,transcrib]'s note3 ,! details on ! edition ( ! book t 0 us$ to produce ?is e,text1 h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ?is docum5t = ! b5efit ( ^? :o might be int]e/$4 ,,pitman',s ,,comm]cial ,,spani% ,,gramm> ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,tol$ano #aiag ,,preface ,) ! be/ int5tion ( ju/ify+ ,messrs4 ,,pitman',s confid5ce 9 entru/+ me ) ! compilation ( a ,spani% ,gramm> to =m "p ( ! s]ies ( ,comm]cial ,gramm>s1 ,i set to "w to produce a book :i*1 :ile avoid+ p$antry & ! agglom]ation ( sup]flu\s & intricate rules :i* puzzle ! /ud5t1 %\ld equally avoid fall+ into ! extreme ( co>s5ess :i* debases ! subject "u /udy1 or ! scrapp9ess result+ 9 gaps t p]plex & disc\rage him4 ,i h tri$ to be brief & cle> 9 ! rules giv54 ,! vocabul>y has be5 *os5 c>efully1 avoid+ ! artificiality ( too mu* comm]cial te*nology1 b keep+ con/antly 9 view ! object ( ! ,s]ies1 viz41 to produce gramm>s specially suitable = /ud5ts prep>+ = a comm]cial c>e]4 ,:e!r ,i h succe$$ 9 my ef=ts x is = ! public to judge4 ,i c only say t1 aft] m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s' tea*+ ( ,spani% 9 all its /ages1 privately1 at ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity & 9 ! l>ge classes ( our public ,in/itutions1 ,i h tri$ my be/ to give ! fruits ( my exp]i5ce to any int]e/$ "y p :o may be eag] to le>n a language beautiful1 noble1 & mo/ useful4 ,i d n claim to h rea*$ p]fection4 ,i only tru/ ! book1 su* z x pres5ts itself1 w be ( real help to ! /ud5t4 ,c4,a4 ,,tol$ano4 ,,man*e/]1 #aiaa4 ,,comm]cial ,,spani% ,,gramm> ,,alphabet4 ,a 7a7 ,g 7ge7 ,m 7eme7 ,rr 7erre7 ,b 7be7 ,h 7ha*e7 ,n 7ene7 ,s 7ese7 ,c 7ce7 ,i 7i7 ,n 7ene7 ,t 7te7 ,* 7*e7 ,j 7jota7 ,o 7o7 ,u 7u7 ,d 7de7 ,k 7ka7 ,p 7pe7 ,v 7ve7 ,e 7e7 ,l 7ele7 ,q 7cu7 ,x 7equis7 ,f 7efe7 ,ll 7elle7 ,r 7ere7 ,y 7y griega or ye7 ,z 7zeta7 ,k 7ka7 & ,w 7doble ve7 are only f\nd 9 =eign words us$ 9 ,spani%4 ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,v[els4 a z ,engli% a 9 fa!r e#a a fate#b i i magazine o#a o note#b u u rule ,^! five s\nds nev] v>y1 except t !y are a little long] :5 !y are /ress$ & %ort] :5 !y are n1 z ,yo amo 7,i love71#c ,amigo 7fri5d71 ,el cielo 7heav571 ,cele/e 7heav5ly71 ,un recibo 7a receipt71 ,int]es 7int]e/71 ,yo como 7,i eat71 ,cont> 7to c\nt71 ,un buque 7a %ip71 ,una butaca 7an arm*air74 ,y is consid]$ a v[el 9 ! conjunction y 7&71 & at ! end ( a ^w1 z ,rey 7k+71 ,hoy 7to-day74 ,footnote #a3 ,e & o are s\nd$ a little m op5 :5 !y =m a diph?ong ) i & :5 !y prec$e r foll[$ by a consonant or r or l f9al1 z ,f]n&o 7,f]d9&71 ,un t]cio 7a ?ird71 ,el t]c] ano 7! ?ird ye>71 ,porfi> 7to insi/71 ,amor 7love71 ,espanol 7,spani%74 ,footnote #b3 ,! a & o ( fate & note are n pure v[el s\nds4 ,9 ,engli% ! a is di/9ctly pron\nc$ a-ee & o is pron\nc$ o-oo4 ,9 ,spani% ! fir/ "p only ( ! two s\nds is p]missible4 ,footnote #c3 ,! examples giv5 ) _! ,engli% equival5ts %\ld be le>nt4 ,,diph?ongs ,,& ,,triph?ongs4 ,!re are no ,diph?ongs or ,triph?ongs 9 ! ,engli% s5se ( two or ?ree v[els meet+ 9 "o syllable & bl5d+ into a diff]5t s\nd1 z pause1 pl\gh4 ,e v[el is pron\nc$ sep>ately & ea* ) its alphabetical s\nd1 only ! two or ?ree v[els occurr+ 9 "o syllable are pron\nc$ rapidly1 z ,pausa 7pause71 ,re9o 7k+dom71 ,cu5ta 7acc\nt71 ,buey 7ox74 ,a1 ,e & ,o nev] =m diph?ongs toge!r4 ,!y may =m diph?ongs & triph?ongs only 9 comb9ation ) ,i & ,u4 ,,consonants4 ,! ,consonants are pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli% ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 ,b is pron\nc$ mu* m lightly ?an 9 ,engli%1 ) no pressure ( ! lips1 z ,libro 7book71 ,brev$ad 7brevity74 ,c be=e ,e & ,i--? 9 !atre1 z ,la ,c5a 7! supp]71 ,la ,c]veza 7! be]74 ,o!rwise pron\nc$ ,k z 9 ,engli%1 z ,caja 7case1 box71 ,color 7col\r71 ,cubico 7cubic74 ,* always z * 9 *ur* 7nev] h>d z 9 mon>*71 z ,*ocolate 7*ocolate71 ,*>la 7prattle74 ,d at ! end ( a ^w or aft] a v[el is pron\nc$ v s(tly & lightly1 ) a t+e ( ? 9 !y1 z ,madrid1 ,amado 7lov$71 ,enc>nado 7r$74 ,g be=e ,e & ,i is pron\nc$ guttural1 z ,el g5]al 7! g5]al71 ,el giro 7! draft1 bill74 ,?is s\nd is equal to * 9 ! ,scot* ^w lo*4 ,9 all o!r cases ,g is pron\nc$ h>d1 z 9 ! ,engli% ^w gay2 z ,gato 7cat71 ,gobi]no 7gov]nm5t71 ,gu/o 7pleasure1 ta/e74 ,h is a mute lett]4 7,al?\gh 9 ,&alusia x is aspirat$ 9 c]ta9 words47 ,j is always guttural1 z ,juan 7,john71 ,jornal]o 7day lab\r]71 ,junio 7,june71 ,reloj 7wat*1 clock74 ,ll--ly1 /rong] ?an li 9 pavilion1 z ,belleza 7beauty71 ,folleto 7leaflet74 ,n--ny1 /rong] ?an ni 9 p9ion1 z ,n9o 7*ild71 ,cana 7cane71 ,el otono 7autumn74 ,q is only us$ be=e ue & ui 7& ! u is !n mute71 z ,qu]ido 7de>1 belov$71 ,yo qui]o 7,i want74 ,r z 9 ,engli%1 b x is always roll$1 z ,c>o 7de>1 exp5sive71 ,p]dida 7loss74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w or :5 prec$$ by a consonant x is roll$ m /rongly1 z ,la rosa 7! rose71 ,de%onra 7di%on\r74 ,rr always roll$ /rongly1 z ,c>ro 7c>t71 ,el f]roc>ril 7! railway74 ,s always pron\nc$ z s 9 soap1 & nev] z 9 z or sure4 ,t z 9 tea1 b nev] z t 9 nation4 ,x mu/ be pron\nc$ s(tly1 n explosive1 z ,=tuna 7=tune71 ,cuatro 7f\r74 ,v is pron\nc$ mu* m lightly ?an 9 ,engli%1 z ,v9o 7w9e71 ,vivir 7to live74 ,by ! common p ,v is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ,b1 b educat$ ,spani>ds w always make ! prop] di/9ction4 ,y--,spani% ,i4 ,z--? 9 !atre1 z ,z>azas 7cotton pr9ts71 ,zorra 7fox74 ,,note4--,9 mod]n ,spani% ,z is n us$ be=e ,e or ,i1 its place be+ suppli$ by ,c4 ,,rules ,,on ,,pronunciation4 ,,rule ,i4--,e lett] is pron\nc$4 ,!re are no mute lett]s z b 9 lamb or n 9 autumn4 ,,exceptions--,h is n s\nd$ z already expla9$ 9 ! alphabet4 ,u is n s\nd$ 9 ! foll[+ syllables3 que1 qui1 gue & gui1 z ,qu$> 7to rema971 ,qu9ta 7villa71 ,gu]ra 7w>71 ,aguila 7eagle71 unless ! u 9 gue & gui has ! dia]esis1 z ,argueir 7to argue71 ,v]gue5za 7%ame74 ,,rule ,,ii4--,no consonant is d\bl$ except ,c & ,n4 ,c is f\nd d\bl$ 9 words l ,acc$] 7to acc$e7 :5 "o ,c is h>d--k & ! o!r s(t--?4 ,n is f\nd d\bl$ 9 words hav+ ! prefix 91 z ,innoble 7ignoble71 ,innavegable 7unnavigable74 ,also 9 ,p]5ne 7p]5nial7 & a v few m words4 ,ll & ,rr are treat$ z s+le lett]s4 ,,rule ,,iii4--,! /ress ( ! voice falls on ! la/ syllable b "o 9 all words end+ 9 a v[el or ,s or ,n2 o!rwise x falls on ! la/ syllable1 z ,una factura 7an invoice71 ,facturas 7invoices71 ,h]mano 7bro!r71 ,c>tas 7lett]s71 ,ellos ti55 7!y h71 ,azul 7blue71 ,abril 7,april71 ,labor 7lab\r71 ,feliz 7happy74 ,9 diph?ongs & triph?ongs ! /ress is n on i or u1 b falls on a1 e or o1 z ,re9a 7que571 ,gracia 7grace71 ,igual 7equal71 ,cielo 7heav574 ,:5 ! diph?ong is =m$ by i & u ! la/ "o be>s ! /ress1 z ,un viudo 7a wid[]71 ,la ciudad 7! city71 ,luisa 7,l\ise74 ,! num]\s exceptions to ! above rule are all m>k$ by ! writt5 acc5t 7'71 z ,facturo 7he invoic$71 ,escribira 7he w write71 ,hablame 7speak to me71 ,+les 7,engli%71 ,aleman 7,g]man71 ,util 7useful71 ,jov5es 7"y m574 ,! /ress ( ! voice %\ld fall di/9ctly on ! prop] syllable accord+ to ! above rule1 & ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t mu/ be e>ne/ly call$ to ?is v important po9t4 ,a ^w 9 ! plural ma9ta9s ! /ress on ! same syllable z 9 its s+ul>1 z ,el oceano 7! ocean71 ,oceanos 7oceans71 ,calculo 7calculation71 ,calculos 7calculations71 ,+les 7,engli%man71 ,+leses 7,engli%m572 except ,c>act] 7"*71 ,c>act]es 7*>act]s71 ,regim5 7regime or rule71 ,regim5es 7regimes or rules7--! latt] h>dly ev] us$ 9 ! plural4 ,,signs4 ,! ,writt5 ,acc5t4 ,! only acc5t 9 ,spani% is 7'74 ,x is us$-- 7#a7 ,to m>k ! exceptions to ! ,rule ( ,/ress4 7#b7 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 two mean+s ( ! same ^w1 z ,el 7!71 ,el 7he72 ,de 7(71 ,que el de 7t he may give72 ,se 7#crd p]son reflexive pron\n1 himself1 etc471 ,yo se 7,i "k72 ,mas 7m71 ,mas 7b74 7#c7 ,9 ! foll[+ words e/abli%$ by use1 z o or u 7or71 e 7&71 a 7to74#d 7#d7 ,9 "s words :5 us$ int]rogatively1 z ,qui58 7:o871 ,que8 7:at871 ,cual8 7:i*871 ,cuyo8 7^:871 ,donde8 7:]e874 7#e7 ,on ,i & ,u :5 !y occur toge!r ) ,a1 ,e or ,o1 ! ,i or ,u n belong+ to ! same syllable1 viz41 n =m+ diph?ong ) ,a1 ,e or ,o1 z ,filos(ia 7philosophy71 ,el cont9ua 7he cont9ues74 7#f7 ,on ,i foll[+ ,u :5 ! ,i does n =m a diph?ong1 b /&s z a sep>ate syllable1 z ,concluido 7conclud$71 ,imbuido 7imbu$74 7#g7 ,on ,e/e 7?is71 ,ese & ,aquel 7t7 :5 ^! words are /ress$4 ,footnote #d3 ,accord+ to ! la/ edition ( ! ,gramm> ( ! ,spani% ,academy1 ^! words may n[ be writt5 )\t ! acc5t4 ,crema 7,dia]esis74 ,! dia]esis is plac$ ov] u 9 guee & guei :5 ! u is to be s\nd$4#e ,footnote #e3 ,9 poetry also to divide an ord9>y diph?ong into two syllables = ! sake ( rhy?m4 ,tilde4 ,! tilde 77 is us$ on ! lett] ,n to turn x into ,n1 z ,manana 7morn+7 79 old ,spani% spelt ,mannana74 ,notes ( ,int]rogation & ,exclamation4 ,^! are us$ 9 ,spani% bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ! "q or exclamation1 z 8,que qui]e ,v48 7:at d y want871 i,cuantos sufrimi5tos6 7h[ mu* suff]+674 ,note t at ! beg9n+ !y are rev]s$4 ,! o!r signs ( punctuation are us$ z 9 ,engli%4 ,capital lett]s are us$ z 9 ,engli% ) ! foll[+ exceptions-- 7#a7 ,adjectives ( nationality are writt5 ) small lett]s1 z ,un libro +les 7an ,engli% book74 7#b7 ,days ( ! week g5]ally 7& sometimes ! mon?s ( ! ye>7 are writt5 ) small lett]s4 ,,division ,,( ,,words ,,into ,,syllables4 ,aft] ! fir/ syllable ea* succe$+ "o comm5ces ) a consonant1 z a-=-tu-na-da-m5-te 7=tunately71 except :5 a prefix occurs be=e a primitive ^w1#f z ,organiz> 7to organise74 ,footnote #f3 ,a few m9or exceptions w be le>nt by practice4 ,des-or-ga-ni-z> 7to disorganise74 ,:5 two consonants occur toge!r "o lett] belongs to "o syllable & ! o!r to ! next1 z-- ,ac-ci-d5-te 7accid5t7 ,pe-r5-ne 7p]5nial7 ,tem-po-ral-m5-te 7tempor>ily7 ,9-me-dia-to 7imm$iate7 ,,exception--bl1 br1 pl1 pr1 cl1 cr1 dr1 fl1 fr1 gl1 gr & tr are n divid$1 z-- ,a-blan-d> 7to s(t57 ,li-bro 7book7 ,a-pla-z> 7to po/pone7 ,a-pre-ci> 7to appreciate7 ,de-cla-m> 7to declaim7 ,de-cre-t> 7to decree7 ,a-me-dr5-t> 7to fright57 ,con-fla-gra-cion 7conflagration7 ,re-fr5-d> 7to c\nt]sign7 ,a-glo-me-r> 7to agglom]ate7 ,a-gran-d> 7to enl>ge7 ,en-con-tr> 7to meet7 ,if any ( ^! comb9ations occur toge!r ) a ?ird consonant1 ?is ( c\rse w belong to ! previ\s syllable1 z ,em-bro-ll> 7to entangle74 ,if f\r consonants come toge!r1 two belong to ! fir/ syllable & two to ! next1 z ,obs-tru-ir 7to ob/ruct74 ,ll & ,rr1 be+ treat$ z s+le lett]s1 mu/ n be divid$1 z-- ,ba-lle-na 7:ale7 ,una ca-lle 7a /reet7 ,a-lla-n> 7to level7 ,tie-rra 7e>?7 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,! ,,article4 ,! ,def9ite ,article 9 ,spani% is ,el be=e a mascul9e#g n\n s+ul> ,la fem99e#g ,footnote #g3 ,spani% n\ns are all mascul9e or fem99e4 ,!re are no neut] n\ns4 z-- ,el hombre 7! man7--,la muj] 7! woman7 ,el libro 7! book7--,la pluma 7! p57 ,el recibo 7! receipt7--,la cu5ta 7! acc\nt7 ,los be=e a mascul9e n\n plural ,las fem99e z-- ,los mu*a*os 7! boys7--,las s5oras 7! ladies7 ,los g5]os 7! goods7--,las facturas 7! invoices7 ,los lapices 7! p5cils7--,las c>tas 7! lett]s74 ,! ,indef9ite ,article is-- ,un be=e a mascul9e n\n s+ul> ,una fem99e z-- ,un amigo 7a fri5d7--,una amiga 7a lady-fri5d7 ,un padre 7a fa!r7--,una madre 7a "m7 ,! ,indef9ite ,article has no plural1 b ! ,spani% plural =ms unos 7masc47 & unas 7fem47 translate ! ,engli% words "s or any1 z ,unos h]manos 7"s bro!rs71 ,unas h]manas 7"s si/]s71 ,unos t9t]os 7"s ink/&s71 ,unas mesas 7"s tables74 7,! ,spani% words ,algunos1 ,algunas1 are also us$ = ! same purpose47 ,,note #a4--;,be=e a fem99e n\n s+ul> comm5c+ ) a or ha use ,el & ,un in/ead ( ,la & ,una if su* n\ns are /ress$ on ! fir/ syllable1 z ,el aguila 7! eagle71 ,el agua 7! wat]71 ,el alma 7! s\l74 7,! plural is regul>1 z ,las aguilas 7! eagles747 ,,note #b4--,! ,def9ite ,article has a neut] =m :i* is ,lo4 ,x _c be us$ be=e a n\n b be=e o!r p>ts ( spee* us$ to repres5t an ab/ract idea1 z ,yo amo lo bello 7,i love ! beautiful1 viz41 all t :i* is beautiful71 ,lo sublime 7! sublime1 viz41 all t :i* is sublime74 ,,regul> ,,v]bs4 #a/ ,conjugation4 ,habl> 7to speak74 ,pres4 ,"p4 ,habl&o 7speak+74 ,pa/ ,"p4 ,hablado 7spok574 ,pres5t ,t5se1 ,indicative ,mood4 ,yo hablo 7,i speak7 ,nosotros 7m47 hablamos 7we speak7 ,nosotras 7f47 hablamos 7we speak7 ,tu hablas#h 7?\ speake/7 ,vosotros 7m47 hablais 7y speak7 ,vosotras 7f47 hablais 7y speak7 ,el or ,ella habla 7he or %e speaks7 ,ellos 7m47 hablan 7!y speak7 ,ellas 7f47 hablan 7!y speak7 ,u/$ habla 7y speak7#i4 ,u/$es hablan 7y speak74#i ,footnote #h3 ,! second p]son is only us$ 9 ! famili> /yle1 practically :5 9 ,engli% ! #bnd p]son w\ld be address$ z ,john or ,frank & n z ,mr4 ,smi? or ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,footnote #i3 ,?is is call$ ! polite way ( address+ & is ! =m 9 use4 ,note t ! v]b aft] x is 9 ! #crd p]son1 because ,u/$1 ,u/$es 7:i* c be abbreviat$ z ,v4 ,vs47 are contractions ( ,vue/ra m]c$ 7y\r grace71 ,vue/ras m]c$es 7y\r graces74 ,v4 ama y\r grace loves4 #bnd ,conjugation4 ,tem] 7to fe>74 ,pres4 ,"p4 ,temi5do4 ,pa/ ,"p4 ,temido4 ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,yo temo ,nosotros 7m47 tem5os ,nosotras 7f47 tem5os ,tu temes ,vosotros 7m47 temeis ,vosotras 7f47 temeis ,el teme ,ellos 7m47 tem5 ,ella teme ,ellas 7f47 tem5 ,v4 teme ,vs4 tem5 #crd ,conjugation4 ,p>tir 7to dep>t1 to set out74 ,pres4 ,"p4 ,p>ti5do4 ,pa/ ,"p4 ,p>tido4 ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,yo p>to ,nosotros 7m47 p>timos ,nosotras 7f47 p>timos ,tu p>tes ,vosotros 7m47 p>tis ,vosotras 7f47 p>tis ,el p>te ,ellos 7m47 p>t5 ,ella p>te ,ellas 7f47 p>t5 ,v4 p>te ,vs4 p>t5 ,,vocabul>y4 a1 to1 at am>#aj1 to love el arbol1 ! tree las botas1 ! boots el capitan1 ! capta9 la camisa1 ! %irt la casaca#aa1 ! coat compr>1 to buy la flor1 ! fl[] el hombre1 ! man el h]mano1 ! bro!r la h]mana1 ! si/] el jov51 ! "y man la jov51 ! "y woman el lapiz1 ! p5cil el libro1 ! book la madre1 ! "m mas1 b mas1 m la muj]1 ! woman nosotros t5emos1 we h el oro1 gold el padre1 ! fa!r los pantalones1 ! tr\s]s el papel1 ! pap] p>a1 = la plata1 silv] la pluma1 ! p5 el sombr]o1 ! hat el ti5e1 he has ,v4 ti5e1 y 7s+47 h ,vs4 ti551 y 7pl47 h la t9ta1 ! ink el t9t]o1 ! ink/& 99t5]1#aj to h1 to possess yo t5go1 ,i h el viejo1 ! old man la vieja1 ! old woman la virtud1 virtue ,footnote #aj3 ,! v]bs giv5 9 ?is vocabul>y & ! foll[+ are regul> 7i4e41 !y are conjugat$ respectively z ! model v]bs giv57 unless !y are m>k$ ) an a/]isk4 ,footnote #aa3 ,or am]icana1 m us$ n[4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#a74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,el hombre ti5e una pluma4 #b4 ,la muj] ti5e un libro4 #c4 8,ti5e el padre un sombr]o8 #d4 ,nosotros t5emos el t9t]o del 7( !7 jov54 #e4 ,v4 ti5e el papel y 7&7 el lapiz de la madre4 #f4 ,vs4 ti55 la t9ta y el papel4 #g4 ,las h]manas aman4 #h4 ,el oro y la plata son preciosos 7are preci\s7 mas la virtud es 7is7 mas preciosa4 #i4 ,la vieja y la jov5 compran flores 7fl[]s74 #aj4 ,v4 v5de sombr]os4 #aa4 ,vs4 ti55 las c>tas4 #ab4 8,compra#ab ,v4 los pantalones8 #ac4 ,el ,s5or 7,mr47 ,br[n es h]mano de ,juan 7,john74 #ad4 ,el sombr]o1 la am]icana1 y las botas son mios 7m9e74 #ae4 8,habla ,v48 #af4 8,teme ella8 #ag4 ,ellos p>t54 #ah4 ,v4 p>te4 #ai4 ,nosotros compramos g5]os 7goods7 y v5demos flores4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! auxili>y ,d & ,did1 us$ 9 ,engli% 9 int]rogative & negative s5t5ces1 are n translat$ 9 ,spani%4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#b74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,! fa!r1 ! "m1 & ! bro!r4 #b4 ,a p5cil1 a p51 & an ink/&4 #c4 ,! old man & ! old woman4 #d4 ,a hat & "s boots4 #e4 ,! %irt & ! tr\s]s4 #f4 ,i buy ! tree4 #g4 ,he sells "s fl[]s 7flores74 #h4 ,i fe>4 #i4 ,he fe>s4 #aj4 ,we sell4 #aa4 ,we set out4 #ab4 ,y 7s+47 set out4 #ac4 ,i buy4 #ad4 ,he sells4 #ae4 ,! bro!r & ! si/] sell4 #af4 ,!y speak to ! 7al7 man4 #ag4 ,we set out = ,london 7,londres74 #ah4 ,! old woman has ! hat4 #ai4 ,! old man has ! fl[]4 #bj4 ,:o 7qui57 has ! ink & a p58 #ba4 ,! fa!r has ! coat4 #bb4 ,gold is preci\s 7es precioso7 b virtue is m preci\s 7preciosa74 #bc4 ,i sell pap] to ! woman4 #bd4 ,y 7s+47 fe>4 #be4 ,y 7plu47 buy "s fl[]s4 #bf4 ,%e speaks to ! si/]4 #bg4 ,! fa!r & ! "m ( ! capta94 ,,lesson ,,ii4 7,leccion segunda47 ,,! ,,article 7contd474 ,! def9ite article ,el is contract$ ) ! preposition de 7( or f7 into ,del & ) ! preposition ,a1 into al z-- ,del extranj]o3 ,( or f ! =eign]4 ,al caball]o espanol3 ,to ! ,spani% g5tleman4 ,^! are ! only contractions t occur 9 ,spani%2 ) ! o!r prepositions ! article simply foll[s1 z-- ,by1 =1 )1 91 on1 )\t1 beh9d1 ! fa!r3 ,por1 ,p>a1 ,con1 ,en1 ,sobre1 ,s91 ,tras1 el padre4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal cases 9 :i* ! def9ite article is us$ 9 ,spani% & n 9 ,engli%-- #a4 ,be=e n\ns tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 z-- ,el oro y la plata3 ,gold & silv]4 ,los hombres o las muj]es3 ,m5 or wom54 #b4 ,be=e titles d5ot+ dignity & pr(ession1#ac z-- ,el ,s5or ,fulano3 ,mr4 ,s-&-,s4 ,el ,rey ,jorge ,v43 ,k+ ,george ,v4 ,el ,pr(esor ,rosales3 ,pr(essor ,rosales4 ,! only exception is ,don 7,mr471 only us$ be=e ,*ri/ian names1 z ,don ,francisco 7,mr4 ,francis74 #c4 ,g5]ally be=e ea* ( sev]al n\ns foll[+ ea* o!r :5 !y are mat]ial possessions1 z-- ,la casa y el j>d9 de mi hijo3 ,my son's#ad h\se & g>d54 ,las pu]tas y las v5tanas de mi casa3 ,! doors & w9d[s ( my h\se4 ,b-- ,la dilig5cia1 devocion1 y virtud de mi primo3 ! dilig5ce1 devotion & virtue ( my c\s94 #d4 ,be=e a prop] n\n qualifi$ by an adjective1 z-- ,el vali5te ,juan3 ,brave ,john4#ae ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal cases 9 :i* ! indef9ite article is us$ 9 ,engli% & n 9 ,spani%-- #a4 ,be=e a n\n foll[+ ! v]b to be1 or o!r simil> v]bs1 z-- ,es capitan#af3 ,he is a capta94 ,soy frances3 ,i am a ,fr5*man4 ,se hizo actor3 ,he became an actor4 ,le elegimos miembro de e/a soci$ad3 ,we elect him a memb] ( ?is society4 ,fue elegido miembro3 ,he 0 elect$ a memb]4 #b4 ,aft] :at us$ 9 exclamations1 z3 ,que h]mosa vi/a3 ,:at a f9e view6 #c4 ,be=e hundr$ & ?\s&3 #ajj--;ci5to1 #a1jjj--mil4 ,footnote #ac3 ,except :5 vocative1 viz41 call+ a p]son or z an exclamation4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! 's possessive does n exi/ 9 ,spani%4 ,my son's h\se mu/ always be translat$ z ! h\se ( my son4 ,footnote #ae3 ,except :5 vocative1 viz41 call+ a p]son or z an exclamation4 ,footnote #af3 ,except1 ( c\rse1 :5 we p>ticul>ize1 z--,es un capitan que conoci en ,p>is3 ,he is a capta9 ,i knew 9 ,p>is4 ,imp]fect ,t5se1#ag ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,yo hablaba ,yo temia ,yo p>tia 7,i spoke71 etc4 7,i fe>$71 etc4 7,i dep>t$71etc4 ,tu hablabas ,tu temias ,tu p>tias ,el or ,ella ,el or ,ella ,el or ,ella hablaba temia p>tia ,nosotros7 hablabamos ,nosotros7 temiamos ,nosotros7 p>tiamos ,nosotras7 ,nosotras7 ,nosotras7 ,vosotros7 hablabais ,vosotros7 temiais ,vosotros7 p>tiais ,vosotras7 ,vosotras7 ,vosotras7 ,ellos7 hablaban ,ellos7 temian ,ellos7 p>tian ,ellas7 ,ellas7 ,ellas7 ,v4 hablaba 7y ,v4 temia 7y ,v4 p>tia 7y 7s47 spoke7 7s47 fe>$7 7s47 p>t$7 ,vs4 hablaban 7y ,vs4 temian 7y ,vs4 p>tian 7y 7pl47 spoke7 7pl47 fe>$7 7pl47 p>t$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pa/ ,def9ite1#ag ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hable#ah ,temi#ah ,p>ti#ah 7,i spoke71 etc4 7,i fe>$71 etc4 7,i dep>t$71 etc4 ,habla/e ,temi/e ,p>ti/e ,hablo ,temio ,p>tio ,hablamos ,temimos ,p>timos ,habla/eis ,temi/eis ,p>ti/eis ,habl>on ,temi]on ,p>ti]on ,v4 hablo ,v4 temio ,v4 p>tio ,vs4 habl>on ,vs4 temi]on ,vs4 p>ti]on ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #ag3 ,! ,imp]fect t5se describes a pa/ action or /ate 9 progress2 ! ,pa/ ,def9ite n>rates an ev5t4 ,ex43 ,i met 7pa/ def47 ,*>les1 :o wore 7imp47 a black hat3 ,encontre a ,c>los qui5 llevaba sombr]o negro4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! ,subject-,pron\n may be left und]/ood1 & is g5]ally omitt$ unless special /ress is laid ^u x4 ,,vocabul>y4 aleman#ai1 ,g]man beb]1 to dr9k bi51 well cafe1 c(fee c]veza1 be] clavel1 c>nation cli5te1 cli5t1 cu/om] com]1 to eat escribir#bj1 to write e/udi>1 to /udy export>1 to export extranj]o1 =eign] f]ret]ia1 ironw>e gr&e 7pl4 gr&es71 l>ge hijo1 son hija1 daught] italiano1 ,italian j>d9]o1 g>d5] le]1 to read manana1 morn+1 to-morr[ manzana1 apple maqu9a1 ma*9e mesa1 table mi1 my mu*o 7m471 mu* mu*a 7f471 mu* muy1 v p]a1 pe> p]o1 b pobre1 poor 8que8 :at8 que1 t1 :o1 :i* rosa1 rose su1 81 h]1 _! su 444 de ,v41 y\r te1 tea el 444 de ,v41 y\r v9o1 w9e violeta1 violet ,footnote #ai3 ,adjectives ( nationality are writt5 ) small lett]s4 ,footnote #bj3 ,pa/ ,p>ticiple is ,escrito1 o!rwise regul>4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#c74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,mi h]mano habla espanol 7or ca/ellano74 #b4 ,v4 no habla frances4 #c4 8,habla bi5 el aleman el primo de su amigo de ,v4 7y\r fri5d78 #d4 ,no1 ,s5or1 el primo de mi amigo no habla bi5 el aleman p]o habla muy bi5 el +les4 #e4 8,como e/a 7h[ is7 su h]mana de ,v48 #f4 ,e/a muy bi51 gracias 7?ank y74 #g4 8,compra ,v4 papel y t9ta8 #h4 ,si1 ,s5or1 y compro lapices y plumas4 #i4 8,qui5 7:o7 compra z>azas 7pr9ts7 y g5]os blancos 7:ites78 #aj4 ,el com]ciante 7m]*ant7 que v9o 7came7 de la ,habana4 #aa4 8,qui5 v5de maqu9as y f]ret]ia8 #ab4 ,nosotros exportamos maqu9as muy bu5as al extranj]o 7abroad74 #ac4 ,e/os g5]os son p>a los cli5tes de ,v4 que p>t5 manana4 #ad4 8,ha hablado ,v4 con ,don ,francisco8 #ae4 ,si1 ,s5or1 le hable en la ciudad 79 t[n74 #af4 ,las rosas1 los claveles y las violetas del j>d9]o4 #ag4 ,el amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija4 #ah4 ,juan es frances y yo soy +les4 #ai4 ,le han elegido miembro de e/a 7?is7 soci$ad4 #bj4 ,las h]mosas rosas sobre la mesa4 #ba4 ,v4 ti5e mil libras 7,l#a1jjj7 y yo t5go ci5to4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#d74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,d y speak ,spani%8 #b4 ,no1 b ,i speak ,italian well4 #c4 ,d y\r cu/om]s buy 7any7 goods8 #d4 ,!y buy ma*9es & ironw>e1 b my correspond5t 9 ,havana buys pr9ts 9 v l>ge quantities 7cantidades74 #e4 ,:o sells pap] & ink8 #f4 ,! old man sells !m 7los v5de74 #g4 ,:o writes a lett]8 #h4 ,i write lett]s4 #i4 ,:o dr9ks w9e8 #aj4 ,i d n dr9k w9e4 #aa4 ,d y dr9k be]8 #ab4 ,i d n dr9k be] b ,i l 7me gu/an7 c(fee & tea4 #ac4 ,poor ,john is my fri5d4 #ad4 ,:at a beautiful 7h]mosa7 rose6 #ae4 ,d y\r bro!rs /udy ,fr5*8 #af4 ,yes1 & !y /udy ,g]man4 #ag4 ,:o /udies ,italian8 #ah4 ,my si/]-9-law /udies ,italian & ,fr5*4 #ai4 ,! m]*ant 7com]ciante7 0 elect$ a memb] ( y\r society4 #bj4 ,mr4 ,br[n is a capta94 #ba4 ,john set out = ,am]ica4 #bb4 ,i l 7me gu/a7 to /udy =eign languages 7l5guas extranj]as74 ,,lesson ,,iii4 7,leccion t]c]a47 ,,! ,,n\n4 ,! n\n 9 ,spani% has only two g5d]s4 ,n\ns d5ot+ male be+s are ,mascul9e4 female ,fem99e4 ,:5 !re is no real g5d]1 n\ns are call$ mascul9e or fem99e accord+ to _! t]m9ations4 ,,g5]al ,,rule4--,all n\ns t t]m9ate 9 a1 ion1 d1 also ab/ract n\ns end+ 9 ez1 are fem99e1 z-- ,la villa3 ,! t[n4 ,la nacion#ba3 ,! nation4 ,la ciudad3 ,! city or l>ge t[n4 ,la honradez3 ,hone/y4 ,! o!r t]m9ations are mascul9e4 ,!re are _m exceptions to ! above rule1 pr9cipally 9 n\ns end+ 9 ,e4#bb ,footnote #ba3 ,engli% words end+ 9 tion end 9 cion 9 ,spani%4 7,note ! acc5t47 ,footnote #bb3 ,app5dix ,i--= ref]5ce only at ?is /age4 ,=mation ( ! ,plural ( ,n\ns4 ,n\ns end+ 9 a v[el :i* is n /ress$ & also n\ns end+ 9 ,e be>+ ! /ress1 add ,s to =m ! plural4 ,all o!rs add ,es4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,n\ns end+ 9 ,z 9 ! s+4 *ange x into ,ces4 #b4 ,n\ns end+ 9 ,s d n *ange unless ! la/ syllable is /ress$4 ,,examples-- ,el amo3 ,! ma/]4 ,los amos3 ,! ma/]s4 ,el cunado3 ,! bro!r-9-law4 ,los cunados3 ,! bro!rs-9-law4 ,la cunada3 ,! si/]-9-law4 ,las cunadas3 ,! si/]s-9-law4 ,el y]no3 ,! son-9-law4 ,los y]nos3 ,! sons-9-law4 ,la nu]a3 ,! daught]-9-law4 ,las nu]as3 ,! daught]s-9-law4 ,el arbol3 ,! tree4 ,los arboles3 ,! trees4 ,el exam53 ,! exam9ation4 ,los exam5es3 ,! exam9ations4 ,el lapiz3 ,! p5cil4 ,los lapices3 ,! p5cils4 ,el omnibus3 ,! omnibus4 ,los omnibus3 ,! omnibuses4 ,el jabali3 ,! bo>4 ,los jabalies3 ,! bo>s4 #c4 ,n\ns end+ 9 ,y add ,es1 z-- ,el rey3 ,! k+4 ,los reyes3 ,! k+s4 ,la ley3 ,! law4 ,las leyes3 ,! laws4 #d4 ,! foll[+ add only ,s to =m ! plural-- ,papa1 ,mama1 ,baja 7a pa%a71 ,s(a 7s(a74#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,words end+ 9 acc5t$ v[els are v few & ! rule = ^? end+ 9 a1 o1 u is n v /rict4 ,comp\nd ,n\ns =m _! plural accord+ to s5se1 z-- ,hijodalgo 7a g5tleman by bir?71 lit]ally1 son ( some?+2 ,plu41 ,hijosdalgo 7lit]ally1 sons ( some?+ 74 ,f]roc>ril 7railway71 lit]ally1 iron railroad2 ,plu41 ,f]roc>riles 7lit]ally1 iron railroads74 ,su* n\ns are r>e4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,a v]b z a compon5t "p does n *ange1 z ,el portab&]a 7! /&>d-be>]71 ,los portab&]as 7! /&>d-be>]s74 ,hab] 7to h71 auxili>y4#be ,t5] 7to h1 to possess74 ,footnote #be3 ,viz4 us$ only be=e ! pa/ p>ticiple ( ano!r v]b1 z 7,yo7 he hablado 7,i h spok574 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,habi5do4 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,t5i5do4 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,habido4 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,t5ido4 ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,he 7,i h71 etc4 ,t5go 7,i h1 ,i possess71 etc4 ,has ,ti5es ,ha ,ti5e ,hemos ,t5emos ,habeis ,t5eis ,han ,ti55 ,imp]f4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,imp]f4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,habia 7,i _h71 etc4 ,t5ia 7,i _h1 ,i possess$1 etc47 ,habias ,t5ias ,habia ,t5ia ,habiamos ,t5iamos ,habiais ,t5iais ,habian ,t5ian ,pa/ ,def4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pa/ ,def4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,hube 7,i _h71 etc4 ,tuve 7,i _h1 ,i possess$71 etc4 ,hubi/e ,tuvi/e ,hubo ,tuvo ,hubimos ,tuvimos ,hubi/eis ,tuvi/eis ,hubi]on ,tuvi]on ,,vocabul>y4 alli1 !re aqui1 "h busc>#bf1 to look = caballo1 horse caja1 box1 case el capital1 ! capital1 money la capital1 ! capital1 t[n compr5d]1 to und]/& copiador1 copybook cre]1 to believe1 to ?9k dep5di5te1 cl]k factura1 invoice f>do1 bale ,frances1 ,fr5*man gir>1 to draw1 7a bill ( ex*ange7 el idioma1 ! language ,+les1 ,engli%man intelig5cia1 intellig5ce mal1 badly musel9a1 musl9 nunca1 nev] pais1 c\ntry pequ5o1 little 7adj47 poco1 little 7adv4 & subs47 el porta-ramillete or flor]o1 ! fl[]-/& 8qui58 :o8 :om8 s$a1 silk socio1 p>tn] solam5te1 only solo1 7adv47 only el tema1 ! ex]cise ,footnote #bf3 ,*anges c into qu be=e e2 o!rwise regul>4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#e74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 8,compr5de ,v4 el espanol8 #b4 ,no1 ,s5or1 e/udio el portugues y mi h]mano compr5de el espanol p]fectam5te 7p]fectly74 #c4 8,qui5 escribe c>tas8 #d4 ,los com]ciantes escrib5 c>tas y sus dep5di5tes escrib5 las facturas y algunas cosas mas4 #e4 ,mi socio ha girado una letra 7bill7 desde 7f7 ,vi5a 7,vi5na47 #f4 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,roma1 y ,petrograd son las capitales de ,francia1 ,alemania1 ,italia y ,rusia4 #g4 8,como se llaman 7:at are ! names (7 las capitales de ,espana y ,portugal8 ,madrid y ,lisboa4 #h4 8,ha e/ado 7be57 ,v4 en ,hol&a8 #i4 ,no ,s5or1 nunca he e/ado en aquel pais4 #aj4 ,en e/e tema hay palabras que no se dan 7are n giv57 en el vocabul>io4 #aa4 8,cuales 7:i*7 son8 ,hol&a1 ,portugal etcet]a4 #ab4 ,e/as se dejan 7are left7 a la intelig5cia de ,vs4 #ac4 8,no cre5 ,vs4 que son muy faciles de compr5d]8 7to und]/&74 #ad4 ,si1 ,s5or1 ,v4 ti5e razon#bg 7y are "r74 #ae4 ,entonces1 debemos 7we mu/7 cont9u> la leccion4 #af4 ,muy bi54 #ag4 ,debemos le] bu5os libros y habl> en el idioma que e/udiamos4 #bg ,lit4 y h reason4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#f74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,d y /udy ,g]man8 #b4 ,we /udy ,fr5* & ,italian1 b my c\s9 /udies ,engli%4 #c4 ,does he und]/& ,engli%8 #d4 ,he und]/&s ,engli% p]fectly 7p]fectam5te71 b he speaks ,spani% badly4 #e4 ,does y\r si/] speak ,italian8 #f4 ,no1 %e speaks only ,engli%4 #g4 ,:at does ! ,engli%man buy8 #h4 ,he buys a horse f ! 7al7#bh ,fr5*man4 #i4 ,my c\s9 sold 7pa/4 def47 8 horse to ,pet] 7,p$ro74 #aj4 ,john looks = 8 book & 8 pap]4 #aa4 ,! copy book is 7e/a7 on ! table4 #ab4 ,h5ry 7,enrique7 mu/ 7debe7 copy "s lett]s4 #ac4 ,:o copies ! lett]s "h8 #ad4 ,pet] copies !m 7las copia74#bi #ae4 ,has ,h5ry mu* pap]8 #af4 ,yes1 he has mu* pap] b little ink4 #ag4 ,! roses & violets are 9 ! fl[]-/&4 #ah4 ,! m]*ant has receiv$ 7recibido7 f\r bales ( silk h&k]*iefs 7panuelo7 & ?ree cases ( pr9ts & musl9s4 ,footnote #bh3 ,to buy f is translat$ by ,compr> a4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! object pron\n prec$es ! v]b 9 ! indicative mood4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 7,leccion cu>ta47 ,,! ,,adjective4 ,! ,adjective 9 ,spani% agrees ) ! n\n x qualifies1 9 g5d] & numb]1 z-- ,el p]iodico italiano3 ,! ,italian newspap]4 ,la pr5sa am]icana3 ,! ,am]ican press4 ,x g5]ally foll[s ! n\ns z 9 ! above examples1 al?\gh exceptions w be f\nd1 e4g41 :5 ! adjective recalls to our m9d a quality :i* is already kn[n to belong to x1 x g5]ally prec$es ! n\n1 z-- ,he vi/o sus h]mosas flores3 ,i h se5 8 beautiful fl[]s4#cj ,adjectives =m _! plural 9 ! same way z n\ns4 ,footnote #cj3 ,8 fl[]s are kn[n 7or suppos$7 to be beautiful1 be=e we say x4 ,=mation ( ! ,fem99e ( ,adjectives4 ,adjectives end+ 9 ,o *ange ,o into ,a1 z-- ,el sombr]o blanco3 ,! :ite hat4 ,la casaca blanca3 ,! :ite coat4 ,adjectives ( ,,nationality :i* end 9 a consonant add ,a to =m ! fem99e1 z-- ,el sa/re frances3 ,! ,fr5* tailor4 ,la modi/a francesa3 ,! ,fr5* mill9]4 ,adjectives end+ 9 ,n add ,a = ! fem99e1 z-- ,un hombre soc>ron3 ,a sly or cunn+ man4 ,una sonrisa soc>rona3 ,a cunn+ smile4 ,,except ,jov5 7"y71 ,comun 7common71 & ,ru9 7base1 sordid71 :i* d n *ange = ! fem99e4 ,adjectives end+ 9 or add ,a to =m ! fem99e1 z-- ,un com]ciante empr5d$or3 ,an ent]pris+ m]*ant4 ,una casa empr5d$ora3 ,an ent]pris+ firm4 ,,except ,comp>ative adjectives end+ 9 or1 z ,mejor 7bett]71 ,peor 7worse71 :i* d n *ange = ! fem99e4 ,!re are a v few adjectives end+ 9 ete & ote4 ,^! *ange into eta & ota = ! fem99e4 ,o!r adjectives d n *ange4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,s]#ca 7to be74 ,e/>#cb 7to be74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pres4 ,"p41 ,si5do 7be+7 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,e/&o 7be+7 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,sido 7be57 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,e/ado 7be57 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pres4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,soy 7,i am71 etc4 ,somos ,e/oy 7,i am71 etc4 ,e/amos ,eres ,sois ,e/as ,e/ais ,es ,son ,e/a ,e/an ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,imp]f4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood ,imp]f4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,era 7,i 071 etc4 ,eramos ,e/aba 7,i 07 etc4 ,e/abamos ,eras ,erais ,e/abas ,e/abais ,era ,eran ,e/aba ,e/aban ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pa/ ,def4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pa/ ,def4 ,t5se1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,fui 7,i 071 etc4 ,fuimos ,e/uve 7,i 071 etc4 ,e/uvimos ,fui/e ,fui/eis ,e/uvi/e ,e/uvi/eis ,fue ,fu]on ,e/uvo ,e/uvi]on ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #ca3 ,s] is us$-- 7#a7 ,to =m ! ,passive voice z1 ,le amo 7,i love him71 ,soy amado de el 7,i am lov$ by him74 7#b7 ,to d5ote an inh]5t quality1 viz41 =m+ "p & p>cel ) ! subject1 z ,e/e hombre es habil 7?is man is clev]74 ,footnote #cb3 ,e/> is us$-- 7#a7 ,to d5ote /ate 9 locality1 viz41 to be 9 a place1 z ,e/oy aqui 7,i am "h71 ,man*e/] e/a en ,+lat]ra 7,man*e/] is 9 ,engl&7 7#b7 ,to d5ote condition 7z oppos$ to an inh]5t quality71 z ,e/e hombre e/a cansado 7?is man is tir$74 ,,vocabul>y4 activo1 active ahora1 n[ un ano1 a ye> aquel1 ese 7m471 t aquella1 esa 7f471 t bayeta1 baize celebre1 celebrat$ cima1 top criados1 m5-s]vants criadas1 maid-s]vants el dia1 ! day ej]cito1 army encuad]nado1 b\nd1 7( books7 escritorio1 writ+-desk los fos=os1 ! mat*es ,gales1 ,wales juv5tud1 y\?1 "y age4 el lacre1 ! seal+-wax lectura1 read+ limpi>1 to clean limpio1 clean mayorm5te1 especially m$ico1 doctor el monte1 ! m\nta9 la nieve1 ! sn[ por tanto1 !re=e pu]ta1 door siempre1 always s9c]o1 s9c]e soldado1 soldi] t]ciopelo1 velvet vela1 c&le v5tana1 w9d[ ,,ex]cise #a 7#g74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,p$ro es m$ico4#cc ,el es bu5 m$ico4 #b4 ,era un celebre m$ico de la ciudad de ,p>is4 #c4 ,juan e/a#cd cansado y yo e/oy enf]mo4 #d4 ,la lectura es util#cc siempre y mayorm5te en la juv5tud4 #e4 ,aquel t9t]o es#cc de ,v4 #f4 ,e/e es un libro famoso#cc y e/a muy bi5 encuad]nado4#cd #g4 ,mi h]mano es soldado4#ce #h4 ,se ha ali/ado 7he has enli/$7 en el ej]cito +les por c9co 7five7 anos4 #i4 ,el ,monte ,sn[don e/a#cf en ,gales4 #aj4 ,la ciudad del ,cairo e/a#cf en ,egipto4 #aa4 ,las cimas de algunos montes e/an#cg cubi]tas 7cov]$7 siempre de nieve4 #ab4 8,siempre8 #ac4 ,si1 siempre4 #ad4 ,e/os t9t]os son limpiados todos los dias 7e day7 por los dep5di5tes o por las criadas4 #ae4 ,e/os t9t]os e/an limpios ahora y siempre4 #af4 ,aquella v5tana e/a rota 7brok574 #ag4 ,mi h]mano e/a escribi5do4 #ah4 ,es neces>io4 ,footnote #cc3 ,quality4 ,footnote #cd3 ,a condition4 ,footnote #ce3 ,a quality 7= ! "t be+74 ,footnote #cf3 ,/ate 9 locality4 ,footnote #cg3 ,a condition4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#h74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,:o is a good cl]k8 #b4 ,my bro!r-9-law is a good cl]k b he is tir$ ( work+ 7de trabaj>74#ch #c4 ,! w9d[s & doors are clean4 #d4 ,yes1 !y are clean$ e 7cada7 morn+ by ! s]vants4 #e4 ,he is speak+ to 8 ,fr5* fri5d4 #f4 ,he is writ+ a lett] to 8 "m4 #g4 ,!y are look+ = "s h&k]*iefs4 #h4 ,h ! m]*ants sold ! velvet & ! baize8 #i4 ,yes1 !y sold !m 7los v5di]on7 ye/]day 7ay]72 also ! musl9 & pr9ts4 #aj4 ,:o b\ght !m8 7las compro74 #aa4 ,! ,g]mans are a v active & h>d-work+ 7trabajador7 nation1 & !y des]ve 7m]ec57 !re=e our s9c]e admiration4 #ab4 ,:]e are ! seal+-wax1 ! c&le & ! mat*es8 #ac4 ,"h !y are on ! writ+-desk4 #ad4 ,does ! cl]k und]/& ,g]man8 #ae4 ,yes1 v well4 #af4 ,my p>tn] & ,i w d9e at 7en7 ! ,royal ,hotel 7,fonda ,real74 ,footnote #ch3 ,aft] a preposition ! v]b is 9 ! inf9itive mood4 ,,lesson ,v4 7,leccion qu9ta47 ,,! ,,adjective 7,contd474 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives4 ,! positive degree expresses ! quality )\t any fur!r idea ( comp>ison1 z ,feliz 7happy71 ,rico 7ri*74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,comp>ative4 ,sup]lative ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mas feliz que 7happi] ?an74 ,el mas feliz 7! happie/74 ,m5os feliz que 7less happy ?an74 ,el m5os feliz 7! lea/ happy74 ,tan rico como 7z or s ri* z74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,examples-- ,mi tio es mas pobre que su h]mano3 ,my uncle is poor] ?an 8 bro!r4 ,su muj] es m5os rica que el3 ,8 wife is less ri* ?an he4 ,soy tan feliz como ,v43 ,i am z happy z y4 ,no es tan amable como su primo3 ,he is n s amiable z 8 c\s94 ,sup]lative ,absolute4 ,,examples-- ,muy l>go3 ,v long4 ,muy corto3 ,v %ort4 ,ano!r way to =m ! ,sup]lative ,absolute#ci is by add+ isimo in/ead ( us+ muy4 ,if ! adjective ends 9 a v[el1 ?is is elid$ be=e add+ isimo4 ,footnote #ci3 ,m r>ely us$ & mu* m emphatic4 ,,examples-- ,e/as frutas son muy maduras3 ,^! fruits are v ripe4 ,e/as frutas son madurisimas3 ,^! fruits are v ripe inde$4 ,e/os t5d]os son muy ricos3 ,^! %opkeep]s are v ri*4 ,aquellos son riquisimos3 ,^? 7o!rs7 are v ri* inde$4 ,be=e add+ isimo1 adjectives end+ 9 ble *ange x into bil1 z ,amable1 amabilisimo4 co qu1 z ,rico1 riquisimo4 g gu1 z ,l>go1 l>guisimo4 ,adjectives ( m ?an ?ree syllables end+ 9 ble1 adjectives end+ 9 two v[els1 or 9 "o v[el acc5t$1 %\ld always take muy & n add isimo = ! ,sup]lative ,absolute4 ,besides ! regul> =ms ( ! ,comp>ative & ,sup]lative degrees1 !re are ! foll[+ irregul> =ms-- ,mejor 7bett]74 ,optimo 7v good or be/74 ,peor 7worse74 ,pesimo 7v bad or wor/74 ,mayor 7l>g]74 ,maximo 7v l>ge or l>ge/74 ,m5or 7small]74 ,m9imo 7v small or smalle/74 ,sup]ior 7high]74 ,supremo 7v high or highe/74 ,inf]ior 7l[]74 ,infimo 7v l[ or l[e/74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,future ,t5se1#dj ,indic4 ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl>e ,tem]e ,p>tire 7,i %all speak7 7,i %all fe>7 7,i %all dep>t7 ,habl>as ,tem]as ,p>tiras 7?\ wilt speak7 7?\ wilt fe>7 7?\ wilt dep>t7 ,habl>a ,tem]a ,p>tira 7he_/%e w speak7 7he_/%e w fe>7 7he_/%e w dep>t7 ,habl>emos ,tem]emos ,p>tiremos 7we %all speak7 7we %all fe>7 7we %all dep>t7 ,habl>eis ,tem]eis ,p>tireis 7y w speak7 7y w fe>7 7y w dep>t7 ,habl>an ,tem]an ,p>tiran 7!y w speak7 7!y w fe>7 7!y w dep>t7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,conditional ,mood4#dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl>ia ,tem]ia ,p>tiria 7,i %\ld speak7 7,i %\ld fe>7 7,i %\ld dep>t7 ,habl>ias ,tem]ias ,p>tirias 7?\ w\ld/ speak7 7?\ w\ld/ fe>7 7?\ w\ld/4447 ,habl>ia ,tem]ia ,p>tiria 7he_/%e w\ld speak7 7he_/%e w\ld fe>7 7he_/%e w\ld4447 ,habl>iamos ,tem]iamos ,p>tiriamos 7we %\ld speak7 7we %\ld fe>7 7we %\ld dep>t7 ,habl>iais ,tem]iais ,p>tiriais 7y w\ld speak7 7y w\ld fe>7 7y w\ld dep>t7 ,habl>ian ,tem]ian ,p>tirian 7!y w\ld speak7 7!y w\ld fe>7 7!y w\ld dep>t7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #dj3 ,! ,future ,t5se ,indicative ,mood & ! ,conditional ,mood are =m$ f ! ,inf9itive ,mood by add+ to ! ,inf9itive ! t]m9ations3 e1 z1 a1 emos1 eis1 an = ! future2 & ia1 ias1 ia1 iamos1 iais1 ian = ! conditional mood4 ,,vocabul>y4 alguno1-a1#da "s or any 7s47 algunos1-z1#db "s or any 7pl47 am>illo1 yell[ b>ba1 b>bas1 be>d b>billa1 b>ba1 *9 blanco1 :ite boca1 m\? cabello1 hair cabeza1 head cafe1 ca/ano1 br[n1 7dy$7 cepillo1 bru% cualqui]a 7s471#dc any 7affirmative7 cualesqui]a 7pl47 any 7affirmative7 di5tes1 tee? d9]o1 money enc>nado1 r$ escoba1 broom e/amp>1 to pr9t 7calico7 la fr5te1 ! =ehead l5gua1 tongue malo1#dd bad1 wick$ manteca1 butt] mor5o1 br[n1 7natural col\r7 7la7 n>iz1 nose necesit>1 to want1 to ne$1 to be 9 want (4 n+uno1-a 7s47 any 7aft] a negative7 n+unos1-z 7pl47 any 7aft] a negative7 el ojo1 ! eye4 padres1#de p>5ts p]cal1 calico qu]emos1 we want 99qu]]1 to want1 to wi% to h ellos qui]51 !y want yo qui]o1 ,i want ,v4 qui]e1 y want regla1 rul] si1 if la tez1 complexion un poco de1#df a little1 "s1 or any v]de1 gre5 ,footnote #da3 ,be=e a mascul9e n\n ,alguno & ,n+uno drop ! o1 z ,algun d9]o 7"s money74 ,! fem99e ,alguna & ,n+una nev] *anges4 ,footnote #db3 ,also unos1 unas4 ,footnote #dc3 ,cualqui]a g5]ally drops ! a be=e a n\n1 z ,cualqui] libro 7any book74 ,footnote #dd3 ,be=e a mascul9e n\n x drops ! o1 z ,un mal mu*a*o 7a bad boy74 ,! fem99e is always mala4 ,footnote #de3 ,! mascul9e plural includes ! plural ( bo? g5d]s1 z ,los padres 7! p>5ts1 fa!r & "m71 ,los h]manos 7! bro!rs or ! bro!r7s7 & si/]7s747 ,footnote #df3 ,us$ = bo? g5d]s1 z ,un poco de v9o 7a little w9e71 ,un poco de c]veza 7a little be]74 ,,ex]cise #a 7#i74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,los p]cales e/ampados y los blancos e/an todos prontos p>a el vapor 7/eam]7 que p>tira manana4 #b4 ,necesitamos bayeta v]de1 am>illa y enc>nada4 #c4 ,aqui t5emos una bu5a p>tida 7lot7 de z>azas cafe4 #d4 ,hemos hablado a una ,s5ora de tez mor5a1 cabeza h]mosa y ojos intelig5tes4 #e4 ,la fr5te1 la boca1 y la n>iz =man p>te de la c>a 7face74 #f4 ,la b>ba o b>billa es el remate 7end7 de la c>a4 #g4 ,tambi5 se llama b>ba o b>bas el pelo 7hair7 que crece 7gr[s7 en ella 7on x7 a los hombres4 #h4 ,t5go un poco de d9]o y algunos libros4 #i4 ,t5emos algunas cajas de panuelos4 #aj4 ,el mal mu*a*o no ti5e n+una gana 7incl9ation1 desire7 de e/udi>4 #aa4 ,n+unos padres qui]5 compr> malos libros p>a sus hijos 7*ildr574 #ab4 ,si ti5e ,v4 algun azuc> 7sug>7 yo lo compr>e4 #ac4 8,qui]e su h]mano 7de ,v47 v5d] algunos libros8 #ad4 ,no1 no qui]e v5d] n+unos de sus libros4 #ae4 ,mi cunado no necesita compr> libros2 ti5e mu*isimos1 algunos viejos 7old71 otros nuevos 7new71 y tres o cuatro 7?ree or f\r7 novisimos1#dg uno de ellos 7( !m7 es bonisimo4#dg #af4 ,cualqui] libro es util4 ,footnote #dg3 ,adjectives conta9+ ie or ue *ange !m into e & o be=e add+ isimo1 z ,nuevo1 novisimo2 ci]to1 c]tisimo4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#aj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i h "s money4 #b4 ,:at goods d y want 7wi% to h78 #c4 ,i want "s br[n pr9ts & "s r$ calico4 #d4 ,i h no 7n any7 r$ calico1 b ,i mu/ buy "s 7debo compr>74#dh #e4 ,d y want to sell me any8 7v5d]me74 #f4 ,!re are 7hay7 _m ink/&s 9 ?is %op 7ti5da72 d y want any8 7qui]e ,v4 alguno8 or algunos874 #g4 ,yes1 ,i want "s 7alguno or algunos74 #h4 ,h y any#di bread 7pan78 #i4 ,yes1 ,i h "s bread & *eese 7t5go pan y queso74 #aj4 ,any book w be useful4 #aa4 ,! tee? & ! tongue are inside 7d5tro de7 ! m\?4 #ab4 ,! tee? want great att5tion4 #ac4 ,yes1 !y mu/ always be clean4 #ad4 ,we want to /udy ,spani% because x is 7es7 v necess>y 9 comm]ce 7en el com]cio74 #ae4 ,if y /udy ) att5tion y w soon 7pronto7 speak & write ,spani% v well4 #af4 ,john speaks ,fr5* v badly b he is /udy+ x 7lo e/a e/udi&o7 ) mu* att5tion4 #ag4 ,d y und]/& ?is lesson8 #ah4 ,yes1 ,i und]/& ?is lesson well2 x is n v difficult4 #ai4 ,no lesson is difficult if we /udy ) c>e 7con cuidado74 ,footnote #dh3 ,"s & any1 foll[+ a v]b & ref]r+ to a s+ul> n\n previ\sly m5tion$1 are n to be translat$4 ,footnote #di3 ,"s & any are g5]ally n translat$ :5 !y are n us$ 9 a p>titive s5se1 i4e41 ) an idea ( a limit$ quantity4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 7,leccion sexta47 ,,c>d9al ,,numb]s4 ,uno1#ej una #a ,cu>5ta #dj ,dos #b ,cu>5ta y uno or ,cu>5tiuno #da ,tres #c etc4 etc4 ,cuatro #d ,c9cu5ta #ej ,c9co #e ,ses5ta #fj ,seis #f ,set5ta #gj ,siete #g ,o*5ta #hj ,o*o #h ,nov5ta #ij ,nueve #i ,ci5to#eb #ajj ,diez #aj ,ci5to y uno or ,ci5tiuno #aja ,once #aa ,ci5to y dos or ,ci5tidos1 #ajb ,doce #ab etc4 etc4 ,trece #ac ,ci5to diez #aaj ,catorce #ad ,dosci5tos1-z #bjj ,qu9ce #ae ,tresci5tos1-z #cjj ,diez y seis or ,dieciseis #af ,cuatroci5tos1-z #djj ,diez y siete or ,diecisiete #ag ,qu9i5tos1-z #ejj ,diez y o*o or ,diecio*o #ah ,seisci5tos1-z #fjj ,diez y nueve or ,diec9ueve #ai ,seteci5tos1-z #gjj ,ve9te #bj ,o*oci5tos1-z #hjj ,ve9te y uno or ,ve9tiuno#ea #ba ,noveci5tos1-z #ijj ,ve9te y dos or ,ve9tidos1 #bb ,mil #a1jjj etc4 etc4 ,dos mil1 etc4 #b1jjj ,tre9ta #cj ,ci5#ec mil #ajj1jjj ,tre9ta y uno or ,tre9tiuno1 #ca ,ci5 mil y uno #ajj1jja etc4 etc4 ,ci5 mil y diez #ajj1jaj ,un millon #a1jjj1jjj ,footnote #ej3 ,:5 imm$iately prec$+ a n\n1 uno becomes un ,footnote #ea3 ,ci5to becomes ci54 7,ci5 is f\nd in/ead ( ci5to1 ev5 /&+ alone47 ,footnote #eb3 ,! duplicate =ms are common to all ! t5s4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ci5to drops ! to also be=e mil2 & ( c\rse be=e millon 7a n\n74 ,! conjunction & is always us$ betwe5 t5s & units1 z-- ,ve9te y una or ve9tiuna manzanas 7#ba apples74 ,b x is g5]ally omitt$ betwe5 hundr$s & t5s1 z-- ,dosci5tas tre9ta p]as 7#bcj pe>s74 ,ci5to & mil are n prec$$ by uno except 9 #aja1jjj1 #bja1jjj1 etc41 to avoid ambiguity1 z-- ,dosci5tos mil soldados 7#bjj1jjj soldi]s74 ,dosci5tas y un mil millas 7#bja1jjj miles74 ,"o million inhabitants is translat$ by ,un millon de habitantes4 7,note4--,! de _c be omitt$47 ,9 ! case ( m ?an "o million ! ^w millon mu/ be plural--millones1 z-- ,ci5 millones de hombres 7"o hundr$ million m574 ,z w h be5 obs]v$1 besides uno1 dosci5tos1 tresci5tos1 etc41 *ange ! os into z = ! fem99e4 ,future ,t5se1 ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hab]4#ed ,t5]4#ed ,s]4#ee ,e/>4 ,habre 7,i %all ,t5dre 7,i %all ,s]e 7,i %all ,e/>e 7,i %all h1 etc41 h1 etc41 be1 etc47 be1 etc47 auxili>y1 to d5ot+ 7,see foot-note1 7,see foot-note1 be us$ ) possession7 ,lesson ,,iv47 ,lesson ,,iv47 pa/ p>ticiples7 ,habras ,t5dras ,s]as ,e/>as ,habra ,t5dra ,s]a ,e/>a ,habremos ,t5dremos ,s]emos ,e/>emos ,habreis ,t5dreis ,s]eis ,e/>eis ,habran ,t5dran ,s]an ,e/>an ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,conditional ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,habria 7,i ,t5dria 7,i ,s]ia ,e/>ia 7,i %\ld h1 7,i %\ld h1 7,i %\ld be7 7,i %\ld be7 etc47 etc47 ,habrias ,t5drias ,s]ias ,e/>ias ,habria ,t5dria ,s]ia ,e/>ia ,habriamos ,t5driamos ,s]iamos ,e/>iamos ,habriais ,t5driais ,s]iais ,e/>iais ,habrian ,t5drian ,s]ian ,e/>ian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,future ,indic4 & ! ,cond4 mood ( ,hab] & ,t5] are =m$ irregul>ly f ! ,inf9itive mood1 ! e aft] ! root ,hab be+ dropp$1 & aft] ! root ,t5 be+ *ang$ to d4 ,footnote #ee3 ,= ref]5ce only-- ,s] 7& n ,e/>7 mu/ be us$3 7#a7 ,be=e n\ns2 7#c7 ,:5 d5ot+ possession2 7#b7 ,:5 us$ imp]sonally2 7#d7 ,be=e ,feliz1 ,infeliz1 ,rico1 ,pobre4 ,,vocabul>y4 acab> de1#ef to h j almac51 w>eh\se apr5d]1 to le>n ayud>1 to help ban>1 to wet1 to ba!1 to wat] bicicleta1 bicycle c]tisimo1 mo/ c]ta9 discipulo1 pupil disfrut>1 to enjoy el es1 ella es1#eg x is ello 7neut]71#eg x e/e 7m471 e/a 7f471 ?is e/o 7neut]71#eh ?is e/os 7m471 e/as 7f471 ^! la fe*a1 ! date la g5te1 ! p h]mosam5te1 beautifully importancia1 importance ,la ,india1 ,india libre1 free mae/ro1 ma/]1 tea*] la mayor p>te1 mo/1 ! majority el mes1 ! mon? mismo1 same novisimo1 br& new otro1 o!r1 ano!r el ,s5a1#ei ,riv] ,se9e el ,tajo1 ,riv] ,tagus el ,tamesis1 ,riv] ,?ames tambi51 also1 too ti5da1 %op v5taja1 advantage ,footnote #ef3 ,foll[$ by ! v]b 9 ! inf9itive mood1 z ,acab> de escribir 7to h j writt574 ,footnote #eg3 ,x 7subject7 is mo/ g5]ally left und]/ood1 z ,x is useful 7,el1 ella1 or ello7 es util4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ref]r+ to a :ole /atem5t1 z ,e/o or ello es ju/o4 ,?is or x 7:at y h j said7 is "r4 ,footnote #ei3 ,names ( riv]s are mascul9e because ! ^w rio 7riv]7 is und]/ood4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#aa74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,la ,india es una posesion +lesa de gr&e importancia4 #b4 ,el ,s5a es un rio de ,francia#fj y el ,tamesis es un rio de ,+lat]ra4 #c4 ,tol$o1 ciudad int]esantisima de ,espana banada por el ,tajo4 #d4 ,la mayor p>te de e/os ,espanoles com5 en e/a fonda4 #e4 ,e/e ano las ti5das e/an h]mosam5te decoradas4 #f4 ,es c]tisimo que los almac5es y las ti5das de e/a calle disfrutan de gr&es v5tajas4 #g4 8,de qui5 es e/a regla8 ,es mia4 #h4 8,en que fe*a escribio ,v4 la c>ta8 #i4 ,la escribi 7,i wrote x7 ay]4 #aj4 ,juan acaba de compr> una bicicleta novisima4 #aa4 ,yo acabo de compr> cepillos de di5tes y de cabello4 #ab4 ,la criada compro e/a manana una escoba4 #ac4 ,necesitamos compr> manteca p]o no la compramos porque no qu]emos ga/> d9]o4 #ad4 ,la mayor p>te de la g5te no qui]e ga/>lo 7to sp5d x74 #ae4 8,es bu5o e/e v9o8 #af4 ,es muy bu5o y tambi5 no es c>o4 ,footnote #fj3 ,names ( c\ntries %\ld n take ! article 7! rule is n v /rict1 h[ev]74 ,,exceptions3 ,la ,india1 ,el ,p]u1 ,el ,japon 7,japan74 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ab74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,=eign]s 9 ,engl& enjoy _m advantages4 #b4 ,yes1 because ,engl& is a free c\ntry4 #c4 ,engli%m5 also enjoy ! same advantages 9 o!r free c\ntries4 #d4 ,does ! tea*] help 8 pupils8 #e4 ,he does 7,si1 ,s5or71 b ! pupils mu/ /udy & le>n _! lessons well & "w dilig5tly 7dilig5tem5te74#fa #f4 ,?is morn+ ,i 0 writ+ a lett] :5 my si/] spoke ( ! bicycle 7:i* #fb7 %e wants to buy4 #g4 ,did y sell ! musl9s & pr9ts 7:i*7 y b\ght la/ ye> 7el ano pasado78 #h4 ,! m]*ant has drawn a bill at ?ree mon?s' date = 7por7 ! velvets 7:i* #fb7 he sold to ! ,spani% cu/om]4 #i4 ,little & good is bett] ?an mu* & bad4 #aj4 ,john is a p>tn] 9 t firm 7casa74 #aa4 ,x is necess>y to "w4 #ab4 ,?is is ,george's beautiful g>d54 #ac4 ,x is a l>ge g>d5 ) _m fl[]s1 roses1 c>nations1 violets & o!r plants 7plantas74 #ad4 ,:o is "h8 #ae4 ,*>les & ,h5ry are "h4 ,footnote #fa3 ,to =m an adv]b f an adjective add m5te z y add ly 9 ,engli%4 ,if ! adjective *anges = ! fem99e add m5te to ! fem99e =m1 z rico 7m471 rica 7f47--ricam5te 7ri*ly74 ,footnote #fb3 ,_c be left und]/ood 9 ,spani%4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 7,leccion septima47 ,,ord9al ,,numb]s ,,& ,,fractions4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,prim]o#fc #a/ ,decimo sexto1 etc4 #af? ,segundo #bnd ,vigesimo #bj? ,t]c]o #crd ,trigesimo #cj? ,cu>to #d? ,cuadragesimo #dj? ,qu9to #e? ,qu9cuagesimo #ej? ,sexto #f? ,sexagesimo #fj? ,septimo 7,setimo7 #g? ,septuagesimo #gj? ,octavo #h? ,octogesimo #hj? ,nov5o 7,nono7 #i? ,nonagesimo #ij? ,decimo #aj? ,c5tesimo #ajj? ,decimo prim]o1 ,decimo ,duc5tesimo #bjj? primo1 ,undecimo1 ,tric5tesimo #cjj? ,onc5o #aa? ,cuadrig5tesimo #djj? ,decimo segundo1 duodecimo1 ,qu+5tesimo #ejj? ,doc5o #ab? ,sexc5tesimo #fjj? ,decimo t]c]o1 decimo ,sept+5tesimo #gjj? t]cio1 ,trec5o #ac? ,oct+5tesimo #hjj? ,decimo cu>to1 ,nov+5tesimo #ijj? catorc5o #ad? ,milesimo #a1jjj? ,decimo qu9to1 ,millonesimo #a1jjj1jjj? qu9c5o #ae? ,po/r]o1 ultimo ,la/ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,footnote #fc3 ,ord9al adjectives agree 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! n\n !y accompany or = :i* !y /&4 ,f9al o *anges into a = ! fem99e1 & ! plural is =m$ by add+ s4 ,prim]o1 t]c]o1 & ,po/r]o drop ! ,o be=e a mascul9e n\n s+ul>1#fd z-- ,el prim] p$ido3 ,! fir/ ord]4 ,el t]c] lote3 ,! ?ird lot4 ,el po/r] envio3 ,! la/ %ipm5t4 ,b-- ,la prim]a entrega 7fem473 ,! fir/ deliv]y4 ,footnote #fd3 ,eight words 9 all pres5t ?is peculi>ity1 viz41 uno1 alguno1 n+uno1 bu5o1 malo1 prim]o1 t]c]o1 po/r]o 7^! la/ two n always74 ,aft] vigesimo ord9al numb]s are g5]ally sub/itut$ by c>d9al numb]s1 z-- ,la pag9a ve9tidos3 ,page #bbnd4 ,dates are express$ by c>d9al numb]s in/ead ( ord9al1 z-- ,madrid1 #bj 7de7 ,ago/o 7de7 #aiaa3 ,madrid1 #bj? ( ,augu/1 #aiaa4 ,,exception3 ,el prim]o1 z-- ,el #a deg4 7prim]o7 de ,septiembre 7#a/ ,septemb]74 ,numb]s foll[+ names ( k+s1 etc41 are ord9al up to ! t5?2 !n g5]ally c>d9al1 z-- ,felipe ,,ii4 7segundo73 ,philip ,,ii4 ,alfonso ,,xiii4 7trece73 ,alphonso ,,xiii4 ,fractional numb]s up to #a_/aj? are ! same z ord9al numb]s1 except-- 7,un7 m$io3 "o half4 ,un t]cio 7n t]c]o73 "o-?ird4 ,f #a_/aa? upw>ds1 fractions are =m$ f c>d9al numb]s add+ to !m ! t]m9ation avo1 z-- ,un dieciseisavo#fe3 #a_/af4 ,un ne$ n be us$ be=e ! fractions #a_/b1 #a_/c & #a_/d1 prec$$ by an integ]1 z-- ,uno y cu>to3 ,"o & a qu>t]4 ,cuatro y t]cio3 ,f\r & a ?ird4 ,la mitad3 ,! half4 ,la t]c]a p>te3 ,! #crd "p4 ,la cu>ta p>te3 ,! #d? "p4 ,la duodecima p>te3 ,! #ab? "p4 ,footnote #fe3 ,if ! c>d9al numb] ends 9 a v[el1 ?is is elid$1 z ve9te--un ve9tavo 7#a_/bj?74 ,if x ends 9 ce ! c is *ang$ into z z1 doce--un dozavo 7#a_/ab?74 ,collective ,numb]s4 ,un p>3 ,a pair4 ,una tre9t5a3 ,a set ( #cj4ff ,una dec5a 7half a score74#ff ,una c5t5a3 ,a set ( #ajj4ff ,una doc5a 7a doz574#ff ,un c5t5>3 ,a set ( #ajj4ff ,una ve9t5a3 ,a score4#ff ,un ci5to3 ,a set ( #ajj4ff ,un mill>3 ,a set ( #a1jjj4ff ,footnote #ff3 ,also ! numb] approximately1 z3 ,una tre9t5a de libros3 7ab\t #cj books74 ,subjunctive ,mood1#fg ,pres5t ,t5se4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo hable 7,t ,i ,que tema 7t ,i may,que p>ta 7t ,i may may or %all or %all fe>74 or %all dep>t74 speak74 tu hables temas p>tas el hable tema p>ta nosotros hablemos temamos p>tamos vosotros hableis temais p>tais ellos habl5 teman p>tan ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #fg3 ,?is t5se is =m$ f ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative by *ang+ ! la/ v[el into e = ! #a/ conjugation & into a = ! #bnd & #crd conjugations4 ,^! rema9 ! rul+ v[els ?r\gh\t ! t5se4 ,n4,b4--,! ,subjunctive ,mood occurs only 9 dep5d5t s5t5ces :5 ! action is n express$ 9 a positive mann] b is d\btful or m]ely cont+5t4 ,,vocabul>y4 actual1 pres5t al por mayor1 por m5or1 :olesale1 retail arroz1 rice articulo1 article asociacion de obr]os1 trade union blanque>1 to blea* ya caigo1 ,i und]/&1 ,i see coloc>1 to place 99conseguir1 to get consignacion1 consignm5t cont5ido1 cont5ts decad5cia1 decad5ce delegado1 delegate demasiado1 too1 too mu* dificil1 difficult driles labrados1 figur$ drills driles lisos1 pla9 drills entr> a re9>1 to beg9 to reign escog]1 99elegir1 to *oose1 to select extrano1 /range1 que]1 funny el g]m51 ! g]m grueso1 ?ick1 /\t hall>1 to f9d ilu/rado1 enlight5$ incluy5do1 enclos+ limit>1 to limit mi5tra/anto1 mean:ile 99obt5]1 to get peso1 weight pod]1 p[] podriamos1 we %\ld be able to1 might1 c\ld proximo1 next rebaja1 abatem5t rebaj>1 99r$ucir1 r$uce1 to abate r$uccion1 abatem5t1 r$uction reunion1 meet+ 99salir1 to come1 to g1 out 99salir en1 to come to solo 7adj471 alone solo1 solam5te 7adv471 only sujeto a1 subject to sum>1 to add toc9o1 bacon tom>1 to take v>ios1 sev]al v]ific>se1 to take place#fh 99v]se obligado a1 to be compell$ to#fi ,footnote #fh3 ,lit43 to v]ify itself4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lit43 to see oneself oblig$4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#ac74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 8,cual envio han recibido ,vs48 #b4 ,nos han llegado el prim]o y el cu>to1 p]o el t]c] lote no ha llegado todavia4 #c4 ,el po/r] hombre a entr> en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obr]os4 #d4 87,a7 cuanto por libra cue/a e/e toc9o8 #e4 ,al por m5or sale en seis p5iques y cu>to1 p]o al por mayor podriamos d>lo a c9co y t]cio o talvez un poquito m5os1 digamos 7say7 c9co y c9co dieciseisavos4 #f4 8,pu$e ,v4 sum> tres dozavos y siete qu9zavos8 #g4 ,si1 ,s5or1 e/o hace ci5to ve9t9ueve ci5tio*5tavos4 #h4 i,que fraccion tan extrana6 #i4 ,lo es en efecto p]o se da 7x is giv57#gj solo por ejemplo4 #aj4 i,ah1 ya caigo6 #aa4 ,felipe ,,ii entro a re9> en #aeef4 ,n+un sob]ano 7sov]eign7 de ,europa podia competir en pod] y en ,e/ados con el1 p]o ya desde ese tiempo se obs]van 7are obs]v$7#gj los g]m5es de la decad5cia que se v]ifico despues4 #ab4 ,alfonso ,,xiii actual rey de ,espana es un mon>ca ilu/rado y con/itucional4 #ac4 ,la nueva ,espana esp]a mu*o de el4 #ad4 ,el prim]o y el qu9ce de cada 7ea*7 mes1 la ,compania efectua 7effects7 sus pagos4 #ae4 ,hoy e/amos a 7to-day is7 c9co de ,junio de #aiaa4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! v]b ) ,,se is reflexive or passive3 se da1 x gives itself or x is giv52 se obs]van1 !y obs]ve !mselves or are obs]v$4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ad74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i %all be compell$ 7me v]e obligado a7 to ab&on ?is und]tak+4 ,x is too difficult4 #b4 ,we receiv$ a consignm5t ( rice1 b ! price dem&$ 7p$ido71 #b-ae_/af;d4 a lb41 is too de>2 we %all nev] be able 7nunca podremos7 to get x2 a bett] quality 7calidad71 :it] & /\t]1 0 plac$ at #b-bi_/cb;d4 b 7solo7 a few days ago 7hace algunos dias74 #c4 ,if y _c sell y\r pla9 & figur$ drills at ! figures quot$ x w be necess>y to abate ! price4 #d4 ,i %all accept ^? blea*$ l95s subject to an abatem5t ( #e p] c5t4 #e4 ,we %all consult our p>tn]s2 mean:ile let u leave 7dejemos7#ga ! matt] 9 abeyance 7en susp5so74 #f4 ,he has *os5 sev]al designs 7dis5os1 dibujos7 = 8 lot ( pr9ts1 b he f9ds t ?ree ( !m are wrong 7e/an equivocados74 #g4 ,"s firms always give wrong 7falsos1 inexactos7 weights 9 _! decl>ations4 #h4 ,he ord]$ ! wrong article 7un 444 por otro74 #i4 ,y are wrong 7,v4 se equivoca71 x is ! "r 7ju/o1 exacto7 article4 #aj4 ,?is clo? is f9i%$ on ! wrong side 7al reves74 #aa4 ,we receiv$ y\r fav\r 7su at5ta7 ( #aj? in/ant 7del corri5te71 enclos+ copy ( y\r previ\s lett] #a/ ult4 7p deg41 p deg447 & h tak5 note ( its cont5ts4 #ab4 ,by next mail 7mala7 we %all s5d y all ! details requir$ 7que ,vs4 necesitan74 ,footnote #ga3 ,! ,imp]ative ,mood is l ! ,pres4 ,subj41 except 9 ! #bnd ,p]son4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 7,leccion octava47 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns4 ,we %all divide ! ,p]sonal ,pron\ns into ,subject ,pron\ns & ,object ,pron\ns4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,gramm>ians (t5 give ! names-- ,nom9ative case = ! ,subject pron\ns ,accusative ,direct object pron\ns ,dative ,indirect object pron\ns ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,subject ,pron\ns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,yo 7,i7 ,nosotros1-z 7we7 ,tu 7?\7 ,vosotros1-z 7y7 ,el 7he1 or x1 m47 ,ellos1-z 7!y7 ,ella 7%e1 or x1 f47 ,ello 7neut]71 7x1 ref]r+ to a :ole /atem5t7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,in/ead ( ,tu or ,vosotros1-z1 ,v4 & ,vs4 are us$ 9 g5]al conv]sation z already /at$ 7! v]b foll[+ 9 ! #crd p]son74 ,n4,b4--,^! pron\ns are left und]/ood :5 no emphasis is requir$ or :]e no ambiguity is possible1 z-- 7,yo7 compro las telas3 ,i buy ! clo?s4 7,el7 gira las letras y firma las c>tas3 ,he draws ! bills & signs ! lett]s4 7,ella7 ha t5ido una entrevi/a con su abogado3 ,%e has _h an int]view ) h] b>ri/]1 lawy] or solicitor4 ,b-- ,yo he comprado la p>tida de f]ret]ia y qu9calla y no ,v43 ,i h b\ght ! lot ( ironw>e & small w>e & n y4 ,object ,pron\ns4 ,^! are divid$ into two classes--#a4 ,disjunctive1 viz41 foll[+ a preposition-- ,mi 7me7 ,nosotros-z 7u7 ,ti 7!e7 ,vosotros-z 7y7 ,el 7him1 x1 m47 ,ellos-z 7!m7 ,ella 7h]1 x1 f47 ,ello 7neut]7 7x1 ref]r+ to a :ole /atem5t7 ,v4 7y1 s+47 ,vs4 7y1 pl47 ,,examples-- ,ellos hablan de mi3 ,!y speak ( me4 ,nosotros trabajamos p>a el3 ,we "w = him4 ,ella confia en ti1 en ,v43 ,%e tru/s !e1 y4 ,v4 se decl>a contra ellos3 ,y decl>e aga9/ !m4 #b4 ,conjunctive1 viz41 direct or indirect object ( v]b 7)\t a preposition74 ,el me#gc ama 7he loves me7 ,el nos ama 7he loves u7 ,el te ama 7he loves !e7 ,el os ama 7he loves y7 ,el lo or le ama 7he loves ,el los ama 7he loves !m1 him1 x1 m47 m47 ,el la ama 7he loves h]1 ,el las ama 7he loves !m1 or x1 f47 f47 ,footnote #gc3 ,n4,b4--,9 ! conjunctive =m ! #a/ & #bnd p]sons are ! same = bo? direct & indirect objects1 b ! #crd p]s4 diff]s4 ,,examples ( ,indirect ,object-- ,el me da he gives me 7to me7 ,el te da he gives !e 7to !e7 ,el le da he gives him 7to him71 h] 7to h]71 x 7to x7 ,el nos da he gives u 7to u7 ,el os da he gives y 7to y7 ,el les da he gives !m 7to !m1 m4 & f47 ,! direct & indirect object ( v]b may also be r5d]$ by ! pron\n 9 ! ,disjunctive =m prec$$ by a1 z-- a mi me or to me direct & indirect object a ti !e or to !e a el him or to him1 x 7m47 or to x 7m47 a ella h] or to h]1 x 7f47 or to x 7f47 a nosotros-z u or to u a vosotros-z y or to y a ellos !m or to !m 7m47 a ellas !m or to !m 7f47 ,we h !n a d\ble =m = ! pron\ns us$ z direct & indirect object ( v]b--"o ,conjunctive1 ! o!r ,disjunctive4 ,! ,conjunctive =m is t 9 g5]al use4 ,! ,disjunctive =m is employ$ :5 emphasis or di/9ctness is requir$4 ,x is seldom us$ alone1#gd ,spani>ds pref]r+ to use x z a repetition aft] hav+ us$ ! ,conjunctive =m1 z-- ,el me ama a mi3 ,he loves me4 ,el nos v5de a nosotros g5]os e/ampados y a ,v4 g5]os de fantasia3 ,he sells to u pr9t$ clo? & to y fancies4 ,yo le qui]o v] a el y no a ella3 ,i wi% to see him & n h]4 ,dele ,v4 el d9]o a el y los libros a ella4 ,give him ! money & h] ! books4 ,de ,v4 el d9]o a el y los libros a ella4 ,give him ! money & h] ! books4 ,footnote #gd3 ,9 s5t5ces l ,le pag>an mas que a mi 7!y w pay him m ?an me71 me pag>an is und]/ood aft] que4 ,,vocabul>y4 ac]o1 /eel antes1 be=e--9 po9t ( "t asunto 7n sujeto71 ! subject-matt] ,bolsa1 ! ,ex*ange calcul>1 to calculate celebr>se1 to be celebrat$1 to take place compania anonima1 limit$ company 99concebir1 to conceive conjuncion1 conjunction desfavorable1 unfav\rable donde1 :]e emision1 issue1 ( loans1 etc4 emple>se1 to be employ$1 to be us$ espalda1 %\ld] 7back7 explic> to expla9 explan> to expla9 falta de aceptacion1 non-acceptance falta de pago1 non-paym5t la frase1 ! phrase1 s5t5ce ganancias y p]didas1 pr(its & losses el g]5te1 ! manag] 99gob]n>1 to gov]n 99hab]1 !re to be#ge hay1 !re is#ge hay1 !re are el he*o1 ! fact la ley1 ! law llam>1 to call mas adelante1 lat] on la m5te1 ! m9d los negocios1 ! bus9ess ,pascua1 ,ea/] posicion1 position proyecto1 s*eme1 plan pues1 entonces1 !n regres>1 to come or g back 99sab]1 to "k la semana pasada1 la/ week sirvase ,v41 please t5ga la bondad de1 please trat>1 to try 99val]1 to be wor? valor1 c\rage 99volv]1 to turn1 to g back1 to turn back ,footnote #ge3 ,z an imp]sonal v]b1 hab] makes hay in/ead ( ha 9 ! ,pres4 ,indicative4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#ae74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 8,usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase pr9cipal8 #b4 ,no1 ,s5or1 aunque hay qui5 lo diga 7"s :o say s74 #c4 8,donde lo empleamos pues8 #d4 ,en frases dep5di5tes de ci]tos v]bos y conjunciones4 #e4 8,y como sabemos que despues de e/os se debe emple> el v]bo 7mu/ be us$7 en subjuntivo8 #f4 ,porque entonces la accion del v]bo es repres5tada#gf solo como concebida en la m5te y no se habla de ella como de un he*o4 #g4 8,nos explic>a ,v4 e/a regla otra vez mas adelante8 #h4 ,si4 ,no hago mas que introducir 7,i only introduce7 el asunto4 #i4 ,tan pronto como 7z soon z7 volvemos la espalda1 nue/ros negocios pr9cipian a sufrir4 #aj4 ,un caball]o no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro1 s9o que 7b7 habla cl>o1 y ti5e el valor de sus op9iones4 #aa4 8,cu&o regres>a el g]5te del ,banco8 #ab4 ,e/>a de vuelta 7he w be back7 hoy en qu9ce4 #ac4 ,debe asi/ir a 7att5d7 la reunion de ,directores que se celebr>a en ,londres a prim]os del mes que vi5e 7at ! beg9n+ ( next mon?74 #ad4 ,el m]cado de ,coloniales 7,colonial produce7 c>ece de 7lacks7 animacion4 #ae4 ,c>ecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos 7c>ry+ ! gra974 #af4 8,como han salido ,vs4 de aquella especulacion en las m9as de cobre 7copp] m9es78 #ag4 ,hemos salido muy mal1 la relacion seme/ral 7half-ye>ly report7 de la compania hace con/> 7%[s7 una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra divid5do e/e ano4 #ah4 ,talvez se rem$i5 las cosas 7?+s7 el ano proximo4 #ai4 ,hay que esp]>lo 7let u hope s74 ,footnote #gf3 ,or se repres5ta4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#af74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we beg to confirm 7confirmamos7#gg our cable 7cable7 ( la/ week4 #b4 ,!y calculat$ _! pr(its & losses4 #c4 ,i calculate ^u do+ x 7cu5to con hac]lo7 be=e ,ea/]4 #d4 ,?is is n calculat$ to produce 7no se cree que e/o producira7 any bad impression4 #e4 ,he call$ him to 8 h\se4 #f4 ,we take ! lib]ty to call y\r att5tion to ! position ( y\r acc\nt 7nos tomamos la lib]tad de dirigir 44474 #g4 ,! cr$itors 7 call$ 7convocados7 to a meet+4 #h4 ,i 0 call$ away 7tuve que aus5t>me74 #i4 ,i %all call at 7pas>e por7 ! ex*ange4 #aj4 ,all ! old issues 7 call$ 9 7se recogi]on74 #aa4 ,! ,%annon w call at 7h>a escala en7 ,cadiz4 #ab4 ,!y w make a call 7p$iran una cuota7 ( ,l#a p] %>e4 #ac4 ,?is /eel is wor? mu* less ?an t4 #ad4 ,x is n wor? 7no vale la p5a de7 buy+4 #ae4 ,?is limit$ company is wor? 7posee7 ,l#ej1jjj4 #af4 ,?is s*eme is wor?y ( /udy 7m]ece s] e/udiado74 #ag4 ,please prote/ ! bill 9 case ( non-acceptance & !n aga9 = non-paym5t4 #ah4 ,! law ( supply & dem& 7dem&a y (]ta7 gov]ns ! m>kets ( ! _w 7mundo74 #ai4 ,! de$s 7las actas7 7 all sign$ by a not>y 7not>io74 #bj4 ,k9dly take due note 7debida or bu5a nota7 ( our signature at foot 7firma al pie74 #ba4 ,all our ef=ts 7esfu]zos7 h be5 ( no avail 7en balde1 en vano74 #bb4 ,9 va9 7en balde1 en vano7 we tri$4 ,footnote #gg3 ,d n translate beg be=e an inf9itive4 ,,lesson ,,ix4 7,leccion nov5a47 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns 7contd474 ,pron\ns 9 ! ,disjunctive =m occupy ! same position 9 ! s5t5ce z !y d 9 ,engli%4 ,pron\ns 9 ! ,conjunctive =m prec$e ! v]b1 z-- ,el los compro3 ,he b\ght !m4 ,yo le mo/r>e a ,v4 mi libro mayor y mi di>io3 ,i %all %[ y my l$g] & j\rnal or day-book4 ,mi caj]o les pag>a lo que les debo3 ,my ca%i] w pay y :at ,i owe y4 ,nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas3 ,he %[$ u 8 invoice book4 ,me c$io los valores y efectos en c>t]a3 ,he made ov] to me 8 /ock ( securities & bills4 ,el corr$or le vio en la ag5cia de los vapores3 ,! brok] saw him at ! /eam%ip ag5t's4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,:5 a s5t5ce beg9s ) a v]b1 especially if ! s5t5ce is a long "o1 ! ,conjunctive pron\n may foll[ ! v]b1 except :5 ?is is 9 ! ,subjunctive ,mood1 z-- ,bonificole e/a cantidad en cu5ta corri5te p>a no p]d] el cli5te3 ,he cr$it$ him ! am\nt 9 ,a_/c curr5t 9 ord] n to lose 8 cu/om]4 ,n4,b4--,/ud5ts %\ld n indulge 9 ?is lib]ty until !y h acquir$ practice 9 ! language4 ,9 conv]sation ?is *ange seldom occurs4 ,:5 ! *ange is us$ ! ,subject ,pron\n is g5]ally left und]/ood4 #b4 ,:5 ! v]b is 9 ! ,inf9itive ,mood1 ,g]und1 or ,imp]ative ,mood1#gh ! ,conjunctive ,pron\n mu/ foll[1 & is jo9$ to ! v]b to =m "o ^w3 z-- ,lo mejor con e/os g5]os es v5d]los en suba/a3 ,! be/ ?+ ) ^! goods is to sell !m by auction4 ,ab&on&ole la ganancia acab>emos con el asunto3 ,by giv+ up ! pr(it to him1 we %all end ! matt]4 ,refi]alos ,v4 a los armadores3 ,ref] !m to ! %ip[n]s4 ,hagannos ,vs4 e/a bonificacion3 ,make u ?is all[ance4 ,c>gu5os en cu5ta e/e r5glon3 ,debit ?is l9e to our acc\nt4 ,abon5le la suma que reclama3 ,cr$it him ) ! am\nt he claims4 ,footnote #gh3 ,by ,imp]ative ,mood1 we mean ,imp]ative ,mood ,affirmative4 ,9 ,spani% !re is no imp]ative mood negative1 its place be+ tak5 by ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive1 z-- ,hablale tu3 ,speak to him4 ,no le hables tu3 ,d n speak to him4 ,if two ,conjunctive pron\ns meet1 contr>y to ! ,engli% g5]al rule1 ! pron\n :i* /&s z indirect object prec$es ! pron\n /&+ z direct object1#gi z-- ,ellos nos lo g>antizan3 ,!y gu>antee x to u4 ,if ^! two pron\ns are bo? 9 ! #crd p]son1 ! indirect object is *ang$ into ,se1 z-- ,nosotros se lo v5dimos3 ,we sold x to him4 ,v4 se lo m&o 7a ella7#hj3 ,y s5t x to h]4 ,nosotros se lo aconsejamos 7a ellos7#hj3 ,we gave !m t advice4 ,yo se lo digo 7a ,v47#hj3 ,i tell x to y4 ,footnote #gi3 ,comb9ations ( me & te are v r>e1 & !n te prec$es :e!r direct or indirect object1 ! context cle>ly %[+ ! mean+4 ,9 su* cases x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to use a disjunctive =m1 = ! indirect object1 z-- ,el te da a mi3 ,he gives !e to me4 ,el me da a ti3 ,he gives me to !e4 ,footnote #hj3 ,a el1 a ella1 a ,v41 etc41 may be add$ = cle>ness1 :5 o!rwise ambiguity might occur4 ,,vocabul>y4 adm9i/rador1 manag] 7( a bran* h\se1 etc47 arancel1 cu/om-h\se t>iff aviso1 advice1 notice confianza1 tru/1 confid5ce con/antem5te1 con/antly conv5i5te1 conv5i5t1 suitable correo1 po/1 po/ (fice 99d> aviso1 to in=m1 to give notice to leave 99d> aviso de desp$ida1 to give notice ( dismissal de moda1 fa%ionable devolv]1 to give or s5d back efectu>1 to effect favorable1 fav\rable fij>1 to fix holgazan1 h>agan1 lazy honr>1 to hon\r indic>1 to indicate1 to po9t out l>go1 long noticia1 noticias1 news 99pon] en condiciones1 to enable por1 or de1 su cu5ta1 on 8 acc\nt el sobre1 ! envelope tom> nota1 to take note1 to notice v5ta1 sale ,,ex]cise #a 7#ag74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,me aprecia4 ,te necesita4 ,le m&a4 ,lo cree4 ,nos halla4 ,os busca4 #b4 ,son g5]os de moda1 los v5de muy bi54 #c4 ,son bu5as plumas1 las usamos con/antem5te4 #d4 ,me escribe que te envia los sobres4 #e4 ,le indica el m$io mas conv5i5te4 #f4 ,nos honra con 7)7 su confianza4 #g4 ,os fija sus limites4 #h4 ,les da su cotizacion4 #i4 ,cre]nos4 #aj4 ,m&>nos los presupue/os 7e/imates74 #aa4 ,v5d]les a cr$ito4 #ab4 ,d&onos sus in/rucciones tan cl>as1 nos pone en condiciones de s]virle a toda su satisfaccion 78 entire satisfaction74 #ac4 ,digannos ,vs4 7tell u7 la v]dad4 #ad4 ,el me lo escribio4 #ae4 ,nosotros te lo m&>emos4 #af4 ,el nos lo explico4 #ag4 ,yo os lo envi>e4 #ah4 ,se lo escribiremos a el4 #ai4 ,se lo explic>emos a ella4 #bj4 ,compr>on los g5]os y se los v5di]on a ellos4 #ba4 ,v5di]on las telas y se las m&>on a ellas4 #bb4 8,me lo dice ,v4 7d y say7 a mi8 #bc4 ,si1 ,s5or1 se lo digo a ,v4 mismo 7,i say x to y y\rself7 #bd4 ,yo mismo lo m&e4 #be4 ,v4 mismo me lo ha escrito4 #bf4 ,nosotros mismos no podriamos 7c\ld n7 hac]lo mejor4 #bg4 ,el me lo dio 7gave7 a mi1 y yo se lo entregue a el4 #bh4 ,su socio es mejor que el1 y el es mejor que ella4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ah74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,did y see 7vio ,v47 ! new ,cu/om ,h\se t>iff8 #b4 ,yes1 ,i saw 7vi7 x4 #c4 ,x is m fav\rable to u ?an ! old4 #d4 ,we s5t x to ! manag] ( our ,liv]pool bran* 7sucursal74 #e4 ,we s5t x to him ye/]day2 he w return x to u aft] he has read x 7despues que lo haya leido74 #f4 ,did y give 7dio ,v47 x 7m47 to me or to him8 #g4 ,i gave 7di7 x to y1 n to him4 #h4 ,well 7bi576 he says 7dice7 t he w n give x to me until y tell him to d s 7ha/a que ,v4 se lo diga74 #i4 ,he took x ) him1 & we took x ) u4 #aj4 ,i %all take x 7f47 ) me4#ha #aa4 ,take x ) !e4#ha #ab4 ,x is a long lett]1 b x is necess>y to write x to-day4 #ac4 ,writ+ x to-day y are 9 "t 7a tiempo7 = ! po/4 #ad4 ,mr4 ,s-&-,s gave m money to y ?an to me4 #ae4 ,we h tak5 notice ( x4 #af4 ,take due notice ( ! cont5ts 7del cont5ido7 ( ! lett]4 #ag4 ,give him notice 7aviso7 ( ! sales y effect$ on 7por7 8 acc\nt4 #ah4 ,!re is no?+ wor?y ( notice 7no hay nada de p>ticul>7 9 our m>ket to-day4 #ai4 ,i gave him notice because he is v lazy4 #bj4 ,?is circum/ance 7circun/ancia7 mu/ h escap$ y\r notice 7debe hab]sele pasado por alto74 #ba4 ,d n take any notice ( him 7no le haga ,v4 caso74 #bb4 ,i gave notice to my l&lord 7propiet>io74 ,footnote #ha3 ,see next note4 ,,lesson ,x4 7,leccion decima47 ,,reflexive ,,pron\ns4 ,^! pron\ns are n1 ( c\rse1 us$ z subject ( ! v]b4 ,!y are us$ z ! object ( ! v]b :5 ?is & ! subject are ! same4 ,!y are ! same z ! o!r p]sonal pron\ns1 z-- ,conjunctive =m4 ,disjunctive =m4 myself me mi ?yself te ti ,,exception-- #crd p]son = bo? g5d]s numb]s3 se si ,,examples-- ,el se ama3 ,he loves himself4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa3 ,%e attributes ! fault to h]self4 ,m>ia habla siempre de si#hb3 ,m>y is always talk+ ab\t h]self4 ,nosotros nos div]timos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios3 ,we enjoy ourselves at ! same "t z we d bus9ess4 ,ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambi53 ,!y respect !mselves & o!rs too4 ,mismo-a1-os1-z1 may be add$ to ! disjunctive =m = emphasis1 z-- ,m>ia habla siempre de si misma3 ,m>y always speaks ( h]self4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa3 ,%e attributes ! fault to h]self4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa a si3 ,%e attributes ! fault to h]self4 7m emphatic74 ,ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma3 ,%e attributes ! fault to h]self 7/ill m emphatic74 ,footnote #hb3 ,aft] con 7)7 si becomes ,sigo2 same *ange ) mi & ti3 conmigo1 contigo1 consigo1 writt5 9 "o ^w4 ,! pron\n ,se ) any v]b 9 ! #crd p]s4 s+4 or plural may be us$ to =m ! passive voice1 z-- ,se ha c]rado el almac53 ,! w>eh\se has be5 clos$4 ,se han encam9ado las reclamaciones a la ,compania de ,seguros#hc3 ,! claims h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,insurance ,company4 ootnote #hc3 ,?is =m is pref]able :5 ! do] is n m5tion$4 ,se foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! #crd p]s4 s+4#hd translates ! ,engli% "o1 p1 !y 7indef9ite71 z ! ,fr5* on & ! ,g]man man1 z--- ,se dice que habra un alza#he en el m]cado3 ,!y say1 or x is said1 t !re w be a rise 9 ! m>ket4 ,se cree que no habra ,re=ma ,arancel>ia en ,+lat]ra3 ,p ?9k1 or x is ?\ght1 t !re w n be ,t>iff ,re=m 9 ,engl&4 ,en la vejez se goza el fruto de una juv5tud laboriosa3 ,9 old age "o enjoys ! fruits ( active y\? or ,! fruits ( active y\? are enjoy$ 9 old age4 ,footnote #hd3 ,or we c use ! #crd p]s4 plur4 ( ! v]b )\t ! pron\n4 ,footnote #he3 ,or una alza 7bo? us$74 ,z w be se51 ?is is really a =m ( ! passive voice r5d]$ by se1 z se goza in/ead ( es gozado4 ,b !re are m typical examples1 z-- ,los g5]os se han fabricado en ,irl&a y se los ha 7n han7 plegado como li5zos irl&eses3 ,! goods 7 made 9 ,irel& & !y fold$ !m z ,iri% ,l95s4 ,a ,conjunctive ,reflexive ,pron\n1 :e!r direct or indirect object1 always prec$es any o!r conjunctive pron\n1 z--- ,yo me lo res]vo3 ,i res]ve x = myself4 ,nosotros nos lo gu>damos3 ,we keep x = ourselves4 ,se me dice3 ,x is said to me 7x says itself to me74 ,se les v5d5 las telas3 ,! clo?s are sold to !m4 ,nosotros nos le confiamos3 ,we entru/ ourselves to him4 ,vosotros os les emp5a/eis en ,l#a1jjj3 ,y pl$g$ y\rselves to !m = ,l#a1jjj4 ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imp]fect ,t5se4#hf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,que yo hablase 7t ,temiese 7t ,i ,p>tiese 7t ,i might1 ,i might1 %\ld or might1 %\ld1 or %\ld or w\ld w\ld speak1 etc47 w\ld fe>1 etc47 dep>t1 etc47 tu hablases ,temieses ,p>tieses el hablase ,temiese ,p>tiese nosotros hablasemos,temiesemos ,p>tiesemos vosotros hablaseis ,temieseis ,p>tieseis ellos hablas5 ,temies5 ,p>ties5 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #hf3 ,?is t5se is =m$ f ! ,pa/ ,def4 by *ang+ ! t]m9ation ron ( ! #crd p]s4 pl4 into se1 ses1 se1 semos1 seis s51 9 all ! ?ree conjugations4 ,,vocabul>y4 en la actualidad1 al mom5to1 at pres5t a m5udo1 (t5 aco/umbr>se1 to accu/om oneself admitir1 to ackn[l$ge ap>ec]1 to appe> aplic>se1 to apply oneself ayuda1 help bolet91 =m1 slip1 price li/ cau*o seco1 dry rubb] cebada y av5a1 b>ley & oats cifras1 figures la compra1 ! pur*ase 99cont> 7con71 to c\nt1 to rely on la co/umbre1 cu/om cualqui]a1 any 7affirm47 cuidadosam5te1 c>efully decl>>se en quiebra1 to file "o's petition 9 bankruptcy d$ic>se1 to devote oneself dirigirse1 to address oneself escribirse1 to write to ea* o!r1 to "o ano!r escu*>1 to li/5 to exacto1 exact1 accurate firmeza1 firmness indu/ria azuc>]a1 sug> indu/ry los in=mes1 in=mation lisonje>se1 to flatt] oneself llam>se1 to be call$ el montaje1 ! erection ( ma*9]y1 etc4 99mov]se1 to be mov$1 driv5 7ma*9]y7 op]adores1 deal]s 7on ',*ange7 p>tida1 lot 7( goods7 p]feccion>1 to p]fect1 improve 7ma*9]y7 99reconoc]1 to ackn[l$ge recursos1 means respet>1 to respect seccion1 section ta*>se1 to c5sure1 to blame1 oneself tejidos1 textiles1 clo?s ultimam5te1 lately unicam5te1 solely1 only ,,ex]cise #a 7#ai74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,nos dirigimos a ,vs4 por in=mes sobre la casa cuyo 7^:7 nombre ap>ece en el bolet9 adjunto4 #b4 ,se aplic>on a la indu/ria azuc>]a y consigui]on bu5os resultados4 #c4 ,me he aco/umbrado a e/e trabajo4 #d4 ,te has d$icado al com]cio4 #e4 ,ti5e mu*a op9ion de si 7mismo74 #f4 ,cu5ta 7he relies7 consigo unicam5te4 #g4 ,se debe p5s> a si y tambi5 a los otros4 #h4 ,e/os tejidos se llaman uniones4 #i4 ,las dos casas se escrib5#hg en frances4 #aj4 ,e/os tornos y e/as si]ras mecanicas 7^! la!s & saw+ ma*9es7 se muev5 por motor electrico4 #aa4 ,se los ha p]feccionado mu*o ultimam5te4 #ab4 8,se envian las maqu9as en secciones8 #ac4 ,si1 ,s5or1 y se las m>ca cuidadosam5te p>a facilit> el montaje4 #ad4 ,se dice que lleg>on gr&es p>tidas de ,cebada y ,av5a1 8pi5sa ,v4 que influiran en los precios8 #ae4 ,asi se cree4 #af4 ,entonces result>a 7or result>a pues7 alguna v5taja p>a los consumidores 7consum]s74 #ag4 ,no pu$o ta*>me de imprevid5cia 7want ( =esight7 por no hab]me aba/ecido 7suppli$1 /ock$7 a tiempo1 pues 7because7 c>ecia de los recursos neces>ios p>a hac]lo 7to d s74 ,footnote #hg3 ,reflexive ,pron\ns 9 ! plural are also ,reciprocal4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#bj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i flatt] myself t y w be pleas$ ) 7le gu/>an7 my pur*ases see+ 7vi/o7 ! firmness ( prices at pres5t4 #b4 ,we consid] ourselves lucky 7di*osos de7 n to h li/5$ to _! advice 7consejo74 #c4 ,he is always speak+ ( himself & ( 8 bus9ess4 #d4 ,he f\nd himself a los] 7a p]d]74 #e4 ,!y decl>$ !mselves bankrupts 7!y fil$ _! petition 9 bankruptcy74 #f4 ,!y wrote to ea* o!r (t54 #g4 ,he respects himself4 #h4 ,he himself respects old cu/oms4 #i4 ,we ackn[l$ge we are wrong4 #aj4 ,we ackn[l$ge receipt ( y\r fav\r 7acusamos recibo de74 #aa4 ,we %all gratefully ackn[l$ge 7agradec]emos inf9ito7 any help y may r5d] 7pre/e7 to our fri5d4 #ab4 ,we hope y w be v accurate 9 y\r figures4 #ac4 ,! output 7producto7 = ! fir/ two mon?s ( ! curr5t ye> 0 #ah1ffh lbs4 dry rubb]4 #ad4 ,! bill m>ket 7los cambios7 0 v firm to-day b !re 0 little do+ 7poco se hizo74 #ae4 ,deal]s 7 reluctant 7se mo/r>on contr>ios7 to d bus9ess 9 ! securities4 #af4 ,rubb] %>es 7 lifeless 7muy desanimadas71 b prices 7 ma9ta9$ 7se mantuvi]on74 ,,lesson ,,xi4 7,leccion decima prim]a47 ,,possessive ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,a ,possessive ,adjective accompanies a n\n2 a ,possessive pron\n /&s = a n\n4 ,! ,possessive ,adjectives are-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mi 7m4 f41 s+47 my ,mis 7m4 f41 plu47 my ,tu 7m4 f41 s+47 ?y ,tus 7m4 f41 plu47 ?y ,su 7m4 f41 s+47 81 h]1 its1 "o's1 _!1 y\r1 7polite7 ,sus 7m4 f41 plu47 81 h]1 its1 "o's1 _!1 y\r1 7polite7 ,nue/ro-a1 os-a our ,vue/ro-a1 os-z y\r 7famili>7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,examples-- ,mi emb>que3 ,my %ipm5t4 ,nue/ro arreglo3 ,our arrangem5t4 ,su s9c]idad3 ,81 h]1 or _! s9c]ity4 ,tu b5eficio3 ,?y b5efit4 ,sus fondos3 ,8 funds1 capital4 ,de el1 de ella1 de ellos1 de ,v41 etc41 may be add$ = ! sake ( cle>ness1 b are n ne$$ :5 ! s5se is cle> )\t !m4#hh ,9 ! #crd p]son 7b n 9 ! #a/ & #bnd7 in/ead ( su 444 de el1 su 444 de ,v41 etc41 we may say el 444 de el1 el 444 de ,v41 etc4 ,footnote #hh3 ,de ,v4 is add$ also = polit5ess 7,v4 be+ a title 9 itself--y\r grace74 ,! ,possessive ,pron\ns are-- ,el mio1 la mia1 los mios1 las mias 7m9e74 ,el tuyo1 la tuya1 los tuyos1 las tuyas 7?9e74 ,el suyo1 la suya1 los suyos1 las suyas 781 h]s1 !irs1 y\rs1 polite74 ,el nue/ro1 la nue/ra1 los nue/ros1 las nue/ras 7ours74 ,el vue/ro1 la vue/ra1 los vue/ros1 las vue/ras 7y\rs famili>74 ,! ,possessive ,pron\n mu/ be prec$$ by ! def9ite article except :5 x foll[s ! v]b to be 7,s]7 & own]%ip is ass]t$4 ,,examples-- ,su casa es mas importante que la mia3 ,8 firm is m important ?an m9e4 ,v4 ha acabado su trabajo1 p]o yo no he pr9cipiado el mio3 ,y h f9i%$ y\r "w1 b ,i h n />t$ m9e4 ,e/os titulos y acciones son mios3 ,^! bonds & %>es are m9e 7viz41 belong to me74#hi ,footnote #hi3 ,if ! int5tion is only to di/+ui% betwe5 "o object & ano!r ! article is ma9ta9$2 z1 ,e/as son mis acciones1 aquellas son las de ,v4 7^! are my %>es1 ^? are y\rs74 ,possessive ,adjectives ,emphatic4 ,if any emphasis is plac$ on ! possessive adjectives1 ! =ms ( ! possessive pron\ns are us$1 foll[+ ! n\n1 z-- ,qui]o la maleta mia y no la de su amigo3 ,i want my portmanteau1 n y\r fri5d's4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 a cu/om] ( y\rs w be translat$ un amigo de los mios1 un cli5te de los suyos1 or also un amigo mio1 un cli5te suyo1 )\t ! preposition de4 ,! ,possessive ,pron\n prec$$ by ! neut] article lo d5otes prop]ty 9 g5]al1 z-- ,lo mio 7m9e--t :i* is m9e74 ,lo nue/ro 7ours--t :i* belongs to u74 ,lo suyo or lo propio 7"o's own prop]ty74 ,lo aj5o 7o!r p's prop]ty 7t :i* belongs to o!rs774 ,9 address+ a p]son translate my1 etc41 by mio1 etc41 z-- ,amigo mio3 ,my fri5d4 ,muy ,s5or mio 7usual introduction to a ,spani% lett]74 ,b if ! n\n is qualifi$ by an adjective1 bo? mi & mio are us$ 7mi is m g5]al71 z ,mi qu]ido amigo 7my de> fri5d74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imp]fect ,t5se 7#bnd ,=m74#ij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,habl>4 ,tem]4 ,p>tir4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,que yo habl>a ,temi]a ,p>ti]a ,p>ti]as tu habl>as ,temi]as ,p>ti]a el habl>a ,temi]a ,p>ti]amos nosotros habl>amos,temi]amos ,p>ti]ais vosotros habl>ais ,temi]ais ,p>ti]an ellos-z habl>an ,temi]an ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,footnote #ij3 ,us$ j ! same z ! #a/ =m2 b x may also be us$ in/ead ( ! ,conditional ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,future ,t5se4#ia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo habl>e 7t ,i ,temi]e 7t ,i ,p>ti]e 7t ,i %all speak1 etc47 %all fe>1 etc47 %all dep>t1 etc47 tu habl>es ,temi]es ,p>ti]es el habl>e ,temi]e ,p>ti]e nosotros habl>emos,temi]emos ,p>ti]emos vosotros habl>eis ,temi]eis ,p>ti]eis ellos-z habl>5 ,temi]5 ,p>ti]5 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #ia3 ,ref]s to a future d\btful action2 little us$4 ,its place is g5]ally suppli$ by ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive1 &1 aft] si 7if71 by ! ,pres5t ,indicative4 ,,vocabul>y4 99at5]se a to adh]e to 99adh]ir a to adh]e to aju/>1 to adju/ apresur>se a1 to ha/5 to4 asegur>1 to secure av]ia1 av]age 7damage by sea-wat]1 etc47 buque1 %ip buque de vapor1 /eam] buque de vela1 sail+ vessel cabida1 room1 space codici>1 to covet deb]1 to owe1 mu/ debido a1 ow+ to direccion1 address encam9>1 to =w>d hi]ro1 iron m5sual1 mon?ly m]cado de granos1 gra9 m>ket mue/ra1 sample peticion1 reque/ porm5ores1 detalles1 p>ticul>s1 details por tanto1 por eso1 !re=e proporcionado1 adecuado1 adequate pu]to1 port relacion1 report repres5tante1 repres5tative re/o1 re/ante1 rema9d] resultado1 result riesgo1 risk 7a or por7 saldo1 797 settlem5t satisfe*o1 satisfi$ sigui5te1 foll[+ somet]1 to submit 7la7 sucursal1 bran* h\se surtido1 assortm5t1 selection vigas1 beams ,,ex]cise #a 7#ba74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,su repres5tante de ,v4 me ha sometido sus 787 mue/ras y d5tro de pocos dias h>e un surtido4 #b4 ,en s5o 7h]e)7 les enviamos nue/ro precio corri5te4 #c4 ,sirvase ,v4 consign> los g5]os a la ord5 mia y no a la 7ord57 del ,sr4 ,fulano1 como lo hacia ,v4 antes4 #d4 ,su casa y la mia e/an ambas 7bo?7 int]esadas en e/a especulacion4 #e4 ,les emb>c>emos sus vigas de hi]ro por el proximo vapor y las 7vigas7 de su sucursal de ,ros>io con el buque sigui5te4 #f4 ,nue/ro buque de vela el ,n]on saldra 7w leave7 en breve 7%ortly74 #g4 ,qu]emos lo nue/ro p]o no codiciamos lo aj5o4 #h4 ,nue/ro catalogo conti5e todos los porm5ores neces>ios4 #i4 ,debemos su nombre de ,v4 al ,sr4 ,fulano4 #aj4 ,nos tomamos la lib]tad de solicit> sus apreciables ord5es4 #aa4 ,a nue/ro p>ec] 79 our op9ion7 su cli5tela de ,v4 es mejor que la suya de el4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#bb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we beg 7t5emos el gu/o de7 to in=m y t y\r ord] has be5 plac$ at y\r prices ow+ to ! fall exp]i5c$ 7que tuvimos7 9 our m>ket4 #b4 ,9 our mon?ly report1 :i* we beg to enclose1 we h /at$ 7consignado7 ! pres5t position ( our gra9 m>ket4 #c4 ,please =w>d ! enclos$ lett]s to _! address4 #d4 ,our risk w\ld be great & !re=e we mu/ adh]e to our reque/ ( an adequate commission4 #e4 ,! av]age hav+ be5 adju/$ we n[ ha/5 to enclose our *eque = ,l#ei #afs4 #i;d4 9 settlem5t ( y\r claim z p] /atem5t enclos$4 #f4 ,tru/+ 7en la confianza que7 y w be satisfi$ ) 7con or de7 ?is result1 we are1 y\rs fai?fully 7somos de ,vs4 attos4 y ,s4,s4,q4,b4,s4,m4#ib74 #g4 ,we h secur$ room = ! rema9d] ( y\r ma*9]y 9 ! /eam] leav+ 7que saldra de7 our port on ! #aj? prox4 ,footnote #ib3 ,at5tos y seguros s]vidores 7que besan sus manos74 ,! words 9 brackets are n us$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & "s ,spani% firms also omit !m4 ,in/ead ( q4b4s4m41 ,spani>ds h lately adopt$3 q4e4s4m4 7que e/re*an sus manos74 ,,lesson ,,xii4 7,leccion decima segunda47 ,,demon/rative ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns4 ,a demon/rative adjective accompanies a n\n & a demon/rative pron\n /&s = a n\n4 ,! ,demon/rative ,adjectives are-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,e/e1 e/a 7?is74 ,e/os1 e/as#ic 7^!74 ,ese1 esa 7t74 ,esos1 esas#ic 7^?--ne> to ! p]son address$74 ,aquel1 aquella 7t74,aquellos1 aquellas 7^?--remov$ f bo? speak] & addressee74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #ic3 ,sometimes e/otro1 e/otra1 esotro1 esotra1 b ^! & o!r =ms are obsolete4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ese & ,aquel is n /rictly obs]v$4 ,h[ev]1 9 cases l ?is box1 t table1 t cupbo>d yond]1 use ese = ! ne>] ( ! two remov$ f ! speak]3 ,e/a caja1 esa mesa1 aquel arm>io4 ,! ,demon/rative ,pron\ns are ! same z ! above1 ) ! addition (-- ,neut] =m ,e/o1 eso1 aquello#id 7?is1 t74 ,?is has no plural & is us$-- #a4 ,9 ref]5ce to a :ole s5t5ce1 z-- ,el m]cado del algodon e/a muy abatido2 e/o me desanima3 ,! cotton m>ket is v flat2 ?is disconc]ts me4 #b4 ,9 ref]5ce to some?+ po9t$ at1 )\t ref]r+ to :at ! ?+ is1#ie z-- 8,que es eso8 ,:at is t8 7?+ !re1 :atev] x may be47 ,e/e1 ese1 aquel1 etc41 are acc5t$ :5 a /ress is plac$ on !m2 ,e/e is also us$ = ! latt] & ,aquel = ! =m]4#if ,in/ead ( ese1 etc41 aquel1 etc41 be=e que & de1 ! def9ite article is g5]ally us$1 z-- ,el aum5to de precio de hoy y el#ig que tuvimos ay]3 ,! increase 9 price to-day & t we _h ye/]day4 ,la remesa ant]ior y la que h>emos hoy3 ,! previ\s %ipm5t & t we are s5d+ to-day4 ,el flete del aceite y el de los v9os3 ,! freight on oil1 & t on w9e4 ,mis docum5tos y los de mi jefe3 ,my docum5ts & ^? ( my *ief 7employ]74 ,lo que 7in/ead ( aquello que7 escribo es la pura v]dad3 ,t :i* 7:at7 ,i write is ! hone/ tru?4 ,footnote #id3 ,eso & aquello are us$ practically indiscrim9ately4 ,footnote #ie3 ,fr5* ceci1 cela4 ,footnote #if3 ,e/o es--namely1 t is 444 ,footnote #ig3 ,x might appe> to be an abbreviation ( aquel1 b x is n s4 ,a preposition may prec$e que1 z-- 8,que libro es ese8 ,es el en que escribimos ay]3 ,:at book is t8 ,x is t 9 :i* we wrote ye/]day4 8,que c>ta qui]e ,v48 ,la a que me ref]i ay]3 ,:at lett] d y want8 ,t to :i* ,i ref]r$ ye/]day4 8,que plumas son e/as8 ,son las con que yo escribia3 ,:at p5s are ^!8 ,!y are ^? ) :i* ,i wrote4 ,e/a translates ! comm]cial phrase1 our place1 our m>ket4 ,esa translates ! comm]cial phrase1 y\r place1 y\r m>ket4 ,z-- ,el m]cado en e/a e/a muy flojo3 ,! m>ket "h is v slack4 ,nos dic5 los armadores que el c>gam5to lleg>a a esa el #ae del mes entrante3 ,! %ip[n]s in=m u t ! c>go w rea* y\r t[n on ! #ae? prox4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hab]4 ,t5]4 ,s]4 ,e/>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,que yo haya 7t ,i,t5ga 7t ,i ,sea 7t ,i ,e/e 7t ,i may h1 etc47 may h1 etc47 may be1 etc47 may be1 etc47 tu hayas ,t5gas ,seas ,e/es el haya ,t5ga ,sea ,e/e nosotros ,t5gamos ,seamos ,e/emos hayamos vosotros ,t5gais ,seais ,e/eis hayais ellos hayan ,t5gan ,sean ,e/5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabul>y4 a ese respecto1 9 t respect acus>1 to accuse1 to %[ al m5os1 at lea/ b>ca a motor motor-boat b>ca automovil motor-boat c>riles1 rieles1 railes1 rails competidor1 contr9cante1 competitor1 neighb\r#ih condiciones1 t]ms contra1 aga9/ deprimir1 to depress desc>ga1 dis*>ge1 ! dis*>g+ desgracia1 mis=tune dias de e/adia1 lay days dificultad1 difficulty elev>1 to raise1 to enhance e/a vi/o1 x is obvi\s evit>1 to avoid flet>1 to freight m> alborotada1 heavy sea m]cado algodon]o1 cotton m>ket m9a de c>bon1 colli]y 99(rec]1 to (f] oscilacion1 unc]ta9ty1 wav]+1 ups & d[ns p]turb>1 to di/urb sorpr5d5te1 surpris+ suma r$onda1 lump sum 99volc>1 to capsize1 to ov]turn ,footnote #ih3 ,neighb\r1 p]son liv+ ne>3 vec9o4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#bc74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,debido a la ultima baja que se ha v]ificado en e/e m]cado1 podemos (rec]les una r$uccion de diez por ci5to en los precios de esos g5]os4 #b4 ,e/a vi/o que el gobi]no de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elev> el cr$ito s9o que ti5e la desgracia de deprimirlo y de p]turb> el m]cado bursatil 7! money m>ket74 #c4 ,se ha repetido en e/a la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada4 #d4 ,los consolidados 7! consolidat$7 han abi]to a #hb y la ,r5ta ,italiana a #aja1 habi5do bajado mas t>de aquellos a #ha #a_/b y e/a a #ajj4 #e4 ,el ,amortizable #e 7! #e ,r$eemable7 subio ha/a 7to7 #ajc4 #f4 ,la revi/a del m]cado algodon]o acusa una baja en los futures y la de la ,bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranj]os4 #g4 ,e/o es muy natural1 aquello es sorpr5d5te4 #h4 ,yo le digo e/o3 lo h>e4 #i4 ,eso me convi5e4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#bd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we %all %ip ^! iron beams & ^? /eel rails by a sail+ vessel :i* we int5d to 7int5tamos7 freight at 7por7 a lump sum1 ) at lea/ t5 lay days = dis*>g+4 #b4 ,?is w avoid any 7toda7 difficulty 9 t respect4 #c4 ,a ,g]man motor-boat 0 mak+ ?is week a trial run 7excursion de prueba7 9 a 7con la7 heavy sea :5 %e capsiz$ 7y se volco74 #d4 ,! net pr(its ( ?is ye> %[ 7mue/ran1 acusan7 an increase ( ,l#a1jjj4 #e4 ,! work+ 7la explotacion7 ( ^? colli]ies has result$ 9 a loss4 #f4 ,messrs4 ,br[n ,co4 ( y\r city 7de esa7 h s5t _! ag5t ov] 7aqui7 to make consid]able pur*ases4 #g4 ,we ha/5$ to submit to !m our be/ t]ms (f]+ a cr$it ( n9e mon?s aga9/ _! acceptances4 #h4 ,^! t]ms are bett] ?an ^? ( our competitors4 ,?is is c]ta94 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 7,leccion decima t]c]a47 ,,relative ,,pron\ns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,s+4 ,plu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,qui5 ,qui5es 7:o1 :om7 ,el cual ,los cuales 7:o1 :om or :i*7 ,la cual ,las cuales ,que 7t7 ,cuyo ,cuyos 7^:1 or ( :i* 7d5ot+ ,cuya ,cuyas possession77 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,qui5 is us$ = p]sons only4 ,el cual & que are us$ = p]sons & ?+s4 ,,examples-- ,el ag5te a qui5 7or al cual7 hemos escrito3 ,! ag5t to :om we h writt54 8,son aquellas las p>tidas de azuc>es de las cuales me hablo ,v4 ay]8 ,are ^? ! lots ( sug> ( :i* y spoke to me ye/]day8 ,me acu]do de las p]sonas y las cosas que ,v4 ha m5cionado3 ,i rememb] ! p & ?+s t y m5tion$4 ,el buque cuya tripulacion ha desemb>cado3 ,! %ip ^: crew has l&$4 ,el com]ciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido3 ,! m]*ant ^: son we h kn[n4 ,que is us$ v (t5 in/ead ( qui5 & el cual4 ,que is to be pref]r$ :5 ! clause foll[+ is a m]e complem5t ( ! pr9cipal clause 7prec$+71 & ,qui5 or ,el cual only :5 ! foll[+ clause is consid]$ n less 9 importance ?an ! clause prec$+1 viz41 :5 x introduces a new idea1#ii z-- 8,ha vi/o ,v4 al viajante que nos visito e/a manana8 ,h y se5 ! travell] :o call$ on u ?is morn+8 ,he conocido al banqu]o qui5 era hombre muy juicioso y prud5te3 ,i knew ! bank] :o 0 a v wise & prud5t man4 ,footnote #ii3 ,?is is practically say+3 aft] a comma1 only ! use ( ! comma is s arbitr>y t we pref]r$ to expla9 ! rule fully4 ,aft] s] & a n\n or pron\n1 translate :o by qui51 z-- ,es el 7,c>los7 qui5 me lo ha di*o3 ,x is he 7,*>les7 :o told x to me4 ,aft] a preposition translate :om by qui5 7pl41 qui5es7#ajj1 & :i* by el cual 7la cual1 etc474 ,footnote #ajj3 ,que is f\nd b r>ely4 ,,exception-- ,aft] a1 con1 de1 en1 we c also translate :i* equally well by que1 or el que1 la que1 los que1 las que4#aja ,footnote #aja3 ,que or ,el que is f\nd also aft] o!r prepositions b r>ely4 ,:i* relat+ to a :ole s5t5ce is lo cual or lo que 7naturally1 because a :ole s5t5ce has no g5d]74 ,in/ead ( cuyo we may use de qui51 del cual1 de que1 del que1 z-- ,el buque1 la tripulacion del cual1 de que1 or del que ha desemb>cado3 ,! %ip ^: crew has l&$4 ,el com]ciante al hijo de qui51 or del cual hemos conocido3 ,! m]*ant ^: son we h kn[n4 ,he :o is translat$ by aquel que1 el que1#ajb also qui54 ,%e :o is translat$ by aquella que1 la#ajb que1 also qui54 ,^? :o is translat$ by aquellos que1 los#ajb que1 also qui5es4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,lesson ,,xii4 ,relative ,pron\ns _c be left out1 und]/ood1 9 ,spani%1 z-- ,el hombre a qui51 or que vi3 ,! man ,i saw4 ,expressions z ,! man ,i spoke to mu/1 ( c\rse1 be r5d]$ ,! man to :om ,i spoke 7,el hombre a qui5 hable74 ,expressions z ,i recomm5d y ,messrs4 ,s-&-,s ?an :i* no bett] firm exi/s1 are r5d]$ ,le recomi5do a ,v4 la casa de los ,srs4 ,fulanos de ,tal que no la hay mejor 7or de la cual1 or de la que no hay otra mejor74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imp]fect ,t5se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hab]4 ,t5]4 ,s]4 ,e/>4 ,que yo hubiese ,tuviese 7t ,i,fuese 7t ,i ,e/uviese 7t ,i 7t ,i might1 might1 w\ld1 might1 w\ld1 might1 w\ld1 w\ld1 or %\ld or %\ld or %\ld or %\ld h1 etc47 h1 etc47 be1 etc47 be1 etc47 tu hubieses ,tuvieses ,fueses ,e/uvieses el hubiese ,tuviese ,fuese ,e/uviese nosotros ,tuviesemos ,fuesemos ,e/uviesemos hubiesemos vosotros ,tuvieseis ,fueseis ,e/uvieseis hubieseis ellos hubies5 ,tuvies5 ,fues5 ,e/uvies5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabul>y4 am>go1 bitt] armador de buques1 %ip[n] arregl>1 to arrange el bi51 ! good buque1 b>co1 navio1 boat cauto1 cauti\s 99conoc]1 to "k ?r\gh ! s5ses1 to be acqua9t$ ) deuda1 debt doloroso1 pa9ful endos>1 to endorse ens5>1 to tea*1 to %[ esp]>1 to expect1 to hope1 to wait e/adi/icas1 /ati/ics falta1 want1 abs5ce ( flojo1 slack fund>1 to f\nd gratitud1 gratitude 99hac] m5cion1 to m5tion h]ida1 w\nd1 /+ in=m> 7de71 to in=m (1 to acqua9t ) llev> *asco1 to be disappo9t$1 to be baffl$ 99neg>1 to d5y p]iodico1 newspap] premio1 rew>d1 prize1 premium rob>1 to rob1 to /eal simpatico1 pleasant1 w9some1 tak+ 99t5] emp5o1 to be e>ne/1 anxi\s ab\t any?+ ,,ex]cise #a 7#be74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,el hombre que me hablo no es el a qui5 hemos escrito4 #b4 ,he aqui 7"h is7 el libro que me ens5o e/a regla4 #c4 ,he escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra4 #d4 ,he comprado el p]iodico que conti5e aquellas e/adi/icas4 #e4 ,he arreglado con el negociante qui5 7or el cual7 p>ece hombre muy simpatico4 #f4 ,el corr$or1 qui5 7or el cual7 ti5e mu*o emp5o en concluir la transaccion1 me v9o a v] otra vez 7aga97 e/a manana4 #g4 ,el capital1 el cual se ha de/9ado a la explotacion de las m9as1 es intangible 7_c be t\*$74 #h4 ,el hombre a qui5 7or al cual7 me refi]o es armador de buques4 #i4 ,el negociante de qui5 7or del cual7 le hablaba es integ]rimo 7mo/ upright74 #aj4 ,el asunto a que me ref]ia 7or de que trataba74 #aa4 ,la pluma con que escribia y con la cual 7or con la que7 pu$e escribir ,v4 #ab4 ,la m9a en que 7or en la cual7 fundaba sus esp]anzas4 #ac4 ,el d9]o sobre el cual contaba4 #ad4 ,los g5]os p>a los cuales se dio 70 giv57 la ord54 #ae4 8,es el qui5 lo qui]e y a cuyo hijo 7or al hijo de qui57 ,v4 conoce8 ,,ex]cise #b 7#bf74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,he :o robs y ( 7roba7 money robs y ( little1 b he :o d5ies y a debt ( well-des]v$ gratitude robs y ( m1 :i* is obvi\s4 #b4 ,^? :o d5y ?is 7niegu51 7subj477 h n exp]i5c$ h[ 7cuan7 pa9ful is ! /+ ( +ratitude4 #c4 ,^? :o d good %\ld d x expect+ +ratitude = 7por7 _! rew>d1 !n !y w n be disappo9t$4 #d4 ,x is a tru? ?an :i* no bitt]] exi/s4 #e4 ,! /eam] ,i h b\ght is a fir/-class boat4 #f4 ,! little 7pequ5a7 h\se ,i paid =4 #g4 ,! firm ,i made m5tion ( enjoys good cr$it4 #h4 ,i wond] 7me pregunto yo7 if ?is is ! eng9e] ^: son is a lawy]4 #i4 ,_! m>ket is v slack at pres5t1 :i* acc\nts = 7explica7 ! want ( _! remittances4 #aj4 ,i acqua9t$ !m ) all ! facts1 :i* made !m v cauti\s4 #aa4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,mc,intyre 7conocemos al71 :o is a ,scot*man4 #ab4 ,he is only an acqua9tance 7un conocido or un conocimi5to74 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 7,leccion decima cu>ta47 ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns ,,& ,,adjectives4 ,^! are ! same z ! relative pron\ns1 only !y are writt5 ) an acc5t-- 8,qui51-es8 7:o1 :om87 8,cual1-es8 7:i*87 8,que8 7:at87 8,cuyo1-a1-os1-z8 7^:87 8,de qui51-es#ajc8 7^:87 8,cuanto1-a1-os1-z8 7h[ mu*1 h[ _m87 ,footnote #ajc3 ,de qui5 is m usual ?an ,cuyo 9 int]rogations4 ,cual :5 int]rogative is us$ )\t ! def9ite article :i* mu/ accompany x :5 x is a relative pron\n4 ,qui51 int]rogative1 is nev] an adjective4 ,,examples-- 8,qui5 v9o a v]me8 ,:o came to see me8 8,cual arreglo le gu/a a ,v4 mas8 ,:i* arrangem5t d y pref]8 8,cuyo es e/e lapiz8 ,^: is ?is p5cil8 or ,^: 8,cuyo lapiz es e/e8 p5cil is ?is8 8,de qui5 es e/e lapiz8 8,de qui5 recibio ,v4 la consignacion de mad]a8 ,f :om did y receive ! consignm5t ( timb]8 8,a qui5es nos refi]5 ,vs4 p>a in=mes8 ,to :om d y ref] u = in=mation8 8,cuanto me cobr>a ,v48 ,h[ mu* w y *>ge me8 ,cual 7:i*7 is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! ,engli% :at1 z-- 8,cuales son sus int5ciones8 ,:at are y\r int5tions8 ,que is us$ 9 exclamatory s5t5ces--:at a1 z-- i,que la/ima6 ,:at a pity6 i,que bonitos panos6 ,:at nice suit+s6#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,be=e an adjective )\t a n\n foll[+ que translates ! ,engli% h[3--i,que bonito6 h[ nice6 ,an emphatic tan or mas may be ins]t$1 ?us-- i,que pano tan bonito6 ,:at a v nice suit+6 i,que hombre mas rico6 ,:at a v ri* man6 ,cual is us$ 9 exclamatory clauses in/ead ( como 7h[71 z-- i,cual le han r$ucido las desgracias6 ,h[ 7or to :at a /ate7 mis=tunes h r$uc$ him6 i,cual la vi6 ,h[ 7or 9 :at a /ate7 did ,i see h]6 ,cuanto is also us$ 9 exclamations1 z-- i,cuanto le agradezco su amabilidad6 ,h[ mu* oblig$ ,i am = y\r k9dness6 ,cual )\t article & )\t acc5t is us$ = z1 z-- ,una casa 7tal7 cual yo la deseaba3 ,a h\se 7su*7 z ,i lik$4 ,su* expressions z ,he wrote me a lett]1 :i* lett] ,i /ill possess1 are translat$ ,me escribio una c>ta1 cuya c>ta aun t5go4 ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imp]fect ,t5se 7#bnd =m74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,hab]4 ,t5]4 ,s]4 ,e/>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,que yo hubi]a ,tuvi]a ,fu]a ,e/uvi]a tu hubi]as ,tuvi]as ,fu]as ,e/uvi]as el hubi]a ,tuvi]a ,fu]a ,e/uvi]a nosotros hubi]amos,tuvi]amos ,fu]amos ,e/uvi]amos vosotros hubi]ais ,tuvi]ais ,fu]ais ,e/uvi]ais ellos hubi]an ,tuvi]an ,fu]an ,e/uvi]an ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,future ,t5se4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo hubi]e 7t ,tuvi]e 7t ,fu]e 7t ,e/uvi]e ,i %all h1 ,i %all h1 ,i %all be1 7t ,i %all etc47 etc47 etc47 be1 etc47 tu hubi]es ,tuvi]es ,fu]es ,e/uvi]es el hubi]e ,tuvi]e ,fu]e ,e/uvi]e nosotros hubi]emos,tuvi]emos ,fu]emos ,e/uvi]emos vosotros hubi]eis ,tuvi]eis ,fu]eis ,e/uvi]eis ellos hubi]5 ,tuvi]5 ,fu]5 ,e/uvi]5 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,imp]ative ,mood4 7,?is mood is us$ to comm& or beg47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,habl> ,habla#aje7speak ?\1 s+47 ,hablad 7speak y1 plu47 ,tem] ,teme 7fe> 7 ,tem$ 7fe> 7 ,p>tir ,p>te 7dep>t 7 ,p>tid 7dep>t 7 ,hab] ,he#ajf 7h 7 ,hab$ 7h 7 ,t5] ,t5 7 7 ,t5$ 7 7 ,s] ,se 7be 7 ,s$ 7be 7 ,e/> ,e/a 7 7 ,e/ad 7 7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #aje3 ,! ,imp]ative ,mood has only a sep>ate =m = ! #bnd p]s4 s+4 & plu4 ,x has no #a/ p]s4 s+4 & ! #a/ p]s4 pl4 & #crd p]s4 s+4 & pl4 are tak5 f ! ,pres4 ,subj4 ,! #bnd p]s4 pl4 is d]iv$ f ! ,inf9itive ,mood by *ang+ ! f9al r into d--no exception4 ,! #bnd p]s4 s+4 is ! same z ! #crd p]s4 s+4 ( ! ,pres4 ,indicative1 ) a few exceptions 7among :i* are ,hab]1 ,t5]1 ,s]74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,giv5 z a =m only1 z ,hab] has no ,imp]ative ,mood 9 mod]n ,spani%1 except 9 ,heme1 hete1 hele1 aqui1 etc4 7"h ,i am1 "h ?\ art1 "h he is1 etc471 & 9 "s o!r r>e cases4 ,n4,b4--,9 ,spani% !re is no imp]ative negative1 ! ,pres4 ,subj4 negative be+ us$ in/ead1 z-- ,habl>4 ,no hables 7d n 7?\7 speak74 ,no hableis 7d n 7y7 speak74 ,,vocabul>y4 99acord>se1 to rememb] me acu]do1 ,i rememb] se acu]da1 he rememb]s c>t]a1 pocket-book1 portfolio conte/> a1 respond] a1 to answ] 99decir1 to say 99devolv]1 to return1 give back devuelto1 giv5 back devuelvo1 ,i return1 give back digo1 ,i say dice1 he says dije1 ,i said dijo1 he said disgu/ado1 annoy$1 disgu/$1 displeas$ floj$ad1 slackness 99hac] escala1 to call at 7/eam]s7 mu*o me gu/a1 ,i am v glad negativa1 refusal notas 7billetes7 de banco1 bank notes 99oir1 to he> 99p]d]1 to lose p]di5do1 los+ 99qu]]1 to want1 to be will+ to h qui]o1 ,i want1 ,i am will+ to h qui]e1 he wants1 he is will+ to h respond]1#ajg to answ] 99seguir1 to cont9ue sorpresa1 surprise ,footnote #ajg3 ,respond]2 pa/ "p41 respue/o--o!rwise regul>4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#bg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 8,qui5 respeta las leyes8 #b4 8,cuales leyes8 #c4 ,las de e/e pais4 8,que dice ,v48 #d4 ,lo que ,v4 oye 7y he>74 #e4 ,e/os panuelos y z>azas son cuales ,v4 deseaba4 #f4 ,mu*o me gu/a sab]lo4 #g4 i,que h]mosas telas6 iy b>atas6 #h4 i,cuanto pide ,v4 por ellas8 #i 8,cuantos divid5dos ha pagado esa ,compania8 ,tres4 #aj4 8,cuantos dijo ,v4 7did y say78 #aa4 ,tres o cuatro1 no me acu]do exactam5te4 #ab4 8,cuya c>t]a es e/a8 #ac4 ,es la c>t]a de mi h]mano1 cuya c>t]a1 como ,v4 habra sabido1 la p]dio con ,l#ejj en notas de banco y le fue devuelta4 #ad4 8,de qui5 es el c>gam5to cuyo conocimi5to ha llegado8 #ae4 ,es mio4 #af4 8,que libro es e/e8 ,es el mio4 #ag4 ,ha seguido la floj$ad en los valores1 p]di5do mu*o el amortizable4 #ah4 ,hubo pocas 7few7 transacciones en g5]al4 #ai4 i,cual lo hallamos6 #bj4 i,absolutamente desanimado6 i,que la/ima6 ,,ex]cise #b 7#bh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,:at r$uction c y make8 #b4 ,twop5ce a y>d4 #c4 ,:i* ( ! two w y h 7qui]e ,v478 #d4 ,:at ord]s did y give8 #e4 ,^: goods are ^!8 #f4 ,:at a surprise6 #g4 ,h[ mu* money did y receive8 #h4 ,h[ _m lots ( :ite %irt+ h y plac$8 #i4 ,did y answ] all 8 lett]s8 #aj4 ,if we b\ght 7si comprasemos7 ! 7colonial7 produce de>] ?an ! figure y indicat$ we %\ld h to answ] = x 7s]iamos responsables74 #aa4 ,! cotton pr9ts & union drills we s5t y w answ] y\r requirem5ts 7correspond]an a sus necesidades74 #ab4 ,mr4 ,p]ez seems annoy$ by y\r refusal4 #ac4 ,i am v sorry 7lo si5to mu*o or inf9ito7 b x is n my fault4 #ad4 ,i c\ld n accept ! rebate "u 7en7 ! circum/ances4 #ae4 ,has ! /eam] call$ at ,malaga8 #af4 ,i believe %e has 7que si74 ,,lesson ,,xv4 7,leccion decima qu9ta47 ,,indef9ite ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns4 7,^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk are ,pron\ns only47 ,alguno1 99algui5 7pron\nc$ algui571 7"s1 somebody1 anybody7 99,algo1 alguna cosa 7some?+1 any?+7 99,uno-a1-os-z 7"o1 a p]son1 "s1 "s p]sons7 ,uno a otro 7"o ano!r1 ea* o!r7 ,uno u otro 7"o or ! o!r1 ei!r7 ,uno y otro1 ambos1 entrambos 7bo?7 ,ni uno ni otro 7nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r7 ,ni uno 7n a s+le "o7 ,los otros1 los demas 7! o!rs7 ,mismo 7same1 self7 ,ci]to-a1-os-z 7a c]ta91 c]ta97 ,cada 7ea*7 99,cada uno1 99cada cual 7ea*1 ea* "o7 ,otro 7o!r1 ano!r#ajh7 ,todo 7all1 ev]y?+1 e7 ,todos 7ev]ybody1 all7 ,poco 7little7 ,pocos 7few7 ,unos pocos1 unos cuantos 7a few7 ,mu*o-a1-os-z 7mu*1 _m7 ,v>ios 7sev]al7 ,cualqui]a 7s+471 ,cualesqui]a 7pl471 7any1 :i*ev]7 99,qui5qui]a 7s+471 qui5esqui]a 7pl471 7any1 :oev]1 :omev]7 99,cualqui]a cosa 7any?+1 :atev]7 ,propio-a1 os-z 7own1 self1 same7 ,tal 7s+471 tales 7pl4 su* a1 su*7 99,fulano1 zutano1 m5gano 7,s-&-,s7 ,cuanto 7todo lo que71 7all t :i*7 ,cuantos 7todos los que71 7all ^? :o7 ,n+uno 7no "o1 nobody1 n any7 99,nada 7no?+71 99nadie 7no "o1 nobody7 99,qui5 444 qui51 99cual 444 cual 7"s 444 "s7 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ano!r is otro1 n un otro4 ,cada is an adjective only1 z-- ,cada huelga de obr]os dana la indu/ria nacional3 ,ea* workm5's /rike injures national indu/ry4 ,algui51 algo1 cada1 nada1 nadie are inv>iable1 & ! v]b accompany+ !m is always s+ul>1 z-- ,algui5 hizo un error de pluma3 ,somebody made a slip ( ! p54 ,algo es mejor que el d9]o1 el honor3 ,!re is some?+ bett] ?an money1 hon\r4 8,hay algo peor que la +ratitud8 ,is !re any?+ worse ?an +ratitude8 ,nada es absolutam5te p]fecto y nadie es infalible3 ,no?+ is absolutely p]fect & nobody is infallible4 ,fur!r diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 algui5 & alguno-- ,algui5 ref]s to p]sons only1 & _c be foll[$ by de4 ,alguno to p]sons or ?+s1 & may be foll[$ by de1#aji z-- ,algui5 or ,alguno se ha quejado3 ,somebody has compla9$4 ,qui]e n>anjas y melocotones y yo t5go algunos3 ,he wants oranges & pea*es1 & ,i h "s4 ,alguno de ellos lo h>a3 ,someone among/ !m w d x4 ,! ,engli% any1 any?+1 are translat$ by alguno1 alguna cosa 7algo7 :5 int]rogative2 n+uno1 n+una cosa 7nada7 :5 negative2 & cualqui]a1 cualqui]a cosa :5 affirmative1 z-- 8,qui]e ,v4 algun refresco o algo que com]8 ,d y want any refre%m5ts#aaj or any?+ to eat8 ,no qui]o n+unos ,hol&illos3 ,i d n want any ,holl&s4 ,cualqui]7a7 mu*a*o de escuela e*>ia de v] que e/as ,bati/as ,victoria son mas ord9>ias3 ,any s*oolboy c\ld see t ^! ,victoria ,lawns are ( l[] quality4 ,alguno & ,n+uno are left und]/ood (t5] ?an 9 ,engli%1 z-- 8,compr>a ,v4 7algunos7 titulos de la nueva emision8 ,w y buy any /ock ( ! new issue8 ,el no pide consejos3 ,he does n ask any advice4 ,:5 nadie & n+uno1 or any o!r negative ^w1 z ! adv]b nunca 7nev]71 etc41 prec$e a v]b1 no o!r negative is requir$2 b :5 !y foll[ x1 no 7n7 mu/ prec$e ! v]b1 z3 ,no he vi/o a nadie or a nadie he vi/o3 ,i h se5 nobody4 ,footnote #aji3 ,same diff]5ce betwe5 nadie & n+uno4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,9 ,spani% ! s+ul> is f\nd in/ead ( ! plural1 z3 8,ti5e ,v4 algun libro que pre/>me8 7h y any books to l5d me874 ,v]bs end+ 9 c> or g> *ange ! c & g into qu & gu respectively be=e e1 z-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,emb>c>#aaa ,c>g>#aaa 7to emb>k1 to %ip7 7to load7 ,pa/ ,def4 ,emb>que ,c>gue ,pres4 ,subj4 ,emb>que1-ques1 que1 ,c>gue1-gues1-gue1 -quemos1-queis1-qu54-guemos1-gueis1-gu54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #aaa3 ,! prim>y p>ts 7except1 ( c\rse1 ! ,inf9itive7 w be omitt$ 9 future :5 !y are regul>4 ,! d]ivative p>ts w also be omitt$ :5 !y are regul>ly =m$ f _! prim>y p>ts accord+ to ! rules giv54 ,see synopsis at ! end ( ! book4 ,,vocabul>y4 agricola1 agricultural amonton>1 to pile up ap]tura1 op5+ baj>1 to l[]1 to g or come d[n bonito1 pretty com>ca1 region1 di/rict 7( a c\ntry7 det5idam5te1 at l5g? duplic>1 to d\ble1 to duplicate exigua1 slight1 trifl+ fabricas de algodon1 cotton mills g5]os alim5ticios1 food /uffs 99hac] caso1 to take notice hilador1 sp9n] impue/o1 tax 7la7 inc]tidumbre1 unc]ta9ty indu/ria1 indu/ry legislatura1 p>liam5t>y session lig]o1 light 7adj471 slight1 small limitacion1 curtailm5t 7la7 luz1 light 7n47 99mant5]1 to hold up1 to ma9ta9 mejora1 improvem5t m9i/]io1 m9i/ry obligaciones1 deb5tures olvid>1 to =get p>a que1 s t patria1 c\ntry1 fa!rl& pref]ible1 pref]able 99prevalec]1 re9>1 to prevail1 to rule subir1 to g or come up tej$or1 weav] timbre1 /amp tom> la delant]a a1 to take ! />t on4 trigo1 :eat v>ios1 sev]al v9icola1 w9e 7adj47 ,,ex]cise #a 7#bi74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,algui5 pret5de que se duplic>a el impue/o del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que prote/>an en]gicam5te4 #b4 ,algo hay de eso y uno y otro p>tido politico se int]esan de la cue/ion p]o ni uno de los p]iodicos locales e*a luz sobre las int5ciones del m9i/]io4 #c4 ,los demas proyectos de ley con ci]tas modificaciones se pres5t>an 7w be introduc$7 en e/a misma legislatura1 y cada uno se discutira det5idam5te4 #d4 ,se anuncian v>ias empresas indu/riales en gr&e escala4 #e4 ,cuanto se hace es poco cu&o se pi5sa en lo que se deb]ia hac] p>a que nue/ros competidores no nos tom5 la delant]a4 #f4 ,cualqui]a e*a de v] 7c see7 eso4 #g4 ,cuantos hay que miran al v]dad]o int]es de su patria deb5 olvid> sus propios int]eses en favor del fom5to de la indu/ria v9icola y agricola de e/a com>ca4 #h4 ,cada casa ti5e su si/ema propio4 #i4 ,yo no imito a ,fulano1 ,zutano y ,m5gano1 soy cauto y evito los riesgos4 #aj4 ,negocio papel extranj]o1 p]o solo letras banc>ias1 o de firmas de prim]a clase y con dos endosos1 nada mas4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#cj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,somebody ?9ks t ! imports ( food-/uffs w increase4 #b4 ,"s :eat buy]s take little notice ( ! high] ,am]ican cable advices 7las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde ,am]ica74 #c4 ,weav]s & sp9n]s are all hold+ up _! prices4 #d4 ,ea* week %[s an improvem5t4 #e4 ,we he> ! same reports 7noticias7 f all qu>t]s 7p>tes74 #f4 ,nei!r ( ^! ma*9es w suit 7convi5e a7 our requirem5ts4 #g4 ,we accept ^! bills b refuse ! o!rs4 #h4 ,anybody :o has 8 own int]e/s at he>t w contribute to ! realisation ( ! s*eme4 #i4 ,i did all ,i c\ld 7podia7 s t no?+ %\ld be lo/ 7no se p]di]a nada74 #aj4 ,"s say ! m>ket w g up1 "s say x w g d[n1 & su* is ! position t "o does n "k 7no sabe7 :at to d4 #aa4 ,any?+ is pref]able to ?is unc]ta9ty4 #ab4 ,i h n se5 any?+ s pretty be=e4 #ac4 ,mail advices 7los anuncios por la mala7 f ,am]ica report an abnormal 7anormal7 curtailm5t ( production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,cotton ,mills4 #ad4 ,!y _c take ! risk ( pil+ up /ocks :5 ! dem& is s slight 7exigua74 #ae4 ,=eign ,b\rses4--,b]l94 ,a weak tone rul$ at ! op5+4 ,dur+ ! lat] deal+s 7op]aciones po/]iores7 a slight 7lig]a7 improvem5t 0 noticeable 7se obs]vo74 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 7,leccion decima sexta47 ,,! ,,v]b4 ,! v]b is a ^w by :i* we affirm some?+4 ,x is ! ess5tial ^w 9 a s5t5ce3 )\t x 7express$ or und]/ood7 no s5t5ce c be con/ru$4 ,v]bs are divid$ into ,auxili>y1 ,transitive & ,intransitive4 ,! ,auxili>y v]bs 9 ,spani% are3 ,hab]1 ,t5]1 ,s]1 ,e/>4 ,hab] is a true auxili>y because x helps to =m comp\nd t5ses#aab b x pres5ts ! foll[+ peculi>ities-- #a4 ,x is us$ z an imp]sonal v]b 7z well z ! v]b hac] :i* is giv5 "h = ! sake ( complet5ess7 = expressions ( "t1 z-- ,dos anos ha 7or ha dos anos7 or hace dos anos la exportacion de los ,caldos espanoles e/aba muy floreci5te3 ,two ye>s ago ! exportation ( ,spani% w9es & oils 0 v fl\ri%+4 ,ha dos anos 7or hace dos anos7 que la casa ,guill]mo ,f]n&ez y ,cia e/a e/ablecida en ,la ,coruna como ,comisioni/as3 ,! firm1 ,g4,f4 ,co41 has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,corunna z ,commission ,ag5ts ^! la/ two ye>s4 8,cuanto tiempo ha 7or hace7 que e/udia ,v4 el ca/ellano8 ,h[ long h y be5 /udy+ ,spani%8 ,footnote #aab3 ,! ,pa/ ,"p4 foll[+ hab] ,,is ,,always ,,inv>iable4 #b4 ,x is also us$ imp]sonally z !re to be 7,fr5*1 y avoir71 z-- ,hay mu*a pimi5ta1 clavos1 y canela en el m]cado de ,londres3 ,!re are mu* pepp]1 cloves1 & c9namon 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,si1 hubo mu*as especias el ano pasado tambi53 ,yes1 !re 7 _m spices la/ ye> also4 ,cu&o e/aba en ,el ,cairo habia mi$o de que e/all>a algun mot93 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,cairo !re 0 ! fe> ( "s riots break+ out4 7,n4,b4--,imp]sonal v]bs are only us$ 9 ! #crd p]s4 s+ul>47 ,9 ,engli% we h !re is & !re are1 because !re to be is n us$ imp]sonally1 ! mean+ be+1 e4g41 a man is !re2 two m5 are !re4 ,9 ,spani%1 h[ev]1 hab] is us$ imp]sonally & bo? !re is a man & !re are two m5 are translat$ ,hay un hombre1 ,hay dos hombres4 ,x w be notic$ t ,hab] us$ = !re to be makes ,hay in/ead ( ,ha = ! pres5t indicative4 ,all its o!r t5ses rema9 un*ang$3 habia1 hubo1 habra1 habria1 etc4 ,hay que foll[$ by an ,inf9itive 7,fr5* il faut71 x is necess>y to 4441 z-- ,hay que t5] mu*o cuidado3 ,x is necess>y to be v c>eful4 ,i1 y1 etc41 mu/ be v c>eful4 ,t5] is g5]ally a pr9cipal 7viz41 n an auxili>y7 v]b1 us$ to d5ote possession2 b x is us$ sometimes z an auxili>y in/ead ( hab]1 z-- ,t5go recibido su catalogo ilu/rado y li/a 7or bolet97 de precios3 ,i h receiv$ y\r illu/rat$ catalogue ) price li/4 ,t5emos recibida#aac su apreciable c>ta de #bj del que rige 7or del corri5te73 ,we h receiv$ y\r fav\r ( ! #bj? in/4 8,ti5e ,v4 recibidas las cotizaciones8 ,h y receiv$ ! quotations8 ,los presupue/os1 que t5emos recibidos del ,trapi*e p>a nue/ro ,+5io de la ,habana3 ,! e/imates :i* we h receiv$ = ! ,sug> ,mill = our ,factory 9 ,havana4 ,9 all ! prec$+ examples t5] us$ in/ead ( hab] introduces an additional idea ( possession4 ,he recibido su c>ta might be foll[$1 9 ,spani%1 by p]o la he p]dido 7b ,i h lo/ x74 ,t5go recibida su c>ta implies t ! receiv] holds x n[4 ,footnote #aac3 ,! ,pa/ ,"p4 foll[+ t5] agrees 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! direct object4 ,sometimes ?is idea ( possession is v di/antly impli$1 z-- 8,que me dice ,v48 t5go leido ese proyecto de ,ley3 ,:at are y talk+ ab\t8 ,i h read t 7,p>liam5t>y7 ,bill4 ,mean+ t ! effect ( ! read+ is extant 9 ! m9d4 ,colloquially ! p w use t5] = hab] )\t any allusion to possession1 b ?is %\ld be avoid$4 ,,vocabul>y4 anteay]1 ! day be=e ye/]day apresur>1 to ha/51 to urge 7a47 apresur>se1 to ha/5 7n47 apresur>se con sus ord5es1 to ru% "o's ord]s arbol de eje1 axle %aft cam>a de com]cio1 *amb] ( comm]ce cigue5a1 arbol de cigue5a1 cigue5al1 crank-%aft compania de f]roc>ril1 railway company con man*as1 7designs7--spot con puntitas1 con bolitas1 7designs7 spot conte/>1 to answ]1 to reply cuadritos1 7designs7 *ecks cu5ta simulada1 pro =ma acc\nt culpa1 blame1 fault dano1 damage1 injury1 breakd[n de bu5a t9ta1 f a good s\rce d]e*o1 "r duda1 d\bt equivoc>se1 to be mi/ak5 exi/5cias1 /ocks ( goods exp$idor1 s5d] fe*a de1 dat$ li/ados1 7designs7 /rip$ a li/as1 a rayas1 7designs7 /rip$ malcont5to1 uneas9ess1 discont5t mundial1 _w 7adj47 proximam5te1 ab\t1 approximately pues1 well r$act>1 to write out rep5t9am5te1 sudd5ly repres5tacion exclusiva1 sole ag5cy responsabilidad1 responsibility ret>d>1 to delay1 to be delay$ 99romp]se1 to break 7n47 roto1 brok5 todavia1 yet vivir1 to live1 to reside ya1 already ,,ex]cise #a 7#ca74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,en la ,asociacion de ,agricultores de ,espana 7,society ( ,spani% ,agriculturi/s7 d>a manana vi]nes a las seis y m$ia de la t>de una conf]5cia 7lecture7 el ilu/rado ,sr4 ,fulano4 #b4 8,como manana8 ya la ha dado e/a manana4 #c4 ,no sabia que la habia dado ya4 #d4 ,pues t5go e/a noticia de bu5a t9ta y no hay duda que asi es4 #e4 ,t5emos recibida su e/imada1 fe*a de anteay]4 #f4 ,mu*o tiempo ha que t5go proyectadas e/as empresas4 #g4 ,habra un mes que me escribio y no le he conte/ado todavia4 #h4 ,la ,cam>a de ,com]cio de ,londres voto1 despues de l>ga discusion1 una prote/a contra el nuevo ,tratado de ,com]cio con ,cuba y r$acto una peticion que s]a dirigida al gobi]no4 #i4 ,el vapor +les ,raleigh que sale p>a ,montevideo ha recibido un m>conigrama anunci&o que re9a alli el malcont5to politico4 #aj4 ,el aviador acaba de batir el record mundial de velocidad y di/ancia recorri5do 7cov]+7 ci5to ve9tidos kilometros en hora y m$ia1 a sab] 7namely7 proximam5te #hj kilometros por hora4 #aa4 ,no se equivoca ,v4 en la int]pretacion de lo que hemos escrito ac]ca de las facturas simuladas4 #ab4 ,el arbol de eje y el cigue5al se han roto4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#cb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,h y obta9$ ! sole ag5cy = 7de7 t firm8 #b4 ,n yet1 b ,i hope to get x4 #c4 ,h[ long h y be5 liv+ 9 ,engl&8 #d4 ,two weeks ago prices 7 s high t buy]s 7 ru%+ _! ord]s2 n[ !y h sudd5ly fall5 to an unprec$5t$ level 7nivel s9 prec$5te74 #e4 ,he has exam9$ ! samples & f\nd t ! designs ( ! light gr\nds 7fondos cl>os7 are n z ord]$4 #f4 ,he also compla9s ( ! *ecks & /ripes4 #g4 ,! spot musl9s h be5 delay$ ow+ to a breakd[n 9 ! works 7la fabrica74 #h4 ,! s5d]s are try+ to ?r[ ! blame on 7a7 ! ,railway ,company1 b we h no "r ( claim 7d]e*o de reclam>7 aga9/ ! latt] 7e/a72 x is !y :o 7son ellos qui5es7 mu/ indemnify u = ! loss4 #i4 ,x is a well-f\nd$ 7bi5 e/ablecida7 & respectable firm & !y w n d5y _! responsibility--!re is no d\bt ab\t 7de7 t4 #aj4 ,is x long s9ce y receiv$ _! la/ 7ultima7 lett]8 #aa4 ,h !y be5 long e/abli%$8 7,hace mu*o tiempo que44447 #ab4 ,!y h be5 = #ae ye>s4 #ac4 ,our fri5ds h l>ge /ocks b !y say ! m>ket is look+ up 7mejor&o74 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 7,leccion decima septima47 ,,s] ,,& ,,e/>4 ,s] is us$ z a true auxili>y1 :5 x =ms ! passive voice4 ,e/> is an auxili>y :5 x =ms ! progressive t5ses1 z ,e/oy escribi5do 7,i am writ+74 ,e/aba escribi5do 7he 0 writ+74 ,! difficulty 9 ! employm5t ( s] & e/> is1 by "s1 unduly magnifi$4 ,o!rs give ! foll[+ rule-- ,s] d5otes a p]man5t /ate4 ,e/> tempor>y ,?is rule %\ld n be adopt$ because (t5 x w\ld n apply1 z ! foll[+ two examples w %[-- ,el es soldado porque se ha ali/ado por dos anos3 ,he is a soldi] z he has enli/$ = two ye>s4 ,aquellos montes e/an et]nam5te cubi]tos de nieve3 ,^? m\nta9s are p]petually cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! foll[+ simple & true rules w enable ! /ud5t to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 s] & e/> & to apply !m correctly4 ,s] is us$-- #a4 ,to =m ! ,passive ,voice1 z-- ,el c>t]o trajo las c>tas--,active3 ,! po/man br\ght ! lett]s4 ,la c>ta fue traida#aad por el c>t]o--,passive#aae3 ,! lett] 0 br\ght by ! po/man4 ,footnote #aad3 ,! ,pa/ ,"p4 foll[+ ,s] & ,e/> agrees 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! subject ( ^! v]bs4 ,footnote #aae3 ,e/e cu>to es b>rido todos los dias 7?is room is swept e day7 is passive voice1 because we speak ( ! action ( sweep+1 viz41 somebody sweeps ! room e day4 ,e/e cu>to e/a b>rido--no voice2 b>rido is us$ z an adjective to d5ote /ate or condition4 #b4 ,to d5ote an inh]5t#aaf quality1 z-- ,la nieve es blanca3 ,sn[ is :ite4 ,el hombre es mortal3 ,man is mortal4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,inh]5ce a fix$ /ate ( be+ 9 ano!r body4 ,a quality may be inh]5t = ! "t be+1 z3 ,juan se ha ali/ado por dos anos1 entonces es soldado3 ,john has enli/$ = two ye>s1 !n he is a soldi]4 ,e/> is us$ to d5ote-- #a4 ,/ate 9 locality1 viz41 to be 9 a place1 z-- ,e/oy aqui ,i am "h4 ,londres e/a en ,+lat]ra3 ,london is 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,a condition1 z-- ,e/oy c&ado3 ,i am tir$4 ,e/a enf]mo3 ,he is ill4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,rules4 ,s] mu/ be us$-- #a4 ,be=e any n\n 7ev5 if an adjective or article int]v5es71 z-- ,soy negociante3 ,i am a m]*ant4 ,es un corr$or de cambios bi5 conocido3 ,he is a well-kn[n ex*ange brok]4 ,son bu5os valores3 ,!y are good securities4 #b4 ,:5 to be is us$ to d5ote possession1 z-- ,los trapi*es son de e/os fabricantes3 ,! sug> mills belong to ^! mak]s4 #c4 ,:5 to be u us$ imp]sonally1 z-- ,es neces>io tom> m$idas legales3 ,x is necess>y to take legal proce$+s4 #d4 ,be=e ! words ,feliz1 ,infeliz1 ,pobre1 & ,rico4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,^! are n1 /rictly speak+1 inh]5t qualities1 b !y are spok5 ( z su*4 ,e/> mu/1 ( c\rse1 be always us$ be=e ,pres5t ,p>ticiples1#aah z-- ,e/a activ&o sus esfu]zos3 ,he is mak+ /ill fur!r ef=ts4 ,e/amos ext5di5do nue/ras relaciones3 ,we are ext5d+ our connection4 ,footnote #aah3 ,a ,pres4 ,"p4 c only express a condition1 n a quality4 ,v]bs end+ 9 c]1 cir1 g] & gir *ange ! c into z & ! g into j be=e a or o z-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,v5c] 7to w97 ,dirigir 7to direct7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,pres4 ,indic41 v5zo dirijo ,pres4 ,subj41 v5za dirija ---------------------------------------- ----- ,v]bs end+ 9 guir & quir *ange ! gu into g & ! qu into c be=e a or o1 z-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,di/+uir ,del9quir#aai 7to di/+ui%7 7to commit a del9qu5cy7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,di/+o ,del9co ,pres4 ,subj41 ,di/+a ,del9ca ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,footnote #aai3 ,! only v]b end+ 9 quir4 ,,vocabul>y4 acab> de1 to h j accesorio1 accessory activo y pasivo1 assets & liabilities antiguo1 old1 anci5t av]ia1 p>ticul>1 p>ticul> av]age balance1 balance1 balance %eet ba/>1 to suffice1 to be en\gh biela1 connect+ rod cald]a1 boil] cil9dros1 cyl9d]s cit>1 to quote1 to m5tion a passage 99conv5ir1 to agree1 to suit cotiz>1 to quote prices cu5ta de ganancias y p]didas1 pr(it & loss acc\nt dej>1 to leave1 to let disposicion 7a su71 7at y\r7 disposal dur>1 to la/ el engranaje1 ! ge>+ entreg>1 to deliv] equipo1 equipm5t es decir1 o sea viz41 namely a sab] viz41 namely franco de porte1 c>riage paid grifo1 cock 7ma*9]y7 ha/a la fe*a1 7made up7 to date huelga1 /rike imprevi/o1 un=se5 a la izqui]da1 to ! left lleg> a s]1 to become1 to contrive to be 99mant5]se1 to be ma9ta9$ maqu9a1 ma*9e1 eng9e m]c]iz>1 to m]c]ize p>a con1 t[>ds transporte seguido1 c>riage =w>d porte pagad]o al de/9o1 c>riage =w>d pres5t>1 to pres5t prove]1 to provide provi/o 7proveido71 provid$ semejante1 simil> 99s5tir1 to be sorry1 to feel s9 emb>go1 h[ev] soportes1 cog9etes1 be>+s tornillos1 screws transporte pagado1 c>riage paid tubos1 tubes valvula1 valve el volante1 ! fly-:eel y pico 7ve9te y pico1 etc471 odd1 7tw5ty odd1 etc47 ,,ex]cise #a 7#cc74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,la m>ca 7! make7 de e/as maqu9as y cald]as es una de las mas antiguas4 #b4 ,son fabricadas en ,+lat]ra por los ,srs4 ,fulano y ,cia4 #c4 ,e/an aqui p>a su inspeccion y e/an todas provi/as de sus accesorios3 cil9dros1 volantes1 bielas1 soportes1 engranajes1 valvulas y tornillos4 #d4 8,no se fabrican tambi5 en ,francia maqu9as semejantes8 #e4 ,si1 ,s5or1 e/as a la izqui]da son francesas y son bu5as maqu9as4 #f4 ,es ci]to s9 emb>go que las +lesas son mejores y que e/an en prim]a l9ea en la indu/ria mundial4 #g4 ,los ,srs4 ,fulano y ,cia4 han llegado a s] los prim]os entre los con/ructores que han compr5dido que se podian entreg> maqu9as excel5tes a un precio relativam5te bajo4 #h4 ,p>a no cit> mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de e/a casa ba/a decir que son suyas las #a1jjj maqu9as y pico que se han exportado ultimam5te p>a ,italia y la ,arg5t9a4 #i4 ,soy feliz de sab]lo4 #aj4 ,son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo g5]osos p>a con los que son pobres e infelices4 #aa4 ,compr>e diez f>dos de ,e/ampados ,m]c]izados si me los deja ,v4 a #e-c_/af d4 por y>da4 #ab4 ,e/a bi52 ie/a conv5ido6 ,,ex]cise #b 7#cd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we h j receiv$ y\r ,price ,li/1 b we are sorry to say y\r prices are too de>4 #b4 ,! cyl9d]s & boil]s are n[ ready4 #c4 ,e eng9e is s5t out ) its complete equipm5t1 viz41 tubes1 valves1 cocks1 etc4 #d4 ,! ,directors are prep>+ a balance %eet to be laid be=e 7p>a pres5t> a7 ! company at ! next ord9>y g5]al meet+4 #e4 ,x w %[ ! assets & liabilities & a pr(it & loss acc\nt made up to date4 #f4 ,!re w also be a report on ! position & transactions ( ! company4 #g4 ,x is y\r action :i* has done u m h>m 7dano7 ?an any?+ else 7cualqui] otra cosa#abj74 #h4 ,x is we 7somos nosotros7 :o are tir$ ( our agreem5t 7conv5io74 #i4 ,! goods are at y\r disposal4 #aj4 ,we ?9k ! %>es w be inactive 7flojas74 #aa4 ,! dem& = /eel1 iron & copp] 0 v /eady 7firme7 b x is probable t x w n la/4 #ab4 ,are y ri*8 ,no1 ,i am poor b ,i am happy4 #ac4 ,our quotations w be ma9ta9$ except 9 case ( /rikes or o!r un=ese5 circum/ances4 #ad4 ,! f\r bales ( l95s w be deliv]$ to y c>riage paid1 b ! boil]s & 7y sus7 accessories y w receive 7los recibiran7 c>riage =w>d4 #ae4 ,! :ole 7todo7 w be insur$ ) p>ticul> av]age4 ,footnote #abj3 ,or3 que nada mas4 ,,lesson ,,xviii4 7,leccion decima octava47 ,,transitive ,,v]bs4 ,a v]b is ,transitive :5 its action passes f ! subject ( ! action to ! object4 ,transitive ,v]bs are divid$ into-- #a4 ,active 7:5 ! subject ( ! v]b /&s = ! do] or ag5t ( ! action71 z-- ,r5ovamos nue/ros (recimi5tos de s]vicios3 ,we r5ew our (f]s ( s]vices4 #b4 ,passive 7:5 ! subject ( ! v]b /&s = ! real object ( ! action1 viz41 :5 x suff]s ! action in/ead ( do+ x71 z-- ,los (recimi5tos de sus s]vicios nos fu]on r5ovados en su ultimo escrito3 ,8 (f]s ( s]vices 7 r5ew$ to u 9 8 la/ lett]4 ,! ,passive voice 9 ,spani% is =m$ ) ! v]b s] z above1 or by us+ ! active voice ) ! pron\n se1 z-- ,se nos r5ov>on los (recimi5tos de sus s]vicios3 ,8 (f]s1 etc4 ,active v]bs become reflexive :5 _! subject & object are ! same p]son or ?+1 z-- ,nos lisonjeamos pod]los s]vir por lo mejor de sus int]eses3 ,we flatt] ourselves t we c s]ve !m to ! be/ ( _! int]e/s4 ,reflexive v]bs 9 ! plural are also reciprocal1 z-- ,nos compr5demos3 ,we und]/& ea* o!r4 ,nos escribimos muy frecu5tem5te3 ,we write to ea* o!r v frequ5tly4 ,uno a otro & los unos a los otros may be add$ = great] cle>ness1 z-- ,procuramos conv5c]nos 7a nosotros mismos74 ,we try to conv9ce ourselves 7ea* o!r74 ,procuramos conv5c]nos 7el uno al otro74 ,we try to conv9ce ourselves 7ea* o!r74 ,! direct object ( a transitive v]b1#aba if a prop] "n ( a p]son or place1 mu/ be prec$$ by a1 z-- ,vimos al ,s5or ,guill]mo3 ,we saw ,mr4 ,william4 ,visitamos a ,francia#abb3 ,we visit$ ,france4 ,footnote #aba3 ,) ! exception ( ,t5]4 ,footnote #abb3 ,b n geographical names prec$$ by ! article1 z3 ,avi/amos ,la ,habana 7we sight$ ,havana74 ,a is also g5]ally us$ be=e any n\n indicat+ a p]son1#abc z-- ,empleamos a e/e corresponsal3 ,we employ ?is correspond5t4 ,footnote #abc3 ,?is "p ( ! rule is n v /rict1 z we f9d x sometimes omitt$ be=e p]sons1 & at o!rs us$ be=e names ( ?+s1 z3 ,el he*o prec$io a la palabra 7! action prec$$ ! ^w74 ,b a %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] x w\ld eng5d] confusion1 or :5 ! v]b gov]ns an accusative & a dative at ! same "t1 z-- ,enviamos nue/ro dep5di5te3 ,we s5d our cl]k4 ,recom5damos el ,sr4 ,p]ez a nue/ro fabricante3 ,we recomm5d ,mr4 ,p]ez to our manufactur]4 ,a is also omitt$ :5 ! n\n foll[+ x does n ref] to a p>ticul> individual1 b to any individual ( a c]ta9 class1 z-- ,busco criado3 ,i am look+ = a s]vant4 ,juan no qui]e socios en su empresa3 ,john does n want any p>tn]s 9 8 und]tak+4 ,v]bs ^: root ends 9 ll or n take e & o in/ead ( ie & io1 z-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bullir 7to boil74 ,grunir 7to gr[l1 grumble74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pres4 ,"p41 ,bull5do ,grun5do ,pa/ ,def4 ,bullo1 bull]on,gruno1 grun]on#abd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,footnote #abd3 ,! ,imp]f4 & ,fut4 ,subj4 foll[ ! ,pa/ ,def4 ,v]bs 9 ^: conjugations i %\ld come un/ress$ betwe5 two v[els *ange ! un/ress$ i into y1 z-- ---------------------------------- ,cre] 7to believe74 ---------------------------------- ,pres4 ,"p41 ,crey5do4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,creyo 444 crey]on4 ---------------------------------- ,b ! ,imp]f4 ,indic43 creia1 creias1 creia1 creiamos1 creiais1 creian4 ,v]bs end+ 9 z> *ange ! z into c be=e e 7because1 ) v few exceptions1 z is n us$ 9 mod]n ,spani% be=e e or i71 z-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,goz> 7to enjoy74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,goce1 goces1 goce1 gocemos1 goceis1 goc54 ,pa/4 ,def41 ,goce 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,vocabul>y4 ab$ul1 bir* abeto1 fir adjunto1 h]e) agradable1 agreeable1 pleasant arpill]a1 bagg+ asegur>1 to insure atribuir1 to attribute el bill>1 billi>ds bola1 ball calzado1 footwe> camas1 armazones de cama1 b$/eads c>ne seca1 j]k$ beef *alecos1 ve/s consignacion1 consignm5t correas1 belts1 belt+ 7ma*9]y7 corresponsal1 correspond5t egoi/a1 selfi% encam9>1 to =w>d entr> en el dique1 to dock 7%ips7 fresno1 a% g>banzos1 ,spani% or *ick peas a gr&e velocidad1 by pass5g] tra9 guisantes1 gre5 peas habas1 broad beans haya1 bee* hortalizas1 gre5 vegetables in/ruir1 to in/ruct judias1 ,fr5* beans laton1 brass la le*e1 ! milk loza1 crock]y a pequ5a velocidad1 by sl[ tra9 p9o1 p9e plomo1 lead porcelana1 *9a productos quimicos1 *emicals roble1 enc9a1 oak rotura1 breakage seme/re1 half-ye> suprimir1 to suppress1 to leave out tacos1 billi>d-cues el viaje1 ! j\rney z9c1 z9c ,,ex]cise #a 7#ce74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,e/imamos en mu*o a nue/ros corresponsales y los s]vimos de la mejor man]a posible4 #b4 ,comunica el capitan del vapor ,rios que el jueves1 al m$io dia1 se hallaba a seisci5tas millas de ,v]acruz1 s9 nov$ad 7all well74 #c4 ,hoy publica la ,gaceta dos cuadros e/adi/icos 7/ati/ical tables7 =mados por la ,direccion g5]al 7,bo>d7 del ,in/ituto ,geografico y ,e/adi/ico1 que expresan el movimi5to de pasaj]os por m> habido en nue/ro pu]to durante el seme/re pasado1 y por los cuales se vi5e en conocimi5to 7we c see7 de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola4 #d4 ,desde el dia #a deg4 de ,en]o proximo satisf>a 7w pay7 el calzado extranj]o #aj mas de d]e*o de importacion4 #e4 ,una comision de ,agricultores de ,val5cia visito ay] t>de 7ye/]day ev5+7 al ,presid5te del ,consejo 7! ,premi]7 p>a p$irle que se suprima el impue/o sobre el transporte de hortalizas que e/ablece la nueva ley4 #f4 ,t95do e/as telas con anil9a se aum5ta el co/e de seis c5timos por metro4 #g4 ,bull]on#abe la le*e y la e/]iliz>on4 #h4 ,gocemos de las lib]tades a que t5emos d]e*o p]o no abusemos de ellas4 #i4 ,ellos crey]on lo que les dijimos 7we said to !m7 y ya no nos atribuy5 int5ciones egoi/as4 #aj4 ,el ,sr4 ,mor5o sale p>a un viaje de negocios y visit>a a ,santo ,dom+o y la ,habana4 #aa4 ,he vi/o los ,alpes y el ,pir9eo p]o no el ,himalaya4 #ab4 ,he visitado a ,espana4 ,footnote #abe3 ,to boil is g5]ally h]vir4 ,bullir is giv5 z an example ( ! conjugation4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#cf74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,k9dly see ,mr4 ,m>9o & in=m him t we %all soon s5d him a consignm5t ( timb]1 consi/+ ( a%1 bee*1 bir*1 fir1 p9e & oak4 #b4 ,we %all in/ruct our correspond5t at ,bilbao to =w>d to ,vitoria ! brass1 lead1 t9 7e/ano71 & z9c he holds 7ti5e7 at our disposal4 #c4 ,by ! boat 7/eam]7 leav+ 7que sale7 ?is week1 we %all %ip to y\r consignm5t ! bagg+1 belt+1 & b$/eads4 #d4 ,! ,m>ia dock$ ye/]day ) a c>go ( broad beans1 ,fr5* beans1 gre5 peas1 & ,spani% or *ick peas4 #e4 ,%e also br+s a p>cel ( j]k$ beef & cann$ tongues 7l5guas en latas74 #f4 ,i h a fri5d :o is a deal] 9 billi>d tables1 balls & cues4 #g4 ,! c&les & *emicals h be5 despat*$ la/ week4 #h4 ,we flatt] ourselves t we %all %ortly be able to write to ea* o!r pleasant] lett]s4 #i4 ,we h insur$ ! *9a & crock]y free ( p>ticul> av]age 7franco de71 b we insur$ !m aga9/ breakage at a 7al7 premium ( #d4 #aj4 ,h]e) please f9d claim 7reclamo7 = loss ?r\gh 7por7 damage 9 y\r la/ %ipm5t ( clocks & wat*es4 #aa4 ,please s5d by sl[ tra9 ! coats1 ve/s1 & tr\s]s &1 by pass5g] tra91 ! rema9d] ( ! articles4 ,,lesson ,,xix4 7,leccion decima nona47 ,,intransitive ,,v]bs4 ,intransitive v]bs express a /ate1 z to live1 to sleep1 or an action t does n g beyond ! do]1 z to g1 to walk4 ,! ,spani% language ab\nds 9 ,intransitive ,pronom9al v]bs1 i4e41 v]bs conjugat$1 same z ! reflexive v]bs1 ) a d\ble pron\n ( ! same p]son all ?r\gh1 z-- ,quej>se 7to compla974 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,yo me quejo1 tu te quejas1 el se queja1 nosotros nos quejamos1 vosotros os quejais1 ellos se quejan4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,yo me quej>e1 tu te quej>as1 el se quej>a1 etc4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,reflexive v]bs4 ,9 ! reflexive v]b1 we h an action t passes f ! do] & falls on ! do] itself1 z-- ,yo me amo3 ,i love myself4 ,:il/ 9 a neut] pronom9al ! action does n g beyond ! do]4 ,intransitive ,pronom9al ,v]bs are ( ?ree k9ds-- #a4 ,^? :i* are always pronom9al1 z-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quej>se 7to compla97 ,jact>se 7to boa/7 ,av]gonz>se 7to be a%am$7,m>avill>se#abf 7to wond]7 ,alegr>se#abf 7to rejoice7 ,propon]se#abf 7to int5d1 to ,arrep5tirse 7to rep5t7 purpose7 ,hac]se#abf1 volv]se#abf ,desanim>se#abf 7to feel 7to become7 disc\rag$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,footnote #abf3 ,"s ( ^! v]bs may be also ,transitive v]bs ) a modifi$ mean+1 z3 ,alegr> 7to gladd571 ,m>avill> 7to surprise71 ,propon] 7to propose74 ,"h ! pronom9al =m m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,transitive & ,intransitive4 #b4 ,a few :i*1 :5 us$ pronom9ally1 h _! mean+ int5sifi$ or m or less modifi$1 z-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ir 7to g7 ,irse 7to g away7 ,reir 7to laugh7 ,reirse 7to laugh at sugge/+ scorn7 ,ent5d] 7to und]/&7,ent5d]se de panos 7to be a judge ( clo?s7 ,dormir 7to sleep7 ,dormirse 7to fall asleep7 ,corr] 7to run7 ,corr]se 7to make a slip ( ! tongue74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #c4 ,_m :i* may be us$ pronom9ally or o!rwise )\t any appreciable or def9able modification ( mean+1 z-- ,e/>1 e/>se 7to be7 ,qu$>1 qu$>se 7to rema97 ,cas> 7con71 cas>se 7con71 7to m>ry7 ,p5s>1 p5s>se 7to ?9k7 ,yo pi5so1 or me pi5so que si 7,i ?9k s7 ,me escapo de la memoria or 7x escap$ my memory74 ,se me escapo de la memoria 7x escap$ my memory74 ,9 ! case ( ?is ?ird k9d1 /ud5ts %\ld n indulge freely 9 ! pronom9al =m1 b %\ld wait until !y see x 9 ! read+ ( good books1 because1 al?\gh ! mean+ is practically ! same 9 all cases1 /ill !re are f9esses ( %ade :i* practice alone c tea*4 ,irregul> ,v]bs4 ,we %all give only ^? ,prim>y ,t5ses :i* are irregul> & ! ,d]ivative ,t5ses :5 !y are n =m$ regul>ly f ! ,prim>y ,t5ses f :i* !y are d]iv$#abg-- ,footnote #abg3 ,= ,prim>y & ,d]ivative ,t5ses see ,synopsis at ! end4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p5s> 7to ?9k74#abh ,pres4 ,indic41,pi5so-z-a1 p5samos1 p5sais1 pi5san4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,pi5se-es-e1 p5semos1 p5seis1 pi5s54 ,imp]ative1 ,pi5sa1 p5sad 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,acord> 7to agree74#abh ,pres4 ,indic41,acu]do-z-a1 acordamos1 acordais1 acu]dan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,acu]de-es-e1 acordemos1 acordeis1 acu]d54 ,imp]ative1 ,acu]da1 acordad 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,footnote #abh3 ,& its gr\p2 see ,app5dix ,,vi4 ,,vocabul>y4 agit>se1 to agitate 7n47 algo1 some?+1 any?+ 7int]rog47 am5aza1 ?reat anticipacion1 anticipation anticip>1 to anticipate anticipo1 advance arduo1 ardu\s1 difficult baja1 decl9e bajo cubi]ta1 und]deck botones1 buttons call>1 to be sil5t1 to ab/a9 f say+ cam>adas1 comrades cepillo1 bru% c9ta1 ribbon cort>se1 to cut oneself1 to /op %ort damascos1 damasks def9itivo1 def9ite descuid>1 to neglect ejecut>1 to execute encaje de cort9as1 curta9 lace espant>se1 to be fright5$ e/iva1 /[age 99impon]1 to impose impue/o1 impos$ li5zo adamascado1 diap] pasas1 rais9s patronos1 ma/]s1 employ]s ( workm5 prisa1 ha/e1 hurry 99producir1 to produce produje1 ,i produc$ produj]on1 !y produc$ razon 7a razon de71 at ! rate ( reglam5to1 regulations sobre cubi]ta1 on deck sobre e/adias1 demurrage sobrec>g>se1 to ov]load oneself tonelada1 ton 99tra]1 to br+1 to c>ry traje1 ,i br\ght1 ,i c>ri$ tranquilo1 quiet uvas1 grapes vi/a 7a la71 at sight ,,ex]cise #a 7#cg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,nue/ros obr]os se quejan del nuevo reglam5to impue/o por los ,patronos4 #b4 ,no se av]gue5zan de decir que se arrepi5t5 de no hab] decl>ado la huelga hace qu9ce dias y se alegran que sus cam>adas en ,francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de o*o horas4 #c4 ,e/e problema se va haci5do cada dia mas arduo4 #d4 ,voy a escribir una c>ta y despues me ire4 #e4 8,porque rie ,v48 #f4 ,se rie de mi s9 duda porque no me espanto por sus am5azas1 p]o yo se bi5 lo que me hago 7:at ,i d7 y ,v4 no sabe lo que se dice4 #g4 ,e/e fabricante se enti5de muy bi5 de panos4 #h4 ,nunca he vi/o a un hombre activo dormirse en m$io de su trabajo4 #i4 ,qu$ese ,v4 aqui1 e/ese tranquilo y no pi5se a nada1 su primo se acu]da con ,v41 me pi5so v]le e/a t>de1 y tal vez lleg>emos a un acu]do comun y def9itivo4 #aj4 ,no deseo que pi5se ,v4 que descuido la ejecucion de sus ord5es a la mayor brev$ad 7z soon z possible74 #aa4 ,con la prisa me he corrido y he di*o algo que habria debido call>4 #ab4 ,despues de hab] pr9cipiado a habl> muy bi5 se corto y no pudo hall> palabras p>a cont9u>4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ch74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,y h anticipat$ my wi%es4 #b4 ,a fur!r 7nueva7 decl9e 9 prices is anticipat$ 7se preve74 #c4 ,we ov]load$ ourselves ) /ocks 9 anticipation 7en la esp]anza7 ( l>ge ord]s4 #d4 ,to pay 9 anticipation4 #e4 ,?ank+ y 9 anticipation 7anticip&o las gracias1 or agradeci5doles de antemano7 we rema94 #f4 ,! news f ! ,ea/ 7,levante7 produc$ a bad effect on ! m>ket4 #g4 ,to ?is effect 7con e/e f97 ,i wrote him to draw 7que girase7 at sight4 #h4 ,our ef=ts h all be5 to no effect 7en balde74 #i4 ,8 plans h be5 c>ri$ into effect 7llevados a cabo74 #aj4 ,! sail+ vessel 7vel]o7 c>ri$ #hjj tons ( grapes & rais9s1 #fjj "u & #bjj on deck4 #aa4 ,%e us$ #e lay days 9 load+ 7la c>ga71 hav+ !re=e #c days left 7qu$&ole71 s t 7asi que7 we d n ?9k we %all h to pay demurrage4 #ab4 ,! capta9 paid = /[age at ! rate ( #as4 p] ton4 #ac4 ,! advance on acc\nt 7a cu5ta7 ( freight is ,l#abj4 #ad4 ,i wond] if ev]y?+ w be 9 ord]8 78,e/>a todo en ord587 #ae4 ,i s5d y sev]al patt]ns ( curta9-lace1 damasks1 diap]s1 ribbons1 buttons1 & bru%es4 ,,lesson ,,xx4 7,leccion vigesima47 ,,imp]sonal ,,v]bs4 ,imp]sonal v]bs are ^? :i* are only conjugat$ 9 ! #crd p]s4 s+1 ( all ! t5ses4#abi ,footnote #abi3 ,!y are s call$ because !y h no p]son or ?+ z _! subject4 ,! pr9cipal ,imp]sonal ,v]bs are-- ,llov]-llueve 7to ra91 x ra9s7 ,graniz> 7to hail7 ,hel>-hiela 7to freeze1 x freezes7 ,llovizn> 7to drizzle7 ,nev>-nieva 7to sn[1 x sn[s7 ,relampague> 7to light57 ,tron>-tru5a 7to ?und]1 x ?und]s7 ,albore> 7to dawn7 ,amanec] 7to dawn7 ,ano*ec] 7to gr[ d>k7 ,! subject 7g5]ally und]/ood7 ( ,imp]sonal v]bs is ello4 ,sometimes we f9d ! words ,dios or el dia express$ z subjects1 z-- ,amanec]a ,dios y v]emos3 ,let u wait = ! morn+ & !n we %all see4 ,amanecio el dia3 ,! day dawn$4 ,amanec] & ano*ec] may be us$ z p]sonal v]bs1 z-- ,amanecimos en ,madrid y ano*ecimos en ,guadalaj>a3 ,we 7 9 ,madrid at daybreak & at nightfall 9 ,guadalaj>a4 ,tu ano*eci/e bu5o y amaneci/e malo3 ,y pass$ ! night well1 b y _h a bad morn+4 ,_m ord9>y v]bs are us$ sometimes imp]sonally1 z-- ,ba/> 7to suffice74 ,conv5ir 7to suit74 ,p>ec] 7to appe>74 ,falt>#acj 7to be want+74 ,hac] falta 7to be want$74 ,suc$]#aca 7to happ574 ,footnote #acj3 ,z a p]sonal v]b1 x means also to fail4 ,footnote #aca3 ,z a p]sonal v]b1 x means also to succe$4 ,,examples-- ,ba/a gan> la vida3 ,x is en\gh to e>n a liv+4 ,no convi5e explot> e/a m9a3 ,x does n pay to exploit ?is m9e4 ,no p>ece ju/o que se aprove*5 de e/e modo3 ,x does n seem "r t !y %\ld take advantage 9 ?is way4 ,falta hac] algunos arreglos3 ,"s arrangem5ts are /ill want+4 ,suc$io que se decl>o en quiebra3 ,x happ5$ t he fil$ 8 petition 9 bankruptcy4 ,9 ! s5t5ces3 ,me ba/an diez libras3 ,l#aj are en\gh = me4 ,me p>ec5 ju/as sus razones3 ,8 reasons seem to me to be "r4 ,le suc$i]on mu*as desgracias3 ,_m mis=tunes happ5$ to him4 ! v]b is p]sonal1 & ?is acc\nts = its be+ 9 ! plural4 ,9 me ba/an diez libras1 diez libras is ! subject4 ,! v]b is imp]sonal :5 ref]r+ to a :ole /atem5t1 z-- 7,ello7 es neces>io3 ,x is necess>y4 ,( ,hab] & ,hac] z imp]sonal v]bs1 we h treat$ 9 ,lesson ,,viii & ,lesson ,,xvi4 ,we add "h t ,hac] is us$ imp]sonally be=e c]ta9 n\ns to d5ote ! /ate ( ! wea!r or ( ! temp]ature1 z-- ,hace calor1 frio1 lluvia1 vi5to1 sol1 etc43 ,x is w>m1 cold1 ra9y1 w9dy1 sunny1 etc4 ,val] us$ imp]sonally to be bett]1 z-- ,mas vale asi3 ,x is bett] s4 ,expressions l 8,que se dira8 or 8que diran8 7,:at w p say87 may also be call$ imp]sonal uses ( ! v]b4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,irregul> ,v]bs 7contd474 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,&> 7to walk1 to g74 ,pa/ ,def41 ,&uve1-i/e1-uvo1-uvimos-uvi/eis-uvi]on4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,d> 7to give74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,doy1#acb das1 da1 damos1 dais1 dan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,de1 des1 de1 demos1 deis1 d54 ,pa/ ,def41 ,di1 di/e1 dio1 dimos1 di/eis1 di]on4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #acb3 ,only #f v]bs 9 ,spani% d n end 9 o 9 ! #a/ p]s4 s+41 pres4 indic41 viz41 ,doy 7,i give71 ,soy 7,i am71 ,e/oy 7,i am71 ,voy 7,i see71 ,he 7,i h71 ,se 7,i "k74 ,,vocabul>y4 algo1 some:at asunto1 matt] calor1 heat c>ranclanes1 gu+as1 g+hams c]r> el trato1 to conclude ! b>ga9 *eques1 *eques circul>1 to circulate1 to g r\nd cobr>1 to collect 7money7 compromet]1 to compromise co/a1 coa/ cue/a1 slope cuid>1 to take c>e cuid>se1 to take c>e ( oneself decididam5te1 decid$ly decidir1 to decide despues1 aft]w>ds drogas1 drysalt]ies durante1 dur+ falt>1 hac] falta1 to be want+1 to be want$ el f91 ! end fu/anes1 fu/ians gasa1 gauze ga/os1 exp5diture +resos netos1 net rev5ue jamon1 ham letras1 bills ( ex*ange maiz1 maize malb>at>1 to und]sell mantas con franjas1 fr+$ blankets m]c]ia1 hab]da%]y paseo1 prom5ade1 walk1 /roll pu]to1 port1 h>b\r recursos1 means 99r$ucir1 to r$uce r$uje1 etc41 ,i r$uc$1 etc4 r$uzco1 r$uces1 etc41 ,i r$uce1 etc4 99seguir1 to foll[1 to cont9ue sigo1 sigues1 etc41 ,i foll[1 etc4 el temporal1 ! /orm 99val] mas1 to be pref]able v5c]1 to fall due vidriado1 glassw>e ,,ex]cise #a 7#ci74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,amanecio el dia h]moso p]o algo frio4 #b4 ,hizo mas calor despues y por la t>de hizo or soplo 7blew7 vi5to fu]te4 #c4 ,ano*ecio cu&o aun no habiamos llegado1 p]o como hacia luna el paseo siguio si5do 7cont9u$ to be7 agradable4 #d4 ,ay] llovio1 granizo1 nevo y llovizno sucesivam5te todo el santo dia 7! livelong day74 #e4 ,me p>ece que no le convi5e de c]r> el trato con el banco bajo e/as condiciones4 #f4 ,me hace falta d9]o pues es m5e/] 7x is necess>y7 proporcion>me 7to get7 el importe que me falta p>a complet> las ,l#a1jjj que v5c5 el #ae del corri5te4 #g4 ,mas vale acept> las condiciones del banco que t5] que malb>at> los g5]os4 #h4 ,&e ,v4 con cuidado 7be c>eful7 no sea 7le/7 que vaya ,v4 a compromet] su cr$ito4 #i4 ,re9a por e/as co/as muy viol5to temporal a cuya consecu5cia ha resultado el vapor ,juan con el arbol de la helice 7%aft ( ! screw7 roto1 por lo cual hubo de s] traido a remolque a 7to be t[$ into7 e/e pu]to4 #aj4 ,el ,juan navegaba con rumbo a 70 b\nd =7 ,cadiz4 #aa4 ,los mod]nos m$ios de fabricacion de que disponemos1 el ab>atami5to 7*eap5+7 de la mano de obra 7lab\r7 y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos 7we enjoy7 m]c$ a 7?anks to7 nue/ros cuantiosos 7abundant7 recursos1 nos p]mit51 ahora mas que nunca1 realiz> nue/ras v5tas en condiciones que no cabe compet5cia posible 7:i* preclude 44474 #ab4 ,hemos asegurado bu5as p>tidas de fu/anes1 mantas con franjas1 gasas1 y c>ranclanes4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#dj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,san ,paulo 7,brazilian7 ,railway4--,! net rev5ue = ! half-ye> f ! ma9 l9e 7l9ea pr9cipal7 am\nt$ to ,l#fjg1big z aga9/ 7contra7 ,l#gdc1jgg 9 #aiji4 #b4 ,! exp5diture 9 ,engl& & ! ,int]e/ on ,/ores 7sobre los depositos7 r$uce ! am\nt to ,l#eid1gad4 #c4 ,! ,/ock ,ex*ange 7la ,bolsa7 w be clos$ f ?is ev5+ 7e/a t>de7 until next ,monday morn+4 #d4 ,! turnov] 7giro7 ( ! day's transactions has be5 small4 #e4 ,s5tim5t turn$ some:at be>i% 7hubo disposicion a la baja7 dur+ ! =5oon 7la manana71 b became 7se volvio7 decid$ly bulli% 7a la alza7 t[>ds ! end ( ! day4 #f4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! am\nt ( bills & *eques :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! bank]'s cle>+-h\se 7por el banco de liquidacion7 dur+ ! week end$ ,april #ab? 7que acabo el #ab de abril74 #g4 ,we mu/ n atta* 7atribuir7 too mu* importance to ! rum\rs 7los rumores1 las especies7 :i* are circulat+ 9 ! m>ket4 #h4 ,y %\ld take c>e t ! bales are prop]ly 7bi57 pack$4 #i4 ,i 0 ignorant ( ! fact t 7no sabia que7 he _h be5 decl>$ a bankrupt4 #aj4 ,i %all d all t dep5ds on me 7de mi dep5da7 to collect ! money 9 full 7por ent]o74 #aa4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$ 7en cuanto a nosotros71 we h decid$ n to take 7d>7 any /eps 9 ! matt]4 #ab4 ,we d n wi% to ?r[ good money aft] bad 7e*> la soga tras el cald]o74#acc #ac4 ,we %all invoice by next mail y\r glassw>e & hab]da%]y4 #ad4 ,ham is a drug 9 ! m>ket 7no ti5e salida74 #ae4 ,a good bus9ess is done at pres5t 9 drysalt]ies4 #af4 ,a good crop ( maize is ann\nc$ f ,cape ,t[n 7desde el ,cabo74 ,footnote #acc3 ,lit43 to ?r[ ! rope aft] ! pail4 ,,lesson ,,xxi4 7,leccion vigesima prim]a47 ,,defective ,,& ,,pronom9al ,,v]bs4 ,defective ,v]bs are ^? only c]ta9 p>ts ( :i* are 9 use1 ! re/ hav+ nev] exi/$ 9 ! language or hav+ di$ out ( x4 ,! pr9cipal ones are-- ,sol]4 ,to be wont1 to be accu/om$ to4 ,us$ 9 ! pres4 indic41 ,suelo1 sueles1 suele1 solemos1 soleis1 suel52 9 ! imp]f4 indic41 ,solia1 solias1 etc42 & 9 ! pres4 p]f41 ,he solido1 has solido1 etc41 z-- ,en su juv5tud solia trabaj> con ah9co--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco3 ,:5 he 0 "y he us$ to "w ) f]v\r1 n[ he beg9s to flag a little4 ,yac]4 ,to lie2 g5]ally on tomb/ones1 z3 ,aqui yace3 ,"h lies4 7,9 poetry1 b seldom 9 prose1 x is f\nd conjugat$ ?r\gh\t47 ,salve & ,vale us$ 9 ! ,imp]ative = ,hail6 & ,f>ewell6 ,plac] 7to please74 ,g5]ally us$ 9 ,plegue a ,dios 7may x please ,god7 & ,plugui]a 7pluguiese7 a ,dios 7might x please ,god74 ,x is /ill us$ also 9 ! #crd p]s4 ( ,pres4 ,indic41 ,imp]f4 ,indic1 & ,pa/ ,def4 7! ,pa/ ,def4 is ,plugo74 ,,examples-- ,mu*o me place3 ,x pleases me mu*4 ,plegue a ,dios que no se decl>e la huelga3 ,may x please ,god t a /rike is n decl>$4 ,abolir 7to aboli%7 is irregul> l mov] 7viz41 *anges o into ue :5 /ress$74 ,its irregul> p>ts are h[ev] nev] us$1 & are sub/itut$ by giv+ a diff]5t turn to ! s5t5ce1 z-- ,digo que se debe abolir in/ead ( se abuela3 ,i say t x mu/ be aboli%$4 ,atan] 7to be> ^u7 is only us$ 9 ! #crd p]s41 z-- ,lo que atane al asunto3 ,:at be>s on ! subject4 ,las noticias que atan5 a nue/ro proyecto3 ,! news t be>s on our s*eme4 ,conc]n] 7to conc]n7 is only us$ 9 ! pres4 p>ticiple--conc]ni5do 7conc]n+7 & 9 ! #crd p]sons1 z3 conci]ne 7x conc]ns71 etc4 ,pronom9al ,v]bs are v]bs conjugat$ ?r\gh\t ) a d\ble pron\n ( ! same p]son1 z-- ,am>se--,yo me amo1 tu te amas1 el se ama1 nosotros nos amamos1 vosotros os amais1 ellos se aman4 ,^! are-- #a4 ,reflexive ,v]bs 7:5 ! action falls back on ! subject4 ,see ,lesson ,,xviii71 z--,yo me amo3 ,i love myself4 ,n4,b4--,! second pron\n mu/ be direct object4 ,if ! second pron\n is indirect object1 ! v]b is call$ ,transitive ,pronom9al1 z-- ,procur>se una cli5tela3 ,to get a cli5tele 7a connection74 #b4 ,intransitive ,pronom9al ,v]bs 7see ,lesson ,,xix74 #c4 ,intransitive ,v]bs made ,pronom9al f v]bs ord9>ily transitive 7see ,lesson ,,xix71 z-- ,hac]se1 ,volv]se3 ,to become4 ,la compet5cia se ha he*o imposible3 ,competition has become impossible4 #d4 ,! #crd p]s4 pronom9al =ms ! ,passive ,voice1 same z ! v]b s]1 z-- ,la sabiduria se alaba or es alabada3 ,wisdom is prais$4 ,n4,b4--,if ! do] is express$ aft] us+ s] x may be prec$$ by de or por1 z-- ,la sabiduria es alabada de or por todos#acd3 ,wisdom is prais$ by all4 ,footnote #acd3 ,:5 ! v]b does n mean a physical action de is pref]able4 ,if x is express$ aft] us+ se1 ,por mu/ be us$1 z-- ,la sabiduria se alaba por todos3 ,wisdom is prais$ by all4 7,gramm> ( ! ,academy47 ,pronom9al ,v]bs are us$ 9 ,spani% v frequ5tly 9 conjunction ) ! article to avoid ! use ( ! possessive adjective be=e p>ts ( ! body1 or articles ( dress1#ace z-- ,me he quebrado la pi]na3 ,i broke my leg4 ,se ha danado los ojos1 or la vi/a3 ,he has damag$ 8 eyes or eyesight4 ,footnote #ace3 ,! article is mo/ g5]ally sub/itut$ = ! possessive pron\n ref]r+ to p>ts ( ! body or articles ( dress1 :5ev] ?is c be done )\t produc+ ambiguity1 z-- ,me dio la mano3 ,he gave me 8 h&4 ,ti5e los ojos azules3 ,8 eyes are blue4 ,le cogi el brazo3 ,i caught 8 arm4 ,me duele la cabeza3 ,my head a*es4 ,me la/iman las botas3 ,my boots hurt me4 ,irregul> ,v]bs 7contd474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,ent5d]#acf 7to und]/&74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,enti5do-es-e1 ent5demos1 ent5deis1 enti5d54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,enti5da-z-a1 ent5damos1 ent5dais1 enti5dan4 ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,enti5de1 ent5d$ 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #acf3 ,& its gr\p 7see ,app5dix ,,iv7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mov]#acg 7to move74 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,muevo-es-e1 movemos1 moveis1 muev54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,mueva-z-a1 movamos1 movais1 muevan4 ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,mueve1 mov$ 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,footnote #acg3 ,& its gr\p 7see ,app5dix ,,iv7 ,,vocabul>y4 acus> recibo1 to ackn[l$ge receipt asc5sor1 lift1 hoi/ bi5 e/>1 well be+ coleccion1 collection1 set ( samples confi> a1 to entru/ confi> en1 to tru/ 9 correspond] a las necesidades1 to meet ! requirem5ts corri5te1 el que rige1 in/4 cu*>as1 spoons cu*illo1 knife cu]os1 hides 99de%ac]se1 to get rid ( de%e*o1 got rid ( di/rito1 di/rict empac>1 to pack empaque1 etc41 ,i pack$1 etc4 99e/ablec]se1 to e/abli% oneself me e/ablezco1 etc41 ,i e/abli% myself1 etc4 fantasias1 fancies h]rami5tas1 tools manga1 sleeve 99manife/>1 to in=m1 to say by lett] manifie/o1 etc41 ,i in=m1 etc4 mo]es1 mohair nanqu9es1 nanke5s pieles1 sk9s plan*as de hi]ro1 %eet iron pr9cipio1 beg9n+ telas p>a trajes 7de ,s5ora71 dress goods t5$ores1 =ks 99torc]1 to twi/ tu]zo1 etc41 ,i twi/1 etc4 vale1 f>ewell1 adieu viajante1 travell] 7comm]cial7 viaj>1 to travel vivam5te1 e>ne/ly1 vividly ,,ex]cise #a 7#da74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,s9 n+unas de sus gratas a que ref]irnos dirigimos a ,vs4 la pres5te p>a manife/>les que e/&o muy a corto 7%ort7 de fondos nos hemos vi/o precisados 7we h be5 oblig$7 a gir> a su c>go 7on y7 por el saldo de nue/ra factura de ,plan*as de ,hi]ro y ,h]rami5tas4 #b4 i,plegue a ,dios que nue/ros bu5os deseos t5gan pl5o cumplimi5to 7may be fully realis$76 #c4 8,qui]e ,v4 enc>g>se 7take *>ge7 de ese asunto8 #d4 ,mu*o me place 7) mu* pleasure74 #e4 ,se dice que pronto se abolira e/a ley4 #f4 ,t5dre mu*o gu/o que sea abolida 7n se abuela74 #g4 ,todo lo que atane al des>rollo de la agricultura o que conci]ne el bi5 e/> g5]al del pais me int]esa vivam5te4 #h4 ,la honradez 7hone/y7 es alabada de 7or por7 todos p]o nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga an*a 7^? :o !mselves are n ov]-scrupul\s74 #i4 ,el com]ciante despues de hab]se muy bi5 e/ablecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles4 #aj4 ,nos hemos de%e*o de los cu*illos1 t5$ores y cu*>as s9 tanta p]dida como temiamos4 #aa4 ,el caj]o baj&o en el asc5sor se ha torcido el pie y se e/a en casa gu>d&o cama 79 b$74 #ab4 8,enti5de ,v4 las razones porque ha de subir el cambio8 #ac4 ,p>a que las enti5da debo le] la revi/a de la ,bolsa 7,ex*ange ,review74 #ad4 ,enti5da ,v4 que e/o no ha de hac]se otra vez4 i,entendido6 ,,ex]cise #b 7#db74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,) ref]5ce to y\r e/eem$ ord] ( #a/ in/4 = sk9s & hides1 we und]/& exactly :at y want1 b we mu* regret to say t we are unable to get 9 7obt5]los7 at y\r limit4 #b4 ,we ackn[l$ge receipt ( y\r fav\r 7apreciable7 ( ! #a/ in/4 ) note ( pur*ase we are to make on 7de or por7 y\r acc\nt1 & we %all report !reon 7conte/>emos1 relat>emos7 by our next4 #c4 ,we h pick$ up 7escogido7 a few suitable cle>+ l9es 7saldos71 :i* are await+ %ipm5t 7se emb>c>an7 by next /eam]4 #d4 ,/ripes & *ecks4--,ow+ to a breakd[n 9 ! works ^! w n be ready = 7antes de7 ano!r =tnight4 #e4 ,! goods 7 pack$ accord+ to 7de con=midad con7 y\r in/ructions1 b we take no responsibility = s5d+ !m 7hab]los m&ado7 9 bales in/ead ( cases z usual 7como de co/umbre74 #f4 ,we h& 7pasamos7 y enclos$ ! invoice am\nt+ to 7import&o en1 asc5di5do a7 ,l#aee #fs4 #g;d4 to ! debit ( y\r acc\nt1 value 7valor al7 #ae? in/4 #g4 ,we c assure y t any 7cualesqui]a7 ord]s entru/$ to our c>e 7que se nos confi57 w receive c>eful att5tion4 #h4 ,our travell] w be 9 y\r di/rict by ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 & he w h mu* pleasure 9 wait+ ^u y 7en visit>les7 ) our full 7completa7 collection ( dress goods & fancies4 #i4 ,we ha/5 to (f] y a lot ( *eap mohairs & nanke5s & hope !y w meet y\r requirem5ts4 ,hop+ to receive a fav\rable reply1 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,smi? ,,& ,co4 ,prices are 7van or e/an7 m>k$ on 7en7 ! samples4 ,s4 ,co4 7,vale74#ach ,footnote #ach3 ,us$ in/ead ( initiall+ a po/scriptum4 ,,lesson ,,xxii4 7,leccion vigesima segunda47 ,,! ,,moods4 ,mood is t =m or modification ( ! ,v]b :i* m>ks ! mode 9 :i* an action is view$ or /at$4 ,!re are #e moods 9 ,spani%3 "o ! ,inf9itive & #d ,f9ite1 viz41 ! ,indicative1 ,conditional1 ,subjunctive1 & ,imp]ative4 ,! ,inf9itive ,mood 7,modo ,inf9itivo7 repres5ts ! action or /ate ( be+ )\t any ref]5ce to "t or p]son4 ,! pres5t & pa/ p>ticiples are p>ts ( ! ,inf9itive ,mood4 ,! ,inf9itive ,mood may be us$ 9 ! capacity ( a n\n ei!r z ,subject or ,object ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is !n g5]ally 7b n necess>ily7 accompani$ by ! def4 article1 z-- ,el le] es util3 ,to read is useful4 ,me es neces>io el le]3 ,x is necess>y = me to read4 ,! =m ( ! ,pres4 ,"p4 us$ 9 ?is capacity 9 ,engli% is inadmissible 9 ,spani%1 e4g41 we c\ld nev] say ley5do = el le] 7or la lectura74 ,! ,inf9itive ,mood prec$$ by a may h a passive mean+1 z-- ,una consignacion a hac] or also a hac]se 7a s] he*a73 ,a %ipm5t to be made4 ,! ,inf9itive ,mood prec$$ by a may be us$ in/ead ( ! ,f9ite ,mood introduc$ by if1 z-- ,a sab] yo que ,v4 era accioni/a de aquella compania1 le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion3 ,if ,i _h kn[n 7or _h ,i kn[n7 t y 7 a %>ehold] 9 t society1 ,i w\ld h s5t y at once t report4 ,! ,pres5t ,p>ticiple aft] to be is us$ 9 bo? languages to =m ! cont9u\s or progressive t5ses2 9 ,spani% ?is happ5s mu* less frequ5tly ?an 9 ,engli%1 & only ) v]bs ^: action implies duration ( "t & besides :5 x is spok5 ( z actually 9 progress4 ,?is =m is nev] possible ) ! v]b to g1 & is v r>ely f\nd ) to come1 z-- ,miro aquellas ,mantas y ,t]lices que me gu/an3 ,i am look+ at ^? ,blankets & ,tick+s :i* ,i l4 ,grita3 ,he is %\t+4 ,nos escribe cont9uam5te3 ,he is cont9ually writ+ u4 ,hoy como con el arquitecto3 ,to-day ,i am d9+ ) ! ar*itect4 ,e/oy haci5do mi correspond5cia1 no pu$o dej> el despa*o3 ,i am writ+ my correspond5ce1 ,i _c leave ! (fice4 ,a ,preposition be=e a ,pres4 ,"p4 is ei!r translat$ by a preposition foll[$ by ! ,inf9itive ,mood or by ! ,pres4 ,"p4 )\t a ,preposition1 z-- ,al ir 7or y5do7 a la ,bolsa2 ,on go+ to ! ,ex*ange4 ,,exception-- ,aft] en we f9d ! ,pres4 ,"p4 us$ ) ! foll[+ mean+--e4g4 ,en acab&o saldre3 ,z soon z ,i h f9i%$1 ,i %all g out4 ,i1 act+ z tru/ee1 is translat$ ,yo1 proc$i5do como s9dico2 b ,i wrote to ! p>ty act+ z umpire w\ld be ,escribi a la p]sona que funcionaba 7n funcion&o7 de arbitro4 ,aft] ,int5t>1#aci ,v]1 ,oir1 ,s5tir1 & ,simul> ! ,inf9itive only c be us$ 9 ,spani%1 z-- ,footnote #aci3 ,or v]bs ( simil> mean+4 ,int5to 7or pi5so7 hipotec> la casa3 ,i int5d mortgag+ ! h\se4 ,le veo pas>3 ,i see him pass+4 ,my com+1 my go+1 etc41 are translat$3 ,el v5ir or el hab] v5ido yo1 etc4 ,! ,pa/ ,"p4 may be us$ 9 an absolute mann]1 z-- ,entregada la c>ta se fue3 ,! lett] 7be+7 deliv]$1 he w5t4 ,sellados los sobres1 los e*o al correo3 ,hav+ seal$ ! envelopes he po/$ !m4 ,,vocabul>y4 abogado1 lawy]1 b>ri/] bombas de aire1 air pumps 99contribuir1 to contribute contribuyo1 etc41 ,i contribute conv5io1 agreem5t desp]dici>1 to wa/e dis5o1 design embajador1 ambassador emp5os1 obligations1 engagem5ts e/acion1 temporada1 season ,e/ados ,unidos1 ,unit$ ,/ates excel5tem5te1 excell5tly =ma1 %ape =ros1 l9+s gorras1 caps 99hac] fr5te1 to face1 to meet 7bills1 etc47 honr>1 to hon\r locomotora1 locomotive malga/>1 to wa/e1 to squ&] ,navidad1 ,*ri/mas necesit>1 dese>1 to require paso /ep 99pon] en conocimi5to1 to in=m pon]se de acu]do1 to agree porm5ores1 p>ticul>s presupue/o1 e/imate proyect>1 to project1 to plan repres5t>1 to repres5t1 to act = rizo del ala1 curl ( ! brim 7( a hat7 secret>io1 secret>y s5ado1 s5ate somet]1 to submit supondre1 etc41 ,i %all suppose1 etc4 99supon]1 to suppose supongo1 etc41 ,i suppose1 etc4 supuse1 etc41 ,i suppos$1 etc4 t>ea1 task tratado de arbitraje1 arbitration treaty v>>1 to gr\nd 7a %ip7 v>i$ad1 v>iety v5dre1 etc41 ,i %all come1 etc4 v5go1 vi5es1 etc41 ,i come1 etc4 99v5ir1 to come v9e1 etc41 ,i came1 etc4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#dc74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,el escribir concisa y cl>am5te contribuye al bu5 exito 7success7 de una casa com]cial4 #b4 ,qu$an mu*os pasos a d>4 #c4 ,a supon] yo que no honr>a sus aceptaciones no le habria conc$ido el cr$ito4 #d4 8,que hace ,v48 #e4 ,e/oy escribi5do un presupue/o p>a una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se pid5 p>a ,*ile2 en acab&o mi t>ea saldre 7,i %all come out7 con ,v4 #f4 ,debemos escribir al abogado que repres5ta al ,sr4 ,fulano p>a pon]le en conocimi5to de los porm5ores que pu$an int]es>le4 #g4 ,si1 ,s5or1 p5saba hac]lo manana4 #h4 ,si5to t5] que in=m> a ,v4 que he encontrado al ,sr4 ,smi? y le he oido decir que no pu$e hac] fr5te a sus emp5os4 #i4 ,ejecutada e/a prim]a ord51 y pagada que sea 7once paid7 le manife/>e cl>am5te que no me convi5e cont9u> bajo e/as condiciones4 #aj4 ,se asegura que el secret>io del dep>tam5to de ,e/ado y el embajador de ,+lat]ra se han pue/o de acu]do1 hace poco1 sobre los pr9cipales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el ,presid5te de los ,e/ados ,unidos4 #aa4 ,se supone que di*o 7said7 conv5io s]a sometido al s5ado antes de ,navidad4 #ab4 ,se han recibido noticias de hab] naufragado 7%ipwreck$7 un buque en la co/a de ,m>ruecos 7,morocco7 y de hab] v>ado otro en ,alm]ia4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#dd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i d n consid] 7no creo que7 ,i h be5 fairly 7equitativam5te or bi57 treat$4 #b4 ,silk & ,cotton ,l9+s4--,we note 7nos ent]amos de7 y\r compla9ts b y "k !y 7 b\ght z job lots 7imp]fectos7 & 9 buy+ su* lots1 "o has to put up ) 7con=m>se con7 "s imp]fections 7defectos1 imp]fecciones74 #c4 ,! hats & caps h turn$ out 7salido7 excell5tly4 #d4 ,! =m] 7aquellos7 are exactly ( ! %ape & curl y require & ! latt] 7e/as7 include 7ab>can7 a l>ge v>iety ( designs4 #e4 ,!y w rea* y 7le lleg>an7 9 pl5ty ( "t 7con ba/ante anticipacion7 = ! com+ 7entrante7 season4 #f4 ,please report 7hac] sus com5tos7 on samples z soon z receiv$ 7luego que las reciban74 #g4 ,read+ good pap]s is necess>y to keep oneself po/$ up 7mant5]se al corri5te71 b read+ ! s5sational news 7noticias s5sacionales7 ( a c]ta9 press 7pr5sa7 is wa/+ "o's "t4 #h4 ,are y go+ to ,spa9 ?is ye>8 #i4 ,i d n ?9k s1 my correspond5t is com+ to ,engl&4 #aj4 ,we %all write to ! g5tleman act+ z secret>y to s5d u 7que nos envie7 a copy ( ! report4 #aa4 ,did y he> him say+ t8 #ab4 ,i regret hav+ to in=m y t once ,i h paid :at ,i owe 7to owe deb]71 ,i %all n cont9ue my transactions ) y\r firm4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii4 7,leccion vigesima t]c]a47 ,,! ,,moods 7contd474 ,! ,indicative ,mood 7,modo ,indicativo7 is t =m ( ! v]b t expresses ! action 9 a positive mann]1 z a fact4 ,! ,conditional ,mood 7,modo ,condicional7#adj affirms l ! ,indicative ,mood 9 a positive mann]1 b subject to a condition4 ,! ,imp]ative ,mood is us$ to comm& or to beg4 ,?is mood has only "o t5se & "o di/9ct =m ( p]son3 ! second1 z-- ,habla tu3 ,speak ?\4 ,hablad vosotros3 ,speak ye or y4 ,! #a/ p]s4 s+1 does n occur & ! o!r p]sons are tak5 f ! ,pres5t ,subjunctive4#ada ,9 ! #crd p]son 7& sometimes ev5 ! #a/ plural7 ! pres4 subj4 may take ! place ( ! ,imp]ative us$ affirmatively4 ,?is becomes app>5t by ! use ( ,que1 :i* prec$es ! ,subjunctive & :5 an object pron\n occurs 9 ! s5t5ce1 z-- ,escribalo el or ,que lo escriba el3 ,let him write x4 ,!re is no ,imp]ative ,mood negative 9 ,spani%4#adb ,footnote #adj3 ,engli% =m3 7auxili>y7 %\ld v]b = #a/ p]sons2 7auxili>y7 w\ld v]b = #bnd & #crd p]sons4 ,footnote #ada3 ,) only "o exception-- ,ir 7to g74 #a/ p]s4 pl41 ,pres4 ,subj4--,vayamos4 #a/ p]s4 pl41 ,imp]ative--,vayamos or vamos 7m us$74 ,footnote #adb3 ,x is borr[$ entirely f ! ,pres4 ,subjunctive1 z3 ,no hables1 no hable1 no hablemos1 no hableis1 no habl54 ,! diff]5ce is ( c\rse1 only app>5t 9 ! #bnd p]son4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,?is mood (f]s "s difficulty to ,engli% /ud5ts2 ?is arises f ! fact t 9 ,engli% ?is mode ( view+ ! action ( ! v]b is (t5 r5d]$ by ! indicative mood or by ! semi-auxili>y v]bs may1 might1 %\ld1 w\ld4 ,note4--,! ,spani% rule on ! ,subjunctive mood mu/ be !re=e appli$ irrespective ( ! ,engli% con/ruction4 ,,g5]al ,,rule4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood c only be us$ 9 dep5d5t clauses1 z-- ,yo qui]o que el v5ga3 ,i wi% him to come4 ,yo qui]o que el vaya3 ,i wi% him to g4 ,& !n1 only :51 by reason ( :at prec$es 9 ! ,pr9cipal ,clause1 ! action ( ! ,subord9ate v]b is n express$ 9 a positive mann] 7i4e41 z a fact7 b z m]ely cont+5t 7i4e41 only conceiv$ 9 ! m9d71 z-- ,yo decl>e que el v9o 7or v5dria73 ,i say t he came or t he w\ld come4 ,yo esp]o que el v5ga3 ,i hope t he may come4 ,yo esp]aba que el v9iese3 ,i hop$ t he might1 or w\ld come4 ,,special ,,rules4 ,i4 ,a v]b 9 a dep5d5t clause is plac$ 7g5]ally7 9 ! ,subjunctive ,mood aft] v]bs express+ an action1 or emotion ( ! m9d1 :5 ! subjects ( ! pr9cipal & ( ! subord9ate v]bs are diff]5t4 ,,examples ( pr9cipal v]bs :i* gov]n ! foll[+ v]b 9 ! ,subjunctive ,mood-- aconsej> 7to advise7 alegr>se de que 7to be glad t7 av]gonz>se de que 7to be a%am$ t7 conc$] 7to grant7 conseguir 7to obta97 dese> 7to desire7 esp]> 7to hope7 evit> 7to avoid7 imp$ir 7to h9d]7 m&> 7to ord]7 qu]] 7to wi%7 rog> 7to ask1 to beg7 s5tir 7to regret7 tem] 7to fe>7 confi> en que 7to tru/7 ,n4,b4--7a7 ,if ! #bnd v]b %\ld h ! same subject1 use ! ,inf9itive ,mood1 z-- ,deseo que v5ga3 ,i wi% him to come4 ,deseo v5ir3 ,i wi% to come4 7b7 ,aft] v]bs express+ joy1 %ame1 sorr[1 or fe>1 ! ,indicative may be us$ in/ead ( ! ,subjunctive4 7c7 ,aft] m&> 7to ord]7 ! subord9ate v]b is (t5 9 ! ,inf9itive in/ead ( ! ,subjunctive1 z-- ,m&ele ,v4 que lo haga3 ,ord] him to d x4 ,m&eselo ,v4 hac]3 ,ord] him to d x4 ,,vocabul>y4 agrad>1 favorec]1 to oblige almac5]o1 dep5di5te de almac51 w>eh\seman celebr>1 to be glad ( colorido1 col\r+ 99complac]1 to oblige complazco1 etc41 ,i oblige1 etc4 7el7 cortapluma1 p5knife cortesm5te1 politely co/e flete y seguro1 co/1 freight & insurance 99d> las gracias1 to hank demora1 delay 99demo/r> confianza1 to %[ confid5ce deplor>1 to deplore dictados1 dictates en seguida1 at once franco de av]ia p>ticul>1 free ( p>ticul> av]age 99hac] una remesa1 to s5d a remittance int]eses1 int]e/s ju/ific>se1 to ju/ify oneself mu*o1 mu*1 exce$+ly1 greatly navajas de afeit>1 razors obr>1 to act pat9es1 skates prim] dep5di5te1 *ief cl]k propio1 own 99rog>1 to beg1 to reque/ ruego1 etc41 ,i beg1 etc4 s9 nov$ad1 safe & s\nd tela p>a pantalones1 tr\s]+ tij]as1 scissors ,,ex]cise #a 7#de74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,en nue/ra ant]ior les rogamos#adc nos envias5 una mue/ra de las telas de nue/ros competidores4 #b4 ,celebr>emos mu*o que encu5tr5 v5taja en el cambio de via 7r\te7 que hemos adoptado p>a sus envios4 #c4 ,si5to hab] he*o e/e error y si5to tambi5 que mi prim] dep5di5te no me lo haya he*o obs]v>4 #d4 ,me av]gue5zo que por culpa de un dep5di5te de almac5 neglig5te haya recibido ,v4 un g5]o por otro 7! wrong goods74 #e4 ,nunca me av]gue5zo de habl> a las cl>as 7op5ly1 cle>ly74 #f4 ,no podemos ni deb]iamos qu]] imp$ir a los otros que pi5s5 como qui]an2 lo que si debemos hac] es aconsej> a todos que obr5 segun los dictados de su propia conci5cia4 #g4 ,lo que me e/e bi5 7is my duty7 hac] lo h>e4 #h4 ,esp]o me m&e pronto los coloridos p>a las telas p>a pantalones4 #i4 ,deploro que el qui]a ju/ific>se con argum5tos que se quiebran de sutiles 7:i* d n /& ! light ( day74 #aj4 ,explicate p>a que te enti5da4 #aa4 ,no te ju/ifiques con malas razones 7by quibbl+74 #ab4 ,expliqueme ,v4 de que se trata 7:at x is ab\t74 #ac4 ,no le explique ,v4 mas de lo neces>io4 ,footnote #adc3 ,! #a/ p]s4 plural ,pa/ ,def9ite ( ! #a/ ,conjugation may take an acc5t to di/+ui% x f ! ,pres5t ,indicative4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#df74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we %\ld l to d m bus9ess ) y\r firm4 #b4 ,y w\ld greatly oblige 7u7 by s5d+ u a remittance4 #c4 ,he w\ld d well to write x to !m4 #d4 ,let him write at once4 #e4 ,we hope y may arrive safe & s\nd1 & we advise y to take c>e ( y\rself4 #f4 ,f :at we c ga!r 7por lo que t5emos ent5dido7 ! firm is do+ a successful 7bu5os7 bus9ess4 #g4 ,we tru/ ?is in=mation w be ( s]vice 7de utilidad7 to y4 #h4 ,! docum5ts appe> to be 9 ord] & we hope !re w be no difficulty4 #i4 ,we are glad ! goods h arriv$ be=e ! "t /ipulat$ 7e/ipulado74 #aj4 ,we d n want y to lose any money2 on ! contr>y1 we wi% y to realise a sub/antial 7bu5a7 pr(it4 #aa4 ,tell ! cl]k to write m politely4 #ab4 ,ord] !m to d x quickly4 #ac4 ,i may come 7es posible que v5ga7 to-morr[4 #ad4 ,we notice 7obs]vamos7 t ! ,razors1 ,scissors1 ,p5knives & ,skates are ready to be %ipp$1 & tru/ 7confiamos7 t1 z ann\nc$ 7nos anunci>on ,vs471 !y w come to h& 7lleg>an a manos7 )\t delay4 #ae4 ,we ?ank y = ! confid5ce y h %[n 9 u :i* we hope to ju/ify & y may be sure t we %all d our be/ = 7por7 y\r int]e/s4 #af4 ,i reque/ y k9dly to insure ! c>go aga9/ total loss or f4p4a4#add #ag4 ,sell at #bas4 c4i4f4#ade ,footnote #add3 ,free ( p>ticul> av]age4 ,footnote #ade3 ,co/1 insurance1 freight4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv4 7,leccion vigesima cu>ta47 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood 7contd474 ,,ii4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood is us$ aft] ,imp]sonal v]bs1 z ,es m5e/] que lo haga3 ,x is ne$ful t he does x4 ,es neces>io que lo haga3 ,x is necess>y t he does x4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,:5 ! ,imp]sonal ,v]b expresses c]ta9ty1 z-- ,es ci]to que lo h>a3 ,x is c]ta9 t he w d x4 #b4 ,:5 ! dep5d5t v]b has n its own subject1 bo? ! foll[+ con/ructions are correct-- ,es neces>io hac]lo3 ,x mu/ be done ,es neces>io que se haga3 ,x mu/ be done ,,iii4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood is us$ aft] ! foll[+ locations--- ,antes que 7be=e7 ,en caso que 79 case7 ,de mi$o que 7le/7 ,por mas que 7h[ev] mu*1 al?\gh7 ,s9 que 7)\t7 ,p>a que 7s t7 ,a m5os que 7unless7 ,salvo que 7except t7 ,con tal que 7provid$ t7 ,sea que 7:e!r 444 or7 ,aunque 7ev5 if7 ,,iv4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood is g5]ally us$ aft] ! foll[+ locations1 :5 ! action ref]s to future "t1 b ! ,indicative is us$ :5 ! action ref]s to ! pa/ or pres5t-- ,despues que 7aft]7 ,aunque 7al?\gh7 ,de modo que 7s t7 ,no ob/ante que 7not)/&+7 ,cu&oqui]a que 7:5ev]7 ,ha/a que 7until7 ,luego que 7z soon z7 ,qui5qui]a que 7:oev]7 ,comoqui]a que 7h[ev]7 ,cualqui]a que 7:i*ev]1 :oev]7 ,dondequi]a que 7:]ev]7 ,el #a deg41 #b deg41 #c deg41 etc41 que 7! #a/ #bnd #crd1 etc41 t7 ,el unico que 7! only "o t7 ,el solo que 7! only "o t7 ,el ultimo que 7! la/ t7 ,nada que 7no?ng t7 ,n+uo1 nadie que 7no "o t7 ,el mejor 7or any o!r sup]lative7 que 7! be/ etc41 t7 ,e4g4-- ,escribio de modo que su padre qu$o cont5to3 ,he wrote s t 8 fa!r rema9$ cont5t4 ,escriba ,v4 de modo que su padre qu$e cont5to3 ,write s t y\r fa!r may rema9 cont5t4 ,le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo3 ,i paid him1 al?\gh he did n d 8 "w4 ,no le pag>e aunque haga su trabajo3 ,i %all n pay him al?\gh he may d 8 "w4 ,! above rules h lib]ties & exceptions to be le>nt by practice1 g5]ally turn+ on :e!r ! action is int5d$ to be allud$ to z a fact or z a m]e conception4 ,v4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood is us$ aft] cu&o1 asi como1 luego que & simil> expressions :5 ! action ( ! v]b ref]s to ! future1 z-- ,lo h>e cu&o t5ga tiempo3 ,i %all d x :5 ,i h "t4 ,n4,b4--,! ,future ,subjunctive is (t5 us$ 9 ?is case4 ,,vi4 ,! ,subjunctive ,mood is us$ aft] si 7conditional if7 :5 ! context requires ! foll[+ v]b 9 ! pa/ =m1 z-- ,lo h>ia si tuviese 7tuvi]a7 d9]o3 ,i %\ld d x if ,i _h money4 ,n4,b4--,if ! context requires ! v]b 9 ! pres5t =m1 ! ,indicative ,pres5t mu/ be us$1 z-- ,lo hago si t5go tiempo3 ,i d x if ,i h "t4 ,lo h>e si t5go tiempo3 ,i %all d x if ,i h "t4 ,:51 z 9 ! latt] example a future "t is indicat$1 ! ,future ,subjunctive may be us$ in/ead ( ! ,pres4 ,indicative1 z-- ,lo h>e si tuvi]e tiempo3 ,i %all d x if 7ev]7 ,i h "t4 ,,vii4 ,aft] como ! ,subjunctive ,mood is us$ idiomatically b n necess>ily1 z-- ,como le vio le hablo3 ,z soon z he saw him he spoke to him4 ,como le viese le hablo3 ,on see+ him he spoke to him4 ,,viii4 ,aft] cre]1 p5s>1 op9>1 & simil> v]bs1 ! foll[+ v]b is g5]ally 9 ! ,indicative2 b aft] no cre]1 etc41 ! v]b is 9 ! ,subjunctive mood4 ,aft] cre]1 etc41 us$ int]rogatively1 ! v]b may be ,indicative or ,subjunctive4 ,,vocabul>y4 abaca1 ,manilla hemp calcet9es1 half-hose1 socks canamo1 hemp cancel>1 to cancel cog]1 to cat* 99conseguir1 to succe$ 9 contado 7al71 797 ca% dificultad1 difficulty un d9]al1 a m9t ( money encog]se1 to %r9k equivoc>se1 to be mi/ak5 la g5te1 ! p mecanismo1 me*anism1 contrivance m$ias1 /ock+s1 hose ocurrir1 to happ5 p]feccion>1 to p]fect p]sona1 p]son por mas que1 h[ev] mu*1 :atev] 99prob>1 to prove1 to attempt1 to try pruebo1 etc41 ,i try1 etc4 99reconv5ir1 to reprim& repas>1 to look ov] 99sab]1 to "k se1 sabes1 sabe1 etc41 ,i "k1 etc4 sepa1 sepas1 sepa1 etc41 ,i may "k1 99s] m5e/]1 to be necess>y telefone>1 to telephone trabajo1 "w yute1 jute ,,ex]cise #a 7#dg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,es conv5i5te 7prop]7 y aun absolutam5te neces>io que se acabe e/a cue/ion4 #b4 ,es ci]to que se acab>a4 #c4 ,es posible que suba el m]cado2 tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea4 #d4 ,es el unico cli5te que no haya pagado su factura4 #e4 ,es m5e/] pues escribirle y apremi>le p>a que cumpla con su deb] 7to fulfil 8 duty74 #f4 ,antes que escriba ,v41 repase sus libros p>a que no haya mi$o de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion 7mi/ake74 #g4 ,a m5os que pague le cit>emos ante los ,tribunales 7we %all summon him7 de mi$o que otros sean pagados con nue/ro d9]o4 #h4 ,por mas que ,v4 diga1 las m$ias1 calcet9es1 y guantes no son iguales a las mue/ras que sirvi]on de base 7z a basis7 al contrato4 #i4 ,s9 que ,v4 me lo diga lo h>e1 salvo que int]v5ga algun contratiempo 7any hit* %\ld happ57 y con tal que1 int]9 79 ! meantime7 llegue su remesa4 #aj4 ,sea que llegue1 sea que no1 ,v4 deb]ia hac]lo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital 7all y\r capital 7 at /ake74 #aa4 ,telefonee ,v4 cu&o qui]a4 #ab4 ,celebr>e lo haga luego que le sea posible4 #ac4 ,asi como sepa algo le telefone>e4 #ad4 ,envi>ia las z>azas si e/uviese seguro que no me v9i]a 7imp4 subj4 ( v5ir7 despues con quejas4 #ae4 ,no creo que cue/e muy c>a e/a s$a4 #af4 ,no me p>ece que salio v5tajosa aquella transaccion4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#dh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,x is impossible = u to obta9 ! goods4 #b4 ,he spoke z if he 7 sure ( x4 #c4 ,i may 7es posible que7 accept y\r price1 provid$ y pay ca%4 #d4 ,x is c]ta9 ! :ite %irt+s h %runk too mu* 9 blea*+ 7en el blanqueo74 #e4 ,he insi/$ until he paid him some?+ & n[ he w cont9ue to insi/ until he pays him some?+ m4 #f4 ,! =eign correspond5t 7el corresponsal de l5guas extranj]as7 did 8 "w s t 8 employ] 0 satisfi$4 #g4 ,write cle>ly s t p may read y\r writ+ 7su letra7 )\t difficulty4 #h4 ,:5ev] ,i spoke to him he 0 v polite1 !re=e1 ,i %all put 7dire7 a ^w 9 8 fav\r :5ev] ,i c d s4 #i4 ,i reprim&$ him not)/&+ t he 0 my son1 & ,i %all d s :5ev] x is necess>y 9 spite ( 8 be+ n[ a man4 #aj4 ,! fir/ to come 0 ! (fice-boy 7mu*a*o1 hort]a joc471 & he w be ! la/ to g 7a salir74 #aa4 ,! fir/ firm t attempts x w burn its f+]s 7se cog]a los d$os74 #ab4 ,he 0 ! only "o :o und]/ood u4 #ac4 ,he is n ! only "o :o is mi/ak54 #ad4 ,!y w n be ! only p]sons :o w be mi/ak54 #ae4 ,:oev] succe$s 9 p]fect+ ?is contrivance w be sure to make 7es seguro que h>a7 a m9t ( money4 #af4 ,we %all be ?ankful if y w cancel our ord] = flax1 hemp1 ,manilla hemp & jute4 ,,lesson ,,xxv4 7,leccion vigesima qu9ta47 ,,! ,,t5ses4 ,! ,t5ses 9 ,spani% be+ mo/ly us$ z 9 ,engli%1 we %all only call att5tion to su* ( ! pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 ! two languages z h n yet be5 treat$4 ,pres5t-- ,! ,engli% emphatic ,pres5t1 ,i d say1 mu/ be express$ by ,lo digo en efecto1 lo digo de v]as1 lo digo si4 ,i d ) a v]b und]/ood aft]1 z ,d y und]/&8 ,i d is translat$ by ,si1 ,si1 s5or1 or ,si enti5do4 ,are y an eng9e]8 ,yes1 ,i am2 ,he is g5]\s ) me1 & ,i am ) him2 ,he is my surety1 & ,i am 82 mu/ be translat$ by ,es ,v4 +5i]o8 ,si1 lo soy2 ,es g5]oso conmigo y yo lo soy con el2 ,el es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo4 ,pa/-- ,! ,engli% language has "o =m ( ,simple ,pa/--,i wrote4 ,9 ,spani% ?is is translat$ by-- ,yo escribia 7,imp]f4 ,indic47 or ,yo escribi 7,pa/ ,def9ite71 accord+ to s5se4 ,x is mo/ important to le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,imp]fect ,indicative & ! ,pa/ ,def9ite 7or ,pret]ite71 because ^! two t5ses admit ( no compromise 9 ,spani%4 ,! ,imp]fect ,indicative#adf describes an action or /ate :i* 0 pres5t :5 ano!r pa/ action took place1 or ano!r pa/ /ate exi/$4 ,footnote #adf3 ,or ,descriptive ,pa/4 ,! ,pa/ ,def9ite or ,pret]ite#adg n>rates an ev5t4#adh ,footnote #adg3 ,or ,n>rat+ ,pa/ 7?is is :y x is (t5 call$ ! ,hi/orical ,pa/74 ,footnote #adh3 ,napoleon ,i di$ 9 #ahba is an ev5t4 ,i fell is grammatically also an ev5t4 ,consequ5tly1 x w be und]/ood t :il/ ! ,pa/ ,def4 ref]s to "o po9t ( "t or sev]al sep>ate po9ts ( "t1 ! ,imp]fect embraces a :ole indef9ite p]iod4 ,! foll[+ examples w %[ cle>ly ! diff]5t functions ( ^! two t5ses-- ,le escribi una vez 7or dos o tres veces7 mi5tras el viajaba en ,arg5t9a3 ,i wrote to him once 7or two or ?ree times7 :il/ he travell$#adi 9 ,arg5t9a4 ,footnote #adi3 ,travell$--0 travell+1 b notice t 9 ,spani% we w\ld also h ! progressive =m--e/aba viaj&o4 ,encontre a ,luis1 qui5 llevaba levita negra3 ,i met ,l\is1 :o wore#aej a black frock-coat4 ,footnote #aej3 ,wore--0 we>+4 ,"h 9 ,spani% ! progressive =m e/aba llev&o w\ld n be admissible because !re is no real progressive action4 ,hacia gr&es negocios cu&o residia en ,*ile3 ,i _h a l>ge bus9ess :5 ,i resid$ 9 ,*ili4 ,los ,c>tag9eses eran un pueblo com]cial y empr5d$or3 ,! ,c>?ag5ians 7 a comm]cial & ent]pris+ p4 ,el e/aba alli cu&o yo llegue3 ,he 0 !re :5 ,i arriv$4 ,el leia al entr> yo en el bufete del abogado3 ,he 0 read+ :5 ,i ent]$ ! lawy]'s (fice4 ,en ,+lat]ra trabajaba#aea o*o horas cada dia3 ,9 ,engl& ,i work$ 7us$ to "w7 eight h\rs a day4 ,footnote #aea3 ,z w be se51 ! ,engli% 0 foll[$ by a pres4 "p4 or ! expression us$ to be may always be r5d]$ by ! ,spani% ,imp]fect1 b ! ,spani% progressive =m also exi/s3 ,e/aba ley5do 7he 0 read+71 & us$ to has its equival5t solia3--,solia trabaj> #h horas 7he us$ to "w #h h\rs74 ,cada mes recibiamos nue/ro sueldo3 ,ea* mon? we receiv$ 7us$ to receive7 our pay4 ,ay] c]re el contrato3 ,ye/]day ,i sign$ ! contract4 ,las pipas de v9o result>on av]iadas3 ,! casks ( w9e 7 damag$4 ,trabaje en ,+lat]ra #e anos#aeb2 ,vivi dos anos en ,londres y tres en ,man*e/]3 ,i work$ #e ye>s 9 ,engl&2 ,i liv$ two ye>s 9 ,london & ?ree 9 ,man*e/]4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,?is is a p]iod ( "t1 b x is def9ite4 ,z w be se5 9 all ! examples ( ! ,imp]fect1 ! action or /ate is describ$ z exi/+ 9 ! pa/4 ,,vocabul>y4 ab>rotado1 glutt$1 cram full acorazado1 iron-clad ajo1 g>lic al]ta1 on ! al]t1 on ! look out brisa1 breeze cebollas1 onions conducta1 conduct1 behavi\r contrab&o1 contrab& cose*a1 h>ve/1 h>ve/-"t1 crop 99d> en el clavo1 to hit x datiles1 dates encogido1 %rivell$1 %runk fruta1 fruit granadas1 pomegranates gu>dias aduan]as1 cu/om h\se (ficials higos1 figs inmaturo1 v]de1 unripe limones1 lemons llev>1 to c>ry1 to we> matute1 smuggl+ mir>1 to look moscatel1 muscatel grapes n>anja1 orange iojo6 att5tion6 olvid>1 to =get pasas de ,cor9to1 currants podrido1 rott5 por decirlo asi1 s to say1 z x 7 99qu]] decir1 to mean recobr>1 to recov] repr5sible1 objectionable resumir1 to recapitulate1 to /ate briefly s9num]o1 a l>ge numb]1 innum]able travesia1 j\rney by sea ,,ex]cise #a 7#di74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,cu&o yo era mas jov5 y me gu/aba viaj>1 hacia la travesia de ,liv]pool a ,las ,palmas todos los anos4 #b4 ,e/uve alli la ultima vez en #aije pr9cipalm5te p>a recobr> mi salud1 p]o como viaje de negocios tambi5 tuvo muy bu5 exito4 #c4 ,no habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta compet5cia en ese com]cio4 #d4 ,cu&o llego el buque a ,la ,coruna habia un s9num]o de gu>dias aduan]as al]ta1 pues se decia que llevaba mu*os g5]os de contrab&o4 #e4 8,que qui]e decir g5]o de matute8 #f4 ,de matute es lo mismo que de contrab&o y matut]o o contrab&i/a es el que introduce tales g5]os4 #g4 ,no sabia e/a palabra antes1 p]o ya no la olvid>e4 #h4 8,ha apr5dido ,v4 bi5 la dif]5cia entre el pret]ito y el imp]fecto8 #i4 ,p]fectam5te y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras--,el uno es pasado1 pasado y nada mas1 el otro es un pres5te de lo pasado por decirlo asi2 imire ,v46 ,encontre a ,c>los3 pasado absoluto2 ,llevaba sombr]o blanco2 pasado hoy1 pres5te entonces2 8que le p>ece a ,v48 #aj4 ,me p>ece que ,v4 ha dado en el clavo y e/oy satisfe*o4 #aa4 ,y ahora iojo6 en la aplicacion y ino olvid>6 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ej74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i believe 8 behavi\r is mo/ 7muy7 objectionable4 #b4 ,& ,i d also4 #c4 ,did y receive ! ,b_/,l = ! c>go 7c>gam5to7 ( oranges & grapes f ,seville8 #d4 ,i did2 & ,i expect a good p>cel 7p>tida7 ( muscatels f ,val5cia z well4 #e4 ,are ^! ! lemons1 onions & pomegranates y 7 expect+8 #f4 ,!y are4 #g4 ,i am sorry !y 7 delay$ s long because n[ ! m>ket is glutt$ ) fruit4 #h4 ,he is my fri5d & ,i am 84 #i4 ,we receiv$ ?is ye> ?ree c>goes ( bananas f ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7,islas ,can>ias74 ,six 7 consign$ to u la/ ye>1 b we us$ to receive _m m :5 we s5t our travell] 9 ^? isl&s at h>ve/ "t4 #aj4 ,t5 ?\s& boxes ( currants1 #c1jjj ( figs1 & #d1efa ( dates 7 sold by auction4 #aa4 ,!re _h n be5 su* l>ge quantities (f]$ = a long "t 7hacia mu*o tiempo que74 #ab4 ,! iron-clad ,a*illes left ye/]day = ,vigo4 ,! sea 0 p]fectly calm al?\gh a light breeze blew1 or 0 bl[+ 7soplaba n e/aba sopl&o71 f ! ,s4,w4 7sudoe/e74 #ac4 ,! commission-ag5t 7comisioni/a7 w5t by ! ?ree o'clock tra94 #ad4 ,:5 ,i w5t to say good-bye to him 7p>a desp$irme de #fa7 he 0 writ+ 7escribia or e/aba escribi5do7 a lett]4 #ae4 ,! c>go 0 exam9$ & x 0 f\nd t "s ( ! fruit 0 unripe1 "s %rivell$ or fro/-bitt5 7tomada por la esc>*a71 & a p>cel ( g>lic 0 rott5 & _h to be de/roy$4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi4 7,leccion vigesima sexta47 ,,! ,,t5ses 7contd474 ,uses ( ! ,pa/ ,def9ite 7or ,pret]ite7 & ! ,pres5t ,p]fect 7z3 ,yo he comprado3 ,i h b\ght74 ,accord+ to ! ,engli% rule1 ! ,pa/ ,def4 7or ,pret]ite7 %\ld be us$ to n>rate ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ! pa/1 9 a p]iod ( "t :i* does n include ! pres5t mom5t z-- ,yo lo compre el ano pasado3 ,i b\ght x la/ ye>4 ,! ,pres5t ,p]fect 7call$ 9 ,spani% ,pret]ito ,compue/o7 %\ld be us$ :5 ! p]iod ( "t includes ! pres5t mom5t1 z-- ,he fletado mu*os buques3 ,i h *>t]$ _m %ips4 ,by foll[+ ?is rule /ud5ts w always be correct1 b we mu/ notice t 9 ,spani% we f9d ! ,pret]ito compue/o (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! ,pa/ ,def9ite-- #a4 ,:5 ! p]iod1 al?\gh entirely pa/1 is n def9$1 z-- ,le ha facturado la qu9calla3 ,he invoic$ him ! smallw>e4 #b4 ,:5 al?\gh entirely pa/ & def9ite1 x is v rec5t1 z--,se lo he di*o hace un mom5to3 ,i told him a mom5t ago4 ,n4,b4--,plegue a ,dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado3 ,may x please ,god t ! ye> :i* comm5ces to-day may be happi] ?an ! la/ has be5 7,gramm> ( ! ,academy74#aec ,footnote #aec3 ,"h ! ,pres5t ,p]fect is us$ 9 bo? languages1 because ! effects rea* up to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! ,engli% ,comp\nd ,pa/--,i _h spok5--is r5d]$ by yo habia hablado or yo hube hablado4 ,yo habia hablado is 9 g5]al use4 ,yo hube hablado is us$ only aft] cu&o1 luego que1 inm$iatam5te que2 viz41 :5 ! action is repres5t$ z imm$iately prec$+ ano!r4 ,n4,b4--,! ,pa/ ,def4 ,simple may always take its place4 ,cu&o hube decl>ado mis int5ciones1 ,cu&o decl>e mis int5ciones1 se conv5cio--,:5 ,i decl>$ my int5tions1 he 0 conv9c$4 ,! ,future ,indicative1 7z well z ! ,conditional ,mood7 are us$ 9 ,spani% (t5] ?an 9 ,engli% to d5ote probability1 z-- ,habra #bj hombres aqui3 ,i d>e say !re are #bj m5 "h4 8,le habre dado e/e d]e*o8 ,h ,i1 p]*ance1 giv5 him ?is "r8 8,t5dria mi$o talvez8 ,0 he afraid1 p]haps8 ,! ,future ,progressive1 is n us$ 9 ,spani% :5 its place may be tak5 by ! ord9>y ,future ,simple1 z-- ,le escribire manana3 ,i %all be writ+ him to-morr[4 ,b-- ,cu&o el v5ga yo e/>e escribi5do3 ,:5 he comes ,i %all be writ+4 ,! ,pres5t ,subjunctive 9 ,spani% ref]s to "t pres5t or future2 = "t future1 its place may be tak5 by ! future ,subj4 7little us$74#aed ,footnote #aed3 ,except aft] cu&o 7b n 9 conv]sation71 z--,se lo dire cu&o v5ga or cu&o v9i]e3 ,i %all tell x him :5 he comes4 ,! ,fut4 ,subj4 is also us$ 7n 9 conv]sation7 aft] si in/ead ( ,pres4 ,indic41 z--,le s]vire si la ocasion se (rece or se (reci]e3 ,i %all s]ve him if ! occasion pres5ts itself4 ,use ( ,t5ses ( ! ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,! v]b 9 ! ,subj4 ,mood is put 9 ! ,pres5t t5se :5 ! prec$+ v]b is 9 ! ,pres4 ,indic41 ,future ,indic4 7simple7 or ,imp]ative1 z-- ,qui]o que el lo haga3 ,i want him to d x4 ,qu]re 3 ,i %all want ,qui]e tu 3 ,want 7?\7 ,o!rwise ! v]b 9 ! ,subjunctive is 9 ! ,imp]fect t5se4 ,n4,b4--,:5 ! prec$+ v]b is 9 ! pret]ito compue/o1 e4g41 he di*o1 :5 he di*o /&s exactly = ! ,engli% ,i h told1 x gov]ns ! ,pres4 ,subj41 z-- ,le he di*o que se vaya3 ,i h told him to g4 ,b if x /&s = ! ,engli% ,i told1 x gov]ns ! ,imp]fect ,subj41 z ,le dije 7he di*o7 que se fuese3 ,i told him to g4 ,:5 ! prec$+ v]b is 9 ! ,future ,p]fect1 ! v]b 9 ! ,subjunctive may be put 9 ! ,pres5t :5 its action does n ref] to ! pa/1 z-- ,habre qu]ido que trabaje hoy o manana3 ,i %all h 7may h7 want$ him to "w to-day or to-morr[4 ,,vocabul>y4 99adquirir1 to acquire alquil>1 to r5t1 to hire1 to take or give on lease arado1 pl\gh boni cacion1 rebaja1 all[ance c>g>1 to *>ge c$]1 to yield1 to sell1 to c$e1 to w>rant make ov] c$ula de aduana1 cu/om h\se colmo1 climax1 record color firme1 solido1 fa/ col\r contr>re/>1 to *eck de otra man]a1 o!rwise des>roll>1 to develop empre/ito1 loan epoca1 epo*1 p]iod1 "t explot>1 to exploit1 to "w igual>1 h]man>1 to mat* 99inv]tir1 to inve/ 7money7 ju/ific>1 to ju/ify1 to w>rant mat]ial rodante1 roll+ /ock 7railway7 no bi51 z soon a pana 7acordonada71 cords 7corduroy7 p]spectivas1 prospects piezas de repue/o1 sp>e pieces 7ma*9]y7 puros1 cig>ros1 tabacos1 cig>s qu9ta1 villa ra/rillos1 h>r[s re*az>1 to reject reja1 pl\gh%>e revoc>1 contram&>1 to c\nt]m& 99t5] cu5ta1 to pay1 viz41 to be advantage\s t]r5o1 l& traspaso1 goodwill trilladora1 ?re%+-ma*9e ,,ex]cise #a 7#ea74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,le he dado ay] las ,c$ulas de ,aduana4 #b4 ,le hemos c$ido el traspaso de aquel negocio por ,l#ejj4 #c4 ,le he di*o que los fondos 7/ocks71 obligaciones1 u otros valores cualesqui]a 7:atsoev]7 han de deposit>se en manos seguras4 #d4 ,yo le habia explicado que la ,compania se habia con/ituido p>a compr>1 alquil> 7take on lease7 o adquirir de otra man]a y explot> y des>roll> cualesqui] m9as o t]r5os metalif]os2 p]o no bi5 le hube anunciado 7or le anuncie7 que se trataba de t]r5os situados en el ,asia ,m5or1 se rehuso a tom> las acciones que le habia (recido4 #e4 ,es que t5dria sus razones4 #f4 ,habia unos c9cu5ta puros en aquella caja4 #g4 ,deseo que ,v4 invi]ta su d9]o en e/a empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que ,v4 lo invirtiese en el ,empre/ito del ,gobi]no ,au/riaco 7,au/rian74 #h4 ,le dire que se apresure a despa*> los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repue/o1 los ra/rillos1 y las trilladoras4 #i4 ,tal vez mi socio le habra di*o que lo haga4 #aj4 ,si1 le ha escrito ay] que no ret>dase el emb>que pues hac5 mu*a falta1 hemos exc$ido la epoca fijada p>a la entrega y no nos t5dria cu5ta que la ,soci$ad ,agricola nos los re*az>a4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#eb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we wrote !m no?+ to w>rant su* action4 #b4 ,i w>rant$ him 7g>antiz>7 ?is w\ld n be repeat$4 #c4 ,! clo? 0 w>rant$ fa/ col\r4 #d4 ,he resort$ to extreme means 9 ord] to br+ ab\t 7lleg> a7 a solution ( ! difficulty4 #e4 ,9 ! pa/ ye> ! climax ( prosp]ity 0 rea*$4 #f4 ,l>ge ord]s = railway roll+ /ock 7 c\nt]m&$ on acc\nt ( 7a causa de7 ! fe>$ political complications4 #g4 ,velvet & ,cord manufactur]s h curtail$ _! production ) a view 7a f9 de7 to *eck ! d[nw>d 7a la baja7 t5d5cy ( prices4 #h4 ,i mat*$ 8 sample & ,i secur$ ! ord]4 #i4 ,did y he> f y\r travell] lately8 #aj4 ,!y *>g$ u too mu*1 we c buy on spot 7en el m]cado7 mu* *eap]4 #aa4 ,spot cotton 7el algodon disponible7 0 quot$ ye/]day "o po9t high] ?an ! day be=e1 b futures decl9$ 7baj>on7 #c_/cb #ab4 ,p]haps !re are bett] prospects ( ! gr[+ crop 7nueva cose*a7 at pres5t4 #ac4 ,d n be long 7no t>de ,v47 9 mak+ up y\r m9d 7decidirse de7 "o way or ! o!r4 #ad4 ,no1 ,i %all soon decide :at to d1 b ,i mu/ h a little "t = reflection4 ,i _c b9d myself on ! spot 7al punto74 #ae4 ,"s ( ! pr9ts h grease spots 7man*as de aceite7 & we mu/ refuse to accept !m unless "u 7a m5os que nos haga7 a reasonable all[ance4 #af4 ,he has a villa 9 a delightful spot 7sitio7 9 ! c\ntry 7campo74 ,,lesson ,,xxvii4 7,leccion vigesima septima47 ,,! ,,auxili>y ,,v]bs4 ,t5] & hab] are us$ = ! ,engli% to h1 foll[$ by an inf9itive1 z-- ,ti55 que acab> el trabajo p>a f9es de ,en]o3 ,!y h to f9i% ! "w = ! end ( ,janu>y4 ,hemos de seguir los consejos de los p]itos en la mat]ia3 ,we h to foll[ ! advice ( ^? exp]t 9 ! matt]4 ,9 su* cases ,t5] is foll[$ by que & ,hab] by de4#aee ,! =m] indicates compulsion or necessity1 ! latt] a moral or self-impos$ duty4 ,hab] de translates also to be to1#aee z-- 8,qui5 ha de hac] e/e viaje8 ,:o is to g on ?is j\rney8 ,t5] de is us$ 9 ?reats-- ,t5go de llev>lo ante el tribunal3 ,i %all take him be=e ! c\rt4 ,t5] que hac]1 que escribir1 que com] & simil> expressions translate also to h some?+ to d1 to write1 to eat1 z-- ,hoy t5go que hac]3 ,to-day ,i h some?+ to d1 ,i am busy4 ,t5go mu*o que hac]3 ,i h mu* to d4 ,t5emos que com] por todo el dia3 ,we h some?+ to eat :i* w suffice = ! :ole day4 ,hab] is us$ z a pr9cipal v]b in/ead ( ,t5] 9-- ,hab] m5e/] de algo3 ,to ne$ some?+4 ,he aqui el mu*a*o1 etc4#aef3 ,"h is ! boy 7behold ! boy "h1 etc474 ,heme aqui or heteme#aeg aqui1 etc43 ,"h ,i am 7behold me "h1 etc474 ,x also survives 9 "s legal phrases1 z-- ,fue habido el reo3 ,! culprit 0 captur$4 ,los hijos habidos en su prim]a muj]3 ,! *ildr5 by 8 fir/ wife4 ,& 9 "s idioms1 z-- ,alla se las haya3 ,t is 8 bus9ess4 ,hab]selas con uno3 ,to dispute ) anybody4 ,t5] translates ! ,engli% to be 9 su* phrases z-- ,t5] hambre1 s$1 su5o1 calor1 frio1 v]gue5za1 & mi$o3 ,to be hungry1 ?ir/y1 sleepy1 w>m1 cold1 a%am$1 & afraid4 ,also speak+ ( age-- ,t5go ve9te anos3 ,i am tw5ty ye>s old4 ,footnote #aee3 ,9 all ^! cases deb] may be us$ in/ead4 ,footnote #aef3 ,he--imp]ative mood ( hab]4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,! te is ! e?ical dative 7:i* is mu* m us$ 9 ,spani% ?an 9 ,engli%74 ,& 9-- ,t5] razon3 ,to be "r4 ,&-- ,no t5] razon or ,dej> de t5] razon3 ,to be wrong4 ,we said t ! pa/ p>ticiple :5 us$ ) ,t5] agrees ) ! direct object1 z-- ,t5go leidas las c>tas3 ,i h read ! lett]s4 ,b :5 !re is no direct object1 ( c\rse ! pa/ p>ticiple rema9s inv>iable1 z-- ,t5go ent5dido que4444#aeh3 ,i h he>d t4444 ,footnote #aeh3 ,?is use ( t5] = hab]1 especially ) no direct obj4 foll[+ is 9 g5]al to be avoid$2 9 ?is example1 h[ev]1 t5go ent5dido1 ! phrase has m =ce ?an he ent5dido4 ,x implies t ! m9d is full ) ! effect ( ! communication4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,conoc] 7to "k7#aei 7*anges c into zc be=e a or o74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 conozco4 ,pres4 ,subj41 conozca-z-a-amos-ais-an4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hac] 7to d or make74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pa/ ,"p41 ,he*o4 ,pres4 ,indic41,hago4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,hice1 hici/e1 hizo1 hicimos1 hici/eis1 hici]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,h>e1 h>as1 h>a1 h>emos1 h>eis1 h>an4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,haz1 hac$ 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #aei3 ,model v]b = all ^? end+ 9 c] or cir prec$$ by a v[el1 except coc] 7conj4 l mov]71 mec] 7reg47 & hac]4 7,^? end+ 9 ducir are fur!r irreg4 9 ! ,pa/ ,def9ite47 ,,vocabul>y4 abrig>1 to %elt]1 to n\ri% 7! hope7 acciones pref]5tes1 pref]5ce %>es agudo1 %>p1 ke5 aplaz>1 to po/pone asi/ir1 to assi/1 to att5d at5dible1 plausible atrasado1 ov]due caldos1 w9es & oils 7collectively7 consabido1 9 "q1 a=esaid cu5ta de v5ta1 acc\nt sale d$ic>se1 to devote oneself dej> s9 efecto1 to cancel delicado de salud1 9 indiff]5t heal? desfavorable1 contr>io1 unfav\rable1 adv]se 99de%ac]se de1 to "p ) domicilio1 regi/]$ (fice ( a company1 also resid5ce en e/e mom5to1 at ! pres5t mom5t ensayo1 trial1 v5ture equidad1 fair deal+ 99hab] m5e/]1 to ne$ indemnizacion1 indemnity junta de acre$ores1 meet+ ( cr$itors liquid>1 to liquidate1 to settle1 to cle> (f goods1 etc4 m$i]ia1 articulos de punto1 hosi]y pag>e1 promissory note1 note ( h& palacio1 palace plazo1 t]m respiro1 brea?1 brea?+ "t1 days ( grace = paym5t1 delay retir>1 to )draw 7los7 reunidos1 ^? pres5t 99t5] en cu5ta1 to take into consid]ation trabaj>1 99ir1 a porfia1 to vie ) ea* o!r tramites de la ley1 legal means viaje de ida1 outw>d voyage viaje de vuelta1 inw>d voyage ,,ex]cise #a 7#ec74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,t5go que hac] hoy y no podre d$ic>me a la correspond5cia4 #b4 ,si ,v4 no qui]e liquid> el consabido asunto t5dre de apel> a los tramites de la ley4 #c4 ,v4 no habra m5e/] de tanto pues abrigo las mejores int5ciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro4 #d4 ,he aqui pues lo que se ha de hac]1 ,v4 me firm>a un pag>e p>a f9 de ,febr]o y qu$a ent5dido que no conc$]e despues n+una ext5sion del plazo4 #e4 ,si entonces ,v4 no satisface su deuda mi abogado d>a los pasos neces>ios y ,v4 s]a responsable de 7liable =7 los ga/os y p]juicios habidos y por hab] 7damages accru$ & to accrue74 #f4 ,la ,compania ,nacional de ,transportes 7c>riage7 ha in/alado su domicilio en el nuevo ,palacio de la ,lib]tad4 #g4 ,di*a ,soci$ad ti5e un capital de un millon de pesetas2 la mitad en acciones pref]5tes y la mitad en ord9>ias4 #h4 ,se ha v]ificado la junta de acre$ores del ,sr4444 a la cual no asi/io el pr9cipal int]esado por encontr>se delicado de salud4 #i4 ,los reunidos han decidido aplaz> di*a junta ha/a el #bj del corri5te4 #aj4 ,fund&ose en at5dibles razones nue/ro corresponsal deja s9 efecto el p$ido que nos habia confiado4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ed74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we %all h to take 9 ! hosi]y al?\gh x is slightly 7un poquito7 ov]due4 #b4 ,we h to give ! example ( fair deal+ ourselves4 #c4 ,:o is to decide on ! subject ( ! indemnity due to ! capta9 ( ! %ip8 #d4 ,if we want to )draw ! goods )\t produc+ 7pres5t>7 a ,b_/,l4 we %all h to sign an indemnity 7indemnidad74 #e4 ,we h receiv$ ! acc\nt sale = our w9es & oils & regret ! v5ture has n turn$ out z well z we expect$4 #f4 ,we f\nd a great difficulty 9 p>t+ ) our surplus 7excesivas7 /ock1 ( :i* we _h to dispose 7dispon]7 at prices v mu* r$uc$4 #g4 ,we are unable to in=m y to :at ext5t 7ha/a que punto7 y may calculate on 7cont> con7 our remittance1 z mu* w dep5d on circum/ances ov] :i* we h no control 7indep5di5tes de nue/ra voluntad74 #h4 ,! rate 7el tipo7 ( ! insurance premium is #f_/-p] c5t4 on ! outw>d & #e_/-p] c5t4 on ! homew>d voyage4 #i4 ,i v mu* "q ! advisability 7dudo mu*o la v5taja7 ( putt+ prices up at ! pres5t mom5t :5 s _m adv]se circum/ances h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 #aj4 ,z a matt] ( fact 7en efecto7 mo/ ( u 7la mayor p>te de nosotros7 ?9k x w\ld be bett] to r$uce !m some:at 7algo7 n[ t competition is s ke54 #aa4 ,!y vie ) ea* o!r 9 cutt+ prices d[n 7r$ucir7 ) ! result t pr(its are ridicul\sly l[ 7irrisorios74 ,,lesson ,,xxviii4 7,leccion vigesima octava47 ,,! ,,adv]bs4 ,adv]bs are us$ to modify v]bs1 adjectives1 or o!r adv]bs4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal ,spani% adv]bs-- ,abajo 7bel[7 ,ademas 7besides7 ,adelante1 delante 7be=e1 9 po9t ( place7 ,ahora 7n[7 99,alr$$or1 99entorno 7ar\nd7 ,am5udo1 a m5udo 7(t57 99,antes 7be=e1 9 po9t ( "t7 ,antes1 antes bi5 7r7 ,ano*e 7la/ night7 ,anteano*e 7! night be=e la/7 ,ap5as1 asi que 7z soon z7 ,aqui1 aca 7"h1 hi!r7 ,alli1 alla 7!re1 ?i!r7 ,de aqui1 de alli 7h5ce1 !nce7 ,aun1 todavia 7/ill1 yet7 ,ay] 7ye/]day7 ,anteay] 7! day be=e ye/]day7 ,ba/ante 7suffici5tly7 ,bi5 7well7 99,c]ca 7ne>7 99,debajo 7"u7 99,por debajo 7und]nea?7 ,demasiado 7too1 too mu*7 99,d5tro 7)97 99,despues 7aft]1 aft]w>ds7 99,detras 7beh9d7 ,donde#afj 7:]e7 ,en breve 7%ortly7 99,encima 7^u1 above7 99,enfr5te 7opposite7 ,entonces 7!n7 99,fu]a 7outside7 ,hacia 7t[>ds7 ,hacia adelante 7=w>ds7 ,hacia abajo 7d[nw>ds7 ,ha/a 7till1 until7 ,hoy 7to-day7 99,junto 7next7 99,lejos 7f>7 ,luego 7pres5tly1 soon1 !n7 ,manana 7to-morr[7 ,mal 7badly7 ,mas 7m7 ,mejor 7bett]7 ,m5os 7less7 ,mi5tras 7:il/7 ,mi5tras tanto 79 ! meantime7 ,mu*o 7mu*7 ,muy#afa 7v7 ,nunca1 jamas 7nev]7 ,ni 444 ni 444 7nei!r 444 nor 4447 ,ni tampoco 7n ei!r7 ,peor 7worse7 ,pronto 7soon7 ,tal vez1 acaso1 quiza1 quizas 7p]haps7 ,tan1 asi 7s7 ,tanto 7s mu*7 ,t>de 7late7 ,temprano 7e>ly7 ,ya#afb 7already7 ,footnote #afj3 ,aft] v]bs ( motion also a donde4 ,aft] v]bs ( re/ also en donde4 ,footnote #afa3 ,us$ z 9 ,engli%1 b always muy be=e a pa/ "p41 z3 ,muy apreciado 7mu* e/eem$74 ,su* phrases z ,he is ri* b n v are translat$ ,es rico p]o no mu*o or tanto4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ya is also us$ = n[4 ,ya no--no long]4 ,^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk may gov]n a n\n or pron\n ?r\gh ! preposition de ) ! exception ( junto1 :i* gov]ns ^! words ?r\gh a4 ,adv]bs may be =m$ f adjectives z 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,engli% t]m9ation ly is r5d]$ by m5te add$ to ! fem99e =m ( ! adjective1 :5 ?is *anges = ! fem99e4 ,adv]bs are comp>$ l ! adjectives1 b ! sup]lative relative ( adv]bs is =m$ ) lo mas1 & lo m5os1 z-- ,es el mas rico3 ,he is ! ri*e/4 ,e/a adornado lo mas ricam5te posible3 ,x is ornam5t$ 9 ! ri*e/ mann] possible4 ,es el m5os exacto3 ,he is ! lea/ exact4 ,cotice lo m5os que pu$a3 ,quote ! lea/ y c4 ,besides ! primitive adv]bs giv5 9 our li/1 !re are _m adv]bial locutions-- a toda prisa 7) all spe$74 a la espanola 79 ! ,spani% fa%ion74 a tro*e y mo*e1 a tro*imo*e 79 a slip%od way74 con bl&ura 7g5tly74 de mala gana 7unwill+ly74 de vez 7or de cu&o7 en cu&o 7f "t to "t74 tal cual vez 7once 9 a :ile74 un si es1 no es 7ev] s little74 ,:5 an adv]b is foll[$ by a v]b 9 ,engli% que mu/ be ins]t$ 9 ,spani% be=e a f9ite mood & de be=e an inf9itive1 z-- ,despues de v5ir 7aft] com+74 ,despues que v9o 7aft] he came74 ,! phrases ,i say s1 ,i ?9k x is 7s71 ,i d n ?9k s1 are r5d]$ ,digo que si 7or lo digo71 ,creo que si 7or lo creo71 ,creo que no 7or no lo creo74 ,"s adjectives are us$ adv]bially1 z 9 ,engli%1 )\t ! addition ( m5te1 z-- ,v5d] b>ato1 c>o 7to sell *eap1 de>74 ,habl> alto1 bajo 7to speak l\d1 l[74 ,:5 two or m adv]bs end+ 9 m5te occur 9 ! same s5t5ce1 ! t]m9ation is add$ only to ! la/1 z-- ,escribe cl>a1#afc concisa#afc y elegantem5te3 ,he writes cle>ly1 concisely & elegantly4 ,footnote #afc3 ,notice cl>a & concisa 9 ! fem99e4 ,ca] 7to fall74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,caigo -- -- -- -- -- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,caiga1 caigas1 caiga1 caigamos1 caigais1 caigan4 ,,vocabul>y4 a duras p5as1 ) great difficulty a la l>ga1 m ! long run a m$ida que1 9 proportion z a mejor &>1 at be/ a plazos1 9 in/alm5ts aj5o1 av]se apagado ext+ui%$1 dull 7col\rs7 99as5t>1 to book 7an ord]7 *illones1 gaudy1 scream+ 7col\rs7 cl>o1 light 7col\rs7 cl>o y r$ondo 7q cle>ly7 columna1 column con el corazon en la mano1 q c&idly confeccion>1 to make up 99confes>1 to confess cons]vas alim5ticias1 pres]ves def9ir1 to def9e 7also to settle7 dificultad1 difficulty ensayo1 trial1 pro(1 v5ture escog]1 to *oose exc$]1 to exce$ facilidad1 ease1 facility fijo1 fix$1 firm fondos1 gr\nds 7pictures1 clo?7 gana 7de bu5a1 de mala71 will+ly1 unwill+ly ganga1 a b>ga9 lango/a1 lob/] m>iscos1 %ell-fi% mue/r>ios1 patt]n c>ds1 sets oscuro1 d>k paquete1 packet1 p>cel 997no7 pod] m5os de 4441 n to be able to help puntos1 po9ts1 spots 79 pr9ts7 re/os1 remnants sac>1 to pull out1 to get out1 to get back s>d9as1 s>d9es sat9es bro*ados1 brocad$ sat9s s]ie1 s]ies s9 mir> a ga/os1 reg>dless ( exp5se sobrio1 quiet 7col\r7 solidez1 solidity tom> a mal1 to take amiss vivo1 vivid1 bright 7col\rs7 ,,ex]cise #a 7#ee74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,ti5e ,v4 7!re is7 tanta v>i$ad de dibujos que v]dad]am5te cue/a dificultad 7x is difficult7 el escog] entre dis5os con flores1 con puntos1 con rayas1 y cuadritos4 #b4 ,con facilidad s9 emb>go 7h[ev]7 podra ,v4 hac] un surtido entre las dos s]ies que le enviamos1 de fondos cl>os y oscuros1 y de colores vivos1 *illones1 sobrios1 y apagados4 #c4 ,desde algun tiempo a e/a p>te tratan ,vs4 los negocios tan a tro*imo*e que ya no sabemos a que at5]nos 7:at to ?9k ( x74 #d4 ,hago e/a consignacion de mala gana y le confieso cl>o y r$ondo que sigui5do ,v4 a v5d] tan b>ato y a plazos tan l>gos no me t5dra cu5ta hac]le otros envios s9o por su propia cu5ta o contra p$idos fijos de los cli5tes4 #e4 ,cl>a y concisam5te es como se deb5 escribir las c>tas com]ciales4 #f4 ,a la p> que ,vs4 7same z y\rselves7 no somos aj5os a la idea de hac] algun ensayo en la importacion de lango/a1 m>iscos1 s>d9as1 y cons]vas alim5ticias1 p]o debemos ir a m$ias en cualqui]a transaccion que se decida4 #g4 ,creo que a duras p5as sac>a su d9]o y a mejor &> t5dra que p]d] todo su trabajo4 #h4 ,a m$ida que aum5t5 los +resos se aum5t>an los divid5dos4 #i4 ,recibira ,v4 en paquete asegurado los nuevos mue/r>ios que se han confeccionado s9 mir> a ga/os4 #aj4 ,e/os re/os son una v]dad]a ganga y ademas1 podra ,v4 pag>los al contado o a plazos l>gos 7easy7 como mas le conv5ga4 #aa4 ,dej>emos en susp5so su reclamo ha/a def9irlo p]sonalm5te en su proximo viaje a ,+lat]ra4 #ab4 ,no pu$e m5os de admitir 7to admit7 que a la l>ga e/o no pu$e conv5irme1 y esp]o que ,v4 no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el corazon en la mano4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ef74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,aft] writ+ y by la/ mail we are in=m$ by ! mak] ( ! ,br[n ,l95s 7li5zos mor5os7 t he w be able to book y\r ord] :i* w be deliv]$ be=e ! end ( next mon?4 #b4 ,! ,brocad$ ,sat9s w range betwe5 7co/>an desde7 #d;d4 & #e;d4 a y>d1 & we %all %ip !m )9 six weeks b only aft] receiv+ y\r lett] confirm+ !m4 #c4 ,^! %apes are n worn 7ga/an1 llevan7 outside ,engl&4 #d4 ,n f> f "h & next to ! ,bank !re is ! ,insurance ,(fice1 :i* is mu* admir$ = its solidity & f9e appe>ance4 #e4 ,x co/ ,l#bj1jjj & !y nev] ?\ght x w\ld exce$ half t am\nt4 #f4 ,p]haps x is too l>ge an outlay 7ga/o7 = ! ,company1 b !re 0 no money wa/$4 #g4 ,! columns 9 ! por* h co/ s mu* because !y are ( ! be/ ,c>r>a m>ble 7m>mol74 #h4 ,:il/ we admit t ! pr9ts s5t may h be5 j a little bit 7un si es no es7 (f %ade 7dif]5tes al color p$ido7 y\r claim is q out ( ! "q4 #i4 ,t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! autumn our ,mr4 ,s-&-,s w make a trip 7h>a un viaje7 to y\r place1 & he w h ! hon\r ( wait+ ^u y 7de visit>les7 ) our late/ novelties 7nov$ades74 #aj4 ,y d n und]/& h[ x is possible t y\r neighb\rs are able to und]sell y 7v5d] mas bajo que ,v471 nor c we make x out 7explic>noslo7 ei!r4 ,,lesson ,,xxix4 7,leccion vigesima nona47 ,,! ,,prepositions4 ,prepositions jo9 words toge!r to m>k c]ta9 relations betwe5 !m4 ,! pr9cipal prepositions are-- ,a 7at1 to7 ,ante 7be=e--9 po9t ( place7 ,bajo 7"u7 ,con 7)7 ,contra1 en contra de 7aga9/7 ,de 7(1 f7 ,desde 7s9ce1 f7 ,en 797 ,entre 7betwe51 among7 ,hacia 7t[>ds7 ,ha/a 7till1 z f> z1 ev57 ,p>a 7= ! purpose (1 =1 9 ord] to7 ,por 7=1 by1 because (7 ,segun 7accord+ to7 ,s9 7)\t7 ,sobre 7^u7 ,tras1 tras de 7beh9d7 ,p>a con 7una p]sona71#afd 7t[>ds1 )1 a p]son7 ,footnote #afd3 ,fue muy g5]oso p>a conmigo3 ,he 0 v g5]\s ) me4 ,_m v]bs take 9 ,spani% a diff]5t preposition ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,"s v]bs take a preposition 9 "o language & none 9 ! o!r1 z-- ,dep5d] de una promesa3 ,to dep5d on a promise4 ,conv5ir en una transaccion3 ,to agree to a compromise4 ,confi> en un desconocido3 ,to tru/ a p]fect /rang]4 ,regal>le un *eque3 ,to pres5t him ) a *eque4 ,! use ( ! correct preposition accord+ to ! v]b x foll[s is be/ le>nt by practice4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! gramm>1 ! /ud5t w be help$ ) a li/ ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! two languages4 ,! ,spani% con/ruction is n q s rigid 9 ?is respect z is ! ,engli%4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 de & desde bo? translat+ f--,de m>k ! orig9 only1 z3 ,e/a s$a vi5e de ,italia3 ,?is silk comes f ,italy--x is ,italian silk4 ,desde calls att5tion to di/ance ( "t or space1 z-- ,desde el #a deg4 de ,en]o se e/ablecio en com]cio por cu5ta propia3 ,f ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 he />t$ 9 bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he viajado desde ,londres ha/a ,calcuta en tantos dias3 ,i travell$ f ,london to ,calcutta 9 s _m days4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,spani% prepositions is ! use ( ,por & ,p>a-- ,por is us$-- #a4 ,to d5ote ag5cy by#afe2 z-- ,es t5ido en gran cu5ta por sus amigos3 ,he is ?\ght mu* ( by 8 fri5ds4 ,e/e e/ablecimi5to fue fundado por mi bisabuelo3 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 f\nd$ by my great-gr&fa!r4 ,footnote #afe3 ,aft] ! passive voice ( v]bs d5ot+ m5tal action :5 =m$ by s]1 ,por is elegantly sub/itut$ by ,de1 z3 ,son amados por or de sus padres 7!y are lov$ by _! p>5ts74 ,b3 ,se aman por sus padres4 #b4 ,to d5ote ! motive ( an action1 z-- ,lo hizo por envidia3 ,he did x = 7out (7 envy4 #c4 ,to d5ote equival5cy ( any k9d1 z-- ,c9co p5iques por libra3 ,fivep5ce = a p\nd--p] p\nd4 ,troc> un producto por otro3 ,to ex*ange "o product = ano!r4 ,consid]> a uno bu5o por ,l#a1jjj3 ,to consid] somebody z good = ,l#a1jjj4 ,por mejor le envie yo como viajante3 ,i s5t y to travel1 hold+ y = a bett] man4 ,ti5da por ti5da1 prefi]o e/a3 ,( ! two %ops ,i pref] ?is4 #d4 ,to d5ote di/ribution1 z-- ,v9i]on c9co por c9co3 ,!y came five by five4 ,p>a is us$-- #a4 ,to d5ote ! object ( an action 7g5]ally to or 9 ord] to71 z-- ,trabajo p>a gan>me la vida3 ,i "w to 79 ord] to7 e>n my liv+4 #b4 ,to d5ote de/9ation 7or direction71 z-- ,el tr5 sale p>a ,val5cia3 ,! tra9 leaves = ,val5cia4 ,e/a c$ula es p>a el ,sr4 ,fulano3 ,?is w>rant is = ,mr4 ,s-&-,s4 ,voy p>a casa3 ,i am go+ t[>ds home4 ,_m idiomatic uses ( ,por & ,p>a mu/ be le>nt by practice4 ,,vocabul>y4 abog>1 to plead acc$]1 to acc$e afan>se1 to ex]t oneself1 to take mu* tr\ble ahorr>1 to save aju/e1 adju/m5t a la v]dad1 really altos hornos1 bla/ furnaces1 f\ndries am>illo1 yell[1 buff ami/ad1 fri5d%ip ap>5t>1 to %[ outw>dly aprove*>se1 to take advantage (1 to avail oneself aproxim>se1 to approa*1 to draw ne> automovil1 motor-c> azadas1 hoes azadones1 pick-axes azuelas1 adzes bultos1 packages cizallas1 %e>s croquis1 sket* dis5ador1 draughtsman 99dispon]1 to dispose1 to arrange e*> al correo1 to 7?r[ into !7 po/ empeorami5to1 det]ioration en blanco1 blank e/ancia1 /ay 7un7 f>d91 un cu>to1 a f>?+1 a trifl+ am\nt 99=z>1 to =ce1 to /ra9 ha*uelas1 hat*ets hil>1 to sp9 l>go de talle1 full1 complete l+otes de hi]ro1 pig-iron m>tillo1 hamm] mole/ia1 tr\ble moratoria1 ext5sion ( "t 7= paym5t7 palas1 %ovels p>a 7e/>71 7to be7 on ! po9t ( 444 picos1 picks plomo1 slate1 lead col\r por 7e/> por escribir71 to be 7yet7 unwritt5 prevision1 =esight los s9tomas1 ! symptoms susp5d] los pagos1 to /op paym5ts tej]1 to weave t5azas1 tongs textil1 textile 99troc>1 to b>t]1 to ex*ange y]no1 hijo politico1 son-9-law ,,ex]cise #a4 7#eg7 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,de ,espana nos vi55 las ricas uvas y las jugosas 7juicy7 n>anjas1 ademas de m9]ales--de hi]ro y cobre4 #b4 ,el viaje por m> desde ,espana a ,+lat]ra t>da de cuatro a seis dias4 #c4 ,desde el ano #aijj ha/a el #aiaj aum5to mu*o la poblacion del ,re9o ,unido4 #d4 ,los ,altos ,hornos de ,bilbao se han con/ruido p>a la produccion de l+otes de hi]ro4 #e4 ,la ,soci$ad reune pod]osos elem5tos 7comm&s great res\rces7 p>a la fabricacion de toda clase de maqu9>ia p>a la hiladura y la tej$uria del algodon4 #f4 ,los bultos se emb>c>on directam5te por los fabricantes mismos4 #g4 ,el empaque y el transporte cue/an lo mismo y precio por precio pref]imos ahorr>nos mole/ias4 #h4 ,por un falso s5tido de honor aquella casa =zo su cr$ito p>a no t5] que p$ir moratorias1 d&o e/o por resultado el empeorami5to de su posicion4 #i4 ,compre un automovil por ,l#a1jjj mas lo troque con e/e que vale a la v]dad ,l#a1ejj d&o solo ,l#bjj por la dif]5cia4 #aj4 ,disponga ,v4 las piezas tantas por p>te4 #aa4 ,a una ve9t5a por vez colocamos aquellos picos1 palas1 azadas1 azadones1 ha*uelas1 azuelas1 m>tillos1 cizallas1 y t5azas4 #ab4 ,se pres5to por su y]no1 abogo por el por una hora l>ga de talle1 todo por su hija1 pues por el *ico 7"y man1 lit41 *ild7 maldita la gana que t5dria 7he w\ld n h lik$ ! idea7 de afan>se tanto por el4 #ac4 ,h>e por coloc> sus driles blancos1 plomo1 y am>illos 7buff7 p>a los cuales me dio ord5 v]bal su ,sr4 hijo durante su e/ancia aqui y que se despa*>an por 7or por la via de7 ,burdeos y ,c>tag5a4 #ad4 ,nue/ro m]cado sigue muy encalmado s9 que por el mom5to pres5te s9tomas de mejora4 #ae4 ,la prim]a c>ta e/a p>a e*>se al correo p]o la segunda y la t]c]a qu$an aun por escribir4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#eh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,he (f]s a loan to avoid all risk t ! h\se %\ld fall4 #b4 ,x w\ld n be possible = x to fall unless ! ,textile ,bank %\ld /op paym5ts4 #c4 ,8 (fice is opposite ours & we h him ?us "u our eyes4 #d4 ,) all ! weight ( ! evid5ce 7las pruebas7 y h collect$ 7recogido71 x w\ld be v risky to proce$ aga9/ him f su* a di/ance4 #e4 ,betwe5 "o ?+ & ! o!r ,i did n "k :at to *oose1 s ,i left !m to settle ! matt] betwe5 !mselves4 #f4 ,^! sket*es h be5 made by our draughtsman = our cu/om]s1 ! own]s ( ! ,sug> ,mill 9 ,p>ahyba4 #g4 ,he did ! "w = ! pleasure ( x b w\ld n 7no quiso7 *>ge a f>?+ = x4 #h4 ,! packets arriv$ two by two4 #i4 ,i acc$e will+ly = ! sake ( old fri5d%ip 7por la antigua ami/ad que nos une74 #aj4 ,z ! "t ( ! ye> is draw+ ne> :5 y\r firms effect _! pur*ases 9 ?is c\ntry1 we beg to address y to r5ew ! (f] ( our s]vices4 #aa4 ,we %all be extremely glad if y w avail y\rselves ( our (f]s & s5d u ord]s = "s ( y\r requirem5ts4 #ab4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! av]age p] ,s4,s4 ,nile is /ill hang+ fire 7todavia p5di5te71 b we are pu%+ ! ,insurance ,co4 to our utmo/ 7todo lo posible7 = a spe$y settlem5t4 #ac4 ,= a 7p>a7 =eign] he und]/&s ,engli% me?ods v well inde$4 #ad4 ,be+ 7por s]7 s "y he %[s a good deal ( 7mu*o7 tact & =esight4 ,,lesson ,,xxx4 7,leccion trigesima47 ,,! ,,conjunctions ,,& ,,int]jections4 ,conjunctions jo9 s5t5ces toge!r2 also indep5d5t words4 ,! pr9cipal conjunctions are-- 99,a m5os que 7unless7 ,a pes> de 79 spite (7 ,asi como 7j z7 ,asi que1 de su]te que 7s t7 99,af9 de que1 99,p>a que 7t--9 ord] t7 ,aunque1 bi5 que1 si bi5 7al?\gh1 ev5 if7 99,bi5 444 bi5 7:e!r 444 or7 ,como 7z7 99,con tal que 7provid$7 ,con que 7s7 99,cu&o 7if7 ,mas1 p]o1 emp]o#aff 7b7 ,s9o 7b--aft] a negative#afg7 ,ni 444 ni 7nei!r 444 nor7 ,no sea que99 7le/1 also p]haps7 ,no ob/ante 7nev]!less7 ,o 444 o#afh 7ei!r 444 or7 ,ora 444 ora#afh 7n[ 444 n[--) indic4 mood7 ,porque1 porque 7:y1 because7 ,portanto 7!re=e7 ,pue/o que#afi 7see+ t7 ,pues 7s9ce7 ,que 7t7 ,si 7if1 :e!r7 ,s9 emb>go 7h[ev]1 not)/&+7 ,segun 7accord+7 ,siqui]a 7at lea/1 ev57 ,y#agj 7&7 ,ya 444 ya#aga 7:e!r 444 or--) subj4 mood7 ,ya que 7s9ce1 see+ t7 ,footnote #aff3 ,emp]o is us$ same z p]o at ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce4 ,footnote #afg3 ,unless a f9ite v]b foll[s1 z3 ,no t5go d9]o p]o gozo de bu5a reputacion 7,i h no money b ,i enjoy a good reputation74 ,footnote #afh3 ,be=e words comm5c+ ) o or ho1 x *anges into u4 ,footnote #afi3 ,9 old ,spani% x _h ! mean+ ( ev5 if4 ,footnote #agj3 ,be=e words comm5c+ ) i1 also hi n foll[$ by a v[el1 use e1 z3 ,padre e hijo1 b ,nieve y hielo4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ora 444 ora & ya 444 ya bo? mean n[ 444 n[ 7) indic4 mood71 & :e!r 444 or 7) subj4 mood74 ,! conjunctions m>k$ ) an a/]isk are always foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,! ,engli% ei!r is g5]ally left und]/ood1 z-- ,exportaciones o importaciones3 ,ei!r exports or imports4 ,ei!r foll[+ a negative--tampoco1 z-- ,no qui]o compr> ,titulos de ,gobi]no ni ,obligaciones de ,f]roc>riles tampoco3 ,i d n wi% to buy ,gov]nm5t ,/ock1 nor ,railway ,/ocks ei!r4 ,int]jections1 be+ m]e exclamations1 d n /& 9 grammatical relation to any o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,!y are elliptical s5t5ces1 z-- i,oh6 7,i am surpris$1 etc474 ,! pr9cipal ,int]jections 9 ,spani% are ! foll[+-- c>amba1 caspita 7^! express practically all k9ds ( emotions7 ay#agb 7oh6 grief or ?reat7 bah1 ca1 quia 7humph67 ce1 hola1 ola 7,i say67 *ito1 *iton 7%ut up67 cuidado1 iojo6 7att5tion6 look out67 ea 7come67 he 7hey7 huy 7oh6 physical pa97 ojala 7oh1 t7 por ,dios 7= heav5's sake7 tate1 zape 7:at6 7surprise77 tont]ias 7nons5se67 uf 7oh6 we>9ess or fatigue7 ,footnote #agb3 ,?is c gov]n a n\n or pron\n1 z--i,ay de mi6 ,woe to me6 i,ay de ,p$ro6 ,woe to ,pet]6 ,z well z ,ah or ,ha1 ,oh or ,o z 9 ,engli%1 & _m words us$ z exclamations1 z-- i,silencio6 icalle6 icalle la boca 7sil5ce6 hu%6 %ut y\r m\?67 ivamos6 7mu* us$71 7come6 come n[67 ique la/ima6 7:at a pity67 ipoco a poco6 7g5tly1 ,sir67 iheteme#agc aqui6 7"h ,i am67 ihetelos#agc aqui6 7"h !y are1 etc47 ,footnote #agc3 ,te--e?ical dative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cab] 7to be able to conta9 to hold7 7to be able to be conta9$ to g 97 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,quepo4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,cupe1 cupi/e1 cupo1 cupimos1 cupi/eis1 cupi]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,cabre1 cabras1 cabra1 cabremos1 cabreis1 cabran4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pod] 7to be able74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,pudi5do4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,pu$o1 pu$es1 pu$e1 444 pu$54 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,,none4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,pude1 pudi/e1 pudo1 pudimos1 pudi/eis1 pudi]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,podre1 podras1 podra1 podremos1 podreis1 podran4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabul>y4 aficionado 7a71 fond ( afloj>1 to relax ansioso1 eag] 99apetec]1 to desire1 to covet ba/ante bi51 fairly well b]zas1 coles 7f471 cabbages busc>1 to look =1 to se>* busc>se1 to br+ ^u oneself cauteloso1 cauto1 cauti\s conexiones1 connections1 c\pl+s 7ma*9]y7 contr9cante1 neighb\r1 competitor det5idam5te1 fully di/urbado1 tran/ornado1 di/urb$1 upset engranajes1 ge>+s escala1 scale hortelano1 fruit g>d5] inquil9o1 t5ant ir a1 to lead to llantas1 tyres 99mol]1 to gr9d op]aciones1 op]ations1 deal+s p]ro1 dog plaza1 m>ket place1 squ>e1 place 99pon] al corri5te1 to in=m refran1 prov]b rep5t9o1 sudd5 resortes1 spr+s 7ma*47 sosa1 soda tambores1 drums traspapelado1 mislaid 7( pap]s7 ,,ex]cise #a 7#ei74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,a m5os que los giros v5gan acompanados de los conocimi5tos y facturas com]ciales y consul>es 7invoices & consul> invoices7 no los recog]emos4 #b4 ,le remito pod] en =ma 7regul> p[] ( attorney7 p>a que ,v4 pu$a repres5t>me y hac] mis veces ahi4 #c4 ,cu&o me pague lo que me debe v]emos lo que proc$a hac] 7:at ought to be done74 #d4 ,v4 no hace m5cion en su at5ta de los engranajes1 conexiones1 llantas y resortes de nue/ro p$ido #b del que rige1 no sea que se haya traspapelado nue/ra ord54 #e4 ,p>a compr> b>ato no hay s9o que pag> puntualm5te sus facturas4 #f4 ,aunque es hombre muy dificil de trat>1 sus ord5es son muy apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez emp5ada 7pl$g$7 es oro molido 7z good z gold74 #g4 ,aunque me pag>a mas no se lo d>ia pues ya t5go emp5ada mi palabra4 #h4 ,asi como le vio le puso al corri5te de las circun/ancias4 #i4 ,con tal que el m]cado afloje un tantico procur>e plaz> su ord5 p>a #ej tambores de sosa1 a su limite4 #aj4 ,con que nue/ros contr9cantes se port5 con lealtad no t5emos d]e*o de quej>nos de su compet5cia4 #aa4 ,segun lo prueba la exp]i5cia mas vale ir cautelosos en aquellos m]cados4 #ab4 ,no deseo busc>me mole/ias ni met]me en camisa de once v>as 7m$dle 9 o!r p's bus9ess74 #ac4 ,hace como el p]ro del hortelano que no come las b]zas ni las deja com]4 #ad4 i,caramba6 8,se vi5e ,v4 con refranes en una gramatica com]cial8 #ae4 i,calle1 hombre6 ,todos los cam9itos van a la plaza 7all roads lead to ,rome72 los espanoles son muy aficionados a los refranes4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#fj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,^! #bjj pieces w n g 9 t case1 x is too small4 #b4 ,i d n ?9k !y w1 ei!r4 #c4 ,i _c say any?+ be=e ,i see ! result1 b ,i %all be able to tell y some?+ def9ite to-morr[4 #d4 ,n be+ able to compete1 he has )drawn f ! m>ket4 #e4 ,i c\ld n confirm ! agreem5t la/ week4 #f4 ,i believe ,i c\ld buy a p>cel ( :eat *eap] to-day unless !re %\ld be a sudd5 rise4 #g4 ,9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts1 he 0 oblig$ to file 8 petition4 #h4 ,al?\gh ! m>ket "h is firm1 we h hopes 7esp]amos7 t prices w relax 9 view ( ! be>i% tone 7t5d5cia a la baja7 %[n 9 ! ,liv]pool m>ket ye/]day4 #i4 ,! enclos$ patt]n is r 7algo7 poor2 /ill1 z x appe>s to sell well 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 ,i %\ld be glad if y w\ld see y\r way 7decidirse7 to manufacture x at our price4 #aj4 ,! new presses 7pr5sas7 "w fairly well2 !re is1 h[ev]1 room 7lug>7 = improvem5t1 & our eng9e] w write y fully on "s propos$ modifications4 #aa4 ,he sign$ ! docum5ts )\t ev5 7siqui]a7 read+ !m1 s upset 0 he by ! news ! mail _h j br\ght him2 !re=e we %all be oblig$ if y w k9dly s5d !m back = 8 p]usal & return 7p>a que los exam9e y se los envie otra vez74 #ab4 ,provid$ y take a lease ( ^! premises 7tome en arri5do e/e local7 = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 ,i %all make ! necess>y alt]ations1 s9ce ,i am v eag] to h y z a t5ant4 #ac4 ,al?\gh ! dem& = money is no long] s /rong1 ! m>ket is /ill "u ! control 7dom9io7 ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 to :i* x is n[ indebt$ = 7debe7 a consid]able am\nt1 & deal+s are b on a comp>atively small scale4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,lesson ,,xxxi4 7,leccion trigesima prim]a47 ,,! ,,article4 ,! ,def9ite ,article is us$ 9 ,spani% & n 9 ,engli% 7besides rules giv5 9 ,lesson ,,ii7-- #a4 ,be=e ! seasons ( ! ye>-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,la primav]a 7spr+7 ,el otono 7autumn7 ,el v]ano 7summ]7 ,el invi]no 7w9t]7 ,& ! f\r c>d9al po9ts3 ,el norte 7,nor?7 ,el e/e 7,ea/7 ,el sur 7,s\?7 ,el oe/e 7,we/7 ---------------------------------------- -------- #b4 ,be=e ! h\r ( ! day 7) ! words hora1 horas1 und]/ood71 z-- ,es la una3 ,x is "o o'clock4 ,son las dos y cu>to3 ,x is a qu>t] pa/ two4 ,son las tres y c9co3 ,x is five m9utes pa/ ?ree4 ,son las cuatro m5os diez3 ,x is t5 m9utes to f\r4 ,las c9co y m$ia3 ,half-pa/ five4 #c4 ,optionally1 be=e ! prop] "n ( a woman us$ colloquially1 z-- ,la ,m>ia 7,m>y1 our ,m>y74 #d4 ,optionally1 be=e ! days ( ! week1 especially :5 prec$$ by on 9 ,engli%1 z-- ,v5dre el sabado3 ,i %all come on ,saturday4 #e4 ,be=e ! names ( ! foll[+ c\ntries-- ,el ,p]u1 ,la ,india1 ,el ,japon4 ,& "s t[ns to be le>nt by practice1 z-- ,la ,coruna1 ,el ,havre1 ,el ,cairo1 ,el ,f]rol1 etc4 ,al?\gh f\nd sometimes be=e ! names ( c\ntries 9 g5]al1 ?is example %\ld n be foll[$4 ,! ,def9ite ,article is us$ 9 ,engli% & n 9 ,spani%-- #a4 ,be=e numb]s foll[+ names ( sov]eigns1 etc41 z-- ,c>los ,i 7prim]o71 ,*>les ,i 7! fir/7 ,alfonso ,,xiii 7trece71 ,alphonso ,,xiii 7! ?irte5?7 #b4 ,9 titles ( books1 head+s1 etc41 z--,hi/oria de la ,inquisicion 7,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition74 #c4 ,be=e words 9 apposition1 z--,madrid1 capital de ,espana 7,madrid1 ! capital ( ,spa974 ,b-- ,alfonso el ,sabio 7,alphonso ! ,wise7 ,juana la ,loca 7,jane ! ,mad7 because ^! are titles4 ,! ,indef9ite ,article is us$ 9 ,engli% & n 9 ,spani% 7besides rules 9 ,lesson ,,ii7-- #a4 ,be=e words 9 apposition1 z-- ,rubio y ,cia41 casa importantisima de la ,habana3 ,rubio ,co41 a mo/ important firm 9 ,havana4 #b4 ,9 titles ( books1 head+s1 etc41 z-- ,li/a de los g5]os p$idos3 ,a li/ ( goods requir$4 #c4 ,9 su* a1 s 444 a1 z-- ,tal amigo3 ,su* a fri5d4 ,tan bu5 amigo3 ,s good a fri5d1 su* a good fri5d4 #d4 ,9 a half 7m$io71 a qu>t] 7cu>to71 a ?ird 7t]cio71 9 ! case ( an integ] prec$+1 z-- ,uno y m$io 7#a-a_/b7 ,c9co y t]cio 7p5knife_/#c7 ,dos y cu>to 7#b-a_/d7 ,occasionally ! article is omitt$ be=e o!r fractions4 #e4 ,be=e otro1 z-- ,otra quiebra3 ,ano!r bankruptcy4 ,be=e weights & measures ! def9ite article is us$ 9 ,spani% in/ead ( ! indef9ite us$ 9 ,engli%1 z-- ,dos *el9es la libra3 ,two %ill+s a p\nd4 ,c9co pesetas el metro or por metro3 #e pesetas a metre4 ,! ,def9ite ,article is omitt$ be=e casa & palacio :5 !y are spok5 ( z places usually frequ5t$ by ! p]son 9 "q-- ,ire a casa del +5i]o3 ,i %all g to ! eng9e]'s h\se4 ,el ,rey volvio ay] a palacio3 ,! ,k+ return$ ye/]day to ! palace4 ,! article mu/ n be employ$ be=e a n\n us$ aft] a preposition 9 an adjectival capacity1 z-- ,una viga de hi]ro 7n del hi]ro73 ,an iron beam4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,spani% language is to omit ! indef9ite article :5ev]1 by su* omission ! s5se is n obscure1 z-- ,t5go int5cion de m>*>me3 ,i h a m9d to g4 ,v9o con dolor de cabeza3 ,he came ) a heada*e4 ,le dio cu5ta de lo suc$ido3 ,he gave him an acc\nt ( all t _h happ5$4 ,e/e caball]o ti5e mu*o or gr&e +5io3 ,?is g5tleman has a great tal5t4 ,! ,neut] article lo _c prec$e a n\n us$ z su*1 b x may 7elegantly7 prec$e a n\n us$ adjectively1 z-- ,todo me gu/a en el1 lo amigo1 lo ciudadano1 lo caball]o3 ,i l ev]y?+ 9 him3 ! fri5d1 ! citiz51 ! g5tleman4 ,,vocabul>y4 adm9i/rador1 manag] ant]iorm5te1 previ\sly anunci>1 to adv]tise apacible1 mild armadura1 frame1 fram+ 7ma*47 atajo1 %ort cut bu5 exito1 success compromet]se1 to und]take edificio1 build+ empresa1 und]tak+ exp]im5t>1 to exp]i5ce grabados 7g5]os71 emboss$ 7goods7 hilado1 y>n int5t>199t5] int5cion1 to int5d junto a1 c\pl$ ) practico1 practical 99propon]se1 to h 9 view 7a7 rayas1 /rip$ 7goods7 recto1 /raight=w>d riqueza1 weal? s5cillo1 pla9 suc$]1 to succe$1 to happ5 t5$ores1 hold]s 7( securities1 etc47 trat>1 to conduct 7bus9ess7 v>a1 ,spani% y>d4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#fa74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,eran las doce y m$ia del dom+o antepasado 7be=e la/71 apacible dia1 que1 aunque e/amos en otono1 p>ecia mas dia de primav]a1 la ,m>ia me acompanaba1 aquella ,s5ora del ,p]u que ha viajado tanto en la ,india y el ,japon y cuyo m>ido y el mio eran tan amigos4 #b4 ,ibamos a casa de la ,s5ora4 #c4 ,la ,coruna es ciudad de ,galicia4 #d4 ,c>los ,v41 ,emp]ador de ,alemania es el mismo mon>ca que re9o en ,espana con el titulo de ,c>los ,i desde #aeag a #aeea4 #e4 ,luis ,,xiv de ,francia no t5ia s9o c9co anos de edad cu&o suc$io a su padre ,luis ,,xiii en #afdc4 #f4 ,el pr9cipio de su re9ado fue dirigido por ,maz>91 italiano muy f9o 7%rewd71 y a/uto conoc$or de los hombres4 #g4 8,que dice ese papel8 #h4 ,li/a de los accesorios que se dan con cada maqu9a4 #i4 ,tan v5tajosas condiciones no se hallan en n+unas otras ,companias p>a el seguro de la vida4 #aj4 ,tales adm9i/radores1 val5 un tesoro 7are wor? _! weight 9 gold72 de ellos dep5de el bu5 exito de las empresas4 #aa4 ,otro dep5di5te como el ,sr4 ,arbol$a no lo hall>an entre mil4 #ab4 ,e/os cuadritos y rayas cue/an #de c5timos el metro1 y e/os m]c]izados y grabados val5 #dj c5timos la v>a4 #ac4 8,que es la v>a8 #ad4 ,es m$ida espanola que equivale a #hce milimetros y #i decimas o c]ca de #cc pulgadas +lesas4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#fb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,an iron fram+ is a fram+ made ( iron1 b a /eam eng9e 7maqu9a a vapor7 is an eng9e mov$ by /eam4 #b4 ,i _h ! int5tion ( giv+ m su* examples b ,i believe "o is en\gh4 #c4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is build+ ! ar*itect _h 9 view bo? ! beautiful & ! practical4 #d4 ,yes1 see h[ 7cuan7 elegant & at ! same "t h[ solid ^! columns are6 #e4 ,bus9ess conduct$ ?r\gh u 7por nue/ro m$io7 is diff]5t f ! _m adv]tis$ sy/ems & promis$ %ort cuts to weal? :i* are dangl$ be=e ! eyes ( ! 7con que se deslumbra al7 public4 #f4 ,our plan is a pla9 7s5cillo71 /raight=w>d me?od ( op]at+ by :i* we und]take to implicitly c>ry out 7cumplir con7 ! in/ructions ( our cu/om]s4 #g4 ,our be/ advice & s]vice are always at y\r comm& 7a su disposicion74 #h4 ,kaffirs h resort$ to 7han llegado7 a /ate ( idl5ess 7in]cia7 c\pl$ ) /eadily 7mas y mas7 sagg+ 7aflojados7 prices4 #i4 ,hold]s ( spot cotton h aga9 exp]i5c$ q a brisk inquiry 7una dem&a muy activa7 f sp9n]s1 :o h freely 7abundantem5te7 cov]$ =w>d sales 7p>a sus entregas futuras7 ( y>n4 #aj4 ,!y also took up l>ge l9es 7gr&es cantidades7 ( cotton previ\sly contract$ = 7contratadas74 #aa4 ,! total turnov] 7las v5tas totales7 0 n q z good z expect$4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii4 7,leccion trigeima segunda47 ,,! ,,n\n4 #a4 ,! g5d] ( names ( c\ntries1 prov9ces1 & t[ns is accord+ to _! t]m9ation 7,lesson ,,iii71 b ^? end+ 9 d are g5]ally mascul9e4 ,exceptions are f\nd1 ! names ciudad or pueblo be+ !n und]/ood4 #b4 ,names ( trees are mascul9e1 ^? ( fruits are fem99e4 ,,exceptions-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,la higu]a 7! fig-tree7 ,el melocoton 7! pea*7 ,la palma 7! palm-tree7 ,el alb]*igo 7! pea*7 ,la v9a 7! v9e-tree7 ,el durazno 7! apricot7 ,el datil 7! date7 ,el alb>icoque 7! apricot7 ,el pi/a*o 7! pi/a*io-nut7 ,el mango 7! mango7 ,el higo 7! fig7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,& a few m4 #c4 ,a mascul9e article is us$ ) o!r p>ts ( spee* :ole s5t5ces us$ sub/antively1 z-- ,qui]o un si o un no cl>o3 ,i want a cle> 7decisive7 yes or no4 ,el apr5d] es util3 ,le>n+ is useful4 ,el que lo haya he*o s9 consult>me no pu$e s]me de gr&e gu/o3 ,t he did x )\t consult+ me is c]ta9ly n pleas+ to me4 ,a li/ ( pr9cipal exceptions to ! rule giv5 on ,spani% g5d] by t]m9ation is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,i4 ,to ! rules = ! =mation ( ! plural 7,lesson ,,iii7 we %all add-- #a4 ,family names end+ 9 z un/ress$ d n *ange-- ,juan ,f]n&ez ,b--,el ,sr4 ,ruiz ,los ,s5ores ,f]n&ez ,los ,s5ores ,ruices #b4 ,! names ( ! v[els pluralize 9 es-- ,las aes1 las ees1 las ies1 las oes1 las ues4 #c4 ,"s ,lat9 words us$ 9 ,spani%1 z--,accessit1 deficit1 fiat1 ultimatum1 agnus dei1 etc41 d n *ange = ! plural1 except--,album--albumes4 ,= o!r peculi>ities ( numb] see ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,collective n\ns 9 ,spani% are g5]ally foll[$ by ! v]b 9 ! s+ul>1 z--,la g5te pi5sa3 ,p ?9k4 ,b aft] a collective n\n1 indef9ite 9 its mean+1 ! v]b may foll[ 9 ! plural1 z--,una cantidad de g5]os se v5dio1 or v5di]on en suba/a3 ,a quantity ( goods 0 or 7 sold by auction4 ,n4,b4--,! t5d5cy ( ! language is 9 fav\r ( ! s+ul>4 ,pon] 7to put1 to place74 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,pue/o4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,pongo4#agd ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,pon 444 pon$ 444#age ,pa/ ,def41 ,puse1 pusi/e1 puso1 pusimos1 pusi/eis1 pusi]on4 ,future ,indic41 ,pondre1 pondras1 pondra1 pondremos1 pondeis1 pondran4 ,qu]] 7to want a ?+ or p]son1 to love a p]son1 to be will+74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,qui]o1 qui]es1 qui]e1--1--1 qui]54 #agf ,pa/ ,def41 ,quise1 quisi/e1 quiso1 quisimos1 quisi/eis1 quisi]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,qu]re1 qu]ras1 qu]ra1 qu]remos1 qu]reis1 qu]ran4 ,footnote #agd3 ,v]bs :i* are irregul> 9 ! ,pres4 ,indic4 #a/ p]son s+ul> only1 h ! same irregul>ity 9 ! pres5t subj4 all ?r\gh4 ,footnote #age3 ,! #a/ p]son pi4 & #crd p]s4 s+4 & pl4 ( ! ,imp]ative ,mood are tak5 f ! ,subj4 ,mood4 ,footnote #agf3 ,v]bs :i* 9 ! pres4 indic4 are irregul> 9 ! #a/1 #bnd & #crd p]s4 s+4 & #crd p]s4 pl4 h ! same irregul>ities 9 ! pres4 subj4 9 ! same p]sons4 ,sab] 7to "k74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,se1 4 4 4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,sepa1 sepas1 sepa1 sepamos1 sepais1 sepan4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,supe1 supi/e1 supo1 supimos1 supi/eis1 supi]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,sabre1 sabras1 sabra1 sabremos1 sabreis1 sabran4 ,,vocabul>y4 apuro1 /raits1 emb>rassm5t armas blancas1 side arms armas de fuego1 fire-arms 99atraves>1 to trav]se1 to cross campos1 fields ci]re1 lock-out comp5s>1 to comp5sate1 to make good 99d>se a p>tido1 to yield1 to submit di/urbio1 di/urbance enfurecido1 furioso1 furi\s 7enfuriat$7 ens5anza1 tea*+ 99esc>m5t>1 to take w>n+ fracaso1 failure la fu5te1 ! f\nta91 s\rce fu]za motriz1 motive p[] fund>se en1 to base ^u huelga1 /rike 7( workm57 hu]ta1 or*>d inf9idad 7una71 an inf9ite numb] int]ior1 int]ior1 inl& limit>1 to conf9e1 to limit mejor>1 to improve m9]o1 m9] obr]o1 workman orillas1 banks ( a riv] palm]a1 date palm poblacion1 villa1 t[n poliza de seguro1 insurance policy presc9dir de1 to disp5se ) regadio1 irrigation rieles1 rails tal cual 7( goods71 z !y are1 z !y 7 tom> en consid]acion1 to take into consid]ation1 to ent]ta9 turba1 cr[d 7motley7 virtualm5te1 practically1 virtually ,,ex]cise #a 7#fc74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,la palm]a41 el pi/a*o1 y la higu]a crec5 en ,&alucia p]o los datiles1 los pi/a*os y los higos que se v5d5 en el m]cado +les provi55 pr9cipalm5te de ,b]b]ia1 de ,grecia y ,esmirna 7,smyrna74 #b4 ,en los reci5tes di/urbios en la prov9cia de ,*ampana mu*as v9as se han de/ruido por las turbas enfurecidas4 #c4 ,expliqueme ,v4 el como y el cu&o del asunto 7all ab\t ! affair7 y luego 7!n7 consid]>e yo el pro y el contra4 #d4 ,a mi no me importa el que diran 7:at p w say74 #e4 ,la indu/ria del hi]ro es una de las pr9cipales fu5tes de riqueza del ,re9o ,unido4 #f4 ,las maqu9as de toda especie1 los buques de vapor1 los rieles de f]roc>riles1 las h]rami5tas mecanicas y agricolas1 las armas blancas y de fuego y una inf9idad de otros objetos se deb5 a esa indu/ria4 #g4 ,en el norte de ,espana1 especialm5te en ,bilbao se trabaja el hi]ro en gr&e escala4 #h4 ,el rio que atraviesa di*a poblacion pre/a 7gives7 fu]za motriz a v>ias fabricas situadas en sus orillas1 y sirve tambi5 al regadio de los campos y hu]tas4 #i4 ,esc>m5tados por el fracaso de la huelga de los m9]os1 los obr]os hiladores se di]on a p>tido admiti5do las condiciones (recidas por los patronos1 evit&o asi el ci]re4 #aj4 ,patronos y obr]os deb]ian trabaj> armoniosam5te y fundados en la ju/icia2 el capital y el trabajo no pu$5 presc9dir el uno del otro4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#fd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,! /eam] ran agr\nd on ! ,spani% coa/ b ! crew 7 sav$4 #b4 ,p are apt to =get 7se olvida facilm5te de7 ! tea*+s ( hi/ory 7hi/oria74 #c4 ,8 action has put me 9 a s]i\s emb>rassm5t4 #d4 ,i put x z a condition t ! bills be drawn aga9/ deliv]y ( ,b_/,l & insurance policy4 #e4 ,!y plac$ all _! tru/ 9 _! ag5t4 #f4 ,i d n mean to say t !y want$ to deceive him4 #g4 ,:5 prices improve we %all be will+ 7e/>emos dispue/os7 to sell4 #h4 ,i d n "k :at effect ?is _h on ! m>ket4 #i4 ,if ,i knew1 ,i %\ld be able to act accord+ly 7de con=midad74 #aj4 ,i d n ?9k he kn[s 7subj47 :at suits him be/4 #aa4 ,! ,directors are n 9 ! lea/ 7absolutam5te7 dispos$ to laun* ^u 7lanz>se a7 a l>ge =eign trade1 s t ! op]ations ( ! conc]n 7compania or casa7 rema9 conf9$ practically to ! inl& m>ket4 #ab4 ,we receiv$ a claim on our la/ %ipm5t b we refus$ to 7rehusamos de7 ent]ta9 x z ! goods 7 jobs 7g5]os imp]fectos7 & 7 sold z !y 7 ) all faults 7imp]fecciones74 #ac4 ,we are sorry our cu/om]s %\ld h suff]$ any loss1 b we _c make x good1 & we %all /& our gr\nd 7insi/iremos en eso74 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii4 7,leccion trigesima t]c]a47 ,,augm5tative ,,& ,,dim9utive ,,t]m9ations 7see also ,app5dix ,,iv74 ,examples 9 ,engli%-- ,ball1 balloon ,book1 booklet ,lad1 laddie ,man1 manik9 ,^! t]m9ations are frequ5t 9 ,spani%1 especially ! dim9utive4 ,on 7m471 ona 7f47#agg d5ote augm5tation1 z-- ,libro1 book ,libron1 l>ge book ,footnote #agg3 ,fem99e n\ns1 h[ev]1 g5]ally take on & become mascul9e1 z-- ,un muj]on3 ,a tall woman4 ,except :5 ambiguity might arise1 z3 ,un mu*a*on3 ,a tall or big boy ,una mu*a*ona3 ,a tall or big girl4 ito 7m471 ita 7f471 ico 7m471 ica 7f47 ,d5ote dim9ution 7to :i* an idea ( ende>m5t is always atta*$ :i* is natural 9 ,spani% :5 speak+ ( little objects 9 ! ord9>y way47 ,if = any reason disp>agem5t or insignificance is sugge/$ !n illo1 illa1 uelo1 uela1 are us$ in/ead4 ,o!r t]m9ations less us$ are azo1 a*o1 onazo1 a*on1 ote1 a/ro1 aco1 & a few o!rs 7augm5tative1 sugge/+ 7g5]ally7 disp>agem5t72 ete1 91 ino1 itito1 itico1 itillo1 & a few o!rs 7dim9utive74 ,if a n\n ends 9 a v[el1 ?is is elid$#agh be=e add+ ! t]m9ation4 ,footnote #agh3 ,if a n\n ends 9 n 7except prop] names l ,juan7 or r1 ito1 ico1 illo1 uelo1 *ange into cito1 cico1 cillo1 zuelo4 ,if a n\n ( "o syllable ends 9 a consonant1 or a n\n ( two syllables ends 9 e or io1 or conta9s a diph?ong1 ito1 ico1 etc41 *ange into ecito1 ecico1 etc4 ,if a n\n ( "o syllable ends 9 a v[el1 ito1 ico1 etc41 become ececito1 ececico1 etc4 ,o!r slight *anges occur also4 ,! ,augm5tative & ,dim9utive t]m9ations h no det]m9ate mean+3 !y are vague & indef9ite & consequ5tly :5 precis5ess is requir$ we mu/ use ! adjectives gr&e1 pequ5o1 etc4 7:i* c be employ$ conjo9tly ) ! t]m9ations71 z-- ,me dio dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados3 ,he gave me two heavy big books & ?ree small ones4 ,/ud5ts %\ld use ! t]m9ations on & ito b no o!rs until !y become famili> ) !m ) read+1 z !y _c be us$ indiscrim9ately ) all n\ns4 ,! t]m9ation azo s]ves also to indicate an injury or explosion f a weapon1 z-- ,un sablazo 7a sabre-cut7 ,un punetazo 7a bl[ ) ! fi/7 ,un navajazo 7a /ab ) a knife7 ,un canonazo 7a cannon-%ot7 ,) "s weapons "s o!r t]m9ations are us$-- ,una cu*illada 7same z navajazo7 ,una paliza 7a ?ra%+ ) a /ick7 ,tra] 7to br+74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,tray5do 7i un/ress$ betwe5 two v[els always *anges into y74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,traigo4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,traje1 traji/e1 trajo1 trajimos1 traji/eis1 traj]on4 ,,vocabul>y4 actitud1 actitude agioti/a1 /ock-jobb] alej>se1 to g away aludir a1 to allude1 to h9t apurado de d9]o1 %ort ( money apur>1 to purify1 to exhau/ calcul>1 to calculate1 to reckon call>1 to keep sil5t1 to omit speak+ cambi>1 to *ange1 to alt] consign>1 to consign1 to record contrato social1 articles ( p>tn]%ip cordoban1 morocco lea!r despacio1 sl[ly despreciable1 despicable d9]o efectivo1 ca% discutir1 to discuss especulacion1 speculation1 v5ture g>rote1 cudgel1 /ick 99imp$ir1 to h9d]1 to preclude ladron1 ?ief 7el7 matiz1 %ade 99mov]1 to move1 to actuate mozalbete1 be>dless y\? 99quebrantami5to1 breakage1 break d[n reflejo1 reflection 99seguir1 to pursue s9 ton ni son1 )\t rhyme or reason sombr]o de copa1 silk hat vejete1 dim9utive old man vocablo1 vocable1 ^w ,,ex]cise #a 7#fe74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,el agioti/a que ,v4 ve alli1 aquel hombron con el sombr]ote de copa1 ha he*o un =tunazo en sus especulaciones bursatiles 7/ock ex*ange speculations74 #b4 ,aquel vejete que le acompana con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha v5dido una p>tidilla de ,cordoban muy b>atita4 #c4 ,librazo1 libraco1 librote1 libra*o son todos v>iaciones de libro1 como tambi5 librito1 librillo1 libreto1 librete1 libret91 librejo que son sus =mas dim9utivas4 #d4 ,libreta es dim9utive de libra2 se usa tambi5 por pan de una libra2 libreto es el de una op]a2 el cuad]nito de papel de fum> es librillo4 #e4 ,e/as graduaciones o matices del s5tido se deb5 apr5d] con la practica y se deb5 us> naturalm5te s9 afectacion como reflejo del pr(undo conocimi5to de la l5gua1 y no copiados de un diccion>io s9 ton ni son como se dice en espanol4 #f4 ,por ejemplo1 librazo1 libra*o1 y librote se refi]5 mas al aspecto del libro4 ,libracos mas a los despreciables por su cont5ido4 #g4 ,tambi5 se debe not> que algunas t]m9aciones convi55 a ci]tos vocablos y a otros no1 por ejemplo hay libraco y paj>raco p]o e/a t]m9acion no pu$e tom>la el su/antivo hombre4 #h4 ,en f9 con lo di*o y con lo consignado en el ap5dice ,,iv el e/udiante ti5e ba/ante por ahora4 #i4 ,con la ,republica en ,portugal acabadita de proclam>1 nos vemos apuradillos de d9]o pues los cli5tes portugueses van despacito en sus remesas4 #aj4 ,call&ito se v9o el ladronzuelo y se alejo s9 s] vi/o4 #aa4 ,cu*illadas1 pi/olazos1 revolv]adas1 y aun g>rotazos son r>os en ,+lat]ra2 el ,+les se bate a punetazo limpio 7) 8 fi/7 cu&o es de la hampa 7a r\gh71 y cu&o es caball]o no se bate aunque si llega el caso es muy capaz de d> muy bu5a cu5ta de si4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ff74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,if y _c comm& 7no pu$e dispon] de7 ca%1 we %all h to alt] our price li/s z our prices w h to be reckon$ on a diff]5t basis2 !y w be a little de>]4 #b4 ,i am b\nd to say t !re is "s v /rong op9ion on ?is side 7de e/e lado7 aga9/ ! c\rse y\r ,gov]nm5t int5ds to pursue 9 ! matt]4 #c4 ,! situation has be5 complicat$ by ! breakd[n ( ! arrangem5t we _h made ) our c>ri]s 7ag5tes de transporte74 #d4 ,i believe t ! reason actuat+ ,mr4 ,mel]o's attitude 7mueve al ,sr4 ,m4 en su7 t[>ds u1 a reason :i* he h9t$ m ?an once 9 8 correspond5ce1 is t 8 articles ( p>tn]%ip ) 8 fri5ds 9 ,ros>io preclude him f ent]ta9+ 7tom> en consid]acion7 any new v5tures4 #e4 ,at ! mon?ly meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 7,consejo de la ,cam>a de ,com]cio7 ! ,japanese t>iff 0 discuss$ on a 7tras7 communication f ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 7,bo>d ( ,trade1 ,m9i/]io de ,com]cio74 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv4 7,leccion trigesima cu>ta47 ,,! ,,adjective4 ,! position ( qualify+ adjectives is g5]ally aft] ! n\n1 especially #a4 ,^? d5ot+ physical qualities1 z-- ,un hombre ciego3 ,a bl9d man4 ,una mesa r$onda3 ,a r\nd table4 ,pano negro3 ,black clo?4 #b4 ,^? d5ot+ nationality1 z-- ,qu9calla +lesa3 ,briti% h>dw>e4 #c4 ,^? d]iv$ f v]bs1 z-- ,m]cancia av]iada3 ,damag$ goods4 ,! above rule is subject to _m exceptions = ! sake ( euphony or to give m ?an ! ord9>y prom95ce to ! adjective or ! n\n2 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ rule w be f\nd a reliable g5]al "o1 & x is 9 fact ! in=m+ pr9ciple ( all special rules giv5 9 ! v>i\s gramm>s-- ,an adjective us$ z an epi!t %\ld prec$e ! n\n2 if us$ z a di/+ui%+ ^w x %\ld foll[4 ,by an adjective us$ z an epi!t1 we mean "o call+ to m9d a quality kn[n 7or suppos$7 to belong to ! n\n1 z-- ,no p]dio el ali5to el vali5te g5]al3 ,! brave g5]al did n lose c\rage4 ,by a di/+ui%+ ^w we mean "o us$ to indicate ! quality ( a n\n z comp>$ ) ano!r ( ! same species1 z-- ,qui]o compr> maqu9>ia b>ata3 ,i wi% to buy *eap ma*9]y4 ,! ,p>titive ,adjectives "s & any are left out 9 translation :5 !y d n convey ! idea ( limit$ quantity4 ,:5 !y d1 algun1 un poco de 7s+471 algunos & unos 7pl47 are us$4 ,un poco de & unos convey ! idea ( a m limit$ quantity or numb] ?an alguno & algunos4 ,! foll[+ few examples are calculat$ to make x cle> z reg>ds ! v>i\s %ades ( mean+-- 8,ti5e ,v4 alfombras8 ,h y any c>pets8 ,t5go algun azuc> p>a v5d]3 ,i h "s sug> to sell4 8,qui]e ,v4 un poco de papel8 ,w y h "s pap]8 ,yo t5go algunas obligaciones3 ,i h "s deb5tures4 ,he recibido algunos cig>ros1 le res]v>e unas cajas de los mejores3 ,i receiv$ "s cig>s2 ,i %all res]ve = y "s boxes ( ! be/ quality4 ,"o adjective prec$+ two or m n\ns agrees 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! fir/ only1 z-- ,la nueva cald]a y accesorios gu/o 7or gu/>on7 mu*o al cli5te3 ,! new boil] & accessories pleas$ ! cu/om] v mu*4 ,n4,b4--,if a v]b int]v5es ! adjective is g5]ally plural1 & 9 case ( diff]5t g5d]s is pl4 masc41 z-- ,adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimi5to3 ,enclos$ we s5d invoice & bill ( lad+4 ,:5 ! adjective foll[s two or m n\ns1 x is put 9 ! plural1 z-- ,el trigo y el maiz e/an so/5idos3 ,:eat & maize are firm4 ,if ! n\ns are ( diff]5t g5d]s1 ! adjective is pl4 masc41 z-- ,el encaje y las gu>niciones han salido c>os3 ,! lace & trimm+s came out de>4 ,,exception-- ,:5 all ! sev]al n\ns prec$+ ! adjective are 9 ! plural1 & all ref]r+ to ?+s 7n p]sons71 ! adjective may be made to agree 9 g5d] ) ! n\n la/ m5tion$1 z-- ,los tornillos y las tu]cas e/an bi5 aju/ados 7or aju/adas73 ,! screws & nuts are well adju/$4 ,x is bett] to avoid ?is con/ruction 7#a7 ,by say+ las tu]cas y los tornillos e/an bi5 aju/ados4 7#b7 ,by us+ an adjective hav+ ! same t]m9ation = mascul9e & fem99e4 7#c7 ,by giv+ a diff]5t turn to ! s5t5ce1 z3 ,son de bu5 aju/e4 ,adjectives t qualify ! fem4 nada 7no?+7 are always us$ 9 ! mascul9e-- ,nada bu5o esp]o de el3 ,i expect no?+ good f him4 ,adjectives ref]r+ to titles ( individuals are plac$ 9 ! g5d] ( ! p]sons be>+ ^? titles1 z-- ,v4 7contraction ( ,vue/ra ,m]c$7 es muy bu5 amigo3 ,y are a v good fri5d4 ,adjectives ( col\r d]iv$ f a n\n1 z violeta 7violet71 rosa 7p9k71 *ocolate 7*ocolate71 etc41 d n take ! m>k ( ! plural1 ! words color de be+ und]/ood be=e !m1 z-- ,guantes crema3 ,cream gloves4 ,val] 7to be wor?74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,valgo4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,valdre1 valdras1 valdra1 valdremos1 valdreis1 valdran4 ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,val or vale4444 ,,vocabul>y4 aceite1 oil afloj>1 to slack5 aju/e de av]ia1 av]age adju/m5t almac5es fiscales1 bond$ w>e h\ses c>ne en salmu]a1 pickl$ beef com>ca1 region conc$]1 to grant1 to all[ cose*a1 crop1 h>ve/ cu]os1 hides exiguo1 small1 insignificant1 sl5d] incluir1 to include1 to enclose incluso1 includ$ incluy5do1 includ+ integro1 upright1 integ]1 :ole int]9o1 int]im juicioso1 s5sible l9ones1 olanes1 lawns manteca de pu]co1 l>do1 l>d pieles1 sk9s productos accesorios1 by-products sebo1 tall[ t>jeta1 c>d tasajo1 j]k$ beef ti]no1 t5d] viajante1 comm]cial travell]#agi ,footnote #agi3 ,travell] 7pass5g]1 t\ri/7--,viaj]o4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#fg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,b5eficas lluvias han caido en toda la com>ca1 y las ti]nas plantas promet5 abundante cose*a si sigu5 favorables las condiciones climatologicas 7climatic74 #b4 ,las compras b>atas no resultan siempre lo que se llama gangas 7b>ga9s7 pues es neces>io tambi5 que sean de calidad conv5i5te y adecuada p>a el m]cado a que se las de/9e4 #c4 ,he recibido una consignacion de c>ne en salmu]a1 l5guas en latas 7cann$ tongues71 tasajo1 sebo1 m>g>9a1 manteca de pu]co 7or l>do71 y productos accesorios que esp]o pod] coloc> bi54 #d4 ,me envi>on tambi5 un poco de aceite de m>g>9a1 heces de sebo 7tall[ greaves71 hueso molido 7bone-meal7 y tripas de buey 7ox cas+s7 b>atas4 #e4 8,ha v5dido ,v4 algo de e/as8 #f4 ,no1 p]o he v5dido un poco de sebo4 #g4 8 ,no ha recibido ,v4 cu]os y pieles8 #h4 ,no1 e/os no p]t5ec5 a mi ramo de negocios 7l9e ( bus9ess74 #i4 ,ha entrado mu*o te e/e mes en los almac5es fiscales y ademas algun cafe de ,co/a ,rica4 #aj4 ,la magnifica coleccion de mue/ras y t>jetas p>a reclamo 7adv]tisem5t7 que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gu/ado mu*isimo4 #aa4 ,el aju/e de av]ia y el *eque por la indemnizacion conc$ida van inclusos4 #ab4 ,tanto los prove*os como las p]didas son exiguos 7or exiguas74 #ac4 ,no hay nada 7de7 extraord9>io en que afloje el m]cado4 #ad4 ,v4 es hombre integro y su ,s5ora es muj] juiciosa4 #ae4 ,le tom>e algunas piezas de prueba de e/os l9ones rosa y crema p]o nada de e/os e/ampados *ocolate4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#fh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we h to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r e/eem$ lett] ( ! #a/ in/41 :i* br\ght u ,l#fdj on ,l4 ,sons1 payable ,augu/ #aj?4 #b4 ,c>ri$ =w>d 7a la vuelta74 ,br\ght =w>d 7de la vuelta74 #c4 ,br[n sug>s h be5 r brisk = "s "t 7desde algun tiempo74 #d4 ,! manufactur] has discont9u$ mak+ ! old article4 #e4 ,! ,directors ( ! ,z ,company ann\nce an int]im 7provisorio7 divid5d = ! fir/ six mon?s ( ! curr5t ye> at ! rate ( #aj p] c5t4 p] annum4 #f4 ,reut]'s ,p>is correspond5t telegraphs t e>ne/ repres5tations are be+ made by ! ,briti% ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 9 ,p>is to ! ,fr5* ,cu/oms ,adm9i/ration 7,adm9i/racion de ,aduanas7 conc]n+ ! rec5t *ange 9 ! classification ( y>ns w\nd on bobb9s 7en bob9as71 a matt] :i* s]i\sly affects ,lanca%ire int]e/s4 #g4 ,! great object 7objeto pr9cipal7 ! meet+ _h 9 view 0 ! promotion ( fur!r 7el abrir nuevas vias al7 progress & 7y a la7 civilisation4 ,t necess>ily impli$ few] appeals to ! arbitram5t ( ! sword 7que deb]ian dism9uir los casos de apel> a la espada7 & 7y s]7 m frequ5t appeals to ! rem$y ( reason4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv4 7,leccion trigesima qu9ta47 ,,! ,,adjective 7contd474 ,degrees ( ,comp>ison4 ,z 444 z & s 444 z are translat$ tan 444 como1 z mu* 444 z & s mu* 444 z are translat$ tanto-a1-os-z 444 como or cuanto4 ,n4,b4--,cuan may be us$ in/ead ( como be=e an adjective z-- ,tan razonable en precio cuan apreciado por la bu5a calidad3 ,z reasonable 9 price z x is appreciat$ = its good quality4 ,! m 444 ! m is translat$ cuanto mas 444 tanto mas2 also mas 444 mas 7)\t ! article74 ,?an :om1 ?an :i* is translat$ z foll[s-- ,s$as floreadas italianas que no las hay mejores en el m]cado3 ,italian fl[]$ silks1 ?an :i* !re are no bett] on ! m>ket4 ,adjectives end+ 9 io 7n io7 drop ! :ole diph?ong be=e add+ isimo1 z-- ,amplio--,amplisimo 7v ample74 ,,except ,agrio--,agriisimo 7v s\r74 ,^? end+ 9 z *ange ( c\rse ! z into c1 z-- ,feliz--felicisimo#ahj 7v happy74 ,footnote #ahj3 ,z %\ld n occur be=e e & i 9 mod]n ,spani%4 ,! irregul> sup]latives optimo1 pesimo1 maximo1 m9imo1 infimo & supremo are us$ v sp>+ly1 b !y are f\nd bo? z sup]lative absolute & sup]lative relative1 z-- ,e/a es una cantidad infima3 ,x is an inf9itesimal am\nt4 ,el precio m9imo#aha3 ,! m9imum price4 ,footnote #aha3 ,al?\gh improp]ly1 we (t5 f9d mas m9imo 7mas infimo1 etc474 ,el supremo bi5 de la vida es hac] a otros felices3 ,! highe/ bless+ ( life is to make o!rs happy4 ,! irregul> comp>atives mejor & peor are 9 g5]al use4 ,mayor & m5or ref] m g5]ally to age 7old]1 eld]1 & y\ng]74 ,inf]ior & sup]ior are g5]ally us$ z _! ,engli% equival5ts4 ,! expressions a l>g] build+1 a high] tree1 etc41 are g5]ally r5d]$ un edificio mas gr&e1 un arbol mas alto1 etc4 ,irregul> sup]latives-- ,acre 7s\r7 ,ac]rimo ,amigo 7fri5dly7 ,amicisimo ,antiguo 7anci5t7 ,antiquisimo ,asp]o 7h>%7 ,asp]rimo ,b5efico 7b5efic5t7 ,b5efic5tisimo ,b5evolo 7b5evol5t7 ,b5evol5tisimo ,celebre 7celebrat$7 ,celeb]rimo ,fiel 7fai?ful7 ,fidelisimo ,integro 7upright7 ,integ]rimo ,libre 7free71 ,lib]rimo ,magnifico 7magnific5t7 ,magnific5tisimo ,mis]o 7mis]able7 ,mis]rimo ,munifico 7munific5t7 ,munific5tisimo ,pobre 7poor71 ,paup]rimo1 & ,pobrisimo 7m us$7 ,sabio 7wise7 ,sapi5tisimo ,sagrado 7holy7 ,sacratisimo ,salubre 7heal?y7 ,salub]rimo ,simple 7simple7 ,simplicisimo --,ub]rimo 7mo/ fruitful7 ,"s ( ! be/ mod]n au?ors write bu5isimo1 nuevisimo1 etc41 regul>ly )\t sub/itut+ ! diph?ong by ! pure v[el1 z bonisimo1 novisimo1 not)/&+ ! %ift+ ( ! /ress4#ahb ,footnote #ahb3 ,see ,note #dg4 ,sub/antives us$ z adjectives admit ( comp>ison1 z-- ,es tan caball]o or mas caball]o que sus contr9cantes3 ,he is z 7or m7 g5tlemanly z 7?an7 8 neighb\rs 7competitors74 ,?an foll[$ by a numb]1 unless ! s5t5ce be negative1 is translat$ by de4 ,?an foll[$ by a f9ite v]b is de lo que1 z-- ,cumple mas de lo que promete3 ,he accompli%es m ?an he promises4 ,b-- ,habl> ,espanol es mas dificil que escribirlo3 ,to speak ,spani% is m difficult ?an to write x4 ,! foll[+ expressions are translat$-- ,el le lleva seis anos3 ,he is old] ?an y by six ye>s4 ,e/a tela cue/a c9co p5iques m5os la y>da3 ,?is clo? is *eap] by five p5ce a y>d4 ,e/a casa es diez anos mas antigua3 ,?is firm is old] by t5 ye>s4 ,es tan pod]oso que dom9a el m]cado3 ,he is s p[]ful z to control ! m>ket4 ,v] 7to see74 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,vi/o4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,veo#ahc 444 ,footnote #ahc3 ,x =ms ! pres4 subj41 ,vea1 veas1 etc4 ,imp]f4 ,indic41 ,veia1 veias1 veia1 veiamos1 veiais1 veian4 ,,vocabul>y4 acaudalado1 ri*1 weal?y 99adv]tir1 to notice alcalde1 mayor alfombrada1 c>pet+ anadir1 to add apag>se1 to g out 7fire7 atraicion>1 to betray botic>io1 *emi/ caja fu]te1 safe calorif]o1 /ove c>bon 7de pi$ra71 coal c>bon 7vegetal71 *>coal c>peta1 writ+-pad casill]o1 pigeon-holes c]tific>1 to c]tify1 to regi/] 79 ! po/7 *im5ea1 *imney conte/>1 to answ] e*> al corr]o1 to po/ ens>t>1 to /r+ 7beads71 to file 7pap]s7 escano1 /ool e/ante1 book-%elf franqueo1 po/age gu>dafuego1 f5d] gu>dapapeles1 ens>tapapeles1 pap] files hume>1 to smoke 7*imney7 lacre1 seal+ wax legajo1 bundle 7( pap]s7 libr>se1 to get rid ( mano de papel secante1 quire ( blott+-pap] pupitre1 writ+ desk sello1 seal el sobre1 ! envelope sujeta papeles1 pap] fa/5]s ,,ex]cise #a 7#fi74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,la casa de ,rioja a y ,cia4 es tan respetable por su bu5a fama 7"n7 como por lo acaudalados que son sus propiet>ios4 #b4 ,si1 es mas e/imada que cualqui]a otra4 #c4 ,dic5 que ti5e mas de ,l#aej1jjj de capital4 #d4 ,es muy rica en efecto1 p]o no creo que su capital asci5da a mas que ,l#ajj1jjj4 #e4 ,cuanto mas corri5te en sus tratos es un negociante1 tanto mejor le resultan sus transacciones4 #f4 ,e/as son alfombradas de ,bruselas que no las hay mejores en todo el mundo4 #g4 ,t5emos un campo 7field7 amplisimo p>a nue/ras op]aciones1 las cuales ha/a aqui han t5ido felicisimo resultado4 #h4 ,nue/ros g5]os son todos de optima calidad y a precios infimos4 #i4 ,es de int]es supremo p>a nosotros el d> los mejores productos a precios m9imos4 #aj4 ,la cantidad maxima no ha de exc$] #ejj kilogramos4 #aa4 ,el h]mano mayor es not>io y alcalde del pueblo1 el m5or es botic>io4 #ab4 ,la ciudad de ,cadiz es antiquisima2 fundose en el siglo ,,xv antes de la era vulg> por los ,f5icios4 #ac4 ,el clima de ,valp>aiso es salubirrimo4 #ad4 ,fidelisimo criado1 no quiso atraicion> a su amo que habia sido b5efic5tisimo p>a con el4 #ae4 ,euclides fue celeb]rimo geometra4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#gj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i wi% to /raight5 7pon] en ord57 ! desk on 7en7 my table4 #b4 ,my pad is full ( pap]s2 ,i mu/ get rid 7libr>me7 ( !m4 #c4 ,w y put all ^? answ]$ lett]s 9 t %elf2 ,y w f9d ! pigeon-holes alphabetically arrang$1 put ea* lett] 9 ! prop] bundle4 #d4 ,^! o!rs are fil$ away 9 t lett]-file1 alphabetically also4 #e4 ,put ! file 9 ! safe2 we always keep x "u lock & key 7bajo llave74 #f4 ,n[ give me a quire ( blott+-pap]1 p5s1 nibs 7puntitas71 pap]-fa/5]s & ! /amp-rack 7porta-e/ampillas74 #g4 ,^! envelopes g into ! wa/e-pap] basket 7ce/illa74 #h4 ,fet* t /ool1 please2 place x be=e t desk 7banco74 #i4 ,see to ! 7hac] at5cion al7 fire1 x is go+ out1 poke x 7remov]lo7 a little & add "s coal4 #aj4 ,?is is ! coal scuttle 7caja del c>bon71 ! %ovel 7la pala7 & ! pok] 7atizador7 are ne> ! f5d]4 #aa4 ,hot-wat] pipes 7tubos7 are pref]able to fires or /oves4 #ab4 ,yes1 our *imney always smokes2 x is a nuisance 7ique fa/idio6 ique b>b>idad674 #ac4 ,po/ ^! lett]s4 ,/amp !m 7pongales los sellos7 & notice !re are "s to be regi/]$ 7p>a c]tific>74 #ad4 ,d n =get to put ! /amp ( ! firm 7casa74 #ae4 ,if any weigh 9 excess 7demasiado71 x does n matt] 7no importa72 put ! excess po/age4 #af4 ,seal t envelope2 "h are ! seal & seal+-wax4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi4 7,leccion trigesima sexta47 ,,! ,,adjective 7contd474 ,! adjective gr&e 7great1 l>ge7 may prec$e or foll[ a n\n4 ,if x prec$es x may drop ! f9al syllable4 ,:5 gr&e 7or gran7 prec$es x g5]ally ref]s m to quality ?an to size1 b ?is rule is n /rict at all1 z mu* is left to ! tone ( ! voice & also to ge/ure4 ,:5 ,santo means holy x is always writt5 9 full4 ,:5 ,santo means sa9t x drops ! to be=e ! "n foll[+4 ,,exceptions-- ,santo ,tomas 7or ,tome71 ,santo ,dom+o1 & ,santo ,torribio4 ,b--,la isla de ,san ,tomas 7! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,we/ ,indies74 ,"s adjectives alt] _! mean+ accord+ z !y prec$e or foll[ a n\n1 z-- ,ci]to hombre3 ,a c]ta9 man4 7,n un ci]to47 ,una noticia ci]ta3 ,a c]ta9 7sure7 news4 ,un pobre escritor3 ,a poor writ]--( little wor?4 ,un escritor pobre3 ,an impecuni\s writ]4 ,un simple favor3 ,a simple fav\r4 ,un favor simple3 ,a simple fav\r4 ,un simple soldado3 ,a simple 7pla97 soldi]4 ,un hombre simple3 ,a simple man1 a simpleton4 ,"o & ones aft] an adjective are always left untranslat$4 ,man & woman 9 ! majority ( cases are also omitt$1 z-- ,t5go algunos bu5os3 ,i h "s good ones4 ,un frances1 una francesa3 ,a ,fr5*man1 a ,fr5*woman4 ,num]al adjectives us$ = measurem5t are translat$ z foll[s-- ,una plata=ma de #cj pies de l>go y seis pies de an*o 7also de #cj pies por seis73 ,a plat=m #cj feet long by six feet wide4 ,e/e tanque ti5e #af pies de pr(undidad3 ,?is tank is #af feet deep4 ,9 aft] a sup]lative relative is r5d]$ by de1 z-- ,es el negociante mas prosp]o de la ciudad3 ,he is ! mo/ successful m]*ant 9 ! city4 ,! proportional adjectives are-- ,el doble 7! d\ble7 ,el triple 7#c fold7 ,el cuadruplo 7#d fold7 ,el qu9tuple 7#e fold7 ,el sextuple 7#f fold7 ,el decuplo 7#aj fold7 ,el c5tuplo 7#ajj fold7 ,siete veces tanto 7#g fold7 ,o*o veces tanto 7#h fold74 ,etc41 etc4 ,! adjective is us$ also adv]bially1 (t5] 9 ,spani% ?an 9 ,engli%1 z-- ,habl> cl>o1 alto1 bajo1 fu]te3 ,to speak cle>ly1 l\dly1 s(tly1 /rongly4 ,compr> c>o1 b>ato3 ,to buy de>1 *eap4 ,ir d]e*o3 ,to g /raight4 ,t5] fu]te3 ,to hold fa/4 ,exclamo ufano1 cortes1 enfadado1 bondadoso3 ,he pr\dly1 c\rte\sly1 angrily1 k9dly exclaim$4 ,ju/o ha llegado una c>ta3 ,a lett] has j arriv$4 ,adjectives h a gov]n+ p[] ?r\gh a preposition & !n ! preposition to be us$ belongs to ! idiom ( ! language4 ,practice w make p]fect4 ,! foll[+ are "s examples 9 :i* ! con/ruction diff]s f ! ,engli%-- ,afable a1 or con1 or p>a con todos3 ,affable to all4 ,agradecido a los b5eficios3 ,grateful = ! fav\rs4 ,agudo de +5io3 ,%>p-witt$4 ,aj5o de la v]dad3 ,=eign to tru?4 ,alegre de cascos3 ,light-head$4 ,blanco de tez3 fair-complexion$4 ,c>gado de espaldas3 ,r\nd-%\ld]$4 ,codicioso1 deseoso de d9]o3 ,gre$y1 wi%+ = money4 ,c]cano a su f93 ,ne>+ 8 end4 i,desdichado de mi63 ,unhappy me6 ,dificil de compr5d]3 ,h>d to und]/&4 ,dotado de bu5as p>tes3 ,end[$ ) good p>ts4 ,duro de cabeza 7de moll]a71 de corazon3 ,h>d-head$1 h>d-he>t$4 ,evid5te p>a todo el mundo3 ,evid5t to all4 ,facil de explic>3 ,easy to expla94 ,falto de juicio3 ,lack+ 9 judgm5t4 ,h]moso de v]3 ,beautiful to see4 ,ll5o de c]veza1 de v9o3 ,full ( 7or )7 be]1 w9e4 ,mayor or ,m5or de edad3 ,( age1 "u age4 ,pequ5o de tamano3 ,small 9 size4 ,rico de virtudes3 ,ri* 9 virtues4 ,seco 7enjuto7 de c>nes3 ,sp>e 9 fle%4 ,sorpr5dido de la noticia3 ,surpris$ at ! news4 ,t>do a compr5d]3 ,sl[ 9 und]/&+4 ,tri/e de aspecto3 ,sad 9 c\nt5ance4 ,,vocabul>y4 a la p>1 at ! same "t las ,antillas1 ! ,we/ ,indies atropell> por1 to infr+e1 to trample ^u1 also to run d[n 7vehicles1 etc47 bl&o1 g5tle1 s(t *aconada1 jacconet ci5cia1 sci5ce1 wisdom corto1 %ort1 brief des>me1 dis>mam5t deseoso1 wi%ful1 eag] dique1 dock doctr9a1 doctr9e1 k equivoc>se1 to make a mi/ake flet>1 to freight1 to *>t] =ros e/ampados1 pr9t$ l9+s hidalguia1 *ivalry1 nobl5ess1 g5tlemanly pr9ciples impon]se a1 to comm& inconv5i5cia1 unsuitability1 impropriety el inconv5i5te1 inconv5i5ce ladrillos refract>ios1 firebricks la/ima1 pity1 compassion nivel1 level pr9cipal1 pr9cipal1 *ief1 lead+ quej>se 7de71 to compla9 responsable1 responsible rizados1 crespol9as1 crimps tio1 uncle1 also a co>se fell[#ahd 99tropez>1 to /umble ufano1 pr\d1 full ( dignity vel]o1 sail+ vessel1 sail] ,footnote #ahd3 ,also us$ be=e names in/ead ( ,s5or among c\ntry folks4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#ga74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,gran la/ima es1 si la/ima gr&e que las gr&es naciones no se pongan de acu]do p>a proclam> el des>me g5]al4 #b4 ,santa vida fue la de ,san ,francisco de ,asis4 #c4 ,aun los racionali/as respetan a e/e ,santo como tambi5 a la pr(unda doctr9a de ,santo ,tom z de ,aqu9o4 #d4 ,ci]tos nombres se impon5 al respeto univ]sal4 #e4 ,es cosa ci]ta que la virtud pu$e s] patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico4 #f4 ,pobre excusa s]ia el pret5d] hab]lo he*o por un simple favor pues e/o no conv5c]ia a los hombres mas simples4 #g4 ,el hombre mas sabio del mundo pu$e equivoc>se alguna vez1 llegue a donde lleg>e su ci5cia 7h[ev] great1 etc47 #h4 ,si ,v4 me di]a el doble1 el triple1 el qu9tuple1 y aun seis1 diez o ci5 veces tanto1 no comet]ia esa indelicadeza1 atropell&o por las leyes de la hidalguia y del honor4 #i4 ,el orador habla cl>o1 meta=ico1 alto1 bajo1 fu]te1 y bl&o segun lo exija el argum5to y las circun/ancias p]o se le dem&a que t5ga por bianco 7to h = 8 aim7 la virtud y el progreso4 #aj4 ,&e ,v4 d]e*o y t5ga fu]te que no vaya 7le/ y7 a tropez> y a ca]se4 #aa4 ,cortes y ufano a la p>1 repuso3 soy pobre mas soy honrado4 #ab4 ,ju/o lo que debia conte/>4 #ac4 ,los e/udiantes mas agudos de +5io son a veces un tantico alegres de cascos4 #ad4 ,no importa 7nev] m9d71 son todos deseosos de apr5d] y afables con su pr(esor que ademas de s] cojo de un pie ya e/a c]cano a su f94 #ae4 ,e/e tio es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de bu5as p>tes4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#gb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,we are op5 7dispue/os7 to *>t] a small /eam] or a sail+ vessel = ,/4 ,?omas 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 #b4 ,we c (f] y a small "o = a voyage out & home 7de ida y vuelta74 #c4 ,! heat+ surface 7sup]ficie de caldeo7 is 7es de7 #bj' ,x #ae'4 #d4 ,^! w>eh\ses are #cj' long1 #bj' wide 7de an*o7 & #ae feet high 7de alto74 #e4 ,"s are built ) /one & mort> 7son de mampo/]ia71 o!rs ) firebricks1 & !y are ! be/ 9 ! docks4 #f4 ,la/ week no?+ 0 do+ 7no se hacia7 on ',*ange1 b' to-day lead+ op]ators are di/9ctly bulli% 7trabajan di/9tam5te por la alza7 & h acquir$ a fur!r l>ge hold+ 7y se han afianzado mu*o mas71 be+ m conv9c$ ?an ev] t prices w climb#ahe 7subiran7 to a mu* high] level4 #g4 ,mean:ile ! m>ket is gett+ dang]\sly ov]b\ght 7el exceso de compras en el m]cado se hace peligroso74 #h4 ,he gave me too %ort a notice 7aviso7 & ! consequ5ce 0 #bj bales 7 %ort %ipp$ 7no se expidi]on74 #i4 ,he n[ compla9s ( be+ %ort ( 7que le faltan7 pr9t$ l9+s1 jacconets & crimps1 also ( %ort measure 7de falta de m$ida7 9 "s ( ! clo? invoic$4 #aj4 ,_! ord]s fall %ort 7son mu*o m5os7 ( :at we expect$4 #aa4 ,we h run %ort ( 7se nos ha acabado7 ! raw mat]ial4 #ab4 ,our correspond5ts are %ort-/aff$ 7no ti55 ba/ante p]sonal71 h5ce _! delay+ (t5 to s5d out 7y por tanto a m5udo ret>dan el envio de7 our invoices1 :i* is a great inconv5i5ce4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,to climb--,trep>4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii4 7,leccion trigesima septima47 ,,! ,,pron\n4 ,! pron\ns ,nos & ,vos are us$ = ! #a/ & #bnd p]son s+ul>1 respectively1 9 poetry & high-fl[n prose4 ,nos is us$ 9 ,royal decrees2 & ,vos (t5 to translate ! ,fr5* v\s & ,engli% y 9 novels4 ,!y require ! v]b 9 ! plural & any occurr+ adjective 9 ! s+ul>1 mascul9e or fem99e accord+ to ! sex repres5t$-- ,nos el ,rey somos ju/o3 ,we ! ,k+ are j4 ,vos ,dona ,catal9a sois g5]osa3 ,y1 ,lady ,ca!r9e1 are g5]\s4 ,a subject pron\n foll[+ to be & prec$+ a relative may be foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! #a/ or #crd p]son1 z-- ,soy yo qui5 gire or giro aquella letra3 ,x is ,i :o drew t bill4 ,two or m p]sonal pron\ns us$ z subjects ( "o v]b require ! v]b 9 ! plural1 & 9 ! #a/ p]son 9 pref]5ce to ! #bnd & #crd1 & #bnd 9 pref]5ce to #crd1 z-- ,yo y tu 7or yo y el7 vamos2 tu y el vais4 ,a conjunctive pron\n %\ld prec$e ! v]b 9 ! ,indic4 ,cond4 & ,subj4 moods1 b ) ! v]b 9 ! ,indic4 or ,cond4 mood a great latitude is all[$ = ! sake ( euphony or emphasis4 ,! pr9cipal idea is to give !reby m prom95ce to ! v]b1 z-- ,entreguele los bultos1 acordele toda facilidad p>a el pago y quise acab>lo todo ami/osam5te4 ,! conjunctive pron\ns lo1 le1 are bo? us$ = him1 x 7m471 7direct object72 ! second is m g5]ally us$ = a p]son1 b no di/9ction is /rictly obs]v$4 ,lo 7n le7 %\ld h[ev] be us$ = x1 ref]r+ to a :ole /atem5t4 ,lo translates (t5 ! ,engli% s1 z-- ,lo digo3 ,i say x1 ,i say s4 ,ya lo creo3 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 ,! conjunctive dative 7indirect object7 %\ld be le = bo? g5d]s 7s+474 ,la in/ead ( le = ! fem99e is h[ev] p]missible & is us$ by ! be/ writ]s4 ,les in/ead ( los is (t5 f\nd 9 ! accusative 7direct object71 mascul9e plural1 b ?is %\ld n be imitat$4 ,:5 a conjunctive p]s4 pron\n foll[s ! v]b1 ! subject pron\n mu/ also foll[1 z-- ,digolo yo 7n yo digolo73 ,i say s4 ,o!rwise ! position ( ! subject pron\n 9 relation to ! v]b is v arbitr>y1 ! g5]al practice be+1 ( c\rse1 to put x be=e unless ! s5t5ce is int]rogative4 ,! conj4 pron\ns nos & os foll[+ a v]b 9 ! ,imp]ative mood require ! elision ( ! s & d t]m9ation ( ! v]b1 z-- ,escribamonos3 ,let u write to ea* o!r4 ,escribios3 ,write to ea* o!r4 ,conjunctive pron\ns are us$ to sub/itute ! possessive adjective be=e p>ts ( ! body or articles ( dress1 z-- ,me quebre el brazo3 ,i broke my arm4 ,se la/imo el d$o3 ,he hurt 8 f+]4 ,se puso el sombr]o3 ,he put on 8 hat4 ,also-- ,me han impue/o una multa sobre los g5]os3 ,!y h inflict$ a f9e on my goods4 ,& 9 all simil> cases :5 by do+ ?is ! possessive may be avoid$ )\t creat+ confusion4 ,a some:at simil> use ( ^! pron\ns is ! e?ical dative1 z-- ,pongame aqui un clavo3 ,put me a nail "h4 ,ca/igueme e/e mu*a*o p>a que apr5da3 ,puni% ?is boy 7= me7 s t he may le>n4 ,corteme el pelo a e/e mu*a*o3 ,cut ?is boy's hair4 ,?is e?ical dative %[s ! p]son int]e/$ 9 ! action4 ,its use is mu* m frequ5t 9 ,spani% ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,conducir 7model v]b = all end+ 9 ducir2 to conduct1 to lead74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,conduzco---------- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,conduzca1 conduzcas1 conduzca1 conduzcamos1 conduzcais1 conduzcan4 ,pa/ ,def41 ,conduje1 conduji/e1 condujo1 condujimos1 conduji/eis1 conduj]on4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,n conduji]on4 ,imp4 ,subj41 ( c\rse1 ,condujese1 etc4 ,,vocabul>y4 abord>1 to bo>d1 to acco/1 to approa* 99abrir agua1 to spr+ a leak aj5o1 belong+ to o!rs1 outw>d 99&> en cue/iones1 to dispute b>rica1 cask cabo1 corporal 8como no8 yes1 ( c\rse ,i w 99cubrir 7p4p4 cubi]to71 to cov] 99d> dos pasos1 to take a /roll 99d> la l5gua1 to *at1 to p>ley despej>1 to cle> devan>se los sesos1 to rack "o's bra9s difunto1 late1 deceas$ e/all>1 to bur/1 to explode1 to break out =mal1 =mal1 respectable 99ir repiti5do1 etc41 to keep repeat+1 etc4 jefe del despa*o1 manag] llev>se bi51 to get on well toge!r logr>1 to contrive1 to atta9 ma*ac>1 to hamm]1 to insi/ m&ato1 ord]1 injunction mel9droso1 squeami%1 v p>ticul> multa1 f9e1 p5alty ,noruego1 ,norwegian peligro1 dang] remolc>1 to t[ sac> en limpio1 to make out isanto y bu5o6 t is all v well s>g5to1 s]geant transport>1 to transport1 to convey tul bordado1 embroid]$ tulle v5d] gato por liebre1 to *eat ivaya6 come 7exclam47 ,,ex]cise #a 7#gc7 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 8,vio ,v4 a la ,s5ora 7! wife7 del ,coronel8 #b4 ,vila ay] y la di el recado del ,sr4 ,mayor4 #c4 8,e/e cabo se lleva bi5 con sus soldados8 #d4 ,lo creo1 me lo ha di*o el s>g5to4 #e4 ,bu5o fu]a irselo repiti5do al jefe p>a que abrevie1 si pu$e s]4 #f4 ,a mi no me cu5te p>a nada 7d n take me into acc\nt71 valdriale mejor v]se con 7see7 el jefe del despa*o4 #g4 ,a el le gu/a d> la l5gua1 vaya a habl>le4 #h4 ,no le conozco1 ,v4 se hace c>go 7y und]/&7 que me resulta dificultoso el abord>le1 y lo mismo da 7x is ! same7 habl> con ,v4 #i4 ,v4 se equivoca1 va mu*o de ,p$ro a ,p$ro 7!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two7 y en cuanto a su timidez no sea ,v4 mel9droso y t5ga pres5te que el que no se atreve no pasa la m> 7no?+ v5ture1 no?+ h74 #aj4 ,p>a no &> en mas cue/iones seguire su m&ato 7,i %all d z y tell me74 #aa4 i,que t5ga ,v4 bu5a su]te6 #ab4 ,me devane los sesos procur&o sac> en limpio lo que qu]ia decir la c>ta p]o no me fue posible y di al diablo con el hato y el g>abato 7,i gave up ! :ole conf\nd$ ?+7 como se suele decir4 #ac4 ,me puse el sombr]o y me fui p>a d> dos pasos y despej>me la cabeza4 #ad4 ,sr4 ,juan1 ,v4 ma*aca desde mu*os dias sobre que le debo d> alguna ord5 a ,don ,jose1 pues p>a d>les gu/o a ambos saludemele ,v4 mu*o 7give him my k9d reg>ds71 en su prim]a c>ta y digale que me envie luego #ejj piezas de tul bordado repeticion de mi p$ido ant]ior1 mismos matices4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#gd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,x is ,i :o convey$ 7trasmitir7 t in=mation to him4 #b4 ,! goods 7 convey$ by ! ,%ip ,canal 7el canal m>itimo74 #c4 ,h y made x cle> 7lo ha explicado cl>am5te7 t ! risk w be cov]$ :e!r ! casks travel by /eam] or o!r conveyance 7m$io de trasporte78 #d4 ,our ag5t contriv$ to get ! f9e refund$ 7hac]se refundir72 he wrote u s4 #e4 ,! vessel sprang a leak & 0 9 dang] b %e spoke 7hablo con la boc9a a7 a ,norwegian /eam]1 :o gave h] assi/ance & t[$ h] to 7al7 ,havre4 #f4 ,! conditions y h put =? 7pres5tado7 are altoge!r unacceptable4 #g4 ,put him 9 ! way 7mue/rele ,v4 el modo7 ( conduct+ 8 bus9ess )\t dep5d+ on 7de7 outw>d assi/ance4 #h4 ,he conduct$ 8 late employ]'s 7jefe7 bus9ess q satisfactorily4 #i4 ,_h ,i fe>$ he w\ld n conduct 8 own affairs prop]ly 7bi57 ,i %\ld n h f9anc$ 7com&itado7 him4 #aj4 ,he puts a wrong con/ruction to my words 7int]preta mal74 #aa4 ,he owes u "s money & keeps putt+ u (f 7y nos va d&o l>gas74 #ab4 ,he has put (f 8 j\rney 7dif]ido1 aplazado74 #ac4 ,if y wi% me to d bus9ess ) y\r goodselves 7su e/imada casa7 y mu/ put me on 7conc$]me7 ! be/ possible t]ms4 #ad4 ,! al>m+ news f ,india has put our m>ket out ( ge> 7descompue/o74 #ae4 ,mr4 ,nunez 0 dreadfully put out 7t]riblem5te desconc]tado7 by ! news t ! revolution _h brok5 out 9 ,ecuador4 #af4 ,we mu/ put up ) 7soport>7 "s inconv5i5ce4 #ag4 ,we %all put an end to 7acab>emos7 ?is ex]cise4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii4 7,leccion trigesima octava47 ,,! ,,pron\n4 7contd474 ,su* expressions z ,i did x myself1 ,y write x y\rself1 we spoke to him himself1 are translat$ ,yo mismo lo hice1 ,v4 mismo lo escribe1 ,le hablamos a el mismo4 ,notice ! foll[+ idiomatic uses ( ,lo1 ,la1 ,los1 ,las ) ! v]bs hab] & hac]-- 8,hay d9]o8 ,is !re money8--,si1 lo hay3 ,yes1 !re is "s4 8,hay pasividades8 ,are !re any liabilities8--,si1 las hay3 ,yes1 !re are "s4 8,hace dos dias8 ,is x two days ago8--,no1 no los hace3 ,no1 x is n4 8,hace una semana8 ,is x a week ago8--,si1 la hace3 ,yes1 x is4 8,hace falta escribir8 ,is x necess>y to write8--,la hace1 mu*o3 ,yes1 v necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( two v]bs gov]n+ ea* o!r z ir a v] 7to g & see71 m&> hac] 7to h made71 etc41 a conjunctive pron\n1 occurr+1 may be tak5 by ei!r v]b1 z-- ,irle a v] or ir a v]le3 ,to g & see him4 ,m&>lo hac] or ,m&> hac]lo3 ,to h x made4 ,an object pron\n aft] a preposition may (t5 be ei!r ord9>y or reflexive z 9 ,engli%1 z-- ,los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si or entre ellos3 ,! lawy]s compromis$ ! matt] among/ !mselves 7or !m74 ,( c\rse el1 ella1 ellos1 ellas1 _c be us$ ) ref]5ce to ,v4 ,vs4-- ,vs4 lo han arreglado entre si or entre ,vs4 7b n entre ellos73 ,y h arrang$ x betwe5 y\rselves4 ,demon/rative ,pron\ns4 ,old ,spani% =ms n[ obsolete or seldom us$-- ,aque/e1 etc41 aquese1 etc41 = e/e1 ese1 etc4 ,e/otro1 esotro1 etc41 = e/e otro1 ese otro1 etc4 ,! ,engli% expressions ,i h n se5 him ^! ?ree mon?s1 etc41 %\ld be translat$ ,hace or ha tres meses que no le veo1 ,hace or ha tres meses que no le he vi/o1 ,no le he vi/o 7or no le veo7 desde hace tres meses1 ,hace 7or ha7 tres meses desde que le vi la ultima vez4 ,i h be5 writ+ ^! ?ree h\rs1 is translat$ ,hace tres horas que escribo 7e/oy escribi5do71 ,escribo 7e/oy escribi5do7 desde hace tres horas4 ,relative ,pron\ns4 ,cuyo 9 reality a relative possessive pron\n is (t5 us$ z a pure relative in/ead ( el cual foll[$ by a n\n1 z-- ,lo di a un cli5te1 cuyo cli5te lo paso a un amigo de el3 ,i gave x to a cu/om] :i* cu/om] h&$ x to a fri5d ( 84 ,! correct grammatical con/ruction w\ld be el cual cli5te2 b h[ev] mu* "s gramm>ians disclaim ?is employm5t ( cuyo1 x is 9 ! language & f\nd 9 ! be/ books & !re=e mu/ be accept$4 ,indef9ite ,pron\ns4 ,! ,indef9ite ,pron\ns algo & nada foll[$ by an adjective1 g5]ally 7b n necess>ily7 take de be=e ! adjective1 z-- ,t5go algo 7de7 bu5o3 ,i h some?+ good4 ,no t5go nada 7de7 bu5o3 ,i h no?+ good4 ,un nada is us$ z a n\n1 z-- ,un nada le asu/a3 ,a no?+ fright5s him4 ,la nada--no?+ness4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,s5tir 7to feel1 to regret74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,s9ti5do4 ,pres4 ,indic41,si5to1 si5tes1 si5te 444 si5t54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,si5ta1 si5tas1 si5ta1 s9tamos1 s9tais1 si5tan4 ,pa/ ,def41 -- -- -- s9tio -- -- -- s9ti]on4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,p$iz 7to ask1 to reque/74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,pidi5do4 ,pres4 ,indic41,pido1 pides1 pide -- -- -- -- pid54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,pida1 pidas1 pida1 pidamos1 pidais1 pidan4 ,pa/ ,def41 -- -- -- pidio -- -- -- pidi]on4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,dormir 7to sleep74#ahg ,pres4 ,"p41 ,durmi5do4 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,du]mo1 du]mes1 du]me 444 du]m54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,du]ma1 du]mas1 du]ma1 durmamos1 durmais1 du]man4 ,pa/ ,def41 -- -- -- durmio -- -- -- durmi]on4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #ahg3 ,morir is conjugat$ l dormir1 b has its pa/ "p4 mu]to4 ,n4,b4--,mu]to is also a d\ble =m ( ! pa/ "p4 ( mat> 7to kill71 z--,le han mu]to3 ,!y h kill$ him4 ,,vocabul>y4 adeud>1 to debit1 to pay 7duty7 atrasado1 9 arre>s1 beh9d ce por be1 ) all p>ticul>s1 m9utely *apas1 plates 99cont>1 to c\nt1 to relate discreto1 s5sible1 judici\s1 discreet disp5s>1 to excuse e*> a p]d]1 to spoil1 to wreck empeorami5to1 turn = ! worse 99e/> en poco de1 to be )9 an in* ( grano de anis1 a trifl+ matt] 99hac] de las suyas1 to play "o's pranks 99hac] el obsequio1 to d ! fav\r in=me1 report m&> busc>1 to s5d = oblig>1 to compel 99obt5]1 to obta91 to br+ ab\t pesado1 heavy quehac]es1 occupations1 bus9ess reglam5to1 regulation1 bye-laws remesa1 remittance1 %ipm5t revi/a1 review rodajas 7de goma71 rubb] heels 7revolv+7 tacones 7de goma71 rubb] heels 7%ap$7 tall]1 work%op tonto1 simpleton1 fooli% tornillos1 screws ,,ex]cise #a 7#ge74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,yo mismo escribo al ,sr4 ,m5doza p>a decirle que pu$e hac] sus p$idos a ,vs4 directam5te pues1 por mi p>te no t5go inconv5i5te en que asi se haga4 #b4 ,si di*o ,s5or envia p$idos 8hace falta avis>le a ,v48 #c4 ,si1 la hace1 y les ruego t5gan la bondad de decirmelo a f9 de pon] a ,vs4 en conocimi5to de las condiciones en que deb5 hac]se las remesas1 etc4 #d4 8,hace o*o dias que ,ilego el in=me de la comision8 #e4 ,creo que no los hace todavia4 #f4 ,t5go los mue/r>ios aqui1 voy a d>selos a ,v4 #g4 ,se los voy a devolv] en seguida4 #h4 ,nue/ro ag5te y los corresponsales arregl>an e/o entre ellos 7or entre si74 #i4 ,hace tres meses que no recibimos las revi/as semanales de ese m]cado1 las hemos p$ido cont9uam5te y siempre en balde4 #aj4 ,nue/ros aduan]os cobran todo el peso 7*>ge full weight7 por sus tacones y rodajas como si fu]a goma solam5te si5do asi que vi55 juntos con sus *apas y tornillos1 cuyos hi]ros1 cl>o es1 no debian 7deb]ian7 adeud> el mismo d]e*o4 #aa4 ,no suc$io nada de extraord9>io p>a ju/ific> su accion que en poco e/uvo de e*>lo todo a p]d]4 #ab4 ,hagame ,v4 el obsequio de cont>melo todo1 pues no es n+un grano de anis4 #ac4 ,s5t>se#ahh pues y se lo cont>e ce por be4 #ad4 ,disp5se ,v4 que le haya he*o esp]>1 tuve que despa*> a mi *auffeur4 #ae4 ,es ,v4 muy du5o1 p]o acu]dese ,v4 que prim]o los quehac]es y despues los plac]es4 #af4 ,v4 es hombre discrete y lo que es yo1 soy un pobre ton to4 #ag4 ,vamos e v] de que se trata4 #ah4 8,ha he*o ,v4 alguna de las suyas8 ,footnote #ahh3 ,notice ! ,imp]ative ,inf9itive4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#gf74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i regret hav+ left ! newspap]s at ! work%op1 b ,i %all s5d = !m4 #b4 ,he regrett$ ! turn = ! worse 9 ! m>ket :i* compell$ him to reque/ u to ask our fri5d = a gu>antee4 #c4 ,engli% manufactur]s are n asleep4 #d4 ,!y h be5 asleep = _m ye>s b n[ !y are wide awake 7se han desp]tado bi57 to ! necessity ( adopt+ up-to-date me?ods 7mod]nos1 a la altura de los tiempos7 & adapt+ !mselves to ! requirem5ts ( ! consum]s4 #e4 ,manufactur]s are sell+ e day b usually 7g5]alm5te7 9 small lots4 #f4 ,%irt+ mak]s want m money & f9d difficulty 9 gett+ x4 #g4 ,dhooties 7dhooties7 & jacconets are n[ s well sold t produc]s 7productores7 w only book 7aceptan ord5es7 at good prices4 #h4 ,heavy textiles 7telas7 are too /iff = g5]al att5tion 7demasiado firmes p>a atra] a los compradores7 b mak]s are n hungry = 7ansiosos de obt5]7 ord]s4 #i4 ,indian bus9ess 0 b>ely 7ap5as7 ( normal dim5sions 7proporciones74 #aj4 ,w y set ! books on t %elf 7e/ante7 & set 7coloc>7 ^? pap]s 9 ord]8 #aa4 ,! t]m y h set me 7fijado7 is too %ort4 #ab4 ,!y ought to set a 7d>7 good example4 #ac4 ,he set ab\t x 7puso mano a la obra7 at once4 #ad4 ,sett+ aside ! 7presc9di5do del7 fact t he is beh9d ) 8 paym5ts1 he does u great h>m by runn+ d[n 7desacr$it&o7 our goods4 #ae4 ,w9t] has set 9 7pr9cipiado7 & heavy clo?s are 9 great reque/4 #af4 ,i h set my m9d on 7me he decidido a7 ?is v5ture4 #ag4 ,a movem5t has be5 set on foot 7iniciado7 to br+ ab\t ! revision ( ! bye-laws4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix4 7,leccion trigesima nona47 ,,! ,,v]b4 ,all intransitive v]bs 9 ,spani% are conjugat$ ) ! auxili>y v]b hab]1 z-- ,ha v5ido3 ,he has or is come4 ,a v]b t gov]ns an inf9itive ?r\gh a c]ta9 preposition1 z-- ,conv5imos en hac]lo3 ,we agre$ ^u do+ x4 %\ld drop ! preposition :5 a f9ite v]b foll[s4 ,n4,b4--,_m su* v]bs1 h[ev]1 may pres]ve ! preposition ev5 be=e a f9ite mood1 z-- ,conv5imos que1 or en que1 lo hicies53 ,we agre$ t !y %\ld d x4 ,:5 ! subject ( a v]b is a collective n\n1 ! v]b is plac$ 9 ! s+ul> 7see ,lesson ,,xxxii = exception74 ,:5 a comp\nd subject foll[s ! v]b1 ?is may agree 9 numb] & p]son ) ! fir/ subject only1 z-- ,nos ha llegado la circul> y los impresos que la acompanaban3 ,we receiv$ ! circul> & ! pr9t$ matt] :i* accompani$ x4 ,! ambiguity betwe5 a ,reflexive v]b plural & a ,reciprocal v]b is avoid$ ?us-- ,se compromet5 a si 7a si mismos--emphatic73 ,!y commit !mselves4 ,se compromet5 el uno al otro1 or los unos a los otros3 ,!y commit ea* o!r4 ,a ,reflexive v]b is t 9 :i* ! second pron\n ( ! same p]son z ! subject1 is ! direct object ( ! action1 z-- ,ellos se compromet53 ,!y commit !mselves4 ,b :5 ! second pron\n /&s = ! indirect object1 ! v]b is only intransitive pronom9al1 z-- ,el se procuro un empleo3 ,he procur$ = himself an employm5t4 ,! ,passive ,voice4 ,! ,passive voice =m$ ) s] occurs mu* less 9 ,spani% ?an 9 ,engli%4 ,:5 ! do] is n express$ ! active voice ) se g5]ally takes its place1 z-- ,los n9os se aman or ,se ama#ahi a los n9os3 ,*ildr5 are lov$4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,notice ,s+4 numb]4 ,:5 ! do] is m5tion$ ! foll[+ con/ruction is (t5 us$-- ,a e/os n9os los aman sus padres3 ,^! *ildr5 are lov$ by _! p>5ts4 ,! ,engli% pres5t p>ticiple us$ sub/antively is r5d]$ 9 ,spani% by a n\n or by ! inf9itive mood ( ! v]b g5]ally prec$$ by ! def9ite article1 z-- ,el cambio de las condiciones3 ,! *ang+ ( ! t]ms4 ,el cambi> las condiciones3 ,! *ang+ ( ! t]ms4 ,su comunicacion a las autoridades de la ,aduana1 ,el escribir or el hab] escrito el a las autoridades de la ,aduana3 ,8 writ+ to ! cu/om-h\se au?orities4 ,el v5d] a cr$ito a l>gos plazos no es un pr9cipio sano3 ,sell+ on cr$it ) long t]ms is n a s\nd practice4 ,prefi]o compr> disponible 7or las compras de disponible73 ,i pref] spot buy+4 ,! ,engli% g]und foll[+ by is translat$ by ! g]und )\t preposition or by ! inf9itive prec$$ by con1 z-- ,deposit&o 7or con deposit>7 sus acciones se puso en p]fecta regla3 ,by deposit+ 8 %>es1 he put himself 9 ord]4 ,! ,spani% v]bal =ms end+ 9 ante & i5te1 z3 ,amante 7lov]71 tratante 7deal]71 dep5di5te 7cl]k71 etc41 us$ to be t]m$ pres5t p>ticiples1 & ! analog\s =ms am&o 7lov+71 trat&o 7treat+71 dep5di5do 7dep5d+71 etc41 g]unds1 b ?is has n[ tak5 ! place ( bo? =ms1 us$ z v]bs1 & ! =ms 9 ante & i5te are class$ z o!r p>ts ( spee*1 accord+ to _! mean+1 z-- ,amante de la musica 7adj473 ,fond ( music4 ,un tratante en trigos 7n\n73 ,a deal] 9 :eat4 ,un dep5di5te de com]cio 7n\n73 ,a comm]cial cl]k4 ,durante la exposicion 7prep473 ,dur+ ! exhibition4 ,m$iante su ayuda 7prep473 ,by means ( 8 help4 ,no ob/ante que v9o 7conj473 ,not)/&+ 8 com+4 i,corriente6 7int]j473 ,all "r6 done6 ,huir 7to flee74#aij ,pres4 ,indic41 ,huyo1 huyes1 huye 444 huy54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,huya1 huyas1 huya1 huyamos1 huyais1 huyan4 ,footnote #aij3 ,model = all v]bs end+ 9 uir 7) u s\nd$74 ,,vocabul>y4 acabado1 f9i% 7clo?7 acudir1 to h rec\rse1 to att5d1 to run to a las cl>as1 pla9ly1 cle>ly apre/o1 size1 also f9i% 7clo?7 aprove*>se1 to take advantage bomba de doble efecto1 d\ble-act+ pump burl>se1 to make fun (1 to trifle ) *u*]ias1 pretty trifles 99conv5ir en1 to agree to enganifas1 tricks esc&aloso1 sc&al\s1 %ock+ granje>se1 to w9 ov] 99hac] v]1 to %[ 99h]ir1 to w\nd1 to cut 7fig47 m$i>1 to come betwe51 to int]v5e1 to take place 9 ! meantime 99no t5] pelo de tonto1 n to be a simpleton quit>1 to take away 99r$ucir a un m9imo1 to r$uce to a m9imum1 to m9imise 99sab] a punto fijo1 to "k = c]ta9 sospe*>1 to suspect suave1 s(t1 mell[1 g5tle subsan>1 to correct1 to rectify tacto1 feel 7n471 t\* 7n47 voluntad1 w1 goodwill1 fav\r ,,ex]cise #a 7#gg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,a mi no me v5ga con e/as enganifas que no t5go pelo de tonto4 #b4 ,me hace regalos de algunas *u*]ias p>a granje>se mi voluntad y aprove*>se despues4 #c4 8,sabe ,v4 a punto fijo que son e/as sus int5ciones8 #d4 ,m$i>on algunas cosillas que me han he*o sospe*> algo de eso y de mi nadie se burla4 #e4 ,v4 debe de equivoc>se y solo por sospe*as no debe quit>le su ami/ad4 #f4 ,e/as h]mosas cald]as de alta presion las han con/ruido en ,+lat]ra y e/as bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los ,e/ados ,unidos4 #g4 ,el conc$] el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha he*o conseguir una ext5sa cli5tela4 #h4 ,con uni=m>se a mis disposiciones 7ord]s1 in/ructions7 el cumplira con su deb] y yo qu$>e mas cont5to4 #i4 ,no soy amante de disputas1 mis dep5di5tes podran asegur>le que durante mi l>ga c>r]a y no ob/ante que no falt>on ocasiones1 no acudi una sola vez a los ,tribunales4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#gh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,! long & %ort ( ! matt] is t 7en pocas palabras7 we _h agre$ he 0 to d x4 #b4 ,?is is no?+ %ort ( di%one/y 7e/o se llama falta de honradez1 nada m5os74 #c4 ,no matt] :at he w say 7diga lo que dij]e7 ,i am sure he w h to pay4 #d4 ,! e/imate & ! sket*es atta*$ rea*$ u j 9 7a7 "t4 #e4 ,! clo? 0 run 7plegada7 9 pieces ( #bj yds4 exactly1 ! consequ5ce be+ t "s pieces 7 f\nd by ! cu/om] to be ) cuts 7cortes74 #f4 ,x is ( no use 7es inutil7 our /ruggl+ any long] 7por mas tiempo7 aga9/ adv]sity4 #g4 ,y\r writ+ 9 t /ra9 7en aquel tono7 %[s pla9ly t _! action has cut y to ! quick 7pr(undam5te74 #h4 ,by sell+ 9 "t he manag$ 7logro7 to m9imise ! loss4 #i4 ,! %ock+ abuses t exi/$ "u ! mon>*y are be+ 7se van7 correct$ by ! ,republican ,gov]nm5t4 #aj4 ,we %all %[ !m t our firm is n to be trifl$ )4 #aa4 ,^! /uffs are too heavily siz$ & ! f9i% is n suffici5tly mell[4 #ab4 ,_! feel is n clo?y 7no ti55 ba/ante cu]po al tacto74 #ac4 ,?is defect w be made "r 9 future deliv]ies4 ,,lesson ,,xl4 7,leccion cuadrageseima47 ,,! ,,v]b 7contd474 ,z 9 ,engli%1 sev]al pa/ p>ticiples may be us$ ) an active mean+1 z-- ,un hombre leido3 ,a well-read man 7= a man :o has read mu* & well74 ,! foll[+ are "s examples-- ,agradecido 7grateful7 ,atrevido 7bold1 d>+7 ,bi5 hablado 7a c\rte\s speak]7 ,callado 7taciturn7 ,cansado 7tiresome7 ,com$ido 7?\ghtful1 consid]ate7 ,corrido#aia 7acute1 artful7 ,div]tido 7amus+7 ,ent5dido 7exp]i5c$1 conv]sant7 ,exp]im5tado 7exp]i5c$1 exp]t7 ,sufrido 7pati5t7 ,footnote #aia3 ,) a passive mean+ x is aba%$4 ,! ,t5ses4 ,! p]iphra/ic or progressive conjugation3 ,i am buy+1 ,i 0 sell+1 ,i %all be buy+1 etc41 exi/s 9 ,spani% ) ! foll[+ diff]5ces f ,engli%3-- ,9 ! pres5t & ! pa/ x is us$1 b only :5 ! action embraces a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 o!rwise ! simple =m ,i buy1 ,i sold 7imp]f4 indic47 mu/ be us$1 z-- ,fulano se arrojaba por la v5tana 7n se e/aba arroj&o74 ,! ,spani% ,academy gives ?is example z ( an action m or less in/antane\s3 ,s-&-,s 0 ?r[+ himself out ( ! w9d[4 ,! p]iphra/ic =m is inadmissible unless "o is actually engag$ 9 ! action1 z3 ,hoy como con mi amigo 7n e/oy comi5do1 because n actually engag$ 9 ! action73 ,to-day ,i am d9+ ) my fri5d4 ,9 ! future ?is con/ruction is p]missible only 9 su* cases z-- ,cu&o v5ga manana1 yo e/>e escribi5do3 ,to-morr[ :5 he comes1 ,i %all be writ+4 ,! p]iphra/ic =m nev] happ5s ) ! v]b ir 7to g71 & seldom ) v5ir 7to come74 ,! ,engli% pres5t p]fect 7pret]ite compue/o7 ,i h done is (t5 us$ 9 ,spani% = ! pa/ def9ite ,i did1 :5 ! p]iod ( "t 9 :i* ! action took place is n specifi$4 ,! ,spani% ,academy gives-- ,siempre que he ido a ,madrid he visitado el ,prado = ,:5ev] ,i w5t to ,madrid ,i visit$ ! ,prado4 ,we ev5 f9d ay] he he*o e/o o aquello = ye/]day ,i did ?is or t1 & ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! ne>ness ( ! p]iod elaps$4 ,al?\gh colloquially ?is does n s\nd at all s badly z 9 ,engli%1 well-educat$ ,spani>ds w take c>e to avoid x4 ,! second or bye-=m ( ! imp]fect subjunctive may be us$ also = ! conditional mood1 z-- ,se lo di]a si lo tuviese in/ead ( se lo d>ia1 etc43 ,i %\ld give x to him if ,i _h x4 ,x is also f\nd 79 books1 n 9 conv]sation7 = ! comp\nd imp]fect indicative1 especially aft] que1 z-- ,los consejos que le di]a 7= que le habia dado73 ,! advice :i* ,i _h giv5 him4 ,9 old ,spani%1 & ev5 n[ 9 poetry1 we f9d x us$ = e "o ( ! comp\nd pa/ t5ses4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 ,! v]b to come %\ld be r5d]$ 9 ,spani% by ir :5 ! p]son is n 9 ! place 9 "q at ! "t ( speak+ or writ+1 z-- 8,qui]e ,v4 v5ir aqui a mi casa manana8 ,w y come "h to my h\se to-morr[8 ,hoy e/oy indispue/o p]o manana ire a v]le3 ,to-day ,i am unwell 7out ( sorts71 b to-morr[ ,i %all come to see y4 ,la vi escribir3 ,i saw h] writ+2 viz41 ,i saw h] write4 ,la vi escribi5do3 ,i saw h] writ+2 viz41 :il/ %e 0 writ+4 ,! emphatic ^w 9 an ,engli% s5t5ce is (t5 & m elegantly translat$ by a p>aphrase 9 ,spani%-- 8,es v]dad que ha comprado los g5]os8 ,has he b\ght ! goods8 8,es el qui5 ha comprado los g5]os8 ,has he b\ght ! goods8 8,de v]as ha comprado los g5]os8 ,has he b\ght ! goods8 8,pues son los g5]os lo que ha comprado8 ,has he b\ght ! goods8 ,e/a transaccion hubo de arru9>le3 ,?is transaction 0 )9 an ace ( ru9+ him4 ,i believe myself to be clev]1 etc41 is n translat$ ,yo me creo s] habil1 b ,yo me creo 7or consid]o7 habil1 or ,yo creo s] habil1 or ,creo que soy habil4 ,decir 7to say1 to tell74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,dici5do4 ,pa/ ,"p41 ,di*o4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,digo1 dices1 dice1--1--1 dic54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,diga1 digas1 diga1 digamos1 digais1 digan4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,di 444 ,pa/ ,def4 ,indic41 ,dije1 diji/e1 dijo1 dijimos1 diji/eis1 dij]on4 ,future ,indic41 ,dire1 diras1 dira1 diremos1 direis1 diran4 ,,vocabul>y4 agrupacion1 gr\p1 mu/] aislado1 isolat$1 h$g$ 9 alcalde1 mayor arreglo ami/oso1 fri5dly und]/&+ capataz1 =eman c>ta de naturaleza1 c]tificate ( naturalization cifras1 figures 99d> pasos1 to take /eps d$ic>se1 to devote oneself d]e*os protectores1 protective duties diputacion prov9cial1 prov9cial c\ncil elabor>1 to elaborate g5io1 temp] inquiet>se1 to feel uneasy 99no t5]las todas consigo1 to feel uneasy 99irse en rodeos1 to beat ab\t ! bu% labor indig5a1 native lab\r pequ5eces1 trifl+ matt]s p]spectivas1 prospects plan1 plan#aib 7idea7 proyecto1 project1 s*eme repas>1 to g ?r\gh resultado1 result 7de7 resultas de1 9 consequ5ce (1 z a result ( vec9o1 inhabitant1 ratepay]#aic vuelta de correo 7a71 7by7 return ( po/ ,footnote #aib3 ,plan1 sket* ,plano4 ,footnote #aic3 ,vec9o ratepay] :o has acquir$ c]ta9 rights aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( resid5ce4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#gi74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,las leyes de ,espana decl>an3 ,son espanoles todas las p]sonas nacidas en t]ritorio espanol1 los hijos de padre o madre espanoles aunque hayan nacido fu]a de ,espana1 y los extranj]os que hayan obt5ido del ,gobi]no ,espanol c>ta de naturaleza1 o sean vec9os de cualqui] pueblo de ,espana4 #b4 ,anad5 que los extranj]os pu$5 e/ablec]se y d$ic>se librem5te a sus pr(esiones en t]ritorio espanol2 p]o n+un extranj]o pu$e ej]c] en ,espana c>go alguno que repres5te autoridad4 #c4 ,los miembros del ,concejo o cabildo o ayuntami5to o corporacion municipal se llaman ,concejales o regidores4 #d4 ,en ,espana el alcalde de ,madrid es nombrado librem5te por el ,gobi]no2 el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de #f1jjj habitantes es nombrado por el ,gobi]no de entre los concejales1 los demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su compan]os concejales4 #e4 ,los c>gos concejiles son gratuitos4 #f4 ,la ,diputacion ,prov9cial es la agrupacion de los v>ios municipios de cada prov9cia1 y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la prov9cia4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#hj74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,! =eman is grateful = 8 ma/]'s k9dness4 #b4 ,! ,director is elaborat+ a bold s*eme = e/abli%+1 9 a =eign c\ntry h$g$ 9 by protective duties1 a factory work$ by native lab\r "u an ,engli% manag] 7g]5te7 & exp]i5c$ ,engli% in/ructors4 #c4 ,if ?is plan rea*es concretion 7se v]ifica7 he w be go+ abroad %ortly1 :5 he w f9d t 8 ag5ts w be tak+ already ! prelim9>y /eps4 #d4 ,! ,director himself is com+ t[>ds u1 he w tell y m ab\t x4 #e4 ,i am go+ to att5d to sev]al trifl+ matt]s :i* h[ev] want look+ aft] 7hay que cuid>74 #f4 ,:5ev] 7siempre que7 ,i decid$ on 7he decidido7 a ?+1 ,i h always act$ on my decision 7la he pue/o en ejecucion74 #g4 ,i tell y if ,i _h a l>g] /ock1 ,i %\ld feel r uneasy at 7con7 ! prospects ( ! m>ket4 #h4 ,come & see me to-morr[ at my (fice & we %all come 7lleg>emos7 to a fri5dly und]/&+ )\t beat+ ab\t ! bu%4 #i4 ,he told me ! figures did n comp>e well ) 7no eran bu5as en comp>acion de7 ^? ( la/ ye>4 #aj4 ,please g ?r\gh ! acc\nts aga9 & tell me ! result by return ( po/4 #aa4 ,%ort reckon+s make long fri5ds 7las cu5tas cl>as y el *ocolate espeso74 #ab4 ,he lo/ money z a result ( 8 bad temp]4 ,,lesson ,,xli4 7,leccion cuadragesima prim]a47 ,,! ,,v]b 7contd474 ,s] & ,e/>4 ,su* expressions z ,smok+ is prohibit$1 etc41 are translat$ ei!r ,es prohibido fum> or ,e/a prohibido fum>4 ,bo? translations are grammatically correct 7,e/a prohibido fum> is ! g5]al expression 9 ?is p>ticul> case74 ,if we say ,es prohibido fum>1 we are ref]r+ to ! do] ( ! action3 ,es prohibido por la ley1 por la policia1 por los jefes1 etc41 etc4--a case ( passive voice4 ,if we say ,e/a prohibido fum> we h no do] 9 our m9d1 b only ! ?+ itself a case ( a condition ( ?+s result+ f ! action 7! prohibition74 ,,example-- ,el fum> es prohibido por el jefe1 por e/o e/a prohibido fum> en nue/ro despa*o3 ,smok+ is prohibit$ by our employ] 7viz41 our employ] prohibits smok+71 !re=e x is n all[$ 9 our (fice4 ,! above example is giv5 = ! sake ( illu/ration by contra/2 9 practice1 ( c\rse1 su* oddities are avoid$4 ,! ,engli% expressions1 ,x is ,i1 y1 he1 we1 !y1 :o 444 mu/ be r5d]$ 9 ,spani% by ,soy yo1 es ,v41 somos nosotros1 etc41 qui5 or qui5es 4442 i4e41 ! ,engli% imp]sonal x is mu/ be made p]sonal 9 ,spani%4 ,we said t v]bs may h a diff]5t gov]nm5t 9 ! two languages1 z-- ,colg> de un clavo3 ,to hang on a nail4 ,entr> en una casa3 ,to ent] a h\se4 ,?is1 "o ( ! po9ts = :i* rules _c be laid1 belongs to ! idiom ( ! language1 & practice is ! only ma/] 7see ,app5dix ,v = a li/ ( ! mo/ conspicu\s diff]5ces7 ,9 read+1 toge!r ) ! mean+ ( a v]b1 asc]ta9 its gov]nm5t4 ,"s peculi>ities ( ,spani% v]bs-- ,acab> de1 foll[$ by an inf9itive1 translates ! ,engli% to h j1 foll[$ by a pa/ p>ticiple1 z-- ,acaba de flot>se una soci$ad3 ,a company has j be5 float$4 ,ac]t> a1 foll[$ by an inf9itive1 translates to happ51 z-- ,ac]t>on a pas> cu&o ella e/aba asomada a la v5tana3 ,!y happ5$ to pass :5 %e 0 look+ out ( ! w9d[4 ,ac]to a s] vi]nes aquel dia3 ,t day happ5$ to be a ,friday4 ,alegr>se de1 ,celebr>--to be glad to1 to rejoice at4 ,me alegro mu*o de la noticia2 ,celebro mu*o la noticia3 ,i am glad ( ! news4 7,be=e an inf9itive de is omitt$ aft] alegr>se1 z3 ,me alegro decirle3 ,i am glad to tell y47 ,cab] 7see ,lesson ,,xxx7 is us$ figuratively 9 _m locutions-- ,no cabe en nosotros tal accion3 ,we are n capable ( su* an action4 ,no cabe en si de gozo3 ,he is beside himself ) joy4 ,le cupo el premio gordo3 x 0 8 lot or luck to get ! *ief prize4 ,no se pu$e sab] lo que le cabra a uno en su]te3 ,"o _c "k :at "o's lot w be4 ,e/a tela es de calidad que no cabe mas3 ,?is clo? is p]fection itself4 ,no cab] en si3 ,to be puff$ up ) pride4 ,ir 7to g74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,y5do4#aid ,pres4 ,indic41 ,voy1 vas1 va1 vamos1 vais1 van4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,vaya1 vayas1 vaya1 vayamos1 vayais1 vayan4 ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,ve 444 vayamos or vamos 444 ,imp]f4 ,indic41 ,iba1 ibas1 iba1 ibamos1 ibais1 iban4 ,pa/ ,def4 ,indic41 ,fui1 fui/e1 fue1 fuimos1 fui/eis1 fu]on4 ,footnote #aid3 ,no ^w 9 ,spani% comm5ces ) ie4 ,h5ce ! *ange into ye4 ,oir 7to he>74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,oigo4 ,salir 7to g out74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,salgo4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,salga1 salgas1 salga1 salgamos1 salgais1 salgan4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,sal 4 4 4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,saldre1 saldras1 saldra1 saldremos1 saldreis1 saldran4 ,,vocabul>y4 arranc>1 to wr5*1 to squeeze out biblioteca1 public libr>y codicia1 gre$1 covet\sness 99d>sele a uno de una cosa1 to matt] desgraciado1 un=tunate deslumbr>1 to dazzle factura simulada1 pro =ma invoice fie/a del com]cio1 bank holiday fom5to1 developm5t1 enc\ragem5t 99hac] impresion1 to impress haci5da1 f9ance1 prop]ty 7no7 p]don> nada1 to leave no /one unturn$ proxima1 ne>1 approa*+ 99regir1 to rule1 to gov]n1 to control sac>1 to pull out1 to get out s9 p]juicio de1 except+ 99t5] a su c>go1 to h 9 *>ge 99t5] en poco1 to ?9k little ( ,,ex]cise #a 7#ha74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,el ,gobi]no en ,espana se compone de o*o m9i/]ios4 #b4 ,el ,m9i/]io de ,e/ado trata de las relaciones de ,espana con los demas ,e/ados y corresponde al ,=eign ,(fice +les4 #c4 ,el de ,gracia y ,ju/icia ti5e a su c>go todos los asuntos relativos a la ,adm9i/racion de ,ju/icia y alord5 eclesia/ico4 #d4 ,el de la ,gu]ra que es lo mismo que nue/ro ,w> ,(fice4 #e4 ,el de ,haci5da1 el ,m9i/]io de ,m>9a1 el ,m9i/]io de la ,gob]nacion 7,m9i/ry ( ! ,int]ior7 que vigila y dirige todos los negocios y asuntos propios del ,gobi]no y adm9i/racion civil del ,e/ado1 asi g5]ales como locales1 s9 p]juicio de las atribuciones de los ayuntami5tos y ,diputaciones prov9ciales1 el ,m9i/]io de ,fom5to 7,m9i/ry ( ,p4 ,works7 que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura1 indu/ria1 com]cio1 obras1 publicas1 montes 7=e/s71 m9as1 y e/adi/icas4 #f4 ,e/e corresponde mas o m5os al +les ,bo>d ( ,trade2 y el ,m9i/]io de ,in/ruccion ,publica y ,bellas ,artes que ti5e a su c>go cuanto se refi]e a la ens5anza1 bellas artes1 ar*ivos1 bibliotecas1 y museos1 y que repres5ta aproximadam5te al ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#hb74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,x is ,i :o %all leave = ,p>is 7saldre p>a7 n[ t ! matt] is arrang$4 #b4 ,i am go+ out z ,i he> somebody call+ me4 #c4 ,g1 b d n be long4 #d4 ,ye/]day y w5t = a few m9utes b x 0 an h\r be=e y return$ 7no volvio antes de74 #e4 ,we h j he>d ( 8 approa*+ visit to ,engl&4 #f4 ,x happ5$ to be on a bank holiday & our (fices 7(ic9as7 7 ( c\rse clos$ on t day4 #g4 ,we %all be glad if y w k9dly in/ruct 7de in/rucciones a7 y\r ca%i] to pay our acc\nt4 #h4 ,we h ! pleasure ( enclos+ ! pro =ma invoices4 #i4 ,i am incapable ( s mu* gre$4 #aj4 ,i am sorry to h to tell y t ! c>go by ! s4s4 ,m>ia 0 lo/ ?r\gh ! vessel /r&+ 7por hab] v>ado7 on 7en7 ! ,spani% coa/4 #aa4 ,com+ back f hav+ se5 7a vuelta de hab] vi/o7 ! ma*9e work+ 7en funcion7 he told u h[ fav\rably impress$ he _h be54 #ab4 ,he 0 dazzl$ by ! brilliant prospects set be=e him4 #ac4 ,?is is no?+ to me4 #ad4 ,!re is no?+ or v little to be got out ( t firm4 #ae4 ,i h left no /one unturn$ to squeeze some?+ out ( ?is un=tunate bus9ess b x has be5 ( no avail4 #af4 ,he ?9ks no?+ ( our "w4 ,,lesson ,,xlii4 7,leccion cuadragesima segunda47 ,,! ,,v]b 7contd474 ,ca] has sev]al idiomatic uses-- ,e/e ve/ido le cae bi53 ,?is dress fits h] well4 ,ca] en gracia3 ,to fall into ! good graces ( "o4 ,la pu]ta cae a ori5te3 ,! door is on ! ea/ side4 ,ya caigo1 ya caigo en ello3 ,n[ ,i und]/&4 ,ca]se r$ondo3 ,to fall flat4 ,d>-- ,d> en el clavo 7 ac]t>73 ,to hit x4 ,d> por conc$ido1 d> de b>ato3 ,to grant = ! sake ( argum5t4 ,lo doy por bu5o3 ,i consid] x z good4 ,d> los naipes3 ,to deal c>ds4 ,d> la enhorabu5a1 el pesame1 los bu5os dias3 ,to congratulate1 to condole )1 to wi% good day4 ,d> la hora3 ,to /rike ! h\r4 ,d> en capri*os3 ,to give oneself up to :ims4 ,d> en un error3 ,to incur an error4 ,d>se preso3 ,to give oneself up4 ,d>se al e/udio3 ,to apply or devote oneself to /udy4 ,d> a cre]3 ,to make believe4 ,d> con una p]sona3 ,to come across a p]son4 ,no se me da nada3 ,i d n c>e a bit4 ,ahi me las d5 todas3 ,i d n c>e a bit4 ,_m o!r idioms are =m$ ) d> = :i* a good diction>y %\ld be consult$4 ,dej> de--to cease f1 to omit1 to fail to4 ,dejemos de habl>3 ,let u cease talk+4 ,dejo de hac]me la remesa que me habia prometido3 ,he omitt$ to s5d me ! remittance he promis$ me4 ,no dej>e de ejecut> su ord53 ,i %all n fail to execute y\r ord]4 ,e*> 7to ?r[7 =ms also _m idioms = :i* ! diction>y %\ld be consult$-- ,e*> a corr]1 a reir1 etc43 ,to />t runn+1 laugh+1 etc4 ,e*> a p]d]3 ,to spoil1 to ru94 ,e*> de beb]3 ,to p\r out dr9k4 ,e*> de v]3 ,to p]ceive1 to notice4 ,e/o se e*a de v]3 ,?is is obvi\s4 ,e*> m5os or de m5os3 ,to miss1 to feel ! want (4 ,e*> la llave1 el c]rojo1 la tranca3 ,to lock1 to bolt1 to b> 7! door74 ,e*> la culpa3 ,to lay ! blame4 ,e*> mano3 ,to lay hold1 to lay h&s ^u4 ,e*> un cig>illo1 un puro3 ,to smoke a cig>ette1 a cig>4 ,e/>--to be4 ,e/> en que3 ,to be ( op9ion4 ,e/> por3 ,to be 9 fav\r (4 ,e/> p>a3 ,to be on ! po9t (4 ,e/> por hac]3 ,to be yet to be done4 ,falt>--to fail1 to be want+4 ,falto a la promesa3 ,he fail$ to 8 promise4 ,me faltan c9co duros3 ,i am %ort ( five doll>s4 ,n4,b4--,me hac5 falta c9co duros is ,i ne$ five doll>s4 ,gu>d>se de--to take c>e 7to gu>d aga9/74 ,x c>ries ) x a negative mean+4 ,me gu>d>e bi5 de hac]lo3 ,i %all take c>e n to d x4 7,i %all take c>e to d x w\ld be translat$ cuid>e de hac]lo47 ,hac]se1 ,pon]se1 ,volv]se1 ,lleg> a s]1 translate ! ,engli% to become1 :5 ?is is n r5d]$ by turn+ ! ,engli% adjective into a v]b1 z-- ,se hizo todo un +les3 ,he became q an ,engli%man4 ,se puso colorado3 ,he became r$ 9 ! face4 ,se volvio loco de cont5to3 ,he became mad ) joy4 ,llego a s] famoso3 ,he became fam\s4 ,se enriquecio3 ,he became ri*4 ,hac] 7or m&>7 hac] una cosa--to h a ?+ done4 ,me hice envi> los bultos3 ,i _h ! packages s5t to me4 ,hice escribir una c>ta3 ,i _h a lett] writt54 ,llev>--to c>ry1 to we>4 ,llev> a mal3 ,to take amiss4 ,llev>se bi5 con todos3 ,to get on ) ev]ybody4 ,llev>se *asco3 ,to be disappo9t$4 ,llevese ,v4 e/os valores3 ,take ^! securities ) y4 ,met] bulla--to make a noise1 to %\t1 to clam\r4 ,volv] 7to return1 i4e41 to come or g aga97 is us$ be=e an inf9itive to d5ote a repetition ( its action-- ,volv] a decir3 ,to say aga94 ,decir otra vez3 ,to say aga94 ,decir de nuevo3 ,to say aga94 ,,vocabul>y4 abon>1 to speak = a p]son1 to recomm5d actas1 de$s 7writ+s7 am5 de1 besides ap5as1 b>ely1 sc>cely 99arrep5tirse1 to rep5t b]gant91 brig concluir un trato1 to /rike a b>ga9 contramae/re de filatura1 ma/] sp9n] conv5i5te p>a1 becom+ cregueelas1 osnaburgs crespones1 crepons 99d> cu5ta1 to report de/aji/a1 contractor discutir1 to discuss dobladillo de ojo 7con71 hem/it*$ emp5>1 to engage en regla1 9 ord] escrito1 writ+ 7n471 lett] 99expon]se a1 to expose oneself to1 to enc\nt] fid$igno1 tru/wor?y fracas>1 to fall ?r\gh goleta1 s*oon] hundimi5to1 subsid5ce panuelos de luto1 black-bord]$ h&k]*iefs 99pon] pleito1 to br+ an action posicion1 position1 /&+ 99prob> =tuna1 to try "o's luck proc$] 7n471 proce$+1 behavi\r r$act>1 to draw up 7de$s71 to write out repulgados1 dobladillados1 hemm$ suelo1 gr\nd1 soil telas rizadas1 crimps v5c]1 to w91 to fall due ,,ex]cise #a 7#hc74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,en conte/acion a su e/imada c>ta pesanos 7we are sorry7 deb]les notific> que ha/a ahora no hemos podido d> con los crespones que nos han p$ido4 #b4 ,obra en nue/ro pod] su apreciable del #c del que rige con ord5 p>a cregueelas1 panuelos de algodon de luto1 dobladillados 7or repulgados7 y panuelos de l9o con dobladillo de ojo1 y no dej>emos de d>les cu5ta detallada de lo que hayamos he*o1 en nue/ro proximo escrito4 #c4 ,el de/aji/a e*o a con/ruir p]o ab&ono la obra a m$io hac]4 #d4 ,e/amos en que se arrep9tio de su contrato y nue/ros ,directores e/an por pon]le pleito4 #e4 ,escrib5 de ,brasil que les hace falta un contramae/re de filatura4 #f4 ,conozco a un jov5 que deb]ia s] compet5te p]o me gu>d>e de emp5>le s9 obt5] in=mes fid$ignos que le abon54 #g4 ,de resultas de un hundimi5to en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia el cu]po del edificio am5 de hab]se caido la *im5ea4 #h4 ,la goleta y el b]gant9 tem5 expon]se al fu]te vi5to4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#hd74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,he wants to make u believe t ! price at :i* he sold !m b>ely cov]s 8 co/4 #b4 ,i d n c>e :e!r he ga9s or loses2 ,i h ceas$ to take an int]e/ 9 8 affairs4 #c4 ,n[ ,i und]/&1 & ,i %all n fail to take c>e n to d x 9 future4 #d4 ,he />t$ laugh+1 & !re ! matt] end$ 7asi se acabo la cosa74 #e4 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( /rik+ a b>ga9 ) him1 b x fell ?r\gh at ! la/ mom5t & n[ ev]y?+ is to be discuss$ aga94 #f4 ,he fail$ to pres5t himself at ! cr$itors' meet+1 & he has !re=e =feit$ 7p]dido7 8 "r ( opposition 7de opon]se74 #g4 ,he became v cauti\s aft] ! exp]i5ce he _h4 #h4 ,he became v ri* by 8 =tunate deals 7especulaciones7 9 railway %>es4 #i4 ,! bill falls due on ! #ae? in/4 #aj4 ,?is proce$+ is n becom+ a firm ( y\r /&+4 #aa4 ,! de$s are n 9 ord]3 please d n take amiss my reque/+ y to h !m drawn up aga94 #ab4 ,i expect$ to see him1 b ,i 0 disappo9t$4 #ac4 ,d n clam\r s mu*1 & try y\r luck aga94 ,,lesson ,,xliii4 7,leccion cuadragesima t]c]a47 ,,! ,,v]b 7contd474 ,! ,engli% v]bs %all1 w1 %\ld1 w\ld1 may1 might1 :5 us$ z auxili>y v]bs 7viz41 z m]e signs ( ! future t5se1 conditional or subjunctive moods respectively7 are r5d]$ by ! correspond+ t]m9ations ( ! ,spani% v]b#aie-- ,i %all g3 ,ire4 ,?\ wilt g3 ,iras4 ,we %\ld g3 ,iriamos4 ,y w\ld g3 ,vs4 irian4 ,i hope he may succe$3 ,deseo que t5ga bu5 exito4 ,i wi%$ he might come3 ,deseaba que v9iese4 ,footnote #aie3 ,%all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld1 are also r5d]$ by ! ,subjunctive ,mood :5 accord+ to ! ,spani% rules ! v]b %\ld be ,subjunctive4 ,example-- ,x is 707 possible t he w 7w\ld7 h to "w late3 ,es 7era7 posible que t5ga 7tuviese7 que trabaj> t>de4 ,:5 !y are us$ z pr9cipal v]bs !y are translat$ by ,deb] 7%all1 %\ld71 ,qu]] 7w & w\ld71 & ,pod] 7may & might71 z-- ,y %all g3 ,v4 debe ir4 ,y may speak3 ,v4 pu$e habl>4 ,i w n buy m3 ,no qui]o compr> mas4 ,y %\ld accept our t]ms3 ,vs4 deb]ian#aif acept> nue/ras condiciones4 ,we w\ld will+ly see t done3 ,quisi]amos mu*o v]lo hac]4 ,footnote #aif3 ,! ,imp]fect ,indicative debia1 podia1 qu]ia1 is (t5 us$ = deb]ia1 podria1 & qu]ria4 ,?is occurs also ) o!r v]bs1 colloquially3 ,yo se lo daba si e/uviese aqui = ,yo selo d>ia si e/uviese aqui4 ,c is translat$ by ! pres4 or future ( ,pod]-- ,i c d x n[3 ,pu$o hac]lo ahora4 ,i c d x next mon?3 ,pu$o or ,podre hac]lo el mes proximo4 ,c\ld is translat$ by ! imp]fect indicative or ! conditional mood ( ,pod]-- ,i did x :5ev] ,i c\ld3 ,lo hacia siempre que podia4 ,i c\ld d x if ,i _h ! necess>y means3 ,podria hac]lo si tuviese los m$ics neces>ios4 ,w\ld1 mean+ us$ to1 is1 ( c\rse1 translat$ by ! imp]fect indicative-- ,:5 he 0 9 ,p>is he w\ld sit 9 ! cafes = h\rs3 ,cu&o e/aba en ,p>is se pasaba horas ent]as en los cafes4 ,%\ld he d1 etc41 is translat$ if he %\ld d1 etc4 7si lo hiciese74#aig ,if ,i 7 to g is translat$ if ,i w5t 7si fuese74 ,footnote #aig3 ,aft] si 7if--,conditional7 ! v]b is pres5t indicative or imp]fect subjunctive 7see ,lesson ,,xxiv74 ,c is translat$ by sab] :5 ! faculty express$ is ! result ( le>n+1 z-- ,c y play ! piano8 8,sabe ,v4 toc> el pian(orte8 ,to be to1 to h to are translat$ by ,t5] que1 ,hab] de or ,deb] 7see ,lesson ,,xxvii71 z-- ,:o is to write out t invoice8 8,qui5 ha de 7debe7 escribir aquella factura8 ,i h to be v c>eful3 ,he de s] muy cuidadoso4 ,i %all h to "w h>d3 ,t5dro que trabaj> fu]te4 ,let z a pr9cipal v]b is translat$ by dej> or p]mitir2 z an auxili>y x corresponds to ! ,spani% imp]ative mood-- ,let him speak3 ,dejele ,v4 habl>1 or ,p]mitale ,v4 que hable4 ,let him ask = x & we %all give x to him3 ,pidalo 7or que lo pida7 y se lo d>emos4 ,to let 7or hire7 a h\se--alquil> 7una casa7--,i h let my h\se3 ,he alquilado mi casa4 ,,vocabul>y4 abog> por1 to plead = acog]1 to receive agasaj>1 to welcome apur>1 to cle> up1 to inve/igate arranc>1 to wr5*1 to pull out1 also to date f 99at5d] a1 to att5d clases nocturnas1 ev5+ classes condiciones1 t]ms 99conv5ir en1 to agree1 to acquiesce cruzados1 twills#aih culpado1 at fault 99desp$ir1 to dismiss de/5ido1 fad$ detallado1 detail$1 circum/antial e/r5>1 to use or we> a ?+ = ! fir/ "t e/r5>se1 to comm5ce1 to make a />t f>ditos1 trusses#aii fiados1 book debts el idioma1 la l5gua1 language malv]s>1 to embezzle nansus1 na9sooks negociado1 division 7,gov4 ,(fice7 oportunidad11 opportunity1 *ance pag>e1 promissory note1 bill p>te1 report p]feccion>1 to p]fect por pod]1 p] pro tiro1 l>gura1 l5g? tom> vuelo1 to develop1 to increase ,footnote #aih3 ,also ,at]lizados1 as>gados1 diagonales4 ,footnote #aii3 ,small bales4 ,,ex]cise #a 7#he74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,quiso acog]me g5]osam5te en su casa1 en donde fui at5dido y agasajado durante el tiempo de mi e/ancia en ,x4 #b4 ,le agradec]ia de v]as una ord5 pues aun no me he e/r5ado hoy1 y ,v4 deb]ia d>mela pues me la ti5e prometida4 #c4 ,los cruzados y los nansus se han pue/o en f>ditos y e/os se han empacado cada cuatro en un f>do4 #d4 ,avisamos a ,vs4 el envio por correo1 de cortes 7cutt+s7 de toda la s]ie y obs]v>an que son telas de muy bu5a vi/a 7v sightly7 y se pu$5 p$ir en cualqui] tiro4 #e4 ,les aconsejamos no t>d5 en coloc> sus p$idos p>a lo que necesit54 #f4 ,e/e negocio tom>a mu*o vuelo con el tiempo 79 "t74 #g4 ,arrancan de mu*os anos los abuses que se comet5 en ese ,negociado4 #h4 ,se han malv]sado cantidades de importancia4 #i4 ,el ,m9i/ro e/a ocupado en apur> los he*os1 e/&o decidido a ca/ig> sev]am5te a los que result>an culpados4 ,,ex]cise #b 7#hf74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i %all make out a li/ ( my book debts4 #b4 ,y w\ld break 7falt>ia a7 y\r ^w if y did n plead = him4 #c4 ,he %\ld expla9 8 conduct1 o!rwise he w be dismiss$4 #d4 ,we %all oblige 7cont5t>7 him1 b x mu/ be "u c]ta9 conditions4 #e4 ,he is s5d+ me to ! ,c\rt 7,tribunal7 t ,i may wat* 7seguir7 t int]e/+ case 7proceso74 #f4 ,he s5t 8 nephew "h t he might le>n our bus9ess me?ods 7metodos com]ciales7 & p]fect 8 k ( ! ,engli% language4 #g4 ,y may see = y\rself 7,v4 mismo7 t ! /ate ( ! m>ket w n ju/ify 7no ju/ifica7 buy+ 7el compr>7 at pres5t4 #h4 ,!y might be a little easi] 9 _! deal+s4 #i4 ,c y claim an indemnity = non-fulfilm5t ( contract8 #aj4 ,!y c\ld squ>e up ! acc\nt by sign+#bjj promissory notes at #d & #f mon?s' "t4 #aa4 ,!y ought to =ew>n _! ag5ts4 #ab4 ,he w\ld insi/ on say+ we 7 9 ! wrong4 #ac4 ,%\ld !y acquiesce to ! t]ms ( ! arrangem5ts1 we au?orise y to sign x p] pro4 #ad4 ,_h he kn[n ! clo? 0 fad$ he w\ld n h tak5 receipt ( 7admitido7 ! bale4 #ae4 ,mr4 ,gomez is to visit ! ,e/ate 7t]r5o7 & s5d a circum/ancial report4 #af4 ,i %all let him att5d 7asi/ir a7 ! ev5+ classes at ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool ( ,te*nology4 #ag4 ,x is only fair t 7es muy ju/o que7 he %\ld h a *ance ( ma/]+ 7apr5d] a fondo7 ! art ( sp9n+ & weav+4 #ah4 ,if he w\ld only devote 7si a lo m5os d$icase7 8 att5tion 7to x74 ,footnote #bjj3 ,see page #afb4 ,,lesson ,,xliv4 7,leccion cuadragesima cu>ta47 ,,! ,,adv]b4 ,! natural position ( ! adv]b is aft] ! v]b1 z-- ,el conv5dria de muy bu5a gana3 ,he w\ld will+ly cons5t4 ,b a great lib]ty is all[$ 9 ?is respect1 z-- ,seguram5te firm>ia el endoso3 ,he w\ld c]ta9ly sign ! endorsem5t4 ,siempre se lo voy repiti5do3 ,i keep always repeat+ x to him4 ,mu*o is ! only adv]b :i* does n g5]ally admit ( v = ! sup]lative2 x takes isimo in/ead4 ,h[ev] muy mu*o is f\nd1 especially :5 us$ jocul>ly4 ,to ! adv]bs giv5 9 ,lesson ,,xxviii we add ! foll[+ adv]bs & adv]bial locutions-- ,a la no*e 7at night7 ,a manos ll5as 7pr(usely7 ,a ojos ceg>ritas 7bl9dly7 ,a ojos vi/as 7obvi\sly7 ,a pie juntillas 7firmly7 ,a ri5da suelta 7recklessly7 ,a todo escape 7at full spe$7 ,ay] t>de or por la t>de 7ye/]day ev5+7 ,cuanto antes 7z soon z possible7 ,de bu5a1 mala gana 7will+ly1 unwill+ly7 ,de bu5as a bu5as 7will+ly7 ,de bu5as a prim]as 7at fir/ sight1 /raight away7 ,de hoy en qu9ce 7to-day =tnight7 ,hoy hace qu9ce dias 7j a =tnight ago7 ,de proposito 7on purpose7 ,de tiempo en tiempo 7f "t to "t7 ,dia si1 y otro no 7e o!r day7 ,manana por la manana 7to-morr[ morn+7 ,nunca jamas 7nev]--emphatic7 ,p>a siempre jamas 7= ev] & ev]7 ,pasado manana 7! day aft] to-morr[7 ,por mal 7bi57 que 7h[ev] badly 7well77 ,por poco 7ne>ly1 b = little7 ,tal cual vez 7once 9 a :ile7 ,,examples-- ,nunca jamas en la vida he he*o e/o3 ,nev] 9 my life h ,i done ?is4 ,por poco se rompio la cabeza3 ,he ne>ly broke 8 head4 ,por mal que le salga3 ,badly z x may turn out = him4 ,adv]bs end+ 9 m5te are (t5 sub/itut$ by con ) a n\n1 z-- ,con lujo--lujosam5te 7luxuriantly74 ,con dificultad--dificilm5te 7) difficulty74 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is f\nd also 9 ,engli% b is m frequ5tly done 9 ,spani%4 ,reci5tem5te is g5]ally abbreviat$ into reci5 be=e a pa/ p>ticiple1 z-- ,el reci5 llegado 7! newly arriv$74 ,el reci5 v5ido 7! newly arriv$74 ,el reci5 nacido 7! new born74 ,aqui1 aca1 alli1 alla4 ,aqui & alli are m circumscrib$ ?an aca & alla-- ,v5ga aca cu&o necesite algo3 ,come "h :5 y want any?+4 ,alla1 en su ti]ra e/o se hace3 ,!re 9 y\r c\ntry ?is is done4 ,aqui e/oy y aqui me qu$o3 ,"h ,i am1 & "h ,i rema94 ,ponga e/e paquete alli3 ,put ?is packet !re4 ,ahi--!re 7ne> ! p]son spok5 to#bja7 also means y\r city1 y\r c\ntry1 !re 79 correspond5ce74 ,footnote #bja3 ,rule n /rictly obs]v$4 ,si los precios ahi son razonables podra hac]se mu*o negocio3 ,if prices ov] !re are reasonable1 a l>ge bus9ess c be done4 ,por ahi ab\t4 8,cuantos habia8 8#dj8 ,por ahi3 ,h[ _m 7 !re8 #dj8 ,ab\t t numb]4 ,no is us$ (t5 r$undantly-- ,mejor es sufrir que no hac] sufrir3 ,x is bett] to suff] ?an to make o!rs suff]4 ,temo que no llegue demasiado temprano#bjb3 ,i am afraid he w arrive too e>ly4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,?is s5t5ce is ambigu\s1 because x might mean ! opposite3 ,temo que no llegue demasiado temprano s9o demasiado t>de4 ,! tone ( ! voice mu/ be reli$ ^u or a diff]5t con/ruction mu/ be us$4 ,v5ir 7to come74 ,pres4 ,"p41 ,v9i5do4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,v5go1 vi5es1 vi5e1--1--1 vi554 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,v5ga1 v5gas1 v5ga1 v5gamos1 v5gais1 v5gan4 ,imp]4 ,mood1 ,v5 444 ,pa/ ,def41 ,v9e1 v9i/e1 v9o1 v9imos1 v9i/eis1 v9i]on4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,v5dre1 v5dras1 v5dra1 v5dremos1 v5dreis1 v5dran2 ,,vocabul>y4 a ciegas1 a ojos ceg>ritas1 bl9dly agot>1 to dra91 to exhau/ al amor de1 ne>1 beside ap>5t>1 to appe> ba/o1 common1 inf]ior1 co>se de bi5 a mejor1 bett] & bett] cabal1 upright1 j de cabo a rabo1 f top to bottom rom end to end el efectivo1 ! ca%1 ! money en efectivo1 en metalico1 9 ca% ent]>se1 to get to "k escu*>1 to li/5 esquela1 note etiqueta1 rotulo1 ticket1 label hombre llano1 s9c]e1 r\gh-&-ready man loza1 crock]y m$ida1 measurem5t m$r>1 to prosp] 99pon]se a sus an*as1 to make oneself com=table porcelana1 *9a quebranto1 mi%ap1 mis=tune1 loss 99salir en1 to come up to silla1 *air solicitado1 s\ght aft] un si es no es1 j a trifle 99v5ir a m5os1 to come d[n 9 ! _w1 to decl9e vidriado1 glassw>e ,,ex]cise #a 7#hg74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,desde nue/ra ultima revi/a no se pu$e decir que haya habido mu*a v>iacion en nue/ro m]cado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los precios ap>5tan s] un si es no es mas c>os4 #b4 ,siempre solicitados los g5]os ba/os a precios b>atos4 #c4 ,entregue la esquela al anciano s5or qui51 s5tado al amor del fuego1 la leyo de cabo a rabo y1 como hombre llano que es me dijo de bu5as a prim]as que no qu]i5do obr> a ciegas1 d>ia su conte/acion en un p> 7c\ple7 de dias4 #d4 8,sabia ,v4 que la casa ,f]n&ez habia v5ido tan a m5os8 #e4 ,no1 no me habia ent]ado1 la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de loza1 porcelana1 y vidriado1 cuyos negocios iban de bi5 a mejor4 #f4 ,m$r>on al pr9cipio p]o ya han decaido mu*o4 #g4 ,lo si5to de v]as4 ,es muy de deplor> porque el ,sr4 ,f]n&ez es hombre muy cabal4 #h4 ,invirtio una porcion de d9]o en el f]roc>ril a]eo 7ov]head7 de ,n42 eso tambi5 le causo algun quebranto4 #i4 ,pobrecito1 no le faltaba mas 7t 0 ! la/ /roke74 #aj4 i,que#bjc b>ato es e/o6 ,footnote #bjc3 ,que be=e an adjective h[4 7,cuan c also be us$47 ,,ex]cise #b 7#hh74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,i w\ld gladly acc$e to y\r reque/ if x 7 9 my p[]4 #b4 ,we are always impress+ ^u 7llam&o la at5cion de7 our w>eh\sem5 ! importance ( m>k+ ! measurem5t on ! tickets4 #c4 ,besides be+ loose 7fugitives7 col\rs !y are n half s 7nada tan7 bright z !y %\ld be4 #d4 ,!y adv]tise pr(usely & f "t to "t !y issue new illu/rat$ catalogues4 #e4 ,soon 7cuanto antes7 !y w />t 7pr9cipi>an a7 issu+ !m 9 =eign languages4 #f4 ,i nev] saw a bett] kept set ( books 7libros74 #g4 ,i 0 ne>ly caught 9 ! ,india ,rubb] boom1 b =tunately ,i manag$ to get (f 7pude libr>me7 )\t burn+ my f+]s 7cog]me los d$os74 #h4 ,come "h1 my fri5d1 & li/5 to me4 #i4 ,"h 9 ,engl& ?+s are manag$ 7se hac57 on a diff]5t basis altoge!r 7de una man]a ent]am5te di/9ta74 #aj4 ,take t *air !re & make y\rself com=table4 #aa4 ,h[ mu* d y require 7le hace falta71 ,l#ajj8 #ab4 ,ab\t t4 #ac4 ,i 0 afraid 7que no7 y 7 go+ to ask me = m & t w\ld h dra9$ all our available 7que t5emos7 ca%4 #ad4 ,h[ mu* w ! packages come to8 #ae4 ,say 7digamos7 ,l#ajj av]ag+ "o ) ! o!r 7calcul&o uno con otro74 ,,lesson ,,xlv4 7,leccion cuadragesima qu9ta47 ,,! ,,preposition4 ,"o ^w %\ld n be us$ 9 ,spani% gov]n$ by two diff]5t prepositions1 z-- ,he is an admir] ( & a contributor to ! ,times3 ,es admirador del ,times y colabora en ese p]iodico4 ,! man ,i spoke ) & wrote to3 ,el hombre con qui5 hable y al cual escribi4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d ! same con/ruction z 9 ,engli% 9 cases ( anti!sis1 z-- ,con o s9 el3 ,) or )\t him4 ,el billete cue/a #bj pesetas desde o ha/a ,madrid3 ,! ticket is #bj ptas4 f or to ,madrid4 ,! ,spani% ,academy condemns ?is use1 h[ev]4 ,z w h be5 notic$ be=e1 a preposition gov]n+ a ^w _c be us$ aft] ! ^w x gov]ns1 z-- ,! "w#bjd :i* ,i ref]r$ to3 ,la obra a la cual ref]i4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,"w1 arti/ic1 lit]>y1 sci5tific--obra4 ,"w1 manual1 or m5tal--trabajo4 ,! preposition con foll[$ by an inf9itive translates ! ,engli% by1 foll[$ by ! pres5t p>ticiple-- ,con ens5> se apr5de3 ,by tea*+ "o le>ns4 ,! preposition desde ref]s to di/ance ( "t or space1 z-- ,he m>*ado desde mi casa3 ,i walk$ f my h\se4 ,h[ev]1 desde may be us$ in/ead ( de be=e names ( c\ntries or cities-- ,me escribi]on desde ,b>celona3 ,!y wrote me f ,b>celona4 ,p>a may be us$ toge!r ) con t[>ds-- ,fue muy bu5o conmigo1 p>a mi1 or p>a conmigo4 ,en acab&o#bje lo h>e has ! mean+ ( ,i %all d x z soon z ,i h f9i%$4 ,footnote #bje3 ,en is ! only preposition :i* may gov]n a pres4 p>ticiple1 g5]ally ) ! mean+ giv5 above4 ,we add ! foll[+ idiomatic uses ( ,por & ,p>a to :at we said ab\t ^! two prepositions 9 ,lesson ,,xxix3 ,por may translate on behalf (1 = ! sake (1 9 fav\r (1 dur+1 ?r\gh-- ,hablo por el proyecto de ley3 ,he spoke 9 fav\r ( ! bill4 ,se pres5to por la casa3 ,he appe>$ on behalf ( ! firm4 ,por la paz y bu5a armonia conc$emos lo que ,v4 pide3 ,= ! sake ( peace we all[ :at y ask4 ,les sirvio por c9co anos3 ,he s]v$ !m dur+ five ye>s4 ,trabaja por la manana3 ,he works dur+ 797 ! morn+4 ,v9o por ,p>is3 ,he came ?r\gh ,p>is4 ,cotiz> por un articulo3 ,to quote = an article4 ,yo por mi 7or por mi p>te7 prefi]o compr> al contado3 ,i1 = "o1 pref] to buy = ca%4 ,por#bjf rico que sea1 no t5dra sufici5tes recursos3 ,no matt] h[ ri* he is1 he w n h suffici5t means4 ,es demasiado av>o por s] tan rico3 = su* a ri* man1 he is too mis]ly4 ,c>o por c>o prefi]o g5]os +leses3 ,if ,i h to pay a de> price1 ,i pref] ,engli% goods4 ,por si o por no3 ,9 any case1 %\ld x be s or n4 ,ir 7v5ir7 por3 ,to g 7come7 =4 ,envi> por el m$ico3 ,to s5d = ! doctor4 ,por holgazan p]dio el empleo3 ,he lo/ 8 employm5t ?r\gh laz9ess4 ,por bi5 o por mal3 ,willy-nilly4 ,v5dre por la ,navidad3 ,i %all come by ,*ri/mas4 ,por si acaso3 ,9 case t4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,por has always ?is mean+ be=e an adjective or adv]b4 ,no sirve p>a mas3 ,he is good = no?+ else4 ,v5ir p>a la ,p5teco/es3 ,to come = ,:itsuntide4 ,e/o no es p>a m5os3 ,! ?+ 7or occasion7 is wor? x4 ,p>a espanol 7or por s] espanol7 es muy alto3 ,he is v tall = a ,spani>d4 ,t5] gr&e consid]acion p>a e/e hombre3 ,to h great respect = ?is man4 ,d> p$idos p>a f]ret]ia1 oll]ia1 y maqu9>ia3 ,to give ord]s = ironw>e1 holl[-w>e & ma*9]y4 ,es demasiado av>o p>a s] tan rico3 ,he is too mis]ly to be s ri*4 ,s9--)\t-- ,poseia ,l#aj1jjj s9 los bi5es raices que h]$o de su padre3 ,he own$ ,l#aj1jjj besides ! real prop]ty he inh]it$ f 8 fa!r4 ,segun--accord+ to-- ,segun y como3 ,t dep5ds4 ,s in/ead ( bajo is us$ 9 ! foll[+ expressions-- ,s capa de3 ,"u ! cloak (4 ,s pretexto de3 ,"u ! pretext (4 ,& 9 a few o!r su* phrases4 ,,vocabul>y4 acabado1 ad]ezo1 f9i% 7clo?7 acol*ados1 quilt+s admitir1 to admit1 to accept ag5te exclusivo1 sole ag5t alfombradas1 c>pet+s a no s] asi1 7 x n s1 o!rwise ancl>1 to an*or arreglo1 agreem5t baji/a1 be>i% 7ex*ange7 cablegrama1 cablegram1 cable capataz1 =eman conc$]1 to grant coquillos1 jeans disposicion1 disposition1 disposal emp5>se1 to pl$ge oneself en su ramo1 9 y\r l9e exclusividad1 exclusive sale fama1 fame1 reputation1 "n frazadas de algodon1 cotton blankets l5to1 remiss nombr>1 to appo9t palo de mesana1 mizz5 ma/ palo mayor1 ma9 ma/ por escrito1 9 writ+ po/]g>1 to put (f1 to delay prove]se1 to supply oneself tapetes1 c>pet rugs 99t5] inconv5i5te1 to h an objection tom> en consid]acion1 to take into consid]ation1 to ent]ta9 tr9quete1 =ema/ ,,ex]cise #a 7#hi74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,con s] abi]tam5te 7manife/ly7 baji/a la especulacion1 las acciones m9]as se han so/5ido4 #b4 ,desde ,b>celona ha llegado un radiograma avis&o que habia anclado en ese pu]to el vapor ,cibeles con el tr9quete roto y el palo mayor y el de mesana tambi5 danados4 #c4 ,el jefe es muy bondadoso p>a con sus empleados4 #d4 ,dos cajas de coquillos y una de panuelos de &r9opolis 7turkey r$7 nos v9i]on por ,burdeos 7,bordeaux71 los acol*ados1 las alfombradas1 los tapetes y las frazadas de algodon se emb>c>on por m>4 #e4 ,por la bu5a fama de su casa no deb]ia po/]g> por mas tiempo el pago4 #f4 ,por si o por no mejor s]ia prove]se4 #g4 ,el capataz fue al ,director por ord5es4 #h4 ,por bi5 o por mal t5dra que admitir los g5]os pues se han fabricado por su cu5ta y t5emos su ord5 por escrito p>a ellos4 #i4 ,se al>mo mu*o1 pues el asunto no era p>a m5os4 #aj4 ,p>a g5]o de algodon el acabado 7or ad]ezo7 es todo lo que se pu$e dese>4 #aa4 ,por s] g5]o de algodon e/a tela es de muy bu5a vi/a4 #ab4 ,es demasiado b>ato p>a s] de lana4 #ac4 ,si desea ,v4 obt5] ord5es debe t5] mu*a consid]acion p>a los corresponsales4 #ad4 ,no pu$o promet]le entrega p>a #a deg4 de ,junio exactam5te1 p]o h>e por efectu>la por esa fe*a4 #ae4 8,conoce ,v4 el refran3 ,no hay mal que por bi5 no v5ga8 7,x is an ill w9d t bl[s nobody good47 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ij74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,?is sample looks v nice = an imitation4 #b4 ,x be+ 9 y\r l9e1 ,i ?\ght ,i ought to give y ! fir/ *ance 7hac]le la prim]a (]ta7 9 case x w\ld tempt y 7por si acaso le anim>a a compr>74 #c4 ,to beg9 ) y w\ld h to engage ! clo? to u 7d>nos la exclusividad74 #d4 ,i h no objection provid$ y gu>antee a c]ta9 turnov] 7v5ta74 #e4 ,he 0 appo9t$ sole ag5t = ! :ole ( ,mexico ?r\gh ! recomm5dation ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 & 8 agreem5t ) ! firm is = #c ye>s c]ta9 7fijos74 #f4 ,t w br+ him 7le producira7 ,l#ejj a ye> if x br+s him a p5ny 7por lo m5os74 #g4 ,be+ su* an important conc]n 7casa7 !y d n pay _! /aff v h&somely 7g5]osam5te74 #h4 ,!y are too remiss ) 7en7 _! paym5ts to be su* important p4 #i4 ,i v ne>ly pl$g$ myself to grant him ! exclusive sale ( my article4 #aj4 ,^! are 8 in/ructions = ! disposal ( 8 goods #aa4 ,h[ev] cle> !y may be1 we mu/ h 8 cable confirm$ by a lett]4 #ab4 ,!re=e we _c ent]ta9 y\r (f] = ! pres5t4 #ac4 ,x _c be help$1 o!rwise 7,t5ga paci5cia1 si fuese posible7 we w\ld d ev]y?+ = y4 ,,lesson ,,xlvi4 7,leccion cuadragesima sexta47 ,,! ,,preposition 7contd47 ,to ! uses ( ,por mu/ be add$ ! foll[+ 7optional7-- ,aft] ! foll[+ v]bs3 ,agradec] 7por7 el favor3 ,to be grateful or to be ?ankful = ! fav\r4 ,agu>d> or esp]> 7por7 alguno3 ,to wait = somebody4 ,p$ir 7por7 una cosa3 ,to ask = 7reque/7 some?+4 ,pregunt> 7por7 una cosa3 ,to ask = 7to inquire ab\t7 some?+4 ,he pagado por el c9co *el9es or lo he pagado c9co *el9es3 ,i paid five %ill+s = x4 ,busc> 7por7 alguno o alguna cosa3 ,to look = somebody or some?+4 ,disp5s> 7por7 el error3 ,to excuse ! error4 ,fur!r uses ( ! ,spani% prepositions diff]5t f ! ,engli%1 & =m+ idioms-- ,a caballo 7on horseback7 ,a ciegas 7bl9dly7 ,a consecu5cia de e/o 79 consequ5ce ( ?is7 ,a de%ora 7inopportunely7 ,a duras p5as 7) great ef=ts7 ,a esconditas 7cov]tly7 ,a fe de caball]o 7^u ! ^w ( a g5tleman7 ,a gatas 7on all f\rs7 ,a hurtadillas 7/eal?ily7 ,a la espanola 79 ! ,spani% fa%ion7 ,a la mesa 7at table7 ,al antojo de uno 7aft] "o's fancy7 ,a la t>de 79 ! aft]noon7 ,a la v]dad 79 tru?7 ,al descuido y con cuidado 7/udi\sly c>eless7 ,a lo l>go del rio 7along ! riv]7 ,a lo que p>ece 7to all appe>ances7 ,he*o a maqu9a 7made by ma*9]y7 ,a pie 7on foot7 ,a poco de escribir 7%ortly aft] hav+ comm5c$ writ+7 ,a proposito 7opportunely1 a propos7 ,a reganadi5tes 7reluctantly7 ,a sab]lo yo 7_h ,i kn[n x7 ,a sangre fria 79 cold blood7 ,a sus an*as1 an*uras 7at "o's ease7 ,a tiro de canon 7)9 cannon %ot7 ,es mas habil que yo1 con mu*o 7he is clev]] ?an ,i by f>7 ,con s] amigo y todo 7al?\gh he be a fri5d7 ,contra el norte 7fac+ ! nor?7 ,de ano en ano 7f ye> to ye>7 ,de balde 7= no?+1 gratis7 ,de bobilis 7)\t ef=t7 ,de broma 79 je/7 ,de bu5as a bu5as 7will+ly7 ,de bu5as a prim]as 7/raight away7 ,de capa caida 7cre/fall57 ,de contado 7( c\rse7 ,de dia1 etc4 7by day1 etc47 ,de jaleo 7on ! spree7 ,de luto 79 m\rn+7 ,de mejor en mejor 7f bett] to bett]7 i,ay or ,infeliz de mi6 7woe to me67 ,de mi$o 7?r\gh fe>7 ,anteojos de oro 7gold spectacles7 ,de patitas 7on %anks' pony7 ,de peor en peor 7f bad to worse7 ,de p]illas 7v5ir7 7q opportunely1 a propos7 ,el pic>uelo de ,p]ico 7t "y rascal ,p]ico7 ,de pies a cabeza 7f head to foot7 ,de puntillas 7on tiptoe7 ,de rep5te 7sudd5ly7 ,del todo 7at all7 ,de v]as 79 tru?7 ,dos a dos 7two by two7 ,e/a en casa 7he is at home7 ,en e/as condiciones 7"u ^! conditions7 ,en s5al de aprecio 7z a m>k ( e/eem7 ,entrecano 7gray-hair$7 ,entre dos aguas 7d\btful1 p]plex$7 ,entre la espada y la p>$ 7betwe5 ! devil & ! deep sea7 ,nos dio #e pesetas p>a rep>tir entre yo#bjg y mi h]mano 7he gave u #e pesetas to be divid$ betwe5 my bro!r & me7 ,ha/a la vi/a 7good-bye = ! pres5t7 ,ha/a los animales ti55 gratitud 7ev5 animals feel gratitude7 ,sobre las diez 7at ab\t t5 o'clock7 ,ti5e sobre los tre9ta 7he is ab\t ?irty ye>s old7 ,sobre mas #f m5os 7a little m or less7 ,tras la p]dida el esc>nio 7besides ! loss ! sc(f+7 ,footnote #bjg3 ,entre is g5]ally foll[$ by ! nom9ative case unless x means to z--,dijo entre si4 ,he said to himself4 ,ab\t diff]5t prepositions us$ 9 ,spani% & ,engli% aft] c]ta9 v]bs1 see also ,app5dix ,v4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal comp\nd prepositions-- ,ac]ca de 7relat+ to1 conc]n+7 ,a despe*o de 79 spite (7 ,a pes> de 79 spite (7 ,antes de 7be=e--9 po9t ( "t7 ,c]ca de 7ne>7 ,junto a 7ne>7 ,con=me a 7accord+ to7 ,con respecto a 7) respect to7 ,respecto de 7) respect to7 ,debajo de 7"u7 ,d5tro de 7inside7 ,despues de 7aft]7 ,encima de 7on1 or ov]7 ,en cuanto a 7z to7 ,en fr5te de 7opposite7 ,fr5te a 7opposite7 ,en lug> de 7in/ead (7 ,en vez de 7opposite7 ,,vocabul>y4 acordonado1 cord$ agujas1 ne$les ale*ugado1 frill$ alemaniscos1 l95 damasks alfil]es1 p9s antojo1 :im1 caprice arbitro1 arbitrator arreglado1 reasonable 7price7 arroll>1 to roll batas1 wrapp]s 7ladies'7 bodega1 cell>1 also hold 7%ip7 *ales1 %awls d$ales1 ?imbles des9t]es>se1 to ab&on 99despleg>1 to unfold dictam51 aw>d1 decision entrepu5tes1 betwe5 decks fe/oneados1 scallop$ gratificacion1 gratuity gu>niciones1 adornos1 trimm+s lanillas p>a b&]as1 bunt+s li/ados de algodon1 cotton /ripes logro1 atta9m5t ovillos de algodon1 cotton balls panol1 c>bon]a1 bunk] 7%ips'7 p9tura1 pa9t rehus>1 to decl9e sabanas1 b$ %eets suba/a1 auction tablillas1 bo>ds tablones1 planks t]liz1 tick+ t]r5o1 l&1 prop]ty tr5cilla1 braid ,,ex]cise #a 7#ia74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,agradezco 7por7 el int]es demo/rado a mi amigo y la actividad desplegada en facilit>le el logro de sus f9es4 #b4 ,hemos dado diez mil duros por e/e t]r5o y no lo hemos pagado demasiado c>o4 #c4 ,no pu$e ,v4 rehus> los alemaniscos y qu$>se con los g5]os p>a sabanas y los t]lices1 a su antojo4 #d4 ,a la v]dad las agujas y alfil]es han resultado algo c>os como tambi5 los d$ales p]o las tr5cillas1 gu>niciones1 y ovillos de algodon son a precio muy arreglado4 #e4 ,v9o muy a de%ora y a poco de hab]se s5tado nos decl>o que no esp]>ia4 #f4 ,e/os *ales a #d *el9es y e/os li/ados de algodon a #e p5iques la y>da son de balde1 no lo decimos de broma4 #g4 ,acc$io a nue/ra propue/a de bu5as a bu5as y de bu5as a prim]as nos deposito la suma de #a1jjj francos4 #h4 ,los fondos au/riacos van de peor en peor y por eso e/a nue/ro p>roquiano de capa caida4 #i4 ,en tales condiciones pref]imos des9t]es>nos del proyecto4 #aj4 ,e/uvimos entre dos aguas por algun tiempo1 p]o una vez pue/os entre la espada y la p>$ 7once we are s h>d press$7 no nos qu$a mas s9o habl> cl>o1 y ilo di*o6 ,,ex]cise #b 7#ib74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,!y await ! result ( ! inquiry 7in=macion74 #b4 ,we =w>d y ! pap]s relat+ to ! ,arbitrator's aw>d4 #c4 ,he paid = ! ,bunt+s #e;d4 a y>d4 #d4 ,9 consequ5ce ( y\r hav+ out/epp$ 7exc$ido7 our in/ructions1 we mu/ decl9e all responsibility ) respect to deliv]y4 #e4 ,we h put bo>ds inside ! pieces accord+ to our usual cu/om2 we did n "k y want$ !m roll$4 #f4 ,our new (fices w be next to ! ,oil & ,pa9t ,/ores 7almac571 & opposite ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice 7casa de correos74 #g4 ,! planks us$ "u ! bales = dunnage 7la e/iva7 7 sold almo/ = no?+1 9 spite ( our reque/ to hold !m at our disposal4 #h4 ,! /eam] c c>ry #d1jjj bales a little m or less if %e fills h] holds & takes c>go betwe5 decks4 #i4 ,%e w take t q easily & a few hundr$ bales m 9 h] bunk]s4 #aj4 ,z a m>k ( our appreciation 7e/ima7 we au?orize a gratuity to ! ,capta9 ( ,l#e4 #aa4 ,! salvage 7salvam5to7 has be5 sold p>tly by auction & p>tly by private treaty4 #ab4 ,to all appe>ances ! cord$ & frill$ wrapp]s are sup]ior to ! scallop$4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii4 7,leccion cuadragiesima septima47 ,,! ,,conjunction4 ,si 7if & :e!r74 ,si us$ = :e!r may be foll[$ by a v]b 9 any mood & t5se z 9 ,engli%-- ,no se si habra bu5a cose*a e/e ano3 ,i d n "k :e!r !re w be a good crop ?is ye>4 ,no pudo1 or supo1 decirme si me entreg>ia los pag>es p>a la fe*a conv5ida3 ,he c\ld n tell me :e!r he w\ld be able to h& me ! promissory notes = ! date agre$ ^u4 ,si us$ z ! conditional if1 is foll[$ by ! v]b 9 ! pres5t indicative or imp]fect subjunctive1 z-- ,si vi5e hoy le pag>e3 ,if he comes to-day1 ,i %all pay him4 ,si vi5e manana le pag>e#bjh3 ,if he comes to-morr[ ,i %all pay him4 ,le dije que si v9iese le pag>ia3 ,i told him t if he came ,i %\ld pay him4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,:5 ! action ref]s to ! future ! future subjunctive may be us$ in/ead1 b ?is is r>ely done4 ,x emphasises ! unc]ta9ty4 ,! s5se w det]m9e ! t5se to be us$4 ,notice ! foll[+ idiomatic uses ( si 7n conditional7-- ,si soy 7fui7 malo6 ,well1 ,i am 707 wick$6 i,si s]a 7s]ia7 tan necia6 ,c 7c\ld7 %e be s fooli%6 8,si v5dria8 ,i wond] w he come6 i,si se lo habia di*o yo mil veces6 ,b ,i _h told him s _m times6 ,o!r idiomatic uses ( ?is si w be le>nt by practice 7all m or less pleona/ic z 9 ! above examples74 ,we h said t b is translat$ by s9o aft] a negative unless a f9ite v]b foll[s4 ,!re=e1 ,n to buy b to sell is translat$ ,no compr> s9o v5d]4 ,aft] a negative a f9ite v]b may be prec$$ by s9o que in/ead ( p]o 9 cases l ! foll[+ examples-- ,no compro s9o que v5dio3 ,he did n buy b 7on ! contr>y7 he sold4 ,no solo que es b>ato s9o que es de muy bu5a calidad3 ,n only is x *eap1 b x is 7also7 ( a v good quality4 ,ni 444 ni--nei!r 444 nor 7same z all negative words7 :5 foll[+ a v]b requires ,no to prec$e ! v]b1 z-- ,no acepta ni e/o ni aquello3 ,he accepts nei!r ?is nor t4 ,b--,ni e/o ni aquello qui]e acept>4 ,pues--see+ t or s9ce is us$ (t5 = !n1 b1 well 7us$ z an int]jection74 ,pues que lo haga3 ,let him d x !n4 ,quiso desob$ec]me1 pues v]a su falta3 ,he w\ld disobey me1 b he w see 8 fault4 ,pues 7or pues bi57 ique hay ahora6 ,well6 :at is ! matt] n[8 ,we %all conclude ! lesson ) ! diff]5t mean+s ( ,ya 7sometimes us$ also r$undantly74 ,!y are giv5 = ! sake ( complet5ess al?\gh ,ya 9 its diff]5t uses belongs to diff]5t p>ts ( spee*-- ,ya lo ha he*o3 ,he has done x already4 ,ya lo h>a3 ,he w d x yet4 ,ya no se hace e/o3 ,?is is done no long]4 ,ya consi5t51 ya rehusan3 ,n[ !y cons5t1 n[ !y refuse4 ,ya consi5tan1 ya rehus53 ,:e!r !y cons5t1 etc4 ,h>e cuanto qui]as si ya no me pides lo imposible3 ,i %all d any?+ y wi% if y d n ask 7unless y ask7 me = impossibilities4 ,ya que escribio3 ,s9ce 7see+ t7 he wrote4 ,ya ve ,v43 ,y see n[4 ,ya voy3 ,i am com+4 ,ya se ve3 ,x is evid5t4 ,ya1 ya3 ,yes1 ( c\rse4 ,,vocabul>y4 99abolir1 to aboli% 99adv]tir1 to w>n aleg>1 to allege al reves1 on ! wrong side b>nices1 v>ni%es b>rica1 cask bati/a de algodon1 cambric baul1 trunk betunes1 black+ bicicleta1 bicycle bot9es1 boots bramante1 tw9e buf&as1 muffl]s buje1 hub c]radura1 lock *anclos1 golo%es c9tos de s$a1 silk sa%es c9turones de cu]o1 lea!r belts col*as de plumon1 d[n quilts consignat>io1 consignee ejecut>1 to execute1 to put ?r\gh 99hac] escala1 to call at 7%ips7 llantas1 tyres maleta1 portmanteau mango1 h&le m>ca1 br&1 m>k m]ma1 loss1 leakage1 %ortage muebles de bejuco1 rattan furniture niquelado1 nickel-plat$ 99p]d] cuidado1 n to worry rayos1 rays1 spokes 7:eels7 reborde1 rim1 flange remola*a1 beetroot rezum>1 to leak tejido ela/ico1 webb+ zapatos1 %oes ,,ex]cise #a 7#ic74 ,translate into ,engli%-- #a4 ,no se si habra vapor de la ,trasatlantica en fe*a conv5i5te4 #b4 ,si lo hay lo pref]ire4 #c4 ,esos vapores arrancan 7/>t7 de ,liv]pool y hac5 escalas en v>ios pu]tos4 #d4 ,ignoraba si habria s]vicio m5sual en la l9ea de ,can>ias4 #e4 ,m&e qu9i5tas piezas ,bati/a de algodon si la hubiese en exi/5cia4 #f4 ,qui]o un baul y una bu5a maleta de piel de ,rusia con c]radura niquelada si las hay 7or hubi]e74 #g4 ,pi]da ,v4 ,cuidado isi las hay de toda especie6 #h4 8,si me v5d]a esos muebles de bejuco8 #i4 8,como no8 si ya se lo ti5e prometido4 #aj4 ,el com]cio del cau*o se ha des>rollado mu*o1 se usa ahora en gr&e escala no solo p>a llantas neumaticas de bicicletas y otras piezas 7p>ts7 s9o tambi5 p>a gomas de automoviles4 #aa4 ,no solo t5go que cambi> el mango de mi bicicleta s9o reemplaz> los rebordes y compon] el buje y algunos rayos de la ru$a4 #ab4 ,no es posible hall> bot9es de s5oras y zapatos mas elegantes que los de nue/ra m>ca1 ni se pu$5 conseguir mas b>atos en p>te alguna4 #ac4 ,pues que me facture esos bramantes 7tw9e7 y ese yute y canamo4 #ad4 ,ya he colocado un p$ido p>a buf&as y ya v]e si me ti5e cu5ta p]o no m&e b>nices ni betunes pues ya no trato en e/os articulos4 #ae4 ,ya1 ya4 ,v4 se ha d$icado ya a los g5]os en pieza1 si no me engano1 pues ,v4 ya dice una cosa ya otra4 #af4 i,senor ,juan6 ,ya voy 7,i am com+74 ,,ex]cise #b 7#id74 ,translate into ,spani%-- #a4 ,:e!r he puts ?r\gh my ord] = lea!r belts & silk sa%es or n1 ,i d n mu* m9d1 b if he %\ld oblige me1 ,i w\ld d him a good turn 7le h>ia algun s]vicio7 if ! opportunity pres5ts itself4 #b4 ,if ! webb+ & d[n quilts are good1 ,i %all n begrudge 7no me pes>a7 ! advance 9 price4 #c4 ,c x be true 7si7 t ! gate or octroi duty 7el impue/o de consumos7 is go+ to be aboli%$ 9 ,spa98 #d4 ,well 7pues7 ! ,gov]nm5t has pres5t$ a bill to t effect & ,i hope we %all soon see ! octroi (fices 7fielatos7 aboli%$4 #e4 ,! brok] 0 w>n$ t ! quality 0 only fair av]age 7m$iana74 #f4 ,beetroot has be5 l>gely plant$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,granada & is n[ 9 great reque/ = ! sug> indu/ry4 #g4 ,we /rove h>d 7nos hemos es=zado mu*o7 to introduce ! new br& & we h ga9$ our po9t#bji at la/4 #h4 ,! clo? 0 fold$ on ! wrong side & we anticipate "s difficulty on t score 7por e/a razon74 #i4 ,! consignees claim %ortage 7indemnizacion por falta de cont5ido74 #aj4 ,!y allege t ! casks 7 leak+ & t !re 0 consequ5tly a loss ( ?irty gallons 7galones74 ,footnote #bji3 ,to ga9 "o's po9t3 ,salir con la suya4 ,,vocabul>y4 ,i4 ,,spani%-,,engli%4 ,a abaca1 ,manilla hemp abajo1 bel[ ab>atami5to1 *eap5+ ab>c>1 to embrace1 to include ab>rotado1 glutt$1 cram full aba/ec]se1 to supply oneself aba/o1 supply ab$ul1 bir* abeto1 fir abl&>1 to s(t5 abogado1 lawy]1 solicitor1 b>ri/] abog>1 to plead abolir1 to aboli% abon>1 to speak =1 to recomm5d1 to cr$it abord>1 to acco/1 to approa*1 to bo>d abrig>1 to %elt]1 to *]i% 7hope7 abril1 ,april abrir1 to op5 abrir agua1 to leak absolutam5te1 absolutely abuso1 abuse aca1 aqui1 "h acabado1 f9i% 7clo?7 acab>1 to f9i% acab> de 4441 to h j acaudalado1 ri*1 weal?y acc$]1 to acc$e accid5te1 accid5t acciones1 actions1 %>es acciones pref]5ces1 pref]5ce %>es accioni/a1 %>ehold] aceite1 oil ac]ca de1 relat+ to ac]o1 /eel ac]t> a1 to happ51 to contrive acog]1 to admit1 to receive acol*ado1 quilt+ aconsej>1 to advise1 to c\nsel acorazado1 iron-clad acord>1 to agree acord>se1 to rememb] acordonado1 cord$ acr$it>1 to cr$it actas1 acts1 de$s actitud1 attitude active1 active activo y pasivo1 assets & liabilities actual1 pres5t1 curr5t1 in/ant 7mon?7 acudir1 to att5d1 to h rec\rse to acus>1 to accuse1 to %[ adecuado1 proporcionado1 adequate ad]ezo1 f9i% 7clo?7 adeud>1 to debit adh]ir a1 to adh]e to adjunto1 enclos$1 h]e) adm9i/rador1 manag] 7( a bran* h\se1 etc47 admitir1 to admit1 to accept1 to ackn[l$ge adornos1 trimm+s adquirir1 to acquire a duras p5as1 ) great ef=t adv]tir1 to notice1 to w>n a]eo1 ov]head afan>se1 to ex]t oneself1 to take mu* tr\ble aficionado a1 fond ( afloj>1 to relax a=tunadam5te1 =tunately agasaj>1 to welcome ag5cia1 ag5cy agioti/a1 /ock-jobb] aglom]>1 to agglom]ate ,ago/o1 ,augu/ agot>1 to dra91 to exhau/ agradable1 agreeable1 pleasant agrad>1 to oblige agradec]1 to ?ank1 to be oblig$ = agr&>1 to enl>ge agricola1 agricultural agrio1 s\r agrupacion1 gr\p1 mu/] agua1 wat] agudo1 %>p1 ke5 aguila1 eagle aguja1 ne$le ahi1 !re ahora1 n[ ahorr>1 to save1 to economise aislado1 h$g$ 91 isolat$ 7lo7 aj5o1 o!r p's prop]ty aj5o a1 av]se to1 =eign to ajo1 g>lic aju/>1 to adju/ aju/e1 adju/m5t a la l>ga1 9 ! long run a la v]dad1 9 tru? alb>icoque1 apricot albore>1 to dawn alcalde1 mayor alci/a1 bull1 bulli% 7ex*47 ale*ugado1 frill$ aleg>1 to allege alegr>1 to gladd5 alegr>se1 to rejoice alej>se1 to g away alemanisco1 l95 damask al]ta1 al]t alfil]1 p9 alfombra1 c>pet algo1 some?+1 any?+1 some:at1 r algodon1 cotton algodon disponible1 spot cotton algodon]o 7m]cado71 cotton m>ket alguno1 "s1 any ali5to1 c\rage ali/>1 to enli/ alla1 alli1 !re allan>1 to level1 to facilitate alli1 alla1 !re alma1 s\l almac51 w>eh\se almac5]o1 w>eh\seman almac5es fiscales1 bond$ w>eh\ses al m5os1 at lea/ alquil>1 to r5t1 to hire1 to give or take on lease al reves1 on ! wrong side altos hornos1 bla/ furnaces1 f\ndry aludir a1 to allude1 to h9t un alza1 a rise 7price7 una alza1 a rise 7price7 amabilidad1 k9dness amanec]1 to dawn am>1 to love am>go1 bitt] am>illo1 yell[1 buff ambos1 bo? a m$ida que1 9 proportion z am$r5t>1 to fright5 a mejor &>1 at be/ am5 de1 besides a m5os que1 unless a m5udo1 (t5 i am]icana1 coat1 jacket amigo1 fri5d ami/ad1 fri5d%ip ami/oso1 fri5dly amo1 ma/] amonton>1 to heap up1 to pile up amor1 love amplio1 ample anadir1 to add an*o1 wid?1 wide ancl>1 to an*or &>1 to walk1 to g ,&r9opolis 7panuelos de71 ,turkey r$ 7h&k]*iefs7 ano1 ye> ano*ec]1 to gr[ d>k ansioso de1 anxi\s1 eag] to anteay]1 ! day be=e ye/]day ant]ior1 ant]ior1 previ\s antes 7de71 be=e 7"t71 =m]ly anticipation1 anticipation anticipo1 advance antiguo1 anci5t1 old antojo1 caprice1 :im anul>1 cancel>1 to cancel anunci>1 to adv]tise apacible1 mild 7col\r7 apagado1 ext+ui%$1 quiet apag>se1 to g out 7fire7 ap>ec]1 to appe>1 to make "o's appe>ance ap>5t>1 to %[ outw>dly apel>1 to appeal ap5as1 sc>cely ap]tura1 op5+ a pes> de1 9 spite ( apetec]1 to desire1 to covet aplaz>1 to po/pone a plazos1 by in/alm5ts apreci>1 to appreciate apr5d]1 to le>n apremi>1 to press1 to urge apre/o1 f9i% 7clo?7 apresur>1 to ha/5 7a71 to urge apresur>se1 to ha/5 7n7 aprove*>se1 to take advantage1 to avail oneself ( aproxim>se1 to approa*1 to draw ne> apur>1 to exhau/1 to inve/igate1 to purify apuro1 emb>rassm5t aquel1 t aqui1 "h arado1 pl\gh arancel1 ,cu/om ,h\se t>iff arbitro1 arbit]1 umpire arbol1 tree arbol de eje1 axle-%aft ar*ivos1 ar*ives arduo1 ardu\s1 difficult argueir1 to argue armadores1 %ip[n]s armadura1 frame1 fram+ 7ma*47 arm>io1 cupbo>d armas blancas1 side-arms armas de fuego1 fire-arms armazon de cama1 b$/ead arpill]a1 bagg+ arquitecto1 ar*itect arranc>1 to squeeze out1 to wr5*1 to />t f arreglado1 reasonable arregl>1 to arrange1 to settle arreglo1 arrangem5t arrep5tirse1 to rep5t arriesgado1 dang]\s arroll>1 to roll arroz1 rice asamblea1 meet+ as>gado1 twill asc5sor1 lift1 hoi/ asegur>1 to insure1 to secure as5t>1 to seat1 to book 7ord]s7 asi/ir1 to assi/1 to att5d asociacion de obr]os1 trade union asunto1 subject1 matt]1 "q1 affair atajo1 %ort cut atan]1 to be> ^u at5cion1 att5tion at5d] a1 to att5d at5dible1 plausible at5ta 7su71 7y\r7 fav\r at]lizado1 twill atizador1 pok] atra]1 to attract atraicion>1 to betray atrasado1 ov]due atraves>1 to cross atrevido1 bold1 d>+ atribucion1 attribution atribuir1 to attribute atropell> por1 to infr+e1 to run d[n aum5to1 increase aunque1 al?\gh1 ev5 if automovil1 motor-c> av>o1 av>i5to1 mis]1 mis]ly av5a1 oats av]ia1 av]age1 damage av]gonz>se1 to be a%am$ aviso1 advice1 notice avi/>1 to sight ay]1 ye/]day ayud>1 to help azadas1 hoes azadones1 pick-axes azuc>1 sug> azuelas1 adzes azul1 blue ,b baja1 decl9e1 fall 79 prices1 etc47 baja1 pa%a baj>1 to g1 to come d[n baji/a1 be>1 be>i% 7ex*47 bajo cubi]ta1 "u deck balde 7de71 gratis1 = no?+ balde 7en71 9 va91 ( no avail ball5a1 :ale ban>1 to wet1 to ba!1 to wat] banco1 bank1 b5*1 desk banco de liquidacion1 cle>+-h\se b>ato1 *eap b>ba1 b>bas1 be>d b>billa1 b>ba1 *9 b>co1 navio1 buque1 %ip1 boat b>niz1 v>ni% b>r]1 to sweep b>rica1 cask base1 basis ba/ante bi51 pretty well ba/>1 to suffice1 to be en\gh ba/o1 co>se1 common1 inf]ior bata1 wrap bati/a1 bati/e1 lawn baul1 trunk bayeta1 baize beb]1 to dr9k belleza1 beauty b5eficio1 b5efit b5efico1 b5efic5t b5evolo1 b5evol5t b]gant91 brig b]zas1 cabbages betun1 black+ biblioteca1 libr>y bicicleta1 bicycle biela1 connect+ rod bi51 well 7el7 bi51 7!7 good bi5 e/>1 well-be+ bill>1 billi>ds bisabuelo1 great gr&fa!r blanco1 :ite blanco 7n71 aim bl&o1 g5tle1 s(t blanque>1 to blea* bob9a1 bobb9 boca1 m\? boc9a1 megaphone bodega1 cell>1 hold 7%ip7 bola1 ball bolet91 =m1 slip1 price li/ bolsa1 ,ex*ange1 ,b\rse bombas de aire1 air pumps bondadoso1 k9d bonific>1 to make an all[ance1 a rebate bonito1 pretty bordado1 embroid]$ botas1 boots botic>io1 *emi/ bot9es1 boots boton1 button bramante1 tw9e brazo1 arm brev$ad1 brevity1 %ortness 7a la mayor7 brev$ad1 z soon z possible brisa1 breeze bro*ado1 brocade buey1 ox buf&a1 muffl] bufete de abogado1 lawy]'s (fice buje1 hub bullir1 to boil bultos1 packages buque1 b>co1 navio1 %ip1 boat buque a motor1 automovil1 motor-boat buque de vapor1 /eam] buque de vela1 sail+ vessel burl>se1 to make fun (1 to trifle ) bursatil 7m]cado71 money m>ket busc>1 to look =1 to se>* busc>se1 to br+ ^u oneself ,c cabal1 j1 upright caball]o1 s5or1 g5tleman caballo1 horse cab]1 to be able to conta91 to be able to be conta9$ cabeza1 head cabida1 room1 space cable1 cable cablegrama1 cablegram cabo1 corporal1 end cada1 ea*1 e ca]1 to fall caida1 fall 7n47 cafe1 c(fee cafe1 ca/ano1 br[n 7dy$7 caja1 case1 box caj]o1 ca%i] calcet9es1 socks1 half hose calcul>1 to calculate calculo1 calculation cald]a1 boil] cald]o1 small cauldron1 bucket caldos1 w9es & oils 7collectively7 calidad1 quality call>1 to be sil5t1 to ab/a9 f say+ calle1 /reet calor1 heat1 w>m? calorif]o1 /ove calzado1 footwe> cama1 b$1 b$/ead cambi>1 to alt]1 to ex*ange cambio1 los cambios1 *ange2 ! ,bill ,m>ket camisa1 %irt 7el7 campo1 7!7 c\ntry1 7!7 c\ntryside campo1 field cana1 cane canamo1 hemp cancel>1 anul>1 to cancel canela1 c9namon cans>1 to tire cantidad1 quantity 7also am\nt7 capataz1 =eman el capital1 ! capital 7money7 la capital1 ! capital 7t[n7 capitan1 capta9 c>a1 face c>bon 7de pi$ra71 coal c>bon 7vegetal71 *>coal c>bon]a1 panol1 bunk] c>ec] 7de71 to lack c>gam5to1 c>go c>g>1 to load1 to debit c>ne1 c>ne seca1 fle%1 meat1 j]k$ beef c>ne en salmu]a1 pickl$ beef c>o1 de>1 exp5sive c>peta1 writ+ pad c>ranclanes1 gu+as1 g+hams c>ril1 rail c>riles1 rieles1 railes1 rails c>ro1 c>t c>ta1 lett] c>t]a1 pocket-book1 portfolio c>t]o1 po/man casa1 h\se1 firm casaca1 coat1 jacket cas>1 to m>ry cas>se1 to m>ry casill]o1 pigeon-holes ca/ano1 cafe1 br[n 7dy$7 ca/ellano1 ,ca/illian1 ,spani% ca/ig>1 to puni%1 to *a/ise catalogo1 catalogue cau*o1 goma ela/ica1 rubb] cauteloso1 cauti\s cauto1 cauti\s cebada1 b>ley cebolla1 onion c$]1 to c$e1 to yield1 to make ov] c$ula1 w>rant celebr>1 to be glad ( celebr>se1 to be celebrat$1 to take place 7meet+s1 etc47 celebre1 celebrat$ cele/e1 heav5ly1 sky-blue c5a1 supp] cepillo1 bru%1 also plane c]ca de1 ne> 7prep47 c]cano1 ne> 7adj47 c]radura1 lock c]r>1 to close1 to %ut c]r> 7con llave71 to lock c]r> el trato1 to conclude ! b>ga9 c]tific>1 to c]tify1 to regi/] 7lett]s1 etc47 c]veza1 be] ce/illa1 wa/e-pap] basket ciego1 bl9d cielo1 heav51 sky ci51 ci5to1 hundr$ ci5cia1 sci5ce1 wisdom ci]re1 lock-out ci]to1 c]ta9 cifras1 figures cig>ros1 tabacos1 puros1 cig>s cigue5al1 crank %aft cil9dro1 cyl9d]1 roll] cima1 top c9ta1 ribbon c9to1 sa% c9turon1 belt circul>1 to circulate1 to g r\nd cit>1 to quote1 to cite1 to m5tion a passage1 etc4 cit> ante los tribunales1 to summon ciudad1 city cizallas1 %e>s cl>am5te1 cle>ly cl>as 7a las71 op5ly1 cle>ly cl>o1 cle>1 cle>ly1 light 7col\r7 cl>o y r$ondo1 q op5ly clavel1 c>nation clavos1 nails1 cloves cli5te1 cli5t1 cu/om] cli5tela1 cu/om1 cli5tele1 connection clima 7el71 climate climatologico1 climatic cobr>1 to *>ge1 to collect 7money7 cobre1 copp] coc]1 to bake1 to cook codicia1 gre$ codici>1 to covet cog]1 to cat*1 to capture col1 cabbage col*a de plumon1 d[n quilt coleccion1 collection1 set 7( patt]ns7 colg>1 to hang colmo1 climax1 record coloc>1 to place coloniales1 colonial produce color firme1 solido1 fa/ col\r color falso1 fugitive1 loose col\r coloridos1 col\r+s columna1 column com&it>1 to f9ance com>ca1 region1 di/rict 7( a c\ntry7 com$ido1 consid]ate1 ?\ghtful com5z>1 empez>1 to comm5ce com]1 to eat com]cial1 comm]cial com]ciante1 negociante1 m]*ant com]cio1 comm]ce1 trade comisioni/a1 commission ag5t como1 8como8 z1 h[8 compania anonima 7por acciones71 limit$ company comp5s>1 to comp5sate1 to make good competidor1 contr9cante1 competitor1 neighb\r complac]1 agrad>1 favorec]1 to oblige completo1 complete1 full compra1 pur*ase compr>1 to buy compr5d]1 ent5d]1 to und]/& compromet]se1 to compromise1 to commit oneself1 to prejudice1 to und]take comun1 common concebir1 to conceive conc$]1 to grant concejo1 cabildo1 ayuntami5to1 municipality conc]n]1 to conc]n concisam5te1 concisely condiciones1 t]ms conducir1 to lead conducta1 conduct1 behavi\r con el corazon en la mano1 q c&idly conexiones1 connections1 c\pl+s confeccion>1 to make up conf]5cia1 lecture confes>1 to confess confianza1 confid5ce1 tru/ confi> 7a71 to entru/ confi> 7en71 to tru/ 7de7 con=midad 7con71 9 accordance )1 agreeable to con=me a1 accord+ to conoc]1 to "k a p]son1 an object conocimi5to1 conocido1 acqua9tance conocimi5to1 bill ( lad+ consabido1 9 "q conseguir1 obt5]1 to get1 to obta91 to succe$ 9 consejo1 advice cons]vas alim5ticias1 pres]ves consid]>1 to consid] consignacion1 consignm5t consign>1 to consign1 to record consignat>io1 consignee consumidor1 consum] contado 7al71 7=7 ca% con tal que1 provid$ t cont>1 to c\nt1 to relate cont> con1 to calculate1 to reckon ^u 7el7 cont5ido1 ! 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write1 escribir to write to ea* o!r1 escribirse writ]1 escritor writ+ 7n471 letra1 escrito writ+ desk1 escritorio writ+ pad1 c>peta writt5 agreem5t1 contrato to wrangle ) someone1 hab]selas con uno on ! wrong side1 al reves ,y y>d1 y>da y>d 7,spani%71 v>a y>n1 hilado ye>1 ano yell[1 am>illo yes1 si ye/]day1 ay] yet1 todavia1 aun to yield1 to submit1 c$]1 d>se a p>tido "y1 jov5 "y age1 juv5tud "y man1 woman1 jov5 y\?1 juv5tud ,z z9c1 z9c ,,app5dix ,i ,,pr9cipal ,,exceptions ,,to ,,! ,,rule ,,on ,,spani% ,,g5d] ,,by ,,t]m9ation #a4 ,words ( ,greek etymology end+ 9 ma-- ,el dilema 7! dilemma7 ,el diploma 7! diploma7 ,el epigrama 7! epigram7 ,el problema 7! problem7 ,el s9toma 7! symptom7 ,el telegrama 7! telegram7 etc41 etc4 ,b ,la amalgama 7! amalgamation7 ,la diadema 7! diadem7 ,la e/ratagema 7! /ratagem7 ,la proclama 7! proclamation7 #b4 ,mo/ ( ! comp\nd n\ns 7v few 9 numb]7-- ,el cortaplumas 7! p5knife7 ,el gu>daco/a 7! coa/+-vessel7 ,el p>aguas 7! umbrella7 ,el tirabala 7! popgun7 #c4 ,el dia 7! day7 ,el ,etna 7,etna 7volcano77 ,el mapa 7! map7 ,el s(a 7! s(a7 ,el ,volga #baj 7! ,volga7 ,& all words end+ 9 acc5t$ a4 ,footnote #baj3 ,& all riv]s & m\nta9s end+ 9 a4 #d4 ,mascul9e n\ns end+ 9 d-- ,el adalid 7! w>rior or *iefta97 ,el ardid 7! trick7 ,el ataud 7c(f97 ,el cesp$ 7! turf1 lawn7 ,el sud 7! s\?7 #e4 ,mascul9e n\ns end+ 9 ion-- ,el embrion 7! embryo7 ,el gorrion 7! sp>r[7 ,el morrion 7p>ts ( an arm\r7 ,el s>ampion 7measles7 #f4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 i or y-- ,la diocesi 7! diocese7 ,la grey 7! flock7 ,la ley 7! law7 ,la metropoli 7! metropolis7 ,almo/ all4 #g4 ,fem99e n\n end+ 9 j-- ,la troj 7! gran>y7 #h4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 l-- ,la cal 7lime7 ,la capital 7capital--t[n7 ,la c>cel 7prison7 ,la col 7cabbage7 ,la miel 7honey7 ,la piel 7sk97 ,la sal 7salt7 ,la s5al 7signal7 ,la vocal 7v[el7 ,& a few m4 #i4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 n-- ,la c>gazon 7! load7 ,la cr9 7! horsehair7 ,la desazon 7! ailm5t7 ,la imag5 7! image7 ,la razon 7! reason7 ,la s9razon 7! inju/ice7 ,la s>t5 7! fry+-pan7 ,la si5 7! temple7 ,almo/ all4 #aj4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 o-- ,la mano 7! h&7 ,only ^w1 except+ nao 7%ip71 n[ obsolete1 & seo 7ca!dral71 little us$4 #aa4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 r-- ,la flor 7! fl[]7 ,la labor 7! ne$lework7 ,la segur 7! axe7 ,almo/ all4 #ab4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 s-- ,la bilis 7! bile7 ,la crisis 7! crisis7 ,la elipsis 7ellipsis7 ,la lis 7fleur-de-lis7 ,la mies 7! crop7 ,la p]ifrasis 7! p]iphrase7 ,la tos 7! c\gh7 ,& a few o!rs4 #ac4 ,fem99e n\n end+ 9 u-- ,la tribu 7! tribe7 #ad4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 z-- ,la codorniz 7! p>tridge7 ,la c]viz 7! c]vix7 ,la cruz 7! cross7 ,la coz 7! back-kick7 ,la luz 7! light7 ,la n>iz 7! nose7 ,la nuez 7! nut7 ,la pez 7! pit*7 ,la voz 7! voice7 ,la raiz 7! root7 ,la tez 7! complexion7 ,la vez 7! "t1 once1 etc41 etc47 ,& a few o!rs less important4 #ae4 ,fem99e n\ns end+ 9 e4 7,?is is ! mo/ num]\s li/ ( exceptions7-- ,las aves 7! birds7 ,la b>b>ie 7! b>b>ity7 ,la base 7! basis7 ,la calle 7! /reet7 ,la c>ne 7! fle%7 ,la fiebre 7! fev]7 ,la fu5te 7! f\nta97 ,el hambre 7f471 7! hung]7 ,la m5te 7! m9d7 ,la no*e 7! night7 ,la p>te 7! "p7 ,la quiete 7! quiet7 ,la sangre 7! blood7 ,la s]pi5te 7! s]p5t7 ,la torre 7! t[]7 ,besides ! mascul9e & fem99e g5d]s1 "s n\ns are call$3 de g5]o comun1 epic5o1 & ambiguo4 ,! n\n is call$ de g5]o comun 7common g5d]7 :5 ) ! same t]m9ation x may indicate bo? a male & female be+ by us+ a diff]5t article-- ,un--una albacea 7an executor1 executrix7 ,un--una arti/a 7an arti/1 arti/e7 ,un--una ,belga#baa 7a ,belgian7 ,un--una idiota 7an idiot7 ,un--una indig5a 7a native7 ,un--una m>tir 7a m>tyr7 ,un--una reo 7a culprit7 ,un--una culpable 7a culprit7 ,un--una gimna/a 7a gymna/7 ,un--una homicida 7a murd]]1 a murd]ess7 ,un--una suicida 7"o :o commits suicide7 ,un--una te/igo 7a witness7 ,footnote #baa3 ,& s all n\ns ( nationality end+ 9 a or e4 ,! n\n is call$ ,epic5e :51 ) ! same t]m9ation & ! same article1 x indicates bo? male & female-- ,el aguila 7! eagle--male & female7 ,el buitre 7! vulture--male & female7 ,el ave/ruz 7! o/ri*--male & female7 ,la rata 7! rat--male & female7 ,di/9ction w\ld be made by add+ ma*o or hembra4 ,el aguila ma*o 7! eagle--male7 ,el ave/ruz hembra 7! o/ri*--female7 ,n4,b4--,mo/ ( ! names ( animals belong to ?is class4 ,! t]m ambiguo is appli$ to n\ns :i* are mascul9e or fem99e1 ) diff]5t mean+1 or ! g5d] ( :i* is n well def9$-- ,analasis 7analysis71 d\btful g5d] ,el aroma 7! aroma7 ,la aroma 7! acacia fl[]7 ,la or el arte 7! art7 ,los or ,las artes ,las bellas artes 7! arts1 g5]ally fem47 7! f9e arts1 always fem47 ,la b>ba 7! be>d7 ,el b>ba 7a "* 9 ,spani% plays7 ,el cabecilla 7*iefta9 or r+lead] ,la cabecilla 7! little head7 ( rebels7 ,el calav]a 7! madcap7 ,la calav]a 7! skull7 ,el canal 7! canal7 ,la canal 7! gutt]7 ,el capital 7money7 ,la capital 7! t[n7 ,el col]a 7*ol]a7 ,la col]a 7wra?7 ,el cometa 7comet7 ,la cometa 7! kite1 toy7 ,el corte 7! cut7 ,la corte 7! c\rt7 ,el cura 7! prie/7 ,la cura 7! cure7 ,el doblez 7! fold7 ,la doblez 7duplicity7 ,el or la dote 7d[ry71 g5]ally ,las dotes 7good p>ts1 gifts71 fem4 9 ! pl4 always fem4 ,el fantasma 7! phantom7 ,la fantasma 7! bogie-man7 ,el fr5te 7! front7 ,la fr5te 7! =ehead7 ,el haz 7! %eaf7 ,la haz 7face1 surface7 ,l5te 7l5ses71 d\btful g5d] ,la ord5 7comm&1 ord] = ,el ord5 7ord]72 z1 bu5 ord5 goods1 etc47 7good ord]7 ,las sagradas ord5es 7holy ord]s7 ,las v>ias ord5es 7v>i\s religi\s ord]s7 ,el p>te 7report7 ,la p>te 7"p7 ,el p5di5te 7e>-r+7 ,la p5di5te 7slope7 ,el pez 7fi%7 ,la pez 7pit*7 ,el tema 7ex]cise1 !me7 ,la tema 7fe>1 ob/9acy7 ,tilde 771 d\btful g5d] ,m> 7sea7 is ei!r ,masc4 or fem41 b names ( p>ticul> seas are all mascul9e-- ,el m> rojo 7! ,r$ ,sea7 ,el m> ,caspio 7! ,caspian ,sea7 ,! comp\nds ( m> are fem99e-- ,baja m> 7l[ sea7 ,pleam> 7high wat]7 ,! foll[+ mascul9e n\ns h _! equival5t fem99e =m$ by inflexion4 ,n4,b4--,we omit ^? 9 :i* ! inflexion consi/s ( ! *ange ( ! la/ v[el to a1 or ! addition ( a1 z-- ,el autor1 la autora 7! au?or1 au?oress7 ,el holgazan1 la holgazana 7! lazy man1 lazy woman7 ,el primo1 la prima 7! c\s91 masc4 & fem47 ,el vec9o1 la vec9a 7! neighb\r1 masc4 & fem47 ,el abad 7abbot7 ,la abadesa 7abbess7 ,el actor 7actor7 ,la actriz 7actress7 ,el b>on 7b>on7 ,la b>onesa 7b>oness7 ,el canonigo 7canon7 ,la canonesa 7canoness7 ,el cantor 7s+]7 ,la cantatriz 7s+]7 ,el conde 7c\nt7 ,la condesa 7c\ntess7 ,el diacono 7deacon7 ,la diaconisa 7deaconess7 ,el duque 7duke7 ,la duquesa 7du*ess7 ,el elector 7elector7 ,la electriz 7electress7 ,el emp]ador 7emp]or7 ,la emp]atriz 7empress7 ,el filos(o 7philosoph]7 ,la filos(esa 7philosoph]7 ,el gallo 7cock7 ,la gall9a 7h57 ,el h]oe 7h]o7 ,la h]o9a 7h]o9e7 ,el poeta 7poet7 ,la poetisa 7poetess7 ,el pr9cipe 7pr9ce7 ,la pr9cesa 7pr9cess7 ,el pr(eta 7prophet7 ,la pr(etisa 7prophetess7 ,el rey 7k+7 ,la re9a 7que57 ,el sac]dote 7prie/7 ,la sac]dotisa 7prie/ess7 ,el vizconde 7visc\nt7 ,la vizcondesa 7visc\ntess7 ,el ,z> 7cz>7 ,la ,z>9a 7cz>9a7 ,notice also-- ,el asi/5te 7assi/ant7 ,la asi/5ta 7assi/ant7 ,el infante 7*ild "u #g2 ,la infanta 7*ild2 ,span4 ,royal also ,span41 ,royal ,pr9ce7 ,pr9cess7 ,el p>i5te 7relative7 ,la p>i5ta 7relative7 ,el presid5te 7presid5t7 ,la presid5ta 7presid5t7 ,el sirvi5te 7mans]vant7 ,la sirvi5ta 7maids]vant7 ,!re are only a few m ( ?is class4 ,n4,b4-- ,un abogado makes 9 ! fem4 ,una mug] abogado ,un m$ico m$ico ,un comadron comadre 7midwife7 ,! foll[+ n\ns ( p]sons & animals h two diff]5t =ms to repres5t ! two sexes-- ,el buey 7ox7 ,la vaca 7c[7 ,el caballo 7/allion7 ,la yegua 7m>e7 ,el c>n]o 7ram7 ,la oveja 7ewe7 ,el fraile 7fri>7 ,la soror 7si/]7 ,el hombre 7man7 ,la mug] 7woman7 ,el ma*o cabrio or cabron 7he-goat7 ,la cabra 7%e-goat7 ,el m>ido 7husb&7 ,la mug] 7! wife7 ,el padre 7fa!r7 ,la madre 7"m7 ,el padra/ro 7/ep-fa!r7 ,la madra/ra 7/ep-"m7 ,el padr9o 7god-fa!r7 ,la madr9a 7god-"m7 ,el toro 7bull7 ,la vaca 7c[7 ,el y]no 7son-9-law7 ,la nu]a 7daught]-9-law7 ,_m names ( animals are ei!r common1 z-- ,el anade1 la anade 7! duck7 ,el liebre1 la liebre 7! h>e7 ,el tigre1 la tigre 7! tig]1 tigress7 ,or !y *ange o ( ! mascul9e into a or add a1 to =m ! fem99e1 z-- ,un ganso 7a g&]7 ,una gansa 7a goose7 ,un leon 7! lion7 ,una leona 7a lioness7 ,un mulo 7a mule7 ,una mula 7a %e-mule7 ,un poll9o 7an ass7 ,una poll9a 7a %e-ass7 ,mo/ are epic5e z already /at$ 7p4 #bdf74 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,spani% ,,common ,,n\ns1 ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,use1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,us$ ,,only ,,9 ,,! ,,plural ,afu]as 7environs7 ,aguad]as 7frames to c>ry wat]7 ,albricias 7rew>d = good news--also us$ z int]jection3 joy6 joy667 ,&as 7/ret*]1 also frame = c>ry+ an image7 ,cal5das 7cal5ds7 ,calzoncillos 7draw]s7 ,c>ne/ol5das 7c>nival7 ,celos 7jeal\sly--,celo--zeal7 ,hac] cosquillas 7to tickle7 ,despabilladoras 7snuff]s7 ,enaguas 7skirt7 ,fauces 7gullet7 ,modales 7mann]s7 ,mi5tes--also ,m5te 7! m9d7 ,p>rillas 7gridiron7 ,pu*es 7sort ( fritt]s7 ,t5azas 7tongs1 p9c]s7 ,tij]as 7scissors7 ,t9ieblas 7utt] d>kness7 ,viv]es 7victuals7 ,z>agueelles 7k9d ( bree*es7 ,note ! foll[+-- ,a ciegas 7bl9dly7 ,a ojos ceg>ritas 7bl9dly7 ,a horcajadas 7a/ride7 ,a hurtadillas 7on ! sly7 ,a sabi5das 7kn[+ly7 ,de puntillas 7on tiptoe7 ,a ti5tas 7grop+7 ,de bobilis bobilis 7)\t toil7 ,de bruces 7on all f\rs7 ,en ayunas 7fa/+7 ,en vol&as 79 ! air1 (f "o's feet7 ,! foll[+ plurals1 besides ! ord9>y1 h also a diff]5t mean+ f ! s+ul>-- ,el alfil] 7p97 ,los alfil]es 7p9s1 p9-money7 ,el dia 7day7 ,los dias 7days1 bir?day7 ,la esposa 7wife7 ,las esposas 7wives1 h&cuffs7 ,el grillo 7! cricket7 ,los grilles 7crickets1 %ackles7 ,la letra 7lett]7 ,las letras 7lett]s--lit]>y k7 ,el padre 7fa!r7 ,los padres#bab 7fa!rs1 p>5ts7 ,footnote #bab3 ,9 ! same mann] all mascul9e plurals include also ! plurals ( bo? g5d]s1 z3 ,h]manos 7bro!rs1 also bro!rs & si/]s74 ,we make ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! plural ( comp\nd words4 ,! elem5ts :i* concur to ! =mation ( comp\nd n\ns are-- ,a ,b ,v]bs ,adjectives ,prepositions ,n\ns ,adv]bs ,p>ticiples ,conjunctions ,pron\ns ,prefixes ,,g5]al ,,rule-- ,! elem5ts 9 ,a are inv>iable except3 ,un bullebulle 7busybody71 ,unos bullebulles ,un quehac] 7occupation71 ,unos quehac]es ,pasapasa 7sleight ( h&71 ,pasapasas 7sleight ( h& tricks7 ,! elem5ts 9 ,b take ! m>k ( ! plural3 ,alzacuello 7m9i/]'s coll>7 ,alzacuellos ,alzapano 7curta9 hook71 ,alzapanios ,&an9o 7*ild's c>t71 ,&an9ios ,antepasado 7ance/or71 ,antepasados ,ave ,m>ia 7a pray]71 ,ave ,m>ias ,cualqui]a 7:atev]71 ,cualesqui]a ,entremetido 7intrud]1 busybody71 ,entremetidos ,g5tilhombre 7man ( g5tle bir?71 ,g5tile%ombres ,gu>dafuego 7fire-gu>d71 ,gu>dafuegos ,hijodalgo 7squire71 ,hijosdalgo ,pasamano 7h&rail1 lace-edg+s71 ,pasamanos ,pasatiempo 7pa/ime71 ,pasatiempos ,picap>te 7lat* or lat*key71 ,picap>tes ,pisav]de 7beau71 ,pisav]des ,portae/&>te 7/&>d be>]71 ,portae/&>tes ,portafusil 7musket-sl+71 ,portafusiles ,pu]coesp9 7porcup9e71 ,pu]cosesp9es ,qui5qui]a 7:oev]71 ,qui5esqui]a ,quitasol 7p>asol71 ,quitasoles ,ricahembra 7woman ( g5tle bir?71 ,rica%embras ,sobrecama 7c\nt]pane71 ,sobrecamas ,sobr$i*o 7a=esaid71 ,sobr$i*os ,tapaboca 7slap on ! m\?71 ,tapabocas ,tiraboton 7button-hook71 ,tirabotones ,n4,b4--,:5 ! second ( ! two words comm5ces ) r ?is lett] %\ld be d\bl$-- ,ropa 7clo!s71 gu>d>ropa 7w>drobe71 gu>d>ropas 7pl47 ,9 comp\nd n\ns 7v r>e7 =m$ ( two n\ns ( :i* ! fir/ /&s z an adjective to ! second1 ! fir/ n\n rema9s inv>iable1 ! second only tak+ ! m>k ( ! plural-- ,f]roc>ril 7railway71 ,f]roc>riles ,madreselva 7honeysuckle71 ,madreselvas ,9 ! foll[+ comp\nd n\ns =m$ ( an adjective & a n\n1 ! adjective rema9s inv>iable 9 ! plural1 z-- ,bajam> 7l[ tide71 ,bajam>es ,bajorelieve 7bas-relief71 ,bajorelieves ,belladona 7belladonna71 ,belladonas ,blancomanj> 7blanc-mange71 ,blancomanj>es ,pl5am> 7full tide71 ,pl5am>es ,salvoconducto 7safe conduct71 ,salvoconductos ,salvagu>dia 7safegu>d71 ,salvagu>dias ,santa ,b>b>a 7p[d] magaz9e71 ,santa ,b>b>as ,9 comp\nd n\ns =m$ ( two words1 ! fir/ ( :i* has suff]$ ! loss or *ange ( a lett]1 ?is fir/ compon5t rema9s inv>iable-- 7,n4,b4--,_m su* words are f\nd 9 ,spani%47 ,artimana 7trick71 ,artimanas ,b>bicano 7:ite-be>d$ man71 ,b>bicanos ,b>bil9do 7be>dless man71 ,b>bil9dos ,boquirrubio 7rosy-lipp$71 ,boquirrubios ,cojitranco 7lame fell[--disp>ag+ly71 ,cojitrancos ,cuelli]guido 7/iff-neck$ man71 ,cuelli]guidos ,gallipavo 7turkey71 ,gallipavos ,manirroto 7sp5d?rift71 ,manirrotos ,m>isabidilla 7blue /ock+71 ,m>isabidillas ,oj9egro 7black-ey$71 ,oj9egros ,ojiz>co 7blue-ey$71 ,ojiz>cos ,patizambo 7b&y-legg$71 ,patizambos ,pe*icolorado 7rob9 r$brea/71 ,pe*icolorados ,pleam> 7high tide71 ,pleam>es ,tragicom$ia 7tragi-com$y71 ,tragicom$ias ,vi&ante 7wayf>]71 ,vi&antes ,! foll[+ make _! plural z foll[s-- ,banc>rota 7bankruptcy71 ,banc>rotas ,coliflor 7caulifl[]71 ,coliflores ,d>es y tom>es 7wrangl+71 us$ only 9 pl4 ,dimes y diretes 7ifs1 &s & buts71 us$ only 9 pl4 ,don ,diego de no*e 7f\r o'clocks--fl[]71 ,don ,diegos de no*e ,m>itornes 7ill-%ap$ woman71 ,m>itornes ,p>abi5 7complim5t71 ,p>abi5es ,vaiv5 7vibration71 ,vaiv5es ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! l>ge class ( n\ns 7comp\nd7 =m$ ) a v]b or adv]b & a plural n\n & :i* are us$ = bo? numb]s-- ,azotacalles 7idl]7 ,buscavidas 7pry]7 ,cortaplumas 7p5knife7 ,*upaflores 7humm+-bird7 ,de/ripat]rones 7navvy7 ,lavamanos 7wa%-h& /&7 ,limpiabotas 7boot-black7 ,matamoros 7boa/]7 ,mondadi5tes 7too?pick7 ,papahu]os 7n9ny7 ,papamoscas 7n9ny7 ,papanatas 7n9ny7 ,p>acaidas 7p>a*ute7 ,p>aguas 7umbrella7 ,pelagatos 7ragamuff97 ,p9tamonas 7slap-da%] or bad p>tn]7 ,sacacor*os 7corkscrew7 ,salvavidas 7life-boats7 ,sepancuantos 7slap or bl[7 ,! foll[+ also are us$ = bo? numb]s )\t alt]ation-- ,correveidile 7tale-be>]7 ,hazm]eir 7laugh+-/ock7 ,metom5todo 7busybody7 ,pat]no/] 7,"l's ,pray]7 ,quitaipon 7ornam5t = head/all ( draught bea/s7 ,sabelotodo 7presumpti\s man7 ,s9v]gue5za 7b>efac$ man7 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,pr9cipal ,,names ,,( ,,c\ntries1 ,,t[ns1 ,,etc41 7,,) ,,correspond+ ,,spani% ,,adjectives7 ,abis9ia 7abis9io71 ,abyss9ia ,adrianopolis1 ,adrianopole ,africa 7africano71 ,africa ,alava 7alav5o1 alaves71 ,alava ,albania 7albanes71 ,albania ,alcala de ,h5>es 7complut5se71 ,alcala ,alemania 7aleman71 ,g]many ,alicante 7alicant9o71 ,alicante ,alsacia 7alsaciano71 ,alsatia ,amb]es1 ,antw]p ,am]ica 7am]icano71 ,am]ica ,&alucia 7&aluz71 ,&alusia ,antillas 7antillano71 ,we/ ,indies ,arabia 7arabe1 arabigo71 ,arabia ,aragon 7aragones71 ,arragon ,argel 7argel9o71 ,algi]s ,arg5t9a 7arg5t9e71 ,arg5t9e ,arm5ia 7arm5io71 ,arm5ia ,asia 7asiatico71 ,asia ,at5as 7at5i5se71 ,a!ns ,au/ria 7au/riaco71 ,au/ria ,avila 7abul5se71 ,avila ,b>celona 7b>celones71 ,b>celona ,basilea1 ,basle ,bavi]a 7bav>o71 ,bav>ia ,bel51 ,be?lehem ,belgica 7belga1 belgico71 ,belgium ,bilbao 7bilba9o71 ,bilbao ,bohemia 7bohemo71 ,bohemia ,bolivia 7boliviano71 ,bolivia ,bolonia 7bolones71 ,bologna ,brasil 7brasil5o71 ,brazil ,bretana 7breton71 ,brittany ,brujas1 ,bruges ,bruselas1 ,brussels ,bu5os ,aires 7bona]5se1 port5o71 ,bu5os ,aires ,bulg>ia 7bulg>o71 ,bulg>ia ,burdeos1 ,bordeaux ,burgos 7burgales71 ,burgos ,cadiz 7gaditano71 ,cadiz ,calabria 7calabres71 ,calabria ,caldea 7caldeo71 ,*aldaea ,canada 7canadi5se71 ,canada ,can>ias 7can>io71 ,can>y ,isl&s ,c>acas 7c>aqu5o71 ,c>acas ,c>tago 7c>tag9es71 ,c>?age ,ca/illa 7ca/ellano71 ,ca/ille ,cataluna 7catalan71 ,catalonia ,c]d5a 7s>do71 ,s>d9ia ,*ile 7*il5o71 ,*ili ,*9a 7*9o71 ,*9a ,colombia 7colombiano71 ,colombia ,cop5hague1 ,cop5hag5 ,cordoba 7cordobes71 ,cordova ,corcega 7corso71 ,corsica ,corfu 7corfiota71 ,corfu ,d>danelos1 ,d>d5elles ,d9am>ca 7danes1 d9am>ques71 ,d5m>k ,dresde1 ,dresd5 ,ecuador 7ecuatoriano71 ,equador ,egipto 7egipcio71 ,egypt ,escocia 7escoces71 ,scotl& ,esmirna1 ,smyrna ,espana 7espanol71 ,spani% ,e/ocolmo1 ,/ockholm ,etiopia 7etiope71 ,e?iopia ,europa 7europeo71 ,european ,extremadura 7extrem5o7 ,extremadura ,f5icia 7f5icio71 ,pho5ician ,filip9as 7filip9o71 ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,fl&es 7flam5co71 ,fl&]s ,flor5cia 7flor5t9o71 ,flor5t9e ,francia 7frances71 ,france ,gales 7gales71 ,wales ,galicia 7gallego71 ,galicia 7,spa97 ,gascuna 7gascon71 ,gascony ,g5ova 7g5oves71 ,g5oa ,gibralt> 7gibralt>5o71 ,gibralt> ,g9ebra 7g9ebr9o71 ,g5eva ,gran ,bretana 7britanico71 ,great ,brita9 ,granada 7granad9o71 ,granada ,grecia 7griego71 ,greece ,guadalaj>a 7guadalaj>5o71 ,guadalaj>a ,guatemala 7guatemalteco71 ,guatemala ,guipuzcoa 7guipuzcoano71 ,guipuzcoa ,habana 7haban]o1 habano71 ,havannah ,hol&a 7hol&es71 ,holl& ,honduras 7hondur5o71 ,honduras ,hungria 7hung>o71 ,hung>y ,india 7indios71 ,india ,+lat]ra 7+les71 ,engl& ,irl&a 7irl&es71 ,irel& ,italia 7italiano71 ,italy ,japon 7japones71 ,japan ,la ,man*a 7man*ego71 ,la ,man*a ,leon 7leones71 ,leon 7,spa97 ,lieja1 ,liege ,lima 7lim5o71 ,lima ,liorna 7liornes71 ,leghorn ,lisboa 7lisbon5se71 ,lisbon ,lomb>dia 7lomb>do71 ,lomb>dy ,londres 7lond95se71 ,london ,mac$onia 7mac$onio71 ,mac$onia ,madrid 7madril5o71 ,madrid ,malaga 7malagu5o71 ,malaga ,malta 7maltes71 ,malta ,mallorca 7mallorqu971 ,majorca ,m>acaibo 7m>acaib]o71 ,m>acaibo ,m>ruecos 7m>roqui71 ,morocco ,m>sella 7m>selles71 ,m>seilles ,m5orca 7m5orqu971 ,m9orca ,mejico 7mejicano71 ,mexico ,murcia 7murciano71 ,murcia ,napoles 7napolitano71 ,naples ,nav>ra 7nav>ro71 ,nav>re ,norm&ia 7norm&o71 ,norm&y ,noruega 7noruego71 ,norway ,pamplona 7pamplones71 ,pamplona ,p>aguay 7p>aguayano71 ,p>aguay ,p>is 7p>isi5se71 ,p>is ,p]sia 7p]sa or p]siano71 ,p]sia ,p]u 7p]uano71 ,p]u ,piamonte 7piamontes71 ,pi$mont ,polonia 7polaco71 ,pol& ,portugal 7portugues71 ,portugal ,pu]to ,rico 7portorriqu5o71 ,porto ,rico ,roma 7romano71 ,rome ,rumania 7rumano71 ,r\mania ,rusia 7ruso71 ,russia ,saboya 7saboy>do71 ,savoy ,sajonia 7sajon71 ,saxony ,salamanca 7salmant9o1 salamanques71 ,salamanca ,salvador 7salvador5o71 ,salvador ,san ,seba/ian 7dono/i>ra71 ,san ,seba/ian ,s]bia 7s]bio71 ,s]bia ,sevilla 7sevillano71 ,seville ,sicilia 7siciliano71 ,sicily ,suecia 7sueco71 ,sw$5 ,suiza 7suizo71 ,switz]l& ,tetuan 7tetuani71 ,tetuan ,troya 7troyano71 ,troy ,tunez 7tunec9o71 ,tunis ,turquia 7turco71 ,turkey ,uruguay 7uruguayano71 ,uruguay ,val5cia 7val5ciano71 ,val5cia ,valladolid 7valisoletano71 ,valladolid ,v>sovia 7v>soviano71 ,w>saw ,vascongadas1 ,prov9cias 7vascongado1 vascu5ce71 ,basque ,prov9ces ,v5ecia 7v5eciano71 ,v5ice ,v5ezuela 7v5ezolano71 ,v5ezuela ,v]a ,cruz 7v]acruzano71 ,v]a ,cruz ,vi5a 7vi5es71 ,vi5na ,vigo 7vigues71 ,vigo ,vitoria 7vitoriano71 ,vitoria ,yucatan 7yucateco71 ,yucatan ,z>agoza 7z>agozano71 ,z>agoza ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,augm5tatives ,,& ,,dim9utives#bac ,footnote #bac3 ,! t]m9ations on & ito or ico may be tak5 by practically all n\ns 7avoid+ cacophony1 z3 ,pantalonon1 habitacionona1 etc472 ! o!rs may n & consequ5tly %\ld n be us$ by /ud5ts1 until le>nt by practice4 ,be/iecita 7little bea/7 ,be/iezuela 7little bea/7 7disp>ag+7 ,*iquito 7little *ild7 ,*iquit9 7little *ild7 ,florecita 7little fl[]7 ,florecilla 7little fl[]7 7insignificant7 ,hombron 7big1 tall man7 ,hombrote 7big1 tall man7 7disp>ag+7 ,hombra*o 7big1 tall man7 7disp>ag+7 ,hombra*on 7big1 tall man7 7disp>ag+7 ,hombrazo 7big1 tall man7 7disp>ag+7 ,hombronazo 7big1 tall man7 7disp>ag+7 ,juanito 7little ,john7 ,labradorcito 7little lab\r]7 ,lag>to--,lag>tija 7little liz>d7 ,lio--,liecito 7little bundle7 ,libron 7l>ge1 big book7 ,librazo 7l>ge1 big book7 7disp>ag+7 ,libra*o 7l>ge1 big book7 7disp>ag+7 ,librote 7l>ge1 big book7 7disp>ag+7 ,llav9 7little key1 lat*key7 ,manuel--,manolo 7little ,manuel7 ,manuel--,manolito 7little ,manuel7 ,madrecita 7little "m7 ,madrecica 7little "m7 ,paj>raco 7big bird7 7disp>ag+7 ,papelon 7l>ge pap]7 ,plazoleta 7little squ>e7 ,re9ecita 7little que57 ,tamborcito#bad 7little drum7 ,tamborcico 7little drum7 ,footnote #bad3 ,ito is m ,ca/illian4 ,ico is m ,aragonese4 ,!y are bo? us$4 ,we repeat t ! peculi>ity ( ,augm5tative & ,dim9utive t]m9ations 7) ! exception ( ! ,augm5t4 on1 :i* d5otes only increase7 is t besides ! idea ( increase or dim9ution a fur!r disp>ag+ or ende>+ mean+ is impli$ al?\gh n di/9ctly def9$4 ,^! t]m9ations 9 _m cases sub/itute ! use ( adjectives to great advantage1 & are l>gely us$ by ,spani>ds1 especially ! dim9utives :i*1 = ?is reason1 %\ld be c>efully notic$4 ,a dim9utive n\n c also be fur!r qualifi$ by an adjective1 z-- ,mi padre me regalo e/e gracioso librito3 ,my fa!r made me a pres5t ( ?is pretty little book4 ,dim9utives c be made ( ,augm5tatives & vice-v]sa-- ,escoba 7broom71 ,escobilla1 ,escobillon ,sala 7draw+-room71 ,salon1 ,saloncillo ,if a mascul9e n\n ends 9 a its dim9utive also ends 9 a-- ,un drama 7drama71 ,un dramita ,un poema 7poem71 ,un poemita ,b n n\ns t indicate male p]sons-- ,papa 7,papa71 ,papaito ,al?\gh on & ote are g5]ally augm5tative t]m9ations1 9 ! foll[+ words & a few m1 !y are us$ z dim9utives-- ,calle 7/reet7 ,callejon 7n>r[ /reet1 alley7 ,c>ro 7c>t7 ,c>reton 7little c>t7 ,isla 7isl&7 ,islote 7little b>r5 isl&7 ,torre 7t[]7 ,torrejon 7turret7 ,besides ,augm5tative & ,dim9utive t]m9ations1 !re are "s t]m9ations :i*1 )\t indicat+ increase or decrease1 are us$ to indicate disp>agem5t pure & simple-- ,caldu*o 7bad bro?7 ,g5tualla 7mob7 ,g5tuza 7insignificant p7 ,libraco 7na/y book7 ,madra/ra 7/ep-"m7 ,m$ica/ro 7bad doctor7 ,muj]uca 7old wife1 gossip7 ,poeta/ro 7bad poet7 ,! ,augm5tative & ,dim9utive t]m9ations 7especially ! latt]7 are f\nd add$ to adjectives &1 al?\gh m r>ely1 to o!r p>ts ( spee* also4 ,!y mu/ be le>nt by practice1 h[ev]1 z !y _c be us$ indiscrim9ately4 ,,examples-- ,el pic>illo 7pic>uelo7 qui]e el otro cuello que es mas blanquito3 ,! little rogue wants ! o!r coll> :i* is nice & clean 7lit41 :it]74 ,como me gu/a la blanca nieve acabadita de ca]3 ,h[ pretty is ! sn[ j newly fall54 ,mira a aquella *ica tan bi5 ve/idita de azul3 ,look at t little girl s prettily dress$ 9 blue ,v9o call&ito3 ,he came 9 z quietly z a m\se4 ,vive c]quita de nue/ra casa3 ,he lives q close to our h\se4 ,poquito a poco hila la vieja el copo 7prov]b73 ,little by little ! old woman sp9s h] di/aff 7,sl[ & sure w9s ! race7 ,translation ( ! ,engli% i% aft] col\rs-- ,am>ill5to 7yell[i%7 ,azulado 7blui%7 ,azul9o 7blui%7 ,blanquec9o 7:iti%7 ,mor5ito 7br[ni%7 ,que tira a mor5o 7br[ni%7 ,negruzco 7blacki%7 ,p>dusco 7greyi%7 ,que tira a p>do o gris 7greyi%7 ,rojizo 7r$di%7 ,v]doso 7gre5i%7 ,v]dusco 7gre5i%7 ,notice also-- ,an>anjado 7orange-col\r$7 ,avellanado 7nut-col\r$1 tawny7 ,cele/e 7sky-blue7 ,dorado 7gold57 ,pajizo 7/raw-col\r$7 ,p]l9o 7pe>l-col\r$7 ,plateado 7silv]y7 ,rosado 7rose-col\r$1 p9k1 rosy7 ,t]reo 7a%5-pale7 ,trigu5o 7br[n1 :eat-col\r$7 ,,app5dix ,v ,,v]bs ,,:i* ,,diff] ,,9 ,,regim5 ,,f ,,_! ,,engli% ,,equival5ts4 ,,extract$ ,,f ,,! ,,g5]al ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,academy#bae ,footnote #bae3 ,?is li/ is compreh5sive1 b n exhau/ive2 "s ( ^! v]bs1 besides ! preposition giv51 may be foll[$ by o!rs4 ,practice 9 read+ is ! be/ ma/]4 ,abord> 7una nave7 a 7or con7 otra3 ,to bo>d 7a %ip74 ,abras>se en deseos3 ,to be burn+ ) desire4 ,abund> de 7or en7 riquezas3 ,to ab\nd ) ri*es4 ,abus> de la ami/ad3 ,to abuse fri5d%ip4 ,ac]t> con la casa3 ,to f9d ! "r h\se4 ,adelant>se a otros3 ,to take ! />t on o!rs4 ,admir>se de un suceso3 ,to wond] at an ev5t4 ,aficion>se a alguna cosa3 ,to gr[ fond ( any?+4 ,alej>se de su ti]ra3 ,to dep>t f "o's c\ntry4 ,alim5t>se con 7or de7 y]bas3 ,to fe$ on vegetables4 ,anticip>se a otro3 ,to =e/all ano!r4 ,apiad>se con los pobres3 ,to h pity on ! poor4 ,aport> a ,b>celona3 ,to put into ,b>celona4 ,apreci> en mu*o3 ,to appreciate highly4 ,ard] de col]a3 ,to burn ) ang]4 ,arm>se de paci5cia3 ,to arm oneself ) pati5ce4 ,arrim>se a la p>$3 ,to lean aga9/ ! wall4 ,arro/r> 7con 7or por77 los peligros3 ,to face ! dang]s4 ,at5d] 7a7 los negocios3 ,to att5d to bus9ess4 ,av5taj>se a otros3 ,to excel o!rs4 ,ban> con 7de or en7 lagrimas3 ,to ba! ) te>s4 ,b>be> con la p>$3 ,to run aga9/ ! wall4 ,br9d> a la salud de alguno3 ,to dr9k ! heal? ( someone4 ,br9d> con regalos3 ,to give pres5ts4 ,burl>se de algo3 ,to laugh at some?+4 ,cab] de pies3 ,!re to be /&+ room4 ,calific> de docto3 ,to call "o le>n$4 ,cambi> una cosa con 7or por7 otra3 ,to ex*ange "o ?+ = ano!r4 ,camp> por su respeto3 ,to keep to oneself4 ,c>ec] de m$ios3 ,to lack means4 ,cas> or cas>se con alguno3 ,to m>ry someone4 ,ces> de corr]3 ,to cease runn+4 ,cifr> su di*a en la virtud3 ,to make "o's happ9ess consi/ 9 virtue4 ,clav> a 7or en7 la p>$3 ,to nail on ! wall4 ,coje> del pie d]e*o3 ,to limp ) ! "r foot4 ,colg> de un clavo3 ,to hang on a nail4 ,colm> de m]c$es3 ,to load ) b5efits4 ,com]ci> con su cr$ito3 ,to trade on "o's cr$it4 ,compr> de 7or a7 una p]sona3 ,to buy f someone4 ,compr> al fiado3 ,to buy on cr$it4 ,compromet]se a pag>3 ,to und]take to pay4 ,confi> en 7or de7 alguno3 ,to tru/ anybody4 ,cons]v>se con 7or en7 salud3 ,to keep 9 good heal?4 ,cont> con su auxilio3 ,to c\nt on 8 help4 ,contrav5ir a la ley3 ,to contrav5e ! law4 ,conv5ir al enf]mo3 ,to suit ! pati5t4 ,corr] con los ga/os3 ,to und]take ! exp5se4 ,cort> por lo sano3 ,to cut %ort 7an argum5t1 etc474 ,cumplir a uno hac] una cosa3 ,to be "o's duty to d some?+4 ,*ance>se con alguno3 ,to joke ) someone4 ,dan>se del pe*o3 ,to injure "o's *e/4 ,d> con la c>ga en el suelo3 ,to ?r[ d[n ! load4 ,d> con qui5 lo enti5de3 ,to come across someone :o und]/&s x4 ,d> contra un po/e3 ,to knock aga9/ a po/4 ,d> de b>ato3 ,to grant = argum5t's sake4 ,d>se por v5cido3 ,to give x up4 ,decir bi5 una cosa con otra3 ,to mat* well toge!r4 ,decir p>a si3 ,to say to oneself4 ,dej> de escribir3 ,to cease writ+1 to fail to write4 ,dem&> ante el juez 7or en juicio73 ,to summon4 ,dep5d] de alguno3 ,to be dep5d5t on someone4 ,desayun>se con *ocolate3 ,to breakfa/ on *ocolate4 ,desconfi> de alguno3 ,to mi/ru/ "o4 ,descuid>se de 7or en7 su obligacion3 ,to neglect "o's duty4 ,desfallec] de animo3 ,to lose c\rage4 ,de%ac]se de los g5]os3 ,to get rid ( ! goods4 ,dete/> de la m5tira3 ,to hate ly+4 ,disfrut> de bu5a r5ta3 ,to enjoy a good income4 ,dobl> por un difunto3 ,to s\nd ! dea? knell4 ,dud> de alguna cosa3 ,to d\bt some?+4 ,e*> en ti]ra3 ,to ?r[ on ! gr\nd4 ,e*> de casa3 ,to turn out ( ! h\se4 ,e*> de v] una cosa3 ,to p]ceive 7realise7 a ?+4 ,e*>la de rico3 ,to assume airs ( a ri* man4 ,embeles>se con alguna cosa3 ,to g into raptures ov] any?+4 ,embutir de algodon3 ,to /uff ) cotton4 ,enaj5>se de alguna cosa3 ,to d away ) any?+4 ,enc>g>se de algun negocio3 ,to und]take a bus9ess4 ,encontr>se con un amigo3 ,to meet a fri5d4 ,encuad]n> a la ru/ica1 en pa/a3 ,to b9d 9 pap] cov]s1 9 bo>ds4 ,esc>m5t> con la desgracia3 ,to take w>n+ f mis=tune4 ,esm]>se en alguna cosa3 ,to take pa9s ) any?+4 ,fi>se a 7de1 en7 alguno3 ,to tru/ 9 anyone4 ,firm> de propria mano3 ,to sign ) "o's own h&4 ,=r> de 7con1 en7 pieles3 ,to l9e ) sk9s4 ,fum> en pipa3 ,to smoke ! pipe4 ,gir> a c>go de alguno3 ,to draw on someone4 ,gir> sobre ,p>is3 ,to draw on ,p>is4 ,gu>d>se de alguno3 ,to gu>d aga9/ anybody4 ,gu/> de bromas3 ,to be fond ( jok+4 ,hab]selas con otros3 ,to wrangle1 to h a bone to pick1 to vie ) ,hac] de galan en un drama3 ,to take ! "p ( pr9cipal actor 9 a drama4 ,h]ir de mu]te3 ,to w\nd fatally4 ,h9c>se de rodillas3 ,to fall on "o's knees4 ,hocic> con 7contra1 en7 alguna cosa3 ,to run aga9/ any?+4 ,igual> 7igual>se7 a 7or con7 otro3 ,to equal ano!r1 to mat*4 ,indemniz> del p]juicio3 ,to indemnify = ! loss4 ,influir con el jefe3 ,to influ5ce ! *ief4 ,insi/ir en 7sobre7 una cosa3 ,to insi/ on some?+4 ,inspir> una idea a alguno3 ,to inspire anybody ) an idea4 ,inund> de 7or en7 agua3 ,to flood ) wat]4 ,libr> a c>go de un banqu]o3 ,to draw on a bank]4 ,libr> una letra sobre ,p>is3 ,to draw a bill on ,p>is4 ,l9d> 7una ti]ra7 con otra3 ,to bord] on ano!r4 ,lleg> a la posada3 ,to rea* ! inn4 ,llev>se bi5 con el vec9o3 ,to get on well ) ! neighb\r4 ,llov] a cant>os3 ,to ra9 9 bucketfuls4 ,m>avill>se con 7or de7 una noticia3 ,to be surpris$ at "s news4 ,m>c> a fuego3 ,to br&4 ,mejor> de condicion3 ,to improve 9 condition4 ,mejor> en t]cio y qu9to3 ,to improve greatly4 ,ol] a rosas3 ,to smell ( roses4 ,p>ec]se a otro3 ,to be simil> to ano!r4 ,p5s> en 7sobre7 alguna cosa3 ,to ?9k ( some?+4 ,p5s> p>a si3 ,to ?9k to oneself4 ,p]ec]se de risa3 ,to die ) laught]4 ,p9t> de azul3 ,to pa9t blue4 ,pobl> de arboles3 ,to plant ) trees4 ,pon]se a escribir3 ,to comm5ce writ+4 ,presc9dir de una cosa3 ,to disp5se ) any?+4 ,presumir de rico3 ,to feign ri*es4 ,prove] a la necesidad publica3 ,to provide ! ne$s ( ! public4 ,qu$> a deb]3 ,to rema9 ow+4 ,qu$>se con lo aj5o3 ,to keep o!r p's prop]ty4 ,rebos> de alegria3 ,to teem ) joy4 ,recibir a cu5ta3 ,to receive on acc\nt4 ,recibir de criado3 ,to admit z a s]vant4 ,recibir por esposa3 ,to receive z a wife4 ,reclam> a fulano3 ,to claim f s & s4 ,respond] a la pregunta3 ,to answ] ! "q4 ,rev5t> de risa3 ,to bur/ ) laught]4 ,rode> de una p>$3 ,to surr\nd ) a wall4 ,sab] a v9o3 ,to ta/e ( w9e4 ,salirse con la suya3 ,to h "o's own way4 ,salv>se a nado3 ,to save oneself by swimm+4 ,s5t>se a la mesa3 ,to sit d[n at table4 ,son> con ladrones3 ,to dream ( ?ieves4 ,suplic> 7apel>7 de la s5t5cia3 ,to appeal aga9/ ! s5t5ce4 ,ta*> de lig]o3 ,to tax "o ) levity4 ,t5] a m5os habl> a uno3 ,n to deign to speak to "o4 ,t5]se de pie3 ,to /& on foot4 ,t5ir de 7en7 negro3 ,to dye black4 ,tom> a pe*o3 ,to take to he>t4 ,tom> hacia la d]e*a3 ,to turn to ! "r4 ,trabaj> a de/ajo3 ,to d "w by ! job4 ,trab>se de palabras3 ,to qu>rel4 ,transport> a lomo3 ,to c>ry on "o's back4 ,v>> en la playa3 ,to run agr\nd4 ,vel> a los mu]tos3 ,to wat* ov] ! dead4 ,v5g>se de una (5sa3 ,to av5ge an insult4 ,v5g>se en el (5sor3 ,to av5ge oneself on ! (f5d]4 ,v5ir a casa3 ,to come home4 ,v] de hac] algo3 ,to try & d some?+4 ,ve/ir a la moda3 ,to dress 9 ! fa%ion4 ,ve/ir de masc>a3 ,to dress 9 fancy dress4 ,ve/irse de pano3 ,to dress 9 clo?4 ,vivir a su gu/o3 ,to live aft] "o's ta/e4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,regul> ,,& ,,auxili>y ,,v]bs ,! ,simple t5ses only are giv5--,comp\nd t5ses are =m$ ) ! v]b hab] foll[$ by ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,inf9itive ,mood4 ,habl> ,tem] ,p>tir ,t5] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pres4 ,"p4 ,habl&o ,temi5do ,p>ti5do ,t5i5do ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pa/ ,"p4 ,hablado ,temido ,p>tido ,t5ido ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,indic4 ,pres4 ,hablo ,temo ,p>to ,t5go ,hablas ,temes ,p>tes ,ti5es ,habla ,teme ,p>te ,ti5e ,hablamos ,tememos ,p>timos ,t5emos ,hablais ,temeis ,p>tis ,t5eis ,hablan ,tem5 ,p>t5 ,ti55 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,indic4 ,imp]f4 ,hablaba ,temia ,p>tia ,t5ia ,hablabas ,temias ,p>tias ,t5ias ,hablaba ,temia ,p>tia ,t5ia ,hablabamos ,temiamos ,p>tiamos ,t5iamos ,hablabais ,temiais ,p>tiais ,t5iais ,hablaban ,temian ,p>tian ,t5ian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pa/ ,def4 ,hable ,temi ,p>ti ,tuve ,habla/e ,temi/e ,p>ti/e ,tuvi/e ,hablo ,temio ,p>tio ,tuvo ,hablamos ,temimos ,p>timos ,tuvimos ,habla/eis ,temi/eis ,p>ti/eis ,tuvi/eis ,habl>on ,temi]on ,p>ti]on ,tuvi]on ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,future ,habl>e ,tem]e ,p>tire ,t5dre ,habl>as ,tem]as ,p>tiras ,t5dras ,habl>a ,tem]a ,p>tira ,t5dra ,habl>emos ,tem]emos ,p>tiremos ,t5dremos ,habl>eis ,tem]eis ,p>tireis ,t5dreis ,habl>an ,tem]an ,p>tiran ,t5dran ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,conditional4 ,habl>ia ,tem]ia ,p>tiria ,t5dria ,habl>ias ,tem]ias ,p>tirias ,t5drias ,habl>ia ,tem]ia ,p>tiria ,t5dria ,habl>iamos ,tem]iamos ,p>tiriamos ,t5driamos ,habl>iais ,tem]iais ,p>tiriais ,t5driais ,habl>ian ,tem]ian ,p>tirian ,t5drian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,pres4 ,hable ,tema ,p>ta ,t5ga ,hables ,temas ,p>tas ,t5gas ,hable ,tema ,p>ta ,t5ga ,hablemos ,temamos ,p>tamos ,t5gamos ,hableis ,temais ,p>tais ,t5gais ,habl5 ,teman ,p>tan ,t5gan ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,imp]f4 ,hablase ,temiese ,p>tiese ,tuviese 7#a/ =m7 ,hablases ,temieses ,p>tieses ,tuvieses ,hablase ,temiese ,p>tiese ,tuviese ,hablasemos ,temiesemos ,p>tiesemos ,tuviesemos ,hablaseis ,temieseis ,p>tieseis ,tuvieseis ,hablas5 ,temies5 ,p>ties5 ,tuvies5 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,imp]f4 ,habl>a ,temi]a ,p>ti]a ,tuvi]a 7#bnd =m7 ,habl>as ,temi]as ,p>ti]as ,tuvi]as ,habl>a ,temi]a ,p>ti]a ,tuvi]a ,habl>amos ,temi]amos ,p>ti]amos ,tuvi]amos ,habl>ais ,temi]ais ,p>ti]ais ,tuvi]ais ,habl>an ,temi]an ,p>ti]an ,tuvi]an ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,future4 ,habl>e ,temi]e ,p>ti]e ,tuvi]e ,habl>es ,temi]es ,p>ti]es ,tuvi]es ,habl>e ,temi]e ,p>ti]e ,tuvi]e ,habl>emos ,temi]emos ,p>ti]emos ,tuvi]emos ,habl>eis ,temi]eis ,p>ti]eis ,tuvi]eis ,habl>5 ,temi]5 ,p>ti]5 ,tuvi]5 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,imp]ative4 ,habla ,teme ,p>te ,t5 ,hable ,tema ,p>ta ,t5ga ,hablemos ,temamos ,p>tamos ,t5gamos ,hablad ,tem$ ,p>tid ,t5$ ,habl5 ,teman ,p>tan ,t5gan ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,auxili>y ,v]bs ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,inf9itive ,mood4 ,hab] ,s] ,e/> ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pres4 ,"p4 ,habi5do ,si5do ,e/&o ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pa/ ,"p4 ,habido ,sido ,e/ado ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,indic4 ,pres4 ,he ,soy ,e/oy ,has ,eres ,e/as ,ha ,es ,e/a ,hemos ,somos ,e/amos ,habeis ,sois ,e/ais ,han ,son ,e/an ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,indic4 ,imp]f4 ,habia ,era ,e/aba ,habias ,eras ,e/abas ,habia ,era ,e/aba ,habiamos ,eramos ,e/abamos ,habiais ,erais ,e/abais ,habian ,eran ,e/aban ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pa/ ,def4 ,hube ,fui ,e/uve ,hubi/e ,fui/e ,e/uvi/e ,hubo ,fue ,e/uvo ,hubimos ,fuimos ,e/uvimos ,hubi/eis ,fui/eis ,e/uvi/eis ,hubi]on ,fu]on ,e/uvi]on ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,future ,habre ,s]e ,e/>e ,habras ,s]as ,e/>as ,habra ,s]a ,e/>a ,habremos ,s]emos ,e/>emos ,habreis ,s]eis ,e/>eis ,habran ,s]an ,e/>an ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,conditional4 ,habria ,s]ia ,e/>ia ,habrias ,s]ias ,e/>ias ,habria ,s]ia ,e/>ia ,habriamos ,s]iamos ,e/>iamos ,habriais ,s]iais ,e/>iais ,habrian ,s]ian ,e/>ian ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,pres4 ,haya ,sea ,e/e ,hayas ,seas ,e/es ,haya ,sea ,e/e ,hayamos ,seamos ,e/emos ,hayais ,seais ,e/eis ,hayan ,sean ,e/5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,imp]f4 ,hubiese ,fuese ,e/uviese 7#a/ =m7 ,hubieses ,fueses ,e/uvieses ,hubiese ,fuese ,e/uviese ,hubiesemos ,fuesemos ,e/uviesemos ,hubieseis ,fueseis ,e/uvieseis ,hubies5 ,fues5 ,e/uvies5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,imp]f4 ,hubi]a ,fu]a ,e/uvi]a 7#bnd =m7 ,hubi]as ,fu]as ,e/uvi]as ,hubi]a ,fu]a ,e/uvi]a ,hubi]amos ,fu]amos ,e/uvi]amos ,hubi]ais ,fu]ais ,e/uvi]ais ,hubi]an ,fu]an ,e/ivi]an ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,future ,hubi]e ,fu]e ,e/uvi]e ,hubi]es ,fu]es ,e/uvi]es ,hubi]e ,fu]e ,e/uvi]e ,hubi]emos ,fu]emos ,e/uvi]emos ,hubi]eis ,fu]eis ,e/uvi]eis ,hubi]5 ,fu]5 ,e/uvi]5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,imp]ative ,he ,se ,e/a ,haya ,sea ,e/e ,hayamos ,seamos ,e/emos ,hay$ ,s$ ,e/ad ,hayan ,sean ,e/5 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,s] ,,& ,,e/> 7= easy ref]5ce74 ,s] is us$-- i4 ,to =m ! ,passive ,voice4 ii4 ,to d5ote an inh]5t quality4 ,e/> is us$-- i4 ,to d5ote /ate 9 locality1 viz41 to be 9 a place4 ii4 ,to d5ote condition 7z oppos$ to inh]5t quality74 ,,supplem5t>y ,,rules4 ,use ,s]-- i4 ,be=e a n\n 7ev5 if an adjective or an article int]v5es74 ii4 ,:5 to be is us$ imp]sonally4 iii4 ,:5 to be d5otes possession4 iv4 ,be=e pobre1 rico1 felis1 & infeliz4 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,,pr9cipal ,,v]bs1 ,,! ,,la/ ,,root ,,v[el ,,( ,,:i* ,,*anges ,,into ,a ,,diph?ong ,,:5 ,,! ,,/ress ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,falls ,,on ,,x1 ,,z--- ,p5s> 7to ?9k74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,pi5so1 pi5sas1 pi5sa1--1--1 pi5san4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,pi5se1 pi5ses1 pi5se1--1--1 pi5s54 ,imp]ative1 ,pi5sa1 pi5se1--1--1 pi5s54 ,ent5d] 7to und]/&74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,enti5do1 enti5des1 enti5de1--1--1 enti5d54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,enti5da1 enti5das1 enti5da1--1--1 enti5dan4 ,imp]ative1 ,enti5de1 enti5da1--1--1 enti5dan4 ,s5tir 7to feel74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,si5to1 si5tes1 si5te1--1--1 si5t54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,si5ta1 si5tas1 si5ta1 s9tamos1#bag s9tais1#bag si5tan4 ,imp]ative1 ,si5te1 si5ta1 s9tamos1#bag--1 si5tan4 ,acord> 7to agree74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,acu]do1 acu]das1 acu]da1--1--1 acu]dan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,acu]de1 acu]des1 acu]de1--1--1 acu]d54 ,imp]ative1 ,acu]da1 acu]de1--1--1 acu]d54 ,mov] 7to move74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,muevo1 mueves1 mueve1--1--1 muev54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,mueva1 muevas1 mueva1--1--1 muevan4 ,imp]ative1 ,mueve1 mueva1--1--1 muevan4 ,dormir 7to sleep74#baf ,pres4 ,ind41 ,du]mo1 du]mes1 du]me1--1--1 du]m54 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,du]ma1 du]mas1 du]ma1 durmamos1#bag durmais1#bag du]man4 ,imp]ative1 ,du]me1 du]ma1 durmamos1#bag--1 du]man4 ,footnote #baf3 ,morir 7to die7 is ! only v]b conjugat$ l ,dormir2 b pa/ "p4 ,mu]to4 ,footnote #bag3 ,notice ! additional irregul>ities4 ,pr9cipal ,v]bs conjugat$ l ,p5s>-- ,ac]t> 7to hit ! m>k7 ,acrec5t> 7to increase7 ,al5t> 7to enc\rage7 ,apret> 7to squeeze7 ,arr5d> 7to lease1 to hire7 ,as5t>se 7to sit d[n7 ,at]r> 7to pull d[n7 ,atraves> 7to cross7 ,cal5t> 7to w>m7 ,ceg> 7to bl9d7 ,c]r> 7to %ut1 to close7 ,com5d> 7to comm5d7 ,com5z> 7to beg97 ,confes> 7to confess7 ,desmembr> 7to dismemb]7 ,desp]t> 7to awake7 ,emp$r> 7to pave7 ,empez> 7to beg97 ,enc]r> 7to %ut 97 ,enm5d> 7to correct7 ,gob]n> 7to gov]n7 ,manife/> 7to manife/7 ,m5t> 7to m5tion7 ,neg> 7to d5y7 ,pleg> 7to fold7 ,quebr> 7to break7 ,recom5d> 7to recomm5d7 ,rev5t> 7to bur/7 ,tembl> 7to tremble7 ,t5t> 7to tempt1 to attempt7 ,tropez> 7to /umble7 ,pr9cipal ,v]bs conjugat$ l ,ent5d]-- ,asc5d] 7to g up7 ,at5d] 7to att5d7 ,condesc5d] 7to condesc5d7 ,cont5d] 7to cont5d7 ,def5d] 7to def5d7 ,desc5d] 7to desc5d7 ,enc5d] 7to light7 ,ext5d] 7to ext5d7 ,p]d] 7to lose7 ,t5d] 7to /ret*7 ,v]t] 7to %$1 to spill7 ,pr9cipal ,v]bs conjugat$ l ,s5tir-- ,adh]ir#bah 7to adh]e7 ,adquirir#bah 7to acquire7 ,adv]tir#bah 7to notice1 to w>n7 ,arrep5tirse 7to rep5t7 ,as5tir 7to ass5t7 ,cons5tir 7to cons5t7 ,erguir 7to erect1 to raise7 ,h]vir 7to boil7 ,m5tir 7to lie7 ,footnote #bah3 ,& all 9 erir1 irir1 ertir4 ,pr9cipal ,v]bs conjugat$ l ,acord>-- ,aco/>se 7to g to b$7 ,almorz> 7to breakfa/7 ,apo/> 7to bet7 ,aprob> 7to approve7 ,av]gonz>se 7to be a%am$7 ,colg> 7to hang7 ,consol> 7to com=t7 ,cont> 7to relate7 ,co/> 7to co/7 ,encontr> 7to meet7 ,=z> 7to =ce7 ,holl> 7to tread7 ,mo/r> 7to %[7 ,pobl> 7to p7 ,prob> 7to prove7 ,record> 7to rem9d1 to rememb]7 ,r5ov> 7to r5ew7 ,rod> 7to roll7 ,rog> 7to pray7 ,sold> 7to sold]7 ,solt> 7to loos57 ,son> 7to s\nd7 ,son> 7to dream7 ,to/> 7to toa/7 ,troc> 7to ex*ange1 to b>t]7 ,vol> 7to fly7 ,pr9cipal ,v]bs conjugat$ l ,mov]-- ,absolv] 7,& all 9 olv]7 7to absolve7 ,coc] 7to bake1 to cook7 ,demol] 7to demoli%7 ,dol] 7to a*e7 ,mol] 7to gr9d7 ,mord] 7to bite7 ,ol] 7to smell7#bai ,footnote #bai3 ,huelo1 etc41 7because no words beg9 ) ue74 ,promov] 7to promote7 ,sol] 7to be accu/om$7 ,torc] 7to twi/7 ,,li/ ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,v]bs ,,conjugat$ ,,l ,,p$ir-- ,c5ir 7,& all 9 enir7 7to gird7 ,competir 7to compete7 ,concebir 7to conceive7 ,corregir 7to correct7 ,d]retir 7to melt7 ,elegir 7to elect1 to select7 ,embe/ir 7to run d[n1 to assail7 ,freir 7to fry7 ,gemir 7to moan7 ,imp$ir 7to prev5t7 ,m$ir 7to measure7 ,regir 7to rule1 to gov]n7 ,reir 7to laugh7 ,repetir 7to repeat7 ,seguir 7to foll[7 ,s]vir 7to s]ve7 ,ve/ir 7to dress1 to clo!7 ,,end ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! edition ( ?is book t 0 us$ to produce ! docum5t is z foll[s3 ,,pitman',s ,,comm]cial ,,spani% ,,gramm> ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,tol$ano ,,late ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,! ,,victoria ,,univ]sity1 ,,man*e/]2 ,,ext]nal ,,exam9]1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,birm+ham2 ,h4,m4 ,,assi/ant ,,inspector ,,= ,,spani%2 ,,spani% ,,ma/] ,,at ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,municipal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,comm]ce1 ,,man*e/] ,,a!naeum1 ,,etc4 ,,second ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 #a ,,am5 ,,corn]1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,ba?1 ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,melb\rne ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,volume #bs #f;d net ,,pitman',s ,,comm]cial ,,fr5* ,,gramm>4 ,by ,f4,w4,m ,,drap]1 ,m ,a4 7,cantab471 ,lic5cie es ,lettres4 ,,italian4 ,by ,,luigi ,,ricci1 ,,& ,,g]man4 ,by ,,je?ro ,,bi!ll ,,key ,,to ,,comm]cial ,,spani% ,,gramm> ,9 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #ff pp1 #bs4 net4 ,= ,complete ,li/ ( ,pitman's ,language ,text-books1 see ,catalogue conta9$ at ! end ( ?is book4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd1 ,,london1 ,,ba?1 ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,melb\rne ,a ,,mi ,,s5or ,,padre1 --,,lo ,,que ,,pu$o ,repr9t$1 #aiag