,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,the ,table of 
,contents was added by the transcriber4 
,,the ,,ceremonies  ,,of ,,the          
,,holy-,,week  ,,at ,,rome4  ,,by  ,,the
 ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,monsignor ,,baggs1      
,,bishop ,,of ,,pella4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,,third  
,,edition4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,rome3  ,,sold ,,by       
,,luigi ,,piale1  ,,english             
,,bookseller1  #a4 ,,piazza ,,di        
,,spagna1 #ajf4 ,,via ,,babuino4  #ahed4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,,contents   ,,directions ,,for  
,,seeing ,,the ,,ceremonies #c  ,,chap4 
,i4 ,,on ,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of ,,the  
,,mass #e  ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,the     
,,ceremonies ,,of ,,palm-,,sunday #bb   
,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,the ,,divine      
,,office1 ,,and ,,the ,,office ,,of     
,,tenebrae ,,in ,,particular #cg        
,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,the ,,ceremonies   
,,of ,,holy ,,thursday #ej  ,,chap4 ,v4 
,,on ,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of            
,,good-,,friday #fi  ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,,on 

,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of                 
,,holy-,,saturday #ib  ,,appendix4      
,,peculiar ,,ceremonies ,,of            
,,holy-,,week ,,at ,,jerusalem #aba     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,directions  ,,for ,,seeing ,,the      
,,ceremonies         99       99        
99       99       99  ,provide yourself 
with a ,,holy-,,week-,,book1 or ,uffizio
 della ,settimana ,santa4 ,take care    
that your dress is according to rule4   
,for many of the ceremonies ladies      
require tickets signed by ,m4           
,maggiordomo4  ,on ,palm-sunday morning 
the ,pontifical ceremonies begin at ,s4 
,peter's1 at about #i o'clock3 no       
stranger can receive a palm without a   
permission signed by ,m4 ,maggiordomo4  
,in the afternoon the ,card4            
,penitentiary goes at about #d or half  
past #d to ,s4 ,john ,lateran's1 where  
the ,station of the day is held4  ,on   
the afternoons of ,wednesday and        
,thursday1 7between #d and half past #d7
 and of ,friday 7half an hour sooner7   

the office of ,tenebrae begins at the   
,sixtine chapel4 ,after it is over1 you 
may go to ,s4 ,peter's to bear the      
conclusion of a similar service3 there  
on ,thursday evening the high-altar is  
washed by the ,card1 priest and chapter2
 on ,friday the ,pope1 ,cardinals etc4  
go thither to venerate the relics after 
,tenebrae in the ,sixtine chapel2 and on
 the afternoons of both days the ,card4 
,penitentiary goes thither in slate4 ,in
 the evening of these three days the    
feet of pilgrims are washed1 and they   
are served at table by ,cardinals etc4  
at the ,trinita dei ,pellegrini4  ,on   
,thursday morning you can see the oils  
blessed at ,s4 ,peter's3 this ceremony  
begins early4 ,there is little          
difference between the mass 7at about   
half past #i or #aj7 in the ,sixtine    
chapel on this day1 and on ordinary     
days1 and there is generally a great    
crowd3 the procession after mass is     
repeated on the following morning2 and  
the papal benediction on ,easter        

,sunday3 your best plan therefore will  
be to go at an early hour to see the    
blessing of the oils1 and afterwards the
 washing of the feet1 at ,s4 ,peter's2  
and then go to see the dinner of the    
apostles near the balcony from which the
 ,pope gives ,his benediction4 ,the     
,sepulchres1 particularly that in the   
,cappella ,paolina1 may be visited4  ,on
 ,friday morning the service of the     
,sixtine chapel begins at about half    
past #i or #aj4 7,devotion of #c hours' 
agony from about half past #ab to half  
past #c at the ,gesu1 ,,ss4 ,lorenzo e  
,damaso etc42 after the ,ave ,maria the 
,via ,crucis at ,caravita1 and devotion 
of the dolours of the ,b4 ,virgin at ,s4
 ,marcello1 etc4 ,an hour after the ,ave
 ,maria poetical compositions are       
recited at the ,serbatojo               
dell',arcadia74  ,on ,saturday morning  
service begins at ,s4 ,john ,lateran's  
at about half past #g4 ,as soon you have
 seen the baptism at the baptistery1 you
 had better drive to the ,vatican1 to   

attend at the beautiful mass of the     
,sixtine chapel4  ,on ,saturday         
afternoon you may go to the ,armenian   
mass at ,s4 ,biagio or ,s4 ,gregorio    
,illuminatore3 it begins towards #d o   
clock4 ,on ,easter-,sunday the ,pope    
sings solemn mass at ,s4 ,peter's1 at   
about #i o'clock4 ,he afterwards        
venerates the relics1 and gives ,his    
solemn benediction4 ,in the afternoon1  
besides ,vespers there is a procession  
at ,s4 ,peter's called that of the #c   
,maries4 7,at ,s4 ,john ,lateran's the  
,cardinals assist at ,vespers1 and      
afterwards venerate the relics preserved
 there7 ,at night the cupola is         
illuminated1 and on the following night 
there are fireworks or girandola at     
,castle ,s4 ,angelo4 ,on ,monday1       
,tuesday1 and ,saturday there is        
cappella papale at the ,vatican1 but it 
differs little from the ordinary        
cappelle4     ,,chap4 ,i4  ,,on ,,the   
,,ceremonies ,,of ,,the ,,mass          
,,contents4      ,origin of the word    

ceremony--object of                     
ceremonies--institution of the mass--its
 earliest     ceremonies--discipline of 
secrecy--liturgy of the ,roman          
church--general review of the principal 
ceremonies of     the mass--mass of the 
catechumens1 ambones--mass of the       
faithful1 blessed water1 secrecy1       
prayers for the dead--,latin     the    
language of the ,roman liturgy1 and     
why--usual ceremonies     of high-mass  
in the papal chapel--sentiments of ,s4  
,john     ,chrysostom4      ,it was     
chiefly1 if not only1 in the mystical   
liturgy of the     eucharist1 that the  
primitive church spoke without reserve  
of all the sublimities of ,christian    
faith4 ,palmer1 ,origines     ,liturg4  
vol4 ,i1 p4 #ac4  ,sidenote3 ,origin of 
the word ceremony4  ,from ,rome our     
,saxon forefathers received             
,christianity2 and from the same source 
we have derived several words denoting  
,christian rites4 ,thus the words       
religion1 sacrament1 sacrifice1         

communion1 and others are ,latin1 with  
the exception of the termination4 ,the  
word ceremony also is ,latin1 and owes  
its origin to an interesting fact in    
ancient ,roman history4 ,when the       
,capitol was besieged by the ,gauls     
7,a4,u4 #cfe7 most of the inhabitants of
 ,rome provided for their own safety by 
flight3 but the ,flamen ,quirinalis or  
priest of ,romulus1 and the ,vestal     
virgins loaded themselves with the      
sacred things1 that they might secure   
those hallowed treasures from           
profanation4 ,they were proceeding 7says
 ,livy lib4 ,v1 c4 ,,xxii7 along the way
 which passes over the ,sublician       
bridge1 when they were met on the       
declivity by ,l4 ,albinus a plebeian1   
who was fleeing with his wife and       
children in a plaustrum or cart3 he and 
his family immediately alighted3 then   
placing in the cart the virgins and     
sacred things he accompanied them to    
,caere where they were received with    
hospitality and respect4 ,hence 7says   

,valerius ,maximus lib4 ,i1 c4 #a47     
sacred things were called ceremonies1   
because the inhabitants of ,caere       
revered them when the republic was      
broken1 as readily as when it           
flourished4 ,thus is the word ceremony  
associated at once with the devotion of 
,albinus1 with the ,gaulish invasion of 
the ,capitol1 and with ,caere1 one of   
the twelve cities of ,etruria1 now      
called ,cervetri or ,caere vetus#a4 ,the
 ,pagan ,romans derived their religious 
rites from ,etruria1 and in particular  
from ,caere on account of its proximity 
to ,rome3 this may be another reason for
 the adoption of the term ceremony1     
which was afterwards applied to the     
rites of all religions#b4  ,sidenote3   
,object of ceremonies4  ,but what1 it   
may be asked by many1 is the use of     
ceremonies8 ,i shall answer in the words
 of the council of ,trent4 ,since the   
nature of man is such1 that he cannot   
easily without exterior helps be raised 
to the meditation of divine things1 the 

church as a pious mother has instituted 
certain rites1 namely1 that some things 
in the mass should be pronounced in a   
low voice and others aloud2 she has also
 used ceremonies1 as mystical           
benedictions1 lights1 incense1          
vestments1 and many other things of that
 kind1 from apostolical tradition and   
discipline1 in order that the majesty of
 so great a sacrifice might be          
displayed1 and the minds of the faithful
 might be excited by these visible signs
 of religion and piety to the           
contemplation of those sublime things   
which are concealed in this sacrifice4  
,session ,,xxii1 c4 ,v4--,these words   
lead us to treat briefly of the mass1   
the principal act of divine worship     
during holy-week as at all other seasons
 of the year4 ,this we do now the more  
readily1 that we may not afterwards be  
obliged to interrupt our account of the 
peculiar ceremonies of ,holy week1 which
 presuppose an acquaintance with the    
mass4  ,sidenote3 ,institution of the   

mass4  ,jesus ,christ instituted the    
mass at his last supper1 when he took   
bread and blessed and broke and gave to 
his disciples and said1 ,take ye and    
eat1 this is my body2 and taking the    
chalice he gave thanks1 and gave to them
 saying1 ,drink ye all of this3 ,for    
this is my blood of the new testament1  
which shall be shed for many unto       
remission of sins3 ,matth4 ,,xxvi1 #bf4 
,in this brief account are mentioned all
 the essential parts of the mass4       
,christ commanded the apostles and      
through them their successors to perform
 the same holy rite in commemoration of 
,him1 and they obeyed ,his commands1 as 
we learn from the acts of the apostles1 
and the first epistle to the            
,corinthians4  ,sidenote3 ,its early    
ceremonies4  ,gradually various prayers 
and ceremonies were added to the sacred 
words pronounced by ,christ1 as the     
,apology of ,st4 ,justin1 the writings  
of ,st4 ,cyprian1 the catechetical      
discourses of ,st4 ,cyril of ,jerusalem 

and other early works prove4 ,the       
,apostles themselves had added the      
,lord's prayer#c4 ,the liturgy however  
during the first four centuries1 as ,le 
,brun maintains#d1 or1 according to     
,muratori followed by ,palmer1 the first
 three centuries1 was not written1 but  
was preserved by oral tradition1        
according to the received practice of   
the early church1 which1 unwilling to   
give what is holy to dogs1 or to cast   
pearls before swine concealed from all  
persons1 except the faithful1 the       
mysteries of faith4 ,it would seem from 
,st4 ,justin's apology1 that much was   
left to the particular devotion of the  
bishop or priest who offered mass1 and  
hence we might expect not to find in the
 earliest liturgies great uniformity1   
except in essentials and general        
outline4 ,yet ,le ,brun has endeavoured 
to restore1 from the early ,christian   
writers1 the liturgy used in the first  
four centuries3 and it contains the most
 important prayers and ceremonies of the

 mass in its more modern form4          
,sidenote3 ,discipline of secrecy4  ,we 
shall so often have to recur to the     
discipline of secrecy alluded to above1 
that we consider it necessary to speak  
of it briefly1 before we proceed        
further4 ,the ,pythagoreans1 the        
,stoics1 ,plato1 the ,epicureans and    
other ancient philosophers concealed    
their doctrines from the uninitiated3   
the mysteries also of ,osiris1 ,isis1   
,bacchus1 ,ceres1 ,cybele etc4 were     
carefully kept secret4 ,there was no    
novelty therefore for the ancients in   
the discipline of secrecy1 the          
institution of which in the ,christian  
church is attributed by many fathers to 
,christ himself1 who directed that his  
disciples should not give what is holy  
to dogs1 or cast pearls before swine4   
,matt4 ,,vii1 #f4 ,this injunction was  
observed by the whole church from the   
apostolic age till the fifth century in 
the east1 and the sixth century in the  
west3 it extended to dogmas as well as  

rites1 and in particular to those of the
 holy ,trinity and the sacraments1      
especially the blessed ,eucharist#e4    
,for those things says ,st4 ,cyril of   
,alexandria are generally derided1 which
 are not understood adv4 ,julianum4 ,the
 pagans1 at the instigation1 it would   
appear1 of the ,jews and early heretics1
 availed themselves of this secret      
discipline to charge the ,christians    
with the detestable crimes of ,oedipus  
and ,thyestes1 pretending that in their 
secret assemblies they murdered an      
infant covered with flour1 and drank his
 blood4 7,cecilius ap4 ,minut4 ,fel47   
,it was solely with the view of refuting
 these calumnies1 that ,justin ,martyr  
explained1 in his apology addressed to  
,antoninus ,pius1 the catholic doctrine 
of the eucharist4 ,s4 ,blandina on the  
contrary endured the most cruel torments
 rather than reveal it1 though its      
profession would have confuted the same 
odious calumnies2 and ,s4 ,augustine    
observes a similar reserve when         

answering the pagan ,maximus            
,madaurensis4  ,who says the protestant 
,casaubon is so little versed in the    
writings of the fathers1 as to be       
ignorant of the formulary used          
principally of the sacraments1 the      
initiated understand what is said3 it   
occurs at least fifty times in          
,chrysostom1 and almost as frequently in
 ,augustine4 ,s4 ,fulgentius inserts in 
his answer to the deacon ,ferrandus the 
following words of ,s4 ,augustine to the
 neophytes ,this which you see on the   
altar of ,god you saw last night3 but   
what it was1 what it meant1 and of what 
a great thing it contains the sacrament1
 you have not yet heard4 ,what therefore
 you see is bread and the chalice4 ,what
 your faith demands is1 that the bread  
is the body of ,christ1 and the chalice 
contains the blood of ,christ4 ,s4      
,cyril of ,jerusalem in his catechetical
 discourses addressed to the newly      
baptised inculcates in the strongest    
terms the doctrine of the real presence1

 but charges them most strictly not to  
communicate to the catechumens his      
instructions4 ,in consequence of this   
practice the early fathers often speak  
obscurely of the ,b4 ,sacrament1 and    
call it bread and wine and fermentum    
after the consecration1 though they     
clearly teach the faithful the doctrine 
of the real presence#f4  ,sidenote3     
,liturgy of the ,roman church4  ,pope   
,innocent ,i1 writing to ,decentius at  
the beginning of the fifth century1     
attributes the liturgy of the ,roman    
church to ,st4 ,peter4 ,it was first    
written in the fifth century2 and ,pope 
,vigilius sending it in #ech to         
,profuturus derives it from ,apostolic  
tradition4 ,the most ancient            
sacramentary or liturgical work extant  
of the ,roman church is that of         
,gelasius who was ,pope from #dib to    
#difg4 ,he collected prayers composed by
 more ancient authors1 and also composed
 some himself3 and this ,gelasian       
compilation was reformed by ,gregory the

 ,great and reduced to one volume#h1    
which may be considered as the prototype
 of our present liturgy4 ,the canon or  
most solemn part of the mass has been   
preserved inviolate ever since1 as      
appears from the ,ordines ,romani       
written shortly after the time of ,s4   
,gregory1 and also from the explanations
 of it written by ,florus and           
,amalarius4 ,this canon as well as the  
order of prayer are the same as those of
 ,gelasius1 as ,palmer observes 7,orig4 
liturg4 vol4 #a1 p4 #aai17 and are also 
nearly identical with those of the      
sacramentary of ,s4 ,leo4 ,the          
,ambrosian and ,african liturgies also  
were evidently derived at a very remote 
period from that of ,rome4 ,from such   
considerations as these ,mr4 ,palmer    
proves the very ancient or apostolical  
origin of the main order1 the substance 
of the ,roman liturgy4 ,origines liturg4
 vol4 ,i1 sect4 ,,vi4 ,the author of the
 canon is unknown2 yet we know the      
authors of some additions to the canon4 

,thus ,s4 ,leo ,i added sanctum         
sacrificium immaculatam hostiam1 ,s4    
,gregory ,i1 diesque nostros in tua pace
 disponas4  ,sidenote3 ,review of the   
ceremonies of the mass4  ,sidenote3     
,mass of the catechumens1 ambones1      
sermons4  ,we shall not examine minutely
 all the prayers and ceremonies of the  
mass1 or stop to enquire at what time   
and by what pope each of them was first 
introduced1 lest we should weary the    
patience of our readers#i2 but we shall 
content ourselves with a general review 
of the mass1 as it is now celebrated4   
,we may divide it1 as the ancients did1 
into two parts1 the mass of the         
catechumens1 and the mass of the        
faithful4 ,the first part includes the  
preparation and confession of sins at   
the foot of the altar1 the introit or   
anthem and part of a psalm sung at the  
entrance into church1 the ,kyrie eleison
 or petition for mercy1 the ,gloria in  
excelsis or hymn of praise 7both of     
great antiquity1 as ,palmer following   

our catholic divines has shewn7 the     
collect or collects so called from their
 being said when the people are         
collected together1 the epistle and     
gospel1 and also the verses1 said or    
sung between them both1 called the      
,gradual#aj3 if sung by one voice1 it is
 called the ,tract2 if by choir1 the    
,responsory4 ,the collects and other    
prayers are said with the arms extended 
in the same manner as many figures are  
represented praying on old christian as 
well as pagan monuments4 ,after the     
gospel the sermon used to be preached1  
as it generally is in our times#aa and  
after the sermon ,pagans1 ,jews1        
heretics1 schismatics1 energumens1      
public penitents and catechumens were   
dismissed by the deacon2 for the        
faithful alone were allowed to be       
present at the celebration of the sacred
 mysteries1 in conformity to the        
discipline of secrecy4 ,that part of    
mass1 which we have described was called
 the mass of the catechumens1 because   

these were allowed to be present at it4 
,sidenote3 ,mass of the faithful1       
blessed water4  ,from the missio1 missa1
 or dismissal announced by the deacon to
 the people before and after the mass of
 the faithful1 the term missa or mass is
 derived4 ,it was in use in the early   
ages2 for it is found not only in the   
epistle to the bishop of ,vienne        
attributed to ,pope ,pius ,i1 and in    
that of ,pope ,cornelius to ,lupicinus3 
but ,s4 ,ambrose also says ,i continued 
my duty1 and began to celebrate mass and
 in another place he exhorts the people 
to hear mass daily#ab4  ,when the church
 had been cleared of all except the     
faithful1 the second part of our mass1  
or the mass of the faithful1 began with 
the ,nicene symbol or creed4 ,then      
followed the offertory1 or part of a    
psalm sung anciently while the people   
made their offerings to the church1     
particularly of bread and wine#ac4 ,the 
priest offers to ,god the bread1 and    
wine mixed according to apostolic       

tradition#ad with a little water1 which 
our ,saviour is believed to have mixed  
with the wine at the last supper2 he    
implores ,god's blessing on these       
offerings1 and washes his hands in token
 of the purity of soul#ae with which the
 sacred mysteries should be approached1 
and at high mass for the sake of outward
 cleanliness also1 on account of the    
incense which he has used4 ,having      
commemorated the passion1 resurrection1 
and ascension of ,christ1 as he does    
also after the consecration1 he calls on
 those present to join him in prayer1 he
 says another prayer or prayers called  
the secret1 because said in secret1 and 
then recites the preface to the canon1 a
 prayer in which he unites with the     
celestial spirits in praise and         
thanksgiving as ,christ himself gave    
thanks at the last supper3 it concludes 
with the ,tersanctus or ,trisagion      
,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy etc4 which1 as      
,palmer observes1 has been probably used
 in the ,christian liturgy of the east  

and west since the ages of the apostles4
 ,v4 #b4 p4 #bai4  ,sidenote3 ,prayers  
for the dead4  ,the canon of the mass   
next follows1 which as well as many of  
the preceding and following prayers is  
said in a low voice1 according to the   
ancient custom alluded to by ,innocent  
,i1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,origen1 and other  
,fathers#af4 ,in it the priest prays for
 the church1 the ,pope1 the bishop of   
the place1 the living and the dead#ag he
 reveres the memory of the ,b4 ,virgin1 
the ,martyrs and other ,saints#ah1 and  
having once more implored the blessing  
of ,god1 and spread his hands over the  
victim1 according to the custom of the  
,jews1 he pronounces over the bread and 
wine the words of consecration according
 to the command of ,christ1 and adores  
and raises for the adoration of the     
people the body and blood of our ,divine
 ,lord4 ,it is in this consecration that
 the sacrifice of the mass principally  
consists2 as by it the victim is placed 
on the altar1 and offered to ,god1 viz4 

,christ himself1 represented as dead by 
the separate consecration of the bread  
and wine1 as if ,his blood were         
separated from ,his body4 ,after some   
other prayers1 in which the priest      
offers to ,god the holy sacrifice1 and  
prays for mercy and salvation for all   
present1 he elevates the host and       
chalice together2 this was the ancient  
elevation1 as the more solemn one1 which
 follows immediately after the          
consecration1 was introduced generally  
in the #abth century1 in opposition to  
the heresy of ,berengarius4 ,then       
concluding the canon the priest recites 
the ,our ,father1 and breaks the host1  
as ,christ broke the bread1 and as ,his 
body was broken for us#ai2 he puts a    
particle of the host into the           
chalice#bj2 he implores mercy and peace 
from the lamb of ,god1 at solemn masses 
gives the kiss of peace according to the
 recommendation of scripture1 and       
receives the two ablutions of the       
chalice1 one of wine1 the other of wine 

and water1 lest any portion of the      
sacred blood should remain in it3 he    
recites the communion or anthem1 which  
was originally sung while the holy      
communion was distributed2 he says the  
prayer or prayers called postcommunion1 
dismisses and begs ,god's blessing on   
the people1 in fine he recites the      
beginning of ,st4 ,john's gospel or some
 other gospel appropriate to the day4   
,we shall on other occasions recur to   
various ceremonies of the mass#ba4      
,sidenote3 ,latin the language of the   
liturgy4  ,the language of our liturgy  
has descended to us as a precious legacy
 from the time when ,peter and ,paul    
preached in ,rome4 ,it would be         
incongruous that our ancient hierarchy  
robed in ancient vestments should       
perform our ancient liturgy in a moderne
 language4 ,as in all parts of the globe
 there are members of the ,catholic     
church1 she has wisely preserved in her 
liturgy a language common to all        
countries1 the language too of majesty1 

civilisation and science1 as ,de        
,maistre observes4 ,like her divine     
founder she is the same yesterday and   
to-day3 like the rock1 on which she is  
built1 she is proof against the winds   
and waves2 she is unchanged and         
unaffected by the wayward caprices of   
fashion4 ,translations of her liturgy   
are published for the use of those who  
are unacquainted with ,latin so that    
they may either join in reciting the    
prayers of the church1 or say others    
which their own devotion may suggest4   
,having described the ceremonies of     
low-mass1 we shall subjoin a brief      
account of those customary at high-mass 
when celebrated in the papal chapel3 we 
shall thus avoid unnecessary repetitions
 in the course of this work4 ,the       
beginning of the mass is said by all    
persons within the sanctuary3 and the   
,pope recites it before the altar with  
the celebrant4 ,as ,his ,holiness is the
 ecclesiastical superior of the latter1 
and is habited in his sacred vestments1 

many benedictions are1 according to a   
general rubric1 reserved to ,him1 which 
are otherwise given by the person who   
sings mass4 ,thus ,he blesses not only  
the incense1 the water at the offertory1
 the subdeacon and deacon1 the preacher1
 when there is a sermon1 and the people 
after the sermon and at the end of mass1
 but also the ,cardinals on several     
occasions1 and the celebrant himself    
before he offers up mass4 ,for without  
contradiction 7says ,st4 ,paul7 that    
which is less is blessed by the better4 
,hebr4 ,,vii1 #g4 ,he also1 and not the 
celebrant1 kisses the book of the       
,gospel4 ,the first cardinal priest     
present hands to ,him the incense1 and  
also incenses him1 kneeling down if the 
,pope be seated at the time1 and        
standing if the ,pope stands#bb1 and    
therefore1 he is seated near the ,pope  
during part of the ,mass1 that he may be
 ready when his services are required4  
,incense is used1 as is customary at    
high masses1 before the introit1 at the 

,gospel1 after the offertory and during 
the elevation4 ,before the introit the  
crucifix1 the altar#bc1 the celebrant   
and the ,pope are successively incensed4
 ,before the deacon sings the gospel he 
incenses the book2 and after it the     
,pope is once more incensed by the first
 cardinal priest4 ,after the offertory1 
besides the bread and wine1 the         
crucifix1 the altar1 the celebrant and  
the ,pope1 the ,cardinals and the first 
in rank among the prelates and other    
personages are incensed by the deacon4  
,at the elevation the blessed ,sacrament
 alone is incensed4#bd  ,when the ,pope 
reads from the missal1 this book is held
 by the first1 and a taper by the       
second1 patriarch or assisting          
bishop#be4 ,the ,kyrie eleison1 the     
,gloria in excelsis1 ,credo1 ,sanctus   
and ,agnus ,dei are said by all persons 
within the sanctuary3 the cardinals     
descend from their seats to say them1   
and form a circle in the middle of the  
chapel2 having received the ,pope's     

blessing they return to their places4   
,after the ,sanctus1 the ,pope goes     
before the middle of the altar followed 
by the assistant bishops and others of  
,his train's and all kneel till the     
elevation is ended4 ,after the ,agnus   
,dei1 the first ,card4 priest goes up to
 the altar1 kisses it1 and receives from
 the celebrant the kiss of peace3 this  
he gives to the ,pope1 from whom the two
 first ,card4 deacons receive it4 ,the  
,card4 priest then returns to his place1
 and gives the kiss of peace to the     
priest who assists the celebrant2 from  
him the first of the other cardinals and
 principal prelates receive it and      
communicate it to their colleagues4 ,the
 assistant priest then gives it to the  
master of ceremonies1 who has           
accompanied him1 from whom the other    
colleges of prelates receive it and in  
fine 7if time permit7 to the deacon1    
from whom it passes to others who assist
 at the altar4 ,when the pope gives ,his
 blessing1 the cross is held before ,him

 by the last auditor of the rota1 and   
,his vestment by the first protonary4   
,such are the ceremonies generally      
observed at high mass in the papal      
chapel1 except at masses for the dead1  
when some of them1 and in particular    
those of incensing 7except at the       
offertory and elevation7 and of the kiss
 of peace1 are omitted4  ,sidenote3     
,sentiments of ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom4   
,we shall conclude with the words of a  
holy and eloquent bishop of             
,costantinople of the #dth century1     
,when thou seest the ,lord immolated and
 placed there1 and the priest engaged in
 the sacrifice and praying1 and all     
present empurpled with precious blood1  
dost thou think that thou art among men1
 and art standing on the earth8 and not 
rather that thou art instantaneously    
transferred to heaven1 where casting out
 of thy soul every fleshly thought thou 
lookest around on heavenly things4 ,o   
miracle6 ,o the love of ,god for man6   
,he1 who sits above with the ,father1 is

 at the same time held in the hands of  
all1 and gives himself to those who wish
 to receive and embrace him4 ,wishest   
thou to see the excellence of this      
holiness from another miracle8 ,depict  
before thy eyes ,elias and an           
innumerable multitude surrounding him1  
and the victim placed on the stones2 all
 the others in profound silence1 and the
 prophet alone praying2 then suddenly   
fire rushing from heaven on the         
sacrifice4 ,these things are astonishing
 and replete with wonder4 ,then transfer
 thyself thence to the things now       
effected1 and thou wilt find them not   
only wonderful1 but surpassing all      
astonishment4 ,for here the priest bears
 not fire1 but the holy ,ghost2 he pours
 out long supplications1 not that fire  
descending from above may consume the   
offerings1 but that grace falling on the
 sacrifice may through it inflame the   
souls of all and render them purer than 
silver purified by fire4 ,this most     
dread rite then who1 that is not        

altogether insane and out of his mind1  
shall be able to contemn8 ,art thou     
ignorant that no human soul could have  
sustained this fire of the victim1 but  
all would have totally perished1 unless 
the assistance of divine grace had been 
abundant ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 ,de     
,sacerdotio ,lib4 #c1 c4 ,,iv4          
,footnote #a3 ,it is situated near the  
road leading from ,rome to              
,civitavecchia at the distance of about 
#bg miles from the former city4 ,its    
necropolis has lately enriched the new  
,gregorian museum with some of its most 
precious treasures1 consisting in gold  
ornaments of the person1 in silver and  
painted vases etc4 of very ancient and  
admirable execution4 ,see ,nibby1       
,analisi storico-topografica etc4 as    
also ,grifi4 ,the ,etruscan and         
,egyptian museums entitle ,his present  
,holiness ,gregory ,,xvi to be ranked   
with many of ,his predecessors among the
 greatest and most munificent patrons   
and collectors of ancient monuments4    

,footnote #b3 ,if we compare with this  
term others of similar termination1 such
 as sanctimonia from sanctus1 we shall  
find in them a confirmation of the      
etymology given above3 monia serves to  
form the substantive1 but does not      
otherwise alter the meaning4  ,footnote 
#c3 ,s4 ,greg4 ,m4 lib4 ,,vii1 epist4   
#fd4  ,footnote #d3 ,see ,le ,brun1     
,explic4 ,missae ,t4 #b4 dis4 #a4 ,also 
,renaudot4 ,they have however been      
refuted by ,assemani1 ,maratori and     
,zaccaria4  ,footnote #e3 ,the ,pater   
noster is still said in secret1 except  
after the canon of the ,mass1 because at
 that part of the ,liturgy only the     
faithful were present4 ,see ,moroni's   
learned work entitled1 ,dizionario di   
erudizione ecclesiastica4  ,footnote #f3
 ,see ,schelstratius1 de ,disciplina    
,arcani1 or ,trevern's answer to        
,faber's ,difficulties of ,romanism3    
also ,bingham lib4 ,x1 c4 #e4 ,times are
 now so much altered that it is         
difficult to conceive how the ,reserve  

in communicating ,religious knowledge   
recommended in one of the ,tracts for   
the ,times could be practicable1 even if
 it were judged expedient4  ,footnote   
#g3 ,it was first published by ,b4      
,card4 ,tommasi from a very ancient     
manuscript in the queen of ,sweden's    
library4 ,cave1 ,mabillon1 ,muratori1   
,assemani and other eminent critics     
admit its authenticity4 ,there is       
however another sacramentary perhaps    
more ancient called the ,leonian1       
because it is attributed by the learned 
to ,leo the great1 ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,it was 
first published by ,bianchini in the    
#dth volume of ,anastasius the librarian
 from a ,verona ,,ms4 written #aajj     
years ago4  ,footnote #h3 ,this new     
,gregorian sacramentary was carried to  
,england by ,st4 ,augustin and the other
 missionaries4 ,mr4 ,palmer and after   
him ,mr4 ,froude 7,remains1 vol4 #bnd1  
p4 #chg7 give a similar account of the  
,roman liturgy4 ,they1 like archbishop  
,wake1 attribute the origin of the      

,roman1 ,oriental1 ,ethiopic and        
,mozarabic liturgies to ,st4 ,peter1    
,st4 ,james1 ,st4 ,mark and ,st4 ,john1 
and observe that all other liturgies are
 copied from one or other of these4 ,in 
each of these four original liturgies   
the eucharist is regarded as a mystery  
and as a sacrifice p4 #cie3 they all    
agree in the principal ceremonies of the
 mass1 and all contain a prayer for the 
rest and peace of all those who have    
departed this life in ,god's faith and  
fear p4 #cic4 ,now it may be reasonably 
presumed1 says archbishop ,wake that    
those passages wherein all these        
liturgies agree1 in sense at least1 if  
not in words1 were first prescribed in  
the writings of the ancient fathers4    
,see ,tracts for the times1 no4 #fc4    
,footnote #i3 ,they who wish for further
 details may consult ,le ,brun1 ,card4  
,bona1 ,martene1 ,gavant1 ,rock's       
,hierurgia etc4  ,footnote #aj3 ,because
 anciently sung from the steps of the   
ambo or pulpit1 according to ,rabanus   

,maurus an author of the #ith century1  
and others4 ,in the ancient churches    
there were generally in the chorus or   
choir two ambones1 one from which at    
solemn masses the lector and at a later 
period the subdeacon used to sing the   
gospel1 with his face usually turned    
towards that side of the church1 where  
the men were assembled2 at ,rome this   
was generally the south side4 ,at low   
masses the missal was removed from the  
epistle side of the altar at the        
beginning of the offertory1 in order to 
leave room for the offerings1 according 
to an ,ordinarium of ,monte ,casino of  
the year #aajj4 ,it has for a long time 
been customary to remove it before the  
gospel1 which the priest recites turned 
towards the same direction as the deacon
 at high mass4 ,mystical meanings were  
afterwards assigned for this removal of 
the book4  ,footnote #aa3 ,it is        
astonishing how ,mr4 ,palmer could      
assert that ,leo bishop of ,rome in the 
fifth century appears to have been the  

only bishop who preached in the ,roman  
church for many ,footnote3 and it is    
said that none of his successors until  
the time of ,pius the fifth1 five       
hundred years afterwards1 imitated his  
example4 ,orig4 ,liturg4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4  
#ei4 ,bingham ,i4 ,,iv1 c4 ,sec44#c4    
,mr4 ,palmer forgot all the homilies of 
,gregory the great1 as well as the      
chronology of the ,popes4 ,the latter   
might find in the multiplicity and      
importance of their other occupations   
abundant motives for abstaining from    
preaching1 a duty to which so many of   
their clergy dedicate themselves4 ,that 
the early ,popes however preached there 
can be no doubt1 although most of their 
homilies1 if ever written1 have not     
reached our time4 ,not only the example 
of ,s4 ,peter who 7whatever we may think
 of the local tradition of ,rocca ,s4   
,pietro above ,palestrina7 used         
certainly to preach1 as the ,acts of the
 ,apostles prove2 but the general custom
 of other cities would induce the       

zealous ,bishops of ,rome to exhort and 
encourage their flock1 particularly in  
time of persecution2 and that at a later
 period they were not unaccustomed to   
preach is evident from the ,ordo        
,romanus of ,card4 ,gaetano published by
 ,mabillon and from a ,vatican ,,ms4 no4
 #dbca1 p4 #aig2 both these documents   
are quoted by ,cancellieri1 ,descriz4   
delle ,cappelle etc4 p4 #cbh4 ,see      
proofs that the ,popes preached drawn up
 in chronological order in ,sala's notes
 to ,card4 ,bona1 lib4 #b4 c4 #g-       
,footnote #ab3 ,s4 ,ambros4 ,ep4 #ac1   
serm4 #cd4  ,footnote #ac3 ,of the      
ancient offerings the following vestiges
 remain3 candles are offered by the     
clergy at their ordination1 bread and   
wine by bishops at their consecration1  
chalices and torches by the ,roman      
senate on particular festivals1 and in  
fine bread1 wine1 water1 and1 till      
lately1 doves and other birds at the    
canonisation of the ,saints4 ,on the    
ancient offerings see ,cancellieri1 de  

,secretaries1 t4 ,i1 p4 #aha4  ,footnote
 #ad3 ,this custom prevailed universally
 in the ,christian church from the      
earliest period ,palmer ,orig4 ,liturg4 
vol4 #b1 p4 #ge4  ,footnote #ae3 ,as the
 ancient ,roman houses had an impluvium 
in the midst of the atrium1 so in the   
atria annexed to the ,christian churches
 was one or more fountains 7,eus4 ,eccl4
 ,hist4 l4 ,x1 c4 #d7 and sometimes a   
well or cistern4 ,in these the faithful 
used to wash their hands 7,tertull4 ,de 
orat4 ,sec41 ,de lavat4 man47 ,thus in  
the atrium of ,st4 ,paul's basilica     
there was a cantharus1 restored by ,pope
 ,leo ,i1 of which the saint writes thus
 to ,ennodius2    ,quisque suis meritis 
veneranda sacraria ,pauli               
,ingrederis1 supplex ablue fonte manus4 
,the cantharus is mentioned by ,virgil  
,eclog4 ,,vi1 #ba4    ,et gravis adtrita
 pendebat cantharus ansa4  ,a large     
vessel of this description may be seen  
in the cortili of ,s4 ,cecilia and ,,ss4
 ,apostoli at ,rome4 ,it used to be     

blessed on the vigil or festival of the 
,epiphany1 as it is now in the ,greek   
and even the ,roman church4 ,when       
churches were built without atria1 a    
vessel of blessed water was placed      
inside the church3 in some of the older 
churches there is even a well4 ,see     
,nibby1 ,dissert4 sulla forma1 etc4     
delle antiche chiese4  ,footnote #af3   
,see ,le ,brun tom4 ,,iv1 diss4 #ae4    
,super usu recitandi silentio missae    
partem etc4 ,this custom was connected  
with the discipline of secrecy4 ,the    
scripture itself does not mention what  
words ,christ used1 when ,he gave       
thanks1 before ,he pronounced the words 
of consecration2 and the early church   
imitated this reserve4 ,anciently       
curtains concealed the altar1 during the
 most solemn part of mass1 as now in    
some ,oriental churches4 ,st4 ,john     
,chrysostom 7,hom4 #c1 in ,ep4 ad       
,ephes47 mentions this custom2 and      
traces of it still remain at ,st4       
,clement's church in ,rome4  ,footnote  

#ag3 ,see ancient inscriptions from the 
catacombs1 containing prayers for the   
dead in ,bock's ,hierurgia 7vol4 #b1 ch4
 #g71 also in ,annali delle ,scienze    
,religiose1 ,luglio #ahci1 as also in   
the well-known works on the catacombs4  
,bingham admits that the eucharistic    
sacrifice was offered for ,s4           
,augustine1 ,s4 ,monica1 the emperors   
,constantine and ,valentinian at their  
funerals4 7,s4 ,ambrose prayed for      
,valentinian ,gratian and ,theodosius47 
,in the communion service says he       
according to the custom of those times1 
a solemn commemoration was made of the  
dead in general1 and prayers were       
offered to ,god for them4 ,bingham1     
,antiq4 l4 #bc1 c4 #b4 ,the custom of   
praying and offering up sacrifice for   
the faithful departed most evidently    
appears to have prevailed in the church 
even from the time of the apostles1 says
 the ,protestant bishop ,milles1 ,opera 
,s4 ,cyrilli4 p4 #big4 ,in primitive    
times says ,palmer these commemorations 

7in the mass7 were accompanied by       
prayers for the departed4 ,origin4      
,liturg4 vol4 #b1 p4 #id4 ,with these   
,protestant admissions before us and    
many others collected in the ,annali    
delle ,scienze ,relig4 ,luglio #ahci1 we
 opine that the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,breeks ought
 to have been solicitous for his own    
soul rather than for that of ,mrs4      
,wolfrey1 whose inscription was dictated
 by the spirit of primitive             
,christianity4 ,the following is the    
inscription on ,thorndike's tomb at     
,westminster ,tu lector1 requiem ei et  
beatam in ,xto resurrectionem precare4  
,on ,bp4 ,barrow's tomb at ,s4 ,asaph's 
,o vos transeuntes in domum ,domini1    
domum orationis1 orate pro conservo     
vestro ut inveniat requiem in die       
,domini4 ,both were written by their own
 direction3 other ,protestant           
testimonies may be seen ap4 ,srett4 o4  
#dfb4  ,footnote #ah3 ,pope ,vigilius   
7,a4,d4 #ech47 in his epistle to        
,profuturus1 bishop of ,braga in ,spain1

 says1 that the canon never varied1 but 
that on particular festivals we make    
commemoration of the holy solemnity1 or 
of those saints whose nativities we     
celebrate4  ,footnote #ai3 ,the bread   
which we break is it not the communion  
of the body of ,christ4 #a ,cor4 ,x1    
#af4  ,footnote #bj3 ,this custom we may
 consider with ,palmer as a memorial of 
an ancient mode of communicating under  
both kinds united1 which is still       
observed in the oriental churches3 ,vol4
 #b1 p4 #adf2 or with ,le ,brim as a    
record of the practice of sending the   
particle to the priests of titular      
churches1 ,t4 #d4 ,micrologus and others
 consider this mixture as a             
representation of ,christ's             
resurrection4 ,it is very ancient1 as   
,sala shews4  ,footnote #ba3 ,st4 ,paul 
calls the ,eucharist #a ,cor4 ,x1 #af   
the cup of blessing which we bless4     
,this incidental information vouchsafed 
to us in scripture1 should lead us to be
 very cautious how we put aside other   

usages of the early church concerning   
this sacrament1 which do not happen to  
be clearly mentioned in scripture4      
,tracts for the ,times1 ,vol4 #a1 no4   
#cd4 ,the ,mass in ,cranmer's ,form of  
prayer and administration of the        
,sacraments1 which was declared by act  
of ,parliament agreable to the word of  
,god and the primitive church differs   
but little from the ,roman mass above   
described4 ,see ,pugin's ,letter on the 
proposed ,protestant ,memorial4 ,london 
#ahci4  ,footnote #bb3 ,macri in his    
,hierolexicon says1 that the ,cardinal  
kneels1 to incense the ,pope when       
seated1 from respect to his cattedra or 
chair1 which is the first see in the    
,christian church4 ,others say from     
respect to his temporal sovereignty1 the
 archbishops of ,milan are incensed with
 the same formality4 ,this custom is    
mentioned in the #acth century by ,card4
 ,giaconio ,gaetano4 ,ordo ,romanus     
,sec4 #aab4 ,a certain love of          
proportion may have had its share in the

 origin of this ceremony1 by which the  
same relative height is preserved       
between the ,pope and the ,cardinal in  
all cases in which the former is        
incensed4 ,thus also the assistant      
,bishop1 who holds the ,missal for the  
,pope1 kneels when ,he is seated1 and   
stands when ,he stands4 ,we kneel to the
 ,pope to receive his blessing1 as we do
 to bishops and even priests2 we also   
kneel from respect to his exalted       
dignity1 not only as sovereign1 but also
 as head of the ,catholic church4 ,it is
 well known that the ,british peers     
kneel even to the empty throne of their 
sovereign4 ,kneeling is a very ancient  
token of profound respect2 it was paid  
to ,joseph in ,egypt1 ,gen4 ,,xli1 #dc2 
to ,elias1 #d ,kings ,i1 #ac etc4       
,footnote #bc3 ,o that an angel says    
,st4 ,ambrose1 would appear to us also1 
when incensing the altar1 and offering  
sacrifice4 ,expl4 in4 ,luc4 l4 #a1 c4   
#be1 n4 #i4  ,footnote #bd3 ,incense is1
 as we shall see in c4 #b2 an emblem of 

prayer1 and in this sense it is offered 
to the ,b4 ,sacrament1 to ,christ       
represented by the crucifix1 and adored 
on the altar4 ,the gospel is incensed to
 signify the sweet odour which it       
communicates to our souls2 and the      
ministers of ,god1 to signify1 according
 to ,st4 ,thomas1 that ,god maketh      
manifest the odour of his knowledge by  
us in every place3 ,for we are unto ,god
 the good odour of ,christ in them who  
are saved1 and in them who perish4 #b   
,cor4 ,,ii1 #ad1 #ae4 ,in fine the bread
 and wine offered to ,god are incensed  
to signify the spices with which the    
body of ,christ was embalmed in the     
tomb2 such at least is the explanation  
given in the ,liturgy of ,st4           
,chrysostom2 and it is from the oriental
 churches that the ,latin church has    
taken this last practice4 ,incense is a 
token of respect in these and other     
cases4  ,footnote #be3 ,a taper with a  
stand1 called a bugia1 is held at divine
 service for persons in ecclesiastical  

dignity1 as a sign of distinction1 and  
to throw additional light on the book   
from which they read4 ,the taper held   
for the ,pope at the cappelle has no    
stand1 and is enkindled from a light    
concealed within the desk1 on which the 
assistant ,bishop places the missal4    
,this is a memorial of an ancient       
monastic custom mentioned by ,martene   
,lib4 #a1 ,de rit4 ,eccl4 p4 #bgg1 #bcb4
     ,,chap4 ,,ii4  ,,on ,,the          
,,ceremonies ,,of ,,palm-,,sunday       
,,contents4      ,part #a4              
,introductory4 ,mysteries and devotion  
of     holy-week--,palm-,sunday1 entry  
of ,christ into ,jerusalem--of          
,julius ,,ii into ,rome--,sixtus ,v and 
,captain ,bresca--triumphant     return 
of ,pius ,,vii to ,rome1 contrasted with
 ancient ,roman     triumphs4 ,part #b4 
,descriptive1 ,palm-sunday--lights used 
at     mass etc4--vestments--ubbidienza1
 blessing of the palms1                 
benedictions1 holy water1               
incense--distribution of the            

palms--order in which the prelates and  
others     receive them--solemn         
procession with palms1 sedia            
gestatoria--ceremonies peculiar to this 
procession--its     antiquity--,high    
mass1 its peculiar ceremonies on        
palm-sunday--,passio--,cardinal great   
,penitentiary at ,s4 ,john              
,lateran's4      ,hosanna to the son of 
,david3 blessed is he that cometh in    
the name of the ,lord1 ,hosanna in the  
highest4 ,matt4 ,,xxi1 #i4  ,sidenote3  
,p4 ,i4 ,holy-week  ,the sufferings and 
death of ,jesus ,christ are the         
mysteries which the catholic church     
commemorates during holy week4 ,on these
 days says ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom 7in    
,ps4 ,,cxciv7 was the tyranny of the    
devil overthrown1 sin and its curse were
 taken away1 heaven was opened and made 
accessible4 ,it was then becoming that  
christians should consecrate these days 
of mercy1 of grace and salvation to     
exercises of penance1 devotion1 and     
thanksgiving4 ,the imposing liturgy of  

the ,roman church is at this season more
 than usually solemn2 and it is our task
 to describe1 and endeavour to trace to 
their origin1 its varied ceremonies4    
,sidenote3 ,palm-,sunday1 ,christ's     
entry into ,jerusalem4  ,palm-sunday is 
so called from the commemoration of our 
blessed ,saviour's entry into           
,jerusalem1 when1 according to ,st4     
,john 7,,xii1 #ac7 a great multitude    
took branches of palm-trees1 and went   
forth to meet him1 and cried3 ,hosanna1 
blessed is he that cometh in the name of
 the ,lord4 ,thus when ,simon ,maccabee 
subdued ,jerusalem1 he entered it with  
thanksgiving and branches of palm-trees1
 and harps1 and cymbals1 and hymns and  
canticles1 because the great enemy was  
destroyed out of ,israel4 #a ,macc4     
,,xiii4 ,the entry of our divine        
,redeemer therefore was one of triumph3 
but it was also the entry of a king into
 his capital3 for many spread their     
garments in the way 7,mark ,,xi1 #h71 as
 when ,jehu was elected king1 7#d ,kings

 ,,ix1 #ac71 the ,israelites spread     
their garments under his feet4 ,thus    
also ,plutarch relates of ,cato of      
,utica1 that the soldiers regretting the
 expiration of his authority with many  
tears and embraces spread their         
garments1 where he passed on foot4      
,pope ,julius ,,ii returning to ,rome   
after the siege of ,mirandola           
distributed palms to the ,roman court at
 ,s4 ,maria del ,popolo2 and then rode  
in triumphal procession to the ,vatican 
passing under seven arches adorned with 
representations of his extraordinary and
 heroic deeds#bf4  ,sidenote3 ,sixtus ,v
 and ,captain ,bresca4  ,when ,sixtus   
,v4 undertook to erect in the ,piazza di
 ,san ,pietro the ponderous egyptian    
obelisk#bg1 which formerly adorned      
,nero's circus at the ,vatican1 he      
forbade on pain of death that any one   
should speak lest the attention of the  
workmen should be taken off from their  
arduous task4 ,a naval officer of ,s4   
,remo1 who happened to be present1      

foreseeing that the ropes would take    
fire1 cried out acqua alle funi4 ,he was
 immediately arrested by the ,swiss     
guards1 as we see him represented in the
 small fresco in the ,vatican library1  
and was conducted before the ,pontiff4  
,sixtus shewed that his severity was    
based on justice2 for instead of        
punishing the transgressor of his       
orders1 he offered him the choice of his
 own reward4 ,they who have observed the
 great abundance of palms which grow in 
the neighbourhood of ,s4 ,remo1 on the  
coast between ,nice and ,genoa1 will not
 be surprised to hear1 that the first   
wish of the gallant captain was to enjoy
 the privilege of supplying the         
pontifical chapel with palms4 ,the ,pope
 granted him this exclusive right and it
 is still enjoyed by one of his family4 
,sidenote3 ,return of ,pius ,,vii to    
,rome4  ,when the meek and benevolent   
,pius ,,vii was returning to ,rome from 
exile and captivity1 ,dr4 ,bresca1 one  
of the captain's descendants1 contrived1

 though not without great risk1 to      
convey to ,rome the choicest palms of   
,s4 ,remo and ,bordighera4 ,at the house
 of his friend ,viale half a mile       
outside the ,porta del ,popolo1 he      
assembled twenty five orfanelli dressed 
in their white cassocks1 and forty-five 
verginelle4 ,when the carriage of the   
beloved ,pontiff approached1 this double
 choir of children appeared1 bearing    
palms in their hands and singing joyous 
canticles of benediction but ,i must    
describe this lovely scene in the       
melodious language of the south4        
,ciascuno di essi 7says ,cancellieri7   
recava in mano una di queste palme di   
color d'oro altissime e cadenti come    
tante vaghissime piume4 ,sei zitelle    
sostenevano de'galanti panieri di       
freschissimi fiori pendenti dal loro    
collo1 con nastri bianchi e gialli1     
relativi allo stendardo ,pontificio4    
,quindi tutti si schierarono in buon    
ordine sulle due ale delta strada1 e    
mentre le ragazze versavano             

graziosamente a mani piene da' loro     
canestrelli la verzura ed i fiori1      
quella selva ondeggiante di palme1      
tributate al trionfo del ,s4 ,padre dal 
candore e dall' innocenza1 sorprese con 
la novita di uno spettacolo1 che non    
pote a meno d'intenerire1 e di muovere  
tutti gli astanti4  ,if we now look back
 for a moment to the triumphs of the    
pagan emperors1 well may we bless ,god  
for the change which the religion of    
,christ has wrought in this city4 ,after
 they had let loose war1 and famine1 and
 pestilence1 to prey upon hapless       
nations1 they ascended the ,capitol to  
offer incense with polluted hands to    
their profane gods2 and meantime the    
groans of the dying and unpitied        
princes1 whom they had reserved to      
decorate their triumph1 ascended from   
the scala ,gemonia to call down the     
vengeance of heaven upon their          
oppressors4 ,but while the pacific and  
holy vicar of ,christ returns in triumph
 to his capital1 the lips of babes and  

sucklings sing his praises1 as they did 
those of his ,divine ,master1 and he    
implores heaven to shower down          
benedictions on his enemies as well as  
his beloved children4  ,sidenote3 ,p4   
,,ii ,papal chapel on palm-sunday4      
,sidenote3 ,lights used at mass1 etc4   
,at about #i o'clock on palm-sunday     
morning the ,cardinals1 ,prelates and   
others assemble near the chapel of the  
,pieta at ,s4 ,peter's1 as at present   
the solemn service takes place in that  
basilica1 and not as formerly in the    
,sixtine chapel4 ,the crucifix over the 
altar is veiled1 in token of the        
mourning of the church over her divine  
spouse's sufferings#bh4 ,on the altar   
are six lighted candles1 and other      
torches are brought in after the        
,sanctus of the ,mass1 and held till    
after the elevation1 in honour of the   
,b4 ,sacrament1 by four acoliti         
ceroferarii#bi4  ,sidenote3 sacred      
vestments  ,as the pope is to bless and 
distribute the palms1 and a solemn      

procession is to take place1 the        
,cardinals put on their sacred          
vestments1 viz4 all of them the amice1  
the cardinal bishops the surplice and   
the cope1 the priests the chasuble1 and 
the deacons a chasuble shorter in front 
than that of the priests4 ,the auditors 
of the ,rota1 ,cherici di ,camera1      
,votanti1 and ,abbreviatori put on a    
cotta or supplice4 ,the bishops and     
mitred abbots wear the cope1 and the    
,penitenzieri or confessors of ,st4     
,peter's1 the chasuble4 ,the copes of   
the cardinal bishops are ornamented with
 a formale1 adorned with three large    
bosses or projections of pearls arranged
 in a perpendicular line1 while the     
,pope's are in a triangular order1      
evidently alluding1 to the blessed      
,trinity4 ,as this is a day of mourning1
 the sacred vestments are purple4       
,sidenote3 ubbidienza4  ,thus attired   
and holding their mitres the ,cardinals 
remain standing while the ,pope is      
vested by the assistant                 

,cardinal-deacons who put on ,his       
,holiness the amice1 alb1 girdle1 stole1
 red cope1 formale or clasp1 and mitre4 
,all then move in procession towards the
 high-altar in the order observed in the
 procession of the palms1 as described  
below3#cj the ,pope descends from ,his  
sedia gestatoria to adore the ,holy     
,sacrament with the ,cardinals etc4 ,the
 procession then goes to the high-altar2
 and having prayed for a short time     
before it1 the ,pope goes to the        
throne1#ca and there receives the       
ubbidienza or homage of all the         
cardinals present1 who in turn kiss ,his
 right hand covered with the cope4 ,this
 ceremony which takes place at all      
solemn offices1 except on good friday1  
and at masses for the dead1 bears some  
resemblance to the old homage of feudal 
times#cb4  ,sidenote3 ,blessing of the  
palms4  ,some palms are arranged on the 
altar4 ,the ,pope's chief ,sacristan1   
who is a bishop chosen from the         
,augustinian order bears one1 and kneels

 on the steps of the throne between the 
deacon and subdeacon1 who bear two      
larger palms4 ,his ,holiness reads the  
usual prayers over the palms1 sprinkles 
them with holy water1 and incenses them 
three times4  ,sidenote3 ,distribution  
of the palms4  ,when the palms have been
 blessed#cc1 the ,cardinal ,dean        
receives from the governor of ,rome and 
presents to the ,pope those three palms1
 which were borne by ,m4 ,sagrista1 the 
deacon and subdeacon4 ,one of these is  
held during the service by the prince   
assistant at the throne1 the other two  
are delivered to the care of ,m4        
,coppiere1 one of the ,camerieri segreti
 partecipanti3 the shortest is carried  
by the ,pope in the procession4 ,an     
embroidered apron is now placed over the
 ,pope's knees1 and the cardinals in    
turn receive a palm from ,him1 kissing  
the palm1 his right hand and knee4 ,the 
bishops present kiss the palm which they
 receive and his right knee3 and the    
mitred abbots and ,penitenzieri kiss the

 palm and his foot#cd1 as do all who    
come after them in the following order1 
which is observed also on good-friday at
 the kissing of the cross1 and it is    
also on candlemas-day and ash-wednesday4
  ,the ,governor1 the ,prince assistant1
 the ,uditore della ,camera1 the        
,treasurer1 the ,maggiordomo1 the       
,apostolic protonotaries2 the ,generals 
of ,religious ,orders1 the ,conservatori
 and ,prior of the ,caporioni1 the      
,maestro del ,s4 ,ospizio1 the ,uditori 
di ,rota1 the ,maestro del ,s4 ,palazzo1
 the ,votanti di ,segnatura1 the        
,abbreviatori del ,parco maggiore1 the  
priest1 deacon1 and subdeacon who assist
 the cardinal who is to celebrate mass1 
the ,masters of ceremonies1 the         
,camerieri segreti and d'onore1 the     
,consistorial advocates1 the ,cappellani
 segreti1 d'onore and comuni1 the       
,ajutanti di camera1 the bussolanti1 the
 ,procuratori generali of religious     
orders1 the ,procuratori di ,collegio1  
the singers1 the clerks of the papal    

chapel1 the cardinal's caudatarii1 the  
ostiarii1 the mace-bearers1 some        
students of the ,german college1 and in 
fine such noblemen and gentlemen as are 
admitted on this occasion to receive a  
palm from ,his ,holiness1 who is        
assisted as usual by two ,card4 deacons4
  ,during the distribution of the palms1
 the anthems ,pueri ,hebraeorum etc4 are
 sung by the choir2 and when it is      
finished1 the ,pope washes ,his hands1  
and says the usual concluding prayer3   
the prince stationed at the throne      
brings the water1 and the ,cardinal     
,dean presents the towel to ,his        
,holiness4  ,sidenote3 ,solemn          
procession4  ,the ,pope then puts       
incense into the thurible for the       
procession1 and the first ,card4 ,deacon
 turning towards the people says        
according to the old formula ,let us    
proceed in peace3 the choir answers1 in 
the name of ,christ4 ,amen'4 ,the       
procession1 in which the blessed palms  
are carried1 moves round ,s4 ,peter's1  

in the following order1 which is        
observed also for the most part on holy 
thursday and good friday4 ,the          
,procuratori di ,collegio1#ce           
,procuratori generali1 the ,bussolanti1 
the ,ajutanti di ,camera1 ,cappellani   
comuni and segreti1 the ,consistorial   
advocates1 the ,camerieri d' onore1 and 
segreti1 the singers1 the ,abbreviatori1
 ,votanti di ,segnatura1 ,cherici di    
,camera1 ,uditori di ,rota1 the         
,thurifer1 7,votante di ,segnatura71 the
 ,subdeacon 7,uditore di ,rota7 who     
carries the cross ornamented with a     
small palm1 between two acolythes       
7,votanti di ,segnatura7 carrying       
candles1 the ,penitenzieri1 the mitred  
abbots1 bishops and the ,cardinal       
deacons1 priests and bishops all wearing
 their mitres4#cf ,the ,pope is preceded
 by many officers of his guards 7who go 
to the throne towards the end of the    
distribution of palms71 the ,maestro del
 ,s4 ,ospizio1 the ,conservatori1       
,senator and ,governor of ,rome4 ,his   

,holiness is carried on his ,sedia      
gestatoria#cg under a canopy supported  
by #h ,referendarii 7prelates of the    
tribunal of ,segnatura7 between the     
flabelli carried by two of ,his         
,camerieri4 ,he is followed by the dean 
of the ,rota 7whose duty it is to bear  
,his mitre7 between two camerieri       
segreti 7who as well as two ,auditors of
 the ,rota bear ,his train when occasion
 requires71 by the ,uditore della       
,camera1 the ,treasurer1 ,maggiordomo1  
,protonotaries and ,generals of         
religious orders4  ,during the          
procession the choir sings the anthem1  
,cum appropinquaret etc4 ,when the      
procession is in the portico1 two       
soprano singers reenter the basilica1   
and shut the door3 then turning towards 
the door1 they sing the first verse of  
the hymn ,gloria1 laus et honor#ch and  
the other verses alternately with the   
choir1 which remains without4 ,the      
subdeacon knocks at the gate with the   
cross1 and it is immediately opened2 the

 procession returns into the church1 and
 the choir sings the concluding anthems4
  ,sidenote3 its antiquity4  ,the solemn
 commemoration1 which we have described1
 of ,christ's triumphant entry into     
,jerusalem1 could never have taken place
 during times of persecution3 nor did it
 originate immediately after            
,constantine had ensured peace to the   
church4 ,martene 7,de ant4 ,eccl4 ,rit4 
lib4 ,,iv1 c4 #bj7 could find no mention
 of it before the #hth or #ith century1 
when ,amalarius says ,in memory of this 
we are accustomed to carry              
palm-branches1 and cry ,hosanna4 ,merati
 however1 in his notes to ,gavant1      
considers that he has found traces of it
 in the ,gregorian and ,gelasian        
sacramentaries1 and in a ,roman calendar
 of the beginning of the fifth          
century#ci and his opinion is adopted by
 ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,the ceremonies of the
 church of ,jerusalem on this day were a
 still closer imitation of the entry of 
,christ into that city4  ,when the      

procession is ended1 the cardinals1     
bishops1 and mitred abbots take off     
their sacred vestments and the prelates 
their surplices1 and they all resume    
their respective cappe2 the             
,penitenzieri retire1 and mass is       
celebrated by a cardinal of the order of
 priests4 ,having already given an      
account not only of low mass1 but also  
of the additional ceremonies of high    
mass1 as celebrated in the papal chapel1
 we shall here mention those only which 
are peculiar to palm-sunday4  ,at those 
words of the epistle 7which is sung as  
usual by the subdeacon71 in the name of 
,jesus let every knee bow1 the whole    
assembly kneels to adore their divine   
,redeemer1 who became obedient unto     
death for our salvation4 ,the affecting 
account of ,his sufferings and death is 
then sung by three priests#dj belonging 
to the pontifical choir1 and habited as 
deacons in alb and stole4 ,the history  
itself is sung by a tenor voice1 the    
words1 of our ,saviour by a bass1 and   

those of any other single voice by a    
contralto1 called the ancilla1 as he    
sings the words of the maid to ,s4      
,peter3 the choir sings the words of the
 multitude#da4 ,the church1 mourning    
over the sufferings of her divine       
,spouse1 does not allow the incense1    
lights1 or the benediction and          
salutation usual before the gospel2 but 
the palms are borne to signify the      
triumphs consequent on ,his death as    
they are also from the elevation till   
after the communion4 ,all stand up as   
usual from respect to the holy gospel   
7as servants before their ,lord         
,amalarius7 but kneel for a short time  
at the words ,jesus crying with a loud  
voice yielded up the ghost1 to adore    
that ,god of love who died for mankind4 
,the latter part of the gospel is sung  
in the usual chant by the deacon1 but   
without the customary lights#db4 ,at the
 offertory is sung the first part of the
 beautiful hymn ,stabat ,mater3 the     
music is ,palestrina's1 and is justly   

and highly panegyrised by ,baini2 it has
 been published by ,dr4 ,burney4 ,both  
the introit and communion are sung      
without1 and the offertory with1        
counterpoint3 the ,kyrie eleison1       
,gradual and tract1 in plain chant4 ,the
 ,benedictus qui venit is usually very  
beautiful4 ,at the end of the mass1 as  
there has been no sermon1 the ,card4    
celebrant announces from the altar the  
,pope's usual grant to all present of an
 indulgence#dc or remission of the      
temporal punishment due for past sins1  
whose guilt has been already remitted4  
,sidenote3 indulgences  ,when the mass  
is ended1 the palms are carried home by 
those who have received them1 and are   
preserved with respect4 ,two larger than
 the rest are kept until the ascension1 
in the sacristy called the ,letto dei   
,paramenti because anciently the aged   
,pontiffs after their fatiguing walk to 
the stational churches used to repose on
 a letto or bed prepared for them in the
 sacristy1 where they afterwards put on 

the paramenti or vestments4 ,the paschal
 candle also1 an emblem of ,christ the  
true light1 as we shall afterwards see  
is removed on the day of the ascension3 
this circumstance may explain the       
above-mentioned custom4  ,sidenote3     
,cardinal penitentiary at ,s4 ,john     
,lateran's4  ,in the afternoon of       
palm-sunday1 the ,cardinal great        
,penitentiary goes in state to ,s4 ,john
 ,lateran's4 ,he is met1 before he      
enters their college1 by the minor      
penitentiaries1 who at this basilic are 
,franciscans1 minori osservanti4 ,having
 sprinkled those present with holy      
water1 he goes up to their private      
oratory#dd in the ,lateran palace1      
whither he is escorted by the prelates  
and other ministers of the apostolic    
,penitenzieria4 ,after a short prayer1  
he proceeds to the library1 where he    
holds the ,segnatura or tribunal for    
signing documents relating to his       
office1 and afterwards enters the       
basilic of ,st4 ,john ,lateran's1 where 

he is received by four canons4 ,here    
seated at his tribunal of penance1 he   
touches with his rod the heads of the   
prelates1 ministers and others who      
approach to him2 and for this act of    
humiliation they receive an indulgence1 
or remission of the canonical penance1  
of #ajj days4 ,he also hears the        
confessions of any persons who may      
choose to present themselves3 but the   
solution of difficult cases and         
absolution from crimes reserved to his  
jurisdiction may be obtained without    
confessing to his ,eminence on so public
 an occasion#de4  ,the ceremonies1 which
 we have described1 are designed to     
honour our divine ,redeemer1 whose      
actions and sufferings are thereby      
commemorated1 and at the same time to   
excite sentiments of devotion in the    
hearts of ,his servants4 ,here ought the
 catholic to exercise faith1 hope1 love1
 and contrition for his sins3 and all1  
of whatever country or creed they may   
be1 who are admitted with hospitality   

and liberality to witness the solemn and
 imposing service1 if they do not feel  
such noble sentiments1 ought at least to
 observe that external decorum1 which   
the season1 the place1 the hierarchy1   
and above all the commemoration of the  
sufferings of the ,god of charity will  
dictate to every well-educated and      
well-principled mind4 ,it is to be      
lamented1 that not only the devotion of 
,catholics is disturbed1 but their      
feelings also are occasionally insulted 
in their own house of worship by the    
unbecoming remarks of individuals--but  
enough3 you have not so learned ,christ3
 if yet you have heard him1 and have    
been taught in him1 as the truth is in  
,jesus4 ,ephes4 ,,iv1 #bj1 #ba4 ,if on  
this day even the inhabitants of        
,jerusalem received ,him with triumph   
and jubilee1 let us ,his disciples and  
children offer to ,him the best tribute 
in our power of love praise and         
adoration4  ,footnote #bf3 ,see         
,cancellieri1 ,solenni possessi         

de',papi1 p4 #eci4  ,footnote #bg3      
,according to ,champollion1 it was      
originally erected in ,heliopolis by    
,ramesses #gth son of the great         
,ramesses or ,sesostris2 ,pliny says by 
,nuncoreus son of ,sesostris4 ,caligula 
transported it to ,rome1 and placed it  
in the circus afterwards called ,nero's1
 where it remained standing till the    
time of ,sixtus ,v4  ,footnote #bh3 ,it 
was customary in ,lent1 says ,st4       
,audoenus1 to cover with a linen veil   
the tomb of ,eligius to conceal the     
brightness of the gold and the splendour
 of the gems4 ,vita ,s4 ,eligii l4 #b4  
c4 #dj4 ,thus does the church at this   
season put off her costly nuptial robes1
 and vest herself in weeds of deepest   
mourning4 ,the time for veiling the     
crucifix and images has varied at       
different periods4 ,the ,saturday before
 passion-sunday is now the first1 and   
holy ,saturday the last day1 of this    
observance4  ,footnote #bi3 ,s4 ,isidore
 7,a4,d4 #fjj47 observes1 that acolythes

 are called in ,latin ,ceroferarii from 
their carrying wax tapers when the      
gospel is to be read or sacrifice is to 
be offered4 ,in the eleventh century    
,micrologus testifies that ,mass1       
according to the ,ordo ,romanus1 was    
never celebrated without lights1 even in
 the day time1 as a type of the light of
 ,christ4 ,to this custom we shall recur
 in the following chapter4  ,footnote   
#cj3 ,pietro de ,marca maintains1 that  
the crucifix borne before the ,pope was 
substituted in place of the labarum or  
standard carried before the emperors4   
,that of ,constantine had the form of a 
cross1 and was surmounted with ,,xp the 
first letters of ,christ's name1 ,eus4  
,in ,vita ,const4 l4 #d4  ,footnote #ca3
 ,i shall not speak of some ancient     
ceremonies of holy week which have      
fallen into disuse1 such as the custom  
of carrying the gospel or the ,b4       
,sacrament in triumphant procession on  
,palm-,sunday1 and others alluded to by 
,cancellieri and described by ,martene1 

,de ,antiq4 ,eccl4 ,rit4  ,footnote #cb3
 ,in times of schism caused by antipopes
 it was a practice of the utmost        
importance4 ,thus we read in ,baronius' 
,annals ,a4,d4 #aafj1 that when the     
antipope ,cardinal ,octavianus1 who     
assumed the name of ,victor1 had been   
illegitimately elected1 the chapter of  
,st4 ,peter's came immediately to the   
feet of the said ,pope ,victor1 and     
obeyed obedivit and the clergy and      
people paid due reverence to him1 and a 
great multitude in like manner obeyed3  
the rectors also came to his feet1 and  
paid obedience and reverence4 ,then     
follows a long list of the clergy of    
various ,roman churches1 all of whom it 
is said that they obeyed4 ,thus1  ,the  
,lateran prior and his canons obeyed4   
,the clergy of the patriarchal church of
 ,s4 ,mary ,major's obeyed etc4  ,this  
obedience was evidently an external sign
 of their acknowledging ,victor as ,pope
 in place of ,alexander1 the legitimate 
pontiff4 ,anciently the ,pope received  

the homage of the deacons in the        
sacristy2 they afterwards went out of   
the sacristy to put on their dalmatics4 
,cancellieri de ,secretariis ,t4,i4 ,in 
the sacristy the ,pope gave the peace to
 the ,bishops1 ,cardinals1 ,prefect1    
,senator1 and other lay princes         
according to the canon ,benedict1       
,cencius ,camerarius and ,cajetan4 ,the 
ordines ,romani mention the bowing of   
the ,subdeacon at the knees of the      
,pontiff1 and the kissing of his hand by
 the priests1 the archdeacon and        
secundarius ,de secretariis ,t4 ,i1 p4  
#dji4  ,footnote #cc3 ,many forms of    
benediction of persons and things taken 
from ancient ,pontificals and manuscript
 rituals may be seen in ,martene1 ,de   
antiquis ,ecclesiae ,ritibus4 ,the      
church generally uses holy-water and    
incense when blessing ,god's creatures1 
which are sanctified by the word of ,god
 and prayer #a ,tom4 ,,iv1 #e4 ,god had 
appointed water of expiation to be used 
by the ,jews1 ,numbers ,,xix4 ,lustral  

water used to be sprinkled also by the  
,pagans2 ,terque senem flamma1 ter aqua1
 ter sulphure purget4 ,ov4 ,met4 l4 #g4 
,anastasius says that ,alexander ,i1 who
 was ,pope in #ajh appointed that water 
for sprinkling should be blessed with   
salt in private houses4 ,it is mentioned
 also in the apostolic constitutions4   
,boldetti in his ,cemeterii de' martiri 
notices the short columns supporting    
small vases1 in corners of the chapels  
in the catacombs2 and ,bottari has      
published and illustrated in his ,roma  
sotterranea an interesting fresco       
discovered in the catacombs of ,s4      
,agnese1 and representing five figures  
carrying vessels closely resembling     
those still used for holy water2 four of
 those figures carry branches supposed  
to be of the palm-tree3 the fifth holds 
an aspergillum with which holy water is 
still sprinkled4 ,a copy of this fresco 
may be seen also in ,rock's ,hierurgia1 
p4 #ffh4 ,incense is a symbol of        
prayers4 ,let my prayer1 ,o ,lord we say

 with the ,psalmist be directed as      
incense in thy sight4 ,god had appointed
 it to be used in the ,jewish worship1  
and ,st4 ,john says1 that an angel came 
and stood before the altar1 having a    
golden censer1 and there was given to   
him much incense1 that he should offer  
of the prayers of all the saints upon   
the golden altar1 which is before the   
throne of ,god3 and the smoke of the    
incense of the prayers of the saints    
ascended up before ,god1 from the hand  
of the angel4 ,apoc4 ,,viii1 #c1 #e4 ,of
 the apostolic antiquity of its use the 
,protestant bishop ,beveridge adduces   
proofs in his ,vindication of the       
apostolical canons4 ,the ancient        
liturgies of the east and west agree in 
prescribing the use of incense1 and in  
particular at the beginning of mass1 at 
the offertory etc4 ,see ,renaudot1      
,assemani1 ,le ,brun etc4 ,constantine1 
according to ,anastasius in his life of 
,s4 ,silvester1 gave two golden         
thuribles to the ,lateran basilis1 and a

 third adorned with jewels to the       
,baptistery4 ,see ,card4 ,bona1 ,rerum  
,liturgicarum lib4 ,i1 c4 ,,xxv1 ,sec4  
#i4  ,footnote #cd3 ,of the antiquity of
 the custom of kissing the ,pope's foot 
we have proofs in ,anastasius the       
librarian in the lives of ,popes        
,constantine and ,leo ,,iv4 ,when       
,valentine was elected ,pope in #hbg1   
his feet were kissed by the ,roman      
senate and people at ,s4 ,john          
,lateran's4 ,numerous instances also are
 on record of sovereigns who have kissed
 the feet of the ,popes1 and ,pouyard   
has written a dissertation to shew1 that
 this custom was anterior to that of    
marking the papal shoes or sandals with 
a cross4 ,this token of profound respect
 was given also to the emperors of the  
east at ,byzantium4  ,footnote #ce3     
,these are distinguished lawyers habited
 in black cappe4 ,for an account of the 
various offices above-mentioned and of  
their origin see ,the ,papal ,chapel1   
,described etc4 by ,c4,m4 ,baggs4 ,rome4

 #ahci4  ,footnote #cf3 ,that crosses1  
candles and incense were anciently used 
in processions appears from ,s4 ,gregory
 of ,tours1 de ,vit4 ,patrum1 c4 #ac4   
,footnote #cg3 ,the kings and chief     
magistrates of ancient ,rome were       
entitled to a sella curulis1 or chair of
 state1 which used to be placed in their
 chariots4 ,gell4 ,,iii2 #ah4 ,they were
 seated on it also at their tribunal on 
solemn occasions4 ,virgil makes old king
 ,latinus say3  ,et sellam regni        
trabeamque insignia nostri4 ,a,en4 ,,xi4
 #ccd4 ,the ,romans had borrowed it from
 the ,etruscans according to ,dionysius 
of ,halicarnassus4 7,clement of         
,alexandria observes1 ,that many of the 
rites of ,etruria were imported from    
,asia2 and ,diodorus 7lib4 #e47         
represents these insignia as derived    
from ,lydia4 ,see ,phoebens4 ,de        
,identitate ,cathedrae ,s4 ,petri p4    
,,xx4 seq47 ,it was richly adorned1     
conspicuum signis1 according to ,ovid1  
,pont4 ,,iv4 #e1 #ah4 ,in the ,pope's   

carriage even now there is a chair of   
state1 and to ,him alone is reserved the
 honour of a sedia gestatoria4 ,pope    
,stephen ,,ii in #gea was carried to the
 basilica of ,constantine on the        
shoulders of the ,romans exulting at his
 election3 and from this fact some      
derive the custom of carrying the ,pope 
in ,his chair on solemn occasions4      
,footnote #ch3 ,this hymn is attributed 
to the abbot ,theodulph afterwards      
bishop of ,orleans1 who lived in the    
#ith century4 ,if it were true1 that he 
sang it as the emperor ,louis le        
debonnaire was passing by the prison1 in
 which he was confined1 and that he was 
in consequence liberated1 we should have
 a historical reason for the shutting   
and opening of the door1 and for the    
hymn's being sung partly inside the     
church4 ,this account has however been  
called in question by ,menard1 ,macri1  
,martene and others2 and hence ,pouget1 
and after him ,benedict ,,xiv and others
 are contented with a mystic reason for 

such ceremonies1 viz1 that heaven was   
closed to man in consequence of sin1 and
 was opened to him by the cross of      
,christ4  ,footnote #ci3 ,in these it is
 called ,dominica ad ,palmas1 ,dominica 
in ,palmis1 and in the ,gregorian       
,sacramentary mention is made1 in the   
prayer which precedes communion1 of the 
faithful carrying palm-branches4        
,footnote #dj3 ,anciently a cardinal    
deacon used to read it1 and to sing only
 the words ,eli1 ,eli1 lamma            
sabachthani4  ,footnote #da3 ,the author
 of this exquisite chant is unknown3    
,baini supposes that he was a member of 
the pontifical choir3 it has been sung  
in the papal chapel since the middle of 
the #acth century4 ,in #aehe it1        
together with the rest of the service of
 holy week1 was published by ,tommaso da
 ,vittoria with the words of the people 
harmonised for #d and #e voices2 his    
method was adopted by the papal choir1  
which adorns it with many traditional   
graces1 and in particular gives         

occasionally1 says ,baini1 to the words 
of the multitude the irresistible force 
of a most robust harmony4 ,the abbate   
,alfieri has published a new edition of 
the ,passios4  ,footnote #db3 ,in       
,africa till the time of ,s4 ,augustine1
 the ,passion used to be read in holy   
week from the gospel of ,s4 ,matthew    
alone2 but by his direction1 as he      
mentions in his #bcbnd discourse1 it was
 read every year from all the four      
evangelists2 and this custom is still   
observed4  ,footnote #dc3 ,that ,god1   
after ,he has pardoned sin and          
consequently remitted its eternal       
punishment1 often1 if not generally1    
demands temporal satisfaction from the  
sinner1 is evident from many instances  
in scripture1 such as those of ,david   
7#b ,sam4 ,,xii7 of ,moses 7,deuteron4  
,,xxxii compare ,num4 ,,xiv7 to say     
nothing of ,adam 7,gen4 ,,iii7 and all  
his posterity1 who endure the temporal  
punishment of original sin1 even when   
its stain has been washed away by       

baptism4 ,now the church by virtue of   
the ample authority with which ,christ  
has invested her 7,matt4 ,,xviii1 ,john 
,,xx7 and in particular her chief pastor
 7,matt4 ,,xvi7 has from the beginning  
exercised the power of remitting the    
temporal punishment of actual sins4     
,thus ,s4 ,paul pardoned the incestuous 
,corinthian 7#b4 ,cor4 ,,ii73 in times  
of persecution the bishops at the       
request of the martyrs remitted the     
penance imposed on those who had fallen 
into idolatry 7,tersul4 lib4 ad         
martyres1 ,euseb4 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 ,v1
 c4 #d4 ,s4 ,cyprian4 ,epist4 ,,xiii    
etc471 to say nothing of canons of the  
#dth century which prescribe that       
indulgences should be granted to fervent
 penitents1 of the crusades1 and of the 
indulgences granted to those who        
contributed money for the building of   
,s4 ,peter's1 etc4 ,indulgences         
presuppose repentance and confession1   
and the performance of those good works 
which are prescribed as conditions      

necessary for their acquisition1 as     
communion1 prayers1 alms etc4  ,footnote
 #dd3 ,it was built by ,calixtus ,,ii1  
and was for two centuries and a half the
 ,vestry of the ,roman ,pontiffs4 ,it   
was repaired and consecrated in #agdg4  
,see ,cancellieri4 ,de ,secretariis ,t4 
,i1 p4 #cdb4  ,footnote #de3 ,in the    
third century1 in the time of ,pope     
,cornelius there were priests appointed 
to absolve those who had fallen into    
idolatry2 and they were called          
,presbyteri ,paenitentium4 ,s4          
,marcellus also1 according to           
,anastasius1 after the persecution      
raised by ,diocletian1 appointed in     
,rome titular churches1 in which penance
 as well as baptism were administered by
 priests1 the former sacrament is       
conferred by the minor penitentiaries4  
,pope ,simplicius in fine1 as we learn  
from the same author1 destined fixed    
weeks at ,s4 ,peter's1 ,s4 ,paul's1 and 
,s4 ,laurence's1 to receive penitents   
and administer baptism4 ,from the usual 

custom of ,rome in such matters1        
,zaccaria argues that during the first  
five or six centuries1 according to the 
general custom proved by ,thomassin1 the
 great penitentiary was the bishop      
himself of the city in which they       
resided4 ,it is however certain1 that in
 the #dth century from the numerous     
priests of ,constantinople one was      
selected called a penitentiary1 who took
 cognisance of crimes1 to which public  
penance was annexed by the canons4 ,at  
,rome also there was a cardinal         
penitentiary long before the fourth     
council of ,lateran1 which in #abae     
prescribed that bishops should appoint  
penitentiaries1 for ,berthod priest of  
,constance relates in his chronicle1    
that in the year #ajhd he was promoted  
to the dignity of cardinal-priest and   
penitentiary of the ,roman church4      
,,chap ,,iii4  ,,on ,,the ,,divine      
,,office1 ,,and ,,the ,,office ,,of     
,,tenebrae ,,in ,,particular4           
,,contents4      ,,part #a4             

,introductory4 ,breviary--,divine       
office1 its     origin--performed by the
 early ,christians--ancient and modern  
editions of the breviary4 ,,part #b4    
,descriptive4 ,office of                
,tenebrae--,matins and                  
,lauds--extinction of the               
lights--meaning     of this             
ceremony--chant1                        
lamentations--conclusions of the        
office--,miserere1 its music--,card4    
,penitentiary at ,s4 ,mary     ,major's4
 ,trinita dei ,pellegrini4      ,i will 
bless the ,lord at all times3 his praise
 shall     always be in my mouth4 ,ps4  
,,xxxiii1 #b4      ,he humbled himself1 
becoming obedient unto death1 even the  
death of the cross4 ,phil4 ,,ii1 #h4    
,sidenote3 ,p4 ,i4 ,breviary4  ,we shall
 not hesitate to borrow the following   
account of the church office contained  
in the ,roman ,breviary from a          
,protestant divine 7,tracts of the      
,times no4 #ge74 ,the word ,breviarum   
first occurs in the work of an author of

 the eleventh century 7,micrologus7 and 
it is used to denote a compendium or    
systematic arrangement of the devotional
 offices of the church4 ,till that time 
they were contained in several          
independent volumes1 according to the   
nature of each4 ,such1 for instance1    
were the ,psalteria1 ,homilaria1        
,hymnaria1 and the like1 to be used in  
the service in due course4 ,but at his  
memorable era1 and under the auspices of
 the ,pontiff who makes it memorable1   
,gregory ,,vii1 an ,order was drawn up1 
for the use of the ,roman church1       
containing in one all these different   
collections1 introducing the separate   
members of each in its proper place1 and
 harmonising them together by the use of
 rubrics4  ,sidenote3 ,divine office1   
its origin4  ,gregory ,,vii did but     
restore and harmonise these offices2    
which seem to have existed more or less 
the same in constituent parts1 though   
not in order and system1 from ,apostolic
 times4 ,in their present shape they are

 appointed for seven distinct seasons in
 the twenty four hours1 and consist of  
prayers1 praises and thanksgivings of   
various forms2 and1 as regards both     
contents and hours1 are the continuation
 of a system of worship observed by the 
,apostles and their converts4 ,as to    
contents1 the ,breviary service consists
 of the ,psalms2 of ,hymns and          
,canticles2 of ,lessons and ,texts from 
inspired and ,ecclesiastical authors2 of
 ,antiphons1 ,verses and ,responses1 and
 ,sentences2 and of ,collects4 ,and     
analogous to this seems to have been the
 usage of the ,corinthian ,christians1  
whom ,st4 ,paul blames for refusing to  
agree in some common order of worship1  
when they came together1 every one of   
them having a ,psalm1 or a doctrine1 a  
tongue1 a revelation1 an interpretation 
7#a ,cor4 ,,xiv1 #bf74 ,on the other    
hand1 the catholic seasons of devotion  
are certainly derived from apostolic    
usage4 ,the ,jewish observance of the   
third1 sixth and ninth hours for prayer1

 was continued by the inspired founders 
of the ,christian church4 ,what ,daniel 
had practised1 even when the decree was 
signed forbidding it1 kneeling on his   
knees three times a day1 and praying and
 giving thanks unto his ,god1 ,s4 ,peter
 and the other ,apostles were solicitous
 in preserving4 ,it was when they were  
all with one accord in one place1 at the
 third hour of the day1 that the ,holy  
,ghost came down upon them at           
,pentecost4 ,it was at the sixth hour1  
that ,st4 ,peter went up upon the       
house-top to pray and saw the vision    
revealing to him the admission of the   
gentiles into church4 ,and it was at the
 ninth hour that ,peter and ,john went  
up together into the temple1 being the  
hour of prayer4 ,but though these were  
the more remarkable seasons of devotion1
 there certainly were others besides    
them in the first age of the church4    
,after our ,saviour's departure1 the    
,apostles1 we are informed1 all         
continued with one accord in prayer and 

supplication1 with the women1 and ,mary 
the mother of ,jesus1 and with ,his     
brethren3 and with this accords the     
repealed exhortation to pray together   
without ceasing1 which occurs in ,st4   
,paul's epistles4 ,it will be observed  
that he insists in one passage on prayer
 to the abridgment of sleep 7,eph4 ,,vi1
 #ah72 and one recorded passage of his  
life exemplifies his precept3 ,and at   
midnight ,paul and ,silas prayed1 and   
sang praises unto ,god1 and the         
prisoners heard them4  ,in subsequent   
times the ,hours of prayer were         
gradually developed from the three1 or  
7with midnight7 the four seasons above  
enumerated1 to seven1 viz4 by the       
addition of ,prime 7the first hour71    
,vespers 7the evening71 and ,compline   
7bedtime72 according to the words of the
 ,psalm1 ,seven times a day do ,i praise
 ,thee1 because of ,thy righteous       
judgment4 ,other pious and instructive  
reasons existed1 or have since been     
perceived for this number4#df ,thus far 

our ,protestant author1 with whose      
remarks we are too well pleased to go   
out of our way to dispute with him the  
truth of some other portions of his     
tract1 which are objectionable4         
,sidenote3 ,performed by the early      
,christians4  ,that the early           
,christians continued after the time of 
the apostles to observe the hours of    
prayer above enumerated is proved by    
,martene 7,de ,ant4 ,eccl4 ,rit4 ,t4 #c7
 who has collected many decisive        
passages from the ,greek and ,latin     
,fathers4 ,we shall content ourselves   
with one taken from a work on prayer by 
,s4 ,cyprian1 bishop of ,carthage in the
 third century4 ,having mentioned       
,daniel's practice of praying three     
times a day1 he observes1 that it is    
manifest that there was something       
mysterious or symbolical in the ancient 
practice4 ,for the holy ,ghost descended
 on the disciples at the third hour2 at 
the sixth hour ,peter going to the      
house-top was instructed by ,god to     

admit all to the grace of salvation2 and
 the ,lord1 who was crucified at the    
sixth hour1 washed away our sins with   
his blood at the ninth hour1 and        
completed the victory by his passion4   
,for us however1 besides the hours      
anciently observed1 the times and also  
the symbols of prayer have increased4   
,for we must pray in the morning1 to    
celebrate the resurrection of the ,lord2
 also when the sun recedes and the day  
ceases2 for ,christ is the true sun and 
the true day1 and when we pray that the 
light of ,christ may again come upon us1
 we pray that his coming may impart to  
us the grace of eternal light3 and let  
us who are always in ,christ1 that is1  
in the light1 not cease from prayer at  
night4 ,see also ,dr4 ,cave's ,primitive
 ,christianity ,part4 #a1 c4 #i4        
,sidenote3 ,editions of the breviary4   
,the old ,roman breviary says the author
 of ,tract #ge above quoted had long    
before ,gregory ,,vii's time been       
received in various parts of ,europe2   

and in ,england since the time of       
,gregory the great who after the pattern
 of ,leo and ,gelasius before him had   
been a reformer of it4 ,the people used 
anciently to join with the clergy in    
offering this1 constant tribute of      
praise to ,god2 but the duty of daily   
reciting it is obligatory only upon the 
,catholic clergy1 and religious orders4 
,s4 ,benedict shortened it considerably1
 7as ,grancolas observes1 ,com4 ,hist4  
in ,brev4 ,rom47 ,new editions and      
emendations of it were published        
successively by the authority of ,st4   
,gregory ,,vii1 ,nicholas ,,iii1 and    
,clement ,,vii1 and finally the ,roman  
,breviary at present used was restored  
by order of the ,council of ,trent1     
published by ,pope ,pius ,v1 and revised
 by ,clement ,,viii1 and ,urban ,,viii4 
,it follows closely1 as ,merati         
observes1 that first adopted by the     
regular-clerks in the #afth century1 and
 resembles the edition published by     
,haymo1 general of the ,franciscans1 and

 authorised by ,nicholas ,,iii 7,a4,d4  
#abgh74 ,hence it is called by the      
author of ,tract #ge the ,franciscan    
,breviary4 ,it is however founded upon  
the old ,roman ,breviary1 which the     
,franciscans by the direction of their  
holy founder had adopted3 for according 
to ,rodolfo1 dean of ,tongres ,cap4     
,,xxii1 when the ,popes dwelt at the    
,lateran1 the office of the ,papal      
chapel was much shorter than that of the
 other churches of ,rome2 it was        
composed by ,innocent ,,iii1 and was    
adopted by the ,franciscans instituted  
at his time4 ,nicolas ,,iii ordered that
 all the ,roman churches should use the 
,franciscan ,breviary as reformed by    
,haymo1 in #abda4 ,our own daily        
service1 says the above-mentioned       
minister of the church of ,england is   
confessedly formed upon the ,breviary4  
,sidenote3 ,p4 ,,ii4 ,office of         
,tenebrae4  ,having premised thus much  
on the office in general1 we may now    
return to holy-week4 ,besides           

palm-sunday1 three other days in the    
week are particularly devoted to the    
commemoration of the history of our     
redemption2 holy-thursday1 because on it
 our ,lord instituted the blessed       
,eucharist1 and his passion began2      
good-friday1 on which ,he was crucified 
and died2 and holy saturday1 on which   
,his sacred body remained in the tomb4  
,the church commences her solemn service
 of each of these days with that part of
 the divine office called matins and    
lauds1 and at this time ,tenebrae from  
the darkness with which it concludes4   
,it used of old to be celebrated at     
night1 as it still is by some religious 
communities#dg2 but it now takes place  
on the afternoon preceding each of those
 three days4 ,nor is this unusual3 for  
the ecclesiastical day is considered to 
begin with the evening or ,vesper       
service1 according to the ,jewish       
reckoning1 as alluded to in the text4   
,in the evening and morning and at noon 
day will ,i pray1 and that instantly4   

7,tracts of the ,times1 ,no4 #ge74      
,sidenote3 ,matins and ,lauds4  ,the    
office of ,matin so called from ,matuta 
or ,aurora consists at ,tenebrae of     
three nocturns4 ,each of these is       
composed of three appropriate psalms    
with their anthems1 followed by three   
lessons taken from scripture or the     
fathers4 ,immediately after matins1     
,lauds or the praises of ,god are sung3 
they consist of five psalms besides the 
,benedictus or canticle of ,zachary1 to 
which succeeds the ,miserere or #ejth   
psalm4 ,some of the short prayers       
usually said are omitted3 for the church
 during this season of mourning strips  
her liturgy as well as her altars of    
their usual ornaments#dh4  ,sidenote3   
,extinction of the lights4  ,a          
triangular candlestick1 upon which are  
placed fifteen candles1 corresponding to
 the number of psalms recited before the
 ,miserere1 is peculiar to this solemn  
office1 and is placed at the            
epistle-side of the altar4 ,after each  

psalm one of the candles is extinguished
 by a ,master of ceremonies1 and after  
the ,benedictus the candle placed on the
 top of the triangular candlestick is   
not extinguished1 but is concealed      
behind the altar and brought out at the 
end of the service2 while that canticle 
is sung1 the six candles on the altar   
also are extinguished1 as well as those 
above the cancellata or rails#di4       
,sidenote3 ,meaning of this ceremony4   
,lamps and candelabra were presented to 
the sanctuary by the faithful during the
 first ages of persecution2 and in more 
tranquil times to the basilicas by      
,constantine and others who erected or  
dedicated them4 ,they were lighted1 as  
,s4 ,jerome observes1 in the day time   
not to drive away darkness1 but as a    
sign of joy3 and therefore the custom of
 gradually extinguishing them at the    
office of ,tenebrae we may justly       
consider with ,amalarius as a sign of   
mourning1 or of the sympathy of the     
church with her divine and suffering    

,spouse4 ,the precise number of lights  
is determined by that of the psalms1    
which is the same as at ordinary matins 
of three nocturns4  ,the custom of      
concealing behind the altar during the  
last part of the office the last and    
most elevated candle1 and of bringing it
 forward burning at the end of the      
service1 is a manifest allusion to the  
death and resurrection of ,christ1 whose
 light1 as ,micrologus observes1 is     
represented by our burning tapers4 ,i am
 the light of the world4 ,john ,,viii4  
#abej4 ,in the same manner the other    
candles extinguished one after another  
may represent the prophets successively 
put to death before their divine ,lord3 
and if we consider that the psalms of   
the old ,testament are recited at the   
time1 this explanation may appear more  
satisfactory than others1 which would   
refer them to the blessed ,virgin1 the  
apostles and disciples of ,christ#ea4   
,in the triangular form of the          
candlestick is contained an evident     

allusion to the ,b4 ,trinity4 ,this     
candlestick is mentioned in a ,,ms4     
,ordo of the #gth century published by  
,mabillon4  ,sidenote3 ,chant1          
lamentations4  ,the anthems and psalms1 
with the exception of the ,miserere     
which is the last psalm at ,lauds1 most 
of the lessons and other parts of the   
office1 are sung in plain chant4 ,from  
the middle of the #aeth century the     
three lamentations or first three       
lessons of each day used to be sung in  
canto figurato in the papal chapel3 but 
by order of ,sixtus ,v1 only the first  
lamentation of each day is thus sung1   
and even it is much shortened1 as       
,clement ,,xii directed3 the two others 
are sung in canto piano according to    
,guidetti's method4 ,the first          
lamentation both of the first and second
 day is by the celebrated ,pierluigi da 
,palestrina3 that of the third day by   
,allegri4 ,baini observes1 that the     
first lamentation of the second day is  
considered the finest3 ,palestrina      

composed it for four voices1 besides a  
bass1 which entering at the pathetic    
apostrophe ',jerusalem1 ,jerusalem1 be  
converted to the ,lord' every year makes
 all the hearers and singers1 who have a
 soul1 change colour4 ,bayni1 ,mem4     
,stor4 ,t4 #a4 ,the lamentations of     
,jeremiah have the form of an acrostic1 
that is1 the verses begin with the      
letters of the ,hebrew alphabet in      
regular order1 the first with ,aleph1   
the second with ,beth1 and so in        
succession4 ,it was difficult to observe
 a similar order in the ,latin ,vulgate3
 but to preserve some vestige of it1 the
 name of the ,hebrew letter1 with which 
each verse begins in the original1 is   
sung before the same verse in the       
translation4  ,sidenote3 ,conclusion of 
the office4  ,when the ,benedictus or   
canticle of ,zachary and its anthem are 
finished1 the choir sings the verse     
,christ was made for us obedient even   
unto death3 on the second night they add
 even unto the death of the cross3 and  

on the third1 for which reason ,god hath
 exalted him1 and hath given him a name1
 which is above all names4 ,the heart of
 the christian is melted to devotion by 
these words1 sung on so solemn an       
occasion3 he kneels before his crucified
 ,redeemer1 and recites that prayer of  
love1 that prayer of a child to his     
,father which ,he that man of sorrows   
dictated to ,his beloved disciples2 and 
then remembering those sins1 by which he
 offended that dear and agonising       
parent1 and touched with sorrow and     
repentance1 yet more and more excited by
 the music1 ,i might almost call it     
celestial1 his heart calls loudly for   
that mercy to obtain which ,jesus died4 
,he joins with ,god's minister in       
fervently repeating the prayer imploring
 ,god's blessing on those for whom      
,christ suffered and died3 the noise    
which follows it recals to his mind the 
confusion of nature at the death of her 
creator2 the lighted candle once more   
appearing reminds him that ,his death   

was only temporary3 and he departs in   
silence impressed with pious sentiments1
 and inflamed with devout affections4   
,sidenote3 ,miserere1 its music4  ,they 
who have assisted at the office of      
,tenebrae will not be surprised at the  
saying of a philosopher1 that for the   
advantage of his soul he would wish1    
that when he was about to render it up  
to ,god1 he might hear sung the         
,miserere of the ,pope's chapel4 ,in no 
other place has this celebrated music   
succeeded4 ,baini the director of the   
,pontifical choir1 in a note to his life
 of ,palestrina1 observes that ,paride  
de ,grassi1 ,master of ceremonies to    
,leo ,x1 mentions that on holy wednesday
 7,a4,d4 #aeai71 the singers chanted the
 ,miserere in a new and unaccustomed    
manner1 alternately singing the verses  
in symphony4 ,this seems to be the      
origin of the far-famed ,miserere4      
,various authors1 whom ,baini           
enumerates1 afterwards composed         
,miserere#eb2 but the celebrated        

composition of ,gregorio ,allegri a     
,roman1 who entered the ,papal college  
of singers in #afbi1 was the most       
successful1 and was for some time sung  
on all the three days of ,tenebrae4     
,then one composed by ,alessandro       
,scarlatti1 or that of ,felice ,anerio1 
used to be sung on holy thursday3 but   
these were eclipsed by the ,miserere1   
composed in #abad by ,tommase ,bai a    
,bolognese1 director of the choir of ,s4
 ,peter's4 ,from that time only         
,allegri's and ,bai's were sung in the  
,pope's chapel2 till ,pius ,,vii        
directed the celebrated ,baini to       
compose a new ,miserere1 which has      
received well-merited applause4 ,since  
the year #ahba all three1 viz4 ,baini's1
 ,bai's1 and ,allegri's ,misereres are  
sung on the three successive days1 and  
generally in the order in which we have 
mentioned them3 the two latter are      
sometimes blended together4 ,the first  
verse is sung in harmony1 the second in 
plain chant1 and so successively till   

the last verse1 which alone is sung in  
harmony by both the choirs1 into which  
the singers are divided2 only one choir 
sings the other verses#ec4  ,sidenote3  
,cardinal penitentiary  ,sidenote3      
,trinita dei ,pellegrini  ,on           
,wednesday-afternoon1 the ,cardinal     
great ,penitentiary goes in state to ,s4
 ,mary ,major's1 where the minor        
,penitentiaries are ,dominicans4 ,for an
 account of this custom see the         
preceding chapter4 ,on ,wednesday1      
,thursday and ,friday evenings1         
,christians may be edified at the       
,trinita dei ,pellegrini#ed by the sight
 of ,cardinals1 princes1 prelates and   
others1 washing in good earnest1 and    
afterwards kissing the feet of poor     
pilgrims1 while they recite with them   
the ,our ,father1 ,hail ,mary1 ,glory be
 to the ,father1 and other beautiful    
prayers1 such as2    ,gesu1 ,giuseppe1  
,maria1   ,vi dono il cuore e l' anima  
mia4   ,gesu1 ,giuseppe1 ,maria1        
,assisteleci nell' ultima agonia1 etc4  

,they afterwards wait on them at table1 
and accompany them to their beds1       
reciting other devout prayers4 ,in      
another part of that establishment1     
princesses and other ladies practise the
 same offices of charity towards the    
female pilgrims4 ,here might we fancy   
that the primitive christians were      
before us1 those men of charity1        
simplicity1 and lowliness3 and when in  
the same place1 a few years ago1 that   
devout ,pontiff ,leo ,,xii on his knees 
washed and kissed the feet of pilgrims1 
who had journeyed from afar2 who that   
saw him did not call to mind with tears 
the lowliness and charity of his        
predecessor ,peter1 and of a greater    
than ,peter1 who washed the feet of his 
disciples1 and who wiped them with the  
towel wherewith he was girded4  ,marius 
mourned over the ruins of ,carthage2 but
 his was the sorrow of disappointed1    
selfish ambition4 ,jeremiah lamented the
 fall and desolation of ,jerusalem3 and 
his plaintive accents were inspired by  

genuine patriotism and religion4        
,observe his venerable figure in the    
,sixtine chapel2 there he sits pensive  
and disconsolate1 with his legs crossed1
 his wearied head resting upon his hand1
 and his eyes rivetted on the ground1 as
 if nothing could engage his attention  
but the woes of the daughter of         
,sion#ee4 ,then listen to the           
lamentations of this inspired and       
afflicted prophet3 they are full of     
deepest pathos1 and uttered in notes    
sweet as the warblings of philomel4     
,turn now1 ,o ,christian soul1 to a more
 sublime and mournful spectacle4 ,jesus 
in the garden of ,gethsemani and on     
mount ,calvary mourned not for a single 
city or nation3 he sorrowed over the    
ruins of a world1 not as of old ,noah   
may have done1 when secure from danger  
he looked down upon the waters which    
overspread the earth2 but ,he was       
wounded for our iniquities1 and he was  
bruised for our sins3 and the ,lord hath
 laid on him the iniquities of us all1  

,he suffered and died for us4 ,the moral
 ruins of the world1 our sins and their 
awful consequences1 caused all the pangs
 and sorrows of ,jesus4 ,come then let  
us cast ourselves at the foot of that   
cross1 and cry aloud for mercy with a   
contrite and humble heart1 which ,he    
will never despise4 ,to ,thee alone1    
shall we say1 have we sinned1 and have  
done evil before thee2 yet have mercy on
 us1 ,o ,god1 according to thy great    
mercy4 ,and thou1 ,o blessed ,virgin and
 ,mother1 who standest in silent anguish
 beneath the cross of thy agonising     
,son#ef1 would that we could feel love  
and sorrow like unto thine4    ,eja     
mater fons amoris   ,me sentire vim     
doloris   ,fac1 ut tecum lugeam4   ,fac1
 ut ardeat cor meum   ,in amando        
,christum ,deum1   ,ut sibi complaceam4 
,amen4  ,footnote #df3 ,see also        
,palmer's ,origines ,liturgicae1 ,vol4  
#a ,antiq4 of the ,english ritual c4 #a1
 p4 #a4 ,both writers do not hesitate to
 admit that the breviary is the great   

source of the ,church of ,england's     
,morning and ,evening prayer4  ,footnote
 #dg3 ,our divine ,lord sometimes passed
 the night in prayer2 and the early     
,christians1 as ,pliny informs his      
master ,trajan1 used to assemble before 
the light to sing a hymn to ,christ4    
,lucian as well as ,ammianus            
,marcellinus complained of their        
spending the night in singing hymns4 ,s4
 ,jerome in fine writes to ,eustoch4    
7,ep4 #bb7 that besides the daily hours 
of prayers we should rise twice and     
thrice at night4  ,footnote #dh3 ,in the
 mass and office for the dead several   
prayers and ceremonies otherwise        
prescribed are omitted3 so on this      
occasion1 says ,benedict ,,xiv1 the     
church forgetting all things else thinks
 only of bewailing the sins of mankind1 
and condoling with ,christ our ,redeemer
 in ,his sufferings4 ,as for the        
antiquity of this service1 ,martene     
remarks 7lib4 ,,iv1 c4 #bb7 that the    
order of the nocturnal and diurnal      

offices of holy-thursday is found1 such 
as we now observe it1 in the ancient    
,antiphonarium of the ,roman church1 and
 in that of ,s4 ,gregory published by   
,b4 ,tommasi1 so that there has been    
scarcely any variation during the last  
thirteen hundred years4  ,footnote #di3 
,when the ,pope officiates1 the eight   
candles over the cancellata are lighted3
 six are lighted for a ,cardinal1 and   
four for a ,bishop4 ,amalarius priest of
 ,metz in the ninth century 7,de ordine 
antiphonarii71 mentions the extinction  
of the lights in the office of these    
three days4 ,it would seem however1 that
 it was not then customary at ,rome1 for
 ,theodore1 archdeacon of the ,roman    
church1 in answer to his enquiries had  
said to him ,i am usually with the      
,apostolic ,lord at the ,lateran1 when  
the office of ,coena ,domini 7,holy     
,thursday7 is celebrated1 and it is not 
customary to extinguish the lights4 ,on 
,good ,friday there is no light of lamps
 or tapers in the church in ,jerusalem  

7,santa ,croce7 as long as the          
,apostolic ,lord offers up solemn       
prayers there1 or when the cross is     
saluted4 ,this latter custom is still   
continued4  ,footnote #ej3 ,in          
confirmation of this explanation we may 
observe1 that the candle is placed      
behind the altar after the ,benedictus  
during the anthem alluding to ,christ's 
passion1 and remains there while the    
verse ',christ became obedient unto     
death' the psalm ,miserere1 and the     
prayer which mentions the crucifixion1  
are sung4  ,footnote #ea3 ,see such     
opinions ap4 ,benedict4 ,,xiv1 ,de      
festis ,lib4 #a1 c4 #e4 ,the system of  
,du ,vert1 who would reject all mystical
 and symbolical significations          
attributed to the church-ceremonies1 has
 been satisfactorily confuted by        
,langlet1 ,le ,brun1 ,tournely and other
 divines4  ,footnote #eb3 ,tartini's and
 ,pisari's lasted only one year each4   
,footnote #ec3 ,persons1 who go         
immediately after the service in the    

,sixtine chapel to ,s4 ,peter's1 are    
generally in time for part if not the   
whole of the ,miserere sung in that     
,basilic4 ,the compositions of          
,fioravanti the late1 ,basili the       
present1 master1 and ,zingarelli1 are   
sung there4  ,footnote #ed3 ,see        
,reminiscences of ,rome4 ,letter #dth4  
,london1 #ahch ,on pilgrimages and      
pilgrims see ,mores ,catholici ,book    
#dth1 ch4 #eth4 ,s4 ,philip ,neri       
founded the ,confraternity of ,trinita  
dei ,pellegrini4    ,footnote #ee3      
444 lia fatto alla guancia   ,della sua 
palma sospirando letto4 ,dante ,pur4    
,,vii4  ,sed frons laeta parum et       
dejecto lumina vultu4 ,virg4 ,a,eu4     
,,vi1 #hfc4 ,see the learned canon4 ,de 
,jorio's ,munica degli antichi1 art4    
,dolore1 ,mestizia4 ,we may add that    
conquered provinces are often           
represented in a similar attitude as    
statues1 on bas-reliefs1 and on medals4 
,see for instance1 ,judaea ,capta1 a    
reverse of ,vespasian1 ap4 ,addison1    

,dialogues on ancient medals4  ,footnote
 #ef3 ,now there stood by the cross of  
,jesus his mother4 ,john ,,xix1 #be4    
,,chap4 ,,iv4  ,,on ,,the ,,ceremonies  
,,of ,,holy ,,thursday   ,,contents4    
,general character of the liturgy of    
holy thursday--its ancient              
form--blessing of the oils at ,s4       
,peter's1 communion under     one       
kind--origin and explanation of the     
blessing and     salutation of the      
oils--,high mass in the ,sixtine chapel1
     troccole--procession of the ,b4    
,sacrament to the ,pauline              
chapel--antiquity of                    
processions--reservation of the ,b4     
,sacrament--,papal benediction from ,s4 
,peter's1 flabelli--bull     in ,coena  
,domini--washing of the feet--dinner of 
the     apostles--antiquity and meaning 
of this custom of     washing           
feet--customs of other churches3        
,leonardo da ,vinci1     ,michelangelo1 
,dante--,cardinals' public dinner       
etc4--,tenebrae3     ,card4             

,penitentiary--recapitulation of the    
principal ceremonies     of the day--,s4
 ,peter's on holy thursday-evening3     
washing of     the high-altar--antiquity
 and meaning of the stripping and       
washing of the altars--conclusion4      
,before the festival day of the pasch1  
,jesus knowing that     his hour was    
come1 that he should pass out of this   
world to     the ,father1 having loved  
his own who were in the world1 he       
loved them to the end4 ,john ,,xiii1 #a4
  ,sidenote3 ,liturgy of holy-thursday  
,during the last three days of holy-week
 the church celebrates the funeral      
obsequies of her ,divine ,spouse3 and   
hence there are numerous signs of       
mourning in her temples1 in her liturgy1
 and in the dress of her ministers4 ,on 
thursday however1 a passing gleam of    
heavenly light irradiates the solemn    
gloom in which she is enveloped3 for on 
this day ,jesus ,christ1 having loved   
his own even unto the end1 instituted   
the holy sacrament1 the staff of our    

pilgrimage1 our solace in affliction1   
our strength in temptation1 the source  
of all virtue1 and the pledge of        
everlasting life4 ,accordingly the      
liturgy of holy-thursday bears the      
impress both of sorrow and of gladness3 
it is not unlike a fitful day of ,april 
in our northern climes1 when the sun now
 bursts from the clouds which had       
concealed his brilliancy1 and now once  
more the sky is shrouded in murky       
gloom--an apt emblem this of the        
over-changing state of man1 who at one  
moment quaffs the inebriating cup of    
earthly joys1 and yet a little1 and it  
is dashed from his grasp2 and sickness1 
sorrow and death are his portion4       
,sidenote3 its ancient form4  ,anciently
 three masses used to be celebrated at  
,rome#eg on this day1 as is evident from
 the sacramentary of pope ,gelasius2 and
 at all the three the ,pope himself     
officiated4 ,at the first the public    
penitents were absolved3#eh at the      
second the oils were blessed2 the last  

7ad vespertinum officium7 was intended  
to commemorate the institution of the   
blessed ,sacrament4 ,public penance     
gradually declined in the western church
 after the seventh century2 and the     
three masses are now reduced to one4    
,that of the ,sixtine chapel1 at which  
the ,pope assists1 differs very little  
from ordinary ,masses celebrated there1 
and the concourse of persons is         
generally very great4  ,sidenote3       
,blessing of the oils at ,s4 ,peter's   
,sidenote3 ,communion under one kind4   
,the oils are blessed in ,s4 ,peter's   
during mass1 by the ,card4 archpriest1  
or a ,bishop in his stead4 ,they are    
three1 viz4 #a the oil of catechumens1  
used in blessing baptism1 in            
consecrating churches and altars1 in    
ordaining priests1 and in blessing and  
crowning sovereigns3 #b the oil of the  
sick used in administering extreme      
unction and in blessing bells3 #c sacred
 chrism1 composed of oil1 and balm of   
,gilead or of the west ,indies#ei3 it is

 used in conferring baptism and         
confirmation1 in the consecration of    
bishops1 of patens and chalices1 and in 
the blessing of bells4 ,the ,roman      
,pontifical prescribes1 that besides the
 bishop and the usual ministers1 there  
should be present twelve priests1 seven 
deacons1 and seven subdeacons1 all      
habited in white vestments4 ,after the  
elevation at those words of the canon1  
,per quem haec omnia etc4 a little      
before the ,pater noster1 the ,bishop   
sits down before a table facing the     
altar1 and exorcises and blesses the oil
 for the sick1 which is brought in by a 
subdeacon4 ,he then proceeds with the   
mass1 and gives communion to the        
ministers and the rest of the under the 
form of bread alone#fj4 ,having received
 the ablutions1 he returns to the table 
above mentioned1 and awaits the coming  
of the procession of the priests1       
deacons1 subdeacons etc4 ,in it1 the    
balsam is carried by a subdeacon1 etc4  
the oil for the chrism and that for the 

catechumens by two deacons3 and meantime
 the choir sings appropriate verses4    
,the bishop blesses the balsam1 and     
mixes it with some oil2 he then breathes
 three times in the form of a cross over
 the vessel of chrism1 as do the twelve 
priests also4 ,next follows the         
blessing1 and then the salutation1 of   
the chrism3 the latter is made #c times 
by the bishop and each of the twelve    
priests in succession1 saying1 ,hail    
holy chrism1 after which they kiss the  
vessel which contains it4 ,the oil of   
catechumens is blessed and saluted in   
like manner3 and the procession returns 
to the sacristy2 in the mean time the   
bishop concludes the mass2 and thus this
 solemn rite terminates4  ,sidenote3    
,origin of the blessing of the oils4    
,the oil of the sick is mentioned in the
 well-known passage of ,st4 ,james ,v1  
#ad ,is any man sick among you2 let him 
bring in the priests of the church1 and 
let them pray over him1 anointing him   
with oil in the name of the ,lord etc4  

,at the beginning of the fifth century  
also1 ,pope ,innocent ,i observes that  
it is the office of the bishop to make  
or prepare 7conficere7 this holy of     
chrism or unction3 and in the           
,sacramentary of ,pope ,gregory the     
great the rite2 by which this oil was   
blessed and administered to the sick1 is
 described4 ,chrism and the oil of      
catechumens also are mentioned by many  
ancient ,fathers4 7,see ,turnely ,t4 #g 
de ,sacram4 ,bapt4 et ,confirm1 etc47#fa
 ,st4 ,basil in the #dth century        
attributes the origin of the custom of  
blessing the oils to tradition4 ,we     
bless the water of baptism and the oil  
of unction1 as well as the person who   
receives baptism4 ,by what scriptures8  
,is it not from silent and secret       
tradition8 7,de ,spir4 ,s4 c4 #bg74 ,it 
is mentioned also in the second and     
third councils of ,carthage1 by ,s4     
,cyprian1 who says ,the eucharist1 and  
the oil1 with which the baptised are    
anointed1 are sanctified at the altar4  

,ep4 #gj4  ,it would appear however from
 the #bjth canon of the first council of
 ,toledo that anciently chrism could be 
blessed at any time2 and hence ,benedict
 ,,xiv is of opinion1 that the custom of
 blessing it only on holy ,thursday     
began about the seventh century2 for it 
is mentioned in the ,sacramentary of ,s4
 ,gregory1 in the old ,ordo ,romanus1   
and in other works written after that   
period4 ,this day has been with reason  
chosen for this ceremony1 as ,st4       
,thomas observes1 in order that the     
chrism may be prepared for the solemn   
baptism administered on ,easter ,eve2   
and because on it the ,eucharistic      
sacrament1 for which the other          
sacraments are as it were preparatory1  
was instituted4 ,s4 ,isidore however    
assigns a different reason1 viz4 that   
two days before the pasch ,mary anointed
 the head and feet of the ,lord4 ,de    
,divi ,off4 lib4 #b1 c4 #bh4  ,sidenote3
 ,meaning of the ceremonies already     
described4  ,pouget 7,institut4 ,cath4  

t4 #b1 c4 #h7 proves that the blessing  
of the oils originates in apostolic     
tradition1 as ,st4 ,basil cited above   
observes4 ,he proves also that since the
 fifth and sixth centuries the bishop   
and priests used to breathe three times 
over the chrism and oil of catechumens1 
and to salute them with the words ,ave  
sanctum chrisma3 ave sanctum oleum4 ,our
 ,saviour breathed on ,his apostles1    
when ,he said ',receive ye the holy     
,ghost'3 and hence his ministers breathe
 over the chrism1 by which the ,holy    
,ghost is conferred in confirmation1 and
 over the oil of catechumens1 which is  
used in other sacred rites4 ,respect is 
paid to them1 because they are employed 
in ,god's service1 and hence it is a    
relative respect directed to ,him4 ,an  
ardent soul will never hesitate to      
address inanimate objects2 in fact some 
of the finest passages of ancient and   
modern oratory are apostrophes of this  
nature#fb4 ,s4 ,andrew is said to have  
saluted the cross1 on which he suffered1

 ,s4 ,paula the birth-place of our      
divine ,lord2 and theirs were words of  
love of ,god1 and not of idolatry4      
,sidenote3 ,high mass in the ,sixtine   
chapel4  ,in the ,sixtine chapel the    
crucifix and tapestry over the altar are
 covered with a white and not a purple  
veil2 the throne also is white1 and the 
,pope is vested in a white cope4 ,on the
 rich facing of the altar is represented
 ,christ dead1 ,his descent into limbo1 
and ,his resurrection4 ,the cardinal    
dean generally celebrates the high mass1
 after the ,gloria in excelsis of which 
no bells are allowed to be tolled in    
,rome 7except at the papal benediction7 
but in their stead are used troccole or 
boards struck with iron3 this practice  
is observed until the ,gloria in        
excelsis is sung in the papal chapel on 
the following saturday-morning#fc4      
,after the offertory of the mass        
,palestrina's motet ,fratres ego enim is
 sung2 of which ,baini says that he does
 not hesitate to affirm that it         

resembles as closely as possible the    
music of heaven4 ,two hosts are         
consecrated1 one of which is received by
 the celebrant1 and the other destined  
for the following day is put into a     
chalice1 which the deacon covers with a 
paten and palla or linen cloth1 as the  
dead body of ,christ was wrapped in fine
 linen#fd4 ,mark ,,xv1 #df4 ,at the     
beginning of the canon twelve lighted   
torches are brought in by bussolanti2   
and after the elevation two masters of  
ceremonies distribute among the         
cardinals and others candles carried by 
clerks of the chapel1 in preparation for
 the procession4 ,the usual kiss of     
peace is not given1 from detestation of 
the treacherous kiss given this day by  
,judas to his divine master1 as ,alcuin 
remarks#fe4  ,sidenote3 ,antiquity of   
processions  ,immediately after mass the
 cardinal celebrant with his ministers  
leaves the chapel2 the other cardinals1 
bishops and mitred abbots1 put on their 
respective sacred vestments1 and the    

,uditori di ,rota1 the ,cherici di      
,camera1 ,votanti1 and ,abbreviatiori1  
their surplices3 the other prelates wear
 their usual cappe4 ,they all now       
accompany the ,b4 ,sacrament to the     
,pauline chapel#ff in solemn procession1
 which is regulated like that of        
palm-,sunday4 ,the singers go to the    
sala regia1 illuminated with large      
cornucopia1 and there begin to sing the 
,pange lingua 7a hymn in honour of the  
holy ,sacrament7 as soon as the cross   
covered with a purple veil appears3 the 
last verses of it are sung in the       
,pauline chapel1 which is splendidly    
illuminated4 ,the cardinals bearing     
their mitres and torches precede two by 
two the ,holy ,father1 who bare-headed  
and on foot carries the blessed         
,sacrament under a canopy supported by  
eight assistant bishops or              
protonotaries#fg4 ,when the ,pope       
reaches the altar1 the first cardinal   
deacon receives from ,his hands the ,b4 
,sacrament1 and preceded by torches     

carries it to the upper part of the     
macchina2 ,m4 ,sagrista places it within
 the urn commonly called the sepulchre1 
where it is incensed by the ,pope2 in   
the mean time the conclusion of the hymn
 is sung4 ,m4 ,sagrista then shuts the  
sepulchre1 and delivers the key to thy  
,card4 ,penitentiary1 who is to         
officiate on the following day4         
,sidenote3 ,reservation of the ,b4      
,sacrament4  ,two objects are obtained  
by this custom2 #ast4 the blessed       
sacrament is solemnly preserved for the 
adoration of the faithful on this       
anniversary of its institution1 as well 
as for the priest's communion on good   
friday#fh2 #bnd4 the burial of our      
divine ,saviour is represented3 this is 
anticipated1 in order that the principal
 altar may be striped1 in sign of       
mourning1 and as ,he was stripped before
 ,his crucifixion4  ,sidenote3 ,papal   
benediction3 flabelli4  ,sidenote3      
,bulla in ,coena ,domina4  ,the         
procession1 of which we have already    

spoken1 afterwards proceeds from the    
,pauline chapel to the loggia in front  
of ,s4 ,peter's3 but the ,pope1 as he no
 longer carries the ,b4 ,sacrament1     
wears his mitre1 and is seated in his   
sedia gestatoria under a canopy carried 
by eight ,referendarii#fi2 and the      
flabelli#gj are carried at each side of 
,him4 ,he now gives his solemn          
benediction to the multitude assembled  
before ,st4 ,peter's4 ,this however is  
repeated with even greater splendour on 
,easter-,sunday1 as well as on the      
,ascension and ,assumption2 and we shall
 therefore reserve a description of it  
to another occasion1 especially since   
generally speaking1 persons who are     
anxious to witness the lavanda or       
washing of the feet will find it        
difficult to be present also at the     
,benediction#ga4  ,sidenote3 ,washing of
 the feet4  ,after the benediction1 the 
cardinals and others take off their     
sacred vestments1 and resume their      
cappe1 which they wear during the       

lavanda or washing of the feet4 ,this   
now takes place in ,s4 ,peters1 in a    
side-chapel adorned with two arazzi2 one
 representing ,leonardo ,da ,vinci's    
last supper is placed behind the benches
 prepared for the priests whose feet are
 to be washed by the ,pope3 and the     
other1 which represents ,providence     
seated on the globe between ,justice and
 ,charity1 above two lions holding      
banners of the church1 is placed over   
the throne4 ,the ,pope is habited in a  
red cope1 and wears a mitre4 ,seated on 
,his throne1 and surrounded by          
cardinals1 prelates1 and other          
dignitaries of ,his court1 ,he puts     
incense into the thurible1 being        
assisted as usual by the first ,cardinal
 priest4 ,he then gives the blessing1   
usual before the gospel is sung1 to the 
,cardinal-deacon habited in his sacred  
vestments1 who sings that beautiful     
passage of the gospel of ,s4 ,john1     
which explains the origin of this       
ceremony3 ,jesus knowing that his hour  

was come1 that he should pass out of    
this world to the ,father1 having loved 
his own who were in the world1 he loved 
them to the end4 ,knowing that the      
,father had given him all things into   
his hands1 he began to wash the feet of 
his disciples1 and wipe them with the   
towel wherewith he was girded1 and he   
said to them2 ,if ,i being ,lord and    
,master have washed your feet1 you also 
ought to wash one another's feet2 for ,i
 have given you an example1 that as ,i  
have done to you1 so you do also4 ,at   
the end of the gospel1 the ,pope kisses 
the book1 the ,cardinal ,deacon incenses
 ,him as usual1 and the choir begins to 
sing beautiful anthems allusive to the  
affecting ceremony1 and recommending    
charity1 the distinctive virtue of      
,christians1 more precious than even    
faith and hope4 ,the ,pope's cope is    
then taken off1 and a towel is fastened 
to his girdle by the assisting ,card4   
deacons2 and then1 in imitation of his  
,divine ,master1 he washes and kisses   

the right foot#gb of #ac priests1 called
 the apostles1 dressed in cappe of white
 cloth1 and wearing high cap1 which in  
form resemble those on the bas-reliefs  
of ,persepolis3 each of them receives   
from ,him a towel1 and a nosegay1       
besides a gold and silver medal         
presented by the ,treasurer#gc4 ,the    
,pope then returns to his throne1 washes
 his hands#gd is vested once more in the
 cope1 and recites the ,our ,father and 
the concluding prayers4  ,sidenote3     
,dinner of the apostles4  ,his ,holiness
 afterwards waits on the #ac apostles at
 table1 in a hall in the ,vatican       
palace1 7at present in the hall above   
the portico of ,s4 ,peter's71 giving    
them water to wash their hands1 helping 
them to soup1 one or more dishes1 and   
pouring out wine and water for them once
 or twice4 ,the plates are handed to    
,him by prelates of mantelletta1 and    
during the ceremony one of ,his         
chaplains reads a spiritual book4 ,he   
then gives them his blessing1 washes    

,his hands1 and departs4 ,which is      
greater says our ,saviour1 he that      
sitteth at table or he that serveth8 ,is
 not he that sitteth at table8 but ,i am
 in the midst of you as he that serveth8
  ,sidenote3 ,antiquity and meaning of  
the lavanda4  ,from the most remote     
antiquity1 it was customary among the   
,hebrews and other nations1 that the    
feet of strangers and guests should be  
washed before they reclined at table1 as
 they had often travelled on foot4 ,thus
 the angels entertained by ,abraham and 
,lot 7,gen4 ,,xviii1 ,,xix71 were       
supplied with water to wash their feet3 
,abraham's servants in the house of     
,laban1 and the brothers of ,joseph1    
when received by him1 washed their feet4
 7,gen4 ,,xliii1 #bd7ge4 ,in these cases
 however the guest washed his own feet2 
and hence the condescension of our      
,divine ,lord was an act not of         
hospitality or charity alone1 but also  
of profound humility2 and accordingly he
 put on a towel or apron1 like an       

ordinary slave1 as ,ferrari observes    
7,de ,re ,vestiaria par4 #a74 ,most     
interpreters are of opinion1 that       
,christ washed the feet of ,his         
disciples towards the close of the      
ordinary supper1 and shortly before ,he 
instituted the holy ,sacrament2 in order
 to signify the purity with which it    
should be received4 ,his example was    
imitated by ,his disciples1 and         
accordingly ,s4 ,paul 7#a ,tim4 ,v1 #aj7
 speaks of widows who have washed the   
saints' feet1 as ,magdalen had washed   
those of our ,lord4  ,in the ,roman     
church1 as in that of ,bologna1 it has  
been for many ages customary for the    
,bishop to wash feet on this day4 ,in   
the ,ordo ,romanus of ,cencius          
,camerarius it is mentioned1 that the   
,roman ,pontiff after mass washed the   
feet of twelve subdeacons1 and after    
dinner of #ac poor persons1 or according
 to the ,ordines ,romani published by   
,mabillon1 of #ab deacons4 ,the         
,ceremoniale1 attributed to ,marcellus  

archbishop of ,corcyra1 prescribes that 
the ,pope should wash the feet of       
thirteen poor men4 ,various causes are  
assigned by different authors to        
explain1 why the number is thirteen1 and
 not twelve as was that of the apostles4
 7,see ,benedict ,,xiv1 ,de ,festis1    
lib4 ,i1 c4 ,,vi1 ,sec4,sec4 #eg1 #eh74 
,the most probable account1 we think1 is
 that the thirteenth apostle was added  
in memory of the angel1 who is believed 
to have appeared among the #ab poor     
guests of ,s4 ,gregory the great1 while 
he was exercising united charity and    
humility4 ,a painting of this event may 
be seen in one of the chapels near his  
church on the ,caelian mount1 in which  
is preserved the table1 at which he     
daily fed twelve poor persons4 7,see the
 passage of ,john the deacon cited above
 in the note74 ,the two customs of      
washing the feet first of #ab1 and then 
of #ac1 have been reduced to one1 and in
 it the number #ac is preserved#gf4     
,sidenote3 ,cardinals' public dinner4   

,till within the last few years the     
,cardinals used to dine in public at the
 ,vatican on holy ,thursday and good    
,friday1 that they might be spared the  
trouble of returning to their respective
 palaces before ,tenebrae2 and anciently
 the ,pope used to dine with them at the
 ,lateran palace1 in the hall called the
 ,triclinium ,leonianum#gg4 ,the        
,pontiff wore on such occasions his cope
 and mitre1 and the ,cardinals were     
habited in sacred vestments with mitres4
 ,after dinner a sermon was preached    
before the ,cardinals4 ,mons4           
,maggiordomo used to invite on these    
days prelates1 officers1 and others     
engaged in the cappella or palace1 to a 
dinner at which he presided4  ,sidenote3
 ,tenebrae etc4  ,sidenote3             
,recapitulation4  ,in the afternoon1 at 
the office of ,tenebrae1 among other    
signs of mourning1 the cross is veiled  
in black1 and the candles are of yellow 
wax3 the ,pope's throne is stripped of  
its usual ornaments1 and is without a   

canopy3 the cardinals' and prelates'    
benches also are without carpets4 ,the  
,cardinal ,penitentiary goes to ,s4     
,peter's1 where the minor               
,penitentiaries are ,conventuals of ,s4 
,francis4 ,we have spoken on these      
subjects in the preceding chapters4 ,we 
may here recapitulate the principal     
ceremonies of the day1 as ,morcelli has 
done in his ,calendar4 ,the oils are    
blessed in ,s4 ,peter's2 the ,pope      
assists at mass in the ,sixtine chapel1 
carries the ,b4 ,sacrament to the       
,pauline chapel1 gives ,his solemn      
benediction from ,s4 ,peter's1 washes   
the feet of thirteen priests and serves 
them at table4 ,in the afternoon        
,tenebrae in the ,sixtine chapel2 and   
the ,cardinal great ,penitentiary goes  
to ,s ,peter's4  ,sidenote3 ,s4 ,peter's
 on holy thursday-evening4  ,in this    
basilic the ,b4 ,sacrament is preserved 
amid many lights in the ,sepulchre in a 
side-chapel#gh1 and several             
confraternities come in procession to   

venerate the relics1 of which we shall  
speak in the next chapter4 ,it is much  
to be regretted that the cross1 which   
used on holy-,thursday and good-,friday 
to glow with #fbh lights#gi1 and to     
produce a splendid effect by the        
chiaroscuro which resulted from it in   
this vast and magnificent fabric1 is no 
longer suspended before the ,confession1
 in consequence of irreverent conduct on
 preceding occasions4  ,sidenote3       
,washing of the altar4  ,there still    
remains another remarkable ceremony     
customary in ,s4 ,peter's on            
holy-,thursday4 ,after the office of    
,tenebrae1 the chapter of that basilica 
proceeds in procession from the chapel  
of the choir to the high altar4 ,the    
black stoles which six of the canons    
wear1 and the yellow and extinguished   
tapers of the acolythes1 are signs of   
mourning for the sufferings of ,christ4 
,they all carry elegant aspergilli#hj of
 box or other wood1 and having prayed   
for a short time in silence1 they chant 

the anthem ,they divided my garments    
etc4 and the psalm ,o ,god1 my ,god1 why
 hast thou abandoned me8 ,a fine cloth1 
which covered the altar1 is then removed
 from it1 and the ,cardinal-priest of   
the church and the six canons pour whine
 upon the altar1 and wash it with their 
aspergilli or brushes4 ,after the other 
canons1 beneficed clergymen1 etc4 have  
in turn washed it in like manner3 the   
,cardinal and the six canons begin to   
dry it with sponges and towels3 all then
 kneel down1 and the ceremony concludes 
with the verse ,christ became obedient  
unto death etc4 the ,our ,father1 and   
the prayer of the day ,look down1 we    
beseech thee etc4#ha ,the chapter then  
venerates the relics shewn as usual from
 the gallery above ,s4 ,veronica's      
statue4  ,sidenote3 ,antiquity and      
meaning of these ceremonies4  ,the      
stripping of the altars1 which is       
practised on this day throughout the    
western church1 is mentioned in the most
 ancient ,ordo ,romanus3 indeed         

anciently the altars used to be stripped
 every day1 as ,du ,vert 7,ceremon4 de  
l',eglise ,t4 ,,iv47 and ,cancellieri   
7,de ,secretariis ,t4 ,,iv47 have shewn4
 ,the custom of washing the altar is    
observed in the ,latin church in those  
of the ,dominicans and ,carmelites2 and 
also according to ,benedict ,,xiv in    
many churches of ,france1 ,germany and  
other remote countries among which      
,cancellieri reckons ,spain4 ,it is     
mentioned by ,s4 ,isidore 7lib4 de      
,eccles4 ,offic4 c4 #ah7 by ,alcuin 7de 
divinis offic47 and in the ,sarum1      
,parisian and many other missals quoted 
by ,martene4 ,what however is its       
meaning8 ,while ,monsignor ,battelli1 in
 his dissertation on the subject1       
maintains that this custom was          
instituted for the sake of cleanliness1 
rather than from a wish to denote any   
mystery1 and that this day was selected 
as the most convenient1 because the     
altars were already stripped2 the abbot 
,rupert and ,belet discover mystical    

meanings in the sponges1 towels1 wine1  
water1 and even aspergilli4 ,we prefer a
 middle course1 and while we are willing
 to admit with ,durandus and others an  
allusion in the wine and water to the   
blood and water which flowed from our   
,saviour on the cross1 we maintain with 
the learned ,s4 ,isidore1 ,s4 ,eligius1 
,benedict ,,xiv and others1 that we wash
 the altar1 the symbol of ,christ1 from 
motives of respect to ,him1 who on this 
day washed the feet of ,his disciples4  
,two great virtues are embodied in the  
ceremonies of this day1 and impart to   
them their life and loveliness3 they are
 the essential and characteristic       
virtues of ,christians1 by the practice 
of which they imitate their divine      
,master and model1 and come at last to  
be united to ,him in heaven4 ,christ was
 moved by charity to institute the ,holy
 ,sacrament1 and by humility to wash    
,his disciples feet4 ,let us then learn 
of him because ,he was meek and humble  
of heart1 and let us love one another1  

because ,christ hath first loved us1 and
 commands us to love one another4       
,footnote #eg3 ,in ,africa two were     
customary1 one in the morning1 and the  
other after supper4 ,s4 ,august4 ep4 #ed
 ad ,januarium4  ,footnote #eh3 ,for an 
account of this ancient ceremony the    
reader may see ,fleury1 ,moeurs des     
,chretiens2 ,funz4 della ,settimana     
,santa4 ,martene1 lib4 ,,iv1 #bb4 etc4  
,footnote #ei3 ,balsam is produced in   
the vineyards of ,engaddi1 and in       
preparing chrism it is mixed with oil   
and consecrated by the pontifical       
benediction1 that all the faithful may  
be signed with this unction at          
confirmation4 ,ven4 ,bede1 in canlic4   
cap4 ,i4 ,the ,greeks bless the chrism  
on the same day as the ,latins1 having  
prepared it a few days previously4 ,see 
their ,euchelogium1 ,ordo ,,viii        
entitled1 ,on the composition of the    
great ointment in the ,costantinop4     
church ap4 ,martene1 loc4 cit4          
,footnote #fj3 ,only one priest says    

mass in each on this day and the other  
priests communicate1 as on it ,christ   
alone said mass1 and distributed the    
,holy communion to the apostles4        
,although for many centuries both kinds 
were ordinarily received1 yet the custom
 of communicating under the form of     
bread alone is very ancient4 ,thus in   
time of persecution the faithful used to
 carry to their houses the holy         
communion under the form of bread alone1
 the hermits also preserved it in the   
deserts1 the sick received it as their  
viaticum1 the ministers of ,god kept it 
in the churches1 for their spiritual    
support1 and the bishops used to send it
 to their clergy in token of their union
 in charity4 ,these were all instances  
of communion under one kind1 which are  
enumerated and proved by many ,catholic 
divines1 as for instance by ,dr4 ,rock  
in his ,hierurgia4 ,they demonstrate the
 constant belief of the church1 that the
 whole sacrament is received under one  
kind only2 and ,christ himself in the   

scriptures attributes its admirable     
effects to the act of eating only as    
well as to that of eating and drinking4 
,he that eateth this bread shall live   
for ever etc4 ,in fact since ,his       
resurrection ,he dieth now no more3 ,his
 body and blood and soul and ,divinity  
are united together for evermore1 and   
consequently the communicant receives   
under the form of bread alone ,christ   
himself whole and entire4 ,the ,latin   
church prescribed the general reception 
of communion under one kind1 in order to
 obviate accidents which frequently     
arose from the indiscriminate use of the
 chalice1 and in opposition to the error
 of the ,hussites3 ,thus ,paul ,,ii took
 occasion from the presence of ,frederic
 ,,iii at ,rome1 to give a public and   
illustrious proof of the condemnation of
 this new heresy by the church1 by      
giving communion under one kind only to 
the ,emperor1 and also to the deacon and
 subdeacon1 who generally communicate   
under both kinds when the ,pope sings   

mass4 ,in the ,greek and other oriental 
churches communion is administered under
 one kind to the sick and others who are
 prevented by distance from             
communicating in the churches4 ,the     
general communion customary on          
holy-thursday is prescribed by the      
,english bishop ,walter in the #ajth    
century1 in the capitulary of ,theodulph
 of ,orleans1 and by all ancient        
pontificals and missals1 according to   
,martene ,t4 #c1 p4 #ih4 ,it is         
practised also by the ,greeks1 as ,leo  
,allatius testifies4 ,de consensu       
utriusque ,ecclesiae lib4 #c4 ,palmer   
7,vol4 #b4 p4 #gf7 says ,it is not      
essential to the validity of the        
,sacrament1 that the bread should be    
whole and entire before consecration1   
and broken afterwards3 but the          
,universal practice of the ,christian   
church1 derived from the apostles and   
from ,jesus ,christ himself ought not to
 be infringed in this matter4 ,yet even 
,bp4 ,middleton whom he quotes in the   

same page1 says ,when there were many   
communicants1 in primitive times1 there 
were several cakes or loaves1 in        
proportion to the number3 and it took   
some time after the consecration was    
finished1 to break and divide them for  
distribution4 ,each person communicated 
from his own offering3 hence ,s4        
,augustine says ,erubescere debet homo  
idoneus si de aliena oblatione          
communicaverit ,serm4 #bae de ,temp1 any
 longer justification of the general    
practice of the ,roman church would     
therefore be superfluous4  ,footnote    
#fa3 ,from the frequent mention of oil  
in scripture as the emblem of spiritual 
gifts it was actually used in the       
primitive church in the ceremonies of   
admitting catechumens1 and in baptising4
 ,tracts of the ,times1 ,vol4 #a1 no4   
#cd4  ,footnote #fb3 ,our ardent love of
 this classic soil tempts us to insert  
the following noble instance from       
,cicero 7pro ,milone ,,xxxi7 ,vos enim  
jam ,albani tumuli atque luci vos1      

inquam1 imploro alque tester vosque     
,albanorum obrutae arae1 sacrorum populi
 ,romani sociae et aequales1 quas ille  
praeceps amentia caesis prostratisque   
sanctissimi lucis substructionum insanis
 molibus oppresserat3 vestrae tum arae1 
vestrae religiones viguerunt1 vestra vis
 valuit1 quam ille 7,clodius7 omni      
scelere polluarat3 tuque ex tuo edito   
monte1 ,latiaris sancte ,jupiter1 cujus 
ille lacus1 nemora1 finesque saepe omni 
nefario stupro et scelere macularat1    
aliquaudo ad eum puniendum oculos       
aperuisti3 vobis illae1 vobis vestro in 
conspecta serae sed justae tamen et     
debitae paenae solutae sunt4  ,footnote 
#fc3 ,these troccole were formerly      
called by the hard names of crepitacula 
ligna congregantia1 mallei excitatorii4 
,the ,greeks used them anciently1 as    
,martene proves from a libellus de      
miraculis ,anastasii presented to the   
second council of ,nice1 from ,s4 ,john 
,chrysostom's life by ,metaphrastes etc4
 etc4 ,in modern times also they        

continue to use them4 ,benedict ,,xiv   
observes that the practice of the ,latin
 church on these days is intended to    
preserve the remembrance of the ancient 
custom4 ,it is also evidently intended1 
like the reversed arms of the soldiers1 
as a sign of mourning for the death of  
,christ4 ,this silence of the bells is  
prescribed in the ancient rituals3      
mystical interpreters assign as a       
reason1 that they signify ,christ's     
preachers and apostles1 who were silent 
during the sufferings of their ,master4 
,footnote #fd3 ,s4 ,greg4 ,turon4 ,de   
mirac4 ,s4 ,martini oblatis super altare
 sacris muneribus1 mysterioque ,corporis
 et ,sanguinis ,christi palla ex more   
cooperto41 ,vid4 ,bona4 ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4  
#ac4 not4 #ab4  ,footnote #fe3 ,this    
mass is found in the ,antiphonary and   
,sacramentary of ,pope ,gregory the     
great2 in all churches but the ,roman1  
as ,marlene observes1 vespers were      
joined with the mass on this day1 as    
they are on holy ,saturday throughout   

the ,latin church4 ,on holy-thursday the
 ,pope used generally to preach after   
the gospel1 and in the mean time the    
,cardinals stripped the altar3 after the
 sermon the ,pope blessed the people as 
usual1 and then began the ,credo1       
according to ,benedict1 ,canon of ,s4   
,peter's4 ,his ,holiness drank on this  
day directly from the chalice1 and did  
not use the golden reed or fistola1 as  
on other occasions2 this we learn from  
the ,apamean ,pontifical4  ,footnote    
#ff3 ,this chapel was erected by ,paul  
,,iii according to the design of        
,antonio ,sangallo4 ,its two large      
frescoes are the last efforts of the    
genius of ,michelangelo1 then aged #ge  
years3 they represent the crucifixion of
 ,s4 ,peter and the conversion of ,s4   
,paul4 ,the fall of ,simon ,magus1 and  
the baptism conferred by ,s4 ,peter1    
painted on the righthand-wall are works 
of ,federico ,zuccheri2 on the opposite 
side ,s4 ,paul at ,malta1 and restoring 
the young man1 who had fallen from a    

window1 are by ,lorenzo ,sabbatino da   
,bologna1 the ceiling was painted by    
,federico ,zuccheri4 ,the ,b4 ,sacrament
 is publicly and solemnly exposed in    
this chapel for the adoration of the    
faithful on the first ,sunday of ,advent
 as well as on holy-thursday ,see       
,chaltard2 ,descriz4 del ,vaticano      
,taja1 ,palazzo ,vaticano4  ,footnote   
#fg3 ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom established  
processions at ,constantinople in       
opposition to those of the ,arians2 and 
the empress ,eudoxia supplied the people
 with silver crosses and wax lights1 to 
be carried on such occasions4 ,socrat4  
,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 ,,vi1 c4 #h1 ,sozomen
 lib4 ,,viii1 c4 #h4 ,processions were  
incompatible with the persecutions of   
the first three centuries4 ,during them1
 and even long after ,constantine1 in   
consequence of the discipline of        
secrecy1 there was neither public       
exposition or procession of the ,b4     
,sacrament4 ,the faithful however adored
 it privately1 as for instance1 ,s4     

,gregory ,nazianzen relates of his      
sister ,gorgonia1 that when seized by a 
fever she fell down with faith before   
the altar1 and invoked with a loud cry  
,him who is honoured thereupon4         
7,discourse on her funeral74 ,s4 ,cyril 
of ,jerusalem also exhorts the believer1
 that when he receives the chalice of   
the blood of ,christ he should bow down 
profoundly and adore4 7,catech4 #e71    
,the office and mass of ,corpus ,christi
 were composed by ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas4 
,as holy-thursday is in great part      
devoted to the sufferings of ,christ1   
the festival of ,corpus ,christi with   
its procession was instituted about the 
middle of the thirteenth century by     
,urban ,,iv at the petition of ,b4      
,juliana of ,mount ,cornelione1 and in  
consequence of the miracle of ,bolsena1 
well known as the subject of one of     
,raffaello's frescoes in the ,vatican4  
,see ,bened4 ,,xiv1 ,de ,festis1 and the
 authors cited by him4 ,the miraculous  
corporal stained with blood is still    

preserved at ,orvieto1 the celebrated   
cathedral of which owes its foundation  
to the miracle4 ,no one eats that flesh1
 says ,s4 ,augustine1 unless he has     
first adored in ps4 #ih ,the flesh of   
,christ1 says ,s4 ,ambrose which we     
adore even now in the mysteries1 and    
which the apostles adored in the ,lord  
,jesus 7de ,spir4 ,s4 lib4 #cd1 c4 #ab7 
,all the fathers and liturgies mention  
this adoration1 which was therefore     
derived from apostolic tradition4 ,sala 
ad ,bonae lib4 #b1 c4 #ac4  ,footnote   
#fh3 ,in the ,greek church communion is 
on this day reserved for the sick of the
 ensuing year under the form of bread   
alone1 according to ,leo ,allatius4 7,de
 utriusque ,ecclesiae consensione74     
,pope ,innocent ,i in the beginning of  
the #eth century directs1 that the      
eucharist be preserved on this day for  
the priest and the sick4 ,this          
reservation is mentioned also in the    
,gregorian sacramentary1 without any    
mention of the sacred blood1 since it   

might be spilt4 ,it has taken place in  
the ,pauline chapel ever since its      
erection by ,paul ,,iii4 ,a particle of 
the ,b4 ,sacrament was formerly         
preserved after mass on festivals and   
carried back in procession to the       
sacristy3 it was carried to the altar in
 procession on the next festival1 and a 
portion or the whole of it was put into 
the chalice before the host was broken4 
,see ,cancellieri1 ,de ,secretariis ,t4 
,i1 p4 #bag1 seq4  ,footnote #fi3 ,these
 prelates used to refer cases and       
petitions to the ,popes1 as they now do 
the former to their tribunal1 which     
according to ,gonzalez derives its name 
of ,segnatura from the signature of the 
sovereign affixed to its decree4        
,footnote #gj3 ,they are formed of      
peacocks' feathers1 the eyes of which   
according to ,macri and others signify  
the vigilance and circumspection of the 
,pontiffs4 ,they are mentioned in the   
apostolic constitutions1 in which it is 
prescribed1 that two deacons should     

hold1 them in order to drive away flies1
 which might otherwise fall into the    
chalice4 ,accordingly1 at the ordination
 of the deacons in the ,greek church1   
among other instruments a ,flabellum is 
given to them for their ministry at the 
altar3 this ,s4 ,anastasius is said to  
have used while a deacon4 ,flabella are 
mentioned in the liturgies of ,,ss4     
,basil1 ,chrisostom1 and other ,greek   
and ,syriac liturgies1 ,flabella are in 
the ,latin church a mark of distinction1
 and are carried for the ,grand ,prior  
of the knights of ,malta the bishop of  
,troja in ,aquila1 and the archbishop of
 ,messina1 as well as for ,his          
,holiness4  ,footnote #ga3 ,since the   
time of ,clement ,,xiv1 the custom of   
reading from the loggia on this day the 
bull in ,coena ,domini has been         
abolished4 7,on this bull see de        
,maistre du ,pape lib4 #b1 c4 #ad74     
,according to the doctrine of ,s4 ,paul1
 the ,b4 ,sacrament is the bond as it is
 the symbol of union or communion       

between the faithful2 ,we being many are
 one body1 all who partake of one bread 
#a ,cor4 ,x1 #ag1 and hence this day of 
its institution was selected for the    
public excommunication of those1 who    
reject the doctrines of the church1 or  
maliciously oppose her ordinances4      
,after the bull had been read many      
candles are lighted1 of which the ,lord 
,pope himself holds some1 and each      
cardinal and prelate one lighted1 and he
 extinguishes and throws them on the    
ground1 saying1 we excommunicate all the
 aforesaid2 and then the bells are rung 
together without observing any order4   
,ap4 ,gatticuin1 ,acta ,cerem4 #hb4     
,these ceremonies are interpreted to    
mean the extinction of the grace of the 
holy ,ghost2 and the dispersion of      
unbelievers1 as on the contrary the     
regular and orderly ringing of bells    
calls the faithful together4  ,footnote 
#gb3 ,it is supported by the subdeacon  
habited in the tunic or tonacella4      
,footnote #gc3 ,john the deacon1 in his 

life of ,gregory the great1 mentions the
 ,sacellarius or ,treasurer 7see        
,thomassin lib4 #b4 c4 #ajc1 n4 #aa71   
whom that holy ,pope commanded according
 to custom to invite the twelve pilgrims
 to dinner4 ,besides the gifts mentioned
 above1 the white dress is given to     
these apostles1 who are chosen by some  
,cardinals1 ,ambassadors1 the           
,propaganda1 the ,maggiordomo1 and the  
captain of the ,swiss guards4  ,footnote
 #gd3 ,the water is brought to him by   
the ,prince assisting at the throne1 and
 the towel is presented by the first    
,cardinal ,priest4 ,when the ,pope is   
prevented from performing this ceremony1
 the ,cardinal ,dean supplies his place 
in presence of the sacred college       
7,lunadoro74 ,in that case the gospel is
 sung1 not by a cardinal1 but by the    
prelate who is deacon of the cappella4  
,formerly1 according to the ,,ms4       
,pontifical of the ,apamean church      
written in #abad1 ,vespers were sung by 
the ,pope's chaplains1 while he washed  

the feet of twelve subdeacons4          
,footnote #ge3 ,chardin and other       
travellers testify1 that this practice  
is preserved in modern times4 ,in       
,homer's ,odyssey the custom of taking a
 bath before a banquet is frequently    
mentioned1 ,,iii1 #dfg2 ,,iv1 #di1 ,,vi4
 #baf2 ,,viii1 #ddi4  ,footnote #gf3    
,the emperors of ,costantinople used    
7according to ,codinus ,de ,officiis    
,aulae ,costantinop47 to wash the feet  
of twelve poor persons3 and ,vespasiano 
,fiorentino in the fifteenth century1 in
 his life of ,alfonso di ,napoli quoted 
by ,cancellieri1 says that ,il ,giovedi 
,santo lavava i piedi a tanti poveri1   
quant' egli aveva anni1 et lavavagli1   
come si deve 444 et a tutti dava una    
veste bianca1 et un pajo di calze1 et un
 ,alfonsino1 et un fiorino et un        
carlino1 et non so che altra moneta4    
,dipoi il ,giovedi medesimo faceva      
ordinare una cena1444 et la ,maesta del 
,re la pigliava1 et metteva loro        
innanzi1 e con il vino1 et quello       

avevano di bisogno con grandissima      
umilta4 ,see also ,martene1 ,de ,ant4   
,eccl4 ,rit4 ,lib4 ,,iv1 c4 ,,xii1 ,sec4
 #h4 ,our readers will here call to mind
 the good old custom still preserved of 
the maundy of our ,british ,sovereigns1 
so called from mandatum1 the first word 
of the first anthem sung during1 the    
washing of the feet4 ,in the ,greek     
church1 according to ,baillet1 not only 
are the feet of twelve poor persons     
washed1 but the name of an apostle is   
given to each of them2 as it may be     
supposed1 nobody is anxious to have the 
name of ,judas ,iscariot3 so lots are   
drawn to determine the person who is to 
represent that traitor4 ,this may remind
 us of the threat of ,leonardo da ,vinci
 to copy the head of ,judas1 in his     
celebrated last supper1 from the        
importunate ,prior of ,s4 ,maria delle  
,grazie of ,milan4 ,poor ,leonardo      
despaired of finding a model for the    
head of our ,saviour2 and for more than 
a year was seeking the rabble for a fit 

subject whom he might represent as      
,judas3 meantime the ,prior was         
continually worrying him to finish the  
fresco4 ,in ogni caso poi said he to    
,lodovico ,sforza1 faro capitale del    
ritratto del ,p4 ,priore1 che lo merita 
per la sua importunita e per la sua poca
 discrezione4 ,the story of ,leonardo   
bears some resemblance to the manner in 
which ,michelangelo punished ,biagio da 
,cesena ,pontifical ,master of          
,ceremonies1 who before ,daniel of      
,volterra had acquired his well-known   
nickname of braghettone complained to   
the ,pope1 that the naked figures of the
 last judgment were unworthy of a house 
of prayer4 ,the artist introduced his   
censor in his painting as ,minos judge  
of the infernal regions1 with long ears 
like those of the other devils1 and a   
serpent's tail4 ,paul ,,iii when        
appealed to is said to have answered1   
that if his ,ceremoniere had been in    
,purgatory1 he might have helped him    
out1 but out of hell there was no       

redemption4 ,this ,papal witticism      
,platner could not find in any writer   
earlier than ,richardson 7,see          
,beschreibung der ,stadt ,rom7 but se   
non e vero1 e ben trovato4 ,dante was   
not more scrupulous than ,michelangelo  
about thrusting his opponents into his  
inferno4        ,pictoribus atque poetis
   ,quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa 
potestas4   ,footnote #gg3 ,the mosaics 
with which it was adorned by ,pope ,leo 
,,iii are preserved in the great niche  
adjoining the scala santa4  ,footnote   
#gh3 ,the ,portuguese1 ,spanish and some
 other churches are generally           
distinguished on this day by the        
brilliancy of the illumination of their 
sepulchres4  ,footnote #gi3 ,in the     
eighth century ,pope ,hadrian ,i1       
according to ,anastasius1 suspended     
under the principal or triumphal arch1  
as it was called1 a silver cross with   
#acfe or #achj small lamps1 which where 
lighted at ,easter and other great      
festivals4 ,this was perhaps the origin 

of the cross which used to be suspended 
in ,s4 ,peter's at this season4         
,footnote #hj3 ,we have already         
mentioned an ancient ,christian fresco  
in which an aspergillum is represented4 
,footnote #ha3 ,formerly1 as ,card4     
,borgia has proved 7,de ,cruce          
,vaticana7 this ceremony was performed  
in ,s4 ,peter's on good ,friday4 ,in    
other churches there were two distinct  
observances2 #a4 that of stripping the  
altars on holy ,thursday1 when ,christ's
 passion began2 and #b4 that of washing 
them with wine and on good ,friday1 when
 blood and water flowed from ,his side1 
as the ,abbot ,rupert observes4 ,for the
 ancient ceremonies of this day at ,rome
 see besides the ,apamean ,pontifical   
above-cited1 the ,pontificals of        
,egebert archbishop of ,york and of     
,tirpin archbishop of ,rheims ap4       
,martene1 loc4 cit4 ,in some places the 
fast of ,lent was not observed on this  
day1 as appears from ,s4 ,augustine1    
,ep4 #ed and ,januarium4 ,of old this   

was the day for shaving in preparation  
for ,easter-,sunday3 it was therefore   
called shere-,thursday4     ,,chap4 ,v4 
,,on ,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of            
,,good-,,friday   ,,contents4           
,ancient ceremonies at ,rome--,service  
in the ,sixtine                         
chapel--,passio--,sermon and            
indulgence--,prayers for all            
mankind--exposition of the cross2       
ancient crucifixes and                  
crosses--adoration of the cross2 its    
antiquity--,palestrina's     improperii1
 ,trisagion--chant of the hymn ,pange   
lingua     gloriosi lauream             
etc1--,procession of the ,b4            
,sacrament--,mass     of the            
,presanctified1                         
,vespers--,tenebrae--,veneration of the 
principal relics at ,s                  
,peter's--,grounds of belief in the     
genuineness of relics--#a4 ,relic of the
 cross--#b4 of the     lance--#c4 ,volto
 ,santo--,reflections--,recapitulation4 
,the principal object of the church in  

the office of this     day is1 that     
,jesus ,christ crucified may be placed  
before     our eyes1 that touched with  
contrition at the sight1 our     souls  
may be so disposed1 as to obtain the    
fruit of     redemption ,bened4 ,,xiv1  
,de ,festis ,d4,n4,j4,c4 lib4 #a4 c4 #g4
  ,sidenote3 ,ancient ceremonies4  ,on  
good ,friday the ,pope used formerly to 
go with the ,cardinals and the other    
members of the court to the ,oratory of 
,s4 ,lorenzo called ,sancta ,sanctorum  
in the ,lateran palace1 where they      
venerated and kissed the relics of ,,ss4
 ,peter and ,paul1 as well as two       
crosses preserved there4 ,one of these  
was then carried by a ,cardinal ,priest1
 and and the ,host consecrated on the   
preceding day was borne by another      
,cardinal of the same order2 the ,pope1 
the ,cardinals and all the others were  
bare-footed1 and walked in procession   
reciting psalms to ,s4 ,john ,lateran's 
and thence to ,s4 ,croce1 where the     
station was held and the ceremonies of  

the day were performed4#hb  ,sidenote3  
,service in the ,sixtine chapel4        
,sidenote3 ,passio4  ,sidenote3 ,sermon 
and indulgence4  ,these take place at   
present in the ,sixtine chapel2 in which
 the yellow colour of the candles and   
torches1 the nakedness of the ,pope's   
throne and of the seats of the church   
denote the desolation of the church at  
the sufferings and death of her divine  
founder4 ,the ,cardinals do not wear    
their rings2 their dress is of purple1  
which is their mourning colour2 in like 
manner the ,bishops do not wear rings   
and their stockings are black3 those of 
the ,cardinals are purple2 and the maces
 as well as the soldiers' arms are      
reversed4 ,the ,card4 great             
,penitentiary with the sacred ministers 
are habited in black4 ,there is no      
thurifer and there are no lights2 for   
the death of the ,son of ,god is going  
to be commemorated2 and while ,he was   
hanging upon the cross and when ,he     
died1 there was darkness over the whole 

earth4 ,the ,pope is habited in a red   
cope3 he does not wear his ring nor give
 his blessing3 but if he be present at  
this part of the service1 ,his ,holiness
 kneeling with the ,card4 ,penitentiary 
at his left hand offers up prayers for a
 short time before the altar4 ,this1    
which was stripped on the preceding day1
 is now covered with a linen cloth by   
two ,cerimonieri#hc4 ,the ,pope then    
goes to ,his seat2 and the ,card4       
,celebrant accompanied by the ministers 
to the altar1 and thence to his         
faldistorio or seat4 ,an appropriate    
passage from the prophecy of ,osee is   
sung by one of the choir1 and the       
precept from ,exodus concerning the     
killing of the paschal-lamb1 a type of  
,christ1 by the subdeacon4 ,the ,pope   
and the ,card4 ,celebrant also read both
 these lessons1 after each of which a   
tract is sung by the choir2 and between 
them a prayer by the ,celebrant4 ,after 
the prophecies1 which are a powerful    
confirmation of the truth of our holy   

religion1 the account of the sufferings 
and death of ,jesus ,christ1 penned by  
an eye-witness ,s4 ,john1 the disciple  
of love1 is recited#hd4 ,it is read in a
 low voice by the ,card4 ,celebrant and 
sung with the same impressive chant as  
on ,palm-,sunday by three cantors       
wearing the alb1 a black maniple and    
stole3 they used formerly to recite it  
bare-footed4 ,at those words ,and bowing
 down his head he gave up the ghost all 
kneel to adore their ,redeemer4 ,it is  
related of a servant of ,god of the name
 of ,piccolomini1 that he expired in    
church on good ,friday when those words 
were sung4 ,the latter part is chanted1 
but without the usual ceremonies1 by the
 deacon1 after he has taken off his     
folded chasuble and put on the large    
band or stole4 ,a short sermon is then  
preached by a conventual ,friar1 who    
afterwards according to custom publishes
 the indulgence or remission of temporal
 punishment of thirty years granted by  
the ,pope to those who have confessed   

and sincerely repented of their sins4   
,see p4 #cg4 ,as ,morinus has shewn 7,de
 ,penitentia cap4 #d47 in most churches 
penitents were absolved and reconciled  
after the gospel4  ,sidenote3 ,prayers  
for all mankind4  ,christ1 says ,s4     
,paul1 died for all men1 and when       
suffering on the cross1 ,he prayed even 
for his relentless persecutors3 on the  
anniversary then of his death it is fit 
that ,his church should pray for all    
men1 that all may be saved by the       
application of ,his merits to their     
souls4 ,the ,card4 ,celebrant commences 
the beautiful1 charitable1 and ancient  
prayers of this day with the words1 ,let
 us pray1 dearly beloved1 for the holy  
church of ,god etc4 ,the deacon then    
kneeling says 7according to the ancient 
custom mentioned by ,s4 ,cesarius of    
,arles in his #cfth homily1 and by ,s4  
,basil in his book on the ,holy ,ghost  
c4 ,,xxvii7 ,let us bend our knees1 and 
the subdeacon answers1 ,stand up1 as it 
was customary to pray standing4 ,this   

form is repeated before each prayer1    
except that which is offered for the    
,jews#he3 for their soldiers1 bowing the
 knee before our ,lord1 mocked him      
saying in derision1 ,hail king of the   
,jews4 ,prayers follow for the ,pope1   
for all the clergy1 and holy people of  
,god 7formerly for the ,emperor also7   
and catechumens who are to receive      
baptism on the day following4 ,having   
prayed for all members of the church1 we
 then pray for heretics and schismatics1
 that ,god may deign to deliver them    
from all errors1 and bring them back to 
their holy mother the catholic and      
apostolic church2 and these petitions   
are followed by others for the          
conversion of ,jews and ,pagans#hf4     
,sidenote3 ,exposition of the cross3    
ancient crucifixes and crosses4         
,sidenote3 ,adoration of the cross3 its 
antiquity4  ,when these prayers are     
ended#hg the officiating ,cardinal takes
 off his chasuble1 and going to the     
epistle-side of the altar receives from 

the deacon the crucifix#hh covered with 
a black veil4 ,then turning towards the 
people1 and uncovering the upper part of
 the crucifix1 he sings1 ,behold the    
wood of the cross1 on which hung the    
salvation of the world2 in singing which
 words he is joined by two tenor-voices 
from the choir4 ,the choir answers1     
,come1 let us adore#hi4 ,the ,pope and  
all others kneel1 except the ,cardinal  
celebrant1 who advances nearer to the   
middle of the altar1 and uncovers the   
right arm of the crucifix1 and repeats  
the same words in a higher tone1 and    
again in a still higher tone before the 
middle of the altar1 where he uncovers  
the whole cross4 ,the choir answers as  
before1 and all except the celebrant    
kneel each time the words are repeated4 
,the ,cardinal then places the crucifix 
on a rich cushion lying on the steps of 
the altar#ij4  ,sidenote3 ,trisagion4   
,i observed above1 that it was formerly 
customary for the ,pope and all others  
to walk bare-footed in the procession of

 this day1 as others royal personages   
have done2 for instance1 ,s4 ,louis of  
,france1 ,s4 ,elisabeth of ,hungary1 and
 others4 ,thus to be barefooted was a   
sign of mourning 7#a ,sam4 ,,xv1 #cj4   
,jer4 ,,ii1 #be7 among the ,jews4 ,their
 priests were without shoes at their    
functions1 in token of reverence 7,exod4
 ,,iii1 #e4 ,jos4 ,v1 #ae74 ,some       
memorial of this practice is preserved  
in the present custom of taking off the 
shoes of the principal persons who      
revere and kiss the cross on this day4  
,the ,pope's shoes are taken off by an  
,ajutante di ,camera1 ,his cope by      
acolythes 7,votanti di ,segnatura71 and 
afterwards ,his ,holiness then makes    
three profound genuflections before the 
crucifix1 gradually approaching nearer  
to it1 and then kisses it in token of   
his love for ,him1 who died upon it for 
our salvation#ia4 ,he also empties a    
purse1 containing an offering of #ajj   
scudi d'oro1 into a silver basin near   
the crucifix4 ,when the ,pope is about  

to make the first genuflection1 the     
choir begins to sing the improperii1 the
 sentiments of which1 and the chant     
composed by ,palestrina #ib1 are        
admirably adapted to the pathetic       
ceremony4 ,in them ,god enumerates the  
unparalleled benefits which he lavished 
upon the ,jews1 and the atrocious crimes
 by which they repaid ,him4 ,at the end 
of each improperium or reproach1 the    
,trisagion is sung by one choir in      
,greek1 and in ,latin by another ,holy  
,god6 ,holy strong one6 ,holy immortal1 
have mercy on us#ic4 ,the ,pope then    
returns to his throne2 he resumes his   
previous vestments and reads the        
improperii from the ,missal held as     
usual by an assist4 bishop kneeling4    
,the ,cardinal celebrant and all the    
other members of the sacred college1    
after their shoes have been taken off1  
assisted by the ,ceremonieri revere and 
kiss the crucifix in the same manner as 
the ,pope has done2 and each of them    
leaves an offering of a scudo d'oro     

according to an ancient custom4#id ,when
 they return to their places1 their     
shoes are put on by their respective    
camerieri1 who afterwards leave the     
chapel4 ,the patriarchs and bishops     
assistant and non-assistant and the     
generals of religious orders without    
shoes1 and all the other prelates etc4  
wearing their shoes1 adore and kiss the 
cross in like manner1 observing the same
 order as in going to receive palms on  
the preceding sunday2 and they also make
 their offerings before the cross4 ,when
 the sacred college has finished the    
adoration1 the choir having ended the   
improperii sings the anthem ,crucem     
tuam1 the psalm ,deus misereatur nostri1
 the hymn ,pange lingua gloriosi lauream
 certaminis#ie etc4 ,towards the end of 
this beautiful ceremony the candles are 
lighted1 the deacon spreads out the     
corporal#if as usual1 placing the       
purificator near it4 ,he then           
respectfully takes the cross1 and places
 it on the altar amid the candlesticks4 

,sidenote3 ,chant of ,pange lingua etc4 
,a procession1 arranged like that of the
 preceding day1 now goes to the ,pauline
 chapel4 ,assisted as usual by the first
 ,card4 priest1 the ,pope kneels and    
incenses the ,b4 ,sacrament three times4
 ,m4 ,sagrista delivers the ,b4         
,sacrament to the ,cardinal celebrant1  
who presents it to the ,pope2 ,his      
,holiness covers it with the end of the 
veil placed over his shoulders#ig and   
the procession returns to the ,sixtine  
chapel #ih4 ,in the mean time the choir 
sings the hymn ,vexilla ,regis prodeunt4
 ,when the ,pope arrives at the altar1  
he delivers the ,b4 ,sacrament to the   
,card4 ,celebrant1 who places it on the 
altar4 ,his ,holiness then incenses it  
and returns to his throne4  ,during the 
procession the crucifix on the altar of 
the ,sixtine chapel is removed1 and a   
larger cross containing a considerable  
relic of the true cross is substituted  
for it4 ,this relic was sent to ,pope   
,leo the ,great in the #eth century by  

,juvenal ,bishop of ,jerusalem4 ,it was 
lost1 but found again by ,pope ,sergius 
,i in #fhg3 it was stolen at the sack of
 ,rome in #aebg1 and removed from its   
case of silver3 however it was recovered
 by ,clement ,,vii1 who ordered the rich
 cross1 in which it is at present       
preserved1 to be made3 in #agcj it was  
again stolen but recovered once more by 
,clement ,,xii4 ,at the close of the    
last century1 though the candlesticks1  
and the statues of the ,apostles        
belonging to the papal chapel were lost1
 this cross was preserved4 ,in #ahdj    
,his present ,holiness ,gregory ,,xvi   
ordered it to be again exposed to the   
public veneration in the ,sixtine       
chapel3 ,he gave it to the charge of the
 chapter of ,s4 ,peter's1 who deliver it
 to ,m4 ,sagrista on ,good-friday       
morning3 and it remains in the ,sixtine 
chapel till the end of ,tenebrae on that
 day4 ,moroni ,cappelle ,pontificie etc4
  ,the ,mass of the ,presanctified1 as  
it is called1 is next celebrated2 ,card4

 ,tommasi1 following ,s4 ,cesarius of   
,arles1 calls it the office1 and not the
 mass of good-,friday2 for mass1        
strictly speaking1 is not offered up on 
this day1 since no consecration takes   
place1 and the ,b4 ,sacrament is        
received by the celebrant under the form
 of bread alone1 as it could not be     
preserved with safety under the form of 
wine#ii4  ,sidenote3 ,mass of the       
,pre-,sanctified4  ,the ,card4          
,celebrant places the ,b4 ,sacrament on 
the paten#ajj and thence on the         
corporal4 ,in the meantime the deacon   
puts wine into the chalice1 and the     
subdeacon water1 which however are      
neither blessed or consecrated#aja on   
this day4 ,the cardinal then places the 
chalice on the altar1 and the deacon    
covers it with the palla or pall 7a     
small square piece of linen1 which      
serves to prevent flies etc4 from       
falling into it74 ,the ,cardinal        
incenses the offerings and the altar1   
washes his hands1 and recites the ,orate

 ,fratres and ,our ,father4 ,all then   
kneel to adore the blessed ,sacrament1  
which he raises over the paten4 ,he     
divides it as usual1 but without saying 
any prayer #ajb1 into three parts1      
putting one of them into the chalice4   
,striking his breast1 and acknowledging 
his own unworthiness1 he receives       
communion1 taking the sacred host1 and  
afterwards the consecrated particle with
 the wine in the chalice #ajc4 ,he then 
receives the ablution1 washes his hands1
 and returns to the sacristy with the   
sacred ministers4  ,sidenote3 ,vespers4 
,anciently on fasting days nothing was  
allowed to be eaten till sunset2 and    
,vespers used therefore to be said      
before dinner3 now that the one meal    
allowed on such days may be eaten as    
early as noon1 the ancient practice of  
saying ,vespers before dinner is still  
preserved4 ,vespers are therefore sung  
immediately after the mass of the       
,presanctified3 they consist of the ,our
 ,father and ,hail ,mary said in secret1

 of five psalms with their anthems1 and 
the ,magnificat with its anthem4 ,at the
 verse ',christ became obedient unto    
death'1 all kneel down to adore ,him1   
and the ,miserere and the usual prayer  
are recited1 but without the solemnity  
of ,tenebrae#ajd4  ,sidenote3 ,tenebrae4
  ,sidenote3 ,principal relics4  ,in the
 afternoon at ,tenebrae1 the office1    
being that of ,holy ,saturday           
anticipated as usual1 refers to the     
repose of the body of our blessed ,lord 
in the tomb4 ,when it is finished1 the  
,pope wearing his stole1 and the        
,cardinals having taken off their cappe1
 go to ,s4 ,peter's in procession1      
accompanied by the ,papal ,anticamera   
segreta1 the guards and others1 to      
venerate the relics of the ,cross1 the  
,lance1 and the ,volto ,santo1 which are
 shewn by the ,canons from the gallery  
above the statue of ,s4 ,veronica #aje4 
,the ,pope meantime1 and the ,cardinals 
and others arranged on each side of     
,him1 remain kneeling4 ,the ,pontifical 

cross is borne as usual before the      
,pope1 when going to ,s4 ,peter's by an 
,uditore di ,rota1 and when returning to
 ,his apartments by ,his cross-bearer   
who is one of ,his chaplains4           
,sidenote3 ,grounds of belief in relics4
  ,catholics are bound to believe with  
divine faith only those doctrines1 which
 the church defines to be doctrines     
taught by ,god2 and hence with regard to
 particular images or relics or         
miracles1 concerning which ,christ has  
taught nothing1 they believe them to be 
genuine or reject them1 according to the
 evidence which accompanies them4 ,we   
shall therefore briefly examine what    
evidence there is in favour of the      
relics in question4  ,sidenote3 #a4     
,relic of the cross4  #a4 ,the relic of 
the cross was placed here in #afbi by   
,urban ,,viii2 but it was formed of some
 pieces taken from the churches of ,s4  
,anastasia and ,s4 ,croce in            
,gerusalemme4 ,the ,jews were accustomed
 to bury the instruments of punishment  

in or near the place where the persons  
executed were buried2 but on this       
subject ,i must content myself with     
referring to ,baronius1 ,calmet1        
,menochius1 ,gretser etc4 who cite the  
,rabbins in proof of this assertion4    
,now according to the ancient           
historians1 ,eusebius1 ,sozomen and     
,socrates3 the ,emperor ,adrian erected 
a temple of ,venus over the tomb of the 
,god of purity1 after he had covered it 
with a great quantity of rubbish4 ,helen
 the saintly mother of the emperor      
,costantine1 after many searches        
7according to ,eusebius in his life of  
that emperor7 at length discovered the  
sacred tomb1 in which was found1        
according to ,sozomen1 the inscription  
placed over the cross by ,pilate1 ,jesus
 of ,nazareth1 ,king of the ,jews#ajf4  
,near the tomb in another part of the   
cave were found three crosses3 but here 
a difficulty arose on which of these    
three was our ,saviour crucified8 ,at   
the suggestion of ,macarius ,bp4 of     

,jerusalem1 a woman at the point of     
death1 as ,ruffinus1 ,socrates1         
,theodoret1 ,sozomen and ,nicephorus    
relate2 or a dead man1 according to     
,paulinus and ,severus ,sulpicius1 was  
brought to the spot1 and restored to    
health or to life1 when placed on one of
 the three crosses4 ,if we consider1    
that it is related in the #bnd book of  
,kings c1 ,,xiii1 that when some persons
 were burying a man1 they cast the body 
into the sepulchre of ,eliseus4 ,and    
when it had touched the bones of        
,eliseus1 the man came to life and stood
 up on his feet1 we may not be unwilling
 to admit the possibility or            
probability1 that such a miracle may    
have occurred at the sepulchre of the   
,god of ,eliseus4 ,besides the authors  
whom ,i have mentioned1 this history is 
attested by ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4           
,chrysostom1 and ,s4 ,cyril of          
,jerusalem4 ,this great bishop and      
,eusebius lived at the time when the    
event is said to have happened3 the     

other writers lived not long after1 and 
,ruffinus and ,theodoret passed part of 
their lives in ,syria4 ,the same        
historians mention1 that ,s4 ,helen     
divided the ,cross into three parts1 one
 she left in ,jerusalem1 another she    
sent to ,costantine1 according to the   
author of the life of ,pope ,sylvester  
published by ,pope ,damasus towards the 
close of the #fth cent42 and the third  
she reserved for herself1 to ,rome4 ,she
 placed the last mentioned piece in the 
,sessorian ,basilica1 called also the   
,basilica of ,helen1 because erected by 
her1 in the ,horti ,variani3 hence is   
derived its title of ,s4 ,croce in      
,gerusalemme4 ,on this subject          
additional information may be found in  
the work of the late ,padre ,de         
,corrieris1 ,de ,sessorianis praecipius 
,d4,n4,j4,c4 reliquiis1 in ,trombelli   
,de cultu ,s,srum and ,ben4 ,,xiv4 ,de  
festis4 ,from ,santa ,croce a piece of  
the cross was taken to ,s4 ,peter's1 and
 is one of the relics shewn on good     

friday4 ,even in the fourth century ,s4 
,cyril of ,jerusalem testifies1 that    
particles of the true cross had been    
sent to every ,christian country4       
,sidenote3 #b4 of the lance4  #b4 ,the  
lance also with which our divine        
,saviour's side was pierced1 was found  
by ,s4 ,helen1 as the ,bollandists shew3
 and it was preserved in ,jerusalem1 as 
,s4 ,gregory of ,tours and our venerable
 ,bede observe3 but towards the end of  
the #fth cent41 the iron part of it was 
transfered to ,costantinople2 of this   
the point was placed in the imperial    
palace2 the other part in the church of 
,s4 ,sophia1 and afterwards in that of  
,s4 ,john4 ,william of ,tyre and ,anna  
,comnena mention it as existing there in
 the #aath and #abth centuries4 ,towards
 the close of the #acth century the     
point of the lance with other relics    
passed into the possession of ,s4 ,louis
 of ,france3 the other part of the lance
 still remained at ,s4 ,john's in       
,constantinople1 as ,buondelmount1 who  

saw it1 bears witness4 ,when ,mahomet   
subdued ,costantinople1 he preserved all
 the relics1 as ,theodore cited by      
,benedict ,,xiv relates in his history  
of the ,turks1 and his son ,bajazet sent
 an ambassador with the relics of the   
lance to ,pope ,innocent ,,viii1 in     
order to induce his ,holiness not to    
protect ,zizimus1 who disputed with him 
the succession to the ,turkish throne4  
,the ,pope received it with great       
reverence1 and placed it in the         
,vatican4 ,as some suspicion was        
entertained about the veracity of the   
,turkish ambassador1 ,benedict ,,xiv1 as
 he mentions in his very learned work on
 the ,canonisation of the ,saints1 from 
which ,i have extracted this account1   
sent for an exact cast of the point     
preserved at ,paris1 which perfectly    
corresponded with the piece preserved in
 the ,vatican2 and thus were confirmed  
the assertion of the ,turk#ajg4         
,sidenote3 #c4 ,volto ,santo4  #c4 ,as  
for the ,volto ,santo1 or image of our  

,saviour it was placed in an ,oratory of
 the ,vatican ,basilica by ,john ,,vii  
as long ago as #gjg1 as may be seen in  
,marlinetti1 ,dei pregii della ,basilica
 ,vat4 ,who ,s4 ,veronica or ,berenice  
was1 who is said to have wiped our      
,saviour's face with the handkerchief is
 another question1 as ,benedict ,,xiv   
observes1 to whom and to ,marlinetti ,i 
shall content myself with referring4 ,it
 appears that this ancient likeness of  
our ,saviour was afterwards kept at ,s4 
,spirito3 six ,roman noblemen had the   
care of it2 and to each of them was     
confided on of the six keys1 with which 
it was locked up4 ,they enjoyed various 
privileges1 and among others1 says an   
ancient ,,ms4 ,chronicle quoted by      
,cancellieri1 havevano questi sei ogni  
anno1 da ,santo ,spirito1 due vacche in 
die ,s4 ,spiritus le quali se magnavano 
li con gran festa4 ,in #adaj the ,volto 
,santo was carried back to ,s4 ,peter's1
 where it has ever since remained#ajh4  
,sidenote3 ,reflections4  ,the ,council 

of ,trent1 in the #beth ,session1       
teaches that veneration and honour are  
due to relics of the ,saints1 and that  
they and other sacred monuments are     
honoured by the faithful not without    
utility4 ,we all honour the memorials of
 the great1 of the wise and of the      
brave2 who has not venerated the oak of 
a ,tasso or the house of a ,shakespeare8
 ,while ,we revere the relics of a      
,borromeo at ,milan1 of a ,francois de  
,sales at ,annecy1 of a ,luigi ,gonzaga1
 a ,filippo ,neri1 a ,camillo de ,lellis
 at ,rome1 others respect the chair and 
table of ,wickliffe at ,lutterworth1 or 
the room of ,luther at ,eisenach4 ,if   
infidels unite in paying homage to the  
house of the impious philosopher of     
,ferney1 let all ,christians1 however   
they may be otherwise unhappily divided1
 join in shewing their respect for the  
image of their ,saviour1 and for those  
instruments which touched his sacred    
body1 and were sanctified by his        
precious blood4 ,o let them gaze with   

reverential awe on that lance which     
entering into his adorable side drew    
from it blood and water1 and on that    
cross to which he was nailed and on     
which he died for our salvation4 ,the   
early ,christians1 our forefathers in   
the faith1 manifested great respect for 
the bodies and the blood of the martyrs1
 because they were faithful followers of
 ,christ4 ,thus1 in the letter of the   
faithful of ,smyrna preserved by        
,eusebius1 they mention that they       
gathered up the bones of their bishop   
,polycarp1 7a disciple of ,s4 ,john the 
,apostle7 more precious than pearls1 and
 more tried than gold1 and buried them4 
,in this place1 ,god willing1 say they  
we shall meet and celebrate with joy and
 gladness the birthday of this martyr4  
,,ss4 ,praxedes and ,pudentiana1 and    
many other devout females used to       
collect the blood of the martyrs with   
sponges and cloths1 as if they feared   
that one drop of it should be lost4     
,read the poems of ,prudentius1 observe 

the phials of blood#aji placed before   
the martyrs' tombs in the catacombs1 and
 you will not doubt the truth of such   
assertions#aaj4 ,the shadow of ,peter1  
the handkerchiefs which had touched the 
body of ,paul1 could cure diseases1 as  
the ,scripture witnesseth2 but here are 
the relics of a greater than ,paul1 of a
 greater than ,peter3 ,o then let us    
kneel1 and love1 and venerate them2 for 
they were closely united to ,him who is 
the author and object of our faith1 the 
only foundation of our hope1 the centre 
and the consummation of our love4       
,sidenote3 ,recapitulation4  ,it does   
not fall within my plan to speak of the 
devotion of the three hours of agony1   
practised on this day in many churches1 
as at the ,gesu1 ,s4 ,lorenzo in ,damaso
 etc4 or of that which is practised     
after the ,ave ,maria at ,s4 ,marcello1 
,caravita etc4 or of the elegies recited
 by the ,arcadian pastors over their    
,redeemer4 ,let us rather briefly       
recapitulate with ,morcelli the         

principal ceremonies of the day3        
,station at ,s4 ,croce2 service in the  
,sixtine chapel1 the veneration of the  
,cross2 the ,b4 ,sacrament carried      
thither in procession from the ,pauline 
chapel1 ,mass of the ,presanctified and 
,vespers4 ,in the afternoon ,tenebrae1  
and veneration of the relics at ,s4     
,peter's4  ,footnote #hb3 ,see a ,,ms4  
,apamean ,pontifical ap4 ,marthene ,t4  
#c1 p4 #acb1 ,benedict ,canon of ,s4    
,peter's in his ,ordo ,romanus1         
,marangoni1 ,istoria dell antichissimo  
,oratorio o ,cappella di ,s4 ,lorenzo   
nel ,patriarchio ,lateranense4 ,roma    
#agdg4 ,s4 ,louis of ,france used to    
walk barefooted on this day to the      
churches1 praying and giving abundant   
alms1 as did also ,william1 king of the 
,romans4 7,chronicon ,erphordense ad    
ann4 #abeb71 ,s4 ,elisabeth of ,hungary 
used to devote the day to similar acts  
of piety1 walking barefooted and in the 
dress of a poor woman to the churches1  
and there making her humble offerings at

 the altars1 and distributing copious   
alms4 ,on her practices of piety during 
holy-week see her life by ,le ,cte de   
,montalembert c4 #i4  ,footnote #hc3    
,the ,corporal1 which was anciently much
 longer than at present1 was spread in  
this manner at all masses before the    
offertory4 ,see ,cancellieri1 ,de       
,secretariis ,t4 ,i1 ,fleury1 ,moeurs   
des ,chretiens4  ,footnote #hd3 ,the    
lessons1 the prayer1 and the passion are
 found in the ancient ordo ,gelasianus  
for this day4  ,footnote #he3 ,according
 to the ,gelasian ,sacramentary all were
 to genuflect at the prayer for the     
,jews1 as well as at the other prayers2 
not so according to the ,gregorian      
,sacramentary4  ,footnote #hf3 ,god our 
,saviour1 says ,s4 ,paul 7#a ,tim4 ,,ii1
 #d7 wishes all men to be saved1 and to 
come to the knowledge of the truth4 ,the
 ,catholic church is animated by the    
same spirit of charity1 as the admirable
 prayers of this day might alone prove4 
,if she teaches exclusive salvation4    

,christ taught the same ,he that        
believeth and is baptised shall be      
saved3 he that believeth not shall be   
condemned ,mark ,,xvi1 #bf4 ,we cannot  
therefore consistently accuse the church
 of want of charity1 when she proclaims 
the general conditions of salvation1    
without at the same time charging       
,christ himself1 who first taught them1 
with the same fault4 ,true charity      
desires the salvation of all but she    
warns others of their danger2 and does  
not cruelly conceal it from them till it
 is too late4  ,footnote #hg3 ,after    
these prayers the faithful used         
anciently to leave the church1 and the  
,priests to go to their own churches1 to
 perform the ceremonies till the        
evening-service3 so that what follows   
was then a totally distinct service4    
,see ,sacram ,s4 ,gregorii1 ant4 ,ord4  
,roman1 etc4 ap4 ,martene lib4 ,,iv1 c4 
#bc4  ,footnote #hh3 ,it would appear1  
that1 before ,costantine abolished the  
punishment of malefactors on the cross1 

the ,christians1 who well knew with ,s4 
,paul that ,christ crucified was to the 
,jews a stumbling-block1 and to the     
gentiles foolishness'1 prudently        
abstained from representing our ,saviour
 nailed to the cross1 and used rather to
 depict a lamb with a cross near it1 of 
which instances may he seen in ,rork's  
,hierurgia p4 #ebj4 ,the first mention  
of the crucifix in the church is        
believed to occur in the poem titled ,de
 ,passione ,domini referred to the      
fourth century4 ,that the use of the    
sign and the image of the cross was much
 more ancient and very prevalent among  
,christians will appear from the        
following facts4 ,at every step and     
movement says ,tertullian 7in the early 
part of the third century7 whenever we  
come in or go out1 when we dress and    
wash ourselves1 at table1 when lights   
are brought in1 whether we are lying or 
sitting down2 whatever we are doing1 we 
mark our foreheads with the sign of the 
cross4 ,eusebius mentions that          

,constantine placed a magnificent cross 
,de ,vit4 ,const4 ,i4 #c4 ,in the fourth
 century in his palace ,s4 ,john        
,chrysostom in one of his eloquent      
homilies observes ,every where the      
symbol of the cross is present to us4   
,we inscribe it very diligently on our  
houses1 and walls1 and doors1 and brows1
 and thoughts4 ,s4 ,basil 7,de ,spirit4 
,s4 ad ,amphilochium c4 #bg47 derives   
the sign of the cross from ,apostolic   
tradition4 ,that this custom universally
 prevailed among ,christians might be   
proved from ,s4 ,jerome1 from the       
historian ,socrates and others1 and from
 monuments of the early ,christians     
still preserved in ,egypt3 but why      
travel so far8 we have only lo look     
around us in the catacombs1 or in the   
,vatican ,museum and ,library4 ,the     
cross is the chosen1 the beloved sign of
 ,christians2 they repeated it a        
thousand times on their lamps1 on their 
rings1 on their cups and sacred vessels1
 that they might have the sign of their 

redemption ever before their eyes1 they 
kissed it at the hour of their death1   
and had it marked on their tomb1 as a   
sign of their hope of salvation4 ,no    
sooner had peace shone upon the church1 
than crosses were erected on high roads1
 and in many places of public resort3   
and would to ,god that those sacred     
ancient monuments1 which once adorned   
our own country1 bore public testimony  
to the faith of its inhabitants1 and    
recalled to the minds of passers-by the 
sufferings of their ,saviour1 had not   
been too rudely treated in the first    
heat of religious and political frenzy6 
,for some ancient representations of the
 cross see the learned work of ,dr4     
,rock on the mass4 ,i shall content     
myself with noticing an interesting     
instance1 which he has not mentioned4   
,at ,pompeii the house of ,pansa1 as it 
is called1 is one of the most remarkable
 yet excavated on account of its extent 
and regularity4 ,some parts of it were  
used as shops1 and appear to have been  

let out1 7as is still the custom in some
 palaces of ,rome73 for they have no    
communication with the body of the      
building4 ,between two parts thus       
separated is an entrance from a side    
street to the peristyle or open court   
surrounded by columns2 and on the pier  
between the two doors is1 or rather was 
a painting representing one of the      
guardian-serpents or tutelary deities1  
who were sometimes represented under    
that form1 as we occasionally see at    
,pompeii1 and as we learn from ,virgil  
7lib47 ,v4 ,hence as we see in ,titus'  
baths and are informed by ,persius1 a   
place was considered sacred1 in which   
serpents were painted4 ,indeed these    
reptiles became such favourites1 that1  
according to ,seneca1 they used to creep
 upon the tables amid the cups3 and some
 ladies so far overcame natural         
prejudices1 as to place real serpents1  
if not boas1 round their necks1 to cool 
them1 instead of using artificial boas  
to warm themselves4 ,si gelidum nectit  

collo ,glacilla draconem says ,martial4 
,before the serpent painted in ,pansa's 
house is or was a projecting brick      
intended to support a lamp3 the painting
 in consequence of its situation could  
be seen only by persons within the      
house3 but upon the opposite wall there 
is or was a cross worked in bas relief  
upon a panel of white stucco1 so        
situated as to be visible to all persons
 passing4 ,it had the form of a ,latin  
cross1 which1 we may observe1 as well as
 the ,greek cross3 is found upon ancient
 ,christian monuments2 though of course 
we cannot bring forward other instances 
so ancient as the monument in question4 
7,see ,rock p4 #eaf74 ,it is hard to    
conceive1 says the learned ,mazois1 that
 the same man should bow at once before 
the cross of ,christ1 and pay homage to 
,janus1 ,ferculus1 ,limetinus1 ,cardia1 
the deities of the threshold1 and the   
hinges of doors4 ,perhaps at this time  
the cross was of a meaning unknown      
except to those who had embraced the    

,christian faith1 which1 placed here    
among the symbols of paganism1 as if in 
testimony of gratitude1 informed the    
faithful1 that the truth had here found 
an asylum with a poor man1 under the    
safeguard of all the popular            
superstitions4 ,so far ,mazois1 whose   
opinion is embraced by the author of the
 interesting work on ,pompeii published 
by the society for promoting useful     
knowledge3 but is it not probable1 ,i   
may ask1 or rather is it not certain    
that1 at that early period1 while some  
members of the same family were pagans1 
others were ,christians8 it is not then 
surprising if in the same house we find 
both ,christian and ,pagan emblems3 we  
may suppose1 that some such persons may 
have been inmates of the same house as  
,mr4 ,bulwer's pagan gladiator ,lydon   
and his ,christian father ,medon4       
,pompeii was overwhelmed by ashes in the
 year of ,christ #gi3 and if ,vesuvius  
still occasionally lay waste the        
surrounding country1 we are indebted to 

it for the preservation not only of a   
thousand classical monuments1 but also  
of a representation of the cross of     
,christ1 which cannot be of a much later
 date than the time of the destruction  
of ,jerusalem4  ,footnote #hi3 ,st4     
,helen discovered the cross on which    
,christ suffered1 and erected a church  
in ,jerusalem1 in which it was          
deposited4 ,the bishop of that city     
every year1 at the season of the paschal
 solemnity1 exhibits it to be adored by 
the people1 after he himself has first  
performed his act of profound           
veneration4 ,s4 ,paulinus of ,nola1     
,a4,d4 #dcj1 ep4 #aa ad ,sever4 ,in the 
middle of ,lent1 the life-giving wood of
 the venerable cross is usually exposed 
for adoration4 ,s4 ,sophronius patriarch
 of ,jerusalem in #fci4 7,orat4 in      
,exalt4 ,crucis74 ,from this custom of  
the church of ,jerusalem probably arose 
that of the ,roman church1 in which a   
crucifix1 containing a particle of the  
true cross1 was publicly venerated on   

good ,friday4 ,in the ,sacramentary of  
pope ,gelasius 7,a4,d4 #djb7 we read in 
an account of the ceremonies of this day
 ,the priest comes before the altar1    
adoring the ,lord's cross and kissing   
it--all adore the holy cross and        
communicate4 ,this ceremony is mentioned
 also in the ,antiphonary of ,s4        
,gregory the great and the ancient ,ordo
 ,romanus4 ,flecte genu1 lignumque      
crucis venerabile adora1 says           
,lactantius4 ,see bishop ,poynter's     
,christianity p4 #aea4 ,of the ,greeks  
,leo ,allatius relates that on          
good-friday1 while they accompany as it 
were ,christ himself to the tomb1 they  
lead round through the cities and adore 
the sculptured body of ,christ4 ,de     
consensu utriusque ,eccl4 lib4 #e4 c4   
#ae4 ,the ,syrians also practise this   
ceremony1 as we learn from documents    
published by ,card4 ,borgia and ,nairon4
 ,this rite is called the adoration of  
the cross4 ,let us not forget what is   
said in the ,book of ,common ,prayer in 

the solemnization of ,matrimony ,with   
this ring ,i thee wed2 with my body ,i  
thee worship4 ,such words of doubtful   
signification must be interpreted from  
the doctrine of the church which adopts 
them4 ,hanc veniam petimusque damusque  
vicissim4 ,now the word adorare used in 
our liturgy 7derived from ad and ora1   
because persons when adoring used to put
 their right hand to their mouth2 ,plin4
 ,i4 #bh1 c4 #b4 ,apuleius in ,apolog47 
signifies not only to pay divine        
worship1 but also to venerate and even  
to salute4 ,thus from the instances     
collected in ,forcellini's ,lexicon we  
may select the following3 ,primo autem  
septimum ,germanici consulatum adoravi4 
,stat in praef i4 #d ,silv4 ,imo cum    
gemitu populum sic adorat3 ,apulei4 lib 
#b4 ,metam4 ,the doctrine of the        
catholic church on this subject is as   
usual clear and decided4 ,the           
twenty-fifth session of the ,council of 
,trent decreed as follows3 ,the holy    
synod commands all bishops1 and others  

sustaining the duty and care of         
teaching1 that they should diligently   
instruct the faithful concerning the    
legitimate use of images according to   
the custom of the catholic and apostolic
 church received from the commencement  
of christianity1 and the consent of the 
holy fathers1 and decrees of the sacred 
councils1 teaching them 444 that the    
images of ,christ2 of the ,virgin mother
 of ,god1 and other saints1 are to be   
had and retained especially in churches1
 and that due honour and veneration are 
to be given them3 not that any divinity 
or virtue is believed to exist in them  
for which they are to be worshipped1 or 
that any thing is to be asked from them1
 or that confidence is to be placed in  
images1 as was formerly done by the     
,gentiles1 who used to place their hope 
in idol2 but because the honour which is
 given to them is referred to the       
prototypes which they represent2 so that
 by the images which we kiss1 and before
 which we uncover our heads and bow our 

bodies1 we adore ,christ1 and venerate  
the ,saints1 whose likeness they bear3  
this has been decreed against the       
opposers of images by the decrees of    
councils1 especially of the second synod
 of ,nice4 ,and let the bishops         
diligently teach1 that by the histories 
of the mysteries of our redemption      
expressed in pictures or other          
likenesses the people are instructed and
 confirmed in commemorating and         
assiduously venerating articles of      
faith1 and that from all sacred images a
 great fruit is derived1 not only       
because the people are admonished of the
 benefits and gifts conferred on them by
 ,christ1 but also because ,god's       
miracles through the saints1 and        
salutary examples are laid before the   
eyes of the faithful1 that they may     
return thanks for them to ,god1 and may 
compose their life and manners to an    
imitation of the saints1 and may be     
excited to adore and love ,god and      
cherish piety4 ,the council then gives  

directions for the extirpation of any   
abuses which may creep in4 ,these words1
 by which our faith and practice are    
regulated1 are too clear to need        
comment1 and sufficiently justify       
catholics from the foolish and          
calumnious charge of idolatry4 ,the true
 ,catholic practice is well expressed in
 a work attributed to ,alcuin ,we       
prostrate our bodies before the cross1  
and our souls before the ,lord3 we      
venerate the cross by which we have been
 redeemed1 and we supplicate ,him who   
redeemed us4  ,footnote #ij3 ,this rite 
is described in the ,ordo ,romanus ,,xiv
 with the same ceremonies4 ,it is first 
mentioned in the ,ordo ,,xi of the      
,canon ,benedict4  ,footnote #ia3 ,we   
kiss and press to our hearts the        
pictures of those whom we love1 and     
shall we think it sinful to kiss the    
image of ,him1 who for love of us       
humbled himself even to the death of the
 cross8 ,oh6 let each one of us rather  
exclaim with ,s4 ,paul ,god forbid that 

,i should glory save in the cross of our
 ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by whom the world
 is crucified to me and ,i to the world 
7,gal4 ,,vi73 or in the words attributed
 to ,s4 ,andrew when he was going to be 
crucified ,hail precious cross1 that    
hast been consecrated by the body of my 
,lord1 and adorned with his limbs as    
with rich jewels4 ,oh good cross1 that  
hast received beauty from our ,lord's   
limbs1 ,i have ardently loved thee1 long
 have ,i desired and sought thee2 now   
thou art found by me and made ready for 
my longing soul4 ,act4 ,s4 ,andreae4    
,footnote #ib3 ,the greatest glory says 
,baini was deservedly obtained by       
,pierluigi on account of the improperii1
 and the hymn ,crux fidelis which he set
 to music for #h voices divided into two
 choirs1 and which were sung for the    
first time by the choir of the ,lateran 
basilica on good ,friday in the year    
#aefj3 by them fece sbalordire arte e   
natura4 ,pius ,,iv demanded them for the
 use of the apostolic chapel1 and1 after

 he had heard them1 declared that       
,palestrina had surpassed his           
expectations4 ,these improperii are     
still sung and will ever be sung in the 
apostolic chapel ,baini1 ,mem4 storic4  
di ,giovanni ,pierluigi da ,palestrina  
#a4 p4 #fd4  ,footnote #ic3 ,this hymn  
is frequently sung in the ,greek and    
,oriental church4 ,renaudot ,t4 ,i1 p4  
#gj4 ,according in the ,menologium      
,graecum and ,s4 ,john ,damascen it was 
first used in the reign of ,theodosius1 
when public supplications were offered  
to heaven during a terrible earthquake  
at ,costantinople4 ,this ,palmer admits1
 ,i1 #fd4 ,it is still said in ,greek1  
in which it was originally composed1 as 
well as in ,latin1 in the ,roman church4
 ,see ,goar in notis ad ,rituale ,graec4
  ,footnote #id3 ,in the ,ordo ,romanus 
,,xii1 ,ap4 #a1 de ,presbyterio1 it is  
prescribed that according to ancient    
custom whatever is offered upon the     
cross ought to belong to the schola 7or 
company7 of the cross3 in the ,ordo     

,,xiv1 that it belongs to the ,sagrista4
 ,the sum collected is at present the   
perquisite of ,m4 ,sagrista and the two 
principal ,masters of ceremonies4 ,these
 offerings were customary also in other 
churches1 and in particular at ,paris4  
,footnote #ie3 ,baini observes1 that the
 chant of this hymn is one of the few   
instances of rhythmical chant preserved 
by uninterrupted tradition in the papal 
chapel and adorned with the ancient     
ornaments4 7,see his ,saggio sopra      
l'indentita dei ritmi musicale e        
poetico4 ,firenze1 #ahbj74 ,the chant of
 that hymn says ,eximano 7quoted by     
,baini1 ,mem4 ,stor47 is a true plain   
chant1 that is1 a chant of unison1 such 
as it is found in all choral books3 but 
the mode of singing it in the pontifical
 chapel makes it appear different from  
what is sung in other churches--,above  
all1 the distribution of the notes1     
which are sung 7not of those which are  
written7 adapted to express the length  
and shortness of the syllables which    

compose the rhythm of the hymn1 ought to
 be studied4 ,se si da quell'inno ad un 
maestro di cappella per metterlo in     
musica concertata ed in battuta         
sensibile1 verra subito distrutto il    
ritmo1 e se la cantilena della cappella 
pontif4 si scrive in battuta1 si        
vedranno cadere nel battere alcune      
sillabe brevi1 senza pregiudizio della  
loro quantita4 ,dubbio di ,d4 ,antonio  
,eximeno sopra il saggio fondamentale   
pratico di contrappunto del ,r4,p4,m4   
,martini4 ,roma1 #aggc4  ,footnote #if3 
,the corporal is a square piece of linen
 so called1 because the ,corpus or body 
of ,christ is placed on it4 ,s4 ,isidore
 of ,pelusium in the beginning of the   
#eth century says1 that the white linen 
cloth1 which is spread under the divine 
gifts1 is the clean linen cloth of      
,joseph of ,arimathea3 for we1          
sacrificing the bread of proposition on 
the linen cloth1 without doubt find like
 him the body of ,christ3 it was        
anciently much larger than it is at     

present4 ,the purificator is a small    
towel1 which serves to wipe the chalice 
and the hands and mouth of the priest1  
after he has received the ,b4           
,sacrament4  ,footnote #ig3 ,the veil is
 used from reverence to the ,b4         
,sacrament3 on an ancient mosaic on one 
of the arches of ,s4 ,prassede1 a person
 is represented enveloped in it1 holding
 a sacred vessel apparently intended to 
contain the ,b4 ,sacrament4 ,ciampini1  
,vet4 mon4 ,t4 #b4  ,footnote #ih3      
,according to the ,gelasian             
,sacramentary1 the deacons go to the    
sacrarium and walk in procession with   
the body and blood of the ,lord1 which  
remained from the preceding day3 with it
 the most ancient ,ordo ,romanus ad usum
 monasteriorum agrees4  ,footnote #ii3  
,in the fourth century ,pope ,innocent  
,i in his epistle to ,decentius assigns 
as a reason1 why the holy sacrifice is  
not offered up on this day1 the example 
of the apostles who1 concealing         
themselves for fear of the ,jews1 spent 

this and the following day in fasting   
and mourning for the death of their     
master1 and were thus debarred from the 
holy mysteries4 ,during the whole of    
,lent the ,greek church still           
celebrates1 towards evening1 only the   
mass of the presanctified1 except on    
,saturdays and ,sundays1 and on the     
feast of the ,annunciation1 when the    
ordinary mass is offered up4 ,this is   
one of the ancient instances of         
communion under one kind2 for1 as ,leo  
,allatius observes1 either it is        
received under the form of bread alone1 
or if some drops of the sacred blood    
were sprinkled on the host1 all the     
species of wine have disappeared before 
communion4 7,de utriusque ,ecclesiae    
consensione1 p4 #hge74 ,neither in the  
,latin or the ,greek church is the mass 
of the pre-sanctified a ,missa sicca or 
dry mass3 in which not only the         
consecration1 but also the communion1   
and all those prayers which are said    
over the holy ,eucharist1 used to be    

omitted4 ,see ,durandus in ,rationali c4
 #a4 ,this is the only day in the year  
on which mass is not offered up in the  
,latin church1 and even on it the priest
 communicates3 on holy ,saturday mass is
 said1 but the priest alone             
communicates3 on all other days all the 
faithful may and many do communicate1   
either during mass or before or after it
 according to circumstances4 ,palmer    
having quoted a passage from ,bona1 in  
which the ,cardinal regrets that        
communion1 as well as other rites to    
which the mass is not essential1 is     
often delayed till after the mass is    
ended1 subjoins the following           
ejaculation4 ,would that they who       
communicate with the ,roman church were 
not too timid or too lukewarm to return 
to the practice of the primitive church 
in this and many other respects4 ,orig4 
,liturg4 vol4 #b1 p4 #aed4 ,now in the  
primitive church the faithful1 and even 
those in health1 used to communicate not
 only during mass1 but also at other    

times1 as is evident from the office of 
the presanctified1 at which1 according  
to the ,gelasian sacramentary1 all      
present communicated1 as well as from   
the numerous ancient instances of       
communion under one kind mentioned in   
the preceding chapter2 for in these     
cases it was not received during the    
mass1 and many of them are cases of     
persons in health4 ,in the same page    
,mr4 ,palmer observes that during all   
the primitive ages the whole body of the
 faithful communicated at each          
celebration of the liturgy4 ,now has the
 church of ,england preserved this      
practice of the primitive church8 ,so   
far is this from being the case1 that   
,palmer considers her ordinary office as
 a ,missa sicca2 or dry service p4 #afd1
 in which there is neither consecration 
or communion1 and the earliest notice of
 which occurs in the writings of ,petrus
 ,cantor 7,a4,d4 #abjj71 according to   
,palmer's own admission1 ibid4 ,even on 
those few days in the year when she     

admits her children to communion1 her   
ministers generally consider that they  
make an oblation only of bread and wine1
 and not of the body and blood of       
,christ1 whereas1 whatever ,palmer or   
the ,tracts for the ,times may say to   
the contrary1 we are prepared to prove  
from the very liturgies1 which the      
former cites1 that in the mass there is 
an oblation not merely of bread and wine
 but also of the body and blood of      
,christ2 and accordingly even the author
 of ,tract #ha1 vol4 #d1 admits1 p4 #fa1
 that the real point of difference      
between the primitive church and modern 
views is whether there be in this       
oblation a mystery or no4 ,it is truly  
lamentable that men of learning should  
falsely accuse the ,roman church of     
departure from primitive discipline in a
 matter of so little comparative        
importance as the precise time when     
communion is to be received1 while they 
themselves must acknowledge1 that they  
have abolished communion itself as well 

as consecration on nearly all the days  
of the year1 and that they have reduced 
the oblation of the mass from a         
'mystery' and a 'venerable1 tremendous  
and unbloody sacrifice' 7,palmer vol4   
#b1 p4 #hd7 to an offering of bread and 
wine4 ,they have thus deprived their    
followers of the inestimable fruits of  
communion enumerated by ,christ in the  
gospel--yet these forsooth are the men  
who charge ,catholics with a departure  
from primitive practice4 ,how many other
 primitive practices mentioned in this  
work have been abolished by the church  
of ,england6  ,footnote #ajj3 ,this     
plate1 which is of gold or silver-gilt1 
resembles in form the patera used in the
 ancient sacrifices1 and generally      
represented together with the           
prefericulum on sepulchral monuments    
dedicated to the ,manes4  ,footnote     
#aja3 ,the wine is sanctified1 but is   
not consecrated1 either by the particle 
of the sacred host1 or by the recital of
 the ,pater noster1 as has been shewn by

 ,mabillon1 7,museum ,ital47 ,bossuet1  
and other authors quoted by ,benedict   
,,xiv4 ,the wine and water represent the
 blood and water1 which flowed on this  
day from ,christ's body4 ,see ,act4     
,coer4 p4 #ed4 ,whenever priests say    
,mass1 they receive under both kinds1 in
 compliance with the command of ,christ 
,drink ye all of this which words as    
well as those others1 ,do this in       
commemoration of me were addressed to   
the apostles and their successors4      
,footnote #ajb3 ,according to the       
direction of the ,gelasian sacramentary1
 the ,pax ,domini etc4 is not said on   
this day4  ,footnote #ajc3 ,as the      
communion1 says ,mabillon is of the     
nature of a sacred banquet1 it consists 
of food and drink2 hence the other part 
of the banquet1 viz4 drink1 was supplied
 by wine1 mixed with water1 but         
sanctified by a particle of the ,b4     
,sacrament ,see for the service of this 
day a ,,ms4 ,pontifical of the church of
 ,apamea in ,syria ap4 ,martene t4 #c1  

p4 #acb4 ,it is found with little       
variation also in the ,gelasian         
,sacramentary1 in a very ancient ,ordo  
,romanus1 and some ,,mss4 cited by      
,martene4 ,in the ,roman church1 as     
,amalarius was informed by the ,roman   
archdeacon at the station no one        
communicated4 ,in many other churches   
there was general communion2 this is    
prescribed by the church during this    
holy season4  ,footnote #ajd3 ,in many  
churches the crucifix used to be        
solemnly placed in the sepulchre after  
the ,vespers4 ,see the ,sarum and other 
missals1 ap4 ,martene t4 #c1 p4 #aci4   
,footnote #aje3 ,so jealously are these 
relics kept1 that even sovereigns cannot
 go up where they are preserved1 without
 being first appointed ,canons of the   
,basilica4 ,the ,emperor ,frederic      
,,iii1 and afterwards ,ladislaus son of 
the king of ,poland1 and ,cosimo ,,iii  
grand-duke of ,tuscany went up dressed  
as ,canons of ,st4 ,peter's4  ,footnote 
#ajf3 ,the learned professor ,sholz     

after his return from ,palestine        
defended in a dissertation the          
genuineness of this tomb against ,dr4   
,clark's objections3 if it be within the
 walls of the modern city of ,jerusalem1
 it was certainly outside the ancient   
walls4  ,footnote #ajg3 ,the lance      
preserved at ,nuremberg resembles in    
form that of ,st4 ,peter's1 but is made 
of common iron1 united with a part of   
one of the nails of the cross4          
,footnote #ajh3 ,these relics are shewn 
to the people on holy-,wednesday after  
the matins of ,tenebrae2 on ,thursday   
and ,friday several times in the day3 on
 holy ,saturday morning after mass3 on  
,easter ,sunday after the ,pontifical   
mass3 on ,easter ,monday1 and a few     
other festivals4  ,footnote #aji3 ,the  
opinion of ,roestell 7,beschreibung der 
,stadt ,rom1 ,b4 ,i1 p4 #djj7 that these
 phials contained the blessed eucharist 
under the form of wine1 if admitted1    
would form a new proof of the real and  
permanent presence of ,christ's blood in

 the ,b4 ,sacrament2 yet it is a novel1 
unsupported1 and untenable conjecture4  
,some of the ancient ,christian ,fathers
 complain1 it is true1 of the abuse of  
burying the eucharist with the deceased 
under the form of bread2 but the phials 
of blood have been found with so many   
bodies1 that we cannot reasonably       
suppose the custom to have been an      
abuse3 and who among the ancients       
mentions that the eucharist was ever    
buried with them under the form of wine8
 ,that the palm-branch or crown         
accompanied by these phials of blood are
 authentic signs of martyrdom1 see      
,raoul-,rochette's ,memoires sur les    
pierre sepulcrales1 t4 ,,xiii des ,mem4 
de l',academie1 p4 #baj1 #bag4 ,on one  
of the phials mentioned by ,roestell was
 found the inscription ,sanguis         
,saturnini4  ,footnote #aaj3 ,in the    
,vatican ,library is a small relic-case1
 marked with the monogram1 of great     
simplicity and consequent antiquity4    
,there is another of ivory1 adorned with

 bas-reliefs of the resuscitation of    
,lazarus1 ,christ's apprehension etc4   
,plainer1 ,bescher4 der ,stadt ,rom4 ,b4
 #b4 ,see also ,rock's ,hierurgia ,vol4 
#b1 cap #f4     ,,chap4 ,,vi4  ,,on     
,,the ,,ceremonies ,,of                 
,,holy-,,saturday   ,,contents4         
,service of ,easter-eve--,ceremonies of 
holy-saturday-morning--,sixtine chapel4 
#a4 ,blessing of the fire     and       
incense-procession2 ,paschal candle--the
 deacon sings the     ,exultet--triple  
candle--#b4 ,baptism administered on    
this     day3 communion of children in  
former times--prophecies--#c4     ,the  
litany3 invocation of ,saints--change   
from mourning     to rejoicing--,high   
mass3 sacred pictures                   
etc4--,alleluja--,vespers--end of the   
mass3 mass of ,pope                     
,marcellus--,ceremonies at ,s4 ,john    
,laterans4 ,blessing of     the font3   
baptistery--baptism of adults--litanies 
and     confirmation--mass and          
ordination--,armenian catholics--their  

liturgy2 and high mass on               
,easter-eve--reflections--,conclusion4  
,but now ,christ is risen from the dead1
 the first-fruits of     them that      
sleep4 #a ,cor4 ,,xv1 #bj4  ,sidenote3  
,service of ,easter-eve4  ,i remarked in
 the last chapter1 that anciently mass  
was not said either on good-friday1 or  
holy-saturday1 and ,i quoted ,pope      
,innocent ,i1 who assigns as a reason   
the example of the ,apostles1 who spent 
those days in mourning for their        
,master4 ,it was formerly customary to  
celebrate mass on the night of          
,easter-eve or holy ,saturday4 ,hence   
when ,tertullian1 the oldest ,latin     
,christian writer1 endeavoured to       
dissuade his wife from ever marrying a  
pagan1 in case of his own death1 among  
other arguments he used the following2  
,who will tranquilly wait for you1 when 
you are spending the night at the       
paschal solemnities8 ,s4 ,jerome also   
7in cap4 #be ,matt47 says1 that         
according to apostolic tradition1 the   

people did not leave the church on      
,easter-eve before midnight4 ,this      
custom continued for many ages2 but     
,hugh of ,s4 ,victor in the twelfth     
century says1 that in his time1 in order
 to avoid weakness arising from long    
fasting1 the hour anciently observed was
 anticipated4 ,the service1 which is now
 performed before noon on holy          
,saturday1 was formerly assigned to the 
night of ,easter-eve3 and this          
anticipation accounts for the occasional
 mention of night1 which it contains1 as
 well as for the early celebration of   
,christ's resurrection4  ,sidenote3     
,ceremonies of holy saturday4  ,the     
ceremonies of holy saturday-morning may 
be arranged under three heads3 #ast4 the
 blessing of the fire and of the paschal
 candle3 #bnd4 the preparation for1 and 
ceremonies of1 baptism3 #crd4 the litany
 and mass4 ,all three allude1 as we     
shall see1 to the resurrection of       
,christ1 which is the great object of   
our devotion on this day4 ,in ,rome two 

sanctuaries are the great centres of    
attraction in the morning1 viz4 ,s4     
,john ,lateran's on account of the      
baptism of adults1 and the ,sixtine     
chapel1 where the service is always     
beautiful1 and particularly on this day4
 ,we shall first give an account of the 
ceremonies observed in the latter1 and  
shall then describe the additional      
interesting rites of ,s4 ,john          
,lateran's4  ,sidenote3 ,sixtine chapel3
 #a4 ,blessing of fire and incense4  #a4
 ,as the missal prescribes1 the altar is
 covered at a convenient hour1 and the  
candles of the altar are not lighted    
till the beginning of the mass4 ,a      
light1 from which the charcoal for the  
incense is enkindled1 is struck from a  
flint in the sacristy2 where also ,m4   
,sagrista privately blesses water4 ,the 
cardinals enter the ,sixtine chapel     
vested in their purple cappe3 the maces 
are reversed1 as on friday4 ,meantime in
 the sacristy the ,card4 ,celebrant     
wearing a purple cope and mitre1 and    

assisted by the sacred ministers1       
blesses 7as usually with holy water and 
incense7 the fire and the five grains of
 incense1 which are to be fixed in the  
paschal candle#aaa4  ,sidenote3         
,procession3 ,paschal candle4  ,the     
,cardinal afterwards changes his cope   
for a chasuble1 which is purple as well 
as that of the subdeacon2 but the       
deacon1 as he is going to bless the     
,paschal candle#aab1 wears a white      
dalmatic4 ,they then enter the ,sixtine 
chapel2 where1 having put incense into  
the thurible1 the ,cardinal remains3 but
 the deacon1 the subdeacon who carries  
the cross1 and the other ministers go to
 the ,pauline chapel1 whence a          
procession returns in the following     
order4 ,after two mace bearers comes an 
acolythe with the five grains of        
incense1 and another with the thurible2 
then the subdeacon carrying the cross2  
and the deacon with a reed1 at the top  
of which are #c candles united together4
 ,at his left hand is a ,master of      

ceremonies with a small candle lighted  
from the blessed fire1 and he is        
followed by two other acolythes4 ,when  
the deacon arrives near the door of the 
cancellata1 one of the three candles is 
lighted1 and all genuflect1 except the  
subdeacon3 the deacon then sings1 ,lumen
 ,christi1 the light of ,christ1 and the
 choir answers1 ,thanks be to ,god4 ,the
 other two candles are lighted in turn1 
as the ,deacon approaches nearer to the 
altar2 singing the same words each time1
 but gradually in a higher tone4 ,he    
then gives the reed to an acolythe2 and 
before he sings the exultet or blessing 
of the ,paschal candle1 he receives the 
benediction of the ,card4 ,celebrant1   
who once more puts incense into the     
thurible4  ,sidenote3 ,deacon sings the 
,exultet3  ,sidenote3 triple candle     
,the deacon#aac goes to the book1 and   
has the subdeacon on his right hand1 and
 on his left the thurifer and two       
acolythes1 one of whom holds the reed1  
and the other the plate containing the  

five grains of incense4 ,all stand1 as  
at the gospel3 he incenses the book1 and
 then sings the ,exultet#aad4 ,after the
 words curvat imperia1 he fixes in the  
candle the five grains of incense in the
 form of a cross#aae4 ,at the words     
ignis accendit he lights the paschal    
candle with one of the three lights#aaf4
 ,when the blessing1 as it is called1 is
 ended1 the paschal candle is left      
lighted near the pulpit and the seats of
 the ,card4 deacons1 and the triple     
candle is placed near the altar on the  
gospel-side#aag4 ,the deacon then takes 
off his white vestments1 puts on others 
of a purple colour1 and joins the ,card1
 celebrant1 who accompanied by the      
ministers takes his seat on ,faldistorio
 near the altar on the epistle-side1 to 
hear the prophecies recited4  ,sidenote3
 #b4 ,baptism administered4  ,sidenote3 
communion of children4  #b4 ,the        
administration of the ,sacrament of     
,baptism forms an important feature in  
the ceremonies of this day3 indeed      

anciently it was customary to confer it 
only on holy-saturday1 and the eve of   
,whit-sunday1 except in case of         
necessity#aah4 ,on these two days those 
,catechumens who were sufficiently      
instructed1 and also children1 used to  
be baptised#aai by the bishop1 and by   
the bishop of ,rome as well as          
others#abj2 and after they had been     
baptised1 they all received             
,confirmation and the holy              
,eucharist#aba4  ,sidenote3 ,prophecies4
  ,the twelve lessons or prophecies read
 on this day were intended for the      
instruction of the catechumens2 and they
 are well selected for that purpose1 as 
they contain an account of the creating1
 the flood1 the obedience of ,abraham1  
the deliverance of ,god's people from   
their enemies at the red sea1 the       
precept concerning the paschal lamb1 the
 conversion of ,ninive1 the refusal of  
the three children to adore             
,nabuchodonosor's statue1 etc4 they are 
twelve in the ancient ,gelasian ,ordo4  

,they are sung in the ,sixtine chapel by
 members of the papal choir1 and are    
read by the ,card4 celebrant4 ,after    
each prophecy the ,cardinal standing up 
sings a prayer3 the deacon chants       
,flectamus genua and the subdeacon      
,levate before each1 except the last1   
when the knee is not bent1 in order to  
shew abhorence of the idolatry exacted  
by ,nabuchodonosor for his statue4      
,after the #dth1 #hth1 and #aath        
prophecies an appropriate ,tract is sung
 by the choir4 ,formerly some or all of 
these prophecies were said in ,greek as 
well as in ,latin4 7,see ,cancellieri1  
,funz4 d4 ,set4 ,s4 ,sec4 #d1 ,martene  
,t4 #c4 p4 #adh474 ,these lesson are    
recited even where there is no baptismal
 font1 as at the ,sixtine chapel4 ,after
 them follow in ,s4 ,john ,lateran's and
 other churches the blessing of the     
font1 and in some of them administration
 of baptism4  ,sidenote3 #c4 ,the       
litany3 invocation of ,saints4          
,sidenote3 ,change from mourning to     

rejoicing4  #c4 ,in the papal chapel1   
immediately after the prophecies1 the   
,celebrant takes off his chasuble1 and  
prostrates himself with the sacred      
ministers before the altar2 all the     
others also kneel1 and two tenor voices 
from the choir chant in the middle of   
the chapel the greater litanies1 called 
those of the saints1 each petition of   
which is repeated in the same words by  
the choir#abb4 ,before the verse        
,peccatores te rogamus audi nos the     
assistant priest and ministers go to the
 sacristy1 and put on white vestments4  
,then returning to the chapel they      
assist the ,card4 ,celebrant to put on  
his white vestments at his faldistorio4 
,the candles are now lighted 7at the    
,agnus ,dei of the litany1 as the       
,sacramentary of ,s4 ,gregory and the   
,ordo ,romanus prescribe72 the purple   
veil which covered the throne and the   
purple paliotto or facing of the altar  
are removed2 and both appear decked in  
white4 ,the ,cardinals assisted by      

theirs caudatarii take off their purple 
cappe1 and put on others of scarlet     
brought in by their respective          
camerieri4 ,the reason of this sudden   
change from mourning to rejoicing we    
have already seen3 the celebration of   
,christ's resurrection from the dead is 
celebrated by anticipation4  ,sidenote3 
,high mass4  ,at the end of the         
litanies1 the ,pope 7if ,his ,holiness  
were not present at the preceding       
ceremonies7 enters the chapel1 wearing a
 white cope and a mitre2 at the foot of 
the altar he repeals as usual the       
beginning of the mass with the ,card4   
,celebrant at ,his left hand3 in the    
meantime the choir sings solemnly the   
,kyrie eleison etc4 7as there is no     
,introit of the ,mass1 because the      
people were assembled in the church     
previously73 the ,pope goes to ,his     
throne1 and receives the usual          
ubbidienza2 and the other customary     
ceremonies of high mass in the papal    
chapel take place 7see p4 #ai and foll47

 with such exceptions as we shall now   
mention4 ,as soon as the ,celebrant     
commences the ,gloria in excelsis1 the  
veil is removed from the tapestry over  
the altar2 which represents ,christ     
rising from the dead#abc1 the cannons of
 ,s4 ,angelo are discharged1 the arms   
are no longer reversed and the bells of 
the city are tolled1 to announce to its 
faithful inhabitants the resurrection of
 their ,divine ,lord4  ,sidenote3       
,alleluja4  ,after the epistle1 sung as 
usual by the subdeacon1 another         
subdeacon 7,uditore di ,rota7 wearing a 
white tonacella or tunic announces at   
the foot of the throne the joyful       
tidings to ,his ,holiness#abd by        
chanting aloud2 ,pater sancte1 annuntio 
vobis gaudium magnum1 quod est1         
,alleluja3 having then kissed the       
,pope's foot he returns into the        
sacristy4 ,this word of joy#abe         
,alleluja1 7praise ,god7 which had not  
been once uttered during the long season
 of mourning which preceded this        

solemnity1 is now sung thrice by the    
,celebrant1 gradually raising his voice 
to a higher tone4 ,the choir reechoes it
 each time1 singing it in contrapunto1  
and then chants the verse ,confitemini1 
and the tract1 which is ordinarily      
recited in penitential times4           
,throughout the mass the joy of the     
church is incomplete2 for though ,christ
 has risen from the dead1 ,he has not   
yet appeared to ,his disciples1 and the 
light of faith is still overclouded1 as 
,alcuin remarks3 hence lights are not   
carried at the gospel2 the ,creed1      
offertory1 motetto and ,agnus ,dei are  
omitted1 and the kiss of peace is not   
given#abf4 ,merati adds to the cause    
already assigned the wish to abridge    
service2 particularly on account of the 
newly-baptised children1 who            
communicated at this mass2 and the      
unusual shortness of the ,vespers       
confirms this opinion4  ,sidenote3 ,end 
of the mass4  ,after the ,celebrant has 
communicated1 ,vespers are sung by the  

choir1 in place of the communion and    
postcommunion4 ,they consist of the     
anthem ,alleluja repeated three times   
before and after the short psalm        
,laudate ,dominion omnes gentes etc42 of
 the anthem ,vesper autem sabbati1 which
 the ,celebrant commences and the choir 
continues2 of the ,magnificat#abg and in
 fine of the prayer which is chanted by 
the ,card4 ,celebrant4 ,while the anthem
 before the ,magnificat is sung1 the    
,pope puts incense into the thurible2   
the celebrant incenses the crucifix and 
the altar1 and is incensed by the       
deacon1 and the incensing continues as  
after the offertory at high-mass 7,see  
p4 #ba7 ,at the ,gloria ,patri the      
deacon1 having incensed the ,card1      
priests1 bows his head in the middle of 
the chapel1 and then proceeds to incense
 the ,card1 deacons4 ,after the prayer2 
,ite ,missa est1 ,alleluja1 ,alleluja1  
is sung2 and the choir answers1 ,deo    
gratias ,alleluja1 ,alleluja3 the ,pope 
gives the usual blessing1 the ,celebrant

 publishes the indulgence of thirty     
years and this beautiful service        
terminates4 ,in the sacristy ,his       
,holiness puts on a mozzetta of white   
7instead of red7 damask1 and wears it   
during the whole of ,easter week3 ,his  
shoes also are white4 ,the ,cardinals   
put on red mantellette and mozzette over
 their purple cassocks2 these they      
afterwards change for others of scarlet4
  ,sidenote3 ,mass of ,pope ,marcellus4 
,the mass sung on this day is that of   
,pierluigi da ,palestrina1 called the   
mass of ,pope ,marcellus2 not because it
 was composed during his pontificate2   
but because1 according to ,baini1       
,pierluigi had intended to dedicate a   
work to that ,pope1 to whom he was      
grateful and attached1 but was          
disappointed by ,his ,holiness'         
premature death2 and therefore he       
persuaded ,card4 ,vitellozzi to give it 
that name in honour of his former       
patron4 ,this is the celebrated mass1   
which rescued ecclesiastical music from 

the dangers which surrounded it in the  
,pontificate of ,pius ,,iv 7as we have  
related in ,the ,papal ,chapel1 ,rome1  
#ahci71 and not of ,marcellus ,,ii1 as  
,baini has proved4 ,it is said1 that    
when it was first sung in the papal     
chapel1 the ,card4 dean ,francesco      
,pisani was so enraptured with it1 that 
he exclaimed with ,dante1 ,paradise1    
,canto ,x4    ,render e questo voce a   
voce in tempra   ,ed in dolcezza1 ch'   
esser non puo nota   ,se non cola dove  
il gioir s'insempra4  to whom1 with all 
the readiness of the bucolic shepherds1 
whom this classic soil even now         
produces1 ,card4 ,sorbelloni1 the       
,pope's cousin1 replied3    ,risponda   
dunque2 ,o beata sorte6   ,risponda alla
 divina cantilena   ,da tutte parti la  
beata ,corte1   ,si ch' ogni vista ne   
sia pia serena4  ,baini ,mem4 ,stor4 ,t4
 #a4  ,sidenote3 ,ceremonies at ,s4     
,john ,lateran's4  ,the ceremonies of   
holy-week are performed at ,s4 ,john    
,lateran's#abh by the chapter of that   

protobasilica1 and resemble for the most
 part those which we have already       
described4 ,on holy-saturday however1 in
 addition to the rites before mentioned1
 the font of the baptistery is blessed  
by the ,card4 ,vicar1 baptism is        
solemnly administered there to adults1  
the newly-baptised are confirmed in the 
church1 ordination is conferred during  
mass upon candidates1 for the           
priesthood4 ,we shall treat briefly of  
these various ceremonies4  ,sidenote3   
,blessing of the fonti3 baptistery4     
,after the twelve prophecies have been  
recited1 the ,card4 ,vicar1 7as the     
representative of the ,bishop of ,rome7 
wearing a purple cope and a mitre1 goes 
in procession from the tribune of the   
basilica to the baptistery#abi4 ,he is  
preceded by acolythes bearing the       
paschal candle#acj1 and the cross and   
usual lights1 as well as by the         
candidates for baptism and orders1 and  
the chapter of the basilica4 ,in the    
mean time the beautiful tract1 ,as the  

stag thirsts for the fountains of water1
 etc4 is sung#aca4 ,his ,em4 then chants
 the prayers appointed for the          
benediction of the font2 he divides the 
water with his hand in the form of a    
cross1 exorcises it1 touches it1 signs  
it three times with the sign of our     
redemption1 and pours some of it towards
 the four parts of the world1 in        
allusion to the command of ,christ3 ,go 
teach all nations1 baptising them       
7,matt4 ,,xxviii74 ,he then dips the    
paschal candle three times into the     
water1 singing1 and each time raising   
his voice to a higher pitch than before3
 ,may the power of the ,holy ,ghost     
descend upon the fulness of this font2  
as when ,he descended1 says ,gavant1 in 
the form of a dove at the baptism of    
,christ represented by this candle      
plunged into the water4 ,then breathing 
three times on the water nearly in the  
form of a cross that he may unite the   
,trinity with the cross 7as the same    
author observes7 he continues the chant1

 and raises the candle from the water1  
alluding in the prayer to the effect of 
baptism1 which confers grace1 raising   
the soul from sin to glory4 7,gavant74  
,the blessed water is then sprinkled    
upon the people1 and some of it is      
reserved to be sprinkled in houses1 etc4
 ,in order to sanctify the water still  
more1 the ,cardinal now pours into it1  
in the form of a cross1 oil of          
catechumens and chrism2 and mixes them  
with the water of the font1 in the name 
of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 
,this last ceremony is intended to      
signify1 according to mystical          
interpreters1 such as ,amalarius1       
,honorius1 ,durandus1 etc4 the union of 
,christ by baptism with the members of  
the church 7,gavant74 ,the prayers of   
this benediction1 most of which are sung
 in the tone of the preface at ferial   
mass1 contain beautiful allusions to the
 mention of water in the ,old and ,new  
,testaments1 as for instance3 ,o ,god1  
whose ,spirit at the very beginning of  

the world was borne upon the waters1    
that the nature of water might even then
 conceive the power of sanctification2  
,o ,god1 who washing with waters the    
crimes of a guilty world1 didst sign the
 figure of regeneration in the very     
out-pouring of the deluge2 may this font
 receive of the ,holy ,ghost the grace  
of thy only begotten ,son#acb4          
,sidenote3 ,baptism of adults4  ,the    
,caeremoniale ,episcoporum prescribes   
that infants1 except in danger of death1
 should not be baptised during the eight
 preceding days1 that they may be       
reserved for holy-,saturday4 ,the       
beginning of the baptismal service and  
the exorcisms are performed privately in
 the sacristy by the parish-priest1     
while the prophecies are read in        
church#acc4 ,after the font has been    
blessed1 the catechumens wearing a long 
white dress1 and accompanied by their   
respective godfathers and godmothers1   
approach the font1 and in turn ascend4  
,in answer to the questions of the      

,cardinal 7who is now vested in a white1
 and not a purple1 cope17 having        
renounced ,satan and all his works and  
pomps1 they profess their belief in the 
articles of ,christian faith1 and their 
desire of baptism#acd3 then assisted by 
their sponsors they are baptised by     
infusion in the name of the ,father1    
,son1 and ,holy ,ghost2 they are        
anointed with chrism1 receive a white   
garment1 with a charge to bear it       
unspotted before the tribunal of        
,christ1 and in fine a lighted taper1   
that when the ,lord shall come to the   
nuptials1 they may meet him in the      
heavenly court unto life everlasting4   
,sidenote3 ,litanies and confirmation4  
,the litanies are sung1 while the       
procession returns to the church1 where 
the newly-baptised are confirmed in a   
side-chapel1 and exhorted to            
perseverance in virtue1 by the          
,cardinal#ace2 the litanies are then    
continued1 but cease while all kneeling 
venerate the heads of ,,ss4 ,peter and  

,paul shewn from above the high altar2  
the procession afterwards returns to the
 tribune1 where the mass of the day is  
sung1 and orders are conferred by the   
,cardinal-,vicar4  ,sidenote3 ,mass and 
ordination4  ,the orders of priests and 
deacons are often mentioned in the ,n4  
,testament3 and the church1 as ,s4      
,thomas observes1 instituted the        
inferior orders4 ,subdeacons are        
mentioned by ,pope ,cornelius and ,s4   
,cyprian in the #crd century1 as well as
 acolythes1 exorcists1 and lectors4 ,s4 
,augustine and ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen  
speak of ostiarii2 and the clerical     
tonsure is mentioned by ,s4 ,isidore at 
the beginning of the #eth century1 as a 
rite established before his time4       
,orders are conferred by the laying on  
of hands and prayer1 as the scripture   
teaches1 and also by the delivery of the
 instruments belonging to each order3   
appropriate exhortations addressed to   
the candidates for the different orders 
are interspersed with the prayers       

prescribed in the pontifical4 7,on their
 antiquity the reader may consult       
,morinus de ,ordinationibus1 ,martene de
 ,antiquis ,eccl4 ,ritibus1 ,t4 #b4     
etc47 ,the tonsure is given after the   
,kyrie eleison of the mass1 the #d minor
 orders after the ,gloria in excelsis2  
subdeacons are ordained before the      
epistle1 which one of them repeats2     
deacons after the epistle and finally   
priests after the first part of the     
tract4 ,these last1 after the imposition
 of hands1 receive their peculiar       
vestments1 viz4 the stole hanging down  
in front1 and the chasuble3 their hands 
are anointed with oil of catechumens1   
and they receive a chalice containing   
wine and water1 a paten with a host1 and
 power to say mass4 7,luke ,,xxii1 #ai74
 ,after offerings of candle have been   
made to the ordaining ,bishop1 the new  
priests join him in saying mass#acf3 and
 after the newly-ordained and baptised  
have communicated1 the priests profess  
their faith by reciting the apostles'   

creed2 they receive power to forgive and
 retain sins 7,john ,,xx1 #bb1 #bc71    
they promise reverence and obedience to 
their ecclesiastical superior1 and      
receive the bishops blessing1 who then  
directs that masses and prayers be said 
by those whom he has ordained1 and      
recommends himself to their prayers4 ,in
 other respects the mass is similar to  
that of the ,papal chapel#acg4 ,morcelli
 in his calendar in summing up the      
ceremonies of this day1 having mentioned
 the station at ,s4 ,john ,lateran's1   
the baptism of ,jews and ,turks1 and    
mass in the papal chapel1 says that at  
the ,gloria1 tonitrus tormentorum ab    
,arce fiunt1 ,a,era templorum ac ,turium
 sonant4  ,sidenote3 ,armenian          
,catholics3  ,having spoken of the      
ceremonies of the ,vatican and ,s4 ,john
 ,lateran's1 we might consider our task 
as completed#ach4 ,yet one more funzione
 attracts our countrymen on this day2   
and we are therefore unwilling to bid   
them farewell1 before it is ended4 ,come

 then to ,s4 ,biagio or to ,s4 ,gregorio
 ,illuminatore1 to assist at the        
,armenian mass2 and on the road we may  
talk of the venerable and amiable       
,fathers who perform that solemn        
service1 and of the nature of their     
liturgy4  ,,ss4 ,bartholomew and        
,thaddaeus were the first apostles of   
,armenia3 but it was not till the       
beginning of the #dth century1 that the 
whole country became ,christian in      
consequence of the divine blessing1     
which attended the zealous exertions of 
,s4 ,gregory surnamed the ,illuminator4 
,in the #fth century great numbers of   
the ,armenians were infected with the   
heresy of ,eutyches1 who denied that    
there were two natures in ,christ3 and  
to this error they afterwards added some
 others4 ,in the pontificate of ,john   
,,xxii1 about the year #cbh1 a zealous  
,dominican bishop1 called ,bartholomew  
of ,bologna1 went as a missionary among 
them2 and many of the ,eutychians or    
,monophysites returned to the bosom of  

the ,catholic church4 ,in the #afth     
century the ,catholics were so furiously
 persecuted by ,zachary1 a schismatical 
patriarch1 that they fled and took      
refuge in other countries4 ,they have at
 present two establishments at ,rome1   
one of the ,antonian monks at the church
 of ,s4 ,gregory ,illuminator1 behind   
the colonnade of ,s4 ,peter's2 and a    
national ospizio at ,s4 ,biagio in      
strada ,giulia4  ,sidenote3 their       
liturgy4  ,the ,armenians1 says ,palmer 
have only one liturgy1 which is written 
in the ancient ,armenian language1 and  
has been used by them from time         
immemorial4 ,the whole groundwork and   
order of the ,armenian liturgy coincides
 with the ,caesarean1 as used in the    
time of ,basil4 ,this liturgy has1 like 
most others1 received many additions in 
the course of ages4 ,there are several  
prayers extracted from the liturgy of   
,chrysostom1 and actually ascribed to   
him ,vol4 #a1 ,liturgy of ,armenia4 ,the
 liturgy of ,basil can be traced with   

tolerable certainty to the #dth century4
 ,striking as are some of the features1 
in which it differs from that of        
,antioch1 it is nevertheless evidently a
 superstructure raised on that basis3   
the composition of both is the same1    
i4e4 the parts1 which they have in      
common1 follow in the same order4 ,the  
same may be said of the                 
,constantinopolitan liturgy1 commonly   
attributed to ,s4 ,chrysostom1 of that  
of the ,armenian church1 and of the     
florid and verbose composition in use   
among the ,nestorians of ,mesopotamia4  
,so that the liturgy of ,antioch1       
commonly attributed to ,s4 ,james1      
appears to be the basis of all the      
oriental liturgies4 ,tracts for the     
,times1 ,n4 #fc4 ,the author then       
proceeds to state the grounds of the    
belief that the liturgies of ,antioch1  
,alexandria1 ,rome and ,gaul were of    
,apostolic origin2 concluding thus ,it  
may perhaps be said without             
exaggeration1 that next to the holy     

scriptures they possess the greatest    
claims on our veneration and study4     
,padre ,avedichian observes in his      
preface to the ,armenian liturgy1 that  
it was probably compiled by ,john       
,mandagunense1 an ,armenian patriarch of
 the fifth century4  ,sidenote3         
,armenian high-mass4  ,we shall now give
 a brief account of their high mass1    
which we do the more readily1 because   
,mr4 ,palmer represents it in a very    
mutilated form4 ,the celebrant1 whether 
priest or bishop1 is vested in the      
sacristy3 the vestments bear some       
resemblance to those of the ,greeks4    
,the beginning of the mass is the only  
part probably taken from the ,roman     
liturgy1 but it contains an invocation  
of the ,b4 ,virgin and of the saint of  
the day4 ,when the celebrant goes up to 
the altar1 the veil is drawn3 he        
uncovers the chalice1 blesses the host1 
which is like ours of unleavened bread2 
pours wine and water into the chalice1  
and recites the beautiful prayer of ,s4 

,john ,chrysostom3 ,o ,lord our ,god1   
who hast sent our ,lord ,jesus ,christ  
the celestial bread1 the nourishment of 
the whole world2 do thou bless this     
proposition etc4 ,the veil is then drawn
 back1 and the offerings1 the altar1 and
 the people are incensed4 ,the          
,celebrant recites the prayer of the    
festival1 followed by other prayers     
composed by ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom3 the  
,trisagion is sung1 and the gospel is   
carried in procession1 and is kissed by 
one of the congregation4 ,then follow   
the epistle1 gospel1 and creed4 ,after  
two prayers1 and two benedictions       
imparted to the people2 the offerings   
are carried in procession to the altar1 
the celebrant offers them up to ,god1   
and prays that ,jesus ,christ will make 
him worthy to consecrate1 and receive   
his holy and immaculate body and        
precious blood2 for thou1 ,o ,christ our
 ,god1 art he who offers and is offered4
 ,after he has washed his hands1 he says
 ,o ,lord ,god of armies1 let this      

victim become the true body and blood of
 thy only begotten ,son4 ,he then       
blesses the people1 says prayers which  
correspond to our preface and ,sanctus1 
and pronounces the words of             
consecration4 ,after he has said other  
prayers1 and made the sign of the cross 
several times over the host and chalice1
 he invokes the holy ,ghost1 begging    
also that the body and blood of ,christ 
may produce the salvation of our souls  
and the remission of our sins4 ,he then 
prays1 through the merits of the holy   
sacrifice1 for the whole world1 the     
church and state1 all conditions of men 
and for all the faithful departed3 he   
invokes the intercession of the ,b4     
,virgin and all the ,saints3 he prays   
for the ,pope and all present2 and after
 other similar supplications1 he says   
the ,pater noster4 ,the elevation takes 
place at this part of the mass1 and also
 the blessing of the people with the    
consecrated host and chalice1           
accompanied by appropriate prayers4     

,after the curtains have been drawn1 the
 priest breaks the host1 and puts a     
particle of it into the chalice3 he then
 receives communion1 blesses the people 
with the chalice and particle1 and      
distributes communion2 before its       
distribution the curtains are drawn     
back4 ,when the ablutions and prayers   
after the celebrant's communion are     
ended1 turning towards the people1 he   
recites a prayer of ,s4 ,john           
,chrisostom1 which is followed by the   
last gospel4 ,then invoking the holy    
cross he blesses the people1 who unite  
in praising ,god4 ,he finally blesses   
them again1 and distributes blessed     
bread 7not consecrated7 among them4 ,at 
,s4 ,gregorio ,illuminatore ,vespers are
 added and said in circolo3 the clergy  
carry tapers2 and the gospel is held up 
by the ,celebrant to implore blessings  
on the people4  ,sidenote3 ,reflections4
  ,these ceremonies may appear singular 
to us1 who are of a different clime and 
different customs2 their music in       

particular is little in accordance with 
our taste1 or notions of melody and     
harmony4 ,yet the remark of ,montfaucon 
7,diario ,italico7 aera ,dodonaea       
dixisses1 alluding to the brass kettles 
of the oracle 7,potter ,arch4 ,graec4   
,b4 #b1 ,sec4 #h7 is an exaggeration4   
,their flabelli are of metal1 of a round
 form1 surrounded with little bells1    
which are sounded at the seraphic hymn1 
to express1 if we might believe         
,cancellieri1 by the trembling of the   
hands1 that of the blessed spirits1 who 
assist at the throne of the ,divine     
,majesty with fear and trembling4 7,tre 
,pontific4 ,not4 ,,vi74 ,their mass is  
anticipated1 but not at so early an hour
 as that of the ,latin4 7,even in the   
,latin church1 permissions to say mass  
in the afternoon of this day have been  
granted by some ,popes2 they may be seen
 in ,cancellieri4 ,funz4 d4 ,sett4 ,s4  
p4 #ahc1 #ahd74 ,amid the numerous      
differences between their rite and our  
own1 the attentive spectator will not   

fail to remark the similarity of the    
substance and order of their liturgy1   
and of that of the ,roman church2       
although1 with the solitary exception of
 the beginning of the mass1 both have   
existed independently of one another    
during the last #adjj years4 ,this is a 
powerful argument in favour of the great
 antiquity1 nay of the apostolic origin 
of their most important ceremonies1     
which may be traced through different   
channels to the primitive liturgies of  
,rome and ,antioch4 ,it is also one of  
those striking illustrations1 which     
,rome presents1 of the unity and        
catholicity of the church2 and at the   
same time of the adaptation of her      
immutable doctrines and sacred practices
 to the feelings and customs of         
widely-separated nations who1 having    
little in common but human nature1 yet  
all acknowledge one ,lord1 one faith1   
and one baptism4 7,ephes4 ,,iv4 #e72 and
 all belong to one fold and one         
shepherd4 ,john ,x1 #af4  ,sidenote3    

,conclusion4  ,having now considered in 
detail the various ceremonies of ,holy  
,week at ,rome1 a philosophic mind will 
take a general review of them3 and this 
question will very naturally suggest    
itself3 ,what judgment ought ,i to form 
concerning them8 am ,i to consider them 
as mummery1 or superstition1 or         
idolatry1 as many most confidently      
pronounce1 who are unacquainted with    
their nature1 their origin1 and their   
meaning2 and at the same time are little
 accustomed from early infancy to any   
language or gesticulations save those of
 the tongue8 or am ,i not rather to     
regard them as a solemn1 and sacred1 and
 pathetic1 and most ancient expression  
of ,christian faith and ,christian      
feeling2 which1 united as it is with the
 noblest productions of divine          
inspiration and of ,christian art may   
haply not only instruct and elevate the 
mind1 but also enkindle in the soul     
flames of that pure and practical       
devotion1 which this holy season demands

 from every follower of ,christ8 ,let   
the reader decide for himself2 but for  
our part1 we envy not the mind or heart 
of him1 who can prefer the former of    
these views4 ,we shall ever bless ,god1 
that we have learnt in another school   
not to condemn the customs and manners  
of other countries and other people1    
merely because they differ from our own2
 and that we are disposed to attribute  
to signs the meaning attached to them by
 those who adopt them1 and not that of  
our own fancies4 ,men of warmer climates
 than our own convey to others their    
sentiments and feelings by action as    
easily as by the tongue4 ,italians1 as  
well as ,greeks and ,orientals1 have    
inherited from their fathers a language 
of gesture more powerful and expressive 
than that of words4 ,the ,hebrew        
prophets1 ,isaiah1 ,ezechiel1 and       
others1 nay ,christ himself1 spoke by   
action as well by the tongue4 ,god      
appointed in the old law innumerable    
ceremonies3 ,christ in the new law of   

spirit and truth instituted sacred      
rites1 or sanctified those which        
previously existed3 the early church    
imitated ,his blessed example3 and they 
have been faithfully preserved as a     
precious inheritance till the present   
time4 ,the very objection1 that some of 
them were borrowed from ,jews or        
,pagans1 is a proof of their primitive  
antiquity3 ,christ or the church removed
 from them all profaneness or           
superstition1 and then adopted and      
sanctified them4 7,see ,wiseman's       
,letters to ,poynder74 ,if all parties  
unite in approbation of the illumination
 of the cupola of ,s4 ,peter's1 and of  
the fireworks of ,s4 ,angelo1 considered
 as outward demonstrations of the       
exultation of the church at the         
resurrection of her ,divine ,spouse2 we 
shall ever admire also the expressions  
of christian feeling exhibited in the   
interior of her temples1 whether they   
consist in ceremonies or words2 and on  
this day emulating the transports of joy

 of the fervent and eloquent pilgrim to 
,jerusalem and ,mount ,sinai1 when shall
 unite our voices with those of the     
angelic spirits in singing1 ,alleluja2  
because ,jesus ,christ1 our ,lord1 who  
was delivered up for our sins1 rose     
again for our justification4 ,rome4     
,,iv1 #bd1 #be4aci  ,footnote #aaa3     
,anciently in some churches1 as         
,thomassin has shewn 7de dierum         
,festorum celebratione lib4 #b4 c4 #ad71
 fire used to be struck from a flint to 
light the church-lamps etc4 every day   
and particularly on ,saturday1 and the  
new fire was blessed2 on holy ,saturday 
however this ceremony was performed with
 great solemnity2 and in the #aath      
century it was restricted to that day   
alone4 ,at ,rome in holy week this      
practice was not originally confined to 
holy ,saturday1 but was observed on the 
three days before caster3 for the first 
,ordo ,romanus directs1 that on holy    
thursday fire should be struck from a   
flint outside the church1 and blessed4  

,amalarius also 7#d;e ,ordine ,antiph47 
testifies that on good friday new fire  
was enkindled and reserved till the     
nocturnal office4 ,leo ,,iv however     
7,a4,d4 #hdg7 appears to have first     
ordered that on ,easter ,eve the old    
fire should be put out1 and new fire    
blessed and distributed among the people
 7,homil4 de cura ,pastorali74 ,for     
,pope ,zachary1 about the year #gca4 in 
answer to the enquiries of ,boniface1   
bishop of ,mayence1 states that on holy 
thursday1 when the sacred chrism is     
consecrated1 three lamps of a large size
 filled with oil collected from the     
different lamps of the church1 and      
placed in a secret part of the said     
church1 should burn there constantly1 so
 that the oil may suffice till the third
 day1 that is saturday4 ,then let the   
fire of the lamps which is used for the 
sacred font be renewed4 ,but concerning 
the fire taken ex cristallis1 as you    
have asserted1 we have no tradition4    
,pouget 7,inst4 ,cathol4 l4 #a7 observes

 that the new fire is blessed with great
 solemnity on this day1 because the fire
 struck from a flint appears to be a    
type of ,christ arising from the dead4  
,formerly not only the lights of the    
church1 but all the fires of the city   
were enkindled from the blessed fire 7as
 we learn from a ,,ms4 ,sancti ,victoris
 7ap4 ,martene1 ,de ant4 ,eccl4 ,ritibus
 lib4 ,,iv1 c4 ,,xxiv74 ,after the ,ite 
,missa est says the ,ordinarium of ,luke
 archbishop of ,cosenza the bishop gives
 his blessing1 and immediately the      
deacon commands the people1 saying      
,receive the new fire from the holy     
candle1 and having put out the old1     
light it in your houses in the name of  
,christ2 then rejoicing they depart with
 the light4 ,this custom is mentioned   
also in ,leo ,i,vth's homily above      
quoted4  ,footnote #aab3 ,as for the    
,paschal candle1 ,anastasius says that  
,zosimus1 who was elected pope in #dag1 
gave leave that candles should be       
blessed in the churches4 ,bened4 ,,xiv1 

,merati and ,gretser understand by these
 words1 that that ,pontiff only extended
 to the parish churches a custom already
 practised in the greater churches3     
however this may be1 the blessing of    
this candle is at least as old as the   
time of ,pope ,zosimus4 ,it is inserted 
in the ancient sacramentary of ,pope    
,gelasius 7,a4,d4 #die74 ,s4 ,augustine 
7lib4 #ae de ,civ4 ,dei7 mentions some  
verses written by himself in praise of  
the paschal candle4 ,s4 ,jerome also    
speaks of it in his epistles2 and       
,ennodius bishop of ,pavia in #eai wrote
 two formulas1 according to which it    
might be blessed4 ,cancellieri1 at the  
end of his ,funzioni della ,settimana   
,santa1 describes two blessings of the  
paschal candle contained in manuscripts 
of the #abth century4 ,du ,vert as usual
 rejects every mystical meaning of the  
candle3 but why then should it be       
lighted on this night1 and not on       
christmas and other nights8 ,the #dth   
,council of ,toledo1 held in #fcc1      

states that the paschal candle is       
blessed1 in order that we may receive   
the mystery of ,christ's resurrection2  
and hence the abbot ,rupert says1 that  
the candle when lighted represents      
,christ's resurrection from the dead4   
,that such is its meaning appears from  
the five holes made in it in the form of
 a cross1 to represent the five wounds  
of ,christ3 in them the five grains of  
incense are fixed by the ,deacon1 in    
order to represent1 according to        
,rupert1 the spices applied to ,christ's
 body by ,joseph of ,arimathea4 ,in     
confirmation of this explanation1 we may
 observe that this candle is not removed
 from the church till the gospel has    
been sung on ,ascension-day when ,christ
 departed from among men3 and it is     
lighted at solemn mass before the gospel
 and at vespers before the ,magnificat  
on the ,sundays and holidays which occur
 between holy saturday and the          
ascension4 ,to the same symbolical      
meaning of this candle we must attribute

 the ancient custom of affixing to it   
7as a symbol of ,christ7 a tablet on    
which the current year of our ,lord and 
its indiction were marked3 sometimes    
these1 if not other chronological dates1
 were inscribed on the candle itself by 
the deacon1 before he sang the ,exultet1
 as ,ven4 ,bede testifies1 ,the same    
idea was preserved in the practice of   
forming the ,agnus ,dei with the wax of 
the paschal candle4 ,on this day 7holy  
saturday7 says ,durandus the acolythes  
of the ,roman church make lambs of newly
 blessed wax1 or of the wax of the      
paschal candle of the preceding year    
mixed with chrism3 on ,saturday in      
,albis they are distributed by the ,lord
 ,pope to the people in the churches4   
,amalarius likewise mentions this       
custom4 ,it appears also from the two   
benedictions of ,ennodius mentioned     
above1 that the faithful used particles 
of the pascal candle as a preservative  
against storms3 the good effects hoped  
for in this and similar cases are       

attributed to the prayers of the church1
 which ,god in ,his goodness has        
promised to hear4 ,the paschal candle is
 painted according to an ancient custom4
    ,ast alii pictis accendant lumina   
ceris4  ,s4 ,paulinus ,nat4 ,,vi4 ,s    
,felicis  ,pierin del ,vaga1 whom       
,vasari considered as the most          
distinguished of ,raffaello's           
assistants1 was originally nothing more 
than a candlepainter4 ,his creation of  
,eve at ,s4 ,marcello at ,rome1 and his 
frescoes in the ,doria place at ,genoa1 
are well-known2 at the ,vatican he      
assisted ,giovanni d',udine in his      
arabesques1 ,polidoro in his antique    
chiaroscuri1 and executed some of the   
most beautiful historical paintings of  
the loggie di ,raffaello4 ,hence may we 
judge of the versatility of his talents4
  ,footnote #aac3 ,why does a deacon    
perform this ceremony8 since other      
benedictions are reserved to bishops and
 priests4 ,rupert assigns as a reason1  
that ,christ's body was wrapped in      

spices by his disciples1 and not by the 
apostles whose successors are bishops   
and priests3 besides1 the hymn sung by  
the deacon is the praeconium ,paschale1 
or announcement of the ,resurrection1   
which was first made by inferiors to    
their superiors1 by the women to the    
apostles4 ,we may add that both the fire
 and the #e grains of incense are       
previously blessed by the priest1 and in
 the praeconium itself there is not any 
form of blessing1 strictly speaking4 ,in
 the church of ,ravenna however the     
bishop used to bless this candle 7,s4   
,gregory ep4 #bh1 lib4 #i74 ,in the     
,roman church1 according to cardinal    
,gaetani1 the last of the ,cardinal     
priests usually blessed the fire1 and   
the last ,card4 deacon lighted the lumen
 ,christi1 or triple candle1 and the    
,paschal candle4 ,the deacon used to    
bless the latter either at the steps of 
the presbytery1 or from the ambo2 and   
hence we find a marble column1 intended 
to support it1 fixed to the ambo in ,s4 

,clement's ,s4 ,laurence's1 and ,s4     
,pancras' churches at ,rome4 ,see       
another marble column destined for the  
same use ap4 ,ciampini1 ,vet4 mon4 cap4 
#b4  ,footnote #aad3 ,martene 7,de      
antiquis ,eccl4 rit4 lib4 #d1 c4 #bd7   
maintains that this hymn was composed by
 ,s4 ,augustine1 and this opinion is    
adopted also by ,baillet and ,benedict  
,,xiv1 and confirmed by a ,,ms4         
pontifical of the church of ,pavia of   
the #ith century1 and other documents   
cited by ,martene1 ibid3 it was         
corrected by ,s4 ,jerome1 if we may     
believe an ancient ,pontifical of       
,poitiers 7quoted ibid47 ,the chant of  
this beautiful hymn is very ancient4 ,i 
have seen1 says ,baini in many          
manuscripts both anterior and posterior 
to the #aath century the melodies of the
 preface1 of the ,pater noster1 of the  
,exultet1 and of the ,gloria precisely  
such as the modern 7,t4 #b1 p4 #ib74 ,in
 a splendid roll of the ,minerva 7signed
 ,d4 #a4 #b7 of the #ith century1 are   

contained the ,exultet1 the solemn      
benediction of the baptismal font1 and  
the administration of all the           
ecclesiastical orders4 ,nor is this the 
only roll containing the chant precisely
 similar to the modern4 ,d',agincourt   
left another to the ,vatican library4   
,see also ,,ms4 no4 #ccc of the         
,barberini library1 of the year #aejc4  
,footnote #aae3 ,prudentius speaks of   
the guttas olentes or odoriferous drops 
of the candle1 and ,s4 ,paulinus of     
,nola of odora lumina3 hence ,p4        
,arevalo conjectures that the grains of 
incense were fixed in the paschal candle
 even at the time of ,prudentius in the 
#dth century4  ,footnote #aaf3 ,in      
churches1 at the words ,apis mater      
eduxit1 the lamps also are lighted4     
,with regard to the triple candle1 we   
may observe that on an ancient marble   
column preserved in the ,piazza before  
the cathedral of ,capua is a bas-relief 
representing the lighting of the paschal
 candle by means of a reed surmounted by

 #c small candles1 as the ,canonico     
,natali testifies in a letter printed at
 ,naples in #aggf4 ,the triple candle is
 mentioned in the ,ordo ,romanus of     
,card4 ,gaetano1 in that of ,amelius1   
and in a ,,ms4 ,pontifical of the church
 of ,apamea1 ap4 ,martene4 ,as          
,thomassin observes1 we light a candle  
divided into three in honour of the     
,trinity1 considering that enlightened  
by ,christ we know that recondite       
mystery4 ,gavant also gives the same    
explanation4 ,in the ,greek service the 
bishop gives his blessing1 as often as  
he sings mass1 with a triple candle4 ,in
 the ,latin church it is used only on   
holy ,saturday4  ,footnote #aag3 ,see   
,appendix4  ,footnote #aah3 ,this custom
 is proved from the letter of ,siricius 
,pope in the #dth century to ,himmerius1
 from letters of ,s4 ,leo and ,pope     
,gelasius1 as well as other ancient     
documents 7ap4 ,bened4 ,,xiv1 ,institut4
 prima ed lat472 and vestiges of it are 
preserved in the liturgy of the weeks of

 ,easter and ,pentecost4 ,ordinations   
were generally conferred before         
,christmas1 as is evident from the lives
 of the early ,popes4 ,baptism was      
administered before the great festivals 
of ,easter and ,pentecost1 that the     
newly-baptised might be prepared to     
celebrate them worthily1 and receive the
 graces therein commemorated4 ,perhaps  
another reason for selecting the eve of 
,easter may be found in the parallel    
drawn by ,s4 ,paul between baptism and  
,christ's death and resurrection 7,rom4 
,,vi1 #e and foll473 we who are baptised
 in ,christ ,jesus are baptised in his  
death4 ,for we are buried together with 
him by baptism unto death3 that as      
,christ is risen from the dead by the   
glory of the ,father1 so we also may    
walk in newness of life etc4  ,footnote 
#aai3 ,see on such subjects ,del        
,signore's ,institut4 ,hist4 ,eccles4   
with notes by ,prof4 ,tizzani ,cap4 ,v4 
,sec4 #ai seq4  ,footnote #abj3 ,see    
,comm4 ad ,ord4 ,rom4 ,mabillonii tom4  

#b1 ,mus4 ,ital4 p4 #ie4  ,footnote     
#aba3 ,according to the ,ordo ,romanus1 
children after baptism on this day were 
to take no food or milk before          
,communion and on all days of           
,easter-week let them go to ,mass1 and  
let their parents offer for them1 and   
let all communicate4 ,as ,cabassutius   
proves in his notitia ,ecclesiastica    
saeculi primi1 they used to receive the 
,b4 ,sacrament under the form of wine   
alone4 ,the bishop dipped his finger    
into the sacred blood1 and then put it  
into the mouth of the child a practice  
observed in modern times in some parts  
of the ,east1 according to the learned  
,maronite ,abraham ,ecchellensis2       
afterwards a little milk and honey was  
put into their mouths1 as an emblem     
7according to ,john the deacon7 of the  
promised land1 to which they were       
called4 ,this custom of giving communion
 to children was not of necessity for   
salvation1 as ,cardinal ,noris proves in
 ,vindiciis ,augustinianis ,sec4 #d1 and

 the ,council of ,trent observes4 ,in   
some places an abuse crept in of putting
 the milk and honey into the consecrated
 chalice1 but it was prohibited by an   
,african ,council4  ,footnote #abb3 ,in 
the #dth century1 ,s4 ,basil writing to 
the clergy of ,neocesarea observes1 that
 the litanies1 which they then used1    
were introduced after the time of ,s4   
,gregory ,thaumaturgus 7,epist4 #fc74   
,in ,gaul about the year #deb1 ,s4      
,mamertus bishop of ,vienne appointed   
solemn litanies to be recited on the    
three rogation days4 ,at ,rome1 say     
,palmer1 no doubt litanies were in use  
at an early period1 since we find that  
in the time of ,gregory the great       
7,a4,d4 #eij71 the appellation of litany
 had been so long given to processional 
supplications1 that it was then         
familiarly applied to those persons who 
formed the procession4 ,vol4 #a1 p4     
#bga4 ,that holy ,pontiff gave the      
following directions2 ,let the litany of
 the clergy set out from the church of  

,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 the litany of   
the men from the church of the holy     
martyr ,marcellus1 the litany of the    
monks from the church of ,,ss ,john and 
,paul3 the litany of the handmaids of   
,god from the church of the blessed     
martyrs ,cosmas and ,damian1 the litany 
of the married women from the church of 
the blessed protomartyr ,stephen2 the   
litany of the widows from the church of 
the blessed martyr ,vitalis1 the litany 
of the poor and children from the church
 of the blessed martyr ,cecilia4 ,vita  
,s4 ,gregorii a ,joanne ,diacono1 lib4  
#a1 c4 #db4 ,that the litanies were     
recited on holy-saturday appears from   
several ancient rites quoted by ,marlene
 7,de ,ant4 ,eccl4 ,ritibus1 lib4 #d1 c4
 ,,xxv1 and lib4 #a1 c4 ,i1 art4 #ah74  
,palmer1 wishing to defend the liturgy  
of the church of ,england1 maintains the
 antiquity of litanies1 but pretends    
that the invocations of saints were not 
originally contained in them1 but were  
added to them in the west about the     

eighth century 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhi74 ,from
 a passage in ,walafridus ,strabo he is 
led to admit that at his time 7the ninth
 century7 these invocations must have   
been for some time in use1 and          
accordingly manuscript litanies         
containing invocations have been        
discovered by learned men1 which appear 
from internal evidence to be as old as  
the eighth century4 ,he attempts however
 by negative arguments to shew1 that    
these invocations are not more ancient  
than that period2 although at the same  
time he confesses that we have no       
distinct account of the nature of the   
service which was used on occasions of  
peculiar supplication during the        
earliest ages4 p4 #bgb4 ,to his         
arguments we may oppose the positive    
testimony of ,walafridus ,strabo1 who   
says ,the litany of the holy names is   
believed to have come into use after    
,jerome1 following ,eusebius of         
,cesarea1 had composed the martyrology4 
,a long time1 about three centuries1    

elapsed before the canon of the         
scriptures was determined2 and it is not
 therefore surprising if the canon of   
saints1 7if such it may be called71 who 
died at considerable intervals1 required
 some time for its formation4           
,invocations of the saints in ancient   
litanies may be seen ap4 ,martene 7lib4 
#d;f c4 #bg and lib4 #a1 c4 #a1 art4    
#ah74 ,one would conceive from ,palmer's
 account of the ,ambrosian litany that  
it did not contain invocations of the   
saints1 p4 #bgf2 yet in the ,ambrosian  
processional1 to which he alludes1 we   
read as follows ,afterwards they go to  
the altar1 were the litanies are recited
 on bended knees1 in reciting which the 
names of the saints without ,intercede  
pro nobis are sung aloud by the provost 
and clergy of the first collegiate      
church2 and by the other clergy with    
,intercede pro nobis and this rite of   
singing the litanies and antiphons is   
observed in every other stational       
church4 ap4 ,martene lib4 #d1 c4 #bh4   

,in the ,ordo ,romanus also ,de         
,benedictione ,ecclesiae these          
invocations are found4 ,the question    
however concerning their antiquity in   
the litanies is of minor importance4    
,even ,palmer admits1 that ,catholic    
fathers in the #dth century invoked the 
saints p4 #bib1 though he gravely       
assures his readers1 that they were too 
well instructed in the ,christian faith 
to believe positively that the saints   
heard our prayers4 ,he mentions the     
learned work of ,serrarius called       
,litaneutici seu de ,litaniis etc4 as an
 instance of the writings1 in which     
innumerable passages have been cited    
from ancient writers to prove1 that the 
invocation of saints is more ancient    
than the eighth century4 ,but most of   
those passages do not refer to the      
invocation of saints1 but to prayers    
made to ,god for the intercession of    
saints4 ,palmer1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgh4 ,we  
consider that there is little difference
 in principle between these two things3 

we shall however1 to satisfy him1 quote 
only one passage from an ancient        
,oriental liturgy4 ,mother of our ,lord 
,jesus ,christ1 pray for me to the only 
begotten ,son1 who was born of thee1    
that he may forgive me my offences and  
sins1 and may receive from my feeble and
 sinful hands this sacrifice1 which in  
my weakness ,i offer on this altar1     
through thy intercession for me1 ,o holy
 ,mother4 7,from the ancient liturgy    
used by the ,nestorians called the      
liturgy of the holy apostles4 ,renaudot1
 t4 ,,ii4 ,see bishop ,poynter's        
,christianity1 ,note ,e3 and ancient    
inscriptions in ,rock's ,hierurgia1 p4  
#cdg and foll47 ,though we have the     
innumerable ancient passages            
above-mentioned in favour of the        
,catholic doctrine1 yet shall we call   
,mr4 ,palmer's attention to the         
following passage of his own work4      
,speaking of secrecy1 he says3 this     
primitive discipline is sufficient to   
account for the fact1 that very few     

allusions to the liturgy or eucharistic 
service are found in the writings of the
 ,fathers4 ,i1 p4 #ad4 ,his fears of    
heresy and blasphemy arising from the   
invocation of ,saints may be calmed by  
the simple perusal of the doctrine of   
the church taught by the ,council of    
,trent1 sess4 #be4 ,the holy synod      
commands all bishops and other          
teachers--diligently to instruct the    
faithful1 teaching them that the ,saints
 reigning with ,christ offer to ,god    
their prayers for men2 that it is good  
and useful to invoke them with          
supplication1 and to have recourse to   
their prayers1 help1 and assistance1 in 
order to obtain benefits from ,god      
through his ,son ,jesus ,christ our     
,lord1 who alone is our ,redeemer and   
,saviour4 ,accordingly we say in the    
litany ,lord1 have mercy on us3 holy    
,mary pray for us etc4  ,footnote #abc3 
,we shall say nothing of sculptured     
figures taken from the catacombs1 such  
as the statues of the good shepherd and 

,s4 ,hippolitus now in the ,vatican1 or 
the numerous bas reliefs on ,christian  
sarcophagi 7on which see                
,raoul-,rochette1 ,tableau des          
,catacombes1 c4 ,,iv4 ,beschreibung der 
,stadt ,rom4 ,b4 #b1 in the description 
of the ,christian ,museum in the        
,vatican ,library74 ,on another class of
 ,christian representations the reader  
may consult ,buonarruoti's ,osservazioni
 sopra alcuni frammenti di vetro1 ornati
 di figure4 ,we shall rather call the   
attention of the ,christian antiquarian 
to the numerous frescoes painted in the 
chapels of the catacombs1 and           
illustrated by ,bosio1 ,bottari1        
d',agincourt etc41 the latter of whom   
attributes some of them to the second   
century on account of the similarity of 
their style to that of frescoes in the  
tomb of the ,nasones1 which is situated 
on the ,flaminian way at a short        
distance from ,rome2 his opinion is     
confirmed by the fact that some of them 
have been broken through1 with the view 

of preparing a place of burial for the  
bodies of martyrs slain in subsequent   
persecutions4 ,a list of their subjects 
which are generally taken from the old  
and new ,testaments may be seen in      
,raoul-,rochette 7c4 #c1 p4 #aeg foll4  
ed4 de ,brusselles74 ,of these we may   
briefly notice in particular some of the
 representations of ,christ1 of the ,b4 
,virgin1 of the apostles and martyrs4   
,in them ,christ sometimes appears as an
 infant on the lap of ,his holy mother1 
,who ever pure and modest is always     
veiled2 and this lovely group is found  
not only on these paintings1 but also on
 bas-reliefs and glass-vessels generally
 anterior to the #dth century1 and      
consequently to the general council of  
,ephesus held in #dca2 although it is   
pretended that such figures were first  
designed after that period4 7,instances 
are enumerated by ,raoul-,rochette c4   
,,vi74 ,constantina1 daughter of        
,constantine1 whose tomb is still       
preserved at ,rome1 begged of ,eusebius 

bishop of ,cesarea a likeness of our    
,divine ,saviour 7,concil4 ,labbe4 t4   
,,vii1 #dic seq73 we must have recourse 
to the catacombs for ,his most ancient  
portraits4 ,see one resembling the      
ordinary type of ,his sacred head and   
taken from the cemetery of ,calixtus1 at
 the end of ,raoul-,rochette's work4    
,this type1 repeated again and again on 
,christian monuments during the last    
sixteen hundred years or more1 may      
suggest the hope that some traces of our
 ,divine ,saviour's features are still  
preserved among us1 notwithstanding the 
diversity of ,his portraits1 of which   
,s4 ,augustine complained1 ,de ,triniti 
l4 #h1 c1 #d #e4 ,raoul-,rochette's     
opinion1 that this likeness and the     
portraits of the apostles were of       
,gnostic origin1 is altogether          
unsupported1 as the ,belgian editors of 
his work justly observe4 ,christ is     
frequently represented also as seated   
amid ,his apostles1 of whom ,,ss4 ,peter
 and ,paul were favourite subjects of   

the old artists3 see ,raoul-,rochette c4
 ,,vi1 where he mentions1 after the     
older antiquaries1 the ancient          
representations of ,s4 ,ciriaca1 ,s     
,priscilla1 ,,ss4 ,stephen1 ,cyprian1   
,laurence1 ,agnes1 and other martyrs4   
,during ,diocletian's persecution1 the  
provincial council of ,eliberis in      
,spain decreed1 that there should be no 
paintings on the walls of churches3 its 
#cfth canon was evidently intended to   
save sacred pictures from the           
profanations perpetrated by the pagans4 
,the faithful however1 fertile in       
expedients to gratify their devotion1   
now began to use those portable         
representations of pious subjects called
 diptychs1 because they generally       
consisted of two tablets which could at 
pleasure be folded together4 ,they were 
formed of ivory or wood1 and resembled  
the presents of that name formerly sent 
by the consuls on the day of their      
entrance into office3 on these were     
usually inscribed the names and the     

portraits of the new magistrates4       
7,symmachus lib4 #b1 ep4 #hj1 all #ga74 
,the sacred diptychs1 of which many are 
preserved in the ,vatican ,library1 were
 easily saved from the fury of the      
,iconoclasts4 ,their folding form       
without their portability is preserved  
in many of the ancient altar-pieces of  
,italian and other churches and from    
them the modern altar-pieces are        
derived3 they did not however supersede 
the use of frescoes1 or mosaics1 as is  
evident from innumerable ancient and    
modern ecclesiastical monuments of this 
city4 ,in the preceding chapter we laid 
before our readers the doctrine of the  
catholic church concerning respect paid 
to images1 p4 #hj4  ,footnote #abd3 ,he 
is risen2 he is not here4 ,but go1 tell 
his disciples and ,peter1 that he goeth 
before you into ,galilee4 ,mark ,,xv1 #f
 #g4  ,footnote #abe3 ,this ,hebrew     
word1 which frequently occurs in psalms 
of praise1 ,,civ1 #cd1 ,,cv1 #de1 ,,cvi1
 #a1 etc4 has been preserved1 as well as

 ,amen1 and ,sabaoth1 in its original   
form in most liturgies4 ,according to   
,s4 ,gregory 7,ep4 #fd1 ind4 #b74 who   
appeals to ,s4 ,jerome's authority1 it  
was introduced into the ,roman liturgy  
in the time of ,pope ,damasus4 ,s4      
,gregory forbade it to be sung at       
funerals1 7as it had been at that of    
,fabiola3 ,s4 ,jerome in ,epitaphio     
,fabiolae27 or during ,lent4  ,footnote 
#abf3 ,gavant and others1 following     
,walafridus ,strabo and the abbot       
,berno1 think that the ,offertory and   
,agnus ,dei are not said1 in order to   
signify the silence of the holy women   
returning from the sepulchre 7,mark     
,,xvi1 #h74 ,others attribute some of   
these omissions to the circumstance1    
that there is no communion2 on this day1
 and therefore neither offertory or     
postcommunion2 anciently however        
communion was given on this occasion1 as
 is evident from the ,gelasian          
sacramentary 7,see ,bened4 ,,xiv1 ,de   
,festis c4 ,,viii74 ,the kiss of peace1 

as ,grancolas observes1 is not given1   
because formerly at the dawn of         
easter-sunday1 soon after the mass of   
easter-eve1 the faithful used to        
assemble in the church and kissing one  
another with mutual charity to say1     
,surrexit ,dominus 2 7the ,lord is      
risen7 ,ordo ,rom4 ab ,hittorpio ed4 p4 
#ee4 ,merati says1 that the ,agnus ,dei 
is omitted because it is of recent      
origin1 having been first introduced    
into the liturgy by ,pope ,sergius      
,a4,d4 #fhh 7lib4 ,pont471 whereas the  
,mass of the day is of greater          
antiquity4  ,footnote #abg3 ,cancellieri
 says that the music of this ,magnificat
 was composed by ,luca ,marenzio4 ,among
 the compositions prior to ,palestrina1 
and still sung in the papal chapel1     
,baini reckons the ,magnificats of      
,carpentrasso and ,morales1 as well as  
the ,te ,deum and ,lumen ad revelutionem
 gentium of ,costanzo ,festa4  ,footnote
 #abh3 ,this basilic1 which is the      
cathedral of the bishop of ,rome1 was   

first erected by ,constantine1 whose    
statue taken from his baths adorns the  
portico4 ,it was in great part destroyed
 by fire in #acjh2 but it was restored  
by the munificence of the ,popes and the
 piety of the faithful1 emulated in     
these days1 in which we deplore the     
burning of ,s4 ,paul's4 ,in the gothic  
tabernacle over the high altar are      
preserved the heads of ,,ss4 ,peter and 
,paul4 ,the mosaics of the tribune were 
made by order of ,nicholas ,,iv 7,a4,d4 
#abgh-abib74  ,footnote #abi3 ,this     
baptistery1 as well as the basilica1 is 
attributed to the time of ,constantine2 
it was reduced to its present state by  
,urban ,,viii2 ,on an ancient and       
interesting ,christian sarcophagus taken
 from the ,vatican cemetery is          
represented a basilica with its apsis1  
and near it a circular building         
evidently meant for the baptistery3 this
 is covered with a cupola surmounted by 
the monogram of ,christ2 and over the   
gate are curtains drawn up on each side1

 ,see ,raoul-,rochette-,tableau des     
,catacombs1 p4 #ccb4 ,the font is an    
ancient urn of basalt the paintings     
above it1 between the second order of   
columns1 representing1 the life of ,s4  
,john ,baptist1 are by ,carlo ,maratta4 
,footnote #acj3 ,in a missal of ,pavia  
it is called a figure of the column     
which preceded the ,israelites going out
 of ,egypt4  ,footnote #aca3 ,the stag  
was a favourite subject of the early    
,christian artists1 who often           
represented it in their paintings1 and  
afterwards on their mosaics4 ,the text  
above quoted explains its signification4
  ,footnote #acb3 ,in most of the old   
rituals we find that the font was       
hallowed with various ceremonies besides
 prayer4 ,it was customary to make the  
sign of the cross1 as we learn from the 
testimony of ,chrysostom1 ,augustine1   
and ,pseudo-,dionysius4 ,palmer vol4 #b1
 p4 #aie4 ,martene observes that the    
rite of pouring chrism into the water is
 mentioned in all the ancient ,gallican1

 ,ambrosian1 and ,mozarabic liturgies4  
,the blessing of baptismal water is     
reckoned by ,s4 ,basil1 in the #dth     
century1 among apostolical traditions4  
7,de ,spiritu4 ,s4 c4 #bg74  ,footnote  
#acc3 ,some form of admission to the    
class of catechumens was used in all    
churches at an early period1 and it     
seems most commonly to have consisted of
 imposition of hands with prayers for   
the person4 ,to this in many places were
 added various rites1 such as1 signing  
the forehead of the candidate with the  
cross1 the consecration and giving of   
salt1 which was entitled the sacrament  
of catechumens1 repeated exorcisms1 or  
prayers and adjurations to cast out the 
power of ,satan1 anointing with oil1 and
 other mystical and figurative rites4   
,in the course of many ages1 when the   
,christian church had overspread the    
face of the world1 and infidelity had   
become in most places extinct1 the form 
of admission to the class of catechumens
 was from a veneration for old customs  

in many places conjoined to the office  
of baptism1 and administered at the same
 time with it to the candidates for that
 sacrament whether they were infants or 
not4 ,palmer1 vol4 #b1 c4 #e1 sect4 #a4 
,footnote #acd3 ,it has been customary  
in the ,christian church from the most  
remote period1 for the candidates for   
baptism to renounce the devil and all   
his works1 before they were admitted to 
that sacrament4 ,this renunciation was  
always followed by a profession of faith
 in ,christ1 as it is now in the        
,english liturgy4 ,the last             
interrogation and answer ,vis baptizari1
 ,volo have long been used in the west4 
7,martene de ,antiq4 ,eccl4 rit4 tom4   
,i1 p4 #ahj1 #aib74 ,according to the   
ancient custom of the ,roman church1    
represented in the ,sacramentary of     
,gregory1 the profession of faith occurs
 between the hallowing of the water and 
the administration of the sacrament4    
,this custom has long been used in the  
,roman church2 since the ,sacramentary  

of ,gelasius 7,a4,d4 #did7 appointed the
 confession of faith to be made         
immediately before baptism1 though the  
renunciations were made some hours      
before4 ,in primitive times the sign of 
the cross was not only made on the      
forehead of the elect at the time of    
baptism1 but was used very often in     
other ways3 this act is probably not    
more recent than the apostolical age2   
and this sign was made in some part of  
almost every ,christian office4 ,the    
administration of baptism was succeeded 
by various rites in the primitive       
church2 among other the newly-baptised  
were clothed in white garments4         
,formerly also confirmation followed    
immediately after baptism4 ,i have      
extracted the preceding passages from   
different sections of ,palmer's #eth    
chapter1 vol4 #b3 coming from a         
clergyman of the church of ,england1    
they are important admissions1 and they 
dispense with the necessity of my       
proving the antiquity of these various  

baptismal riles4 ,the reader may see    
proofs of them collected in ,palmer     
7loc4 cit47 ,martene ,t4 #a3 cap4 #b1   
etc4  ,footnote #ace3 ,palmer says1 that
 in confirmation1 to the rites of prayer
 and imposition1 of hands was added that
 of anointing with an unguent or chrism1
 made of oil and balsam1 and hallowed by
 the prayers of the bishop4--,we learn  
from the writings of ,tertullian and    
,origen1 that it was already customary  
both in the east and the west at the end
 of the #bnd or beginning of the #crd   
century4 ,this chrism was intended to   
signify the grace of the ,holy ,spirit  
then conferred4 ,palmer1 ,or4 ,lit4 vol4
 #b1 p4 #aii4 ,if this unction had not  
been of apostolic origin1 it would not  
have been customary in all churches at  
so early a period4  ,footnote #acf3 ,at 
,s4 ,john ,lateran's1 when the ,agnus   
,dei is said1 the ancient custom is     
preserved1 which was originally         
established by ,pope ,sergius1 of saying
 ,miserere nobis three times1 and not   

,dona nobis pacem1 which words were     
introduced into the liturgy1 7according 
to ,innocent ,,iii1 ,de ,myst ,missae7  
about the #ajth century1 in time of     
schism4  ,footnote #acg3 ,orders are    
generally conferred on the saturday of  
each ember-week1 besides the saturday   
before passion and easter sundays4 ,a   
minute detail of the numerous ceremonies
 of ordination can not be expected in a 
work on the ceremonies of holy-week4    
,the reader may find them all enumerated
 in the ,pontifical1 and on their       
antiquity he may consult ,morinus1 ,de  
,ordinationibus2 ,martene1 ,de ,ant4    
,eccl4 ,rit4 t4 #b4 etc4 ,on the service
 of holy saturday see the ,,ms4         
,pontifical of the ,apamean church and  
various ,ordines ap4 ,martene1 lib4     
,,iv1 c4 #bd4 ,formerly after the mass  
there was general communion2 and at     
,rome no ,vespers were said 7,alcuin71  
and #g altars were consecrated4         
,footnote #ach3 ,in the afternoon the   
parish-priests bless with prayers and   

holy water the houses and paschal food  
of their parishioners4 ,in the ,ordo    
,romanus1 besides the blessing of milk  
and honey1 there is a formula of        
benediction of a lamb and other food4   
,durandus also 7lib4 #f ,ration47       
mentions the blessing of the lamb1 a    
custom which is preserved at ,rome till 
the present time4 ,the shops of the     
pizzicaroli are illuminated and gaily   
decorated1 probably because they have   
peculiar reasons to rejoice at the      
conclusion of the austerities of lent4  
,footnote #aci3 ,for the ceremonies of  
,easter-sunday see ,the ,pontifical     
,mass sung at ,s4 ,peter's on           
,easter-sunday etc4 ,by ,c4,m4 ,baggs4  
,d4,d4 ,rome #ahdj4     ,,appendix      
,,peculiar ,,ceremonies ,,of            
,,holy-,,week ,,at ,,jerusalem   ,having
 spoken of the blessing of the paschal  
candle at ,rome1 we may for a few       
moments turn our thoughts towards a city
 still more ancient1 and trodden by     
holier and more exalted beings than even

 the apostles and martyrs of the eternal
 city4 ,the justly-celebrated traveller 
,john ,thevenot in his ,voyage du       
,levant describes the ceremonies of     
holyweek performed at ,jerusalem2 the   
distribution of palms1 the washing of   
the feet on ,maunday-,thursday at the   
door of the holy ,sepulchre2 and the    
procession to the holy places or        
stations performed by the ,catholic     
,christians4 ,concerning this the       
eloquent ,pere ,abbe de ,geramb1 in his 
interesting ,pelerinage at ,jerusalem in
 #ahcb1 informs us that by means of a   
figure in relief of the natural size1   
whose head1 arms1 and feet are flexible1
 the religious represent the            
crucifixion1 the descent from the cross1
 and the burial of ,jesus ,christ1 in   
such manner as to render all the        
principal circumstances apparent to the 
senses and striking4  ,both these       
distinguished writers of different      
periods agree in testifying1 that all   
the devotions of the ,catholics were and

 are still conducted with so much order 
that they are admired both by           
,christians and ,turks1 whereas those of
 the schismatical ,christians took place
 with much confusion1 and with such a   
noise1 that the ,janissaries1 who had to
 preserve order1 were obliged to strike 
the persons engaged in them as well as  
the spectators4 ,this statement is      
confirmed by the account1 which they and
 other travellers give1 of the holy fire
 of the ,greeks and other schismatics4  
,benedict ,,xiv observes that no mention
 is made of the supposed miracle of the 
holy fire by early ,christian writers   
who lived at ,jerusalem2 as ,eusebius1  
,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,epiphanius1 or ,s4    
,cyril bishop of ,jerusalem4 ,it is     
however spoken of by ,bernard a ,frank  
monk of the ninth century1 and in a     
,pontifical of the church of ,poictiers 
of about the tenth century3 by ,hugo    
,flaviniacensis in ,chronico            
,virdunensi1 in the discourse of ,urban 
,,ii in the council of ,claremont1 and  

in other documents of the middle ages   
mentioned by ,martene 7lib4 ,,iv1 c4    
,,xxiv74 ,lupi 7tom4 #d1 ,conc4 gen4    
etc47 thinks it probable1 that the      
custom of burning lights and the paschal
 candle on this day was instituted1 in  
order to return thanks to ,god for a    
miracle 7which may of old have happened 
at ,jerusalem7 and to announce it to all
 nations4  ,i shall now extract a brief 
account of the scene of confusion       
enacted in modern times at ,jerusalem on
 such occasions from ,thevenot1 in whose
 work is a print representing it4 ,after
 our ,catholic office was ended says he1
 we prepared to enjoy the sight of the  
holy fire of the ,greeks1 ,armenians and
 ,copts1 whose priests make their people
 believe1 that on holy ,saturday fire   
descends from heaven into the holy      
,sepulchre1 and on that account make    
each of their pilgrims1 who are very    
numerous1 pay some money4 ,this         
solemnity appears rather a comedy or a  
farce than a church-ceremony1 and is    

very unbecoming in a place so sacred as 
the holy ,sepulchre4 ,after we had      
finished our service1 which was about   
eight in the morning1 they1 extinguished
 all their lamps and those of the holy  
,sepulchre1 and then they commenced     
their folly1 running round the holy     
,sepulchre1 like mad people1 crying1    
howling1 et faisans un bruit de diables2
 it was charming to see them running one
 after another1 kicking and striking one
 another with cords2 many of them       
together held men in their arms1 and    
going round the holy ,sepulchre1 let    
them fall1 and then raised horrible     
shouts of laughter1 while they who had  
fallen ran after the others to avenge   
themselves3 it seemed that both old and 
young were downright mad4 ,from time to 
time they raised their eyes1 and        
stretched their hands1 full of taper1 to
 heaven1 crying all together eleison1 as
 if they were wearied at the delay of   
the holy fire4 ,this scene continued    
till towards three in the evening1 when 

two ,greek archbishops and two bishops  
habited as patriarchs1 for the patriarch
 was not then at ,jerusalem1 left their 
choir with all their clergy1 and began  
the procession round the holy           
,sepulchre3 they were joined by the     
,armenians1 four of whom wore mitres3   
then came a ,coptic bishop1 with all his
 clergy and people4 ,after they had     
walked three times round the holy       
,sepulchre1 a ,greek priest came out of 
the chapel of the ,angel1 which is close
 to that of the holy ,sepulchre1 and    
gave notice to him who represented the  
,patriarch1 that the holy fire had      
descended from heaven3 the latter then  
entered into the holy ,sepulchre1       
followed by the representatives of the  
,armenian patriarch and of the ,coptic  
bishop4 ,after they had remained there a
 short time1 we saw the ,greek          
archbishop in an amusing posture1       
bending down his head1 and bearing in   
each hand a quantity of lighted tapers4 
,no sooner had he appeared1 than all    

rushed one upon another to light their  
tapers from those of the archbishop2 as 
that is considered the best fire1 which 
is first lighted4 ,the ,janissaries     
however1 who were stationed near the    
door of the chapel of the ,angel1 did   
not stand with their arms folded1 but   
made the calpacs and turbans of the     
,greeks fly from one end of the church  
to the other1 striking around on all    
sides with their sticks1 to make way for
 the poor archbishop1 who also as we may
 suppose did all in his power to save   
himself4 ,he then mounted in haste a    
stone-altar opposite the entrance of the
 holy ,sepulchre1 where he was          
immediately surrounded by the people3   
those also who had lighted their tapers 
endeavouring to save themselves were    
overwhelmed by the others3 the confusion
 was horrible1 and blows were not       
unfrequent4 ,after the ,greek archbishop
 has come out1 the ,armenian appears1   
and saves himself from the crowd in the 
church of the ,armenians1 and the ,copt 

in that of the ,copts4 ,every one was in
 such a hurry to get some of the holy   
fire1 that in a moment more than #bjjj  
bundles of candles flamed in the church3
 and the people1 crying out like persons
 possessed began greater follies than   
before4 ,a man carrying a drum on his   
back began to run with all his might    
round the holy ,sepulchre1 and another  
running in the same manner struck it    
with two sticks2 and when he was tired1 
another immediately took his place4 ,il 
semble qu' on soit dans un enfer1 et que
 ce soient tout autant de diables       
dechaines4--,but enough of this         
unedifying scene1 of which the ,abbe    
,geramb gives a similar account4 ,if we 
contrast with it the majestic and       
edifying ceremonies of the ,roman       
church1 we shall feel grateful to ,god  
for having preserved us from such       
disorders4 ,i shall merely add from     
,thevenot1 that the ,christians are     
called to office at the holy ,sepulchre 
by boards struck with iron1 as we are   

for two days in holy-week3 but drums and
 other instruments are also played      
there1 which make1 he 7adds71 une       
musique enragee4  ,the distinguished    
missionary and pilgrim ,d4 ,casto       
,gonzalez recounts other disorders of   
the ,greeks during ,holy ,week1 and     
profanations of the most holy           
sanctuaries of ,palestine4 ,in the year 
#ahcc he exposed1 but not without great 
risk1 the fraud of the holy fire4 ,on   
the holy-,saturday of the ,greeks the   
officiating ,bishop accompanied by an   
,armenian and a ,coptic ,bishop and     
their respective clergy had already     
walked thrice round the holy ,sepulchre1
 when the missionary ignited a match    
with phosphorus1 and holding it up      
exclaimed ,look1 the heavenly fire has  
fallen into my hands3 he then           
extinguished it and lighted it again    
several times to the great astonishment 
of the assembled multitude4 ,he was     
protected by the ,turks from the dangers
 which surrounded him4 ,so manifest was 

the fraud of the pretended holy fire    
that even the schismatical ,armenian    
patriarch issued a circular letter      
forbidding his spiritual subjects to be 
present at the disgraceful exhibition4  
,the ,pere ,abbe de ,geramb gives a     
glowing account of the ,catholic service
 and mass on holy saturday2 and we most 
warmly recommend to our readers the     
perusal of the #cdth ,lettre of his     
,pelerinage1 in which he describes all  
the ceremonies of holy week at          
,jerusalem1 where they are invested with
 the peculiar charm arising from spots  
so sacred1 where ,christ suffered1 and  
died1 and rose again4 ,though in other  
respects the ,roman ceremonies are of a 
more exalted nature1 yet here must we be
 contented to transport ourselves in    
imagination to those beloved            
sanctuaries1 and to see the             
representation of the holy ,sepulchre at
 ,s4 ,maria ,egiziaca4 ,we shall        
conclude with the words of the          
distinguished writer3 ,jamais douleur   

n'affecta plus vivement mon ame1 que    
celle qui s'en empara au moment ou je   
m'arrachai pour jamais de l'eglise du   
saint ,sepulcre4 ,taut que je vivrai    
elle sera aussi presente a mon esprit   
que profondement gravee dans mon coeur2 
toujours souvenir me fera tressaillir1  
parce que toujours1 et plus qu' aucun   
autre souvenir1 il me rappellera ,jesus1
 crucifie pour mon salut1 pour la salut 
du genre humain1 a l'amour duquel nous  
devons repondre par le plus vif1 le plus
 tendre1 le plus absolu de tous les     
amours2 ce ,jesus auquel je dois        
l'ineffable bonheur de comprendre1 de   
sentir cette grande verite1 que je      
voudrais faire comprendre et sentir a   
l'univers entier1 que lui seul est tout1
 que tout ce qui n'est pas lui1 n'est   
rien1 n'est que neant4 ,pelerinage a    
,jerusalem1 ,lett4 #cf4