,transcriber's note3 ,the details on the edition of the book that was used to produce this e,text1 have been moved to the end of this document for the benefit of those who might be interested4 ,,pitman',s ,,commercial ,,spanish ,,grammar ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,toledano #aiag ,,preface ,with the best intention of justifying ,messrs4 ,,pitman',s confidence in entrusting me with the compilation of a ,spanish ,grammar to form part of the series of ,commercial ,grammars1 ,i set to work to produce a book which1 while avoiding pedantry and the agglomeration of superfluous and intricate rules which puzzle the student1 should equally avoid falling into the extreme of coarseness which debases the subject under study1 or the scrappiness resulting in gaps that perplex and discourage him4 ,i have tried to be brief and clear in the rules given4 ,the vocabulary has been chosen carefully1 avoiding the artificiality of too much commercial technology1 but keeping constantly in view the object of the ,series1 viz41 to produce grammars specially suitable for students preparing for a commercial career4 ,whether ,i have succeeded in my efforts it is for the public to judge4 ,i can only say that1 after more than twenty-five years' teaching of ,spanish in all its stages1 privately1 at the ,manchester ,university and in the large classes of our public ,institutions1 ,i have tried my best to give the fruits of my experience to any interested young people who may be eager to learn a language beautiful1 noble1 and most useful4 ,i do not claim to have reached perfection4 ,i only trust the book1 such as it presents itself1 will be of real help to the student4 ,c4,a4 ,,toledano4 ,,manchester1 #aiaa4 ,,commercial ,,spanish ,,grammar ,,alphabet4 ,a 7a7 ,g 7ge7 ,m 7eme7 ,rr 7erre7 ,b 7be7 ,h 7hache7 ,n 7ene7 ,s 7ese7 ,c 7ce7 ,i 7i7 ,n 7ene7 ,t 7te7 ,ch 7che7 ,j 7jota7 ,o 7o7 ,u 7u7 ,d 7de7 ,k 7ka7 ,p 7pe7 ,v 7ve7 ,e 7e7 ,l 7ele7 ,q 7cu7 ,x 7equis7 ,f 7efe7 ,ll 7elle7 ,r 7ere7 ,y 7y griega or ye7 ,z 7zeta7 ,k 7ka7 and ,w 7doble ve7 are only found in foreign words used in ,spanish4 ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,vowels4 a as ,english a in father e#a a fate#b i i magazine o#a o note#b u u rule ,these five sounds never vary1 except that they are a little longer when they are stressed and shorter when they are not1 as ,yo amo 7,i love71#c ,amigo 7friend71 ,el cielo 7heaven71 ,celeste 7heavenly71 ,un recibo 7a receipt71 ,interes 7interest71 ,yo como 7,i eat71 ,contar 7to count71 ,un buque 7a ship71 ,una butaca 7an armchair74 ,y is considered a vowel in the conjunction y 7and71 and at the end of a word1 as ,rey 7king71 ,hoy 7to-day74 ,footnote #a3 ,e and o are sounded a little more open when they form a diphthong with i and when they precede r followed by a consonant or r or l final1 as ,fernando 7,ferdinand71 ,un tercio 7a third71 ,el tercer ano 7the third year71 ,porfiar 7to insist71 ,amor 7love71 ,espanol 7,spanish74 ,footnote #b3 ,the a and o of fate and note are not pure vowel sounds4 ,in ,english the a is distinctly pronounced a-ee and o is pronounced o-oo4 ,in ,spanish the first part only of the two sounds is permissible4 ,footnote #c3 ,the examples given with their ,english equivalents should be learnt4 ,,diphthongs ,,and ,,triphthongs4 ,there are no ,diphthongs or ,triphthongs in the ,english sense of two or three vowels meeting in one syllable and blending into a different sound1 as pause1 plough4 ,every vowel is pronounced separately and each with its alphabetical sound1 only the two or three vowels occurring in one syllable are pronounced rapidly1 as ,pausa 7pause71 ,reino 7kingdom71 ,cuenta 7account71 ,buey 7ox74 ,a1 ,e and ,o never form diphthongs together4 ,they may form diphthongs and triphthongs only in combination with ,i and ,u4 ,,consonants4 ,the ,consonants are pronounced as in ,english with the following exceptions3 ,b is pronounced much more lightly than in ,english1 with no pressure of the lips1 as ,libro 7book71 ,brevedad 7brevity74 ,c before ,e and ,i--th in theatre1 as ,la ,cena 7the supper71 ,la ,cerveza 7the beer74 ,otherwise pronounced ,k as in ,english1 as ,caja 7case1 box71 ,color 7colour71 ,cubico 7cubic74 ,ch always as ch in church 7never hard as in monarch71 as ,chocolate 7chocolate71 ,charla 7prattle74 ,d at the end of a word or after a vowel is pronounced very softly and lightly1 with a tinge of th in they1 as ,madrid1 ,amado 7loved71 ,encarnado 7red74 ,g before ,e and ,i is pronounced guttural1 as ,el general 7the general71 ,el giro 7the draft1 bill74 ,this sound is equal to ch in the ,scotch word loch4 ,in all other cases ,g is pronounced hard1 as in the ,english word gay2 as ,gato 7cat71 ,gobierno 7government71 ,gusto 7pleasure1 taste74 ,h is a mute letter4 7,although in ,andalusia it is aspirated in certain words47 ,j is always guttural1 as ,juan 7,john71 ,jornalero 7day labourer71 ,junio 7,june71 ,reloj 7watch1 clock74 ,ll--ly1 stronger than li in pavilion1 as ,belleza 7beauty71 ,folleto 7leaflet74 ,n--ny1 stronger than ni in pinion1 as ,nino 7child71 ,cana 7cane71 ,el otono 7autumn74 ,q is only used before ue and ui 7and the u is then mute71 as ,querido 7dear1 beloved71 ,yo quiero 7,i want74 ,r as in ,english1 but it is always rolled1 as ,caro 7dear1 expensive71 ,perdida 7loss74 ,at the beginning of a word or when preceded by a consonant it is rolled more strongly1 as ,la rosa 7the rose71 ,deshonra 7dishonour74 ,rr always rolled strongly1 as ,carro 7cart71 ,el ferrocarril 7the railway74 ,s always pronounced as s in soap1 and never as in as or sure4 ,t as in tea1 but never as t in nation4 ,it must be pronounced softly1 not explosive1 as ,fortuna 7fortune71 ,cuatro 7four74 ,v is pronounced much more lightly than in ,english1 as ,vino 7wine71 ,vivir 7to live74 ,by the common people ,v is often confounded with ,b1 but educated ,spaniards will always make the proper distinction4 ,y--,spanish ,i4 ,z--th in theatre1 as ,zarazas 7cotton prints71 ,zorra 7fox74 ,,note4--,in modern ,spanish ,z is not used before ,e or ,i1 its place being supplied by ,c4 ,,rules ,,on ,,pronunciation4 ,,rule ,i4--,every letter is pronounced4 ,there are no mute letters as b in lamb or n in autumn4 ,,exceptions--,h is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet4 ,u is not sounded in the following syllables3 que1 qui1 gue and gui1 as ,quedar 7to remain71 ,quinta 7villa71 ,guerra 7war71 ,aguila 7eagle71 unless the u in gue and gui has the diaeresis1 as ,argueir 7to argue71 ,vergueenza 7shame74 ,,rule ,,ii4--,no consonant is doubled except ,c and ,n4 ,c is found doubled in words like ,acceder 7to accede7 when one ,c is hard--k and the other soft--th4 ,n is found doubled in words having the prefix in1 as ,innoble 7ignoble71 ,innavegable 7unnavigable74 ,also in ,perenne 7perennial7 and a very few more words4 ,ll and ,rr are treated as single letters4 ,,rule ,,iii4--,the stress of the voice falls on the last syllable but one in all words ending in a vowel or ,s or ,n2 otherwise it falls on the last syllable1 as ,una factura 7an invoice71 ,facturas 7invoices71 ,hermano 7brother71 ,cartas 7letters71 ,ellos tienen 7they have71 ,azul 7blue71 ,abril 7,april71 ,labor 7labour71 ,feliz 7happy74 ,in diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on i or u1 but falls on a1 e or o1 as ,reina 7queen71 ,gracia 7grace71 ,igual 7equal71 ,cielo 7heaven74 ,when the diphthong is formed by i and u the last one bears the stress1 as ,un viudo 7a widower71 ,la ciudad 7the city71 ,luisa 7,louise74 ,the numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the written accent 7'71 as ,facturo 7he invoiced71 ,escribira 7he will write71 ,hablame 7speak to me71 ,ingles 7,english71 ,aleman 7,german71 ,util 7useful71 ,jovenes 7young men74 ,the stress of the voice should fall distinctly on the proper syllable according to the above rule1 and the attention of the student must be earnestly called to this very important point4 ,a word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in its singular1 as ,el oceano 7the ocean71 ,oceanos 7oceans71 ,calculo 7calculation71 ,calculos 7calculations71 ,ingles 7,englishman71 ,ingleses 7,englishmen72 except ,caracter 7character71 ,caracteres 7characters71 ,regimen 7regime or rule71 ,regimenes 7regimes or rules7--the latter hardly ever used in the plural4 ,,signs4 ,the ,written ,accent4 ,the only accent in ,spanish is 7'74 ,it is used-- 7#a7 ,to mark the exceptions to the ,rule of ,stress4 7#b7 ,to distinguish between two meanings of the same word1 as ,el 7the71 ,el 7he72 ,de 7of71 ,que el de 7that he may give72 ,se 7#crd person reflexive pronoun1 himself1 etc471 ,yo se 7,i know72 ,mas 7more71 ,mas 7but74 7#c7 ,in the following words established by use1 as o or u 7or71 e 7and71 a 7to74#d 7#d7 ,in some words when used interrogatively1 as ,quien8 7who871 ,que8 7what871 ,cual8 7which871 ,cuyo8 7whose871 ,donde8 7where874 7#e7 ,on ,i and ,u when they occur together with ,a1 ,e or ,o1 the ,i or ,u not belonging to the same syllable1 viz41 not forming diphthong with ,a1 ,e or ,o1 as ,filosofia 7philosophy71 ,el continua 7he continues74 7#f7 ,on ,i following ,u when the ,i does not form a diphthong1 but stands as a separate syllable1 as ,concluido 7concluded71 ,imbuido 7imbued74 7#g7 ,on ,este 7this71 ,ese and ,aquel 7that7 when these words are stressed4 ,footnote #d3 ,according to the last edition of the ,grammar of the ,spanish ,academy1 these words may now be written without the accent4 ,crema 7,diaeresis74 ,the diaeresis is placed over u in guee and guei when the u is to be sounded4#e ,footnote #e3 ,in poetry also to divide an ordinary diphthong into two syllables for the sake of rhythm4 ,tilde4 ,the tilde 77 is used on the letter ,n to turn it into ,n1 as ,manana 7morning7 7in old ,spanish spelt ,mannana74 ,notes of ,interrogation and ,exclamation4 ,these are used in ,spanish both at the beginning and at the end of the question or exclamation1 as 8,que quiere ,v48 7what do you want871 i,cuantos sufrimientos6 7how much suffering674 ,note that at the beginning they are reversed4 ,the other signs of punctuation are used as in ,english4 ,capital letters are used as in ,english with the following exceptions-- 7#a7 ,adjectives of nationality are written with small letters1 as ,un libro ingles 7an ,english book74 7#b7 ,days of the week generally 7and sometimes the months of the year7 are written with small letters4 ,,division ,,of ,,words ,,into ,,syllables4 ,after the first syllable each succeeding one commences with a consonant1 as a-for-tu-na-da-men-te 7fortunately71 except when a prefix occurs before a primitive word1#f as ,organizar 7to organise74 ,footnote #f3 ,a few minor exceptions will be learnt by practice4 ,des-or-ga-ni-zar 7to disorganise74 ,when two consonants occur together one letter belongs to one syllable and the other to the next1 as-- ,ac-ci-den-te 7accident7 ,pe-ren-ne 7perennial7 ,tem-po-ral-men-te 7temporarily7 ,in-me-dia-to 7immediate7 ,,exception--bl1 br1 pl1 pr1 cl1 cr1 dr1 fl1 fr1 gl1 gr and tr are not divided1 as-- ,a-blan-dar 7to soften7 ,li-bro 7book7 ,a-pla-zar 7to postpone7 ,a-pre-ciar 7to appreciate7 ,de-cla-mar 7to declaim7 ,de-cre-tar 7to decree7 ,a-me-dren-tar 7to frighten7 ,con-fla-gra-cion 7conflagration7 ,re-fren-dar 7to countersign7 ,a-glo-me-rar 7to agglomerate7 ,a-gran-dar 7to enlarge7 ,en-con-trar 7to meet7 ,if any of these combinations occur together with a third consonant1 this of course will belong to the previous syllable1 as ,em-bro-llar 7to entangle74 ,if four consonants come together1 two belong to the first syllable and two to the next1 as ,obs-tru-ir 7to obstruct74 ,ll and ,rr1 being treated as single letters1 must not be divided1 as-- ,ba-lle-na 7whale7 ,una ca-lle 7a street7 ,a-lla-nar 7to level7 ,tie-rra 7earth7 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,the ,,article4 ,the ,definite ,article in ,spanish is ,el before a masculine#g noun singular ,la feminine#g ,footnote #g3 ,spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine4 ,there are no neuter nouns4 as-- ,el hombre 7the man7--,la mujer 7the woman7 ,el libro 7the book7--,la pluma 7the pen7 ,el recibo 7the receipt7--,la cuenta 7the account7 ,los before a masculine noun plural ,las feminine as-- ,los muchachos 7the boys7--,las senoras 7the ladies7 ,los generos 7the goods7--,las facturas 7the invoices7 ,los lapices 7the pencils7--,las cartas 7the letters74 ,the ,indefinite ,article is-- ,un before a masculine noun singular ,una feminine as-- ,un amigo 7a friend7--,una amiga 7a lady-friend7 ,un padre 7a father7--,una madre 7a mother7 ,the ,indefinite ,article has no plural1 but the ,spanish plural forms unos 7masc47 and unas 7fem47 translate the ,english words some or any1 as ,unos hermanos 7some brothers71 ,unas hermanas 7some sisters71 ,unos tinteros 7some inkstands71 ,unas mesas 7some tables74 7,the ,spanish words ,algunos1 ,algunas1 are also used for the same purpose47 ,,note #a4--;,before a feminine noun singular commencing with a or ha use ,el and ,un instead of ,la and ,una if such nouns are stressed on the first syllable1 as ,el aguila 7the eagle71 ,el agua 7the water71 ,el alma 7the soul74 7,the plural is regular1 as ,las aguilas 7the eagles747 ,,note #b4--,the ,definite ,article has a neuter form which is ,lo4 ,it cannot be used before a noun but before other parts of speech used to represent an abstract idea1 as ,yo amo lo bello 7,i love the beautiful1 viz41 all that which is beautiful71 ,lo sublime 7the sublime1 viz41 all that which is sublime74 ,,regular ,,verbs4 #ast ,conjugation4 ,hablar 7to speak74 ,pres4 ,part4 ,hablando 7speaking74 ,past ,part4 ,hablado 7spoken74 ,present ,tense1 ,indicative ,mood4 ,yo hablo 7,i speak7 ,nosotros 7m47 hablamos 7we speak7 ,nosotras 7f47 hablamos 7we speak7 ,tu hablas#h 7thou speakest7 ,vosotros 7m47 hablais 7you speak7 ,vosotras 7f47 hablais 7you speak7 ,el or ,ella habla 7he or she speaks7 ,ellos 7m47 hablan 7they speak7 ,ellas 7f47 hablan 7they speak7 ,usted habla 7you speak7#i4 ,ustedes hablan 7you speak74#i ,footnote #h3 ,the second person is only used in the familiar style1 practically when in ,english the #bnd person would be addressed as ,john or ,frank and not as ,mr4 ,smith or ,mr4 ,brown4 ,footnote #i3 ,this is called the polite way of addressing and is the form in use4 ,note that the verb after it is in the #crd person1 because ,usted1 ,ustedes 7which can be abbreviated as ,v4 ,vs47 are contractions of ,vuestra merced 7your grace71 ,vuestras mercedes 7your graces74 ,v4 ama your grace loves4 #bnd ,conjugation4 ,temer 7to fear74 ,pres4 ,part4 ,temiendo4 ,past ,part4 ,temido4 ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,yo temo ,nosotros 7m47 temenos ,nosotras 7f47 temenos ,tu temes ,vosotros 7m47 temeis ,vosotras 7f47 temeis ,el teme ,ellos 7m47 temen ,ella teme ,ellas 7f47 temen ,v4 teme ,vs4 temen #crd ,conjugation4 ,partir 7to depart1 to set out74 ,pres4 ,part4 ,partiendo4 ,past ,part4 ,partido4 ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,yo parto ,nosotros 7m47 partimos ,nosotras 7f47 partimos ,tu partes ,vosotros 7m47 partis ,vosotras 7f47 partis ,el parte ,ellos 7m47 parten ,ella parte ,ellas 7f47 parten ,v4 parte ,vs4 parten ,,vocabulary4 a1 to1 at amar#aj1 to love el arbol1 the tree las botas1 the boots el capitan1 the captain la camisa1 the shirt la casaca#aa1 the coat comprar1 to buy la flor1 the flower el hombre1 the man el hermano1 the brother la hermana1 the sister el joven1 the young man la joven1 the young woman el lapiz1 the pencil el libro1 the book la madre1 the mother mas1 but mas1 more la mujer1 the woman nosotros tenemos1 we have el oro1 gold el padre1 the father los pantalones1 the trousers el papel1 the paper para1 for la plata1 silver la pluma1 the pen el sombrero1 the hat el tiene1 he has ,v4 tiene1 you 7sing47 have ,vs4 tienen1 you 7pl47 have la tinta1 the ink el tintero1 the inkstand 99tener1#aj to have1 to possess yo tengo1 ,i have el viejo1 the old man la vieja1 the old woman la virtud1 virtue ,footnote #aj3 ,the verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are regular 7i4e41 they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs given7 unless they are marked with an asterisk4 ,footnote #aa3 ,or americana1 more used now4 ,,exercise #a 7#a74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,el hombre tiene una pluma4 #b4 ,la mujer tiene un libro4 #c4 8,tiene el padre un sombrero8 #d4 ,nosotros tenemos el tintero del 7of the7 joven4 #e4 ,v4 tiene el papel y 7and7 el lapiz de la madre4 #f4 ,vs4 tienen la tinta y el papel4 #g4 ,las hermanas aman4 #h4 ,el oro y la plata son preciosos 7are precious7 mas la virtud es 7is7 mas preciosa4 #i4 ,la vieja y la joven compran flores 7flowers74 #aj4 ,v4 vende sombreros4 #aa4 ,vs4 tienen las cartas4 #ab4 8,compra#ab ,v4 los pantalones8 #ac4 ,el ,senor 7,mr47 ,brown es hermano de ,juan 7,john74 #ad4 ,el sombrero1 la americana1 y las botas son mios 7mine74 #ae4 8,habla ,v48 #af4 8,teme ella8 #ag4 ,ellos parten4 #ah4 ,v4 parte4 #ai4 ,nosotros compramos generos 7goods7 y vendemos flores4 ,footnote #ab3 ,the auxiliary ,do and ,did1 used in ,english in interrogative and negative sentences1 are not translated in ,spanish4 ,,exercise #b 7#b74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,the father1 the mother1 and the brother4 #b4 ,a pencil1 a pen1 and an inkstand4 #c4 ,the old man and the old woman4 #d4 ,a hat and some boots4 #e4 ,the shirt and the trousers4 #f4 ,i buy the tree4 #g4 ,he sells some flowers 7flores74 #h4 ,i fear4 #i4 ,he fears4 #aj4 ,we sell4 #aa4 ,we set out4 #ab4 ,you 7sing47 set out4 #ac4 ,i buy4 #ad4 ,he sells4 #ae4 ,the brother and the sister sell4 #af4 ,they speak to the 7al7 man4 #ag4 ,we set out for ,london 7,londres74 #ah4 ,the old woman has the hat4 #ai4 ,the old man has the flower4 #bj4 ,who 7quien7 has the ink and a pen8 #ba4 ,the father has the coat4 #bb4 ,gold is precious 7es precioso7 but virtue is more precious 7preciosa74 #bc4 ,i sell paper to the woman4 #bd4 ,you 7sing47 fear4 #be4 ,you 7plu47 buy some flowers4 #bf4 ,she speaks to the sister4 #bg4 ,the father and the mother of the captain4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 7,leccion segunda47 ,,the ,,article 7contd474 ,the definite article ,el is contracted with the preposition de 7of or from7 into ,del and with the preposition ,a1 into al as-- ,del extranjero3 ,of or from the foreigner4 ,al caballero espanol3 ,to the ,spanish gentleman4 ,these are the only contractions that occur in ,spanish2 with the other prepositions the article simply follows1 as-- ,by1 for1 with1 in1 on1 without1 behind1 the father3 ,por1 ,para1 ,con1 ,en1 ,sobre1 ,sin1 ,tras1 el padre4 ,the following are the principal cases in which the definite article is used in ,spanish and not in ,english-- #a4 ,before nouns taken in a general sense1 as-- ,el oro y la plata3 ,gold and silver4 ,los hombres o las mujeres3 ,men or women4 #b4 ,before titles denoting dignity and profession1#ac as-- ,el ,senor ,fulano3 ,mr4 ,so-and-,so4 ,el ,rey ,jorge ,v43 ,king ,george ,v4 ,el ,profesor ,rosales3 ,professor ,rosales4 ,the only exception is ,don 7,mr471 only used before ,christian names1 as ,don ,francisco 7,mr4 ,francis74 #c4 ,generally before each of several nouns following each other when they are material possessions1 as-- ,la casa y el jardin de mi hijo3 ,my son's#ad house and garden4 ,las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa3 ,the doors and windows of my house4 ,but-- ,la diligencia1 devocion1 y virtud de mi primo3 the diligence1 devotion and virtue of my cousin4 #d4 ,before a proper noun qualified by an adjective1 as-- ,el valiente ,juan3 ,brave ,john4#ae ,the following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is used in ,english and not in ,spanish-- #a4 ,before a noun following the verb to be1 or other similar verbs1 as-- ,es capitan#af3 ,he is a captain4 ,soy frances3 ,i am a ,frenchman4 ,se hizo actor3 ,he became an actor4 ,le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad3 ,we elect him a member of this society4 ,fue elegido miembro3 ,he was elected a member4 #b4 ,after what used in exclamations1 as3 ,que hermosa vista3 ,what a fine view6 #c4 ,before hundred and thousand3 #ajj--;ciento1 #a1jjj--mil4 ,footnote #ac3 ,except when vocative1 viz41 calling a person or as an exclamation4 ,footnote #ad3 ,the 's possessive does not exist in ,spanish4 ,my son's house must always be translated as the house of my son4 ,footnote #ae3 ,except when vocative1 viz41 calling a person or as an exclamation4 ,footnote #af3 ,except1 of course1 when we particularize1 as--,es un capitan que conoci en ,paris3 ,he is a captain ,i knew in ,paris4 ,imperfect ,tense1#ag ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,yo hablaba ,yo temia ,yo partia 7,i spoke71 etc4 7,i feared71 etc4 7,i departed71etc4 ,tu hablabas ,tu temias ,tu partias ,el or ,ella ,el or ,ella ,el or ,ella hablaba temia partia ,nosotros7 hablabamos ,nosotros7 temiamos ,nosotros7 partiamos ,nosotras7 ,nosotras7 ,nosotras7 ,vosotros7 hablabais ,vosotros7 temiais ,vosotros7 partiais ,vosotras7 ,vosotras7 ,vosotras7 ,ellos7 hablaban ,ellos7 temian ,ellos7 partian ,ellas7 ,ellas7 ,ellas7 ,v4 hablaba 7you ,v4 temia 7you ,v4 partia 7you 7s47 spoke7 7s47 feared7 7s47 parted7 ,vs4 hablaban 7you ,vs4 temian 7you ,vs4 partian 7you 7pl47 spoke7 7pl47 feared7 7pl47 parted7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,past ,definite1#ag ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,hable#ah ,temi#ah ,parti#ah 7,i spoke71 etc4 7,i feared71 etc4 7,i departed71 etc4 ,hablaste ,temiste ,partiste ,hablo ,temio ,partio ,hablamos ,temimos ,partimos ,hablasteis ,temisteis ,partisteis ,hablaron ,temieron ,partieron ,v4 hablo ,v4 temio ,v4 partio ,vs4 hablaron ,vs4 temieron ,vs4 partieron ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #ag3 ,the ,imperfect tense describes a past action or state in progress2 the ,past ,definite narrates an event4 ,ex43 ,i met 7past def47 ,charles1 who wore 7imp47 a black hat3 ,encontre a ,carlos quien llevaba sombrero negro4 ,footnote #ah3 ,the ,subject-,pronoun may be left understood1 and is generally omitted unless special stress is laid upon it4 ,,vocabulary4 aleman#ai1 ,german beber1 to drink bien1 well cafe1 coffee cerveza1 beer clavel1 carnation cliente1 client1 customer comer1 to eat escribir#bj1 to write estudiar1 to study exportar1 to export extranjero1 foreigner ferreteria1 ironware grande 7pl4 grandes71 large hijo1 son hija1 daughter italiano1 ,italian jardinero1 gardener leer1 to read manana1 morning1 to-morrow manzana1 apple maquina1 machine mesa1 table mi1 my mucho 7m471 much mucha 7f471 much muy1 very pera1 pear pero1 but pobre1 poor 8que8 what8 que1 that1 who1 which rosa1 rose su1 his1 her1 their su 444 de ,v41 your te1 tea el 444 de ,v41 your vino1 wine violeta1 violet ,footnote #ai3 ,adjectives of nationality are written with small letters4 ,footnote #bj3 ,past ,participle is ,escrito1 otherwise regular4 ,,exercise #a 7#c74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,mi hermano habla espanol 7or castellano74 #b4 ,v4 no habla frances4 #c4 8,habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de ,v4 7your friend78 #d4 ,no1 ,senor1 el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla muy bien el ingles4 #e4 8,como esta 7how is7 su hermana de ,v48 #f4 ,esta muy bien1 gracias 7thank you74 #g4 8,compra ,v4 papel y tinta8 #h4 ,si1 ,senor1 y compro lapices y plumas4 #i4 8,quien 7who7 compra zarazas 7prints7 y generos blancos 7whites78 #aj4 ,el comerciante 7merchant7 que vino 7came7 de la ,habana4 #aa4 8,quien vende maquinas y ferreteria8 #ab4 ,nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero 7abroad74 #ac4 ,estos generos son para los clientes de ,v4 que parten manana4 #ad4 8,ha hablado ,v4 con ,don ,francisco8 #ae4 ,si1 ,senor1 le hable en la ciudad 7in town74 #af4 ,las rosas1 los claveles y las violetas del jardinero4 #ag4 ,el amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija4 #ah4 ,juan es frances y yo soy ingles4 #ai4 ,le han elegido miembro de esta 7this7 sociedad4 #bj4 ,las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa4 #ba4 ,v4 tiene mil libras 7,l#a1jjj7 y yo tengo ciento4 ,,exercise #b 7#d74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,do you speak ,spanish8 #b4 ,no1 but ,i speak ,italian well4 #c4 ,do your customers buy 7any7 goods8 #d4 ,they buy machines and ironware1 but my correspondent in ,havana buys prints in very large quantities 7cantidades74 #e4 ,who sells paper and ink8 #f4 ,the old man sells them 7los vende74 #g4 ,who writes a letter8 #h4 ,i write letters4 #i4 ,who drinks wine8 #aj4 ,i do not drink wine4 #aa4 ,do you drink beer8 #ab4 ,i do not drink beer but ,i like 7me gustan7 coffee and tea4 #ac4 ,poor ,john is my friend4 #ad4 ,what a beautiful 7hermosa7 rose6 #ae4 ,do your brothers study ,french8 #af4 ,yes1 and they study ,german4 #ag4 ,who studies ,italian8 #ah4 ,my sister-in-law studies ,italian and ,french4 #ai4 ,the merchant 7comerciante7 was elected a member of your society4 #bj4 ,mr4 ,brown is a captain4 #ba4 ,john set out for ,america4 #bb4 ,i like 7me gusta7 to study foreign languages 7lenguas extranjeras74 ,,lesson ,,iii4 7,leccion tercera47 ,,the ,,noun4 ,the noun in ,spanish has only two genders4 ,nouns denoting male beings are ,masculine4 female ,feminine4 ,when there is no real gender1 nouns are called masculine or feminine according to their terminations4 ,,general ,,rule4--,all nouns that terminate in a1 ion1 d1 also abstract nouns ending in ez1 are feminine1 as-- ,la villa3 ,the town4 ,la nacion#ba3 ,the nation4 ,la ciudad3 ,the city or large town4 ,la honradez3 ,honesty4 ,the other terminations are masculine4 ,there are many exceptions to the above rule1 principally in nouns ending in ,e4#bb ,footnote #ba3 ,english words ending in tion end in cion in ,spanish4 7,note the accent47 ,footnote #bb3 ,appendix ,i--for reference only at this stage4 ,formation of the ,plural of ,nouns4 ,nouns ending in a vowel which is not stressed and also nouns ending in ,e bearing the stress1 add ,s to form the plural4 ,all others add ,es4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,nouns ending in ,z in the sing4 change it into ,ces4 #b4 ,nouns ending in ,s do not change unless the last syllable is stressed4 ,,examples-- ,el amo3 ,the master4 ,los amos3 ,the masters4 ,el cunado3 ,the brother-in-law4 ,los cunados3 ,the brothers-in-law4 ,la cunada3 ,the sister-in-law4 ,las cunadas3 ,the sisters-in-law4 ,el yerno3 ,the son-in-law4 ,los yernos3 ,the sons-in-law4 ,la nuera3 ,the daughter-in-law4 ,las nueras3 ,the daughters-in-law4 ,el arbol3 ,the tree4 ,los arboles3 ,the trees4 ,el examen3 ,the examination4 ,los examenes3 ,the examinations4 ,el lapiz3 ,the pencil4 ,los lapices3 ,the pencils4 ,el omnibus3 ,the omnibus4 ,los omnibus3 ,the omnibuses4 ,el jabali3 ,the boar4 ,los jabalies3 ,the boars4 #c4 ,nouns ending in ,y add ,es1 as-- ,el rey3 ,the king4 ,los reyes3 ,the kings4 ,la ley3 ,the law4 ,las leyes3 ,the laws4 #d4 ,the following add only ,s to form the plural-- ,papa1 ,mama1 ,baja 7a pasha71 ,sofa 7sofa74#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule for those ending in a1 o1 u is not very strict4 ,compound ,nouns form their plural according to sense1 as-- ,hijodalgo 7a gentleman by birth71 literally1 son of something2 ,plu41 ,hijosdalgo 7literally1 sons of something 74 ,ferrocarril 7railway71 literally1 iron railroad2 ,plu41 ,ferrocarriles 7literally1 iron railroads74 ,such nouns are rare4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,a verb as a component part does not change1 as ,el portabandera 7the standard-bearer71 ,los portabanderas 7the standard-bearers74 ,haber 7to have71 auxiliary4#be ,tener 7to have1 to possess74 ,footnote #be3 ,viz4 used only before the past participle of another verb1 as 7,yo7 he hablado 7,i have spoken74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,habiendo4 ,pres4 ,part41 ,teniendo4 ,past ,part41 ,habido4 ,past ,part41 ,tenido4 ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,he 7,i have71 etc4 ,tengo 7,i have1 ,i possess71 etc4 ,has ,tienes ,ha ,tiene ,hemos ,tenemos ,habeis ,teneis ,han ,tienen ,imperf4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,imperf4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,habia 7,i had71 etc4 ,tenia 7,i had1 ,i possessed1 etc47 ,habias ,tenias ,habia ,tenia ,habiamos ,teniamos ,habiais ,teniais ,habian ,tenian ,past ,def4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,past ,def4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,hube 7,i had71 etc4 ,tuve 7,i had1 ,i possessed71 etc4 ,hubiste ,tuviste ,hubo ,tuvo ,hubimos ,tuvimos ,hubisteis ,tuvisteis ,hubieron ,tuvieron ,,vocabulary4 alli1 there aqui1 here buscar#bf1 to look for caballo1 horse caja1 box1 case el capital1 the capital1 money la capital1 the capital1 town comprender1 to understand copiador1 copybook creer1 to believe1 to think dependiente1 clerk factura1 invoice fardo1 bale ,frances1 ,frenchman girar1 to draw1 7a bill of exchange7 el idioma1 the language ,ingles1 ,englishman inteligencia1 intelligence mal1 badly muselina1 muslin nunca1 never pais1 country pequeno1 little 7adj47 poco1 little 7adv4 and subs47 el porta-ramillete or florero1 the flower-stand 8quien8 who8 whom8 seda1 silk socio1 partner solamente1 only solo1 7adv47 only el tema1 the exercise ,footnote #bf3 ,changes c into qu before e2 otherwise regular4 ,,exercise #a 7#e74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 8,comprende ,v4 el espanol8 #b4 ,no1 ,senor1 estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol perfectamente 7perfectly74 #c4 8,quien escribe cartas8 #d4 ,los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las facturas y algunas cosas mas4 #e4 ,mi socio ha girado una letra 7bill7 desde 7from7 ,viena 7,vienna47 #f4 ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,roma1 y ,petrograd son las capitales de ,francia1 ,alemania1 ,italia y ,rusia4 #g4 8,como se llaman 7what are the names of7 las capitales de ,espana y ,portugal8 ,madrid y ,lisboa4 #h4 8,ha estado 7been7 ,v4 en ,holanda8 #i4 ,no ,senor1 nunca he estado en aquel pais4 #aj4 ,en este tema hay palabras que no se dan 7are not given7 en el vocabulario4 #aa4 8,cuales 7which7 son8 ,holanda1 ,portugal etcetera4 #ab4 ,estas se dejan 7are left7 a la inteligencia de ,vs4 #ac4 8,no creen ,vs4 que son muy faciles de comprender8 7to understand74 #ad4 ,si1 ,senor1 ,v4 tiene razon#bg 7you are right74 #ae4 ,entonces1 debemos 7we must7 continuar la leccion4 #af4 ,muy bien4 #ag4 ,debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos4 #bg ,lit4 you have reason4 ,,exercise #b 7#f74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,do you study ,german8 #b4 ,we study ,french and ,italian1 but my cousin studies ,english4 #c4 ,does he understand ,english8 #d4 ,he understands ,english perfectly 7perfectamente71 but he speaks ,spanish badly4 #e4 ,does your sister speak ,italian8 #f4 ,no1 she speaks only ,english4 #g4 ,what does the ,englishman buy8 #h4 ,he buys a horse from the 7al7#bh ,frenchman4 #i4 ,my cousin sold 7past4 def47 his horse to ,peter 7,pedro74 #aj4 ,john looks for his book and his paper4 #aa4 ,the copy book is 7esta7 on the table4 #ab4 ,henry 7,enrique7 must 7debe7 copy some letters4 #ac4 ,who copies the letters here8 #ad4 ,peter copies them 7las copia74#bi #ae4 ,has ,henry much paper8 #af4 ,yes1 he has much paper but little ink4 #ag4 ,the roses and violets are in the flower-stand4 #ah4 ,the merchant has received 7recibido7 four bales of silk handkerchiefs 7panuelo7 and three cases of prints and muslins4 ,footnote #bh3 ,to buy from is translated by ,comprar a4 ,footnote #bi3 ,the object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative mood4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 7,leccion cuarta47 ,,the ,,adjective4 ,the ,adjective in ,spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies1 in gender and number1 as-- ,el periodico italiano3 ,the ,italian newspaper4 ,la prensa americana3 ,the ,american press4 ,it generally follows the nouns as in the above examples1 although exceptions will be found1 e4g41 when the adjective recalls to our mind a quality which is already known to belong to it1 it generally precedes the noun1 as-- ,he visto sus hermosas flores3 ,i have seen his beautiful flowers4#cj ,adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns4 ,footnote #cj3 ,his flowers are known 7or supposed7 to be beautiful1 before we say it4 ,formation of the ,feminine of ,adjectives4 ,adjectives ending in ,o change ,o into ,a1 as-- ,el sombrero blanco3 ,the white hat4 ,la casaca blanca3 ,the white coat4 ,adjectives of ,,nationality which end in a consonant add ,a to form the feminine1 as-- ,el sastre frances3 ,the ,french tailor4 ,la modista francesa3 ,the ,french milliner4 ,adjectives ending in ,n add ,a for the feminine1 as-- ,un hombre socarron3 ,a sly or cunning man4 ,una sonrisa socarrona3 ,a cunning smile4 ,,except ,joven 7young71 ,comun 7common71 and ,ruin 7base1 sordid71 which do not change for the feminine4 ,adjectives ending in or add ,a to form the feminine1 as-- ,un comerciante emprendedor3 ,an enterprising merchant4 ,una casa emprendedora3 ,an enterprising firm4 ,,except ,comparative adjectives ending in or1 as ,mejor 7better71 ,peor 7worse71 which do not change for the feminine4 ,there are a very few adjectives ending in ete and ote4 ,these change into eta and ota for the feminine4 ,other adjectives do not change4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,ser#ca 7to be74 ,estar#cb 7to be74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pres4 ,part41 ,siendo 7being7 ,pres4 ,part41 ,estando 7being7 ,past ,part41 ,sido 7been7 ,past ,part41 ,estado 7been7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,pres4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,soy 7,i am71 etc4 ,somos ,estoy 7,i am71 etc4 ,estamos ,eres ,sois ,estas ,estais ,es ,son ,esta ,estan ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,imperf4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood ,imperf4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,era 7,i was71 etc4 ,eramos ,estaba 7,i was7 etc4 ,estabamos ,eras ,erais ,estabas ,estabais ,era ,eran ,estaba ,estaban ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,past ,def4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,past ,def4 ,tense1 ,indic4 ,mood4 ,fui 7,i was71 etc4 ,fuimos ,estuve 7,i was71 etc4 ,estuvimos ,fuiste ,fuisteis ,estuviste ,estuvisteis ,fue ,fueron ,estuvo ,estuvieron ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #ca3 ,ser is used-- 7#a7 ,to form the ,passive voice as1 ,le amo 7,i love him71 ,soy amado de el 7,i am loved by him74 7#b7 ,to denote an inherent quality1 viz41 forming part and parcel with the subject1 as ,este hombre es habil 7this man is clever74 ,footnote #cb3 ,estar is used-- 7#a7 ,to denote state in locality1 viz41 to be in a place1 as ,estoy aqui 7,i am here71 ,manchester esta en ,inglaterra 7,manchester is in ,england7 7#b7 ,to denote condition 7as opposed to an inherent quality71 as ,este hombre esta cansado 7this man is tired74 ,,vocabulary4 activo1 active ahora1 now un ano1 a year aquel1 ese 7m471 that aquella1 esa 7f471 that bayeta1 baize celebre1 celebrated cima1 top criados1 men-servants criadas1 maid-servants el dia1 the day ejercito1 army encuadernado1 bound1 7of books7 escritorio1 writing-desk los fosforos1 the matches ,gales1 ,wales juventud1 youth1 young age4 el lacre1 the sealing-wax lectura1 reading limpiar1 to clean limpio1 clean mayormente1 especially medico1 doctor el monte1 the mountain la nieve1 the snow por tanto1 therefore puerta1 door siempre1 always sincero1 sincere soldado1 soldier terciopelo1 velvet vela1 candle ventana1 window ,,exercise #a 7#g74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,pedro es medico4#cc ,el es buen medico4 #b4 ,era un celebre medico de la ciudad de ,paris4 #c4 ,juan esta#cd cansado y yo estoy enfermo4 #d4 ,la lectura es util#cc siempre y mayormente en la juventud4 #e4 ,aquel tintero es#cc de ,v4 #f4 ,este es un libro famoso#cc y esta muy bien encuadernado4#cd #g4 ,mi hermano es soldado4#ce #h4 ,se ha alistado 7he has enlisted7 en el ejercito ingles por cinco 7five7 anos4 #i4 ,el ,monte ,snowdon esta#cf en ,gales4 #aj4 ,la ciudad del ,cairo esta#cf en ,egipto4 #aa4 ,las cimas de algunos montes estan#cg cubiertas 7covered7 siempre de nieve4 #ab4 8,siempre8 #ac4 ,si1 siempre4 #ad4 ,estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias 7every day7 por los dependientes o por las criadas4 #ae4 ,estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre4 #af4 ,aquella ventana esta rota 7broken74 #ag4 ,mi hermano esta escribiendo4 #ah4 ,es necesario4 ,footnote #cc3 ,quality4 ,footnote #cd3 ,a condition4 ,footnote #ce3 ,a quality 7for the time being74 ,footnote #cf3 ,state in locality4 ,footnote #cg3 ,a condition4 ,,exercise #b 7#h74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,who is a good clerk8 #b4 ,my brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working 7de trabajar74#ch #c4 ,the windows and doors are clean4 #d4 ,yes1 they are cleaned every 7cada7 morning by the servants4 #e4 ,he is speaking to his ,french friend4 #f4 ,he is writing a letter to his mother4 #g4 ,they are looking for some handkerchiefs4 #h4 ,have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize8 #i4 ,yes1 they sold them 7los vendieron7 yesterday 7ayer72 also the muslin and prints4 #aj4 ,who bought them8 7las compro74 #aa4 ,the ,germans are a very active and hard-working 7trabajador7 nation1 and they deserve 7merecen7 therefore our sincere admiration4 #ab4 ,where are the sealing-wax1 the candle and the matches8 #ac4 ,here they are on the writing-desk4 #ad4 ,does the clerk understand ,german8 #ae4 ,yes1 very well4 #af4 ,my partner and ,i will dine at 7en7 the ,royal ,hotel 7,fonda ,real74 ,footnote #ch3 ,after a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood4 ,,lesson ,v4 7,leccion quinta47 ,,the ,,adjective 7,contd474 ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives4 ,the positive degree expresses the quality without any further idea of comparison1 as ,feliz 7happy71 ,rico 7rich74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,comparative4 ,superlative ,relative4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mas feliz que 7happier than74 ,el mas feliz 7the happiest74 ,menos feliz que 7less happy than74 ,el menos feliz 7the least happy74 ,tan rico como 7as or so rich as74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,examples-- ,mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano3 ,my uncle is poorer than his brother4 ,su mujer es menos rica que el3 ,his wife is less rich than he4 ,soy tan feliz como ,v43 ,i am as happy as you4 ,no es tan amable como su primo3 ,he is not so amiable as his cousin4 ,superlative ,absolute4 ,,examples-- ,muy largo3 ,very long4 ,muy corto3 ,very short4 ,another way to form the ,superlative ,absolute#ci is by adding isimo instead of using muy4 ,if the adjective ends in a vowel1 this is elided before adding isimo4 ,footnote #ci3 ,more rarely used and much more emphatic4 ,,examples-- ,estas frutas son muy maduras3 ,these fruits are very ripe4 ,estas frutas son madurisimas3 ,these fruits are very ripe indeed4 ,estos tenderos son muy ricos3 ,these shopkeepers are very rich4 ,aquellos son riquisimos3 ,those 7others7 are very rich indeed4 ,before adding isimo1 adjectives ending in ble change it into bil1 as ,amable1 amabilisimo4 co qu1 as ,rico1 riquisimo4 go gu1 as ,largo1 larguisimo4 ,adjectives of more than three syllables ending in ble1 adjectives ending in two vowels1 or in one vowel accented1 should always take muy and not add isimo for the ,superlative ,absolute4 ,besides the regular forms of the ,comparative and ,superlative degrees1 there are the following irregular forms-- ,mejor 7better74 ,optimo 7very good or best74 ,peor 7worse74 ,pesimo 7very bad or worst74 ,mayor 7larger74 ,maximo 7very large or largest74 ,menor 7smaller74 ,minimo 7very small or smallest74 ,superior 7higher74 ,supremo 7very high or highest74 ,inferior 7lower74 ,infimo 7very low or lowest74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,future ,tense1#dj ,indic4 ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablare ,temere ,partire 7,i shall speak7 7,i shall fear7 7,i shall depart7 ,hablaras ,temeras ,partiras 7thou wilt speak7 7thou wilt fear7 7thou wilt depart7 ,hablara ,temera ,partira 7he_/she will speak7 7he_/she will fear7 7he_/she will depart7 ,hablaremos ,temeremos ,partiremos 7we shall speak7 7we shall fear7 7we shall depart7 ,hablareis ,temereis ,partireis 7you will speak7 7you will fear7 7you will depart7 ,hablaran ,temeran ,partiran 7they will speak7 7they will fear7 7they will depart7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,conditional ,mood4#dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablaria ,temeria ,partiria 7,i should speak7 7,i should fear7 7,i should depart7 ,hablarias ,temerias ,partirias 7thou wouldst speak7 7thou wouldst fear7 7thou wouldst4447 ,hablaria ,temeria ,partiria 7he_/she would speak7 7he_/she would fear7 7he_/she would4447 ,hablariamos ,temeriamos ,partiriamos 7we should speak7 7we should fear7 7we should depart7 ,hablariais ,temeriais ,partiriais 7you would speak7 7you would fear7 7you would depart7 ,hablarian ,temerian ,partirian 7they would speak7 7they would fear7 7they would depart7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #dj3 ,the ,future ,tense ,indicative ,mood and the ,conditional ,mood are formed from the ,infinitive ,mood by adding to the ,infinitive the terminations3 e1 as1 a1 emos1 eis1 an for the future2 and ia1 ias1 ia1 iamos1 iais1 ian for the conditional mood4 ,,vocabulary4 alguno1-a1#da some or any 7s47 algunos1-as1#db some or any 7pl47 amarillo1 yellow barba1 barbas1 beard barbilla1 barba1 chin blanco1 white boca1 mouth cabello1 hair cabeza1 head cafe1 castano1 brown1 7dyed7 cepillo1 brush cualquiera 7s471#dc any 7affirmative7 cualesquiera 7pl47 any 7affirmative7 dientes1 teeth dinero1 money encarnado1 red escoba1 broom estampar1 to print 7calico7 la frente1 the forehead lengua1 tongue malo1#dd bad1 wicked manteca1 butter moreno1 brown1 7natural colour7 7la7 nariz1 nose necesitar1 to want1 to need1 to be in want of4 ninguno1-a 7s47 any 7after a negative7 ningunos1-as 7pl47 any 7after a negative7 el ojo1 the eye4 padres1#de parents percal1 calico queremos1 we want 99querer1 to want1 to wish to have ellos quieren1 they want yo quiero1 ,i want ,v4 quiere1 you want regla1 ruler si1 if la tez1 complexion un poco de1#df a little1 some1 or any verde1 green ,footnote #da3 ,before a masculine noun ,alguno and ,ninguno drop the o1 as ,algun dinero 7some money74 ,the feminine ,alguna and ,ninguna never changes4 ,footnote #db3 ,also unos1 unas4 ,footnote #dc3 ,cualquiera generally drops the a before a noun1 as ,cualquier libro 7any book74 ,footnote #dd3 ,before a masculine noun it drops the o1 as ,un mal muchacho 7a bad boy74 ,the feminine is always mala4 ,footnote #de3 ,the masculine plural includes the plural of both genders1 as ,los padres 7the parents1 father and mother71 ,los hermanos 7the brothers or the brother7s7 and sister7s747 ,footnote #df3 ,used for both genders1 as ,un poco de vino 7a little wine71 ,un poco de cerveza 7a little beer74 ,,exercise #a 7#i74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para el vapor 7steamer7 que partira manana4 #b4 ,necesitamos bayeta verde1 amarilla y encarnada4 #c4 ,aqui tenemos una buena partida 7lot7 de zarazas cafe4 #d4 ,hemos hablado a una ,senora de tez morena1 cabeza hermosa y ojos inteligentes4 #e4 ,la frente1 la boca1 y la nariz forman parte de la cara 7face74 #f4 ,la barba o barbilla es el remate 7end7 de la cara4 #g4 ,tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo 7hair7 que crece 7grows7 en ella 7on it7 a los hombres4 #h4 ,tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros4 #i4 ,tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos4 #aj4 ,el mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana 7inclination1 desire7 de estudiar4 #aa4 ,ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos 7children74 #ab4 ,si tiene ,v4 algun azucar 7sugar7 yo lo comprare4 #ac4 8,quiere su hermano 7de ,v47 vender algunos libros8 #ad4 ,no1 no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros4 #ae4 ,mi cunado no necesita comprar libros2 tiene muchisimos1 algunos viejos 7old71 otros nuevos 7new71 y tres o cuatro 7three or four7 novisimos1#dg uno de ellos 7of them7 es bonisimo4#dg #af4 ,cualquier libro es util4 ,footnote #dg3 ,adjectives containing ie or ue change them into e and o before adding isimo1 as ,nuevo1 novisimo2 cierto1 certisimo4 ,,exercise #b 7#aj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i have some money4 #b4 ,what goods do you want 7wish to have78 #c4 ,i want some brown prints and some red calico4 #d4 ,i have no 7not any7 red calico1 but ,i must buy some 7debo comprar74#dh #e4 ,do you want to sell me any8 7venderme74 #f4 ,there are 7hay7 many inkstands in this shop 7tienda72 do you want any8 7quiere ,v4 alguno8 or algunos874 #g4 ,yes1 ,i want some 7alguno or algunos74 #h4 ,have you any#di bread 7pan78 #i4 ,yes1 ,i have some bread and cheese 7tengo pan y queso74 #aj4 ,any book will be useful4 #aa4 ,the teeth and the tongue are inside 7dentro de7 the mouth4 #ab4 ,the teeth want great attention4 #ac4 ,yes1 they must always be clean4 #ad4 ,we want to study ,spanish because it is 7es7 very necessary in commerce 7en el comercio74 #ae4 ,if you study with attention you will soon 7pronto7 speak and write ,spanish very well4 #af4 ,john speaks ,french very badly but he is studying it 7lo esta estudiando7 with much attention4 #ag4 ,do you understand this lesson8 #ah4 ,yes1 ,i understand this lesson well2 it is not very difficult4 #ai4 ,no lesson is difficult if we study with care 7con cuidado74 ,footnote #dh3 ,some and any1 following a verb and referring to a singular noun previously mentioned1 are not to be translated4 ,footnote #di3 ,some and any are generally not translated when they are not used in a partitive sense1 i4e41 with an idea of a limited quantity4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 7,leccion sexta47 ,,cardinal ,,numbers4 ,uno1#ej una #a ,cuarenta #dj ,dos #b ,cuarenta y uno or ,cuarentiuno #da ,tres #c etc4 etc4 ,cuatro #d ,cincuenta #ej ,cinco #e ,sesenta #fj ,seis #f ,setenta #gj ,siete #g ,ochenta #hj ,ocho #h ,noventa #ij ,nueve #i ,ciento#eb #ajj ,diez #aj ,ciento y uno or ,cientiuno #aja ,once #aa ,ciento y dos or ,cientidos1 #ajb ,doce #ab etc4 etc4 ,trece #ac ,ciento diez #aaj ,catorce #ad ,doscientos1-as #bjj ,quince #ae ,trescientos1-as #cjj ,diez y seis or ,dieciseis #af ,cuatrocientos1-as #djj ,diez y siete or ,diecisiete #ag ,quinientos1-as #ejj ,diez y ocho or ,dieciocho #ah ,seiscientos1-as #fjj ,diez y nueve or ,diecinueve #ai ,setecientos1-as #gjj ,veinte #bj ,ochocientos1-as #hjj ,veinte y uno or ,veintiuno#ea #ba ,novecientos1-as #ijj ,veinte y dos or ,veintidos1 #bb ,mil #a1jjj etc4 etc4 ,dos mil1 etc4 #b1jjj ,treinta #cj ,cien#ec mil #ajj1jjj ,treinta y uno or ,treintiuno1 #ca ,cien mil y uno #ajj1jja etc4 etc4 ,cien mil y diez #ajj1jaj ,un millon #a1jjj1jjj ,footnote #ej3 ,when immediately preceding a noun1 uno becomes un ,footnote #ea3 ,ciento becomes cien4 7,cien is found instead of ciento1 even standing alone47 ,footnote #eb3 ,the duplicate forms are common to all the tens4 ,footnote #ec3 ,ciento drops the to also before mil2 and of course before millon 7a noun74 ,the conjunction and is always used between tens and units1 as-- ,veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas 7#ba apples74 ,but it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens1 as-- ,doscientas treinta peras 7#bcj pears74 ,ciento and mil are not preceded by uno except in #aja1jjj1 #bja1jjj1 etc41 to avoid ambiguity1 as-- ,doscientos mil soldados 7#bjj1jjj soldiers74 ,doscientas y un mil millas 7#bja1jjj miles74 ,one million inhabitants is translated by ,un millon de habitantes4 7,note4--,the de cannot be omitted47 ,in the case of more than one million the word millon must be plural--millones1 as-- ,cien millones de hombres 7one hundred million men74 ,as will have been observed1 besides uno1 doscientos1 trescientos1 etc41 change the os into as for the feminine4 ,future ,tense1 ,indicative ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,haber4#ed ,tener4#ed ,ser4#ee ,estar4 ,habre 7,i shall ,tendre 7,i shall ,sere 7,i shall ,estare 7,i shall have1 etc41 have1 etc41 be1 etc47 be1 etc47 auxiliary1 to denoting 7,see foot-note1 7,see foot-note1 be used with possession7 ,lesson ,,iv47 ,lesson ,,iv47 past participles7 ,habras ,tendras ,seras ,estaras ,habra ,tendra ,sera ,estara ,habremos ,tendremos ,seremos ,estaremos ,habreis ,tendreis ,sereis ,estareis ,habran ,tendran ,seran ,estaran ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,conditional ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,habria 7,i ,tendria 7,i ,seria ,estaria 7,i should have1 7,i should have1 7,i should be7 7,i should be7 etc47 etc47 ,habrias ,tendrias ,serias ,estarias ,habria ,tendria ,seria ,estaria ,habriamos ,tendriamos ,seriamos ,estariamos ,habriais ,tendriais ,seriais ,estariais ,habrian ,tendrian ,serian ,estarian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,footnote #ed3 ,the ,future ,indic4 and the ,cond4 mood of ,haber and ,tener are formed irregularly from the ,infinitive mood1 the e after the root ,hab being dropped1 and after the root ,ten being changed to d4 ,footnote #ee3 ,for reference only-- ,ser 7and not ,estar7 must be used3 7#a7 ,before nouns2 7#c7 ,when denoting possession2 7#b7 ,when used impersonally2 7#d7 ,before ,feliz1 ,infeliz1 ,rico1 ,pobre4 ,,vocabulary4 acabar de1#ef to have just almacen1 warehouse aprender1 to learn ayudar1 to help banar1 to wet1 to bathe1 to water bicicleta1 bicycle certisimo1 most certain discipulo1 pupil disfrutar1 to enjoy el es1 ella es1#eg it is ello 7neuter71#eg it este 7m471 esta 7f471 this esto 7neuter71#eh this estos 7m471 estas 7f471 these la fecha1 the date la gente1 the people hermosamente1 beautifully importancia1 importance ,la ,india1 ,india libre1 free maestro1 master1 teacher la mayor parte1 most1 the majority el mes1 the month mismo1 same novisimo1 brand new otro1 other1 another el ,sena1#ei ,river ,seine el ,tajo1 ,river ,tagus el ,tamesis1 ,river ,thames tambien1 also1 too tienda1 shop ventaja1 advantage ,footnote #ef3 ,followed by the verb in the infinitive mood1 as ,acabar de escribir 7to have just written74 ,footnote #eg3 ,it 7subject7 is most generally left understood1 as ,it is useful 7,el1 ella1 or ello7 es util4 ,footnote #eh3 ,referring to a whole statement1 as ,esto or ello es justo4 ,this or it 7what you have just said7 is right4 ,footnote #ei3 ,names of rivers are masculine because the word rio 7river7 is understood4 ,,exercise #a 7#aa74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,la ,india es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia4 #b4 ,el ,sena es un rio de ,francia#fj y el ,tamesis es un rio de ,inglaterra4 #c4 ,toledo1 ciudad interesantisima de ,espana banada por el ,tajo4 #d4 ,la mayor parte de estos ,espanoles comen en esta fonda4 #e4 ,este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas4 #f4 ,es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan de grandes ventajas4 #g4 8,de quien es esta regla8 ,es mia4 #h4 8,en que fecha escribio ,v4 la carta8 #i4 ,la escribi 7,i wrote it7 ayer4 #aj4 ,juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima4 #aa4 ,yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello4 #ab4 ,la criada compro esta manana una escoba4 #ac4 ,necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos gastar dinero4 #ad4 ,la mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo 7to spend it74 #ae4 8,es bueno este vino8 #af4 ,es muy bueno y tambien no es caro4 ,footnote #fj3 ,names of countries should not take the article 7the rule is not very strict1 however74 ,,exceptions3 ,la ,india1 ,el ,peru1 ,el ,japon 7,japan74 ,,exercise #b 7#ab74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,foreigners in ,england enjoy many advantages4 #b4 ,yes1 because ,england is a free country4 #c4 ,englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries4 #d4 ,does the teacher help his pupils8 #e4 ,he does 7,si1 ,senor71 but the pupils must study and learn their lessons well and work diligently 7diligentemente74#fa #f4 ,this morning ,i was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the bicycle 7which #fb7 she wants to buy4 #g4 ,did you sell the muslins and prints 7which7 you bought last year 7el ano pasado78 #h4 ,the merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for 7por7 the velvets 7which #fb7 he sold to the ,spanish customer4 #i4 ,little and good is better than much and bad4 #aj4 ,john is a partner in that firm 7casa74 #aa4 ,it is necessary to work4 #ab4 ,this is ,george's beautiful garden4 #ac4 ,it is a large garden with many flowers1 roses1 carnations1 violets and other plants 7plantas74 #ad4 ,who is here8 #ae4 ,charles and ,henry are here4 ,footnote #fa3 ,to form an adverb from an adjective add mente as you add ly in ,english4 ,if the adjective changes for the feminine add mente to the feminine form1 as rico 7m471 rica 7f47--ricamente 7richly74 ,footnote #fb3 ,cannot be left understood in ,spanish4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 7,leccion septima47 ,,ordinal ,,numbers ,,and ,,fractions4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,primero#fc #ast ,decimo sexto1 etc4 #afth ,segundo #bnd ,vigesimo #bjth ,tercero #crd ,trigesimo #cjth ,cuarto #dth ,cuadragesimo #djth ,quinto #eth ,quincuagesimo #ejth ,sexto #fth ,sexagesimo #fjth ,septimo 7,setimo7 #gth ,septuagesimo #gjth ,octavo #hth ,octogesimo #hjth ,noveno 7,nono7 #ith ,nonagesimo #ijth ,decimo #ajth ,centesimo #ajjth ,decimo primero1 ,decimo ,ducentesimo #bjjth primo1 ,undecimo1 ,tricentesimo #cjjth ,onceno #aath ,cuadrigentesimo #djjth ,decimo segundo1 duodecimo1 ,quingentesimo #ejjth ,doceno #abth ,sexcentesimo #fjjth ,decimo tercero1 decimo ,septingentesimo #gjjth tercio1 ,treceno #acth ,octingentesimo #hjjth ,decimo cuarto1 ,novingentesimo #ijjth catorceno #adth ,milesimo #a1jjjth ,decimo quinto1 ,millonesimo #a1jjj1jjjth quinceno #aeth ,postrero1 ultimo ,last ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,footnote #fc3 ,ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany or for which they stand4 ,final o changes into a for the feminine1 and the plural is formed by adding s4 ,primero1 tercero1 and ,postrero drop the ,o before a masculine noun singular1#fd as-- ,el primer pedido3 ,the first order4 ,el tercer lote3 ,the third lot4 ,el postrer envio3 ,the last shipment4 ,but-- ,la primera entrega 7fem473 ,the first delivery4 ,footnote #fd3 ,eight words in all present this peculiarity1 viz41 uno1 alguno1 ninguno1 bueno1 malo1 primero1 tercero1 postrero 7these last two not always74 ,after vigesimo ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal numbers1 as-- ,la pagina veintidos3 ,page #bbnd4 ,dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal1 as-- ,madrid1 #bj 7de7 ,agosto 7de7 #aiaa3 ,madrid1 #bjth of ,august1 #aiaa4 ,,exception3 ,el primero1 as-- ,el #a deg4 7primero7 de ,septiembre 7#ast ,september74 ,numbers following names of kings1 etc41 are ordinal up to the tenth2 then generally cardinal1 as-- ,felipe ,,ii4 7segundo73 ,philip ,,ii4 ,alfonso ,,xiii4 7trece73 ,alphonso ,,xiii4 ,fractional numbers up to #a_/ajth are the same as ordinal numbers1 except-- 7,un7 medio3 one half4 ,un tercio 7not tercero73 one-third4 ,from #a_/aath upwards1 fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding to them the termination avo1 as-- ,un dieciseisavo#fe3 #a_/af4 ,un need not be used before the fractions #a_/b1 #a_/c and #a_/d1 preceded by an integer1 as-- ,uno y cuarto3 ,one and a quarter4 ,cuatro y tercio3 ,four and a third4 ,la mitad3 ,the half4 ,la tercera parte3 ,the #crd part4 ,la cuarta parte3 ,the #dth part4 ,la duodecima parte3 ,the #abth part4 ,footnote #fe3 ,if the cardinal number ends in a vowel1 this is elided1 as veinte--un veintavo 7#a_/bjth74 ,if it ends in ce the c is changed into z as1 doce--un dozavo 7#a_/abth74 ,collective ,numbers4 ,un par3 ,a pair4 ,una treintena3 ,a set of #cj4ff ,una decena 7half a score74#ff ,una centena3 ,a set of #ajj4ff ,una docena 7a dozen74#ff ,un centenar3 ,a set of #ajj4ff ,una veintena3 ,a score4#ff ,un ciento3 ,a set of #ajj4ff ,un millar3 ,a set of #a1jjj4ff ,footnote #ff3 ,also the number approximately1 as3 ,una treintena de libros3 7about #cj books74 ,subjunctive ,mood1#fg ,present ,tense4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo hable 7,that ,i ,que tema 7that ,i may,que parta 7that ,i may may or shall or shall fear74 or shall depart74 speak74 tu hables temas partas el hable tema parta nosotros hablemos temamos partamos vosotros hableis temais partais ellos hablen teman partan ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #fg3 ,this tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into e for the #ast conjugation and into a for the #bnd and #crd conjugations4 ,these remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense4 ,n4,b4--,the ,subjunctive ,mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent4 ,,vocabulary4 actual1 present al por mayor1 por menor1 wholesale1 retail arroz1 rice articulo1 article asociacion de obreros1 trade union blanquear1 to bleach ya caigo1 ,i understand1 ,i see colocar1 to place 99conseguir1 to get consignacion1 consignment contenido1 contents decadencia1 decadence delegado1 delegate demasiado1 too1 too much dificil1 difficult driles labrados1 figured drills driles lisos1 plain drills entrar a reinar1 to begin to reign escoger1 99elegir1 to choose1 to select extrano1 strange1 queer1 funny el germen1 the germ grueso1 thick1 stout hallar1 to find ilustrado1 enlightened incluyendo1 enclosing limitar1 to limit mientrastanto1 meanwhile 99obtener1 to get peso1 weight poder1 power podriamos1 we should be able to1 might1 could proximo1 next rebaja1 abatement rebajar1 99reducir1 reduce1 to abate reduccion1 abatement1 reduction reunion1 meeting 99salir1 to come1 to go1 out 99salir en1 to come to solo 7adj471 alone solo1 solamente 7adv471 only sujeto a1 subject to sumar1 to add tocino1 bacon tomar1 to take varios1 several verificarse1 to take place#fh 99verse obligado a1 to be compelled to#fi ,footnote #fh3 ,lit43 to verify itself4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lit43 to see oneself obliged4 ,,exercise #a 7#ac74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 8,cual envio han recibido ,vs48 #b4 ,nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto1 pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavia4 #c4 ,el postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obreros4 #d4 87,a7 cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino8 #e4 ,al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto1 pero al por mayor podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos1 digamos 7say7 cinco y cinco dieciseisavos4 #f4 8,puede ,v4 sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos8 #g4 ,si1 ,senor1 esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos4 #h4 i,que fraccion tan extrana6 #i4 ,lo es en efecto pero se da 7it is given7#gj solo por ejemplo4 #aj4 i,ah1 ya caigo6 #aa4 ,felipe ,,ii entro a reinar en #aeef4 ,ningun soberano 7sovereign7 de ,europa podia competir en poder y en ,estados con el1 pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan 7are observed7#gj los germenes de la decadencia que se verifico despues4 #ab4 ,alfonso ,,xiii actual rey de ,espana es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional4 #ac4 ,la nueva ,espana espera mucho de el4 #ad4 ,el primero y el quince de cada 7each7 mes1 la ,compania efectua 7effects7 sus pagos4 #ae4 ,hoy estamos a 7to-day is7 cinco de ,junio de #aiaa4 ,footnote #gj3 ,the verb with ,,se is reflexive or passive3 se da1 it gives itself or it is given2 se observan1 they observe themselves or are observed4 ,,exercise #b 7#ad74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i shall be compelled 7me vere obligado a7 to abandon this undertaking4 ,it is too difficult4 #b4 ,we received a consignment of rice1 but the price demanded 7pedido71 #b-ae_/af;d4 a lb41 is too dear2 we shall never be able 7nunca podremos7 to get it2 a better quality 7calidad71 whiter and stouter1 was placed at #b-bi_/cb;d4 but 7solo7 a few days ago 7hace algunos dias74 #c4 ,if you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price4 #d4 ,i shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of #e per cent4 #e4 ,we shall consult our partners2 meanwhile let us leave 7dejemos7#ga the matter in abeyance 7en suspenso74 #f4 ,he has chosen several designs 7disenos1 dibujos7 for his lot of prints1 but he finds that three of them are wrong 7estan equivocados74 #g4 ,some firms always give wrong 7falsos1 inexactos7 weights in their declarations4 #h4 ,he ordered the wrong article 7un 444 por otro74 #i4 ,you are wrong 7,v4 se equivoca71 it is the right 7justo1 exacto7 article4 #aj4 ,this cloth is finished on the wrong side 7al reves74 #aa4 ,we received your favour 7su atenta7 of #ajth instant 7del corriente71 enclosing copy of your previous letter #ast ult4 7p deg41 p deg447 and have taken note of its contents4 #ab4 ,by next mail 7mala7 we shall send you all the details required 7que ,vs4 necesitan74 ,footnote #ga3 ,the ,imperative ,mood is like the ,pres4 ,subj41 except in the #bnd ,person4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 7,leccion octava47 ,,personal ,,pronouns4 ,we shall divide the ,personal ,pronouns into ,subject ,pronouns and ,object ,pronouns4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,grammarians often give the names-- ,nominative case for the ,subject pronouns ,accusative ,direct object pronouns ,dative ,indirect object pronouns ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,subject ,pronouns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,yo 7,i7 ,nosotros1-as 7we7 ,tu 7thou7 ,vosotros1-as 7you7 ,el 7he1 or it1 m47 ,ellos1-as 7they7 ,ella 7she1 or it1 f47 ,ello 7neuter71 7it1 referring to a whole statement7 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,instead of ,tu or ,vosotros1-as1 ,v4 and ,vs4 are used in general conversation as already stated 7the verb following in the #crd person74 ,n4,b4--,these pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible1 as-- 7,yo7 compro las telas3 ,i buy the cloths4 7,el7 gira las letras y firma las cartas3 ,he draws the bills and signs the letters4 7,ella7 ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado3 ,she has had an interview with her barrister1 lawyer or solicitor4 ,but-- ,yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no ,v43 ,i have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not you4 ,object ,pronouns4 ,these are divided into two classes--#a4 ,disjunctive1 viz41 following a preposition-- ,mi 7me7 ,nosotros-as 7us7 ,ti 7thee7 ,vosotros-as 7you7 ,el 7him1 it1 m47 ,ellos-as 7them7 ,ella 7her1 it1 f47 ,ello 7neuter7 7it1 referring to a whole statement7 ,v4 7you1 sing47 ,vs4 7you1 pl47 ,,examples-- ,ellos hablan de mi3 ,they speak of me4 ,nosotros trabajamos para el3 ,we work for him4 ,ella confia en ti1 en ,v43 ,she trusts thee1 you4 ,v4 se declara contra ellos3 ,you declare against them4 #b4 ,conjunctive1 viz41 direct or indirect object of verb 7without a preposition74 ,el me#gc ama 7he loves me7 ,el nos ama 7he loves us7 ,el te ama 7he loves thee7 ,el os ama 7he loves you7 ,el lo or le ama 7he loves ,el los ama 7he loves them1 him1 it1 m47 m47 ,el la ama 7he loves her1 ,el las ama 7he loves them1 or it1 f47 f47 ,footnote #gc3 ,n4,b4--,in the conjunctive form the #ast and #bnd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects1 but the #crd pers4 differs4 ,,examples of ,indirect ,object-- ,el me da he gives me 7to me7 ,el te da he gives thee 7to thee7 ,el le da he gives him 7to him71 her 7to her71 it 7to it7 ,el nos da he gives us 7to us7 ,el os da he gives you 7to you7 ,el les da he gives them 7to them1 m4 and f47 ,the direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the ,disjunctive form preceded by a1 as-- a mi me or to me direct and indirect object a ti thee or to thee a el him or to him1 it 7m47 or to it 7m47 a ella her or to her1 it 7f47 or to it 7f47 a nosotros-as us or to us a vosotros-as you or to you a ellos them or to them 7m47 a ellas them or to them 7f47 ,we have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb--one ,conjunctive1 the other ,disjunctive4 ,the ,conjunctive form is that in general use4 ,the ,disjunctive form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required4 ,it is seldom used alone1#gd ,spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the ,conjunctive form1 as-- ,el me ama a mi3 ,he loves me4 ,el nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a ,v4 generos de fantasia3 ,he sells to us printed cloth and to you fancies4 ,yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella3 ,i wish to see him and not her4 ,dele ,v4 el dinero a el y los libros a ella4 ,give him the money and her the books4 ,de ,v4 el dinero a el y los libros a ella4 ,give him the money and her the books4 ,footnote #gd3 ,in sentences like ,le pagaran mas que a mi 7they will pay him more than me71 me pagaran is understood after que4 ,,vocabulary4 acero1 steel antes1 before--in point of time asunto 7not sujeto71 the subject-matter ,bolsa1 the ,exchange calcular1 to calculate celebrarse1 to be celebrated1 to take place compania anonima1 limited company 99concebir1 to conceive conjuncion1 conjunction desfavorable1 unfavourable donde1 where emision1 issue1 of loans1 etc4 emplearse1 to be employed1 to be used espalda1 shoulder 7back7 explicar to explain explanar to explain falta de aceptacion1 non-acceptance falta de pago1 non-payment la frase1 the phrase1 sentence ganancias y perdidas1 profits and losses el gerente1 the manager 99gobernar1 to govern 99haber1 there to be#ge hay1 there is#ge hay1 there are el hecho1 the fact la ley1 the law llamar1 to call mas adelante1 later on la mente1 the mind los negocios1 the business ,pascua1 ,easter posicion1 position proyecto1 scheme1 plan pues1 entonces1 then regresar1 to come or go back 99saber1 to know la semana pasada1 last week sirvase ,v41 please tenga la bondad de1 please tratar1 to try 99valer1 to be worth valor1 courage 99volver1 to turn1 to go back1 to turn back ,footnote #ge3 ,as an impersonal verb1 haber makes hay instead of ha in the ,pres4 ,indicative4 ,,exercise #a 7#ae74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 8,usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal8 #b4 ,no1 ,senor1 aunque hay quien lo diga 7some who say so74 #c4 8,donde lo empleamos pues8 #d4 ,en frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones4 #e4 8,y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo 7must be used7 en subjuntivo8 #f4 ,porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada#gf solo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho4 #g4 8,nos explicara ,v4 esta regla otra vez mas adelante8 #h4 ,si4 ,no hago mas que introducir 7,i only introduce7 el asunto4 #i4 ,tan pronto como 7as soon as7 volvemos la espalda1 nuestros negocios principian a sufrir4 #aj4 ,un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro1 sino que 7but7 habla claro1 y tiene el valor de sus opiniones4 #aa4 8,cuando regresara el gerente del ,banco8 #ab4 ,estara de vuelta 7he will be back7 hoy en quince4 #ac4 ,debe asistir a 7attend7 la reunion de ,directores que se celebrara en ,londres a primeros del mes que viene 7at the beginning of next month74 #ad4 ,el mercado de ,coloniales 7,colonial produce7 carece de 7lacks7 animacion4 #ae4 ,carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos 7carrying the grain74 #af4 8,como han salido ,vs4 de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre 7copper mines78 #ag4 ,hemos salido muy mal1 la relacion semestral 7half-yearly report7 de la compania hace constar 7shows7 una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra dividendo este ano4 #ah4 ,talvez se remedien las cosas 7things7 el ano proximo4 #ai4 ,hay que esperarlo 7let us hope so74 ,footnote #gf3 ,or se representa4 ,,exercise #b 7#af74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we beg to confirm 7confirmamos7#gg our cable 7cable7 of last week4 #b4 ,they calculated their profits and losses4 #c4 ,i calculate upon doing it 7cuento con hacerlo7 before ,easter4 #d4 ,this is not calculated to produce 7no se cree que esto producira7 any bad impression4 #e4 ,he called him to his house4 #f4 ,we take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account 7nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir 44474 #g4 ,the creditors were called 7convocados7 to a meeting4 #h4 ,i was called away 7tuve que ausentarme74 #i4 ,i shall call at 7pasare por7 the exchange4 #aj4 ,all the old issues were called in 7se recogieron74 #aa4 ,the ,shannon will call at 7hara escala en7 ,cadiz4 #ab4 ,they will make a call 7pediran una cuota7 of ,l#a per share4 #ac4 ,this steel is worth much less than that4 #ad4 ,it is not worth 7no vale la pena de7 buying4 #ae4 ,this limited company is worth 7posee7 ,l#ej1jjj4 #af4 ,this scheme is worthy of study 7merece ser estudiado74 #ag4 ,please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment4 #ah4 ,the law of supply and demand 7demanda y oferta7 governs the markets of the world 7mundo74 #ai4 ,the deeds 7las actas7 were all signed by a notary 7notario74 #bj4 ,kindly take due note 7debida or buena nota7 of our signature at foot 7firma al pie74 #ba4 ,all our efforts 7esfuerzos7 have been of no avail 7en balde1 en vano74 #bb4 ,in vain 7en balde1 en vano7 we tried4 ,footnote #gg3 ,do not translate beg before an infinitive4 ,,lesson ,,ix4 7,leccion novena47 ,,personal ,,pronouns 7contd474 ,pronouns in the ,disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in ,english4 ,pronouns in the ,conjunctive form precede the verb1 as-- ,el los compro3 ,he bought them4 ,yo le mostrare a ,v4 mi libro mayor y mi diario3 ,i shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book4 ,mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo3 ,my cashier will pay you what ,i owe you4 ,nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas3 ,he showed us his invoice book4 ,me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera3 ,he made over to me his stock of securities and bills4 ,el corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores3 ,the broker saw him at the steamship agent's4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,when a sentence begins with a verb1 especially if the sentence is a long one1 the ,conjunctive pronoun may follow the verb1 except when this is in the ,subjunctive ,mood1 as-- ,bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente3 ,he credited him the amount in ,a_/c current in order not to lose his customer4 ,n4,b4--,students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language4 ,in conversation this change seldom occurs4 ,when the change is used the ,subject ,pronoun is generally left understood4 #b4 ,when the verb is in the ,infinitive ,mood1 ,gerund1 or ,imperative ,mood1#gh the ,conjunctive ,pronoun must follow1 and is joined to the verb to form one word3 as-- ,lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta3 ,the best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction4 ,abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto3 ,by giving up the profit to him1 we shall end the matter4 ,refieralos ,v4 a los armadores3 ,refer them to the shipowners4 ,hagannos ,vs4 esta bonificacion3 ,make us this allowance4 ,carguenos en cuenta este renglon3 ,debit this line to our account4 ,abonenle la suma que reclama3 ,credit him with the amount he claims4 ,footnote #gh3 ,by ,imperative ,mood1 we mean ,imperative ,mood ,affirmative4 ,in ,spanish there is no imperative mood negative1 its place being taken by the ,present ,subjunctive1 as-- ,hablale tu3 ,speak to him4 ,no le hables tu3 ,do not speak to him4 ,if two ,conjunctive pronouns meet1 contrary to the ,english general rule1 the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object1#gi as-- ,ellos nos lo garantizan3 ,they guarantee it to us4 ,if these two pronouns are both in the #crd person1 the indirect object is changed into ,se1 as-- ,nosotros se lo vendimos3 ,we sold it to him4 ,v4 se lo mando 7a ella7#hj3 ,you sent it to her4 ,nosotros se lo aconsejamos 7a ellos7#hj3 ,we gave them that advice4 ,yo se lo digo 7a ,v47#hj3 ,i tell it to you4 ,footnote #gi3 ,combinations of me and te are very rare1 and then te precedes whether direct or indirect object1 the context clearly showing the meaning4 ,in such cases it is better1 however1 to use a disjunctive form1 for the indirect object1 as-- ,el te da a mi3 ,he gives thee to me4 ,el me da a ti3 ,he gives me to thee4 ,footnote #hj3 ,a el1 a ella1 a ,v41 etc41 may be added for clearness1 when otherwise ambiguity might occur4 ,,vocabulary4 administrador1 manager 7of a branch house1 etc47 arancel1 custom-house tariff aviso1 advice1 notice confianza1 trust1 confidence constantemente1 constantly conveniente1 convenient1 suitable correo1 post1 post office 99dar aviso1 to inform1 to give notice to leave 99dar aviso de despedida1 to give notice of dismissal de moda1 fashionable devolver1 to give or send back efectuar1 to effect favorable1 favourable fijar1 to fix holgazan1 haragan1 lazy honrar1 to honour indicar1 to indicate1 to point out largo1 long noticia1 noticias1 news 99poner en condiciones1 to enable por1 or de1 su cuenta1 on his account el sobre1 the envelope tomar nota1 to take note1 to notice venta1 sale ,,exercise #a 7#ag74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,me aprecia4 ,te necesita4 ,le manda4 ,lo cree4 ,nos halla4 ,os busca4 #b4 ,son generos de moda1 los vende muy bien4 #c4 ,son buenas plumas1 las usamos constantemente4 #d4 ,me escribe que te envia los sobres4 #e4 ,le indica el medio mas conveniente4 #f4 ,nos honra con 7with7 su confianza4 #g4 ,os fija sus limites4 #h4 ,les da su cotizacion4 #i4 ,creernos4 #aj4 ,mandarnos los presupuestos 7estimates74 #aa4 ,venderles a credito4 #ab4 ,dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras1 nos pone en condiciones de servirle a toda su satisfaccion 7his entire satisfaction74 #ac4 ,digannos ,vs4 7tell us7 la verdad4 #ad4 ,el me lo escribio4 #ae4 ,nosotros te lo mandaremos4 #af4 ,el nos lo explico4 #ag4 ,yo os lo enviare4 #ah4 ,se lo escribiremos a el4 #ai4 ,se lo explicaremos a ella4 #bj4 ,compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos4 #ba4 ,vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas4 #bb4 8,me lo dice ,v4 7do you say7 a mi8 #bc4 ,si1 ,senor1 se lo digo a ,v4 mismo 7,i say it to you yourself7 #bd4 ,yo mismo lo mande4 #be4 ,v4 mismo me lo ha escrito4 #bf4 ,nosotros mismos no podriamos 7could not7 hacerlo mejor4 #bg4 ,el me lo dio 7gave7 a mi1 y yo se lo entregue a el4 #bh4 ,su socio es mejor que el1 y el es mejor que ella4 ,,exercise #b 7#ah74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,did you see 7vio ,v47 the new ,custom ,house tariff8 #b4 ,yes1 ,i saw 7vi7 it4 #c4 ,it is more favourable to us than the old4 #d4 ,we sent it to the manager of our ,liverpool branch 7sucursal74 #e4 ,we sent it to him yesterday2 he will return it to us after he has read it 7despues que lo haya leido74 #f4 ,did you give 7dio ,v47 it 7m47 to me or to him8 #g4 ,i gave 7di7 it to you1 not to him4 #h4 ,well 7bien76 he says 7dice7 that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so 7hasta que ,v4 se lo diga74 #i4 ,he took it with him1 and we took it with us4 #aj4 ,i shall take it 7f47 with me4#ha #aa4 ,take it with thee4#ha #ab4 ,it is a long letter1 but it is necessary to write it to-day4 #ac4 ,writing it to-day you are in time 7a tiempo7 for the post4 #ad4 ,mr4 ,so-and-,so gave more money to you than to me4 #ae4 ,we have taken notice of it4 #af4 ,take due notice of the contents 7del contenido7 of the letter4 #ag4 ,give him notice 7aviso7 of the sales you effected on 7por7 his account4 #ah4 ,there is nothing worthy of notice 7no hay nada de particular7 in our market to-day4 #ai4 ,i gave him notice because he is very lazy4 #bj4 ,this circumstance 7circunstancia7 must have escaped your notice 7debe habersele pasado por alto74 #ba4 ,do not take any notice of him 7no le haga ,v4 caso74 #bb4 ,i gave notice to my landlord 7propietario74 ,footnote #ha3 ,see next note4 ,,lesson ,x4 7,leccion decima47 ,,reflexive ,,pronouns4 ,these pronouns are not1 of course1 used as subject of the verb4 ,they are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same4 ,they are the same as the other personal pronouns1 as-- ,conjunctive form4 ,disjunctive form4 myself me mi thyself te ti ,,exception-- #crd person for both genders numbers3 se si ,,examples-- ,el se ama3 ,he loves himself4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa3 ,she attributes the fault to herself4 ,maria habla siempre de si#hb3 ,mary is always talking about herself4 ,nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios3 ,we enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business4 ,ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien3 ,they respect themselves and others too4 ,mismo-a1-os1-as1 may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis1 as-- ,maria habla siempre de si misma3 ,mary always speaks of herself4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa3 ,she attributes the fault to herself4 ,ella se atribuye la culpa a si3 ,she attributes the fault to herself4 7more emphatic74 ,ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma3 ,she attributes the fault to herself 7still more emphatic74 ,footnote #hb3 ,after con 7with7 si becomes ,sigo2 same change with mi and ti3 conmigo1 contigo1 consigo1 written in one word4 ,the pronoun ,se with any verb in the #crd pers4 sing4 or plural may be used to form the passive voice1 as-- ,se ha cerrado el almacen3 ,the warehouse has been closed4 ,se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la ,compania de ,seguros#hc3 ,the claims have been referred to the ,insurance ,company4 ootnote #hc3 ,this form is preferable when the doer is not mentioned4 ,se followed by a verb in the #crd pers4 sing4#hd translates the ,english one1 people1 they 7indefinite71 as the ,french on and the ,german man1 as--- ,se dice que habra un alza#he en el mercado3 ,they say1 or it is said1 that there will be a rise in the market4 ,se cree que no habra ,reforma ,arancelaria en ,inglaterra3 ,people think1 or it is thought1 that there will not be ,tariff ,reform in ,england4 ,en la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa3 ,in old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth or ,the fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age4 ,footnote #hd3 ,or we can use the #crd pers4 plur4 of the verb without the pronoun4 ,footnote #he3 ,or una alza 7both used74 ,as will be seen1 this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by se1 as se goza instead of es gozado4 ,but there are more typical examples1 as-- ,los generos se han fabricado en ,irlanda y se los ha 7not han7 plegado como lienzos irlandeses3 ,the goods were made in ,ireland and they folded them as ,irish ,linens4 ,a ,conjunctive ,reflexive ,pronoun1 whether direct or indirect object1 always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun1 as--- ,yo me lo reservo3 ,i reserve it for myself4 ,nosotros nos lo guardamos3 ,we keep it for ourselves4 ,se me dice3 ,it is said to me 7it says itself to me74 ,se les venden las telas3 ,the cloths are sold to them4 ,nosotros nos le confiamos3 ,we entrust ourselves to him4 ,vosotros os les empenasteis en ,l#a1jjj3 ,you pledged yourselves to them for ,l#a1jjj4 ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imperfect ,tense4#hf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,que yo hablase 7that ,temiese 7that ,i ,partiese 7that ,i might1 ,i might1 should or might1 should1 or should or would would speak1 etc47 would fear1 etc47 depart1 etc47 tu hablases ,temieses ,partieses el hablase ,temiese ,partiese nosotros hablasemos,temiesemos ,partiesemos vosotros hablaseis ,temieseis ,partieseis ellos hablasen ,temiesen ,partiesen ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #hf3 ,this tense is formed from the ,past ,def4 by changing the termination ron of the #crd pers4 pl4 into se1 ses1 se1 semos1 seis sen1 in all the three conjugations4 ,,vocabulary4 en la actualidad1 al momento1 at present a menudo1 often acostumbrarse1 to accustom oneself admitir1 to acknowledge aparecer1 to appear aplicarse1 to apply oneself ayuda1 help boletin1 form1 slip1 price list caucho seco1 dry rubber cebada y avena1 barley and oats cifras1 figures la compra1 the purchase 99contar 7con71 to count1 to rely on la costumbre1 custom cualquiera1 any 7affirm47 cuidadosamente1 carefully declararse en quiebra1 to file one's petition in bankruptcy dedicarse1 to devote oneself dirigirse1 to address oneself escribirse1 to write to each other1 to one another escuchar1 to listen to exacto1 exact1 accurate firmeza1 firmness industria azucarera1 sugar industry los informes1 information lisonjearse1 to flatter oneself llamarse1 to be called el montaje1 the erection of machinery1 etc4 99moverse1 to be moved1 driven 7machinery7 operadores1 dealers 7on ',change7 partida1 lot 7of goods7 perfeccionar1 to perfect1 improve 7machinery7 99reconocer1 to acknowledge recursos1 means respetar1 to respect seccion1 section tacharse1 to censure1 to blame1 oneself tejidos1 textiles1 cloths ultimamente1 lately unicamente1 solely1 only ,,exercise #a 7#ai74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,nos dirigimos a ,vs4 por informes sobre la casa cuyo 7whose7 nombre aparece en el boletin adjunto4 #b4 ,se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados4 #c4 ,me he acostumbrado a este trabajo4 #d4 ,te has dedicado al comercio4 #e4 ,tiene mucha opinion de si 7mismo74 #f4 ,cuenta 7he relies7 consigo unicamente4 #g4 ,se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros4 #h4 ,estos tejidos se llaman uniones4 #i4 ,las dos casas se escriben#hg en frances4 #aj4 ,estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas 7these lathes and sawing machines7 se mueven por motor electrico4 #aa4 ,se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente4 #ab4 8,se envian las maquinas en secciones8 #ac4 ,si1 ,senor1 y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje4 #ad4 ,se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de ,cebada y ,avena1 8piensa ,v4 que influiran en los precios8 #ae4 ,asi se cree4 #af4 ,entonces resultara 7or resultara pues7 alguna ventaja para los consumidores 7consumers74 #ag4 ,no puedo tacharme de imprevidencia 7want of foresight7 por no haberme abastecido 7supplied1 stocked7 a tiempo1 pues 7because7 carecia de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo 7to do so74 ,footnote #hg3 ,reflexive ,pronouns in the plural are also ,reciprocal4 ,,exercise #b 7#bj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i flatter myself that you will be pleased with 7le gustaran7 my purchases seeing 7visto7 the firmness of prices at present4 #b4 ,we consider ourselves lucky 7dichosos de7 not to have listened to their advice 7consejo74 #c4 ,he is always speaking of himself and of his business4 #d4 ,he found himself a loser 7a perder74 #e4 ,they declared themselves bankrupts 7they filed their petition in bankruptcy74 #f4 ,they wrote to each other often4 #g4 ,he respects himself4 #h4 ,he himself respects old customs4 #i4 ,we acknowledge we are wrong4 #aj4 ,we acknowledge receipt of your favour 7acusamos recibo de74 #aa4 ,we shall gratefully acknowledge 7agradeceremos infinito7 any help you may render 7preste7 to our friend4 #ab4 ,we hope you will be very accurate in your figures4 #ac4 ,the output 7producto7 for the first two months of the current year was #ah1ffh lbs4 dry rubber4 #ad4 ,the bill market 7los cambios7 was very firm to-day but there was little doing 7poco se hizo74 #ae4 ,dealers were reluctant 7se mostraron contrarios7 to do business in the securities4 #af4 ,rubber shares were lifeless 7muy desanimadas71 but prices were maintained 7se mantuvieron74 ,,lesson ,,xi4 7,leccion decima primera47 ,,possessive ,,adjectives ,,and ,,pronouns4 ,a ,possessive ,adjective accompanies a noun2 a ,possessive pronoun stands for a noun4 ,the ,possessive ,adjectives are-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mi 7m4 f41 sing47 my ,mis 7m4 f41 plu47 my ,tu 7m4 f41 sing47 thy ,tus 7m4 f41 plu47 thy ,su 7m4 f41 sing47 his1 her1 its1 one's1 their1 your1 7polite7 ,sus 7m4 f41 plu47 his1 her1 its1 one's1 their1 your1 7polite7 ,nuestro-a1 os-a our ,vuestro-a1 os-as your 7familiar7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,examples-- ,mi embarque3 ,my shipment4 ,nuestro arreglo3 ,our arrangement4 ,su sinceridad3 ,his1 her1 or their sincerity4 ,tu beneficio3 ,thy benefit4 ,sus fondos3 ,his funds1 capital4 ,de el1 de ella1 de ellos1 de ,v41 etc41 may be added for the sake of clearness1 but are not needed when the sense is clear without them4#hh ,in the #crd person 7but not in the #ast and #bnd7 instead of su 444 de el1 su 444 de ,v41 etc41 we may say el 444 de el1 el 444 de ,v41 etc4 ,footnote #hh3 ,de ,v4 is added also for politeness 7,v4 being a title in itself--your grace74 ,the ,possessive ,pronouns are-- ,el mio1 la mia1 los mios1 las mias 7mine74 ,el tuyo1 la tuya1 los tuyos1 las tuyas 7thine74 ,el suyo1 la suya1 los suyos1 las suyas 7his1 hers1 theirs1 yours1 polite74 ,el nuestro1 la nuestra1 los nuestros1 las nuestras 7ours74 ,el vuestro1 la vuestra1 los vuestros1 las vuestras 7yours familiar74 ,the ,possessive ,pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb to be 7,ser7 and ownership is asserted4 ,,examples-- ,su casa es mas importante que la mia3 ,his firm is more important than mine4 ,v4 ha acabado su trabajo1 pero yo no he principiado el mio3 ,you have finished your work1 but ,i have not started mine4 ,estos titulos y acciones son mios3 ,these bonds and shares are mine 7viz41 belong to me74#hi ,footnote #hi3 ,if the intention is only to distinguish between one object and another the article is maintained2 as1 ,estas son mis acciones1 aquellas son las de ,v4 7these are my shares1 those are yours74 ,possessive ,adjectives ,emphatic4 ,if any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives1 the forms of the possessive pronouns are used1 following the noun1 as-- ,quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo3 ,i want my portmanteau1 not your friend's4 ,a friend of mine1 a customer of yours will be translated un amigo de los mios1 un cliente de los suyos1 or also un amigo mio1 un cliente suyo1 without the preposition de4 ,the ,possessive ,pronoun preceded by the neuter article lo denotes property in general1 as-- ,lo mio 7mine--that which is mine74 ,lo nuestro 7ours--that which belongs to us74 ,lo suyo or lo propio 7one's own property74 ,lo ajeno 7other people's property 7that which belongs to others774 ,in addressing a person translate my1 etc41 by mio1 etc41 as-- ,amigo mio3 ,my friend4 ,muy ,senor mio 7usual introduction to a ,spanish letter74 ,but if the noun is qualified by an adjective1 both mi and mio are used 7mi is more general71 as ,mi querido amigo 7my dear friend74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imperfect ,tense 7#bnd ,form74#ij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hablar4 ,temer4 ,partir4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,que yo hablara ,temiera ,partiera ,partieras tu hablaras ,temieras ,partiera el hablara ,temiera ,partieramos nosotros hablaramos,temieramos ,partierais vosotros hablarais ,temierais ,partieran ellos-as hablaran ,temieran ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,footnote #ij3 ,used just the same as the #ast form2 but it may also be used instead of the ,conditional ,mood4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,future ,tense4#ia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo hablare 7that ,i ,temiere 7that ,i ,partiere 7that ,i shall speak1 etc47 shall fear1 etc47 shall depart1 etc47 tu hablares ,temieres ,partieres el hablare ,temiere ,partiere nosotros hablaremos,temieremos ,partieremos vosotros hablareis ,temiereis ,partiereis ellos-as hablaren ,temieren ,partieren ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #ia3 ,refers to a future doubtful action2 little used4 ,its place is generally supplied by the ,present ,subjunctive1 and1 after si 7if71 by the ,present ,indicative4 ,,vocabulary4 99atenerse a to adhere to 99adherir a to adhere to ajustar1 to adjust apresurarse a1 to hasten to4 asegurar1 to secure averia1 average 7damage by sea-water1 etc47 buque1 ship buque de vapor1 steamer buque de vela1 sailing vessel cabida1 room1 space codiciar1 to covet deber1 to owe1 must debido a1 owing to direccion1 address encaminar1 to forward hierro1 iron mensual1 monthly mercado de granos1 grain market muestra1 sample peticion1 request pormenores1 detalles1 particulars1 details por tanto1 por eso1 therefore proporcionado1 adecuado1 adequate puerto1 port relacion1 report representante1 representative resto1 restante1 remainder resultado1 result riesgo1 risk 7a or por7 saldo1 7in7 settlement satisfecho1 satisfied siguiente1 following someter1 to submit 7la7 sucursal1 branch house surtido1 assortment1 selection vigas1 beams ,,exercise #a 7#ba74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,su representante de ,v4 me ha sometido sus 7his7 muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido4 #b4 ,en seno 7herewith7 les enviamos nuestro precio corriente4 #c4 ,sirvase ,v4 consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la 7orden7 del ,sr4 ,fulano1 como lo hacia ,v4 antes4 #d4 ,su casa y la mia estan ambas 7both7 interesadas en esta especulacion4 #e4 ,les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las 7vigas7 de su sucursal de ,rosario con el buque siguiente4 #f4 ,nuestro buque de vela el ,neron saldra 7will leave7 en breve 7shortly74 #g4 ,queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno4 #h4 ,nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios4 #i4 ,debemos su nombre de ,v4 al ,sr4 ,fulano4 #aj4 ,nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes4 #aa4 ,a nuestro parecer 7in our opinion7 su clientela de ,v4 es mejor que la suya de el4 ,,exercise #b 7#bb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we beg 7tenemos el gusto de7 to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced 7que tuvimos7 in our market4 #b4 ,in our monthly report1 which we beg to enclose1 we have stated 7consignado7 the present position of our grain market4 #c4 ,please forward the enclosed letters to their address4 #d4 ,our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission4 #e4 ,the average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for ,l#ei #afs4 #i;d4 in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed4 #f4 ,trusting 7en la confianza que7 you will be satisfied with 7con or de7 this result1 we are1 yours faithfully 7somos de ,vs4 attos4 y ,s4,s4,q4,b4,s4,m4#ib74 #g4 ,we have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving 7que saldra de7 our port on the #ajth prox4 ,footnote #ib3 ,atentos y seguros servidores 7que besan sus manos74 ,the words in brackets are not used in ,south ,america and some ,spanish firms also omit them4 ,instead of q4b4s4m41 ,spaniards have lately adopted3 q4e4s4m4 7que estrechan sus manos74 ,,lesson ,,xii4 7,leccion decima segunda47 ,,demonstrative ,,adjectives ,,and ,,pronouns4 ,a demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun4 ,the ,demonstrative ,adjectives are-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,este1 esta 7this74 ,estos1 estas#ic 7these74 ,ese1 esa 7that74 ,esos1 esas#ic 7those--near to the person addressed74 ,aquel1 aquella 7that74,aquellos1 aquellas 7those--removed from both speaker and addressee74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,footnote #ic3 ,sometimes estotro1 estotra1 esotro1 esotra1 but these and other forms are obsolete4 ,the difference between ,ese and ,aquel is not strictly observed4 ,however1 in cases like this box1 that table1 that cupboard yonder1 use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker3 ,esta caja1 esa mesa1 aquel armario4 ,the ,demonstrative ,pronouns are the same as the above1 with the addition of-- ,neuter form ,esto1 eso1 aquello#id 7this1 that74 ,this has no plural and is used-- #a4 ,in reference to a whole sentence1 as-- ,el mercado del algodon esta muy abatido2 esto me desanima3 ,the cotton market is very flat2 this disconcerts me4 #b4 ,in reference to something pointed at1 without referring to what the thing is1#ie as-- 8,que es eso8 ,what is that8 7thing there1 whatever it may be47 ,este1 ese1 aquel1 etc41 are accented when a stress is placed on them2 ,este is also used for the latter and ,aquel for the former4#if ,instead of ese1 etc41 aquel1 etc41 before que and de1 the definite article is generally used1 as-- ,el aumento de precio de hoy y el#ig que tuvimos ayer3 ,the increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday4 ,la remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy3 ,the previous shipment and that we are sending to-day4 ,el flete del aceite y el de los vinos3 ,the freight on oil1 and that on wine4 ,mis documentos y los de mi jefe3 ,my documents and those of my chief 7employer74 ,lo que 7instead of aquello que7 escribo es la pura verdad3 ,that which 7what7 ,i write is the honest truth4 ,footnote #id3 ,eso and aquello are used practically indiscriminately4 ,footnote #ie3 ,french ceci1 cela4 ,footnote #if3 ,esto es--namely1 that is 444 ,footnote #ig3 ,it might appear to be an abbreviation of aquel1 but it is not so4 ,a preposition may precede que1 as-- 8,que libro es ese8 ,es el en que escribimos ayer3 ,what book is that8 ,it is that in which we wrote yesterday4 8,que carta quiere ,v48 ,la a que me referi ayer3 ,what letter do you want8 ,that to which ,i referred yesterday4 8,que plumas son estas8 ,son las con que yo escribia3 ,what pens are these8 ,they are those with which ,i wrote4 ,esta translates the commercial phrase1 our place1 our market4 ,esa translates the commercial phrase1 your place1 your market4 ,as-- ,el mercado en esta esta muy flojo3 ,the market here is very slack4 ,nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el #ae del mes entrante3 ,the shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the #aeth prox4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,present ,tense4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,haber4 ,tener4 ,ser4 ,estar4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,que yo haya 7that ,i,tenga 7that ,i ,sea 7that ,i ,este 7that ,i may have1 etc47 may have1 etc47 may be1 etc47 may be1 etc47 tu hayas ,tengas ,seas ,estes el haya ,tenga ,sea ,este nosotros ,tengamos ,seamos ,estemos hayamos vosotros ,tengais ,seais ,esteis hayais ellos hayan ,tengan ,sean ,esten ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabulary4 a ese respecto1 in that respect acusar1 to accuse1 to show al menos1 at least barca a motor motor-boat barca automovil motor-boat carriles1 rieles1 railes1 rails competidor1 contrincante1 competitor1 neighbour#ih condiciones1 terms contra1 against deprimir1 to depress descarga1 discharge1 the discharging desgracia1 misfortune dias de estadia1 lay days dificultad1 difficulty elevar1 to raise1 to enhance esta visto1 it is obvious evitar1 to avoid fletar1 to freight mar alborotada1 heavy sea mercado algodonero1 cotton market mina de carbon1 colliery 99ofrecer1 to offer oscilacion1 uncertainty1 wavering1 ups and downs perturbar1 to disturb sorprendente1 surprising suma redonda1 lump sum 99volcar1 to capsize1 to overturn ,footnote #ih3 ,neighbour1 person living near3 vecino4 ,,exercise #a 7#bc74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado1 podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos4 #b4 ,esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil 7the money market74 #c4 ,se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada4 #d4 ,los consolidados 7the consolidated7 han abierto a #hb y la ,renta ,italiana a #aja1 habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a #ha #a_/b y esta a #ajj4 #e4 ,el ,amortizable #e 7the #e ,redeemable7 subio hasta 7to7 #ajc4 #f4 ,la revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la ,bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros4 #g4 ,esto es muy natural1 aquello es sorprendente4 #h4 ,yo le digo esto3 lo hare4 #i4 ,eso me conviene4 ,,exercise #b 7#bd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to 7intentamos7 freight at 7por7 a lump sum1 with at least ten lay days for discharging4 #b4 ,this will avoid any 7toda7 difficulty in that respect4 #c4 ,a ,german motor-boat was making this week a trial run 7excursion de prueba7 in a 7con la7 heavy sea when she capsized 7y se volco74 #d4 ,the net profits of this year show 7muestran1 acusan7 an increase of ,l#a1jjj4 #e4 ,the working 7la explotacion7 of those collieries has resulted in a loss4 #f4 ,messrs4 ,brown ,co4 of your city 7de esa7 have sent their agent over 7aqui7 to make considerable purchases4 #g4 ,we hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances4 #h4 ,these terms are better than those of our competitors4 ,this is certain4 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 7,leccion decima tercera47 ,,relative ,,pronouns4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sing4 ,plu4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quien ,quienes 7who1 whom7 ,el cual ,los cuales 7who1 whom or which7 ,la cual ,las cuales ,que 7that7 ,cuyo ,cuyos 7whose1 or of which 7denoting ,cuya ,cuyas possession77 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,quien is used for persons only4 ,el cual and que are used for persons and things4 ,,examples-- ,el agente a quien 7or al cual7 hemos escrito3 ,the agent to whom we have written4 8,son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo ,v4 ayer8 ,are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday8 ,me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que ,v4 ha mencionado3 ,i remember the people and things that you mentioned4 ,el buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado3 ,the ship whose crew has landed4 ,el comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido3 ,the merchant whose son we have known4 ,que is used very often instead of quien and el cual4 ,que is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause 7preceding71 and ,quien or ,el cual only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding1 viz41 when it introduces a new idea1#ii as-- 8,ha visto ,v4 al viajante que nos visito esta manana8 ,have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning8 ,he conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente3 ,i knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man4 ,footnote #ii3 ,this is practically saying3 after a comma1 only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully4 ,after ser and a noun or pronoun1 translate who by quien1 as-- ,es el 7,carlos7 quien me lo ha dicho3 ,it is he 7,charles7 who told it to me4 ,after a preposition translate whom by quien 7pl41 quienes7#ajj1 and which by el cual 7la cual1 etc474 ,footnote #ajj3 ,que is found but rarely4 ,,exception-- ,after a1 con1 de1 en1 we can also translate which equally well by que1 or el que1 la que1 los que1 las que4#aja ,footnote #aja3 ,que or ,el que is found also after other prepositions but rarely4 ,which relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que 7naturally1 because a whole sentence has no gender74 ,instead of cuyo we may use de quien1 del cual1 de que1 del que1 as-- ,el buque1 la tripulacion del cual1 de que1 or del que ha desembarcado3 ,the ship whose crew has landed4 ,el comerciante al hijo de quien1 or del cual hemos conocido3 ,the merchant whose son we have known4 ,he who is translated by aquel que1 el que1#ajb also quien4 ,she who is translated by aquella que1 la#ajb que1 also quien4 ,those who is translated by aquellos que1 los#ajb que1 also quienes4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,lesson ,,xii4 ,relative ,pronouns cannot be left out1 understood1 in ,spanish1 as-- ,el hombre a quien1 or que vi3 ,the man ,i saw4 ,expressions as ,the man ,i spoke to must1 of course1 be rendered ,the man to whom ,i spoke 7,el hombre a quien hable74 ,expressions as ,i recommend you ,messrs4 ,so-and-,so than which no better firm exists1 are rendered ,le recomiendo a ,v4 la casa de los ,srs4 ,fulanos de ,tal que no la hay mejor 7or de la cual1 or de la que no hay otra mejor74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imperfect ,tense4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,haber4 ,tener4 ,ser4 ,estar4 ,que yo hubiese ,tuviese 7that ,i,fuese 7that ,i ,estuviese 7that ,i 7that ,i might1 might1 would1 might1 would1 might1 would1 would1 or should or should or should or should have1 etc47 have1 etc47 be1 etc47 be1 etc47 tu hubieses ,tuvieses ,fueses ,estuvieses el hubiese ,tuviese ,fuese ,estuviese nosotros ,tuviesemos ,fuesemos ,estuviesemos hubiesemos vosotros ,tuvieseis ,fueseis ,estuvieseis hubieseis ellos hubiesen ,tuviesen ,fuesen ,estuviesen ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabulary4 amargo1 bitter armador de buques1 shipowner arreglar1 to arrange el bien1 the good buque1 barco1 navio1 boat cauto1 cautious 99conocer1 to know through the senses1 to be acquainted with deuda1 debt doloroso1 painful endosar1 to endorse ensenar1 to teach1 to show esperar1 to expect1 to hope1 to wait estadisticas1 statistics falta1 want1 absence of flojo1 slack fundar1 to found gratitud1 gratitude 99hacer mencion1 to mention herida1 wound1 sting informar 7de71 to inform of1 to acquaint with llevar chasco1 to be disappointed1 to be baffled 99negar1 to deny periodico1 newspaper premio1 reward1 prize1 premium robar1 to rob1 to steal simpatico1 pleasant1 winsome1 taking 99tener empeno1 to be earnest1 anxious about anything ,,exercise #a 7#be74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,el hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito4 #b4 ,he aqui 7here is7 el libro que me enseno esta regla4 #c4 ,he escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra4 #d4 ,he comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas4 #e4 ,he arreglado con el negociante quien 7or el cual7 parece hombre muy simpatico4 #f4 ,el corredor1 quien 7or el cual7 tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion1 me vino a ver otra vez 7again7 esta manana4 #g4 ,el capital1 el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas1 es intangible 7cannot be touched74 #h4 ,el hombre a quien 7or al cual7 me refiero es armador de buques4 #i4 ,el negociante de quien 7or del cual7 le hablaba es integerrimo 7most upright74 #aj4 ,el asunto a que me referia 7or de que trataba74 #aa4 ,la pluma con que escribia y con la cual 7or con la que7 puede escribir ,v4 #ab4 ,la mina en que 7or en la cual7 fundaba sus esperanzas4 #ac4 ,el dinero sobre el cual contaba4 #ad4 ,los generos para los cuales se dio 7was given7 la orden4 #ae4 8,es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo 7or al hijo de quien7 ,v4 conoce8 ,,exercise #b 7#bf74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,he who robs you of 7roba7 money robs you of little1 but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more1 which is obvious4 #b4 ,those who deny this 7nieguen1 7subj477 have not experienced how 7cuan7 painful is the sting of ingratitude4 #c4 ,those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for 7por7 their reward1 then they will not be disappointed4 #d4 ,it is a truth than which no bitterer exists4 #e4 ,the steamer ,i have bought is a first-class boat4 #f4 ,the little 7pequena7 house ,i paid for4 #g4 ,the firm ,i made mention of enjoys good credit4 #h4 ,i wonder 7me pregunto yo7 if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer4 #i4 ,their market is very slack at present1 which accounts for 7explica7 the want of their remittances4 #aj4 ,i acquainted them with all the facts1 which made them very cautious4 #aa4 ,we are acquainted with ,mr4 ,mc,intyre 7conocemos al71 who is a ,scotchman4 #ab4 ,he is only an acquaintance 7un conocido or un conocimiento74 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 7,leccion decima cuarta47 ,,interrogative ,,pronouns ,,and ,,adjectives4 ,these are the same as the relative pronouns1 only they are written with an accent-- 8,quien1-es8 7who1 whom87 8,cual1-es8 7which87 8,que8 7what87 8,cuyo1-a1-os1-as8 7whose87 8,de quien1-es#ajc8 7whose87 8,cuanto1-a1-os1-as8 7how much1 how many87 ,footnote #ajc3 ,de quien is more usual than ,cuyo in interrogations4 ,cual when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun4 ,quien1 interrogative1 is never an adjective4 ,,examples-- 8,quien vino a verme8 ,who came to see me8 8,cual arreglo le gusta a ,v4 mas8 ,which arrangement do you prefer8 8,cuyo es este lapiz8 ,whose is this pencil8 or ,whose 8,cuyo lapiz es este8 pencil is this8 8,de quien es este lapiz8 8,de quien recibio ,v4 la consignacion de madera8 ,from whom did you receive the consignment of timber8 8,a quienes nos refieren ,vs4 para informes8 ,to whom do you refer us for information8 8,cuanto me cobrara ,v48 ,how much will you charge me8 ,cual 7which7 is often used instead of the ,english what1 as-- 8,cuales son sus intenciones8 ,what are your intentions8 ,que is used in exclamatory sentences--what a1 as-- i,que lastima6 ,what a pity6 i,que bonitos panos6 ,what nice suitings6#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,before an adjective without a noun following que translates the ,english how3--i,que bonito6 how nice6 ,an emphatic tan or mas may be inserted1 thus-- i,que pano tan bonito6 ,what a very nice suiting6 i,que hombre mas rico6 ,what a very rich man6 ,cual is used in exclamatory clauses instead of como 7how71 as-- i,cual le han reducido las desgracias6 ,how 7or to what a state7 misfortunes have reduced him6 i,cual la vi6 ,how 7or in what a state7 did ,i see her6 ,cuanto is also used in exclamations1 as-- i,cuanto le agradezco su amabilidad6 ,how much obliged ,i am for your kindness6 ,cual without article and without accent is used for as1 as-- ,una casa 7tal7 cual yo la deseaba3 ,a house 7such7 as ,i liked4 ,such expressions as ,he wrote me a letter1 which letter ,i still possess1 are translated ,me escribio una carta1 cuya carta aun tengo4 ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,imperfect ,tense 7#bnd form74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,haber4 ,tener4 ,ser4 ,estar4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,que yo hubiera ,tuviera ,fuera ,estuviera tu hubieras ,tuvieras ,fueras ,estuvieras el hubiera ,tuviera ,fuera ,estuviera nosotros hubieramos,tuvieramos ,fueramos ,estuvieramos vosotros hubierais ,tuvierais ,fuerais ,estuvierais ellos hubieran ,tuvieran ,fueran ,estuvieran ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,subjunctive ,mood1 ,future ,tense4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,que yo hubiere 7that ,tuviere 7that ,fuere 7that ,estuviere ,i shall have1 ,i shall have1 ,i shall be1 7that ,i shall etc47 etc47 etc47 be1 etc47 tu hubieres ,tuvieres ,fueres ,estuvieres el hubiere ,tuviere ,fuere ,estuviere nosotros hubieremos,tuvieremos ,fueremos ,estuvieremos vosotros hubiereis ,tuviereis ,fuereis ,estuviereis ellos hubieren ,tuvieren ,fueren ,estuvieren ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,imperative ,mood4 7,this mood is used to command or beg47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,hablar ,habla#aje7speak thou1 sing47 ,hablad 7speak you1 plu47 ,temer ,teme 7fear 7 ,temed 7fear 7 ,partir ,parte 7depart 7 ,partid 7depart 7 ,haber ,he#ajf 7have 7 ,habed 7have 7 ,tener ,ten 7 7 ,tened 7 7 ,ser ,se 7be 7 ,sed 7be 7 ,estar ,esta 7 7 ,estad 7 7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,footnote #aje3 ,the ,imperative ,mood has only a separate form for the #bnd pers4 sing4 and plu4 ,it has no #ast pers4 sing4 and the #ast pers4 pl4 and #crd pers4 sing4 and pl4 are taken from the ,pres4 ,subj4 ,the #bnd pers4 pl4 is derived from the ,infinitive ,mood by changing the final r into d--no exception4 ,the #bnd pers4 sing4 is the same as the #crd pers4 sing4 of the ,pres4 ,indicative1 with a few exceptions 7among which are ,haber1 ,tener1 ,ser74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,given as a form only1 as ,haber has no ,imperative ,mood in modern ,spanish1 except in ,heme1 hete1 hele1 aqui1 etc4 7here ,i am1 here thou art1 here he is1 etc471 and in some other rare cases4 ,n4,b4--,in ,spanish there is no imperative negative1 the ,pres4 ,subj4 negative being used instead1 as-- ,hablar4 ,no hables 7do not 7thou7 speak74 ,no hableis 7do not 7you7 speak74 ,,vocabulary4 99acordarse1 to remember me acuerdo1 ,i remember se acuerda1 he remembers cartera1 pocket-book1 portfolio contestar a1 responder a1 to answer 99decir1 to say 99devolver1 to return1 give back devuelto1 given back devuelvo1 ,i return1 give back digo1 ,i say dice1 he says dije1 ,i said dijo1 he said disgustado1 annoyed1 disgusted1 displeased flojedad1 slackness 99hacer escala1 to call at 7steamers7 mucho me gusta1 ,i am very glad negativa1 refusal notas 7billetes7 de banco1 bank notes 99oir1 to hear 99perder1 to lose perdiendo1 losing 99querer1 to want1 to be willing to have quiero1 ,i want1 ,i am willing to have quiere1 he wants1 he is willing to have responder1#ajg to answer 99seguir1 to continue sorpresa1 surprise ,footnote #ajg3 ,responder2 past part41 respuesto--otherwise regular4 ,,exercise #a 7#bg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 8,quien respeta las leyes8 #b4 8,cuales leyes8 #c4 ,las de este pais4 8,que dice ,v48 #d4 ,lo que ,v4 oye 7you hear74 #e4 ,estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales ,v4 deseaba4 #f4 ,mucho me gusta saberlo4 #g4 i,que hermosas telas6 iy baratas6 #h4 i,cuanto pide ,v4 por ellas8 #i 8,cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa ,compania8 ,tres4 #aj4 8,cuantos dijo ,v4 7did you say78 #aa4 ,tres o cuatro1 no me acuerdo exactamente4 #ab4 8,cuya cartera es esta8 #ac4 ,es la cartera de mi hermano1 cuya cartera1 como ,v4 habra sabido1 la perdio con ,l#ejj en notas de banco y le fue devuelta4 #ad4 8,de quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado8 #ae4 ,es mio4 #af4 8,que libro es este8 ,es el mio4 #ag4 ,ha seguido la flojedad en los valores1 perdiendo mucho el amortizable4 #ah4 ,hubo pocas 7few7 transacciones en general4 #ai4 i,cual lo hallamos6 #bj4 i,absolutamente desanimado6 i,que lastima6 ,,exercise #b 7#bh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,what reduction can you make8 #b4 ,twopence a yard4 #c4 ,which of the two will you have 7quiere ,v478 #d4 ,what orders did you give8 #e4 ,whose goods are these8 #f4 ,what a surprise6 #g4 ,how much money did you receive8 #h4 ,how many lots of white shirting have you placed8 #i4 ,did you answer all his letters8 #aj4 ,if we bought 7si comprasemos7 the 7colonial7 produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it 7seriamos responsables74 #aa4 ,the cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements 7corresponderan a sus necesidades74 #ab4 ,mr4 ,perez seems annoyed by your refusal4 #ac4 ,i am very sorry 7lo siento mucho or infinito7 but it is not my fault4 #ad4 ,i could not accept the rebate under 7en7 the circumstances4 #ae4 ,has the steamer called at ,malaga8 #af4 ,i believe she has 7que si74 ,,lesson ,,xv4 7,leccion decima quinta47 ,,indefinite ,,adjectives ,,and ,,pronouns4 7,those marked with an asterisk are ,pronouns only47 ,alguno1 99alguien 7pronounced alguien71 7some1 somebody1 anybody7 99,algo1 alguna cosa 7something1 anything7 99,uno-a1-os-as 7one1 a person1 some1 some persons7 ,uno a otro 7one another1 each other7 ,uno u otro 7one or the other1 either7 ,uno y otro1 ambos1 entrambos 7both7 ,ni uno ni otro 7neither the one nor the other7 ,ni uno 7not a single one7 ,los otros1 los demas 7the others7 ,mismo 7same1 self7 ,cierto-a1-os-as 7a certain1 certain7 ,cada 7each7 99,cada uno1 99cada cual 7each1 each one7 ,otro 7other1 another#ajh7 ,todo 7all1 everything1 every7 ,todos 7everybody1 all7 ,poco 7little7 ,pocos 7few7 ,unos pocos1 unos cuantos 7a few7 ,mucho-a1-os-as 7much1 many7 ,varios 7several7 ,cualquiera 7sing471 ,cualesquiera 7pl471 7any1 whichever7 99,quienquiera 7sing471 quienesquiera 7pl471 7any1 whoever1 whomever7 99,cualquiera cosa 7anything1 whatever7 ,propio-a1 os-as 7own1 self1 same7 ,tal 7sing471 tales 7pl4 such a1 such7 99,fulano1 zutano1 mengano 7,so-and-,so7 ,cuanto 7todo lo que71 7all that which7 ,cuantos 7todos los que71 7all those who7 ,ninguno 7no one1 nobody1 not any7 99,nada 7nothing71 99nadie 7no one1 nobody7 99,quien 444 quien1 99cual 444 cual 7some 444 some7 ,footnote #ajh3 ,another is otro1 not un otro4 ,cada is an adjective only1 as-- ,cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional3 ,each workmen's strike injures national industry4 ,alguien1 algo1 cada1 nada1 nadie are invariable1 and the verb accompanying them is always singular1 as-- ,alguien hizo un error de pluma3 ,somebody made a slip of the pen4 ,algo es mejor que el dinero1 el honor3 ,there is something better than money1 honour4 8,hay algo peor que la ingratitud8 ,is there anything worse than ingratitude8 ,nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible3 ,nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible4 ,further difference in meaning between alguien and alguno-- ,alguien refers to persons only1 and cannot be followed by de4 ,alguno to persons or things1 and may be followed by de1#aji as-- ,alguien or ,alguno se ha quejado3 ,somebody has complained4 ,quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos3 ,he wants oranges and peaches1 and ,i have some4 ,alguno de ellos lo hara3 ,someone amongst them will do it4 ,the ,english any1 anything1 are translated by alguno1 alguna cosa 7algo7 when interrogative2 ninguno1 ninguna cosa 7nada7 when negative2 and cualquiera1 cualquiera cosa when affirmative1 as-- 8,quiere ,v4 algun refresco o algo que comer8 ,do you want any refreshments#aaj or anything to eat8 ,no quiero ningunos ,holandillos3 ,i do not want any ,hollands4 ,cualquier7a7 muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas ,batistas ,victoria son mas ordinarias3 ,any schoolboy could see that these ,victoria ,lawns are of lower quality4 ,alguno and ,ninguno are left understood oftener than in ,english1 as-- 8,comprara ,v4 7algunos7 titulos de la nueva emision8 ,will you buy any stock of the new issue8 ,el no pide consejos3 ,he does not ask any advice4 ,when nadie and ninguno1 or any other negative word1 as the adverb nunca 7never71 etc41 precede a verb1 no other negative is required2 but when they follow it1 no 7not7 must precede the verb1 as3 ,no he visto a nadie or a nadie he visto3 ,i have seen nobody4 ,footnote #aji3 ,same difference between nadie and ninguno4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,in ,spanish the singular is found instead of the plural1 as3 8,tiene ,v4 algun libro que prestarme8 7have you any books to lend me874 ,verbs ending in car or gar change the c and g into qu and gu respectively before e1 as-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,embarcar#aaa ,cargar#aaa 7to embark1 to ship7 7to load7 ,past ,def4 ,embarque ,cargue ,pres4 ,subj4 ,embarque1-ques1 que1 ,cargue1-gues1-gue1 -quemos1-queis1-quen4-guemos1-gueis1-gue n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #aaa3 ,the primary parts 7except1 of course1 the ,infinitive7 will be omitted in future when they are regular4 ,the derivative parts will also be omitted when they are regularly formed from their primary parts according to the rules given4 ,see synopsis at the end of the book4 ,,vocabulary4 agricola1 agricultural amontonar1 to pile up apertura1 opening bajar1 to lower1 to go or come down bonito1 pretty comarca1 region1 district 7of a country7 detenidamente1 at length duplicar1 to double1 to duplicate exigua1 slight1 trifling fabricas de algodon1 cotton mills generos alimenticios1 food stuffs 99hacer caso1 to take notice hilador1 spinner impuesto1 tax 7la7 incertidumbre1 uncertainty industria1 industry legislatura1 parliamentary session ligero1 light 7adj471 slight1 small limitacion1 curtailment 7la7 luz1 light 7n47 99mantener1 to hold up1 to maintain mejora1 improvement ministerio1 ministry obligaciones1 debentures olvidar1 to forget para que1 so that patria1 country1 fatherland preferible1 preferable 99prevalecer1 reinar1 to prevail1 to rule subir1 to go or come up tejedor1 weaver timbre1 stamp tomar la delantera a1 to take the start on4 trigo1 wheat varios1 several vinicola1 wine 7adj47 ,,exercise #a 7#bi74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente4 #b4 ,algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio4 #c4 ,los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran 7will be introduced7 en esta misma legislatura1 y cada uno se discutira detenidamente4 #d4 ,se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala4 #e4 ,cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera4 #f4 ,cualquiera echa de ver 7can see7 eso4 #g4 ,cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca4 #h4 ,cada casa tiene su sistema propio4 #i4 ,yo no imito a ,fulano1 ,zutano y ,mengano1 soy cauto y evito los riesgos4 #aj4 ,negocio papel extranjero1 pero solo letras bancarias1 o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos1 nada mas4 ,,exercise #b 7#cj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase4 #b4 ,some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher ,american cable advices 7las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde ,america74 #c4 ,weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices4 #d4 ,each week shows an improvement4 #e4 ,we hear the same reports 7noticias7 from all quarters 7partes74 #f4 ,neither of these machines will suit 7conviene a7 our requirements4 #g4 ,we accept these bills but refuse the others4 #h4 ,anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme4 #i4 ,i did all ,i could 7podia7 so that nothing should be lost 7no se perdiera nada74 #aj4 ,some say the market will go up1 some say it will go down1 and such is the position that one does not know 7no sabe7 what to do4 #aa4 ,anything is preferable to this uncertainty4 #ab4 ,i have not seen anything so pretty before4 #ac4 ,mail advices 7los anuncios por la mala7 from ,america report an abnormal 7anormal7 curtailment of production in the ,united ,states ,cotton ,mills4 #ad4 ,they cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight 7exigua74 #ae4 ,foreign ,bourses4--,berlin4 ,a weak tone ruled at the opening4 ,during the later dealings 7operaciones posteriores7 a slight 7ligera7 improvement was noticeable 7se observo74 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 7,leccion decima sexta47 ,,the ,,verb4 ,the verb is a word by which we affirm something4 ,it is the essential word in a sentence3 without it 7expressed or understood7 no sentence can be construed4 ,verbs are divided into ,auxiliary1 ,transitive and ,intransitive4 ,the ,auxiliary verbs in ,spanish are3 ,haber1 ,tener1 ,ser1 ,estar4 ,haber is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses#aab but it presents the following peculiarities-- #a4 ,it is used as an impersonal verb 7as well as the verb hacer which is given here for the sake of completeness7 for expressions of time1 as-- ,dos anos ha 7or ha dos anos7 or hace dos anos la exportacion de los ,caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente3 ,two years ago the exportation of ,spanish wines and oils was very flourishing4 ,ha dos anos 7or hace dos anos7 que la casa ,guillermo ,fernandez y ,cia esta establecida en ,la ,coruna como ,comisionistas3 ,the firm1 ,g4,f4 ,co41 has been established in ,corunna as ,commission ,agents these last two years4 8,cuanto tiempo ha 7or hace7 que estudia ,v4 el castellano8 ,how long have you been studying ,spanish8 ,footnote #aab3 ,the ,past ,part4 following haber ,,is ,,always ,,invariable4 #b4 ,it is also used impersonally as there to be 7,french1 y avoir71 as-- ,hay mucha pimienta1 clavos1 y canela en el mercado de ,londres3 ,there are much pepper1 cloves1 and cinnamon in the ,london market4 ,si1 hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien3 ,yes1 there were many spices last year also4 ,cuando estaba en ,el ,cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin3 ,when ,i was in ,cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out4 7,n4,b4--,impersonal verbs are only used in the #crd pers4 singular47 ,in ,english we have there is and there are1 because there to be is not used impersonally1 the meaning being1 e4g41 a man is there2 two men are there4 ,in ,spanish1 however1 haber is used impersonally and both there is a man and there are two men are translated ,hay un hombre1 ,hay dos hombres4 ,it will be noticed that ,haber used for there to be makes ,hay instead of ,ha for the present indicative4 ,all its other tenses remain unchanged3 habia1 hubo1 habra1 habria1 etc4 ,hay que followed by an ,infinitive 7,french il faut71 it is necessary to 4441 as-- ,hay que tener mucho cuidado3 ,it is necessary to be very careful4 ,i1 you1 etc41 must be very careful4 ,tener is generally a principal 7viz41 not an auxiliary7 verb1 used to denote possession2 but it is used sometimes as an auxiliary instead of haber1 as-- ,tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista 7or boletin7 de precios3 ,i have received your illustrated catalogue with price list4 ,tenemos recibida#aac su apreciable carta de #bj del que rige 7or del corriente73 ,we have received your favour of the #bjth inst4 8,tiene ,v4 recibidas las cotizaciones8 ,have you received the quotations8 ,los presupuestos1 que tenemos recibidos del ,trapiche para nuestro ,ingenio de la ,habana3 ,the estimates which we have received for the ,sugar ,mill for our ,factory in ,havana4 ,in all the preceding examples tener used instead of haber introduces an additional idea of possession4 ,he recibido su carta might be followed1 in ,spanish1 by pero la he perdido 7but ,i have lost it74 ,tengo recibida su carta implies that the receiver holds it now4 ,footnote #aac3 ,the ,past ,part4 following tener agrees in gender and number with the direct object4 ,sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied1 as-- 8,que me dice ,v48 tengo leido ese proyecto de ,ley3 ,what are you talking about8 ,i have read that 7,parliamentary7 ,bill4 ,meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind4 ,colloquially the people will use tener for haber without any allusion to possession1 but this should be avoided4 ,,vocabulary4 anteayer1 the day before yesterday apresurar1 to hasten1 to urge 7a47 apresurarse1 to hasten 7n47 apresurarse con sus ordenes1 to rush one's orders arbol de eje1 axle shaft camara de comercio1 chamber of commerce cigueena1 arbol de cigueena1 cigueenal1 crank-shaft compania de ferrocarril1 railway company con manchas1 7designs7--spot con puntitas1 con bolitas1 7designs7 spot contestar1 to answer1 to reply cuadritos1 7designs7 checks cuenta simulada1 pro forma account culpa1 blame1 fault dano1 damage1 injury1 breakdown de buena tinta1 from a good source derecho1 right duda1 doubt equivocarse1 to be mistaken existencias1 stocks of goods expedidor1 sender fecha de1 dated listados1 7designs7 striped a listas1 a rayas1 7designs7 striped malcontento1 uneasiness1 discontent mundial1 world 7adj47 proximamente1 about1 approximately pues1 well redactar1 to write out repentinamente1 suddenly representacion exclusiva1 sole agency responsabilidad1 responsibility retardar1 to delay1 to be delayed 99romperse1 to break 7n47 roto1 broken todavia1 yet vivir1 to live1 to reside ya1 already ,,exercise #a 7#ca74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,en la ,asociacion de ,agricultores de ,espana 7,society of ,spanish ,agriculturists7 dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia 7lecture7 el ilustrado ,sr4 ,fulano4 #b4 8,como manana8 ya la ha dado esta manana4 #c4 ,no sabia que la habia dado ya4 #d4 ,pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es4 #e4 ,tenemos recibida su estimada1 fecha de anteayer4 #f4 ,mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas4 #g4 ,habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia4 #h4 ,la ,camara de ,comercio de ,londres voto1 despues de larga discusion1 una protesta contra el nuevo ,tratado de ,comercio con ,cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno4 #i4 ,el vapor ingles ,raleigh que sale para ,montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico4 #aj4 ,el aviador acaba de batir el record mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo 7covering7 ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media1 a saber 7namely7 proximamente #hj kilometros por hora4 #aa4 ,no se equivoca ,v4 en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas4 #ab4 ,el arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto4 ,,exercise #b 7#cb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,have you obtained the sole agency for 7de7 that firm8 #b4 ,not yet1 but ,i hope to get it4 #c4 ,how long have you been living in ,england8 #d4 ,two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders2 now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level 7nivel sin precedente74 #e4 ,he has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds 7fondos claros7 are not as ordered4 #f4 ,he also complains of the checks and stripes4 #g4 ,the spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works 7la fabrica74 #h4 ,the senders are trying to throw the blame on 7a7 the ,railway ,company1 but we have no right of claim 7derecho de reclamar7 against the latter 7esta72 it is they who 7son ellos quienes7 must indemnify us for the loss4 #i4 ,it is a well-founded 7bien establecida7 and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility--there is no doubt about 7de7 that4 #aj4 ,is it long since you received their last 7ultima7 letter8 #aa4 ,have they been long established8 7,hace mucho tiempo que44447 #ab4 ,they have been for #ae years4 #ac4 ,our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up 7mejorando74 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 7,leccion decima septima47 ,,ser ,,and ,,estar4 ,ser is used as a true auxiliary1 when it forms the passive voice4 ,estar is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses1 as ,estoy escribiendo 7,i am writing74 ,estaba escribiendo 7he was writing74 ,the difficulty in the employment of ser and estar is1 by some1 unduly magnified4 ,others give the following rule-- ,ser denotes a permanent state4 ,estar temporary ,this rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply1 as the following two examples will show-- ,el es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos3 ,he is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years4 ,aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve3 ,those mountains are perpetually covered with snow4 ,the following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between ser and estar and to apply them correctly4 ,ser is used-- #a4 ,to form the ,passive ,voice1 as-- ,el cartero trajo las cartas--,active3 ,the postman brought the letters4 ,la carta fue traida#aad por el cartero--,passive#aae3 ,the letter was brought by the postman4 ,footnote #aad3 ,the ,past ,part4 following ,ser and ,estar agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs4 ,footnote #aae3 ,este cuarto es barrido todos los dias 7this room is swept every day7 is passive voice1 because we speak of the action of sweeping1 viz41 somebody sweeps the room every day4 ,este cuarto esta barrido--no voice2 barrido is used as an adjective to denote state or condition4 #b4 ,to denote an inherent#aaf quality1 as-- ,la nieve es blanca3 ,snow is white4 ,el hombre es mortal3 ,man is mortal4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,inherence a fixed state of being in another body4 ,a quality may be inherent for the time being1 as3 ,juan se ha alistado por dos anos1 entonces es soldado3 ,john has enlisted for two years1 then he is a soldier4 ,estar is used to denote-- #a4 ,state in locality1 viz41 to be in a place1 as-- ,estoy aqui ,i am here4 ,londres esta en ,inglaterra3 ,london is in ,england4 #b4 ,a condition1 as-- ,estoy candado3 ,i am tired4 ,esta enfermo3 ,he is ill4 ,,supplementary ,,rules4 ,ser must be used-- #a4 ,before any noun 7even if an adjective or article intervenes71 as-- ,soy negociante3 ,i am a merchant4 ,es un corredor de cambios bien conocido3 ,he is a well-known exchange broker4 ,son buenos valores3 ,they are good securities4 #b4 ,when to be is used to denote possession1 as-- ,los trapiches son de estos fabricantes3 ,the sugar mills belong to these makers4 #c4 ,when to be us used impersonally1 as-- ,es necesario tomar medidas legales3 ,it is necessary to take legal proceedings4 #d4 ,before the words ,feliz1 ,infeliz1 ,pobre1 and ,rico4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,these are not1 strictly speaking1 inherent qualities1 but they are spoken of as such4 ,estar must1 of course1 be always used before ,present ,participles1#aah as-- ,esta activando sus esfuerzos3 ,he is making still further efforts4 ,estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones3 ,we are extending our connection4 ,footnote #aah3 ,a ,pres4 ,part4 can only express a condition1 not a quality4 ,verbs ending in cer1 cir1 ger and gir change the c into z and the g into j before a or o as-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,vencer 7to win7 ,dirigir 7to direct7 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,pres4 ,indic41 venzo dirijo ,pres4 ,subj41 venza dirija ---------------------------------------- ----- ,verbs ending in guir and quir change the gu into g and the qu into c before a or o1 as-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,distinguir ,delinquir#aai 7to distinguish7 7to commit a delinquency7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,distingo ,delinco ,pres4 ,subj41 ,distinga ,delinca ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,footnote #aai3 ,the only verb ending in quir4 ,,vocabulary4 acabar de1 to have just accesorio1 accessory activo y pasivo1 assets and liabilities antiguo1 old1 ancient averia1 particular1 particular average balance1 balance1 balance sheet bastar1 to suffice1 to be enough biela1 connecting rod caldera1 boiler cilindros1 cylinders citar1 to quote1 to mention a passage 99convenir1 to agree1 to suit cotizar1 to quote prices cuenta de ganancias y perdidas1 profit and loss account dejar1 to leave1 to let disposicion 7a su71 7at your7 disposal durar1 to last el engranaje1 the gearing entregar1 to deliver equipo1 equipment es decir1 o sea viz41 namely a saber viz41 namely franco de porte1 carriage paid grifo1 cock 7machinery7 hasta la fecha1 7made up7 to date huelga1 strike imprevisto1 unforseen a la izquierda1 to the left llegar a ser1 to become1 to contrive to be 99mantenerse1 to be maintained maquina1 machine1 engine mercerizar1 to mercerize para con1 towards transporte seguido1 carriage forward porte pagadero al destino1 carriage forward presentar1 to present proveer1 to provide provisto 7proveido71 provided semejante1 similar 99sentir1 to be sorry1 to feel sin embargo1 however soportes1 coginetes1 bearings tornillos1 screws transporte pagado1 carriage paid tubos1 tubes valvula1 valve el volante1 the fly-wheel y pico 7veinte y pico1 etc471 odd1 7twenty odd1 etc47 ,,exercise #a 7#cc74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,la marca 7the make7 de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas4 #b4 ,son fabricadas en ,inglaterra por los ,srs4 ,fulano y ,cia4 #c4 ,estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios3 cilindros1 volantes1 bielas1 soportes1 engranajes1 valvulas y tornillos4 #d4 8,no se fabrican tambien en ,francia maquinas semejantes8 #e4 ,si1 ,senor1 estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas4 #f4 ,es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial4 #g4 ,los ,srs4 ,fulano y ,cia4 han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo4 #h4 ,para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las #a1jjj maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para ,italia y la ,argentina4 #i4 ,soy feliz de saberlo4 #aj4 ,son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices4 #aa4 ,comprare diez fardos de ,estampados ,mercerizados si me los deja ,v4 a #e-c_/af d4 por yarda4 #ab4 ,esta bien2 iesta convenido6 ,,exercise #b 7#cd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we have just received your ,price ,list1 but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear4 #b4 ,the cylinders and boilers are now ready4 #c4 ,every engine is sent out with its complete equipment1 viz41 tubes1 valves1 cocks1 etc4 #d4 ,the ,directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before 7para presentar a7 the company at the next ordinary general meeting4 #e4 ,it will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date4 #f4 ,there will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company4 #g4 ,it is your action which has done us more harm 7dano7 than anything else 7cualquier otra cosa#abj74 #h4 ,it is we 7somos nosotros7 who are tired of our agreement 7convenio74 #i4 ,the goods are at your disposal4 #aj4 ,we think the shares will be inactive 7flojas74 #aa4 ,the demand for steel1 iron and copper was very steady 7firme7 but it is probable that it will not last4 #ab4 ,are you rich8 ,no1 ,i am poor but ,i am happy4 #ac4 ,our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances4 #ad4 ,the four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid1 but the boilers and 7y sus7 accessories you will receive 7los recibiran7 carriage forward4 #ae4 ,the whole 7todo7 will be insured with particular average4 ,footnote #abj3 ,or3 que nada mas4 ,,lesson ,,xviii4 7,leccion decima octava47 ,,transitive ,,verbs4 ,a verb is ,transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object4 ,transitive ,verbs are divided into-- #a4 ,active 7when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action71 as-- ,renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios3 ,we renew our offers of services4 #b4 ,passive 7when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action1 viz41 when it suffers the action instead of doing it71 as-- ,los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito3 ,his offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter4 ,the ,passive voice in ,spanish is formed with the verb ser as above1 or by using the active voice with the pronoun se1 as-- ,se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios3 ,his offers1 etc4 ,active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing1 as-- ,nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses3 ,we flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests4 ,reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal1 as-- ,nos comprendemos3 ,we understand each other4 ,nos escribimos muy frecuentemente3 ,we write to each other very frequently4 ,uno a otro and los unos a los otros may be added for greater clearness1 as-- ,procuramos convencernos 7a nosotros mismos74 ,we try to convince ourselves 7each other74 ,procuramos convencernos 7el uno al otro74 ,we try to convince ourselves 7each other74 ,the direct object of a transitive verb1#aba if a proper name of a person or place1 must be preceded by a1 as-- ,vimos al ,senor ,guillermo3 ,we saw ,mr4 ,william4 ,visitamos a ,francia#abb3 ,we visited ,france4 ,footnote #aba3 ,with the exception of ,tener4 ,footnote #abb3 ,but not geographical names preceded by the article1 as3 ,avistamos ,la ,habana 7we sighted ,havana74 ,a is also generally used before any noun indicating a person1#abc as-- ,empleamos a este corresponsal3 ,we employ this correspondent4 ,footnote #abc3 ,this part of the rule is not very strict1 as we find it sometimes omitted before persons1 and at others used before names of things1 as3 ,el hecho precedio a la palabra 7the action preceded the word74 ,but a should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion1 or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time1 as-- ,enviamos nuestro dependiente3 ,we send our clerk4 ,recomendamos el ,sr4 ,perez a nuestro fabricante3 ,we recommend ,mr4 ,perez to our manufacturer4 ,a is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual1 but to any individual of a certain class1 as-- ,busco criado3 ,i am looking for a servant4 ,juan no quiere socios en su empresa3 ,john does not want any partners in his undertaking4 ,verbs whose root ends in ll or n take e and o instead of ie and io1 as-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,bullir 7to boil74 ,grunir 7to growl1 grumble74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pres4 ,part41 ,bullendo ,grunendo ,past ,def4 ,bullo1 bulleron,gruno1 gruneron#abd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,footnote #abd3 ,the ,imperf4 and ,fut4 ,subj4 follow the ,past ,def4 ,verbs in whose conjugations i should come unstressed between two vowels change the unstressed i into y1 as-- ---------------------------------- ,creer 7to believe74 ---------------------------------- ,pres4 ,part41 ,creyendo4 ,past ,def41 ,creyo 444 creyeron4 ---------------------------------- ,but the ,imperf4 ,indic43 creia1 creias1 creia1 creiamos1 creiais1 creian4 ,verbs ending in zar change the z into c before e 7because1 with very few exceptions1 z is not used in modern ,spanish before e or i71 as-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gozar 7to enjoy74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,goce1 goces1 goce1 gocemos1 goceis1 gocen4 ,past4 ,def41 ,goce 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,vocabulary4 abedul1 birch abeto1 fir adjunto1 herewith agradable1 agreeable1 pleasant arpillera1 bagging asegurar1 to insure atribuir1 to attribute el billar1 billiards bola1 ball calzado1 footwear camas1 armazones de cama1 bedsteads carne seca1 jerked beef chalecos1 vests consignacion1 consignment correas1 belts1 belting 7machinery7 corresponsal1 correspondent egoista1 selfish encaminar1 to forward entrar en el dique1 to dock 7ships7 fresno1 ash garbanzos1 ,spanish or chick peas a grande velocidad1 by passenger train guisantes1 green peas habas1 broad beans haya1 beech hortalizas1 green vegetables instruir1 to instruct judias1 ,french beans laton1 brass la leche1 the milk loza1 crockery a pequena velocidad1 by slow train pino1 pine plomo1 lead porcelana1 china productos quimicos1 chemicals roble1 encina1 oak rotura1 breakage semestre1 half-year suprimir1 to suppress1 to leave out tacos1 billiard-cues el viaje1 the journey zinc1 zinc ,,exercise #a 7#ce74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible4 #b4 ,comunica el capitan del vapor ,rios que el jueves1 al medio dia1 se hallaba a seiscientas millas de ,veracruz1 sin novedad 7all well74 #c4 ,hoy publica la ,gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos 7statistical tables7 formados por la ,direccion general 7,board7 del ,instituto ,geografico y ,estadistico1 que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado1 y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento 7we can see7 de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola4 #d4 ,desde el dia #a deg4 de ,enero proximo satisfara 7will pay7 el calzado extranjero #aj mas de derecho de importacion4 #e4 ,una comision de ,agricultores de ,valencia visito ayer tarde 7yesterday evening7 al ,presidente del ,consejo 7the ,premier7 para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley4 #f4 ,tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro4 #g4 ,bulleron#abe la leche y la esterilizaron4 #h4 ,gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas4 #i4 ,ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos 7we said to them7 y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas4 #aj4 ,el ,sr4 ,moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a ,santo ,domingo y la ,habana4 #aa4 ,he visto los ,alpes y el ,pirineo pero no el ,himalaya4 #ab4 ,he visitado a ,espana4 ,footnote #abe3 ,to boil is generally hervir4 ,bullir is given as an example of the conjugation4 ,,exercise #b 7#cf74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,kindly see ,mr4 ,marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber1 consisting of ash1 beech1 birch1 fir1 pine and oak4 #b4 ,we shall instruct our correspondent at ,bilbao to forward to ,vitoria the brass1 lead1 tin 7estano71 and zinc he holds 7tiene7 at our disposal4 #c4 ,by the boat 7steamer7 leaving 7que sale7 this week1 we shall ship to your consignment the bagging1 belting1 and bedsteads4 #d4 ,the ,maria docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans1 ,french beans1 green peas1 and ,spanish or chick peas4 #e4 ,she also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues 7lenguas en latas74 #f4 ,i have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables1 balls and cues4 #g4 ,the candles and chemicals have been despatched last week4 #h4 ,we flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters4 #i4 ,we have insured the china and crockery free of particular average 7franco de71 but we insured them against breakage at a 7al7 premium of #d4 #aj4 ,herewith please find claim 7reclamo7 for loss through 7por7 damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches4 #aa4 ,please send by slow train the coats1 vests1 and trousers and1 by passenger train1 the remainder of the articles4 ,,lesson ,,xix4 7,leccion decima nona47 ,,intransitive ,,verbs4 ,intransitive verbs express a state1 as to live1 to sleep1 or an action that does not go beyond the doer1 as to go1 to walk4 ,the ,spanish language abounds in ,intransitive ,pronominal verbs1 i4e41 verbs conjugated1 same as the reflexive verbs1 with a double pronoun of the same person all through1 as-- ,quejarse 7to complain74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,yo me quejo1 tu te quejas1 el se queja1 nosotros nos quejamos1 vosotros os quejais1 ellos se quejan4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,yo me quejare1 tu te quejaras1 el se quejara1 etc4 ,these1 of course1 must not be confused with the ,reflexive verbs4 ,in the reflexive verb1 we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself1 as-- ,yo me amo3 ,i love myself4 ,whilst in a neuter pronominal the action does not go beyond the doer4 ,intransitive ,pronominal ,verbs are of three kinds-- #a4 ,those which are always pronominal1 as-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,quejarse 7to complain7 ,jactarse 7to boast7 ,avergonzarse 7to be ashamed7,maravillarse#abf 7to wonder7 ,alegrarse#abf 7to rejoice7 ,proponerse#abf 7to intend1 to ,arrepentirse 7to repent7 purpose7 ,hacerse#abf1 volverse#abf ,desanimarse#abf 7to feel 7to become7 discouraged7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,footnote #abf3 ,some of these verbs may be also ,transitive verbs with a modified meaning1 as3 ,alegrar 7to gladden71 ,maravillar 7to surprise71 ,proponer 7to propose74 ,here the pronominal form marks the difference between ,transitive and ,intransitive4 #b4 ,a few which1 when used pronominally1 have their meaning intensified or more or less modified1 as-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ir 7to go7 ,irse 7to go away7 ,reir 7to laugh7 ,reirse 7to laugh at suggesting scorn7 ,entender 7to understand7,entenderse de panos 7to be a judge of cloths7 ,dormir 7to sleep7 ,dormirse 7to fall asleep7 ,correr 7to run7 ,correrse 7to make a slip of the tongue74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #c4 ,many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning1 as-- ,estar1 estarse 7to be7 ,quedar1 quedarse 7to remain7 ,casar 7con71 casarse 7con71 7to marry7 ,pensar1 pensarse 7to think7 ,yo pienso1 or me pienso que si 7,i think so7 ,me escapo de la memoria or 7it escaped my memory74 ,se me escapo de la memoria 7it escaped my memory74 ,in the case of this third kind1 students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form1 but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books1 because1 although the meaning is practically the same in all cases1 still there are finesses of shade which practice alone can teach4 ,irregular ,verbs4 ,we shall give only those ,primary ,tenses which are irregular and the ,derivative ,tenses when they are not formed regularly from the ,primary ,tenses from which they are derived#abg-- ,footnote #abg3 ,for ,primary and ,derivative ,tenses see ,synopsis at the end4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pensar 7to think74#abh ,pres4 ,indic41,pienso-as-a1 pensamos1 pensais1 piensan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,piense-es-e1 pensemos1 penseis1 piensen4 ,imperative1 ,piensa1 pensad 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,acordar 7to agree74#abh ,pres4 ,indic41,acuerdo-as-a1 acordamos1 acordais1 acuerdan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,acuerde-es-e1 acordemos1 acordeis1 acuerden4 ,imperative1 ,acuerda1 acordad 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,footnote #abh3 ,and its group2 see ,appendix ,,vi4 ,,vocabulary4 agitarse1 to agitate 7n47 algo1 something1 anything 7interrog47 amenaza1 threat anticipacion1 anticipation anticipar1 to anticipate anticipo1 advance arduo1 arduous1 difficult baja1 decline bajo cubierta1 underdeck botones1 buttons callar1 to be silent1 to abstain from saying camaradas1 comrades cepillo1 brush cinta1 ribbon cortarse1 to cut oneself1 to stop short damascos1 damasks definitivo1 definite descuidar1 to neglect ejecutar1 to execute encaje de cortinas1 curtain lace espantarse1 to be frightened estiva1 stowage 99imponer1 to impose impuesto1 imposed lienzo adamascado1 diaper pasas1 raisins patronos1 masters1 employers of workmen prisa1 haste1 hurry 99producir1 to produce produje1 ,i produced produjeron1 they produced razon 7a razon de71 at the rate of reglamento1 regulations sobre cubierta1 on deck sobre estadias1 demurrage sobrecargarse1 to overload oneself tonelada1 ton 99traer1 to bring1 to carry traje1 ,i brought1 ,i carried tranquilo1 quiet uvas1 grapes vista 7a la71 at sight ,,exercise #a 7#cg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los ,patronos4 #b4 ,no se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en ,francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas4 #c4 ,este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo4 #d4 ,voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire4 #e4 8,porque rie ,v48 #f4 ,se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas1 pero yo se bien lo que me hago 7what ,i do7 y ,v4 no sabe lo que se dice4 #g4 ,este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos4 #h4 ,nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo4 #i4 ,quedese ,v4 aqui1 estese tranquilo y no piense a nada1 su primo se acuerda con ,v41 me pienso verle esta tarde1 y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo4 #aj4 ,no deseo que piense ,v4 que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad 7as soon as possible74 #aa4 ,con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar4 #ab4 ,despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar4 ,,exercise #b 7#ch74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,you have anticipated my wishes4 #b4 ,a further 7nueva7 decline in prices is anticipated 7se preve74 #c4 ,we overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation 7en la esperanza7 of large orders4 #d4 ,to pay in anticipation4 #e4 ,thanking you in anticipation 7anticipando las gracias1 or agradeciendoles de antemano7 we remain4 #f4 ,the news from the ,east 7,levante7 produced a bad effect on the market4 #g4 ,to this effect 7con este fin7 ,i wrote him to draw 7que girase7 at sight4 #h4 ,our efforts have all been to no effect 7en balde74 #i4 ,his plans have been carried into effect 7llevados a cabo74 #aj4 ,the sailing vessel 7velero7 carried #hjj tons of grapes and raisins1 #fjj under and #bjj on deck4 #aa4 ,she used #e lay days in loading 7la carga71 having therefore #c days left 7quedandole71 so that 7asi que7 we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage4 #ab4 ,the captain paid for stowage at the rate of #as4 per ton4 #ac4 ,the advance on account 7a cuenta7 of freight is ,l#abj4 #ad4 ,i wonder if everything will be in order8 78,estara todo en orden87 #ae4 ,i send you several patterns of curtain-lace1 damasks1 diapers1 ribbons1 buttons1 and brushes4 ,,lesson ,,xx4 7,leccion vigesima47 ,,impersonal ,,verbs4 ,impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the #crd pers4 sing1 of all the tenses4#abi ,footnote #abi3 ,they are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject4 ,the principal ,impersonal ,verbs are-- ,llover-llueve 7to rain1 it rains7 ,granizar 7to hail7 ,helar-hiela 7to freeze1 it freezes7 ,lloviznar 7to drizzle7 ,nevar-nieva 7to snow1 it snows7 ,relampaguear 7to lighten7 ,tronar-truena 7to thunder1 it thunders7 ,alborear 7to dawn7 ,amanecer 7to dawn7 ,anochecer 7to grow dark7 ,the subject 7generally understood7 of ,impersonal verbs is ello4 ,sometimes we find the words ,dios or el dia expressed as subjects1 as-- ,amanecera ,dios y veremos3 ,let us wait for the morning and then we shall see4 ,amanecio el dia3 ,the day dawned4 ,amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs1 as-- ,amanecimos en ,madrid y anochecimos en ,guadalajara3 ,we were in ,madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in ,guadalajara4 ,tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo3 ,you passed the night well1 but you had a bad morning4 ,many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally1 as-- ,bastar 7to suffice74 ,convenir 7to suit74 ,parecer 7to appear74 ,faltar#acj 7to be wanting74 ,hacer falta 7to be wanted74 ,suceder#aca 7to happen74 ,footnote #acj3 ,as a personal verb1 it means also to fail4 ,footnote #aca3 ,as a personal verb1 it means also to succeed4 ,,examples-- ,basta ganar la vida3 ,it is enough to earn a living4 ,no conviene explotar esta mina3 ,it does not pay to exploit this mine4 ,no parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo3 ,it does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way4 ,falta hacer algunos arreglos3 ,some arrangements are still wanting4 ,sucedio que se declaro en quiebra3 ,it happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy4 ,in the sentences3 ,me bastan diez libras3 ,l#aj are enough for me4 ,me parecen justas sus razones3 ,his reasons seem to me to be right4 ,le sucedieron muchas desgracias3 ,many misfortunes happened to him4 the verb is personal1 and this accounts for its being in the plural4 ,in me bastan diez libras1 diez libras is the subject4 ,the verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement1 as-- 7,ello7 es necesario3 ,it is necessary4 ,of ,haber and ,hacer as impersonal verbs1 we have treated in ,lesson ,,viii and ,lesson ,,xvi4 ,we add here that ,hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature1 as-- ,hace calor1 frio1 lluvia1 viento1 sol1 etc43 ,it is warm1 cold1 rainy1 windy1 sunny1 etc4 ,valer used impersonally to be better1 as-- ,mas vale asi3 ,it is better so4 ,expressions like 8,que se dira8 or 8que diran8 7,what will people say87 may also be called impersonal uses of the verb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,irregular ,verbs 7contd474 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,andar 7to walk1 to go74 ,past ,def41 ,anduve1-iste1-uvo1-uvimos-uvisteis-uvie ron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,dar 7to give74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,doy1#acb das1 da1 damos1 dais1 dan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,de1 des1 de1 demos1 deis1 den4 ,past ,def41 ,di1 diste1 dio1 dimos1 disteis1 dieron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #acb3 ,only #f verbs in ,spanish do not end in o in the #ast pers4 sing41 pres4 indic41 viz41 ,doy 7,i give71 ,soy 7,i am71 ,estoy 7,i am71 ,voy 7,i see71 ,he 7,i have71 ,se 7,i know74 ,,vocabulary4 algo1 somewhat asunto1 matter calor1 heat carranclanes1 guingas1 ginghams cerrar el trato1 to conclude the bargain cheques1 cheques circular1 to circulate1 to go round cobrar1 to collect 7money7 comprometer1 to compromise costa1 coast cuesta1 slope cuidar1 to take care cuidarse1 to take care of oneself decididamente1 decidedly decidir1 to decide despues1 afterwards drogas1 drysalteries durante1 during faltar1 hacer falta1 to be wanting1 to be wanted el fin1 the end fustanes1 fustians gasa1 gauze gastos1 expenditure ingresos netos1 net revenue jamon1 ham letras1 bills of exchange maiz1 maize malbaratar1 to undersell mantas con franjas1 fringed blankets merceria1 haberdashery paseo1 promenade1 walk1 stroll puerto1 port1 harbour recursos1 means 99reducir1 to reduce reduje1 etc41 ,i reduced1 etc4 reduzco1 reduces1 etc41 ,i reduce1 etc4 99seguir1 to follow1 to continue sigo1 sigues1 etc41 ,i follow1 etc4 el temporal1 the storm 99valer mas1 to be preferable vencer1 to fall due vidriado1 glassware ,,exercise #a 7#ci74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio4 #b4 ,hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo or soplo 7blew7 viento fuerte4 #c4 ,anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado1 pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo 7continued to be7 agradable4 #d4 ,ayer llovio1 granizo1 nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia 7the livelong day74 #e4 ,me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones4 #f4 ,me hace falta dinero pues es menester 7it is necessary7 proporcionarme 7to get7 el importe que me falta para completar las ,l#a1jjj que vencen el #ae del corriente4 #g4 ,mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos4 #h4 ,ande ,v4 con cuidado 7be careful7 no sea 7lest7 que vaya ,v4 a comprometer su credito4 #i4 ,reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor ,juan con el arbol de la helice 7shaft of the screw7 roto1 por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a 7to be towed into7 este puerto4 #aj4 ,el ,juan navegaba con rumbo a 7was bound for7 ,cadiz4 #aa4 ,los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos1 el abaratamiento 7cheapening7 de la mano de obra 7labour7 y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos 7we enjoy7 merced a 7thanks to7 nuestros cuantiosos 7abundant7 recursos1 nos permiten1 ahora mas que nunca1 realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible 7which preclude 44474 #ab4 ,hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes1 mantas con franjas1 gasas1 y carranclanes4 ,,exercise #b 7#dj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,san ,paulo 7,brazilian7 ,railway4--,the net revenue for the half-year from the main line 7linea principal7 amounted to ,l#fjg1big as against 7contra7 ,l#gdc1jgg in #aiji4 #b4 ,the expenditure in ,england and the ,interest on ,stores 7sobre los depositos7 reduce the amount to ,l#eid1gad4 #c4 ,the ,stock ,exchange 7la ,bolsa7 will be closed from this evening 7esta tarde7 until next ,monday morning4 #d4 ,the turnover 7giro7 of the day's transactions has been small4 #e4 ,sentiment turned somewhat bearish 7hubo disposicion a la baja7 during the forenoon 7la manana71 but became 7se volvio7 decidedly bullish 7a la alza7 towards the end of the day4 #f4 ,the following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house 7por el banco de liquidacion7 during the week ended ,april #abth 7que acabo el #ab de abril74 #g4 ,we must not attach 7atribuir7 too much importance to the rumours 7los rumores1 las especies7 which are circulating in the market4 #h4 ,you should take care that the bales are properly 7bien7 packed4 #i4 ,i was ignorant of the fact that 7no sabia que7 he had been declared a bankrupt4 #aj4 ,i shall do all that depends on me 7de mi dependa7 to collect the money in full 7por entero74 #aa4 ,as far as we are concerned 7en cuanto a nosotros71 we have decided not to take 7dar7 any steps in the matter4 #ab4 ,we do not wish to throw good money after bad 7echar la soga tras el caldero74#acc #ac4 ,we shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery4 #ad4 ,ham is a drug in the market 7no tiene salida74 #ae4 ,a good business is done at present in drysalteries4 #af4 ,a good crop of maize is announced from ,cape ,town 7desde el ,cabo74 ,footnote #acc3 ,lit43 to throw the rope after the pail4 ,,lesson ,,xxi4 7,leccion vigesima primera47 ,,defective ,,and ,,pronominal ,,verbs4 ,defective ,verbs are those only certain parts of which are in use1 the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it4 ,the principal ones are-- ,soler4 ,to be wont1 to be accustomed to4 ,used in the pres4 indic41 ,suelo1 sueles1 suele1 solemos1 soleis1 suelen2 in the imperf4 indic41 ,solia1 solias1 etc42 and in the pres4 perf41 ,he solido1 has solido1 etc41 as-- ,en su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco3 ,when he was young he used to work with fervour1 now he begins to flag a little4 ,yacer4 ,to lie2 generally on tombstones1 as3 ,aqui yace3 ,here lies4 7,in poetry1 but seldom in prose1 it is found conjugated throughout47 ,salve and ,vale used in the ,imperative for ,hail6 and ,farewell6 ,placer 7to please74 ,generally used in ,plegue a ,dios 7may it please ,god7 and ,pluguiera 7pluguiese7 a ,dios 7might it please ,god74 ,it is still used also in the #crd pers4 of ,pres4 ,indic41 ,imperf4 ,indic1 and ,past ,def4 7the ,past ,def4 is ,plugo74 ,,examples-- ,mucho me place3 ,it pleases me much4 ,plegue a ,dios que no se declare la huelga3 ,may it please ,god that a strike is not declared4 ,abolir 7to abolish7 is irregular like mover 7viz41 changes o into ue when stressed74 ,its irregular parts are however never used1 and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence1 as-- ,digo que se debe abolir instead of se abuela3 ,i say that it must be abolished4 ,ataner 7to bear upon7 is only used in the #crd pers41 as-- ,lo que atane al asunto3 ,what bears on the subject4 ,las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto3 ,the news that bears on our scheme4 ,concerner 7to concern7 is only used in the pres4 participle--concerniendo 7concerning7 and in the #crd persons1 as3 concierne 7it concerns71 etc4 ,pronominal ,verbs are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person1 as-- ,amarse--,yo me amo1 tu te amas1 el se ama1 nosotros nos amamos1 vosotros os amais1 ellos se aman4 ,these are-- #a4 ,reflexive ,verbs 7when the action falls back on the subject4 ,see ,lesson ,,xviii71 as--,yo me amo3 ,i love myself4 ,n4,b4--,the second pronoun must be direct object4 ,if the second pronoun is indirect object1 the verb is called ,transitive ,pronominal1 as-- ,procurarse una clientela3 ,to get a clientele 7a connection74 #b4 ,intransitive ,pronominal ,verbs 7see ,lesson ,,xix74 #c4 ,intransitive ,verbs made ,pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive 7see ,lesson ,,xix71 as-- ,hacerse1 ,volverse3 ,to become4 ,la competencia se ha hecho imposible3 ,competition has become impossible4 #d4 ,the #crd pers4 pronominal forms the ,passive ,voice1 same as the verb ser1 as-- ,la sabiduria se alaba or es alabada3 ,wisdom is praised4 ,n4,b4--,if the doer is expressed after using ser it may be preceded by de or por1 as-- ,la sabiduria es alabada de or por todos#acd3 ,wisdom is praised by all4 ,footnote #acd3 ,when the verb does not mean a physical action de is preferable4 ,if it is expressed after using se1 ,por must be used1 as-- ,la sabiduria se alaba por todos3 ,wisdom is praised by all4 7,grammar of the ,academy47 ,pronominal ,verbs are used in ,spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body1 or articles of dress1#ace as-- ,me he quebrado la pierna3 ,i broke my leg4 ,se ha danado los ojos1 or la vista3 ,he has damaged his eyes or eyesight4 ,footnote #ace3 ,the article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress1 whenever this can be done without producing ambiguity1 as-- ,me dio la mano3 ,he gave me his hand4 ,tiene los ojos azules3 ,his eyes are blue4 ,le cogi el brazo3 ,i caught his arm4 ,me duele la cabeza3 ,my head aches4 ,me lastiman las botas3 ,my boots hurt me4 ,irregular ,verbs 7contd474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,entender#acf 7to understand74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,entiendo-es-e1 entendemos1 entendeis1 entienden4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,entienda-as-a1 entendamos1 entendais1 entiendan4 ,imper4 ,mood1 ,entiende1 entended 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #acf3 ,and its group 7see ,appendix ,,iv7 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,mover#acg 7to move74 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 ,muevo-es-e1 movemos1 moveis1 mueven4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,mueva-as-a1 movamos1 movais1 muevan4 ,imper4 ,mood1 ,mueve1 moved 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,footnote #acg3 ,and its group 7see ,appendix ,,iv7 ,,vocabulary4 acusar recibo1 to acknowledge receipt ascensor1 lift1 hoist bien estar1 well being coleccion1 collection1 set of samples confiar a1 to entrust confiar en1 to trust in corresponder a las necesidades1 to meet the requirements corriente1 el que rige1 inst4 cucharas1 spoons cuchillo1 knife cueros1 hides 99deshacerse1 to get rid of deshecho1 got rid of distrito1 district empacar1 to pack empaque1 etc41 ,i packed1 etc4 99establecerse1 to establish oneself me establezco1 etc41 ,i establish myself1 etc4 fantasias1 fancies herramientas1 tools manga1 sleeve 99manifestar1 to inform1 to say by letter manifiesto1 etc41 ,i inform1 etc4 moeres1 mohair nanquines1 nankeens pieles1 skins planchas de hierro1 sheet iron principio1 beginning telas para trajes 7de ,senora71 dress goods tenedores1 forks 99torcer1 to twist tuerzo1 etc41 ,i twist1 etc4 vale1 farewell1 adieu viajante1 traveller 7commercial7 viajar1 to travel vivamente1 earnestly1 vividly ,,exercise #a 7#da74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a ,vs4 la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto 7short7 de fondos nos hemos visto precisados 7we have been obliged7 a girar a su cargo 7on you7 por el saldo de nuestra factura de ,planchas de ,hierro y ,herramientas4 #b4 i,plegue a ,dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento 7may be fully realised76 #c4 8,quiere ,v4 encargarse 7take charge7 de ese asunto8 #d4 ,mucho me place 7with much pleasure74 #e4 ,se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley4 #f4 ,tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida 7not se abuela74 #g4 ,todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente4 #h4 ,la honradez 7honesty7 es alabada de 7or por7 todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha 7those who themselves are not over-scrupulous74 #i4 ,el comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles4 #aj4 ,nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos1 tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos4 #aa4 ,el cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama 7in bed74 #ab4 8,entiende ,v4 las razones porque ha de subir el cambio8 #ac4 ,para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la ,bolsa 7,exchange ,review74 #ad4 ,entienda ,v4 que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez4 i,entendido6 ,,exercise #b 7#db74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,with reference to your esteemed order of #ast inst4 for skins and hides1 we understand exactly what you want1 but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in 7obtenerlos7 at your limit4 #b4 ,we acknowledge receipt of your favour 7apreciable7 of the #ast inst4 with note of purchase we are to make on 7de or por7 your account1 and we shall report thereon 7contestaremos1 relataremos7 by our next4 #c4 ,we have picked up 7escogido7 a few suitable clearing lines 7saldos71 which are awaiting shipment 7se embarcaran7 by next steamer4 #d4 ,stripes and checks4--,owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for 7antes de7 another fortnight4 #e4 ,the goods were packed according to 7de conformidad con7 your instructions1 but we take no responsibility for sending them 7haberlos mandado7 in bales instead of cases as usual 7como de costumbre74 #f4 ,we hand 7pasamos7 you enclosed the invoice amounting to 7importando en1 ascendiendo a7 ,l#aee #fs4 #g;d4 to the debit of your account1 value 7valor al7 #aeth inst4 #g4 ,we can assure you that any 7cualesquiera7 orders entrusted to our care 7que se nos confien7 will receive careful attention4 #h4 ,our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of ,september1 and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you 7en visitarles7 with our full 7completa7 collection of dress goods and fancies4 #i4 ,we hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements4 ,hoping to receive a favourable reply1 ,yours faithfully1 ,,smith ,,and ,co4 ,prices are 7van or estan7 marked on 7en7 the samples4 ,s4 ,co4 7,vale74#ach ,footnote #ach3 ,used instead of initialling a postscriptum4 ,,lesson ,,xxii4 7,leccion vigesima segunda47 ,,the ,,moods4 ,mood is that form or modification of the ,verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated4 ,there are #e moods in ,spanish3 one the ,infinitive and #d ,finite1 viz41 the ,indicative1 ,conditional1 ,subjunctive1 and ,imperative4 ,the ,infinitive ,mood 7,modo ,infinitivo7 represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person4 ,the present and past participles are parts of the ,infinitive ,mood4 ,the ,infinitive ,mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as ,subject or ,object of the sentence4 ,it is then generally 7but not necessarily7 accompanied by the def4 article1 as-- ,el leer es util3 ,to read is useful4 ,me es necesario el leer3 ,it is necessary for me to read4 ,the form of the ,pres4 ,part4 used in this capacity in ,english is inadmissible in ,spanish1 e4g41 we could never say leyendo for el leer 7or la lectura74 ,the ,infinitive ,mood preceded by a may have a passive meaning1 as-- ,una consignacion a hacer or also a hacerse 7a ser hecha73 ,a shipment to be made4 ,the ,infinitive ,mood preceded by a may be used instead of the ,finite ,mood introduced by if1 as-- ,a saber yo que ,v4 era accionista de aquella compania1 le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion3 ,if ,i had known 7or had ,i known7 that you were a shareholder in that society1 ,i would have sent you at once that report4 ,the ,present ,participle after to be is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses2 in ,spanish this happens much less frequently than in ,english1 and only with verbs whose action implies duration of time and besides when it is spoken of as actually in progress4 ,this form is never possible with the verb to go1 and is very rarely found with to come1 as-- ,miro aquellas ,mantas y ,terlices que me gustan3 ,i am looking at those ,blankets and ,tickings which ,i like4 ,grita3 ,he is shouting4 ,nos escribe continuamente3 ,he is continually writing us4 ,hoy como con el arquitecto3 ,to-day ,i am dining with the architect4 ,estoy haciendo mi correspondencia1 no puedo dejar el despacho3 ,i am writing my correspondence1 ,i cannot leave the office4 ,a ,preposition before a ,pres4 ,part4 is either translated by a preposition followed by the ,infinitive ,mood or by the ,pres4 ,part4 without a ,preposition1 as-- ,al ir 7or yendo7 a la ,bolsa2 ,on going to the ,exchange4 ,,exception-- ,after en we find the ,pres4 ,part4 used with the following meaning--e4g4 ,en acabando saldre3 ,as soon as ,i have finished1 ,i shall go out4 ,i1 acting as trustee1 is translated ,yo1 procediendo como sindico2 but ,i wrote to the party acting as umpire would be ,escribi a la persona que funcionaba 7not funcionando7 de arbitro4 ,after ,intentar1#aci ,ver1 ,oir1 ,sentir1 and ,simular the ,infinitive only can be used in ,spanish1 as-- ,footnote #aci3 ,or verbs of similar meaning4 ,intento 7or pienso7 hipotecar la casa3 ,i intend mortgaging the house4 ,le veo pasar3 ,i see him passing4 ,my coming1 my going1 etc41 are translated3 ,el venir or el haber venido yo1 etc4 ,the ,past ,part4 may be used in an absolute manner1 as-- ,entregada la carta se fue3 ,the letter 7being7 delivered1 he went4 ,sellados los sobres1 los echo al correo3 ,having sealed the envelopes he posted them4 ,,vocabulary4 abogado1 lawyer1 barrister bombas de aire1 air pumps 99contribuir1 to contribute contribuyo1 etc41 ,i contribute convenio1 agreement desperdiciar1 to waste diseno1 design embajador1 ambassador empenos1 obligations1 engagements estacion1 temporada1 season ,estados ,unidos1 ,united ,states excelentemente1 excellently forma1 shape forros1 linings gorras1 caps 99hacer frente1 to face1 to meet 7bills1 etc47 honrar1 to honour locomotora1 locomotive malgastar1 to waste1 to squander ,navidad1 ,christmas necesitar1 desear1 to require paso step 99poner en conocimiento1 to inform ponerse de acuerdo1 to agree pormenores1 particulars presupuesto1 estimate proyectar1 to project1 to plan representar1 to represent1 to act for rizo del ala1 curl of the brim 7of a hat7 secretario1 secretary senado1 senate someter1 to submit supondre1 etc41 ,i shall suppose1 etc4 99suponer1 to suppose supongo1 etc41 ,i suppose1 etc4 supuse1 etc41 ,i supposed1 etc4 tarea1 task tratado de arbitraje1 arbitration treaty varar1 to ground 7a ship7 variedad1 variety vendre1 etc41 ,i shall come1 etc4 vengo1 vienes1 etc41 ,i come1 etc4 99venir1 to come vine1 etc41 ,i came1 etc4 ,,exercise #a 7#dc74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,el escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito 7success7 de una casa comercial4 #b4 ,quedan muchos pasos a dar4 #c4 ,a suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito4 #d4 8,que hace ,v48 #e4 ,estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para ,chile2 en acabando mi tarea saldre 7,i shall come out7 con ,v4 #f4 ,debemos escribir al abogado que representa al ,sr4 ,fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle4 #g4 ,si1 ,senor1 pensaba hacerlo manana4 #h4 ,siento tener que informar a ,v4 que he encontrado al ,sr4 ,smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos4 #i4 ,ejecutada esta primera orden1 y pagada que sea 7once paid7 le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones4 #aj4 ,se asegura que el secretario del departamento de ,estado y el embajador de ,inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo1 hace poco1 sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el ,presidente de los ,estados ,unidos4 #aa4 ,se supone que dicho 7said7 convenio sera sometido al senado antes de ,navidad4 #ab4 ,se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado 7shipwrecked7 un buque en la costa de ,marruecos 7,morocco7 y de haber varado otro en ,almeria4 ,,exercise #b 7#dd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i do not consider 7no creo que7 ,i have been fairly 7equitativamente or bien7 treated4 #b4 ,silk and ,cotton ,linings4--,we note 7nos enteramos de7 your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots 7imperfectos7 and in buying such lots1 one has to put up with 7conformarse con7 some imperfections 7defectos1 imperfecciones74 #c4 ,the hats and caps have turned out 7salido7 excellently4 #d4 ,the former 7aquellos7 are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter 7estas7 include 7abarcan7 a large variety of designs4 #e4 ,they will reach you 7le llegaran7 in plenty of time 7con bastante anticipacion7 for the coming 7entrante7 season4 #f4 ,please report 7hacer sus comentos7 on samples as soon as received 7luego que las reciban74 #g4 ,reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up 7mantenerse al corriente71 but reading the sensational news 7noticias sensacionales7 of a certain press 7prensa7 is wasting one's time4 #h4 ,are you going to ,spain this year8 #i4 ,i do not think so1 my correspondent is coming to ,england4 #aj4 ,we shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us 7que nos envie7 a copy of the report4 #aa4 ,did you hear him saying that8 #ab4 ,i regret having to inform you that once ,i have paid what ,i owe 7to owe deber71 ,i shall not continue my transactions with your firm4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii4 7,leccion vigesima tercera47 ,,the ,,moods 7contd474 ,the ,indicative ,mood 7,modo ,indicativo7 is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a positive manner1 as a fact4 ,the ,conditional ,mood 7,modo ,condicional7#adj affirms like the ,indicative ,mood in a positive manner1 but subject to a condition4 ,the ,imperative ,mood is used to command or to beg4 ,this mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person3 the second1 as-- ,habla tu3 ,speak thou4 ,hablad vosotros3 ,speak ye or you4 ,the #ast pers4 sing1 does not occur and the other persons are taken from the ,present ,subjunctive4#ada ,in the #crd person 7and sometimes even the #ast plural7 the pres4 subj4 may take the place of the ,imperative used affirmatively4 ,this becomes apparent by the use of ,que1 which precedes the ,subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence1 as-- ,escribalo el or ,que lo escriba el3 ,let him write it4 ,there is no ,imperative ,mood negative in ,spanish4#adb ,footnote #adj3 ,english form3 7auxiliary7 should verb for #ast persons2 7auxiliary7 would verb for #bnd and #crd persons4 ,footnote #ada3 ,with only one exception-- ,ir 7to go74 #ast pers4 pl41 ,pres4 ,subj4--,vayamos4 #ast pers4 pl41 ,imperative--,vayamos or vamos 7more used74 ,footnote #adb3 ,it is borrowed entirely from the ,pres4 ,subjunctive1 as3 ,no hables1 no hable1 no hablemos1 no hableis1 no hablen4 ,the difference is of course1 only apparent in the #bnd person4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,this mood offers some difficulty to ,english students2 this arises from the fact that in ,english this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs may1 might1 should1 would4 ,note4--,the ,spanish rule on the ,subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the ,english construction4 ,,general ,,rule4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood can only be used in dependent clauses1 as-- ,yo quiero que el venga3 ,i wish him to come4 ,yo quiero que el vaya3 ,i wish him to go4 ,and then1 only when1 by reason of what precedes in the ,principal ,clause1 the action of the ,subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner 7i4e41 as a fact7 but as merely contingent 7i4e41 only conceived in the mind71 as-- ,yo declare que el vino 7or vendria73 ,i say that he came or that he would come4 ,yo espero que el venga3 ,i hope that he may come4 ,yo esperaba que el viniese3 ,i hoped that he might1 or would come4 ,,special ,,rules4 ,i4 ,a verb in a dependent clause is placed 7generally7 in the ,subjunctive ,mood after verbs expressing an action1 or emotion of the mind1 when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different4 ,,examples of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the ,subjunctive ,mood-- aconsejar 7to advise7 alegrarse de que 7to be glad that7 avergonzarse de que 7to be ashamed that7 conceder 7to grant7 conseguir 7to obtain7 desear 7to desire7 esperar 7to hope7 evitar 7to avoid7 impedir 7to hinder7 mandar 7to order7 querer 7to wish7 rogar 7to ask1 to beg7 sentir 7to regret7 temer 7to fear7 confiar en que 7to trust7 ,n4,b4--7a7 ,if the #bnd verb should have the same subject1 use the ,infinitive ,mood1 as-- ,deseo que venga3 ,i wish him to come4 ,deseo venir3 ,i wish to come4 7b7 ,after verbs expressing joy1 shame1 sorrow1 or fear1 the ,indicative may be used instead of the ,subjunctive4 7c7 ,after mandar 7to order7 the subordinate verb is often in the ,infinitive instead of the ,subjunctive1 as-- ,mandele ,v4 que lo haga3 ,order him to do it4 ,mandeselo ,v4 hacer3 ,order him to do it4 ,,vocabulary4 agradar1 favorecer1 to oblige almacenero1 dependiente de almacen1 warehouseman celebrar1 to be glad of colorido1 colouring 99complacer1 to oblige complazco1 etc41 ,i oblige1 etc4 7el7 cortapluma1 penknife cortesmente1 politely coste flete y seguro1 cost1 freight and insurance 99dar las gracias1 to hank demora1 delay 99demostrar confianza1 to show confidence deplorar1 to deplore dictados1 dictates en seguida1 at once franco de averia particular1 free of particular average 99hacer una remesa1 to send a remittance intereses1 interests justificarse1 to justify oneself mucho1 much1 exceedingly1 greatly navajas de afeitar1 razors obrar1 to act patines1 skates primer dependiente1 chief clerk propio1 own 99rogar1 to beg1 to request ruego1 etc41 ,i beg1 etc4 sin novedad1 safe and sound tela para pantalones1 trousering tijeras1 scissors ,,exercise #a 7#de74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,en nuestra anterior les rogamos#adc nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores4 #b4 ,celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via 7route7 que hemos adoptado para sus envios4 #c4 ,siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar4 #d4 ,me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido ,v4 un genero por otro 7the wrong goods74 #e4 ,nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras 7openly1 clearly74 #f4 ,no podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran2 lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia4 #g4 ,lo que me este bien 7is my duty7 hacer lo hare4 #h4 ,espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones4 #i4 ,deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles 7which do not stand the light of day74 #aj4 ,explicate para que te entienda4 #aa4 ,no te justifiques con malas razones 7by quibbling74 #ab4 ,expliqueme ,v4 de que se trata 7what it is about74 #ac4 ,no le explique ,v4 mas de lo necesario4 ,footnote #adc3 ,the #ast pers4 plural ,past ,definite of the #ast ,conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the ,present ,indicative4 ,,exercise #b 7#df74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we should like to do more business with your firm4 #b4 ,you would greatly oblige 7us7 by sending us a remittance4 #c4 ,he would do well to write it to them4 #d4 ,let him write at once4 #e4 ,we hope you may arrive safe and sound1 and we advise you to take care of yourself4 #f4 ,from what we can gather 7por lo que tenemos entendido7 the firm is doing a successful 7buenos7 business4 #g4 ,we trust this information will be of service 7de utilidad7 to you4 #h4 ,the documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty4 #i4 ,we are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated 7estipulado74 #aj4 ,we do not want you to lose any money2 on the contrary1 we wish you to realise a substantial 7buena7 profit4 #aa4 ,tell the clerk to write more politely4 #ab4 ,order them to do it quickly4 #ac4 ,i may come 7es posible que venga7 to-morrow4 #ad4 ,we notice 7observamos7 that the ,razors1 ,scissors1 ,penknives and ,skates are ready to be shipped1 and trust 7confiamos7 that1 as announced 7nos anunciaron ,vs471 they will come to hand 7llegaran a manos7 without delay4 #ae4 ,we thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for 7por7 your interests4 #af4 ,i request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f4p4a4#add #ag4 ,sell at #bas4 c4i4f4#ade ,footnote #add3 ,free of particular average4 ,footnote #ade3 ,cost1 insurance1 freight4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv4 7,leccion vigesima cuarta47 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood 7contd474 ,,ii4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is used after ,impersonal verbs1 as ,es menester que lo haga3 ,it is needful that he does it4 ,es necesario que lo haga3 ,it is necessary that he does it4 ,,exceptions-- #a4 ,when the ,impersonal ,verb expresses certainty1 as-- ,es cierto que lo hara3 ,it is certain that he will do it4 #b4 ,when the dependent verb has not its own subject1 both the following constructions are correct-- ,es necesario hacerlo3 ,it must be done ,es necesario que se haga3 ,it must be done ,,iii4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is used after the following locations--- ,antes que 7before7 ,en caso que 7in case7 ,de miedo que 7lest7 ,por mas que 7however much1 although7 ,sin que 7without7 ,para que 7so that7 ,a menos que 7unless7 ,salvo que 7except that7 ,con tal que 7provided that7 ,sea que 7whether 444 or7 ,aunque 7even if7 ,,iv4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is generally used after the following locations1 when the action refers to future time1 but the ,indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present-- ,despues que 7after7 ,aunque 7although7 ,de modo que 7so that7 ,no obstante que 7notwithstanding7 ,cuandoquiera que 7whenever7 ,hasta que 7until7 ,luego que 7as soon as7 ,quienquiera que 7whoever7 ,comoquiera que 7however7 ,cualquiera que 7whichever1 whoever7 ,dondequiera que 7wherever7 ,el #a deg41 #b deg41 #c deg41 etc41 que 7the #ast #bnd #crd1 etc41 that7 ,el unico que 7the only one that7 ,el solo que 7the only one that7 ,el ultimo que 7the last that7 ,nada que 7nothng that7 ,ninguo1 nadie que 7no one that7 ,el mejor 7or any other superlative7 que 7the best etc41 that7 ,e4g4-- ,escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento3 ,he wrote so that his father remained content4 ,escriba ,v4 de modo que su padre quede contento3 ,write so that your father may remain content4 ,le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo3 ,i paid him1 although he did not do his work4 ,no le pagare aunque haga su trabajo3 ,i shall not pay him although he may do his work4 ,the above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice1 generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to as a fact or as a mere conception4 ,v4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is used after cuando1 asi como1 luego que and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers to the future1 as-- ,lo hare cuando tenga tiempo3 ,i shall do it when ,i have time4 ,n4,b4--,the ,future ,subjunctive is often used in this case4 ,,vi4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mood is used after si 7conditional if7 when the context requires the following verb in the past form1 as-- ,lo haria si tuviese 7tuviera7 dinero3 ,i should do it if ,i had money4 ,n4,b4--,if the context requires the verb in the present form1 the ,indicative ,present must be used1 as-- ,lo hago si tengo tiempo3 ,i do it if ,i have time4 ,lo hare si tengo tiempo3 ,i shall do it if ,i have time4 ,when1 as in the latter example a future time is indicated1 the ,future ,subjunctive may be used instead of the ,pres4 ,indicative1 as-- ,lo hare si tuviere tiempo3 ,i shall do it if 7ever7 ,i have time4 ,,vii4 ,after como the ,subjunctive ,mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily1 as-- ,como le vio le hablo3 ,as soon as he saw him he spoke to him4 ,como le viese le hablo3 ,on seeing him he spoke to him4 ,,viii4 ,after creer1 pensar1 opinar1 and similar verbs1 the following verb is generally in the ,indicative2 but after no creer1 etc41 the verb is in the ,subjunctive mood4 ,after creer1 etc41 used interrogatively1 the verb may be ,indicative or ,subjunctive4 ,,vocabulary4 abaca1 ,manilla hemp calcetines1 half-hose1 socks canamo1 hemp cancelar1 to cancel coger1 to catch 99conseguir1 to succeed in contado 7al71 7in7 cash dificultad1 difficulty un dineral1 a mint of money encogerse1 to shrink equivocarse1 to be mistaken la gente1 the people mecanismo1 mechanism1 contrivance medias1 stockings1 hose ocurrir1 to happen perfeccionar1 to perfect persona1 person por mas que1 however much1 whatever 99probar1 to prove1 to attempt1 to try pruebo1 etc41 ,i try1 etc4 99reconvenir1 to reprimand repasar1 to look over 99saber1 to know se1 sabes1 sabe1 etc41 ,i know1 etc4 sepa1 sepas1 sepa1 etc41 ,i may know1 99ser menester1 to be necessary telefonear1 to telephone trabajo1 work yute1 jute ,,exercise #a 7#dg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,es conveniente 7proper7 y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion4 #b4 ,es cierto que se acabara4 #c4 ,es posible que suba el mercado2 tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea4 #d4 ,es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura4 #e4 ,es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber 7to fulfil his duty74 #f4 ,antes que escriba ,v41 repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion 7mistake74 #g4 ,a menos que pague le citaremos ante los ,tribunales 7we shall summon him7 de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero4 #h4 ,por mas que ,v4 diga1 las medias1 calcetines1 y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base 7as a basis7 al contrato4 #i4 ,sin que ,v4 me lo diga lo hare1 salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo 7any hitch should happen7 y con tal que1 interin 7in the meantime7 llegue su remesa4 #aj4 ,sea que llegue1 sea que no1 ,v4 deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital 7all your capital were at stake74 #aa4 ,telefonee ,v4 cuando quiera4 #ab4 ,celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible4 #ac4 ,asi como sepa algo le telefoneare4 #ad4 ,enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera 7imp4 subj4 of venir7 despues con quejas4 #ae4 ,no creo que cueste muy cara esta seda4 #af4 ,no me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion4 ,,exercise #b 7#dh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,it is impossible for us to obtain the goods4 #b4 ,he spoke as if he were sure of it4 #c4 ,i may 7es posible que7 accept your price1 provided you pay cash4 #d4 ,it is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching 7en el blanqueo74 #e4 ,he insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more4 #f4 ,the foreign correspondent 7el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras7 did his work so that his employer was satisfied4 #g4 ,write clearly so that people may read your writing 7su letra7 without difficulty4 #h4 ,whenever ,i spoke to him he was very polite1 therefore1 ,i shall put 7dire7 a word in his favour whenever ,i can do so4 #i4 ,i reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son1 and ,i shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man4 #aj4 ,the first to come was the office-boy 7muchacho1 hortera joc471 and he will be the last to go 7a salir74 #aa4 ,the first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers 7se cogera los dedos74 #ab4 ,he was the only one who understood us4 #ac4 ,he is not the only one who is mistaken4 #ad4 ,they will not be the only persons who will be mistaken4 #ae4 ,whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make 7es seguro que hara7 a mint of money4 #af4 ,we shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax1 hemp1 ,manilla hemp and jute4 ,,lesson ,,xxv4 7,leccion vigesima quinta47 ,,the ,,tenses4 ,the ,tenses in ,spanish being mostly used as in ,english1 we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated4 ,present-- ,the ,english emphatic ,present1 ,i do say1 must be expressed by ,lo digo en efecto1 lo digo de veras1 lo digo si4 ,i do with a verb understood after1 as ,do you understand8 ,i do is translated by ,si1 ,si1 senor1 or ,si entiendo4 ,are you an engineer8 ,yes1 ,i am2 ,he is generous with me1 and ,i am with him2 ,he is my surety1 and ,i am his2 must be translated by ,es ,v4 ingeniero8 ,si1 lo soy2 ,es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el2 ,el es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo4 ,past-- ,the ,english language has one form of ,simple ,past--,i wrote4 ,in ,spanish this is translated by-- ,yo escribia 7,imperf4 ,indic47 or ,yo escribi 7,past ,definite71 according to sense4 ,it is most important to learn the difference between the ,imperfect ,indicative and the ,past ,definite 7or ,preterite71 because these two tenses admit of no compromise in ,spanish4 ,the ,imperfect ,indicative#adf describes an action or state which was present when another past action took place1 or another past state existed4 ,footnote #adf3 ,or ,descriptive ,past4 ,the ,past ,definite or ,preterite#adg narrates an event4#adh ,footnote #adg3 ,or ,narrating ,past 7this is why it is often called the ,historical ,past74 ,footnote #adh3 ,napoleon ,i died in #ahba is an event4 ,i fell is grammatically also an event4 ,consequently1 it will be understood that whilst the ,past ,def4 refers to one point of time or several separate points of time1 the ,imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period4 ,the following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses-- ,le escribi una vez 7or dos o tres veces7 mientras el viajaba en ,argentina3 ,i wrote to him once 7or two or three times7 whilst he travelled#adi in ,argentina4 ,footnote #adi3 ,travelled--was travelling1 but notice that in ,spanish we would also have the progressive form--estaba viajando4 ,encontre a ,luis1 quien llevaba levita negra3 ,i met ,louis1 who wore#aej a black frock-coat4 ,footnote #aej3 ,wore--was wearing4 ,here in ,spanish the progressive form estaba llevando would not be admissible because there is no real progressive action4 ,hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en ,chile3 ,i had a large business when ,i resided in ,chili4 ,los ,cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor3 ,the ,carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people4 ,el estaba alli cuando yo llegue3 ,he was there when ,i arrived4 ,el leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado3 ,he was reading when ,i entered the lawyer's office4 ,en ,inglaterra trabajaba#aea ocho horas cada dia3 ,in ,england ,i worked 7used to work7 eight hours a day4 ,footnote #aea3 ,as will be seen1 the ,english was followed by a pres4 part4 or the expression used to be may always be rendered by the ,spanish ,imperfect1 but the ,spanish progressive form also exists3 ,estaba leyendo 7he was reading71 and used to has its equivalent solia3--,solia trabajar #h horas 7he used to work #h hours74 ,cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo3 ,each month we received 7used to receive7 our pay4 ,ayer cerre el contrato3 ,yesterday ,i signed the contract4 ,las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas3 ,the casks of wine were damaged4 ,trabaje en ,inglaterra #e anos#aeb2 ,vivi dos anos en ,londres y tres en ,manchester3 ,i worked #e years in ,england2 ,i lived two years in ,london and three in ,manchester4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,this is a period of time1 but it is definite4 ,as will be seen in all the examples of the ,imperfect1 the action or state is described as existing in the past4 ,,vocabulary4 abarrotado1 glutted1 cram full acorazado1 iron-clad ajo1 garlic alerta1 on the alert1 on the look out brisa1 breeze cebollas1 onions conducta1 conduct1 behaviour contrabando1 contraband cosecha1 harvest1 harvest-time1 crop 99dar en el clavo1 to hit it datiles1 dates encogido1 shrivelled1 shrunk fruta1 fruit granadas1 pomegranates guardias aduaneras1 custom house officials higos1 figs inmaturo1 verde1 unripe limones1 lemons llevar1 to carry1 to wear matute1 smuggling mirar1 to look moscatel1 muscatel grapes naranja1 orange iojo6 attention6 olvidar1 to forget pasas de ,corinto1 currants podrido1 rotten por decirlo asi1 so to say1 as it were 99querer decir1 to mean recobrar1 to recover reprensible1 objectionable resumir1 to recapitulate1 to state briefly sinnumero1 a large number1 innumerable travesia1 journey by sea ,,exercise #a 7#di74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar1 hacia la travesia de ,liverpool a ,las ,palmas todos los anos4 #b4 ,estuve alli la ultima vez en #aije principalmente para recobrar mi salud1 pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito4 #c4 ,no habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese comercio4 #d4 ,cuando llego el buque a ,la ,coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias aduaneras alerta1 pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de contrabando4 #e4 8,que quiere decir genero de matute8 #f4 ,de matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista es el que introduce tales generos4 #g4 ,no sabia esta palabra antes1 pero ya no la olvidare4 #h4 8,ha aprendido ,v4 bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto8 #i4 ,perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras--,el uno es pasado1 pasado y nada mas1 el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi2 imire ,v46 ,encontre a ,carlos3 pasado absoluto2 ,llevaba sombrero blanco2 pasado hoy1 presente entonces2 8que le parece a ,v48 #aj4 ,me parece que ,v4 ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho4 #aa4 ,y ahora iojo6 en la aplicacion y ino olvidar6 ,,exercise #b 7#ej74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i believe his behaviour is most 7muy7 objectionable4 #b4 ,and ,i do also4 #c4 ,did you receive the ,b_/,l for the cargo 7cargamento7 of oranges and grapes from ,seville8 #d4 ,i did2 and ,i expect a good parcel 7partida7 of muscatels from ,valencia as well4 #e4 ,are these the lemons1 onions and pomegranates you were expecting8 #f4 ,they are4 #g4 ,i am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit4 #h4 ,he is my friend and ,i am his4 #i4 ,we received this year three cargoes of bananas from the ,canary ,islands 7,islas ,canarias74 ,six were consigned to us last year1 but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time4 #aj4 ,ten thousand boxes of currants1 #c1jjj of figs1 and #d1efa of dates were sold by auction4 #aa4 ,there had not been such large quantities offered for a long time 7hacia mucho tiempo que74 #ab4 ,the iron-clad ,achilles left yesterday for ,vigo4 ,the sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew1 or was blowing 7soplaba not estaba soplando71 from the ,s4,w4 7sudoeste74 #ac4 ,the commission-agent 7comisionista7 went by the three o'clock train4 #ad4 ,when ,i went to say good-bye to him 7para despedirme de #fa7 he was writing 7escribia or estaba escribiendo7 a letter4 #ae4 ,the cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe1 some shrivelled or frost-bitten 7tomada por la escarcha71 and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi4 7,leccion vigesima sexta47 ,,the ,,tenses 7contd474 ,uses of the ,past ,definite 7or ,preterite7 and the ,present ,perfect 7as3 ,yo he comprado3 ,i have bought74 ,according to the ,english rule1 the ,past ,def4 7or ,preterite7 should be used to narrate events which happened in the past1 in a period of time which does not include the present moment as-- ,yo lo compre el ano pasado3 ,i bought it last year4 ,the ,present ,perfect 7called in ,spanish ,preterito ,compuesto7 should be used when the period of time includes the present moment1 as-- ,he fletado muchos buques3 ,i have chartered many ships4 ,by following this rule students will always be correct1 but we must notice that in ,spanish we find the ,preterito compuesto often used instead of the ,past ,definite-- #a4 ,when the period1 although entirely past1 is not defined1 as-- ,le ha facturado la quincalla3 ,he invoiced him the smallware4 #b4 ,when although entirely past and definite1 it is very recent1 as--,se lo he dicho hace un momento3 ,i told him a moment ago4 ,n4,b4--,plegue a ,dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado3 ,may it please ,god that the year which commences to-day may be happier than the last has been 7,grammar of the ,academy74#aec ,footnote #aec3 ,here the ,present ,perfect is used in both languages1 because the effects reach up to the present moment4 ,the ,english ,compound ,past--,i had spoken--is rendered by yo habia hablado or yo hube hablado4 ,yo habia hablado is in general use4 ,yo hube hablado is used only after cuando1 luego que1 inmediatamente que2 viz41 when the action is represented as immediately preceding another4 ,n4,b4--,the ,past ,def4 ,simple may always take its place4 ,cuando hube declarado mis intenciones1 ,cuando declare mis intenciones1 se convencio--,when ,i declared my intentions1 he was convinced4 ,the ,future ,indicative1 7as well as the ,conditional ,mood7 are used in ,spanish oftener than in ,english to denote probability1 as-- ,habra #bj hombres aqui3 ,i dare say there are #bj men here4 8,le habre dado este derecho8 ,have ,i1 perchance1 given him this right8 8,tendria miedo talvez8 ,was he afraid1 perhaps8 ,the ,future ,progressive1 is not used in ,spanish when its place may be taken by the ordinary ,future ,simple1 as-- ,le escribire manana3 ,i shall be writing him to-morrow4 ,but-- ,cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo3 ,when he comes ,i shall be writing4 ,the ,present ,subjunctive in ,spanish refers to time present or future2 for time future1 its place may be taken by the future ,subj4 7little used74#aed ,footnote #aed3 ,except after cuando 7but not in conversation71 as--,se lo dire cuando venga or cuando viniere3 ,i shall tell it him when he comes4 ,the ,fut4 ,subj4 is also used 7not in conversation7 after si instead of ,pres4 ,indic41 as--,le servire si la ocasion se ofrece or se ofreciere3 ,i shall serve him if the occasion presents itself4 ,use of ,tenses of the ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,the verb in the ,subj4 ,mood is put in the ,present tense when the preceding verb is in the ,pres4 ,indic41 ,future ,indic4 7simple7 or ,imperative1 as-- ,quiero que el lo haga3 ,i want him to do it4 ,querre 3 ,i shall want ,quiere tu 3 ,want 7thou7 ,otherwise the verb in the ,subjunctive is in the ,imperfect tense4 ,n4,b4--,when the preceding verb is in the preterito compuesto1 e4g41 he dicho1 when he dicho stands exactly for the ,english ,i have told1 it governs the ,pres4 ,subj41 as-- ,le he dicho que se vaya3 ,i have told him to go4 ,but if it stands for the ,english ,i told1 it governs the ,imperfect ,subj41 as ,le dije 7he dicho7 que se fuese3 ,i told him to go4 ,when the preceding verb is in the ,future ,perfect1 the verb in the ,subjunctive may be put in the ,present when its action does not refer to the past1 as-- ,habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana3 ,i shall have 7may have7 wanted him to work to-day or to-morrow4 ,,vocabulary4 99adquirir1 to acquire alquilar1 to rent1 to hire1 to take or give on lease arado1 plough boni cacion1 rebaja1 allowance cargar1 to charge ceder1 to yield1 to sell1 to cede1 to warrant make over cedula de aduana1 custom house colmo1 climax1 record color firme1 solido1 fast colour contrarrestar1 to check de otra manera1 otherwise desarrollar1 to develop emprestito1 loan epoca1 epoch1 period1 time explotar1 to exploit1 to work igualar1 hermanar1 to match 99invertir1 to invest 7money7 justificar1 to justify1 to warrant material rodante1 rolling stock 7railway7 no bien1 as soon a pana 7acordonada71 cords 7corduroy7 perspectivas1 prospects piezas de repuesto1 spare pieces 7machinery7 puros1 cigarros1 tabacos1 cigars quinta1 villa rastrillos1 harrows rechazar1 to reject reja1 ploughshare revocar1 contramandar1 to countermand 99tener cuenta1 to pay1 viz41 to be advantageous terreno1 land traspaso1 goodwill trilladora1 threshing-machine ,,exercise #a 7#ea74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,le he dado ayer las ,cedulas de ,aduana4 #b4 ,le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por ,l#ejj4 #c4 ,le he dicho que los fondos 7stocks71 obligaciones1 u otros valores cualesquiera 7whatsoever7 han de depositarse en manos seguras4 #d4 ,yo le habia explicado que la ,compania se habia constituido para comprar1 alquilar 7take on lease7 o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos2 pero no bien le hube anunciado 7or le anuncie7 que se trataba de terrenos situados en el ,asia ,menor1 se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido4 #e4 ,es que tendria sus razones4 #f4 ,habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja4 #g4 ,deseo que ,v4 invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que ,v4 lo invirtiese en el ,emprestito del ,gobierno ,austriaco 7,austrian74 #h4 ,le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repuesto1 los rastrillos1 y las trilladoras4 #i4 ,tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga4 #aj4 ,si1 le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha falta1 hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria cuenta que la ,sociedad ,agricola nos los rechazara4 ,,exercise #b 7#eb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we wrote them nothing to warrant such action4 #b4 ,i warranted him 7garantizar7 this would not be repeated4 #c4 ,the cloth was warranted fast colour4 #d4 ,he resorted to extreme means in order to bring about 7llegar a7 a solution of the difficulty4 #e4 ,in the past year the climax of prosperity was reached4 #f4 ,large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account of 7a causa de7 the feared political complications4 #g4 ,velvet and ,cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a view 7a fin de7 to check the downward 7a la baja7 tendency of prices4 #h4 ,i matched his sample and ,i secured the order4 #i4 ,did you hear from your traveller lately8 #aj4 ,they charged us too much1 we can buy on spot 7en el mercado7 much cheaper4 #aa4 ,spot cotton 7el algodon disponible7 was quoted yesterday one point higher than the day before1 but futures declined 7bajaron7 #c_/cb #ab4 ,perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop 7nueva cosecha7 at present4 #ac4 ,do not be long 7no tarde ,v47 in making up your mind 7decidirse de7 one way or the other4 #ad4 ,no1 ,i shall soon decide what to do1 but ,i must have a little time for reflection4 ,i cannot bind myself on the spot 7al punto74 #ae4 ,some of the prints have grease spots 7manchas de aceite7 and we must refuse to accept them unless under 7a menos que nos haga7 a reasonable allowance4 #af4 ,he has a villa in a delightful spot 7sitio7 in the country 7campo74 ,,lesson ,,xxvii4 7,leccion vigesima septima47 ,,the ,,auxiliary ,,verbs4 ,tener and haber are used for the ,english to have1 followed by an infinitive1 as-- ,tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de ,enero3 ,they have to finish the work for the end of ,january4 ,hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia3 ,we have to follow the advice of those expert in the matter4 ,in such cases ,tener is followed by que and ,haber by de4#aee ,the former indicates compulsion or necessity1 the latter a moral or self-imposed duty4 ,haber de translates also to be to1#aee as-- 8,quien ha de hacer este viaje8 ,who is to go on this journey8 ,tener de is used in threats-- ,tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal3 ,i shall take him before the court4 ,tener que hacer1 que escribir1 que comer and similar expressions translate also to have something to do1 to write1 to eat1 as-- ,hoy tengo que hacer3 ,to-day ,i have something to do1 ,i am busy4 ,tengo mucho que hacer3 ,i have much to do4 ,tenemos que comer por todo el dia3 ,we have something to eat which will suffice for the whole day4 ,haber is used as a principal verb instead of ,tener in-- ,haber menester de algo3 ,to need something4 ,he aqui el muchacho1 etc4#aef3 ,here is the boy 7behold the boy here1 etc474 ,heme aqui or heteme#aeg aqui1 etc43 ,here ,i am 7behold me here1 etc474 ,it also survives in some legal phrases1 as-- ,fue habido el reo3 ,the culprit was captured4 ,los hijos habidos en su primera mujer3 ,the children by his first wife4 ,and in some idioms1 as-- ,alla se las haya3 ,that is his business4 ,haberselas con uno3 ,to dispute with anybody4 ,tener translates the ,english to be in such phrases as-- ,tener hambre1 sed1 sueno1 calor1 frio1 vergueenza1 and miedo3 ,to be hungry1 thirsty1 sleepy1 warm1 cold1 ashamed1 and afraid4 ,also speaking of age-- ,tengo veinte anos3 ,i am twenty years old4 ,footnote #aee3 ,in all these cases deber may be used instead4 ,footnote #aef3 ,he--imperative mood of haber4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,the te is the ethical dative 7which is much more used in ,spanish than in ,english74 ,and in-- ,tener razon3 ,to be right4 ,and-- ,no tener razon or ,dejar de tener razon3 ,to be wrong4 ,we said that the past participle when used with ,tener agrees with the direct object1 as-- ,tengo leidas las cartas3 ,i have read the letters4 ,but when there is no direct object1 of course the past participle remains invariable1 as-- ,tengo entendido que4444#aeh3 ,i have heard that4444 ,footnote #aeh3 ,this use of tener for haber1 especially with no direct obj4 following is in general to be avoided2 in this example1 however1 tengo entendido1 the phrase has more force than he entendido4 ,it implies that the mind is full with the effect of the communication4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,conocer 7to know7#aei 7changes c into zc before a or o74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pres4 ,indic41 conozco4 ,pres4 ,subj41 conozca-as-a-amos-ais-an4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hacer 7to do or make74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,past ,part41 ,hecho4 ,pres4 ,indic41,hago4 ,past ,def41 ,hice1 hiciste1 hizo1 hicimos1 hicisteis1 hicieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,hare1 haras1 hara1 haremos1 hareis1 haran4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,haz1 haced 7reg474 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #aei3 ,model verb for all those ending in cer or cir preceded by a vowel1 except cocer 7conj4 like mover71 mecer 7reg47 and hacer4 7,those ending in ducir are further irreg4 in the ,past ,definite47 ,,vocabulary4 abrigar1 to shelter1 to nourish 7the hope7 acciones preferentes1 preference shares agudo1 sharp1 keen aplazar1 to postpone asistir1 to assist1 to attend atendible1 plausible atrasado1 overdue caldos1 wines and oils 7collectively7 consabido1 in question1 aforesaid cuenta de venta1 account sale dedicarse1 to devote oneself dejar sin efecto1 to cancel delicado de salud1 in indifferent health desfavorable1 contrario1 unfavourable1 adverse 99deshacerse de1 to part with domicilio1 registered office of a company1 also residence en este momento1 at the present moment ensayo1 trial1 venture equidad1 fair dealing 99haber menester1 to need indemnizacion1 indemnity junta de acreedores1 meeting of creditors liquidar1 to liquidate1 to settle1 to clear off goods1 etc4 medieria1 articulos de punto1 hosiery pagare1 promissory note1 note of hand palacio1 palace plazo1 term respiro1 breath1 breathing time1 days of grace for payment1 delay retirar1 to withdraw 7los7 reunidos1 those present 99tener en cuenta1 to take into consideration trabajar1 99ir1 a porfia1 to vie with each other tramites de la ley1 legal means viaje de ida1 outward voyage viaje de vuelta1 inward voyage ,,exercise #a 7#ec74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia4 #b4 ,si ,v4 no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los tramites de la ley4 #c4 ,v4 no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro4 #d4 ,he aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer1 ,v4 me firmara un pagare para fin de ,febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension del plazo4 #e4 ,si entonces ,v4 no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos necesarios y ,v4 sera responsable de 7liable for7 los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber 7damages accrued and to accrue74 #f4 ,la ,compania ,nacional de ,transportes 7carriage7 ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo ,palacio de la ,libertad4 #g4 ,dicha ,sociedad tiene un capital de un millon de pesetas2 la mitad en acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias4 #h4 ,se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del ,sr4444 a la cual no asistio el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud4 #i4 ,los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el #bj del corriente4 #aj4 ,fundandose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin efecto el pedido que nos habia confiado4 ,,exercise #b 7#ed74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly 7un poquito7 overdue4 #b4 ,we have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves4 #c4 ,who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain of the ship8 #d4 ,if we want to withdraw the goods without producing 7presentar7 a ,b_/,l4 we shall have to sign an indemnity 7indemnidad74 #e4 ,we have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret the venture has not turned out as well as we expected4 #f4 ,we found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus 7excesivas7 stock1 of which we had to dispose 7disponer7 at prices very much reduced4 #g4 ,we are unable to inform you to what extent 7hasta que punto7 you may calculate on 7contar con7 our remittance1 as much will depend on circumstances over which we have no control 7independientes de nuestra voluntad74 #h4 ,the rate 7el tipo7 of the insurance premium is #f_/-per cent4 on the outward and #e_/-per cent4 on the homeward voyage4 #i4 ,i very much question the advisability 7dudo mucho la ventaja7 of putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse circumstances have to be taken into consideration4 #aj4 ,as a matter of fact 7en efecto7 most of us 7la mayor parte de nosotros7 think it would be better to reduce them somewhat 7algo7 now that competition is so keen4 #aa4 ,they vie with each other in cutting prices down 7reducir7 with the result that profits are ridiculously low 7irrisorios74 ,,lesson ,,xxviii4 7,leccion vigesima octava47 ,,the ,,adverbs4 ,adverbs are used to modify verbs1 adjectives1 or other adverbs4 ,the following are the principal ,spanish adverbs-- ,abajo 7below7 ,ademas 7besides7 ,adelante1 delante 7before1 in point of place7 ,ahora 7now7 99,alrededor1 99entorno 7around7 ,amenudo1 a menudo 7often7 99,antes 7before1 in point of time7 ,antes1 antes bien 7rather7 ,anoche 7last night7 ,anteanoche 7the night before last7 ,apenas1 asi que 7as soon as7 ,aqui1 aca 7here1 hither7 ,alli1 alla 7there1 thither7 ,de aqui1 de alli 7hence1 thence7 ,aun1 todavia 7still1 yet7 ,ayer 7yesterday7 ,anteayer 7the day before yesterday7 ,bastante 7sufficiently7 ,bien 7well7 99,cerca 7near7 99,debajo 7under7 99,por debajo 7underneath7 ,demasiado 7too1 too much7 99,dentro 7within7 99,despues 7after1 afterwards7 99,detras 7behind7 ,donde#afj 7where7 ,en breve 7shortly7 99,encima 7upon1 above7 99,enfrente 7opposite7 ,entonces 7then7 99,fuera 7outside7 ,hacia 7towards7 ,hacia adelante 7forwards7 ,hacia abajo 7downwards7 ,hasta 7till1 until7 ,hoy 7to-day7 99,junto 7next7 99,lejos 7far7 ,luego 7presently1 soon1 then7 ,manana 7to-morrow7 ,mal 7badly7 ,mas 7more7 ,mejor 7better7 ,menos 7less7 ,mientras 7whilst7 ,mientras tanto 7in the meantime7 ,mucho 7much7 ,muy#afa 7very7 ,nunca1 jamas 7never7 ,ni 444 ni 444 7neither 444 nor 4447 ,ni tampoco 7not either7 ,peor 7worse7 ,pronto 7soon7 ,tal vez1 acaso1 quiza1 quizas 7perhaps7 ,tan1 asi 7so7 ,tanto 7so much7 ,tarde 7late7 ,temprano 7early7 ,ya#afb 7already7 ,footnote #afj3 ,after verbs of motion also a donde4 ,after verbs of rest also en donde4 ,footnote #afa3 ,used as in ,english1 but always muy before a past part41 as3 ,muy apreciado 7much esteemed74 ,such phrases as ,he is rich but not very are translated ,es rico pero no mucho or tanto4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ya is also used for now4 ,ya no--no longer4 ,those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the preposition de with the exception of junto1 which governs these words through a4 ,adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in ,english4 ,the ,english termination ly is rendered by mente added to the feminine form of the adjective1 when this changes for the feminine4 ,adverbs are compared like the adjectives1 but the superlative relative of adverbs is formed with lo mas1 and lo menos1 as-- ,es el mas rico3 ,he is the richest4 ,esta adornado lo mas ricamente posible3 ,it is ornamented in the richest manner possible4 ,es el menos exacto3 ,he is the least exact4 ,cotice lo menos que pueda3 ,quote the least you can4 ,besides the primitive adverbs given in our list1 there are many adverbial locutions-- a toda prisa 7with all speed74 a la espanola 7in the ,spanish fashion74 a troche y moche1 a trochimoche 7in a slipshod way74 con blandura 7gently74 de mala gana 7unwillingly74 de vez 7or de cuando7 en cuando 7from time to time74 tal cual vez 7once in a while74 un si es1 no es 7ever so little74 ,when an adverb is followed by a verb in ,english que must be inserted in ,spanish before a finite mood and de before an infinitive1 as-- ,despues de venir 7after coming74 ,despues que vino 7after he came74 ,the phrases ,i say so1 ,i think it is 7so71 ,i do not think so1 are rendered ,digo que si 7or lo digo71 ,creo que si 7or lo creo71 ,creo que no 7or no lo creo74 ,some adjectives are used adverbially1 as in ,english1 without the addition of mente1 as-- ,vender barato1 caro 7to sell cheap1 dear74 ,hablar alto1 bajo 7to speak loud1 low74 ,when two or more adverbs ending in mente occur in the same sentence1 the termination is added only to the last1 as-- ,escribe clara1#afc concisa#afc y elegantemente3 ,he writes clearly1 concisely and elegantly4 ,footnote #afc3 ,notice clara and concisa in the feminine4 ,caer 7to fall74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,caigo -- -- -- -- -- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,caiga1 caigas1 caiga1 caigamos1 caigais1 caigan4 ,,vocabulary4 a duras penas1 with great difficulty a la larga1 m the long run a medida que1 in proportion as a mejor andar1 at best a plazos1 in instalments ajeno1 averse apagado extinguished1 dull 7colours7 99asentar1 to book 7an order7 chillones1 gaudy1 screaming 7colours7 claro1 light 7colours7 claro y redondo 7quite clearly7 columna1 column con el corazon en la mano1 quite candidly confeccionar1 to make up 99confesar1 to confess conservas alimenticias1 preserves definir1 to define 7also to settle7 dificultad1 difficulty ensayo1 trial1 proof1 venture escoger1 to choose exceder1 to exceed facilidad1 ease1 facility fijo1 fixed1 firm fondos1 grounds 7pictures1 cloth7 gana 7de buena1 de mala71 willingly1 unwillingly ganga1 a bargain langosta1 lobster mariscos1 shell-fish muestrarios1 pattern cards1 sets oscuro1 dark paquete1 packet1 parcel 997no7 poder menos de 4441 not to be able to help puntos1 points1 spots 7in prints7 restos1 remnants sacar1 to pull out1 to get out1 to get back sardinas1 sardines satines brochados1 brocaded satins serie1 series sin mirar a gastos1 regardless of expense sobrio1 quiet 7colour7 solidez1 solidity tomar a mal1 to take amiss vivo1 vivid1 bright 7colours7 ,,exercise #a 7#ee74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,tiene ,v4 7there is7 tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente cuesta dificultad 7it is difficult7 el escoger entre disenos con flores1 con puntos1 con rayas1 y cuadritos4 #b4 ,con facilidad sin embargo 7however7 podra ,v4 hacer un surtido entre las dos series que le enviamos1 de fondos claros y oscuros1 y de colores vivos1 chillones1 sobrios1 y apagados4 #c4 ,desde algun tiempo a esta parte tratan ,vs4 los negocios tan a trochimoche que ya no sabemos a que atenernos 7what to think of it74 #d4 ,hago esta consignacion de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que siguiendo ,v4 a vender tan barato y a plazos tan largos no me tendra cuenta hacerle otros envios sino por su propia cuenta o contra pedidos fijos de los clientes4 #e4 ,clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas comerciales4 #f4 ,a la par que ,vs4 7same as yourselves7 no somos ajenos a la idea de hacer algun ensayo en la importacion de langosta1 mariscos1 sardinas1 y conservas alimenticias1 pero debemos ir a medias en cualquiera transaccion que se decida4 #g4 ,creo que a duras penas sacara su dinero y a mejor andar tendra que perder todo su trabajo4 #h4 ,a medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentaran los dividendos4 #i4 ,recibira ,v4 en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han confeccionado sin mirar a gastos4 #aj4 ,estos restos son una verdadera ganga y ademas1 podra ,v4 pagarlos al contado o a plazos largos 7easy7 como mas le convenga4 #aa4 ,dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su proximo viaje a ,inglaterra4 #ab4 ,no puede menos de admitir 7to admit7 que a la larga esto no puede convenirme1 y espero que ,v4 no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el corazon en la mano4 ,,exercise #b 7#ef74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,after writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the ,brown ,linens 7lienzos morenos7 that he will be able to book your order which will be delivered before the end of next month4 #b4 ,the ,brocaded ,satins will range between 7costaran desde7 #d;d4 and #e;d4 a yard1 and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving your letter confirming them4 #c4 ,these shapes are not worn 7gastan1 llevan7 outside ,england4 #d4 ,not far from here and next to the ,bank there is the ,insurance ,office1 which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance4 #e4 ,it cost ,l#bj1jjj and they never thought it would exceed half that amount4 #f4 ,perhaps it is too large an outlay 7gasto7 for the ,company1 but there was no money wasted4 #g4 ,the columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the best ,carrara marble 7marmol74 #h4 ,whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit 7un si es no es7 off shade 7diferentes al color pedido7 your claim is quite out of the question4 #i4 ,towards the beginning of the autumn our ,mr4 ,so-and-,so will make a trip 7hara un viaje7 to your place1 and he will have the honour of waiting upon you 7de visitarles7 with our latest novelties 7novedades74 #aj4 ,you do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are able to undersell you 7vender mas bajo que ,v471 nor can we make it out 7explicarnoslo7 either4 ,,lesson ,,xxix4 7,leccion vigesima nona47 ,,the ,,prepositions4 ,prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them4 ,the principal prepositions are-- ,a 7at1 to7 ,ante 7before--in point of place7 ,bajo 7under7 ,con 7with7 ,contra1 en contra de 7against7 ,de 7of1 from7 ,desde 7since1 from7 ,en 7in7 ,entre 7between1 among7 ,hacia 7towards7 ,hasta 7till1 as far as1 even7 ,para 7for the purpose of1 for1 in order to7 ,por 7for1 by1 because of7 ,segun 7according to7 ,sin 7without7 ,sobre 7upon7 ,tras1 tras de 7behind7 ,para con 7una persona71#afd 7towards1 with1 a person7 ,footnote #afd3 ,fue muy generoso para conmigo3 ,he was very generous with me4 ,many verbs take in ,spanish a different preposition than in ,english4 ,some verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other1 as-- ,depender de una promesa3 ,to depend on a promise4 ,convenir en una transaccion3 ,to agree to a compromise4 ,confiar en un desconocido3 ,to trust a perfect stranger4 ,regalarle un cheque3 ,to present him with a cheque4 ,the use of the correct preposition according to the verb it follows is best learnt by practice4 ,in the second part of the grammar1 the student will be helped with a list of the most characteristic differences between the two languages4 ,the ,spanish construction is not quite so rigid in this respect as is the ,english4 ,difference between de and desde both translating from--,de mark the origin only1 as3 ,esta seda viene de ,italia3 ,this silk comes from ,italy--it is ,italian silk4 ,desde calls attention to distance of time or space1 as-- ,desde el #a deg4 de ,enero se establecio en comercio por cuenta propia3 ,from the #ast of ,january1 he started in business on his own account4 ,he viajado desde ,londres hasta ,calcuta en tantos dias3 ,i travelled from ,london to ,calcutta in so many days4 ,the chief difficulty in the employment of the ,spanish prepositions is the use of ,por and ,para-- ,por is used-- #a4 ,to denote agency by#afe2 as-- ,es tenido en gran cuenta por sus amigos3 ,he is thought much of by his friends4 ,este establecimiento fue fundado por mi bisabuelo3 ,this establishment was founded by my great-grandfather4 ,footnote #afe3 ,after the passive voice of verbs denoting mental action when formed by ser1 ,por is elegantly substituted by ,de1 as3 ,son amados por or de sus padres 7they are loved by their parents74 ,but3 ,se aman por sus padres4 #b4 ,to denote the motive of an action1 as-- ,lo hizo por envidia3 ,he did it for 7out of7 envy4 #c4 ,to denote equivalency of any kind1 as-- ,cinco peniques por libra3 ,fivepence for a pound--per pound4 ,trocar un producto por otro3 ,to exchange one product for another4 ,considerar a uno bueno por ,l#a1jjj3 ,to consider somebody as good for ,l#a1jjj4 ,por mejor le envie yo como viajante3 ,i sent you to travel1 holding you for a better man4 ,tienda por tienda1 prefiero esta3 ,of the two shops ,i prefer this4 #d4 ,to denote distribution1 as-- ,vinieron cinco por cinco3 ,they came five by five4 ,para is used-- #a4 ,to denote the object of an action 7generally to or in order to71 as-- ,trabajo para ganarme la vida3 ,i work to 7in order to7 earn my living4 #b4 ,to denote destination 7or direction71 as-- ,el tren sale para ,valencia3 ,the train leaves for ,valencia4 ,esta cedula es para el ,sr4 ,fulano3 ,this warrant is for ,mr4 ,so-and-,so4 ,voy para casa3 ,i am going towards home4 ,many idiomatic uses of ,por and ,para must be learnt by practice4 ,,vocabulary4 abogar1 to plead acceder1 to accede afanarse1 to exert oneself1 to take much trouble ahorrar1 to save ajuste1 adjustment a la verdad1 really altos hornos1 blast furnaces1 foundries amarillo1 yellow1 buff amistad1 friendship aparentar1 to show outwardly aprovecharse1 to take advantage of1 to avail oneself aproximarse1 to approach1 to draw near automovil1 motor-car azadas1 hoes azadones1 pick-axes azuelas1 adzes bultos1 packages cizallas1 shears croquis1 sketch disenador1 draughtsman 99disponer1 to dispose1 to arrange echar al correo1 to 7throw into the7 post empeoramiento1 deterioration en blanco1 blank estancia1 stay 7un7 fardin1 un cuarto1 a farthing1 a trifling amount 99forzar1 to force1 to strain hachuelas1 hatchets hilar1 to spin largo de talle1 full1 complete lingotes de hierro1 pig-iron martillo1 hammer molestia1 trouble moratoria1 extension of time 7for payment7 palas1 shovels para 7estar71 7to be7 on the point of 444 picos1 picks plomo1 slate1 lead colour por 7estar por escribir71 to be 7yet7 unwritten prevision1 foresight los sintomas1 the symptoms suspender los pagos1 to stop payments tejer1 to weave tenazas1 tongs textil1 textile 99trocar1 to barter1 to exchange yerno1 hijo politico1 son-in-law ,,exercise #a4 7#eg7 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,de ,espana nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas 7juicy7 naranjas1 ademas de minerales--de hierro y cobre4 #b4 ,el viaje por mar desde ,espana a ,inglaterra tarda de cuatro a seis dias4 #c4 ,desde el ano #aijj hasta el #aiaj aumento mucho la poblacion del ,reino ,unido4 #d4 ,los ,altos ,hornos de ,bilbao se han construido para la produccion de lingotes de hierro4 #e4 ,la ,sociedad reune poderosos elementos 7commands great resources7 para la fabricacion de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la tejeduria del algodon4 #f4 ,los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos4 #g4 ,el empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio preferimos ahorrarnos molestias4 #h4 ,por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzo su credito para no tener que pedir moratorias1 dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de su posicion4 #i4 ,compre un automovil por ,l#a1jjj mas lo troque con este que vale a la verdad ,l#a1ejj dando solo ,l#bjj por la diferencia4 #aj4 ,disponga ,v4 las piezas tantas por parte4 #aa4 ,a una veintena por vez colocamos aquellos picos1 palas1 azadas1 azadones1 hachuelas1 azuelas1 martillos1 cizallas1 y tenazas4 #ab4 ,se presento por su yerno1 abogo por el por una hora larga de talle1 todo por su hija1 pues por el chico 7young man1 lit41 child7 maldita la gana que tendria 7he would not have liked the idea7 de afanarse tanto por el4 #ac4 ,hare por colocar sus driles blancos1 plomo1 y amarillos 7buff7 para los cuales me dio orden verbal su ,sr4 hijo durante su estancia aqui y que se despacharan por 7or por la via de7 ,burdeos y ,cartagena4 #ad4 ,nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente sintomas de mejora4 #ae4 ,la primera carta esta para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la tercera quedan aun por escribir4 ,,exercise #b 7#eh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,he offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall4 #b4 ,it would not be possible for it to fall unless the ,textile ,bank should stop payments4 #c4 ,his office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes4 #d4 ,with all the weight of the evidence 7las pruebas7 you have collected 7recogido71 it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a distance4 #e4 ,between one thing and the other ,i did not know what to choose1 so ,i left them to settle the matter between themselves4 #f4 ,these sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers1 the owners of the ,sugar ,mill in ,parahyba4 #g4 ,he did the work for the pleasure of it but would not 7no quiso7 charge a farthing for it4 #h4 ,the packets arrived two by two4 #i4 ,i accede willingly for the sake of old friendship 7por la antigua amistad que nos une74 #aj4 ,as the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their purchases in this country1 we beg to address you to renew the offer of our services4 #aa4 ,we shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our offers and send us orders for some of your requirements4 #ab4 ,the adjustment of the average per ,s4,s4 ,nile is still hanging fire 7todavia pendiente71 but we are pushing the ,insurance ,co4 to our utmost 7todo lo posible7 for a speedy settlement4 #ac4 ,for a 7para7 foreigner he understands ,english methods very well indeed4 #ad4 ,being 7por ser7 so young he shows a good deal of 7mucho7 tact and foresight4 ,,lesson ,,xxx4 7,leccion trigesima47 ,,the ,,conjunctions ,,and ,,interjections4 ,conjunctions join sentences together2 also independent words4 ,the principal conjunctions are-- 99,a menos que 7unless7 ,a pesar de 7in spite of7 ,asi como 7just as7 ,asi que1 de suerte que 7so that7 99,afin de que1 99,para que 7that--in order that7 ,aunque1 bien que1 si bien 7although1 even if7 99,bien 444 bien 7whether 444 or7 ,como 7as7 99,con tal que 7provided7 ,con que 7so7 99,cuando 7if7 ,mas1 pero1 empero#aff 7but7 ,sino 7but--after a negative#afg7 ,ni 444 ni 7neither 444 nor7 ,no sea que99 7lest1 also perhaps7 ,no obstante 7nevertheless7 ,o 444 o#afh 7either 444 or7 ,ora 444 ora#afh 7now 444 now--with indic4 mood7 ,porque1 porque 7why1 because7 ,portanto 7therefore7 ,puesto que#afi 7seeing that7 ,pues 7since7 ,que 7that7 ,si 7if1 whether7 ,sin embargo 7however1 notwithstanding7 ,segun 7according7 ,siquiera 7at least1 even7 ,y#agj 7and7 ,ya 444 ya#aga 7whether 444 or--with subj4 mood7 ,ya que 7since1 seeing that7 ,footnote #aff3 ,empero is used same as pero at the beginning of a sentence4 ,footnote #afg3 ,unless a finite verb follows1 as3 ,no tengo dinero pero gozo de buena reputacion 7,i have no money but ,i enjoy a good reputation74 ,footnote #afh3 ,before words commencing with o or ho1 it changes into u4 ,footnote #afi3 ,in old ,spanish it had the meaning of even if4 ,footnote #agj3 ,before words commencing with i1 also hi not followed by a vowel1 use e1 as3 ,padre e hijo1 but ,nieve y hielo4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ora 444 ora and ya 444 ya both mean now 444 now 7with indic4 mood71 and whether 444 or 7with subj4 mood74 ,the conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb in the ,subjunctive ,mood4 ,the ,english either is generally left understood1 as-- ,exportaciones o importaciones3 ,either exports or imports4 ,either following a negative--tampoco1 as-- ,no quiero comprar ,titulos de ,gobierno ni ,obligaciones de ,ferrocarriles tampoco3 ,i do not wish to buy ,government ,stock1 nor ,railway ,stocks either4 ,interjections1 being mere exclamations1 do not stand in grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence4 ,they are elliptical sentences1 as-- i,oh6 7,i am surprised1 etc474 ,the principal ,interjections in ,spanish are the following-- caramba1 caspita 7these express practically all kinds of emotions7 ay#agb 7oh6 grief or threat7 bah1 ca1 quia 7humph67 ce1 hola1 ola 7,i say67 chito1 chiton 7shut up67 cuidado1 iojo6 7attention6 look out67 ea 7come67 he 7hey7 huy 7oh6 physical pain7 ojala 7oh1 that7 por ,dios 7for heaven's sake7 tate1 zape 7what6 7surprise77 tonterias 7nonsense67 uf 7oh6 weariness or fatigue7 ,footnote #agb3 ,this can govern a noun or pronoun1 as--i,ay de mi6 ,woe to me6 i,ay de ,pedro6 ,woe to ,peter6 ,as well as ,ah or ,ha1 ,oh or ,o as in ,english1 and many words used as exclamations1 as-- i,silencio6 icalle6 icalle la boca 7silence6 hush6 shut your mouth67 ivamos6 7much used71 7come6 come now67 ique lastima6 7what a pity67 ipoco a poco6 7gently1 ,sir67 iheteme#agc aqui6 7here ,i am67 ihetelos#agc aqui6 7here they are1 etc47 ,footnote #agc3 ,te--ethical dative4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,caber 7to be able to contain to hold7 7to be able to be contained to go in7 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,quepo4 ,past ,def41 ,cupe1 cupiste1 cupo1 cupimos1 cupisteis1 cupieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,cabre1 cabras1 cabra1 cabremos1 cabreis1 cabran4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,poder 7to be able74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,pudiendo4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,puedo1 puedes1 puede1 444 pueden4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,,none4 ,past ,def41 ,pude1 pudiste1 pudo1 pudimos1 pudisteis1 pudieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,podre1 podras1 podra1 podremos1 podreis1 podran4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,vocabulary4 aficionado 7a71 fond of aflojar1 to relax ansioso1 eager 99apetecer1 to desire1 to covet bastante bien1 fairly well berzas1 coles 7f471 cabbages buscar1 to look for1 to search buscarse1 to bring upon oneself cauteloso1 cauto1 cautious conexiones1 connections1 couplings 7machinery7 contrincante1 neighbour1 competitor detenidamente1 fully disturbado1 transtornado1 disturbed1 upset engranajes1 gearings escala1 scale hortelano1 fruit gardener inquilino1 tenant ir a1 to lead to llantas1 tyres 99moler1 to grind operaciones1 operations1 dealings perro1 dog plaza1 market place1 square1 place 99poner al corriente1 to inform refran1 proverb repentino1 sudden resortes1 springs 7mach47 sosa1 soda tambores1 drums traspapelado1 mislaid 7of papers7 ,,exercise #a 7#ei74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,a menos que los giros vengan acompanados de los conocimientos y facturas comerciales y consulares 7invoices and consular invoices7 no los recogeremos4 #b4 ,le remito poder en forma 7regular power of attorney7 para que ,v4 pueda representarme y hacer mis veces ahi4 #c4 ,cuando me pague lo que me debe veremos lo que proceda hacer 7what ought to be done74 #d4 ,v4 no hace mencion en su atenta de los engranajes1 conexiones1 llantas y resortes de nuestro pedido #b del que rige1 no sea que se haya traspapelado nuestra orden4 #e4 ,para comprar barato no hay sino que pagar puntualmente sus facturas4 #f4 ,aunque es hombre muy dificil de tratar1 sus ordenes son muy apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez empenada 7pledged7 es oro molido 7as good as gold74 #g4 ,aunque me pagara mas no se lo daria pues ya tengo empenada mi palabra4 #h4 ,asi como le vio le puso al corriente de las circunstancias4 #i4 ,con tal que el mercado afloje un tantico procurare plazar su orden para #ej tambores de sosa1 a su limite4 #aj4 ,con que nuestros contrincantes se porten con lealtad no tenemos derecho de quejarnos de su competencia4 #aa4 ,segun lo prueba la experiencia mas vale ir cautelosos en aquellos mercados4 #ab4 ,no deseo buscarme molestias ni meterme en camisa de once varas 7meddle in other people's business74 #ac4 ,hace como el perro del hortelano que no come las berzas ni las deja comer4 #ad4 i,caramba6 8,se viene ,v4 con refranes en una gramatica comercial8 #ae4 i,calle1 hombre6 ,todos los caminitos van a la plaza 7all roads lead to ,rome72 los espanoles son muy aficionados a los refranes4 ,,exercise #b 7#fj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,these #bjj pieces will not go in that case1 it is too small4 #b4 ,i do not think they will1 either4 #c4 ,i cannot say anything before ,i see the result1 but ,i shall be able to tell you something definite to-morrow4 #d4 ,not being able to compete1 he has withdrawn from the market4 #e4 ,i could not confirm the agreement last week4 #f4 ,i believe ,i could buy a parcel of wheat cheaper to-day unless there should be a sudden rise4 #g4 ,in spite of all his efforts1 he was obliged to file his petition4 #h4 ,although the market here is firm1 we have hopes 7esperamos7 that prices will relax in view of the bearish tone 7tendencia a la baja7 shown in the ,liverpool market yesterday4 #i4 ,the enclosed pattern is rather 7algo7 poor2 still1 as it appears to sell well in ,central ,africa1 ,i should be glad if you would see your way 7decidirse7 to manufacture it at our price4 #aj4 ,the new presses 7prensas7 work fairly well2 there is1 however1 room 7lugar7 for improvement1 and our engineer will write you fully on some proposed modifications4 #aa4 ,he signed the documents without even 7siquiera7 reading them1 so upset was he by the news the mail had just brought him2 therefore we shall be obliged if you will kindly send them back for his perusal and return 7para que los examine y se los envie otra vez74 #ab4 ,provided you take a lease of these premises 7tome en arriendo este local7 for a period of ten years1 ,i shall make the necessary alterations1 since ,i am very eager to have you as a tenant4 #ac4 ,although the demand for money is no longer so strong1 the market is still under the control 7dominio7 of the ,bank of ,england1 to which it is now indebted for 7debe7 a considerable amount1 and dealings are but on a comparatively small scale4 ,,part ,,ii ,,lesson ,,xxxi4 7,leccion trigesima primera47 ,,the ,,article4 ,the ,definite ,article is used in ,spanish and not in ,english 7besides rules given in ,lesson ,,ii7-- #a4 ,before the seasons of the year-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,la primavera 7spring7 ,el otono 7autumn7 ,el verano 7summer7 ,el invierno 7winter7 ,and the four cardinal points3 ,el norte 7,north7 ,el este 7,east7 ,el sur 7,south7 ,el oeste 7,west7 ---------------------------------------- -------- #b4 ,before the hour of the day 7with the words hora1 horas1 understood71 as-- ,es la una3 ,it is one o'clock4 ,son las dos y cuarto3 ,it is a quarter past two4 ,son las tres y cinco3 ,it is five minutes past three4 ,son las cuatro menos diez3 ,it is ten minutes to four4 ,las cinco y media3 ,half-past five4 #c4 ,optionally1 before the proper name of a woman used colloquially1 as-- ,la ,maria 7,mary1 our ,mary74 #d4 ,optionally1 before the days of the week1 especially when preceded by on in ,english1 as-- ,vendre el sabado3 ,i shall come on ,saturday4 #e4 ,before the names of the following countries-- ,el ,peru1 ,la ,india1 ,el ,japon4 ,and some towns to be learnt by practice1 as-- ,la ,coruna1 ,el ,havre1 ,el ,cairo1 ,el ,ferrol1 etc4 ,although found sometimes before the names of countries in general1 this example should not be followed4 ,the ,definite ,article is used in ,english and not in ,spanish-- #a4 ,before numbers following names of sovereigns1 etc41 as-- ,carlos ,i 7primero71 ,charles ,i 7the first7 ,alfonso ,,xiii 7trece71 ,alphonso ,,xiii 7the thirteenth7 #b4 ,in titles of books1 headings1 etc41 as--,historia de la ,inquisicion 7,the ,history of the ,inquisition74 #c4 ,before words in apposition1 as--,madrid1 capital de ,espana 7,madrid1 the capital of ,spain74 ,but-- ,alfonso el ,sabio 7,alphonso the ,wise7 ,juana la ,loca 7,jane the ,mad7 because these are titles4 ,the ,indefinite ,article is used in ,english and not in ,spanish 7besides rules in ,lesson ,,ii7-- #a4 ,before words in apposition1 as-- ,rubio y ,cia41 casa importantisima de la ,habana3 ,rubio ,co41 a most important firm in ,havana4 #b4 ,in titles of books1 headings1 etc41 as-- ,lista de los generos pedidos3 ,a list of goods required4 #c4 ,in such a1 so 444 a1 as-- ,tal amigo3 ,such a friend4 ,tan buen amigo3 ,so good a friend1 such a good friend4 #d4 ,in a half 7medio71 a quarter 7cuarto71 a third 7tercio71 in the case of an integer preceding1 as-- ,uno y medio 7#a-a_/b7 ,cinco y tercio 7penknife_/#c7 ,dos y cuarto 7#b-a_/d7 ,occasionally the article is omitted before other fractions4 #e4 ,before otro1 as-- ,otra quiebra3 ,another bankruptcy4 ,before weights and measures the definite article is used in ,spanish instead of the indefinite used in ,english1 as-- ,dos chelines la libra3 ,two shillings a pound4 ,cinco pesetas el metro or por metro3 #e pesetas a metre4 ,the ,definite ,article is omitted before casa and palacio when they are spoken of as places usually frequented by the person in question-- ,ire a casa del ingeniero3 ,i shall go to the engineer's house4 ,el ,rey volvio ayer a palacio3 ,the ,king returned yesterday to the palace4 ,the article must not be employed before a noun used after a preposition in an adjectival capacity1 as-- ,una viga de hierro 7not del hierro73 ,an iron beam4 ,the tendency of the ,spanish language is to omit the indefinite article whenever1 by such omission the sense is not obscure1 as-- ,tengo intencion de marcharme3 ,i have a mind to go4 ,vino con dolor de cabeza3 ,he came with a headache4 ,le dio cuenta de lo sucedido3 ,he gave him an account of all that had happened4 ,este caballero tiene mucho or grande ingenio3 ,this gentleman has a great talent4 ,the ,neuter article lo cannot precede a noun used as such1 but it may 7elegantly7 precede a noun used adjectively1 as-- ,todo me gusta en el1 lo amigo1 lo ciudadano1 lo caballero3 ,i like everything in him3 the friend1 the citizen1 the gentleman4 ,,vocabulary4 administrador1 manager anteriormente1 previously anunciar1 to advertise apacible1 mild armadura1 frame1 framing 7mach47 atajo1 short cut buen exito1 success comprometerse1 to undertake edificio1 building empresa1 undertaking experimentar1 to experience grabados 7generos71 embossed 7goods7 hilado1 yarn intentar199tener intencion1 to intend junto a1 coupled with practico1 practical 99proponerse1 to have in view 7a7 rayas1 striped 7goods7 recto1 straightforward riqueza1 wealth sencillo1 plain suceder1 to succeed1 to happen tenedores1 holders 7of securities1 etc47 tratar1 to conduct 7business7 vara1 ,spanish yard4 ,,exercise #a 7#fa74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,eran las doce y media del domingo antepasado 7before last71 apacible dia1 que1 aunque estamos en otono1 parecia mas dia de primavera1 la ,maria me acompanaba1 aquella ,senora del ,peru que ha viajado tanto en la ,india y el ,japon y cuyo marido y el mio eran tan amigos4 #b4 ,ibamos a casa de la ,senora4 #c4 ,la ,coruna es ciudad de ,galicia4 #d4 ,carlos ,v41 ,emperador de ,alemania es el mismo monarca que reino en ,espana con el titulo de ,carlos ,i desde #aeag a #aeea4 #e4 ,luis ,,xiv de ,francia no tenia sino cinco anos de edad cuando sucedio a su padre ,luis ,,xiii en #afdc4 #f4 ,el principio de su reinado fue dirigido por ,mazarin1 italiano muy fino 7shrewd71 y astuto conocedor de los hombres4 #g4 8,que dice ese papel8 #h4 ,lista de los accesorios que se dan con cada maquina4 #i4 ,tan ventajosas condiciones no se hallan en ningunas otras ,companias para el seguro de la vida4 #aj4 ,tales administradores1 valen un tesoro 7are worth their weight in gold72 de ellos depende el buen exito de las empresas4 #aa4 ,otro dependiente como el ,sr4 ,arboleda no lo hallaran entre mil4 #ab4 ,estos cuadritos y rayas cuestan #de centimos el metro1 y estos mercerizados y grabados valen #dj centimos la vara4 #ac4 8,que es la vara8 #ad4 ,es medida espanola que equivale a #hce milimetros y #i decimas o cerca de #cc pulgadas inglesas4 ,,exercise #b 7#fb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,an iron framing is a framing made of iron1 but a steam engine 7maquina a vapor7 is an engine moved by steam4 #b4 ,i had the intention of giving more such examples but ,i believe one is enough4 #c4 ,in the construction of this building the architect had in view both the beautiful and the practical4 #d4 ,yes1 see how 7cuan7 elegant and at the same time how solid these columns are6 #e4 ,business conducted through us 7por nuestro medio7 is different from the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are dangled before the eyes of the 7con que se deslumbra al7 public4 #f4 ,our plan is a plain 7sencillo71 straightforward method of operating by which we undertake to implicitly carry out 7cumplir con7 the instructions of our customers4 #g4 ,our best advice and service are always at your command 7a su disposicion74 #h4 ,kaffirs have resorted to 7han llegado7 a state of idleness 7inercia7 coupled with steadily 7mas y mas7 sagging 7aflojados7 prices4 #i4 ,holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry 7una demanda muy activa7 from spinners1 who have freely 7abundantemente7 covered forward sales 7para sus entregas futuras7 of yarn4 #aj4 ,they also took up large lines 7grandes cantidades7 of cotton previously contracted for 7contratadas74 #aa4 ,the total turnover 7las ventas totales7 was not quite as good as expected4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii4 7,leccion trigeima segunda47 ,,the ,,noun4 #a4 ,the gender of names of countries1 provinces1 and towns is according to their termination 7,lesson ,,iii71 but those ending in d are generally masculine4 ,exceptions are found1 the names ciudad or pueblo being then understood4 #b4 ,names of trees are masculine1 those of fruits are feminine4 ,,exceptions-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,la higuera 7the fig-tree7 ,el melocoton 7the peach7 ,la palma 7the palm-tree7 ,el alberchigo 7the peach7 ,la vina 7the vine-tree7 ,el durazno 7the apricot7 ,el datil 7the date7 ,el albaricoque 7the apricot7 ,el pistacho 7the pistachio-nut7 ,el mango 7the mango7 ,el higo 7the fig7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,and a few more4 #c4 ,a masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole sentences used substantively1 as-- ,quiero un si o un no claro3 ,i want a clear 7decisive7 yes or no4 ,el aprender es util3 ,learning is useful4 ,el que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto3 ,that he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me4 ,a list of principal exceptions to the rule given on ,spanish gender by termination is given in ,appendix ,i4 ,to the rules for the formation of the plural 7,lesson ,,iii7 we shall add-- #a4 ,family names ending in z unstressed do not change-- ,juan ,fernandez ,but--,el ,sr4 ,ruiz ,los ,senores ,fernandez ,los ,senores ,ruices #b4 ,the names of the vowels pluralize in es-- ,las aes1 las ees1 las ies1 las oes1 las ues4 #c4 ,some ,latin words used in ,spanish1 as--,accessit1 deficit1 fiat1 ultimatum1 agnus dei1 etc41 do not change for the plural1 except--,album--albumes4 ,for other peculiarities of number see ,appendix ,,ii4 ,collective nouns in ,spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular1 as--,la gente piensa3 ,people think4 ,but after a collective noun1 indefinite in its meaning1 the verb may follow in the plural1 as--,una cantidad de generos se vendio1 or vendieron en subasta3 ,a quantity of goods was or were sold by auction4 ,n4,b4--,the tendency of the language is in favour of the singular4 ,poner 7to put1 to place74 ,past ,part41 ,puesto4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,pongo4#agd ,imper4 ,mood1 ,pon 444 poned 444#age ,past ,def41 ,puse1 pusiste1 puso1 pusimos1 pusisteis1 pusieron4 ,future ,indic41 ,pondre1 pondras1 pondra1 pondremos1 pondeis1 pondran4 ,querer 7to want a thing or person1 to love a person1 to be willing74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,quiero1 quieres1 quiere1--1--1 quieren4 #agf ,past ,def41 ,quise1 quisiste1 quiso1 quisimos1 quisisteis1 quisieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,querre1 querras1 querra1 querremos1 querreis1 querran4 ,footnote #agd3 ,verbs which are irregular in the ,pres4 ,indic4 #ast person singular only1 have the same irregularity in the present subj4 all through4 ,footnote #age3 ,the #ast person pi4 and #crd pers4 sing4 and pl4 of the ,imperative ,mood are taken from the ,subj4 ,mood4 ,footnote #agf3 ,verbs which in the pres4 indic4 are irregular in the #ast1 #bnd and #crd pers4 sing4 and #crd pers4 pl4 have the same irregularities in the pres4 subj4 in the same persons4 ,saber 7to know74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,se1 4 4 4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,sepa1 sepas1 sepa1 sepamos1 sepais1 sepan4 ,past ,def41 ,supe1 supiste1 supo1 supimos1 supisteis1 supieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,sabre1 sabras1 sabra1 sabremos1 sabreis1 sabran4 ,,vocabulary4 apuro1 straits1 embarrassment armas blancas1 side arms armas de fuego1 fire-arms 99atravesar1 to traverse1 to cross campos1 fields cierre1 lock-out compensar1 to compensate1 to make good 99darse a partido1 to yield1 to submit disturbio1 disturbance enfurecido1 furioso1 furious 7enfuriated7 ensenanza1 teaching 99escarmentar1 to take warning fracaso1 failure la fuente1 the fountain1 source fuerza motriz1 motive power fundarse en1 to base upon huelga1 strike 7of workmen7 huerta1 orchard infinidad 7una71 an infinite number interior1 interior1 inland limitar1 to confine1 to limit mejorar1 to improve minero1 miner obrero1 workman orillas1 banks of a river palmera1 date palm poblacion1 villa1 town poliza de seguro1 insurance policy prescindir de1 to dispense with regadio1 irrigation rieles1 rails tal cual 7of goods71 as they are1 as they were tomar en consideracion1 to take into consideration1 to entertain turba1 crowd 7motley7 virtualmente1 practically1 virtually ,,exercise #a 7#fc74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,la palmera41 el pistacho1 y la higuera crecen en ,andalucia pero los datiles1 los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado ingles provienen principalmente de ,berberia1 de ,grecia y ,esmirna 7,smyrna74 #b4 ,en los recientes disturbios en la provincia de ,champana muchas vinas se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas4 #c4 ,expliqueme ,v4 el como y el cuando del asunto 7all about the affair7 y luego 7then7 considerare yo el pro y el contra4 #d4 ,a mi no me importa el que diran 7what people will say74 #e4 ,la industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza del ,reino ,unido4 #f4 ,las maquinas de toda especie1 los buques de vapor1 los rieles de ferrocarriles1 las herramientas mecanicas y agricolas1 las armas blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben a esa industria4 #g4 ,en el norte de ,espana1 especialmente en ,bilbao se trabaja el hierro en grande escala4 #h4 ,el rio que atraviesa dicha poblacion presta 7gives7 fuerza motriz a varias fabricas situadas en sus orillas1 y sirve tambien al regadio de los campos y huertas4 #i4 ,escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros1 los obreros hiladores se dieron a partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por los patronos1 evitando asi el cierre4 #aj4 ,patronos y obreros deberian trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la justicia2 el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro4 ,,exercise #b 7#fd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,the steamer ran aground on the ,spanish coast but the crew were saved4 #b4 ,people are apt to forget 7se olvida facilmente de7 the teachings of history 7historia74 #c4 ,his action has put me in a serious embarrassment4 #d4 ,i put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of ,b_/,l and insurance policy4 #e4 ,they placed all their trust in their agent4 #f4 ,i do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him4 #g4 ,when prices improve we shall be willing 7estaremos dispuestos7 to sell4 #h4 ,i do not know what effect this had on the market4 #i4 ,if ,i knew1 ,i should be able to act accordingly 7de conformidad74 #aj4 ,i do not think he knows 7subj47 what suits him best4 #aa4 ,the ,directors are not in the least 7absolutamente7 disposed to launch upon 7lanzarse a7 a large foreign trade1 so that the operations of the concern 7compania or casa7 remain confined practically to the inland market4 #ab4 ,we received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to 7rehusamos de7 entertain it as the goods were jobs 7generos imperfectos7 and were sold as they were with all faults 7imperfecciones74 #ac4 ,we are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss1 but we cannot make it good1 and we shall stand our ground 7insistiremos en eso74 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii4 7,leccion trigesima tercera47 ,,augmentative ,,and ,,diminutive ,,terminations 7see also ,appendix ,,iv74 ,examples in ,english-- ,ball1 balloon ,book1 booklet ,lad1 laddie ,man1 manikin ,these terminations are frequent in ,spanish1 especially the diminutive4 ,on 7m471 ona 7f47#agg denote augmentation1 as-- ,libro1 book ,libron1 large book ,footnote #agg3 ,feminine nouns1 however1 generally take on and become masculine1 as-- ,un mujeron3 ,a tall woman4 ,except when ambiguity might arise1 as3 ,un muchachon3 ,a tall or big boy ,una muchachona3 ,a tall or big girl4 ito 7m471 ita 7f471 ico 7m471 ica 7f47 ,denote diminution 7to which an idea of endearment is always attached which is natural in ,spanish when speaking of little objects in the ordinary way47 ,if for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then illo1 illa1 uelo1 uela1 are used instead4 ,other terminations less used are azo1 acho1 onazo1 achon1 ote1 astro1 aco1 and a few others 7augmentative1 suggesting 7generally7 disparagement72 ete1 in1 ino1 itito1 itico1 itillo1 and a few others 7diminutive74 ,if a noun ends in a vowel1 this is elided#agh before adding the termination4 ,footnote #agh3 ,if a noun ends in n 7except proper names like ,juan7 or r1 ito1 ico1 illo1 uelo1 change into cito1 cico1 cillo1 zuelo4 ,if a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant1 or a noun of two syllables ends in e or io1 or contains a diphthong1 ito1 ico1 etc41 change into ecito1 ecico1 etc4 ,if a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel1 ito1 ico1 etc41 become ececito1 ececico1 etc4 ,other slight changes occur also4 ,the ,augmentative and ,diminutive terminations have no determinate meaning3 they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness is required we must use the adjectives grande1 pequeno1 etc4 7which can be employed conjointly with the terminations71 as-- ,me dio dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados3 ,he gave me two heavy big books and three small ones4 ,students should use the terminations on and ito but no others until they become familiar with them with reading1 as they cannot be used indiscriminately with all nouns4 ,the termination azo serves also to indicate an injury or explosion from a weapon1 as-- ,un sablazo 7a sabre-cut7 ,un punetazo 7a blow with the fist7 ,un navajazo 7a stab with a knife7 ,un canonazo 7a cannon-shot7 ,with some weapons some other terminations are used-- ,una cuchillada 7same as navajazo7 ,una paliza 7a thrashing with a stick7 ,traer 7to bring74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,trayendo 7i unstressed between two vowels always changes into y74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,traigo4 ,past ,def41 ,traje1 trajiste1 trajo1 trajimos1 trajisteis1 trajeron4 ,,vocabulary4 actitud1 actitude agiotista1 stock-jobber alejarse1 to go away aludir a1 to allude1 to hint apurado de dinero1 short of money apurar1 to purify1 to exhaust calcular1 to calculate1 to reckon callar1 to keep silent1 to omit speaking cambiar1 to change1 to alter consignar1 to consign1 to record contrato social1 articles of partnership cordoban1 morocco leather despacio1 slowly despreciable1 despicable dinero efectivo1 cash discutir1 to discuss especulacion1 speculation1 venture garrote1 cudgel1 stick 99impedir1 to hinder1 to preclude ladron1 thief 7el7 matiz1 shade 99mover1 to move1 to actuate mozalbete1 beardless youth 99quebrantamiento1 breakage1 break down reflejo1 reflection 99seguir1 to pursue sin ton ni son1 without rhyme or reason sombrero de copa1 silk hat vejete1 diminutive old man vocablo1 vocable1 word ,,exercise #a 7#fe74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,el agiotista que ,v4 ve alli1 aquel hombron con el sombrerote de copa1 ha hecho un fortunazo en sus especulaciones bursatiles 7stock exchange speculations74 #b4 ,aquel vejete que le acompana con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha vendido una partidilla de ,cordoban muy baratita4 #c4 ,librazo1 libraco1 librote1 libracho son todos variaciones de libro1 como tambien librito1 librillo1 libreto1 librete1 libretin1 librejo que son sus formas diminutivas4 #d4 ,libreta es diminutive de libra2 se usa tambien por pan de una libra2 libreto es el de una opera2 el cuadernito de papel de fumar es librillo4 #e4 ,estas graduaciones o matices del sentido se deben aprender con la practica y se deben usar naturalmente sin afectacion como reflejo del profundo conocimiento de la lengua1 y no copiados de un diccionario sin ton ni son como se dice en espanol4 #f4 ,por ejemplo1 librazo1 libracho1 y librote se refieren mas al aspecto del libro4 ,libracos mas a los despreciables por su contenido4 #g4 ,tambien se debe notar que algunas terminaciones convienen a ciertos vocablos y a otros no1 por ejemplo hay libraco y pajarraco pero esta terminacion no puede tomarla el sustantivo hombre4 #h4 ,en fin con lo dicho y con lo consignado en el apendice ,,iv el estudiante tiene bastante por ahora4 #i4 ,con la ,republica en ,portugal acabadita de proclamar1 nos vemos apuradillos de dinero pues los clientes portugueses van despacito en sus remesas4 #aj4 ,callandito se vino el ladronzuelo y se alejo sin ser visto4 #aa4 ,cuchilladas1 pistolazos1 revolveradas1 y aun garrotazos son raros en ,inglaterra2 el ,ingles se bate a punetazo limpio 7with his fist7 cuando es de la hampa 7a rough71 y cuando es caballero no se bate aunque si llega el caso es muy capaz de dar muy buena cuenta de si4 ,,exercise #b 7#ff74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,if you cannot command 7no puede disponer de7 cash1 we shall have to alter our price lists as our prices will have to be reckoned on a different basis2 they will be a little dearer4 #b4 ,i am bound to say that there is some very strong opinion on this side 7de este lado7 against the course your ,government intends to pursue in the matter4 #c4 ,the situation has been complicated by the breakdown of the arrangement we had made with our carriers 7agentes de transporte74 #d4 ,i believe that the reason actuating ,mr4 ,melero's attitude 7mueve al ,sr4 ,m4 en su7 towards us1 a reason which he hinted more than once in his correspondence1 is that his articles of partnership with his friends in ,rosario preclude him from entertaining 7tomar en consideracion7 any new ventures4 #e4 ,at the monthly meeting of the ,council of the ,chamber of ,commerce 7,consejo de la ,camara de ,comercio7 the ,japanese tariff was discussed on a 7tras7 communication from the ,board of ,trade 7,board of ,trade1 ,ministerio de ,comercio74 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv4 7,leccion trigesima cuarta47 ,,the ,,adjective4 ,the position of qualifying adjectives is generally after the noun1 especially #a4 ,those denoting physical qualities1 as-- ,un hombre ciego3 ,a blind man4 ,una mesa redonda3 ,a round table4 ,pano negro3 ,black cloth4 #b4 ,those denoting nationality1 as-- ,quincalla inglesa3 ,british hardware4 #c4 ,those derived from verbs1 as-- ,mercancia averiada3 ,damaged goods4 ,the above rule is subject to many exceptions for the sake of euphony or to give more than the ordinary prominence to the adjective or the noun2 however1 the following rule will be found a reliable general one1 and it is in fact the informing principle of all special rules given in the various grammars-- ,an adjective used as an epithet should precede the noun2 if used as a distinguishing word it should follow4 ,by an adjective used as an epithet1 we mean one calling to mind a quality known 7or supposed7 to belong to the noun1 as-- ,no perdio el aliento el valiente general3 ,the brave general did not lose courage4 ,by a distinguishing word we mean one used to indicate the quality of a noun as compared with another of the same species1 as-- ,quiero comprar maquinaria barata3 ,i wish to buy cheap machinery4 ,the ,partitive ,adjectives some and any are left out in translation when they do not convey the idea of limited quantity4 ,when they do1 algun1 un poco de 7sing471 algunos and unos 7pl47 are used4 ,un poco de and unos convey the idea of a more limited quantity or number than alguno and algunos4 ,the following few examples are calculated to make it clear as regards the various shades of meaning-- 8,tiene ,v4 alfombras8 ,have you any carpets8 ,tengo algun azucar para vender3 ,i have some sugar to sell4 8,quiere ,v4 un poco de papel8 ,will you have some paper8 ,yo tengo algunas obligaciones3 ,i have some debentures4 ,he recibido algunos cigarros1 le reservare unas cajas de los mejores3 ,i received some cigars2 ,i shall reserve for you some boxes of the best quality4 ,one adjective preceding two or more nouns agrees in gender and number with the first only1 as-- ,la nueva caldera y accesorios gusto 7or gustaron7 mucho al cliente3 ,the new boiler and accessories pleased the customer very much4 ,n4,b4--,if a verb intervenes the adjective is generally plural1 and in case of different genders is pl4 masc41 as-- ,adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimiento3 ,enclosed we send invoice and bill of lading4 ,when the adjective follows two or more nouns1 it is put in the plural1 as-- ,el trigo y el maiz estan sostenidos3 ,wheat and maize are firm4 ,if the nouns are of different genders1 the adjective is pl4 masc41 as-- ,el encaje y las guarniciones han salido caros3 ,the lace and trimmings came out dear4 ,,exception-- ,when all the several nouns preceding the adjective are in the plural1 and all referring to things 7not persons71 the adjective may be made to agree in gender with the noun last mentioned1 as-- ,los tornillos y las tuercas estan bien ajustados 7or ajustadas73 ,the screws and nuts are well adjusted4 ,it is better to avoid this construction 7#a7 ,by saying las tuercas y los tornillos estan bien ajustados4 7#b7 ,by using an adjective having the same termination for masculine and feminine4 7#c7 ,by giving a different turn to the sentence1 as3 ,son de buen ajuste4 ,adjectives that qualify the fem4 nada 7nothing7 are always used in the masculine-- ,nada bueno espero de el3 ,i expect nothing good from him4 ,adjectives referring to titles of individuals are placed in the gender of the persons bearing those titles1 as-- ,v4 7contraction of ,vuestra ,merced7 es muy buen amigo3 ,you are a very good friend4 ,adjectives of colour derived from a noun1 as violeta 7violet71 rosa 7pink71 chocolate 7chocolate71 etc41 do not take the mark of the plural1 the words color de being understood before them1 as-- ,guantes crema3 ,cream gloves4 ,valer 7to be worth74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,valgo4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,valdre1 valdras1 valdra1 valdremos1 valdreis1 valdran4 ,imper4 ,mood1 ,val or vale4444 ,,vocabulary4 aceite1 oil aflojar1 to slacken ajuste de averia1 average adjustment almacenes fiscales1 bonded ware houses carne en salmuera1 pickled beef comarca1 region conceder1 to grant1 to allow cosecha1 crop1 harvest cueros1 hides exiguo1 small1 insignificant1 slender incluir1 to include1 to enclose incluso1 included incluyendo1 including integro1 upright1 integer1 whole interino1 interim juicioso1 sensible linones1 olanes1 lawns manteca de puerco1 lardo1 lard pieles1 skins productos accesorios1 by-products sebo1 tallow tarjeta1 card tasajo1 jerked beef tierno1 tender viajante1 commercial traveller#agi ,footnote #agi3 ,traveller 7passenger1 tourist7--,viajero4 ,,exercise #a 7#fg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,beneficas lluvias han caido en toda la comarca1 y las tiernas plantas prometen abundante cosecha si siguen favorables las condiciones climatologicas 7climatic74 #b4 ,las compras baratas no resultan siempre lo que se llama gangas 7bargains7 pues es necesario tambien que sean de calidad conveniente y adecuada para el mercado a que se las destine4 #c4 ,he recibido una consignacion de carne en salmuera1 lenguas en latas 7canned tongues71 tasajo1 sebo1 margarina1 manteca de puerco 7or lardo71 y productos accesorios que espero poder colocar bien4 #d4 ,me enviaron tambien un poco de aceite de margarina1 heces de sebo 7tallow greaves71 hueso molido 7bone-meal7 y tripas de buey 7ox casings7 baratas4 #e4 8,ha vendido ,v4 algo de estas8 #f4 ,no1 pero he vendido un poco de sebo4 #g4 8 ,no ha recibido ,v4 cueros y pieles8 #h4 ,no1 estos no pertenecen a mi ramo de negocios 7line of business74 #i4 ,ha entrado mucho te este mes en los almacenes fiscales y ademas algun cafe de ,costa ,rica4 #aj4 ,la magnifica coleccion de muestras y tarjetas para reclamo 7advertisement7 que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gustado muchisimo4 #aa4 ,el ajuste de averia y el cheque por la indemnizacion concedida van inclusos4 #ab4 ,tanto los provechos como las perdidas son exiguos 7or exiguas74 #ac4 ,no hay nada 7de7 extraordinario en que afloje el mercado4 #ad4 ,v4 es hombre integro y su ,senora es mujer juiciosa4 #ae4 ,le tomare algunas piezas de prueba de estos linones rosa y crema pero nada de estos estampados chocolate4 ,,exercise #b 7#fh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we have to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter of the #ast inst41 which brought us ,l#fdj on ,l4 ,sons1 payable ,august #ajth4 #b4 ,carried forward 7a la vuelta74 ,brought forward 7de la vuelta74 #c4 ,brown sugars have been rather brisk for some time 7desde algun tiempo74 #d4 ,the manufacturer has discontinued making the old article4 #e4 ,the ,directors of the ,z ,company announce an interim 7provisorio7 dividend for the first six months of the current year at the rate of #aj per cent4 per annum4 #f4 ,reuter's ,paris correspondent telegraphs that earnest representations are being made by the ,british ,chamber of ,commerce in ,paris to the ,french ,customs ,administration 7,administracion de ,aduanas7 concerning the recent change in the classification of yarns wound on bobbins 7en bobinas71 a matter which seriously affects ,lancashire interests4 #g4 ,the great object 7objeto principal7 the meeting had in view was the promotion of further 7el abrir nuevas vias al7 progress and 7y a la7 civilisation4 ,that necessarily implied fewer appeals to the arbitrament of the sword 7que deberian disminuir los casos de apelar a la espada7 and 7y ser7 more frequent appeals to the remedy of reason4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv4 7,leccion trigesima quinta47 ,,the ,,adjective 7contd474 ,degrees of ,comparison4 ,as 444 as and so 444 as are translated tan 444 como1 as much 444 as and so much 444 as are translated tanto-a1-os-as 444 como or cuanto4 ,n4,b4--,cuan may be used instead of como before an adjective as-- ,tan razonable en precio cuan apreciado por la buena calidad3 ,as reasonable in price as it is appreciated for its good quality4 ,the more 444 the more is translated cuanto mas 444 tanto mas2 also mas 444 mas 7without the article74 ,than whom1 than which is translated as follows-- ,sedas floreadas italianas que no las hay mejores en el mercado3 ,italian flowered silks1 than which there are no better on the market4 ,adjectives ending in io 7not io7 drop the whole diphthong before adding isimo1 as-- ,amplio--,amplisimo 7very ample74 ,,except ,agrio--,agriisimo 7very sour74 ,those ending in z change of course the z into c1 as-- ,feliz--felicisimo#ahj 7very happy74 ,footnote #ahj3 ,z should not occur before e and i in modern ,spanish4 ,the irregular superlatives optimo1 pesimo1 maximo1 minimo1 infimo and supremo are used very sparingly1 but they are found both as superlative absolute and superlative relative1 as-- ,esta es una cantidad infima3 ,it is an infinitesimal amount4 ,el precio minimo#aha3 ,the minimum price4 ,footnote #aha3 ,although improperly1 we often find mas minimo 7mas infimo1 etc474 ,el supremo bien de la vida es hacer a otros felices3 ,the highest blessing of life is to make others happy4 ,the irregular comparatives mejor and peor are in general use4 ,mayor and menor refer more generally to age 7older1 elder1 and younger74 ,inferior and superior are generally used as their ,english equivalents4 ,the expressions a larger building1 a higher tree1 etc41 are generally rendered un edificio mas grande1 un arbol mas alto1 etc4 ,irregular superlatives-- ,acre 7sour7 ,acerrimo ,amigo 7friendly7 ,amicisimo ,antiguo 7ancient7 ,antiquisimo ,aspero 7harsh7 ,asperrimo ,benefico 7beneficent7 ,beneficentisimo ,benevolo 7benevolent7 ,benevolentisimo ,celebre 7celebrated7 ,celeberrimo ,fiel 7faithful7 ,fidelisimo ,integro 7upright7 ,integerrimo ,libre 7free71 ,liberrimo ,magnifico 7magnificent7 ,magnificentisimo ,misero 7miserable7 ,miserrimo ,munifico 7munificent7 ,munificentisimo ,pobre 7poor71 ,pauperrimo1 and ,pobrisimo 7more used7 ,sabio 7wise7 ,sapientisimo ,sagrado 7holy7 ,sacratisimo ,salubre 7healthy7 ,saluberrimo ,simple 7simple7 ,simplicisimo --,uberrimo 7most fruitful7 ,some of the best modern authors write buenisimo1 nuevisimo1 etc41 regularly without substituting the diphthong by the pure vowel1 as bonisimo1 novisimo1 notwithstanding the shifting of the stress4#ahb ,footnote #ahb3 ,see ,note #dg4 ,substantives used as adjectives admit of comparison1 as-- ,es tan caballero or mas caballero que sus contrincantes3 ,he is as 7or more7 gentlemanly as 7than7 his neighbours 7competitors74 ,than followed by a number1 unless the sentence be negative1 is translated by de4 ,than followed by a finite verb is de lo que1 as-- ,cumple mas de lo que promete3 ,he accomplishes more than he promises4 ,but-- ,hablar ,espanol es mas dificil que escribirlo3 ,to speak ,spanish is more difficult than to write it4 ,the following expressions are translated-- ,el le lleva seis anos3 ,he is older than you by six years4 ,esta tela cuesta cinco peniques menos la yarda3 ,this cloth is cheaper by five pence a yard4 ,esta casa es diez anos mas antigua3 ,this firm is older by ten years4 ,es tan poderoso que domina el mercado3 ,he is so powerful as to control the market4 ,ver 7to see74 ,past ,part41 ,visto4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,veo#ahc 444 ,footnote #ahc3 ,it forms the pres4 subj41 ,vea1 veas1 etc4 ,imperf4 ,indic41 ,veia1 veias1 veia1 veiamos1 veiais1 veian4 ,,vocabulary4 acaudalado1 rich1 wealthy 99advertir1 to notice alcalde1 mayor alfombrada1 carpeting anadir1 to add apagarse1 to go out 7fire7 atraicionar1 to betray boticario1 chemist caja fuerte1 safe calorifero1 stove carbon 7de piedra71 coal carbon 7vegetal71 charcoal carpeta1 writing-pad casillero1 pigeon-holes certificar1 to certify1 to register 7in the post7 chimenea1 chimney contestar1 to answer echar al correro1 to post ensartar1 to string 7beads71 to file 7papers7 escano1 stool estante1 book-shelf franqueo1 postage guardafuego1 fender guardapapeles1 ensartapapeles1 paper files humear1 to smoke 7chimney7 lacre1 sealing wax legajo1 bundle 7of papers7 librarse1 to get rid of mano de papel secante1 quire of blotting-paper pupitre1 writing desk sello1 seal el sobre1 the envelope sujeta papeles1 paper fasteners ,,exercise #a 7#fi74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,la casa de ,rioja a y ,cia4 es tan respetable por su buena fama 7name7 como por lo acaudalados que son sus propietarios4 #b4 ,si1 es mas estimada que cualquiera otra4 #c4 ,dicen que tiene mas de ,l#aej1jjj de capital4 #d4 ,es muy rica en efecto1 pero no creo que su capital ascienda a mas que ,l#ajj1jjj4 #e4 ,cuanto mas corriente en sus tratos es un negociante1 tanto mejor le resultan sus transacciones4 #f4 ,estas son alfombradas de ,bruselas que no las hay mejores en todo el mundo4 #g4 ,tenemos un campo 7field7 amplisimo para nuestras operaciones1 las cuales hasta aqui han tenido felicisimo resultado4 #h4 ,nuestros generos son todos de optima calidad y a precios infimos4 #i4 ,es de interes supremo para nosotros el dar los mejores productos a precios minimos4 #aj4 ,la cantidad maxima no ha de exceder #ejj kilogramos4 #aa4 ,el hermano mayor es notario y alcalde del pueblo1 el menor es boticario4 #ab4 ,la ciudad de ,cadiz es antiquisima2 fundose en el siglo ,,xv antes de la era vulgar por los ,fenicios4 #ac4 ,el clima de ,valparaiso es salubirrimo4 #ad4 ,fidelisimo criado1 no quiso atraicionar a su amo que habia sido beneficentisimo para con el4 #ae4 ,euclides fue celeberrimo geometra4 ,,exercise #b 7#gj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i wish to straighten 7poner en orden7 the desk on 7en7 my table4 #b4 ,my pad is full of papers2 ,i must get rid 7librarme7 of them4 #c4 ,will you put all those answered letters in that shelf2 ,you will find the pigeon-holes alphabetically arranged1 put each letter in the proper bundle4 #d4 ,these others are filed away in that letter-file1 alphabetically also4 #e4 ,put the file in the safe2 we always keep it under lock and key 7bajo llave74 #f4 ,now give me a quire of blotting-paper1 pens1 nibs 7puntitas71 paper-fasteners and the stamp-rack 7porta-estampillas74 #g4 ,these envelopes go into the waste-paper basket 7cestilla74 #h4 ,fetch that stool1 please2 place it before that desk 7banco74 #i4 ,see to the 7hacer atencion al7 fire1 it is going out1 poke it 7removerlo7 a little and add some coal4 #aj4 ,this is the coal scuttle 7caja del carbon71 the shovel 7la pala7 and the poker 7atizador7 are near the fender4 #aa4 ,hot-water pipes 7tubos7 are preferable to fires or stoves4 #ab4 ,yes1 our chimney always smokes2 it is a nuisance 7ique fastidio6 ique barbaridad674 #ac4 ,post these letters4 ,stamp them 7pongales los sellos7 and notice there are some to be registered 7para certificar74 #ad4 ,do not forget to put the stamp of the firm 7casa74 #ae4 ,if any weigh in excess 7demasiado71 it does not matter 7no importa72 put the excess postage4 #af4 ,seal that envelope2 here are the seal and sealing-wax4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi4 7,leccion trigesima sexta47 ,,the ,,adjective 7contd474 ,the adjective grande 7great1 large7 may precede or follow a noun4 ,if it precedes it may drop the final syllable4 ,when grande 7or gran7 precedes it generally refers more to quality than to size1 but this rule is not strict at all1 as much is left to the tone of the voice and also to gesture4 ,when ,santo means holy it is always written in full4 ,when ,santo means saint it drops the to before the name following4 ,,exceptions-- ,santo ,tomas 7or ,tome71 ,santo ,domingo1 and ,santo ,torribio4 ,but--,la isla de ,san ,tomas 7the ,island of ,st4 ,thomas1 ,west ,indies74 ,some adjectives alter their meaning according as they precede or follow a noun1 as-- ,cierto hombre3 ,a certain man4 7,not un cierto47 ,una noticia cierta3 ,a certain 7sure7 news4 ,un pobre escritor3 ,a poor writer--of little worth4 ,un escritor pobre3 ,an impecunious writer4 ,un simple favor3 ,a simple favour4 ,un favor simple3 ,a simple favour4 ,un simple soldado3 ,a simple 7plain7 soldier4 ,un hombre simple3 ,a simple man1 a simpleton4 ,one and ones after an adjective are always left untranslated4 ,man and woman in the majority of cases are also omitted1 as-- ,tengo algunos buenos3 ,i have some good ones4 ,un frances1 una francesa3 ,a ,frenchman1 a ,frenchwoman4 ,numeral adjectives used for measurement are translated as follows-- ,una plataforma de #cj pies de largo y seis pies de ancho 7also de #cj pies por seis73 ,a platform #cj feet long by six feet wide4 ,este tanque tiene #af pies de profundidad3 ,this tank is #af feet deep4 ,in after a superlative relative is rendered by de1 as-- ,es el negociante mas prospero de la ciudad3 ,he is the most successful merchant in the city4 ,the proportional adjectives are-- ,el doble 7the double7 ,el triple 7#c fold7 ,el cuadruplo 7#d fold7 ,el quintuple 7#e fold7 ,el sextuple 7#f fold7 ,el decuplo 7#aj fold7 ,el centuplo 7#ajj fold7 ,siete veces tanto 7#g fold7 ,ocho veces tanto 7#h fold74 ,etc41 etc4 ,the adjective is used also adverbially1 oftener in ,spanish than in ,english1 as-- ,hablar claro1 alto1 bajo1 fuerte3 ,to speak clearly1 loudly1 softly1 strongly4 ,comprar caro1 barato3 ,to buy dear1 cheap4 ,ir derecho3 ,to go straight4 ,tener fuerte3 ,to hold fast4 ,exclamo ufano1 cortes1 enfadado1 bondadoso3 ,he proudly1 courteously1 angrily1 kindly exclaimed4 ,justo ha llegado una carta3 ,a letter has just arrived4 ,adjectives have a governing power through a preposition and then the preposition to be used belongs to the idiom of the language4 ,practice will make perfect4 ,the following are some examples in which the construction differs from the ,english-- ,afable a1 or con1 or para con todos3 ,affable to all4 ,agradecido a los beneficios3 ,grateful for the favours4 ,agudo de ingenio3 ,sharp-witted4 ,ajeno de la verdad3 ,foreign to truth4 ,alegre de cascos3 ,light-headed4 ,blanco de tez3 fair-complexioned4 ,cargado de espaldas3 ,round-shouldered4 ,codicioso1 deseoso de dinero3 ,greedy1 wishing for money4 ,cercano a su fin3 ,nearing his end4 i,desdichado de mi63 ,unhappy me6 ,dificil de comprender3 ,hard to understand4 ,dotado de buenas partes3 ,endowed with good parts4 ,duro de cabeza 7de mollera71 de corazon3 ,hard-headed1 hard-hearted4 ,evidente para todo el mundo3 ,evident to all4 ,facil de explicar3 ,easy to explain4 ,falto de juicio3 ,lacking in judgment4 ,hermoso de ver3 ,beautiful to see4 ,lleno de cerveza1 de vino3 ,full of 7or with7 beer1 wine4 ,mayor or ,menor de edad3 ,of age1 under age4 ,pequeno de tamano3 ,small in size4 ,rico de virtudes3 ,rich in virtues4 ,seco 7enjuto7 de carnes3 ,spare in flesh4 ,sorprendido de la noticia3 ,surprised at the news4 ,tardo a comprender3 ,slow in understanding4 ,triste de aspecto3 ,sad in countenance4 ,,vocabulary4 a la par1 at the same time las ,antillas1 the ,west ,indies atropellar por1 to infringe1 to trample upon1 also to run down 7vehicles1 etc47 blando1 gentle1 soft chaconada1 jacconet ciencia1 science1 wisdom corto1 short1 brief desarme1 disarmament deseoso1 wishful1 eager dique1 dock doctrina1 doctrine1 knowledge equivocarse1 to make a mistake fletar1 to freight1 to charter forros estampados1 printed linings hidalguia1 chivalry1 nobleness1 gentlemanly principles imponerse a1 to command inconveniencia1 unsuitability1 impropriety el inconveniente1 inconvenience ladrillos refractarios1 firebricks lastima1 pity1 compassion nivel1 level principal1 principal1 chief1 leading quejarse 7de71 to complain responsable1 responsible rizados1 crespolinas1 crimps tio1 uncle1 also a coarse fellow#ahd 99tropezar1 to stumble ufano1 proud1 full of dignity velero1 sailing vessel1 sailer ,footnote #ahd3 ,also used before names instead of ,senor among country folks4 ,,exercise #a 7#ga74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,gran lastima es1 si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general4 #b4 ,santa vida fue la de ,san ,francisco de ,asis4 #c4 ,aun los racionalistas respetan a este ,santo como tambien a la profunda doctrina de ,santo ,tom as de ,aquino4 #d4 ,ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal4 #e4 ,es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico4 #f4 ,pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor pues esto no convenceria a los hombres mas simples4 #g4 ,el hombre mas sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez1 llegue a donde llegare su ciencia 7however great1 etc47 #h4 ,si ,v4 me diera el doble1 el triple1 el quintuple1 y aun seis1 diez o cien veces tanto1 no cometeria esa indelicadeza1 atropellando por las leyes de la hidalguia y del honor4 #i4 ,el orador habla claro1 metaforico1 alto1 bajo1 fuerte1 y blando segun lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga por bianco 7to have for his aim7 la virtud y el progreso4 #aj4 ,ande ,v4 derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya 7lest you7 a tropezar y a caerse4 #aa4 ,cortes y ufano a la par1 repuso3 soy pobre mas soy honrado4 #ab4 ,justo lo que debia contestar4 #ac4 ,los estudiantes mas agudos de ingenio son a veces un tantico alegres de cascos4 #ad4 ,no importa 7never mind71 son todos deseosos de aprender y afables con su profesor que ademas de ser cojo de un pie ya esta cercano a su fin4 #ae4 ,este tio es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes4 ,,exercise #b 7#gb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,we are open 7dispuestos7 to charter a small steamer or a sailing vessel for ,st4 ,thomas in the ,west ,indies4 #b4 ,we can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home 7de ida y vuelta74 #c4 ,the heating surface 7superficie de caldeo7 is 7es de7 #bj' ,x #ae'4 #d4 ,these warehouses are #cj' long1 #bj' wide 7de ancho7 and #ae feet high 7de alto74 #e4 ,some are built with stone and mortar 7son de mamposteria71 others with firebricks1 and they are the best in the docks4 #f4 ,last week nothing was doing 7no se hacia7 on ',change1 but' to-day leading operators are distinctly bullish 7trabajan distintamente por la alza7 and have acquired a further large holding 7y se han afianzado mucho mas71 being more convinced than ever that prices will climb#ahe 7subiran7 to a much higher level4 #g4 ,meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought 7el exceso de compras en el mercado se hace peligroso74 #h4 ,he gave me too short a notice 7aviso7 and the consequence was #bj bales were short shipped 7no se expidieron74 #i4 ,he now complains of being short of 7que le faltan7 printed linings1 jacconets and crimps1 also of short measure 7de falta de medida7 in some of the cloth invoiced4 #aj4 ,their orders fall short 7son mucho menos7 of what we expected4 #aa4 ,we have run short of 7se nos ha acabado7 the raw material4 #ab4 ,our correspondents are short-staffed 7no tienen bastante personal71 hence their delaying often to send out 7y por tanto a menudo retardan el envio de7 our invoices1 which is a great inconvenience4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,to climb--,trepar4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii4 7,leccion trigesima septima47 ,,the ,,pronoun4 ,the pronouns ,nos and ,vos are used for the #ast and #bnd person singular1 respectively1 in poetry and high-flown prose4 ,nos is used in ,royal decrees2 and ,vos often to translate the ,french vous and ,english you in novels4 ,they require the verb in the plural and any occurring adjective in the singular1 masculine or feminine according to the sex represented-- ,nos el ,rey somos justo3 ,we the ,king are just4 ,vos ,dona ,catalina sois generosa3 ,you1 ,lady ,catherine1 are generous4 ,a subject pronoun following to be and preceding a relative may be followed by a verb in the #ast or #crd person1 as-- ,soy yo quien gire or giro aquella letra3 ,it is ,i who drew that bill4 ,two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the verb in the plural1 and in the #ast person in preference to the #bnd and #crd1 and #bnd in preference to #crd1 as-- ,yo y tu 7or yo y el7 vamos2 tu y el vais4 ,a conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the ,indic4 ,cond4 and ,subj4 moods1 but with the verb in the ,indic4 or ,cond4 mood a great latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis4 ,the principal idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb1 as-- ,entreguele los bultos1 acordele toda facilidad para el pago y quise acabarlo todo amistosamente4 ,the conjunctive pronouns lo1 le1 are both used for him1 it 7m471 7direct object72 the second is more generally used for a person1 but no distinction is strictly observed4 ,lo 7not le7 should however be used for it1 referring to a whole statement4 ,lo translates often the ,english so1 as-- ,lo digo3 ,i say it1 ,i say so4 ,ya lo creo3 ,i should think so4 ,the conjunctive dative 7indirect object7 should be le for both genders 7sing474 ,la instead of le for the feminine is however permissible and is used by the best writers4 ,les instead of los is often found in the accusative 7direct object71 masculine plural1 but this should not be imitated4 ,when a conjunctive pers4 pronoun follows the verb1 the subject pronoun must also follow1 as-- ,digolo yo 7not yo digolo73 ,i say so4 ,otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is very arbitrary1 the general practice being1 of course1 to put it before unless the sentence is interrogative4 ,the conj4 pronouns nos and os following a verb in the ,imperative mood require the elision of the s and d termination of the verb1 as-- ,escribamonos3 ,let us write to each other4 ,escribios3 ,write to each other4 ,conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective before parts of the body or articles of dress1 as-- ,me quebre el brazo3 ,i broke my arm4 ,se lastimo el dedo3 ,he hurt his finger4 ,se puso el sombrero3 ,he put on his hat4 ,also-- ,me han impuesto una multa sobre los generos3 ,they have inflicted a fine on my goods4 ,and in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be avoided without creating confusion4 ,a somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the ethical dative1 as-- ,pongame aqui un clavo3 ,put me a nail here4 ,castigueme este muchacho para que aprenda3 ,punish this boy 7for me7 so that he may learn4 ,corteme el pelo a este muchacho3 ,cut this boy's hair4 ,this ethical dative shows the person interested in the action4 ,its use is much more frequent in ,spanish than in ,english4 ,conducir 7model verb for all ending in ducir2 to conduct1 to lead74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,conduzco---------- ,pres4 ,subj41 ,conduzca1 conduzcas1 conduzca1 conduzcamos1 conduzcais1 conduzcan4 ,past ,def41 ,conduje1 condujiste1 condujo1 condujimos1 condujisteis1 condujeron4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,not condujieron4 ,imp4 ,subj41 of course1 ,condujese1 etc4 ,,vocabulary4 abordar1 to board1 to accost1 to approach 99abrir agua1 to spring a leak ajeno1 belonging to others1 outward 99andar en cuestiones1 to dispute barrica1 cask cabo1 corporal 8como no8 yes1 of course ,i will 99cubrir 7p4p4 cubierto71 to cover 99dar dos pasos1 to take a stroll 99dar la lengua1 to chat1 to parley despejar1 to clear devanarse los sesos1 to rack one's brains difunto1 late1 deceased estallar1 to burst1 to explode1 to break out formal1 formal1 respectable 99ir repitiendo1 etc41 to keep repeating1 etc4 jefe del despacho1 manager llevarse bien1 to get on well together lograr1 to contrive1 to attain machacar1 to hammer1 to insist mandato1 order1 injunction melindroso1 squeamish1 very particular multa1 fine1 penalty ,noruego1 ,norwegian peligro1 danger remolcar1 to tow sacar en limpio1 to make out isanto y bueno6 that is all very well sargento1 sergeant transportar1 to transport1 to convey tul bordado1 embroidered tulle vender gato por liebre1 to cheat ivaya6 come 7exclam47 ,,exercise #a 7#gc7 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 8,vio ,v4 a la ,senora 7the wife7 del ,coronel8 #b4 ,vila ayer y la di el recado del ,sr4 ,mayor4 #c4 8,este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados8 #d4 ,lo creo1 me lo ha dicho el sargento4 #e4 ,bueno fuera irselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie1 si puede ser4 #f4 ,a mi no me cuente para nada 7do not take me into account71 valdriale mejor verse con 7see7 el jefe del despacho4 #g4 ,a el le gusta dar la lengua1 vaya a hablarle4 #h4 ,no le conozco1 ,v4 se hace cargo 7you understand7 que me resulta dificultoso el abordarle1 y lo mismo da 7it is the same7 hablar con ,v4 #i4 ,v4 se equivoca1 va mucho de ,pedro a ,pedro 7there is a great difference between the two7 y en cuanto a su timidez no sea ,v4 melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar 7nothing venture1 nothing have74 #aj4 ,para no andar en mas cuestiones seguire su mandato 7,i shall do as you tell me74 #aa4 i,que tenga ,v4 buena suerte6 #ab4 ,me devane los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que queria decir la carta pero no me fue posible y di al diablo con el hato y el garabato 7,i gave up the whole confounded thing7 como se suele decir4 #ac4 ,me puse el sombrero y me fui para dar dos pasos y despejarme la cabeza4 #ad4 ,sr4 ,juan1 ,v4 machaca desde muchos dias sobre que le debo dar alguna orden a ,don ,jose1 pues para darles gusto a ambos saludemele ,v4 mucho 7give him my kind regards71 en su primera carta y digale que me envie luego #ejj piezas de tul bordado repeticion de mi pedido anterior1 mismos matices4 ,,exercise #b 7#gd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,it is ,i who conveyed 7trasmitir7 that information to him4 #b4 ,the goods were conveyed by the ,ship ,canal 7el canal maritimo74 #c4 ,have you made it clear 7lo ha explicado claramente7 that the risk will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance 7medio de trasporte78 #d4 ,our agent contrived to get the fine refunded 7hacerse refundir72 he wrote us so4 #e4 ,the vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke 7hablo con la bocina a7 a ,norwegian steamer1 who gave her assistance and towed her to 7al7 ,havre4 #f4 ,the conditions you have put forth 7presentado7 are altogether unacceptable4 #g4 ,put him in the way 7muestrele ,v4 el modo7 of conducting his business without depending on 7de7 outward assistance4 #h4 ,he conducted his late employer's 7jefe7 business quite satisfactorily4 #i4 ,had ,i feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly 7bien7 ,i should not have financed 7comanditado7 him4 #aj4 ,he puts a wrong construction to my words 7interpreta mal74 #aa4 ,he owes us some money and keeps putting us off 7y nos va dando largas74 #ab4 ,he has put off his journey 7diferido1 aplazado74 #ac4 ,if you wish me to do business with your goodselves 7su estimada casa7 you must put me on 7concederme7 the best possible terms4 #ad4 ,the alarming news from ,india has put our market out of gear 7descompuesto74 #ae4 ,mr4 ,nunez was dreadfully put out 7terriblemente desconcertado7 by the news that the revolution had broken out in ,ecuador4 #af4 ,we must put up with 7soportar7 some inconvenience4 #ag4 ,we shall put an end to 7acabaremos7 this exercise4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii4 7,leccion trigesima octava47 ,,the ,,pronoun4 7contd474 ,such expressions as ,i did it myself1 ,you write it yourself1 we spoke to him himself1 are translated ,yo mismo lo hice1 ,v4 mismo lo escribe1 ,le hablamos a el mismo4 ,notice the following idiomatic uses of ,lo1 ,la1 ,los1 ,las with the verbs haber and hacer-- 8,hay dinero8 ,is there money8--,si1 lo hay3 ,yes1 there is some4 8,hay pasividades8 ,are there any liabilities8--,si1 las hay3 ,yes1 there are some4 8,hace dos dias8 ,is it two days ago8--,no1 no los hace3 ,no1 it is not4 8,hace una semana8 ,is it a week ago8--,si1 la hace3 ,yes1 it is4 8,hace falta escribir8 ,is it necessary to write8--,la hace1 mucho3 ,yes1 very necessary4 ,in the case of two verbs governing each other as ir a ver 7to go and see71 mandar hacer 7to have made71 etc41 a conjunctive pronoun1 occurring1 may be taken by either verb1 as-- ,irle a ver or ir a verle3 ,to go and see him4 ,mandarlo hacer or ,mandar hacerlo3 ,to have it made4 ,an object pronoun after a preposition may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in ,english1 as-- ,los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si or entre ellos3 ,the lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves 7or them74 ,of course el1 ella1 ellos1 ellas1 cannot be used with reference to ,v4 ,vs4-- ,vs4 lo han arreglado entre si or entre ,vs4 7but not entre ellos73 ,you have arranged it between yourselves4 ,demonstrative ,pronouns4 ,old ,spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used-- ,aqueste1 etc41 aquese1 etc41 for este1 ese1 etc4 ,estotro1 esotro1 etc41 for este otro1 ese otro1 etc4 ,the ,english expressions ,i have not seen him these three months1 etc41 should be translated ,hace or ha tres meses que no le veo1 ,hace or ha tres meses que no le he visto1 ,no le he visto 7or no le veo7 desde hace tres meses1 ,hace 7or ha7 tres meses desde que le vi la ultima vez4 ,i have been writing these three hours1 is translated ,hace tres horas que escribo 7estoy escribiendo71 ,escribo 7estoy escribiendo7 desde hace tres horas4 ,relative ,pronouns4 ,cuyo in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of el cual followed by a noun1 as-- ,lo di a un cliente1 cuyo cliente lo paso a un amigo de el3 ,i gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his4 ,the correct grammatical construction would be el cual cliente2 but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of cuyo1 it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted4 ,indefinite ,pronouns4 ,the ,indefinite ,pronouns algo and nada followed by an adjective1 generally 7but not necessarily7 take de before the adjective1 as-- ,tengo algo 7de7 bueno3 ,i have something good4 ,no tengo nada 7de7 bueno3 ,i have nothing good4 ,un nada is used as a noun1 as-- ,un nada le asusta3 ,a nothing frightens him4 ,la nada--nothingness4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,sentir 7to feel1 to regret74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,sintiendo4 ,pres4 ,indic41,siento1 sientes1 siente 444 sienten4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,sienta1 sientas1 sienta1 sintamos1 sintais1 sientan4 ,past ,def41 -- -- -- sintio -- -- -- sintieron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pediz 7to ask1 to request74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,pidiendo4 ,pres4 ,indic41,pido1 pides1 pide -- -- -- -- piden4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,pida1 pidas1 pida1 pidamos1 pidais1 pidan4 ,past ,def41 -- -- -- pidio -- -- -- pidieron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,dormir 7to sleep74#ahg ,pres4 ,part41 ,durmiendo4 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,duermo1 duermes1 duerme 444 duermen4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,duerma1 duermas1 duerma1 durmamos1 durmais1 duerman4 ,past ,def41 -- -- -- durmio -- -- -- durmieron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #ahg3 ,morir is conjugated like dormir1 but has its past part4 muerto4 ,n4,b4--,muerto is also a double form of the past part4 of matar 7to kill71 as--,le han muerto3 ,they have killed him4 ,,vocabulary4 adeudar1 to debit1 to pay 7duty7 atrasado1 in arrears1 behind ce por be1 with all particulars1 minutely chapas1 plates 99contar1 to count1 to relate discreto1 sensible1 judicious1 discreet dispensar1 to excuse echar a perder1 to spoil1 to wreck empeoramiento1 turn for the worse 99estar en poco de1 to be within an inch of grano de anis1 a trifling matter 99hacer de las suyas1 to play one's pranks 99hacer el obsequio1 to do the favour informe1 report mandar buscar1 to send for obligar1 to compel 99obtener1 to obtain1 to bring about pesado1 heavy quehaceres1 occupations1 business reglamento1 regulation1 bye-laws remesa1 remittance1 shipment revista1 review rodajas 7de goma71 rubber heels 7revolving7 tacones 7de goma71 rubber heels 7shaped7 taller1 workshop tonto1 simpleton1 foolish tornillos1 screws ,,exercise #a 7#ge74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,yo mismo escribo al ,sr4 ,mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus pedidos a ,vs4 directamente pues1 por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en que asi se haga4 #b4 ,si dicho ,senor envia pedidos 8hace falta avisarle a ,v48 #c4 ,si1 la hace1 y les ruego tengan la bondad de decirmelo a fin de poner a ,vs4 en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las remesas1 etc4 #d4 8,hace ocho dias que ,ilego el informe de la comision8 #e4 ,creo que no los hace todavia4 #f4 ,tengo los muestrarios aqui1 voy a darselos a ,v4 #g4 ,se los voy a devolver en seguida4 #h4 ,nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglaran esto entre ellos 7or entre si74 #i4 ,hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese mercado1 las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde4 #aj4 ,nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso 7charge full weight7 por sus tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo asi que vienen juntos con sus chapas y tornillos1 cuyos hierros1 claro es1 no debian 7deberian7 adeudar el mismo derecho4 #aa4 ,no sucedio nada de extraordinario para justificar su accion que en poco estuvo de echarlo todo a perder4 #ab4 ,hagame ,v4 el obsequio de contarmelo todo1 pues no es ningun grano de anis4 #ac4 ,sentarse#ahh pues y se lo contare ce por be4 #ad4 ,dispense ,v4 que le haya hecho esperar1 tuve que despachar a mi chauffeur4 #ae4 ,es ,v4 muy dueno1 pero acuerdese ,v4 que primero los quehaceres y despues los placeres4 #af4 ,v4 es hombre discrete y lo que es yo1 soy un pobre ton to4 #ag4 ,vamos e ver de que se trata4 #ah4 8,ha hecho ,v4 alguna de las suyas8 ,footnote #ahh3 ,notice the ,imperative ,infinitive4 ,,exercise #b 7#gf74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i regret having left the newspapers at the workshop1 but ,i shall send for them4 #b4 ,he regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee4 #c4 ,english manufacturers are not asleep4 #d4 ,they have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake 7se han despertado bien7 to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods 7modernos1 a la altura de los tiempos7 and adapting themselves to the requirements of the consumers4 #e4 ,manufacturers are selling every day but usually 7generalmente7 in small lots4 #f4 ,shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it4 #g4 ,dhooties 7dhooties7 and jacconets are now so well sold that producers 7productores7 will only book 7aceptan ordenes7 at good prices4 #h4 ,heavy textiles 7telas7 are too stiff for general attention 7demasiado firmes para atraer a los compradores7 but makers are not hungry for 7ansiosos de obtener7 orders4 #i4 ,indian business was barely 7apenas7 of normal dimensions 7proporciones74 #aj4 ,will you set the books on that shelf 7estante7 and set 7colocar7 those papers in order8 #aa4 ,the term you have set me 7fijado7 is too short4 #ab4 ,they ought to set a 7dar7 good example4 #ac4 ,he set about it 7puso mano a la obra7 at once4 #ad4 ,setting aside the 7prescindiendo del7 fact that he is behind with his payments1 he does us great harm by running down 7desacreditando7 our goods4 #ae4 ,winter has set in 7principiado7 and heavy cloths are in great request4 #af4 ,i have set my mind on 7me he decidido a7 this venture4 #ag4 ,a movement has been set on foot 7iniciado7 to bring about the revision of the bye-laws4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix4 7,leccion trigesima nona47 ,,the ,,verb4 ,all intransitive verbs in ,spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb haber1 as-- ,ha venido3 ,he has or is come4 ,a verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition1 as-- ,convenimos en hacerlo3 ,we agreed upon doing it4 should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows4 ,n4,b4--,many such verbs1 however1 may preserve the preposition even before a finite mood1 as-- ,convenimos que1 or en que1 lo hiciesen3 ,we agreed that they should do it4 ,when the subject of a verb is a collective noun1 the verb is placed in the singular 7see ,lesson ,,xxxii for exception74 ,when a compound subject follows the verb1 this may agree in number and person with the first subject only1 as-- ,nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompanaban3 ,we received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it4 ,the ambiguity between a ,reflexive verb plural and a ,reciprocal verb is avoided thus-- ,se comprometen a si 7a si mismos--emphatic73 ,they commit themselves4 ,se comprometen el uno al otro1 or los unos a los otros3 ,they commit each other4 ,a ,reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person as the subject1 is the direct object of the action1 as-- ,ellos se comprometen3 ,they commit themselves4 ,but when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object1 the verb is only intransitive pronominal1 as-- ,el se procuro un empleo3 ,he procured for himself an employment4 ,the ,passive ,voice4 ,the ,passive voice formed with ser occurs much less in ,spanish than in ,english4 ,when the doer is not expressed the active voice with se generally takes its place1 as-- ,los ninos se aman or ,se ama#ahi a los ninos3 ,children are loved4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,notice ,sing4 number4 ,when the doer is mentioned the following construction is often used-- ,a estos ninos los aman sus padres3 ,these children are loved by their parents4 ,the ,english present participle used substantively is rendered in ,spanish by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by the definite article1 as-- ,el cambio de las condiciones3 ,the changing of the terms4 ,el cambiar las condiciones3 ,the changing of the terms4 ,su comunicacion a las autoridades de la ,aduana1 ,el escribir or el haber escrito el a las autoridades de la ,aduana3 ,his writing to the custom-house authorities4 ,el vender a credito a largos plazos no es un principio sano3 ,selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice4 ,prefiero comprar disponible 7or las compras de disponible73 ,i prefer spot buying4 ,the ,english gerund following by is translated by the gerund without preposition or by the infinitive preceded by con1 as-- ,depositando 7or con depositar7 sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla3 ,by depositing his shares1 he put himself in order4 ,the ,spanish verbal forms ending in ante and iente1 as3 ,amante 7lover71 tratante 7dealer71 dependiente 7clerk71 etc41 used to be termed present participles1 and the analogous forms amando 7loving71 tratando 7treating71 dependiendo 7depending71 etc41 gerunds1 but this has now taken the place of both forms1 used as verbs1 and the forms in ante and iente are classed as other parts of speech1 according to their meaning1 as-- ,amante de la musica 7adj473 ,fond of music4 ,un tratante en trigos 7noun73 ,a dealer in wheat4 ,un dependiente de comercio 7noun73 ,a commercial clerk4 ,durante la exposicion 7prep473 ,during the exhibition4 ,mediante su ayuda 7prep473 ,by means of his help4 ,no obstante que vino 7conj473 ,notwithstanding his coming4 i,corriente6 7interj473 ,all right6 done6 ,huir 7to flee74#aij ,pres4 ,indic41 ,huyo1 huyes1 huye 444 huyen4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,huya1 huyas1 huya1 huyamos1 huyais1 huyan4 ,footnote #aij3 ,model for all verbs ending in uir 7with u sounded74 ,,vocabulary4 acabado1 finish 7cloth7 acudir1 to have recourse1 to attend1 to run to a las claras1 plainly1 clearly apresto1 size1 also finish 7cloth7 aprovecharse1 to take advantage bomba de doble efecto1 double-acting pump burlarse1 to make fun of1 to trifle with chucherias1 pretty trifles 99convenir en1 to agree to enganifas1 tricks escandaloso1 scandalous1 shocking granjearse1 to win over 99hacer ver1 to show 99herir1 to wound1 to cut 7fig47 mediar1 to come between1 to intervene1 to take place in the meantime 99no tener pelo de tonto1 not to be a simpleton quitar1 to take away 99reducir a un minimo1 to reduce to a minimum1 to minimise 99saber a punto fijo1 to know for certain sospechar1 to suspect suave1 soft1 mellow1 gentle subsanar1 to correct1 to rectify tacto1 feel 7n471 touch 7n47 voluntad1 will1 goodwill1 favour ,,exercise #a 7#gg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,a mi no me venga con estas enganifas que no tengo pelo de tonto4 #b4 ,me hace regalos de algunas chucherias para granjearse mi voluntad y aprovecharse despues4 #c4 8,sabe ,v4 a punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones8 #d4 ,mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de mi nadie se burla4 #e4 ,v4 debe de equivocarse y solo por sospechas no debe quitarle su amistad4 #f4 ,estas hermosas calderas de alta presion las han construido en ,inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los ,estados ,unidos4 #g4 ,el conceder el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha hecho conseguir una extensa clientela4 #h4 ,con uniformarse a mis disposiciones 7orders1 instructions7 el cumplira con su deber y yo quedare mas contento4 #i4 ,no soy amante de disputas1 mis dependientes podran asegurarle que durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones1 no acudi una sola vez a los ,tribunales4 ,,exercise #b 7#gh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,the long and short of the matter is that 7en pocas palabras7 we had agreed he was to do it4 #b4 ,this is nothing short of dishonesty 7esto se llama falta de honradez1 nada menos74 #c4 ,no matter what he will say 7diga lo que dijere7 ,i am sure he will have to pay4 #d4 ,the estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in 7a7 time4 #e4 ,the cloth was run 7plegada7 in pieces of #bj yds4 exactly1 the consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with cuts 7cortes74 #f4 ,it is of no use 7es inutil7 our struggling any longer 7por mas tiempo7 against adversity4 #g4 ,your writing in that strain 7en aquel tono7 shows plainly that their action has cut you to the quick 7profundamente74 #h4 ,by selling in time he managed 7logro7 to minimise the loss4 #i4 ,the shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being 7se van7 corrected by the ,republican ,government4 #aj4 ,we shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with4 #aa4 ,these stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not sufficiently mellow4 #ab4 ,their feel is not clothy 7no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto74 #ac4 ,this defect will be made right in future deliveries4 ,,lesson ,,xl4 7,leccion cuadrageseima47 ,,the ,,verb 7contd474 ,as in ,english1 several past participles may be used with an active meaning1 as-- ,un hombre leido3 ,a well-read man 7for a man who has read much and well74 ,the following are some examples-- ,agradecido 7grateful7 ,atrevido 7bold1 daring7 ,bien hablado 7a courteous speaker7 ,callado 7taciturn7 ,cansado 7tiresome7 ,comedido 7thoughtful1 considerate7 ,corrido#aia 7acute1 artful7 ,divertido 7amusing7 ,entendido 7experienced1 conversant7 ,experimentado 7experienced1 expert7 ,sufrido 7patient7 ,footnote #aia3 ,with a passive meaning it is abashed4 ,the ,tenses4 ,the periphrastic or progressive conjugation3 ,i am buying1 ,i was selling1 ,i shall be buying1 etc41 exists in ,spanish with the following differences from ,english3-- ,in the present and the past it is used1 but only when the action embraces a certain length of time1 otherwise the simple form ,i buy1 ,i sold 7imperf4 indic47 must be used1 as-- ,fulano se arrojaba por la ventana 7not se estaba arrojando74 ,the ,spanish ,academy gives this example as of an action more or less instantaneous3 ,so-and-,so was throwing himself out of the window4 ,the periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is actually engaged in the action1 as3 ,hoy como con mi amigo 7not estoy comiendo1 because not actually engaged in the action73 ,to-day ,i am dining with my friend4 ,in the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as-- ,cuando venga manana1 yo estare escribiendo3 ,to-morrow when he comes1 ,i shall be writing4 ,the periphrastic form never happens with the verb ir 7to go71 and seldom with venir 7to come74 ,the ,english present perfect 7preterite compuesto7 ,i have done is often used in ,spanish for the past definite ,i did1 when the period of time in which the action took place is not specified4 ,the ,spanish ,academy gives-- ,siempre que he ido a ,madrid he visitado el ,prado for ,whenever ,i went to ,madrid ,i visited the ,prado4 ,we even find ayer he hecho esto o aquello for yesterday ,i did this or that1 and this is accounted for by the nearness of the period elapsed4 ,although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in ,english1 well-educated ,spaniards will take care to avoid it4 ,the second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for the conditional mood1 as-- ,se lo diera si lo tuviese instead of se lo daria1 etc43 ,i should give it to him if ,i had it4 ,it is also found 7in books1 not in conversation7 for the compound imperfect indicative1 especially after que1 as-- ,los consejos que le diera 7for que le habia dado73 ,the advice which ,i had given him4 ,in old ,spanish1 and even now in poetry1 we find it used for every one of the compound past tenses4 ,general ,observations4 ,the verb to come should be rendered in ,spanish by ir when the person is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing1 as-- 8,quiere ,v4 venir aqui a mi casa manana8 ,will you come here to my house to-morrow8 ,hoy estoy indispuesto pero manana ire a verle3 ,to-day ,i am unwell 7out of sorts71 but to-morrow ,i shall come to see you4 ,la vi escribir3 ,i saw her writing2 viz41 ,i saw her write4 ,la vi escribiendo3 ,i saw her writing2 viz41 whilst she was writing4 ,the emphatic word in an ,english sentence is often and more elegantly translated by a paraphrase in ,spanish-- 8,es verdad que ha comprado los generos8 ,has he bought the goods8 8,es el quien ha comprado los generos8 ,has he bought the goods8 8,de veras ha comprado los generos8 ,has he bought the goods8 8,pues son los generos lo que ha comprado8 ,has he bought the goods8 ,esta transaccion hubo de arruinarle3 ,this transaction was within an ace of ruining him4 ,i believe myself to be clever1 etc41 is not translated ,yo me creo ser habil1 but ,yo me creo 7or considero7 habil1 or ,yo creo ser habil1 or ,creo que soy habil4 ,decir 7to say1 to tell74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,diciendo4 ,past ,part41 ,dicho4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,digo1 dices1 dice1--1--1 dicen4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,diga1 digas1 diga1 digamos1 digais1 digan4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,di 444 ,past ,def4 ,indic41 ,dije1 dijiste1 dijo1 dijimos1 dijisteis1 dijeron4 ,future ,indic41 ,dire1 diras1 dira1 diremos1 direis1 diran4 ,,vocabulary4 agrupacion1 group1 muster aislado1 isolated1 hedged in alcalde1 mayor arreglo amistoso1 friendly understanding capataz1 foreman carta de naturaleza1 certificate of naturalization cifras1 figures 99dar pasos1 to take steps dedicarse1 to devote oneself derechos protectores1 protective duties diputacion provincial1 provincial council elaborar1 to elaborate genio1 temper inquietarse1 to feel uneasy 99no tenerlas todas consigo1 to feel uneasy 99irse en rodeos1 to beat about the bush labor indigena1 native labour pequeneces1 trifling matters perspectivas1 prospects plan1 plan#aib 7idea7 proyecto1 project1 scheme repasar1 to go through resultado1 result 7de7 resultas de1 in consequence of1 as a result of vecino1 inhabitant1 ratepayer#aic vuelta de correo 7a71 7by7 return of post ,footnote #aib3 ,plan1 sketch ,plano4 ,footnote #aic3 ,vecino ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after a certain period of residence4 ,,exercise #a 7#gi74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,las leyes de ,espana declaran3 ,son espanoles todas las personas nacidas en territorio espanol1 los hijos de padre o madre espanoles aunque hayan nacido fuera de ,espana1 y los extranjeros que hayan obtenido del ,gobierno ,espanol carta de naturaleza1 o sean vecinos de cualquier pueblo de ,espana4 #b4 ,anaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente a sus profesiones en territorio espanol2 pero ningun extranjero puede ejercer en ,espana cargo alguno que represente autoridad4 #c4 ,los miembros del ,concejo o cabildo o ayuntamiento o corporacion municipal se llaman ,concejales o regidores4 #d4 ,en ,espana el alcalde de ,madrid es nombrado libremente por el ,gobierno2 el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de #f1jjj habitantes es nombrado por el ,gobierno de entre los concejales1 los demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su companeros concejales4 #e4 ,los cargos concejiles son gratuitos4 #f4 ,la ,diputacion ,provincial es la agrupacion de los varios municipios de cada provincia1 y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la provincia4 ,,exercise #b 7#hj74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,the foreman is grateful for his master's kindness4 #b4 ,the ,director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing1 in a foreign country hedged in by protective duties1 a factory worked by native labour under an ,english manager 7gerente7 and experienced ,english instructors4 #c4 ,if this plan reaches concretion 7se verifica7 he will be going abroad shortly1 when he will find that his agents will be taking already the preliminary steps4 #d4 ,the ,director himself is coming towards us1 he will tell you more about it4 #e4 ,i am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want looking after 7hay que cuidar74 #f4 ,whenever 7siempre que7 ,i decided on 7he decidido7 a thing1 ,i have always acted on my decision 7la he puesto en ejecucion74 #g4 ,i tell you if ,i had a larger stock1 ,i should feel rather uneasy at 7con7 the prospects of the market4 #h4 ,come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come 7llegaremos7 to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush4 #i4 ,he told me the figures did not compare well with 7no eran buenas en comparacion de7 those of last year4 #aj4 ,please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by return of post4 #aa4 ,short reckonings make long friends 7las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso74 #ab4 ,he lost money as a result of his bad temper4 ,,lesson ,,xli4 7,leccion cuadragesima primera47 ,,the ,,verb 7contd474 ,ser and ,estar4 ,such expressions as ,smoking is prohibited1 etc41 are translated either ,es prohibido fumar or ,esta prohibido fumar4 ,both translations are grammatically correct 7,esta prohibido fumar is the general expression in this particular case74 ,if we say ,es prohibido fumar1 we are referring to the doer of the action3 ,es prohibido por la ley1 por la policia1 por los jefes1 etc41 etc4--a case of passive voice4 ,if we say ,esta prohibido fumar we have no doer in our mind1 but only the thing itself a case of a condition of things resulting from the action 7the prohibition74 ,,example-- ,el fumar es prohibido por el jefe1 por esto esta prohibido fumar en nuestro despacho3 ,smoking is prohibited by our employer 7viz41 our employer prohibits smoking71 therefore it is not allowed in our office4 ,the above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast2 in practice1 of course1 such oddities are avoided4 ,the ,english expressions1 ,it is ,i1 you1 he1 we1 they1 who 444 must be rendered in ,spanish by ,soy yo1 es ,v41 somos nosotros1 etc41 quien or quienes 4442 i4e41 the ,english impersonal it is must be made personal in ,spanish4 ,we said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages1 as-- ,colgar de un clavo3 ,to hang on a nail4 ,entrar en una casa3 ,to enter a house4 ,this1 one of the points for which rules cannot be laid1 belongs to the idiom of the language1 and practice is the only master 7see ,appendix ,v for a list of the most conspicuous differences7 ,in reading1 together with the meaning of a verb1 ascertain its government4 ,some peculiarities of ,spanish verbs-- ,acabar de1 followed by an infinitive1 translates the ,english to have just1 followed by a past participle1 as-- ,acaba de flotarse una sociedad3 ,a company has just been floated4 ,acertar a1 followed by an infinitive1 translates to happen1 as-- ,acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana3 ,they happened to pass when she was looking out of the window4 ,acerto a ser viernes aquel dia3 ,that day happened to be a ,friday4 ,alegrarse de1 ,celebrar--to be glad to1 to rejoice at4 ,me alegro mucho de la noticia2 ,celebro mucho la noticia3 ,i am glad of the news4 7,before an infinitive de is omitted after alegrarse1 as3 ,me alegro decirle3 ,i am glad to tell you47 ,caber 7see ,lesson ,,xxx7 is used figuratively in many locutions-- ,no cabe en nosotros tal accion3 ,we are not capable of such an action4 ,no cabe en si de gozo3 ,he is beside himself with joy4 ,le cupo el premio gordo3 it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize4 ,no se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte3 ,one cannot know what one's lot will be4 ,esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas3 ,this cloth is perfection itself4 ,no caber en si3 ,to be puffed up with pride4 ,ir 7to go74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,yendo4#aid ,pres4 ,indic41 ,voy1 vas1 va1 vamos1 vais1 van4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,vaya1 vayas1 vaya1 vayamos1 vayais1 vayan4 ,imper4 ,mood1 ,ve 444 vayamos or vamos 444 ,imperf4 ,indic41 ,iba1 ibas1 iba1 ibamos1 ibais1 iban4 ,past ,def4 ,indic41 ,fui1 fuiste1 fue1 fuimos1 fuisteis1 fueron4 ,footnote #aid3 ,no word in ,spanish commences with ie4 ,hence the change into ye4 ,oir 7to hear74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,oigo4 ,salir 7to go out74 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,salgo4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,salga1 salgas1 salga1 salgamos1 salgais1 salgan4 ,imp4 ,mood1 ,sal 4 4 4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,saldre1 saldras1 saldra1 saldremos1 saldreis1 saldran4 ,,vocabulary4 arrancar1 to wrench1 to squeeze out biblioteca1 public library codicia1 greed1 covetousness 99darsele a uno de una cosa1 to matter desgraciado1 unfortunate deslumbrar1 to dazzle factura simulada1 pro forma invoice fiesta del comercio1 bank holiday fomento1 development1 encouragement 99hacer impresion1 to impress hacienda1 finance1 property 7no7 perdonar nada1 to leave no stone unturned proxima1 near1 approaching 99regir1 to rule1 to govern1 to control sacar1 to pull out1 to get out sin perjuicio de1 excepting 99tener a su cargo1 to have in charge 99tener en poco1 to think little of ,,exercise #a 7#ha74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,el ,gobierno en ,espana se compone de ocho ministerios4 #b4 ,el ,ministerio de ,estado trata de las relaciones de ,espana con los demas ,estados y corresponde al ,foreign ,office ingles4 #c4 ,el de ,gracia y ,justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos a la ,administracion de ,justicia y alorden eclesiastico4 #d4 ,el de la ,guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro ,war ,office4 #e4 ,el de ,hacienda1 el ,ministerio de ,marina1 el ,ministerio de la ,gobernacion 7,ministry of the ,interior7 que vigila y dirige todos los negocios y asuntos propios del ,gobierno y administracion civil del ,estado1 asi generales como locales1 sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de los ayuntamientos y ,diputaciones provinciales1 el ,ministerio de ,fomento 7,ministry of ,p4 ,works7 que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura1 industria1 comercio1 obras1 publicas1 montes 7forests71 minas1 y estadisticas4 #f4 ,este corresponde mas o menos al ingles ,board of ,trade2 y el ,ministerio de ,instruccion ,publica y ,bellas ,artes que tiene a su cargo cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza1 bellas artes1 archivos1 bibliotecas1 y museos1 y que representa aproximadamente al ,board of ,education4 ,,exercise #b 7#hb74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,it is ,i who shall leave for ,paris 7saldre para7 now that the matter is arranged4 #b4 ,i am going out as ,i hear somebody calling me4 #c4 ,go1 but do not be long4 #d4 ,yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you returned 7no volvio antes de74 #e4 ,we have just heard of his approaching visit to ,england4 #f4 ,it happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices 7oficinas7 were of course closed on that day4 #g4 ,we shall be glad if you will kindly instruct 7de instrucciones a7 your cashier to pay our account4 #h4 ,we have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices4 #i4 ,i am incapable of so much greed4 #aj4 ,i am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s4s4 ,maria was lost through the vessel stranding 7por haber varado7 on 7en7 the ,spanish coast4 #aa4 ,coming back from having seen 7a vuelta de haber visto7 the machine working 7en funcion7 he told us how favourably impressed he had been4 #ab4 ,he was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him4 #ac4 ,this is nothing to me4 #ad4 ,there is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm4 #ae4 ,i have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this unfortunate business but it has been of no avail4 #af4 ,he thinks nothing of our work4 ,,lesson ,,xlii4 7,leccion cuadragesima segunda47 ,,the ,,verb 7contd474 ,caer has several idiomatic uses-- ,este vestido le cae bien3 ,this dress fits her well4 ,caer en gracia3 ,to fall into the good graces of one4 ,la puerta cae a oriente3 ,the door is on the east side4 ,ya caigo1 ya caigo en ello3 ,now ,i understand4 ,caerse redondo3 ,to fall flat4 ,dar-- ,dar en el clavo 7 acertar73 ,to hit it4 ,dar por concedido1 dar de barato3 ,to grant for the sake of argument4 ,lo doy por bueno3 ,i consider it as good4 ,dar los naipes3 ,to deal cards4 ,dar la enhorabuena1 el pesame1 los buenos dias3 ,to congratulate1 to condole with1 to wish good day4 ,dar la hora3 ,to strike the hour4 ,dar en caprichos3 ,to give oneself up to whims4 ,dar en un error3 ,to incur an error4 ,darse preso3 ,to give oneself up4 ,darse al estudio3 ,to apply or devote oneself to study4 ,dar a creer3 ,to make believe4 ,dar con una persona3 ,to come across a person4 ,no se me da nada3 ,i do not care a bit4 ,ahi me las den todas3 ,i do not care a bit4 ,many other idioms are formed with dar for which a good dictionary should be consulted4 ,dejar de--to cease from1 to omit1 to fail to4 ,dejemos de hablar3 ,let us cease talking4 ,dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido3 ,he omitted to send me the remittance he promised me4 ,no dejare de ejecutar su orden3 ,i shall not fail to execute your order4 ,echar 7to throw7 forms also many idioms for which the dictionary should be consulted-- ,echar a correr1 a reir1 etc43 ,to start running1 laughing1 etc4 ,echar a perder3 ,to spoil1 to ruin4 ,echar de beber3 ,to pour out drink4 ,echar de ver3 ,to perceive1 to notice4 ,esto se echa de ver3 ,this is obvious4 ,echar menos or de menos3 ,to miss1 to feel the want of4 ,echar la llave1 el cerrojo1 la tranca3 ,to lock1 to bolt1 to bar 7the door74 ,echar la culpa3 ,to lay the blame4 ,echar mano3 ,to lay hold1 to lay hands upon4 ,echar un cigarillo1 un puro3 ,to smoke a cigarette1 a cigar4 ,estar--to be4 ,estar en que3 ,to be of opinion4 ,estar por3 ,to be in favour of4 ,estar para3 ,to be on the point of4 ,estar por hacer3 ,to be yet to be done4 ,faltar--to fail1 to be wanting4 ,falto a la promesa3 ,he failed to his promise4 ,me faltan cinco duros3 ,i am short of five dollars4 ,n4,b4--,me hacen falta cinco duros is ,i need five dollars4 ,guardarse de--to take care 7to guard against74 ,it carries with it a negative meaning4 ,me guardare bien de hacerlo3 ,i shall take care not to do it4 7,i shall take care to do it would be translated cuidare de hacerlo47 ,hacerse1 ,ponerse1 ,volverse1 ,llegar a ser1 translate the ,english to become1 when this is not rendered by turning the ,english adjective into a verb1 as-- ,se hizo todo un ingles3 ,he became quite an ,englishman4 ,se puso colorado3 ,he became red in the face4 ,se volvio loco de contento3 ,he became mad with joy4 ,llego a ser famoso3 ,he became famous4 ,se enriquecio3 ,he became rich4 ,hacer 7or mandar7 hacer una cosa--to have a thing done4 ,me hice enviar los bultos3 ,i had the packages sent to me4 ,hice escribir una carta3 ,i had a letter written4 ,llevar--to carry1 to wear4 ,llevar a mal3 ,to take amiss4 ,llevarse bien con todos3 ,to get on with everybody4 ,llevarse chasco3 ,to be disappointed4 ,llevese ,v4 estos valores3 ,take these securities with you4 ,meter bulla--to make a noise1 to shout1 to clamour4 ,volver 7to return1 i4e41 to come or go again7 is used before an infinitive to denote a repetition of its action-- ,volver a decir3 ,to say again4 ,decir otra vez3 ,to say again4 ,decir de nuevo3 ,to say again4 ,,vocabulary4 abonar1 to speak for a person1 to recommend actas1 deeds 7writings7 amen de1 besides apenas1 barely1 scarcely 99arrepentirse1 to repent bergantin1 brig concluir un trato1 to strike a bargain contramaestre de filatura1 master spinner conveniente para1 becoming cregueelas1 osnaburgs crespones1 crepons 99dar cuenta1 to report destajista1 contractor discutir1 to discuss dobladillo de ojo 7con71 hemstitched empenar1 to engage en regla1 in order escrito1 writing 7n471 letter 99exponerse a1 to expose oneself to1 to encounter fidedigno1 trustworthy fracasar1 to fall through goleta1 schooner hundimiento1 subsidence panuelos de luto1 black-bordered handkerchiefs 99poner pleito1 to bring an action posicion1 position1 standing 99probar fortuna1 to try one's luck proceder 7n471 proceeding1 behaviour redactar1 to draw up 7deeds71 to write out repulgados1 dobladillados1 hemmed suelo1 ground1 soil telas rizadas1 crimps vencer1 to win1 to fall due ,,exercise #a 7#hc74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,en contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos 7we are sorry7 deberles notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos han pedido4 #b4 ,obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del #c del que rige con orden para cregueelas1 panuelos de algodon de luto1 dobladillados 7or repulgados7 y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo1 y no dejaremos de darles cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho1 en nuestro proximo escrito4 #c4 ,el destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer4 #d4 ,estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros ,directores estan por ponerle pleito4 #e4 ,escriben de ,brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura4 #f4 ,conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen4 #g4 ,de resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea4 #h4 ,la goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento4 ,,exercise #b 7#hd74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,he wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them barely covers his cost4 #b4 ,i do not care whether he gains or loses2 ,i have ceased to take an interest in his affairs4 #c4 ,now ,i understand1 and ,i shall not fail to take care not to do it in future4 #d4 ,he started laughing1 and there the matter ended 7asi se acabo la cosa74 #e4 ,he was on the point of striking a bargain with him1 but it fell through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again4 #f4 ,he failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting1 and he has therefore forfeited 7perdido7 his right of opposition 7de oponerse74 #g4 ,he became very cautious after the experience he had4 #h4 ,he became very rich by his fortunate deals 7especulaciones7 in railway shares4 #i4 ,the bill falls due on the #aeth inst4 #aj4 ,this proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing4 #aa4 ,the deeds are not in order3 please do not take amiss my requesting you to have them drawn up again4 #ab4 ,i expected to see him1 but ,i was disappointed4 #ac4 ,do not clamour so much1 and try your luck again4 ,,lesson ,,xliii4 7,leccion cuadragesima tercera47 ,,the ,,verb 7contd474 ,the ,english verbs shall1 will1 should1 would1 may1 might1 when used as auxiliary verbs 7viz41 as mere signs of the future tense1 conditional or subjunctive moods respectively7 are rendered by the corresponding terminations of the ,spanish verb#aie-- ,i shall go3 ,ire4 ,thou wilt go3 ,iras4 ,we should go3 ,iriamos4 ,you would go3 ,vs4 irian4 ,i hope he may succeed3 ,deseo que tenga buen exito4 ,i wished he might come3 ,deseaba que viniese4 ,footnote #aie3 ,shall1 should1 will1 would1 are also rendered by the ,subjunctive ,mood when according to the ,spanish rules the verb should be ,subjunctive4 ,example-- ,it is 7was7 possible that he will 7would7 have to work late3 ,es 7era7 posible que tenga 7tuviese7 que trabajar tarde4 ,when they are used as principal verbs they are translated by ,deber 7shall1 should71 ,querer 7will and would71 and ,poder 7may and might71 as-- ,you shall go3 ,v4 debe ir4 ,you may speak3 ,v4 puede hablar4 ,i will not buy more3 ,no quiero comprar mas4 ,you should accept our terms3 ,vs4 deberian#aif aceptar nuestras condiciones4 ,we would willingly see that done3 ,quisieramos mucho verlo hacer4 ,footnote #aif3 ,the ,imperfect ,indicative debia1 podia1 queria1 is often used for deberia1 podria1 and querria4 ,this occurs also with other verbs1 colloquially3 ,yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui for ,yo selo daria si estuviese aqui4 ,can is translated by the pres4 or future of ,poder-- ,i can do it now3 ,puedo hacerlo ahora4 ,i can do it next month3 ,puedo or ,podre hacerlo el mes proximo4 ,could is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional mood of ,poder-- ,i did it whenever ,i could3 ,lo hacia siempre que podia4 ,i could do it if ,i had the necessary means3 ,podria hacerlo si tuviese los medics necesarios4 ,would1 meaning used to1 is1 of course1 translated by the imperfect indicative-- ,when he was in ,paris he would sit in the cafes for hours3 ,cuando estaba en ,paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes4 ,should he do1 etc41 is translated if he should do1 etc4 7si lo hiciese74#aig ,if ,i were to go is translated if ,i went 7si fuese74 ,footnote #aig3 ,after si 7if--,conditional7 the verb is present indicative or imperfect subjunctive 7see ,lesson ,,xxiv74 ,can is translated by saber when the faculty expressed is the result of learning1 as-- ,can you play the piano8 8,sabe ,v4 tocar el pianoforte8 ,to be to1 to have to are translated by ,tener que1 ,haber de or ,deber 7see ,lesson ,,xxvii71 as-- ,who is to write out that invoice8 8,quien ha de 7debe7 escribir aquella factura8 ,i have to be very careful3 ,he de ser muy cuidadoso4 ,i shall have to work hard3 ,tendro que trabajar fuerte4 ,let as a principal verb is translated by dejar or permitir2 as an auxiliary it corresponds to the ,spanish imperative mood-- ,let him speak3 ,dejele ,v4 hablar1 or ,permitale ,v4 que hable4 ,let him ask for it and we shall give it to him3 ,pidalo 7or que lo pida7 y se lo daremos4 ,to let 7or hire7 a house--alquilar 7una casa7--,i have let my house3 ,he alquilado mi casa4 ,,vocabulary4 abogar por1 to plead for acoger1 to receive agasajar1 to welcome apurar1 to clear up1 to investigate arrancar1 to wrench1 to pull out1 also to date from 99atender a1 to attend clases nocturnas1 evening classes condiciones1 terms 99convenir en1 to agree1 to acquiesce cruzados1 twills#aih culpado1 at fault 99despedir1 to dismiss destenido1 faded detallado1 detailed1 circumstantial estrenar1 to use or wear a thing for the first time estrenarse1 to commence1 to make a start farditos1 trusses#aii fiados1 book debts el idioma1 la lengua1 language malversar1 to embezzle nansus1 nainsooks negociado1 division 7,gov4 ,office7 oportunidad11 opportunity1 chance pagare1 promissory note1 bill parte1 report perfeccionar1 to perfect por poder1 per pro tiro1 largura1 length tomar vuelo1 to develop1 to increase ,footnote #aih3 ,also ,aterlizados1 asargados1 diagonales4 ,footnote #aii3 ,small bales4 ,,exercise #a 7#he74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa1 en donde fui atendido y agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en ,x4 #b4 ,le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy1 y ,v4 deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida4 #c4 ,los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han empacado cada cuatro en un fardo4 #d4 ,avisamos a ,vs4 el envio por correo1 de cortes 7cuttings7 de toda la serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista 7very sightly7 y se pueden pedir en cualquier tiro4 #e4 ,les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que necesiten4 #f4 ,este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo 7in time74 #g4 ,arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese ,negociado4 #h4 ,se han malversado cantidades de importancia4 #i4 ,el ,ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos1 estando decidido a castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados4 ,,exercise #b 7#hf74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i shall make out a list of my book debts4 #b4 ,you would break 7faltaria a7 your word if you did not plead for him4 #c4 ,he should explain his conduct1 otherwise he will be dismissed4 #d4 ,we shall oblige 7contentar7 him1 but it must be under certain conditions4 #e4 ,he is sending me to the ,court 7,tribunal7 that ,i may watch 7seguir7 that interesting case 7proceso74 #f4 ,he sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods 7metodos comerciales7 and perfect his knowledge of the ,english language4 #g4 ,you may see for yourself 7,v4 mismo7 that the state of the market will not justify 7no justifica7 buying 7el comprar7 at present4 #h4 ,they might be a little easier in their dealings4 #i4 ,can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract8 #aj4 ,they could square up the account by signing#bjj promissory notes at #d and #f months' time4 #aa4 ,they ought to forewarn their agents4 #ab4 ,he would insist on saying we were in the wrong4 #ac4 ,should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements1 we authorise you to sign it per pro4 #ad4 ,had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of 7admitido7 the bale4 #ae4 ,mr4 ,gomez is to visit the ,estate 7terreno7 and send a circumstancial report4 #af4 ,i shall let him attend 7asistir a7 the evening classes at the ,manchester ,school of ,technology4 #ag4 ,it is only fair that 7es muy justo que7 he should have a chance of mastering 7aprender a fondo7 the art of spinning and weaving4 #ah4 ,if he would only devote 7si a lo menos dedicase7 his attention 7to it74 ,footnote #bjj3 ,see page #afb4 ,,lesson ,,xliv4 7,leccion cuadragesima cuarta47 ,,the ,,adverb4 ,the natural position of the adverb is after the verb1 as-- ,el convendria de muy buena gana3 ,he would willingly consent4 ,but a great liberty is allowed in this respect1 as-- ,seguramente firmaria el endoso3 ,he would certainly sign the endorsement4 ,siempre se lo voy repitiendo3 ,i keep always repeating it to him4 ,mucho is the only adverb which does not generally admit of very for the superlative2 it takes isimo instead4 ,however muy mucho is found1 especially when used jocularly4 ,to the adverbs given in ,lesson ,,xxviii we add the following adverbs and adverbial locutions-- ,a la noche 7at night7 ,a manos llenas 7profusely7 ,a ojos cegarritas 7blindly7 ,a ojos vistas 7obviously7 ,a pie juntillas 7firmly7 ,a rienda suelta 7recklessly7 ,a todo escape 7at full speed7 ,ayer tarde or por la tarde 7yesterday evening7 ,cuanto antes 7as soon as possible7 ,de buena1 mala gana 7willingly1 unwillingly7 ,de buenas a buenas 7willingly7 ,de buenas a primeras 7at first sight1 straight away7 ,de hoy en quince 7to-day fortnight7 ,hoy hace quince dias 7just a fortnight ago7 ,de proposito 7on purpose7 ,de tiempo en tiempo 7from time to time7 ,dia si1 y otro no 7every other day7 ,manana por la manana 7to-morrow morning7 ,nunca jamas 7never--emphatic7 ,para siempre jamas 7for ever and ever7 ,pasado manana 7the day after to-morrow7 ,por mal 7bien7 que 7however badly 7well77 ,por poco 7nearly1 but for little7 ,tal cual vez 7once in a while7 ,,examples-- ,nunca jamas en la vida he hecho esto3 ,never in my life have ,i done this4 ,por poco se rompio la cabeza3 ,he nearly broke his head4 ,por mal que le salga3 ,badly as it may turn out for him4 ,adverbs ending in mente are often substituted by con with a noun1 as-- ,con lujo--lujosamente 7luxuriantly74 ,con dificultad--dificilmente 7with difficulty74 ,this1 of course1 is found also in ,english but is more frequently done in ,spanish4 ,recientemente is generally abbreviated into recien before a past participle1 as-- ,el recien llegado 7the newly arrived74 ,el recien venido 7the newly arrived74 ,el recien nacido 7the new born74 ,aqui1 aca1 alli1 alla4 ,aqui and alli are more circumscribed than aca and alla-- ,venga aca cuando necesite algo3 ,come here when you want anything4 ,alla1 en su tierra esto se hace3 ,there in your country this is done4 ,aqui estoy y aqui me quedo3 ,here ,i am1 and here ,i remain4 ,ponga este paquete alli3 ,put this packet there4 ,ahi--there 7near the person spoken to#bja7 also means your city1 your country1 there 7in correspondence74 ,footnote #bja3 ,rule not strictly observed4 ,si los precios ahi son razonables podra hacerse mucho negocio3 ,if prices over there are reasonable1 a large business can be done4 ,por ahi about4 8,cuantos habia8 8#dj8 ,por ahi3 ,how many were there8 #dj8 ,about that number4 ,no is used often redundantly-- ,mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir3 ,it is better to suffer than to make others suffer4 ,temo que no llegue demasiado temprano#bjb3 ,i am afraid he will arrive too early4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,this sentence is ambiguous1 because it might mean the opposite3 ,temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde4 ,the tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction must be used4 ,venir 7to come74 ,pres4 ,part41 ,viniendo4 ,pres4 ,indic41 ,vengo1 vienes1 viene1--1--1 vienen4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,venga1 vengas1 venga1 vengamos1 vengais1 vengan4 ,imper4 ,mood1 ,ven 444 ,past ,def41 ,vine1 viniste1 vino1 vinimos1 vinisteis1 vinieron4 ,fut4 ,indic41 ,vendre1 vendras1 vendra1 vendremos1 vendreis1 vendran2 ,,vocabulary4 a ciegas1 a ojos cegarritas1 blindly agotar1 to drain1 to exhaust al amor de1 near1 beside aparentar1 to appear basto1 common1 inferior1 coarse de bien a mejor1 better and better cabal1 upright1 just de cabo a rabo1 from top to bottom rom end to end el efectivo1 the cash1 the money en efectivo1 en metalico1 in cash enterarse1 to get to know escuchar1 to listen esquela1 note etiqueta1 rotulo1 ticket1 label hombre llano1 sincere1 rough-and-ready man loza1 crockery medida1 measurement medrar1 to prosper 99ponerse a sus anchas1 to make oneself comfortable porcelana1 china quebranto1 mishap1 misfortune1 loss 99salir en1 to come up to silla1 chair solicitado1 sought after un si es no es1 just a trifle 99venir a menos1 to come down in the world1 to decline vidriado1 glassware ,,exercise #a 7#hg74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,desde nuestra ultima revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha variacion en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los precios aparentan ser un si es no es mas caros4 #b4 ,siempre solicitados los generos bastos a precios baratos4 #c4 ,entregue la esquela al anciano senor quien1 sentado al amor del fuego1 la leyo de cabo a rabo y1 como hombre llano que es me dijo de buenas a primeras que no queriendo obrar a ciegas1 daria su contestacion en un par 7couple7 de dias4 #d4 8,sabia ,v4 que la casa ,fernandez habia venido tan a menos8 #e4 ,no1 no me habia enterado1 la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de loza1 porcelana1 y vidriado1 cuyos negocios iban de bien a mejor4 #f4 ,medraron al principio pero ya han decaido mucho4 #g4 ,lo siento de veras4 ,es muy de deplorar porque el ,sr4 ,fernandez es hombre muy cabal4 #h4 ,invirtio una porcion de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo 7overhead7 de ,n42 eso tambien le causo algun quebranto4 #i4 ,pobrecito1 no le faltaba mas 7that was the last stroke74 #aj4 i,que#bjc barato es esto6 ,footnote #bjc3 ,que before an adjective how4 7,cuan can also be used47 ,,exercise #b 7#hh74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,i would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power4 #b4 ,we are always impressing upon 7llamando la atencion de7 our warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets4 #c4 ,besides being loose 7fugitives7 colours they are not half so 7nada tan7 bright as they should be4 #d4 ,they advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new illustrated catalogues4 #e4 ,soon 7cuanto antes7 they will start 7principiaran a7 issuing them in foreign languages4 #f4 ,i never saw a better kept set of books 7libros74 #g4 ,i was nearly caught in the ,india ,rubber boom1 but fortunately ,i managed to get off 7pude librarme7 without burning my fingers 7cogerme los dedos74 #h4 ,come here1 my friend1 and listen to me4 #i4 ,here in ,england things are managed 7se hacen7 on a different basis altogether 7de una manera enteramente distinta74 #aj4 ,take that chair there and make yourself comfortable4 #aa4 ,how much do you require 7le hace falta71 ,l#ajj8 #ab4 ,about that4 #ac4 ,i was afraid 7que no7 you were going to ask me for more and that would have drained all our available 7que tenemos7 cash4 #ad4 ,how much will the packages come to8 #ae4 ,say 7digamos7 ,l#ajj averaging one with the other 7calculando uno con otro74 ,,lesson ,,xlv4 7,leccion cuadragesima quinta47 ,,the ,,preposition4 ,one word should not be used in ,spanish governed by two different prepositions1 as-- ,he is an admirer of and a contributor to the ,times3 ,es admirador del ,times y colabora en ese periodico4 ,the man ,i spoke with and wrote to3 ,el hombre con quien hable y al cual escribi4 ,however1 we find the same construction as in ,english in cases of antithesis1 as-- ,con o sin el3 ,with or without him4 ,el billete cuesta #bj pesetas desde o hasta ,madrid3 ,the ticket is #bj ptas4 from or to ,madrid4 ,the ,spanish ,academy condemns this use1 however4 ,as will have been noticed before1 a preposition governing a word cannot be used after the word it governs1 as-- ,the work#bjd which ,i referred to3 ,la obra a la cual referi4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,work1 artistic1 literary1 scientific--obra4 ,work1 manual1 or mental--trabajo4 ,the preposition con followed by an infinitive translates the ,english by1 followed by the present participle-- ,con ensenar se aprende3 ,by teaching one learns4 ,the preposition desde refers to distance of time or space1 as-- ,he marchado desde mi casa3 ,i walked from my house4 ,however1 desde may be used instead of de before names of countries or cities-- ,me escribieron desde ,barcelona3 ,they wrote me from ,barcelona4 ,para may be used together with con towards-- ,fue muy bueno conmigo1 para mi1 or para conmigo4 ,en acabando#bje lo hare has the meaning of ,i shall do it as soon as ,i have finished4 ,footnote #bje3 ,en is the only preposition which may govern a pres4 participle1 generally with the meaning given above4 ,we add the following idiomatic uses of ,por and ,para to what we said about these two prepositions in ,lesson ,,xxix3 ,por may translate on behalf of1 for the sake of1 in favour of1 during1 through-- ,hablo por el proyecto de ley3 ,he spoke in favour of the bill4 ,se presento por la casa3 ,he appeared on behalf of the firm4 ,por la paz y buena armonia concedemos lo que ,v4 pide3 ,for the sake of peace we allow what you ask4 ,les sirvio por cinco anos3 ,he served them during five years4 ,trabaja por la manana3 ,he works during 7in7 the morning4 ,vino por ,paris3 ,he came through ,paris4 ,cotizar por un articulo3 ,to quote for an article4 ,yo por mi 7or por mi parte7 prefiero comprar al contado3 ,i1 for one1 prefer to buy for cash4 ,por#bjf rico que sea1 no tendra suficientes recursos3 ,no matter how rich he is1 he will not have sufficient means4 ,es demasiado avaro por ser tan rico3 for such a rich man1 he is too miserly4 ,caro por caro prefiero generos ingleses3 ,if ,i have to pay a dear price1 ,i prefer ,english goods4 ,por si o por no3 ,in any case1 should it be so or not4 ,ir 7venir7 por3 ,to go 7come7 for4 ,enviar por el medico3 ,to send for the doctor4 ,por holgazan perdio el empleo3 ,he lost his employment through laziness4 ,por bien o por mal3 ,willy-nilly4 ,vendre por la ,navidad3 ,i shall come by ,christmas4 ,por si acaso3 ,in case that4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,por has always this meaning before an adjective or adverb4 ,no sirve para mas3 ,he is good for nothing else4 ,venir para la ,pentecostes3 ,to come for ,whitsuntide4 ,esto no es para menos3 ,the thing 7or occasion7 is worth it4 ,para espanol 7or por ser espanol7 es muy alto3 ,he is very tall for a ,spaniard4 ,tener grande consideracion para este hombre3 ,to have great respect for this man4 ,dar pedidos para ferreteria1 olleria1 y maquinaria3 ,to give orders for ironware1 hollow-ware and machinery4 ,es demasiado avaro para ser tan rico3 ,he is too miserly to be so rich4 ,sin--without-- ,poseia ,l#aj1jjj sin los bienes raices que heredo de su padre3 ,he owned ,l#aj1jjj besides the real property he inherited from his father4 ,segun--according to-- ,segun y como3 ,that depends4 ,so instead of bajo is used in the following expressions-- ,so capa de3 ,under the cloak of4 ,so pretexto de3 ,under the pretext of4 ,and in a few other such phrases4 ,,vocabulary4 acabado1 aderezo1 finish 7cloth7 acolchados1 quiltings admitir1 to admit1 to accept agente exclusivo1 sole agent alfombradas1 carpetings a no ser asi1 were it not so1 otherwise anclar1 to anchor arreglo1 agreement bajista1 bearish 7exchange7 cablegrama1 cablegram1 cable capataz1 foreman conceder1 to grant coquillos1 jeans disposicion1 disposition1 disposal empenarse1 to pledge oneself en su ramo1 in your line exclusividad1 exclusive sale fama1 fame1 reputation1 name frazadas de algodon1 cotton blankets lento1 remiss nombrar1 to appoint palo de mesana1 mizzen mast palo mayor1 main mast por escrito1 in writing postergar1 to put off1 to delay proveerse1 to supply oneself tapetes1 carpet rugs 99tener inconveniente1 to have an objection tomar en consideracion1 to take into consideration1 to entertain trinquete1 foremast ,,exercise #a 7#hi74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,con ser abiertamente 7manifestly7 bajista la especulacion1 las acciones mineras se han sostenido4 #b4 ,desde ,barcelona ha llegado un radiograma avisando que habia anclado en ese puerto el vapor ,cibeles con el trinquete roto y el palo mayor y el de mesana tambien danados4 #c4 ,el jefe es muy bondadoso para con sus empleados4 #d4 ,dos cajas de coquillos y una de panuelos de andrinopolis 7turkey red7 nos vinieron por ,burdeos 7,bordeaux71 los acolchados1 las alfombradas1 los tapetes y las frazadas de algodon se embarcaron por mar4 #e4 ,por la buena fama de su casa no deberia postergar por mas tiempo el pago4 #f4 ,por si o por no mejor seria proveerse4 #g4 ,el capataz fue al ,director por ordenes4 #h4 ,por bien o por mal tendra que admitir los generos pues se han fabricado por su cuenta y tenemos su orden por escrito para ellos4 #i4 ,se alarmo mucho1 pues el asunto no era para menos4 #aj4 ,para genero de algodon el acabado 7or aderezo7 es todo lo que se puede desear4 #aa4 ,por ser genero de algodon esta tela es de muy buena vista4 #ab4 ,es demasiado barato para ser de lana4 #ac4 ,si desea ,v4 obtener ordenes debe tener mucha consideracion para los corresponsales4 #ad4 ,no puedo prometerle entrega para #a deg4 de ,junio exactamente1 pero hare por efectuarla por esa fecha4 #ae4 8,conoce ,v4 el refran3 ,no hay mal que por bien no venga8 7,it is an ill wind that blows nobody good47 ,,exercise #b 7#ij74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,this sample looks very nice for an imitation4 #b4 ,it being in your line1 ,i thought ,i ought to give you the first chance 7hacerle la primera oferta7 in case it would tempt you 7por si acaso le animara a comprar74 #c4 ,to begin with you would have to engage the cloth to us 7darnos la exclusividad74 #d4 ,i have no objection provided you guarantee a certain turnover 7venta74 #e4 ,he was appointed sole agent for the whole of ,mexico through the recommendation of his brother-in-law1 and his agreement with the firm is for #c years certain 7fijos74 #f4 ,that will bring him 7le producira7 ,l#ejj a year if it brings him a penny 7por lo menos74 #g4 ,being such an important concern 7casa7 they do not pay their staff very handsomely 7generosamente74 #h4 ,they are too remiss with 7en7 their payments to be such important people4 #i4 ,i very nearly pledged myself to grant him the exclusive sale of my article4 #aj4 ,these are his instructions for the disposal of his goods #aa4 ,however clear they may be1 we must have his cable confirmed by a letter4 #ab4 ,therefore we cannot entertain your offer for the present4 #ac4 ,it cannot be helped1 otherwise 7,tenga paciencia1 si fuese posible7 we would do everything for you4 ,,lesson ,,xlvi4 7,leccion cuadragesima sexta47 ,,the ,,preposition 7contd47 ,to the uses of ,por must be added the following 7optional7-- ,after the following verbs3 ,agradecer 7por7 el favor3 ,to be grateful or to be thankful for the favour4 ,aguardar or esperar 7por7 alguno3 ,to wait for somebody4 ,pedir 7por7 una cosa3 ,to ask for 7request7 something4 ,preguntar 7por7 una cosa3 ,to ask for 7to inquire about7 something4 ,he pagado por el cinco chelines or lo he pagado cinco chelines3 ,i paid five shillings for it4 ,buscar 7por7 alguno o alguna cosa3 ,to look for somebody or something4 ,dispensar 7por7 el error3 ,to excuse the error4 ,further uses of the ,spanish prepositions different from the ,english1 and forming idioms-- ,a caballo 7on horseback7 ,a ciegas 7blindly7 ,a consecuencia de esto 7in consequence of this7 ,a deshora 7inopportunely7 ,a duras penas 7with great efforts7 ,a esconditas 7covertly7 ,a fe de caballero 7upon the word of a gentleman7 ,a gatas 7on all fours7 ,a hurtadillas 7stealthily7 ,a la espanola 7in the ,spanish fashion7 ,a la mesa 7at table7 ,al antojo de uno 7after one's fancy7 ,a la tarde 7in the afternoon7 ,a la verdad 7in truth7 ,al descuido y con cuidado 7studiously careless7 ,a lo largo del rio 7along the river7 ,a lo que parece 7to all appearances7 ,hecho a maquina 7made by machinery7 ,a pie 7on foot7 ,a poco de escribir 7shortly after having commenced writing7 ,a proposito 7opportunely1 a propos7 ,a reganadientes 7reluctantly7 ,a saberlo yo 7had ,i known it7 ,a sangre fria 7in cold blood7 ,a sus anchas1 anchuras 7at one's ease7 ,a tiro de canon 7within cannon shot7 ,es mas habil que yo1 con mucho 7he is cleverer than ,i by far7 ,con ser amigo y todo 7although he be a friend7 ,contra el norte 7facing the north7 ,de ano en ano 7from year to year7 ,de balde 7for nothing1 gratis7 ,de bobilis 7without effort7 ,de broma 7in jest7 ,de buenas a buenas 7willingly7 ,de buenas a primeras 7straight away7 ,de capa caida 7crestfallen7 ,de contado 7of course7 ,de dia1 etc4 7by day1 etc47 ,de jaleo 7on the spree7 ,de luto 7in mourning7 ,de mejor en mejor 7from better to better7 i,ay or ,infeliz de mi6 7woe to me67 ,de miedo 7through fear7 ,anteojos de oro 7gold spectacles7 ,de patitas 7on shanks' pony7 ,de peor en peor 7from bad to worse7 ,de perillas 7venir7 7quite opportunely1 a propos7 ,el picaruelo de ,perico 7that young rascal ,perico7 ,de pies a cabeza 7from head to foot7 ,de puntillas 7on tiptoe7 ,de repente 7suddenly7 ,del todo 7at all7 ,de veras 7in truth7 ,dos a dos 7two by two7 ,esta en casa 7he is at home7 ,en estas condiciones 7under these conditions7 ,en senal de aprecio 7as a mark of esteem7 ,entrecano 7gray-haired7 ,entre dos aguas 7doubtful1 perplexed7 ,entre la espada y la pared 7between the devil and the deep sea7 ,nos dio #e pesetas para repartir entre yo#bjg y mi hermano 7he gave us #e pesetas to be divided between my brother and me7 ,hasta la vista 7good-bye for the present7 ,hasta los animales tienen gratitud 7even animals feel gratitude7 ,sobre las diez 7at about ten o'clock7 ,tiene sobre los treinta 7he is about thirty years old7 ,sobre mas #f menos 7a little more or less7 ,tras la perdida el escarnio 7besides the loss the scoffing7 ,footnote #bjg3 ,entre is generally followed by the nominative case unless it means to as--,dijo entre si4 ,he said to himself4 ,about different prepositions used in ,spanish and ,english after certain verbs1 see also ,appendix ,v4 ,the following are the principal compound prepositions-- ,acerca de 7relating to1 concerning7 ,a despecho de 7in spite of7 ,a pesar de 7in spite of7 ,antes de 7before--in point of time7 ,cerca de 7near7 ,junto a 7near7 ,conforme a 7according to7 ,con respecto a 7with respect to7 ,respecto de 7with respect to7 ,debajo de 7under7 ,dentro de 7inside7 ,despues de 7after7 ,encima de 7on1 or over7 ,en cuanto a 7as to7 ,en frente de 7opposite7 ,frente a 7opposite7 ,en lugar de 7instead of7 ,en vez de 7opposite7 ,,vocabulary4 acordonado1 corded agujas1 needles alechugado1 frilled alemaniscos1 linen damasks alfileres1 pins antojo1 whim1 caprice arbitro1 arbitrator arreglado1 reasonable 7price7 arrollar1 to roll batas1 wrappers 7ladies'7 bodega1 cellar1 also hold 7ship7 chales1 shawls dedales1 thimbles desinteresarse1 to abandon 99desplegar1 to unfold dictamen1 award1 decision entrepuentes1 between decks festoneados1 scalloped gratificacion1 gratuity guarniciones1 adornos1 trimmings lanillas para banderas1 buntings listados de algodon1 cotton stripes logro1 attainment ovillos de algodon1 cotton balls panol1 carbonera1 bunker 7ships'7 pintura1 paint rehusar1 to decline sabanas1 bed sheets subasta1 auction tablillas1 boards tablones1 planks terliz1 ticking terreno1 land1 property trencilla1 braid ,,exercise #a 7#ia74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,agradezco 7por7 el interes demostrado a mi amigo y la actividad desplegada en facilitarle el logro de sus fines4 #b4 ,hemos dado diez mil duros por este terreno y no lo hemos pagado demasiado caro4 #c4 ,no puede ,v4 rehusar los alemaniscos y quedarse con los generos para sabanas y los terlices1 a su antojo4 #d4 ,a la verdad las agujas y alfileres han resultado algo caros como tambien los dedales pero las trencillas1 guarniciones1 y ovillos de algodon son a precio muy arreglado4 #e4 ,vino muy a deshora y a poco de haberse sentado nos declaro que no esperaria4 #f4 ,estos chales a #d chelines y estos listados de algodon a #e peniques la yarda son de balde1 no lo decimos de broma4 #g4 ,accedio a nuestra propuesta de buenas a buenas y de buenas a primeras nos deposito la suma de #a1jjj francos4 #h4 ,los fondos austriacos van de peor en peor y por eso esta nuestro parroquiano de capa caida4 #i4 ,en tales condiciones preferimos desinteresarnos del proyecto4 #aj4 ,estuvimos entre dos aguas por algun tiempo1 pero una vez puestos entre la espada y la pared 7once we are so hard pressed7 no nos queda mas sino hablar claro1 y ilo dicho6 ,,exercise #b 7#ib74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,they await the result of the inquiry 7informacion74 #b4 ,we forward you the papers relating to the ,arbitrator's award4 #c4 ,he paid for the ,buntings #e;d4 a yard4 #d4 ,in consequence of your having outstepped 7excedido7 our instructions1 we must decline all responsibility with respect to delivery4 #e4 ,we have put boards inside the pieces according to our usual custom2 we did not know you wanted them rolled4 #f4 ,our new offices will be next to the ,oil and ,paint ,stores 7almacen71 and opposite the ,general ,post ,office 7casa de correos74 #g4 ,the planks used under the bales for dunnage 7la estiva7 were sold almost for nothing1 in spite of our request to hold them at our disposal4 #h4 ,the steamer can carry #d1jjj bales a little more or less if she fills her holds and takes cargo between decks4 #i4 ,she will take that quite easily and a few hundred bales more in her bunkers4 #aj4 ,as a mark of our appreciation 7estima7 we authorize a gratuity to the ,captain of ,l#e4 #aa4 ,the salvage 7salvamento7 has been sold partly by auction and partly by private treaty4 #ab4 ,to all appearances the corded and frilled wrappers are superior to the scalloped4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii4 7,leccion cuadragiesima septima47 ,,the ,,conjunction4 ,si 7if and whether74 ,si used for whether may be followed by a verb in any mood and tense as in ,english-- ,no se si habra buena cosecha este ano3 ,i do not know whether there will be a good crop this year4 ,no pudo1 or supo1 decirme si me entregaria los pagares para la fecha convenida3 ,he could not tell me whether he would be able to hand me the promissory notes for the date agreed upon4 ,si used as the conditional if1 is followed by the verb in the present indicative or imperfect subjunctive1 as-- ,si viene hoy le pagare3 ,if he comes to-day1 ,i shall pay him4 ,si viene manana le pagare#bjh3 ,if he comes to-morrow ,i shall pay him4 ,le dije que si viniese le pagaria3 ,i told him that if he came ,i should pay him4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,when the action refers to the future the future subjunctive may be used instead1 but this is rarely done4 ,it emphasises the uncertainty4 ,the sense will determine the tense to be used4 ,notice the following idiomatic uses of si 7not conditional7-- ,si soy 7fui7 malo6 ,well1 ,i am 7was7 wicked6 i,si sera 7seria7 tan necia6 ,can 7could7 she be so foolish6 8,si vendria8 ,i wonder will he come6 i,si se lo habia dicho yo mil veces6 ,but ,i had told him so many times6 ,other idiomatic uses of this si will be learnt by practice 7all more or less pleonastic as in the above examples74 ,we have said that but is translated by sino after a negative unless a finite verb follows4 ,therefore1 ,not to buy but to sell is translated ,no comprar sino vender4 ,after a negative a finite verb may be preceded by sino que instead of pero in cases like the following examples-- ,no compro sino que vendio3 ,he did not buy but 7on the contrary7 he sold4 ,no solo que es barato sino que es de muy buena calidad3 ,not only is it cheap1 but it is 7also7 of a very good quality4 ,ni 444 ni--neither 444 nor 7same as all negative words7 when following a verb requires ,no to precede the verb1 as-- ,no acepta ni esto ni aquello3 ,he accepts neither this nor that4 ,but--,ni esto ni aquello quiere aceptar4 ,pues--seeing that or since is used often for then1 but1 well 7used as an interjection74 ,pues que lo haga3 ,let him do it then4 ,quiso desobedecerme1 pues vera su falta3 ,he would disobey me1 but he will see his fault4 ,pues 7or pues bien7 ique hay ahora6 ,well6 what is the matter now8 ,we shall conclude the lesson with the different meanings of ,ya 7sometimes used also redundantly74 ,they are given for the sake of completeness although ,ya in its different uses belongs to different parts of speech-- ,ya lo ha hecho3 ,he has done it already4 ,ya lo hara3 ,he will do it yet4 ,ya no se hace esto3 ,this is done no longer4 ,ya consienten1 ya rehusan3 ,now they consent1 now they refuse4 ,ya consientan1 ya rehusen3 ,whether they consent1 etc4 ,hare cuanto quieras si ya no me pides lo imposible3 ,i shall do anything you wish if you do not ask 7unless you ask7 me for impossibilities4 ,ya que escribio3 ,since 7seeing that7 he wrote4 ,ya ve ,v43 ,you see now4 ,ya voy3 ,i am coming4 ,ya se ve3 ,it is evident4 ,ya1 ya3 ,yes1 of course4 ,,vocabulary4 99abolir1 to abolish 99advertir1 to warn alegar1 to allege al reves1 on the wrong side barnices1 varnishes barrica1 cask batista de algodon1 cambric baul1 trunk betunes1 blacking bicicleta1 bicycle botines1 boots bramante1 twine bufandas1 mufflers buje1 hub cerradura1 lock chanclos1 goloshes cintos de seda1 silk sashes cinturones de cuero1 leather belts colchas de plumon1 down quilts consignatario1 consignee ejecutar1 to execute1 to put through 99hacer escala1 to call at 7ships7 llantas1 tyres maleta1 portmanteau mango1 handle marca1 brand1 mark merma1 loss1 leakage1 shortage muebles de bejuco1 rattan furniture niquelado1 nickel-plated 99perder cuidado1 not to worry rayos1 rays1 spokes 7wheels7 reborde1 rim1 flange remolacha1 beetroot rezumar1 to leak tejido elastico1 webbing zapatos1 shoes ,,exercise #a 7#ic74 ,translate into ,english-- #a4 ,no se si habra vapor de la ,trasatlantica en fecha conveniente4 #b4 ,si lo hay lo preferire4 #c4 ,esos vapores arrancan 7start7 de ,liverpool y hacen escalas en varios puertos4 #d4 ,ignoraba si habria servicio mensual en la linea de ,canarias4 #e4 ,mande quinientas piezas ,batista de algodon si la hubiese en existencia4 #f4 ,quiero un baul y una buena maleta de piel de ,rusia con cerradura niquelada si las hay 7or hubiere74 #g4 ,pierda ,v4 ,cuidado isi las hay de toda especie6 #h4 8,si me vendera esos muebles de bejuco8 #i4 8,como no8 si ya se lo tiene prometido4 #aj4 ,el comercio del caucho se ha desarrollado mucho1 se usa ahora en grande escala no solo para llantas neumaticas de bicicletas y otras piezas 7parts7 sino tambien para gomas de automoviles4 #aa4 ,no solo tengo que cambiar el mango de mi bicicleta sino reemplazar los rebordes y componer el buje y algunos rayos de la rueda4 #ab4 ,no es posible hallar botines de senoras y zapatos mas elegantes que los de nuestra marca1 ni se pueden conseguir mas baratos en parte alguna4 #ac4 ,pues que me facture esos bramantes 7twine7 y ese yute y canamo4 #ad4 ,ya he colocado un pedido para bufandas y ya vere si me tiene cuenta pero no mande barnices ni betunes pues ya no trato en estos articulos4 #ae4 ,ya1 ya4 ,v4 se ha dedicado ya a los generos en pieza1 si no me engano1 pues ,v4 ya dice una cosa ya otra4 #af4 i,senor ,juan6 ,ya voy 7,i am coming74 ,,exercise #b 7#id74 ,translate into ,spanish-- #a4 ,whether he puts through my order for leather belts and silk sashes or not1 ,i do not much mind1 but if he should oblige me1 ,i would do him a good turn 7le haria algun servicio7 if the opportunity presents itself4 #b4 ,if the webbing and down quilts are good1 ,i shall not begrudge 7no me pesara7 the advance in price4 #c4 ,can it be true 7si7 that the gate or octroi duty 7el impuesto de consumos7 is going to be abolished in ,spain8 #d4 ,well 7pues7 the ,government has presented a bill to that effect and ,i hope we shall soon see the octroi offices 7fielatos7 abolished4 #e4 ,the broker was warned that the quality was only fair average 7mediana74 #f4 ,beetroot has been largely planted in the province of ,granada and is now in great request for the sugar industry4 #g4 ,we strove hard 7nos hemos esforzado mucho7 to introduce the new brand and we have gained our point#bji at last4 #h4 ,the cloth was folded on the wrong side and we anticipate some difficulty on that score 7por esta razon74 #i4 ,the consignees claim shortage 7indemnizacion por falta de contenido74 #aj4 ,they allege that the casks were leaking and that there was consequently a loss of thirty gallons 7galones74 ,footnote #bji3 ,to gain one's point3 ,salir con la suya4 ,,vocabulary4 ,i4 ,,spanish-,,english4 ,a abaca1 ,manilla hemp abajo1 below abaratamiento1 cheapening abarcar1 to embrace1 to include abarrotado1 glutted1 cram full abastecerse1 to supply oneself abasto1 supply abedul1 birch abeto1 fir ablandar1 to soften abogado1 lawyer1 solicitor1 barrister abogar1 to plead abolir1 to abolish abonar1 to speak for1 to recommend1 to credit abordar1 to accost1 to approach1 to board abrigar1 to shelter1 to cherish 7hope7 abril1 ,april abrir1 to open abrir agua1 to leak absolutamente1 absolutely abuso1 abuse aca1 aqui1 here acabado1 finish 7cloth7 acabar1 to finish acabar de 4441 to have just acaudalado1 rich1 wealthy acceder1 to accede accidente1 accident acciones1 actions1 shares acciones preferences1 preference shares accionista1 shareholder aceite1 oil acerca de1 relating to acero1 steel acertar a1 to happen1 to contrive acoger1 to admit1 to receive acolchado1 quilting aconsejar1 to advise1 to counsel acorazado1 iron-clad acordar1 to agree acordarse1 to remember acordonado1 corded acreditar1 to credit actas1 acts1 deeds actitud1 attitude active1 active activo y pasivo1 assets and liabilities actual1 present1 current1 instant 7month7 acudir1 to attend1 to have recourse to acusar1 to accuse1 to show adecuado1 proporcionado1 adequate aderezo1 finish 7cloth7 adeudar1 to debit adherir a1 to adhere to adjunto1 enclosed1 herewith administrador1 manager 7of a branch house1 etc47 admitir1 to admit1 to accept1 to acknowledge adornos1 trimmings adquirir1 to acquire a duras penas1 with great effort advertir1 to notice1 to warn aereo1 overhead afanarse1 to exert oneself1 to take much trouble aficionado a1 fond of aflojar1 to relax afortunadamente1 fortunately agasajar1 to welcome agencia1 agency agiotista1 stock-jobber aglomerar1 to agglomerate ,agosto1 ,august agotar1 to drain1 to exhaust agradable1 agreeable1 pleasant agradar1 to oblige agradecer1 to thank1 to be obliged for agrandar1 to enlarge agricola1 agricultural agrio1 sour agrupacion1 group1 muster agua1 water agudo1 sharp1 keen aguila1 eagle aguja1 needle ahi1 there ahora1 now ahorrar1 to save1 to economise aislado1 hedged in1 isolated 7lo7 ajeno1 other people's property ajeno a1 averse to1 foreign to ajo1 garlic ajustar1 to adjust ajuste1 adjustment a la larga1 in the long run a la verdad1 in truth albaricoque1 apricot alborear1 to dawn alcalde1 mayor alcista1 bull1 bullish 7exch47 alechugado1 frilled alegar1 to allege alegrar1 to gladden alegrarse1 to rejoice alejarse1 to go away alemanisco1 linen damask alerta1 alert alfiler1 pin alfombra1 carpet algo1 something1 anything1 somewhat1 rather algodon1 cotton algodon disponible1 spot cotton algodonero 7mercado71 cotton market alguno1 some1 any aliento1 courage alistar1 to enlist alla1 alli1 there allanar1 to level1 to facilitate alli1 alla1 there alma1 soul almacen1 warehouse almacenero1 warehouseman almacenes fiscales1 bonded warehouses al menos1 at least alquilar1 to rent1 to hire1 to give or take on lease al reves1 on the wrong side altos hornos1 blast furnaces1 foundry aludir a1 to allude1 to hint un alza1 a rise 7price7 una alza1 a rise 7price7 amabilidad1 kindness amanecer1 to dawn amar1 to love amargo1 bitter amarillo1 yellow1 buff ambos1 both a medida que1 in proportion as amedrentar1 to frighten a mejor andar1 at best amen de1 besides a menos que1 unless a menudo1 often i americana1 coat1 jacket amigo1 friend amistad1 friendship amistoso1 friendly amo1 master amontonar1 to heap up1 to pile up amor1 love amplio1 ample anadir1 to add ancho1 width1 wide anclar1 to anchor andar1 to walk1 to go ,andrinopolis 7panuelos de71 ,turkey red 7handkerchiefs7 ano1 year anochecer1 to grow dark ansioso de1 anxious1 eager to anteayer1 the day before yesterday anterior1 anterior1 previous antes 7de71 before 7time71 formerly anticipation1 anticipation anticipo1 advance antiguo1 ancient1 old antojo1 caprice1 whim anular1 cancelar1 to cancel anunciar1 to advertise apacible1 mild 7colour7 apagado1 extinguished1 quiet apagarse1 to go out 7fire7 aparecer1 to appear1 to make one's appearance aparentar1 to show outwardly apelar1 to appeal apenas1 scarcely apertura1 opening a pesar de1 in spite of apetecer1 to desire1 to covet aplazar1 to postpone a plazos1 by instalments apreciar1 to appreciate aprender1 to learn apremiar1 to press1 to urge apresto1 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take1 tomar to take amiss1 tomar a mal to take away1 quitar to take care 7of oneself71 cuidar7se7 to take charge1 encargarse to take into consideration1 tener en cuenta to take into tow1 traer a remolque1 remolcar to take much trouble1 afanarse to take notice1 hacer caso to take on lease1 alquilar1 tomar en arriendo to take place1 verificarse to take steps1 dar pasos to take the start1 tomar la delantera to take up1 recoger tallow greaves1 heces de sebo tariff reform1 reforma arancelaria task1 tarea tax1 impuesto tea1 te to teach1 ensenar teaching1 ensenanza teeth1 dientes to telephone1 telefonear to tell1 decir temper1 genio temporarily1 temporalmente tenant1 inquilino tender1 tierno term1 plazo terms1 condiciones textile1 textil textiles1 tejidos to thank1 agradecer thanks to 444 1 merced a 444 that1 ese1-a1-o1 aquel-lla-llo1 que their1 su then1 entonces1 luego1 pues there1 alla1 alli1 ahi therefore1 portanto there is1 there are1 hay there to be1 haber thick1 grueso1 espeso thief1 ladron thimble1 dedal thing1 cosa to think1 creer1 pensar third 7frac471 tercio thirst1 sed this1 este1-a1-o thousand1 mil threshing machines1 trilladores to throw1 echar to thunder1 tronar ,thursday1 jueves ticket1 etiqueta1 rotulo ticking1 terliz timber1 madera time1 tiempo1 epoca at the same time1 al mismo tiempo1 a la par que tin1 estano to tire1 cansar to-day1 hoy ton1 tonelada tongs1 tenazas tongue1 lengua too 7also71 tambien too1 too much1 demasiado tools1 herramientas top1 cima touch1 tacto to tow1 traer a remolque1 remolcar towards1 para con1 hacia to what extent81 8hasta que punto8 town1 ciudad1 poblacion1 villa1 pueblo trade1 comercio trade union1 asociacion de obreros train1 tren to transport1 tra7n7sportar to travel1 viajar traveller 7commercial71 viajante traveller 7tourist1 etc471 viajero treasure1 tesoro to treat1 to try1 to endeavour1 tratar tree1 arbol trial1 prueba1 ensayo trick1 enganifa trifles1 pequeneces to trifle with1 burlarse trifling amount1 una friolera 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upright1 integro1 cabal to upset1 desconcertar to urge1 apremiar1 apresurar to use for the first time1 estrenar useful1 util usefulness1 utilidad utility1 utilidad ,v vagabonds1 7company of71 hampa value1 valor valve1 valvula variety1 variedad varnish1 el barniz velvet1 terciopelo velveteen1 pana venture1 ensayo very1 muy vest1 chaleco via1 via to vie with1 trabajar1 ir1 a porfia1 haberselas con view1 vista villa1 quinta village1 pueblo vineyards1 vinas violet1 violeta virtue1 virtud to visit1 visitar vivid1 vivo vividly1 vivamente viz41 es decir1 a saber vocabulary1 vocabulario ,w wages1 sueldo waistcoat1 chaleco to wait for1 esperar to wait upon1 visitar to wake up1 despertar walk1 paseo to walk1 andar to want1 necesitar1 querer to be wanted1 hacer falta to be wanting1 faltar want of foresight1 imprevidencia war1 guerra warehouse1 almacen warehouseman1 almacenero1 dependiente de almacen to warn1 advertir to take warning1 escarmentar warrant1 cedula to warrant1 justificar to waste1 desperdiciar1 malgastar waste-paper basket1 cestilla watch1 reloj to watch over1 vigilar water1 agua way1 manera1 modo1 via wealth1 riqueza wealthy1 acaudalado to wear1 gastar1 llevar to wear for the first time1 estrenar wearing apparel1 vestidos1 ropa1 hato to weave1 tejer weaver1 tejedor webbing1 tejido elastico ,wednesday1 miercoles week1 semana weight1 peso to welcome1 agasajar well1 bien1 pues west1 oeste to wet1 banar whale1 ballena what1 que 7inter471 lo que wheat1 trigo when1 cuando whenever1 cuandoquiera where1 donde wherever1 dondequiera whether1 si1 sea que which1 que1 el cual whichever1 cualquiera while1 mientras whim1 antojo ,whitsuntide1 ,pentecostes white1 blanco who1 que1 quien1 el cual whoever1 quienquiera1 cualquiera wholesale1 al por mayor whom1 quien whose1 cuyo wicked1 malo widower1 viudo width1 anchura1 ancho wife1 mujer1 esposa will1 voluntad to win1 vencer to win over1 granjearse wind1 viento window1 ventana wine1 vino wine 7adj471 vinicolo winsome1 simpatico winter1 invierno wireless1 radiograma wise1 juicioso1 sabio to wish1 desear to wish to have1 querer wishful1 deseoso with great effort1 a duras penas within1 dentro de without1 sin1 sin que woman1 mujer to wonder1 maravillarse to be wont1 soler wood1 madera wool1 lana word1 palabra1 vocablo to work1 trabajar1 obrar to work 7mines71 explotar workman1 obrero1 operario workshop1 taller world1 mundo world 7adj471 mundial worth1 valor to be worth1 poseer1 valer to be worth while1 valer la pena wound1 herida to wound1 herir wrap1 bata wreck1 naufragar to wreck1 echar a perder to wrench1 arrancar to write1 escribir to write to each other1 escribirse writer1 escritor writing 7n471 letra1 escrito writing desk1 escritorio writing pad1 carpeta written agreement1 contrato to wrangle with someone1 haberselas con uno on the wrong side1 al reves ,y yard1 yarda yard 7,spanish71 vara yarn1 hilado year1 ano yellow1 amarillo yes1 si yesterday1 ayer yet1 todavia1 aun to yield1 to submit1 ceder1 darse a partido young1 joven young age1 juventud young man1 woman1 joven youth1 juventud ,z zinc1 zinc ,,appendix ,i ,,principal ,,exceptions ,,to ,,the ,,rule ,,on ,,spanish ,,gender ,,by ,,termination #a4 ,words of ,greek etymology ending in ma-- ,el dilema 7the dilemma7 ,el diploma 7the diploma7 ,el epigrama 7the epigram7 ,el problema 7the problem7 ,el sintoma 7the symptom7 ,el telegrama 7the telegram7 etc41 etc4 ,but ,la amalgama 7the amalgamation7 ,la diadema 7the diadem7 ,la estratagema 7the stratagem7 ,la proclama 7the proclamation7 #b4 ,most of the compound nouns 7very few in number7-- ,el cortaplumas 7the penknife7 ,el guardacosta 7the coasting-vessel7 ,el paraguas 7the umbrella7 ,el tirabala 7the popgun7 #c4 ,el dia 7the day7 ,el ,etna 7,etna 7volcano77 ,el mapa 7the map7 ,el sofa 7the sofa7 ,el ,volga #baj 7the ,volga7 ,and all words ending in accented a4 ,footnote #baj3 ,and all rivers and mountains ending in a4 #d4 ,masculine nouns ending in d-- ,el adalid 7the warrior or chieftain7 ,el ardid 7the trick7 ,el ataud 7coffin7 ,el cesped 7the turf1 lawn7 ,el sud 7the south7 #e4 ,masculine nouns ending in ion-- ,el embrion 7the embryo7 ,el gorrion 7the sparrow7 ,el morrion 7parts of an armour7 ,el sarampion 7measles7 #f4 ,feminine nouns ending in i or y-- ,la diocesi 7the diocese7 ,la grey 7the flock7 ,la ley 7the law7 ,la metropoli 7the metropolis7 ,almost all4 #g4 ,feminine noun ending in j-- ,la troj 7the granary7 #h4 ,feminine nouns ending in l-- ,la cal 7lime7 ,la capital 7capital--town7 ,la carcel 7prison7 ,la col 7cabbage7 ,la miel 7honey7 ,la piel 7skin7 ,la sal 7salt7 ,la senal 7signal7 ,la vocal 7vowel7 ,and a few more4 #i4 ,feminine nouns ending in n-- ,la cargazon 7the load7 ,la crin 7the horsehair7 ,la desazon 7the ailment7 ,la imagen 7the image7 ,la razon 7the reason7 ,la sinrazon 7the injustice7 ,la sarten 7the frying-pan7 ,la sien 7the temple7 ,almost all4 #aj4 ,feminine nouns ending in o-- ,la mano 7the hand7 ,only word1 excepting nao 7ship71 now obsolete1 and seo 7cathedral71 little used4 #aa4 ,feminine nouns ending in r-- ,la flor 7the flower7 ,la labor 7the needlework7 ,la segur 7the axe7 ,almost all4 #ab4 ,feminine nouns ending in s-- ,la bilis 7the bile7 ,la crisis 7the crisis7 ,la elipsis 7ellipsis7 ,la lis 7fleur-de-lis7 ,la mies 7the crop7 ,la perifrasis 7the periphrase7 ,la tos 7the cough7 ,and a few others4 #ac4 ,feminine noun ending in u-- ,la tribu 7the tribe7 #ad4 ,feminine nouns ending in z-- ,la codorniz 7the partridge7 ,la cerviz 7the cervix7 ,la cruz 7the cross7 ,la coz 7the back-kick7 ,la luz 7the light7 ,la nariz 7the nose7 ,la nuez 7the nut7 ,la pez 7the pitch7 ,la voz 7the voice7 ,la raiz 7the root7 ,la tez 7the complexion7 ,la vez 7the time1 once1 etc41 etc47 ,and a few others less important4 #ae4 ,feminine nouns ending in e4 7,this is the most numerous list of exceptions7-- ,las aves 7the birds7 ,la barbarie 7the barbarity7 ,la base 7the basis7 ,la calle 7the street7 ,la carne 7the flesh7 ,la fiebre 7the fever7 ,la fuente 7the fountain7 ,el hambre 7f471 7the hunger7 ,la mente 7the mind7 ,la noche 7the night7 ,la parte 7the part7 ,la quiete 7the quiet7 ,la sangre 7the blood7 ,la serpiente 7the serpent7 ,la torre 7the tower7 ,besides the masculine and feminine genders1 some nouns are called3 de genero comun1 epiceno1 and ambiguo4 ,the noun is called de genero comun 7common gender7 when with the same termination it may indicate both a male and female being by using a different article-- ,un--una albacea 7an executor1 executrix7 ,un--una artista 7an artist1 artiste7 ,un--una ,belga#baa 7a ,belgian7 ,un--una idiota 7an idiot7 ,un--una indigena 7a native7 ,un--una martir 7a martyr7 ,un--una reo 7a culprit7 ,un--una culpable 7a culprit7 ,un--una gimnasta 7a gymnast7 ,un--una homicida 7a murderer1 a murderess7 ,un--una suicida 7one who commits suicide7 ,un--una testigo 7a witness7 ,footnote #baa3 ,and so all nouns of nationality ending in a or e4 ,the noun is called ,epicene when1 with the same termination and the same article1 it indicates both male and female-- ,el aguila 7the eagle--male and female7 ,el buitre 7the vulture--male and female7 ,el avestruz 7the ostrich--male and female7 ,la rata 7the rat--male and female7 ,distinction would be made by adding macho or hembra4 ,el aguila macho 7the eagle--male7 ,el avestruz hembra 7the ostrich--female7 ,n4,b4--,most of the names of animals belong to this class4 ,the term ambiguo is applied to nouns which are masculine or feminine1 with different meaning1 or the gender of which is not well defined-- ,analasis 7analysis71 doubtful gender ,el aroma 7the aroma7 ,la aroma 7the acacia flower7 ,la or el arte 7the art7 ,los or ,las artes ,las bellas artes 7the arts1 generally fem47 7the fine arts1 always fem47 ,la barba 7the beard7 ,el barba 7a character in ,spanish plays7 ,el cabecilla 7chieftain or ringleader ,la cabecilla 7the little head7 of rebels7 ,el calavera 7the madcap7 ,la calavera 7the skull7 ,el canal 7the canal7 ,la canal 7the gutter7 ,el capital 7money7 ,la capital 7the town7 ,el colera 7cholera7 ,la colera 7wrath7 ,el cometa 7comet7 ,la cometa 7the kite1 toy7 ,el corte 7the cut7 ,la corte 7the court7 ,el cura 7the priest7 ,la cura 7the cure7 ,el doblez 7the fold7 ,la doblez 7duplicity7 ,el or la dote 7dowry71 generally ,las dotes 7good parts1 gifts71 fem4 in the pl4 always fem4 ,el fantasma 7the phantom7 ,la fantasma 7the bogie-man7 ,el frente 7the front7 ,la frente 7the forehead7 ,el haz 7the sheaf7 ,la haz 7face1 surface7 ,lente 7lenses71 doubtful gender ,la orden 7command1 order for ,el orden 7order72 as1 buen orden goods1 etc47 7good order7 ,las sagradas ordenes 7holy orders7 ,las varias ordenes 7various religious orders7 ,el parte 7report7 ,la parte 7part7 ,el pendiente 7ear-ring7 ,la pendiente 7slope7 ,el pez 7fish7 ,la pez 7pitch7 ,el tema 7exercise1 theme7 ,la tema 7fear1 obstinacy7 ,tilde 771 doubtful gender ,mar 7sea7 is either ,masc4 or fem41 but names of particular seas are all masculine-- ,el mar rojo 7the ,red ,sea7 ,el mar ,caspio 7the ,caspian ,sea7 ,the compounds of mar are feminine-- ,baja mar 7low sea7 ,pleamar 7high water7 ,the following masculine nouns have their equivalent feminine formed by inflexion4 ,n4,b4--,we omit those in which the inflexion consists of the change of the last vowel to a1 or the addition of a1 as-- ,el autor1 la autora 7the author1 authoress7 ,el holgazan1 la holgazana 7the lazy man1 lazy woman7 ,el primo1 la prima 7the cousin1 masc4 and fem47 ,el vecino1 la vecina 7the neighbour1 masc4 and fem47 ,el abad 7abbot7 ,la abadesa 7abbess7 ,el actor 7actor7 ,la actriz 7actress7 ,el baron 7baron7 ,la baronesa 7baroness7 ,el canonigo 7canon7 ,la canonesa 7canoness7 ,el cantor 7singer7 ,la cantatriz 7singer7 ,el conde 7count7 ,la condesa 7countess7 ,el diacono 7deacon7 ,la diaconisa 7deaconess7 ,el duque 7duke7 ,la duquesa 7duchess7 ,el elector 7elector7 ,la electriz 7electress7 ,el emperador 7emperor7 ,la emperatriz 7empress7 ,el filosofo 7philosopher7 ,la filosofesa 7philosopher7 ,el gallo 7cock7 ,la gallina 7hen7 ,el heroe 7hero7 ,la heroina 7heroine7 ,el poeta 7poet7 ,la poetisa 7poetess7 ,el principe 7prince7 ,la princesa 7princess7 ,el profeta 7prophet7 ,la profetisa 7prophetess7 ,el rey 7king7 ,la reina 7queen7 ,el sacerdote 7priest7 ,la sacerdotisa 7priestess7 ,el vizconde 7viscount7 ,la vizcondesa 7viscountess7 ,el ,zar 7czar7 ,la ,zarina 7czarina7 ,notice also-- ,el asistente 7assistant7 ,la asistenta 7assistant7 ,el infante 7child under #g2 ,la infanta 7child2 ,span4 ,royal also ,span41 ,royal ,prince7 ,princess7 ,el pariente 7relative7 ,la parienta 7relative7 ,el presidente 7president7 ,la presidenta 7president7 ,el sirviente 7manservant7 ,la sirvienta 7maidservant7 ,there are only a few more of this class4 ,n4,b4-- ,un abogado makes in the fem4 ,una muger abogado ,un medico medico ,un comadron comadre 7midwife7 ,the following nouns of persons and animals have two different forms to represent the two sexes-- ,el buey 7ox7 ,la vaca 7cow7 ,el caballo 7stallion7 ,la yegua 7mare7 ,el carnero 7ram7 ,la oveja 7ewe7 ,el fraile 7friar7 ,la soror 7sister7 ,el hombre 7man7 ,la muger 7woman7 ,el macho cabrio or cabron 7he-goat7 ,la cabra 7she-goat7 ,el marido 7husband7 ,la muger 7the wife7 ,el padre 7father7 ,la madre 7mother7 ,el padrastro 7step-father7 ,la madrastra 7step-mother7 ,el padrino 7god-father7 ,la madrina 7god-mother7 ,el toro 7bull7 ,la vaca 7cow7 ,el yerno 7son-in-law7 ,la nuera 7daughter-in-law7 ,many names of animals are either common1 as-- ,el anade1 la anade 7the duck7 ,el liebre1 la liebre 7the hare7 ,el tigre1 la tigre 7the tiger1 tigress7 ,or they change o of the masculine into a or add a1 to form the feminine1 as-- ,un ganso 7a gander7 ,una gansa 7a goose7 ,un leon 7the lion7 ,una leona 7a lioness7 ,un mulo 7a mule7 ,una mula 7a she-mule7 ,un pollino 7an ass7 ,una pollina 7a she-ass7 ,most are epicene as already stated 7p4 #bdf74 ,,appendix ,,ii ,,spanish ,,common ,,nouns1 ,,in ,,ordinary ,,use1 ,,which ,,are ,,used ,,only ,,in ,,the ,,plural ,afueras 7environs7 ,aguaderas 7frames to carry water7 ,albricias 7reward for good news--also used as interjection3 joy6 joy667 ,andas 7stretcher1 also frame for carrying an image7 ,calendas 7calends7 ,calzoncillos 7drawers7 ,carnestolendas 7carnival7 ,celos 7jealously--,celo--zeal7 ,hacer cosquillas 7to tickle7 ,despabilladoras 7snuffers7 ,enaguas 7skirt7 ,fauces 7gullet7 ,modales 7manners7 ,mientes--also ,mente 7the mind7 ,parrillas 7gridiron7 ,puches 7sort of fritters7 ,tenazas 7tongs1 pincers7 ,tijeras 7scissors7 ,tinieblas 7utter darkness7 ,viveres 7victuals7 ,zaragueelles 7kind of breeches7 ,note the following-- ,a ciegas 7blindly7 ,a ojos cegarritas 7blindly7 ,a horcajadas 7astride7 ,a hurtadillas 7on the sly7 ,a sabiendas 7knowingly7 ,de puntillas 7on tiptoe7 ,a tientas 7groping7 ,de bobilis bobilis 7without toil7 ,de bruces 7on all fours7 ,en ayunas 7fasting7 ,en volandas 7in the air1 off one's feet7 ,the following plurals1 besides the ordinary1 have also a different meaning from the singular-- ,el alfiler 7pin7 ,los alfileres 7pins1 pin-money7 ,el dia 7day7 ,los dias 7days1 birthday7 ,la esposa 7wife7 ,las esposas 7wives1 handcuffs7 ,el grillo 7the cricket7 ,los grilles 7crickets1 shackles7 ,la letra 7letter7 ,las letras 7letters--literary knowledge7 ,el padre 7father7 ,los padres#bab 7fathers1 parents7 ,footnote #bab3 ,in the same manner all masculine plurals include also the plurals of both genders1 as3 ,hermanos 7brothers1 also brothers and sisters74 ,we make the following remarks on the plural of compound words4 ,the elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are-- ,a ,b ,verbs ,adjectives ,prepositions ,nouns ,adverbs ,participles ,conjunctions ,pronouns ,prefixes ,,general ,,rule-- ,the elements in ,a are invariable except3 ,un bullebulle 7busybody71 ,unos bullebulles ,un quehacer 7occupation71 ,unos quehaceres ,pasapasa 7sleight of hand71 ,pasapasas 7sleight of hand tricks7 ,the elements in ,b take the mark of the plural3 ,alzacuello 7minister's collar7 ,alzacuellos ,alzapano 7curtain hook71 ,alzapanios ,andanino 7child's cart71 ,andaninios ,antepasado 7ancestor71 ,antepasados ,ave ,maria 7a prayer71 ,ave ,marias ,cualquiera 7whatever71 ,cualesquiera ,entremetido 7intruder1 busybody71 ,entremetidos ,gentilhombre 7man of gentle birth71 ,gentileshombres ,guardafuego 7fire-guard71 ,guardafuegos ,hijodalgo 7squire71 ,hijosdalgo ,pasamano 7handrail1 lace-edgings71 ,pasamanos ,pasatiempo 7pastime71 ,pasatiempos ,picaparte 7latch or latchkey71 ,picapartes ,pisaverde 7beau71 ,pisaverdes ,portaestandarte 7standard bearer71 ,portaestandartes ,portafusil 7musket-sling71 ,portafusiles ,puercoespin 7porcupine71 ,puercosespines ,quienquiera 7whoever71 ,quienesquiera ,quitasol 7parasol71 ,quitasoles ,ricahembra 7woman of gentle birth71 ,ricashembras ,sobrecama 7counterpane71 ,sobrecamas ,sobredicho 7aforesaid71 ,sobredichos ,tapaboca 7slap on the mouth71 ,tapabocas ,tiraboton 7button-hook71 ,tirabotones ,n4,b4--,when the second of the two words commences with r this letter should be doubled-- ,ropa 7clothes71 guardarropa 7wardrobe71 guardarropas 7pl47 ,in compound nouns 7very rare7 formed of two nouns of which the first stands as an adjective to the second1 the first noun remains invariable1 the second only taking the mark of the plural-- ,ferrocarril 7railway71 ,ferrocarriles ,madreselva 7honeysuckle71 ,madreselvas ,in the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun1 the adjective remains invariable in the plural1 as-- ,bajamar 7low tide71 ,bajamares ,bajorelieve 7bas-relief71 ,bajorelieves ,belladona 7belladonna71 ,belladonas ,blancomanjar 7blanc-mange71 ,blancomanjares ,plenamar 7full tide71 ,plenamares ,salvoconducto 7safe conduct71 ,salvoconductos ,salvaguardia 7safeguard71 ,salvaguardias ,santa ,barbara 7powder magazine71 ,santa ,barbaras ,in compound nouns formed of two words1 the first of which has suffered the loss or change of a letter1 this first component remains invariable-- 7,n4,b4--,many such words are found in ,spanish47 ,artimana 7trick71 ,artimanas ,barbicano 7white-bearded man71 ,barbicanos ,barbilindo 7beardless man71 ,barbilindos ,boquirrubio 7rosy-lipped71 ,boquirrubios ,cojitranco 7lame fellow--disparagingly71 ,cojitrancos ,cuellierguido 7stiff-necked man71 ,cuellierguidos ,gallipavo 7turkey71 ,gallipavos ,manirroto 7spendthrift71 ,manirrotos ,marisabidilla 7blue stocking71 ,marisabidillas ,ojinegro 7black-eyed71 ,ojinegros ,ojizarco 7blue-eyed71 ,ojizarcos ,patizambo 7bandy-legged71 ,patizambos ,pechicolorado 7robin redbreast71 ,pechicolorados ,pleamar 7high tide71 ,pleamares ,tragicomedia 7tragi-comedy71 ,tragicomedias ,viandante 7wayfarer71 ,viandantes ,the following make their plural as follows-- ,bancarrota 7bankruptcy71 ,bancarrotas ,coliflor 7cauliflower71 ,coliflores ,dares y tomares 7wrangling71 used only in pl4 ,dimes y diretes 7ifs1 ands and buts71 used only in pl4 ,don ,diego de noche 7four o'clocks--flower71 ,don ,diegos de noche ,maritornes 7ill-shaped woman71 ,maritornes ,parabien 7compliment71 ,parabienes ,vaiven 7vibration71 ,vaivenes ,the following are examples of the large class of nouns 7compound7 formed with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both numbers-- ,azotacalles 7idler7 ,buscavidas 7pryer7 ,cortaplumas 7penknife7 ,chupaflores 7humming-bird7 ,destripaterrones 7navvy7 ,lavamanos 7wash-hand stand7 ,limpiabotas 7boot-black7 ,matamoros 7boaster7 ,mondadientes 7toothpick7 ,papahueros 7ninny7 ,papamoscas 7ninny7 ,papanatas 7ninny7 ,paracaidas 7parachute7 ,paraguas 7umbrella7 ,pelagatos 7ragamuffin7 ,pintamonas 7slap-dasher or bad partner7 ,sacacorchos 7corkscrew7 ,salvavidas 7life-boats7 ,sepancuantos 7slap or blow7 ,the following also are used for both numbers without alteration-- ,correveidile 7tale-bearer7 ,hazmereir 7laughing-stock7 ,metomentodo 7busybody7 ,paternoster 7,lord's ,prayer7 ,quitaipon 7ornament for headstall of draught beasts7 ,sabelotodo 7presumptious man7 ,sinvergueenza 7barefaced man7 ,,appendix ,,iii ,,principal ,,names ,,of ,,countries1 ,,towns1 ,,etc41 7,,with ,,corresponding ,,spanish ,,adjectives7 ,abisinia 7abisinio71 ,abyssinia ,adrianopolis1 ,adrianopole ,africa 7africano71 ,africa ,alava 7alaveno1 alaves71 ,alava ,albania 7albanes71 ,albania ,alcala de ,henares 7complutense71 ,alcala ,alemania 7aleman71 ,germany ,alicante 7alicantino71 ,alicante ,alsacia 7alsaciano71 ,alsatia ,amberes1 ,antwerp ,america 7americano71 ,america ,andalucia 7andaluz71 ,andalusia ,antillas 7antillano71 ,west ,indies ,arabia 7arabe1 arabigo71 ,arabia ,aragon 7aragones71 ,arragon ,argel 7argelino71 ,algiers ,argentina 7argentine71 ,argentine ,armenia 7armenio71 ,armenia ,asia 7asiatico71 ,asia ,atenas 7ateniense71 ,athens ,austria 7austriaco71 ,austria ,avila 7abulense71 ,avila ,barcelona 7barcelones71 ,barcelona ,basilea1 ,basle ,baviera 7bavaro71 ,bavaria ,belen1 ,bethlehem ,belgica 7belga1 belgico71 ,belgium ,bilbao 7bilbaino71 ,bilbao ,bohemia 7bohemo71 ,bohemia ,bolivia 7boliviano71 ,bolivia ,bolonia 7bolones71 ,bologna ,brasil 7brasileno71 ,brazil ,bretana 7breton71 ,brittany ,brujas1 ,bruges ,bruselas1 ,brussels ,buenos ,aires 7bonaerense1 porteno71 ,buenos ,aires ,bulgaria 7bulgaro71 ,bulgaria ,burdeos1 ,bordeaux ,burgos 7burgales71 ,burgos ,cadiz 7gaditano71 ,cadiz ,calabria 7calabres71 ,calabria ,caldea 7caldeo71 ,chaldaea ,canada 7canadiense71 ,canada ,canarias 7canario71 ,canary ,islands ,caracas 7caraqueno71 ,caracas ,cartago 7cartagines71 ,carthage ,castilla 7castellano71 ,castille ,cataluna 7catalan71 ,catalonia ,cerdena 7sardo71 ,sardinia ,chile 7chileno71 ,chili ,china 7chino71 ,china ,colombia 7colombiano71 ,colombia ,copenhague1 ,copenhagen ,cordoba 7cordobes71 ,cordova ,corcega 7corso71 ,corsica ,corfu 7corfiota71 ,corfu ,dardanelos1 ,dardenelles ,dinamarca 7danes1 dinamarques71 ,denmark ,dresde1 ,dresden ,ecuador 7ecuatoriano71 ,equador ,egipto 7egipcio71 ,egypt ,escocia 7escoces71 ,scotland ,esmirna1 ,smyrna ,espana 7espanol71 ,spanish ,estocolmo1 ,stockholm ,etiopia 7etiope71 ,ethiopia ,europa 7europeo71 ,european ,extremadura 7extremeno7 ,extremadura ,fenicia 7fenicio71 ,phoenician ,filipinas 7filipino71 ,philippine ,islands ,flandes 7flamenco71 ,flanders ,florencia 7florentino71 ,florentine ,francia 7frances71 ,france ,gales 7gales71 ,wales ,galicia 7gallego71 ,galicia 7,spain7 ,gascuna 7gascon71 ,gascony ,genova 7genoves71 ,genoa ,gibraltar 7gibraltareno71 ,gibraltar ,ginebra 7ginebrino71 ,geneva ,gran ,bretana 7britanico71 ,great ,britain ,granada 7granadino71 ,granada ,grecia 7griego71 ,greece ,guadalajara 7guadalajareno71 ,guadalajara ,guatemala 7guatemalteco71 ,guatemala ,guipuzcoa 7guipuzcoano71 ,guipuzcoa ,habana 7habanero1 habano71 ,havannah ,holanda 7holandes71 ,holland ,honduras 7hondureno71 ,honduras ,hungria 7hungaro71 ,hungary ,india 7indios71 ,india ,inglaterra 7ingles71 ,england ,irlanda 7irlandes71 ,ireland ,italia 7italiano71 ,italy ,japon 7japones71 ,japan ,la ,mancha 7manchego71 ,la ,mancha ,leon 7leones71 ,leon 7,spain7 ,lieja1 ,liege ,lima 7limeno71 ,lima ,liorna 7liornes71 ,leghorn ,lisboa 7lisbonense71 ,lisbon ,lombardia 7lombardo71 ,lombardy ,londres 7londinense71 ,london ,macedonia 7macedonio71 ,macedonia ,madrid 7madrileno71 ,madrid ,malaga 7malagueno71 ,malaga ,malta 7maltes71 ,malta ,mallorca 7mallorquin71 ,majorca ,maracaibo 7maracaibero71 ,maracaibo ,marruecos 7marroqui71 ,morocco ,marsella 7marselles71 ,marseilles ,menorca 7menorquin71 ,minorca ,mejico 7mejicano71 ,mexico ,murcia 7murciano71 ,murcia ,napoles 7napolitano71 ,naples ,navarra 7navarro71 ,navarre ,normandia 7normando71 ,normandy ,noruega 7noruego71 ,norway ,pamplona 7pamplones71 ,pamplona ,paraguay 7paraguayano71 ,paraguay ,paris 7parisiense71 ,paris ,persia 7persa or persiano71 ,persia ,peru 7peruano71 ,peru ,piamonte 7piamontes71 ,piedmont ,polonia 7polaco71 ,poland ,portugal 7portugues71 ,portugal ,puerto ,rico 7portorriqueno71 ,porto ,rico ,roma 7romano71 ,rome ,rumania 7rumano71 ,roumania ,rusia 7ruso71 ,russia ,saboya 7saboyardo71 ,savoy ,sajonia 7sajon71 ,saxony ,salamanca 7salmantino1 salamanques71 ,salamanca ,salvador 7salvadoreno71 ,salvador ,san ,sebastian 7donostiarra71 ,san ,sebastian ,serbia 7serbio71 ,serbia ,sevilla 7sevillano71 ,seville ,sicilia 7siciliano71 ,sicily ,suecia 7sueco71 ,sweden ,suiza 7suizo71 ,switzerland ,tetuan 7tetuani71 ,tetuan ,troya 7troyano71 ,troy ,tunez 7tunecino71 ,tunis ,turquia 7turco71 ,turkey ,uruguay 7uruguayano71 ,uruguay ,valencia 7valenciano71 ,valencia ,valladolid 7valisoletano71 ,valladolid ,varsovia 7varsoviano71 ,warsaw ,vascongadas1 ,provincias 7vascongado1 vascuence71 ,basque ,provinces ,venecia 7veneciano71 ,venice ,venezuela 7venezolano71 ,venezuela ,vera ,cruz 7veracruzano71 ,vera ,cruz ,viena 7vienes71 ,vienna ,vigo 7vigues71 ,vigo ,vitoria 7vitoriano71 ,vitoria ,yucatan 7yucateco71 ,yucatan ,zaragoza 7zaragozano71 ,zaragoza ,,appendix ,,iv ,,augmentatives ,,and ,,diminutives#bac ,footnote #bac3 ,the terminations on and ito or ico may be taken by practically all nouns 7avoiding cacophony1 as3 ,pantalonon1 habitacionona1 etc472 the others may not and consequently should not be used by students1 until learnt by practice4 ,bestiecita 7little beast7 ,bestiezuela 7little beast7 7disparaging7 ,chiquito 7little child7 ,chiquitin 7little child7 ,florecita 7little flower7 ,florecilla 7little flower7 7insignificant7 ,hombron 7big1 tall man7 ,hombrote 7big1 tall man7 7disparaging7 ,hombracho 7big1 tall man7 7disparaging7 ,hombrachon 7big1 tall man7 7disparaging7 ,hombrazo 7big1 tall man7 7disparaging7 ,hombronazo 7big1 tall man7 7disparaging7 ,juanito 7little ,john7 ,labradorcito 7little labourer7 ,lagarto--,lagartija 7little lizard7 ,lio--,liecito 7little bundle7 ,libron 7large1 big book7 ,librazo 7large1 big book7 7disparaging7 ,libracho 7large1 big book7 7disparaging7 ,librote 7large1 big book7 7disparaging7 ,llavin 7little key1 latchkey7 ,manuel--,manolo 7little ,manuel7 ,manuel--,manolito 7little ,manuel7 ,madrecita 7little mother7 ,madrecica 7little mother7 ,pajarraco 7big bird7 7disparaging7 ,papelon 7large paper7 ,plazoleta 7little square7 ,reinecita 7little queen7 ,tamborcito#bad 7little drum7 ,tamborcico 7little drum7 ,footnote #bad3 ,ito is more ,castillian4 ,ico is more ,aragonese4 ,they are both used4 ,we repeat that the peculiarity of ,augmentative and ,diminutive terminations 7with the exception of the ,augment4 on1 which denotes only increase7 is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not distinctly defined4 ,these terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to great advantage1 and are largely used by ,spaniards1 especially the diminutives which1 for this reason1 should be carefully noticed4 ,a diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective1 as-- ,mi padre me regalo este gracioso librito3 ,my father made me a present of this pretty little book4 ,diminutives can be made of ,augmentatives and vice-versa-- ,escoba 7broom71 ,escobilla1 ,escobillon ,sala 7drawing-room71 ,salon1 ,saloncillo ,if a masculine noun ends in a its diminutive also ends in a-- ,un drama 7drama71 ,un dramita ,un poema 7poem71 ,un poemita ,but not nouns that indicate male persons-- ,papa 7,papa71 ,papaito ,although on and ote are generally augmentative terminations1 in the following words and a few more1 they are used as diminutives-- ,calle 7street7 ,callejon 7narrow street1 alley7 ,carro 7cart7 ,carreton 7little cart7 ,isla 7island7 ,islote 7little barren island7 ,torre 7tower7 ,torrejon 7turret7 ,besides ,augmentative and ,diminutive terminations1 there are some terminations which1 without indicating increase or decrease1 are used to indicate disparagement pure and simple-- ,calducho 7bad broth7 ,gentualla 7mob7 ,gentuza 7insignificant people7 ,libraco 7nasty book7 ,madrastra 7step-mother7 ,medicastro 7bad doctor7 ,mujeruca 7old wife1 gossip7 ,poetastro 7bad poet7 ,the ,augmentative and ,diminutive terminations 7especially the latter7 are found added to adjectives and1 although more rarely1 to other parts of speech also4 ,they must be learnt by practice1 however1 as they cannot be used indiscriminately4 ,,examples-- ,el picarillo 7picaruelo7 quiere el otro cuello que es mas blanquito3 ,the little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean 7lit41 whiter74 ,como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer3 ,how pretty is the snow just newly fallen4 ,mira a aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul3 ,look at that little girl so prettily dressed in blue ,vino callandito3 ,he came in as quietly as a mouse4 ,vive cerquita de nuestra casa3 ,he lives quite close to our house4 ,poquito a poco hila la vieja el copo 7proverb73 ,little by little the old woman spins her distaff 7,slow and sure wins the race7 ,translation of the ,english ish after colours-- ,amarillento 7yellowish7 ,azulado 7bluish7 ,azulino 7bluish7 ,blanquecino 7whitish7 ,morenito 7brownish7 ,que tira a moreno 7brownish7 ,negruzco 7blackish7 ,pardusco 7greyish7 ,que tira a pardo o gris 7greyish7 ,rojizo 7reddish7 ,verdoso 7greenish7 ,verdusco 7greenish7 ,notice also-- ,anaranjado 7orange-coloured7 ,avellanado 7nut-coloured1 tawny7 ,celeste 7sky-blue7 ,dorado 7golden7 ,pajizo 7straw-coloured7 ,perlino 7pearl-coloured7 ,plateado 7silvery7 ,rosado 7rose-coloured1 pink1 rosy7 ,terreo 7ashen-pale7 ,trigueno 7brown1 wheat-coloured7 ,,appendix ,v ,,verbs ,,which ,,differ ,,in ,,regimen ,,from ,,their ,,english ,,equivalents4 ,,extracted ,,from ,,the ,,general ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,the ,,spanish ,,academy#bae ,footnote #bae3 ,this list is comprehensive1 but not exhaustive2 some of these verbs1 besides the preposition given1 may be followed by others4 ,practice in reading is the best master4 ,abordar 7una nave7 a 7or con7 otra3 ,to board 7a ship74 ,abrasarse en deseos3 ,to be burning with desire4 ,abundar de 7or en7 riquezas3 ,to abound with riches4 ,abusar de la amistad3 ,to abuse friendship4 ,acertar con la casa3 ,to find the right house4 ,adelantarse a otros3 ,to take the start on others4 ,admirarse de un suceso3 ,to wonder at an event4 ,aficionarse a alguna cosa3 ,to grow fond of anything4 ,alejarse de su tierra3 ,to depart from one's country4 ,alimentarse con 7or de7 yerbas3 ,to feed on vegetables4 ,anticiparse a otro3 ,to forestall another4 ,apiadarse con los pobres3 ,to have pity on the poor4 ,aportar a ,barcelona3 ,to put into ,barcelona4 ,apreciar en mucho3 ,to appreciate highly4 ,arder de colera3 ,to burn with anger4 ,armarse de paciencia3 ,to arm oneself with patience4 ,arrimarse a la pared3 ,to lean against the wall4 ,arrostrar 7con 7or por77 los peligros3 ,to face the dangers4 ,atender 7a7 los negocios3 ,to attend to business4 ,aventajarse a otros3 ,to excel others4 ,banar con 7de or en7 lagrimas3 ,to bathe with tears4 ,barbear con la pared3 ,to run against the wall4 ,brindar a la salud de alguno3 ,to drink the health of someone4 ,brindar con regalos3 ,to give presents4 ,burlarse de algo3 ,to laugh at something4 ,caber de pies3 ,there to be standing room4 ,calificar de docto3 ,to call one learned4 ,cambiar una cosa con 7or por7 otra3 ,to exchange one thing for another4 ,campar por su respeto3 ,to keep to oneself4 ,carecer de medios3 ,to lack means4 ,casar or casarse con alguno3 ,to marry someone4 ,cesar de correr3 ,to cease running4 ,cifrar su dicha en la virtud3 ,to make one's happiness consist in virtue4 ,clavar a 7or en7 la pared3 ,to nail on the wall4 ,cojear del pie derecho3 ,to limp with the right foot4 ,colgar de un clavo3 ,to hang on a nail4 ,colmar de mercedes3 ,to load with benefits4 ,comerciar con su credito3 ,to trade on one's credit4 ,comprar de 7or a7 una persona3 ,to buy from someone4 ,comprar al fiado3 ,to buy on credit4 ,comprometerse a pagar3 ,to undertake to pay4 ,confiar en 7or de7 alguno3 ,to trust anybody4 ,conservarse con 7or en7 salud3 ,to keep in good health4 ,contar con su auxilio3 ,to count on his help4 ,contravenir a la ley3 ,to contravene the law4 ,convenir al enfermo3 ,to suit the patient4 ,correr con los gastos3 ,to undertake the expense4 ,cortar por lo sano3 ,to cut short 7an argument1 etc474 ,cumplir a uno hacer una cosa3 ,to be one's duty to do something4 ,chancearse con alguno3 ,to joke with someone4 ,danarse del pecho3 ,to injure one's chest4 ,dar con la carga en el suelo3 ,to throw down the load4 ,dar con quien lo entiende3 ,to come across someone who understands it4 ,dar contra un poste3 ,to knock against a post4 ,dar de barato3 ,to grant for argument's sake4 ,darse por vencido3 ,to give it up4 ,decir bien una cosa con otra3 ,to match well together4 ,decir para si3 ,to say to oneself4 ,dejar de escribir3 ,to cease writing1 to fail to write4 ,demandar ante el juez 7or en juicio73 ,to summon4 ,depender de alguno3 ,to be dependent on someone4 ,desayunarse con chocolate3 ,to breakfast on chocolate4 ,desconfiar de alguno3 ,to mistrust one4 ,descuidarse de 7or en7 su obligacion3 ,to neglect one's duty4 ,desfallecer de animo3 ,to lose courage4 ,deshacerse de los generos3 ,to get rid of the goods4 ,detestar de la mentira3 ,to hate lying4 ,disfrutar de buena renta3 ,to enjoy a good income4 ,doblar por un difunto3 ,to sound the death knell4 ,dudar de alguna cosa3 ,to doubt something4 ,echar en tierra3 ,to throw on the ground4 ,echar de casa3 ,to turn out of the house4 ,echar de ver una cosa3 ,to perceive 7realise7 a thing4 ,echarla de rico3 ,to assume airs of a rich man4 ,embelesarse con alguna cosa3 ,to go into raptures over anything4 ,embutir de algodon3 ,to stuff with cotton4 ,enajenarse de alguna cosa3 ,to do away with anything4 ,encargarse de algun negocio3 ,to undertake a business4 ,encontrarse con un amigo3 ,to meet a friend4 ,encuadernar a la rustica1 en pasta3 ,to bind in paper covers1 in boards4 ,escarmentar con la desgracia3 ,to take warning from misfortune4 ,esmerarse en alguna cosa3 ,to take pains with anything4 ,fiarse a 7de1 en7 alguno3 ,to trust in anyone4 ,firmar de propria mano3 ,to sign with one's own hand4 ,forrar de 7con1 en7 pieles3 ,to line with skins4 ,fumar en pipa3 ,to smoke the pipe4 ,girar a cargo de alguno3 ,to draw on someone4 ,girar sobre ,paris3 ,to draw on ,paris4 ,guardarse de alguno3 ,to guard against anybody4 ,gustar de bromas3 ,to be fond of joking4 ,haberselas con otros3 ,to wrangle1 to have a bone to pick1 to vie with ,hacer de galan en un drama3 ,to take the part of principal actor in a drama4 ,herir de muerte3 ,to wound fatally4 ,hincarse de rodillas3 ,to fall on one's knees4 ,hocicar con 7contra1 en7 alguna cosa3 ,to run against anything4 ,igualar 7igualarse7 a 7or con7 otro3 ,to equal another1 to match4 ,indemnizar del perjuicio3 ,to indemnify for the loss4 ,influir con el jefe3 ,to influence the chief4 ,insistir en 7sobre7 una cosa3 ,to insist on something4 ,inspirar una idea a alguno3 ,to inspire anybody with an idea4 ,inundar de 7or en7 agua3 ,to flood with water4 ,librar a cargo de un banquero3 ,to draw on a banker4 ,librar una letra sobre ,paris3 ,to draw a bill on ,paris4 ,lindar 7una tierra7 con otra3 ,to border on another4 ,llegar a la posada3 ,to reach the inn4 ,llevarse bien con el vecino3 ,to get on well with the neighbour4 ,llover a cantaros3 ,to rain in bucketfuls4 ,maravillarse con 7or de7 una noticia3 ,to be surprised at some news4 ,marcar a fuego3 ,to brand4 ,mejorar de condicion3 ,to improve in condition4 ,mejorar en tercio y quinto3 ,to improve greatly4 ,oler a rosas3 ,to smell of roses4 ,parecerse a otro3 ,to be similar to another4 ,pensar en 7sobre7 alguna cosa3 ,to think of something4 ,pensar para si3 ,to think to oneself4 ,perecerse de risa3 ,to die with laughter4 ,pintar de azul3 ,to paint blue4 ,poblar de arboles3 ,to plant with trees4 ,ponerse a escribir3 ,to commence writing4 ,prescindir de una cosa3 ,to dispense with anything4 ,presumir de rico3 ,to feign riches4 ,proveer a la necesidad publica3 ,to provide the needs of the public4 ,quedar a deber3 ,to remain owing4 ,quedarse con lo ajeno3 ,to keep other people's property4 ,rebosar de alegria3 ,to teem with joy4 ,recibir a cuenta3 ,to receive on account4 ,recibir de criado3 ,to admit as a servant4 ,recibir por esposa3 ,to receive as a wife4 ,reclamar a fulano3 ,to claim from so and so4 ,responder a la pregunta3 ,to answer the question4 ,reventar de risa3 ,to burst with laughter4 ,rodear de una pared3 ,to surround with a wall4 ,saber a vino3 ,to taste of wine4 ,salirse con la suya3 ,to have one's own way4 ,salvarse a nado3 ,to save oneself by swimming4 ,sentarse a la mesa3 ,to sit down at table4 ,sonar con ladrones3 ,to dream of thieves4 ,suplicar 7apelar7 de la sentencia3 ,to appeal against the sentence4 ,tachar de ligero3 ,to tax one with levity4 ,tener a menos hablar a uno3 ,not to deign to speak to one4 ,tenerse de pie3 ,to stand on foot4 ,tenir de 7en7 negro3 ,to dye black4 ,tomar a pecho3 ,to take to heart4 ,tomar hacia la derecha3 ,to turn to the right4 ,trabajar a destajo3 ,to do work by the job4 ,trabarse de palabras3 ,to quarrel4 ,transportar a lomo3 ,to carry on one's back4 ,varar en la playa3 ,to run aground4 ,velar a los muertos3 ,to watch over the dead4 ,vengarse de una ofensa3 ,to avenge an insult4 ,vengarse en el ofensor3 ,to avenge oneself on the offender4 ,venir a casa3 ,to come home4 ,ver de hacer algo3 ,to try and do something4 ,vestir a la moda3 ,to dress in the fashion4 ,vestir de mascara3 ,to dress in fancy dress4 ,vestirse de pano3 ,to dress in cloth4 ,vivir a su gusto3 ,to live after one's taste4 ,,conjugation ,,of ,,the ,,regular ,,and ,,auxiliary ,,verbs ,the ,simple tenses only are given--,compound tenses are formed with the verb haber followed by the past participle4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,infinitive ,mood4 ,hablar ,temer ,partir ,tener ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pres4 ,part4 ,hablando ,temiendo ,partiendo ,teniendo ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,past ,part4 ,hablado ,temido ,partido ,tenido ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,indic4 ,pres4 ,hablo ,temo ,parto ,tengo ,hablas ,temes ,partes ,tienes ,habla ,teme ,parte ,tiene ,hablamos ,tememos ,partimos ,tenemos ,hablais ,temeis ,partis ,teneis ,hablan ,temen ,parten ,tienen ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,indic4 ,imperf4 ,hablaba ,temia ,partia ,tenia ,hablabas ,temias ,partias ,tenias ,hablaba ,temia ,partia ,tenia ,hablabamos ,temiamos ,partiamos ,teniamos ,hablabais ,temiais ,partiais ,teniais ,hablaban ,temian ,partian ,tenian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,past ,def4 ,hable ,temi ,parti ,tuve ,hablaste ,temiste ,partiste ,tuviste ,hablo ,temio ,partio ,tuvo ,hablamos ,temimos ,partimos ,tuvimos ,hablasteis ,temisteis ,partisteis ,tuvisteis ,hablaron ,temieron ,partieron ,tuvieron ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,future ,hablare ,temere ,partire ,tendre ,hablaras ,temeras ,partiras ,tendras ,hablara ,temera ,partira ,tendra ,hablaremos ,temeremos ,partiremos ,tendremos ,hablareis ,temereis ,partireis ,tendreis ,hablaran ,temeran ,partiran ,tendran ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,conditional4 ,hablaria ,temeria ,partiria ,tendria ,hablarias ,temerias ,partirias ,tendrias ,hablaria ,temeria ,partiria ,tendria ,hablariamos ,temeriamos ,partiriamos ,tendriamos ,hablariais ,temeriais ,partiriais ,tendriais ,hablarian ,temerian ,partirian ,tendrian ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,pres4 ,hable ,tema ,parta ,tenga ,hables ,temas ,partas ,tengas ,hable ,tema ,parta ,tenga ,hablemos ,temamos ,partamos ,tengamos ,hableis ,temais ,partais ,tengais ,hablen ,teman ,partan ,tengan ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,imperf4 ,hablase ,temiese ,partiese ,tuviese 7#ast form7 ,hablases ,temieses ,partieses ,tuvieses ,hablase ,temiese ,partiese ,tuviese ,hablasemos ,temiesemos ,partiesemos ,tuviesemos ,hablaseis ,temieseis ,partieseis ,tuvieseis ,hablasen ,temiesen ,partiesen ,tuviesen ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,imperf4 ,hablara ,temiera ,partiera ,tuviera 7#bnd form7 ,hablaras ,temieras ,partieras ,tuvieras ,hablara ,temiera ,partiera ,tuviera ,hablaramos ,temieramos ,partieramos ,tuvieramos ,hablarais ,temierais ,partierais ,tuvierais ,hablaran ,temieran ,partieran ,tuvieran ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,subj4 ,future4 ,hablare ,temiere ,partiere ,tuviere ,hablares ,temieres ,partieres ,tuvieres ,hablare ,temiere ,partiere ,tuviere ,hablaremos ,temieremos ,partieremos ,tuvieremos ,hablareis ,temiereis ,partiereis ,tuviereis ,hablaren ,temieren ,partieren ,tuvieren ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,imperative4 ,habla ,teme ,parte ,ten ,hable ,tema ,parta ,tenga ,hablemos ,temamos ,partamos ,tengamos ,hablad ,temed ,partid ,tened ,hablen ,teman ,partan ,tengan ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,auxiliary ,verbs ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,infinitive ,mood4 ,haber ,ser ,estar ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pres4 ,part4 ,habiendo ,siendo ,estando ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,past ,part4 ,habido ,sido ,estado ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,indic4 ,pres4 ,he ,soy ,estoy ,has ,eres ,estas ,ha ,es ,esta ,hemos ,somos ,estamos ,habeis ,sois ,estais ,han ,son ,estan ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,indic4 ,imperf4 ,habia ,era ,estaba ,habias ,eras ,estabas ,habia ,era ,estaba ,habiamos ,eramos ,estabamos ,habiais ,erais ,estabais ,habian ,eran ,estaban ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,past ,def4 ,hube ,fui ,estuve ,hubiste ,fuiste ,estuviste ,hubo ,fue ,estuvo ,hubimos ,fuimos ,estuvimos ,hubisteis ,fuisteis ,estuvisteis ,hubieron ,fueron ,estuvieron ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,future ,habre ,sere ,estare ,habras ,seras ,estaras ,habra ,sera ,estara ,habremos ,seremos ,estaremos ,habreis ,sereis ,estareis ,habran ,seran ,estaran ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,conditional4 ,habria ,seria ,estaria ,habrias ,serias ,estarias ,habria ,seria ,estaria ,habriamos ,seriamos ,estariamos ,habriais ,seriais ,estariais ,habrian ,serian ,estarian ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,pres4 ,haya ,sea ,este ,hayas ,seas ,estes ,haya ,sea ,este ,hayamos ,seamos ,estemos ,hayais ,seais ,esteis ,hayan ,sean ,esten ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,imperf4 ,hubiese ,fuese ,estuviese 7#ast form7 ,hubieses ,fueses ,estuvieses ,hubiese ,fuese ,estuviese ,hubiesemos ,fuesemos ,estuviesemos ,hubieseis ,fueseis ,estuvieseis ,hubiesen ,fuesen ,estuviesen ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,imperf4 ,hubiera ,fuera ,estuviera 7#bnd form7 ,hubieras ,fueras ,estuvieras ,hubiera ,fuera ,estuviera ,hubieramos ,fueramos ,estuvieramos ,hubierais ,fuerais ,estuvierais ,hubieran ,fueran ,estivieran ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,subj4 ,future ,hubiere ,fuere ,estuviere ,hubieres ,fueres ,estuvieres ,hubiere ,fuere ,estuviere ,hubieremos ,fueremos ,estuvieremos ,hubiereis ,fuereis ,estuviereis ,hubieren ,fueren ,estuvieren ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,imperative ,he ,se ,esta ,haya ,sea ,este ,hayamos ,seamos ,estemos ,hayed ,sed ,estad ,hayan ,sean ,esten ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,difference ,,between ,,ser ,,and ,,estar 7for easy reference74 ,ser is used-- i4 ,to form the ,passive ,voice4 ii4 ,to denote an inherent quality4 ,estar is used-- i4 ,to denote state in locality1 viz41 to be in a place4 ii4 ,to denote condition 7as opposed to inherent quality74 ,,supplementary ,,rules4 ,use ,ser-- i4 ,before a noun 7even if an adjective or an article intervenes74 ii4 ,when to be is used impersonally4 iii4 ,when to be denotes possession4 iv4 ,before pobre1 rico1 felis1 and infeliz4 ,,appendix ,,vi ,,principal ,,verbs1 ,,the ,,last ,,root ,,vowel ,,of ,,which ,,changes ,,into ,a ,,diphthong ,,when ,,the ,,stress ,,of ,,the ,,voice ,,falls ,,on ,,it1 ,,as--- ,pensar 7to think74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,pienso1 piensas1 piensa1--1--1 piensan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,piense1 pienses1 piense1--1--1 piensen4 ,imperative1 ,piensa1 piense1--1--1 piensen4 ,entender 7to understand74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,entiendo1 entiendes1 entiende1--1--1 entienden4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,entienda1 entiendas1 entienda1--1--1 entiendan4 ,imperative1 ,entiende1 entienda1--1--1 entiendan4 ,sentir 7to feel74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,siento1 sientes1 siente1--1--1 sienten4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,sienta1 sientas1 sienta1 sintamos1#bag sintais1#bag sientan4 ,imperative1 ,siente1 sienta1 sintamos1#bag--1 sientan4 ,acordar 7to agree74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,acuerdo1 acuerdas1 acuerda1--1--1 acuerdan4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,acuerde1 acuerdes1 acuerde1--1--1 acuerden4 ,imperative1 ,acuerda1 acuerde1--1--1 acuerden4 ,mover 7to move74 ,pres4 ,ind41 ,muevo1 mueves1 mueve1--1--1 mueven4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,mueva1 muevas1 mueva1--1--1 muevan4 ,imperative1 ,mueve1 mueva1--1--1 muevan4 ,dormir 7to sleep74#baf ,pres4 ,ind41 ,duermo1 duermes1 duerme1--1--1 duermen4 ,pres4 ,subj41 ,duerma1 duermas1 duerma1 durmamos1#bag durmais1#bag duerman4 ,imperative1 ,duerme1 duerma1 durmamos1#bag--1 duerman4 ,footnote #baf3 ,morir 7to die7 is the only verb conjugated like ,dormir2 but past part4 ,muerto4 ,footnote #bag3 ,notice the additional irregularities4 ,principal ,verbs conjugated like ,pensar-- ,acertar 7to hit the mark7 ,acrecentar 7to increase7 ,alentar 7to encourage7 ,apretar 7to squeeze7 ,arrendar 7to lease1 to hire7 ,asentarse 7to sit down7 ,aterrar 7to pull down7 ,atravesar 7to cross7 ,calentar 7to warm7 ,cegar 7to blind7 ,cerrar 7to shut1 to close7 ,comendar 7to commend7 ,comenzar 7to begin7 ,confesar 7to confess7 ,desmembrar 7to dismember7 ,despertar 7to awake7 ,empedrar 7to pave7 ,empezar 7to begin7 ,encerrar 7to shut in7 ,enmendar 7to correct7 ,gobernar 7to govern7 ,manifestar 7to manifest7 ,mentar 7to mention7 ,negar 7to deny7 ,plegar 7to fold7 ,quebrar 7to break7 ,recomendar 7to recommend7 ,reventar 7to burst7 ,temblar 7to tremble7 ,tentar 7to tempt1 to attempt7 ,tropezar 7to stumble7 ,principal ,verbs conjugated like ,entender-- ,ascender 7to go up7 ,atender 7to attend7 ,condescender 7to condescend7 ,contender 7to contend7 ,defender 7to defend7 ,descender 7to descend7 ,encender 7to light7 ,extender 7to extend7 ,perder 7to lose7 ,tender 7to stretch7 ,verter 7to shed1 to spill7 ,principal ,verbs conjugated like ,sentir-- ,adherir#bah 7to adhere7 ,adquirir#bah 7to acquire7 ,advertir#bah 7to notice1 to warn7 ,arrepentirse 7to repent7 ,asentir 7to assent7 ,consentir 7to consent7 ,erguir 7to erect1 to raise7 ,hervir 7to boil7 ,mentir 7to lie7 ,footnote #bah3 ,and all in erir1 irir1 ertir4 ,principal ,verbs conjugated like ,acordar-- ,acostarse 7to go to bed7 ,almorzar 7to breakfast7 ,apostar 7to bet7 ,aprobar 7to approve7 ,avergonzarse 7to be ashamed7 ,colgar 7to hang7 ,consolar 7to comfort7 ,contar 7to relate7 ,costar 7to cost7 ,encontrar 7to meet7 ,forzar 7to force7 ,hollar 7to tread7 ,mostrar 7to show7 ,poblar 7to people7 ,probar 7to prove7 ,recordar 7to remind1 to remember7 ,renovar 7to renew7 ,rodar 7to roll7 ,rogar 7to pray7 ,soldar 7to solder7 ,soltar 7to loosen7 ,sonar 7to sound7 ,sonar 7to dream7 ,tostar 7to toast7 ,trocar 7to exchange1 to barter7 ,volar 7to fly7 ,principal ,verbs conjugated like ,mover-- ,absolver 7,and all in olver7 7to absolve7 ,cocer 7to bake1 to cook7 ,demoler 7to demolish7 ,doler 7to ache7 ,moler 7to grind7 ,morder 7to bite7 ,oler 7to smell7#bai ,footnote #bai3 ,huelo1 etc41 7because no words begin with ue74 ,promover 7to promote7 ,soler 7to be accustomed7 ,torcer 7to twist7 ,,list ,,of ,,principal ,,verbs ,,conjugated ,,like ,,pedir-- ,cenir 7,and all in enir7 7to gird7 ,competir 7to compete7 ,concebir 7to conceive7 ,corregir 7to correct7 ,derretir 7to melt7 ,elegir 7to elect1 to select7 ,embestir 7to run down1 to assail7 ,freir 7to fry7 ,gemir 7to moan7 ,impedir 7to prevent7 ,medir 7to measure7 ,regir 7to rule1 to govern7 ,reir 7to laugh7 ,repetir 7to repeat7 ,seguir 7to follow7 ,servir 7to serve7 ,vestir 7to dress1 to clothe7 ,,end ,transcriber's note3 ,the edition of this book that was used to produce the document is as follows3 ,,pitman',s ,,commercial ,,spanish ,,grammar ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,toledano ,,late ,,lecturer ,,in ,,the ,,victoria ,,university1 ,,manchester2 ,,external ,,examiner1 ,,university ,,of ,,birmingham2 ,h4,m4 ,,assistant ,,inspector ,,for ,,spanish2 ,,spanish ,,master ,,at ,,the ,,manchester ,,municipal ,,school ,,of ,,commerce1 ,,manchester ,,athenaeum1 ,,etc4 ,,second ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,london ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 #a ,,amen ,,corner1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,bath1 ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,melbourne ,,uniform ,,with ,,this ,,volume #bs #f;d net ,,pitman',s ,,commercial ,,french ,,grammar4 ,by ,f4,w4,m ,,draper1 ,m ,a4 7,cantab471 ,licencie es ,lettres4 ,,italian4 ,by ,,luigi ,,ricci1 ,,and ,,german4 ,by ,,jethro ,,bithell ,,key ,,to ,,commercial ,,spanish ,,grammar ,in crown #hvo1 cloth1 #ff pp1 #bs4 net4 ,for ,complete ,list of ,pitman's ,language ,text-books1 see ,catalogue contained at the end of this book4 ,,printed ,,by ,,sir ,,isaac ,,pitman ,,sons1 ,,ltd1 ,,london1 ,,bath1 ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,melbourne ,a ,,mi ,,senor ,,padre1 --,,lo ,,que ,,puedo ,reprinted1 #aiag