,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hcb ,,new ,,york1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahia4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #hcb4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,ar*,,ology4--,ar*ological ,discov]ies at ,cadiz4--,! discov]y ( ,ph5ician relics 9 ,spa91 ) ! possibility ( future important rese>* 9 t region4--#b illu/rations ,prehi/oric ,horse 9 ,am]ica4--,curi\s discov]y ( an aborig9al draw+ 9 ,nic>agua4--#a illu/ration ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomy4--,a ,plea = ! ,common ,telescope4--,by ,g4,e4 ,,lumsd54--,! increas+ int]e/ 9 a/ronomy & in/ances ( "w done by telescopes ( mod]ate p[]1 giv+ examples f ! "w ( celebrat$ obs]v]s ,,iii4 ,,biography4--,alfr$ ,t5nyson4--,biographical note ( ! great poet1 n[ pa/ 8 #hj? ye>1 ) portrait4--#a illu/ration ,fiftie? ,ye> ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4--,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales & 8 family1 ) notes ( 8 life & habits4--#a illu/ration ,,iv4 ,,*emi/ry4--,am]ican ,association--,n9? ,annual ,report ( ! ,committee on ,index+ ,*emical ,lit]ature4--,a v important report ^u ! titul> subject1 ) probabilities ( future advance 9 ?is l9e4--,! *emical index ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & ,,supplem5t ,app>atus = ! ,e/imation ( ,fat 9 ,milk4--,by ,e4 ,,mol9>i4-- ,details ( a me?od ( det]m9+ fat 9 milk1 ) illu/ration ( ! app>atus employ$ ,fur!r ,rese>*es ^u ! ,elem5t ,fluor9e4--,by ,a4,e4 ,,tutton4-- ,additional rese>*es ^u ?is elem5t1 foll[+ up ! "w outl9$ by ,m4 ,,moissan4--#c illu/rations ,! ,allotropic ,conditions ( ,silv]4--,a rec5t lett] f ,m4 ,,c>ey ,,lea on ?is subject1 ) note ( its pres5tation be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy by ,m4 ,,b]!lot ,! ,fr5* ,w9e ,law4--,rec5t enactm5t z to ! adult]ations ( w9e ,v4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,qu>ry+4--,a rec5t pap] ( great value to all int]e/$ 9 exploit+ qu>ries4--,! mo/ rec5t me?ods describ$1 t5d+ n[ to replace ! crud] processes4--#ab illu/rations ,! ,trott] ,curve ,rang]4--,a survey+ in/rum5t = lay+ (f railroad curves1 ) full details ( its !ory1 con/ruction1 & use 9 ! field4--#d illu/rations ,,vi4 ,,metallurgy4--,! ,great ,bell ( ! ,basilica ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,montm>tre4--,! f\nd+ ( ! great bell ,la ,savoy>de at ! ,pacc>d f\ndry 9 ,france4--,description ( ! bell1 its inscriptions1 & decorations4--#c illu/rations ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,duck ,hunt+ 9 ,scotl&4--,a curi\s me?od ( approa*+ ducks "u ! guise ( a donkey4--#c illu/rations ,,viii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,h9ts to ,%ipma/]s4--,a v practical view ( ! prop] p]sonal habits ( ! comm&] ( a m]*ant %ip ,! ,briti% ,cruis] olus4--,details ( dim5sions & armam5t ( ?is rec5tly laun*$ ,briti% %ip ,trials ( ,h4,m4 ,cruis] ,blake4--,trial trip ( ?is celebrat$ cruis]4--,h] horse p[] z develop$1 ) ! some:at disappo9t+ results obta9$ z reg>ds spe$4--#a illu/ration ,,ix4 ,,photography4--,developm5t ) ,sucrate ( ,lime4--,developm5t =mulas1 involv+ ! use ( sug> solution saturat$ ) lime4--,accel]at+ influ5ces ( c]ta9 *emicals ,x4 ,,railroad ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,rail ,spike & ! ,locomotive4--,a mo/ int]e/+ article on an old "t railroad4--,curi\s incid5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,camd5 ,amboy ,railroad1 by ! celebrat$ ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s4--,a mo/ graphic acc\nt ( e>ly difficulties ,,xi4 ,,te*nology--,am]ican ,work%ops4--,! c>e ( tools & practice 9 ,am]ican work%ops1 z view$ f an ,engli% /&po9t ,new ,sug> ,items4--,int]e/+ po9ts 9 ! cultivation ( sug> beets & manufacture ( sug> !refrom 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,great ,,bell ,,( ,,! ,,basilica ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,he>t ,,( ,,montm>tre4 ,! ma9 "w on ! basilica ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t is n[ complet$ & ! bell t[] surm\nts x4 ,s we h n[ a few words to say ab\t ,la ,savoy>de--! "n ( ! great bell :i* is design$ = x1 & :i* has j be5 ca/ at ,annecy-le-,vieux1 9 ,upp] ,savoy1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mgr4 ,leuilleux1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,*amb]y1 ,mgr4 ,iso>1 ,bi%op ( ,annecy1 & ( all ! cl]gy unit$1 at ! f\ndry ( ,messrs4 ,g4 ,f4 ,pacc>d1 especially decorat$ = ! occasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,bell4 ,"o ( ! ,lat9 inscriptions t ornam5t ! metal ( ,la ,savoy>de at once expla9s to u its "n & tells u :y a bell design$ = ! capital 0 ca/ at ,annecy-le-,vieux4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( x3 ,9 ! ye> #ahhh1 9 ! c\rse ( ! solemnities ( ! sac]dotal jubilee ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontifex ,leo ,,xiii41 ,i1 ,frances ,m>g>et ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ( ,jesus1 on ! initiative ( ,francis ,alb]t ,leuilleux1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,*amb]y1 ) ! co-op]ation ( ! bi%ops ( ! prov9ce1 at ! common exp5se ( ! cl]gy & upp] & l[] classes ( ,savoy1 0 (f]$ z a gift1 z a te/imonial ( piety t[>d ! div9e he>t1 9 ord] to repeat ?r\gh ! ages1 f ! top ( ! holy hill1 to ! city1 to ! nation & to ! entire _w1 ',hail ,jesus6' ,let u n[ witness ! ca/+ ( ! bell4 ,ov] !re1 at ! back ( ! f\ndry1 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 ! alloy ( copp] & t91 9 ! proportions ( #gh & #bb p] c5t41 is 9 fusion4 ,f ! huge crucible runs a conduit to ! pit1 at ! side ( :i* ! furnace is con/ruct$1 & 9 :i* is plac$ ! m\ld4 ,a metallic plug int]cepts communication4 ,a quick bl[ ) an iron rod removes ?is plug & ! tapp+ is effect$4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* seems simple at fir/ sight1 is extremely delicate 9 practice & requires a v skillful workman4 ,a ho/ ( te*nical words designates ! dang]s t x pres5ts4 ,be=e ! tapp+1 x is necess>y to calculate at a glance ! function ( ! gate pit4 ,& :at accid5ts aft]w>d6 ,b we ne$ n dwell ^u ^!4 ,aft] ! cool+ ( ! metal comes ! clean+1 :i* is done ) scrap]s & special in/rum5ts4 ,! ca/+ is prec$$ by two op]ations--! design+ & ! m\ld+4 ,! design re/s ^u a basis g5]ally furni%$ by exp]i5ce1 & :i* ! f\nd]s h transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! ?ickness ( ! rim ( ! bell tak5 z unity det]m9es ! diamet]s & dim5sions4 ,! outl9e mo/ usually foll[$ gives #ae rims to ! l>ge diamet]1 #g to ! upp] "p ( ! bell1 & #cb to ! l>ge radius t s]ves to trace ! pr(iles ( ! ext]nal sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca/+ ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,bell ,,( ,,! ,,basilica ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,he>t4 ,! m\ld+ is done z foll[s3 ,9 ! pit :]e ! ca/+ is to be done !re is con/ruct$ a core ( bricks & a clay %ell1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a ?ickness ( e>?1 call$ false bell4 ,?is occupies provisionally ! place ( ! metal1 & w be de/roy$ at ! mom5t ( ! ca/+4 ,n[ let u give a brief description ( ,la ,savoy>de4 ,its total weight is #be1jjj kilogrammes1 divid$ z foll[s3 #af1ejj kilogrammes ( bronze1 #hjj kilogrammes = ! clapp]1 & ! re/ = ! susp5sion ge>4 ,its height is #c4jf met]s & its wid? at ! base is #c4jc4 ,x is !re=e z high z x is wide1 &1 z may be se5 f our engrav+1 two m5 c easily seat !mselves 9 its int]ior4 ,9 weight1 x exce$s ! bell ( ,notre ,dame1 ( ,p>is1 :i* weighs #ag1agj kilogrammes1 t ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,s5s1 :i* weighs #af1bcj1 & t ( ! ,ami5s bell1 :i* weighs #aa1jjj4 ,b x _c be comp>$ to ! fam\s bell giv5 by ,eudes ,rigauit1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,r\51 to ! ca!dral ( t city1 & :i* 0 s big & heavy t x 0 necess>y to give a copi\s supply ( /imulants to ^? :o rang x1 9 ord] to enc\rage !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,bell ,,( ,,! ,,basilica ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,he>t4 ,la ,savoy>de w appe> small also if we comp>e x ) "s celebrat$ bells1 t ( ! ,kreml9 ( ,mosc[1 = example1 :i* weighs #bja1baf kilogrammes4 ,"o detail 9 conclusion3 ,la ,savoy>de s\nds 9 c\nt] ,c4 ,?is _h be5 desir$ & =ese54 ,! numb] ( vibrations1 t is to say1 ! timbre ( a bell1 is 9 inv]se ratio ( its diamet] or ( ! cubic root ( its weight1 s t 9 calculat+ ! diamet]s & 9 design+ ,la ,savoy>de ! timbre 0 calculat$ at ! same "t4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,! ,,sug> ,,beet4 ,,new ,,sug> ,,items4 ,,france4 ,wat] t has be5 us$ to wa% froz5 beets conta9s a small p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,z ! wa%+ p]iod1 9 su* cases1 is long] ?an ) normal beets1 ! sug> 9 beet cells has "t to pass ?r\gh ! out] walls by osmosis4 ,! sug> loss is said to be #j4ff p] c5t4 787 ( ! weight ( beets wa%$4 ,well conduct$ exp]im5ts %[ t 9 small b well v5tilat$ silos1 beets lose consid]able weight1 b v little sug>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 l>ge silos ) poor v5tilation1 ! sug> loss frequ5tly repres5ts f\r to six p] c5t4 ,:5 f]m5tation comm5ces1 ! mass ( roots is almo/ ru9$4 ,sodic nitrate1 if us$ ^u soil late 9 ! season1 may ov]come a difficulty t has be5 rec5tly notic$4 ,beet fields locat$ ne> swamps t are dry a portion ( ! ye> h suff]$ f a malady t turns leaves f gre5 to yell[1 ev5 be=e h>ve/+ p]iod2 su* beets h lo/ a consid]able am\nt ( sug>4 ,a new me?od = ! analysis ( sac*>ose & raff9ose1 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( inv]t$ sug>1 is said to give accurate results4 ,! process consi/s 9 add+ sulphate ( copp] & lime to hot molasses1 s t ! oxide ( copp] is *ang$ to a protoxide1 & ! inv]t sug> becomes wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,! :ole is neutraliz$ ) phosphoric acid4 ,!re foll[ a great numb] ( precipitates2 ! exact volume ( liquid 9 :i* ^! are f\nd is det]m9$ aft] two pol>iscopic obs]vations4 ,x has be5 con/antly notic$ t samples ( c>bonatat$ juice v>y 9 composition ) ! "p ( tank f :i* !y are tak54 ,if "s arrangem5t c\ld be made assur+ a ?or\gh mix+ dur+ ! passage ( c>bonic acid1 results w\ld be m satisfactory ?an !y n[ are4 ,if gas c\ld be di/ribut$ 9 e "p ( ! tank1 ! lime comb9ation c\ld be made p]fect4 ,not)/&+ ! new law regulat+ quantity ( sug> to be us$ 9 w9es1 cid]s1 etc41 !re has be51 dur+ #ahij1 an increase ( ne>ly #ac1jjj tons1 z comp>$ ) #ahhi4 ,consumption ( sug> = ^! special indu/ries 0 #cc1jjj tons2 alcohol ?us add$ to w9e 0 ab\t #ga1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,beets cultivat$ )\t extra f]tiliz]s1 & t are regul> 9 %ape & 9 good condition1 )\t bruises1 are ! ones :i* give ! be/ results 9 silos4 ,x is recomm5d$ to con/ruct silos ( two types2 "o :i* is to be op5$ be=e fir/ fro/1 ! o!r :]e beets rema9 = sev]al mon?s & are protect$ aga9/ excessive cold4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t a ?or\gh v5tilation be giv5 9 ! fir/ m5tion$ type4 ,9 ! o!r1 m sub/antial silos1 v5tilation mu/ be wat*$1 & all communication ) ! ext]ior clos$ z soon z ! temp]ature falls to or ne> freez+4 ,dur+ ! la/ campaign _m manufactur]s exp]i5c$ great difficulty 9 keep+ ! blades ( slic]s suffici5tly %>p to "w froz5 beets4 ,%>p5+ ( blades is an op]ation att5d$ to by special h&s at ! factory2 & "u ord9>y circum/ances !re ne$ be no difficulty4 ,h[ev]1 x is n[ propos$ to h c5tral /ations t w make a specialty ( blade %>p5+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances manufactur]s locat$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ne$ give ! matt] no fur!r ?\ght1 let ! com+ w9t] be z sev]e z x may4 ,"s success has be5 obta9$ by ! use ( sulphur\s acid 9 vacuum pans4 ,great c>e is requir$2 ! op]ation _c be done by an ord9>y workman4 ,x is claim$ t gra9+ !reby is m rapid & bett] ?an is n[ possible4 ,*emi/s agree t ! op]ation is m effectual by br++ sulphur\s acid 9 contact ) sirups r ?an juices2 x is 9 ! sirups t ! color+ pigm5ts are f\nd4 ,sulphur\s acid is run into ! pan until ! sirups cov] ! second coil4 ,9 all cases ! "w mu/ be done at a l[ temp]ature4 ,height ( juice 9 c>bonatat+ tanks is only ?ree feet 9 ,france1 :ile 9 ,au/ria x is frequ5tly twelve feet4 ,! "q ( a *ange 9 exi/+ me?ods is be+ discuss$2 x necessitates an increase 9 ! bl[+ capacity ( ma*9e2 s9ce c>bonic acid gas has a great] resi/ance to ov]come 9 ,au/rian ?an 9 ,fr5* me?ods4 ,long] ! p]iod juices are 9 contact ) c>bonic acid1 great] w be ! effect produc$4 ,f]ric sulphate has be5 v little us$ = refuse wat] purification1 ow+ to co/ ( its manufacture4 ,if roa/$ pyrites1 a wa/e product ( c]ta9 *emical factories1 are spr9kl$ ) sulphuric acid ( #ff ,b41 & ?or\ghly mix$ = sev]al h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( #ajj to #aef ,f41 ! pyrites w soon be cov]$ ) a :ite sub/ance :i* is f]ric sulphate4 ,precipitates f f]ric sulphate1 unlike calcic comp\nds1 d n subsequ5tly ent] into putrefaction4 ,ef=ts are be+ made to conv9ce manufactur]s ( ! mi/ake 9 us+ decant+ vats1 9 connection ) fir/ & second c>bonatation4 ,9 ,g]many filt] presses are us$1 decant+ vats are obsolete4 ,! ma9 objection to !m is cool+ ( sac*>9e liquors1 :i* means an ultimate increase 9 fuel4 ,cool+ is frequ5tly foll[$ by p>tial f]m5tation4 ,fur!r *anges 9 ! propos$ comb9$ b>yta-soda me?od = juice purification consi/ 9 us+ p[d]$ soda c>bonate #ij-ib1 ^u beet cossettes z !y leave ! slic]1 be=e ent]+ ! diffusor4 ,! quantity ( *emical to be us$ is #a_/ajjj ( weight ( beet slices be+ treat$4 ,if a diffusor has a capacity ( #b1ejj lb41 !re w\ld be add$ #b4e lb4 soda c>bonate4 ,f ! diffusor is subsequ5tly tak5 #caf gallons juice at #d-e d5sity1 ?is is rapidly heat$ to #ahe;,f41 !n #b4d ( a pure b>yta solution is add$2 temp]ature is kept at #ahe ,f4 = a %ort "t2 result+ precipitates fall to bottom ( tank2 !n #ac gallons milk ( lime #be ,b4 are add$4 ,o!r op]ations t foll[ are z usual4 ,x is cont5d$ t ! co/ ( b>yta is #aj c5ts p] ton beets work$4 ,! mo/ important advantage is ga9 9 "t2 a factory work+ #bj1jjj dur+ a #ajj-;day campaign1 by ! =ego+ process c accompli% ! same "w 9 #hj days1 ?us decreas+ we> & te> ( plant & dim9i%+ p]c5tage ( sug> lo/ 9 badly con/ruct$ silos4 ,! exact influ5ce ( a l[ temp]ature ^u beet cells has nev] be5 satisfactorily settl$4 ,consid]able light has rec5tly be5 ?r[n ^u ! subject by a well kn[n *emi/4 ,x is ass]t$ t liv+ cells conta9+ a sac*>9e liquid d n p]mit infiltration f int]ior to ext]ior2 ?is ph5om5on occurs only :5 cell & tissue are dead4 ,x is necess>y t ! degree ( cold %\ld be suffici5tly int5se1 or t a ?aw take place1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to kill tissue ( walls ( said cells4 ,an int]e/+ fact is t :5 cells are brok5 ?r\gh ! action ( freez+1 x is n ^? conta9+ sug> t are ! fir/ affect$4 ,! out] cells conta9+ v little sug> are ! fir/ to exp& :5 froz51 :i* expansion op5s ! c5tral cells4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! action ( lime ^u soils app>5tly prove t x does n matt] 9 :at =m calcic salts are employ$2 _! effect1 9 all cases1 is to increase ! yield ( roots to ! acre4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v second>y results 7 obta9$ ) phosphoric & sulphuric acids4 ,a micro-mu%room1 a p>asite t kills a :ite worm1 enemy ( ! beet1 has be5 artificially cultivat$4 ,z soon z ! worm is attack$1 ! ravage cont9ues until ! entire body ( ! insect is "o mass ( micro-organisms4 ,spores dur+ ?is p]iod are con/antly =m$4 ,if x 7 possible to spread ?is disease 9 di/ricts infect$ by ! :ite worm1 great s]vice c\ld be r5d]$ to beet cultivation4 ,9 sug> ref9+ x is frequ5tly desirable to det]m9e ! viscosity ( sirups1 molasses1 etc4 ,me?ods f\nd$ ^u ! rapidity ( fl[ ?r\gh an orifice ( a kn[n size are n ma!matical 9 _! results4 ,a v simple plan1 m accurate ?an any hi!rto ?\ght (1 is attract+ "s att5tion4 ,s5sitive scales & a !rmomet] susp5d$ 9 a glass tube are all ! app>atus necess>y4 ,! exact weight ( !rmomet]1 ) tube1 is det]m9$2 !y are imm]s$ 9 wat] & weigh$ = ! second "t2 ! diff]5ce 9 weight be=e & aft]w>d gives ! weight ( adh]+ wat]4 ,if ! op]ation is repeat$ 9 molasses1 we 9 ! same way obta9 ! weight ( adh]+ liquid1 :i*1 if divid$ by ! weight ( adh]+ wat]1 gives ! viscosity z comp>$ ) wat]4 ,sug> ref9]ies locat$ at ,m>seilles claim t x is *eap] = !m to pur*ase sug> 9 ,java ?an beet sug> ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5t ( ,p>is ref9]s is j ! rev]se4 ,! total ref9$ sug> consum$ is #cge1jjj tons1 ! colonial & indig5\s production ( raw sug> is ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj tons m ?an suffici5t to meet ! dem&s ( ! entire ref9+ indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 consid]able manipulation1 =eign sug> be+ import$ ) ! view ( produc+ a panic1 foll[$ by a decl9e ( m>ket prices1 aft] :i* ,m>seilles ref9]s w\ld buy4 ,all s\nd argum5ts are 9 favor ( protect+ ! home sug> indu/ry4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t manufactur]s weigh ! fuel us$ m c>efully ?an hi!rto2 ! extra tr\ble w\ld soon lead to economy = all int]e/$ 9 sug> production at ru9\s co/4 ,"s *emi/s advocate t coal be pur*as$ only aft] hav+ be5 analyz$4 ,ef=ts to h a unification 9 me?ods ( analysis ( all products ( factory is a move 9 ! "r direction2 ! ,association ( ,sug> ,*emi/s h adopt$ a s]ies ( me?ods t are 9 ! future to be consid]$ z /&>d4 ,copp] solutions are de/9$ to r5d] great s]vice 9 ! de/ruction ( micro-organisms t attack ! beet field4 ,! liquid us$ %\ld be compos$ ( #c p] c5t4 copp] sulphate & #c p] c5t4 lime1 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 fifty gallons are suffici5t = "o acre2 co/ p] acre1 e item includ$1 is #ef c5ts4 ,! normal vitality ( ! plant be+ re/or$1 !re foll[s an increas$ sug> p]c5tage4 ,ord9>y liquid ammonia may be advantage\sly us$ to kill :ite worms & insects t attack beets2 two qu>ts ( ! dilut$ *emical are us$ p] squ>e y>d1 & ! co/ is #ab p] acre 787 ,,g]many4 ,calcic salt elim9ation f beet juices is a problem n yet satisfactorily solv$4 ,s9ce ! e>ly hi/ory ( beet sug> mak+1 x has be5 notic$ t calcic salts r5d] gra9+ 9 ! pan mo/ t$i\s2 h5ce repeat$ ef=ts to r$uce to a m9imum p]c5tage ! use ( lime dur+ defecation4 ,9 all cases x is ess5tial to get rid ( inv]t$ sug>4 ,! difficulty f excess ( lime is ov]come by add+ x n[ & !n dur+ c>bonatation2 b o!r means are f\nd desirable2 & phosphoric acid1 magnesia1 soda1 etc41 h be5 us$ ) success4 ,rec5t obs]vations relat+ to ! action ( soda ^u calcic sulphates1 calcic glucates1 etc41 are mo/ important4 ,c]ta9 citrates h a ret>d+ influ5ce ^u calcic sulphates4 ,an al>m contrivance to ann\nce ! passage ( juices into cond5s+ pipes has r5d]$ consid]able s]vice 9 beet sug> factories4 ,a process = ref9+ sug> 9 ! factory1 at less co/ ?an x is possible to make raw sug> by exi/+ processes1 des]ves notice4 ,sug>s by ?is new me?od te/ #ii4h1 & sirups f ! same h a purity coeffici5t ( #gj4 ,weight ( dry cry/als obta9$ is said to repres5t #ff p] c5t4 ( masse cuite us$4 ,! additional co/ ( ! process is #cj to #dj p] c5trifugal4 ,conc5trat$ juice or sirup may be us$ z cle>e 9 c5trifugals2 ?is sirup %\ld h a d5sity ( #a4cbe 7#cf ,b47 at #aac to #abb ,f41 s z n to r$issolve ! sug>4 ,sirup %\ld n be us$ until all adh]+ sirup ( masse cuite has be5 swung out4 ,! sirup1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh c5trifugals1 may be s5t to second c>bonatation tanks & mix$ ) juices be+ treat$4 ,! l>va ( an insect1 kn[n z sylpha1 has attack$ beet fields 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,saxony4 ,! effect ^u ! root is a decrease 9 foliage1 foll[$ by late developm5t ( ! beet1 ) correspond+ r$uction 9 sug> p]c5tage4 ,*ick5s may r5d] excell5t s]vice1 z !y eat ^! worms ) consid]able reli%4 ,a solution ( ,s*we9furt gre5 has be5 us$ ) "s success2 its co/ is #b4ej p] acre4 ,none ( ! *emical rema9s on ! leaves aft] a ra9 787 ,:ite worms h done "s damage2 !y %\ld be collect$ f ! fields dur+ pl[+4 ,:5 !y become beetles 9 ! spr+1 !y may be de/roy$ by a solution ( sulphide ( c>bon2 #j4bj wor? ( ?is *emical is suffici5t to kill #aj1jjj ( !m4 ,^! beetles conta9 #ej p] c5t ( fatty & nitric elem5ts2 :5 pulv]iz$ !y may be us$ z good = pigs & *ick5s4 ,if ! gr\nd mass ( beetles is spr9kl$ ) sulphuric acid & a reasonable am\nt ( lime & e>? be add$1 ! comb9ation =ms an excell5t f]tiliz] = c]ta9 crops4 ,a disease t black5s "y beet leaves is f\nd to be due to a microscopic insect4 ,if ! beet se$ be saturat$ 9 a ph5ic solution be=e plant+1 ! difficulty may be ov]come4 ,we are soon to h a new me?od = select+ mo!rs = se$ production4 ,details ( ! same are n yet public4 ,x is claim$ t x w be possible to gr[ se$ t w yield beets ( a giv5 quality det]m9$ 9 advance1 a problem :i* has hi!rto be5 ?\ght impossible4 ,x w surprise _m ( our read]s to le>n t if tops or ev5 half beets are plant$1 !y w give se$1 ! quality ( :i* is ab\t same2 %[+ t z soon z se$ /alks comm5ce to appe>1 ! role ( ! root prop] is ( second>y consid]ation1 z x s]ves simply z a m$ium betwe5 ! beet & soil787 ,spray$ wat] may be us$ ) consid]able success 9 wa%+ sug> 9 c5trifugals2 x is claim$ t ?is new process (f]s _m advantages ov] ei!r /eam1 wat]1 or use ( cle>e4 ,:ite sug> to be wa%$ is ?or\ghly mix$ ) a sug> sirup sup]saturat$4 ,! :ole is run into c5trifugals4 ,! sirup swung f ! same is us$ 9 next & foll[+ op]ations2 :5 x becomes too ?ick x is s5t to ! vacuum pan to be regra9$4 ,! op]ation ( wa%+ la/s less ?an two m9utes2 ?ree qu>ts ( wat] are necess>y = #bjj lb4 sug>4 ,! wat] spray at a pressure ( #e to #aj atmosph]es is produc$ by a v simple appliance4 ,total weight ( refuse cossettes obta9$ dur+ la/ campaign 0 #d1jjj1jjj tons1 ab\t #gjj1jjj tons ( :i* 7 sold = #a1jjj1jjj2 if :at rema9s is dri$1 x w\ld be wor? #e1jjj1jjj4 ,sev]al sodic-b>yta me?ods h be5 rec5tly inv5t$4 ,( ^! we w m5tion "o :]e #a_/djjj to #a_/bjjj "p ( calc9$ soda is add$ to ! beet slices 9 diffusors4 ,! juice :5 drawn f ! batt]y is heat$ to #aed ,f41 & defecat$ ) hydrate ( b>yta & milk ( lime4 ,ne>ly all =eign sub/ances are ?us elim9at$4 ,c>bonatation !n foll[s4 ,gov]nm5t taxation ^u ! sug> indu/ry is de/9$ )9 a few ye>s to be )drawn4 ,! new law rec5tly put into op]ation no long] taxes beets work$ at factory1 b ! sug> manufactur$4 ,! rate ( taxation is ab\t #b c5ts p] p\nd on all sug> made4 ,rec5t data f nor!a/ ,g]many give ! "w dur+ campaign #ahij-ia ( #ed associat$ beet sug> factories4 ,!y us$ #b1acj1jjj tons beets1 obta9$ f #adb1fjb acres ( l&1 av]age yield #ab tons4 ,! total sug> am\nt$ to #bea1jjj tons1 ( :i* #bda1jjj 7 f beets & #aj1jjj tons f molasses work$ by special processes4 ,! pol>ization ( beet juices av]ag$ #ac4ji2 masse cuite1 #ad4ca2 extraction ( sug> ( all grades1 #aa4gi4 ,x requir$ #hdh lb4 beets to produce #ajj lb4 sug>4 ,9 e c5t] :]e beet sug> is made !re exi/s "s local society2 ea* ye> memb]s f ^! societies meet to ex*ange views ^u ! sug> situation ( ! empire4 ,( late1 !re has be5 a g5]al compla9t respect+ quality ( sug> sold on ! ,magdeburg m>ket4 ,at "o "t ! sug>s av]ag$ m organic sub/ances ?an a%2 n[ !re is m a% ?an organic sub/ances4 ,su* sug>s are mo/ difficult to "w1 & cause mu* loss ( "t 9 c5trifugals4 ,! mo/ desirable temp]ature = diffusion batt]ies is n yet def9itely settl$4 ,"s manufactur]s recomm5d #hb to #hf ,f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ at #ade ,f41 foll[$ by cold wat] 9 ! diffusors4 ,! use ( hydr(luoric acid1 ev5 9 small quantities to prev5t f]m5tation1 %\ld n be all[$4 ,x is propos$ to use hydrog5 dioxide = sac*>9e juice purification4 ,! alkal9ity ( juice is r$uc$ to #j4jg by a judici\s use ( lime4 ,precaution mu/ be tak5 to keep ! temp]ature at #hg ,f4 ,aft] a prelim9>y filtration ab\t #d p] c5t4 hydrog5 dioxide is add$4 ,! :ole is !n heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 aft] :i* to #a p] c5t4 lime is add$4 ,:5 alkal9ity ( filtrate is #j4jc phosphoric acid & magnesia are add$1 9 quantities repres5t+ #j4jc p] c5t4 ( sug> 9 juice = magnesia1 & #j4f p] c5t4 = ! phosphoric acid4 ,9 work+ beet juices hydrog5 dioxide may be us$ 9 ! diffusor or dur+ any phase ( ! sug> manufactur+ process1 ev5 ^u sug>s 9 c5trifugals4 ,9 all cases ! results obta9$ are said to be mo/ satisfactory4 ,a me?od to cry/allize ! sug> conta9$ 9 ! "m liquor ( a masse cuite consi/s 9 mix+ dur+ #bd h\rs ! hot product1 direct f ! pan1 ) l[ grade molasses4 ,gradual cool+ foll[s4 ,! cry/als ( masse cuite effect a cry/allization ( ! o!rwise inactive product conta9$ 9 ! molasses4 ,! sep>ation ( cry/als f adh]+ molasses is done 9 a special wa%+ appliance arrang$ 9 batt]y =m4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly ask$ if ! exi/+ & accept$ =mula = det]m9+ 9 advance ! am\nt ( ref9$ sug> t may be extract$ f ei!r beets1 masse cuite or raw sug>1 is to be consid]$ exact1 )\t special all[ance be+ made = raff9ose4 ,an intellig5t discussion ^u ! subject %[s t ! sug> 9 "q1 :e!r pres5t or n1 9 no way influ5ces ! =mula "u consid]ation4 ,,au/ria-,,hung>y4 ,! committee on exhibition at ,prague has issu$ sev]al int]e/+ pamphlets1 f :i* we le>n t 9 ,bohemia1 9 #ahai1 !re exi/$ "o beet sug> factory4 ,9 #ahij ! total numb] ( factories 0 #adj2 la/ ye> #cgj1jjj acres 7 plant$ 9 beets1 & ! yield 0 #c1gjj1jjj tons2 yield ( sug> av]ag$ #b1gjj lb4 p] acre2 #dj1jjj h&s 7 employ$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ #bd ye>s #ag1ijj1jjj tons ( coal h be5 consum$1 & ! work+ capacity p] factory is n[ f> great] ?an =m]ly4 ,!re are at pres5t sev5 sug> ref9]ies 9 ,bohemia4 ,comm]cial arrangem5ts ) ,g]many hav+ t]m9at$ favorably1 great pressure is be+ br\ght to be> ^u ,italy1 ,r\mania1 ,s]via & ,switz]l&1 to induce !m to ent] into a treaty4 ,sug>s import$ by ! c\ntry la/ nam$ 7 #ce1hib tons 9 #ahhi & #dc1cjj tons dur+ #ahij4 ,,belgium4 ,if fre% cossettes are f$ to c[s1 9 quantities p] diem repres5t+ #bj p] c5t4 ( ! animal's weight1 !y h a ?9n+ effect4 ,:5 ! refuse has be5 silo$ = eight mon?s1 & #ab p] c5t4 ( ! animal's weight is us$1 !re w foll[ a slight daily increase 9 weight4 ,bett] results may be obta9$ f cossettes t h be5 kept = two ye>s2 ) ! latt]1 if c[s eat only #g p] c5t4 ( _! weight1 consid]able fatt5+ foll[s4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile beet refuse1 aft] long keep+1 loses #ej p] c5t4 ( its weight1 x appe>s 9 ! end to be m economical = fe$+ purposes ?an fre% cossettes direct f ! batt]y4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( keep+ ! p]c5tage ( wat] rema9s ne>ly con/ant2 fatty sub/ances :i* 7 #j4jh p] c5t4 become #j4gd2 & ! p]c5tage ( c>bohydrates dim9i%es4 ,*emi/s are unable to expla9 ! *anges t h tak5 place2 if !y are desirable1 z !y appe> to be1 judg+ f ! practical results j cit$1 !re is ?is "q to be solv$3 ,:at future h dri$ cossettes8 ,evid5tly !y (f] advantages1 z no "o c d\bt1 su* z a decrease 9 weight & bulk1 easy keep+ = an indef9ite "t1 etc4 ,at pres5t1 !re is build+ a silo to conta9 #d1jjj tons fre% cossettes2 ?is is to h ! be/ possible sy/em ( dra9age4 ,dur+ ! com+ season x is propos$ to analyze ! wat] dra9+ f ?is mass ( f]m5t+ refuse2 & we may !n le>n m ?an we n[ "k ab\t ! *emical *anges above m5tion$4 ,a correspond5t ( ,m4 ,sa*s asks :y x is n possible to use live /eam 9 defecat+ tanks4 ,a simple calculation %[s t ! wat] to be subsequ5tly evaporat$ w\ld be increas$ #aj p] c5t4 ,?is evaporation w\ld co/ m ?an clean+ ( copp] coils1 etc41 comb9$ ) o!r difficulties exi/+ appliances (f]4 ,! "q z to ! mo/ desirable numb] ( beets necess>y to analyze to obta9 an av]age has be5 9 "p settl$4 ,factories work+ #ejj tons p] diem %\ld make at lea/ #bjj analyses ( beets receiv$1 :i* "w (f]s no difficulty by ! rapid me?ods n[ us$4 ,sev]al samples %\ld be tak5 f e c>t load deliv]$1 !n make av]age selections f ! same4 ,,russia4 ,weak curr5ts ( electricity1 #j4jc to #j4jd amp]e1 h be5 pass$ ?r\gh sirups = f\rte5 h\rs )\t any special increase 9 purity coeffici5t4 ,exp]im5ts made ^u dilut$ molasses or ) raw beet juices 7 n enc\rag+4 ,mix+ ( filt] press scums ) diffusion juices is said to (f] special advantages = ! prelim9>y purification4 ,n ov] "o to two p] c5t4 ( scums %\ld be us$4 ,if 9 too great quantity1 ! raw juices w yield inf]ior results4 ,dur+ op]ations t foll[1 exp]im5ts are n yet suffici5tly advanc$ to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty )9 :at limits ! refuse scum utilization process is to be recomm5d$4 ,we h great d\bts z to ! wisdom ( introduc+ =eign elem5ts1 elim9at$ f o!r juices 9 a previ\s op]ation1 into a juice fre% f ! batt]y4 ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ,! beet sug> factory 9 ,japan is said to be work+ ) consid]able success4 ,?is ye> 9 ,europe ov] #c1jjj1jjj acres are devot$ to beet cultivation4 ,if ! yield av]ages #ab tons1 ! crop ( roots to be work$ dur+ campaign #ahia-ib w c]ta9ly n be less ?an #cf1jjj1jjj tons1 ) a total yield ( fir/ grade sug> ( ab\t #g1cjj1jjj1jjj lb4 ,sug> sells = #i c5ts p] p\nd 9 ,p]sia1 :]e ,russia has almo/ a monopoly ( t bus9ess4 ,f9l& import$1 dur+ #ahhi1 #i1daf tons sug>1 valu$ at #a1jjj1jjj4 ,g]many suppli$ two-?irds ( ?is at *eap] rates ?an ,russia1 ow+ to facilities ( transportation4 ,two ref9]ies are work+2 "o ( ^! uses exclusively cane sug>1 :ile ! o!r employs bo? cane & beet sug>4 ,a beet sug> factory 9 ,engl&1 t has be5 idle = _m ye>s1 is to resume op]ations "u a new company1 adopt+ ! plan ( gr[+ a suffici5t quantity ( beets = an av]age campaign1 indep5d5tly ( :at all ! f>m]s ( ! locality propose to d4 ,sib]ia is to h a beet sug> factory4 ,exp]im5ts 9 beet cultivation h %[n excell5t beets may be rais$ !re4 ,special advantages are (f]$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 & factories are to be exempt f taxation d>+ a p]iod ( t5 ye>s4 ,sug> 9 ,sib]ia is n[ consid]$ an article ( luxury1 ow+ to di/ance & difficulties ( transportation f manufactur+ c5t]s4 ,a special delegation f ,canada has be5 s5t to ,europe1 to /udy & subsequ5tly report ^u ! true condition ( ! beet sug> indu/ry4 ,a correspond5t writes f ,f>nham1 ,canada1 t ! ,canadian gov]nm5t grants a b\nty ( #b c5ts p] p\nd on beet sug> dur+ campaign #ahia-ib4 ,duties on raw sug> 7 aboli%$ la/ ,june4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,work%ops4 ,an int]e/+ pap] on "s ( ! lead+ ,am]ican work%ops 0 lately read be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,man*e/] ,association ( ,eng9e]s on ,saturday by ,mr4 ,hans ,r5old4 ,aft] express+ 8 op9ion t ! ,engli% p did n suffici5tly look ab\t !m or try to und]/& :at o!r nations 7 do+1 ,mr4 ,r5old /at$ t he _h visit$ t portion ( ,am]ica kn[n z ,new ,engl&1 & ! works he _h inspect$ 7 among ! be/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,among ! _m special features he _h notic$ he m5tion$ t 9 a ,bo/on e/abli%m5t :]e mill+ ma*9e cutt]s 7 made he _h f\nd t #a sp5t 9 wages produc$ z mu* z #cj to #dj wor? ( goods1 ! cutt]s be+ made at ! rate ( ab\t sixty-f\r p] h\r by ab\t a doz5 m54 ,ano!r noticeable feature 0 ! exceptional c>e tak5 9 /or+ tools 9 ,am]ican work%ops4 ,^!1 9 fact1 7 treat$ z if !y 7 wor? _! weight 9 gold2 !y 7 /or$ 9 safes mu* 9 ! same mann] z we 9 ,engl& /or$ our money4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 impress$ by ! fact t ! m]e und]/&+ ( ! me?od ( ,am]ican work+ w\ld n enable !m to d likewise 9 ,engl&1 because ! ,am]ican workm5 _h gone ?r\gh a special tra9+1 & a simil> tra9+ w\ld be necess>y to enable ,engli% workm5 to adapt !mselves to ,am]ican ma*9es4 ,"o v noticeable feature 9 ,am]ican eng9e]+ %ops :i* he visit$ 0 t all ! ma*9e m5 & turn]s 7 seat$ on blocks or /ools at _! ma*9es1 & ! "q naturally arose 9 8 m9d :at w\ld ,engli% eng9e]s say if su* a practice 7 adopt$ 9 _! %ops4 ,9 o!r ways he 0 also /ruck by ! special att5tion devot$ to ! com=t ( ! workm51 & he 0 mu* impress$ by ! heal?y condition ( ! em]y poli%+ %ops z comp>$ ) simil> %ops 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl& ^! %ops 9 mo/ cases 7 simply dea?traps to ! workm51 & he urg$ t ! sup]ior me?od ( v5tilation c>ri$ out 9 ! ,/ates %\ld be adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry by introduc+ a fan to ea* :eel to take away ! p>ticles1 etc41 :i* 7 s injuri\s4 ,"o v special feature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t works 7 devot$ to ! manufacture ( "o p>ticul> article to an almo/ inconceivable ext5t1 & t heavy ma*9e tools complete & ready to be dispat*$ 7 kept 9 /ock 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,am]ican ent]prise 0 n hamp]$ z x too frequ5tly 0 9 ,engl& by want ( capital2 :ile 9 ,engl& we 7 ready to put our sav+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ican railways or fictiti\s gold m9es1 b v *>y ab\t inve/+ capital :i* w\ld assi/ an eng9e] 9 br++ out an hone/ improvem5t1 9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a common practice among ! be/ firms to inve/ _! sav+s ov] & ov] aga9 9 _! works1 :i* 7 ?us kept 9 a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,! above pap] came 9 = "s pretty sev]e criticism4 ,mr4 ,john ,crav5 rem>k$ t al?\gh ,mr4 ,r5old _h gone ov] a wide field ( subjects1 he _h practically conf9$ 8 rem>ks to ,messrs4 ,br[n ,%>pe's e/abli%m5t1 & :ile he 7,mr4 ,crav57 0 ready to admit t s f> z high class "w & sanit>y arrangem5ts 7 conc]n$1 ,messrs4 ,br[n ,%>pe's 7 a model1 !y c\ld n be put =w>d z repres5tative ( ,am]ican e/abli%m5ts g5]ally4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m ( ! ,am]ican work%ops 7 n z good z a l>ge numb] ( simil> work%ops 9 ,man*e/]4 ,mr4 ,r5old _h ref]r$ to ! ext5sive use ( ge> cutt]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b he might po9t out t x 0 9 ,man*e/] t ! mill+ ma*9e 0 fir/ made4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,dixon said he _h c]ta9ly come to ! conclusion t no bett] "w 0 done 9 ,am]ica ?an c\ld be & 0 be+ done 9 ?is c\ntry2 :ile z reg>ds ! enorm\s production ( mill+ cutt]s1 t 0 simply an example ( :at c\ld be done :]e l>ge firms devot$ !mselves to ! production ( "o specialty4 ,) reg>d to ! /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,r5old t ! ,am]ican ?read 0 pref]able to ! ,:itwor? ?read1 he might say he entirely disagre$ ) su* a conclusion1 & he might add t aft] visit+ a v>iety ( ,cont95tal & ,am]ican work%ops he %\ld c]ta9ly n1 if he 7 call$ ^u to aw>d ! palm ( sup]iority 9 workman%ip1 g across ! ,atlantic = t purpose4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,nasmi? rem>k$ t :e!r ,engli% eng9e]s 7 ! inv5tors ( ! mill+ ma*9e or n1 x mu/ be admitt$ t x 0 ?r\gh ?is type ( cutt] be+ tak5 up by ! ,am]icans t mill+ _h become ! success x 0 at ! pres5t "t4 ,engli% eng9e]s 7 v cons]vative1 & x 0 only ?r\gh ! pressure ( circum/ances t mill+ ma*9es came into g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ,am]ican inv5tions 7 br\ght to ,engl& !y 7 g5]ally improv$ to ! highe/ degree1 b he ?\ght ! *ief fault ( bo? ,am]ican & ,cont95tal eng9e]s 0 :at "o might call ov]-ref9em5t2 !re 0 su* a ?+ z ov]-f9i%+ an object & ov]do+ x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,am]ican ma*9]y 0 s mu* sup]ior to :at we _h 9 ?is c\ntry1 z ass]t$ by ! read] ( ! pap]1 h[ 0 x t cotton ma*9]y1 ) all its intricacies1 c\ld be s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! face ( ,am]ican manufactur]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! co/ 0 increas$ f #dj to #fj p] c5t48 ,at ! pres5t "t x 0 possible = ,engli% ma*9i/s to secure contracts = ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y 9 an ,am]ican mill1 & inclusive ( freight *>ges & high t>iff1 deliv] & erect x 9 ,am]ica at a l[] co/ ?an ,am]ican eng9e]s ) all ! advantages ( _! immeasurably sup]ior tools 7 able to d4 ,ano!r speak]1 ,mr4 ,b>/[1 ridicul$ ! idea t ! ,am]icans c\ld be s pre-em95t 9 ! manufacture ( em]y :eels z might be inf]r$ f ,mr4 ,r5old1 :5 !y _h be=e !m ! fact t f ! neighborhood ( ,man*e/] ?\s&s ( em]y :eels 7 e ye> export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mod]n ,,me?ods ,,( ,,qu>ry+4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,saund]s1 = _m ye>s ! eng9e] ( ! ,+]soll ,rock ,drill ,co41 & h5ce ?or\ghly famili> ) mod]n qu>ry+ practice1 read a pap] be=e ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s on ! above subject1 conta9+ _m int]e/+ po9ts1 giv5 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news1 f :i* we ab/ract z foll[s4 ,z a prelim9>y to describ+ ! new ,knox sy/em ( qu>ry+1 :i* ev5 yet is n univ]sally kn[n among qu>rym51 ,mr4 ,saund]s gives ! foll[+ 9 reg>d to old] me?ods3 ,! ,knox sy/em is a rec5t inv5tion2 no m5tion 0 made ( x 9 ! t5? c5sus1 & no description has yet be5 giv5 ( x 9 any publications on qu>ry+4 ,! fir/ "w done by ?is me?od 0 9 #ahhe1 & at ! close ( t ye> #b qu>ries _h adopt$ x4 ,9 #ahhf x 0 us$ 9 #bj qu>ries2 9 #ahhg 9 #dd1 9 #ahhh 9 upw>d ( #ajj1 & at ! pres5t "t ab\t #cjj qu>ries h adopt$ x4 ,its purpose is to release dim5sion /one f its place 9 ! b$1 by s direct+ an explosive =ce t x is made to cleave ! rock 9 a prescrib$ l9e )\t injury4 ,! sy/em is also us$ = break+ up deta*$ blocks ( /one into small] sizes4 ,qu>rym5 h1 ev] s9ce ! introduction ( bla/+1 tri$ to direct ! bla/ s z to save /ock4 ,holes drill$ by h& are seldom r\nd4 ,! %ape ( ! bit & _! regul> rotation :ile drill+ usually produce a hole ( some:at triangul> section4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 _m ye>s ago1 t :5 a bla/ 0 fir$ 9 a h&-drill$ hole ! rock usually broke 9 ?ree directions1 radiat+ f ! po9ts ( ! triangle 9 ! hole4 ,?is l$ qu>rym5 to look = a means by :i* ! hole might be %ap$ 9 accordance ) a prescrib$ direction ( cleavage4 ,! olde/ s&/one qu>ries 9 ,am]ica are ^? at ,portl&1 ,conn4 ,x 0 f ^! qu>ries t great quantities ( br[n/one 7 %ipp$ = build+s 9 ,new ,york4 ,! typical br[n/one front is all built ( ,portl& /one4 ,z ! ,portl& qu>ries 7 c>ri$ to great dep?s ! ?ickness ( b$ increas$1 z x usually does 9 qu>ries4 ,) b$s f #aj to #bj ft4 deep1 all ( solid & valuable br[n/one1 x became a matt] ( importance t "s device %\ld be appli$ :i* w\ld %e> ! /one f its b$ )\t loss ( /ock & )\t ! necessity ( mak+ artificial b$s at %ort di/ances4 ,a sy/em 0 adopt$ & us$ successfully = a numb] ( ye>s :i* compris$ ! drill+ ( deep holes f #aj to #ab 94 9 diamet]1 & *>g+ !m ) explosives plac$ 9 a cani/] ( peculi> %ape4 ,! drill+ ( ?is hole is s int]e/+ z to w>rant a pass+ notice4 ,! sy/em 0 simil> to t foll[$ ) ! old fa%ion$ drop drill4 ,! weight ( ! bit 0 ! =ce :i* /ruck ! bl[1 & ?is bit 0 simply rais$ or l[]$ by a crank turn$ by two m5 at ! :eel4 ,! bit resembl$ a broad ax 9 %ape1 9 t x 0 extremely broad1 tap]+ to a %>p po9t1 & convex along ! edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #a illu/rates 9 section "o ( ! ,portl& drills1 & a drill hole ) ! cani/] conta9+ ! explosive 9 place4 ,! cani/] 0 made ( two curv$ pieces ( %eet t9 ) sold]$ edges1 clo? or pap] be+ us$ at ! ends4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ ) s& or e>?1 s t ! effect ( ! bla/ 0 practically ! same z ?\gh ! hole 7 drill$ 9 ! %ape ( ! cani/]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! old ,portl& sy/em 0 to drill a l>ge1 r\nd hole1 put 9 a cani/]1 & !n fill up a good "p ( ! hole4 ,7 x possible to drill ! hole 9 ! %ape ( ! cani/]1 x w\ld obvi\sly save a good deal ( "w :i* _h to be undone4 ,! ,portl& sy/em 01 !re=e1 an extravagant "o1 b ! results accompli%$ 7 su* z to fully w>rant its use4 ,/raight & true breaks 7 made1 foll[+ ! l9e ( ! long] axis ( ! cani/] section1 z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,x 0 f\nd t ) ! old ,portl& cani/] two breaks might be made at "r angles by a s+le bla/1 :5 us+ a cani/] %ap$ l a squ>e prism4 ,9 "s ( ! l>g] bla/s1 :]e blocks weigh+ 9 ! neighborhood ( #b1jjj tons 7 %e>$ on ! b$1 two holes z deep z #bj ft4 7 drill$ close toge!r4 ,! core betwe5 ! holes 0 !n clipp$ out & l>ge cani/]s measur+ #b ft4 across f edge to edge 7 us$4 ,9 reg>d to ano!r ( ! old] sy/ems ( bla/+1 kn[n z ,lewis+1 ,mr4 ,saund]s says3 ,a ,lewis hole is made by drill+ two or ?ree holes close toge!r & p>allel ) ea* o!r1 ! p>titions betwe5 ! holes be+ brok5 d[n by us+ :at is kn[n z a broa*4 ,?us a wide hole or groove is =m$ 9 :i* p[d] is ins]t$1 ei!r by ramm+ x directly 9 ! hole1 or by pul+ x 9 a cani/]1 %ap$ some:at l ! ,lewis hole tr5*4 ,a complex ,lewis hole is ! comb9ation ( #c drill holes1 :ile a comp\nd ,lewis hole conta9s #d holes4 ,lewis+ is conf9$ almo/ entirely to granite4 ,9 "s cases a s]ies ( ,lewis holes is put 9 along ! b5* at di/ances ( #aj & #be ft4 ap>t1 or ev5 great]1 ea* ,lewis hole be+ situat$ equidi/ant f ! face ( ! b5*4 ,! holes are bla/$ simultane\sly by ! electric batt]y4 ,aft] not+ ano!r sy/em us$ to a limit$ ext5t1 & n to be comm5d$1 viz41 ! use ( inv]t$ plugs & fea!rs 7! plugs & fea!rs be+ ins]t$ z a sort ( tamp+ :i* ! bla/ drives upw>d to split ! rock71 ,mr4 ,saund]s cont9ues 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 ,x is ?us se5 t ! /ate ( ! art has be5 progressive1 ?\gh x 0 imp]fect4 ,mr4 ,sp]r1 9 8 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 made 9 ! report ( ! t5? c5sus1 says3 ,! influ5ce ( ! %ape ( ! drill hole ^u ! effects ( ! bla/ does n seem to be g5]ally kn[n1 & a great wa/e ( mat]ial necess>ily foll[s4 ,?is 0 writt5 b a few ye>s be=e ! introduction ( ! new sy/em1 & x is d\btless true t att5tion 0 ?us widely direct$ to ! conspicu\s wa/e1 due to a lack ( k ( ! influ5ce ( ! %ape ( a drill hole on ! effect ( a bla/4 ,! sy/em develop$ by ,mr4 ,knox practically does all & m ?an 0 done by ! old ,portl& sy/em1 & x does x at f> less exp5se4 ,x c be/ be describ$ by illu/rations4 ,illu/rations3 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f ,fig4 #c is a r\nd hole drill$ ei!r by h& or o!rwise1 pref]ably o!rwise1 because an important po9t is to get x r\nd4 ,fig4 #d is ! improv$ =m ( hole1 & ?is is made by ins]t+ a ream]1 ,figs4 #e & #f1 into ! hole 9 ! l9e ( ! propos$ fracture1 ?us cutt+ two ,v-%ap$ grooves into ! walls ( ! hole4 ,! blacksmi? tools = dress+ ! ream]s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! usual me?od ( *>g+ & tamp+ a hole 9 us+ ! new sy/em is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] is %[n at ,c1 ! air space at ,b & ! tamp+ at ,a4 ,fig4 #i is a special hole = use 9 ?9 b$s ( rock4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] is %[n at ,c1 ! rod to su/a9 tamp+ at ,d1 air space at ,,bb1 & tamp+ at ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,let u assume t we h a blue/one qu>ry1 9 :i* we may illu/rate ! simple/ application ( ! new sy/em4 ,! %eet ( /one :i* we wi% to %e> f place has a b$ runn+ horizontally at a dep? ( say #aj ft4 ,"o face is 9 front & a natural seam divides ! b$ at ea* end at ! walls ( ! qu>ry4 ,we n[ h a block ( /one1 say #ej ft4 long1 ) all its faces free except "o--t opposite & correspond+ ) ! b5*4 ,"o or m ( ! specially =m$ holes are put 9 at su* dep? & di/ance f ea* o!r & f ! b5* z may be regulat$ by ! ?ickness1 /r5g? & "* ( ! rock4 ,no man is s good a judge ( ?is z ! qu>ry =eman :o has us$ & /udi$ ! effect ( ?is sy/em 9 8 qu>ry4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to drill ! holes r\nd & 9 a /raight l9e4 ,9 s&/one ( m$ium h>dness ^! holes may be situat$ #aj1 #ab or #ae ft4 ap>t4 ,if ! b$ is a tight "o ! hole %\ld be run entirely ?r\gh ! %eet & to ! b$2 b ) an op5 free b$ holes ( less dep? w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h1 #i ,! ream] %\ld n[ be us$ & driv5 by h&4 ,sev]al devices h be5 appli$ to rock drills = ream+ ! hole by ma*9]y :ile drill+2 t is1 ef=ts h be5 made to comb9e ! drill & ! ream]4 ,su* ef=ts h met ) only p>tial success4 ,! p]fect alignm5t ( ! ream] is s important t :]e p[] is us$ ?is po9t is apt to be neglect$4 ,x is also a well kn[n fact t ! process ( ream+ by h& is n a difficult or a sl[ "o4 ,! drill+ ( ! hole requires ! greate/ am\nt ( "w4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done x is a simple matt] to cut ! ,v-%ap$ grooves4 ,! ream] %\ld be appli$ at ! c5t]1 t is1 ! grooves %\ld be cut on ! axis or full diamet] ( ! hole4 ,! gauge ( ! ream] %\ld be at lea/ #a diamet]s4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ream] does n twi/1 z ! break may be !reby deflect$2 & ! ream+ mu/ be done also to ! full dep? ( ! hole4 ,! hole is n[ ready = *>g+4 ,! p[d] %\ld be a l[ explosive1 l black or ,judson p[d] or o!r explosives :i* act sl[ly4 ,no def9ite rule c be laid d[n z to ! am\nt ( p[d] to be us$1 b x %\ld be z small z possible4 ,v little p[d] is requir$ 9 mo/ rocks4 ,h>d & f9e gra9$ /one requires less p[d] ?an s(t /one4 ,mr4 ,knox tells ( a case :i* came "u 8 obs]vation1 :]e a block ( granite m ?an #djj tons weight1 split cle> 9 two ) #ac oz4 ( ,,ff p[d]4 ,he comp>es ?is ) a block ( s&/one ( less ?an #ajj tons weight b>ely />t$ ) #b lb4 ( ! same grade ( p[d]1 & requir+ a second %ot to remove x4 ,x is obvi\s t en\gh p[d] mu/ be ins]t$ 9 ! hole to produce a =ce suffici5t to move ! entire mass ( rock on its b$4 ,9 "s k9ds ( /one1 notably s&/one1 ! mat]ial is s s(t t x w break :5 act$ ^u by ! =ce necess>y to %e> ! block4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d a numb] ( holes %\ld be drill$ & fir$ simultane\sly by ! electric batt]y4 ,9 su* "w x is usual to put 9 ! holes only #d or #e ft4 ap>t4 ,! p[d] mu/1 ( c\rse1 be provid$ ) a fuse or pref]ably a fulm9at+ cap4 ,x is well to ins]t ! cap at or ne> ! bottom ( ! c>tridge1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,aft] ! *>ge ! usual ?+ to d is to ins]t tamp+4 ,9 ! improv$ =m ( hole ! tamp+ %\ld n he put directly ^u ! p[d]1 b an air space %\ld be left1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #h4 ,! be/ way to tamp1 leav+ an air space1 is fir/ to ins]t a wad1 :i* may be ( oakum1 hay1 grass1 pap] or o!r simil> mat]ial4 ,! tamp+ %\ld be plac$ f #f to #ab 94 bel[ ! m\? ( ! hole4 ,9 "s k9ds ( /one a less di/ance w suffice1 & z mu* air space z practicable %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! explosive & ! tamp+4 ,if sev]al holes are us$ on a l9e !y %\ld be connect$ 9 s]ies & bla/$ by electricity4 ,! effect ( ! bla/ is to make a v]tical seam connect+ ! holes1 & ! entire mass ( rock is %e>$ sev]al in*es or m4 ,! philosophy ( ?is new me?od ( bla/+ is simple1 ?\gh a matt] ( "s dispute4 ,! foll[+ explanation has be5 giv54 ,see ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,! two surfaces1 a & b1 be+ ( equal area1 mu/ receive an equal am\nt ( ! =ce g5]at$ by ! conv]sion ( ! explosive into gas4 ,^! surfaces be+ smoo? & pres5t+ no angle betwe5 ! po9ts1 ,a & ,b1 !y furni% no />t+ po9t = a fracture1 b at ^! po9ts ! l9es meet at a %>p angle includ+ betwe5 !m a w$ge-%ap$ space4 ,! gas act+ equally 9 all directions f ! c5t] is =c$ into ! two opposite w$ge-%ap$ spaces1 & ! impact be+ in/antane\s ! effect is precisely simil> to t ( two solid w$ges driv5 f ! c5t] by a =ce equally prompt & en]getic4 ,all rocks possess ! prop]ty ( ela/icity 9 a great] or less degree1 & ?is pr9ciple be+ excit$ to ! po9t ( rupture at ! po9ts1 ,a & ,b1 ! gas ent]s ! crack & ! rock is split 9 a /raight l9e simply because "u ! circum/ances x _c split 9 any o!r way4 ,ano!r !ory :i* is mu* ! same 9 sub/ance is !n giv51 & aft] "s g5]al discussion ( ! !ory ( ! action ( ! =ces "u ! sev]al sy/ems1 ! pap] cont9ues3 ,! new =m ( hole is1 !re=e1 almo/ id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ! old ,portl& cani/]1 except t x has ! great] advantage ( ! ,v-%ap$ groove 9 ! rock1 :i* s]ves z a />t+ po9t = ! break4 ,x is also m economical ?an ! ,portl& cani/]1 9 t x requires less drill+ & ! wa/e ( /one is less4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n only m economical ?an any o!r sy/em ( bla/+1 b x is m c]ta91 & 9 ?is respect x is va/ly sup]ior to any o!r bla/+ sy/em1 because /one is valuable1 & any?+ :i* adds to ! c]ta9ty ( ! break also adds to ! pr(it ( ! qu>ryman4 ,x is d\btless true t1 not)/&+ ! great] area ( pressure 9 ! new =m ( hole1 ! break w\ld n inv>iably foll[ ! prescrib$ l9e b = ! ,v-%ap$ groove :i* virtually />ts x4 ,a bolt1 :5 /ra9$1 w break 9 ! ?read :e!r ?is be ! smalle/ section or n1 because ! ?read is ! />t+ po9t = ! break4 ,a rod ( glass is brok5 ) a slight j> provid$ a groove has be5 fil$ 9 its surface4 ,num]\s o!r in/ances might be cit$ to prove ! value ( ! groove4 ,ela/icity 9 rock is a pron\nc$ feature1 :i* v>ies to a great] or less ext5t2 b x is always m or less pres5t4 ,a s&/one has rec5tly be5 f\nd :i* possesses ! prop]ty ( ela/icity to su* an ext5t t x may be b5t l a ?9 piece ( /eel4 ,:5 a bla/ is made 9 ! new =m ( hole ! /one is "u high t5sion1 & be+ ela/ic x w naturally pull ap>t on su* l9es ( weakness z grooves1 especially :5 !y are made1 z is usually ! case 9 ?is sy/em1 9 a direction at "r angles ) ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,horizontal holes are frequ5tly put 9 & artificial b$s made by l(t+4 ,9 su* cases :]e ! rock has a rift p>allel ) ! b$1 "o hole ab\t half way ?r\gh is suffici5t = a block ab\t #ae ft4 squ>e1 b 9 liv] rock ! holes mu/ be drill$ ne>ly ?r\gh ! block & ! size ( ! block fir/ r$uc$4 ,a m difficult application ( ! sy/em1 & "o requir+ great] c>e 9 its successful use1 is :]e ! block ( /one is s situat$ t bo? ends are n free1 "o ( !m be+ solidly fix$ 9 ! qu>ry wall4 ,a simple illu/ration ( a case ( ?is k9d is a /one /ep on a /airway :i* leads up & along a wall1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,ea* /ep has "o end fix$ to ! wall & ! o!r free4 ,ea* /ep is also free on top1 on ! bottom & on ! face1 b fix$ at ! back4 ,we n[ put "o ( ! new =m ( holes 9 ! corn] at ! junction ( ! /ep & ! wall4 ,! %ape ( ! hole is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,x is "h se5 t ! grooves are at "r angles ) ea* o!r1 & ! block ( /one is %e>$ by a break made opposite & p>allel ) ! b5*1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 & an additional break made at "r angles ) ! b5* & at ! fix$ end ( ! block4 ,sometimes a corn] break is made by putt+ 9 two ( ! regul> ,v-%ap$ holes 9 ! l9es ( ! propos$ break & )\t ! use ( ! corn] hole4 ,a useful application ( ?is sy/em is 9 splitt+ up l>ge masses ( loose /one4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,v-%ap$ grooves are sometimes cut 9 f\r positions & breaks are made 9 f\r directions radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! hole z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,9 ?is way a block is divid$ into f\r rectangul> pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,?\gh ! new sy/em is especially adapt$ to ! removal ( heavy masses ( rock1 yet x has be5 appli$ ) success 9 cases :]e sev]al light b$s ov]lie ea* o!r4 ,9 "o su* in/ance #aj %eets1 measur+ 9 all only #f ft41 7 brok5 by a bla/1 b 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! plug & fea!r process applies v well1 & ! new sy/em1 :5 us$1 mu/ be 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t1 or ! loss w be s]i\s4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to our /one /ep1 let u imag9e a case :]e ?is /airway runs betwe5 two walls4 ,we h "h ea* /ep fix$ at ea* end & free only on ! top1 ! bottom1 & "o face4 ,let u assume t !re is a back seam1 t is1 t ! /ep is n fix$ at ! back4 ,9 a qu>ry1 ?is seam1 unless a natural "o1 %\ld be made by a *annel+ ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ ?is /ep put ( place x mu/ be cut (f at bo? ends1 & = ?is purpose ! ,v-%ap$ holes are put 9 at "r angles to ! face4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to put ! fir/ two holes next ! back seam 9 a position :]e ! grooves w conv]ge at ! back s z to =m a sort ( key1 :i* s]ves a useful purpose 9 remov+ ! block aft] ! bla/4 ,9 qu>ries :]e !re are no horizontal b$s a *annel+ ma*9e %\ld be us$ to free ! block on all sides & to a suitable dep?1 & !n ! l$ge may be l(t$ by holes plac$ horizontally4 ,:]e pressure exi/s 9 qu>ries1 ! new sy/em has c]ta9 limitations4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! l9e ( pressure x is only practicable to use ! sy/em directly on ! l9e ( ?ru/1 or at "r angles to x4 ,x is mu* bett]1 h[ev]1 to release ! pressure f ! l$ge by *annel+1 aft] :i* a s+le end may be deta*$ by a ,knox bla/4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! holes %\ld inv>iably be ( small diamet]4 ,9 no case %\ld ! diamet] ( a hole be ov] #a 94 9 any k9d ( rock4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! blocks ( /one are deliv]$ to ! m>ket ) b little loss 9 measurem5t4 ,x is a noticeable fact t /one qu>ri$ by ! new sy/em %[s v little evid5ce ( drill m>ks1 = ! faces are frequ5tly z true z ?\gh cut ) a ma*9e4 ,a fur!r ga9 is ! safety ( ! sy/em4 ,! bla/+ is light & is conf9$ entirely )9 ! holes4 ,no spalls or fragm5ts are ?r[n f ! ba/4 ,! popul> idea t ! sy/em is antagoni/ic to ! *annel+ process is a mi/ak5 "o4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s qu>ries :i* =m]ly us$ *annel+ ma*9es )\t ?is sy/em1 b :i* n[ d a l>ge "p ( ! "w by bla/+4 ,in/ances1 h[ev]1 are r>e :]e ! sy/em has replac$ ! *annel]4 ,! two g side by side1 & an intellig5t use ( ! new sy/em 9 mo/ qu>ries requires a *annel+ ma*9e4 ,!re are ^? :o may tell ( /one t has be5 de/roy$ by a bla/ on ! new sy/em1 b inve/igation usually %[s t ei!r ! "w 0 done by an inexp]i5c$ op]ator1 or an ef=t 0 made to d too mu*4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! value ( ?is sy/em1 side by side ) ! *annel]1 is %[n 9 ! nor!rn ,ohio s&/one qu>ries4 ,a great _m *annel+ ma*9es are 9 use !re1 work+ ar\nd ! new =m ( holes1 & :5 us$ toge!r 9 an intellig5t & c>eful mann]1 ! /one is qu>ri$ m *eaply ?an by any o!r process t has yet be5 devis$4 ,to a limit$ ext5t ! sy/em has be5 us$ 9 slate4 ,! difficulty is t mo/ ( ! slate qu>ries are 9 solid l$ges1 :]e no free faces or b$s exi/2 b x has be5 us$ ) success 9 a slate qu>ry at ,*]ryville1 ,pa41 s9ce #ahhh4 ,among notable bla/s made by ?is sy/em are ! foll[+3 ,at ! mica s*i/ qu>ries1 at ,con%ohock51 ,pa41 a hole #a 94 9 diamet] 0 drill$ 9 a block :i* 0 #bg ft4 long1 #ae ft4 wide & #f ft4 ?ick4 ,! bla/ broke ! /one across ! rift1 only #h oz4 ( black p[d] be+ us$4 ,at ! ,portl&1 ,conn41 qu>ries a s+le bla/ 0 fir$ by electricity1 #ae holes be+ drill$ ) #b lb4 ( co>se ,no4 ,c p[d] 9 ea* hole1 & a rock 0 remov$ #aaj ft4 long1 #bj ft4 wide & #aa ft4 ?ick1 conta9+ #bd1bjj cu4 ft41 or ab\t #b1djj tons1 ! fracture be+ p]fectly /raight4 ,?is l>ge mass ( /one 0 mov$ out ab\t #b 94 )\t injury to itself or ! adjo9+ rock4 ,ano!r bla/ at ,portl& remov$ #c1cjj tons a di/ance ( #d 94 ,sev5te5 holes 7 drill$1 us+ #b lb4 ( p[d] 9 ea* hole1 ! size ( ! block be+ #aej #bj #aa ft4 ,9 a ,lisbon1 ,o41 qu>ry a block ( s&/one #bjj ft4 long1 #bh ft4 wide & #ae ft4 ?ick 0 mov$ ab\t 94 by a bla/4 ,?is block 0 also aft]w>d cut up by ?is sy/em 9 blocks #f ft4 squ>e4 ,a s&/one b[ld] #gj ft4 long1 av]age wid? #ej ft41 av]age ?ickness #ac ft41 0 emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd to a dep? ( ab\t #g ft4 ,a s+le hole #h ft4 deep 0 *>g$ ) #bj oz4 ( p[d] & ! rock 0 split 9 a /raight l9e f end to end & entirely to ! bottom4 ,a l$ge ( s&/one op5 on its face & two ends1 #aaj #ac #h ft41 0 mov$ by a bla/ ab\t #c 94 )\t wa/+ a p>ticle ( rock1 #h holes be+ us$1 drill$ by ?ree m5 9 j "o day1 & #ae oz4 ( p[d] be+ us$ 9 ea* hole4 ,a s&/one l$ge1 op5 on ! face & end only1 #bjj #bh #ae ft41 conta9+ #hd1jjj cu4 ft4 /one1 0 mov$ 94 by #be holes1 ea* conta9+ #a lb4 ( p[d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,trott] ,,curve ,,rang]4 ,?is little in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ 9 a some:at crude /ate at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,newca/le 9 #ahhi4 ,x has s9ce be5 modifi$ 9 sev]al respects1 & improvem5ts sugge/$ by practical use h be5 introduc$1 br++ x into a practical =m1 & enabl+ a mu* great] accuracy to be atta9$4 ,! pr9ciple is "o :i* is occasionally employ$ = sett+ out circles ) a pocket sextant1 viz41 ! prop]ty ( a circle t ! angle 9 a segm5t is con/ant4 ,! lead+ feature ( ! inv5tion is ! arrangem5t ( scales1 :i* enables ! op]ation ( sett+ put l>ge curves = railway or o!r "w to be c>ri$ out )\t requir+ any calculations1 !reby enabl+ any intellig5t man to execute "w :i* w\ld o!rwise call = a k ( ! use ( a !odolite & ! tables ( tang5tial angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,,p]spective ,,view ,,( ,,in/rum5t ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,a ,,/aff4 ,! in/rum5t is int5d$ to be ?or\ghly portable2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x is n necess>y or ev5 desirable to use a tripod4 ,x may be held 9 ! h& l a sextant1 or may be c>ri$ on a light /aff4 ,! g5]al appe>ance is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,x w be se5 t a metal plate1 on :i* two scales are engrav$1 c>ries a mirror at "o end & an eye piece at ! o!r4 ,! mirror is m\nt$ on a metal plate1 :i* is %ap$ to a peculi> curve4 ,a clamp & sl[ motion provide = rapid & = f9e adju/m5t4 ,! eye piece is set at an angle1 & conta9s a half silv]$ mirror1 ! upp] portion be+ transp>5t4 ,?is all[s direct vision along ! axis ( ! eye piece1 & at ! same "t vision 9 ano!r direction1 aft] two reflections1 "o 9 ! eye piece & ! o!r at ! adju/able mirror4 ,fig4 #b is an outl9e plan ( ! in/rum5t :5 clos$4 ,9 ! fir/ =m ( ! in/rum5t only "o mirror 0 provid$1 b by ! d\ble reflection 9 ! improv$ patt]n1 any accid5tal twi/+ ( ! rod or h&le produces no displacem5t ( ! images1 s9ce ! incl9ation ( "o mirror neutralizes ! equal & opposite incl9ation ( ! o!r4 ,no cross l9e is requir$ ) ! new arrangem5t1 s9ce x is only necess>y t ! two images %\ld co9cide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,outl9e ,,( ,,in/rum5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,reflect$ ,,ray4 ,! dott$ l9e ,a ,b repres5ts ! direct ray1 & ! l9e ,a ,c ,d ! reflect$ "o4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! diff]5t geometrical & trigonometrical elem5ts ( ! curve1 :i* c be read ^u ! v>i\s scales1 or to :i* ! in/rum5t may be set4 ,an obs]v] /&+ at ,c sights ! po9t ,b directly & ! po9t ,a by reflection4 ,a /aff be+ set up at ea* po9t1 he w see !m simultane\sly1 & 9 co9cid5ce if ! in/rum5t be prop]ly set = ! curve4 ,if any int]m$iate position be tak5 up on ! curve1 bo? ,a & ,b w be se5 9 co9cid5ce4 ,if ! two rods d n appe> sup]impos$1 ! op]ator mu/ move to ! "r or ! left until ?is is ! case4 ,! in/rum5t w !n be ov] a po9t 9 ! curve4 ,any numb] ( po9ts at any regul> or irregul> di/ances along ! curve c ?us be set out4 ,"o ( ! simple/ elem5ts :i* c be tak5 z a datum is ! ratio ( ! l5g? ( ! *ord to ! radius1 ,,ab_/,,ao1 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is be+ giv51 ! value ( ! ratio is f\nd on ! /raight scale on ! body ( ! in/rum5t1 & ! curv$ plate is mov$ until ! bevel$ edge cuts ! scale at ! desir$ po9t4 ,! figure ( ?is curve is a pol> curve1 ^: equation is r a b s94 #b !ta1 :]e a is ! di/ance f ! z]o graduation to ! axis ( ! mirror1 & b is ! l5g? ( ! scale f z]o to #b1 & !ta is ! incl9ation ( ! mirror4 ,9 ! p]spective view1 ,fig4 #a1 ! curv$ edge cuts ! scale at #a4 ,! in/rum5t be+ ?us set1 ! foll[+ elem5ts may be read ei!r directly on ! scales or by simple ari?metical calculation3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,! radius #a4 ,,ab1 ! *ord1 read direct on ! /raight scale4 ,,afb1 ! l5g? ( ! arc1 read direct on ! back or "u surface ( ! plate4 ,,fh1 ! v]s$ s9e1 read direct on ! curv$ scale4 ,,acb1 ! angle 9 ! segm5t1 read direct on ! graduat$ edge4 ,,eab1 ! angle betwe5 ! *ord & ! tang5t1 read direct on ! graduat$ edge4 ,,gab1 ! tang5tial angle #ahj deg4 - ,,acb4 ,,aob1 ! angle at ! c5t] #b;,,gab4 ,,agb1 ! angle betwe5 ! tang5ts #ahj deg4 - ,,aob4 ,,oab1 ! angle betwe5 ! *ord & ! radius ,,eab - #ij deg4 ,,ah#b ,,gf --------- - ,,fh4 ,,ho ,! =ego+ elem5ts are conta9$ 9 a v simple diagram1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is engrav$ on ! in/rum5t1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,b #ahj deg4 - ,a4 ,c #b;,b4 ,d #ahj deg4 - ,c4 ,e ,a - #ij4 ,only "o adju/m5t is necess>y1 & ?is is provid$ by means ( ! screws :i* fix ! incl9ation ( ! eyepiece4 ,?is is set at su* an angle t ! in/rum5t1 :5 clos$ & read+ #ij on ! divid$ limb1 acts z an optical squ>e4 ,x is n necess>y1 z 9 ! ord9>y me?od ) a !odolite1 t "o end ( ! curve %\ld be visible f ! o!r4 ,if an ob/acle int]v5es1 all t "p ( ! curve :i* comm&s a view ( bo? ends c be set out1 & a rang+ rod c be set up at any po9t ( ! curve s f\nd1 & ! in/rum5t may be reset to complete ! curve4 ,to set out a tang5t to ! curve at ,a1 ,fig4 #c1 set up a rod at ,a & ano!r at any po9t ,c1 & take up a position on ! curve at "s po9t betwe5 !m4 ,adju/ ! mirror until ! rods are se5 sup]impos$4 ,!n mov+ back to ,a1 obs]ve ,c direct1 & set up a rod at ,e 9 ! l9e obs]v$ by reflection4 ,!n ,a ,e is ! tang5t requir$4 ,simil>ly1 on complet+ ! sett+ out ( a curve1 & arriv+ at ! end ( ! *ord1 ! remote end be+ se5 by reflection1 ! direction obs]v$ along ! axis ( ! eyepiece is ! new tang5t4 ,any ( ! angles or o!r ratios already m5tion$ may be us$ = sett+ ! in/rum5t1 b if no data :atev] are giv51 z 9 ! r\gh surveys = colonial railways :]e no previ\s surveys exi/1 x is only necess>y to select po9ts ?r\gh :i* ! curve mu/ pass1 to set up rang+ rods ei!r at ! extremities ( ! desir$ curve1 or at any po9ts !reon1 to take up a position on ! desir$ curve betwe5 two rods1 & to adju/ ! in/rum5t until !y are se5 9 co9cid5ce4 ,! curve c !n be set out1 & fully m>k$1 & ! elem5ts ( ! curve c be read on ! scales & record$ = ref]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,diagram ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,! ,,in/rum5t4 ,v>i\s o!r cases :i* may occur 9 practice c be rapidly met by "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s scales4 ,suppose ! angle ,a ,g ,b betwe5 ! tang5ts be giv51 toge!r ) ! middle po9t ,f on ! curve1 ,fig4 #c4 ,subtract ?is angle f #ahj deg41 ! diff]5ce gives ! angle at ! c5t] ,a ,o ,b4 ,take half ?is1 & set ! in/rum5t to ! angle ?us f\nd4 ,walk along ! tang5t until a rod set up at "s po9t 9 ! tang5t1 say ,e1 is se5 9 co9cid5ce ) a rod set up at ,b4 ,! position ( ! in/rum5t !n m>ks ! po9t ( dep>ture ,a4 ,a rod be+ plac$ at ,a1 ! fir/ half ( ! curve may be set out2 or1 if ,b is invisible1 ! in/rum5t may be reset = ! angle ,e ,a ,b1 & ! :ole curve set out up to ,b4 ,no cutt+ ( h$ges is necess>y1 z ) !odolite "w1 = a curve c easily be tak5 piece by piece4 ,incl9ation ( ! :ole in/rum5t introduces no appreciable error4 ,if ! eye piece be po9t$ up or d[n hill1 ! in/rum5t is ?r[n a little to "o side or o!r ( ! tip ( ! /aff1 b 9 a plane tang5t to ! circle4 ,errors made 9 sett+ out a curve ) ! ,trott] curve rang] are n cumulative1 z 9 ! me?od ( tang5tial angles ) a !odolite4 ,no corrections = inaccurate hitt+ ( ! f9al rod c occur1 = ! curve mu/ necess>ily end at t po9t4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! in/rum5t is n int5d$ to sup]s$e a !odolite1 b x has ! great advantage ov] ! old] in/rum5t t no assi/ant or *a9s or trigonometrical tables or any k ( ma!matics are requir$4 ,! data be+ giv51 by a !odolite or o!rwise1 an intellig5t platelay] c easily set out ! curve1 :ile ! tra9$ eng9e] proce$s 9 advance ) ! !odolite4 ,no "t is lo/2 z 9 *a9+1 s9ce ! m>ks may be made :]ev] & z (t5 z conv5i5t4 ,9 "w :]e high accuracy is requir$ ?is in/rum5t is well adapt$ = fill+ 91 & :]e a r\gh idea ( ! nature ( a giv5 curve is requir$1 ! mirror be+ adju/$ = any ?ree po9ts ^u x1 ! v>i\s elem5ts may be read (f on ! scales4 ,a telescope is provid$1 b ! errors n be+ cumulative1 x is r>ely requir$4 ,! curve rang] weighs #a lb4 #aj oz41 & is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,elliott ,bros41 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane1 ,london4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,alex4 ,p4 ,trott]1 ,we/m9/]4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rail ,,spike ,,& ,,! ,,locomotive4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad4 ,by ,j4 ,elfre? ,watk9s1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,e>ly 9 ,octob]1 #ahcj1 & %ortly aft] ! surveys ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad 7 complet$1 ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s 7born #aghg7 sail$ = ,engl&1 ) in/ructions to ord] a locomotive & rails = t road4 ,at t "t no roll+ mill 9 ,am]ica 0 able to take a contract = roll+ ,t rails4 ,rob]t ,/ev5s advocat$ ! use ( an all-iron rail 9 pref]5ce to ! wood5 rail or /one /r+] plat$ ) /rap iron1 !n 9 use on "o or two %ort ,am]ican railroads4 ,at 8 sugge/ion1 at ! la/ meet+ held be=e he sail$1 aft] due discussion1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad pass$ a special resolution au?oriz+ him to obta9 ! rails he advocat$4 ,,rob]t ,l4 ,,/ev5s ,,inv5ts ,,! ,,am]ican ,,rail ,,& ,,spike4 ,dur+ ! voyage to ,liv]pool he :il$ away ! h\rs on %ipbo>d by :ittl+ ?9 wood into %apes ( imag9>y cross sections until he f9ally decid$ :i* "o 0 be/ suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! new road4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! ,b]k5%aw rail1 ) :i* ! be/ ,engli% roads 7 !n be+ laid1 b he saw t1 z x requir$ an exp5sive *air to hold x 9 place1 x 0 n adapt$ to our c\ntry1 :]e metal work]s 7 sc>ce & iron 0 de>4 ,he add$ ! base to ! ,t rail1 disp5s+ ) ! *air4 ,he also design$ ! hook-head$ spike 7:i* is sub/antially ! railroad spike ( to-day7 & ! iron tongue 7:i* has be5 develop$ into ! fi% b>71 & ! rivets 7:i* h be5 replac$ by ! bolt & nut7 to complete ! jo9t4 ,a fac-simile ( ! lett]#b :i* he address$ to ! ,engli% iron ma/]s a %ort "t aft] 8 arrival 9 ,london is pres]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,x conta9s a cross section1 side elevation & gr\nd plan ( ! rail = :i* he reque/$ bids4 ,! base ( ! rail :i* he fir/ propos$ 0 to be wid] :]e x 0 to be atta*$ to ! supports ?an 9 ! int]v5+ spaces4 ,?is 0 aft]w>d modifi$1 s t ! base 0 made ! same wid? 7?ree in*es7 ?r\gh\t4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is lett] reads3 ,,liv]pool1 ,novemb] #bf?1 #ahcj4 ,,g5tlem51--,at :at rate w y contract to deliv] at ,liv]pool1 say f #ejj to #fjj tons ( railway1 ( ! be/ quality ( iron roll$ to ! above patt]n 9 #ab or #af feet l5g?s1 to lap z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ) "o hole at ea* end1 & ! projections on ! l[] flange at e two feet1 ca% on deliv]y8 ,h[ soon c\ld y make ! fir/ deliv]y1 & at :at rate p] mon? until ! :ole is complete8 ,%\ld ! t]ms suit & ! "w give satisfaction a m ext5d$ ord] is likely to foll[1 z ?is is b ab\t "o-six? "p ( ! quantity requir$4 ,please to address y\r answ] 7z soon z conv5i5t7 to ! c>e ( ,francis ,b4 ,ogd51 ,consul ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,liv]pool4 ,i am ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,rob]t ,l4 ,,/ev5s1 ,presid5t & ,eng9e] ( ! ,camd5 & ,s\? ,amboy ,railroad & ,transportation ,company4 ,,difficulty ,,( ,,roll+ ,,! ,,am]ican ,,rail4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s receiv$ no favorable answ] to 8 proposals1 b be+ acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,gue/ 7aft]w>d ,sir ,john ,gue/71 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 proprietor ( l>ge iron works 9 ,d[lais1 ,wales1 he prevail$ ^u him to h rails roll$ at 8 works4 ,mr4 ,gue/ became int]e/$ 9 ! matt] & accompani$ ,mr4 ,/ev5s to ,wales1 :]e ! latt] gave 8 p]sonal sup]vision to ! con/ruction ( ! rolls4 ,aft] ! rolls 7 complet$ ! ,messrs4 ,gue/ hesitat$ to h !m us$1 ?r\gh fe> ( damage to ! mill ma*9]y1 ^u he>+ :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5s deposit$ a h&some sum gu>antee+ ! exp5se ( repair+ ! mill 9 case x 0 damag$4 ,! receipt = ?is deposit 0 pres]v$ = _m ye>s among ! ar*ives ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,company4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! roll+ app>atus did break d[n sev]al times4 ,at fir/1 z ,mr4 ,/ev5s 9 a lett] to 8 fa!r1 :i* ,i h se51 describ$ x1 ! rails came f ! rolls twi/$ & z crook$ z snakes1 & he 0 greatly disc\rag$4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! mill m5 acquir$ ! art ( /raight5+ ! rail :ile x cool$4 ,! fir/ %ipm5t1#c consi/+ ( five hundr$ & fifty b>s eighte5 feet long1 ?irty-six p\nds to ! y>d1 arriv$ 9 ,philadelphia on ! %ip ,*>lemagne1 ,may #af1 #ahca4 ,ov] ?irty miles ( ?is rail 0 laid be=e ! summ] ( #ahcb4 ,a few ye>s aft]1 on mu* ( ! ,/ev5s rail laid on ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad1 ! rivets at ! jo9ts 7 disc>d$1 & ! bolt ) ! screw ?read & nut1 simil> to t n[ us$1 0 adopt$ z ! /&>d4 ,! rail 0 fir/ design$ to weigh ?irty-six p\nds p] y>d1 b x 0 almo/ imm$iately increas$ 9 weight to betwe5 =ty & =ty-two p\nds1 & roll$ 9 l5g?s ( sixte5 feet4 ,x 0 !n ?ree & a half in*es high1 two & "o-eigh? in*es wide on ! head & ?ree & a half in*es wide at ! base1 ! price paid 9 ,engl& be+ #h p] ton4 ,! import duty 0 #a4he4 ,! fir/ %ipm5t ( rail1 hav+ arriv$ 9 ,am]ica1 0 transport$ to ,bord5t[n1 & "h1 ^u ! gr\nd on :i* we /&1 & :i* ?is monum5t is erect$ to m>k =ev]1 0 laid ! fir/ piece ( track 7ab\t five-six?s ( a mile long7 9 ,augu/1 #ahca4 ,! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,company1 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railroad1 laid _! fir/ track ^u /one blocks two feet squ>e & t5 to ?irte5 in*es deep4 ,^! blocks 7 pur*as$ f ! prison au?orities at ,s+ ,s+1 ,n4,y4 ,"s ( ^! /one blocks h be5 us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! f\ndation = ?is monum5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,a li/ ( ! vessels *>t]$ to transport ! rails1 ) dates1 tonnage1 etc41 is giv5 bel[3 ,no4 ( ,tonnage4 ,rate ( ,date4 ,%ip4 ,b>s4 tons4 cwt4 lb4 ,duty4 ,may #af1 #ahca4 ,*>lemagne #eej #ejd #j #ad #a4he ,may #ai1 #ahca4 ,salem #ifc #gdd #b #ad #a4he ,april #g1 #ahcb4 ,cal$onia #ch #fc #c #jg #a4he ,april #bc1 #ahcb4 ,armadilla #ebe #a1jjj #c #ba #a4he ,may #d1 #ahcb4 ,george ,cl9ton #fbd #ihf #b #ad #a4he ,june #b-ah1 #ahcc4 ,h5ry ,kneel& #bjd #cgg #c #ba #a4he ,may #h1 #ahcb4 ,cumb]l& #a1dfd #b1gij #a #jj #a4he ,june #b1 #ahcb4 ,g>d9] #fja #a1acf #j #jj #a4he ,june #e1 #ahcb4 ,globe #dii #idc #a #ad #a4he ,june #f1 #ahcb4 ,jubilee #gj #acj #j #ba #a4he ,july #ah1 #ahcb4 ,hell5 #a1jhj #b1jjd #c #ba #a4he ,july #ai1 #ahcb4 ,nimrod #icg #a1gde #c #jj #a4he ,aug4 #b1 #ahcb4 ,em]y #bdj #ded #b #jj #a4he ,aug4 #g1 #ahcc4 ,ajax #cfd #gjj #j #ba #a4he ,aug4 #ac1 #ahcb4 ,concordia #fbb #a1agd #c #ad #a4he ,aug4 #ad1 #ahcj4 ,william ,byrny #a1abj #b1ach #a #jg #a4he ,aug4 #bj1 #ahcb4 ,m>y ,h[l& #icb #a1gee #c #jg #a4he ,aug4 #bc1 #ahcb4 ,pulaski #dhh #ibd #a #jj #a4he ,aug4 #bd1 #ahcb4 ,rob]t ,morris #a1ihe #c1gcb #j #ad #a4he ,aug4 #bg1 #ahcb4 ,ann #ejf #ifa #b #bg #a4he ,sept4 #c1 #ahcb4 ,montgom]y #a1cfi #b1iei #j #ad #a4he ,sept4 #d1 #ahcb4 ,m>5go #ecd #a1jjd #b #jg #a4he ,oct4 #ab1 #ahcb4 ,ve/al #bcg #dfj #b #jg #a4he ,?is iron prov$ to be ( su* sup]ior quality t aft] x 0 worn out 9 ! track1 ! company's me*anics pref]r$ x to new iron 9 mak+ repairs4 ,"s ( ?is rail is /ill 9 use 9 side tracks4 ,x is pron\nc$ equal 9 durability to mu* ( ! /eel rail ( to-day4 ,,fir/ ,,jo9t ,,fixtures4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s ord]$ ! fir/ jo9t fixtures also f an ,engli% mill1 at ! same "t4 ,! ends ( ! rails 7 design$ to re/ ^u wr\ght iron plates or flat ca/ plates4 ,! rails 7 connect$ at ! /ems by an iron tongue five in*es long1 two in*es wide1 & five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,a rivet1 put on hot1 pass+ ?r\gh ! /em ( ea* rail ne> ! ends ( ! b>1 fa/5$ x to ! tongue & complet$ ! jo9t4 ,a hole oblong 9 %ape1 to all[ = expunctral contraction1 0 pun*$ 9 ! /em at ea* end ( ! rail4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,railroad ,,spikes4 ,! fir/ spikes six in*es long1 ) hook$ heads1 7 also ord]$ at ! same "t4 ,^! 7 und\bt$ly ! fir/ railroad spikes 7z !y are kn[n to ! trade7 ev] manufactur$4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s neglect$ to obta9 a pat5t = ^! inv5tions1 al?\gh urg$ to d s by ,mr4 ,ogd51 ,am]ican ,consul at ,liv]pool1 & ! cr$it ( be+ ! inv5tor ( ! ,am]ican rail 0 = a "t claim$ = o!rs1 b ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d 9 late ye>s fully e/abli%$ ! fact t he 0 ! orig9ator ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( railway con/ruction4 ,! ,/ev5s rail & spike gradually f\nd great favor ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica--all ! roads be+ relaid ) x z ! orig9al ,t or /rap rail became worn out4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,t rail /ill cont9ues to be us$4 ,! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 op5$ 9 #ahch1 0 laid ) ,b]k5%aw rails2 "p ) ! /raight & "p ) ! fi%-belli$ rail1 & ! rema9d] ) rev]sible bull-head$ rail1 bo? types be+ support$ by *airs4#d ,footnote #d3 ,! exp]im5t ( lay+ ! ,/ev5s rail 9 *airs 0 tri$ on ! ,albany & ,s*5ectady road 9 #ahcg1 on ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad #ahdh1 b ! *airs 7 soon aft]w>d disc>d$1 no?+ b spikes be+ us$ to atta* ! rail to ! tie4 ,sixty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ?is rail 0 adopt$ by ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,company1 & ) ! exception ( slight alt]ations 9 ! proportions incid5t to increas$ weight1 no radical *ange has be5 made 9 ! ,/ev5s rail1 :i* is n[ 9 use on e railroad 9 ,am]ica4 ,_m improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! jo9t fixture1 b ! tongue or fi% plate improv$ into ! angle splice b> is 9 g5]al use1 & no?+ has yet be5 f\nd to take ! place ( ! hook-head$ railroad spike :i* ,rob]t ,/ev5s !n design$4 ,! track ^u :i* we /& 0 ! fir/ 9 ! _w t 0 laid ) ! rail & spike n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,,mr4 ,,/ev5s ,,exam9es ,,engli% ,,locomotives4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s divid$ 8 "t :ile abroad betwe5 arrang+ = ! manufacture ( track mat]ial & exam9+ ! ,engli% locomotives t 7 be+ con/ruct$ or _h be5 9 s]vice4 ,a ye> _h elaps$ s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 & ! ,engli% me*anics _h n be5 idle4 ,! ,rocket1 al?\gh successful 9 ! ,ra9hill conte/1 :5 put to "w _h %[n _m defects t ,/eph5son ,co4 7 /riv+ to correct 9 subsequ5t locomotives4 ,! ,planet1 built by t firm1 0 tri$ 9 public ,decemb] #d1 #ahcj1 %ortly aft] ,mr4 ,/ev5s arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 & at t "t 0 und\bt$ly ! be/ locomotive 9 ! _w4 ,,! ,,john ,,bull ,,ord]$4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s 0 pres5t at a trial :5 ! ,planet %[$ mo/ satisfactory prop]ties1 & he at once ord]$ a locomotive ( simil> con/ruction1 f ! same manufactur]s1 = ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad4 ,?is eng9e1 aft]w>d call$ ! ,john ,bull & ,no4 #a1 0 complet$ 9 ,may & %ipp$ by sail+ vessel f ,newca/le-on-,tyne 9 ,june1 #ahca1 arriv+ 9 ,philadelphia ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/ ( t ye>4 ,x 0 !n transf]r$ to a sloop at ,*e/nut ,/reet :>f1 ,philadelphia1 :5ce x 0 tak5 to ,bord5t[n4 ,,! ,,john ,,bull ,,arrives ,,at ,,bord5t[n4 ,! foll[+ circum/ances connect$ ) ! arrival ( ! eng9e at ,bord5t[n1 ,n4,j41 are relat$ by ,isaac ,dripps1 ,esq41 = _m ye>s ma/] me*anic ( ! ,camd5 & ,am boy ,railroad1 & aft]w>d sup]9t5d5t ( motive p[] ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 :o is n[1 aft] a busy life1 enjoy+ a peaceable retirem5t at 8 pleasant home 9 ,we/ ,philadelphia4 ,mr4 ,dripps1 :o is n[ 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( 8 age1 0 employ$ by ,rob]t & ,edw9 ,/ev5s 9 repair+ & assi/+ ) _! /eamboats on ! ,delaw>e ,riv] & at ,hobok5 z e>ly z #ahbi4 ,:5 ! ,john ,bull arriv$ 9 ,philadelphia he 0 detail$ by ,rob]t ,/ev5s to att5d to ! transportation ( ! eng9e to ,bord5t[n1 :]e x 0 l&$ safely ! la/ week 9 ,augu/1 #ahca4 ,! boil] & cyl9d]s 7 9 place1 b ! loose p>ts--rods1 pi/ons1 valves1 etc4--7 pack$ 9 boxes4 ,no draw+s or directions = putt+ ! eng9e toge!r _h come to h&1 & "y ,dripps1 :o _h nev] se5 a locomotive1 f\nd great difficulty 9 discov]+ h[ to put ! p>ts 9 place1 alone & unassi/$1 z ,rob]t ,/ev5s1 :o _h return$ f ,europe1 0 abs5t at ,hobok5 at ! "t att5d+ to o!r matt]s4 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,eng9e ,,& ,,p>ts4 ,! bronze bass-relief ^u ! monum5t1 made f ! work+ draw+ furni%$ by ,mr4 ,dripps1 is an exact repres5tation ( ! locomotive :5 x arriv$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! eng9e orig9ally weigh$ ab\t t5 tons4 ,! boil] 0 ?irte5 feet long & ?ree feet six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 n9e in*es by tw5ty in*es4 ,!re 7 f\r driv+ :eels1 f\r feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 arrang$ ) outside cranks = connect+ p>allel rods1 b ow+ to ! %>p curves on ! road ^! rods 7 nev] us$4 ,! driv+ :eels 7 made ) ca/ iron hubs & wood5 7locu/7 spokes & felloes4 ,! tires 7 ( wr\ght iron1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 ! tread be+ five in*es & ! dep? ( flange "o & a half in*es4 ,! gauge 0 orig9ally five feet f c5t] to c5t] ( rails4 ,! boil] 0 compos$ ( sixty-two flues sev5 feet six in*es long1 two in*es 9 diamet]2 ! furnace 0 ?ree feet sev5 in*es long & ?ree feet two in*es high1 = burn+ wood4 ,! /eam ports 7 "o & "o-eigh? in*es by six & a half in*es2 ! exhau/ ports "o & "o-eigh? by six & a half in*es2 grate surface1 t5 feet eight in*es2 fire box surface1 ?irty-six feet2 flue surface1 two hundr$ & ?irte5 feet2 weight1 )\t fuel or wat]1 tw5ty-two ?\s& f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds4 ,aft] ! valves 7 9 ge> & ! eng9e 9 motion1 two lev]s on ! eng9eman's side mov$ back & =? cont9u\sly4 ,:5 x 0 necess>y to put ! locomotive on ! turntable1 eng9em5 :o 7 skill$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ! eng9es fir/ put ! valves out ( ge> by turn+ ! h&le d[n1 & !n work$ ! lev]s by h&1 ?us mov+ ! valves to ! prop] position & /opp+ ! eng9e at ! exact po9t desir$4 ,! rev]s+ ge> 0 a v complicat$ affair4 ,! two ecc5trics 7 secur$ to a sleeve or b>rel1 :i* fitt$ loosely on ! crank %aft1 betwe5 ! two cranks1 s z to turn freely4 ,a treadle 0 us$ to *ange ! position ( ?is loose ecc5tric sleeve on ! %aft ( ! driv+ :eel 7mov+ x to ! "r or left7 :5 x 0 necess>y to rev]se4 ,two c>ri]s 7 secur$ firmly to ! body ( ?is %aft 7"o on ea* side ( ! ecc5trics72 "o c>ri] work$ ! eng9e ahead1 ! o!r back4 ,! small h&le on ! "r side ( ! boil] 0 us$ to lift ! ecc5tric rod 7:i* pass$ =w>d to ! rock %aft on ! =w>d "p ( ! eng9e7 (f ! p91 & ?us put ! valves out ( ge> be=e x 0 possible to %ift ! sleeve & rev]se ! eng9e4 ,great simil>ity w be notic$ 9 ! ,am]ican locomotives built = _m ye>s aft] ! arrival ( ! ,john ,bull1 especially 9 ! matt] ( mak+ ! keys1 brasses1 etc41 on ! connect+ rods1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( valves1 fire box & tubes4 ,ev5 ! old plan ( sett+ ! ends ( ! exhau/ nozzle high up 9 ! smoke box1 :i* 0 discont9u$ :5 ! petticoat pipe came 9 use1 is n[ aga9 resort$ to 9 connection ) ! ext5d$ smoke box ( mod]n locomotives4 ,,fir/ ,,trial ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,mr4 ,dripps in=ms me t1 aft] _m attempts1 he succe$$ 9 putt+ ! p>ts ( ! eng9e toge!r1 & :5 x 0 plac$ 9 position ^u ! track he notifi$ ,rob]t ,/ev5s ( ! fact4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s came at once to ,bord5t[n1 z 8 anxiety to see x 9 op]ation 0 v great4 ,^u 8 arrival ! boil] 0 pump$ full ( wat]1 by h&1 f ! hog%ead 9 :i* x 0 br\ght4 ,b5jam9 ,higg9s made ! fire ) p9e wood1 & :5 ! scale#e %[$ ?irty p\nds /eam pressure1 ,isaac ,dripps op5$ ! ?rottle1 ,rob]t ,/ev5s /&+ by 8 side1 & ! fir/ locomotive on ?is great highway mov$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to describe ! feel+ ( ^! ?ree m5 z !y /ood ^u ! mov+ eng9e--! fir/ human freight drawn by /eam on :at 0 aft]w>d de/9$ to be ! great highway connect+ ! two mo/ popul\s cities ( ! ,am]ican cont95t2 a mo/ important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( int]communication betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\? & ,we/4 ,:at possibilities mu/ h dawn$ ^u !m if !y c>$ to lift ! veil ( ! future6 ,footnote #e3 ,! dial gauge 0 n 9 use at t "t4 ,dur+ ! next few days aft] ?is prelim9>y trial ! eng9e 0 aga9 tak5 ap>t1 & z a few ( ! p>ts ne$$ modification "s "t int]v5$ be=e x 0 aga9 9 runn+ ord]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t "y ,dripps _h nev] se5 a locomotive be=e & !re 7 no old eng9e]s to consult 9 reg>d to ! con/ruction or managem5t ( ! eng9e4 ,a ,,t5d] ,,improvis$4 ,z no t5d] came ) ! locomotive1 "o 0 improvis$ f a f\r-:eel flat c> t _h be5 us$ on con/ruction "w1 :i* 0 soon equipp$ to c>ry wat] & wood4 ,! wat] tank consi/$ ( a l>ge :isky cask :i* 0 procur$ f a ,bord5t[n /orekeep]1 & ?is 0 securely fa/5$ on ! c5t] ( ?is f\r-:eel$ c>4 ,a hole 0 bor$ up ?r\gh ! c> into ! b>rel & into x a piece ( two-in* t9 pipe 0 fa/5$1 project+ bel[ ! plat=m ( ! c>4 ,x n[ became necess>y to devise "s plan to get ! wat] f ! tank to ! pump & into ! boil] ar\nd ! turns "u ! c>s1 & z a s]ies ( rigid sections ( pipe 0 n practicable1 "y ,dripps procur$ f\r sections ( hose two feet long1 :i* he _h made out ( %oe lea!r by a ,bord5t[n %oemak]4 ,^! 7 atta*$ to ! pipes & securely fa/5$ by b&s ( wax$ ?read4 ,! hog%ead 0 fill$ ) wat]1 a supply ( wood = fuel 0 obta9$1 & ! eng9e & t5d] 7 ready = "w4 ,,/eam ,,or ,,horse ,,p[]8 ,at t "t ! "q :e!r ! railroad %\ld be op]at$ by /eam locomotives or horse p[] _h already become a political issue4 ,! f>m]s & o!r horse own]s & deal]s1 :o _h made money by sell+ hay & gra9 & horses to ! /age & freight wagon l9es1 7 discuss+ ! possibilities ( loss ( bus9ess4 ,,trial ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e ,,be=e ,,! ,,legislature4 ,_m ( ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,legislature 7 f>m]s4 ,! managem5t ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad 0 anxi\s to give ^! g5tlem5 & o!r prom95t citiz5s an opportunity to exam9e a /eam locomotive at "w & to ride 9 a railway tra94 ,sixty ye>s ago to-day1 on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #ahca1 by special invitation1 ! memb]s ( ! ,legislature & o!r ,/ate (ficials 7 driv5 f ,tr5ton to ,bord5t[n 9 /ages to witness ! trial4 ,among !m 7 ,john ,p4 ,jackson 7fa!r ( ! pres5t g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,railroads ( ,new ,j]sey division ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 :o aft]w>d took a prom95t "p 9 ! affairs ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,railroad1 ^: t]m9i 7 at ,new ,brunswick & ,j]sey ,city72 ,b5jam9 ,fi% 7director = fifty ye>s = ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad71 aft]w>d presid5t ( ! ,freehold & ,jamesburg ,agricultural ,railroad2 ,a%bel ,wel*1 *ief eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,belvid]e & ,delaw>e ,railroad = _m ye>s1 & presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,railroads ( ,new ,j]sey dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! lease to ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad2 ,edw9 ,a4 & ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s1 aft]w>d manag]s ( ! road4 ,,fir/ ,,c>s4 ,two coa*es built s t !y might be drawn by horses 7 atta*$ to ! locomotive4 ,^! coa*es 7 ( ! ,engli% patt]n4 ,!y _h f\r :eels & resembl$ ?ree c>riage bodies jo9$ toge!r1 ) seats 9 ea* fac+ ea* o!r4 ,!re 7 ?ree doors at ea* side4 ,^! c>s 7 made by a firm ( c>riage manufactur]s1 ,m4,p4 & ,m4,e4 ,gre51 ( ,hobok51 & 7 ?\ght to be v h&some4 ,! ,new ,j]sey law mak]s 7 some:at dubi\s1 x is said1 ab\t risk+ _! lives 9 ?is novel tra91 b at la/ !y conclud$ to d s & ! tra9 />t$ & made _m trips back & =? )\t accid5t or delay4 ,madam ,murat1 wife ( ,pr9ce ,murat1 a nephew ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 :o 0 !n liv+ 9 ,bord5t[n1 insi/$ on be+ ! fir/ woman to ride on a tra9 haul$ by a /eam locomotive 9 ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! ev5+ a gr& ent]ta9m5t 0 giv5 to ! ,legislature by ! railroad company at ,arnell's ,hotel1 ,bord5t[n1 & x has be5 :isp]$ t ! fe/ivities kept up until a late h\r 9 ! night4 ,:e!r t be true or n1 x is g5]ally conc$$ t f t "t to ?is ! ,legislature ( ,new ,j]sey h always be5 m or less int]e/$ 9 ! affairs ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad & its successors1 or vice v]sa4 ,?is fir/ movem5t ( pass5g]s by /eam 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey 0 reg>d$ z a success f e po9t ( view1 & 9 commemoration ( ! important ev5ts "h enact$ ! b\nd>ies ( ?is fir/ piece ( railway laid betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 :i* 7 id5tifi$ & /ak$ out by ,isaac ,dripps a half c5tury aft]w>d1 h be5 def9itely m>k$ = all "t by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 :o h erect$ ^! h&some /ones4 ,,e>ly ,,difficulties4 ,among ! e>lie/ tr\bles ( ! "y eng9e] & 8 employ]1 ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s1 0 ! fact t z !re 7 only f\r :eels "u ! eng9es1 !y 7 d]ail$ frequ5tly 9 go+ ar\nd curves2 s x 0 necess>y to provide an appliance to prev5t ?is4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pilot4 ,! fir/ pilot 0 plann$1 #ahcb1 by ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s4 ,a frame made ( oak1 eight by f\r feet1 p9n$ toge!r at ! corn]s1 0 made4 ,"u "o end ( x a pair ( :eels tw5ty-six in*es 9 diamet] 7 plac$ 9 boxes1 & ! o!r end 0 fa/5$ to an ext5sion ( ! axle outside ( ! =w>d driv+ :eels1 x hav+ be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t a play ( ab\t "o in* on ea* side on ! p$e/als ( ! front :eels ( ! pilot or eng9e 0 necess>y 9 ord] to get ar\nd ! curves !n 9 ! tracks4 ,= ye>s aft]w>d !re 0 v little *ange 9 con/ruct+ ! pilots f t orig9ally appli$ to ! ,john ,bull4 ,! spiral spr+1 :i* held ! front :eels ( ! pilot 9 place1 act$ sub/antially z ! c5t] p9 ( a truck4 ,! turntables 9 use on ! road 7 s %ort t x 0 necess>y to unconnect & take (f ^! pilots be=e turn+ ! eng9e4 ,aft] ! pilot 0 adopt$ ! =w>d l>ge :eel on "r ( ! eng9e 0 made loose on ! %aft 9 ord] to af=d additional play 9 go+ ar\nd curves4 ,o!r#f *anges & additions 7 also made 9 ! locomotive4 ,footnote #f3 ,*anges 9 ! locomotive ,john ,bull s9ce date ( con/ruction1 #ahcj3 ,/eam dome *ang$ f re> ( boil] =w>d to a "p ov] :at 0 call$ ! man-hole1 & ?rottle valve plac$ !re94 ,/eam pipes *ang$ to outside ( boil]1 connect+ new dome ) smoke box1 ent]+ x on ea* side4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! rev]se ge> 0 *ang$ f "o s+le ecc5tric rod on ea* side to two on ea* side1 connect+ on to ! same ecc5tric :eel1 & ! lift+ rod1 9 pull+ back1 lift$ ! =w>d ge> hook (f ! rock] arm1 & ! back motion hook !n connect+ on ! rock] arm rev]s$ ! eng9e4 ,side rods 7 nev] us$4 ,driv] spr+ 0 *ang$ f a be>+ "u ! p$e/al boxes to a po9t ov] ! boxes4 ,! pilot 0 atta*$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,"r =w>d :eel be+ loose1 =w>d axle ext5d$ eight in*es beyond box on ea* side2 to ?is 0 atta*$ ! beam ( ! pilot1 hav+ play ( ab\t "o in* betwe5 box & p$e/al plate to act :ile go+ ar\nd curves4 ,! weight ( =w>d "p ( eng9e re/$ ^u a cross brace ( ! two-:eel pilot1 :i* took be>+ by a screw p9 surr\nd$ by a spr+1 by turn+ :i* p9 ! weight on ! driv]s c\ld be adju/$4 ,a brace us$ z a h& rail 0 add$ on top ( ! frame1 brac+ frame & act+ z a guide to ! driv+ spr+s4 ,wat]-cocks *ang$ f "r to left side ( ! boil]4 ,bell1 :i/le & headlight 7 add$4 ,balance safety valve scale 0 *ang$ =w>d to a po9t ov] b>rel ( boil]1 ! secret valve be+ ov] ! new dome4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,locomotive ,,build+4 ,dur+ #ahca-ce ! company's %ops 7 locat$ at ,hobok51 ,n4,j41 & dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahcb-cc1 ?ree locomotives 7 comm5c$ at ^! %ops 7two complet$ be=e ,m>*1 #ahcc1 ! o!r 9 ,april71 ! valves1 cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 etc41 com+ f ,engl&1 ! boil]s be+ made "u ! direction ( ,rob]t ,l4 ,/ev5s4 ,x 0 8 op9ion t ! ,john ,bull 0 too heavy1 & ! new boil]s 7 built small] & light]1 s t ! eng9es1 :5 complet$1 weigh$ eight in/ead ( t5 tons4 ,) ^! ?ree eng9es1 :i* 7 deliv]$ to ! railroad company at ,s\? ,amboy1 ! /one blocks & o!r mat]ial = ! p]man5t track 0 deliv]$ along ! l9e ( ! road4 ,,baldw9',s ,,fir/ ,,locomotives4 ,! importation ( ! locomotive ,john ,bull 0 de/9$ to h a f>-rea*+ influ5ce 9 m\ld+ ! types ( e>ly ,am]ican locomotives4 ,aft] ! demon/ration ( ,novemb] #ab1 #ahca1 ! eng9e 0 tak5 f ! track & /or$ 9 a %$ con/ruct$ to protect x until su* "t z ! track %\ld be complet$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! proprietor ( ,peale's ,museum1 9 ,philadelphia1 appli$ to ,mat?ias ,baldw91 an +5i\s ma!matical in/rum5t mak]1 = a small locomotive to run ^u a circul> track on ! floor ( ! museum4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h he>d ( ?is locomotive4 ,he came to ,bord5t[n & appli$ to ,isaac ,dripps = p]mission to inspect x4 ,mr4 ,dripps tells me he rememb]s v well ! day t he expla9$ to ,mr4 ,baldw9 ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s work+ p>ts4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 built a toy eng9e = ,mr4 ,peale1 :i* 0 s successful1 t 9 #ahcb he 0 call$ ^u by ! ,philadelphia & ,g]mant[n ,railroad ,company to con/ruct ! old ,ironsides1#g :i* 0 simil> 9 _m ways to ! ,john ,bull1 z an exam9ation ( ! model pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum w %[4 ,! success ( ?is eng9e laid ! f\ndation = ! great ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 :i* is 9 exi/5ce to-day1 s5d+ locomotives to e "p ( ! globe4 ,footnote #g3 ,a h&some model ( ! ,ironsides 0 pres5t$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,company 9 #ahhh4 ,,! ,,l9e ,,f ,,bord5t[n ,,to ,,s\? ,,amboy4 ,! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,company hav+ obta9$ control ( ! /eamboat r\tes betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,bord5t[n1 & betwe5 ,s\? ,amboy & ,new ,york1 direct$ _! en]gies to complet+ ! railway across ! ,/ate4 ,al?\gh ! grad+ ( ! road f ,bord5t[n to ,camd5 _h be5 comm5c$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahca1 "w on t end ( ! l9e 0 ab&on$ = ab\t two ye>s1 ! entire con/ruction =ce be+ put on ! "w betwe5 ,bord5t[n & ,s\? ,amboy4 ,! road f ,bord5t[n to ,hight/[n 0 complet$ by ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #ahcb1 & f ,hight/[n to ,s\? ,amboy 9 ! ,decemb] foll[+4 ,! deep cut at ,s\? ,amboy1 & ! curves ( ! track !re1 gave ! civil eng9e]s great tr\ble4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,/&>d ,,track4 ,! lay+ ( ! track ?r\gh ! deep cut l$ to an ev5t ( great importance to future railway con/ruction4 ,! au?orities at ,s+ ,s+ hav+ fail$ to deliv] ! /one blocks rapidly en\gh1 ,mr4 ,/ev5s ord]$ hewn wood5 cross ties to be laid tempor>ily1 & ! rail to be directly spik$ !reto4 ,a numb] ( ^! ties 7 laid on ! %>pe/ curves 9 ! cut4 ,!y %[$ su* satisfactory prop]ties :5 ! road began to be op]at$ t !y 7 p]mitt$ to rema91 & ! /one blocks already 9 ! track 7 replac$ by wood5 ties z rapidly z practicable4 ,)\t d\bt ! piece ( track 9 deep cut 0 ! fir/ 9 ! _w to be laid accord+ to ! pres5t ,am]ican practice ( spik+ ! rail directly to ! cross tie4 ,,! ,,l9e ,,op5$ ,,betwe5 ,,bord5t[n ,,& ,,s\? ,,amboy4 ,among ! memor&a compil$ by ,b5jam9 ,fi%1 publi%$ 9 8 memoir1 ,i f9d ! foll[+3 ,fir/ c>s 7 put on ! ,camd5 & ,amboy ,railroad ,septemb] #ai1 #ahcb4 ,!y 7 drawn by two horses4 ,!y took ! directors & a few fri5ds f ,bord5t[n to ,hight/[n & back4 ,on ,decemb] #ag1 #ahcb1 ! fir/ pass5g]s 7 tak5 f ,bord5t[n ?r\gh to ,s\? ,amboy4 ,fifty or sixty p w5t4 ,x 0 a ra9y day4 ,on ,janu>y #bd1 #ahcc1 ! fir/ freight c>s 7 put on ! railroad4 ,!re 7 ?ree c>s1 drawn by "o horse ea*1 ) six or sev5 ?\s& p\nds ( freight on ea* c>4 ,freight came f ,new ,york by /eam boat to ,s\? ,amboy4 ,i drove ! fir/ c>1 ,john ,tw9e drove ! second c> & ,edmund ,page ! ?ird "o4 ,we came to ! ,s& ,hills 7ne> ,bord5t[n7 by railroad1 !re load$ ! goods on wagons 7x 0 w9t]1 & ! riv] 0 froz5 ov]71 arriv+ 9 ,philadelphia by sunrise next morn+4 ,! goods left ,new ,york at #ab o'clock1 noon4 ,?is 0 done by ! old firm ( ,hill1 ,fi% ,abbe4 ,imm$iately aft] ! road f ,bord5t[n to ,s\? ,amboy 0 complet$1 & z late z ! summ] ( #ahcc1 pass5g]s 7 br\ght f ,philadelphia to ! :>f at ,:ite ,hill by /eamboat1 & f !re 7 rapidly driv5 to ,amboy4 ,two horses 7 hit*$ to ea* c>1 & z !y 7 driv5 cont9u\sly on ! run1 ?ree *anges ( horses 7 requir$1 ! f9e/ horses obta9able be+ pur*as$ = ?is purpose4 ,! "t consum$ 9 cross+ ! ,/ate 7?irty-f\r miles7 0 f two & a half to ?ree h\rs4 ,e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 #ahcc1 ! locomotive ,john ,bull 0 put on ! tra9 leav+ ,bord5t[n ab\t #g o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & return+ leav+ ,s\? ,amboy at #d ,p4,m4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ pass5g] tra9 regul>ly run by /eam on ! r\te betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,briti% ,,cruis] ,,olus4 ,! new tw9 screw cruis] olus 0 laun*$ f ! ,devonport ,docky>d on ! #ac? ,novemb]4 ,! fir/ keel plate ( ! olus 0 laid 9 position on ! #aj? ,m>* la/ ye>1 & up to ! pres5t "t fully two ?irds ( ! e/imat$ weight has be5 work$ into h] /ructure4 ,says ,indu/ries3 ,%e is built ( /eel1 ) l>ge phosphor bronze ca/+s = /]n po/1 %aft brackets1 & /em1 ! latt] t]m9at+ 9 a =midable ram4 ,! hull is %ea!d ) wood1 & w be cov]$ ) copp] to enable h] to keep ! seas = a l5g!n$ p]iod on remote /ations1 :]e !re is a lack ( dock+ accommodation4 ,all ! vital portions1 su* z ma*9]y1 boil]s1 magaz9es1 & /e]+ ge>1 are protect$ by a /eel deck runn+ =e & aft1 t]m9at+ =w>d 9 ! ram1 ( :i* x virtually =ms a "p4 ,subdivision has be5 made a special feature 9 ?is type ( vessel1 & ! hull "u ! upp] deck is divid$ into ne>ly #ajj wat] tight comp>tm5ts4 ,betwe5 p]p5dicul>s ! olus measures #cjj ft4 9 l5g?1 ! extreme bread? be+ #dc ft4 #h 941 & m\ld$ dep? #bb ft4 #i 941 ) a displacem5t ( #c1fjj tons on a mean draught ( wat] ( #ag ft4 #f 94 ,%e w be suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,haw?orn1 ,leslie ,co41 ( ,newca/le on ,tyne1 ) two sets ( v]tical triple-expansion eng9es1 capable ( develop+ collectively #i1jjj h4p41 :i* is e/imat$ to realize a spe$ ( #ai4ge knots4 ,z v]tical eng9es h be5 adopt$1 ! necess>y protection ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* project above ! /eel protective deck1 is obta9$ by fitt+ an armor$ brea/work ( /eel #e 94 ?ick1 support$ by a #g 94 teak back+1 ar\nd ! eng9e hat*way4 ,provision is made = a bunk] coal capacity ( #djj tons1 & ?is is calculat$ to give a radius ( action ( #h1jjj knots at a r$uc$ spe$ ( #aj knots4 ,! armam5t ( ! %ip w consi/ ( two #f 94 bree*-load+ guns on c5tral pivot /&s1 "o m\nt$ on ! poop & ano!r on ! =eca/le2 six quick-fir+ #d4g 94 guns1 m\nt$ ?ree on ea* broadside2 eight quick-fir+ #f-p\nd] guns1 f\r on ea* broadside2 besides "o #c-p\nd] ,hot*kiss & f\r #e-;b>rel ,nord5feldt guns4 ,9 addition f\r torp$o tubes are fitt$1 "o =w>d1 "o aft1 & "o on ea* broadside4 ,all ! necess>y appliances = manipulat+ ! eng9es1 guns1 /e]+ ge>1 etc41 :5 9 action1 are plac$ 9 a conn+ t[] built ( /eel #c 94 ?ick1 & situat$ at ! aft] end ( ! =eca/le4 ,! olus w be rigg$ ) two pole ma/1 c>ry+ light =e & aft sails only4 ,h] total co/ is e/imat$ at #ahh1cej1 ( :i* #ajj1jjj is reg>d$ z ! co/ ( hull4 ,:5 complete %e w be mann$ by a complem5t ( #bed (fic]s & m54 ,9 ! slipway vacat$ by ! olus a second class cruis]1 to be nam$ ! ,h]mione1 w be laid d[n =?)4 ,! ,h]mione may be reg>d$ z an enl>g$ olus1 & w measure #cbj ft4 9 l5g?1 #di ft4 #f 94 9 bread?1 ) a displacem5t ( #d1cfj tons1 on a mean draught ( wat] ( #ai ft4 ,! new cruis] w be suppli$ ) propell+ ma*9]y ( ! same p[] z ! olus1 to be con/ruct$ 9 ! docky>d f ,admiralty designs4 ,! coal capacity ( ! ,h]mione is to be #djj tons1 & h] e/imat$ spe$ is #ai4e knots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trials ,,( ,h4,m4 ,,cruis] ,,blake4 ,special int]e/1 says ,eng9e]+1 atta*es to ! trials ( ! protect$ cruis] ,blake1 9 view ( ! ass]tion frequ5tly made by ,admiralty au?orities1 f ! fir/ "l d[nw>d1 to ! effect t ) h] si/] %ip ,bl5heim %e w\ld surpass any?+ hi!rto attempt$4 ,! condition ( /eam+ cont9u\sly = long p]iods & ov] great di/ances at #bj knots p] h\r 0 made a rul+ condition 9 ! design1 & ) =c$ draught %e 0 to be able to atta9 #bb knots :5 occasion requir$4 ,b all idea ( gett+ ^! high results has be5 ab&on$4 ,our read]s d n ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! frequ5t failure ( boil]s 9 ! navy4 ,al?\gh 9 ! new] %ips1 pr(it has be5 ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 l>g] boil]s be+ provid$ ) sep>ate combu/ion *amb]s = ea* furnace2 ! ,blake's boil]s belong to ! type ( defective design1 ) ! result t1 7 !y press$ "u =c$ draught1 ! tubes w\ld leak4 ,x 01 !re=e1 decid$ "s "t ago to be cont5t ) natural draught results1 & on ,w$nesday1 ,nov4 #ah1 ! vessel 0 tak5 out f ,portsm\?1 & ran = sev5 h\rs ) satisfactory results1 consid]ably exce$+ ! contract p[]4 ,b ! spe$ 0 b #ai4ab knots1 & #bb knots c nev] be atta9$1 except1 ( c\rse1 new boil]s be provid$1 & :5 an exp5diture ( #e or #f p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ co/ ( ! vessel 7#dcc1geel47 w\ld give h] new boil]s1 x seems a pity to be cont5t ) ! less] spe$1 m p>ticul>ly z ! vessel is well design$ & ! eng9es effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,briti% ,,cruis] ,,blake4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! eng9es & _! trials1 x may be /at$ t ! vessel is ( #ijjj tons displacem5t at #be ft4 #i 94 mean draught4 ,h] l5g? is #cge ft4 & h] beam #fe ft4 ,%e 0 built at ,*a?am1 & ! armam5t consi/s ( two #ib 94 #bb-ton bree*-load+ guns1 t5 #f-;94 #e-ton guns & sixte5 #c-p\nd] quick-fir+1 & eight ma*9e guns1 ) torp$o laun*+ c>riages & tubes4 ,! propell+ eng9es 7 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,sons ,field1 ,lambe?4 ,!y 7 design$ to develop #ac1jjj horses ) natural1 & #bj1jjj ) =c$ draught4 ,!y consi/ ( f\r di/9ct sets ( triple expansion inv]t$ cyl9d] eng9es1 & occupy ) boil]s1 etc41 ne>ly two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,!y are plac$ 9 f\r sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 two sets be+ c\pl$ toge!r on ! />bo>d & port sides respectively = driv+ ea* screw4 ,!re are f\r high pressure cyl9d]s1 #cf 94 9 diamet]2 f\r int]m$iate cyl9d]s1 #eb 942 & f\r l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 #hj 942 ) a /roke ( #d ft4 ,ea* set ( eng9es has an air pump #cc 94 9 diamet] & #b ft4 /roke1 & a surface cond5s] hav+ #ab1hjj tubes & an aggregate surface ( #bbej squ>e feet1 ! l5g? ( ! tubes betwe5 ! tube plates be+ #i ft4 ,!re is also 9 ea* comp>tm5t "o c5trifugal circulat+ pump driv5 by a small indep5d5t eng9e1 ( ! diamet] ( #c ft4 #i 941 & capable ( pump+ f ! bilge z well z ! sea4 ,! screw propell]s are #ah ft4 #c 94 9 diamet] ) a mean pit* ( #bd ft4 #f 94 ,/eam is furni%$ by six ma9 d\ble-end$ boil]s1 hav+ f\r furnaces at ea* end1 & "o auxili>y boil]1 ) a heat+ surface ( #ijj sq4 ft41 ! dim5sions ( ! =m] be+ #ae ft4 #b 94 by #ah ft41 & ( ! latt] #aj ft4 by #i ft4 long4 ,! total area ( firegrate surface is #hfc sq4 ft1 & ( heat+ surface #bf4icf sq4 ft4 ,ea* eng9e room is kept cool by f\r #d ft4 #f 94 fans4 ,=c$ draught is produc$ by twelve #e ft4 #f 94 fans1 ?ree be+ /ation$ 9 ea* /okehold4 ,! electric light+ ma*9]y consi/s ( ?ree dynamos ( ,siem5s manufacture driv5 by a ,willans eng9e1 ea* ( :i* is capable ( produc+ a curr5t ( #djj amp]es4 ,! aft] ma9 eng9es c be easily disconnect$ & work$ sep>ately = sl[ spe$s4 ,! ,blake _h h] /e]+ ge> te/$ on ,tuesday1 ,nov4 #ag4 ,) bo? eng9es go+ full p[] ahead & turn+ to />bo>d1 ) h] helm h>d ov] #ce deg41 %e complet$ ! circle 9 #d m94 #dj sec41 ! port circle be+ complet$ 9 #e m94 #e sec4 ,! diamet] 0 e/imat$ approximately to be ab\t #ege y>ds4 ,=ty-five seconds 7 requir$ to *ange f eng9e /e]+ to /e]+ by h&4 ,by manual ge> ! helm 0 mov$ f mid%ips to h>d a-/>bo>d 9 #dj sec41 f />bo>d to h>d a-port 9 #b m94 #aj sec41 & f h>d a-port to mid%ips 9 #b m94 #bj sec4 ,! heavy balanc$ rudd] & ! spe$ ( ! %ip ?r[+ great labor ^u ! crew mann+ ! :eels1 ! h& ge> 0 aft]w>d disconnect$ & ! connection ) ! /e]+ eng9e complet$ 9 #dj sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,briti% ,,cruis] ,,blake ,on ,nov4 #ah1 :5 ! vessel w5t on spe$ trials1 ! draught ( ! vessel 0 #bd ft4 #h 94 =w>d & #bf ft4 #h 94 aft1 :i* gave h] ! mean load imm]sion provid$ = 9 h] design4 ,!re 0 a s+ul> abs5ce ( vibration1 said to be due to ! space ov] :i* ! ma*9]y is spread1 b p]haps also due1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! numb] ( cranks1 z ! cyl9d]s deliv] six ?r[s ?r\gh\t ! circle ( revolution4 ,! results ( ea* h\r's /eam+ are z "u3 ,h\rs4 ,revolutions4 ,/eam4 ,p[]4 #a/ h\r #hf4hf #abj4f #ac1efh #b;d #hi4bf #abh4j #ae1bih #c;d #hh4ee #abe4j #ad1bea #d? #hi4eh #abg4f #ad1gei #e? #hi4dj #abe4j #ad1cid #f? #hi4ee #abe4j #ad1eab #g? #hi4ae #abf4j #ad1hic ,! trial 0 orig9ally int5d$ to cont9ue = eight h\rs1 b at ! end ( ! sev5?1 z ! light began to fade1 & z1 moreov]1 ! eng9es 7 work+ ) a smoo?ness & effici5cy t %[$ no signs ( flagg+1 x 0 consid]$ exp$i5t to t]m9ate ! run4 ,/eam pressure 9 boil]s #abe4e lb4 ,air pressure 9 /oke holds #j4db 94 ,revolutions p] m9ute1 />bo>d #hh4da ,revolutions p] m9ute1 port #hi4ci ,/>bo>d4 ,port4 --------------------------------- ,=w>d ,aft ,=w>d ,aft ,vacuum 9 cond5s]s4 #bg4he #bg4he #bh4a #bi4a ,mean pressure 9 cyl9d]s1 high #dc4jd #ch4ie #db4cf #db4de ,mean pressure 9 cyl9d]s1 int]4 #ca4di #cj4hb #cj4ag #bh4ch ,mean pressure 9 cyl9d]s1 l[ #aa4fh #ab4d #ab4he #ab4cb ,indicat$ horse p[] ea* eng9e #cfca4db #cehi4jg #cgba4cg #cehc4ej ,total #gbbj4ci #gcjd4hh ,collectively #adebe4cg ,z w be se51 ! collective p[] exce$s ! contract p[] "u natural draught by #a1ebe4cg horses1 & 0 obta9$ ) less ?an ! ,admiralty limit ( air pressure4 ,! coal us$ on ! occasion 0 ,h>ris' deep navigation1 b no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! am\nt consum$4 ,f\r runs 7 made on ! measur$ mile ) & aga9/ ! tide1 ! mean ( means disclos+ a spe$ ( #ai4ab knots4 ,! av]age spe$ ( ! sev5 h\rs' /eam+1 z measur$ by pat5t log1 0 #ai4bh knots4 ,?is fell %ort by ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( a knot ( :at 0 anticipat$ 9 proportion to ! p[] indicat$ by ! eng9es4 ,up to ! limit ( air pressure us$ ! boil]s answ]$ admirably4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,%ipma/]s4 ,a ,ma/] 9 *>ge ( a tramp /eam] 9 ^! days mu/1 if he wi%es = any com=t 9 life1 take good c>e ( himself1 = ! pressure & hurry :i* is insep>able f 8 position1 comb9$ ) ! responsibilities & anxieties ( 8 call+1 put a v great /ra9 ^u him1 & w1 9 "t1 unless he takes special c>e1 h a s]i\s effect on 8 heal?2 ?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case ) m5 ( ! n]v\s temp]am5t4 ,x _c be expect$ t 9 ?is age1 :5 s _m ?\s&s ( p on %ore fail f ov]work & high pressure1 /eam%ip ma/]s1 :o z a class1 are ov]work$ & h>rass$ to a s]i\s ext5t1 %\ld altoge!r escape4 ,aga91 unless a %ipma/] takes an int]e/ 9 ! heal?1 com=t1 & well-be+ ( 8 crew1 he1 9 ! fir/ place1 neglects "o ( 8 duties1 &1 secondly1 s[s ! se$s ( discom=t & annoyance to himself4 ,let u consid] 8 duties to himself p]sonally4 ,fir/1 !n1 he mu/ prep>e himself to und]go1 p]iodically1 ! discom=t ( want ( prop] re/ & irregul>ity 9 times ( meals2 he may1 = in/ance1 n be able to leave ! bridge = ov] =ty-eight h\rs or m on a /ret*1 &1 ( c\rse1 any %ipma/] :o may read ?is w "k t ?is is no uncommon occurr5ce2 dur+ ?is "t he may be unable to get regul> meals1 & :at he does get may h to be eat5 9 a hurry & at an anxi\s "t :5 he _c prop]ly enjoy & dige/ x4 ,a "t l ?is may be foll[$ by a p]iod ( re/1 :5 ! days w hang heavily on 8 h&s1 & he w be tempt$ to long aft]noon sleeps m]ely to get ?r\gh ! we>y h\rs4 ,n[1 z a c\rse ( ?is k9d ( ?+ is b\nd1 unless c>e be ex]cis$1 to act unfavorably on ! dige/ion & br+ on "s =m ( dyspepsia1 s also ! nights & days ( great anxiety & mom5ts ( great /ra9 w1 besides increas+ ! dyspeptic t5d5cy1 be apt to br+ on n]v\sness 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,x is a fact t 9 ^! times1 & (t5 f want ( att5tion to heal?1 ne>ly e %ipma/] long 9 h>ness is m or less n]v\s4 ,!re are p 9 ! pres5t day :o h actually talk$ ( mak+ _! *ief eng9e] 7:o ex]cises 8 special trade at sea or on %ore z suits himself & is 9 no s5se a seaman7 ! ma/] ( ! vessel1 & turn+ ! %ipma/] into a m]e pilot4 ,^? :o talk 9 ?is way =get t to d ?is ! responsibility mu/ be %ift$ on to ! eng9e]4 ,( c\rse su* a *ange z ?is _c happ51 ! c\ntry w\ld n /& x2 b ,i m]ely m5tion x to %[ ! va/ am\nt ( ignorance !re is1 ev5 among ^? :o %\ld be well in=m$1 z to ! real /ra9 & responsibility on ! mod]n %ipma/]4 ,! ma/] !n1 if anxi\s to d ! be/ = himself1 %\ld1 if possible1 be a total ab/a9]1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because1 z he w be oblig$ to be irregul> 9 8 fe$+1 alcohol 9 any =m w d him h>m & t5d to augm5t ! dyspepsia4 ,secondly1 because1 (t5 9 times ( great m5tal /ra91 comb9$ ) exposure1 a glass ( spirits w give great tempor>y relief 7:i* is ( itself a dang]\s fact = a weak-m9d$ man71 b ?is w always be foll[$ by depression1 & w 9 reality be do+ great h>m in/ead ( la/+ good4 ,spiritu\s liquor may be necess>y = a few1 b ^! %\ld use x "u m$ical advice if at all4 ,x is a h>d ?+ = _m m5 to give up _! grog1 b !re is n a man ( any exp]i5ce 9 ! m]*ant s]vice :o has n se5 its bla/+ effects on _m a ma/] & (fic]4 ,x is almo/ impossible to f9d a sub/itute = x :i* %all recomm5d itself to anyone :o has really a lik+ = x1 ab\t ! only ?+s be+ c(fee1 lime juice1 or lemonade & g+] ale4 ,s-call$ temp]ance dr9ks are all ( !m v na/y /uff1 besides conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( alcohol2 r ?an swall[ ^! "o _h bett] n *ange 8 habits4 ,! ma/] !n1 be+ an ab/a9]1 %\ld also give "s c>e to 8 diet4 ,v heavy meals ( meat & /rong food %\ld n be tak5 at sea1 because !re are no means ( tak+ prop] ex]cise1 & x is impossible to "w !m (f prop]ly4 ,aga91 long1 heavy1 aft]-d9n] sleeps %\ld n be indulg$ 92 a quiet nap ( t5 m9utes w\ld 9 _m cases be b5eficial1 b ! long sleep up to five o'clock is positively h>mful to any man4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s a ma/] c d is to take up "s "w4 ,no matt] :at x is s long z he takes an int]e/ 9 x1 su* z jo9] "w1 fret "w1 pa9t+1 writ+1 le>n+ a musical in/rum5t or a =eign language1 or any?+ ( t sort4 ,x w be ( incalculable b5efit to bo? m9d & body4 ,on occasions :5 x is absolutely necess>y to be on deck = long p]iods1 ! /ew>d ought to h ord]s to att5d himself p]sonally to ! ma/]'s wants--to see t 8 meals are prop]ly cook$ & br\ght up to him at regul> int]vals1 & t !re is always a well made cup ( c(fee to be _h :5 want$4 ,! ord9>y cup ( c(fee z made at sea is g5]ally a bea/ly mixture & n wor? dr9k+4 ,! /ew>d has an easy life & %\ld n be sp>$ at ^! times1 b %\ld always be turn$ out :5 want$1 night or day1 & made to look aft] ^! ?+s himself1 & a man :o gr[ls at hav+ ?is to d or :o w n take ! prop] tr\ble to see ?+s well cook$ & s]v$ up nicely ) *e]fulness %\ld at once be dis*>g$1 & a good man1 ( :om !re are pl5ty1 %ipp$ 9 8 place4 ,! ma/]1 ( c\rse1 %\ld always be on ! bridge :5 requir$1 & 9 fog c]ta9ly all ! "t2 b _m m5 are ov]-cauti\s 9 ?is respect ?r\gh %e] n]v\sness1 & (t5times expose & fatigue !mselves to no purpose1 h>ass _! (fic]s1 & make !m unreliable1 s t :5 ! "t comes t _! pres5ce on deck is absolutely necess>y1 !y are1 ?r\gh exhau/ion ( m9d & body1 9 any?+ b a fit /ate to take *>ge ( ! %ip1 or be cool & collect$ 9 a mom5t ( sudd5 em]g5cy4 ,%\ld a man feel t ?r\gh h>d "w & exposure he is becom+ %aky1 he %\ld at once leave (f entirely ! false relief :i* dr9k gives & consult a physician4 ,a good man ) exp]i5ce w 9 almo/ any case be able to help him1 &1 besides m$ic9e1 give him su* h9ts = regulat+ 8 diet & mode ( liv+ z w enable him to be> bett] ?an be=e ! /ra9 & we> & te> ( 8 life4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= ! flutt]+1 un/eady feel+ (t5 felt1 ! foll[+1 if n abus$1 w be f\nd b5eficial3 ,take z mu* bromide ( potassium z w lie1 n heap$ up1 on a %ill+1 & half a teaspoonful ( sal volatile 7aromatic spirits ( ammonia74 ,mix 9 a w9e glass full ( wat]2 b ?is %\ld only be tak5 :5 absolutely necess>y1 & n habitually4 ,z to ! crew4 ,a ma/] :o has full comm& ( himself ought to be able to rule judici\sly ev5 ! mo/ unruly crew1 b be=e he is 9 a really /rong position to d ?is1 he mu/ treat !m fairly & hone/ly4 ,9 _m cases a bad />t is made ) a new set ( m5 7( c\rse ?is w n apply to ! high class mail /eam]s1 nor p]haps to :at are t]m$ weekly boats74 ,!y come on bo>d & f9d _! =eca/le j z ! la/ crew left x1 full ( a week's fil?1#b possibly lumb]$ up ) haul+ l9es & :at-n1 want+ pa9t+ badly1 & (t5 %[+ unmi/akable signs ( ov]head leakage4 ,?is is q en\gh to make a respectable man discont5t$1 & naturally s4 ,9 common fairness1 ! (t5 wret*$ place t ! m5 h to occupy ought to be put 9 dec5t ord] to receive ! new crew4 ,aga91 !y %\ld be di/9ctly made to und]/&1 :5 sign+ articles1 :at _! food w be1 & :at _! pay & all[ances w come to4 ,x is to be fe>$ t bad fe$+ is ! cause ( mu* tr\ble 9 ^! days4 ,f fir/ com+ on bo>d discipl9e %\ld be en=c$2 _m (fic]s1 bo? "y & old1 are greatly remiss 9 en=c+ ?is1 ) ! consequ5ce t day by day x is h>d] to d1 till at la/ x is impossible1 & an>*y reigns triumphant4 ,if a seaman f9ds t he is fairly treat$1 & t he mu/ obey ord]s1 he w 9 n9e cases out ( t5 conduct himself well1 & give no tr\ble4 ,! m high class type ( man ! ma/] is ! bett] he w treat 8 m51 & ! m exact+ he w be 9 compell+ discipl9e1 bo? 9 8 (fic]s & crew4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is %\ld n be4 ,x is mo/ decid$ly "o ( ! ma/]'s duties to see t ! m5 on bo? sides ( ! =eca/le keep _! places clean1 & = ?is purpose x is a v good plan to give !m an h\r or two e week1 & x is only "r t if a crew fl$ a =eca/le clean to receive !m1 !y %\ld be made to leave x 9 ! same /ate4 ,eng9e]s & firem5 are (t5 s\rces ( annoyance 9 ^! days4 ,firem5 are a l[] class g5]ally ?an seam51 & m incl9$ to insubord9ation2 9 _m cases ! eng9e]s are q incapable ( keep+ !m 9 prop] ord]1 & x sometimes happ5s t 9 an eng9e room r[ x falls to ! lot ( ! deck (fic]s to re/ore discipl9e4 ,! ma/] %\ld rememb] t 8 eng9e]s are (fic]s ( ! %ip1 ) _! own responsibility1 t 8 *ief eng9e] is ( "s importance on bo>d1 & t x is necess>y 9 ! own]'s int]e/s t !y %\ld "w toge!r amicably4 ,9 ord9>y c>go vessels1 ! eng9e] is (t5 bett] educat$ ?an ! ma/] himself1 & %\ld nev] be treat$ z an inf]ior :ile he behaves ) prop] respect to ! ma/]4 ,to 8 own deck (fic]s ! ma/] %\ld behave ) ord9>y c\rtesy1 &1 if he f9ds !m tru/wor?y1 %\ld n spoil !m & r5d] !m unreliable by always keep+ on or ab\t ! bridge2 an (fic] :o is nev] left by himself 9 *>ge w soon fancy himself incapable4 ,x is to be fe>$ t _m "y (fic]s are spoil$ 9 ?is way4 ,famili>ity ) ! m5 be=e ! ma/ is always unwise4 ,x is n a good practice 9 ord9>y vessels1 :]e a new crew is %ipp$ ea* voyage1 to beg9 by call+ ! m5 ,tom & ,jack4 ,an (fic] to h any real comm& ov] ! m5 mu/ keep himself ap>t f !m & %[ !m ! diff]5ce ( _! positions4 ,a judici\s %ipma/] w w>n 8 "y mates ab\t ?is4 ,! usual sy/em ( mess room = eng9e]s1 ! (fic]s mess+ 9 ! cab9 ) ! ma/]1 is a good "o1 ?\gh x is a "q :e!r x w\ld n be a v good ?+ if ! *ief eng9e] always mess$ ) ! ma/] s long z he 0 a dec5t1 respectable man4 ,x is (t5 "o ( ! causes ( ill heal? 9 ! ma/] t he keeps too mu* to himself1 seldom if ev] speak+ to 8 (fic]s except on bus9ess connect$ ) ! %ip4 ,a man :o does ?is has f> too mu* "t to ?9k1 & if he has any trivial illness is apt to brood ov] x & actually make himself ill4 ,x is mu* wis] & bett] = all conc]n$ t ! ma/] %\ld1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 be on fri5dly t]ms at any rate ) 8 fir/ mate1 if n ) all 8 (fic]s4 ,any man ) common tact c always f9d means = *eck+ undue famili>ity1 & x w g5]ally be f\nd t (fic]s treat$ z equals in/ead1 z is (t5 ! case1 z ?\gh !y 7 an inf]ior race ( be+s1 w be mu* m incl9$ to d _! "w ) zeal1 & to back up ! ma/] 9 all 8 tr\bles4 ,_m m5 :5 !y get comm& seem to =get t !y ev] 7 (fic]s !mselves4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion t ! /rict %ip is ! mo/ com=table "o1 & z a rule ! ma/] :o w take ! tr\ble to en=ce prop] discipl9e =e & aft is j ! v man :o w also be consid]ate & c\rte\s to ^? :o sail "u 8 comm&--:atev] be _! rank4 ,to gov]n o!rs well a man mu/ fir/ h le>n$ to gov]n himself4 ,! fir/ lesson = a "y seaman to le>n is ob$i5ce1 & unless he does le>n ?is lesson he w n "k h[ to en=ce x :5 he becomes an (fic]1 & /ill less w he be fit = 8 position :5 he obta9s comm&4 ,x is to be fe>$ t _m nev] le>n ?is lesson1 & t ?is is ! cause ( mu* ( ! insubord9ation rife 9 ^! days4 ,if ! mod]n h>d-driv5 %ipma/] w\ld ex]cise great] c>e z to 8 heal? & habits1 & w\ld /rive m aft] be+ a true ma/] ov] 8 %ip's company1 & ?is is easi] to be ga9$ by respect ?an fe>1 ?+s w\ld g on m smoo?ly1 & :5 he did get away = a "t f all ! petty annoyances ( %ore1 :i* are m especially felt 9 8 home port1 he w\ld h a "t ( comp>ative com=t1 w\ld live long] & happi]1 &1 possibly1 escape ! t]rible attacks ( n]v\s depression :i* h f9i%$ ! c>e] ( _m a too f9ely /rung f9 de siecle %ipma/]4 --,nautical ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alfr$ ,,t5nyson4 ,alfr$ ,t5nyson1 ! poet laureate ( ,engl&1 0 born at ,sorn]sby1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,april #i1 #ahaj1 & 0 ! ?ird ( a l>ge family ( *ildr51 eight ( :om 7 boys & ?ree girls4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman1 a man ( rem>kably f9e abilities2 8 "m1 z %\ld be ! "m ( a great poet1 0 a deeply religi\s woman ) a s5sitive _s t 0 ke5ly attun$ to ! aspects ( nature4 ,x 0 f h] t ,t5nyson inh]it$ 8 poetic temp]am5t comb9$ ) ! love ( /udy t 0 a *>act]i/ic ( 8 fa!r4 ,t5nyson's bro!r1 ,*>les1 sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( 8 y\ng] bro!r's fir/ poetic composition1 :i* 0 writt5 ^u a slate :5 ! great laureate 0 a *ild ( sev54 ,t5nyson's p>5ts 7 p :o _h suffici5t ( ?is _w's weal? to educate _! sons well1 & ,alfr$ 0 s5t to ,tr9ity ,college1 :]e he z a m]e lad won ! gold m$al = a poem 9 blank v]se entitl$ ,timbuctoo1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 all ! volumes ( 8 collect$ works1 ?\gh _m ( ! o!r poems produc$ 9 t p]iod are n giv5 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alfr$ ,,t5nyson1 ,,poet ,,laureate ,,( ,,engl&4 ,8 fir/ volume ( poems 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbg1 & 9 !m ! influ5ce ( ,byron1 :om he passionately admir$1 is ev]y:]e visible4 ,9 #ahcj he issu$ ano!r volume1 :i* def9$ 8 position z a poet ( great promise1 b :i* 0 criticis$ by ,*ri/oph] ,nor? ) ! mo/ bit+ s>casm1 & :i* 0 held up to ridicule by ! great ,lockh>t4 ,m ?an t5 ye>s foll[$ 9 :i* ! poet wrote no?+1 !n he began a lit]>y c>e] :i* lift$ him to ! highe/ place 9 ! lit]>y _w1 a place :i* he has s9ce held1 & z a lyric poet he has nev] be5 equal$4 ,9 #ahej he issu$ t mo/ wond]ful production 9 any language1 ,9 ,memoriam1 :i* has enri*$ ! ,engli% language by hundr$s ( quotations & :i* 9 its delicate s5tim5t1 its deep sorr[1 its reflective t5d]ness1 has be5 ! voice ( _m a s\l simil>ly b]eft4 ,_h ,t5nyson nev] writt5 any?+ b ,9 ,memoriam1 8 fame w\ld h be5 assur$1 b ,! ,idylls ( ! ,k+1 ,eno* ,ard51 ,! ,pr9cess1 & o!r great compositions w /& =ev] to 8 cr$it4 ,( ,t5nyson's p]sonal "* mu* has be5 said & writt54 ,z pure & sweet z 8 poetry1 belov$ by a l>ge circle ( fri5ds1 active /ill 9 lit]>y "w1 x may be said ( him t he has always worn )\t reproa* ,! gr& old "n ( g5tleman1 & t 8 mell[ old age is ! rip5+ into fruit ( ! :ite fl[] ( a blameless life4--,*icago ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fiftie? ,,ye> ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales4 ,9 ! case ( a di/+ui%$ p]son ^: public life has a claim to be reg>d$ ) national & social int]e/1 8 fiftie? bir?day mu/ be consid]$ a jubilee2 & ,monday1 ,nov4 #i1 9 ! pres5t ye>1 complet+ t numb] ( anniv]s>ies = ! elde/ son ( h] ,maje/y ! ,que51 ! heir app>5t to ! cr[n ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 is manife/ly an occasion dem&+ su* congratulations z mu/ arise f s5tim5ts ( loyalty to ! mon>*ical con/itution & ( respect = ! reign+ family4 ,8 ,royal ,highness1 x is und]/ood1 has pref]r$ to h x treat$ simply z a private & dome/ic affair1 ent]ta9+ a p>ty ( 8 p]sonal fri5ds1 & n invit+ any =mal addresses f ! repres5tatives ( municipal corporations or o!r public bodies4 ,nev]!less1 x may be p]mitt$ to j\rnali/s1 tak+ note ( ?is p]iod 9 ! life ( s important a contempor>y p]sonage1 to express _! cont9u$ good wi%es = 8 heal? & happ9ess1 & to indulge 9 a few retrospective obs]vations on 8 pa/ c>e]4 ,born on ,nov4 #i1 #ahda1 second ( ! (fspr+ ( ,que5 ,victoria by h] m>riage ) ! late ,pr9ce ,consort1 ,alb]t ,edw>d1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 inh]it$ ! greate/ bless+ ( humanity1 t ( hav+ good p>5ts & wise gu>dians ( 8 *ildhood & y\?4 ,8 in/ruction at home 01 no d\bt1 wid] 9 range ( /udies ?an t ( ord9>y ,engli% boys1 includ+ an acqua9tance ) sev]al ,european languages & ) mod]n hi/ory1 ne$ful to qualify him = ! duties ( a pr9ce4 ,he 0 fur!r educat$ at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 & at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 0 enroll$ a law /ud5t ( ! ,middle ,temple & held a commission 9 ! army4 ,8 e>lie/ appe>ance 9 a lead+ "p on any public occasion 0 9 #aheh or #ahei1 we ?9k at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one ( ! ,lambe? ,s*ool ( ,art at ,vauxhall2 b aft] ! lam5t$ dea? ( 8 fa!r1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfa1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales naturally became ! mo/ em95t & desirable p]=m] ( all c]emonies 9 :i* b5efic5t or useful und]tak+s 7 to be recogniz$ by royal approval4 ,?is "w has occupi$ a v l>ge %>e ( 8 "t dur+ ?irty ye>s2 & we c all te/ify t x has be5 dis*>g$ ) su* frank good w1 cordiality1 & unaffect$ graci\sness1 ) su* pati5t att5tion1 dilig5ce1 & punctuality1 z to des]ve ! gratitude ( l>ge numb]s ( h] ,maje/y's subjects 9 almo/ e "p ( ! k+dom4 ,no pr9ce ( any c\ntry 9 any age has ev] p]sonally ex]t$ himself m con/antly & fai?fully1 9 r5d]+ s]vices ( ?is k9d to ! community1 ?an ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! multiplicity & v>iety ( 8 engagem5ts1 on behalf ( local & special objects ( utility1 w\ld make a surpris+ li/1 & !y mu/ h involv$ a sacrifice ( ease & leisure1 & endurance ( self-impos$ re/ra9t1 a submission to t$i\s repetitions ( simil> acts & sc5es1 & to cont9ual reque/s & importunities1 :i* few m5 ( high rank w\ld l to und]go4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales ,,& ,,family--,,f ,,! ,,photograph ,,( ,,messrs4 ,,byrne1 ,,ri*mond4 ,! m>riage ( 8 ,royal ,highness to ,pr9cess ,alex&ra ( ,d5m>k1 on ,m>* #aj1 #ahfc1 0 "o ( ! happie/ ev5ts )9 ! memory ( ?is g5]ation4 ,x t5d$ visibly1 ( c\rse1 to raise & confirm 8 position z lead] ( ,engli% society1 & z ! active disp5s] ( t enc\ragem5t :i* royalty c be/[ on comm5dable public objects4 ,*>ity1 education1 sci5ce1 art1 music1 indu/ry1 agriculture1 & local improvem5ts are 9 no small measure advanc$ by ?is patronage4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales may n be s le>n$ 9 "s ( ^! matt]s z 8 accompli%$ fa!r1 b he has tak5 z mu* tr\ble to assi/ ! endless labors ( ! imm$iate ag5ts1 9 do+ :i* he has %[n good judgm5t & discretion1 & a consid]able degree ( bus9ess tal5t--notably1 9 ! ,briti% prep>ations = ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 ! ,indian & ,colonial ,exhibition ( #ahhf 9 ,london1 & ! organization ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,! la/-nam$ in/itution & ! ,royal ,college ( ,music w be p]man5t memorials ( ! direct+ en]gy ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,^! are b a few examples or slight indications ( ! "w he has actually done = u all4 ,x is unnecess>y to m5tion ! incid5tal salut>y influ5ces ( 8 visits to ,canada & to ,india1 :i* h left an abid+ favorable impression ( ,engli% royalty 9 ^? prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,nor c x be requisite to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* ! pr9ce's c\ntry e/ate & mansion at ,s&r+ham1 ) 8 c>e ( agricultural improvem5t1 ( /ock bre$+1 /uds1 & o!r rural conc]ns1 has set an example to l&[n]s1 ! value ( :i* is already felt4 ,we refra9 ^u ?is occasion f speak+ ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 or ( ! sons & daught]s1 ^: lives1 we tru/1 w be always good & happy4 ,x is on ! p]sonal m]its & s]vices ( ! head ( _! illu/ri\s h\se1 ) ref]5ce only to public int]e/s1 t we h ?\ght x ne$ful to dwell1 9 view ( ! fiftie? bir?day ( 8 ,royal ,highness2 & v he>tily to wi% him1 9 homely ,engli% phrase1 ,_m happy returns ( ! day6--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,developm5t ,,) ,,sucrate ,,( ,,lime4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) c>bonate ( li?ia z an accel]ator1 & ,i h obta9$ ) x r favorable results4 ,h[ev]1 9 opposition to ,mr4 ,wick]s1 ,i h always f\nd t c>bonate ( li?ia1 us$ ev5 9 l>g] doses ?an ^? recomm5d$ by ?is au?or1 0 n suffici5tly active1 & t developm5t _h to be too mu* prolong$ 9 ord] to obta9 pr9ts ( good int5sity4 ,i h also obs]v$ t ! pr9ts develop$ by ?is process 7 z (t5 fogg$ z :5 ,i made use ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,! oxides ( alkal9e metals or _! alkal9e salts are n ! only accel]ators susceptible ( be+ us$ 9 pyro developm5t4 ,two oxides ( ! e>?y alkal9e metals1 lime & hydrate ( b>ytes1 may also be us$ z accel]ators4 ,i w n insi/ ^u ! second1 :i*1 al?\gh giv+ "s results1 %\ld be reject$ f photographic practice on acc\nt ( its cau/ic prop]ties1 & ( its too great aff9ity = ! c>bonic acids 9 ! air1 :i* prev5ts ! keep+ ( its solutions4 ,?is objection does n obta9 = ! fir/1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ord9>y lime wat] is n us$1 b a solution ( suc*>ate or sucrate ( lime4 ,9 my exp]im5ts ,i h made use ( ! foll[+ solutions3 ,solution ,a4 ,pyrogallic acid4 #aj grms4 ,sulphite ( soda4 #bj ,citric acid4 #b ,wat]4 #abj ,solution ,b4 ,wat]4 #ajjj ,sug>4 suffici5t quantity to triturate4 ,to :i* add a suffici5t quantity ( pure lime to saturate ! sug> solution4 ,9 ?is mann] we get a highly conc5trat$ liquid1 v alkal9e1 & :i* keeps = a consid]able "t4 ,to develop1 ,i mix3 ,wat]4 #hj cubic c5t4 ,solution ,a4 #b ,i ?r[ ?is ov] ! plate1 & all[ x to rema9 = a few mom5ts1 agitat+1 !n ,i add to ?is ba? gradually & accord+ to ! results obta9$1 f "o to two cubic c5timet]s ( ! solution ,b4 ,^! solutions %\ld be made ) a great deal ( c>e & prud5ce1 z ! sucrate ( lime is an accel]ator ( v great en]gy4 ,moreov]1 accord+ z ! plate has be5 m or less expos$1 we may add to ! develop+ ba? a few drops ( a solution ( citric acid1 or ( a solution ( an alkal9e bromide4 ,we obta9 9 ?is way v s(t pr9ts1 sometimes too s(t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n m free f fogg+ ?an plates develop$ ) hydro*9on 7new ba?71 or pyro hav+ = accel]ators ammonia1 pota%1 soda1 c>bonate ( pota%1 ( soda1 or ( li?ia4 ,i d n give ?is process ) sucrate ( lime z p]fect1 b ,i give x z p]fectable & susceptible ( application4 ,if ,i h und]tak5 to write ^! few l9es x is because x has nev] be5 br\ght to my k t up to ! pres5t "t ! oxides & ! alkal9e salts ( ! e>?y alkal9e metals h be5 /udi$ f a photographic po9t ( view4--,leon ,degoix 9 ,photo4 ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,duck ,,hunt+ ,,9 ,,scotl&4 ,! wild duck is a %y bird1 apt to spread 8 w+s & *ange 8 qu>t]s :5 a noble sportsman is se5 approa*+ 8 habitation ) a f[l+ piece4 ,y h he>d ( ! ass :o put on a lion's sk91 & w&]$ out into ! wild]ness & bray$4 ,i h elaborat$ a device ( equal +5uity & m conv9c+ realism4 ,x is my habit dur+ ! duck-%oot+ season to put on ! sk9 ( a ,blond9 donkey & s roam among ! s$ges bord]+ on ! lakes :]e wild ducks mo/ d congregate4 ,i h cut a hole 9 ! face to see ?r\gh1 & o!r holes 9 ! legs to put my h&s ?r\gh4--,london ,graphic ,illu/ration3 ,,wildf[l ,,%oot+ ,,9 ,,scotl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,! ,,common ,,telescope4#a ,by ,g4,e4 ,,lumsd54 ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,a/ronomical & ,physical ,society ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 ,april #ah1 #ahia4 ,^! are ! palmie/ days 9 ! ev5tful hi/ory ( physical & obs]vational a/ronomy4 ,along ! :ole l9e ( pr(essional & amateur obs]vation sub/antial progress is be+ made1 b 9 c]ta9 new directions1 & 9 "s old ones1 too1 ! advance is v rapid4 ,z nev] be=e1 public int]e/ is alive to ! attractions & value ( ! "w ( a/ronom]s4 ,! sci5ce itself n[ appeals to a con/itu5cy ( /ud5ts & read]s daily increas+ 9 numb]s & importance4 ,evid5ce ( ?is gratify+ fact is easily obta9$4 ,!re is at ! libr>ies an ev]-gr[+ dem& = /&>d a/ronomical works1 "s ( !m by no means int5d$ to be ( a purely popul> "*4 ,"s ( ! mo/ influ5tial & cons]vative magaz9es on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic n[ f9d x to be 9 _! int]e/ to devote pages ( space to ! c>eful discussion ( new !ories1 or to ! results ( ! late/ "w ( pr(essional obs]v]s4 ,ev5 ! daily press 9 "s cities has caught ! infection1 if infection x may be call$4 ,!re are 9 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & o!r c5t]s ( population on ?is cont95t lead+ newspap]s :i*1 e week or s1 publi% columns ( orig9al matt] contribut$ by writ]s evid5tly able to place be=e _! read]s 9 an attractive =m articles deal+ accurately1 & yet 9 a popul> ve91 ) ! _m-sid$ subject ( a/ronomy4 ,9 sci5tific matt]s g5]ally1 !re is abroad 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries a _s ( inquiry1 nev] m app>5t ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,read]s & ?9k]s may1 no d\bt1 be numb]$ by ?\s&s4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z a/ronomy is conc]n$1 ! majority ( read]s & ?9k]s is compos$ ( non-obs]v]s1 mo/ ( :om believe !y mu/ be cont5t ) /udy+ ! !oretical side ( ! subject only4 ,!y labor "u ! false impression t unless !y h telescopes ( l>ge ap]ture & o!r co/ly app>atus1 ! pleasures atta*+ to practical "w are d5i$ !m4 ,! great obs]vatories1 to :i* e intellig5t eye is direct$1 are1 9 a measure1 ?\gh innoc5tly en\gh1 responsible = ?is4 ,anticipation is ev] on tiptoe4 ,p are naturally await+ ! late/ news f ! giant refract+ & reflect+ telescopes ( ! day4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x may be t ! s]vices r5d]$1 & capable ( be+ r5d]$1 to sci5ce by small] ap]tures may be ov]look$1 &1 !re=e1 ,i ask to be p]mitt$ to put 9 a mode/ plea = ! common telescope4 ,:at little ,i %all h to say w be address$ to y m = ! purpose ( ar\s+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ?an = communicat+ to y any in=mation ( a novel or special "*4 ,:5 mak+ use ( ! t]m common telescope1 ,i w\ld l to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to good refractors ) object glasses n exce$+ ?ree or ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 "s works on ! subject telescopes z l>ge z five in*es or ev5 five & "o-half in*es are includ$ 9 ! description common1 b in/rum5ts ( su* ap]tures are n s frequ5tly met ) 9 ?is c\ntry z to ju/ify ! class+ ( !m ) small] ones1 &1 p]haps1 = my purpose1 x is well t su* is ! fact1 = ! exp5se connect$ ) ! pur*ase ( fir/ rate telescopes increases v rapidly 9 proportion to ! size ( ! object glass1 & soon becomes a s]i\s matt]4 ,%\ld ev] ! l>g] ap]tures become num]\s on ?is cont95t1 let u hope x %all be f\nd to h be5 z "o ( ! results ( societies l ?is1 /riv+ to make m popul> ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,x is n by any means propos$ to inflict ^u y a hi/ory ( ! telescope1 b y\r indulg5ce is ask$ = a few mom5ts :ile ref]5ce is made to "o or two matt]s connect$ ) its inv5tion1 or1 r1 its accid5tal discov]y & subsequ5t improvem5t4 ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury f\nd ! _w )\t a telescope1 or1 at lea/1 su* an in/rum5t z 0 adapt$ = a/ronomical "w4 ,x is true t long ye>s be=e1 ,arabian & "s o!r ea/]n a/ronom]s1 = ! purpose1 possibly1 ( enabl+ !m to conc5trate _! gaze ^u cele/ial objects & foll[ _! motions1 _h be5 accu/om$ to use a k9d ( tube consi/+ ( a long cyl9d] )\t glasses ( any k9d & op5 at bo? ends4 ,= magnify+ purposes1 ?is tube 0 ( no value4 ,/ill1 x mu/ h be5 ( "s k9d ( s]vice1 or else ! fir/ telescopes1 z con/ruct$ by ! spectacle mak]s1 :o _h /umbl$ ^u ! pr9ciple involv$1 7 exce$+ly sorry affairs1 =1 soon aft] _! introduction1 ! illu/ri\s ,kepl]1 9 8 "w on ,optics1 recomm5d$ ! employm5t ( pla9 ap]tures1 )\t l5ses1 because !y 7 sup]ior to ! telescope on acc\nt ( _! fre$om f refraction4 ,b z soon z ! pr9ciple by :i* di/ant objects c\ld1 app>5tly1 be br\ght ne>] ! eye became kn[n & its value recogniz$ by philosoph]s1 telescopes ceas$ to be reg>d$ z toys1 & und]w5t mat]ial improvem5ts 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,galilei1 &1 lat]1 ev5 ( ,kepl] himself1 ,cass9i1 ,huygh5s1 & o!rs4 ,galilei's fir/ telescope magnifi$ b ?ree times1 & 8 be/ n mu* above ?irty times4 ,if ,i compreh5d aright :at has be5 writt5 ^u ! subject1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ?is little in/rum5t 9 my h&1 ) an ap]ture ( "o in* & "o-qu>t]1 & a focus1 ) an a/ronomical eye-piece1 ( ab\t t5 in*es1 is a bett] magnifi] ?an 0 ,galilei's be/4 ,) x ,i c see ! moons ( ,jupit]1 "s spots on ! sun1 ! phases ( ,v5us1 ! composition1 9 "s places1 ( ! ,milky ,way1 ! seas1 ! valleys1 ! m\nta9s1 &1 :5 9 bold relief ^u ! t]m9ator1 ev5 "s ( ! crat]s & cones ( ! moon4 ,inde$1 ,i am ( op9ion ,i c see ev5 m ?an he c\ld1 = ,i c readily make out a consid]able portion ( ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion1 "s d\ble />s1 & en\gh ( ! ,saturnian sy/em to disc]n ! disk ( ! planet & see t !re is some?+ atta*$ to its sides4 ,= ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s all refract+ telescopes labor$ "u "o s]i\s difficulty4 ,! images =m$ by !m 7 m or less confus$ by ra9b[ t9ts1 due to ! b5d+1 or refract+1 by ! object glass ( ! rays ( light4 ,to ov]come ?is ob/acle to cle> vision1 & also to secure magnification1 ! focal l5g?s ( ! in/rum5ts 7 greatly ext5d$4 ,telescopes #ch1 #ej1 #gh1 #acj1 #afj1 #baj1 #djj1 & ev5 #fjj feet long 7 con/ruct$4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 f9d no?+ on record indicat+ t ! object glasses ( ^! enorm\sly att5uat$ in/rum5ts ev] exce$$ 9 diamet] two & "o-half in*es4 ,yet1 ) unwieldy & unga9ly telescopes1 ne>ly always def9+ badly1 wond]s 7 accompli%$ by ! pa9/ak+ & indomitable obs]v]s ( ! "t4 ,9 #afeh1 ,huygh5s1 us+ a telescope tw5ty-?ree feet long & two & "o-?ird in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a p[] ( #ajj1 solv$ ! my/]y ( ,saturn's r+s1 :i* _h resi/$ all ( ,galilei's ef=ts z well z 8 own ) a %ort] in/rum5t1 ?\gh he _h discov]$ ,titan1 ,saturn's l>ge/ moon1 & fix$ correctly its p]iod ( revolution at sixte5 days4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat]1 ,ball1 ) a telescope ?irty-eight feet long1 discov]$ ! pr9cipal division 9 ! r+s4 ,t5 ye>s /ill lat]1 ,cass9i1 ) an in/rum5t tw5ty feet long & an object glass two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 r$iscov]$ ! division1 :i* 0 nam$ aft] him1 r ?an aft] ,ball1 :o _h tak5 no pa9s to make widely kn[n 8 discov]y1 :i*1 9 ! meantime1 _h be5 =gott54 ,?\gh we h no record1 !re is no d\bt t ! lam5t$ ,horrocks & ,crabtree1 9 ,engl&1 9 #afci1 ) glasses no bett] ?an ^!1 wat*$ ) exultant emotions ! fir/ transit ( ,v5us ev] se5 by human eyes4 ,9 #agbb1 ,bradley1 ) a telescope #bbc feet long1 succe$$ 9 measur+ ! diamet] ( ! same planet4 ,yet ,grant assures u t1 9 spite ( all _! difficulties1 su* 0 ! indu/ry ( ! a/ronom]s t :51 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 x became possible to con/ruct l>g] refract+ telescopes1 !re 0 no?+ to be discov]$ t c\ld h be5 discov]$ ) ! means at _! disposal4 ,s f> z we n[ "k1 a good ?ree-in* telescope1 nay1 a fir/-rate two in* "o1 w %[ f> m ?an our great-gr&fa!rs ev] saw1 or dream$ ( see+1 ) _! refractors4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! reflect+ telescope _h be5 s mu* improv$ z ne>ly to cr[d out its refract+ rival1 b1 j z its success seem$ to be assur$1 ,dollond1 work+ along l9es p>tially foll[$ up by ,hall1 f\nd a comb9ation ( l5ses by :i* ! *romatic ab]ration ( ! refractor c\ld be v p]fectly correct$4 ,:ile ,dollond's inv5tion 0 ( imm5se value1 x rema9$ t fl9t object glasses l>g] ?an two & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] c\ld n1 = "s ye>s1 be manufactur$1 b ab\t ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,gu9&1 a ,swiss1 discov]$ a process ( mak+ masses ( optical fl9t glass suffici5tly l>ge z to admit ( ! con/ruction f !m ( excell5t l5ses ( sizes gradually increas+ z "t & exp]im5t+ w5t on4 ,! mak+ ( ?ree-in* objectives1 a*romatic & ( %ort focus1 wr\ght a revolution 9 telescopes & r5ew$ ! dem& = refractors1 ?\gh prices1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t day1 7 v great4 ,b improvem5t 0 succe$$ by improvem5t4 ,l>g] & /ill l>g] objectives 7 made1 yet progress 0 n s rapid z n to ju/ify ,grant1 9 #aheb1 9 decl>+ to be a munific5t gift ! pres5tation1 ab\t #ahch1 to ,gre5:i* ,obs]vatory1 ( a six & sev5-t5?s object glass alone1 & s x 0 e/eem$ by ,mr4 ,airy1 ! a/ronom] royal4 ,improvem5t is /ill ! ord] ( ! day1 &1 z a result ( ke5 competition1 v excell5t telescopes ( small ap]ture c be pur*as$ at reasonable prices4 ,great telescopes are enorm\sly exp5sive1 & w probably be s until !y are sup]s$$ by "s simple inv5tion :i* %all be z sup]ior to !m z !y are to ! mighty in/rum5ts :i*1 f "t to "t1 caus$ su* s5sations 9 ! days ( ,galilei1 ,cass9i1 ,huygh5s1 ,bradley1 ,dollond1 & ^? :o came aft] !m4 ,b1 notable z are ! s]vices r5d]$ to sci5ce by giant telescopes1 x rema9s t by f> ! great] bulk ( useful "w has be5 done by ap]tures ( less ?an twelve in*es 9 diamet]4 ,inde$1 x may be ass]t$ t mo/ ( su* "w has be5 done by in/rum5ts ( six in*es or less 9 size4 ,aft] ref]r+ ) "s detail to ?is1 ,d5n+ tells u t ne>ly all ! comets1 planetoids1 d\ble />s1 etc41 owe _! detection to small in/rum5ts2 t our k ( sun spots1 lun> & planet>y features is also v l>gely d]iv$ f simil> s\rces2 t !re is no dep>tm5t :i* is n indebt$ to ! s]vices ( small telescopes1 & t ( "s ?\s&s ( draw+s ( cele/ial objects1 made by obs]v]s employ+ in/rum5ts f ?ree to sev5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 a c>eful inspection %[s t ! small] in/rum5ts h n be5 outdone 9 ?is int]e/+ field ( obs]vation1 ow+ to _! excell5t def9+ p[]s & ! facility ) :i* !y are us$4 ,ap]ture = ap]ture1 ! record is m glori\s = ! common telescope ?an = its great rivals4 ,let u = a mom5t recall some?+ ( :at has be5 done ) in/rum5ts :i* may be embrac$ "u ! designation common z su* a /atem5t may s]ve to remove impressions t small telescopes are b ( little use 9 a/ronomical "w4 ,9 8 unrival$ book1 ,webb decl>es t 8 obs]vations 7 *iefly made ) a telescope five & "o-half feet long1 c>ry+ an object glass ( a diamet] ( ?ree & sev5-t5?s in*es4 ,! in/rum5t 0 ( fair def9+ quality1 & "o has b to read 8 delightful pages 9 ord] to =m an idea ( ! c\ntless pleasures ,webb d]iv$ f obs]vation ) x4 ,speak+ ( x1 he says t small] ones w1 ( c\rse1 d less1 especially ) fa9t objects1 b are (t5 v p]fect & di/9ct1 & t ev5 dim9utive glasses1 if good1 w1 at lea/1 %[ some?+ nev] se5 )\t !m4 ,he adds3 ,i h a little h& telescope tw5ty-two & "o-qu>t] in*es long1 :5 fully drawn out1 ) a focus ( ab\t f\rte5 in*es1 & "o & "o-?ird in*es ap]ture2 ?is1 ) an a/ronomical eye-piece1 w %[ ! exi/5ce ( sun spots1 ! m\nta9s 9 ! moon1 ,jupit]'s satellites & ,saturn's r+4 ,9 ano!r place1 speak+ ( ! sun1 he says t an object glass ( only two in*es w exhibit a curdl$ or m>bl$ appe>ance ov] ! :ole sol> disk1 caus$ by ! int]mixture ( spaces ( diff]5t brightness4 ,& ,i may add "h t ,dawes recomm5ds a small ap]ture = sun "w1 includ+ spectroscopic exam9ations1 he himself1 l ,mr4 ,mill]1 our libr>ian1 pref]r+ to use = t purpose a f\r in* refractor4 ,z y "k1 ! ,nor? ,/> is a mo/ beautiful d\ble4 ,its companion is ( ! n9? ord] ( magnitude1 t is1 ?ree magnitudes small] ?an ! smalle/ /> visible to ! nak$ eye on a d>k night4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,pol>is1 z a d\ble1 0 reg>d$ z an excell5t te/ = a good ?ree in* telescope2 t is any ?ree in* in/rum5t 9 :i* ! companion c\ld be se5 0 pron\nc$ to be fir/-class4 ,b s p]si/5tly h in/rum5ts ( small ap]ture be5 improv$ t t /> is no long] an absolute te/ = ?ree in* objectives ( f9e quality1 or any fir/-rate objective exce$+ two in*es = :i* ,dawes propos$ x z a /&>d ( excell5ce1 he hav+ f\nd t if ! eye & telescope be good1 ! companion to ,pol>is may be se5 ) su* an ap]ture arm$ ) a p[] ( eighty4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,dawes1 :o 01 l ,burnham1 bless$ ) mo/ acute vision1 saw ! companion ) an in/rum5t no l>g] ?an ?is small "o 9 my h&--"o in* & ?ree-t5?s4 ,w>d saw x ) an in* & "o-qu>t] objective1 & ,dawson ) s small an ap]ture z "o in*4 ,t4,t4 ,smi? has se5 x ) a reflector /opp$ d[n to "o in* & "o-qu>t]1 :ile 9 ! in/rum5t /ill kn[n z ! great ,dorpat reflector1 x has be5 se5 9 broad daylight4 ,?is hi/oric telescope has1 ,i believe1 a twelve in* object glass1 b ! difficulty ( see+ 9 sun%9e s m9ute a /> is su* t ! fact may fairly be m5tion$ "h4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature is ?is4 ,objects once discov]$1 ?\gh ?\ght to be visible 9 l>ge telescopes only1 may (t5 be se5 9 mu* small] ones4 ,! fir/ ,h]s*el said truly t less optical p[] w %[ an object ?an 0 requir$ = its discov]y4 ,! rifts1 or canals1 9 ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a is a case 9 po9t1 b two bett] illu/rations may be tak5 f ! planets4 ,?\gh ,saturn 0 = _m ye>s subject$ to mo/ c>eful scrut9y by skill$ a/ronom]s us+ ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes 9 exi/5ce1 ! crape r+ elud$ discov]y until ,novemb]1 #ahej1 :5 x 0 indep5d5tly se5 by ,dawes1 9 ,engl&1 & ,bond1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bo? 7 capital obs]v]s & employ$ excell5t in/rum5ts ( l>ge ap]ture1 & x 0 naturally presum$ t only su* in/rum5ts c\ld %[ ! novel ,saturnian feature4 ,n s4 ,once br\ght to ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 ,webb saw ! new r+ ) 8 ?ree & sev5-t5?s telescope & ,ross ) an ap]ture n exce$+ ?ree & ?ree-eigh?s 9 diamet]4 ,nay1 ,i am p]mitt$ to say t a v5]able memb] ( ?is society made draw+s ( x ) a ?ree in* refractor4 ,) a two in* objective1 ,grov] n only saw ! crape r+1 b ,saturn's belts1 z well1 & ! %ad[ ca/ by ! ball ( ! planet ^u its sy/em ( r+s4 ,titan1 ,saturn's l>ge/ moon1 is m]ely a po9t ( light z comp>$ ) ! planet1 z x appe>s 9 a telescope1 yet x has be5 se51 s x is said1 ) a "o in* glass4 ,! %ad[ ( ?is satellite1 :ile cross+ ! face ( ,saturn1 has be5 obs]v$ by ,banks ) a two & sev5-eigh?s objective4 ,by hid+ ! gl>e ( ! planet beh9d an occult+ b>1 "s ( ,saturn's smalle/ moons 7 se5 by ,kit*5] ) a two & sev5-t5?s ap]ture & by ,capron ) a two & ?ree-f\r?s "o4 ,banks saw f\r ( !m ) a ?ree & sev5-eigh?s telescope1 ,grov] two ( !m ) a ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] in*1 & f\r in*es ( ap]ture w %[ five ( !m1 s ,webb says4 ,rhea1 ,dione & ,te?ys are m m9ute ?an ,japetus1 yet ,cass9i1 ) 8 inf]ior means1 disc]n$ !m & trac$ _! p]iods4 ,take ! in/ance ( ,m>s next4 ,x 0 long believ$ t ,m>s _h no satellites4 ,b 9 #ahgg1 dur+ "o ( ! highly favorable oppositions ( t planet :i* occur b once 9 ab\t sixte5 ye>s1 ! able ,hall1 us+ ! great #bf in* refractor at ,wa%+ton1 discov]$ two t9y moons :i* _h nev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ,deimos1 is only six miles 9 diamet]1 ! o!r1 nam$ ,phobos1 is only sev51 & bo? are exce$+ly close to ! prim>y & 9 rapid revolution4 ,! diamet] ( ^! satellites is really less ?an ! di/ance f ,high ,p>k1 on ! we/ ( ,toronto1 to ,woodb9e race c\rse1 on ! ea/ ( ! city4 ,no wond] ^! m9ute objects--seldom1 if ev]1 ne>] to u ?an ab\t =ty millions ( miles--are difficult to see at all4 ,newcomb & ,hold5 tell u t !y are invisible save at ! sixte5 ye> p]iods ref]r$ to1 :5 x happ5s t ! e>? & ,m>s1 9 _! respective orbits1 approa* ea* o!r m ne>ly ?an at any o!r "t4 ,b once discov]$1 ! rule held good ev5 9 ! case ( ! satellites ( ,m>s4 ,pratt has se5 ,deimos1 ! out]mo/ moon1 ) an eight & "o-sev5? in* telescope2 ,erek has se5 x ) a sev5 & "o-?ird in* a*romatic2 ,tr\vellot1 ! inn]mo/ "o1 ) a six & ?ree-t5?s glass1 :ile ,common believes t any "o :o c make out ,enceladus1 "o ( ,saturn's smalle/ moons1 c see ^? ( ,m>s by hid+ ! planet at or ne> ! elongations1 & t ev5 our own moonlight does n prev5t ! obs]vations be+ made4 ,x *ances = ! b5efit ( obs]v]s1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e especially1 t "o ( ! sixte5 ye> p]iods w culm9ate 9 #ahic1 :5 ,m>s w be mo/ advantage\sly situat$ = close exam9ation4 ,no d\bt e "o w avail himself ( ! opportunity1 & may we n reasonably hope t scores ( amateur obs]v]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada w exp]i5ce ! delight ( see+ & /udy+ ! t9y moons ( our ruddy neighbor8 ,& s ,i might proce$ until ,i _h we>i$ y ) illu/rations %[+ :at c be done ) telescopes s small t !y may fairly be class$ z common1 ,webb says t su* ap]tures1 ) some:at high p[]s1 w reveal />s d[n to ! elev5? magnitude4 ,! int]e/+ cele/ial objects m conspicu\s ?an />s ( t magnitude are suffici5tly num]\s to exhau/ mu* m "t ?an any amateur c give to obs]v+4 ,inde$1 ! lot ( ! amateur is a happy "o4 ,) a good1 ?\gh small1 telescope1 he may h = subjects ( inve/igation ! sun ) 8 spots1 8 facul1 8 prom95ces & spectra2 ! moon1 a mo/ sup]b object 9 ne>ly e optical in/rum5t1 ) h] m\nta9s1 valleys1 seas1 crat]s1 cones1 & ev]-*ang+ aspects r5ew$ e mon?1 h] occupations ( />s1 h] eclipses1 & all t2 ! planets1 "s ) phases1 & o!r ) m>k+s1 belts1 r+s1 & moons ) scores ( occupations1 eclipses & transits due to _! easily obs]v$ rotation ar\nd _! prim>ies2 ! nebul1 ! d\ble1 triple & multiple />s ) sometimes beautifully contra/$ colors1 & a ?\s& & "o o!r means ( amus+ & in/ruct+ himself4 ,nature has op5$ 9 ! heav5s z int]e/+ a volume z %e has op5$ on ! e>?1 & ) b little tr\ble any "o may le>n to read 9 x4 ,i tru/ x has be5 %[n t exp5sive telescopes are n necess>ily requir$ = practical "w4 ,my advice to an int5d+ pur*as] w\ld be to put into ! objective = a refractor1 or into ! mirror = a reflector1 all ! money he feels w>rant$ 9 sp5d+1 leav+ ! m\nt+ to be done 9 ! *eape/ possible mann] consi/5t ) accuracy ( adju/m5t1 because x is 9 ! objective or 9 ! mirror t ! value ( ! telescope alone resides4 ,9 ! %ops may be f\nd _m telescopes gorge\s 9 poli%$ tubes & brass m\nt+s :i*1 = effective "w1 are absolutely wor?less4 ,on ?is subject1 ,i consult$ ! mo/ em95t ( all discov]]s ( d\ble />s1 an obs]v] :o1 ev5 z an amateur1 made a glori\s reputation by ! "w done ) a six in* telescope4 ,i ref] to ,mr4 ,s4,w4 ,burnham1 ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 :o1 9 reply1 k9dly wrote3 ,y w c]ta9ly h no difficulty 9 mak+ out a /rong case 9 favor ( ! use ( small telescopes 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( important a/ronomical "w4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly telescopic "w 0 done ) in/rum5ts :i* w\ld n[ be consid]$ z inf]ior to mod]n in/rum5ts1 9 quality z well z 9 size4 ,y are d\btless famili> ) mu* ( ! amateur "w1 9 ?is c\ntry & else:]e1 done ) comp>atively small ap]tures4 ,! mo/ important condition is to h ! refractor1 :atev] its size may be1 ( ! highe/ optical p]fection1 & !n ! re/ w dep5d on ! zeal & indu/ry ( ! obs]v]4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,incid5tally1 x may be m5tion$ t mu* mo/ int]e/+ "w may be done ev5 ) an op]a glass1 z a few m9utes' sy/ematic obs]vation on any f9e night w prove4 ,newcomb & ,hold5 assure u t if ,hipp>*us _h _h ev5 su* an optical in/rum5t1 mank9d ne$ n h wait$ two ?\s& ye>s to "k ! nature ( ! ,milky ,way1 nor w\ld x h requir$ a ,galilei to discov] ! phases ( ,v5us or ! spots on ! sun4 ,to amplify ! ?\ght1 if t mighty geomet] & obs]v] & "s ( 8 contempor>ies _h possess$ b ! common telescope1 is x n probable t 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy ! _w w\ld h be5 to-day two ?\s& ye>s 9 advance ( its pres5t position8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ar*,,ological ,,discov]ies ,,at ,,cadiz4 ,^? :o h _h ! good =tune to visit ,&alusia1 t privileg$ l& ( ! sun1 ( light1 songs1 dances1 beautiful girls1 & bull fight]s1 pres]ve1 among _m o!r poetical & pleas+ recollections1 t ( election to antique & smil+ ,cadiz--! pe>l ( ! ocean & ! silv] cup1 z ! ,&alusians say 9 _! h>moni\s & imag9ative language4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no?+ exagg]at$ 9 ^! epi!ts1 = !y translate a true impression4 ,especially if we arrive by sea1 !re is no?+ s ?rill+ z ! dazzl+ silh\ette :i*1 f af>1 is reflect$ all :ite f ! mirror ( a gulf almo/ always blue4 ,! ,cadiz p59sula has = c5turies be5 legitimately r5[n$1 =1 turn by turn1 ,ph5icians1 prop]ly s call$1 ,c>?ag9ians1 ,romans1 ,go?s1 ,arabs & ,spani>ds h made ( x ! pref]r$ seat ( _! bus9ess & pleasure4 ,9 8 s (t5 unsp>+ v]ses1 ,m>tial1 ev51 celebrates ) an erotic rapture ! undulat+ suppl5ess ( ! ballet danc]s ( ,gades1 :o are cont9u$ 9 our day by ! majas & *ulas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ph5ician ,,tombs ,,discov]$ ,,at ,,cadiz4 ,= an epo* ant]ior to t ( ! ,lat9 poet1 we h ! te/imony1 among o!rs1 ( ,/rabo1 :o describes ! spl5dors1 =m]ly & = a long "t fam\s1 ( ! temple ( ,h]cules1 & :o gives _m details1 ^: accuracy c /ill be v]ifi$1 conc]n+ v>i\s que/ions ( topography or e?nography4 ,?us ! sup]b tree call$ ,dracna draco is m5tion$ z gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gadeira1 ! ,greek "n ( ! city4 ,n[1 "s ( ^! trees /ill exi/ 9 c]ta9 public & private g>d5s1 & attract s mu* ! m att5tion 9 t !y are n met ) 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh hi/orically ,cadiz f9ds h] title to nobility on e page ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 & al?\gh h] ,ph5ician orig9 is av]r$1 n[h]e has su* orig91 9 a monum5tal & epigraphic s5se1 left few] traces ?an 9 ! ,&alusian p59sula4 ,a few %ort leg5ds1 imp]fectly read ^u ei!r silv] or bronze co9s1 & t 0 all1 at lea/ up to rec5t times4 ,su* p5ury z ?is di/ress$ savants & ev5 put !m into pretty bad humor ) ! ,cadiz ar*ologi/s4 ,to-day1 x seems t ! anci5t ,semitic civilization1 :i* has rema9$ mute = s long 9 ! ,ib]ic t]ritory1 is f9ally will+ to yield up h] secret1 z is prov$ by ! engrav+s :i* we pres5t to our read]s f photographs tak5 9 situ4 ,x is necess>y = u to ent] into "s details4 ,9 #ahhg !re 7 met ) at ! gates ( ,cadiz1 at ab\t five met]s b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 ?ree rude tombs ( %elly lime/one1 9 :i* 7 f\nd "s skeletons1 a few small bronze in/rum5ts & "s tr9kets--! latt] ( und\bt$ ori5tal manufacture4 ,9 "o ( ^! tombs 0 also inclos$ a monoli?ic s>cophagus ( :ite m>ble ( ! =m call$ an?ropoid & measur+ #b4ae m4 9 l5g? by #j4fg 9 wid?4 ,?is s>cophagus is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! local museum1 ^: director is ! active1 intellig5t & dis9t]e/$ ,fa!r ,v]a4 ,al?\gh ?is is n ! place to furni% te*nical or sci5tific explanations1 x w be p]mitt$ u to po9t out ! fact t al?\gh x is ( ess5tially ori5tal manufacture1 our an?ropoid has und\bt$ly und]gone ! ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 :i* implies an epo* po/]ior to t ( ,p]icles1 :o di$ 9 #dbi ,b4,c4 ,! p]sonage repres5t$1 a man ( mature age ) noble l9eam5ts & aquil9e nose1 has ?ick hair corn$ up on ! =ehead 9 ! =m ( a cr[n1 & a be>d plait$ 9 ! ,asiatic fa%ion4 ,z = ! head1 :i* is almo/ entirely execut$ 9 r\nd relief1 t d5otes 9 an und\bt$ mann] ! ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 unit$1 h[ev]1 ) ! immutable & some:at hi]>*ical traditions ( ,ph5ician art4 ,! arms are nak$ z f> z to ! elb[1 & ! feet1 summ>ily indicat$1 em]ge f a long %ea?-=m robe4 ,z = ! arms & h&s1 !y project slightly & are r outl9$ ?an sculptur$4 ,! left h& grasps a fruit1 ! emblem ( fecundity1 :ile ! "r held a pa9t$ cr[n1 ! traces ( :i* h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,x suffices to look at ?is s>cophagus to recognize ! exclusively ,ph5ician "* ( x1 & ! complete analogy ) ! monum5ts ( ! same species met ) 9 ,ph5icia1 9 ,cyprus1 9 ,sicily1 9 ,malta1 9 ,s>d9ia1 & ev]y:]e :]e 7 e/abli%$ ^? ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 b nev] until n[ 9 ,spa94 ,on ano!r h&1 = ^? ( our read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ar*ology1 we believe x our duty to po9t out z a s\rce ( in=mation a memoir publi%$ la/ ye> by our ,national ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,let u limit ourselves1 !re=e1 to fix+ att5tion ^u "o important po9t3 ,! m>ble an?ropoid 0 protect$ by a tomb absolutely l ! rude tombs contigu\s to x4 ,! successive discov]ies s9ce ! ?ird ( la/ ,janu>y at ne>ly ! same place1 & at a dep? ( f #c to #f met]s b5ea? ! surface1 ( num]\s ,inculi absolutely id5tical z to mat]ial & /ructure ) ^? ( :i* we h j spok51 is !re=e a sci5tific ev5t ( high importance4 ,^? discov]ies1 :i* 7 purely accid5tal1 7 br\ght ab\t by ! "w on ! f\ndations ( ! ,m>itime ,ars5al n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction at ! gates ( ,cadiz4 ,our ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! une>?+ ( ! loculi on ! #ad? ( ,april1 & on ! value ( :i* !re is no ne$ to dwell4 ,z to ! dim5sions1 x is easy to judge ( ^!1 s9ce ! labor] /&+ to ! left ( ! spectator holds 9 8 h& a met] measure s]v+ z a scale4 ,x w suffice to /ate t ! dep? ( ea* tomb is ab\t two met]s1 & t ^u ! l[] "p ( ?ree ( ! p>allelopip$s !re exi/ pavem5ts ( crucial appe>ance4 ,f9ally1 no?+ d5ot$ ext]nally ! exi/5ce ( ^! s>cophagi jeal\sly hidd5 f inve/igation accord+ to a usage t is e/abli%$ especially by ! imprecations grav5 ^u ! basaltic casket n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre1 & :i* conta9$ ! a%es ( ,e%manaz>1 ,k+ ( ,sidon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an?ropoid ,,s>cophagus ,,discov]$ ,,at ,,cadiz4 ,space is want+ to furni% ampl] in=mation4 ,our object is simply to call att5tion to a zone :i* is some:at neglect$ f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & :i*1 h[ev]1 seems z if x ought to (f] a valuable field ( inve/igation to /ud5ts ( ?+s ,semitic1 among :om1 z well kn[n1 our compatriots hold a rank ap>t1 s9ce x is to !m t falls ! labori\s & v honorable duty ( collect+ & edit+ ! inscriptions 9 ,semitic languages4 ,on ano!r h&1 al?\gh 9 ! beg9n+ ! sepul*]s 7 tak5 to pieces & c>ri$ away 7two ( !m imp]fectly recon/ruct$ may be se5 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,cadizian ,museum71 !re w be an opportunity ( mak+ prevail ! sy/em ( ma9ta9+ 9 situ ! v>i\s monum5ts t may h]eaft] be discov]$4 ,?us only c\ld "o1 at a giv5 mom5t1 obta9 an accurate idea ( :at ! ,ph5ician necropolis ( ,cadiz 01 & all[ ! /ructures t compose x to pres]ve _! impos+ /amp ( ru/ic inde/ructibility4 ,! excavation is be+ c>ri$ on at ?is v mom5t1 & a bronze /atuette ( an ori5tal god & v>i\s tr9kets ( m or less value h j enri*$ ! municipal collection4 ,let u hope1 !n1 z 0 rec5tly pr$ict$ by ,mr4 ,cl]mont ,ganneau1 ( ! ,in/itute1 t "s day or ano!r "s ,semitic inscription w ?r[ a la/ ray ( light ^u ! pa/1 :i* is at pres5t s imp]fectly kn[n1 ( ,ph5ician ,cadiz4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prehi/oric ,,horse ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,apropos to ,pr(essor ,cope's rem>ks be=e ! ,a4,a4,a4,s4 at ,wa%+ton1 report$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,septemb] #ab1 inclose sket* ( a m\nt$ man1 :e!r on a horse or "s o!r mammal1 is a "q op5 to criticism4 ,illu/ration3 ,height1 #dc 942 l5g?1 #fc 94 ,san ,rafiel del ,sur1 #ahgh ,drawn = & =w>d$ to ,peabody ,museum--,no4 #ec4 ,! figure seems incomplete--:e!r a clov5 foot or toes 7 int5d$1 _c say4 ,a l>ge fossil horse 0 exhum$ 9 ! m>% nor? ( ,granada1 :5 dit*+ 9 #ahfc4 ,!n ,lake ,managua's outlet at ,fipitapa ceas$ its usual supply ( wat] to ,lake ,nic>agua4 ,:5 notifi$ ( ! discov]y ! spot 0 "u wat]4 ,only "o ( ! v l>ge tee? 0 giv5 to me1 :i* 0 =w>d$ to ,pr(4 ,baird1 ( ,smi?sonian--,private ,no4 #cd4 ,:5 ,lake ,nic>agua 0 an ocean inlet1 its track ext5d$ to foot hills nor?w>d4 ,its wat]worn pebbles & small b[ld]s 7 subsequ5tly cov]$ by lake deposit1 dur+ ! "t betwe5 ! inclosure & break out at ,san ,c>los4 ,9 ?is deposit ar\nd ! lake 7n[ dry7 fossil bones occur--elephas1 mega!rium1 horse1 etc4 ,! l>ge alluvium pla9s nor? ( lake1 cut ?r\gh by riv]s1 all[ ^! bones to settle on _! rocky b$s4 ,?is deposit is ( great] dep? 9 places we/ ( lake4 ,n[1 if we suppose ^! animals 7 ext]m9at$ 9 glacial times1 x rema9s = u to %[ :5 ?is 0 consummat$4 ,subsequ5t to ! lake deposit & exposure no new pro(s ( its cont9uance are f\nd4 #a4 ,?is deposit occurr$ aft] ! coa/ range 0 elevat$4 #b4 ,elevation 0 caus$ by a volcanic a% eruption1 #e or #f ( a s]ies4 7,geologically demon/rat$ 9 my lett]s to ,antiqu>ian & ,sci5ce47 #c4 ,coa/ hills inclos$ sea s$im5t1 n[ rock conta9+ fossil leaves4 #d4 ,wa% f ?is s$im5t1 c>ri$ ) c>e1 =m$ lay]s ( s&/one1 up to ceil+4 #e4 ,?is ceil+ 0 cov]$ ) elaborate inscriptions4 #f4 ,! inscription s5t y 0 a ne> neighbor to cave4 #g4 ,ano!r repres5t+ a saurian reptile on l>ge granite b[ld] is also a neighbor 7a glacial dropp+74 #h4 ,old riv] empty+ into ,lake ,managua reveals fossil bones2 mora9es ea/ ( x are f\nd4 ,f ^! data we see ! glacial action 0 prior to ! s$im5t>y rock "h1 & _h sp5t its =ce :5 elevation ( coa/ range occurr$4 ,no ne>] e/imate is possible4 ,z ! fossil horse occurs "h1 our m\nt$ man may h dome/icat$ him1 & aft]w>d slaught]$ = food l ! mod]n ,fr5*man4 ,un=tunately ,pr(4 ,cope did n f9d a simil> inscription4 ,,e>l ,,fl9t4 ,rivas1 ,nic>agua1 ,octob] #bg1 #ahia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fur!r ,,rese>*es ,,^u ,,! ,,elem5t ,,fluor9e4 ,by ,a4,e4 ,,tutton4 ,s9ce ! publication by ,m4 ,moissan ( 8 celebrat$ pap] 9 ! ,annales de ,*ime et de ,physique = ,decemb]1 #ahhg1 describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* he _h succe$$ 9 isolat+ ?is rem>kable gase\s elem5t1 a consid]able am\nt ( additional in=mation has be5 acquir$ conc]n+ ! *emical behavior ( fluor9e1 & important additions & improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ 9 ! app>atus employ$ = prep>+ & exp]im5t+ ) ! gas4 ,m4 ,moissan n[ ga!rs toge!r ! results ( ^! subsequ5t rese>*es--"s ( :i* h be5 publi%$ by him f "t to "t z contributions to v>i\s ,fr5* sci5tific j\rnals1 :ile o!rs h n hi!rto be5 made kn[n--& publi%es !m 9 a long b mo/ int]e/+ pap] 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,annales de ,*ime et de ,physique4 ,inasmu* z ! exp]im5ts describ$ are ( s extraord9>y a nature1 ow+ to ! int5se *emical activity ( fluor9e1 & are s important z fill+ a long exi/+ vacancy 9 our *emical lit]ature1 read]s ( ,nature w d\btless be int]e/$ 9 a brief acc\nt ( !m4 ,,improv$ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,fluor9e4 ,9 8 pap] ( #ahhg1 ! ma9 outl9es ( :i* 7 giv5 9 ,nature at ! "t 7#ahhg1 vol4 xxxvii41 p4 #agi71 ,m4 ,moissan %[$ t pure hydr(luoric acid readily dissolves ! d\ble fluoride ( potassium & hydrog51 & t ! liquid ?us obta9$ is a good conductor ( electricity1 r5d]+ electrolysis possible4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 by pass+ a /rong curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ?is liquid conta9$ 9 a plat9um app>atus1 free gase\s fluor9e 0 obta9$ at ! positive pole & hydrog5 at ! negative pole4 ,! am\nt ( hydr(luoric acid employ$ 9 ^! e>li] exp]im5ts 0 ab\t fifte5 grms41 ab\t six grms4 ( hydrog5 potassium fluoride1 ,,hf4,,kf1 be+ add$ 9 ord] to r5d] x a conductor4 ,s9ce ! publication ( t memoir a mu* l>g] app>atus has be5 con/ruct$1 9 ord] to obta9 ! gas 9 great] quantity = ! /udy ( its reactions1 & important additions h be5 made1 by means ( :i* ! fluor9e is deliv]$ 9 a pure /ate1 free f admix$ vapor ( ! v volatile hydr(luoric acid4 ,z mu* z a hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( hydr(luoric acid1 toge!r ) tw5ty grms4 ( ! dissolv$ d\ble fluoride1 are submitt$ to electrolysis 9 ?is new app>atus1 & upw>d ( f\r lit]s ( pure fluor9e is deliv]$ by x p] h\r4 ,?is improv$ =m ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #a71 :i* is reproduc$ f ! memoir ( ,m4 ,moissan4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( two p>ts--! electrolysis app>atus & ! purify+ vessels4 ,! electrolysis app>atus1 a sectional view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 is simil> 9 =m to t describ$ 9 ! pap] ( #ahhg1 b mu* l>g]4 ,! ,u-tube ( plat9um has a capacity ( #afj c4c4 ,x is fitt$ ) two lat]al deliv]y tubes ( plat9um1 z 9 ! e>li] =m1 & ) /opp]s ( fluorsp>1 ,f1 ins]t$ 9 cyl9d]s ( plat9um1 p1 c>ry+ screw ?reads1 :i* engage ) simil> ?reads ^u ! int]ior surfaces ( ! limbs ( ! ,u-tube4 ,a key ( brass1 ,e1 s]ves to screw or unscrew ! /opp]s1 & betwe5 ! flange ( ea* /opp] & ! top ( ea* bran* ( ! ,u-tube a r+ ( lead is compress$1 by :i* means h]metic clos+ is effect$4 ,^! fluorsp> /opp]s1 :i* are cov]$ ) a coat+ ( gum lac dur+ ! electrolysis1 c>ry ! electrode rods1 t1 :i* are ?us p]fectly insulat$4 ,m4 ,moissan n[ employs electrodes ( pure plat9um in/ead ( irido-plat9um1 & ! int]ior end ( ea* is ?ick5$ into a club %ape 9 ord] ! long] to )/& corrosion4 ,! app>atus is imm]s$ dur+ ! electrolysis 9 a ba? ( liquid me?yl *loride1 ma9ta9$ 9 tranquil ebullition at -#bc4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! me?yl *loride z long z possible1 ! cyl9d] conta9+ x is plac$ 9 an out] glass cyl9d] conta9+ fragm5ts ( calcium *loride2 by ?is means x is surr\nd$ ) a lay] ( dry air1 a bad conductor ( heat4 ,! purify+ vessels are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( a plat9um spiral worm-tube ( ab\t #dj c4c4 capacity1 imm]s$ also 9 a ba? ( liquid me?yl *loride1 ma9ta9$ at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 ab\t -#ej4 ,z hydr(luoric acid boils at #ai4e 7,moissan71 almo/ ! :ole ( ! vapor ( ?is sub/ance :i* is c>ri$ away 9 ! /ream ( issu+ fluor9e is cond5s$ & reta9$ at ! bottom ( ! worm4 ,to remove ! la/ traces ( hydr(luoric acid1 advantage is tak5 ( ! fact t fus$ sodium fluoride comb9es ) ! free acid ) great en]gy to =m ! d\ble fluoride ,,hf4,na,f4 ,sodium fluoride also possesses ! advantage ( n attract+ moi/ure4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! worm cond5s]1 !re=e1 ! fluor9e is caus$ to pass ?r\gh two plat9um tubes fill$ ) fragm5ts ( fus$ sodium fluoride1 f :i* x issues 9 an almo/ p]fect /ate ( purity4 ,! junctions betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! app>atus are effect$ by means ( screw jo9ts1 betwe5 ! nuts & flanges ( :i* coll>s ( lead are compress$4 ,dur+ ! electrolysis ^! lead5 coll>s become1 :]e expos$ to ! gase\s fluor9e1 rapidly conv]t$ into lead fluoride1 :i* be+ great] 9 bulk causes ! jo9ts to become h]metically seal$4 ,9 ord] to effect ! electrolysis1 tw5ty-six to tw5ty-eight ,buns5 elem5ts are employ$1 arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,an amp]e met] & a commutator are introduc$ betwe5 ! batt]y & ! electrolysis app>atus2 ! =m] af=d+ an excell5t indication ( ! progress ( ! electrolysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,fluor9e ,,app>atus4 ,z ! ,u-tube conta9s f> m hydr(luoric acid ?an c be us$ 9 "o day1 ea* lat]al deliv]y tube is fitt$ ) a metallic screw /opp]1 s t ! exp]im5ts may be discont9u$ at any "t1 & ! app>atus clos$4 ,! :ole electrolysis vessel is !n plac$ "u a glass bell j> conta9+ dry air1 & kept 9 a refrig]ator until aga9 requir$ = use4 ,9 ?is way x may be pres]v$ full ( acid = sev]al weeks1 ready at any "t = ! prep>ation ( ! gas4 ,consid]able c>e requires to be ex]cis$ n to admit ! vapor ( me?yl *loride into ! ,u-tube1 z o!rwise viol5t detonations are liable to occur4 ,:5 ! liquid me?yl *loride is be+ introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 ! :ole app>atus becomes surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e ( its vapor1 & z ! plat9um ,u-tube is at ! same in/ant sudd5ly cool$ ! vapor is liable to ent] by ! abduct+ tubes4 ,consequ5tly1 z soon z ! curr5t is all[$ to pass & fluor9e is lib]at$ )9 ! ,u-tube1 an explosion occurs4 ,fluor9e in/antly decomposes me?yl *loride1 ) production ( flame & =mation ( fluorides ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 lib]ation ( *lor9e1 & occasionally deposition ( c>bon4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is unpleasant occurr5ce1 :5 ! me?yl *loride is be+ introduc$ ! ends ( ! lat]al deliv]y tubes are atta*$ to long l5g?s ( ca\t*\e tub+1 suppli$ at _! ends ) calcium *loride dry+ tubes1 s z to convey dry air f outside ! atmosph]e ( me?yl *loride vapor4 ,if great c>e is tak5 to obta9 ! m9imum temp]ature1 ?is difficulty may be ev5 m simply ov]come by employ+ a mixture ( well p\nd$ ice & salt in/ead ( me?yl *loride2 b !re is ! c\nt]balanc+ disadvantage to be consid]$1 t su* a cool+ ba? requires mu* m frequ5t r5ewal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,*emical ,,reactions ,,occurr+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,electrolysis4 ,9 ! pap] ( #ahhg1 ,m4 ,moissan adopt$ ! view t ! fir/ action ( ! electric curr5t 0 to effect ! decomposition ( ! potassium fluoride conta9$ 9 solution 9 ! hydr(luoric acid1 fluor9e be+ lib]at$ at ! positive pole & potassium at ! negative t]m9al4 ,?is lib]at$ potassium w\ld at once reg5]ate potassium fluoride 9 pres5ce ( hydr(luoric acid1 & lib]ate its equival5t ( hydrog53 ,,kf ,k ,f4 ,k ,,hf ,,kf ,h4 ,b :5 ! progress ( ! electrolysis is c>efully foll[$1 by consult+ ! indications ( ! amp]emet] plac$ 9 circuit1 x is f\nd to be by no means z regul> z ! prec$+ =mul w\ld indicate4 ,) ! new app>atus1 ! decomposition is q irregul> at fir/1 & does n atta9 regul>ity until x has be5 proce$+ = upw>d ( two h\rs4 ,^u /opp+ ! curr5t & unm\nt+ ! app>atus1 ! plat9um rod ^u :i* ! fluor9e 0 lib]at$ is f\nd to be l>gely corrod$1 & at ! bottom ( ! ,u-tube a quantity ( a black1 f9ely divid$ sub/ance is obs]v$4 ,?is black sub/ance1 :i* 0 tak5 at fir/ to be metallic plat9um1 is a complex comp\nd conta9+ "o equival5t ( potassium to "o equival5t ( plat9um1 toge!r ) a consid]able proportion ( fluor9e4 ,moreov]1 ! hydr(luoric acid is f\nd to conta9 a small quantity ( plat9um fluoride 9 solution4 ,! electrolytic reaction is probably !re=e mu* m complicat$ ?an 0 at fir/ consid]$ to be ! case4 ,! mixture ( acid & alkal9e fluoride furni%es fluor9e at ! positive t]m9al rod1 b ?is int5sely active gas1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 attacks ! plat9um & produces plat9um tetrafluoride1 ,pt,f#d2 ?is probably unites ) ! potassium fluoride to =m a d\ble salt1 possibly #b,kl4,pt,f#d1 analog\s to ! well kn[n plat9o*loride #b,k,cl4,pt,cl#d2 & x is only :5 ! liquid conta9s ?is d\ble salt t ! electrolysis proce$s 9 a regul> mann]1 yield+ free fluor9e at ! positive pole1 & hydrog5 & ! complex black comp\nd at ! negative pole4 ,,physical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,fluor9e4 ,fluor9e possesses an odor :i* ,m4 ,moissan comp>es to a mixture ( hypo*lor\s acid & nitrog5 p]oxide1 b ?is odor is usually mask$ by t ( ! ozone :i* x always produces 9 moi/ air1 ow+ to its decomposition ( ! wat] vapor4 ,x produces mo/ s]i\s irritation ( ! bron*ial tubes & muc\s membrane ( ! nasal cavities1 ! effects ( :i* are p]si/5t = q a =tnight4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 a ?ickness ( "o met]1 x is se5 to possess a gre5i% yell[ color1 b pal]1 & conta9+ m ( yell[1 ?an t ( *lor9e4 ,9 su* a lay]1 fluor9e does n pres5t any absorption b&s4 ,its spectrum exhibits ?irte5 bright1 l9es 9 ! r$1 betwe5 wave l5g?s #gdd & #fbc4 ,_! positions & relative int5sities are z foll[s3 lambda #gdd v feeble4 lambda #fhe4e feeble #gdj #fhc4e #gcd #fgg /rong #gad feeble4 #fdj4e #gjd #fcd #fia #fbc #fhg4e ,at a temp]ature ( -#ie at ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 fluor9e rema9s gase\s1 no sign ( liquefaction hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,exp]im5t+ ,,) ,,fluor9e4 ,:5 x is desir$ to det]m9e ! action ( fluor9e ^u a solid sub/ance1 ! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure is adopt$4 ,a prelim9>y exp]im5t is fir/ made1 9 ord] to obta9 "s idea z to ! degree ( en]gy ( ! reaction1 by br++ a little ( ! solid1 plac$ ^u ! lid ( a plat9um crucible held 9 a pair ( tongs1 ne> ! m\? ( ! deliv]y tube ( ! prep>ation app>atus4 ,if a gase\s or liquid product results1 & x is desirable to collect x = exam9ation1 small fragm5ts ( ! solid are plac$ 9 a plat9um tube connect$ to ! deliv]y tube by flexible plat9um tub+ or by a screw jo9t1 & ! result+ gas may be collect$ ov] wat] or m]cury1 or ! liquid cond5s$ 9 a cool$ cyl9d] ( plat9um4 ,9 ?is mann] ! action ( fluor9e ^u sulphur & iod9e has be5 /udi$4 ,if ! solid1 phosphorus = in/ance1 attacks plat9um1 or ! temp]ature ( ! reaction is suffici5tly high to det]m9e ! comb9ation ( plat9um & fluor9e 7t[>d #ejj71 a tube ( fluorsp> is sub/itut$ = ! plat9um tube4 ,! fluorsp> tubes employ$ by ,m4 ,moissan = ! /udy ( ! action ( phosphorus 7 ab\t twelve to f\rte5 c5timet]s long1 & 7 t]m9at$ by plat9um ends furni%$ ) flanges & screw ?reads 9 ord] to be able to connect !m ) ! prep>ation app>atus4 ,if x is requir$ to heat ! fluorsp> tubes1 !y are surr\nd$ by a closely w\nd copp] spiral1 :i* may be heat$ by a ,buns5 flame4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ^u liquids1 great c>e is necess>y1 z ! reaction frequ5tly occurs ) explosive viol5ce4 ,a prelim9>y exp]im5t is !re=e always made1 by all[+ ! fluor9e deliv]y tube to dip j b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquid conta9$ 9 a small glass cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! liquid conta9s wat]1 or :5 hydr(luoric acid is a product ( ! reaction1 cyl9d]s ( plat9um or ( fluorsp> are employ$4 ,if x is requir$ to collect & exam9e ! product1 ! liquid is plac$ along ! bottom ( a horizontal tube ( plat9um or fluorsp>1 z 9 case ( solids1 connect$ directly ) ! prep>ation app>atus1 & ! product is collect$ ov] wat] or m]cury if a gas1 or 9 a cool$ plat9um receiv] if a liquid4 ,dur+ ! exam9ation ( liquids a means has accid5tally be5 discov]$ by :i* a glass tube may be fill$ ) fluor9e gas4 ,a few liquids1 "o ( :i* is c>bon tetra*loride1 react only v sl[ly ) fluor9e at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,by fill+ a glass tube ) su* a liquid1 & inv]t+ x ov] a plat9um capsule also conta9+ ! liquid1 x is possible to displace ! liquid by fluor9e1 :i*1 z ! walls are wet1 does n attack ! glass4 ,or ! glass tube may be fill$ ) ! liquid1 & !n ! latt] p\r$ out1 leav+ ! walls wet2 ! tube may !n be fill$ ) fluor9e gas1 :i* be+ slightly heavi] ?an air1 rema9s 9 ! tube = "s "t4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 9 :i* a glass te/ tube _h be5 fill$ ) fluor9e ov] c>bon tetra*loride1 x 0 attempt$ to transf] x to a graduat$ tube ov] m]cury1 b 9 incl9+ ! te/ tube = ?is purpose ! m]cury sudd5ly came 9 contact ) ! fluor9e1 & absorb$ x s in/antane\sly & ) su* a viol5t detonation t bo? ! te/ tube & ! graduat$ tube 7 %att]$ into fragm5ts4 ,inde$1 ow+ to ! p[]ful aff9ity ( m]cury = fluor9e1 x is a mo/ dang]\s exp]im5t to transf] a tube conta9+ fluor9e gas1 fill$ accord+ to ei!r ! fir/ or second me?od1 to ! m]cury tr\gh2 ! tube is always %att]$ if ! m]cury comes 9 contact ) ! gas1 & g5]ally ) a l\d detonation4 ,fluor9e may1 h[ev]1 be pres]v$ = "s "t 9 tubes ov] m]cury1 provid$ a few drops ( ! non-react+ liquid are kept above ! m]cury m5iscus4 ,= /udy+ ! action ( fluor9e on gases1 a special piece ( app>atus1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 has be5 con/ruct$4 ,x is compos$ ( a tube ( plat9um1 fifte5 c5timet]s long1 clos$ by two plates ( cle>1 transp>5t1 & colorless fluorsp>1 & c>ry+ ?ree lat]al n>r[] tubes also ( plat9um4 ,two ( ^! tubes face ea* o!r 9 ! c5t] ( ! app>atus1 & s]ve "o = ! conveyance ( ! fluor9e & ! o!r ( ! gas to be exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,! ?ird1 :i* is ( some:at great] diamet] ?an ! o!r two1 s]ves z exit tube = ! product or products ( ! reaction1 & may be plac$ 9 connection ) a tr\gh conta9+ ei!r wat] or m]cury4 ,! app>atus is fir/ fill$ ) ! gas to be exp]im5t$ ^u1 !n ! fluor9e is all[$ to ent]1 & an obs]vation ( :at occurs may be made ?r\gh ! fluorsp> w9d[s4 ,"o mo/ important precaution to take 9 collect+ ! gase\s products ov] m]cury is n to p]mit ! plat9um deliv]y tube to dip m ?an two or at mo/ ?ree millimet]s "u ! m]cury1 z o!rwise ! levels ( ! liquid 9 ! two limbs ( ! electrolysis ,u-tube become s diff]5t1 ow+ to ! pressure1 t ! fluor9e f "o side mixes ) ! hydrog5 evolv$ ^u ! o!r1 & !re is a viol5t explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,action ,,( ,,fluor9e ,,^u ,,! ,,non-,,metallic ,,elem5ts4 ,hydrog54--,z j describ$1 hydrog5 comb9es ) fluor9e1 ev5 at -#bc & 9 ! d>k1 ) explosive =ce4 ,?is is ! only case 9 :i* two elem5t>y gases unite directly )\t ! int]v5tion ( extrane\s en]gy4 ,if ! end ( ! tube deliv]+ fluor9e is plac$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 a v hot blue flame1 bord]$ ) r$1 at once appe>s at ! m\? ( ! tube1 & vapor ( hydr(luoric acid is produc$4 ,oxyg54--,fluor9e has n be5 f\nd capable ( unit+ ) oxyg5 up to a temp]ature ( #ejj4 ,on ozone1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to ex]t "s action1 z w be evid5t f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 %[n 9 #ahhg t fluor9e decomposes wat]1 =m+ hydr(luoric acid1 & lib]at+ oxyg5 9 ! =m ( ozone4 ,:5 a few drops ( wat] are plac$ 9 ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & fluor9e all[$ to ent]1 ! wat] is in/antly decompos$1 & on look+ ?r\gh ! fluorsp> ends a ?ick d>k cl\d is se5 ov] ! spot :]e ea* drop ( wat] _h previ\sly be54 ,?is cl\d soon dim9i%es 9 int5sity1 & is ev5tually replac$ by a beautiful blue gas--ozone 9 a /ate ( consid]able d5sity4 ,if ! product is *as$ out by a /ream ( nitrog5 z soon z ! d5se cl\d is =m$1 a v /rong odor is p]ceiv$1 diff]5t f t ( ei!r fluor9e or ozone1 b :i* soon gives place to ! unmi/akable odor ( ozone4 ,x appe>s z if !re is at fir/ produc$ an un/able oxide ( fluor9e1 :i* rapidly decomposes into fluor9e & ozone4 ,nitrog5 & *lor9e appe> n to react ) fluor9e4 ,sulphur4--,9 contact ) fluor9e gas1 sulphur rapidly melts & inflames4 ,a gase\s fluoride ( sulphur is =m$1 :i* possesses a mo/ p5etrat+ odor1 some:at resembl+ t ( *loride ( sulphur4 ,! gas is incombu/ible1 ev5 9 oxyg54 ,:5 w>m$ 9 a glass vessel1 ! latt] becomes et*$1 ow+ to ! =mation ( silicon tetrafluoride1 ,si,f#d4 ,sel5ium & tellurium behave simil>ly1 b =m cry/all9e solid fluorides4 ,brom9e vapor comb9es ) fluor9e 9 ! cold ) production ( a v bright b l[ temp]ature dame4 ,if ! fluor9e is evolv$ 9 ! mid/ ( pure dry liquid brom9e1 ! comb9ation is imm$iate1 & occurs )\t flame4 ,iod9e4--,:5 fluor9e is pass$ ov] a fragm5t ( iod9e conta9$ 9 ! horizontal tube1 comb9ation occurs1 ) production ( a pale flame4 ,a v heavy liquid1 colorless :5 free f dissolv$ iod9e1 & fum+ /rongly 9 ! air1 cond5ses 9 ! cool$ receiv]4 ,?is liquid fluoride ( iod9e attacks glass ) great en]gy & decomposes wat] :5 dropp$ into t liquid ) a noise l t produc$ by r$-hot iron4 ,its prop]ties agree ) ^? ( ! fluoride ( iod9e prep>$ by ,gore by ! action ( iod9e on silv] fluoride4 ,phosphorus4--,imm$iately phosphorus1 ei!r ! ord9>y yell[ v>iety or r$ phosphorus1 comes 9 contact ) fluor9e1 a mo/ lively action occurs1 accompani$ by vivid inc&esc5ce4 ,if ! fluor9e is 9 excess1 a fum+ gas is evolv$1 :i* gives up its excess ( fluor9e on collect+ ov] m]cury1 & is soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is gas is phosphorus p5tafluoride1 ,,pf#e1 prep>$ "s ye>s ago by ,pr(4 ,?orpe4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! phosphorus is 9 excess1 a gase\s mixture ( ?is p5tafluoride ) a new fluoride1 ! trifluoride1 ,,pf#c1 a gas insoluble 9 wat]1 b :i* may be absorb$ by cau/ic pota%1 is obta9$4 ,! trifluoride1 9 turn1 comb9es ) m fluor9e to =m ! p5tafluoride1 ! reaction be+ accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( a flame ( comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,ars5ic comb9es ) fluor9e at ! ord9>y temp]ature ) inc&esc5ce4 ,if ! curr5t ( fluor9e is fairly rapid1 a colorless fum+ liquid cond5ses 9 ! receiv]1 :i* is ma9ly ars5ic trifluoride1 ,as,f#c1 b :i* appe>s also to conta9 a new fluoride1 ! p5tafluoride1 ,as,f#e1 inasmu* z ! solution 9 wat] yields ! reactions ( bo? ars5i\s & ars5ic acids4 ,c>bon4--,*lor9e does n unite ) c>bon ev5 at ! high temp]ature ( ! electric arc1 b fluor9e reacts ev5 at ! ord9>y temp]ature ) f9ely divid$ c>bon4 ,purifi$ lampblack inflames in/antly ) great brilliancy1 z d also ! light] v>ieties ( wood *>coal4 ,a curi\s ph5om5on is notic$ ) wood *>coal2 x appe>s at fir/ to absorb & cond5se ! fluor9e1 !n q sudd5ly x bur/s into flame ) bright sc9tillations4 ,! d5s] v>ieties ( *>coal require w>m+ to #ej or #fj be=e !y inflame1 b x once ! combu/ion is />t$ at any po9t x rapidly propagates itself ?r\gh\t ! entire piece4 ,graphite mu/ be heat$ to j bel[ dull r$ness 9 ord] to effect comb9ation2 :ile ! diamond has n yet be5 attack$ by fluor9e1 ev5 at ! temp]ature ( ! ,buns5 flame4 ,a mixture ( gase\s fluorides ( c>bon are produc$ :5ev] c>bon ( any v>iety is act$ ^u by fluor9e1 ! pr$om9at+ con/itu5t be+ ! tetrafluoride1 ,,cf#d4 ,boron4--,! amorph\s v>iety ( boron inflames in/antly 9 fluor9e1 ) projection ( brilliant sp>ks & lib]ation ( d5se fumes ( boron trifluoride1 ,,bf#c4 ,! adamant9e modification behaves simil>ly if p[d]$4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t is p]=m$ 9 ! fluorsp> tube1 ! gase\s fluoride may be collect$ ov] m]cury4 ,! gas fumes /rongly 9 ! air1 & is in/antly decompos$ by wat]4 ,silicon4--,! reaction betwe5 fluor9e & silicon is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all ^! extraord9>y manife/ations ( *emical activity4 ,! cold cry/als become imm$iately :ite-hot1 & ! silicon burns ) a v hot flame1 scatt]+ %[]s ( />-l1 :ite-hot p>ticles 9 all directions4 ,if ! action is /opp$ be=e all ! silicon is consum$1 ! residue is f\nd to be fus$4 ,z cry/all9e silicon only melts at a temp]ature sup]ior to #a1bjj1 ! heat evolv$ mu/ be v great4 ,if ! reaction is p]=m$ 9 ! fluorsp> tube1 ! result+ gase\s silicon tetrafluoride1 ,si,f#d1 may be collect$ ov] m]cury4 ,amorph\s silicon likewise burns ) great en]gy 9 fluor9e4 ,,action ,,( ,,fluor9e ,,^u ,,metals4 ,sodium & potassium comb9e ) fluor9e ) great vigor at ord9>y temp]atures1 becom+ inc&esc5t1 & =m+ _! respective fluorides1 :i* may be obta9$ cry/alliz$ f wat] 9 cubes4 ,metallic calcium also burns 9 fluor9e gas1 =m+ ! fus$ fluoride1 & occasionally m9ute cry/als ( fluorsp>4 ,?allium is rapidly conv]t$ to fluoride at ord9>y temp]atures1 ! temp]ature ris+ until ! metal melts & f9ally becomes r$ hot4 ,p[d]$ magnesium burns ) great brilliancy4 ,iron1 r$uc$ by hydrog51 comb9es 9 ! cold ) imm$iate inc&esc5ce1 & =mation ( an anhydr\s1 readily soluble1 :ite fluoride4 ,alum9um1 on heat+ to l[ r$ness1 gives a v beautiful lum9osity1 z d also *romium & manganese4 ,! combu/ion ( slightly w>m$ z9c 9 fluor9e is p>ticul>ly pretty z an exp]im5t1 ! flame be+ ( a mo/ dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,antimony takes fire at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & =ms a solid :ite fluoride4 ,lead & m]cury are attack$ 9 ! cold1 z previ\sly describ$1 ! latt] ) great rapidity4 ,copp] reacts at l[ r$ness1 b 9 a /rangely feeble mann]1 & ! :ite fumes =m$ appe> to comb9e ) a fur!r quantity ( fluor9e to =m a p]fluoride4 ,! ma9 product is a volatile :ite fluoride4 ,silv] is only sl[ly attack$ 9 ! cold4 ,:5 heat$1 h[ev]1 to #ajj1 ! metal comm5ces to be cov]$ ) a yell[ coat ( anhydr\s fluoride1 & on heat+ to l[ r$ness comb9ation occurs1 ) inc&esc5ce1 & ! result+ fluoride becomes fus$1 & aft]w>d pres5ts a sat9-l aspect4 ,gold becomes conv]t$ into a yell[ deliquesc5t volatile fluoride :5 heat$ to l[ r$ness1 & at a slightly high] temp]ature ! fluoride is dissociat$ into metallic gold & fluor9e gas4 ,! action ( fluor9e on plat9um has be5 /udi$ ) special c>e4 ,x is evid5t1 9 view ( ! corrosion ( ! positive plat9um t]m9al ( ! electrolysis app>atus1 t nasc5t fluor9e rapidly attacks plat9um at a temp]ature ( -#bc4 ,at #ajj1 h[ev]1 fluor9e gas appe>s to be )\t action on plat9um4 ,at #ejj-fjj x is attack$ /rongly1 ) =mation ( ! tetrafluoride4 ,pt,f#d1 & a small quantity ( ! prot(luoride1 ,pt,f#b4 ,if ! fluor9e is admix$ ) vapor ( hydr(luoric acid1 ! reaction is mu* m vigor\s1 z if a fluorhydrate ( ! tetrafluoride1 p]haps #b;,,hf4,pt,f#d1 7 =m$4 ,! tetrafluoride is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! =m ( deep-r$ fus$ masses1 or small yell[ cry/als resembl+ ^? ( anhydr\s plat9um *loride4 ,! salt is volatile & v hygroscopic4 ,its behavior ) wat] is peculi>4 ,) a small quantity ( wat] a br[ni% yell[ solution is =m$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 a v %ort "t becomes w>m & ! fluoride decomposes2 plat9ic hydrate is precipitat$1 & free hydr(luoric acid rema9s 9 solution4 ,if ! quantity ( wat] is great]1 ! solution may be pres]v$ = "s m9utes )\t decomposition4 ,if ! liquid is boil$1 x decomposes in/antly4 ,at a r$ heat plat9ic fluoride decomposes into metallic plat9um & fluor9e1 :i* is evolv$ 9 ! free /ate4 ,?is reaction c !re=e be employ$ z a ready means ( prep>+ fluor9e1 ! fluoride only requir+ to be heat$ rapidly to r$ness 9 a plat9um tube clos$ at "o end1 :5 cry/alliz$ silicon held at ! op5 end w be f\nd to imm$iately take fire 9 ! escap+ fluor9e4 ,! be/ mode ( obta9+ ! fluoride ( plat9um = ?is purpose is to heat a bundle ( plat9um wires to l[ r$ness 9 ! fluorsp> reaction tube 9 a rapid /ream ( fluor9e4 ,z soon z suffici5t fluoride is =m$ on ! wires1 !y are transf]r$ to a well /opp]$ dry glass tube1 until requir$ = ! prep>ation ( fluor9e4 ,,action ,,( ,,fluor9e ,,^u ,,non-,,metallic ,,comp\nds4 ,sulphuret$ ,hydrog54--,:5 ! horizontal tube %[n 9 ,fig4 #c is fill$ ) sulphuret$ hydrog5 gas & fluor9e is all[$ to ent]1 a blue flame is obs]v$ on look+ ?r\gh ! fluorsp> w9d[s play+ ar\nd ! spot :]e ! fluor9e is be+ admitt$4 ,! decomposition cont9ues until ! :ole ( ! hydrog5 sulphide is conv]t$ into gase\s fluorides ( hydrog5 & sulphur4 ,sulphur dioxide is likewise decompos$ 9 ! cold1 ) production ( a yell[ flame & =mation ( fluoride ( sulphur4 ,hydro*loric acid gas is also decompos$ at ord9>y temp]atures ) flame1 &1 if !re is n a l>ge excess ( hydro*loric acid pres5t1 ) detonation4 ,hydr(luoric acid & free *lor9e are ! products4 ,gase\s hydrobromic & hydriodic acids react ) fluor9e 9 a simil> mann]1 ) production ( flame & =mation ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z brom9e & iod9e comb9e ) fluor9e1 z previ\sly describ$1 ^! halog5s d n escape1 b burn up to _! respective fluorides4 ,:5 fluor9e is deliv]$ into an aque\s solution ( hydriodic acid1 ea* bubble z x ent]s produces a fla% ( flame1 & if ! fluor9e is be+ evolv$ fairly rapidly !re is a s]ies ( v viol5t detonations4 ,a curi\s reaction also occurs :5 fluor9e is simil>ly pass$ into a #ej p] c5t4 aque\s solution ( hydr(luoric acid itself1 a flame be+ produc$ 9 ! middle ( ! liquid1 accompani$ by a s]ies ( detonations4 ,nitric acid vapor reacts ) great viol5ce ) fluor9e1 a l\d explosion result+4 ,if fluor9e is pass$ into ! ord9>y liquid acid1 ea* bubble z x ent]s produces a flame 9 ! liquid4 ,ammonia gas is decompos$ by fluor9e ) =mation ( a yell[ flame1 =m+ hydr(luoric acid & lib]at+ nitrog54 ,) a solution ( ! gas 9 wat]1 ea* bubble ( fluor9e produces an explosion & flame1 z 9 case ( hydriodic acid4 ,phosphoric anhydride1 :5 heat$ to l[ r$ness1 burns ) a pale flame 9 fluor9e1 =m+ a gase\s mixture ( fluorides & oxyfluoride ( phosphorus4 ,p5ta*loride & tri*loride ( phosphorus bo? react mo/ en]getically ) fluor9e1 in/antly produc+ a brilliant flame1 & evolv+ a mixture ( phosphorus p5tafluoride & free *lor9e4 ,ars5i\s anhydride also af=ds a brilliant combu/ion1 =m+ ! liquid trifluoride ( ars5ic1 ,as,f#c4 ,?is liquid 9 turn appe>s to react ) m fluor9e ) consid]able evolution ( heat1 probably =m+ ! p5tafluoride1 ,as,f#e4 ,*loride ( ars5ic1 ,as,cl#c1 is conv]t$ ) consid]able en]gy to ! trifluoride1 free *lor9e be+ lib]at$4 ,c>bon bisulphide inflames 9 ! cold 9 contact ) fluor9e1 & if ! fluor9e is l$ into ! mid/ ( ! liquid a simil> production ( flame occurs "u ! surface ( ! liquid1 z 9 case ( nitric acid4 ,no c>bon is deposit$1 bo? ! c>bon & sulphur be+ entirely conv]t$ into gase\s fluorides4 ,c>bon tetra*loride1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 reacts only v sl[ly ) fluor9e4 ,! liquid may be saturat$ ) gase\s fluor9e at #ae1 b on boil+ ?is liquid a gase\s mixture is evolv$1 "o con/itu5t ( :i* is c>bon tetrafluoride1 ,,cf#d1 a gas readily capable ( absorption by alcoholic pota%4 ,! rema9d] consi/s ( ano!r fluoride ( c>bon1 incapable ( absorption by pota% & *lor9e4 ,a mixture ( ! vapors ( c>bon tetra*loride & fluor9e inflames spontane\sly ) detonation1 & *lor9e is lib]at$ )\t deposition ( c>bon4 ,boric anhydride is rais$ to a mo/ vivid inc&esc5ce by fluor9e1 ! exp]im5t be+ r5d]$ v beautiful by ! abundant :ite fumes ( ! trifluoride :i* are lib]at$4 ,silicon dioxide1 "o ( ! mo/ in]t ( sub/ances at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 takes fire 9 ! cold 9 contact ) fluor9e1 becom+ in/antly :ite-hot1 & rapidly disappe>+ 9 ! =m ( silicon tetrafluoride4 ,! *lorides ( bo? boron & silicon are decompos$ by fluor9e1 ) =mation ( fluorides & lib]ation ( *lor9e1 ! reaction be+ accompani$ by ! production ( flame4 ,,action ,,( ,,fluor9e ,,^u ,,metallic ,,comp\nds4 ,*lorides ( ! metals are in/antly decompos$ by fluor9e1 g5]ally at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 antimony tri*loride = in/ance1 ) ! appe>ance ( flame4 ,*lor9e is 9 ea* case lib]at$1 & a fluoride ( ! metal =m$4 ,a few require heat+1 :5 a simil> decomposition occurs1 (t5 accompani$ by inc&esc5ce1 z 9 case ( *romium sesqui*loride4 ,bromides & iodides are decompos$ ) ev5 great] en]gy1 & ! lib]at$ brom9e & iod9e burn 9 ! fluor9e ) =mation ( _! respective fluorides4 ,cyanides react 9 a mo/ beautiful mann] ) fluor9e1 ! displac$ cyanog5 burn+ ) a purple flame4 ,potassium f]rocyanide 9 p>ticul> af=ds a v pretty exp]im5t1 & reacts 9 ! cold4 ,ord9>y potassium cyanide requires slightly w>m+ 9 ord] to />t ! combu/ion4 ,fus$ pota% yields potassium fluoride & ozone4 ,aque\s pota% does n =m potassium hyp(luorite :5 fluor9e is bubbl$ into x1 b only potassium fluoride4 ,lime becomes mo/ brilliantly inc&esc5t1 ow+ p>tly to ! excess be+ rais$ to a v high temp]ature by ! heat develop$ dur+ ! decomposition1 & p>tly to ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! calcium fluoride =m$4 ,sulphides ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s are also imm$iately r5d]$ inc&esc5t1 fluorides ( ! metal & sulphur be+ respectively =m$4 ,boron nitride behaves 9 an exce$+ly beautiful mann]1 be+ attack$ 9 ! cold1 & emitt+ a brilliant blue light :i* is surr\nd$ by a halo ( ! fumes ( boron fluoride4 ,sulphates1 nitrates & phosphates g5]ally require ! application ( m or less heat1 :5 !y too are rapidly & en]getically decompos$4 ,calcium phosphate is attack$ 9 ! cold l lime1 giv+ out a brilliant :ite light1 & produc+ calcium fluoride & gase\s oxyfluoride ( phosphorus1 ,,p(#c4 ,calcium c>bonate also becomes rais$ to brilliant inc&esc5ce :5 expos$ to fluor9e gas1 z does also normal sodium c>bonate2 b curi\sly en\gh ! bic>bonates ( ! alkalies d n react ) fluor9e ev5 at r$ heat4 ,p]haps ?is may be expla9$ by ! fact t fluor9e has no action at available temp]atures ^u c>bon dioxide4 ,,action ,,( ,,fluor9e ,,^u ,a ,,few ,,organic ,,comp\nds4 ,*lor(orm4--,:5 *lor(orm is saturat$ ) fluor9e1 & subsequ5tly boil$1 c>bon tetrafluoride1 hydr(luoric acid & *lor9e are evolv$4 ,if a drop ( *lor(orm is agitat$ 9 a glass tube ) excess ( fluor9e1 a viol5t explosion sudd5ly occurs1 accompani$ by a fla% ( flame1 & ! tube is %att]$ to pieces4 ,! reaction is v lively :5 fluor9e is evolv$ 9 ! mid/ ( a quantity ( *lor(orm1 a p]si/5t flame burns b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquid1 c>bon is deposit$1 & fluorides ( hydrog5 & c>bon are evolv$ toge!r ) *lor9e4 ,me?yl *loride is decompos$ by fluor9e1 ev5 at -#bc1 ) production ( a yell[ flame1 deposition ( c>bon1 & lib]ation ( fluorides ( hydrog5 & c>bon & free *lor9e4 ,) ! vapor ( me?yl *loride1 z po9t$ out 9 ! description ( ! electrolysis1 viol5t explosions occur4 ,e?yl alcohol vapor at once takes fire 9 fluor9e gas1 & ! liquid is decompos$ ) explosive viol5ce )\t deposition ( c>bon4 ,aldehyde is =m$ to a consid]able ext5t dur+ ! reaction4 ,acetic acid & b5z5e are bo? decompos$ ) viol5ce1 _! cold vapors burn 9 fluor9e1 & :5 ! latt] is bubbl$ ?r\gh ! liquids !mselves1 fla%es ( flame1 & (t5 mo/ dang]\s explosions1 occur4 ,9 ! case ( b5z5e1 c>bon is deposit$1 & ) bo? liquids fluorides ( hydrog5 & c>bon are evolv$4 ,anil9e likewise takes fire 9 fluor9e1 & deposits a l>ge quantity ( c>bon1 :i*1 h[ev]1 if ! fluor9e is 9 excess1 burns away completely to c>bon tetrafluoride4 ,su* are ! ma9 outl9es ( ^! lat] rese>*es ( ,m4 ,moissan1 & !y _c fail to impress ^? :o read !m ) ! prodigi\s nature ( ! =ces associat$ ) ^? m9ute/ ( entities1 ! *emical atoms1 z exhibit$ at _! maximum1 9 s f> z our k at pres5t goes1 9 ! case ( ! elem5t fluor9e4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,fat ,,9 ,,milk4 ,by ,e4 ,,molisabi4 ,illu/ration ,! au?or1 aft] criticis+ ! v>i\s me?ods = e/imat+ fat 9 milk :i* h be5 propos$ f "t to "t1 agrees ) ,/okes 7,analy/1 #ahhe1 p4 #dh71 ,eu/ace ,hill 7,analy/1 #ahia1 p4 #fg71 & ,bondzynsky 7,l&wir? ,jahrb4 d] ,s*weiz1 #ahhi71 t ! me?od ( ,w]n] ,s*mid is ! simple/1 mo/ rapid1 & conv5i5t hi!rto introduc$4 ,! conditions t5d+ to inaccuracy are3 ,! employm5t ( e!r conta9+ alcohol2 boil+ ! mixture ( milk & acid too long1 :5 a c>amel-l body is =m$1 soluble 9 e!r2 ! difficulty ( read+ (f ! volume ( e!r left 9 ! tube1 ow+ to ! gradations ( ! in/rum5t be+ obscur$ by ! floccul5t lay] ( case92 :5 only a portion ( ! e!r is us$1 fat may be left beh9d 9 ! acid mixture1 z %[n by ,all5 7,*em4 ,zeit41 #ahia1 p4 #cca74 ,! au?or believes t by ! inv5tion ( ! simple app>atus repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure1 he has r5d]$ ! process bo? accurate & conv5i5t4 ,?is consi/s ( a flask ,b ( ab\t #ge c4c4 capacity1 :i* has a glass tap fus$ on1 ) two capill>y tubes atta*$1 ! "o pass+ upw>d1 ! o!r d[nw>d4 ,! neck ( flask ,b is gr\nd into ! neck ( flask ,a1 :i* holds ab\t #ij c4c4 ,ei!r ( ! flasks c be plac$ 9 communication ) ! ext]nal air by ! op5+ a4 ,! e!r mu/ be previ\sly wa%$ ) "o or two t5?s ( its volume ( wat]1 to remove traces ( alcohol4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ z foll[s3 #aj c4c4 ( well mix$ milk are weigh$ 9 7or measur$ into7 flask ,a1 #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid add$1 & ! mixture heat$ to boil+ on an asbe/os %eet4 ,! boil+ mu/ n exce$ a m9ute & a half1 ! fluid be+ %ak5 f "t to "t1 & n all[$ to become ( a deep] color ?an a d>k br[n n black4 ,! flask is cool$1 & #be c4c4 ( e!r add$4 ,! two flasks are connect$ z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! tap clos$1 & ! :ole %ak5 = a few m9utes1 ! flask be+ v5t$ two or ?ree times by ! op5+ a4 ,! app>atus is n[ inv]t$1 all[$ to /& five or six m9utes1 ! tap turn$1 & ! d>k acid liquid drawn (f into flask ,b4 ,by a little %ak+ ( ! e!r ! :ole ( ! acid liquid may be easily got into ! l[] flask4 ,! app>atus is aga9 inv]t$1 !n sep>at$1 #aj c4c4 ( e!r are introduc$ into ! flask ,b1 ! tap clos$1 & ! fluids well %ak54 ,:5 ! e!r lay] is di/9ct1 ! acid liquor is run (f1 & ! e!r solution transf]r$ to ,a4 ,! :ole ( ! e!r solution is wa%$ 9 ! app>atus two or ?ree times ) a little wat]1 ! flask ,a remov$ to ! wat] ba?1 ! e!r driv5 (f1 ! la/ traces ( e!r & wat] be+ remov$ by plac+ ! flask 9 a dry+ ov5 heat$ f #ajg to #aaj ,c41 :]e x mu/ rema9 at lea/ tw5ty m9utes4 ,! usual cool+ 9 ! exsiccator & weigh+ concludes ! op]ation4 ,examples are giv5 %[+ its concordance ) ! ,adams & o!r recogniz$ processes4 ,s\r milk1 :i* mu/ be weigh$ 9 ! flask1 c be conv5i5tly analyz$2 also cream1 us+ #e grammes cream & #aj c4c4 hydro*loric acid4 7,b]i*te ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #bd1 p4 #bbjd74--,! ,analy/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,association--,,n9? ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,index+ ,,*emical ,,lit]ature4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f advance pro( %eets ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce2 ,wa%+ton meet+1 #ahia4 ,! ,committee on ,index+ ,*emical ,lit]ature respectfully pres5ts to ! ,*emical ,section its n9? annual report4 ,s9ce our la/ meet+ ! foll[+ bibliographies h be5 pr9t$3 #a4 ,a ,bibliography ( ,geometrical ,isom]ism4 ,accompany+ an address on ?is subject to ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ,indianapolis1 ,augu/1 #ahij1 by ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,b4 ,w>d]1 ,vice ,presid5t4 ,proce$+s ,a4,a4,a4,s41 vol4 xxxix4 ,salem1 #ahij4 #hvo4 #b4 ,a ,bibliography ( ! ,*emical ,influ5ce ( ,light1 by ,alfr$ ,tuck]man4 ,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections ,no4 #ghe4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #ahia4 ,pp4 #bb4 #hvo4 #c4 ,a ,bibliography ( ,analytical ,*emi/ry = ! ye> #ahij1 by ,h4 ,c>r+ton ,bolton4 ,j4 ,anal4 ,appl4 ,*em41 v41 ,no4 #c4 ,m>*1 #ahia4 ,we *ronicle ! publication ( ! foll[+ important bibliography3 #d4 ,a ,guide to ! ,lit]ature ( ,sug>4 ,a book ( ref]5ce = *emi/s1 botani/s1 libr>ians1 manufactur]s & plant]s1 ) compreh5sive subject index4 ,by ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?4 ,london3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn] ,co4 ,limit$4 #ahij4 #hvo4 ,pp xvi-#aei4 ,?is "w conta9s m ?an #a1bjj titles ( books1 pamphlets1 & pap]s relat+ to sug>4 ,_m ( ! titles are supplem5t$ ) brief ab/racts4 ,! alphabetical au?or catalogue is foll[$ by a *ronological table & an analytical subject index4 ,! compilation ext5ds to ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahhe1 & ! au?or promises a supplem5t & possibly an annual guide4 ,! ambiti\s "w is useful b v incomplete4 ,x does n include glucose4 ,! au?or gives a li/ ( fifte5 p]iodicals devot$ to sug>1 & omits exactly fifte5 m record$ 9 ,bolton's ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,p]iodicals 7#affe-ahhb74 ,angelo ,sala's ,sac*>ologia is n nam$1 ?\gh m5tion$ 9 ,roscoe & ,s*orlemm] & else:]e4 ,not)/&+ "s blemi%es1 ?is "w is indisp5sable to *emi/s desir\s ( becom+ famili> ) ! lit]ature ( sug>4 ,x is to be hop$ t a second edition br\ght d[n to date may be issu$ by ! au?or4 #e4 ,a ,bibliography ( ,ptoma9es accompanies ,pr(essor ,victor ,c4 ,vaughan's "w1 ,ptoma9es & ,leucoma9es4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh4 7,pages #bif-had47 #hvo4 ,*emi/s w hail ) pleasure ! ann\ncem5t t a new diction>y ( solubilities is 9 progress by a compet5t h&4 ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,m4 ,comey1 ( ,tufts ,college1 ,college ,hill1 ,mass41 writes t ! "w he has und]tak5 w be z complete z possible4 ,! v old matt] :i* =ms s l>ge a "p ( ,/or]'s ,diction>y w be ref]r$ to1 & 9 important cases fully giv54 ,abbreviations w be freely us$ & =mul w be giv5 in/ead ( ! *emical names ( sub/ances1 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,?is is f\nd to be absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to br+ ! "w into a conv5i5t size = use 4441 ,! arrangem5t w be /rictly alphabetical4 ,ref]5ces to orig9al pap]s w be giv5 9 all cases 444 ,pr(essor ,comey e/imates 8 "w w conta9 ov] #gj1jjj entries1 & w make a volume ( #a1ejj-a1gjj pages4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,h[>d ,l4 ,pr9ce1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 expla9s itself3 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,febru>y #aa1 #ahia ,dr4 ,h ,c>r+ton ,bolton4 ,univ]sity ,club1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y43 ,,de> ,,sir--,9 response to y\r reque/ ,i take pleasure 9 giv+ y ! foll[+ in=mation reg>d+ ! pa/ accompli%m5ts & plans = ! future ( ! ,sci5tific ,libr>y 9 ! matt] ( te*nological index+4 ,! "w ( index+ p]iodicals has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! libr>y = "s ye>s 9 a some:at desultory fa%ion1 tak+ up "o j\rnal aft] ano!r1 ! object be+1 app>5tly1 m to supply cl]ks ) "w ?an ! pursuance ( any well def9$ plan4 ,h[ev]1 "o important "w has be5 sub/antially complet$1 viz41 a g5]al index to ! :ole set ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & ,,supplem5t f #ahdf to date4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to po9t out to y ! importance ( ?is "w1 embrac+ a collection :i* has held ! lead+ place 9 ! l9e ( g5]al in=mation on inv5tion & progress1 ! labor ( compil+ :i* has be5 s =midable t no movem5t 9 t direction has be5 attempt$ by ! publi%]s except 9 reg>d to ! ,,supplem5t only1 & t v imp]fectly4 ,?is index embraces n[ #ahd1fjj c>ds1 n pun*$1 & at pres5t /or$ 9 %all[ draw]s & fa/5$ by rubb] b&s1 & ( c\rse !y are at pres5t unavailable = use4 ,!re is little prospect ( pr9t+ ?is index1 & ,i h be5 endeavor+ = "s "t to ?r[ ! index op5 to ! public by pun*+ ! c>ds & fa/5+ !m ) gu>d rods1 b z yet h made no p]ceptible impression ^u ! au?orities1 al?\gh ! exp5se ( prep>ation w\ld be only ab\t #gj4 ,!re has also be5 complet$ an index to ! ,engli% j\rnal ,eng9e]+1 compris+ #hd1jjj c>ds1 f ! beg9n+ to date4 ,an index to ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal 0 also comm5c$ z long ago z #ahgh1 c>ri$ on = six or sev5 ye>s & !n dropp$4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 at no remote date1 to br+ ?is =w>d to ! pres5t "t4 ,on tak+ *>ge ( ! libr>y ,i 0 at once impress$ ) ! imm5se value ( ! p]iodical lit]ature on our %elves & ! great importance ( mak+ x m readily accessible1 & h _h 9 contemplation = "s "t ! beg9n+ ( a c>d index to all our p]iodicals on ! same g5]al plan z t ( ,rie?'s ,rep]torium4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 unable to obta9 suffici5t =ce to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 b h select$ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty j\rnals1 notably ^? ^u ! subjects ( *emi/ry1 electricity & eng9e]+1 bo? 9 ,engli% & =eign languages1 ! index+ ( :i* has be5 9 progress s9ce ! fir/ ( ,janu>y4 ,?is numb] includes sub/antially all ! valuable mat]ial 9 our possession 9 ! ,engli% language1 n only j\rnals1 b transactions ( societies1 all ! electrical j\rnals & ne>ly all ! *emical 9 =eign languages4 ,?is index w be kept op5 to ! public z soon z suffici5t mat]ial has accumulat$4 ,9 g5]al plan x w be alphabetical1 foll[+ ne>ly ! arrangem5t ( ! p]iodical portion ( ! surgeon g5]al's catalogue4 ,i %all dep>t f ! /rictly alphabetical plan suffici5tly to gr\p "u su* important subjects z *emi/ry1 electricity1 eng9e]+1 railroads1 etc41 all ! subdivisions ( ! art1 s t ! electrical inve/igator1 = in/ance1 w n be oblig$ to travel f "o end ( ! alphabet to ! o!r to f9d ! divisions ( g5]ators1 conductors1 dynamos1 telephones1 telegraphs1 etc41 & 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! classes ( appli$ sci5ce ! (fice classification ( inv5tions w1 z a rule1 be adh]$ to1 ! subdivisions be+1 ( c\rse1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord] "u _! g5]al head & ! title ( ! sev]al articles also arrang$ alphabetically by au?ors or pr9cipal words4 ,) _m ?anks = ! k9d int]e/ & valuable in=mation af=d$ me1 ,i rema91 v truly y\rs1 ,,h[>d ,l4 ,,pr9ce1 ,libr>ian ,sci5tific ,libr>y4 ,! committee mu* pref]s to record complet$ "w ?an to m5tion projects1 z ! latt] sometimes fail4 ,x is satisfactory1 h[ev]1 to ann\nce t ! indefatigable index]1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,tuck]man1 is engag$ on an ext5sive ,bibliography ( ,m9]al ,wat]s4 ,! *airman ( ! committee expects to complete ! ,,ms4 ( a ,select ,bibliography ( ,*emi/ry dur+ ! ye>1 visit+ ! *ief libr>ies ( ,europe = ! purpose ?is summ]4 ,h4 ,,c>r+ton ,,bolton1 ,*airman4 ,f4,w4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,alb]t ,r4 ,,le$s1 ,,alexis ,a4 ,,juli51 ,,john ,w4 ,,langley1 ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,prescott4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,tuck]man 0 add$ to ! committee at ! ,wa%+ton meet+ to fill a vacancy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,w9e ,,law4 ,! ,fr5* w9e law 7,j\rn4 ,(ficiel1 ,july #aa1 #ahia7 includes ! foll[+ provisions3 ,sect4 #a4 ,! product ( f]m5tation ( ! husks ( grapes f :i* ! mu/ has be5 extract$ ) wat]1 ) or )\t ! addition ( sug>1 or mix$ ) w9e 9 :atev] proportion1 may only be sold1 or (f]$ = sale1 "u ! "n ( husk w9e or sug>$ w9e4 ,sect4 #b4 ,! addition ( ! foll[+ sub/ances to w9e1 husk w9e1 sug>$ w9e1 or rais9 w9e w be consid]$ an adult]ation3 #a4 ,color+ matt]s ( all descriptions4 #b4 ,sulphuric1 nitric1 hydro*loric1 salicylic1 boric acid1 or simil> sub/ances4 #c4 ,sodium *loride beyond "o gramme p] lit]4 ,sect4 #c4 ,! sale ( pla/]$ w9es1 conta9+ m ?an two grammes ( potassium1 or sodium sulphate1 is prohibit$4 ,(f5d]s are subject to a f9e ( #af to #ejj francs1 or to imprisonm5t f six days to ?ree mon?s1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,b>rels or vessels conta9+ pla/]$ w9e mu/ h affix$ a notice to t effect 9 l>ge lett]s1 & ! books1 invoices1 & bills ( lad+ mu/ likewise be> su* notice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,allotropic ,,conditions ,,( ,,silv]4 ,m4 ,b]!lot rec5tly call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy 7,p>is7 to ! memoirs ( ,c>ey ,lea on ! allotropic /ates ( silv]1 & exhibit$ specim5s ( ! color ( gold & o!rs ( a purple color s5t him by ! au?or4 ,he expla9$ ! importance ( ^! results1 :i* rem9d u ( ! "w ( ! anci5t al*emi/s1 b he res]v$ ! "q :e!r ^! sub/ances are really isom]ic /ates ( silv] or complex & cond5s$ comp\nds1 %>+ ! prop]ties ( ! elem5t :i* con/itut$ ! pr9cipal mass 7#ig-ih p] c5t471 con=mably to ! facts kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s c>bons1 ( ! d]ivatives ( r$ phosphorus1 & especially ( ! v>ieties ( iron & /eel4 ,betwe5 ^! cond5s$ comp\nds & ! pure elem5ts ! cont9u\s transition ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties is (t5 effect$ by ins5sible degrees1 by a mixture ( def9ite comp\nds4 ,! foll[+ lett] appe>s 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,*emical ,news4 ,sir3 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ lecture1 ,mr4 ,meldola seems to call 9 "q ! exi/5ce ( allotropic silv]4 ,?is op9ion does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to be bas$ on any adequate /udy ( ! subject1 b to be some:at conjectural 9 its nature4 ,no exp]im5tal support ( any sort is giv51 & ! only argum5t (f]$ 7if su* x c be call$7 is t ?is alt]$ =m ( silv] is analog\s to t ( metals ^: prop]ties h be5 greatly *ang$ by be+ alloy$ ) small quantities ( o!r metals4 ,does1 !n1 ,mr4 ,meldola suppose t a silv] alloy c be =m$ by precipitat+ silv] 9 ! pres5ce ( ano!r metal f an aque\s solution1 or t "o c argue f alloys1 :i* are solutions1 to molecul> comp\nds or lakes8 ,moreov]1 he has ov]look$ ! fact t allotropic silv] c be obta9$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any metal ) :i* silv] is capable ( comb9+1 z 9 ! case ( its =mation by ! action ( soda & dextr9e4 ,silv] _c be alloy$ ) sodium4 ,mr4 ,meldola cites ,prange z hav+ %[n t allotropic silv] obta9$ ) ! aid ( f]r\s citrate conta9s traces ( iron1 a fact :i* 0 publi%$ by me sev]al ye>s e>li]1 ) an analytical det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( iron f\nd4 ,mr4 ,prange repeat$ & confirm$ ?is fact ( ! pres5ce ( iron 79 ?is p>ticul> case71 & my o!r obs]vations g5]ally1 & 0 fully conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( bo? soluble & insoluble allotropic silv]4 ,mr4 ,meldola's quotation ( ,mr4 ,prange w\ld n convey ?is impression to ! read]4 ,( ! _m =ms ( allotropic silv]1 two ( ! be/ m>k$ are ! blue & ! yell[4 ,blue allotropic silv] is =m$ 9 _m reactions ) ! aid ( _m :olly diff]5t reag5ts4 ,to suppose t ea* ( ^! _m sub/ances is capable ( unit+ 9 m9ute quantity ) silv] to produce 9 all cases an id5tical result1 ! same product ) id5tical color & prop]ties1 w\ld be an absurdity4 ,gold-color$ allotropic silv] 9 ?9 films is conv]t$ by ! slighte/ pressure to normal silv]4 ,a glass rod drawn ov] x ) a g5tle pressure leaves a gray l9e beh9d x ( ord9>y silv]4 ,if ! film is !n plung$ into solution ( potassium f]ricyanide x becomes r$ or blue1 :ile ! l9es trac$ %[ by _! diff]5t reaction t !y consi/ ( ord9>y silv]4 ,heat1 electricity1 & contact ) /rong acids produce a simil> *ange to ord9>y gray silv]4 ,^! reactions af=d ! cle>e/ pro( t ! silv] is 9 an allotropic =m4 ,to acc\nt = !m on suppositions l ,mr4 ,meldola's w\ld involve an exce$+ly =c$ int]pretation1 su* z no "o :o c>efully repeat$ my "w c\ld possibly ent]ta94 ,i am1 etc41 ,m4 ,,c>ey ,,lea4 ,philadelphia1 ,octob] #bb1 #ahia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,cyclop$ia ( ,receipts1 ,,notes ,,& ,,qu]ies4 ---------------------------------------- #fej ,,pages4 ,,price #e4 ---------------------------------------- ,?is spl5did "w conta9s a c>eful compilation ( ! mo/ useful ,receipts & ,replies giv5 9 ! ,notes & ,qu]ies ( correspond5ts z publi%$ 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican dur+ ne>ly half a c5tury pa/2 toge!r ) _m valuable & important additions4 ,,ov] ,,twelve ,,?\s& select$ receipts are "h collect$2 ,ne>ly e bran* ( ! useful arts be+ repres5t$4 ,x is by f> ! mo/ compreh5sive volume ( ! k9d ev] plac$ be=e ! public4 ,! "w may be reg>d$ z ! product ( ! /udies & practical exp]i5ce ( ! able/ *emi/s & work]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 ! in=mation giv5 be+ ( ! highe/ value1 arrang$ & cond5s$ 9 concise =m1 conv5i5t = ready use4 ,almo/ e inquiry t c be ?\ght (1 relat+ to =mul us$ 9 ! v>i\s manufactur+ indu/ries1 w "h be f\nd answ]$4 ,in/ructions = work+ _m diff]5t processes 9 ! arts are giv54 ,h[ to make & prep>e _m diff]5t articles & goods are set =?4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9 any bran* ( indu/ry probably w f9d 9 ?is book mu* t is ( practical value 9 _! respective call+s4 ,^? :o are 9 se>* ( indep5d5t bus9ess or employm5t1 relat+ to ! manufacture & sale ( useful articles1 w f9d 9 x hundr$s ( mo/ excell5t sugge/ions4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,catalogue ( ,valuable ,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,useful ,eng9e]+ ,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts6 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co41 9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 cont9ue to exam9e improvem5ts1 & to act z ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tors4 ,9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess !y h _h =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h unequal$ facilities = ! prep>ation ( ,pat5t ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ! prosecution ( ,applications = ,pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also att5d to ! prep>ation ( ,caveats1 ,copyrights = ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignm5ts1 & ,reports on ,infr+em5ts ( ,pat5ts4 ,all bus9ess intru/$ to !m is done ) special c>e & promptness1 on v reasonable t]ms4 ,a pamphlet s5t free ( *>ge1 on application1 conta9+ full in=mation ab\t ,pat5ts & h[ to procure !m2 directions conc]n+ ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,pat5ts1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infr+em5ts1 ,assignm5ts1 ,reject$ ,cases4 ,h9ts on ! ,sale ( ,pat5ts1 etc4 ,we also s5d1 free ( *>ge1 a ,synopsis ( ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws1 %[+ ! co/ & me?od ( secur+ pat5ts 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,solicitors ,,( ,,pat5ts1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fices4--,no4 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/reet1 ,pacific ,build+1 ne> #g? ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4