in time of ,,emergency a citizen's handbook on 444 ,,nuclear ,,attack 444 ,,natural ,,disasters ,,department ,,of ,,defense ,,office ,,of ,,civil ,,defense 99 99 99 99 99 ,,this ,,handbook ,,is ,,the ,,property ,,of3 ,name ,address ,,location ,,of ,,designated ,,fallout ,,shelter1 ,,or ,,shelter ,,nearest ,,to3 ,home ,school ,workplace ,,emergency ,,telephone ,,numbers3#a ,ambulance ,civil ,defense ,doctors ,fire ,health ,department ,hospitals ,police ,red ,cross ,utility ,companies ,weather ,bureau ,other 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in ,,time ,,of ,,emergency ,a ,,citizen',s ,,handbook ,,on --,,nuclear ,,attack --,,natural ,,disasters ,the ,office of ,civil ,defense gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided by representatives of the following agencies and organizations in the preparation of material for this handbook3 ,u4,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,commission ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,u4,s4 ,department of ,commerce2 ,environmental ,science ,services ,administration2 ,weather ,bureau ,u4,s4 ,department of ,health1 ,education1 and ,welfare2 ,public ,health ,service ,office of ,emergency ,planning1 ,executive ,office of the ,president ,american ,medical ,association2 ,committee on ,disaster ,medical ,care ,american ,national ,red ,cross ,national ,geographic ,society ,national ,association of ,state ,civil ,defense ,directors ,united ,states ,civil ,defense ,council ,the ,office of ,civil ,defense1 however1 is solely responsible for the validity and accuracy of the information in the handbook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,introduction ,,part ,i3 ,,nuclear ,,attack ,chapter #a--;,checklist of ,emergency ,actions ,chapter #b---,understand the ,hazards of ,nuclear ,attack ,chapter #c--,know ,about ,warning ,chapter #d--;,fallout ,shelters1 ,public and ,private ,chapter #e--;,improvising ,fallout ,protection ,chapter #f--,supplies for ,fallout ,shelters ,chapter #g--,water1 ,food1 and ,sanitation in a ,shelter ,chapter #h--;,fire ,hazards ,chapter #i--;,emergency ,care of the ,sick and ,injured ,,part ,,ii3 ,,major ,,natural ,,disasters ,chapter #a--;,general ,guidance ,chapter #b--;,floods and ,hurricanes ,chapter #c--,tornadoes ,chapter #d--,winter ,storms ,chapter #e--;,earthquakes ,index 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction ,a major emergency affecting a large number of people may occur anytime and anywhere4 ,it may be a peacetime disaster such as a flood1 tornado1 fire1 hurricane1 blizzard or earthquake4 ,it could be an enemy nuclear attack on the ,united ,states4 ,in any type of general disaster1 lives can be saved if people are prepared for the emergency1 and know what actions to take when it occurs4 ,with the aid of ,federal and ,state governments1 cities and counties in all parts of the country are developing their local civil defense systems--the fallout shelters1 supporting equipment and emergency plans needed to reduce the loss of life from an enemy attack4 ,while these local government systems have been set up mainly as safeguards against nuclear attack1 they have saved lives and relieved suffering in many major peacetime disasters4 ,people have been warned of impending storms and similar dangers1 told how to protect themselves1 sheltered from the elements1 fed and clothed1 treated for injury and illness1 and given help in resuming their normal lives4 ,experience has shown that as cities1 counties and towns develop their systems to preserve life under nuclear attack conditions1 they also become better prepared to deal effectively with peacetime disasters4 ,in cooperation with the ,u4,s4 ,office of ,civil ,defense and the ,states1 many local governments are improving their civil defense systems by preparing community shelter plans4 ,these plans include instructions to local citizens on what to do in the event of nuclear attack4 ,this handbook1 ,in ,time of ,emergency1 contains basic general information on both nuclear attack and major natural disasters4 ,this general guidance supplements the specific instructions issued by local governments4 ,since special conditions may exist in some communities1 the local instructions may be slightly different from this general guidance4 ,in those cases1 the local instructions should be followed4 ,part ,i 7pages #c-fh7 is concerned with nuclear attack and basic actions to take4 ,part ,,ii 7pages #fi-hf7 discusses preparations and emergency actions that will help individuals cope with major natural disasters--floods1 hurricanes1 tornadoes1 winter storms1 and earthquakes4 ,in addition to following the advice given in this handbook and the instructions of their local governments1 people can prepare themselves better to meet any major disaster by taking training courses to develop their emergency skills4 ,especially recommended are these courses3 ,,personal ,,and ,,family ,,survival 7#ab-;hour course7--,a basic orientation course in civil defense1 which also tells people how to improve their protection against the effects of a nuclear attack4 ,,medical ,,self-,,help 7#af-;hour course7--,how to care for the sick and injured if a doctor or nurse is not available4 ,,first ,,aid 7courses of various lengths7--,how to help the sick and injured until professional medical assistance is obtained4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,sick ,,and ,,injured 7#ab-;hour course7--,how to care for patients after they have received professional medical treatment4 ,information on these free courses1 which are given in most communities1 is available from local ,civil ,defense ,offices1 ,county ,agricultural ,extension ,agents1 local public health departments1 or ,american ,red ,cross chapters4 ,special advice for rural families on emergency actions related to crops and livestock is available from the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,one ,,nuclear ,,attack ,a nuclear attack against the ,united ,states would take a high toll of lives4 ,but our losses would be much less if people were prepared to meet the emergency1 knew what actions to take1 and took them4 ,a nationwide civil defense system now exists in the ,united ,states1 and is being enlarged and improved constantly4 ,the heart of this system is fallout shelter to protect people from the radioactive fallout that would result from a nuclear attack4 ,the system also includes warning and communications networks1 preparations to measure fallout radiation1 control centers to direct lifesaving and recovery operations1 emergency broadcasting stations1 local governments organized for emergency operations1 large numbers of citizens trained in emergency skills1 and ,u4,s4 military forces available to help civil authorities and the public in a time of emergency4 ,if an enemy should threaten to attack the ,united ,states1 you would not be alone4 ,the entire ,nation would be mobilizing to repulse the attack1 destroy the enemy1 and hold down our own loss of life4 ,much assistance would be available to you--from local1 ,state and ,federal governments1 from the ,u4,s4 armed forces units in your area1 and from your neighbors and fellow-,americans4 ,if an attack should come1 many lives would be saved through effective emergency preparations and actions4 ,you can give yourself and your family a much better chance of surviving and recovering from a nuclear attack if you will take time now to3 ,understand the dangers you would face in an attack4 ,make your own preparations for an attack4 ,learn what actions you should take at the time of attack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #a ,,checklist ,,of ,,emergency ,,actions 99 ,,know ,,your ,,local ,,emergency ,,action ,,plan 99 ,find out from your local government your local plan for emergency action4 99 ,determine the specific actions you and members of your family are expected to take4 99 ,,understand ,,nuclear ,,attack ,,hazards 7,see ,chapter #b1 page #i7 ,on the widespread threat of fallout1 remember3 99 ,the most dangerous period is the first #bd hours after fallout arrives4 ,but you might have to use fallout shelter for up to two weeks4 99 ,highly dangerous amounts of fallout are visible4 ,they look like particles of sand or salt4 99 ,there is little danger that adults could inhale or swallow enough fallout particles to hurt them4 ,small children1 however1 could be injured by drinking contaminated water or milk4 99 ,a person exposed to fallout radiation does not become radioactive4 ,radiation sickness is not contagious2 one person cannot catch it from another person4 99 ,,know ,,the ,,attack ,,warning ,,signal 7,see ,chapter #c1 page #ag7 99 ,on outdoor warning devices1 the ,attack ,warning ,signal is a #c- to #e-minute wavering sound1 or a series of short blasts on whistles or horns4 99 ,this signal means3 ,an enemy attack against the ,united ,states has been detected4 ,take protective action4 7,this signal has no other meaning1 and will be used for no other purpose47 99 ,on warning1 don't use the phone4 ,get information from radio4 99 ,,know ,,the ,,location ,,of ,,fallout ,,shelter 7,see ,chapter #d1 page #bc7 99 ,public shelters are marked like this4 99 ,good shelters can be prepared in homes with basements4 99 ,,if ,,no ,,shelter ,,is ,,available1 ,,improvise ,,protection 7,see ,chapter #e1 page #cc7 ,remember3 99 ,a basement corner below ground level1 or a storm cellar1 is the best place to improvise fallout protection4 99 ,for the best possible protection1 use heavy and dense materials for shielding4 99 ,,prepare ,,emergency ,,supplies 7,see ,chapter #f1 page #ci7 ,especially important are3 99 ,water and other liquids4 99 ,food requiring no cooking4 99 ,special medicines4 99 ,,conserve ,,emergency ,,supplies2 ,,maintain ,,sanitation 7,see ,chapter #g1 page #de7 99 ,,reduce ,,fire ,,hazards 7,see ,chapter #h1 page #ea7 99 ,,know ,,the ,,basics ,,of ,,emergency ,,medical ,,care 7,see ,chapter #i1 page #ee7 ,if no doctor is available1 especially important are actions to3 99 ,restore breathing4 99 ,stop serious bleeding4 99 ,treat for shock4 99 ,treat broken bones and burns4 99 ,,follow ,,official ,,instructions 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #b ,,understand ,,the ,,hazards ,,of ,,nuclear ,,attack ,,summary #a4 ,the main hazards of a nuclear attack are blast1 heat1 fire1 and fallout radiation4 #b4 ,you may be able to protect yourself against blast and heat by getting inside a shelter or taking cover1 before the nuclear explosions occur4 ,you may be able to avoid fire injuries by putting out small fires or escaping from large fires that might occur in your area4 #c4 ,you can protect yourself against fallout radiation by getting inside a fallout shelter--if possible1 before fallout particles begin drifting down--and by staying there until you are told to come out by authorities who have the equipment to measure radiation levels4 #d4 ,after a nuclear attack1 food and water would be available to most people1 and it would be usable4 ,if any fallout particles have collected1 they could be removed before the food is eaten or the water is drunk4 ,people suffering from extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied food or water1 even if the available supplies are not known to be free of fallout particles or other radioactive substances4 #e4 ,infants and small children should be fed canned or powdered milk 7if available7 for awhile after the attack1 unless the regular milk supply is uncontaminated4 ,they should not be given water that may contain radioactive substances1 if other water known to be pure is available4 #f4 ,a person cannot catch radiation sickness from another person4 ,,understand ,,the ,,hazards ,,of ,,nuclear ,,attack ,when a nuclear bomb or missile explodes1 the main effects produced are intense light 7flash71 heat1 blast1 and radiation4 ,how strong these effects are depends on the size and type of the weapon2 how far away the explosion is2 the weather conditions 7sunny or rainy1 windy or still72 the terrain 7whether the ground is flat or hilly72 and the height of the explosion 7high in the air1 or near the ground74 ,all nuclear explosions cause light1 heat and blast1 which occur immediately4 ,in addition1 explosions that are on or close to the ground would create large quantities of dangerous radioactive fallout particles1 most of which would fall to earth during the first #bd hours4 ,explosions high in the air would create smaller radioactive particles1 which would not have any real effect on humans until many months or years later1 if at all4#b ,,what ,,would ,,happen ,,in ,,an ,,enemy ,,attack ,if the ,u4,s4 should be attacked1 the people who happened to be close to a nuclear1 explosion--in the area of heavy destruction--probably would be killed or seriously injured by the blast1 or by the heat of the nuclear fireball4 ,people a few miles away--in the fringe area of the explosion--would be endangered by the blast and heat1 and by fires that the explosion might start4 ,however1 it is likely that most of the people in the fringe area would survive these hazards4 ,people who were outside the fringe area would not be affected by the blast1 heat or fire4 ,department of ,defense studies show that in any nuclear attack an enemy might launch against us1 tens of millions of ,americans would be outside the fringe areas4 ,to them--and to people in the fringe areas who survived the blast1 heat and fire--radioactive fallout would be the main danger4 ,protective measures against this danger can be taken4 ,,what ,,is ,,fallout8 ,when a nuclear weapon explodes near the ground1 great quantities of pulverized earth and other debris are sucked up into the nuclear cloud4 ,there the radioactive gases produced by the explosion condense on and into this debris1 producing radioactive fallout particles4 ,within a short time1 these particles fall back to earth--the larger ones first1 the smaller ones later4 ,on the way down1 and after they reach the ground1 the radioactive particles give off invisible gamma rays--like ,x-rays--too much of which can kill or injure people4 ,these particles give off most of their radiation quickly2 therefore the first few hours or days after an attack would be the most dangerous period4 ,in dangerously affected areas the particles themselves would look like grains of salt or sand2 but the rays they would give off could not be seen1 tasted1 smelled or felt4 ,special instruments would be required to detect the rays and measure their intensity4 ,,fallout ,,would ,,be ,,widespread ,the distribution of fallout particles after a nuclear attack would depend on wind currents1 weather conditions and other factors4 ,there is no way of predicting in advance what areas of the country would be affected by fallout1 or how soon the particles would fall back to earth at a particular location4 ,some communities might get a heavy accumulation of fallout1 while others--even in the same general area--might get little or none4 ,no area in the ,u4,s4 could be sure of not getting fallout1 and it is probable that some fallout particles would be deposited on most of the country4 ,areas close to a nuclear explosion might receive fallout within #ae-cj minutes4 ,it might take #e-aj hours or more for the particles to drift down on a community #ajj or #bjj miles away4 ,generally1 the first #bd hours after fallout began to settle would be the most dangerous period to a community's residents4 ,the heavier particles falling during that time would still be highly radioactive and give off strong rays4 ,the lighter particles falling later would have lost much of their radiation high in the atmosphere4 ,,fallout ,,causes ,,radiation ,,sickness ,the invisible gamma rays given off by fallout particles can cause radiation sickness--that is1 illness caused by physical and chemical changes in the cells of the body4 ,if a person receives a large dose of radiation1 he will die4 ,but if he receives only a small or medium dose1 his body will repair itself and he will get well4 ,the same dose received over a short period of time is more damaging than if it is received over a longer period4 ,usually1 the effects of a given dose of radiation are more severe in very young and very old persons1 and those not in good health4 ,no special clothing can protect people against gamma radiation1 and no special drugs or chemicals can prevent large doses of radiation from causing damage to the cells of the body4 ,however1 antibiotics and other medicines are helpful in treating infections that sometimes follow excessive exposure to radiation 7which weakens the body's ability to fight infections74 ,almost all of the radiation that people would absorb from fallout particles would come from particles outside their own bodies4 ,only simple precautions would be necessary to avoid swallowing the particles1 and because of their size 7like grains of sand7 it would be practically impossible to inhale them4 ,people exposed to fallout radiation do not become radioactive and thereby dangerous to other people4 ,radiation sickness is not contagious or infectious1 and one person cannot catch it from another person4 ,,protection ,,is ,,possible ,people can protect themselves against fallout radiation1 and have a good chance of surviving it1 by staying inside a fallout shelter4 ,in most cases1 the fallout radiation level outside the shelter would decrease rapidly enough to permit people to leave the shelter within a few days4 ,even in communities that received heavy accumulations of fallout particles1 people soon might be able to leave shelter for a few minutes or a few hours at a time in order to perform emergency tasks4 ,in most places1 it is unlikely that full-time shelter occupancy would be required for more than a week or two4 ,,many ,,kinds ,,of ,,fallout ,,shelters ,the farther away you are from the fallout particles outside1 the less radiation you will receive4 ,also1 the building materials 7concrete1 brick1 lumber1 etc47 that are between you and the fallout particles serve to absorb many of the gamma rays and keep them from reaching you4 ,a fallout shelter1 therefore1 does not need to be a special type of building or an underground bunker4 ,it can be any space1 provided the walls and roof are thick or heavy enough to absorb many of the rays given off by the fallout particles outside1 and thus keep dangerous amounts of radiation from reaching the people inside the structure4 ,a shelter can be the basement or inner corridor of any large building2 the basement of a private home2 a subway or tunnel2 or even a backyard trench with some kind of shielding material 7heavy lumber1 earth1 bricks1 etc47 serving as a roof4 ,in addition to protecting people from fallout radiation1 most fallout shelters also would provide some limited protection against the blast and heat effects of nuclear explosions that were not close by4 ,chapter #d 7pages #bc-cb7 discusses the various types of fallout shelters that people can use to protect themselves in case of nuclear attack4 ,,food ,,and ,,water ,,would ,,be ,,available ,,and ,,usable ,from many studies1 the ,federal ,government has determined that enough food and water would be available after an attack to sustain our surviving citizens4 ,however1 temporary food shortages might occur in some areas1 until food was shipped there from other areas4 ,most of the ,nation's remaining food supplies would be usable after an attack4 ,since radiation passing through food does not contaminate it1 the only danger would be the actual swallowing of fallout particles that happened to be on the food itself 7or on the can or package containing the food71 and these could be wiped or washed off4 ,reaping1 threshing1 canning and other processing would prevent any dangerous quantities of fallout particles from getting into processed foods4 ,if necessary to further protect the population1 special precautions would be taken by food processors4 ,water systems might be affected somewhat by radioactive fallout1 but the risk would be small1 especially if a few simple precautions were taken4 ,water stored in covered containers and water in covered wells would not be contaminated after an attack1 because the fallout particles could not get into the water4 ,even if the containers were not covered 7such as buckets or bathtubs filled with emergency supplies of water71 as long as they were indoors it is highly unlikely that fallout particles would get into them4 ,practically all of the particles that dropped into open reservoirs1 lakes1 and streams 7or into open containers or wells7 would settle to the bottom4 ,any that didn't would be removed when the water was filtered before being pumped to consumers4 ,a small amount of radioactive material might dissolve in the water1 but at most this would be of concern for only a few weeks4 ,milk contamination from fallout is not expected to be a serious problem after an attack4 ,if cows graze on contaminated pasture and swallow fallout particles that contain some radioactive elements1 their milk might be harmful to the thyroid glands of infants and small children4 ,therefore1 if possible1 they should be given canned or powdered milk for a few weeks if authorities say the regular milk supply is contaminated by radioactive elements4 ,in summary1 the danger of people receiving harmful doses of fallout radiation through food1 water or milk is very small4 ,people suffering from extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied these necessities after an attack1 even if the only available supplies might contain fallout particles or other radioactive substances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #c ,,know ,,about ,,warning ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,learn what outdoor warning signals are used in your community1 what they sound like1 what they mean1 and what actions you should take when you hear them4 #b4 ,make sure you know the difference between the ,attack ,warning ,signal and the ,attention or ,alert ,signal 7if both are used in your community74 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,when you hear the warning signals1 or warning information is broadcast1 take prompt action4 #b4 ,if the ,attack ,warning ,signal sounds1 go to a fallout shelter immediately 7unless your local government has told you to do something else74 ,after you are in shelter1 listen to a radio for more information and instructions4 #c4 ,if there is no public or private shelter you can go to1 try to improvise some fallout protection4 ,as a last resort1 take cover in the best available place4 #d4 ,if there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you feel the warmth from it--take cover instantly1 and then move to a fallout shelter later4 ,,know ,,about ,,warning ,an enemy attack on the ,united ,states probably would be preceded by a period of international tension or crisis4 ,this crisis period would help alert all citizens to the possibility of attack4 ,if an attack actually occurs1 it is almost certain that incoming enemy planes and missiles would be detected by our networks of warning stations in time for citizens to get into shelters or at least take cover4 ,this warning time might be as little as #e-ae minutes in some locations1 or as much as an hour or more in others4 ,how you received warning of an attack would depend on where you happened to be at that time4 ,you might hear the warning given on radio or television1 or even by word-of-mouth4 ,or your first notice of attack might come from the outdoor warning system in your own city1 town or village4 ,many ,u4,s4 cities and towns have outdoor warning systems1 using sirens1 whistles1 horns or bells4 ,although they have been installed mainly to warn citizens of enemy attack1 some local governments also use them in connection with natural disasters and other peacetime catastrophes4 ,different cities and towns are using their outdoor warning systems in different ways4 ,most local governments1 however1 have decided to use a certain signal to warn people of an enemy attack1 and a different signal to notify them of a peacetime disaster4 ,,the ,,standard ,,warning ,,signals ,the two standard signals that have been adopted in most communities are these3 ,,the ,,attack ,,warning ,,signal4 ,this will be sounded only in case of enemy attack4 ,the signal itself is a #c- to #e-minute wavering sound on the sirens1 or a series of short blasts on whistles1 horns or other devices1 repeated as deemed necessary4 ,the ,attack ,warning ,signal means that an actual enemy attack against the ,united ,states has been detected1 and that protective action should be taken immediately4 ,this signal has no other meaning1 and will be used for no other purpose4 ,,the ,,attention ,,or ,,alert ,,signal4 ,this is used by some local governments to get the attention of citizens in a time of threatened or impending natural disaster1 or some other peacetime emergency4 ,the signal itself is a #c-to #e-minute steady blast on sirens1 whistles1 horns or other devices4 ,in most places1 the ,attention or ,alert ,signal means that the local government wants to broadcast important information on radio or television concerning a peacetime disaster4 7,see ,chapter #a of ,major ,natural ,disasters section of this handbook47 ,,what ,,to ,,do ,,when ,,signals ,,sound #a4 ,if you should hear the ,attack ,warning ,signal--unless your local government has instructed you otherwise--go immediately to a public fallout shelter marked like this1 or to your home fallout shelter4 ,turn on a radio1 tune it to any local station that is broadcasting1 and listen for official information4 ,follow whatever instructions are given4 ,if you are at home and there is no public or private shelter available1 you may be able to improvise some last-minute protection for yourself and your family by following the suggestions in ,chapter #e 7pages #cc-ch7 of this handbook4 ,as a last resort1 take cover anywhere you can4 #b4 ,if you should hear the ,attention or ,alert ,signal1 turn on a radio or ,,tv set1 tune it to any local station1 and follow the official instructions being broadcast4 ,,don',t ,,use ,,the ,,telephone ,whichever signal is sounding1 don't use the telephone to obtain further information and advice about the emergency4 ,depend on the radio or television1 since the government will be broadcasting all the information it has available4 ,the telephone lines will be needed for official calls4 ,help keep them open4 ,,learn ,,your ,,community',s ,,signals ,,now ,as mentioned before not all communities in the ,u4,s4 have outdoor warning systems1 and not all communities with warning systems have adopted the two standard warning signals4 ,you should therefore find out now from your local ,civil ,defense ,office what signals are being used1 in your community2 what they sound like2 what they mean2 and what actions you should take when you hear them4 ,then memorize this information1 or write it down on a card to carry with you at all times4 ,also1 post it in your home4 ,check at least once each year to see if there are any changes4 ,,if ,,there ,,is ,a ,,nuclear ,,flash ,it is possible--but extremely unlikely--that your first warning of an enemy attack might be the flash of a nuclear explosion in the sky some distance away4 ,or there might be a flash after warning had been given1 possibly while you were on your way to shelter4 99 ,,take ,,cover ,,instantly4 ,if there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you are outdoors and feel warmth at the same time--take cover instantly in the best place you can find4 ,by getting inside or under something within a few seconds1 you might avoid being seriously burned by the heat or injured by the blast wave of the nuclear explosion4 ,if the explosion were some distance away1 you might have #e to #ae seconds before being seriously injured by the heat1 and perhaps #cj to #fj seconds before the blast wave arrived4 ,getting under cover within these time limits might save your life or avoid serious injury4 ,also1 to avoid injuring your eyes1 never look at the flash of an explosion or the nuclear fireball4 99 ,,where ,,to ,,take ,,cover4 ,you could take cover in any kind of a building1 a storm cellar or fruit cellar1 a subway station or tunnel--or even in a ditch or culvert alongside the road1 a highway underpass1 a storm sewer1 a cave or outcropping of rock1 a pile of heavy materials1 a trench or other excavation4 ,even getting under a parked automobile1 bus or train1 or a heavy piece of furniture1 would protect you to some extent4 ,if no cover is available1 simply lie down on the ground and curl up4 ,the important thing is to avoid being burned by the heat1 thrown about by the blast1 or struck by flying objects4 99 ,,best ,,position ,,after ,,taking ,,cover4 ,after taking cover you should lie on your side in a curled-up position1 and cover your head with your arms and hands4 ,this would give you some additional protection4 99 ,,move ,,to ,a ,,fallout ,,shelter ,,later4 ,if you protected yourself against the blast and heat waves by instantly taking cover1 you could get protection from the radioactive fallout 7which would arrive later7 by moving to a fallout shelter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #d ,,fallout ,,shelters1 ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,learn the locations of the public fallout shelters that your local government wants you to go to in a time of attack4 ,if no instructions of this kind have been issued1 learn the locations of the public shelters nearest to you when you are at home1 work1 or school4 ,make sure each member of the family knows these locations4 #b4 ,if there is no public fallout shelter near your home1 prepare a permanent or preplanned family shelter at home4 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,when you are warned of an enemy attack1 go immediately to a public fallout shelter or to your own home shelter1 unless your local government has given you other instructions4 #b4 ,stay in shelter until you receive official notice that it is safe to come out4 ,,fallout ,,shelters1 ,,public ,,and ,,private ,after a nuclear attack1 fallout particles would drift down on most areas of this country4 ,to protect themselves from the radiation given off by these particles1 people in affected areas would have to stay in fallout shelters for #b or #c days to as long as #b weeks4 ,many people would go to public fallout shelters1 while others--through choice or necessity--would take refuge in private or home fallout shelters4 ,,identifying ,,public ,,shelters ,most communities now have public fallout shelters that would protect many of their residents against fallout radiation4 ,where there are still not enough public shelters to accommodate all citizens1 efforts are being made to provide more4 ,in the meantime1 local governments plan to make use of the best available shelter4 ,most of the existing public shelters are located in larger buildings and are marked with this standard yellow-and-black fallout shelter sign4 ,other public shelters are in smaller buildings1 subways1 tunnels1 mines and other facilities4 ,these also are marked with shelter signs1 or would be marked in a time of emergency4 ,,learn ,,the ,,locations ,,of ,,public ,,shelters ,an attack might come at any hour of the day or night4 ,therefore you should find out now the locations of those public fallout shelters designated by your local government for your use4 ,if no designations have yet been made1 learn the locations of public shelters that are nearest to you when you are at home1 work1 school1 or any other place where you spend considerable time4 ,this advice applies to all members of the family4 ,your children especially should be given clear instructions now on where to find a fallout shelter at all times of the day1 and told what other actions they should take in case an attack should occur4 ,a ,,home ,,shelter ,,may ,,save ,,your ,,life ,public fallout shelters usually offer some advantages over home shelters4 ,however1 in many places--especially suburban and rural areas--there are few public shelters4 ,if there is none near you1 a home fallout shelter may save your life4 ,the basements of some homes are usable as family fallout shelters as they now stand1 without any alterations or changes--especially if the house has two or more stories1 and its basement is below ground level4 ,however1 most home basements would need some improvements in order to shield their occupants adequately from the radiation given off by fallout particles4 ,usually1 householders can make these improvements themselves1 with moderate effort and at low cost4 ,millions of homes have been surveyed for the ,u4,s4 ,office of ,civil ,defense by the ,u4,s4 ,census ,bureau1 and these householders have received information on how much fallout protection their basements would provide1 and how to improve this protection4 ,,shielding ,,material ,,is ,,required ,in setting up any home fallout shelter1 the basic aim is to place enough shielding material between the people in the shelter and the fallout particles outside4 ,shielding material is any substance that would absorb and deflect the invisible rays given off by fallout particles outside the house1 and thus reduce the amount of radiation reaching the occupants of the shelter4 ,the thicker or denser the shielding material is1 the more it would protect the shelter occupants4 ,some radiation protection is provided by the existing1 standard walls and ceiling of a basement4 ,but if they are not thick or dense enough1 other shielding material will have to be added4 ,concrete1 bricks1 earth and sand are some of the materials that are dense or heavy enough to provide fallout protection4 ,for comparative purposes1 #d inches of concrete would provide the same shielding density as3 --#e to #f inches of bricks4 --#f inches of sand or gravel 4 4 ,may be packed into bags1 cartons1 boxes1 --#g inches or earth4 4 4 4 4 4 4_/ or other containers for easier handling4 --#h inches of hollow concrete blocks 7#f inches if filled with sand74 --#aj inches of water4 --#ad inches of books or magazines4 --#ah inches of wood4 ,,how ,,to ,,prepare ,a ,,home ,,shelter ,if there is no public fallout shelter near your home1 or if you would prefer to use a family-type shelter in a time of attack1 you should prepare a home fallout shelter4 ,here is how to do it3 99 ,a ,,permanent ,,basement ,,shelter4 ,if your home basement--or one corner of it--is below ground level1 your best and easiest action would be to prepare a permanent-type family shelter there4 ,the required shielding material would cost perhaps #ajj-bjj1 and if you have basic carpentry or masonry skills you probably could do the work yourself in a short time4 ,here are three methods of providing a permanent family shelter in the best corner of your home basement--that is1 the corner which is most below ground level4 ,if you decide to set up one of these shelters1 first get the free plan for it by writing to ,civil ,defense1 ,army ,publications ,center1 #bhjj ,eastern ,blvd4 7,middle ,river71 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #babbj4 ,in ordering a plan1 use the full name shown for it4 ,,ceiling ,,modification ,,plan ,a ,if nearly all your basement is below ground level1 you can use this plan to build a fallout shelter area in one corner of it1 without changing the appearance of it or interfering with its normal peacetime use4 ,however1 if #ab inches or more of the basement wall is above ground level1 this plan should not be used unless you add the optional walls shown in the sketch4 ,overhead protection is obtained by screwing plywood sheets securely to the joists1 and then filling the spaces between the joists with bricks or concrete blocks4 ,an extra beam and a screwjack column may be needed to support the extra weight4 ,building this shelter requires some basic woodworking skills and about #aej-bjj for materials4 ,it can be set up while the house is being built1 or afterward4 ,,alternate ,,ceiling ,,modification ,,plan ,b ,this is similar to ,plan ,a1 except that new extra joists are fitted into part of the basement ceiling to support the added weight of the shielding 7instead of using a beam and a screwjack column74 ,the new wooden joists are cut to length and notched at the ends1 then installed between the existing joists4 ,after plywood panels are screwed securely to the joists1 bricks or concrete blocks are then packed tightly into the spaces between the joists4 ,the bricks or blocks1 as well as the joists themselves1 will reduce the amount of fallout radiation penetrating downward into the basement4 ,approximately one-quarter of the total basement ceiling should be reinforced with extra joists and shielding material4 ,important3 ,this plan 7like ,plan ,a7 should not be used if #ab inches or more of your basement wall is above ground level1 unless you add the optional walls inside your basement that are shown in the ,plan ,a sketch4 ,,permanent ,,concrete ,,block ,,or ,,brick ,,shelter ,,plan ,c ,this shelter will provide excellent protection1 and can be constructed easily at a cost of #aej in most parts of the country4 ,made of concrete blocks or bricks1 the shelter should be located in the corner of your basement that is most below ground level4 ,it can be built low1 to serve as a sitdown shelter2 or by making it higher you can have a shelter in which people can stand erect4 ,the shelter ceiling1 however1 should not be higher than the outside ground level of the basement corner where the shelter is located4 ,the higher your basement is above ground level1 the thicker you should make the walls and roof of this shelter1 since your regular basement walls will provide only limited shielding against outside radiation4 ,natural ventilation is provided by the shelter entrance1 and by the air vents shown in the shelter wall4 ,this shelter can be used as a storage room or for other useful purposes in non-emergency periods4 ,a ,,preplanned ,,basement ,,shelter4 ,if your home has a basement but you do not wish to set up a permanent-type basement shelter1 the next best thing would be to arrange to assemble a preplanned home shelter4 ,this simply means gathering together1 in advance1 the shielding material you would need to make your basement 7or one part of it7 resistant to fallout radiation4 ,this material could be stored in or around your home1 ready for use whenever you decided to set up your basement shelter4 ,here are two kinds of preplanned basement shelters4 ,if you want to set up one of these1 be sure to get the free plan for it first by writing to ,civil ,defense1 ,army ,publications ,center1 #bhjj ,eastern ,blvd4 7,middle ,river71 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #babbj4 ,mention the full name of the plan you want4 ,,preplanned ,,snack ,,bar ,,shelter ,,plan ,d ,this is a snack bar built of bricks or concrete blocks1 set in mortar1 in the best corner of your basement 7the corner that is most below ground level74 ,it can be converted quickly into a fallout shelter by lowering a strong1 hinged false ceiling so that it rests on the snack bar4 ,when the false ceiling is lowered into place in a time of emergency1 the hollow sections of it can be filled with bricks or concrete blocks4 ,these can be stored conveniently nearby1 or can be used as room dividers or recreation room furniture 7see bench in sketch74 ,,preplanned ,,tilt-,,up ,,storage ,,unit ,,plan ,e ,a tilt-up storage unit in the best corner of your basement is another method of setting up a preplanned family fallout shelter4 ,the top of the storage unit should be hinged to the wall4 ,in peacetime1 the unit can be used as a bookcase1 pantry1 or storage facility4 ,in a time of emergency1 the storage unit can be tilted so that the bottom of it rests on a wall of bricks or concrete blocks that you have stored nearby4 ,other bricks or blocks should then be placed in the storage unit's compartments1 to provide an overhead shield against fallout radiation4 ,the fallout protection offered by your home basement also can be increased by adding shielding material to the outside1 exposed portion of your basement walls1 and by covering your basement windows with shielding material4 ,you can cover the above-ground portion of the basement walls with earth1 sand1 bricks1 concrete blocks1 stones from your patio1 or other material4 ,you also can use any of these substances to block basement windows and thus prevent outside fallout radiation from entering your basement in that manner4 99 ,a ,,permanent ,,outside ,,shelter4 ,if your home has no basement1 or if you prefer to have a permanent-type home shelter in your yard1 you can obtain instructions on how to construct several different kinds of outside fallout shelters by writing to the ,u4,s4 ,office of ,civil ,defense1 ,department of ,defense1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjcaj4 ,there is no charge for these4 ,,when ,,to ,,leave ,,shelter ,you should not come out of shelter until you are told by authorities that it is safe to do so4 ,special instruments are needed to detect fallout radiation and to measure its intensity4 ,unless you have these instruments1 you will have to depend on your local government to tell you when to leave shelter4 ,this information probably would be given on the radio1 which is one reason why you should keep on hand a battery-powered radio that works in your shelter area4 ,if you came out of shelter too soon1 while the fallout particles outside were still highly radioactive1 you might receive enough radiation to make you sick or even kill you4 ,remember that fallout particles can be seen1 but the rays they give off cannot be seen4 ,if you see unusual quantities of gritty particles outside 7on window ledges1 sidewalks1 cars1 etc47 after an attack1 you should assume that they are fallout particles1 and therefore stay inside your shelter until you are told it is safe to come out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #e ,,improvising ,,fallout ,,protection ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,if there is no public fallout shelter near your home and you have decided not to prepare a permanent or preplanned shelter in your basement or yard1 make sure that you have on hand now the materials and tools needed to improvise an emergency shelter at home4 ,these would include shielding material 7for an inside shelter71 and lumber and a shovel 7for an outside shelter74 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,if you have no better shelter to go to1 improvise an emergency shelter at home4 #b4 ,usually1 the best place for an improvised shelter would be in your basement or storm cellar4 #c4 ,if you don't have a basement or storm cellar1 you might be able to improvise a shelter in the crawl space under your house1 outside in your yard1 or 7as a last resort7 on the ground floor of your house4 ,in some places1 a boat would provide some fallout protection4 ,,improvising ,,fallout ,,protection ,if an enemy attack should occur when you are at home1 and you have made no advance shelter preparations1 you still might be able to improvise a shelter either inside or outside your house4 ,in a time of emergency1 the radio broadcasts may tell you whether you have time to improvise a shelter or should take cover immediately4 ,an improvised shelter probably would not give you as much protection as a permanent or a preplanned family shelter1 but any protection is better than none1 and might save your life4 ,the best place to improvise a shelter would be the basement or storm cellar1 if your home has one4 ,,shielding ,,material ,,needed ,to improvise a shelter you would need shielding materials such as those mentioned on page #be--;concrete blocks1 bricks1 sand1 etc4 ,other things could also be used as shielding material1 or to support shielding material1 such as3 --,house doors that have been taken off their hinges 7especially heavy outside doors74 --,dressers and chests 7fill the drawers with sand or earth after they are placed in position1 so they won't be too heavy to carry and won't collapse while being carried74 --,trunks1 boxes and cartons 7fill them with sand or earth after they are placed in position74 --,tables and bookcases4 --,large appliances 7such as washers and dryers74 --,books1 magazines1 and stacks of firewood or lumber4 --,flagstones from outside walks and patios4 ,,improvising ,a ,,basement ,,shelter ,here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in the basement of a home3 ,set up a large1 sturdy table or workbench in the corner of your basement that is most below ground level4 ,on the table1 pile as much shielding material as it will hold without collapsing4 ,around the table1 place as much shielding material as possible4 ,when family members are inside the shelter--that is1 under the table--block the opening with other shielding material4 ,if you don't have a large table or workbench available--or if more shelter space is needed--place furniture or large appliances in the corner of the basement so they will serve as the walls of your shelter4 ,as a ceiling for it1 use doors from the house that have been taken off their hinges4 ,on top of the doors1 pile as much shielding material as they will support4 ,stack other shielding material around the walls of your shelter4 ,when all persons are inside the shelter space1 block the opening with shielding material4 ,,using ,a ,,storm ,,cellar ,,for ,,fallout ,,protection ,a below-ground storm cellar can be used as an improvised fallout shelter1 but additional shielding material may be needed to provide adequate protection from fallout radiation4 ,if the existing roof of the storm cellar is made of wood or other light material1 it should be covered with one foot of earth or an equivalent thickness of other shielding material 7see page #be7 for overhead shielding from fallout4 ,more posts or braces may be needed to support the extra weight4 ,after the roof has been shielded1 better protection can be provided by blocking the entrance way with #h-;inch concrete blocks or an equivalent thickness of sandbags1 bricks1 earth or other shielding material1 after all occupants are inside the shelter4 ,a few inches should be left open at the top for air4 ,after particles have stopped falling1 the outside door may be left open to provide better ventilation4 ,if shielding material is not available for the entrance way1 shelter occupants should stay as far away from it as possible4 ,they also should raise the outside door of the storm cellar now and then to knock off any fallout particles that may have collected on it4 ,,using ,,the ,,crawl ,,space ,,under ,,your ,,house ,some homes without basements have crawl space between the first floor and the ground underneath the house4 ,if you have this space under your house--and if the house is set on foundation walls1 rather than on pillars--you can improvise fallout protection for your family there4 ,first1 get access to the crawl space through the floor or through the outside foundation wall4 7,a trapdoor or other entry could be made now1 before an emergency occurs47 ,as the location for your shelter1 select a crawl-space area that is under the center of the house1 as far away from the outside foundation walls as possible4 ,around the selected shelter area1 place shielding material-- preferably bricks or blocks1 or containers filled with sand or earth--from the ground level up to the first floor of the house1 so that the shielding material forms the walls of your shelter area4 ,on the floor above1 place other shielding material to form a roof for the shelter area4 ,if time permits1 dig out more earth and make the shelter area deeper1 so you can stand erect or at least sit up in it4 ,,improvising ,,an ,,outside ,,shelter ,if your home has no basement1 no storm cellar and no protected crawl space1 here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in your yard3 99 ,dig an ,l-shaped trench1 about #d feet deep and #c feet wide4 ,one side of the ,l1 which will be the shelter area1 should be long enough to accommodate all family members4 ,the other side of the ,l can be shorter1 since its purpose is to serve as an entrance-way and to reduce the amount of radiation getting into the shelter area4 ,cover the entire trench with lumber 7or with house doors that have been taken off their hinges71 except for about #b feet on the short side of the ,l1 to provide access and ventilation4 ,on top of the lumber or doors1 pile earth #a to #b feet high1 or cover them with other shielding material4 ,if necessary1 support or shore up the walls of the trench1 as well as the lumber or doors1 so they will not collapse4 99 ,dig a shallow ditch1 #f inches deep and #f inches wide1 parallel to and #d feet from the outside wall of your house4 ,remove the heaviest doors from the house4 ,place the bottoms of the doors in the ditch 7so they won't slip71 and lean the doors against the wall of the house4 ,on the doors1 pile #ab to #ah inches of earth or sand4 ,stack or pile other shielding material at the sides of the doors1 and also on the other side of the house wall 7to protect you against radiation coming from that direction74 ,if possible1 make the shelter area deeper by digging out more earth inside it4 ,also dig some other shallow ditches1 to allow rain water to drain away4 ,,an ,,improvised ,,shelter ,,on ,,the ,,ground ,,floor ,if your home has no basement or storm cellar 7and no crawl space that is surrounded by foundation walls up to the first floor71 you can get some limited fallout protection by improvising a fallout shelter on the first or ground floor of your house4 ,however1 this type of shelter probably would not give you nearly as much protection as the other types of improvised shelters described in this chapter4 ,use an inner hall1 inner room or large clothes closet on the ground floor1 away from outside walls and windows4 ,with doors1 furniture and appliances1 plus stacks of other shielding material1 you can create an enclosure large enough to live in for a short time4 ,if possible1 use boxes filled with sand or earth as shielding material1 and fill drawers and trunks with sand or earth4 ,if there is not room for the shielding material in the limited space of a closet or small room1 you can place the material on the other sides of the walls1 or on the floor overhead4 ,,boats ,,as ,,improvised ,,shelters ,if no better fallout protection is available1 a boat with an enclosed cabin could be used4 ,however1 in addition to emergency supplies such as food1 drinking water and a battery-powered radio1 you should have aboard the items you would need 7a broom1 bucket1 or pump-and-hose7 to sweep off or flush off any fallout particles that might collect on the boat4 ,the boat should be anchored or cruised slowly at least #bjj feet offshore1 where the water is at least #e feet deep4 ,this distance from shore would protect you from radioactive fallout particles that had fallen on the nearby land4 ,a #e-;foot depth would absorb the radiation from particles falling into the water and settling on the bottom4 ,if particles drift down on the boat1 stay inside the cabin most of the time4 ,go outside now and then1 and sweep or flush off any particles that have collected on the boat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #f ,,supplies ,,for ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,if you intend to go to a public fallout shelter in a time of attack1 find out now whether it has emergency supplies in it4 --,if it has emergency supplies1 always keep on hand at home 7or in your car7 those few additional supplies you would need to take with you4 --,if it does not have emergency supplies1 always keep on hand at home all the supplies you would need to take with you4 #b4 ,if you intend to use a family fallout shelter at home1 always keep on hand1 in and around your home1 all the supplies and equipment you would need for a shelter stay of two weeks4 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,if you are going to a public fallout shelter1 take with you the supplies you will need4 #b4 ,if you are going to your home fallout shelter1 gather up the supplies and equipment you want to take to the shelter area with you4 ,,supplies ,,for ,,fallout ,,shelters ,people gathered in public and private fallout shelters to escape fallout radiation after a nuclear attack would have to stay there--at least part of the time--for a week or two4 ,during this time they would need certain supplies and equipment in order to stay alive and well1 and to cope with emergency situations that might occur in their shelters4 ,this chapter tells you what supplies and equipment to take with you if you go to a public fallout shelter1 and what items you should keep on hand if you plan to use a family fallout shelter at home4 ,,what ,,to ,,take ,,to ,a ,,public ,,fallout ,,shelter ,to augment the supply of food and liquids usually found in large buildings1 most public fallout shelters are stocked--and others are being stocked--with emergency supplies4 ,these include water containers1 emergency food rations1 sanitation items1 basic medical supplies1 and instruments to measure the radiation given off by fallout particles4 ,if the public shelter you will use in a time of attack contains these or other emergency supplies1 you should plan to take with you only these additional items3 --,special medicines or foods required by members of your family1 such as insulin1 heart tablets1 dietetic food or baby food4 --,a blanket for each family member4 --,a battery-powered radio1 a flashlight1 and extra batteries4 ,if the public shelter you are going to does not contain emergency supplies1 you should take with you all the above items1 plus as much potable liquids 7water1 fruit and vegetable juices1 etc47 and ready-to-eat food as you can carry to the shelter4 ,,stocks ,,for ,a ,,home ,,shelter ,if you intend to use a home fallout shelter1 you should gather together now all the things you and your family would need for #b weeks1 even though you probably wouldn't have to remain inside shelter for that entire period4 ,all these items need not be stocked in your home shelter area4 ,they can be stored elsewhere in or around your house1 as long as you could find them easily and move them to your shelter area quickly in a time of emergency4 99 ,,the ,,absolute ,,necessities4 ,there are a few things you must have4 ,they are water1 food1 sanitation supplies1 and any special medicines or foods needed by family members such as insulin1 heart tablets1 dietetic food and baby food4 99 ,,the ,,complete ,,list4 ,in addition to the absolute necessities1 there are other important items4 ,some of them may be needed to save lives4 ,at the least1 they will be helpful to you4 ,here is a list of all major items--both essential and desirable4 ,,water4 ,this is even more important than food4 ,enough water should be available to give each person at least one quart per day for #ad days4 ,store it in plastic containers1 or in bottles or cans4 ,all should have tight stoppers4 ,part of your water supply might be trapped water in the pipes of your home plumbing system1 and part of it might be in the form of bottled or canned beverages1 fruit or vegetable juices1 or milk4 ,a water-purifying agent 7either water-purifying tablets1 or #b percent tincture of iodine1 or a liquid chlorine household bleach7 should also be stored1 in case you need to purify any cloudy or suspicious water that may contain bacteria4 ,,food4 ,enough food should be kept on hand to feed all shelter occupants for #ad days1 including special foods needed by infants1 elderly persons1 and those on limited diets4 ,most people in shelter can get along on about half as much food as usual4 ,if possible store canned or sealed-package foods1 preferably those not requiring refrigeration or cooking4 ,these should be replaced periodically4 ,here is a table showing the suggested replacement periods1 in months1 for some of the types of food suitable to store for emergency use4#c ,milk3 ,months ,evaporated #f ,nonfat dry or whole dry milk1 in metal container #f ,canned meat1 poultry1 fish3 ,meat1 poultry #ah ,fish #ab ,mixtures of meats1 vegetables1 cereal products #ah ,condensed meat-and-vegetable soups #h ,fruits and vegetables3 ,berries and sour cherries1 canned #f ,citrus fruit juices1 canned #f ,other fruits and fruit juices1 canned #ah ,dried fruit1 in metal container #f ,tomatoes1 sauerkraut1 canned #f ,other vegetables1 canned 7including dry beans and dry peas7 #ah ,cereals and baked goods3 ,ready-to-eat cereals3 ,in metal container #ab ,in original paper package #a ,uncooked cereal 7quick-cooking or instant73 ,in metal container #bd ,in original paper package #ab ,hydrogenated 7or antioxidant-treated7 fats1 vegetable oil #ab ,sugars1 sweets1 nuts3 ,sugar will keep indefinitely ,hard candy1 gum #ah ,nuts1 canned #ab ,instant puddings #ab ,miscellaneous3 ,coffee1 tea1 cocoa 7instant7 #ah ,dry cream product 7instant7 #ab ,bouillon products #ab ,flavored beverage powders #bd ,salt will keep indefinitely ,flavoring extracts 7e4g41 pepper7 #bd ,soda1 baking powder #ab ,,sanitation ,,supplies4 ,since you may not be able to use your regular bathroom during a period of emergency1 you should keep on hand these sanitation supplies3 ,a metal container with a tight-fitting lid1 to use as an emergency toilet2 one or two large garbage cans with covers 7for human wastes and garbage72 plastic bags to line the toilet container2 disinfectant2 toilet paper2 soap2 wash cloths and towels2 a pail or basin2 and sanitary napkins4 ,,medicines ,,and ,,first ,,aid ,,supplies4 ,this should include any medicines being regularly taken1 or likely to be needed1 by family members4 ,first aid supplies should include all those found in a good first aid kit 7bandages1 antiseptics1 etc471 plus all the items normally kept in a well-stocked home medicine chest 7aspirin1 thermometer1 baking soda1 petroleum jelly1 etc474 ,a good first aid handbook is also recommended4 ,,infant ,,supplies4 ,families with babies should keep on hand a two-week stock of infant supplies such as canned milk or baby formula1 disposable diapers1 bottles and nipples1 rubber sheeting1 blankets and baby clothing4 ,because water for washing might be limited1 baby clothing and bedding should be stored in larger-than-normal quantities4 ,,cooking ,,and ,,eating ,,utensils4 ,emergency supplies should include pots1 pans1 knives1 forks1 spoons1 plates1 cups1 napkins1 paper towels1 measuring cup1 bottle opener1 can opener1 and pocket knife4 ,if possible1 disposable items should be stored4 ,a heat source also might be helpful1 such as an electric hot plate 7for use if power is available71 or a camp stove or canned-heat stove 7in case power is shut off74 ,however1 if a stove is used indoors1 adequate ventilation is needed4 ,,clothing4 ,several changes of clean clothing--especially undergarments and socks or stockings--should be ready for shelter use1 in case water for washing should be scarce4 ,,bedding4 ,blankets are the most important items of bedding that would be needed in a shelter1 but occupants probably would be more comfortable if they also had available pillows1 sheets1 and air mattresses or sleeping bags4 ,,fire ,,fighting ,,equipment4 ,simple fire fighting tools1 and knowledge of how to use them1 may be very useful4 ,a hand-pumped fire extinguisher of the inexpensive1 #e-;gallon1 water type is preferred4 ,carbon tetrachloride and other vaporizing-liquid type extinguishers are not recommended for use in small enclosed spaces1 because of the danger of fumes4 ,other useful fire equipment for home use includes buckets filled with sand1 a ladder1 and a garden hose4 ,,general ,,equipment ,,and ,,tools4 ,the essential items in this category are a battery-powered radio and a flashlight or lantern1 with spare batteries4 ,the radio might be your only link with the outside world1 and you might have to depend on it for all your information and instructions1 especially for advice on when to leave shelter4 ,other useful items3 a shovel1 broom1 axe1 crowbar1 kerosene lantern1 short rubber hose for siphoning1 coil of half-inch rope at least #be feet long1 coil of wire1 hammer1 pliers1 screwdriver1 wrench1 nails and screws4 ,,miscellaneous ,,items4 ,in addition to such practical items as matches1 candles1 and civil defense instructions1 some personal convenience items could be brought into the home shelter if space permits4 ,these might include books and magazines1 writing materials1 a clock and calendar1 playing cards and hobby materials1 a sewing kit1 and toiletries such as toothbrushes1 cosmetics1 and shaving supplies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #g ,,water1 ,,food1 ,,and ,,sanitation ,,in ,a ,,shelter ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,read this chapter fully1 and learn how you would have to manage your water1 food and sanitation problems if you had to spend a week or two in a fallout shelter1 especially a home shelter4 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,if you are in a public fallout shelter1 do exactly what the shelter manager tells you to do4 ,he will take care of you to the best of his ability4 #b4 ,if you are in a home shelter1 follow the advice given in this chapter concerning water1 food and sanitation4 ,take care of your water and food supplies1 keep them clean1 and make them last for the period you may have to stay in shelter4 ,if necessary1 set up an emergency toilet1 keep it clean1 and make sure it is used properly4 ,,water1 ,,food1 ,,and ,,sanitation ,,in ,a ,,shelter ,at all times and under all conditions1 human beings must have sufficient water1 adequate food and proper sanitation in order to stay alive and healthy4 ,when people are living in a fallout shelter--even for a week or two--water and food may be scarce1 and it may be difficult to maintain normal sanitary conditions4 ,water and food supplies may have to be managed--that is1 taken care of1 kept clean1 and rationed to each person in the shelter4 ,sanitation also may have to be managed and controlled1 perhaps by setting up emergency toilets and rules to insure that they are used properly4 ,if you go to a public fallout shelter in a time of attack1 you probably would not need to know a great deal about managing water1 food1 and sanitation4 ,a shelter manager and his assistants would handle these problems with the cooperation of all in the shelter4 ,he would make the best use of whatever water and food supplies were available1 provide emergency toilets if necessary1 set up rules for living in the shelter1 arrange for the shelter occupants to carry on various activities necessary for health and well-being1 and decide when it was safe for the group to leave shelter and for how long at a time4 ,in a home fallout shelter1 however1 you and your family would be largely on your own4 ,you would have to take care of yourselves1 solve your own problems1 make your own living arrangements1 subsist on the supplies you had previously stocked1 and find out for yourself 7probably by listening to the radio7 when it was safe to leave shelter4 ,in this situation1 one of your most important tasks would be to manage your water and food supplies1 and maintain sanitation4 ,the following guidance is intended to help you do this4 ,,care ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,water ,,supplies ,the average person in a shelter would need at least #a quart of water or other liquids per day to drink1 but more would be useful 7to allow some for washing1 etc474 ,therefore a rationing plan might be required in your home shelter1 so as to make your available liquids last for #ad days4 7,many communities may continue to have potable water available1 and families could relax their rationing plans47 ,in addition to water stored in containers1 there is usually other water available in most homes that is drinkable1 such as3 --,water and other liquids normally found in the kitchen1 including ice cubes1 milk1 soft drinks1 and fruit and vegetable juices4 --,water 7#bj to #fj gallons7 in the hot water tank4 --,water in the flush tanks 7not the bowls7 of home toilets4 --,water in the pipes of your home plumbing system4 ,in a time of nuclear attack1 local authorities may instruct householders to turn off the main water valves in their homes to avoid having water drain away in case of a break and loss of pressure in the water mains4 ,with the main valve in your house closed1 all the pipes in the house would still be full of water4 ,to use this water1 turn on the faucet that is located at the highest point in your house1 to let air into the system2 and then draw water1 as needed1 from the faucet that is located at the lowest point in your house4 ,in a home shelter1 occupants should drink first the water they know is uncontaminated1 such as that mentioned above4 ,of course1 if local authorities tell you the regular water is drinkable1 it should be used4 ,if necessary1 suspicious water--such as cloudy water from regular faucets or perhaps some muddy water from a nearby stream or pond--can be used after it has been purified4 ,this is how to purify it3 #a4 ,strain the water through a paper towel or several thicknesses of clean cloth1 to remove dirt and fallout particles1 if any4 ,or else let the water settle in a container for #bd hours1 by which time any solid particles would have sunk to the bottom4 ,a handful of clay soil in each gallon of water would help this settling process4 #b4 ,after the solid particles have been removed1 boil the water if possible for #c to #e minutes1 or add a water-purifying agent to it4 ,this could be either3 7a7 water-purifying tablets1 available at drug stores1 or 7b7 two percent tincture of iodine1 or 7c7 liquid chlorine household bleach1 provided the label says that it contains hypochlorite as its only active ingredient4 ,for each gallon of water1 use #d water-purifying tablets1 or #ab drops of tincture of iodine1 or #h drops of liquid chlorine bleach4 ,if the water is cloudy1 these amounts should be doubled4 ,there would not be much danger of drinking radioactive particles in water1 as they would sink quickly to the bottom of the container or stream4 ,very few would dissolve in the water4 ,although open reservoirs might contain some radioactive iodine in the first few days after an attack1 this danger is considered minor except to very young children4 ,,care ,,and ,,use ,,of ,,food ,,supplies ,food also should be rationed carefully in a home shelter1 to make it last for at least a #b-week period of shelter occupancy4 ,usually1 half the normal intake would be adequate1 except for growing children or pregnant women4 ,in a shelter1 it is especially important to be sanitary in the storing1 handling and eating of food1 so as to avoid digestive upsets or other more serious illness1 and to avoid attracting vermin4 ,be sure to3 --,keep all food in covered containers4 --,keep cooking and eating utensils clean4 --,keep all garbage in a closed container1 or dispose of it outside the home when it is safe to go outside4 ,if possible1 bury it4 ,avoid letting garbage or trash accumulate inside the shelter1 both for fire and sanitation reasons4 ,,emergency ,,toilet ,,facilities ,in many home shelters1 people would have to use emergency toilets until it was safe to leave shelter for brief periods of time4 ,an emergency toilet1 consisting of a watertight container with a snug-fitting cover1 would be necessary4 ,it could be a garbage container1 or a pail or bucket4 ,if the container is small1 a larger container1 also with a cover1 should be available to empty the contents into for later disposal4 ,if possible1 both containers should be lined with plastic bags4 ,this emergency toilet could be fitted with some kind of seat1 especially for children or elderly persons4 ,or it may be possible to remove the seat from a wooden chair1 cut a hole in it1 and place the container underneath4 ,for privacy1 the toilet could be screened from view4 ,every time someone uses the toilet1 he should pour or sprinkle into it a small amount of regular household disinfectant1 such as creosol or chlorine bleach1 to keep down odors and germs4 ,after each use1 the lid should be put back on4 ,when the toilet container needs to be emptied1 and outside radiation levels permit1 the contents should be buried outside in a hole #a or #b feet deep4 ,this would prevent the spread of disease by rats and insects4 ,if the regular toilets inside the home--or the sewer lines--are not usable for any reason1 an outside toilet should be built when it is safe to do so4 ,if anyone has been outside and fallout particles have collected on his shoes or clothing1 they should be brushed off before he enters the shelter area again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #h ,,fire ,,hazards ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,follow the normal fire prevention rules given in this chapter4 #b4 ,keep on hand at home the basic fire fighting tools mentioned in this chapter4 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,close doors1 windows1 venetian blinds1 shades1 and drapes in your house4 #b4 ,unless otherwise advised1 fill buckets and other containers with water1 for emergency fire fighting as well as other purposes4 #c4 ,if a fire should occur1 fight it promptly1 following the recommended procedures4 ,,fire ,,hazards ,fire1 always a danger1 could be even more of a disaster during a nuclear attack emergency when the fire department might not be available to help you4 ,also1 the risk of fire would be greater at that time4 ,normal fire-prevention rules are of special importance in an emergency4 ,they include familiar commonsense precautions such as not allowing trash to accumulate1 especially near heat sources2 exercising extreme caution in the use of flammable fluids such as gasoline1 naphtha1 etc42 storage of such fluids outdoors when possible2 care in the use of electricity2 repairing of faulty wiring and avoiding overloaded circuits2 and repair of faulty heating systems4 ,these special fire precautions should be taken in a time of nuclear emergency1 especially if you plan to use a home shelter3 7#a7 ,keep some of the intense heat rays from nuclear explosions from entering your house by closing your doors1 windows1 venetian blinds1 window shades and drapes4 ,if the climate will not permit this for an extended period of time1 close as many as possible1 then close the rest when the ,attack ,warning ,signal is given4 7#b7 ,unless local authorities advise otherwise1 fill buckets1 bathtubs and other containers with water1 for use in emergency fire fighting4 ,if a fire does occur1 your home might be saved if you know how to fight fires1 and have on hand some basic firefighting tools4 ,these should include a garden hose1 a ladder1 buckets filled with sand1 containers filled with water1 and a fire extinguisher4 ,keep in mind that vaporizing-liquid types of fire extinguishers can produce dangerous fumes when used in small enclosed spaces4 ,remember the #c basic ways to put out a fire3 99 ,take away its fuel4 99 ,take away its air 7smother it74 99 ,cool it with water or fire-extinguisher chemicals4 ,ordinary fires should be fought by3 --,getting the burning material out of the house 7carry it out1 or throw it out of a door or window if you can72 or --,putting out the fire with water1 sand1 earth or fire-extinguisher chemicals2 or --,smothering the fire with a rug or blanket1 preferably wet4 ,special types of fires require special methods3 --,if it is an electrical fire1 be sure to shut off the electricity first4 ,then put out the flames with water or anything else available4 ,if you can't shut off the electricity1 don't use water on an electrical fire4 --,if it is an oil or grease fire1 shut off the supply of whatever is burning4 ,then smother the flames with sand1 earth1 rugs1 or other heavy materials4 ,don't use water4 --,if it is a gas fire1 shut off the gas supply4 ,then use water1 sand1 or earth to put out whatever is burning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #i ,,emergency ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,sick ,,and ,,injured ,,summary ,,before ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,take the ,medical ,self-,help course1 or a ,first ,aid course4 #b4 ,if this is not possible1 obtain a good first aid manual1 study it1 and keep it at home2 or study the emergency medical instructions given in this chapter1 and keep this handbook at home4 #c4 ,obtain a good first aid kit1 and keep your home medicine chest well stocked with supplies you may need in a time of emergency4 ,,during ,,an ,,emergency #a4 ,try to get a doctor or nurse 7or at least a person trained in first aid7 to treat anyone who is injured or sick4 #b4 ,if no one better qualified is available1 take charge yourself4 ,,emergency ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,sick ,,and ,,injured ,a nuclear attack on the ,united ,states would cause great numbers of casualties1 and there would be fewer doctors1 nurses and hospitals available to care for them4 ,even in areas where no nuclear weapons exploded1 radioactive fallout could prevent doctors and nurses from reaching injured or sick persons for a considerable period of time4 ,people would have to help each other during the emergency4 ,those in a stocked public fallout shelter would have available the basic medical kit stored there1 and perhaps one or more shelter occupants might be a doctor1 nurse1 or trained first-aider4 ,but persons in a home shelter would have only the medical supplies available at home1 and would have to depend on their own knowledge of first aid and emergency medical care4 ,both adults and teenagers can acquire these valuable skills now by taking free courses that are offered in many communities1 such as the ,medical ,self-,help course or a ,first ,aid course4 ,the following information is no substitute for one of these courses4 ,this basic guidance may save lives during a nuclear emergency1 however1 by helping untrained persons take care of the sick and injured when professional medical assistance may not be immediately available4 ,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,any ,,medical ,,emergency #a4 ,first of all1 do no harm4 ,often1 well-meaning but untrained persons worsen the injury or illness in their attempts to help4 ,get competent medical assistance1 if possible4 ,do not assume responsibility for a patient if you can get the help of a doctor1 nurse1 or experienced first-aid worker4 ,but if no one better qualified is available1 take charge yourself4 #b4 ,look for stoppage of breathing1 and for serious bleeding4 ,these are the two most life-threatening conditions you can do something about4 ,they demand immediate treatment 7see pages #eh and #fa74 #h4 ,prevent shock1 or treat it4 ,shock1 a serious condition of acute circulatory failure1 usually accompanies a severe or painful injury1 a serious loss of blood1 or a severe emotional upset4 ,if you expect shock1 and take prompt action1 you can prevent it or lessen its severity4 ,this may save the patient's life4 7,treatment of shock is discussed on page #fb74 #d4 ,don't move the patient immediately4 ,unless there is real danger of the patient receiving further injury where he is1 he should not be moved until breathing is restored1 bleeding is stopped1 and suspected broken bones are splinted4 #e4 ,keep calm1 and reassure the patient4 ,keep him lying down and comfortably warm1 but do not apply heat to his body1 or make him sweat4 #f4 ,never attempt to give liquids to an unconscious person4 ,if he is not able to swallow1 he may choke to death or drown4 ,also1 don't give him any liquids to drink if he has an abdominal injury4 ,,if ,,the ,,patient ,,has ,,stopped ,,breathing ,quick action is required4 ,you must get air into his lungs again immediately or he may die4 ,the best and simplest way of doing this is to use mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration4 ,here is how to do it3 #a4 ,place the patient on his back4 ,loosen his collar4 #b4 ,open his mouth and use your fingers to remove any food or foreign matter4 ,if he has false teeth or removable dental bridges1 take them out4 #c4 ,tilt the patient's head back so that his chin points upward4 ,lift his lower jaw from beneath and behind so that it juts out4 ,this will move his tongue away from the back of his throat1 so it does not block the air passage to his lungs4 ,placing a pillow or something else under his shoulders will help get his head into the right position4 ,some patients will start breathing as soon as you take these steps1 and no further help is necessary4 #d4 ,open your mouth as wide as possible1 and place it tightly over the patient's mouth1 so his mouth is completely covered by yours4 ,with one hand1 pinch his nostrils shut4 ,with your other hand1 hold his lower jaw in a thrust-forward position and keep his head tilted back4 ,with a baby or small child1 place your mouth over both his nose and mouth1 making a tight seal4 #e4 ,blow a good lungful of air into an adult patient's mouth1 continuing to keep his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out so that the air passage is kept open4 7,air can be blown through an unconscious person's teeth1 even though they may be clenched tightly together47 ,watch his chest as you blow4 ,when you see his chest rise1 you will know that you are getting air into his lungs4 #f4 ,remove your mouth from the patient's mouth1 and listen for him to breathe out the air you breathed into him4 ,you also may feel his breath on your cheek and see his chest sink as he exhales4 #g4 ,continue your breathing for the patient4 ,if he is an adult1 blow a good breath into his mouth every #e seconds1 or #ab times a minute1 and listen for him to breathe it back out again4 ,caution3 ,if the patient is an infant or small child1 blow small puffs of air into him about #bj times a minute4 ,you may rupture his lung if you blow in too much air at one time4 ,watch his chest rise to make sure you are giving him the right amount of air with each puff4 #h4 ,if you are not getting air into the patient's lungs1 or if he is not breathing out the air you blew into him1 first make sure that his head is tilted back and his jaw is jutting out in the proper position4 ,then use your fingers to make sure nothing in his mouth or throat is obstructing the air passage to his lungs4 ,if this does not help1 turn him on his side and strike him sharply with the palm of your hand several times between his shoulder blades4 ,this should dislodge any obstruction in the air passage4 ,then place him again on his back1 with his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out1 and resume blowing air into his mouth4 ,if this doesn't work1 try closing his mouth and blowing air through his nose into his lungs4 #i4 ,if you wish to avoid placing your mouth directly on the patient's face1 you may hold a cloth 7handkerchief1 gauze or other porous material7 over his mouth and breathe through the cloth4 ,but don't waste precious time looking for a cloth if you don't have one4 #aj4 ,important3 ,even if the patient does not respond1 continue your efforts for #a hour or longer1 or until you are completely sure he is dead4 ,if possible1 have this confirmed by at least one other person4 ,,to ,,stop ,,serious ,,bleeding #a4 ,apply firm1 even pressure to the wound with a dressing1 clean cloth1 or sanitary napkin4 ,if you don't have any of these1 use your bare hand until you can get something better4 ,remember1 you must keep blood from running out of the patient's body4 ,loss of #a or #b quarts will seriously endanger his life4 #b4 ,hold the dressing in place with your hand until you can bandage the dressing in place4 ,in case of an arm or leg wound1 make sure the bandage is not so tight as to cut off circulation2 and raise the arm or leg above the level of the patient's heart4 7,but if the arm or leg appears broken1 be sure to splint it first47 #c4 ,treat the patient for shock 7see page #fb74 #d4 ,if blood soaks through the dressing1 do not remove the dressing4 ,apply more dressings4 #e4 ,,special ,,advice ,,on ,,tourniquets3 ,never use a tourniquet unless you cannot stop excessive1 life-threatening bleeding by any other method4 ,using a tourniquet increases the chances that the arm or leg will have to be amputated later4 ,if you are forced to use a tourniquet to keep the patient from bleeding to death 7for example1 when a hand or foot has been accidentally cut off71 follow these instructions carefully3 --,place the tourniquet as close to the wound as possible1 between the wound and the patient's heart4 --,after the tourniquet has been applied1 do not permit it to be loosened 7even temporarily1 or even though the bleeding has stopped7 by anyone except a physician1 who can control the bleeding by other methods and replace the blood that the patient has lost4 --,get a physician to treat the patient as soon as possible4 ,,preventing ,,and ,,treating ,,shock ,being in shock means that a person's circulatory system is not working properly1 and not enough blood is getting to the vital centers of his brain and spinal cord4 ,these are the symptoms of shock3 ,the patient's pulse is weak or rapid1 or he may have no pulse that you can find4 ,his skin may be pale or blue1 cold1 or moist4 ,his breathing may be shallow or irregular4 ,he may have chills4 ,he may be thirsty4 ,he may get sick at his stomach and vomit4 ,a person can be in shock whether he is conscious or unconscious4 ,important3 ,all seriously-injured persons should be treated for shock1 even though they appear normal and alert4 ,shock may cause death if not treated promptly1 even though the injuries which brought on shock might not be serious enough to cause death4 ,in fact1 persons may go into shock without having any physical injuries4 ,here is how to treat any person who may be in shock3 #a4 ,keep him lying down and keep him from chilling1 but do not apply a hot water bottle or other heat to his body4 ,also1 loosen his clothing4 #b4 ,keep his head a little lower than his legs and hips4 ,but if he has a head or chest injury1 or has difficulty in breathing1 keep his head and shoulders slightly higher than the rest of his body4 #c4 ,encourage him to drink fluids if he is conscious and not nauseated1 and if he does not have abdominal injuries4 ,every #ae minutes give him a half-glass of this solution until he no longer wants it3 ,one teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to one quart of water4 #d4 ,do not give him alcohol4 ,,broken ,,bones ,any break in a bone is called a fracture4 ,if you think a person may have a fracture1 treat it as though it were one4 ,otherwise1 you may cause further injury4 ,for example1 if an arm or leg is injured and bleeding1 splint it as well as bandage it4 ,with any fracture1 first look for bleeding and control it4 ,keep the patient comfortably warm and quiet1 preferably lying down4 ,if you have an ice bag1 apply it to the fracture to ease the pain4 ,do not move the patient 7unless his life is in danger where he is7 without first applying a splint or otherwise immobilizing the bone that may be fractured4 ,treat the patient for shock4 ,a ,,fractured ,,arm ,,or ,,leg should be straightened out as much as possible1 preferably by having #b persons gently stretch it into a normal position4 ,then it should be splinted--that is1 fastened to a board or something else to prevent motion and keep the ends of the broken bone together4 ,as a splint1 use a board1 a trimmed branch from a tree1 a broomstick1 an umbrella1 a roll of newspapers1 or anything else rigid enough to keep the arm or leg straight4 ,fasten the arm or leg to the splint with bandages1 strips of cloth1 handkerchiefs1 neckties1 or belts4 ,after splinting1 keep the injured arm or leg a little higher than the rest of the patient's body4 ,from time to time1 make sure that the splint is not too tight1 since the arm or leg may swell1 and the blood circulation might be shut off4 ,if the broken bone is sticking out through the skin but the exposed part of it is clean1 allow it to slip back naturally under the skin 7but don't push it in7 when the limb is being straightened4 ,however1 if the exposed part of the bone is dirty1 cover it with a clean cloth and bandage the wound to stop the bleeding4 ,then splint the arm or leg without trying to straighten it out1 and try to find a doctor or nurse to treat the patient4 ,a ,,fractured ,,collar-,,bone should also be prevented from moving1 until the patient can get professional medical attention4 ,it can be immobilized by placing the arm on that side in a sling and then binding the arm close to the body4 ,a ,,fractured ,,rib should be suspected if the patient has received a chest injury or if he has pain when he moves his chest1 breathes1 or coughs4 ,strap the injured side of his chest with #b-;inch adhesive tape if available1 or with a cloth bandage or towel wrapped around and around his entire chest4 ,fractured bones in the ,,neck ,,or ,,back are very serious1 because they may injure the patient's spinal cord and paralyze him or even kill him4 ,he should not be moved until a doctor comes 7or a person trained in first aid71 unless it is absolutely necessary to move him to prevent further injury4 ,if a person with a back injury has to be moved1 he should be placed gently on his back on a stiff board1 door or stretcher4 ,his head1 back1 and legs should be kept in a straight line at all times4 ,a person with a neck injury should be moved gently with his head1 neck1 and shoulders kept in the same position they were when he was found4 ,his neck should not be allowed to bend when he is being moved4 ,,burns ,non-serious or superficial 7first degree7 burns should not be covered--in fact1 nothing need be done for them4 ,however1 if a first degree burn covers a large area of the body1 the patient should be given fluids to drink as mentioned in item #b following4 ,the most important things to do about serious 7second or third degree7 burns are3 7a7 ,treat the patient for shock1 7b7 ,prevent infection1 and 7c7 ,relieve pain4 ,these specific actions should be taken3 #a4 ,keep the patient lying down1 with his head a little lower than his legs and hips unless he has a head or chest wound1 or has difficulty in breathing4 #b4 ,have him drink a half-glass every #ae minutes of a salt-and-soda solution 7one teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to a quart of water74 ,give him additional plain water to drink if he wants it4 #c4 ,cover the burned area with a dry1 sterile gauze dressing4 ,if gauze is not available1 use a clean cloth1 towel or pad4 #d4 ,with soap and water1 wash the area around the burn 7not the burn itself7 for a distance of several inches1 wiping away from the burn4 ,the dressing will help prevent surface washings from getting into the burned area4 #e4 ,use a bandage to hold the dry dressing firmly in place against the burned area4 ,this will keep moving air from reaching the burn1 and will lessen the pain4 ,leave dressings and bandage in place as long as possible4 #f4 ,if adjoining surfaces of skin are burned1 separate them with gauze or cloth to keep them from sticking together 7such as between toes or fingers1 ears and head1 arms and chest74 #g4 ,if the burn was caused by a chemical--or by fallout particles sticking to the skin or hair--wash the chemical or the fallout particles away with generous amounts of plain water1 then treat the burn as described above4 ,what ,,not to do about burns3 --,don't pull clothing over the burned area 7cut it away1 if necessary74 --,don't try to remove any pieces of cloth1 or bits of dirt or debris1 that may be sticking to the burn4 --,don't try to clean the burn2 don't use iodine or other antiseptics on it2 and don't open any blisters that may form on it4 --,don't use grease1 butter1 ointment1 salve1 petroleum jelly1 or any type of medication on severe burns4 ,keeping them dry is best4 --,don't breathe on a burn1 and don't touch it with anything except a sterile or clean dressing4 --,don't change the dressings that were initially applied to the burn1 until absolutely necessary4 ,dressings may be left in place for a week1 if necessary4 ,,radiation ,,sickness ,radiation sickness is caused by the invisible rays given off by particles of radioactive fallout4 ,if a person has received a large dose of radiation in a short period of time--generally1 less than a week--he will become seriously ill and probably will die4 ,but if he has received only a small or medium dose1 his body will repair itself and he will get well4 ,no special clothing can protect a person from gamma radiation1 and no special medicines can protect him or cure him of radiation sickness4 ,symptoms of radiation sickness may not be noticed for several days4 ,the early symptoms are lack of appetite1 nausea1 vomiting1 fatigue1 weakness and headache4 ,later1 the patient may have sore mouth1 loss of hair1 bleeding gums1 bleeding under the skin1 and diarrhea4 ,but these same symptoms can be caused by other diseases1 and not everyone who has radiation sickness shows all these symptoms1 or shows them all at once4 ,if the patient has headache or general discomfort1 give him one or two aspirin tablets every #c or #d hours 7half a tablet1 for a child under #ab74 ,if he is nauseous1 give him motion sickness tablets1 if available4 ,if his mouth is sore or his gums are bleeding1 have him use a mouth wash made up of a half-teaspoonful of salt to #a quart of water4 ,if there is vomiting or diarrhea1 he should drink slowly several glasses each day of a salt-and-soda solution 7one teaspoonful of salt and one-half teaspoonful of baking soda to #a quart of cool water71 plus bouillon or fruit juices4 ,if available1 a mixture of kaolin and pectin should be given for diarrhea4 ,whatever his symptoms1 the patient should be kept lying down1 comfortably warm1 and resting4 ,remember that radiation sickness is not contagious or infectious1 and one person cannot catch it from another person4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,part ,,two ,,major ,,natural ,,disasters ,many of the actions recommended in ,part ,i of this handbook to help you prepare for and live through a nuclear attack--such as learning the warning signals1 stocking emergency supplies1 taking a course in emergency skills1 and knowing how to fight fires at home--also would help you in case a major natural disaster occurs in your area4 ,if you are prepared for nuclear attack1 you are also prepared to cope with most peacetime disasters--disasters that kill hundreds of ,americans every year1 injure thousands1 inflict widespread suffering and hardship1 and cause great economic loss4 ,part ,,ii of this handbook 7pages #fi-hf7 is intended to help you prepare for those natural disasters that may occur in your area1 and tell you the right actions to take if they occur4 ,chapter #a 7pages #ga-gd7 gives general guidance applicable to various types of natural disasters4 ,succeeding chapters give special advice on floods1 hurricanes1 tornadoes1 winter storms1 and earthquakes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #a ,,general ,,guidance ,there are certain things you can learn and do that will help you get ready for1 and cope with1 almost any type of natural disaster4 ,perhaps the most basic thing to remember is to keep calm4 ,this may mean the difference between life and death4 ,in many disasters1 people have been killed or injured needlessly because they took thoughtless actions when they should have done something else--or done nothing at all just then4 ,in a time of emergency1 taking proper action may save your life4 ,take time to think1 and then take the considered action that the situation calls for4 ,usually1 this will be the action you have planned in advance1 or the action you are instructed to take by responsible authorities4 ,here is other guidance that applies to most types of natural disasters4 ,,warning ,,learn ,,your ,,community',s ,,warning ,,signals4 ,in most communities having outdoor warning systems1 the ,attack ,warning ,signal is a wavering sound on the sirens1 or a series of short blasts on whistles1 horns1 or other devices4 ,this signal will be used only to warn of an attack against the ,united ,states4 ,many communities also are using an ,attention or ,alert ,signal1 usually a #c- to #e-minute steady blast to get the attention of their people in a time of threatened or impending peacetime emergency4 ,in most places1 the ,attention or ,alert ,signal means that people should turn on their radio or television sets to hear important emergency information being broadcast4 ,you should find out now1 before any emergency occurs1 what warning signals are being used in your community1 what they sound like1 what they mean1 and what actions you should take when you hear them4 ,also1 whenever a major storm or other peacetime disaster threatens1 keep your radio or television set turned on to hear ,weather ,bureau reports and forecasts 7issued by the ,environmental ,science ,services ,administration of the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,commerce71 as well as other information and advice that may be broadcast by your local government4 ,when you are warned of an emergency1 get your information on the radio or television4 ,use your telephone only to report important events 7such as fires1 flash floods1 or tornado sightings7 to the local authorities4 ,if you tie up the telephone lines simply to get information1 you may prevent emergency calls from being completed4 ,,emergency ,,supplies ,a major disaster of almost any kind may interfere with your normal supplies of water1 food1 heat1 and other day-to-day necessities4 ,you should keep on hand1 in or around your home1 a stock of emergency supplies sufficient to meet your needs for a few days or preferably for a week4 ,if you stayed at home during the disaster1 these supplies would help you live through the period of emergency without hardship4 ,if you had to evacuate your home and move temporarily to another location1 your emergency supplies could be taken with you and used en route or after you arrived at the new location 7where regular supplies might not be available74 ,even if you only had to move to an emergency shelter station set up by a local agency1 these supplies might be helpful to you1 or make your stay easier4 ,the most important items to keep on hand are water 7preferably in plastic jugs or other stoppered containers72 canned or sealed-package foods that do not require refrigeration or heat for cooking2 medicines needed by family members1 and a first aid kit2 blankets or sleeping bags2 flashlights or lanterns2 a battery-powered radio2 and perhaps a covered container to use as an emergency toilet4 ,in addition1 an automobile in good operating condition with an ample supply of gasoline may be necessary in case you have to leave your home4 ,in those parts of the country subject to hurricanes or floods1 it is also wise to keep on hand certain emergency materials you may need to protect your home from wind and water--such as plywood sheeting or lumber to board up your windows and doors1 and plastic sheeting or tarpaulins to protect furniture and appliances4 ,,fire ,,protection ,,and ,,fire ,,fighting ,fires are a special hazard in a time of disaster4 ,they may start more readily1 and the help of the fire department may not be available quickly4 ,therefore1 it is essential that you3 #a4 ,follow the fire prevention rules given on page #eb1 and be especially careful not to start fires4 #b4 ,know how to put out small fires yourself4 7,see pages #eb-ed47 #c4 ,have on hand simple tools and equipment needed for fire fighting4 7,see page #dc47 ,,after ,a ,,natural ,,disaster ,use extreme caution in entering or working in buildings that may have been damaged or weakened by the disaster1 as they may collapse without warning4 ,also1 there may be gas leaks or electrical short circuits4 ,don't bring lanterns1 torches or lighted cigarettes into buildings that have been flooded or otherwise damaged by a natural disaster1 since there may be leaking gas lines or flammable material present4 ,stay away from fallen or damaged electric wires1 which may still be dangerous4 ,check for leaking gas pipes in your home4 ,do this by smell only-- don't use matches or candles4 ,if you smell gas1 do this3 7#a7 ,open all windows and doors1 7#b7 ,turn off the main gas valve at the meter1 7#c7 ,leave the house immediately1 7#d7 ,notify the gas company or the police or fire department1 7#e7 ,don't re-enter the house until you are told it is safe to do so4 ,if any of your electrical appliances are wet1 first turn off the main power switch in your house1 then unplug the wet appliance1 dry it out1 reconnect it1 and finally1 turn on the main power switch4 7,caution3 ,don't do any of these things while you are wet or standing in water47 ,if fuses blow when the electric power is restored1 turn off the main power switch again and then inspect for short circuits in your home wiring1 appliances and equipment4 ,check your food and water supplies before using them4 ,foods that require refrigeration may be spoiled if electric power has been off for some time4 ,also1 don't eat food that has come in contact with flood waters4 ,be sure to follow the instructions of local authorities concerning the use of food and water supplies4 ,if needed1 get food1 clothing1 medical care or shelter at ,red ,cross stations or from local government authorities4 ,stay away from disaster areas4 ,sightseeing could interfere with first aid or rescue work1 and may be dangerous as well4 ,don't drive unless necessary1 and drive with caution4 ,watch for hazards to yourself and others1 and report them to local authorities4 ,write1 telegraph or telephone your relatives1 after the emergency is over1 so they will know you are safe4 ,otherwise local authorities may waste time locating you--or if you have evacuated to a safer location1 they may not be able to find you4 7,however1 do not tie up the phone lines if they are still needed for official emergency calls47 ,do not pass on rumors or exaggerated reports of damage4 ,follow the advice and instructions of your local government on ways to help yourself and your community recover from the emergency4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #b ,,floods ,,and ,,hurricanes ,in addition to the general guidance in ,chapter #a of this section1 there are certain emergency actions particularly associated with major floods1 hurricanes1 and storm tides or surges4 ,these types of disasters usually are preceded by extended periods of warning4 ,people living in areas likely to be most severely affected often are warned to move to safer locations4 ,,evacuation ,if you are warned to evacuate your home and move to another location temporarily1 there are certain things to remember and do4 ,here are the most important ones3 99 ,,follow ,,the ,,instructions ,,and ,,advice ,,of ,,your ,,local ,,government4 ,if you are told to evacuate1 do so promptly4 ,if you are instructed to move to a certain location1 go there--don't go anywhere else4 ,if certain travel routes are specified or recommended1 use those routes rather than trying to find short cuts of your own4 7,it will help if you have previously become familiar with the routes likely to be used47 ,if you are told to shut off your water1 gas or electric service before leaving home1 do so4 ,also find out on the radio where emergency housing and mass feeding stations are located1 in case you need to use them4 99 ,,secure ,,your ,,home ,,before ,,leaving4 ,if you have time1 and if you have not received other instructions from your local government1 you should take the following actions before leaving your home3 --,bring outside possessions inside the house1 or tie them down securely4 ,this includes outdoor furniture1 garbage cans1 garden tools1 signs1 and other movable objects that might be blown or washed away4 --,board up your windows so they won't be broken by high winds1 water1 flying objects or debris4 --,if flooding is likely1 move furniture and other movable objects to the upper floor of your house4 ,disconnect any electrical appliances or equipment that cannot be moved--but don't touch them if you are wet or are standing in water4 --,do not stack sandbags around the outside walls of your house to keep flood waters out of your basement4 ,water seeping downward through the earth 7either beyond the sandbags or over them7 may collect around the basement walls and under the floor1 creating pressure that could damage the walls or else raise the entire basement and cause it to float out of the ground4 ,in most cases it is better to permit the flood waters to flow freely into the basement 7or flood the basement yourself with clean water1 if you feel sure it will be flooded anyway74 ,this will equalize the water pressure on the inside and outside of the basement walls and floor1 and thus avoid structural damage to the foundation and the house4 --,lock house doors and windows4 ,park your car in the garage or driveway1 close the windows1 and lock it 7unless you are driving to your new temporary location74 99 ,,travel ,,with ,,care4 ,if your local government is arranging transportation for you1 precautions will be taken for your safety4 ,but if you are walking or driving your own car to another location1 keep in mind these things3 --,leave early enough so as not to be marooned by flooded roads1 fallen trees1 and wires4 --,make sure you have enough gasoline in your car4 --,follow recommended routes4 --,as you travel1 keep listening to the radio for additional information and instructions from your local government4 --,watch for washed-out or undermined roadways1 earth slides1 broken sewer or water mains1 loose or downed electric wires1 and falling or fallen objects4 --,watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly4 --,don't try to cross a stream or a pool of water unless you are certain that the water will not be above your knees 7or above the middle of your car's wheels7 all the way across4 ,sometimes the water will hide a bridge or a part of the road that has been washed out4 ,if you decide it is safe to drive across it1 put your car in low gear and drive very slowly1 to avoid splashing water into your engine and causing it to stop4 ,also1 remember that your brakes may not work well after the wheels of your car have been in deep water4 ,try them out a few times when you reach the other side4 ,,during ,a ,,hurricane --,if your house is on high ground and you haven't been instructed to evacuate1 stay indoors4 ,don't try to travel1 since you will be in danger from flying debris1 flooded roads1 and downed wires4 --,keep listening to your radio or television set for further information and advice4 ,if the center or eye of the hurricane passes directly over you1 there will be a temporary lull in the wind1 lasting from a few minutes to perhaps a half-hour or more4 ,stay in a safe place during this lull4 ,the wind will return--perhaps with even greater force--from the opposite direction4 ,,special ,,advice ,,on ,,flash ,,floods ,in many areas1 unusually heavy rains may cause quick or flash floods4 ,small creeks1 gullies1 dry streambeds1 ravines1 culverts or even low-lying grounds frequently flood very quickly and endanger people1 sometimes before any warning can be given4 ,in a period of heavy rains1 be aware of this hazard and be prepared to protect yourself against it4 ,if you see any possibility of a flash flood occurring where you are1 move immediately to a safer location 7don't wait for instructions to move71 and then notify your local authorities of the danger1 so other people can be warned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #c ,,tornadoes 99 ,when a tornado watch 7forecast7 is announced1 this means that tornadoes are expected in or near your area4 ,keep your radio or television set tuned to a local station for information and advice from your local government or the ,weather ,bureau4 ,also1 keep watching the sky1 especially to the south and southwest4 7,when a tornado watch is announced during the approach of a hurricane1 however1 keep watching the sky to the east47 ,if you see any revolving1 funnel-shaped clouds1 report them by telephone immediately to your local police department1 sheriff's office or ,weather ,bureau office4 ,but do not use the phone to get information and advice--depend on radio or ,,tv4 99 ,when a tornado warning is issued1 take shelter immediately4 ,the warning means that a tornado has actually been sighted1 and this 7or other tornadoes7 may strike in your vicinity4 ,you must take action to protect yourself from being blown away1 struck by falling objects1 or injured by flying debris4 ,your best protection is an underground shelter or cave1 or a substantial steel-framed or reinforced-concrete building4 ,but if none of these is available1 there are other places where you can take refuge3 --,if you are at home1 go to your underground storm cellar or your basement fallout shelter1 if you have one4 ,if not1 go to a corner of your home basement and take cover under a sturdy workbench or table 7but not underneath heavy appliances on the floor above74 ,if your home has no basement1 take cover under heavy furniture on the ground floor in the center part of the house1 or in a small room on the ground floor that is away from outside walls and windows4 7,as a last resort1 go outside to a nearby ditch1 excavation1 culvert or ravine47 ,doors and windows on the sides of your house away from1 the tornado may be left open to help reduce damage to the building1 but stay away from them to avoid flying debris4 ,do not remain in a trailer or mobile home if a tornado is approaching2 take cover elsewhere4 --,if you are at work in an office building1 go to the basement or to an inner hallway on a lower floor4 ,in a factory1 go to a shelter area1 or to the basement if there is one4 --,if you are outside in open country1 drive away from the tornado's path1 at a right angle to it4 ,if there isn't time to do this--or if you are walking--take cover and lie flat in the nearest depression1 such as a ditch1 culvert1 excavation1 or ravine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #d ,,winter ,,storms ,here is advice that will help you protect yourself and your family against the hazards of winter storms--blizzards1 heavy snows1 ice storms1 freezing rain1 or sleet4 99 ,,keep ,,posted ,,on ,,weather ,,conditions4 ,use your radio1 television and newspapers to keep informed of current weather conditions and forecasts in your area4 ,even a few hours' warning of a storm may enable you to avoid being caught outside in it1 or at least be better prepared to cope with it4 ,you should also understand the terms commonly used in weather forecasts3 --,a blizzard is the most dangerous of all winter storms4 ,it combines cold air1 heavy snow1 and strong winds that blow the snow about and may reduce visibility to only a few yards4 ,a blizzard warning is issued when the ,weather ,bureau expects considerable snow1 winds of #ce miles an hour or more1 and temperatures of #bj degrees ,fahrenheit or lower4 ,a severe blizzard warning means that a very heavy snowfall is expected1 with winds of at least #de miles an hour and temperatures of #aj degrees or lower4 --,a heavy snow warning usually means an expected snowfall of #d inches or more in a #ab-;hour period1 or #f inches or more in a #bd-;hour period4 ,warnings of snow flurries1 snow squalls1 or blowing and drifting snow are important mainly because visibility may be reduced and roads may become slippery or blocked4 --,freezing rain or freezing drizzle is forecast when expected rain is likely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground1 putting a coating of ice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed4 ,if a substantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the freezing rain1 an ice storm is forecast4 --,sleet is small particles of ice1 usually mixed with rain4 ,if enough sleet accumulates on the ground1 it will make the roads slippery4 99 ,,be ,,prepared ,,for ,,isolation ,,at ,,home4 ,if you live in a rural area1 make sure you could survive at home for a week or two in case a storm isolated you and made it impossible for you to leave4 ,you should3 --,keep an adequate supply of heating fuel on hand and use it sparingly1 as your regular supplies may be curtailed by storm conditions4 ,if necessary1 conserve fuel by keeping the house cooler than usual1 or by closing off some rooms temporarily4 ,also1 have available some kind of emergency heating equipment and fuel so you could keep at least one room of your house warm enough to be livable4 ,this could be a camp stove with fuel1 or a supply of wood or coal if you have a fireplace4 ,if your furnace is controlled by a thermostat and your electricity is cut off by a storm1 the furnace probably would not operate and you would need emergency heat4 --,stock an emergency supply of food and water1 as well as emergency cooking equipment such as a camp stove4 ,some of this food should be of the type that does not require refrigeration or cooking4 --,make sure you have a battery-powered radio and extra batteries on hand1 so that if your electric power is cut off you could still hear weather forecasts1 information and advice broadcast by local authorities4 ,also1 flashlights or lanterns would be needed4 --,consult page #gb of this handbook for other supplies and equipment that you may need if isolated at home4 ,be sure to keep on hand the simple tools and equipment needed to fight a fire4 ,also1 be certain that all family members know how to take precautions that would prevent fire at such a time1 when the help of the fire department may not be available4 99 ,,travel ,,only ,,if ,,necessary4 ,avoid all unnecessary trips4 ,if you must travel1 use public transportation if possible4 ,however1 if you are forced to use your automobile for a trip of any distance1 take these precautions3 --,make sure your car is in good operating condition1 properly serviced1 and equipped with chains or snow tires4 --,take another person with you if possible4 --,make sure someone knows where you are going1 your approximate schedule1 and your estimated time of arrival at your destination4 --,have emergency winter storm supplies in the car1 such as a container of sand1 shovel1 windshield scraper1 tow chain or rope1 extra gasoline1 and a flashlight4 ,it also is good to have with you heavy gloves or mittens1 overshoes1 extra woolen socks1 and winter headgear to cover your head and face4 --,travel by daylight and use major highways if you can4 ,keep the car radio turned on for weather information and advice4 --,drive with all possible caution4 ,don't try to save time by travelling faster than road and weather conditions permit4 --,don't be daring or foolhardy4 ,stop1 turn back1 or seek help if conditions threaten that may test your ability or endurance1 rather than risk being stalled1 lost or isolated4 ,if you are caught in a blizzard1 seek refuge immediately4 99 ,,keep ,,calm ,,if ,,you ,,get ,,in ,,trouble4 ,if your car breaks down during a storm1 or if you become stalled or lost1 don't panic4 ,think the problem through1 decide what's the safest and best thing to do1 and then do it slowly and carefully4 ,if you are on a well-traveled road1 show a trouble signal4 ,set your directional lights to flashing1 raise the hood of your car1 or hang a cloth from the radio aerial or car window4 ,then stay in your car and wait for help to arrive4 ,if you run the engine to keep warm1 remember to open a window enough to provide ventilation and protect you from carbon monoxide poisoning4 ,wherever you are1 if there is no house or other source of help in sight1 do not leave your car to search for assistance1 as you may become confused and get lost4 99 ,,avoid ,,overexertion4 ,every winter many unnecessary deaths occur because people--especially older persons1 but younger ones as well--engage in more strenuous physical activity than their bodies can stand4 ,cold weather itself1 without any physical exertion1 puts an extra strain on your heart4 ,if you add to this physical exercise1 especially exercise that you are not accustomed to--such as shovelling snow1 pushing an automobile1 or even walking fast or far--you are risking a heart attack1 a stroke1 or other damage to your body4 ,in winter weather1 and especially in winter storms1 be aware of this danger1 and avoid overexertion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter #e ,,earthquakes ,if your area is one of the places in the ,united ,states where earthquakes occur1 keep these points in mind3 --,when an earthquake happens1 keep calm4 ,don't run or panic4 ,if you take the proper precautions1 the chances are you will not be hurt4 --,,remain ,,where ,,you ,,are4 ,if you are outdoors1 stay outdoors2 if indoors1 stay indoors4 ,in earthquakes1 most injuries occur as people are entering or leaving buildings 7from falling walls1 electric wires1 etc474 --,if you are indoors1 sit or stand against an inside wall 7preferably in the basement71 or in an inside doorway2 or else take cover under a desk1 table or bench 7in case the wall or ceiling should fall74 ,stay away from windows and outside doors4 --,if you are outdoors1 stay away from overhead electric wires1 poles or anything else that might shake loose and fall 7such as the cornices of tall buildings74 --,if you are driving an automobile1 pull off the road and stop 7as soon as possible1 and with caution74 ,remain in the car until the disturbance subsides4 ,when you drive on1 watch for hazards created by the earthquake1 such as fallen or falling objects1 downed electric wires1 and broken or undermined roadways4 ,,after ,,an ,,earthquake ,for your own safety and that of others1 you should follow carefully the advice given in the section1 ,after a ,natural ,disaster 7page #gc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,air raid see ,,nuclear ,,attack ,air raid shelters see ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,artificial ,,respiration #eh-fj ,atomic bomb attack see ,,nuclear ,,attack ,attack1 nuclear see ,,nuclear ,,attack ,,attack ,,warning3 #ag-bb ,actions to take #ai-bj1 #ba-bb ,attack warning signal #ai ,attack warning time #ah1 #ba ,taking cover #ba-bb ,,attention ,,or ,,alert ,,signal 7for natural disasters7 #ai-bj1 #ga-gb ,basements 7for use as fallout shelters7 see ,,fallout ,,shelters ,blast from nuclear explosions see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,bleeding1 ,how to stop #fa ,blizzards see ,,storms1 ,winter ,,boats 7use as improvised fallout shelters7 #cc1 #ch ,bomb shelters see ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,breathing1 ,how to restore #eh-fj ,,broadcasting1 ,radio and television3 ,in time of natural disaster #gb1 #ge1 #gg1 #ha1 #hc ,in time of nuclear attack #ag-ah1 #cb1 #cd ,,broken ,,bones1 ,how to treat #fc-fe ,,burns1 ,how to treat #fe-ff ,,checklist ,,of ,,emergency ,,actions #f-g ,,children1 ,special precautions for3 ,avoiding contaminated water and milk #f1 #i1 #af ,effects of radiation on children #ac1 #af ,finding fallout shelter at all times #bd ,giving artificial respiration to children #ei1 #fj ,infant supplies to be stored for shelter use #dc ,construction of home fallout shelters see ,,plans ,,for ,,home ,,fallout ,,shelters ,cover see ,,taking ,,cover ,,crawl ,,space 7use as improvised fallout shelter7 #cc1 #cf ,,driving ,,in ,a ,,time ,,of ,,natural ,,disaster3 ,car may be needed for evacuation #gb ,driving after a natural disaster has occurred #gd ,driving at the time of a flood or hurricane #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,driving at the time of an earthquake #hf ,driving during a winter storm #hb-hd ,if you see a tornado while driving #hj ,,earthquakes #he-hf see also #ga-gd 7,general ,guidance7 ,effects of nuclear explosions see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,electric ,,service #ge1hb ,,electric ,,wires1 ,downed #gc1 #gg1 #gh1 #hf ,,electrical ,,appliances #gc1 #gf ,,electricity 7as related to fires7 #eb1 #ed ,,emergency ,,actions ,,checklist #f-g ,,emergency ,,skills3 ,need for #b1 #e1 #ee1 #ef ,training courses in #b1 #ee ,,evacuation ,,in ,a ,,time ,,of ,,natural ,,disaster3 #ge-gh ,securing your home before leaving #ge-gf ,,exertion1 ,physical3 ,avoiding overexertion during a storm #hd ,,fallout1 ,radioactive #e1 #f1 #aj-ac1 #ae1 #af ,,fallout ,,shelters3 ,general information #ac-ad1 #bc-be ,home shelters #bd-be1 how to prepare #bf-cb ,improvised shelters #cc-ch ,public shelters #bc-bd1 how to identify #bd ,some protection provided against blast and heat #ad ,supplies for fallout shelters #ci-dd ,taking cover before going to fallout shelter #ba-bb ,when to leave shelter #ac1 #bd1 #cb ,,fire3 ,firefighting at home #eb-ed ,firefighting supplies needed at home #dc1 #ec ,fire from nuclear explosions see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,fire in connection with natural disasters #gc ,fire prevention at home #ea-ed ,special fire precautions in time of attack #eb-ec ,fireball1 nuclear see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,first ,,aid3 #ee-fg ,general rules #eg ,bleeding1 how to stop it #fa-fb ,breathing1 how to restore it #eh-fj ,broken bones #fc-fe ,burns #fe-ff ,radiation sickness #ff-fg ,shock1 how to prevent and treat it #fb-fc ,supplies #db ,training courses #b1 #ee-ef ,flash from nuclear explosions see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,floods3 #ge-gh see also #ga-gd 7,general ,guidance7 ,special advice on flash floods #gh ,using sandbags to protect home not recommended #gf ,,food3 ,available and usable after an attack #ad-af ,care and use of food supplies in shelter #db1 #df1 #dh ,food supplies in time of natural disaster #gb1 #hb ,food to take to shelter #dj1 #db ,use of food after a natural disaster #gc see also ,,supplies ,,for ,,fallout ,,shelters ,gamma radiation see ,,fallout1 ,radioactive ,,gas ,,service1 ,turnoff by householders #ge ,,gas ,,pipes1 ,leaking #gc ,heat from nuclear explosions see ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,heating1 in time of winter storms #hb ,,home ,,fallout ,,shelters3 ,how to prepare a home shelter3 #bf-cb ,outside type #cb ,permanent type #bf-bi ,preplanned type #cj-cb ,importance of #bd-be ,improvised home shelters #cc-ch ,managing water1 food1 and sanitation in #de-di ,supplies and equipment for #da-dd ,when to leave shelter #ac1 #bd1 #cb ,,hurricanes3 #ge-gh see also #ga-gd 7,general ,guidance7 ,eye of a hurricane #gh ,ice storm see ,,storms1 ,winter ,improvised fallout shelters see ,,fallout ,,shelters ,infants see ,,children1 ,special precautions for ,injuries1 treatment of see ,,first ,,aid ,,medical ,,care ,,in ,,emergencies #ee-fg see also ,,first ,,aid ,,medical ,,self-,,help ,,course #b1 #ee1 #ef ,,medicines ,,and ,,medical ,,supplies3 ,importance of having available #ee1 #ef ,what to keep on hand for natural disasters #gb ,what to store for home shelter use #db ,what to take to a public fallout shelter #dj ,,milk ,,contamination ,,from ,,fallout #i1 #af ,missiles1 nuclear see ,,nuclear ,,attack and ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of ,,mouth-,,to-,,mouth ,,resuscitation #eh-fj ,,natural ,,disasters3 #fi-hf ,general guidance #ga-gd ,earthquakes #he1 #hf ,emergency feeding and shelter stations #ge ,floods and hurricanes #ge-gh ,supplies for #gb1 #hb1 #hc ,tornadoes #gi1 #hj ,value of preparations #gj1 #ga ,warning #ga-gb1 #ge1 #gi1 #ha ,winter ,storms #ha-hd ,,natural ,,disaster ,,warning #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #ga-gb ,,nuclear ,,attack3 #c-fg ,areas of damage #aj-aa ,assistance available in time of attack #e ,checklist of emergency actions #f-g ,deaths and injuries #e1 #aj-aa ,hazards of an attack #i-af ,importance of following local instructions #a1 #b1 #f1 #g ,survivors #aj-aa ,taking cover if there should be a nuclear flash #ba-bb ,warning #f1 #ag-bb ,,nuclear ,,explosions1 ,effects of #i-ac ,outside fallout shelters see ,,home ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,plans ,,for ,,home ,,fallout ,,shelters3 #bf-cb ,improvised home shelters1 description of #cc-ch ,preparations for natural disasters see ,,natural ,,disasters ,preparations for nuclear attack see ,,nuclear ,,attack ,protective materials against fallout see ,,shielding ,,materials ,,public ,,fallout ,,shelters3 ,how to identify #g1 #bd ,supplies to take to public shelter #dj ,water1 food and sanitation in public shelter #de-df ,when to leave shelter #ac1 #bd1 #cb ,radiation see ,,fallout1 ,radioactive ,,radiation ,,sickness3 #aa-ac1 #cb ,how to recognize and treat it #ff-fg ,radio see ,,broadcasting1 ,radio and television ,radioactive fallout see ,,fallout1 ,radioactive ,,sanitation #da-db1 #de-di ,shelters see ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,shielding ,,materials #ad1 #be1 #cd ,comparison of various materials #be ,,shock1 ,how to recognize and treat #fb-fc ,sick and injured1 care of the see ,,first ,,aid ,sign1 public fallout shelter see ,,public ,,fallout ,,shelters ,,signals1 ,warning3 #ah-bj see also ,,attack ,,warning and ,,natural ,,disaster ,,warning ,sirens1 warning see ,,signals1 ,warning ,snow storms see ,,storms1 ,winter ,,storm ,,cellars3 ,for protection from tornadoes #hj ,use as fallout shelters #cf ,,storms1 ,winter #ha-hd see also #ga-gd 7,general ,guidance7 ,,storm ,,tides ,,or ,,surges #ge-gh ,,supplies ,,for ,,fallout ,,shelters3 #ci-dd ,home shelters #ci1 #da-dd1 care and use of supplies #de-di ,public shelters #dj1 #df ,,supplies ,,needed ,,for ,,natural ,,disasters #gb1 #hb-hc ,,taking ,,cover3 ,for protection from tornadoes #gi-hj ,in time of nuclear attack #ba-bb ,,telephone1 ,restricted use in a time of emergency #f1 #bj1 #gb1 #gd1 #gi ,television see ,,broadcasting1 ,radio and television ,,toilets1 ,emergency #db1 #de-df1 #dh-di ,,tornadoes #gi-hj see also #ga-gd 7,general ,guidance7 ,,tourniquets1 ,special advice on #fa-fb ,training courses see ,,emergency ,,skills ,,warning3 #ag-bb see also ,,attack ,,warning and ,,natural ,,disaster ,,warning ,,water3 ,available and usable after an attack #ad-af ,care and use of water supplies in shelter #df-dh ,possible danger of contaminated water to children #f1 #i1 #af ,precautions on use of water after a natural disaster #gc ,to store for home shelter use #da ,to store for use in a natural disaster #gb1 #hb ,to take to public fallout shelter #dj ,water service1 turnoff by householders #ge see also ,,supplies ,,for ,,fallout ,,shelters ,winter storms see ,,storms1 ,winter 99 99 99 99 99 ,,keep ,,this ,,handbook ,,with ,,other ,,emergency ,,instructions ,,you ,,receive ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aifh--,o-#big-egi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,in a time of nuclear attack or major natural disaster1 don't use the telephone to get information or advice4 ,depend on radio or television4 ,footnote #b3 ,these smaller particles would drift to earth more slowly1 losing much of their radioactivity before they reached the ground1 and would be spread by the upper winds over vast areas of the world4 ,footnote #c3 ,this table1 and other suggestions concerning emergency supplies of food and water1 is contained in ,family ,food ,stockpile for ,survival1 ,home and ,garden ,bulletin ,no4 #gg1 ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb1 price #aj cents4