjj lbs4 a ye>4 ,9 #ahci-dj ! export ( indigo f ,madras am\nt$ to #a1ccc1hjh lbs4 ,a small quantity is also export$ f ! ,fr5* settlem5t ( ,pondi*]ry4 ,9 #ahcg ! export f ,manila am\nt$ to ab\t #bej1jjj lbs4 ,! export f ,batavia 9 #ahda am\nt$ to #iac1fic lbs41 & ! production 9 #ahdc 0 d\ble t am\nt4 ,! annual exports ( indigo1 f all p>ts ( ,asia & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 7 tak5 by ,m',cullo*1 9 #ahdj1 to be #ab1ddj1jjj lbs4 ,! imports are ab\t #bj1jjj *e/s ( ,b5gal1 & #h1jjj f ,madras annually1 ( :i* #i1jjj or #aj1jjj are us$ = home consumption1 & ! re/ re-export$4 ,! total crop ( indigo 9 ! ,b5gal ,presid5cy has rang$1 = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 at f #ajj1jjj to #agb1jjj factory maunds2 ! highe/ crop 0 9 #ahde4 ,! factory maund ( indigo 9 ,india is ab\t #gh lbs4 ,9 ! delta ( ! ,ganges1 :]e ! be/ & l>ge/ quantity ( indigo is produc$1 ! plant la/s only = a s+le season1 be+ de/roy$ by ! p]iodical inundation2 b 9 ! dry c5tral & we/]n prov9ces1 "o or two ratoon crops are obta9$4 ,! culture ( indigo is v prec>i\s1 n only 9 s f> z respects ! gr[? ( ! plant f ye> to ye>1 b also z reg>ds ! quantity & quality ( ! drug :i* ! same am\nt ( plant w af=d 9 ! same season4 ,! fix$ capital requir$1 z ,i h already %[n1 9 ! manufacture ( indigo1 consi/s simply ( a few vats ( common masonry = /eep+ ! plant1 & precipitat+ ! color+ matt]2 a boil+ & dry+ h\se1 & a dwell+ = ! plant]4 ,?us a factory ( t5 pair ( vats1 capable ( produc+1 at an av]age1 #ab1ejj lbs4 ( indigo1 wor? on ! spot #b1ejj1 w n co/ above #a1ejj /]l+4 ,! build+s & ma*9]y necess>y to produce an equal value 9 sug> & rum1 w\ld probably co/ ab\t #d1jjj4 ,! indigo ( ,b5gal is divid$ into two classes1 call$1 9 comm]cial language1 ,b5gal & ,oude2 ! fir/ be+ ! produce ( ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,b5gal & ,bah>1 & ! la/ t ( ! nor!rn prov9ces1 & ( ,b5>es4 ,! fir/ class is 9 po9t ( quality mu* sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,! inf]iority ( ! ,oude indigo is ?\ght to be m ! result ( soil & climate1 ?an ( any diff]5ce 9 ! skill ) :i* ! manufacture is conduct$4 ,! indigo ( ,madras1 :i* is sup]ior to t ( ,manila1 is ab\t equal to ord9>y ,b5gal indigo4 ,! produce ( ,java is sup]ior to ^!4 ,l>ge quantities ( indigo1 ( a v f9e quality1 are gr[n 9 ,sc9de4 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! receipt1 f ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t1 ( an int]e/+ collection ( docum5ts on ! culture & manufacture ( indigo 9 ,upp] ,sc9de4 ,! pap]s are *iefly f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,wood1 ,deputy ,collector ( ,sukkur1 ?\gh !re are sev]al o!rs1 p]haps ( mu* value1 f v>i\s o!r ( ! rev5ue (fic]s ( ,sc9de4 ,mr4 ,wood is ( op9ion t ,sc9de is mu* bett] suit$ ?an ,b5gal = ! production ( ?is dye-/uff--! alluvial soil on ! banks ( ! ,indus is equal 9 ri*ness to t on ^? ( ! ,ganges1 & ! climate seems equally well suit$ = ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,b 9 two ye>s out ( ?ree1 ! crops ( ! ,b5gal plant] are injur$ by excessive inundations1 :ile ! "w ( ga!r+ & manipulation is necess>ily p]=m$1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 "u ! greate/ imag9able disadvantages4 ,9 ,sc9de1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inundation ( ! riv] is produc$ almo/ solely f ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 ! ,himalayas1 & x is n liable to ^? excessive fluctuations 9 am\nt1 or t sudd5ness 9 appe>ance peculi> to inundations *iefly aris+ f falls ( ra94 ,! ,granges sometimes rises t5 feet 9 f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs1 & at "s "p ( its c\rse its dep? is at times =ty feet great] dur+ a flood ?an 9 fair wea!r1 :ile ! ,indus r>ely rises above a foot a day1 its extreme flood nev] exce$+ fifte5 feet1 ! limits & am\nt ( ! inundation be+ s+ul>ly uni=m ov] a succession ( ye>s4 ,moreov]1 z ra9 h>dly ev] falls 9 ,sc9de1 & :5 x does s only cont9ues ov] a few days1 & ext5ds to ! am\nt ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 no dang] or inconv5i5ce f ?is ne$ be appreh5d$4 ,mr4 ,wood m5tions t hemp may be gr[n 9 pr(usion on ! indigo gr\nds1 & t 7 ! production ( ! dye once introduc$1 x w\ld br+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( acres n[ b>r5 into cultivation1 & secure ! gr[? or manufacture ( a va/ v>iety ( o!r commodities = :i* ! c\ntry is em95tly fitt$4 ,an exp]im5tal factory might1 x is believ$1 be set up = f two to ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 b ?is appe>s to be an am\nt ( adv5ture f :i* ! ,gov]nm5t %r9ks4 ,! di/ricts ( ,ki%nag>1 ,jessore1 & ,moor%$abad1 9 ,b5gal1 rang+ f #hh to #ij degs4 ,e4 latitude1 & #bb to #bd degs4 ,n4 longitude1 produce ! f9e/ indigo4 ,t f ! di/ricts ab\t ,burdwan & ,b5>es is ( a co>s] or h>%] gra94 ,tirhoot1 9 latitude #bf degs41 yields a tol]ably good article4 ,! portion ( ,b5gal mo/ propiti\s to ! cultivation ( indigo1 lies betwe5 ! riv] ,hooghly & ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,ganges4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 aft] hav+ pl\gh$ ! gr\nd 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 !y s[ ! se$ 9 ! la/ half ( ,m>* & ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 :ile ! soil1 be+ nei!r too hot nor too dry1 is mo/ propiti\s to its g]m9ation4 ,a light m\ld answ]s be/2 & sun%9e1 ) occasional light %[]s1 are mo/ favorable to its gr[?4 ,twelve p\nds ( se$ are suffici5t = s[+ an acre ( l&4 ,! plants gr[ rapidly1 & w be> to be cut = ! fir/ "t at ! beg9n+ ( ,july2 nay1 9 "s di/ricts s e>ly z ! middle ( ,june4 ,! indications ( maturity are ! bur/+ =? ( ! fl[] buds1 & ! expansion ( ! blossoms2 at :i* p]iod ! plant ab\nds mo/ 9 ! dye+ pr9ciple4 ,ano!r indication is tak5 f ! leaves1 :i*1 if !y break across :5 d\bl$ flat1 d5ote a /ate ( maturity4 ,b ?is "* is some:at fallaci\s1 & dep5ds ^u ! pov]ty or ri*ness ( ! soil4 ,:5 mu* ra9 falls1 ! plants gr[ too rapidly1 & d n suffici5tly elaborate ! blue pigm5t4 ,bright sun%9e is mo/ advantage\s to its production4 ,! fir/ cropp+ ( ! plants is ! be/2 aft] two mon?s a second is made2 aft] ano!r int]val a ?ird1 & ev5 a f\r?2 b ea* ( ^! is ( dim9i%$ value4 ,culture 9 ,india4--,= ! foll[+ excell5t acc\nt ( ! modes ( culture1 & practice1 c41 9 ,b5gal1 & o!r p>ts ( ,india1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,johnson1 "o ( ! correspond5ts ( my ,colonial ,magaz9e4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 besides 8 own ,indian exp]i5ce1 has consult$ all ! be/ au?orities1 & ! op9ions ( contributors to ! lead+ p]iodicals ( ,calcutta on ?is important subject3-- ,:5 ,am]ica became kn[n to ,europeans1 its indigo became to !m a pr9cipal object ( cultivation1 & aga9/ _! skill ! native ,h9do/anee _h no?+ to oppose1 b ! *eapness ( 8 simple process ( manufacture4 ,! pr(it & ext5t ( ! trade soon induc$ ,europeans to brave ! p]ils ( di/ance & climate to cultivate ! plant 9 ,h9do/an2 b ^! ob/acles1 add$ to ! sup]ior article manufactur$ by ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 w\ld long h held its produce 9 ,india 9 subord9ation1 if ! an>*y & w>s incid5t to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 especially :5 !y rea*$ ,/4 ,dom+o1 _h n almo/ annihilat$ ! trade f ! ,we/1 & consequ5tly proportionally fo/]$ t 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! indigo produce ( ,/4 ,dom+o 0 ne>ly z l>ge z t ( all ! o!r ,we/ ,india isl&s toge!r4 ,f ! "t t ! negroes revolt$ 9 t isl&1 ! cultivation ( indigo has increas$ 9 ,h9do/an1 until x has become "o ( its pr9cipal exports1 & ! quality ( ! article manufactur$ is n inf]ior to t ( any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ g5]al mode ( obta9+ ! necess>y supply ( we$1 z x is call$ by ! plant]1 is z foll[s3--,! l& atta*$ to ! factory is p>cell$ out among ! ryots or f>m]s1 :o contract to devote a c]ta9 portion ( _! f>m to ! cultivation ( indigo1 & to deliv] x1 = a fix$ price p] bundle1 at ! factory2 a sum ( money1 usually equal to half ! probable produce1 has to be advanc$ to ! ryot by ! plant]1 to enable him to accompli% ! cultivation1 & to subsi/ ^u until ! crop is ready = cutt+4 ,if1 z is g5]ally ! case1 suffici5t l& is n atta*$ to ! factory to supply x ) plant1 ! own] obta9s :at he requires by induc+ ! ryots 9 8 vic9ity to cultivate x ^u a "p ( _! l&4 ,yet x is ) !m f> f a favorite object ( cultivation2 &1 inde$1 if x 7 n = ! money advanc$ to ea* ryot by ! plant]1 to provide se$1 c41 & :i* gives him a little ready money1 be>+ no int]e/1 x is d\btful :e!r he w\ld engage 9 ! cultivation at all4 ,ev5 ?is advance ( money does n induce him to appropriate x to any b ! wor/ "p ( 8 f>m1 nor to be/[ ^u x m ?an ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( labor4 ,! reasons = ?is neglect are valid1 = ! gra9 crops are m pr(itable to ! ryot1 & indigo is "o ( ! mo/ prec>i\s ( ,india's vegetable products4 ,9 ,b5gal ! usual t]ms ( contract betwe5 ! manufactur] & ! ryot are1 t ! latt]1 receiv+ at ! "t a c]ta9 advance ( money1 p]haps "o rupee 7#bs47 p] biggah1 ) promise ( a simil> sum at a m advanc$ p]iod ( ! season1 und]takes to h a c]ta9 quantity ( l& suitably & seasonably prep>$ = s[+1 to att5d & receive se$ :5ev] occasion requires1 & to deliv] ! crop1 :5 call$ ^u1 at ! factory1 at a specifi$ price p] bundle or #ajj bundles4 ,! p>ticul> conditions ( ^! contracts v>y g5]ally 9 ,b5gal2 !y am\nt to advanc+ ! ryot two rupees = e biggah ( l&1 furni%+ him ) se$ at ab\t "o-?ird its co/1 on an engagem5t f him to return :atev] 8 l&s may produce 7:i*1 z has be5 said1 is g5]ally none at all71 at ! price *>g$1 & receiv+ ! plant f him at six1 sev51 eight1 or sometimes n9e bundles = a rupee--mu* (t5] ! =m] ?an ! latt] rates4 ,a ryot cultivat+ alluvial l&s1 & hav+ no se$1 c h>dly ev] repay 8 advances2 b x does n foll[ t he has be5 a los]1 = he1 p]haps1 c\ld n value 8 "t1 labor1 & r5t altoge!r at half ! am\nt2 & z long z ?is sy/em is kept )9 mod]ate b\nds1 x answ]s mu* bett] ?an private cultivation to ! manufactur]1 & has _m cont+5t advantages to ! cultivator4 ,9 ,tirhoot simil> engagem5ts are ent]$ into ) ! ryots1 :o are !re call$ ,assamees4 ,^! engagem5ts ) ,assamees are g5]ally made 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 on a writt5 in/rum5t call$ a noviskaun1 by :i* !y agree = a c]ta9 quantity ( l&1 = five ye>s1 to be cultivat$ ) indigo plant1 & = :i* !y are to be paid at ! rate ( six rupees p] biggah1 = e full field ( plant measur$ by a luggie or measur+-rod4 ,! luggie1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 v>ies 9 size ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n divisions ( ,tirhoot & ,s>un x is eight-&-a-half to t5 feet long2 & 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n f twelve to f\rte5 feet4 ,! ,assamee receives1 on ! day ( mak+ 8 bundobu/1 or settlem5t1 ?ree rupees advance on ea* biggah he contracts =1 ano!r rupee p] biggah :5 ! crop is fit to we$1 & ! rema9+ two rupees at ! ensu+ settlem5t ( acc\nts4 ,exclusive ( ! price ( 8 maul or plant1 ! ,assamee is entitl$ to receive two or ?ree rupees p] biggah 7z may be agre$ on7 = gurkee1 or l&s t h fail$1 z a remun]ation = 8 tr\ble1 & to enable him to pay 8 r5t4 ,! =ego+ are ! pr9cipal /ipulations ( ! noviskaun1 b ! ,assamee fur!r engages to give y su* l& z y may select1 prep>e x accord+ to in/ructions f ! factory1 s[ & we$ z (t5 z he is requir$1 cut ! plant & load ! hack]ies at 8 own co/1 & 9 e o!r respect con=m to ! ord]s ( ! plant] or 8 aumlah 7manag+ man74 ,! ,assamee is n *>g$ = se$1 ! c>tage ( 8 plants1 or = ! co/ ( drill+4 ,i %\ld m5tion t a p5alty is atta*$ to ! non-fulfilm5t ( ! ,assamees engagem5ts1 commonly call$ hurjah1 viz41 twelve rupees = e biggah %ort ( 8 agreem5t1 & ?is = e ye> t ! noviskaun has to run4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 seldom recov]able1 = if y sue ! ,assamee 9 c\rt & obta9 a decree 7a mo/ exp5sive & dilatory process71 he c 9 mo/ in/ances easily evade x by a fictiti\s transf] ( 8 prop]ty to o!r h&s4 ,! plant] g5]ally f9ds x 8 int]e/ to get ! ,zem9d> ( ! village 9 :i* he proposes cultivat+1 to jo9 9 ! noviskaun1 z a fur!r security2 or he engages ) a jyt$>1 or head ,assamee1 hav+ sev]al o!rs subord9ate to him1 & = ^: conduct he is responsible4 ,b a /ill bett] sy/em is lately ga9+ gr\nd 9 ?is di/rict1 ,i mean t ( tak+ villages 9 ticka1 or f>m1 by f> ! be/ & *eape/ plan t has ev] be5 resort$ to = ! cultivation ( indigo4 ,:5 ! plant] cultivates ! gr\nd himself1 x is call$ 9 ,tirhoot ,z]ant cultivation4 ,z]ants1 or ,neiz1 are tak5 on a pottah or lease = five ye>s1 at ! av]age r5t ( ?ree rupees p] biggah4 ,! heavy co/ att5d+ ?is cultivation has occasion$ its decrease 9 mo/ factories 9 ,tirhoot & p>ticul>ly s9ce ! fall 9 prices4 ,ab\t a ?ird1 ,i believe1 0 ! proportion x =m]ly bore to ! :ole cultivation ( ! di/rict1 b ( late su* factories only h reta9$ x z _c procure suffici5t good l& "u ! ,assamew> sy/em2 b n[ t ! plan ( tak+ villages 9 f>m is becom+ m & m preval5t "h1 x is v likely t ,z]ants w be entirely ab&on$4 ,f all ! in=mation ,i h be5 able to collect1 ! co/ ( a biggah ( ,z]ant 7t5 feet luggie7 may be e/imat$ at sixte5 rupees2 t ( ,assamew> is g5]ally tw5ty-five p] c5t4 less1 bo? exclusive ( int]e/1 ag5ts' *>ges1 & private exp5ses4 ,x c only be ! reluctance ( ! ryot to cultivate indigo t induces a manufactur] to gr[ x himself1 = x has be5 f\nd an exp5sive plan1 pr(itable only :5 ! dye is at its highe/ rate1 & ev5 !n sc>cely furni%+ an adequate return4 ,!y n only c\ld n cultivate s *eaply z ! native labor+ husb&man1 b ord9>ily _h to engage ext5sive tracts ( l&1 mu* ( :i* 0 n suitable = _! purpose1 or1 p]haps1 = any o!r1 & consequ5tly1 al?\gh ! av]age rate ( r5t 0 ev5 l[ on ! :ole1 x con/itut$ a v heavy *>ge on ! portion f :i* !y obta9$ _! return4 ,9 ,oude !re are ?ree sy/ems ( obta9+ a supply ( ! plant1 viz41 ,ku% ,kurreea1 ,bigh[ty1 & ,nij2 b ! latt] is a m]e trifle 9 proportion to ! o!rs1 & is1 !re=e1 n wor? m5tion+4 ,on ! ,bigh[ty sy/em1 :i* prevails *iefly 9 ! ,me]ut & ,mooradabad di/ricts1 ! plant] advances = a biggah ( ,jum[ah 7irrigat$ s[+s7 n9e rupees1 & = a biggah ( ,ass>oo 7ra9 s[+s7 five rupees f\r annas4 ,! next ye>'s plant1 or khoonti1 becomes 8 on an additional paym5t ( eight annas p] biggah4 ,he also supplies ! se$ at ! rate ( six se]s p] biggah1 be+ almo/ d\ble ! quantity made use ( 9 ,b5gal1 b :i* is necess>y to make up = ! de/ruction ( ! plant ! ye> foll[+ by ! fro/1 :ite ants1 hot w9ds1 grass cutt]s1 &1 ,i may add1 ! village cattle1 :i* are let loose to graze on ! khoonte dur+ ! latt] p]iod1 :5 n a blade ( grass or vegetation is to be se5 any:]e left4 ,! ,bigh[ty sy/em is a sadly ru9\s "o1 z1 indep5d5tly ( ! attempts to assimilate ,ass>oo1 at five rupees f\r annas1 ) ,jum[ah1 at n9e rupees p] biggah1 :i* is v easily effect$ if ! plant] is n v vigilant1 he is oblig$ to ma9ta9 an ext5sive & impos+ e/abli%m5t ( s]vants1 n only to en=ce ! s[+s1 we$+1 & cutt+1 b also to look aft] 8 khoonte1 & protect x f be+ de/roy$ by bullocks & grass cutt]s1 or f be+ pl\gh$ up cl&e/9ely by ! ,zem9d>s !mselves4 ,! ,ku% ,kurreea sy/em aga9 has its evils1 z ! plant] nev] gets plant = ! full am\nt ( 8 advances1 & h5ce (t5 leads to 8 ru94 ,soils4--,indigo delights 9 a fre% soil2 new l&s1 ( simil> /aple to o!rs be=e cultivat$1 always surpass !m 9 ! am\nt & quality ( _! produce4 ,h5ce arises ! sup]ior productiv5ess ( ! l&s annually ov]fl[$ by ! ,ganges1 ! e>?y & sal9e deposits f :i* 9 effect r5ovate ! soil4 ,! fur!r we rec$e f ! influ5ce ( ! inundation1 ! less adapt$ is ! soil = ! cultivation ( indigo4 ,! /aple ( ! soil ought to be silici\s1 f]tile1 & deep4 ,mr4 ,ball>d1 writ+ on ! indigo soils ( ,tirhoot1 says t high soomba1 or light soils1 are g5]ally pref]r$1 be+ f _! nature & level less expos$ to ! risk ( ra9 or riv] inundation2 b !y are difficult to procure1 &1 moreov]1 require p>ticul> c>e 9 ! prep>ation4 ,next 9 e/imation is doruss1 a ne>ly equal mixture ( light e>? & clay2 a soil m ret5tive ( moi/ure 9 a dry season ?an any o!r4 ,muttyaur1 or heavy clay soils1 are g5]ally avoid$1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 seasons1 ) mild %[]s ( ra91 !y h be5 kn[n to answ]4 ,! safe/ selection ,i %\ld conceive to be an equal portion ( soomba & doruss4 ,9 a c\ntry1 h[ev]1 int]sp]s$ ) jheels & nullahs1 x is difficult to =m a cultivation )\t a consid]able mixture ( l[ l&s1 m or less1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! ,assamee's fields4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak51 at all ev5ts1 to gu>d aga9/ oosur l&s1 or su* z ab\nd ) saltpetre2 ^! c be mo/ easily detect$ 9 ! dry mon?s4 ,pu*katak1 t is1 l&s slightly t\*$ ) oosur1 h be5 kn[n to answ]1 z p>tak+ m ( ! nature ( doruss soil2 b ! crop is g5]ally ?91 al?\gh /rong & bran*y4 ,!re is ano!r description ( l& t %\ld be cauti\sly avoid$4 ,x goes by ! "n ( jaung1 & is a light soil1 ) a sub/ratum ( s& f six to twelve in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,! plant g5]ally looks v f9e 9 su* fields till x gets a foot high1 :5 ! root t\*+ ! s&1 & hav+ no moi/ure to su/a9 x1 ei!r dies away altoge!r1 or becomes s /unt$ & impov]i%$ z to yield little or no?+ 9 ! cutt+4 ,( ! daub or de>ab 7alluvial7 l&1 says ,mr4 ,ball>d1 !re is sc>cely any 9 ! di/rict except :at falls to ! lot ( my own factories1 be+ situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,ganges & ,great ,gunduck4 ,( bungur1 a /iff r$di% clay soil1 !re is little 9 ,tirhoot2 x p]vades ! we/]n prov9ces1 & is be/ adapt$ = ,ass>oo s[+s1 :i* d n succe$ 9 ,tirhoot4 ,prep>ation ( ! soil4--,! root ( ! indigo plant be+ fusi=m1 & ext5d+ to ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 requires ! soil to be loos5$ ?or\ghly to t dep? at lea/4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! f95ess ( ! til? to :i* ! soil is r$uc$ previ\sly to ! se$ be+ committ$ to x1 is "o v influ5tial op]ation = ! obta9+ a productive crop4 ,yet 9 "s di/ricts ( ,b5gal1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ,furudpore1 ! s[+ is p]=m$ )\t any previ\s pl\gh+4 ,?is is :]e ! riv]1 :5 rec$$1 has left ! soil & deposit s deep1 t ab\t ,octob]1 or a little lat]1 ! se$ be+ =cibly dis*>g$ f ! s[]'s h&1 buries itself1 & requires no aft] cov]+ by means ( ! rake or h>r[4 ,9 ,tirhoot !y are indefatigable 9 ?is fir/ /ep ( ! cultivation4 ,mr4 ,ball>d says1 t ! prep>ation ( indigo l&s %\ld comm5ce 9 ,septemb]1 z soon z ! cessation ( ! ra9s w p]mit2 & z we d n rely on ra9 = our s[+s 7z is ! cu/om 9 ,b5gal & else:]e1 & irrigation is nev] resort$ to1 f ! heavy exp5se att5d+ x71 our pr9cipal aim is to pres]ve z mu* moi/ure 9 ! fields z possible4 ,!y %\ld receive1 = ?is purpose1 n less ?an eight pl\gh+s1 besides a ?or\gh turn+ up ) ! spade1 aft] ! f\r? pl\gh+1 to cle> ! field f /ubble1 grass & we$s4 ,x is absolutely indisp5sable to get all ?is done on our light soils1 especially be=e ! end ( ,octob]1 & h ! l& c>efully h>r[$ d[n1 s z to prev5t ! moi/ure escap+4 ,%\ld !re be heavy ra9s betwe5 ! int]val ( prep>+ & s[+1 x w be necess>y to turn ! fields up ) ei!r "o or two pl\gh+s1 & h>r[ !m d[n z be=e4 ,if only a slight %[]1 runn+ ! h>r[ ov] !m w be suffici5t to break ! cru/ =m$ on ! surface1 & :i*1 if all[$ to rema91 w\ld quickly exhau/ ! moi/ure4 ,?is1 ) ! occasional use ( ! we$+-hook1 is all t ! l&s w require till ! "t ( s[+4--7,transactions ( ! ,agri4-,hort4 ,society ( ,calcutta1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bb47 ,s[+4--,! "t :5 ! se$ is committ$ to ! soil v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 &1 ev5 9 ! same place1 admits ( be+ p]=m$ at two diff]5t seasons4 ,! p]iods ( s[+ 9 ,b5gal are fir/ imm$iately aft] ! ra9s1 f ab\t ! latt] end ( ,octob]4 ,! riv]s are !n rapidly retir+ )9 _! b$s1 & z soon z ! s(t deposit ( ! ye> has dra9$ itself into a consi/5cy1 ?\gh n solid en\gh to keep a man f s9k+ up to 8 knees 9 x1 !y beg9 to scatt] ! se$ broadca/4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! gr\nd has become too h>d = ! se$ to bury itself2 ! pl\gh is !n us$ to loos5 ! cru/1 & ! s[+ cont9u$ to ab\t ! middle1 or ev5 ! end ( ,novemb]1 f :i* p]iod ! wea!r is consid]$ too cold1 until ,febru>y4 ,^! autumnal s[+s are call$ ,octob] s[+s1 f ! mon? 9 :i* !y g5]ally comm5ce4 ,mu* ( ! plant p]i%es dur+ ! mon?s ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 & m aga9 9 ! spr+1 unless !re are e>ly & mod]ate %[]s4 ,! crop t rema9s is n s productive ord9>ily 9 ! vat1 z t obta9$ f spr+ s[+s1 & "s ?9k ! quality ( ! produce inf]ior4 ,b !re is no exp5se ( cultivation1 & ! liabilities ( ! crop to failure are su* a disc\ragem5t to co/ & labor 9 re>+ x1 t ! ,octob] s[+ is foll[$ by mo/ plant]s :o c obta9 suitable l&4 ,! second p]iod ( s[+ is ! spr+1 ) ! fir/ ra9s ( ,m>*1 or ev5 ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,! l& hav+ be5 measur$ & plac$ "u its slight c\rse ( tillage dur+ ! two or ?ree prec$+ m\?s1 is s[n broadca/ z soon z ! gr\nd has be5 well moi/5$1 or ev5 9 prospect ( approa*+ ra94 ,! quantity ( se$ us$ = ?is autumn s[+ is g5]ally m ?an :at is consid]$ requisite = spr+ s[+2 six se]s at ! =m] & f\r at ! latt] season p] biggah1 9 ,b5gal1 is ! quantity usually all[$4 ,"s cultivators comm5ce ! autumn s[+ z e>ly z at ! close ( ,septemb]1 or z soon z ! l[ l&s are 9 a /ate to p]mit ! op]ation aft] ! inundation has subsid$4 ,?is se$ "t may be said to cont9ue until ! end ( ,decemb]1 & ! crops f ^! s[+s (t5 yield an av]age produce1 if ! l&s are n v l[ & wet4 ,if !y are1 ! s[+ _h bett] be delay$ until ,janu>y1 or ev5 ,febru>y1 = ! crops f ^! latt] s[+s are usually ! mo/ productive1 & ! dye obta9$ f !m ! f9e/4 ,! object = ?us delay+ ! s[+ is1 t ! "y plants may h a m g5ial season = vegetation4 ,^? :o pref] s[+ e>li]1 & yet are aw>e ( ! importance ( sav+ ! "y plants z mu* z possible f ! comp>ative l[ temp]ature ( ! season1 s[ "s o!r crop ) _! indigo4 ,til1 ! c\ntry l9se$1 is good = ?is purpose 9 high ly+ soils4 ,b ,i nev] knew an int]mixture ( crops t 0 n att5d$ by inconv5i5ces & injuries m ?an 0 comp5sat$ by ! advantages ga9$4 ,! success ( s[+s dur+ ,m>* & ,april is v d\btful4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u ! occurr5ce ( ra91 :i* 9 ^? mon?s is prov]bially unc]ta94 ,if ! season %\ld be suffici5tly wet1 ! s[+ may be p]=m$ 9 ,may2 b a ,june s[+ is v r>ely remun]at+4 ,! ra9s sett+ 9 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is mon? s promote ! gr[? ( we$s1 t ! "y plants are *ok$ & g5]ally de/roy$4 ,! exceptions only occur 9 high l&s1 9 unusually propiti\s seasons1 & ought nev] to be reli$ ^u except :5 ! e>li] s[+s h fail$4 ,to protract ! manufactur+ season1 "s plant]s beg9 s[+ ^u l[ ly+ l&s 9 ! hot season1 = ! *ance ( a crop at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s2 & !y s[ at ! close ( ! ra9s ) ! hope (1 z x 71 /eal+ ano!r 9 ! next ye>4 ,9 ! we/]n prov9ces s[+ necess>ily occurs 9 ! dry wea!r1 usually 9 ,m>* & ,april1 ?\gh occasionally ei!r a little e>li] or lat]4 ,9 ,tirhoot ! s[+s comm5ce ab\t ! latt] end ( ,febru>y or ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 if by t "t !re is suffici5t w>m? 9 ! atmosph]e to ensure a heal?y vegetation4 ,light soils are s[n on "o close pl\gh+2 heavy soils on two1 ) f f\r to eight se]s ( se$1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! biggah4 ,aft] /rew+ ! se$1 ! field %\ld be h>r[$ d[n by two turns ( ! h>r[1 & !n aga9 by two turns m aft] ! ?ird day4 ,9 case ( ra9 be=e ! plant appe>s 7:i* x ought to d on ! six? or sev5? day71 if a slight %[]1 ! h>r[ %\ld be us$ aga92 if v heavy1 x 7 be/ to turn up ! gr\nd & re-s[4 ,if ra9 fall aft] ! appe>ance ( ! plant1 & be=e x has got pa/ f\r leaves1 & atta9$ suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! h>d cru/ be=e allud$ to1 imm$iate rec\rse mu/ be _h to drill+4 ,9 fact1 ! close/ att5tion is requir$ to wat* ! /ate ( ! "y crop = a mon? at lea/ aft] ! s[+s2 if x yield ! lea/1 or assume a sickly appe>ance1 drills are ! only res\rce4 ,^!1 if appli$ 9 "t1 9 all ,m>*1 = in/ance1 or be=e ! middle ( ,april at late/1 are g5]ally successful1 n only 9 re/or+ plants1 b recov]+ su* z may h become sickly f want or excess ( moi/ure1 or any o!r cause4 ,9 dry seasons !y h be5 kn[n to give a crop :5 broadca/ s[+s h fail$4 ,ea* drill1 ) a good pair ( bullocks1 %\ld d five biggahs a day4 ,!y are regulat$ to ?r[ f ?ree to f\r se]s p] biggah1 b ! quantity c be increas$ or dim9i%$ at pleasure4 ,! natives d n employ !m 9 _! gra9 s[+s1 b commonly adopt a contrivance ) _! own pl\gh = s[+ 9 furr[s1 :5ev] _! fields are defici5t 9 moi/ure4 ,! drill employ$ 9 ,tirhoot resembles consid]ably ! implem5t kn[n by t "n 9 ,engl&4 ,x is f\nd n only to effect a great sav+ ( se$1 t5 se]s be+ !re s[n broad-co/ on a biggah ( #eg1fjj feet squ>e1 & only sev5 se]s by ?is drill2 b also mat]ially to improve ! quality & regul>ity ( ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$1 t ! m lat]al room ! plants h1 ! m abundant is _! produce ( leaves1 9 :i* ! color+ matt] *iefly resides4 ,! se$ employ$ %\ld always be z new z possible1 = ?\gh1 if c>efully pres]v$1 x vegetates :5 "o ye> old1 & ev5 :5 ne>ly two ye>s old has produc$ a mod]ate crop1 yet ?is has be5 "u circum/ances ( an unusually favorable season & soil4 ,! plants f old se$ r>ely atta9 a height ( m ?an a foot be=e !y )] & die4 ,z frauds are v likely to be practis$ by giv+ old se$ ! gloss9ess & g5]al appe>ance ( new1 great circumspection %\ld be %[n by ! plant]1 :o does n gr[ 8 own1 9 obta9+ se$ f kn[n p>ties4 ,plant]s 9 ! l[] prov9ces are induc$ to use up-c\ntry se$1 because1 com+ f a cold] climate1 x vegetates1 & ! plants rip5 rapidly1 s z to be h>ve/$ m c]ta9ly be=e ! annual inundation1 b !y employ "o-f\r? m4 ,?ree se]s p] ,b5gal biggah are suffici5t1 if x is ,dassee se$2 b f\r is n too mu* if x is up-c\ntry se$4 ,a ,b5gal biggah is only a ?ird ( ! size ( t ( ,tirhoot4 ,if ! wea!r is dry1 ! se$ v (t5 does n g]m9ate until ! occurr5ce ( ra91 & x has be5 kn[n 9 a dry1 light soil1 to rema9 9 ! gr\nd )\t injury = six weeks4 ,if seasonable %[]s occur1 ! plants make _! appe>ance 9 f\r days1 or ev5 less2 & !y mu/ be wat*$1 9 ord] t !y may be we$$ on ! e>lie/ day t !y are suffici5tly e/abli%$ to all[ ! op]ation to be safely p]=m$4 ,9 dry wea!r1 x mu/ n be done :ile !y are v "y1 o!rwise _m ( ! se$l+s w h _! roots di/urb$1 & p]i% f ! dr\ght4 ,h[ev]1 n m ?an a =tnight %\ld be all[$ to pass1 aft] ! se$l+s h appe>$1 be=e ! we$s are c>efully remov$1 & ?is cle>+ %\ld be frequ5tly repeat$ until ! plants s ov]%ad[ ! gr\nd t !y ( !mselves keep back ! advance ( ! we$s4 ,! fir/ we$+ is be/ p]=m$ imm$iately aft] a %[] ( ra94 ,irrigation is r>ely adopt$ = ! indigo crops 9 ! l[] prov9ces ( ,b5gal1 unless !y happ5 to be gr[n 9 "s situation v favorable to ! op]ation1 su* z ! bank ( a riv]4 ,x is mu* m att5d$ to 9 ! we/]n prov9ces1 & 9 ,oude1 ! wat] be+ obta9$ f wells1 :i* are dug 9 ne>ly e cultivat$ plot4 ,9 ,oude1 ,mr4 ,ball>d says t a biggah ( l& employs ?ree p]sons to irrigate x1 & occupies nev] less ?an six days4 ,! ryot1 or cultivator1 requires = ! "w a pair ( bullocks1 :i* co/ him at lea/ #cbs41 a bucket made ( a :ite bullock hide1 at #bs41 & a rope = #bs4 m1 bo? ( :i* d n la/ him above a ye>4 ,he nev] pays less ?an #hs4 = ! r5t ( a biggah ( l& ne> a well4 ,9 ,b5gal ! plant requires ?ree mon?s to atta9 its highe/ /ate ( p]fection = manufactur+1 b is (t5 cut1 f necessity1 )9 half t "t2 = ! approa* ( ! riv] compels ! premature removal ( ! crop1 unless1 inde$1 its gr[? has be5 s ret>d$ t x w\ld n pay ! exp5se ( work+4 ,mo/ indigo factories h consequ5tly to beg9 9 ,june1 or e>ly 9 ,july1 :5ev] !y may h effect$ _! spr+ s[+s1 & ! labors ( ! season are commonly t]m9at$ by ! middle or end ( ,augu/4 ,:5 ! plants beg9 to fl[] is consid]$ ! be/ "t = cutt+ !m1 & ?is is j :at ! botani/ w\ld h sugge/$1 because !n ! prop] sap ( all plants is mo/ abundant1 & mo/ ri* 9 _! sev]al peculi> secretions4 ,a vividly gre51 abundant & heal?y foliage1 d[ny at ! back1 is ! sure/ intimation ( ! plants be+ ri* 9 indigo4 ,plants t are ready = cutt+ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 are usually ! mo/ productive4 ,9 ! we/]n prov9ces f sixte5 to tw5ty maunds ( plant is consid]$ a good produce p] biggah4 ,9 ! upp] prov9ces ! produce ( ! be/ crop1 :i* is s[n directly ! ra9s comm5ce1 is n m !n t5 maunds p] biggah4 ,! factory maund is equal to ab\t sev5ty-eight p\nds4 ,"o ?\s& maunds ( plant are consid]$ z produc+ q an av]age quantity ( indigo if ?is am\nts to f\r maunds4 ,adopt+ ano!r mode ( e/imate1 ,mr4 ,ball>d says1 t 9 ,b5gal an av]age crop may he consid]$ to be f t5 to twelve bundles1 ov] an ext5sive cultivation1 9 a good season1 f ea* ,b5gal biggah2 ! %eaf or bundle be+ measur$ by a six-feet cord or *a94 ,speak+ ( ! produce 9 ,tirhoot1 ! same g5tleman says ! luggie1 or measur+ rod1 v>ies ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,! common ,tirhoot biggah1 is1 ,i believe1 equal to two-&-a-half or ?ree ,b5gal biggahs 7ab\t an ,engli% acre74 ,its produce v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! luggie1 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & accid5ts ( season2 eight to t5 hack]y loads1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally consid]$ a good av]age return4 ,s\? & ea/ ( ,tirhoot1 "o hundr$ maunds f six hundr$ biggahs1 includ+ khoonti1 or a second cutt+1 is reckon$ a successful result4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! di/rict1 includ+ ,s>un1 :]e ! luggie is l>g]1 ! av]age produce is ab\t "o-?ird bett]4 ,z we measure our plant on ! gr\nd 7he adds71 ! bundle sy/em is unkn[n "h2 b1 ,i believe1 =ty-five or fifty ,tirhoot hack]y loads ( plants 7e/imat$ to yield a maund ( dry indigo71 w be f\nd equal to two hundr$ ,b5gal bundles4--7,trans4 ,agri4 ,hort4 ,soc41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bc47 ,9 ,oude ! jam[ah1 or crop s[n 9 ,may1 yields on an av]age tw5ty maunds1 or say ?irte5 bundles1 p] biggah 7#afj feet squ>e74 ,! ass>oo1 or ra9 s[+s1 produc+ a v inf]ior plant1 ! av]age return is n m ?an ?ree maunds1 or two bundles4 ,! khoonti1 or crop ( ! next ye> f ! same plants1 av]ages fifte5 maunds1 or t5 bundles p] biggah4 ,9 ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,india1 ! plants are all[$ to produce ! second & ev5 ! ?ird ye>1 accord+ to "s /atem5ts2 b 9 ,b5gal ! same /ocks are r>ely suff]$ to yield a second crop3 be+ ne>ly all on l&s t are "u wat] 9 ! height ( ! inundation1 ! /ock is rott$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,ball>d1 speak+ ( ! duration ( ! plant1 says t1 z = ?ree ye>s' plant & khoonti1 x is a m]e *im]a1 l ! _m o!rs ) :i* ! plant]s h hi!rto delud$ !mselves1 & :i* x only requires a little reflection to ov]?r[4 ,a biggah may be cut "h & !re1 on an ext5sive cultivation1 b x c nev] be reli$ ^u z =m+ a "p ( ! cultivation4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! indigo crop has be5 already notic$1 & is1 inde$1 z prov]bial z t f ! hop plant 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,b5gal ! crop is p>ticul>ly subject to be de/roy$ by ! annual inundation ( ! riv]1 if x occurs e>li] ?an usual4 ,a /orm ( w9d1 accompani$ by ra9 & hail1 z completely ru9s ! crop z if dev\r$ by ! locu/2 nei!r f ?is latt] sc\rge is ! crop exempt4 ,?is pron5ess to injury ext5ds ?r\gh\t its gr[?4 ,! se$l+s are liable to be de/roy$ by an insect closely resembl+ ! turnip-fly1 z well z by ! frog4 ,cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! leaves ( old] plants1 & ! :ite ant de/roys !m by consum+ _! roots4 ,to ^! de/ructive visitations are to be add$ ! m ?an ord9>y liability ( ! plant to injury1 n m]ely f atmosph]ic commotions1 b ev5 f app>5tly less inimical visitations4 ,?us n only d /orms ( w9d1 heavy ra9s1 & hail1 de/roy ! indigo plant]'s prospects1 b ev5 sun%9e1 if x p\rs out f]v5tly aft] %[]s ( ra91 is apt1 z x is prop]ly t]m$1 to scor* ! plants2 & if x occurs dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( _! gr[?1 is mo/ injuri\s to _! future advance4 ,! reason ( ?is effect appe>s to be ! viol5t *ange f a /ate ( imbib+ to a rapid transpiration ( moi/ure4 ,no human inv5tion or =esight c pres]ve ! crop f ! atmosph]ic visitations4 ,to de/roy & drive away ! little coleopt]\s insects :i* attack ! se$l+s1 x w\ld be a successful me?od to spread dry grass1 c41 ov] ! surface int5d$ to be cultivat$1 & to burn ! litt] imm$iately be=e ! s[+4 ,! heat & smoke produc$ has be5 f\nd p]fectly efficaci\s aga9/ ! turnip-fly 9 ,engl&4 ,to de/roy ! cat]pill>1 slack$ lime du/$ ov] ! leaves1 :ile ! dew is ^u !m1 is an effectual application4 ,! :ite ants may be driv5 away or de/roy$ by frequ5t hoe+s1 :i* is ! be/ prev5tive ( ! scor*+1 = hoe+ pres]ves ! soil 9 an equable & fitt+ /ate ( moi/ure4 ,! great supply ( se$ = ,b5gal cultivation is obta9$ f ! we/]n prov9ces1 & =ms an article ( trade ( no inconsid]able magnitude4 ,! /ubble 9 ! l[ l&s ( ,b5gal is g5]ally subm]g$ be=e x has "t to ?r[ out fre% %oots1 on :i* ! blossom & subsequ5t se$-pod are =m$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s high tracts res]v$ = t purpose1 & on ^! ! plant is f\nd well 9 fl[] 9 ,septemb]1 & ! se$ fit to ga!r 9 ,novemb] or e>ly 9 ,decemb]4 ,two me?ods are pursu$ to extract ! indigo f ! plant2 ! fir/ effects x by f]m5tation ( ! fre% leaves & /ems2 ! second1 by mac]ation ( ! dri$ leaves2 ! latt] process be+ mo/ advantage\s4 ,!y are ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,ure1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures3-- #a4 ,f ! rec5t leaves4--,9 ! indigo factories ( ,b5gal1 !re are two l>ge /one-built ci/]ns1 ! bottom ( ! fir/ be+ ne>ly ^u a level ) ! top ( ! second1 9 ord] to all[ ! liquid cont5ts to be run out ( ! "o into ! o!r4 ,! upp]mo/ is call$ ! f]m5t+ vat1 or ! /eep]2 its area is tw5ty feet squ>e1 & its dep? ?ree feet2 ! l[]mo/1 call$ ! beat] or beat+ vat1 is z broad z ! o!r1 b "o-?ird long]4 ,! cutt+s ( ! plant1 z !y come f ! field1 are /ratifi$ 9 ! /eep]1 till ?is be fill$ )9 five or six in*es ( its brim4 ,9 ord] t ! plant1 dur+ its f]m5tation1 may n swell & rise out ( ! vat1 beams ( wood & twigs ( bamboo are brac$ tight ov] ! surface ( ! plants1 aft] :i* wat] is pump$ ^u !m till x /&s )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! edge ( ! vessel4 ,an active f]m5tation spe$ily comm5ces1 :i* is complet$ )9 f\rte5 or fifte5 h\rs2 a little long] or %ort]1 accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! prevail+ w9ds1 ! quality ( ! wat]1 & ! rip5ess ( ! plants4 ,n9e or t5 h\rs aft] ! imm]sion ( ! plant1 ! condition ( ! vat mu/ be exam9$2 fro?y bubbles appe>1 :i* rise l little pyramids1 are at fir/ ( a :ite col\r1 b soon become grey1 blue1 & !n deep purple r$4 ,! f]m5tation is at ?is "t viol5t1 ! fluid is 9 con/ant commotion1 app>5tly boil+1 innum]able bubbles m\nt to ! surface1 & a copp] color$ d5se scum cov]s ! :ole4 ,z long z ! liquor is agitat$1 ! f]m5tation mu/ n be di/urb$1 b :5 x becomes m tranquil1 ! liquor is to be drawn (f into ! l[] ci/]n4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce n to pu% ! f]m5tation too f>1 because ! quality ( ! :ole indigo is det]iorat$2 b r to cut x %ort1 9 :i* case !re is1 inde$1 a loss ( weight1 b ! article is bett]4 ,! liquor possesses n[ a gli/5+ yell[ color1 :i*1 :5 ! indigo precipitates1 *anges to gre54 ,! av]age temp]ature ( ! liquor is commonly #he deg4 ,fahr42 its specific gravity at ! surface is #a4jjae2 & at ! bottom #a4jjc4 ,z soon z ! liquor has be5 run into ! l[] ci/]n1 t5 m5 are set to "w to beat x ) o>s1 or %ovels f\r feet long1 call$ busquets4 ,paddle :eels h also be5 employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,mean:ile two o!r labor]s cle> away ! compress+ beams & bamboos f ! surface ( ! upp] vat1 remove ! exhau/$ plant1 set x to dry = fuel1 clean out ! vessel1 & /ratify fre% plants 9 x4 ,! f]m5t$ plant appe>s /ill gre51 b x has lo/ ?ree-f\r?s ( its bulk 9 ! process1 or f twelve to f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( its weight1 *iefly wat] & extractive matt]4 ,! liquor 9 ! l[] vat mu/ be /rongly beat5 = an h\r & a half1 :5 ! indigo beg9s to agglom]ate 9 flocks1 & to precipitate4 ,?is is ! mom5t = judg+ :e!r !re has be5 any error committ$ 9 ! f]m5tation1 :i* mu/ be correct$ by ! op]ation ( beat+4 ,if ! f]m5tation has be5 defective1 mu* fro? rises 9 ! beat+1 :i* mu/ be allay$ ) a little oil1 & !n a r$di% t+e appe>s4 ,if l>ge r\nd granulations are =m$1 ! beat+ is cont9u$1 9 ord] to see if !y w gr[ small]4 ,if !y become z small z f9e s&1 & if ! wat] cle>s up1 ! indigo is all[$ quietly to subside4 ,%\ld ! vat h be5 ov]-f]m5t$1 a ?ick fat-look+ cru/ cov]s ! liquor1 :i* does n disappe> by ! introduction ( a flask ( oil4 ,9 su* a case ! beat+ mu/ be mod]at$4 ,:5ev] ! granulations become r\nd1 & beg9 to subside1 & ! liquor cle>s up1 ! beat+ mu/ be discont9u$4 ,! fro? or scum diffuses itself spontane\sly into sep>ate m9ute p>ticles1 t move ab\t ! surface ( ! liquor1 :i* are m>ks ( an excessive f]m5tation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a rightly f]m5t$ vat is easy to "w2 ! fro?1 ?\gh abundant1 vani%es :5ev] ! granulations make _! appe>ance4 ,! color ( ! liquor1 :5 drawn out ( ! /eep] into ! beat]1 is bright gre52 b z soon z ! agglom]ations ( ! indigo comm5ce1 x assumes ! color ( ,madeira w9e2 & spe$ily aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( beat+1 a small r\nd gra9 is =m$1 :i*1 on sep>at+1 makes ! wat] transp>5t1 & falls d[n1 :5 all ! turbidity & fro? vani%4 ,! object ( ! beat+ is ?ree-fold2 fir/1 x t5ds to dis5gage a great quantity ( c>bonic acid pres5t 9 ! liquor2 secondly1 to give ! newly-develop$ indigo its requisite dose ( oxyg5 by ! mo/ ext5sive exposure ( its p>ticles to ! atmosph]e2 ?irdly1 to agglom]ate ! indigo 9 di/9ct flocks or granulations4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! precipitation1 lime wat] is occasionally add$ to ! f]m5t$ liquor 9 ! progress ( beat+1 b x is n indisp5sable1 & has be5 suppos$ capable ( det]iorat+ ! indigo4 ,9 ! front ( ! beat] a beam is fix$ upright1 9 :i* ?ree or m holes are pi]c$1 a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! are clos$ ) plugs dur+ ! beat+1 b two or ?ree h\rs aft] x1 z ! indigo subsides1 ! upp] plug is )drawn to run (f ! sup]natant liquor1 & !n ! l[] plugs 9 succession4 ,! /ate ( ?is liquor be+ exam9$1 af=ds an indication ( ! success ( bo? ! processes4 ,:5 ! :ole liquor is run (f1 a labor] ent]s ! vat1 sweeps all ! precipitate into "o corn]1 & ent]s ! ?9n] "p into a sp\t :i* leads into a ci/]n1 alongside ( a boil]1 tw5ty feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 & ?ree feet deep4 ,:5 all ?is liquor is once collect$1 x is pump$ ?r\gh a bag1 = reta9+ ! impurities1 into ! boil]1 & heat$ to ebullition4 ,! fro? soon subsides1 & %[s an oily look+ film on ! liquor4 ,! indigo is by ?is process n only fre$ f ! yell[ extractive matt]1 b is enri*$ 9 ! int5sity ( its color1 & increas$ 9 weight4 ,f ! boil] ! mixture is run1 aft] two or ?ree h\rs1 into a g5]al receiv] call$ ! dripp+ vat1 or table1 :i*1 = a factory ( twelve pairs ( prep>ation vats1 is tw5ty feet long1 t5 feet wide1 & ?ree feet deep1 hav+ a false bottom two feet "u ! top edge4 ,?is ci/]n /&s 9 a bas9 ( masonry 7made wat]-tight ) ,*unam1 hydraulic cem5t71 ! bottom ( :i* slopes to "o end1 9 ord] to facilitate ! dra9age4 ,a ?ick wooll5 web is /ret*$ along ! bottom ( ! inn] vessel1 to act z a filt]4 ,z long z ! liquor passes ?r\gh turbid1 x is pump$ back into ! receiv]2 :5ev] x runs cle>1 ! receiv] is cov]$ ) ano!r piece ( clo? to exclude ! du/1 & all[$ to dra9 at its leisure4 ,next morn+ ! dra9$ magma is put into a /rong bag1 & squeez$ 9 a press4 ,! indigo is !n c>efully tak5 out ( ! bag1 & cut ) a brass wire into bits1 ab\t ?ree in*es cube1 :i* are dri$ 9 an airy h\se1 ^u %elves ( wick] "w4 ,dur+ ! dry+ a :iti% efflores5ce comes ^u ! pieces1 :i* mu/ be c>efully remov$ ) a bru%4 ,9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el1 ! dri$ indigo lumps are all[$ to effloresce 9 a cask = "s "t1 & :5 !y become h>d !y are wip$ & pack$ = exportation4 #b4 ,indigo f dri$ leaves4--,! ripe plant be+ cropp$1 is to be dri$ 9 sun%9e f n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+ till f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 dur+ two days1 & ?re%$ to sep>ate ! /ems f ! leaves1 :i* are !n /or$ up 9 magaz9es till a suffici5t quantity he collect$ = manufactur+ op]ations4 ,! newly dri$ leaves mu/ be free f spots1 & friable betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,:5 kept dry1 ! leaves und]go1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r weeks1 a mat]ial *ange1 _! beautiful gre5 t9t turn+ into a pale blue-grey1 previ\s to :i* ! leaves af=d no indigo by mac]ation 9 wat]1 b subsequ5tly a l>ge quantity4 ,aft]w>ds ! product becomes less consid]able4 ,! foll[+ process is pursu$ to extract indigo f ! dri$ leaves3--,!y are infus$ 9 ! /eep+ vat ) six times _! bulk ( wat]1 & all[$ to mac]ate = two h\rs1 ) cont9ual /irr+1 till all ! float+ leaves s9k4 ,! f9e gre5 liquor is !n drawn (f into ! beat] vat1 = if x /ood long] 9 ! /eep]1 "s ( ! indigo w\ld settle among ! leaves & be lo/4 ,hot wat]1 z employ$ by "s manufactur]s1 is n necess>y4 ,! process ) dry leaves possesses ?is advantage1 t a provision ( ! plant may be made at ! mo/ suitable times1 indep5d5tly ( ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r1 & ! indigo may be uni=mly made2 &1 moreov]1 t ! f]m5tation ( ! fre% leaves1 (t5 caprici\s 9 its c\rse1 is sup]s$$ by a mu* %ort] p]iod ( simple mac]ation4 ,,production ,,( ,,indigo ,,9 ,,india4 maunds4 #ahdj #abj1jjj #ahda #afb1cah #ahdb #gi1jjj #ahdc #adc1bjg #ahdd #abg1hfb #ahde #abg1hfb #ahdf #aja1cbh #ahdg #aaj1jjj #ahdh #abf1efe #ahdi #abf1jjj ,av]age ( ! t5 ye>s #abf1gdd maunds4 ,! yield f ! diff]5t di/ricts 9 #ahdi1 0 ne>ly z foll[s3-- maunds4 ,b5gal #hd1ejj ,tirhoot #bd1ejj ,b5>es #i1ejj ,oude #f1ejj --------- #abe1jjj ,9 #agij ! g5]al object ( cultivation 9 ,mauritius 0 indigo1 ( :i* f f\r to five crops a ye> 7 procur$4 ,"o p]son s5t to ,europe #cj1jjj lbs41 9 #aghi1 ( v sup]ior quality4 ,,ceylon4--,indigo1 ?\gh indig5\s 9 ,ceylon1 is /ill import$ f ! adjo9+ cont95t1 b its gr[? 9 ?is isl& w\ld be subject to none ( ! vicissitudes ( climate1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le night h deva/at$ ! mo/ ext5sive plantations 9 ,b5gal1 & annihilat$ ! hopes & calculations ( ! plant] at a "t :5 !y _h atta9$ all ! luxuriance ( approa*+ maturity4 ,! di/rict ( ,tangalle1 9 ! s\!rn prov9ce1 is ! be/ adapt$ to ! culture & manufacture ( indigo = v>i\s reasons1 su* z ! abundance ( ! indig5\s v>ieties ( ! plant1 ! simil>ity ( ! climate to t ( ! coa/ ( ,corom&el1 :]e ! be/ indigo is produc$2 facility ( transport by wat] to ei!r ( ! ports ( export1 ,galle or ,colombo1 dur+ ! s\?-ea/1 or to ,tr9comalee by ! s\?-we/ monsoon2 e necess>y mat]ial is at h& = build+ a fir/ rate indigo factory1 includ+ dry+ y>ds1 leaf god[ns 7/ores71 /eep+ vats & presses1 except ro( & floor tiles--:i* may be obta9$ 9 any quantity f ,colombo1 dur+ ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 at a mod]ate rate1 comp>$ ) _! co/ at home4 ,9 #ahag an (f] 0 made to ! ,grov]nm5t to introduce ! cultivation ( indigo1 on condition ( a free grant ( ! l& requir$ = ! purpose & fre$om f taxation = ?irty ye>s1 aft] :i* ! usual tax 0 to be levi$2 & 9 case ! cultivation 7 ab&on$1 ! l& 0 to rev]t to ! ,cr[n4 ,b :e!r f ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! colony at ! "t or f incr$ulity on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 z to ! capability ( ! colony 9 ?is respect1 ! application 0 unhe$$4 ,a subsequ5t proposal1 emanat+ f a ,sw$i% g5tleman ( great ability1 skill & ent]prise1 0 defeat$ by 8 dea?1 al?\gh a company 0 on ! po9t ( =mation to c>ry out ! s*eme4 ,x w\ld n be difficult1 says ,mr4 ,b>rett1 to select #ejj1jjj acres1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n1 :i* at a comp>atively small exp5diture might be br\ght into a prop] /ate ( cultivation = ! reception ( indigo se$2 = v little w\ld be requir$ to be done beyond cle>+ ! l& ( we$s1 burn+ ! grass1 & !n lightly pl\gh+ & levell+ ! gr\nd2 & :5ev] manure might be requisite1 ! fecula ( ! leaf af=ds "o ( ! ri*e/ t c\ld be employ$4 ,ceylon produces two o!r plants f :i* a v valuable blue dye may be obta9$ by a simil> process to t ( mak+ indigo4 ,! ,s+halese head m5 ( ! ,tangalle di/rict h long be5 anxi\s = ! e/abli%m5t ( an indigo plantation !re1 & w\ld readily take %>es 9 a company e/abli%$ = t purpose4 ,indigo w\ld seem to h be5 export$ by ! ,dut* f ,ceylon s late z #agid4 ,! wild v>ieties ( indigo :i* gr[ on ! sea-%ore are us$ by ! dobies 7wa%]m574 ,indigo gr[s 9 a wild /ate 9 ,siam1 & all ! dye us$ 9 ! c\ntry is manufactur$ f ^! plants4 ,! ext5sive l[ gr\nds are admirably suit$ = ! cultivation ( ?is plant4 ,a l>ge quantity is rais$ 9 ,manila1 b ,i h no full details ( ! cultivation 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #ahdc1 #a1jci piculs ( indigo 7 %ipp$ to ,europe1 & ab\t #fej to o!r qu>t]s--equal 9 all to ab\t #bbf1jjj lbs4 9 ! half ye>4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg ! exports ( indigo 7 #cj1fca arrobas1 equal to ab\t #g1feh cwt42 9 #ahej ! total exports f ,manila 7 #d1bbe qu9tals4 ,,java4--,! cultivation ( indigo 0 introduc$ into ,java 9 ! "t ( ! company4 ,x 0 s mu* neglect$ dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,gov]nor ,da5dels1 t ! exportation ceas$4 ,x h[ev] reviv$ subsequ5tly1 & 9 #ahbc ! exports 7 close ^u #ag1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahbf x _h ris5 to #df1jjj lbs4 ,9 ! s+le prov9ce ( ,we/bagl51 ab\t #fj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 #hf indigo factories 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,9 #ahci1 ! exports ( ?is dye-/uff f ,java 7 #ehh1gfd kilogrammes1 valu$ at #g million francs4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t a good soil is ess5tially necess>y = ! plant1 & ! indigo transplant$ f elevat$ gr\nds to ! rice fields succe$s bett] & yields m color+ matt] ?an :5 rais$ direct on ! spot f ! se$4 ,! resid5cies ( ,*]ibon1 ,bagl5 & ,madura1 are ^? 9 :i* ! crop succe$s be/4 ,f be+ s exhau/+ a crop1 & f9d+ x prejudicial to _! rice gr\nds1 !y are gradually ab&on+ indigo culture 9 ,java1 & ab\t two-?irds ( ! indigo plantations h )9 !1 la/ ye> or two be5 replac$ ) sug>4 ,! value ( ! ,java indigo is set d[n at #bej rupees 7#be7 p] maund4 ,if ?is be ! av]age price1 & x _c be manufactur$ l[]1 ,b5gal has little to fe> f ,javanese competition4 ,! product ( indigo rose f #bgf maunds 9 #ahbe1 to #bh1jjj 9 #ahdb1 & ! quantity sold by ! ,dut* ,trad+ ,company 9 ! la/-nam$ ye> 0 #aj1ejj *e/s1 ( ab\t ! same dim5sions z ^? usually export$ f ,calcutta4 ,"s fur!r /ati/ics ( ! culture 9 ,java are %[n 9 ! foll[+ returns ( ! quantity export$3-- lbs4 #ahcj #bb1jfc #ahce #ece1gec #ahci #eie1hah #ahda #iac1fic #ahdc #a1hij1dbi #ahea #gfi1ehj #aheb #hch1bhh ,! produce 9 #ahdh 0 #a1aea1cfh lbs4 #ahdj4 #ahda4 ,resid5cies 9 :i* ?is culture is introduc$ #i #aj ,numb] ( factories #gbh #gbh ,families occupi$ ) ?is culture #aig1jhe #aib1aei ,ext5t ( fields :]e ! cutt+ has be5 made 9 bahas ( #ga decametres #dj1hdd #ch1hbi ,quantity ( bahus plant$ be=e ! ga!r+ #cag #ech ,quantity ( indigo crop 9 p\nds #b1jcb1jig #a1ffc1dbg av]age p\nds p] bahu #di #dc ,! ext5t ( fields de/9$ = ! crop ( #ahdb 0 #cg1igj bahus1 & ! am\nt ( ! crop 0 calculat$ by approximation at #a1hfb1jjj4 ,! gradual increase ( ! export 9 ! eighte5 ye>s end+ #ahdb1 is %[n z foll[s3-- ,maunds4 #ahbe #gf #ahbf #abf #ahbg #aji #ahbh #caj #ahbi #fjj #ahcj #dhj #ahca #efc #ahcb #b1bac #ahcc #b1hfa #ahcd #c1caj #ahce #g1jbc #ahcf #e1cfe #ahcg #aj1hbb #ahch #i1ghh #ahci #ae1fhj #ahdj #bg1idf #ahda #bd1jdd #ahdb #bh1jjj ,total imports ( indigo into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & quantity reta9$ = home consumption3-- ,imports4 ,home consumption4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahdh #ei1abg #i1jcb #ahdi #ha1ddi #ab1bgj #ahej #gj1dhb #af1cgd #ahea #hi1iid #bg1idg #aheb #hc1efe #af1cha ,,imports ,,( ,,indigo4 ,mexico & ! ports ,ea/ ,indies4 ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahca #f1iif1jfb ------ #ahcb #f1aif1jhj #ff1cfc #ahcc #f1cae1ebi #abe1bfd #ahcd #c1eie1fig #fd1fch #ahce #c1hfa1hec #hh1cjf #ahcf #g1bah1iia #aih1jjc #ahcg #e1gjf1hif #cfe1jia #ahch #f1egh1ceb #adb1gci #ahci #d1fea1edb #cfc1adh #ahdj #f1idj1aib #abd1gff #ahda #g1dea1fec #bdg1jca #ahdb #h1ica1aab #aee1jjc #ahdc #f1cai1bid #acj1hcf ,ent]$ = home consumption ab\t two millions & a half p\nds annually4 7 ,p>l4 ,returns ,no4 #fef1 ,septemb] #ahdc1 & #dbf1 ,septemb] #ahdd47 ,! consumption ( indigo 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica 9 r\nd numb]s1 e/imat$ f au!ntic s\rces1 is ?us set d[n by ,mr4 ,maccullo* 9 #ahdi3-- *e/s4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 = home consumption #i1hbj ,france total = ditto #aj1djj ,am]ican ports f ,london & ,liv]pool #b1ejj ,calcutta #gjj ,holl&1 c #djj ,o!r ,european c\ntries export f ,london & ,liv]pool4 #ba1ecj ,holl& #d1bgj ,calcutta #abj ,france #cjj ---------- #ej1jdj ,,madd]4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is s ext5sively us$ 9 dye+ r$1 is ! product ( ! long sl5d] roots ( ! ,rubia t9ctorum1 a plant ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,our pr9cipal supplies ( ?is important article ( comm]ce are obta9$ f ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,turkey1 ,spa91 & ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 ! ,italian ,/ates1 ,india1 & ,ceylon4 ,! plant is g5]ally rais$ f se$1 & requires ?ree ye>s to come to maturity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 pull$ 9 eighte5 mon?s )\t injury to ! quality2 ! quantity only is small]4 ,a ri* soil is necess>y = its successful cultivation1 & :5 ! soil is impregnat$ ) alkal9e matt]1 ! root acquires a r$ color2 9 o!r cases x is yell[4 ,! latt] is pref]r$ 9 ,engl&1 f ! long habit ( us+ ,dut* madd]1 :i* is ( ?is color1 b 9 ,france ! r$ sells at two francs p] cwt4 high]1 be+ us$ = ! ,turkey-r$ dye4 ,madd] does n det]iorate by keep+1 provid$ x be kept dry4 ,x conta9s ?ree volatile color+ matt]s1 madd] purple1 orange1 & r$4 ,! latt] is 9 ! =m ( cry/als1 hav+ a f9e orange r$ color1 & call$ ,aliza9e4 ,?is is ! sub/ance :i* yields ! ,turkey-r$ dye4 ,! *ay root is employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies z a sub/itute = madd]1 & s is ! root ( ,mor9da citrifolia1 "u ! "n ( ,sooranjee4 ,turkey madd] roots realise ab\t #cjs4 p] cwt4 ,ab\t #a1ajj tons are annually %ipp$ f ,naples1 wor? ab\t #cj p] ton4 ,madd] has become an article ( great reque/1 on acc\nt ( ! f9e sc>let color produc$ f its roots1 & is s ess5tial to dy]s & calico pr9t]s t )\t x !y _c c>ry on _! manufactures4 ,x is cultivat$ ext5sively 9 ,holl&1 f :5ce x is import$ 9 l>ge quantities into bo? ,engl& & ,france1 ?\gh x is cultivat$ to "s ext5t 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,x has also be5 rais$ z a soil+ crop1 b ! color+ matt] is ( s p5etrat+ & subtile a "*1 t ! fle%1 milk1 & ev5 ! bones ( animals f$ ^u x are said to be t+$ to a consid]able degree ) x4 ,! soils be/ adapt$1 & :i* %\ld be select$ = its cultivation1 are dry1 f]tile1 & deep s&y loams2 ! roots are long & fibr\s1 & desc5d to a dep? ( f two to ?ree feet4 ,x may be propagat$ by se$1 :i*1 by "s1 is ?\ght ! be/ me?od1 b ! m usual mode is by ! division (1 & transplant+1 ! roots4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly & deeply pulv]is$1 clean1 & well-manur$ = ! prec$+ crop1 t ! manure may be ?or\ghly rott$ & incorporat$ ) ! soil3 9 ,april or ,may ! suck]s w be fit = tak+ f ! old] plantations--^? ( two or ?ree ye>s produc+ ! be/4 ,! sets %\ld h roots f\r or five in*es long4 ,m>k out r[s two feet ap>t1 ) a l9e1 & set ! plant ) a dibble1 "o foot ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,! roots %\ld be dipp$ 9 a puddle ( f9e ri* e>? & wat]1 beat5 to ! consi/5ce ( cream1 previ\s to plant+2 let ! cr[n ( ! plant be cle>ly ov] gr\nd1 & secure ! e>? well ar\nd ! root1 to keep out dr\ght4 ,! plantation requires no?+ m b to be kept p]fectly clean & well-ho$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s2 & aft] ! top decays 9 ! autumn1 to be e>!d up by ! pl\gh = ! w9t]1 ea* ye>1 till ! plants are ?ree ye>s old1 :5 !y are ( ! prop] size & age = lift+1 :i* mu/ be done by tr5*+ ! l& two feet deep--sev]al h&s accompany+ ! digg] to pick out ! roots1 :i* mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ & dri$ on a kiln till !y are s brittle z to break across1 :5 !y are fit to be pack$ 9 bags1 & sold to ! dye-/uff manufactur]s :o gr9d & r$uce !m to p[d] = use4 ,! produce is v>iable2 usually f eight to tw5ty cwt4 p] acre1 b z mu* z #c1jjj to #f1jjj lbs4 is frequ5tly obta9$4 ,! =age am\nts to ab\t #ae1jjj lbs4 ! fir/ ye>1 & #g1ejj lbs4 ! second ye>4 ,9 a new & good soil manure may be disp5s$ ) = ! fir/ crop4 ,"s cultivators int]l9e & gr[ o!r crops betwe5 ! r[s1 b ! be/ cultivators /ate t su* a practice is objectionable4 ,! bread? ( l& "u ?is crop 9 ,engl& is mu* r$uc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! r$uction 9 price f ! competition ( ! ,dut* gr[]s4 ,madd] is ext5sively gr[n on ! c5tral table l& ( ,afghani/an1 =m+ "o ( ! lead+ products ( ,beloo*i/an42 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pott+]1 x sells 9 ! ,kelat ,baza> at ab\t #aj lbs4 = #bs4 ,! cultivation !re pursu$ is z foll[s3--,! gr\nd is repeat$ly pl\gh$1 & laid out f9ally 9 small tr5*es1 9 :i* ! se$ is s[n1 cov]$ slightly ) e>?1 & !n ! :ole is flood$4 ,:il/ ?us irrigat$1 ! tr5*es are fill$ ) a mixture ( ri* manure & e>?4 ,! plants appe> 9 ab\t t5 days1 & atta9 a height ( ?ree or f\r feet dur+ ! fir/ summ]4 ,!y are cut d[n 9 ,septemb] & us$ z fodd] = cattle4 ,subsequ5tly1 & until spr+ arrives1 ! gr\nd is manur$ & repeat$ly flood$4 ,dur+ ! second ye>'s gr[?1 ! plants :i* are int5d$ to produce se$ are set ap>t1 b ! /ems ( ! rema9d] are cut e f\r or six weeks1 9 ord] to increase ! size & goodness ( ! roots4 ,madd] is said to repay a nett pr(it ( #bjj doll>s to ! acre1 :5 prop]ly manag$4 ,x produc$ on ! f>m ( a g5tleman1 :o has devot$ "s att5tion to ?is product 9 ,ohio1 at ! rate ( #b1jjj lbs4 p] acre1 & x may be made to produce #c1jjj lbs41 :i* is a great] yield ?an ! av]age crops ( ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,n9e acres 7 plant$ by ano!r p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahci1 :i* he h>ve/$ 9 #ahdb4 ,! labor requir$ is said to be f #hj to #ajj days "w p] acre4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! /ems are prun$ z 9 ! two prec$+1 & 9 ,septemb] ! roots are dug up4 ,! roots are fusi=m & ?91 )\t any ramifications1 & usually f ?ree to five feet long4 ,z soon z rais$1 !y are imm$iately cut into small pieces & dri$1 & are !n m]*antable4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,swift1 an ent]pris+ ,am]ican f>m]1 ( ,erie c\nty1 ,ohio1 :o occupies ab\t #djj acres ( *oice l&1 mo/ly alluvial1 9 ! valley ( ! ,v]milion riv]1 sev5 miles f ,lake ,erie1 has detail$ 8 practice 9 ! ,new ,g5esee ,f>m] 7an agricultural p]iodical71 = ,m>*1 #ahdc4 ,8 directions mu/ be und]/ood z int5d$ = ^? :o wi% to cultivate only a few acres1 & _c af=d mu* outlay ( capital4 ,^? :o desire to engage 9 ! bus9ess on an ext5sive scale1 w\ld ne$ to adopt a some:at diff]5t practice3-- ,soil & prep>ation4-- ,! soil %\ld be a deep1 ri*1 s&y loam1 free f we$s1 roots1 /ones1 c41 conta9+ a good portion ( vegetable e>?4 ,alluvial bottom l& is ! mo/ suitable1 b x mu/ n be wet4 ,if old upl& is us$1 x %\ld receive a heavy coat+ ( vegetable e>?1 f decay$ wood & leaves4 ,! l& %\ld be pl\gh$ v deep 9 ! fall1 & e>ly 9 ! spr+ apply ab\t "o hundr$ loads ( well-rott$ manure p] acre1 spread ev5ly1 & pl\gh$ 9 deeply2 !n h>r[ till q f9e & free f lumps4 ,next pl\gh ! l& into b$s f\r feet wide1 leav+ alleys betwe5 ?ree feet wide1 !n h>r[ ! b$s ) a f9e light h>r[1 or rake !m by h&1 s z to leave !m smoo? & ev5 ) ! alleys2 !y are !n ready = plant+4 ,prep>+ sets & plant+4--,madd] sets or se$ roots are be/ select$ :5 ! crop is dug 9 ! fall4 ,! horizontal upp]mo/ roots 7) eyes7 are ! k9d to be us$2 ^! %\ld be sep>at$ f ! bottom roots1 & buri$ 9 s& 9 a cell> or pit4 ,if n done 9 ! fall1 ! sets may be dug e>ly 9 ! spr+1 be=e !y beg9 to spr\t4 ,!y %\ld be cut or brok5 into pieces1 conta9+ f two to five eyes ea*2 i4e41 ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,! "t = plant+ is z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z ! gr\nd c be got 9 good ord]1 & sev]e fro/s are ov]1 :i* 9 ?is climate 7,am]ica7 is usually ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,) ! b$s prep>$ z direct$1 /ret* a l9e l5g?wise ! b$1 & ) ! corn] ( a hoe make a drill two in*es deep along ea* edge & d[n ! middle1 s z to give ?ree r[s to ea* b$1 ab\t two feet ap>t4 ,into ^! drills drop ! sets1 t5 in*es ap>t1 cov]+ !m two in*es deep4 ,eight or t5 bu%els ( sets are requisite = an acre4 ,aft] culture4--,z soon z ! madd] plants c be se51 ! gr\nd %\ld be c>efully ho$1 s z to de/roy ! we$s & n injure ! plants2 & ! hoe+ & we$+ mu/ be repeat$ z (t5 z we$s make _! appe>ance4 ,if any ( ! sets h fail$ to gr[1 ! vacancies %\ld be fill$ by talk+ up p>ts ( ! /ronge/ roots & transplant+ !m2 ?is is be/ done 9 ,june4 ,z soon z ! madd] plants are t5 or twelve in*es high1 ! tops are to be b5t d[n on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & all except ! tip end cov]$ ) e>?1 %ovell$ f ! middle ( ! alleys4 ,b5d ! %oots outw>d & inw>d 9 e direction1 s z 9 "t to fill all ! vacant space on ! b$s1 & ab\t "o foot on ea* side4 ,aft] ! fir/ "t cov]+1 repeat ! we$+ :5 necess>y1 & run a s+le horse pl\gh ?r\gh ! alleys sev]al times to keep ! e>? clean & mell[4 ,z soon z ! plants aga9 become t5 or twelve in*es high1 b5d d[n & cov] !m z be=e1 repeat+ ! op]ation z (t5 z necess>y1 :i* is commonly ?ree times ! fir/ season4 ,! la/ "t may be z late z ,septemb]1 or lat] if no fro/s occur4 ,by cov]+ ! tops 9 ?is mann]1 !y *ange to roots1 & ! design is to fill ! gr\nd z full ( roots z possible4 ,:5 ! vacant spaces are all full1 !re is b little *ance = we$s to gr[2 b all t appe> mu/ be pull$ out4 ,! second ye>4--,keep ! b$s free f we$s2 pl\gh ! alleys & cov] ! tops1 z be=e direct$1 two or ?ree times dur+ ! season4 ,! alleys w n[ =m deep & n>r[ dit*es1 & if x becomes difficult to obta9 good e>? = cov]+ ! tops1 t op]ation may be omitt$ aft] ! second "t ?is season4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 :5 cov]+ ! tops1 to keep ! edges ( ! b$s z high z ! middle2 o!rwise ! wat] f heavy %[]s w run (f1 & ! crop suff] f dr\ght4 ,! ?ird ye>4--,v little labor or att5tion is requir$4 ,!y w n[ cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,if any we$s are se51 !y mu/ be pull$ out2 o!rwise _! roots w cause tr\ble :5 h>ve/+ ! madd]4 ,! crop is sometimes dug ! ?ird ye>2 & if ! soil & cultivation h be5 good1 & ! seasons w>m & favorable1 ! madd] w be ( a good quality2 b g5]ally x is mu* bett] 9 quality1 & m 9 quantity1 :5 left until ! f\r? ye>4 ,digg+ & h>ve/+4--,?is %\ld be done betwe5 ! #bj? ( ,augu/ & ! #bj? ( ,septemb]4 ,take a %>p %ovel or %ovels1 & cut (f & remove ! tops ) half an in* ( ! surface ( ! e>?2 !n take a pl\gh ( ! l>ge/ size1 ) a %>p c\lt] & a d\ble team1 & pl\gh a furr[ outw>d1 beam-deep1 ar\nd ! edge ( ! b$2 /ir ! e>? ) =ks1 & c>efully pick out all ! roots1 remov+ ! e>? f ! bottom ( ! furr[2 !n pl\gh ano!r furr[ beam-deep1 z be=e1 & pick ov] & remove ! e>? 9 ! same mann]2 ?us proce$+ until ! :ole is complet$4 ,wa%+ & dry+4--,z soon z possible aft] digg+1 take ! roots to "s runn+ /ream to be wa%$4 ,if !re is no runn+ /ream conv5i5t1 x c be done at a pump4 ,take l>ge r\nd sieves1 two-&-a-half or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) ! wire ab\t z f9e z :eat sieves2 or if ^! _c be _h1 get f a h>dw>e /ore suffici5t scre5 wire ( ! "r f95ess1 & make frames or boxes1 two-&-a-half feet long & ! wid? ( !1 wire1 on ! bottom ( :i* nail ! wire4 ,9 ^! sieves or boxes1 put half a bu%el ( roots at a "t1 & /ir !m ab\t 9 ! wat]1 pull+ ! bran*es ap>t s z to wa% !m clean2 !n1 hav+ a plat=m at h&1 lay !m onto dry4 7,to make ! plat=m1 take two or ?ree common bo>ds1 s z to be ab\t f\r feet 9 wid?1 & nail deals across ! "u side74 ,on ^! spread ! roots ab\t two in*es ?ick = dry+ 9 ! sun4 ,c>ry ! plat=ms to a conv5i5t place1 n f> f ! h\se1 & place !m side by side1 9 r[s ea/ & we/1 & ) _! ends nor? & s\?1 leav+ room to walk betwe5 ! r[s4 ,elevate ! s\? ends ( ! plat=ms ab\t eighte5 in*es1 & ! nor? ends ab\t six in*es f ! gr\nd1 putt+ poles or /icks to support !m--?is w greatly facilitate dry+4 ,aft] ! second or ?ird day's dry+1 ! madd] mu/ be protect$ f ! dews at night1 & f ra91 by plac+ ! plat=ms "o ^u ano!r to a conv5i5t height1 & cov]+ ! upp]mo/ "o ) bo>d4 ,spread !m out aga9 9 ! morn+1 or z soon z dang] is ov]4 ,five or six days ( ord9>ily f9e wea!r w dry ! madd] suffici5tly1 :5 x may be put away till x is conv5i5t to kiln-dry & gr9d x4 ,kiln-dry+1--,! size & mode ( con/ruct+ ! kiln may be v>i$ to suit circum/ances4 ,! foll[+ is a v *eap plan1 & suffici5t to dry "o ton ( roots at a "t4 ,place f\r /rong po/s 9 ! gr\nd1 twelve feet ap>t "o way1 & eighte5 ! o!r2 ! front two f\rte5 feet high1 & ! o!r eighte52 put girts across ! bottom1 middle1 & top1 & nail bo>ds p]p5dicul>ly on ! outside z = a common b>n4 ,! bo>ds mu/ be well season$1 & all cracks or holes %\ld be pla/]$ or o!rwise /opp$ up4 ,make a %$-ro( ( common bo>ds4 ,9 ! inside put upright /&>ds ab\t five feet ap>t1 ) cross-pieces to support ! scaffold+4 ,! fir/ cross-pieces to be f\r feet f ! floor2 ! next two feet high]1 & s on to ! top4 ,on ^! cross-pieces lay small poles1 ab\t six feet long & two in*es ?ick1 f\r or fire in*es ap>t4 ,on ^! scaffolds ! madd] is to be spread n9e in*es ?ick4 ,a floor is laid at ! bottom to keep all dry & clean4 ,:5 ! kiln is fill$1 take six or eight small kettles or h&-furnaces1 & place !m f\r or five feet ap>t on ! floor 7fir/ secur+ x f fire ) bricks or /ones71 & make fires 9 !m ) *>coal1 be+ c>eful n to make any ( ! fires s l>ge z to scor* ! madd] ov] !m4 ,a p]son mu/ be 9 con/ant att5dance to wat* & repl5i% ! fires4 ,! heat w asc5d ?r\gh ! :ole1 & 9 t5 or twelve h\rs x w all be suffici5tly dri$1 :i* is kn[n by its becom+ brittle l pipe /ems4 ,break+ & gr9d+4--,imm$iately aft] be+ dri$1 ! madd] mu/ be tak5 to ! b>n & ?re%$ ) flails1 or brok5 by ma*9]y 7a mill might easily be con/ruct$ = ?is purpose71 s t x w fe$ 9 a common gri/-mill4 ,if x is n brok5 & gr\nd imm$iately1 x w ga!r dampness s z to prev5t its gr9d+ freely4 ,any common gri/-mill c gr9d madd] prop]ly4 ,:5 gr\nd f9ely x is fit = use1 & may be pack$ 9 b>rels l fl\r = m>ket4 ,am\nt & value ( product1 c4--,mr4 ,swift measur$ (f a "p ( 8 gr\nd1 & c>efully weigh$ ! product :5 dri$1 :i* he f\nd to be ov] two ?\s& p\nds p] acre1 not)/&+ ! seasons 7 mo/ly dry & unfavorable4 ,) 8 pres5t k ( ! bus9ess1 he is confid5t t he c obta9 at lea/ ?ree ?\s& p\nds p] acre1 :i* is said to be m ?an is (t5 obta9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! :ole am\nt ( labor he e/imates at f eighty to "o hundr$ days' "w p] acre4 ,! value ( ! crop1 at ! usual :olesale price 7ab\t fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd71 f ?ree to f\r hundr$ doll>s4 ,9 =eign c\ntries x is cu/om>y to make sev]al qualities ( ! madd]1 :i* is done by sort+ ! roots2 b z only "o quality is requir$ = ! we/]n m>ket1 ,mr4 ,swift makes b "o1 & t is f\nd sup]ior to mo/ ( ! import$1 & f9ds a ready sale4 ,madd] is produc$ 9 ,middle ,egypt to "s ext5t1 = ! consumption ( ! c\ntry1 pr9cipally = dye+ ! t>b\*e or skull caps :i* are univ]sally worn4 ,its culture 0 introduc$ 9 #ahbe4 ,9 #ahcc1 #cjj acres 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & #ejj 9 ! ,delta & ! ,kely\t1 7 devot$ to madd] roots4 ,new ,s\? ,wales is em95tly suit$ to ! culture ( ?is valuable root1 & z ! pr(its ^u its cultivation are v l>ge1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d x to ! att5tion ( agriculturi/s !re4 ,! article produces to ,france an annual sum ( "o million /]l+2 ! price ( ! f9e/ quality 9 ! ,engli% m>ket be+ #fj p] ton4 ,its yield v>ies f #dj to #ej p] acre1 & ! exp5ses ^u its prop] culture %\ld n exce$ "o-half t am\nt4 ,! coloni/s w\ld f9d x to _! int]e/ to turn _! att5tion to su* articles z ?is1 = :i* !re is an ext5sive dem& at home1 in/ead ( conf9+ !mselves exclusively to ! common] & bulki] products1 :i* !y export at a mu* less pr(it1 & :i* :5 once ! m>ket is fully suppli$1 may fall to a price at :i* !y _c af=d to sell4 ,! foll[+ is a calculation ( ! exp5ses g5]ally suppos$ to att5d a crop accord+ to ! mode ( cultivation practis$ 9 ,vaucluse3-- ,r5t p] hect>e 7#b ,engli% acres71 #c ye>s1 at s4 d4 #afe francs #ai #ag #f ,manure1 #ddj francs #ag #ab #f ,c>riage ( ditto1 #acb francs #c #e #aj --------- #bb #ah #d --------- #db #ae #aj ,^! exp5ses may almo/ be disp5s$ ) 9 our colonies1 z ! soil at ,vaucluse has long be5 exhau/$4 ,two & a-half acres require #agj lbs4 se$1 at #b;d4 p] p\nd1 :i*1 ) ! labor aft]w>ds be/[$1 includ+ ! co/ ( spade tr5*+1 w be #cj #j #j --------- #gb #ae #aj ,! av]age produce p] hect>e is #gg cwt41 :i*1 at #a #ds4 #b;d4 p] cwt4 7! price on ! spot71 is #ic4 ,! price is n[ mu* l[]1 b /ill x is cle> a mo/ pr(itable return w\ld be d]iv$ f ! fir/ crop1 & a proportionably l>g] "o aft]w>ds4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! madd] roots1 in/ead ( be+ gr\nd & export$ 9 t =m1 z h]et(ore1 is n[ expos$1 aft] be+ inve/$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 to a boil+ heat by means ( /eam1 by :i* ! color+ matt] is consid]ably alt]$ & improv$ 9 quality = "s dye+ processes1 :ile ! quantity r5d]$ soluble 9 wat] is greatly increas$4 ,! madd] s prep>$ is kn[n z g>anc9e1 & =ms an important bran* ( manufacture 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :i* 0 well illu/rat$ at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 by a collection ( specim5s suppli$ by ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,avignon4 ,! sp5t madd]1 aft] be+ us$ 9 dye+1 is n[ also conv]t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,/e9]1 ( ,accr+ton1 into a g>anc9e 7t]m$ g>anceuse by ! ,fr5*7 by /eam+ x ) sulphuric acid 9 ! same mann] z ! fre% madd]1 & ?us a consid]able quantity ( color+ matt] is recov]$ & made available :i* 0 =m]ly ?r[n away 9 ! sp5t madd]4 ,bo? v>ieties ( g>anc9e give a m sc>lety r$ ?an ! unprep>$ madd]1 & also good *ocolate & black1 )\t soil+ ! :ite gr\nd1 b are n s well fitt$1 p>ticul>ly ! g>anc9e ( sp5t madd]1 = dye+ purples1 lilacs1 & p9ks4 ,! value ( ! g>anc9e import$ f ,france 9 #ahdh 0 #ei1eed1 & ( t import$ 9 #ahea #ic1hah4 ,?is prep>ation ( gr\nd madd] is import$ into ,liv]pool to ! ext5t ( f #ejj to #fjj tons annually f ,m>seilles1 = ! use ( calico pr9t]s 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,! price is #g to #h ! ton4 ,?is important root is already cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,russia b n ne>ly 9 suffici5t quantity to meet ! local dem&2 s t l>ge quantities are import$ f ,holl& & else:]e1 e ye>4 ,! quantity ( madd]1 madd]-root1 & g>ane9e annually import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is exce$+ly l>ge1 ov] #ae1jjj tons1 z is %[n by a ref]5ce to ! foll[+ figures3-- ,madd]4 ,madd] roots4 ,g>anc9e4 ,total4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahdh #ha1bfa #aci1dfc #e1iee #bgf1fgi #ahdi #ib1gcf #afa1ihf #d1ifi #bei1fia #ahej #ajj1bdh #afa1fac #e1hde #bfg1gjf #ahea #ib1ibe #bjb1jia #i1chb #cjd1cih #aheb #hd1che #agi1hac ---- ---- ,we import$ f ,france1 duty free1 ! foll[+3-- ,madd]4 ,(ficial value4 ,madd]-root4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahdh #ed1jhd #abb1hea #be1jfh #gj1gdi #ahdi #eg1ajh #aca1jei #bc1dei #ha1bgd #ahej #ed1eei #abc1fbh #ac1fic #ee1bfc #ahea #fe1egg #aea1ejb #cd1jag #afg1gba ,! price 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 9 ,june #ahec1 = ,bombay madd]-roots 0 #a #ahs4 to #b #ads4 ! cwt4 ,,indian ,,madd]4--,rubia cordifolia1 or ,munje/ha1 a v>iety ) :ite fl[]s1 a native ( ,sib]ia1 is cultivat$ l>gely 9 ! ,ea/1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ,assam1 ,nepaul1 ,bombay1 ,sc9de1 ,quitta1 ,*9a1 c41 = its dye-/uff1 & is kn[n z ,munjeet4 ,a small quantity is export$ f ,*9a & ,india2 ab\t #cch ,indian maunds 7 %ipp$ f ,calcutta 9 #ahdj1 & #b1cbh 9 #ahda4 ,x fet*es 9 ! ,london & ,liv]pool m>kets f #bjs4 to #bes4 & #cjs4 p] cwt41 duty free2 #dje tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ,bombay & ,calcutta1 9 #ahdi1 & #ebe tons 9 #ahej1 b none 0 import$ 9 #ahea & #aheb4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by ! ,jury 9 #ahea1 at ! ,great ,exhibition1 t ?is is a valuable dye-/uff1 & hi!rto n s well appreciat$ z x des]ves1 = "s ( ! colors dy$ ) x are q z p]man5t z ^? dy$ ) madd]1 & ev5 m brilliant4 ,its use h[ev] is gradually increas+1 & x is unque/ionably well wor?y ! att5tion ( dy]s4 ,,logwood4--,! logwood ( comm]ce is ! r$ he>t wood1 or duram51 ( a f9e l(ty gr[+ tree 7,haematroxylon ,campe*ianum71 gr[+ 9 ,campea*y & ! bay ( ,honduras1 & :i* is also n[ common 9 ! woods ( ,jamaica & ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,x is pr9cipally import$ z a dye wood1 cut into %ort l5g?s4 ,we *ip1 gr9d1 & pack x into casks & bags1 ready = ! dy]s1 hatt]s1 & pr9t]s' use1 :o e/eem x z af=d+ ! mo/ durable deep r$ & black dyes4 ,x is sometimes us$ 9 m$ic9e z an a/r+5t4 ,t gr[n 9 ,jamaica is lea/ valu$ t ( ,honduras1 ,tobasco1 & ,/4 ,dom+o1 fet*es a some:at high] price2 b t import$ f ,campea*y direct1 is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,! annual imports into ,liv]pool are ab\t #a1cjj tons f ,honduras1 #ajj f ,tobasco1 & #a1hjj f ,campea*y4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 a damp t5aci\s soil1 ) a small proportion ( s&4 ,x is import$ 9 logs1 :i* are aft]w>ds *ipp$1 & is ( great comm]cial importance f its valuable dye+ prop]ties4 ,old wood is pref]r$2 x is s h>d z almo/ to be inde/ructible by ! atmosph]e4 ,! album5 is ( a yell[i% color1 & is n import$4 ,! b>k & wood are slightly a/r+5t4 ,! imports ( logwood into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 7 #bc1aib tons 9 #ahdh1 #bc1iif tons 9 #ahdi1 & #cd1jij tons 9 #ahej1 ( :i* #c1dhd tons 7 re-export$ 9 #ahdh1 & #b1cjg tons 9 #ahdi4 ,! imports 9 ! pa/ two ye>s ( #aheb & #ahec1 h av]ag$ #bj1jjj tons1 ( :i* ab\t #c1jjj tons 7 re-export$4 ,x is increas+ 9 use1 = 9 #ahcg1 ! quantity reta9$ = home use 0 only #ad1fgg tons4 ,! price v>ies accord+ to quality f #d to #g p] ton4 ,we receiv$ f ,honduras #e1dja tons 9 #ahdd2 & #ee1hbd tons 9 #ahde4 ,f ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica1 #cih tons 7 %ipp$ betwe5 ,janu>y & ,july #ahea4 ,,fu/ic4--,?is is ! common "n ( a species ( dye wood 9 ext5sive use1 :i* is obta9$ f ,maclura t9ctoria1 or ,br\ssonitia t9ctoria1 ,kun?1 a l>ge & h&some ev]gre5 tree1 gr[+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! wood is ext5sively us$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! dye+ ( yell[1 & is l>gely import$ = t purpose4 ,! quantity ent]$ = home consumption 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 #a1gca tons 9 #ahdg1 #a1fec 9 #ahdh1 & #a1hdb tons 9 #ahdi4 ,n9ety-"o tons 7 %ipp$ f ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica1 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #ahea4 ,,qu]citron4---,?is b>k furni%es a yell[ dye1 ( :i* ab\t #c1ejj tons are annually import$ 9 hog%eads ( f half a ton to a ton4 #bif tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ,philadelphia 9 #ahdi1 & #ead tons 9 #ahej4 ,,brazil ,,wood4--,?is v pond]\s wood is obta9$ 9 ,brazil f ! ,csalp9a ,brazili5sis1 :i* yields a r$ or crimson dye1 :5 unit$ ) alum or t>t>1 & is us$ by silk dy]s4 ,x is import$ pr9cipally f ,p]nambuco1 #a1bjj qu9tals hav+ be5 %ipp$ to ,london 9 #ahce1 b ab\t #ejj tons1 wor? ab\t #d a ton1 7 import$ f ,co/a ,rica 9 #ahde4 ,! tree is l>ge1 crook$1 & knotty1 & ! b>k is ?ick1 & equals ! ?ird or f\r? ( its diamet]4 ,! imports may be /at$ at ab\t #fjj tons annually1 ! av]age price be+ #ej p] ton4 ,brazil wood is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance & ( ! be/ quality1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,p]nambuco1 b be+ a gov]nm5t monopoly x has be5 cut d[n 9 s improvid5t a mann]1 t x is n[ seldom se5 )9 sev]al leagues ( ! coa/4 ,among ! ,cuba dye woods is ,copey 7,clusia rosea1 ,l9n74 ,braziletto1 obta9$ f ,c4 ,cri/a1 is "o ( ! *eape/ & lea/ e/eem$ ( ! r$ dye woods1 import$ f ,jamaica & o!r ,we/ ,india isl&s to ! ext5t ( #aej tons p] annum1 fet*+ #f to #h p] ton4 #b1cfa tons ( ,nic>agua wood 7 import$ 9 #ahdh1 #b1gja tons 9 #ahdi1 & #f1acj tons 9 #ahej4 ,spa9 exhibit$ v>i\s vegetable dyes obta9$ f cultivat$ & wild plants furni%$ by ! ,agricultural ,bo>d ( ,s>agossa4 ,,li*5s4 ,! *ief li*5s employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( or*il & cudbe> are ! foll[+3-- ,angola we$ 7,ramal9a furfuracea74 ,mauritius we$ 7,rocella fusi=mis71 :i* comes also f ,madagasc>1 ,lima1 & ,valp>aiso1 & !n be>s ! di/9ctive comm]cial "n ( ! port ( %ipm5t4 ,cape we$ 7,rocella t9ctoria71 f ! ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s4 ,can>y ,moss 7,p>melia p]lata74 ,t>t>e\s ,moss 7,p>melia t>t>ea74 ,pu/ulatus ,moss 7,umbilic>ia pu/ulata74 ,velvet ,moss 7,gyrophora mur9a74 ,! la/ ?ree are import$ f ,sw$54 ,( ^! li*5s1 ! fir/1 :i* is ! ri*e/ 9 color+ matt]1 gr[s z a p>asite ^u trees2 all ! rema9d] ^u rocks4 ,rocella corall9a1 ,v>iol>is lactea & dealbata1 h be5 also resort$ to4 ,ab\t #acj tons ( cudbe> are import$ annually f ,sw$54 ,^! li*5s are f\nd on rocks1 on ! sea coa/4 ,! modes1 ( treat+ !m = ! manufacture ( ! diff]5t dyes is ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh v>y+ slightly 9 detail4 ,!y are c>efully clean$ & gr\nd into a pulp ) wat]1 an ammoniacal liquor is f "t to "t add$1 & ! mass con/antly /irr$ 9 ord] to expose x z mu* z possible to ! air4 ,peculi> sub/ances exi/+ 9 ^! plants are1 dur+ ?is process1 s *ang$ by ! comb9$ action ( ! atmosph]e1 wat]1 & ammonia1 z to g5]ate ! color+ matt]1 :i*1 :5 p]fect1 is press$ out1 & gypsum1 *alk1 or o!r sub/ances1 are !n add$1 s z to give x ! desir$ consi/5cy2 ^! are !n prep>$ = ! m>ket "u ! =ms ( cudbe> or litmus4 ,,h5na 7,lawsonia in]mis71 is an important dye-/uff1 & ! di/ill$ wat] ( ! fl[]s is us$ z a p]fume4 ,! ,mahom$an wom5 9 ,india use ! %oots = dye+ _! nails r$1 & ! same practice prevails 9 ,arabia4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! manes & tails ( ! horses are /a9$ r$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ,g5i/a tom5tosa yields r$ petals us$ 9 dye+1 & conta9+ mu* tannic acid4 ,,or*illa ,,we$4--,! f9e purple color :i* ! or*illa we$ yields1 is 9 use z an ag5t = color+1 /a9+1 & dye+4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj lbs4 is obta9$ annually 9 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe4 #dfj arrobas 7or #aae cwt47 ( or*illa 7 export$ f ! ,can>y ,isles 9 #ahcc4 ,9 #ahci1 #f1did cwts4 paid duty1 & #d1age cwts4 9 #ahdj4 ,! av]age imports ( ! ?ree ye>s end+ ) #ahdb1 0 #f1jej cwt4 ,a little comes 9 f ,b>b>y & ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,dr4 ,w4,l4 ,l9dley1 9 a v int]e/+ pap]1 read be=e ! ,botanical ,society ( ,london1 9 ,decemb]1 #aheb1 on ! dye+ prop]ties ( ! li*5s1 /at$-- ,! subject ( ! colorific & color+ pr9ciples ( ! li*5 has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 attract$ a due %>e ( t att5tion :i*1 has be5 increas+ly devot$ to organic *emi/ry4 ,s9ce #ahcj1 ,he]51 ,kane1 ,s*unck1 ,ro*l$] & ,heldt1 ,knop1 ,/5h\se1 ,laur5t & ,g]h>dt1 h publi%$ valuable pap]s on ^! pr9ciples2 b1 "h aga91 we h to regret ! great discrepancy 9 ! v>i\s results obta9$1 & !re is !re=e1 "h also1 imp]atively dem&$ re-inve/igation & correction be=e any ( ! results already publi%$ c he implicitly reli$ ^u1 & be=e we c h safe data f :i* to g5]alise4 ,i h no d\bt t a great proportion ( ! obscurity ov]hang+ ?is subject dep5ds on ! circum/ance t _m ( ! *emi/s1 :o h devot$ att5tion to ! color-educts & products ( ! li*5s1 7 n !mselves botani/s1 & h !re=e probably1 9 "s cases at lea/1 analys$ species "u errone\s names1 & also because _! inve/igations h compreh5d$ a mu* too limit$ numb] ( species4 ,_! utility 9 ! arts1 & especially 9 dye+--includ+ ! collection ( a s]ies ( ! comm]cial dye li*5s1 i4e41 ^? us$ by ! manufactur]s ( ,london1 c41 9 ! mak+ ( or*il1 cudbe>1 litmus1 & o!r li*5 dyes4 ,:ile inve/igat+ ! dye+ prop]ties ( ! li*5s1 ,i made exp]im5ts1 ) a view to te/ _! colorific p[]1 on z _m species z ,i c\ld obta9 9 suffici5t quantity1 to r5d] x at all useful to op]ate on--t numb]1 h[ev]1 be+ v limit$ 7betwe5 =ty & fifty74 ,dr4 ,l9dley adds1 _m p>ties may be able to aid 8 inve/igations1 by furni%+ in=mation on _! economic uses1 & on _! special applications 9 dye+ & o!r arts--7p>ticul>ly on _! employm5t1 z dye ag5ts1 by ! natives ( ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries7--) specim5s ( ! li*5s s us$1 & _! common names--specim5s ( fabrics dy$ !re)--notes ( ! processes employ$ = ! elim9ation ( ! dyes1 c4 ,p>ties resid5t 91 or travell+ ?r\gh our we/]n ,highl&s & ,isl&s1 ! nor!rn ,highl&s1 ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,norway1 ,icel&1 & simil> c\ntries1 are mo/ likely to be able to af=d ?is description ( in=mation--_m native li*5s be+ /ill us$ by ! peasantry ( ^! c\ntries to dye _! homespun y>n1 c4 ,he proce$$ to treat--#a4 ,! va/ importance ( ?is humble tribe ( plants 9 ! gr& economy ( nature1 z ! pione]s & f\nd]s ( all vegetation4 #b4 ,_! importance to man & ! l[] animals1 z furni%+ v>i\s articles ( food4 #c4 ,_! importance 9 m$ic9e1 & especially 9 its pa/ hi/ory1 at home & abroad4 #d4 ,_! importance 9 ! useful & f9e arts1 & especially 9 ! art ( dye+4 #e4 ,_! aff9ities & analogies to o!r cryptogamic families1 & to ! ,phan]ogamia4 #f4 ,_! value z an elem5t ( ! picturesque 9 nature2 &1 #g4 ,_! typical significance4 ,he !n adv]t$ m especially to ! subject ( 8 communication1 "u ! t5 foll[+ heads3-- ,i4 ,! colors ( ! ,?allus & apo!cia ( ,li*5s--_! causes1 & ! circum/ances :i* modify & alt] !m4 ,,ii4 ,hi/ory ( ! application ( _! color+ matt]s to ! art ( dye+4 ,,iii4 ,*emical nature & g5]al prop]ties ( ^! color+ matt]s4 ,,iv4 ,te/s & processes = e/imat+ qualitatively1 & quantitatively ! colorific p[]s ( individual species--) _! practical applications4 ,v4 ,processes ( manufacture ( ! ,li*5-dyes1 on ! l>ge & small scale 9 diff]5t c\ntries--) ! pr9ciples on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,,vi4 ,nom5clature ( ! dye-,li*5s1 & ( ! ,li*5-dyes4 ,,vii4 ,botanical & comm]cial s\rces ( ! same4 ,,viii4 ,special applications ( ! ,li*5-dyes 9 ! arts4 ,,ix4 ,comm]cial value ( ! dye-,li*5s1 & _! products4 ,x4 ,geographical di/ribution ( ! dye-,li*5s--) ! effect ( climate2 situation1 c41 on _! colorific mat]ials4 ,( ! f\r fir/ sections ( 8 pap]1 ! foll[+ is a v %ort summ>y or synopsis3-- ,"u ! fir/ head1 ! au?or spoke ( *lorophylle & v>i\s organic & inorganic sub/ances1 :i* ent] into ! =mation ( ! colors ( ! ?allus & apo!cia ( li*5s1 & ( ! modifications ( ^! colors dep5d+ on v>i\s degrees (--#a4 ,exposure to air & light4 #b4 ,temp]ature4 #c4 ,moi/ure1 c4 #d4 ,atmosph]ic vicissitudes4 #e4 ,season ( ! ye>4 #f4 ,nature ( ! ,gonidic reproduction 7i4e41 gemmation74 #g4 ,nature ( habitat4 #h4 ,organic decomposition4 #i4 ,coalesc5ce ( p>ts1 mon/rosities1 c4 ,"u ! second section1 he trac$ hi/orically ! manufacture ( ,li*5-dyes1 & ! native use ( ,li*5s z dye ag5ts1 among diff]5t nations1 f ! times ( ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 sket*+ briefly ! anci5t end mod]n hi/ory ( or*il1 cudbe>1 & litmus1 & specify+ ! native use ( li*5-dyes 9 diff]5t1 c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,he allud$ m p>ticul>ly to _! application to ! dye+ ( y>ns1 c41 by ! ,scot* ,highl&]s1 "u ! "n ( ,crottles4 ,! process ( ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s crottles1 g5]ally consi/$ 9 mac]at+ ! p[d]$ li*5 = two or ?ree weeks1 9 /ale ur9e1 expos+ ! mass freely to ! air by repeat$ /irr+1 & add+ lime1 salt1 alum1 or argillace\s & o!r sub/ances1 ei!r to height5 ! color or imp>t consi/5ce4 ,to su* an ext5t did ?is cu/om at "o "t prevail1 t1 9 sev]al ( our nor!rn c\nties ea* f>m & cottage _h its tank or b>rel ( putrefy+ ur9e1 a homely b p]fectly effici5t mode ( g5]at+ ! necess>y am\nt ( ammonia4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,ab]de51 9 p>ticul>1 e home/ead _h its res]voir ( ,grai?1#ec & ! ,lit-pig1#ed :i* /ood by e fireside1 0 z famili> an article ( furniture 9 ! cots ( ! peasantry1 z ! cuttie-/ool1 or ! meal girnel4 ,s lately z #ahda 7& ,i presume ! practice cont9ues to ! pres5t day71 ,mr4 ,edmon/on /at$ t1 ( f\r or five native dyes1 us$ by ! ,%etl&]s to color clo? & y>ns1 two at lea/ 7 furni%$ by li*5s1 viz41 a br[n dye f ,p>melia saxatilis1 "u ! "n ( ,scrottyie1 & a r$ "o f ,lecanora t>t>ea1 "u t ( ,korkalett4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t /eam & free trade h gradually dispell$ ?is good old cu/om1 ev5 9 ! remot] corn]s ( our isl&2 ma*9]y-made articles be+ n[ readily suppli$1 at a rate s extraord9>ily *eap1 z to r5d] x absolutely exp5sive 7z to "t1 if n also z to money7 to prep>e colors1 ev5 by a process s simple & inexp5sive z t j m5tion$4 ,"u ! ?ird head1 he exam9$1 9 a g5]al way1 ! *emi/ry ( ! colorific & color+ matt]s ( ! li*5s & ! results to :i* x has l$1 avoid+ z mu* z possible ! te*nicalities insep>able f su* a subject1 & giv+ a %ort vise ( ! rese>*es ( ,he]51 ,kane1 ,ro*l$]1 & ,heldt1 ,/5h\se1 ,s*unck1 ,laur5t1 & ,g]h>dt1 & o!rs4 ,our untaught s5ses %\ld und\bt$ly lead u to expect ! li*5s1 ^: ?allus exhibits ! brighte/ t9ts1 to yield ! f9e/ dyes1 & ^!1 too1 ( a color simil> to t ( ! ?allus1 b exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! beautiful r$di% or purpli% color+-matt]s are producible 9 ! greate/ abundance by ! v species f :i* we %\ld lea/ expect to d]ive any1 viz41 9 ^? mo/ devoid ( ext]nal color4 ,?is1 ?\gh at fir/ sight v rem>kable1 is easily explicable1 :5 we rememb] t1 9 mo/ ( ! s-call$ dye-li*5s1 colorific pr9ciples exi/ 9 a colorless =m1 & only become conv]t$ into color$ sub/ances "u a peculi> comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,"s li*5s conta9 color+ matt]s1 ready =m$1 & ^! exhibit !mselves 9 ! t9t ( ! ?allus ( ! plants1 e4g4 *rysophanic or p>iet9ic acid 9 ,p>melia p>iet9a1 & vulp9ic acid 9 ,ev]nia vulp9a4 ,9 o!r species we f9d pr9ciples1 :i*1 :ile 9 ! plant1 & unact$ on by *emical re-ag5ts1 are colorless1 b :i*1 :5 ! li*5s are expos$ to ! comb9$ influ5ce ( atmosph]ic air1 wat]1 & ammonia1 yield color$ sub/ances4 ,?is s]ies ( color$ products is usually compreh5d$ m = conv5i5ce sake ?an on acc\nt ( *emical id5tity1 "u ! g5]ic t]m orce9e4 ,! :ole subject ( ! *emi/ry ( ^! bodies is at pres5t 9 a mo/ unsatisfactory condition1 dem&+ fre% inve/igation & rese>*1 9 illu/ration ( :i*1 ! au?or exhibit$ tables ( ! colorific & color+ pr9ciples1 s f> z !y are at pres5t kn[n1 %[+ _! *emical =mul & ! au?ority !re=1 & v>i\s relative in=mation4 ,x is highly probable t :5 ! *emi/ry ( ! li*5s has be5 m fully /udi$1 & ! :ole subject ( _! color-educts & products bett] und]/ood1 we %all beg9 to r$uce ! pres5t confus$ mass ( complex sub/ances1 & f9d ! same pr9ciples m ext5sively diffus$ ?r\gh diff]5t li*5 species4 ,dr4 ,l4 ent]$ some:at m9utely on ! *emical reactions ( ! bett] kn[n colorific & color+ pr9ciples1 & _! d]ivatives1 s f> at lea/ z ^! ?r[ any light on ! production & transmutation ( ! r$ or purple colors extract$ f :at may be t]m$ p> excell5ce1 ! dye-li*5s4 ,aft] a few rem>ks on ! *emical con/itution ( or*il & litmus1 z giv5 by ,kane1 ,gelis1 ,p]eira1 & o!rs1 he discuss$ ! subject ( decolorisation ( weak infusions ( or*il & litmus by exclusion ( atmosph]ic air1 & by v>i\s deoxidis+ ag5ts1 & ! diff]5t !ories z to ! causation ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,i h repeat$ly _h occasion to notice t1 :5 weak infusions ( ^! sub/ances are exclud$ = "s "t f atmosph]ic air1 9 a bottle1 ) a tightly fitt+ cork1 !y gradually lose color1 b rapidly rega9 x on re-exposure4 ,x is curi\s t bo? or*il & litmus are :at are call$ transi5t or false colors1 i4e41 !y sl[ly lose _! bloom & t9t by long exposure to ! atmosph]e2 ! color+ matt]1 !re=e1 appe>s to be decoloris$ bo? by exposure to1 & exclusion f ! air1 ph5om5a app>5tly ( v opposite *>act]s4 ,! cause ( ! latt] ph5om5on has nev]1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 q satisfactorily expla9$2 b x has be5 v>i\sly suppos$ to be due3-- #a4 ,to ! m]e negation ( oxyg54 #b4 ,to ! developm5t1 9 ! liquids1 ( v>i\s sub/ances1 capable ( ex]t+ a decoloris+ influ5ce on ! color+ matt]4 #c4 ,to deoxidation ( ! color+ matt] by sub/ances1 :i* h a great t5d5cy to become oxidis$ or p]oxis$2 e4g4 hydrog51 9 ! case ( decolorisation by sulphurett$ hydrog51 nasc5t hydrog51 & ! protoxides ( iron & t91 c4 #d4 ,to ! fixation ( an additional am\nt ( hydrog5 9 a new colorless body1 =m$ by ! union ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 or o!r sub/ances ) ! color+ matt] ( ! liquid4 ,?is view is *iefly support$ by ,kane1 :o says1 t precisely z ! color+ matt]s comb9e ) wat]1 to =m diff]5t %ades ( r$-color$ bodies--) ammonia to produce a s]ies ( bodies1 :i* are blue & purple--s !y comb9$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 to =m colorless comp\nds 9 solution1 :i*1 if solid1 v probably w\ld be :ite4 ,he supposes1 9 a ^w1 t = e color$ sub/ance exi/+ 9 or*il & litmus1 !re is a correspond+ :ite "o1 producible by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 c42 &1 9 pro( ( ?is !ory1 he m5tions hav+ obta9$ f ,azolitm9e & ,betaorce9e colorless bodies1 to :i* he gave ! respective names ( ,leuco-litm9e & ,leuco-orce9e4 ,! au?or !n gave a %ort summ>y ( ,dr4 ,we/r+'s exp]im5ts on ! dye+ p[]s ( ! ,sw$i% li*5s1 :i* he f\nd might be conv5i5tly divid$ into f\r classes1 accord+ to ! degree ( heat employ$ 9 _! mac]ation1 viz43-- #a4 ,li*5s1 ^: color+ matt] 0 easily extractable by cold wat] alone4 #b4 ,^? :i* requir$ = ! elim9ation ( _! color+ matt]1 mac]ation 9 tepid wat] 7i4e4 bel[ #beh degs4 ,sw$i% !rmomet]74 #c4 ,^? :i* requir$ mac]ation 9 w>m wat] 7i4e4betwe5 #ej & #fj degs4 ,sw$i% !rmomet]74 #d4 ,^? requir+ boil+ wat] alone1 or ) ! aid ( solv5ts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t our k ( ! true nature ( ! color(ic & color+ pr9ciples ( ! li*5s is1 z yet1 v imp]fect & confus$1 & "o great cause ( ! dubity & obscurity ov]hang+ ! subject1 is ! fact t diff]5t analy/s h arriv$ at mo/ opposite results1 ev5 9 ! exam9ation ( ! same species4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,rocella t9ctoria1 :i* has1 ( all ! dye-,li*5s1 be5 mo/ frequ5tly select$ = analytical inve/igation1 on acc\nt ( its important product or*il1 ! discrepancies betwe5 ! results obta9$ are v /rik+4 ,9 x ,he]5 discov]$ 8 ,ery?r9e2 ,kane 8 ,ery?ril9e2 ,s*unk 8 ,ery?ric acid2 & ,/5h\se ?ree diff]5t sub/ances 9 z _m v>ieties ( ! plant2 all ( ^! bodies diff]+ m or less f ea* o!r 9 composition & prop]ties 7at lea/1 if we are to assume1 z correct1 ! descriptions giv5 ( !m by _! respective discov]]s74 ,i h already h9t$ t !re is no ratio betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal color or /ructure ( a li*51 & ! k9d or am\nt ( color+ matt] x w be f\nd to yield4 ,x is exce$+ly natural to suppose t su* a ratio %\ld exi/2 b1 proce$+ = "s "t on ?is supposition1 ,i 0 frequ5tly disappo9t$ 9 my results--! mo/ %[y & brilliantly color$ li*5s (t5 furni%+ ! dulle/ & mo/ wor?less colors4 ,= in/ance1 ! bright yell[ ?allus ( ,p>melia p>iet9a1 & ! beautiful sc>let apo!cia ( ,scyphophorus coccif]us1 in/ead ( produc+ a ri* yell[ 9 ! "o case1 & a deep crimson 9 ! o!r1 yield$1 respectively1 only dirty gre5i%-yell[ & br[ni% colors4 ,z a g5]al rule ,i %\ld almo/ be incl9$ to say t ! f9] ! color ( ! ?allus ( any giv5 li*51 ! m is t li*5 to be suspect$ ( pov]ty 9 valuable color+ matt]s2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pale/ pulv]ul5t or cru/ace\s species1 especially su* z are saxicol\s1 may be expect$ to yield ! mo/ beautiful & valuable pigm5ts 7e4g4 ! ,rocellas & ,lecanoras74 ,9 su* circum/ances x is necess>y to h "s te/1 ( easy applicability1 ( ! k9d & am\nt ( colorific prop]ties ( any li*51 & ?is =tunately is readily atta9able4 ,! f\r? section ( ! pap] 0 devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s te/s ( colorific p[]1 :i* h be5 recomm5d$ by diff]5t au?ors4 ,( ^!1 ! great] numb] proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( develop+ ! color+ matt] by "s alkali1 9 conjunction ) ! decompos+ action ( atmosph]ic oxyg5 & wat]2 o!rs are f\nd$ on ! reaction betwe5 colorific pr9ciples ( c]ta9 ( ! dye li*5s & "s ( our ord9>y *emical re-ag5ts4 ,! au?or notic$ 9 p>ticul>-- #a4 ,helot's te/1 #b4 ,we/r+'s te/s1 qualitative4 #c4 ,/5h\se's te/1 #d4 quantitative4 ,helot's te/ consi/s 9 dige/+ ! dri$ & p[d]$ li*5 or a few h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #acj degs41 9 a weak solution ( ammonia1 suffici5tly /rong1 h[ev]1 to be tol]ably pung5t4 ,"o t is fit = ! dy] w yield a ri* violet r$ liquor4 ,dr4 ,we/r+ recomm5d$ simply mac]at+ ?ree or f\r dra*ms ( ! li*5 9 cool spr+ wat]1 assi/+1 p]haps1 ! solv5t action ( ! wat] by m9ute quantities ( common salt1 nitre1 quicklime1 sulphate ( copp] or iron1 or simil> re-ag5ts4 ,if ^! means fail$1 aft] a suffici5t l5g? ( "t _h be5 all[$ = ! developm5t ( color1 he dige/$ a fre% portion ( ! pulv]is$ li*5 9 wat]1 conta9+ small quantities ( sal-ammoniac & quicklime 9 ! proportion ( #be p>ts ( wat]1 #a-aj? lime1 & #a-bj? sal-ammoniac = e "p ( li*51 = a p]iod v>y+ f eight to f\rte5 days1 & by ?is process1 he says1 he nev] fail$ to develop all ! color :i* ! plant 0 capable ( yield+4 ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 ( ,london1 "o ( our late/ & be/ au?orities on ! *emi/ry ( ! li*5s1 adds to an alcoholic infusion ( ! li*51 a solution ( common blea*+ p[d] 7*loride ( lime71 :]eby1 if x conta9 c]ta9 colorific pr9ciples capable ( develop+1 "u ! jo9t action ( air1 wat]1 & ammonia1 r$ color+ matt]s1 a fugitive b di/9ct blood-r$ color w be exhibit$4 ,! am\nt ( ?is colorific matt] may be e/imat$ quantitatively by not+ ! quantity ( ! *loride ( lime solution requir$ to de/roy ?is blood-r$ color 9 diff]5t cases3 or ! same result may be obta9$ by mac]at+ = a %ort p]iod 9 milk ( lime--filt]+--precipitat+ ! filt]$ liquor by acetic or muriatic acid--collect+ ?is precipitate on a weigh$ filt]--dry+ at ord9>y temp]atures & aga9 weigh+4 ,! au?or ent]$ into a full analysis ( ^! te/s & processes--po9t+ out _! respective advantages & disadvantages--& %[+ _! practical value & applications4 ,he /at$ t he _h made use ( ^!1 & v>i\s o!r te/s1 9 upw>ds ( #cjj exp]im5ts1 & ! "o :i* he employ$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 because mo/ uni=mly applicable1 0 ,helot's ammonia te/4 ,! foll[+ comb9ation is t mo/ favorable = ! developm5t ( ! color+ matt] ( ! li*5s--viz41 ! pres5ce #a4 ,( wat] z a solv5t m5/ruum4 #b4 ,( atmosph]ic oxyg54 #c4 ,( ammonia1 9 ! /ate ( vapor or 9 solution1 & #d4 ,( a mod]ate degree ( heat2 ,& accord+ z ! proportion ( ^! comb9+ elem5ts v>ies1 s d ! k9d & am\nt ( color educ$ by !m4 ,?is comb9ation is ! f\ndation ( all ! processes = ! manufacture ( ! li*5 dyes ?r\gh\t ! _w1 h[ev] diff]5t ^! may appe> to be 9 detail or results4 ,i believe x may come to be a matt] ( great comm]cial importance to discov]1 at home or abroad1 "s *eap & easily-procurable sub/itute = ! ,roccellas1 :i* are gradually becom+ sc>ce1 & consequ5tly valuable 9 ,european comm]ce1 hav+ sometimes fet*$1 9 times ( sc>city1 no less ?an #a1jjj p] ton4 ,no plants c be s easily collect$ & pres]v$ z li*5s--requir+ m]ely to be clean$1 dri$1 pulv]is$1 & pack$2 & if _! bulk be an objection to transport1 _! :ole colorific matt] may be collect$ 9 ! way ,i h already m5tion$4 ,asc5d+ to ! v]ge ( et]nal sn[s1 & desc5d+ to ! ocean level--) a geographical diffusion t is co-ext5sive ) ! surface ( our e>?1 x is difficult to say :]e li*5s %all n be f\nd4 ,!re are myriads ( small rocky islets 9 ! b\ndless ocean1 & !re are ?\s&s ( miles ( b>r5 rocky coa/ & /]ile m\nta9 range 9 e "p ( ! _w1 :i*1 ?\gh at pres5t unfit to be> any ( ! high] memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 are yet c>pet$ & adorn$ ) a ri* cov]+ ( li*5s1 & ( ^? v species too1 :i* ,i h already spok5 ( z prolific 9 colorific mat]ials4 ,i s9c]ely believe1 !re=e1 t a m g5]al att5tion to ! v simple te/s j enum]at$1 w\ld ultimately result 9 a greatly ext5d$ use ( ! li*5s z dye ag5ts4 ,:at r5d]s x v probable t ef=ts 9 ?is direction are likely to meet ) success is ! great simil>ity ( species f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly notic$ t ! ,european species1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are be/ kn[n1 diff] little f ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,br[n rem>k$ ! same fact ) reg>d to ,new ,holl& species1 & ,humboldt also recognis$ ! simil>ity 9 natives ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&es4 ,( a l>ge collection made by ,pr(essor ,royle1 9 ! ,himalayas1 ,don pron\nc$ almo/ e "o to be id5tical ) ,european species4 ,f exam9+ ! raw vegetable products1 s5t by diff]5t c\ntries to ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 ,i am satisfi$ t1 ev5 n[1 !re are _m fields op5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( an export trade 9 ,roccellas & o!r s-call$ or*ella we$s4 ,i !re saw specim5s ( good dye li*5s f almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 includ+ our own "y colonies2 & z a s+le in/ance ( _! probable value1 ,i may introduce "h ! copy ( a note app5d$ to a specim5 ( or*ella we$ f ! isl& ( ,socotra1 conta9$ 9 ! ,indian collection ( t exhibition1 abundant1 b unkn[n z an article ( use or comm]ce4 ,also abundant on ! hills ar\nd 7,ad57 & might be made an article ( trade4 ,roccellas f ?is s\rce are e/imat$ z wor? #aij to #chj p] ton4 ,i believe t a simil> /atem5t might be made ) reg>d to ! c\ntless isl&s ( ! broad ,atlantic & ,pacific1 :i* may1 at "s future p]iod1 p]haps n f> di/ant1 be f\nd to be ri* depots ( or*ella we$s1 j z "s ( !m are1 at pres5t1 ri* fields ( guano1 & may1 z su*1 become new nuclei ( ,briti% comm]ce & ent]prise4 ,ev5 at home1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,ed9burgh1 or1 to re/rict our limits /ill m n>r[ly1 )9 ! compass ( ,ar?ur's ,seat1 !re are n a few v good dye-li*5s1 :i* require m]ely to be scrap$ ) an old knife or simil> in/rum5t1 f ! rocks to :i* !y adh]e1 & subject$ to ! ammonia process already m5tion$4 ,( twelve specim5s ?us collect$ at r&om "o morn+1 ,i f\nd no less ?an ?ree yield$ beautiful purple-r$ colors1 app>5tly z f9e z or*il or cudbe>1 :ile ! o!rs furni%$ ri* & d>k t9ts ( br[ni%-r$1 br[n & olive-gre54 ,dr4 ,l9dley's communication 0 illu/rat$ ) specim5s ( color+ matt]s yield$ by v>i\s li*5s collect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh1 c4 ,,b>ks ,,= ,,tann+4 ,let u n[ take a brief review ( ! s\rces f :5ce tann+ mat]ials may be obta9$1 :i* w also enable u to =m a fair e/imate ( ! prospect ( future supplies4 ,only "o m$al 0 aw>d$1 at ! ,great ,exhibition1 = tann+ sub/ances1 viz41 to ,messrs4 ,curtis1 ,bro!rs 7,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,no4 #abf71 b honorable m5tion 0 made ( ! foll[+ competitors3--,"o f ,tunis1 "o f ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 "o f ,new ,zeal&1 "o f ,belgium1 "o f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 "o f ,canada1 & "o f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! sub/ance f :i* pure tann9 is mo/ frequ5tly obta9$ = *emical purposes is nutgalls1 = tann9 con/itutes above #dj p] c5t1 ( _! weight4 ,x may be procur$ also f sev]al o!r s\rces1 su* z oak1 horse *e/nut1 suma*1 & c9*ona b>ks1 cate*u1 k9o1 c4 ,! basis ( ! sk9s ( animals is compos$ ( a sub/ance to :i* ! "n ( gelat9e is giv54 ,"o ( ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance is1 t :5 comb9$ ) tann91 x =ms ! comp\nd ( tannate ( gelat9e1 or lea!r1 a sub/ance :i* is s useful to mank9d4 ,f "t immemorial1 ! sub/ance employ$ to furni% ! tann9 to ! hides ( animals1 9 ord] to conv]t !m into lea!r1 has be5 oak b>k4 ,b z ! purpose = :i* oaks are gr[n is _! timb]1 & n _! b>k1 ! supply ( oak b>k _c be calculat$ ^u1 & ?is is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! causes :y tann+ z an art is 9 su* a backw>d /ate4 ,! consumption ( tann9 requir$ 9 ! lea!r manufacture may be e/imat$ f ! fact t m ?an #fgb1jjj cwts4 ( raw hides 7 import$ 9 #ahea1 besides ! hides ( ! cattle1 c41 consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,on ! ,cont95t & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! consumption ( b>k = ?is purpose is also consid]able4 ,! imports ( b>k = ! use ( tann]s & dy]s has am\nt$ ye>ly to ! v l>ge quantity ( #chj1fgd cwt41 besides :at we obta9 at home4 ,oak b>k conta9s usually ! l>ge/ proportion ( tann91 & accord+ to ,davy's exp]im5ts eight-&-a-half p\nds ( oak b>k are equival5t = tann+ purposes to two-&-a-qu>t] ( galls1 ?ree ( suma*1 sev5-&-a-half ( ,leice/] will[1 elev5 ( ,spani% *esnut1 eighte5 ( elm1 & tw5ty-"o ( common will[ b>k4 ,tann9 obta9$ f ^! s\rces1 h[ev]1 diff]s mat]ially 9 "s ( its *>act]s4 ,! tann9 ( nutgalls1 :i* is t g5]ally employ$ = *emical purposes1 is sometimes call$ gallo-tannic acid1 to di/+ui% x f o!r species4 ,not)/&+ ! numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances :i* h f "t to "t be5 introduc$ = ! use ( tann]s1 x is1 nev]!less1 pretty g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t !re is no?+ sup]ior1 or ev5 equal1 to good oak b>k1 & t all attempts to hurry ! process beyond a c]ta9 po9t by ! use ( conc5trat$ solutions ( tan1 c41 are = ! mo/ "p failures1 z ! manufacture ( good lea!r1 to a great ext5t1 dep5ds on ! process be+ conduct$ 9 a sl[ & gradual1 b--at ! same "t--?or\gh & complete matt]4 ,oak b>k is1 h[ev]1 by no means ! only a/r+5t b>k well suit$ to ! use ( ! tann]1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w o!r simil> sub/ances are us$ ) v great success4 ,all ^! tann+ mat]ials1 ?\gh !y may n be consid]$ by ! ,engli% tann] equal to ! be/ oak b>k1 are1 nev]!less1 ( great value to him2 !y may be employ$ 9 conjunction ) oak b>k1 or ev5 z a sub/itute 9 times ( sc>city1 or :5 ! price ( oak b>k is high2 9 fact ! v exi/5ce ( su* sub/ances t5ds to keep d[n & equalise ! price ( b>k1 & to prev5t x f und]go+ ^? great fluctuations 9 value :i* w\ld necess>ily occur 7 x ! only tann+ mat]ial available to our manufacture--7,pr(4 ,solly 9 ,jury ,reports ( ,great ,exhibition47 ,!re are a va/ numb] ( b>k & o!r sub/ances useful = tann+ purposes1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! tropics1 t are comp>atively unkn[n or little reg>d$ 9 ,europe2 b :i* might be readily obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities & at a trifl+ co/4 ,! b>k ( _m species ( ,acacia furni%es ! tann+ pr9ciple 9 a great degree1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,a4 arabica1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,babul wood1 is l>gely us$ ab\t ,sc9de1 ,bili>y1 ,gruz]at1 & o!r p>ts ( ,india2 :]e x is reg>d$ z a p[]ful tonic4 ,! fruit ( ,a4 v]a1 t]m$ ,egyptian & ,s5egal bablah1 has be5 employ$ 9 tann+ & dye+4 ,num]\s species ( ?is tribe are f\nd abundant 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ! ,cape ,colony1 & ^!1 p>ticul>ly ! wattle b>k ( ,au/ralia1 are 9 common use = tann+1 f _! a/r+5t prop]ties4 ,! b>k & r9d ( ! fruit ( ! pomegranate 7,pumica ,granata7 h simil> prop]ties4 ,! b>k ( ,avic5na tom5tosa is 9 great use 9 ! ,brazils = tann+4 ,s are ! curv$ pods ( ,csalp9ia ,cori>i1 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 "u ! "n ( ,divi-divi4 ,cori>ia myrtifolia is n only us$ 9 tann+ lea!r1 b also = /a9+ black4 ,x is wor? #i to #aj p] ton4 ,pt]oc>pus m>supium furni%es ab\t ,telli*]ry ! concrete exudation call$ k9o1 a p[]ful a/r+5t us$ = tann+4 ,! plants ( ! mangrove tribe1 ,rhizophora ,mangle1 & o!r alli$ species1 h frequ5tly an a/r+5t b>k1 :i* is 9 _m cases us$ = tann+ & dye+ black4 ,?is tree is v common 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries1 :]e x =ms d5se ?ickets on ! muddy banks ( riv]s & ! sea %ores4 ,! b>k ( ,bauh9ia v>iegata1 is made use ( 9 ,sc9de & o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! bitt] a/r+5t b>k & ! galls ( sev]al ( ! ,tam>isk tribe are also well suit$ = ! purpose4 ,mesembryan!mum nodiflorum1 "o ( ! num]\s indig5\s species ( ! ,cape1 is us$ 9 mak+ morocco lea!r4 ,! extract procur$ f ! b>k ( ! ,butea1 t ( ! ,bu*anania latifolia1 ! ,scyzgium 7,calyptran!s71 ,jambolana1 c41 are likely to be ( consequ5ce to ! tann]s1 & c\ld be produc$ 9 ,india 9 l>ge quantities4 ,specim5s ( ^!1 & ( ! b>k ( ! ,saul tree1 ( ,ny*an!s arbortri/a1 ,t]m9alia angu/ifolia1 & ( ! gaub fruit 7,diospyros glut9osa71 7 %[n by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! b>k ( ! hemlock tree is ext5sively employ$ = tann+ 9 ,new ,brunswick4 ,! b>k ( yell[ h]cules 7,xan?oxylum o*roxylon71 & ! pods ( ,acacia tortuosa are us$ = tann+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ! in/ructions giv5 by ! ,admiralty to ,sir ,james ,boss1 :5 proce$+ on 8 ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition1 8 att5tion 0 p>ticul>ly call$ to ! a/r+5t sub/ances adapt$ = tann+1 & to ! v>i\s extracts ( b>ks1 c41 import$ into ,engl& f our ,au/ralian settlem5ts1 & :i* are employ$ by ! tann]4 ,little /]l+ in=mation has z yet be5 obta9$ z to ! qualities ( ! a/r+5t gums1 b>ks1 & dyes1 yield$ 9 su* abundance by ! trees ( ^? colonies1 & ! proportion ( tann9 !y conta9$4 ,9 #ahdf1 #efc tons ( b>k = tann+ 7 export$ f ,port ,phillip4 ,a l>ge quantity ( tann9 is extract$ f v>i\s species ( ,eucalyptus1 ! gigantic gum trees 9 ,au/ralia & ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7( :i* qu>t] all ! species are natives71 & s5t to ! ,engli% m>ket2 x is said to be twice z p[]ful 9 its op]ations z oak b>k4 ,"s ( ^! trees atta9 a height ( #bjj feet4 ,_! b>k sep>ates rem>kably into lay]s4 ,a sort ( k9o gum1 an a/r+5t res9\s-l sub/ance1 is also extract$ f ,e4 res9if]a1 ! br[n gum-tree ( ,new ,holl&1 :i* is sold 9 ! m$ic9e baza>s ( ,india4 ,x exudes 9 ! =m ( r$ juice f incisions 9 ! b>k4 ,a s+le tree w (t5 yield #fj gallons4 ,9 ,brazil !y use ! b>k ( ,luhea panicata1 an ev]gre5 climb]1 = tann+ lea!r2 & 9 ,p]u ! b>k ( "s species ( ,we9maunia s]ve ! same purpose4 ,among o!r p[]ful a/r+5ts ,i may notice ! root ( a species ( ,sea ,lav5d] 7,/atice ,c>ol9iana71 ,myrica c]if]a1 & ,heu*]a ,am]icana1 all natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,also ! petals ( ,hibiscus ,rosa-s95sis1 a native ( ,asia4 ,! sea-side grape 7,coccolaba uvif]a7 yields an a/r+5t sub/ance1 kn[n z ,jamaica k9o4 ,! b>k ( ! ,cassia auriculata1 & ! milky juice ( ! ,asclepias gigantea1 are us$ = tann+ 9 ,india4 ,! r$ a/r+5t gum obta9$ f ,butea frondosa1 a middl+ size tree1 common 9 ,b5gal & ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,india1 is us$ by ! natives = tann+4 ,engli% tann]s1 h[ev]1 object to its use on acc\nt ( ! color :i* x communicates to ! lea!r4 ,! b>ks ( ! ,mora excelsa1 ,b5?2 ,c\rida 7,avic5na nutida71 ca%ew 7,anic>dium occid5tale71 guava & hog-plum 7,spondius lutea1 ,l9n471 h all be5 successfully us$ = tann+ 9 ,dem]>a & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e !y are v abundant4 ,specim5s 7 s5t f ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! root ( ! ,palmetto palm 7,*aema]ops ,palmetto7 is /at$ to be valuable = ! purposes ( tann+4 ,! leaves ( ,n]ium ,ole&] conta9 tannic acid4 ,! b>k ( a species ( ,malphigia is mu* us$ by ! ,brazilians4 ,! panke 7,gunn]a scabra7 is a f9e plant1 gr[+ 9 ,*ili1 on ! s&/one cliffs1 :i* some:at resembles ! rhub>b on a gigantic scale4 ,! inhabitants eat ! /alks1 :i* are subacid1 tan lea!r ) ! roots1 & also prep>e a black dye f !m4 ,! leaf is ne>ly circul>1 b deeply ind5t$ on its m>g94 ,mr4 ,d>w9 measur$ "o :i* 0 ne>ly eight feet 9 diamet]1 & !re=e no less ?an tw5ty-f\r 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! /alk is r m ?an a y>d high1 & ea* plant s5ds out f\r or five ( ^! enorm\s leaves1 pres5t+ toge!r a v noble appe>ance4 ,! b>ks replete ) ! tann+ pr9ciple %\ld be /ripp$ ) hat*ets & bills f ! trunk & bran*es ( trees 9 spr+1 :5 _! sap fl[s mo/ freely4 ,! av]age quantity ( oak b>k obta9$ f our =e/s is e/imat$ at #aej1jjj tons annually1 ( :i* ,irel& & ,scotl& furni% b a v small quantity4 ,! foll[+ table1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,ure1 %[s ! quantity ( extractive matt] & tann9 yield$ by diff]5t sub/ances3-- ,9 #dhj p>ts ,9 #ajj p>ts by ,davy4 by ,cadet4 ,sicilian suma* #gh -- ,malaga ditto #gi -- ,s\*ong tea #dh -- ,gre5 tea #da -- ,bombay cate*u #bfa -- ,b5gal ditto #bca -- ,nutgalls #abg #df ,b>k ( pomegranate -- #cb ,virg9ian suma* -- #aj ,c>ol9a ditto -- #e ,cate*u & ,gambi] are v valuable = tann+1 & are allud$ to "u ! heads ,,gambi] & ,,areca ,,palm4 ,,cate*u is obta9$ f ! ,acacia ,cate*u1 an arbore\s tree gr[+ f fifte5 to tw5ty feet high1 ) a br[n & scabr\s b>k4 ,! int]ior wood is br[n1 d>k r$ or blacki%1 & ! ext]ior :ite1 "o or two in*es ?ick4 ,x inhabits v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ( :i* x is a native1 & is also n[ common 9 ,jamaica4 ,x be>s :iti% or pale yell[ fl[]s4 ,! cate*u obta9$ f ?is tree 9 ,pegu1 is celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,india1 & fet*es #d to #e m p] ton ?an gambi] & o!r a/r+5t extracts4 ,:5 ( good quality1 cate*u is m p[]ful z an a/r+5t ?an k9o4 ,( all ! a/r+5t sub/ances we "k1 cate*u appe>s to conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( tann91 & ,mr4 ,purkis f\nd t "o p\nd 0 equival5t to sev5 or eight ( oak b>k = tann+ lea!r4 ,! t]m cate*u1 obs]ves ,dr4 ,p]eira1 is appli$ to v>i\s a/r+5t extracts import$ f ,india & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,a few ye>s ago ! t]ms cate*u1 t]ra japonica1 & cut* 7 employ$ synonym\sly2 !y are n[1 h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p us$ 9 trade some:at di/9ctively1 ?\gh n uni=mly 9 ! same s5se4 ,! manufacture ( cate*u f ! ,acacia cate*u z practis$ 9 ,can>a & ,beh>1 has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,k]r 7,m$4 ,obs4 & ,inquiries1 vol4 v471 & ,dr4 ,hamilton 7,j\rney ?r\gh ,mysore1 c41 vol4 iii471 :ile ,pr(essor ,royle has expla9$ ! process foll[$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,accord+ to ! la/-m5tion$ g5tleman1 ! kutt manufactur]s move to diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 diff]5t seasons1 erect tempor>y huts 9 ! jungles1 & select+ trees fit = _! purpose1 cut ! inn] wood into small *ips4 ,^! !y put into small e>!n pots1 :i* are arrang$ 9 a d\ble r[1 along a fireplace built ( mud2 wat] is !n p\r$ 9 until ! :ole are cov]$2 aft] a consid]able portion has boil$ away1 ! cle> liquor is /ra9$ into "o ( ! neighb\r+ pots1 & a fre% supply ( ! mat]ial is put into ! fir/1 & ! op]ation repeat$ until ! extract 9 ! g5]al receiv] is ( suffici5t consi/5ce to be p\r$ into clay m\lds1 :i*1 9 ! ,kh]ee ,pass & ,doon1 :]e ,i h se5 ! process1 are g5]ally ( a quadrangul> =m4 ,?is cate*u is usually ( a pale r$ color1 & is consid]$ !re to be ( ! be/ quality4 ,by ! manufactur]s x is convey$ to ,sah>unpore & ,moradabad1 :5ce x foll[s ! c\rse ( comm]ce d[n ! ,ganges1 & meets t f ,nepaul1 s t bo? may be export$ f ,calcutta4 ,,gambi]4 ,! ,gambi] plant 7,unc>ia ,gambl]1 ,roxburgh1 ,nauclea ,gambir1 ,hunt]71 has be5 describ$ by ,rumphius "u ! "n ( ,funis uncatus4 ,x is a /\t1 sc&5t1 ev]gre5 %rub1 :i* /rongly resembles ! myrtle4 ,x is g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! same plantation ) pepp]1 z ! leaves & %oots1 aft] und]go+ ! process by :i* _! juice is extract$1 to furni% a k9d ( cate*u1 are f\nd to be an excell5t manure = ! pepp] v9es4 ,! leaves & "y %oots ( ! gambi] plant are collect$ z soon z !y h atta9$ a suffici5t size1 & boil$ 9 iron pans until ! juice acquires ! consi/5ce ( treacle4 ,! decoction is p\r$ out into n>r[ tr\ghs1 dri$1 & aft]w>ds cut up into small cakes1 & pack$ 9 baskets = exportation4 ,! gambi] extract1 :i* is ( a yell[i% br[n color1 & has ! consi/5ce ( h>d *eese1 is mu* e/eem$ by ! ,malays = mix+ ) ! prep>ation ( betel1 :i* !y are 9 ! habit ( *ew+2 & consid]able quantities h lately be5 import$ to ?is c\ntry1 :]e x is us$ = dye+ colors1 & = tann+ lea!r4 ,! dem& = gambi] "h is on ! increase2 & :5 bett] kn[n to our *emi/s1 x w probably be f\nd applicable to _m o!r purposes ?an ^? to :i* x is at pres5t appli$4 ,!re 71 9 #ahej1 #djj gambi] & pepp] plantations on ! isl& ( ,s+apore2 ea* measures or occupies on an av]age an area ( #ejj fa?oms squ>e1 & employs eight to t5 h&s to cultivate & manufacture ! gambi] & pepp]4 ,!re are "s pepp] plantations 9 addition1 & !y h be5 f\nd to answ] v well )\t any gambi] be+ cultivat$ ) !m4 ,gambi] cultivation is g5]ally a los+ und]tak+1 b x is adopt$ to obta9 ! refuse ( ! leaves = manur+ ! pepp] v9es1 & also to employ ! p 9 ! plantations2 x besides af=ds ! proprietors ! means ( gett+ mon?ly sums to c>ry on ! cultivation ( pepp]1 :i* af=ds two crops ye>ly4 ,!re 7 =m]ly #fjj plantations 9 ,s+apore1 b ! reason already assign$1 & ! =mation ( spice plantations contigu\s h caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( all ^? ne> ! t[n4 ,ea* plantation mu/ h an equal ext5t ( =e/ l& to t cultivat$ ) gambi] & pepp]1 to enable ! manufacture ( ! gambi] be+ c>ri$ on1 & ea* gambi] plantation1 ( #ejj fa?oms squ>e1 conta9s ab\t #c1ejj pepp] v9es1 :i* yield on an av]age two catties p] v9e1 or #gj piculs ( pepp]1 & ab\t #agj piculs ( gambi] annually2--a good plantation w1 h[ev]1 yield sometimes z mu* z #abj piculs ( pepp]1 & #bjj piculs ( gambi]1 & a bad "o z little z #dj to #ej piculs ( pepp]1 & #fj to #hj piculs ( gambi]4 ,7 x n = ! enorm\s commission *>g$ by ! ag5ts ( ^! plantations1 f :om ! cultivators get all ! advances1 x w\ld prove a pr(itable cultivation4 ,! rates ( commission *>g$ g5]ally are z foll[s3--,p] picul ( gambi]1 fifte5 to tw5ty-five c5ts2 p] picul ( pepp]1 ?irty to =ty c5ts2 & if ! price ( ! =m] is bel[ "o-&-a-half doll>s1 & ! latt] bel[ ?ree-&-a-half doll>s p] picul1 a small r$uction is made 9 ! rates ( commission4 ,on e picul ( rice suppli$ to ! plant]s tw5ty to tw5ty-five c5ts commission is *>g$2 ?is includes ! int]e/ ( money advanc$1 :i* is nev] *>g$4 ,a gambi] & pepp] plantation is valu$ or e/imat$ at ab\t #djj doll>s on an av]age4 ,! foll[+ is suppos$ to be a correct e/imate1 on an av]age1 ( ! ye>ly exp5diture & returns ( a gambi] & pepp] plantation ( #ejj fa?oms squ>e1 viz3-- ,,exp5diture4 drs4 c4 m54 drs4 c4 ,eight m5 at #c doll>s & #g ,java rupees p] mon?1 wages = headman & lab\r]s respectively #bb4gj #ab #bgb4dj ,five piculs ( rice1 includ+ commission1 say #f4ej #ab #ha4fj ,fi%1 c4 #e #ab #fj4j ,boat or c>t hire to c>ry rice & produce #a #ab #ba4j ------ #dce4j ,,produce4 #agj piculs ( gambi]1 valu$ at l doll> #de c5ts p] picul1 less #ae c5ts commission *>geable1 nett #bba4cj -- --- #gj piculs ( pepp]1 at #d doll>s1 less #dj c5ts p] picul commission1 nett #bhg4j -- #ejh4j ,ye>ly pr(it1 #gc doll>s1 or ab\t #ae4 ,sev]al gambi] & pepp] plantations h be5 ab&on$ 9 ,s+apore1 p>tly f ! gr\nd be+ impov]i%$1 b m p>ticul>ly f ! exhau/ion ( ! =e/ adjac5t to _! e/ates4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! trees by ye>ly consumption deprives ! plant]s ( ! necess>y fire wood :i* is us$ = ! boil+ d[n ( ! gambi]4 ,a gambi] plantation gets exhau/$ 9 fifte5 ye>s1 ei!r f ! want ( firewood or ! l& gett+ impov]i%$4 ,!re are ab\t #bjj plantations at ,johore1 & ! produce ( gambi] = ! season ( #ahea 0 calculat$ at #cj1jjj piculs4 ,?is %rub 01 at "o p]iod1 cultivat$ ) success at ,p9ang & o!r places to ! ea/w>d1 b z ,java 0 ! pr9cipal m>ket = ! produce1 & ! ,dut* _h levi$ a duty ( twelve ,java rupees p] picul on x1 ! cultivation at ! =m] isl& did n repay its co/1 & x 0 accord+ly ab&on$4 ,prices h be5 lately advanc+1 & ! ,*9ese are talk+ ( try+ x aga94 ,! plant is p>tial to hilly l& or slopes at ! skirts ( hills4 ,two hundr$ plants are usually plac$ on "o orlong ( l&1 be+ six feet asund]4 ,!y are rais$ f se$1 & are topp$ to eight or t5 feet1 :5 ! gambi] is to be prep>$4 ,! ,*9ese dry ! se$ slightly1 & s[ 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,! se$s vegetate 9 =ty days1 & are plant$ out 9 ! second or ?ird mon? aft]w>ds4 ,at ! expiration ( f\rte5 mon?s1 ! fir/ cutt+ ( ! bran*es1 ) ! leaves on1 is made4 ,^! are put into a boil]1 & :5 ! juice has be5 extract$1 ! bran*es & refuse are ?r[n away1 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ until ! liquor has obta9$ ! prop] consi/5ce1 :5 x is put into %all[ tr\ghs1 dri$1 & cut into slices = sale4 ,! second cutt+ takes place eight mon?s subsequ5tly to ! fir/4 ,! plant n[ gr[s /rong & admits ( frequ5t cropp+1 & x w endure = tw5ty ye>s4 ,no manure is us$1 b ! plantation is kept clean4 ,e/imat$ co/ ( cultivat+ t5 orlongs1 ab\t #ac acres1 accord+ to ,colonel ,l[3-- ,spani% doll>s4 ,value ( cle>$ l&1 t5 orlongs #bjj ,six labor]s p] annum #cfj ,quit r5t #g ,boil]s1 firewood1 & implem5ts #bj ,h\ses #ej ,incid5tal #cj ---- ,total fir/ ye> #ffg ,second ye> #cig ---- #a1jfd ,! six labor]s on ! plantation w1 aft] ! above p]iod1 be con/antly employ$ 9 cutt+ & prep>+ ! gambi]3 ! av]age product w be #ae piculs mon?ly1 :i*1 at two doll>s p] picul1 w be #cj doll>s mon?ly1 or #cfj doll>s p] annum4 ,?is is ! acc\nt obta9$ by collat+ diff]5t ,*9ese /atem5ts4 ,! ,nauclea ,gambir is plac$ by ,jussieu "u ! natural ord] ,rubiace2 x is a %rub atta9+ ! height ( six to eight feet1 bran*y2 ! leaves are ovate1 po9t$1 smoo?1 wav+1 di/9ctly ve9$ transv]sely und]nea?1 ( d>k gre5 color1 &1 :5 *ew$1 !y h a bitt] a/r+5t ta/e1 leav+ h[ev]1 aft]w>ds1 a sweeti% ta/e 9 ! m\?1 n unlike liquorice2 ! fl[]s are aggregate1 globul>1 compos$ ( num]\s florets1 cr[d$ on a globul> nak$ receptacle2 tubes ( ! corolla ( a p9ki% color2 ! upp] "p ( ! corolla f9e1 cleft1 & ( a gre5i% yell[ color2 ! /am9 are five 9 numb]1 & %ort2 ! pi/il is long] ?an ! corolla2 ! fl[]s are de/itute ( fragrance2 ! capsules 7z correctly /at$ by ,mr4 ,hunt]7 are /alk$ oblong1 incru/$1 & cr[n$ ) a calyx2 tap]+ to a po9t bel[2 two cell$1 two valv$1 ! valves adh]+ at ! apex1 splitt+ at ! sides2 se$s v num]\s1 oblong1 v small1 compress$1 furni%$ at bo? ends ) a membrane\s pappus4 ,! gambi] plant is propagat$ ei!r by se$s or cutt+s1 b ! latt] are pref]r$4 ,x is cultivat$ to "s ext5t at ,s+apore1 b x is said t ! gambi] c be import$ *eap] f ! isl&s 9 ! vic9ity1 m especially at ! ,dut* settlem5t at ,rhio4 ,! extract is us$ ext5sively by ! natives ( ,india1 ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,cambodia1 z a ma/icatory1 wrapp$ up ) ! betel4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t qualities ( extract2 ! fir/ & be/ is :ite1 brittle1 & has an e>?y appe>ance :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s 7:i* e>?y appe>ance gave x ! "n ( ,t]ra ,japonica1 be+ suppos$1 at fir/ also1 to come f ,japan71 & is =m$ into v small r\nd cakes4 ,?is is ! de>e/ sort1 & mo/ ref9$1 b x is n unfrequ5tly adult]at$ ) sago2 ?is k9d is br\ght 9 ! greate/ quantity f ! isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,! second quality is ( a br[ni% yell[ color1 is =m$ into oblong cakes1 &1 :5 brok51 has a light br[n e>?y appe>ance2 x is also made into a solid cube =m2 x is sold 9 ! baz>s 9 small packets1 ea* conta9+ five or six4 ,! ?ird quality conta9s m impurities ?an ! prec$+1 is =m$ into small circul> cakes1 & is sold 9 packages ( five or six 9 ! baz>4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 prep>+ ! extract is ?us correctly relat$ by ,f9layson3--,! leaves are collect$ ?ree or f\r times a ye>2 !y are ?r[n into a l>ge cauldron1 ! bottom ( :i* is =m$ ( iron1 ! upp] "p ( b>k1 & boil$ = five or six h\rs1 until a /rong decoction is obta9$2 ! leaves are !n )drawn1 & all[$ to /ra9 ov] ! vessel1 :i* is kept boil+ = z _m h\rs m1 until ! decoction is inspissat$2 x is !n all[$ to cool1 :5 ! cate*u subsides1 ,! wat] is drawn (f2 a s(t soapy sub/ance rema9s1 :i* is cut into l>ge masses2 ^! are fur!r divid$ by a knife into small cubes1 ab\t an in* squ>e1 or into /ill small] pieces1 :i* are laid 9 frames to dry4 ,?is cate*u has m ( a granul>1 uni=m appe>ance ?an t ( ,b5gal2 x is1 p]haps1 also less pure4 ,! y\ng] leaves ( ! %rub are said to produce ! :ite/ & be/ gambi]2 ! old]1 a br[n & inf]ior sort4 ,!re are o!r species ( ,nauclea indig5\s to ,s+apore1 b !y d n produce any extract4 ,dr4 ,b5nett has p>ticul>is$ f\r qualities ( gambi]3-- #a4 ,small r\nd cakes1 ab\t ! size ( a small loz5ge4 ,color pale1 purpli%1 yell[i%1 :ite4 #b4 ,cubes1 9 :i* %ape x is pr9cipally import$ into ,engl&1 & squ>e prisms1 or oblong pieces4 #c4 ,circul> discs1 or %ort cyl9drical pieces4 #d4 ,cubical amylace\s pieces1 ( a d>k] br[n ?an ! o!r k9ds4 ,gambi] is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! pure a/r+5ts4 ,! *ief places ( manufacture are ,saik1 ,malacca1 ,s+apore1 & ,rhio or ,b9tang4 ,b5nett1 9 8 ,w&]+s1 says !re are #fj1jjj plantations ( gambi] on ?is isl&4 ,aft] t ( ,rhio1 ! next be/ gambi] is t ( ,l+94 ,t us$ by ! ,malays1 ) ! leaves ( betel1 9 ! same mann] z cut* 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india1 is ! f9e/ & :ite/2 ! r$ be+ /rong] ta/$ & rank1 is export$ to ,batavia1 ,*9a1 & ,engl&1 = ! purposes ( tann+ & dye+4 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) sago p[d]1 b x may be detect$ by solution 9 wat]4 ,l>ge quantities ( gambi] are import$1 "u ! corrupt$ "n ( cut*1 into ,calcutta1 f ,pegu4 ,! quantity ( gambi] produc$ 9 ,rhio1 by ! ,*9ese settl]s1 am\nts to ab\t #d1fjj tons a ye>1 ab\t #b1jjj ( :i* are export$ = ! consumption ( ,java1 ! re/ be+ s5t to ,co*9-,*9a & o!r neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,two me?ods ( obta9+ gambi] are describ$4 ,"o consi/s 9 boil+ ! leaves 9 wat]1 & 9 inspissat+ ! decoction2 ! o!r1 :i* yields ! be/ gambi]1 consi/s 9 infus+ ! leaves 9 w>m wat]1 by :i* a fecula is obta9$1 :i* is inspissat$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 & =m$ into cakes4 ,! injudici\s practice adopt$ by ! ,l& ,(fice 9 ,s+apore1 ( grant+ indiscrim9ate lic5ses1 or cutt+ pap]s z !y are =m$1 seems op5 to objection1 & is driv+ _m ( ! ,*9ese cultivators to ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,johore1 :]e !y readily obta9 p]mission to cultivate1 )\t ob/ruction1 ?is important article ( comm]ce4 ,p>ties ( #cjj or #djj at a "t left 9 #ahdf4 ,x appe>s t1 "u 8 p]missive lic5se1 ! squatt] obta9s p]mission to cle> z mu* l& z he possibly c1 b ! ord] does n def9e any ext5t beyond :i* no cutt+ %\ld take place4 ,! squatt] cle>s z mu* l& z ! means at 8 disposal w all[1 9 ! hope & expectation t ! jungle contigu\s to ! cle>$ gr\nd w be at 8 comm& = fuel--a supply ( fuel1 easy ( access1 & adequate to ! numb] ( plants gr[n1 be+ indisp5sable to ! culture & manufacture ( gambi]4 ,:5 ! "t = ga!r+ ! leaves arrives1 ano!r squatt] 7p]haps f motives ( envy or malice7 obta9s a cutt+ pap]1 & comm5ces cle>+ 9 close proximity to ! already-=m$ gambi] plantation2 obvi\sly depriv+ ! own] ( ! fuel he has reasonably calculat$ ^u4 ,! e/abli%$ plant] _c ( c\rse eject ! intrud] f ! l&1 s9ce ! latt] possesses an equal "r to x1 9 virtue ( 8 cutt+ pap]1 :i*1 z x specifies no limits1 leaves him ! dispos] or de/roy] ( ! crop ( ! indu/ri\s plant]4 ,in/ead ( ! pres5t sy/em1 a bett] practice ought to be introduc$1 def9+ ! b\nd>ies to be includ$ 9 a cutt+ pap]1 & effectually prev5t+ a trespass on ! fuel-l& ( ! indu/ri\s plant]4 ,?is might easily be effect$ by specify+ ! numb] ( acres1 z well z ! direction1 9 e cle>+ pap] grant$4 ,! av]age produce ( gambi] 9 ,s+apore is betwe5 #g1jjj & #h1jjj piculs mon?ly4 ,! ord9>y price is ab\t #a doll>s p] picul4 ,a defici5cy ( ra91 labor1 or o!r causes1 w occasionally r$uce ! annual produce f #ij1jjj or #ajj1jjj piculs1 to #fj1jjj or #gj1jjj1 & ?is dim9i%$ supply w raise ! m>ket price ( ! article probably #ce c5ts p] picul4 ,b1 9 addition to ! effect occasion$ by a defici5t supply1 !re are o!r causes 9 op]ation ex]cis+ a p[]ful influ5ce 9 r$uc+ prices4 ,gambi] 0 fir/ export$ 9 #ahcj1 f ,s+apore1 to ! ext5t ( #b1ehg piculs1 at #d doll>s p] picul4 ,z a rival to b>k x fail$ at s co/ly a price to meet ) enc\ragem5t2 ! culture & manufacture consequ5tly decl9$ until #ahcd1 :5 #a1heh piculs 7 %ipp$ to ,engl& at a some:at l[] rate4 ,! dem& !n became active1 ! exportations 7 at fir/ multipli$1 !n d\bl$ e succe$+ ye>1 until !y rea*$1 9 #ahdf-dg no less ?an #agc1aag piculs4 ,! price has gradually decl9$ to #a doll>s p] picul1 at :i* rate x displaces its rival1 b>k4 ,?is price1 h[ev]1 is unremun]ative to ! gr[]1 s t1 unless m enc\ragem5t (f]s1 ! supply w decl9e4 ,! numb] ( ,*9ese employ$ 9 ! cultivation1 c41 ( gambi] & pepp] 9 ,s+apore is ab\t #aa1jjj4 ,_! rate ( wages fluctuates ) ! price ( gambi]4 ,if a picul ( gambi] realizes #a doll>s1 ! mon?ly pay w be ab\t ?ree doll>s2 if gambi] fet*es two doll>s1 _! pay w am\nt to f\r doll>s 9 ! mon?4 ,! workm5 :o clean ! plantation always receive a doll> less ?an ^? :o cut & boil ! gambi]4 ,a good deal ( gambi] seems n[ to be gr[n 9 ,java1 = #eh1cje piculs 7 export$ f t isl& 9 #ahdc4 ,a small quantity is tak5 by ! ,*9ese ports1 b :e!r z a ma/icatory or = tann+ & dye+ ,i am n aw>e4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,t]ra ,,japonica ,,import$ ,,into ,,ceylon4 #ahdj #faa #ahda #a1jec #ahdb #gfh #ahdc #dga #ahdd #a1aec #ahde #ecg #ahdf #hbd #ahdg #a1edi #ahdh #a1jie #ahdi #hif #ahej #bfe #ahea #chf ,9 ! ,cu/oms' returns ( imports to ?is c\ntry1 two articles are enum]at$1 "u ! sep>ate names ( cut* & t]ra japonica2 ! =m] is cate*u & ! latt] ! produce ( ! gambi] plant4 ,! imports ( gambi] 71 9 #ahcf1 #igj tons2 #ahcg1 #b1gch tons2 #ahch1 #a1fjj tons2 #ahci1 #e1bac tons4 ,cut*4 ,t]ra ,japonica4 tons4 tons4 #ahdh ,import$ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1ahf #e1fbc ,reta9$ = home consumption #gfe #e1ajb #ahdi ,import$ #a1fcf #f1hea ,reta9$ = home consumption #hfi #e1djj #ahej ,import$ #a1agb #d1ehe ,home consumption #ghg #c1fee #ahea ,import$ #b1dja #d1ghc ,home consumption #b1jbj #d1dca #aheb ,import$ #b1bcf #c1bdd ,home consumption #a1gjh #c1jjc ,cate*u1 import$ "u its ,indian "n ( cut*1 is br\ght ov] 9 bales or baskets ( f "o to f\r cwt41 ! price be+ #ah to #be p] ton4 ,ab\t #dej cwt4 ( t]ra japonica or gambi] is annually import$ into ,hull f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! imports ( ! two sub/ances into ,liv]pool is ab\t #ijj tons4 ,gambi] is only wor? #ac to #ad ! ton2 a few ye>s ago x fet*$ #bfs4 ! cwt4 ,! imports into ! port ( ,london av]age #a1ejj tons annually4 #d1fgi bales1 & #ad1dcf baskets ( t]ra japonica 7 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahea1 & #ad1jjj bales & baskets 9 #aheb4 ,! imports ( cut* 7 #aj1bij bags1 & #b1eib baskets1 9 #ahea1 & #aa1hgc bags & baskets 9 #aheb2 ! prices1 :i* 7 f #afs4 #f;d4 to #ahs4 p] cwt4 = ea* article1 9 #ahea1 7 rapidly run up 9 ,liv]pool1 9 #ahec1 ow+ to %ort supplies1 to #bes4 = gambi]1 & #bbs4 to #bds4 p] cwt4 = cut*1 or cate*u4 ,,exports ,,( ,,gambi] ,,f ,,s+apore1 ,,) ,,! ,,(ficial ,,value ,,9 ,,rupees4 ,piculs4 ,value 9 rupees4 #ahdj-da ,export$ #gi1ejh #deg1efj ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ei1cbe #ahda-db ,export$ #ic1cdj #dgj1gij ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #dg1fif #ahdb-dc ,export$ #adh1gdf #edh1bha ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #aaj1aea #ahdc-dd ,export$ #aci1jej #ehd1ddi ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #aba1gia #ahdd-de ,export$ #aeg1fed #eci1igh ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #acd1ebh #ahde-df ,export$ #aaj1gff #dbe1fdc ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #ge1gig #ahdf-dg ,export$ #agc1aag #eia1idc ,gr[? ( ,s+apore #adc1gie ,! exports ( gambi] f ,s+apore 7 z foll[s3-- ,to ,engl&4 ,to ! ,cont95t4 ,total4 piculs4 piculs4 piculs4 #ahdi #acd1edf #f1aba #adj1ffg #ahej #hg1faa #af1aff #ajc1ggg #ahea #fh1cfe #aa1fci #hj1jjd #aheb #fh1jde #i1jjf #gg1jea ,! exports ( cut* f ,p9ang1 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s1 h be53--#ahdi1 #c1fic piculs2 #ahej1 #ijj2 #ahea1 #d1adc2 #aheb1 #c1hhj2 or1 on an av]age1 #aig tons4 ,,divi-,,divi is ! comm]cial "n = ! curv$ pod ( a legum9\s %rub1 ,csalp9ia cori>ia1 :i* is sometimes import$ f ,c>?age4 ,its tann9 diff]s mat]ially f t ( nutgalls4 ,! quantity ( mucilage :i* x conta9s precludes x f ! use ( dy]s2 b1 z x furni%es ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( tann91 x is l>gely us$ by curri]s4 ,x is import$ into ,liv]pool f ,rio de la ,ha*a1 ,m>acaibo1 & ,savanila4 #djj tons ( ! se$ pods & b>k ( ! ,alg>oba1 or ,locu/-tree 7,prosopis pallida7 7 import$ 9 #ahdi into ,liv]pool f ,valp>aiso1 z a sub/itute = divi-divi 9 tann+4 #c1bjj lbs4 ( divi-divi 7 export$ f ! port ( ,augo/>a1 9 #ahdf4 ,specim5s ( divi-divi :i* _h be5 rais$ at ,calcutta 7 %[n 9 ! ,indian dep>tm5t ( ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,dr4 ,hamilton /ates t1 accord+ to "s admirably conduct$ exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,rootsey1 ( ,bri/ol1 und]tak5 at 8 reque/1 ! pods ( divi-divi conta9 above #ej p] c5t4 ( tann94 ,x appe>s also1 f trials made1 t "o "p ( divi-divi is suffici5t = tann+ z mu* lea!r z f\r p>ts ( b>k1 & ! process occupies b "o-?ird ( ! "t4 ,! av]age produce ( pods f a full-gr[n tree has be5 e/imat$ at #ajj lbs4 weight1 "o-f\r? ( :i* consi/s ( se$s or refuse1 leav+ ab\t #ge lbs4 ( m>ketable matt]4 ,at an int]val ( six feet ap>t1 an acre ( gr\nd w conta9 #a1baj trees1 yield+ an av]age ( #haj cwts41 & #cj p\nds1 or above #dj tons ( m>ketable matt]1 wor?1 at only #e p] ton1 #bjj4 ,%\ld ! int]val betwe5 ! trees be ext5d$ two feet m1 we %all /ill h #fhj to ! acre1 ! produce ( :i* w\ld n improbably be increas$ by ! increas$ space giv5 = ! ext5sion ( ! bran*es4 ,! gr\nd 9 :i* ?is tree admits ( be+ cultivat$ is t :i* is lea/ adapt$ to ! /aple products ( tropical agriculture2 gu9ea grass may be pr(itably rais$ b5ea? its %ade & z ) ! exception ( ! ?ree ye>s :i* prec$e ! comm5cem5t ( its be>+1 !re is h>dly any d$uction to be made f its returns1 x promises to be among ! mo/ valuable objects ( a plant]'s att5tion4 ,jacqu9 describes ! ,csalp9ia cori>ia z a h&some bran*+ tree1 ( ab\t fifte5 feet 9 /ature1 cov]$ ) a d>k spott$ b>k4 ,its leaves are d\bly p9nate1 & ! leaflets ( twelve pair )\t a t]m9al "o2 !y are oblong1 obtuse1 smoo?1 v entire4 ,! fl[]s are dispos$ 9 spikes issu+ f ! extremities ( ! bran*es2 !y are small1 yell[i%1 & slightly fragrant4 ,to ^! succe$ oblong1 compress$1 some:at obtuse pods1 curv$ lat]ally1 ! inn] side be+ concave & ! o!r convex4 ,! se$s r>ely exce$ ?ree or f\r 9 ea* pod1 & are ( a br[ni% color4 ,divi-divi resembles a dri$ pea-%uck curl$ up1 fill$ ) yell[ p[d]1 & a few d>k br[n se$s4 ,! price ranges f #h to #ac p] ton4 ,! imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahdd1 7 #c1ijj tons2 9 #ahde & #ahdf1 ab\t #a1djj tons ea* ye>2 dur+ ! subsequ5t ?ree ye>s ! imports 7 m]ely nom9al1 b 9 #ahej a r5ew$ dem& seems to h sprung up1 = #b1ggj tons 7 import$ into ,liv]pool1 & a few tons into ,london4 ,,cork-,,tree ,,b>k 7,qu]cus sub]7 has be5 import$ into ,irel& to a consid]able ext5t1 frequ5tly to ! am\nt ( #a1ejj tons annually4 ,! quantity ( cork import$ annually into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ab\t #c1jjj tons4 ,x is br\ght f ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,b>b>y4 ,oak b>k & valonia be+ v *eap & pl5tiful1 ! price ( cork h>k is only nom9al1 be+1 = ,spani% cork-tree b>k1 #g #ajs4 to #h p] ton2 ,leghorn ditto1 #f to #g p] ton4 ,x is less a/r+5t ?an oak b>k1 & is m g5]ally useful = /opp]s ( bottles & bungs = casks4 #afj tons ( cork-tree b>k 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ,rabat 9 #ahdi1 & #aej tons 9 #ahej4 #a1hfg cwts4 ( b>k = tann+ 7 import$ f ,*ili 9 #ahdd1 ( :i* #bib 7 ,quillai b>k4 ,,mimosa ,,b>k4--,! b>k ( ! ,mimosa decurr5s1 :i* ab\nds 9 ,au/ralia & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 is f\nd to be a v p[]ful tann+ ag5t4 ,! fir/ %ipm5t ( tann9 0 made f ,sydney to ,engl& z f> back z #ahbc1 9 ! %ape ( an extract ( ! b>k ( two species ( mimosa1 :i* 0 readily pur*as$ by ! tann]s at ! rate ( #ej p] ton4 ,"o ton ( b>k _h produc$ f\r cwts4 ( extract ( ! consi/5cy ( t>4 ,9 #ahdc1 #c1jgh tons ( mimosa b>k 0 %ipp$ f ,port ,phillip to ,great ,brita94 ,! price !n realis$ 9 ! ,london m>ket 0 #ab to #ad p] ton1 b x has s9ce decl9$ to #h a ton4 ,! quantity ( ?is b>k to be procur$ 9 ! colony is q inexhau/ible4 ,! price ( *opp$ mimosa b>k 9 ,au/ralia1 = export1 9 ! close ( #ahdf1 0 #b #es4 p] ton4 ,b>k valu$ at #iab 0 export$ f ,van ,diem5's ,l& 9 #ahdh4 ,! imports ( mimosa b>k h only be5 to a limit$ ext5t )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 rea*+ #cej tons 9 #ahej1 aga9/ #aaj tons 9 #ahdi1 #bcj tons 9 #ahdh1 & #fjj tons 9 #ahdg4 ,! prices realis$ 7 #aj to #aa = *opp$1 #ab to #ab #ajs4 = gr\nd1 & #h to #i p] ton = un*opp$ b>k4 ,:il/ ! imports 7 #c1ijj tons 9 #ahad1 !y dw9dl$ to less ?an #djj tons 9 #ahej4 ,f an exp]im5t1 conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,br&t1 ! /r5g? ( ! mimosa b>k1 z comp>$ ) t ( "y ,engli% oak b>k1 is f\nd to be 9 ! proportion ( #eg to #ci1 s t ! mimosa b>k is half z /rong aga9 z ! be/ ,engli% b>k4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,mossman1 9 a communication to ! ,botanic ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahea1 /at$ t ! b>k ( ,a4 dealbata pays to %ip to ,engl&1 not)/&+ ! di/ance1 f ! fact ( its conta9+ a great] p] c5tage ( tann9 ?an any o!r b>k4 ,x is a h&some tree1 f fifte5 to ?irty feet high1 =m+ luxuriant groves on ! banks ( /reams1 mo/ abundant 9 ,port ,phillip & ,tw(old ,bay1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( latitude #cd & #cj degrees4 ,new ,zeal& is ri* 9 b>ks & dyes4 ,! b>k ( ! ,tanahaka 7,phyllodadus tri*omanoides1 ( ,don7 is us$ by ! natives z a r$ dye = ! ornam5tal p>ts ( _! kaitahas1 _! be/ bord] g>m5ts4 ,!re is also ano!r r$ dye1 call$ ,tawaivwai1 ! b>k ( :i* is v pr(use4 ,a black dye is procur$ f ! h9au4 ,!y are ( a ri* hue1 & exce$+ly fa/ colors4 ,! b>ks are to be f\nd all ov] ! colony4 ,! h9au & tanahaka are employ$ 9 tann+1 all ! lea!r us$ 9 ! colony be+ tann$ ei!r at ! ,bay ( ,isl&s or ,port ,ni*olson4 ,! b>k ( ! ,rimu or r$ p9e 7,dacrydium ,cupress9um1 ( ,sol&]71 a v common tree1 possesses tann+ qualities f> sup]ior to any ( ! ,au/ralian b>ks4 ,"o p\nd ( ! b>k yields #he gra9s ( extract4 ,! native tann+ b>ks ( ,new ,zeal& are v>i\s & easily obta9$4 ,specim5s ( ! b>k & dye1 c41 ( mo/ ( ^! trees 7 s5t home to ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,"o p\nd ( ! ,tanahaka b>k is said to yield #fc gra9s ( tann94 ,! sails ( boats are dy$ ) x to pres]ve !m4 ,! ,t[ai 7,licosp]mum racemosum1 ( ,don1 ,we9maunia racemosa1 ,dec&ole71 is suppos$ to be valuable = ! purposes ( ! tann]1 & is said to yield #ajd gra9s ( tann9 = e p\nd ( b>k4 ,! b>k ( ! ,pohutu kawa ( ! natives1 ! ,metrosid]os tom5tosa( ,ri*>d1 & ,calli/emon ellipticum ( ,allan ,cunn+ham1 w\ld also be useful = tann+1 "o p\nd ( x furni%+ ab\t #fj gra9s ( tann94 ,! b>k ( ! ,h9o tree1 ! ,eloc>pus h9au ( ,cunn+ham1 ! ,dic]a d5tata ( ,=/]1 is us$ by ! natives = dye+ black4 ,! black mangrove 7,rhizophora mangle7 is a tree atta9+ an altitude ( f #cj to #ej feet1 & occupy+ m>%y situations 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea4 ,almo/ e "p ( ! mangrove--! b>k1 roots1 & ! fruit m p>ticul>ly--ab\nds 9 an a/r+5t pr9ciple1 :i* is successfully appli$ to ! purposes ( tann+4 ,z ! tree is s abundant )9 ! tropics1 x might be wor? ! :ile ( "s practical speculator to make an extract on ! spot1 & introduce x into ! ,engli% m>ket1 = ! use ( tann]s & dy]s4 ,= tann+1 ! mangrove is said to be inf9itely sup]ior to oak b>k1 complet+ 9 six weeks an op]ation :i* ) ! latt] occupies at lea/ six mon?s1 & ! sole-lea!r s tann$ is said to be m durable ?an any o!r4 ,! b>k & leaves1 :i* conta9 ne>ly z mu* tann9 z ! oak1 are made use ( 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 z well z 9 ,sc9de & o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 #c1gac piculs ( mangrove b>k1 valu$ at #hai1 7 %ipp$ f ,%anghae1 "o ( ! ,*9ese ports1 9 #ahdi4 ,,myrobalans4--,?is is a "n appli$ to ! almond-l k]nels ( a nut or dri$ fruit ( ! plum k9d1 ( :i* !re are sev]al sorts kn[n 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y are ! produce ( v>i\s species ( ,t]m9alia1 z ,t4 ,bell]ica1 *ebula1 citr9a1 & angu/ifolia4 ,!y v>y f ! size ( olives to t ( gall nuts1 & h a r\gh1 bitt]1 & unpleasant ta/e4 ,_m ( ! trees ( ?is tribe1 :i* are all natives ( ! tropical regions ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 are us$ = tann+1 & "s = dye+4 ,!y are highly valu$ by dy]s1 creat+1 :5 mix$ ) alum1 a durable d>k br[n yell[4 ,myrobalans fet* 9 ! ,bombay m>ket #hs4 to #bfs4 ! ,surat c&y ( #hba lbs4 ,! b>k & leaves ( ,t4 ,catappa yield a black pigm5t1 ) :i* ,indian ink is made2 ! se$s are eat5 l almonds4 ,a milky juice is said to fl[ f ,t4 angu/ifolia1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 is fragrant1 &1 resembl+ ,b5zo91 is us$ z a k9d ( inc5se 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*es 9 ! ,mauritius4 ,! fruit ( ,t4 ,bell]ica1 & ( ,t4 ,*ebula1 bo? useful timb] trees1 indig5\s to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 are us$ m$ic9ally z a tonic & a/r+5t4 #aag cwts4 ( myrobalans 7 %ipp$ f ,ceylon 9 #ahde4 ,! annual imports ( myrobalans into ,hull1 am\nt to ab\t #a1fjj cwts4 ,! quantity :i* arriv$ at ,liv]pool 0 #ahe tons 9 #ahdi1 #hea tons 9 #ahej2 #bg1bab bags 9 #ahea1 & #ai1idf bags 9 #aheb2 !y come f ,calcutta & ,bombay1 & are also us$ = dye+ yell[ & black4 ,! price 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec1 0 #fs4 to #abs4 p] cwt4 ,! av]age annual imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom may be tak5 at #a1bjj tons4 ,,k9o4--,! ,k9o1 ( ,botany ,bay & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 is ! produce ( ! iron b>k tree1 ,eucalyptus res9if]a4 ,:ite 7,j\rnal ( a ,voyage to ,new ,s\? ,wales71 says ?is tree sometimes yields1 on incision1 #fj gallons ( juice4 ,k9o is import$ 9 boxes4 ,! t9cture ( k9o is us$ m$ic9ally1 b an inconv5i5ce is frequ5tly f\nd to arise1 f its *ang+ to ! gelat9\s =m4 ,dr4 ,p]eira seems to ?9k ?is species ( k9o consi/s pr9cipally ( pect9 & tannic acid4 ,t *iefly us$ z ,ea/ ,indian k9o1 is an extract =m$ by inspissat+ a decoction ( ! bran*es & twigs ( ! gambl] plant4 ,vauquel9 analys$ x1 & f\nd x to consi/ (1 tann9 & peculi> extractive matt]1 #ge2 r$ gum1 #bd2 insoluble matt]1 #a4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian k9o1 import$ f ,bombay & ,telli*]ry1 is ! produce ( ,pt]oc>pus m>supium1 a l(ty1 broad-spread+ =e/ tree1 :i* blossoms 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,! b>k is ( a greyi% color1 & is upw>ds ( half an in* 9 ?ickness on ! trunk4 ,:5 cut1 a blood-r$ juice spe$ily exudes & trickles d[n2 x soon ?ick5s1 & becomes h>d 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 or sixte5 h\rs4 ,! gum is extract$ 9 ! season :5 ! tree is 9 blossom1 by mak+ longitud9al incisions 9 ! b>k r\nd ! trunk1 s z to let ! gum ooze d[n a broad leaf1 plac$ z a sp\t1 into a receiv]4 ,:5 ! receiv] is fill$ x is remov$4 ,! gum is dri$ 9 ! sun until x crumbles1 & !n fill$ 9 wood5 boxes = exportation4 ,p4 er9aceus1 a tree #dj to #ej feet 9 height1 a native ( ! woods ( ! ,gambia & ,s5egal1 furni%es k9o1 b none is collect$ 9 or export$ f ,africa4 ,butea frondosa1 or ! dhak tree ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 furni%es a simil> product1 9 ! %ape ( a milky1 color$1 brittle1 & v a/r+5t gum4 ,k9o is us$ z a p[]ful a/r+5t1 & is adm9i/]$ 9 ! =m ( p[d] & t9cture4 ,"s specim5s ( ,butea k9o1 analys$ by ,pr(4 ,solly1 aft] ! impurities _h be5 sep>at$1 yield$ #gc p] c5t4 ( tann94 ,,valonia is ! comm]cial "n ( ! cupula or cup ( ! acorn1 produc$ by ! ,qu]cus gilops & its v>ieties1 ! ,balonia or ,valonia oak1 natives ( ! ,levant1 f :5ce1 & ! ,morea1 !y =m a v consid]able article ( export2 conta9+ abundance ( tann9 !y are l>gely us$ by tann]s4 ,! tann9 diff]s mat]ially f t ( nutgalls4 ,! b>k ( ,q4 t9ctorea1 a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 yields a yell[ dye4 ,! quantity ( valonia import$ = home consumption1 9 #ahcf1 0 #hj1eaa cwts41 ( :i* ,turkey furni%$ #eh1gbd cwts41 & ,italy & ! ,ionian isl&s #g1bji cwts4 ,( #afc1ihc cwts4 import$ 9 #ahdj1 #adc1jie cwts4 7 br\ght f ,turkey1 #ae1aie cwts4 f ,italy1 & ! residue f ,greece & ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,! entries = home consumption 9 ! ?ree ye>s end+ ) #ahdb1 am\nt$ to ab\t #h1bjj tons a ye>4 ,! increase s9ce has be5 consid]able1 ! imports hav+ be51 9 #ahdh1 #aj1bcg tons2 9 #ahdi1 #af1fga tons2 9 #ahej1 #ab1ebf tons2 9 #ahea1 #aj1fci tons2 9 #aheb1 #ac1hgj tons4 ,we receive ab\t #ad1jjj to #bj1jjj cwts4 annually f ,leghorn4 ,! imports into ! port ( ,hull are #c1ijj cwts4 p] ye>4 ,! prices ( ,smyrna valonias are f #ac to #ad p] ton2 ^? ( pick$ ,morea1 #aj p] ton4 ,! duty receiv$ on valonias import$ 9 #ahdb 0 ab\t #d1jjj4 ,! annual produce is suffici5t to meet ! wants ( all ,europe4 ,x c be _h 9 ,turkey to any ext5t & at all p]iods4 ,_m c>goes are s5t to ,dubl91 & ! ,g]man m>kets4 ,a little valonia is export$ f ,manila1 ! %ipm5ts hav+ be5 ab\t #aej tons p] annum4 ,camata & ,camat9a are two v>ieties ( v "y valonias1 :i* are f\nd m valuable = "s processes ( tann+ ?an ! common k9ds4 ,ext5sive z has be5 ! enum]ation ( ! vegetable sub/ances us$ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( art & manufacture :i* h =m$ ! pr9cipal subjects ( ?is section1 x is probable t ) ! progress ( k1 ( sci5tific exp]im5t1 & ( inve/igation into ! prop]ties ( giv5 commodities1 ! li/ w be indef9itely increas$4 ,:at ,i h /at$ w suffice to give ! read] an idea ( ! surpris+ v>iety ( s\rces f :i* we receive ! raw mat]ials :i* enable u to p]fect "s ( ! mo/ elegant processes ( manufactur+ skill & +5uity1 & w fur!r af=d "s crit]ion--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n a p]fect "o--= e/imat+ ! relative importance ( ! tann+ & dye+ sub/ances4 ,,section ,v4 ,,oleag9\s ,,plants1 ,,& ,,^? ,,yield+ ,,fix$ ,,or ,,ess5tial ,,oils4 ,few cultivators are probably aw>e ( ! great importance ( oil to ?is c\ntry1 & ! numb] ( purposes = :i* x is employ$ 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,x is ext5sively us$ = c&le & soap mak+1 = burn+ 9 lamps1 = dim9i%+ friction 9 ma*9]y ( all k9ds1 & especially = locomotives--9 wool-dress+1 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts & v>ni%es1 z an article ( food1 = m$ic9al purposes1 c4 ,s important are vegetable oils deem$1 t ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 its prize li/ = #ahea1 (f]$ gold m$als = ! importation or introduction into ?is c\ntry ( any new plants or trees f ,*9a1 ,india1 or else:]e1 produc+ oils or fatty sub/ances1 su* z c be us$ z food1 or are applicable to manufactur+ purposes2 & also to ! p]son :o %all manufacture & import ! f9e/ specim5 ( oil1 n less ?an t5 gallons1 ! produce ( olives gr[n 9 any ,briti% colony 9 ,africa or ,au/ralasia4 ,! "t ( burn+ ( equal quantities ( ! foll[+ oils has be5 f\nd to be-- ,h\rs4 ,oil ( poppy #ad sunfl[] #ac rape #aa mu/>d #aa flax se$ #aj gold ( pleasure 7,camel9a sativa7 #i olives #i hemp se$ #h tall[ #aj ,,=eign ,,vegetable ,,oils ,,import$4 #ahba4 #ahde4 #ahej4 tuns4 tuns4 tuns4 ,coco-nut oil -- #b1adh #ih1jdj ,olive oil #a1ijj #ab1cae #bj1ghc ,palm oil #c1bjj #be1bhe #ddh1ehi cwts4 ,rape se$ oil #hjj #c1igc -- ,l9se$ oil #aj1ejj #ch1fcd -- ------ ------ ------- #af1djj #hb1cee ,fi% oils #cb1cef #bb1fbf #ba1cbh ,! total quantity ( all k9ds ( wool annually consum$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 9 #ahdc1 0 e/imat$ at #hja1eff packs4 ,n[1 five gallons ( olive1 rapese$ or o!r oils1 be+ us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( e pack ( wool1 = clo? 7indep5d5t ( ! quantity us$ 9 soap1 applicable to ! wooll5 manufactures71 x foll[s t five gallons on #hja1eff packs are equal to #d1jjg1hcj gallons1 or #ae1ijd tuns2 & add+ = olive or sp]m oil us$ 9 ma*9]y #a-aa? ( ! :ole1 #a1ddf tuns1 ! total quantity consum$ is #ag1cej tuns4--7,end]by on ! ,s\? ,:ale ,fi%]y47 ,fix$ oils are f\nd 9 ! cells & int]cellul> spaces ( ! fruit1 leaves1 & o!r p>ts ( plants4 ,"s ( ^! are dry+ oils1 z l9se$ oil1 f ,l9um usitatissimum2 "s are fat oils1 z t f olives 7fruit ( ,olea sativa or ,europa72 :il/ o!rs are solid1 z palm oil4 ,! solid oils or fats procur$ f plants are1 butt] ( cacao1 f ,!obroma cacao2 ( c9namon f ,c9namomum v]um2 ( nutmeg1 f ,myri/ica mos*ata2 ( coco-nut1 f ,cocos nucif]a2 ( laurel1 f ,laurus nobilis2 ( palm oil1 f ,elais guiani5sis2 ,%ea butt]1 f ,bassia ,p>kii2 ,galam butt]1 or ,ghee1 f ,bassia butyracea2 & vegetable tall[1 f ,/ill+ia sebif]a 9 ,*9a1 f ,vat]ia indica 9 ,can>a & ,*9a1 & f ,p5tadesma butyracea 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 & f ! almond4 ,^! oils conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( /e>9e1 & are us$ z sub/itutes = fat4 ,"s ( !m are import$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & ent] into ! composition ( soap1 c&les1 c4 ,ca/or oil1 f ! se$s ( ,ric9us communis1 diff]s f o!r fix$ oils 9 its composition4 ,dec&olle /ates ! foll[+ z ! quantity ( oil obta9$ f v>i\s se$s3-- ,p] c5t4 9 weight4 ,hazel-nut #fj ,g>d5 cress #eg ,olive #ej ,walnut #ej ,poppy 7,papav] somnif]um7 #dh ,almond #df ,cap]-spurge 7,euphorbia ,la?yris7 #da ,colza 7,brassica ol]acea7 #ci ,:ite mu/>d 7,s9apis alba7 #cf ,tobacco #cd ,plum #cc ,woad #cj ,hemp #be ,flax #bb ,sunfl[] #ae ,buck:eat #ad ,grapes #ab ,! foll[+ table1 quot$ f ,b\ss+ault1 %[s ! results ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,grauzac1 ( ,dagny3-- ,se$ produc$ ,oil obta9$ p] p] acre4 acre1 9 lbs4 ,oil p] ,cake cwts4 qrs4 lbs4 lbs4 ozs4 c5t4 p] c5t4 ,colewort #ai #j #ae #hge #d #dj #ed ,rocket #ae #a #c #cbj #h #ah #gc ,w9t] rape #af #b #ah #fda #f #cc #fb ,sw$i% turnips #ae #a #be #eie #h #cc #fb ,curl$ colewort #af #b #ah #fda #f #cc #fb ,turnip cabbage #ac #c #ai #efe #d #cc #fa ,gold ( pleasure #ag #a #af #ede #h #bg #gb ,sunfl[] #ae #c #ad #bge #j #ae #hj ,flax #ae #a #be #che #j #bb #fi ,:ite poppy #aj #a #ah #efj #h #df #eb ,hemp #g #c #ba #bbi #j #be #gj ,summ] rape #aa #c #ag #dab #e #cj #fe ,! subjo9$ li/ w s]ve to exhibit ! ri*ness ( ! produce ( diff]5t ,indian se$s1 f :i* v>ieties ( oil are extract$2 x gives ! proportion ( oil p] c5t4 9 weight3-- ,sesame oil 7,sesamum indicum7 #df4g ,black til1 col\r$ v>iety ( ditto 7,v]bes5a sativa7 #df4d ,g+elie oil 7,s4 ori5tale7 #df4g ,gr\nd nuts1 produc$ by ,ara*is hypogoea #de4e ,w\nd$ se$s obta9$ f ! ,poonnay-tree 7,calophyttum ,inophyllum71 a bitt] lamp oil #fc4g ,k>unj se$s1 f ! ,pongamia glabra #bf4g ,ram til1 ! se$s ( ! nuts ,ellu1 or ,guizotia oleif]a #ce ,poppy se$s 7,papav] somnif]um7 #dc to #eh ,silaam1 an oil se$ f ,nepaul #da ,rape se$ 7,brassica napus7 #cc ,! =ego+ are n all ! se$s f :i* oil is extract$ by ! natives ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 addition to ?is !re are cottonse$ oil1 us$ = _! lamps4 ,ca/or oil & ,argemone se$1 simil>ly us$4 ,oil obta9$ f ! fruit ( ,melia ,azadria*ta1 = m$ic9e & lamps4 ,apricot oil 9 ! ,himalayas1 sunfl[] oil1 oil ( cucumb]-se$ = cook+ & lamps1 oil ( colocyn? se$1 a lamp oil4 ,! se$s ( ba/>d saffron 7,c>?amus t9ctorius7 yield oil4 ,mu/>d oil1 ! produce ( v>i\s species ( ,s9apis1 c4 ,%anghae oil1 f ,brassica ,*95sis4 ,illiepie oil1 f ,bassia longifolia1 :i* is us$ = fry+ cakes1 c41 9 ,madras2 & ,muohwa oil1 f ano!r species ( ! same g5us 9 ,b5gal1 ,b4 latifolia4 ,oil is express$ f ! se$s ( ,csalp9a oleosp]ma1 a native ( ! ,ea/4 ,! neem tree se$s af=d a v cle> or bitt] oil1 us$ = burn+4 ,wood oil is a rem>kable sub/ance1 obta9$ f sev]al species ( ,dipt]oc>pus1 by simply tapp+ ! tree4 ,! horse-eyes & cacoons ( ,jamaica 7,fevillea sc&5s7 yield a consid]able quantity ( oil or fat1 z :ite & h>d z tall[4 ,x has be5 employ$ = simil> purposes on ! ,mosquito %ores4 ,! se$s ( ! ,argemone mexicana1 & ( ! ,sangu9>ia canad5sis1 also conta9 a bl&1 nutriti\s1 colorless1 fix$ oil4 ,! mass f :i* ! se$ is express$ is f\nd to be extremely nutriti\s to cattle4 ,! ,camel9a sativa is cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 = ! extraction ( an oil us$ only by ! soap mak]s1 & = lamps4 ,a solid oil1 ( a pale gre5i% color1 a good deal resembl+ ! oils ( ! ,bassia 9 "*1 ?\gh r h>d]1 & approa*+ m 9 prop]ties to myrtle wax1 0 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition1 f ,s+apore4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! produce ( ! tall[ tree ( ,java1 call$ locally kawan1 probably a species ( ,bassia4 ,x is v easily blea*$2 inde$1 by exposure to air & light1 x becomes p]fectly :ite2 if n too co/ly1 x promises to become a valuable oil4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,l[1 !re are sev]al v>ieties ( solid oil commonly us$ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 & obta9$ f ! se$s ( diff]5t species ( ,dipt]oc>pus4 ,p9ey tall[ is obta9$ f ! fruit ( ! ,vat]ia ,indica1 a l>ge & quick-gr[+ tree1 abundant 9 ,malab> & ,can>a4 ,x is a :ite solid oil1 fusible at a temp]ature ( #ig degrees1 & makes excell5t c&les1 especially :5 saponifi$ & di/ill$ 9 ! mann] n[ adopt$ ) palm oil1 c4 ,x has "o great advantage ov] coco-nut oil1 t ! c&les made ( x d n give out any suffocat+ acrid vapors :5 ext+ui%$1 z ^? made ) ! latt] oil d4 ,an oil is produc$ f ! inn] %ell ( ! ca%ew-nut 7,anac>dium occid5tale v>4 indicum71 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,japan a k9d ( butt]1 call$ mijo1 is obta9$ f a species ( ! ,doli*os bean 7,doli*os soya74 ,! k]nel ( ! se$s ( ! tall[ tree ( ,*9a1 ,/ill+ia sebif]a1 an ev]gre5 %rub1 conta9s an oil1 :i*1 :5 express$1 consolidates ?r\gh ! cold to ! consi/5ce ( tall[1 & by boil+ becomes z h>d z bees' wax4 ,! plant also yields a bl& oil4 ,a simil> fatty product is obta9$ f a %rub 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 ! ,myri/ica 7,virola7 sebif]a4 ,oil is obta9$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica f ! s& box tree 7,hura crepitans71 & f ! ,c>apa guian5sis4 ,a fatty oil is obta9$ 9 ,dem]>a f ! se$s ( ! butt] tree1 ,pekea 787 ,bassia butyrosa1 & also f ! ,sa\>i 7,p4 tub]culosa74 ,! fle%y se$s conta9$ 9 ! woody capsules ( ! ,monkey pot 7,lecy?is ,tabucajo71 :i* d]ive _! g5]ic "n f _! simil>ity to an oil j>1 are common 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & yield a consid]able quantity ( oil4 ,! se$s ( ! plants ( ! cucumb] family frequ5tly supply a bl& oil1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,ea/ z a lamp oil & = cook+4 ,among ! vegetable oils import$ into ,n+po1 & o!r ,*9ese ports1 f ,%antong1 ,leatong1 & ,teis91 are oil ( teuss1 obta9$ f gre5 & dri$ peas2 black oil ( ! fruit ( ! tree k9 787 & oil f ! pea ( su*au4 ,! se$s ( ,sp]gula saliva1 a l>ge1 smoo?-se$$ v>iety ( ! common c[ spurrey1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,fl&]s z a pa/ure grass & gre5 crop1 af=d1 on expression1 a good lamp oil4 ,a pale br[ni% yell[ oil is obta9$ f ! se$s ( ,c>?amus t9ctorius1 9 ,bombay2 ! se$s conta9 ab\t #bh p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,excell5t oil is express$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india f ! se$s ( diff]5t species ( ,s9apis1 especially f ! black mu/>d se$4 ,s4 glauca1 ,s4 di*otorna1 & ,s4 juncea are ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ = _! oil4 ,! ,erysimum p]foliatum is cultivat$ 9 ,japan = its oil-se$s4 ,a beautiful pale yell[ oil is procur$ f ! se$s ( ! angul>-leav$ physic nut1 ,jatropha curcas1 a %rub :i* is (t5 employ$ 9 ! tropics z a f5ce = enclosures4 ,x is us$ by ! natives 9 m$ic9e & z a lamp oil4 ,ab\t #gjj tons ( ?is oil 0 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahej f ,lisbon1 = ! purpose ( dress+ clo?1 burn+1 c4 ,a ri* yell[ oil1 p]fectly cle> & transp>5t1 is obta9$ f ! se$s ( ,b]g]a ko5igii4 ,,rape ,,oil4--,! imports ( rape oil1 f ,brassica napus1 into ,liv]pool1 are ab\t #ae to #bj tuns annually4 ,rape oil has be5 f\nd to be bett] suit$ ?an any o!r oil = ! lubrication ( ma*9]y1 :5 prop]ly purifi$ f ! mucilage1 c41 :i* x conta9s 9 ! raw /ate4 ,rape oil is n[ us$ ext5sively = locomotives1 = m>9e eng9es1 & also = burn+ 9 lamps4 ,x is /at$ t a locomotive consumes betwe5 #ij & #ajj gallons ( oil ye>ly2 & ! annual consumption ( oil by ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 = ?is purpose alone1 is m ?an #dj1jjj gallons4 ,! oil obta9$ f good ,engli% rape se$ is pur] & ( sup]ior quality to t f =eign or colonial se$2 & z an acre ( l& yields ne>ly five qu>t]s ( se$1 :i* is wor? at pres5t #ejs4 p] qu>t]1 x is a pr(itable crop4 ,rape se$ is n[ l>gely import$ = express+ oil4 ,! imports1 :i* 9 #ahdg 7 b #hg1ffb qu>t]s1 weigh+ #ag1ecb tons1 _h rea*$1 9 #ahea1 #ajg1jbi qu>t]s1 weigh+ #ba1fjf tons4 ,! price ( new se$ is #be to #bg ! la/ ( t5 qu>t]s4 ,! oil is #cd p] tun4 ,! refuse cake1 aft] ! se$ is cru%$ = oil1 is 9 dem& z food = cattle1 be+ wor? #d ! ton4 ,we import$ 9 #ahea1 f ,trance1 #bhi tuns ( rapese$ oil1 wor? ab\t #ag1jjj1 on :i* !re 0 no duty levi$4 ,!re are export$ annually f ,hesse ,d>m/adt1 #cd1ffj cwts4 ( poppy & rape oils4 ,! oil ( ! colza is mu* us$ 9 ,europe1 & highly priz$4 ,9 ,france x has be5 adopt$ = all ! purposes ( ligh?\ses4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x has lately come into ext5sive dome/ic use1 = burn+ 9 ! ,fr5* mod]ateur lamps1 be+ retail$ at f #cs4 #d;d4 to #ds4 ! gallon4 ,,domba ,,oil4--,! ,poonay or ,palang tree 7,calophyllum ,inophyllum71 ! ,alex&rian laurel1 is a beautiful ev]gre51 native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :i* fl\ri%es luxuriantly on poor s&y soils1 9 fact :]e sc>cely any?+ else w gr[4 ,! se$s or b]ries conta9 ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ( a fragrant1 fix$ oil1 :i* is us$ = burn+ z well z = m$ic9al purposes1 be+ consid]$ a cure = ! it*4 ,z commonly prep>$ x has a d>k gre5 color4 ,x is p]fectly fluid at common temp]atures1 b beg9s to gelat9ise :5 cool$ bel[ #ej degrees4 ,,! ,,e>?-,,nut 7,ara*is hypoga1 or hypoc>pogea74--,?is v s+ul> plant has frequ5tly be5 conf\nd$ ) o!rs1 p>tly ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( travell]s1 & by ! improp] use ( names1 :i* t5d$ to mislead & confuse4 ,its common appellative1 ! e>?-nut1 has l$ to ! conclusion t x 0 a species ( nut1 su* z is kn[n 9 ,engl& "u ! "n ( pig nut1 hawk nut1 & gr\nd nut4 ,?is1 z well z ! e>? *esnut1 belongs to a totally diff]5t g5]a4 ,on ! ,cont95t & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies a simil> confusion _h long exi/$ by ! appellation ( gr\nd pi/a*io1 :i* caus$ ! fruit to be conf\nd$ ) ! nut ( ! tree ,pi/acia v]a4 ,"s resemblance1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/+ betwe5 ^!--z well z f _! be+ eat5 by diff]5t nations1 & us$ z an article ( food1 & also = produc+ oil--r5d]$ ! true description /ill m difficult4 ,botani/s are1 h[ev]1 no long] at a loss1 hav+ well e/abli%$ ! nature & "* ( all ^! plants4 ,! ,ara*is nut p>takes ( ! nature ( ! pea or bean ( our own c\ntry1 & is a l[ annual plant ( ! ord] ,diadelphia dec&ria ( ,l9n42 orig9ally f ,africa1 b n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,x has be5 naturalis$ 9 ,europe1 & ) ! climate ( ! ,s\? ( ,france x may be turn$ to good acc\nt4 ,x has be5 said to be indig5\s 9 ,florida1 ,p]u1 ,brazil1 & ,sur9am2 b ! plant may be gr[n on a light s&y soil1 "u a mod]ate heat1 equal to t ( ,italy or ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,! class to :i* x belongs approa*es to ! pea tribe2 b its rem>kable diff]5ce to ?is1 z to ! pulse we "k z a bean1 is ! circum/ance ( its introduc+ its fruit or pod--if we may s call x--into ! e>?1 = ! purpose ( rip5+ its se$4 ,! ,ara*is1 or e>? nut1 has obta9$ its "n f ?is op]ation4 ,! fl[]s1 leaves1 & /ems are produc$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] we see 9 ! pea tribe4 ,:5 ! yell[ fl[] has )]$ & ! se$ f]tilis$1 !re is no?+ left b ! b>e /em :i* _h support$ x4 ,?is /em1 9 :i* is ! g]m ( ! future fruit & pod1 n[ gr[s rapidly 9 a curv$ mann]1 ) a t5d5cy to arrive %ortly on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 into :i* x p5etrates ?is n[ nak$ /em1 & s9ks into ! e>? sev]al in*es4 ,x is 9 ?is obscure position t ! fruit takes its rip5$ =m1 & is ei!r ga!r$ f its hid+ place or left to ! future season1 :5 its "t ( ris+ into new exi/5ce calls x f :at 0 ?\ght its unnatural position4 ,:5 mature1 x is ( a pale yell[ color1 wr9kl$1 & =ms an oblong pod1 sometimes contract$ 9 ! middle2 x conta9s g5]ally two se$s4 ,! nuts or peas are a valuable article ( food 9 ! tropical p>ts ( ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,asia4 ,!y are sweeti% & almond-l1 & yield an oil1 :5 press$1 n inf]ior 9 use & quality to t obta9$ f ! olive4 ,! leaf resembles t ( clov]1 &1 l x1 af=ds excell5t food = cattle4 ,! cake1 aft] ! oil is express$1 =ms an excell5t manure4 ,! ,ara*is is usually s[n 9 dry1 w>m wea!r1 f ,may to ,june1 & are plac$ at ! di/ance ( eighte5 in*es f ea* o!r4 ,insects are fond ( !m2 & if ! season is cold & unfavorable to !m1 or ! gr[? ret>d$1 !y become mu/y & bad1 or are eat5 by insects4 ,! mode ( obta9+ ! oil is ne>ly ! same z = o!r pulse or se$s2 & "u favorable circum/ances ! ,ara*is w produce half its weight ( oil4 ,:5 heat$ & press$ ! quantity is v consid]ably increas$4 ,?is oil is good = e purpose = :i* olive or almond oil is us$4 ,= dome/ic purposes x is e/eem$1 & x does n become rancid s quickly z o!r oils4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made on its inflammable prop]ties1 & x is prov$ t ! brilliancy ( light 0 sup]ior to t ( olive oil1 & its durability 0 likewise prov$ to be sev5 m9utes p] h\r beyond ! combu/ion ( ! be/ olive oil1 ) ! additional advantage ( sc>cely any smoke4 ,9 ,co*9-,*9a & ,india x is us$ = lamps4 ,x is kn[n z ,bhoe ,moong or ,moong ,phullee 9 ,b5gal1 & z ,japan or ,*9ese pulse 9 ,java4 ,f ,*9a ?is plant 0 probably introduc$ into ! cont95t ( ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x is g5]ally cultivat$4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! se$ is roa/$ & us$ z *ocolate4 ,! leaves are us$ m$ic9ally4 ,x is gr[n 9 ,jamaica1 & !re call$ ,p9d> nut4 ,t ! culture ( ! ,ara*is 9 w>m climates1 or ev5 9 a temp]ate "o1 "u favorable circum/ances1 %\ld be enc\rag$1 !re c be b "o op9ion4 ,& :5 x is consid]$ t its qualities are able to sup]s$e t ( ! olive & ! almond1 :i* are b prec>i\s 9 _! crops--to :i* may be add$1 t z a plant x is gre$ily dev\r$ 9 ! gre5 /ate by cattle--h[ mu* may x n s]ve to assi/ ! new settl] 9 regions ( ! _w :i* h a climate suit$ to x4 ,x is kn[n by v>i\s local names--su* z mani manoti by ! ,spani>ds1 & has obta9$ also t ( cacahuete 9 "s c\ntries4 ,x has ! additional t]m hypogea atta*$ to x1 :i* lit]ally signifies subt]ranean4 ,?is is apt to mislead2 = ! plant gr[s above gr\nd z o!r pulse1 :]eas only its se$ & p]ic>p are ins]t$1 aft] bloom+1 into ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! bett] t]m hypoc>pogea4 ,x appe>s to =m an important article ( cultivation along ! :ole ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 & probably on ! ea/ coa/1 on sev]al p>ts ( :i* x 0 f\nd by ,l\reiro 7,flor4 ,co*91 p4 #dcj74 ,x 0 d\btless c>ri$ f ,africa to v>i\s p>ts ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 = x is notic$ 9 "s ( ! e>ly acc\nts ( ,p]u & ,brazil4 #hjj qu>t]s ( ?is nut 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 9 #ahdi1 = express+ oil1 & ab\t half t quantity 9 #ahej4 ,eighty to #ij tuns ( ! express$ oil are n[ annually import$4 ,! se$s conta9 ab\t #dd p] c5t4 ( a cle> pale yell[ oil1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ,india z food1 & = lamps1 p>ticul>ly at ,malwa & ,bombay1 c4 ,two v>ieties are gr[n 9 ,malacca1 ! :ite se$ & ! br[n se$1 & also 9 ,java1 9 ! vic9ity ( sug> plantations2 ! oil cake be+ us$ z manure4 ,x is !re kn[n z katjang oil4 ,?is plant1 :i* seems to be a native ( _m p>ts ( ,asia1 has )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s be5 mu* cultivat$ ab\t ,calcutta4 ,! se$s conta9 abundance ( fix$ oil1 h a fa9t odor1 & v mild agreeable ta/e2 #a1iej p>ts ( se$1 sep>at$ f _! cov]+s & blan*$1 give #a1dje ( k]nels1 f :i*1 by cold pressure1 #gjc p>ts ( oil are procur$4 ,! se$s are consum$ z a *eap popul> luxury1 be+ half roa/$1 & !n eat5 ) salt4 ,! oil is calculat$ to s]ve z an effici5t & v *eap sub/itute = olive oil1 = ph>maceutical purposes4 ,x burns ) little smoke1 ) a cle> flame1 & af=ds a v full bright light1 answ]+ p]fectly 9 ,arg& lamps4 ,! oil cake af=ds1 also1 an excell5t food = cattle4 ,! gr\nd nut has ( late become ( consid]able importance z an article ( exportation1 by ,engli% h\ses2 yet m s by ,fr5* h\ses at ,gh5t1 ,r\51 & ,bordeaux2 "s ( :om h contract$ ) ! m]*ants ( ! ,african colonies = l>ge quantities1 s5d+ %ipp+ = ! c>goes4 ,"o h\se alone contract$ = #fj1jjj bu%els 9 ! ye>s #ahdd & #ahde4 ,?is nut oil is s v useful to ma*9]y t ! naval /eam cruis]s on ! coa/ h adopt$ x4 ,a gr\nd-nut oil factory exi/s 9 ! colony ( ,si]ra ,leone2 b f ! want ( /eam p[] & prop] ma*9]y1 & f bad managem5t1 toge!r ) ! inf]ior atta9m5ts ( ! ,african artisan1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,european me*anic1 & _! facilities 9 quantity or quality1 !re is abundant scope = improvem5t4 ,! price 9 ! colony is #ds4 #f;d4 p] gallon4 ,x is capable ( be+ ref9$ s z to answ] ! purpose ( a salad oil2 ! nut is prolific1 & eat5 by ! natives & ,europeans1 boil$1 roa/$1 or 9 its raw /ate2 & frequ5tly introduc$ at ! table z we d ! ,spani% ,b>celona nut at dess]t4 ,x gr[s 9 ! ra9y season1 & is collect$ 9 ! dry1 & sold 9 ! colony = "o %ill+ to eighte5-p5ce p] bu%el1 9 goods & ca%4 ,=m ( ! nut1 long1 light %ell1 conta9s two k]nels cov]$ ) a br[n r9d1 :5 %ell$ :ite 9 appe>ance4 ,x is a l[ creep+ plant1 ) yell[ fl[]s2 aft] !y drop (f1 & ! pods beg9 to =m1 !y bury !mselves 9 ! e>?1 :]e !y come to maturity4 ,! pod is woody & dry1 conta9+ f "o to ?ree peas1 or nuts1 z !y are call$1 h5ce ! common names1 gr\nd-nut or pea-nut4 ,!y require to be p>*$ 9 an ov5 be=e !y are eat51 & =m a *ief article ( food 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4 ,f a n>r[ /rip ( l&1 ext5d+ ab\t #dj miles nor!rly f ,wilm+ton 7,nor? ,c>ol9a71 comes ne>ly ! entire quantity ( e>? nuts 7kn[n z pea-nuts7 gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = m>ket4 ,f t tract & imm$iate vic9ity1 #hj1jjj bu%els h be5 c>ri$ to ,wilm+ton m>ket 9 "o ye>4 ,! plant has some:at ! appe>ance ( ! dw>f g>d5-pea1 ?\gh m bu%y4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 hills4 ,! pea gr[s on t5drils1 :i* put out f ! plant & take root 9 ! e>?1 :]e ! nut is produc$ & rip5$4 ,! fruit is pick$ f ! root by h&1 & ! v9es are a favorite food = horses1 mules1 & cattle4 ,f #cj to #hj bu%els are produc$ on an acre4 ,!re are "s plant]s :o raise f #a1jjj to #a1ejj bu%els a ye>4--7,hunt's ,m]*ant's ,magaz9e1 vol4 xv41 p4 #dbf47 ,! gr\nd-nut is exce$+ly prolific1 & requires b little c>e & att5tion to its culture1 :ile ! oil extract$ f x is q equal to t yield$ by ! olive4 ,almo/ any k9d ( soil be+ adapt$ = x1 no?+ c be m simple ?an its managem5t4 ,all t is requir$ is ! soil to be turn$ ov] & ! se$ s[n 9 drills l potatoes2 aft] x beg9s to %oot x may be e>!d ) a hoe or pl\gh4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia !y are n[ gr[n 9 g>d5s = fe$+ pigs1 ! ri* oil !y are capable ( yield+ be+ entirely ov]look$4 ,9 reg>d to _! m>ketable value at home1 ,i w give a copy ( a lett] ( a fri5d ( m9e1 receiv$ f "s ,london brok]s1 l>gely engag$ 9 ! ,african trade3-- ,wilson & ,rose pres5t complim5ts to ,mr4 ,n41 & beg to in=m him ! price ( ,african gr\nd nuts is z "u3--,say = ,riv] ,gambia1 #aa p] ton "h4 ,say = ,si]ra ,leone1 #aj p] ton "h4 ,= gr\nd nuts free on bo>d at ! =m] port1 #h p] ton is dem&$2 ^! are ! f9e/ description ( nut1 ! freight w\ld be ab\t #d p] ton2 ! weight p] bu%el imp]ial measure1 & 9 ! %ell1 is ab\t #be lbs4 ,! foll[+1 also1 is an extract f a lett] writt5 9 #ahdb1 by ,mr4 ,=/] 7! pres5t ,m4,p4 = ,b]wick71 an em95t ,african m]*ant4 ,speak+ ( ! /aple ( ,africa1 he says3-- ,i h lately be5 attempt+ to obta9 o!r oils f ! coa/1 & x 0 only ye/]day ,i receiv$ f ! h&s ( ! oil press] ! result ( my mo/ rec5t exp]im5t on ! gr\nd nut1 :i* ,i am happy to say is enc\rag+4 ,i s5d y a sample ( ! oil extract$ f !m4 ,!y are f ! ,gambia4 ,x is a pure gold5 color$ oil1 ) a pleasant flavor1 free f ! frequ5t rancidity ( olive oil4 ,s9ce !n ! cultivation has gone on1 & ! exportation l>gely increas$4 ,! ,fr5* also h ent]$ into ! trade1 & sev]al vessels are exclusively employ$ 9 export+ ?is product f ! riv] ,gambia1 convey+ x to oil factors on ! cont95t1 :o extract its oil4 ,see+1 !n1 ! _m advantages ! cultivation ( su* a product be/[s1 & its adaptation to ! soil & climate ( ,au/ralia1 ,i _c refra9 f express+ a hope t "s ( ! influ5tial l&[n]s 9 ! cultivat$ di/ricts w give ! matt] _! consid]ation4 ,i am in=m$ by an ,am]ican m]*ant t he cle>$ #ab1jjj doll>s 9 "o ye>1 on ! s+le article ( gr\nd or pea nuts obta9$ f ,africa4 ,/range z x may appe>1 ne>ly all ^! nuts are tran%ipp$ to ,france1 :]e !y comm& a ready sale2 are !re conv]t$ into oil1 & !nce f9d _! way ov] ! _w 9 ! %ape ( olive oil2 ! skill ( ! ,fr5* *emi/s enabl+ !m to imitate ! real ,lucca & ,flor5ce oil1 s z to deceive ! nice/ judges4 ,inde$1 ! oil f ! pea nuts possesses a sweetness & delicacy t _c be surpass$4 ,advices f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa to ! #af? ,augu/1 #ahec1 report t ! gr\nd nut season _h clos$2 ! quantity %ipp$ dur+ ! season hav+ exce$$ #ijj1jjj bu%els4 ,! yield has increas$ #bj p] c5t1 ea* ye> = ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 & x is expect$ ! increase w be /ill great] 9 ! =?com+ season4 ,,teuss ,,oil4--,! ,*9ese use :at is call$ teuss or tea oil1 = food & o!r purposes4 ,i h allud$ to x "u ! head ( pulse1 at page #cab4 ,x is obta9$1 h[ev]1 f a species ( ! gr\nd nut1 & is sold 9 ,hong ,kong1 at #bs4 #f;d4 ! gallon1 be+ import$ f ! ma9 l&4 ,by a local ord9ance x is imp]ative on e h\sehold] at ,victoria1 ,hong-,kong1 to h a lamp burn+ ov] 8 door at night4 ,:5 burn+1 ?is oil af=ds a cle>1 bright light1 & is n s (f5sive to ! smell z tra9 & o!r common lamp oils4 ,,tobacco ,,se$ ,,oil4--,a discov]y1 :i* may prove ( "s comm]cial importance1 appe>s to h be5 made by a ,briti% resid5t 9 ,russia1 namely1 t ! se$ ( ! tobacco plant conta9s ab\t fifte5 p] c5t4 ( an oil possess+ peculi> dry+ prop]ties1 calculat$ to r5d] x a sup]ior m$ium1 especially = pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,! process employ$ = ! extraction ( ! oil is to r$uce ! se$ to p[d]1 & knead x into a /iff pa/e ) quantum sufficit ( hot wat]1 & !n submit x to ! action ( /rong fires4 ,! oil ?us obta9$ is expos$ to a mod]ate heat1 :i*1 by coagulat+ ! vegetable album5 ( ! se$1 causes all impurities conta9$ 9 ! oil to =m a cake at ! bottom ( ! vessel employ$1 leav+ ! oil p]fectly limpid & cle>4 ,,poppy ,,oil4--,ab\t #hj cwt4 ( poppy se$ is import$ annually into ,hull1 & small quantities come into o!r ports to be cru%$ into oil4 ,! se$s ( ! poppy yield1 by expression1 #ef p] c5t4 ( a bl& & v valuable oil1 ( a pale gold5 color1 fluid to )9 t5 degrees ( ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,x dries easily1 is inodor\s1 & ( an agreeable flavor l olive oil4 ,dr4 ,j4,v4,c4 ,smi?1 writ+ f ,switz]l&1 to ! editor ( ! ,bo/on ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 says3-- ,imm5se crops are rais$ "h ( articles :olly unkn[n to ! ,am]ican f>m]s1 & p]haps ! k9ds be/ fitt$ to p>ticul> localities :]e gra9 & potatoes yield poorly "u ! be/ ef=ts4 ,"o ( ^! is poppies4 ,?\s&s ( acres are at ?is mom5t ready = m>ket--:i* ! travell] takes = grant$1 z he hurries by1 are to be manufactur$ into opium4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 int5d$ = m$ical use at all1 b = a widely diff]5t purpose4 ,f ! poppy se$ a beautiful transp>5t oil is made1 :i* is ext5sively us$ 9 h\se pa9t+4 ,x is almo/ z colorless z wat]1 & possesses s _m advantages ov] ! flax se$ oil t x may ultimately sup]s$e t article4 ,:]e flax _c be gr[n poppies (t5 c be1 9 poor s&y soil4 ,l9se$ oil is becom+ de>]1 & ! dem& = pa9t is increas+4 ,) :ite lead1 poppy oil leaves a beautiful surface1 :i* does n aft]w>ds *ange1 by ! action ( light1 into a dirty yell[4 ,ano!r season "s "o %\ld make a beg9n+ at home 9 ?is important bran* ( indu/ry4 ,! oil may be us$ = o!r purposes1 & ev5 put 9 ! cruet = salads4 ,,tallicoonah or ,,kundah ,,oil1 is obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! ,c>apa ,t\l\c\na 7( ! ,flore de ,s5egambie74 ,! tree gr[s to ! height ( #dj feet2 ! fruit is a l>ge1 some:at globul> five-cell$ capsule4 ,! se$s 7( :i* !re are f #ah to #cj 9 ea* capsule71 v>y 9 size f t ( a *esnut to a h5's egg4 ,!y are ?ree-corn]$1 ( a br[ni% or blacki% r$ color4 ,x is f\nd abundantly 9 ! ,timneh c\ntry1 & ov] ! colony ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,x is manufactur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! nuts hav+ be5 well dri$ 9 ! sun1 are hung up 9 wick] racks or hurdles1 & expos$ to ! smoke ( ! huts1 aft] :i* !y are roa/$ & subject$ to trituration 9 l>ge wood5 mort>s1 until r$uc$ to a pulp4 ,! mass is !n boil$1 :5 ! sup]natant oil is remov$ by skimm+4 ,! natives pr9cipally prep>e ! oil to af=d light2 ! leaves are us$ by ! ,kroom5 z a ?at*4 ,x is held 9 high e/imation z an an!lm9tic4 ,! oil is sold 9 ,si]ra ,leone at #bs4 a gallon1 & c\ld be procur$ 9 abundance f ! coa/ z an article ( comm]ce4 ,,c>ap or ,,crab ,,oil 7,c>apa guian5sis74--,?is is a sort ( vegetable butt]1 be+ sometimes solid & sometimes half fluid1 :i* is obta9$ f ! se$ ( a l>ge tree abundant 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 & also f\nd 9 ,tr9idad4 ,x is said to turn rancid v soon :5 expos$ to ! air1 b ?is is probably caus$ by ! pres5ce ( impurities1 aris+ f ! crude & imp]fect way 9 :i* x is prep>$ by ! natives1 :o boil ! k]nels1 leave !m 9 a heap = a few days1 !n skim !m1 & la/ly r$uce !m into a pa/e 9 a wood5 mort>1 :i* is !n spread on an incl9$ bo>d1 & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 s t ! oil may melt & gradually trickle d[n into a vessel plac$ bel[ to receive x4 ,a prize m$al 0 aw>d$ = ?is oil at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea4 ,c>ap oil 9 ,tr9idad is highly e/eem$ z an ungu5t = ! hair1 & also = apply+ to ! w\nds ( animals1 = de/roy+ ticks & o!r insects :i* infe/ cattle--also = ! cure ( rheumatism4 ,an oil call$ ,c>ap oil is also obta9$ 9 ! ,ea/1 f ! almonds ( ,xyloc>pus granatum1 or ,c>apa ,mollucc5sis1 ( ,lan>k1 :i* is us$ by ! natives to dress ! hair & ano9t ! sk91 s z to keep (f insects4 ,cacao fat1 ! butt]-l sub/ance obta9$ f ! se$s ( ,!obroma cacao1 is e/eem$ z an emolli5t4 ,! nuts ( ! ,great ,macaw tree 7,acrocomia fusi=mis71 a maje/ic species ( palm1 furni%es mu* oil4 ,?is tree is ! ,cocos fusi=mis1 ( ,jacqu91 & o!r int]tropical botani/s4 ,x is a native ( ,tr9idad & ,jamaica1 & is f\nd also v commonly 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! me?od ( extract+ ! oil is z foll[s3--,! nut or k]nel is slightly roa/$ & clean$1 !n gr\nd to a pa/e1 fir/ 9 a mill1 & !n on a livigat+ /one4 ,?is pa/e1 g5tly heat$ & mix$ ) #c-aj?s ( its weight ( boil+ wat]1 is put into a bag1 & ! oil express$ betwe5 two heat$ plates ( iron2 x yields ab\t #g-aj?s or #h-aj?s ( oil4 ,if discolor$ x c be purifi$1 :5 melt$1 by filtration4 ,x is !n ( ! consi/5ce ( butt]1 ( a gold5 yell[ hue1 ! odor t ( violets1 & ! ta/e sweeti%4 ,if well pres]v$ x w keep sev]al ye>s )\t spoil+1 :i* is kn[n to h tak5 place by ! loss ( its gold5 hue & delightful aroma4 ,x is frequ5tly sold 9 ! %ops z palm oil1 & ( late has ent]$ l>gely into ! composition ( toilet soaps4 ,z an emolli5t x is said to be useful 9 "s pa9ful affections ( ! jo9ts2 ! negroes deem x a sov]eign rem$y 9 bone a*e4 ,! nut itself is sometimes fancifully c>v$ by ! negroes1 & is highly ornam5tal1 be+ ( a %9+ jet black1 & susceptible ( a v high poli%4 ,?is tree may be increas$ f suck]s4 ,a4 scl]oc>pa is ! ,macahuba palm ( ,brazil4 ,,! ,,agaiti1 z x is call$ by ! ,portuguese1 or napoota by ! natives & ,arabs 7,didynamia ,gymosp]ma871 mu* cultivat$ 9 all ,ea/]n ,africa = its oil1 :i* is consid]$ equal to t ( olives1 & fet*es z high a price 9 ! ,indian m>ket4 ,! plant1 :i* is z tall & rank z hemp1 & equally productive1 hav+ num]\s pods ?r\gh\t ! /ems1 is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 a wild z well z cultivat$ /ate4 ,! ,cape ,%ipp+ ,gazette1 ( ,augu/1 #ahej1 says3-- ,! att5tion ( ! ,george ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,society hav+ be5 drawn to ! fact t an excell5t oil1 equal to ! olive oil ( ,italy1 c be extract$ f ! k]nel ( ! fruit kn[n by ! "n ( ,t ,k\ ,pijte & ,pruim ,besje1 !y h (f]$ a rew>d ( #aj = ! be/ sample1 n less ?an a half aum ( ?is oil--& #ae if x %all be adjudg$ equal to ! be/ oil ( ,italy4 ,?is fact is des]v+ ( notice1 z an in/ance ( ! advantages :i* are likely to result f ! att5tion n[ be+ devot$ to ! natural productions ( ! colony4 ,madia sativa is a h&some annual plant1 native ( ,*ili1 :i* has be5 naturalis$ 9 ,europe4 ,x gr[s ab\t two feet high1 & produces fl[]s 9 ,july & ,augu/1 ( a pale yell[ color4 ,! :ole plant is viscid & exhales a p[]ful odor1 :i* is some:at l heat$ honey4 ,x requires r a ri* soil1 ( a f]rug9\s "*4 ,! root is fusi=m1 ! /em cyl9drical1 & furni%$ ) sessile1 ?ree to five longitud9ally-n]v$ leaves1 :i* are apposite on ! l[] portion ( ! /em1 & alt]nate on ! upp]4 ,m4 ,victor ,pasqui]1 :o has writt5 on ! culture ( ! plant1 analys$ ! se$1 & f\nd #ajj p>ts to consi/ ( #bf4e ( te/a1 & #gc4e ( k]nel2 #ajj p>ts ( ! latt] yield$ #ca4c ( vegetable album51 gum1 & lign9e1 #ef4j ( fix$ oil1 & #ab4e ( wat]4 ,9 dry seasons ! oil is bo? m abundant & bett] ?an 9 damp seasons4 ,! produce ( oil1 comp>$ ) t ( ! poppy1 is equal2 ) colza1 z #cb to #bh2 ) l9se$1 #cb to #ba2 ) ! olive1 #cb to #af4 ,! leaves & /ems ( ?is plant are reject$ by cattle2 b ! oil-cake1 :i* always conta9s a consid]able portion ( ! oil1 =ms a nutritive food1 ( :i* !y are v fond4 ,! oil express$ )\t heat is transp>5t1 ( a gold5 yell[ color1 inodor\s1 r fatt] ?an ! oil ( rape or olives1 & ( a s(t1 agreeable1 nutty ta/e4 ,x is fit to be employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food1 9 salads1 & = all ! purposes ( ! be/ & milde/ fix$ oils4 ,x burns ) a brilliant1 r$di%-:ite flame1 & leaves no residue4 ,x is little liable to become rancid1 & is completely decoloris$ by animal *>coal4 ,! oil ( ! se$s ( ?is plant1 n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,france1 w yield1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,braconnet1 a solid soap1 simil> to t made f olive oil4 ,b\ss+ault obta9$ f ! oil a solid1 z well z a fluid acid4 ,! solid "o is probably palmic acid1 x fuses at exactly #adj degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! fluid acid 9 its prop]ties resembles ! oleic acid discov]$ by ,*evreul1 & seems to dry easily4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( ea*1 z det]m9$ by 8 analysis3-- ,solid acid4 ,fluid acid4 ,c>bon #gd4b #gf4j ,hydrog5 #ab4j #aa4j ,oxyg5 #ac4h #ac4j ------ ------ #ajj4 #ajj4 ,,cocum ,,oil1 or butt]1 is obta9$ f ! se$s ( a k9d ( mango/e5 7,g>c9ia purpurea71 & us$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india to adult]ate ghee or butt]4 ,x is said to be export$ to ,engl& = ! purpose ( mix+ ) be>s' grease 9 ! manufacture ( pomatum4 ,x is a :ite1 or pale gre5i% yell[1 solid oil1 brittle1 or r friable1 hav+ a fa9t b n unpleasant smell1 melt+ at ab\t #ie degrees1 & :5 cool$ aft] fusion rema9+ liquid to #ge degrees4 ,an excell5t solid oil1 ( a bright gre5 color1 is obta9$ f ,bombay1 hav+ a consi/5ce int]m$iate betwe5 t ( tall[ & wax1 fusible at ab\t #ie degrees1 & easily blea*$2 x has a peculi> & some:at aromatic odor4 ,!re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! plant f :i* x is obta9$4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to ! ,salvadora p]sica1 & to ! ,v]nonia ,an!lm9ticea1 a plant common 9 ,guz]at & ! ,concan ,ghats4 ,a pale yell[ cle> oil is obta9$ f ! se$ ( ,doli*os biflorus7874 ,oil is also express$ 9 ,india f ! se$ ( ! ,argemone mexicana1 :i* is us$ = lamps & 9 m$ic9e2 & f ! se$s ( ! ca%ew nut 7,anac>dium occid5tale71 f ,sap9dus m>g9atus1 & ! c\ntry walnut 7,aleurites triloba47 ,! fruit ( ! ,*irongia sap9da1 7or ,bu*anania latifolia17 yields oil4 ,f ! se$s ( ! ,pongamia glabra1 or ,galidupa arborea1 a honey br[n & almo/ ta/eless oil is procur$1 :i* is fluid at common temp]atures1 b gelat9ises at #ee degrees4 ,o!r s\rces ( oil are ! ,cela/rus paniculatus 787 ,balanites ,egyptictca & ! saul tree 7,%orea ,robu/a74 ,,! ,,c&le-,,tree or ,,palo ,,be ,,velas1 7,p>m5ti]a c]eif]a1 ,seemann47--,?is tree1 9 ! valley ( ! ,*agres1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 =ms entire =e/s4 ,9 ent]+ !m a p]son might almo/ fancy himself transport$ into a *&l]'s %op4 ,f all ! /ems & l[] bran*es hang long cyl9drical fruits1 ( a yell[ wax color1 s mu* resembl+ a c&le z to h giv5 rise to ! popul> appellation4 ,! fruit is g5]ally f two to ?ree1 b n unfrequ5tly f\r feet long1 & an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! tree itself is ab\t #bd feet high1 )1 opposite trifoliat$ leaves1 & l>ge :ite blossoms1 :i* appe> ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b are 9 greate/ abundance dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,! ,palo de ,velas belongs to ! natural ord] ,cresc5tiaceae1 & is a ,p>m5ti]a1 ( :i* g5us hi!rto only "o species1 ! ,p4 edulis1 ( ,de ,c&olle1 0 kn[n to exi/4 ,! fruit ( ! latt]1 call$ ,quauhscilote1 is eat5 by ! ,mexicans1 :ile t ( ! =m] s]ves = food to num]\s h]ds ( cattle4 ,bullocks especially1 if f$ ) ! fruit ( ?is tree1 gu9ea-grass1 & ,batatilla 7,ipomoea bra*ypoda1 ,b5?471 soon get fat4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! meat p>takes 9 "s degree ( ! peculi> apple-l smell ( ! fruit1 b ?is is by no means disagreeable1 & easily prev5t$1 if1 = a few days previ\s to kill+ ! animal1 ! food is *ang$4 ,! tree produces its pr9cipal h>ve/ dur+ ! dry season1 :5 all ! h]bace\s vegetation is burn$ up1 & on t acc\nt its cultivation 9 tropical c\ntries is especially to be recomm5d$2 a few acres ( x w\ld effectually prev5t t want ( fodd] :i* is always mo/ sev]ely felt aft] ! p]iodical ra9s h ceas$4--7,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany47 ,,c9namon ,,suet is extract$ by boil+ ! fruit ( ! c9namon4 ,an oily fluid floats on ! surface1 :i* on cool+ subsides to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & h>d5s into a sub/ance l mutton suet4 ,! ,s+halese make a k9d ( c&les ) x1 & use x = cul9>y purposes4 ,x emits a v pleasant aroma :ile burn+4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,dr4 ,*ri/ison1 x conta9s eight p] c5t1 ( a fluid n unlike olive oil2 ! rema9d] is a waxy pr9ciple4 ,,croton ,,oil is obta9$ by expression f ! se$s or nuts ( ,croton ,tiglium1 an ev]gre5 tree1 #ae to #bj feet 9 height1 belong+ to ! same ord] z ! ca/or oil plant1 produc+ :iti% gre5 fl[]s1 & se$s resembl+ a tick 9 appe>ance1 :5ce its g5]ic "n4 ,x is a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 #ajj p>ts ( se$s af=d ab\t #fd ( k]nel4 #ej qu>t]s ( croton nuts = express+ oil 7 import$ into ,liv]pool f ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 9 #ahdi4 ,! ,croton ,tiglium gr[s pl5tifully 9 ,ceylon1 & ! oil1 if prop]ly express$1 might be made an article ( trade4 ,! be/ mode ( prep>+ x is by gr9d+ ! se$s1 plac+ ! p[d] 9 bags1 & press+ betwe5 plates ( iron2 all[ ! oil to /& = fifte5 days1 !n filt]4 ,! residue ( ! expression is triturat$ ) twice its weight ( alcohol1 & heat$ on ! s&-ba? f #abj to #adj degs4 ,fahr5heit1 & ! mixture press$ aga94 ,9 ?is /ep ! utmo/ caution is necess>y 9 avoid+ ! acrid fumes4 ,"o se] ( se$ furni%es by ?is process r m ?an elev5 fluid ounces ( oil1 six by ! fir/ /ep1 & five by alcohol4 ,! oil acts z an irritant purgative 9 ! dose ( "o drop4 ,9 l>ge doses x is a dang]\s poison4 ,:5 appli$ ext]nally x produces pu/ules4 ,9 #ahde1 eight cases ( croton oil & six cases ( ! se$ 7 export$ f ,ceylon4 ,o!r species ( ,croton1 z ,c4 ,pavana1 a native ( ,ava & ! nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,b5gal1 & ,c4 ,roxburghii1 yield a purgative oil4 ,! b>k ( ,c4 ,eleut]ia1 ,c4 ,casc>illa1 & o!r species is aromatic1 & acts z a tonic & /imulant4 ,x =ms ! casc>illa b>k ( comm]ce already spok5 (4 ,:5 bruis$1 x gives out a musky odor & is (t5 us$ 9 pa/illes4 ,! oil obta9$ f ! se$s ( ,jatropha curcas1 a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,asia1 is purgative & emetic1 & analag\s 9 its prop]ties to croton oil4 ,x is said to be a valuable ext]nal application 9 it*4 ,9 ,india x is us$ = lamps4 ,,oil ,,( ,,b51 kn[n z ,sohr9ja 9 ,b5gal1 & ,mur+o 9 ,malab> is obta9$ f ! se$s or nuts ( ! hors]adi% tree1 ,mor+a pt]ygosp]ma1 ,burmann2 ! ,hyp]an!ra ,mor+a1 ( ,l9nu4 ,?is cle> limpid oil hav+ no p]ceptible smell1 is mu* e/eem$ by wat*mak]s & p]fum]s2 x is exp5sive & n (t5 to be procur$ pure1 consequ5tly ! oil w\ld be a v pr(itable export4 ,x gr[s rapidly & luxuriantly ev]y:]e 9 ,jamaica1 p>ticul>ly on ! nor? side ( ! isl&--z well z ,tr9idad & o!r qu>t]s ( ! ,we/4 ,x is easily propagat$ ei!r by cutt+s f ! tree 7! bran*es7 or by se$s1 & be>s ! second ye>4 ,! produce ( ea* tree may be e/imat$ at f "o to two gallons4 ,f ! fl[]s a v pleasant p]fume might be easily di/ill$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ,i d]ive f my fri5d ,dr4 ,hamilton-- ,x is a small tree1 ( ab\t tw5ty feet 9 height1 ( mo/ rapid gr[?1 com+ into fl[] )9 a few mon?s aft] x has be5 s[n1 & cont9u+ to produce se$s & blossoms aft]w>ds ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! tree is n[ naturalis$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! timb] is said to dye a f9e blue1 & ! gum1 :i*1 exudes f w\nds 9 ! b>k1 be>s a /rong resemblance to t obta9$ f ! ,a/ragalus tragacan?a1 = :i* x might1 no d\bt1 be sub/itut$4 ,! num]\s racemes ( :ite blossoms ) :i* ! tree is con/antly load$1 are succe$$ by long triangul> pods1 some:at t\rlose at ! ends1 & ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 :5 arriv$ at ! full gr[?4 ,^! pods1 :ile yet "y & t5d]1 are n unfrequ5tly cook$ & s]v$ up at ! plant]'s tables l asp>agus1 = :i* !y are n a bad sub/itute4 ,! pods1 :5 full gr[n1 conta9 ab\t fifte5 se$s2 ea* consid]ably l>g] ?an a pea1 ) a membrane\s cov]+ exp&+ into ?ree w+s1 :5ce ! specific "n ( pt]ygosp]ma4 ,on remov+ ! w+$ envelope ! se$s appe> some:at l pi? balls2 b ^u divid+ !m ) ! nail1 !y are f\nd to ab\nd 9 a cle>1 colorless1 ta/eless1 sc5tless oil1 ( :i* ! proportion is s l>ge t x may be express$ f good fre% se$s by ! simple pressure ( ! nail4 ,ge(fry in=ms u1 t he obta9$ #cj ounces ( oil f eight p\nds ( ! decorticat$ se$s1 be+ at ! rate ( v ne>ly #bd lbs4 ( oil f #ajj lbs4 ( se$4 ,not)/&+ ! great value ( its oil1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be obta9$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! mor+a has be5 hi!rto valu$ m]ely z an ornam5tal %rub1 & cultivat$ = ! sake ( its "y pods or ! hors]adi% ( its roots1 z luxuries = ! table4 ,! oil is peculi>ly valuable = ! =mation ( o9tm5ts1 f its capability ( be+ kept = almo/ any l5g? ( "t )\t ent]+ into comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,?is prop]ty1 toge!r ) ! total abs5ce ( color1 smell1 & ta/e1 peculi>ly adapts x to ! purposes ( ! p]fum]1 :o is able to make x ! m$ium = arre/+ ! flight ( ^? highly volatile p>ticles ( ess5tial oil1 :i* con/itute ! aroma ( _m ( ! mo/ odorif]\s fl[]s1 & _c be obta9$ by any o!r means1 9 a conc5trat$ & p]man5t =m4 ,to effect ?is1 ! petals ( ! fl[]s1 ^: odor x is desir$ to obta91 are ?9ly spread ov] flakes ( cotton wool saturat$ ) ?is oil1 & ! :ole enclos$ 9 air tight t9 cases1 :]e !y are suff]$ to rema9 till !y beg9 to )]1 :5 !y are replac$ by fre% ones1 & ! process ?us cont9u$ till ! oil has absorb$ z mu* z 0 desir$ ( ! aroma2 x is !n sep>at$ f ! wool by pressure1 & pres]v$ "u ! "n ( ess5ce1 9 well /opp$ bottles4 ,by dige/+ ! oil ?us impregnat$ 9 alcohol1 :i* does n take up ! fix$ oil1 a solution ( ! aroma is effect$ 9 ! _s1 & _m odorif]\s t9ctures or wat]s1 z !y are some:at inaccurately t]m$1 prep>$4 ,by ?is process mo/ delici\s p]fumes might be obta9$ f ! fl[]s ( ! ,acacia tortuosa1 ,pancratium c>ribeum1 ,plum]ia alba1 ,plum]ia rubra1 & innum]able o!r fl[]s1 ( ! mo/ exquisite fragrance1 :i* ab\nd )9 ! tropics1 bloom+ unreg>d$1 & wa/+ _! odors on ! b>r5 air4 ,,! ,,oil ,,palm4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ?is g5us ( beautiful palms ( ! tribe ,cococ91 b t *iefly turn$ to acc\nt is ,elais gu9e5sis1 a native ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea to ! s\? ( ,f]n&o ,po1 :i* furni%es ! be/ oil4 ,!re are ?ree o!r v>ieties--,e4 melanococca1 a native ( ,new ,granada1 ,e4 ,p]nambucana1 common on ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 & ,j4 occid5talis1 indig5\s to ,jamaica4 ,all ! species gr[ well 9 a s&y loam & may be increas$ by suck]s4 ,! value ( ! oil ( ?is palm1 z an article ( comm]ce1 is exemplifi$ by ! l>ge annual imports1 av]ag+ m ?an #eaf1jjj cwt4 = _m ye>s pa/4 ,our supplies ( palm oil are almo/ :olly d]iv$ f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 ( :i* x is ! /aple article ( export4 ,palm oil has ! greate/ specific gravity ( any ( ! fix$ vegetable oils4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally 9 ?is c\ntry = mak+ yell[ soap4 ,b ! inhabitants ( ! ,gu9ea coa/ employ x = ! same purposes t we d butt]4 ,! trade 9 palm oil has almo/ driv5 out ! slave trade f ! ,bight ( ,b591 :i* 0 a few ye>s ago "o ( its pr9cipal seats4 ,! old slave trad]s at ,:ydah h g5]ally gone into ! palm oil trade1 & are c>ry+ x on to a v great ext5t4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahdi1 no less ?an twelve vessels 7 ly+ at t port tak+ 9 oil2 :il/1 only ?ree ye>s be=e1 x 0 r>e to see ?ree vessels !re at once1 & ( ^? 9 all probability two w\ld be slav]s4 ,?is palm is call$ ,maba by ! natives ab\t ! ,congo riv]4 ,x is moneoci\s1 :i* inde$ ,jacqu91 by :om ! g5us 0 e/abli%$1 conclud$ x to be1 al?\gh fir/ describ$ z dioeci\s by ,ga]tn]1 ^: acc\nt has be5 adopt$1 probably )\t exam9ation1 by ,s*rod]1 ,willd5[1 & ,p]soon4 ,! av]age imports ( ?is oil into ,liv]pool alone1 h n[ be5 = "s ye>s upw>ds ( #ah1jjj tons1 wor? ne>ly #hjj1jjj /]l+1 & giv+ employm5t to upw>ds ( #cj1jjj tons ( %ipp+2 ?us prov+ t ! natives :o =m]ly export$ _! bre?r5 z a matt] ( traffic1 n[ f9d1 at lea/1 an equally pr(itable trade 9 ! exportation ( ! vegetable products ( _! native soil4 ,palm oil is produc$ by ! nut ( ! tree1 :i* gr[s 9 ! greate/ abundance ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,africa4 ,! dem& = x1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 is daily increas+1 & !re is no d\bt x w1 ere long1 become ! mo/ important article ( ,african trade4 ,,imports ,,into ,,liv]pool4 casks4 tons4 #ahce #bh1ejj #i1ejj #ahcf #cc1ejj #aa1jjj #ahcg #bf1jjj #i1ijj #ahch #bg1ebj #aj1cbj #ahci #cf1ejj #ad1cjj #aheb ab\t -- #bc1ejj ,9 ! colony ( ,lib]ia1 ,i notice ! manufacture ( a new article ( ,african production1 :i* is call$ ,h]r+'s ,palm ,k]nel ,oil or ,african ,l>d4 ,x is ?us spok5 ( 9 ! newspap]s ( t ,republic 3-- ,we _h be5 = a long "t impress$ ) an idea t ! oil conta9$ 9 ! k]nel ( ! palm nut1 0 sup]ior bo? 9 quality & appe>ance to t ( palm oil1 :i* is obta9$ f ! ext]ior "p4 ,on mak+ an ef=t to extract ! oil f ! k]nel 7:i* 0 by means ( a little ma*9e1 ( our own inv5tion & contrivance71 we f\nd t our ?\ghts ^u ! matt] 7 correct1 t ! oil possess$ admirable beauty 9 its appe>ance1 ) a ta/e1 :5 us$ = cook+ purposes1 unexcell$ by t ( ! be/ l>d4 ,aft] be+ made & set by1 x assumes a consi/5ce l t ( h>d butt]1 & has to be cut out ) a knife or spoon2 its appe>ance 9 ?is /ate is v beautiful1 pres5t+ su* ri*ness1 cle>ness1 & adapt$ness to table purposes1 t "o w\ld n suppose t ?is oil is obta9$ f ! same tree f :i* palm oil is1 = !re is z mu* disp>ity bo? 9 _! appe>ance & ta/e z !re is betwe5 l>d & butt]4 ,! exquisite transp>5cy :i* ! k]nel oil be>s 9 a liquid /ate1 especially :5 und]go+ ! purify+ process1 is a cause ( admiration4 ,on %[+ "s ( x to sev]al =eign]s1 ,i 0 ask$ 9 two in/ances :i* 0 ! oil & :i* ! wat]1 or :e!r x 0 oil or wat]2 ?us y may h an idea ( its cle>ness4 ,we make two qualities ( ?is oil1 diff]+ h[ev] 9 ta/e only1 ! "o be+ = table uses & ! o!r = exportation & = :atev] use !y may *oose to put x to abroad4 ,!re h be5 _m conjectures 9 respect to ! uses to :i* ?is oil might he put 9 =eign c\ntries2 b t x w be a useful article1 & especially 9 our trade1 :5 made m ext5sively1 !re c be no d\bt1 = ! quantity 9 :i* x might be _h w\ld und\bt$ly introduce x to a respectable rank among ! o!r commodities ( our productive c\ntry s eag]ly s\ght aft]4 ,!re is no?+1 to my k1 t c be turn$ to z good acc\nt & at ! same "t s abundant & easily obta9$1 z ! palm k]nel1 = !y are z common z ! pebbles ( /ony l&1 especially 9 ?is section ( ! c\ntry1 :]e we h palm or*>ds ( spontane\s gr[? = miles toge!r1 & int]sp]s+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 9 almo/ innum]able numb]s4 ,accord+ to /ati/ical asc]ta9m5t1 !re is on an av]age export$ f ?is port1 ?irty ?\s& gallons ( palm oil annually1 f :i* fact we asc]ta9 demon/ratively t ! palm k]nels :i* are ?r[n away "h 7leav+ out ! :ole leew>d coa/ ( our possessions7 are suffici5t to make ?irty ?\s& gallons ( oil1 m or less4 ,?is is n at all a problematical speculation ( ours1 b we feel au?oris$ to advance ?is ass]tion f ! fact t "o bu%el ( k]nels1 completely work$ up1 w make two gallons ( oil4 ,b to "w !m up is ! ?+1 pl5tiful z !y are2 we h[ev]1 hesitate n to say1 t x c be done & probably w be4 ,hav+ n[ s f> conqu]$ ! difficulties att5d+ ! manufacture ( ?is oil1 z t we c safely v\* a reasonable supply = home consumption1 we mo/ *e]fully recomm5d x to ! citiz5s ( ?is ,republic1 ^: dem&s = x1 = eat+ purposes1 we d\bt n c be suppli$1 & on v reasonable t]ms4 ,we w assure our cu/om]s t !re w n be an ounce ( dirt or s$im5t 9 a hundr$ p\nds ( our oil4 ,! rec5t abolition ( ! soap duty1 by /imulat+ ! dem& = palm oil1 w h an in/ant effect on ! trade & comm]ce ( ,we/]n ,africa1 by confirm+ ! suppression ( ! slave trade1 & giv+ an additional impetus to negro improvem5t4 ,x w also increase ! production = ,engl& ( gr\nd nuts1 :5ce ! oil s l>gely us$ 9 mak+ cont95tal soaps is express$4 ,:5 7obs]ves a rec5t writ]7 ! ,portuguese fir/ treat$ ) t coa/1 !y f\nd palm oil & gr\nd nuts articles ( native food1 & s !y rema9$ d[n to a p]iod )9 liv+ memory4 ,s us$1 !y nei!r requir$ any cultivation nor gave rise to any notions ( prop]ty4 ,?\gh :ole tracts ( c\ntry are cr[d$ by ! oil-palm tree1 little c>e 0 tak5 ( :at 01 9 fact1 sup]abundant2 & z = gr\nd nuts1 !y 7 simply dug up z prud5ce or necessity dictat$4 ,"s ?irty ye>s ago a cask or two ( palm oil 0 s5t home f ! ,gold ,coa/2 x met s ready a sale t x 0 fur!r inquir$ aft]1 & ! total am\nt n[ import$ into ,engl& ranges f #be1jjj to #cj1jjj tons annually4 ,! exportation ( gr\nd nuts is ev5 l>g]2 b1 ow+ to our excise on soap1 !y _h h]et(ore gone pr9cipally to ,france---to ,m>seilles especially4 ,( ^! two articles1 x is to be obs]v$1 ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,africa appe>s to h a monopoly2 & ) respect to palm oil1 x is fur!r to be rem>k$1 t x is exactly beh9d ^? ports & up ^? riv]s1 :i* 7 =m]ly ! great ne/s ( ! slave trade1 t its production is l>ge/2 & j z ! slave trade !re has be5 cru%$1 a comm]ce 9 palm oil has sprung up & replac$ x4 ,!re are m5 alive :o recollect ! slave trade fl\ri%+ on ! ,gold ,coa/2 x has long be5 ext9ct !re1 & palm oil is n[ l>gely export$4 ,x is b a v few ye>s ago s9ce t traffic appe>$ to be irrepressible at ! m\?s ( ! ,nig]3 x is n[ expell$1 & !nce ,liv]pool obta9s1 in/ead1 its supplies ( palm oil4 ,s also1 lat] /ill1 at ,:ydah1 & ! o!r ports ( ! k+dom ( ,dahomy1 & along ! ,lagoon1 :i* connects ,dahomy ) ! ,b59 ,riv]1 !re ! ,spani% slave deal]s are !mselves inaugurat+ a comm]ce 9 palm oil4 ,already ! trade 9 t qu>t] is consid]able1 & x w\ld h ext5d$ mu* m rapidly ?an x has done1 7 x n t disord] & w>f>e 9 ! int]ior h be5 promot$ & prolong$ by ! indiscreet zeal ( "s ( our own naval (fic]s & by ! desire ( "s ( our mission>ies to rule at ,abeeokutu1 at ,lagos1 & at ,badagray4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ord] & tranquillity are re/or$1 a mo/ important trade w und\bt$ly arise !re4 ,a g5]ation ago1 :5 palm oil 0 m]ely an article ( food1 !re 01 we h said1 no prop]ty 9 palm trees4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a l>ge =eign dem& has aris5 = ?is oil1 ! plantations1 z already !y are call$1 beg9 to be c>$ =2 & lately ! title to "s ( !m has be5 disput$ 9 our c\rts on ! ,gold ,coa/3 a cont5tion :i* con/itutes ! fir/ evid5ce we h receiv$ ( ! value ( l&1 n actually "u _! own cultivation1 be+ recognis$ by ! natives4 ,?us ! feel+ ( prop]ty & ! desire = accumulation are spr++ up out ( ! palm oil trade2 & !y are ev]y:]e ! g]ms ( nasc5t civilisation4 ,x is no light "q1 !re=e1 ?us involv$ 9 an increas$ dem& = ?is article2 x may produce ,african consequ5ces ( incalculable importance to ! :ole human race4 ,x is 9 ,france hi!rto t ! great consumption ( gr\nd nut oil has occurr$4 ,x is !re us$ 9 ! manufacture ( soaps1 :i*1 ?\gh pref]r$ abroad1 are little us$ 9 ,engl&--v mu* because ( ! ,excise laws4 ,! specific gravity ( ! soap made out ( gr\nd nut oil is high] ?an ^? laws p]mitt$2 9 consequ5ce we c\ld nei!r make x = our own use nor = =eign exportation2 & ?us ,france has sub/antially ! soap trade ( ! _w4 ,by ! repeal ( ! duty1 ,engl& w be enabl$ to compete--9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r trades--) ,france abroad4 ,! price1 9 ,liv]pool1 = palm oil1 9 ,octob]1 #ahec1 0 #ch #ajs4 to #ci p] ton4 ,we export annually ne>ly f\r million gallons ( oil made f l9se$1 hemp se$1 & rape se$4 ,,palm ,,oil ,,reta9$ ,,= ,,home ,,consumption cwts4 #ahce #bdb1gcc #ahcf #bcd1ceg #ahcg #baa1iai #ahch #bgb1iia #ahci #bfb1iaj #ahdj #cad1hha #ahda #cjj1ggj #ahdb #cec1fgb #ahdc #cgg1gfe #ahdd #cfc1cce #ahdh #eaj1bah #ahdi #dic1cca #ahej #ddh1ehi #ahea #dic1eih #aheb #djh1egg ,! quantity ( ! f\r pr9cipal vegetable oils annually import$ into ,great ,brita91 is %[n by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,palm oil4 ,coco-nut oil4 ,ca/or oil4 ,olive oil4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 tuns4 #ahdh #eaj1bah #he1dfc #d1ehh #aj1jhf #ahdi #dic1cca #fd1deb #i1fha #af1ifd #ahej #ddh1ehi #ih1jdj -- #bj1gch #ahea #fjh1eej #ee1iie -- #aa1ejc #aheb #fbc1bca #aja1hfc -- #h1hih ,,! ,,olive-,,tree 7,olea ,europea74--,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is plant1 two ( :i* h be5 long di/+ui%$--! wild & ! cultivat$4 ,! =m] is an ev]gre5 %rub or l[ tree1 ) sp9y bran*es & r\nd twigs2 ! latt] is a tall] tree1 )\t sp9es1 & ) f\r-angl$ twigs4 ,! fruit is a drupe ab\t ! size & color ( a damson4 ,its fle%y p]ic>p yields by expression olive oil1 ( :i* ! f9e/ comes f ,prov5ce & ,flor5ce4 ,spani% or ,ca/ile soap is made by mix+ olive oil & soda1 :ile s(t soap is made by mix+ ! oil ) pota%4 ,! wild olive is indig5\s to ,syria1 ,greece1 & ,africa1 on ! l[] slopes ( ,m\nt ,atlas4 ,! cultivat$ species gr[s spontane\sly 9 ,syria1 & is easily re>$ 9 ,spa91 ,italy & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/ralia & ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,:]ev] x has be5 tri$ on ! sea-coa/s ( ,au/ralia1 ! success has be5 mo/ complete4 ,!re are sev]al f9e trees ne> ,adelaide1 "s ( !m f\rte5 feet high1 be>+ fruit 9 abundance4 ,un=tunately no "o has attempt$ to cultivate ! plant on a l>ge scale1 b 9 a few ye>s ,au/ralia ought to suply h]self ) olive oil4 ,! olive tree is also gr[n 9 ,hong-,kong4 ,!re are five or six v>ieties ( ,o4 ,europoea1 or sativa1 gr[n 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ( :i* di/rict !y are = ! mo/ "p natives4 ,! entire exports ( olive oil f ! k+dom ( ,naples h be5 e/imat$ at #cf1ccc tuns a ye>1 :i*1 tak5 at its mean value :5 export$ at #fb p] tun1 is equival5t to ! annual sum ( #b1beb1fdf4 ,!re are "o or two di/9ct species1 natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,?is g5us ( plants1 besides _! valuable products ( oil & fruit1 are also mu* admir$ = ! fragrance ( _! :ite fl[]s4 ,!re is a yell[-blossom$ v>iety1 native ( ,*9a1 ,o4 fragrans1 ! ,lan-hoa ( ! ,*9ese1 :i* is us$ to p]fume _! teas4 ,olive oil n[ =ms an article ( export f ,*ili1 be+ gr[n 9 mo/ p>ts ( t republic1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/4 ,jago1 :]e trees ( ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & ( a proportionate height1 are common4 ,! olive 0 fir/ c>ri$ f ,&alusia to ,p]u 9 #aefj1 by ,antonio de ,rib]a1 ( ,lima4 ,frezi] speaks ( ! olive be+ us$ = oil 9 ,*ili1 a c5tury & a half ago4 ,! culture ( ! olive has be5 recomm5d$ = ,florida & mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,=m]ly1 on acc\nt ( its sl[ gr[?1 ! olive 0 n consid]$ v useful2 b "s ye>s s9ce a new v>iety 0 introduc$ into ,france1 & into "s p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 :i* yields an abundant crop ( fruit ! second ye> aft] plant+4 ,!y are small trees or r %rubs1 ab\t f\r or five feet high4 ,! fruit is l>g] ?an ! common olive1 is ( a f9e gre5 color :5 ripe1 & conta9s a great deal ( oil1 ,! advantages accru+ f ?is new mode ( cultivat+ ! olive tree1 are beyond all calculation4 ,by ! old me?od an olive tree does n atta9 its full gr[?1 & consequ5tly does n yield any consid]able crop "u ?irty ye>s2 :]eas ! new sy/em ( cultivat+ dw>f trees1 especially f cutt+s1 af=ds v abundant crops 9 two or ?ree4 ,an acre ( l& c easily gr[ #b1ejj trees ( ! new v>iety1 & ! ga!r+ ( ! fruit is easy1 z x c be done by small *ildr54 ,at ,beau=t1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! olive is cultivat$ f plants :i* 7 obta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,flor5ce1 ,italy4 ,a g5tleman 9 ,mississippi is /at$1 by an ,am]ican agricultural j\rnal1 to h olive trees gr[+1 :i* at five ye>s f ! cutt+ bore fruit1 & 7 z l>ge at t age z !y usually are 9 ,europe at eight ye>s old4 ,! olive !n1 x is add$1 w yield a fair crop = oil at f\r ye>s f ! nurs]y1 & 9 eight ye>s a full crop1 or z mu* z 9 ,europe at f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,! l&s & climate !re are /at$ to be z well adapt$ to ! successful cultivation ( ! olive = oil1 pickles1 c41 z any "p ( ,europe4 ,"s hundr$s ( ! trees are gr[n 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! own] express$ 8 conviction t ?is product w\ld succe$ well on ! sea-coa/ ( ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,! fro/s1 ?\gh sev]e1 did n de/roy or injure !m1 & 9 "o case1 :5 ! plant 0 suppos$ to be dead1 & corn 0 plant$ 9 its /ead1 its roots s5t out %oots4 ,x is well kn[n to be a tree ( great longevity1 ev5 rea*+ to #a1jjj or #a1bjj ye>s2 s t1 :5 once e/abli%$1 x w produce crops = a great :ile aft]w>ds4 ,! exp5se ( extract+ ! oil is also /at$ to be b trifl+4 ,! olive is ( sl[ gr[?2 trees #hj ye>s ( age measure only f #bg to #cj in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! l[] "p ( _! trunks4 ,an olive tree is m5tion$ by ,m4 ,dec&olle z measur+ above #bc feet 9 circumf]5ce1 :i*1 judg+ f ! above inf]5ces1 may be safely e/imat$ at #gjj ye>s old4 ,two o!r colossal olives are record$1 "o at ,hi]es1 measur+ 9 circumf]5ce #cf feet1 & "o ne> ,g5oa1 measur+ #ch feet #b in*es4 ,! produce 9 fruit & oil is regulat$ by ! age ( ! trees1 :i* are frequ5tly little =tunes to _! own]s4 ,"o at ,villefran*e produces on an av]age1 9 good seasons1 f #bjj to #bcj p\nds ( oil4 ,! tree at ,hi]es1 above-m5tion$1 produces ab\t #ee imp]ial gallons4 ,! olive is f\nd ev]y:]e along ! coa/ ( ,morocco1 b p>ticul>ly to ! s\?4 ,! trees are plant$ 9 r[s1 :i* =m alleys1 ! m agreeable because ! trees are l>ge1 r\nd1 & high 9 proportion4 ,!y take c>e to wat] !m1 ! bett] to pres]ve ! fruit4 ,oil ( olives might be "h pl5tifully extract$ 7 taxation fix$ & mod]ate2 b su* has be5 ! v>iation x has und]gone1 t ! culture ( olives is s neglect$ z sc>cely to produce oil suffici5t = dome/ic consumption4 ,olive oil might =m "o ( ! mo/ valuable articles ( export f ,morocco4 ,x is /rong1 d>k1 & fit only = manufactur+ purposes4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 n s mu* ! fault ( ! olive z ( ! me?ods by :i* x is prep>$4 ,no c>e is tak5 9 collect+ ! olives4 ,!y are beat5 f ! trees ) poles1 z 9 ,portugal & ,spa91 suff]$ to lie on ! gr\nd 9 heaps until half putrifi$1 !n put into unclean$ presses1 & ! oil squeez$ ?r\gh ! fil?y residuum ( =m] ye>s4 ,good table oil might be made1 if c>e 7 tak51 z 9 ,france & ,lucca1 to pick ! olives )\t bruis+ !m1 & to press only ^? t 7 sweet & s\nd4 ,b su* oil w\ld ill suit ! palate ( a ,m>oque51 accu/om$ to dr9k by ! p9t & ! qu>t ! rancid product ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! olive is ! great /aple ( ,corfu1 :i* has1 9 fact1 ! appe>ance ( an ext5sive olive grove4 ,x produces annually ab\t #bjj1jjj b>rels4 ,olive oil is also produc$ = ! purposes ( comm]ce1 & = local consumption1 by ,france1 ,algi]s1 ,tuscany1 ,spa91 ,s>d9ia1 ,portugal1 ,madeira1 & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,olive plantations are ext5d+ consid]ably bo? 9 ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,l>ge quantities ( trees 7 plant$ "u ! direction ( ,ibrahim ,pa%a4 ,! olive tree might be expect$ to be quickly matur$ at ! ,cape4 ,! native olive1 resembl+ ! ,european1 is ( spontane\s gr[? & pl5tiful1 s t if ! ,spani% or ,italian tree 7 introduc$1 !re is no d\bt ( its success4 ,! wood ( ! olive is exce$+ly h>d & heavy1 ( a yell[i% color1 a close f9e gra91 capable ( ! highe/ poli%1 n subject to crack nor to be affect$ by worms4 ,! root1 9 consequ5ce ( its v>iety ( color1 is mu* us$ = snuff-boxes & simil> bij\t]ie4 ,! wood is beautifully ve9$1 & has an agreeable smell4 ,x is 9 great e/eem ) cab9et mak]s1 on acc\nt ( ! f9e poli% ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,! sunny slopes ( hills are be/ suit$ to its natural habits4 ,lay]+ is ! mo/ c]ta9 mode ( propagat+ ?is fruit1 al?\gh x gr[s freely f ! se$1 provid$ x has fir/ be5 /eep$ = twelve h\rs 9 hot wat] or yea/4 ,olives int5d$ = pres]vation are ga!r$ be=e !y are ripe4 ,9 pickl+1 ! object is to remove _! bitt]ness & pres]ve !m gre51 by impregnat+ !m ) a br9e4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s me?ods are employ$4 ,! fruit be+ ga!r$ are plac$ 9 a lye1 compos$ ( "o "p ( quicklime to six ( a%es ( "y wood sift$4 ,"h !y rema9 = half a day1 & are !n put into fre% wat]1 be+ r5ew$ e #bd h\rs2 f ?is !y are remov$ into a br9e ( common salt dissolv$ 9 wat]1 to :i* add "s aromatic plants4 ,! olive w 9 ?is mann] rema9 good = twelve mon?s4 ,= oil1 ! ripe fruit is ga!r$ 9 ,novemb]2 ! oil1 unlike o!r plants1 be+ obta9$ f ! p]ic>p1 & imm$iately bruis$ 9 a mill1 ! /ones ( :i* are set s wide z n to cru% ! k]nel4 ,! pulp is !n subject$ to ! press 9 bags made ( ru%es2 &1 by means ( a g5tle pressure1 ! be/ or virg9 oil fl[s fir/4 ,a second1 & aft]w>ds a ?ird quality ( oil is obta9$1 by moi/5+ ! residuum1 break+ ! k]nel1 c41 & increas+ ! pressure4 ,:5 ! fruit is n suffici5tly ripe1 ! rec5t oil has a bitt]i% ta/e1 & :5 too ripe x is fatty4 ,! foll[+ are ! pres5t m>ket prices ( olive oil 9 ,liv]pool1 7,octob]1 #ahec17 & !y are #dj p] c5t1 high] ?an a few ye>s ago3--,galipoli1 p] tun ( #beb gallons1 #fh2 ,spani%1 #fd2 ,levant1 #fj4 ,fr5* olives1 9 half b>rels ( two gallons1 are wor? #c to #d2 ,spani%1 9 two gallon kegs1 #is4 to #ajs4 ,! pres]v$ or pickl$ olives1 s admir$ z an accompanim5t to w9e1 are1 z we h se5 ! gre5 unripe fruit1 depriv$ ( "p ( _! bitt]ness by soak+ !m 9 wat]1 & !n pres]v$ 9 an aromatis$ solution ( salt4 ,! m>c ( olives aft] ! oil has be5 express$1 inde$1 ! refuse cake ( all oil plants1 is mo/ valuable1 ei!r z manure or = fe$+ cattle4 ,m ?an #bi1jjj acres are "u culture ) ! olive 9 ! ,au/rian empire1 ,v5ice1 ,dalmatia1 ,lomb>dy1 ,c>9?ia1 & ,c>niola4 ,! climate ( ,dalmatia is highly suitable = ! olive1 & ! oil is bett] ?an t produc$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,italy4 ,ne>ly #ag1jjj cwt4 are annually obta9$4 ,9 #ahcg !re 7 #aa1ebf acres ( gr\nd "u cultivation ) olives 9 ,s\!rn ,illyria1 :i* yield$ #bfa1hjj gallons4 ,olives & suma* =m ! pr9cipal crops ( ! l&hold]4 ,i h n be5 able to get any rec5t correct /ati/ics ( ! culture & produce4 ,! oil ( ,i/ria is consid]$ equal to t ( ,prov5ce4 ,! /ones & refuse are us$ !re = fuel4 ,! olive is also ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,qu>n]o ,isl&s1 especially ,veglia & ,*]so1 & 9 ,corfu4 ,!re 7 9 #ahcf1 #bai1cci acres "u cultivation 9 ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 produc+ #aac1bai b>rels4 ,! olive is ga!r$ !re 9 ,decemb]4 ,! av]age price ( ! b>rel ( olive oil 0 #dhs4 #c;d4 ,ne>ly two millions ( gallons ( olive oil 7 export$ f ,sicily 9 #ahdb4 ,naples alone %ipp$ five millions ( gallons 9 #ahci1 & ab\t #b1ejj cwts4 ( oil is %ipp$ annually f ,morocco4 ,russia imports ab\t #ejj1jjj poods 7#dj lbs4 ea*7 ( olive oil annually4 ,prov5ce oil1 ! produce ( ,aix1 is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,flor5ce oil is ! virg9 oil express$ f ! ripe fruit soon aft] be+ ga!r$2 x is import$ 9 flasks surr\nd$ by a k9d ( network =m$ by ! leaves ( a monocotyl$on\s plant1 & pack$ 9 half *e/s2 x is t us$ at table "u ! "n ( salad oil4 ,lucca oil is import$ 9 j>s hold+ n9ete5 gallons ea*4 ,g5oa oil is ano!r f9e k9d4 ,galipoli oil =ms ! l>ge/ portion ( ! olive oil br\ght to ,engl&1 x is import$ 9 casks4 ,apulia & ,calabria are ! prov9ces ( ,naples mo/ celebrat$ = its production2 ! ,apulian is ! be/4 ,sicily oil is ( inf]ior quality2 x is pr9cipally produc$ at ,milazzo4 ,spani% oil is ! wor/4 ,! foot deposit$ by olive oil is us$ = oil+ ma*9]y1 "u ! "n (' dropp+s ( sweet oil4'--7,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica47 ,! manufacture ( olive oil 9 ,spa9 has und]gone v consid]able improvem5t dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 9 p>ticul>1 ! process = express+ ! oil has be5 r5d]$ m rapid & effectual by ! introduction ( ! hydraulic press1 & ?us ! injuri\s consequ5ces :i* result$ f ! p>tial f]m5tation ( ! fruit are avoid$4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t k9ds ( oil kn[n 9 ! di/ricts :]e x is prep>$4 #a4 ,virg9 oil--,a t]m :i* is appli$1 9 ! di/rict ,montpelli]1 to t :i* spontane\sly sep>ates f ! pa/e ( cru%$ olives4 ,?is oil is n met ) 9 comm]ce1 be+ all us$ by ! inhabitants1 ei!r z an emolli5t rem$y1 or = oil+ ! works ( wat*es4 ,a good deal ( virg9 oil is1 h[ev]1 obta9$ f ,aix4 #b4 ,ord9>y oil4--,?is oil is prep>$ by press+ ! olives1 previ\sly cru%$ & mix$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,by ?is second expression1 9 :i* m pressure is appli$ ?an 9 ! previ\s "o1 an oil is obta9$1 some:at inf]ior 9 quality to ! virg9 oil4 #c4 ,oil ( ! inf]nal regions4--,! wat] :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ! prec$+ op]ation is 9 "s di/ricts conduct$ into l>ge res]voirs call$ ! inf]nal regions1 :]e x is left = _m days4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 any oil t might h rema9$ mix$ ) ! wat] sep>ates & collects on ! surface4 ,?is oil be+ v inf]ior 9 quality1 is only fit = burn+ 9 lamps1 & is g5]ally locally us$4 #d4 ,f]m5t$ oil is obta9$ 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,aix & ,montpelli]1 by leav+ ! fre% olives 9 heaps = "s "t1 & p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] !m be=e press+ ! oil4 ,b ?is me?od is v seldom put 9 practice1 = ! olives dur+ ?is f]m5tation lose _! peculi> flavor1 become mu* heat$1 & acquire a mu/y ta/e1 :i* is communicat$ to ! oil4 ,! fruity flavor ( ! oil dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! olives f :i* x is press$1 & n ^u ! me?od adopt$ 9 its prep>ation1--7,fr5* ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie47 ,! price ( olive oil is suffici5tly high to lead to its admixture ) *eap] oils4 ,! oil ( poppy se$s is t :i* is usually employ$ = its adult]ation1 z x has ! advantage ( be+ *eap1 ( hav+ a sweet ta/e1 & v little smell4 ,m4 ,gobley has inv5t$ an in/rum5t :i* he calls an areomet]1 to detect ?is fraud4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d5sities ( olive oil & oil ( poppies4 ,! imports1 :i* 9 #ahbf 7 only #gdb1gai gallons1 _h ris5 9 #ahej to #e1bcg1haf gallons4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! progressive imports & consumption3-- ,import$4 ,reta9$ = home consumption4 gallons4 gallons4 #ahbg #a1jbh1agd #a1jgj1gfe #ahca #d1aeh1iag #a1ibh1hib #ahce #fjf1aff #eed1aif #ahci #a1gic1ibj #a1hjf1agh #ahdc #c1jdg1fhh #b1eaf1gbd #ahdg #b1aij1chd -- #ahdh #b1eda1fgb -- #ahdi #d1bgd1ibh -- #ahej #e1hfj1hjf -- #ahea #b1hih1gef #b1gdi1egb #aheb #b1bdb1bif #a1jff1djj ,! imports ( olive oil into ! port ( ,liv]pool 7 #i1hae tuns 9 #ahdi1 & #aj1jch tuns 9 #ahej4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,manila1 ,malaga1 & ,corfu1 b *iefly f ,b>b>y1 ,pal]mo1 ,gallipoli1 & ! ,levant4 ,9 #ahej we import$ f ,france #bei1fdf imp]ial gallons ( olive oil1 (ficially valu$ at #cd1fch2 ! av]age 9 ord9>y ye>s is only ab\t #bj1jjj gallons f ! cont95t4 ,,almond ,,oil4--,to ! s\? ( ! ,empire ( ,morocco !re are =e/s ( ! ,arzo tree1 :i* is ?orny1 irregul> 9 its =m1 & produces a species ( almond exce$+ly h>d4 ,its fruit consi/s ( two almonds1 r\gh & bitt]1 f :i* an oil is produc$1 v excell5t = fry+4 ,9 ord] to use ?is oil x requires to be purifi$ by fire1 & set 9 a flame1 :i* mu/ be suff]$ to die away ( itself2 ! mo/ greasy p>ticles are ?us consum$1 & its arid qualities :olly de/roy$4 ,:5 ! ,moors ga!r ^! fruits !y drive _! goats "u ! trees1 & z ! fruit falls ! animals c>efully nibble (f ! sk9s1 & !n gre$ily fe$4 ,! oil ( almonds is m fluid ?an olive oil1 & ( a cle>1 transp>5t1 yell[i% color1 ) a v slight odor & ta/e4 ,x is occasionally employ$ = mak+ ! f9] k9ds ( soap1 & also 9 m$ic9e4 ,9 manufactur+ x ! fruit are fir/ well rubb$ or %ak5 9 a co>se bag or sack1 to sep>ate a bitt] p[d] :i* cov]s _! epid]mis4 ,!y are !n p\nd$ to a pa/e 9 mort>s ( m>ble1 :i* pa/e is aft]w>ds subject$ to ! action ( a press1 z 9 ! case ( ! olive4 ,ab\t #hj tuns ( almond oil are annually import$ into ?is c\ntry1 ! price be+ ab\t #as4 p] p\nd4 ,five-&-a-half p\nds ( almond oil w yield by cold expression "o p\nd six ounces ( oil1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( a p\nd m if ! iron plates are heat$4 ,,sesame ,,or ,,teel4--,( ?is small annual plant !re are two or ?ree species4 ,sesamum ori5tale1 ! common sort2 & ,s4 indicum1 a m robu/ k9d1 cultivat$ at a diff]5t season1 are bo? natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,s4 indicum be>s a pale purple fl[]1 & ,s4 ori5tals has a :ite blossom4 ,x is ! latt] :i* is *iefly gr[n1 & ! se$s af=d ! ,g+ellie oil or suff$-til1 already ext5sively kn[n 9 comm]ce 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! express$ oil is z cle> & sweet z t f almonds1 & probably ! ,beh5s oil1 us$ 9 v>ni%1 is no o!r4 ,x is call$ by ! ,arabs ,siriteh1 & ! se$1 b5nie se$1 9 ,africa4 ,s4 ori5tals is gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,indies "u ! "n ( wangle4 ,x is said to h be5 fir/ br\ght to ,jamaica by ! ,jews z an article ( food4 #a1jej bags ( g+elly teel1 or sesame se$1 7 import$ into ,liv]pool1 9 #ahdi1 f ! ,ea/1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,africa1 = express+ oil1 & #c1gjj bags 9 #ahej4 ,!re are two k9ds ( se$1 light & d>k1 & x is ab\t ! same size z mu/>d se$1 only n r\nd4 ,a hect>e ( l& 9 ,alg]ia yields #a1dge kilogrammes ( se$1 :i* e/imat$ at #ej c5ts ! kilogramme1 am\nts to #gcg francs1 :il/ ! co/ ( production is only #bei francs1 leav+ a pr(it ( #dgh francs 7ne>ly #bj74 ,! oil obta9$ f ?is se$ is inf]ior to good olive oil1 b is bett] adapt$ = ! manufacture ( soap4 ,?is plant is n unlike hemp1 b ! /alk is clean] & semi-transp>5t4 ,! fl[] also is s gaudy1 t a field 9 blossom looks l a b$ ( flori/'s fl[]s1 & its aromatic fragrance does n aid to dispel su* delusion4 ,x fl\ri%es mo/ ^u l& :i* is light & f]tile4 ,! fragrance ( ! oil is p]ceptibly weak] :5 obta9$ f se$ produc$ on wet1 t5aci\s soils4 ,a gallon ( se$ seems to be ! usual quantity s[n ^u an acre4 ,9 ,b5gal1 ,s4 ori5tale is s[n dur+ ,febru>y1 & ! crop h>ve/$ at ! end ( ,may2 b ,s4 indicum is s[n on high1 dry soil1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ra9s ( ,june1 & ! h>ve/ occurs 9 ,septemb]4 ,ab\t ,poonah x is s[n 9 ,june & h>ve/$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,9 ,nepaul two crops are obta9$ annually2 "o is s[n z a fir/ crop 9 ,april & ,may1 & reap$ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 ! o!r z an autumn crop1 aft] ! upl& rise 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & reap$ 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,9 ,mysore1 aft] be+ cut x is /ack$ = a week1 !n expos$ to ! sun = ?ree days1 b ga!r$ into heaps at night2 & betwe5 e two days ( su* dry+1 x is kept a day 9 ! heap4 ,by ?is process1 ! pods bur/ & %$ _! se$s )\t ?ra%+4 ,! se$s conta9 an abundance ( oil1 :i* might be sub/itut$ = olive oil2 x is procur$ f !m 9 great quantities1 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,ka%mir1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 :]e x is us$ bo? = cook+ & burn+4 ,x w keep = _m ye>s & n acquire any rancid smell or ta/e1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> or two becomes q mild1 s t :5 ! w>m ta/e ( ! se$1 :i* is 9 ! oil :5 fir/ express$1 is worn (f1 x is us$ = all ! purposes ( salad oil4 ,x possesses su* qualities z fairly entitle x to introduction into ,europe2 & if dive/$ ( its mucilage1 x might p]haps compete ) oil ( olives1 at lea/ = m$ic9al purposes1 & c\ld be rais$ 9 any quantity 9 ! ,briti% ,indian ,presid5cies4 ,x is suffici5tly free f smell to admit ( be+ made ! m$ium = extract+ ! p]fume ( ! jasm9e1 ! tub]ose1 n>cissus1 camomile1 & ( ! yell[ rose4 ,! process is manag$ by add+ "o weight ( fl[]s to ?ree weights ( oil 9 a bottle1 :i* be+ cork$ is expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun = =ty days1 :5 ! oil is suppos$ to be suflici5tly impregnat$ = use4 ,?is oil1 "u ! "n ( ,g+ilie oil1 is us$ 9 ,india to adult]ate oil ( almonds4 ,! fl\r ( ! se$1 aft] ! oil is express$1 is us$ 9 mak+ cakes1 & ! /raw s]ves = fuel & manure4 ,! oil is mu* us$ 9 ,mysore = dress+ food1 & z a common lamp oil4 ,f #bjj to #djj qu>t]s "u ! "n ( ,nig] se$ are import$ annually into ,liv]pool = express+ oil4 ,?ree v>ieties ( ,til are ext5sively cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ,india1 = ! sake ( ! f9e oil express$ f _! se$s1 ! :ite se$$ v>iety1 ! p>ti-color$1 & ! black4 ,x is f ! latt] t ! sesamum or g+elly oil ( comm]ce is obta9$4 ,sesamum se$ conta9s ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,good samples ( ! oil 7 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition f ,vizianagram1 ,ganja91 ,hyd]abad1 ,tanjore1 ! di/rict ( ,moor%$abad1 & ,gwalior4 ,! g+elly se$ is /at$ to be wor? ab\t #d p] ton 9 ! ,nor? ,circ>s4 ,an oil resembl+ t ( sesamum is obta9$ f ! se$ ( ,guizotea oleif]a & ,abyss9ica1 a plant introduc$ f ,abyss9ia1 & common 9 ,b5gal4 ,! ram til1 or valisaloo se$s1 yield ab\t #cd p] c5t1 ( oil4 ,! oil is g5]ally us$ = burn+1 & is wor? locally ab\t #aj;d4 p] gallon4 ,,black ,,til 7,v]bes5a sativa74--,?is is kn[n z kutsela or kala til1 9 ! ,deccan4 ,x is *iefly cultivat$ 9 ,mysore & ! we/]n di/ricts ( ,p59sul> ,india1 z well z 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy4 ,ab\t ,s]+apatam1 z soon z ! millet crop has be5 reap$ ! field is pl\gh$ f\r times1 & ! se$ s[n1 a gallon p] acre1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,july or ,augu/1 aft] ! fir/ heavy ra94 ,no manure or we$+ is requir$1 = ! crop w gr[ on ! wor/ soils4 ,x is reap$ 9 ?ree mon?s1 be+ cut close to ! gr\nd1 & /ack$ = a week4 ,aft] exposure to ! sun = two or ?ree days1 ! se$ is beat5 out ) a /ick4 ,! crop 9 ,mysore r>ely yields two bu%els p] acre1 b ab\t ,poonah ! produce is mu* l>g]4 ,! se$ is sometimes p>*$ & made into sweetmeats1 b is usually gr[n = its oil4 ,?is is us$ 9 cook+1 b x is n s abundant 9 ! se$1 nor s good z t ( ! sesame4 ,bullocks w n eat ! /ems unless press$ by hung]4 ,ab\t #e1jjj maunds are export$ annually f ,calcutta4 #c1gjc bags 7 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahea4 ,! price p] qu>t] ( eight bu%els1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec1 0 f #cjs4 to #b2 ( teel oil1 9 t9s1 weigh+ #fj to #ajj p\nds1 #b to #b #ds4 ,bombay l9se$ 0 wor? #b #aas4 to #b #abs4 ! qu>t] ( eight bu%els1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahec4 ,b5gal ditto #bs4 less4 ,! imports into ,liv]pool 7 #fh1dfh bags & #ed1hcd pockets 9 #ahea1 & #ad1dij bags & #cc1gjj pockets 9 #aheb4 ,ab\t #i1jjj bags ( mu/>d se$ & f #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj bags ( rape se$ are also import$ !nce4 ,! price ( ! latt] is ab\t #b ! qu>t]4 ,,native ,,oil ,,mills4--,! pr9cipal native oil mill ( ,india1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are "s v>ieties1 consi/s ( a simple wood5 mort> ) revolv+ pe/le4 ,x is 9 common use 9 all ,belgaum & ,bangalore4 ,two ox5 are h>ness$ to ! ge]+1 :i* dep5ds f ! extremity ( ! pe/le1--a man sits on ! top ( ! mort>1 & ?r[s 9 ! se$s t may h got displac$4 ,! mill gr9ds twice a day2 a fre% man & team be+ employ$ on ea* occasion4 ,:5 sesame oil is to be made1 ab\t sev5ty se]s measure1 or two & a half bu%els ( se$s are ?r[n 92 to ?is t5 se]s1 or two qu>ts & ?ree-qu>t]s ( wat]1 are gradually add$2 ?is on ! cont9uance ( ! gr9d+1 :i* la/s 9 all six h\rs1 unites ) ! fibr\s portion ( ! se$s1 & =ms a cake1 :i*1 :5 remov$1 leaves ! oil clean & pure at ! bottom ( ! mort>4 ,f ?is x is tak5 out by a coco-nut %ell cup1 on ! pe/le be+ )drawn4 ,o!r se$ oils are describ$ by ,dr4 ,bu*anan1 z made almo/ entirely 9 ! same way z ! sesamum4 ,! exceptions are ! hamlu1 or ca/or oil1 obta9$ f ei!r ! small or l>ge v>ieties ( ,ric9us4 ,?is1 at ,s]+apatam1 is fir/ p>*$ 9 pots1 conta9+ some?+ m ?an a se] ea*4 ,x is !n beat5 9 a mort>1 & =m$ into balls2 ( ^! f f\r to sixte5 se]s are put 9 an e>!nw>e pot & boil$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]1 = ! space ( five h\rs2 frequ5t c>e be+ tak5 to /ir ! mixture to prev5t x f burn+4 ,! oil n[ floats on ! surface1 & is skimm$ (f pure4 ,! oil mill made use ( at ,bombay1 & to ! nor?w>d1 at ,surat1 ,cambay1 ,kurra*ee1 c41 diff]s a little f t j describ$1 9 hav+ a v /rong wood5 frame r\nd ! m\? ( ! mort>2 on ?is ! man :o keeps ! se$s 9 ord] sits4 ,9 ,sc9de a camel is employ$ to drive ! mill in/ead ( bullocks4 ,ca/or oil se$ is ?r[n into ! mill l o!r se$s1 z already describ$2 :5 remov$ x requires to be boil$ = an h\r1 & !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo? to free x f ! fragm5ts ( ! se$4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 & illu/rative ( ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ! oil is sep>at$ f ! se$s1 t :ile ! common pressman only obta9$ "s #bf p] c5t41 ,b\ss+ault1 9 8 laboratory1 f ! same se$s1 actually procur$ #da p] c5t4 ,:5 ! oil cakes are meant = fe$+ /ock1 ?is loss is ( little consequ5ce1 inasmu* z ! oil s]ves a v good purpose1 b :5 ! cake is only int5d$ to be us$ z a manure1 x is a great loss1 inasmu* z ! oil is ( little or no use 9 add+ any food = crops to ! soil4 ,! *ief oil made on ! sea bo>d ( ,india1 is t yield$ by ! coco-nut palm4 ,! nut hav+ be5 /ripp$ ( ! husk or coir1 ! %ell is brok51 & ! fatty l9+ enclos+ ! milk is tak5 out4 ,?is is call$ cobri1 copra1 or copp]ah 9 diff]5t localities4 ,?ree maunds1 or n9ety p\nds ( copp]ah1 are ?r[n into ! mill ) ab\t ?ree gallons ( wat]1 & f ?is is produc$ ?ree maunds1 or sev5 & ?ree-qu>t] gallons ( oil4 ,! copp]ah 9 its unprep>$ /ate is sold1 slightly dri$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is burn$ 9 iron cribs or grates1 on ! top ( poles z tor*es1 9 processions1 & z means ( illum9ation = "w p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air at night4 ,no press or o!r contrivance is made use ( by ! natives 9 ,india = squeez+ out or express+ ! oil f ! cake1 & a l>ge am\nt ( wa/e1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 necess>ily ensues4--,bombay ,times1 ,june #e1 #ahej4 ,oil1 ( ! f9e/ k9d1 is made 9 ,india by expression f ! k]nels ( ! apricot4 ,x is cle>1 ( a pale yell[ color1 & smells /rongly ( hydrocyanic acid1 ( :i* x conta9s1 usually1 ab\t #d p] c5t4 ,on inquir+ into ! use made ( ! sunfl[]1 we 7 giv5 to und]/& t x is "h 79 ,t>t>y7 rais$ *iefly = ! oil express$ f x4 ,b x is also ( use = _m o!r purposes4 ,9 ! m>ket places ( ! l>g] t[ns we (t5 f\nd ! p eat+ ! se$s1 :i*1 :5 boil$ 9 wat]1 ta/e n unlike ! boil$ ,indian corn eat5 by ! ,turks4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,russia ! se$s are employ$ ) great success 9 fatt5+ p\ltry2 !y are also said to increase ! numb] ( eggs m ?an any o!r k9d ( gra94 ,pheasants & p>tridges eat !m ) great avidity1 & f9d ! same effects f !m z o!r birds4 ,! dri$ leaves are giv5 to cattle 9 place ( /raw2 & ! )]$ /alks are said to produce a consid]able quantity ( alkali4--,bremn]'s ,int]ior ( ,russia4 #feh b>rels l9se$ oil 7 br\ght d[n to ,new ,orleans f ! int]ior 9 #ahdi1 & #ajji 9 #ahdh4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,great ,exhibition special enquiry 0 made by _m manufactur]s z to ! diff]5t oils ( ,s\!rn ,india1 suitable = supply+ ! place ( animal fat 9 ! manufacture ( c&les1 & g5]ally adapt$ = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,enquiries %\ld be direct$ to ! specific gravity1 ! boil+ po9t1 ! p] c5tage ( pure oil 9 ! se$s1 & ! means ( obta9+ a regul> supply4 ,! dem& = vegetable oils 9 ,european comm]ce has be5 /eadily on ! increase = sev]al ye>s pa/1 & ! quantities consum$ are n[ s l>ge t ! oleag9\s products ( ,india & ! colonies mu/ soon] or lat] h a consid]able comm]cial importance1 f ! value :i* !y are likely to acquire4 ,inde$ "s h already e/abli%$ a foot+ 9 ! home m>ket1 & ,drs4 ,hunt]1 ,cleghorn1 & o!rs 9 ,india1 h specially direct$ ! att5tion ( ! natives & m]*ants to ! subject4 ,,m>gose1 ,,or ,,neem ,,oil4--,f ! p]ic>p or fle%y "p ( ! fruit ( ! ,melia ,az$]a*ta1 ! well kn[n ,m>gosa oil is prep>$2 :i* is *eap & easily procurable 9 ,ceylon4 ,dr4 ,maxwell1 g>rison surgeon ( ,tri*9opoly1 /ates t he has f\nd ?is oil equally efficaci\s to cod-liv] oil 9 cases ( consumption & scr(ula4 ,he began ) half-ounce doses1 morn+ & ev5+1 :i* 7 gradually r$uc$4 ,,illepe ,,oil4--,! se$s ( ?ree species ( ,bassia1 indig5\s to ,india1 yield solid oils1 & are rem>kable = ! fact1 t !y supply at ! same "t sac*>9e matt]1 _s1 & oil1 fit = bo? food & burn+ 9 lamps4 ,! ,illepe7 ,b4 longifolia7 is a tree abundant 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,h9do/an g5]ally1 & ! nor!rn prov9ce ( ,ceylon4 ,9 ,ceylon ! inhabitants use ! oil 9 cook+ & = lamps4 ,! oil cake is rubb$ on ! body z soap1 & seems admirably adapt$ = remov+ ! unctuosity ( ! sk9 caus$ by excessive p]spiration1 & = r5d]+ x s(t1 pliable1 & glossy1 :i* is s conducive to heal? 9 a tropical climate4 ,! oil is :ite & solid at common temp]atures1 fus+ at f #gj to #hj degrees4 ,x may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( bo? c&les & soap2 9 ,ceylon & "s p>ts ( ,india ?is oil =ms ! *ief +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( soap4 ,mah[] 7,b4 latifolia7 is common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,b5gal ,presid5cy4 ,! oil a good deal resembles t la/ describ$1 obta9$ f ! ,illepe se$s2 & may be us$ = simil> purposes4 ,x is solid at common temp]atures1 & beg9s to melt at ab\t #gj degrees4 ,vegetable butt] is obta9$ f ! ,*oorie 7,b4 butyracea74 ,?is tree1 ?\gh f> less g5]ally abundant ?an ! o!r two species1 is common 9 c]ta9 ( ! hilly di/ricts1 especially 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,kumaon2 9 ! prov9ce ( ,dotee x is s abundant t ! oil is *eap] ?an ghee1 or fluid butt]1 & is us$ to adult]ate x4 ,x is likewise commonly burnt 9 lamps1 = :i* purpose x is pref]r$ to coco-nut oil4 ,x is a :ite solid fat1 fusible at ab\t #abj degrees1 & exhibits v little t5d5cy to become rancid :5 kept4 ,%ea1 or galam butt]1 is obta9$ 9 ,we/]n ,africa f ! ,bassia ,p>kii1 or ,p5tadisma butyracea1 a tree closely resembl+ ! ,b4 latifolia1 & o!r species indig5\s to ,h9do/an4 ,accord+ to ,p>k1 ! tree is abundant 9 ,bamb>a1 ! oil is solid1 ( a greyi%-:ite color1 & fuses at #ig degrees4 ,its product is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes--= cook+1 burn+ 9 lamps1 c4 ,?is tree has mu* ( ! "* ( ! laurel1 b gr[s to ! height ( eighte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,its leaf is some:at long] ?an ! laurel1 & is a little broad] at ! po9t2 ! edges ( ! leaf are g5tly curv$1 & are ( a d>k sap gre5 color4 ,! nut is ( ! =m & size ( a pigeon's egg1 & ! k]nel completely fills ! %ell4 ,:5 fre% x is ( a :ite drab color1 b1 if long kept1 becomes ! color ( *ocolate4 ,! k]nel1 :5 new1 is ne>ly all butt]1 :i* is extract$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! %ell is remov$ f ! k]nel1 :i* is also cru%$1 & !n a quantity is put into an e>!n pot or pan1 plac$ ov] ! fire ) a portion ( wat] & ! nut k]nels4 ,aft] boil+ sl[ly ab\t half an h\r ! :ole is /ra9$ ?r\gh a grass mat into a clean vessel1 :5 x is all[$ to cool4 ,!n1 aft] remov+ ! fibr\s "p f x1 x is put into a grass bag & press$ s z to obta9 all ! oil4 ,?is is p\r$ into ! vessel along ) ! fir/-m5tion$ portion1 & :5 cold is ab\t ! consi/5ce ( butt]4 ,! nuts hang 9 bun*es f ! diff]5t b\ghs1 b ea* nut has its own fibre1 ab\t sev5 or eight in*es long1 & ab\t ! ?ickness & color ( :ip-cord4 ,! nut is atta*$ to ! fibre 9 a v s+ul> mann]4 ,! end ( ! fibre is conceal$ by a ?9 membrane1 ab\t half an in* wide & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long4 ,?is membrane is atta*$ to ! side ( ! nut1 &1 :5 ripe1 rel9qui%es its hold1 & ! nut falls to ! gr\nd1 :5 x is ga!r$ = use4 ,a good-siz$ heal?y tree yields ab\t a bu%el ( nuts1 b ! great] numb] are n s prolific4 ,! trees close to ! /ream pres5t a m heal?y appe>ance1 probably on acc\nt ( be+ bett] wat]$1 & ! fire be+ less p[]ful close to ! /ream4 ,,! ,,c&le ,,nut ,,tree 7,aleurites triloba1 ( ,fo/]7 gr[s 9 ! ,polynesian ,isl&s1 & is also met ) 9 "s p>ts ( ,jamaica & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,9 ! latt] qu>t] x is kn[n z ! ,indian ,akhr[t4 ,a v sup]ior k9d ( pa9t oil is produc$ f ! nut1 & ! cake1 aft] ! expression ( ! oil1 =ms an excell5t food = cattle1 & a useful manure4 #ca gallons ( ! nut yield t5 gallons ( oil1 :i* be>s a good price 9 ! home m>kets4 ,! ye>ly produce ( ?is oil 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isles1 :]e x is call$ kukui oil1 is ab\t #aj1jjj gallons4 ,x has be5 %ipp$ to ! m>kets ( ,*ili1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,london1 b n z yet ) mu* pr(it4 ,x realiz$ ab\t #bj p] imp]ial ton 9 ! port ( ,london4 ,9 #ahdc1 ab\t #h1fbj gallons 7 %ipp$ f ,honolulu1 valu$ at #as4 #h;d4 p] gallon4 ,9 ,ceylon ! oil is kn[n z kekune oil1 & a good deal ( x might be obta9$ !re f ! di/rict ( ,badulla4 ,f ! trials made x appe>s t x _c be us$ z a dry+ oil1 b w probably answ] be/ z a sub/itute = rape oil4 ,samples h be5 s5t to sev]al clo?i]s1 & ! nature & quality ( ! oil r5d]s x mo/ applicable to _! purposes4 ,,colza 7,brassica ol]acea71 a v>iety ( ! common cabbage1 is mu* gr[n 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe & o!r p>ts1 = ! oil obta9$ by pressure f its se$s1 & :i* is us$ = lamps & o!r purposes4 ,! plant w n ?rive on s& or clay1 b requires a ri* light soil4 ,aft] ! gr\nd has be5 well pl\gh$ & manur$1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n 9 ,july1 9 furr[s eight or t5 in*es asund]4 ,! plants are transplant$ ab\t ,octob]4 ,:5 ripe ! /alks are reap$ ) a sickle1 & ! se$s ?re%$ out ) a flail4 ,! cake1 aft] ! oil is express$1 is an excell5t food = cattle4 ,l all ! oleag9\s plants cultivat$ = _! se$1 colza greatly impov]i%es ! soil4 ,9 ,p]u ! ca\t*\c is us$ z a sub/itute = c&les4 ,a roll ( x 7:i* is g5]ally ab\t a y>d long & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]7 is cut l5g?ways into f\r p>ts1 b be=e x is light$ ! piece is roll$ up 9 a gre5 planta9 leaf1 to prev5t x f melt+ or tak+ fire d[n ! sides4 ,! natives ( ,p]u also bruize ! beans ( a species ( wild cacao aft] !y h be5 well dri$1 & use ! sub/ance in/ead ( tall[ 9 _! lamps4 ,mr4 ,de>man1 writ+ f ,dacca1 to ,dr4 ,spry1 ,secret>y to ! ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,societies ( ,india1 9 #ahci1 says--,i w s5d y "s se$s f a tree1 :i* resemble *e/nuts4 ,"o ( ^! se$s1 aft] tak+ (f ! %ell1 be+ /uck on ! po9t ( a p5knife1 & light$ at a c&le flame1 w burn )\t ! lea/ odor = f\r or five m9utes1 giv+ a light equal to two or ?ree c&les4 ,f ! fl[] ( ! tree 7he adds71 ,i am told1 is di/ill$ a delightful sc5t4 ,i presume ?is mu/ be ! c&le-nut tree4 ,at ! ,feejee & ,hawaian isl&s1 ! se$s ( ! ca/or oil plant & ( ! c&le-nut tree 7,aleurites triloba7 are /rung toge!r & us$ = c&les4 ,species ( tor*es are also made f ! c&le wood 9 ,dem]>a4 ,,! ,,c&leb]ry ,,myrtle 7,myrica c]if]a7 ab\nds 9 ! ,bahama ,isl&s4 ,! %rub produces a small gre5 b]ry1 :i*1 l ! hog plum1 puts out f ! trunk & l>g] limbs4 ,mu* pati5t labor is requir$ 9 ga!r+ ^! b]ries1 & f !m is obta9$ a beautiful gre5 wax1 :i* burns v ne>ly1 if n fully1 z well z ! sp]maceti1 or composition c&les import$ f abroad4 ,n long s9ce ,mr4 ,?os4 ,b4 ,musgrove1 ( ,/4 ,salvador 7or ,cat ,isl&71 obta9$ ab\t #hj lbs4 ( ?is wax1 & made "s excell5t c&les ( x4 ,! me?od ( procur+ ?is wax is by boil+ ! b]ries 9 a copp] or brass vessel = "s "t4 ,iron pots are f\nd to d>k5 & cl\d ! wax4 ,! vessel aft] a suffici5t "t is tak5 f ! fire1 & :5 cool ! h>d5$ wax1 float+ on ! top ( ! wat]1 is skimm$ (f4 ,,myrtle ,,wax4--,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,cadet & ,dr4 ,bo/ock1 myrtle wax diff]s 9 _m respects f bees' wax1 ,specim5s ( x assume %ades ( a yell[i% gre5 color4 ,its smell is also diff]5t2 myrtle wax1 :5 fre%1 emitt+ a fragrant balsamic odor4 ,x has 9 "p ! unctuosity ( bees' wax1 & some:at ( ! brittl5ess ( res94 ,its specific gravity is great]1 insomu* t x s9ks 9 wat]1 :]eas bees' wax floats ^u x2 & x is n s easily blea*$ to =m :ite wax4 ,! wax tree ( ,l\isiana conta9s imm5se quantities ( wax4 ,mr4 ,moodie 7,t5 ,te>s 9 ,s\? ,africa7 says1-- ,i occasionally employ$ my p1 at sp>e times1 9 ga!r+ wax b]ries t gr[ 9 great abundance ^u small bu%es 9 ! s& hills1 ne> ! sea1 & yield a sub/ance p>tak+ ( ! nature ( wax & tall[1 :i* is mix$ ) common tall[1 & us$ by ! coloni/s = mak+ c&les4 ,! b]ry is ab\t ! size ( a pea1 & cov]$ ) a blui% p[d]4 ,!y are ga!r$ by spread+ a sk9 on ! s&1 & beat+ ! bu% ) a /ick4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( ! b]ries are collect$1 !y are boil$ 9 a great quantity ( wat]1 & ! wax is skimm$ (f z fa/ z x rises2 ! wax is !n p\r$ into flat vessels & all[$ to cool1 :5 x becomes h>d & brittle1 & has a metallic s\nd :5 /ruck4 ,! cakes ?us =m$ are ( a deep gre5 color1 & are sold at ! same price z tall[4 ,! wild pigs dev\r ^! b]ries :5 !y come 9 _! way1 & seem v fond ( !m4 ,a good specim5 ( myrtle1 or c&leb]ry wax1 accompani$ by c&les made f x 9 ! crude unblea*$ /ate 9 ,new ,brunswick1 0 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,vegetable wax 0 also s5t f ,%anghae1 9 ,*9a2 f ,/4 ,dom+o1 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( :i* ! plant is indig5\s2 & a rem>kable specim5 f ,japan4 ,?is sub/ance1 f its high melt+ po9t & o!r physical *>act]i/ics1 has ( late attract$ a good deal ( att5tion2 x is admirably suit$ z a mat]ial = ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,c5tral ,bo>d1 at ,cape ,t[n1 9 ,m>*1 #ahec1 ! memb]s vot$ ab\t #cjj1 to employ "s #bj or #cj m51 9 ga!r+ b]ries f ! ,d[ns1 & mak+ wax dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 t is1 f ! beg9n+ ( ,may to ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,! wax fet*es a good price 9 ! ,cape m>ket4 ,9 ! annual report ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ,agricultural ,society1 9 ,may1 #ahec1 a v f9e sample ( myrtle1 or t]ry wax1 gr[n on ! ,cape ,flats1 0 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,fe5y1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,road ,plantation1 by direction ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,c5tral ,road ,bo>d1 9 diff]5t /ages ( purification1 f gre5 to :ite1 z also "s c&les2 & x be+ conceiv$ by ! meet+ t ?is article might ultimately become "o ( consid]able importance = purposes ( export1 a lett] ( ?anks 0 address$ to ,mr4 ,fe5y2 & ,na?aniel ,day1 ! con/able :o assi/$ him1 0 pres5t$ ) ! sum ( #e1 z a remun]ation = 8 tr\ble 9 assi/+ to purify & prep>e ! wax4 ,on ref]5ce to ! juror's report on ! ,great ,exhibition1 x w be gratify+ to f9d t ! b]ry wax1 =w>d$ by ?is ,society1 _h attract$ peculi> notice1 & a prize m$al be5 aw>d$ = x2 ! foll[+ ref]5ce is !re9 made to x3 "s f9e specim5s ( myrtle or b]ry wax1 f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 are exhibit$ by ,j4 ,l9d5b]g1 ( ,worce/]4 ,?is is an excell5t mat]ial = ! manufacture ( c&les1 :5 employ$ 9 conjunction ) o!r solid fats4 ,! jury aw>d$ a prize m$al = ^! specim5s4 ,y\r ,committee w\ld sugge/ e possible att5tion be+ drawn to ?is subject1 9 :i* !y are gratifi$ to /ate1 ! ,commission]s ( ! ,c5tral ,road ,bo>d h ev9c$ a read9ess to co-op]ate1 by (f]+ to place at ! ,society's disposal ! sum ( #aj #ajs41 to be giv5 z a premium = ! be/ in=mation respect+ ! wax b]ry plant1 ! soils & situations 9 :i* x is f\nd to gr[ mo/ luxuriantly3 ! be/ mode ( propagat+ & cultivat+ x1 ( collect+ ! b]ries1 & extract+ & prep>+ ! wax1 c4 ,& f a lett] receiv$ f ! ,secret>y to ! ,c5tral ,road ,bo>d1 x appe>s t ! ,bo>d _h au?oris$ ! %ipm5t to ,engl& ( #b1efa lbs4 ( ! wax1 by ! ,que5 ( ! ,s\? 9 ,novemb] la/1 :i*1 f ! acc\nt sales lately receiv$ f ,messrs4 ,j4,r4 ,?omson ,co41 realis$ z foll[s1 viz43-- #d cases weigh+ nett #hef lbs4 #h;d4 #bh #aj #h #d #ajdj lbs4 #i;d4 #ci #j #j #c #gde lbs4 #aa;d4 #cd #b #aa #c #f lbs4 #aa;d4 #j #e #f --------------- #aja #ai #a ,disc\nt #b p] c5t4 #b #aa #j --------------- #ii #h #a ,,*>ges4 ,w>eh\se ,entry #cs4 #f;d4 ,fire ,insurance #bs41 ,ports #bs4 #f;d #j #h #j ,freight #g #c #c ,primage #j #ad #d ,dock ,*>ges #c #i #f ,sale ,exp5ses #j #i #j ,brok]age #a #j #f --------------- #ac #d #g ,commission at #b p] c5t #b #aa #j --------------- ,c>ri$ =w>d #af #ae #g ,br\ght =w>d #ae #ae #g --------- #hc #ab #f ,d$uct ,bills ( ,lad+1 c4 #j #ai #f --------- #hb #ac #j ,d$uct ! ,bo>d's exp5ses = ga!r+ & prep>+1 c #bh #h #g --------- ,leav+ a cle> pr(it ( #ed #d #e ,?is /atem5t %[s t f a plant1 :i* is indig5\s to ! colony1 & might he cultivat$ to almo/ any ext5t1 & mo/ly on soils unavailable = o!r purposes1 an article ( great export c\ld be d]iv$ at a comp>atively small exp5se2 x is ) t view t ,i desire to direct public att5tion m prom95tly to x4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s1 at ,kew1 wax is %[n z scrap$ f ! trunk ( ! wax palm 7,c]oxylon &icola71 & c&les made f x1 z also "s made ( acorns & closely resembl+ common tall[4 ,concrete milk & butt] made f ! ,%ea butt] tree1 & o!rs gr[+ 9 ,p>a1 are also exhibit$4 ,wax c&les h be5 made f ! se$s ( ,myrica macroc>pa 9 ,colombia1 & also f vegetable wax 9 ,java4 ,"s ( ^! are to be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,london4 ,,ca/or ,,oil ,,plant4 ,ca/or oil is express$ f ! se$s ( ,ric9us communis 7,palma ,*ri/i71 a plant ) petale-palmate leaves1 :i* is f\nd native 9 ,greece1 ,africa1 ! ,s\? ( ,spa91 & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & is cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 z well z 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! temp]ate & nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 ! plant is an h]bace\s annual1 ( f ?ree to eight feet high2 9 ! m s\!rn p>ts x becomes scrubby & ev5 atta9s an height ( tw5ty feet2 :ile 9 ,india x is (t5 a tree ?irty to =ty feet high4 ,! be/ oil is obta9$ by expression f ! se$s )\t heat1 & is h5ce call$ cold drawn oil4 ,a l>ge quantity ( oil may be produc$ by boil+ ! se$s1 b x is less sweet & m apt to become rancid ?an t procur$ by expression4 ,! ,palma ,*ri/i gr[s cont9u\sly = ab\t f\r ye>s1 & becomes a l>ge tree 9 con/ant be>+1 rip5+ its ri* clu/]s ( beans 9 su* pr(usion1 t #ajj bu%els may be obta9$ annually f an acre1 & _! product ( oil two gallons p] bu%el4 ,!re are sev]al species1 all ( :i* yield oil ( an equally good quality4 ,a %rubby v>iety is common 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & o!r p>ts ( ,new ,holl&4 ,ric9us lividus is a native ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x is a h>dy plant1 ( ! easie/ culture1 & w ?rive 9 almo/ any soil1 :e!r 9 ! burn+ pla9s or ! colde/ "p ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! se$ %\ld be plant$ 9 ! tropics 9 ,septemb]1 s+ly1 & at ! di/ance ( #aj or twelve feet ap>t4 ,!y w be> ! fir/ season1 & cont9ue to yield = ye>s4 ,:5 ! se$-pods become br[n1 !y are 9 a fit /ate to pluck4 ,x is (t5 gr[n 9 ! ,ea/ int]mix$ ) o!r crops4 ,! primitive mode ( obta9+ ! oil is to sep>ate ! se$s f ! husks1 & bruise !m by ty+ !m up 9 a grass mat4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are put into a boil] among/ wat]1 & boil$ until all ! oil is sep>at$1 :i* floats at ! top1 & ! refuse s9ks to ! bottom2 x is !n skimm$ (f1 & put away = use4 ,! pure/ oil is obta9$1 z be=e-m5tion$1 by cru%+ ! se$s 7:i* are sew$ up 9 horsehair bags71 by ! action ( heavy iron beat]s4 ,! oil1 z x oozes out1 is caught 9 tr\ghs1 & convey$ to receiv]s1 :5ce x is bottl$ = use4 ,ca/or oil is us$ = lamps 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! ,*9ese h "s mode ( depriv+ x ( its m$ic9al prop]ties1 s z to r5d] x suitable = cul9>y purposes4 ,t :i* we import f ! ,ea/ ,indies comes f ,bombay & ,calcutta1 & is obta9$ at a v l[ price4 ,x is exce$+ly pure1 bo? 9 color & ta/e4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! %rub gr[s ab\t six feet high4 ,! /alks are jo9t$1 & ! bran*es cov]$ ) leaves ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 =m+ eight or t5 %>p-po9t$ divisions1 ( a blui% gre5 color1 spread+ out 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! fl[]s conta9 yell[ /am9a2 ! se$ is enclos$ 9 a triangul> husk1 ( a d>k br[n color1 & cov]$ ) a light fur1 ( ! same color z ! husk4 ,:5 ! capsule is ?or\ghly rip5$ by ! sun1 x bur/s1 & expels ! se$s1 :i* are usually ?ree 9 numb]4 ,9 ,jamaica ?is plant is ( su* spe$y gr[?1 t 9 "o ye> x arrives at maturity1 & ,i h kn[n x to atta9 to ! height ( tw5ty feet4 ,a gallon ( ! se$ yields by expression ab\t two p\nds ( oil4 ,! :olesale price 9 ,liv]pool1 9 ,octob]1 #ahec1 0 #c;d4 to #e;d4 p] lb4 ,x is br\ght ov] f ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 small t9 cases1 sold]$ toge!r & pack$ 9 boxes1 weigh+ ab\t #b cwt4 ea*4 ,9 ,ceylon ca/or oil is obta9$ f two v>ieties ( ! plant1 ! :ite & ! r$4 ,! native mode ( prep>+ ! oil is by roa/+ ! se$2 ?is imp>ts an acridity to ! oil1 :i* is objectionable4 ,by att5d+ to ! foll[+ directions1 ! oil may be prep>$ 9 ! pure/ & be/ =m4 ,! modes ( prep>ation are--#a4 ,by boil+ 9 wat]4 #b4 ,by expression4 #c4 ,extraction by alcohol4 ,9 ! fir/ ! se$s are slightly roa/$ to coagulate ! album51 clean$ ( ! integum5ts1 bruis$ 9 a mort>1 & ! pa/e boil$ 9 pure wat]4 ,! oil :i* rises on ! surface is remov$1 & treat$ ) an additional quantity ( fre% wat]2 #aj1jjj p>ts ( clean se$ give by ?is process 79 ,jamaica7 #c1bej ( oil1 ( good quality1 ?\gh amb]-color$4 #b4 ,expression is ! simple/ & mo/ usually adopt$ process2 ! clean$ k]nels are well bruis$1 plac$ 9 clo? bags1 & compress$ 9 a p[]ful lev] & screw press4 ,a ?ick oil is obta9$1 :i* mu/ be filt]$ ?r\gh clo? & pap] to sep>ate ! mucilage4 ,9 ,b5gal ! manufactur]s boil ! oil wat]1 :i* coagulates "s album51 & !y subsequ5tly filt] ?r\gh clo?1 *>coal1 & pap]4 #c4 ,! extraction by alcohol is practis$ by "s druggi/s4 ,ea* p\nd ( pa/e is triturat$ ) f\r p\nds ( alcohol1 specific gravity #h4cej1 & ! mixture subject$ to pressure4 ,! oil dissolv$ by ! alcohol escapes v freely3 "o half is recov]$ by ! di/illation ( ! _s1 ! residue ( ! di/illation is boil$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,! oil sep>ates & is remov$1 & g5tly heat$ to expel any adh]5t moi/ure2 !n filt]$ at ! temp]ature ( #ij deg4 ,fahr5heit2 #a1jjj p>ts ( ! pa/e h by ?is process giv5 #fbe ( colorless & exce$+ly sweet oil4 ,! cultivation ( ! ,palma *ri/i1 & ! manufacture ( ca/or oil1 is ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & cont9ues on ! increase4 ,a s+le firm at ,/4 ,l\is has work$ up #ah1ejj bu%els ( beans 9 f\r mon?s1 produc+ #ag1gej gallons ( oil1 & x is /at$ t #hjj b>rels h be5 sold1 at #ej doll>s p] b>rel4 ,! oil may be prep>$ = burn+1 = ma*9]y1 soap1 c41 & is also conv]tible into /e>9e4 ,x is m soluble 9 alcohol ?an l>d-oil4 ,am]ican ca/or oil is import$ = ! mo/ "p f ,new ,york & ,new ,orleans1 b "s comes f our own possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ! ,am]ican ,disp5satory1 ! cleans$ se$s are g5tly heat$ 9 a %all[ iron res]voir1 to r5d] ! oil liquid = easy expression1 & !n compress$ 9 a p[]ful screw press1 by :i* a :iti% oily liquid is obta9$1 :i* is boil$ ) wat] 9 clean iron boil]s1 & ! impurities skimm$ (f z !y rise to ! surface4 ,! wat] dissolves ! mucilage & />*1 & ! heat coagulates ! album51 :i* =ms a :iti% lay] betwe5 ! oil & wat]4 ,! cle> oil is n[ remov$1 & boil$ ) a m9ute portion ( wat] until aque\s vapors cease to arise3 by ?is process an acrid volatile matt] is got rid (4 ,! oil is put into b>rels1 & 9 ?is way is s5t into ! m>ket4 ,am]ican oil has ! reputation ( be+ adult]at$ ) olive oil4 ,good se$s yield ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( oil4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! drug consum$ 9 ! ea/]n section ( ! ,union is d]iv$ by way ( ,new ,orleans f ,ill9ois & ! neighb\r+ ,/ates1 :]e x is s abundant t x is sometimes us$ = burn+ 9 lamps4 ,9 ,jamaica ! bruis$ se$s are boil$ ) wat] 9 an iron pot1 & ! liquid kept con/antly /irr$4 ,! oil :i* sep>ates swims on ! top1 mix$ ) a :ite fro?1 & is skimm$ (f4 ,! skimm+s are heat$ 9 a small iron pot1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo?4 ,:5 cold x is put 9 j>s or bottles = use4 ,ca/or oil import$4 ,reta9$4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahbf #bfc1chb #dec1jgb #ahca #cic1aia #cbg1idj #ahcf #iha1ehe #hji1eei #ahda #hga1acf #gcb1gbj #ahdf #a1dgg1afh -- #ahdi #a1jhd1bgb -- #ahej #c1die1fcb -- ,! imports ( ca/or oil come *iefly f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's possessions1 & 7 z foll[s1 ne>ly all be+ reta9$ = home consumption3-- lbs4 #ahcj #dij1eeh #ahca #cdc1cgc #ahcb #beg1chf #ahcc #caf1ggi #ahcd #fhe1deg #ahce #a1ajg1aae #ahcf #igb1eeb #ahcg #ieg1afd #ahch #hcg1adc #ahci #iaf1cgj #ahdj #a1aij1agc #ahda #hfi1idg #ahdb #dij1aef #ahdc #gag1fif ,9 #ahda1 #ab1djf ,indian maunds ( ca/or oil 7 %ipp$ f ,calcutta alone1 & #g1ijf ditto 9 #ahdb4 ,9 #ahdb1 #h cases 7 %ipp$ f ,ceylon1 #aj 9 #ahdc1 #bd 9 #ahdd1 & #ad 9 #ahde4 #a1dci b>rels 7 %ipp$ f ,new ,orleans 9 #ahdg4 ,! quantity br\ght d[n to t city f ! int]ior 0 #a1cid b>rels 9 #ahdh1 & #a1ccg b>rels 9 #ahdi4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two1 an attempt has be5 made to introduce ! cake obta9$ 9 express+ ! se$s ( ! ca/or oil plant z a manure1 :i* is des]v+ att5tion1 bo? because x is 9 itself likely to prove a s]viceable addition to ! li/ ( f]tiliz]s :i* may be advantage\sly employ$1 & because x may lead to ! use ( simil> sub/ances1 :i* are at pres5t neglect$1 or ?r[n aside z refuse4 ,! ca/or oil se$ resembles 9 *emical composition ! o!r oily se$s4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( mucilag9\s1 album9\s1 & oily matt]s2 & ! =m] two ( ^! are id5tical 9 con/itution & g5]al prop]ties ) ! sub/ances f\nd 9 l9se$ & rape cake1 :ile ! oil is pr9cipally di/+ui%$ by its purgative prop]ties4 ,! cake obta9$ is 9 ! =m ( ord9>y oil-cake1 b is at once di/+ui%$ f x by its color1 & by ! l>ge fragm5ts ( ! husk ( ! se$s :i* x conta9s4 ,x is also mu*1 s(t]1 & may be easily brok5 d[n ) ! h&4 ,i h analys$ two samples ( ca/or cake1 /at$ to h be5 obta9$ by diff]5t processes2 & ?\gh ,i h n be5 in=m$ ( ! exact nature ( ^! processes1 ,i inf]1 f ! l>ge quantity ( oil1 t "o mu/ h be5 cold-drawn4 ,! fir/ ( ! foll[+ analyses is t ( ! sample :i* ,i believe ! cold-drawn4 ,x is ! mo/ complete ( ! two1 & conta9s a det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( oil4 ,9 ! o!r analysis ?is 0 n done1 b !re 0 no d\bt on my m9d t its quantity 0 mu* small]4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,wat] #h4cb #af4ca ,oil #bd4cb -- ,nitrog5 #c4je #c4ce ,a% #g4bb #d4ie ,! a% conta9s-- ,silicc\s matt]s #a4if -- ,phosphates #c4cf #b4bg ,excess ( phosphoric acid #j4fd -- ,9 ord] to give a prop] idea ( ! value ( ?is sub/ance z a manure1 ,i %all quote "h1 = comp>ison sake1 ! av]age composition ( rape cake1 z d$uc$ f ! analyses conta9$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,highl& ,society ( ,scotl&3-- ,wat] #aj4fh ,oil #aa4aj ,nitrog5 #d4fc ,a% #g4gi ,! a% conta9s-- ,silicc\s matt]s #a4ah ,phosphates #c4hg ,excess ( phosphoric acid #j4ci ,x w be at once se5 t !re is a close g5]al resemblance betwe5 ^! two sub/ances1 al?\gh !re is no d\bt t ! ca/or cake is inf]ior to rape cake2 /ill ,i believe t ?is inf]iority is fully c\nt]balanc$ by ! diff]5ce 9 price1 :i* is su* t1 comp>$ ) rape cake1 ! ca/or cake is really a *eap manure4 ,!re is only "o ( its con/itu5ts :i* x conta9s 9 l>g] quantity1 & t is ! oil4 ,no weight is1 h[ev]1 to be atta*$ to ! quantity ( oil 9 a manure4 ,9 a sub/ance to be us$ z food1 x is ( v high importance2 b s f> z we at pres5t "k1 its value z manure is extremely problematical4 ,:ale1 seal1 & o!r co>se oils h be5 us$ z manures1 & by "s few obs]v]s b5efits h be5 d]iv$ f _! application1 b ! g5]al exp]i5ce has n be5 favorable to _! use1 nor %\ld we *emically be induc$ to expect any b5eficial effect f !m4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! oils :i* are f\nd 9 plants are produc$ !re z ! results ( c]ta9 processes :i* are proce$+ )9 ! plant1 & !re is no evid5ce to %[ t any "p ( x is ev] absorb$ 9 ! /ate ( oil by ! roots :5 !y are pres5t$ to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! oils are extremely in]t sub/ances1 & und]go *emical *anges v sl[ly2 s t !re is no likelihood ( _! be+ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid1 or any o!r sub/ance :i* may be useful to ! plant2 & z !y conta9 no nitrog51 & consi/ only ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 !y c yield only ^? elem5ts ( :i* ! plant c easily obta9 an unlimit$ supply4 ,i c conceive cases 9 :i* ! oil might possibly produce "s me*anical effect on ! soil1 b none 9 :i* x c\ld act z a manure1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,,kan>i on4--,mr4 ,crawfurd1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 speaks mo/ favorably ( an oil obta9$ f ! ,kan>i1 a tree :i*1 he says1 is a native ( ! same c\ntry z ! sago palm1 & is n f\nd to ! we/w>d1 ?\gh x has be5 introduc$ to ,celebes & ,java4 ,i h n be5 able to di/+ui% its botanical "n2 b ,mr4 ,crawfurd describes x z a l>ge h&some tree1 & "o ( ! mo/ useful productions ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,x be>s a nut ( an oblong %ape1 ne>ly ! size ( a walnut1 ! k]nel ( :i* is z delicate z t ( a filb]t1 & ab\nds ) oil4 ,! nuts are ei!r smok$ & dri$ = use1 or ! oil is express$ f !m 9 _! rec5t /ate4 ,x is us$ = all cul9>y purposes1 & is pur] & m palatable ?an t ( ! coco-nut4 ,! k]nels1 mix$ up ) a little sago meal1 are made into cakes & eat5 z bread4 ,,! ,,coco-,,nut ,,palm4 ,?is palm 7,cocos nucif]a7 is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( ! ext5sive family to :i* x belongs1 supply+ food1 clo?+1 mat]ials = h\ses1 ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds1 rope & oil2 & "s ( its products1 p>ticul>ly ! two la/1 =m important articles ( comm]ce4 ,an old writ]1 9 a curi\s disc\rse on palm trees1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 9 #afhh1 says1 ,! coco nut palm is alone suffici5t to build1 rig1 & freight a %ip ) bread1 w9e1 wat]1 oil1 v9eg>1 sug>1 & o!r commodities4 ,i h sail$ 7he adds7 9 vessels :]e ! bottom & ! :ole c>go ha? be5 f ! munific5ce ( ?is palm tree4 ,i w take ^u me to make good :at ,i h ass]t$4 ,& !n he proce$s to describe & enum]ate ea* product4 ,ano!r rec5t popul> writ] speaks 9 eloqu5t t]ms ( ! e/imation 9 :i* x is held1 & ! v>i\s uses to :i* x is appli$4 ,its v aspect is impos+4 ,ass]t+ its supremacy by an erect & l(ty be>+1 x may be said to comp>e ) o!r trees1 z man ) inf]ior creatures4 ,! bless+s x conf]s are incalculable4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! isl&] reposes b5ea? its %ade1 bo? eat+ & dr9k+ ( its fruit2 he ?at*es 8 hut ) its b\ghs1 & weaves !m into baskets to c>ry 8 food2 he cools himself ) a fan plait$ f ! "y leaflets1 & %ields 8 head f ! sun by a bonnet ( ! leaves2 sometimes he clo!s himself ) ! clo?-l sub/ance :i* wraps r\nd ! base ( ! /alks1 ^: ela/ic rods1 /rung ) filb]ts1 are us$ z a tap]4 ,! l>g] nuts1 ?9n$ & poli%$1 furni% him ) a beautiful goblet2 ! small] ones ) b[ls = 8 pipes2 ! dry husks k9dle 8 fires2 _! fibres are twi/$ into fi%+-l9es & cords = 8 canoes4 ,he heals 8 w\nds ) a balsam comp\nd$ f ! juice ( ! nut2 & ) ! oil extract$ f its pulp embalms ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,! noble trunk itself is f> f be+ valueless4 ,sawn into po/s1 x upholds ! isl&]'s dwell+2 conv]t$ into *>coal1 x cooks 8 food2 &1 support$ on blocks ( /ones1 rails 9 8 l&s4 ,he impels 8 canoe ?r\gh ! wat] ) a paddle ( ! wood1 & goes to battle ) clubs & spe>s ( ! same h>d mat]ial4 ,9 ,pagan ,tahiti1 a coco-nut bran* 0 ! symbol ( regal au?ority4 ,laid ^u ! sacrifice 9 ! temple1 x made ! (f]+ sacr$2 & ) x ! prie/s *a/is$ & put to flight ! evil spirits :i* assail$ !m4 ,! supreme maje/y ( ,oro1 ! great god ( _! my?ology1 0 decl>$ 9 ! coco-nut log f :i* 8 image 0 rudely c>v$4 ,^u "o ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s !re /&s a liv+ tree1 rev]$ itself z a deity4 ,ev5 ^u ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s ! coco palm reta9s all its anci5t reputation2 ! p !re hav+ ?\ght ( adopt+ x z ! national emblem4 ,besides ! =ego+ & foll[+ uses1 ,i am aw>e ( sev]al sc5ts & spiritu\s liquors be+ procur$ f ! fl[]s & pulp ( ! coco-nut4 ,?is palm tree is "o ( ! f9e/ objects 9 nature4 ,its /em is tall & sl5d]1 )\t a bran*2 & at ! top are se5 f t5 to two hundr$ coco-nuts1 ea* z l>ge z a man's head3 ov] ^! are ! graceful plumes1 ) _! gre5 gloss1 & beautiful fronds ( ! nodd+ leaves4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! graceful maje/y ( ^! int]tropical fruit trees1 except ! v>i\s useful purposes to :i* ! tree1 ! leaf1 & ! nut are appli$ by ! natives4 #a4 ,! /em is us$ =--,bridges1 po/s1 beams1 raft]s1 pal+1 ramp>ts1 loop-holes1 walk+ /icks1 wat] butts1 bags 7! upp] cuticle71 sieves 9 use = arr[root4 #b4 ,! coco-nut is us$ =--milk1 a delici\s dr9k2 meat f ! scrap$ nut1 = v>i\s k9ds ( food2 jelly1 kora1 pulp1 nut1 oil1 excell5t & v>i\s food = man1 bea/1 & f[l4 ,! %ell = vessels to dr9k out (1 wat] pit*]s1 lamps1 funnels1 fuel1 panga 7= a game74 ,! fibre = s9net1 v>i\s cordage1 b$ /uff+1 ?read = ty+ combs1 scrubb+-bru%es1 girdle 7ornam5tal71 :isk = flies1 m$ic9es1 v>i\s & useful4 #c4 ,! leaf is us$ =--,?at* = h\ses1 l9+ = h\ses1 takapau 7mats71 baskets 7fancy & pla971 fans1 palalafa 7= %am fights71 combs 7v v>i\s71 b$d+ 7:ite fibre71 tafi 7brooms71 ,kubatse 7us$ 9 pr9t+71 mama 7c&les71 scre5 = b$room1 wait]'s tray4 ,"h are no less ?an =ty-?ree uses ( :i* we "k some?+2 & ! natives "k ( o!rs to :i* !y c apply ?is s+le in/ance ( ! b\nty ( ! ,god ( nature4 ,= h\se & clo!s1 = food & m$ic9e1 ! coco-nut palm is _! %eet an*or1 z well z _! ornam5t & amusem5t1 :o dwell 9 ! torrid zone4 ,?is f9e palm1 :i* always =ms a prom95t feature 9 tropical sc5]y1 is a native ( ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,x is spread by cultivation ?r\gh almo/ all ! int]tropical regions ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds2 b x is cultivat$ n[h]e s abundantly z 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 & ^? ( ,sumatra1 ,java1 c4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea x advances to ,mokha1 accord+ to ,niebuhr2 b x does n succe$ 9 ,egypt4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! l[] & s\!rn portions ( ! ,asiatic ,cont95t1 z on ! coa/s ( ,corom&el & ,malab>1 & ar\nd ,calcutta4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :]e ! fruit ( ?is tree =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal alim5ts ( ! natives1 ! nuts are produc$ 9 su* quantities t 9 "o ye> ab\t ?ree millions 7 export$1 besides ! manufactur$ produce 9 oil1 c4 ,accord+ to ,m>%all x requires a mean temp]ature ( #gb deg4 ,its nor!rn limit1 !re=e1 is ne>ly ! same z ! s\!rn limit ( our c]eals4 ,rumphius enum]ates ?irte5 v>ieties ( ?is palm1 b _m ( ^! h n[ be5 plac$ "u o!r g5]a1 & ,l9dley resolves !m into ?ree species--,c4 nucif]a1 ! mo/ g5]ally diffus$ species1 a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies2 & ,c4 flexuosa & plumosa1 natives ( ,brazil4 ,! trunk1 :i* is support$ by num]\s1 small fibr\s roots1 rises gracefully1 ) a slight incl9ation1 f =ty to sixty feet 9 height2 x is cyl9drical1 ( middl+ size1 m>k$ f ! root upw>ds ) unequal circles or r+s1 & is cr[n$ by a graceful head ( l>ge leaves4 ,! t]m9al bud ( ?is palm1 z well z t ( ! cabbage palm 7,eut]pe montana71 is us$ z a cul9>y vegetable4 ,! wood ( ! tree is kn[n by ! "n ( porcup9e wood4 ,x is light & spongy1 &1 !re=e1 _c be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips or solid edifices1 ?\gh x is us$ 9 build+ huts2 vessels made ( x are fragile & ( little duration4 ,its fruit1 at diff]5t seasons1 is 9 mu* reque/2 :5 "y1 x is fill$ ) a cle>1 some:at sweet1 & cool+ fluid1 :i* is equally refre%+ to ! native & ! travell]4 ,:5 ! nut becomes old1 or atta9s its full maturity1 ! fluid disappe>s1 & ! holl[ is fill$ by a sort ( almond1 :i* is ! g]m9at+ organ4 ,?is pulp or k]nel1 :5 cut 9 pieces & dri$ 9 ! sun1 is call$ copp]ah1 & is eat5 by ! ,malays1 ,coolies1 & o!r natives1 & f x a valuable species ( oil is express$1 :i* is 9 great dem& = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,! refuse oil cake is call$ ,poonae1 & =ms an excell5t manure4 ,a calc>e\s concretion is sometimes f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! nut1 to :i* peculi> virtues h be5 attribut$4 ,along ! ,gulf ( ,c>iaco !re are _m l>ge coco walks4 ,9 moi/ & f]tile gr\nd x beg9s to be> abundantly ! f\r? ye>2 b 9 dry soils x does n produce fruit until ! t5?4 ,its duration does n g5]ally exce$ #hj or #ajj ye>s1 at :i* p]iod its mean height is ab\t #hj feet4 ,?r\gh\t ?is coa/ a coco tree supplies annually ab\t #ajj nuts1 :i* yield eight flascos ( oil4 ,! flasco is sold = ab\t #as4 #d;d4 ,a great quantity is made at ,cumana1 & ,humboldt frequ5tly witness$ ! arrival !re ( canoes conta9+ #c1jjj nuts4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 coco-nut palms ab\nd1 & oil may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,"s ( ! un9habit$ isl&s are cov]$ ) d5se groves1 & ! unga!r$ nuts1 :i* h fall5 ye> aft] ye>1 lie ^u ! gr\nd 9 incr$ible quantities4 ,two or ?ree m51 provid$ ) ! necess>y app>atus = press+ out ! oil1 w1 9 ! c\rse ( a week or two1 obta9 en\gh to load "o ( ! l>ge sea canoes4 ,coco nut oil is n[ manufactur$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,s\? ,seas1 & =ms no small "p ( ! traffic c>ri$ on ) trad+ vessels4 ,a consid]able quantity is annually export$ f ! ,society ,isl&s to ,sydney4 ,!y bottle x up 9 l>ge bamboos1 six or eight feet long1 & ^! =m "p ( ! circulat+ m$ium ( ,tahiti4 ,! natives use ! bruis$ fronds ( ,polypodium crassifolium to p]fume ?is oil4 ,evodia triphylla1 a favorite ev]gre5 plant ) ! natives ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s1 is also us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ favorable situation = ! gr[? ( ! coco palm is ! gr\nd ne> ! sea-coa/1 & if ! roots rea* ! mud or salt wat]1 !y ?rive all ! bett] = x4 ,! coco-nut walks are ! real e/ates ( ,india1 z ! v9ey>ds & olive groves are ( ,europe4 ,i h se5 ^! palms gr[+ well 9 inl& situations1 remote f ! sea1 b always on pla9s1 nev] ^u hills or v expos$ situations1 :]e !y d n arrive to maturity1 want+ %elt]1 & be+ %ak5 too viol5tly by ! w9d4 ,! /ems be+ tall & slight1 & ! :ole weight ( leaves & fruit at ! head1 !y may n unaptly be comp>$ to ! ma/ ( a %ip ) r\nd top & topma/ )\t %r\ds to support x4 ,a%es & fi% are good manures = x4 ,! coco-nut is ess5tially a m>itime plant1 & is always "o ( ! fir/ to make its appe>ance on coral & o!r new isl&s 9 tropical seas1 ! nut be+ float$ to !m1 & r b5efit+ ?an o!rwise by its imm]sion 9 ! salt wat]4 ,silex & soda are ! two pr9cipal salts :i* ! coco-nut ab/racts f ! soil1 & h5ce1 :]e ^! d n exi/ 9 great abundance1 ! tree does n ?rive well4 ,i d n "k myself :at is ! practice 9 ,ceylon1 b 9 ,brazil1 ,dr4 ,g>dn] tells me1 salt is v g5]ally appli$ to ! coco-nut :5 plant$4 ,f> 9 ! int]ior1 he /ates1 he has se5 z mu* z half a bu%el appli$ to a s+le tree1 & t too :5 x co/ ab\t #bs4 a p\nd1 f ! great di/ance x _h to be br\ght4 ,t ! application1 !re=e1 ( salt1 ( seawe$1 & sal9e mud1 does m ?an supply soda1 mu/ be v evid5t1 if we only recollect h[ difficult x is to dry any "p ( our dress t has be5 soak$ 9 salt wat]1 & :at effect damp wea!r has on table salt1 :i*1 9 a balance1 has (t5 be5 made use ( z an hydromet]4 ,moi/ure is always attract$ by salt1 & ! m sea mud & o!r su* little matt]s t coco-nut plant]s c apply r\nd ! roots ( _! trees1 !re w mo/ assur$ly be ! less occasion = wat]+ !m 9 ! dry season4 ,sea we$ conta9s b v little fibr\s matt]1 be+ *iefly compos$ ( mucilage & wat]2 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,j4 ,pr+le & ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,johnson1 prove t salt 9 small quantities assi/s ! decomposition ( bo? animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,decompos$ poonac1 or oil-cake1 is "o ( ! be/ manures t c be appli$1 z x returns to ! soil ! compon5t p>ts ( :i* x has beau depriv$ to =m ! fruit4 ,! prim>y direction ( ! plant]'s indu/ry w be to ! e/abli%m5t ( a nurs]y ( "y plants4 ,9 ,ceylon1 = ?is purpose1 ! nuts are plac$ 9 squ>es ( #djj1 cov]$ ) "o in* ( s&1 or salt mud2 are wat]$ daily till ! "y %oots appe>1 & are plant$ out aft] ! ra9s 9 ,septemb]4 ,s& & salt mud are to be f\nd on almo/ all ! coa/s :]e x w\ld be desirable to plant nuts1 & if !y are put into ! gr\nd at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season1 artificial wat]+ w sc>cely be necess>y4 ,any p]iod1 :5 !re are %[]s1 w\ld answ] = transplant+ !m4 ,i %\ld say f ! middle to ! end ( ,janu>y w\ld be be/1 :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! nurs]y 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 & 9 ,octob] :5 !y are plant$ 9 ,june4 ,x is said t !y %\ld be all[$ f #bj to #cj feet space ap>t1 b ,i w calculate _! return :5 plant$ #bg feet ap>t e way4 ,?is w give #eh coco-nut trees p] acre4 ,if manur$1 = ! fir/ two ye>s1 ) seawe$ & salt mud1 & suppli$ ) wat] 9 dry wea!r1 !re ne$ be no loss1 & ! plants w ?rive ! bett]4 ,! l& mu/ be kept cle> ( we$s till ! plants are matur$1 9 ord] to p]mit !m abundance ( air & light4 ,9 five ye>s1 :5 well c>$ =1 ! fl[] may be expect$1 b ! plants w n be 9 full be>+ be=e ! sev5? or eigh? ye>4 ,f #ej to #hj nuts are ! annual crop ( a tree2 b ,i w calculate at ! l[e/ rate4 ,"o hundr$ nuts w yield1 :5 ! oil is prop]ly express$1 at lea/ two gallons & a half4 ,i %all n take into acc\nt ! mak+ ( jagg]y sug> & toddy1 or _s f ! sap1 z ,i d n consid] t ! manufacture w\ld be remun]ative2 & x mu/ be att5d$ ) mu* tr\ble1 besides requir+ a great deal ( c>e & "s skill4 ,take ! case n[ ( a plantation ( #ajj acres 9 ext5t4 ,?is w\ld give u #e1hjj trees1 :i*1 at #ej nuts p] tree1 #bij1jjj nuts1 at #b gallons ( oil p] hundr$1 w\ld yield #g1bej gallons ( oil1 ! value ( :i* any p]son may calculate1 b :i*1 at ! l[ rate ( #cs4 ov] *>ges1 w\ld furni%1 z ! gross plantation return 9 oil1 a sum ( #a1jhg #ajs4 /]l+4 ,if ! cultivator1 in/ead ( mak+ 8 produce into oil1 7 to sell x 9 its natural /ate1 8 gross return 9 ! ,we/ ,indies w\ld be ne>ly #fjj /]l+1 at ! rate ( t5 doll>s p] ?\s&4 ,ei!r ( ^! sums w\ld be a h&some return f #ajj acres ( any l&1 requir+ no cultivation or c>e :atev]1 aft] ! f\r? ye>1 & yield+ ! same am\nt = upw>ds ( half a c5tury6 ,b ?is is n all4 ,an outlay ( a few p\nds w secure o!r advantages1 & ought to enable ! own] ( a coco-nut plantation to turn 8 gross receipts = oil into nett pr(its4 ,! coir made f ! husk ( ! nut is calculat$ to realise ne>ly "o-f\r? ( ! proce$s ( ! oil1 b if we put x d[n at "o-fif?1 we %all h1 9 addition to ! value ( ! oil1 #bag #ajs41 ?us mak+ a total ( #a1cje /]l+4 ,if we obta9$ #fj nuts f ea* tree1 ! return w\ld be #a1eff /]l+1 & if #ge1 #a1ieg #hs4 /]l+2 & ?is f #ajj acres ( sea side s&6 ,b ev5 ?is does n exhibit ! :ole return ( ?is article ( culture4 ,ea* nut may be calculat$ to give a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( poonac1 or oil-cake1 be+ ! refuse aft] expression1 fit = fe$+ all k9ds ( /ock1 :i* may be e/imat$ z wor? #aj p] ton4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 add on ?is acc\nt to our fir/ calculation1 ! sum ( say #cbe2 to ! second1 #cij2 & to ! ?ird1 #dhe4 ,?is w\ld give1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! entire returns ( ! #ajj acres plant$3--,at #ej nuts p] tree1 #a1fcj2 at #fj ditto1 #a1ieg2 at #ge1 ditto1 #b1ddf4 ,^! are /rik+ results1 & may appe> exagg]at$2 b ,i w1 to %[ h[ v mod]ate has be5 my calculation1 give two returns1 ) :i* ,i h be5 favor$ f ,ceylon4 ,^!1 x w be se51 diff] mat]ially1 b ! latt] ,i c rely on z a practical result1 f a plantation 9 ,jaffna1 ! p59sula ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! isl&4 ,aft] e/imat+ ! exp5se ( e/abli%+ ! plantation1 ! fir/ writ] sets d[n 8 return ?us3-- ,! produce1 calculat+ #ij trees to an acre1 & #ge nuts to a tree1 sold at #b p] #a1jjj1 w\ld yield #fge1jjj nuts1 wor? #a1cej2 or if conv]t$ into oil1 calculat+ #cj to give "o gallon1 x w\ld produce #bb1ejj gallons1 or ab\t #ij tons f #ajj acres4 ,f ,jaffna1 ! foll[+ is an abridg$ e/imate ( return ( #ajj acres 9 full be>+3--,at #bg feet ap>t1 #eh trees p] acre1 #e1hjj trees1 at #fj nuts p] tree1 #c1dhj nuts p] acre1 #ajj acres1 #cdh1jjj nuts1 at #dj nuts p] imp]ial gallon1 #h1gjj gallons ( oil1 at #bs4 p] gallon1 nett$ #h #ads4 p] acre4 ,! poonac left w pay ! exp5se ( mak+ ! oil4 ,if %ipp$ to ,engl&1 at ! pres5t "t 7close ( #ahdh71 ! sell+ price !re be+ #ees4 p] cwt41 measur+ #ab imp]ial gallons1 say1 #ds4 #g;d4 p] gallon1 & ! co/ & *>ges ( s5d+ x home & sell+ x be+ #bcs41 x w\ld leave #cs4 p] gallon1 or #ac p] acre4 ,?is sum is nett proce$s4 ,x w be se5 by ! above1 t ,i h be5 extremely mod]ate 9 my computation ( ! return :i* may be anticipat$1 = !re is no d\bt t plant]s c1 9 favorable localities1 on ! coa/s ( mo/ ( our colonies1 cultivate ?is palm ) z mu* success z att5ds its culture 9 ,ceylon4 ,by ! fir/ ( ! calculations ,i h cit$ f1 t isl&1 ! gross return appe>s ?us3-- #bb1ejj gallons at #ds4 #g;d #e1aef #e ,coir--"o-fif? ( value #a1jca #d ,cake f #fge1jjj nuts1 say lb4 ea*1 #ge tons at #aj #gej #j ----------- ,total gross return f #ajj acres #f1icg #i ,accord+ to ! o!r calculation1 ! return w /& ?us3-- #h1gjj gallons at #ds4 #g;d #a1iic #ae ,coir #cih #ae ,cake f #cdh1jjj nuts1 #cd tons #cdj #j ---------- ,total gross return f #ajj acres #b1gcb #aj ,x w be se5 t 9 my calculation ,i h set d[n ! return l[] ?an x is r5d]$ 9 ! less favorable /atem5t f ,ceylon by a sum ( upw>ds ( #a1jjj /]l+4 ,b ev5 suppos+ "o-half ( ! am\nt ( ! l[] ,ceylon e/imate c\ld be realis$1 we %\ld h a return ( #a1cff #es4 /]l+ f #ajj acres ( sea side s&4 ,i n[ proce$ to po9t out ! v small outlay requir$ to obta9 ^! results4 ,9 places :]e ! coco-nut w\ld be gr[n1 !re is g5]ally no heavy woodl& requir+ great labor ) axe & fire1 & consequ5tly "o able-bodi$ man %\ld get ?r\gh ! fell+ & cle>+ away bu%1 on an acre ( ! l& to be prep>$ = ! plant1 9 a %ort p]iod1--say1 on an av]age1 f\r days4 ,i w calculate1 t = wages & rations1 ea* h& employ$ w co/ sixte5 doll>s p] mon?1 an outside price4 ,let u !n say t t5 labor]s %all be at "w4 ,!y fell two acres & a half p] diem4 ,9 "o mon? !re %\ld be ne>ly #gj acres fell$2 b ,i w say t ! #ajj acres w occupy !m two mon?s 9 fell+ & /ack+ ! wood4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod our plant] may be consid]$ to h _h ! aid ( two m h&s1 engag$ 9 ! prep>ation1 plant+ out1 & c>e ( ! nurs]y ( "y plants4 ,two m h&s mu/ also be occupi$ 9 ! con/ruction ( tanks & %$s1 except :]e !re is a /ream ( fre% wat]4 ,= grubb+ up ! roots1 if n v l>ge size1 ! assi/ance ( ab\t a doz5 cattle w\ld be requir$1 a labor :i* w\ld be p]=m$ by means ( ! common grubb+ ma*9e1 an implem5t 9 ! =m ( a claw4 ,we w consid] t all h&s are occupi$ ano!r mon? 9 ?is mann]1 & 9 remov+ & re-/ack+ ! wood1 & turn+ up ! l&4 ,! plant+ out w\ld require b little "t & labor4 ,at ! end ( ?ree mon?s !n1 "o-half ( ! h&s1 besides ^? engag$ 9 ! nurs]y & tanks1 might be dis*>g$4 ,we mu/ make an all[ance = provision = ! fodd] ( ! cattle4 ,six ?\s& nuts w\ld be requir$4 ,let u n[ see :at are ! plant]'s exp5ses2 mak+ ample all[ance on acc\nt ( ea* item3-- doll>s4 #f1jjj pick$ nuts at #aj doll>s p] #a1jjj #fj ,hire & rations ( #ab h&s1 at #af doll>s = #c mon?s #fgf ,two h&s at nurs]y1 = same p]iod #if ,pur*ase ( #ab cattle at #bj doll>s #bdj ,fodd]+ cattle "o mon? #cb ,hire ( two extra h&s1 mak+ tanks & %$s #c mon?s #if ,hire ( #f h&s = #i mon?s #hfd ,tools 7includ+ pl\gh7 #ajj ----- ,total #b1jfd ,ab\t #dae /]l+ = exp5ses = ! fir/ ye>4 ,:]e f5c+ is requir$1 we mu/ add = mak+ ab\t ?ree miles ( f5ce1 say #cj /]l+4 ,two c>ts w\ld also h to be provid$1 :i* w co/1 say #bj m4 ,9 all we may compute ! fir/ ye>'s exp5diture at #dfj /]l+4 ,second ye>'s exp5diture3 pl\gh+ l&1 or hoe+ x twice1 wat]+ plants1 manur+1 repair+ f5ces1 & supply+ plants1 say hire ( eight m5 = six mon?s1 ab\t #aej /]l+4 ,! same = ! ?ird4 ,f\r? ye>'s exp5diture3 hire ( six h&s = ?ree mon?s1 clean+ l&1 & manur+ plants1 ab\t #fj /]l+1 & ! l1 at ! cultivator's option1 = ! fif? ye>4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,exp5ses4 ,fir/ ye> #dfj ,second ye> #aej ,?ird ye> #aej ,f\r? ye> #fj ,fif? ye> #fj --- ,total exp5diture #hhj ,add = build+s #hj ,& we h a gr& total ( #ifj /]l+ exp5d$2 = :at purpose8 ,to secure a net income ( at lea/ #a1bjj /]l+ p] annum = at lea/ #ej ye>s6 ,9 ! fir/ ye>'s exp5ses _m items might be cut d[n1 b ,i leave ! calculation z "o to be consid]$ by a p>ty ) small capital1 int5d+ to e/abli% a coco-nut plantation4 ,i h all[$ no?+ = ! co/ ( l&1 z x is impossible to compute t4 ,9 g5]al x w\ld co/ next to ! no?+ m5tion$4 ,i h1 by c>eful calculation1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t by comb9+ ! cultivation ( provisions ) ! gradual b /eadily progressive e/abli%m5t ( a coco-nut plantation1 any man ( en]gy & p]sev]ance may1 ) ! aid ( b f\r h&s1 cle>1 f5ce1 & plant1 9 a favorable locality1 #ej acres ( coco-nuts )9 ! ye>1 yet h a balance 9 8 pocket at its close4 ,su* a p]son w\ld1 ere do+ any?+ beyond putt+ 9 8 nurs]y plants1 e/abli% a provision gr\nd1 ( consid]able ext5t1 = ! purpose ( supply+ himself & 8 labor]s ) bread k9d1 & vegetables1 & ( enabl+ him1 by ! disposal ( ! surplus produce 9 ! m>ket1 to raise a suffici5t sum ( money to furni% ! wages & rations ( ! m54 ,i ne$ n ent] into a calculation to %[ h[ ?is c\ld be done1 z e "o mu/ be aw>e ( an easy me?od ( foll[+ out s simple a sugge/ion4 ,( c\rse he w\ld h to be> 9 m9d t ! provision gr\nd is ( second>y importance1 & limit 8 ex]tions 9 t l9e accord+ly2 devot+ to ! coco-nut plantation ! /ricte/ daily att5tion4 ,! cultivation ( ?is tree des]ves mu* m att5tion ?an has hi!rto be5 paid to x1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x n only =ms "p ( ! daily food ( all classes ( ! community1 b is an exportable article to neighb\r+ regions1 ! oil :i* x yields hav+ ( late ye>s become 9 great dem& 9 ,engl&1 = ! manufacture ( composite c&les & soap1 & !re is no d\bt ( its cont9ually ext5d$ application to su* purposes4 ,suppos+1 nev]!less1 ! result ( an increas$ cultivation ( ! coco-nut %\ld be su* z to cause a fall 9 price1 & s9k ! nett return 9 ,engl& to #bs4 p] gallon2 ?is be+ cle> pr(it1 w\ld make ?is k9d ( plantation a safe & sure inve/m5t = bo? capital & labor 9 ! ,colonies4 ,a k9d ( sug> made f ! sap is call$ jagg]y1 & ! sap :5 f]m5t$ =ms an intoxicat+ bev]age kn[n z toddy4 ,! fibr\s out] cov]+1 or husk ( ! nut1 :5 mac]at$ & prep>$1 is t]m$ coir1 & is spun into y>n & rope4 ,x is ext5sively %ipp$ f ,ceylon1 9 coils ( rope1 bundles ( y>n1 & pieces ( junk4 ,! coco-nut is usually plant$ z foll[s3--,select+ a suitable place1 y drop into ! gr\nd a fully ripe nut1 & leave x4 ,9 a few days a ?9 lance-l %oot =ces itself ?r\gh a m9ute hole 9 ! %ell1 pi]ces ! husk1 & soon unfolds ?ree pale gre5 leaves 9 ! air2 :ile1 orig9at+ 9 ! same s(t :ite sponge :i* n[ completely fills ! nut1 a pair ( fibr\s roots pu%+ away ! /opp]s :i* close two holes 9 an opposite direction1 p5etrate ! %ell1 & /rike v]tically into ! gr\nd4 ,a day or two m1 & ! %ell & husk1 :i* 9 ! la/ & g]m9at+ /age ( ! nut are s h>d t a knife w sc>cely make any impression1 spontane\sly bur/ by "s =ce )92 &1 h5ce=?1 ! h>dy "y plant ?rives apace1 & ne$+ no culture1 prun+1 or att5tion ( any sort1 rapidly arrives at maturity4 ,9 f\r or five ye>s x be>s2 9 twice z _m m x beg9s to lift its head among ! groves1 :]e1 wax+ /rong1 x fl\ri%es = ne> a c5tury4 ,?us1 z "s voyag] has said1 ! man :o b drops "o ( ^! nuts into ! gr\nd1 may be said to conf] a great] & m c]ta9 b5efit ^u himself & po/]ity1 ?an _m a life's toil 9 less g5ial climes4 ,! fruitfulness ( ! tree is rem>kable4 ,z long z x lives x be>s1 & )\t int]mission4 ,two hundr$ nuts1 besides innum]able :ite blossoms ( o!rs1 may be se5 ^u x at "o "t2 & ?\gh a :ole ye> is requir$ to br+ any "o ( !m to ! g]m9at+ po9t1 no two1 p]haps1 are at "o "t 9 precisely ! same /age ( gr[?4 ,coco-nuts =m a consid]able article ( export f _m ( ! ,briti% colonies3 #cge1ggj 7 export$ f ,honduras 9 #ahdd1 & #bed1jjj 9 #ahde2 #aje1ajg 7 %ipp$ f ,dem]>a1 9 #ahde2 #c1ejj1jjj f ,ceylon 9 #ahdg4 ,!y are v abundant on ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 ,siam1 & on sev]al p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,humboldt /ates1 t on ! s\? %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>iaco1 no?+ is to be se5 b plantations ( coco-nut trees1 "s ( !m conta9+ n9e or t5 ?\s& trees4 ,ceylon is "o ( ! localities :]e ! greate/ progress has be5 made 9 ?is species ( culture4 ,9 #ahcb sev]al ,europeans settl$ at ,batticaloa1 expressly = ! purpose ( cultivat+ ?is palm to a l>ge ext5t4 ,!y plant$ cotton bu%es betwe5 ! "y trees1 :i* 7 f\nd to rip5 well1 & nurse & %ade !m4 ,!re are n[ an imm5se numb] ( coco-nut topes1 or walks1 on ! coa/s ( ! isl&1 & ab\t #bj1jjj acres ( l& are "u cultivation ) ?is tree4 ,! value ( ?is product to ,ceylon1 may be e/imat$ by ! foll[+ return ( its exports 9 #ahdg1 besides ! local consumption3-- ,decl>$ value ( nuts #e1dhe ,ditto ( ,coir #aj1cah ,k]nels1 or ,copp]ah #f1ejc ,%ells #baj ,oil #ai1adb ,arrack #aa1feg ------- ,total #ec1cae ,! annually increas+ consumption ( ! nuts holds out a great inducem5t to ! native proprietors to reclaim all _! hi!rto unproductive l&4 ,! fruit comm&s a high price 9 ! isl&1 7rang+ f d4 to #c;d4 p] nut71 ow+ to ! con/ant dem& = x z an article ( food1 by bo? ,s+halese & ,malab>s2 !re is n s mu*1 !re=e1 n[ conv]t$ into copp]ah = oil mak+4 ,9 ! m>itime prov9ces ( ! isl&1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! quantity ( nuts us$ 9 ea* family1 say ( five p]sons1 am\nts to #ajj nuts p] mon?1 or #a1jjj p] annum4 ,x ne$s only a r$uction 9 ! co/ ( transit1 to ext5d ! consumption 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl& to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,ceylon export$ b #eej nuts1 :ile 9 #ahdg %e %ipp$ (f to o!r qu>t]s ?ree millions & a half ( nuts1 valu$ at #e1ejj4 ,! av]age value ( ! nuts export$ may be set d[n at #g1jjj4 ,9 ,co*9 ,*9a ! cultivation ( ! coco-nut tree is mu* att5d$ to1 & !y export a l>ge quantity ( oil4 ,at ,malacca & ,p9ang x %>es att5tion ) ! m pr(itable spices4 ,s9ce ! palm has be5 acclimatis$ 9 ,b\rbon1 ab\t #bj1jjj kilogrammes ( oil h be5 produc$ annually4 ,ab\t #h1jjj piculs ( oil are export$ annually f ,java4 ,a correspond5t1 "u date ,decemb]1 #ahdi1 has furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( coco-nut plant+ 9 ,jaffna1 ! nor!rn di/rict ( ,ceylon1 9 :i* ! culture has only rec5tly be5 c>ri$ on2 ! facts & figures are int]e/+3-- ,! ,k>&hai e/ate1 ! prop]ty ( ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,byles1 0 sold la/ mon? = #b1djj1 "p ( x be>+4 ,x consi/$ ( #cjc acres1 ( :i* #bbh are plant$ ) coco nuts--ab\t half ! trees six ye>s old4 ,! ,victoria e/ate1 9 ext5t #agj acres1 plant$ & "p 9 be>+1 & ab\t sev5ty acres ( jungle1 0 also sold = #a1ejj4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,dalrymple 0 ! pur*as] ( ! latt]1 & ,mr4 ,davidson ( ! =m]4 ,bo? lots 7 *eap4 ,! prop]ties are among ! be/ 9 ! di/rict1 ! latt]1 especially1 is a beautiful e/ate4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! e/ates plant$ are look+ well1 & ! rema9d] b indiff]5tly1 9 fact1 ought nev] to h be5 plant$1 & ,i believe w nev] give any return4 ,ab\t #g1jjj acres are n[ "u cultivation "h1 & cle>+ is /ill go+ on4 ,e/ates c n[ be put 9 = ab\t "o half :at !y co/ =m]ly1 viz41 ab\t #d or #e p] acre1 & c be kept 9 ord]1 inclusive ( all *>ges1 = ab\t #aes4 to #bjs4 p] acre = ! fir/ two ye>s1 & ab\t half t aft]w>ds4 ,e/ates1 9 "s in/ances1 h be5 put 9 = ab\t #c p] acre4 ,elephants h almo/ disappe>$2 n[ & !n a /ray "o comes4 ,figs are /ill a great nuisance1 b ! greate/ anxiety among plant]s is reg>d+ beetles4 ,y w be sorry to he> t ! fir/ ye> ! trees %[$ fruit or fl[]1 "o-t5? ( !m 7 de/roy$ by ! beetle2 ! insects /ill g on de/roy+1 & h>dly a tree attack$ ev] recov]s4 ,?is is a v s]i\s evil1 & ^u :i* ! =tunes ( all ^? involv$ 9 coco-nut plant+ dep5d4 ,! trees come into be>+ b v sl[ly1 & ,i consid] no e/ate w give any return ov] its curr5t exp5ses "u twelve ye>s4 ,x takes twelve mon?s f ! =mation ( ! fl[]1 till ! fruit rip5s4 ,on an e/ate1 p]haps "o ( ! olde/ & be/ 9 ?is di/rict1 out ( #abj acres1 "p sev5 & eight ye>s old1 ab\t #ab p] c5t1 are 9 fl[] or 9 be>+1 & give a return ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r nuts p] tree1 on an av]age1 ye>ly4 ,on ! next olde/1 ! return is n ne> s great4 ,b few ( ! e/ates "h w1 ,i ?9k1 pay int]e/ on ! money laid out1 & _m w nev] pay any?+ ov] ! exp5se ( keep+ !m up1 ev5 aft] com+ into be>+4 ,i d\bt if any e/ate 9 ?is di/rict1 h[ev] economically manag$1 w ev] give a net return ( m ?an #b1 or p]haps ( #b #ajs4 p] acre1 at lea/ )\t !re is a great increase 9 ! consumption ( oil 9 ,europe4 ,! consumption ( ?is oil1 9 ,europe1 is "u #e1jjj tons4 ,if ! beetles d n de/roy half ! trees1 ! e/ates "h :5 9 be>+1 if !y yield any?+1 w give half t quantity2 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t coco-nut oil is n a /rong oil1 l palm oil1 & t soap boil]s w nev] use x to any ext5t1 = x w all[ b little admixture ( ros91 c42 its use 9 ,europe w be pr9cipally = c&les & fancy soaps2 b z by ref9+ & compression !y c n[ purify tall[1 & make ( x c&les fully equal to ^? made f coco-nut oil1 ! consumption ( ! latt] is n likely to increase4 ,! consumption ( c&les is always limit$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 liquid oil be+ pref]r$1 & 9 _m in/ances gas is n[ be+ us$ :]e c&les =m]ly 74 ,! return ( l& plant$ ) coco-nut trees 9 ,ceylon1 9 #ahea1 0 #bb1ejj acres2 b ?is ref]s only to regul> e/ates rec5tly op5$ & cultivat$ *iefly by ,europeans4 ,let u suppose t ! natives possess besides1 tw5ty millions ( trees2 ,butollac 9 8 "t e/imat$ ! numb] at ?irte5 millions4 ,at #ajj trees to ! acre1 tw5ty millions ( trees give #ajj1jjj acres1 s t ! total am\nt ( l& plant$ ) coco-nut trees w\ld be #abb1ejj acres4 ,an hydraulic press1 = ! manufacture ( coco-nut oil1 #a1bjj horse p[] & weigh+ tw5ty-?ree tons1 0 ca/ at ! ,ceylon ,iron ,works1 9 #ahej1 by ,messrs4 ,nelson & ,son4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,s+apore !re are n[ _m ext5sive plantations 9 a v fl\ri%+ condition1 hold+ out favorable prospects to ! proprietors4 ,hi!rto ! isl& has be5 suppli$ almo/ :olly f abroad ) nuts & oil = its consumption1 :i* w1 be=e long1 be obta9$ exclusively f its own soil4 ,9 #ahdf !re 7 #aj1jjj coco-nut trees 9 be>+ 9 ,s+apore4 ,i h omitt$ to notice1 9 ! =ego+ obs]vations1 a v mi/ak5 notion :i* prevails 9 _m qu>t]s1 t x is be/ to let ! trees drop _! fruit1 & n to pick ! nuts :5 ripe4 ,nature directs diff]5tly4 ,z soon z ! husk ( ! nut is m br[n ?an gre5 x %\ld be pick$4 ,x !n makes bett] oil & bett] coir1 ?an :5 left to %rivel up & fall f ! tree4 ,colonel ,l[1 9 8 ,diss]tation on ,p9ang1 gives "s int]e/+ details & /ati/ics on coco-nut plant+3-- ,on a r\gh e/imate--= an actual enum]ation has n be5 lately tak5--! total numb] ( be>+ trees 9 ,p9ang may be /at$ at #ej1jjj1 & ^? 9 ,prov9ce ,wellesley at #bj1jjj2 b v l>ge accessions to ^! numb]s h ( late ye>s be5 made4 ,! tree is p>tial to a s&y soil 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 & ,prov9ce ,wellesley (f]s1 !re=e1 great] facilities1 p]haps1 = its cultivation ?an ,p9ang does1 z its l9e ( cle> bea* is long]1 & has _m n>r[ slips ( light or s&y l& ly+ betwixt ! alluvial flats inl&4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( ?is tree kn[n "h2 "o has a yell[i% color1 obs]vable bo? on ! bran*es & unripe fruit2 its bran*es d n droop mu*4 ,a second has gre5 spread+ bran*es1 m droop+ ?an ! =m]1 ! fruit be+ gre5 color$ until ripe2 ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ prolific2 x also be>s ! soone/1 if we except ! dw>f coco-nut1 :i* fruits at ! second or ?ird ye>1 be=e ! /em has got above "o foot high4 ,?is la/ k9d 0 br\ght f ,malacca2 x atta9s 9 "t to ! height ( ! common sort4 ,its fruit is small & r\nd1 & ( c\rse less valuable ?an ! o!r sorts4 ,!re is also a coco-nut s saturat$ ) gre51 t ! oil express$ f its k]nel p>takes ( t color4 ,x is a mi/ak5 supposition t ! coco-nut tree w fl\ri% )\t c>e be+ tak5 ( x4 ,! idea has be5 induc$ by ! luxuriant /ate ( trees 9 close proximity to h\ses & villages1 & 9 small cove's :]e its roots are wa%$ by ! sea4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 a tree1 f be+ kept cle> ab\t ! roots1 f be+ %ad$1 & f occasional /imuli1 advances rapidly to p]fection2 b 9 an ext5d$ plantation1 a regul> & n inexp5sive sy/em ( culture mu/ be foll[$ to ensure success4 ,! nuts be+ select$1 :5 p]fectly ripe1 f middle-ag$ trees ( ! be/ sorts1 are to be laid on ! gr\nd "u %ades1 & aft] ! roots & middle %oots1 ) two bran*es1 h appe>$1 ! soon] !y are plant$ ! bett]4 ,out ( #ajj nuts1 only two-?irds1 on an av]age1 w be f\nd to vegetate4 ,! plants are !n to be set out at int]vals ( ?irty or =ty feet--! latt] if gr\nd c be sp>$--& ! dep? w be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! nut mu/ n be cov]$ ) e>?4 ,! plants require1 9 expos$ situations1 to be %ad$ = "o & ev5 two ye>s1 & no lalang grass mu/ be p]mitt$ to encroa* on _! roots4 ,a nurs]y mu/ be always held 9 read9ess to supply ! num]\s vacancies :i* w occur f dea?s & accid5ts4 ,! foll[+ may be consid]$ ! av]age co/ ( a plantation1 until x comes into be>+3-- ,,fir/ ,,co/--#ajj ,,orlongs ,,( ,,l&4 ,spani% doll>s4 ,pur*ase money ( l&1 ready = plant+ #a1jjj #g1jjj nuts at #a doll>s1 p] #ajj #aje ,h\ses ( coolies1 c>ts1 buffaloes1 c41 c4 #ajj ----- ,spani% doll>s #a1bje ,,ye>ly ,,co/ ,,( ,,sev5 ,,ye>s4 ,fir/ ye>1 #aj labor]s at #c doll>s p] mon?1 includ+ c>ts1 c4 #cfj ,we> & te> ( build+s1 c>ts1 & implem5ts #ej ,ov]se]1 at #g doll>s p] mon? #hd ,quit r5t1 av]age #ej ,nurs]y & cont+5cies #ej ----- ,total p] annum #eid ,sev5 ye>s at ! rate w be #d1aeh ----- ,total1 ,spani% doll>s #d1geb ,to ?is sum int]e/ w h to be add$1 mak+1 p]haps1 a sum total ( #f1jjj ,spani% doll>s1 & ?is e/imate w make ea* tree1 up to its com+ into be>+1 co/ "o ,spani% doll> at ! l[e/4 ,! "y tree requires manure1 su* z putrid fi% & /imulat+ comp\nds1 conta9+ a portion ( salt4 ,on ! ,corom&el coa/1 ! natives put a h&ful ( salt bel[ ea* nut on plant+ x4 ,! cultivators ( ,kiddah adopt a v slov5ly exp$i5t = collect+ ! fruit4 ,in/ead ( climb+ ! tree 9 ! mann] practis$ by ! natives on ! ,corom&el coa/1 by help ( a hoop pass+ r\nd ! tree & ! body ( ! climb]--& a ligature s connect+ ! feet z w enable him to clasp ! tree ) !m--! ,malays cut deep not*es or /eps 9 ! trunk1 9 a zig-zag mann]1 suffici5t to support ! toes or ! side ( ! foot1 & ?us asc5d ) ! extra1 aid only ( _! arms4 ,?is mode is also a dang]\s "o1 z a false /ep1 :5 ne> ! top ( a high tree1 g5]ally precipitates ! climb] to ! gr\nd4 ,?is not*+ _c prove o!rwise ?an injuri\s to ! tree4 ,b ! besett+ s9 ( ! plant] ( coco-nuts1 & o!r productive trees1 is t ( cr[d+4 ,coco-nut trees1 ^: roots occupy1 :5 full gr[n1 circles ( =ty to fifty feet 9 diamet]1 may (t5 be f\nd plant$ )9 eight or t5 feet ( ea* o!r2 & 9 ! native campongs all sorts ( indig5\s fruit trees are jumbl$ toge!r1 ) s little space to spread 91 t !y mo/ly assume ! aspect ( =e/ trees1 & yield b sp>+ crops4 ,! common k9ds ( ! coco-nut1 "u v favorable circum/ances1 beg9 to be> at six ye>s ( age2 b little produce c be expect$ until ! middle or end ( ! sev5? ye>4 ,! ye>ly produce1 "o tree ) ano!r1 may be av]ag$ at #hj nuts ! tree2 :]e ! plantation is a fl\ri%+ "o--assum+ ! numb] ( trees1 9 "o hundr$ orlongs1 to be #e1jjj--! annual produce w be #djj1jjj nuts1 ! m9imum local m>ket value ( :i* w be #d1jjj ,spani% doll>s1 & ! maximum #h1jjj doll>s4 ,f ei!r ( ^! sums #f p] c5t4 mu/ be d$uct$ = ! co/ ( collect+1 & c>riage1 c4 ,! quantity ( oil :i* c be manufactur$ f ! above numb] ( nuts w be1 z ne>ly z possible1 #hcd piculs ( #acc-a_/c lbs4 ,! av]age price ( ?is quantity1 at #g doll>s p] picul #e1hch ,d$uct co/ ( manufactur+1 av]ag$ at "o-f\r?1 & collect+1 wat*+1 c #b1jei ----- ,pr(it1 ,spani% doll>s #c1ggi ,! ,*9ese1 :o are ! pr9cipal manufactur]s ( ! oil1 readily give a picul ( x 9 ex*ange = #gaj ripe nuts1 be+ ab\t #efc piculs ( oil out ( ! total produce ( ! plantation ( #ajj orlongs4 ,! price ( coco-nut oil has be5 s high 9 ! ,london m>ket z #ce p] tun1 or ab\t an av]age ( t5 doll>s p] picul4 ,x is said t ,engli% casks h n be5 f\nd tight en\gh = ! conveyance ( ?is oil to ,europe1 b if ! article is really 9 great dem&1 a me?od w no d\bt be discov]$ to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ! cultivator c obta9 a doll> & a half1 or ev5 "o doll> = #ajj nuts1 he w n f9d x pr(itable to make oil1 unless its price greatly rises4 ,soap is manufactur$ at ,pondi*]ry f ?is oil1 b x is n seem+ly 9 repute2 ! attempt has n be5 made 9 ,p9ang ) a view to a m>ket4 ,!re is sc>cely any coir rope manufactur$ at ?is isl&1 s t ! pr(it :i* might 77 labor *eap]7 arise f ?is application ( ! coco-nut fibre1 is lo/4 ,! %ell makes good *>coal2 ! leaves are sc>cely put to any purpose1 ! nipah or attap be+ a sup]ior mat]ial = ?at*+4 ,! coco-nut tree is extremely apt to be /ruck by lightn+1 & 9 su* cases x is g5]ally de/roy$4 ,x is a dang]\s tree1 !re=e1 to h close to a h\se4 ,if ! trees are widely plant$1 c(fee may be cultivat$ "u _! %ade4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! extract+ ( toddy f ?is tree ha/5s its decl9e4 ,! ,nicob> & ,lancavi ,isl&s us$ p>tly to supply ! ,p9ang m>ket ) ?is indisp5sable article2 b _! depopulation has greatly r$uc$ ! quantity4 ,on ! :ole x may be said t !re is no cultivation :i* insures ! return ( produce ) s mu* c]ta9ty z t ( ! coco-nut tree2 & z ,rangoon1 ! ,t5ass]im coa/1 & ,s+apore w1 probably1 always rema9 good m>kets = ! raw nut1 !re appe>s to be e *ance ( ! value ( ! produce af=d+ ample remun]ation to ! plant]4 ,coco-nut beetle4--,! *ief natural enemy ( ?is tree is a de/ructive species ( elephant-beetle 7,oryctes ,rh9oc]os71 :i* beg9s by nibbl+ ! leaves into ! %ape ( a fan2 x !n p]=ates ! c5tral pi?y fibre1 s t ! leaf snaps (f2 & la/ly1 x desc5ds into ! folds ( ! upp] %oot1 :]e x bores itself a ne/1 & if n spe$ily extract$ or kill$1 w soon de/roy ! tree4 ,at ,s+apore1 on acc\nt ( ! depr$ations ( ?is beetle1 ! difficulties h be5 consid]able4 ,9 ,p9ang & ,prov9ce ,wellesley x has only be5 obs]v$ )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 & x is believ$ to h come f ,k$dah4 ,a simil> k9d ( beetle is1 h[ev]1 f\nd on ! ,corom&el coa/4 ,! natives ( ,k$dah say t ?is insect appe>s at int]vals ( two1 ?ree1 or m ye>s4 ,its l>v1 :i* are also v =midable insects or grubs1 ab\t ?ree in*es long1 ) l>ge r$di% heads1 are f\nd 9 decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,x is :5 ! tree has made consid]able progress1 h[ev]1 t ! p>5t insect does mo/ mis*ief4 ,:5 !y are f "o to two ye>s old1 ?r[+ out _! graceful bran*es 9 quick succession ) ! greate/ vigor1 & promis+ 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s m to yield _! ruddy fruit1 ?is de/ructive enemy beg9s to ex]cise 8 bor+ prop5sities2 &1 mak+ 8 horn act z an aug]1 he soon p5etrates ! s(t & yield+ fibre ( ! "y tree1 & if n discov]$ 9 "t1 de/roys ! lead+ %oot or bran*4 ,! only rem$y :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ,ceylon1 is ! foll[+3--,sev]al intellig5t boys are provid$ ea* ) an iron ne$le or probe1 ( ab\t a foot long1 ) a %>p d\ble b>b$ po9t1 l a fi%-hook1 & a r+ h&le2 !y g ?r\gh ! plantation look+ n>r[ly ab\t ! trees1 & :5 !y p]ceive ! hole 9 ! trunk1 :i* indicates t ! enemy is at "w1 !y ?ru/ 9 ! b>b$ in/rum5t & pull him out4 ,sometimes he may only h j comm5c$1 :5 8 capture is m easily effect$1 b ev5 %\ld he h p5etrat$ to ! v he>t ( ! tree1 ! deadly ne$le does n fail 9 its err&1 b br+s ! culprit out1 impal$ & wri?+ on its po9t4 ,?is is ! only kn[n way ( *eck+ ! ravages ( ?is beetle1 except de/roy+ its l>v4 ,"s cultivators1 h[ev]1 ?9k p\r+ salt wat] or br9e on ! top ( ! tree1 s z to desc5d among ! folds ( ! upp] %oots1 a good plan to get rid ( ! l>v4 ,ne>ly two million coco-nuts are %ipp$ annually f ,bahia4 ,f ,ceylon1 #aad1fjj coco-nuts 7 %ipp$ 9 #ahea1 & #gj1ahe 9 #aheb4 ,coco-nut oil2 #ih1aei gallons 7 %ipp$ f ,ceylon 9 #aheb2 #cei1bcc gallons 9 #ahea4 ,! prices ( ,ceylon oil h rang$ f #ca to #cc #ajs4 p] tun2 ( ,co*9 oil1 #cd to #ce1 )9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,! price p] leagu] 9 ,colombo1 )\t casks1 has be5 #h #ajs4 to #i4 ,copp]ah is ! "n1 giv5 by ! natives to ! k]nel ( ! ripe nut aft] x has be5 expos$ to ! sun on mats1 until x has become rancid & dissolv$4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %ipp$ to ,engl& 9 ?is /ate = ! purpose ( conv]t+ into oil4 ,! exports ( copp]ah f ,ceylon 71 9 #ahdb1 #aae cwts42 9 #ahdc1 #b1aid2 9 #ahdd1 #b1cig2 & 9 #aheb1 #ci1agd cwts4 ,! return$ value ( ! copp]ah or k]nels export$ f ,ceylon1 z ent]$ 9 ! ,cu/om ,h\se books1 is-- #ahdj #b1ejh #ahda #a1dfj #ahdb #c1jbb #ahdc #e1gie #ahdd #f1aid #ahde #c1bhb #ahdf #e1eag #ahdg #f1ejc #ahdh #ab1fci #ahdi #g1hai #ahej #d1aff #ahea #i1fgh #aheb #ac1cbe #fcb cwts4 ( poonac 7be+ ! refuse or cake1 aft] express+ ! oil7 7 export$ f ,ceylon 9 #ahdb4 ,x is wor? !re ab\t #aj ! ton4 ,! oil f ! nut is obta9$ = cul9>y purposes by boil+ ! fre% pulp1 & skimm+ x z x rises4 ,t = exportation is usually obta9$ by press+ ! copp]ah 9 a simple press turn$ by bullocks4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 /eam p[] has be5 appli$ 9 ,colombo1 ) great advantage4 ,ab\t #b gallons ( oil p] #ajj nuts1 are usually obta9$4 ,x is requisite t c>e %\ld be tak5 n to apply too great & sudd5 a pressure at once1 b by degrees an increas+ =ce1 s z n to *oke ! conduct+ *annels ( ! oil 9 ! press4 ,9 _m ( ! colonies ! oil is express$ by ! sl[ & labori\s h& process ( grat+ ! pulp4 ,! quantity %ipp$ f ,ceylon 0 #b1bej tuns1 9 #ahdb2 #c1ihe 9 #ahdc2 #b1cca 9 #ahdd2 #a1gig 9 #ahde4 ,! quantity 9 gallons %ipp$ s9ce1 0 #aja1eec 9 #ahdf2 #aig1hej 9 #ahdg2 #cjj1adf 9 #ahdh2 #hfg1cbf 9 #ahdi2 #djg1ifj 9 #ahej2 #ddb1gjj 9 #ahea2 & #gdi1jbh 9 #aheb4 ,! duty on importation is ( & f ,briti% possessions1 #g;d4 & #g_/h?s4 p] cwt42 if ! produce ( =eign possessions1 #as4 #c d1 p] cwt4 ,9 ! close ( #aheb1 ! price ( coco-nut oil 9 ! ,london m>ket 01 = ,ceylon1 #cb1 #cc1 to #cc #ajs4 p] ton2 ,co*91 middl+ to f9e1 #cd to #ce4 ,! foll[+ return %[s ! ,cu/om ,h\se valuation ( ! oil %ipp$ f ,ceylon = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & :i* is ( c\rse mu* bel[ its real value3-- #ahci #bf1eig #ahdj #cb1dhc #ahda #bd1jeb #ahdb #cd1bdb #ahdc #dc1hgd #ahdd #bd1jfg #ahde #ae1ide #ahdf #g1ici #ahdg #ai1adb #ahdh #bd1hci #ahdi #cd1hca #ahej #ce1jce #ahea #ca1ddd #aheb #eh1jde ,among ! coco-nut oil export$ f ,ceylon1 9 #ahdi1 !re 7 #dg1dbg gallons1 valu$ at #c1eie1 ! :ole ( :i*1 ,i believe1 0 ,co*9 oil2 ! raw mat]ial ( ?is k9d n be+1 l ! copp]ah g5]ally 9 ,ceylon1 subject$ to ! action ( fire1 ! product is f9]1 & fet*es a bett] price 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,among/ ! imports f ,briti% possessions 9 ,asia1 7 #b1fjj cwts41 ( copp]ah 7dri$ coco-nut k]nels1 f :i* oil is express$71 valu$ at #a1ajj2 among/ ! imports re-export$ to ,great ,brita91 we f9d #hgj cwts4 ( ! same article1 valu$ at #cjj4 ,( ! oil export$ a quantity ( #aa1jjj gallons 0 %ipp$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ab\t #fjj1jjj piculs ( coco-nut oil are annually export$ f ,siam4 ,a l>ge quantity ( oil is made 9 ,tr9idad1 *iefly on ! ea/ coa/1 :]e1 9 "o locality1 !re is an un9t]rupt$ belt ( coco-nut palms f\rte5 miles 9 ext5t4 ,!y usually be> :5 five ye>s old4 ,! cultivation ( ! coco-nut 9 a prop] soil pres5ts a v pr(itable speculation = small capitali/s4 ,:e!r sold at ! rate ( a doll> p] hundr$ 9 _! natural /ate1 to capta9s ( %ips1 :o freely pur*ase !m1 or manufactur$ into oil1 !y are a v remun]ative product4 ,ea* tree 9 ! ,we/ ,indies is calculat$ to produce nuts to ! value ( "o doll> ye>ly4 ,!re is "o ?+ to :i* we w\ld draw ! att5tion ( *emi/s & o!r sci5tific m54 ,= tw5ty-f\r or ev5 =ty-eight h\rs aft] its manufacture ?is oil is z free f any unpleasant ta/e z olive oil1 & c be us$ 9 lieu ( x = all cul9>y purposes1 b aft] t "t x acquires su* a rancid ta/e z to be :olly unpalateable4 ,if any means c\ld be discov]$ ( prev5t+ ?is det]ioration 9 quality1 & pres]v+ x fre% & sweet1 x c\ld compete ) olive oil1 & ! price & consumption w\ld be l>gely rais$4 ,,coco-,,nut ,,oil ,,import$ ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,imports4 ,reta9$ = home consumption4 cwts4 cwts4 #ahce #ai1hch #ad1jae #ahcf #bf1jeh #bf1jfb #ahcg #da1bah #bh1fda #ahch -- #ch1ffi #ahci -- #ae1aec #ahdj -- #cg1bfi #ahda -- #bf1ebh #ahdb -- #bf1bbe #ahdc -- #bi1ibh #ahdd -- #db1dhj #ahdh #he1dec #ed1ghc #ahdi #fd1dea #ad1fbb #ahej #ih1jdj #df1did #ahea #ee1iie #b1ccc #aheb #aja1hfc #bg1aab ,a ,london coco-nut oil soap 0 f\nd1 on analysis by ,dr4 ,ure1 to consi/ (3-- ,soda #d4e ,coco-nut l>d #bb4j ,wat] #gc4e ----- #ajj4j ,?is rem>kable soap 0 suffici5tly solid2 b x dissolv$ 9 hot wat] ) extreme facility4 ,x is call$ m>9e soap1 because x wa%es l95 ) sea wat]4 ,( ! six pr9cipal vegetable oils1 namely--palm1 coco-nut ca/or1 olive1 l9se$1 & rape1 ! fir/ f\r are import$ 9 ! /ate ( oil only2 ! two la/ *iefly z se$4 ,! proportion 9 :i* !y 7 import$ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables2 & if to ^! quantities are add$ ab\t a million & a half cwt4 ( tall[1 & ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& tuns ( :ale oil & sp]maceti1 !y w ne>ly repres5t ! total quantity ( oil import$ into ,great ,brita94 ,,imports ,,9 #ahdf4 ,palm oil4 ,olive oil4 ,ca/or oil4 cwts4 tuns4 cwts4 ,we/]n ,africa #dge1cfd #a -- ,unit$ ,/ates #ac1cdi -- #bij ,naples & ,sicily #ad #i1ffa -- ,ea/ ,indies -- -- #f1cae ,can>y ,isl&s #c1gai -- -- ,malta -- #b1bcg -- ,turki% ,empire -- #a1gab -- ,tuscany -- #hcb -- ,spa9 -- #gec -- ,brazil #ebe -- -- ,ionian ,isl&s -- #ejf -- ,morocco -- #cfh -- ,madeira #cec -- -- ,s>d9ia -- #ccc #aa ,miscellane\s #g #dga #fe ------- ------- ------- ,total #dic1cca #af1hfd #i1fha ,,imports ,,9 #ahej ,l9se$4 ,rape se$4 qu>t]s4 qu>t]s4 ,russia #dhb1hac #c1bce ,sw$5 #hgj -- ,norway #bfh -- ,d5m>k #cg #c1jib ,russia #hg1bgc #fde ,hanse ,t[ns #a1aec #b1hgb ,holl& #g1gcd #bja ,naples #a1dgf -- ,au/rian ,t]ritories #dj #b1ehj ,greece -- #a1fcg ,walla*ia & ,moldavia #iaj #a1bhj ,egypt #ag1eag -- ,ea/ ,indian ,empire #bf1adb #ac1abf ,miscellane\s #bfb #ibb -------- ------ ,total #fbf1die #bi1die ,,oil-,,cake4--,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,evelyn t "o bu%el ( walnuts w yield fifte5 p\nds ( peel$ k]nels1 & ^! w produce half t weight ( oil1 :i* ! soon] x is drawn is ! m 9 quantity1 ?\gh ! dri] ! nut ! bett] its quality4 ,! cake or m>c ( ! press+ is excell5t = fatt5+ hogs & = manure4 ,oats conta91 z a maximum1 ab\t sev5 p] c5t4 ( oil1 & ,indian corn n9e p] c5t4 ,! cake ( ! gold ( pleasure conta9s twelve p] c5t4 ,inde$ ! mo/ valuable oil-cakes are ^? ( ! ,camel9a sativa1 poppies & walnuts1 :i* are ne>ly equal2 next to ^! are ! cakes ( hemp1 cotton1 & bee*-ma/4 ,9 ,france ! extraction & purification ( oil f ! cotton se$ is a rec5t bran* ( labor1 ! refuse ( :i* is likely to prove useful 9 agriculture2 its value z a manure be+ ne>ly t5 times great] ?an t ( common dung4 ,oil is obta9$ f maize or ,indian corn 9 ! process ( mak+ :iskey4 ,x rises 9 ! ma% tubs & is f\nd 9 ! scum at ! surface1 be+ sep>at$ ei!r by ! f]m5tation or ! action ( heat4 ,x is !n skimm$ (f1 & put away 9 a cask to deposit its impurities2 aft] :i* x is drawn (f 9 a pure /ate1 fit = imm$iate use4 ,! oil is limpid1 has a slight t+e ( ! yell[ color ( ! corn1 & is in(f5sive to ! ta/e & smell4 ,x is n a dry+ oil1 & !re=e _c be us$ = pa9t1 b burns freely 9 lamps & is useful = oil+ ma*9]y4 ,among ! v>i\s se$s us$ 9 ! manufacture ( oil-cake1 fl\r ( l9se$ is ! mo/ important4 ,rape se$ is also employ$1 b is consid]$ heat+4 ,9 ,lubeck1 a m>c1 call$ dodd] cake1 is made f ! ,camel9a sativa4 ,inf]ior oil-cake is made f ! poppy 9 ,india4 ,cotton-se$ cake has lately be5 recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its *eapness1 be+ usually ?r[n away z refuse by ! cotton manufactur]s4 ,x is ext5sively us$ z a cattle food1 9 an unprep>$ /ate1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! tropical _w1 & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! co/ ( se$1 freight includ$1 0 #b;d4 p] lb4 f ,*>le/[n to ,port ,glasg[4 ,cotton oil-cake is n[ ord]$ at ! same price z l9se$ cake4 ,! produce ( oil-cake & oil f cotton se$1 is two gallons ( oil to "o cwt4 ( se$1 leav+ ab\t #if lbs ( cake2 #h lbs4 is ! daily all[ance = cattle 9 ,engl&4 ,cotton se$ oil1 v pure1 is manufactur$ to a consid]able ext5t at ,m>seilles1 by ,de ,gimezney1 f ,egyptian se$2 & he receiv$ a prize m$al at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,acc\nt ( ! export ( l9se$ & rapese$ cakes f ,/ett91 pr9cipally to ,engl&1 9-- cwts4 #ahcd #cc1eah #ahce #bg1jch #ahcf #ef1eha #ahcg #gj1fdc #ahch #aai1edj #ahci #aae1daf #ahdj #afb1deg #ahda #adc1haf #ahdb #aai1had ,! quantity ( oil-se$ cakes import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 9-- tons4 #ahdi #ei1dfb #ahej #fe1jee #ahea #ee1jgf #aheb #ec1faf ,c>goes ( oil-cake1 to ! value ( #bb1bjg1 7 export$ f ! port ( ,%anghae1 9 ,*9a1 9 #ahdi4 #b1dfg tons ( oil-cake 7 br\ght d[n to ,new ,orleans f ! int]ior 9 #ahdh1 & #a1jcb tons 9 #ahdi4 ,sev5 samples ( ,am]ican oil-cake gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,oil #aa4da ,wat] #g4fj ,nitrog5 #d4gd ,a% #f4ce ,f ! above figures1 ! sci5tific f>m] w see t ! manure =m$ by #ajj lbs4 ( oil-cake is m ?an t d]iv$ f #cjj lbs4 ( ,indian corn4 #cjj lbs4 ( corn conta9 ab\t l lbs4 phosphoric acid2 #ajj lbs4 oil-cake conta9 ab\t #b lbs4 ,,volatile ,,or ,,ess5tial ,,oils occur 9 ! /ems1 leaves1 fl[]s & fruit ( _m odorif]\s plants1 & are procur$ by di/illation along ) wat]4 ,!y are call$ ess5ces1 & conta9 ! conc5trat$ odor ( ! plant4 ,!y usually exi/ ready-=m$1 b occasionally !y are obta9$ by a k9d ( f]m5tation1 z oil ( bitt] almonds & oil ( mu/>d4 ,"s ( !m consi/ ( c>bon & hydrog5 only1 z oil ( turp5t9e1 f ,junip]us communis2 oil ( sav91 f ,junip]us ,sab9a2 oil ( lemons & oranges1 f ! r9d ( ! fruit2 & oil ( n]ole1 f orange fl[]s4 ,a second set conta9 oxyg5 9 addition1 z oil ( c9namon1 f ,c9namonum v]um2 otto or att> ( roses1 f v>i\s species ( rose1 especially ,rosa c5tifolia2 oil ( cloves1 f ,c>yophyllus aromaticus4 ,^? pr9cipally obta9$ f tropical %rubs & plants are citronella1 oil ( oranges & lemons1 f ! r9d ( ! fruit oil ( c9namon & cloves1 croton oil1 c4 ,! oil ( ,s&al or ,s&]s wood 7,santalum album71 gr[n on ! ,malab> coa/1 is mu* e/eem$ z a p]fume4 ,keora oil1 f ,p&anus odoratissimus1 9 ,b5gal4 ,oil ( spik5>d1 s highly priz$1 on acc\nt ( its p]fume1 by ! anci5ts1 may be procur$ 9 ,sagur1 ,nepaul1 & ! m\nta9s ( ! ,himalaya4 #ief lbs4 ( ess5tial oils 7 import$ into ,hull 9 #ahej4 ,!re 7 export$ f ,ceylon 9 #ahdb1 #ijb cases2 9 #ahdc1 #ach2 9 #ahdd1 #bj2 9 #ahde1 #be cases ( ess5tial oils1 & 9 ! la/ two ye>s z foll[s3-- #aheb4 #ahea4 cases4 cases4 ,c9namon oil #ag #bc ,citronella oil #aaj #hg ,ess5tial oil #gb #ce ,( *emical1 ess5tial1 & p]fum$ oils import$ f ,france1 ! quantity is ab\t #ce1jjj lbs4 annually1 wor? #aj1jjj4 ,! duty is #as4 p] lb4 ,we also import$ f ,france1 9 #ahea1 #i1eif cwt4 ( oil or _s ( turp5t9e1 wor? #ad1aig1 on :i* a duty ( #es4 #c;d4 p] cwt4 is levi$4 ,f ,we/]n ,au/ralia "s di/ill$ oil ( ! ,liptosp]mum 0 %[n at ! ,exhibition1 :i* x is /at$ may be obta9$ 9 any quantity1 & a simil> oil produc$1 by di/illation1 f ! ,eucalyptus pip]ita1 a p[]ful solv5t ( ca\t*\c1 evid5tly v simil>1 if n altoge!r id5tical1 ) ! oil ( cajeput4 ,! *>act]s ( ^! two oils are mu* alike & )\t "s c>e x is difficult to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r by ! odor2 ! liptosp]mum oil has a slight t+e ( yell[1 its specific gravity is #j4ijce2 ! eucalyptus oil is colorless1 & has a d5sity ( #j4iade4 ,x is probable t ^! oils might be us$ ) great advantage 9 ! manufacture ( v>ni%1 !y readily dissolve copal1 & :5 its solution is spread ov] any surface ! oil soon evaporates1 & leaves a h>d1 brilliant & uni=m coat+ ( ! res94 ,^! oils1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,solly1 are specially wor?y ( att5tion4 ,dr4 ,b5nett1 9 8 ,w&]+s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 /ates t a l>ge quantity ( camphorat$ oil1 :i* closely resembles ! cajeputi1 is produc$ f ! foliage ( sev]al species ( ,eucalyptus4 ,"s ( ! leaves1 :i* are ( a blui% gre51 conta9 x 9 su* abundance z to cov] ! h& ) oil :5 "o ( ! leaves is g5tly rubb$ aga9/ x4 ,f ! odor\s leaves ( ! ,arbor alba is extract$ a portion ( ! aromatic cajeput oil4 ,?is celebrat$ m$ic9al oil is pr9cipally made 9 ! isl& ( ,borneo1 "o ( ! ,moluccas4 ,! leaf ( ! ,melaleuca m9or yields1 by di/illation1 ! volatile oil ( cajeputi1 well kn[n z a p[]ful sudorific1 & a useful ext]nal application 9 *ronic rheumatism4 ,x is an ev]gre5 %rub1 ) :ite fl[]s l a myrtle1 native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 pr9cipally fl\ri%+ on ! sea coa/s ( ! ,moluccas & o!r ,indian isl&s4 ,two sacks full ( ! leaves yield sc>cely ?ree dra*ms ( ! oil1 :i* is limpid1 pellucid1 & ( a gre5 color4 ,oil ( c9namon & oil ( cassia1 accord+ to ,muld]1 h ! same composition4 ,:5 fre% !y are pale yell[1 b become br[n on exposure to ! air4 ,on exposure !y rapidly absorb c9namic acid1 two res9s & wat]4 ,m ?an #bb1jjj lbs4 ( ess5ce ( b]gamot 0 import$ 9 #ahdh4 ,x is obta9$ by di/illation or pressure f ! r9d ( ! fragrant citron4 ,&ropogon calamus aromaticus1 ( ,royle1 ,a4 n>doides1 ( ,nees v4 ,es5b41 accord+ to "s yields ! grass oil ( ,namur4 ,! fruits ( ,c>um c>ui1 a h>dy bi5nial ,briti% plant1 popul>ly kn[n z c>away se$s1 supply a volatile oil1 :i* is c>m9itive & aromatic4 ,oils ( a simil> k9d are obta9$ f ,cori&rum sativum1 f anise 7,pimp9ella ,anisum71 & cum9 7,cum9um ,cym9um71 a native ( ,egypt4 ,! production ( c9namon1 clove1 & cassia oils1 h already be5 notic$ 9 speak+ ( ^? spices4 ,9 ,malab>1 a gre5i% sweet-smell+ oil is obta9$1 by di/illation1 f ! roots ( ,unona ,n>um1 an ev]gre5 climb]1 :i* is us$ m$ic9ally z a ,/imulant4 ,,oil ,,( ,,pepp]m9t4--,mr4 ,de ,witt ,c4 ,van ,slyck1 ( ,all[ay1 ,wayne c\nty1 ,new ,york1 furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ p>ticul>s on ! cultivation ( pepp]m9t1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdi1 :i* may appropriately be introduc$ 9 ?is place3-- ,z an agricultural production1 ! culture ( pepp]m9t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is limit$ to few localities2 ?is c\nty & ! adjo9+ ones1 ,s5eca & ,ont>io1 comprise ! l>ge/ b$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdf ab\t #dj1jjj lbs4 ( oil 7 produc$4 ,9 ,lewis c\nty1 9 ?is /ate1 x is gr[n1 ?\gh to a less ext5t2 ! am\nt ( oil produc$ !re 9 #ahdf 0 e/imat$ at #d1ejj lbs4 ,9 ,mi*igan ab\t #aj1jjj lbs4 are annually produc$2 ,ohio furni%es ab\t #c1jjj lbs4 & ,indiana #gjj lbs4 p] annum4 ,! entire crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 is e/imat$ 9 r\nd numb]s at #eh1jjj lbs4 ,! above comprises all ! localities ( any importance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! above e/imates ( ! annual product ( oil 7 made f correct data = ! ye> #ahdf1 s9ce :i* "t ! cultivation ( m9t has rapidly decreas$ 9 consequ5ce ( a speculative movem5t by a ,new ,york company1 :o 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdg pur*as$ ne>ly all ! m9t !n gr[+ 9 ?is ,/ate1 & /ipulat$ ) ! gr[]s n to raise x = two ye>s !reaft]1 :i* condition 0 g5]ally obs]v$ on ! "p ( ! gr[]s4 ,! pres5t ye> 7#ahdi71 on acc\nt ( ! dr\ght1 has n realis$ ! expectations ( ^? engag$ 9 its culture1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( oil produc$ is mu* l>g] ?an ! product ( ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,9 ?is m9t di/rict1 #h1jjj lbs4 h be5 rais$2 ,lewis c\nty furni%es #a1jjj lbs42 ,mi*igan1 #h4jjj lbs42 ,ohio1 #a1jjj lbs41 & ,indiana #ejj lbs4 ,s t ! entire crop ( #ahdi w n mat]ially v>y f #ah1ejj lbs4 ,i h consult$ sev]al ( ! pr9cipal deal]s 9 m9t oil1 ^: opportunities h be5 ample to =m a tol]ably correct e/imate ( ! am\nt ( oil annually consum$1 & _! op9ion fixes ! total consumption1 = ! v>i\s purposes = :i* x is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,europe1 at f #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj lbs4 annually4 ,! price ( m9t oil is extremely fluctuat+4 ,l o!r un/aple commodities1 ! value ( :i* dep5ds ^u _! sc>city or abundance1 x nev] has assum$ a con/ant & /&+ value1 b its price has g5]ally be5 d]ang$ by speculation & monopoly4 ,x has happ5$ t ! am\nt ( oil produc$ 0 = sev]al ye>s great] ?an ! annual consumption1 produc+ an accumulation 9 ! m>ket1 & r$uc+ ! price to ! v l[ rate ( #ge c5ts p] p\nd2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! article 0 sc>ce1 x readily sold = #e doll>s #be c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! av]age price = fifte5 ve>s has be5 ab\t #b doll>s #ej c5ts1 p] p\nd4 ,?is ye> 7#ahdi7 x readily sells = #a doll> #ej c5ts41 7#fs4 #f;d474 ,pepp]m9t began to be cultivat$ 9 ?is vic9ity z an agricultural product ab\t ! ye> #ahaf1 b = sev]al ye>s ! want ( a prop] k ( its culture1 & ! exp5se & difficulty ( extract+ ! oil1 prev5t$ its ext5sion beyond a few gr[]s1 :o1 h[ev]1 realis$ =tunes out ( ! ent]prise4 ,almo/ any k9d ( soil t w successfully re> :eat & maize is adapt$ to ! gr[? ( m9t4 ,ri* alluvions1 h[ev]1 seem to be mo/ natural1 z w\ld be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! wild h]b is almo/ uni=mly f\nd gr[+ ^u ! t]ti>y =mations on ! m>g9s ( /reams4 ,! ri* bottom l&s along our riv]s & ! b\ndless prairies ( ! ,we/ are em95tly adapt$ = its successful culture4 ,x is believ$ by ^? be/ acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 t its cultivation mu/ be ultimately conf9$ to ! we/]n prairies1 :]e x w gr[ spontane\sly1 & :]e ! abs5ce ( noxi\s we$s & grasses1 incid5t to all old] settl$ l&s1 r5d]s ! exp5se ( cultivation comp>atively light1 & :]e ! l[ price ( l& w be an important item 9 ! am\nt ( capital employ$1 ! exp5se ( m>ket+ be+ slight 9 comp>ison to t ( ! m bulky products ( agricultural indu/ry4 ,! me?od ( cultivation is ne>ly uni=m4 ,! mode ( propagation is by transplant+ ! roots1 :i* may be done 9 autumn or spr+1 ?\gh g5]ally ! latt]1 & z ! h]b is p]5nial1 x does n require replant+ till ! f\r? ye>4 ,to ensure a good crop & obviate ! necessity ( extra att5dance ! fir/ season1 ! gr\nd int5d$ = plant+ %\ld be fall[$ ! prec$+ summ]1 ?\gh ?is is n necess>y if ! l& is ord9>ily clean4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be prep>$ z = maize1 z soon z possible 9 ! spr+ furr[$1 & roots plant$ 9 drills tw5ty in*es ap>t1 & cov]$ ) loose e>?1 two in*es deep1 ! plant] walk+ ^u ! drill & tread+ x firmly4 ,! prop] "t to procure roots is :5 ! h]b is a ye> old1 :5 f six to eight squ>e rods ( ord9>y m9t w yield a suffici5t quantity ( roots to plant an acre1 & ! crop f :i* ! roots are tak5 w n be det]iorat$1 b r b5efit$ by _! extraction4 ,z soon z ! h]b makes its appe>ance x requires a light dress+ ) a hoe1 c>e be+ tak5 n to di/urb ! "y %oots1 _m ( :i* h sc>cely made _! appe>ance above ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a week or two ! crop requires a m ?or\gh dress+1 & at ?is /age ( gr[? ! cultivator may be us$ ) advantage1 foll[$ by ! hoe1 c>efully eradicat+ we$s & grass f ! drills1 & giv+ ! h]b a light dress+ ( e>?4 ,ano!r dress+ a week or two lat] is all ! crop requires4 ,! two foll[+ ye>s no labor is be/[$ ^u ! crop1 ?\gh x is sometimes b5efit$ by pl\gh+ ov] ! :ole surface1 v %all[1 9 ! autumn ( ! second ye>1 & h>r[+ lightly ! foll[+ spr+1 :i* frequ5tly r5ews ! vigor ( ! plant & increases ! product4 ,! m9t %\ld be cut z soon z x is 9 full bloom1 & ! l[] leaves become s]e2 ! fir/ crop w n be fit to cut z e>ly z ! two succe$+ ones4 ,x is !n to be hay$ & put 9 cock1 & is !n ready = di/illation4 ,i h consult$ _m m9t gr[]s1 :o h cultivat$ x = a s]ies ( ye>s1 9 reg>d to ! av]age yield p] acre1 & h arriv$ at ! foll[+ e/imate1 :i* ,i ?9k is l[1 provid$ ! l& is suitable1 & is prop]ly cultivat$4 ,i e/imate ! av]age yield p] acre = ! fir/ ye> at #ah lbs42 ! second ye> at #ad lbs42 & ! ?ird ye> at #h lbs4--mak+ ! product = ?ree ye>s #dj lbs41 :i* ,i ?9k w n mat]ially v>y f ! actual result1 ?\gh gr[]s av] !y h rais$ f #cj to #dj lbs4 p] acre ! fir/ season4 ,sev]al ye>s s9ce1 ! only me?od ( extract+ ! oil !n kn[n 0 by di/ill+ ! h]b 9 a copp] kettle1 or boil]1 & cond5s+ 9 ! usual mann]2 a sl[ & t$i\s process1 by :i* ab\t #ab or #ae p\nds ( oil c\ld be sep>at$ 9 a day4 ,b rec5tly /eam1 t p[]ful ag5t1 :i* has wr\ght su* imm5se *anges 9 our social & national economy1 has be5 appli$ to ?is subject ) its usual att5dant success4 ,! pres5t me?od consi/s 9 ! use ( a common /eam-boil]1 ( ! capacity ( f #ajj to #aej gallons1 f :i* ! /eam is convey$ by conductors into l>ge wood5 air-tight tubs1 ( #bjj gallons capacity1 conta9+ ! dri$ h]b2 f :i* x is convey$1 *>g$ ) ! volatile pr9ciple ( ! plant1 into a wat]-vat1 conta9+ ! cond5s]4 ,! wat] collect$ at ! extremity ( ! cond5s]1 al?\gh x does n readily comm+le ) ! oil1 is highly t9ctur$ ) x1 & is us$ to fe$ ! boil]4 ,two tubs are necess>y1 9 ord] t :5 ! *>ge is be+ work$ (f 9 "o1 ! o!r c be refill$4 ,! oil is !n to be filt]$1 & is ready = m>ket4 ,! exp5se ( a di/ill]y is e/imat$ at #aej doll>s1 :i*1 ) ! labor ( two m51 & a cord ( dry wood1 w run #dj lbs4 ( oil p] day4 ,! usual price = di/ill+ is #be c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! co/ ( production is ( c\rse greatly modifi$ by circum/ances4 ,if gr[n on ri* bottom l&s1 or prairie1 unusually free f we$s & grass1 ! labor requir$ w be comp>atively trifl+4 ,f in=mation d]iv$ f ! pr9cipal m9t gr[]s 9 ?is vic9ity1 ,i h prep>$ ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! co/ ( production ( an acre ( m9t = ?ree ye>s3-- ,,fir/ ,,ye>4 ,doll>s4 ,r5t ( an acre ( l& "o ye> #h4jj ,"o day pl\gh & drag1 "o h& & team #b4jj ,half day furr[+1 digg+ roots1 "o h& & horse #a4jj ,?ree days plant+1 at #ge c5ts #b4be ,two days dress+ ) hoe1 at #ge c5ts #a4ej ,two days ) cultivator & hoe1 #a4jj #b4jj ,two days ) cultivator & hoe 7?ird dress+7 #a4ej ,"o & a-half days cutt+ new m9t1 at #ge c5ts #a4ac ,cur+ & draw+ to di/ill]y #a4ej ,di/ill+ #ah lbs4 oil1 at #be c5ts #d4ej ,c = oil #be ----- #be4fc ,,second ,,ye>4 ,r5t ( an acre ( l& "o ye> #h4jj ,cutt+ "o acre ( old m9t #ge ,cur+ & haul+ to di/ill]y #a4ej ,di/ill+ #ad lbs4 oil1 at #be c5ts #c4ej ,c = oil #be ----- #ad4jj ,,?ird ,,ye>4 ,r5t ( an acre ( l& "o ye> #h4jj ,cutt+1 cur+1 c4 #b4be ,di/ill+ #h lbs4 ( oil1 at #be c5ts1 & c #b4be ----- #ab4ej ----- ,total exp5ses = ?ree ye>s #eb4ac ,=ty p\nds ( oil1 at doll>s #a4cg p] p\nd #ee4jj ,d$uct exp5ses #eb4ac ----- ,net pr(it #b4hg ,9 ! above e/imate ,i h omitt$ ! exp5se ( roots1 = ! reason t ! crop w yield z _m z are requir$ = plant+4 ,! price ( roots is ab\t #ej c5ts p] squ>e rod1 & if !y are 9 dem&1 ! pr(it ( ! crop w be greatly enhanc$ by sell+ !m at t1 or ev5 a l[] price4 ,x w be readily p]ceiv$ t ! culture ( pepp]m9t promises no great return ( pr(it 9 sections ( c\ntry :]e l& is valuable1 & :]e ! exp5se ( production is ne>ly d\ble :at x is 9 newly-settl$ di/ricts4 ,x is a fact t 9 ,mi*igan1 & o!r ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! actual exp5se ( production is ab\t "o-half less ?an ! above e/imate1 & ! yield is a f\r? great]2 ! great] di/ance f m>ket1 :i* is usually ,new ,york city1 n be+ tak5 into acc\nt1 ! freight on oil be+ comp>atively trifl+4 ,ano!r consid]ation 9 favor ( prairie cultivation is1 t ! m9t w endure = ye>s by simply pl\gh+ ov] ! surface e second ye>1 :i* seems to invigorate ! h]b1 & obviates ! necessity ( replant+ e second or ?ird ye>1 z mu/ be done 9 old] settl$ localities4 ,9 ,india ! p]fum$ oils are obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! lay]s ( ! jasm9e1 or o!r fl[]s1 f\r in*es ?ick & two in*es squ>e1 are laid on ! gr\nd & cov]$ ) lay]s ( sesamum or any o!r oil yield+ se$4 ,^! are laid ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! fl[]s1 ov] :i* a second lay] ( fl[]s l ! fruit is plac$4 ,! se$ is wett$ ) wat]1 & ! :ole mass cov]$ ) a %eet1 held d[n at ! end & sides by weights1 & all[$ to rema9 = eighte5 h\rs 9 ?is =m4 ,x is n[ fit = ! mill1 unless ! p]fume is desir$ to be v /rong1 :5 ! fad$ fl[]s are remov$ & fre% ones put 9 _! place4 ,! se$ ?us impregnat$ is gr\nd 9 ! usual way 9 ! mill & ! oil express$1 hav+ ! sc5t ( ! fl[]4 ,at ,ghazipoor ! jasm9e & bela are *iefly employ$2 ! oil is kept 9 ! dubb]s1 & sold = ab\t #ds4 a se]4 ,! newe/ oils af=d ! f9e/ p]fume4 ,9 ,europe a fix$ oil1 usually t ( ! bean or mor]ja nut1 is employ$4 ,cotton is soak$ 9 ?is1 & laid ov] lay]s ( fl[]s1 ! oil be+ squeez$ out s soon z impregnat$ ) p]fume4 ,dr4 ,johnson ?us describes ! culture & manufacture3-- ,cultivation ( ,roses4--,ar\nd ! /ation ( ,ghazipoor1 !re are ab\t #cjj biggahs 7or ab\t #aej acres7 ( gr\nd laid out 9 small deta*$ fields z rose g>d5s1 mo/ c>efully protect$ on all sides by high mud walls & prickly pe> f5ces1 to keep out ! cattle4 ,^! l&s1 :i* belong to ,zem9d>s1 are plant$ ) rose trees1 & are annually let out at s mu* p] biggah = ! gr\nd1 & s mu* additional = ! rose plants--g5]ally five rupees p] biggah1 & tw5ty-five rupees = ! rose trees1 ( :i* !re are #a1jjj 9 ea* biggah4 ,! additional exp5se = cultivation w\ld be ab\t eight rupees eight annas2 s t = ?irty-eight rupees eight annas y h = ! season "o biggah ( #a1jjj rose trees4 ,if ! season is good1 ?is biggah ( #a1jjj rose trees %\ld yield "o lac ( roses4 ,pur*ases = roses are always made at s mu* p] lac4 ,! price ( c\rse v>ies accord+ to ! ye>1 & w av]age f #dj to #gj rupees4 ,manufacture ( ,rose-wat]4--,! rose trees come into fl[] at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 & cont9ue s ?r\gh ,april4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! fl[]s are pluck$ by numb]s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & are convey$ 9 l>ge bags to ! sev]al contract+ p>ties = di/illation4 ,! cultivators !mselves v r>ely manufacture4 ,! native app>atus = di/ill+ ! rose-wat] is ( ! simple/ con/ruction2 x consi/s ( a l>ge copp] or iron boil] well t9n$1 capable ( hold+ f eight to twelve gallons1 hav+ a l>ge body ) a r n>r[ neck1 & a m\? ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]2 on ! top ( ?is is fix$ an old dek*ee1 or cook+ vessel1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre to receive ! tube or worm4 ,?is tube is compos$ ( two pieces ( bamboo1 fa/5$ at an acute angle1 & x is cov]$ ! :ole l5g? ) a /rong b9d+ ( cord$ /r+1 ov] :i* is a lut+ ( e>? to prev5t ! vap\r f escap+4 ,! small end1 ab\t two feet long1 is fix$ into ! hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! head1 :]e x is well lut$ ) fl[] & wat]4 ,! l[] arm or end ( ! tube is c>ri$ d[n into a long-neck$ vessel or receiv]1 call$ a bhulka4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a h&ee ( wat]1 :i*1 z x gets hot1 is *ang$4 ,! head ( ! /ill is lut$ on to ! body1 & ! long arm ( ! tube 9 ! bhulka is also well provid$ ) a cu%ion ( clo?1 s z to keep 9 all vap\r4 ,! boil] is let into an e>!n furnace1 & ! :ole is ready = op]ation4 ,!re is su* a v>iety ( rose-wat] manufactur$ 9 ! baz>1 & s mu* t be>s ! "n1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a mixture ( s&al oil1 t x is impossible to lay d[n ! plan :i* is adopt$4 ,! be/ rose-wat]1 h[ev]1 9 ! baz>1 may be comput$ z be>+ ! proportion ( "o ?\s& roses to a se] ( wat]2 ?is1 p]haps1 may be consid]$ z ! be/ procurable4 ,f "o ?\s& roses mo/ g5]ally a se] & a half ( rose-wat] is di/ill$1 & p]haps f ?is ev5 ! att> has be5 remov$4 ,! boil] ( ! /ill w hold f eight to twelve or sixte5 ?\s& roses4 ,on eight ?\s& roses f t5 to elev5 se]s ( wat] w be plac$1 & eight se]s ( rose-wat] w be di/ill$4 ,?is aft] di/illation is plac$ 9 a c>boy ( glass1 & is expos$ to ! sun = sev]al days to become pucka 7ripe72 x is !n /opp$ ) cotton1 & has a cov]+ ( moi/ clay put ov] x2 ?is becom+ h>d1 effectually prev5ts ! sc5t f escap+4 ,! price ( ?is w be f twelve to sixte5 rupees4 ,?is is ! be/ t c be procur$4 ,att> ( ,roses4--,to procure ! att>1 ! roses are put into ! /ill1 & ! wat] passes ov] gradually1 z 9 ! case ( ! rose-wat] process2 aft] ! :ole has come ov]1 ! rose-wat] is plac$ 9 a l>ge metal bas91 :i* is cov]$ ) wett$ musl91 ti$ ov] to prev5t insects or du/ gett+ into x2 ?is vessel is let into ! gr\nd ab\t two feet1 :i* has be5 previ\sly wett$ ) wat]1 & x is all[$ to rema9 quiet dur+ ! :ole night4 ,! att> is always made at ! beg9n+ ( ! season1 :5 ! nights are cool2 9 ! morn+ ! little film ( att> :i* is =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! rose-wat] dur+ ! night is remov$ by means ( a fea!r1 & x is !n c>efully plac$ 9 a small phial2 &1 day aft] day1 z ! collection is made1 x is plac$ = a %ort p]iod 9 ! sun1 & aft] a suffici5t quantity has be5 procur$1 x is p\r$ (f cle>1 & ( ! color ( amb]1 into small phials4 ,pure att>1 :5 x has be5 remov$ only ?ree or f\r days1 has a pale gre5i% hue2 by keep+ x loses ?is1 & 9 a few weeks' "t x becomes ( a pale yell[4 ,! fir/ few days di/illation does n produce su* f9e att> z comes (f aft]w>ds1 9 consequ5ce ( ! du/ or little p>ticles ( dirt 9 ! /ill & ! tube be+ mix$ ) x4 ,?is is readily sep>at$1 f its s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! att>1 :i* melts at a temp]ature ( #hd degrees4 ,f "o lac ( roses x is g5]ally calculat$ t #ahj gra9s1 or "o tolah1 ( att> c be procur$2 m ?an ?is c be obta9$ if ! roses are full-siz$1 & ! nights cold to all[ ( ! congelation4 ,! att> pur*as$ 9 ! baz> is g5]ally adult]at$1 mix$ ) s&al oil1 or sweet oil2 n ev5 ! ri*e/ native w give ! price at :i* ! pure/ att> alone c be obta9$1 & ! pure/ att> t is made is sold only to ,europeans4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> x has be5 sell+ f #hj to #ij rupees ! tolah2 ! ye> be=e x might h be5 pur*as$ = #ej rupees4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,native /ills are let out at s mu* p] day or week1 & x frequ5tly occurs t ! resid5ts prep>e "s rose-wat] = _! own use z a pres5t to _! fri5ds1 to secure _! be+ provid$ ) t :i* is ! be/4 ,! natives nev] remove ! calices ( ! rose-fl[]s1 b place ! :ole into ! /ill z x comes f ! g>d54 ,! be/ plan appe>s to be to h ^! remov$1 z by ?is means ! rose-wat] may be pres]v$ a long] "t1 & is n spoil$ by ! acid smell occasionally met ) 9 ! native rose-wat]4 ,x is usual to calculate #ajj bottles to "o lac ( roses4 ,! rose-wat] %\ld always be twice di/ill$2 ov] t5 ?\s& roses wat] may be put to all[ ( sixte5 or tw5ty bottles com+ out2 ! foll[+ day ^! tw5ty bottles are plac$ ov] eight ?\s& m roses1 & ab\t eighte5 bottles ( rose-wat] are di/ill$4 ,?is may be consid]$ ! be/ to be met )4 ,! att> is s mu* light] ?an ! rose-wat]1 t1 previ\s to use1 x is bett] to expose ! rose-wat] to ! sun = a few days1 to all[ ( its be+ well mix$2 & rose-wat] t has be5 kept six mon?s is always bett] ?an t :i* has rec5tly be5 made4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! rose season1 p f all p>ts come to make _! pur*ases1 & v l>ge quantities are prep>$ & sold4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty-six places 9 ! city ( ,ghazeepore :]e rose-wat] is di/ill$4 ,^! p g5]ally put a l>ge quantity ( s&al oil into ! receiv]1 ! oil is aft]w>ds c>efully remov$ & sold z s&al att>1 & ! wat] put into c>boys & dispos$ ( z rose-wat]4 ,at ! "t ( sale a few drops ( s&al oil are plac$ on ! neck ( ! c>boy to give x fre% sc5t1 & to _m ( ! natives x appe>s p]fectly immat]ial :e!r ! sc5t arises solely f ! s&al oil or f ! roses4 ,l>ge quantities ( s&al oil are e ye> br\ght up f ! s\? & exp5d$ 9 ?is way4 #f4 ,! *ief use ! natives appe> to make ( ! rose wat]1 or ! s&al att> z !y t]m x1 is at ! p]iod ( _! fe/ivals & w$d+s4 ,x is !n di/ribut$ l>gely to ! gue/s z !y arrive1 & spr9kl$ ) pr(usion 9 ! ap>tm5ts4 ,a l>ge quantity ( rose wat] is sold at ,b5>es1 & _m ( ! native ,rajahs s5d ov] to ,ghazipoor = its pur*ase4 ,mo/ ( ! rose wat]1 z soon z di/ill$1 is tak5 away1 & aft] six mon?s f ! t]m9ation ( ! manufacture !re are n m ?an f\r or five places :]e x is to be met )4 ,i %\ld consid] t ! value ( ! roses sold = ! manufacture ( rose wat] may be e/imat$ at #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj rupees a ye>2 & f ! usual price ask$ = ! rose wat]1 & = :i* x is sold1 ,i %\ld consid] !re is a pr(it ( #dj1jjj rupees4 ,! natives are v fond ( us+ ! rose wat] z m$ic9e1 or z a vehicle = o!r mixtures1 & !y consume a good deal ( ! petals = ! cons]ve ( roses1 or goolcond z !y call x4 ,! roses ( ,ghazipoor1 on ! riv] ,ganges1 are cultivat$ 9 enorm\s fields ( hundr$s ( acres4 ,! delightful odor f ^! fields c be sc5t$ at sev5 miles di/ance on ! riv]4 ,! valuable article ( comm]ce kn[n z att> ( roses is made "h 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,on #dj p\nds ( roses are p\r$ #fj p\nds ( wat]1 & !y are !n di/ill$ ov] a sl[ fire1 & #cj p\nds ( rose wat] obta9$4 ,?is rose wat] is !n p\r$ ov] #dj p\nds ( fre% roses1 & f t is di/ill$ at mo/ #bj p\nds ( rose wat]2 ?is is !n expos$ to ! cold night air1 & 9 ! morn+ a small quantity ( oil is f\nd on ! surface4 ,f #hj p\nds ( roses1 ab\t #bjj1jjj1 at ! utmo/ an ounce & a-half ( oil is obta9$2 & ev5 at ,ghazipoor x co/s #dj rupees 7#dl47 an ounce4 ,five gu9eas h be5 (t5 paid = "o ounce ( att> ( roses4 ,! mo/ approv$ mode ( asc]ta9+ its quality is to drop x on a piece ( pap]2 its /r5g? is asc]ta9$ by ! quickness ) :i* x evaporates1 & its wor? by its leav+ no /a9s on ! pap]4 ,! be/ otto is manufactur$ at ,con/ant9ople4 ,a volatile oil1 errone\sly call$ oil ( spik5>d1 is met ) 9 ! %ops1 :i* is obta9$ f a plant :i* has be5 nam$ by ,dr4 ,royle1 ! ,&ropogon ,calamus aromaticus4 ,! true spik5>d ( ! anci5ts is suppos$ to h be5 obta9$ f ! ,n>do/a*ys ,jatamansi1 a plant ( ! ,val]ian family4 ,dr4 ,/5h\se describes r m9utely 7,j\rnal ,ph>m4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgf7 a species ( ,ea/ ,india grass oil1 said to be ! produce ( ,&ropogon ,iv>acusa1 :i* he believes to be :at is usually call$ ! oil ( ,namur4 ,x has a v fragrant aromatic odor1 slightly resembl+ t ( otto ( roses1 b n ne>ly s ri*4 ,its ta/e is %>p & agreeable1 approa*+ t ( oil ( lemons4 ,x has a deep yell[ color1 & conta9s a good deal ( res9\s matt]4 ,,lemon ,,grass 7,&ropogon s*o5an?us74--,?is fragrant grass1 :i* is n[ cultivat$ v g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ! g>d5s ( ! plant]s1 z an elegant & p[]ful diaphoratic1 0 d\btless introduc$ f ! ,ea/4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! leaves seems to reside 9 ! ess5tial oil :i* !y conta94 ,lemon grass oil =ms an important article ( export f ,ceylon1 am\nt+ 9 value to ne>ly #g1jjj annually4 ,! ,&ropogon s*o5an?us1 :i* may be se5 cov]+ all ! ,k&ian hills1 is ! be/ possible pa/ure = cattle--at lea/ z long z x is "y4 ,?is species ( grass is v h>d1 & gr[s to ! height ( sev5 feet1 & sometimes high]1 & has a /rong b extremely pleasant acid ta/e4 ,x d]ives its "n f hav+1 :5 cru%$1 an odor l t ( ! lemon1 s /rong1 t aft] a "t x becomes q heavy & sick5+1 al?\gh grateful & refre%+ at fir/4 ,x cov]s ! hills 9 pat*es--^?1 at lea/1 t are n ov]gr[n ) jungle & und]wood--& x is to be f\nd n[h]e b 9 ! ,k&ian di/rict4 ,spontane\s ignition frequ5tly takes place1 & ! appe>ance ( ! burn+ grass is describ$ z mo/ magnific5t4 ,a few days aft]1 f ! mid/ ( ?is p>*$1 black5$1 & app>5tly dead gr\nd1 lovely "y gre5 %oots beg9 to arise--= ! roots ( ?is extraord9>y grass h n ev5 be5 injur$1 f> less de/roy$1 by ! fire2 & 9 a v %ort "t ! :ole br[ ( ! m\nta9 is aga9 ov]spread ) tufts ( beautiful gre5 wav+ grass4--7,j\rnal ( ,agriculture47 ,otto ( khuskhus or sc5t$ grass1 f ano!r species1 ,a4 digitalis1 obta9$ at ,ulw> 9 ! ,/ates ( ,rajpootanah1 0 %[n at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 & ,new> oil 7f ,a4 m>itima7 f ,agra4 ,,citronella ,,oil4--,9 ! ,s\!rn prov9ce ( ,ceylon "s half doz5 e/ates ab\t ,galle are cultivat$ ) citronella grass4 ,! exports ( ?is oil f ,ceylon 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s h be5 z foll[s3--#ahej1 #hf1jdh oz41 valu$ at #c1cdd2 #ahea1 #aad1iei oz41 valu$ at #c1gdb2 9 #aheb1 #aca1ghj oz41 valu$ at #b1hjf4 ,,pat*\ly4--,"u ?is "n are import$ into ?is c\ntry ! dri$ foliace\s tops ( a /rongly odorif]\s labiate plant1 gr[+ ?ree feet high 9 ,india & ,*9a1 call$ 9 ,b5galee & ,h9du1 pu*a pat4 ,ab\t #df cases1 ( f #ej to #aaj lbs4 ea*1 7 import$ f ,*9a1 by ! way ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahdd4 ,! price ask$ 0 #fs4 p] p\nd4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! plant yield+ x4 ,mr4 ,george ,port]1 late ( ! isl& ( ,p9ang1 /at$ t x gr[s wild !re & on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,malay p59sula4 ,dr4 ,walli* says1 t x obvi\sly belongs to ! family ,labiat4 ,v9ey1 9 ! ,fr5* ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 sugge/s t x is ! ,plectran?us graveol5s ( ,r4 ,br[n4 ,x =ms a %rub ( two or ?ree feet 9 height4 ,x is ! ,pogo/emon pat*\ly4 ,! odor ( ! dri$ plant is /rong & peculi>1 & to "s p]sons n agreeable4 ,! dri$ tops import$ into ,engl& are a foot or m 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,india x is us$ z an +r$i5t 9 tobacco = smok+1 & = sc5t+ ! hair ( wom54 ,9 ,europe x is pr9cipally us$ = p]fum]y purposes1 x be+ a favorite ) ! ,fr5*1 :o import x l>gely f ,b\rbon4 ,! ,arabs use & export x m ?an any o!r nation4 ,_! annual pilgrim%ip takes up an imm5se quantity ( ! leaf4 ,!y use x pr9cipally = /uff+ mattrasses & pill[s1 & ass]t t x is v efficaci\s 9 prev5t+ contagion & prolong+ life4 ,x requires no sort ( prep>ation1 be+ simply ga!r$ & dri$ 9 ! sun2 too mu* dry+1 h[ev]1 is hurtful1 inasmu* z x r5d]s ! leaf liable to crumble to du/ 9 pack+ & /[+ on bo>d4 ,! *>act]i/ic smell ( ,*9ese or ,indian ink is ow+ to an admixture ( ?is plant 9 its manufacture4 ,m4 de ,hugel f\nd ! plant gr[+ wild ne> ,canton4 ,by di/illation x yields a volatile oil1 on :i* ! odor & rem>kable prop]ties dep5d4 ,?is oil is 9 common use 9 ,india = imp>t+ ! peculi> fragrance ( ! leaf to clo!s among ! sup]ior classes ( natives4 ,! orig9 ( its use is ?is3--,a few ye>s ago1 real ,indian %awls bore an extravagant price1 & pur*as]s c\ld always di/+ui% !m by _! odor2 9 fact1 !y 7 p]fum$ ) ,pat*\ly2 ! ,fr5* manufactur]s at l5g? discov]$ ?is secret1 & us$ to import ! plant to p]fume articles ( _! make1 & ?us palm (f homespun %awls z real ,india6 ,"s p put ! dry leaves 9 a musl9 bag1 & ?us use x z we d lav5d]1 sc5t+ draw]s 9 :i* l95 is kept2 ?is is ! be/ way to use x1 z ?is odor1 l musk1 is mo/ agreeable :5 v dilute4--7,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle47 ,! root ( "s p>asitical plant1 "u ! "n ( kritz1 is us$ 9 ,ca%m]e to wa% ! celebrat$ %awls1 soap is us$ only = :ite %awls4 ,f ! fl[]s ( ! ,b5gal qu9ce 7gle m>memolos7 a fragant liquid is di/ill$ 9 ,ceylon kn[n z m>mala wat]1 :i* is mu* us$ z a p]fume = spr9kl+ by ! natives4 ,jasm9e oil is di/ill$ f ,jasm9um sambac & gr&iflora4 ,,saponace\s ,,plants4--,_m plants furni% abroad useful sub/itutes = common soap4 ,! aril :i* surr\nds ! se$ & ! roots ( ,sap9dus ,sapon>ia1 an ev]gre5 tree1 ,i h se5 us$ z soap 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies "u ! "n ( soap b]ries4 ,! se$ vessels are v acrid1 !y la!r freely 9 wat] & w cleanse m l95 ?an ?irty times _! weight ( soap1 b 9 "t !y corrode or burn ! l954 ,humboldt says t proce$+ along ! riv] ,c>5icu>1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,c>iaco1 he saw ! ,indian wom5 wa%+ _! l95 ) ! fruit ( ?is tree1 !re call$ ! p>ap>a4 ,"s o!r species ( ,sap9dus & ( ,gypsophila h simil> prop]ties4 ,! bruis$ leaves & roots ( ,sapon>ia (fic9alis1 a ,briti% species1 =m a la!r :i* mu* resembles t ( soap1 & is simil>ly efficaci\s 9 remov+ grease spots4 ,! b>k ( _m species ( ,quillaia1 z ,q4 sapon>ia1 :5 beat5 betwe5 /ones1 makes a la!r :i* c be us$ z a sub/itute = soap1 9 wa%+ wooll5s & silk clo!s1 & to clean colors 9 dye+1 9 ,*ili & ,brazil1 b x turns l95 yell[4 ,! fruit ( ,bromelia ,p+u9 is equally useful4 ,a vegetable soap 0 prep>$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,jamaica f ! leaves ( ! ,am]ican aloe 7,agave ,am]icana7 :i* 0 f\nd z det]g5t z ,ca/ile soap = wa%+ l951 & _h ! sup]ior quality ( mix+ & =m+ a la!r ) salt wat] z well z fre%4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ! naturali/1 ?us describes ! process he adopt$ 9 #agfg1 & = :i* he 0 aw>d$ a grant by ! ,h\se ( ,assembly3--,! l[] leaves ( ! ,curaca or ,coratoe 7,agave k>atu7 7 pass$ betwe5 heavy roll]s to express ! juice1 :i*1 aft] be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh a hair clo?1 0 m]ely inspissat$ by ! action ( ! sun1 or a sl[ fire1 & ca/ into balls or casks4 ,! only precaution necess>y 0 to all[ no mixture ( any unctu\s mat]ials1 :i* de/roy$ ! efficacy ( ! soap4 ,a vegetable soap1 :i* has be5 f\nd excell5t = wa%+ silk1 c1 may be ?us obta9$4 ,to "o "p ( ! sk9 ( ! ,ackee add "o & a half "p ( ! ,agave k>atu1 mac]at$ 9 "o "p ( boil+ wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ) ! extract f ?is decoction mix f\r p] c5t4 ( ros94 ,9 ,brazil1 soap is made f ! a%es ( ! bassura or broom plant 7,sidu lanceolata7 :i* ab\nds ) alkali4 ,!re are also "s soap b>ks & pods ( native plants us$ 9 ,*9a4 ,sev]al o!r plants h be5 employ$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries z a sub/itute = soap4 ,! b>k ( ,quillaia sapon>ia r5d]s wat] fro?y & is us$ z a det]g5t by wool dy]s4 ,sapon>ia vaccana is common 9 ,india4 ,! p]ic>p ( ,sap9dus em>g9atus mix$ ) wat] fro?s l soap4 ,saponace\s b]ries are f\nd 9 ,java4 ,! soap-worts to :i* ! g5us ,sap9dus belongs are tropical plants4 ,! fruit ( _m species ( ,sap9dus is us$ z a sub/itute = soap1 z ,sap9dus acum9ata1 ,laurifolius em>g9atus & det]g5s1 all ,ea/ ,indian plants4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,plants ,,yield+ ,,drugs1 ,,includ+ ,,n>cotics ,,& ,,o!r ,,common ,,m$ic9al ,,sub/ances4 ,! *ief plants furni%+ ! drugs ( comm]ce1 & :i* ent] l>gely into tropical agriculture1 are ! n>cotic plants1 especially tobacco1 ! poppy = opium1 & ! betel nut & leaf2 z ma/icatories--b !re are v _m o!rs to :i* ! att5tion ( ! cultivator may pr(itably be direct$4 ,i h already tr5*$ s l>gely ^u my space1 t ,i _c d t ju/ice to ! plants com+ "u ?is section ,i c\ld h wi%$4 ,!re are v _m1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ,i mu/ make incid5tal m5tion4 ,"s few m$ic9al plants h be5 already allud$ to 9 =m] sections1 p>ticul>ly 9 t on dye-/uffs1 c4 ,,! ,,coca ,,plant gr[s ab\t f\r or five feet high1 ) pale bright gre5 leaves1 some:at resembl+ 9 %ape ^? ( ! orange tree4 ,! leaves are pick$ f ! trees ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 & c>efully dri$ 9 ! %ade2 !y are !n pack$ 9 small baskets4 ,! greate/ quantity is gr[n ab\t #cj leagues f ,cicacica1 among ! ,yunnos on ! fronti]s ( ! ,yunghos4 ,"s is also cultivat$ ne> to ,huacaibamba4 ,! natives 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,p]u *ew ^! leaves z ,europeans d tobacco1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m9+ di/ricts1 :5 at "w 9 ! m9es or travell+2 & su* is ! su/5ance t !y d]ive f !m1 t !y frequ5tly take no food = f\r or five days4 ,i h (t5 7obs]ves ,mr4 ,/ev5son7 be5 assur$ by !m1 t :il/ !y h a good supply ( coca !y feel nei!r hung]1 ?ir/1 nor fatigue1 & t )\t impair+ _! heal? !y c rema9 eight to t5 days & nights )\t sleep4 ,! leaves are almo/ insipid1 b :5 a small quantity ( lime is mix$ ) !m1 !y h a v agreeable sweet ta/e4 ,! natives g5]ally c>ry ) !m a lea!r p\* conta9+ coca1 & a small calaba% hold+ lime or ! a%es ( ! molle to mix ) !m4 ,cocculus indicus1 or ,indian b]ries4--,?is is ! comm]cial "n = ! b]ries or fruit ( ! ,m5isp]mum ,cocculus ( ,l9nu1 ,m4 het]oclitum ( ,roxburgh1 ,anim]ta paniculata ( ,colebrooke1 ,a4 ,cocculus ( ,wright & ,arnot1 & ,cocculus sub]osus ( ,dec&olle4 ,x is a /rong climb+ %rub or tree1 native ( ,malab>1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s4 ,! se$s or drupes conta9 a bitt] poison\s acid1 & are us$ = ! purpose ( /upefy+ fi%1 &1 9 ! =m ( a black extract1 = fraudul5tly increas+ ! intoxicat+ p[] ( malt liquors2 "o p\nd ( ! b]ries1 x is said1 w g z f> 9 brew+ z a sack ( malt4 ,! b]ry is kidney-%ap$1 ) a :ite k]nel4 ,:il/ ! imports 9 #ahdf 7 b #bdf bags1 9 #ahej !y _h increas$ to #b1cei bags ( ab\t #a cwt4 ea*4 ,! price is #ais4 to #bds4 ! cwt4 ,a cry/all9e1 poison\s1 n>cotic pr9ciple call$ picrotox91 has be5 detect$ 9 ^! se$s1 & occasionally employ$ ext]nally 9 "s cutane\s diseases4 ,cocculus crispus is us$ 9 int]mitt5t fev]s & liv] compla9ts4 ,! annual imports n[ av]age #bej tons1 & ne>ly ! :ole is consum$ = illegal purposes by brew]s4 ,?\gh ! practice is nom9ally disc\nt5anc$ by ! ,legislature "u ! p5alty ( #bjj ^u ! brew] & #ejj ^u ! sell]1 yet "u ! rec5t t>iff great enc\ragem5t is giv5 to ! introduction ( ^! b]ries1 ! duty hav+ be5 r$uc$ f #gs4 #f;d4 to #es4 ! cwt4 ,! capsules & se$s ( ,xan?oxylum ho/ile are also employ$ = ! same purpose z cocculus indicus4 ,! b>k ( ,wals]ia piscidia1 a native ( ! ,circ> m\nta9s1 also intoxicates fi%4 ,ab\t #bej tons ( ,nux vomica1 ano!r species ( dri$ flat se$ possess+ intoxicat+ prop]ties1 are also import$ annually = ! same purposes1 & !y fet* ab\t #fs4 to #hs4 ! cwt4 ,,betel ,,leaf4--,pip] ,betel1 a sc&5t species ( ! %rubby ev]gre5 tribe ( plants belong+ to ! pepp] family1 furni%es ! celebrat$ betel leaf ( ! ,s\!rn ,asiatics1 9 :i* !y enclose a few slices ( ! areca nut & a little %ell lime2 ?is !y *ew to sweet5 ! brea?1 & to keep (f ! pangs ( hung]1 & x acts also z a n>cotic4 ,su* is ! imm5se consumption ( ?is ma/icatory1 t]m$ ,pan1 9 ! ,ea/1 t x =ms ne>ly z ext5sive an article ( comm]ce z t ( tobacco 9 ! ,we/4 ,! tax on ! leaf =ms a consid]able portion ( ! local rev5ue ( ,p9ang2 9 #ahje1 ! tax yield$ z mu* z #e1djj doll>s4 ,rumphius describes six species ( ?is v9e1 besides sev]al wild & cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,x is v easily re>$ 9 ! ,indian isl&s1 b 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,deccan requires manur+1 frequ5t wat]+ & great c>e1 & 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,h9do/an x becomes an exotic v difficult to re>4 ,! v9e af=ds leaves fit = use 9 ! second ye>1 & cont9ues to yield = m ?an ?irty1 ! quantity dim9i%+ z ! plants gr[ old]4 ,,areca ,,palm 7,acacia ,cate*u74--,?is is a f9e1 sl5d]1 graceful tree1 ris+ f #bj to #cj feet high1 :i*1 be+ a native ( ! ,ea/1 is f\nd abundant 9 _m ( ! =e/s ( ,india1 f #af to #cj degs4 ( latitude4 ,! pr9cipal places ( its gr[? are ! ,burmese t]ritories1 a l>ge prov9ce on ! ,malab> coa/ call$ ! ,concan1 & ! =e/s skirt+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,b5gal1 "u ! hills :i* divide x f ,nepaul1 ! s\? & we/ coa/s ( ,ceylon1 ! s\? ( ,*9a1 c41 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,sumatra & ! ,ea/]n isl&s1 x produces fruit at five ye>s old1 & cont9ues be>+ till ab\t its tw5ty-fif? ye>1 :5 x )]s & dies4 ,x ?rives at a great] di/ance f ! sea1 & 9 m elevat$ regions ?an ! coco-nut palm4 ,9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl& "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ^! palms are cultivat$4 ,! se$s or nuts =m a *ief +r$i5t 9 ! celebrat$ ea/]n ma/icatory call$ ,pan & :i* seems to owe its /imulat+ prop]ties to ! leaves ( ! ,pip] ,betel4 ,:5 prep>$ = use1 ! nut is cut into slices & wrapp$ 9 ! fre% leaves ( ! betel pepp] v9e1 toge!r ) a quantity ( quicklime 7,*unam7 to give x a flavor4 ,! flavor is peculi>1 betwe5 an h]bace\s & an aromatic ta/e4 ,all classes1 male & female1 *ew x2 !y say x sweet5s ! brea?1 /r5g!ns ! /oma*1 & pres]ves ! tee?1 to :i* x gives a r$di% hue2 !re is probably less objection to its use ?an tobacco or opium1 & its ta/e is m pleasant2 b1 if tak5 to excess1 x w produce /upor l o!r n>cotics1 & ev5 intoxication4 ,! nuts gr[ 9 l>ge bun*es at ! top1 & :5 ripe are r$ & h a beautiful appe>ance2 !y resemble ! nutmeg 9 %ape & color1 b are l>g] & h>d]4 ,:5 ga!r$ !y are laid 9 heaps until ! %ell be some:at rott$1 & !n dri$ 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* ! process ( %ell+ comm5ces4 ,! trees v>y 9 _! yield f #cjj to #a1jjj nuts1 av]ag+ ab\t #ad lbs42 :i* ! cultivators sell at ab\t half a doll> 7#bs47 a picul ( #acc lbs4 ,z ^! palms are plant$ usually at ! di/ance ( #g feet1 x foll[s t ! produce ( an acre is ab\t #aj1hda lbs4 ,! tree be>s b once 9 a ye> g5]ally1 b !re are gre5 nuts en\gh to eat all ! ye> long4 ,betel nut is a /aple article ( import into ,*9a2 #be1jjj piculs annually is ! am\nt return$1 b !re is an imm5se quantity import$ 9 ,*9ese junks f ,ha9an1 ( :i* !re is no acc\nt kept4 ,9 ! s+le port ( ,canton alone1 #ae1efe piculs 7 import$ 9 #ahdd1 & ab\t #djj to ,n+po4 #c1jje piculs ( betel nuts1 valu$ at #h1gjj doll>s1 7 import$ into ,canton 9 #ahej1 & z mu* z #d1jjj tons ( areca nuts are %ipp$ annually f ,ceylon4 ,! a/r+5t extract obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! ,areca-palm con/itutes two 7or p]haps m7 k9ds ( ! cate*u ( ! %ops4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,heyne 7,tracts ,hi/4 & ,/ati/4 on ,india71 x is l>gely procur$ 9 ,mysore1 ab\t ,sirah1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,! nuts are tak5 z !y come f ! tree & boil$ = "s h\rs 9 an iron vessel4 ,!y are !n tak5 out1 & ! rema9+ wat] is inspissat$ by cont9ual boil+4 ,?is process furni%es ,kassu1 or mo/ a/r+5t t]ra japonica1 :i* is black & mix$ ) paddy criu1 husks1 & o!r impurities4 ,aft] ! nuts are dri$1 !y are put into a fre% quantity ( wat]1 boil$ aga92 & ?is wat] be+ inspissat$1 l ! =m]1 yields ! be/ or de>e/ k9d ( cate*u1 call$ ,coony4 ,x is yell[i% br[n1 has an e>?y fracture1 & is free f ! admixture ( =eign bodies4 ,mo/ ( ! betel nuts import$ into ,*9a come f ,java1 ,s+apore1 & ,p9ang4 ,betel nut is n s g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,*9a z among ! ,s\!rn ,isl&s1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a x is a luxury1 z ! pepp] does n gr[ freely !re4 ,=m]ly !re 0 a consid]able trade 9 betel nuts ) ! ,corom&el coa/1 f :5ce ! natives br\ght back manufactur$ goods & o!r necess>ies 9 return1 b ?is has ceas$ = "s "t4 ,! common price 0 #bj1jjj = a doll>4 ,^! nuts are seldom import$ into ,engl&1 ?\gh !y might be ( use z a dye 9 "s manufactures4 ,! natives ( ! ,ea/ *ew ! fruit ( ,elate sylve/ris1 7:i* is some?+ l a wild plum71 9 ! same mann] z ! areca nut1 ) ! leaf ( ! betel pepp] & quick lime4 ,! inn] wood furni%es a k9d ( ,cate*u or ,cut*1 :i* conta9s mu* tann9 & is a p[]ful a/r+5t4 ,x is obta9$ by ! simple process ( boil+ ! he>t ( ! wood = a few h\rs1 :5 x assumes ! appe>ance & consi/5cy ( t>4 ,x h>d5s by cool+1 & :5 =m$ into small squ>es & dri$ 9 ! sun is fit = ! m>ket4 ,! produce ( ,bombay is ( uni=m texture & ( a d>k r$ color4 ,t ( ,concan & o!r p>ts ( ,india is ( *ocolate color1 & m>k$ inside ) r$ /reaks4 ,! analysis ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy gave ! foll[+ result3-- ,bombay4 ,concan4 ,tann9 #ed4e #dh4e ,extractive #cd4j #cf4e ,mucilage #f4e #h4j ,insoluble matt]s1 s&1 lime1 c4 #e4j #g4j ----- ----- #ajj4 #ajj4 ,cate*u is 9 ext5sive use 9 ,india = tann+ purposes1 & ( late ye>s x has entirely sup]s$$ madd] 9 ! calico works ( ,europe = dye+ a gold5 c(fee-br[n1 "o p\nd ( cate*u be+ f\nd equival5t to six p\nds ( madd]4 ,value ( ! areca nuts export$ f ,ceylon to ! ,briti% ,colonies & =eign ,/ates 9 ! ye>s nam$3-- 4 #ahci #bb1ief #ahdj #bc1jif #ahda #bb1dbh #ahdb #bi1bbb #ahdc #bg1jbh #ahdd #bj1igh #ahde #ca1hcf #ahdf #cd1bji #ahdg #ce1gbc #ahdh #db1dhb #ahdi #ca1gdf #ahej #db1ijg #ahea #ed1hdf #aheb #eb1bcj ,,! ,,poppy4 ,,opium is ! concrete inspissat$ juice ( ! :ite poppy1 ,papav] somnif]um & its v>ieties1 obta9$ by scrat*+ ! capsules & collect+ ! exud+ juice4 ,! plant has be5 long kn[n1 & is p]haps "o ( ! e>lie/ describ$4 ,x is a native ( ,we/]n ,asia & probably also ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 b x has be5 di/ribut$ ov] v>i\s c\ntries4 ,9 #ahbf ! imports ( opium into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 #gi1hbi lbs41 ( :i* #bh1cbi lbs4 7 consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! imports & consumption 9 subsequ5t ye>s are %[n by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,imports4 ,consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahbg #aac1adj #ag1cbb #ahcj #bji1jgf #bb1ffh #ahcc #ajf1hdf #ce1djg #ahcf #acj1gid #ch1idc #ahci #aif1bdg #da1fhb #ahdb #gb1cgc #dg1dcb #ahde #bei1fdd #ch1bbi #ahdh #bjj1jai #fa1jee #ahai #aje1gbd #dd1agg #ahej #abf1cah #db1cbd #ahea #aah1jbd #ej1fhb #aheb #bje1ghj #fb1eba ,few :o h n look$ into ! /ati/ics ( ?is trade1 are aw>e ( ! enorm\s consumption ( opium all ov] ! _w1 b *iefly 9 ,*9a & ,india4 ,9 #ahde1 #ah1gib *e/s ( opium 7 s5t f ,calcutta to ,*9a1 & ne>ly ! same numb] ( ! ,malwa opium f ,bombay & ,damaun4 ,! total production ( ,india export$ to ,*9a1 9 #ahdd1 0 #ba1ebf *e/s f ,b5gal1 & #ah1cba f ,bombay1 9 all #ci1hdg *e/s4 ,! numb] ( p]sons 9 ,*9a giv5 to ! consumption ( opium 0 e/imat$1 9 #ahcg1 at ?ree millions1 & ! av]age quantity smok$ by ea* individual is ab\t #ag gra9s a day4 ,! consumption ( ,indian opium 7indep5d5t ( ,turkey opium7 9 ,*9a has gradually increas$ f #c1baj *e/s 9 #ahag1 to #i1ifi *e/s 9 #ahbg1 & ab\t #dj1jjj *e/s 9 #ahcg1 valu$ at #be1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,n[ x has rea*$ #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj *e/s4 ,not)/&+ sev]e p5alties1 imprisonm5t1 tempor>y bani%m5t1 & ev5 dea?1 ! numb] ( ^? :o smoke opium has multipli$ exce$+ly1 & ! contrab& trade 9 ! drug is c>ri$ on to s l>ge an ext5t1 t x is to be fe>$ ! practice w become g5]al ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,?ornton's /ati/ics1 ! production ( opium 9 ,b5gal has increas$ c5t4 p] c5t4 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s3-- ,*e/s4 #ahdj-da #ag1heh #ahda-db #ah1hbg #ahdb-dc #ah1cfb #ahdc-dd #ae1ajd #ahdd-de #ah1cej #ahde-df #ba1dcg #ahdf-dg #ba1fdh #ahdg-dh #cj1eae #ahdh-di #cf1jjj ,! *e/ is ab\t #adj lbs41 s t ! production 9 #ahdi 0 #e1jdj1jjj lbs4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts annex$ to ! /ati/ical pap]s relat+ to ,india1 ! income f ! opium monopoly is obta9$ by two pr9cipal means1 namely1 by a sy/em ( all[+ ! cultivation ( ! poppy by ! natives ( ,briti% ,india on acc\nt ( ,gov]nm5t1 & by ! impo/ ( a heavy duty on opium gr[n & manufactur$ 9 =eign /ates1 b br\ght 9 transit to a ,briti% port = exportation4 ,! =m] sy/em obta9s 9 ,b5gal1 ! latt] 9 ,bombay4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts publi%$1 ,b5gal opium yields a pr(it ( #gs4 #f;d4 p] lb41 :il/ ! duty d]iv$ 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy is only equal to a surplus ( #es4 #h;d4 p] lb4 ,by ^! means ! total rev5ue realis$ by ! opium monopoly1 9 ,b5gal & ,bombay1 9 ! ye> #ahdi-ej yield$ #c1cji1fcg4 ,le/ objection %\ld be tak5 to ?is l>ge annual rev5ue d]iv$ f ! cultivation ( a drug1 ! unnatural consumption ( :i* w\ld be suppress$ "u any o!r ,european gov]nm5t1 ! ,c\rt ( ,directors is v anxi\s to %[ ! b5efit :i* ! c\ntry d]ives f ?is monopoly2 !y say t z ! price ( opium is almo/ :olly paid by =eign consum]s1 & ! l>ge/ return is obta9$ ) ! smalle/ outlay1 ! be/ int]e/s ( ,india w\ld1 appe> to be consult$4 ,nobody at all acqua9t$ ) ! f9ancial res\rces & ! capabilities ( any c\ntry1 w\ld haz>d su* an ass]tion4 ,by pay+ cultivators = ! re/rict$ gr[? ( ! poppy a price h>dly yield+ m ?an ! av]age rate ( wages to ! common labor]1 ,i d n see 9 :at way ! be/ int]e/s ( ,india are consult$1 nor is x cle> t ! population d]ives any b5efit by be+ prohibit$ altoge!r f manufactur+ a drug1 :i* may be br\ght f ano!r c\ntry 9 transitu on ! paym5t ( a heavy duty2 unless inde$ ! ,c\rt ( ,directors are ( op9ion t 9 ! ev5t ( ! abolition ( ! monopoly1 ! p ( ! c\ntry w\ld h to make up = ! loss ( ! rev5ue by submitt+ to "s o!r mode ( direct or indirect taxation4 ,!re is an inconsi/5cy 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,c\rt ( ,directors1 :i* is absolutely amus+4 ,! free cultivation ( ! poppy1 say ! ,directors1 w\ld d\btless lead to ! l>g] outlay ( capital1 & to great] economy 9 production2 b ! poppy requires ! ri*e/ description ( l&1 & its ext5d$ cultivation mu/ !re=e displace o!r products4 ,h[ v consid]ate on ! "p ( ! ,directors1 b h[ /rongly at v>iance ) facts1 s9ce all ! fe> ( displac+ o!r products1 & all ?is appropriation ( ! ri*e/ description ( l& = o!r purposes has n prev5t$ ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t1 )9 less ?an t5 ye>s1 f m ?an d\bl+ ! cultivation ( ! poppy & ! manufacture ( opium4 ,! ,directors tell u t ! heavy transit duty *>g$ at ,bombay is to disc\rage production1 b !y d n say :e!r t disc\ragem5t applies1 z "o w\ld imag9e1 to ^? =eign di/ricts :i* h to pay ! transit duty = _! production4 ,if s1 ! ass]tion is aga9 at v>iance ) facts1 because 9 a subsequ5t /atem5t !y say1 ,x is /at$ t nei!r ! price ( opium1 nor ! ext5t ( cultivation 9 ,malwa1 has be5 affect$ by ! great enhancem5t ( ! pass duty1 :i* has tak5 place s9ce #ahde4 ,! foll[+ w %[ t ! ,company loses no opportunity ( apply+ ! screw3-- ,! subjugation ( ,sc9de af=d$ opportunity = ! levy ( a high] rate4 ,d[n to ! p]iod ( t ev5t1 a l>ge portion ( ! opium ( ,malwa _h be5 convey$ ?r\gh ,sc9de to ,kurra*ee1 & !nce onw>d to ! ,portuguese ports ( ,diu & ,demaun4 ,t r\te is n[ clos$1 & x 0 reasonably expect$ t an advance might be made 9 ! *>ge ( passes )\t ! risk ( loss to ! rev5ue f a dim9i%$ dem& = !m4 ,! rate 0 accord+ly increas$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahdc1 f #abe to #bjj rupees p] *e/4 ,^u ! pr9ciple t x 0 desirable to fix ! price at ! highe/ am\nt t c\ld be levi$1 )\t =c+ ! trade into o!r *annels1 a fur!r increase 0 made 9 #ahde4 :5 x 0 det]m9$ t ! *>ge %\ld be #cjj rupees p] *e/4 ,"u ! l views x 01 9 #ahdg1 rais$ to #djj rupees p] *e/4 ,! company 0 p]fectly correct1 = ?\gh ! quantity ( opium did n increase1 ! rev5ue did2 & :il/ 9 #ahdj-da #af1ggc *e/s yield$ an income ( only #bb1jdf1deb rupees--#af1ejj *e/s br\ght 9 #ahdi-ej actually #gb1jid1hce rupees into ! c(f]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bombay4 ,b ! p ( ,india e>n$ n a pice by x1 & ^? ri*e/ descriptions ( l&1 :i* x 0 s desirable to res]ve = o!r produce ?an ! poppy1 rema9$ b>r54 ,! :ite v>iety ( ! poppy is t :i* is exclusively br\ght "u cultivation = ! production ( ! drug 9 ,india & ,egypt4 ,= ! successful culture ( opium a mild climate1 pl5tiful irrigation1 a ri* soil1 & dilig5t husb&ry are indisp5sable4 ,"o acre ( well cultivat$ gr\nd w yield f #gj lbs4 to #ajj lbs4 ( *ick1 or inspissat$ juice1 ! price ( :i* v>ies f #fs4 to #abs4 a p\nd1 s t an acre w yield f #bj to #fj wor? ( opium at "o crop4 ,?ree p\nds ( *ick w produce "o p\nd ( opium1 f a ?ird to a fif? ( ! weight be+ lo/ 9 evaporation4 ,a *ief *emical feature1 :i* di/+ui%es ,b5gal opium f t ( ,turkey & ,egypt1 is ! l>ge proportion :i* ! n>cot9e 9 ! =m] be>s to ! morphia1 & ?is proportion is con/ant 9 all seasons4 ,x is a matt] ( importance to asc]ta9 :e!r ! treatm5t :i* ! juice receives aft] its collection c influ5ce 9 any way ! am\nt ( alkaloids1 or ( ! o!r pr9ciples 9 opium4 ,9 ,turkey x is ! cu/om to beat up ! juice ) saliva1 9 ,malwa x is imm]s$ z collect$ 9 l9se$ oil1 :il/ 9 ,b5gal x is br\ght to ! requir$ consi/5ce by m]e exposure to ! air 9 ! %ade1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 all ! wat]y p>ticles ( ! juice t w sep>ate are dra9$ (f1 & us$ 9 mak+ ,lewah1 or inf]ior opium4 ,! l&s select$ = poppy cultivation are g5]ally situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( villages1 :]e ! facilities = manur+ & irrigation are greate/4 ,9 su* situations & :5 ! soil is ri*1 x is frequ5tly ! practice ) ! cultivators to take a crop ( ,indian corn1 maize1 or vegetables (f ! gr\nd dur+ ! ra9y season1 & aft] ! removal ( ?is 9 ,septemb]1 to dress & manure ! gr\nd = ! subsequ5t poppy s[+s4 ,9 o!r situations1 h[ev]1 & :5 ! soil is n ri*1 ! poppy crop is ! only "o tak5 (f ! gr\nd dur+ ! ye>1 & f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s 9 ,june or ,july1 until ,octob]1 ! gr\nd is dress$ & clean$ by successive pl\gh+s & we$+s1 & manur$ to ! ext5t :i* ! means ( ! cultivator w p]mit4 ,9 ! f9al prep>ation ( ! l& 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 ! soil1 aft] be+ well loos5$ & turn$ up by ! pl\gh1 is cru%$ & brok5 d[n by ! passage ( a heavy log ( wood ov] its surface1 & x is 9 ?is /ate ready = s[+4 ,! am\nt ( produce f v>i\s l&s diff]s consid]ably4 ,"u v favorable circum/ances ( soil & season1 z mu* z twelve or ev5 ?irte5 se]s 7#bf lbs47 ( /&>d opium may be1 obta9$ f ea* biggah ( #bg1bbe squ>e feet4 ,"u less favorable conditions ! turn-out may n exce$ ?ree or f\r se]s1 b ! usual am\nt ( produce v>ies f six to eight se]s p] biggah4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( diff]5t soils 9 connection ) _! opium-produc+ p[]s1 pres5ts a field = pr(itable & int]e/+ inquiry2 nor is ! lea/ important "p ( ! inve/igation t :i* has ref]5ce to v>iations 9 ! proportions ( ! alkaloids 7especially ! morphia & n>cot9e71 :i* occur 9 opium produc$ 9 v>i\s localities4 ,t atmosph]ic causes ex]t a c]ta9 influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ^! v>iations is probable2 t !y influ5ce ! am\nt ( produce1 & cause alt]ations 9 ! physical appe>ance ( ! drug1 are facts well kn[n to e cultivator3 ?us ! effect ( dew is to facilitate ! fl[ ( ! juice f ! w\nd$ capsule1 r5d]+ x abundant 9 quantity1 b caus+ x at ! same "t to be d>k & liquid4 ,an ea/]ly w9d 7:i* 9 ,india is usually concomitant ) a damp /ate ( atmosph]e71 ret>ds ! fl[ ( juice1 & r5d]s x d>k & liquid4 ,a mod]ate we/]ly w9d1 ) dew at night1 =m ! atmosph]ic conditions mo/ favorable = collection1 bo? z reg>ds ! quantity & quality ( ! exudation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! we/]ly w9d 7:i* is an extremely dry w9d7 bl[ viol5tly1 ! exudation f ! capsules is sp>+4 ,:il/ ! effect ( meteorological ph5om5a 9 produc+ ! above results are well m>k$1 _! action 9 alt]+ ! relative proportions ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! juice ( ! poppy plant is m obscure1 & x is highly probable t ! *emical composition ( ! soil plays a mo/ important "p 9 ?is respect4 ,dr4 ,o',%aughnessy is c]ta9ly ! mo/ accompli%$ *emi/ :o _h ev]1 9 ,india1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject1 & he has publi%$ ! results ( 8 analyses ( specim5s ( opium f ! diff]5t divisions ( ! ,beh> ,ag5cy1 :i* are wor?y ( mu* att5tion4 ,9 ! opium f eight divisions ( ! ag5cy1 he f\nd ! quantity ( morphia to range f #a gra9s to #c gra9s p] c5t41 & ! am\nt ( ! n>cot9e to v>y f gra9 to #c gra9s p] c5t41 ! consi/5ce ( ! v>i\s specim5s be+ betwe5 #ge & #gi p] c5t4 ,9 ! opium f ! ,haz>eebaugh di/rict 7! consi/5ce ( ! drug be+ #gg71 he f\nd #d p] c5t1 ( morphia1 & #d p] c5t1 n>cot9e2 :il/ f a specim5 ( ,patna-g>d5 opium he extract$ no less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( morphia1 & #f p] c5t4 ( n>cot9e1 ! consi/5ce ( ! drug be+ #hg4 ,) respect to ! la/ specim51 ,dr4 ,o',%aughnessy m5tions t ! poppies :i* produc$ x 7 irrigat$ ?ree times dur+ ! season1 & t no manure 0 employ$ ^u ! soil4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ^! int]e/+ results 7 n c\pl$ ) an analysis ( ! soils f :i* ! specim5s 7 produc$1 = to *emical v>iations 9 x mu/ be attribut$ ! widely diff]5t results record$ above4 ,opium z a m$ic9e has be5 us$ f ! e>lie/ ages2 b :5 x 0 fir/ resort$ to z a luxury1 x is impossible to /ate1 ?\gh x is n at all improbable t ?is 0 coeval ) its employm5t 9 m$ic9e1 = h[ (t5 d we f9d t1 f hav+ be5 fir/ adm9i/]$ z a s$ative = pa91 x has be5 cont9u$ until x has tak5 ! place ( ! evil4 ,su* mu/ h happ5$ f ! e>lie/ ages1 z x happ5s daily 9 ! pres5t2 b z a national vice x 0 n kn[n until ! spread ( ,islamism1 :51 by ! t5ets ( ! ,prophet1 w9e & f]m5t$ liquors be+ prohibit$1 x came 9 _! /ead along ) ! bang or has*-s*a% 7made f hemp71 c(fee1 & tobacco4 ,f ! ,arabs ! inhabitants ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago mo/ probably imbib$ _! pr$ilection = opium1 al?\gh _! p>ticul> mann] ( us+ x has evid5tly be5 d]iv$ f ! ,*9ese4 ,*9a1 :]e at pres5t x is s ext5sively us$1 _c be said to h indulg$ long 9 ! vice4 ,previ\s to #agfg ! numb] ( *e/s import$ did n exce$ #bjj ye>ly2 n[ ! av]age is #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj4 ,9 #aggc ! ,ea/ ,india ,company made _! fir/ v5ture 9 opium1 & 9 #agif x 0 decl>$ a crime to smoke opium4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries we f9d opium consum$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 ,engl& x is ei!r us$ 9 a solid /ate1 made into pills1 or a t9cture 9 ! %ape ( laudanum4 ,insidi\sly x is giv5 to *ildr5 "u a v>iety ( quack =ms1 su* z ,godfrey's cordial1 c4 ,9 ,india ! pure opium is ei!r dissolv$ 9 wat] & s us$1 or roll$ into pills4 ,x is !re a common practice to give x to *ildr5 :5 v "y1 by mo!rs1 :o require to "w & _c at ! same "t nurse _! (fspr+4 ,9 ,*9a x is ei!r smok$ or swall[$ 9 ! %ape ( ,tye4 ,9 ,bally x is fir/ adult]at$ ) ,*9a pap]1 & !n roll$ up ) ! fibres ( a p>ticul> k9d ( planta94 ,x is !n ins]t$ into a hole made at ! end ( a small bamboo1 & smok$4 ,9 ,java & ,sumatra x is (t5 mix$ ) sug> & ! ripe fruit ( ! planta94 ,9 ,turkey x is usually tak5 9 pills1 & ^? :o d s1 avoid dr9k+ any wat] aft] swall[+ !m1 z ?is is said to produce viol5t colics2 b to make x m palatable1 x is sometimes mix$ ) syrups or ?ick5$ juices2 9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 x is less intoxicat+1 & resembles mead4 ,x is !n tak5 ) a spoon1 or is dri$ 9 small cakes1 ) ! words ,ma% ,allah1 or ,^w ( ,god1 impr9t$ on !m4 ,:5 ! dose ( two or ?ree dra*ms a day no long] produces ! beatific intoxication1 s eag]ly s\ght by ! opiophagi1 !y mix ! opium ) corrosive sublimate1 increas+ ! quantity ( ! latt] till x rea*es t5 gra9s a day4 ,x !n acts z a /imulant4 ,9 addition to its be+ us$ 9 ! %ape ( pills1 x is frequ5tly mix$ ) hellebore & hemp1 & =ms a mixture kn[n by ! "n ( majoon1 ^: prop]ties are diff]5t f t ( opium1 & may acc\nt 9 a great measure = ! want ( similitude 9 ! effect ( ! drug on ! ,turk & ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ,s+apore & ,*9a ! refuse ( ! *&u1 ! prep>$ extract ( opium1 is all us$ by ! l[] classes4 ,?is extract1 :5 consum$1 leaves a refuse1 consi/+ ( *>coal1 empyreumatic oil1 "s ( ! salts ( opium1 & a "p ( ! *&u n consum$4 ,n[ "o ounce ( *&u gives ne>ly half an ounce ( ?is refuse1 call$ ,tye1 or ,t9co4 ,?is is smok$ & swall[$ by ! poor] classes1 :o only pay half ! price ( *&u = x4 ,:5 smok$ x yields a fur!r refuse call$ sam%+1 & ?is is ev5 us$ by ! /ill poor]1 al?\gh x conta9s a v small quantity ( ! n>cotic pr9ciple4 ,sam%+1 h[ev]1 is nev] smok$1 z x _c furni% any smoke1 b is swall[$1 & t n unfrequ5tly mix$ ) arrack4 ,prep>ation4--,9 ,asia ,m9or1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 a few days aft] ! fl[] falls f ! poppies1 proce$ to ! fields1 & ) a %ell scrat* ! capsules1 wait tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & collect ! te>s1 :i* am\nt to two or ?ree gra9s 9 weight f ea* capsule4 ,^! be+ collect$ & mix$ ) ! scrap+s ( ! %ells1 work$ up ) saliva & surr\nd$ by dri$ leaves1 x is !n sold1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 n )\t be+ /ill m adult]at$ ) c['s dung1 s&1 gravel1 ! petals ( fl[]s1 c4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( opium are kn[n 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,! fir/ 9 po9t ( quality is ! ,smyrna1 kn[n 9 comm]ce z ! ,turkey or ,levant4 ,x occurs 9 irregul>1 r\nd$1 flatt5$ masses1 seldom exce$+ two p\nds 9 weight1 & surr\nd$ by leaves ( a k9d ( sorrel2 ! quantity ( morphia said to be d]iv$ f av]age specim5s is eight p] c5t4 ,second1 ,con/ant9ople ,opium1 two k9ds ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 "o 9 v volum9\s irregul> cakes1 :i* are flatt5$ l ! ,smyrna2 ?is is a good quality4 ,! o!r k9d is 9 small1 flatt5$1 regul> cakes1 f two to two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & cov]$ ) ! leaves ( ! poppy2 ! quantity ( morphia is v unc]ta9 9 ?is description ( opium1 sometimes m\nt+ z high z #ae p] c5t41 & sometimes desc5d+ s l[ z six1 %[+ ! great v>iety 9 ! quality ( ! drug4 ,?ird1 ,egyptian ,opium1 occurs 9 r\nd flatt5$ cakes1 ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & cov]$ ext]nally ) ! ve/iges ( "s leaf4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by its r$di% color1 resembl+ ,socotr9e ,aloes4 ,! quantity ( morphia 9 ?is is inf]ior to ! prec$+4 ,x has "o quality :i*1 :5 adult]at$1 ought to be kn[n1 t is a mu/y smell4 ,by keep+ x does n black5 l ! o!r k9ds4 ,f\r?1 ,engli% ,opium1 is 9 flat cakes or balls envelop$ 9 leaves4 ,x resembles f9e ,egyptian opium m ?an any o!r k9d4 ,its color is t ( hepatic aloes1 & 9 ! quantity ( morphia x is inf]ior to ! prec$+1 b 9 ! /r5g? ( ! mass x is said by "o ( its mo/ ext5sive cultivators to be sup]ior4 ,fif?1 ,fr5*1 & six? ,g]man ,opium1 require no p>ticul> rem>ks4 ,by a rec5t notice ,i f9d ! ,fr5* are cultivat+ ! poppy 9 ,alg]ia1 f :i* !y get opium giv+ a small p] c5tage ( morphia4 ,sev5?1 ,trebizond or ,p]sian ,opium1 is sometimes met ) ( a v inf]ior quality 9 ! =m ( cyl9drical /icks1 :i* by pressure h become angul>4 ,eigh?1 ,indian ,opium1 divid$ into f\r k9ds1 ,cut*1 ,malwa1 ,patna & ,b5>es4 ,( ^! ,cut* is b little kn[n or cultivat$4 ,x occurs 9 small cakes cov]$ ) leaves1 & its color is mu* inf]ior to ,smyrna4 ,malwa opium is to be met ) ( two k9ds4 ,! inf]ior is 9 flatt5$ cakes1 )\t any ext]nal cov]+1 dull1 opaque1 blacki% br[n ext]nally1 int]nally some:at d>k]1 & s(t4 ,its color is some:at l ! ,smyrna1 b less p[]ful1 & ) a slight smoky smell4 ,sup]ior ,malwa is 9 squ>e cakes1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? & "o in* ?ick4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a well prep>$1 %9+1 dry1 ph>maceutical extract2 its color is blacki% br[n1 its odor less p[]ful ?an ,smyrna2 x is n cov]$ by petals z ! foll[+ k9ds are1 b sme>$ ) oil2 x is !n rubb$ ) p\nd$ petals4 ,! ,beh>1 ,patna1 & ,b5>es ,opium1 be+ /rictly 9 ! h&s ( ,gov]nm5t1 no adult]ation c take place1 )\t a mo/ ext5sive sy/em ( fraud2 b x w n be un9t]e/+ to trace ! progress ( ! opium f ! h&s ( ! natives1 to ! condition 9 :i* x is deliv]$ to ! public by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! hot season to ! middle ( ! ra9s ! ,gov]nm5t is ready to receive opium1 :i* is br\ght by ! natives e morn+1 9 bat*es1 v>y+ 9 quantities f tw5ty se]s to a maund4 ,! exam9+ (fic] into ea* j> ?ru/s 8 exam9+ rod1 :i* consi/s ( a slit bamboo1 &1 by exp]i5ce1 he c s judge ( ! qualities ( ! specim5s be=e him1 :i* are sort$ into lots ( ,no4 #a to ,no4 #d quality4 ,opium ( ! fir/ quality is ( a f9e *esnut color1 aromatic smell1 & d5se consi/5ce4 ,x is mod]ately ductile1 &1 :5 ! mass is torn1 breaks ) a deeply not*$ fracture1 ) %>p ne$le-l fibres1 transluc5t & ruby r$ at ! edges4 ,x is readily brok5 d[n "u wat]1 & ! solution at fir/ filt]s ( a %]ry color1 :i* d>k5s z ! process proce$s4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( ?is yield an extract to cold di/ill$ wat] ( f #ce to #de1 & at ! temp]ature ( #bab degs41 leaves f #bj to #bh p] c5t41 hav+ a consi/5cy ( #gj to #gb1 ! consi/5ce ( ! factory4 ,! second quality is inf]ior to ! fir/1 & ! ?ird quality is possess$ ( ! foll[+ prop]ties1 black pa/e1 ( a v heavy smell1 drops f ! exam9+ rod1 gives (f f #dj to #ej p] c5t1 ( moi/ure1 & conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ,pasewa2 :ile ! f\r? or la/ numb] embraces all ! k9ds :i* are too bad to be us$ 9 ! composition ( ! balls1 compris+ specim5s ( all v>ieties ( color & consi/5ce4 ,?is numb] is mix$ ) wat]1 & only us$ z a pa/e to cem5t ! cov]+ ( ! balls4 ,! ?ree fir/ qualities are empti$ f _! j>s into l>ge tanks1 9 :i* !y are kept until ! supply ( ! season has be5 obta9$4 ,! opium is !n remov$ & expos$ to ! air on %all[ wood5 frames1 until x becomes ( ! consi/5cy ( f #fi to #gj1 :5 x is giv5 to ! cake mak]1 :o guesses to a dra*m ! exact weight1 & envelops ! opium 9 its cov]+ ( petals1 cem5t$ by a cov]+ ( quality numb] #d4 ,! balls are !n weigh$ & /or$1 to und]go a ?or\gh v5tilation & dry+4 ,=m]ly ! cov]+ ( ! balls 0 compos$ ( ! leaves ( tobacco2 b ! late ,mr4 ,flemm+ introduc$ ! practice ( us+ ! petals ( ! poppy1 :i* 0 su* an improvem5t t ! ,c\rt ( ,directors pres5t$ him ) #ej1jjj rupees4 ,! balls1 =ty 9 numb]1 are pack$ 9 a mango wood case1 :i* consi/s ( two /ories ) tw5ty pigeon holes 9 ea*1 l9$ ) la? & surr\nd$ by ! dri$ leaves ( ! poppy4 ,sometimes ^! balls are s s(t z to bur/ _! sk9s1 & mu* ( ! liquid opium runn+ out1 is lo/4 ,9 #ahbc1 _m ( ! *e/s ( ,patna lo/ five catties f ?is cause1 & to ?is day we h ! same ?+ cont9u+ to occur4 ,patna *e/s are cov]$ ) bullock hides1 ,b5>es ) gunnies4 ,dr4 ,impey1 /aff surgeon at ,poona1 :o resid$ 9 ,malwa f #ahdc to #ahdf1 publi%$ at ,bombay1 9 #ahdh1 a valuable treatise on ! cultivation1 prep>ation1 & adult]ation ( ,malwa opium4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e he obta9$ ! p]mission ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to publi% ! result ( ! exp]i5ce he _h acquir$ 9 ,malwa1 & z ,gov]nm5t inspector ( opium at ,bombay4 ,x is ! mo/ practical treatise ,i h yet met )1 al?\gh a v elaborate1 useful pap]1 by ,mr4 ,little1 surgeon1 ( ,s+apore1 appe>s 9 ! #bnd vol4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 f :i* ,i h quot$ ! prec$+ rem>ks4 ,mr4 ,little furni%es a complete hi/ory ( ! drug1 & ! physical & m5tal effects result+ f its habitual use4 ,!re are also "s able rem>ks 9 ,dr4 ,o',%aughnessy's ,b5gal ,disp5satory3-- ,= ! successful cultivation ( opium1 a mild climate1 pl5tiful irrigation1 a ri* soil1 & dilig5t husb&ry1 are indisp5sable4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,malwa is plac$ mo/ favorably4 ,! c\ntry is 9 g5]al f #a1cjj to #b1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea3 ! mean temp]ature is mod]ate1 & range ( ! !rmomet] small4 ,opium is always cultivat$ 9 gr\nd ne> a tank or runn+ /ream1 s z to be insur$ at all times ( an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,! ri* black loam1 suppos$ to be produc$ by ! decomposition ( trap1 & kn[n by ! "n ( cotton soil1 is t prep>$ = opium4 ,?\gh f]tile & ri* en\gh to produce ?irty successive crops ( :eat )\t fall[+1 x is n suffici5tly ri* = ! gr[? ( ! poppy until l>gely suppli$ ) manure4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no crop kn[n to ! agriculturi/1 unless sug> cane1 t requires s mu* c>e & labor z ! poppy4 ,! gr\nd is fir/ f\r times pl\gh$ on f\r successive days1 !n c>efully h>r[$2 :5 manure1 at ! rate ( f eight to t5 c>t loads an acre1 is appli$ to x2 ?is is sc>cely half :at is all[$ a turnip crop at home4 ,! crop is aft] ?is wat]$ once e eight or t5 days1 ! total numb] ( wat]+s nev] exce$+ n9e 9 all4 ,"o beegah takes two days to soak ?or\ghly 9 ! cold wea!r1 & f\r z ! hot season approa*es4 ,wat] appli$ aft] ! petals drop f ! fl[]1 causes ! :ole to )] & decay4 ,:5 ! plants are six in*es high1 !y are we$$ & ?9n$1 leav+ ab\t a foot & a-half betwixt ea* plant2 9 ?ree mon?s !y rea* maturity1 & are !n ab\t f\r feet 9 height if well cultivat$4 ,! full-gr[n se$-pod measures ?ree & a-half in*es v]tically1 & two & a-half 9 horizontal diamet]4 ,e>ly 9 ,febru>y & ,m>* ! ble$+ process comm5ces4 ,?ree small lancet-%ap$ pieces ( iron are b\nd toge!r ) cotton1 ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* ( ! blade alone protrud+1 s t no discretion z to ! dep? ( ! w\nd to be inflict$ %all be left to ! op]ator2 & ?is is drawn %>ply up f ! top ( ! /alk at ! base1 to ! summit ( ! pod4 ,! sets ( p are s arrang$ t ea* plant is bl$ all ov] once e ?ree or f\r days1 ! ble$+s be+ ?ree or f\r times repeat$ on ea* plant4 ,?is op]ation always beg9s to be p]=m$ ab\t ?ree or f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ! hotte/ "p ( ! day4 ,! juice appe>s almo/ imm$iately on ! w\nd be+ inflict$1 9 ! %ape ( a ?ick gummy milk1 :i* is ?ickly cov]$ ) a br[ni% pellicle4 ,! exudation is greate/ ov] night1 :5 ! incisions are wa%$ & kept op5 by ! dew4 ,! opium ?us d]iv$ is scrap$ (f next morn+1 ) a blunt iron tool resembl+ a cleav] 9 m9iature4 ,"h ! "w ( adult]ation beg9s--! scrap] be+ pass$ heavily ov] ! se$-pod1 s z to c>ry ) x a consid]able portion ( ! be>d1 or pubesc5ce1 :i* contam9ates ! drug & increases its app>5t quantity4 ,! "w ( scrap+ beg9s at dawn1 & mu/ be cont9u$ till t5 o'clock2 dur+ ?is "t a workman w collect sev5 or eight ounces ( :at is call$ *ick4 ,! drug is next ?r[n into an e>!n vessel1 & cov]$ ov] or dr[n$ 9 l9se$ oil1 at ! rate ( two p>ts ( oil to "o ( *ick1 s z to prev5t evaporation4 ,?is is ! second process ( adult]ation--! ryot desir+ to sell ! drug z mu* dr5*$ ) oil z possible1 ! retail]s at ! same "t refus+ to pur*ase t :i* is ?9n] ?an half dri$ glue4 ,"o acre ( well cultivat$ gr\nd w yield f #gj to #ajj p\nds ( *ick4 ,! price ( *ick v>ies f ?ree to six rupees a p\nd1 s t an acre w yield f #bjj to #fjj rupees wor? ( opium at "o crop4 ,?ree p\nds ( *ick w produce ab\t two p\nds ( opium1 f a ?ird to a fif? ( ! weight be+ lo/ 9 evaporation4 ,x n[ passes into ! h&s ( ! ,bunniah1 :o prep>es x & br+s x to m>ket4 ,f tw5ty-five to fifty p\nds hav+ be5 collect$1 is ti$ up 9 p>cels 9 d\ble bags ( %eet+ clo?1 :i* are susp5d$ f ! ceil+s s z to avoid air & light1 :ile ! sp>e l9se$ oil is all[$ to drop ?r\gh4 ,?is op]ation is complet$ 9 a week or t5 days1 b ! bags are all[$ to rema9 = a mon? or six weeks1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! la/ ( ! oil t c be sep>at$ comes away2 ! re/ probably absorbs oxyg5 & becomes ?ick]1 z 9 pa9t4 ,?is process occupies f ,april to ,june or ,july1 :5 ! ra9 beg9s4 ,! bags are next tak5 d[n & _! cont5ts c>efully empti$ into l>ge vats f t5 to fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & six or eight in*es ?ick4 ,"h x is mix$ toge!r & work$ up ) ! h&s five or six h\rs1 until x has acquir$ an uni=m color & consi/5ce ?r\gh\t1 become t\gh & capable ( be+ =m$ into masses4 ,?is process is peculi> to ,malwa4 ,x is n[ made up into balls ( f eight to t5 ounces ea*1 ^! be+ ?r[n1 z =m$1 into a basket full ( ! *aff ( ! se$s pod4 ,x is next spread out on gr\nd previ\sly cov]$ ) leaves & /alks ( ! poppy2 "h x rema9s = a week or s1 :5 x is turn$ ov] & left fur!r to consolidate1 until h>d en\gh to be> pack+4 ,x is ready = weigh+ 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]1 & is !n s5t to m>ket4 ,x is next pack$ 9 *e/s ( #aej cakes1 ! total co/ ( ! drug at ! place ( production be+ ab\t f\rte5 rupees p] *e/1 includ+ all exp5ses4 ,ab\t #bj1jjj *e/s are annually s5t f ,malwa1 at a prime co/ *>ge ( two lacs & #hj1jjj rupees4 ,x may easily be suppos$ t manipulations s num]\s1 complex1 & t$i\s1 z ^? describ$1 give ! mo/ ample opportunities = ! adult]ation to :i* ! nature ( ! drug tempts ! fraudul5t deal]4 ,9 ord] to enable ! cultivator to c>ry on 8 agricultural op]ations1 he receives f "t to "t c]ta9 advances1 ! am\nt ( :i* rea*es 9 ! aggregate to ab\t "o-half ( ! value ( ! e/imat$ out-turn ( produce4 ,if ! l& has be5 "u cultivation 9 previ\s seasons1 its av]age produce is kn[n2 if x be new l&1 & consid]$ by ! ,sub-,deputy ,ag5t z eligible1 !n ! cultivator1 9 addition to ! usual advances1 receives an advance ( s mu* p] biggah to enable him to be/[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( extra c>e 9 till+ & dress+ ! soil4 ,! fir/ advance is made on ! completion ( ! agreem5t or bundobu/1 & ?is takes place 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! second advance is made on ! completion ( ! s[+s 9 ,novemb]1 & ! f9al or ,*ook paym5t is made imm$iately aft] ! deliv]y & weigh+ ( ! produce4 ,no?+ !re=e c be fair] to ! cultivator ?an ?is sy/em ( advances2 he is subject to no sort ( exaction1 9 ! %ape ( int]e/ or commission on ! money :i* he receives1 & x puts )9 8 p[] ! c]ta9 means ( mak+ a fair pr(it by ! ex]cise ( common c>e & hone/y4 ,x is an e/abli%$ rule 9 ! ,ag5cy t ! cultivator's acc\nts ( "o season %all be def9itively settl$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! next1 & t no out/&+ balances %all rema9 ov]4 ,:5 a cultivator has f fraud neglect$ to br+ produce to cov] 8 advances1 ! balances due by him are at once recov]$1 if necess>y by legal means2 :]eas1 if he c satisfactorily %[ t he has become a default] f calamity & uncontrollable circum/ances1 & t ! liquidation ( 8 debt is plac$ entirely beyond 8 p[]1 8 case is !n made ! subject ( report to ! ,gov]nm5t by ! ,ag5t1 ) ! reque/ t ! debt may be writt5 (f to pr(it & loss4 ,^! provisions are mo/ wise1 = out/&+ balances may be made ! means ( oppression1 & to _! op]ation may be trac$ a consid]able am\nt ( litigation & agr>ian crime 9 ! indigo di/ricts ( l[] ,b5gal4 ,x is cle> t :5 su* balances become s l>ge t ! cultivator _c dis*>ge !m1 he is no long] a free ag5t1 b is p]fectly subs]vi5t to ! w ( 8 cr$itor1 = :om he mu/ cultivate :e!r he desire x or n4 ,su* burd5s may ev5 be h&$ d[n f fa!r to son4 ,! fairness ( ! ,ag5cy sy/em1 & ! ju/ice ) :i* ! cultivators are treat$1 are be/ evid5c$ by ! read9ess ) :i* !y come =w>d to cultivate1 & also by ! comp>ative r>ity ( agr>ian crime1 aris+ out ( matt]s connect$ ) ! poppy cultivation4 ,opium is gr[n to "s ext5t 9 ,egypt2 #ci1hge lbs4 7 produc$ 9 #ahca1 & sold at two doll>s a p\nd4 ,at ! end ( ,octob]1 aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,nile wat]s ! se$1 mix$ ) a portion ( pulv]is$ e>?1 is s[n 9 a /rong soil1 9 furr[s2 aft] fifte5 days ! plant spr+s up1 & 9 two mon?s has ! ?ickness ( a ,turki% pipe1 & a height ( f\r feet2 ! /alk is cov]$ ) long1 oval leaves1 & ! fruit1 :i* is gre5i%1 resembles a small orange4 ,e morn+ be=e sunrise1 9 its progress to maturity1 small incisions are made 9 ! sides ( ! fruit1 f :i* a :ite liquor di/ils almo/ imm$iately1 :i* is collect$ 9 a vessel2 x soon becomes black & ?icki%1 & is roll$ into balls1 :i* are cov]$ ) ! wa%$ leaves ( ! plant2 9 ?is /ate x is sold4 ,! se$s are cru%$ = lamp oil1 & ! plant is us$ = fuel4 ,a plant kn[n 9 ,jamaica "u ! "n ( bull ho( yields a n>cotic :i* has be5 adm9i/]$ successfully 9 ! %ape ( t9cture & a syrup1 in/ead ( opium4 ,?is is ! ,muracuja ocellata1 or ,passiflora muracuja1 ( ,sw>tz1 an elegant climb]1 be>+ bright sc>let blossoms4 ,!re is ano!r species1 ,m4 orbiculata1 f\nd 9 ,hayti & o!r isl&s1 :i* may be expect$ to p>take m or less ( ! prop]ties ( ! =m]4 ,! fl[]s are ! p>ts mo/ commonly employ$4 ,,! ,,tobacco ,,plant4 ,sev]al species ( ,nicotium furni% tobacco2 t *iefly us$ 9 ,europe is procur$ f ,n4 ,tabacum & its num]\s v>ieties1 a plant naturally inhabit+ ! hott] p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! popul> n>cotic furni%$ by tobacco is probably 9 m ext5sive use ?an any o!r1 & its only rivals are opium & ! betel-nut & leaf ( ! ,ea/4 ,! h]b = smok+ 0 br\ght to ,engl& f ,tobago1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 or f ,tobasco1 9 ,mexico 7:5ce ! "n71 by ,sir ,ralph ,lane1 9 #aehf4 ,se$s 7 %ortly aft] introduc$ f ! same qu>t]4 ,tobacco1 z us$ by man1 says ,du ,t\r1 gives pleasure to ! savage & ! philosoph]1 to ! inhabitant ( ! burn+ des]t & ! froz5 zone2 9 %ort1 its use1 ei!r 9 p[d]1 to *ew1 or to smoke1 is univ]sal2 & = no o!r reason ?an a sort ( convulsive motion 7sneez+7 produc$ by ! fir/1 & a degree ( intoxication by ! two la/ modes ( use4 ,tobacco is an annual plant1 atta9+ a height ( six feet1 hav+ d+y r$1 funnel-%ap$ fl[]s1 & viscid leaves4 ,! leaves are ! (fic9al "p1 & _! active prop]ties dep5d on a peculi>1 oily-l alkaloid1 call$ ,nicot94 ,! flavor & /r5g? ( tobacco dep5d on climate1 cultivation1 & ! mode ( manufacture4 ,t mo/ e/eem$ by ! smok] is ,havanna tobacco1 b ! ,virg9ian is ! /ronge/4 ,! small ,havanna cig>s are prep>$ f ! leaves ( ,nicotium rep&a1 ,syrian & ,turki% tobacco f ,n4 ru/ica1 & f9e ,%iraz tobacco f ,n4 p]sica4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,macuba tobacco1 :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,m>t9ique 9 a peculi> soil1 ! tobacco ( ,cuba is consid]$ ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,t gr[n 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad is1 h[ev]1 fully equal to x 9 quality1 b all rais$ 9 ! colony is g5]ally consum$ !re1 & is little kn[n 9 ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,?is ought n to be ! case1 = no article w\ld pay bett]4 ,! ,m>yl& is a v light tobacco1 9 ?91 yell[ leaves2 t ( ,virg9ia is 9 l>ge br[n leaves1 unctu\s or some:at gluey on ! surface1 hav+ a smell v l ! figs ( ,malaga2 t ( ,havanna is 9 br[ni% light leaves1 ( an agreeable & r spicy smell1--x =ms1 z ,i h already /at$1 ! be/ cig>s4 ,! ,c>ol9a tobacco is less unctu\s ?an ! ,virg9ian1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x ranks next to ! ,m>yl&4 ,! %ag tobacco is dri$ to ! prop] po9t ^u %eets ( copp]1 & is cut up by knife-edg$ *opp+ /amps4 ,!re are said to be f\r k9ds ( tobacco re>$ 9 ,virg9ia1 viz41 ! sweet-sc5t$1 :i* is consid]$ ! be/2 ! big & little1 :i* foll[s next2 !n ! ,fr$]ick2 &1 la/ly1 ! "o & all1 ! l>ge/ k9d1 & produc+ mo/ 9 po9t ( quantity4 ,accord+ to ,l\don 7,encyclo4 ( ,plants71 !re are f\rte5 species ( ?is g5us1 besides a few v>ieties4 ,l9dley1 h[ev]1 enum]ates #ca1 b _m ( ^! are m]e %[y species1 adapt$ to fl[] g>d5s4 ,i %all !re=e foll[ *iefly ,london's classification-- #a4 ,n4 ,tabacum1 a native ( sev]al p>ts ( ,am]ica1 b pr9cipally kn[n z ,virg9ian tobacco1 hav+ a /em ris+ f f\r to six feet or m 9 height1 be>+ p9k fl[]s4 ,( ?is !re are ?ree *ief v>ieties kn[n 9 ,am]ica by ! popul> names ( ,or9oco1 ,broad-leav$ & ,n>r[-leav$4 ,l9dley enum]ates eight v>ieties ( ,n4 ,tabacum4 #b4 ,n4 macrophylla1 or l>ge-leav$ tobacco1 an ornam5tal annual1 also ) p9k fl[]s1 native ( ,am]ica1 :i* rises to ! height ( six feet4 #c4 ,n4 fruticosa1 or %rubby tobacco1 an ornam5tal ev]gre5 %rub1 native ( ,*9a1 ) p9k blossoms1 :i* gr[s to ab\t ?ree feet4 #d4 ,n4 undulata1 or suaveol5s1 sweet-sc5t$ or ,new ,holl& tobacco1 a gre5 h\se p]5nial1 native ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ) :ite fl[]s1 :i* is only two feet high4 #e4 ,n4 ru/ica4--,! common gre5 or ,engli% tobacco1 an annual plant1 native ( ,am]ica1 produc+ :ite fl[]s1 :i* seldom gr[s high] ?an ?ree feet4 #f4 ,n4 paniculata1 or panicl$ tobacco1 an annual plant be>+ gre5i% yell[ fl[]s1 native ( ,p]u1 rises to ! height ( ?ree feet4 #g4 ,n4 glut9osa1 or clammy-leav$ tobacco1 also an annual plant1 native ( ,p]u1 gr[+ to ! height ( f\r feet1 ) bright sc>let fl[]s4 #h4 ,n4 plumbag9ifolia1 or curl$-leav$ tobacco1 an ornam5tal decidu\s annual1 native ( ,am]ica1 ) :ite blossoms1 ris+ to ! height ( two feet4 #i4 ,n4 pusilla1 or primrose-leav$ tobacco1 an ornam5tal decidu\s bi5nial1 ) :ite fl[]s1 native ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ris+ to ?ree feet4 #aj4 ,n4 quadrivalvis1 f\r-valv$1 or ,miss\ri tobacco1 an ornam5tal annual1 native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) :ite fl[]s1 seldom gr[+ high] ?an two feet4 #aa4 ,n4 nana1 or rocky m\nt tobacco1 a curi\s gre5h\se annual1 native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) :ite blossoms1 ris+ only ?ree in*es high4 #ab4 ,n4 ,langsdorffii1 or ,langsdorff's tobacco1 an ornam5tal annual1 ) gre5i% yell[ fl[]s1 native ( ,*ili1 rea*+ five feet high4 #ac4 ,n4 c]9?oides1 or honey-wort tobacco1 an ornam5tal annual1 ) gre5i% yell[ fl[]s1 native c\ntry unkn[n4 #ad4 ,n4 rep&a1 or ,havanna tobacco1 an annual ) :ite fl[]s1 native ( ,cuba1 ris+ two feet high4 ,!re are a few species1 natives ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 :i* may be p>ticul>is$4 ,n4 bon>i5sis1 hav+ :ite fl[]s2 ,n4 glauca1 yell[i% gre5 fl[]s2 ,n4 longiflora1 :ite fl[]s2 & ,n4 viscosa1 p9k fl[]s4 ,! important m9]al sub/ances pres5t$ 9 ,havanna tobacco1 exam9$ by ,h]tung1 are 9 #ajj p>ts ( a%es1 ,salts ( pota% #cd4ae ,salts ( lime #ea4ch ,magnesia #d4ji ,phosphates #i4jd ,^! sub/ances 7 = ! mo/ "p insoluble 9 e>?1 & mu/ h be5 dissolv$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,five ,,samples ,,( ,,tobacco4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #e4 ,gr[n on argillace\s soil ,gr[n 9 calc>e\s soil4 ,pota% #bi4jh #cj4fg #i4fh #i4cf #aj4cg ,soda #b4bf -- -- -- 4#cf ,lime #bg4fg #bd4gi #di4bh #di4dd #ci4eh ,magnesia #g4bb #h4eg #ad4eh #ae4ei #ae4jd ,*loride ( sodium 4#ia #e4ie #d4fa #c4bj #f4ci ,*loride ( potassium -- -- #d4dd #c4bg #b4ii ,phosphate ( iron #h4gh #f4jc #e4ai #f4gb #g4ef ,sulphate ( lime #f4dc #e4fj #f4fh #f4ad #i4db ,silica #ag4fe #ah4ci #e4ed #f4bh #h4cd ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,f ! above x w be se5 t on ! argillace\s soil ! tobacco conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( alkalies & silica1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! lime1 magnesia & *lorides 7 high 9 proportion1 9 ! tobacco gr[n on calc>e\s soil4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! manure :i* conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( alkal9e c>bonate1 magnesia1 lime & gypsum1 is t be/ adapt$ = tobacco4 ,i give an analysis tak5 f ,pr(4 ,john/on's ,lectures1 7#bnd edition7 ( ! a% ( ! tobacco leaf & ! composition ( a special manure = tobacco3-- ,pota% #ab4ad ,soda #j4jg ,lime #de4ij ,magnesia #ac4ji ,*loride ( sodium #c4di ,*loride ( potassium #c4ih ,phosphate ( iron #e4dh ,phosphate ( lime #a4di ,sulphate ( lime #f4ce ,silica #h4ja ------ #ajj4jj ,all ! +r$i5ts :i* are necess>y to replace #ajj lbs4 ( ! a% ( tobacco leaves are pres5t 9 ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,bone du/1 sulphuric acid #bc lbs4 ,c>bonate ( pota% 7dry7 #ca ,c>bonate ( soda 7dry7 #e ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #be ,c>bonate ( lime 7*alk7 #fj ------ #add ,! foll[+ is ! result ( an analysis ( ! fre% leaves ( tobacco1 by ,posselt & ,reimann 7,mag4 ,ph>m4 xxiv4 xxv473-- ,nicot9e #j4jf ,nicotian9e #j4ja ,extractive matt]1 slightly bitt] #b4cg ,gum1 ) a little malate ( lime #a4gd ,gre5 res9 #j4bf ,vegetable album5 #j4bf ,sub/ance analog\s to glut5 #a4jd ,malic acid #j4ea ,malate ( ammonia #j4ab ,sulphate ( pota% #j4jd ,*loride ( potassium #j4jf ,pota% comb9$ ) malic & nitric acids #j4ij ,phosphate ( lime #j4af ,lime 9 union ) malic acid #j4bd ,silica #j4jh ,woody fibre #d4if ,wat] 7traces ( />*7 #hg4ba ------ #ajj4aj ,dr4 ,covell1 9 ,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii41 %[s its compon5ts to h be5 b imp]fectly repres5t$ 9 ! above ,g]man analysis4 ,he f\nd 9 tobacco by *emical exam9ation--#a1 gum2 #b1 a viscid slime1 equally soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 & precipitable f bo? by subacetate ( lead2 #c1 tann92 #d1 gallic acid2 #e1 *lorophyle 7leaf gre572 #f1 a gre5 pulv]ul5t matt]1 :i* dissolves 9 boil+ wat]1 b falls d[n aga9 :5 ! wat] cools2 #g1 a yell[ oil1 possess+ ! smell1 ta/e & poison\s qualities ( tobacco2 #h1 a l>ge quantity ( a pale yell[ res92 #i1 nicot9e2 #aj1 a :ite sub/ance1 analog\s to morphia1 soluble 9 hot1 b h>dly 9 cold alcohol2 #aa1 a beautiful orange r$ dye /uff1 soluble only 9 acids2 x deflagrates 9 ! fire1 & seems to possess neutral prop]ties2 #ab1 nicotian9e4 ,accord+ to ,bu*n]1 ! se$s ( tobacco yield a pale yell[ extract to alcohol1 :i* conta9s a comp\nd ( nicot9e & sug>4 ,m4,m4 ,h5ry & ,b\tron ,*>l>d f\nd 9 #ajj p>ts ( ,cuba tobacco #h4fd ( nicot9e4 ,m>yl& #e4bh ,virg9ia #aj4jj ,ile et ,vila9e #aa4bj ,lot et ,g>onne #h4bj quantities f #ab to #ai times m ?an 7 obta9$ by ,posselt & ,reimann4--,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made by ,messrs4 ,coop] & ,br&e1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( soluble matt] 9 eight samples ( tobacco1 ( detect+ ! pres5ce & quantity ( sug> conta9$ 9 !m1 & ! nature & relative proportions ( _! inorganic con/itu5ts4 ,an important pap] on ! /ate 9 :i* ,nicot9e exi/s 9 tobacco1 & on ! relative proportion ( x furni%$ by diff]5t v>ieties ( ! plant1 has be5 furni%$ by ,s*loess+ 7,ann4 ,*4 et ,ph4 #c;ieme ,s]4 ,,xix4 #bcj74 ,p s ,p ,p t o ,p s a,p s a,p m t,p o i,p m o e o e c e r f e o se o ce a he b ne a b r l r 4 r e r l hr l ir t er t fr t t u a a u 4 u d t a u t a c b c i c t m c b c b c e ac i sc e i e l e n e m o e l e l ie r se e ie r n n e n s n e n n e n e nn 1 hn n on e t t o t n i t t t 4t e nt d d 4 i 4 l 4 t a 4 i 4 i t4 a 4 d 44 e n u 4 n n h s d a ,tobacco dri$ o o b o w o o eo o f o u l at #bab degs4 f w f l f i f w f h f s f r f c c a e t a y a i o e o e t w a h m t m d si l a m s d h x e o i s a e a r hn i l a o t r o n h c t r t o 4s c c f c f l r 4 d a t t c o a o e c r 4 a y w a r e i e h l 1 h r h o c a f b r n r l u o m a m t f t t n o b l e r 1 i e e a t r l c n i t b r r t h i e 4 t n h r 4 e e c e e e c e i d 4 n ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a4 ,light ,miss\ri#di #ed4ibj4ig #b4ag #aa4gc #e4i -- -- leaf & /alk :ite #b4 ,light ,miss\ri#ej #dg4gai4g #a4gg #ab4hc #e4a #j4ge #a4ej leaf only :ite #c4 ,d>k ,miss\ri #ej #eb4daf4dg #d4b #aj4ad #b4ac -- -- leaf & /alk :ite #d4 ,d>k ,miss\ri #ea #ej4fac4h #b4ag #h4gc #b4i #j4ce #j4ga leaf only :ite #e4 ,light ,virg9ia#ea4eec4aaf4d #b4ec #h4ed #e4cc -- -- leaf & /alk gray- :ite #f4 ,light ,virg9ia#ed #df4aaa4ig #b4j #f4hf #c4aaa4jdeb4ji leaf only gre5- gray #g4 ,d>k ,virg9ia #dh4eea4had4g #d4h #h4dj #a4e -- -- leaf & /alk gray #h4 ,d>k ,virg9ia #eb #di4hab4ec #b4fc #h4bj #a4g #a4df #b4ic leaf only gray ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,! samples 7 dri$ & ! woody fibre & extract 7 also dri$ at #bab degs4 ,! wat]y infusions ( all conta9$ ammoniacal salts4 ,! salts f ! a%1 :i* 7 soluble 9 wat]1 consi/$ ( sulphates1 c>bonates1 phosphates1 & *lorides2 ! bases be+ potassa & lime4 ,! solution by hydro*loric acid conta9$ lime1 alum9a1 phosphate ( lime1 & oxide ( iron4 #c4 ,conta9$ oxide ( manganese 9 small quantity2 sulphates 9 wat]y solution ( a% abundant4 ,hydro*loric solution conta9$ an abundance ( lime4 #d4 ,a trace ( manganese2 a trace only ( phosphoric acid 9 wat]y solution4 #e4 ,conta9$ abundance ( oxide ( manganese4 #f4 ,abundance ( oxide ( manganese4 #g4 ,a m]e trace ( oxide ( manganese1 & a trace ( oxide ( iron2 only a trace ( alum9a4 #h4 ,a trace ( oxide ( manganese2 quantity ( oxide ( iron v great2 only a trace ( alum9a4 ,9 ri* loams1 :]e ! solution ( ! m9]als ( ! soil is rapid1 & :]e #aj to #bj p] c5t1 ( vegetable matt] is incorporat$ 9 ! e>?1 tobacco may be obta9$ = _m ye>s1 b x is always an exhau/+ crop4 ,x has be5 /at$ t #agj ,lbs4 ( m9]al matt] are remov$ 9 less ?an ?ree mon?s f "o acre ( l&1 by a crop ( tobacco4 ,?is is v mu* m ?an :eat or o!r gra9s ab/ract f ! soil 9 eight or n9e mon?s4 ,tobacco is n[ v ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,france & o!r ,european c\ntries1 9 ! ,levant1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies2 & a little is gr[n at ! ,cape & 9 ! ,au/ralian ,settlem5ts4 ,a good deal ( tobacco is rais$ 9 ,mexico1 b only = home consumption1 z its export is prohibit$4 ,x =ms an article ( culture 9 ,brazil & "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 & is gr[n to a small ext5t along ! ,we/]n %ores ( ,africa4 ,x is f ,nor? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 t we d]ive ! bulk ( our supplies ( ?is great article ( comm]ce1 :i*1 ) cotton1 =ms ! *ief agricultural weal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahba1 ! tobacco export$ f ! ,brazils am\nt$ to #bi1aib1jjj ,lbs41 b its cultivation 0 greatly injur$ by ! siege ( ! capital 9 #ahbb-bc4 ,fre% se$ 0 subsequ5tly obta9$ f ,cuba1 & 9 #ahce ! exports 7 #f1jea1jdj ,lbs4 #aca cases ( ,pr9ceza snuff 7 %ipp$ f ,bahia to ,lisbon1 9 #ahce2 ab\t #fj1jjj ,lbs4 p] annum ( ?is snuff be+ n[ manufactur$ at ,bahia1 ) ! aid ( two /eam-eng9es4 ,! exports ( tobacco f ,bahia increas$ f #b1jdh1jjj ,lbs4 9 #ahcc1 to #f1jea1jdj ,lbs4 9 #ahce4 ,! av]age %ipm5ts are ab\t #ba1jjj bales & rolls4 ,! army ( smok]s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& consume ye>ly ab\t six millions ( p\nds wor? ( tobacco4 ,! duty alone paid ^u snuff & tobacco = ! p ( ,great ,brita91 av]ages f\r-&-a-half millions /]l+ a ye>6 ,! quantity consum$--smok$1 snuff$1 or *ew$--dur+ ! same p]iod1 is ab\t #bh millions ( p\nds weight1 or ab\t f\r p\nds weight p] annum = e male adult4 ,irel& annually pays n less ?an #hjj1jjj ( duty on tobacco & snuff1 & only ab\t #cj1jjj on c(fee4 ,= e p\nd ( c(fee t ! ,iri% p use1 !y smoke away ab\t f\r p\nds ( tobacco4 ,nor? ,am]ica produces annually upw>ds ( #bjj million p\nds4 ,! combu/ion ( ! mass ( vegetable mat]ial us$ 9 ?is k+dom w\ld yield ab\t #cdj million p\nds ( c>bonic acid gas2 s t ! ye>ly produce ( c>bonic acid gas f tobacco smok+ alone _c be less ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj lbs4--a l>ge contribution to ! annual dem& = ?is gas made ^u ! atmosph]e = ! vegetation ( ! _w4 ,h5ce=? let no "o twit ! smok] ) idl5ess & unimportance4 ,e pipe is an agricultural furnace1--e smok] a manufactur] ( vegetation1--! consum] ( a we$ t he may re> m l>gely 8 own provisions4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdb1 #fje1jjj1jjj ( cig>s 7 made 9 ! ,g]man ,comm]cial ,union4 ,9 #ahci1 ! rev5ue on tobacco 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ab\t #c1fjj1jjj4 ,( ?is x has be5 e/imat$ elev5-twelf?s are drawn f ! work+ classes1 & "o-twelf? f ! ri*] classes4 ,! foll[+ is a calculation ( ! consumption ( tobacco p] head ( ! population1 e/imat$ f ! numb] ( p\nds on :i* duty 0 paid3-- ,consumption p] head4 ,rate ( duty4 ozs4 #ahja #as4 #g #c-aj;d4 ,engl& #ag #as4 #j #g-aj;d4 ,irel&4 #ahaa #bs4 #b #ac-bj;d4 #ai #ahba #ds4 #j;d4 #aa #de #ahca #cs4 #j;d4 #ab #ce #ahda #cs4 #a #h-aj;d4 #ab #d-e #ahea #cs4 #a #d-e;d4 #ba ,?us x w be se5 ! consumption is mat]ially affect$ by ! rate ( duty4 ,a memorial pres5t$ to ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,treasury a few ye>s ago1 by ! ,am]ican ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 & sign$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,todd1 ! *airman1 furni%es "s valuable in=mation1 & ,i am !re=e tempt$ to give x entire3-- ,! ,am]ican ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,liv]pool desire respectfully to br+ "u ! consid]ation ( h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t ! impolicy ( ! pres5t high rate ( duty on =eign tobacco1 & ! b5efit to comm]ce1 z well z to ! rev5ue1 :i* w\ld arise f su* a r$uction z w\ld remove ! temptation n[ held out to ! smuggl]4 ,! co/ ( tobacco1 includ+ freight & all *>ges1 is f #c;d4 to #d;d4 p] lb41 & ! duty is #cs4 p] lb41 be+ #ijj p] c5t1 on ! value4 ,a duty s enorm\sly disproportion$ to ! co/ (f]s an irresi/ible premium to ! illicit trad]2 = ! exp5se ( smuggl+ tobacco by ! c>go1 includ+ ! fir/ co/1 does n exce$ #i;d4 p] lb41 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! smuggl] receives #f;d4 p] lb4 less ?an ! duty1 or #bs4 #f;d4 p] lb41 :i* yields him a cle> pr(it ( #as4 #h;d4 p] lb41 to ! injury n only ( ! rev5ue1 b ( ! fair trad]4 ,! effect ( ?is heavy duty 9 dim9i%+ ! consumption ( duty-paid tobacco is fur!r exemplifi$ by ! fact t1 :ile all o!r articles ( g5]al consumption h progressively increas$ ) ! increase ( ! population1 tobacco alone =ms an exception1 z w appe> f ! foll[+3-- ,,comp>ative ,,scale ,,( ,,population ,,& ,,consumption ,,( ,,tea1 ,,c(fee1 ,,& ,,tobacco1 ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&1 ,,compil$ ,,f ,,p>liam5t>y ,,pap]s4 ,population ,tea ,c(fee ,tobacco #ahja #af1cch1ajb ,duty1 #fe a #ie p] ct #ai;d4 p] lb4 #ai;d4 p] lb4 #ab p] ct4 #ab p] ct4 ,lbs41 #bc1afc1iii #hga1hdf #af1hie1geb #ahaa #ah1edg1gbj ,duty #if p] c5t4 #h;d4 p] lb4 #bf;d4 p] lb4 ,lbs41 #bd1dfa1cjh #f1hie1fai #ba1cgf1cgj #ahba #ba1aic1deh ,duty1 #if a #ajj p] ct4 #ab;d4 p] lb4 #ds4 p] lb4 ,lbs41 #bf1jdc1beg #g1eic1jja #a1hbc1cfe #ahca #bd1bga1gfc ,duty #if;a #ajj p] ct4 #f;d4 p] lb4 #cs4 p] lb4 ,lbs41 #cj1fdh1cdh #bb1gdj1fbg #ai1dah1ida #ahda #bf1hee1ibh ,duty1 #bf;d4 p] lb4 #f;d4 p] lb4 #cs4 p] lb4 ,lbs41 #cf1cif1jgc #bh1dbj1ihj #bb1jid1ggb ,! consumption ( tobacco 9 ! isl& ( ,great ,brita91 exclud+ ,irel&1 & ! duty !reon1 7 9 ,consumption4 ,duty4 #ahja #aj1ead1iih lbs4 #as4 #g;d4 #ahaa #ad1ibc1bdc #bs4 #b;d4 #ahba #ab1ihc1aih #ds4 #j;d4 #ahca #ae1cej1jah #cs4 #j;d4 #ahda #af1jhc1eic #cs4 #j;d4 #ahea #bh1jfb1hda #cs4 #j;d4 ,9 ! la/ two p]iods five p] c5t is add$ to all ! duties4 ,?us1 :ile ! consumption ( tea & c(fee has increas$ ev5 beyond ! ratio ( ! population1 ! consumption ( tobacco has decreas$4 ,?is table also exemplifies ! great] productiv5ess ( a l[ duty comp>$ ) a high "o2 = in/ance1 c(fee 9 #ahja1 at #as4 #g;d4 p] lb41 yield$ #gg1fed2 9 #ahba1 at #as4 p] lb41 #cgi1fej2 &1 9 #ahda1 at #f;d4 p] lb41 #gaj1ebd2 tobacco 9 #ahba1 at #ds4 p] lb41 yield$ #c1afd1fgc1 & #ahda1 at #cs4 p] lb41 #c1cad1bae4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 duty 9 ! latt] case 0 n suffici5t to curtail ! pr(its ( ! smuggl] to any mat]ial ext5t4 ,cig>s af=d a rem>kable example ( ! am\nt ( duty be+ increas$ by dim9i%+ ! rate4 ,9 #ahbh1 :5 ! duty 0 #ahs4 p] lb41 duty 0 paid on #h1fjj lbs4 only1 yield+ #g1gdj4 ,9 #ahcj1 :5 ! duty 0 r$uc$ to #is4 p] lb41 duty 0 paid on #ff1jjj lbs41 yield+ #bi1gjj2 & su* has be5 ! increase ( consumption1 t1 9 #ahda1 duty 0 paid on #bac1fac lbs41 yield+ #ajj1hii4 ,we w\ld fur!r illu/rate ! position by ! foll[+ facts3 ,9 #agih1 ,irel&1 ) a population ( #d1jjj1jjj1 consum$ #h1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( tobacco1 & n[1 ) m ?an d\ble ! population1 %e consumes ab\t #c1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( tobacco less ?an at ! =m] p]iod4 ,! reason is obvi\s3 9 #aghi ! duty 0 #h;d4 p] lb2 n[ x is #cs4 ,9 #agih1 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ) a population ( #aj1jjj1jjj1 consum$ #aj1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( tobacco1 be+ "o half ( ! relative consumption ( ,irel& at ! same p]iod2 ! duty 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& be+ !n #as4 #g;d4 p] lb41 & 9 ,irel& only #h;d4 ,b ! quantity ( tobacco on :i* duty is paid does n ev5 approximately %[ ! quantity consum$4 ,if ! duty n[ paid on tobacco 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom reta9$ ! same relative proportion to ! population t x held 9 ,irel& 9 #agih1 ! duty 9 #ahda w\ld h be5 actually levi$ ^u #ec1gaa1hef lbs41 in/ead ( #bb1jid1ggb lbs42 & su* we believe to be ab\t ! actual am\nt ( consumption1 ! great bulk ( ! supply be+ furni%$ by ! illicit trad]4 ,9 ,prussia1 x appe>s t ! consumption ( tobacco is at ! rate ( ?ree p\nds p] head2 :ile1 9 ,engl&1 if we 7 to judge f ! am\nt on :i* duty is paid1 x is consid]ably less ?an "o p\nd p] head4 ,assum+ ! actual consumption at only #de1jjj1jjj lbs41 or two p\nds p] head1 we believe t a r$uction ( duty to #as4 p] p\nd w\ld s effectually de/roy ! illicit trad]1 t ! rev5ue w\ld ga9 by ! *ange1 n only by br++ upw>ds ( #cj1jjj1jjj lbs4 "u duty1 :i* at pres5t escape1 b by ! great increase ( ! consumption consequ5t ^u ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ! fair trad]4 ,we w\ld n1 h[ev]1 treat ! "q m]ely z a matt] ( rev5ue4 ,we w\ld /rongly repres5t ! inju/ice :i* ?is exorbitant duty inflicts ^u ^? :o pursue a legitimate trade1 by enabl+ ! smuggl] to less5 ! ext5t ( _! transactions by m ?an half :at !y w\ld o!rwise be2 & we w\ld fur!r e>ne/ly urge ^u y\r consid]ation ! demoralis+ t5d5cy ( su* a sy/ematic & ext5d$ violation ( ! law1 n only ^u ^? engag$ 9 ! illicit trade1 also ^u ^? p>ties :o are f\nd to connive at ! practice f a s5se ( ! gross inju/ice & impolicy ( a duty s disproportion$ to ! value ( an article ( su* ext5sive consumption4 ,we w\ld ref] to ! op9ion ( a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! gr[? ( tobacco 9 ,irel&1 9 #ahdj1 z foll[s3--',t x fur!r appe>s1 f ! evid5ce1 t smuggl+ ( =eign tobacco is at pres5t c>ri$ on to a great ext5t1 & t all ! measures n[ adopt$1 at great exp5se to ! c\ntry1 are & w be ineffectual to repress x s long z ! temptation ( evad+ a duty equal to twelve times ! value ( ! article on :i* x is impos$1 rema9s4 ,we beg1 !re=e1 respectfully to express our op9ion1 t if ! duty on tobacco 7 r$uc$ to "o %ill+ p] p\nd1 x w\ld be alike b5eficial to ! int]e/s ( legitimate comm]ce2 to ! consum]s1 :o consi/ almo/ entirely ( ! poor] classes2 to ! rev5ue1 by increas+ ! productiv5ess ( ! duty1 & by greatly dim9i%+ ! exp5diture s ineffectually incurr$ to suppress ! illicit trade2 & to ! g5]al morals ( society by remov+ a p[]ful inducem5t to infr+e ! laws4 ,! imports ( all k9ds ( tobacco = ! la/ five ye>s h be5 z foll[s3-- #ahdh4 #ahdi4 #ahej4 #ahea4 #aheb4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,unmanufactur$#cd1jij1cfjda1edf1hdhce1af f1cehca1jfa1ieccc1bje1fce ,manufactur$ & snuff #a1eab1gad #a1ije1cjf #a1eeg1fah #b1cca1hhf #b1icj1bii ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ce1fjc1jgddc1deb1aedcf1gbc1hgfcc1cic1hc icf1ace1icd ,gross duty receiv$3-- #ahdh4 #ahdi4 #ahej4 #ahea4 #aheb4 ,on raw tobacco #d1bfg1egi #d1cbh1bag #d1ccg1beh #d1chf1iaj #d1dff1ecc ,cig>s1 snuff1 c4 #ig1fee #if1had #ib1hgc #ih1heh #id1bih ---------------------------------------- ---------- #d1cfe1bcd #d1dbe1jca #d1dcj1aca #d1dhe1gfh #d1efi1hca ,! am\nt ( tobacco consum$ is s limit$ t ! trade w n admit ( an excessive gr[?4 ,9 ! two mo/ ?ickly populat$ c\ntries 9 ,europe--,france & ,engl&--n m ?an a c]ta9 quantity f9ds its way !re4 ,9 ,france ! trade is monopolis$ by ,gov]nm5t1 :i* gives out contracts to deliv] a /ipulat$ quantity at c]ta9 prices2 9 ,engl& ! duty impos$ is s enorm\s t only a limit$ quantity ( c]ta9 descriptions c be import$ )\t risk ( loss4 ,9 ,g]many & ,holl&1 :]e ! trade is m ext5sively c>ri$ on ?an else:]e1 ! duty impos$ is almo/ nom9al1 & all classes ( _! citiz5s are enabl$ to use ! we$ at prices v little high] ?an its fir/ prime co/4 ,! tobacco trade con/itutes s l>ge a /aple ( ,am]ican produce t x is s+ul> great] ef=ts are n made ^u ! "p ( t ,gov]nm5t to cause a reciprocal duty to be impos$1 t m favor may be %[n by ,european ,gov]nm5ts to ?is p>ticul> article4 ,engl&1 f ! duty impos$ ^u x alone1 d]ives a rev5ue ( #d1ejj1jjj1 be+ ab\t #afj to ! hog%ead1 or f t5 to sixte5 times its orig9al co/4 ,france makes ! trade a monopoly1 f :i* %e d]ives an income ( #c1jjj1jjj /]l+4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,imports1 ,,sales1 ,,& ,,/ocks ,,( ,,tobacco ,,& ,,/ems1 ,,9 ,,brem51 ,,f #ahdj ,,to #ahej4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,m>yl& ,,virg9ian ---------------------------------------- -------- ,s ,s ,s t ,s t t o ,d t o ,d o ,j ,i c e o ,j ,i c e c a m k c c a m k c k n p ,s e k n p ,s e ,y u o a l m u o a l m e #a a r l a b #a a r l a b a s r t e s e s r t e s e r t y s s t r t y s s t r ---------------------------------------- -------- #ahdj #d1hijad1egjah1cii #a1jfa #bde #cdib #cdbb #bhe #ahda #a1jfaai1fbiah1cba #b1cfi #bhe #cdff #cjbe #gbf #ahdb #b1cfibj1hbaai1jfg #d1abc #gbf #fgbi #ehih #aeeg #ahdc #d1abcah1dhcae1jjd #g1fjb #aeeg #eeda #dbdb #bhef #ahdd #g1fjbaf1ighah1cch #f1bdb #bhef #ejib #dbhb #cfff #ahde #f1bdbbd1beabd1ega #e1ibb #cfff #aehh #cjii #baee #ahdf #e1ibbbf1ghebc1ghh #h1iai #baee #bchf #bdef #bjhe #ahdg #h1iaiba1gdcbj1fha #i1iha #bjhe #iaa #bjgi #iag #ahdh #i1ihaab1jhd #i1iceab1acj #iag #hdg #ajed #gaj #ahdiab1acjai1bhebb1aab #i1cjc #gaj #aagc #agcd #adi ---------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,k5tucky ,,/ems ---------------------------------------- -------- ,s ,s ,s t ,s t t o ,d t o ,d o ,j ,i c e o ,j ,i c e c a m k c c a m k c k n p ,s e k n p ,s e ,y u o a l m u o a l m e #a a r l a b #a a r l a b a s r t e s e s r t e s e r t y s s t r t y s s t r ---------------------------------------- -------- #ahdj #aha #c1hjc #c1fii #bhe #bhec #ccfb #defd #afea #ahda #bhe #e1bjf #d1ida #eej #afea #gjhe #gjed #afhb #ahdb #eej #i1djg #h1ici #ajah #afhb #daea #echf #ddg #ahdc #ajah #g1dhe #f1dda #bjfb #ddg #cifi #cddg #ifi #ahdd #bjfb #i1gcf #i1efi #bbbi #ifi #dgec #eeac #bji #ahde #bbfiaa1dciaj1cbh #ccdj #bji #ebgc #daeb #accj #ahdf #ccdj #e1jbh #f1jii #bbfi #accj #fjib #dgaf #bgjf #ahdg #bbfi #c1haf #e1jac #ajgb #bgjf #fghh #hjch #adef #ahdh #ajgb #d1ddh #d1ihj #edj #adef #diab #ddgc #ahie #ahdi #edj #d1fbj #d1gdf #dad #ahie #eahh #ejhc #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,culture & ,/ati/ics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,tobacco has be5 ! great /aple ( ! ,/ates ( ,virg9ia & ,m>yl& f _! fir/ settlem5t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afdb x became a royal monopoly1 & aft]w>ds1 9 ord] to enc\rage its gr[? 9 ! colonies1 & !reby increase ! rev5ue ( ! ,cr[n1 ,p>liam5t prohibit$ ! plant+ ( x 9 ,engl&4 ,! av]age quantity %ipp$ f ! ,nor? ,am]ican colonies to ! p>5t c\ntry1 = t5 ye>s prec$+ ! ye> #agji1 0 ab\t tw5ty-n9e millions ( p\nds4 ,= "s ye>s prior to ! ,am]ican revolution1 ab\t #he1jjj hhds4 7 export$1 !n valu$ at little m ?an f\r millions ( doll>s1 & con/itut+ ne>ly "o-?ird ! value ( all ! exports ( ! ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,f #ahbj to #ahcj tobacco con/itut$ ab\t "o-n9? 9 value ( all ! dome/ic exports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x f9ds a m>ket pr9cipally 9 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,holl&1 & ! nor? ( ,europe4#ee ,! crop ( tobacco produc$ 9 ! f\r pr9cipal ,/ates1 0 9-- #ahch4 #ahci4 hhds4 hhds4 ,virg9ia #bf1jjj #de1jjj ,k5tucky #bg1jjj #ce1jjj ,m>yl& #af1jjj #af1jjj ,ohio #c1jjj #d1jjj ------ ------- #gb1jjj #ajj1jjj ,! :ole crop ( #ahdj 0 #bai1afc1cai lbs41 :i*1 at ! e/imate ( #a1bjj lbs4 to ! hhd41 w\ld be equal to #ahb1fcf hhds41 & at ! av]age price ( t ye>1 #ha doll>s #e c5ts4 p] hhd41 w\ld make ! value ( ! crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ad1hjb1fdg doll>s #hj c5ts4 ,! av]age annual export = ! t5 ye>s end+ ) #ahdj1 0 #if1gge hhds4 ,! actual exportation ( #ahdj 0 #aai1dhd hhds4 ,! pr9cipal exports are =m$ ( ! produce ( ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,m>yl&1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! exports are *iefly to ! foll[+ c\ntries--ab\t #cj1jjj hhds4 annually to ,engl&1 #ae1jjj hhds4 to ,france1 #bj1jjj hhds4 to ,holl&1 #be1jjj hhds4 ,g]many1 & ab\t #bb1jjj hhds4 to o!r c\ntries4 ,! :ole crop = #ahde 0 put d[n at #ahg1dbb1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahci1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t "o & a half million p]sons 7 engag$ 9 ! cultivation & manufacture ( tobacco 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o million ( :om 7 s occupi$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri4 ,9 ! city ( ,new ,york ! consumption ( cig>s is comput$ at #aj1jjj doll>s a day1 a sum great] ?an t :i* ! inhabitants pay = _! daily bread2 & 9 ! :ole c\ntry ! annual consumption ( tobacco is e/imat$ at #abj million p\nds1 be+ #g lbs4 = e man1 woman1 & *ild1 at an annual co/ to ! consum]s ( #bj million doll>s 7m ?an f\r million p\nds /]l+74 ,x is e/imat$ t ! manufacture ( tobacco 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is increas+ at ! rate ( #b1jjj hhds4 p] annum4 hhds4 ,! quantity manufactur$ 9 #ahea1 0 /at$ at #ee1jjj ,exportations = ! ye> e/imat$ at #abj1jjj ------- #age1jjj ,! production = #aheb is suppos$ to be z foll[s3-- hhds4 ,virg9ia #bg1jjj ,m>yl& #cc1jjj ,we/]n ,/ates1 includ+ fro/$ #fe1jjj ------- ,total production #abe1jjj ,defici5cy 9 ! ye>'s crop #ej1jjj ,! quantity produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahdg1 0 #bbj1afd1jjj lbs41 wor?1 at #e c5ts p] lb41 ne>ly #aa million doll>s 7m ?an two million /]l+74 ,! pr9cipal produc+ ,/ates 7--,k5tucky1 #fe million lbs42 ,virg9ia1 #ej millions2 ,t5nessee1 #ce millions2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #ad millions2 ,ohio1 #i millions2 ,indiana1 #d millions2 ,ill9ois1 ,connecticut1 & a few o!rs 9 small] proportions4 ,! production 9 #ahdh 0 #bah1iji1jjj lbs41 :i*1 valu$ at f\r c5ts p] lb41 w\ld be wor? n9e million doll>s4 ,f p]sons l>gely int]e/$ 9 ! tobacco trade1 & well in=m$ 9 relation !reto1 ,i h ga!r$ ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3-- ,! crops ( tobacco to come to m>ket 9 ! ye> #ahea1 7 e/imat$ z foll[s-- hhds4 ,virg9ia #cj1jjj ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 & ,miss\ri1 ab\t #ej1jjj ,m>yl&1 ab\t #bb1jjj ,ohio1 ab\t #ad1jjj ,f ! above e/imate x w be se5 t ! quantity produc$ 9 #ahej is less ?an two-?irds ( ! usual production 9 ! ,/ates nam$4 ,! entire crop ( ,virg9ia w be requir$ = home consumption4 ,ab\t #ae1jjj hhds4 ,k5tucky1 & #e1jjj hhds4 ,m>yl& w also be want$ = home use4 ,ow+ to ! increase ( population by immigration & o!rwise1 ! dome/ic consumption1 :i* 0 a few ye>s ago s small z n to be consid]$ wor?y ( notice1 has n[ increas$ to a v important item1 & af=ds a /eady home m>ket = a l>ge portion ( ! production4 ,! quantity ( ,m>yl& tobacco left = export to ,brem5 & ,holl&1 9 #ahea1 w only be ab\t #ag1jjj hhds41 :i* is n m ?an half ! am\nt usually %ipp$ to ^! c\ntries e ye>4 ,( ! ,k5tucky tobacco contract$ = la/ ye> by ,france & ,spa91 ?r\gh _! ag5ts 9 ?is c\ntry1 less ?an "o ?ird has yet be5 pur*as$1 & ^? gov]nm5ts w ?is ye> require ! defici5cy to be made up1 9 addition to _! annual av]age supply1 :i*1 ) ! quantity requir$ = ,engl&1 w take ! entire crop1 leav+ no?+ = ! re/ ( ,europe1 ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 c4 ,! tobacco m>kets ?r\gh\t ! _w are 9 a mu* m heal?y condition ?an has ev] be5 kn[n1 & x is ?\ght prices w rule v high ! com+ season4 ,9 ,m>yl&1 :ile ! production has be5 n m ?an half an av]age crop1 ! price is ne>ly ?ree times z high z usual2 s t ! plant] w receive m = 8 dim9i%$ crops ?an 9 ord9>y seasons ( pl5ty4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,tobacco ,,export$ ,,annually ,,f #ahba ,,to #ahej4 ,exports = ,ye> end+ hhds4,/ocks 9 ,europe1 ye> end+ hhds4 ,septemb] #cj?1 #ahba #ff1hej ,decemb] #ca/1 #ahba -- #ahbb #hc1afi #ahbb -- #ahbc #ii1jjj #ahbc -- #ahbd #gg1hhi #ahbd -- #ahbe #ge1ihf #ahbe -- #ahbf #fd1jii #ahbf -- #ahbg #ajj1jbj #ahbg -- #ahbh #if1bgi #ahbh #fi1dhe #ahbi #gg1acf #ahbi #fc1fgj #ahcj #hc1haj #ahcj #ej1fgb #ahca #hf1gah #ahca #ed1fij #ahcb #ajf1hjj #ahcb #fa1hfh #ahcc #hc1aec #ahcc #ej1edc #ahcd #hg1igi #ahcd #ec1dac #ahce #id1cec #ahce #eg1deh #ahcf #aji1jdb #ahcf #fh1iah #ahcg #ajj1bcb #ahcg #ch1gjc #ahch #ajj1eic #ahch #ca1jfg #ahci #gh1iie #ahci #ch1gae #ahdj #aai1dhd #ahdj #cg1fbc #ahda #adg1hbh #ahda #ej1hhj #ahdb #aeh1gaj #ahdb #fb1dif ,june #cj 7#i ms47 #ahdc #id1ded #ahdc #ia1aif 7#ab ms47 #ahdd #afc1jdb #ahdd #hh1igc #ahde #adg1afh #ahde #ia1bac #ahdf #adg1iih #ahdf #ajj1ggd #ahdg #ace1gfb #ahdg #hh1heh #ahdh #acj1ffe #ahdh #hj1cia #ahdi #aja1eba #ahdi #gj1ebg ' #ahej #ade1gbi #ahej #ff1ggg ,x is a curi\s fact t1 not)/&+ ! v>iety ( climate & soil 9 ! nor!rn ,/ate21 e ,/ate & t]ritory 9 ! ,union produces "s tobacco4 ,9 _m ( ! ,/ates its cultivation is1 ( c\rse1 a second>y object1 & p]haps 9 sev]al x is att5d$ to z a m]e matt] ( curiosity2 b 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates1 probably a suffici5t quantity has be5 gr[n1 to %[ t ) att5tion to ?is object1 x might1 9 case ( necessity1 be resort$ to z a pr(itable crop4 ,! ,/ates 9 :i* ! great bulk ( ! crop is gr[n lie betwe5 ! latitudes ( ab\t #cd & #dj degrees4 ,!re is a consid]able increase ( consumption ( ,am]ican tobacco 9 ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %\ld enc\rage ! plant]s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a to cultivate ?is article m abundantly ?an !y h done = sev]al ye>s pa/2 &1 s9ce ! home manufacture has increas$ s mu*1 & ! ,virg9ia tobacco is pref]r$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,european m>kets1 !y may safely c\nt on gett+ good prices = _m ye>s to come4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( ,virg9ia to make any ?ree ye>s toge!r m ?an #ef1jjj hhds41 ev5 ) good seasons1 & #cj1jjj hhds4 annually ( ?is w be want$ by our manufactur]s4 ,! plant]s1 !n1 %\ld enri* _! l&s1 & aim to make full crops4 ,! increas$ consumption 9 ,europe is ?ree p] c5t41 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\r p] c5t4 p] annum4 ,! crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #ahdj to #ahej inclusive--say #aa ye>s--av]ag$ ab\t #afj1jjj hhds42 ?is embraces ! l>ge crops ( #ahdb-dc-dd4 ,! consumption ( ,europe f #ahbi to #ahch 0 #if1hbf hhds4--x is n[ #acj1jjj4 ,an acc\nt ( ! quantities ( unmanufactur$ tobacco1 manufactur$ call$ negro-head1 & cig>s1 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahej3-- ,c\ntries f :5ce import$4 ,unmanufactur$ ,manufactur$ ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #cj1agc1ddd #a1aia1jja ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,granada & ,ecuador #hie1ebc #ebg ,brazil #ab1ach #ef1hjb ,p]u #h1fdi #f ,cuba #ehi1fbg #aec1hai ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 includ+ ,dem]>a & ,honduras #bf1afi #c1bdb ,briti% ,t]ritories 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies #ad1ejj #be1ccb ,philipp9e ,isl&s #ab1bcc #ea1baj ,hongkong & ,*9a #b1gjf #b1cdj ,turkey1 ,syria1 & ,egypt #adj1cfa #b1hhb ,malta #ac1jbh #g1hah ,italy1 ,s>d9ian ,t]ritories #dca1ici #ag ,gibralt> #g #c1jfc ,spa9 #cjg1fda #a1ajj ,france #bi1iej #a1eba ,*annel ,isl&s #adi #a1cdb ,belgium #bi1ibb #f1egi ,holl& #b1dah1gcb #i1jgh ,hanseatic ,t[ns #ej1faj #cf1fhj ,o!r p>ts #h1icj #a1ihj ---------- --------- ,total unmanufactur$ #ce1aff1ceh #a1eef1cba ,ditto manfactur$ #a1eef1cba ,snuff #a1aig ---------- ,total #cf1gbc1hgf ,f ! tobacco circul>s ( ,messrs4 ,clagett1 ,son1 & ,co41 lead+ brok]s ( ,london1 dat$ ,feb41 #a/1 #ahej1 ,i take ! foll[+ extracts3-- ,! exhau/ion ( ! /ock has result$ f ! concurr5ce ( a gradually decreas+ supply & increas+ consumption1 :i* may be v cle>ly p]ceiv$ by a ref]5ce1 fir/ to ! (ficial returns f ,new ,orleans ( ! ye>ly receipts ( ! we/]n crops 9 ea* ( ! la/ sev5 ye>s2 & secondly1 to ! consumption ( ,am]ican tobacco 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 9 ! ye>s #ahdg1 #ahdh1 & #ahdi1 z comp>$ ) t ( #ahdj1 #ahda1 & #ahdb4 ,we h no means ( exhibit+ ) simil> accuracy ! relative consumption ( ,cont95tal ,europe 9 ! latt] z comp>$ ) ! =m] "p ( ^! la/ t5 ye>s1 b x is q reasonable to assume t ! increase1 :]e !re has be5 little or no duty1 mu/ h gone on m rapidly ?an x has done "h1 "u ! re/ra9+ =ce ( a duty ( #hjj to #ijj p] c5t4 ,! deliv]ies f ,london & ,liv]pool1 indep5d5tly ( ^? f ,scotl&1 ,bri/ol1 & ,newca/le1 = ! use ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 h be5 z foll[s3--,9 #ahdj1 #ae1jcg hhds42 #ahda1 #ae1jai hhds42 #ahdb1 #ae1dfh hhds42 #ahdg1 #ah1jia hhds42 #ahdh1 #ah1eie hhds42 #ahdi1 #ah1gch hhds4 ,! highe/ e/imates we h se5 ( ! :ole ( ! crops ( ! ,unit$ ,slates 9 #ahdi1 d n exce$ #adj1jjj hhds41 ( :i* x is n d\bt$ t fully #de1jjj hhds4 w be requir$ = consumption !re1 & we e/imate ! supply requir$ = ! consumption ( ,europe1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,africa1 at c]ta9ly n less ?an #abe1jjj hhds42 if ^! e/imates be realis$ 9 fact1 x w foll[ t ! /ocks at ! close ( ?is ye> mu/ be #cj1jjj hhds4 less ?an at ! close ( #ahdi4 ,we e/imate ! pres5t consumption ( ,am]ican tobacco 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& z foll[s3-- ,! deliv]ies 9 ,london & ,liv]pool 9 #ahdi1 7 #ah1gch hhds42 d4 d4 ,bri/ol #a1djj hhds42 d4 d4 ,scotl& we assume at #b1hjj hhds4 ,total #bb1ici4 ,( ,/ripts1 ! deliv]ies 9 ,liv]pool la/ ye> 7 #h1edd hhds41 ( :i* ab\t #cjj 7 = exportation2 ! deliv]ies1 !re=e1 7--,= ! use ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #h1bej hhds4 ,9 ,london we h no acc\nt ( ! deliv]ies ( /ripts1 z di/+ui%$ f leaf1 = ! :ole ( la/ ye>2 x is d\btless less ?an t 9 ,liv]pool1 & we assume x at #g1jjj hhds42 9 ,bri/ol x 0 ab\t #ijj hhds42 9 ,scotl& we assume x at #b1djj hhds4 ,total #ah1eej hhds4 ,n[1 assum+ #a1ejj hhds4 ( ! deliv]ies 9 ,scotl& & ,bri/ol to be includ$ 9 ! coa/wise returns 9 ,london & ,liv]pool1 !n ! consumption ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& w\ld appe> to be ab\t #ba1ejj hhds4 ( ,am]ican tobacco1 & #ag1jjj = ^! to be /ripts4 ,! progressive increase :i* we h %[n 9 ! returns ( #ahdi1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( #ahdj1 mu/ /ill g on4 ,)\t tr\bl+ y ) any detail ( ! /ocks 9 ea* ( ! sev]al m>kets1 x may be suffici5t to %[ t ! summ>y ( ! :ole 9 all ! m>kets ( ,europe1 o!r ?an ,great ,brita91 consi/$ on ! #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahdi1 ( ab\t #bb1jjj hhds42 ( :i* ab\t #ah1jjj 7 ,m>yl& & #b1jjj /alks2 & x is important to notice especially ! fact1 t ! /ocks ( ! manufactur]s & deal]s 9 ,g]many1 ,holl& & ,belgium are unusually small4 ,we h tak5 v consid]able c>e to in=m ourselves on ?is po9t1 & are fully satisfi$ t ! usual /ocks 9 second or deal]s' h&s d n exi/4 ,! :ole dem& ( ! ye> mu/1 !re=e1 be suppli$ f ^? /ocks 9 import]s' h&s1 f ,engl& or f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! prices curr5t 9 ,london 9 ! spr+ ( #ahec3--,virg9ia ,leaf1 common1 p] p\nd1 #c;d4 to #c;d42 middl+1 #e;d4 to #f;d42 good & f9e #f;d4 to #g;d4 ,/ripts1 #e;d4 to #aj;d4 ,k5tucky ,leaf3 common #c;d41 to #c;d42 middl+1 #c;d4 to #d;d42 good & f9e1 #e;d4 to #f;d4 ,/ripts1 #e;d4 to #g;d4 ,m>yl&1 #c;d4 to #i;d4 ,negrohead & ,cav5di%3 common & heat$1 #d;d4 to #f;d42 middl+ to good1 #f;d4 to #h;d4 & #i;d42 f9e1 #aj;d41 #ab;d41 #af;d42 ,b>ret's none4 ,columbian1 #g;d4 to #as4 #h;d42 ,brazil1 #c;d4 to #f;d42 flat1 #e;d4 to #as4 #a;d42 ,manilla1 #g;d4 to #bs4 #f;d42 ,havana1 #aj;d4 to #es42 ,y>a1 #aa;d4 to #cs42 ,cuba1 #i;d4 to #as4 #a;d42 +>s1 #cs4 to #afs42 *]oots1 ,manilla1 #gs4 #f;d41 nom9al2 ,g]man & ,am]sfoort #d;d4 to #as4 #c;d42 /alks1 duty paid1 #bs4 #f;d4 to #cs4 #d;d42 smalls1 #bs4 #i;d to #bs4 ,! %ipm5ts to ,europe 7 #gf1eaf hhds4 aga9/ #dj1feb hhds4 ! previ\s ye>1 & #dc1egf hhds4 9 #ahej4 ,! rapidity ( sales1 ! dim9i%$ /ocks ev5 n[ held 9 fir/ h&s1 7 tak5 z an infallible index ( ! progressive rate ( consumption2 & ( a tru? ! quantity ( hog%eads receiv$ 9 ! pr9cipal m>kets ( ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,nor?1 & z spe$ily reliev$ f ! control ( ! import]s1 0 en\gh to control ev5 ^? :o 7 alive to ! exi/+ necessities ( ,europe1 & to give a color to ! rum\r ( almo/ inexhau/ible consumption4 ,?is extraord9>y dem& = tobacco on ! cont95t has be5 occasion$ by ?ree di/9ct causes2 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 ! press+ wants :i*1 = ! la/ two ye>s1 7 well kn[n to h exi/$1 & ! con/ant will+ness ( consum]s to act at ! v mod]ate rates :i* prevail$ "s "t la/ spr+4 ,! second 0 ! compulsory pur*ases by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t1 am\nt+1 x is e/imat$1 to #bj1jjj hhds41 by reason t ! discont5t$ ,hung>ians1 = political consid]ations1 ab&on$ altoge!r ! cultivation ( tobacco1 & :i* defici5cy 0 oblig$ to be replac$ by ,am]ican gr[?s4 ,! ?ird cause also _h a political orig93 ! anticipation ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,zollv]e9 or ,g]man ,cu/oms ,league to ! ,k+doms ( ,hanov] & ,old5burg1 :]eby ! duties on tobacco 9 ^? c\ntries w\ld be greatly increas$1 0 a natural inc5tive to ! deal]s & manufactur]s !re to lay 9 heavy /ocks1 to reap ! b5efit !reon2 & ^! la/ two causes1 !re=e1 may be view$ 9 ! light ( =tuit\s circum/ances1 :i* h fo/]$ a speculation orig9ally f\nd$ on ! *eapness ( money alone4 ,x has be5 %[n1 & ! /ati/ics ( ! pa/ ye> fully confirm ! /atem5t1 t a ple?ora ( money & prosp]ity among ! middle classes ( society1 :ile x induces to ! consumption ( tobacco 9 g5]al1 r curtails ?an o!rwise ! dem& = ,am]ican gr[?s4 ,a poor man addict$ to smok+ takes 8 pipe n f *oice1 b necessity2 z he gr[s indep5d5t1 ! humble pipe is ab&on$ & ! m co/ly cig> assum$4 ,we h frequ5tly he>d ?is matt] notic$1 m especially aft] ! disa/]s :i* foll[$ ! railway speculations ( #ahdf1 :5 ! dem& = ,engli% cig>s s5sibly decl9$2 & we h n[ a fur!r v]ification ( ! ass]tion 9 ! opposite s5se1 ! sales ( cig> mat]ials 9 ,brem5 hav+ be5 ext5d$ m ?an #dj p] c5t1 9 ?ree ye>s1 viz41 f #id1gej bales & cases 9 #ahej to #ace1fej dur+ la/ season4 ,f ,new ,orleans we le>n t ! arrivals f ! int]ior s9ce ! #a/ ,septemb] _h am\nt$ to #ah1jdc hhds4 aga9/ #e1afe hhds4 la/ season1 & ! /ock on h& 0 #bd1abh hhds4 aga9/ #g1ibg hhds4 only4 ,! %ipm5ts f ,virg9ia dur+ ! pa/ ye> exce$$ #ac1gjj hhds4 ,9 #ahea !y 7 "u #d1jjj casks4 ,f ,baltimore #ed1bgb hhds4 h be5 export$4 ,! (ficial figures = ! previ\s ye> gave #ce1ifg z ! total4 ,! aggregate /ock ( tobacco on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y la/1 9 ! pr9cipal ports ( ,am]ica1 0 tak5 at #eb1ihb hhds4 aga9/ #de1bib ! ye> be=e & ! gr[? ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ,virg9ia1 & ,m>yl& dur+ #aheb1 to come =w>d = our supply ! pres5t season1 is e/imat$ at #ahe1jjj hhds41 not)/&+ all ! unfavorable influ5ces & curtail+ causes :i* 7 said to h prevail$4 ,! me?od adopt$ ( cultivat+ tobacco 9 ,virg9ia is ?us describ$3 ,sev]al ri*1 moi/1 b n too wet spots ( gr\nd are *os5 out 9 ! fall1 ea* conta9+ ab\t a qu>t] ( an acre or m1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! crop1 & ! numb] ( plants x may require4 ,^! spots1 :i* are g5]ally 9 ! woods1 are cle>$1 & cov]$ ) bru% or timb]1 = five or six feet ?ick & upw>ds2 ?is is suff]$ to rema9 ^u x until ! "t :5 ! tobacco se$ mu/ be s[$1 :i* is )9 twelve days aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,! ev5+ is commonly *os5 to set ^! places on fire1 & :5 ev]y?+ !reon is consum$ to a%es1 ! gr\nd is dug up1 mix$ ) ! a%es1 & brok5 v f9e4 ,! tobacco se$1 :i* is exce$+ly small1 be+ mix$ ) a%es also1 is !n s[n & j rak$ 9 lightly2 ! :ole is imm$iately cov]$ ) bru%wood = %elt] to keep x w>m1 & a slight f5ce ?r[n ar\nd x4 ,9 ?is condition x rema9s until ! fro/s are all gone1 :5 ! bru% is tak5 (f1 & ! "y plants are expos$ to ! nutritive & g5ial w>m? ( ! sun1 :i* quickly invigorates !m 9 an a/oni%+ degree1 & soon r5d]s !m /rong & l>ge en\gh to be remov$ = plant+1 especially if !y be n s[n too ?ick4 ,e tobacco plant]1 assidu\s to secure a suffici5t quantity ( plants1 g5]ally has sev]al ( ^! plant b$s 9 diff]5t situations1 s t if "o %\ld fail1 ano!r may succe$2 & an exp]i5c$ plant] commonly takes c>e to h t5 times z _m plants1 z he c make use (4 ,9 ^! b$s1 along ) ! tobacco1 !y g5]ally s[ kale1 colewort1 & cabbage se$1 c41 at ! same "t4 ,!re are sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( tobacco1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! diff]5t qualities ( ! soil on :i* !y are cultivat$1 & ea* v>y+ f ! o!r4 ,!y are nam$ ,hudson1 ,fr$]ick1 ,?ick-jo9t1 ,%oe-/r+1 ,?ickset1 ,sweet-sc5t$1 & ,oronoko4 ,b al?\gh ^! are ! pr9cipal1 yet !re are a great _m diff]5t species besides1 ) names peculi> to ! situations1 settlem5ts & neighb\rhoods :]e9 !y are produc$2 :i* x w\ld be too t$i\s "h to specify & p>ticul>ise4 ,! soil = tobacco mu/ be ri* & /rong2 ! gr\nd is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--aft] be+ well broke up & by repeat$ work+1 ei!r ) ! pl\gh or h& hoes1 r5d]$ s(t1 light1 & mell[1 ! :ole field is made into hills1 ea* to take up ! space ( ?ree feet1 & flatt5$ at ! top4 ,9 ! fir/ ra9s1 :i* are "h call$ seasons1 aft] ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! tobacco plants are c>efully drawn :ile ! gr\nd is s(t2 c>ri$ to ! field :]e !y are to be plant$1 & "o dropp$ ^u e hill1 :i* is done by ! negro *ildr54 ,! mo/ skilful slaves !n beg9 plant+ !m1 by mak+ a hole ) _! f+] 9 ea* hill1 ins]t+ ! plant ) ! taproot c>efully plac$ /raight d[n1 & press+ ! e>? on ea* side ( x4 ,?is is cont9u$ z long z ! gr\nd is wet en\gh to enable ! plants suffici5tly gr[n to draw & set2 & x requires sev]al diff]5t seasons1 or p]iods ( ra91 to enable !m to complete plant+ _! crop1 :i* op]ation is frequ5tly n f9i%$ until ,july4 ,aft] ! plants h tak5 root1 & beg9 to gr[1 ! gr\nd is c>efully we$$ & work$1 ei!r ) h& hoes or ! pl\gh1 accord+ z x w admit4 ,aft] ! plants h consid]ably increas$ 9 bulk1 & beg9 to %oot up1 ! tops are p9*$ (f1 & only t51 twelve1 or sixte5 leaves left1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! tobacco & ! soil4 ,! worms1 also1 are c>efully pick$ (f & de/roy$1 ( :i* !re are two species t prey ^u tobacco4 ,"o is ! gr\nd worm1 :i* cuts x (f j b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?2 ?is mu/ be c>efully look$ = & trodd5 to dea?2 x is ( a d>k br[n color1 & %ort4 ,! o!r is a horn worm1 "s in*es 9 l5g?1 z ?ick z y\r little f+]1 ( a vivid gre5 color1 ) a numb] ( po9t$ excresc5ces or feel]s f 8 head l horns4 ,^! dev\r ! leaf1 & are always ^u ! plant4 ,z x w\ld be endless labor to keep _! h&s con/antly 9 se>* ( !m1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to prev5t _! eat+ up m ?an half ! crop _h x n be5 discov]$ t turkeys are p>ticul>ly dext]\s at f9d+ !m1 eat !m up voraci\sly1 & pref] !m to e o!r food4 ,= ?is purpose e plant] keeps a flock ( turkeys1 :i* he has driv5 into ! tobacco gr\nds e day by a little negro t c d no?+ else2 ^! keep 8 tobacco m cle> f horn worms ?an all ! h&s he has got c\ld d 7 !y employ$ solely = t end4 ,:5 ! tops are nipp$ (f1 a few plants are left unt\*$ = se$4 ,on ! plants t h be5 topp$1 "y %oots are apt to spr+ out1 :i* are t]m$ suck]s1 & are c>efully & con/antly brok5 (f le/ !y %\ld draw too mu* ( ! n\ri%m5t & sub/ance f ! leaves ( ! plant4 ,?is op]ation is also p]=m$ f "t to "t1 & is call$ suck]+ tobacco4 ,= "s "t be=e x is ripe1 or ready = cutt+1 ! gr\nd is p]fectly cov]$ ) leaves1 :i* h increas$ to a prodigi\s size1 & !n ! plants are g5]ally ab\t ?ree feet high4 ,:5 x is ripe1 a clammy moi/ure or exudation comes =? ^u ! leaves1 :i* appe>1 z x 71 ready to become spott$1 & !y are !n ( a great weight & sub/ance4 ,! tobacco is cut :5 ! sun is p[]ful1 b n 9 ! morn+ & ev5+4 ,! plant1 if l>ge1 is split d[n ! middle1 & cut (f two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! extremity ( ! split2 x is !n turn$ directly bottom upw>ds1 = ! sun to kill x m spe$ily1 to enable ! labor]s to c>ry x out ( ! field1 else ! leaves w\ld break (f 9 transport+ x to ! scaffold4 ,! plants are cut only z !y become ripe1 = a field nev] rip5s altoge!r4 ,!re is g5]ally a second cutt+ likewise1 = ! /alk vegetates & %oots =? aga91 & 9 good l&1 ) favorable seasons1 !re is a ?ird cutt+ also procur$1 not)/&+ acts ( ! ,legislature to prev5t cutt+ tobacco ev5 a second "t4 ,:5 ! tobacco plants are cut & br\ght to ! scaffolds1 :i* are g5]ally erect$ all ar\nd ! tobacco h\ses1 !y are plac$ ) ! split across a small oak /ick1 an in* & bett] 9 diamet] & f\r feet & a half long1 s close z ea* plant j to t\* ! o!r )\t bruis+ or press+4 ,^! /icks are !n plac$ on ! scaffolds1 ) ! tobacco ?us susp5d$ 9 ! middle1 to dry or cure1 & are call$ tobacco /icks4 ,z ! plants advance 9 cur+1 ! /icks are remov$ f ! scaffolds out ( doors into ! tobacco h\se1 on to o!r scaffolds erect$ !re9 9 successive regul> gradations f ! bottom to ! top ( ! ro(1 be+ plac$ high] z ! tobacco approa*es to a p]fect cure1 until ! h\se is all fill$ & ! tobacco q cur$1 & ?is cure is frequ5tly promot$ by mak+ fires on ! floor bel[4 ,:5 ! tobacco h\se is q full1 & !re is /ill m tobacco to br+ 91 all t is )9 ! h\se is /ruck1 & tak5 d[n1 & c>efully plac$ 9 bulks1 or regul> r[s1 "o ^u ano!r1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) tra% tobacco1 or /raw1 to pres]ve x 9 a prop] condition1 t is moi/1 :i* prev5ts its wa/+ & crumbl+ to pieces4 ,b1 to enable !m to /rike ! cur$ tobacco1 !y mu/ wait = :at is !re call$ a season1 t is ra9y or moi/ wea!r1 :5 ! plants w bett] be> h&l+1 = 9 dry wea!r ! leaves w\ld all crumble to pieces 9 ! attempt4 ,by ?is means a tobacco h\se may be fill$ two1 ?ree1 or f\r times 9 ! ye>4 ,e night ! negroes are s5t to ! tobacco h\se to /rip1 t is to pull (f ! leaves f ! /alk1 & tie !m up 9 h&s or bundles4 ,?is is also _! daily occupation 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,9 /ripp+1 !y are c>eful to ?r[ away all ! gr\nd leaves & faulty tobacco1 b9d+ up none b :at is m]*antable4 ,! h&s or bundles ?us ti$ up are also laid 9 :at are call$ a bulk1 & cov]$ ) ! refuse tobacco or /raw to pres]ve _! moi/ure4 ,aft] ?is1 ! tobacco is c>efully pack$ 9 hog%eads1 & press$ d[n ) a l>ge beam laid ov] x1 on ! ends ( :i* prodigi\s weights are susp5d$1 ! o!r end be+ ins]t$ ) a mortice 9 a tree1 close to :i* ! hog%ead is plac$4 ,?is va/ pressure is cont9u$ = "s days1 & !n ! cask is fill$ up aga9 ) tobacco until x w conta9 no m1 aft] :i* x is head$ up & c>ri$ to ! pubic w>eh\ses = inspection4 ,at ^! w>eh\ses two skilful plant]s con/antly att5d1 & receive a sal>y f ! public = t purpose4 ,!y are sworn to inspect ) hone/y1 c>e1 & imp>tiality1 all ! tobacco t comes to ! w>eh\se1 & none is all[$ to be %ipp$ t is n regul>ly inspect$4 ,! head ( ! cask is tak5 (f1 & ! tobacco is op5$ by means ( l>ge1 long iron w$ges1 & great lab\r1 9 su* places z ! inspectors direct4 ,aft] ?is /rict att5tive exam9ation1 if !y f9d x good & m]*antable1 x is replac$ 9 ! cask1 weigh$ at ! public scales1 ! weight ( ! tobacco & ( ! cask also cut 9 ! wood on ! cask1 /[$ away 9 ! public w>eh\ses1 & a note giv5 to ! proprietor1 :i* he disposes ( to ! m]*ant1 & he nei!r sees nor has any tr\ble ) 8 tobacco m4 ,! weight ( ea* hog%ead mu/ be #iej lbs4 nett1 exclusive ( ! cask--= less a note w n be giv54 ,"u ! "n ( a crop hog%ead1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al weight is f #a1jjj to #a1bjj or #a1cjj lbs4 nett1 b if ! tobacco is f\nd to be totally bad1 & refus$ z unm]*antable1 ! :ole is publicly burnt 9 a place set ap>t = t purpose4 ,h[ev]1 if x be judg$ t !re is "s m]*antable tobacco 9 ! hog%ead1 ! own] mu/ unpack ! :ole publicly on ! spot1 = he is n p]mitt$ to take any ( x away aga91 & mu/ select & sep>ate ! good f ! bad2 ! la/ is imm$iately committ$ to ! flames1 & = ! fir/ he receives a transf] note1 specify+ ! weight1 quality1 c4 ,?is great & v laudable c>e 0 tak5 by ! public to prev5t frauds1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n always effectual1 =1 ev5 ) all ^! precautions1 _m acts ( iniquity & imposition 7 committ$4 ,s little is ?is crop cultivat$ 9 ! ,/ates nor? ( ,m>yl&1 t sc>cely any notice has be5 tak5 ( x 9 ! agricultural or o!r public j\rnals4 ,9 ,connecticut1 9 "s few t[ns ( ,h>t=d c\nty1 consid]able att5tion has be5 direct$ to x = a numb] ( ye>s pa/4 ,a ton & a-half ! acre is said to be no uncommon yield4 ,! tobacco is plant$ v ?ick1 two feet & a half ea* way4 ,! se$ came orig9ally f ,virg9ia4 ,x is cur$ 9 h\ses1 )\t hav+ be5 yell[$ 9 ! sun1 & )\t ! use ( fire4 ,x is said t ! be/ ,havana cig>s 7z !y are t]m$7 are (t5 manufactur$ f mix$ ,cuba & ,am]ican tobacco1 & sold "u t "n 9 ,connecticut4 ,9 ! ,connecticut ,valley is produc$ ab\t #ejj tons ( tobacco annually1 ! av]age quantity1 #a1ejj lbs4 p] acre1 value f sev5 to t5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,culture4--,se$ b$ made ri* & s[n z cabbage e>ly 9 ,april z possible4 ,l& well pl\gh$ & manur$ & h>r[$ z = corn1 laid out 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 & slight hills 9 ! r[ ab\t two & a-half feet ap>t2 beg9 to plant ab\t #aj? ( ,june1 ! gr\nd to be kept clean ) hoe & cultivator1 & exam9e ! plants & keep cle> ( worms4 ,:5 9 blossom & be=e se$ is =m$1 ! plants mu/ be topp$ ab\t ?irty-two in*es f ! gr\nd1 hav+ f sixte5 to tw5ty leaves on ea* /alk1 aft] ?is ! suck]s are brok5 (f1 & ! plants kept clean till cut4 ,:5 ripe ! leaves are spott$1 ?ick1 & w crack :5 press$ betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb4 ,x is cut at any "t ( ! day1 aft] ! dew is (f1 left 9 ! r[ till wilt$1 !n turn$1 & if !re is a hot sun1 x is (t5 turn$ to prev5t burn+2 aft] wilt+ x is put into small heaps ( six or eight plants1 !n c>ri$ to ! tobacco h\se = hang+1 usually on poles twelve feet long2 hung ) tw9e ab\t =ty plants to a pole1 tw5ty on ea* side1 cross+ ! pole ) a hit* knot to ! /ump end ( ! plants2 :5 p]fectly cur$1 :i* is kn[n by ! /ems ( ! leaves be+ completely dry1 x is !n tak5 9 a damp "t1 :5 ! leaves w n crumble1 f ! poles & plac$ 9 l>ge piles1 by lett+ ! tops ( ! plants lap ea* o!r1 leav+ ! butts out2 x rema9s 9 ^! heaps f ?ree to t5 days be=e x is /ripp$1 dep5d+ on ! /ate ( wea!r1 b x mu/ n be all[$ to heat4 ,:5 /ripp$ x is made into small h&s1 ! small & brok5 leaves to be kept by !mselves2 x is !n pack$ 9 boxes ( ab\t #djj lbs4 & m>k$ ,se$ ,leaf ,tobacco4 ,"o acre ( tobacco w require z mu* labor z two ( corn t produce #fj bags to ! acre1 & requires ab\t ! same quantity ( manure4 ,if ! tobacco c be cur$ )\t fire heat ! quality w be improv$1 & if dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 %\ld h %ades ( bo>ds to keep (f ra9 & excess ( sun4 ,! *ief m>ket = ,connecticut tobacco is ,brem54 ,9 a numb] ( ! ,*>le/on ,s\!rn ,plant]1 a rem$y is describ$ = prev5t+ ! de/ruction ( plants by ! fly4 ,! writ] says3 ,i _h a bu%el or two ( dry a%es put into a l>ge tub1 & add$ tra9 oil en\gh 7say "o gallon ( oil to ! bu%el ( a%es7 to damp & flavor ! a%es completely3 ?is 0 well /irr$ & mix$ ) ! h&1 & s[n broadca/ ov] c]ta9 pat*es1 & prov$ ?or\ghly effectual = sev]al ye>s1 :ile p>ts left )\t ! rem$y 7 de/roy$4 ,! be/ gr\nd = rais+ ! plant1 accord+ to ,capt4 ,c>v] 7,treatise on ,culture ( ,tobacco1 c471 is a w>m ri* soil1 n subject to be ov]run ) we$s4 ,! soil 9 :i* x gr[s 9 ,virg9ia is incl9+ to s&y1 consequ5tly w>m & light2 ! ne>]1 !re=e1 ! nature ( ! l& approa*es to t1 ! great] probability !re is ( its fl\ri%+4 ,! situation mo/ pref]able = a plantation is ! s\!rn declivity ( a hill1 or a spot %elt]$ f ! blight+ nor? w9ds4 ,b at ! same "t ! plants mu/ enjoy a free curr5t ( air2 = if t be ob/ruct$ !y w n prosp]4 ,! diff]5t sorts ( se$ n be+ di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 nor ! goodness to be asc]ta9$ by its appe>ance1 great caution %\ld be us$ 9 obta9+ ! se$ ?r\gh "s responsible m]cantile h\se1 or individual ( "*4 ,ea* capsule conta9s ab\t a ?\s& se$s1 & ! :ole produce ( a s+le plant has be5 e/imat$ at #cej1jjj4 ,! se$s are usually ripe 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 & :5 p]fectly dry may be rubb$ out & pres]v$ 9 bags till ! foll[+ season4 ,!re is a l>ge quantity ( tobacco rais$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,indiana annually1 equal 9 quality to ! tobacco rais$ 9 ,k5tucky4 ,9 "s c\nties ! article is ext5sively cultivat$1 & g5]ally pays ! produc] a h&some pr(it on ! labor be/[$ on x4 ,! cultivation ( x is becom+ m ext5sive e ye>4 ,ne>ly all ?is crop is tak5 to ,l\isville = sale1 v little be+ %ipp$ s\? on acc\nt ( ! produc]4 ,h]et(ore1 ow+ to ! heav9ess ( tobacco & bad roads1 ! produc] has enc\nt]$ great difficulties 9 gett+ 8 crop to m>ket4 ,! haul+ ( a few hog%eads fifty or sixty miles1 or ev5 =ty1 is no light job1 ev5 ov] good roads4 ,h5ce1 tobacco has n be5 z ext5sively cultivat$ z x w\ld h be5 "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,b1 ) ! facilities af=d$ by ! railroads 9 c>ry+ _! crops to m>ket1 ,i d\bt n ! f>m]s ( ! int]ior w m g5]ally engage 9 ! cultivation ( tobacco1 & ^? :o h be5 9 ! habit ( rais+ small crops w ext5d _! op]ations4 ,9 ,m>yl& ! se$ is s[n 9 b$s ( f9e m\ld1 & ! plants aris+ !refrom are transplant$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may4 ,!y are set at ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r feet ap>t1 & are hill$1 & kept cont9ually free f we$s4 ,:5 z _m leaves h %ot out z ! soil w n\ri% to advantage1 ! top ( ! plant is brok5 (f1 :i* ( c\rse prev5ts its gr[+ high]4 ,x is c>efully kept cle> f worms1 & ! suck]s :i* put out betwe5 ! leaves are tak5 (f at prop] times1 till ! plant arrives at p]fection1 :i* is 9 ,augu/4 ,:5 ! leaves turn ( a br[ni% color1 & beg9 to be spott$1 ! plants are cut d[n & hung up to dry1 aft] hav+ sweat$ 9 heaps "o night4 ,:5 ! leaves c be h&l$ )\t crumbl+1 :i* is always 9 moi/ wea!r1 !y are /ripp$ f ! /alks1 ti$ up 9 bundles1 & pack$ = exportation 9 hog%eads4 ,no suck]s nor gr\nd leaves are all[$ to be m]*antable4 ,an indu/ri\s p]son may manage #f1jjj plants ( tobacco1 :i* w yield #a1jjj lbs4 ( dri$ leaves1 & also f\r acres ( ,indian corn4 ,mill]1 an ,am]ican au?or1 ?us describes ! mode ( culture3-- ,:5 a regul> plantation ( tobacco is int5d$1 ! b$s be+ prep>$ & well turn$ up ) ! hoe1 ! se$1 on acc\nt ( its smallness & to prev5t ! ravages ( ants1 is mix$ ) a%es & s[n ^u !m1 a little be=e ! ra9y season4 ,! b$s are rak$1 or trampl$ ) ! foot1 to make ! se$ take ! soon]4 ,! plants appe> 9 two or ?ree weeks4 ,z soon z !y h acquir$ f\r leaves1 ! /ronge/ are c>efully drawn up & plant$ 9 ! field by a l9e1 at a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree feet f ea* o!r4 ,if no ra9 fall1 !y %\ld be wat]$ two or ?ree times4 ,e morn+ & ev5+ ! plants mu/ he look$ ov] 9 ord] to de/roy a worm :i* sometimes invades ! bud4 ,:5 !y are ab\t f\r or five in*es high1 !y are to be clean$ f we$s & m\ld$ up4 ,z soon z !y h eight or n9e leaves1 & are ready to put =? a /alk1 ! top is nipp$ (f 9 ord] to make ! leaves long] & ?ick]4 ,aft] ?is ! buds :i* spr\t at ! jo9ts ( ! leaves are also pluck$ (f1 & n a day is suff]$ to pass )\t exam9+ ! leaves to de/roy ! l>ge cat]pill>1 :i* is (t5 mo/ de/ructive to !m4 ,:5 !y are fit = cutt+1 :i* is kn[n by ! brittl5ess ( ! leaves1 !y are cut (f ) a knife close to ! gr\nd1 &1 aft] ly+ "s "t1 are c>ri$ to ! dry+-%$ or h\se1 :]e ! plants are hung up by pairs ^u l9es1 leav+ a space betwe51 t !y may n t\* "o ano!r4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 ! leaves are /ripp$ f ! /alks & made into small bundles1 ti$ ) "o ( ! leaves4 ,^! bundles are laid 9 heaps & cov]$ ) blankets2 c>e is tak5 n to ov]heat !m1 = :i* reason ! heaps are laid op5 to ! air f "t to "t1 & spread abroad4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ till no m heat is p]ceiv$ 9 ! heaps1 & ! tobacco is !n ready = pack+ & %ipp+4 ,i h be5 favor$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,h]n&ez1 a ,cuba plant]1 ) "s valuable in/ructions = ! cultivation ( ,cuba tobacco1 :i* ,i subjo94 ,^! rem>ks apply pr9cipally to ,am]ica1 b mo/ ( ! advice & in=mation w be f\nd g5]ally applicable to o!r localities3-- ,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r culture1 is ! soil1 :i* = ?is k9d ( tobacco 7,n4 rep&a7 ought to be a ri*1 s&y1 loam1 nei!r too high nor too l[--t is1 gr\nd capable ( reta9+ moi/ure1 ! m level ! bett]1 &1 if possible1 well protect$ by m>g9s4 ,! next %\ld be ! selection ( a spot ( gr\nd to make ! necess>y b$s4 ,x w\ld be pref]able to make ^? on l& newly cle>$1 or1 at all ev5ts1 :5 ! l& has n be5 se$$ ) grass2 = grass se$s spr++ up toge!r ) ! tobacco w\ld injure x mat]ially1 z ! grass _c be remov$ )\t di/urb+ ! tobacco plants4 ,9 prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! nurs]ies1 break x up prop]ly1 grub up all ! small /umps1 dig out ! roots1 & c>efully remove !m ) ! h&4 ,?is be+ done1 make ! b$s f ?ree to f\r in*es high1 ( a reasonable l5g?1 & f ?ree to ?ree & a-half feet broad1 s z to enable ! h&1 at arm's l5g?1 to we$ out ! t5d] "y plants ) ! f+]s f bo? sides ( ! b$1 & keep !m p]fectly clean4 ,! mon?s ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y are ! mo/ prop] = s[+ ! se$ 9 ,florida4 ,"s p]sons speak ( plant+ x z e>ly z ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion1 t ab\t ! latt] "p ( ,decemb] is ! be/ "t to s[ tobacco se$2 any soon] w\ld expose ! plants to suff] f ! inclem5cy ( ! mo/ sev]e "p ( ! w9t] season4 ,be=e ! se$ is s[n take "s dry tra% & burn x (f ^u ! nurs]y b$s1 to de/roy insects & grass se$s2 !n take "o ounce ( tobacco se$ & mix x ) ab\t a qu>t ( dry a%es1 s z to sep>ate ! se$ z mu*2 z possible1 & s[ x broadca/4 ,aft] ! se$ has be5 ?us s[n1 ! surface ( ! b$ ought to be rak$ ov] slightly1 & trodd5 ^u by ! foot1 c>ry+ ! weight ( ! body ) x1 t ! gr\nd may at once adh]e closely to ! se$1 & !n wat] x4 ,%\ld ! nurs]y-b$s app>5tly become dry f blight+ w9ds or o!r causes1 wat]+ w be absolutely necess>y1 = ! gr\nd ought to be kept 9 a moi/ /ate f ! "t ! se$ is plant$ until ! "y plants are l>ge en\gh to be set out4 ,! nurs]ies be+ made1 proce$ to prep>e ! l& :]e ! tobacco is to be set out4 ,if ! l& is newly cle>$--& new l& is probably m favorable to ! production ( ?is plant ?an x is to t ( any o!r1 bo? z respects quality & quantity--remove z _m ( ! /umps & roots z possible1 & dig up ! gr\nd 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] ! surface p]fectly loose2 !n level ! gr\nd1 & 9 ?is /ate leave x until ! nurs]y plants h acquir$ ab\t "o-half ! gr[? necess>y to admit ( _! be+ set out2 !n break up ! gr\nd a second "t 9 ! same mann] z at fir/1 z 9 ?is way all ! small fibres ( roots & _! root$ p>ts w be m or less sep>at$1 & ?us obviate mu* ( t degree ( spong9ess s common to new l&1 & :i* is 9 a great measure ! cause ( new l& seldom produc+ well ! fir/ ye>1 z ! soil does n lay close en\gh to ! roots ( ! plants gr[+ 9 x1 s t a %[] ( ra9 produces no o!r effect ?an t ( remov+ ! e>? /ill m f !m4 ,! gr\nd hav+ be5 prep>$ & prop]ly levell$ (f1 & ! plants1 suffici5tly gr[n to be tak5 up--say ( ! size ( good cabbage plants--take advantage ( ! fir/ wet or cl\dy wea!r to comm5ce sett+ !m out4 ,?is %\ld be done ) great c>e1 & ! plants put s+le at equal di/ances1 t is1 ab\t ?ree feet nor? & s\?1 & two & a-half1 or two & ?ree-f\r?s feet ea/ & we/4 ,!y are plac$ ?us close to ea* o!r to prev5t ! leaves gr[+ too l>ge4 ,! direction ( ! r[s1 h[ev]1 %\ld alt] accord+ to ! situation ( ! l&2 :]e x has any incl9ation1 ! wide/ space %\ld run across x1 z ! b$ w h to be made s z to prev5t ! soil f be+ wa%$ f ! roots by ra9 :5 b$d$2 b :]e ! l& is r level1 ! ?ree feet r[s %\ld be nor? & s\?1 s z to give to ! plants a m full effect on !m by pass+ across ! b$s1 ?an by cross+ !m 9 an oblique direction4 ,to set ! plants out regul>ly1 take a task l9e ( #aje feet 9 l5g?1 ) a po9t$ /ick ?ree feet long atta*$ to ea* end ( x1 !n ins]t a small piece ( rag or some?+ else ?r\gh ! l9e at ! di/ance ( two feet & ?ree-f\r?s f ea* o!r2 place x nor? & s\? 7or z ! l& may require71 at full l5g?1 & !n set a plant at e division1 c>efully keep+ ! bud ( ! plant above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!n remove ! l9e ?ree feet f ! fir/ r[1 & s on1 until ! plant+ is complet$4 ,c>e ought to be tak5 to prev5t ! /ret*+ ( ! l9e f misplac+ ! plants4 ,9 ?is way ! plants c be easily set out1 & a prop] direction giv5 to !m bo? ways4 ,9 tak+ ! plants up f ! nurs]y1 ! gr\nd %\ld be fir/ loos5$ ) a flat piece ( wood or iron1 ab\t an in* broad2 !n c>efully hold+ ! leaves close t[>ds ea* o!r betwe5 ! f+]s1 draw !m up1 & place !m 9 a basket or "s o!r conv5i5t ?+ to receive !m = plant+4 ,aft] tak+ up ^? t c be plant$ dur+ ! day1 wat] ! nurs]y t ! e>? may aga9 adh]e to ! rema9+ ones4 ,! ev5+ is ! be/ "t = sett+ out ! plants1 b :]e a l>ge field has to be cultivat$ x w be well to plant bo? morn+ & ev5+4 ,! plants set out 9 ! morn+1 unless 9 ra9y or cl\dy wea!r1 %\ld be cov]$ imm$iately1 & ! same %\ld be done ) ^? plant$ ! ev5+ previ\s1 %\ld ! day op5 ) a cle> sun%9e1--! palmetto leaf answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,!re %\ld be wat] conv5i5t to ! plants1 s z to h !m wat]$ morn+ & ev5+1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ev5+1 until !y h tak5 root4 ,!y %\ld also be closely exam9$ :5 wat]$1 s z to replace su* plants z happ5 to die1 t ! gr\nd may be prop]ly occupi$1 & t all ! plants may op5 z ne>ly toge!r z possible4 ,f ! "t ! plants are set out1 ! e>? ar\nd !m %\ld be occasionally /irr$1 bo? ) ! h& & hoe4 ,at fir/ hoe flat1 b z soon z ! leaves assume a gr[+ disposition1 beg9 gradually to draw a slight heel t[>ds ! plant4 ,! plants mu/ be closely exam9$1 ev5 :ile 9 ! nurs]y1 to de/roy ! num]\s worms t fe$ ^u !m--"s1 by cutt+ ! /alk & gnaw+ ! leaves :5 fir/ set out2 ^! resemble ! grub-worm1 & are to be f\nd ne> ! injur$ plant1 "u gr\nd2 o!rs1 :i* come f ! eggs deposit$ on ! plant by ! butt]fly1 & fe$ on ! leaf1 gr[ to a v l>ge size1 & look v ugly1 & are commonly call$ ! tobacco-worm4 ,!re is also a small worm :i* attacks ! bud ( ! plant1 & :i* is sure de/ruction to its fur!r gr[?2 & "s aga91 ?\gh less de/ructive1 are to be se5 )9 ! two coats ( ! leaf1 fe$+ z x 7 on its juices alone4 ,! worm+ %\ld be /rictly att5d$ to e morn+ & ev5+1 until ! plants are pretty well gr[n1 :5 e o!r day w be suffici5t4 ,! mo/ prop] p]sons = worm+ are ei!r boys or girls f t5 to f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,!y %\ld be made to come to ! tobacco gr\nd e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & be l$ by inducem5ts1 su* z giv+ a trifl+ rew>d to ^? :o w br+ ! mo/ worms1 to cle> x ?or\ghly4 ,gr[n p]sons w\ld f9d x r too t$i\s to /oop to exam9e ! "u "p ( e leaf1 & seek ! worm "u gr\nd3 nor w\ld !y be s mu* alive to ! value ( a spoonful ( sug>1 or o!r light rew>d4 ,beside1 :]e ! =m] w\ld make ! se>* a matt] ( pr(it & pleasure1 x w\ld to ! latt] prove only a t$i\s & irksome occupation4 ,"h ,i w obs]ve1 t x is = simil> reasons t ! culture ( ! ,cuba tobacco plant m prop]ly belongs to a :ite population1 = !re are few plants requir+ m att5tion & t5d] treatm5t ?an x does4 ,inde$ x w pres5t a sorry appe>ance1 unless ! eye ( its legitimate proprietor is con/antly wat*+ ov] x4 ,:5 ! plants h acquir$ f twelve to f\rte5 good leaves1 & are ab\t knee high1 x may be well to beg9 to top !m1 by nipp+ (f ! bud ) ! aid ( ! f+] & ?umb nail 7wa%+ ! h&s aft] ?is 9 wat] is necess>y1 z ! acid juices ( ! plants1 o!rwise1 soon produce a sor5ess on ! f+]s71 tak+ c>e n to de/roy ! small leaves imm$iately ne> ! bud3 = if ! l& is good & ! season favorable1 ^? v small top leaves w 9 a %ort "t be ne>ly z l>ge1 & rip5 q z soon z ! l[] ones1 :]eby two or m leaves may be sav$2 ?us obta9+ f #af to #ah leaves1 9 ! place ( #ab or #ad1 :i* is ! g5]al av]age4 ,z ! topp+ ( ! tobacco plant is all ess5tial 9 ord] to promote ! gr[?1 & to equalise ! rip5+ ( ! leaves1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t ?is op]ation %\ld at all ev5ts comm5ce ! in/ant t ! bud ( ! plant %[s a disposition to g to se$1 & be imm$iately foll[$ by remov+ ! suck]s1 :i* x w n[ put out at e leaf4 ,inde$1 ! suck]s %\ld be remov$ f ! plant z (t5 z !y appe>4 ,! tobacco plant ought nev] to be cut be=e x comes to full maturity1 :i* is kn[n by ! leaves becom+ mottl$1 co>se1 & ( a ?ick texture1 & gummy to ! t\*1 at :i* "t ! end ( ! leaf1 by be+ d\bl$1 w break %ort1 :i* x w n d to ! same ext5t :5 gre54 ,x ought n to be out 9 wet wea!r1 :5 ! leaves lose _! natural gummy sub/ance1 s necess>y to be pres]v$4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod1 ! cultivator is apt to be r5d]$ anxi\s by ! fe> ( all[+ ! plants to rema9 9 ! field long] ?an necess>y2 until exp]i5ce removes ^? appreh5sions1 he %\ld be on 8 gu>d1 h[ev]1 n to de/roy ! quality ( 8 tobacco1 by cutt+ x too soon4 ,:5 ! cutt+ is to comm5ce1 !re %\ld be procur$ a quantity ( =k$ /akes1 set upright1 ) a pole or rid] sett+ on ea* =k ready to support ! tobacco1 & to keep x f ! gr\nd4 ,! plant is !n cut obliquely1 ev5 ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! p]son ?us employ$ %\ld /rike ! l[] end ( ! /alk1 two or ?ree times ) ! blunt side ( 8 knife1 s z to cause z mu* ( ! s& or soil to fall f x z possible1 !n ty+ two /alks toge!r1 !y are g5tly plac$ across ! rid]s or poles prep>$ to receive !m4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are all[$ to rema9 9 ! sun or op5 air until ! leaves h some:at )]$1 :]eby !y w n be liable to ! injury :i* !y w\ld o!rwise receive1 if !y came sudd5ly 9 contact ) o!r bodies :5 fre% cut4 ,!n place z _m plants on ea* pole or rid] z may be conv5i5tly c>ri$1 & take !m 9 ! dry+ h\se1 :]e ! tobacco is /rung (f ^u ! frames prep>$ = x1 leav+ a small space betwe5 ! two plants1 t air may circulate freely among !m1 & promote _! dry+4 ,z ! dry+ advances1 ! /alks are br\ght clos] to ea* o!r1 s z to make room = ^? :i* yet rema9 to be h\s$4 ,9 dry+ ! tobacco1 all damp air %\ld be exclud$1 nor ought ! dry+ ( x to be precipitat$ by ! admission ( high dry+ w9ds4 ,! process is to be promot$ 9 ! mo/ mod]ate mann]1 except 9 ! ra9y season1 :5 ! soon] ! dry+ is effect$ ! bett]2 = x is a plant easily affect$ by ! *anges ( ! wea!r1 aft] ! dry+ comm5ces4 ,x is !n liable to mildew 9 damp wea!r1 :i* is :5 ! leaf *anges f its orig9al color to a pale yell[ ca/1 & f ?is1 by p>ts1 to an ev5 br[n4 ,:5 ! middle /em is p]fectly dry1 x c be tak5 d[n1 & ! leaves /ripp$ f ! /alk & put 9 bulk to sweat1 t is1 to make tobacco ( !m2 = be=e ?is process1 :5 a conc5tration ( its bett] qualities takes place1 ! leaves are always liable to be affect$ by ! wea!r1 & _c well be consid]$ z be+ any?+ else ?an common dry leaves1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( tobacco1 b n actually tobacco4 ,! leaves are to be /ripp$ f ! /alks 9 damp or cl\dy wea!r1 :5 !y are m easily h&l$1 & ! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t qualities r5d]$ also m easy4 ,! good leaves are at ?is "t kept by !mselves z wrapp]s1 or caps1 & ! mo/ defective ones = fill+s1 or tripa4 ,:5 ! tobacco is put 9 bulk1 ! /em ( ! leaves %\ld all be kept 9 "o direction1 to facilitate ! ty+ ( !m 9 hanks3 aft]w>ds make ! bulk two ( ?ree feet high1 & ( a proportionate circumf]5ce4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! leaves becom+ ov]-heat$1 & to equalise ! f]m5tation or sweat+1 aft] ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 place ! outside leaves 9 ! c5tre1 & ^? ( ! c5tre to ! outside ( ! bulk4 ,by do+ ?is once or twice1 & tak+ c>e to cov] ! bulk ei!r ) %eets or blankets1 s z to exclude all air f x1 & leav+ x 9 ?is /ate = ab\t =ty days1 x acquires an odor /rong en\gh to produce sneez+1 & ! o!r qualities ( cur$ tobacco4 ,! process ( cur+ may !n be consid]$ z complet$4 ,!n take "s ( ! mo/ injur$ leaves1 b ( ! be/ quality1 & 9 proportion to ! quantity ( tobacco made1 & place !m 9 clean wat]1 !re let !m rema9 until !y rot1 :i* !y w d 9 ab\t eight days2 !n break op5 y\r bulks1 spread ! tobacco ) _! /ems 9 "o direction1 & damp !m ) ?is wat] 9 a g5tle mann]1 t x may n soak ?r\gh ! leaf1 = 9 ?is case ! leaf w\ld rot4 ,sponge is us$ 9 ,cuba = ?is op]ation4 ,!n tie !m 9 hanks ( f1 tw5ty-five to ?irty leaves2 ?is be+ done1 spread ! hanks 9 ! tobacco h\se = ab\t twelve h\rs1 to air !m1 t ! dampness may be remov$1 & aft]w>ds pack !m 9 casks or b>rels1 & head !m tight1 until y wi% to manufacture !m4 ,! object ( damp+ ! tobacco ) ?is wat]1 is to give x ela/icity1 to promote its burn+ free1 to increase its fragrance2 to give x an aromatic smell1 & to keep x always s(t4 ,?is is ! great secret ( cur+ tobacco = cig>s prop]ly1 & = :i* we are indebt$ to ! p ( ,cuba1 :o c]ta9ly und]/& ! mode ( cur+ ?is k9d ( tobacco bett] ?an o!r p4 ,x is to !m a s\rce ( great weal?1 & may be made equally s to o!rs4 ,we h "h ?ree cutt+s f ! orig9al plants2 ! la/ cutt+ w be ( r a weak quality1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 w be agreeable to ^? :o conf9e _! smok+ to weak tobacco4 ,9 ratoon+ ! plant1 only "o spr\t ought to be all[$ to gr[1 & ?is f ^? mo/ deeply root$2 all o!r spr\ts ought to be de/roy$4 ,! h\ses necess>y = ! cur+ ( tobacco ought to be roomy1 ) a passage way runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 f "o extremity ( ! build+ to ! o!r1 & pi]c$ on bo? sides ) a suffici5t numb] ( doors & w9d[s to make !m p]fectly airy4 ,9 addition to :at ,i h said respect+ ! mode ( cultivat+ & treat+ ! tobacco plant1 ,i h fur!r to /ate1 t :5 once ! plant is all[$ to be *eck$ 9 its gr[?1 x nev] aga9 recov]s x4 ,t 9 promot+ ! dry+ ( ! leaf1 fire %\ld n be resort$ to1 because ! smoke w\ld imp>t to x a flavor t w\ld injure t ( ! tobacco itself4 ,9 ord] to obta9 vigor\s plants1 ! se$ ought to be procur$ f ! orig9al /alk1 & n f ! ratoons1 by all[+ "s ( !m to g to se$ = t express purpose4 ,9 ,cuba1 ! se$ is mo/ g5]ally sav$ f ! ratoon plants1 b we %\ld consid] t t climate & soil are probably m favorable to ! production ( ! plant ?an ,am]ica1 & consequ5tly we ought to confide 9 ! be/ se$1 :i* is _h f ! orig9al /alk4 ,all plants h _! peculi> empire3 nev]!less1 we %\ld n be det]r$ f plant+ ,cuba tobacco "h2 = ev5 if we %\ld be compell$ to import ! se$ e ?ird ye>1 :i* w\ld be z (t5 z necess>y1 x w\ld /ill prove a pr(itable culture4 ,tak+ #fjj lbs41 :i* is ! av]age product p] acre1 x w\ld yield1 if well cur$1 at #ej c5ts1 p] lb41 #cjj doll>s 9 ! leaf4 ,! foll[+ exhibits ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f x :5 manufactur$ into cig>s3-- ,dls4 ,dls4 ,six hundr$ p\nds1 all[+ eight p\nds to ! #a4jjj1 w\ld produce #ge1jjj cig>s1 :i* at t5 doll>s p] ?\s& #gej4jj ,co/ ( ! leaf #cjj4jj ,wor? ( manufacture1 at two doll>s fifty c5ts p] ?\s& #ahg4ej #dhg4ej -------- ,diff]5ce 9 favor ( manufactur] #bfb4ej ,?is am\nt be+ ! pr(its ( ! manufactur] alone1 ! pr(it to him :o c\ld comb9e bo? pursuits w\ld be m ?an d\bl$4 ,z to ! quantity ( l& :i* c be cultivat$ to ! h&1 !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! practice ( plant]s2 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k t ,i am )9 ! usual calculation 9 say+1 t an acre & a half w\ld n exce$ ! quantity t an able h& c easily cultivate & manage prop]ly4 ,) ref]5ce to ! cultivation ( ,spani% tobacco f ! se$1 ! foll[+ rem>ks are also made by a g5tleman resid+ 9 ,m>yl&3-- ,my exp]i5ce = "s ye>s 9 ! cultivation & manufacture ( ,spani% tobacco into cig>s1 conv9ces me t ! fir/-rate v>iety ( ,spani% tobacco--t is1 ! mo/ odor\s & f9e--w be> reproduction 9 our climate twice1 )\t mu* det]ioration2 by t "t x becomes acidulat$ & wor?less z ,spani% tobacco4 ,= sev5 ye>s ,i h import$ annually fir/ se$ f ,cuba1 b h occasionally made exp]im5ts ) reproduc$ se$1 & ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion above /at$4 ,i h obta9$1 annually1 a cig> mak] f ,baltimore1 :o has made = me on my f>m1 & f ,spani% tobacco4 ,^! produc$ ab\t ! av]age ( #gj1jjj cig>s1 p] ye>2 !y h be5 sold 9 ,baltimore & ,philadelphia = five doll>s ! half box1 t is t5 doll>s ! ?\s&4 ,! tobacco has be5 uni=mly admir$1 b 9 =m] ye>s !y h be5 v badly made2 = ! la/ two ye>s1 7writ+ 9 #ahdc17 my crops 7 de/roy$ by ! unfavorable wea!r4 ,?is gr[? & manufacture d n int]f]e ) my cultivation ( o!r crops2 9 fact !y are :olly unconnect$ ) ! o!r op]ations ( ! f>m]4 ,he m5tions hav+ obta9$ a premium f an agricultural society1 = hav+ produc$ on "o & a half acres1 gr[? & manufacture includ$1 ( ,spani% tobacco #ejd doll>s net pr(it4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,cl>ke1 to ! ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellswor?1 ,wa%+ton1 speaks favorably ( a new v>iety ( tobacco3-- ,will[ ,grove1 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ,feb4 #ac1 #ahdd4 ,de> ,sir1--,agreeably to my promise ,i enclose y ! ,cali=nian tobacco se$4 ,x grew f ! small p>cel giv5 to me by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,smi?1 9 y\r (fice 9 ,m>* la/4 ,on gett+ home1 al?\gh late1 ,i prep>$ a b$1 & s[$ ! small p>cel1 ! fir/ week 9 ,april1 & n hav+ se$ en\gh to f9i% ! b$1 s[$ ! balance ( ! b$ 9 ,oronoko tobacco se$1 & to my a/oni%m5t ! ,cali=nian plants 7 soon ready to set out1 z soon z ! o!r k9ds ( tobacco s[n 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y2 & ! ,oronoko se$1 t 0 s[n ) ! ,cali=nian1 did n arrive to suffici5t size until x 0 too late to set out4 ,! ,cali=nian tobacco1 if x cont9ues to rip5 & gr[ = ! "t to come1 z x did = me on ! fir/ trial1 mu/ come into g5]al use--fir/1 because ! plants are mu* e>li] 9 ! spr+ 7say t5 days at lea/71 ?an any k9d we h2 secondly1 :5 transplant$1 ! gr[? is rem>kably quick1 matures & rip5s at lea/ f t5 to fifte5 days e>li] ?an any k9d ( tobacco we h 9 use among/ u4 ,x is a l>ge broad1 silky leaf1 ( f9e texture1 & ( a beautiful color1 & "s plants gr[ z l>ge z sev5 feet across1 f po9t to po9t2 ^u ! :ole1 ,i consid] x a valuable acquisition to ! plant+ community4 ,tobacco is "o ( ! *ief /aples ( ,cuba4 ,!re are _m qualities1 b x is usually class$ into two k9ds4 ,t :i* is rais$ on ! we/]n end ( ! isl& & is unequall$ = smok+1 is call$ ,vuelta abajo4 ,t :i* is rais$ ea/ ( ,havana1 is call$ ,vuelta arriba1 & is f> inf]ior to ! =m]4 ,! be/ ,havana tobacco f>ms are conf9$ to a v n>r[ area on ! s\? we/ "p ( ,cuba4 ,?is di/rict1 tw5ty-sev5 leagues long & only sev5 broad1 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by m\nta9s1 on ! s\? & we/ by ! ocean1 :il/ ea/w>d1 ?\gh !re is no natural limit1 ! tobacco s5sibly deg5]ates 9 quality4 ,a light s&y soil & r l[ situation suit ! be/4 ,! ,vuelta abajo is usually divid$ into five classes4 ,calidad or ,libra4 ,ynjuriado ,pr9cipal or ,fir/s4 ,segundas or ,seconds4 ,t]ceiras or ,?irds4 ,cu>tas or ,f\r?s4 ,calidad is ! be/ tobacco1 select$ = its good color1 flavor1 ela/icity & entir5ess ( ! leaves4 ,! bales conta9 sixty h&s ( f\r gabillas1 or f+]s ( tw5ty-five leaves ea*1 & are m>k$ ,l4#fj4 ,ynjuriado ,pr9cipal has less flavor1 & is usually ( a light] color4 ,! leaves %\ld be :ole & some:at ela/ic4 ,! bales conta9 eighty h&s ( f\r gabillas1 or ?irty leaves ea*1 & are m>k$ ,b4 #hj4 ,segundas is ! mo/ inf]ior class ( wrapp]4 ,!re are _m good leaves 9 x1 b ! h&s are usually made up ( ^? :i* are /a9$1 h a bad color1 or h be5 slightly t\*$ by ! worm4 ,! bales conta9 eighty h&s ( f\r gabillas ( ?irty-six to =ty leaves ea*1 & are m>k$ ,y4 #b;a4 #hj4 ,t]ceiras is ! be/ till+1 & mu* wrapp] c usually be select$ f x :5 new4 ,! bales conta9 eighty h&s ( f\r gabillas ( m ?an =ty leaves ea*1 & are m>k$ #c;a4 #hj4 ,cu>tas is ! mo/ inf]ior class1 fit only = fill+4 ,! bales conta9 eighty h&s ( f\r gabillas ( no det]m9$ numb] ( leaves1 & are m>k$ #d;a4 #hj4 ,! ,vuelta arriba tobacco is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b nei!r its color or flavor is good1 & x does n burn well4 ,! crop is ga!r$ 9 ! spr+1 & usually beg9s to appe> at m>ket 9 ,july4 ,good tobacco %\ld be aromatic1 ( a ri* br[n color1 )\t /a9s1 & ! leaf ?9 & ela/ic4 ,x %\ld burn well & ! ta/e %\ld be nei!r bitt] nor bit+4 ,! be/ is gr[n on ! m>g9s ( riv]s :i* are p]iodically ov]fl[$1 & is call$ ,de rio4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r tobacco by a f9e s&1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! creases ( ! leaves4 ,! tobacco plantations 9 ,cuba increas$ 9 numb] f #e1ecd 9 #ahbg1 to #i1ajb 9 #ahdf4 ,! production ( tobacco has ne>ly d\bl$ 9 ! prov9ce1 ( :i* ,/4 ,jago is ! port1 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! exports f ! ,havana3-- ,leaf tobacco4 ,cig>s4 #ahdj #a1jca1acf lbs4 #adg1hah ?\s&4 #ahda #a1dfj1cjb #afa1ibh #ahdb #a1jec1afa #ace1abg #ahdc #b1abe1hje #aec1bbg #ahdd #a1aig1acf #adg1hbe #ahde #a1fba1hhi #abj1ceb #ahdf #d1jff1bfb #aeh1hda #ahdg #a1icf1hbi #a1ihb1bfg #ahdh #a1cej1hae #aej1gbi #ahdi #a1aeh1bfe #aaa1egb ,! class ( tobacco %ipp$ at ! port ( ,havana1 is n ! same z t ga!r$ 9 ! di/ricts f :i* ! manufactur]s ( cig>s !re receive _! supplies--x w\ld co/ too de>4 ,h[ev]1 x is n a r>e occurr5ce to f9d among a numb] ( bales a few ( a quality ab\t equal to t employ$ !re1 & ?is happ5s 9 ye>s :5 ! crop has be5 v abundant1 z 9 #ahdf & #ahdh4 ,! v>i\s classes are paid 9 proportion to ! capa1 or outside leaves1 :i* are f\nd 9 an assortm5t2 ! ?ree fir/ classes are employ$ z cov]s1 & (t51 if ! tobacco is new1 !y may be f\nd 9 ! f\r? & ev5 9 ! fif?4 ,9 p>cels well assort$1 "o-f\r? is compos$ ( capa--say1 fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 & ! re/ is compos$ ( tripa1 or int]ior ( ! cig>4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$1 !re g5]ally comes m ( ! capa ?an is necess>y to use2 ! rema9+ bales1 :i* conta9 ! inf]ior class1 are fit only = fill+s4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( ! a%es ( ,havana tobacco3-- ,salts ( pota% #bd4cj ,salts ( lime & magnesia #fg4dj ,silica #h4cj ----- #ajj4jj ,hayti export$ 9 #ahcf #a1bbb1gaf lbs4 ,porto ,rico1 9 #ahci #dc1bjc cwt4 ,! ,fr5* h be5 s successful 9 cultivat+ tobacco1 9 _! possessions 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 t !y hope soon to be indep5d5t ( ! =eign gr[n article4 ,! mode ( prep>+ x1 h[ev]1 is n v well und]/ood by ! coloni/s4 ,9 #ahea1 ! numb] ( plant]s 9 ,alg]ia 0 only #acg1 :]eas 9 #aheb1 x 0 #a1jgc4 ,! numb] ( hect>es "u culture ) ! tobacco plant 0 #ddf 9 #ahea1 & #a1jie 9 #aheb4 ,! total ( ! pres5t ye>'s crop is e/imat$ at #a1ghj1jjj kilogrammes1 ( :i* #gjj1jjj kilogrammes h be5 gr[n by ! natives1 & ! re/ by ,europeans4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,algi]s alone1 ! quantity ( tobacco sold w am\nt to #eej1jjj kilogrammes1 :i* is ne>ly ?ree times z mu* z 9 #ahea1 & an equal progression has tak5 place 9 ! prov9ces ( ,oran1 & ,con/ant9a4 ,! cultivation ( tobacco 9 ,alg]ia has prov$ mo/ successful2 9 #ahea1 only #bfd1iab kilogrammes 7 produc$2 9 #aheb1 ! quantity _h ris5 to #gce1aii kilogrammes4 ,!re are two crops 9 ! ye>1 ! fir/ be+ ! be/1 b ev5 ?is is capable ( almo/ indef9ite augm5tation4 ,,culture ,,( ,,tobacco ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,hav+ t\*$ ^u ! practice ( culture 9 ! we/]n _w1 we w n[ b5d our /eps t[>ds ! ea/1 & x may be curi\s to notice ! me?od pursu$ 9 cultivat+ & cur+ ! celebrat$ ,%iraz tobacco ( ,p]sia 7,nicotiana ,p]sica71 :i* is s mu* e/eem$ = ! delicacy ( its flavor1 & its aromatic quality4 ,x is ?us describ$ by an intellig5t travell]4 ,! culture ( ! plant1 x w be se51 is ne>ly ! same2 x is only ! prep>ation ( ! tobacco t =ms ! diff]5ce3-- ,9 ,decemb] ! se$ is s[n 9 a d>k soil1 :i*1 has be5 slightly manur$ 7r$ clayey soils w n d74 ,to protect ! se$1 & to keep x w>m1 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) light1 ?orny bu%es1 :i* are remov$ :5 ! plants are ?ree or f\r in*es high2 & dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! plants are wat]$ e f\r or five days1 only h[ev] 9 ! ev5t ( suffici5t ra9 to keep ! soil well moi/5$ n fall+4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be kept wet until ! plants are six to eight in*es high1 :5 !y are transplant$ into a well moi/5$ soil1 :i* has be5 made into tr5*es = !m2 ! plants be+ put on ! top ( ! ridges t5 or twelve in*es ap>t1 :ile ! tr5*$ plots are made1 s z to reta9 ! wat] giv54 ,! day !y are transplant$1 wat] mu/ be giv5 to !m1 & also e five or six days subsequ5tly1 unless ra9 en\gh falls to r5d] ?is unnecess>y4 ,:5 ! plants h become f ?irty to =ty in*es high1 ! leaves w be f ?ree to fifte5 in*es long4 ,at ?is p]iod1 or :5 ! fl[]s are =m+1 all ! fl[] capsules are p9*$ or twi/$ (f4 ,aft] ?is op]ation & wat]+ be+ cont9u$1 ! leaves increase 9 size & ?ickness until ! mon? ( ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 :5 ea* plant is cut (f close to ! root1 & aga9 /uck firmly into ! gr\nd4 ,at ?is season ( ! ye>1 heavy dews fall dur+ ! night2 :5 expos$ to ^! ! color ( ! leaves *ange f gre5 to ! desir$ yell[4 ,dur+ ?is /age1 ( c\rse no wat] is giv5 to ! soil4 ,:5 ! leaves are suffici5tly yell[1 ! plants are tak5 f ! e>? e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & :ile !y are yet wet f ! dew1 are heap$ on ea* o!r 9 a high %$1 ! walls ( :i* are made ) light ?orny bu%es1 :]e !y are freely expos$ to ! w9d4 ,:ile !re1 & g5]ally 9 f\r or five days1 ^? leaves :i* are /ill gre5 become ( ! desir$ pale yell[ color4 ,! /alks & c5tre /em ( ea* leaf are n[ remov$1 & ?r[n away1 ! leaves are heap$ toge!r 9 ! dry+ h\se = ?ree or f\r days m1 :5 !y are 9 a fit /ate = pack+4 ,= ?is op]ation ! leaves are c>efully spread on ea* o!r & =m$ into sorts ( cakes1 ! circumf]5ce f f\r to five feet1 & ?ree to f\r in*es ?ick1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to break or injure ! leaves4 ,bags made ( /rong clo?1 b ?9 & v op5 at ! sides1 are fill$ ) ^! cakes1 & press$ v /rongly d[n on ea* o!r2 ! leaves w\ld be brok5 if ?is 7 n att5d$ to4 ,:5 ! bags are fill$1 !y are plac$ sep>ately 9 a dry+ h\se1 & turn$ daily4 ,if ! leaves 7 s dry t !re w\ld be a risk ( _! break+ dur+ ! op]ation ( pack+1 a v slight spr9kl+ ( wat] is giv5 !m to enable !m to )/& x )\t injury4 ,! leaf is valu$ = be+ ?ick1 t\gh1 & ( a uni=m light yell[ color1 & ( an agreeable aromatic smell4 ,9 ,india1 ! ,surat1 ,bilsah1 & ,s&[ay 7,arracan7 v>ieties ( tobacco are ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,! two fir/ are f\nd to be good = cultivation 9 ! di/rict ab\t ,calcutta1 b ! ,cabool is /ill m to be pref]r$4 ,tobacco requires 9 ! ,ea/1 = its gr[?1 a soil z f]tile & z well manur$ z = ! production ( ! poppy or opium4 ,x is1 !re=e1 (t5 plant$ 9 ! spaces enri*$ by animal & vegetable exuvi1 among ! huts ( ! natives4 ,i h tri$ se$ 9 diff]5t soils1 says ,capt4 ,c4 ,c[les1--namely a light g>d5 m\ld ) a l>ge portion ( old h\se rubbi%1 dug to a good dep?1 :i* _h a top dress+ ( ! sweep+s ( ! f>m-y>d & c[-h\ses2 a r heavy loam1 highly manur$ ) burnt & decay$ vegetables1 & old c[ dung2 ! ?ird 0 a pat* ( gr\nd1 :i* 0 orig9ally an un:olesome swamp1 f be+ eighte5 in*es to two feet1 l[] ?an ! surr\nd+ l&2 ! soil appe>$ to be a h>d /]ile clay1 & cov]$ ) long co>se grass & ru%es4 ,z !re 0 a tank ne> x1 ,i cut away "o side ( x1 & ?rew ! soil ov] ! gr\nd1 br++ x r above ! level4 ,su* 0 its appe>ance1 7a h>d compo/ m>ly clay17 t ,i expect$ no o!r good f x ?an t ( rais+ ! l& s z to ?r[ ! wat] (f2 contr>y1 h[ev]1 to my expectations1 x produc$ a mu* f9] crop ( tobacco ?an ei!r ( ! o!r soils1 & ) some:at less manure4 ,! agricultural process is limit$ to "s practical laws f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 & ^! are subject to two pr9cipal ag5ts2 viz41 ! soil & climate4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 x is ! practice among/ ! gr[]s 9 tobacco c\ntries1 su* z ,cuba1 ! ,/ates ( ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 to select a high & dry piece ( l&1 ( a silice\s nature1 & comb9$ ) iron1 if possible2 & ) respect to ! latt]1 !re are seasons ( ! ye> too well kn[n to ! plant]s to ne$ any explanation4 ,! only diff]5ce 7if !re is any7 dep5ds on ! geographical situation ( ! place1 ) respect to its temp]ature1 or 9 ! backw>dness or advancem5t ( seasons1 & ev5 on ! duration ( ! same--9 :i* circum/ances ! plant] takes advantage ( ! "o = ! o!r4 ,! influ5ce ( a burn+ climate may be modifi$ by *oos+ ! coole/ mon? ( ! ye>1 :]eas ! soil _c be alt]$ )\t incurr+ great exp5se4 ,i h se5 tobacco lose its natural quality & deg5]ate by transplant+ f "o soil to ano!r1 al?\gh ( ! same temp]ature1 & vice v]sa4 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton has analys$ sev]al ,indian soils1 di/+ui%$ = ! production ( sup]ior tobacco4 ,^! are ! table soils f ,arracan1 7,s&[ay17 a soil f ,s+\r1 9 ,burdwan1 ne> ,*&]nagore1 ! tobacco ( :i*1 ?\gh ( ! same species z t ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 sells at ! price ( ! ,arracan sort2 & ! soil ( ! be/ ,b5gal tobacco1 :i* is gr[n at1 & ab\t ,h+alee1 9 ! ,ki%nagur di/rict4 ,! be/ tobacco soils ( ,cuba & ,manila1 are = ! mo/ "p r$ soils4 ,n[1 ! r$ & r$di% soils conta9 mo/ ( _! iron 9 ! /ate ( p]oxide1 or ! r$di% br[n oxide ( iron2 :ile ! light] grey soils conta9 x only 9 ! /ate ( protoxide1 or ! black oxide ( iron4 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton believes ! quality ( ! tobacco to dep5d ma9ly on ! /ate & quantity ( ! iron ( ! soil1 :ile x is indiff]5t ab\t ! lime1 :i* is s ess5tial to cotton4 ,none ( ! tobacco soils conta9 any lime4 ,_! analysis %[ !m to conta93-- ,arracan soil4 ,s+\r soil4 ,h+alee soil4 ,oxide or iron1 7p]oxide7 #ae1fe #aj1fj #f1jj ,wat] & sal9e matt] #a1aj #ge #a1ej ,vegetable matt] & fibre #c1ge #a1aj #ge ,silex #gf1ij #hj1fe #hg1be ,alum9a #b1jj #d1ej #a1ej ------- ------- ------- #ii1dj #ig1fj #ig1jj ,wat] & loss #fj #b1dj #c1jj ------- ------- ------- #ajj #ajj #ajj ,f :i* x w be se5 t ! be/ tobacco soil hi!rto f\nd 9 ,india conta9s ab\t sixte5 p] c5t41 or ne>ly "o-six?1 ( iron1 :i* is mo/ly 9 a /ate ( p]oxide2 & t ! inf]ior sort ( tobacco gr[s 9 a soil conta9+ only six p] c5t41 or "o-sixte5? ( iron1 :i* is1 moreov]1 mo/ly 9 ! /ate ( protoxide1 or black oxide4 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton ?\ght x wor? exam9+ :at ! quantity ( iron 9 ! diff]5t sorts ( tobacco w\ld be1 & f\nd t :ile ! a%es ( "o ounce1 or #dhj gra9s ( ,havana & ,s&[ay *]oots gave exactly #a4id gra9s1 or #j4dj p] c5t41 ( p]oxide ( iron ! a%es ( ! same quantity ( ! ,h+alee1 or be/ ,b5gal tobacco1 only gave #a4ej gra9s1 or #j4cb p] c5t42 & x appe>s to exi/ 9 ! fir/ two 9 a /ate ( p]oxide1 & 9 ! la/ z a protoxide ( iron2 r5d]+ x highly probable t ! flavor ( ! tobacco to ! smok] dep5ds on ! /ate & quantity ( ! iron x conta9s6 ,gre5 copp]as wat]1 :i* is a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 is (t5 us$ by ! ,am]ican & ,engli% tobacconi/s & plant]s1 to col\r & flavor _! tobacco2 & ?is w\ld be decompos$ by ! potass ( ! tobacco1 & sulphate ( potass & c>bonate ( iron is =m$4 ,c>bonate ( iron is ( an o*re-yell[ color4 ,mr4 ,pidd+ton says he took c>e to asc]ta9 t ?is process _h n be5 p]=m$ ) ! tobacco us$ = ?is exp]im5t2 & adds t ,b5gal *]oot mak]s d n "k ( ?is me?od4 ,mr4 ,laidley1 ( ,gonitea1 diss5ts f ! idea sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,pidd+ton t f]rug9\s matt] 9 ! soil is ess5tial to ! successful gr[? ( tobacco4 ,he obs]ves t if we att5d only to ! iron conta9$1 :y e plant w be f\nd to require a f]rug9\s soil2 b tobacco conta9s a notable quantity ( nitrate ( potass & muriate ( ammonia 7! latt] a mo/ r>e +r$i5t 9 plants71 & ^! two salts are inf9itely m likely to affect ! flavor ( ! leaf ?an a small portion ( oxide ( iron1 an in]t body4 ,n[ z nei!r ( ^! c be suppli$ by ! atmosph]e1 we mu/ se>* = !m 9 ! soil1 & accord+ly he imag9$ t a compo/ simil> to ! saltpetre b$s :i* ,napoleon employ$ s ext5sively 9 ,france1 w\ld be a good manure = tobacco l&s2 namely1 calc>e\s matt]1 su* z old mort>1 dung1 & ! a%es ( we$s or wood4 ,he 0 aw>e t good tobacco might be gr[n 9 ,be]bhoom1 hav+ rais$ "s himself sev]al ye>s ago f ,am]ican se$4 ,! plants grew mo/ vigor\sly1 & he fur!r obs]v$1 9 confirmation ( 8 op9ion ab\t ! prop] manure1 t 9 o!r di/ricts 9 :i* he _h resid$ ! natives always grew ! tobacco 7ea* = 8 own use7 ^u ! heap ( rubbi% at 8 door1 consi/+ ( a%es1 c[-dung1 & (fal ( all k9ds4 ,:ile ! soil ( ! ,gangetic diluvium almo/ always conta9s c>bonate ( lime1 ! ,be]bhoom soil does n1 z f> at lea/ z ,mr4 ,laidley _h exam9$ x4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( culture pursu$ ab\t ! city ( ,coimbetore4 ,betwe5 ! middle ( ,augu/ & ! same "t 9 ,septemb]1 a plot ( gr\nd is ho$ & embank$ into small squ>es2 9 ^! ! se$ is s[n1 & cov]$ by h& ?ree times at int]vals ( t5 days4 ,to secure a succession ( se$l+s wat] is !n giv51 & ! sun's rays mod]at$ by a cov]+ ( bu%es4 ,wat]+ is repeat$ e day = a mon?1 & !n only e fif? day4 ,! field 9 :i* ! se$l+s are transplant$1 is manur$ & pl\gh$ at ! end ( ,augu/4 ,cattle are also fold$ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,f\r or five pl\gh+s are giv5 betwe5 mid ,septemb] & ! middle ( ,octob]1 :5 ! field is divid$ z above into small squ>es4 ,^! are wat]$ until ! soil is r5d]$ a mud4 ,plants ( ! fir/ s[+ are !n ins]t$ at ! end ( ,septemb]1 ab\t a cubit ap>t1 ! transplant+ be+ done 9 ! aft]noon4 ,at int]vals ( t5 days ! se$l+s ( ! o!r two s[+s are remov$4 ,a mon? aft] be+ transplant$ ! field is ho$1 & aft] ano!r mon? ! lead+ %oot ( ea* plant is p9*$ (f1 s z to leave !m n m ?an a cubit high4 ,?ree times dur+ ! next mon? all side %oots ?r[n out are remov$4 ,:5 f\r mon?s old1 ! crop is ready = cutt+4 ,to r5d] ! leaves sweet ! field is wat]$1 & ! plants cut d[n close to ! surface1 be+ all[$ to rema9 :5 cut until next morn+4 ,_! roots are ti$ to a rope & susp5d$ r\nd ! h$ges4 ,9 f9e wea!r ! leaves are dry 9 t5 days1 b if cl\dy !y require five m days4 ,!y are !n heap$ up "u a ro(1 :i* is cov]$ ) bu%es & press$ ) /ones = five days4 ,aft] ?is ! leaves are remov$ f ! /ems1 ti$ 9 bun*es1 heap$ aga91 & press$ = f\r days long]4 ,!y are n[ ti$ 9 bundles1 p>tly ( ! small leaf & p>tly ( ! l>ge leaf bundles1 & aga9 put 9 heaps = t5 days--once dur+ ! "t ! heaps be+ op5$ & pil$ afre%4 ,?is completes ! dry+4 ,a ?\s& bundles1 weigh+ ab\t #egj lbs41 is a good produce = an acre4 ,9 #agfj1 ,ceylon produc$ a consid]able quantity ( tobacco1 pr9cipally ab\t ,jaffna1 a dem& hav+ sprung up = x 9 ,travancore1 & on ! ,malay coa/4 ,! cultivation spread to o!r di/ricts ( ! isl&1 ,negombo1 ,*ilaw1 & ,matura4 ,n long aft] ! possession ( ! isl& by ! ,briti%1 a monopoly 0 creat$ by an import duty ( #be p] c5t41 ad valorem1 & 9 #ahaa ! gr[]s 7 compell$ to deliv] _! tobacco into ! ,gov]nm5t /ores at c]ta9 fix$ rates4 ,! culture & dem& !reupon decreas$4 ,9 #ahec1 ! duty on ! exports ( tobacco f ?is isl& am\nt$ to #h1chf1 & 9 #ahcf to #i1ead4 ,ceylon n[ exports a consid]able quantity ( tobacco4 ,! value ( t export$ 9 #ahdd 0 ne>ly #ah1jjj3 x w5t exclusively to ,briti% colonies4 ,! %ipm5ts s9ce h be5 z foll[s3-- #ahdh #ag1iib ---- #ahdi #bb1cjj ---- #ahej #bj1gba #bb1ahd cwts4 #ahea #ba1dbb #bb1ebc #aheb #bj1eca #ba1iee ,ab\t #if1jjj piculs ( cig>s1 ( five diff]5t qualities1 are export$ annually f ,siam4 ,a good deal ( v f9e tobacco is gr[n 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! ,manila *]oots are celebrat$ all ov] ! globe4 ,! quantity ( raw tobacco %ipp$ f ,manila 9 #ahdg 0 #ib1ajf arrobas 7ea* ab\t a qu>t] ( a cwt472 manufactur$ tobacco1 #ab1jed arrobas2 & #a1icc cases ( cig>s4 #e1bbj boxes ( cig>s 7 %ipp$ f ,manila 9 #ahdd4 #gc1dci millions ( cig>s 7 %ipp$ 9 #ahej1 & #db1fbi qu9tals ( leaf tobacco4 ,! manufacture ( cig>s 9 ,manila is a monopoly ( ! gov]nm5t1 & n only is ?is ! case1 b x is a monopoly ( ! close/ description1 & any infr+em5t ( ! assum$ rights ( ! ,spani% ,indian gov]nm5t is visit$ by ! mo/ sev]e p5alties4 ,public ent]prise1 h[ev] little ( t commodity !re n[ exi/s 9 ! ,spani% "*1 is ?us kept d[n2 & ?is is n only detrim5tal to ! nation itself1 b is also unju/ t[>ds ^? p]sons :o are ! pur*as]s ( ! article1 enhanc$ 9 price1 z is always ! case1 by monopoly4 ,! *]oot1 :i* n[ co/s1 free ( duty1 ab\t "o halfp5ny1 c\ld be r5d]$ = half t sum1 accord+ to well-au!nticat$ op9ions4 ,to protect itself f illicit manufactur]s1 or smuggl+ ( any k9d 9 connection ) cig>s1 ! gov]nm5t is compell$ to ma9ta9 an army ( g5d>mes1 9 ord] to adopt ! mo/ /r+5t means :i* despotic /ates alone tol]ate4 ,no p]son is1 !re=e1 p]mitt$ to h ev5 ! tobacco leaf 9 its raw /ate on 8 premises1 & g5d>mes pay1 at /at$ int]vals1 domicili>y visits to ! habitations ( ! p1 9 se>* ( any contrab& mat]ials4 ,!re are sev]al ext5sive manufactories ( cig>s & *]oots belong+ to ! gov]nm5t 9 & ne> ,manila4 ,mr4 ,mac ,mick+1 9 8 rec5t "w on ! ,philipp9es1 ?us describes ! mode ( manufacture by ^? employ$ by ! gov]nm5t3-- ,9 mak+ *]oots wom5 only are employ$1 ! numb] ( ^? s engag$ 9 ! factory at ,manila be+ g5]ally ab\t #d1jjj4 ,beside ^!1 a l>ge body ( m5 are employ$ at ano!r place 9 ! composition ( cig>illos1 or small cig>s1 kept toge!r by an envelope ( :ite pap] 9 place ( tobacco2 ^! be+ ! description mo/ smok$ by ! ,indians4 ,! flavor ( ,manila *]oots is peculi> to !mselves1 be+ q diff]5t f t made ( any o!r sort ( tobacco2 ! greate/ *>act]i/ic probably be+ its slightly soporific t5d5cy1 :i* has caus$ _m p]sons 9 ! habit ( us+ x to imag9e t opium is employ$ 9 ! prep>atory treatm5t ( ! tobacco1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,! cig>s are made up by ! h&s ( wom5 9 l>ge rooms ( ! factory1 ea* ( !m conta9+ f #hjj to #a1jjj s\ls4 ,^! are all seat$1 or squatt$1 ,indian l1 on _! haun*es1 ^u ! floor1 r\nd tables1 at ea* ( :i* !re is an old woman presid+ to keep ! "y ones 9 ord]1 ab\t a doz5 ( !m be+ ! complem5t ( a table4 ,all ( !m are suppli$ ) a c]ta9 weight ( tobacco1 ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird qualities us$ 9 compos+ a cig>1 & are oblig$ to acc\nt = a proportionate numb] ( *]oots1 ! weight & size ( :i* are by ^! means kept equal4 ,z !y use /ones = beat+ out ! leaf on ! wood5 tables be=e :i* !y are seat$1 ! noise produc$ by !m :ile mak+ !m up is deaf5+1 & g5]ally suffici5t to make no "o desir\s ( protract+ a visit to ! place4 ,! work]s are well recomp5s$ by ! gov]nm5t1 z v _m ( !m e>n f six to t5 doll>s a mon? = _! labor2 & z t am\nt is amply suffici5t to provide !m ) all _! com=ts1 & to leave a l>ge balance = _! exp5ses 9 dress1 c41 !y are seldom v con/ant labor]s1 & nev] ent] ! factory on ,sundays1 or1 at lea/1 on z great an annual numb] ( fea/ days z !re are ,sundays 9 a ye>4 ,! ,japanese gr[ a good deal ( tobacco = _! own consumption1 :i* is v consid]able4 ,!y consid] t f ,sasma z ! be/1 !n t f ,nangasakay1 ,s9day1 c4 ,! wor/ comes f ! prov9ce ( ,tzyng>u2 x is /rong1 ( a black color1 & has a disgu/+ ta/e & smell4 ,! tobacco f ,sasma is1 inde$1 also /rong1 b x has an agreeable ta/e & smell1 & is ( a bright yell[ color4 ,! tobacco f ,nangasakay is v weak1 9 ta/e & smell p]haps ! be/1 & ( a bright br[n color4 ,! tobacco f ,s9day is v good4 ,! ,japanese manufacture ! tobacco s well1 says ,capt4 ,gol[n91 7,recollections ( ,japan17 t ?\gh ,i 0 be=e no fri5d to smok+1 & ev5 :5 ,i 0 at ,jamaica c\ld b seldom p]suade myself to smoke an ,havana cig>1 yet ,i smok$ ! ,japanese tobacco v frequ5tly1 & ) great pleasure4 ,! culture ( tobacco is a v pr(itable article = ! labor]s1 see+ t ! produce is obta9$ f gr\nds :i* h already giv5 ! fir/ crop4 ,! qualities ( ,java tobacco are m & m priz$ 9 ! ,european m>kets1 ! prep>ation & assortm5t are n yet all t c\ld be desir$1 b !y h progress$ 9 ?is bran*1 & ! contracts made ) ! new adv5tur]s assure !m ( a consid]able b5efit4 ,b be=e ! ,java tobaccos c f9d an assur$ op5+ 9 ! ,european m>kets1 x is necess>y t ! cultivators %\ld make use ( se$ f ! ,havana or ,manila4 ,! resid5cies ( ,rembang1 ,s\rabaya1 ,sam>ang1 ,*9b\1 & ,tagal1 pres5t di/ricts suit$ = its culture2 x has be5 c>ri$ on ) success = a good _m ye>s 9 ! resid5cies ( ,treang]1 ,pakalongan1 & ,k$u1 b only = ! consumption ( ! int]ior1 & ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,tobacco is cultivat$ 9 ,celebes1 b m]ely 9 suffici5t quantity = local consumption4 ,x is exclusively gr[n by ! ,bantik population--! mode ( prep>ation is ! same z 9 ,java2 x is *opp$ v f9e & mo/ly flavor$ ) arrack4 ,:5 b\ght 9 l>ge quantities1 x may be _h = ?irty c5ts ! p\nd2 b 9 small] quantities x co/s d\ble t price4 ,tobacco is cultivat$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ) mu* success4 ,au/ralia produces a leaf equal to ,virg9ia1 or ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ,k5tucky1 b ! great difficulty is to extract ! sup]abundant nitre4 ,! fir/ crop 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales exce$s "o ton p] acre1 & ! second crop (f ! same plants1 yields ab\t half ! weight ( ! fir/4 ,9 #ahdd !re 7 ab\t #hga acres 9 cultivation 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ) tobacco1 & ! produce 0 return$ at #f1chb cwts4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 z f9e a fig z c\ld be wi%$ = is manufactur$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ?or\gh-br$ ,virg9ia tobacco manufactur]--b ! impossibility ( extract+ ! nitre by ! heat+1 or any o!r process1 r5d]s ! flavor rank & disagreeable4 ,p]haps *]oots1 or ! l[] numb]s ( cig>s1 manufactur$ f ! ,au/ralian leaf1 might prove m successful4 ,9 ,sydney ! "t = s[+ tobacco se$ is ,septemb]1 b 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& x %\ld be a mon? lat]1 z tobacco plants _c /& ! fro/4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be made f9e1 & 9 n>r[ b$s ?ree feet wide f pa? to pa?1 to all[ = we$+ )\t /epp+ on ! b$s4 ,! se$1 be+ small1 %\ld n be rak$ 92 b aft] ! gr\nd is rak$ f9e1 & p]fectly clean1 & well pulv]is$1 mix ! se$ ) wood a%es1 & s[ ov] ! b$s1 & pat 9 ) ! spade1 or tread 9 ) ! nak$ feet1 :i* is pref]able4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be moi/1 b n mu* wat]$1 or x m\lds ! plants4 ,:5 ab\t z l>ge z mod]ate siz$ cabbage plants1 !y %\ld be put out--?ree feet or ?ree feet six 9 ! r[s1 & five feet ap>t betwe5 ! r[s4 ,:5 ! plant rises to ab\t two feet high1 x w ?r[ out suck]s at ea* leaf1 :i* mu/ be c>efully tak5 (f ) ! f+] & ?umb1 & all bottom & decay$ leaves t t\* ! gr\nd tak5 (f4 ,:5 ! tobacco plant ?r[s out fl[]1 x mu/ be topp$ (f1 leav+ ab\t twelve leaves 9 ! /alk to rip5 & come to maturity4 ,:5 ! leaves feel ?ick betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & assume a mottl$ appe>ance1 !y are fit to cut4 ,9 ,tegg's ,new ,s\? ,wales ,almanac x is /at$ t ! end ( ,july is ! usual "t = s[+ ! se$4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to prev5t ! plants f be+ subsequ5tly de/roy$ by fro/1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to s[ ! se$ until ! fro/ has ceas$ 9 any respective locality 7unless rais$ 9 a frame74 ,tobacco requires a ri* light soil1 & well manur$4 ,by ! in/ructions = cultivat+ x1 ! plant mu/ be ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 :i* w\ld give #d1hdj plants to an acre2 assum+ t ea* plant w\ld yield half a p\nd = ! fir/ crop1 ?is w\ld give #b1dbj lbs4 to an acre1 :i* is only #ahj lbs4 9 excess ( a ton4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales sev]al p>ties use ! tobacco /ems = %eep wa%4 ,"o p\nd ( tobacco is suffici5t to wa% five %eep on an av]age 7"o wa%+71 :i* w\ld give #ab1ajj %eep to "o acre4 ,assum+ t only "o crop 0 gr[n 9 ,new ,zeal& 9 "o ye>1 ( #b1dbj lbs4 to an acre1 at #c;d4 p] p\nd1 7:i* is ab\t half ! m>ket price ( a fair sample ( tobacco 9 bond17 x w\ld am\nt to #cj #es4 p] acre4 ,?ree r[s ( ,indian corn are plant$ outside ! tobacco plants to %elt] !m f ! w9d4 ,9 ord] to save se$1 a few plants are all[$ to fl[]4 ,! ,virg9ian tobacco is ! l>ge/2 x is kn[n by a p9k fl[]2 ! ,nicotiana ru/ica 7common gre57 has a yell[ fl[]4 ,a plant] 9 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia furni%es ! foll[+ directions3-- ,! l& select$ = ! gr[? ( tobacco ought to be ( ! mo/ f]tile description1 ( a friable description1 & ^u :i* no wat] c re/ )9 eighte5 in*es ( ! surface4 ,newly cle>$ bru% l&s ( ?is nature are ! mo/ prolific2 ^u su*1 aft] good tillage1 put ! plants ab\t f\r feet or m ap>t1 9 r[s1 & five feet six in*es asund]4 ,9 int]ior or old gr\nd1 plant proportionately clos]4 ,be=e topp+ or nipp+ (f ! head1 all ! l[] leaves 7t is su* z may t\* ! gr\nd7 ought to be brok5 (f1 leav+ only f five to sev5 = ! crop1 :i* w yield a great] weight & be ( a sup]ior quality ?an if d\ble t numb] 7 left4 ,:5 ripe1 a dry & cl\dy day %\ld be select$ to cut x1 z ! sun de/roys its quality aft] cutt+4 ,x ought !n to lie suffici5tly long ^u ! gr\nd s z to welt be=e c>t+ to ! %$s1 hang+ up ea* /alk next morn+ s z n to t\* its fell[4 ,! dry+ %$s ought to be built ^u an elevat$ or dry spot1 ) a ho>d$ fl\r ( r\gh split /uff1 fifte5 or eighte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 ) ap]tures z w9d[s to admit or to exclude ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,9 damp wea!r close all ! doors & w9d[s1 also e night2 9 contr>y wea!r op5 all4 ,9 ^! dry+ h\ses ! /alks %\ld rema9 susp5d$ until ! vegetable moi/ure is entirely evaporat$1 s t on a dry day ! /ems ( ! leaves w break l a glass pipe1 & ! f9] p>ts crumble into snuff ^u compression2 aft] :i*1 9 humid wea!r1 !y w become q pliable2 !n /rip ! leaves (f ! /ems1 make !m up into h&s1 & pack !m tightly into a close b93 :5 full1 cov] x ) bo>ds & old bagg$ /uff1 ^u :i* place heavy weights4 ,9 ?is /ate x und]goes ! sweat+ process1 :i*1 9 ?is colony1 is little und]/ood or n prop]ly att5d$ to1 & yet1 ^u ! skill display$ !reon1 ! quality ( ! tobacco greatly dep5ds4 ,i w !re=e give "s g5]al directions ^u ?is portion ( ! plant]'s (fice4 ,if ! tobacco happ5 to be too damp :5 put into ! b91 x w atta9 ei!r an injuri\s or a de/ructive degree ( heat2 x mu/ !re=e he wat*$ = "s days aft] x is pack$4 ,to an exp]i5c$ op]ator ,i w\ld say1 if ! heat exce$ #hj degrees ( temp]ature1 imm$iately unpack & re-hang ! :ole1 wait+ its condition z be=e expla9$1 be=e x is aga9 put into ! sweat+ b94 ,%\ld ! degree ( heat be bel[ t /at$1 x may rema9 = weeks or until ! heat has subsid$4 ,i h g5]ally remov$ x f ! sweat+ process 9 ab\t f\rte5 or tw5ty days1 sometimes consid]ably long]1 regulat+ t act by ! odor & color ( ! leaf4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to be atta9+ a v d>k br[n color & its heat n subsid$1 x %\ld be tak5 out & closely press$ into l>ge cases or casks1 :5 x w aga9 atta9 a g5tle heat call$ ! second sweat+1 z is inv>iably ! case ) ! hog%eads ( ! ,am]ican leaf tobacco3 ?is aga9 improves its quality4 ,"h ! gr[]'s op]ations t]m9ate4 ,x may be necess>y to rem>k1 t h[ skilful & exp]i5c$ soev] ! gr[] may be1 x is h>dly possible = him to produce a good article ^u a small scale2 = ) a less quantity ?an "o ton to place 9 ! sweat+ b9 at a "t1 ! requisite heat to insure success w n be g5]at$4 ,i w\ld fur!r obs]ve1 t ! practice ( ! coloni/s 9 gr[+ :at !y t]m a second crop is mo/ injuri\s to _! int]e/s1 _! l&s1 & ! quality & "* ( ! colonial tobacco4 ,! ,am]ican plant] nev] attempts x4 ,i w\ld !re=e /rongly recomm5d its discont9uance1 & also nev] to crop "o piece ( l& ) tobacco m ?an two or ?ree ye>s 9 succession4 ,! ,am]icans r>ely take m ?an two crops unless ! l& be new2 aft] :i* !y s[ x d[n ) grasses1 9 :i* /ate x rema9s = two or ?ree ye>s until x is aga9 plant$ ) tobacco4 ,i w\ld recomm5d ?is plan to ! gr[]s4 ,! "* ( ! ,am]ican tobacco has be5 greatly advanc$ 9 ! m]cantile _w by an ord9ance regulat+ t s\rce ( national weal?4 ,! plant]s are !reby obligat$ to deposit _! crops 9 w>eh\ses1 ov] :i* sworn inspectors preside1 :o rigidly exam9e e hog%ead1 & if f\nd to be ( m]cantile quality1 grant ! own] a c]tificate1 by :i* in/rum5t only he sells 8 produce4 ,! pur*as] is h]eby safe 9 buy+ ^! c]tificates4 ,! tobacco to :i* !y ref] is deliv]$ to ! hold] on pres5tation to ! inspector4 ,i m5tion ?is n z applicable "h at pres5t1 b x mo/ probably may h]eaft]4 ,:5 ! colony is suff]+ sev]ely = ! want ( labor1 x may by "s be deem$ inopportune 9 (f]+ rem>ks ^u ?is article ( comm]ce4 ,to su* diss5ti5ts ,i w rem>k1 t a great portion ( ! "w c be p]=m$ by wom5 & *ildr54 ,a moiety ( our anticipat$ increase ( population w be available = ?is hi!rto mismanag$ s\rce ( weal?4 ,at pres5t ! quantity gr[n 9 ! colony is equal to ?ree-f\r?s ( its consumption1 & :i* production is ( a v inf]ior quality to ! import$4 ,^! facts t5d to %[ t my notice ( ! subject is n inopportune1 & p>ticul>ly s :5 ! object is to po9t out ^? errors s g5]ally adopt$ by ! tobacco gr[]s "h4 ,ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce1 ( p]sonal obs]vation ^u ! plantations ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & my hav+ be51 ,i believe1 ! gr[] ( ! greate/ quantity ( tobacco 9 ! colony1 qualify me to af=d in/ructions !reon2 :]eby1 if att5d$ to1 our tobacco w become fully equal to ! ,am]ican1 z 0 prov$ to be ! case by ! crops ,i grew "h 7upw>ds ( #dj tons71#ef :i* 7 sold 9 ,sydney by ! ,commiss>iat ,dep>tm5t at public auction1 at an advance ( tw5ty p] c5t4 m ?an ! import$ leaf4 ,z ! duty on tobacco is ab\t to be r$uc$1 ! pres5t production may fall (f1 unless an imm$iate improvem5t 9 its quality take place4 ,in/ead ( be+ import]s ( tobacco1 we %\ld1 if x 0 gr[n "h to p]fection1 be export]s ( x to all our si/] colonies2 & 9 its raw /ate1 also to ! ,european m>kets4 ,at pres5t1 = home consumption1 !re is a great] pr(it to be made by its cultivation1 if skilfully manag$1 ?an 9 any "p ( ! _w2 = ! duty ^u import$ is a positive bonus to ! gr[]4 ,9 #ahdi-ej !re 7 fifte5 manufactories ( tobacco on a small scale 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 b ^! 7 r$uc$ 9 #ahea to six4 ,_m samples ( tobacco gr[n 9 ! colony h be5 pron\nc$ by compet5t judges equal to ,virg9ian1 b a v consid]able prejudice exi/s aga9/ x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t ! deal]s dispose ( a great deal z ,am]ican tobacco1 & get a be/ price = x4 ,! r$uction ( ! import duties on =eign tobacco1 rec5tly made by ! ,legislative ,c\ncil1 w probably ret>d ! progress ( ! colonial production & manufacture ( ?is article2 b ) an abundance ( labor !re is no "q t ?is bran* ( indu/ry w be aga9 pr(itably resort$ to4 ,! quantity ( tobacco manufactur$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 #ahdg1 0 #a1cba cwt42 9 #ahdh1 #gad cwt42 9 #ahdi1 #b1geh cwt42 9 #ahej1 #c1hcc cwt42 9 #ahea1 #d1hda cwt4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,adelaide ,obs]v] recomm5ds its culture 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & supplies ! foll[+ useful in=mation3-- ,)\t ent]+ into botanical details1 ,i w simply /ate t ! plant is ( a %rubby nature1 ab\t five feet high1 & ought n to be plant$ ne>] ?an f\r feet f ea* o!r1 9 r[s five feet ap>t--?us all[+ = ea* plant a space ( gr\nd f\r feet by five1 or #bj squ>e feet4 ,an acre w consequ5tly furni% suffici5t room = #b1agh plants4 ,! tobacco plant w ?rive 9 almo/ any climate1 f ! torrid zone to ! temp]ature ( ,great ,brita94 ,x luxuriates 9 ri* alluvial valleys1 :]e ! soil is ei!r ( a loamy or a peaty nature4 ,maid5 soil is n recomm5d$4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be tr5*$1 work$ z f9e z possible1 & well manur$4 ,tobacco w n answ] unless ! subsoil is ?or\ghly brok54 ,! be/ manure is t obta9$ f ! bullock-y>d1 & b>k f ! tan y>d2 & by two or ?ree pl\gh+s ! e>? c be br\ght to a prop] consi/5cy1 & fit = ! reception ( ! plants4 ,! usual me?od adopt$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 is to raise ! plants 9 a w>m1 %elt]$ b$1 nei!r expos$ to w9d nor to ! sun's rays2 b if ! wea!r is dry1 !y %\ld be well wat]$ night & morn+4 ,! "t ( s[+ is ! end ( ,augu/ or ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] 9 ! latitude ( ,sydney1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r2 & !y may be transplant$ :5 !y h atta9$ _! six? leaf1 :i* is g5]ally ab\t a mon? or five weeks aft] !y are up4 ,! p]iod is r lat] 9 ?is colony1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! plants h ga9$ suffici5t /r5g? 9 ! gr\nd aft] transplant+ to )/& ! effect ( ! hot w9ds1 &1 if practicable1 ! aspect %\ld be ei!r ,n4,e4 or ,n4,w41 & ! r[s %\ld incl9e t[>ds ei!r ( ^! po9ts4 ,! mo/ suitable spots 9 ?is colony = ! cultivation ( tobacco1 are ,lyndo* ,valley & ! di/ricts r\nd ! t[n ( ,willunga & ,morphett ,vale4 ,! greate/ c>e is requir$ f ! cultivator to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! plant f its greate/ enemy1 ! black grub4 ,daily se>* %\ld be made = x1 & n a plant %\ld be left unexam9$2 !y make _! appe>ance ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! plants h sc>cely _h "t to take root4 ,! soil betwe5 ! r[s %\ld be kept con/antly /irr$ ) a ?ree-prong$ =k1 t air & ! sun's rays may be admitt$1 :i* latt] are z indisp5sable to ! gr[+ plant z injuri\s to ! se$l+4 ,! labor is great1 & f fir/ to la/ requires ! con/ant att5tion ( "o man ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 ) an additional h& = ab\t six weeks dur+ ! process ( cur+4 ,! pr(its ev5 9 bad seasons are consid]able2 b :5 ! season & soil are favorable1 !y av]age upw>ds ( #ajj p] c5t4 ,! consumption ( tobacco is great 9 ?is colony1 n only = p]sonal use1 b = %eep-wa%2 & ! pr(its may be consid]ably great] = ! l[] leaves1 :i*1 ow+ to _! gritty nature1 _c be manufactur$1 b may be advantage\sly cur$ = wa%4 ,x is n my (fice to argue ! po9t z to ! advantages :i* may accrue f a free trade 9 tobacco2 b ?is ,i "k1 & confid5tly ass]t x1 f actual exp]im5ts made 9 ?is prov9ce1 t a m lucrative article _c be gr[n4 ,! consumption 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 #ahej1 0 #adg1agh lbs42 & ! annual increase s9ce #ahdj has be5 a high] p]c5tage ?an ! increase ( population1 *iefly ow+ to ext5sion 9 %eep-f>m+4 ,! probable exp5se ( cultivation p] acre may be z "u3-- s4 d4 ,r5t #j #aj #j ,labor1 #ab mon?s #eb #j #j ,ditto1 #b mon?s #h #aj #j ,pl\gh+ ?ree times #b #b #j ,h>r[+ twice #a #j #j ,manure1 say #b #aj #j ,se$1 say #j #aj #j ---------- #fg #b #j ,! ,sydney av]age quantity is said to be #aa-a_/c cwt4 p] acre1 say #aj cwt42 & ! co/ price p] lb4 w be #ad;d41 or #f #aes4 #d;d4 p] cwt4 ,! pr(it w at once be se5 on ?is article ( consumption4 99 99 99 99 99 ,miscellane\s ,drugs4--,! blood tree 7,croton gossypifolia71 an ev]gre5 %rub1 native ( ! ,tr9idad m\nta9s1 is rem>kable = yield+1 :5 w\nd$1 a ?ick juice resembl+ blood 9 color1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful a/r+5ts ,i "k (1 & z su* w\ld be valuable to m$ical sci5ce4 ,! b>k ( ,croton ,casc>illa is1 z we h se5 9 a =m] section1 aromatic1 & ! se$s ( ,c4 ,tiglium1 ! physic nut1 are purgative2 s are ^? ( ! purg+ nut 7,jatropha multifida71 & ano!r species 7,j4 gossypifolia74 ,! pods ( c[-it* 7,mucuna pruri5s7 act z a v]mifuge2 ! roots ( ! ,ruellia tub]osa1 or manyroot1 & ! bulbs ( ! :ite lily 7,pancratium ,c>ribum & m>itimum71 are emetic4 ,! ,indian root or ba/>d ipecacuan 7,asclepias curassavica7 has m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,a4 tub]osa is us$ z a mild ca?>tic1 & a rem$y = a v>iety ( disord]s4 ,hydra/is canad5sis1 or ,canadian yell[ root1 is a valuable bitt]1 & furni%es a useful yell[ dye4 ,kn[ltonia vesicatoria is us$ commonly z a bli/] 9 ! ,cape ,colony4 ,ranunculus sal]atus 7! ,r4 indicus ( ,roxburgh1 & ,b4 camosus ( ,walli*71 common 9 ,india1 is also us$ by ! natives = bli/]+ purposes4 ,a k9d ( s$ge ru%1 common 9 swampy places 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 ! ,adme cyp]us1 enjoys a reputation = ! cure ( yell[ fev]4 ,x is also /at$ to be cordial1 diuretic & cephalic1 s]viceable 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! dropsy1 good 9 vomit+s1 fluxes1 c4 ,dr4 ,impey1 ! resid5ti>y surgeon ( ,malwa1 has j confid5ce 9 ! indig5\s drugs 9 use by ! natives ( ! ,ea/1 _m ( :i* are q unkn[n 9 ,european practice4 ,he believes t1 9 ! ,indian baza>s & ! jungle1 drugs hav+ precisely ! same effect z ^? ( ,europe may be discov]$1 & has rec5tly drawn up a li/ ( n9ety sub/ances1 :i* are p]fect sub/itutes = an equal numb] ( ,european m$ic9es4 ,! class ( tonics1 9 p>ticul>1 is mo/ amply suppli$1 & ! ,engli%man is n ! only animal :o suff]s f disord]s ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,my fri5d ,dr4 ,hamilton1 ( ,plym\?1 rec5tly br\ght "u ! notice ( ! pr(ession ! m$ical prop]ties ( ! prickly poppy or ,mexican ?i/le 7,argemone ,mexicana74 ,x is indig5\s to & gr[s wild 9 ! greate/ pr(usion ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,c>ibbean isl&s1 & may be f\nd at e season ( ! ye> cov]$ ) its bright gold5 blossoms1 & be>+ its prickly capsules 9 all _! sev]al /ages ( maturity4 ,x is an annual plant1 atta9+ a height ( ab\t two feet1 gr[+ abundantly 9 l[ & hot uncultivat$ spots4 ,its /em is r\nd & prickly1 furni%$ ) alt]nate bran*es & ?orny leaves4 ,! se$s possess an emetic quality4 ,! :ole plant ab\nds 9 a yell[ milky juice1 resembl+ gamboge 9 color1 & n improbably possess+ prop]ties simil> to ! se$s4 ,9 ,nevis ! oil is obta9$ f ! bruis$ se$s by boil+1 & sold by ! negroes 9 small phials1 conta9+ ab\t an ounce ea*1 "u ! "n ( ?i/le oil1 at ! price ( a qu>t] ( a doll> ea*4 ,! usual dose = dry bellya*e is ?irty drops ^u a lump ( sug>1 & its effect is p]fectly magical1 reliev+ ! pa9 in/antane\sly1 ?r[+ ! pati5t into a pr(\nd & refre%+ sleep1 & 9 a few h\rs reliev+ ! b[els g5tly ( ! cont5ts4 ,?is oil seems fitt$ to compete 9 utility ) ! f> m co/ly & less agreeable oil ( ! croton4 ,! se$s ( ! s&box 7,hura crepitans7 :5 bruis$1 op]ate p[]fully z emetico-ca?>tic4 ,x is probable t an oil might be obta9$ f !m simil> 9 its op]ation to ! ?i/le oil4 ,a cucurbitace\s fruit1 "o ( ! ,luffas 7call$ by ,von ,m>tius ,luffa purgans71 a tribe closely alli$ to ! colocyn? & mornordicas1 gr[+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 is a p[]ful purgative1 & is us$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]nambuco1 :]e x is call$ ,cabac9ha4 ,! fruit is ab\t ! size ( a small pe> & resembles ! wild cucumb]4 ,an infusion ( a f\r? "p ( "o ( ^! fruits is adm9i/]$ *iefly 9 ! =m ( an injection4 ,ano!r species 7,luffa dra/ica1 ( ,m>tius7 is also employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! ,luffa purgans gr[s spontane\sly 9 ! suburbs ( ,recieffe1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,p]nambuco1 & fl[]s 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,! fruit is a dra/ic purgative1 & an infusion ( x is us$ ei!r int]nally or 9 ! =m ( cly/]4 ,! t9cture is prep>$ by mac]at+1 = tw5ty-eight h\rs or m1 f\r ( ! fruit depriv$ ( ! se$s 9 a bottle ( _s #ba degrees4 ,! dose is ?ree or f\r ounces daily1 :i* occasions mu* sickness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,poisons4--,! vegetable k+dom 7obs]ves ,mr4 ,simple71 to :i* man is l>gely indebt$ = ! mat]ials ( food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 produces also "s ( ! mo/ deadly poisons ) :i* sci5ce1 exp]i5ce1 or accid5t1 has made him acqua9t$4 ,9 exam9+ ! poison\s productions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 we f9d t _! prop]ties are g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( "s acid or alkali conta9$ 9 ! plant f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,oil ( bitt] almonds & *]ry laurel wat] are poison\s 9 consequ5ce ( conta9+ prussic acid4 ,opium owes its activity to ! alkaloid morphia4 ,! ,upas-ti5te d]ives its en]getic p[]s f ! alkaloid /ry*nia2 conia is ! active pr9ciple ( hemlock2 v]atria ( hellebore2 aconita ( monk's hood2 & al?\gh !re are sev]al poison\s plants 9 :i* ! active pr9ciple has n yet be5 detect$1 !re c be little d\bt t su* a pr9ciple exi/s1 al?\gh x has hi!rto elud$ ! rese>*es ( ! *emi/4--7,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ag47 ,! b>k tak5 f ! roots ( ! ,jamaica dogwood 7,piscidia ery?r9a71 :i* is ext5sively di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ar*ipelago ( ! ,antilles1 is us$ = /upefy+ fi%4 ,! p\nd$ root is mix$ ) slak$ lime & ! l[ w9es or lees ( ! di/ill]y1 & ! mixture is put into small baskets or sacks1 & s suff]$ to wa% out gradually1 color+ ! wat] to a r$di% hue4 ,! fi% rise to ! surface 9 a few m9utes1 :5 !y float z if dead4 ,! express$ juice ( ! root ( ,m>anta ,arund9acea is /at$ to be a valuable antidote to "s vegetable poisons1 & also s]viceable 9 cases ( bites or /+s ( v5om\s insects or reptiles4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> rem$ies = ! bites ( snakes is a decoction ( ! leaves ( ! ,guaco1 or snake plant1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a species ( will[ :i* fl\ri%es along ! banks ( ! /reams 9 ! sultry regions %ad$ by o!r trees4 ,x is said to be bo? a prev5tive & cure4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,otto1 writ+ f ,cuba to ! ,g>d5]'s ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahdb1 p4 #bhf1 describes ! guaco z a tree gr[+ f f\r to eight feet 9 height1 ) beautiful d>k gre5 leaves1 hav+ a br[n t+e r\nd ! m>g94 ,! blossoms are small1 ( a blui% br[n1 & hang l loose bun*es ( grapes at ! po9ts ( ! %oots1 or ev5 on ! /em itself1 z x has seldom bran*es4 ,! milky sap is said to h poison\s effects4 ,i 0 told 7he adds7 t ?is plant is us$ effici5tly 9 *ol]a & yell[ fev]4 ,?is tree is said to be ! ,camladia ilicifolia ( ,sw>tz1 common 9 ,antigua & ,hayti1 be+ kn[n 9 ,antigua by ! popul> "n ( ! holly-leav$ maid5 plum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aloes4--,! drug call$ aloes is ! bitt]1 res9\s1 inspissat$ juice ( ! leaves ( v>i\s species ( an arboresc5t plant ( ! lily family1 ) a develop$ /em & l>ge succul5t leaves1 gr[+ pr9cipally 9 tropical & sub-tropical regions1 & hav+ a wide ext5t ( range1 be+ produc$ 9 ,borneo & ! ,ea/1 ,africa1 ,arabia1 & ! ,we/ ,indies2 _m are also natives ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! plant w ?rive 9 almo/ any soil1 &1 :5 once e/abli%$1 x is extremely difficult to eradicate4 ,! cultivation & manufacture are ( ! mo/ simple k9d4 ,! usual mode ( propagat+ ! plants is by suck]s2 & all ! c>e requir$ is to keep !m free f we$s4 ,f ! high price :i* ! be/ ,b>bados aloes fet*es 9 ! m>ket1 #g p] cwt41 its culture might be pr(itably ext5d$ to _m ( ! o!r isl&s4 ,! aloes plant is indig5\s to ! soil ( ,jamaica1 & al?\gh h&l$ by ?\s&s ( ! peasantry & o!rs1 !re is n p]haps "o 9 five ?\s& :o und]/&s its prop]ties or ! value ( ! plant4 ,) ! ,jamaicans x is commonly us$ 9 fev] cases1 by slic+ ! leaves1 p]mitt+ ! juice to escape p>tially1 & !n apply+ !m to ! head ) b&ages2--?is is ! only g5]ally kn[n prop]ty :i* x possesses !re4 ,a s]ies ( trials made rec5tly 9 ,p>is prov$ t cordage manufactur$ f ! fibre ( ?is plant gr[n 9 ,algi]s1 0 f> pref]able 9 comp>ative /r5g? to t manufactur$ f hemp4 ,cables1 ( equal size1 %[$ t t made ( ! aloe rais$ a weight ( "o-fif? m ?an t ( hemp4 ,! drug is import$ into ?is c\ntry "u ! names ( ,socotr9e1 ,ea/ ,indian or ,hepatic1 ,b>bados1 ,cape & ,caball9e aloes4 ,x conta9s a sub/ance call$ ,aloet9e1 :i* "s reg>d z its active pr9ciple4 ,! v>i\s species n[ def9$ are--,aloe spicata1 vulg>is1 ,socotr9a1 ,indica1 rubesc5s1 ,arabica1 l+u-=mis & ,commel9a4 ,! av]age imports 9 #ahda & #ahdb 7 only ab\t #agj1ghj cwts42 x is n[ mu* l>g]1 & a great portion ( ! supply is drawn f ! ,cape colony4 ,! mode ( prep>+ ! drug1 :i* ,i h myself se5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 is exce$+ly simple4 ,:5 ! plant has arriv$ at prop] maturity1 ! labor]s g into ! field ) tubs & knives1 & cut ! l>ge/ & mo/ succul5t leaves close to ! /alk2 ^! are plac$ upright 9 ! tubs1 side by side1 s t ! sap may fl[ out ( ! w\nd4 ,sometimes a longitud9al incision is made f top to bottom ( ! leaf1 to facilitate ! dis*>ge4 ,! crude juice ?us obta9$ is plac$ 9 %all[ flat-bottom$ receiv]s1 & expos$ to ! sun until x has acquir$ suffici5t consi/5cy to be pack$ 9 g\rds = exportation4 ,9 prep>+ ! co>s] k9d1 or horse aloes1 ! leaves are cut into junks & ?r[n into ! tubs1 !re to lie till ! juice is pretty well dra9$ out2 !y are !n squeez$ by ! h&1 & wat]1 9 ! proportion ( "o qu>t to t5 ( juice1 is add$1 aft] :i* x is boil$ to a due consi/5ce & empti$ into l>ge %all[ cool]s4 ,! foll[+ analysis by ,m4 ,edmond ,robiquet ( a specim5 ( ,socotr9e aloes1 obta9$ f ,m4 ,*evalli]1 is giv5 9 ! six? volume ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 p4 #bgg4 ,! con/itu5ts 9 #ajj p>ts 73-- ,pure aloes 7,aloet9e7 #he4jj ,ulmate ( pota% #b4jj ,sulphate ( lime #b4jj ,c>bonate ( pota% -------------lime traces4 ,phosphate ( lime ,gallic acid 4#be ,album5 #h4 ,! true ,socotr9e aloes is ! produce ( ,a4 ,socotr9a1 :i* gr[s abundantly 9 ! isl& ( ,socotra 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,lieut5ant ,well/ead says1 ! hills on ! we/ side ( ! isl& are cov]$ = an ext5t ( miles ) aloe plants4 ,! aloe gr[s spontane\sly on ! lime/one m\nta9s ( ,socotra1 f #ejj to #c1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! produce is br\ght to ,tam>ida & ,colliseah1 ! pr9cipal t[n & h>bor = exports4 ,9 #ahcc1 ! be/ quality sold = #bs4 a p\nd1 :ile = ! m indiff]5t ! price 0 #ac;d4 ,! value is mu* impair$ by ! c>eless mann] 9 :i* ! aloes is ga!r$ & pack$4 ,aloes once =m$ ! /aple ( its traffic1 = :i* x 0 *iefly resort$ to2 b only small quantities are n[ export$4 ,x 0 =m]ly %ipp$ by ! way ( ,smyrna & ,alex&ria1 b is usually n[ br\ght by ! way ( ,bombay2 ,mel9da1 on ! ,zanzib> coa/1 & ,maccula on ! ,arabian %ore1 furni% ! great] "p ( t sold 9 ,europe z ,socotr9e aloes4 ,x comes home 9 *e/s or packages ( #aej to #bjj lbs4 wrapt 9 sk9s ( ! gazelle1 sometimes 9 casks hold+ half a ton or m4 ,x is some:at transp>5t1 ( a g>net or yell[i% r$ color4 ,! smell is n v unpleasant1 approa*+ to myrrh4 ,socotr9e aloes1 al?\gh long consid]$ ! be/ k9d1 is n[ bel[ ,b>bados aloes 9 comm]cial value4 ,ab\t two tons 7 import$ f ,socotra 9 #ahcc1 b a mu* l>g] quantity c\ld be obta9$ if requir$4 ,! price ( ,socotr9e aloes 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahec1 0 #cjs4 to #f ! cwt42 ( ,cape1 #cjs4 to #cbs4 ,ea/ ,indian1 or ,hepatic aloes4-- ,! real hepatic aloes1 s call$ f its liv] color1 is believ$ to be ! produce ( ,a4 ,arabica1 or p]foliala1 :i* gr[s 9 ,yem5 9 ,arabia1 f :5ce x is export$ by ! way ( ,bombay to ,europe4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,?omson & ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 x is dull] 9 its color ?an ! o!r k9ds1 is bitt]]1 & has a less pleasant aroma ?an ! ,socotr9e aloes4 ,x %\ld n be liquid1 :i* det]iorates ! quality4 ,a4 ,indica--a species ) r$di% fl[]s1 common 9 dry situations1 9 ! nor?-we/ prov9ces ( ,india1 is t f :i* an inf]ior sort ( ! drug is produc$4 ,x is obta9$ 9 ,guz]at1 ,salem1 & ,tri*9opoly1 & fet*es a local price ( #b;d4 to #c;d4 a p\nd4 ,9 ! ,bombay m>ket1 ,socotr9e aloes fet*es :olesale #afs4 to #bjs4 ! ,surat maund ( #da lbs41 & ,maccula aloes only #is4 ,b>bados aloes1 is ! produce ( ,a4 vulg>is1 or ,a4 b>bad5sis1 a native ( ! ,cape colony1 & is (t5 pass$ (f = ! ,hepatic4 ,x is br\ght home 9 calaba%es1 or l>ge g\rd %ells1 conta9+ f #fj to #gj lbs4 ea*1 or m4 ,x is duski] 9 hue ?an ! ,ea/ ,indian species1 be+ a d>ki% br[n or black1 & ! ta/e is m nause\s & int5sely bitt]4 ,9 #aghf "o hog%ead & #dji g\rds ( aloes 7 export$ f ,b>bados4 ,9 #ahbg1 !re 7 ab\t #if1jjj packages %ipp$ f ! isl&4 ,9 #ahdd1 !re 7 #d1fjj packages export$4 ,! exports h fall5 (f consid]ably1 only ab\t #hej g\rds hav+ be5 %ipp$ 9 ! season ( #ahdi-ej2 b 9 #ahea x increas$ to #b1eje g\rds4 ,caball9e1 or ,horse-aloes1 is ! co>se/ species or refuse ( ! ,b>bados aloes1 & f its rank fetid smell is only useful = vet]9>y m$ic9e4 ,x is also obta9$ f ,spa9 & ,s5egal4 ,a v good description ( ! mode ( cultivat+ & prep>+ ! aloes 9 ,b>bados is giv5 9 ! #h? vol4 ( ! ,london ,m$ical ,j\rnal3-- ,! l&s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 t is f two to ?ree miles1 :i* are r subject to dr\ght ?an o!rwise1 & are s /rong & %all[ z n to admit ( ! plant+ ( sug>-canes ) any prospect ( success1 are g5]ally f\nd to answ] be/ = ! aloe-plant4 ,! /ones1 at lea/ ! l>g] ones1 are fir/ pick$ up1 & ei!r pack$ 9 heaps ^u ! mo/ %all[ b>r5 spots1 or laid r\nd ! field z a dry wall4 ,! l& is !n lightly pl\gh$ & v c>efully cle>$ ( all noxi\s we$s1 l9$ at "o foot di/ance f r[ to r[1 & ! "y plants set l cabbages1 at ab\t five or six in*es f ea* o!r4 ,?is regul> mode ( l9+ & sett+ ! plants is practis$ only by ! mo/ exact plant]s1 9 ord] to facilitate ! frequ5t we$+ by h&2 because if ! gr\nd be n kept p]fectly clean & free f we$s1 ! produce w be v small4 ,aloes w be> be+ plant$ 9 any season ( ! ye>1 ev5 9 ! drye/1 z !y w live on ! surface ( ! e>? = _m weeks )\t a drop ( ra94 ,! mo/ g5]al "t ( plant+ !m1 h[ev]1 is f ,april to ,june4 ,9 ! ,m>* foll[+1 ! labor]s c>ry a p>cel ( tubs & j>s into ! field1 & ea* takes a slip or bread? ( x1 & beg9s by lay+ hold ( a bun* ( ! blades1 z mu* z he c conv5i5tly grasp ) "o h&1 :il/ ) ! o!r he cuts x j above ! surface ( ! e>? z quickly z possible 7t ! juice may n be wa/$71 & !n places ! bran*es 9 ! tub bun* by bun* or h&ful by h&ful4 ,:5 ! fir/ tub is ?us pack$ q full1 a second is begun 7ea* labor] hav+ two72 & by ! "t ! second is fill$1 all ! juice is g5]ally dra9$ out ( ! blades 9 ! fir/ tub4 ,! blades are !n lightly tak5 out & ?r[n ov] ! l& by way ( manure1 & ! juice is p\r$ out into a j>4 ,! tub is !n fill$ aga9 ) blades1 & s alt]nately1 till ! labor] has produc$ 8 j> full1 or ab\t f\r gallons & a half ( juice1 :i* is (t5 done 9 six or sev5 h\rs1 & he has !n ! rema9d] ( ! day to himself1 x be+ 8 employ]'s int]e/ to get ea* day's op]ation z quickly done z possible4 ,x may be obs]v$ t al?\gh aloes are (t5 cut 9 n9e1 t51 or twelve mon?s aft] be+ plant$1 !y are n 9 p]fection till ! second or ?ird ye>1 & t !y w be productive = a l5g? ( "t1 say t5 or twelve ye>s1 or ev5 = a long] "t1 if good dung or manure ( any k9d is /irr$ ov] ! field once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 or (t5] if conv5i5t4 ,! aloe juice w keep = sev]al weeks )\t injury4 ,x is !re=e n boil$ till a suffici5t quantity is procur$ to make x an object = ! boil+ h\se4 ,9 ! l>ge way1 ?ree boil]s1 or copp]s are plac$ to "o fire1 ?\gh "s h b two1 & ! small plant]s only "o boil]4 ,! boil]s are fill$ ) ! juice1 & z x rip5s or becomes m inspissat$ by a con/ant b regul> fire1 x is ladl$ f boil] to boil]1 & fre% juice is add$ to t f>!/ f ! fire1 till ! juice 9 t ne>e/ ! fire 7by mu* ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree7 becomes ( a prop] consi/5cy1 to be skipp$ or ladl$ out into g\rds or o!r small vessels us$ = its f9al reception4 ,! prop] "t to skip or ladle x out ( ! la/ boil] is :5 x has arriv$ at :at is t]m$ a res9 height1 or :5 x cuts freely or 9 ?9 flakes f ! edges ( a small wood5 slice t is dipp$ f "t to "t into ! boil] = t purpose4 ,a little lime wat] is us$ by "s aloe boil]s dur+ ! process1 :5 ! ebullition is too great4 ,,cape ,,aloes is ! produce *iefly ( ,a4 spicata1 & ,a4 ,commel9i1 :i* are f\nd gr[+ wild 9 great abundance 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,cape ,colony4 ,x has n ! d>k opaque appe>ance ( ! o!r species4 ,ab\t fifty miles f ,cape ,t[n is a m\nta9\s tract1 almo/ entirely cov]$ ) num]\s species & v>ieties ( ! plant1 & "s ( ! ext5sive arid pla9s 9 ! int]ior ( ! colony are cr[d$ ) x4 ,! settl]s g =? & pit* _! wagg\s & campa on ^! spots to obta9 ! produce4 ,! %ipm5ts f ,table ,bay & ! ea/]n port ( ,algoa ,bay are v consid]able4 ,! odor ( ! ,cape aloes is /rong] & m disagreeable ?an t ( ! ,socotr9e or ,b>bados1 & ! color is m l gamboge4 ,x is br\ght ov] 9 *e/s & sk9s1 ! latt] be+ pref]r$4 ,mr4 ,george ,dun/]ville1 surgeon ( ,algoa ,bay1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! manufacture ( ,cape aloes3-- ,a %all[ pit is dug1 9 :i* is spread a bullock's hide or %eep's sk94 ,! leaves ( ! aloe plants 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ?is pit are /ripp$ (f & pil$ up on ! sk9 to v>iable heights4 ,^! are left = a few days4 ,! juice exudes f ! leaves1 & is receiv$ by ! sk9 b5ea?4 ,! ,hott5tot !n collects 9 a basket or o!r conv5i5t article ! produce ( _m heaps1 :i* is !n put into an iron pot capable ( hold+ eighte5 or tw5ty gallons4 ,fire is appli$ to effect evaporation1 dur+ :i* ! cont5ts ( ! pot are con/antly /irr$ to prev5t burn+4 ,! cool$ liquor is !n p\r$ into wood5 cases ( ab\t ?ree feet squ>e by "o foot deep1 or into goat or %eep sk9s1 & ?us is fill$ = ! m>ket4 ,9 ! colony aloes realises ab\t #b d4 to #c d4 p] p\nd4 ,! ,hott5tots & ,dut* boors employ indiscrim9ately diff]5t species ( aloe 9 ! prep>ation ( ! drug4 ,! ,cape aloes1 :i* is usually priz$ ! highe/ 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 is t made at ! ,mission>y in/itution ( ,be!lsdorp 7a small village ab\t n9e miles f ,algoa ,bay1 & *iefly inhabit$ by ,hott5tots & _! mission>y tea*]s74 ,its sup]iority arises n f ! employm5t ( a p>ticul> species ( aloe1 = all species are us$1 b f ! great] c>e & att5tion paid to :at is te*nically call$ ! cook+ ( ! aloes2 t is1 ! evaporation1 & to ! abs5ce ( all adult]at+ sub/ances 7fragm5ts ( lime/one1 s&1 e>?1 c471 (t5 introduc$ by manufactur]s4 ,mr4 ,moodie1 9 8 ,t5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,s\!rn ,africa1 gives a some:at simil> acc\nt4 ,mr4 ,bunbury /ates t1 ab\t ! neighb\rhood ( ,graham's ,t[n1 ?ree l>ge k9ds ( aloe are v abundant1 :i* =m /rik+ & *>act]i/ic features ( ! sc5]y2 !y gr[ irregul>ly scatt]$ ov] ! p>*$ & nak$ faces ( ! hills1 b mo/ abundantly among ! l[ brok5 l$ges & knolls ( s&/one rock1 & are (t5 se5 spir+ up above ! ev]gre5 bu%es 9 ! rav9es1 & cr[n+ ! cliffs4 ,"o k9d gr[s to ! height ( a man4 ,!y are plants ( a /range1 rigid1 & ungraceful appe>ance1 b ) v h&some fl[]s1 :i* =m tall & d5se spikes1 ( a f9e coral-r$ color 9 two ( ! species 7,a4 arboresc5s & l9eata871 & ( an orange sc>let 9 ! ?ird 7,a4 glaucesc5s874 ,:5 9 blossom !y are conspicu\s at a great di/ance1 & might easily be mi/ak51 :5 se5 f f> (f1 = soldi]s 9 r$ uni=ms4 ,! importance ( ?is indig5\s plant to ! ,cape ,colony1 may be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ figures3-- ,,am\nt ,,( ,,aloes1 ,,! ,,produce ,,( ,,! ,,colony1 ,,& ,,value ,,!re(1 ,,export$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>s ,,end+ #e,,? ,,janu>y #ahda1 #ahdb1 ,,& #ahdf4 lbs #ahda #dhe1egd #h1hba #ahdb #fjb1fbj #aa1hgg #ahdf #bff1gbe #c1jah ,,exports ,,& ,,value ,,f ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,prov9ce4 lbs4 #ahce #fh1jdb #dgd #ahcf #cj1hjh #bhe #ahcg #ac1djj #aae #ahch #bh1hfg #cjf #ahci #ge1ejj #iah #ahdj #hb1dgh #a1ade #ahda #bbj1bad #d1bga #ahdb #bhc1cje #e1jjc #ahdd #cah1jce #c1bbe ,,exports ,,& ,,value ,,f ,,! ,,we/]n ,,prov9ce4 lbs4 #ahda #bdb1hfj #d1age #ahdb #cgi1cae #f1hgd #ahdd #ejf1gif #f1ehf ,,asafoetida4---,?is drug ( comm]ce is procur$ f ! milky juice ( ,f]ula asafoetida1 a plant rec5tly describ$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 "u ! "n ( ,n>!x asafoetida4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,p]sia1 ! m\nta9s ( ,*orasan1 ! c5tral table l& ( ,affghani/an1 & "s se$s ( x1 s5t to ?is c\ntry by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 g]m9at$ 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,ed9burgh1 & are n[ vigor\s ?riv+ plants ( six ye>s gr[?4 ,its leaves h a resemblance to ^? ( a pony2 ! fruit is di/+ui%$ by divid$ & int]rupt$ vittae1 :i* =m a network on ! surface4 ,! p]5nial roots gr[ to a v l>ge size1 & are seldom ( any use until aft] f\r or five ye>s' gr[?4 ,! asafoetida is procur$ by tak+ successive slices (f ! top ( ! root & collect+ ! milky juice41 :i* is all[$ to concrete into masses ( a fetid res9\s gummy matt]1 ) a sulphur oil1 simil> to t ( g>lic1 :i* is probably its active +r$i5t4 ,an inf]ior sort is obta9$ f ,f4 p]sica1 ano!r species ) v mu* divid$ leaves1 gr[+ *iefly 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,p]sia4 ,x comes ov] usually 9 casks & cases4 ,! ,briti% consumption ( ! drug is ab\t #aj1jjj lbs4 a ye>4 ,a little is procur$ f ,sc9de4 ,9 #ahbe ! quantity import$ 0 #ajf1ggj lbs41 9 #ahci only #bd cwts4 ,! :olesale price 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 9 ,janu>y #ahec1 0 #a to #c #ajs4 ! cwt4 ,,camphor4--,! ,camphor tree 7,camphora (fic9>um1 ,laurus ,camphora7 is a native ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,co*9 ,*9a1 ( ! laurel tribe1 ) black & purple ve9s4 ,camphor is procur$ f all p>ts ( ! tree1 b x is obta9$ pr9cipally f ! wood by di/illation1 & subsequ5t sublimation4 ,_m plants1 su* z ! c9namon tree1 supply a k9d ( camphor1 b ! common camphor ( ! %ops is ! produce *iefly ( ,c4 (fic9>um4 ,two k9ds ( unref9$ camphor are kn[n 9 comm]ce4--#a4 ,! ,dut*1 :i* is br\ght f ,batavia1 & is said to be ! produce ( ,japan4 ,?is is import$ 9 tubs cov]$ by matt+ & ea* surr\nd$ by a second tub1 secur$ on ! outside by hoops ( twi/$ cane4 ,ea* tub conta9s ab\t "o cwt4 ,mo/ ( ?is goes to ! cont95t4 #b4 ,ord9>y crude camphor is import$ f ,s+apore & ,bombay1 9 squ>e *e/s l9$ ) lead-foil1 & conta9+ #a to #a cwts4 ,x is *iefly produc$ 9 ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 & is br\ght by ! ,*9 ,*ew junks 9 v l>ge quantities to ,canton1 :5ce =eign m>kets get suppli$4--7,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica47 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,japan ! tree gr[s 9 su* abundance t1 not)/&+ ! great consumption ( x 9 ! c\ntry1 l>ge quantities are export$4 ,koempf] says1 t ! ,japanese camphor is made by a simple decoction ( ! wood & roots1 b be>s no proportion 9 value to t ( ,borneo4 ,!re is also an imitation ( camphor 9 ,japan1 b e body c di/+ui% x f ! g5u9e4 ,! camphor ( ,sumatra is procur$ f ! /em ( a l>ge tree1 ,dryobalanops ,camphora1 ,colebrook2 ,d4 aromatica1 ,gra]tn]4 ,x is secret$ 9 cry/all9e masses naturally into cavities ( ! wood4 ,x supplies ?is camphor only aft] atta9+ a consid]able age4 ,9 its "y /ate x yields1 h[ev]1 by incision1 a pale yell[ liquid1 call$ ! liquid camphor ( ,borneo & ,sumatra1 :i* consi/s ( res9 & a volatile oil hav+ a camphorat$ odor4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is tree1 & ( ! mode ( procur+ ! peculi> & high-pric$ camphor :i* x yields1 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,junghuhn1 :o has travell$ lately 9 ,sumatra1 & ,pr(4 ,de ,vriese1 ( ,leyd51 9 ! ,n$]l&s* ,kruidkundig ,ar*ief = #ahea4 ,an ab/ract ( ! memoir1 translat$ into ,engli% by ,miss ,de ,vriese1 is publi%$ 9 ,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany = ,febru>y & ,m>* #aheb3-- ,! ,dryobalanops is a gigantic tree1 ris+ = fifty or ev5 a hundr$ feet above ^? :i* compose ! *ief mass ( ! =e/s :]e !y gr[1 j z ! /eeples ( ! *ur*es appe> above ! ro(s ( ! h\ses 9 a t[n4 ,! trunks ( ! full-gr[n trees are f #g to #aj feet 9 diamet] at ! v base1 & f #e to #h feet high] up2 !y rise to ! height ( #ajj or #acj feet1 & _! ample cr[n is f #ej to #gj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! tree has a limit$ range1 be+ conf9$ to ! seaw>d slope ( ! m\nta9s ( s\?we/]n ,sumatra1 mo/ abundant on ! l[] slopes & ! outly+ hills ( ! alluvial pla91 & ext5d+ 9 latitude f #a;deg4 #ajm4 to #b;deg4 #bjm4 ,n41 & p]haps fur!r to ! nor?4 ,camphor oil occurs 9 all ! trees1 & is mo/ abundant 9 ! y\ng] bran*es & leaves4 ,! solid camphor is f\nd only on ! trunks ( old] trees1 especially 9 fissures ( ! wood1 & 9 small] quantity ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,colebrooke1 & au?ors :o h copi$ f him1 ass]t t camphor is f\nd 9 ! he>t ( ! tree 9 su* a quantity z to fill a cavity ( ! ?ickness ( a man's arm1 & t a s+le tree yields ab\t elev5 p\nds4 ,! price ( ?is camphor1 :i* at ,padang sells = ab\t #cdj doll>s p] hundr$ weight1 suffices to %[ t ! acc\nt is mu* exagg]at$4 ,! camphor occurs only 9 small fissures1 f :i* ! natives1 hav+ fell$ ! trees & split up ! wood1 scrape x (f ) small spl9t]s or ) _! nails4 ,f ! olde/ & ri*e/ trees !y r>ely collect m ?an two ounces4 ,aft] a long /ay 9 ! woods1 frequ5tly ( ?ree mon?s1 dur+ :i* !y may fell a hundr$ trees1 a p>ty ( ?irty p]sons r>ely br+ away m ?an #ae or #bj p\nds ( solid camphor1 wor? f #bjj to #bej doll>s4 ,! v>iety & price ( ?is co/ly sub/ance are enhanc$ by a cu/om :i* has immemorially prevail$ among ! ,battas1 ( delay+ ! burial ( e p]son :o dur+ 8 life _h a claim to ! title ( ,rajah 7( :i* ea* village has "o7 until "s rice1 s[n on ! day ( 8 dea?1 has sprung up1 gr[n & borne fruit4 ,! corpse1 till !n kept above gr\nd among ! liv+1 is n[1 ) ^! e>s ( rice1 committ$ to ! e>?1 l ! gra9 six mon?s be=e2 & ?us ! hope is emblematically express$ t1 z a new life arises f ! se$1 s ano!r life %all beg9 = man aft] 8 dea?4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! corpse is kept 9 ! h\se1 enclos$ 9 a c(f9 made ( ! holl[$ trunk ( a ,durion1 & ! :ole space betwe5 ! c(f9 & ! body is fill$ ) p\nd$ camphor1 = ! pur*ase ( :i* ! family ( ! deceas$ ,rajah frequ5tly impov]i% !mselves4 ,! camphor oil is collect$ by incisions at ! base ( ! trunk1 f :i* ! cle> balsamic juice is v sl[ly dis*>g$4 ,9 ,sumatra ! be/ camphor is obta9$ 9 a di/rict call$ ,b>us1 & all good camphor be>s t local "n4 ,x appe>s t ! tree is cut d[n to obta9 ! gum & t n 9 "o t5? ( ! trees is x f\nd4 ,b>us camphor is gett+ sc>ce1 z ! tree mu/ be de/roy$ be=e x is asc]ta9$ :e!r x is productive or n4 ,ab\t #hjj piculs are annually s5t to ,*9a4 ,! proportion betwe5 ,malay & ,*9ese camphor is z eighte5 to "o2 ! =m] is m fragrant & n s pung5t z ! latt]4 ,n9e hundr$ & eighty-?ree tubs ( camphor 7 export$ f ,java 9 #ahdc2 #fbe bales 7 import$ 9 #ahdc1 ! produce ( ! ,japanese empire2 & #eei piculs export$ f ,canton 9 #ahdd4 ,! price ( unref9$ camphor 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket 9 ,july1 #ahec1 0 #d to #d #ajs4 ! cwt4 ,!re h be5 no imports !re direct 9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,camphor 7says ,dr4 ,ure7 is f\nd 9 a great _m plants & is secret$ 9 p>ity by sev]al laurels2 x occurs comb9$ ) ! ess5tial oils ( _m ( ! labiac2 b x is extract$ = manufactur+ purposes only f ! ,laurus ,camphora1 :i* ab\nds 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 z well z f a tree :i* gr[s 9 ,sumatra & ,borneo1 call$ 9 ! c\ntry kapur b>us1 f ! "n ( ! place :]e x is mo/ common4 ,! camphor exi/s1 ready =m$1 9 ^! vegetables betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k2 b x does n exude spontane\sly4 ,on cleav+ ! tree ,laurus ,sumatr5sis 7,qy4 ,dryobalanops ,camphora71 masses ( camphor are f\nd 9 ! pi?4 ,! wood ( ! ,laurus is cut into small pieces & put1 ) pl5ty ( wat]1 into l>ge iron boil]s1 :i* are cov]$ ) an e>!n capital or dome1 l9$ )9 ) rice /raw4 ,z ! wat] boils1 ! camphor rises ) ! /eam1 & atta*es itself z a sublimate to ! /alks1 "u ! =m ( granulations ( a grey color4 ,9 ?is /ate x is pick$ (f ! /raw & pack$ up = exportation to ,europe4--7 ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures47 ,! price ( camphor at ,canton 9 ,july1 #ahej1 0 f f\rte5 to fifte5 doll>s p] picul4 ,c9*ona4--,p]uvian or ,jesuit's ,b>k--,"o ( ! mo/ valuable & p[]ful a/r+5ts & tonics us$ 9 m$ic9e1 is ! produce ( sev]al species ( c9*ona1 natives ( ! ,&es1 f #aa nor? latitude to #bj s\? latitude1 at elevations v>y+ f #a1bjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & 9 a dry rocky soil4 ,!re are at lea/ twelve trees :i* are suppos$ to furni% ! b>ks ( comm]ce1 & great obscurity prevails z to ! species :5ce ! v>i\s k9ds ( c9*ona b>k are d]iv$4 ,! names ( yell[1 r$1 & pale b>k h be5 v vaguely appli$1 & are by no means well def9$4 ,dr4 ,l9dley m5tions tw5ty-six v>ieties2 ( :i* tw5ty-"o are well kn[n4 ,! b>ks are met ) ei!r 9 ?ick1 l>ge1 flat pieces1 or 9 ?9n] pieces1 :i* curl inw>ds dur+ dry+1 & are call$ quill$4 ,qu99e is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! vegetable alkal9e bitt]s4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,vauquel91 9 #ahaa1 & its prep>ation on a l>ge scale po9t$ out by ,pelleti] & ,cav5ton 9 #ahbj4 ,x is obta9$ by boil+ ! yell[ b>k 7,c9*ona7 9 wat] & sulphuric acid1 & !n treat+ x ) lime & alcohol1 :5 ! qu99e is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,upw>ds ( #abj1jjj ounces are made annually 9 ,p>is4 ,c9*ona1 or ! ,p]uvian b>k1 0 ga!r$ to ! am\nt ( two million doll>s 9 "o ye> rec5tly1 & ! dem& is con/antly increas+4 ,p]uvian b>k is cut 9 ! ea/]n ,prov9ces ( ,bolivia1 skirt+ ! riv] ,p>aguay1 & n[ convey$ an imm5se di/ance by mules ov] a m\nta9\s region to ,el ,pu]to1 ! only port ( ,bolivia on ! ,pacific4 ,x is !nce br\ght by ,cape ,horn to ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,n[ t ,gov]nm5t has be5 successful 9 op5+ ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 ?is important article ( comm]ce w be furni%$ 9 m>ket by ! ,p>aguay & ,la ,plata riv]s1 at a mu* r$uc$ price4 ,a species ( b>k f ,colombia1 kn[n z ,malambo or ,matias b>k1 has be5 frequ5tly adm9i/]$ by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,ure z a sub/itute = c9*ona ) good effect4 ,x (f]s ! useful comb9ation ( a tonic & aromatic4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! produce ( a species ( ,drimys4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ,new ,granada1 & o!r di/ricts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e ! tree is indig5\s1 incisions are made 9 ! b>k1 & !re exudes an aromatic oil :i* s9ks 9 wat]4 ,c9*ona b>k conta9s two alkaloids1 c9*onia & qu9a1 to :i* its active prop]ties are due2 ! =m] is be/ obta9$ f gray b>k1 ! latt] f yell[ b>k4 ,9 comb9ation ) ^! !re exi/s an acid call$ k9ic acid4 ,! imports ( c9*ona b>k to ?is c\ntry are f #bbe1jjj to #eef1jjj lbs4 annually1 & ab\t #abj1jjj lbs4 are reta9$ = home consumption4 ,x comes ov] 9 *e/s & s]ons1 or ox-hides1 v>y+ f #ij to #bjj lbs4 ,we import$ f ,france1 9 #ahej1 #dhi cwt4 ( ,p]uvian b>k1 ( ! value ( #f1hdj2 & 9 #ahea1 #a1abh cwt41 ( ! value ( #ae1ghg2 also ! foll[+ quantities ( sulphate ( qu99e1 on :i* !re is a duty ( #f;d4 & #c-aj?s p] ounce4 oz4 #ahdh #c1hef #e1hih #ahdi #a1aad #a1efj #ahej #h1igf #ab1eff #ahea #g1fje #aj1fdg ,! foll[+ is ! arrangem5t ( ^! b>ks adopt$ by ,p]eira1 :o has gone v fully into ! subject3-- ,a4 ,true c9*onas1 ) a br[n epid]mis4 ,i4 ,pale b>ks #a4 ,cr[n or ,loxa b>k4 ,c4 ,condam9ea4 #b4 ,gray or silv] or ,huanuco b>k4 ,c4 micran?a4 #c4 ,a% or ,ja5 b>k4 ,c4 ovata4 #d4 ,ru/y or ,huamalies b>k4 ,c4 pubesc5s4 ,,ii4 ,yell[ b>ks4 #e4 ,royal1 yell[ or ,calisaya b>k4 ,c4 sp 8 ,,iii4 ,r$ b>ks4 #f4 ,r$ b>k4 ,c4 sp 8 ,b4 ,true c9*onas1 ) a :ite epid]mis4 ,i4 ,pale b>ks4 #g4 ,:ite ,loxa b>k4 ,,ii4 ,yell[ b>ks4 #h4 ,h>d ,c>?ag5a b>k4 ,c4 cordifolia4 #i4 ,fibr\s ditto4 ,p]haps ,c4 cordifolia4 #aj4 ,cuzco b>k4 ,c4 sp48 #aa4 ,orange b>k ( ,santa ,fe4 ,c4 lancifolia4 ,,iii4 ,r$ b>ks4 #ab4 ,b$ b>k ( ,santa ,fe4 ,c4 oblongifolia4 ,! g5us ,exo/emma yields v>i\s k9ds ( false c9*ona b>k1 :i* d n conta9 ! c9*ona alkalies4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! k9ds notic$ by ,p]eira3-- #a4 ,/4 ,lucia or ,piton b>k4 ,exo/emma floribundum4 #b4 ,jamaica b>k4 ,e4 c>ibaeum4 #c4 ,pitaya b>k4 ,e4 sp8 #d4 ,false ,p]uvian b>k4 ,e4 p]uvianum4 #e4 ,brazilian b>k4 ,e4 s\zianum4 ,! mode adopt$ by ! b>k-peel]s ( obta9+ c9*ona v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! ,indians 7says ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ,s\? ,am]ica7 discov] f ! em95ces :]e a clu/] ( trees gr[ 9 ! woods1 = !y are easily disc]nable by ! rose-color$ t+e ( _! leaves1 :i* appe> at a di/ance l bun*es ( fl[]s amid ! deep-gre5 foliage ( o!r trees4 ,!y !n hunt = ! spot1 & hav+ f\nd x out1 cut d[n all ! trees1 & take ! b>k f ! bran*es1 & aft] !y h /ripp$ (f ! b>k1 !y c>ry x 9 bundles out ( ! wood1 = ! purpose ( dry+ x4 ,! peel]s comm5ce _! op]ation ab\t ,may1 :5 ! dry season sets 94 ,"s writ]s /ate t ! trees are b>k$ )\t fell+4 ,9 a lett] publi%$ 9 "o ( ! ,calcutta pap]s n long ago1 f ! p51 ,i believe1 ( ,mr4 ,pidd+ton1 he /rongly urg$ ! introduction ( ! c9*ona tree into ,briti% ,india3-- ,!re is 7he obs]ves7 "o tree1 ! introduction & ! copi\s di/ribution ( :i* )9 c]ta9 appropriate po9ts ( ! sub-,himalayan range1 w\ld conf] a great] bless+ on ! great body ( natives1 ?an any ef=t ! ,gov]nm5t has made or c make1 & t is ! c9*ona b>k tree4 ,)\t any ref]5ce to ! great] or less =ce ( m$ical !ories z to ! efficacy ( c9*ona b>k1 ,i n[ only take an exp]i5c$ & practical view1 well kn[+ t ! suff]+s ( _m millions ( poor & ri* natives1 especially 9 ! jungle di/ricts1 are ye>ly v great1 & ! mortality q enorm\s f remitt5t & int]mitt5t fev]s1 by f> ! great] "p ( :i* w\ld be imm5sely reliev$1 or :olly cur$1 by ! free use ( c9*ona b>k4 ,if by abundance ! price be once br\ght )9 ! poor native's rea*1 he w readily take to x1 hav+ no objection :atev] on acc\nt ( ca/e to any?+ ( ! nature ( ! b>k ( a tree4 ,if ! c9*ona tree 7 once gr[+ 9 abundance1 qu99e c\ld be easily prep>$ 9 ,india1 f ! facility ( procur+1 & *eapness ( spirits ( w9e us$ 9 ! process ( its elim9ation4 ,i take x t e hundr$ ,sepahees sick ( fev]s rema9+ 9 hospital (f duty = ?irty days1 draw+ an av]age pay ( eight rupees ea*1 =m a full mon?ly loss to ,gov]nm5t ( eight hundr$ rupees2 :ile a free use ( qu99e & b>k w\ld cure !m 9 t5 days on ! av]age1 co/+ at pres5t ab\t =ty rupees2 ?us by ! tw5ty days' s]vices ga9$1 ,gov]nm5t w\ld save ne>ly five hundr$ rupees4 ,b ! c9*ona tree once gl[+ abundantly1 qu99e w\ld ( c\rse become inf9itely *eap]4 ,"u a prop] sy/em ( culture1 quill b>k only ne$ be tak5 )\t de/roy+ ! trees1 & an e>li] return be obta9$4 ,!re nev] yet has be5 a sub/itute f\nd = c9*ona b>k & its salts1 z an antip]iodic & tonic4 ,x yet rema9s = "s "o to f9d an equally efficaci\s sub/itute1 & ?us make a =tune4 ,9 ! mean "t ! importance ( ! c9*ona is p>am\nt4 ,! c9*ona tree1 l ! pim5to1 det]iorates "u cultivation1 & 9 moi/1 w>m1 ri* valleys ! b>k becomes in]t4 ,! be/ b>k is f trees gr[+ on m\nta9 tops or /eep declivities4 ,f ! full acc\nts ( ,condam9e1 ,mutis1 & ,humboldt1 a soil & climate l t ( ! nor? we/ sub-,himalayan range is admirably adapt$ to ! plant+ & prosp]+ ( c9*ona trees4 ,9 ,"l ,w4 ,b5t9ck's "t1 be=e !re 7 /eam]s 9 or to ,india1 see+ ! imm5se b5efit to be d]iv$1 ,i s5t 9 a proposition to procure "y c9*ona plants f ,v]a ,cruz1 begg+ to be !n p]mitt$ to proce$ !re on t acc\nt1 & my proposition 0 civilly & ev5 favorably receiv$2 b ^! 7 n ! days to act on x4 ,( ab\t ! tw5ty species ( c9*ona trees ! foll[+ w\ld ( c\rse be ! be/ to br+--! ,c9*ona b9eifolia1 ! c9*ona cordifolia1 ! c9*ona oblongifolia1 ! c9*ona micran?a1 & ! c9*ona condam9ea4 ,! ,calumba plant 7,cocculus palmatus1 ,dec&olle1 or ,m9isp]mum palmatum7 furni%es ! m$ic9al ,colombo root1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ useful /oma*ics & tonics 9 cases ( dyspepsia4 ,x is sc>cely ev] cultivat$1 ! spontane\s produce ( ?ick =e/s on ! %ores ( ,oibo & ,mozambique & _m miles inl& on ! ea/]n %ores ( ,africa1 ,madagasc> & ,bombay1 prov+ suffici5t4 ,! supplies pr9cipally g to ,ceylon4 ,! roots are p]5nial1 & consi/ ( sev]al fasciculat$1 fusi=m1 bran*$1 fle%y1 curv$ & desc5d+ tub]s1 f "o to two in*es ?ick1 ) a br[n w>ty epid]mis2 int]nally deep yell[1 odorless1 v bitt]4 ,! ma9 roots are dug up by ! natives 9 ,m>* 7! hot season74 ,! (fsets are cut 9 slices & hung up on cords to dry 9 ! %ade4 ,x is deem$ fit to %ip :51 on exposure to ! sun1 x breaks %ort1 & ( a bad quality :5 x is s(t & black4--7,p]eira's ,mat]ia ,m$ica47 ,x conta9s a bitt] cry/allizable pr9ciple call$ ,calumb94 ,! comm]cial p>cels are (t5 adult]at$ ) ! roots ( ,co/us indicus1 ,c4 speciosus1 & ,c4 ,arabicus 7,kusmus1 ,putckuk1 c474 ,x is import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 bags & *e/s ( f "o to ?ree cwt41 & ranges 9 price f #a to #b ! cwt4 ,! imports 9 #ahdf to ,london 7 #hb packages1 & 9 #ahej1 #bad packages1 b ! /ock held 9 ,london is always l>ge1 be+ ne>ly #b1ejj packages4 ,colocyn?1 furni%$ by ,cucumis colocyn?is & ,c4 pseudocolocyn?is1 is ! dri$ m$ull>y "p ( a wild species ( g\rd :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,spa94 ,x also gr[s wild 9 ,japan1 ! s&y l&s ( ,corom&el1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,syria1 ,nubia1 ,egypt1 ,turkey1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x may be obta9$ 9 ! jungles ( ,india 9 c>t loads4 ,! fruit1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( an orange1 ) a ?9 b solid r9d1 is ga!r$ 9 autumn1 :5 ripe & yell[1 & 9 mo/ c\ntries is peel$ & dri$ ei!r 9 ! sun or by /oves4 ,x comes ov] f ,cadiz1 ,trie/e1 ,mogadore1 c41 9 cases1 casks1 c41 & duty 0 paid on ab\t #aa1jjj lbs4 9 #ahci4 ,,cubebs4--,! dri$ unripe fruit ( ,p4 ,cubebi1 or ,cubeba qffic9alia1 a climb+ plant ( ! pepp] tribe1 native ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,isl&1 ,java1 & ! ,indian isl&s furni%es ! m$ic9al cubebs1 :i* is us$ ext5sively 9 arre/+ dis*>ges f muc\s membranes4 ,9 appe>ance cubebs resemble black pepp]1 except t !y are high] color$ & are ea* furni%$ ) a /alk two or ?ree l9es long4 ,dr4 ,blume says1 t ! cubebs ( ! %ops are ! fruit ( ,p4 can9um4 ,?is species ( pepp]1 :5 fre% & good1 conta9s ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( ess5tial oil4 ,9 #ahdb ! quantity ent]$ = home consumption 0 #fg1jic lbs4 ,! av]age imports are ab\t #dj to #ej tons annually4 #c cases 7 import$ into ,liv]pool 9 #ahea4 ,! price 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket1 9 ,janu>y #ahec1 0 #c #ajs4 to #d #ajs4 ! cwt4 ,,gamboge4--,?is res9\s juice1 :i* is a mo/ important article ( comm]ce1 is furni%$ by "s ( ! plants ( ,gambogia1 natives pr9cipally ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is a p[]ful irritant1 & is employ$ m$ic9ally z a dra/ic & hydragogue ca?>tic4 ,f its bright yell[ color x is also us$ z a pigm5t4 ,gamboge fet*es 9 ! ,london m>ket f #e to #aa p] cwt4 ,"s ( ! species ( ,/alagmites 7,murray71 natives ( ,ceylon & ! ,ea/1 yield a simil> yell[ viscid juice1 h>dly di/+ui%able f gamboge1 & us$ = ! same purpose by pa9t]s4 ,!y are a g5us ( f9e ornam5tal trees1 ?riv+ well 9 soils p>tak+ ( a mixture ( loam & peat4 ,accord+ to ,ko5ig1 ! juice is collect$ by break+ (f ! leaves or "y bran*es4 ,f ! fracture ! gamboge exudes 9 drops1 & is !re=e call$ gum gutta4 ,x is receiv$ on leaves1 coco-nut %ells1 e>!n pots1 or 9 bamboos2 x gradually h>d5s by age1 & is !n wrapp$ up 9 leaves prior to sale4 ,! common gamboge ( ,ceylon is produc$ by a plant :i* ,dr4 ,graham 0 l$ to view z a species ( a new g5us "u ! "n ( ,hebrad5dron ,gambogoides4 ,a v diff]5t species1 ! ,g>c9ia ,gambogia1 ( ,roxburgh1 once suppos$ to produce gamboge1 & inde$ actually conf\nd$ by ,l9nu ) ! true gamboge tree ( ,ceylon1 he has prov$ n to produce gamboge at all4 ,?is sub/ance is also obta9$ f sev]al o!r plants1 z ! ,mango/ana ,gambogia 7,ga]tn]71 ,hyp]icwm baccif]um & ,cayan5se1 natives ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,siam & ,ceylon1 :5ce x is import$ 9 small cakes & rolls or cyl9drical twi/$ masses4 ,its composition is z foll[s3 numb] #a be+ an analysis by ,pr(essor ,*ri/ison ( a comm]cial specim5 f ,ceylon2 numb] #b ( a f9e sample ( common ditto3-- #a #b ,res91 or fatty acid #gh4hd #gd4h ,color+ matt] #d4jc #c4e ,gum #ab4ei #af4e ,residue #d4ed #e4b ----- ----- #ajj4 #ajj4 ,! av]age imports ( gamboge into ! port ( ,london1 dur+ ! pa/ five or six ye>s1 h be5 f #djj to #ejj *e/s ( "o to two cwt4 ea*4 ,g5tian4--,! yell[ g5tian root 7,g5tiana lutea7 is ! (fic9al species1 & a native ( ! ,alps ( ,au/ria & ,switz]l&4 ,! /ems & roots ( ,g4 am>ella & campe/ris1 ,briti% species1 & ,g4 cruciata1 purpurea1 punctata1 c41 are simil> 9 _! effects1 hav+ tonic1 /oma*ic1 & febrifugal prop]ties4 ,s has ,g4 kurroo ( ! ,himalayas4 ,! root is g5]ally tak5 up 9 autumn1 :5 ! plant is a ye> old4 ,x is cut longitud9ally into pieces ( a foot or a foot & a half long4 ,!y are import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 bales f ,havre1 ,m>seilles1 c41 & a good deal comes f ,g]many4 ,9 #ahci1 #dgj cwts4 7 ent]$ = home consumption4 ,*iretta is ! h]b & root ( ,aga?otes ,*irayta1 ,don2 ,g5tiana ,*irayta1 ,flem+2 or ,ophelia *irayta1 a h]bace\s plant1 gr[+ 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s ab\t ,nepaul & ! ,morungs4 ,ipecacuan4-- ,cephlis ,ipecacuanh1 ,ri*>d1 yields ! ipecacuan ( ! %ops4 ,! plant is met ) 9 ! woods ( sev]al ,brazilian prov9ces1 z ,p]nambuco1 ,bahia & ,rio ,janeiro4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ 9 moi/ %ady situations1 f #h to #bj degs4 s\? latitude4 ,! roots1 :i* are ! (fic9al "p1 are contort$1 knotty & annulat$1 & ab\t ! ?ickness ( a goose quill4 ,besides ?is br[n or gray annulat$ ipecacuan1 !re are spuri\s k9ds1 su* z ! /riat$ or black ,p]uvian1 ! produce ( ,pys*otria elliptica1 & o!r species2 & :ite or amylace\s ipecacuan1 furni%$ by ,ri*>dsonia scabra1 an h]bace\s p]5nial1 native ( ! prov9ces ( ,rio ,janeiro & ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,manettia glabra or cordifolia1 also furni%es ipecacuan 9 ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,x is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,rio 9 bales1 b>rels1 bags1 & s]ons1 & ! av]age annual imports 9 ! eight ye>s end+ 9 #ahda 7 #aj1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahdj1 ! %ipm5ts f ,rio 7 z mu* z #bj1jjj lbs4 ,ca/elnau /ates1 t "o exp]t h& c ga!r #ae lbs4 ( ! ipecacuan root 9 a day1 :i* w fet* 9 ,rio "o doll> p] p\nd4 ,he e/imates t1 f #ahcj to #ahcg1 n less ?an #hjj1jjj lbs4 ( ?is drug 7 export$ f ! prov9ce ( ,matto ,grosso to ,rio4 ,jalap4--,?is drug is obta9$ f ! dri$ tub]s or root-/ock ( ,ipomoea ,jalapa or ,convolvulus ,jalapa1 a p]5nial plant1 native ( ,am]ica4 ,"s suppose x takes its specific "n f ,xalapa1 9 ,mexico1 :5ce we *iefly import x4 ,x gr[s 9 ! woods ne> ,*icanquiaco1 at an altitude ( #f1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,l>ge quantities might be ga!r$ & export$ 9 ,jamaica4 ,! root is ( a r\ndi% tub]\s =m1 black ext]nally1 & ( a deep1 yell[i% grey )91 & v>ies 9 size f t ( a walnut to t ( a mod]ate siz$ turnip4 ,x conta9s a res9 9 :i* its active prop]ties reside4 ,x is br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 ?9 transv]se slices1 & ! am\nt ent]$ = home consumption is ab\t #de1jjj lbs4 a ye>4 ,x is import$ 9 bales1 f ,v]a ,cruz direct1 or indirectly by way ( ,new ,york1 & o!r places4 ,two sorts ( jalap root occur 9 comm]ce4 ,! "o :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! m>ket1 & :i* is ev5 at ! pres5t day mo/ frequ5tly met )1 is obta9$ f ! ,ipomoea ,s*i$eana ( ,zucc>9i1 a plant gr[+ on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,mexican ,&es1 & discov]$ by ,von ,s*i$es4 ,! root1 z met ) 9 comm]ce1 consi/s ( pieces v>y+ f ! size ( a nut to t ( ! fi/1 sometimes :ole1 sometimes cut into disks1 & at o!r times divid$ into two or ?ree portions4 ,! ext]nal surface is ( a m or less d>k gray br[n color1 corrugat$ & r\gh4 ,x is v h>d1 pres5ts a %9+ res9\s ev5 surface :5 brok51 & is difficult to r$uce to p[d]4 ,! p[d] is ( a br[ni% color1 has a fa9t peculi> odor & irritant ta/e4 ,! second quality1 :i* 0 introduc$ into comm]ce is great quantities a few ye>s ago1 by ! "n ( /alk jalap1 is n[ m sc>ce1 & obta9$ f ! ,ipomoea orazab5sis ( ,pelletan1 a plant gr[+ )\t cultivation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,mexican t[n ( ,orizaba4 ,! root1 z met ) 9 ! trade1 consi/s ( pieces v>y+ f "o to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & #a to two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are ( a high] color ?an ! fir/-nam$ root1 & ( decid$ly fibr\s /ructure4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts ( bo? v>ieties is a peculi> res91 ( :i* !y conta9 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,scammony4--,! root ( ,convolvulus ,scammonia1 ano!r plant ( ! same family1 af=ds1 :5 cut1 a gummy res9\s exudation or milky juice1 :i* soon concretes & =ms scammony4 ,! plant gr[s abundantly 9 ,greece1 ! ,grecian ,isl&s1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,levant4 ,x is import$ f ,aleppo 9 drums1 weigh+ f #ge to #abe lbs4 ea*1 & f ,smyrna 9 compact cakes l wax pack$ 9 *e/s4 ,9 #ahci1 ! quantity on :i* duty 7#bs4 #f;d4 p] lb47 0 paid am\nt$ to #h1eha lbs4 ,! duty receiv$ = scammony1 9 #ahdb1 0 #fjg4 ,a spuri\s k9d is prep>$ f ,caly/egia 7,convolvulus7 sepium1 a native ( ,au/ralia1 & sev]al plants ( ! ,asclepiadac ord]4 ,dr4 ,russell 7,m$4 ,obs4 & ,inqui47 ?us describes ! mode ( procur+ scammony3-- ,hav+ cle>$ away ! e>? f ! upp] "p ( ! root1 ! peasants cut (f ! top 9 an oblique direction1 ab\t two in*es bel[ :]e ! /alks spr+ f x4 ,"u ! mo/ dep5d+ "p ( ! slope !y affix a %ell1 or "s o!r conv5i5t receptacle1 into :i* ! milky juice fl[s4 ,x is !n left ab\t twelve h\rs1 :i* "t is suffici5t = ! draw+ (f ( ! :ole juice2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is 9 small quantities1 ea* root af=d+ b a few dra*ms4 ,?is milky juice f ! sev]al roots is put toge!r1 (t5 into ! leg ( an old boot1 = want ( "s m prop] vessel1 :5 9 a little "t x gr[s h>d1 & is ! g5u9e scammony4 ,v>i\s sub/ances are (t5 add$ to scammony :ile yet s(t4 ,^? ) :i* x is mo/ usually adult]at$ are :eat fl\r1 a%es1 or f9e s& & *alk4 ,liquorice4--,! plant :i* yields ! liquorice root ( comm]ce is ,glycirrhiza glabra or ,liquiritia (fic9alis4 ,x is a native ( ,italy & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 b has be5 occasionally cultivat$ ) success 9 ,brita91 especially at ,pontefract1 9 ,york%ire1 & at ,mit*am1 9 ,surrey4 ,! plant is a p]5nial1 ) pale blue fl[]s4 ,x gr[s well 9 a deep1 light1 s&y loam1 & is readily increas$ by slips f ! roots ) eyes4 ,! root1 :i* is ! only valuable "p1 is long1 sl5d]1 fibr\s1 ( a yell[ color1 & :5 gr[n 9 ,engl& is fit = use at ! end ( ?ree ye>s4 ,! sweet1 subacid1 mucilag9\s juice is mu* e/eem$ z a pectoral4 ,x owes its sweetness to a peculi> pr9ciple call$ glycr9 or glycirrhiza1 :i* appe>s also to be pres5t 9 ! root & leaves ( o!r papilionace\s plants1 z ,g4 e*9ata & gl&ulif]a1 ,trifoliwm alp9um1 & ! wild liquorice ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,abrus precatorius1 a pretty climb]4 ,! greate/ portion ( our supplies ( ! extract1 :i* am\nt to #g1jjj or #h1jjj cwts4 a ye>1 are obta9$ f ,spa9 & ,sicily4 ,! juice1 obta9$ by cru%+ ! roots 9 a mill1 & subject+ !m to ! press1 is sl[ly boil$1 till x becomes ( a prop] consi/5cy1 :5 x is =m$ into rolls ( a consid]able ?ickness1 :i* are usually cov]$ ) bay leaves4 ,x is aft]w>ds usually re-dissolv$1 purifi$1 &1 :5 =m$ into small quills1 is kn[n z ref9$ liquorice4 ,9 #ahci1 #a1aff tons ( liquorice pa/e 7 export$ f ,naples1 valu$ at #de p] ton4 ,mr4 ,poole1 9 8 ,/ati/ics ( ,comm]ce1 /ates t ! consumption ( liquorice root & pa/e 9 ?is c\ntry av]ages #ejj tons p] annum4 #aaj cwt4 ( ! juice & #ajj cwt4 ( ! root are annually br\ght into ,hull f ! cont95t4 ,matico--! ,p]uvian /yptic1 a p[]ful vegetable a/r+5t1 0 fir/ made kn[n to ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,engl& by ,dr4 ,jeffreys1 ( ,liv]pool1 9 ! ,lancet1 z f> back z ,janu>y #e?1 #ahci4 ,a pap] on its hi/ory & p[] 0 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #ahdc1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,prov9cial ,m$ical & ,surgical ,association1 vol4 #aj4 ,x is /at$ to be ! ,pip] angu/ifolium ( ,ruiz & ,p>sons4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 believes x to be a species ( ,phlomis4 ,! leaves are cov]$ ) a f9e hair4 ,! p[d]$ leaves ( ! ,eupatorium glut9osum1 "u ! "n ( ,matico1 are us$ ab\t ,quito = /an*+ blood & heal+ w\nds4 ,a good article on ! ph>maceutical & *emical "* ( matico1 by ,dr4 ,j4,f4 ,hodges1 appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london1 9 #ahde4 ,x is /at$1 by ,dr4 ,m>t91 t1 l ! gunjah1 :i* ! ,ea/ ,indians prep>e1 f ! ,cannabis ,indica1 ! leaves & fl[]s ( ! matico h be5 long employ$ by ! s5sual ,indians ( ! int]ior ( ,p]u to prep>e a dr9k :i* !y adm9i/] to produce a /ate ( aphrodisia4 ,! leaves & fl[]+ tops ( ! plant are ! p>ts import$ & introduc$ to notice z a /yptic1 :i* prop]ty seems to dep5d on _! /ructure & n on _! *emical composition4 ,quassia4--,! quassia wood ( ! ph>macopoeia 0 orig9ally ! product ( ,quassia am>a1 a tall %rub1 nev] above fifte5 feet high1 native ( ,guiana1 b also inhabit+ ,sur9am & ,colombia4 ,x is a v ornam5tal plant1 & has rem>kable p9nate leaves ) w+$ petioles4 ,?is wood is well kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ int5se bitt]s1 & is consid]$ an effectual rem$y 9 any disord] :]e pure bitt]s are requir$4 ,sur9am quassia is n1 h[ev]1 to be met ) n[4 ,t sold 9 ! %ops is ! t\gh1 fibr\s1 bitt] b>k ( ! root ( ,sim>uba 7,quassia7 excelsa & (fic9alis1 v l>ge =e/ trees1 gr[+ 9 ,cay5ne1 ,jamaica1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e !y be> ! local "n ( bitt]-wood4 ,its infusion is us$ z a tonic4 #bc tons ( bitt]-wood 7 %ipp$ f ,montego ,bay1 ,jamaica1 9 #ahea4 ,quassia acts z a n>cotic poison on flies & o!r insects4 ,al?\gh prohibit$ by law1 x is frequ5tly employ$ by brew]s z a sub/itute = hops4 ,! duty ( #h #ags4 #f;d4 p] cwt41 levi$ on quassia1 is int5d$ to re/rict its use = su* a purpose4 ,rhub>b4--,?is mo/ important plant belongs to ! g5us ,rheum4 ,! (fic9al rhub>b is ! root ( an undet]m9$ species4 ,!re are ab\t ?irte5 diff]5t k9ds :i* are said to yield rhub>b4 ,l9dley enum]ates fifte54 ,i h[ev] take ,pr(essor ,balf\r's classification3-- #a4 ,rheum palmatum1 native ( ,bu*>ia1 :i* has p]haps ! be/ title to be consid]$ ! true rhub>b-plant1 gr[s spontane\sly 9 ! ,mongolian empire on ! conf9es ( ,*9a4 #b4 ,r4 undulatum1 native ( ,*9a1 :i* yields mu* ( ! ,fr5* rhub>b4 #c4 ,r4 compactum1 native ( ,t>t>y1 ano!r species yield+ ,fr5* rhub>b1 & (t5 cultivat$ 9 ,brita9 = its acid petioles4 #d4 ,r4 ,emodi 7,walli*74 ,?is species yields a k9d ( ,himalayan rhub>b4 ,its petioles are mu* us$ = _! acid prop]ties4 #e4 ,r4 ,rhaponticum1 native ( ,asia4 ,us$ 9 ,france & ,brita9 9 ! same way z ! ?ird species4 ,x is mu* cultivat$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,morbihan4 #f4 ,r4 hybridum 7,murr74 ,mu* cultivat$ 9 ,g]many = its root & 9 ,brita9 = its /alks4 #g4 ,r4 ,webbianum 7,royle74 #h4 ,r4 ,spice=mi 7,royle74 #i4 ,r4 ,moorcr(tianum 7,royle74 ,himalayan species or v>ieties4 #aj4 ,r4 crass9]vium 7,fis*71 a ,russian species4 #aa4 ,r4 leucorhizum 7,pall71 a ,sib]ian & ,altai species1 said to yield imp]ial or :ite rhub>b4 ,x has /rip$ fl[]s1 :ile all o!rs are :iti% gre54 #ab4 ,r4 ,caspicum 7,fis*71 a ,russian & ,altai species4 #ac4 ,r4 ,ribes1 native ( ! ,levant1 b "s say an ,afghani/an or ,p]sian species4 ,all ^! gr[ 9 ! cold p>ts ( ! _w1 z on ! ,altai m\nta9s1 9 ,sib]ia1 ,?ibet1 ,nor? ( ,*9a1 & on ! ,himalayan range4 ,! rhub>b procur$ f "o or m ( ^! species is kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! names ( ,russian or ,turkey1 ,*9ese or ,ea/ ,indian1 & ,engli% rhub>b4 ,! plants all ?rive well 9 a ri* loamy soil1 or light s&y soil1 & are increas$ by divisions ( ! roots or by se$4 ,! ext5t ( c\ntry f :i* rhub>b ( "o k9d or ano!r is actually collect$1 accord+ to ,*ri/ison1 /ret*es f ,ludall1 9 #gg ea/ longitude1 to ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,%5-si1 #bi degrees fur!r ea/1 & f ! ,sue-*an m\nta9s1 9 nor? latitude #bf degrees1 ne>ly to ! fronti]s ( ,sib]ia1 #bd degrees nor?w>d4 ,! be/ rhub>b is said to come f ! v he>t ( ,?ibet1 )9 #ie degrees ea/ longitude & #ce degrees nor? latitude1 #ejj or #fjj miles nor? ( ,assam4 ,! ,*9ese rhub>b is inf]ior to t ( ,russia & ,turkey4 ,! price v>ies 9 ,*9a f #ch doll>s p] picul upw>ds1 & ab\t #a1ejj piculs are annually export$1 on an av]age at #ej doll>s p] picul4 ,9 #ahdd1 #b1jgg piculs 7 %ipp$ f ,canton = ,great ,brita92 & ( #ie1gja lbs4 import$ 9 #ahda1 #dc1fdj lbs4 7 br\ght f ,*9a1 #h1cdi lbs4 f ! ,philipp9es1 #g1bij lbs4 f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & #cc1gaj lbs4 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 only #a1dfb lbs4 7 br\ght f ,russia4 ,! imports f ! ,ea/ ,indies h decreas$ m ?an #gj p] c5t4 9 ! la/ twelve ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ! prec$+4 ,! :olesale prices are1 = r\nd rhub>b1 #h;d4 to #cs4 p] lb42 flat1 #f;d4 to #cs4 #c;d4 p] lb42 ,dut* trimm$1 #fs4 to #gs4 p] lb42 ,russian1 #acs4 to #acs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 ,9 #ahca1 we import$ #acc1dfb lbs4 f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's possessions1 & #f1ija lbs4 f ,russia4 ,9 #ahdc1 only #ga1bih lbs4 came f ! ,ea/4 ,f ,*9a we receiv$1 9 #ahdc1 #agb1hhb lbs4 ,! quantities ( rhub>b on :i* duty ( #as4 p] lb4 0 paid 9 ! six ye>s end+ #ahdj1 7 z foll[s2-- ,ea/ ,indian4 ,=eign4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahce #cb1eae #aj1fdg #ahcf #cf1hcf #g1geb #ahcg #dd1ffi #e1idf #ahch #cg1jbf #g1djb #ahci #bb1ege #ab1ebe #ahdj #af1gde #bb1bjc ,! imports & consumption ( rhub>b are ?us /at$ 9 ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal3-- ,imports4 ,consumption4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahbf #ajb1fbd #cb1icf #ahca #adj1cie #dj1abd #ahcf #abb1adb #dd1dfh #ahda #ie1gja #fg1hgg #ahdf #dbg1fid -- #ahdg #cje1gcf -- #ahdh #aaf1jje -- #ahdi #id1iad -- ,! rhub>b br\ght into ,sib]ia gr[s wild 9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ,gansun1 on hills1 hea?s1 & mead[s1 & is g5]ally ga!r$ 9 summ] f plants ( six ye>s ( age4 ,:5 ! root is dug up1 x is wa%$ to free x f e>?y p>ticles2 peel$1 bor$ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 /rung on a ?read1 & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,9 autumn all ! dri$ rhub>b collect$ 9 ! prov9ce is br\ght 9 horsehair sacks1 conta9+ ab\t #bjj lbs41 to ,s99 7! resid5ce ( ! deal]s71 load$ on camels1 & s5t ov] ,mongolia to ,kia*ta1 & ! ports & capital ( ,*9a4 ,s>sap>illa4--,! root ( v>i\s species ( ,smilax con/itutes ! s>sap>illa ( ! %ops4 ,x is an ev]gre5 climb+ und]%rub1 hav+ :iti% gre5 fl[]s1 & gr[s readily f suck]s4 ,x is a native ( ! temp]ate & tropical regions ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,! (fic9al "p is ! b>k1 :i* comes (f f ! rhizomes4 ,!y are mucilag9\s1 bitt]1 & slightly acid4 ,s>sap>illa is us$ 9 decoction & infusion z a tonic & alt]ative4 ,! foll[+ are enum]at$ z s\rces :5ce s>sap>illa ( v>i\s k9ds is d]iv$4 ,smilax ,*9a & sagittfolia1 yield+ ! ,*9ese root1 are said to come f ! prov9ce ( ,onansi 9 ,*9a4 ,s4 pseudo ,*9a1 ,s4 ,s>sap>illa1 ,s4 rub5s1 & ,s4 ,watsoni1 furni% ! drug ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! s>sap>illa di/+ui%$ 9 comm]ce z ! ,lisbon or ,brazilian is ! root ( ,s4 papyracea ( ,poiret4 ,x is an und]%rub1 ! /em ( :i* is compress$ & angul> bel[1 & arm$ ) prickles at ! angles4 ,! leaves are elliptic1 acum9ate1 & m>k$ ) ?ree longitud9al n]ves4 ,?is species gr[s pr9cipally 9 ! regions bord]+ ! riv] ,amazon1 & on ! banks ( mo/ ( its tribut>y /reams4 ,x is g5]ally br\ght f ! prov9ces ( ,p>a & ,m>anham4 ,x is 9 l>ge cyl9drical bundles1 long & /raight1 & ! flexible /em ( ! plant is b\nd r\nd ! bundles1 s z to entirely cov] !m4 ,its fibres are v long1 cyl9drical1 wr9kl$ longitud9ally1 & furni%$ ) "s lat]al fibrils4 ,its color is ( a fawn br[n1 or sometimes ( a d>k grey1 approa*+ to black4 ,! color int]nally is ne>ly :ite4 ,besides ?is species !re are o!rs indig5\s1 su* z ,s4 (fic9alis1 :i* gr[s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9a2 ,s4 syphilitica1 :i* gr[s 9 ! nor!rn regions1 & ?ree new species1 ,s4 japicanga1 ,s4 ,brasili5sis1 & ,s4 syr+ioides4 ,!re is also met ) 9 ,brazil ano!r plant1 ,h]r]ia s>sap>illa1 belong+ to ! same natural ord]1 :i* ab\nds 9 ! prov9ces ( ,rio1 ,bahia1 & ,m9a1 & ! roots ( :i* receive ! "n ( wild s>sap>illa4 ,f ,mexico1 ,honduras1 & ,ango/ura v good qualities are import$4 ,s4 zeylanica1 glabra1 & p]foliata furni% s>sap>illa f ,asia1 & ,s4 excelsa & asp]a are us$ z sub/itutes = ! (fic9al drug 9 ,europe4 ,smilax (fic9alis1 f\nd 9 woods ne> ! ,rio ,magdal5a 9 ,new ,granada1 furni%es ! be/ 9 ! m>ket1 :i* is commonly kn[n z ,jamaica ,s>za4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r k9ds 9 hav+ a deep r$ cuticle ( a close texture1 & ! color is m g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh ! ligne\s "p4 ,x is %ipp$ 9 bales1 =m$ ei!r ( ! spirally =m$ roots1 z 9 ! ,jamaica & ,lima v>ieties1 or ( unfold$ p>allel roots1 z 9 ! ,brazilian v>ieties4 ,! roots are usually sev]al feet long1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a quill1 m or less wr9kl$1 & ! :ole quantity reta9$ = home consumption1 9 #ahdj1 0 #adc1jjj lbs4 ,9 #ahdd1 #ahd1gdh lbs41 & 9 #ahde #aaa1gge lbs4 7 %ipp$ f ,honduras4 ,! prices 9 ! ,london m>ket1 at ! close ( #ahec1 7 --,brazil1 #as4 #c;d4 p] lb42 ,honduras1 #as4 #c;d4 to #as4 #h;d4 p] lb42 ,v]a ,cruz1 #f;d4 to #aa;d4 p] lb42 ,jamaica1 #as4 #h;d4 to #cs4 #d;d4 p] lb4 ,! duty receiv$ on s>sap>illa 9 #ahdb 0 #a1ecf4 ,! av]age annual quantity ( s>sap>illa obta9$ f ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 exclusive ( ,brazil1 & tak5 = home consumption1 9 ! twelve ye>s end+ ) #ahdc 0 #cg1hbf lbs4 ,,imports ,,( ,,brazilian ,,s>sap>illa4 lbs4 #ahbg #bh1aee #ahbh #di1bhj #ahbi #eb1ggb #ahcj #ai1hdb #ahca #ca1igb #ahcb #ia1bch #ahcc #ac1jgg #ahcd #bh1hjc #ahce #bb1chg #ahcf #a1gah #ahcg #ab1hdb #ahch -- #ahci #i1dhd #ahdj #d1ada #ahda #a1cii #ahdb #e1egb ,! total imports 9 #ahdi 7 #aah1icd lbs4 ,s>sap>illa has be5 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! ,port ,phillip di/rict ( ,au/ralia1 & has be5 %ipp$ !nce 9 small quantities4 ,x seems to be indig5\s to ! ,bahamas1 & is to be f\nd on _m ( ! out isl&s4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,dalzell1 ( ,abaco1 collect$ "s consid]able quantity at a place call$ ,m>% ,h>bor1 :i* 0 f\nd to be ( a sup]ior quality4 ,"s ?\s&s ( p\nds ( s>sap>illa 7 br\ght to ,falm\?1 ,jamaica1 la/ ye>1 & b\ght by m]*ants = export4 ,x came f ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,elizabe?1 & !re are :ole =e/s cov]$ ) ?is we$1 = su* 9 reality x is4 ,x is too ! real black ,jamaica s>sap>illa1 t is s mu* valu$ 9 ! ,european & ,am]ican m>kets4 ,x is also f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,9 #agih #c1fgd lbs4 ( s>sap>illa 7 %ipp$ f ,la ,guayra2 #b1cid lbs4 9 #ahja f ,pu]to ,cabella1 & #djj qu9tals f ,co/a ,rica1 9 #ahde1 valu$ at eight doll>s a qu9tal4 ,,s5na4--,sev]al v>ieties ( ,cassia1 natives ( ! ,ea/1 are gr[n = ! production ( ?is drug4 ,! dri$ leaves ( ,c4 lanceolata or ori5talis1 gr[n 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,arabia1 ! true ,mecca s5na1 are consid]$ ! be/4 ,9 ,egypt ! leaves ( ,cynan*um ,arghel are us$ = adult]at+ s5na1 ,cassia obovata or ,c4 s5na1 also a native ( ,egypt1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 z well z 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,jamaica4 ,x is a p]5nial h]b1 "o or two feet high4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies !re is a v>iety 7,c4 elongata7 common ab\t ,t9nivelly1 ,coimbatore1 ,bombay1 & ,agra1 c4 ,sev]al ( ?is species are common 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,! plants1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p ev]gre5s1 gr[ f two to fifte5 feet high2 !y delight 9 a loamy soil1 or mixture ( loam or peat4 ,! se$ is drill$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! only att5tion requir$ by ! plant is loos5+ ! gr\nd & we$+ two or ?ree times :5 x is "y4 ,! s5na leaves import$ f ,india are n g5]ally s clean & free f rubbi% z ^? f ,alex&ria4 ,!y are wor? f #bjs4 to #bgs4 p] cwt4 9 ! ,bombay m>ket4 ,! prices are--,alex&ria1 ld4 to #f;d4 p] lb42 ,ea/ ,indian1 #b;d4 to #c;d4 p] lb42 ,t9nevelly1 #g;d4 to #i;d4 p] lb4 ,s5na is collect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa by ! ,arabs1 :o make two crops annually2 "o1 ! mo/ productive1 aft] ! ra9s 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 ! o!r ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,x is br\ght to ,b\lack1 ! port ( ,cairo1 by ! c>avans1 c41 f ,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 & ,s5na>1 also by ! way ( ,cossi]1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ,suez4 ,! diff]5t leaves are mix$1 & adult]at$ ) arghel leaves4 ,! :ole %ipm5ts f ,b\lack to ,alex&ria1 :5ce x f9ds x way to ,europe1 is #ad1jjj to #ae1ejj qu9tals4 ,! quantities import$ = home consumption 7-- ,f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,o!r places4 ,total4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ahch #gb1egf #fi1ech #adb1aad #ahci #aaj1dji #fc1gff #agd1age ,9 #ahdj1 #baa1djj lbs4 paid duty1 :i* is n[ only #a;d4 p] lb4 ,9 #ahdh1 we import$ #hjj1jjj lbs4 f ,india2 9 #ahdi1 ! total imports 7 #eda1adc lbs4 ,! imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 71 9 #ahdg1 #bdf tons2 #ahdh1 #djb tons2 #ahdi1 #bdj tons4 ,alex&rian s5na 7,cassia acutifolia74 ,?is species is said by "s to con/itute ! bulk ( ! s5na consum$ = m$ical purposes 9 ,europe4 ,x is mu* adult]at$ ) ! leaves ( ,cynan*um ,arghel1 ,tiphrosia apoll9ea1 & ,cori>ia myrtifolia4 ,c4 lanceolata & ,c4 e?iopica furni% o!r species ( ! same article1 ! great] "p ( ! produce ( :i* f9d its way to ,india1 ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,surat1 ,bombay & ,calcutta1 ! imports into ,calcutta1 9 #ahdi1 hav+ be5 #gi1bab lbs4 ,c4 obovata furni%es ! ,aleppo & ,italian drug4 ,at lea/ eight v>ieties ( s5na leaf are kn[n 9 comm]ce 9 ,europe--#a4 ! ,s5na pal!2 #b4 ,s5na ( ,s5na> or ,alex&ria2 #c4 ( ,tripoli2 #d4 ( ,aleppo2 #e4 ( ,moka2 #f4 ( ,s5egambia2 #g4 ! false or ,arghel2 #h4 ! ,t9nevelly4 ,9 ,egypt ! s5na h>ve/ takes place twice annually1 9 ,april & ,septemb]2 ! /alks are cut (f ) ! leaves1 dri$ be=e ! sun1 & !n pack$ ) date leaves4 ,at ,b\lka1 ! drug is sort$1 mix$1 & adult]at$1 & pass$ into comm]ce ?r\gh ,alex&ria4 ,alex&rian s5na1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,jacob ,bell 7,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #b1 p4 #fc71 conta9s a mixture ( two or m species ( true s5na4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( ,cassia obovata & ,c4 obtusata1 & accord+ to "s au?orities x occasionally conta9s ,c4 acutifolia4 ,?is mixture is unimportant1 b ! ,cynan*um ,arghel1 :i* g5]ally con/itutes a fif? ( ! weight on an av]age1 possesses prop]ties diff]+ 9 "s respects f true s5na1 & :i* r5d] x p>ticul>ly objectionable4 ,! ,t9nevelly s5na1 t mo/ e/eem$ by ! pr(ession1 is kn[n by ! size ( ! leaflets1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( any o!r v>iety2 !y are also less brittle1 ?9n] & l>g]1 & are g5]ally f\nd 9 a v p]fect /ate1 :ile ! o!r v>ieties1 especially ! ,alex&rian1 are m or less brok54 ,! leaves ( ! ,cynan*um are simil> 9 =m to ^? ( ! lanceolate s5na1 b !y are ?ick] & /iff]1 ! ve9s are sc>cely visible1 !y are n oblique at ! base1 _! surface is rugose1 & ! color grey or gre5i% drab2 _! ta/e is bitt] & disagreeable1 & !y are (t5 spott$ ) a yell[1 int5sely bitt] gummo-res9\s incru/ation4 ,be+ less fragile ?an ! leaflets ( ! true s5na1 !y are m (t5 f\nd entire1 & are v easily di/+ui%able f ! v>ieties :i* con/itute true ,alex&rian s5na4 ,9 _! botanical "* !y are ess5tially diff]5t1 be+ di/9ct leaves1 n leaflets1 :i* is ! case ) true s5na4 ,! ,,sumbul root1 :i* has rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ! ,fr5* m>ket1 is ! root ( an umbellif]\s plant1 :i* is *>act]is$ by a /rong odor ( musk4 ,! pilgrims1 on _! return f ,mecca1 g5]ally import to ,salonika1 ,con/ant9ople1 c41 among o!r articles ( trade1 v>i\s plants ) a musk-l odor4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! vegetable sub/ances is said to be effect$ by sme>+ !m ov] ) musk-balsam4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,footnote #b3 ,fractional p>ts are n necess>y to include4 ,footnote #c3 ,dr4 ,l9dley is 9 error z to ! discrim9at+ duties--,briti% cacao pays #is41 & =eign #ahs4 ,footnote #d3 ,accord+ to ,bre5's ,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,lucia up to #ahdd4 ,footnote #e3 ,caffe9e 7! pr9ciple ( c(fee7 & !obrom9e 7! pr9ciple ( cacao7 are ! mo/ highly nitrog5is$ products 9 nature1 z ! foll[+ analysis w %[3-- ,caffe9e1 accord+ to ,pfaff & ,liebig1 conta9s-- ,c>bon #di4gg ,hydrog5 #e4cc ,nitrog5 #bh4gh ,oxyg5 #af4ab ,!obrom9e1 accord+ to ,woskreseusky1 conta9s-- ,c>bon #dg4ba ,hydrog5 #d4ec ,nitrog5 #ce4ch ,oxyg5 #ab4hj ,( ! two1 cacao conta9s ! l>g] quantity ( nitrog52 & ?is *emical fact expla9s :y cacao %\ld be s mu* m nutritive ?an tea1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( tea 7!9e7 is ne>ly id5tical ) ! pr9ciple ( cacoa--tea conta9+ 9 #ajj p>ts #bi4jji ( nitrog54 ,on ?is subject ,liebig has made an obs]vation :i* ,i _c avoid notic+4 ,he says1 ,we %all nev] c]ta9ly be able to discov] h[ m5 7 l$ to ! use ( ! hot infusion ( ! leaves ( a c]ta9 %rub 7tea71 or ( a decoction ( c]ta9 roa/$ se$s 7c(fee74 ,"s cause !re mu/ be1 :i* w\ld expla9 h[ ! practice has become a necess>y ( life to :ole nations4 ,b x is surely /ill m rem>kable t ! b5eficial effects ( bo? plants on ! heal? mu/ be ascrib$ to "o & ! same sub/ance1 ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 two vegetables1 belong+ to diff]5t natural families1 & ! produce ( diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe1 c\ld h>dly h pres5t$ itself to ! bolde/ imag9ation4 ,yet rec5t rese>*es h %[n1 9 su* a mann] z to exclude all d\bt1 t caffe9e1 ! peculi> pr9ciple ( c(fee1 & !9e1 t ( tea1 are 9 all respects id5tical4--7,anim4 ,*em41 pp4 #agh-i47 ,we really c see no?+ 9 all ?is b ! manife/ation ( t in/9ct :i*1 implant$ 9 u by ! ,almighty1 l$ ! untutor$ ,indian 7z we are pleas$ to call him7 to brea! into ! no/ril ( ! buffalo or ! wild horse1 & by t s+le act to subdue 8 angry rage1 or t impell$ ! fir/ discov]] ( combu/ion to extract fire f ! attrition ( two pieces ( wood4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian1 liv+ entirely on fle%1 discov]$ = himself 9 tobacco smoke a means ( ret>d+ ! *ange ( matt] 9 ! tissues ( ! body1 & !reby ( mak+ hung] m endurable4--7,p4 #agi47 ,b ! wond] ceases1 :5 we reflect t man 0 endu$ ) c]ta9 prop]ties by 8 ,mak] :i* mu/ h be5 at "s remote p]iod1 ( :i* we c =m no idea1 active & manife/ ! mom5t he brea!d ! brea? ( life4 ,to inquire h[ he lo/ ?is prop]ty is n our bus9ess at pres5t1 b x is only by suppos+ ! quondam exi/5ce ( su* a prop]ty1 active & manife/1 t c 9 any way expla9 a fir/ k ( ! !rapeutic1 or ?reptic1 qualities ( plants & %rubs4 ,) reg>d to ! id5tity ( !9e1 caffe9e1 !obrom9e1 c41 x w\ld be z well t ! read] %\ld keep 9 m9d t x is s *emically only1 = 9 appe>ance1 ta/e1 weight1 odor1 c41 no sub/ances c diff] m4 ,does ! palate ex]t "s peculi> action on ! +e/a1 s z to give to ea* a di/9ct sapor8 ,or vice v]sa8 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i h f\nd ?is to be "o ( ! wor/ descriptions ( soil4 ,p4,l4,s4 ,footnote #g3 ,correspond5t ( ! ,s+apore ,free ,press1 ,decemb]1 #aheb4 ,footnote #h3 ,x is important1 9 consid]+ :at tea may be _h f ,*9a1 to consid] ! mann] ( its production4 ,x is gr[n ov] an imm5se di/rict1 9 small f>ms1 or r g>d5s1 no f>m produc+ m t #fjj *e/s4 ,! tea m]*ant goes himself1 or s5ds 8 ag5ts to all ! small t[ns1 villages1 & temples 9 ! di/rict1 to pur*ase tea f ! prie/s & small f>m]s2 ! l>ge m]*ant1 into ^: h&s ! tea ?us comes1 has to refire x & pack x = ! =eign m>ket4--7,=tune's ,tea ,di/ricts47 ,?is refir+ is ! only additional process ( manufacture = our m>ket4 ,mr4 ,=tune else:]e1 9 8 valuable "w1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! co/ ( tea f ! f>m]s1 ! conveyance to m>ket1 & ! m]*ant's pr(it1 /ates t ! small f>m] & manipulator is n ov]paid1 b t ! great pr(its are receiv$ by ! middlem54 ,no d\bt ^! m5 d _! utmo/ to keep ! f>m]s 9 complete ignorance ( ! /ate ( ! tea-m>ket1 t !y may monopolise ! advantages1 b x is pretty c]ta9 t ! news ( a bold r$uction ( duty1 & ! promise ( an imm5sely increas$ consumption1 w\ld rea* ev5 ! ,*9ese f>m]s1 & make !m pick _! trees m closely--a little ( :i* among/ s _m w\ld make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! total supply4 ,footnote #i3 ,see article ,!a1 by ,dr4 ,royle1 9 ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 vol xxiv41 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #aj3 ,hook]'s ,bot4 ,mag41 #a4cadh4 ,x is ! ,assam tea plant4 ,footnote #aa3 ,report on ,tea ,cultivation submitt$ to ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,see ,blue ,book1 #ahci1 p4 #a-c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,9 a %ort "t ra9 gauges w be e/abli%$ at ,bheemtal1 ,huwalbaugh1 ,paoree1 & ,kaolagir1 9 ord] to measure ! quantity ( ra9 t falls annually1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* ! quantity & quality ( ! produce ( tea is affect$ by ! wea!r4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ,*9a ?is process1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( tea manufactur]s1 is c>ri$ on to a great ext5t4 ,footnote #ad3 ,dr4 ,jameson1 9 a late communication1 rem>ks--,f ! acc\nts ,i h receiv$ ( t place 7,d>jeel+71 ,i d\bt n b t ! plants !re gr[n w yield tea ( a sup]ior description4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! crops ( ?is di/rict1 su* z rice1 mundooa1 & o!r gra9s1 are s pl5tiful & *eap z sc>cely to pay ! c>riage to ! ne>e/ m>ket t[n1 mu* less to ! pla9s4 ,9 ,almorah a maund ( rice or mundooa sells = some?+ less ?an a rupee2 b>ley = eight annas2 & :eat = a rupee4 ,footnote #af3 ,!re is frequ5tly a discrepancy 9 ! figures 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y pap]s1 :i* w acc\nt = a want ( agreem5t 9 "s ( ^! returns4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal = ,june1 #ahdi1 p4 #ae1 et seq4 ,footnote #ah3 ,reports ( ,dr4 ,roxburgh1 ,mr4 ,t\*et ( ,radanagore1 & ,mr4 ,c>d9 ( ,mirzapore1 ,cutna4 ,pap]s on ,ea/ ,india ,sug>1 page #beh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,_m are ( op9ion1 t al?\gh ! juice ( ?is cane is l>g] 9 quantity1 yet t x conta9s less sug>4 ,!re is "s s5se 9 ! reason !y assign1 :i* is1 t 9 ! ,mauritius & else:]e x has ! full "t ( twelve or f\rte5 mon?s all[$ = its com+ to maturity--:]eas ! agriculture ( ,india1 & especially 9 ,b5gal1 only all[s x eight or n9e mon?s1 :i*1 ?\gh ample to mature ! small] c\ntry canes1 is n suffici5t = ! ,otaheite4 ,footnote #bj3 ,roxburgh on ! ,culture ( ,sug> & ,jagg>y 9 ! ,rajahmundry ,circ>2 ,?ird ,ap4 to ,report on ,ea/ ,india ,sug>1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ba3 ,l',exploitation de ,sucr]ies4 ,port] on ! ,sug> ,cane1 #ec1cba4 ,footnote #bb3 ,t ! above application w\ld be b5eficial1 is r5d]$ /ill m wor?y ( cr$it f ! foll[+ exp]i5ce3--,9 ! ,dhoon1 ! :ite ant is a mo/ =midable enemy to ! sug> plant]1 ow+ to ! de/ruction x causes to ! sets :5 fir/ plant$4 ,mr4 ,g4,h4 ,smi? says1 t !re is a wood v common !re1 call$ by ! natives ,but*1 ?r\gh1 :i*1 !y say1 if ! irrigat+ wat]s are pass$ 9 its progress to ! b$s1 ! :ite ants are driv5 away4 7,trans4 ,agri-,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,india1 v4 #fe47 ,footnote #bc3 ,fitzmaurice on ! ,culture ( ! ,sug> ,cane4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! kilogramme is equal to #b lb1 #c oz4 avoirdupois4 ,footnote #be3 ,a lecture on ! nutritive value ( diff]5t articles ( food1 by ,c4 ,daub5y1 ,m4,d41 ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle 7,london71 ,janu>y #bj?1 #ahdi1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bf3 ,transactions ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society1 #ahdi1 p4 #fdf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,a lecture ,on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,corn ,plants1 by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,sidney--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 7,london71 ,may #ah?1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #bh3 ,b\ss+ault's ,rural ,economy1 ,am]ican edition1 pp4 #he & #hf4 ,footnote #bi3 ,z5as ,c(f91 "o ( ! olde/ :alem5 9 ,nantucket1 /ates t corn meal 9 tight rum pun*eons :5 s5t to ! ,w5t ,indies w keep sweet1 :ile 9 common fl\r b>rels x w spoil4 ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts = #ahdg1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #cj3 ,f rem>ks ( ,col4 ,sk9n]1 & o!rs1 at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 held 9 ,april #ahdf4 ,transactions ( ,am]ican ,in/itute1 #ahdf1 p4 #eji et seq4 ,footnote #ca3 ,comptes ,r5dus des ,sances de ,l',academie des ,sci5ces1 ,febru>y #e?1 #ahai4 ,footnote #cb3 ,a ,treatise on ,diet & ,regim51 by ,wm4 ,h5ry ,rob]tson1 ,m4,d41 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! ,plant3 a ,biography2 by ,m4,h4 ,s*leid51 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,engli% translation1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #cd3 ,transactions ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society = #ahdg1 p4 #aij4 ,9 ?is communication1 ,mr4 ,b5tz does n describe ! process :i* he adopts1 b enum]ates "s ( its suppos$ advantages4 ,footnote #ce3 ,quot$ by ,b\ss+ault1 ,rural ,economy1 ,am]4 edition1 p4 #daj4 ,footnote #cf3 ,a ,treatise on ,diet & ,regim51 by ,wm4 ,h5ry ,rob]tson1 ,m4,d41 ,vol4 i4 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #cg3 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! ,food ( ,animals1 c41 by ,r4,d4 ,?omson1 ,m4,d41 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #ch3 ,*emi/ry ( ,vegetable & ,animal ,physiology1 translat$ by ,pr(4 ,j4,f4,w4 ,john/on1 p4 #fhd4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ,dr4 ,r4,d4 ,?omson's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! ,food ( ,animals1 c4 ,footnote #dj3 ,muld]'s ,*emi/ry ( ,vegetable & ,animal ,physiology2 ,engli% ,translation1 p4 #haf4 ,footnote #da3 ,i h _h no opportunity ( analys+ samples ( fl\r f ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,/ates1 & !re=e _c ext5d ?is comp>ison to !m4 ,footnote #db3 ,transactions ( ,agri4-,hort4 ,society1 ( ,calcutta1 vol4 iv4 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #dc3 ,dict4 ( ,arts & ,manufacture4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #de3 ,! glasses us$ 7 all ( ! sort describ$ 9 ,griff9's catalogue "u ! "n ( ,cl>k's te/-glasses4 ,!y 7 all1 z ne>ly z possible1 ( ! same size & %ape4 ,footnote #df3 ,i h det]m9$ ! am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! meal made f ! :ole maize1 ! gr[? ( ! colony1 z also f planta9 meal2 ,i h also asc]ta9$ its am\nt 9 cassava meal1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] m5tion$ 9 ! text1 & 9 meal prep>$ f ! cassava slic$1 dri$1 & gr\nd )\t express+ ! juice4 ,assum+ ,liebig's =mula ( ,prote9e1 namely1 ,c-#dh ,n-#f ,h-#cf #j-d ! results /& ?us3-- ,nitrog54 ,prote9e comp\nds4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,maize meal 7unhusk$7 #a4gc #aj4gb ,planta9 meal 4#hh #e4de ,cassava meal 7juice express$7 4#cf #b4bc ,ditto f ! slic$ & dri$ roots 4#gh #d4hc ,footnote #dg3 ,les ,moy5s de prv5ir la ,maladie des ,pommes de ,t]re4 ,expri5ces et ,conclusions de ,a4,n4,c4 ,bollman1 ,conseill] d'tat1 ,pr(esseur1 c4 #hvo1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahec4 ,footnote #dh3 ,if c9namon se$s aft] wa%+ be expos$ to ! sun1 ev5 = tw5ty m9utes1 ! %ells w crack 9 two1 & ?is prev5ts ! se$s f gr[+4 ,footnote #di3 ,no export duties exi/ 9 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,footnote #ej3 ,s9ce ^! rem>ks 7 writt51 ! duty has be5 :olly aboli%$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ! am\nt ( produce = #ahdb1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t t crop 0 a complete failure1 & ! av]age crop = "s ye>s pa/ has be5 #df1fff p\nds4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,footnote #ec3 ,! v]nacul> "n = /ale or putrid ur9e4 ,footnote #ed3 ,lit 0 ! "n appli$ to ! plant1 f :i* ! dye 0 to be prep>$1 & pig is ! ,scot* synonym = any k9d ( e>!nw>e vessel---9 :i* ! mac]ation 0 g5]ally c>ri$ on4 ,footnote #ee3 ,pitk9s' ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,footnote #ef3 ,a great portion ( ! crop ,i grew _h leaves measur+ two feet n9e in*es 9 l5g? & eighte5 in*es wide1 be+ l>g] ?an ,i ev] knew to h be5 gr[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,! av]age weight ,i obta9$ p] acre1 0 #be cwt42 :]eas ,i see by ! public returns1 ! av]age ( :at is gr[n "h is only #ag #a-g? cwt4 ,,index4 ,albrus precatorius1 #fdc ,acacia b>k1 #dic ,cate*u1 #die1 #egg dealbata1 #eje ,ac] sac*>9um1 #bje ,acre1 c(fee trees to !1 #fi ,a*ira plant1 #cee ,a*ote1 a "n = arnotto1 #ddg ,acrocomia fusi=mis1 #eai ,adeps ,myri/ica1 #djb ,adme cyp]us1 #fbf ,ad5an!ra ,pavon9a1 #cgh ,adansonia digitata1 #cgh ,african arr[root1 #cec l>d1 #ebe purple millet1 #cjg ,africa1 pepp] gr[n 91 #dbb tobacco culture 91 #fae ,ag>-,ag> moss1 #cgh1 #cgi ,agi or ,gu9ea pepp]1 #dbi ,agave ,am]icana--a sub/itute = soap1 #egd ,agaiti oil1 #ebj ,agricultural weal? ( tropical regions1 #b ,aipi1 #cgf ,akyab1 exports ( rice f1 #big ,aleurites triloba1 #eba1 #ech ,alex&rian s5na1 #fdh ,alg>oba beans1 #cac b>k1 #ejc ,algi]s1 tobacco culture 91 #fae ,aliza9e1 #dgh ,alkanet root1 #ddb ,allspice1 ! common "n = pim5to1 #dcj ,almond oil1 #eaj1 #ecc ,aloes1 /ati/ics ( exports f ! ,cape1 #fcb v>ieties (1 #fbh ,alp9ia ,galanga1 #dai ,c>damomum1 #dai racemosa1 #dad ,al/rm]ia pallida1 #ccj ,al!a rosea1 #ddb ,am>an?us gangiticus1 #dcd ,am]ican arr[root1 #ceb fl\r1 c\ntries to :i*1 %ipp$1 #bbc ,am]icans consume mo/ c(fee1 #dj ,amboyna wood1 #dci ,amomum1 species (1 #dai ,z+ib]1 #dad ,anac>dium occid5tale1 #die1 #eba ,analyses1 v>i\s1 ( tobacco1 #eib-ic ,analysis ( ! c(fee plant1 #di a%es ( ! c(fee tree1 #dc ( cate*u1 #egi ( ,havana tobacco1 #eia1 #fae ( o!r v>ieties1 #fae ( oil cake1 #edf ( soils1 #fag ( soils1 n s requisite abroad1 #g ( ! sug> cane1 by ,dr4 ,evans1 #aed ( sug> soils 9 ! ,ea/1 #agb ,ane?um graveol5s1 #cgf ,s[a1 se$s (1 #dcd ,angola we$1 #dhf ,anise$1 #dcg ,antigua arr[root1 /ati/ics (1 #cec co/ ( cultivat+ sug>1 #ahi ,ants1 rem$y =1 #aha ,an*usa t9ctoria1 #ddb ,&ropogon1 species (1 #egb ,anil]ia1 a manufactory = indigo1 #dfj ,apricot oil1 #eaa1 #ecf ,apios1 #cee1 #cga ,aquil>ia1 species (1 #dci ,arghel leaves1 #fdg ,ara*is hypogoea1 #eac ,ar5ga sac*>if]a1 ! gomutus sac*>if]a ( ,rumphius1 #acf1 #cad ,areomet]1 an in/rum5t = te/+ oil1 #ecb ,arbor alba1 #eff ,areca nuts1 value ( ! exports f ,ceylon1 #egi palm1 #egg ,argemone ,mexicana1 #eaa1 #eba1 #fbf ,arnotto1 #ddg ,arp5t1 a ,fr5* l& measure1 ab\t "o-sev5? less ?an an acre1 #bea ,arracan1 exports ( rice f1 #big ,arraca*a escul5ta1 #cee1 #cge ,arrack1 #eef us$ to flavor tobacco1 #fba ,arroba1 a ,spani% weight ( #be lbs41 ! f\r? "p ( a qu9tal4 ,arr[root1 ,b5zon's analysis (1 #cdh culture & comm]ce (1 #cde made f ! ,palmyra %oots1 #cgf />* (1 #cca1 #ccd-ce1 #ccg ,ars5ic = /eep+ gra91 poison\s effects f1 #bcc ,artoc>pus incisa1 #cah1 #ccj ,arum colocasia1 #cfd escul5tum1 #cfd ,rumphii1 #cfe ,asafoetida1 #fcc ,asclepias curassavica1 #fbe gigantea1 #did t+5s1 #ddb ,assamee1 an ,indian "n = ! ryot or cultivator1 #dfg ,assam1 introduction ( tea culture1 #id tea sales1 #ih ,company1 orig9 (1 #ih manufacture ( tea 91 #abf ,ass>oo1 ra9 s[+1 #dfh ,a/oria !i=mis1 us$ z tea at ,santa ,fe1 #hj ,attap leaf = ?at*+1 #dje1 #eei ,att> ( roses1 #egj ,auckl&ia1 #dch ,aurac>ia ,bidwillii1 #cgg ,au/ralia1 consumption ( tea 91 #hg1 #hh sug> cultivation recomm5d$1 #aci ,au/ria production ( beet-root sug> 91 #aig1 #bjj ,avic5na tom5tosa1 #ddd ,avocado se$ yields a dye /uff1 #ddd ,awl tree1 #ddc ,babool wood1 #dic ,bahu1 a l& measure 9 ,java1 equal to #ga acres4 ,bajree1 ! ,indian "n = ,holcus ,spicatus1 #cjf ,bales ( ,cuba tobacco1 size (1 #fac ,balf\r 7,pr(47 on ! />* 9 potatoes1 #ccj on species ( rhub>b1 #fdg ,ball's acc\nt ( ! cultivation1 c41 ( tea1 #ajc ,banana1 />* 91 #cca us$ z a %ade = ! cacao1 #ae ,bapti/a t9ctoria1 #dec ,b>bacue1 a plat=m = c(fee dry+1 #fi ,baphia nitida1 #ddg ,b>bados arr[root1 #ccg1 #cec culture ( aloes 91 #fcj co/ ( cultivat+ sug>1 #ahi g+]1 #dae sug> crops (1 #adi yam1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cfb ,b>celona1 exports ( cacao f1 #ac ,b>k ( ! l>*1 its utility1 #cgf ,b>ks = tann+1 #dib ,b>ley1 hi/ory & consumption (1 #bee import$1 #bah meal import$1 #bah produce ( 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #bdh1 #bef av]age prices (1 #bef ,b>rel ( rice weighs #fjj lbs4 net1 #bia ,b>us camphor1 #fcd ,b>wood1 #dde1 #ddg ,basket ( rice1 a measure equal to #ee lbs41 ,engli%1 ,bassia butyracea1 #acf1 #eab longifolia1 #eaa oil se$s (1 #ecg ,batatas edulis1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ceg ,bauh9ia v>iegata1 #dib ,bayley 7,mr471 on consumption ( tea 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ,bay ru% or tapioca1 #cgf ,beans1 analysis (1 #bfd & peas1 quantities import$1 #cac import$1 #bah ,be>+ "t ( diff]5t plants1 #i ,beck 7,pr(47 on v>i\s :eats1 #bbb on ! ,am]ican bread/uffs1 #bbf ,beet root sug> produc$ on ! ,cont95t1 #add co/ ( produc+1 #ahi1 #bjd ,beet1 v>ieties ( ! root1 #aia ,belgians1 l>ge consum]s ( c(fee1 #dj ,belgium1 production ( beet root sug> 91 #bjj ,b5>es1 production ( indigo 91 #dge ,b51 oil (1 #ebc ,b5cool51 pepp] gr[n 91 #dbc spice culture 91 #dab ,b5gal1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi indigo1 #dfd introduction ( ! c(fee tree into1 #dj production ( indigo 91 #dge production ( opium 91 #ehj rice1 #bif ,b5net on ,ceylon1 #caf ,b5nett 7,dr471 description ( gambi]1 #ejj ,b]>1 edible root (1 #cgg ,b]b]ry1 a dye /uff1 #ddb ,b]bice1 exports ( c(fee f1 #gc ,b]gamot1 ess5ce (1 #eff ,b]g]'s process ( mak+ rice />*1 #cdd ,b]muda arr[root1 /ati/ics (1 #cec mode ( cultivat+ arr[root1 #cdf ,b]ry wax1 #edj ,betel leaf1 #egg ,bhoe ,moong1 ! ,indian "n = ! gr\nd nut1 #eae ,bhull rice l&s1 #bic ,biggah1 di/9ction betwe5 ?is l& measure1 #dga ,bignonia ,*ica1 #ddd ,bihai1 #cbj ,bitt] cassava1 #cca ,bixa orellana1 #ddg ,black g+]1 #dae pepp]1 /ati/ics (1 #dbh tea1 imports ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 #hb mode ( manufactur+1 #aab ,blood tree1 #fbe ,bollman 7,pr(471 on ! potato rot1 #cei ,bolitus us$ z food1 #cgg ,bonynge 7,mr4 ,f47 promotes tea culture 9 ,am]ica1 #ig ,borassus gomutus1 #cae ,borneo1 pepp] produc$ 91 #dbb ,b\rbon1 cacao gr[n 91 #cf produce ( rice 91 #bic ,b\sa1 an ,african be]1 #cjh ,b\ss+ault's analysis ( :eat1 #bdd ,boyams1 food plant1 #cgg ,bran1 analysis (1 #bca ,brassica ol]acea1 oil f ! se$1 #eci ,brazilian arr[root1 #ccj1 #cfg1 #cfi ,brazil1 exports ( c(fee to ,am]ica1 #fc co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi culture ( g+]1 #dah production ( c(fee 91 #dj1 #da1 #fc introduction ( ! tea plant1 #abh /ati/ics ( sug> production1 #ahb tobacco export f1 #eid wood1 #dhe ,bread fruit1 #cah1 #ccj made f millet1 #cjf nut ( ,jamaica1 #cai /uffs ( comm]ce1 #bag ,brick tea ( ,?ibet1 #ib ,briti% ,guiana1 c(fee produc$ 91 #gc ,we/ ,indies1 decl9e ( c(fee culture 91 #dj1 #fc1 #fg exports ( c(fee f1 #gc ,brood-boon1 #cai ,bromelia ,p+u91 fruit (1 us$ = soap1 #egd ,broom corn1 #cjg1 #cjh s$ge1 #cjh ,brosimum ,alica/rum1 edible nuts (1 #cai ,br\ssonitia t9ctoria1 #dhe ,br[n bread1 its :olesom5ess1 #bcj ,bruce1 7,mr4 ,c4,a47 on ! manufacture ( tea 9 ,assam1 #abf ,bu*anania latifolia1 #did1 #eba ,buck:eat1 av]age weight ( crop 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bec oil f1 #eaj culture (1 #bei analysis (1 #bfj ,buck yam1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cfb ,bullho(1 yields a n>cotic1 #ehi ,bunbury 7,mr47 on ,cape aloes1 #fcb ,but* wood1 us$ to keep (f ants1 #aha ,butea frondosa1 #ejg v>ieties (1 #ddb tann9 f1 #did ,butt] ( cacao1 #aa1 #ab obta9$ f ! doli*os bean1 #cac ,cabac9ha1 ! ,portuguese "n = a purgative plant1 #fbf ,caball9e aloes1 #fcj ,cacao beans or se$s1 analysis (1 #ab age at :i* may be transplant$1 #f exp5ses ( a plantation1 #cc in=mation respect+1 #i plantation1 enorm\s returns =m]ly obta9$ f1 #cd quantity consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #aa total imports into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #ce total imports f ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 #ce trees1 :]e indig5\s1 #cc oppressive duties levi$ on1 #cd ,cacomite1 a species ( ,tigridia1 #cgd ,cacoon1 oil f1 #eaa ,cadet's analysis ( b>ks1 #die ,csalp9ia1 species (1 #ddf ,brasili5sis1 #dhe ,csalp9ia ,cori>i1 #dic oleosp]mum1 #eaa ,caffe9e1 analysis (1 #hj ,cajeput oil1 #eff ,caladium co/atium1 #cgg escul5tum1 #cca sagittifolium1 #ccd ,calambak wood1 #dci ,cal&ra oryza1 #bgi ,calcutta1 exports ( ca/or oil1 #ede ,calidad1 ! be/ k9d ( ,cuba tobacco1 #fac ,cali=nia1 tea propos$ to be cultivat$ 91 #ig ,calli/emon ellipticum1 #eje ,calophyllum ,inophyllum1 #eac ,calumba plant1 #fch ,calumb91 #fch ,caly/egia sepium1 #fdb ,camassia escul5ta1 #cgf ,camata1 a v>iety ( valonia1 #ejh ,camel9a sativa1 #eji1 #eaa1 #efd ,camotes1 a ,spani% "n = ! sweet potato1 #cge ,camladia ilicifolia1 #fbh ,campbell 7,dr4 ,a471 on ! tea culture at ,d>jeel+1 #aaf ,camphor1 on ! collection (1 #fcc obta9$ f ! roots ( ! c9namon1 #chi ,cannabis indica1 #fdc ,camwood1 #ddg ,canada1 production ( maple sug> 91 #bjf ,we/1 gra9 exports (1 #bea ,canadian yell[ root1 #fbf ,can>y ,isles1 millet export$ f1 #cjf moss1 #dhf se$1 #caa ,c&leb]ry myrtle1 #edj ,c&lewood1 #eci ,c&les made ( c9namon suet1 #cij ,c&le tree1 #eba1 #ech ,cane sug>1 composition (1 #acf1 #aee1 #aeg ,canella alba1 #cif ,canna1 species (1 #cee ,cano?us ,am]icanus1 us$ z tea1 #hj ,ca\t*\c1 #eci ,capa1 a t]m 9 ,cuba = good tobacco1 #fad ,cape aloes1 manufacture (1 #fca we$1 #dhf ,capsicum1 #dbh ,c>apa1 species yield+ oil1 #eah oil1 #dda1 #eai guian5sis1 #eab ,c>acas1 l>ge produce ( cacao 91 #ac ,c>av]u1 a r$ pigm5t1 #ddd ,c>raway se$ oil1 #dcg1 #eff ,c>domoms1 ba/>d1 #dai plants furni%+1 #dai ,c>duus ,virg9ianus1 #cgf ,c>ob bean1 #cab1 #cac ,c>ol9a rice1 %ipm5ts (1 #bhe ,c>rage51 #cgi ,c>rots1 av]age weight p] bu%el 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bec ,c>?amus t9ctoria1 #dej oil f1 #eab ,c>uto1 a "n = ! ,lana dye1 #ddd ,c>v]'s treatise on tobacco culture1 #fjg ,c>um c>ui1 #eff ,c>yophyllus aromaticus1 #cig ,c>yota ur5s1 #cad ,casc>illa b>k1 #cif ,ca%ew b>k1 #die nut oil1 #eab ,cass>eep1 an antiseptic1 #cci1 #cdc1 #cfi ,cassava cakes1 #cdb culture (1 #cfg fecula (1 #ccj fl\r exports f ,/4 ,lucia1 #cfi meal1 #cda roots1 in=mation respect+1 #i />*1 yield p] acre1 #cgj ,cassia1 a rival to c9namon1 #cia auriculata1 #did b>k ( ,*9a1 sup]iority (1 #cic1 #cid buds1 #cif lignea1 #cid1 #cif /ati/ics ( imports & consumption (1 #cid ,ca/or oil1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #ebg1 #ecf1 #edb1 #efc ,cate*u or ,cut*1 #egi tann9 91 #die ,cattle1 consumption ( ,indian corn by1 #bga ,catty1 a ,*9ese weight1 #djj ,cay5ne1 nutmeg introduc$1 #dab pepp] gr[n 91 #dbg pepp]1 #dbi pottage1 #dbi ,cela/rus paniculatus1 #eba ,celebes1 c(fee gr[n 91 #fb production ( c(fee 91 #da rice culture 91 #cjb tobacco1 #fba ,c5trifugal ma*9e = sug>1 #adj ,cephlis ,ipecacuanh1 #fda ,c]atonia siliqua1 #cab1 #cac ,c]eal grasses1 #baf ,c]oxyion &icola1 #eda ,c]sium virg9ianum1 #cgf ,cetr>ia isl&ica1 #cdc1 #cgi ,ceylon arr[root1 #cec c>damoms1 #dai1 #dba coco-nut culture 91 #eef culture ( rice 91 #bie ,ceylon1 exports ( ca/or oil f1 #ede adapt$ = indigo culture1 #dge gamboge1 #fci ! great seat ( c9namon culture1 #chc pepp] export$ f1 #dbf imports ( ,t]ra ,japonica1 #ejb moss1 #cgi produce ( tobacco 91 #fai production ( c(fee 91 #da tea plant introduc$1 #ie ,value ( ! betel nuts export$1 #egi ,*ay-root1 #ddi1 #dgh ,*am>ops ,palmetto1 #die ,*&u1 ! prep>$ extract ( ! opium1 #ehe ,*5opodium qu9on1 #caj ,*]rots1 ,manilla1 #fai ,*esnuts1 consum$ 9 ,france1 #cfa ,*e/ ( opium1 ab\t #adj lbs41 #eh ,*ick pea1 #cab ! inspissat$ juice ( ! poppy1 #ehb ,*icory1 ext5sive consumption (1 #cg ,*illies1 gr[? (1 #dbh ,*imo1 p[d]$ potatoes1 #cfa ,*9a1 population (1 #hf %ipm5ts ( tea f1 #hd ,*9ese arr[root1 #ceb ,*ironia sap9da1 #eba ,*loran?us1 fl[]s us$ to flavor tea1 #he ,*ocolate nuts1 #aa import$1 #ce pa/e1 z prep>$ by ! ,m>i5na1 #ah ,*ri/ison 7,pr(471 analysis ( gamboge1 #fdj ,*iretta1 #fda ,*rysoptranic acid1 #dhh ,cibotium ,bill>di]i1 #chj ,cig>s1 consumption (1 #eif duty receiv$ on1 #eig l>ge consumption ( 9 ,new ,york1 #eii pr(it on manufacture (1 #fab numb] export$ f ,cuba1 #fad export$ f ,siam1 #fai ,c9*ona b>k1 #fce ,c9namon1 #chb export duty on1 #cia oil1 #efe prop]ties ( good1 #chg /ati/ics ( export f ,ceylon1 #cij1 #cia suet1 #ebb v>ieties ( ! tree1 #chf ,citronella oil1 #efe1 #egc ,clagett & ,co4's 7,messrs47 tobacco circul>s1 #fja ,cl>ify+ cane juice1 #aee ,cl>k1 7,mr47 on a new v>iety ( tobacco1 #fac ,classification & arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ! "w1 #e ,claytonia acutiflora1 #cga ,cl]ihew's c(fee app>atus1 #eb ,climate suit$ = v>i\s plants1 #i ,clove b>k1 #chc ,cloves1 #cig oil1 #cij1 #cih /ati/ics (1 #daa v>ieties ( ! tree1 #cih :]e gr[n1 #djb ,cobres a fir/ quality ( indigo1 #def ,coca plant1 #egf ,cocculus indicus1 #egf palmatus1 #fch ,co*9 ,*9a1 coco nut oil export$ f1 #eef culture ( rice1 #bih exports ( c9namon1 #cic tea consid]$ inf]ior1 #id ,co*9eal1 value ( ! dye /uff1 #ddj ,cocoa1 see ,cacao1 #i fat1 #eai nut butt]1 #efj in=mation respect+1 #i oil1 #ebg palm1 #edg ,cocos nucif]a1 #edg fusi=mis1 #eai or eddoes1 #cfd ,cocum oil1 #eba ,c(fee1 adult]ation (1 & sub/itutes =1 #cg consumption (1 #ci1 #eif cultivation 9 ,ceylon1 #df 9 ,africa1 #gg 9 ,india1 #dd in=mation respect+1 #i manures suit$ =1 #ej tree1 description (1 #dc production 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #da produce p] tree & p] acre1 #fi1 #dha leaf1 suit$ = mak+ a bev]age by infusion1 #gh ,dr4 ,hook]'s op9ion !reon1 #gi plantation1 beauty (1 #fg prices (1 9 ,london1 #dg signs ( its be+ prop]ly cur$1 #ga trade1 progress (1 #cf ,coimbatore1 culture ( tobacco 91 #fah4 ,coir1 ,coco nut1 #eea1 #eeb1 #eee1 #eef4 ,colman 7,mr471 on gra9 production1 #bai on sug>1 #bjd ,colocasia1 v>ieties ( cultivat$1 #cfd ,colocyn?1 #fch oil1 #eaa ,colombo root1 #fch %ipm5ts ( c(fee f1 #dh ,color+ pr9ciples ( ! li*5s1 #dhg teas 9 ,*9a1 #ajd ,colza oil1 #eaj1 #eac1 #eci ,conium ,arraca*a1 #cge ,connecticut1 culture ( tobacco 91 #fjf ,consumption ( rhub>b1 #fde ,convolvulus ,jalapa1 #fda ,scammonia1 #fdb ,conqu9 tay1 planta9 meal1 #cbd ,con/ant9ople opium1 #ehe ,consumption ( arr[root1 #ced ( arnotto1 #ddi cacoa 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #cf cassia b>k1 #cid ca/or oil1 #edd coco nut oil1 #efb c(fee1 #cf1 #fd1 #eif c(fee 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #da c9namon1 #cia cloves1 #dja g+]1 #dah indigo1 #dgg mace1 #dad nutmegs1 #dad opium1 #ehj palm oil1 #ebg pepp]1 #dbh pim5to1 #dca sago 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #cah sug> 9 ,india1 #adj ,great ,brita91 #aci tea1 /ati/ics (1 #hb1 #eif tobacco1 #eif1 #eie ,convolvulus batatas1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cef ,coolies employ$ 9 ,mauritius1 #aej ,copey1 a ,cuba dye wood1 #dhe ,copp]ah1 #ecf1 #edi1 #eef1 #efj1 #ffa ,corakan fl\r1 #cjd ,cori&] se$1 #dcg ,cori>ia myrtifolia1 #dic ,cork tree b>k1 #ejd ,corn1 ! common "n = maize 9 ,am]ica1 #bgj ,cortes1 a description ( indigo1 #def ,corypha umbraculif]a1 #caf ,co/us ,arabicus1 #dch indicus1 c41 #fch ,co/a ,rica1 production ( c(fee 91 #da1 #fd ,cotton1 in=mation respect+1 #i se$ oil1 #efd cake1 #efd ,c\rida b>k1 #die ,c[-it*1 #fbe ,crane potato1 #cgb ,crawfurd 7,mr4 ,j471 e/imate ( pepp] produce1 #dbb ,croix la*ryma1 #cjd ,crop hog%ead ( tobacco1 weight (1 #fje ,croton ,casc>illa1 #cif ,eleut]ia1 #cig gossypifolia1 #fbe oil1 #ebb ,tiglium1 #ebb ,cuba1 c(fee plantations 91 #gg culture ( tobacco 91 #fac exports ( c(fee to ,am]ica1 #fc co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #adg1 #ahi exports ( c(fee f1 #gc progress ( sug> cultivation 91 #adh production ( c(fee 91 #da rice gr[n 91 #bib /ati/ics ( c(fee export$1 #gf tobacco plantations 91 #fad ,cubebs1 m$ic9al1 #fci ,cucumb] se$ oil1 #eab ,cucumis ,colocyn?us1 #fch ,cudbe>1 imports (1 #dhf #deb ,culilaban b>k1 #chc ,curcuma longa1 #dai species (1 #dcd v>ieties (1 yield+ ,e4,i4 arr[root1 #cea ,curry /uff1 imports into ,ceylon1 #dcd ,cu%1 an ,indian "n = millet1 #cjf ,cut*1 ! ,indian "n = cate*u1 or gambi]1 #fjj export$ f ,p9ang1 #ejc imports (1 #ejb ,cuyupa1 an ,indian tub]1 #cgd ,cycas circ9alis1 #cad ,cynam*um leaves1 #fdi ,cynosurus corocanus1 #cjf ,cytisus ,cajan1 #cjd ,dacrydium cupress9um1 #eje ,dadap1 a prop = ! pepp]1 #dbe1 #db a "n giv5 9 ,java to ! ,ery?r9a1 #ee1 #eh ,datisca cannab9a1 #ddb ,davis' 7,dr471 analysis ( maize1 #bfe ,day's analysis ( b>ks1 #die ,dem]>a1 exports ( c(fee f1 #gc rice gr[n 91 #bib ,dholl1 ! ,indian "n = v>ieties ( ,cajanus1 #cab ,dhak tree1 b>k (1 #ejg ,dhurra1 ! ,egyptian "n = millet1 #cjf ,dicypellium c>yophyllatum1 #chd ,didynamia gymosp]ma1 #ebj ,dietetic articles us$ = ! prep>ation ( popul> bev]ages1 #aa ,dillock1 a prep>ation ) cay5ne1 #dbi ,dioscorea aculeata1 #ccd1 #cfb ,diospyros glut9osa1 #did ,dipt]ix odorata1 #dcd ,dipt]oc>pus1 oil f1 #eaa ,divi-divi1 #ejc ,division ( seasons 9 ! tropics1 #f ,dodd] cake1 #efd ,dogwood1 b>k (1 #fbg ,doli*os biflorus1 v>ieties (1 #cab bulbosus1 roots us$ z food1 #cgg oil1 #eba ,domba oil1 #eac ,dom9ica1 exports ( c(fee f1 #gc introduction ( ! clove tree1 #cii ,dracna t]m9alis1 #cee ,drimys b>k1 #fcf ,dryobalanops1 species furni%+ camphor1 #fcd ,dubranfaut's process ( sug> mak+1 #aig1 #bja ,dun/]ville 7,mr471 on ,cape aloes1 #fca ,duquesne 7,m471 process ( mak+ sug> f beet1 #bjb ,duration ( v>i\s plants1 #i ,dut* p\nd1 light] ?an ! ,engli% avoirdupoise p\nd2 #ajj ,dut* p\nds equal to #aja & #a-e? lbs4 ,dut* ,we/ ,indies1 production ( c(fee 91 #da ,duty1 l>ge1 levi$ on tobacco1 #eih ,dye /uffs1 v>i\s1 #ddj f ,briti% plants1 #deb furni%$ by ! cacao bean1 #ab ,dye woods1 #dde1 #ddg ,eagle wood1 #dci ,e>? m\se1 #cgd ,e>?-nut oil1 #eac ,ea/ ,india g+]1 #daf1 #dah sug>1 #aci cultivation 91 #aeb ,ea/ ,indies1 imports ( indigo f1 #dgg rhub>b1 #fde ,eddoes or cocos1 #cfd ,edw>d's pres]v$ potatoes1 #cfa ,egyptian corn1 #cjg opium1 #ehe ,elais1 species furni%+ palm oil1 #ebd ,elate sylve/ris fruit1 a ma/icatory1 #egi ,elett>ia ,c>domomum1 #dba ,eleus9e corocana1 #cjd ,encephal>tos caf]1 #cai ,engli% opium1 #ehf ,eno b>k1 a black dye1 #ddd ,epid5drum1 species (1 #dca ,ervum l5s1 #cab ,ery?ric acid1 #dhi ,ery?r9a1 a %ade tree = ! cacao1 #ae ,erysimum p]foliatum1 oil f1 #eab ,ess5ces1 #efe ,ess5tial oils1 #efe ,e?iopian pepp]1 #dba ,eucalyptus1 b>k (1 = tann+1 #did res9if]a1 #ejf ,eug5ia c>yophyllata1 #cig ,pim5to1 #dcj ,eulophia vir5s1 #ced ,eupatorium glut9osum1 #fdc ,euphorbia ,la?yris1 #eaj ,eut]pe montana1 #edi ,evans' 7,dr47 ,sug> ,plant]'s ,manual1 #adj ,ev]nia vulp9a1 #dhh ,evodia triphylla1 us$ z a p]fume1 #eej ,factory maund1 ab\t #gj p\nds1 #dga ,fag>a pip]ita1 #dba ,fanega1 a ,spani% measure1 ! fif? "p ( an ,engli% qu>t]1 equal to #ab qu>rees1 or #fb & #b-e?s acres1 #ac1 #cbg ,fanegada1 a ,spani% l& measure1 #i ,f>9ace\s plants1 #baf ,f5nel fl[]1 #dba ,f]ula asafoetida1 #fcc ,f]n roots z food1 #cgg1 #chj ,fevillea sc&5s1 #eaa ,f9layson's description ( gambi] manufacture1 #ejj ,fi% oils consum$1 #eji poison1 #fbg ,fitzmaurice on ! sug> cane1 #ahj ,fix$ oils1 #eaj ,flax se$ oil1 #eji1 #eja ,flores1 a comm]cial classification ( indigo1 #def ,florida1 tobacco culture 91 #fji ,fl\r1 damag$1 %ipp$ f ,am]ica1 #bbg & meal1 our imports (1 #bah obta9$ f spurry se$1 #cgg ,fl[]+ ( ! sug> cane1 #ahb ,food plants ( comm]ce1 #bag nutriti\s prop]ties ( v>i\s k9ds1 #bcb ,foo-foo1 ! d\gh ( ! planta91 #cbd ,=tune 7,mr4 ,r47 on ! tea di/ricts1 #hi engag$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #ajj report on ! ,indian tea plantations1 #ajf1 #aag ,=tune's 7,mr4 ,r47 w&]+s 9 ,*9a1 #ajc ,f[nes 7,mr47 on cl>ify+ cane juice1 #afd ,france1 production ( beet sug> 91 #aid1 #bjj rice cultivat$ 91 #bib ,frazla1 ! ,arabian "n = a bale ( v>iable weight1 9 ,mo*a ab\t #af lbs4 avoirdupoise1 ,free trade policy1 effects (1 #b ,fr5* b]ries = dye+1 #ddc ,slave ,colonies1 co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi ,we/ ,indies1 production ( c(fee 91 #da ,fucus amylaceus1 #chj t5ax1 furni%es glue1 #cgh z food = cattle1 #cgi ,fundi or ,fundungi1 an ,african gra91 #caj ,fu/ic1 #dde1 #ddg1 #dhe ,gallipoli oil1 #eca ,gallo tannic acid1 #dib ,galidupa arborea1 #eba ,g>anc9e1 quantity & value (1 #dhc1 #dhd ,gambi] plant1 #dif ,gamboge1 #dea plants furni%+1 #fci ,g>c9ea elliptica1 #dea ,g>bell$1 a t]m = sort$ or pick$ ,gabilla1 a f+] or hank ( tobacco1 #fac ,galangale root1 #cea1 #dah ,g>c9ea ,gambogia1 #fdj ,g>nett 7,mr4 ,a47 on ! culture ( ! planta91 #cbj ,galam butt]1 #ech ,ga/rodia sesamoides1 #cge ,gesn] 7,dr471 plants recomm5d$ by1 = cultivation1 #cga ,g5ipa ,am]icana1 #ddd ,g5i/a t9ctorea1 #dec tom5tosa1 #dhf ,g5tian1 plants furni%+ x1 #fdj ,ghee1 #ech ,g+]1 culture (1 #dad ,g91 made f rye 9 ,holl&1 #beh ,gig>t9a ,ii*5oides1 #cgi ,g+elie se$ oil1 #eaa1 #ecc oil1 us$ to adult]ate almond oil1 #ecd ,g9s5g1 #dcf ,gl5 7,mr4 ,j471 8 exp]im5ts on ,cassava />*1 #cgj ,gloves made f b>k1 #cgf ,glut5 conta9$ 9 v>i\s gra9 crops1 #bfd def9ition (1 #bcd ,glut51 composition (1 #bba ,glycirrhiza1 #fdc ,glyr9e ,apios1 #cga subt]ranea1 #cga ,glyc]9e1 #fdc ,glycirrhiza glabra1 #fdb ,gnizotia oleif]a1 #ece ,gohyan1 an ,indian "n = upl& rice1 #bhb ,gold ( pleasure oil1 #eji cake (1 #efd ,gomuti palm sug>1 #acf #cae ,gomatus sac*>if]1 #cad ,goor1 ! ,indian "n = half-made sug>1 #cjh ,gorham's 7,pr(47 analysis ( maize1 #bfd ,g\rds us$ = pack+ aloes1 #fcj ,gracel>ia li*5oides1 #cgi ,graham 7,dr471 on gamboge1 #fci ,gram1 ! ,indian "n = ! ,ervum l5s1 & ,cic] ariet9um1 #cab ,gra9 crops1 #bag produce p] acre 9 ,engl&1 #bai ( ,p>adise1 #dai1 #dbj av]age prices ( 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bed ,grape sug>1 prop]ties (1 #acf sug>1 analysis (1 #aee ,grat] = rasp+ arr[root1 #cch ,gr5ada1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi ,great ,exhibition1 results (1 #b ,gre5 tea1 mode ( manufactur+1 #aac tea1 imports ( ! la/ #ae ye>s1 #hb ,griffi? 7,dr47 on tea plants 9 ,assam1 #aaa ,gr\ndnut oil1 #eaa ,guano1 n mu* requir$ 9 tropical c\ntries1 #g ,guayaquil1 l>ge exports ( cocoa f1 #ac ,guazuma ulmifolia1 #afd ,guillem5's 7,m47 report on ! tea plantations ( ,brazil1 #abh ,guiana1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi ,gu9ea pepp]1 #dbi gra9s1 #dbj yam1 #cca1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cfb corn1 #cjf ,gums us$ by ! dy]s1 #dec ,gum tree ( ,au/ralia1 #did ,gun /ock tree1 #afd ,gunn]a scabra1 #die ,gunny bags1 r\gh canvas bags1 #cib ,guntang1 an ,indian dry measure ( r m ?an #ae p\nds1 #big ,guaco1 or snake plant1 #fbg z a f]tiliz]1 #bgh ,gyn]ium sac*>oides1 #acf ,gyrophora mur9a1 #dhf ,hamatoxylon campe*ianum1 #dhd ,hamilton 7,dr471 on oil ( b51 #ebc notices by1 #fag ,havana tobacco1 classification (1 #fac exports ( tobacco f1 #fad %ipm5ts ( sug> f1 #adg ,hayti1 exports ( tobacco1 #fae exports ( g+]1 #dah c(fee f1 #fg indigo f1 #dfj ,hazel nut1 oil f1 #eaj ,hebrad5dron ,cambogoides1 #dea1 #fci ,hea!r1 dye f1 #dec ,hect>e1 a ,fr5* l& measure1 equal to ab\t #b acres1 #bjd ,hectolitre1 a ,fr5* measure #aib bu%el's ,helot's li*5 te/1 #deb ,h]r]ia s>sap>illa1 #fdf ,heliconia humilis1 #cbj ,hemlock tree1 b>k (1 #did ,hemp se$ oil1 #eji ,h5na1 a dye /uff1 #dhf ,hepatic aloes1 #fcj ,h]r+'s palm k]nel oil1 #ebe ,h]n&ez 7,mr47 on ,cuba tobacco1 #fjh ,heu*]a ,am]icana1 #did ,hibiscus rosa s95sis1 #did ,h+alee1 ! be/ ,b5gal tobacco1 #fag ,h9o b>k1 #fjf ,hogs1 l>ge consumption ( maize by1 #bga ,holcomb 7,mr47 on ! :eat crop ( ,am]ica1 #bde ,holcus av5aceus1 #cjg spicatus1 #cff sac*>atum1 #cjf ,holl&1 tea s5t to1 #hf ,honduras1 export ( indigo f1 #dfj ,hook] 7,dr47 on brick tea1 #ib ,hops1 casc>illa b>k us$ to adult]ate1 #cig ,horse gram1 #cab ,hung>y1 production ( beet sug> 91 #aig ,hura crepitans1 #eab1 #fbf ,husk+ rice1 #bij ,hydraulic press = coco nut oil1 #eeg press1 #cbi ,hydra/ica canad5sis1 #fbe ,hym5oea ,c\rb>il1 #cac ,hyp]an!ra ,mor+a1 #ebc ,hyp]icum1 species (1 furni%es gamboge1 #ded1 #fdj ,icel& moss1 #cdc1 #cgi ,illepe oil1 #ecg1 #eaa ,ilex ,p>aguay5sis1 indig5\s to ,brazil1 #acj description (1 #acc ,illicum anisatum1 #dch ,impey 7,dr47 on ,malwa opium1 #ehg on ,indian drugs1 #fbf ,implem5ts ( colonial agriculture few & simple1 #f requisite = manufactur+ tea1 #aae ,imports ( arr[root1 #cea1 #ced arnotto1 #ddi cacao1 f ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies1 #ce cloves1 #dja c9*ona b>k1 #fcf tea into ,great ,brita91 #hb tobacco1 #eig coco-nut oil1 #efb palm oil1 #ebe1 #ebg pim5to1 #dca opium1 #ehj nutmegs1 #dad pepp]1 #dbh ca/or oil1 #edd sago1 #cah indigo1 #dgg c(fee1 #cg ,import comm]ce1 our pr9cipal1 articles furni%$ by ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 #d ,inc5se wood1 #dci ,indigo1 details (1 #dec plants yield+1 #ddb in=mation respect+1 #aj mode ( manufactur+1 #deg production ( 9 ,india1 #dgd 9 ,natal1 #dfc ,indig(]a1 species (1 #dec ,india1 tea culture 91 #ih culture ( indigo 91 #dfc ,indiana1 tobacco culture 91 #fjg ,indian aloes1 #fcj b]ries1 #egf corn1 imports (1 #bfc in=mation respect+1 #i analysis (1 #bfd s\rces ( supply1 #bfb1 #bfc />*1 #cdc meal import$1 #bah yield p] acre1 #cef comp>$ ) ,gu9ea corn1 #cjg meal1 composition (1 #cjg opium1 #ehf root1 #fbe %ot1 #cde ,indian corn1 weight (1 #bhj madd]1 #dhd ,intoxicat+ liquors made f ,cassava1 #cfi ,iod9e1 #cgh ,ipecacuan1 ba/>d1 #fec #fda ,ipomoea batatas1 #cfe bra*ypodo1 #ebb ,jalapa1 #fda ,irel&1 tobacco consum$ 91 #eif co/ ( produc+ beet root sug> 91 #aic ,iri% rock moss1 #cgi ,iron1 quantity (1 9 tobacco1 #fag b>k tree1 #ejf ,irrigation = ! tea plant nev] practis$ 9 ,*9a1 #abb ,isatis ,indigotica1#ajd t9ctoria1 #deb ,jagg]y sug>1 #eee ,japanese camphor1 #fcc tobacco1 #fbj ,japan1 tea culture1 #id ,jatropha curcas1 oil f1 #eab ,jacobson's 7,mr47 "w on tea culture 9 ,java1 #ajb ,jalap1 #fda ,jamaica1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi culture ( c(fee 91 #fg culture ( ,gu9ea corn1 #cjf decl9e ( sug> production1 #adh1 #adi exports ( c(fee f1 #gc g+]1 #dae1 #dag s>sa1 #fdf1 #dg ,jameson 7,dr47 on ! culture ( tea 9 ,india1 #ajf ,java1 c9namon cultivat$ 91 #chc1 #cib clove does n succe$ !re1 #cii c(fee export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fc coco-nut oil export$ f1 #eef co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi culture ( c(fee 91 #ec culture ( rice 91 #bii cultivation ( indigo 91 #dgf gambi] gr[n 91 #ejb nutmegs export$ f1 #dac pepp] gr[n 91 #dbb-bc production ( c(fee 91 #da /ati/ics (1 #cjj /ati/ics ( indigo export$1 #dgf /ati/ics ( tea culture 91 #ajb sug> culture 91 #aeb tea plantations1 #id tobacco1 #fba ,jack fruit tree1 #cai ,janipha1 />* 91 #cca ,manihot1 #cae ,jasm9e oil1 #egj1 #egd ,jatropha gossypyfolia1 #fbe cureas1 oil f1 #ebc ,jellies1 cle>ness (1 #ccg ,jesuit's b>k1 #fce ,jo>1 ! ,indian "n ( ! ,sorghum vulg>e or millet1 #cjd1 #cjf ,job's te>s1 #cjd ,johnson 7,dr47 on manufacture ( rose wat]1 #egj 7,mr47 on indigo culture1 #dff 7,pr(47 analyses ( gra9 crops1 #bfd 7,pr(47 on gra9 crops ( ,new ,brunswick1 #bec ,jones's process = mak+ rice />*1 #cdd ,jum[ah1 irrigat$ s[+s1 #dfh ,junip]us1 oil (1 #efe ,kafir bread1 #cai ,kamas root1 an edible1 #cgf ,kan>i k]nels made into cakes1 #edg oil1 #edf ,katjang oil1 produce ( ! gr\nd nut1 #eae1 #bii ,kawan1 ! ,java tall[ tree1 #eaa ,ka%mir1 culture ( rice 91 #bie ,kemmayes1 an ,arabian truffle1 #cha ,kew ,g>d5s1 tea plant gr[s 91 #aja ,kekune oil1 #eci ,k5tucky tobacco1 /ati/ics (1 #eih1 #fjj ,keora oil1 #efe ,khoonte1 ! ,indian "n = a second cutt+1 #dga ,kiln-dry+ madd]1 #dha ( bread /uffs1 #bba1 #bbi ,kilogramme1 a ,fr5* weight1 equal to #ba;bs4 #coz4 avoird41 #aid ,k9o1 ,au/ralian1 #ejf ,ea/ ,india1 #ejg ,kn[ltonia vessicatoria1 #fbf ,ko/]'s ,travels 9 ,brazil1 #ahf ,k\s-k\s1 #caa ,kooyah plant1 #cgf ,kukui oil1 #eci ,kumaon1 tea plantations 91 #aag ,laudanum1 #ehd ,lawsonia in]mis1 #dhf ,lam9>ia sac*>9a1 #cgi ,la?yrus tub]osus1#cgd ,l>* b>k edible1 #cgf ,laurus camphora1 #fcc1 #ce ,la ,guayra1 cacao f1 #ac production ( c(fee 91 #da exports ( c(fee f1 #fb ,lana dye1 #ddd ,lecy?is ,tabucajo1 #eab ,lemon grass oil1 #fgb ,legumes1 v>ieties (1 #cab ,lecanora1 species (1 #dcb ,l5tils1 #cab ,leaf tobacco %ipp$ f ! ,havana1 #fad ,lib]ia1 suitability = c(fee culture1 #gg ,li*5 tribe z food1 #cgh ,li*5s1 #dhf ,li*591 #cdc ,licosp]mun racemosum1 #fje ,l9dley 7,dr47 on ! c9*onas1 #fce ,litmus1 #deb ,lignum aloes1 #dci ,litre1 a ,fr5* measure1 equal to #a ,engli% p9t ne>ly1 #bjb ,lime1 its influ5ce on cane juice1 #afa ,l9dley 7,pr(47 on ! :eat ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 #bba ,l9dley's classification ( ! planta9 tribe1 #cbb ,liptosp]mum1 oil (1 #efe ,lilium ,pomponium1 #cef ,l9dley 7,dr47 on ! li*5s1 #dhf ,l9se$1 #ece oil1 #eji1 #ecg import$1 #efc cake import$1 #efd ,little 7,mr47 on opium1 #ehg ,libra1 a ,spani% k9d ( tobacco1 #fac ,liquorice1 #fdb pa/e1 #fdc ,logwood1 #dde1 #ddg1 #dhd ,lotus se$s1 us$ z food1 #cef ,locu/ tree1 #cac pods1 #ejc ,l\isiana1 co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi production ( sug> 91 #adf ,loxa b>k1 #fcf ,luffas1 prop]ties (1 #fbf ,luggie1 a measur+ rod1 #dga ,lucca oil1 #eca ,macf>lane 7,mr4 ,a47 on ! tea plant1#aag ,madd]1 culture (1 #dgh ,indian1 #dhd /ati/ics ( imports1 #dhd ,madia sativa oil1 #ebj sativa1 #ddd ,mah[a oil1 #ecg ,maclura t9ctoria1 #dhe ,mauritius we$1 #dhf ,mangrove b>k1 = tann+1 #dic ,mac ,mick+ 7,mr47 on mak+ cig>s1 #fbj ,m>gose oil1 #ecg ,macaw tree1 #eai ,maxwell 7,dr47 on ,neem oil1 #ecg ,m>c ( olives1 #eca ,mango1 k]nel (1 = bread1 #cgh ,m>mala wat]1 #egd ,malab> c>damoms1 #dai ,manila1 exports ( indigo f1 #dgf exports ( sug> f1 #aec cig> mak+1 #fbj hemp1 :5ce obta9$1 #cba ,mattrasses1 /uff$ ) blades ( ,indian corn1 #bha ,maccullo*'s 7,mr47 e/imate ( indigo1 #dgh ,maize1 numb] ( v>ieties cultivat$1 #bgh analysis (1 #bfd import$1 #bah meal1 import$1 #bah on ! culture (1 #bfj sug>1 #bae in=mation respect+1 #i ,dr4 ,phillip's analysis (1 #cjg />* (1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cdc sy/em ( culture 9 ,am]ica1 #bgc culture 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 #bhb imm5se produce p] acre1 #bha v>ieties gr[n 91 ,p]u1 #bha /ati/ics ( production 9 ,am]ica1 #bfi /ati/ics ( exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bgb ,malphigia b>k1 = tann+1 #die ,masl91 quantity gr[n 9 ,france1 #bej ,mace1 imports (1 #dad false color (1 #dji proportion (1 to nutmegs1 #djh ,malt1 quantity made1 #bee ,mahoe1 furni%es a dye /uff1 #ddd ,mauritius1 exports ( pepp]1 #dbf nutmeg introduc$ 91 #dab pepp] gr[n 91 #dbb co/ ( sug> cultivation 91 #ahg1 #ahi tea culture 91 #id progress ( sug> culture 91 #aej clove culture (1 #cih1 #dja black beans1 #cjd ,mangrove b>k1 #dej1 #ejf ,madagasc> c>damoms1 #dai ,mango/ana ,gambogia1 #dea1 #fdj ,maple sug>1 #bje ,manettia glabra1 #fda ,madeira1 introduction ( ! tea plant1 #id ,madras1 tea culture suitable =1 #aja exports ( indigo f1 #dfd co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi ,m>ah 7,mr47 prize essay on c(fee culture1 #fi ,malambo b>k1 #fcf ,ma*9]y = sug>1 #adj = c(fee1 #ea = arr[rot1 #cej1 #cdh requir$ = ! planta91 #cbd requir$ = sago1 #cah ,magdal5a riv]1 cacao indig5\s on its %ores1 #ad ,magnolia fuseata1 us$ to flavor tea1 #he ,majoon1 an opium confection1 #ehe ,malab>1 production ( c(fee 91 #da cassia1 #cid g+]1 #dae pepp] produc$ 91 #dbb ,malwa opium1 #ehj ,manure1 a special = tobacco1 #eib ,manures1 suit$ to ! c(fee tree1 #ej = ! nutmeg1 #djf suit$ = arr[root1 #cdg sc>cely requir$ 9 tropical c\ntries1 #f suit$ = ! sug> cane1 #agb suit$ to maize #bgh ,manioc1 see ,cassava ,manihot1 species (1 #cfg utilissima1 #cae ,mansana1 a l& measure ( #ajj squ>e y>ds1 or ne>ly two ,briti% /atute acres1 #dee ,manyroot1 #fbe ,m>anta arund9acea1 juice ( an antidote to poisons1 #fbg ,m>attia alata1 #chj ,m>yl& tobacco1 /ati/ics (1 #eih1 #fjj ,mate1 a "n = ! ,p>aguay tea1 #acc ,matico1 #fdc ,matias b>k1 #fcf ,maund ( ,surat1 #ci lbs4 an ,indian weight ( v>able quantity ,melaleuca m9or1 #eff ,metrosid]os tom5tosa1 #eje ,mesembryan!mum nodiflorum1 #did ,m5isp]mum coceulus1 #egf palmatum1 #fch ,megass1 a "n giv5 to ! dri$ cane /ems1 or tra% us$ = fuel1 #afh ,meleguetta pepp]1 #dbj ,mels5's process ( sug> boil+1 #bjc ,mespilus ,b5gal5sis1 #ddc ,m5do1 a wild sweet potato ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cgb ,m5om9e1 an ,indian edible root1 #cgb ,mexican ?i/le1 #fbf ,mexico1 imports ( indigo f1 #dgg ,metroxylon sagus1 #cad ,millet1 v>ieties (1 cultivat$1 #cjd ! great ,indian1 #cjf ,mill] on tobacco culture1 #fjh ,mill1 rude "o1 us$ 9 ,siam = hull+ paddy1 #cjb = cru%+ planta9 /ems1 #cbg ,mills = clean+ rice1 #bhf1 #bhh ,m9ot1 a ,canadian gra9 measure ab\t "o-eigh? less ?an a bu%el1 #bea ,milloco1 a tub]\s plant1 #cgd ,m9t1 culture (1 #efg ,mimosa b>k1 #ejd ,mico or mijo1 a vegetable butt] made 9 ,java1 #cac1 #eab ,monkey bread1 #cgh pot se$ oil1 #eab ,mor9da1 species (1 #ddc1 #ddi ,morewood 7,mr4 ,e471 8 ex]tions 9 ,natal1 #adj exp]im5ts 9 sug> culture1 #ahg ,mo*a1 production ( c(fee 91 #da cultivation ( c(fee 91' #dc ,"m cloves1 def9ition (1 #cig ,m\ssa*e1 ! fecula ( ! manioc1 #cae ,m\nta9 rice1 #bhe1 #bij1 #bif ,morphia1 proportion 9 opium1 #ehd1 #ehe ,mora excelsa1 #die ,mor9da citrifolia1 #dgh ,mor+a oil1 #ebc species (1 #ebc ,musa1 species (1 #cai ,musqua% root ( ! ,micmacs1 #cga ,mu/>d se$1 #dcg ,muscovado sug>1 co/ ( produc+1 #ahi ,mucuna pruri5s1 #fbe utilis1 #cjd ,mu*[a oil1 #eaa ,musa textilis1 #cba ,mu/>d oil1 #eaj1 #eaa se$1 #eji1 #ece ,munjeet1 #ddi ,munje/ha1 #dhd ,muracuja ocellata1 a n>cotic1 #dhi ,myrica c]if]a1 #did1 #edj macroc>pa1 #edb ,myrtus c>ophyllata1 #bhd ,pim5ta1 #dcj ,myri/ica1 v>ieties ( ! tree1 #dja sebif]a1 #eab ,myrobolans1 #ejf ,myrtle wax1 #edj ,mysore1 production ( c(fee 91 #da ,napoota oil1 #fbj ,nauclea ,gambir1 #dif ,namur oil1 #egb ,natal ,agricultural ,society1 its endeav\rs to promote sug> cultivation1 #aci indigo culture 91 #dfc sug> culture 91 #ahf ,n>!x asafoetida1 #fcc ,nelumbium1 se$ (1 z food1 #cgh speciosum1 ! s\rce ( ,*9ese arr[root1 #ceb ,new ,s\? ,wales1 suit$ = madd]1 #dhb tobacco culture 91 #fba ,negrohead tobacco1 #fja ,new ,orleans1 capabilities = rice culture1 #bhg exports ( ca/or oil f1 #ede ,n]ium1 #dec ole&]1 #die ,neem tree oil1 #eaa1 #ecg ,nic>agua wood1 #dde1 #ddg ,nipa fruticana1 #acf ,nipah1 leaf = ?at*+1 #eei ,nicot9e1 #eij ,nicotium1 species ( ! plant1 #eij ,nitrog51 9 gra91 #cjg 9 ! />* plants1 #cdb #bcd1 #caj 9 ! planta91 #cbc ,nigella1 species (1 #dba ,nor? ,we/ ,prov9ces1 tea culture 91 #aag ,no/oe edulis1 #cgh ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 directions = gr[+ tobacco1 #fbc ,nut oil1 price (1 #eag ,nutgall1 tann9 91 #dib1 #die ,nut p9e1 #cgg ,nutmeg tree1 #dja cur+ (1 #dji wild1 #dab ,nux vomica1 #egg ,nyctan!s arbortri/es1 #did ,nympha lotus1 />* obta9$ f1 #ceb ,oats1 proportion ( oil 91 #efd production ( 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #beg import$1 #bah ,oatmeal1 import$ #bah ,oats & beans1 produce ( 9 ,engl&1 #bdh ,oak b>k1 tann9 91 #dib ,ocas1 a tub]\s plant1 #cgd ,ocoes or tani]s1 #cca ,ocymum tub]osum1 #cef1 #cfg ,ohio tobacco1 /ati/ics (1 #eih1 #fjj ,oil ( anise$1 #dch ,oil1 proportions ( 9 v>i\s crops1 #bfd obta9$ f ! ,cacao se$s #aa1 #ab ,oil ( cubebs1 #fci ( camphor1 #fcd ( cassia1 #cif ,oil ( cloves1 #cih ( mace1 #djb ( c9namon1 #chi1 #cij spik5>d1 #efe ( ,b51 #ebc cake1 #eac1 #eca mills ( ,india1 #ece cakes ( ! ca/or se$1 #ede cake f coco-nut1 #eeb1 #efc coco-nut1 #eea1 #eef1 #efa1 #efb f maize1 #efd ( s&al wood1 #efe cake import$1 #efd cake1 ,am]ican1 #efe ,oilcake z a manure1 #ej us$ 9 ,*9a1 #cac ,oil palm1 #ebe ,oils1 burn+ prop]ties ( v>i\s1 #ejh ,old5l&ia umbellata1 #ddi ,oleag9\s plants1 #eji ,olea fragrans1 #ebh ,europea1 #ebg ,olives1 mode ( pres]v+ ! fruit1 #ecj ,olive oil1 prices (1 #eca #eji1 #ebg s\rces ( supply1 #efc ,om5-e-*ah1 ! ,indian "n = a wild bean1 #cgb ,onions1 plant$ ) arr[ root1 #cdg ,ophelia *itrata1 #fda ,opium1 hi/ory & trade (1 #ehj ,orce9e1 #dhh ,or*illa we$1 #deb we$1 imports (1 #dhf ,or*ids furni%+ salep1 #ced an edible species (1 #cge roots ( "s us$ z food1 #cgg ,orituco cacao1 sup]ior quality (1 #ad ,oryza1 v>ieties (1 #bhd ,orlong1 a l& measure 9 ! ,ea/1 equal to #a-a_/c acre1 #big ,o',%aughnessy's analysis ( ,ceylon moss1 #chj on opium1 #ehd ,oswego />* factory1 #cdc ,otto ( khuskhus1 #egc ,otaheite cane1 #aec ,oude1 production ( indigo 91 #dfd1 #dge ,oxalic acid1 us$ = v9eg>1 #cab ,oxley 7,dr47 on nutmeg culture1 #djb ,paddy1 a "n = rice 9 ! husk1 #big ,pat*\ly1 #ecg ,pannam kil+oes1 #cgf ,p>*m5t c(fee1 #fj ,pao ,crava1 "o ( ! spice b>ks1 #chd ,pa*yrrhizus angulatus1 #cgg ,palm oil1 imports (1 #ebg s\rces ( supply1 #efc ,palm oil1 #eji1 #ebd w9e1 #cad sug>1 #acf ,palma ,*ri/i1 #edb ,palmetto palm1 #die ,palmyra nut1 fir/ %oot (1 edible1 #cgf ,pan1 a ma/icatory1 #egg ,pancratium1 species (1 #fbe ,p&anus1 fruit ( eat5 z food1 #cgg odoratissimus1 #efe ,panicum1 v>i\s species (1 #cjd spicatum1 ( ,roxburgh1 #cjh ,panax qu9quefolium1 #dcf ,palos de ,velas1 #eba ,pap] made f planta9 fibre1 #cce ,papsalum exile1 #caj ,papav] somnif]um1 #ehj ,p>aguay tea plant common 9 ,brazil4 #acj description (1 #acc ext5t ( ! trade1 #acc ,p>iet9ic acid1 #dhh ,p>m5teira c]if]a1 #eba ,p>melia1 species ( li*5s1 #dhf a dye-/uff1 #dhh ,peas1 analysis (1 #bfd ,peel+ c(fee1 #ea1 #fj c9namon1 #caf ,peligot 7,mr47 on ! composition ( :eat1 #bcj ,pepp]1 black1 #dba pot1 a ,we/ ,indian di%1 #cfi prices (1 #dac duty on1 #dbd ,pepp]m9t oil1 #eff ,peon1 ! ,spani% t]m = a labor]1 #ace ,p]sea gratissima1 #ddd ,p]fum$ oils1 #efi ,p]sian b]ries1 #ddc ,peas import$1 #bah ,pessaloo1 an ,indian "n = ! ,phaseolus mungo ,p]eira's classification ( ! c9*onas1 #fcf ,p]uvian b>k1 #fce ,pe>l sago1 #cah ( ,p]sia1 #caf ,pip] angu/ifolium1 #fdc ,petty rice1 #caj ,pekea1 species (1 yield+ oil1 #eab ,pea-nut1 #eaf ,p]sian tobacco1 #fae ,phaseolus1 v>ieties (1 #cab ,phaseolus ,mungo max1 #aga ,phal>is caniesis1 #cad ,phlomis1 #fdc ,philipp9es1 cassia br\ght f1 #cid ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 sug> cultivation 91 #aec production ( c(fee 91 #da v>ieties ( rice gr[n 91 #cjb ,philipp9es1 export ( indigo f1 #dgf cig>s made 91 #fbj ,phillip's 7,dr47 analyses ( ,gu9ea corn1 #cjg ,phyllodadus tri*omanoides1 #eje ,physic nut1 #eab1 #fbe ,picul1 a ,dut* weight ( #acc-a_/c ,engli% p\nds1 #cf ,pidd+ton's 7,mr47 analyses ( tobacco1 #fag ,pigeon-pea1 #cjd ,pignons1 use ( z food1 #cgg ,pimp9ella ,anisitm1 #dcg ,pim5to1 #dcj ,p9ang1 nutmegs 91 #dab tea culture attempt$1 #ie clove culture 91 #cii1 #djj pepp] culture 91 #dbe ,pip] ,betel1 #egg ,cubebi1 #fci species (1 #dba ,p9us ,p9ea1 se$s ( ! cones us$ = food1 #cgg ,p9ey tall[1 #eab ,plantation sug>1 imports1 #aci ,plantado passado1 #cbc ,planta91 dye /uffs obta9$ f1 #ddd juice recomm5d$ = cl>ify+ sug>1 #afb in=mation respect+1 #i />* 91 #cca blight1 #cba #cai leaves1 bags made (1 #caf meal1 #cbd1 #cda ,plan*e1 8 memoir on ! sagos1 #cae ,plum]ia1 ess5ces (1 #ebd ,plectran?us graveol5s1 #egc ,pl\gh us$ 9 ,brazil1 #ahd ,polygonum fagopyrum1 #bfj ,poa ,abyss9ica1 #cjh ,pomegranates1 = dye+1 #ddj ,pota% an important elem5t 9 maize1 #bfg l>ge quantity 9 maize1 #bfd ,potatoes1 mode ( keep+ 9 ,p]u1 #cfa av]age weight p] bu%el 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bec composition (1 #bbg import$1 #bah composition (1 #bfd analysis ( v>ieties1 #cfb yield p] acre1 #cef ,potato1 in=mation respect+1 #aj meal1 syrup made f1 #aig ! wild1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cgb />* 91 #ccj />*1 us$ to adult]ate arr[root1 #cdi te/ = detect+1 #cdi />*1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cfb crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cfa disease1 #ceh propos$ cure =1 #cei1 #fj crop 9 ,irel&1 #ceh v>ieties (1 #ceh imports (1 #cei crop 9 ,france1 #cfa ,poisons1 #fbg ,pomme des ,prairies1 ( ! ,canadians1 #cgc ,p\nd+ c(fee1 #fa ,population ( ,great ,brita91 c41 #hg ( ,*9a1 #hf1 #ia1 #bih ,porto ,rico1 exports ( c(fee1 #gg co/ ( produc+ sug> 91 #ahi production ( c(fee 91 #da exports ( tobacco1 #fae ,poonac1 z manure1 #ej #edi1 #eeb1 #efa ,pomegranate b>k1 #dic1 #die ,poonay oil1 #eaa-ac ,polygonum t9ctorium1 #dec ,pongamia glabra1 #eba ,pogo/emon pat*\ly1 #egc ,poppy1 culture (1 #eha oil1 us$ to adult]ate olive1 #ecb #eji-aj-aa-ah ,polypodium crassifolium1 us$ z a p]fume1 #eej ,pres]v$ ,planta9s1 #cbc ,prices1 av]age ( sug>1 #ade ,prickly poppy1 #fbf ,pr9ceza snuff1 #eid ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 clove culture 91 #cii ,prosopis pallida1 #cac ,prote9 comp\nds1 #cjg1 #caj1 #cdb ,produce ( v>i\s plants1 #i ,production1 av]age ( v>i\s plants1 #i ,prov5ce oil1 #eca ,prov9ce ,wellesley1 clove culture 91 #djj ,prussia1 tobacco consum$ by1 #eif production ( beet sug> 91 #aig-ih ,prun+ c(fee tree1 #fi ,psoralia1 v>ieties (1 #cgb ,pt]is escul5ta1 #chj ,pt]oc>pus m>supium1 #dic santal9us1 #dde species (1 #ejg ,pulp+ mill = c(fee1 #ea ,purg+ nut1 #fbe ,pulse1 culture (1 #cab ,put*uk or ,co/us1 #dch #fch ,punjaub1 propos$ culture ( tea 91 #aja ,pu/ulatus moss1 #dhf ,qually1 an iron vessel = dry+ sago1 #cag ,qu>ree1 a ,spani% l& measure1 ab\t #e ,engli% acres1 #cbf ,quassia wood1 #fdc ,quas1 a f]m5t$ ,russian bev]age1 #cjh ,qu]citron1 #ddc #dhe ,qu]cus t9ctoria1 #ddc1 #dhe sub]1 #ejd ,qu9tal1 ! ,spani% cwt41 equal to #aja lbs4 ,engli%1 ,qu99e1 imports (1 #fcf manufacture (1 #fce ,quillai1 b>k (1 us$ = soap1 #egd ,qu9oa1 #caj species (1 #ejg ,railways1 l>ge consumption ( oil =1 #eac ,ramos 7,mr47 8 dessicat+ ag5t = sug>1 #adj1 #afb ,ramal9a fufuracea1 #dhf ,ram-til1 #ece ,ramsay 7,mr4 ,c4 ,j47 on beet sug> manufacture1 #bjj ,ranunculus1 prop]ties (1 #fbf ,rape oil1 #fji ,rape se$1 quantity import$1 #efc oil1 #eac cake1 #efd ,raphis fabelli=mis1 #cad ,r$ pepp]1 #dbi ,s&]s wood1 #dde ,s&al wood1 #cgh ,res$a lutea1 #deb ,rev5ue f sug>1 #adc ,rhamnus1 v>ieties (1 #ddb leaves (1 us$ = tea 9 ,*9a1 #aje ,rhizaphora mangle1 #dic1 #ejf ,rhub>b1 #fdd ,rhus1 species (1 #dej ,ric9us communis1 #edb ,rial1 a ,spani% co9 wor? #f;d41 #ace ,rice />*1 #cdd imports (1 #cjc produce p] acre1 #cef meal = fe$+ pigs1 #chc ,rice import$1 #bah />*1 ,jones's process1 #cjc consumption p] head 9 ! ,ea/ #big price ( 9 ,*9a1 #bih "t x may be kept1 #bib ?re%+ mill =1 #bhh gr[n 9 ,dem]>a1 #bib hi/ory (1 #bhc ,am]ican crop (1 #bhe returns ( produce 9 ,c>ol9a1 #bia weight p] bu%el1 #bij ,ri*>dsonia scabra1 #fda ,rimu1 or r$ p9e1 #eje ,rob]tson 7,mr47 on ! collection ( ,p>aguay tea1 #acc ,robiquet 7,e47 analysis ( aloes1 #fbi ,rocella dye1 #deb species ( li*5s1 #dhf ,room1 an ,indian dye /uff1 #ddc ,r\c\1 a "n = arnotto1 #ddg ,rotation ( crops1 #bdc ,root crops1 #cee prices ( 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bed ,roll]s1 proportionate advantages ( ^? ) #c #d1 #afh ,roxburgh on ! sug> cane1 #agi ,roses1 cultivation (1 #egj ,rottl]a t9ctoria1 #ddb ,royle's 7,pr(47 productive res\rces ( ,india1 #ajc ,rubia cordifolia1 #dhd t9ctorium1 #dgh ,ruellia tub]osa1 #fbe ,ruellia1 a dye /uff1 #ddc ,rupee1 an ,indian co9 wor? ab\t1 #bs ,russia1 production ( beet sug> 91 #aii consumption ( tea 91 #ib tea s5t to1 #hg ,rye1 analysis (1 #beh import$1 #bah meal1 import$1 #bah ,sappan wood1 #dde1 #ddf1 #ddg ,salisbury 7,dr471 analysis ( maize1 #bfe ,saxony1 beet sug> manufacture 91 #aii ,salt1 recomm5d$ z a f]tilis]1 #agb ,santalum album1 #efe ,saa-ga-ban root ( ! ,indians1 #cga ,saga1 ! ,java "n = bread1 #cad import$1 #bah fl\r1 exports (1 #cah palms1 #cad millet us$ =1 #cjf ,sac*>um s95sis ( ,roxburgh1 #acf1 #afi violacum1 #acf ,saffl[]1 #dej ,salangore sug> cane1 an excell5t v>iety1 #aed ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 arr[root made 91 #ceb ,s&box1 se$s (1 emetic1 #fbf tree1 #eab ,saul tree1 wood useful = tea boxes1 #aad ,s>sap>illa1 #fde ,sagu]us ,rumphii1 #cad1 #caf in]mis1 #cad lvis1 #cad f>9if]a1 #caf ,salep1 #ced ,sam%+1 a refuse produce ( opium1 #ehe ,s&[ay 9 ,arracan produces sup]ior tobacco1 #faf ,saponace\s plants1 #fgd ,sap9dus1 v>ieties (1 #egd ,salvadora p]sica1 #eba ,sap9dus m>g9atus1 #eba ,sa\>i oil1 #eab ,sangu9>ia canad5sis1 #eaa ,scammony1 #fdb ,s*>l+'s 7,dr47 te/ = adult]at$ arr[root1 #cdi ,s*omburgk 7,sir ,r471 arr[root =w>d$ by1 #ceb discov]s a new tub]\s plant1 #cgd discov]s wild planta9s1 #cbj ,scotl&1 produce ( gra9 91 #bdi ,se$ leaf tobacco1 #fjf :eat 9 ,france1 #bai ,s5na1 v>ieties (1 #fdg ,sesame oil1 #eaa1 #ecc ,set>ia italica1 #cje g]manica1 #cjd ,%anghae oil1 #eaa ,%eet lead1 manufacture ( = tea cases1 #aad ,%orea robu/a1 #aad1 #eba ,%i] 7,dr471 8 op9ion on cassava />*1 #cgj analysis ( ! planta91 #cbc on ! />* produc+ plants1 #cca ,%ea butt]1 #ech ,%iraz tobacco1 #fac ,sicily oil1 #eca ,siam gamboge1 #fci pepp] produc$ 91 #dbb indigo f\nd wild 91 #dgf exports ( c>damoms1 #dai ,sidu lanceolata1 #egd ,sug>1 obta9$ f ! palm tree1 #cad made f millet1 #cjf ,sim>uba am>a1 #fdc ,s+apore1 produce ( gambi] 91 #eja exports ( sago1 #cah nutmeg trade (1 #dac pepp] gr[n 91 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbg nutmeg trees 91 #djj produce ( mace1 #dad ext5t ( clove culture 91 #cii ,s9apis1 species (1 yield+ oil1 #eab ,silica1 ess5tial = :eat soils1 #bdj ,s+h>a nuts1 #cgh ,s9de1 culture ( rice 91 #bic ,smi? 7,dr471 8 exp]im5ts 9 tea culture 9 ,am]ica1 #ie ,snuff1 duty receiv$ on1 #eig ,sorghum (fic9>um1 #acf sac*>atum1 #acf av5aceum1 #cjg vulg>e1 #cjd1 #cjf ,soap1 made f coco-nut oil1 #eei1 #efb worts1 #ege ,soil suit$ to c(fee1 #fh = ! nutmeg1 #djc = c9namon1 analysis (1 #chd be/ suit$ = :eat1 #bdg a due consid]ation & k (1 requisite to ! plant]1 #g suit$ = tobacco1 #ehf1 #ehg1 #fjg suit$ = indigo1 #dfh ,solly 7,pr(47 on ! want ( a h&-hook = ! cultivator1 #a on b>ks = tann+1 #dic ,society ( ,arts1 premiums (f]$ by1 #b ,soconusco1 ! f9e/ cacao1 #ac ,socotr9e aloes1 analysis (1 #fbi ,soja hispida1 #cac ,soy1 mode ( mak+1 #cac ,sohr9jee oil1 #dgh1 #ebc ,s\? ,au/ralia1 tobacco culture 91 #fbd ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 exports ( rice f1 #bhe ,sooranjee1 #dgh1 #ebc ,sp]gula sativa1 fl\r f ! se$1 #cgg ,spho]occus crispus1 #cgi ,spani% moss1 #chj tobacco1 on ! mannagem5t (1 #fab oil1 #eca ,spices1 plants :i* furni%1 #chb ,spik5>d oil1 #egb ,spondius lutea1 #die ,sp]gula sativa1 #eab ,/alagmites cambogoides1 #dea gambogoides1 #fc ,/> anise1 #dch ,/>* produc+ plants1 #cbi ,/>* conta9$ 9 v>i\s gra9 crops1 #bfd made f maize1 #bfe plants1 comp>ative yield p] acre1 #cci process ( manufacture1 #cdb l>ge proportion ( 9 rice1 #cjc proportion ( 9 potatoes1 #cfb ,/atice cori>ia1 #ddd ,c>ol9iana1 #did ,/5h\se 7,dr47 on ! li*5s1 #dij ,/ill+ia sebif]a1 #eab ,/4 ,john's bread1 #cab-ac ,/4 ,lucia1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug>1 91 #ahi exports ( c(fee f1 #gc %ipm5t ( cassava fl\r1 #cfi ,/4 ,kitt's1 co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi ,/4 ,dom+o1 exports ( c(fee to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #fc ,/4 ,v9c5t1 introduction ( ! clove to1 #cii production ( arr[root 91 #cdg production ( c(fee 91 #da co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi arr[root %ipp$ f1 #cea ,/raits settlem5ts1 nutmeg culture 91 #djg c9namon culture recomm5d$1 #chg ,sumbul root1 #fdi ,surat maund1 #ci lbs41 #dja ,suma*1 #dej tann9 91 #die ,sunfl[] oil1 #eji-aj-cf ,sullivan 7,mr47 on co/ ( beet root sug>1 #aia ,sug>1 co/ ( produc+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 #ahi ,sug> cane1 v>ieties (1 #acg1 #aec1 #afh mills1 relative advantages ( diff]5t ones1 #afh supply1 dem& & production1 #ada plants f :i* x is obta9$1 #acf1 #baf ,sug>1 in=mation respect+1 #aj ,sug> maple1 #bje ,sumatra1 production ( c(fee 91 #da ,sumatra1 production ( pepp] 91 #dbb ,sweet cassava1 #cca ,sweet potato1 #ccj-ca-cg-fe ,swift 7,mr47 on ! culture ( madd]1 #dhj ,swamp potato1 #cgc ,sxygium c>ophyllum1 #chd ,sylvanus sur9am5sis1 #bgi ,symplocos1 v>ieties (1 #ddb ,tacca plant1 species (1 #ced ,tahiti arr[root1 #ced ,talipot palm1 furni%es sago1 #caf ,tallicoonah oil1 #eah ,tall[ tree ( ,*9a1 #eab tree ( ,java1 #eaa burn+ prop]ties (1 #eji ,tanp+1 a ,*9ese oil cake1 #cab ,tann9 ( nutgalls1 #dib ,tannia1 #ccd-ce-cf-cg ,tanahaka b>k1 #eje ,tapioca sago1 #cae #cfi ,tasmannia aromatica1 #dba ,t>o1 #cfd ,t>t>e\s moss1 #dhf ,tani]s1 or ocoes1 #cca ,taur9e1 ,leibig on1 #hj ,tea1 total outlay = by ! ,briti% public1 #hf ext5t to :i* ! consumption might be pu%$1 #hi local consumption ( 9 ,*9a1 #hf1 #ia tann9 91 #die consumption (1 #eif oil1 #eah range ( prices1 #hc consumption ( 9 ! ,briti% empire1 #hd 9 all o!r c\ntries1 #hd ,mr4 ,montgom]y ,m>t9's /ati/ics (1 #hd quantity t might be us$ free ( duty1 #hd value ( ! exports f ,*9a1 high pric$1 us$ 9 ! ,*9a m>ket1 #he v>i\s ,*9ese names =1 #aje imm5se trade 91 #hj names ( ! gre51 #ha black1 #ha orig9al co/ 9 ,*9a1 #he duty receiv$ on1 #hc ,teel or ,til oil1 #eaa1 #ecc ,teff1 an ,african bread1 #cjh ,te9s+1 a ,*9ese vegetable dye1 #ajd ,temp]ature requisite = v>i\s plants1 #h1 #i ,temp]+ cane juice1 #aeh ,t5acity ( />*es1 #ccf ,t]m9alia angu/ifolia1 #did species (1 #ejf ,t]ra ,japonica1 a misnom]1 #dij /ati/ics ( imports1 #ejb ,teuss1 a ,*9ese legume1 #cab oil1 #bae ,texas1 production ( sug> 91 #adg ,!spesia populnea1 #ddd ,!a viridis1 #ajc1 #aaj ,bohea1 #ajc1 #aaj ,!9e1 analysis (1 #hj ,?i/le oil1 #eaa1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #fbf roots z food1 #cgf ,!obrom9e1 #aa ,!obroma1 description ( ! tree1 #aa ,tikoor1 a local "n = ,indian arr[root1 #cea ,til oil1 #eaa ,tip-s9-ah1 a wild prairie turnip ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #cgb ,t9nevelly s5na1 #fdh ,ti plant1 #cee ,tirhoot1 production ( indigo 91 #dge ,tobacco1 memorial ( ,am]ican ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 #eie culture ( 9 ! ,ea/1 #fae duty paid on1 #eid leaf1 ,pr(4 ,john/on's analysis1 #eib plant1 #ehi s\rces ( supply1 #fja fly1 cure =1 #fjg /ati/ics ( ,am]ican exports1 #fjj prohibit$ to be gr[n 9 ,engl&1 #eih me?od ( cur+1 #fje manufacture increas+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #eii numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ! culture 9 ,am]ica1 #eii worm1 #faj /ems1 trade 91 #eih in=mation respect+1 #i se$ oil1 #eaj-ah prices 9 ,london1 #fjb root1 a wild edible plant1 #cgf co/ ( cultivat+ sug> 91 #ahi ,tonqu9 beans1 #dcd ,t\s-les-mois1 />* (1 #ccj-cc-ce-cg-dj ,top9am b>1 #cfe-gf ,topp+ ! c(fee tree1 #fh ,t[ai b>k1 #eje ,toddy1 #eee ,trav]s 7,mr4 ,j4,i47 on consumption ( tea1 #hg ,tr9idad1 exports ( c(fee f1 #gc indigo 91 #dfj culture ( c(fee 91 #gb co/ ( cultivat+ sug>1 #ahi ,tropolum tub]osum1 #ecf ,tripa1 a "n = damag$ tobacco leaves1 #faa ,tripolium alp9um1 #fdc ,truffle1 #cha ,tub]\s plants1 new1 recomm5d$1 #cgj ,tub] cib>ium1 #cha ,turkey b]ries1 #ddb opium1 #ehe ,turm]ic1 #dai1 #dcd1 #ddb us$ = color+ tea1 #dcf ,turnips1 av]age weight ( crop 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bec ,turp5t9e1 spirits (1 #efe ,typha bread1 #chj ,tye1 a prep>ation ( opium1 #ehe ,une>ia ,gambi]1 #dif ,unit$ ,/ates1 production ( sug> 91 #ade supplies ( c(fee to1 #fc imports ( tea & value1 #ib value ( its agricultural produce1 #bbb =m] culture ( indigo1 #dfa production ( maple sug> 91 #bae tea plant introduc$1 #ie ,upl& rice1 #cjb gr[n 9 ,texas1 #bhe ,ure 7,dr471 on arr[root manufacture1 #cdg on manioc />*1 #cfh on tann9 9 b>ks1 #die on indigo manufacture1 #dgb ,urania guian5sis1 #ddd ,val5>ia edulis1 #cgf ,valonia1 #ejg ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 culture ( oats 91 #beh ,vanilla1 #dca plant1 gr[s 9 ,brazil1 #acj ,v>a1 a ,spani% l& measure1 #i ,v>iol>is1 species ( li*5s1 #dhf ,v>zeas1 a ,portuguese "n = l[ & m>%y gr\nd1 #ahc ,vat]ia indica1 #eab ,vegetable butt]1 #ech wax1 #edj soap1 #egd ,velvet moss1 #dhf ,v5ezuela1 c(fee culture 91 #fb ,v]bes5a sativa1 #ece ,v]nonia an!lm5tica1 #eba ,v9eg>1 made f millet1 #cjf ,virg9ian tobacco1 /ati/ics (1 #eih1 #fjj me?od ( culture1 #fjd ,virola sebif]a1 #dja1 #eab ,vo&z\1 #cga ,voelck] 7,dr471 analysis ( qu9oa1 #caj ,volatile or ess5tial oils1 #efe ,vuelta abajo1 ! be/ class ( ,cuba tobacco1 #fac arribo1 ! inf]ior k9d ( ditto1 #fac ,vulp9ic acid1 #dhh ,wabessep91 a wild ,am]ican potato1 #cgb ,wages paid 9 ! ,mauritius1 #aej ,walnut1 oil f1 #eaj ,wangle1 oil se$1 #ecc ,watapp9ee1 an ,indian edible root1 #cgb ,wat]1 proportion ( 9 diff]5t k9ds ( :eat1 #bba quantity 9 potatoes1 #bbg = mak+ />*1 #cda ,wax b]ries1 #edf palm1 #eda ,we9maunia1 b>k (1 #dii racemosa1 #eje ,weight p] bu%el ( crops 9 ,new ,brunswick1 #bec ( c(fee p] bu%el1 #dg ,well/ead 7,lt47 on ,socotro aloes1 #fbi ,we/r+ 7,dr47 on ! ,sw$i% li*5s1 #dhi-ij ,we/ ,india g+]1 #dah ,:eat1 weight (1 z an index ( value1 #bcf import$1 #bah fl\r d41 #bah culture1 /ati/ics (1 #bbj annual produce (1 #bai analysis (1 by ,b\ss+ault1 #bdd av]age price (1 #bdi be/ soil =1 #bdg consumption ( 9 ,engl&1 #bdh produce ( 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #bdh in=mation respect+1 #aj />* (1 #cca-ce-cf-cg1 #cdc composition ( ! a% (1 #bda yield p] acre1 #bdj fl\r1 v>i\s analyses (1 #bcg ,:ite pepp]1 /ati/ics (1 #dbh ,:isky1 quantity ( maize us$ =1 #bga ,wilcockes on ,p>aguay tea trade1 #ace ,williams's ,middle ,k+dom1 extract f1 #aje ,will\ghbeia edulis1 #cgh ,wilson 7,mr4 ,t47 on ! co/ ( produc+ sug>1 #ahi ,wilson's rice-clean+ ma*9e1 #bij ,w9n[+ c(fee1 #ea ma*9e = tea1 #aaf ,woad1 #deb ,wood dyes1 #ddi oil1 #eaa 7,mr47 on indigo culture1 ,wool manufacture1 oil consum$ 91 #eaj ,wray's practical sug> plant]1 #adj ,wrightia t9ctoria1 #dfc ,xan?oxylum pip]itum1 #dba o*roxylon1 #dfj ,xiguilite1 ! indigo %rub1 #dfj ,xyloc>pus granatum1 #eai ,xylopia aromatica1 #dba ,yam1 back1 #ccc1 #cce1 #ccg-ch-ci1 #cfb ,yams1 v>ieties ( cultivat$1 #cfb ,yampah root1 #cgf ,yell[ b]ries1 #ddc ,y]ba1 ,spani% & native "n = ! ,p>aguay tea tree1 #acc ,yucca am>ga1 #cca ,yucca1 ! ,p]uvian "n = cassava1 #cfg1 #cge ,zamia1 arr[root obta9$ f1 #cai1 #ceb pumila1 #ccj ,zanzib>1 clove plantations 91 #djj ,zea ,mays1 description (1 #bfj ,z+ib] (fic9ale1 #dad ,zizania aquatica1 #bhd ,zones1 ,mey5's division (1 #be ,zollv]e91 production ( beet root sug> 91 #aih