,,! ,,unity ,,s]ies ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,9 ,,european ,,?\ght ,,essays ,,arrang$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,f4,s4 ,,m>v9 ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,liv+ ,,pa/'1 ,,etc4 ',to hope till ,hope creates ,f its own wreck ! ?+ x contemplates4' ,prome!us ,unb\nd4 ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,melb\rne ,,cape ,,t[n ,,bombay #aibj ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,preface ,?is volume1 l its two pr$ecessors1 arises f a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ at a ,summ] ,s*ool at ,woodbrooke1 ne> ,birm+ham1 9 ,augu/1 #aiai4 ,! fir/1 9 #aiae1 dealt ) ',! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization' g5]ally1 ! second1 9 #aiaf1 ) ',progress'4 ,9 ?is book an attempt has be5 made to trace ! same ideas 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ,european hi/ory1 broadly speak+ s9ce #ahgj4 ,x 0 felt at ! conclusion ( ! c\rse t ! po9t ( view 0 s enlight5+ & (f]$ s _m opportunities ( useful fur!r /udy t x %\ld1 if possible1 be resum$ 9 future ye>s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( subjects 7 sugge/$--',! ,relations ( ,ea/ & ,we/1' ',! ,duty ( ,advanc$ to ,backw>d ,peoples1' ',! ,rle ( ,sci5ce 9 ,civilization1' c4--all conta9+ ! same elem5ts ( 'progress 9 unity' :i* h inspir$ ! previ\s volumes4 ,x 0 ?\ght t possibly = ! next session ',_w ,recon/ructions ,pa/ & ,pres5t' might be mo/ appropriate4 ,if any read] feels mov$ by int]e/ or sympa?y ) ! g5]al idea to s5d sugge/ions1 ei!r z to possible places ( meet+1 or topics = treatm5t or any o!r k9dr$ matt]1 !y w\ld be welcom$ ei!r by ! ,editor or by ,edw9 ,gilb]t1 ,woodbrooke1 ,selly ,oak1 ,birm+ham4 ,f4,s4,m4 ,,b]kham/$1 ,decemb]1 #aiai4 9999 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is text conta9s a s+le in/ance ( a "* ) a diacritical m>k4 ,! "* is a l[]-case 'r' ) a c>on 7v-%ap$ symbol7 above x4 ,9 ! text1 t "* is depict$ ?usly3 vr 9999 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,survey #g ,by ,f4,s4 ,,m>v94 ,,ii4 ,,philosophy #be ,by ,pr(essor ,a4,e4 ,,taylor1 ,/4 ,&rews4 ,,iii4 ,,religion #fe ,by ,dr4 ,f4,b4 ,,jevons1 ,hatfield ,hall1 ,durham4 ,,iv4 ,,poetry #ia ,by ,pr(essor ,c4,h4 ,,h]=d1 ,man*e/]4 ,v4 ,,hi/ory #adj ,by ,g4,p4 ,,goo*4 ,,vi4 ,,political ,,!ory #afd ,by ,a4,d4 ,,l9dsay1 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,vii4 ,,economic ,,developm5t #aha #a4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,sc5e1 #ahdb #aha #b4 ,,m9+ ,,op]ations #aie #c4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,association #bji ,by ,c4,r4 ,,fay1 ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,viii4 ,,atomic ,,!ories #baf ,by ,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,,bragg1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,ix4 ,,biology ,,s9ce ,,d>w9 #bbi ,by ,pr(essor ,,leon>d ,,donca/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,x4 ,,art #bdg ,by ,a4 ,,clutton ,,brock4 ,,xi4 ,a ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,music #bfb ,by ,dr4 ,,erne/ ,,walk]1 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,r5asc5ce #bic ,by ,f4 ,,melian ,,/awell4 ,i ,,g5]al ,,survey ,f4,s4 ,,m>v9 ,we are try+ 9 ?is book to give "s impression ( ! pr9cipal *anges & developm5ts ( ,we/]n ?\ght 9 :at might r\ghly be call$ '! la/ g5]ation'1 ?\gh ?is limit ( "t has be51 z x mu/ be1 treat$ lib]ally4 ,f ! political po9t ( view ! two mo/ impressive mile/ones1 ev5ts :i* w always m>k = ! consci\sness ( ! ,we/ ! beg9n+ & ! end ( a p]iod1 are no d\bt ! w> ( #ahgj & ! ,great ,w> :i* has j end$4 ,f #ahgj to #aiad w\ld !re=e be ! mo/ obvi\s delimitation ( our /udy2 & x is a /rik+ illu/ration ( human p>adox1 t a great /age 9 ! gr[? ( unity %\ld be m>k$ by two int]national trag$ies & cr[n$ by ! mo/ t]rible ( all4 ,ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! political divisions !re are important l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,dur+ ! 'sixties1 :ile ! p[] ( ,prussia 0 ris+ to its culm9ation 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( developm5t 0 ga9+ comm& 9 biology4 ,to _m ?9k]s !re has appe>$ a cle> connexion betwe5 t biological doctr9e & ! 'imp]ialism'1 ,teutonic & o!r1 :i* 0 s m>k$ a feature ( ! "t4 ,9 any case 'po/-,d>w9ian' might well describe ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! age we h 9 view4 ,indu/rially ! epo* is z cle>ly def9$ z x is 9 politics & sci5ce4 ,= 9 #ahga1 ! ye> ( ! ,treaty ( ,frank=t1 an act 0 pass$ aft] a long work+-class agitation1 assi/$ by c]ta9 em95t memb]s ( ! middle class1 legaliz+ /rikes & ,trade ,unions4 ,& n[ at ! end ( ! w>1 all ov] ! _w1 society is fac$ by ! problem ( reconcil+ ! full rights1 & 9 "s cases ! extreme dem&s1 ( 'lab\r'1 ) democratic gov]nm5t & ! prosp]ity & social union ( ! :ole community4 ,?is is ! situation discuss$ 9 our sev5? & eigh? *apt]s4 ,9 philosophy & lit]ature a simil> divid+ l9e appe>s4 ,9 ! 'sixties ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 publi%+ ! capital works ( 8 sy/em4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgb4 ,?is ',syn!tic ,philosophy' has prov$ up to ! pres5t ! la/ attempt ( its k9d1 & ) ! va/ increase ( k s9ce ,sp5c]'s day x might well prove ! la/ ( all su* syn!ses c>ri$ out by a s+le m9d4 ,specialism & criticism h ga9$ ! upp] h&1 & ! fre% turn to h>mony1 :i* we %all notice lat] on1 is r a h>mony ( _s ?an an encyclopa$ic unity su* z ! great ma/]s ( sy/em f ,desc>tes to ,comte & ,sp5c] _h attempt$ be=e4 ,9 lit]ature also ! dates agree4 ,dick5s1 mo/ typical ( all e>ly ,victorians1 di$ 9 #ahgj4 ,george ,eliot's la/ great novel1 ,daniel ,d]onda1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgf4 ,victor ,hugo's greate/ poem1 ,la ,lg5de des ,sicles1 ! imag9ative syn!sis ( all ! ages1 appe>$ 9 ! 'sev5ties4 ,!re h be5 _m writ]s s9ce1 ) ,tol/oi p]haps at _! head1 9 :om ! fire ( moral en?usiasm has burnt z ke5ly1 nor h ! bord]s ( human sympa?y be5 n>r[$4 ,yet "o _c fail to note a less p]vad+ & ready confid5ce 9 human nature1 a less f]v5t belief t ! good mu/ prevail if good m5 w only foll[ _! bett] lead+4 ,"h !n is our p]iod1 m>k$ 9 public affairs by a progress f "o conflict1 desp]ate & tragic1 betwe5 two ( ! lead+ nations ( ! ,we/1 to ano!r & /ill m t]rible :i* swept ! :ole _w into ! mael/rom2 & m>k$ 9 ?\ght by a c]ta9 disp]sion & depression ( m9d1 a fall+ 9 ! b>omet] ( temp]am5t & imag9ation1 b also by a grappl+ ) realities at clos] qu>t]s4 ,no wond] t "s h se5 "h a 'trag$y ( hope' & ! 'bankruptcy ( sci5ce'4 ,b x mu/ be not$ at once t ^! obvi\s l&m>ks1 ?\gh /rik+1 are 9 !mselves sup]ficial4 ,!y require explanation r ?an give x1 & 9 "s cases an explanation1 mu* less tragic ?an ! symptom1 is sugge/$ by ! symptom itself4 ,we may at lea/ fairly treat !m at />t+ simply z beacon-hills to m>k out ! c\ntry we are trav]s+4 ,we h to g deep] to f9d out ! nature ( ! soil1 & travel to ! end to /udy ! vi/a beyond4 ,9 mak+ ?is full] analysis ( man's rec5t a*ievem5t1 especially 9 ! ,we/1 ! fir/1 & p]haps ultimately ! weightie/1 elem5t we h to note is ! cont9u$ & unexampl$ gr[? ( sci5ce4 ,0 !re ev] a m f]tile p]iod ?an ! g5]ation :i* succe$$ ,d>w9's a*ievem5t 9 biology & ,buns5's & ,kir*h(f's ) ! spectroscope8 ,bo? h creat$ revolutions1 "o 9 our view ( liv+ ?+s1 ! o!r 9 our view ( matt]4 ,9 physics ! :ole realm ( radio-activity has come into our k5 )9 ^! ye>s1 & dur+ ! same "t *emi/ry1 bo? organic & inorganic1 has be5 equally enl>g$4 ,all bran*es ( sci5ce 9 fact %[ a simil> expansion1 & a new s*ool ( ma!maticians claim t !y h reca/ ! f\ndations ( ! fundam5tal sci5ce & assimilat$ x to ! simple/ laws ( all ?9k+4 ,"s discussion ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on philosophy4 ,x may s]ve z tonic--an antidote to t depression ( spirits ( :i* we h spok5--to consid] t su* an output ( m5tal en]gy1 rew>d$ by su* a h>ve/ ( tru?1 is )\t prec$5t 9 man's evolution4 ,no s+le g5]ation be=e ev] le>nt s mu* n only ( ! _w ar\nd x b also ( ! do+s ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,= s9ce #ahgj we h be5 liv+ 9 an age z mu* di/+ui%$ = hi/orical rese>* z = natural sci5ce4 ,if mank9d is n[ to g d[n 9 a wrack ( w>1 />vation1 bankruptcy1 & ru91 ! sunset sky at lea/ is glori\s4 ,& !re is tonic 9 ano!r ?\ght :i* rises f ! v nature ( ?is rec5t blossom+ ( k4 ,x m>ks ! gr[+ co-op]ative activity ( mank9d4 ,! fact t sci5ce & rese>* ( e k9d h advanc$ s rapidly is n only1 or ev5 prim>ily1 a pro( ( ! cont9u$ vig\r ( ! human intellect1 b ( ! /ability ( society1 ! coh]5ce ( social classes & nations1 ! read9ess ( ! bulk ( m5 to all[ _! m imm$iately productive "w to be us$ = ! support ( ^? ^: lab\rs are 9 a m remote & ideal sph]e4 ,sci5ce did n beg9 until ! anci5t prie/hoods 7 enabl$ to pursue dis9t]e/$ inquiries )\t ! ne$ ( e>n+ _! daily bread4 ,civilization1 we may be assur$1 is n ?reat5$ 9 its mo/ vital "p s long z ! g5]al w p]mits ! application ( ! g5]al res\rces to ! promotion ( le>n+ & rese>* )\t a claim = imm$iate m>ketable results4 ,our la/ g5]ation has n only p]mitt$ b has enc\rag$ ?is 9 all ,we/]n c\ntries1 & 9 o!r c\ntries1 su* z ,*9a & ,japan1 influ5c$ by ! ,we/4 ,! money ?us sp5t is va/ly great] ?an 9 any equal p]iod be=e1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! l& ( ! fulle/ democratic claims1 is also ! l& ( ! ample/ g5]osity = sci5tific & educational purposes4 ,! gr[? ( k is a symptom n only ( ! collective capacity ( liv+ man b also ( ! cont9uity ( ! pres5t age ) ^? :i* _h laid ! e>li] f\ndations4 ,"o s*ool ( vigor\s action1 & /ill m vigor\s talk1 advises our g5]ation to be done ) ! pa/ & make a fre% />t on m ideal l9es4 ,?is is n ! voice ( sci5ce1 :i*1 j 9 proportion to its gr[?1 has %[n m & m c>e = its orig9s & its pa/3 & ?is is true at e /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! ,greeks1 fight+ = fre$om & e/abli%+ 9 ! city-/ate a new =m ( political organization = ! _w1 7 yet 9 _! sci5tific evolution true & grateful successors ( ! prie/s :o fir/ compil$ ! obs]vations necess>y = ! sci5tific /udy ( ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! art ( m$ic9e4 ,! m5 ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :o 7 burnt & imprison$ = d\bt+ ! v]bal inspiration ( ,ari/otle & ! ,bible1 7 9 fact go+ back to an e>li] impulse ?an t ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,! ma!matics ( ,pappus & ! me*anics ( ,ar*im$es _h to be c>ri$ fur!r be=e ! new sci5ces ( :i* ,ari/otle _h giv5 ! fir/ sket* c\ld be securely f\nd$4 ,! pione]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies built !re=e on ! pa/1 al?\gh accus$ ( impiety & revolution2 & x mu/ be s ) any intellectual con/ruction :i* is to hold its own & =m ! future4 ,s f> f !re be+ any opposition 9 nature betwe5 hi/ory & sci5ce1 ! two are b diff]5t aspects ( "o cont9u\s enl>gem5t ( ! human _s1 :i* sees & lives m fully at ea* great mom5t ( its progress1 &1 s f> z x is alive1 is always in=m$ by ! real a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/4 ,we illu/rate ?is advance 9 ! m>vell\s record ( our fif? *apt]1 & its _s is summ$ up 9 ! great say+ ( ,b5$etto ,croce t 'all hi/ory is contempor>y hi/ory'4 ,b ! read] may "h beg9 n unnaturally to feel "s impati5ce ) ! argum5t1 & to ?9k t he is be+ c>ri$ into a region ( ideal imag9+s q out ( t\* ) ! realities ( blood & hatr$ & />vation ) :i* we h be5 actually surr\nd$ at ! end ( our p]iod4 ,x is well to be ?us %>ply rem9d$ ( ! contr>iety ( facts1 :5 we are sail+ smoo?ly along on ! curr5t ( any !ory1 :e!r ( education or politics1 religion or art4 ,to get "r ) our objector1 to set our sail s t ! rocks 9 ! /ream may n completely wreck u1 we w g back to ! po9t :]e we 7 insi/+ on ! obvi\s tru? t ! collective res\rces & capacity ( mank9d h ( late enorm\sly increas$4 ,! mat]ial fruits ( sci5ce are among our mo/ famili> wond]s--! motor-c>1 ! a]oplane1 wireless telegraphy4 ,b x is n suffici5tly realiz$ h[ all ^! ?+s & ! l are dep5d5t ^u ! co-op]ation ( a multitude ( m9ds1 ! collective r ?an ! individual capacity ( man4 ,m5 _h dreamt = ages ( fly+1 b x 0 n until ! inv5tion ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e t bird-l w+s & ! me*anical skill ( man c\ld be br\ght toge!r & made effective4 ,x is ,humanity t flies1 & n ! individual man alone4 ,! ,g]man ,daiml]1 ! ,fr5* ,levassor1 are ! two names :i* /& out mo/ prom95tly 9 ?is lat] developm5t ( eng9e]+ z our own ,watt & ,/eph5son /& 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,wireless telegraphy (f]s a simil> /ory4 ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 ,h]tz1 ,lodge1 ,m>coni2 ! names are int]national4 ,9 #aiac1 be=e ev] ! ,league ( ,nations _h be5 plann$1 ,"l ,bryce 0 tell+ an ,int]national ,congress 9 ,london t '! _w is becom+ "o 9 an altoge!r new s5se4444 ,m ?an f\r c5turies ago ! discov]y ( ,am]ica m>k$ ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process by :i* ! ,european races h ga9$ dom9ion ov] ne>ly ! :ole e>?4 ,z ! e>? has be5 n>r[$ ?r\gh ! new =ces sci5ce has plac$ at our disposal1 ! movem5ts ( politics1 ( economics1 & ( ?\ght1 9 ea* ( its regions1 become m closely int]wov54 ,:atev] happ5s 9 any "p ( ! globe has n[ a significance = e o!r "p4 ,_w ,hi/ory is t5d+ to become "o ,hi/ory4' ,! w>1 tragically z x has %ak5 ?is gr[+ on5ess ( mank9d1 has n de/roy$ x4 ,9 "s ways x has ev5 /imulat$ gr[?4 ,aga9/ a backgr\nd ( blood & fire ! ,league ( ,nations has be5 =c$ into actual be+1 & ! long isolation alike ( ! anci5t ,ea/ & ! y\?ful ,we/ has be5 brok5 d[n at la/4 ,)9 ! ,/ate1 aga91 ev5 all[+ = all setbacks1 ! ef=ts at social solid>ity h on ! :ole be5 /r5g!n$1 n weak5$4 ,?is w> 8 be5 an accel]ator (1 n1 z ! ,napoleonic1 a brake ^u1 re=m4 ,_m re=ms1 especially 9 ,engl&1 :i* _h be5 long discuss$ & p>tly attempt$ be=e ! w>1 7 c>ri$ out ) dispat* at its close4 ,?is 0 ! case ) education1 ) ! fran*ise & ) measures affect+ ! heal?1 ! h\s+1 & ! indu/rial conditions ( ! p4 ,& !re is n[ a great] & /rong] dem& among u = a fur!r advance1 above all = mak+ e citiz5 n m]ely or ev5 prim>ily a vot+ unit1 b a consci\sly active1 consci\sly co-op]ative1 memb] ( ! community4 ,comte1 :o di$ 9 #aheg j be=e our p]iod1 0 p]haps ! cle>e/ voice 9 ,europe to h]ald bo? movem5ts3 ! advance to int]national unity1 & social re=m )9 ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 he :o1 "u ! title ( ,we/]n ,republic1 proclaim$ ! exi/5ce ( a real unity ( nations1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to /r5g!n !mselves z a moral =ce1 to act z tru/ees = ! weak] p & lead ! _w4 ,x 0 he :o1 9 ! phrase 'incorporation ( ! prolet>iate'1 summ$ up all ^? social re=ms 9 :i* we are imm]s$1 :i* aim at mak+ e citiz5 a full memb] ( 8 nation4 ,l all ideals x 0 f> easi] to conceive & to respect ?an to =esee or to secure ! necess>y means to put x into effect4 ,p]haps ! p]fect symmetry ( ! plan1 ! ov]-sangu9e hopes ( ! man :o fram$ x1 h ev5 prov$ "s h9drance to its rapid spread4 ,x has seem$1 l ,dante's polity 9 ! ,de ,mon>*ia1 to take its place r among ! utopias ?an ! practical s*emes ( re=m1 & :5 m5 saw ! inf9ite complexity ( ! problems & met ! liv+ lions 9 ! pa?1 !y suff]$ ! comp>ative depression :i* we h notic$ z a feature ( ! age4 ,"h inde$ x w\ld appe> t we h rea*$ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s cross-curr5ts 9 rec5t ,european ?\ght4 ,9 sci5ce1 9 philosophy1 9 politics1 & 9 social economics1 ?\gh we see ! goal at lea/ 9 outl9e1 we are 9 "s dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$ by ! difficulties ( ! pursuit4 ,our vision is some:at cl\d$ & our /eps hamp]$ by ! entangl+ details ( ! c\ntry betwe54 ,x is sub/antially ! same problem :i* faces u bo? 9 ! philosophical & ! practical sph]e1 & ! analogy betwe5 ! two is in/ructive4 ,sp5c]'s syn!sis1 :i* we in/anc$ z ! la/ encyclopa$ic attempt to pres5t all k--at lea/ all sci5tific k--9 "o sy/em1 has be5 riddl$ =e & aft by ho/ile %ot1 ?\gh 9 ! end m ( x may be f\nd to h surviv$ ?an is se5 at pres5t above wat]4 ,! philosoph] :o 9 our g5]ation has acquir$ ! ,european vogue mo/ comp>able to t ( ,sp5c] is ,b]gson4 ,n[ ,b]gson has dealt "s ( ! %rewde/ bl[s at ,sp5c]'s sy/em1 b he does n set out to con/ruct a rival sy/em ( 8 own4 ,he is mo/ c>eful to say t he is n do+ ?is1 t any su* "w mu/ be done by lat] work]s1 t he is only mak+ sugge/ions = a new po9t ( view4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 g5]al t]ms :at t po9t ( view is1 z we %all h occasion lat] on to rev]t to x4 ,x re/s on a new int]pretation ( ! nature & gr[? ( consci\s life4 ,he is 9 %ort a semeur d'ides-=ce r ?an an encyclopa$i/ or a sy/em-mak]4 ,! diff]5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ! age & might be trac$ 9 ! o!r contempor>y s*ools1 ! pragmati/s1 ! new reali/s1 & ! re/4 ,! new ,desc>tes is look$ = b n ann\nc$4 ,p]haps :5 he arrives he w prove to be a :ole army & n a s+le man4 ,b if an army1 x w ne$ a bett] co-ord9ation1 a m cle>ly def9$ common _s1 ?an is at pres5t app>5t 9 ! philosophic ho/s4 ,a simil> p]plexity 9 ! practical sph]e has a simil> cause b a grav] urg5cy4 ,! multiplicity & contr>iety ( ! facts are ^u u z we face 9 practice ! ideals :i* we h accept$ f ! e>li] ?9k]s1 f ! c5tury ( hope4 ,9 sci5ce & philosophy we feel t ! cause ( unity may ) "s safety be left to look aft] itself4 ,if ! new ,desc>tes does n appe> 9 p]son1 we may h confid5ce t pl5ty ( inf]ior sub/itutes w be f\nd1 :o1 if !y "w toge!r1 w keep alive ! great task ( unify+ ?\ght4 ,= 9 ?is region ! nature ( ?+s assi/s our ef=ts & w soon] or lat] get ! "w done4 ,! />s 9 _! c\rses are fight+ = u & = unity4 ,b 9 ! _w ( wills ! task is t5fold m difficult & ! dang]s imm95t4 ,! poor & lab\r+ millions1 ! oppress$ & dissatisfi$ nations1 are =c+ ! door1 & ?\gh !re is fair agreem5t 9 !ory z to h[ !y %\ld live & "w toge!r 9 peace1 yet ! realization is by no means automatic1 & ! difficulties ?ick5 z we come ne>] to !m4 ,b ev5 "h1 p]haps mo/ ( all "h1 x is ! fir/ ^w ( wisdom to take /ock ( ! fav\rable symptoms1 to see cle>ly ! =ces on :i* we c rely 9 our =w>d m>*4 ,& !y are n f> to seek 9 all classes & 9 e ,we/]n l&4 ,read any acc\nt ( an ,engli% community 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 say ,george ,eliot's ',milby' 9 ! ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life4 ,h[ f> m humane1 m enlight5$1 & happi] is ! /ate ( ! succe$+ community1 ! ,nuneaton or ,cov5try ( ! pres5t day6 ,no "q b ! noveli/ w\ld h welcom$ z a conv9c+ pro( ( h] 'meliori/' doctr9e ! progress made 9 h] own homel& 9 ! c5tury s9ce h] bir?4 ,we "k by p]sonal exp]i5ce ! g5]al k9dl9ess & *e]fulness ( our fell[ citiz5s1 _! tol]ance1 _! read9ess to hope1 _! preval5t ord]l9ess & self-re/ra9t4 ,we are ?9k+ p]haps ( a c]ta9 t5d5cy to slackness1 a dang]\s fall+-(f 9 ! output ( "w4 ,if t be s1 we ne$ only look at ! activities ( any playgr\nd1 or ( a class-room 9 a well-ord]$ s*ool1 to be sure ( ! future4 ,! natural man1 at lea/ 9 our temp]ate climates1 & z exhibit$ 9 ! behavi\r ( 8 natural prog5itor1 ! *ild1 is all = vig\r & exp]im5t4 ,x is we1 ! adult community1 ! tru/ees ( ! *ild1 :o are to blame if 8 maturity fails ( ! eag] que/ion+ & ! untir+ lab\rs ( 8 unspoilt y\?4 ,b we are deal+ 9 ?is volume r ) *anges ( ?\ght ?an ) ! actual life ( ! times4 ,!ories affect+ ! organization ( "w1 ! di/ribution ( ! product1 & ! gov]nm5t ( society h _h mu* to d ) our pres5t difficulties4 ,!y h aris5 f ! conditions ( ! indu/rial revolution & ! doctr9es ( ! political revolution :i* began ab\t ! same "t1 & !y h react$ ev] s9ce on ! "w & wages1 ! life & gov]nm5t ( ! mass ( ,we/]n m54 ,!y are discuss$ 9 our eigh? *apt]4 ,x may be said broadly t 9 ?is sph]e1 z 9 philosophy1 ! old & simpli/e doctr9es h be5 criticiz$ almo/ to ! po9t ( ext9ction1 b t no new all-embrac+ practical syn!sis has tak5 _! place4 ,! ,m>xian !ory t social evolution has be5 due ma9ly to economic causes1 t ^! h produc$ inevitably ! pres5t--or rec5t--capitali/ sy/em1 :i* inevitably mu/ be turn$ upside d[n 9 ! int]e/s ( manual lab\r--?is is no long] dom9ant 9 any ,we/]n community1 ?\gh x is fight+ a desp]ate battle 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,b x is equally true t ! capitali/ sy/em1 pres5t$ 9 an ideal & moraliz$ =m 9 ! ,utopias ( ,/4 ,simon & ,comte1 is n g5]ally accept$ n[ z an ideal = indu/ry4 ,! _s :i* ,comte desir$ & believ$ w\ld animate ! moraliz$ employ]1 act+ z ! provid5ce ( 8 workpeople1 we look to f9d r 9 a recon/itut$ & moraliz$ ,/ate4 ,we all %>e ?is hope 9 our degree1 ,! ,times z well z ! ,daily ,news1 & we d n expect ! new _s to op]ate simply ?r\gh ! free-w & private capacity & initiative ( individuals4 ,! jo9t /ock company has settl$ t4 ,:at we are wait+ & hop+ = is ! "t :51 "u ! aegis ( a b5evol5t ,/ate1 capital & lab\r may live toge!r 9 _m mansions &1 l ! monks ( old1 foll[ _m rules ( life4 ,9 ?is region our ideal ( unity is m div]sifi$ ?an 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 & !re is no dem& = a ,desc>tes4 ,& "h x is int]e/+ to note t "o ( ! mo/ tell+ books on social recon/ruction publi%$ s9ce ! w> is by an int]national writ]4 ,?is is ,dr4 ,wal!r ,ra!nau1 a ,g]man ( ,jewi% desc5t1 ^: ideas h j be5 popul>iz$ by a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,ga/on ,raphael#a4 ,he fits 9 well ) our g5]al argum5t by virtue ( 8 d\ble attitude1 hold+1 on ! "o h&1 t "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,/ate1 indu/ry %\ld be organiz$ 9 v>i\s self-gov]n+ gr\ps1 ',social ,guilds' or 'pr(essional syndicates' 9 :i* bo? employ]s & workm5 w\ld be includ$ ) repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he is emphatic t progress mu/ proce$ f a *ang$ & wid5+ m5tality1 & aim 9 turn at increas+ ! dep? & capacity ( ! individual s\l4 ,our book has no special *apt] on ! ,league ( ,nations itself4 ,! idea p]vades ! :ole1 & ! subject 0 treat$ 9 detail 9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is s]ies 7,! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization1 #aiae74 ,! hi/ory beh9d ! ,league (f]s a /rik+ analogy to ! o!r /ruggles = unity ( :i* we h spok54 ,!re is ! same advance f ! idea ( a unity dictat$ & controll$ by "o m9d to a unity ( _s aris+ f ! free co-op]ation ( _m div]se elem5ts all aim+ at ! same g5]al good4 ,d[n ev5 to ye/]day x seem$ to _m m9ds a necess>y condition t "o man1 ga!r+ 9 8 h&s ! res\rces ( "o great ,/ate1 %\ld f t c5tre dom9ate ! _w4 ,& 9 ! dawn ( human hi/ory x 0 no d\bt (t5 true1 ! only way 9 :i* ! _w c\ld !n advance4 ,?is 0 true = ,alex&]1 ! prototype ( all ! ,roman conqu]ors1 & true1 conspicu\sly1 = ! ,roman empire at its be/4 ,b1 aft] ! break-up ( ! empire1 unity ( ?is type became a delusive mirage1 mislead+ all :o1 l ! ,holy ,roman emp]ors1 s\ght to enjoy x aga94 ,by ! "t ( ,napoleon x _h become an ana*ronism ( ! mo/ dang]\s & reaction>y k9d4 ,! _w 0 !n too va/1 ! fre$om ( m5 & nations too v>i\s & deeply root$4 ,mean:ile a real unity1 /rong] ?an be=e1 _h be5 =m+ b5ea? ! surface & ne$$ fre% in/itutions to body x =?4 ,?is movem5t = unity has be51 z we h se51 precipitat$ by ! w> into visible & decisive action4 ,x _h be5 simm]+ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 ',great ,designs'1 ',projects ( ,peace'1 ,treaties ( ,arbitration1 & ,hague ,conv5tions4 ,among mu* t is d\btful 9 ! future ( ! ,league1 "o ?+ /&s out z a capital c]ta9ty4 ,)\t los+ ! v _s ( its be+ x c nev] become a satellite sy/em1 revolv+ r\nd "o dom9ant ,p[] or ev5 a dom9ant clique4 ,x 0 =m$ to contradict & de/roy an oppressive imp]ialism3 x c only ?rive by ! free co-op]ation ( ! p>tn]s1 f9d+ _! prop] end 9 a prosp]ity %>$ by all4 ,su* is a %ort summ>y ( "s ( ! lead+ topics treat$ "h1 ^? p]haps 9 :i* public int]e/ has be5 mo/ ke5ly ar\s$4 ,b no?+ has be5 said 9 ?is introduction ( ,art or ,music1 & ( ,religion only a little by implication4 ,x may be well 9 conclusion to attempt a /ill m summ>y impression ( ! ma9 drift ( ! p]iod on ! spiritual side4 ,we may 9 su* a wid] view see "s common t5d5cy 9 all ^! activities1 "s inspiration ( religion1 "s l9k ) art1 "s impulse to live /rongly & to hope4 ,! pres5t writ] w\ld f9d ?is lead+ ?read 9 ! increas+ /ress laid by rec5t ,european ?\ght on ! spiritual1 or psy*ological1 side ( e problem1 9 ! gr[+ desire to und]/& ! "* ( man's own nature & to develop all ! p[]s ( 8 s\l4 ,"o ( ! late/ au?orities#b on an?ropology has told u t 'to develop s\l is progress'1 & he has foll[$ ! clue ?r\gh ! meagre relics ( ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic man4 ,s does ! la/ sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?r[ light on ! dim recesses ( ! pa/4 ,= unque/ionably psy*ology is ! *>act]i/ic sci5ce add$ to ! hi]>*y 9 our p]iod2 x has cr[n$ biology & is ex]cis+ a pr(\nd influ5ce on philosophy1 lit]ature1 & ev5 politics4 ,if ,ari/otle 0 its f\nd]1 if x 0 ,desc>tes :o fir/ %[$ its pr(\nd connexion ) philosophy1 x is to work]s 9 our own day t we mu/ look = ^? me?ods ( accurate obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & ! /udy ( causes )\t :i* x c\ld n advance f>!r4 ,& mod]n psy*ology has advanc$ f> en\gh to see t we mu/ include 9 its purview ! 's\l' ( a m9n[ z well z ( a man4 ,desc>tes _h /opp$ too %ort1 = to him animal life1 z di/9ct f human1 %[$ only ! movem5ts ( automata4 ,b n[1 j z ! biologi/ conceives man z "p ( "o inf9ite ord] ( liv+ ?+s1 s ! psy*ologi/ believes t ! facts ( 8 consci\sness1 ! cr[n ( life1 mu/ f9d _! place some:]e relat$ to ! simple/ movem5ts ( ! amoeba4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( animate evolution1 & n only t "p ( :i* ,dr4 ,m>ett spoke1 may be ?\ght ( z ! gr[? ( s\l4 ,b1 ! objector w inquire1 does ?is imply ! enl>gem5t ( e individual or ev5 ( ! av]age or ! typical p]sonality8 ,& if n1 :at becomes ( a 'gr[? ( ! s\l'8 ,to ?is we mu/ admit ! impossibility ( any complete1 or ev5 approximate1 answ] ) our pres5t k4 ,we c only note "o or two po9ts ( c]ta9ty or ( confid5t belief4 ,! fir/1 t !re h be5 individual m51 an ,ari/otle or a ,%akespe>e1 9 ! pa/1 ) :om lat] ages nev] h1 & p]haps nev] may1 comp>e4 ,! second1 t !re are good gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! av]age man has improv$ 9 goodness & 9 k s9ce we fir/ knew him dimly 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,b m important & m c]ta9 is ! fact t ! collective s\l ( man has gr[n1 & all ! ext5sions ( k & ( p[] ( :i* our volume speaks be> witness to x4 ,!y are ess5tially social 9 orig9 & outlook1 & re/ on a f\ndation ( common ?\ght immeasurably wid] ?an any 9 ! m di/ant pa/4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 ! /atesman1 ev5 ! poet1 n[ speaks = a multitude1 & out ( a multitud9\s consci\sness1 :i* _h n ga!r$ to support1 to inspire1 or to weigh d[n1 an ,ari/otle1 a ,p]icles1 a ,cromwell4 ,?is is a dom9at+ fact f :i* x is well to take our />t4 ,assur$ly ! s\l ( mank9d has be5 collectively enl>g$ & enri*$4 ,h[ f> ! individual c %>e 9 ?is enl>gem5t is /ill "o ( ! problems ( ! future4 ,! ,we/ has committ$ itself to a g5]al policy ( education :i* aims at mak+ e citiz5 a full p>tak] 9 ! advance ( ! race4 ,b x _c be said t ?is policy has yet be5 really tri$4 ,x is ! ackn[l$g$ ideal to :i* 9 all ,we/]n c\ntries p>tial /eps h be5 tak51 & ! democracy1 ?r\gh _! mo/ enlight5$ lead]s1 w cont9ue to press = its fulfilm5t4 ,z ?is approa*es1 ! individual may become m & m 9 8 degree ! microcosm :i* philosoph]s h proclaim$ him1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* we "k to be a fact = humanity1 w become a fact = e man4 ,ne$ we d\bt t ) ! g5]al rais+ 9 ! level new em95ces w appe>8 ,d n great m\nta9s sometimes rise f ! sea & sometimes f ! high plateau8 ,we are n[ 9 ! v mid/ ( a /ruggle = settlem5t & incorporation1 :i*1 z x is accompli%$1 %\ld prep>e ! way = new excell5ces ( e k9d4 ,:at may n be hop$ ( m5 if once !y le>n to live ) _! fell[s8 ,& !y c only s le>n by /udy+ !m4 ,?is is felt by all contempor>y writ]s f ,b]gson 9 philosophy to ,graham ,wallas 9 politics4 ,poets & noveli/s1 above all1 h turn$ m & m to problems ( ! inn] life4 ,! noveli/s :o u%]$ 9 our age are significant ( ?is1 & none m s ?an ,george ,eliot1 ^: "w1 ?\gh some:at out ( fa%ion = ! mom5t1 is yet m>k$ by ! transition f ,victorian complac5cy to mod]n unre/ & mod]n hopes4 ,full ( love & appreciation = ! old ord] 9 ,engl&--! cont5tm5t & hum\rs ( ! c\ntry-side1 ! diff]5ce ( classes1 ! respect = religion--%e 0 c>ri$ by ! evolution>y philosophy ( h] "t into ?\ghts ( an et]nal & _w-wide ord]1 ! gr[? ( humanity1 ! k9%ip ( man ) ! univ]se1 ! social nature ( duty4 ,h] contribution 0 ess5tially psy*ological2 %e enl>g$ our k ( ! s\l4 ,%e %[$ u1 n c]ta9ly m liv+ types ?an ,scott or ,dick5s1 b m play ( motives1 m v>i$ int]e/s 9 life1 m m5tal crises4 ,! s\l1 above all ! woman's s\l1 _h wid5$ its horizon betwe5 ,flora ,macdonald & ,doro!a ,brooke4 ,e read] w ?9k ( fam\s noveli/s :o h foll[$ ! same broad5+ pa?1 & _! "w is (t5 really great z well z fam\s4 ,! hi/ory ( ?\ght has 9 fact ?r\gh\t ! la/ c5tury be5 a comm5t>y on ^? words ( ,keats to :i* _m ( u h turn$ ( late = com=t & inspiration3 ',! _w is n a vale ( te>s1 b a vale ( s\l-mak+4' ,te>s !re are 9 abundance1 z ! te>s ( *ildr54 ,b sorr[ is n ! lead+ note ( *ildr51 nor %\ld x be ( humanity 9 gr[?4 ,s\l-mak+--! practice & ! !ory--has become m & m cle>ly & consci\sly ! object ( human ?\ght & endeav\r4 ,we ne$ ! great] m9d to see ! l9ks 9 ! ov]:elm+ mass ( sci5ce1 9 ! mazes ( human action & hi/ory4 ,we ne$ x /ill m to grasp & to pres]ve ! unity ( our social life4 ,mo/ ( all = ! heal+ ( ! _w is ! great] s\l ne$$1 ) a _w-consci\sness1 "s k1 "s sympa?y1 "s hope = all mank9d4 ,)\t ?is1 a league ( nations w\ld be dead be=e its bir?4 ,! rec5t developm5t ( psy*ology1 social z well z individual1 its pursuit on sci5tific l9es1 & its alliance ) biology1 sugge/ "o ?\ght :i* applies g5]ally to an age ( sci5ce & may be f\nd to ?r[ "s illum9ation ev5 on ! future4 ,:i* ( all types ( mod]n m5 is ! mo/ habitually hopeful1 ! man ( lett]s1 ! politician1 ! bus9ess man1 or ! man ( sci5ce8 ,!re c be no "q ( ! answ]4 ,! typical man ( sci5ce is sure ( ! greatness & solidity ( ! "w he %>es1 & confid5t t ! future w ext5d & make /ill m b5eficial its results4 ,8 =w>d glance is m assur$ because ! backw>d reveals a c\rse ( gr[+ /r5g? & cont9u\s asc5t4 ,! physici/ =esees unmeasur$ s\rces ( en]gy1 /ill untapp$4 ,he w>ns u ( our dang]s1 b has no d\bt t1 ) due =esight1 we may ov]come !m1 & make ! reign ( man ^u ! planet wid] & firm] ?an be=e4 ,! doctor kn[s no disease :i* may n 9 "t yield to sci5tific treatm5t4 ,! agricultural exp]t =esees1 & c produce1 new types ( gra9 & fruit :i* w surpass ! be/ yet kn[n4 ,& ! tra9] ( y\?1 ! man to :om ! new sci5ce ( psy*ology /&s mo/ 9 /ead1 is ! mo/ hopeful ( !m all4 ,deal+ ) human nature 9 its gr[? he puts no limits to its p[]s ( goodness & activity4 ,he deplores ! want ( wise me?ods 9 ! pa/1 & if he errs at all x is 9 an excess ( optimism1 9 believ+ t ) new me?ods we may make a new man4 ,on ?is enl>gem5t ( ! s\l1 enlight5$ by sci5ce1 we build ! future4 ,x is ! cr[n+ vision ( ! mod]n _w1 fir/ sket*$ by ,desc>tes1 fill$ out & /r5g!n$ by ! life & ?\ght ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! int]val we h liv$ mu* & le>nt mu*1 bo? ( our own nature & ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,9 our own age a p[]ful /imulus has be5 giv5 by a trans=m$ biology & a new sci5ce :i* %[s ! s\l itself 9 gr[? f an immemorial pa/1 m\ld+ ! future by its own action1 surm\nt+1 :ile assimilat+1 ! me*anism :i* surr\nds x4 ,b = ?is build+ two ?+s are ne$$4 ,"o1 t our s\ls1 z build]s1 %all act z "o ) all our fell[s & /rive = unity z well z p[]4 ,! o!r1 t 9 ! build+ ! laws ( gr[? %all be foll[$1 :i* sci5ce has already reveal$ 9 "p & w reveal m fully4 ,= ! _s ( sci5ce is ! _s ( hope4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,wal!r ,ra!nau4 ,ses ,ides et ses ,projets d',organisation conomique4 ,by ,ga/on ,raphael 7,p>is3 ,payot1 #d;f4 #ej c74 ,footnote #b3 ,r4,r4 ,m>ett 9 ,progress & ,hi/ory 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press74 ,,ii ,,philosophy ,,pr(essor ,a4,e4 ,,taylor ,betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s ago a great ,european man ( sci5ce1 ,emil du ,bois-,reymond1 deliv]$ be=e an audi5ce ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ,g]many a fam\s disc\rse on ,! ,limits ( our ,k ( ,nature1 :i* he foll[$ up "s ye>s lat] ) a second disc\rse on ! ,sev5 ,riddles ( ! ,univ]se4 ,8 object 0 to conv9ce ! mat]iali/s ( ! 'sev5ties t !re 7 at lea/ sev5 su* uns\nd places 9 _! /ory ( ev]y?+4 ,"s ( ! 'riddles'1 he admitt$1 might prove to be soluble z sci5ce advances1 b ! mo/ important ( !m w always rema9 unansw]$4 ,our position z reg>ds !m w always be ignoramus et ignorabimus--we d n "k ! solutions & we nev] %all "k !m4 ,i d n ask n[ :e!r du ,bois-,reymond 0 "r 9 8 judgem5t or n4 ,if he 0 "r1 t means1 ( c\rse1 t ! "o tale ( ev]y?+ w nev] be told by human lips to human e>s4 ,!re w no m ev] be a f9ally true ,philosophy ?an !re w ev] be a f9ally p]fect poem or picture or symphony4 ,b !re is no reason :y we %\ld n1 at any rate1 try to make our /ory z ne>ly p]fect z we c1 to r$uce ! numb] ( ! places :]e we h to break (f ) 't is ano!r /ory'1 & p]haps ev5 to haz>d a 'wide solution' 9 matt]s :]e absolute c]ta9ty is beyond our rea*4 ,?is is ! "w ( human ,philosophy z ,i conceive x1 & e man :o is dis9t]e/$ly try+1 )\t "o eye on weal? or fame or dom9ation ov] ! m9ds ( o!rs1 to make any contribution1 h[ev] humble1 to ! tell+ ( ?is "o /ory or ! removal ( loose ?reads f x1 is inspir$ by ! true _s ( ,philosophy4 ,:oev] is do+ any?+ else1 no matt] "u :at "n or ) :at pr(it or r5[n to himself1 is no true philosoph]4 ,?is po9t ( view implies1 x w be se51 no %>p divid+ l9e betwe5 ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,! avoidance ( ?is commonly made di/9ction may (f5d two diff]5t sets ( /ud5ts--/ud5ts ( metaphysics :o wi% to exalt _! own pursuit at ! exp5se ( ! 'special' sci5ces1 & /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce :o are accu/om$ to pride !mselves on ! contra/ betwe5 ! f9ality & def9it5ess ( _! own results & ! vagu5ess & dubi\sness ( ! conclusion ( ! metaphysicians4 ,b ,i mu/ av[ my own conviction t ! only di/9ction we c make is "o ( conv5i5ce1 & x may help to make my peace ) bo? p>ties if ,i expla9 :]e ,i take ?is di/9ction ( conv5i5ce to come 94 ,if we are ev] to con/ruct an approximation to ! "o /ory ( ev]y?+1 cle>ly "o result w consi/ ( a relatively few fir/ pr9ciples & a great mass ( conclusions :i* c be inf]r$ f !m4 ,& cle>ly aga91 s9ce m5 diff] s widely 9 _! m5tal aptitudes1 "s m5 w be mo/ successful 9 ! detection ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie all our k1 & o!rs mo/ successful 9 ! accumulation ( facts & ! detail$ work+ out ( ! application ( ! pr9ciples to ! facts4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake x w be well t "s ( u %all be engag$ on ! discov]y ( pr9ciples :i* are s v ultimate t mo/ m5 take !m = grant$ )\t reflect+ on !m at all1 & o!rs on ! "w ( detail4 ,fur!r1 x w be conv5i5t t1 )9 ?is second gr\p1 v>i\s /ud5ts %all give _! att5tion to m special masses ( detail1 accord+ to _! sev]al ta/es & aptitudes1 "s to ! behavi\r ( mov+ p>ticles1 "s to ! behavi\r ( liv+ organisms1 "s aga9 to ! /ructure & in/itutions ( human societies1 & s on4 ,= conv5i5ce we may agree to call preoccupation ) ! great ultimate pr9ciples ,philosophy & preoccupation ) ! application ( ! pr9ciples to masses ( special facts ,sci5ce4 ,if we make ! di/9ction 9 ?is way1 we %all be foll[+ pretty closely ! l9es ( hi/orical developm5t along :i* 'special' sci5ces h gradually be5 con/itut$4 ,:5 we g back f> en\gh 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 we f9d t orig9ally1 among ! great ,greeks :o h taught ! _w to ?9k1 !re 0 no di/9ction at all betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy4 ,m5 l ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 busi$ at once ) ! discov]y ( ! fir/ pr9ciples on :i* all our k dep5ds & ) ! con/ruction ( a satisfactory !ory ( ! planet>y motions or ( ! facts ( gr[? & reproduction4 ,z ! /udy ( special que/ions 0 pursu$ fur!r1 x became advisable to h& ov] ! treatm5t ( fir/ "o & !n ano!r gr\p ( closely int]connect$ que/ions to /ud5ts :o w\ld pursue !m indep5d5tly ( rese>* into ultimate presuppositions4 ,?is is h[ ,geometry1 ,a/ronomy1 ,biology came1 9 anci5t times1 to be successively deta*$ f g5]al ,philosophy4 ,! sep>ation ( ,psy*ology--! detail$ /udy ( ! processes ( m5tal life--f ,philosophy h>dly goes back beyond ! days ( our fa!rs1 & ! sep>ation ( su* /udies z 'sociology' f g5]al ,philosophy may be said to belong q def9itely to our own "t4 ,if our *ildr5 h leisure = /udy at all1 no d\bt !y w see ! process c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,b x is important to be> 9 m9d t nei!r ,philosophy 9 ! n>r[] s5se nor ,sci5ce 9 ! n>r[] s5se w be fruitfully prosecut$ unless ! m5 :o are work+ at ea* und]/& t _! own lab\rs are only "p ( a s+le undivid$ "w4 ,)\t a g5u9e grasp ( "s dep>tm5t ( detail$ facts no man is likely to a*ieve mu* 9 ! se>* = pr9ciples1 = x is by analysis ( facts t pr9ciples are to be f\nd1 & )\t real insight into broad g5]al pr9ciples ! work] 9 detail is likely to a*ieve no?+ b confusion4 ,! antagonism betwe5 'philosoph]s' & 'm5 ( sci5ce' s *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 productive ( no?+ b evil4 ,x has giv5 u 'philosoph]s' ^: k ab\t ! facts ) :i* s]i\s ?9k+ has to deal has be5 hopelessly inaccurate2 x has also giv5 u 'm5 ( sci5ce' :o h be5 'ageometretes' & h1 by consequ5ce1 :5 =c$ to (f] "s acc\nt ( fir/ pr9ciples1 tak5 refuge 9 ! wilde/ & weirde/ improvisation4 ,= really fruitful "w we ne$ ! union 9 "o p]son ( ! 'man ( sci5ce' & ! 'philosoph]'1 or at lea/ ! mo/ intimate co-op]ation betwe5 ! two4 ,our !ories ( fir/ pr9ciples require to be con/antly revis$1 purifi$1 & quick5$ by contact ) k ( detail$ fact2 & our repres5tations ( fact call = con/ant re/atem5t 9 t]ms ( a sy/em ( m & m ?or\ghly ?\ght-out po/ulates or fir/ pr9ciples4 ,?is is p]haps :y ! dep>tm5t ( human k 9 :i* ! la/ half-c5tury has se5 ! mo/ rem>kable advances is j t 9 :i* unremitt+ scrut9y ( pr9ciples has gone mo/ closely h&-9-h& ) ! ma/]y ( fre% masses ( detail1 pure ma!matics1 & aga9 :y ! pres5t /ate ( :at is loosely call$ 'evolution>y' sci5ce is s unsatisfactory to any "o :o has a high ideal ( :at a sci5ce ought to be4 ,x exhibits at once an enorm\s mass ( detail$ in=mation & an app>5tly hopeless vagu5ess ab\t ! mean+ ( ! 'laws' by :i* all ?is detail is to be co-ord9at$1 ! reasons = ?9k+ ^! laws true1 & ! precise range ( _! significance4 ,! "w ( m5 l ,cantor1 ,d$ek9d1 ,frege1 ,:itehead1 ,russell1 is provid+ u ) an almo/ unexceptional !ory ( ! fir/ pr9ciples requir$ = pure ma!matics4 ,we are already 9 a position to say ) almo/ complete fre$om f unc]ta9ty :at undef9$ simple notions & undemon/rat$ po/ulates we h to employ 9 ! sci5ce & to express ^! ultimates )\t ambiguity4 ',evolution>y sci5ce1' ri* z is its in=mation ab\t ! details ( ! processes go+ on 9 ! organic _w1 seems /ill to await its ,frege or ,russell4 ,x talks1 = example1 mu* ( 'h]$it>y' & non-h]$it>y peculi>ities1 & "s ( u c rememb] a "t :5 our fri5ds among ! biologi/s seem$ almo/ ready to put ea* o!r to ! sword = diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t ! inh]itability ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics2 b no "o seems to tr\ble himself mu* ) ! "q a philosoph] w\ld ?9k mo/ important ( all--precisely :at is meant by ! metaphor ( 'inh]itance' :5 x is appli$ to ! facts ( biology4 7,inde$1 x is /ill q fa%ionable to talk n m]ely z if a '"*' 71 l a h\se or an or*>d1 a ?+ :i* c be transf]r$ bodily f ! possession ( a p>5t to ! possession ( ! (fspr+1 b ev5 z ?\gh an 'heir' c\ld 'inh]it' himself47 ,?is la/ rem>k leads me to a fur!r consid]ation4 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy are alike creat$ by ! simple det]m9ation to be ?or\gh 9 our ?9k+ ab\t ! problems :i* all ?+s & ev5ts pres5t to u1 to use no t]ms ^: mean+ is ambigu\s1 to ass]t no propositions z true until we are satisfi$ t !y are ei!r directly appreh5d$ z true1 or /rictly d$ucible f o!r propositions :i* are ?us appreh5d$4 ,b n[ t ! area ( facts op5 to our exploration has become f> too va/ = a mod]n ,francis ,bacon to 'take all k = 8 prov9ce'1 & conv5i5ce has l$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! philosoph] & ! man ( sci5ce1 a practical di/9ction betwe5 ! two makes its appe>ance4 ,x is conv5i5t t our k ( detail %\ld be /eadily ext5d$ by consid]+ ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f a giv5 set ( po/ulates )\t wait+ = ! solution ( ! m /rictly philosophical que/ions :e!r our po/ulates h be5 r$uc$ to ! simple/ & mo/ unambigu\s expression1 :e!r ! li/ might n be curtail$ by %[+ t "s ( its memb]s :i* h be5 accept$ on _! own m]its c be d$uc$ f ! re/1 or aga9 enl>g$ by ! express addition ( pr9ciples :i* we h all along be5 us+ )\t any actual =mulation ( !m4 ,! po9t may be illu/rat$ by consid]+ ! set ( 'po/ulates' explicitly made 9 ! geometry ( ,euclid4 ,we _c be said to h made geometry ?or\ghly sci5tific until we "k :e!r ! traditional li/ ( po/ulates is complete1 :e!r "s ( ! traditional po/ulates might n be capable ( demon/ration1 & :e!r geometry z a sci5ce w\ld be de/roy$ by ! d5ial ( "o or m ( ! po/ulates4 ,b x w\ld be v undesirable to susp5d exam9ation ( ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f ! ,euclidean po/ulates until we h answ]$ all ^! que/ions4 ,ev5 9 pure ma!matics "o has1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to proce$ t5tatively1 to v5ture on ! "w ( draw+ inf]5ces f :at seem to be plausible po/ulates be=e "o c pass a v]dict on ! m]its ( ! po/ulates !mselves4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is t5tative "* ( our inquiries is t1 s f> z !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ,philosophy & ,sci5ce at all1 x is a diff]5ce 9 ?or\ghness4 ,! m philosophic a man's m9d is1 ! less ready w he be to let an ass]tion pass )\t exam9ation z obvi\sly true4 ,?us ,euclid makes a fam\s assumption--! 'p>allel-po/ulate'--:i* am\nts to ! ass]tion t if ?ree ( ! angles ( a rectil9e> quadrilat]al are "r angles1 ! f\r? w be a "r angle4 ,! ma!maticians ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 aga91 g5]ally assum$ t if a function is cont9u\s x c always be diff]5tiat$4 ,a comp>atively unphilosophical m9d may let su* plausible ass]tions pass unexam9$1 b a m philosophical m9d w say to itself1 :5 x comes across !m1 ',y great duff]1 ar5't y go+ to ask ,:y8' ,suppose t1 by way ( exp]im5t1 ,i assume t ! f\r? angle ( my quadrilat]al w be acute1 or aga9 obtuse1 w ! body ( conclusions ,i c n[ d$uce f my set ( po/ulates be free f contradictions or n8 ,if ,i really give my m9d to ! task1 _c ,i def9e a cont9u\s function :i* is n diff]5tiable8 ,! rais+ ( ! fir/ "q l$ 9 fact to ! discov]y ( :at is call$ 'non-,euclidean' geometry1 ! rais+ ( ! second has bani%$ f ! text-books ( ! ,calculus ! masses ( bad reason+ :i* long made t bran* ( ma!matics a sc&al to logic & l$ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s--,kant among !m--to suspect t !re are hopeless contradictions 9 ! v f\ndations ( ma!matical sci5ce4 ,n[1 ! effect ( su* c>eful scrut9y ( fir/ pr9ciples is n1 ( c\rse1 to upset any conclusions :i* h be5 correctly drawn f a set ( premisses4 ,all t happ5s is t ! conclusion is no long] ass]t$ by itself z a tru?2 :at is ass]t$ is t ! conclusion is true if ! premisses are true4 ,?us we no long] ass]t ! '!orem ( ,py?agoras' z a categorical proposition2 :at we ass]t is t ! !orem foll[s z a consequ5ce f ! ass]tion ( "s half-doz5 ultimate po/ulates :i* w be f\nd on analysis to be ! premisses ( ,euclid's pro( ( 8 =ty-sev5? proposition4 ,to come back to ! po9t ,i wi% to illu/rate4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! philosoph] is simply t he /ill goes on to 'wond]' & ask ,:y :5 o!r p]sons are ready to leave (f4 ,he is less cont5t$ ?an o!r m5 to take ?+s = grant$4 ,( c\rse1 he kn[s t1 9 ! end1 y _c get away f ! necessity ( tak+ some?+ = grant$1 b he is anxi\s to take = grant$ z few ?+s z possible1 & :5 he has to take some?+ = grant$1 he is exceptionally anxi\s to "k exactly :at t some?+ is4 ,de ,morgan tells a /ory ( a v p]t9aci\s controv]siali/ :o1 be+ ask$ :e!r he w\ld n at lea/ admit t '! :ole is great] ?an ! "p'1 retort$1 ',n ,i1 until ,i see :at use y mean to make ( ! admission4' ,i am n sure :e!r ,de ,morgan quotes ?is z an ensample = our foll[+ or z a w>n+ = our avoidance1 b to my own m9d x is an excell5t specim5 ( ! philosophic temp]4 ,until y "k :at use is go+ to be made ( y\r admission1 y d n really "k :at x is y h admitt$4 ,x is ?is sup]ior ?or\ghness ( ,philosophy :i* ,plato has 9 m9d :5 he says ( 8 supreme sci5ce ',dialectic' t its bus9ess is to exam9e & ev5 to 'de/roy' 7,greek3 anaire97 ! assumptions ( all ! o!r sci5ces4 ,x does n let propositions :i* !y h be5 cont5t to take = grant$ pass )\t *all5ge1 & x may actually 'de/roy' !m by %[+ t !re is no ju/ification = ass]t+ !m4 ,?us ,euclid's assumption ab\t p>allels ceas$ to be includ$ among ! indisp5sable premisses ( geometry1 & 0 'de/roy$' 9 ,plato's s5se :5 ,lobat*evsky1 ,bolyai1 & ,riemann %[$ t complete bodies ( self-consi/5t geometrical !ory c be d$uc$ f sets ( po/ulates 9 :i* ,euclid's assumption is explicitly d5i$4 ,!re are two fur!r po9ts ,i %\ld l to put be=e y 9 ?is connexion4 ,"o ( !m has be5 =cibly argu$ by ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell 9 8 admirable little "w ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy2 ! o!r has n4 ,inde$1 x is j 9 8 unwill+ness to all[ ! second ( ^! po9ts to be rais$ at all t ,mr4 ,russell seems to me to fall conspicu\sly & unacc\ntably %ort ( be+ :at1 by 8 own %[+1 a great philosoph] ought to be4 ,to take fir/ ! po9t ) :i* ,mr4 ,russell has dealt4 ,!re is "o v important bran* ( inquiry1 if we ought n r to say t !re are two1 :i* appe> to belong :olly to g5]al ,philosophy & n to any ( ! 'sci5ces'4 ,we _c s mu* z ask ! simple/ "q )\t mak+ ! implication t !re is an ultimate di/9ction betwe5 true ass]tions & false ones1 & c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples by :i* we c inf] true conclusions f true premisses4 ,x is ?us a v important "p ( ! true '/ory ( ev]y?+' to /ate ! pr9ciples ^u :i* valid reason+ dep5ds1 & to enunciate ! ultimate po/ulates :i* h to be tak5 = grant$ :5ev] we try to reason validly ab\t any?+4 ,?is is ! inquiry kn[n by ! "n ( logic4 ,we _c expect m5 ^: "t is fully tak5 up ) ! task ( rea*+ true conclusions ab\t "s special class ( facts1 ^? :i* conc]n ! hi/ory ( liv+ organisms1 or ! production & di/ribution ( 'weal?'1 or ! /ability ( v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t1 to burd5 !mselves ) ?is inquiry 9 addition to _! o!r tasks4 ,!y may fairly be all[$ to leave ! con/ruction ( logic to o!rs4 ,b ! man :o makes x ! bus9ess ( 8 life to get back to ultimate fir/ pr9ciples mu/ pla9ly be a logician1 ?\gh he ne$ n be a speciali/ 9 biology or economics or 'sociology'4 ,"o great advantage :i* our *ildr5 %\ld h ov] _! p>5ts z /ud5ts ( ,philosophy is t ! la/ half-c5tury has be5 "o ( unprec$5t$ advance 9 ! /udy ( logic4 ,9 ! 'logic ( relations'1 f\nd$ by ,de ,morgan1 c>ri$ out fur!r 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,ern/ ,s*rd]'s ,algebra d] ,logik1 & made /ill m precise 9 ! e>lie/ sections ( ! ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica ( ,:itehead & ,russell1 we n[ possess ! mo/ pot5t weapon ( intellectual analysis ev] yet devis$ by man4 ,we mu/ fur!r rem>k t ! s]i\s pursuit ( any k9d ( sci5ce implies n only t !re are tru?s1 b t "s ( !m1 at lea/1 c be kn[n by man4 ,h5ce !re arises a problem :i* is n q ! same z t ( logic4 ,:at is ! relation we mean to speak ( :5 we talk ( 'kn[+' some?+1 & :at conditions mu/ be fulfill$ 9 ord] t a proposition may n only be true b be kn[n by u to be true8 ,! v g5]ality ( ?is problem m>ks x out z "o :i* belongs to :at ,i h be5 all along call+ ,philosophy4 7,we mu/ be c>eful to note t ! problem does n belong to ! 'special sci5ce' ( psy*ology4 ,psy*ology aims at tell+ u h[ p>ticul> ?\ghts & tra9s ( ?\ght arise 9 an individual m9d1 b x has no?+ to say on ! "q :i* ( our ?\ghts give u 'k' & :i* d n4 ,! 'possibility ( k' has to be presuppos$ by ! psy*ologi/ z a pre-condition ( 8 p>ticul> inve/igations exactly z x is presuppos$ by ! physici/1 ! botani/1 or ! economi/47 ,! /udy ( ! problem ':at are ! conditions :i* mu/ be satisfi$ :5ev] any?+ at all is kn[n' is precisely :at ,kant meant by ,criticism1 ?\gh ! rais+ ( ! problem 9 ?is def9ite =m is n due to ,kant b goes back to ,plato1 :o made x ! subject ( "o ( 8 greate/ dialogues1 ! ,!aetetus4 ,! simple/ way to make ! nature & importance ( ! problem cle> is p]haps ! way ,mr4 ,russell adopts 9 ! ,problems ( ,philosophy--to give a v r\gh /atem5t ( ,kant's fam\s solution4 ,kant held t c>eful analysis %[s u t any piece ( k has two con/itu5ts ( v div]se orig94 ,x has a matt] or mat]ial con/itu5t consi/+1 z ,kant held1 ( c]ta9 crude data suppli$ by s5sation1 col\rs1 tones ( v>y+ pit* & l\dness1 od\rs1 sav\rs1 & ! l4 ,x has also a =m or =mal con/itu5t4 ,our data1 :5 we "k any?+ at all1 are arrang$ on "s def9ite pr9ciple ( ord]4 ,:5 we recognize an object by ! eye or a tune by ! e>1 we d n appreh5d simply s mu* col\r or s\nd1 b col\rs spread out & =m+ a patt]n or notes foll[+ "o ano!r 9 a fix$ ord]4 7,if y rev]se ! movem5t ( a gramophone1 y get ! same notes z be=e1 b y d n get ! same tune47 ,fur!r1 ,kant ?\ght x c\ld be %[n t ! data ( our k are a disord]ly m$ley & come to u f )\t1 be+ suppli$ by ?+s :i* exi/ & are :at !y are equally :e!r any "o p]ceives !m or n1 b ! elem5t ( =m1 patt]n1 or ord] is put into !m by our own m9ds 9 ! act ( kn[+ !m4 ,our m9ds are s con/ruct$ t we c only p]ceive ?+s or ?9k ( !m z connect$ by c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples ( ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,?is1 he ?\ght1 expla9s ! indubitable fact t we c sometimes "k univ]sal propositions to be true )\t ne$+ to exam9e all ! individual in/ances4 ,i c "k = c]ta9 t 9 e triangle ! great] angle is subt5d$ by ! great] side1 or t e ev5t has a def9ite cause among e>li] ev5ts1 ?\gh ,i _c exam9e all triangles or all ev5ts "o by "o4 ,?is is because ! po/ulates ( geometry & ! law ( causality are types ( ord] :i* my m9d puts into ! data ( its k 9 ! v act ( att5d+ to !m1 & x is !re=e c]ta9 t ,i %all nev] p]ceive or ?9k any?+ :i* does n con=m to ^! types4 ,i give ,kant's answ] to ! problem ( ,criticism n because ,i believe x to be ! correct "o1 b to %[ :at important consequ5ces foll[ f our acceptance ( a solution ( ?is problem4 ,if x is true t "o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( e piece ( k is a lump ( crude s5sation1 x foll[s t we c h no k ab\t our own m9ds or s\ls1 & /ill less ab\t ,god1 s9ce1 if !re are su* be+s z my s\l & ,god1 at any rate nei!r furni%es me ) s5se-data4 ,h5ce a great "p ( ,kant's fam\s ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is tak5 up by an elaborate attempt to %[ t psy*ology & !ology conta9 no real k4 ,we _c ev5 "k :e!r !re is any probability = or aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l or ( ,god1 ?\gh ,kant 0 v anxi\s to %[ t x is our duty on moral gr\nds to believe v firmly 9 bo?4 ,n[ if ,kant is "r ab\t ?is1 8 result is trem5d\sly important4 ,if psy*ology & !ology are :olly devoid ( sci5tific value1 x is mo/ desirable t we %\ld "k ?is1 n only t we may n wa/e "t 9 /udy+ !m1 b because x may reasonably make a v great diff]5ce to ! practical ord]+ ( our lives4 ,if ,kant c be prov$ wrong1 x is equally important to be conv9c$ t he is wrong4 ,we may h be5 l$ by belief 9 8 tea*+ to neglect ! acquisition ( a great deal ( k ( high intr9sic int]e/1 & may ev5 h be5 betray$ into bas+ ! conduct ( life on wrong pr9ciples4 ,if1 = example1 we c really "k some?+ ab\t ! s\l1 x may be possible to "k :e!r x is immortal or n1 & x is n unreasonable to hold t c]ta9 k1 or ev5 probable belief1 on su* a po9t ought to make a great diff]5ce to our *oice betwe5 rival aims 9 life4 ,!re is cle>ly mu* less to be said = ! recomm5dation to 'eat & dr9k = to-morr[ we die' if we h reason to believe our s\ls immortal ?an if we h n1 & "s ( u d n %>e ,mr4 ,russell's view t ,philosophy is call$ ^u to abdicate :at ! ,greeks ?\ght h] sov]eign function1 ! regulation ( life4 ,x is true t ,kant conv9c$ himself t x is a moral duty to act z if we knew ! tru? ( doctr9es = or aga9/ :i* we _c detect ! slighte/ balance ( probability4 ,b ! logically s\nd inf]5ce f ,kant's premisses w\ld be t1 to use ,pascal's fam\s metaphor1 a prud5t man w d well to bet nei!r = nor aga9/ immortality4 ,un=tunately1 z ,pascal said1 y c't help bett+2 il faut p>i]4 ,if x makes any diff]5ce to ! relative values ( diff]5t goods :e!r ! s\l dies ) ! body or n1 "o mu/ take sides 9 ! matt]4 ,9 mak+ "o's *oices "o mu/ pref] ei!r ! ?+s x is reasonable to reg>d z good = a creature ^: days are ?reescore ye>s & t5 or ^? :i* x is reasonable to reg>d z be/ = a be+ :o is to live = ev]4 ,! only way to escape hav+ to bet is n to be born4 ,i come to ! second problem1 ! "o :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,russell arbitr>ily ignores4 ,a human be+ is n a m]e k-ma*9e4 ,! relation ( kn[] to kn[n is n ! only relation 9 :i* he /&s to himself & to o!r ?+s4 ,! '_w' is n m]ely some?+ at :i* he c look on1 x is also an in/rum5t = a*iev+ :at he reg>ds z good & = creat+ :at he judges to be beautiful4 ,to d good & to make beautiful ?+s are j z mu* man's bus9ess z to discov] tru?4 ,a k ( ! _w w\ld be v incomplete if x did n include k ( :at ought to be1 :e!r because x is morally be/ or because x is beautiful1 z well z k ( :at is actually !re4 ,& x is n imm$iately evid5t h[ ! two1 k ( :at ought to be & k ( :at m]ely is1 are connect$4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 "o way 9 :i* x is pretty pla9 t !y are n relat$4 ,y _c le>n :at ought to be--:at is beautiful or morally good--m]ely by fir/ f9d+ out :at has be5 or :at is likely to be4 ,?is simple consid]ation ( itself deprives _m ( ! big volumes :i* h be5 writt5 ab\t ! 'evolution' ( art & morals ( mo/ ( _! value4 ,!y may h int]e/ if !y are treat$ only z contributions to ! hi/ory ( op9ion ab\t art & morals4 ,b unhappily _! au?ors (t5 assume t we c f9d out :at really is "r or beautiful by m]ely discov]+ :at m5 h ?\ght "r & beautiful 9 ! remote pa/ or guess+ :at !y w ?9k "r or beautiful 9 ! di/ant future4 ,! fallacy und]ly+ ?is proc$ure has be5 happily expos$ by ,mr4 ,russell himself 9 an occasional essay :]e he rem>ks t x is antec$5tly j z likely t evolution is go+ f bad to worse z t x is go+ f good to bett]4 ,unless x is go+ f bad to worse x is obvi\sly absurd to suppose t y c f9d out :at is good by discov]+ :at our di/ant ance/ors ?\ght good4 ,& if 7z may be ! case7 x is go+ f bad to worse1 no am\nt ( k ab\t :at our po/]ity w ?9k good c ?r[ any light on ! "q :at is good4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no gr\nd :atev] = believ+ t 'evolution' ne$ be ! same ?+ z progress1 & ?is is en\gh to knock ! bottom out ( 'evolution>y e?ics'4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q c]ta9 t :5 we call an act "r or a picture beautiful we d n mean to be express+ a m]e p]sonal lik+ ( our own1 any m ?an :5 we make a /atem5t ab\t ! composition ( sulphuric acid or ! product ( #i & #g4 ,z ,dr4 ,ra%dall has put x1 :5 we say t a giv5 act is "r1 we d n pret5d to be infallible4 ,we "k t we may fall into mi/akes ab\t "r & wrong j z we may make mi/akes 9 work+ a multiplication sum4 ,b we d mean to say t if our own v]dict 't act is "r' is a true "o1 !n ! v]dict ( any "o :o retorts 't act is wrong' is false1 j z :5 we /ate ! result ( our multiplication we mean to ass]t t if we h done ! sum correctly any "o else :o br+s out a diff]5t answ] has work$ x wrongly4 ,inde$1 we might conv9ce ourselves t ^! v]dicts are n meant to be expressions ( private & p]sonal lik+ 9 a /ill simpl] way4 ,all ( u mu/ be aw>e t ! l9e ( action we pron\nce '"r' is n always :at we l nor ! conduct we call 'wrong' :at we dislike4 ,we (t5 l do+ :at we fully believe to be wrong & dislike do+ :at we believe "r1 )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ confus$ 9 our moral v]dicts by ?is collision ( lik+ & conviction4 ,s aga9 x is a common ?+ to l "o poem or picture bett] ?an ano!r1 & yet to be fully p]suad$ t ! "w we l ! less is ! bett] "w ( art4 ,inde$1 ! :ole process ( moral & ae/hetic education may be said to exi/ j 9 le>n+ to l mo/ :at is really be/4 ,all ?is1 put into s _m words1 may seem too simple to call = /atem5t1 b x makes nons5se ( a great deal t has be5 writt5 ab\t e?ics ( late ye>s4 ,x disposes once = all ( ! !ory t moral & ae/hetic v]dicts are 'subjective'1 t is1 t !y mean no m ?an t ! p]sons :o make !m h c]ta9 p]sonal likes & dislikes ( :i* ^! v]dicts are a record4 ,( c\rse1 x might be urg$ t all ( u d inde$ mean to express tru?s :i* are indep5d5t ( our p]sonal lik+s :5 we make moral & ae/hetic judgem5ts1 b t we nev] succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,a man might conceivably hold t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong or betwe5 beautiful & ugly1 b t x is a univ]sal illusion ( mank9d to suppose t !re are su* di/9ctions4 ,or he might hold t ! di/9ctions are real1 b t we d n "k :]e to draw !m4 ,he might sugge/ t "s ways ( act+ are really "r & o!rs really wrong1 b t we d n "k :i* are ! "r acts & s regul>ly confuse :at we l do+ ) :at is 'really' "r4 ,mr4 ,russell1 9 "s ( 8 lat] writ+s1 seems to incl9e to views ( ?is sort4 ,b ! sugge/ion is really unmotiv$4 ,x w\ld be j z reasonable to sugge/ t all geometrical or a/ronomical propositions are only expressions ( ! p]sonal & private feel+s ( geomet]s & a/ronom]s1 & t ei!r !re is no di/9ction betwe5 tru?s & falsehoods 9 geometry & a/ronomy1 or t1 at any rate1 we d n "k :i* ! true propositions are4 ,t !re is a real di/9ction betwe5 true & false propositions & t1 ) pa9s & c>e1 we c discov] "s tru?s are assumptions we mu/ make if we are to recognize ! possibility ( pursu+ k at all1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ^! assumptions d n hold z good 9 matt]s ( art & morals z else:]e4 ,no d\bt1 9 practice m5 are prone to mi/ake :at !y l = :at is "r or beautiful1 b ?is dang]1 su* z x is1 is n conf9$ to art & morals4 ,m5 d (t5 call acts "r m]ely because !y l do+ !m or pictures beautiful m]ely because !y get pleasure f !m4 ,b x is also notori\s t _m m5 are prone to believe t a ?+ is likely to happ5 m]ely because !y wi% x to happ51 or t x is unlikely to happ5 m]ely because !y wi% x n to happ54 ,yet no "o s]i\sly makes ! reality ( ^! t5d5cies a gr\nd = d5y+ ! possibility ( 'inf]r+ ! future f ! pa/'4 ,we mu/ !n1 ,i hold1 reg>d x z an integral "p ( ! :ole /ory ( ev]y?+ to f9d an answ] to ! que/ions ,:at is good8 & ,:at is beautiful8 z well z to ! "q ,:at is fact8 ,by ! side ( ! s-call$ 'positive sci5ces'1 :i* deal ) ! ?ird "q1 we mu/ recognize z hav+ an equal "r to exi/ ! s-call$ 'sci5ces ( value'1 :i* deal ) ! fir/ & ! second4 ,i want n[ to take a fur!r /ep 9 :i* disciples ( ,mr4 ,russell w\ld p]haps decl9e to foll[ me4 ,we h already se5 :at is meant by ! co-ord9ation ( ! sci5ces into a s+le body ( d$uctions f def9ite ultimate po/ulates1 ?\gh 9 :at we h said ab\t ! task we 7 cont5t to speak provisionally z if ! sci5ces ( ':at is' 7 all ! sci5ces to be co-ord9at$4 ,we talk$1 9 fact1 z if ! "w ( ,philosophy 7 m]ely to "w into a coh]5t /ory all t c be kn[n ( 'objects t pres5t !mselves to ! contemplation' ( a kn[]4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 if ,philosophy is ev] to attack its f9al problem1 we mu/ take into acc\nt two ?+s :i* we h s f> ignor$4 ,! ':ole /ory ( ev]y?+' includes ! kn[+ intellig5ce itself z well z ! 'objects' :i* pres5t !mselves to its gaze4 ,inde$1 x is n ev5 accurate to speak z if 'objects' 'pres5t$ !mselves' to a m]ely passive intellig5ce2 to be appreh5d$1 !y h to be actively att5d$ to4 ,if we w\ld see !m1 we h to be on ! look-out = !m4 ,& ! kn[+ intellig5ce is n aw>e m]ely ( ^! objects4 ,x is also aw>e ( itself1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly nev] a 'pres5t$ object'4 ,also1 x is n only a kn[] b a do] & a mak]4 ,intellig5ce is %[n z mu* 9 ! ord]+ ( life by a rule bas$ on a "r valuation ( goods & 9 ! mak+ ( ?+s ( beauty z 9 ! discov]y ( propositions ab\t :at is4 ,h5ce1 we c h>dly be cont5t to leave ! 'positive' sci5ces & ! 'sci5ces ( values' simply /&+ ov] aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,!re is t :i* 'is'1 & !re is t :i* 'ought to be'1 &1 at fir/ sight at any rate1 ! two seem v diff]5t4 ,mu* t is--ignorance1 s91 mis]y1 ugl9ess--ought n to be1 & mu* t ought to be is v f> f be+ fact4 ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d ?is z a matt] ( c\rse1 b1 closely consid]$1 x is p]haps ! supreme wond] ( all ! wond]s4 ,we creatures ( circum/ance1 z we call ourselves1 c take /ock ( ! sum ( ?+s to :i* we belong1 & judge x4 ,x is n simply t we c1 & (t5 d1 wi% t x 7 diff]5t 9 v>i\s ways2 we c judge t x ought to be diff]5t1 & y may f9d a man ( sci5ce l ,huxley1 aft] a life sp5t 9 try+ to und]/& ! laws :i* prevail 9 ! _w1 delib]ately mak+ x 8 la/ ^w to 8 fell[s t _! duty is to set !mselves to rev]se ! 'cosmic process'1 to select = pres]vation j ! human types :i*1 if ! mu*-abus$ metaphor may be tol]at$1 ,nature1 left to h]self1 selects = de/ruction4 ,we might1 ( c\rse1 reg>d ?is app>5tly unreconcilable conflict betwe5 ! arrangem5ts :i* d prevail2 z is commonly suppos$1 9 ! _w1 & ^? :i* ought to prevail1 z a my/]y :i* we mu/ despair ( ev] und]/&+4 ,b1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 x is h>dly consi/5t ) ! philosophic temp] to treat any "q z an insoluble riddle until "o has tri$ all ways ( solution & f\nd !m culs-de-sac4 ,if we are to be ?or\ghly loyal to ! _s :i* prompts all intellig5t inquiry1 we are b\nd at lea/ to ask :e!r x is1 aft] all1 beyond ! p[] ( human intellig5ce to ?9k ( ! _w z a sy/em 9 :i* someh[1 9 ! end1 :at ought to be prescribes :at is4 ,x is true t1 = reasons already m5tion$1 we _c1 l ,sp9oza or ! ,sufis1 reconcile facts & values by ! simple assumption t :at is is %[n1 by ! fact t x is1 to be :at ought to be1 & t our common conviction t s9 & ugl9ess are pa9fully real is only an illusion due to spiritual %ort sight4 ,we h j z mu* reason to believe t "s pleasures are good1 t pa9 :i* is n a means to good is evil1 t ju/ice & purity are good1 lewdness & cruelty bad1 t "s col\rs are lovely & o!rs odi\s1 z we h to believe t betwe5 any two po9ts !re is always a ?ird1 or t1 if ,b & ,c are two po9ts !re is always a po9t ,d on ! /raight l9e ,,bc su* t ,c is betwe5 ,b & ,d1 & a po9t ,a on ,,cb su* t ,b is betwe5 ,c & ,a4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ fanatical *ampion ( :at ,mr4 ,russell 9 8 anti-e?ical mood calls 'e?ical neutrality' _c well avoid recogniz+ ! tru? ( at lea/ "o proposition 9 e?ics1 ! proposition t k ( sci5tific tru? is bett] ?an ignorance ( x4 ,! admission ( ?is s+le tru? ( value is en\gh to raise all ! "t-hon\r$ problems ( e?ics & !odicy4 ,if k ( tru? is bett] ?an ignorance ( x1 ! actual pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 9 :i* s mu* tru? is yet to seek1 is by no means :olly good1 & !re really is at lea/ "o way 9 :i* x is our duty to make x m l :at x ought to be4 ,if !n we _c get rid ( ! app>5t conflict betwe5 ,is & ,ought by say+ t ,ought is an illusion1 c we get rid ( x1 9 ! only o!r possible way1 by hold+ t :at ought to be is ! la/+ & prim>y reality & t ! 'facts' :i* are s f> f be+ :at !y ought to be are by comp>ison only half-real1 mu* :at %ad[s are to ! solid ?+s :i* ?r[ !m8 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ,plato1 :o makes ,socrates say 9 ! ,pha$o t x is ! ',good' :i* holds ! ,univ]se toge!r1 & t 9 ! end ! true reason = ea* p>ticul> arrangem5t 9 ! _w1 :e!r we c see x or n1 is t x is 'be/' t ?is arrangem5t1 & no o!r1 %\ld exi/4 ,x is also ! f\ndation ( ,kant's well-kn[n cont5tion t1 h[ev] b>r5 speculative !ology & psy*ology may be1 ! reality ( ! moral ord] & ! unconditionality ( moral obligation compel u to make ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! immortality ( our s\ls1 & ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w po/ulates ( practical philosophy4 ,m g5]ally1 x is j ?is conviction t ':at is' has its s\rce & explanation 9 :at 'ought to be'1 :i* is ! c5tral ?\ght ( all philosophical ,!ism4 ,if we c accept su* a fai?1 we %all n1 ( c\rse1 be enabl$ to elim9ate my/]y f ?+s4 ,we %all1 = in/ance1 be /ill q 9 ! d>k ab\t ! way 9 :i* evil comes to be 9 a _w ( ,god's mak+4 ,we %all nei!r be able to say h[ any p>ticul> ?+ comes to be o!r ?an x ought to be1 nor h[ 9 ! end good is 'br\ght out ( evil'4 ,b if we are to h a "r to hold a view ( ! ,platonic or ,!i/ic type1 we mu/ be able1 n inde$ to say h[ evil comes ab\t or h[ x is to be f9ally got rid (1 b to say1 9 a g5]al way1 :at x is 'good ='4 ,?us1 if !re are c]ta9 goods ( ! highe/ value :i* c\ld n exi/ at all except on ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( less important evils1 ?is consid]ation w remove1 s f> z ^? goods & evils are conc]n$1 ! "t-hon\r$ puzzle h[ evil c exi/ at all if ,god is4 ,to take a specific example4 ,to _m ( u x appe>s directly c]ta9 t su* qualities ( "* z =titude1 pati5ce1 sup]iority to c>nal lu/s1 magnanimity1 are goods ( ! highe/ value4 ,we ?9k also t we see t ^! qualities are n primitive psy*ological end[m5ts b require = _! developm5t ! exp]i5ce ( /ruggle & discipl9e 9 a _w :]e !re is real suff]+1 real disappo9tm5t1 real temptation4 ,to u1 !re=e1 !re seems to be no contradiction betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! pres5ce 9 a _w made by ,god ( ! evils ne$$ = ! developm5t ( ^! virtues4 ,& ?is w include "s ( ! wor/ ( all ! evils we "k (4 ,few ?+s are m gha/ly ?an "s ( ! cruelties :i* h be5 practis$ 9 ! late ,w> & are /ill be+ practis$ 9 ! di/ract$ c\ntry ( ,russia4 ,yet we "k h[ revulsion f ^! horrors has made _m a man :o seem$ to be sunk 9 slo? or gre$ or c>nality into a ,bay>d or a ,galahad4 ,x may well be t ?is moral re-bir? w\ld nev] h be5 effect$ if ! evils :i* provok$ x _h be5 less mon/r\s4 ,"h1 !n1 we seem to disc]n a pr9ciple :i* may be adequate to expla9 :at all ! ills ( human life are 'good ='4 ,i mu/ n d5y t all su* explanation1 9 my judgem5t1 involves ! po/ulate t ! ennoblem5t ( "* & deep5+ ( insight br\ght ab\t by suff]+ are p]man5t--9 fact1 t x requires ! po/ulates ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! reality ( ev]la/+ life4 ,mr4 ,russell1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld reg>d ?is z a confession t ,i am sunk 9 :at he airily dismisses z '!ological sup]/itions'4 ,i %\ld reply t ! 'sup]/ition' is on 8 side2 to dismiss ,god & ! et]nal s\l1 )\t s]i\s inquiry1 z 'sup]/itions' is j ! mo/ sup]ficial ( all ! sup]/itions4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 incumb5t on anyone :o holds ! ,platonic view to %[ t its po/ulates are n inconsi/5t ) any kn[n tru?1 & ,i w\ld add t he ought also to %[ t !re are at any rate kn[n facts :i* seem to dem& j ?is k9d ( explanation4 ,bo? ^! po9ts1 z ,i hold1 c be e/abli%$1 b ,i d n 9 ! lea/ wi% to sugge/ t any philosoph] w ev] f9d x an easy task to 'ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man'4 ,z ,timaeus says 9 ,plato1 'to f9d ! fa!r & fa%ion] ( ! ,univ]se is n easy'1 & ,i want r to lay /ress on ! magnitude ( ! task ?an to ext5uate x4 ,b ,i am conc]n$ to urge t ! doctr9e :i* acc\nts = :at is by :at ought to be is ! only philosophical !ory on :i* x ceases to be an un9telligible my/]y t we %\ld h--z ,i ma9ta9 we c]ta9ly h--! same k9d ( assurance ab\t values t we h ab\t facts4 ,! *ief compla9t ,i h to make ab\t ! m5tal attitude ( ,mr4 ,russell & "s ( 8 fri5ds is t1 9 _! zeal = ! unification ( sci5ce1 !y seem incl9$ to assume t ! l>g] problem ( ! co-ord9ation ( ,sci5ce ) ,life does n exi/1 or1 at any rate1 ne$ n occupy our m9ds4 ,?is is :at ,i %\ld call m]e a!i/ic sup]/ition4 ,on ?is po9t !y might1 ,i believe1 le>n mu* :i* x imports !m to "k f ! works ( "s ( ! notable liv+ philosoph]s ( ,italy1 9 p>ticul> f ,pr(essor ,v>isco ( ,rome & ,pr(essor ,aliotta ( ,padua1 ^: lab\rs h be5 specially direct$ to ! co-ord9ation 9 a consi/5t sy/em ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces ( fact ) ^? ( ! sci5ces ( value4 ,?\gh1 aft] all1 ^? :o h refus$ to le>n ! lesson f ! noble philosophical "w ( ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d1 ! illu/ri\s *ampion ( sob] ?\ght 9 _! own ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 are p]haps unlikely to ma/] x 9 ! s*ools ( ,rome or ,padua4 ,y w readily see t ,i am sugge/+ 9 effect t if ,philosophy is ev] to execute h] supreme task1 %e w ne$ to take into mu* m s]i\s acc\nt ?an x has be5 ! fa%ion to d1 n only ! "w ( ! exact sci5ces b ! tea*+s ( ! great ma/]s ( life :o h f\nd$ ! religions ( ! _w1 & ! !ologies :i* give reason$ expression to :at 9 ! great ma/]s is imm$iate intuition4 ,= u ?is means m p>ticul>ly t x is high "t philosoph]s ceas$ to treat ! great ,*ri/ian !ologians z cr$ul\s p]sons ^: convictions ne$ n be tak5 s]i\sly & ! ,gospel hi/ory z a fable to :i* ! 'enlight5$' c no long] pay any respect4 ,!y mu/ be prep>$ to reckon ) ! possibility t ! facts record$ 9 ! ,gospel happ5$ & t ,ca?olic !ology is1 9 sub/ance1 true4 ,if we are to be philosoph]s 9 e>ne/ we _c af=d to h any pa? :i* may lead to ! he>t ( life's my/]y block$ = u by plac>ds be>+ ! labels 'reaction>y'1 'unmod]n1' & _! likes4 ,t :at is mo/ mod]n mu/ be be/ is a sup]/ition :i* x is /range to f9d 9 a really educat$ man--especially aft] ! ev5ts ( ! la/ five ye>s4 ,a philosoph]1 at any rate1 %\ld be able to endure ! *>ge ( be+ 'unmod]n' ) =titude4 ,x is at lea/ a t5able !sis t _m ( ! qualities :i* we ,we/]n m5 h be5 los+ 9 our craze = indu/rialism & comm]ciali/ic ',imp]ialism' are j ^? :i* are mo/ necess>y to ! seek] aft] speculative tru?4 ,abel>d & ,/4 ,?omas w\ld v likely h fail$ z adv]tis+ ag5ts1 company promot]s1 or editors ( s5sational daily pap]s4 ,b x may well be t bo? ( !m 7 mu* bett] fitt$ ?an ,"l ,nor?cliffe1 ,mr4 ,bottomley1 or ,mr4 ,a4,g4 ,g>d9] to tell u :e!r ,god is & :at ,god is4 ,9 fact1 "o w\ld h>dly suppose habitual & successful composition ( effective 'po/]s' or allur+ prospectuses to be :olly compatible ) t c&\r & scrupul\s v]acity :i* are requir$ ( ! philosoph]4 ,z = 'reaction'1 no "o b a writ] 9 a 'revolution>y' j\rnal w\ld be fool en\gh to use ! ^w z1 9 itself1 an epi!t ( reproa*4 ,mo/ p]sons :o h a b[+ acqua9tance ) ,me*anics "k t y _c h an eng9e 9 :i* !re is all action & no reaction1 & mo/ sane m5 c see t be=e y pron\nce a giv5 'reaction' good or bad y ne$ to "k :at x is react+ aga9/4 ,if a man :o wants to g ea/ discov]s t he is walk+ we/1 he is usually reaction>y en\gh to g back on 8 /eps4 ,9 %ort1 if we mean to be philosophical1 our ma9 conc]n w be t our beliefs %\ld be true2 we %all c>e v little :e!r !y happ5 to be popul> or unpopul> ) ! intellectual 'prolet>ians' ( ! mom5t1 & if we c get at a tru?1 we %all n m9d hav+ to g back a long way = x4 ,inde$1 :5 "o wants to get on ! track ( ! mo/ ultimate & important tru?s ( all1 !re is usually a great positive advantage 9 go+ back a v long way = !m4 ,! que/ions :i* deal ) fir/ pr9ciples1 be+ ! simple/--?\gh ! h>de/--( all1 are mo/ly rais$ v simply & directly by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 :o 7 ! v fir/ writ]s to raise !m4 ,9 ! discussions ( lat] times1 ! great simple que/ions ab\t pr9ciples h s (t5 be5 ov]laid by ma9ly irrelevant accretions ( second>y details t x is usually v h>d inde$ 'to see ! wood = ! trees'4 ,?is is ! *ief reason :y "o :o1 l myself1 f9ds x 8 ma9 bus9ess 9 life to introduce y\ng] m5 & wom5 to ! /udy ( ,philosophy mu/ ?9k indiff]5ce to ,greek lit]ature ab\t ! wor/ mis=tune :i* c\ld happ5 to our intellectual civilization4 ,i h tri$ 9 :at ,i h said s f> to expla9 :at ,i und]/& by ! philosophical _s & :at ,i reg>d z ! prim>y problems ) :i* ,philosophy has to wre/le4 ,if :at ,i h said is n :olly wide ( ! m>k1 x %\ld be cle> :at is ! deadlie/ enemy ( ! true _s ( ,philosophy4 ,x is ! temp] :i* is too indol5t to ?9k out a "q = itself & consequ5tly pref]s to accept traditional ready-made answ]s to ! problems ( ,sci5ce & ,life4 ,traditionalism1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 is ! enemy1 because ,traditionalism is only ano!r "n = indol5ce4 ,obs]ve t ,i say ,traditionalism1 n ,tradition4 ,n[h]e 9 life1 & lea/ ( all 9 ,philosophy1 is ! solit>y likely to "w to mu* purpose unless he has beh9d him t body ( organiz$ s\nd s5se :i* we call ,tradition4 ,& ,i d n mean t true philosoph]s are necess>ily 'h]etics'1 or t 'or?odoxy' is less philosophical ?an 'het]odoxy'4 ,i mean t h[ev] true an 'or?odox' proposition may be1 x is no liv+ tru? = me unless ,i h made x my own1 z its fir/ discov]] did1 by p]sonal lab\r ( ! _s4 ,! tru? is some?+ :i* ea* g5]ation mu/ r$iscov] = itself4 ,true traditions may be q z injuri\s1 if !y h become m]e traditions1 z false ones4 ,x 0 n s mu* because ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es 7 false t ! unque/ion+ acceptance ( ,ari/otelian =mulae all b /rangl$ human ?\ght 9 ! lat] days ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,"s ( ^! doctr9es 7 false1 b _m ( !m 7 mu* tru] ?an any?+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies _h to put 9 _! place1 & ! r$iscov]y ( _! real mean+ is p]haps ! *ief s]vice ( ! ,hegelian s*ool to ,philosophy4 ,! tr\ble 0 t me*anical repetition ( ,ari/otle's =mulae z matt]s ( c\rse inevitably l$ to loss ( real insight into ! mean+ ! =mulae _h borne = ,ari/otle4 ,we may say1 g5]ally1 t because ,traditionalism is ! dea? ( s\nd ?9k+1 ! ages 9 :i* ! prospects ( advance 9 ,philosophy are brighte/ are j ^? 9 :i* a p[]ful hi/orical tradition has brok5 d[n & m5 feel !mselves compell$ to g back on _! /eps & raise once m ! fundam5tal que/ions :i* _! fa!rs _h suppos$ to be dispos$ ( once = all by a =mula4 ,?is has happ5$ twice s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! deg5]ate ,s*ola/icism1 ,prote/ant & ,roman1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! result 0 ! great movem5t 9 ,philosophy1 ,ma!matics1 & ,physics1 ( :i* ,desc>tes & ,galileo are ! pr9cipal figures4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! doctr9es ( ,desc>tes _h !mselves be5 traditionaliz$1 ! same ?+ happ5$ aga91 ! lead+ actors 9 ! drama be+ ,david ,hume & ,immanuel ,kant2 ! result 0 fir/ ! revival ( ! 'critical' problem by ,kant1 & !n ! great1 if ov]-ha/y1 attempt at a positive int]pretation ( ! ,univ]se :i* culm9at$ 9 ! philosophical sy/em ( ,hegel4 ,9 our own age1 x is ma9ly ,kant & ,hegel :o h be5 traditionaliz$1 & we seem to be liv+ ?r\gh ! la/ /ages ( ! discr$it+ ( ?is ?ird tradition ) e prospect ( a great advance if our own "t c only f9d its ,desc>tes4 ,9 :at ,i am go+ on to say ,i mu/ naturally speak ( ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ces *iefly z we h se5 !m at "w 9 our own c\ntry2 b ,i %\ld l1 be=e ,i d s1 to rem>k t on ! ,cont95t spl5did "w has be5 done 9 ! requick5+ ( g5u9e philosophical ?\ght by an influ5ce :i* has1 s f>1 n made itself widely felt among ourselves4 ,i mean ! revival ( ,?omism s e>ne/ly promot$ 9 ! academies ( ! ,roman ,*ur* by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 ,neo-,?omism1 ,i am conv9c$1 if its repres5tatives w only ma9ta9 x at ! high level *>act]i/ic1 = example1 ( ! ,italian ,rivi/a ,neo-,scola/ica1 has a v great contribution to make to ! ,philosophy ( ! future1 & is mu* m des]v+ ( ! s]i\s att5tion ( /ud5ts 9 our own c\ntry ?an ! mu*-adv]tis$ 'impressionism' ( ,pragmati/s & ,b]gsonians4 ,inde$1 ,i h>dly "k h[ mu* we may n hope f ! movem5t if x %\ld please ,provid5ce to s5d into ! _w a ,neo-,?omi/ :o is also a really qualifi$ ma!matician4 ,( ! /ate ( ?\ght 9 our own c\ntry we may fairly say t a g5]ation ago op9ion on ! ultimate que/ions 01 9 ! ma91 fairly divid$ into two camps4 ,!re 7 ! pr(essional metaphysicians1 ma9ly liv+ on a tradition d]iv$ f ,kant & ,hegel1 & !re 7 ! m5 ( sci5ce ^: 'philosophy'1 su* z x 01 is p]haps be/ repres5t$ by two well-kn[n & mo/ in/ructive books1 ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics & ,k>l ,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 ,! m5 ( ! ,kant-,hegel tradition1 :atev] _! family diss5sions1 7 g5]ally unit$ by ! common view t--z ,william ,james accus$ !m ( tea*+--! function ( s5sation 9 contribut+ to k1 :atev] x is1 is some?+ 'contemptible'4 ,kant himself1 z we h se51 _h ?\ght v diff]5tly1 b he 0 suppos$ to h be5 'correct$' on ?is1 z on s _m po9ts1 by ,hegel4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( my own ,ox=d tea*]s seem$ agre$ to believe t our ?\ght builds up ! fabric ( k entirely f )9 by :at ,hegel call$ an 'imman5t dialectic'4 ,a r\gh idea ( :at ?is means may be giv5 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,y take any exp]i5ce y please & try to put :at y exp]i5ce into a proposition4 ,! proposition may1 to beg9 )1 be z vague z1 e4g4 ',i am n[ feel+ some?+1' ',i am n[ aw>e ( some?+4' ,on reflection y f9d t ! /atem5t does n d ju/ice to ! exp]i5ce4 ,y feel ! ne$ to say m precisely :at y are feel+ or are aw>e (1 h[ x is relat$ to :at y exp]i5ce on o!r occasions1 & :at ! ',i' is :i* is said to 'h' ! exp]i5ce4 ,until y h done ?is y\r ?\ght is a mis]able reproduction ( y\r exp]i5ce1 & if y c\ld ev] d x completely1 x w\ld turn out t a really adequate acc\nt ( ! mo/ trivial exp]i5ce w\ld involve complete k ( ! /ructure & work+ ( ev]y?+4 ,?us1 if y once beg9 to ?9k ab\t y\r exp]i5ce at all1 y are irresi/ibly driv5 on to endless fur!r reflection4 ,if y try to /op %ort any:]e 9 ! process1 ! results ( y\r reflection are f\nd to conta9 unexpla9$ contradictions1 j because y h n yet fitt$ on ! fact on :i* y are reflect+ to ev]y?+ else !re is to "k4 ,all ! assumptions ( e-day 'common s5se' & all ! m recondite assumptions ( ! sci5ces are saturat$ ) ^! contradictions1 because bo? 'common s5se' & ! sci5ces leave s mu* ( ! :ole '/ory ( ev]y?+' unt\*$4 ,if ! :ole /ory 7 told1 all ?+s w\ld be f\nd to be j "o ?+1 :i* ^! philosoph]s call ! ',absolute'1 & ! only p]fectly true /atem5t we c make w\ld be a /atem5t ab\t ?is ,absolute 9 :i* we ass]t$ ( x all t x is4 ,s9ce no sci5ce ev] attempts to say any?+ at all ab\t ?is "o sole ?+1 f> less to get all !re might be to be said ab\t x into a s+le /atem5t1 no sci5tific proposition c be m ?an 'p>tially' true1 & unhappily we d n "k :at alt]ations w\ld be requir$ to make our 'p>tial' tru?s q true4 ,naturally en\gh ,kant's allegation t ma!matical fir/ pr9ciples are s self-contradictory t y c rigidly demon/rate ma!matical propositions :i* contradict ea* o!r 0 gri/ to ! ,hegelian mill4 ,t our notions ( space1 "t1 ! inf9itely great1 ! inf9itely little1 are all a jumble ( contradictions 0 /eadily repeat$ by ! ,hegelian philosoph]s1 & inde$ ! ma!maticians 7 accu/om$ to /ate _! own pr9ciples s loosely & confus$ly t !re 0 a great deal ( excuse = ! suspicion t ! fault lay ) ,ma!matics & n ) ! ma!maticians4 ,x is cle> t su* a philosophy ought to end 9 unqualifi$ ,agno/icism4 ,! ,hegelians1 to be sure1 made m]ry ov] ! ,unkn[able ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 b _! own ,absolute is really j ! ,unkn[able 9 its ',sunday be/'4 ,no?+ t we c say ab\t any?+ :i* is n ! ,absolute is really true1 because !re really is no?+ b ! ,absolute to speak ab\t1 & no?+ t we c say ab\t ! ,absolute is q true ei!r1 because we c nev] succe$ 9 say+ itself ( x4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 f> ! mo/ em95t ( ! philosoph]s ( ! ,absolute1 has made p]si/5t & brilliant attempts to %[ t1 9 spite ( ?is1 we d "k en\gh to be sure t our own m9d is m l ! ,absolute ?an a cray-fi%1 & a cray-fi% m l x ?an a cry/al4 ,b :5 all is said1 ?\gh ,i owe m to ,mr4 ,bradley ?an ,i c ev] ackn[l$ge adequately1 ,i _c help feel+ t !re are two m5 9 ,mr4 ,bradley1 a great con/ructive ?9k] & a subtle de/ructive critic1 & t ! de/ructive ,hyde is p]petually pull+ to pieces all t ! con/ructive ,jekyll has built up4 ,( c\rse x is obvi\s t ! tru? ( ma!matics1 if ma!matics are true1 is a fatal /one ( /umbl+ = ?is type ( philosophy4 ,ma!matics nev] attempts to say any?+ ab\t ! ',absolute'--! only ',absolute' ( :i* x kn[s is only a 'degrad$ conic'--yet x claims t its /atem5ts1 if once !y h be5 correctly express$1 are n 'p>tial' b complete4 ,ov] aga9/ ! ,hegelianiz+ philosoph]s1 we _h1 ( c\rse1 ! m5 ( sci5ce4 ,no "o c\ld wi% to speak ( ! sci5tific m5 ( ! days ( ,huxley )\t deep respect = _! success 9 add+ to our positive k ( facts4 ,b x may p]haps be said at ?is di/ance ( "t t x 0 n precisely ! greate/ among !m :o 7 mo/ prom95t z my/agogues ( ,sci5ce ) ! big ,s1 & x may c]ta9ly be said t :5 ! my/agogues1 ! ,clif=ds1 ,huxleys1 & ! re/1 und]took to improvise a !ory ( fir/ pr9ciples1 _! a*ievem5t 0 little bett] ?an infantile4 ,!y took x on tru/ f ,hume t ! :ole ( k is built up ( s5sations1 actual or 'reviv$'1 & q miss$ ,kant's po9t t _! empiricism left ! =mal con/itu5t 9 k1 ! type ( ord] by :i* data are organiz$ into an intelligible patt]n1 :olly out ( acc\nt4 ,ev5 :5 !y deign$ to read ,kant1 !y read him )\t any inkl+ ( ! "* ( ! 'critical' problem4 ,h5ce !y taught dogmatically z true a !ory ( sci5tific me?od :i* ,hume himself _h elaborately prov$ impossible4 ,x 0 j because ,hume _h se5 s cle>ly t no univ]sal sci5tific tru?s c be d]iv$ f premisses :i* m]ely record p>ticul> facts t he pr(ess$ himself a foll[] ( ! 'academic' or 'sceptical' philosophy4 ,he recogniz$ ! impossibility ( con/ruct+ sci5tific k out ( its mat]ial con/itu5t alone1 b did n see :]e ! =mal con/itu5t c\ld come f1 & s resign$ himself to reg>d+ ! actual successes ( sci5ce z a k9d ( /&+ miracle4 ,! m5 ( ! 'sev5ties 71 aft] all1 9 _m cases m anxi\s to damage !ology ?an to build up ,philosophy4 ,!y read ,hume )\t any delicate s5se = 8 urbane ironies1 & believ$ 9 good fai? t he & ,john ,/u>t ,mill betwe5 !m _h %[n t by a my/]i\s process call$ 'induction' x is possible to prove rigor\sly univ]sal conclusions 9 sci5ce )\t univ]sal premisses4 ,a sci5tific law1 accord+ to !m1 is only a conv5i5t %ort-h& notation 9 :i* to regi/] ! 'r\t9e ( our p]ceptions'4 ,?us we h kn[n ( a great _m m5 :o h di$1 & h nev] kn[n ( any man :o liv$ to mu* ov] a hundr$ )\t dy+4 ,! univ]sal proposition 'all m5 are mortal' is a %ort expression = ?is in=mation1 & x is no?+ m4 ,x ought to h be5 obvi\s t1 if ?is is a true acc\nt ( sci5ce1 all sci5tific 'g5]alizations' are inf9itely improbable4 ,! numb] ( m5 ( :om we "k t !y h di$ is insignificant by comp>ison ) ! multitude ( ^? :o h liv$1 are liv+1 or w live1 & we h no gu>antee t ?is insignificant numb] is a fair av]age sample4 ,s aga91 unless !re are true univ]sal propositions :i* are n '%ort-h&' = any plurality ( obs]v$ facts :atev]1 we _c ) any confid5ce1 h[ev] fa9t1 inf] t a 'regul> sequ5ce' or 'r\t9e' :i* has be5 obs]v$ f ! dawn ( record$ "t up to1 say1 midnight1 ,augu/ #d1 #aiai1 w cont9ue to be obs]v$ on ,augu/ #e1 #aiai4 ,h[1 except by rely+ on ! tru? ( "s pr9ciple :i* does n dep5d itself on ! validity ( 'g5]alization'1 c we tell t x is ev5 slightly probable t ! nature ( ?+s w n *ange sudd5ly at ! mom5t ( midnight betwe5 ,augu/ #d & ,augu/ #e1 #aiai8 ,:at is call$ 'inductive' sci5ce c]ta9ly has 'pull$ (f' rem>kable successes 9 ! pa/1 b we c h no confid5ce t ^! successes w be repeat$ unless !re are mu* bett] reasons = believ+ 9 its me?ods & initial assumptions ?an any :i* ! sci5tific man :o is an amateur 'empirici/' 9 8 philosophy c (f] u4 ,we may note1 9 p>ticul>1 t ?is empiricism1 :i* has be5 exp\nd$ mo/ c>efully by ,pe>son & ,ma*1 co9cides ) ,hegelian ,absolutism 9 lead+ to ! d5ial ( ! tru? ( ma!matics4 ,x w\ld be a sup]flu\s task to argue at l5g? t1 e4g41 ,de ,moivre's !orem or ,taylor's !orem is n a %ort-h& =mula = record+ ! 'r\t9e ( our p]ceptions'4 ,! g5]al /ate ( ?+s at ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+ 0 ?us t relations 7 decid$ly /ra9$ betwe5 a body ( philosoph]s & a body ( sci5tific m5 :o ought at lea/ to h met on ! common gr\nd ( a complete ,agno/icism4 ,! philosoph]s 71 9 g5]al1 %y ( ,sci5ce1 ma9ly1 no d\bt1 because !y 7 mode/ m5 :o knew _! own limitations1 b !y _h a way ( be+ condesc5d+ to ,sci5ce1 :i* naturally annoy$ ! sci5tific m54 ,^! latt] pr(ess$ a !ory ( ! /ructure ( k :i* ! philosoph]s c\ld easily %[ to be grotesque1 b ! retort 0 always ready to h& t at any rate ,sci5ce seem$ someh[ to be gett+ some:]e :ile ,philosophy appe>$ to lead n[h]e 9 p>ticul>4 ,! conditions = mutual und]/&+ h n[ greatly improv$1 ?anks ma9ly to ! lab\r ( ma!maticians ) philosophical m9ds on ! pr9ciples ( _! own sci5ce4 ,if we admit t ma!matics is true--& x seems q impossible to avoid ! admission--we c n[ see t nei!r ! traditional ,kant-,hegel doctr9e nor ! traditional s5sationali/ic empiricism c be s\nd4 ,n to speak ( inquiries :i* h be5 actually creat$ )9 our own life-"t1 x may fairly be said t ! :ole ( pure ma!matics has be5 %[n1 or is on ! v]ge ( be+ %[n1 to =m a body ( conclusions rigidly d$uc$ f a few unprov$ po/ulates :i* are ( a purely logical "*4 ,desc>tes has prov$ to be "r 9 8 view t ! exceptional c]ta9ty m5 h always ascrib$ to ma!matical k is n due to ! suppos$ re/riction ( ! sci5ce to relation ( numb] & magnitude--!re is a good deal ( pure ma!matics :i* deals ) nei!r--b to ! simplicity ( its undef9$ notions & ! high plausibility ( its unprov$ po/ulates4 ,bit by bit ! bad logic has be5 purg$ out ( ! ,calculus & ! ,!ory ( ,functions & ^! bran*es ( /udy h be5 made into patt]ns ( accurate reason+ on exactly /at$ premisses4 ,x has appe>$ 9 ! process t ! alleg$ contradictions 9 ma!matics ^u :i* ! foll[]s ( ,kant & ,hegel laid /ress d n really exi/ at all1 & only seem$ to exi/ because ma!maticians 9 ! pa/ express$ _! mean+ s awkw>dly4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! mo/ fundam5tal idea ( all 9 ma!matics is n t ( numb] or magnitude b t ( ord] 9 a s]ies & t ! :ole doctr9e ( s]ies is only a bran* ( ! logic ( ,relations4 ,f ! logical doctr9e ( s]ial ord] we seem to be able to d$uce ! :ole ari?metic ( integ]s1 & f ?is x is easy to d$uce fur!r ! ari?metic ( fractions & ! ari?metic or algebra ( ! 'real' & 'complex' numb]s4 ,z ! logical pr9ciples ( s]ial ord] enable u to deal ) inf9ite z well z ) f9ite s]ies1 x fur!r foll[s t ! ,calculus & ! ,!ory ( ,functions c n[ be built up )\t a s+le contradiction or brea* ( logic4 ,! puzzles ab\t ! inf9itely great & inf9itely small1 :i* us$ to ?r[ a cl\d ( my/]y ov] ! 'high]' bran*es ( ,ma!matics1 h be5 f9ally dissipat$ by ! discov]y t ! 'inf9ite' is readily def9able 9 purely ord9al t]ms & t ! 'inf9itesimal' does n really ent] into ! misnam$ ',inf9itesimal ,calculus' at all4 ,ari?metic & ! !ory ( s]ial ord] h be5 %[n to be ! suffici5t basis ( ! :ole sci5ce :i*1 z ,plato long ago rem>k$1 is 'v inappropriately call$ geometry'4 ,a rsum ( ! "w :i* has be5 ?us done may be f\nd 9 ! /ately volumes ( ! ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica ( ,:itehead & ,russell1 or--to a l>ge ext5t--9 ! ,=mul>io ,matematico ( ,pr(essor ,peano4 ,( o!r works deal+ ) ! subject1 ! f9e/ f ! /rictly philosophical po9t ( view is probably t ( ,pr(essor ,g4 ,frege on ,! ,fundam5tal ,laws ( ,ari?metic4 ,! g5]al result ( ! :ole developm5t is t we are n[ at la/ def9itely fre$ f ! haunt+ fe> t !re is "s hidd5 contradiction 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! exact sci5ces :i* w\ld vitiate all our k ( univ]sal tru?s4 ,?is removes ! *ief1 if n ! only gr\nd = ! view t all ! tru?s ( ,sci5ce are only 'p>tial'4 ,at ! same "t1 ! pro( t pure ma!matics is a /rictly logical developm5t & t all its conclusions are ( ! hypo!tical =m1 'if a b c 4441 !n x' def9itely disproves ! popul> ,kantian doctr9e t s5se-data are a necess>y con/itu5t ( sci5tific k4 ,& ) ?is dogma falls ! ma9 gr\nd = ! d5ial t k ab\t ! s\l & ,god is atta9able4 ,! recov]y ( a s\nd] philosophical me?od has1 z ,mr4 ,russell himself says1 dispos$ ( :at 0 ye/]day ! accept$ view t ! function ( ,philosophy is to n>r[ d[n ! range ( possible int]pretations ( facts until only "o is left4 ,philosophy r op5s doors ?an %uts !m4 ,x multiplies ! numb] ( logically possible sets ( premisses f :i* consequ5ces agree+ ) empirical facts may be inf]r$4 ,mr4 ,russell's unreason$ anti-!ism seems to me to make him curi\sly bl9d to an obvi\s application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! reviv$ att5tion to ! logical me?ods ( ! sci5ces is kill+ ! crude s5sationalism ( ! days :i* saw ! fir/ publication ( ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics & ,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 ,! claims ( 'induction' to be a me?od ( e/abli%+ tru?s may be fairly said to h be5 completely expos$4 ,x is cle>] n[ ?an x 0 :5 ,kant made ! obs]vation t ea* ( ! 'sci5ces' conta9s j s mu* sci5ce z x conta9s ma!matics1 & t ! ,critical ,philosophy 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ t all sci5ce implies univ]sal priori po/ulates1 ?\gh x w5t wrong 9 ?9k+ t ^! po/ulates are laws ( ! work+ ( ! human m9d or are 'put into' ?+s by ! human m9d4 ,h[ f> ,sci5ce has mov$ away f crude s5sationali/ic empiricism may be e/imat$ by a comp>ison ( ! successive editions ( ! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 ,x mu/ always h be5 app>5t to an att5tive read] t ! *apt]s ( t fasc9at+ book :i* deal directly ) ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ,physics & ,biology are ( v diff]5t quality f ! e>li] *apt]s :i* exp\nd1 ) _m self-contradictions & mu* wra? aga9/ metaphysicians & !ologians :om ! writ] seems nev] to h tri$ to und]/&1 ! fanta/ic 'metaphysics ( ! telephone-ex*ange'4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( quality is m m>k$ 9 ! second edition ?an 9 ! fir/1 & 9 ! 7alas67 unf9i%$ ?ird edition ?an 9 ! second4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! problem ( ! unification ( ! sci5ces is conc]n$1 ! old prejudices :i* divid$ ! rationali/ philosoph] f ! s5sationali/ sci5tific man seem to h be51 9 ! ma91 dissipat$4 ,we c see n[ t :at us$ to be call$ ,philosophy & :at us$ to be call$ ,sci5ce are bo? p>ts ( "o task1 t !y h a common me?od & presuppose a common body ( pr9ciples4 ,s f> x may be said ) tru? t ,philosophy is becom+ m fai?ful ?an ,kant 0 himself to ! lead+ ideas ( ',criticism'1 & aga9 t x is rev]t+ once m1 z x rev]t$ 9 ! days ( ,galileo1 to ! positions ( ,plato4 ,i d n mean t ! :ole programme has be5 completely execut$ & t !re is no?+ = a successor ( ,frege or ,russell to d4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve t at ! v end ( ! great "w on ari?metic to :i* ,i h ref]r$ ,frege f\nd himself compell$ by difficulties :i* _h be5 ov]look$ until ,russell call$ att5tion to !m to add an app5dix confess+ t !re 0 a s+le important flaw 9 8 elaborate logical con/ruction ( ! pr9ciples ( ari?metic4 ,he _h %[n t if !re are c]ta9 ?+s call$ 'integ]s'1 def9$ z he _h def9$ !m1 ! :ole ( ari?metic foll[s4 ,b he _h n %[n t !re is any object answ]+ to 8 def9ition ( an integ]1 & ! logical rese>*es ( ,russell _h ?r[n "s d\bt on ! po9t4 ,?is prov$ t "s re/atem5t ( ! initial assumptions ( ! !ory 0 ne$$4 ,s9ce ! date ( ,frege's app5dix 7#aijc71 ,mr4 ,russell & o!rs h done some?+ t[>ds ! necess>y rectification1 & ! result+ ',!ory ( ,types' is pretty c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important contributions ev] made to logical doctr9e1 b x may /ill be reasonably d\bt$ :e!r ! ',!ory ( ,types'1 z exp\nd$ by ,:itehead & ,russell 9 _! ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 is ! la/ ^w requir$4 ,at any rate1 x seems cle> t x is a great /ep on ! "r road to ! solution ( a mo/ difficult problem4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! greate/ problem ( all1 ! h>monization ( ,sci5ce & ,life4 ,i _c believe t ?is problem is an illegitimate "o1 or t we mu/ sit d[n cont5t to accept ! sev]ance ( 'fact' & 'value' z f9al = our ?\ght4 ,ev5 ! unification ( ! sci5ces itself rema9s imp]fect s long z we treat x z m]ely some?+ :i* 'happ5s to be ! case' t !re are _m ?+s & _m k9ds ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se & also a numb] ( relations 9 :i* !y 'happ5' to /&4 ,x is significant t 9 8 lat] writ+s ,mr4 ,russell has be5 driv5 to ab&on ! concept ( p]sonal id5tity1 :i* is s fundam5tal = practical life1 & to ass]t t ea* ( u is n "o man b an inf9ite s]ies ( m5 ( :om ea* only exi/s = a ma!matical in/ant4 ,i am sure t su* a !ory requires ! ab&onm5t ( ! :ole notion ( value z an illusion1 & ev5 m sure t x is ru9\s to any practical rule ( liv+1 & ,i _c believe 9 ! 'philosophy' ( any man :o is satisfi$ to base 8 practice on :at he reg>ds z detect$ illusion4 ,h5ce ,i f9d myself /rongly 9 sympa?y ) my em95t ,italian colleague ,pr(essor ,v>isco1 :o has devot$ 8 two *ief works 7,i ,massimi ,problemi & ,conosci ,te ,/esso7 to an exce$+ly subtle attempt to %[ t ':at ought to be'1 9 ,platonic phrase '! ,good'1 is 9 ! end ! s+le pr9ciple f :i* all ?+s d]ive _! exi/5ce z well z _! value4 ,mr4 ,russell's philosophy saves u half ,plato1 & t is mu*1 b ,i am conv9c$ t x is :ole & entire ,plato :om a pr(\nd] philosophy w\ld pres]ve = u4 ,i believe p]sonally t su* a philosophy w be l$1 z ,plato 0 9 ! end l$1 to a !i/ic int]pretation ( life1 t x is 9 ! liv+ ,god ,:o is ov] all1 bless$ = ev]1 t x w f9d ! common s\rce ( fact & value4 ,& aga9 ,i believe t x w be l$ to its result v l>gely by :at is1 aft] all1 p]haps ! pr(\nde/ ?\ght ( ,kant1 ! conviction t ! mo/ illum9at+ fact ( all is ! fact ( ! absolute & unconditional obligator9ess ( ! law ( "r4 ,x is precisely "h t fact & value mo/ obvi\sly meet4 ,= :5 we ask ourselves :at 9 fact we are1 we %all assur$ly f9d no true answ] to ?is "q ab\t :at is if we =get t we are fir/ & =emo/ be+s :o ought to foll[ a c]ta9 way ( life1 & to foll[ x = no o!r reason ?an t x is good4 ,b ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 (f] reasons "h = ?is conviction1 ?\gh ,i am sure t adequate reasons c be giv54 ,"h ,i mu/ be cont5t to /ate ?is ultimate conviction z a '!ological sup]/ition'1 or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to put x ) a little m c]ta9ty1 z a matt] ( fai?4 ,! alt]native is to treat ! _w z a /upid1 & possibly malici\s1 bad joke4 ,note4--,x may be ?\ght t some?+ %\ld h be5 said ab\t ! revolt aga9/ au?ority & tradition :i* has /yl$ itself v>i\sly ',pragmatism' & ',humanism'1 & also ab\t ! rec5t vogue ( ,b]gsonianism4 ,i may 9 "p excuse my sil5ce by ! plea t bo? movem5ts are1 9 my judgem5t1 already sp5t =ces4 ,if ,i mu/ say m ?an ?is1 ,i w\ld only rem>k ab\t ,pragmatism t ,i c\ld speak ( x ) m confid5ce if its repres5tatives !mselves 7 m agre$ z to its precise pr9ciples4 ,at pres5t ,i c disc]n little agreem5t among !m ab\t any?+ except t !y all %[ a great impati5ce ) ! bus9ess ( ?9k+ ?+s quietly & /eadily out1 & t none ( !m seems to appreciate ! importance ( ! 'critical' problem4 ',pragmatism' ?us seems to me less a def9ite way ( ?9k+ ?an a collective "n = a s]ies ( 'guesses at tru?'4 ,"s ( ! guesses may be v lucky ones1 b ,i1 at lea/1 c h>dly take ! claims ( unme?odic guess+ to be a philosophy v s]i\sly4 ,to 'give & receive argum5t' appe>s to me to be ( ! v ess5ce ( ,philosophy4 ,z = ,m4 ,b]gson1 ,i yield to no "o 9 admiration = 8 brilliancy z a /yli/ & ! happ9ess ( _m ( 8 illu/rations4 ,b ,i h always f\nd x difficult to grasp 8 c5tral idea--if he really has "o--because 8 :ole doctr9e has always seem$ to me to be bas$ ^u a c\ple ( elem5t>y blund]s :i* w be f\nd 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( 8 ,donnes ,immdiates de la ,consci5ce4 ,we are !re call$ on to reject ! intellect 9 ,philosophy on ! gr\nds 7#a7 t1 be+ orig9ally develop$ 9 ! s]vices ( practical ne$s1 x c at be/ tell u h[ to f9d our way ab\t among ! bodies ar\nd u1 & is ?us deb>r$ f kn[+ m ?an ! outsides ( ?+s2 7#b7 t its typical a*ievem5t is !re=e geometry1 & geometry1 because x c measure only /raight l9es1 necess>ily misconceives ! true "* ( 'real duration'4 ,n[1 z to ! fir/ po9t1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x obvi\s t ! e/abli%m5t ( a modus viv5di ) "o's fell[s has always be5 z mu* ( a practical ne$ z ! avoidance ( /ones & pit-falls1 & ! alleg$ conclusion ab\t ! defects ( ! intellect does n !re=e seem to me to foll[ f ,m4 ,b]gson's premisses1 ev5 if we _h any reason1 z ,i d n see t we h1 to accept ! premisses4 ,& z to ! second po9t1 ,i w\ld ask :e!r ,m4 ,b]gson possesses a clock or a wat*1 & if he has1 h[ he supposes "t is measur$ on !m8 ,he seems to me to h =gott5 ! elem5t>y fact t angles c be measur$ z well z /raight l9es4 7,i might add t he makes ! fur!r curi\s assumption t all geometry is metrical47 ,x may be t some?+ w\ld be left ( ! ,b]gsonian philosophy if "o elim9at$ ! consequ5ces ( ^! initial blund]s1 b ,i d n "k :at ! rema9d] w\ld be4 ,at any rate1 ! anti-intellectualism :i* ,m4 ,b]gson & 8 disciple1 ,pr(essor ,c>r1 seem to reg>d z fundam5tal w h to g1 unless diff]5t & bett] gr\nds c be f\nd = x4 ,i mu/ leave x to o!rs to judge ( ! adequacy ( ?is apology4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,v>isco1 ,! ,great ,problem 7,macmillan74 ,v>isco1 ,"k ,?yself 7,macmillan74 ,aliotta1 ,! ,ideali/ic ,reaction aga9/ ,sci5ce 7,macmillan74 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,our ,k ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w 7,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co474 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,! ,problems ( ,philosophy 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,a4,n4 ,:itehead1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k 7,cambridge ,press74 ,g4,e4 ,moore1 ,e?ics 7,h4,u4,l474 ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,philosophy 7,h4,u4,l474 ,a4,n4 ,:itehead1 ,introduction to ,ma!matics 7,h4,u4,l474 ,,iii ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,9 ,,european ,,?\ght ,,on ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,religion ,f4,b4 ,,jevons ,! liv+ be+s t exi/ or h exi/$ ^u ! e>? are ( k9ds innum]able2 &1 9 ! op9ion ( man1 ! *ief ( !m all is mank9d4 ,man1 = ! simple reason t he is man1 is an?ropomorphic 9 all 8 judgem5ts & n m]ely 9 8 religi\s conceptions2 he holds himself to be ! /&>d & measure 9 all ?+s4 ,if 8 "r s to reg>d himself 7 *all5g$1 if he 7 call$ ^u to ju/ify himself = hav+ tak5 8 foot z a unit ( measurem5t1 or 8 f+]s z ! basis ( 8 sy/em ( numb]s1 he might reply t any?+ w s]ve z a /&>d = weights & measures1 provid$ t x nev] v>ies1 b is always ! same :5ev] ref]r$ to4 ,b ! reply1 valid ?\gh x is1 does n d full ju/ice to man3 x leaves room = ! suspicion t a /&>d is some?+ *os5 by man 9 a purely arbitr>y mann] & )\t ref]5ce to ! facts ( nature4 ,if t 7 really ! case1 !n man's conception ( himself z sup]ior to ! o!r animals on e>? might be b a prejudice ( an arbitr>y k9d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we consid]1 f ! po9t ( view ( evolution1 ! place ( man among ! o!r animals t occupy or h occupi$ ! e>?1 x is indubitable t ! human organism is 9 po9t ( "t ! late/ evolv$ & ! human bra9 is 9 po9t ( complexity & effici5cy ! mo/ highly develop$4 ,fur!r1 ! evid5ce ( embryology goes to %[ t ! organism :i* has ev5tually become human became s only by pass+ ?r\gh successive /ages1 ea* ( :i* has its analogue 9 "s ( ! exi/+ =ms ( animal life4 ,^? =ms ( animal life exi/ side by side2 & if we conceive !m to be repres5t$ diagrammatically by v]tical l9es1 diff]+ 9 height accord+ to _! degree ( evolution1 ! l9e repres5t+ ! human organism w be ! talle/1 & may be consid]$ to h become ! talle/ by successive increm5ts or /ages correspond+ to ! height ( ! v>i\s o!r p>allel v]tical l9es4 ,:5 ! conception ( evolution1 :i* _h be5 employ$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( species & ! desc5t ( man1 & :i* _h be5 ga9$ by a consid]ation ( mat]ial organisms1 came to be appli$ to ! _w ( man's ?\ghts1 to ! non-mat]ial & spiritual doma91 & to be us$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! gr[? & ! developm5t ( religion1 x 0 natural t ! conception :i* _h prov$ s valuable 9 ! "o case %\ld be appli$ )\t modification to ! o!r--z natural z t ! fir/ railway coa* %\ld be built on ! model ( ! /agecoa*4 ,! possibility t ! !ory ( evolution might itself evolve1 & 9 evolv+ *ange1 0 "o t 0 n1 & at t "t c\ld h>dly be1 pres5t to ! m9ds ( ^? :o 7 ext5d+ ! !ory & 9 ! process ( ext5d+ x 7 develop+ x4 ,yet ! possibility 0 !re1 implicit 9 ! v conception ( evolution1 :i* involves cont9u\s *ange--*ange 9 cont9uity & cont9uity 9 *ange4 ,any & e attempt to trace ! evolution ( religion seems at fir/ necess>ily to involve ! assumption t f ! beg9n+ religion 0 !re to be evolv$4 ,t 0 ! position assum$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahhi4 ,at t date ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia 7 suppos$ to repres5t ! human race 9 its l[e/ & its e>lie/ /age ( developm5t4 ,9 !m1 !re=e1 if any:]e1 we might expect to f9d :at w\ld be religion 9 its l[e/ & e>lie/ /age inde$ b /ill religion4 ,r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 religion1 x 0 felt at fir/1 mu/ imply at lea/ belief 9 a god & communion ) him4 ,if1 !re=e1 religion 0 to be f\nd among/ ! repres5tatives ( ! l[e/ & e>lie/ /age 9 ! evolution ( humanity1 belief 9 a god & communion ) him mu/ !re be f\nd4 ,he :o seeks f9ds4 ,rob]tson ,smi? f\nd among/ ! ,au/ralians totem-gods & sacram5tal rites4 ,inde$1 x 0 at t "t ! belief univ]sally held by /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion t 9 ,au/ralia a totem 0 a god & a god might be a totem4 ,x 0 conjectur$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? t 9 ,au/ralia ! totem animal or plant 0 eat5 sacram5tally4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! totem 9 ,au/ralia 0 held to be bo? ! god & ! animal or plant 9 :i* ! god manife/$ himself1 x foll[$ t 9 ,au/ralia we _h1 pres]v$ to ?is day1 ! e>lie/ =m ( sacrifice--t 9 :i* ! totem animal 0 itself ! totem god to :om x 0 (f]$ z a sacrifice1 & 0 itself--or r himself--! sacram5tal meal furni%$ to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! totem 0 eat51 x 0 conjectur$1 ) ! object ( acquir+ ! qualities ( ! div9e creature1 or ( absorb+ !m into ! p]son ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,t ! totem 0 eat5 sacram5tally re/$1 z has j be5 said1 on ! conjecture made by ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 #ahhi2 b 9 #ahii ,dr4 7n[ ,sir ,james7 ,fraz] decl>$ t1 ?anks to ! inve/igations ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 '"h1 9 ! he>t ( ,au/ralia1 among ! mo/ primitive savages kn[n to u1 we f9d ! actual obs]vance ( t totem sacram5t :i* ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ) ! intuition ( g5ius1 div9$ ye>s ago1 b ( :i* positive examples h hi!rto be5 want+4' ,on ! f\ndation ?us laid by ! intuition ( ,rob]tson ,smi? & approv$ 9 #ahii by ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 a simple & complete !ory ( ! evolution ( religion 0 possible4 ,9 any "o tribe !re 7 sev]al totem-k9s4 ,! totem ( ea* k9 0 div9e1 b ! p]sonality ( a totem 0 s undevelop$ 9 conception t1 ?\gh x might1 & on ! !ory did1 develop into a deity1 x 0 orig9ally m ( ! nature ( a _s ?an a god1 & totemism prop] might easily pass into polydaemonism1 t is a sy/em 9 :i* ! be+s wor%ipp$ 7 conceiv$ to possess a p]sonality m cle>ly def9$ ?an t attribut$ to totems b less develop$ ?an t assign$ to deities4 ,f ! beg9n+ ea* tribe _h wor%ipp$ a plurality ( totems2 x 01 !re=e1 readily intelligible t1 z ^! totems came to be cr$it$ ) m & m def9ite & develop$ p]sonality1 ! plurality ( totems became n only a polydaemonism1 b aft]w>ds a plurality ( deities1 & a sy/em ( poly!ism came to be e/abli%$4 ,f poly!ism !n1 among/ ! ,israelites1 mono!ism 0 conceiv$ to h be5 gradually develop$4 ,on ?is !ory ! evolution ( religion 01 if we may s describe x1 l9e> or rectil9e>3 ! process consi/$ 9 a s]ies ( successive /ages4 ,9 "s cases1 z = in/ance among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 x nev] rose high] ?an its />t+-po9t1 totemism2 9 o!rs1 z = in/ance 9 ,samoa1 x became poly!ism )\t ceas+ to be totemism2 9 o!rs aga91 z = in/ance among/ ! ,aryan peoples1 x became s completely poly!i/ic t ev5 conjecture c discov] b few indications or 'survivals' ( ! totemism f :i* x is suppos$ to h develop$2 & ! poly!ism ( ! ,israelites 0 s completely sup]s$$ by mono!ism t ! v exi/5ce ( an e>li] /age ( poly!ism c\ld be z /r5u\sly d5i$ 9 _! case z ! pre-exi/5ce ( totemism c\ld be d5i$ among/ ! poly!i/ic ,aryans4 ,nev]!less ! !ory 0 t if we repres5t ! gr[? ( ! v>i\s religions ( ! _w diagrammatically by v]tical l9es p>allel to "o ano!r b ( v>i\s l5g?s1 "o l9e /&+ = totemism1 a long] l9e = polydaemonism1 a /ill long] "o = poly!ism1 & ! longe/ ( all = mono!ism1 we %\ld see t ! l9e ( gr[? has be5 ! same 9 all cases1 & t x is 9 _! l5g?1 or 7%all we say87 9 _! height alone t ! v>i\s l9es diff]1 & t ! longe/ l9e culm9ates 9 mono!ism only because x has be51 s to speak1 pull$ out 9 ! same way t a telescope :5 clos$1 may be ext5d$4 ,! evolution ( religion on ?is view has be5 a process lit]ally ( 'evolution' or unfold+3 ! idea ( a god & ( communion ) him has be5 pres5t f ! beg9n+2 &1 mu* ?\gh religion may h *ang$1 x rema9s to ! end ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,?is view ( ! process ( religi\s evolution we may fairly t]m '! pre-=mation !ory'2 = on ?is !ory ea* /age is pre-=m$ 9 ! /age imm$iately prec$+ x1 & 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( all 7 all succe$+ /ages conta9$ pre-=m$1 ?\gh x dep5d$ on circum/ances :e!r ! se$ %\ld spr+ up1 & h[ _m /ages ( its gr[? x %\ld accompli%4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s !ory ( ! evolution ( religion is 9 effect a =m ( ! pre-=mation !ory1 & is liable to ! same difficulties z dog ! !ory ( pre-=mation 9 all its applications4 ,on ! !ory1 if we cut op5 a se$ we %\ld f9d )9 x ! plant pre-=m$2 if we analyse totemism1 ! se$ f :i*1 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s view1 all o!r =ms ( religion h gr[n 9 ord]ly succession "o aft] ! o!r1 we f9d 9 x religion 9 all its /ages pre-=m$4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 if we cut op5 an acorn we d n f9d a m9iature oak-tree inside4 ,! presumption1 !re=e1 is t nei!r 9 totemism1 if we dissect x1 %all we f9d religion pre-=m$4 ,inde$1 !re is ! possibility t totemism1 on dissection1 w be f\nd to h no su* cont5t--t ! hope or expectation ( f9d+ any?+ 9 x is z va91 is z mu* doom$ to disappo9tm5t1 z is ! expectation ( ! *ild :o cuts op5 8 drum1 ?9k+ to f9d inside x some?+ :i* produces ! s\nd4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n on a priori gr\nds l ^! t ,sir ,james ,fraz] 0 l$ ev5tually to combat & d5y ! exi/5ce1 '9 ! he>t ( ,au/ralia1 among/ ! mo/ primitive savages kn[n to u' ( 't totem sacram5t :i*'1 9 #ahii he decl>$1 ',rob]tson ,smi?1 ) ! intuition ( g5ius' _h div9$ ye>s be=e x 0 actually obs]v$4 ,x 0 by ! evid5ce ( new facts1 discov]$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 t ,sir ,james ,fraz] 0 compell$ to ab&on ,rob]tson ,smi?'s !ory ( ! evolution ( religion4 ,rob]tson ,smi? _h se51 or _h ?\ght he saw1 among/ ! ,au/ralians sacram5tal rites & ! wor%ip ( totem gods4 ,sir ,james ,fraz] is n[ compell$ by ! evid5ce ( ! facts to hold t 9 :at he calls 'pure totemism'1 i4e41 9 totemism z we f9d x 9 ,au/ralia1 '!re is no?+ t c prop]ly be describ$ z wor%ip ( ! totems4 ,sacrifices are n pres5t$ to !m1 nor pray]s (f]$1 nor temples built1 nor prie/s appo9t$ to m9i/] to !m4 ,9 a ^w1 totems pure & simple are nev] gods1 b m]ely species ( natural objects1 unit$ by c]ta9 intimate & my/ic ties to gr\ps ( m54' ,x seems1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,fraz]1 t 9 totemism1 :5 dissect$1 !re is no religion1 j z 9 ! *ild's drum1 :5 cut op51 !re is--no?+4 ,yet1 we may reflect1 on ! battle-field f a drum proce$s a great & glori\s s\nd1 inspir+ m5 to noble de$s4 ,:]eas ex nihilo nil fit3 f no?+ naturally no?+ comes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 some?+ does come1 x is n f no?+ t x comes4 ,among/ ! mo/ primitive savages kn[n to u1 m5 are unit$ to _! totems1 z ,fraz] admits1 by 'c]ta9 intimate & my/ic ties'4 ,:at !n is x 9 totemism f :i*1 on ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s view1 some?+ comes8 ,we might1 p]haps1 h expect$ t x 0 f ! 'my/ic' bond unit+ man ) ! _w :i* is n only ar\nd him b ( :i* he is "p1 & 9 :i* he lives & moves & has 8 be+4 ,to say s1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to admit t 9 totemism !re 0 some?+ n only 'my/ic' b pot5tially religi\s4 ,& ,sir ,james ,fraz] does n foll[ t l9e ( ?\ght1 s dang]\s 9 8 view4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ma9ta9s t '! aspect ( ! totemic sy/em1 :i* we h hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to describe z religi\s1 des]ves r to be call$ magical'4 ,! totem rites :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? _h int]pret$ z be+ sacram5tal & z be+ int5d$ z a means ( communion ) ! totem-gods ,sir ,james ,fraz] reg>ds z m]ely magical3 'totemism1' he says1 'is m]ely an organiz$ sy/em ( magic int5d$ to secure a supply ( food4' ,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t if totemism is 'm]e' magic1 !re is inde$ 7z ,sir ,james holds7 no wor%ip 9 totemism1 b 9 t case 9 totemism !re c be no su* 'intimate & my/ic ties' betwe5 ! totem & ! totem-k9 z ,sir ,james at fir/ ma9ta9$ !re 04 ,b be t z x may1 accord+ to ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 '9 ! he>t ( ,au/ralia1 among/ ! mo/ primitive savages kn[n to u1' we f9d totemism2 & totemism on exam9ation proves to be 'm]ely an organiz$ sy/em ( magic'4 ,if n[ we />t by assum+ ^! premisses1 or by grant+ ^! po/ulates = ! sake ( argum5t1 we c1 inde$1 erect on !m a !ory ( ! evolution ( religion4 ,b if we s />t1 we mu/ d z ,sir ,james ,fraz] did 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 we mu/ hold t religion is b a develop$ =m ( magic4 ,en r\te x may h *ang$ consid]ably 9 appe>ance1 b 9 fact & fundam5tally x rema9s ! same ?+4 ,9 all ! l[] =ms ( religion1 & 9 mo/ ( ! high]1 !re are practices :i* are by common cons5t & beyond d\bt magical4 ,?is indisputable fact l5ds col\r to ! view t religion 0 9 its orig9 no?+ b magic1 & t religion is1 to ^? :o c see ! facts z !y are1 no?+ b magic to ?is day3 ! magician 0 b a prie/1 & ! prie/1 claim+ sup]human p[]1 is b a magician /ill4 ,pray]s 7 at fir/ b spells1 & ev5 n[ are suppos$1 by simple repetition1 to produce _! effects4 ,if aga9/ ?is view x be object$ t "o ( ! mo/ con/ant facts 9 ! hi/ory ( all religions1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 is t religion has at all times c>ri$ on w> aga9/ sorc]y1 wit*craft1 & magic1 t 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( man's evolution wit*es h be5 'smelt out' by ! wit*-f9d]1 & t 9 ! high] /ages ( civilization wit*es h be5 p]secut$1 tortur$1 & burnt1 ! reply made to ! objection is t ! w> aga9/ wit*craft & magic is due simply to ! jeal\sy & res5tm5t :i* regul> practition]s ( any art1 e4g41 m$ic9e1 h ev] display$ & d /ill display t[>ds irregul>1 unpr(essional practition]s4 ,?is reply1 h[ev]1 is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be "o :i* x is impossible to accept 9 ! case ( religion = ! simple reason t x does n acc\nt = ! facts4 ,! pla9 fact :i* wrecks ?is attempt$ explanation is t magic is puni%$ & wit*es are burnt n because wit*-f9d]s or prie/s are jeal\s ( !m1 b because ! community dreads !m & feels _! v exi/5ce to be a dang]4 ,x is ! community :i* feels ! _w ( diff]5ce !re is betwe5 magic & religion4 ,! attraction ( ! view t religion is b magic "u ano!r "n1 t pray]s are to ! end b spells1 t 'prie/' is b 'magician' writt5 diff]5tly1 is t x is a simplici/ !ory4 ,x simplifies ?+s4 ,x exhibits religion z evolv$ out ( magic & z conta9+ at ! end no?+ m or o!r ?an 0 pres5t at ! beg9n+ 9 magic4 ,x is b a v>iant ( ! pre-=mation !ory ( ! evolution ( religion4 ,9 f9e1 ! notion t 9 magic we h religion pre-=m$ is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! idea t we c f9d religion pre-=m$ 9 totemism4 ,9 bo? cases we secure cont9uity 9 ! process ( evolution app>5tly1 b ! cont9uity secur$ is appe>ance m]ely & is ga9$ only at ! price ( ignor+ ! facts4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t 9 ! lat]1 enl>g$ editions ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,sir ,james ,fraz] has giv5 up ! view t religion evolv$ out ( magic1 be+ mov$ !reto by ! fact1 z he says1 t !re is 'a fundam5tal di/9ction & ev5 opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion'4 ,!re is1 9 ,fraz]'s pres5t view1 no cont9uity betwe5 ! magic :i* came fir/ & ! religion :i* came ages lat]3 betwe5 !m is an absolute brea* ( cont9uity1 a fundam5tal di/9ction1 an opposition ( pr9ciple4 ',! pr9ciples ( ?\ght on :i* magic is bas$1' ,fraz] says1 'resolve !mselves into two3 fir/1 t l produces l2 &1 second1 t ?+s :i* h once be5 9 contact ) ea* o!r cont9ue to act on ea* o!r4' ,^! beliefs are due to ! association ( ideas3 if two ?+s are m or less l "o ano!r1 or if two ?+s h gone toge!r 9 our exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 ! sight ( ! "o w make u ?9k ( ! o!r & expect to f9d x4 ,s /rong is ! expectation :i* is ?us creat$ t 9 ! savage x am\nts to absolute belief2 & magic consi/s 9 act+ on t belief1 9 sett+ l to produce l1 ) ! firm conviction t ?us 7by magic7 man c obta9 all t he desires4 ,= long ages1 accord+ to ,fraz]1 man act$ on t belief1 & only ev5tually did he discov] t magic did n always act4 ,?is discov]y set him ?9k+ & l$ him to ! inf]5ce t at "w 9 ! _w !re mu/ be sup]natural p[]s or be+s1 t ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life is controll$ by p]sonal be+s sup]ior to man4 ,& t inf]5ce1 accord+ to ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s def9ition1 con/itutes religion4 ,! fundam5tal di/9ction1 !n1 & ev5 opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion1 is t 9 ! "o case man ?9ks t he c ga9 all t he desires by means ( magic1 & t 9 ! o!r he turns ) (f]+s & supplication to ! p]sonal be+s sup]ior to man :om he imag9es to control ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life4 ,:e!r ! di/9ction :i* ,sir ,james ,fraz] draws betwe5 magic & religion w hold dep5ds p>tly on :e!r 8 def9itions ( magic & religion are acceptable4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( magic !re at lea/ appe>s to be "s confusion ( ?\ght4 ,on ! "o h&1 he says1 'x mu/ always be rememb]$ t e s+le pr(ession & claim put =w>d by ! magician1 z su*1 is false2 n "o ( !m c be ma9ta9$ )\t deception1 consci\s or unconsci\s4' ,?is pron\ncem5t makes x easy = u to und]/& t ev5 ! savage w\ld ev5tually f9d magic an unsatisfactory me?od ( gratify+ 8 desires1 a deception 9 fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sir ,james app>5tly contradicts himself1 t is to say1 he d5ies t e s+le pr(ession or claim put =w>d by ! magician is false1 & says1 'h[ev] ju/ly we may reject ! extravagant pret5sions ( magicians & condemn ! deceptions :i* !y h practis$ on mank9d1 ! orig9al in/itution ( ?is class ( man has1 take x all 9 all1 be5 productive ( incalculable good to humanity4' ,! gr\nd = ?is second pron\ncem5t1 s contradictory ( ! fir/1 is t magicians1 ,sir ,james tells u1 '7 ! direct pr$ecessors1 n m]ely ( our physicians & surgeons b ( our inve/igators & discov]]s 9 e bran* ( natural sci5ce4' ,?us1 ?\gh he no long] reg>ds prie/s z transmogrifi$ magicians1 he does reg>d magicians z ! e>lie/ m5 ( sci5ce1 & does reg>d sci5ce1 !re=e1 z a highly develop$ /age ( magic4 ,?is view logically foll[s f ! premisses f :i* x />ts2 & if x is felt to be unacceptable1 we %all naturally be incl9$ to scrut9ize ! premisses once m & m c>efully4 ,:5 we d s scrut9ize !m1 we see t ! pr9ciples ( ?\ght on :i* ,sir ,james ,fraz] assumes magic to be bas$ are 9 effect ! pr9ciples f :i* sci5ce />t$3 !y are ! beliefs t l produces l--! basis ( ! law ( causation--& t ?+s :i* our exp]i5ce %[s to h gone toge!r 9 ! pa/ t5d always to g toge!r--:i* is "o way ( /at+ our belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,if !n ^! pr9ciples ( ?\ght are ! pr9ciples on :i* magic z well z sci5ce is bas$1 !n sci5ce & magic are ! same ?+1 & we h only to *oose :e!r we w say t magic is n magic b undevelop$ sci5ce1 or t sci5ce is n sci5ce b m]ely magic transmogrifi$4 ,?us1 ! pre-=mation !ory once m reass]ts itself3 magic is ! se$ 9 :i* sci5ce is prefigur$ or pre-=m$4 ,if we wi% to escape f ?is conclusion1 if we wi% to ma9ta9 ! validity ( sci5ce & yet always to rememb] 't e s+le pr(ession & claim put =w>d by ! magician1 z su*1 is false--n "o ( !m c be ma9ta9$ )\t deception1 consci\s or unconsci\s'1 we mu/ consid] :e!r ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s acc\nt ( magic1 accord+ to :i* ! pr9ciples ( magic are id5tical ) ^? ( sci5ce1 is ! only acc\nt t c be giv5 ( magic2 & = t purpose we may contra/ x ) ! view ( ,wilhelm ,wundt4 ,b be=e do+ s1 s9ce ,sir ,james ,fraz] holds t !re is 'a fundam5tal di/9ction & ev5 opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 magic & religion'1 x w be well to try to see n only :at he means by magic1 b also :e!r 8 description or def9ition ( religion is acceptable4 ,:]eas ,rob]tson ,smi? held t religion1 r$uc$ to its v l[e/ t]ms1 mu/ imply at lea/ belief 9 a god & communion ) him1 ,fraz] consid]s religion to be ! belief t ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life is controll$ by p]sonal be+s sup]ior to man4 ,by ! "o view /ress is laid on ! my/ic side ( religion1 on ! communion :i* is effect$ ?r\gh sacrifice2 by ! o!r view /ress is laid on ! p[] :i* ! gods may be induc$ by pray] & supplication to ex]cise = ! b5efit ( man4 ,our fir/ reflection1 !re=e1 is t any view ( religion1 to be compreh5sive1 _c conf9e itself to ei!r ( ^! aspects s+ly1 b mu/ f9d room = bo?--= bo? pray] & sacrifice4 ,!y _c be mutually exclusive1 nor c !y be simply juxtapos$1 z ?\gh !y 7 atoms unrelat$ to "o ano!r1 accid5tal neighb\rs 9 ! same di/rict4 ,!re mu/ be a high] unity1 n creat$ by or subsequ5t to ! coalesc5ce ( elem5ts orig9ally indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b a high] unity ( :i* bo? pray] & sacrifice are manife/ations4 ,?is high] unity1 ,i v5ture to sugge/1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion2 &1 if x is n explicitly recogniz$ z ! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion ei!r by ,rob]tson ,smi? or by ,fraz]1 t may well be because _! att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! e>li] /ages 9 ! evolution ( religion1 :5 z yet x is n conspicu\s & is1 !re=e1 ?\gh 9 fact op]ative1 liable to be ov]look$4 ,z ,f]ri] has said1 'fir/ pr9ciples ( e k9d h _! influ5ce1 & inde$ op]ate l>gely & p[]fully long be=e !y come to ! surface ( human ?\ght & are articulately exp\nd$4' ,:at !n is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion :i* only aft] long ages ( evolution rose to ! surface ( human ?\ght1 & :i*1 ?\gh x _h be5 op]ative l>gely & p[]fully1 came only 9 ! sl[ c\rse ( human evolution to be articulately exp\nd$8 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion is love--love ( "o's neighb\r & "o's ,god4 ,9 ! light ( t fir/ pr9ciple x is manife/ t pray] & sacrifice are n fundam5tally unrelat$ & accid5tally juxtapos$3 a sacrifice accompani$ n ev5 by unspok5 pray]1 prompt$ by no desire1 no wi% = any?+ :atev]1 is a mean+less concept4 ,equally unmean+ & un9telligible is ! idea ( a pray] :i* involves no sacrifice--:e!r by sacrifice we und]/& ! (f]+ ( gifts or ! sacrifice ( self4 ,b p]haps x may be said t1 ev5 ?\gh love alone c lead to sacrifice ( self1 /ill x is und5iable t pray]s may be put up & sacrifices be (f]$ by a man = ! sake ( :at he is go+ to get by do+ s2 & t t is :at ,sir ,james ,fraz] means :5 he sees 9 religion ! belief t be+s sup]ior to man may be induc$ by pray] s to ord] ?+s t man may get 8 he>t's desire4 ,!n1 inde$1 we get a cont9uity ( evolution1 a cont9uity betwe5 magic & religion1 :i* ,fraz] p]haps did n int5d :olly to d5y3 t is to say ! cont9u\s ?read runn+ ?r\gh bo? magic & religion & unit+ !m is desire4 ,desire is cont9u\s1 ?\gh ! means ( gratify+ x *ange4 ,9 "o /age ( evolution magic is ! means2 9 ano!r1 religion4 ,b ?r\gh\t we f9d ! process ( evolution to be cont9u\s--*ange 9 cont9uity & cont9uity 9 *ange4 ,n[ x is inde$ und5iable t pray] & sacrifice may be made by a man = ! sake ( :at he is go+ to get1 & may f ! beg9n+ h be5 made1 p>tly at lea/1 f t motive4 ,b if evolution 9 "o ( its aspects is *ange1 !n "o ( ! *anges br\ght ab\t by evolution 9 religion is precisely t pray] & sacrifice come to be reg>d$ z no long] a means :]eby a man c get 8 desires accompli%$--8 w done--b z ! indisp5sable condition = do+ ,god's w4 ,pray] !n becomes communion ) ,god1 & ! sacrifice ( self ! liv+ exhibition ( love--! fir/ pr9ciple ( religion1 ! pr9ciple :i* manife/s itself n[ 9 pray] & n[ 9 sacrifice4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s acc\nt ( religion w be consid]$ unacceptable3 x makes religion & magic alike b means :]eby man has--va9ly--s\ght to satisfy desire4 ,& ! implication is t ! day ( bo? alike is ov]4 ,b if ,fraz]'s acc\nt ( religion is unacceptable1 8 acc\nt ( magic also is op5 to criticism4 ,he wav]s betwe5 two op9ions ab\t magic3 at "o "t he reg>ds x z all falsehood & deception1 at ano!r z ! s\rce f :i* sci5ce spr+s1 j z at "o "t he consid]$ magic fundam5tally ! same z religion & !n aga9 z fundam5tally diff]5t f religion4 ,:5 ,fraz] is b5t ^u id5tify+ magic & sci5ce1 he attributes to primitive man a !ory ( causation 7t l produces l73 magic is bas$1 he says1 ^u '! views ( natural causation embrac$ by ! savage magician'4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,wilhelm ,wundt 9 8 ,vlk]psy*ologie1 primitive man has no notion :atev] ( natural causation3 primitive man1 ,wundt says1 has only "o way ( acc\nt+ = ev5ts--if some?+ happ5s1 somebody did x4 ,if any "o my/]i\sly falls ill & dies1 ! "q at once pres5ts itself to ! savage m9d1 :o did x8 ,h[ any "o c\ld contrive to make ! man fall ill & die is1 to ! man's relations1 ?or\ghly & disquiet+ly my/]i\s4 ,! "o ?+ cle> to !m is t somebody possesses & has ex]cis$ ?is my/]i\s & horrible p[]4 ,! p]son :o1 9 ! op9ion n only ( ! relatives b also ( all or mo/ ( ! community1 naturally w\ld d ?is sort ( ?+ diff]s 9 "s way--9 8 appe>ance or habits--f ! av]age memb] ( ! community1 & accord+ly is cr$it$1 or discr$it$1 ) ?is my/]i\s & dreadful p[]4 ,su* a p]son1 accord+ to ,wundt1 is a magician4 ,su* an ev5t is a m>vel3 s long z x is suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by a man1 x is a piece ( magic2 :5 x is ascrib$ 7z1 accord+ to ,wundt1 x comes 9 lat]1 ?\gh n 9 primitive times1 to be ascrib$7 to a god1 x is a miracle4 ,if sci5ce !n does n "w magic1 !re mu/ be a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce & magic1 an absolute opposition ( pr9ciples4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?\ght on :i* magic is bas$ _c be1 z ,fraz] ma9ta9s1 ! same z ^? :i* give to sci5ce its validity4 ,9 f9e1 ! belief 9 magic seems to be bas$ n on any pr9ciple ( ?\ght1 b ^u ! assumption t1 if some?+ happ5s1 somebody mu/ h done x1 & !re=e mu/ h _h ! p[] to d x4 ,wundt1 :il/ diff]+ f ,fraz] 9 8 description ( magic1 is at "o ) him 9 believ+ t be=e religion exi/$ !re 0 an age ( magic4 ,b ,wundt's view t m>vels are magic :5 suppos$ to h be5 done by man1 b miracles :5 suppos$ to h be5 done by a god or 8 prie/s1 sugge/s ! possibility t1 z ! belief 9 magic is f\nd usually1 if n always1 to exi/ side by side ) ! belief 9 miracles1 ! two beliefs may f ! beg9n+ h co-exi/$1 t ! age ( magic is n prior 9 ! c\rse ( evolution to ! age ( religion4 ,?is possibility1 x w be admitt$1 d]ives "s col\r at lea/ f ! way 9 :i* ! !ory ( evolution is employ$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( species3 diff]5t ?\gh reptiles are f birds1 ! s]p5t f ! dove1 bo? are desc5d$ f a common ance/or1 ! ar*aeopt]yx4 ,if ?is in/ance be tak5 z typical ( ! process ( evolution 9 g5]al1 !n ! c\rse ( evolution is n1 s to speak1 l9e> or rectil9e>1 b--to use ,m4 ,b]gson's ^w--'disp]sive'4 ,to suppose t religion is desc5d$ f magic w\ld !n be z errone\s z to suppose t birds are desc5d$ f reptiles or man f ! monkey4 ,! true view w be t ! c\rse ( evolution is n l9e>1 is n a l9e produc$ = ev] 9 ! same direction1 n a succession ( /ages1 b is 'disp]sive'1 t f a common />t+ po9t _m l9es ( evolution radiate 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! c\rse ( evolution is n unil9e> b multil9e>2 x runs on _m l9es :i* div]ge1 b all ! div]g+ l9es />t f ! same po9t4 ,if we apply ?is conception ( evolution 9 g5]al to ! evolution ( religion 9 p>ticul>--& ,b]gson1 ,i %\ld say1 does n--!n ! c5tre ( disp]sion1 common to all religions1 is ! he>t ( man4 ,! =ms ( religion evolv+1 emanat+ & radiat+ f t common c5tre are1 let u say1 feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & mono!ism4 ,if we wi% to avoid1 9 ! !ory ( religi\s evolution1 an error analog\s to t ( suppos+ birds to be desc5d$ f reptiles1 we mu/ decl9e to suppose t mono!ism is simply poly!ism evolv$1 or t poly!ism is desc5d$ f feti%ism4 ,we mu/ consid] t ea* ( ^! ?ree =ms ( religion is t]m9al1 9 ! s5se t no "o ( !m leads on to1 or passes into1 ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,all ?ree =ms ( religi\s life may1 & inde$ d1 exi/ side by side ) "o ano!r1 j z ! c\ntless =ms ( physical life may be f\nd exi/+ side by side4 ,! =am9if]a exi/ n[1 z !y exi/$ millions ( ye>s ago2 b ! fact t !y co-exi/ ) high] =ms ( physical life does n %[ t ! high] =ms ( life are b =am9if]a 9 a m highly evolv$ =m4 ,simil>ly1 ! fact t feti%ism exi/s side by side ) poly!ism1 or poly!ism ) mono!ism1 does n %[ t "o is b a high] =m ( ano!r3 we mu/ consid] ea* to be a t]m9al =m1 z incapable ( produc+ ano!r1 z x is impossible to conceive t ! s]p5t develops into ! dove4 ,! common c5tre & />t+-po9t ( feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & mono!ism on ?is view 7! 'disp]sive' view7 ( ! evolution ( religion lies 9 ! he>t ( man1 9 a consci\sness1 orig9ally vague 9 ! extreme1 ( ! p]sonality & sup]iority to man ( ! be+ or object wor%ipp$4 ,9 all ^! ?ree =ms ( religion !re is wor%ip1 & 9 all ?ree =ms ! be+ wor%ipp$ is p]sonal4 ,fur!r1 a special tie is felt to exi/ betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & ! p]sonality wor%ipp$3 religion is ! bond ( union betwe5 !m1 & x is also a bond :i* unites ! wor%ipp]s to "o ano!r4 ,x is by its v nature a bond ( union1 a means ( communion betwe5 p]sons1 human & div9e4 ,t is ! my/ic aspect ( religion :i* f9ds expression 9 ! rite ( sacrifice & 9 ! sacram5tal meals :i* are felt someh[ to b9d toge!r1 or r to reunite & keep toge!r1 ! wor%ipp]s & _! god4 ,?is communion h[ev] is n m]ely my/ic3 x has its practical effects inasmu* z x affects ! conduct ( ! wor%ipp] & enables him to d :at )\t x he w\ld n h _h /r5g? to d4 ,if feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & mono!ism radiate f a common c5tre1 ! he>t ( man1 !n ! he>t ( man mu/ also be reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9t ( magic4 ,if !y spr+ /raight f ! he>t1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t directions1 disp]sively1 !n magic mu/ also />t f ! common c5tre2 &1 ?\gh its div]g5ce f religion t5ds to become total1 at fir/1 & inde$ x may be = long1 ! discrepancy betwe5 !m is r felt uneasily ?an recogniz$ cle>ly4 ,categories1 su* z ^? ( cause & effect1 id5tity & diff]5ce1 :i* are ! common prop]ty ( civiliz$ ?\ght1 & :i* among u1 ,mr4 ,l4,t4 ,hobh\se says1 'e *ild soon comes to di/+ui% 9 practice1 are = primitive ?\ght int]wov5 9 wild confusion4' ,two categories1 :i* 9 primitive ?\ght are ?us int]wov5 9 wild confusion1 are1 x may be sugge/$1 religion & magic2 & only 9 ! disp]sive process ( evolution d !y t5d to become discrim9at$4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 9 ,babylon1 9 ,brahm9ism1 religion fails to dis5tangle itself f magic2 & n ev5 has ,*ri/ianity always succe$$ 9 ?r[+ x (f4 ,diff]5t z we may conceive magic & religion to be1 ! fact rema9s t at fir/ !y gr[ up int]tw9$ toge!r4 ,9 ! l[] =ms ( religion magic is work$ n only by magicians b by prie/s z well2 spells & pray]s are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,! idea t 'prie/' is b 'magician' writ diff]5tly1 t pray]s are b spells "u ano!r "n1 is n[ obsolete4 ,! tru? may be t religion nei!r foll[s on1 nor is evolv$ f magic1 b t bo? radiate f a common c5tre1 ! he>t ( man2 & t at fir/ bo? are attempts made by man to secure ! fulfilm5t ( 8 desires1 to d 8 w1 ?\gh ev5tually he f9ds t ! way to control nature is to obey h]1 n to try to comm& h] by work+ magic2 & t x is 9 endeav\r+ to d ,god's w1 n 8 own1 t man f9ds peace at ! la/4 ,9 ! ?ree =ms ( religion :i* ?us f> we h tak5 into acc\nt1 feti%ism1 poly!ism1 mono!ism1 religion is felt to be a p]sonal relation--a relation betwe5 ! human p]sonality & "s p]sonality m ?an human2 & ! human he>t is rea*+ out & grop+ aft] "s div9e p]sonality1 if p]adv5ture x may f9d ,him4 ,b !re is yet ano!r =m ( religion proce$+ f ! human he>t 9 :i* ?is does n seem to be ! case--& t is ,buddhism4 ,! ,buddha def9itely r5\nc$ ! se>* aft] ,god & w\ld n all[ 8 disciples to engage 9 ! pursuit4 ,practically ! pursuit 0 useless1 accord+ to ! ,buddha3 escape f suff]+ is all t man c want or /rive or hope =4 ,escape f suff]+ is possible only by cessation f exi/5ce2 & t cessation f exi/5ce1 "h & h]eaft]1 c be atta9$ by man himself1 :o c rea* ,nirvana )\t ! aid ( gods1 if gods !re be4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( metaphysics ! idea t !re is any relation betwe5 ! human p]sonality & ! div9e falls to ! gr\nd1 accord+ to ! ,buddha1 because1 :e!r !re be gods or n1 at any rate !re is no human p]sonality4 ,z 9 a conflagration--& accord+ to ! ,buddha ! :ole _w1 burn+ ) desire1 is 9 a /ate ( conflagration--! flames leap f "o h\se t is burn+ to ! next1 s 9 its transmigrations ! self1 or r ! "*1 ,k>man1 l a flame1 leaps f "o =m ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,! flame inde$ appe>s to be !re all ! "t ! fire is burn+2 b ! flame has no p]man5ce1 x is *ang+ all ! "t ! process ( combu/ion is go+ on2 & ',i' h no m p]man5ce ?an ! flame4 ',i' only appe> to be !re z long z ! process ( life goes on4 ,& z ! flame only cont9ues s long z !re is some?+ = x to fe$ on1 s ! process ( transmigration or re-bir? cont9ues only s long z ! ?ir/ = be+ cont9ues3 ! escape f re-bir? is conditional on ! ext9ction ( t ?ir/ or desire2 & ! disciple :o has succe$$ 9 putt+ (f lu/ & desire has atta9$ to deliv]ance f dea? & re-bir?1 has atta9$ to re/1 to ,nirvana4 ,?us1 on ! 'disp]sive' view ( ! evolution ( religion1 ,buddhism is a radiation f ! common c5tre1 f ! he>t ( man1 ?\gh x radiates 9 a direction v diff]5t f t foll[$ by any o!r religion4 ,! direction is inde$ "o :i*1 z ! hi/ory ( religion %[s1 x has be5 impossible = man long to foll[1 =1 :]ev] ,buddhism has be5 e/abli%$1 x has relaps$2 & ! ,buddha1 :o /rove to div]t man f pray] & f ! wor%ip ( gods1 has himself become a god to :om pray] & wor%ip are address$4 ,:e!r 9 ! future ! direction may be pursu$ m p]man5tly ?an x has be5 by ,buddhism up to n[ lies ) ! future to %[4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 on ! 'disp]sive' view ( ! evolution ( religion1 is n ! only radiation f ! common c5tre1 ( :i* we h to take acc\nt1 9 addition to feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & mono!ism4 ,f ! human he>t also proce$s '! religion ( humanity'1 ! ,positivi/ ,*ur*4 ,"h1 z orig9ally 9 ,buddhism1 ! conception ( a div9e p]sonality plays no "p2 b "h ! human p]sonality1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* is d5i$ by ! ,buddha1 is rais$ to a high1 inde$ to ! highe/1 level4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an individual1 if by 'individual' is meant a man exi/+ solely by himself1 = a man c nei!r come into exi/5ce nor cont9ue 9 exi/5ce by himself alone4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( ! conception ( p]sonality t x includes fell[%ip3 a p]son to be a p]son mu/ /& 9 "s relation to o!r p]sons4 ,!y are pres5t$ to him1 ! subject1 z objects ( 8 aw>5ess2 & he1 ! subject1 is also an object ( _! aw>5ess4 ,humanity is ?us a complex1 9 :i* alone p]sons are f\nd & ap>t f :i* !y h 9 fact no exi/5ce4 ,humanity ?us plays 9 ,positivism1 z a religion1 ! "p ( '! great ,be+'1 le gr& tre1 :i* 9 o!r religions is fulfill$ by ,god1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t humanity is human always & nev] div9e4 ,! rul] ( a c\ntry /e]s ! %ip ( /ate1 b he is a pilot only metaphorically4 ,:e!r ! t]ms wor%ip & pray] are us$ m ?an metaphorically by ! ,positivi/ seems h>d to decide4 ,on ! "o h&1 if x is felt t wor%ip & pray] are indisp5sable to religion1 x may be argu$ t 9 religions o!r ?an ,positivism !y prove n only on analysis1 b 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 to be1 z by ,positivism !y are recogniz$ to be1 ( purely subjective import4 ,on ! o!r h>d1 x may be t !y provide m]ely a means ( transition f ! religions ( ! pa/ to ! religion ( ! future4 ,ano!r matt] ( int]e/ is ! place ( morality 9 ,positivism z a religion4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,alfr$ ,loisy 9 8 book ,la ,religion1 morality & religion are b\nd up toge!r4 ,!y _c exi/ ap>t f "o ano!r3 !y might1 he says1 'be dissociat$ 9 fact & ?\ght1 7 x n t !y are insep>able 9 ! life ( humanity4' ,& 9 8 view morality is summ$ up 9 ! idea ( duty4 ,he says1 '9 ! beg9n+ 0 duty1 & duty 0 9 humanity1 & duty 0 humanity4 ,duty 0 at ! beg9n+ 9 humanity4 ,by x all ?+s 7 made1 & )\t x no?+ 0 made4' ,?us1 :]e duty is1 !re also is religion4 ,n only1 accord+ to ,loisy1 has t always be5 s 9 e /age ?r\gh :i* ! evolution ( religion has pass$1 b x w also be ! case ) ! religion ( ! future4 ,?us ! conception ( evolution :i* ,loisy holds is ! same z t ent]ta9$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ! diff]5ce be+ t1 :]eas on ! "o view ! idea ( ,god & ( communion ) ,him has be5 pres5t f ! beg9n+1 &1 mu* ?\gh x may h *ang$1 x rema9s to ! end ! same ?+2 on ! o!r view x is ! idea ( duty--! duty :i* is humanity--t 0 9 ! beg9n+ & w cont9ue to ! end4 ,bo? views are applications ( ! 'pre-=mation' !ory ( evolution4 ,b ,positivism p]haps is n necess>ily ti$ to ! 'pre-=mation' !ory4 ,x seems equally capable ( be+ fitt$ 9 to ! 'disp]sive' !ory1 & ( be+ reg>d$ z an emanation or radiation proce$+ direct f ! human he>t4 ,x may be s reg>d$1 if we consid] ! ess5ce ( x to be f\nd n 9 ! concept ( duty1 :i* seems to imply ! exi/5ce ( "s sup]ior :o imposes duties on man1 b 9 t love ( "o's fell[-man :i*1 to be love1 mu/ be giv5 freely1 & simply because "o loves4 ,! s5se ( obligation1 ! feel+ ( duty1 ob$i5ce to ! comm&m5ts ( au?ority & to ! prohibitions :i* ! community bo? en=ces & obeys1 are1 all ( !m1 v>i\s expressions ( ! primitive feel+ ( taboo--a feel+ ( al>m & fe>4 ,if we conf9e our att5tion to ?is set ( facts1 we may say1 ) ,m4 ,loisy1 '9 ! beg9n+ 0 duty1 & duty 0 9 humanity'4 ,we may h[ev] hesitate to foll[ him :5 he goes on to say1 'by duty all ?+s 7 made1 & )\t x no?+ 0 made'4 ,we may hesitate & ! ,positivi/ may hesitate1 because1 primitive ?\gh ! feel+ ( fe> may be1 ! feel+ ( love is equally orig9al3 on x & 9 x ! family & society h _! base & _! orig92 & to x !y owe n only _! orig9 b _! cont9uance4 ,love h[ev] is n a matt] ( duty & ob$i5ce2 x is n subject to comm&m5t or prohibition2 nor does x /rive by comm&s or au?ority to en=ce itself4 ,9 ! process by :i* duty--legal & moral obligation--evolves out ( ! primitive feel+ ( taboo1 love is n implicat$3 love spr+s f its own s\rce1 ! human he>t1 & runs its own c\rse4 ,taboo may h exi/$ f ! beg9n+2 b to ! end1 :atev] its =m--duty1 obligation1 ob$i5ce to au?ority--x rema9s 9 "* :at x 0 at fir/1 prohibitive1 negative4 ,love alone is creative3 )\t x '0 n any?+ made t 0 made'4 ,!re seems1 !re=e1 no necessity to reg>d ! 'pre-=mation' !ory ( evolution1 r ?an ! 'disp]sive !ory1 z ess5tial to ,positivism4 ,common to all ! views ab\t ! evolution ( religion t h be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is pap] is ! belief t1 ! m religion *anges1 ! m x rema9s ! same ?+4 ,if id5tifi$ ) duty1 !n duty x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & duty x w rema9 to ! end4 ,= ^? :o conceive x to be m]ely magic1 magic x 0 & magic x rema9s4 ,^? :o def9e x z belief 9 a god & communion ) him f9d t belief 9 ! e>lie/ z well z ! late/ /ages4 ,all w\ld agree 9 reject+ ,b]gson's view ( evolution--t 9 evolution !re is *ange1 b no?+ :i* *anges4 ,all w\ld agree t 9 ! evolution ( religion !re is some?+ :i*1 *ange ?\gh x may1 rema9s ! same ?+1 & t is religion itself4 ,b on ! "q :at religion is1 !re is no agreem5t3 no def9ition ( religion z yet--& !re h be5 _m attempts to def9e x--has ga9$ g5]al acceptance4 ,we may ev5 surmise1 & admit1 t no attempt ev] w be successful4 ,su* admission1 inde$1 may at fir/ to "s seem equival5t to admitt+ t religion is a nullity1 & ! admission may accord+ly be welcom$ or reject$4 ,b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! admission has no su* consequ5ce4 ,none ( our simple feel+s c be def9$3 pleasure & pa9 c nei!r be def9$2 nor1 :5 exp]i5c$1 d\bt$4 ,& "s ( our g5]al t]ms1 ^? at any rate :i* are ultimate1 are beyond our p[] ei!r to def9e or d\bt3 no "o imag9es t 'life' c be def9$1 b no "o d\bts its exi/5ce4 ,& religion bo? z a t]m & z a fact ( exp]i5ce is ultimate1 &1 because ultimate1 incapable ( def9ition4 ,x is n to be def9$ b only to be felt4 ,x is an affair n m]ely ( ! intellect1 b /ill m ( ! he>t4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 c we speak ( ! evolution ( religion8 ,evolution implies *ange2 & no "o d\bts t !re h be5 *anges 9 religion4 ,no "o c imag9e t x has f ! beg9n+ till n[ rema9$ id5tically ! same4 ,:at seems conceivable is t ?r\gh\t !re has be51 n id5tity b cont9uity--*ange inde$ 9 cont9uity b also cont9uity 9 *ange4 ,! *ild 'le>ns to speak ! words & ?9k ! ideas1 to reproduce ! mode ( ?\ght1 z he does ! =m ( spee*' ( ! community into :i* he is born4 ,9 ! spee*1 ?\ght1 & feel+s--ev5 9 ! religi\s feel+s--( ! community1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 !re is cont9uity1 b n id5tity4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation !y are n id5tical b are cont9u\sly *ang+2 & !y *ange because ea* *ild :o takes !m ov] reproduces !m2 &1 9 reproduc+ !m1 *anges !m1 n mu* 9 mo/ cases1 b v consid]ably 9 ! case ( m5 ( g5ius & ! great religi\s re=m]s4 ,! he>t is ! treasure-h\se 9 :i* n only old ?+s are /or$1 b f :i* also new ?+s are br\ght =?4 ,! process ( evolution implies inde$ t ! old ?+s1 ?\gh n ev]la/+1 p]si/ = a "t2 b x also implies ! manife/ation ( t :i*1 ?\gh cont9u\s ) ! old1 is at ! same "t new4 ,x is f ! he>t ( man1 ( "s "o man1 t :at is new proce$s3 ! community x is :i* is cons]vative ( ! old4 ,! he>t ( man1 or man himself1 exhibits bo? *ange 9 cont9uity & cont9uity 9 *ange4 ,! acorn1 ! sapl+1 & ! oak are diff]5t /ages ( "o cont9u\s process4 ,b x is ! same tree ?r\gh\t ! :ole process4 ,s1 too1 p]haps x may be said1 religion is a t]m :i* includes or is applicable to all /ages 9 ! "o process1 & n to ! /age ( mono!ism alone1 or ( poly!ism alone1 or ev5 to ^? /ages alone 9 :i* !re is a ref]5ce to p]sonal be+s4 ,ea* ( ^! /ages is a /age 9 ! process ( religion b no /age is by itself ! :ole process4 ,b ?is view ( ! evolution ( religion reg>ds religion z ?\gh x 7 an organism1 self-subsi/5t1 exi/+ & evolv+ z indep5d5tly ( man z ! oak-tree does2 :]eas 9 tru? religion has no su* indep5d5t exi/5ce or evolution4 ,x is n f poly!ism t mono!ism proce$s2 nor does poly!ism proce$ f feti%ism3 x is f ! he>t ( man t !y & all o!r =ms ( religion emanate & radiate4 ,to conceive feti%ism1 poly!ism1 & mono!ism z ?ree successive /ages 9 "o process1 to repres5t ! evolution ( religion by a /raight l9e m>k$ (f into ?ree p>ts1 or any o!r numb] ( p>ts1 is to =get t !y d n produce "o ano!r b t ea* emanates f ! he>t ( man4 ,! fact t !y emanate 9 temporal succession does n prove t "o spr+s f ! o!r4 ,nor c we say t values--religi\s or ae/hetic--are to be det]m9$ on ! simple pr9ciple t ! late/ edition is ! be/4 ,to say t an editio pr9ceps has value only = ! bibliophile is to admit t all values are p]sonal1 z are all ?\ghts & all feel+s1 all goodness & all love4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7,a4 ,c4 ,black1 #ahhi74 ,j4,g4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh 7,macmillan ,co41 #ahij-aiae74 ,grant ,all51 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god 7,grant ,ri*>ds1 #ahig74 ,h4 ,b]gson1 ,l'volution cratrice 7,f4 ,alcan1 #aijh74 ,f4,b4 ,jevons1 ,! ,idea ( ,god 9 ,e>ly ,religions 7#aiaj71 & ,comp>ative ,religion 7#aiac7 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press74 ,g4,f4 ,moore1 ,hi/ory ( ,religions 7,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 #aiad74 ,a4 ,loisy1 ,la ,religion 7,e4 ,n\rry1 #aiag74 ,,iv ,,rec5t ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,european ,,poetry ,,) ,,occasional ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,novel1 ,,drama1 ,,& ,,criticism ,,pr(essor ,c4,h4 ,,h]=d ,:5 ,mat!w ,arnold decl>$ t e age receives its be/ int]pretation 9 its poetry1 he 0 mak+ a rem>k h>dly conceivable be=e ! c5tury 9 :i* x 0 made4 ,poetry 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 01 on ! :ole1 m *>g$ ) mean+1 m root$ 9 ! /uff ( humanity & ! he>t ( nature1 less a m]e prov9ce ( belles-lettres ?an ev] be=e4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly x reflect$ ! ma9 curr5ts 9 ! m5tality ( ,european man1 & ! reflection 0 (t5 mo/ cle> :]e x 0 lea/ consci\s4 ,two ( ^! ma9 curr5ts are3 7#a7 ,! va/ & /eady enl>gem5t ( our k ( ! compass1 ! hi/ory1 ! pot5cies1 ( ,man1 ,nature1 ! ,_w4 7#b7 ,! gr[? 9 our s5se ( ! wor? ( e "p ( exi/5ce4 ,c]ta9 aspects ( ^! two processes are popul>ly kn[n z '! advance ( sci5ce'1 & '! gr[? ( democracy'4 ,b h[ f> 'sci5ce' rea*es beyond ! laboratory & ! philosoph]'s /udy1 & 'democracy' beyond political fre$om & ! ballot-box1 is precisely :at poetry compels u to und]/&2 & n lea/ ! poetry ( ! la/ sixty ye>s ) :i* we are to-day conc]n$4 ,h[ !n does ! hi/ory ( poetry 9 ,europe dur+ ^! sixty ye>s /& 9 relation to ^! und]ly+ processes8 ,on ! surface1 at lea/1 x h>dly resembles gr[? at all4 ,9 ,france above all--! lit]>y focus ( ,europe1 & its s5sitive !rmomet]--! movem5t ( poetry has be51 on ! surface1 a succession ( pron\nc$ & ev5 fanatical s*ools1 ea* born 9 reaction f its precursor1 & succumb+ to ! triumph ( its successor4 ,yet a deep] scrut9y w p]ceive t ^! w>r+ arti/s 71 9 fact1 gr\ps ( successive discov]]s1 :o ea* add$ some?+ to ! res\rces & ! scope ( poetry1 & also reta9$ & sil5tly adopt$ ! discov]ies ( ! pa/2 :ile ! g5]al l9e ( advance is 9 ! direction m>k$ by ! two ma9 curr5ts ,i h describ$4 ,n[h]e else is ! succession ( phases s %>p & cle> z 9 ,france4 ,b s9ce ,france does reflect m s5sitively ?an any o!r c\ntry ! movem5t ( ! m9d ( ,europe1 & s9ce h] own m9d has1 m ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry1 radiat$ ideas & fa%ions out ov] ! re/ ( ,europe1 ^! phases are 9 fact traceable also1 ) all k9ds ( local & national v>iations1 9 ,italy & ,spa91 ,g]many & ,engl&1 & ,i propose to take ?is fact z ! basis ( our pres5t v summ>y & diagrammatic view4 ,! ?ree phases ( ! sixty ye>s are r\ghly divid$ by ! ye>s #ahhj & #aijj4 ,! fir/1 mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! ,fr5* ,p>nassians1 is 9 close1 if unconsci\s1 sympa?y ) ! temp] ( sci5ce4 ,poetry1 br\ght to ! limit ( expressive p[]1 is us$ to express1 ) ! utmo/ v]acity1 precision1 & imp]sonal self-suppression1 ! beauty & ! trag$y ( ! _w4 ,x s\ght ,hell5ic lucidity & ,hell5ic calm--9 ! example mo/ famili> to u1 ! ,/oic calm & 'sad lucidity' ( ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,! second1 be/ se5 9 ! ,fr5* ,symboli/s1 0 directly ho/ile to sci5ce4 ,b !y repell$ its confid5t analysis ( mat]ial reality 9 ! "n ( a "p ( reality :i* x ignor$ or d5i$1 an immat]ial _w :i* !y my/ically appreh5d$1 :i* elud$ direct description1 fru/rat$ rhetoric1 & 0 only to be come at by ! magical sugge/ion ( col\r1 music1 & symbol4 ,x is mo/ famili> to u 9 ! ',celtic' v]se ( ,mr4 ,yeats & ',a4,e4'4 ,! ?ird1 /ill ab\t u1 & too v>i\s & incomplete = f9al def9ition1 is 9 clos] sympa?y ) sci5ce1 b1 9 great "p1 only because sci5ce has itself f\nd accommodation betwe5 nature & _s1 a new ideality born (1 & gr[+ out (1 ! real4 ,if ! fir/ f\nd ,beauty1 ! end ( art1 9 ! pla/ic repose ( sculpture1 & ! second 9 ! my/]i\s cad5ces ( music1 ! poetry ( ! tw5tie? c5tury f9ds its ideal 9 life1 9 ! creative evolution ( be+1 ev5 9 ! m]e ?+s1 ! 'prosaic' p>iahs ( previ\s poetry1 on :i* our %ap+ wills are wreak$4 ,we "k x 9 poets unlike "o ano!r b yet m unlike _! pr$ecessors1 f ,d',annunzio & ,dehmel & ,claudel to our ,georgian exp]im5t]s 9 ! poetry ( p>adox & adv5ture4 ,i4 ,,poetic ,,naturalism ,! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 9 we/]n ,europe1 ) a decid$ set-back = ^? :o liv$ on dreams1 & a correspond+ complac5cy among ^? :o ?rove on facts4 ,! political & social revolution :i* swept ! cont95t 9 #ahdh & #ahdi1 & f\nd om9\s e*oes "h1 0 ev]y:]e1 = ! "t1 defeat$4 ,! discov]ies ( sci5ce 9 ! ?ird & f\r? decades1 re/+ on calculation & exp]im5t1 7 inve/+ x ) ! =midable pre/ige :i* x has nev] s9ce lo/2 & bo? metaphysics & !ology reel$ p]ceptibly "u ! bl[s deliv]$ 9 its "n4 ,! _w exhibition ( #ahea seem$ to ann\nce an age ( settl$ prosp]ity1 peace1 & progress4 ,9 lit]ature ! c\nt]p>t ( ^! ph5om5a 0 ! revolt f ,romanticism1 a movem5t1 9 its orig9s1 ( poetic lib]ation & discov]y1 :i* _h rejuv5at$ poetry 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 & yet m signally 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 b 0 n[ pet]+ out 9 emotional incoh]5ce1 deifi$ impulse1 & irresponsible caprice4 ,! revolt accord+ly ev]y:]e s\ght to br+ lit]ature into clos] con=mity ) reality2 ) reality z int]pret$ by sci5ce2 & to make art sev]e & precise4 ,9 ! novel1 ,flaub]t f\nd$ mod]n naturalism ) 8 en?rall+ picture ( dull prov9cials1 ,mme ,bov>y 7#aheg72 two ye>s lat] ,george ,eliot tilt$ op5ly 9 ,adam ,b$e aga9/ ! romanc]s :o put y (f ) m>vell\s pictures ( dragons1 b c\ld n draw ! real horses & cattle be=e _! eyes4#c ,realism1 at once m unfl9*+ & m pr(\ndly poetic1 & yet p5etrat$1 especially 9 ,tol/oy & ,do/oievsky1 ) an int5sity ( moral conviction beside :i* ! e?ical f]v\r ( ,george ,eliot seems an ineffectual fire1 0 "o ( ! roots ( ! ,russian ,novel2 :i* also rea*$ its climax 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,b ?\gh x concurr$ ) analog\s movem5ts 9 ! ,we/1 x drew little ( mom5t f !m2 ev5 ,turg5jev1 a great] ,maupassant 9 arti/ry1 drew 8 inn] inspiration f :olly ali5 spr+s ( ,slavonic passion & ?\ght4 ,& x 0 *iefly ?r\gh !m t ! ,russian novel lat] help$ to n\ri% ! radically ali5 movem5t ( ,symbolism 9 ,france4 ,9 drama1 ,ibs5 broke away f ! ,romantic tradition ( 8 c\ntry ) ! iconocla/ic en]gy ( "o :o _h sp5t 8 own unripe y\? 9 (f]+ x a half-reluctant homage4 ,! man ( actuality 9 him d5\nc$ ! drama built ^u ! leg5ds ( ! ,sc&9avian pa/--! m>k = him ( a p ( dream]s oblivi\s ( ! calls ( ! h\r4 ,on ! morr[ ( ! disa/r\s 7& = ,norway 9 8 view ignom9i\s7 ,dani% w> ( #ahfd1 8 scorn rang out ) prophetic int5sity 9 ! fi]ce tirade ( ,br&4 ,happily = 8 art1 revolt aga9/ romance 9 him 0 unit$1 m signally ?an 9 m ?an two or ?ree ( 8 contempor>ies1 ) ! p[] ( seiz+ & pres5t+ contempor>y life4 ',realism' c]ta9ly expresses inadequately en\gh ! g5ius ( an art l 81 enorm\sly alive r ?an fundam5tally l life1 & no less *>g$ ) purpose & idea ?an ! "w ( ! great ,russians1 ?\gh "u cov] ( retic5ces & irony little kn[n to !m4 ,! great s]ies ( prose dramas--f #ahfg 7,! ,league ( ,y\?7 onw>ds--) _! exp]im5tal prelude ,love's ,com$y 7#ahfc7--7 to be = all ,europe ! mo/ consid]able lit]>y ev5t ( ! f\r? qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 & !y g5]at$ affiliat$ s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,!y did n inde$ !mselves rema9 unt\*$ by ! g5]al intellectual curr5ts ( ! "t1 & x w be notic$ bel[ t ! lat] plays 7f ,! ,lady ( ! ,sea onw>d7 betray aff9ities1 l ! ,russian novel1 ) :at is "h call$ ! second phase ( ! ,european movem5t4 ,9 ,criticism1 ! %[y g5]alizations ( ,villema9 gave place to ,sa9te-,beuve's s]ies ( essays t[>ds a 'natural hi/ory ( m9ds'#d & ,ta9e's m sweep+ attempt to expla9 lit]ature by environm5t4#e ,among ourselves1 ,m]$i?'s ,essay on ,com$y 7#ahgb7 brilliantly re/at$ ,molire's dictum t ! comic is f\nd$ on ! real1 & n on a fanta/ic di/ortion ( x1 :ile ,mat!w ,arnold appli$ alike to lit]ature & to !ology a critical insight f]tiliz$ by 8 ma/] ,sa9te-,beuve's delicate faculty = dis5gag+ ! native quality ( m9ds f ! incru/ations ( tradition & dogma4 ,9 poetry ! ,fr5* ,p>nassians creat$ ! mo/ brilliant poetry t has1 s9ce ,milton1 be5 built ^u erudition & impeccable art4 ,_! lead]1 ,leconte de ,lisle1 9 ! preface ( 8 ,pomes antiques 7#ahec71 scornfully dismiss$ ,romanticism z a second-h&1 incoh]5t1 & hybrid art1 comp\nd$ ( ,g]man my/icism1 rev]ie1 & ,byron's /ormy egoism4 ,sully ,prudhomme address$ a /]n] criticism to ! %ade ( ,alfr$ de ,musset--! ,osc> ,wilde ( ! lat] ,romantics#f--:o _h nev] kn[n ! /ress ( ?\ght1 & _h fill$ 8 poetry ) light love & laught] & voluptu\s despairs2 ! new poets 7 to be no su* gay trifl]s1 b work]s at a =ge1 beat+ ! gl[+ metal into %ape1 & s++ z !y toil$4#g ,c>ducci1 too1 d]isively contra/s ! 'moonlight' ( ,romanticism--cold & infructu\s beams1 prop] = ,go?ic ru9s & gravey>ds--) ! b5ignant & f]tiliz+ sun%9e he s\ght to re/ore2 = him1 too1 ! poet is no indol5t c>oll]1 & no g>d5] to gr[ fragrant fl[]s = ladies1 b a =ge-work] ) muscles ( /eel4#h ,among u1 z usual1 ! div]g5ce is less %>ply m>k$2 b :5 ,br[n+ calls ,byron a 'flat fi%'1 & ,arnold sees ! poet ( ,prome!us appropriately p9nacl$ 9 ! 'int5se inane'1 !y are express+ a k9dr$ repugnance to a poetry want+ 9 intellectual sub/ance & 9 cle>-cut =m4 ,if we turn f ! negations ( ! anti-romantic revolt to consid] :at x actually s\ght & a*iev$ 9 poetry1 we f9d t its positive ideals1 too1 )\t be+ d]iv$ f sci5ce1 reflect ! temp] ( a sci5tific "t4 ,?us ! supreme gift ( all ! great] poets ( ?is gr\p 0 a sup]b vision ( beauty1 & ( beauty--pace ,hog>?--!re is no sci5ce4 ,b _! view ( beauty 0 p>tly limit$1 p>tly f]tiliz$ & enri*$1 by ! s\rces !y discov]$ & ! conditions !y impos$1 & bo? ! discov]ies & ! limitations add$ some?+ to ! traditions & res\rces ( poetry4 ,?us3 7#a7 ,!y exploit$ ! ae/hetic values to be _h by k4 ,!y pursu$ erudition & built _! poetry ^u erudition1 n 9 ! didactic way ( ! ,augu/ans1 b z a m9e ( poetic mat]ial & sugge/ion4 ,f> m truly ?an ,wordswor?'s ?is poetry c\ld claim to be ! impassion$ expression :i* is 9 ! face ( sci5ce2 = ,wordswor?'s k is a my/ic insight :olly e/rang$ f erudition2 8 cel&9e1 8 ,:ite ,doe1 belong to no fauna or flora4 ,:5 ,leconte de ,lisle1 on ! o!r h&1 pa9ts ! albatross ( ! s\!rn sea or ! condor ( ! ,&es1 ! eye ( a passionate explor] & obs]v] has gone to ! mak+ ( _! exotic sublimity4 ,! /range regions ( humanity1 too1 newly disclos$ by comp>ative religion & my?ology1 he explores ) cosmopolitan imp>tiality & imag9ative p5etration2 c>v+1 z 9 m>ble1 ! trag$y ( ,hjalm>'s he>t & ,ang5tyr's sword1 ( ,ca9's doom1 & ,er9nyes nev]1 l ^? ( ,aes*ylus1 appeas$4 ,! ,romantics _h lov$ to play ) exotic sugge/ions2 b ! ,ea/ ( ,hugo's ,ori5tales or ,moore's ,lalla ,rookh is m]ely a v5e]2 ! poet ( ,qa9 has he>d ! wild asses cry & se5 ! ,syrian sun desc5d into ! gold5 foam4 ,9 ! ?ree comm&+ poets ( our ,engli% mid-c5tury1 le>n+ becomes no less evid5tly poetry's hon\r$ & indisp5sable ally4 ,t5nyson /udies nature l a naturali/1 n l a my/ic1 & f9ds felicities ( phrase pois$1 z x 71 ^u delicate obs]vation4 ,man1 too1 9 ,br[n+1 loses ! vague aureole ( ,%elleyan humanity1 & becomes ! ,italian ( ! ,r5asc5ce or ! ,arab doctor or ! ,g]man musician1 all alive b 9 _! habits z !y liv$1 & fa%ion$ 9 a bra9 f$1 l no o!r1 on ! ,book ( ! hi/ories ( ,s\ls4 ,mat!w ,arnold m di/9ctively ?an ei!r1 & bo? = bett] & = worse1 0 ! s*ol>-poet2 among o!r ?+s he 01 ) ,h]$ia & ,c>ducci1 a ma/] ( ! poetry ( critical portraiture1 :i* focusses 9 a few l9es 7,sophocles1 ,rahel1 ,he9e1 ,ob]mann ,once ,m7 ! mean+ ( a great c>e] or ( a complex age4 7#b7 ,9 ! elaboration ( _! vision ( beauty f ^! enl>g$ s\rces1 ,leconte de ,lisle & 8 foll[]s dem&$ an impeccable arti/ry4 ',a great poet'1 he said1 '& a flawless arti/ are conv]tible t]ms4' ,! ,p>nassian precision re/$ on ! po/ulate t1 ) suffici5t res\rces ( vocabul>y & phrase1 ev]y?+ c be adequately express$1 ! analogue ( ! contempor>y sci5tific conviction t1 ) suffici5t res\rces ( exp]im5t & calculation1 ev]y?+ c be exhau/ively expla9$4 ,! pursuit ( an objective calm1 ! repudiation ( mission>y ard\r1 ( p]sonal emotion1 ( ! cri du coeur1 ( individual orig9ality1 involv$ ! surr5d] ( "s ( ! glories ( spontane\s song1 b op5$ ! way1 = consummate arti/s su* z ^!1 to a pr(usion ( undiscov]$ beauty1 & to a peculi> gr&eur n to be atta9$ by ! egoi/4 ,leconte's temp]am5t leads him to subjects :i* are already in/9ct ) trag$y & ?us 9 8 h&s assume ?is gr&eur )\t ef=t4 ,! p[] ( %e] /yle to ennoble is bett] se5 9 ,sully ,prudhomme's t\rs de =ce ( philosophic poetry--:5 he unfolds 8 ideas ^u ',ju/ice' or ',happ9ess'1 = in/ance1 "u ! =m ( a debate :]e ma/]ly res\rces ( phrase & image are compell$ to ! s]vice ( a rigor\s logic2 or 9 ! brief cameo-l pieces on ',memory'1 ',habit'1 ',=ms'1 & simil> unpromis+ ab/ractions1 mo/ ne>ly p>allel$ 9 ,engli% by ! quatra9s ( ,mr4 ,william ,watson4 ,b ! cameo comp>ison is /ill m aptly appli$ to ! m>vell\sly-*isell$ sonnets ( ,h]$ia--monum5ts ( a mom5t1 z sculpture habitually is1 b rea*+ out1 z ! f9e/ sculpture does1 to invisible horizons1 & to ! be=e & aft]--! old wood5 gu>dian-god recall+ 8 =m] c>e] z a sc>let figure-head laugh+ at ! laught] or fury ( ! waves2 ,antony see+ ! fly+ %ips ( ,actium mirror$ 9 ! traitor\s azure ( ,cleopatra's eyes4 ,9 ,italy ! ideal ( an au/]e simplicity & res]ve1 re/+ z x did on ! imm5se pre/ige ( ,leop>di1 ass]t$ itself ev5 9 ! naturally exub]ant & impetu\s g5ius ( ,c>ducci4 ,)\t x we %\ld n h _h ^? retic5ces ( an ab\nd+ nature1 ^? economies ( a sp5d?rift1 :i* make him "o ( ! fir/ poets ( ! sonnet 9 ! l& ( its orig91 & "o ( ! greate/ writ]s ( ,odes among ! 'b>b>ians'4 ,) reason he decl>$ 9 #ahia1 :5 mo/ ( 8 poetry _h be5 writt51 t 'all ! app>5t contradictions 9 my "w are resolv$ by ! triple =mula3 9 politics ,italy be=e all1 9 ae/hetics classical poetry be=e all1 9 practice1 frankness & =ce be=e all'4 ,8 two *ief disciples1 ,d',annunzio & ,pascoli1 anti!tical 9 almo/ all po9ts1 may be said to h divid$ 8 inh]itance 9 ?is2 ,pascoli's ,v]gilian economy contra/+ ) ! exub]ance ( ,d',annunzio some:at z ) u ! classicism ( ! pres5t poet-laureate ) t ( ,sw9burne4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,p>nassian res]ve1 conc5tration1 & ari/ocratic exclusiv5ess 0 to reappe> 9 ! lyrical gr\p ( ,/efan ,georg4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! ,p>nassian poetry1 l mo/ contempor>y sci5ce1 0 9 v>y+ degrees deta*$ f & ho/ile to religion1 & f\nd "s ( its mo/ vibrat+ notes 9 contemplat+ its empty univ]se4 ,leconte de ,lisle (f]s ! ,/oic ! la/ m\rnful joy ( 'a he>t sev5-times /eep$ 9 ! div9e no?+ness'1#i or calls him to 't city ( sil5ce1 ! sepul*re ( ! vani%$ gods1 ! human he>t1 seat ( dreams1 :]e et]nally f]m5ts & p]i%es ! illusory univ]se'4#aj ,"h1 too1 ,leop>di _h anticipat$ him4 ,9 ! ebulli5t g5ius ( ,c>ducci & ,sw9burne ?is l(ty disda9 = !ological illusions passes into ! fi]ce d]ision ( ! ,ode to ,satan & ! militant paganism ( ! ,sonnet to ,lu!r1 & ! ,hymn to ,man4 ,9 ,mat!w ,arnold x became a half-wi/ful resignation1 ! p5sive retrospect ( ! ,greek '?9k+ ( 8 own gods beside a fall5 runic /one'1 or li/5+ to ! 'melan*oly long )draw+ ro>' ( ! tide ( fai? 'd[n ! va/ edges dre> & nak$ %+les ( ! _w'2 :ile 9 ,james ,?omson resignation pass$ into ! unreliev$ pessimism ( ! ,city ( ,dreadful ,night4 ,9 all ^! poets1 :at 0 ( mom5t = poetry 0 n1 ( c\rse1 ! anti-!ological or anti-cl]ical s5tim5t :i* m>ks !m all1 b ! notes ( sombre & t]rible beauty :i* ! contemplation ( ! pass+ ( ! gods1 & ( man's fai? 9 !m1 elicits f _! art4 ,yet ! supreme figure1 n only among ^? :o %>e 9 ! anti-,romantic reaction b among all ! ,european poets ( 8 "t1 0 "o :o _h 9 ! heyday ( y\? l$ ! ,romantic vangu>d--,victor ,hugo4 ,leconte de ,lisle nev] ceas$ to own him 8 ma/]1 & ,hugo's g5ius _h s9ce 8 exile1 9 #ahea1 ent]$ ^u a phase 9 :i* a poetry su* z ! ,p>nassian s\ght--objective1 retic5t1 imp]sonal1 te*nically consummate--0 at lea/ "o ( ! /r+s ( 8 _m-*ord$ lyre4 ,?ree magnific5t works--! v cr[n & fl[] ( ,hugo's production--belong to ?is decade1 #ahej-fj1--! ,*tim5ts1 ,contemplations1 & ,lg5de des ,sicles4 ,i said advis$ly1 "o /r+ 9 8 lyre4 ,objective retic5ce is c]ta9ly n ! virtue ( ! t]rible indictm5t ( ',napoleon ! ,little'4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! greate/ qualities ( ,p>nassian poetry 7 exemplifi$ 9 _m spl5did pieces ( ! o!r two works1 toge!r ) a l>ge b5ignity :i* _! au/]e ,/oicism r>ely p]mits1 & ,i %all take z illu/ration ( ! f9e/ a*ievem5t ( poetry 9 ?is :ole fir/ phase ! clos+ /anzas ( 8 fam\s ,boaz ,endormi 9 ! ,lg5de1 ^: beauty ev5 translation _c :olly disguise4 ,our decasyllable is sub/itut$ = ! ,alex&r9e4#aa ',:ile ?us he slumb]$1 ,ru?1 a ,moabite1 ,lay at ! feet ( ,boaz1 h] brea/ b>e1 ,wait+1 %e knew n :51 %e knew n :]e1 ,! sudd5 my/]y ( wak5+ light4 ,boaz knew n t !re a woman lay1 ,nor ,ru? :at ,god desir$ ( h] c\ld tell2 ,fre% rose ! p]fume ( ! asphodel1 ,& t5d] brea!d ! dusk on ,galgala4 ,nuptial1 augu/1 & solemn 0 ! night1 ,angels no d\bt 7 pass+ on ! w+1 ,= n[ & !n !re float$ glimm]+ ,z x might be an azure plume 9 flight4 ,! l[ brea?+ ( ,boaz m+l$ !re ,) ! s(t murmur ( ! mossy rills4 ,x 0 ! mon? :5 e>? is debonnaire2 ,! lilies 7 9 fl[] ^u ! hills4 ,night compass$ ,boaz' slumb] & ,ru?'s dreams1 ,! %eep-bells vaguely t9kl$ f> & ne>2 ,inf9ite love brea!d f ! />ry sph]e2 ',twas ! /ill h\r :5 lions seek ! /reams4 ,ur & ,j]im$e? 7 all at re/2 ,! />s enamell$ ! blue vault ( sky2 ,amid ^? fl[]s ( d>kness 9 ! we/ ,! cresc5t %one2 & ) half op5 eye ,ru? wond]$1 moveless1 9 h] veils conceal$1 ,:at heav5ly reap]1 :5 ! day 0 done ,& h>ve/ ga!r$ 91 _h idly ?r[n ,t gold5 sickle on ! />ry field4' ,,ii4 ,,dream ,,& ,,symbol ,! rise ( ,fr5* symbolism t[>ds ! end ( ! 'sev5ties 0 a symptom ( a *ang$ temp] ( ?\ght & feel+ traceable 9 "s degree ?r\gh\t civiliz$ ,europe4 ,r\ghly1 x m>k$ ! pass+ ( ! confid5t & r sup]ficial security ( ! 'fifties into a vague unre/1 a k9d ( tr\bl$ awe4 ,z if exi/5ce altoge!r 0 a bigg]1 m my/]i\s1 & intractable ?+ ?an 0 assum$1 n s easily to be captur$ 9 ! =mulas ( triumphant sci5ce1 or mirror$ & analys$ by ! mo/ consummate lit]>y art4 ,political & social conditions contribut$ to ! *ange4 ,france /ood on ! morr[ ( a %att]+ cata/rophe4 ,! complac5cy ( mid-,victorian ,engl& began to be di/urb$ by m5aces f ! work%ops ( indu/ry4 ,& x 0 precisely 9 triumphant ,g]many h]self t revolution>y ,socialism f\nd1 9 ,k>l ,m>x1 its fir/ organiz+ m9d & au?oritative expon5t4 ,! mill5nium 0 n s ne> z x _h seem$2 ! problems ( society1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 solv$ once = all1 7 only1 x appe>$1 j com+ into view4 ,9 ! seclud$ work%ops ( ,?\ght1 subtl] *anges 7 sil5tly go+ on4 ,! dazzl+ triumphs ( physical sci5ce1 :i* _h l$ poetry itself to emulate ! m>ble impassivity ( ! sci5tific temp]1 7 undim9i%$2 b !y 7 se5 9 a new p]spective1 _! au?ority ceas$ to be exclusive1 ! focus ( int]e/ 0 sl[ly %ift+ f ! physical to ! psy*ical _w4 ,lange1 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism 9 #ahgd1 virtually p]=m$ its obsequies2 & ,tyndall's brilliant ef=t1 9 #ahga1 to equip primordial ,matt] ) ! 'promise & ! pot5cy' ( m9d1 unconsci\sly confess$ t its cause 0 lo/4 ,psy*ology1 aft] ,fe*n]1 /eadily advanc$ 9 pre/ige & importance f ! outly+ circumf]5ce ( ! sci5ces to _! v c5tre & core4 ,b x 0 n m]ely p>ticul> doctr9es t lo/ gr\nd2 ! scope & validity ( sci5tific me?od itself began to be que/ion$4 ,9 ! mo/ v>i$ fields ( ?\ght !re set 9 t 'ideali/ic reaction aga9/ sci5ce' :i* has be5 describ$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ p5etrat+ books ( our "t4 ,mo/ significant ( all1 sci5ce itself1 9 ! p]son ( ,ma*1 & ,pe>son1 has ab&on$ ! claim to d m ?an provide descriptive =mulas = ph5om5a ! real nature ( :i* is utt]ly beyond its p[] to discov]4 ,( ?is *ang$ outlook ! gr[? ( ,symbolism is ! mo/ significant lit]>y expression4 ,x 0 n conf9$ to ,france1 or to poetry4 ,we "k h[ ! drama ( ,ibs5 became *>g$ ) ult]ior mean+s z ! fi]y iconocla/ pass$ into ! poet ( insoluble & ineluctable d\bt4 ,b by ! ,fr5* symboli/s x 0 pursu$ z a cre$1 z a religion4 ,if ! dom9ant poetry ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury reflect$ ! pre/ige ( sci5ce1 ! dom9ant poetry ( ! f\r? reflect$ ! ideali/ic reactions aga9/ x1 & ,villi]s de l',ile ,adam1 its f\nd]1 came =w>d proclaim+ t ',sci5ce 0 bankrupt'4 ,& s x might well seem to him1 ! vision>y my/ic inhabit+1 z he did1 a _w ( /range beauty & invisible my/]y :i* sci5ce c\ld n unlock4 ,! symboli/s _h n all an explicit philosophy2 b !y 7 all aw>e ( pot5cies 9 ! _w or 9 !mselves :i* language _c articulately express1 & :i* are yet m vitally real ?an ! 'facts' :i* we c grasp & h&le1 & ! 'respectable' p :om we c measure & reckon )4 ,sometimes ^! pot5cies are vaguely my/]i\s1 an impalpable _s speak+ only by h9ts & tok5s2 sometimes !y are felt z ! pulsations ( an intoxicat+ beauty1 break+ =? 9 e fl[]1 b :i* c only be possess$1 n describ$2 sometimes !y are moods ( ! s\l1 beyond analysis1 & yet full ( wond] & beauty1 visions half creat$1 half p]ceiv$4 ,exp]i5ces l ^! might h be5 describ$1 z f> z description w\ld g1 by brilliant artific]s l ! ,p>nassians4 ,v]la9e & ,mall>m did n discov]1 b !y appli$ ) new d>+1 ! fact t an exp]i5ce may be communicat$ by words :i*1 in/ead ( repres5t+ x1 sugge/ x by _! col\r1 _! cad5ces1 _! rhy?m1 _! v]bal e*oes & in*oate phrases4 ,all ! traditional arti/ry ( ,fr5* poetic spee* 0 condemn$ z bo? inadequate & ins9c]e4 ',take eloqu5ce & wr+ h] neck6 ,no?+ b music & ! nuance--all ! re/ is ,lit]ature1 m]e writ+--futile v]bosity6' t 0 ! fam\s wat*word ( ,v]la9e's cre$4#ab ,! /r5g? ( symbolism lay 9 ?is dem& = a complete s9c]ity ( utt]ance4 ,its revolt aga9/ sci5ce 0 at ! same "t a v9dication ( tru?1 an ef=t to get ne>] to reality bo? by %$d+ (f ! incru/ations ( habitual phrase & by call+ into play ! obscure aff9ities by :i* x c be magically evok$4 ,9 ! subtleties ( sugge/ion lat5t 9 s5sations ! symboli/s 7 real discov]]s4 ,b ! way _h already be5 po9t$ 9 fam\s v]ses by ,baudelaire3 ',e>? is a ,temple1 f ^: pill>$ mazes ,murmurs confus$ ( liv+ utt]ance rise2 ,!re9 ,man ?ro' a =e/ ( symbols paces1 ,t contemplate him ) famili> eyes4 ,z prolong$ e*oes1 w&]+ on & on1 ,at la/ 9 "o f> t5ebr\s dep? unite1 ,impalpable z d>kness1 & z light1 ,sc5ts1 s\nds1 & col\rs meet 9 unison4' ,!re ,baudelaire _h t\*$ a *ord t 0 to s\nd l\d & long2 = :at else ?an ?is ?\ght ( all ! s5ses meet+ 9 union inspir$ ! music drama ( ,wagn]8--only "o ( 8 po9ts ( k9%ip1 z we %all see1 ) symbolism4 ,?us ! symboli/s1 9 que/ ( reality1 t\*$ x only ?r\gh ! inn] life4 ,!re !y are1 9 _! fa%ion1 reali/s4 ',a l&scape'1 said ,alb]t ,sama91 'is a /ate ( s\l4' ,! l&scape may be false1 b ! /ate ( s\l is v]aci\s4 ,:at int]e/s !m 9 life is ! image ( life1 n lucidly reflect$ b exquisitely trans=m$4 ,yet ! vision ( ! _w caught 9 t trans=m+ mirror 0 n )\t /range reveal+ glimpses1 invisible1 l />s mirror$ 9 a well1 to ! pla9 obs]v]4 ,!y c\ld he> ! music ( ! sph]es2 or 9 ! language ( ,sama9's sonnet ',feel fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 l a p\r+ wave1 ,! music-tide ( univ]sal ,s\l2 ,he> 9 _! he>t ! beat+ pulse ( heav54'#ac ,9 ! e>li] poetry ( ,maurice ,maet]l9ck1 ! inn] life imposes a m jeal\s sway4 ,! poet sits n be=e a trans=m+ mirror1 :]e ! out] _w is disguis$1 b 9 a clos$ *amb]1 :]e x is only dream$ (1 & x fades into ! incoh]5ce & ! irrelevance ( a dream4 ,b ! *amb] is ( r>e beauty1 & 9 its hu%$ & p]fum$ twilight1 dramas ( ! _s are be+ sil5tly & almo/ imp]ceptibly enact$1 m tragic ?an ! l\d passion & viol5ce ( ! /age4 ,he has writt5 an essay on ,sil5ce1--sil5ce t1 l humility1 holds = him a 'treasure' beyond ! rea* ( eloqu5ce or ( pride2 = x is ! dwell+ ( our true self1 ! spiritual core ( u1 'm pr(\nd & m b\ndless ?an ! self ( ! passions or ( pure reason4' ,& s !re is less matt] = drama 9 'a capta9 :o conqu]s 9 battle or a husb& :o av5ges 8 hon\r ?an 9 an old man1 seat$ 9 8 arm-*air wait+ pati5tly ) 8 lamp beside him1 giv+ unconsci\s e> to all ! et]nal laws t reign ab\t 8 h\se1 int]pret+ )\t compreh5d+1 ! sil5ce ( door & w9d[1 & ! quiv]+ voice ( ! light2 submitt+ ) b5t head to ! pres5ce ( 8 s\l & 8 de/9y4' ,x is on ?is side t symbolism discloses its k9%ip ) ! ,russian novel1--) ! my/ic quietism ( ,tol/oy & ! religion ( self-sacrifice 9 ,do/oievsky2 & its %>p antagonism to ! ,nietzs*ean gospel ( daemonic w & ru?less self-ass]tion1 j !n be+ prea*$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! two fai?s 7 bo? alive & bo? respond$ to deep ?\gh div]se ne$s ( ! "t2 b ! imm$iate future1 z we %all see1 belong$ to ! second4 ,!y _h _! fir/ res\nd+ enc\nt] :5 ,nietzs*e held up 8 once v5]at$ ma/] ,wagn] to scorn z ! *ief ( 'decad5ts' because he _h turn$ f ! sup]human h]oism ( ,siegfri$ & ! b\ndless passion ( ,tri/ram to glorify ! my/ic ,ca?olicism ( ! ,grail & ! lovel9ess ( ! 'pure fool' ,p>zifal4 ,outside ,france symbolism f\nd eag] response among "y poets1 b r z a lit]>y ?an z an e?ical doctr9e4 ,9 ,g]many ,dehmel1 ! mo/ p[]ful p]sonality among h] rec5t poets1 began z a disciple ( ,v]la9e2 9 ,italy1 ,d',annunzio wove esot]ic symbols into ! texture ( ! m ?an ,nietzs*ean sup]manl9ess ( 8 sup]m5 & sup]wom54 ,m significant ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 0 ! symbolism ( :at we call ! ,celtic s*ool ( poets 9 ,irel&4 ,= "h bo? _! arti/ic impressionism & _! my/ic spirituality f\nd a cong5ial soil4 ,! pr9cipal m$iat+ =ce 0 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,symons1 fri5d ( ,v]la9e & ( ,yeats1 & himself ! mo/ p5etrat+ int]pret] ( ,symbolism1 bo? z critic & z poet4#ad ,& to ! ,fr5* influ5ce 0 add$ t ( ,blake1 a poet too great to be includ$ 9 any s*ool1 b alli$ to symbolism by 8 scorn = 'intellect' & = rhetoric1 & by 8 audacities ( figur$ spee*4 ,b ,mr4 ,yeats & ',a4,e4'1 ! lead]s ( ! ',celtic' gr\p1 are 9 no s5se d]ivation voices4 ,!y _h ! great advantage ov] ! ,fr5* ( a liv+ native folklore & fa]y lore4 ,h5ce _! symbolism1 no less subtle1 & no less /eep$ 9 poetic imag9+1 has n ! same air ( lit]>y artifice1 ( /udio fabrication1 ( cultur$ ,bohemianism2 x brea!s ( ! old ,iri% hills1 holy ) old-_w rites1 & ! haunt$ woods1 & ! magical twilight & dewy dawns4 ,& b5ea? all ! folklore1 & animat+ x1 is ! passion = ,irel& h]self1 ! "m1 dea?less & ev] "y1 :om nei!r ! desolation ( ! "t nor ! decay ( hope c t\*3 ',out-worn he>t 9 a "t out-worn ,come cle> ( ! nets ( wrong & "r2 ,laugh1 he>t1 aga9 9 ! grey twilight2 ,sigh1 he>t1 aga9 9 ! dew ( ! morn4 ,y\r "m ,eire is always "y1 ,dew ev] %9+ & twilight grey2 ,?o' hope fall f y & love decay ,burn+ 9 fires ( a sl&]\s tongue4 ,come1 he>t1 :]e hill is heap$ ^u hill2 ,= !re ! my/ical bro!rhood ,( sun & moon & holl[ & wood ,& riv] & /ream "w out _! w4' ,= t1 ! ,fr5* _h only ! ,fauns ( a lit]>y neo-classicism4 ,! passion = ,france 0 yet inde$ to f9d a voice 9 poetry4 ,b ?is 0 res]v$ = ! m trumpet-tongu$ tones ( ! contempor>y phase to :i* ,i n[ turn4 ,,iii4 ',,creative ,,evolution' #a4 ,philosophic ,analogies ,no?+ is m symptomatic ( ! incipi5t tw5tie? c5tury ?an ! draw+ toge!r ( curr5ts ( ?\ght & action be=e remote or ho/ile4 ,! ,p>nassians 7 an exclusive sect1 ! symboli/s an ecc5tric & (t5 disreputable cot]ie2 ,claudel1 ,d',annunzio1 ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 speak home to ?rongs ( ev]yday read]s1 are ev5 national idols1 & our ,georgians contrive to be b\ght & read )\t ! lea/ surr5d] ( :at is mo/ poetic 9 _! poetry4 ,& ! analogies betwe5 philosophic ?9k+ & poetic creation become peculi>ly /rik+4 ,m]ely to "n ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 & ,b5$etto ,croce is to become vividly aw>e ( ^! analogies & ( ! common b5t f :i* !y spr+4 ,all ?ree--:e!r ) brilliant rhetoric1 or iron logic1 or a bl5d ( bo?--use _! ?9k+ p[] to d]ide ! !oriz+ intellig5ce 9 comp>ison ) ! creative intuition :i* culm9ates 9 poetry4 ,to def9e ! scope & prov9ce ( ?is intuition is ! purport ( ,croce's epo*-mak+ ,ae/hetics1 ! basis & />t+-po9t ( 8 illum9+ "w1 9 ,critica1 z a lit]>y critic4 ,b]gson is ! dom9ant figure 9 a l9e ( ,fr5* ?9k]s possess$ ) ! conviction t life1 a p]petual /ream+ =? ( creative en]gy1 _c be caught 9 ! me*anism ( law1 adapt$ to m]ely physical ph5om5a1 :i* at be/ m]ely gives u g5]alizations & lets ! all-important p>ticul>s--! individual liv+ ?+--slip ?r\gh ! me%es2 :]eas intuition--! eye fix$ on ! object--p5etrates to ! v he>t ( ?is individual liv+ ?+1 & only drops out ! skeleton framework ( ab/ract laws4 ,philosophy1 9 ^! ?9k]s1 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! analogies ( arti/ic creation4 ',beauty1' said ,ravaisson1 '& especially beauty 9 ! mo/ div9e & p]fect =m1 conta9s ! secret ( ! _w4'#ae ,& ,b]gson's ,creative ,evolution embodi$ a conception ( life & ( ! _w pr(\ndly cong5ial to ! arti/ic & poetic temp] ( 8 "t4 ,= he re/at$1 x has be5 well said1 ! two great surviv+ =mulas ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 evolution & ! w to live1 9 t]ms precisely suit$ to ! temp] ( ! age j dawn+4 ,! w to live became a =mula ( hope & progress2 evolution became a =mula ( vital impulse1 ( creative purpose1 n ( me*anical '/ruggle = exi/5ce'4 ,! idea t ae/hetic exp]i5ce gives a pr(\nd] clue ?an logical ?\ght to ! inn] mean+ ( ?+s 0 z old z ,plato4 ,x 0 "o ( ! cr[n+ ?\ghts ( ,kant2 x deeply col\r$ ! metaphysics ( ,s*ell+4 ,& ,nietzs*e develop$ x ) brilliant audacity :5 9 8 ,bir? ( ,trag$y 7#ahgb7 he contra/$ scornfully ) ! lab\r$ & ineffectual con/ructions ( ! !oretic man1 ev5 ( ,socrates ! f\nd] ( philosophy1 ! radiant vision ( ! arti/1 ! lucid cl>ity ( ,apollo4 ',8 book gave ! lie to a ?\s& ye>s ( ord]ly developm5t'1 wrote ! great ,hell5i/ ,wilam[itz1 ,nietzs*e's old s*oolfell[1 indignant at 8 rejection ( ! lab\rs ( s*ola/ic reason4 ,b x affirm$ en]getically ! passion ( 8 own "t = imm$iate & fir/-h& exp]i5ce4 ,& x did m4 ,beside & above ,apollo1 ,nietzs*e put ,dionysus2 beside vision & above x1 rage4 ,( ! union ( ^! two ,trag$y 0 born4 ,& ,nietzs*e's glorification ( ?is elem5tal creative =ce also respond$ to a wid] movem5t 9 philosophy1 "h *iefly ,g]man4 ,8 ,dionysiac rage is directly d]iv$ f t w 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] saw ! ma/] faculty ( man & ! hidd5 secret ( ! univ]se2 & ! beg9n+ ( ,s*op5hau]'s fame1 ab\t #ahej1 co9cides ) a g5]al rehabilitation ( w z ! dom9ant faculty 9 ! s\l & 9 ! _w1 at ! co/ ( ! me?odic ord]ly processes ( und]/&+2 a movem5t exhibit$ 9 ! psy*ological innovations ( ,wundt & ,mn/]b]g1 9 ! gr[? ( ! doctr9e t :at a ?+ is is det]m9$ by :at x c2 t value is 9 fact ! measure1 & ev5 ! mean+1 ( exi/5ce2 t w c arm impot5ce1 create fai?1 & ma/] disease2 & 9 ! call ( ! colossal w-p[] :i* creat$ ! ,g]man empire & laun*$ h] on ! c>e] ( indu/rial greatness4 ,nietzs*e's ,sup]man is1 above all1 a be+ ( colossal & ma/]ful w1 & ,z>a?u/ra1 ! prophet ( sup]humanity1 is only an inc>nation ( ! w t = ,s*op5hau] mov$ ! _w4 ,! mom5t at :i* ! pre/ige ( w began def9itely to ov]come t ( reason+ is m>k$1 z ,aliotta has po9t$ out1 by ! appe>ance ( ,james's ,w to ,believe1 j :5 agno/icism seem$ triumphant4 ,nietzs*e & ,b]gson ?us1 ) all _! obvi\s & imm5se div]g5ces1 concurr$ 9 ?is respect1 important f our pres5t po9t ( view1 t _! influ5ce t5d$ to transf] au?ority f ! philosophic reason to ^? 'irrational' elem5ts ( m9d :i* rea* _! highe/ int5sity 9 ! vision & 'rage' ( ! poet4 ,james's v9dication ( drunk5 exaltation z a s\rce ( religi\s insight 0 n ! lea/ symptomatic passage ( 8 great book4 ,& bo? concurr$1 h[ev] remote _! me?ods or _! spee*1 9 conceiv+ reality z creation1 creation 9 :i* we take "p--a conception :i* aga91 9 ! h&s ( ! con/ructive religi\s ?9k]1 l$ directly to ! type ( fai? ann\nc$ 9 t la/--! ,jamesian--',v>iety' ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 :i* repres5ts u z indisp5sable fell[-work]s & allies ( a gr[+ & /riv+ ,god4 #b4 ,! ,new ,fre$om ,no read] ( ! poetry ( our "t c mi/ake ! k9%ip ( its prevail+ temp] ) t :i* lies at ! root ( ^! philosophies4 ,)\t try+ to fit its inf9ite v>iety to any f9ite =mula1 we may yet v5ture to f9d 9 x1 z ,mr4 ,mc,dowall has f\nd 9 our ,georgian poetry 9 p>ticul>1 a *>act]i/ic union ( grip & deta*m5t2 ( int5se & eag] grasp ^u actuality z x breaks ^u u 9 ! successive mom5ts ( ! /ream ( "t1 & yet an inn] indep5d5ce ( x1 a refusal to be obsess$ by its sanctions & au?orities1 a tacit assumption t ev]y?+1 by :atev] l5g? ( tradition consecrat$1 mu/ come be=e ! b> ( ! new c5tury to be judg$ by its new m9d4 ',y\? is knock+ at ! door1' z x is said ( ,hilda 9 ! symbolical ,ma/] ,build]1 & d\btless 9 e g5]ation ! phili/9es or ,victorians 9 possession h _h occasion to make t rem>k4 ,! diff]5ce 9 our "t is r t y\? comes 9 )\t knock+1 & t in/ead ( hav+ to "w sl[ly up to f9al dom9ance aga9/ ! in]tia ( an e/abli%$ lit]>y h\sehold1 x has spontane\sly1 l ,hilda ,wrangel1 tak5 possession ( ! home1 r9d+ criticism b\ndlessly eulogi/ic1 ! public inexhau/ibly responsive1 & philosophy int]pret+ ! univ]se1 z we h se51 precisely 9 sympa?y ) its own nave intuitions4 ,no wond] t y\? at tw5ty is writ+ its autobiography or hav+ its biography writt51 & t at tw5ty-five x makes a %[ ( lay+ d[n ! p51 l ,max ,be]baum1 ) ! ge/ure ( "o ris+ sat$ f ! fea/ ( life3 ',i %all write no m4' ,! fact t y\? f9ds itself ?us at home 9 ! _w expla9s ! diff]5ce 9 temp] betwe5 ! new poets ( fre$om & ! old4 ,! wild or wi/ful cry ( ,%elley = an ideal /ate emancipat$ f pa9 & dea? is z remote f _! poetry z 8 spiritual an>*y f _! politics2 !y c dream & see visions1 9 ,scott's phrase1 'l any "o go+'1 b _! feet are on ! solid gr\nd ( actuality & citiz5%ip1 & ! actuality comes into & col\rs _! poetry no less ?an _! vision4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,dr9kwat] looks out ( 8 't[n w9d[' he dreams ( ! crocus flam+ gold 9 f>-(f ,w>wick woods2 b he does n repudiate ! drab +lori\s /reet nor ! tramway r++ & moan+ ov] ! cobbles1 & !y come into 8 v]se4 ,& ,i f9d x significant ( ! :ole temp] ( ! new poetry to ord9>y life no less ?an t ( ord9>y m5 & wom5 to ! new poetry1 t he has won a s+ul>ly intimate relation%ip ) a great indu/rial community4 ,he has n f>$ l 8 c>v] 9 /one4 ,b !n ! eagles ( 8 c>v+1 ?\gh capable ( ris+1 l ,%elley's1 to ! sun1 are ! ,cromwells & ,l9colns :o !mselves br\ght ! eagle's val\r & undimm$ eye into ! /ress & turmoil ( affairs4 ,no d\bt a fi]c] note ( revolt may be he>d at times 9 ! poetry ( contempor>y ,france1 & t precisely :]e devotion to "s p>ts ( ! h]itage ( ! pa/ is mo/ impassion$4 ,! iconocla/ic scorn ( y\?'s idealism = ! effet5ess ( ! 'old hunk]s'1 z ,:itman call$ !m1 has r>ely rung out m %>ply ?an 9 ! clos+ /anzas ( ,claudel's great ,palm ,sunday ode4 ,all ! pomp & spl5d\r ( bi%ops & c>d9als is idle :ile victory yet is 9 susp5se3 t mu/ be won by y\? 9 arms4 ',to-morr[ ! c&les & ! dais & ! bi%op ) 8 cl]gy cop$ & gold emboss$1 ,b to-day ! %\t l ?und] ( an equal1 un(fic]$ ho/ ,:o1 l$ & k9dl$ by ! flag alone1 ,) "o sole _s swoll51 & on "o sole ?\ght int5t1 ,are become "o cry l ! cra% ( walls %att]$ & gates r5t3 ',hosanna unto ,david's son6' ,ne$less ! haughty /e$s m>ble-sculptur$1 or triumphal ar*es1 or *>iots & f\r1 ,ne$less ! flags & ! cap>isons1 ! mov+ pyramids & t[]s1 & c>s t ?und] & ro>1-- ',tis b an ass :]eon sits ,*ri/2 ,= to make an end ( ! nightm>e built by ! p$ants & ! ph>isees1 ,to get home to reality across ! gulf ( m5dacities1 ,! fir/ %e-ass he saw suffic$6 ,et]nal y\? is ma/]1 ! hide\s gang ( old m5 is done )1 we ,/& "h l *ildr51 fann$ by ! brea? ( ! ?+s to be1 ,b victory we w h to-day6 ,aft]w>ds ! corn t l gold gives return1 aft]w>ds ! gold t l corn is fai?ful & w be>1 ,! fruit we h h5ce=? only to ga!r1 ! l& we h h5ce=? only to %>e1 ,b victory we w h to-day6' ,9 ! same _s ,*>les ,pguy--l ,claudel1 be x not$1 a /ud5t ( ,b]gson at ! cole ,normale--f\nd 8 ideal 9 ! great /ory ( ! "y girl ( ,domremy :o sav$ ,france :5 all ! pomp & wisdom ( g5]als _h brok5 d[n4 ,& 9 our own poetry has n ,mr4 ,bottomley rewritt5 ! ,le> /ory1 ) ! focus ( p[] & int]e/ transf]r$ f ! old k+--left ) n an in* ( k+ 9 him--to a glori\s "y ,artemis-,gon]il8 ,b among our ,engli% ,georgians ?is t5se iconocla/ic note is r>e4 ,_! deta*m5t f :at !y repudiate is n fanatical or ascetic2 x is convey$ less 9 invective ?an 9 p>adox & irony2 _! temp] is n t :i* flies to ! wild]ness & dresses 9 camel hair1 b ( m>9]s putt+ out to ! unkn[n & bidd+ a n unfri5dly good-bye at ! %ore4 ,! temp] ( adv5ture is deeply +ra9$ 9 ! new romance z 9 ! old2 ! v ^w adv5ture is saturat$ ) a s5tim5t v cong5ial to u bo? = bett] & worse2 x quick5s ! h]o 9 u & flatt]s ! devil-may-c>e4 ,9 its simple/ =m ! temp] ( adv5ture has giv5 u ! pr(usion ( pleasant v]ses :i* we "k z ! poetry ( 'vagabondage' & '! op5 road'4 ,! po9t is too famili> to be dwelt on1 & has be5 admirably illu/rat$ & discuss$ by ,mr4 ,mc,dowall4 ,george ,borr[1 pr9ce ( vagabonds1 ,/ev5son1 ! ',ariel'1 ) 8 ',vagabond-song'-- ',all ,i seek ! heav5 above1 ,& ! road bel[ me'1 & a few less vocal swall[s1 anticipat$ ! m su/a9$ flights & melodies ( to-day1 :ile ,borr['s wond]ful company ( vagabond h]oes & h]o9es is simil>ly premonitory ( ! allur+ gipsies & circus-cl[ns ( our ,georgian poetry4 ,sometimes a traditional motive is creatively trans=m$2 z :5 ,fa!r ,"t1 ! solemn %ad[ ) admonitory h\r-glass1 appe>s 9 ,mr4 ,hodgson's poem z an old gipsy pit*+ 8 c>avan 'only a mom5t & (f once aga9'4 ,else:]e a deep] note is s\nd$4 ,x is n = no?+ t ,jeanne d',arc is ! sa9t ( ,fr5* ,ca?olic democracy1 or t ,pguy1 h] poet1 calls ! ,inc>nation ! 'sublime adv5ture ( ,god's ,son'4 ,t la/ adv5ture ( ! ,dantesque ,ulysses beyond ! sunset ?rills u to-day m ?an ! ,odyssean tale ( 8 triumphant home-return1 & ,d',annunzio1 greatly d>+1 takes x z ! symbol ( 8 own adv5tur\s life4 ,francis ,?ompson's mo/ fam\s poem1 too1 repres5ts ! div9e ef=t to save ! err+ s\l "u ! image ( ! h\nd's eag] *ase ( a qu>ry :i* may escape2 :ile ,yeats he>s ,god 'bl[+ 8 lonely horn' along ! moonlit fa]y glades ( ,er94 ,& ,m]$i?1 :o s (t5 pr(\ndly voic$ ! _s ( ! "t 9 :i* only 8 ripe old age 0 pass$1 /ruck ?is note 9 8 sublime v]ses on revolution>y ,france-- 'so>+ ,france ,t div9ely %ook ! dead ,f liv+ man2 t /ret*$ ahead ,h] resolute =ef+] /raight ,& m>*$ t[>d ! gloomy gate ,( ,e>?'s ,untri$4' ,x is ne$less to dwell ^u ! aff9ity betwe5 ?is temp] ( adv5ture 9 poetry & ! tea*+ ( ,b]gson4 ,t ! l9k is n :olly =tuit\s is %[n by ! int]e/+ ,art ,potique 7#aijc7 ( 8 quondam pupil1 ,claudel1 a little treatise p]vad$ by ! idea ( ,creative-evolution4 ,x 0 natural 9 su* a "t to assume t any liv+ art ( poetry mu/ itself be new1 & 9 fact ! ye>s imm$iately be=e & aft] ! turn ( ! c5tury are cr[d$ ) ann\ncem5ts ( 'new' movem5ts 9 art ( e k9d4 ,beside ,claudel's ,art ,potique we h 9 ,engl& ! ,new ,ae/heticism ( ,grant ,all52 9 ,g]many ! 'new pr9ciple' 9 v]se ( ,arno ,holz4 ,& "h aga9 ! ,engli% innovators are di/+ui%$ by a good-hum\r$ gaiety1 if also by a slight] build ( ?\ght1 f ! ,fr5* or ,nietzs*ean 'revalu]s'4 ,rup]t ,brooke delightfully p>odies ! exquisite hesitances & falt]+ half-tones ( ,pat]'s cloi/ral prose2 & ,mr4 ,*e/]ton pleasantly mocks at ! set melan*oly ( ! aggressive ,decad5ce 9 :i* he himself grew up3 ',sci5ce ann\nc$ non5tity1 & art ador$ decay1 ,! _w 0 old & end$1 b y & ,i 7 gay4' ,l _! pr$ecessors 9 ! e>li] ,romantic s*ool1 ! new adv5tur]s h notori\sly exp]im5t$ ) poetic =m4 ,france1 ! home ( ! mo/ rigid & meticul\s metrical tradition1 _h already l$ ! way 9 sub/itut+ = ! /rictly measur$ v]se ! m loosely organiz$ h>monies ( rhy?mical prose1 b\nd toge!r1 & inde$ made recognizable z v]se1 9 any s5se1 solely by ! rhyme4 ,) ! ,symboli/s 'free v]se' 0 an attempt to capture f9] modulations ( music ?an ! rigid frame ( metre all[$4 ,) _! successors x _h r ! value ( a pla/ic m$ium 9 :i* e v>iety ( matt] & ( mood c\ld be fai?fully express$4 ,b :e!r call$ v]se or n1 ! va/ ru%+ modulations ( rhy?mic music 9 ! great pieces ( ,claudel & o!rs h a magnific5ce n to be d5i$4 ,& ! less explicitly poetic =m p]mits matt] :i* w\ld j> on ! poetic in/9ct if convey$ ?r\gh a metrical =m to be tak5 up z x 7 9 ?is l>g] & loos] /ride4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rhy?mic emancipation ( ,:itman 0 c>ri$ out1 9 ! s*ool ( ,arno ,holz1 ) a revolution>y audacity beyond ! example ev5 ( ,claudel4 ,holz /ates ) great cle>ness & tr5*ancy :at he calls 8 'new pr9ciple ( lyric'2 "o :i* 'ab&ons all v]bal music z an aim1 & is borne solely by a rhy?m made vital by ! ?\ght /ruggl+ ?r\gh x to expression'4 ,rhyme & /rophe are giv5 up1 only rhy?m rema9s4 ,( our ,georgian poetry1 x mu/ suffice to note t "h1 too1 ! temp] ( adv5ture 9 =m is rife4 ,b x %[s itself1 *>act]i/ically1 less 9 revolution>y innovation ?an 9 attempts to elicit new & /range effects f traditional measures by deploy+ to ! utmo/1 & 9 bold & extreme comb9ations1 _! traditional res\rces & v>iations1 z 9 ! blank v]se ( ,mr4 ,ab]crombie & ,mr4 ,bottomley4 ,?is1 & mu* beside 9 ,georgian v]se1 has moods & mom5ts ( r>e beauty4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 v]se-=m is ! region ( poetic art 9 :i* ,georgian poetry z a :ole is lea/ secure4 #c4 ,! ,new ,realism ,we see !n h[ deeply root$ ?is new fre$om is 9 ! passion = actuality2 n ! dream b ! wak+ & al]t exp]i5ce ?robs & pulses 9 x4 ,we h n[ to look m closely into ?is o!r aspect ( x4 ,realism is a h>d-work$ t]m1 b x may be tak5 to imply t ! ov]fl[+ vitality ( :i* poetry is "o expression fa/5s ) peculi> eag]ness ^u ! visible & tangible _w ab\t u & seeks to convey t ze/ 9 words4 ,our poets n only d n scorn ! e>? to lose !mselves 9 ! sky2 !y are positive fri5ds ( ! matt]-(-fact1 & t n 9 spite ( poetry1 b = poetry's sake2 & ,pegasus flies m freely because '?+s' are '9 ! saddle' along ) ! poet4 ,t ?is matt]-(-factness is lov$ by poets1 = poetry's sake1 m>ks x (f once = all f ! photographic or 'pla9' realism ( ,crabbe4 ,b x is also cle>ly di/9ct f ! no less poetic realism ( ,wordswor?4 ,wordswor?'s m9d is cons]vative & traditional2 8 inspiration is /atic2 he glorifies ! primrose on ! riv] br9k by see+ its transi5ce 9 ! light ( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$ :i* does n *ange nor pass away4 ,romance1 9 a high s5se1 lies ab\t 8 greate/ poetry4 ,b x is a romance root$ 9 memory1 n 9 hope--! 'glory ( ! grass & spl5d\r ( ! fl[]' :i* he _h se5 9 *ildhood & imag9atively re-creat$ 9 maturity2 a romance :i* *ange1 & especially ! intrusions ( indu/rial man1 dispell$ & de/roy$4 ,:]eas ! romance ( our new realism re/s1 9 good "p1 precisely 9 ! s5se t ! ?+ s vividly gripp$ is n or ne$ n be p]man5t1 may turn into some?+ else1 has only a t5ancy1 n a freehold1 9 its conditions ( space & "t1 a 'toss-up' hold ^u exi/5ce1 z x 71 full ( ! ze/ ( adv5tur\s insecurity4 ,a pessimi/ic philosophy w\ld dissipate ?is romance1 or /rip x ( all b ! m\rnful poetry ( doom4 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton glorifies ! du/ :i* may become a fl[] or a face1 aga9/ ! ,rev]5d ,pet] ,bell = :om du/ is du/ & no m1 & ,hamlet :o only rememb]s t x once 0 ,caes>4 ,if our realism is buoyant1 if x _h at once ! absorb$ & ! op5 m9d1 ?is is1 9 l>ge "p1 9 virtue ( ! temp] :i* f9ds reality a p]petual creation4 ,e mom5t is preci\s & significant1 = x comes ) ! burd5 & mean+ ( some?+ t has nev] completely be5 be=e2 & goes by only to give place to ano!r mom5t equally curi\s & new4 ,?is is ! deep] gr\nd ( our pres5t fa%ion ( p>adox2 :at ,mr4 ,*e/]ton1 its apo/le1 means :5 he says t '! great romance is reality'2 = p>adox1 ! unexpect$1 is1 9 a reality s fram$1 ! b>e & sob] tru?4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy1 9 our new poetry1 ( pieces f\nd$ delib]ately ^u1 z ,mr4 ,mc,dowall po9ts out1 p>adox3 ! break+ 9 ( "s utt] surprise ^u a humdrum society1 z 9 ,mr4 de la ,m>e's ,?ree ,jolly ,f>m]s1 or ,mr4 ,ab]crombie's ,end ( ! ,_w1 or ,mr4 ,munro's ,/range ,meet+s4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is incessantly creat$ reality we are ourselves incessantly creative4 ,t may seem to foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse2 b x corresponds ) ! mo/ radical ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 our realism & t ( ,wordswor?4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,wells tells u t 8 mo/ compreh5sive belief ab\t ! univ]se is t e "p ( x is ultimately important1 he is n express+ a my/ic pan!ism :i* feels e "p to be div9e1 b a g5]\s pragmatism :i* holds t e "p works4 ,! idea ( %ap+ & adapt+ w1 ( en]gy 9 indu/ry1 ( m]e r\t9e practicality 9 (fice or h\sehold1 is no long] taboo$1 or %yly evad$2 n because ( any !oretic exaltation ( lab\r or consecration ( ! commonplace1 b because m]ely to use ?+s1 to make !m fulfil our purposes1 to br+ !m into t\* ) our activities1 itself ?r[s a k9d ( halo ov] ev5 v humble & homely memb]s ( ! 'div9e democracy ( ?+s'4 ,rup]t ,brooke draws up a fam\s catalogue ( ! ?+s ( :i* he 0 a 'great lov]'4 ,he lov$ !m1 he says1 simply z be+4 ,& no d\bt1 ! simple s5sations ( col\r1 t\*1 or smell c\nt$ = mu*4 ,b comp>e !m ) ! ?+s t ,keats1 a yet great] lov] ( s5sations1 lov$4 ,y feel 9 ,brooke's li/ t he lik$ do+ ?+s z well z fea/+ 8 passive s5ses2 ^! 'plates'1 'holes 9 ! gr\nd1' 'wa%5 /ones1' ! cold grav5ess ( iron1 & s =?4 ,"o detects 9 ! li/ ! ,brooke :o1 z a boy1 w5t ab\t ) a book ( poems 9 "o h& & a cricket-ball 9 ! o!r1 & ^: left h& well knew :at 8 "r h& did4#af ,t takes u f> f ! dream ( et]nal beauty1 :i* a ,greek urn or a night+ale's song br\ght to ,keats1 & ! fatal ^w '=lorn'1 br++ back ! light ( common day1 dispell$4 ,! old e?ical & ae/hetic canons are subm]g$ 9 a passion = life :i* f9ds a good beyond good & evil1 & a beauty born ( ugl9ess m vital ?an beauty's self4 ',! wor? ( a drama is measur$'1 said ,d',annunzio1 'by its fullness ( life'1 & ! =mula expla9s1 if x does n ju/ify1 ^? tropical g>d5s1 rank ) ! gross blooms ( 'sup]human' eroticism & f]ocity1 to :i* he latt]ly gave t "n4 ,& we "k h[ ,maet]l9ck has em]g$ f ! my/ic dreams & sil5ces ( 8 recluse *amb] to unfold ! dramatic pugnacities ( ,birds & ,bees4 ,ev5 ! d[nright f\lness & ugl9ess :i* "s p f9d s puzzl+ 9 poets ) an acute delight 9 beauty1 l ,mr4 ,masefield1 come into x n f any ae/hetic obtus5ess1 b because ^! ugl9esses are full ( ! ze/ ( drama1 ( ?+s be+ done or made1 ( life be+ liv$4 ,:5 ,masefield s\nd$ 8 *all5ge to ! old ae/hetics3 ',o!rs may s+ ( ! w9e & ! weal? & ! mir?1 ,m9e be ! dirt & ! dross1 ! du/ & scum ( ! e>?'1 he knew well1 z ,! ,ev]la/+ ,m]cy & ,! ,wid[ ( ,bye ,/reet %[$1 t dirt & dross1 if wr\ght into trag$y1 c w9 a high] beauty ?an ! h>monies ( idyll4 ,ev5 ! hide\s eld] wom5 9 ,mr4 ,bottomley's ,le>'s ,wife1 or 8 ,regan--an ill-condition$ girl1 sidl+ among ! 'sweaty1 half-clad cook-maids' aft] pig-kill+1 'sme>y & hot z !y'1 p>ticipate 9 ?is beauty & en]gy ( do+4 ,poetry1 9 ^! cases1 w9s p]haps at mo/ a ,pyrrhic victory ov] reluctant matt]4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! second ( ! great ,belgian poets4 ,9 ! "w ( ,v]ha]51 ! mod]n indu/rial city1 ) its spread+ t5tacles ( dev\r+ grime & squalor1 its clang+ factories1 its teem+ baza>s & w>eh\ses1 & all its ?rong+ human population1 is tak5 up triumphantly into poetry4 ,v]ha]5 is ! poet ( 'tumultu\s =ces'1 :e!r !y appe> 9 ! ro> & cla% ( 't furnace we call exi/5ce'1 or 9 ! h]oic /ruggles ( ! ,flemi% nation = fre$om4 ,& he exhibits ^! surg+ =ces 9 a /yle itself full ( tumultu\s p[]1 ,g]manic r ?an ,fr5* 9 its viol5t & /ormy spl5d\r1 & us+ ! *>t]$ lic5ce ( ! ,fr5* 'free v]se' itself ) m emphasis ?an subtlety4 #d4 ,! ,cult ( ,=ce ,9 ,v]ha]51 inde$1 we are consci\s ( pass+ into ! pres5ce ( p[] m elem5tal & unre/ra9$ ?an ! civil ref9em5t ( our ,georgians1 at _! wilde/1 all[s u to suspect4 ,! tragic & h]oic hi/ory ( 8 p1 & _! robu/ art1 ! art ( ,rembr&t1 & ( ,t5i]s1 vibrates 9 ! ,flemi% poet4 ,he has mu* ( ! temp]am5t ( ,nietzs*e1 & if n evid5tly sway$ by 8 ideas1 or ev5 aw>e ( !m1 & ) a g5]\s fai? 9 humanity :i* ,nietzs*e nev] knew1 he ?9ks & imag9es ) a k9dr$ joy 9 viol5ce3 ',i love man & ! _w1 & ,i adore ! =ce ,:i* my =ce gives & takes f man & ! univ]se4' ,& x is no consid]able /ep f him to ! poets :o 9 ?is ?ird phase ( our p]iod h unequivocally exult$ 9 p[] & burnt inc5se or (f]$ sacrifice be=e ! alt> ( ! /rong man4 ,! joy 9 creation :i*1 we saw1 gives its romance to s mu* ( ! realism ( our "t1 n[ appe>s acc5tuat$ 9 ! fi]c] romance ( conflict & ov]?r[4 ,?anks l>gely to ,nietzs*e1 ?is romance acquir$ ! /atus ( an au?oritative philosophy--ev51 9 8 own c\ntry1 t ( an e?ical or?odoxy4 ,! ,g]man p 0 d\btless less deeply & univ]sally imbu$ ) ?is fai? ?an our w>-prejudice assumes4 ,b ph5om5a su* z ! enorm\s success ( a *eap exposition ( x1 ,rembr&t als ,erzieh] 7#ahij7 by a f]v5t ,bism>ckian1 & ( ! comic j\rnal ,simplicissimus 7f\nd$ #ahie7 devot$ to sy/ematic ridicule ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,g]man virtues ( t5d]ness & sympa?y1 indicat$ a curr5t ( =midable p[] & compass1 :i* 0 soon to ma/] all ! o!r afflu5ts ( ! national /ream4 ,b old]1 & 9 "p =eign1 influ5ces concurr$ to col\r & qualify1 :ile !y su/a9$1 ! ,nietzs*ean influ5ce1--! daemonic p[] ( ,c>lyle1 ! iron int5sity & ma/]ful retic5ce ( ,ibs54 ,?is 0 ! case especially1 z is well kn[n1 9 ! drama4 ,g]h>dt ,hauptmann1 :o pa9t$ ! trag$y ( ! self-emancipat$ sup]man1--z ,mr4 ,%aw ab\t ! same "t %[$ u 8 self-a*iev$ apo!osis1--0 no d\bt ! mo/ comm&+ 7z ,mr4 ,%aw 0 ! mo/ orig9al7 figure 9 ! ,european drama ( ! e>ly c5tury4 ,9 poetry1 ! contributory =ces 7 /ill m subtly m+l$1 & ! ,nietzs*ean _s1 :i* bl[s :]e x li/e?1 (t5 t\*$ m5 :olly ali5 f ,nietzs*e 9 ca/ ( g5ius & sometimes /\tly ho/ile to him4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s 7 n ,g]mans at all4 ,among ! y\ng] m5 :o resi/1 :ile !y betray1 8 spell1 is ! mo/ consid]able lyric poet ( ! pres5t g5]ation 9 ,g]many4 ,ri*>d ,dehmel's vehem5t inspiration f ! outset provok$ comp>ison ) ,nietzs*e1 :i* he w>mly res5t$4 ,he began1 9 fact1 z a disciple ( ,v]la9e1 & we may detect 9 ! unre/ra9t ( 8 e>ly erotics ! example ( ! ,fr5* poet's fureur d'aim]4 ,b ,dehmel's m /rongly-built nature1 & p]haps ! d[nright vig\r ( ! ,g]man language1 broke ?r\gh ! t5uities ( la nuance4 ,x 0 n ! subtle arti/ry ( ! ,symboli/s1 b ! e?ical & intellectual =ce ( ! ,g]man "*1 :i* f9ally drew into a less an>*ic *annel ! vehem5t en]gy ( ,dehmel4 ,nietzs*e _h imag9$ an e?ic ( sup]human w 'beyond good & evil'4 ,! poet1 repli$ ,dehmel1 _h inde$ to "k ! passion :i* transc5ds good & evil1 b he _h to "k no less ! good & evil !mselves ( ! _w 9 & by :i* common m5 live4 ,& if he c cry ) ! egoism ( lawless passion1 9 ! ,erlsung51 ',i w fa?om all pleasure to ! deepe/ dep?s ( ?ir/1 444 ,resign n pleasure1 x wat]s p[]'1--he c add1 9 ! true _s ( ,goe! & ( ! high] m9d ( ,g]many1 ',yet s9ce x also makes slack1 turn x into ! /uff ( duty6' ,if ,nietzs*e provok$ into antagonism ! s\nd] elem5ts 9 ,dehmel1 he 0 l>gely responsible = de/roy+ su* sanity z ! amaz+ g5ius ( ,gabriele ,d',annunzio _h ev] possess$4 ,9 ,d',annunzio ! s5suality ( a ,syb>ite & ! eroticism ( a ,faun g along ) a ,roman t5acity & h>dness ( n]ve4 ,! au?or ( novels :i*1 ) all _! luxuri\s spl5d\r1 c only be call$ ho?\ses ( morbid s5tim5t1 has become ! apo/le ( ,italian imp]ialism1 & m ?an any o!r s+le man provok$ ,italy to ?r[ h]self into ! great adv5ture ( ! ,w>4 ,unapproa*$ 9 popul>ity by any o!r ,italian man ( lett]s1 ,d',annunzio discov]$ ,nietzs*e1 & hail$ him--a great concession--z an equal4 ,:5 ,nietzs*e di$1 9 #aijj1 ,d',annunzio indict$ a l(ty memorial ode to ! ,titanic ,b>b>ian :o set up once m ! s]5e gods ( ,hellas ov] ! va/ portals ( ! ,future4 ,nietzs*e inde$ let loose all ! ,titan1 & all consequ5tly t 0 lea/ ,hell5ic1 9 ! f]tile g5ius ( ! ,italian2 8 wond]ful in/9ct = beauty1 8 inexhau/ible res\rces ( /yle are employ$ 9 creat+ orgies ( sup]human val\r1 lu/1 & cruelty l "s ( 8 lat] dramas1 & hymns intoxicat$ ) ! passion = ,p[]1 l ! spl5did ,ode 9 :i* ! ,city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills is prophetically se5 once m ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 loos+ ! knot ( all ! problems ( humanity4 ,8 poetic autobiography1 ! fir/ ,laude 7#aija7--;c\nt]p>t ( ,wordswor?'s ,prelude & its v antipodes--culm9ates 9 a pray] #ijj l9es long to ,h]mes1 god ( ! en]gy :i* precipitates itself on life & makes x pregnant ) inv5tion & discov]y1 ( ! iron w ':i* *ews c>e z a laurel leaf'--! god ( ! ,sup]man4 ,& s he discov]s ! muse ( ! ,sup]man1 ! ,muse ( ,en]gy1 a t5? ,muse ^: fir/ poet he mode/ly disclaims to be1 if he may only be1 z he w\ld h u int]pret 8 "n1 h] ,ann\nc]4 ,if ,d',annunzio emulates ,nietzs*e1 ! two great militant poets ( ,ca?olic ,france w\ld h scorn$ ! comp>ison4 ,*>les ,pguy's brief c>e] 0 %ap$ f 8 fir/ entrance1 poor & ( peasant bir?1 at a ,p>is ,lyce1 to 8 h]oic dea? 9 ! field1 ,septemb] #aiad1 by a daemonic =ce ( "*4 ,8 h]o9e1 glorifi$ 9 8 fir/ book1 0 ,jeanne d',arc1 :o attempt$ ! impossible1 & a*iev$ x4 ,9 writ+1 8 pr9ciple--%ock+ to ,fr5* lit]>y tradition--0 to speak ! brutal tru? brutalem5t4 ,z a poet he /ood 9 ! direct l9eage ( ,corneille1 ^: ,polyeucte he ?\ght ! greate/ ( ! _w's trag$ies4 ,z a man1 he embodi$ ) nave int5sity ! unsurpass$ inborn h]oism ( ! ,fr5* race4 ,claudel1 ev5 m remote z a ?9k] f ,nietzs*e ?an ,pguy1 exhibits a k9dr$ temp] 9 ! +ra9$ viol5ce ( 8 art4 ,8 /roke is vehem5t & p]emptory2 he is an absoluti/ 9 /yle z 9 cre$4 ,x is ! /yle ( "o :o appreh5ds ! visible _w ) an int5sity z ( passionate embrace1 su* z ! "y ,br[n+ expresses 9 ,paul9e4 ',i w\ld fa9 h se5 ev]y?+1' he cries1 'possess$ & made x my own1 n ) eyes & s5ses only1 b ) m9d & _s4' ,& aft] he 0 conv]t$ he saw & pa9t$ sup]natural ?+s ) ! same c>nal & robu/ incisiv5ess4 ,! half-lights ( ,symboli/ my/icism are remote f 8 h>d gl>e4 ,z a dramati/ he drew ^u & exagg]at$ t :i* 9 ,aes*ylus & ,%akespe>e seems to ! c\ntrym5 ( ,rac9e ne>e/ to ! limit ( ! t]rible & ! brutal p]missible 9 art3 a pr9cess nail$ by ! h&s l a sp>r[-hawk to a p9e by a brutal peasant2 ! daught] ( a noble h\se submitt+ to a loa!d m>riage ) a f\l-m\!d plebeian 9 ord] to save ! pope4 ,& if we look1 f9ally1 = correspond+ ph5om5a at home1 we f9d !m surely 9 ! mascul9e1 militant1 & 9 ! ,fr5* s5se brutal poetry ( ,w4,e4 ,h5ley & ,rudy>d ,kipl+4 ,if any mod]n poets h conceiv$ life 9 t]ms ( w1 & p5etrat$ _! v]se ) t fai?1 x is ! au?or ( ',i am ! ,capta9 ( my ,s\l'1 ! ',book ( ! ,sword'1 & ',london ,volunt>ies'1 fri5d & subject ( ! great k9dr$-m9d$ sculptor ,rod91 ! poet ov] ^: grave 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,george ,wyndham f\nd ! "r ^w :5 he said--m>k+ him (f f ! great contemplative1 li/5+ poets ( ! pa/--',8 music 0 n ! /ill sad music ( humanity2 x 0 nev] /ill1 r>ely sad1 always intrepid4' ,& we "k h[ ,kipl+1 aft] sanction+ ! mis*iev\s sup]/ition t ',ea/ & ,we/ c nev] meet'1 refut$ x by produc+ 8 own 'two /rong m5'4 #e4 ,! ,new ,idealism 7#a7 ,nationality ,we h n[ se5 some?+ ( t p[]1 at once ( grip & ( deta*m5t ) :i* ! dom9ant poetry ( ?is c5tury faces :at x ?9ks ( z ! adv5ture ( exp]i5ce1 its plunge into ! ev]-mov+ & ev]-*ang+ /ream ( life4 ,h[ !n1 x rema9s to ask1 has x dealt ) ^? ideal aspirations & beliefs :i* "o may live int5sely & ignore1 :i* 9 "o s5se /& 'above ! battle'1 b = :i* m5 h liv$ & di$4 ,) a g5]ation :i* holds s lightly by tradition1 :i* revises & revalues all accept$ values1 ^! aspirations & beliefs might well drop out ( its poetry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! same aspirations & beliefs might ov]come ! indiff]5ce to tradition by ceas+ to be m]ely traditional1 by be+ imm]s$ & /eep$ 9 t mov+ /ream ( life1 & int]wov5 ) ! creative en]gies ( m54 ,! inh]it$ fai?s 7 put to ?is dilemma1 ei!r to become intimately alive & creative 9 poetry or to be ( no conc]n = x4 ,"s ( !m fail$ 9 ! te/4 ,engl& has /ill devotees ( ,prote/antism1 b ,prote/ant religion has h>dly inspir$ noble poetry s9ce ,milton4 ,nationality1 on ! o!r h&1 has dur+ ! la/ c5tury inspir$ f9] poetry ?an at any "t s9ce ! sixte5?1 & t because x has be5 br\ght d[n f ! region ( political ab/ractions & ideologies into intimate union ) he>t & bra91 imag9ation & s5se4 ,?is is true also ( ,ca?olicism & ( ,socialism1 &1 if fitfully & unc]ta9ly yet1 ( ! ideal ( int]national frat]nity1 ( humanity4 ,& to all ^! ideals1 to all ideals1 came f9ally ! t]rific1 ! ov]:elm+ te/ ( ! ,w>1--a se>*+1 annihilat+1 purify+ flame1 9 :i* "s %rivell$ away1 "s 7 /ripp$ ( ! illusive glitt] t conceal$ _! mass ( alloy1 & "s1 purg$ ( _! bas] con/itu5ts1 %one out ) a lu/re unapproa*$ be=e4 ,:at is ! di/9ctive note ( ?is new poetry ( nationality8 ,& = ! mom5t ,i speak ( ! ye>s be=e ! ,w>4 ,may we n say t 9 x ! ideal ( c\ntry is saturat$ ) t imag9ative grip ( reality 9 all its concrete en]gy & vivacity :i* ,i h call$ ! new realism8 ,! nation is no ab/raction1 :e!r x be call$ ,britannia1 or ,deuts*l& b] ,alles4 ,x is se51 & felt2 se5 9 its cities z well z 9 its m\nta9s1 9 ! work]s :o h made x1 z well z 9 ! h]oes :o h def5d$ x2 9 its ro>+ =ges z well z 9 its idyllic woodl&s & its tales ( battles long ago2 & all ^! n z sep>ate /r&s 9 a wov5 patt]n1 b z wat]s ( diff]5t orig9 & hue p\r+ along toge!r 9 ! same great /ream4 mile ,v]ha]51 six ye>s be=e ! invasion1 _h se5 & felt 8 c\ntry1 liv+ body & liv+ s\l1 ) an int5sity :i* made x seem unimag9able t %e %\ld be p]man5tly subdu$4 ,he well call$ 8 book ,t\te la ,fl&re1 = all ,fl&]s is !re4 ,old ,fl&]s1--,artevelde & ,*>les ,tmraire--^: s\l 0 a =e/ ( huge trees & d>k ?ickets1 ',a wild]ness ( cross+ ways bel[1 ,b eagles1 ov]1 so>+ to ! sun1'-- ,van ,eyck & ,rub5s--'a ?und] ( colossal memories'2 !n ! great cities1 ) _! belfries & _! f\ndries1 & _! w>eh\ses & laboratories1 _! antique cu/oms & mod]n ambitions2 & ! riv]s1 ! homely famili> ,lys1 :]e ! wom5 wa% ! :ite/ ( l951 & ! mighty ,s*eldt1 ! ,escaut1 ! 'h]o sombre1 viol5t & magnific5t'1 'savage & beautiful ,escaut'1 ^: companion%ip _h m\ld$ & made ! poet1 ^: rhy?ms _h begott5 8 music & 8 be/ ideas#ag4 ,none ( our ,engli% poets h r5d]$ ,engl& 9 poetry ) ! same lyric int5sity 9 its :ole compass ( "t & space1 call+ up into light & music all h] teem+ c5turies & peopl$ prov9ces4 ,yet ! pres5t g5]ation has 9 "s respects made a ne>] approa* to su* a*ievem5t ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,a c5tury ( gr[+ hi/oric consci\sness has n pass$ ov] u 9 va92 & if any g5]ic di/9ction is to be f\nd betwe5 our rec5t1 (t5 p5etrat+ & beautiful1 poetry ( ! ,engli% c\ntryside & ! ,nature description ( ,wordswor? or ( ,rusk91 x is 9 ! gr\nd-tone ( passion & memory t p]vades x = ,engl& h]self4 ,wordswor? wrote magnific5tly ( ,engl& ?reat5$ ) invasion1 & magnific5tly ( ! ,lake ,c\ntry1 ,nature's belov$ haunt4 ,b ! ,w> sonnets & ! ,lake & m\nta9 poetry come f di/9ct /ra9s 9 8 g5ius1 :i* our criticism may br+ into relation1 b our feel+ insi/s on keep+ ap>t4 ,8 ,grasm]e is a prov9ce ( ,nature--h] fav\r$ prov9ce--r ?an ( ,engl&2 x is 9 ! eye ( ,nature t ! old ,cumb]l& begg> lives & dies2 ,engl& only provides ! obnoxi\s workh\ses to :i* ^! de/itute vagrants 7 h5ce=? to be consign$4 ,is x n ?is t divides our mod]n local poetry f 88 ,mr4 ,belloc's ,sussex is t5d]ly lov$ = itself2 yet beh9d its great hills & its old-_w h>b\rs lies ! half-my/ic pres5ce ( hi/oric ,engl&4 ,& 9 ,edw>d ,?omas's wond]ful old ,wilt%ireman1 ,lob1 wor?y ,i ?9k to be nam$ ) ! ,cumb]l& ,begg>1 ',an old man's face1 by life & wea!r cut ,& col\r$1--r\gh1 br[n1 sweet z any nut1-- ,a l& face1 sea-blue ey$1'-- y read ! :ole l9eage ( /]l+ ,engli% yeom5 & woodl&]s f :om ,lob spr+s4 ,?is note is inde$ relatively abs5t f ! "w ( ! v5]able ma/] :o has made ',wessex' ! mo/ vividly realiz$ ( all ,engli% prov9ces to-day1 & ^: prose ,egdon ,hea? may well be put at ! head ( all ! descriptive poetry ( our "t4 ,b ,mr4 ,h>dy1 9 ?is respect1 belongs to an e>li] g5]ation ?an t into :i* he happily survives4 ,sometimes ?is feel+ is giv5 9 a s+le int5se conc5trat$ t\*4 ,:5 ,rup]t ,brooke tells u ( ',"s corn] ( a =eign field ,t is = ev] ,engl&4 ,!re %all be ,9 t ri* e>? a ri*] du/ conceal$2 ,a du/ :om ,engl& bore1 %ap$1 made aw>e1 ,gave1 once1 h] fl[]s to love1 h] ways to roam1' d we n feel t ! solid>ity ( ,engl& ) ! ,engli% folk & ( ! ,engli% folk ) ! ,engli% soil1 is burnt into our imag9ations 9 a new & di/9ctive way8 ,b ! poetry ( %ires & prov9ces reacts too ^u ! poetry ( nationality4 ,x infuses some?+ ( ! m in/9ctive & rudim5t>y atta*m5ts f :i* x spr+s into a passion peculi>ly expos$ to ! contagion ( rhetoric & int]e/4 ,"s ( ! mo/ /rid5t voices among liv+ nationali/ poets h f\nd an unexpect$ note ( t5d]ness :5 !y sang _! home prov9ce4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ *>ms u :5 he tells1 9 8 close-knit v]se1 ( ! 'wood$1 dim1 ,blue goodness ( ! ,weald'4 ,& ! m /rid5t notes ( ,d',annunzio's patriotism are also assuag$ by ! t5d]ness & dep? ( 8 home feel+4 ,we read ) "s appreh5sion 8 d$ication ( ,la ,nave to ! god ( seas3 ',o ,"l1 :o br+e/ =? & do/ efface ,! ocean-rul+ ,nations1 race by race1 ,x is ?is liv+ ,p1 by ,?y grace ,:o on ! sea ,%all magnify ,?y "n1 :o on ! sea ,%all glorify ,?y "n1 :o on ! sea ,) myrrh & blood %all sacrifice to ,!e ,at ! alt>-pr[1 ,( all e>?'s oceans make our sea1 ,o ,?\6 ,am56 ,b he d$icat$ a noble drama1 ! ,figlia d',iorio1 9 a diff]5t tone1 ',to ! l& ( ! ,abruzzi1 to my ,"m1 to my ,si/]s1 to my bro!r 9 exile1 to my fa!r 9 8 grave1 to all my dead & all my race 9 ! m\nta9s & by ! sea1 ,i d$icate ?is song ( ! anci5t blood4' 7#b7 ,democracy ,! gr[? ( democratic z ( national feel+ dur+ ! lat] c5tury naturally produc$ a pl5tiful h>ve/ ( eloqu5t utt]ance 9 v]se4 ,) ?is1 m]ely z su*1 ,i am n "h conc]n$1 ev5 ?\gh x be z f9e z ! ,sociali/ songs ( ,william ,morris or ,edw>d ,c>p5t]4 ,b ! ,ca?olic ,socialism ( ,*>les ,pguy1--itself an orig9al &1 = mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 a bewild]+ comb9ation--/ruck out a no less orig9al poetry1--a poetry ( solid>ity4 ,pguy's ,socialism1 l 8 ,ca?olicism1 0 s+le-s\l$2 he ignor$ t beh9d ! "o 0 a ,p>ty1 & beh9d ! o!r a ,*ur*4 ,x 0 8 bitt]e/ regret t a va/ "p ( humanity 0 remov$ beyond ! pale ( fell[%ip by et]nal damnation4 ,x 0 8 sublime/ ?\ght t ! solid>ity ( man includes ! damn$4 ,9 8 fir/ v]sion ( ! ,jeanne d',arc my/]y1 already ref]r$ to1 he tells h[ ,jesus1 crucifi$1 ,saw n 8 ,"m 9 te>s at ! cross-foot ,bel[ him1 saw n ,magdal5 nor ,john1 ,b wept1 dy+1 only = ,judas' dea?4 ,! ,savi\r lov$ ?is ,judas1 & ?\gh utt]ly ,he gave himself1 he knew he c\ld n save him4 ,x 0 ! dogma ( damnation :i* = long kept ,pguy out ( its fold1 t b>b>\s mixture ( life & dea?1 he call$ x1 :i* no man w accept :o has won ! _s ( collective humanity4 ,b he revolt$ n because he 0 tol]ant ( evil2 on ! contr>y to damn s9s 0 = him a weak & unsocial solution2 evil _h n to be damn$ b to be f\ght d[n4 ,:e!r ?is vision ( ,*ri/ weep+ because he c\ld n save ,judas 0 un-,*ri/ian1 or m ,*ri/ian ?an ,*ri/ianity itself1 we ne$ n discuss "h2 b ,i am sure t ! _s ( a ,ca?olic democracy z transfigur$ 9 ! m9d ( a great poet c\ld n be m nobly r5d]$4 7#c7 ,ca?olicism ,b ,pguy's p[]ful p]sonality set its own /amp ^u :atev] he believ$1 & ?\gh a close fri5d ( ,jaurs1 he 0 a ,sociali/ :o reject$ almo/ all ! ideas ( ! ,sociali/ s*ool4 ,z little 0 8 ,ca?olicism to ! m9d ( ! ,ca?olic au?orities4 ,& 8 ,ca?olic poetry is %>ply m>k$ (f f mo/ ( ! poetry t burgeon$ "u ! /imulus ( ! rem>kable revival ( ,ca?olic ideas 9 tw5tie?-c5tury ,france4 ,i say ( ,ca?olic ideas1 = sceptical poets l ,rmy de ,g\rmont play$ delicately ) ! symbols ( ,ca?olic wor%ip1 made ',litanies' ( roses1 & (f]$ pray]s to ,jeanne d',arc1 walk+ dreamily 9 ! procession ( ',wom5 ,sa9ts ( ,p>adise'1 to 'fill our he>ts ) ang]'4#ah ,! ,ca?olic adoration ( wom5-sa9ts is "o ( ! spr+s ( mod]n poetry4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ( ,wordswor? & ,%elley1 ! t5d] ,nature-wor%ip ( ,francis ( ,assisi contribut$ n less to ! recov]$ p[] ( ,ca?olic ideas 9 poetry1 & ?is *iefly 9 ! p]son ( two poets1 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 bo? ( :om play$ half-my/ically ) ! symbolism ( _! names1 ,francis ,?ompson & ,francis ,jammes4 ,! *ild-l navete ( ,s4 ,francis is m delicately reflect$ 9 ,jammes1 a ,ca?olic ,w4,h4 ,davies1 :o ca/s ! idyllic light ( ,biblical pa/oral ov] mod]n f>m life1 & prays to '8 fri5ds1 ! ,asses' to g ) him to ,p>adise1 ',= !re is no hell 9 ! l& ( ! ,bon ,dieu4' ,b ! mo/ p[]ful creative imag9ation to-day 9 ! s]vice ( ,ca?olic ideas is c]ta9ly ,paul ,claudel4 ,i pass by "h ! s]ies ( dramas1 :]e a ,ca?olic inspiration z f]v5t z ,cald]on's is en=c$ ) ,elizabe?an te*nique & ,elizabe?an viol5ce ( t]ror1 cruelty1 & pity4#ai ,f ! f]oci\s beauty ( ,l'tage turn r to ! int5se spiritual hu% be=e ! alt> ( "s great ,fr5* *ur* at noon1 :]e ! poet1 n long aft] ! fir/ decisive *eck ( ! invad]s on ! ,m>ne1 f9ds himself alone1 be=e ! %r9e ( ,m>ie4 ,"h too1 8 devotion f9ds a spee* n borr[$ f ! dev\t or f _! poetry3 ',x is noon4 ,i see ! ,*ur* is op54 ,i mu/ ent]4 ,"m ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,i d n come to pray4 ,i h no?+ to (f] & no?+ to ask4 ,i come only1 ,"m1 to gaze at y4 ,to gaze at y1 to weep = happ9ess1 to "k ,t ,i am y\r son & t y are !re4 ,no?+ at all b = a mom5t :5 all is /ill1 ,noon6 to be ) y1 ,m>ie1 9 ?is place :]e y are4 ,to say no?+1 to gaze ^u y\r face1 ,to let ! he>t s+ 9 its own spee*4' ,!re ! nationali/ passion ( ,claudel animates 8 ,ca?olic religion1 yet does n break ?r\gh its conf9es4 ,b sometimes ! /ra9 ( suff]+ & ru9 is too int5se = ,*ri/ian submission1 & he takes 8 ,god to task trucul5tly = n do+ 8 "p 9 ! contract2 we are 8 p>tn] 9 runn+ ! _w1 & see1 he is asleep6 ',!re is a great alliance1 willy-nilly1 betwe5 u h5ce=?1 !re is ?is bread t ) no trembl+ h& ,we h (f]$ y1 ?is w9e t we h p\r$ anew1 ,our te>s t y h ga!r$1 our bro!rs t y %>e ) u1 leav+ ! se$ 9 ! e>?1 ,!re is ?is liv+ sacrifice ( :i* we satisfy ea* day's dem&1 ,?is *alice we h drunk ) y6' ,yet ! dev\t passion em]ges aga91 ) notes ( pi]c+ pa?os3 ',"l1 :o ha/ promis$ u = "o glass ( wat] a b\ndless sea1 ,:o kn[s if ,?\ art n ?ir/y too8 ,& t ?is blood1 :i* is all we h1 w qu5* t ?ir/ 9 ,!e1 ,we "k1 = ,?\ ha/ told u s4 ,if inde$ !re is a spr+ 9 u1 well1 t is :at is to be %[n1 ,if ?is w9e ( ours is r$1 ,if our blood has virtue1 z ,?\ saye/1 h[ c x be kn[n ,o!rwise ?an by be+ %$8' 7#d7 ,effects ( ! ,w> ^u ,poetry ,?us c\ld ! great ,ca?olic poet s+ "u pressure ( ! supreme national crisis ( 8 c\ntry4 ,poetry at su* times may become a great national in/rum5t--a trumpet :5ce ,milton or ,wordswor?1 ,arndt or ,:itman1 bl[ s\l-animat+ /ra9s4 ,! w> ( #aiad 0 = all ! bellig]5t peoples f> m ?an a /up5d\s milit>y ev5t4 ,x %att]$ ! patt]ns ( our e/abli%$ m5tality1 & compell$ u to seek new adju/m5ts & support 9 ! *aotically disorganiz$ _w4 ,! psy*ical upheaval 0 mo/ viol5t 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 :]e ! milit>y %ock 0 lea/ direct2 = "h a nation ( civilians embrac$ sudd5ly ! new & amaz+ exp]i5ce ( battle4 ,"h too1 ! imag9atively s5sitive m9ds :o int]pret life ?r\gh poetry1 & mo/ ( all ! y\nge/ & fre%e/ among !m1 !mselves %>$ 9 ! glories & ! ?roes ( ! fight z h>dly "o ( ! sign]s ( our mo/ /irr+ battle poetry _h ev] done be=e4 ,h[ did ?is new & amaz+ exp]i5ce react ^u _! poetry8 ,?is1 our f9al "q1 is p]haps ! crucial "o 9 consid]+ ! t5d5cies ( rec5t ,european poetry4 ,9 ! fir/ place x enorm\sly /imulat$ & quick5$ :at 0 deepe/ & /ronge/ 9 ! en]gies & qualities :i* _h be5 app>5t 9 our latt] day poetry be=e4 ,!y _h s\ght to clasp life1 to live1 n m]ely to contemplate1 exp]i5ce2 & "h inde$ 0 life1 & dea?1 & bo? to be embrac$4 ,"h 0 adv5ture inde$1 b "o ^: grimness made romance *eap1 s t 9 ?is w>-poetry1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 ! romance & glam\r ( w>1 ! pomp & circum/ance ( milit>y conv5tion1 fall entirely away1 & ! bitt]e/ scorn ( ^! soldi]-poets is be/[$ n on ! enemy1 b on ^? contemplators :o disguis$ its realities ) ! cam\flage ( ! pulpit & ! editorial arm-*air4 ,turn1 ,i w n say f ,campbell or f ,t5nyson1 b f ,rudy>d ,kipl+ or ,sir ,h4 ,newbolt1 to ,siegfri$ ,sassoon1 & y feel t y h got away f a lit]>y conv5tion1 :e!r convey$ 9 ! mann]s ( ! b>rack-room or ( ! public-s*ool1 to some?+ intol]ably true1 & :i* holds ! poet 9 s fi]ce a grip t 8 song is a cry4 ,b if ! w> has br\ght our poets face to face ) int5se k9ds ( real exp]i5ce1 :i* !y h fe>lessly grasp$ & r5d]$1 its grim obsession has n made !m cynical1 or clogg$ ! w+s ( _! fai? & _! hope4 ,i w n ask h[ ! w> has affect$ ! idealism ( o!rs1 :e!r x has left ! nationalism ( our press or ! religion ( our pulpits pur] or m gross ?an x f\nd !m4 ,b ( our poetry at lea/ ! latt] _c be said4 ,9 ,rup]t ,brooke ! inspiration ( ! call oblit]at$ ! la/ trace ( dilettante y\?'s pret5sions1 & he enc\nt]$ d>kness l a bride1 & greet$ ! unse5 dea? n ) a *e] z a p]il to be boldly fac$1 b z a great consummation1 ! supreme safety4 ,h[ 8 poetry w\ld h react$ to ! actual exp]i5ce ( w> we c only guess4 ,b 9 o!rs1 8 fri5ds & comrades1 ! fi]ce imm]sion 9 ! welt] ( ru9 & pa9 & fil? & horror & dea? br\ght only a m sup]b fai? 9 ! p[] ( man's s\l to rise above ! hide\s obsession ( 8 own devilries1 to reta9 ! vision ( beauty ?r\gh ! riot ( f\l ?+s1 ( love ?r\gh ! tumult ( hatr$s1 ( life ?r\gh ! inf9ity ( dea?4 ,true ?is 0 n a new p[]3 poetry to be poetry mu/ always 9 "s measure possess x4 ,:at 0 individual to ! poets 0 t ?is p[] ( ma/]+ actuality w5t along 9 !m ) ! fi]ce & eag] imm]sion 9 x2 ! ?rill ( brea?+ ! 'calm & s]5e air ,above ! smoke & /ir ( ?is dim spot ,:i* m5 call e>?1' ) ! ?rill ( see+ & pa9t+ 9 all its lurid col\r+ ! volcanic *aos ( ?is '/ir & smoke' itself4 ,?us ! same ,siegfri$ ,sassoon :o r5d]s ) s mu* close analytic psy*ology ! moods t cross & fluctuate 9 ! dy+ hospital pati5t1 or ! haunt$ fugitive1 z he fl\nd]s among snags & /umps1 to feel at la/ ! /rangl+ clasp ( dea?1 c z little z ! vision>y ,%elley ov]come ! insurg5t s5se t ^! dead are = u yet alive1 made "o ) ,nature4 ,he visits ! des]t$ home ( 8 dead fri5d-- ',ah1 b !re 0 no ne$ to call 8 "n1 ,he 0 beside me n[1 z swift z light 444 ,= n[1 he said1 my _s has m eyes ,?an heav5 has />s1 & !y are lit by love4 ,my body is ! magic ( ! _w1 ,& d>k & sunset flame ) my spilt blood4' ,& s ! undy+ dead ',w&] 9 ! dusk ) *ant+ /reams1 ,& !y are dawn-lit trees1 ) arms upflung1 ,to hail ! burn+ heav5 !y left unsung4' ,fur!r1 ?is w> poetry1 :ile reflect+ milit>y ?+s ) a v]acity h>dly kn[n be=e1 is yet r>ely militant4 ,we mu/ n look = explicit pacifi/ or int]national ideas2 b z little d we f9d j+o patriotism or hymns ( hate4 ,! au?or ( ! ,g]man hymn ( hate 0 a mu* bett] poet ?an anyone :o tri$ an ,engli% hymn 9 ! same key1 & ! ,engli% poets :o c\ld h equall$ its =m 7 above its _s4 ,edi? ,cavell's dy+ words ',patriotism is n en\gh' _c p]haps be p>allel$ 9 ^! poets1 b !y are cont9ually sugge/$4 ,!y d n say1 9 ! phrase ( ! old cavali] poet1 t we %\ld love ,engl& less if we lov$ n some?+ else m1 or t some?+ is want+ 9 our love = our c\ntry if we wrong humanity 9 its "n4 ,b ! _s :i* is embodi$ 9 ^! phrases brea!s ?r\gh !m2 h]oism matt]s m to !m ?an victory1 & !y "k t dea? & sorr[ & ! love ( k9dr$ h no fa!rl&4 ,!y '/& above ! battle' z well z %>e 9 x1 & !y %>e 9 x )\t ceas+ to /& above x4 ,! ,g]man is ! enemy1 !y nev] falt] 9 t2 & ev5 dea? does n conv]t him into a fri5d4 ,b = ?is enemy !re is *ivalry1 & pity1 & a gleam1 n[ & !n1 ( reconcil+ comrade%ip4 ',he /ood alone 9 "s que] sunless place ,:]e ,armag$don ends1'-- ! ,engli%man :om ! ,g]mans _h kill$ 9 fight1 to be !mselves sla9 by 8 fri5d1 ! speak]4 ,_! gho/s ?rong ar\nd him1-- ',he />$ at !m1 half wond]+1 & !n ,!y told him h[ ,i'd kill$ !m = 8 sake1 ,^? pati5t1 /upid1 sull5 gho/s ( m53 ,at la/ he turn$ & smil$2 smil$--all 0 well ,because 8 face w\ld lead !m out ( hell4' ,f9ally1 ! poet himself glories 9 8 act2 he kn[s t he c beat into music ev5 ! cra%+ discords t fill 8 e>s2 he kn[s too t he has a music ( 8 own :i* !y _c subdue or debase3 ',i keep su* music 9 my bra9 ,no d9 ?is side ( dea? c quell1 ,glory exult+ ov] pa91 ,& beauty g>l&$ 9 hell4' ,to h f\nd & kept & int]wov5 ^! two musics--a language ( unfl9*+ v]acity & "o ( equally unfl9*+ hope & fai?--is ! a*ievem5t ( our w>-poetry4 ,may we n say t ! possession toge!r ( ^! two musics1 ( ^! two moods1 spr++ z !y d f ! bl5d$ grip & idealism ( ! ,engli% "*1 w>rants hope = ! future ( ,engli% poetry8 ,= x is root$ 9 ! greate/1 & ! mo/ ,engli%1 ( ! ways ( poetic exp]i5ce :i* h gone to ! mak+ ( our poetic lit]ature--! way1 ultimately1 ( ,%akespe>e1 & ( ,wordswor?4 ,b t temp] ( ca?olic frat]nity :i* f9ds ! /uff ( poetry ev]y:]e does n easily atta9 ! consummate te*nique 9 expression ( a r>] ,engli% tradition1 t ( ,milton1 & ,gray1 & ,keats4 ,beauty ab\nds 9 our lat] poets1 b x is a beauty t fla%es 9 brok5 lights1 n ! full-orb$ radiance ( a ma/]piece4 ,to enl>ge ! grasp ( poetry ov] ! field ( reality1 to appreh5d x ov] a l>g] range1 is n at once to f9d consummate expression = :at is appreh5d$4 ,! flawless p]fection ( ! ,p>nassians--( ,h]$ia's sonnets--is n[h]e approa*$ 9 ! less ari/ocratically exclusive poetry ( to-day4 ,b ! future1 9 poetry also1 is ) ! _s :i* f\nd ! ari/ocracy ( noble art n ^u exclusions1 negations1 & r\t9e1 b ^u imag9ation1 p5etration1 discov]y1 & ca?olic op5ness ( m9d4 ,,"s ,,books ,,= ,,consultation ,pellissi]1 ,le ,m\vem5t ,littraire au ,x,i,xme ,sicle4 ,brunetire1 ,la ,posie ,lyrique au ,x,i,xme ,sicle4 ,eccles1 ,f4,y41 ,a ,c5tury ( ,fr5* ,poets4 ,vigi-,lecocq1 ,la ,posie ,contempora9e4 ,phelps1 ,advance ( ,engli% ,poetry 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,muret1 ,la ,littrature ,itali5ne d'auj\rd'hui4 ,lad5>de1 ,g4 ,c>ducci4 ,symons1 ,! ,symboli/ ,movem5t 9 ,lit]ature4 ,jackson1 ,! ,eighte5 ,n9eties4 ,mc,dowall1 ,realism4 ,aliotta1 ,! ,ideali/ ,reaction aga9/ ,sci5ce4 ,so]gel1 ,die deuts*e ,litt]atur uns]] ,zeit4 ,bi!ll1 ,contempor>y ,g]man ,poetry 7,translat$74 ,halvy1 ,*>les ,pguy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,! temp] ( ! two reali/s 0 no d\bt widely diff]5t4 ',c'e/ en ha9e du ralisme'1 wrote ,flaub]t1 'que j'ai entrepris ce roman4 ,mais je n'en dte/e pas mo9s la fausse idalit1 dont n\s sommes b]cs p> le temps qui c\rt' 7,corresp4 #c1 #fg74 ,footnote #d3 ,caus]ies du ,lundi1 #ahej f4 ,footnote #e3 ,hi/oire de la littrature anglaise1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #f3 ,b a ,wilde :o wrote no ,de ,pr(undis & no ,ballad ( ,read+ ,gaol4 ,footnote #g3 ,la ,=ge3 d$icat$ to ,ga/on ,p>is1 ! greate/ =g]on ( 8 g5]ation 9 ! love ( ,old ,fr5*4 ,footnote #h3 ,rime ,nuove3 ,classicismo e ,romantismo4 ,footnote #i3 ,midi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,la ,paix des ,dieux4 ,footnote #aa3 ,= ?is & ! o!r v]se-translations ! writ] is responsible4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ev5 ! 'music' 0 f> remov$ f ! simplicity ( pure song4 ,! song ( ^! poets 0 an incantation4 ,nay1 pa9t+ itself witness$ a correspond+ revolt aga9/ ! 'eloqu5ce' ( ! pseudo-reali/s--! 'f> away dirty reasonabl5ess'1 z ,manet dubb$ x1 :i* miss$ ! ess5tial vision by us+ ! worn-d[n accept$ phrases ( ! public4 ,footnote #ac3 ,au j>d9 de l',infante3 ,veille4 ,footnote #ad3 ,to "s types ( ,iri% imag9ation ,fr5* ,naturalism1 x is true1 0 no less cong5ial2 h5ce ! rift betwe5 ! reali/ & ! spiritual ,iri%m5 delightfully play$ on 9 ,max ,be]baum's c>toon ( ,yeats pres5t+ ! ,fa]y ,que5e to ,george ,moore4 ,footnote #ae3 ,aliotta1 ,! ,ideali/ic ,revolt1 p4 #aaf4 ,cf4 ! acc\nt ( ! analog\s views ( ,b\tr\x & ,r5\vi] 9 ! same *apt]4 ,footnote #af3 ,keats1 no d\bt1 also aspir$ to ! life ( action4 ,b 9 him ! two moods 7 disp>ate1 ev5 9 conflict2 9 ,brooke !y 7 seem+ly fus$4 ,footnote #ag3 ,eighte5?-c5tury obs]vation1 9 ! p]son ( ,goldsmi?1 _h f\nd no wor?i] epi!t = ! great ,flemi% riv] ?an 'lazy'1 & ! mod]n t\ri/ is likely to f9d ?is by f> ! m '*>act]i/ic'4 ,b :i* _h ! be/ *ance ( see+ truly1 ! life-long companion & lov]1 or ! /rang]1 sad1 lonely1 & long+ = home8 ,footnote #ah3 ,les ,sa9tes du ,p>adis4 ,footnote #ai3 ,cf4 = in/ance ! situation ( ,signe1 9 ! grip ( ! brutal prfet1 ) t ( ,beatrice1 9 ,! ,*angel+1 9 ! h&s ( ,de ,flores4 ,v ,,hi/orical ,,rese>* ,g4,p4 ,,goo* ,! sci5tific /udy ( hi/ory began a hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,prep>atory "w ( ! highe/ importance _h be5 accompli%$ by labori\s collectors l ,b>onius & ,muratori1 ke5-sight$ critics su* z ,mabillon & ,wolf1 & brilliant n>rators l ,gibbon & ,voltaire4 ,b x 0 n till ,niebuhr1 ,bckh1 & above all ,ranke prea*$ & practis$ ! critical use ( au?orities & docum5t>y mat]ial t hi/orical s*ol>%ip ent]$ on ! pa? :i* x has pursu$ ) ev]-increas+ success = ! la/ ?ree g5]ations4 ,x is my task to-day to direct y\r att5tion to "s ( its ma9 a*ievem5ts dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,! out/&+ feature ( our "t has be5 ! imm5se increase 9 ! mat]ial available = ! k & int]pretation ( e /age & *apt] 9 ! life ( humanity4 ,primitive civilization has be5 def9itely br\ght )9 ! circle ( hi/orical /udy4 ,! discov]ies ( ,b\*] des ,p]!s1 ,pitt-,riv]s1 & _! successors h ?r[n back ! op5+ ( ! human drama t5s if n hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & we recreate prehi/oric man f skull & weapon1 language & leg5d4 ,an?ropology has become a sci5ce1 & ! habits & beliefs ( our savage ance/ors h be5 r5d]$ intelligible by ! pi]c+ insight ( ,tylor & ,sir ,james ,fraz]4 ,9 its b\ndless erudition1 its con/ructive imag9ation1 & its weal? ( sugge/ion1 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh /&s =? z p]haps ! mo/ notable contribution ( ! age to our k ( ! evolution ( ! human race4 ,among ! mo/ s5sational ev5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! resurrection ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/4 ,we n[ "k t ,greece & ,rome1 f> f /&+ ne> ! beg9n+ ( record$ hi/ory1 7 ! heirs ( a long s]ies ( civilizations4 ,our :ole p]spective has be5 *ang$ or %\ld be *ang$ by ! discov]y4 ,! anci5t _w ?us reveal$ by ! p>tn]%ip ( philology & ar*aeology ceases to be m]ely ! ve/ibule to ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & becomes 9 po9t ( duration ! l>g] "p ( human hi/ory4 ,! /ory op5s ) ,*ampollion's deciph]m5t ( ! bil+ual tablet discov]$ m ?an a c5tury ago at ! ,rosetta m\? ( ! ,nile4 ,! key once fitt$ to ! lock1 ! :ole civilization ( anci5t ,egypt lay op5 to ! explor]4 ,a secure *ronological basis 0 suppli$ by ,lepsius1 & sy/ematic excavation 0 comm5c$ by ,m>iette1 :o 0 nam$ by ! ,kh$ive ,director ( ,antiquities & e/abli%$ ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,! "w ( ! ?ree great f\nd]s ( ,egyptology has be5 c>ri$ =w>d dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury by an int]national army ( s*ol>s4 ,! int]pretation ( ! anci5t scripts has rea*$ a te*nical ma/]y unkn[n to ! pione]s1 & ! g5ius ( ,brugs* unlock$ ! door to demotic1 :i* ,*ampollion _h nev] ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,b ! triumphs ( philology h be5 surpass$ by ! conque/s ( ! spade4 ,! close/ fri5d ( ,m>iette's lat] ye>s 0 ,masp]o1 :o succe$$ him z ,director ( ,antiquities1 & ^: mo/ s5sational f9d 0 ! tombs ( ! ,k+s ne> ,!bes4 ,equally em95t z excavator1 philologi/1 & hi/orian1 ,masp]o 0 ! fir/ to popul>ize ,egyptology 9 ,france1 z ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ! greate/ excavator s9ce ,m>iette1 has popul>iz$ x 9 ,engl&4 ,until tw5ty ye>s ago ! curta9 rose on ! pyramid-build]s ( ! ,f\r? dyna/y4 ,we h n[ n only recov]$ ! e>li] dyna/ies1 b neoli?ic & palaeoli?ic ,egypt em]ges f ! primitive cemet]ies4 ,! imm5se accession ( new mat]ial has enabl$ ,edu>d ,mey] to con/ruct some?+ l a def9ite *ronology2 b ?\gh m>vell\s progress has be5 made 9 our k ( ! ,e>ly1 ,middle1 & ,new ,empires1 a great gap rema9s betwe5 ! six? & ! elev5? dyna/ies1 & ! p]iod ( ! ,hyksos is /ill tantaliz+ly obscure4 ,egyptian hi/ory 9 ! light ( ! late/ discov]ies may be be/ /udi$ 9 ! judicial pages ( ,brea/$1 ! =emo/ ( ,am]ican ,egyptologi/s4 ,! revelation ( ,assyrian civilization ?r\gh ,rawl9son's deciph]m5t ( cunei=m & ! excavations ( ,botta & ,lay>d 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 foll[$ by a conc]t$ attack on ,babylonia4 ,x 0 cle> f ! ,n9eveh tablets t mo/ ( ! lit]>y treasures ( ,assyria 7 m]ely copies ( ,babylonian orig9als2 & :5 9 #ahgg de ,s>zec1 ,fr5* ,vice-,consul at ,basra1 bor$ into ! m\nds at ,tello1 ! anci5t ,laga%1 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia1 ! mo/ eag] anticipations 7 surpass$4 ,texts _h be5 f\nd :i* ,rawl9son pron\nc$ to be pre-,semitic2 b = ! purpose ( hi/ory ! ,sum]ians 7 discov]$ at ,tello4 ,:5 de ,s>zec di$ 9 #aija he _h op5$ a new *apt] ( hi/ory4 ,! palaces ( ,s>gon & ,s5na*]ib1 at :i* ! _w _h m>vell$ 9 ! '=ties1 appe>$ relatively mod]n beside ! va/ antiquity ( ! ,*aldean city4 ,! *a9 ( human exp]i5ce l5g!n$ be=e our eyes :5 x 0 realiz$ t z ,assyrian culture d]iv$ f ,babylonia1 s a l>ge "p ( ,babylonian culture1 includ+ ! art ( writ+1 0 inh]it$ by ! ,semites f ! ,sum]ians4 ,:ile de ,s>zec 0 busy at ,tello1 an ,am]ican exp$ition 0 s5t to ,nippur "u ! lead ( ,pet]s & ,hilpre*t2 & ! long array ( magnific5t volumes :i* embody ! results ( ! mission1 includ+ ! ?\s&s ( tablets f\nd 9 ! temple libr>y1 con/itutes ! mo/ important s\rce ( our k ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,/ill m rec5tly a ,g]man mission "u ,koldewey comm5c$ ! sy/ematic excavation ( ,babylon itself2 b its op]ations 7 int]rupt$ by ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,?\gh no monum5ts h be5 br\ght to light 9 ,babylonia comp>able 9 magnific5ce to ^? ( ,khorsabad & ,n9eveh1 ,babylonian culture t[]s above its neighb\r4 ,s9ce ! discov]y 9 ! royal libr>y ( ,n9eveh ( a cyl9d] conta9+ ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 no f9d has ar\s$ su* _w-wide int]e/ z t ( ! ,code ( ,hammurabi1 une>!d by de ,morgan at ,susa 9 #aija4 ,! massive block ( diorite1 eight feet high1 conta9+ #bhb p>agraphs ( laws1 reveal$ 9 a fla% a complex1 ref9$1 & ord]ly civilization4 ,aft] expell+ ! ,elamites ab\t #bbej ,b4,c4 ,hammurabi unit$ ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia into a s+le ,/ate1 &1 desir+ t uni=m laws %\ld prevail1 issu$ ! code :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ! exploration ( ,assyria has be5 resum$ aft] a long int]val1 & ! city ( ,assur1 ! fir/ capital1 has be5 une>!d by ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society4 ,we ?us le>n ( ,assyria be=e ! days ( its greatness1 :5 x 0 /ill a subject prov9ce "u ,babylonian ,vic]oys4 ,! hi/ory ( ! l&s wat]$ by ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 :i* 0 almo/ a blank half a c5tury ago1 may n[ be t5tatively recon/ruct$4 ,! va/ mass ( (ficial correspond5ce1 judicial decisions1 & legal docum5ts1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! evid5ces ( religion1 sci5ce1 & art1 reveal a />tl+ly mod]n society a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,rameses & two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,p]icles4 ,babylonia proves to h be5 to ! anci5t ,ea/ :at ,rome 0 "o day to be to ,europe4 ,! ,tel-el-,am>na lett]s prove ! un*all5g$ supremacy ( its culture ov] va/ areas1 & ! revelation ( ! religi\s debt ( ! ,jews sets ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 a new frame4 ,s rapid is ! pace ( excavation & int]pretation t all b ! mo/ rec5t n>ratives ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/ are out ( date4 ,if we ma/] ,leon>d ,k+'s sumptu\s volumes on ,babylonia & ! late/ edition ( ! fir/ volume ( ,edu>d ,mey]'s incomp>able ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity1 we ne$ g no f>!r afield4 ,sc>cely if at all less rem>kable has be5 ! discov]y ( an advanc$ civilization 9 ,crete 9 ! second & ?ird mill5niums be=e ,*ri/4 ,:ile 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia ! fronti]s ( k 7 pu%$ back1 9 ,crete an unkn[n _w 0 br\ght to light4 ,its romantic int]e/ 0 int5sifi$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( an hi/oric f\ndation = "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ leg5ds ( ! anci5t _w4 ,h[ ! ,m9otaur dev\r$ ! tribute ( y\?s & maid5s 9 ! labyr9?1 h[ ,ariadne1 daught] ( ,m9os1 fell 9 love ) ,!seus & gave him a sword to slay ! ,m9otaur & a ?read to retrace 8 /eps1 0 kn[n to e ,greek *ild & has ?rill$ ! imag9ation ( ! c5turies4 ,! exploration ( ! city call$ by ,hom] ',great ,knossus' 0 among ! ambitions ( ,s*liemann2 b x 0 c>ri$ out by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans1 ^: lab\rs h outl9$ a s]ies ( *apt]s 9 ,cretan hi/ory ext5d+ two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! de/ruction ( ! palace ab\t ! ye> #adjj4 ,?\gh ! ,m9oan language /ill defies attack1 ! frescoes1 sculptures1 & objects ( art tell _! tale ( a luxuri\s & peace-lov+ community1 closely connect$ ) ,egypt & =m+ "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( ! ,greek culture ( a lat] age4 ,mo/ ( u are old en\gh to rememb] ! ?rill ( excitem5t :5 ,susa & ,knossus1 if n ,tello or ,!bes1 yield$ up _! romantic secrets2 b ! g5]ation n[ gr[+ to manhood may exp]i5ce simil> emotions z x wat*es ! gho/ ( ! ,hittite ,empire mat]ialize be=e its eyes4 ,! meagre ref]5ces 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t h be5 supplem5t$ by ,assyrian & ,egyptian inscriptions1 reveal+ an important ,p[] 9 ,nor!rn ,syria & ,asia ,m9or = a ?\s& ye>s be=e x 0 swall[$ up by ,assyria4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,hittite rema9s1 m>k$ by crude vig\r r ?an by a s5se ( beauty1 h be5 discov]$ all ov] ,asia ,m9or & 9 ! nor!rn rea*es ( ! great ,mesopotamian pla94 ,9 #aiaa ! ,briti% ,museum und]took ! excavation ( ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates1 ! capital ( ! ,nor? ,syrian sector ( ! ,empire2 b ! mo/ preci\s results h be5 a*iev$ by ,w9ckl] at ,boghaz ,keui1 ! capital ( ! ,cappadocian portion ( ! ,hittite dom9ions1 :i* yield$ a libr>y ( #bj1jjj tablets ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 n[ /or$ 9 ! museum at ,con/ant9ople4 ,a few bil+ual inscriptions h furni%$ valuable clues2 b ! _w /ill eag]ly awaits ! com+ ( a new ,*ampollion to unlock ! doors ( ! treasure-h\se4 ,w9ckl] himself di$ 9 #aiac2 b 9 #aiae ! ,au/rian ,pr(essor ,hrozny />tl$ ! _w by proclaim+ 8 conviction t ,hittite 0 an ,indo-,european language4 ,:e!r or no 8 cont5tion is confirm$1 ori5tali/s ( bo? hemisph]es are hot 9 pursuit1 & x is no ra% prophecy t )9 a decade s*ol>s w read ,hittite z !y n[ read cunei=m & hi]oglyphics1 & new *apt]s ( incalculable importance w be add$ to ! /ory ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/4 ,! recov]y ( ! political & religi\s hi/ory ( ! empires surr\nd+ ,pale/9e has run p>allel ) ! application ( critical me?ods to ! ,jewi% scriptures4 ,to read ,ewald's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z dang]\s by pi\s folk 9 ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 is to realize ! progress ( ,semitic /udies4 ,! great revolution 9 our conception ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* r5d]$ ,ewald out ( date 0 accompli%$ by ,wellhaus5's ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,t ! arrangem5t ( ! ,canon 0 utt]ly mislead+1 t ! ,prophets 7 e>li] ?an ! prie/ly code & t ! ,psalms = ! mo/ "p 7 lat] ?an bo?1 0 proclaim$ 9 ! writ+s & lectures ( ,vatke & ,graf1 ,ku55 & ,reuss2 b x 0 n till _! discov]ies 7 confirm$ & elaborat$ by ,wellhaus5 t !y won _! way1 & x 0 g5]ally recogniz$ t _! recon/ruction alone r5d]$ ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,jews intelligible4 ,?is outl9e 0 %ortly aft] fill$ 9 by ,/ade 9 ! fir/ critical hi/ory ( ,israel2 b 8 emphasis on ! falsity ( tradition 0 ov]done1 & subsequ5t critics1 :ile accept+ ! late r$action ( ! law1 h argu$ t p>ts ( x are f> old]1 9 sub/ance if n 9 =m1 ?an ,wellhaus5 & 8 disciple 7 prep>$ to all[4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,jews owes mu* less to ar*aeological rese>* on ! ar5a ( _! hi/oric life ?an ,egypt or ,mesopotamia4 ,no spl5did build+s or sculptures h be5 br\ght to light1 & ! inscriptions are few4 ,b ,briti%1 ,am]ican1 & ,g]man excavators h fla%$ light f> back into ! ?ird mill5nium1 & a p>tial excavation ( ,j]usalem has reveal$ a network ( prehi/oric tunnels & aqu$ucts4 ,! hi/oric life ( ,gez] has be5 m9utely reveal$ by ,macali/]1 ) ! /rata ( sev5 cities rea*+ back to ! neoli?ic age4 ,! mo/ piquant result ( 8 excavations has be5 to rehabilitate ! ,phili/9es1 ! mak]s ( ! mo/ arti/ic objects f\nd 9 ! debris ( two ?\s& ye>s4 ,f> m light1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?r[n on ! religi\s cu/oms & beliefs ( ! ,jews by discov]ies beyond _! bord]s4 ,! notion firmly held by our fa!rs t ,israel 0 "o ( ! olde/ ( civilizations & =m$ a _w by itself has vani%$ into ?9 air2 = an old] & va/] civilization has be5 discov]$ to :i* %e ow$ n only h] sci5ce b ! l>g] "p ( h] religion4 ,! dim5sion ( ! debt to ,babylonia has be5 & cont9ues to be fi]cely argu$ by cons]vative & radical critics2 b its recognition has suffic$ to revolutionize ! /udy ( e>ly ,israel & to provide a new backgr\nd = ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! relation ( ! beliefs & practices ( ! ,jews to ^? ( o!r bran*es ( ! ,semitic family 0 boldly explor$ by ,rob]tson ,smi?1 & has lately be5 illum9at$ by ! epo*-mak+ volumes ( ,sir ,james ,fraz] on ! ,folklore ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,greece1 l ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 pres5ts a v diff]5t aspect to t :i* 0 (f]$ to ! read]s ( ,grote1 ,?irlwall1 & ev5 ,curtius4 ,s*liemann's discov]ies at ,troy1 ,tiryns1 & ,myc5ae une>!d ,myc5aean civilization & gave an incalculable impetus to ar*aeological rese>*2 b ! brilliant amateur 0 almo/ pa!tically incompet5t to int]pret ! treasures he _h br\ght to light1 & mu* ( 8 "w has _h to be done aga9 by ,drpfeld4 ,despite ! a*ievem5ts ( ar*aeology1 h[ev]1 ! p]iod be=e ,solon rema9s v d>k4 ,b>ely second 9 importance to ! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann 0 ! ,ari/otelian treatise on ! ,con/itution ( ,a!ns1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 #ahia by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,k5yon & has be5 mo/ au?oritatively int]pret$ by ,wilam[itz1 ! greate/ ( liv+ ,hell5i/s4 ,) ! gr[+ mass ( new lit]>y mat]ial1 inscriptions1 co9s1 & papyri1 ! exploration ( sites1 ! recov]y ( innum]able objects ( art & fre% light /ream+ f ,asia ,m9or & ,crete1 new attempts to write ! hi/ory ( ,greece h be5 made4 ,pr(essor ,bury's n>rative1 at once sci5tific & popul>1 has summ>iz$ = ,engli% read]s ! assur$ results ( rese>*2 b ! mo/ au?oritative survey is t conta9$ 9 ! ,greek volumes ( ,edu>d ,mey]'s va/ survey ( antiquity4 ',= ! great tasks ( hi/ory'1 he writes1 'salvation is only to be f\nd :5 x becomes consci\s ( its univ]sal "*1 9 anci5t z well z 9 mod]n times4 ,only by treat+ ,greece 9 connection ) ! ,m$it]ranean peoples c its real nature be seiz$4' ,?is colossal task1 :i* prov$ beyond ! /r5g? ( ,dunck]1 has be5 p]=m$ by ! ,b]l9 ,pr(essor1 ! only s*ol> ( our "t :o c\ld h accompli%$ x s+le-h&$4 ,! dazzl+ picture ( ,a!nian democracy pa9t$ by ,grote has fad$ away2 & ,belo*1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,droys51 dwells ) great] satisfaction on ! diffusion ( ,greek influ5ce ?r\gh ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,greek culture has receiv$ no less att5tion ?an ,greek politics4 ,! ,hom]ic problem cont9ues to ex]t an irresi/ible attraction4 ,e exp]t f ,wilam[itz to ,gilb]t ,murray & ,walt] ,leaf adds to our compreh5sion ( ! epic2 b no positive results h be5 e/abli%$1 & ,holm utt]$ ! gloomy prophecy t we %all nev] "k :e!r ,hom] exi/$1 :o he 01 or :at he wrote4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ga9$ a deep] insight into ! e>ly m9d & s\l ( ,greece1 ?anks 9 l>ge measure to a gr\p ( ,engli% s*ol>s ) ,jane ,h>rison at _! head4 ,rohde's ,psy*e1 ! mo/ illum9at+ treatise on any bran* ( ,greek religion1 has trac$ ! conception ( immortality ?r\gh ! ages4 ,! lat] editions ( ,zell]'s ,philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahea1 kept pace ) ! progress ( s*ol>%ip1 & rema9s "o ( ! glories ( ,g]man s*ol>%ip4 ,! m rec5t "w ( ! ,au/rian ,gomp]z has won almo/ equal popul>ity1 )\t plac+ its pr$ecessor on ! %elf4 ,9 ! realm ( lit]ature ! mo/ int]e/+ ev5t has be5 ! recov]y ( ! poems ( ,bac*ylides & ,h]ondas1 fragm5ts ( ,sappho & ,p9d>1 ,euripides & ,sophocles & ,m5&]2 & ! ,oxyrhyn*us ,papyri1 :i* h already produc$ undream$-( treasures1 may well h 9 /ore = u fur!r glad surprises4 ,! attempt to assess ! influ5ce ( economic factors1 c\rage\sly und]tak5 by ,bckh & some:at neglect$ aft] 8 dea?1 has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 r5ew$1 ) ! fruitful results famili> to u 9 ,zimm]n's reali/ic picture ( ,a!ns 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( ,roman /udies s9ce ,niebuhr is l>gely ! record ( ! activity ( a s+le man4 ,! mo/ p]sonal & popul> ( ,momms5's works1 ! ,roman ,hi/ory till ! dea? ( ,caes>1 ! greate/ ef=t ( 8 g5ius ?\gh n ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 0 publi%$ z f> back z #ahed1 & c>ri$ 8 "n all ov] ! _w4 ,he next turn$ to special dep>tm5ts ( rese>*1 p\r+ =? 9 rapid succession 8 treatises on ,*ronology1 ,co9age1 ! ,dige/1 & above all ! ,/aatsre*t1 ! l>ge/ & 9 8 op9ion ! mo/ important ( 8 works1 & p]haps ! greate/ con/itutional treatise 9 hi/orical lit]ature4 ,mean:ile ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 :i* he edit$ = ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 0 ! ma9 occupation & ! mo/ endur+ monum5t ( 8 life4 ,he _h devot$ himself to ,lat9 epigraphy & _h edit$ ! ,sammite & ,neapolitan inscriptions be=e ! publication ( ! ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t ( ! ,corpus appe>$ 9 #ahfc1 & ! great s*ol> liv$ to hail ! appe>ance ( ne>ly tw5ty volumes1 half ( !m edit$ by himself4 ,! ,inscriptions r5d]$ possible a hi/ory ( ! ,empire1 & ! :ole _w hop$ t ! ma/] w\ld write x2 b he cont5t$ himself ) a survey ( ! prov9ces4 ,! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life 7 devot$ to a gigantic treatise on ,roman ,crim9al ,law1 & to editions ( ,jordanes1 ,cassiodorus1 ! ,!odosian ,code & ! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 ?us enl>g+ ! sph]e ( 8 op]ations till ,rome 0 swall[$ up 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,8 publications ext5d$ ov] sixty ye>s4 ,!re is no immaturity 9 8 e>ly works & no decl9e 9 ! lat]4 ,! imag9ative & critical faculties met & balanc$1 l>ge vision mat+ ) a g5ius = detail4 ,! complete assimilation & reproduction ( a classical civilization ( :i* s*ol>s h dream$ ev] s9ce ,scalig] has be5 a*iev$ by ,momms5 alone4 ,rome be=e ,momms5 0 l mod]n ,europe be=e ,ranke4 ,we may truly say ( him1 z 0 said ( ,augu/us1 t he f\nd x ( brick & left x ( m>ble4 ,momms51 l ,ranke1 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool2 & 8 inspiration has be5 felt by e work] 9 ! field ( ,roman /udies4 ,8 successors naturally conf9e !mselves to "s special prov9ce or p]iod4 ,gaetano de ,sanctis is f> advanc$ 9 ! mo/ ambiti\s hi/ory ( ! ,republic t has be5 attempt$ 9 ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,f]r]o's ,greatness & ,decl9e ( ,rome1 ?\gh fr[n$ on by s*ol>s1 ar\s$ _w-wide int]e/ by int]pret+ ! fall ( ! ,republic 9 t]ms ( economics & psy*ology4 ,! political & social crises :i* fill ! c5tury f ,sulla to ,augu/us1 he argues1 7 due to ! *ange ( cu/oms caus$ by ! augm5tation ( weal?1 exp5diture1 & ne$s4 ,( great] value are ! attempts to fill 9 diff]5t sections ( ! va/ canvas ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 su* z ,g>d?aus5's monum5tal survey ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 ,camille ,jullian's volumes on ,gaul1 & ,pr(essor ,hav]field's sl5d] monographs on ,brita94 ,roman life & culture h be5 dilig5tly explor$2 b ! extreme paucity ( mat]ials makes ! recov]y ( ! atmosph]e ( ! e>ly ,republic almo/ impossible4 ,! mo/ d>+ attempt 0 made by ,fu/el de ,c\langes 9 ,la ,cit ,antique1 :i* (f]$ a complete int]pretation ( e>ly society 9 t]ms ( religion4 ,less h>moni\s b m conv9c+ pictures ( religi\s life h be5 pa9t$ by ,w>de ,f[l]1 :ile ! civilization ( ! ,empire has be5 successively analys$ 9 ! fasc9at+ & au?oritative works ( ,fri$lnd]1 ,boissi]1 & ,dill4 ,mean:ile ar*aeology contributes a /eady /ream ( new mat]ial4 ,boni's excavations 9 ! ,=um & on ! ,palat9e h produc$ s5sational results4 ,! unveil+ ( ,pompeii moves sl[ly =w>d1 & t ( ,o/ia1 ! port ( ,rome1 has begun4 ,! resurrection ( ,h]culaneum %\ld be witness$ by ! next g5]ation if n by our own4 ,a m difficult because a m controv]sial problem ?an ! ,roman ,empire is its contempor>y1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 ! middle decades ( la/ c5tury ,baur treat$ ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity z an hi/orical ph5om5on1 leav+ 8 he>]s to det]m9e = !mselves :e!r x 0 human or div9e2 b 8 influ5ce prov$ m endur+ ?an 8 writ+s4 ,weiszck]1 8 successor at ,tb+51 9 8 ,apo/olic ,age1 describ$ ) consummate s*ol>%ip & passionless s]5ity ! life & organization ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities4 ,! necessity ( a c>eful /udy ( ! soil out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity has gr[n is n[ g5]ally recogniz$1 & great s*ol>s su* z ,s*r] & ,pfleid]] h re-creat$ ! religi\s atmosph]e into :i* ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,! con/itution ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 too long hotly discuss$ by ! *ampions ( rival sects1 has be5 /udi$ ) welcome imp>tiality by ,lightfoot & ,hat*4 ,b no man1 alive or dead1 c boa/ ( su* a*ievem5ts z ,h>nack4 ,8 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 8 va/ survey ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature till ,eusebius1 8 n>rative ( ! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity be=e ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 are insep>able companions ( ! /ud5t :o means bus9ess4 ,! treasures ( ! catacombs h be5 reveal$ by ,de ,rossi1 to :om we also owe ! publication ( ! ,*ri/ian ,inscriptions ( ,rome4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities 9 ! outly+ prov9ces ( ! ,empire has be5 enri*$ by ,ramsay's explorations 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,:ile ! be/ "w naturally goes into monographs1 compreh5sive n>ratives are occasionally attempt$ by s*ol>s ( ! fir/ class4 ,r5an's sp>kl+ volumes h enjoy$ imm5se popul>ity1 & "s ( !m may /ill be read ) pr(it2 b1 l 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 !y belong r to lit]ature ?an to sci5ce4 ,if we desire a readable summ>y ( ! s*ol>%ip ( ! la/ half-c5tury we may turn to ! ,volumes ( ! ,ca?olic ,du*esne or1 bett] /ill1 to ^? ( ! late ,pr(essor ,gwatk94 ,imp]ial ,rome & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* meet & bl5d 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 ! lat] hi/ory ( :i* appe>$ to ,gibbon 'a t$i\s & uni=m tale ( weakness & mis]y'4 ,its s]vices to civilization & ! greatness ( _m ( its rul]s 7 reveal$ to ! _w by ,f9lay1 ^: n>rative 0 acclaim$ by ,freeman z ! mo/ consid]able "w ( ,engli% hi/orical lit]ature s9ce ! ,decl9e & ,fall4 ,9 ! half-c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce its completion1 ! exploration ( a ?\s& ye>s has gone busily =w>d4 ,! lead 0 tak5 9 ,france by ,rambaud1 ,s*lumb]g]1 & ,diehl1 ! latt] ( :om 0 rew>d$ = 8 ef=ts by 8 appo9tm5t z fir/ occupant ( ! ,*air creat$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahii4 ,great] ?an any ( ! ?ree 0 ,krumba*]1 ! pr9ce ( ,g]man ,byzant9i/s1 = :om a ,*air 0 f\nd$ at ,muni* 9 #ahib1 & ^: encyclopa$ic survey ( ,byzant9e lit]ature is beyond comp>ison ! mo/ important s+le "w 9 ?is field ( hi/orical /udy4 ,engl& is wor?ily repres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,bury1 ^: n>rative ( ! ,empire has already rea*$ ! n9? c5tury4 ,byzantium has em]g$ f ! s*ol>%ip ( two g5]ations no long] decad5t & in]t b ! "m ( great /atesm5 & soldi]s1 ! home ( culture :ile ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe 0 plung$ 9 d>kness1 ! ramp>t ( ,*ri/ian ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s aga9/ ! ,arab & ,turk1 ! educator ( ! ,slavonic races4 ,freeman truly rem>k$ t ,con/ant9ople 0 = ages ! seat ( ! only regul> & sy/ematic ,gov]nm5t 9 ! _w4 ,its adm9i/rative ma*9e 0 ! mo/ elaborate yet inv5t$ by man1 & ! ,c\rt 0 to m$iaeval ,europe :at ,v]sailles 0 to ! rul]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,x 0 inde$ a bureaucratic despotism 9 :i* lib]ty 0 unkn[n1 &1 except 9 art1 its _s 0 imitative2 b to pres]ve ,greek culture dur+ ! b>b>ism ( ! ,middle ,ages & to def5d x aga9/ ! repeat$ assaults ( ,islam 0 to des]ve well ( civilization4 ,:ile ! ,byzant9e ,empire c>ri$ ov] important elem5ts f ! classical _w1 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe pass$ "u ! dom9ion ( ideas :i* 7 z =eign to ^? ( ,greece & ,rome z !y are to ! conceptions ( to-day4 ,we h outgr[n ! bl9d contempt ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! gu%+ en?usiasm ( ! ,romantic ,movem5t2 b x is /ill a difficult task to =m a j e/imate ( ! "* ( ! ?\s& ye>s t began ) ,augu/9e & end$ ) ,mac*iavelli4 ,x is true t our mat]ials gr[ f ye> to ye>2 t ! criticism ( orig9al au?orities z taught 9 ! cole des ,*>tes has become some?+ l an exact sci5ce2 t ?anks to ,"l ,bryce ! ,holy ,roman ,empire has become intelligible2 t ! /ructure & function ( in/itutions h be5 pati5tly analys$ by ,waitz & ,/ubbs1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes & ,v9ograd(f1 ,maitl& & ,gi]ke2 t lit]ature & art1 s*ola/icism & ! ,univ]sities1 h f\nd _! *ronicl]s & int]pret]s2 t e rul] & e ,/ate1 e treaty & e c\ncil1 may be /udi$ 9 monographs innum]able4 ,b ! ,middle ,ages 7 above all ! reign ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & we are /ill f> f agreem5t z to ! m]its & influ5ce ( t v5]able in/itution :i*1 be x human or div9e1 occupies a unique place 9 ! /ory ( civilization4 ,9 ! middle decades ( la/ c5tury ! hi/ory ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur* 0 relat$ f v diff]5t /&po9ts 9 ! widely-read works ( ,ne&] & ,milman2 b x 0 only ) ! op5+ ( ! ,vatican ar*ives by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii 9 #ahha t x became possible to set =? ! :ole /ory ( ! ,papacy & to und]/& ! work+ ( ! ma*9]y ( ,ca?olicism4 ,s va/ is ! accumulation ( (ficial acts & docum5ts1 & su* te*nical tra9+ is requir$ = ! task1 t we %all h to wait _m ye>s till ! mat]ial is survey$ 9 its entirety & its results made available = ! use ( ! hi/orian4 ,"s idea ( ! value ( ! ,regi/]s may be ga9$ f ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol's pregnant lectures on ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 bas$ on ! #h1jjj docum5ts ( ! elev5 ye>s ( ! rule ( ,innoc5t ,,iv 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! /udy ( ^! docum5ts1 he tells u1 /irr$ him to admiration ( ! organization ( ! ,papacy1 & conv9c$ him ( its enorm\s sup]iority ov] its secul> contempor>ies z a c5tre n m]ely ( religion b ( law & gov]nm5t2 b he adds t he d]iv$ an equally pr(\nd impression ( ! abuses :i* ate into ! he>t ( ! sy/em1 ( ! gr[+ bitt]ness :i* x inspir$1 & ( ! deva/at+ effects ( ! passion to erect a p[]ful pr9cipality 9 ! he>t ( ,italy4 ,no ,prote/ant hi/orian is tempt$ to glorify ! record ( ! ,papacy 9 ! la/ two c5turies be=e ! ,re=mation2 b x is g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! e>li] half ( ! ,middle ,ages ! example & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 7 a bright light %9+ 9 a d>k _w4 ,?is notion has be5 rec5tly *all5g$ by ,mr4 ,c\lton1 :o1 ang]$ by ! special plead+ ( ,c>d9al ,gasquet & o!r pr(essional apologi/s1 hotly d5\nces ! exaltation ( ! ,ages ( ,fai?4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 he compla9s1 are ! "o doma9 ( hi/ory into :i*1 9 ,engl& at any rate1 ! sci5tific _s has n yet p5etrat$4 ,tak+ z 8 text ! autobiography ( ! ,franciscan ,fra ,salimb5e1 ! mo/ preci\s au?ority = ! ord9>y life ( ,ca?olic folk at ! high-wat] m>k ( ! ,middle ,ages1 he draws a sombre picture ( mann]s & morals & ma9ta9s t hide\s vices exi/$ 9 all ! ,ord]s long be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ',imag9ation'1 he cries1 '/agg]s at ! moral gulf t yawns betwe5 t age & ours4' ,8 condemnation ( ! life & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* re-e*oes 9 some:at %rill tones ! v]dict ( ,h5ry ,*>les ,lea1 ^: massive treatise on ! ,inquisition 0 rightly describ$ by ,"l ,acton z ! mo/ important contribution ( ! ,new ,_w to ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! old1 & ^: volumes on ,sac]dotal ,celibacy con/itute a =midable indictm5t ( m$iaeval ,ca?olicism4 ,next to ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity ! mo/ controv]sial ( ! l>g] problems ( hi/ory is ! ,re=mation2 & "h ,prote/ants ( all s*ools are rang$ 9 a solid phalanx aga9/ ,ca?olics4 ,t ! ,*ur* 0 9 ne$ ( re=m is agre$ by bo? sides2 b ! ,ca?olic cont5ds t ! evils to be rem$i$ h be5 fanta/ically exagg]at$1 t !re 0 no ne$ = a revolt1 & t ! revolution inaugurat$ by ,lu!r left ,g]many f> worse ?an x f\nd h]4 ,realiz+ t ! ,prote/ant view mo/ au?oritatively pres5t$ 9 ,ranke's classical "w on ! ,re=mation held ! field1 ,janss5 compil$ a cultural hi/ory ( ! ,g]man p f ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! outbreak ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>4 ,bas$ ?r\gh\t on orig9al s\rces1 & illu/rat+ 8 !sis f e angle1 8 eight massive volumes 7 hail$ ) gratitude & en?usiasm by ,ca?olics all ov] ! _w4 ,no ,ca?olic hi/orical "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & c]ta9ly no attack on ! ,re=mation s9ce ,bossuet's ,v>iations ( ,prote/antism1 obta9$ su* res\nd+ success or l$ to s mu* controv]sy4 ,janss5's object 0 to %[ t ! fifte5? c5tury 0 n a p]iod ( moral or intellectual decrepitude1 ) a few ',re=m]s be=e ! ,re=mation' cry+ l voices 9 ! wild]ness1 b an era ( heal?y activity & ab\nd+ promise4 ,he describes ! fl\ri%+ /ate ( religi\s & secul> education1 ! vitality ( art1 ! com=t ( ! peasantry1 & ! prosp]ity ( ! t[ns4 ,on rea*+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 he d5\nces ! paganism ( ! ,humani/s & pa9ts a t]rible picture ( ! mat]ial & moral *aos into :i* ,g]many 0 plung$ by ! ,lu!ran revolt4 ,! lat] volumes are devot$ to ! era ( ! ,c\nt]-,revolution & pres5t a canvas ( unreliev$ gloom1 immorality & drunk5ness1 ignorance1 sup]/ition & viol5ce4 ,?us ! /ory :i* op5$ ) ! bright col\rs ( ! fifte5? c5tury closes 9 deep %ad[s1 & ! moral is drawn t ,g]many 0 ru9$ n by ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w> b by ! ,re=mation4 ,prote/ant hi/orians fell ^u ! audaci\s iconocla/ ) fi]ce cries ( ang]1 & _h no difficulty 9 expos+ 8 uncritical use ( au?orities1 8 habit ( g5]aliz+ f isolat$ p>ticul>s1 & 8 suppression ( facts damag+ to 8 own side4 ,b ?\gh x 0 a dext]\s polemic1 n a "w ( dis9t]e/$ sci5ce1 ,janss5's book has made x impossible = any self-respect+ ,prote/ant to write on ! ,re=mation )\t kn[+ & weigh+ ! ,ca?olic side4 ,( simil> t5d5cy ?\gh ( f> high] value is ! monum5tal "w 9 :i* ,pa/or is n>rat+ ! /ory ( ! ,r5aissance & sixte5?-c5tury ,popes f ! ,vatican ar*ives1 :i* nei!r ,ranke nor ,creighton _h be5 able to employ4 ,no really objective picture ( ! ,re=mation c be pa9t$ by ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant2 b a good deal ( firm gr\nd has be5 won1 & ! writ+s ( ,kaw]au1 ! greate/ ( ,lu!ran s*ol>s1 inspire u ) a confid5ce t no writ+s ( ! la/ g5]ation des]v$4 ,?\gh ,ranke's *ief works _h be5 publi%$ be=e ! p]iod to :i* ?is lecture is conf9$1 8 influ5ce c be trac$ 9 almo/ e writ] on mod]n hi/ory dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,8 greate/ s]vice to s*ol>%ip 0 to divorce ! /udy ( ! pa/ f ! passions ( ! pres5t1 &1 to quote ! wat*word ( 8 fir/ book1 to relate :at actually occurr$4 ,a second 0 to e/abli% ! necessity ( f\nd+ hi/orical con/ruction on /rictly contempor>y au?orities4 ,:5 he began to write 9 #ahbd hi/orians ( high repute believ$ memoirs & *ronicles to be tru/wor?y guides4 ,:5 he laid d[n 8 p5 9 #ahhf e s*ol> ) a reputation to make _h le>n$ to cont5t himself ) no?+ less ?an ! pap]s & correspond5ce ( ! actors !mselves & ^? 9 imm$iate contact ) ! ev5ts !y describe4 ,a ?ird s]vice 0 to f\nd ! sci5ce ( evid5ce by ! analysis ( au?orities1 contempor>y or o!rwise1 9 ! light ( ! au?or's temp]am5t1 affiliations1 & opportunity ( k1 & by comp>ison ) ! te/imony ( o!r writ]s4 ,!re c be no bett] prep>ation = ! p]ils & responsibilities ( au?or%ip ?an to /udy ! critical analyses ( ,guicci>d9i & ,s>pi1 ,cl>5don1 ,sa9t-,simon1 & _m ano!r1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! sixty volumes ( ! ma/]4 ,& f9ally he taught by precept & practice ! necessity ( explor+ ! relations ( ,/ates to "o ano!r & ( measur+ ! int]action ( =eign & dome/ic policy4 ,^! s\nd pr9ciples h be5 appli$ by ! s*ol>s ( all c\ntries :o h jo9tly built up ! hi/ory ( ! la/ f\r c5turies4 ,we may /udy ! ,tudors "u ! guidance ( ,poll>d1 ! ,/u>ts "u ,g>d9] & ,fir?1 ! ,hanov]ians "u ,lecky1 )\t fe> t we are be+ misl$ or t ess5tial facts are be+ )held f our notice4 ,we cont9ue to admire ! lit]>y brilliance ( ,macaulay & ,c>lyle1 ,motley & ,fr\de2 b we are in/9ctively aw>e t _! p>tisan%ip is out ( date4 ,! same cool+ process has tak5 place 9 ,france1 :]e ! passions & temp]s ( ,?i]s & ,mi*elet h t5d$ to yield place to ! calm lucidity ( :i* ,mignet & ,guizot 7 ! e>lie/ ma/]s4 ,!re is1 x mu/ be confess$1 a good deal ( ! old ,adam 9 ,ta9e's elaborate /udy ( ,jacob9ism1 9 ,masson's innum]able volumes on ,napoleon1 & ev5 9 ,aul>d's priceless contributions to our k ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 b su* works z ,lavisse's full-l5g? portrait ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,sgur's volumes on ,turgot & ,neck]1 ,sorel's massive treatise on ,europe & ! ,revolution1 & ,v&al's incomp>able pres5tation ( ! ,consulate rank z high 9 s*ol>%ip z 9 lit]ature4 ,! unification ( ,g]many aft] fi]ce /ruggles )9 & )\t naturally deflect$ hi/orical s*ol>%ip f ! pa? m>k$ out by ,ranke1 :o _h gr[n to manhood 9 ! era ( political /agnation foll[+ ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon4 ,! ma/]'s ,olympian s]5ity 0 deplor$ by ! gr\p ( hot-blood$ s*ol>s :o are collectively kn[n z ! ,prussian ,s*ool1 & :o 7 firmly conv9c$ t ! pr9cipal duty ( hi/orians 0 to supply guidance & enc\ragem5t to _! fell[-c\ntrym5 9 ! national & int]national problems ( ! "t4 ,9 8 gigantic "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ,prussian ,=eign ,policy1 ,droys51 ! elde/ ( ! ,triumvirate1 calls f\r c5turies to witness t ! ,hoh5zoll]ns alone1 f _! unsw]v+ fidelity to ,g]man int]e/s z a :ole1 7 fitt$ to re/ore ! ,empire4 ,he work$ exclusively f ,prussian ar*ives1 & hi/ory se5 exclusively ?r\gh ,prussian spectacles 0 b\nd to be "o-sid$4 ,no /ud5t ( ,european hi/ory w\ld conte/ ! value ( 8 rese>*es2 b 8 int]pretation ( ,prussian policy 9 t]ms ( ,g]man nationalism 0 at once recogniz$ z a fundam5tal error1 & has long be5 ab&on$4 ,! second memb] ( ! gr\p1 ,sybel1 himself "o ( ! ?ree fav\rite pupils ( ,ranke1 revolt$ 9 middle life1 & 9 8 two great treatises on ! era ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! f\ndation ( ! ,g]man ,empire *ampion$ ! policy ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns & deliv]$ sla%+ attacks on ,france & ,au/ria1 _! rivals & antagoni/s4 ,! la/ & greate/ ( ! triumvirate1 ,treits*ke1 ! ,bism>ck ( ! ,*air1 devot$ 8 life to a hi/ory ( ,g]many 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury :i* occupies ! same unique place 9 ! affections ( ,g]man read]s z ,macaulay's unf9i%$ ma/]piece enjoys ?r\gh\t ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,unlike ! works ( ,droys5 & ,sybel1 ! ,g]man ,hi/ory 0 f> m ?an a political n>rative1 & pres5t$ an encyclopa$ic picture ( national developm5t4 ,8 !me 0 ! conflict ( ! =ces :i* 7 promot+ & oppos+ ! trans=mation ( 8 c\ntry into a p[]ful ,empire1 & he judges m5 & /ates by ! measure 9 :i* !y promot$ or ob/ruct$ t purpose4 ,on ! "o side /&s ,prussia1 feel+ h] way to ! realization ( h] hi/oric task1 on ! o!r ! middle & small] /ates1 aid$ & abett$ by ! ar*-enemy ,au/ria & deeply infect$ ) ! doctr9aire lib]alism ( ,france4 ,treits*ke's /age is a battlefield1 ) ! hi/orian look+ d[n & enc\rag+ 8 fri5ds ) l\d cries ( applause4 ,su* me?ods c\ld n survive ! realization ( ! aim :i* !y _h done s mu* to assi/1 & ) ,treits*ke's dea? 9 #ahif ! ,prussian ,s*ool disappe>$4 ,its memb]s 7 ! political s*oolma/]s ( ,g]many at a "t ( unc]ta9ty & disc\ragem5t1 & !y brac$ _! c\ntrym5 to ! ef=ts :i* culm9at$ 9 ! creation ( a mighty ,empire4 ,if ! purpose ( hi/ory is to /ir a nation to action1 ,droys51 ,sybel1 & ,treits*ke are among ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! craft4 ,if its supreme aim is to discov] tru? & to int]pret ! movem5t ( humanity1 !y h no claim to a place 9 ! fir/ class4 ,! /ream1 tempor>ily deflect$ by _! p[]ful influ5ce1 began to return to ! *annel :i* ,ranke _h m>k$ out = x4 ,su* works z ,moriz ,ritt]'s n>rative ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation & ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>1 ,kos]'s biography ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,max ,lehmann's biographies ( ,s*>nhor/ & ,/e91 & ,eri* ,m>cks' /udies ( ,bism>ck & 8 ma/] are z notable = _! judgem5t z = _! erudition4 ,! cool+ process not$ 9 ! ,old ,_w has also occurr$ 9 ! ,new1 & ,am]ica ( ! tw5tie? c5tury smiles at ,bancr(t's complac5t idealization ( ! ,puritan colonies4 ,ev5 ! slav]y /ruggle1 ! a%es ( :i* are sc>cely yet cold1 has f\nd 9 ,james ,=d ,rhodes a hi/orian :o c d ju/ice to ,jeff]son ,davis & ,lee no less ?an to ,l9coln & ,grant4 ,b no ,am]ican s*ol> comp>es 9 _w-wide influ5ce ) ,mahan1 ^: /udy ( ,sea-,p[] 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 n only f\nd$ a s*ool ( naval hi/ory b 0 inw>dly dige/$ by di/+ui%$ pupils 9 bo? hemisph]es1 among !m ! ,emp]or ,william ,,ii & ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,! ,admiral's writ+s owe _! importance n to rese>*1 = few new facts are br\ght to light1 b to ! new angle f :i* famili> ev5ts are envisag$4 ,occasionally1 p]haps1 ! elem5t ( sea-p[] 9 ! det]m9ation ( a p>ticul> result is ov]-emphasiz$ at ! exp5se ( o!r factors2 b he 0 ! fir/ to seize ! wid] be>+s ( naval hi/ory & to make ! g5]al read] aw>e ( its mom5t\s significance4 ,! scope ( hi/ory has gradually wid5$ till x has come to include e aspect ( ! life ( humanity4 ,no "o w\ld n[ d>e to ma9ta9 ) my old ma/] ,seeley t hi/ory 0 ! biography ( ,/ates or ) ,freeman t x 0 m]ely pa/ politics4 ,! gr[? ( nations1 ! a*ievem5ts ( m5 ( action1 ! rise & fall ( p>ties rema9 among ! mo/ engross+ !mes ( ! hi/orian2 b he n[ ca/s 8 net wid] & embraces ! :ole opul5t record ( civilization4 ,! influ5ce ( nature1 ! pressure ( economic factors1 ! orig9 & trans=mation ( ideas1 ! contribution ( sci5ce & art1 religion & philosophy1 lit]ature & law1 ! mat]ial conditions ( life1 ! =tunes ( ! masses--su* problems n[ claim 8 att5tion 9 no less degree4 ,he mu/ see life /eadily & see x :ole4 ,we mu/ ma/] su* reveal+ works z ,lecky's hi/ories ( ,rationalism & ,morals1 ,burckh>dt's & ,symonds' int]pretations ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ,sa9te-,beuve's full-l5g? portrait ( ! ,jans5i/s1 ,morley's /udies ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau & ! ,encyclopa$i/s1 ,dean ,*ur*'s sket* ( ! ,ox=d ,movem5t1 & ,m]z's survey ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 if we are to und]/& ! ?robb+ life ( ! human _s4 ,we mu/ measure ! op]ation ( economic factors & =ces & pr(it by ! fai?ful lab\rs ( ,s*moll] & ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,cunn+ham & ,kovalevsky1 ! ,webbs & ! ,hammonds1 if we are to visualize ! life ( ! unnumb]$ & ! unkn[n :o h done ! r\t9e "w ( ! _w4 ,! fifty ye>s r\ghly sket*$ 9 ?is lecture witness$ an imm5se & almo/ immeasurable advance 9 hi/orical /udies4 ,! te*nique ne$$ to turn raw mat]ials into ! f9i%$ article kept pace ) ! supply1 & m5 le>n$ to write ! hi/ory ( _! own c\ntry1 _! own p>ty1 & _! own beliefs1 z imp>tially z t ( o!r l&s & o!r cre$s4 ,b ! ,great ,w> has ravag$ ! placid pa/ures ( s*ol>%ip no less ?an ! fields ( ,france & ,belgium4 ,too _m hi/orians 9 e bellig]5t c\ntry h lo/ _! heads & deg5]at$ into %riek+ p>tisans4 ,int]national co-op]ation 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 :i* is ! condition ( progress 9 hi/ory no less ?an 9 sci5ce1 has be5 rudely %att]$ by ! cla% ( arms4 ,) all b ! calme/ m9ds1 national self-consci\sness & national self-righte\sness h r5d]$ frankness 9 deal+ ) ! record ( our late allies & fairness 9 deal+ ) our late enemies difficult if n impossible4 ,_m ye>s w elapse be=e ! ,european atmosph]e rega9s ! tranquillity 9 :i* alone ! dis9t]e/$ pursuit ( tru? c n\ri%4 ,mean:ile x is a s\rce ( legitimate satisfaction t :ile ! _w 0 rock+ to its f\ndations two ,engli% hi/orians1 ,sir ,adolphus ,w>d & ,mr4 ,william ,h>butt ,dawson1 7 n>rat+ ! developm5t ( ,g]many 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ) a /ead9ess ( pulse unsurpass$ 9 ! pip+ times ( peace4 ,! hi/orian is a man ( fle% & blood & may love 8 c\ntry z ard5tly z o!r m52 b1 if he is to be wor?y ( 8 high call+1 he mu/ trample passion & prejudice "u 8 feet & walk humbly & rev]5tly 9 ! temple ( ! ,goddess ( ,tru?4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,goo*1 ,hi/ory & ,hi/orians 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7,longmans74 ,,vi ,,political ,,!ory ,a4,d4 ,,l9dsay ,political ,philosophy or ! philosophical !ory ( ! ,/ate has clos] relations ) hi/ory ?an any o!r bran* ( philosophical inquiry4 ,x is inde$ di/+ui%$ f hi/ory 9 t x c disreg>d ! success or failure1 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is or t /ate4 ,= x is conc]n$ n ) hi/orical happ5+s b ) ideals1 n ) ! v>y+ ext5t to :i* diff]5t /ates h approximat$ or fall5 %ort ( _! purpose1 b ) t purpose itself1 n1 9 %ort1 ) /ates b ) ! ,/ate4 ,yet ?is ne$ n involve t ! ideal1 ! ,/ate1 is always & ev]y:]e ! same4 ,ideals are born ( hi/orical circum/ances & fa%ion$ to meet hi/orical problems1 & ! w\ld-be timeless ideals :i* political philosoph]s h put be=e u h always borne cle> m>ks ( ! c\ntry & "t ( _! orig94 ,! ideal :i* m5 h set !mselves 9 political organization has v>i$ f "t to "t4 ,t su* v>iation is inevitable w be cle> if we ask ourselves :at we c possibly mean by an ideal /ate4 ,t /ates fall %ort ( _! ideal because ( ! imp]fections ( _! citiz5s is cle> en\gh4 ,all political life dem&s a c]ta9 /&>d ( moral behavi\r1 ( capacity to "w = a common good1 & an und]/&+ ( ! results ( our own & o!r p's actions4 ,7 human selfi%ness completely ov]come1 ! /ate w\ld /ill be necess>y to correct individual %ortsight$ness4 ,! policeman1 exempt f ! c>es ( appreh5d+ crim9als1 w\ld /ill be ne$$ to control traffic4 ,b imag9e1 n t all citiz5s atta9$ a c]ta9 /&>d ( moral & intellectual behavi\r1 z ! ideal dem&s1 b t !y 7 all p]fectly good & p]fectly wise1 %\ld we ne$ any k9d ( gov]nm5t at all8 ,is n ! supposition ( p]fection s f> remov$ f any /ate ( affairs we c really ?9k ( or plan =1 t x _c ent] into our reckon+1 ideal or practical8 ,e ideal takes c]ta9 facts ( human life = grant$ :il/ x tries to improve o!rs4 ,all ideal /ates1 ,plato's z well z o!rs1 assume c]ta9 facts ab\t human nature & human society4 ,^! facts may & d v>y4 ,! ,greek city /ate assum$ t a /ate mu/ be small1 if x 0 to h ! int5sive life !y dem&$4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0 a d5ial ( ! an>*y to :i* ! ,greek ideal _h l$1 b x lo/ 9 int5sity :at x ga9$ 9 ext5t4 ,all political ideals assume a c]ta9 sociological backgr\nd on :i* ! /ate is bas$ & f :i* spr+ ! problems :i* ! /ate is int5d$ to solve4 ,z ?is sociological backgr\nd v>ies f "t to "t1 ! ,/ate1 ! purpose :i* m5 set be=e !mselves 9 political organization1 w v>y also4 ,! ,greek city /ate & ! m$iaeval /ate 7 n diff]5t approximations to ! same ideal4 ,!y 7 ! expressions ( diff]5t ideals4 ,!y re/$ on diff]5t assumptions1 e4g4 z to ! place ( au?ority 9 society4 ,) ! disappe>ance at ! ,re=mation ( "o ( ! great assumptions on :i* ! m$iaeval /ate _h be5 bas$1 a new !ory ( ! /ate 0 inevitable4 ,! national /ate ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 some?+ new 9 hi/ory1 & ,hobbes diff]s f ,ari/otle1 n because ,hobbes is p]v]se & ,ari/otle "r1 ?\gh ,hobbes (t5 is p]v]se1 b because ! political problems :i* ,hobbes & ,ari/otle _h to face 7 n ! same4 ,two great hi/orical facts at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 pr(\ndly modifi$ ! basis ( political organization4 ,! mod]n /ate 9 consequ5ce diff]s 9 _m important respects f any t h prec$$ x4 ,x does n re/ on ! common acceptance ( au?ority1 ei!r religi\s1 z did ! m$iaeval /ate1 or p]sonal1 z did ! sev5te5?-c5tury /ate4 ,unlike ! ,greek city /ate1 x is l>ge4 ,its adm9i/ration is conc]n$ ) millions :o _c be 9 p]sonal relations to "o ano!r1 or %>e ! same int5sive life4 ,) ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !n1 a new *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( political !ory beg9s z ! peculi> problems ( ! mod]n /ate develop4 ,pr(essor ,dicey1 9 8 ,law & ,op9ion 9 ,engl&1 has divid$ ! c5tury into two p]iods ( political ?\ght--,individualism & ,collectivism--"o m>k+ ! decrease1 ! o!r ! increase ( ! p[] & au?ority ( ! /ate4 ,:5 our p]iod beg9s1 ! day ( individualism 0 pass+4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,re=mation x _h1 9 spite ( ,burke1 dom9at$ political !ory4 ,two =ces _h giv5 x /r5g?--"o ideali/ic1 "o sci5tific4 ,x repres5t$ ! revolt ( ! individual consci5ce aga9/ ! claims ( au?ority1 & z su* 0 a !ory :i* attempt$ to limit ! p[] ( gov]nm5t ov] ! individual1 :e!r by an appeal to natural rights 9 ,locke & ,tom ,pa9e1 or to ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] 9 ! ,utilit>ians1 or to ! sup]-em95t value ( individual lib]ty z set =? 9 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's noble panegyric4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution gave a notable impetus to ?is side ( individualism1 ) its passionate ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple t political in/itutions exi/ = man1 n man = political in/itutions1 & t all gov]nm5t mu/ be te/$ by ! life :i* x enables ea* & e "o ( its citiz5s to live4 ,individualism 9 ?is s5se is conc]n$ ) ! discov]y ( pr9ciples by :i* ! p[] ( gov]nm5t ov] ! lives ( its memb]s may be limit$4 ,x is n necess>ily a !ory ( ! nature ( society4 ,hobbes1 h[ev]1 0 an individuali/ z well z ,locke1 & = ,hobbes ! individual 0 ! sci5tific unit f :i* societies & /ates 7 built up--! />t+-po9t = a sci5tific treatm5t ( society4 ,z ! ,fr5* ,revolution gave a fre% impulse to ideali/ic individualism1 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution reanimat$ ! sci5tific1 = x display$ ! economic man1 ,hobbes's h]o1 come to life & a respectable memb] ( society4 ,) him came ! gr[? ( political economy1 app>5tly ! fir/ really sci5tific /udy ( man4 ,f ,political ,economy ,d>w9 borr[$ ! conception ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & f ! new biology ! doctr9e ( ,evolution ?r\gh individual competition return$ to re9=ce ) ! pre/ige ( ! new sci5ce ! economi/s' conception ( society4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury all ! =ces inspir+ individualism seem$ to "w toge!r1 = economics & biology brea!d a b5evol5t optimism :i* promis$ t if ! sci5tific =ces ( individualism 7 left to "w un*eck$ by /ate re/riction1 !y w\ld ( !mselves produce t individual lib]ty & free developm5t :i* ideali/ic individualism desir$4 ,! developm5t ( ! indu/rial revolution1 h[ev]1 soon made economic optimism impossible1 & ) its decay ideali/ic & sci5tific individualism p>t$ company4 ,! =m] reta9$ its conc]n = individual lib]ty b came to see t its ideal 0 z mu* ?reat5$ by economic dep5d5ce z by /ate control1 t ! *oice = mo/ memb]s ( society 0 n "o betwe5 /ate int]f]5ce & no int]f]5ce at all1 b betwe5 ! /ate controll+ or n controll+ ! p[] ( int]f]5ce possess$ by ! economically sup]ior memb]s ( society4 ,on su* pr9ciples ,h5ry ,sidgwick ju/ifi$ an ext5sive sy/em ( /ate control ( indu/ry1 & = su* reason ! /ronge/ support]s ( ! rights ( ! individual h be5 f\nd among ,sociali/s4 ,sci5tific individualism1 :i* f\nd its unit 9 ! economic man & s\ght to absorb 9 economics bo? e?ics & politics1 0 n 9 ess5ce affect$ by ! discr$it+ ( economic optimism4 ,x pa9t$ ! /ruggle betwe5 individuals 9 gloomy in/ead ( 9 attractive col\rs1 its 'sci5tific' prepossessions incl9$ x to a det]m9ism :i* l$ easily to ! economic !ory ( hi/ory & ev51 by a curi\s conv]sion ( opposites1 to ! 'sci5tific socialism' ( ,k>l ,m>x4 ,9 its ess5ce x is a d5ial ( ! real exi/5ce ( politics4 ,= x is a !ory ( society :i* d5ies ! possibility ( a w = ! common good & !re=e ! possibility ( political ideals4 ,x 0 ?is p[]ful & malignant !ory :i* 0 attack$ & answ]$ by ! mod]n ideali/ s*ool repres5t$ by ,gre51 ,wallace1 & ,rit*ie1 &1 9 ! pres5t day1 by ,dr4 ,bosanquet4 ,^! writ]s gave u a !ory ( ! /ate bas$ on ! importance & reality ( social purpose4 ,!y w5t back to ! !ory ( ! ,greek city /ate exp\nd$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 f9d+ mod]n re9=cem5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ,r\sseau & m especially ( ,hegel4 ,_! de/ructive criticism ( 'sci5tific' individualism 0 re9=c$ by ! tea*+ ( an?ropology & ( hi/orical jurisprud5ce1 :i* emphasiz$ ! "p play$ 9 e>ly =ms ( society by social solid>ity & %[$ ! inability ( individualism to acc\nt = ! developm5t ( society4 ,_! de/ructive criticism 01 h[ev]1 ! lea/ "p ( _! a*ievem5t4 ,!y exhibit$ conv9c+ly ! /ate z ! product ( w & purpose1 bas$ on man's moral nature & be+ 9 turn ! =m 9 :i* t moral nature expresses itself4 ,9 a notable phrase ( ,dr4 ,bosanquet's1 a phrase to :i* he has giv5 con/ant detail$ amplification1 'in/itutions are e?ical ideas'2 moral purpose may seem to %9e dimly en\gh 9 _m actual in/itutions1 b x is ! only light :i* %9es 9 !m at all1 & only 9 t light c _! mean+ & reality be und]/ood4 ,! ma9 pr9ciples ( ?is ideali/ic s*ool may be safely said to h by ?is "t e/abli%$ !mselves aga9/ criticism4 ,( rec5t ye>s ,social ,psy*ology has done mu* to expla9 ! gap betwe5 ! contemplat$ purpose & ! actual work+ ( in/itutions1 & has giv5 precision & def9it5ess to ^? elem5ts 9 human nature :i* /r5g!n or weak5 social solid>ity4 ,economi/s h come to see t economic relations are possible only )9 ! framework ( a society :i* has its root 9 moral & political purpose1 al?\gh )9 t framework !y may be !oretically isolat$ & /udi$ by !mselves4 ,sociology1 aft] _m false />ts1 inspir$ by ! mi/ak5 belief t a sci5tific treatm5t ( society %\ld int]pret high] =ms 9 ! light ( l[]1 has n[ f\nd x possible to /udy ! manifold v>iety ( in/itutional & social life on ! basis provid$ by ideali/ic philosophy4 ,z a !ory ( society1 9 %ort1 ?is philosophy holds ! field4 ,x has be5 criticiz$ ( late ye>s z a !ory ( ! /ate1 & z ^! criticisms %[ bo? :]e ! ideali/ic !ory 0 9 "s respects defective & also :]e ! *ief problems = political philosophy 9 ! future are to be f\nd1 ,i %all devote ! great] "p ( my lecture to ^! consid]ations4 ,! ideali/ic s*ool drew _! inspiration f ! !ory ( ! ,greek city /ate1 & 9 _! conception ( ! function ( ! /ate !y assum$ an ess5tial id5tity betwe5 ! ,greek city /ate & ! mod]n nation /ate4 ,9 s f> z ^! two types ( /ate h be5 ! mo/ self-consci\s types ( society t h exi/$1 & h !re=e display$ explicitly ! purpose t is implicit 9 all society1 ! id5tification has be5 s\nd & fruitful2 9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! id5tity is press$ to imply t 9 ! mod]n /ate ! def9ite political or gov]nm5tal organization %\ld play ! same function z x did 9 ! ,greek city /ate1 ! id5tification has be5 mi/ak54 ,! ,greek city /ate fail$ conspicu\sly to solve ! problem ( int]-/ate relations1 & its philosoph]s1 in/ead ( recogniz+ ! failure & try+ to rem$y x1 made _! ideal /ate ev5 m self-c5tr$ & autonom\s ?an ! exi/+ /ates ar\nd !m4 ,mod]n ,idealism1 j because x glorifies ! /ate z ! necess>y uphold] ( moral relations1 has (t5 f\nd x h>d to reg>d ! /ate z 9 its turn a memb] ( a moral _w4 ,aga91 ! ,greek city /ate1 j because x 0 small1 c\ld take up into itself all ! v>i\s social activities ( its memb]s4 ,! /ate1 9 ! s5se ( ! ,community 9 its political organization1 direct$ & inspir$ ,society1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 society & ! /ate 0 n ( great importance4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ! b\nd>ies ( political organization are n ne>ly z def9ite b\nd>ies 9 society z are ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,greek city /ate4 ,!re are all mann] ( associations ^: memb]s are ( diff]5t /ates & ^: purposes are b to a small degree inspir$ or controll$ by political organizations4 ,mod]n /ates are n all or completely nation /ates1 & ! nation is n z p]vad+ & dom9at+ an entity z 0 ! ,greek polis4 ,?is is n to say t ! non-political associations c\ld d )\t ! /ate1 z "s rec5t writ]s h cont5d$4 ,*ur*es1 e4g41 c\ld n exi/ 7 !re n law & gov]nm5t4 ,yet x is impossible to ma9ta9 t 9 any real s5se !y are upheld by ! /ate4 ,!y cle>ly get _! inspiration f o!r s\rces4 ,! difficulty is n evad$ if we g beh9d bo? political & non-political organization to ! community 9 :i* bo? exi/ & :i* upholds !m bo?4 ,= :at 9 ?is ref]5ce is '! community'8 ,9 reg>d to ! political association x is ! special solid>ity ( p liv+ 9 a c]ta9 area2 9 reg>d to ! non-political organization x is ! solid>ity ( a section ( ! _w-wide society1 m>k$ (f f ! re/ on a non-t]ritorial basis4 ,! community 9 ! two cases is n ! same4 ,h5ce !re arises 9 ! mod]n /ate1 z !re arose 9 ! m$iaeval1 a conflict ( loyalties betwe5 ! /ate & non-political associations4 ,if we divide ! _w into /ates ^: l9es ( division foll[ ! divisions ( ! organization ( =ce1 we are fac$ ) a ho/ ( problems conc]n+ ! prop] place 9 society ( ^! =ce-be>+ organizations1 & _! relation to o!r associations4 ,9 consid]+ bo? sets ( problems1 int]national & int]nal1 we may ei!r beg9 ) ! division ( ! _w into /ates1 ea* ( :i* w be an approximation ( ! ,/ate :i* we are /udy+1 or we may reg>d ! :ole _w z 9 "s sort "o society1 cov]$ ) a network ( ov]lapp+ associations ( all k9ds4 ,on ! =m] view ! _w is ?\ght ( z consi/+ ( a numb] ( indep5d5t communities1 ea* %ap+ & controll+ ! v>i\s =ms ( social life )9 its own bord]s1 uphold+ _! moral _w1 & ea* be+ z a :ole s+le entity a memb] ( ! community ( /ates4 ,on ! latt] we />t ) ! solid>ity & w to co-op]ate :i* p]vades 9 all mann] ( degrees ! :ole _w society1 & reg>d ! organization ( =ce :i* m>ks ! /ate z be+ ! m>k ( a settl$ & det]m9$ =m ( t w to co-op]ate :i* is *>act]i/ic ( all =ms ( human association4 ,h[ dom9ant & det]m9ant ov] o!r =ms ( association is t special =m :i* controls organiz$ =ce--t is ! problem be=e u4 ,we are conc]n$ 9 te*nical language ) ! problem ( sov]eignty4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! problem ( int]national relations4 ,! doctr9e ( sov]eignty1 =mulat$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & cry/alliz$ by ,au/9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?1 made sov]eignty ! hallm>k ( ! /ate4 ,! p]son or p]sons1 to :om ! bulk ( a giv5 society r5d] habitual ob$i5ce1 ei!r d or d n r5d] habitual ob$i5ce 9 turn to "s o!r p]son or p]sons4 ,if !y d n1 ! society con/itutes a sov]eign /ate2 if !y d1 x is only "p ( a sov]eign /ate4 ,! _w !re=e 0 reg>d$ z conta9+ a numb] ( sov]eign indep5d5t /ates4 ,z sov]eignty & law necess>ily w5t h& 9 h&1 !re c\ld be no law betwe5 sov]eign /ates4 ,!re c\ld only be _w-wide law if !re 7 "o _w-wide /ate4 ,s long z !re are m /ates ?an "o1 !re are communities betwe5 :om !re is no law4 ,! doctr9e ( sov]eignty 0 9 its inception individuali/1 b 9 s f> z conc]ns ! implications1 ?\gh n ! basis ( sov]eignty1 x 0 tak5 ov] by ,hegel & by ! ,engli% ideali/ s*ool ) ! exception ( ,t4,h4 ,gre54 ,idealism1 inde$1 always insi/$ t w1 n =ce1 0 ! basis ( ! /ate1 b :]eas 9 ,gre5 ! /ate is con/itut$ by ! moral will+ ( individuals = a g5]al good1 9 ,hegel & 9 ,bosanquet ! conflict+ will+s ( individuals are reconcil$ by _! be+ tak5 up into ! supra-p]sonal w ( ! /ate4 ,) ! =m] !re=e ! morality ( individuals is ! prim>y fact1 ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate ! second>y2 ) ! latt] on ! :ole ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate is ! prim>y moral fact1 ! moral will+ ( individuals second>y4 ,j because ! wills ( individuals are reconcil$1 n by ea* recogniz+ c]ta9 ab/ract pr9ciples ( duty1 b by be+ tak5 up into ! supra-p]sonal w ( ! /ate1 :]e !re is no su* supra-p]sonal w !re is no reconciliation ( conflict+ wills & no morality beyond & outside ! b\nd>ies ( communities4 ,h5ce arises a conception ( ! /ate :i* fits into ! absoluti/ doctr9e ( sov]eignty :i* we h describ$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be said ab\t ?is doctr9e ( ! indep5d5t sov]eign /ate is t political facts h obvi\sly outrun x4 ,x 0 d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! unit>y /ate & w h>dly fit any f$]al /ate4 ,x is manife/ly absurd :5 appli$ to ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,if we disreg>d1 z we mu/1 ! sup]ficial legal facts & look at ! real nature ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 we mu/ admit t ! ,dom9ions are nei!r sep>ate sov]eign /ates nor p>ts ( "o sov]eign /ate1 & t ! unity ( ! ,empire is a unity ( w--a will+ness to co-op]ate :i* has n yet clo!d itself 9 legal =ms1 & :i* is n1 = geographical & o!r reasons1 z int5se z t w to co-op]ate :i* mu/ be at ! basis ( a unit>y sov]eign /ate4 ,?is mu/ sugge/ to u t ! will+ness to co-op]ate admits ( degrees1 & ! relations ( communities to "o ano!r to h /ability mu/ reflect ^! degrees4 ,! importance ( ^! consid]ations is obvi\s if we ?9k ( ! problems ) :i* we are confront$ at ! pres5t mom5t1 :5 we are attempt+ to =m an int]national organization4 ,! problems :i* h confront$ ! ,peace ,conf]5ce h br\ght two ?+s cle>ly to light4 ,! fir/1 t ! nation /ate is f> too simple a solution ( mod]n difficulties4 ,self-det]m9ation w n c>ry u v f>4 ,!re are _m cases :]e ! b\nd>ies dictat$ by nationality on ! "o h& & by ! ne$ = common organization on ! o!r d n co9cide1 & :]e ! only solution is "o :i* impairs sov]eignty 9 ! old s5se4 ,! second is t ! ,league ( ,nations1 if x is to mean any?+ at all1 w h to impair ! sov]eignty ( ! /ates :i* jo9 x )\t !reby con/itut+ 9 itself a _w /ate4 ,mu* ( ! opposition to ! ,league ( ,nations is conc]n$ ) ?is impli$ impairm5t ( sov]eignty4 ,:e!r ?is opposition w weigh ) u w dep5d on :e!r we reg>d ! indep5d5t sov]eign /ate z ! be-all & end-all ( political !ory1 or see t ! fundam5tal fact to be tak5 into acc\nt is man's read9ess to co-op]ate = common purposes4 ,if we take ! latt] view1 we %all /ill be hold+ to :at 0 ! fundam5tal contribution ( ! ideali/ s*ool1 ! tea*+ t ! basis ( all political que/ions is moral4 ,! ess5ce ( ! matt] is h[ we are prep>$ to treat o!r p1 = :at purposes we are prep>$ to act ) !m1 h[ f> we are prep>$ to recognize & give settl$ organiz$ recognition to our mutual obligations4 ,! political organization is ! vehicle & n ! creator ( ^! moral facts4 ,z ! facts v>y1 s w its =ces4 ,we may le>n f ! ,hegelian s*ool to recognize ! enorm\s importance ( ! /ate1 ! great a*ievem5t ( ! human _s :i* its organization repres5ts1 & ! folly ( light-he>t$ly endang]+ its exi/5ce1 )\t mak+ "o =m :i* x has tak5 9 ! nation /ate sacrosanct & absolute4 ,let u turn n[ to ! second ( our problems1 ! relation ( ! /ate to associations1 su* z *ur*es & trade unions1 )9 its bord]s4 ,"h aga9 we f9d a pr9ciple1 orig9at+ 9 e>li] individuali/ !ory1 tak5 up into idealism4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( mod]n political !ory 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! absoluti/ doctr9e ( ! /ate 0 ! outcome ( ! ne$ ( ! times = /rong gov]nm5t4 ,a /ate t 0 n ma/] 9 its own h\se 0 felt to be incapable ( ! h>d task ^! tr\bl\s times set be=e x4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution made no *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! /ate to associations4 ,new-born democracy 0 n incl9$ to look fav\rably on ! indep5d5ce ( religi\s non-democratic associations1 & ! fact t ,levia?an _h become democratic 0 ?\ght to h trans=m$ him into a mon/] )9 ^: capaci\s maw any numb] ( ,jonahs might live at ease or lib]ty4 ,association aga9/ a tyrant might be a sacr$ duty2 aga9/ ! p x c\ld only be a suspici\s sup]fluity4 ,9 a v diff]5t way ! ,prussian /ate1 c5traliz$1 effici5t1 & ,era/ian1 organiz+ ! :ole res\rces ( ! community "u ! guidance ( ! /ate1 en=c$ ! same pr9ciple4 ,! /ate is a moral in/itution1 x _c surr5d] ! inculcation & uphold+ ( morality to an ali5 or indep5d5t body4 ,f all ! s\rces ( mod]n ideali/ic political !ory1 ,plato1 ,r\sseau1 ,hegel1 comes ! same pr9ciple ( /ate absolutism ov] associations )9 ! /ate4 ,! pr9ciple 0 put 9 ideali/ic =m 9 ! doctr9e t ! /ate is a supra-p]sonal w1 absorb+ 9 itself ! activities ( its memb]s4 ,( late ye>s dissatisfaction ) ?is doctr9e has be5 mak+ itself m & m l\dly express$4 ,along ) an increas+ belief 9 ! ext5sion ( ! /ate's adm9i/rative capacities has gone an increas+ dis9cl9ation to leave m5's moral & cultural activities to ! political organization4 ,! ideal ( ! ,kultur/aat is n[ suffici5tly discr$it$4 ,m5 are com+ m & m to recognize ! "p play$ 9 life by non-political organizations & to insi/ on ! importance ( pres]v+ ! indep5d5ce & fre$om f /ate control ( su* associations z *ur*es4 ,! loyalty ( individuals to _! associations1 *ur*es or trade unions1 has be5 conflict+ ) _! loyalty to ! /ate1 & m5 are n prep>$ to admit t 9 all su* cases ( conflict loyalty to ! /ate ought to be p>am\nt4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! lat] ideali/ic s*ool1 ! p]sonality ( ! /ate1 l5t a =ce to ! criticism ( ! doctr9e ( /ate absolutism4 ,if ! /ate c be describ$ z a p]son1 may n also a *ur* & a trade union8 ,we h begun to le>n f ,gi]ke1 int]pret$ & re9=c$ to u by ,maitl&1 t :at is sauce = ! /ate goose is also sauce = ! corporation g&]1 & t associations )9 ! /ate may claim f ! /ate a great] indep5d5ce & a recognition ( _! intr9sic wor? because !y1 z x1 embody 9 "s s5se a real w ov] & above ! wills ( _! memb]s4 ,?is doctr9e ( corporate p]sonality is ( great int]e/ & complexity1 & has n yet be5 satisfactorily work$ out4 ,b ,i %all n discuss x n[ because x w n help u f> t[>ds a solution ( ! problem ( :at are ! prop] relations betwe5 associations & ! /ate1 be !y p]sonalities or n4 ,rec5t writ]s h ma9ly attempt$ to solve ! problem by ! pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation ( function4 ,?is w c]ta9ly help u 9 consid]+ ! relation ( *ur* & /ate4 ,= we c say t ! task ( ! political organization is to ma9ta9 ! conditions ( ! good life1 leav+ ! "w ( develop+ ! mean+ ( ! good life1 ! fo/]+ & inculcation ( ideals1 to volunt>y associations4 ,! /ate w !n ma9ta9 a c]ta9 m9imum ( moral behavi\r1 :ile ! m delicate & fre] "w ( inspiration is left to individuals & volunt>y associations4 ,?is w n always provide a clean-cut & suffici5t diff]5tiation4 ,! /ate mu/ make up its own m9d :at is ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( ! good life1 ! volunt>y associations may hold t :at ! /ate orda9s is flatly evil1 z ! /ate may hold t :at a volunt>y association tea*es is subv]sive ( all t makes a common ord]$ life possible1 & bo? mu/ be true to ! facts z !y see !m4 ,:5 su* conflict arises1 z x has aris5 lately1 if ! only answ] we c give at pres5t is ! old answ] giv5 by ,dr4 ,johnson1 ',! /ate _h a "r to m>tyr ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & !y _h a "r to be m>tyr$1' yet at lea/ we are f>!r on if ea* side hone/ly recognizes ! importance ( ! "w t ! o!r has to d4 ,:5 we come to ! problem rais$ by ! pres5t position & claims ( ,trade ,unions1 diff]5tiation ( functions is less satisfactory4 ,let u fir/ look at ! problem z x confronts u to-day4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! /ate 0 d\btful :e!r x %\ld all[ trade unions to exi/4 ,! ,political ,economy preval5t 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury taught t trade unions 7 ei!r unnecess>y or useless--unnecess>y 9 s f> z economic relations1 if unh9d]$ by regulations f ! /ate or f comb9ations1 7 reg>d$ by economic optimism z !mselves produc+ satisfactory social conditions2 useless :]e ,political ,economy _h sub/itut$ = optimism a belief 9 'iron laws' ^: results no comb9ation or gov]nm5t regulation c\ld affect4 ,we n[ see t economic relations1 j because !y are possible betwe5 m5 :o h no common purpose1 ne$ regulation inspir$ by a common purpose1 & c be affect$ by su* regulation4 ,! gr[? ( gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce ) indu/ry & ( trade unionism are "p ( ! same movem5t to control ! work+ ( economic relations ) a view to ma9ta9+ ! conditions ( ! good life4 ,trade unions h gr[n & are /ill /eadily gr[+ 9 size & importance4 ,= a l>ge portion ( ! nation loyalty to a trade union has become ! mo/ obvi\s =m ( collective loyalty or g5]al w4 ,?is has be5 accompani$ by an inevitable decrease 9 :at we may call t]ritorial loyalty4 ,! result ( ! increase 9 means ( communication & ! gr[? ( l>ge t[ns has be5 t m5's common int]e/s z memb]s ( ! same trade or z employees 9 ! same work%op are com+ to mean m & to con/itute a great] common bond betwe5 m5 ?an _! common int]e/s z dwell]s 9 ! same locality4 ,! trade union has (t5 a m live & real g5]al w ?an ! ,p>liam5t>y con/itu5cy4 ,m5's aspirations & ideals = _! common life are be+ express$ m truly ?r\gh trade union organizations ?an ?r\gh ,p>liam5t4 ,! gr[? 9 ! pre/ige ( organiz$ lab\r is !re=e co9cid5t ) a decay 9 ! pre/ige ( ,p>liam5t4 ,p>liam5t1 h[ev]1 bas$ on a local sub-division ( ! nation1 is at pres5t ! only political organization ( ! nation4 ,trade union organization1 z a political organization1 has no con/itutional au?ority1 & all ! g5]al w :i* x repres5ts c f9d no regul> national expression4 ,! result is t x ei!r uses ! t]ritorial organization by gett+ m5 :o really repres5t _! ,trade ,union elect$ z memb]s = ,p>liam5t>y local con/itu5cies1 to ! detrim5t ( bo? ! t]ritorial & ! trade union organization1 or acts z an imp]ium 9 imp]io by mak+ dem&s on & issu+ ultimata to ,p>liam5t4 ,we seem to be approa*+ a crisis :]e ! trade unions are ask+ :e!r !y w all[ ! /ate to exi/4 ,?is is obvi\sly an unsatisfactory /ate ( affairs4 ,:at is ! cure = x8 ,diff]5tiation ( functions1 z ,i h said1 w n help u "h4 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t vocational organization %\ld conc]n itself ) indu/rial or economic matt]s1 ! /ate1 z we "k x1 ) political matt]s4 ,b c we possibly di/+ui% betwe5 indu/rial & political matt]s8 ,if ! aim ( politics is to regulate m5's actions 9 ! light ( m5's common int]e/s1 ! action ( a trade union is 9 its ess5ce political4 ,its diff]5tiation f gov]nm5t is t x is conc]n$ ) ! common int]e/s ( a few r ?an ! common int]e/s ( all4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a trade union & a p>liam5t>y con/itu5cy is t ! sub-division ( ! g5]al common int]e/ :i* ea* repres5ts re/s on a diff]5t basis ( division4 ,! :ole community might z well be organiz$ by vocations z x n[ is by localities4 ,!re w\ld seem to be c]ta9 advantages 9 bo? pr9ciples ( diff]5tiation1 & "o obvi\s practical solution ( our pres5t difficulties is t ! supreme organ ( gov]nm5t %\ld 9 its two *amb]s repres5t ! nation z organiz$ on bo? pr9ciples1 vocational & t]ritorial4 ,we seem to h come n[ to ! discussion ( political ma*9]y1 b1 z 9 our discussion ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 we c see t our attitude to su* que/ions ( ma*9]y w v>y z we reg>d ! =ce-be>+ organization ) its national & t]ritorial basis z ! prim>y fact 9 ! community1 to be di/+ui%$ %>ply f all o!r organizations1 or reg>d ! possession ( organiz$ =ce z ! expression ( m5's settl$ & p]man5t w to ma9ta9 _! common int]e/s & safegu>d ! conditions ( ! good life4 ,if we consi/5tly foll[ out ,gre5's dictum t w1 n =ce1 is ! basis ( ! /ate1 we %all be anxi\s t ! political organization to :i* we r5d] ob$i5ce %all foll[ ! actual ramifications ( common int]e/s & ( m5's will+ness to co-op]ate1 & %all recognize t ! national /ate ) its t]ritorial basis repres5ts only "o =m ( su* ramification4 ,! view t political action is n conf9$ to con/itutional & gov]nm5tal *annels w n imply t we mu/ give up ! di/9ction betwe5 society & ! /ate4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 trade unions h only aris5 because ( ! special ne$ = a common safegu>d+ ( common int]e/s produc$ by economic relations4 ,economic relations ne$ to be controll$ by1 b _c be sup]s$$ by1 politics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 ! "w ( su* associations z *ur*es is diff]5t 9 k9d f ! "w done by political organizations4 ,! inculcation & developm5t ( moral ideals & ! safegu>d+ ( ! conditions ( ! good life are complem5t>y functions4 ,ea* is impossible )\t ! o!r4 ,b t does n make !m id5tical1 h[ev] closely int]fus$ !y may be4 ,if1 !n1 we accept ! political !ory ( idealism z a !ory ( society1 we mu/ recognize 9 social life ! di/9ction betwe5 e?ical1 economic1 & political relations1 & ! task be=e ,political ,!ory is to def9e ! relations betwe5 politics & economic activities on ! "o side & e?ical activities on ! o!r1 & t 9 a society :i* is n conf9$ )9 ! b\nds ( a s+le nation /ate4 ,! intricate ramifications ( va/ economic und]tak+s & ! common aspirations & ideals ( humanity are b signs ( a solid>ity ( mank9d t political philosophy mu/ recognize 9 all ! problems x has to face4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,gre51 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,obligation4 ,bosanquet1 ,philosophical ,!ory ( ! ,/ate4 ,b>k]1 ,political ,?\ght 9 ,engl& f ,sp5c] to to-day4 ,hobh\se1 ,! ,metaphysical ,!ory ( ! ,/ate4 ,figgis1 ,*ur*es 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate4 ,cole1 ,lab\r 9 ! ,commonweal?4 ,cole1 ,self ,gov]nm5t 9 ,indu/ry4 ,delisle ,burns1 ,! ,morality ( ,nations4 ,,vii ,,economic ,,developm5t#bj ,c4,r4 ,,fay ,i4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,sc5e1 #ahdb #a4 ,let u hov] 9 fancy ov] ! indu/rial sc5e 9 #ahdb1 & photograph a /age ( ! economic conflict :i* ! p ( ,engl& 7 wag+ !n ) ! =ces :i* held !m 9 ?rall4 ,our photograph %[s u great :ite l9es1 cont9u\s or de/9$ to become cont9u\s2 !y are num]\s 9 ,durham & ,lanca%ire1 & ! newe/ lead up to & away f ,london4 ,^! :ite l9es are ! new railroads ( ,engl&1 & ! myriad ant-heaps along !m are ! navvies4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh _! numb]s _h ris5 to #ahh1jjj4ba ,:at is a navvy & h[ does he live8 ,! navvy is an inl& navigator :o us$ to dig dykes & canals & n[ con/ructs railroads4 ,9 ! =ties ! navvies are gett+ #es4 a day1 & = tunnell+ & bla/+ ev5 m1 b !y are a r[dy cr[d1 & _m ( !m are ,iri%4 ,said ! ,%]iff sub/itute ( ,r5frew%ire 9 #ahbg3 ',if an ext5sive dra91 or canal1 or road 7 to make t c\ld be done by piecework1 ,i %\ld n feel 9 ! lea/ surpris$ to f9d t ( #ajj m5 employ$ at x1 #ij 7 ,iri%4'#bb ,9 #ahdb !y are build+ railroads1 & :5 !y & ! ,highl&]s are on ! same job1 x is necess>y to segregate !m 9 ord] to avoid a brea* ( ! peace4 ,! ,iri% sleep 9 huts & get high] pay ?an ! natives :o are lodg$ 9 ! neighb\r+ cottages4 ,! ,engli% navvy too keeps out ! ,iri%man if he c4 ,on a track 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ',!re is only "o ,iri%man on ! "w1 = !y w\ld n all[ any o!r ,iri%man4'#bc ,9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl& wages are l[] & ! navvies are less exp]t4 ,9 ,s\? ,devon 'v few ,nor? c\ntrym52 !y are m5 :o h work$ d[n ! l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n2 t h foll[$ x f "o portion to ano!r'4#bd ,! riff-raff f ! villages _c "w /roke = /roke ) ! navvy4 ',9 tilt+ ! waggons !y c\ld1 b 9 ! b>r[ runs x requires practice & exp]i5ce4'#be ,! high wages ( ! navvy are (fset by ! disadvantages ( 8 employm5t4 ,he is lucky if he gets ! :ole ( 8 e>n+s 9 ca%4 ,9 ! ,tr5t ,valley !y are paid once a mon?1 'b e =tnight !y receive :at is call$ sub t is subsi/5ce money1 & betwe5 ! times ( subsi/5ce money & times ( ! mon?ly paym5t1 !y may h tickets by apply+ to ! "t-keep]1 or :oev] is ! p]son to give !m out1 = goods2 & ^? tickets are direct$ to a c]ta9 p]son2 !y _c g to any o!r %op4'#bf ,! huts 9 :i* !y live are little bett] ?an pig/ies1 & especially bad = regul> navvies1 :o take _! families ab\t ) !m4 ,9 ,s\? ,devon1 'man1 woman1 & *ild all sleep expos$ to "o ano!r4'#bg ,on a section ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway fev] & small-pox broke out4 ',i h se5'1 says an eye-witness1 '! m5 walk+ ab\t ) ! small-pox ^u !m z ?ick z possible & no hospitals to g to4'#bh ,! c\ntry p1 ! witness cont9ues1 make money by lett+ rooms d\ble4 ,:5 "o lot came out1 ano!r lot w5t 94 ,su* is ! navvy's life at "w & at re/4 #b4 ,if we c suppose t our cam]a is capable ( di/+ui%+ c5tres ( indu/rial activity1 !n our picture w give u 'vital' pat*es1 :i* /& out aga9/ a backgr\nd ( deadness4 ,?is deadness is rural ,engl&4 ,:at is ! condition ( ! rural c\nties ( ,wessex8 ',ev]y:]e ! cottages are old1 & frequ5tly 9 a /ate ( decay4' ',ignorance ( ! commone/ ?+s1 ne$le-"w1 cook+1 & o!r matt]s ( dome/ic economy1 is 444 ne>ly univ]sally preval5t4'#bi ,to make bo? ends meet ! wife has ab&on$ h] n[ useless sp9n+-:eel & hir$ h]self out to hoe turnips or pick /ones4 ,on ! little f>ms inside ! factory di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 on :i* ! c\ntry h&-loom weav]s eke out a mis]able livelihood by cultivat+ pat*es ( grass l&1 !re is di/ress m acute ?an ev] 0 kn[n 9 a ,dorset village4 ,b 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 by exception1 !re is a dec5t c\ntry life4 ',:at ,i saw ( ! nor!rn peasantry impress$ me v /rongly 9 _! fav\r2 !y are v intellig5t1 sob]1 & c\rte\s 9 _! mann]s4444 ,! education 9 ,nor?umb]l& is v good2 ! p are intellig5t & cute1 alive to ! advantages ( k1 & eag] to acquire x2 x is a r>e ?+ to f9d a gr[n-up lab\r] :o _c read & write & :o is n capable ( keep+ 8 own acc\nts4'#cj ,! same sort ( ?+ 0 said ( ,nor?umb]l& 9 #ahfi3 ',if all ,engl& _h be5 l ,nor?umb]l&1 ?is commission ought nev] to h be5 issu$4' ,! ,commission] f\nd t ?\gh ! lab\r]s work$ h>d] & long] ?an 9 ! ,s\? !y 7 n work+ aga9/ />vation4 ,!y 7 enjoy+ a r\gh pl5ty1 :i* includ$ fre% milk4 ,! re/ ( ! family e>n$ suffici5t to leave ! m>ri$ woman 9 h] home & no *ildr5 "u twelve 7 employ$ 9 field lab\r4#ca ,"h !n 9 ,nor?umb]l& !re is a dec5t c\ntry life1 b else:]e !re is an atmosph]e ( deadness2 & x is ?is deadness ( ! c\ntryside :i* expla9s ! horror t new com]s to indu/rial regions frequ5tly express$ at ! prospect ( a =cible return to ! p>i% ( _! orig94 ',i 0 told1' says a visitor to ,lanca%ire 9 #ahdb1 't !re _h be5 sev]al in/ances ( dea? by %e] />vation4 ,on ask+ :y application _h n be5 made to ! commission] ( ! p>i% = relief1 ,i 0 in=m$ t !y 7 p]sons f agricultural di/ricts :o1 hav+ committ$ an act ( vagrancy1 w\ld be s5t to _! p>i%es1 & t !y _h r endure any?+ 9 ! hope ( "s manufactur+ revival1 ?an return to ! condition ( f>m lab\r]s f :i* !y _h em]g$4 ,?is 0 a fact p]fectly new to me1 & at ! fir/ blu%1 truly incr$ible1 b ,i ask$ ! neighb\rs 9 two ( ! in/ances quot$ 444 & !y n only confirm$ ! /ory1 b seem$ to consid] any appe>ance ( scepticism a m>k ( prejudice or ignorance4'#cb #c4 ,?\gh !re is little peasant life 9 ,engl&1 !re is life ( a fev]i% desp]ate ord] = _m :o live 9 c\ntry places4 ,^! p are n f>m work]s nor yet are !y craftsm5 :o supply ! indu/rial ne$s ( ! village4 ,!y are fe$]s to ! t[ns1 engag$ 9 :at is misnam$ 'dome/ic indu/ry'4 ,! life !y lead is a sordid replica ( an all too sordid orig9al4 ,cobbett 9 a tirade aga9/ ! ,lords ( ! ,loom#cc idealiz$ ! old-"t union ( agriculture & manufacture4 ,! m5 %\ld "w 9 ! fields1 :ile ! wom5 & *ildr5 /ay$ at home at _! sp9n+ :eels1 mak+ homespun = ! family g>m5ts4 ,b ! picture 0 a vani%+ "o ev5 9 8 day4 ,dome/ic indu/ry does n mean ?is4 ,! rural di/ress reveal$ 9 ! ,h&-loom ,weav]s ,commission is ! di/ress ( specializ$ h&-work]s1 male & female1 :o are cl++ desp]ately to ! wor/-paid bran* ( a dy+ trade4 ,! wor/$ indu/ry ( ,ea/ ,anglia is p]i%+1 defeat$ by ! res\rces ( ,york%ire1 ( :i* ! p[]-loom is only "o4 ,! clo? trade 9 ! ,valley ( ,/r\d 7,gl\ce/]7 is a %ad[ ( its =m] self4 ,x has lo/ ! p[] ( recov]+ f a depression4 ,! next p]iod ( slackness t comes along may bankrupt ! bus9ess & rob a village ( specializ$ h&-work]s ( _! ma9 employm5t4 ,9 ,devon%ire1 ! s]ge trade1 :i* us$ to give employm5t to looms 9 almo/ e t[n & village1 has become s unremun]ative t x has pass$ into ! h&s ( ! wives & daught]s ( me*anics & agricultural lab\r]s4 ,9 ,ox=d%ire 9 #ahcd1 we are told by ! ,poor ,law ,commissions ( t ye>1 glove & lace mak+ 7 vani%+ occupations4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,banbury '"s make lace & gloves 9 ! villages4 ,=m]ly sp9n+ 0 ! "w = wom5 9 ! villages1 n[ !re is sc>cely any done4'#cd ,s9ce #ahcd ! process ( dis9tegration _h proce$$ apace4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 convey ! impression t dome/ic indu/ry 9 #ahdb _h all b vani%$ f ! c\ntryside4 ,9 its anci5t /rongholds x /ill endures1 b x is 9 an unheal?y condition1 & ! t[ns are suck+ its life-blood away4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u describe ! c\rse ( a boom 9 dome/ic indu/ry & /udy h[ ! trade boom ( #ahcc-g rea*$ ?r\gh to ! c\ntry silk weav]s 9 ,essex & o!r places all ar\nd ,london4 ,! t]ms :i* we usually apply to ! cultivation ( l& are apposite4 ,! t[n work]s repres5t ! int5sive m>g9 ( cultivation1 ! c\ntry work]s ! ext5sive m>g94 ,fir/ ( all ! ,spitalfield weav]s1 :o h be5 %ort ( "w1 h m "w giv5 to !m4 ,! weav]s' wives also get "w1 & _! boys & girls :o nev] 7 on a loom be=e are n[ put to ! trade4 ,fre% h&s are introduc$4 ,f ! ,metropolis ! dem& = lab\r pu%es outw>ds ov] ! c\ntry4 ,rec\rse is _h to 'inf]ior soils'4 ,old weav]s 9 ! villages get "w1 toge!r ) _! wives & families4 ,ev5 f>m lab\r]s are impress$4 ,blemi%es = :i* at o!r times d$uctions w\ld be claim$ are n[ ov]-look$4 ,c>ts are s5t r\nd to ! villages & hamlets ) "w = ! weav]s1 s t "t may n be lo/ 9 go+ to ! w>eh\ses to take back or c>ry home "w4 ,!n comes ! ebb3 '! imm$iate effect is t all ! less skilful workm51 ! dissolute & disord]ly1 are d5i$ "w2 ! ?ird & f\r? looms1 ^? work$ by ! sons & daught]s ( ! weav]s1 are all ?r[n out ( use'4 ,! int5siv5ess ( cultivation has be5 r$uc$ 9 ! t[ns1 ! lea/ remun]ative no long] pays4 ,! ebb ( ! tide1 :i* r$uces ! quantity ( employm5t 9 ! t[ns1 leaves ! c\ntry di/ricts high & dry4 ',at su* times ! c\ntry t[ns & villages to :i* "w is lib]ally s5t1 :5 !re is a dem& = goods1 suff] /ill m4 ,a /aff or skeleton only is kept 9 pay1 & t *iefly ) a view to op]ations :5 a dem& returns4'#ce ,a skeleton--well said4 ,occasional cultivation is bad = l&1 & worse = human be+s4 ,! ribbon-weav+ villages nor? ( ,cov5try are a disord]ly eruption f ! t[n4 ,cov5try itself has ! bett]-paid 'eng9e weav+'2 ! rural di/ricts h ! 's+le h& trade'4 ,! c\ntry work]s1 say ! ,commission]s1 'reta9 mo/ ( _! orig9al b>b>ism ) an accession ( vice'4 ,! yokels :o w5t out to ! ,fr5* w>s innoc5t boys return$ confirm$ rogues4 ,ba/>dy is great] ?an ev]1 despite ! new ,poor ,law4 ',x may surprise ! d5\nc]s ( ! factory sy/em to f9d all ! vices & mis]ies :i* !y attribute to x1 fl\ri%+ s rankly 9 ! mid/ ( a population n only )\t ! walls ( a factory1 b also beyond ! contam9ation ( a l>ge t[n4'#cf ,x may h surpris$ su* p1 b x does n surprise u :o are survey+ ! indu/rial sc5e & beg9n+ to appreh5d ! rott5ness ( t worm-eat5 /ructure :i* "u ! misnom] ( dome/ic indu/ry m>ks ! half-way h\se to full capitalism4 #d4 ,let u n[ j\rney to ! factory di/ricts ( ,lanca%ire & ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire :]e t[n lies close ^u t[n1 & ! tall *imneys envelop 9 smoke ! cottages 9 :i* h&-loom weav]s "w & ! *ildr5 ( h&-loom weav]s sleep4 ,let u suppose t we h f\nd our position by ,le$s4 ,we %\ld l to foll[ ! track ( ! new railroads1 = we h 9 our pocket a small gre5 book3 ',brad%aw's ,railway ,"t ,tables & ,assi/ant to ,railway ,travell+'4 '#aj? ,mo4 #ai?1 #ahci4 ,price ,sixp5ce4' ,brad%aw tells u t we c get f ,littlebor\gh to ,man*e/] 9 #aa h\rs--via ,ro*dale1 ,heywood1 & ,mill%ill--b x is n cle> h[ we are to get to ,littlebor\gh4 ,s we foll[ an alt]native r\te1 ! canal4 ,x is a fa%ionable me?od ( transit = m9]al traffic & paup]s4 ,mr4 ,mugg]idge1 ! emigration ag5t1 tells u h[ he transport$ ! s\!rn paup]s 9 #ahcf4 ',! j\rney f ,london to ,man*e/] 0 made by boat or waggon1 ! ag5ts assi/+ ! emigrants on _! j\rney4'#cg ,:5 we got up our geography = ! t\r out ( ,?omas ,dugdale's ',engl& & ,wales' ?is is :at we read at e turn3 ',keighley3 9 ! deep valley ( ! ,aire1 its prosp]ity _h be5 mu* increas$ by ! ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal :i* passes )9 two miles4' ',skipton3 9 a r\gh m\nta9\s di/rict4 ,! trade has be5 greatly facilitat$ by ! proximity ( ! t[n to ! ,le$s & ,liv]pool ,canal4' ,s ! ,le$s & ,liv]pool canal %all be our guide4 ,we leave ,brad=d1 ,halifax1 & ! wor/$ di/ricts to ! left ( u1 & pass+ by ,%ipley1 approa* ! cotton di/rict ne> ! ,lanca%ire bord]4 ',! t[n%ip ( ,%ipley is ! we/]n-mo/ locality ( ! ,le$s clo?+ di/ricts2 x runs l a tongue into ! wor/$ di/rict4 ,9 l mann] ! wor/$ di/rict bl5ds ) ! cotton di/rict at ,/eeton1 ,silsd51 & ,add+ham4' ,we are pass+1 ! ,commission] tells u1 f high wages to l[4 ',! clo? weav]s ( ,%ipley "w = wages little1 if any1 high] ?an ^? ( ! wor/$ weav]s2 :ile ! wor/$ weav]s nor?-we/ ( ,keighley are r$uc$ d[n to ! cotton /&>d4'#ch ,at ,keighley we b5d %>ply s\? & soon rea* ,colne 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,dr4 ,cook ,taylor describes ! conditions !re 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahdb3 ',i visit$ eighty-eight dwell+s1 select$ at haz>d4 ,!y 7 de/itute ( furniture save old boxes = tables or /alls1 or ev5 l>ge /ones = *airs2 ! b$s are compos$ ( /raw & %av+s4 ,! food 0 oatmeal & wat] = breakfa/1 fl\r & wat]1 ) a little skimm$ milk = d9n]1 oatmeal & wat] aga9 = a second supply4' ,he actually saw *ildr5 9 ! m>kets grubb+ = ! rubbi% ( roots4 ,& yet1 'all ! places & p]sons ,i visit$ 7 scrupul\sly clean4 ,*ildr5 7 9 rags1 b !y 7 n 9 fil?4 ,9 no s+le in/ance 0 ,i ask$ = relief4444 ,i nev] be=e saw pov]ty :i* inspir$ respect1 & mis]y :i* dem&$ involunt>y homage4' ,f ,colne we j\rney to ,accr+ton4 ,( its #i1jjj inhabitants n m ?an #ajj 7 fully employ$4 ,numb]s kept !mselves alive by collect+ nettles & boil+ !m4 ,"s 7 entirely )\t food e alt]nate day1 & _m _h b "o meal 9 ! day & t a poor "o4#ci ,our la/ /age is ,burnley1 :]e ! weav]s--to quote aga9 f ,dr4 ,cook ,taylor--'7 hagg>d ) fam9e1 _! eyes roll+ ) t fi]ce & uneasy expression common to maniacs4 ,we d n want *>ity1 !y said1 b employm5t4 ,i f\nd !m all ,*>ti/s1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! block-pr9t]s & h&-loom weav]s unit$ to _! ,*>tism a hatr$ ( ma*9]y :i* 0 f> f be+ %>$ by ! factory op]atives4' ,:at a comm5t on ,engl&'s indu/rial supremacy--,engl& ) h] virtual monopoly ( l>ge-scale manufacture 9 ,europe6 ,x mu/ h be5 a puzzle1 too1 = ! ,poor ,law ,commission]s1 :o 7 !n build+ workh\ses 9 ^! p>ts = ! purpose ( depaup]iz+ h&-loom weav]s on ! less eligibility pr9ciple4 ,b h[ 0 x1 ) su* a ,poor ,law1 t ! h&-loom weav]s did n die ( />vation by ! ?\s&8 ,if we ent] a cotton mill we %all see :y4 ,)9 ^! gaunt walls1 :i* are illum9$ at night by sputt]+ gas-light1 ! factory *ildr5 "w1 e>n+ twice z mu* z _! p>5ts1 :o 7 too old & too respectable to become factory h&s4 ,by ?is "t1 p]haps1 x is ev5+1 b ?is matt]s no?+ to ! 'melan*oly mad eng9es'1 :i* fe$ on wat] or burn+ coals4 ,! "y p w /ill be !re1 ) eight h\rs "w to _! cr$it & m to d--'kept to "w by be+ spok5 to or by a little *a/isem5t'4#dj ',i h se5 !m fall asleep1' said an ov]-look] 9 #ahcc1 '& !y h be5 p]=m+ _! "w ) _! h&s :ile !y 7 asleep1 aft] ! ,billy _h /opp$4 ,put to b$ ) supp] 9 _! h&s1 !y 7 clasp+ x next morn+1 :5 _! p>5ts dragg$ !m out ( b$4 ,half asleep !y /umbl$ or 7 c>ri$ to ! mill1 to beg9 aga9 ! ceaseless r\nd4' ',x keeps !m out ( mis*ief'1 said ! oppon5ts ( %ort] h\rs4 ,besides1 ! conditions 7 no worse ?an any o!r indu/ries6 ,factory "w1 h[ev]1 z ! doctors %[1 0 diff]5t f "w 9 ! m9es4 ,! heat & conf9em5t ( ! mill caus$ precoci\s sexual developm5t1 :il/ 9 ! m9es ! result ( exagg]at$ muscul> developm5t 0 to delay maturity4 ,9 #ahdb conditions are bett] ?an !y 7 9 #ahcc--?anks to ! factory inspectors4 ,!re is little positive cruelty1 & ! sight ( de=mity--enl>g$ ankle bones1 b[ legs1 & knock knees1 caus$ by excessive /&+ z a *ild--is r>e4 ,! problem n[ is "o ( indu/rial fatigue4 ,! *ildr5 are 'sick-tir$'4 #e4 ,! ,midl&s ( ,leice/]%ire1 ,notts1 & ,d]by%ire are a region ( r$ bricks & pantiles1 dott$ ov] valleys ( exquisite gre54 ,s let u leave ! smoke ( ,lanca%ire & hov] "h = a :ile4 ,"h dwell ! /ock+ work]s or frame-"w knitt]s--! p :o knit on frames /ock+s1 gloves1 & o!r articles ( hosi]y4 ,x does n look l a region ( indu/ry4 ,!re are only a few t[ns1 su* z ,nott+ham1 ,leice/]1 & ,l\ghbor\gh2 & except = a few lace factories 9 ,nott+ham1 l>ge build+s are r>e4 ,! t[n knitt]s ei!r "w 9 _! own homes or 9 %ops ) /&+s = p]haps z _m z fifty frames4 ,9 ! villages ! knitt+ is ne>ly all done 9 ! cottages1 opposite long l[ w9d[s1 or 9 a small out-h\se :i* might well be a f[l-h\se4 ,b 9 ! /reets ( ,leice/] we c see 'life' ( a sort4 ,we c wat* ! procession to ! pawnbrok]s4 ,"s ( ! knitt]s pawn _! blankets = ! day1 & mo/ lodge _! ,sunday clo?+ dur+ ! week4 ,says a ,leice/] pawnbrok]3 ',we regul>ly pay away f #dj to #ej 7to "s #cjj p]sons7 e ,monday morn+ or on ! ,tuesday4 ,!y w1 p]haps1 wa% on ! ,monday & get _! l95 clean prep>atory to ! next ,sunday1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! week !y br+ all ! l95 ?+s !y c sp>e4 ,friday is ! wor/2 !y w !n br+ _! small trifl+ articles1 su* z are sc>cely wor? a p5ny1 & we l5d on !m1 to enable !m to buy a bit ( meat or a few trifles = d9n]4'#da ,!y are too poor to indulge 9 *ur*-go+ or alcohol4 ,!y h no clo!s to g to *ur* 94 ,_! publican is ! druggi/1 :]e !y buy opium = !mselves & ,godfrey's cordial1 a prep>ation f laudanum1 = _! *ildr54 ,9 ! :ole ( ,leice/]1 ) its population ( #ej1jjj1 !re are b n9e g9-h\ses4 ,& only on ,sundays d !y get a bit ( s*ool+4 ',we h only "o bit ( a cov] lid to cov] ! five ( u 9 w9t] 444 we are all oblig$ to sleep 9 "o b$4'#db ,a frame smi?1 mak+ 8 usual inspection ( hosi]s' frames at workm5's dwell+s 9 ,nott+ham1 aft] ?us sp5d+ a =tnight1 f\nd 8 heal? _h begun to suff] f ! squalid wret*$ness ( _! abodes4 ,?9k+ to improve x1 he w5t on ! same err& into ! c\ntry1 b f\nd ! frame-"w knitt]s !re 9 a /ill m deplorable /ate4 ,f ! bad air & o!r di/ress+ influ5ces 9 _! condition & t ( _! dwell+s1 9 ano!r =tnight he return$1 too ill to att5d to 8 bus9ess = "s weeks aft]w>ds4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #ahdc4dc ,nott+ham1 h[ev]1 ) its up-to-date lace trade 0 usually bett] (f ?an ?is4 ,! lace factories1 l ! cotton mills 9 ,lanca%ire1 eas$ ! position ( ! h&-work]s4 ,9 ,leice/]%ire ! knitt]s _h no su* alt]native4 ,! m _! e>n+s 7 r$uc$1 ! m helplessly !y 7 b\nd to _! only trade4 #f4 #ahdb is a long :ile ago6 ,let u g to sleep = ?irty ye>s & wake up 9 #ahga1 :5 ! ,truck ,commission]s are publi%+ _! report4 ,we/ ( ,birm+ham lies ! black c\ntry1 an area ( "s tw5ty squ>e miles4 ,"h1 if we h read ! evid5ce ( ! ,truck ,commission]s1 we c int]pret a dumb-%[ 9 ,dudley1 :]e ! nail-mak]s dwell4 ,on ,monday morn+s ! nail-mak] em]ges f a small hovel conta9+ a smi?y & walks into ,dudley to call on a g5tleman kn[n z a fogg]1 a petty-fogg] if he is a middleman1 a m>ket-fogg] if he is a ma/]4 ,! nail] comes out ) a bundle ( metal :i* he takes to a second h\se & *anges = a second bundle ( metal1 & ) ?is he walks away4 7,! next nail]1 n s lucky1 hangs ab\t till ,w$nesday morn+1 wait+ = 8 metal47 ,on ,saturday ! nail] comes back ) 8 nails1 ent]s ! fogg]'s %op1 & em]ges ) #abs4 9 8 h&4 ,b he does n g home4 ,he slips into a %op close by & p>ts company ) ! %ill+s4 ,9 return he gets a p>cel1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are obvi\sly displeas+ to him4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,! nail] is a ,gov]nm5t s]vant4 ,b ! ,gov]nm5t only employs him indirectly4 ,x puts out contracts = rivets & nails to contractors :o sublet _! contract1 s t ! "w rea*es ! nail] at ?ird or f\r? h&4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! int]e/ ( public economy 7,victorian ,engl& is fam\s = retr5*m5t71 gives its contract to ! l[e/ t5d]]2 & ! policy ( ! l[e/ t5d] is responsible = ! dumb-%[ we h wat*$4 ,to beg9 )1 ! nail] gets metal :i* does n suit him1 s he has to *ange x1 & ?is he does at ! price ( #b;d4 p] #aj;d4 bundle1 at a metal *ang]s1 a relative ( ! fogg]4 7,8 fri5d :o has to wait till ,w$nesday = 8 bundle is kept idl+ ab\t 9 ord] t he may dr9k :at is left ( la/ week's e>n+s at a 'wobble %op' :i* is own$ by yet ano!r bran* ( ! family ( fogg]47 ,:5 ! nail] & 8 family h work$ f\rte5 h\rs a day ?r\gh\t ! week1 ! nail] returns on ,saturday ) ! nails1 & receives #abs4 = !m4 ,^! %ill+s he takes to ! fogg]'s /ore & ex*anges = tea & o!r articles4 ,! %ill+s are 'nimble'2 we comm5d ! rapidity ( _! circulation to ,mr4 ,irv+ ,fi%]4 ,a fogg] :o pays out ! %ill+s f 8 w>eh\se receives !m back aga9 9 a few m9utes ov] ! c\nt] ( 8 /ore4 ',he w p]haps reckon ) sev5 or eight at "o "t1 & :5 he has reckon$ ) !m1 & p]haps paid !m six1 sev51 or eight p\nds1 he w wait until !y h gone to ! %op & tak5 ! money !re z !y leave ! w>eh\se4 ,!n he goes into ! %op himself = x1 z he _c g on pay+ )\t x4'#dd ,b surely ?is is truck6 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re may be 'fe>ful *eat+' ) tea1 b ! nail] is n b\nd to g !re4 ,he is p]fectly free4 ,! only tr\ble is ?is3 x is a case ( tea or no "w ! week foll[+4 ,?is is :y1 despite ! ,truck ,act ( #ahca & despite ! kn[n exi/5ce ( ! abuse1 ^! practices are rife among ! nail]s z late z #ahga1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,truck ,commission]s issu$ ! ,report f :i* ?is sc5e is compil$4 ,! plight ( ! nail]s is n ! plight ( factory op]atives or m9]s2 x is ! plight ( ! frame-"w knitt]s1 ( m5 :o are b\nd by ! intangible fett]s ( economic ne$ to ! uncontrollable devil ( 'semi-capitalism'4 #b4 ,,m9+ ,,op]ations #a4 ,coal 0 k+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ /eam-eng9e 0 built to pump wat] out ( coal m9es1 ! fir/ canal 0 cut to c>ry ! ,duke ( ,bridgwat]'s coal f ,worsley to ,man*e/]4 ,! fir/ railroads 7 laid ar\nd ,newca/le to convey ! coals f ! pit m\? to ! riv]4 ,george ,/eph5son1 ! inv5tor ( ! locomotive1 began life z a trapp] on a ,tyneside colli]y4 ,:]e w\ld ,engli% indu/ry h be5 )\t its k+8 ,9 #aghj 79 r\nd figures7 #e1jjj1jjj tons ( coal 7 rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom3 9 #ahjj1 #aj1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahfe1 #ajj1jjj1jjj2 & 9 #ahig1 #bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,coal entic$ ! cotton factories f ! dales ( ! ,p5n9es to ! moi/ l[l&s ( ,we/ ,lanca%ire4 ,at e /age ( _! "w ! iron-mak]s dep5d$ on coal2 & ! great inv5tions 9 ! iron & /eel indu/ry are l&-m>ks 9 ! expansion ( ! dem& = coal--,cort's puddl+ process #aghc1 ,watt's /eam-eng9e #aghe1 ,neilson's hot bla/ #ahbd1 ,naysmi?'s /eam-hamm] #ahce1 ,bessem]'s /eel-conv]t] #ahee1 ,siem5's op5 he>? #ahgj1 ,?omas' basic process = ! treatm5t ( highly phosphoric ores #ahgh4 ,! /eam%ip1 a novelty 9 #ahbj1 rul$ ! seas 9 #ahgj2 & ironclads foll[$ /eam%ips4 ,! smokeless /eam-coal ( ,s\? ,wales gu>d$ ! h]itage ( ,trafalg>4 ,by ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 coal+ /ations 7 an important item 9 int]national politics4 ,mean:ile1 ! p ( ,engl&1 he$less ( ,mal?usian =ebod+s1 multipli$ exce$+ly4 ,!y light$ _! /reets & build+s ) coal-gas1 & burnt coal 9 _! grates4 ,) coal !y paid = ! food & raw mat]ials f o!r l&s4 ,imports ( food & raw mat]ials 7 (fset by exports ( coal & ( textiles & h>dw>e produc$ by coal4 ,! _s ( inv5tion has pu%$ on to electricity & oil1 b coal is /ill ! pivot ( ,engli% indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,& !re=e1 see+ t coal has meant all ?is to ,engl&1 let u look at ! m5 :o rais$ ! coal4 ,h[ did !y live1 :at did !y ?9k ab\t1 :at did !y c\nt = !n1 :at d !y c\nt = n[8 #b4 ,9 #ahjj ! m9]s /ood = no?+ 9 ! nation's life4 ,9 ,scotl& !y _h j be5 emancipat$ f ! /atus ( ville9age4 ,9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham !y 7 ti$ by ye>ly bonds4 ,else:]e !y 7 weak & isolat$4 ,9 #ahbe a ',voice f ! coal m9es ( ! ,tyne & ,we>' cri$3 ',:ile work+ m5 9 g5]al are mak+ #bjs4 to #cjs4 p] week 7sic7 ! pitm5 "h are only mak+ #acs4 #f;d4 & f ?is mis]able pittance d$uctions are made4'#de ,9 #ahci1 dur+ ! ,*>ti/ di/urbances1 a ,wel% ,m4,p4 wrote to ! ,home ,secret>y begg+ = b>racks & troops3 ',a m lawless set ( m5 ?an ! colli]s & m9]s d n exi/ 444 x requires "s c\rage to live among su* a set ( savages4'#df ,:5 ! m9]s came out 9 #ahdd1 !re 7 ?\s&s ( cottages t5antless 9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham4 ,= ! colli]y proprietors own$ ! cottages1 & :5 ! m9]s /ruck evict$ !m4 ,s ! m9]s set up h\se 9 ! /reets4 ',9 "o lane 444 a complete new village 0 built1 *e/s-(-draw]s1 deck b$s1 etc41 =m$ ! walls ( ! new dwell+2 & ! top cov]$ ) canvas or b$clo!s z ! case might be4'#dg ,yet1 = all _! grim9ess1 !y _h human he>ts & voices4 ,dur+ ! /rike !y obta9$ p]mission to hold a meet+ at ,newca/le2 & ! weal?y citiz5s :o made _! =tunes out ( ! coal trade trembl$ be=e ! invasion ( black b>b>ians4 ,b ! meet+ pass$ (f 9 ra9 & peace4 ,?irty ?\s& m9]s m>*$ 9 procession1 '= ne> a mile flags 9 breeze1 m5 walk+ 9 p]fect ord]'2 & z !y m>*$1 !y sang1 z only m9]s s+1 songs & hymns & topical ditties3 ',/& fa/ to y\r ,union ,brave sons ( ! m9e1 ,& we'll conqu] ! tyrants ,( ,tees1 ,we>1 & ,tyne6' ,up & d[n ! ,durham coalfields tramp$ a misguid$ agitator 79 aft] life ! vet]an s]vant ( ! ,durham ,m9]s' ,association71 by "n ,tommy ,ramsey4 ,) bills "u 8 arm & crake 9 h&1 he w5t f h\se-r[ to h\se-r[ call+ ! m9]s out4 ,he _h only "o message3 ',lads1 unite & bett] y\r condition4 ,:5 eggs are sc>ce1 eggs are de>2 ,:5 m5 are sc>ce1 m5 are de>4'#dh ,su* blasphemy appall$ ! ,gov]nm5t's ,commission]s4 ,b ! m9]s _h a ze/ = religion z well z = /rikes4 ,dur+ ! /rike ( #ahdd1 'frequ5t meet+s 7 held 9 _! *apels 79 g5]al ^? ( ! ,primitive ,me?odi/s or ,rant]s z !y are commonly call$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry71 :]e pray]s 7 publicly (f]$ up = ! successful result ( ! /rike4' ,!y att5d$ _! pray] meet+ 'to get _! fai? /r5g!n$'4#di ,su* ignorance c\ld only be cur$ by education4 ,"s wor?y memb]s ( society _h already recogniz$ ! fact4 ,9 #ahcj a ,c>diff ',society = ! improvem5t ( ! work+ population 9 ! c\nty ( ,glamorgan' issu$ improv+ pamphlets3 ,no4 #i4 ,population1 or ,patty's ,m>riage4 ,no4 #aj4 ,! ,poor's ,rate1 or ! ,trea*]\s ,fri5d4 ,no4 #aa4 ,=eign ,trade1 or ! ,w$d+ ,g[n4#ej ,b ! nor!rn m9]s 7 p]v]se p4 ,9 ,scotl&1 accord+ to "o ,wesleyan m9i/]1#ea ! m9]s read ,adam ,smi?4 ,9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ) /ill great] p]v]sity1 !y pref]r$ ,plato4 ',a translation ( ,plato's ,ideal ,republic is mu* read among ^? classes1 pr9cipally = ! socialism & unionism x conta9s2 9 pure ignorance1 ( c\rse1 t ,plato himself subsequ5tly modifi$ 8 pr9ciples & t ,ari/otle %[$ _! fallacy4'#eb #c4 ,! ,royal ,commission ( #ahdb on ! ,employm5t & ,condition ( ,*ildr5 & ,"y ,p]sons 9 ,m9es disclos$ facts :i* made ,cobd5ite ,engl& gasp4 ,! wor/ evid5ce came f ,lanca%ire1 ,*e%ire1 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,ea/ ,scotl&1 & ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ^! di/ricts juv5ile lab\r 0 *eap & pl5tiful2 & ?is 0 an irresi/ible argum5t = its employm5t1 ?\gh ! m9]s !mselves dislik$ x4 ,! m$dlesome re/rictions on ! factories 7 a contributory cause4 ,p>5ts1 x 0 said 9 ,lanca%ire1 7 pu%+ _! *ildr5 into colli]y employm5t at an e>li] age because ( ! legal re/rictions ^u s5d+ !m to ! neighb\r+ factories4 ,a ,lanca%ire woman said 9 evid5ce3 ',i h a belt r\nd my wai/ & a *a9 pass+ betwe5 my legs1 & ,i g on my h&s & feet4444 ,! pit is v wet :]e ,i "w & ! wat] comes ov] our clog tops always1 & ,i h se5 x up to my ?ighs4444 ,i h drawn till ,i h _h ! sk9 (f me2 ! belt & *a9 is worse :5 we are 9 ! family way4'#ec ,! *ildr5's (fice 0 a lonesome "o4 ,*ildr5 hate ! d>k1 b be+ little !y fitt$ into a ni*e1 & s !y 7 us$ to op5 & close ! trap-doors4 ,a trapp] lad f ! c\nty ( ,monm\?1 ,william ,ri*>ds1 ag$ sev5-&-a-half1 said 9 evid5ce3 ',i be5 d[n ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,:5 ,i fir/ w5t d[n1 ,i c\ld n keep my eyes op52 ,i don't fall asleep n[2 ,i smokes my pipe1 smokes half a qu>t]n a week4'#ed ,except 9 ! nor!rn m9+ di/ricts1 :]e !re 7 good day & ,sunday s*ools & ,me?odism 0 p[]ful1 a pagan d>kness prevail$4 ,z a ,d]by%ire witness put x3 ',:5 ! boys h be5 beat51 knock$ ab\t1 & cov]$ ) sludge all ! week1 !y want to be 9 b$ all day to re/ on ,sunday4'#ee ,9 ! hope ( />tl+ a religi\sly-m9d$ ,engl&1 ! ,commission]s reproduc$ examples ( work+-class ignorance4 ,james ,taylor1 ag$ elev51 ',has he>d ( hell 9 ! pit1 :5 ! m5 swore2 has nev] he>d ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 has nev] he>d ( ,god2 he has he>d ! m5 9 ! pit say1 ,god damn !e 4' ,a ,york%ire girl1 ag$ eighte51 said3 ',i d n "k :o ,jesus ,*ri/ 02 ,i nev] saw him1 b ,i h se5 ,fo/]1 :o prays ab\t him4'#ef #d4 ,j z 9 ! ,ea/ ,midl&s ! frame-"w knitt]s work$ = middlem5 or ma/] middlem51 & j z ! ,dudley nail]s work$ = petty-fogg]s & m>ket-fogg]s1 s too ! ,/af=d%ire m9]s work$ = 'butties'4 ,"h aga9 ! work]s 7 expos$ to ! petty tyrannies ( semi-capitalism2 & "h aga9 ! middlem51 9 ?is case ! butties1 incurr$ ! odium ( a sy/em = :i* _! sup]iors1 ! coal-own]s & coal-ma/]s1 7 responsible4 ,:y ! butty sy/em prevail$ 9 ! ,midl&s--& 9 a modifi$ =m x prevails to-day--is n cle>4 ,9 "s places x seems to be connect$ ) ! smallness ( ! m9+ conc]ns or ( ! metal trades :i* !y suppli$4 ,9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire a contribut+ factor 0 ! anci5t & alli$ indu/ry ( nail-mak+4 ,! conditions 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire 9 #ahdc are fully describ$ 9 ! ,midl& ,m9+ ,commission ( t ye>4 ,! butty 0 a contractor :o engag$ ) ! proprietor or lessee ( ! m9e to deliv] ! coal or iron-/one at s mu* p] ton1 himself hir+ ! lab\r]s1 us+ 8 own horses1 & supply+ ! tools requisite = ! work+ ( ! m9e4 ,! contract price 0 kn[n z ! '*>t] price' or '*>t]'4 ,?us by a freak ( language ! ,/af=d%ire m9] knew by ! same ^w ! 'butty's *>t]' :i* 0 ! symbol ( 8 oppression1 & ! 'p's *>t]' :i* 0 ! goal ( 8 desire4 ',! butties'1 said ! m9]s & _! wives1 'are ! devil3 !y are negro driv]s3 !y play ! v5geance ,) ! m54'#eg ,! m5 kick$ :51 aft] work+ a c\ple ( h\rs1 !y 7 fet*$ up1 )\t pay1 on ! excuse t !re 7 no waggons to take away ! coal4 ,b ! butty com=t$ !m ) a bottle ( pit dr9k1 & all 0 smoo? aga94 ,a colli] relat$ a case :]e 'a pike man _h work$ only "o half-day 9 ! week & got #bs4 = x1 & because he did n sp5d #f;d4 ( ?is at ! butty's %op1 ! latt] told ! doggy 7! "u man7 to let ! man play = x4'#eh ,! m9]s recogniz$ t (t5 ! butty 0 n to blame4 ,9 ! di/rict nor? & ea/ ( ,dudley1 ! butties got _! '*>t] price' f ! coal-own]s 9 ! =m ( tickets on ! coal-own]s' truck-%op4 ,:at else c\ld !y d b h& !m on to ! m58 ',he us$ to be a v good butty1' said "o m9]'s wife1 'till !y haggl$ him & dropp$ 8 *>t]1 s t he _c pay 8 m54'#ei ,we/ & s\? ( ,dudley ! butties1 ?\gh !y did n truck _! m51 kept public-h\ses2 & be+ employ] & publican 9 "o1 !y _h a tight hold on ! m54 ,0 ! compulsion to dr9k an oppression8 ,to our m9ds1 yes2 z also to ! m9ds ( ! teetotal ,*>ti/s :om ! ,gov]nm5t imprison$1 & ( ! /rike lead]s :om ! ,gov]nm5t's ,commission]s d5\nc$4 ,b to ! majority ( ! m9]s ! abundance ( be] 0 a delight4 ,!y object$ to ! butty's bully+1 b !y lov$ 8 be]1 especially ! feckless ones1 = :5 wives 7 importunate ! drunk>ds plead$ necessity4 ,h[ev]1 all ! be]-dr9k+ c\ld n be *>g$ to ! butties4 ,! m9]s !mselves1 9 _! own fell[%ips1 7 devot$ to x2 & ! compulsion ( fri5ds 0 z sev]e z ! compulsion ( butties4 ,e approa* to recreation1 e act ( mutual provid5ce aga9/ accid5t or disease1 began & end$ 9 be]4 ,! day a man ent]$ ! pit's company1 he paid #as4 = foot+-ale1 & ! doggy saw t no *url escap$4 ,:5 a lad 0 old en\gh to h a swee!>t he 0 toa/$ ) ! 'na/y' %ill+4 ,! s9s ( ! m>ri$ m5 7 wa%$ away 9 half-a-cr[n's wor? ( ale4 ,! be]-%op 0 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,burial & ,sav+s ,clubs4 ,! fir/ *>ge on a ,burial ,club 0 a good oak c(f91 ! second *>ge dr9ks = ! pall-be>]s1 & !n a glass or two = ! re/ ( ! company4 ,!y _h lott]ies to :i* ea* man contribut$ #bj =tnightly %ill+s4 ,ea* week a "n 0 drawn1 & ! lucky man /ood a fea/2 :ile e memb]1 9 addition to a %ill+ = ! box1 produc$ #f;d4 = dr9ks4 ,9 all ^! fe/ivities ! butty 0 9 ! (f+4 ,:5 !y w\ld h him he presid$2 & s at 8 wor/ an obnoxi\s bully1 at 8 be/ he 0 an accommodat+ l&lord4 ,direct employm5t1 su* z prevail$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 w\ld h av]t$ mu* ( ?is evil4 ,!re 7 no /ructural difficulties 9 ! way ( *ange4 ,direct employm5t w\ld n h meant a *ange to ano!r class ( "w 7?is is :at direct employm5t meant = knitt]s & h&-loom weav]s74 ,! butty sy/em exi/$ & p]si/$ ?r\gh slackness & irresponsibility4 ,! own]s paid comp5sation = accid5ts1 :5 !y might h dim9i%$ ! numb] ( accid5ts4 ,!y paid commissions to middlem5 ) :om !y might h disp5s$4 ,! sy/em made temp]ance impossible = ! individual2 & ! ma/]s1 ) ! full approval ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 did _! be/ to de/roy ! 'p]nici\s comb9ations' by :i* alone a /&>d ( sob] dec5cy c\ld be promot$4 #e4 ,! ,report ( ! ,truck ,commission]s 7#ahga-b7 enables u to complete ! picture4 ,x also enables u to und]/& :y1 at ?is late day1 truck 0 /ill rife 9 c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,truck & ,tommy1 truck-%op & ,tommy-%op1 are conv]tible t]ms4 ,truck is f ! ,fr5* 'troc' b>t]4 ,cobbett tells u h[ ! ^w ',tommy' 0 us$4 ,9 8 soldi]+ days ! rations ( br[n bread1 '= :at reason ,god kn[s'1 w5t by ! "n ( ,tommy4 ',:5 ! soldi]s came to h bread s]v$ out to !m 9 ! sev]al t[ns 9 ,engl&1 ! "n ( ,tommy w5t d[n by tradition1 &1 d\btless1 x 0 tak5 up & adapt$ to ! truck-sy/em 9 ,/af=d%ire & else:]e4'#fj ,f ! textile di/ricts x _h all b disappe>$ 9 #ahga4 ,:5 ! cotton manufactures w5t to outly+ dales = wat] p[]1 !y 7 almo/ compell$ to op5 /ores = _! workpeople4 ,ow5's /ore at ,new ,lan>k 01 9 effect1 a well-manag$ truck-%op2 & ! ,truck ,commission]s ( #ahga report$ t ! ,new ,lan>k ,company ( t day 0 break+ ! law4 ,b :5 ! cotton indu/ry 0 ga!r$ 9 ! t[ns1 ! ne$ = company /ores ceas$4 ,consequ5tly1 aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,act ( #ahca1 :i* prohibit$ truck altoge!r1 ! ma/]s v g5]ally aboli%$ ! /ores ( _! own accord2 & survivals 7 jeal\sly wat*$4 ,a collection ( ,factory ,scraps1 pres]v$ at ! ,goldsmi?s' ,libr>y 9 ,london1 conta9s a copy ( ! ,factory ,bill ( #ahcc1 ) "s p5cil notes 9 ,o/l]'s h&writ+ :i* run3 ,cragg ,dale ,facts ,truck ,sy/em3 ,little alt]$3 m5 knew !y 7 impos$4 ,!y pay 9 money n[--b compel !m to buy at _! own %ops4444 ,:olesale w>eh\ses at ,ro*dale say1 ',oh6 put x sideways3 x w d = ,cragg ,dale ma/]s to sell among _! p4' ,song3 ',l\sy butt] & burnt bread4' ,ab\t #ahdb a curi\s p]v]sion ( truck 0 preval5t 9 p>ts ( ,york%ire4 ,! trade depression 9 ! ,brad=d di/rict tempt$ disreputable wooll5 manufactur]s to =ce on _! op]atives ! products ( ! factory z "p paym5t ( wages4 ,comb]s 7 giv5 pieces ( clo?1 work]s 9 %oddy mills bundles ( rags4 ,b ?is utt]ly inexcusable fraud1 no less ?an its m speci\s complem5t1 ! employ]'s /ore1 0 root$ out by inspectors & factory re=m]s4 ,!re=e 9 #ahed ! ,gov]nm5t's ,commission] 0 able to say t 9 a factory di/rict l ,lanca%ire truck 0 n only non-exi/5t b 'impossible'4#fa ,he 0 "r z to ! factory di/ricts1 b n q "r z to ,lanca%ire4 ,9 ,prescot1 a small ,lanca%ire t[n on ! fr+e ( ! factory di/rict1 ! wat*mak]s 9 #ahga 7 be+ paid 9 wat*es4 ,! ma/]s alleg$ t !y only gave wat*es to ! work]s :5 ! latt] _h ord]s = !m1 b ! evid5ce %[$ t ^! ord]s only came to h& :5 ! m5 7 ask+ = fre% "w4 ,! pawnbrok]s expla9$ :at happ5$4 ',wat*es'1 said a pawnbrok]'s cl]k1 'pass f h& to h& z a circulat+ m$ium until !y get v l[ 9 ! m>ket & are pawn$4'#fb ,! pawn%op 9 "q _h #gjj wat*es on pl$ge1 mo/ ( !m belong+ to workm5 9 ! t[n4 ,9 railway contract+ truck 0 preval5t 9 ! =ties4 ,9 rov+ employm5t ( ?is type x is difficult to see h[ "s =m ( contractor's %op c\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,! navvy ne$$ cante5s or ,y4,m4,c4,a4 huts1 b su* ?+s _h n be5 ?\ght ( !n4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! big p]iod ( railway con/ruction came to an end1 ! "q lo/ its importance4 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire & ! ,black ,c\ntry 7 ! anci5t /rongholds ( truck4 ,! campaigns aga9/ truck orig9at$ "h4 ,! nail]s1 ! ca%-pay+ ma/]s1 & ! respectable ratepay]s jo9$ toge!r to promote ! ,truck ,act ( #ahbj4 ,"l ,ha!rton1 a ,/af=d%ire nobleman1 aft] ?ree ye>s hamm]+ at ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 obta9$ ! ,truck ,act ( #ahca4 ,b 9 #ahdc1 ! ye> ( ! ,midl& ,m9+ ,commission1 truck 0 /ill rife 9 ! coalfields4 ,! well-kn[n ,tommy-%op sc5e 9 ,disraeli's novel ,sybil1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahde1 is tak5 direct f ! ,commission]s' ,report4 ,diggs1 ! butty ( ! novel1 is ,banks1 ! coal proprietor ( ! ,report4 ,9 ! novel ! p say ( ,ma/] ,joseph ,diggs1 ! son3 ',he d swe> at ! wom51 :5 !y ru% 9 = ! fir/ turn1 mo/ fe>ful2 !y d say he's a %ock+ little dog4' ,9 ! ,report1 page #ic1 ! m9]'s wife says3 ',he swe>s at ! wom5 :5 ! wom5 are try+ to cru% 94 ,he is a %ock+ little dog4' ,"o t\* is ,disraeli's own4 ,he makes ! m9]s ke5 to pur*ase '! "y ,que5's picture'4 ',if ! ,que5 w\ld d some?+ = u poor m51 x w\ld be a bless$ job4' ,9 ! ,report !re is no?+ ab\t ?is1 b !re is a section deal+ ) ,*>tism4 ,h[ev]1 ! truck-%op 0 gradually disappe>+4 ,e ye> x became easi] to expose evasions1 & 9 good times ! work]s us$ _! prosp]ity to slip away f ! ,company /ore4 ,9 #ahej a f9al campaign 0 initiat$ by five local ,anti-,truck ,associations1 back$ by ! ,national ,m9]s' ,association "u ,alex&] ,mac,donald4 ,truck-ma/]s 7 prosecut$ & truck 0 /eadily dislodg$ f ! coalfields & adjac5t ironworks4 ,only 9 ! nail trade did x survive1 = ! reason t ! complete subjection ( ! nail]s made x possible to practise ! ess5tials ( truck )\t a =mal violation ( ! law4 ,9 ! rema9+ colli]y di/ricts 9 #ahga truck 0 preval5t only 9 ,we/ ,scotl& & ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ,we/ ,scotl& x 0 yield+ gr\nd be=e ! pressure ( ! unions4 ,! companies only ma9ta9$ x by active co]cion4 ,if a m9] held out = money1 !y _h to yield2 & if !y 7 malici\s1 !y m>k$ him z a slop] & dismiss$ him ! fir/ :5 a depression came4 ',black li/s'1 said ! ,truck ,commission]s1 'are (t5 kept ( slop]s2 ?reats ( dismissal 7 repeat$ly prov$2 & cases ( actual dismissal = n deal+ at ! /ore are n r>e4'#fc ,h[ev]1 ! ma/]s !mselves 7 gett+ tir$ ( x1 s9ce x l$ s frequ5tly to /rikes4 ,truck 9 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire 0 b\nd up ) ! butty sy/em2 9 railway con/ruction ) ! sy/em ( contract+ & sub-contract+1 & simil>ly 9 ,s\? ,wales1 z also 9 ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 x 0 b\nd up ) & dep5d5t on ! sy/em ( long pays4 ,9 ord] to c>ry on f "o pay day to ! next1 ! m5 got advances on ! company's /ore4 ,9 ?is way _m liv$ p]man5tly ahead ( _! wages4 ,! ?riftless & drunk>ds 7 always 'advance m51 b ! provid5t m9]s hat$ x & only dealt !re on compulsion'4 ,! ,commission]s drew a vivid picture ( ,turn ,book morn+ 9 ,s\? ,wales at ! close ( ! pay mon?4 ,at #a or #b a4m4 ! wom5 & *ildr5 beg9 to arrive ) _! ,advance ,books4 ,p]haps "o hundr$ w\ld be !re1 wet or f9e1 sleep+ on ! door/eps or s++ ballads until morn+4 ,at #e4cj a4m4 ! doors op5$1 & ! wait]s made a ru% = ! c\nt]4 ,advance ,books 7 produc$1 & goods h&$ ov] up to ! am\nt ( wages :i* w\ld %ortly fall due4 ,wom5 took _! pick ( ! articles1 groc]ies1 tobacco1 occasionally a few %ill+s4 ',x is q usual'1 say ! ,commission]s1 '= %oemak]s & o!r small tradesm5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ab]sy*an to be paid by ! workm5 9 goods4444 ,tobacco 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,s\? ,wales has become no?+ less ?an a circulat+ m$ium4 ,x is b\ght by ! m5 & resold by !m = dr9k1 & f9ds its way back aga9 to "s ( ! ,company's %ops4 ,packets ( tobacco pass unop5$ f h& to h&4 ,an ,ebbw ,vale groc] :o took ! ,company's tobacco at a disc\nt decl>$3 ,= ye>s1 :5 !y 7 sell+ x = #as4 #d;d4 a lb4 ,i us$ to give #as42 b ,i 0 s mu* ov]-flood$ ) x t ,i 0 oblig$ to r$uce ! price to #aa;d4 ,t w\ld n d /ill1 & ,i _h to r$uce x to #aj;d4 ,i told ! m5 to take x to "s o!r %op if !y c\ld get #aa;d4 or #as4 = x4 ,i 0 oblig$ to d t _m a "t1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! l>ge /ocks ,i held 9 h&4 ,tobacco w n keep = _m mon?s )\t gett+ worse4' ,weekly pays1 !re=e1 7 ! con/ant dem& ( ! m9]s' unions4 ,9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 :5ce truck _h disappe>$ long ago1 pays 7 =tnightly1 & ! only objection advanc$ by ! own]s aga9/ weekly pays 0 ! practical inconv5i5ce ( ! pressure on ! pay /aff4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,iron ,trade1 weekly pays1 ! ,commission]s f\nd1 _h j be5 introduc$4 ,9 ,we/ ,scotl& "s ( ! coal-own]s 7 try+ to rec\p !mselves = ! loss ( _! truck-%op by *>g+ p\ndage on ! m5's wages4 ,b ?is dodge1 l ! bigg] grievance ( truck1 0 /\tly resi/$ by ! local union4 ,inde$1 9 "o coalfield aft] ano!r ! disappe>ance ( truck & k9dr$ evils co9cides ) ! appe>ance ( /rong ,c\nty ,unions4 #f4 ,we are giv5 to und]/& t ! m9]s ( ,s\? ,wales insi/ on economics writt5 by s\nd lab\r m54 ,we !re=e (f] !m a few sugge/ions = a hi/ory ( ! curr5cy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! work]'s po9t ( view4 i4 ,9 #ahjj ,london reli$ = small co9 on private ent]prise4 ,e week ! ,jews' boys collect$ f ! %opkeep]s _! bad %ill+s1 buy+ !m at a heavy disc\nt1 ) s]viceable copp] co9 =g$ 9 ,birm+ham 7vide ,patrick ,colquh\n1 ,a ,treatise on ! ,police ( ! ,metropolis1 #ahjj1 ,*apt] ,,vii74 ,! resumption ( ca% paym5ts 9 #ahai 0 injuri\s2 = ow+ to ! %ortage ( small co91 ! wage-e>n]s 7 paid 9 bulk ) l>ge notes1 :i* !y _h to split at ! ne>e/ public-h\se4 ,! ,truck ,act ( #ahca prohibit$ wage-paym5ts 9 notes on ,banks m ?an #ae miles di/ant1 b said no?+ ab\t *eques--an ov]sight :i* ! capitali/s repeat$ 9 _! ,bank ,act ( #ahdd4 ii4 ,! g5]al dissatisfaction ) ! /ate ( ! curr5cy l$ to attempts to disp5se ) co94 ,ab\t #ahcj ,lab\r ,ex*anges 7 op5$ 9 ,london = ! ex*ange ( goods aga9/ "t notes1 repres5t+ "o or m h\rs ( lab\r4 ,! orig9ator 0 ,rob]t ,ow51 & ! failure ( ! ,ex*anges 0 probably due to ! fact t ,ow5 0 at he>t a capitali/4 ,! ,national ,equitable ,lab\r ,ex*ange at "o "t 0 do+ a bus9ess ( ov] #bj1jjj h\rs p] week1 b v %ortly aft] ?is1 ! ,presid5t 7,ow57 _h to report a s]i\s defici5cy ( h\rs1 _m ?\s&s hav+ be5 mislaid or /ol54 ,! ,ex*ange 9 consequ5ce _h to close its doors4 iii4 ,9 ! '=ties ! c5tre ( int]e/ is ! ,midl&s1 & ! p]iod may be t]m$ ! ,/af=d%ire or be] p]iod4 ,! curr5cy 0 v popul> & highly liquid1 b x 0 issu$ to excess & difficult to /ore4 ,m solid surrogates 7 !re=e tri$4 ,a ,bil/on pawnbrok]#fd said t he _h 9 pawn num]\s bat*es ( fl\r1 :i* ! m5's wives _h br\ght f ! ,truck ,%ops & turn$ into money1 9 ord] to pay _! h\se-r5ts4 ,fl\r1 h[ev]1 0 n s h>d z a ,prescot wat*4 iv4 ,we come next to ! ,wel% or ,tobacco p]iod1 :5 ! curr5cy 0 easily transf]able1 b liable to det]ioration4 v4 ,f9ally1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! _w ( lab\r atta9$ to a ca% basis1 & !re 0 no ,cobbett to d5\nce ! resumption4 ,we %all n be guilty ( s]i\s exagg]ation if we preface our hi/ory ) ! motto3 ',9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,trade ,unions & ! ,trade ,unions alone made ! nom9al e>n+s ( ! work+ man a ca% reality4' #c4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,association #a4 ,! /ud5t ( ,dicey's ,law & ,op9ion 9 ,engl& is invit$ to di/+ui% ?ree p]iods3 i4 ,! p]iod ( old ,toryism or legislative quiesc5ce 7#ahjj-ch74 ii4 ,! p]iod ( ,b5?amism or individualism 7#ahbe-gj74 iii4 ,! p]iod ( collectivism 7#ahfe-aijj74 ,b5?am liv$ dur+ ! fir/ p]iod & 8 "n is rightly giv5 to ! second p]iod4 ,! /ud5t1 !re=e1 comes to wond] if !re is any?+ :i* is n ,b5?amism4 ,b5?amism1 he says to himself1 /&s = individualism4 ,h[ !n c ! p]iod ( ,b5?amism include ! humanit>ian legislation :i* beg9s ) ! fir/ ,factory ,act ( #ahjb & broad5s out dur+ ! middle ( ! c5tury into ! elaborate code regulat+ f !n onw>ds ! conditions ( employm5t 9 work%ops1 factories1 & m9es8 ,h[ c a mon/] beget an angel8 ,we may p]haps ?r[ light on ?is difficulty by sugge/+ t ! social tr5d f #ahbe-gj _c be compress$ into a s+le ^w4 ,individualism may suffice to def9e ! dom9ant legal tr5d1 b x conceals ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! legislature f )\t & f bel[ by ! action ( volunt>y associations4 ,! p]iod ( volunt>y association co9cides ) & ov]laps ! p]iod ( individualism4 #b4 ,:at ,b5?am 0 to individualism1 ,rob]t ,ow5 0 to volunt>y association4 ,b5?am himself 0 an admir] ( ,ow5 & support$ 8 philan?ropy1 b1 z expressions ( a social attitude1 ,b5?amism & ,ow5ism 7 poles asund]4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two is admirably display$ 9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,factory ,committee ( #ahaf by two repres5tatives ( ! employ+ class1 ,josiah ,w$gwood ( pott]y fame & ,rob]t ,ow5 himself4 ',9 ! /ate ( society1' said ,w$gwood1 '9 :i* !re is evid5tly a progressive movem5t1 x is mu* bett] to leave ?+s z !y are ?an to attempt to am5d ! g5]al /ate ( ?+s 9 detail4 ,! only safe way ( secur+ ! com=t ( any p is to leave !m at lib]ty to make ! be/ use ( _! "t1 & to all[ !m to appropriate _! e>n+s 9 su* way z !y ?9k fit4'#fe ,rob]t ,ow5 ?\ght o!rwise4 ,9 a c\ple ( answ]s he expos$ ! fallacy ( enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,!y seem obvi\s en\gh to-day1 b 9 #ahaf !y 7 ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,he 0 ask$ :e!r he believ$ t '!re is t want ( affection & feel+ on ! "p ( p>5ts1 t w\ld induce !m to exact f _! *ildr5 m lab\r ?an !y c\ld p]=m )\t injury to _! heal?2' & he repli$3 ',i d n imag9e t !re is ! smalle/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5]al affection ( ! l[] ord] ( ! p1 except ) reg>d to t :i* may be produc$ by ! diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$4'#ff ,ano!r "q 03 ',d y conceive t x is n injuri\s to ! manufactur] to haz>d1 by ov]work1 ! heal? ( ! p s employ$8' ,he repli$3 ',if ^? p]sons 7 pur*as$ by ! manufactur]s ,i %\ld say decisively1 yes2 b z !y are n pur*as$ by ! manufactur] & ! c\ntry mu/ be> all ! loss ( _! /r5g? & _! en]gy2 x does n appe>1 at fir/ sight1 to be ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur] to d s4'#fg ,ow5 _h grasp$ ! mean+ ( social responsibility1 & he devot$ 8 life to social s]vice4 ,b he 0 too wayw>d to obs]ve ! conv5tions ( society1 & pass$ beyond ! social pale4 ,! factory re=m] became ! ,sociali/4 ,:e!r 8 disciples compreh5d$ 8 philosophy we may d\bt1 b he und]/ood bett] ?an any "o else _! in/9ct = association1 & he gratifi$ x4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ,ow5 0 responsible = all ! associative ef=t ( 8 g5]ation2 = ) political & religi\s associations he _h no sympa?y4 ,b ! _s :i* infect$ him infect$ o!rs aft] him1 r\s+ !m to associate n[ = ?is1 & n[ = t social or religi\s or political purpose4 #c4 ,we may divide associations = social purposes into two classes4 ,to ! fir/ class belong associations =m$ to secure ! abolition ( "s abuse4 ,^! naturally disappe> :5 _! object is atta9$4 ,= example1 !re 0 ! ,anti-slav]y ,campaign 9 :i* ,joseph ,/urge & o!r ,quak]s play$ s prom95t a "p4 ,by an organiz$ crusade ( political education ! ,abolitioni/s induc$ an orig9ally ho/ile ,p>liam5t to emancipate ! ,we/ ,indian negroes 9 #ahcc1 & to %ort5 ! p]iod ( semi-s]vile appr5tice%ip 9 #ahch4 ,york%ire 0 ! home ( ! ,%ort ,"t ,committees1 :i* organiz$ ! campaign aga9/ ,:ite ,slav]y at home4 ,! ,t5 ,h\rs ,movem5t caus$ ! ,t5 ,h\rs ,bill to become ! law ( ! l&4 ,f ,lanca%ire came ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league1 ^: /ory is told 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! second class ( association 0 ! association = economic bett]m5t--! ,fri5dly ,society1 ! ,co-op]ative ,society1 ! ,trade ,union4 ,conceiv$ 9 en?usiasm & self-inspir$1 ^! associations ask$ only ( ! ,/ate a legal framework 9 :i* to develop1 b !y did n w9 x )\t /ruggle & delay4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 anxi\s to enc\rage ?rift1 b ! developm5t ( ! ,fri5dly ,societies 0 imp$$ = a "t by legislation aim$ at political conspiracy4 ,! ,correspond+ ,societies ,act ( #agii prev5t$ ! ,fri5dly ,societies f =m+ a c5tral organization ) bran*es1 & ! ,dor*e/] ,lab\r]s ( #ahcd discov]$ ! p]il into :i* ! ritual ( oa?s might lead innoc5t m54 ,^! det]r5ts 7 remov$ by enabl+ legislation4 ,9 #ahbi a c5tral au?ority1 ! ,regi/r> ( ,fri5dly ,societies1 0 appo9t$ to sup]vise ,fri5dly ,societies1 & betwe5 #ahbi & #ahge fur!r privileges & safegu>ds 7 conf]r$4 ,b ! ,fri5dly ,society ,movem5t ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 :olly volunt>y4 ,9 #aiaa ! situation 0 sudd5ly rev]s$ by ! pass+ ( ! ,national ,insurance ,act4 ,! ,co-op]ative ,societies 7 m suspect4 ,!y crept into legal recognition z ! *ildr5 ( ! ,fri5dly ,society1 "u ! 'frugal inve/m5ts' clause ( ! ,act ( #ahdf1 be+ compell$ by ! legal prejudice aga9/ association 9 re/ra9t ( trade to adopt ?is unnatural "m4 ,_! real nature 0 recogniz$ 9 #aheb1 :5 !y 7 br\ght "u ! ,indu/rial & ,provid5t ,societies ,act1 & 9 #ahfb1 :5 !y 7 grant$ ! boon ( limit$ liability4 ,b ! accid5t ( _! legal orig9 /ill survives2 = !y are regulat$ to-day by ! ,indu/rial & ,provid5t ,societies ,act ( #ahic4 ,! ,co-op]ative ,movem5t is n[ draw+ clos] to politics1 foll[+ ! lead ( mo/ ( ! cont95tal c\ntries1 notably ,belgium & ,g]many4 ,?\gh we _c say t !re is any indication ( ! ,/ate tak+ ov] ! movem5t1 we may note t ! gr[? ( municipal trad+ 9 ! 'n9eties 01 9 pr9ciple1 an application ( ! consum]s' association to monopolies ( di/ribution su* z tramways1 wat]1 electricity1 & gas4 ,! ,/ate 0 altoge!r ho/ile to ! gr[? ( ! ,trade ,union4 ,! ,*>t] ( ,emancipation1 won by ! guile ( ,francis ,place 9 #ahbd1 0 sev]ely curtail$ 9 #ahbe4 ,huskisson#fh depict$ 9 lurid t]ms ! tyranny ( a milit>y trades unionism1 'repres5t+ a sy/ematic union ( ! work]s ( _m diff]5t trades'4 ,x 0 a 'k9d ( f$]al republic'1 ^: mis*iev\s op]ations1 if n *eck$1 w\ld keep ! comm]cial classes '9 con/ant anxiety & fe> ab\t _! int]e/s & prop]ty'4 ,arnold1 ( ,rugby1 a decade lat] wrote ( !m 9 ! same /ra93 'y h he>d1 ,i d\bt n1 ( ! trades unions2 a fe>ful eng9e ( mis*ief1 ready to riot or assass9ate2 & ,i see no c\nt]act+ p[]4'#fi ,! c\nt]act+ p[] 0 _! own weakness4 ,! e>ly militancy burnt itself out1 & 0 succe$$ at ! turn ( ! c5tury by a ',new ,_s & a ,new ,model'4 ,! new _s 0 anti-militant1 & ! new model 0 a trade union repres5t+ ! lite ( ! skill$ trades4 ,! ,amalgamat$ ,society ( ,eng9e]s 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahej & s]v$ z a model to ! ,c>p5t]s1 ,tailors1 ,compositors1 ,iron-f\nd]s1 ,brick-lay]s1 & o!rs4 ,! ,trades ,unions 7 n[ respectable1 & 9 #ahfg ! ,/ate recogniz$ ! fact4 ,! p]iod ( collectivism is d5ot$ by ! gr[? ( ! ,lab\r ,p>ty 9 ,p>liam5t1 & ! increas+ "p play$ by ! ,/ate 9 indu/rial disputes & ! regulation ( wages4 ,! nationalization ( railways & ! nationalization ( m9es are burn+ que/ions4 #d4 ,9 all ! movem5ts we h describ$1 ! spiritual /imulus1 ! initial drive1 & ! solid successes h be5 provid$ by volunt>y association4 ,! ,/ate has n be5 ! pione] ( social re=m4 ,su* a notion is ! mirage ( politicians4 ,x has m]ely regi/]$ ! insi/5t dem&s ( organiz$ volunt>y ef=t or giv5 legal recognition to accompli%$ facts4 ,?is is ! di/9ctive note ( ,engli% social developm5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,dicey1 ,law & ,op9ion4 ,rob9son1 ,! ,_s ( ,association4 ,hovell1 ,! ,*>ti/ ,movem5t4 ,somb>t 7tr4 ,ep/e971 ,socialism & ! ,sociali/ ,movem5t4 ,cd4 #ibcf1 ,report ( ,committee on ,tru/s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bj3 ,f ! writ]'s =?com+ book ,life & ,lab\r 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 to be publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 ,footnote #ba3 ,tooke & ,newm>*1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 v4 #cef4 ,footnote #bb3 ,commons ,committee on ,emigration1 #ahbg1 ,q4 #agfa4 ,footnote #bc3 ,commons ,committee on ! ,condition ( ,lab\r]s employ$ 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,railways1 #ahdf1 ,q4 #hff4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #bag4 ,footnote #be3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #hig4 ,footnote #bf3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #gcc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,ibid41 ,q4 #aic4 ,footnote #bh3 ,ibid41 ,qs4 #hfi-gh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,report ( ,poor ,law ,commission]s on ! ,employm5t ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr5 9 ,agriculture 7#ahdc71 pp4 #bj1 #be4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bii-cjj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,report ( ,commission]s on ! ,employm5t ( ,"y ,p]sons 9 ,agriculture1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #cb3 ,dr4 ,cook ,taylor1 ,lett] to ! ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 dat$ f ,ross5dale ,=e/ 7,lanca%ire71 ,june #bj1 #ahdb4 ,footnote #cc3 ,rural ,rides1 i4 #bai4 ,footnote #cd3 ,poor ,law ,commission ( #ahcd1 ,app5dix4 ,footnote #ce3 ,h&-loom ,weav]s' ,commission1 ,f9al ,report1 #ahda1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #cf3 ,h&-loom ,weav]s' ,commission1 ,assi/ant-,commission]'s ,report1 #ahdj1 ,"p ,,iv1 pp4 #gf-ha4 ,footnote #cg3 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,poor ,law ,commission]s1 #ahcf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,h&-loom ,weav]s' ,commission1 ,assi/ant-,commission]'s ,report1 ,"p ,,iii1 p4 #eea4 ,footnote #ci3 ,anti-bread ,tax ,circul>1 ,no4 #ia1 ,june #af1 #ahdb4 ,footnote #dj3 ,fir/ ,report ( ! ,factory ,commission]s1 #ahcc1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #da3 ,report ( ,commission] on ! ,condition ( ! ,framework ,knitt]s 7#ahde71 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #db3 ,ibid41 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #dc3 ,william ,felk91 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ma*9e-wr\ght ,hosi]y & ,lace ,manufactures 7#ahfg71 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #dd3 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,truck ,commission]s 7#ahga71 ,q4 #cg1ejj4 ,footnote #de3 ,pamphlet ( #ahbe1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #df3 ,home ,(fice ,pap]s1 #dj1 ,lett] f ,r4,j4 ,blewitt1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,novemb] #f1 #ahci4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ri*>d ,fynes1 ,m9]s ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #dh3 ,john ,wilson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,durham ,m9]s' ,association 7#ahgj-aijd71 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #di3 ,report ( ,commission] on ! ,/ate ( ! ,m9+ ,population 7#ahdf74 ,footnote #ej3 ,^! pamphlets are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote #ea3 ,report ( ,commission] on ! ,/ate ( ! ,m9+ ,population 7#ahej74 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 7#aheb74 ,footnote #ec3 ,royal ,commission1 ,fir/ ,report 7,m9es71 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid41 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #ee3 ,royal ,commission1 ,second ,report 7,trades & ,manufactures71 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aee-f4 ,footnote #eg3 ,midl& ,m9+ ,commission1 ,fir/ ,report1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid41 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #fj3 ,rural ,rides1 ii4 #cec4 ,footnote #fa3 ,commons ,committee1 ,/oppage ( ,wages 7,hosi]y1 #ahed74 ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,trem5he]e4 ,footnote #fb3 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,truck ,commission]s1 ,q4 #cc1fgj4 ,footnote #fc3 ,truck ,commission1 #ahga4 ,report1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #fd3 ,commons ,committee1 ,/oppage ( ,wages 9 ! ,hosi]y ,manufacture 7#ahed71 ,q4 #hj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,commons ,committee ( #ahaf1 pp4 #fd & #gc4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ibid41 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #fh3 ,spee*1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahbe4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lett] to ! ,*evali] ,buns51 #ahcd1 quot$ 9 ,/ra*ey1 ,em95t ,victorians1 p4 #aig4 ,,viii ,,atomic ,,!ories ,,pr(essor ,w4,h4 ,,bragg1 ,c4,b4,e41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,:5 a lecture on ! progress ( ,sci5ce is giv5 be=e a conf]5ce conc]n$ l>gely ) hi/orical subjects1 x is n inappropriate to po9t out t ,sci5ce has a hi/ory ( its own & t its progress makes a connect$ /ory4 ,! discov]y ( new facts is n made 9 an isolat$ fa%ion1 nor is x a matt] ( pure *ance1 unaffect$ by :at has gone be=e4 ,on ! contr>y1 sci5tific progress is made /ep by /ep1 ea* new po9t t is rea*$ =m+ a basis = fur!r advances4 ,ev5 ! direction ( discov]y is n entirely 9 ! explor]'s control2 !re is always a next /ep to be tak5 & a limit$ numb] ( possible /eps =w>d f :i* a *oice c be made4 ,! sci5tific discov]] has to g 9 ! direction 9 :i* 8 discov]ies lead him4 ,:5 discov]ies h be5 made x is possible to ?9k ( uses to :i* !y may be put1 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance all discov]ies are made )\t any k :atev] ( :at use may aft]w>ds be made ( !m4 ,consequ5tly sci5tific progress is a q ord]ly advance1 n a spasmodic collection ( facts1 & 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w x has a hi/ory4 ,9 ord] t opportunities = ?is /eady progress may be provid$ x is v important t ?is po9t %\ld be fully appreciat$4 ,e "o1 = example1 is vaguely consci\s t sci5ce play$ a great "p 9 ! ,w>4 ,z a consequ5ce ! numb] ( /ud5ts ( sci5ce has greatly increas$2 manufactur+ firms are awak5+ to ! fact t !y mu/ pay m att5tion to sci5tific developm5t & are f\nd+ rese>* laboratories4 ,x is v important t ?is awak5$ att5tion %\ld be well in=m$1 & = t reason x _c be po9t$ out too (t5 t ! sci5tific "w :i* has be5 ! basis ( all mat]ial progress c only be turn$ to def9ite mat]ial ends 9 ! la/ /ages ( its developm5t4 ,fundam5tally ev]y?+ re/s on ! pure attempt to ga9 k )\t any idea ( ! use to :i* x may subsequ5tly be put4 ,)\t pure sci5ce !re is no appli$ sci5ce at all4 ,x is q "r 9 my op9ion t ! rese>*] 9 pure sci5ce %\ld h ) him ! hope t :at he does may "o day be ( direct b5efit to o!rs4 ,b x is probable t he does n 9 8 own m9d conf9e ! idea ( possible uses to su* mat]ial matt]s z ,i h m5tion$ above & z are s prom95t at pres5t4 ,he believes t 8 "w has a less mat]ial side ^: value ne$ n be expla9$ to ! pres5t audi5ce4 ,9 ! g5]al l9e ( progress x is natural to f9d t !re are c]ta9 broad roads along :i* ! ma9 advance has be5 direct$4 ,/ud5ts ( physics & *emi/ry & ! subjects :i* are alli$ to !m f9d t !y are 9 g5]al consid]+ ei!r matt]1 or electricity1 or en]gy4 ,i make ?is classification1 n f any philosophical po9t ( view1 b simply = pres5t conv5i5ce4 ,! fir/ important pr9ciple to :i* ,i w\ld l to draw y\r att5tion is t ea* ( ^! ?+s c be measur$ quantitatively4 ,if we accept ! weight ( a sub/ance z an indirect measure ( ! am\nt ( matt] pres5t1 !n we all "k we c express ! am\nt ( matt] 9 any giv5 body 9 t]ms ( a fundam5tal unit1 l a p\nd or a gramme2 & ! idea has be5 put to immemorial use4 ,9 lat] ye>s we h le>nt t electricity itself is also a quantity & t ! am\nt ( electricity :i* /&s on an electrifi$ body1 or fl[s pa/ a giv5 po9t 9 an electric conductor1 z = example ! wire connect$ to an electric light1 c be express$ ari?metically 9 t]ms ( "s unit4 ,in/rum5ts are made = ! purpose ( measur+ quantities ( electricity 9 t]ms ( ! legal /&>d4 ,x is "o ( ! functions ( a ,gov]nm5t ,in/itution1 l ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory1 to te/ su* in/rum5ts & report on _! accuracy4 ,int]national conf]5ces h be5 held = ! purpose ( r$uc+ ^! units to z small a numb] z possible s t p may be able to trade less wa/efully & m conv5i5tly1 s t also ! b>ri]s betwe5 peoples may be brok5 d[n & ! int]*ange ( ideas z well z ( mat]ials may be made m easily4 ,)\t an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d x w\ld be impossible to c>ry on indu/rial life 9 :i* use is made ( electricity4 ,x w\ld be z difficult z to hold a m>ket )\t ! use ( weights & scales1 m difficult1 9 fact1 s9ce anyone c e/imate ! size ( a piece ( clo? or ! am\nt ( corn 9 a sack1 b no "o has a natural s5se by :i* he c e/imate an am\nt ( electricity4 ,9 j ! same way en]gy c be measur$ z a quantity 9 t]ms ( a fundam5tal unit4 ,! discov]y t ?is 0 s 0 made by ,j\le & o!rs t[>ds ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & lit ! road = fur!r advance z a d>k /reet is lit by ! sudd5 turn+-up ( ! lamps4 ,all mod]n indu/ry re/s on ?is pr9ciple4 ,we are n[ s accu/om$ to ! idea t en]gy is a quantity t we c h>dly realize a "t :5 x 0 m]ely a vague t]m4 ,if we want an illu/ration ( h[ ?or\ghly we h grasp$ ?is idea let u rememb] t :5 we pay our electric-light bill we pay s mu* money = s _m units ( en]gy suppli$2 = s mu* en]gy1 let u note1 n = s mu* electricity1 s9ce we take into acc\nt n only ! actual am\nt ( electricity driv5 ?r\gh our h\se wires1 b also ! magnitude ( ! =ce :i* is !re to drive x4 ,en]gy exi/s 9 _m =ms3 en]gy ( motion1 heat1 gravitational en]gy1 *emical en]gy1 radiation1 & s on4 ,9 ! trans=mations ( en]gy :i* are cont9ually occurr+ 9 all natural processes1 !re is nev] any *ange 9 ! total am\nt ( en]gy4 ,?is is ! fam\s pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,sometimes x is /at$ 9 ! =m ',p]petual motion is impossible'4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important =ms ( en]gy is radiation4 ,! con/ant outp\r+ by ! sun ( en]gy 9 ?is =m is vital to u4 ,! fact 0 obvi\s long ago & t is "o ( ! reasons :y light & heat h int]e/$ /ud5ts ( sci5ce 9 all ages4 ,!re exi/ !n ?ree ma9 subjects ( /udy--matt]1 electricity1 & en]gy4 ,^! !mselves & _! mutual relations h be51 & are1 ! pr9cipal objects ( int]e/ to ! sci5tific /ud5t1 & f our /riv+s to und]/& !m we h le>nt mo/ ( :at we "k4 ,all ?ree are quantities & all are expressible 9 t]ms ( units4 ,n[ !re is "o po9t :i* ,i h ?\ght w\ld especially int]e/ y4 ,a v rem>kable t5d5cy ( mod]n discov]y %[s m & m cle>ly t n only are ^! ?+s quantities :i* we c express 9 units ( our own *oos+1 b t ,nature h]self has already *os5 units = !m4 ,! natural unit does n1 ( c\rse1 be> any exact connexion ) our own4 ,?is be+ s1 x mu/ be ( ! utmo/ importance t we %\ld "k :at ^! natural units are & s be able to und]/& :at ,nature is ready to tell u4 ,nature has *os5 to speak 9 a c]ta9 language2 we mu/ get to "k t language4 ,9 ! fir/ place we "k surely t !re are natural units ( matt]4 ,?is 0 ! great discov]y made by ,dalton 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 he f\nd t ea* ( ! kn[n elem5ts1 su* z copp] or oxyg5 or c>bon1 consi/$ ultimately ( atoms1 all ! atoms ( any "o elem5t be+ alike1 he laid ! f\ndation on :i* ! huge /ructure ( mod]n *emi/ry has be5 rais$4 ,! *emi/ takes "o or m atoms ( "o elem5t1 "o or m ( ano!r1 & may be ( a ?ird or f\r?1 & he puts !m toge!r into a comp\nd :i* we call a molecule4 ,! molecule = example ( ord9>y salt conta9s always "o atom ( *lor9e & "o ( sodium4 ,*lor9e & sodium are elem5ts1 salt is a comp\nd4 ,six atoms ( c>bon & six ( hydrog5 put toge!r 9 a c]ta9 way make b5z5e4 ,9 ! same way e sub/ance t we meet is capable ( analysis1 %[+ ultimately ! molecules z made up1 accord+ to a def9ite plan1 ( s _m atoms ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,9 analytical *emi/ry molecules are dissect$ 9 ord] to discov] ! mode ( _! build+2 9 syn!tic *emi/ry ! atoms are put toge!r to make a molecule :i* is already kn[n to h1 or ev5 may be anticipat$ to h1 c]ta9 prop]ties4 ,?is is ! "w ( ! *emi/4 ,sometimes enorm\s =ces are conc]n$ 9 ?is pull+ ap>t & putt+ toge!r1 witness ! t]rific p[] ( mod]n explosives4 ,b ! same k9d ( h&l+ by ! *emi/ may be devot$ to ! delicate con/ruction ( a molecule :i* gives a c]ta9 col\r to ! dy]'s vat & s pleases ! eye t ! great clo? indu/ries feel ! consequ5ce1 & nations !mselves are affect$ by ! fl[ ( trade4 ,aft] all1 s9ce ! processes ( ! physical _w op]ate ultimately ?r\gh ! p[] & prop]ties ( molecules1 x is n surpris+ t ! *emi/'s "w 9 ^! & numb]less o!r ways has su* trem5d\s influ5ce 9 ! _w4 ,"h !n by ! recognition ( ! units ( matt] :i* ,nature has *os5 = h]self x has be5 possible to d great ?+s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! atom1 9 spite ( its "n1 is n some?+ :i* is incapable ( all fur!r division2 x is only incapable ( reta9+ its prop]ties on division4 ,:5 an atom ( radium breaks d[n 9 ! unique op]ation dur+ :i* its s+ul> prop]ties are manife/$1 x dies z radium & becomes two atoms1 "o ( helium1 ! o!r ( a diff]5t & r>e sub/ance4 ,x w int]e/ y to "k t ! air%ips ( ! future are expect$ to be fill$ ) ?is non-inflammable helium4 ,! discov]y ( ! atomic nature ( electricity came lat]4 ,f>aday e/abli%$ ! fact t 9 c]ta9 processes !re 0 m ?an a h9t t electricity 0 always pres5t 9 multiples ( a def9ite unit4 ,9 ! process call$ electrolysis ! electric curr5t is driv5 across a cell full ( liquid conta9+ molecules ( "s sub/ance4 ,:5 ! electricity passes !re is a loos5+ ( ! bonds t b9d toge!r ! atoms ( ! molecule1 & a sep>ation2 atoms ( "o k9d travel ) ! electricity across ! cell & are deposit$ :]e ! curr5t leaves ! cell2 ! o!r k9d travel ! opposite way4 ,9 ?is way = example we deposit silv] on metal objects 9 electro-plat+ processes1 or sep>ate out ! pure/ copp] = c]ta9 electrical purposes4 ,! /rik+ ?+ :i* ,f>aday discov]$ 0 t ! numb] ( atoms deposit$ always bore a v simple relation to ! quantity ( electricity t passes4 ,! same curr5t pass+ 9 succession ?r\gh cells conta9+ diff]5t k9ds ( molecules broke up ! same numb] ( molecules 9 ea* cell4 ,x 0 z if 9 ea* electrolytic cell atoms ( matt] & atoms ( electricity travell$ toge!r4 ,! movem5t ( an atom meant ! simultane\s movem5t ( a def9ite quantity ( electricity4 ,electricity 01 s to speak1 done up 9 little equal p>cels1 & an atom ( matt] on ! move1 :i* 0 t]m$ an ion1 or w&]]1 c>ri$1 n a vaguely def9$ am\nt ( electricity1 b "o ( ^! def9ite p>cels4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! lat] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! natural unit ( electricity 0 manife/$ by itself & )\t a c>ri]4 ,at a fam\s address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,york 9 #ahha ,sir ,william ,crookes describ$ ! fir/ m>vell\s exp]im5ts 9 :i* ?is feat _h be5 accompli%$1 ?\gh !re 0 /ill to come a long controv]sy be=e ! int]pretation 0 cle>ly accept$4 ,x is n[ def9itely e/abli%$ t !re is a fundam5tal atom ( electricity :i* we n[ call ! electron4 ,z we all "k electrification is ( two k9ds--a positive & a negative4 ,! electron is ( ! negative k9d4 ,!re does n appe> to be a correspond+ positive atom ( electricity1 or at lea/ n "o t is s s+ul> 9 its prop]ties z ! electron4 ,electrons g to ! mak+ ( all atoms1 j z atoms g to ! mak+ ( molecules4 ,! atom :i* is neutral1 t is1 %[s nei!r positive nor negative electrification1 mu/ conta9 positive electricity 9 "s =m to balance ! electrons :i* we "k x conta9s4 ,:5 we /rip an atom1 z we "k h[ to d1 ( "o or m ( ^! electrons1 ! rema9d] is positively *>g$4 ,! positive ion is any sort ( an atom or molecule :i* has become positively electrifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,an atom :i* has become positive by ! loss ( "o or m ( its electrons ex]cises a =ce on any sp>e electrons 9 its neighb\rhood or on any atom c>ry+ a sp>e electron4 ,:5 !re are l>ge numb]s ( atoms seek+ 9 ?is way to become neutral once m1 z occurs (t5 9 ,nature1 ! =ces g5]at$ may be trem5d\s4 ,!y are %[n1 = example1 9 ! lightn+-/roke4 ,b inde$ x w\ld seem t all ! *emical =ces ( :i* we h already spok5 dep5d ultimately ^u ! electric /ate ( ! atom conc]n$4 ,x is because ! =ce :i* a positively-*>g$ atom ex]ts on an electron is s great & because ! electron is s light & easily mov$ comp>$ to an atom t ! electron has n be5 isolat$ at w until rec5t ye>s4 ,! isolation 9 fact dep5ds ^u ! electron be+ end[$ ) a suffici5t spe$ to c>ry x ?r\gh or pa/ ! action ( an atom :i* is seek+ to absorb x into its sy/em4 ,a lump ( matt] fly+ 9 space might ent] our sol> sy/em ) su* spe$ z to be able to pass ?r\gh & g on its way almo/ undeflect$4 ,or aga91 x might h a mu* l[] spe$ & g s mu* ne>] ! sun t x 0 s]i\sly deflect$ 9 its c\rse1 z we see 9 ! case ( comet visitors4 ,b if = "s reason or o!r ! lump ( matt] f\nd itself inside ! sol> sy/em )\t ! end[m5t ( high velocity x w\ld c]ta9ly be absorb$4 ,j s an electron c pass ?r\gh an atom ) or )\t s]i\s deviation f its l9e ( motion1 provid$ t motion is rapid en\gh4 ,only rec5tly h we be5 able to ex]t electric =ces ( suffici5t /r5g? to set an electron 9 motion ) ! spe$ x mu/ h if x is to ma9ta9 an individual exi/5ce ,n[ we c ga!r electrons at w1 dragg+ !m f ! int]ior ( solid bodies1 & hurl !m ) trem5d\s spe$ l a /ream ( projectiles4 ,s9ce 9 ! op5 air ! spe$ is soon lo/ by innum]able collisions ) ! air-molecules1 ! effect c only be /udi$ satisfactorily 9 a glass bulb f :i* ! air has be5 evacuat$4 ,crookes made great improvem5ts 9 air-pumps dur+ an inve/igation on ?allium1 & consequ5tly 0 able to obta9 ! high vacuum requir$ = ! exp]im5t ) ! electron /reams4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd by ,rntg5 t :5 an electron /ream 9 an evacuat$ bulb 0 direct$ ^u a t>get plac$ )9 ! bulb1 a rem>kable radiation issu$ f ! t>get4 ,?us arose ! s-call$ ,x or ,rntg5 rays4 ,z y all "k !y h = _m ye>s play$ a mo/ important "p 9 surg]y & m$ic9e4 ,y may h he>d t dur+ ! w> !y 7 also us$ to exam9e ! int]ior ( a]oplane con/ructions & to look = flaws invisible f )\t4 ,al?\gh ,x-,rays are ( ! same nature z light rays !y c p5etrate :]e light rays _c1 pass+ 9 great] or less degree ?r\gh mat]ials :i* are opaque to visible light & all[+ u to exam9e ! int]ior :i* is hidd5 f ! eye4 ,e electric dis*>ge is ess5tially a hurri$ ru% ( electrons4 ,:5 we rub two bodies toge!r & !y become electrifi$ we h 9 "s way or o!r torn electrons f "o ( ! bodies & pil$ !m on ! o!r4 ,! =m] becomes ! positively *>g$ body & ! latt] ! negative4 ,a film ( moi/ure /ops ?is action4 ,:5 wool is spun 9 factories x t5ds to become 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! process too dry & too free f grease2 ! y>n !n becomes electrifi$ z x passes ov] ! lea!r roll]s1 & :5 ! ma*9e tries to sp9 ! ?reads toge!r !y fly ap>t & refuse to jo9 up ! m9ute hooks ) :i* ! wool fibres are furni%$4 ,! sp9n+ op]ation w\ld come to an end 7 !re n means provid$ by :i* ! air c be s fill$ ) moi/ure t ! fibres become damp & ! action ceases4 ,s 9 "s cases a /ream ( air fill$ ) positive & negative ions is made to play ^u ! fibres2 ! fibres select :at ions !y want1 & s neutraliz+ !mselves1 sp9n+ c proce$ aga94 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity runs along a wire !re is 9 fact no?+ m ?an a procession ( electrons4 ,! /ream ( electrons t runs ?r\gh ! filam5ts 9 ! lamps t light ?is room1 rais+ ! filam5ts to a :ite heat1 are set 9 motion by ! dynamos 9 ! city4 ,!re is a complete wire circuit1 includ+ ! dynamo1 ! conductors1 & ! lamps4 ,:5 ! dynamos are n work+ ! electrons d n z a :ole move ei!r way1 ?\gh !y are always !re4 ,:5 ! dynamo beg9s to turn1 ! electrons set out on _! cont9u\s j\rney4 ,electrons are involv$ 9 ! emission ( wireless signals1 & 9 _! receipt4 ,! s-call$ 'valve'1 :i* multiplies m9ute electric signals & 0 s greatly improv$ dur+ ! w>1 dep5ds entirely on ! action ( electrons1 & ! brilliant exp]im5tal "w 0 bas$ on ! newly-acquir$ k ( _! prop]ties4 ,i h told y t "u c]ta9 circum/ances a /ream ( electrons may g5]ate ,x-,rays1 9 reality a =m ( light rays4 ,?is action is a v common "o1 & x is curi\s t ! fa/] ! electron goes ! %ort] is ! wave-l5g? ( ! radiation4 ,a v fa/ electron g5]ates an ,x-,ray ( s %ort a wave-l5g? t ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! ray1 :i* goes ) ! %ortness ( ! wave1 is excessive1 & 9 ?is way we may h rays :i* g "r ?r\gh ! human body or ev5 ?r\gh in*es ( /eel4 ,z ! spe$ ( ! excit+ electron becomes less1 ! ,x-,rays are less p5etrat+4 ,) /ill sl[] electrons we may g5]ate ord9>y light1 & x w take a sl[] electron to g5]ate r$ ?an to g5]ate blue4 ,! sl[e/ electrons we use 9 ?is way h a spe$ ( _m hundr$ miles p] second2 ! fa/e/ h a spe$ :i* ne>ly approa*es t ( light1 or #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,& conv]sely radiation c set electrons 9 motion4 ,:5 ,x-,rays are driv5 into a pati5t's body electrons are set 9 motion )91 & mov+ ov] c]ta9 m9ute di/ances1 initiate *emical actions :i* are necess>y to "s cure4 ,or !y may g "r ?r\gh ! body & fall on a photographic plate1 sett+ 9 op]ation *emical action :i* =ms a picture on ! plate4 ,!re is ano!r occasion ( an entirely diff]5t k9d :5 ! electron is greatly 9 evid5ce & displays effects :i* are mo/ a/oni%+ & significant4 ,e atom ( radium or o!r radio-active sub/ances soon] or lat] meets ) ! cata/rophe 9 :i* its life z radium ends & atoms ( o!r sub/ances are =m$4 ,at t mom5t occurs ! emission :i* is ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! sub/ance4 ,"o ( ! radiations emitt$ consi/s ( high-velocity electrons1 mov+1 "s ( !m1 ne>ly z fa/ z light4 ,n[ x is f\nd t :5 ! spe$ approa*es t ( light1 #ahf1jjj miles or #c x #ajaj c5timetres p] second1 ! en]gy is high] ?an x %\ld be if x foll[$ ! usual rule1 viz4 en]gy is equal to half ! mass multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,x w\ld seem t an electron mov+ ) ! velocity ( light w\ld h inf9ite en]gy2 or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 ! exp]im5t] 9 8 laboratory c nev] hope to obs]ve an electron mov+ s fa/2 x w\ld be ! end ( 8 laboratory & ( himself if ev] x turn$ up4 ,l9k$ up ) ?is result is ! v /range fact t no "o has ev] be5 able to f9d any direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r1 :i* is po/ulat$ 9 ord] to c>ry light-waves4 ,x has be5 pictur$ z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! heav5ly bodies move1 & to :i* _! motions may be ref]r$4 ,b :5 light is laun*$ into ! e!r1 its app>5t velocity mu/ dep5d on :e!r x travels ) or aga9/ ! drift ( ! e!r ?r\gh ! laboratory :]e ! measurem5t is made4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ )\t ! discov]y ( any su* diff]5ce1 al?\gh ! me?od 0 amply accurate en\gh to detect ! effect t might be expect$4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds %[n t ! negative result might be expla9$ by suppos+ t a measure ( l5g? v>i$ 9 l5g? accord+ to :e!r x 0 travell+ ) or aga9/ ! e!r4 ,b ! cont9ual failure ( all su* exp]im5ts has l$ to a rem>kable hypo!tical developm5t ) :i* ! "n ( ,e9/e9 is firmly connect$4 ,x is suppos$ t "s flaw mu/ exi/ 9 our fundam5tal hypo!ses1 & t if ?is 7 correct$ we %\ld !n f9d t we ought to get ! same value = ! velocity ( light h[ev] & :5ev] we measur$ x1 & at ! same "t we %\ld f9d t no measurem5t ( ! velocity ( a body mov+ relative to ! obs]v] w\ld ev] equal ! velocity ( light4 ,! hypo!sis d5ies ! exi/5ce ( an absolute /&>d to :i* motions c be ref]r$1 & insi/s t !y mu/ all be consid]$ relatively to ! obs]v]4 ,x is call$ ! pr9ciple ( relativity4 ,calculations ( its consequ5ces beg9 ) ! necess>y *anges 9 ! fundam5tals1 su* z ,e9/e9 has introduc$4#gj ,"t does n all[ me to say m ( ! innum]able ways 9 :i* electrons play an ess5tial "p 9 all ! processes 9 ! _w4 ,we h long believ$ t ?is is s1 b ! picture has nev] be5 s cle> to u z x is n[2 & ) our und]/&+ our p[] is increas$4 ,yet once m ! illum9ation ( our und]/&+ comes f our recognition t ,nature has pref]r$ ! discrete to ! cont9u\s & t electricity is n inf9itely divisible b is1 l matt]1 & ev5 m simply ?an matt]1 ( an atomic /ructure4 ,& we h f\nd ! unit & le>nt h[ to h&le x4 ,x is ev5 m /range t x may n[ be said ( en]gy t !re are signs ( atomicity4 ,x may seem absurd to ?9k t ! en]gy :i* is trans=m$ 9 any op]ation is trans=m$ 9 multiples ( a univ]sal unit or units1 s t ! op]ation _c be arre/$ at any desir$ /age b only at def9ite int]vals4 ,inde$ we h no "r to ass]t t ?is is always true4 ,b und\bt$ly !re are cases 9 :i* ! atomicity ( en]gy is cle> en\gh1 z = example 9 ! int]*ange ( en]gy betwe5 electrons 9 motion & radiation4 ,x is rem>kable t :5 radiation sets an electron 9 motion1 ! electron acquires a p]fectly def9ite spe$ dep5d+ only on ! wave-l5g? ( ! radiation & n on its int5sity1 & has app>5tly absorb$ f ! radiation a def9ite unit ( en]gy4 ,radiation ( a p>ticul> wave-l5g? _c sp5d its en]gy 9 ?is way except 9 multiples ( a c]ta9 unit1 because ea* ( ! electrons :i* x sets 9 motion has ! same initial en]gy1 :i* x mu/ h got f ! radiation4 ,9 o!r words1 en]gy ( radiation ( ! p>ticul> wave-l5g? c only be trans=m$ into en]gy ( movem5t ( electrons 9 multiples ( a c]ta9 'quantum' peculi> to t wave-l5g?4 ,! int5sity ( ! radiation1 t is to say1 ! am\nt ( en]gy mov+ along ! beam1 c only affect ! numb] ( electrons set 9 motion & n ! spe$ ( any "o ( !m4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a v extraord9>y !ory has be5 develop$ on ! basis ( ^! & simil> facts4 ,i d\bt if x w\ld be m pr(itable to give fur!r in/ances at pres5t1 b ,i h m5tion$ x because x seems to %[ loom+ on ! horizon ( our k ano!r t5d5cy ( ,nature to make use ( ! atomic pr9ciple4 ,i w only add t ! :ole position ( physics is inde$ at ?is "t ( extraord9>y int]e/1 & at any mom5t !re may be "s great discov]y or illum9at+ ?\ght :i* w expla9 ! pres5t />tl+ difficulties & op5 up new worlds ( ?\ght4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,bragg1 ,rays & ,cry/als 7,ball ,sons74 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gj3 ,s9ce ?is address 0 giv51 ! results ( ! ,eclipse ,exp$ition to ,brazil are consid]$ to h confirm$ 9 a satisfactory mann] "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable d$uctions made by ,e9/e9 f ! pr9ciples :i* he ma9ta9s4 ,! matt] has r\s$ s mu* int]e/ t "s ( ! lead+ expon5ts ( ! relativity pr9ciple h publi%$ c>eful acc\nts int5d$ = /ud5ts n famili> ) x3 x w\ld !re=e be sup]flu\s to discuss ! matt] "h4 ,,ix ,,progress ,,9 ,,biology ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,sixty ,,ye>s ,,pr(essor ,,leon>d ,,donca/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahei1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 publi%$1 & ?is date m>ks ! beg9n+ ( an epo* 9 e bran* ( biology4 ,be=e x1 ,biology _h be5 almo/ entirely a descriptive sci5ce1 b )9 a few ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,orig9 its effects began to col\r all aspects ( biological rese>*4 ,a co-ord9at+ & unify+ pr9ciple _h be5 f\nd1 & ! lead+ idea ( biologi/s ceas$ to be to describe liv+ ?+s z !y are1 & became trans=m$ into ! attempt to discov] h[ !y are relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ effect ( ?is *ange ( attitude 0 *iefly to turn biologi/s t[>ds ! task ( trac+ phylog5etic or evolution>y relation%ips betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( animals--! draw+ up ( probable or possible g5ealogical trees & ! explanation ( natural classification on an evolution>y basis4 ,:5 once1 h[ev]1 ! notion ( cause & effect1 or m correctly ( relation%ip1 betwe5 ! ph5om5a se5 9 liv+ be+s _h become famili> to biologi/s1 x spread f> beyond ! limits ( trac+ g5ealogical connexions betwe5 diff]5t animals & plants4 ,x made possible ! conception ( a true ,sci5ce ( ,life1 9 :i* e ph5om5on se5 9 a liv+ organism %\ld fall into its true place 9 relation to ! re/1 & 9 :i* also ! ph5om5a ( life %\ld be correlat$ ) ^? discov]$ 9 ! inorganic sci5ces ( ,*emi/ry & ,physics4 ,! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( biological sci5ce 9 ! pa/ sixty ye>s reflects ! g5]al c\rse ( ^! t5d5cies4 ,until %ortly aft] #ahei1 ! /udy ( morphology1 or ! comp>ative /ructure ( animals 7& ( plants7 0 intimately relat$ ) t ( physiology1 t is1 ) ! /udy ( function4 ,9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,orig91 h[ev]1 anatomi/s & morphologi/s 7 seiz$ ) a new int]e/4 ,= ! "t at lea/1 ! *ief aim 9 /udy+ /ructure 0 no long] to expla9 function1 b r to expla9 h[ t /ructure _h come into be+ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 & h[ x 0 relat$ ) homolog\s b diff]5t /ructures 9 o!r =ms4 ,! result 0 a t5d5cy to a divorce betwe5 morphology & physiology1 or at lea/ betwe5 morphologi/s & physiologi/s1 :i* l$ to ! division into two m or less di/9ct sci5ces ( :at _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z closely int]-relat$ bran*es ( "o4 ,! great] m5 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! p]iod1 su* z ,huxley1 rema9$ bo? morphologi/s & physiologi/s1 b mo/ ( _! foll[]s fell inevitably into "o or ! o!r gr\p1 & 9 discuss+ ! lat] phases ( biological progress x w be necess>y to keep !m sep>ate4 ,ap>t f its effect on ! sy/ematic & anatomical side ( ,biology1 ! idea ( ,evolution1 & especially ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 _h important consequ5ces on t side ( ! sci5ce :i* may be describ$ z ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's "w1 ,natural ,hi/ory consi/$ *iefly 9 ! obs]vation & collection ( facts ab\t ! habits & life-hi/ory ( animals & plants1 :i* z a rule _h no unify+ pr9ciple unless !y 7 us$1 z 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 to illu/rate '! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god'4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a new motive 0 provid$--t ( discov]+ ! uses to ! organism ( its v>i\s col\rs1 /ructures1 & habits1 & ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection to %[ h[ ^! *>act]s conduc$ to ! pres]vation & fur!r evolution ( ! species4 ,& out ( ?is int]e/ 9 ! !ory ( natural selection grew 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! greatly increas$ att5tion to ! facts & !ories ( h]$ity1 :i* 0 /imulat$ by ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis & especially by ,weismann's speculations ab\t ! nature & behavi\r ( ! 'g]m-plasm'4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( ,weismann's "w1 ! g]m-cells1 :i* be> someh[ or o!r ! h]$it>y *>act]s t appe> 9 ! (fspr+1 7 suppos$ to be produc$ directly f ! body ( ! p>5t4 ,d>w9 provisionally sugge/$ t e cell ( e organism gives (f m9ute p>ticles :i* become congregat$ 9 ! g]m-cells1 & t ^! cells ?us conta9 repres5tative portions ( all p>ts ( ! p>5t's body4 ,weismann1 on ! basis ( 8 "w on ! orig9 ( ! g]m-cells 9 ,m$usae & ,insects1 ma9ta9$ t ^! cells are n d]iv$ f ! body1 b only f pre-exi/+ g]m-cells /or$ )9 x--t1 9 fact1 al?\gh an egg gives rise to a h51 a h5 does n give rise to an egg1 b only keeps inside h] a /ore ( embryonic eggs :i* mature & are laid z ! "t comes r\nd4 ,! !ory _h to be modifi$ to suit ! facts ( reg5]ation & vegetative reproduction1 b 9 ess5ce x 0 accept$ by ! biological _w & is ! or?odox op9ion 7if su* a ^w may be us$ 9 ,sci5ce7 at ! pres5t day4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two views is n only ( !oretical int]e/1 = x involves ! :ole "q ( :e!r *>act]i/ics acquir$ by an individual dur+ its life 9 response to ext]nal conditions c or _c be transmitt$ to (fspr+4 ,if ! g]m-cells conta9 repres5tatives ( all p>ts ( ! body1 modifications impress$ on ! body dur+ its life may at lea/ possibly be transmitt$ to (fspr+ born aft] ! modifications h tak5 place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! g]m-cells are indep5d5t ( ! re/ ( ! body1 & only /or$ )9 x = safe-keep+ l a de$-box 9 ! vaults ( a bank1 x w\ld seem impossible = any environm5tal influ5ce1 :e!r = good or ill1 to take effect on ! (fspr+4 ,?is controv]sy on ! h]itability ( 'acquir$ *>act]s' 0 "o ( ! mo/ important t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury1 & al?\gh ! majority ( biologi/s n[ foll[ ,weismann 9 s f> z !y d5y t 'acquir$' *>act]s are transmissible1 ! "q is n yet completely settl$2 all t c be said is t1 9 spite ( _m attempts to prove ! contr>y1 !re is no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! transmission to (fspr+ ( effects impress$ on ! body ( ! p>5t1 unless ! g]m-cells !mselves h be5 affect$ by ! same cause--z = example 9 "s cases ( long-cont9u$ poison+ by alcohol or simil> drugs4 ,:ile ! problem ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & ( ! cause ( v>iation & its relation to evolution1 0 occupy+ mu* ( ! att5tion ( biologi/s1 ! :ole problem ent]$ ^u a new phase 9 ! ye> #aijj ) ! re-discov]y ( ,m5del's "w on h]$ity4 ,m5del work$ ) plants1 & publi%$ 8 results 9 #ahfe1 b at t "t ! biological _w 0 too mu* occupi$ ) ! fi]ce controv]sy :i* rag$ ov] ,! ,orig9 ( ,species to take mu* notice ( a pap] ! be>+ ( :i* ^u x 0 n appreciat$4 ,m5del's discov]y nev] came to ! notice ( ,d>w91 0 buri$ 9 an obscure p]iodical1 & rema9$ unkn[n until _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( its au?or4 ,9 #aijj x 0 une>!d1 &1 l>gely ow+ to ! "w ( ,bateson1 x rapidly became kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to ,biology made dur+ ! p]iod "u review4 ,?is is n ! place to describe 9 detail ! nature ( ,m5del's !ory4 ,its ess5ce is1 fir/ly1 t ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( an organism are 9 g5]al inh]it$ q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r2 &1 secondly1 t ! g]m-cells ( a hybrid are pure 9 respect ( any "o "*1 t is to say1 t any "o g]m-cell c only transmit any unit "* z x 0 receiv$ f "o p>5t or ! o!r1 & n a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,?is leads to a conception ( ! organism z some?+ l a mosaic1 9 :i* ea* piece ( ! patt]n is transmitt$ 9 inh]itance indep5d5tly ( ! re/1 & 9 :i* any piece _c be modifi$ by association ) a diff]5t b correspond+ piece d]iv$ f ano!r ance/or4 ,x is impossible to say z yet :e!r ?is conception at all completely repres5ts ! nature ( ! liv+ organism1 b x is "o :i* is ex]cis+ consid]able influ5ce 9 biological ?\ght1 & if e/abli%$ x w m>k a revolution 9 ,biology h>dly inf]ior to t br\ght ab\t 9 ,physics & ,*emi/ry by ! discov]y ( radio-activity4 ,an important consequ5ce ( ! advance 9 our k ( h]$ity associat$ ) ! "w ( ,m5del & 8 successors is a t5d5cy to d\bt :e!r natural selection is ( su* fundam5tal importance 9 %ap+ ! c\rse ( evolution z 0 suppos$ 9 ! ye>s ( ! fir/ en?usiasm :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ! ,orig94 ,d>w9 bas$ 8 !ory ( ,natural ,selection on ! belief :i* he d]iv$ f bre$]s ( plants & animals1 t ! k9d ( v>iation us$ by !m to produce new bre$s 0 ! small & app>5tly unimportant diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% a 'f9e' f a 'poor' specim54 ,he suppos$ t ! skill$ bre$] pick$ out z p>5ts ( 8 /ock ^? individuals :i* 7 slightly sup]ior 9 "o feature or ano!r1 & t by ! accumulative effect ( ^! successive selections n only 0 ! bre$ /eadily improv$1 b also1 by div]g5t selection1 new bre$s 7 produc$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ?is me?od is us$ to keep bre$s up to ! requir$ /&>d1 x is r>ely1 if ev]1 ! means by :i* new bre$s arise4 ,new bre$s commonly come into exi/5ce ei!r by a 'sport' or mutation1 or by cross+ two already di/9ct races1 & by select+ f among ! het]og5e\s desc5dants ( ! cross ^? individuals :i* %[ ! requir$ comb9ation ( *>act]s4 ,& x is fur!r f\nd t mo/ ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( v>i\s bre$s ( dome/ic animals & plants are inh]it$ accord+ to ,m5del's ,law1 sugge/+ t ea* ( ^! *>act]s is a unit1 l "o piece ( a mosaic1 indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,n[ x is easy to see h[ ! selection ( small1 cont9u\sly v>y+ *>act]s c\ld take place 9 ,nature by ! de/ruction ( all ^? individuals :i* fail$ to rea* a c]ta9 /&>d1 b x is mu* m difficult to und]/& h[ natural selection c\ld act on comp>atively l>ge1 sporadic1 unco-ord9at$ 'sports'4 ,!re is ?us a di/9ct t5d5cy at pres5t to reg>d natural selection z less omnipot5t 9 direct+ ! c\rse ( evolution ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t no v satisfactory alt]native hypo!sis has be5 sugge/$4 ,"s h suppos$ t !re is a k9d ( organic mom5tum :i* causes evolution to cont9ue 9 ^? directions 9 :i* x has already proce$$1 :ile o!rs h po/ulat$1 l ,b]gson1 an lan vital z a k9d ( directive ag5cy4 ,o!rs aga9 h rev]t$ t[>ds ! old] belief 9 ! inh]it$ effects ( environm5t--a belief :i*1 9 spite ( ! argum5ts ( ,weismann & 8 foll[]s1 has nev] be5 )\t its support]s4 ,! pres5t condition ( ?is "p ( biology1 z ( _m o!rs1 is "o ( op5-m9d$ness approa*+ agno/icism4 ,!re is dissatisfaction ) ! beliefs :i* satisfi$ ! prec$+ g5]ation1 & :i* 7 held up almo/ z dogmas1 b !re is no cle> vision ( ! direction 9 :i* a tru] view may be s\ght4 ,be=e leav+ ?is side ( ! subject1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to "o important aspect ( mod]n "w on h]$ity--t ( ! inh]itance ( 'm5tal & moral' *>act]i/ics4 ,z a result ( ! "w ( ! biometric s*ool f\nd$ by ,galton & ,pe>son1 x has be5 %[n t ! s-call$ m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics ( man are inh]it$ 9 ! same mann] & to ! same ext5t z 8 physical features4 ,( ! !oretical importance ( ?is demon/ration ?is is n ! place to speak2 its practical value is unque/ionable1 & may 9 ! future h important effects on sociological problems4 ,ano!r notable l9e ( advance1 entirely belong+ to ! p]iod "u review1 & *iefly ! product ( ! pres5t c5tury1 is se5 9 ! sci5ce ( ,cytology--! inve/igation ( ! microscopic /ructure ( ! cells ( :i* ! body is compos$4 ,! m>vell\s ph5om5a ( cell & nucle> division h reveal$ mu* ( ! =m]ly unsuspect$ complexity ( liv+ ?+s1 :ile ! univ]sality ( ! processes %[s h[ fundam5tally alike is life 9 all its =ms4 ,9 rec5t ye>s great progress has be5 made 9 correlat+ ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity & ( ! det]m9ation ( sex ) ! visible /ructural features ( ! g]m-cells4 ,weismann attempt$ a beg9n+ ( ?is ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 b ! detail$ k ( ! facts 0 !n insuffici5t4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ,m5del's ,law1 a great am\nt ( "w has be5 done1 *iefly 9 ,am]ica1 by ,e4,b4 ,wilson & ,t4,h4 ,morgan & _! pupils1 on trac+ ! actual physical basis ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,al?\gh ! matt] is f> f be+ completely kn[n1 ! results obta9$ make x almo/ indubitable t inh]it$ *>act]s are 9 "s way borne by ! *romosomes 9 ! nuclei ( ! g]m-cells4 ,! "w ( ,morgan & 8 s*ool has %[n t ! actual ord] 9 :i* ^! inh]it$ 'factors' are arrang$ 9 ! *romosomes c almo/ c]ta9ly be demon/rat$1 & 8 results g f> to support ! conception ( ! organism1 ref]r$ to above1 z a comb9ation or mosaic ( indep5d5tly inh]it$ features4 ,x 0 said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is sket* t mo/ ( ! m notable l9es ( advance 9 ,biology c\ld be trac$ back to ! impetus giv5 by ! acceptance ( ! !ory ( ,evolution1 & ! desire to te/ & prove t !ory 9 e biological field4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to take ?is root-idea z a />t+-po9t1 & to see h[ ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy h div]g$ f x & h !mselves bran*$ out 9 v>i\s ways1 & h[ ^! bran*es h (t5 aga9 become int]tw9$ & unit$ 9 ! lat] developm5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s me?od ( te/+ ! !ory ( evolution is by ! /udy ( fossil =ms1 & our k ( ^! has progress$ enorm\sly dur+ ! p]iod "u review4 ,n only h a numb] ( new & /range types ( anci5t life come to light1 b 9 "s cases1 e4g4 9 t ( ! horse & elephant1 a v complete s]ies ( evolution>y /ages has be5 discov]$4 ,9 ?is bran*1 h[ev]1 z 9 almo/ all o!rs1 ! results h n exactly fulfill$ ! expectations ( ! e>ly en?usia/s4 ,on ! "o h&1 evolution has be5 %[n to be a mu* m complex ?+ ?an at fir/ seem$ probable2 & on ! o!r1 _m ( ! gaps :i* x 0 mo/ hop$ to fill /ill rema94 ,a numb] ( mo/ rem>kable 'miss+ l9ks' h be5 discov]$1 su* z1 = example1 ,ar*aeopt]yx1 ! /epp+-/one betwe5 ! ,reptiles & ! ,birds1 & ! fai? ( ! palaeontologi/ 9 ! tru? ( evolution is ev]y:]e confirm$4 ,b ! hope ( f9d+ all ! /ages1 especially 9 ! ance/ry ( ,man1 has n be5 realiz$1 & x has be5 f\nd t :at at "o "t 7 reg>d$ z direct ance/ors are collat]als1 & t ! problem ( human evolution is mu* less simple ?an 0 once suppos$4 ,a second important piece ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution is provid$ by ! /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 on :i* mu* "w 0 done 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! p]iod "u review4 ,& 9 ?is connexion m5tion mu/ be made ( ! sci5ce ( ,oceanography1 = our :ole k ( life 9 ! abysses ( ! ocean1 & almo/ all t we "k ( ! conditions ( life 9 ! sea 9 g5]al1 has be5 ga9$ 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,ano!r ( ! *ief l9es ( evid5ce = ! tru? ( ! evolution !ory is bas$ on ! /udy ( embryology1 & ?is also 0 foll[$ ) great vig\r by ! zoologi/s ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is f\nd t 9 _m in/ances animals recapitulate 9 _! e>ly developm5t ! /ages ?r\gh :i* _! ance/ors pass$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,l& ,v]tebrates1 includ+ man1 h 9 _! e>ly embryonic life gill-clefts1 he>t & circulation1 & 9 "s respects skeleton & o!r organs ( ! type f\nd 9 fi%es1 & ?is c only be expla9$ on ! assumption t !y are desc5d$ f aquatic fi%-l ance/ors4 ,on ! basis ( su* facts z ^!1 ! !ory 0 =mulat$ t e animal recapitulates 9 ontog5y 7developm5t7 ! /ages pass$ ?r\gh 9 its phylog5y 7evolution71 & great hopes 7 f\nd$ ^u ?is pr9ciple ( discov]+ ! sy/ematic position & evolution>y hi/ory ( isolat$ & ab]rant =ms4 ,9 _m cases ! se>* has l$ to brilliant results1 b1 z 9 ! case ( palaeontology1 9 _m o!rs ! light t 0 hop$ = has n be5 =?com+4 ,= x soon became evid5t t ! majority ( animals %[ adaptation to _! environm5t n only 9 _! adult /ages b also 9 _! l>val or embryonic p]iod1 & ^! adaptations h l$ to modifications ( ! c\rse ( developm5t :i* are (t5 s great z to mask1 or obscure altoge!r1 ! ance/ral /ructure :i* may once h exi/$4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! results ( embryological rese>* h provid$ mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! tru? ( ! !ory ( evolution 9 g5]al1 !y h n completely ju/ifi$ ! hopes ( ! e>ly embryologi/s t by ?is me?od all ! out/&+ phylog5etic problems might be solv$4 ,! detail$ /udy ( embryology1 h[ev]1 has l$ to mo/ important results ap>t f ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* mo/ ( ! e>li] inve/igations 9 ?is field 7 orig9ally und]tak54 ,= ! /udy ( embryology1 at fir/ purely descriptive & comp>ative1 0 soon f\nd to involve fundam5tal problems conc]n+ ! factors :i* control developm5t4 ,an egg consi/s ( a s+le cell1 & x develops by ! division ( ?is cell into two1 !n into f\r1 eight1 & s =?1 until a mass ( cells is produc$4 ,9 "s cases all ^! cells are to all appe>ance alike1 or ne>ly alike2 9 o!rs ! includ$ yolk is f ! fir/ segregat$ m or less completely into "s cells1 leav+ ! o!r cells )\t x4 ,b 9 any case1 aft] ?is process ( cell-division has proce$$ = a c]ta9 "t1 diff]5tiation beg9s to set 9--"s cells become modifi$ 9 "o way1 o!rs 9 ano!r1 & f :at 0 a relatively homog5e\s mass an organiz$ embryo1 ) highly diff]5tiat$ p>ts1 appe>s4 ,! problem imm$iately prop\nds itself--:at are ! factors :i* control ?is diff]5tiation8 ,?is problem is ess5tially a physiological "o1 & yet1 s9ce x arises mo/ conspicu\sly 9 a field :i* has be5 work$ by pr(ess$ zoologi/s r ?an physiologi/s1 x has be5 /udi$ m by ^? tra9$ 9 zoology & botany ?an by ^? :o h specializ$ 9 physiology4 ,9 ?is way1 z 9 _m o!r directions1 su* z 9 ! /udy ( h]$ity1 ( sex1 & ( ! effects ( ! environm5t on ! col\rs & /ructure ( animals1 ! tr5d ( zoology 9 rec5t ye>s has return$ t[>ds ! physiological side1 & ! old division :i* sep>at$ ! sci5ces 7b :i* has nev] s s]i\sly affect$ /ud5ts ( plant life7 is be+ oblit]at$4 ,h5ce we are l$ back to consid] ! progress ( ,physiology z a :ole--a subject ) :i* ! pres5t writ] hesitates to deal except 9 a v sup]ficial mann]4 ,physiology z an organiz$ sci5ce has inevitably be5 deeply influ5c$ by its close relation ) m$ic9e1 ) ! result t ?r\gh a l>ge portion ( ! p]iod "u review x has conc]n$ itself *iefly ) ! functions ( ! human body 9 p>ticul>1 or at lea/ *iefly ) ,v]tebrates f :i*1 by analogy1 ! human functions may be inf]r$4 ,9 ?is field x has made enorm\s progress1 & a va/ am\nt ( k has be5 ga9$ ) reg>d to ! function & me*anism ( all ! p>ts & organs ( ! body4 ,x may p]haps be sugge/$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! pursuit ( ?is detail$ 7& 9 practice absolutely necess>y7 k1 physiologi/s h to "s ext5t lo/ sight ( ! wood 9 _! preoccupation ) ! trees4 ,t is to say1 :ile !y h advanc$ an imm5se di/ance 9 _! k ( organs1 !y h n yet got z f> z might be hop$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! organism--:i* is to say no m ?an t ! great & fundam5tal problem ( ,biology1 ! nature & mean+ ( ,life1 is app>5tly almo/ z f> f solution z ev]4 ,to ?is fur!r ref]5ce w be made bel[4 ,! progress ( ,physiology has be5 s great 9 all its bran*es t x is difficult to decide :i* mo/ des]ve m5tion2 p]haps ! mo/ important advances are ^? connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em & ) int]nal secretions4 ,little or no?+ 0 kn[n fifty ye>s ago ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 nor ( ! special functions ( its diff]5t p>ts4 ,n[ ! ma9 functions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra91 & ! relation ( ^! p>ts to ! activities ( ! o!r organs ( ! body1 are well kn[n1 al?\gh mu* rema9s to be discov]$ ) reg>d to ! m detail$ localization ( function4 ,! /udy ( ! microscopic /ructure ( bra9 & n]ve1 & exp]im5t on ! conduction ( n]v\s impulse1 h giv5 u "s insight into ! me*anism ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 b ! fundam5tal nature ( n]v\s action /ill rema9s unsolv$4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is ! *ief co-ord9at+ l9k betwe5 ! v>i\s organs ( ! body1 b 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 discov]$ t ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts to "o ano!r are greatly influ5c$ by sub/ances kn[n z int]nal secretions or 'hormones'4 ,^! sub/ances are produc$ by ductless gl&s 7! ?yroid1 supr>5als1 c471 f :i* !y diffuse into ! blood-/ream & ex]cise a rem>kable influ5ce ei!r on p>ticul> organs or sy/ems1 or on ! body z a :ole4 ,"s ( ^! secretions act specifically on ! involunt>y muscles ( ! body1 o!rs control gr[?1 o!rs ! developm5t ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 su* z ! di/9ctive plumage ( male birds1 & also greatly influ5ce ! sexual in/9ct4 ,mu* /ill rema9s to be discov]$ ) reg>d to !m1 b x seems cle> t !y are ( imm5se importance 9 ! economy ( ! body4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 )\t mu* exp]im5tal support1 h[ev]1 t if a "p ( ! body becomes modifi$ by use or environm5t1 x may produce a modifi$ hormone1 & t s1 by ! action ( ?is on ! g]m-cells1 ! modification may be transmitt$ to subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( physiology 9 ! m special or te*nical application ( ! t]m1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ano!r sci5ce ! gr[? ( :i* has be5 l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,?is is bact]iology1 "o ( ! newe/ bran*es ( biology1 & yet "o :i* bo? f its practical importance & f ! !oretical int]e/ ( its discov]ies is rapidly tak+ a =emo/ place4 ,( its practical a*ievem5ts 9 connexion ) disease1 & ) ! "p play$ by bact]ia & o!r m9ute organisms 9 ! life & affairs ( man1 x is n necess>y to speak4 ,e "o kn[s ! great advances t h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 id5tify+ 7& to a less ext5t 9 controll+7 disease-produc+ organisms1 :e!r bact]ia1 protozoa 7su* z ! organisms caus+ mal>ia1 dys5t]y1 etc471 or m highly organiz$ p>asites4 ,! attempt1 h[ev]1 to combat ^! pa?og5ic bact]ia has l$ to discov]ies ( ! highe/ importance ) reg>d to ! production ( immunity1 n only aga9/ specific g]ms1 b aga9/ _m organic poisons su* z snake v5om & v>i\s vegetable tox9s4 ,t an attack ( c]ta9 diseases leaves ! pati5t immune to t disease = a long] or %ort] "t has ( c\rse be5 kn[n = c5turies1 b x is a mod]n discov]y t a specific poison induces ! body to produce a specific antidote :i* neutralizes x1 & ! detail$ work+ out ( ?is pr9ciple & ! /udy ( ! means by :i* ! immunity is br\ght ab\t promise to lead u a long way t[>ds ! c5tral problem ( ! nature & activities ( life itself4 ,we h se5 h[ zoology has be5 l$ back into physiological *annels ( rese>*1 & h[ ! /udy ( bact]ia is op5+ up "s ( ! deepe/ problems ( ! reaction ( liv+ ?+s to environm5tal /imuli1 & j z ! v>i\s bran*es ( ^! sci5ces int]lace & influ5ce "o ano!r1 s all ( !m1 9 rec5t ye>s1 h be5 com+ into contact ) ! inorganic sci5ces ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,"o ( ! notewor?y features ( sci5ce 9 all its bran*es 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 ! t5d5cy ( subjects :i* 7 at "o "t reg>d$ z di/9ct to come toge!r aga9 & to f9d t ! problems ( ea* c only be successfully attack$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! o!rs4 ,9 _! e>li] days ! biological sci5ces 7 9 mo/ respects f> remov$ f *emi/ry & physics2 x 0 recogniz$1 ( c\rse1 t organisms 7 9 "o s5se at lea/ physico-*emical me*anisms1 consi/+ ( *emical elem5ts & subject to ! fundam5tal laws ( matt] & en]gy4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! !ory ( evolution ?is conception ( ! organism z a me*anism took m def9ite %ape1 & among _m biologi/s ! belief 0 held t 9 no v long "t all ! ph5om5a ( life w\ld be explicable by kn[n physico-*emical laws4 ,h5ce arose ! sci5tific mat]ialism :i* 0 s widespread 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! g5]al acceptance ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x 0 recogniz$1 ( c\rse1 t our k ( organic *emi/ry 0 at ! "t entirely inadequate to place ?is belief ^u a prov$ sci5tific basis1 b ! expectation ( prov+ x gave a great impetus to ! /udy ( ! physical & *emical ph5om5a ( life4 ,?is attempt 0 /ill fur!r /imulat$ by ! inve/igation ( ! factors controll+ developm5t ref]r$ to 9 a prec$+ p>agraph1 = x is evid5t t to a great ext5t at lea/ ^! factors are *emical & physical 9 nature4 ,& concurr5tly1 ! great advances 9 organic *emi/ry1 result+ 9 ! analysis & 9 _m cases 9 ! artificial syn!sis ( sub/ances previ\sly reg>d$ z capable ( production only 9 ! tissues ( liv+ organisms1 made possible a mu* m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! *emical & physical basis ( vital ph5om5a4 ,! result ( ?is has be5 t to a q consid]able ext5t ! factors1 hi!rto my/]i\s1 :i* control ! f]tilization1 division1 & diff]5tiation ( ! egg1 ! dige/ion & absorption ( food1 ! conduction ( n]v\s impulses1 & _m ( ! *anges und]gone 9 ! normal or pa?ological function+ ( ! organs & tissues1 c be ascrib$ to *emical & physical causes :i* are well kn[n 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,z 9 o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 "s ( :i* h be5 m5tion$ above1 ! elucidation ( ! organism f ?is po9t ( view has turn$ out to be a mu* less simple process ?an ! m sangu9e ( ! e>ly inve/igators suppos$4 ,! m k has progress$1 ! m complex & intricate has ev5 ! simple/ organism %[n itself to be1 & al?\gh ! me*anism ( ! p>ts is gradually becom+ und]/ood1 ! fundam5tal my/]y ( life rema9s z elusive z ev]4 ,! *ief reason = ?is failure to p5etrate appreciably ne>] to ! c5tral my/]y ( life appe>s to be ! fact t an organism is some?+ m ?an ! sum ( its v>i\s p>ts & functions4 ,9 trac+ ! behavi\r ( any "o "p or function1 :e!r x be ! conduction ( a n]v\s impulse1 ! supply ( oxyg5 to ! tissues by ! blood1 or ! transmission ( inh]it$ *>act]s by ! g]m-cells1 we may be able to give a m or less complete physico-*emical or me*anical acc\nt ( ! process4 ,b we seem to get little or no ne>] to an explanation ( ! fact t al?\gh e "o ( ^! processes may be explicable by laws famili> 9 ! non-liv+1 9 ! liv+ organism !y are co-ord9at$ 9 su* a way t none ( !m is complete 9 itself2 !y are p>ts ( a :ole1 b ! :ole is n simply a sum ( its p>ts1 b is 9 itself a unity1 9 :i* all ! p>ts are subject to ! controll+ influ5ce ( ! :ole4 ,an organism1 alone among ! mat]ial bodies :i* we "k1 is con/antly & necess>ily 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 & yet has a condition ( normality :i* is ma9ta9$ by ! h>moni\s int]action ( all its p>ts4 ,e function ( ! body1 if n ?us co-ord9at$ ) ! re/1 w\ld v quickly de/roy ?is condition ( normality1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! co-ord9ation ea* is subject to ! ne$s ( ! :ole1 & normality is ma9ta9$4 ,:5 ! normality is artificially di/urb$1 all ! functions ( ! body adapt !mselves to ! *ange1 &1 if ! di/urbance be n too great1 co-op]ate 9 ! re/oration ( ! normal condition4 ,x is 9 ^! ph5om5a ( adaptation & organic unity & co-ord9ation t up to ! pres5t "t ! ef=ts to r$uce ! ph5om5a ( liv+ ?+s to ! op]ation ( physico-*emical laws h mo/ conspicu\sly fail$4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be evid5t t1 fundam5tally1 all biological rese>*1 :e!r its au?ors are consci\s ( x or n1 is direct$ t[>ds ! solution ( "o c5tral problem--! problem ( ! real & ultimate nature ( life4 ,& ! ma9 outcome ( ! "w ( sixty ye>s has be5 t ?is problem has begun cle>ly to em]ge z ! c5tral aim ( ! sci5ce4 ,! !ory ( evolution made ! problem a reality1 = )\t evolution ! my/]y ( life mu/ = ev] be insoluble1 b :atev] direction biological inve/igation has tak51 x has l$1 (t5 by devi\s pa?s1 to ! bord]l& betwe5 ! liv+ & ! inorganic1 & 9 t bord]l& ! c5tral problem inevitably faces u4 ,_m sugge/ions = its solution h be5 made4 ,on ! "o h& !re is /ill1 z !re always has be51 a consid]able body ( op9ion t ! solution w be a me*anical "o--us+ ! ^w me*anical 9 ! wide/ s5se--& t ! liv+ diff]s f ! non-liv+ n 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree ( complexity4 ,! uphold]s ( ! me*ani/ic or mat]iali/ !ory1 h[ev]1 are p]haps less confid5t ?an _! pr$ecessors ( ! la/ c5tury1 = ! solution 9 ?is direction has to face n only ! problem ( organic co-ord9ation already ref]r$ to1 b also t ( consci\sness & m9d4 ,= al?\gh ! /udy ( psy*ology on physiological l9es has made simil> progress to t ( o!r bran*es ( physiology1 x seems to approa* little ne>] to a discov]y ( ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 consci\sness 9 its v>i\s aspects & ! mat]ial body ) :i* x is associat$4 ,s long z ?is gulf rema9s unbridg$1 ! possibility ( a satisfactory me*ani/ic explanation ( life seems f> away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re has be5 a revival ( ! anci5t t5d5cy t[>ds :at is call$ a vitali/ic solution4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( biologi/s1 impress$ by ! app>5t simil>ity betwe5 ! control & co-ord9ation ex]cis$ by ! organism ov] its functions & ! consci\s control ( volunt>y activity ) :i* we are famili> 9 ourselves1 h suppos$ t ^! ?+s are n m]ely sup]ficially simil> b h a real & fundam5tal aff9ity4 ,?is does n mean t organic control is always consci\s1 b t !re is a controll+ entity1 non-mat]ial 9 nature1 :i* is simil> 9 k9d to ! 'ego' ( a self-consci\s human be+4 ,!y suppose t ! organism is n simply mat]ial1 b is a mat]ial me*anism controll$ by a non-mat]ial entity ! nature ( :i* is m ak9 to :at we mean by ! ^w _s ?an any?+ else ( :i* we are accu/om$ to ?9k4 ,!y are 9 fact duali/s1 & divide reality into ! mat]ial & spatial on ! "o h&1 & non-mat]ial pr9ciple or entity :i* may fairly be call$ spiritual on ! o!r4 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re are ^? :o seek a solution :i* d5ies ! tru? ( bo? ! prec$+1 & :i* is metaphysically ideali/ or moni/ 9 "*4 ,to !m1 if ! pres5t writ] und]/&s _! attitude1 matt] & _s are diff]5t aspects ( "o reality4 ,9 ! inorganic & non-liv+1 ph5om5a appe> :i* are g5]aliz$ "u ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry1 b ! ph5om5a ( life fall into a diff]5t category :i* includes ! conception ( co-ord9ation or individuality1 :ile a /ill high] category is requir$ to include ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness & m9d4 ,x is evid5t f ?is brief review t ,biology 9 ! p]iod consid]$ has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree ma9 /ages4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! acceptance ( a new illum9at+ & unify+ idea1 :i* l$ to en?usia/ic rese>* 9 _m directions = ! purpose ( prov+ & amplify+ x4 ,v rapidly new facts1 or new int]pretations ( facts already kn[n1 7 %[n to fall into l9e1 & ! evolution !ory became conv]t$ f a hypo!sis into some?+ approa*+ a dogma4 ,n only ! idea ( organic evolution itself1 b all ! curr5t beliefs ab\t ! me?od ( evolution1 & ! l>g] speculations to :i* x gave rise1 7 widely reg>d$ z almo/ indisputable1 & :]e difficulties & inconsi/5cies appe>$1 ^! 7 suppos$ to be due solely to ! insuffici5cy ( our k1 :i* w\ld soon be rem$i$4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 z detail$ k increas$1 ! voice ( criticism & d\bt 0 m frequ5tly he>d4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( ,biology began once m to ov]lap1 & to jo9 h&s ) *emi/ry & physics1 & x became cle> t ! int]pretation ( life 0 v f> f be+ a simple problem4 ,& s1 z ) ! ,atomic ,!ory 9 *emi/ry1 ! pres5t position is "o ( dissolution ( ! old] ideas & ( hesitation to express a fix$ belief1 = :ile ,biology has a cle>] vision ( ! problem be=e x ?an ev] x _h1 its wid] k reveals ! fact t ! problem is f> f be+ solv$4 ,p]haps "o ( ! *ief results ( ! great increase ( k dur+ ! pa/ sixty ye>s has be5 to %[ u ! imm5sity ( ! field /ill rema9+ to be explor$4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,c5t5>y volume on ,d>w9 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press74 ,x ,,art ,a4 ,,clutton-,,brock ,my subject is art & ?\ght ab\t art4 ,i deal ) ae/hetics only s f> z !y conc]n art1 t is to say ,i %all n attempt any purely philosophic speculations ab\t ! nature ( art & ,i %all speak ( ! speculations ( o!rs1 su* z ,croce & ,tol/oy1 only s f> z !y seem to me likely to h a practical effect ^u art4 ,my subject is ! art ( to-day & our ideas ab\t x4 ,we are beg9n+ at la/ to connect ae/hetics ) our own exp]i5ce ( art & to see t our beliefs ab\t ! nature & value ( art w affect ! art we produce4 ,h5ce a new ae/hetic is v sl[ly appe>+2 b ,i h to confess x has n yet appe>$4 ,inde$ !re are at pres5t two conflict+ !ories ( art1 "o or o!r ( :i* is held consci\sly or unconsci\sly by mo/ p :o are int]e/$ 9 art at all1 & bo? ( :i* ,i ?9k are n only imp]fect b to "s ext5t false4 ,!y are !ories ab\t ! relation ( ! arti/ to ! public1 & because ( ! conflict betwe5 !m & ! falsity ( ea*1 we are confus$ 9 our ideas ab\t art1 & ! arti/s are (t5 confus$ 9 _! practice ( x4 ,! fir/ !ory has be5 express$1 n philosophically b ) great livel9ess1 by ,:i/l] 9 8 ,t5 ,o'clock1 & has _h great influ5ce bo? ^u ! ?\ght ( _m p :o c>e ab\t art & ^u ! practice ( arti/s4 ,x is1 put %ortly1 t ! arti/ has no conc]n ) ! public :atev]1 nor ! public ) ! arti/4 ,!re is no k9d ( necess>y relation betwe5 !m1 b only an accid5tal "o2 & ! less ( t ! bett] = ! arti/ & 8 art4 ,:i/l] /ates x 9 ! =m ( a ,new ,te/am5t ( 8 own4 ',li/51' he says4 ',!re nev] 0 an arti/ic p]iod4 ',!re nev] 0 an art-lov+ nation4 ',9 ! beg9n+ man w5t =? ea* day--"s to d battle1 "s to ! *ase2 o!rs aga9 to dig & to delve 9 ! field--all t !y might ga9 & live or lose & die4 ,until !re 0 f\nd among !m "o diff]+ f ! re/1 ^: pursuits attract$ him n1 & s he /ay$ by ! t5ts ) ! wom51 & trac$ /range devices ) a burnt /ick ^u a g\rd4 ',?is man1 :o took no joy 9 ! ways ( 8 bre?r5--:o c>$ n = conque/ & frett$ 9 ! field--?is design] ( qua9t patt]ns--?is devis] ( ! beautiful--:o p]ceiv$ 9 nature ab\t him curi\s curv+s--z faces are se5 9 ! fire--?is dream] ap>t1 0 ! fir/ arti/4' ',& :5 f ! field & f af>1 !re came back ! p1 !y took ! g\rd--& drank f x4' ,:i/l] means t !y did n notice ! patt]ns ! arti/ _h trac$ on x4 ',!y drank at ! cup1' he says1 'n f *oice1 n f a consci\sness t x 0 beautiful1 b because =soo? !re 0 none o!r4' ,s gradually !re came ! great ages ( art4 ',!n'1 he says1 '! p liv$ 9 m>vels ( art--& ate & drank out ( ma/]pieces = !re 0 no?+ else to eat & dr9k out (1 & no bad build+ to live 94' ,&1 he says1 ! p que/ion$ n1 & _h no?+ to d or say 9 ! matt]4 ,b !n a /range ?+ happ5$4 ,!re arose a new class ':o discov]$ ! *eap1 & =esaw =tune 9 ! facture ( ! %am4 ,!n sprang into exi/5ce ! tawdry1 ! common1 ! gewgaw1 & :at 0 born ( ! million w5t back to !m & *>m$ !m1 = x 0 aft] _! own he>t4444 ,& ,birm+ham & ,man*e/] arose 9 _! might--& ,art 0 relegat$ to ! curiosity %op4' ,i d n ?9k ?is c be a true acc\nt ( ! matt]2 =1 if ! p 7 n aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( art & did n value x at all1 h[ came !y to imitate x8 ,"o imitates only t :i* "o values4 ,imitation1 z we "k1 is ! s9c]e/ =m ( flatt]y2 & y _c flatt] t :i* y d n "k to exi/4 ,b ,:i/l]'s acc\nt ( ! primitive arti/ is also wrong1 s f> z we c *eck x4 ,we may be sure t1 if ! o!r primitive m5 _h se5 no value 9 8 pursuits1 !y w\ld h kill$ him or let him />ve4 ,& ! arti/1 z he exi/s at pres5t among primitive peoples1 is n a dream] ap>t4 ,! sep>ation betwe5 ! arti/ & o!r m5 is mod]n & a result ( mod]n specialization4 ,9 _m primitive societies mo/ m5 practise "s art 9 _! leisure1 & = t reason are int]e/$ 9 ea* o!r's art4 ,9 fact !y notice ! cups !y dr9k out ( mu* m ?an we d4 ,if we did notice ! cups we dr9k out (1 we %\ld n be able to endure !m4 ,9 primitive societies !re are n /> piani/s or s+]s or danc]s2 !y all dance & make music4 ,hom] himself 0 a popul> ent]ta9]2 he w\ld h be5 v mu* surpris$ to he> t he 0 a dream] ap>t4 ,9 fact ,:i/l] made up ?is pretty /ory ab\t ! primitive arti/ because he assum$ t all arti/s mu/ be l himself4 ,he read himself back into ! pa/ & saw himself pa9t+ primitive nocturnes 9 a primitive ,*elsea1 happily undi/urb$ by primitive critics4 ,he is wrong 9 8 facts1 & ,i believe he is wrong 9 8 !ory4 ,!re is a relation1 & a necess>y relation1 betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 public2 b :at is ! nature ( x8 ,t is a difficult "q = u to answ] because ! relation n[ betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public is1 9 fact1 usually wrong2 & ,tol/oy 9 8 ,:at is ,art8 tri$ to put x "r4 ,:at is ,art8 is a mo/ int]e/+ book1 full ( incid5tal tru?2 b ,i believe t ! ma9 cont5tion 9 x is false4 ,i w give ?is cont5tion z %ortly z ,i c 9 8 own words4 ',art'1 he says1 'is a human activity1 consi/+ 9 ?is--t "o man consci\sly1 by means ( c]ta9 ext]nal signs1 h&s on to o!rs feel+s he has liv$ ?r\gh1 & t o!r p are infect$ by ^! feel+s & also exp]i5ce !m4' ,n[ ?is is well en\gh z f> z x goes1 b x is n en\gh1 & j because x is n en\gh x leads ,tol/oy into error4 ,cle>ly1 if art is no?+ b ! infection ( ! public ) ! feel+s ( ! arti/1 x foll[s t a "w ( art is to be judg$ by ! numb] ( p :o are infect$4 ,& ,tol/oy ) 8 usual s9c]ity accepts ^! conclusions2 inde$1 he wrote 8 book to insi/ ^u !m4 ,he judges art entirely z a ?+ ( use1 moral use1 & he says x c be ( no use unless a l>ge audi5ce is infect$ by x4 ,a "w ( art t few c enjoy fails z art1 j z a railway f n[h]e to n[h]e fails z a railway4 ,a railway exi/s to be travell$ by & a "w ( art exi/s to be exp]i5c$ by z _m p z possible4 ,"h are ! actual words ( ,tol/oy3 ',= a "w to be e/eem$ good & to be approv$ ( & diffus$1 x w h to satisfy ! dem&s1 n ( a few p liv+ 9 id5tical & (t5 unnatural conditions1 b x w h to satisfy ! dem&s ( all ^? great masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural conditions ( labori\s life4' ,n[ ?is s\nds plausible2 b consid] ! effect ( x ^u y\rself4 ,y li/5 to a symphony by ,bee?ov52 & be=e y e/eem x good1 y mu/ ask y\rself1 n :e!r x is good to y1 b :e!r x w satisfy ! dem&s ( ^? great masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural conditions ( labori\s life4 ,tol/oy does proce$ to ask himself ?is "q ab\t ,bee?ov5's ,*oral symphony & ab\t ,k+ ,le>1 & condemns !m bo? because1 he says1 a ,russian peasant w\ld n und]/& !m4 ,b if we all obey$ him & ask$ ?is "q ab\t all works ( art1 we %\ld none ( u ev] exp]i5ce any "w ( art at all2 =1 :ile we li/5$ to a piece ( music1 we %\ld be wond]+ :e!r o!r p und]/ood x2 t is to say we %\ld n li/5 to x at all4 ,& :at is ?is ,jury ( p situat$ 9 ! natural conditions ( labori\s life :o are to decide n individually b z a ,jury8 ,:o c say :e!r he himself belongs to !m8 ,:o is to *oose !m8 ,tol/oy *ose !m z consi/+ ( ,russian peasants2 he1 l ,:i/l]1 believ$ 9 ! primitive1 b = him x 0 ! primitive man1 n ! primitive arti/1 :o 0 bless$4 ,9 8 view !re w\ld be no ,jury 9 all we/]n ,europe wor?y ( decid+ ^u a "w ( art1 because we none ( u are situat$ 9 ! natural conditions ( labori\s life4 ,s we mu/ *ange all our way ( life or despair ( art altoge!r4 ,n "o ( ! great ages ( art w\ld satisfy 8 conditions4 ,c]ta9ly n ! ,greeks ( ! age ( ,p]icles1 or ! ,*9ese ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 or ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 or ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 & z a matt] ( fact he condemns mo/ ( ! great art ( ! _w1 includ+ 8 own4 ,we c escape f ! tyranny ( ,tol/oy's doctr9e1 z f ! tyranny ( ,:i/l]'s1 only by consid]+ ! facts ( our own exp]i5ce ( art4 ,! fact t we c enjoy & exp]i5ce a "w ( art frees u f ,:i/l]'s doctr9e1 because1 if we c enjoy & exp]i5ce x1 we are conc]n$ ) x4 ,because ( our enjoym5t1 art is = u a social activity & n a game play$ by ! arti/ = 8 own amusem5t4 ,we "k also t ! arti/ likes u to enjoy 8 art1 9 fact compla9s l\dly if we d n2 & we d n believe t ! primitive arti/ or man 0 diff]5t 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is n[1 & always has be51 "s k9d ( relation betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public1 b n ! relation :i* ,tol/oy affirms4 ,accord+ to him ! prop] aim ( art is to d good4 ',! ass]tion t art may be good art & at ! same "t un9telligible to a great numb] ( p is extremely unju/1 & its consequ5ces are ru9\s to art itself4' ,! ^w unju/ implies t ! aim ( art is to d good4 ,! arti/ s9s if he does n try to d good to z _m p z possible1 & ,i s9 if ,i am ready to enjoy & enc\rage a "w ( art :i* mo/ p d n enjoy4 ,b z a matt] ( fact a "w ( art is good to me1 n morally good b good z a "w ( art1 if ,i enjoy x4 ,9 my e/imate ( ! "w ( art ,i c ask only if x is a "w ( art to me1 n if x is "o to o!r p4 ,i may wi% & try to make !m enjoy x1 b if ,i d t is z a result ( my own enjoym5t ( x4 ,i c't beg9 by ask+ :e!r o!r p enjoy x2 ,i mu/ beg9 ) my own exp]i5ce ( x1 = ,i h no?+ else to g by4 ,& s x is ) ! arti/2 he _c beg9 by ask+ himself :e!r ! mass ( m5 w und]/& :at he proposes to produce2 he mu/ produce x1 & !n tru/ 9 man1 & ,god1 = its effect4 ,art is produc$ by ! individual arti/ & exp]i5c$ by ! individual man4 ,tol/oy holds t x is to be exp]i5c$ by mank9d 9 ! mass1 n by individuals2 8 audi5ce is an ab/raction4 ,:i/l] holds t x is produc$ by ! individual1 b = himself1 & n exp]i5c$ by mank9d ei!r 9 ! mass or z individuals4 ,bo? are h]etics4 ,:at is ! tru?8 ,i w n[ turn = a mom5t to ! high ae/hetic doctr9e ( ,b5$etto ,croce4 ,he 9 8 ,ae/hetic tells u t all art is expression4 ,true en\gh1 z f> z x goes2 b :at d we mean by expression8 ,croce's doctr9e ( expression is incomplete1 he does n expla9 cle>ly :at he means by expression1 because he also avoids ! "q ( ! necess>y relation betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 audi5ce2 & ?is is ! "q :i* our ?\ght ab\t art has to deal )1 j z we h to solve x 9 our practice ( art & 9 our actual relation ) ! arti/4 ,croce does n see t ! "q--,:at is expression8 dep5ds ^u ! "q--,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 audi5ce8 ,he does see t ! audi5ce exi/s1 :i* ,:i/l] d5ies2 he insi/s t ! audi5ce h ! same faculties z ! arti/1 ?\gh to a less degree--t ! arti/ is n a dream] ap>t4 ,he says inde$ t to exp]i5ce a "w ( art we also mu/ ex]cise our ae/hetic faculty2 our v exp]i5ce ( x is itself expression2 & ?is is a mo/ important po9t4 ,b = ,croce1 z = ,:i/l]1 ! arti/1 :5 he expresses himself1 is conc]n$ only ) :at he expresses1 n ) ! p to :om he expresses himself4 ,croce does n see ?is obvi\s fact1 t a "w ( art is a "w ( art because x is address$ to "s "o & is n a private activity ( ! arti/4 ,t is :y he fails to give a satisfy+ acc\nt ( ! nature ( expression4 ,croce _c di/+ui% betwe5 expression1 or art1 & day-dream+2 b ! di/9ction is ?is1 t z soon z ,i pass f day-dream+ to expression1 ,i am speak+ no long] to myself b to o!rs4 ,s ! =m ( e "w ( art is condition$ by ! fact t x is address$ to o!rs4 ,a /ory1 = in/ance1 is a /ory1 x has a plot1 because x is told4 ,a play is a play1 & also has a plot1 because x is made to be act$ be=e an audi5ce4 ,a piece ( music has musical =m1 ) its repetitions & developm5ts1 because x is made to be he>d4 ,a picture has composition1 emphasis1 because x is pa9t$ to be se54 ,! v process ( pictorial art is a process ( po9t+ out4 ,:5 a man draws he makes a ge/ure ( emphasis2 he says--,?is is :at ,i h se5 & :at ,i want y to see4 ,& 9 ea* case ! "w ( art is a "w ( art1 expression is expression1 because x implies an audi5ce or spectators4 ,)\t t implication1 )\t ! ef=t ( address1 !re c\ld be no art1 no expression1 at all4 ,9 fact1 art 9 its nature is a social activity1 because man 9 8 nature is a social be+4 ,art does n exi/ 9 isolation because man does n exi/ 9 isolation4 ,8 v faculties are 9 _! nature social always & :e!r = good or = evil4 ,! individual 9 isolation is a figm5t ( man's m9d1 & s is art 9 isolation4 ,b al?\gh art is a social activity1 x is n1 z ,tol/oy ?9ks1 a moral activity4 ,! arti/ does n address mank9d ) ! object ( do+ !m good4 ,x is useless to say t he ought to h t object2 if he _h he w\ld n be an arti/4 ,! aim ( do+ good is itself incompatible ) ! arti/ic aim4 ,b t is n to say t art does n d good4 ,x may d good all ! m because ! arti/ is n try+ to d good4 ,b :at is x t really happ5s :5 ! arti/ addresses u1 & :y does he wi% to address u8 ,to answ] ?is1 we mu/ consid] our own exp]i5ce1 n m]ely z an audi5ce b also z arti/s1 = we are1 z ,croce insi/s1 all ( u to "s ext5t arti/s4 ,y h all no d\bt be5 aw>e ( "s failure & dissatisfaction 9 ^? ( y\r exp]i5ces :i* seem to y ! highe/4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y see "s extreme beauty1 z ( a sunset4 ,x leaves y sad ) a feel+ ( y\r own inadequacy4 ,y h n be5 equal to x1 & :y8 ,y w say 9 speak+ ( x to o!rs--,i wi% ,i c\ld tell y :at ,i felt or :at ,i saw1 b ,i c't4 ,t wi% is itself natural & in/antly /irr$ 9 y by ! exp]i5ce ( extreme beauty4 ,! exp]i5ce seems incomplete1 because y _c tell anyone else :at y felt & saw2 & y are hurt by y\r ef=t & failure to d s4 ,x is a fact ( human nature t ! exp]i5ce ( any beauty does ar\se 9 u ! desire to communicate our exp]i5ce2 & ?is desire is in/9ctive4 ,x is n t we wi% to d good to o!rs by communicat+ x4 ,x is simply t we wi% to communicate x4 ,! exp]i5ce itself is incomplete = u until we communicate x4 ,! happ9ess :i* x gives u is fru/rat$ by our failure to communicate x4 ,we %\ld be utt]ly happy if we c\ld make o!rs see :at we see & feel :at we feel1 b we fail ( happ9ess because we _c4 ,:y8 ,"o c only conjecture & express conjectures 9 dull language4 ,?is beauty is itself a univ]sal quality or virtue :i* makes p>ticul> ?+s m real :5 !y h x4 ,x speaks to ! univ]sal 9 u1 to ! ev]yman 9 u1 &1 speak+ s1 x makes u aw>e ( ! univ]sal 9 all m54 ,we too wi% to speak to t univ]sal1 we wi% to f9d x & ! m int5se reality :i* is to be se5 only :]e x is se51 we wi% ourselves to be a "p ( x2 & we c d t only :5 all o!r m5 also are a "p ( x4 ,beauty seems to speak n m]ely to u b to ! :ole li/5+ e>?1 & we w\ld be assur$ t all ! e>? is li/5+ to x1 n to u4 ,b we ourselves h to play our "p 9 ! realiz+ ( ?is univ]sal2 ! s5se ( x comes & goes2 = ! mo/ "p we ourselves are n aw>e ( x4 ,we are m]ely p>ticul>s1 l o!r m51 & sep>at$ f !m by ! fact t we are all p>ticul>s4 ,only1 :5 = a mom5t we are aw>e ( x1 !n we are fill$ ) a passion to make x real & p]man5t2 & x is ?is passion :i* causes art & ! bl9d in/9ctive ef=t at art1 at communication1 at expression1 :i* we h all exp]i5c$4 ,b x foll[s f ?is t ! audi5ce to :i* ! arti/ addresses himself is n any p>ticul> m5 & wom53 x is mank9d4 ,! mom5t he addresses himself to any p>ticul> m5 & wom5 & consid]s _! p>ticul> wants & desires1 he is giv+ up t v s5se ( ! univ]sal t impell$ him to expression2 he is ceas+ to be an arti/ & becom+ some?+ else1 a tradesman1 a philan?ropi/1 a politician4 ,! arti/ z arti/ speaks to mank9d1 n to any p>ticul> set ( m52 & he speaks n ( himself b ( t univ]sal :i* he has exp]i5c$4 ,8 ef=t is to e/abli% t univ]sal relation :i* he has se51 a univ]sal relation ( feel+4 ,& to him1 9 8 ef=t1 !re is nei!r "t nor space4 ,mank9d are n "h or !re or ( ?is mom5t or ( t2 !y are ev]y:]e & = ev]4 ,! voice 9 ,moz>t's music is itself a univ]sal voice speak+ to ! univ]se ( univ]sal ?+s4 ,& all art is an act+ ( ! beauty t has be5 exp]i5c$1 a p]petuation ( x s t all m5 may %>e x = ev]4 ,! arti/'s ef=t is to be ! sunset he has se51 to et]nalize x 9 8 art1 b always s t he & all m5 may be "p ( ?is univ]sal by _! common exp]i5ce ( x4 ,s1 z ,i say1 ! arti/ mu/ n speak to any p>ticul> audi5ce ) ! aim ( pleas+ !m--!re is t am\nt ( tru? 9 ,:i/l]'s doctr9e2 & he does fail if he does n communicate1 s9ce 8 aim is communication--!re is t am\nt ( tru? 9 ,tol/oy's doctr9e4 ,b ! next "q t arises is ! attitude ( ourselves to ! arti/4 ,we h to rememb] t he is speak+ n to u 9 p>ticul>1 b to all mank9d1 & t he speaks1 n to please u or to satisfy any p>ticul> dem& ( ours1 b to communicate to u t univ]sal he has exp]i5c$ s t we ) him may become "p ( x4 ,x foll[s !n t we mu/ n make any p>ticul> dem&s ^u him4 ,we mu/ n come ) our own ideas ( :at he ought to give u4 ,if we d1 we %all be an ob/ruction betwe5 him & t ideal univ]sal audi5ce to :i* he w\ld address himself4 ,we %all be tempt+ him1 ) our egoti/ical dem&s1 to comply ) !m4 ,b ^! dem&s we are always mak+2 & t is :y ! relation betwe5 ! arti/ & any actual public is usually n[adays wrong4 ,i 0 once look+ at ,t9toret's ',crucifixion' 9 ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco ) a lady1 & %e said to me--',t isn't my idea ( a horse4' ',no'--,i answ]$--'x's ,t9toret's4 ,if x 7 y\r idea ( a horse1 :y %\ld y look at x8 ,y look at a picture to get ! arti/'s idea4' ,b t isn't ! tru? ab\t art ei!r4 ,! arti/ doesn't try to sub/itute 8 own p>ticul> = y\rs4 ,he tries to communicate to y t univ]sal :i* he has exp]i5c$1 because x is to him a univ]sal1 n 8 own1 b all m5's1 & he wi%es to realize x by %>+ x ) all m54 ,8 fai?1 ?\gh he may nev] h consci\sly express$ x to himself1 is 9 ?is univ]sal :i*1 because x is a univ]sal1 c be communicat$ to all m54 ,8 ef=t is bas$ on t fai?4 ,he speaks because he believes all m5 c he>1 if !y w4 ,s ! ef=t ( ! audi5ce mu/ be to he> & n to di/ract him ) _! p>ticul> dem&s4 ,!y mu/ n1 = in/ance1 dem& t he %all rem9d !m ( :at !y h f\nd pleasant 9 actual life4 ,!y mu/ n compla9 ( him t he does n pa9t pretty wom5 = !m1 or compose bright *e]ful tunes4 ,!y are n to him p>ticul> p]sons to be tickl$ accord+ to _! p>ticul> ta/es1 b mank9d to :om he wi%es to communicate ! univ]sal he has exp]i5c$4 ,s1 if !re is an actual audi5ce li/5+ = t univ]sal & cle>+ _! m9ds ( _! own egoti/ical dem&s1 !n art w fl\ri% & ! arti/ w be enc\rag$ to communicate t univ]sal :i* he has exp]i5c$4 ,b if p>ticul> audi5ces dem& ?is or t & are n happy until !y get x1 if !y say to him--,tickle my s5ses--,p]suade me t all is = ! be/ 9 ! _w z ,i l x2 t prosp]\s p l myself h a "r to be prosp]\s2 t ,i am a f9e fell[ because ,i once fell 9 love2 t all :o disagree ) me are wick$ & absurd--!n y w h ! k9d ( art y h n[1 9 ! !atre1 9 ! picture gall]y1 9 ! c9ema1 9 ! novel2 yes1 & 9 y\r build+s1 y\r cups & sauc]s1 y\r pots & pans ev54 ,= 9 ! v arts ( use y dem& t ! craftsman %all provide y ) :at y dem&1 & z *eap z possible2 because y d n und]/& t he %\ld express himself1 y d n und]/& also t 8 expression is wor? hav+ & t he ought to be paid = x4 ,9 ! v patt]n on a tea-cup1 if x is wor? hav+ at all1 !re is ! communication ( t univ]sal :i* ! arti/ has exp]i5c$4 ,x is !re to rem9d y ( itself :5ev] y dr9k tea1 to br+ ! sacram5t ( ! univ]sal into ev]y?+ z if x 7 music accompany+ & height5+ all our common actions2 b if y want a fa%ionable tea-cup *eap1 y w get t1 & y w n get any?+ express$ or communicat$ ) x4 ,y w be %ut up 9 y\rself & y\r own p>ticul>ity & ugl9ess4 ,if we want art we mu/ "k h[ we %\ld ?9k & feel & act s z to enc\rage ! arti/ to produce x4 ,b :y %\ld we want art at all8 ,i hope ,i h answ]$ t "q incid5tally4 ,x is s t we may h life m abundantly2 = we c h life m abundantly only :5 we are 9 communication ) ea* o!r1 m9d fl[+ into m9d1 ! univ]sal express+ itself 9 & ?r\gh all ( u4 ,we all m or less bl9dly desire ?is communication1 b we seldom "k :y we desire x or ev5 :at exactly x is we desire4 ,we make ! /range/1 clumsie/ ef=ts to communicate ) ea* o!r--,i am mak+ "o n[--& we are con/antly inhibit$ by false %ame f real communication4 ,we are afraid to be s]i\s ) ea* o!r1 afraid ( beauty1 ( ! univ]sal1 :5 we see x4 ,on ?is po9t ,i w tell a little /ory f ,mr4 ,kirk's ,/udy ( ,sil5t ,m9ds4 ,at a conc]t beh9d ! front1 an audi5ce ( soldi]s _h li/5$ to ! ord9>y items1 a p]=mance1 z ,mr4 ,kirk says1 'clean1 bright1 & amus+'1 :i* means ( c\rse silly & ugly4 ,!n ! or*e/ra play$ ! introduction to ! ,keys ( ,heav51 & a gunn] rem>k$--',s\nds l a bloody hymn4' ,t 0 8 fe> ( beauty1 8 false %ame4 ,b :5 ! ,keys ( ,heav5 0 end$1 ! :ole audi5ce1 includ+ ! gunn]1 gave a sigh ( cont5t2 & aft] t !y w5t to he> x "t aft] "t4 ,well1 ! beauty ( t song1 & ( all art1 is ! ',key ( ,heav5' itself4 ,= ,heav5 is a /ate ( be+ ( :i* we all dream1 h[ev] dully1 9 :i* all h ! p[] ( communication ) ea* o!r2 9 :i* all are aw>e ( ! univ]sal1 possess$ by x & a "p ( x1 all memb]s ( "o body1 all notes 9 "o tune1 & !re=e all ! m int5sely !mselves1 = a note is itself1 f9ds itself1 only 9 a tune2 o!rwise x is m]e nons5se4 ,( c\rse if y are to believe ?is1 y mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a univ]sal1 indep5d5t ( y\rself1 yet also 9 y & 9 all m54 ,y mu/ believe t beauty exi/s z a virtue1 a quality1 a relation ( ?+s1 & t x is possible = y also to produce t virtue1 to live 9 t relation4 ,b no "o c prove t to y4 ,! only way to believe x is to see beauty ) int5sity & to make ! ef=t ( communication 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,tol/oy believes t ! v ^w beauty is a useless "o because1 he says1 all ef=ts to def9e beauty are va94 ,b t is true ( ! ^w life1 yet we h to use ! ^w because life exi/s4 ,& all explanations ( art :i* refuse to believe 9 beauty z a reality indep5d5t ( u1 yet "o ( :i* we may become a "p1 d fall into incr$ible nons5se4 ,we are told t art is play2 ! only answ] to :i* is t x isn't4 ,o!rs say t x is an expression ( ! sexual in/9ct1 :i* has =gott5 itself4 ,!y discov] t 9 "s savage tribe ! male beats a tom-tom to attract ! female2 & !y conclude t ,bee?ov5's ,*oral ,symphony is only a m elaborate tom-tom beat5 to attract a m sophi/icat$ female4 ,b aga9 ! only answ] is t x isn't2 & t if all our ance/ors 71 n ,:i/l]'s dream]s ap>t1 b beat]s ( tom-toms to attract females1 !n !re 0 some?+ 9 ! s\nd ( ! tom-tom t made !m =get ! female4 ,! reality ( art is to be f\nd n 9 its orig9s b 9 :at x is try+ to be2 & :at x is try+ to be is always a communication betwe5 m9d & m9d2 :at we aim at 9 art is a fell[%ip n = purposes ( use b = its own sake1 ! fell[%ip we feel :5 we are all toge!r s++ a great tune4 ,b n[1 s9ce we h a hundr$ fooli% ideas ab\t art1 its nature & value1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t we %\ld atta9 to a "r idea ( x1 n only z a matt] ( !ory to be discuss$1 b z a religion to be practis$4 ,&1 if we c grasp ?is "r idea ( x1 we %all n ?9k ( art z consi/+ m]ely ( ! f9e arts1 pa9t+1 poetry1 music1 sculpture4 ,we %all see t x is possible = m5 to be arti/s1 to ex]cise ?is great activity ( communication1 9 ! "w by :i* !y e>n _! liv+1 & t a happy society is "o 9 :i* all m5 d s ex]cise x4 ,we are v f> f t happ9ess n[1 & t is :y ,rusk9 & ,morris became almo/ desp]ate rebels aga9/ our pres5t society4 ,:at !y said ab\t art & its nature is /ill ! be/ t has be5 said ab\t x1 f> ne>] to philosophic tru? ?an all t ! pr(ess$ philosoph]s h said1 & ( ! utmo/ mom5t to u n[4 ,= if we c\ld believe !m we %\ld *ange mo/ ( our values2 we %\ld see t ! ord9>y man1 n[ be+ depriv$ ( all ! joy ( art 9 8 "w1 is liv+ a mutilat$ life2 we %\ld place art among ! rights ( man4 ,:]eas ,r\sseau said--,all m5 are born free & ev]y:]e !y are 9 *a9s--we %\ld say--,all m5 are born arti/s & ev]y:]e !y are drudges4 ,) our curi\s ,engli% orig9ality1 :i* hits on s _m mom5t\s tru?s & !n makes no use ( !m1 x is we :o h f\nd ! greate/ tru? ab\t art1 b nei!r we nor any o!r p is at pres5t mak+ mu* use ( x4 ,because we lack art1 lack ! p[] ( communication1 we lack fell[%ip2 & z ,morris said--,fell[%ip is life & ! lack ( x is dea?4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,w4 ,morris1 ,hopes & ,fe>s = ,art4 ,,xi ,a ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,music ,,dr4 ,,erne/ ,,walk] ,! g5]al subject ( ?is c\rse is ,european ,?\ght2 &1 to "s1 music may p]haps seem 9 ?is connexion r l an intrud]4 ,inde$1 if ! musician is1 9 ,william ,morris's phrase1 '! idle s+] ( an empty day'1 if 8 bus9ess is to adm9i/] alt]nate /imulants & soporifics to ! n]ves or1 at be/1 ! surface emotions1 or to s]ve 9 ,c9d]ella-l fa%ion any pass+1 %all[ ne$s ( ei!r ! individual or ! cr[d1 !n1 obvi\sly1 he has no place wor? self-respect+ m5tion 9 ! _w z x exi/s = philosophy4 ,b widespread z "s su* conception ( ! function ( music is1 ,i hope y w agree ) me 9 ?r[+ x aside z1 at any rate = our pres5t purpose1 no m wor? ! tr\ble ( ev5 approximately pati5t argum5t ?an t o!r less g5]al b m objurgat$ conception ( musical composition z some?+ l a me*anically calculat$ sp9n+ ( bloodless =mulae4 ,by ! conditions ( its be+1 music has to express itself ?r\gh non-intellectual *annels1 b may we n say t its ess5ce is intellectual1 t x is1 9 ,comb>ieu's phrase1 ! art ( ?9k+ 9 s\nd--?9k+ 9 z precise a s5se z ! ^w c be>8 ,x does n express itself v]bally3 x is self-dep5d5t1 ) a language available only = ! expression ( its own ideas & n ev5 indirectly translatable by nature into a v]bal m$ium4 ,yet x is ?\ght none ! less2 p]haps all ! m4 ,words1 we h (t5 be5 told1 s]ve = ! concealm5t ( ?\ght2 b ! language ( music is m subtle1 m compreh5sive4 ,x has be5 said t :]e words end1 music beg9s2 & anyh[1 = musicians1 !re /&s on record ! s]5ely pr\d claim ( "o ( !mselves4 ',only art & k'1 said ,bee?ov51 'raise man to ! div9e2 & music is a high] revelation ?an all wisdom & all philosophy4' ,b ,i mu/ n all[ ?is little prelim9>y apology to /ray into ! field ( ab/ract ae/hetics4 ,! subject propos$ to me1 ! correlation ( ! progress ( specifically musical ?\ght dur+ ! la/ g5]ation ) ! progress ( ,european ?\ght 9 g5]al1 is s ext5sive t ,i _c )9 ! necess>y limits attempt to deal ) m ?an "s ( ! mo/ sali5t features1 & ev5 ^? ,i %all h to treat 9 v broad outl9es1 ) a c]ta9 disreg>d ( detail & nicely balanc+ qualifications4 ,i %all only attempt to put be=e y :at seem to me ! mo/ prom95t consid]ations1 & to ?r[ out sugge/ions :i* ,i hope y may p]haps1 if suffici5tly int]e/$1 develop at leisure = y\rselves4 ,9 sev]al ways ! correlation ( ! musician ) ! non-musical _w is n[ m intimate & consci\s ?an ev] be=e4 ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago--9 spite ( brilliant individual exceptions--musicians 71 9 ! ma91 self-c5tr$ craftsm52 !y 7 incl9$ to drift into a backwat]1 away f ! *ief curr5ts ( ! intellectual1 or (t5 inde$ ( ! g5]al arti/ic life ( _! day1 & !y seem on ! :ole to h be5 cont5t to h x s4 ,9 ,engl& we 7 some:at beh9dh&1 no d\bt1 9 our p>ticipation 9 ! gradual b /eady *ange4 ,b m5 l ,p>ry & ,/an=d br\ght _! pr(ession into close t\* ) ! g5]al culture ( _! contempor>ies1 & made ! univ]sities & music und]/& ea* o!r2 ,grove1 ! fir/ director ( ! ,royal ,college1 himself a man ^: pr(essional c>e] 7n to m5tion 8 amateur int]e/s7 _h end$ 9 music aft] rang+ ?r\gh civil eng9e]+1 bus9ess organization1 biblical ar*aeology1 & ! editor%ip ( a great lit]>y magaz9e1 prea*$ ) infecti\s en?usiasm ! new doctr9e ( ! l>g] outlook2 & = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ev5 if our practice may h occasionally seem$ some:at to lag beh9d1 at any rate our !ory has n look$ back4 ,musicians h be5 grant$ _! claim to be judg$ by ! same intellectual & moral /&>ds z o!r reasonable p2 x is a mode/ claim1 b1 especially 9 ,engl&1 x has _h to be f\ght =4 ,& ! entry on ?is wid] h]itage1 :i* ,engli% musicians1 ap>t f an exception or two su* z ,pi]son & ,b5nett1 won = ! fir/ "t a g5]ation ago1 has _h 9 e c\ntry a def9ite influ5ce on composition1 especially 7z is only natural7 on ! compos]'s attitude t[>ds ! musical sett+ ( lit]ature4 ,i %\ld be f> f say+ t any mod]n is a great] song-writ] ?an ,s*ub]t2 b x is obvi\s t ! foll[]s ( ,wolf & ,dup>c & ,m\ssorgsky are aim+ at some?+ diff]5t4 ,!y may n express ! g5]al mood ( ! poem m fai?fully1 b !y c]ta9ly atta* m importance to its lyrical /ructure & to flexibly expressive diction3 !y accept ! poet z an equal colleague4 ,! s]i\s song-writ] c h>dly any long]1 l ,s*umann 9 8 sett+ ( ,he9e's ',das i/ e9 ,flt5 und ,geig5'1 af=d to /ultify great poetry by quot+ f memory & gett+ ! adjectives deplorably wrong4 ,nor c he1 l ,bee?ov5 9 ',adelaide' & ! ',entf]nte ,geliebte' cycle1 let himself weave musical /ructures _m sizes too l>ge = ! prop] /ructure ( ! words1 :i* h consequ5tly to be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 ) v little reg>d = poetical or ev5 common s5se4 ,s*umann & ,bee?ov51 especially ! =m]1 7 culturally v f> f n>r[-m9d$ m52 b !re 0 n 9 _! days any g5]al cultural pressure suffici5tly /rong to influ5ce !m z compos]s4 ,n[1 ! pressure is s /rong t few c resi/4 ,mo/ compos]s h n[ fully le>n$ _! lesson ( a fitt+ polit5ess t[>ds _! poet-colleagues--le>n$ x 9 ! ma91 s f> z n intuitively1 f ! high examples set by ,wolf & ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool--& h1 moreov]1 come to recognize ! duty ( sett+ su* words z may be fit n only to be sung b to be read1 a duty %ock+ly neglect$ by _m ( ! greate/ g5iuses 9 musical hi/ory4 ,& ! cultural pressure has gone f>!r ?an ?is4 ,n only has ! increas+ complexity ( life broad5$ ! musician's p]sonal outlook1 pr(essional or unpr(essional3 x has also modifi$1 :e!r = bett] or = worse1 ! outlook ( ! music itself4 ,we may conv5i5tly divide all music into two great classes3 'absolute' music1 9 :i* ! compos] appeals to ! li/5] ?r\gh ! direct m$ium ( ! pure s\nd & t alone2 & 'appli$' music1 9 :i* ! appeal is m or less condition$ by words1 ei!r explicit or implicit by association1 or by bodily movem5t ( "s k9d1 dramatic or n1 or by any o!r non-musical factor t affects ! nature ( ! compos]'s ?\ght & ! me?od ( its pres5tation4 ,up to ! pres5t g5]ation1 in/rum5tal music1 unconnect$ ) ! /age1 has be5 virtually id5tifiable ) absolute music2 !re are a h&ful ( exceptions--sporadic pieces1 usually ?\gh n inv>iably ?r[n (f 9 compos]s' relatively easy-go+ moods1 & an isolat$ figure or two ( s]i\s revolt1 l ,b]lioz & ,liszt--b !y only s]ve to prove ! rule4 ,n[1 ?is id5tification is f> f hold+ good4 ,m consci\sly ?an ev] be=e1 in/rum5tal music is /ra9+ beyond its own special doma9 & ask+ = ext]nal spurs to creative activity4 ,& x asks 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,x may ask m]ely ! h9t ( p>ticul> emotional moods condition$ by special circum/ances2 or x may vie ) ! poet & ! noveli/ 9 analysis ( "*4 ,! psy*ology1 aga91 may pass into ! illu/ration ( incid5t1 :e!r p>tially reali/ic or purely imag9ative1 or into ! illu/ration ( philosophical t5ets1 z 9 ,/rauss's v]sion ( ,nietzs*e's doctr9es 9 8 ,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra or ,scriab9's ( !osophy 9 8 ,prome!us4 ,or ! compos] may g directly to pa9t+1 :e!r actual z 9 ,ra*man9(f's symphonic poem on ,bckl9's picture ( ',! isl& ( ! dead'1 or vision>y z 9 ,debussy's ',la ca?drale engl\tie'4 ,!re is inde$ no end to su* in/ances4 ,all ?is developm5t ( in/rum5tal music into t]ritories m or less adjac5t makes a v impos+ %[2 & x is s m>k$ly a product ( ! la/ g5]ation t we easily ov]-e/imate ! novelty ( its ess5tial results4 ,z ,i h said1 in/rum5tal music is m & m ask+ = ext]nal spurs to creative activity2 b ?is does n mean t music z a :ole is1 s to speak1 break+ loose f its moor+s & adv5tur\sly voyag+ on to un*>t$ seas4 ,:at x means is1 simply1 t1 "u ! /ress ( mod]n culture1 ! b>ri]s betwe5 vocal & in/rum5tal1 dramatic & non-dramatic1 music h be5 to a great ext5t aboli%$4 ,we may consid] music z normally involv+ ?ree p]sons3 ! compos]1 ! p]=m]1 & ! li/5]4 ,until ! pres5t g5]ation1 ! role ( ! li/5] 0 normally q passive4 ,all t he _h to d 0 to keep 8 e>s op5 to ! music1 & fur!r1 :5 requir$1 8 e>s op5 to words & 8 eyes to dramatic pres5tation4 ,! compos] & ! p]=m]s did ev]y?+ = him4 ,b n[ !y d n4 ,! mod]n compos] urges t1 j z vocal music dem&s f ! li/5] a sep>ate k ( ! words1 s in/rum5tal music may dem&1 z a condition ( full und]/&+1 a sep>ate k ( "s v]bally expressible signification4 ,! p>allel no d\bt holds well en\gh ev5 if we answ]1 z we c]ta9ly may1 t 9 mu* vocal music ! words are s unimportant t x really does n musically matt] if !y are un9telligible or inaudible4 ,b ?is latt]-day dem& on ! li/5] is consid]able4 ,! li/5] to ,/rauss's ,don ,quixote1 = example1 mu/1 9 ord] to appreciate 9 full measure any section ( ?is long "w1 h a fairly close acqua9tance ) ,c]vantes' book--:e!r d]iv$ f an analytical programme or f p]sonal read+3 !re are nei!r words nor act+ to give a clue1 nor does ! pr9t$ music itself give ! slighte/ assi/ance1 except 9 s f> t a c\ple ( !mes are labell$ ) ! names ( ! ',knight ( ! sorr[ful c\nt5ance' himself & ,san*o ,panza4 ,sometimes1 no d\bt1 a compos] helps at any rate ! pur*as] ( 8 music m2 b to ! li/5] he gives no?+1 & leaves 8 ?\ght1 z embodi$ 9 ! m]e title1 to be rea*$ z be/ x may4 ,! mod]n compos] makes ^! dem&s on ! li/5] cont9ually2 & he does s simply because ! sph]e ( ! music-lov]'s imag9ativ5ess & g5]al culture has become s greatly enl>g$ t he ?9ks he c fairly af=d to take ! risk4 ,b we may well ask :e!r ! music ( sugge/ion has n1 9 its re/less anxiety to correlate itself ) non-musical culture1 rea*$ or p]haps ev5 ov]/epp$ ! limits ( musical possibility4 ,x is no "q ( a compos]'s rights3 he has a "r to d any?+ he c1 provid$ t he pres]ves a due proportion betwe5 ess5tials & uness5tials4 ,& judici\s criticism w turn1 if n a bl9d1 at any rate a %ort-sight$ eye t[>ds a great compos]'s occasional reali/ic escapades1 :i*1 h[ev] irritat+ !y may p]haps be to o!rs1 are to him only a "p ( ! g5]al backgr\nd ( 8 texture2 aft] all1 9 _! diff]5t m$ia1 ,ba* & mo/ ( ! o!r giants h occasionally all[$ !mselves simil> little fl+s4 ,x is a "q n ( rights1 b ( p[]s4 ,! poet & ! pa9t] & ! noveli/1 n to m5tion all ! non-human ag5ts 9 ! univ]se1 are b\nd to d a good _m ?+s mu* bett] ?an ! compos] c2 & ev5 if he may p]sonally aspire to be a k9d ( spectator ( all "t & exi/5ce1 he has no means ( mak+ 8 li/5]s see eye to eye ) himself4 ,! risk he runs may be too great4 ,realiz+ z we mu/ t all ?is f]m5t ( sugge/ion-seek+ has und\bt$ly vivifi$ & enri*$ musical developm5t 9 n a few aspects1 we may nev]!less feel1 & feel pr(\ndly1 t !re is a c>d9al weakness inh]5t 9 x4 ,a compos] may s easily be tempt$ to =get t x is aft] all by 8 music1 & by 8 music alone1 t he /&s or falls4 ,if he asks too mu* extra-musical sympa?y f ! li/5]1 he defeats 8 own end4 ,! li/5] w inevitably conc5trate on ! uness5tials1 & w z likely z n get !m q wrong2 he may inde$ indulge ! habit ( reali/ic suspicion to su* an ext5t z to make him become ?\ghtlessly unfair & cr$it ! compos] ) s9s ( ta/e1 :e!r babyi% or pa?ological1 ( :i* ! objurgat$ culprit may be altoge!r innoc5t4 ,if a compos] plays ) fire1 he is fairly sure to burn "s "o's f+]s1 ev5 if he successfully avoids burn+ 8 own4 ,& anyh[ x is wa/e ( "t1 & worse1 = u to cudgel our bra9s to fits ( entirely unnecess>y inv5tiv5ess :5 ! compos] has left 8 music unlabell$4 ,we sometimes he> ( *ildr5 be+ enc\rag$ to give v]bal or dramatic expression ( _! own to in/rum5tal music2 t is n education--v mu* ! rev]se4 ,x is m]ely ! exp5se ( _s 9 a wa/e ( fancifulness1 ! wilful murd] ( all feel+ = music z su*4 ,! feel+ = music z su*1 t is /ill ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,& by ?is canon1 s x seems to me1 we mu/ judge all ^! al>ums & excursions ( mod]n compos]s4 ,if we hold firmly by x1 we %all n be unduly worri$ :5 we le>n t ! music :i* seems s p]fectly to realize ! compos]'s express$ mean+ has be5 orig9ally design$ by him q o!rwise--z has happ5$ (t5] ?an is g5]ally kn[n2 ?\gh ?is fact does n excuse wilful contradictions ( a compos]'s def9ite int5tions1 z 9 ! vulg> p]v]sion ( ,rimsky-,korsak(f's ,s*eh]ezade popul>iz$ by ! late/ fa%ionable toy1 ! ,russian ,ballet1 :i* w\ld d m musically unexceptionable s]vice 7 x to conf9e itself to works specially design$ = x1 su* z ! fasc9at+ & f9ely-wr\ght scores ( ,/rav9sky1 or conc]t works l ,balakireff's ,?am>1 bas$ on programmes t c be mimetically reproduc$ )\t unfai?fulness4 ,& anyh[1 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! appeals to ! eye or ! lit]>y memory or :at n1 we may call to m9d ! simple tru? t music is some?+ to be he>d ) ei!r ! inw>d or ! outw>d e>1 & if we are too mu* di/ract$ o!rwise1 our he>+ s5se suff]s4 ,we %all pay too high a price = our latt]-day correlation ( music ) lit]ature & ! o!r arts if ! music itself has to play ! "p ( ,c9d]ella4 ',we d x wrong1 be+ s maje/ical4' ,aga91 we may endeav\r to correlate rec5t musical developm5t ) ! developm5t ( ! conceptions ( nationality & race4 ,) nationality 9 ! /rictly political s5se music has1 inde$1 no?+ to d3 !re is no inborn musical expression common to all ! inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! ,briti% ,empire 7or inde$ ! ,briti% ,isl&s74 ,& if we ab&on political nationality entirely & ?9k ( national music solely 9 t]ms ( race1 we /ill h to make v l>ge d$uctions4 ,h]$ity c\nts1 x w\ld seem1 = f> less ?an environm5t 9 musical developm5t--especially s 9 ^! days ( free int]c\rse4 ,nev]!less1 we may to "s ext5t isolate ! racial elem5t2 & )9 ! la/ g5]ation increas+ly vigor\s ef=ts h be5 made to d s--?\gh !y h p]haps neglect$ suffici5tly to obs]ve t racial ance/ry is (t5 an extremely mix$ quantity4 ,to ! musician1 ?is insi/5ce on race is 9 ! ma9 a q mod]n ?+4 ,x is true t1 z ! successive waves ( ,italian influ5ce fl[$ nor?w>d 9 ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 !y met 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 &1 at ! end1 9 ,russia1 native cross-curr5ts2 & !re 0 pl5ty ( controv]sy betwe5 ! oppos+ p>ties4 ,b ?is controv]sy 0 ma9ly conc]n$ ) matt]s ( te*nique2 :]eas ! :ole =ce ( ! mod]n movem5t consi/s 9 its reliance on ! simple folk-music :i* is suppos$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ! race z a :ole1 & ab\t :i* h>dly any compos]s ( ! pa/ consci\sly tr\bl$ !mselves at all4 ,haydn & ,bee?ov51 no d\bt1 us$ folk-tunes 9 _! own works to "s ext5t1 b ! =m]'s adaptations f ! uncultivat$ tunes ( 8 own ,croatian p are poli%$ ne>ly out ( recognition1 & :5 ! latt] comm&e]s f ,irel& or ,russia or else:]e1 no?+ b pure ,bee?ov5i%ness rema9s aft] 8 ma/]ful h& has done its w4 ,we may say1 inde$1 t nationality1 z su*1 0 nev] 9 _! "t a consci\s factor 9 musical composition4 ,! mod]n movem5t seems to owe its orig9 to sev]al non-musical causes4 ,= example1 ! spread ( political democracy _h no little influ5ce 9 ar\s+ int]e/ 9 ! music specifically *>act]i/ic ( at any rate ! non-urban sections ( ! newly enfran*is$ classes4 ,b1 9 ! ma91 x 0 caus$ by ! mod]n rise into some?+ l political prom95ce ( ! small] nations1 small] ei!r 9 size or 9 hi/orical importance4 ,! ev5ts ( #ahdh1 = example1 br\ght ,hung>ian folk-music be=e ! _w2 ,bohemian claims aga9/ ,au/ria produc$ ! "w ( ,smetana & ,dvovrk1 l>gely bas$ on ! g5]al /yle ( _! own native melodies2 ! ,iri% ,"q made u "k ! ,iri% songs2 & ! dom9at+ races foll[$ ^? leads1 at any rate 9 s f> z to take int]e/ 9 _! own traditional music1 & try to evaluate its diff]5tiat+ factors4 ,consci\s connexion betwe5 arti/ic composition & folk-music has v>i$ v mu*3 v /rong 9 ,russia & o!r ,slavonic c\ntries1 x has be5 v weak 9 ,italy & ,france2 9 ,g]many we f9d all /ages betwe5 ! "w ( ,brahms1 :]e ! folk-elem5t is v notable1 & ( ,wolf1 :]e x is non-exi/5t2 9 our own isl&s x has be5 v weak1 b is n[ becom+ v /rong4 ,b1 :e!r ?is connexion has be5 consci\s or n1 /ill1 soon] or lat]1 all ! insi/]s on ! importance ( ! elem5t ( nationality h jo9$ h&s ) ! en?usia/s = ! folk-music ( ! p4 ,9 ! "w ( pres]v+ ! k ( ?is folk-music ,engl& has be5 "o ( ! la/ ( all c\ntries3 ev5 ! la/ edition ( ,grove's ,diction>y1 our /&>d au?ority1 gives _m pages to ,scotl& & ,irel& & ,wales1 & smuggles ,engli% folk-music into an app5dix4 ,only inde$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury has any?+ l an adequate /udy ( ! v>i$ treasures ( ,engli% folk-music become possible1 & we h le>n$ en\gh to realize t great folk-music is no monopoly ( ! races t h be5 ei!r politically or socially dec5traliz$4 ,?is advance ( ! conception ( racialism has wid5$ & int5sifi$ music 9 n a few ways4 ,x has br\ght to our k _m spl5did melodies1 inf9itely v>i$ 9 design & emotional range1 &1 at _! be/1 inspirations t ! greate/ compos]s w\ld h be5 pr\d to sign4 ,&1 mix$ z are ! feel+s ) :i* we mu/ contemplate ! g5]al c\rse ( our own musical hi/ory1 we c anyh[ boa/ ( "s ( ! f9e/ folk-tunes 9 exi/5ce 9 ^! relics ( ! old _w on its la/ we/]n fr+es1 9 ,irel& & ! ,hebrides4 ,we h come to see t ?is great mass ( traditional music--only 9 "p1 ( c\rse1 ! outp\r+ ( %e] g5ius1 b at its wor/ s9c]e--is1 ) its appeal alike to ! *ild & ! adult1 ei!r 9 ye>s or 9 musical culture1 ! mo/ p]fect educational weapon yet devis$ ) :i* to combat all ! =ces t make = musical degradation4 ,&1 ap>t f all ?is half-unconsci\sly wr\ght music1 we h be5 %[n ! value ( ! bypa?s 9 art1 ( ! "w ( ! great m5 ( ! y\ng] races l ! ,sc&9avians & ! ,cze*s & mo/ ( all ! ,russians1 :o d n speak ! old] classical tongues b h1 all ! same1 abundance to say t is well wor? ! :ole _w's he>+4 ,x is to our imm5se ga9 t we h n[ come1 f> m ?an ev] be=e1 to realize t 9 ! h\se ( music !re are _m mansions4 ,&1 once aga91 we h be5 taught ! duty ( be+ fair to ! m5 ( our own blood1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 our own arti/ic hi/ory !re has be5 visible a /rongly m>k$ t5d5cy1 su* z no o!r nation has %[n 9 equal measure1 to neglect & depreciate native "w 9 comp>ison ) =eign1 ev5 :5 ! latt] might p]haps be worse4 ,b ,i ?9k we may say1 )\t self-laudation1 t ,briti% composition is n[ wor? "s consid]able att5tion f ourselves & o!rs2 x 01 n unnaturally1 wellnigh =gott5 dur+ its sleep f ! dea? ( ,purcell till ! rise ( ,p>ry--a fairly s\nd sleep1 dur+ :i* x occasionally half-op5$ its eyes = a mom5t or two--b x is wide awake n[4 ,we are /ill sl[ to le>n ! lesson2 b we h come to realize1 at any rate !oretically1 ! duty ( do+ :at we c1 9 ! _s n ( fav\ritism b ( ju/ice & k1 to disprove ! prov]b t a prophet 7& an arti/ also7 has no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry & 9 8 fa!r's h\se4 ,s mu* to ! good4 ,b to-day1 m ?an ev] be=e1 _m voices are urg+ u to g f>!r--&1 ,i ?9k1 to f>e worse4 ,arti/ic racialism has always be5 spontane\s1 s f> z ! art is great4 ,no compos] :o is wor? any?+ c be dragoon$ into be+ patriotic3 he w g 8 own way4 ,"s are attract$ m ?an o!rs by ! g5]al types ( phrase or ! g5]al emotional moods exemplifi$ 9 ! folk-music ( _! own race2 b t is a matt] = nei!r cr$it nor discr$it4 ,individuality includes race z ! great] includes ! less4 ,! only vital consid]ation is ! value ( ! output 9 ! g5]al t]ms ( all races2 & inde$ all great folk-music1 l any o!r k9d1 speaks1 = ^? :o h e>s to he>1 a _w-language & n a dialect4 ,& !re is /ill m at /ake 9 ?is issue4 ,^? :o1 z ,i d1 hold t ! be/ *ance = ! political future ( ! _w lies 9 ! weak5+ ( national & racial z well z class consci\sness1 mu/ ne$s reg>d v suspici\sly any ( ^! mod]n attempts to =ce music into *annels :i* are delib]ately design$ = x by non-musical consid]ations3 ! fett]+1 by set purpose1 ( art is a v consid]able /ep t[>ds ! fett]+ ( life itself4 ,engl& may sometimes h fail$ 9 k9dness to h] own arti/ic *ildr51 liv+ & dead2 b at any rate we h be5 free f ! curse ( a n>r[ jeal\sy & h /eadfa/ly held to ! pr\d fai? ( ! op5 door & ! op5 m9d4 ,! ideal--s viol5tly d9n$ into our e>s n[adays--( a national s*ool ( compos]s may v easily mean a wilful n>r[+ ( our arti/ic h]itage4 ,if an ,engli% compos] ) no?+ to say = himself imitates ,brahms or ,debussy1 x is obvi\sly regrettable2 b he w n m5d matt]s by imitat+ ,purcell4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! musician :o 7save occasionally :5 seek+ texts = 8 own individual disc\rses7 borr[s 8 mat]ial f 8 native folk-music /amps himself1 j z mu* z if he borr[$ f any o!r qu>t]1 z a common plagi>i/ incapable ( inv5t+ mat]ial ( 8 own4 ,if we may adapt = ! purpose ,johnson's fam\s aphorism ab\t patriotism & sc\ndrels1 we may say t racial p>o*ialism is ! la/ refuge ( compos]s :o _c compose4 ,let u ass]t once m ! supreme beauty ( folk-music at its be/2 b x is (t5 *ildi%1 &1 anyh[1 *ildi% or n1 x is aft] all ! "w ( *ildr54 ,& any ( ! _w's activities w\ld come to a /range pass if *ildr5--or any races or classes :i*1 ?r\gh lo/ opportunities or ! oppression ( o!rs1 are /ill virtually *ildr5--7 to dictate pr9ciples ( intol]ance to ^? :o1 by no m]it ( _! own b z a pla9 matt] ( fact1 c possess ! wid] vision4 ,let a compos] /eep himself z mu* z he c 9 8 native folk-music1 z 9 all o!r great music1 & !n write 9 s9c]ity :atev] is 9 8 own m>r[2 b any?+ approximately l a *auv9i/ic attitude t[>ds music1 z t[>ds any o!r ( ! ?+s ( ! _s1 means ei!r ins5sibility to spiritual ideals or unfai?fulness to !m4 ,let me take an analogy4 ,i h always felt t a philosophical & hi/orical /udy ( ! idea ( hon\r w\ld ?r[ m light ?an any?+ else on _m great problems1 notably ! problem ( w>1 & t 9 ?is inve/igation ! conception ( ! duel w\ld h a v prom95t place4 ,may we n say t1 j z ! individual hon\r ( ea* ( u1 unless we are memb]s ( ! self-/yl$ upp] classes ( a few c\ntries1 is n[ suppos$ to be able to take c>e ( itself1 s ! blood 9 a compos]'s ve9s w1 if 8 music is wor? any?+1 be able to take c>e ( itself also8 ,nei!r hon\r nor arti/ic p]sonality is affectable by ext]nal consid]ations :i* are on a diff]5t plane ( value4 ,& music inde$ is ! mo/ specifically int]national1 or sup]national1 ( all ! arts2 x has n1 l lit]ature1 any b>ri]s ( language1 nor1 l pa9t+ or sculpture or ar*itecture1 any local habitation4 ,musical sep>atism is n a natural quality2 x ne$s c>eful & cont9u\s fo/]+4 ,& ,i "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce t1 all ?r\gh ! w>1 !re 0 no difficulty at all 9 c>ry+ on conc]ts 9 ! programmes ( :i* works by liv+ ,g]man compos]s1 & songs 9 ! ,g]man language1 7 includ$ 9 _! due proportions j z be=e4 ,ano!r great factor 9 mod]n ,european ?\ght ) :i* ,i w\ld attempt to correlate music is ! factor ( religion4 ,no "o w d5y t ! la/ g5]ation has se5 pr(\ndly important *anges 9 religi\s ?\ght3 :atev] may h be5 ! eddies & backwat]s1 ! ma9 /ream has run1 & /ill runs1 l a cat>act4 ,^! *anges may be v diff]5tly judg$ by diff]5t types ( m51 all ( !m equally firm believ]s 9 ! supremacy ( spiritual ideals3 "s may def9itely regret1 "s may1 ) ! help ( su* conceptions z t ( progressive revelation1 /e] a middle c\rse1 "s 7among :om ,i w\ld numb] myself7 may def9itely welcome4 ,b 9 :atev] light we may reg>d ^! radical refusals ( ! old allegiances1 we %all naturally expect to f9d _! influ5ce 9 music1 :i* has _h 9 _m ways s intimate a connexion ) religion4 ,inde$1 ! conception ( music z 9 "s special way ! h&maid ( religion dies v h>d4 ,x is /ill possible1 9 ,april #aiai1 = di/+ui%$ musicians1 :5 appeal+ = funds = ! f\ndation ( a pr(essor%ip ( ecclesia/ical music1 to put _! names to ! /atem5t t '! *ur* w always be ! *ief home & s*ool ( music = ! p'#ga3 & ?is :5 ! facts ab\t att5dances at places ( wor%ip h long be5 famili>4 ,we mu/ rate ! influ5ce ( *ur* music m mode/ly2 x has a great influ5ce 9 its own sph]e1 b its sph]e is only "o among _m4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 envisage ?is religi\s developm5t on its practical side z a process ( diff]5tiation by :i* ! s9c]e /&]s 9 ! old & ! middle & ! new pa?s h little by little drawn ap>t intellectually--b n1 9 societies t are happily able to take broad views ( human nature1 o!rwise ?an intellectually--n only f ea* o!r b /ill m f ^? :o1 :atev] _! o/5sible labels1 are 9 reality foll[]s ( ,gallio & r\t9e4 ,& some?+ l ! same process is obs]vable 9 ! religi\s music ( ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,_m ( its old conv5tions h sil5tly dropp$ away1 unreg>d$ & unregrett$3 :atev] ! outlooks1 & !y are _m & v>i\s1 !y are m cle>-sight$1 m s9c]e4 ,"h 9 ,engl& we h some:at lagg$ beh9d3 we h _h1 n p]haps altoge!r fairly b indubitably1 a reputation = national hypocrisy to su/a91 & our religi\s music has only ) difficulty %ak5 itself loose4 ,n v long ago1 ,sa9t-,sans's ,samson & ,delilah1 n[ "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( op]as1 c\ld only be p]=m$ z an oratorio3 x dealt ) biblical incid5ts & *>act]s1 !re=e x 0 religi\s music1 !re=e x c\ld n be giv5 /age pres5tation4 ,( c\rse ?is k9d ( attitude is nev] logical3 = a long "t we clos$ ,cov5t ,g>d5 to ,/rauss's ,salome = ! same reason1 b no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 ev] propos$ to end[ x ) a religi\s halo4 ,n[1 :5 ,sunday secul> music is ev]y:]e1 its orig9s seem lo/ 9 antiquity2 b ! *amb]-music conc]ts at ,s\? ,place 9 ,london & ,balliol ,college 9 ,ox=d1 :i* are1 ,i ?9k ,i am "r 9 say+1 ! tw9 pione]s1 are bo? little ov] ?irty ye>s old4 ,9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 music has suff]$ f> few] *ecks ( ?is k9d2 & x is ( m importance to correlate musical & religi\s developm5t on m g5]al l9es4 ,p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 ,i ?9k1 is ! hi/ory ( ! decl9e ( ! oratorio1 :i* ,i %\ld myself be incl9$ to date f ! production ( ! ,g]man ,requiem ( ,brahms ab\t half a c5tury ago1 ?\gh ! real impetus has become app>5t only dur+ ! la/ g5]ation4 ,brahms's ,requiem 0 inde$ some?+ ( a port5t3 x 0 a def9ite h]ald ( revolt4 ,! m]e title1 ',a ,g]man ,requiem'1 involv+ ! comm&e]+ ( ! "n hi!rto associat$ exclusively ) ! ritual ( ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! practice ( pray]s = ! dead1 & its adaptation to entirely diff]5t words1 0 9 itself ( ! utmo/ significance2 & ! significance 0 enhanc$ by ! "* ( ! words !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 self-select$ on purely p]sonal l9es2 9 ! second place1 !y 71 !ologically1 h>dly s mu* z ,unit>ian4 ,brahms claim$ ! "r to express 8 own individual view ( ! problem1 & at a l5g? :i* involv$ ! coroll>y t ! problem 0 reg>d$ 9 its complet5ess4 ,! ',g]man ,requiem' _c be consid]$1 z an an!m might be1 z an expression ( a m]e portion ( a complete conception ( ! p>ticul> religi\s problem3 9 an organic "w ( ?is l5g?1 :at x does n ass]t x implicitly d5ies or at any rate disreg>ds4 ,& ?is 0 at once recogniz$1 bo? by ,brahms's oppon5ts & by himself3 he categorically refus$ to add any dogmatically ,*ri/ian elem5t to 8 s*eme4 ,simil>ly ) 8 ,ern/e ,gesnge1 writt5 "s ?irty ye>s lat]1 at ! end ( 8 life3 he balances ! reflections on dea? tak5 f ,ecclesia/es & simil> s\rces ) ! ,paul9e *apt] on fai?1 hope1 & *>ity--n ) any m def9ite consolation4 ,& aga91 ) ! *oral works1 ! sett+s ( ,hld]l9's ,s*icksalsli$1 ,s*ill]'s ,nnie1 ,goe!'s ,gesang d] ,p>z5 7! fir/-fruits ( ! ess5tially mod]n _s :i* has impell$ s _m compos]s to *oral sett+s ( great poetry7--!y deal ) ! ultimate ?+s1 b ! expression is nev]1 s to speak1 or?odox3 x is imag9ative1 sometimes p]haps ironical1 b nev] any?+ b int5sely non-ecclesia/ical4 ,brahms's ,requiem repres5ts1 z ,i h said1 ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange 9 ! conception ( conc]t-room religi\s music1 ( ! ab&onm5t ( ! old type ( oratorio 9 fav\r ( some?+ mu* m consci\s & individual2 & 9 refus+ to take ?+s = grant$1 religi\s music has be5 altoge!r 9 l9e ) g5]al religi\s developm5t4 ,! *ange c p]haps be obs]v$ 9 ,engli% music m m>k$ly ?an else:]e4 ,oratorio1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we ord9>ily use ! t]m1 is to all int5ts & purposes an inv5tion ( ! g5ius ( ,h&el react+ on 8 ,engli% environm5t3 ! =m 0 ( c\rse old]1 b he gave x a specific %ape t set ! fa%ion = future times4 ,x _h its bir? 9 a bus9ess speculation2 x 0 a novelty design$ to occupy ! ,l5t5 season :5 ! !atres 7 n available = op]a4 ,l ! op]a1 x suppli$ n>rative & incid5t & *>act]ization ?\gh )\t sc5]y or action1 & x dealt ) biblical hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( ! oratorio is ! hi/ory ( ?is loose compromise2 x has af=d$ an attractive flav\r ( ! !atre ev5 to ^? to :om drama may 9 itself h seem$ disreputable1 & x has _h ! advantage ( possess+ subjects :i* comb9$ unque/ion+ly accept$ lit]al tru? ) unlimit$ possibilities = :olesale edification1 & at ! same "t made no intimately p]sonal claims4 ,! libretto ( ,m5delssohn's ,elijah is p]haps at once ! mo/ famili> & ! mo/ skilfully compil$ example ( ! type2 b x is n[1 s f> z great music is conc]n$1 ext9ct4 ,"h 9 ,engl&--:]e1 = some?+ l a c5tury & a half1 ! dem& 0 s l>ge t compos]s1 :5 tir$ ( writ+ oratorios !mselves1 /ill w5t on produc+ !m out ( ! mangl$ fragm5ts ( o!r music--,p>ry's ,judi? ( #ahhh is ! la/ ( ! old type f ! p5 ( a great compos]2 & 8 subsequ5t works %[1 9 /rik+ fa%ion1 ! direction ( ! new] pa?s4 ,!re is no long] ! assumption t ev]y?+ 9 ! ,bible or ! ,apocrypha is at "o & ! same "t lit]ally true & someh[ or o!r edify+4 ,job & ,k+ ,saul are great lit]ature & vivid drama2 !y /& on _! own m]its4 ,& ! long succession ( small] *oral works1 9 :i* ,p>ry m+l$ 9 curi\s b int5sely p]sonal fusion 8 own e>ne/ b some:at p$e/rian poetry ) fragm5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 repres5t a /ill fur!r ab&onm5t ( ! old r\t9e2 !y =m a connect$ exposition ( 8 philosophy ( life1 on ! :ole !i/ic r ?an specifically ,*ri/ian1 & always transp>5tly individual4 ,individual--t is ! real issue4 ,accord+ to _! diff]+ temp]am5ts1 diff]5t compos]s may sw+ t[>ds ei!r ! "r or ! left w+ ( ?\ght 9 ^! non-ecclesia/ical expressions ( ultimate ?+s3 ,/an=d may jo9 ) ,:itman or ,rob]t ,bridges1 ,vaughan-,williams ) ,:itman or ,george ,h]b]t1 ,frank ,bridge ) ,?omas ,kempis1 ,wal=d ,davies ) a m$iaeval morality-play1 ,gu/av ,hoi/ ) ! ,rig-,v$a1 ,bantock ) ,om> ,khayyam4 ,b ! ess5tials1 = any compos] wor? ! "n1 are t 8 !me %all h its bir? 9 p]sonal vision & %all appeal to p]sonal intellig5ce4 ,! r\t9e oratorio fulfill$ nei!r ( ^! conditions2 & x is dead beyond recall4 ,x 0 a curi\s illu/ration ( =eign ignorance ( ,briti% musical life t ,sa9t-,sans1 :5 ask$ to write a *oral "w = ! ,gl\ce/] ,fe/ival ( #aiac1 %\ld h imag9$ t he 0 meet+ our national ta/es ) an oratorio on ! mo/ prehi/oric l9es4 ,h[ev]1 ! unanim\s *ill9ess ) :i* ,! ,promis$ ,l& 0 receiv$ mu/ h effectually disillusion$ him4 ,b ! lib]alis]s1 ?\gh ! m num]\s =ce1 h no monopoly ( s9c]ity3 among ! g5u9e cons]vatives also we c f9d1 ,i ?9k1 signs ( ! correlation ( musical ) religi\s developm5t4 ,we h _h1 dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 _m works t are 9 ! legitimate l9e ( desc5t f ! great classical sett+s ( ritual words or 7z ) ! ,passions & ,cantatas ( ,ba*7 words t are int5d$ anyh[ to appeal n z lit]ature b z dogma4 ,:5 ,elg> pr9ts on ! title-pages ( 8 oratorios ! lett]s ,a4,m4,d4,g4--ad majorem ,dei gloriam--! p]sonal note is1 9 ^! days1 obvi\s4 ,8 own libretti to ,! ,apo/les & its sequel ,! ,k+dom 7& to ! fur!r sequels :i* _h be5 sket*$ out twelve ye>s ago1 ?\gh none has z yet se5 ! light7 resemble ^? ( ! old] type ( oratorio 9 s f> z !y include n>rative & dramatic incid5t & religi\s moraliz+2 b !re is n a trace ( ! old le?>gic tak+ ?+s = grant$1 x is all a r++ sacram5tal *all5ge to ! individual s\l4 ,elg>'s "w is inde$ ! typical musical expression ( rec5t ,roman ,ca?olic developm5ts2 b !re are o!rs also4 ,!re 0 ,p]osi1 ! ,b5$ict9e prie/1 ^: oratorios1 t5tative1 *ildi%ly s9c]e mixtures ( ,pale/r9a & ,wagn]1 7 =c$ ^u ,europe 9 ! late 'n9eties ) ! full driv+ p[] ( 8 ,*ur*1 & :o1 :5 8 musical insuffici5cy became palpable1 0 dropp$ 9 fav\r ( ,elg> himself1 ^: sudd5 rise into des]v$ fame co9cides 9 "t4 ,!re 0 aga9 ! allocution ( ,pius ,x1 kn[n z ! ,motu proprio1 :i* s\ght to re=m ecclesia/ical music & has1 h[ev] fruitless x may h be5 else:]e1 made ! s]vices 9 ,we/m9/] ,ca!dral1 "u ,dr4 ,t]ry's direction1 a ,mecca = musicians ( all fai?s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! great sixte5?-c5tury ma/]pieces4 ,!re are also ! ari/ocratically ,ca?olic compos]s ( latt]-day ,france1 c5tr+ r\nd ,v9c5t d',indy & ! ,s*ola ,cantorum & look+ back = inspiration to ,cs> ,franck4 ,& aga91 9 ! ,engli% communion1 !re is ! m>k$ ,high-,*ur* movem5t = ! enc\ragem5t ( dignifi$ music1 a movem5t t has _h great influ5ce 9 ! purification ( popul> ta/e4 ,& ! pivot r\nd :i* all ?is turns is ! dogmatic fai? t def9itely ,*ri/ian expression 9 music is ! prop]ty1 ! exclusive prop]ty1 ( ^? :o by temp]am5t & conviction are ,*ri/ians4 ,! attitude1 l ! conditions :i* h br\ght x ab\t1 is1 ,i ?9k1 new3 b "s ( its adh]5ts g surely too f> :5 !y urge t ^? ^: m9ds "w o!rwise _c really appreciate ?is music at its due wor?4 ,cs> ,franck1 t simple-m9d$ *ildlike g5ius1 once pron\nc$ ,kant's ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft 'v amus+'--a surely unique criticism--simply1 x w\ld seem1 because x 0 ecc5tric en\gh n to take ,ca?olicism z a prim>y po/ulate3 ,i d n myself happ5 to h any in=mation ab\t ,kant's musician%ip--p]haps1 l too _m great ?9k]s1 he knew little ab\t music & c>$ less--b ,i ?9k we may v5ture to say1 9 ! ab/ract1 t 8 philosophy w\ld h made him fair] to ,franck ?an ,franck 0 to him4 ,& ?us p]haps we may conclude t rec5t musical developm5t has kept pace ) religi\s developm5t 9 conc5trat+ m & m on individual s9c]ity1 :e!r on ! "o side or ! o!r1 & ab&on+ ! old easy-go+ haphaz>d r\t9e4 ,b1 9 reaction f ! extreme "r & ! extreme left ( ! movem5t1 we h also ! s9c]e dislik]s ( />k ?9k+1 :om _! oppon5ts call by dignifi$ names ( abuse1 su* z pragmati/s or und5om9ationali/s3 & "h aga9 music keeps pace ) religion4 ,x is n ! old r\t9e aga9 7?\gh p]haps 9 practice x may at times come r p]il\sly ne> x72 x is ! m or less consci\s adoption ( a compromise4 ,we c see its musical work+ be/ ( all 9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( *ur* music 9 ,engl&2 x is true t ! great mass ( ! y\ng] musicians1 "h z 9 all o!r c\ntries1 /& outside ^! developm5ts1 & look bo? = ideals & practice else:]e1 b ! developm5ts h none ! less be5 v significant4 ,!re h be5 ?ree /ages4 ,a c\ple ( g5]ations ago !re 0 no conflict & no call = compromise4 ,! ecclesia/ical musician ( ! "t 0 expect$1 :e!r z compos]1 z organi/1 or z adm9i/rator1 to d 8 be/ accord+ to 8 lights3 x 0 8 accept$ bus9ess1 z presumably kn[+ m ab\t ! matt] ?an ! arti/ic laity1 to lead _! ta/e1 n to foll[4 ,!n came ! reign ( m5 l ,dykes & ,/a9] & ,g\nod1 ^: normal attitude involv$ ! sacrifice by ! musician ( "s ( 8 musician%ip 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( religion4 ,! suppos$ int]e/s1 ,i say2 = ! :ole po9t ( ! ?ird /age ( developm5t1 ! conflict 9 :i* ,engli% *ur* music is n[ involv$1 is ! d5ial by "o ( ! oppos+ p>ties t ! int]e/s ( religion are 9 any way s]v$ by su* a sacrifice4 ,x is a v ke5 conflict1 9 :i* ! sympa?ies ( ! musician qua musician naturally lean t[>ds ^? :o uphold ! inali5able dignity ( 8 art3 & ev5 if he feels t ecclesia/ical music1 qua ecclesia/ical1 is outside 8 p]sonal conc]n1 influ5ces f x are b\nd to radiate into ! secul> dep>tm5ts4 ,b :at ,i w\ld m especially po9t out is t ! religi\s & ! musical developm5ts proce$ side by side4 ,j z ! /rict] puri/s 9 ! "o field are1 9 ! o!r1 g5]ally incl9$1 ev5 if !mselves unmusical1 to uphold pla9-song & ! ,elizabe?ans & only su* mod]n "w z is inspir$ by some?+ l a simil> _s1 alo( & /rong1 s ^? ^: religi\s m5tality is ( a m pliable type are1 if musically indiff]5t1 g5]ally incl9$ to uphold ! practical accommodation af=d$ by ! inclusion ( at any rate a c]ta9 quantity ( music t is consci\sly adapt$ to ! m imm$iately obvi\s emotions ( ! av]age wor%ipp]4 ,&1 ev5 if !re is no "q ( a l[]$ arti/ic /&>d1 we see1 ,i ?9k1 ! same _s ( compromise1 ( ready acceptance ( ! m imm$iately obvi\s z ! av]age & prop] norm = all p1 else:]e on ! b\nd>ies ( musical & religi\s life4 ,x is s easy to turn a bl9d eye to logic & m9orities1 or ev5 to majorities if !y h little pressure1 social or o!r1 to back !m up4 ,to illu/rate f "o or two ,engli% examples1 ! trans=mations ( ca!drals into secul> conc]t-rooms are z op5 to blame f ! "o side z are1 f ! o!r1 su* assumptions z t ( ! ',union ( ,graduates 9 ,music' to take rank z a def9itely ecclesia/ical1 inde$ an ,anglican society4 ,aga91 x s happ5s t a some:at exceptional proportion ( ,engli% musicians hold1 or h held1 z conditions ( livelihood1 po/s to :i* n all ( !m w\ld h aspir$ _h o!r *annels1 op5 to _! =eign fell[-arti/s1 be5 op5 to !m also2 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 !re is m probability "h ?an else:]e ( ! musical pr(ession pres5t+ practical problems = ! intellectual consci5ce to solve4 ,s f> z ! musician is a p]sonal non-con=m] & also a tea*] 7ev5 if n a *ur* organi/71 he is (t5 compell$ into a tacit agreem5t ) ! ,c[p]-,temple clause1 at ! lea/3 & s f> z he is a conv9c$ con=m]1 he is (t5 compell$ to /ra91 f> beyond ! mean+ ( ! p>able1 ! pr9ciple ( lett+ ! :eat & ! t>es gr[ toge!r4 ,?is is call$ a practical age3 & ! compromis]s1 9 religion & 9 religi\s music1 are a p[]ful =ce4 ,b ,i w\ld v5ture to ?9k t ! future lies1 9 ! long run1 9 o!r h&s ?an !irs4 ,to ! m$iaeval musician1 religion & sci5ce 7 ! tw9 f\ndations ( 8 art4 ,b :ile ! influ5ce ( religi\s developm5t c )\t difficulty be trac$ 9 musical hi/ory1 ! influ5ce ( sci5tific developm5t is mu* m conte/able4 ,x may inde$1 ,i ?9k1 be said t po/-m$iaeval music has gone its own way )\t consid]+ sci5ce at all4 ,!ori/s ( c\rse !re h be51 & /ill are1 :o try to discov] sci5tific f\ndations = ! art ( music z we mod]ns "k x3 !y d _! be/ to correlate ma!matical physics ) practical composition4 ,b dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation ^! attempts1 nev] v hopeful1 h become mu* less s4 ,x is only too easy to play sci5tific havoc ) ! f\ndations ( mod]n music3 b1 arbitr>y & sci5tifically indef5sible ?\gh !y may be1 !y are our inh]itance4 ,music has come to be :at x is by me?ods t w n be> accurate inve/igation3 our tonal sy/ems are m]e make%ifts1 & no compos] c completely express 8 ?\ghts 9 our clumsy notation4 ,i d\bt if1 ?r\gh\t all ?is la/ g5]ation t has se5 su* ov]:elm+ sci5tific advance1 music has really be5 sci5tifically affect$ 79 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w7 9 ! slighte/ degree1 if we exclude "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 sympa!tic resonances1 prim>y & second>y1 at :i* "s rec5t compos]s = ! piano h1 at pres5t r t5tatively1 tri$ _! h&s4 ,& :ole-tone & duodecuple scales & mod]n h>mony 9 g5]al are tak+ u f>!r & f>!r away f ^? natural laws ( ! vibrat+ /r+ ^u :i* arm-*air !ori/s h s\ght to build a v top-heavy edifice4 ,( c\rse1 ! vibrat+ /r+ ultimately gives--mo/ly out ( tune--all ! notes ( ! *romatic scale1 b compos]s employ !m on pr9ciples ! rev]se ( ma!matical4 ,! gr[? ( music has n be5 sci5tific2 b gr[? ( "s k9d is evid5t en\gh1 ?\gh x is none too easy to def9e x at all adequately4 ,"s might say1 ) ,roma9 ,roll& 9 8 ,musici5s d'autrefois1 t '! ef=ts ( ! c5turies h n advanc$ u a /ep ne>] beauty s9ce ! days ( ,/4 ,gregory & ,pale/r9a'2 b ?is is surely a n>r[ outlook4 ,beauty comb9es ! _m ) ! "o3 & pla9-song & ! ,missa ,papae ,m>celli %[ u only a few1 a v few1 ( its manife/ations4 ,b arti/ic progress is1 anyh[1 v subtle & evasive2 & musical progress1 9 p>ticul>1 is h>dly correctable ) any o!r4 ,above all1 we mu/ recollect t1 to u ,europeans1 music--:i*1 9 ! only s5se wor? our pres5t consid]ation1 is an exclusively ,european product--is incalculably ! y\nge/ ( ! great arts2 if we exclude "s monophonic conceptions t h /ill _! value = u1 x is b>ely five hundr$ ye>s old at ! mo/4 ,dur+ ! la/ g5]ation an advance 9 mat]ial complexity is obvi\s1 ev5 ?\gh ! complexity may (t5 en\gh be "o ( accid5tals r ?an ess5tials4 ,an or*e/ral score ( ,wagn] is relatively simple 9 comp>ison ) "o ( ,delius or ,ravel or ,scriab9 or ,/rav9sky or ,s*nb]g2 & ! dem&s on p]=m]s' te*nique & also on _! intellig5ce h /eadily increas$ to heights altoge!r unkn[n be=e4 ,! compos] has at 8 pres5t disposal a va/ly enl>g$ m$ium2 ! possibilities ( s\nd h develop$ incalculably m ?an ^? ( pa9t or /one or m>ble4 ,pheidias c\ld1 we may imag9e1 h appreciat$ ,rod9 across a gulf ( ov] two ?\s& ye>s2 b x is difficult to see ! po9ts ( contact1 aft] little ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 betwe5 ,pale/r9a & any tw5tie?-c5tury "w t w\ld claim to be '9 ! movem5t'4 ,& x is n only 9 complexity t we h advanc$4 ,we h ext5d$ ! limits ( musical /yle4 ,we h adopt$ 9 sob] e>ne/ me?ods =eca/$ at r>e int]vals 9 ! pa/ by adv5tur\s explor]s1 & employ musical notes n z elem5ts 9 any h>monic s*eme b purely z po9ts ( col\r1 exactly z if ! def9ite notes 7 m]e clangs ( indef9ite in/rum5ts l cymbals or triangles4 ,wordless vocal tone1 moreov]1 ( sev]al diff]5t types1 is press$ into ! same s]vice4 ,v>i$ tonal & h>monic col\r1 & /ructural fre$om3 ^? are ! two battle-cries ( ! "y g5]ation4 ,little by little ! old tonalities1 bas$ z !y 7 on fix$ c5tres1 are slipp+ away2 all ! notes ( ! *romatic scale are acquir+ ev5 /atus2 ! pr9ciples ( /ructure are newborn ) e new "w4 ,& advance ( ?is k9d has be5 extraord9>ily accel]at$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,at no "t 9 musical hi/ory h !re be5 su* express-spe$ modifications ( mann] z ^? :i* divide1 let u say1 ! late/ piano pieces ( ,brahms 7#ahic7 & ! late/ ( ,scriab9 7#aiad74 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t our /&>d sy/em ( keybo>d tun+ may require modification 9 ! n v di/ant future4 ,once aga91 z ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 music seems to be 9 ! ?roes ( a new bir?4 ,on ! =m] occasion1 ! process ( convalesc5ce la/$ r m ?an a c5tury1 f ,montev]de ?r\gh ,c>issimi & ,s*tz & ,purcell to ,ba*2 & x may p]haps take z long n[4 ,b x is pla9 en\gh t m]e novelty does n involve progress2 if x 7 s1 ! music ( ! casually /rumm+ baby w\ld dem& high recognition4 ,nor is progress to be f\nd 9 m]ely quantitative1 ,brobd+nagian expansion4 ,& :5 we h tak5 our /& on :at seems a suffici5tly s\nd def9ition ( musical progress 9 its mat]ial aspect--! comb9ation ( novelty ) expansion1 ! new ?\ght ) its appropriately enl>g$ m$ium--we h yet to rememb] t _m v f9e compos]s /ill c1 & d1 express _! natural & full selves 9 old] idioms1 & t progress ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] widespread x may become1 is n necess>ily advance 9 ! scale ( values4 ,!re is1 some:]e or o!r1 a limit to ! cubic capacity ( ?+s3 !y _c increase indef9itely 9 dep? & bread? at once4 ,we may confid5tly hope t we h n yet musically come )9 hail+ di/ance ( ! limit3 b nev]!less x is becom+ m & m difficult to see music /eadily & see x :ole1 & x is useful to take /ock ( our position4 ,our musical m9ds are v mu* broad] ?an !y 73 9 t s5se we c well1 l ! h]oes ( ,hom]1 boa/ t we are mu* bett] ?an our fa!rs4 ,b are !y also deep]8 ,we h ga9$ access to _m new rooms 9 ! h\se ( art1 rooms full ( /range & beautiful ?+s1 = ! k ( :i* we mu/ ne$s be pr(\ndly & la/+ly grateful2 b "s ( ! rooms seem r small & _! w9d[s d n seem to h be5 op5$ v (t51 :ile o!rs seem liable to be swept by hurricanes :i* upset ! furniture "r & left4 ,vet]ans !re are1 musicians n to be nam$ except ) high hon\r1 :o fall back = nutrim5t on ! great classics & pessimism2 b our notions ( beauty _c /& /ill1 & 9 all ages ( music "o ( ! mo/ vital tasks ( criticism has be5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! relatively non-beautiful :i* has "* & tru? & its sup]ficial imitation :i* has nei!r4 ,all musicians v well recollect _! fir/ bewild]m5t at :at has aft]w>ds become z cle> z daylight4 ,b we mu/ reta9 our /&>ds ( judgem5t4 ,we h no "r to criticize )\t famili>ity1 b we mu/ rememb] t ov]-famili>ity1 m]e dull$ habitual acceptance1 means equal incapacity = criticism4 ,if1 aft] try+ our utmo/1 we /ill _c see any s5se 9 "s ( ^! mod]ni/ pages1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n say s2 x is q possible t !re really is no s5se 9 !m1 & t ! compos] is p]fectly aw>e ( ! fact4 ,odd /ories float ab\t ! arti/ic _w4 ,& if ! an>*i/s call u phili/9es & ! phili/9es call u an>*i/s1 x is fairly likely t we are see+ ?+s pretty mu* z !y are4 ,moreov]1 x is wor? rememb]+ t a good deal ( :at is loosely call$ mod]nism is 9 reality v mu* ! rev]se4 ,!re is no?+ progressive 9 ! confusion ( processes ) pr9ciples1 9 ! brea?less disreg>d ( ! l>g] issues4 ,take ! ideal ( 'direct expression ( emotion'1 ! attempt to give1 z ,pat] said half a c5tury ago1 '! highe/ quality to our mom5ts z !y pass & simply = ^? mom5ts' sake'4 ,musically1 x is a return to ! *ildhood ( our race1 to ! natural savage4 ,if a musical composition is to consi/ ( any?+ m ?an "o isolat$ noise1 x mu/ inevitably h a =m ( "s k9d1 its compon5t p>ts mu/ look backw>d & =w>d4 ,! latt]-day compos]s :o speak ( ,=m z a k9d ( bogey t !y h at la/ exorciz$ rem9d u ( ^? latt]-day ?9k]s :o boa/ t !y h aboli%$ metaphysics4 ,we _c leap (f our %ad[s2 if we try1 we %all only f9d t we are left ) a residuum ( bad metaphysics or bad musical =m--z ?or\ghly bad z ! metaphysics & ! musical =m t h result$ f ! confusion ( ! "o ) empty ^w-sp9n+ & ( ! o!r ) hide-b\nd p$antry4 ,aga91 mu* ( ! mod]n rhy?mical complexity /rongly resembles1 9 ess5ce1 ! ma*9e-made exp]im5ts ( m$iaeval times2 & ! peculi>ly fa%ionable trick ( %ift+ id5tical *ords up & d[n ! scale--! clo!s'-peg conception ( h>mony1 s to speak--is a m]e ?r[-back /ill f>!r1 to ,hucbald & ! diaphony ( a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,& ! insi/5ce1 n[ s common1 on ! decorative side ( music1 ! consci\s pref]5ce ( ! s5su\s to ! intellectual or emotional elem5ts1 br+s u back to our own infancy1 ) its unreflect+ delight 9 ?+s t sp>kle prettily or are s(t to ! t\* or sweet to ! ta/e4 ,x is a reaction f s5tim5tality1 no d\bt1 b is a reaction to an equal extreme1 a p]v]sion ( ! tru? t great art nev] :olly gives itself away4 ,z ,v9c5t d',indy has ju/ly po9t$ out1 ! 's5suali/ =mula'--'all = & by h>mony'--is z mu* an ab]ration ( good s5se z ! p>allel =mula ( ! ultra-melodic s*ools ( ,ross9i & ,donizetti3 9 ei!r case x means ! sacrifice ( spaci\sness to imm$iate effect1 ! supremacy ( s5sation ov] ! equilibrium ( ! he>t & ! intellig5ce4 ,n ( c\rse t any music lacks ! s5su\s elem5t2 b x is a matt] ( proportion4 ,& v di/+ui%$ z are _m ( ! mod]n expon5ts ( ?is side ( ?+s1 hi/ory tells u1 ,i ?9k1 t !y are work+ 9 a bl9d alley4 ,!y h _! support]s1 no d\bt4 ,m4 ,jean-,aubry1 9 8 v sugge/ive & valuable book on mod]n ,fr5* musicians1 has us$ a phrase t seems to me wor? rememb]+2 he speaks ( ! 'obsession ( intellectual *a/ity' :i*1 to 8 m9d1 disfigures ! "w ( ,cs> ,franck & o!r great compos]s :om he !re=e rejects f 8 latt]-day ,pan!on4 ,i am glad to ?9k t ,franck w\ld h glori$ 9 ?is %ame4 ,he1 & a v goodly company ) him1 knew t music 01 at its highe/1 some?+ bett] ?an an ent]ta9m5t1 h[ev] ?rill+ or h[ev] ref9$4 ,b1 :atev] critics & compos]s may feel ab\t musical progress1 x is1 z ,wagn] said1 9 ! home ( ! amateur t music is really kept alive1 & ! amateur's music dep5ds v l>gely on ! s*ools4 ,a g5]ation ago music 0 c]ta9ly sociologically selfi%4 ,musicians _h n realiz$ t all classes ( ! community 7 op5 to ! influ5ces ( f9e music1 if only !y _h ! opportunities = kn[+ x4 ,b s9ce !n !re h be5 v great advances1 bo? quantitative & qualitative1 9 musical education4 ,we h spread x broadca/1 9 ! increas+ fai? t appreciation dep5ds1 n on te*nical k or executive skill1 b on ! responsive temp]am5t & ! w to und]/&4 ,famili>ity1 famili>ity at home if possible1 is ! key to ?is und]/&+2 & 9 ?is connexion !re is1 ,i believe1 an enorm\s educational future be=e pianolas & gramophones1 if only ! prep>ation ( _! records c be tak5 9 h& on arti/ic r ?an n>r[ly comm]cial l9es4 ,& our /&>ds ( judgem5t h ris53 we d n wor%ip q s bl9dly m]e names1 :e!r ( ! pa/ or ( ! pres5t1 nor exalt ! p]=m] q s dizzily above :at is p]=m$4 ,nor d we q s glibly disguise our indiff]5ce to vital di/9ctions by talk+ ab\t diff]5ces ( ta/e3 we "k t1 h[ev] ca?olic we may rightly be )9 ! limits ( ! good1 :e!r grave or gay1 !re comes soon] or lat]1 9 our judgem5t ( musical z ( all o!r spiritual values1 a po9t :]e we mu/ put our foot d[n4 ,we are go+ on1 & our !ories are s\nd en\gh3 b ! pa? ( a democratically wid5$1 & rightly s wid5$1 art is by no means easy4 ,! pr9ciple ( levell+ up slides s readily into ! practice ( levell+ d[n3 & ! book ( music is clos$ once = all if we are to accept ! pl5>y inspiration ( majorities4 ,b "h 9 ,engl& ! greate/ dang] to musical progress is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 ! self-/yl$ practical ,engli%man--=tifi$ z he is by ! consci\sness t1 = at any rate a c\ple ( c5turies or m1 we h z a nation tak5 a l[ view ( ! arts & h be5 r pr\d ( x ?an o!rwise4 ,x is s obvi\s t no pr(ession is economically m uns\nd ?an t ( ! s]i\s compos]3 x is n s obvi\s t we owe all ! great ?+s ( ! _s by :i* we *iefly live to ^? :om ! _w calls dream]s1 among :om ! great musicians h _h1 &1 ,i hope & believe1 w always h1 no mean place4 ,aga9/ ! 'practical ,engli%man'1 & all t 8 attitude to music involves1 we c all ( u fight 9 our respective sph]es3 & ,i w\ld comm5d to y = useful weapons ?ree v diff]5t books by v diff]5t m5--,sir ,hub]t ,p>ry's great book on ,/yle 9 ,musical ,art1 ,mr4 ,c4,t4 ,smi?'s acc\nt ( 8 arti/ic "w 9 an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london :i* he calls ,! ,music ( ,life1 & a pamphlet ,/>v$ ,arts mean ,l[ ,pleasures rec5tly writt5 by ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw = ! ,briti% ,music ,society4 ,& "o p>ticul> l9e ( indirect attack1 easily op5 to all ( u1 is1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 specially promis+4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? v]ses ( ! ?irty-fif? *apt] ( ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus we %all f9d ^! injunctions1 :i* ,i translate z lit]ally z ,greek epigrams c be translat$3 ',d n h9d] music3 d n p\r out *att] dur+ any arti/ic p]=mance3 & d n argue unseasonably4' ,9 o!r words1 conv]sation1 h[ev] valuable1 prev5ts complete li/5+ to music2 & music t is n meant to be li/5$ to 9 its complet5ess is n wor? call+ music1 & _h mu* bett] n be !re at all4 ,musical progress w be spiritually well on its way :5 we all realize ?is axiomatic tru? z firmly z ?is ,hebrew sage ( two ?\s& ye>s & m ago4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ga3 ,! ,times1 ,april #ag1 #aiai4 ,,xii ,,! ,,mod]n ,,r5asc5ce ,f4 ,,melian ,,/awell ,to und]/& 9 any degree ! mod]n outlook on life x seems necess>y to g back to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,= at t /irr+ epo* !re flam$ up 9 ! m9ds ( en?usia/s an ideal ( man's life l>g] ?an _h ev] yet be5 kn[n1 & "o t has dom9at$ u all ev] s9ce4 ,if we give1 z ,i ?9k we %\ld give1 a wide s5se to ! ^w ',lib]ty' & make x mean all t /&s = self-developm5t1 !n "o may say t ?is ideal 0 fairly well summ$-up 9 ! fam\s ,revolution>y wat*word1 ',lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity'4 ,x is impossible at any rate to read ! ideali/s ( t "t & its sequel--say f #agic to #ahdh--:e!r 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 or ,italy1 :e!r inside or outside ! ,revolution>y ranks1 )\t feel+ _! buoyant hope t a fre% era 0 op5+ 9 :i* man1 ca/+ aside old %ackles & prejudices1 c\ld advance at once t[>ds k1 joy1 spl5d\r1 bo? = himself & all 8 fell[s4 ,%elley1 p]haps1 is mo/ typical ( :at ,i mean4 ,hogg laugh$ at him = 8 belief 9 ! 'p]fectibility' ( ! race1 b ,hogg knew ! belief 0 vital to ! poet4 ,to ,%elley x 0 a damnable doctr9e t ! _m %\ld ev] be sacrific$ to ! few3 yet nei!r 0 ! ultimate vision t inspir$ him ! vision ( ! few be+ sacrific$ = ! _m4 ,he 0 any?+ b an ascetic seek+ m>tyrdom4 ,! m>tyrdom ( 8 ,prome!us is a prelude to ! ,unb9d+ :5 happ9ess %all flood ! _w3-- ',! joy1 ! triumph1 ! delight1 ! madness6 ,! b\ndless1 ov]fl[+1 bur/+ gladness1 ,! vapor\s exultation n to be conf9$6' ,& n only happ9ess & love1 b k also3 ! ,e>? calls to ! ,sky3 ',heav51 ha/ ?\ secrets8 ,man unveils me2 ,i h none4' ,sob]] spirits %>$ ?is poet's ec/asy4 ,wordswor? sang ',bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive1 ,b to be "y 0 v heav54' ,& t heav5 0 exactly ?is =eta/e ( ! ,_s ( ,man ent]+ undi/urb$ into 8 full inh]itance at la/3 ,sci5ce welcom$ z a de> & hon\r$ gue/1 ,poetry kn[n z '! brea? & f9] _s t is 9 ! c\nt5ance ( all k'4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y ev5 to m5tion ! high hopes ( ! ,fr5* !mselves1 ! confid5t anticipation ( an ,age ( ,reason :5 all m5 %\ld be bro!rs & ! e>? br+ =? all h] treasures1 b x is well wor? not+ ! attitude ( ,goe!1 an attitude ! m significant because1 9 a s5se1 ,goe! always /ood outside ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b he1 l ! be/ ( its vot>ies--& ?is is less kn[n ?an x %\ld be--desir$ ! developm5t ( all m5 e :it z mu* z he desir$ ! high culture ( a few4 ,x 0 = ! d\ble goal t he work$4 ',only ?r\gh all m51' he writes 9 a notable passage1 'only ?r\gh all m51 c mank9d be made4'#gb ,all good lies 9 ,man1 he tells u aga91 & mu/ be develop$1 'only n 9 "o man1 b 9 _m'4 ,goe!1 ! s-call$ ari/ocrat1 has giv5 u "h z true a =mula = ! democratic fai? z c\ld well be f\nd4 ,& to him1 z to ,%elley & to ,wordswor?1 ,poetry & ,sci5ce 7 n enemies b fri5ds de>] ?an si/]s4 ,^? ?ree1 ,%elley1 ,wordswor?1 & ,goe!1 =e%ad[$ a new poetry ( sci5ce t has nev] yet be5 a*iev$1 ?\gh f9e "w has be5 done by ,t5nyson1 ,:itman1 ,sully ,prudhomme1 & ,m]$i?4 ,goe!1 moreov]1 aga9 l ,%elley & ! ,fr5*1 broke ) all ideals ( m]e self-abnegation4 ,9 8 poem1 ',g5]al ,confession'1 he makes 8 disciples rep5t ( ev] hav+ miss$ an opportunity = enjoym5t & resolve nev] s to (f5d aga94 ,"h1 z (t51 ,goe! comes into ! close/ t\* ) our mod]n feel+4 ,we1 too1 c nev] return to ! ,franciscan ideal ( pov]ty1 celibacy1 & ob$i5ce z ! highe/ life = man on e>?4 ,we h done ) self-d5ial except z ! means to a human end4 ,we are /ill 9 ! tide ( :at ,i w\ld call ! ,mod]n ,r5asc5ce2 we claim ! :ole g>d5 ( ! _w = our own1 ! tree ) ! k ( good & evil includ$1 react+ ev5 f ,*ri/ian ideals if !y c make no room = t4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! belief dom9ant a c5tury ago 0 exactly t su* room c\ld be made1 t ,hell5ism c\ld be comb9$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 & self-developm5t ) self-d5ial4 ,& ?is belief is1 ,i ?9k1 reflect$ 9 ! music ( ! "t4 ,s*ub]t1 t sweete/ s\l ( te>s & laught]1 und]/&s e %ade ( wi/fulness1 & yet aga9 & aga9 9 8 music x seems z ?\gh ! univ]se _h become1 to quote a lov] ( 81 "o imm5se & glori\s blackbird4 ,moz>t1 9 ',! ,magic ,flute'1 z ,goe! seems to h recogniz$1 s+s ! v song ( union betwe5 ! unreflect+ joy ( ! natural man & ! /r5u\s self-devotion ( ! awak5$ _s4 ,bee?ov51 greate/ ( !m all1 plumbs ! l[e/ dep?s ( suff]+ & !n a/\nds & com=ts u by ineffable vi/as ( happ9ess4 ,aft] ye>s ( p]sonal mis]y he cr[ns ! glori\s s]ies ( 8 symphonies by ! "o t ends 9 a hymn ( joy1 fre$om1 & fai?1 embrac+ ! :ole _w--',diese ,kuss d] ganz5 ,welt'--t maje/ic op5 melody1 cle> z ! morn+1 fre% z ?\gh x came f f> ov]sea1 great] ev5 ?an any ( ! great h>monies t h gone be=e1 l>g] ?an ! tortur$ human he>t1 /eadi] ?an ! sudd5 ec/asy ( ! spirits set free1 /rong] ?an ! swansong ( ! dy+1 a melody cont5t ) e>? because x is consci\s ( heav54 ,i (f] no apology = weav+ my own fairy-tales r\nd su* music3 ,i see no h>m 9 ! practice1 b only good1 s long z we und]/& :at we are ab\t4 ,music1 x is true1 is some?+ o!r ?an1 9 a s5se m ?an1 ei!r ?\ght or feel+ or ev5 poetry1 & _c be r$uc$ to any ( !m 7nor any ( !m to x74 ,! univ]se w\ld be poor inde$ if x c\ld be s4 ,b none ! less ! tru? may be1 z ,sp9oza ?\ght1 t ! univ]se is at once a unity & a unity ) _m facets1 s t any "o facet1 :ile = ev] unique1 c br+ to our m9ds all ! my/]ies ( ! re/4 ,9 any case1 ! high confid5ce t brea!s 9 ! music ( a hundr$ ye>s ago meets u aga9 9 ! philosoph]s4 ,hegel1 born 9 ! same ye> z ,bee?ov5 & ,wordswor? 7#aggj71 is sure t no?+ c resi/ ! onslaught ( man's _s4 ',/rong] ?an ! gates ( ,hell are ! gates ( ,?\ght4' ,fi*te is conv9c$ t !re waits 9 man1 only to be develop$1 a p[] t w unite him ) all o!r m5 & at ! same "t develop 8 own p]sonality to ! full4 ,9 a s5se1 ! deepe/1 ea* man is 8 fell[-m51 & !y are he4 ,h[ mu* ?is conception has affect$ mod]n ?\ght c be se5 9 a rec5t & v rem>kable book1 ,! ,new ,/ate1#gc :]e ! v basis ( democracy is %[n to be ! fai? 9 ?is ess5tial unity1 a unity to be work$ out1 n yet realiz$1 b capable ( realization1 a fai? /irr+ all ?r\gh ! mod]n _w1 9 ways expect$ & unexpect$1 f ,syndicalism to ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,lat] ?an ,hegel & ,fi*te1 ! great ,positivi/ conception ( life prea*$ by ,comte is in/9ct ) ?is belief t man unit$ ) 8 fell[s1 & only z s unit$1 c atta9 heights undreamt-( & unlimit$4 ,! flood-tide ( ?is fai? fl[$ f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,italian ,mazz9i1 lead] ( revolt 9 #ahdh1 0 fill$ ) x4 ,prophet ( ! mo/ g5]\s political gospel ev] prea*$1 he liv$ on ! hope t1 if fre$om 7 giv5 to ! nations & duty set be=e !m1 !y w\ld prove wor?y ( _! d\ble mission1 & peace w\ld come to pass betwe5 all peoples4 ,b ev5 ,mazz9i _h 8 mom5ts ( agoniz+ d\bt4 ,& o!rs beside him1 m5 ( less] intellect z well z great]1 7 soon to raise1 or _h already rais$1 voices1 /]n or fretful1 ( prote/ & criticism4 ,x became cle> at la/ t ?is joy\s confid5ce re/$ on a v def9ite view ( life & "o t might easily be *all5g$1 ! view1 namely1 t at bottom ! univ]se meant well to man1 t 8 greate/ aspirations 7 compatible ) ea* o!r & n[ise beyond atta9m5t4 ,almo/ f ! fir/ !re 7 m5 ( ! mod]n _w :o did *all5ge ?is4 ,byron & ,s*op5hau] are significant figures1 bo? born 9 ! same ye>1 only eighte5 ye>s lat] ?an ! great ,?ree ( #aggj1 ,wordswor?1 ,hegel1 & ,bee?ov54 ,byron is full ( moody que/ion+s1 ,s*op5hau] ( mu* m ?an que/ion+s4 ,aga9/ ! dauntless optimism ( ,hegel1 he flatly d5ies t ! univ]se is good1 or happ9ess possible = man4 ,on ! contr>y1 at ! he>t ( x & ( him !re lies an inf9ite unre/1 nev] to be quiet$ until man himself gives up ! ,w to ,live & s9ks back into ! ,unconsci\s f :i* he came4 ,n[ aft] ,s*op5hau] came ,nietzs*e1 & ?\gh ,nietzs*e's influ5ce may h be5 exagg]at$1 yet und5iably x has be5 ( imm5se importance bo? = ,g]many & ,europe4 ,he is typical ( ! *ange t beg9s to appe> ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,react+ f ! optimism ( ! ideali/s 7:i* seem$ to him bo? smug & false71 ,nietzs*e welcom$ ,s*op5hau]'s m ,sp>tan view ) a k9d ( fi]ce delight4 ,b 8 criticism ( ,s*op5hau] 0 fi]ce too1 & he gave a /rangely diff]5t turn to su* p>ts ( ! doctr9e z he did accept4 ,to ,s*op5hau]1 s9ce x 0 folly to hope = real happ9ess 9 ?is life or any o!r1 ! wise c\rse w\ld be to kill outright1 s f> z possible1 ! ,w to ,live itself4 ,to ,nietzs*e ! wise c\rse 0 to ass]t life1 to claim x m & m abundantly1 to face ?is tragic %[ ) a c\rage s high t x c\ld be gay1 a c\rage t c\ld d )\t happ9ess1 & yet t turn$ aside f none ( life's joys simply because !y 7 fleet+1 t 0 m ?an cont5t to 'live dang]\sly'1 pick+ fl[]s1 z x 71 cle>-ey$1 on ! edge ( ! precipice4 ,& ?is n m]ely 9 ! temp] ( ',let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die4' ,= him ! motto w\ld h run1 ',let u be up & do+1 = to-morr[ we die'1 su/a9$ by ! belief t ! h]oic /ruggle n[ w\ld lead inevitably to ! production ( a nobl] type ( man1 a man :o w\ld be some?+ m ?an man--! ,sup]-man1 to give him ! "n t e read] kn[s1 if he kn[s no?+ else ab\t ,nietzs*e4 ,ev5 ?is %ort /atem5t %[s h[ ,nietzs*e %>$ ! admiration = life & p[] *>act]i/ic ( :at ,i h call$ ! ,mod]n ,r5asc5ce1 & h[ deeply he 0 influ5c$ by ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 & t 9 a n unhopeful =m1 ! hope = an advance 9 ! race at lea/1 if n 9 ! individuals n[ liv+4 ,& x %[s too h[ mi/ak5 ^? are :o see 9 him no?+ b a prea*] ( brutal egotism4 ,if he _h be5 only t1 he w\ld nev] h won ! influ5ce he possess$ & possesses4 ,yet !re is important tru? 9 ! cursory popul> judgem5t4 ,if 8 tea*+ has its h]oic side1 a side t has enabl$ him to give succ\r to _m :5 o!r & sweet] gospels are spurn$ z flatt]+ unctions1 he has also a mo/ ru?less elem5t4 ,& ?is p>tly because ( 8 v s9c]ity4 ,accept ! doctr9e t m5 & wom5 p]i% l c&les bl[n out 9 ! night1 accept x really & fully1 ) intellect1 imag9ation1 & feel+1 & !n see h[ mu* light-he>t$ness c be got out ( life1 if we /ill all[ ourselves to pity m54 ,nietzs*e _h intellect1 imag9ation1 & feel+1 & he saw pla9ly en\gh t1 :ile ev5 9 su* a univ]se !re c\ld be a grim happ9ess = ! lives ( h]oes1 !re c\ld be no?+ b inf9ite sadness = ! c\ntless failures :o h nev] be5 ei!r happy or h]oic4 ,!re 0 no immortality2 ^! wret*$ be+s w\ld nev] h ano!r *ance4 ,if joy 0 to be kept 7& ,nietzs*e 0 avid = joy71 if ! univ]se 0 to be accept$ 7& ,nietzs*e desir$ above all to say ,yes6 to ! univ]se71 !n he mu/ root out pity f 8 he>t z an unmanly weakness4 ,9 ?is way 0 %>p5$ ! ru?lessness & savage arrogance lat5t 9 ! man1 a ru?lessness & an arrogance t h done s mu* h>m bo? to 8 c\ntry & ! _w4 ,9 fairness1 we mu/ add t ,nietzs*e c\ld n succe$ 9 8 own attempt2 ! /ruggle tore him to pieces & he di$ 9 madness4 ,b x is above all in/ructive to contra/ him "h ) sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies & successors4 ,br[n+ 9 ,engl&1 ,walt ,:itman 9 ,am]ica1 fac+ ! same problems ( joy & /ruggle1 ( life & dea?1 ( ! few great & ! _m commonplace1 ( ,man himself & ! ,nature t seems at once 8 "m & 8 enemy1 refus$ to give up ! hope ( a solution1 nay1 !y 7 sure !y _h f\nd a solution1 & = !m x 0 b\nd up ) ! hope ( immortality4 ,!y g ev5 beyond ! e>li] m5 9 _! insi/5ce on ! d\ble ideal ( ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 b !y h an insi/5ce ( _! own on ! belief 9 un5d+ life z alone giv+ man elb[-room1 s to speak1 = work+ out 8 de/9y4 ,br[n+ claims et]nity z ! due ( e man1 h[ev] mean2 & if ,:itman feels 8 foo?old 't5on'd & mortis$ 9 granite'1 x is because he c 'laugh at dissolution' & kn[s '! amplitude ( "t'4 ,b 9 su* insi/5ce & su* conviction !y h n be5 foll[$1 speak+ broadly1 by our lead+ writ]s s9ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y h be5 s foll[$1 aga9 speak+ broadly1 9 _! loyalty to ! tw(old ideal4 ,"h & !re1 no d\bt1 z ,i h said1 writ]s l ,nietzs*e1 on ! "o h&1 h tri$ to be satisfi$ ) ! spl5did developm5t ( a ,few1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 l ,tol/oy1 h flung back 9 a k9d ( despair to ! old ideal ( abnegation1 ( %e] bro!rly love & no?+ else1 turn+ _! backs on all spl5d\rs ( art1 k1 or delight1 t d n directly m9i/] to ! "o ?+ !y hold ne$ful4 ,b ! e>li] & wid] ideal1 ! ideal ( our ,r5asc5ce1 once envisag$ by man1 t has n be5 lo/1 & ,i believe nev] c be lo/4 ,its own greatness w keep ! =emo/ m5 true to x4 ,m]$i? is "o ( ! m5 ,i mean4 ,he is full ( pity1 b he does n only pity m5 & wom5--he wants !m to gr[1 & to gr[ = !mselves4 ,8 :ole attitude t[>ds ,woman %[s ?is3 = ! wom5's movem5t is no?+ m & no?+ less1 z ,ibs5 also felt1 ?an "o big /ream ( ! g5]al movem5t t[>ds lib]ty & self-det]m9ation4 ,s f> ,m]$i? m>*es ) ,br[n+ & ,:itman4 ,b he w nev] commit himself ab\t immortality4 ,x seems en\gh = him to take "p 9 ! /ruggle = a f9] life1 at once h]oic & t5d]1 n c>+ ov]mu* :e!r we rea* x or no4 ',_s raves n = a goal' is "o ( 8 h>d & *>act]i/ic say+s1 & "h he seems to me typical bo? ( mod]n ?\ght 9 g5]al & especially ( ,engli% ?\ght1 & t bo? = good & ill4 ,we see 9 him ! want ( precision1 ! lack ( logical coh]5ce1 t h prev5t$ u f ev] produc+ a philosoph] ( ! fir/ rank4 ,at ! same "t !re is some?+ true & pr(\nd 9 8 in/9ct t ! mom5t has n yet come 9 :i* to =mulate our fai?4 ,we all feel t we are on ! br9k ( trem5d\s1 p]haps t]rify+1 discov]ies2 we res5t any cut-&-dri$ solution1 h[ev] pleasant1 p]haps all ! m if x is pleasant1 & we res5t x because we feel t at bottom our hopes w\ld be trave/i$ by any conception we1 ) our little intellect & m9ute k1 c\ld at pres5t frame4 ,x 0 once said to me by a f>-see+ fri5d#gd t ! mod]n dislike ( *ur*-go+1 ! mod]n incapacity to write a long coh]5t poem1 ! mod]n passion = music & = realism1 ev5 = sordid realism1 all sprang f ! same roots1 f ! ?ir/ = an inf9ite h>mony1 ! belief t ev]y?+ 0 someh[ involv$ 9 t h>mony1 & ! conviction t all sy/ems1 z yet made or makeable1 7 entirely inadequate4 ,& to ! li/ we may add1 ,i ?9k1 ! mod]n passion = hi/ory & = sci5ce4 ,we /udy hi/ory n m]ely to be w>n$ by failures or inspir$ by %9+ examples3 at bottom we h a belief t someh[ ! lives & /ruggles ( ^? m5 9 ! di/ant pa/ are /ill q z important z our own4 ,we foll[ ! discov]ies ( sci5ce n only = _! comm]cial value or because we %>e ! excitem5t ( ! *ase1 b because1 deep] ?an all1 we suspect t ! univ]se is a glori\s ?+4 ,& !re is ano!r matt]1 p]haps ! mo/ important ( all1 on :i* ,i w\ld dwell z ,i draw to a close1 :]e ,m]$i? leads directly to ! dom9ant ?\ght ( ! pres5t day4 ,i mean 8 feel+ t1 if ! univ]se is to be prov$ acceptable to man's consci5ce1 x w be ?r\gh ! ef=t ( man himself /ruggl+ t[>ds 8 own ideal4 ,x is z ?\gh ! _w itself _h to be r$eem$ by man4 ,?is hope is ! real hope ( our "t4 ,s f> z ! mod]n _w believes ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 x is 9 ?is s5se t x believes4 ,& ?is belief we f9d ev]y:]e 9 all hopeful writ]s1 great or small4 ,x gives dignity to ! late/ writ+s ( ,h4,g4 ,wells1 ?is fai? 9 a _s mov+ 9 man great] ?an man himself1 wor?y to fight & fit to ov]come all t is wrong 9 ! univ]se4 ,b]n>d ,%aw's cre$ is j ! same1 sometimes ?9ly disguis$ "u respect = '! ,life-,=ce'1 sometimes com+ boldly =w>d 9 audaci\s1 pr(\nd ass]tions t ,god ne$s ,man to accompli% ,8 own w & is helpless )\t him4 ',!re is some?+ ,i want to d1' ,%aw imag9es 8 ,god z say+1 '& ,i don't "k :at x is2 ,i mu/ make a bra91 ! human bra91 to f9d x out4' ,rod9 modell$ a mighty h&1 ! ,h& ( ,god1 hold+ )9 x ,man & ,woman4 ,%aw1 x is report$1 ask$ ! sculptor3 ',i suppose y meant y\r own h& aft] all8' ',yes1' said ,rod91 'z ! tool4' ,! same idea is at ! base ( :at is mo/ /imulat+ 9 ,b]gson1 ! idea ( :at he calls ,creative ,evolution1 an undef9$ spl5d\r n yet fully exi/+1 b1 z x 71 cry+ out to be born1 & only to be born ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( man's _s ) matt]4 ,?is is "o function ( matt]1 p]haps ! supreme function1 to be ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* alone man's vague ideal c become def9ite & actual1 j z an arti/ c only get close to 8 own conception ?r\gh ! ef=t to embody x 9 visible =m or audible s\nd4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! _w is conceiv$ z any?+ b ready-made1 r x is 9 ! process ( mak+1 & we ourselves are among ! mak]s4 ,or1 to take a metaphor t p]haps appeals m to ! mod]n _w1 x is a fight1 & an unf9i%$ fight4 ,to quote ,william ,james1 ',x feels l a real fight--z if !re 7 some?+ really wild 9 ! univ]se :i* we1 ) all our idealities & fai?fulnesses1 are ne$$ to r$eem2 & fir/ ( all to r$eem our own he>ts f a!isms & fe>s4' ,he goes on to confess t he himself does n "k1 & c]ta9ly _c prove sci5tifically1 t ! r$emption w surely be accompli%$4 ,su* pro(1 he admits1 'may n be cle> be=e ! day ( judgem5t 7or "s /age ( be+ :i* t expression may s]ve to symbolize7'4 ',b ! fai?ful fight]s ( ?is h\r1 or ! be+s t !n & !re w repres5t !m1 may turn to ! fa9t-he>t$1 :o "h decl9e to g on1 ) words l ^? ) :i* ,h5ry ,,iv greet$ ! t>dy ,crillon aft] a great battle _h be5 ga9$3 ,hang y\rself1 brave ,crillon6 ,we f\ght at ,arques1 & y 7 n !re6'#ge ,?us1 if ! idea ( ! spl5d\r & p]fection ( ! univ]se has sunk into ! backgr\nd1 if ! s5se ( wor%ip & ! feel+ ( ec/asy h be5 dimm$ 7& ,i ?9k !y h71 at lea/ ! rev]5ce = h]oism & = t5d]ness has n be5 impair$1 & !re aft] all lies ! root ( human maje/y4 ,!re is deep pa?os 9 ! *ange1 b maybe1 p>adoxical z x s\nds1 deep hope z well4 ,! _w may gr[ ! /rong] = hav+ to live n[ by :at ,c>lyle call$ 'desp]ate hope' z di/9ct f 'hop+ hope'4 ,! triumphant h>mony t seem$ atta9$ a c5tury ago by c]ta9 poets & ?9k]s may h be51 aft] all1 too *eap & easy1 if n = _! own l>ge spirits1 at lea/ = u1 _! less] read]s4 ,my/ics h spok5 ( ',! ,d>k ,night ( ! ,s\l' z ! /age inevitable be=e ! cr[n+ glory1 & to-day "s ( ^? :o call to u out ( great d>kness are among our greate/ lead]s4 ,( su* c]ta9ly is a liv+ writ]1 n[ beg9n+ to be acclaim$ z he des]ves1 ! writ] ,conrad4 ,9 "s ways ?is noble noveli/ might /& z ! special repres5tative ( mod]n feel+4 ,a ,pole by bir? & m ?an half an ,engli%man by sympa?y1 8 view ( life is z wide z x is pr(\nd & grave4 ,x has all ! /]nness ( temp] ( :i* ,i h spok51 ! det]m9ation to look facts 9 ! face :atev] ! consequ5ces4 ,conrad w\ld e*o ,s>tor's noble cry = ,tru?--',tru?6 ?\gh ! ,heav5s cru% me = foll[+ h]2--no ,falsehood6 ?\gh a :ole cele/ial ,lubb]l& 7 ! price ( ,apo/asy6' ,?is det]m9ation is fi]ce en\gh to be tak5 = cynicism1 b ,conrad is f> too t5d] ev] to be a cynic4 ,s also does 8 pitifulness prev5t him f ev] fall+ into ! errors ( a ,nietzs*e1 b none ! less he has all ,nietzs*e's ard\r = h]oism4 ,t to him is ! core ( life3--'to face x4' ',keep on fac+ x1' s ! old skipp] tells ! "y mate 9 ,typhoon4 ,& fac+ ! my/]i\s univ]se1 pe]+ into ! ,d>kness ) /eady al]t eyes1 ,conrad has at once an endless wi/fulness &1 or s x seems to me1 a secret unqu5*able hope4 ,d\bt c]ta9ly he has 9 pl5ty4 ,! sea ( :i* he is always dream+ is t]rible & cruel 9 8 eyes z well z augu/ & ennobl+4 ,b he is sure ( "o ?+3 x is ?r\gh ! /ruggle ) x & su* z x t man alone c become ,man4 ,x is ?r\gh fac+ ! horrors ( a dead calm1 ) a sick crew on bo>d & no m$ic9e1 t ! "y ma/] ( ! sail+-vessel 9 ! ,pacific crosses successfully ! ,%ad[ ,l9e t divides y\? f manhood4 ,& x is ?r\gh fac+ ! unlea%$ fury ( ! tornado t ! old capta9 ( ! 'full-p[]$ /eam-%ip' 9 ,typhoon %[s :at he has 9 him1 compassion & k9dness z well z %rewd k ( m51 exp]t seaman%ip1 & indomitable h]oism4 ,! :ole ?+ is driv5 home ) a p[]1 an incisiv5ess1 & a delicate irradiat+ hum\r :i* ,i %\ld despair ( convey+ by m]e criticism4 ,! book mu/ be read = itself1 & read aga9 & aga94 ,x is told1 9 "o way1 simply z a sailor's y>n1 b x awakes 9 u ! feel+ t ! /ruggle is a symbol ( man's life4 ,?reat5$ by ! advanc+ cyclone1 ,capta9 ,mac,whirr1 '! /upid man' ( no imag9ation1 decides1 almo/ in/9ctively1 t ! only ?+ to be done is to keep up /eam & face ! w9d4 ,by %e] =ce ( p]sonality he holds ! crew toge!r & c>ries ! %ip ?r\gh4 ,& 9 ! desp]ate /ruggle1 e n]ve on ! /ra9 = h\rs t seem un5d+1 ,mac,whirr f9ds "t to c>e = ! mis]able pack ( t]rifi$ coolies on bo>d1 :o h giv5 way to panic & are fight+ madly 9 ! hold4 ,mac,whirr /ops ?is1 br+s ab\t ord] & a *ance = ! ,*9ese1 :5 ! re/ ( 8 m51 f9e m5 z mo/ ( !m are1 c ?9k ( no?+ b ! safety ( ! %ip4 ',_h to d :at's fair = all1' he mumbles /olidly to 8 clev] grumbl+ mate1 ,jukes1 dur+ a dead lull 9 ! /orm--'!y are only ,*9am54 ,give !m ! same *ance ) ourselves' 444 ',c\ldn't let t g on 9 my %ip1 if ,i knew %e hadn't five m9utes to live4 ,c\ldn't be> x1 ,mr4 ,jukes4' ,he does n "k :e!r ! %ip w be lo/ or n--7& we d n "k :e!r mank9d w be lo/ or n7--:at he does "k is h[ he mu/ act4 ,b also he nev] loses hope4 ',%e may come out ( x yet'3 t is ! k9d ( answ] ! taciturn man gives :5 driv5 to spee*4 ,! *ief mate1 lock$ 9 8 capta9's arms to brace himself aga9/ ! hurricane1 sc>cely able to make ! o!r he> 9 ! t]rific gale ?\gh he %\ts close to 8 head1 gets back su* answ]s1 & ) !m ! p[] to endure4 ,he tells him ! boats are gone3 ! capta9 yells back s5sibly1 ',c't be help$4' ,& s noble is ! p[] ) :i* ,conrad uses our tongue1 ! tongue he has made 8 own by adoption & g5ius1 t ,i mu/ let him speak = himself1 & c f9d no bett] close = my own lame words4 ,jukes has be5 %\t+ to 8 capta9 aga93 ',& aga9 he he>d t voice1 =c$ & r++ feebly1 b ) a p5etrat+ effect ( quietness 9 ! enorm\s discord ( noises1 z if s5t out f "s remote spot ( peace beyond ! black wa/es ( ! gale2 aga9 he he>d a man's voice--! frail & indomitable s\nd t c be made to c>ry an inf9ity ( ?\ght1 resolution1 & purpose1 t %all be pron\nc+ confid5t words on ! la/ day1 :5 heav5s fall & ju/ice is done--aga9 he he>d x1 & x 0 cry+ to him1 z if f v1 v f>--,all "r4' ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gb3 ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,lehrjahre1 ,bk4 #h1 c4 #e4 ,footnote #gc3 ,by ,m4,p4 ,follett 7,longmans74 ,footnote #gd3 ,pr(essor ,a4,c4 ,bradley1 to :om also is due ! passage ab\t ,s*ub]t & ! p>allel drawn betwe5 ,bee?ov51 ,hegel1 & ,wordswor?4 ,footnote #ge3 ,f ,! ,w to ,believe1 quot$ 9 ,bridges' ,! ,_s ( ,man1 ,no4 #dbe4