,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hbi ,,new ,,york1 ,novemb] #ba1 #ahia4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #hbi4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! ,sun's ,motion 9 ,space4--,by ,a4,m4 ,,cl]ke4-- ,a v int]e/+ article on ! det]m9ation ( ?is hi!rto unc]ta9 factor4 ,,ii4 ,,botany4--,hemlock & ,p>sley4--,by ,w4,w4 ,,bailey4--,economic botany ( ,umbellif]4 ,raphides--! ,cause ( ! ,acridity ( ,c]ta9 ,plants4--,by ,r4,a4 ,,web]4--,effect ( ^! cry/als on ! express$ juice f calla & ,indian turnip & o!r plants4 ,! ,eremuri4--,a v attractive fl[] plant = g>d5s4--#a illu/ration4 ,,iii4 ,,decorative ,,art4--,! ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,natural ,foliage4--,by ,,hugh ,,/annus4 ,! fir/ ( a s]ies ( lectures be=e ! ,london ,society ( ,arts1 giv+ an elaborate classification ( ! pr9ciples ( ! subject4--#e illu/rations4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,! ,indep5d5t--,/orage or ,prim>y ,batt]y--,sy/em ( ,electric ,motive ,p[]4--,by ,,knight ,,neftel4--,ab/ract ( a rec5t pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,/reet ,railway ,association on ! pres5t aspect ( batt]y c> traction4 ,v4 ,,geography4--,! ,colorado ,des]t ,lake4--,a description ( ! new ov]fl[ into ! ,colorado ,des]t1 ) ! prognosis ( its future4 ,,vi4 ,,geology4--,animal ,orig9 ( ,petroleum & ,p>aff9e4--,a plea = ! animal orig9 ( geological hydroc>bons bas$ on *emical & geological reasons4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,petroleum4--,by ,o4,c4,d4 ,ross4--,a fur!r & m l5g?y discussion 9 reg>d to petroleum & !ory ( its production by volcanic action4 ,,vii4 ,,gunn]y4--,weldon's ,range ,f9d]4--,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ di/ances1 ) description ( its use4--#c illu/rations4 ,,viii4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,m]cury ,weigh+ ,ma*9e4--,a type ( weigh+ ma*9e dep5d+ on ! displacem5t ( m]cury4--#a illu/ration4 ,:eels ,l9k$ ) a ,bell ,crank4--,curi\s examples ( me*anical con/ructions 9 ! communication ( motion betwe5 :eels4--#c illu/rations4 ,,ix4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,cold & ,mortality4--,by ,dr4 ,b4,w4 ,,ri*>dson4--,! effect ( cold ^u ! op]ation ( ! animal sy/em1 ) practical rules4 ,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,t9 9 ,cann$ ,food4--,by ,h4,a4 ,,web]4--,a v valuable & important s]ies ( analyses ( ,am]ican & o!r food products = t9 & copp]4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,glaucoma4--,note on ! treatm5t ( ?is disease fatal to vision4 ,x4 ,,metallurgy4--,on ! ,elim9ation ( ,sulphur f ,pig ,iron4 ,by ,j4 ,,mass5ez4--,! desulphurization ( pig iron by treatm5t ) manganese1 ) app>atus employ$4--#e illu/rations4 ,,xi4 ,,miscellane\s4--,! ,cali=nia ,rais9 ,indu/ry4--,h[ rais9s are gr[n & pack$ 9 ,cali=nia1 ) valuable figures & data4 ,! ,rec5t ,battles 9 ,*ile4--,! rec5t battles ( ,concon & ,v9a del ,m>4--#b illu/rations4 ,,xii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,! ,:ale-head$ ,/ork4--,a curi\s bird1 a habitant ( ,africa & ( great r>ity4--#a illu/ration4 ,,xiii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,a ,tw9 ,screw ,laun* ,run by a ,comp\nd ,eng9e4--,! application ( a s+le comp\nd t&em eng9e to driv+ tw9 screws4--#b illu/rations4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,riv] & ,canal ,b>ges4--,by ,m4 ,,ritt]4--,a v peculi> & +5i\s sy/em ( con/ruction1 enabl+ ! same vessel to be us$ at great] or less draught accord+ to ! requirem5ts & conditions ( ! wat]4--#e illu/rations4 ,reef+ ,sails f ! ,deck--,an effective me?od ( reef+1 "o :i* has be5 subject$ to actual trial repeat$ly 9 bad wea!r (f ,cape ,horn4--#c illu/rations4 ,,xiv4 ,,physics4--,! ,cyclo/at4--,an app>atus = obs]v+ bodies 9 rapid rot>y motion4--#e illu/rations4 ,,xv4 ,,te*nology4--,a ,new ,process = ! ,blea*+ ( ,jute4--,by ,messrs4 ,,leykam & ,,tosefo?al4--,a me?od ( r5d]+ ! fib] ( jute p]fectly :ite1 ) full details4 ,a ,violet ,color+ ,matt] f ,morph9e4--,! fir/ true color+ matt] obta9$ f a natural alkaloid4 ,liquid ,blue = ,dye+4--,treatm5t ( ! ,dornemann liquid blue4 ,new ,process = ! ,manufacture ( ,*romates4--,by ,j4 ,,massignon & ,e4 ,,vatel4--,manufacture ( *romates f *romic iron ore by a new process4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,concon1 ,,*ile4 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahia4 ,! ,congressional troops advanc+4 ,! riv] ,aconcagua4 ,balmac$a's troops retreat+4 ,! ,esm]alda4 ,concon ,po9t4 ,! ,magellanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,vi,a ,,del ,,m>1 ,,*ile1 ,,augu/ #ahia4 ,esm]alda fir+ %ell at ,=t ,callao4 ,almirante ,co*rane fir+ at ,balmac$a's artill]y beh9d ,=t ,callao4 ,batt]y ( ,congress artill]y try+ to sil5ce gov]nm5t troops at ,via del ,m>4 ,balmac$a's field batt]ies at back ( ,=t ,callao4 ,=t ,callao4 ,congress infantry fir+ at troops at ,v9a del ,m>1 ,balmac$a's infantry return+ fire ( ,congress troops opposite4 ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 ,g]man1 & ,fr5* m5-(-w> wat*+ ! battle ( ,via del ,m>4 ,,! ,,rec5t ,,battles ,,9 ,,*ile4 ,! battle ( ,concon took place ,aug4 #ba1 #ahia4 ,n9e ?\s& ,congressional troops advanc+ t[>d ,valp>aiso f ,qu9t]os ,bay1 :]e !y _h l&$ ! day previ\s1 7 met by ,balmac$a's troops on ! o!r side ( ! riv] ,aconcagua4 ,! ,esm]alda & ! ,magellanes1 co-op]at+ f ! sea1 made fe>ful havoc among ! ,balmac$i/s ) _! ma*9e guns & %ell4 ,aft] a /ubborn fight ! ,balmac$i/s 7 totally defeat$1 & 7 pursu$ by ! victori\s cavalry1 los+ #d1jjj out ( #ab1jjj 9 kill$1 w\nd$ & des]t]s4 ,all _! field pieces 7 captur$1 & ?us ! road 0 left op5 = ! ,congressionali/s to advance on ,via del ,m>4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,vi,a ,,del ,,m>1 ,,*ile4 ,a g5]al engagem5t took place on ,aug4 #bc1 #ahia1 betwe5 divisions ( ,balmac$a's & ! ,congressional troops1 ) ! ,esm]alda & ! ,almirante ,co*rane aid+ ! latt] by fir+ at ,=t ,callao1 endeavor+ to sil5ce ! field batt]ies at ! back4 ,! ,congressional troops fail$ to capture ,via del ,m>1 b ev5tually cut ! railway l9e a few miles out1 & cross$ ov] to ! back ( ,valp>aiso1 :i* 0 soon captur$4--,! ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,motion ,,9 ,,space4 ,by ,a4,m4 ,,cl]ke4 ,sci5ce ne$$ two ?\s& ye>s to dis5tangle ! e>?'s orbital movem5t f ! revolutions ( ! o!r planets1 & ! incomp>ably m ardu\s problem ( di/+ui%+ ! sol> %>e 9 ! confus$ multitude ( /ell> displacem5ts fir/ pres5t$ itself z possibly tractable a little m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,9 ! lack = x z yet ( a def9ite solution !re is1 !n1 no gr\nd = surprise1 b mu* = satisfaction 9 ! l>ge measure ( success att5d+ ! /r5u\s attacks ( :i* x has s (t5 be5 made ! object4 ,approximately correct k z to ! direction & velocity ( ! sun's translation is indisp5sable to a pr(itable /udy ( sid]eal con/ruction2 b ap>t f "s acqua9tance ) ! nature ( sid]eal con/ruction1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 ( atta9m5t4 ,"o1 9 fact1 presupposes ! o!r4 ,to sep>ate a common elem5t ( motion f ! het]og5e\s %ift+s ^u ! sph]e ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& />s is a task practicable only "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,to beg9 )1 ! prop] motions inve/igat$ mu/ be e/abli%$ ) g5]al exactitude4 ,! errors inevitably affect+ !m mu/ be su* z pretty ne>ly1 9 ! total up%ot1 to neutralize "o ano!r4 ,= %\ld !y run ma9ly 9 "o direction1 ! result w be falsifi$ 9 a degree enorm\sly disproportionate to _! magnitude4 ,! adoption1 = in/ance1 ( sy/em ( decl9ations z mu* z #a ( arc a/ray might displace to ! ext5t ( #aj nor? or s\? ! po9t fix$ ^u z ! apex ( ! sun's way 7see ,l4 ,boss ,a/r4 ,j\r41 ,no4 #bac74 ,risks on ?is score1 h[ev]1 w become less =midable ) ! fur!r advance ( practical a/ronomy along a track def9able z an asymptote ( ideal p]fection4 ,besides ?is ob/acle to be ov]come1 !re is ano!r :i* x w soon be possible to evade4 ,hi!rto1 inquiries into ! sol> movem5t h be5 hamp]$ by ! necessity = prelim9>y assumptions ( "s k9d z to ! relative di/ances ( classes ( />s4 ,b all su* assumptions1 especially :5 appli$ to select$ li/s1 are highly insecure2 & any fabric re>$ ^u !m mu/ be consid]$ to /& ^u trea*]\s gr\nd4 ,! spectrographic me?od1 h[ev]1 "h =tunately comes into play4 ,prop] motions are only angul> velocities4 ,!y tell no?+ z to ! value ( ! p]spective elem5t !y may be suppos$ to include1 or z to ! real rate ( go+ ( ! bodies !y are attribut$ to1 until ! size ( ! sph]e ^u :i* !y are measur$ has be5 o!rwise asc]ta9$4 ,b ! displacem5t ( l9es 9 /ell> spectra give directly ! actual velocities relative to ! e>? ( ! obs]v$ />s4 ,! "q ( _! di/ances is1 !re=e1 at once elim9at$4 ,n[ ! radial compon5t ( /ell> motion is mix$ up1 precisely 9 ! same way z ! tang5tial compon5t1 ) ! sol> movem5t2 & s9ce complete k ( x1 9 a suffici5t numb] ( cases1 is rapidly becom+ accessible1 :ile k ( tang5tial velocity mu/ = a long "t rema9 p>tial or unc]ta91 ! advantage ( replac+ ! discussion ( prop] motions by t ( motions 9 l9e ( sight is obvi\s & imm$iate4 ,& ! admirable "w c>ri$ on at ,potsdam dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s w soon af=d ! means ( do+ s 9 ! fir/1 if only a prelim9>y inve/igation ( ! sol> translation bas$ ^u measurem5ts ( photograph$ /ell> spectra4 ,! difficulties1 !n1 caus$ ei!r by inaccuracies 9 /> catalogues or by ignorance ( /> di/ances may be ov]come2 b !re is a ?ird1 impossible at pres5t to be surm\nt$1 & n )\t misgiv+ to be pass$ by4 ,all inquiries ^u ! subject ( ! advance ( our sy/em ?r\gh space />t ) an hypo!sis mo/ unlikely to be true4 ,! me?od uni=mly adopt$ 9 !m--& no o!r is available--is to treat ! inh]5t motions ( ! />s 7_! s-call$ motus peculi>es7 z pursu$ indiff]5tly 9 all directions4 ,! /eady drift extricable f !m by rules f\nd$ ^u ! sci5ce ( probabilities is presum$ to be sol> motion visually transf]r$ to !m 9 proportions v>y+ ) _! remot5ess 9 space1 & _! situations on ! sph]e4 ,if ?is presumption be 9 any degree baseless1 ! result ( ! inquiry is pro tanto falsifi$4 ,unless ! deviations f ! p>allactic l9e ( ! /ell> motions balance "o ano!r on ! :ole1 _! discussion may easily be z fruitless z t ( obs]vations ta9t$ ) sy/ematic errors4 ,x is sc>cely1 h[ev]1 d\btful t law1 & n *ance1 gov]ns ! sid]eal revolutions4 ,! po9t op5 to "q is :e!r ! work+s ( law may n be s exce$+ly intricate z to produce a gr& sum total ( results :i*1 f ! geometrical side1 may ju/ifiably be reg>d$ z casual4 ,! se>* = evid5ce ( a g5]al plan 9 ! w&]+s ( ! />s ov] ! face ( ! sky has s f> prov$ fruitless4 ,local conc]t c be trac$1 b no widely diffus$ pref]5ce = "o direction ov] any o!r makes itself def9itely felt4 ,"s reg>d1 nev]!less1 mu/ be paid by !m to ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way2 s9ce x is altoge!r incr$ible t ! actual con/ruction ( ! heav5s is )\t dep5d5ce ^u ! me?od ( _! revolutions4 ,! app>5t anomaly vani%es ^u ! consid]ation ( ! pr(undities ( space & "t 9 :i* ! fundam5tal design ( ! sid]eal univ]se lies buri$4 ,its composition out ( an indef9ite numb] ( p>tial sy/ems is m ?an probable2 b ! inconceivable leisurel9ess ) :i* _! mutual relations develop r5d]s ! h>mony ( ^? relations inappreciable by %ort-liv$ t]re/rial d5iz5s4 ,prop] motions1 if ?is be s1 are ( a subord9ate k9d2 !y are indexes simply to ! me*anism ( p>ticul> aggregations1 & h no def9able connection ) ! me*anism ( ! :ole4 ,no consid]able error may !n be involv$ 9 treat+ !m1 = purposes ( calculation1 z indiff]5tly direct$1 & ! elicit$ sol> movem5t may g5u9ely repres5t ! displacem5t ( our sy/em relative to its m imm$iate /ell> environm5t4 ,?is is p]haps ! utmo/ to be hop$ = until sid]eal a/ronomy has rea*$ ano!r /adium ( progress4 ,unless1 inde$1 effect %\ld be giv5 to ,cl]k ,maxwell's sugge/ion = d]iv+ ! absolute longitude ( ! sol> apex f obs]vations ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxx41 p4 #aji74 ,b ?is is f> f likely4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! revolutions ( ! ,jovian sy/em _c be pr$ict$ ) any?+ l ! requir$ accuracy4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is no c]ta9ty t ! po/ulat$ ph5om5a h any real exi/5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be safe to assume t ! sol> sy/em1 cutt+ its way ?r\gh space1 virtually raises an e!real c\nt]-curr5t1 & if x be fur!r grant$ t light travels less ) ?an aga9/ su* a curr5t1 !n inde$ x becomes speculatively possible1 ?r\gh slight alt]nate accel]ations & ret>dations ( eclipses tak+ place respectively ahead ( & 9 ! wake ( ! sun1 to det]m9e 8 absolute pa? 9 space z project$ ^u ! ecliptic4 ,t is to say1 ! longitude ( ! apex c\ld be d$uc$ toge!r ) ! resolv$ "p ( ! sol> velocity2 ! latitude ( ! apex1 z well z ! compon5t ( velocity p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 rema9+1 h[ev]1 unkn[n4 ,! beat5 track1 mean:ile1 has conduct$ two rec5t inquir]s to results ( "s int]e/4 ,! *ief aim ( ea* 0 ! detection ( sy/ematic peculi>ities 9 ! motions ( /ell> assemblages aft] ! subtraction f !m ( _! common p]spective elem5t4 ,by v>y+ ! mat]ials & me?od ( analysis1 ,pr(4 ,lewis ,boss1 ,director ( ! ,albany ,obs]vatory1 hopes t correspond+ v>iations 9 ! up%ot may betray a significant "*4 ,?us1 if />s select$ on diff]5t pr9ciples give notably & consi/5tly diff]5t results1 ! cause ( ! diff]5ce may ) "s %[ ( reason be suppos$ to reside 9 specialties ( movem5t app]ta9+ to ! sev]al gr\ps4 ,pr(4 ,boss broke gr\nd 9 ?is direction by inve/igat+ #bhd prop] motions1 few ( :i* _h be5 simil>ly employ$ be=e 7,a/r4 ,j\r41 ,no4 #bac74 ,!y 7 all tak5 f an equatorial zone #d #bj' 9 bread?1 ) a mean decl9ation ( #c1 obs]v$ at ,albany = ! catalogue ( ! ,a/ronomis*e ,gesells*aft1 & furni%$ data accord+ly = a virtually indep5d5t rese>* ( a some:at di/9ctive k9d4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out to ?ree sep>ate conclusions4 ,sett+ aside five />s ) secul> movem5ts rang+ above #ajj1 ,pr(4 ,boss divid$ ! #bgi left available into two sets--"o ( #ahe />s bright]1 ! o!r ( #add />s fa9t] ?an ! eigh? magnitude4 ,! fir/ collection gave = ! goal ( sol> translation a po9t ab\t #d nor? ( alpha ,lyr1 9 ,r4,a4 #bhj1 ,decl4 #dc2 ! second1 "o "s ?irty-sev5 m9utes ( "t to ! we/ ( delta ,cygni1 9 ,r4,a4 #bhf1 ,decl4 #de4 ,= a ?ird & f9al solution1 tw5ty-six />s mov+ #dj-ajj 7 reject$1 & ! rema9+ #bec class$ 9 a s+le s]ies4 ,! up%ot ( _! discussion 0 to %ift ! apex ( movem5t to ,r4,a4 #bhi1 ,decl4 #ea4 ,s f> z ! diff]5ce f ! previ\s pair ( results is capable ( int]pretation1 x w\ld seem to imply a pr$om9ant set t[>d ! nor!a/ ( ! tw5ty-six swift] motions subsequ5tly dismiss$ z prejudicial1 b 9 tru? ! data employ$ 7 n accurate en\gh to w>rant s def9ite an inf]5ce4 ,! ,albany prop] motions1 z ,pr(4 ,boss 0 c>eful to expla91 dep5d = ! mo/ "p ^u ! "r asc5sions ( ,bessel's & ,lal&e's zones1 & are h5ce subject to l>ge errors4 ,_! /udy mu/ be reg>d$ z sugge/ive r ?an decisive4 ,a bett] quality & a l>g] quantity ( mat]ial 0 dispos$ ( by ! late/ & p]haps ! mo/ labori\s inve/igator ( ?is intricate problem4 ,m4 ,osc> ,/umpe1 ( ,bonn 7,a/r4 ,na*41 ,nos4 #b1iii1 #c1jjj71 took 8 />s1 to ! numb] ( #a1jed1 f v>i\s qu>t]s1 if *iefly f ,auw]s' & ,argel&]'s li/s1 critically te/+1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t attribut$ to ea* ( n less ?an #af a c5tury4 ,?is he fix$ z ! limit ( secure det]m9ation1 unless = />s obs]v$ ) exceptional con/ancy & c>e4 ,8 discussion ( !m is in/ructive 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,adopt+1 ! additional computative burd5 impos$ by x not)/&+1 ,s*onfeld's modification ( ,airy's =mul1 he introduc$ into 8 equations a fif? unkn[n quantity expressive ( a possible /ell> drift 9 galactic longitude4 ,a negative result 0 obta9$4 ,no symptom came to light ( rotation 9 ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,m4 ,/umpe's intrepid indu/ry 0 fur!r %[n 9 disreg>d ( cu/om>y scamp+ subt]fuges4 ,exp$i5ts = abbreviation va9ly spread _! allurem5ts2 e "o ( 8 #b1ajh equations 0 sep>ately & resolutely solv$4 ,a m important innovation 0 8 sub/itution ( prop] motion = magnitude z a crit]ion ( remot5ess4 ,divid+ 8 />s on ?is pr9ciple into f\r gr\ps1 he obta9$ an apex = ! sun's translation correspond+ to ea* z foll[s3 ,numb] ( ,prop] motion4 ,apex4 ,gr\p includ$ />s4 ,i4 #eea #j4af to #j4cb ,r4,a4 #bhg4d ,decl4 #db4 ,,ii4 #cdj #j4cb to #j4fd #bgi4g #dj4e ,,iii4 #aje #j4fd to #a4bh #bhg4i #cb4a ,,iv4 #eh #a4bh & upw>d #bhe4b #cj4d ,"h aga9 we f9d a m>k$ & progressive desc5t ( ! apex t[>d ! equator ) ! increas+ swiftness ( ! objects s]v+ = its det]m9ation1 lead+ to ! suspicion t ! mo/ nor!rly may be ! mo/ g5u9e position1 because ! "o lea/ affect$ by /ell> individualities ( movem5t4 ,by ne>ly all rec5t inve/igations1 moreov]1 ! sol> po9t de mire has be5 plac$ consid]ably fur!r to ! ea/ & ne>] to ! ,milky ,way ?an seem$ admissible to _! pr$ecessors2 s t ! con/ellation ,lyra may n[ be said to h a /rong] claim ?an ,h]cules to include x2 & ! necessity has almo/ disappe>$ = attribut+ to ! sol> orbit a high incl9ation to ! m$ial galactic plane4 ,f bo? ! ,albany & ! ,bonn discussions !re em]g$ ) s+ul> cle>ness a highly significant relation4 ,! mean magnitudes ( ! two gr\ps into :i* ,pr(4 ,boss divid$ 8 #bgi />s 7 respectively #f4f & #h4f1 ! correspond+ mean prop] motions #ba4i & #bj4i4 ,9 o!r words1 a set ( />s on ! :ole six times bright] ?an ano!r set own$ a sc>cely l>g] sum total ( app>5t displacem5t4 ,& t ?is approximate equality ( movem5t really d5ot$ approximate equality ( mean di/ance 0 made manife/ by ! fur!r circum/ance t ! secul> j\rney ( ! sun prov$ to subt5d ne>ly ! same angle :i*ev] ( ! gr\ps 0 made ! /&po9t = its survey4 ,inde$1 ! fa9t] collection actually gave ! l>g] angle 7#ac4gc z aga9/ #ab4ci71 & s f> an indication t ! />s compos+ x 71 on an av]age1 ne>] to ! e>? ?an ! mu* bright] ones consid]$ ap>t4 ,a result simil> 9 "* 0 rea*$ by ,m4 ,/umpe4 ,betwe5 ! mobility ( 8 /> gr\ps1 & ! values d]iv$ f !m = ! angul> movem5t ( ! sun1 ! con=mity prov$ s close z mat]ially to /r5g!n ! inf]5ce t app>5t movem5t measures real di/ance4 ,! mean brilliancy ( 8 classifi$ />s seem$1 on ! contr>y1 q indep5d5t ( _! mobility4 ,inde$1 its *anges t5d$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,! mean magnitude ( ! sl[e/ gr\p 0 #f4j1 ( ! swifte/ #f4e1 ( ! int]m$iate pair #f4g & #f4a4 ,& ^! are n isolat$ facts4 ,comp>isons ( ! same k9d1 & lead+ to id5tical conclusions1 7 made by ,pr(4 ,ea/man at ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhi 7,phil4 ,society ,bullet91 vol4 xii1 p4 #adc2 ,proce$+s ,am]4 ,association1 #ahhi1 p4 #ga74 ,:at mean+ c we attribute to !m8 ,uncritically consid]$1 !y seem to ass]t two ?+s1 "o reasonable1 ! o!r palpably absurd4 ,! fir/--t ! av]age angul> velocity ( ! />s v>ies inv]sely ) _! di/ance f ourselves--few w be dispos$ to d\bt2 ! second--t _! av]age app>5t lu/] has no?+ to d ) great] or less remot5ess--few w be dispos$ to admit4 ,b1 9 ord] to int]pret truly1 well asc]ta9$ if unexpect$ relation%ips1 we mu/ rememb] t ! s5sibly mov+ />s us$ to det]m9e ! sol> translation are *os5 f a multitude s5sibly fix$2 & t ! proportion ( /ation>y to travel+ />s rises rapidly ) desc5t d[n ! scale ( magnitude4 ,h5ce a mean /ruck 9 disreg>d ( ! z]os is totally mislead+2 :ile ! acc\nt is no soon] made exhau/ive ?an its anomal\s "* becomes l>gely modifi$4 ,yet x does n :olly disappe>4 ,!re is "s w>rant = x 9 nature4 ,& its w>rant may p]haps consi/ 9 a prepond]ance1 among suns end[$ ) high physical spe$1 ( small or slightly lum9\s ov] p[]fully radiative bodies4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s1 x w\ld be futile1 ev5 by conjecture1 to attempt to expla94--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animal ,,orig9 ,,( ,,petroleum ,,& ,,p>aff94 ,r4 ,zaloziecki1 9 ,d+l4 ,polyt4 ,j\r41 gives a l5g?y physical & *emical argum5t 9 favor ( ! mod]n view t petroleum & p>aff9 owe _! orig9 to animal s\rces2 t !y are =m$ f animal rema9s 9 a mann] /rictly analog\s to t ( ! =mation ( ord9>y coal f wood & o!r vegetable debris4 ,= geological z well z *emical reasons1 ! au?or holds t ,m5deleeff's !ory ( _! igne\s orig9 is unt5able1 po9t+ out t ! hydroc>bons c\ld n h be5 =m$ by ! action ( wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh clefts 9 ! gradually solidify+ cru/ until x rea*$ ! molt5 metallic c>bides1 z ^! clefts c\ld only occur :]e complete solidification _h tak5 place1 & betwe5 ?is po9t & ! metallic /ratum a consid]able space w\ld be tak5 up by semi-solid1 slag-l mat]ial :i* w\ld be q imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,"u ! conditions1 too1 exi/+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 su* polym]ization z is necess>y to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ! diff]5t classes ( hydroc>bons f\nd 9 petroleum is sc>cely cr$ible4 ,on ! o!r h& x is to be specially notic$ t1 ) a few unimportant exceptions1 all bitum9\s deposits are f\nd 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & t j z ^! are con/antly *ang+ 9 composition1 s ! organic matt] pres5t *anges1 !re be+ a def9ite relation%ip betwe5 ! *emical con/itution ( ! petroleum & ! age ( ! /rata 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 ! mo/ rec5t alluvial =mations no oil is ev] f\nd1 its late/ appe>ance be+ 9 ! rocks ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! place :]e ! solid p>aff9 is almo/ exclusively met )2 ?us help+ to %[ t ! latt] has be5 =m$ f ! decomposition ( ! oil1 & is n a residue rema9+ aft] ! oil has be5 di/ill$ (f4 ,to ?is conclusion ! fact also /rongly po9ts1 t ! p>aff9 is mu* simpl] 9 con/itution1 pur]1 & (t5 ( f> light] color ?an ! crude oil1 :i* c\ld n be ! case if x 7 ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,on exam9+ by ! aid ( a map ! position ( ! *ief oil-be>+ localities x w be notic$ t ! mo/ prolific spots foll[ fairly accurately ! cont\r l9es ( ! c\ntry1 s t at "o "t !y =m$ 9 all probability a coa/ l9e :]eon w\ld be conc5trat$ = climatic reasons mo/ ( ! animal life bo? ( ! l& & sea4 ,dur+ succe$+ g5]ations _! dead bodies w\ld accumulate 9 enorm\s quantities & be buri$ 9 ! sl[ly deposit+ s& & mud1 till1 ow+ to ! gradual alt]ations ( level1 ! sea no long] rea*$ ! same po9t4 ,?is !ory is borne out by ! fact t oil deposits are usually f\nd 9 m>9e s$im5ts1 sea fossils be+ frequ5tly met )4 ,! fir/ process ( ! decomposition ( ! animal rema9s w\ld consi/ 9 ! =mation ( ammonia & nitrog5\s bases1 ! action be+ aid$ by ! pres5ce ( air1 moi/ure1 & micro-organisms1 at ! same "t1 ow+ to ! well kn[n antiseptic prop]ties ( salt1 ! decomposition w\ld g on sl[ly1 all[+ "t = m s& & inorganic matt] to be deposit$4 ,9 ?is way ! decompos+ matt] w\ld be gradually protect$ f ! action ( ! air1 & f9ally ! v>i\s fatty sub/ances w\ld be f\nd mix$ ) l>ge am\nts ( salt1 "u consid]able pressure1 & at a some:at high temp]ature4 ,f ?is adipoc]e1 fatty acids w\ld be gradually =m$1 ! glyc]ol be+ wa%$ away1 & f9ally ! acids w\ld be decompos$ by ! pressure into hydroc>bons & free c>bonic acid gas4 ,t _m ( ^! hydroc>bons w\ld be solid at ord9>y temp]atures1 =m+ ! s-call$ m9]al wax1 :i* exi/s 9 _m places 9 l>ge quantities1 is mu* easi] to imag9e1 9 ! light ( mod]n *emical k1 ?an t ! fatty acids 7 at once split up into ! simpl] liquid hydroc>bons1 to be aft]w>d cond5s$ into ! m complex molecul> =ms ( ! solid sub/ance4 ,9 ?is way f animal matt] are 9 all probability =m$ ! va/ petroleum deposits1 ! ?ree sub/ances1 adipoc]e1 ozok]ite1 & petroleum oil be+ produc$ 9 *ronological ord]1 j z lignite1 br[n coal & coal are =m$ by ! gradual decomposition ( vegetable rema9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,petroleum4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,c>diff meet+1 #ahia1 ,section ,g4 ,by ,o4,c4,d4 ,ross1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,petroleum is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ sub/ances 9 nature1 b ! "q h[ x 0 orig9ally produc$ has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$1 & cont9ues a problem = philosoph]s4 ,9 #ahhi ! total production exce$$ #b1fjj1jjj1jjj gallons1 or ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj tons1 &1 at f\rp5ce p] gallon1 0 wor? ab\t #dd1jjj1jjj1 :ile ! recognition ( its sup]ior utility z an economical s\rce ( light1 heat1 & p[] /eadily increases2 b1 not)/&+ its importance 9 indu/ry1 ! increas+ abundance ( ! =eign supply1 & ! ev]-wid5+ area ( production1 practical m5 9 ,engl& cont9ue to di/ru/ its p]man5ce1 & ow+ to ! my/]y surr\nd+ its orig91 & ! paucity ( indications :]e & h[ to und]take ! bor+ ( wells1 !y hesitate to seek = x 9 ?is c\ntry1 or ev5 to ext5d ! use ( x :5ev] t w\ld involve alt]ations ( exi/+ ma*9]y4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to sugge/ an explanation ( ! my/]y :i* seems calculat$ to dissipate t di/ru/1 s9ce x po9ts to v abundant /ores1 bo? native & =eign1 yet undiscov]$1 & ev5 9 "s localities to daily r5ovat$ provisions ( ?is rem>kable oil4 ,! !ories ( its orig9 sugge/$ by ,rei*5ba*1 ,b]!lot1 ,m5deleeff1 ,peckham1 & o!rs1 made no attempt to acc\nt = ! exce$+ v>iety 9 its *emical composition1 9 its specific gravity1 its boil+ po9ts1 etc41 & are all f\nd$ on "s hypo!tical process :i* diff]s f any ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 b mod]n geologi/s are agre$ t1 z a rule1 ! records ( ! e>?'s hi/ory %\ld be read 9 accordance ) ^? laws ( nature :i* cont9ue 9 =ce at ! pres5t day1 e4g41 ! decomposition ( fi% & cetace\s animals c\ld n n[ produce oil conta9+ p>aff94 ,h5ce we c h>dly believe x 0 possible ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s ago1 if x c be prov$ t any ( ! processes ( nature ) :i* we are famili> is calculat$ to produce x4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( petroleum /rata are enum]at$ z3 ,i4 ,! exi/5ce ( adjo9+ b$s ( lime/one1 gypsum1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,! evid5ce ( volcanic action 9 close proximity to !m4 ,,iii4 ,! pres5ce ( salt wat] 9 ! wells4 ,i4 ,all writ]s h notic$ ! pres5ce ( lime/one close to petroleum fields 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 9 ! ,caucasus1 9 ,burma1 etc41 b !y h be5 mo/ impress$ by its be+ fossilif]\s1 or %ell lime/one1 & h drawn ! errone\s inf]5ce t ! animal matt] once conta9$ 9 ^? %ells orig9at$ petroleum2 b no fi% oil ev] conta9$ p>aff94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fossil %ells are c>bonate ( lime1 &1 z su*1 capable ( produc+ petroleum "u conditions su* z _m lime/one b$s h be5 subject$ to 9 all ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,all lime/one rocks 7 =m$ "u wat]1 & are ma9ly compos$ ( calc>e\s %ells1 corals1 encr9ites1 & =am9f]a--! latt] simil> to ! =am9f]a ( ,atlantic ooze & ( ,engli% *alk b$s4 ,ev]y:]e1 "u ! microscope1 ! orig9al connection ( lime/one ) organic matt]--its organic p>5tage1 s to speak1 & c\s9%ip ) ! animal & vegetable k+doms--is conspicu\s4 ,:5 pure x conta9s #ab p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,n[ petroleum consi/s l>gely ( c>bon1 its av]age composition be+ #he p] c5t4 ( c>bon & #ae p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 & 9 ! lime/one rocks ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom alone !re is a f> l>g] accumulation ( c>bon ?an 9 all ! coal measures ! _w conta9s4 ,a range ( lime/one rock #ajj miles 9 l5g? by #aj miles 9 wid?1 & #a1jjj y>ds 9 dep?1 w\ld conta9 #gdc1jjj million tons ( c>bon1 or suffici5t to provide c>bon = #hge1jjj million tons ( petroleum4 ,deposits ( oil-be>+ %ale h also lime/one close at h&2 e4g41 coral rag und]lies ,kimm]idge clay1 z x also und]lies ! fam\s black %ale 9 ,k5tucky1 :i* is extraord9>ily ri* 9 oil4 ,,ii4 ,z evid5ce ( volcanic action 9 close proximity to petroleum /rata1 ! mud volcanoes at ,baku & 9 ,burma are describ$1 & a sulphur m9e 9 ,spa9 is m5tion$ 7) :i* ! writ] is well acqua9t$71 situat$ ne> an ext9ct volcano1 :]e a p]petual gas flame 9 a neighbor+ *apel & o!r symptoms indicate t petroleum is n f> (f4 ,:ile engag$ 9 /udy+ ! geological conditions ( ?is m9e1 ! au?or obs]v$ t ,dr4 ,*ri/(f ,bis*(f records 9 8 writ+s t he _h produc$ sulphur 9 8 own laboratory by pass+ hot volcanic gases ?r\gh *alk1 :i*1 :5 express$ 9 a *emical =mula1 leads at once to ! po/ulate t1 9 addition to sulphur1 e?yl5e1 & all its homologues 7,cn,h#bn71 :i* are ! oils pr$om9at+ at ,baku1 w\ld be produc$ by treat+3 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e equivs4 ( c>bonate ( lime 7lime/one7 ) #b1 #c1 #d1 #e sulphur\s acid 7,,s#b7 & #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj sulphuret$ hydrog5 7,h#b,s72 & t m>% gas & its homologues1 :i* are ! oils pr$om9at+ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 w\ld be produc$ by treat+3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e equivs4 ( c>bonate ( lime ) #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e sulphur\s acid & #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,?us we f9d t3 ,c>bonate ( lime1 #b;,ca,c,o#c1 #b7;,ca,s,o4,h#b,o7 7gypsum71 ,sulphur\s acid1 #b,,s#b1 & yield #d,s 7sulphur71 & ,sulphuret$ hydrog51 #d;,h#b,s1 ,c#b;,h#d1 :i* is e?yl5e4 ,& t3 ,c>bonate ( lime1 ,ca,c,o#c 7,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 7gypsum71 ,sulphur\s acid1 ,,s#b1 & yield #c,s 7sulphur7 & ,sulphuret$ hydrog51 #c;,h#b,s1 ,,*#d1 :i* is m>% gas4 ,s t ^! & all _! homologues1 9 fact petroleum 9 all its v>ieties1 w\ld be produc$ 9 nature by ! action ( volcanic gases on lime/one4 ,b mu* ! mo/ abundant ( ! volcanic gases appe> at ! surface z /eam1 & petroleum seems to h be5 m usually produc$ )\t sulphur\s acid1 & ) "p ( ! sulphuret$ hydrog5 7,h#b,s7 replac$ by ,h#b,o 7/eam7 or ,h#b,o#b 7p]oxide ( hydrog571 :i* is ! product t results f ! comb9ation ( sulphuret$ hydrog5 & sulphur\s acid3 7,h#b,s ,,s#b ,h#b,o#b #b,s74 ,x is a p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5t1 & x conv]ts sulphur\s into sulphuric acid4 ,?us3 ,ca,c,o#c ,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o 7gypsum7 ,h#b,s1 yield & #b;,h#b,o1 ,,*#d1 :i* is m>% gas4 ,& #b;,ca,c,o#c1 #b;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o #b;,h#b,s1 yield & #b;,h#b,o#b1 ,c#b;,h#d1 :i* is e?yl5e4 ,tables are giv5 %[+ ! =mul = ! homologues ( e?yl5e & m>% gas result+ f ! increase 9 regul> gradation ( ! same con/itu5ts4 ,=mul ,%[+ h[ ,e?yl5e & its ,homologues 7,cn,h#bn7 are ,produc$ by ! ,action ( ! ,volcanic ,gases ,h#b,s & ,h#b,o#b on ,lime/one4 ,c>bonate ,sulphuret$ ,p]oxide ( ,e?yl5e & ( lime4 hydrog54 hydrog54 ,gypsum4 its homologues4 #b;,ca,c,o#c #b;,h#b,s #b;,h#b,o#b yield #b7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#b;,h#d e?yl5e 7gase\s74 #c;,ca,c,o#c #c;,h#b,s #c;,h#b,o#b #c7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#c;,h#f #d;,ca,c,o#c #d;,h#b,s #d;,h#b,o#b #d7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#d;,h#h #e;,ca,c,o#c #e;,h#b,s #e;,h#b,o#b #e7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#e;,h#aj #f;,ca,c,o#c #f;,h#b,s #f;,h#b,o#b #f7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#f;,h#ab ,boil+ po9t4 #g;,ca,c,o#c #g;,h#b,s #g;,h#b,o#b #g7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#g;,h#ad -- #h;,ca,c,o#c #h;,h#b,s #h;,h#b,o#b #h7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#h;,h#af #ahi;,c4 #i;,ca,c,o#c #i;,h#b,s #i;,h#b,o#b #i7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#i;,h#ah #acf;,c4 #aj;,ca,c,o#c #aj;,h#b,s #aj;,h#b,o#b #aj7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#aj;,h#bj #afj;,c4 #aa;,ca,c,o#c #aa;,h#b,s #aa;,h#b,o#b #aa7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#aa;,h#bb #ahj;,c4 #ab;,ca,c,o#c #ab;,h#b,s #ab;,h#b,o#b #ab7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#ab;,h#bd #aif;,c4 #ac;,ca,c,o#c #ac;,h#b,s #ac;,h#b,o#b #ac7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#ac;,h#bf #bdj;,c4 #ad;,ca,c,o#c #ad;,h#b,s #ad;,h#b,o#b #ad7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#ad;,h#bh #bdg;,c4 #ae;,ca,c,o#c #ae;,h#b,s #ae;,h#b,o#b #ae7;,ca,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 ,c#ae;,h#cj -- ,x is expla9$ t ^! effects mu/ h occurr$1 n at p]iods ( acute volcanic eruptions1 b 9 conditions :i* maybe1 & h be51 obs]v$ at ! pres5t "t1 :]ev] !re are active solfat>as or mud volcanoes at "w4 ,descriptions ( ! action ( solfat>as by ! late ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton & by a ,briti% consul 9 ,icel& are quot$1 & also a p>agraph f ,lyall's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 :i* he rem>ks ( ! mud volcanoes at ,girg5ti 7,sicily7 t c>buret$ hydrog5 is dis*>g$ f !m1 sometimes ) great viol5ce1 & t !y are kn[n to h be5 ca/+ out wat]1 mix$ ) mud & bitum51 ) ! same activity z n[ = ! la/ fifte5 c5turies4 ,probably at all ^! solfat>as1 if ! gases trav]se lime/one1 fre% deposits ( oil-be>+ /rata are accumulat+1 & ! same volcanic action has be5 occurr+ dur+ _m successive geological p]iods & millions ( ye>s2 s t x is difficult to conceive limits to ! magnitude ( ! /ores ( petroleum :i* may be await+ discov]y 9 ! subt]ranean dep?s4#b ,footnote #b3 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,le ,conte1 :5 presid+ rec5tly at ! ,int]national ,geological ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 m5tion$ t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5sive lava floods h be5 obs]v$1 cov]+ areas f #aj1jjj to #ajj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t & f #b1jjj to #d1jjj feet deep4 ,we h simil> lava fl[s & a%es 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ,irel&1 v>y+ f #c1jjj to #f1jjj feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ! ,lake ,di/rict !y are ne>ly #ab1jjj feet deep4 ,solfat>as are active dur+ ! int]m$iate1 or s-call$ dormant1 p]iods :i* occur betwe5 acute volcanic eruptions4 ,gypsum may also be an indication ( oil-be>+ /rata1 = ! sub/itution 9 lime/one ( sulphuric = c>bonic acid c only be acc\nt$ = by ! action ( ^! hot sulphur\s gases4 ,gypsum is f\nd ext5sively 9 ! petroleum di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x und]lies ! rock salt b$s at ,middlesboro1 :]e1 on be+ pi]c$1 x has giv5 passage to oil gas1 :i* issues abundantly1 mix$ ) br9e1 f a great dep?4 ,,iii4 ,besides ! space occupi$ by natural gas1 :i* is v ext5sive1 #ag1jjj million gallons ( petroleum h be5 rais$ 9 ,am]ica s9ce #ahfj1 & t quantity mu/ h occupi$ m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 a space equal to a subt]ranean cav]n #ajj y>ds wide by #bj feet deep1 & #hb miles 9 l5g?1 & x is sugge/$ t b$s ( por\s s&/one c\ld h>dly h conta9$ s mu*2 :ile va/ receptacles may exi/1 c>v$ by volcanic wat] out ( =m] b$s ( rock salt adjo9+ ! lime/one1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! br9e t usually accompanies petroleum4 ,x is fur!r sugge/$ t :5 no su* vacant spaces 7 available1 ! hydroc>bon vapors w\ld be absorb$ into1 & cond5s$ 91 contigu\s clays & %ales1 & p]haps also 9 b$s ( coal1 only p>tially consolidat$ at ! "t4 ,!re is an ext5sive bitum9\s lime/one =mation 9 ,p]sia1 conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 ( bitum51 & ! !ory elaborat$ 9 ! pap] w\ld acc\nt = bitum5 & oil hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,canada & ,t5nessee emb$d$ 9 lime/one1 :i* fact is cit$ by ,mr4 ,peckham z favor+ 8 belief t "s petroleums are a product ( ! decomposition ( animal rema9s4 ,above all1 ?is !ory acc\nts = ! _m v>ieties 9 ! *emical composition ( p>aff9 oils 9 accordance ) ord9>y op]ations ( nature dur+ successive geological p]iods4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,colorado ,,des]t ,,lake4 ,mr4 ,j4,j4 ,mcgillivray1 :o has be5 = _m ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9]al survey s]vice1 has "s int]e/+ ?+s to say ab\t ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,colorado des]t1 :i* has excit$ s mu* comm5t1 & ab\t :i* s _m diff]5t /ories h be5 told3 ,none ( ! pap]s1 s f> z ,i "k1 said ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray1 h describ$ ) mu* accuracy or detail ! int]e/+ ?+ :i* has happ5$ 9 ! ,colorado des]t or h /at$ h[ x happ5$4 ,! ,colorado des]t lies a %ort di/ance nor?we/ ( ! upp] end ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & conta9s n f> f #b1ejj squ>e miles4 ,! ,colorado ,riv]1 :i* has n[ flood$ x1 has be5 fl[+ along to ! ea/ ( x1 empty+ into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,! surface ( ! des]t is almo/ all level & l[1 "s ( x bel[ ! sea level4 ,"s few hundr$s ( ye>s ago x 0 a bay mak+ 9 f ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & !n s]v$ z ! outlet ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,b ! riv] c>ri$ a good deal ( s$im5t1 & 9 "t made a b>1 :i* sl[ly & surely %ut (f ! sea on ! s\?1 leav+ only a n>r[ *annel = ! escape ( ! riv]1 :i* cut its way out1 probably at "s "t :5 x 0 n c>ry+ mu* s$im5t4 ,!n ! curr5t became m rapid & cut its way back into ! l&1 &1 9 do+ ?is1 did n necess>ily *oose ! l[e/ place1 b r ! place :]e ! =mation ( ! l& 0 s(t & easily cut away by ! action ( ! wat]4 ,:ile ! riv] 0 cutt+ its way back x 01 ( c\rse1 c>ry+ m or less s$im5t1 & ?is 0 left along ! banks1 build+ !m all ! "t high]1 & conf9+ ! riv] m securely 9 its b\nds4 ,t is ! ,colorado ,riv] z we h kn[n x ev] s9ce its discov]y4 ,meantime1 ! wat] left 9 ! %all[ lake1 cut (f f ! fl[ ( ! riv]1 gradually evaporat$--a ?+ t w\ld take b a few ye>s 9 t c\ntry1 :]e ! heat is int5se & ! humidity v l[4 ,t left some:]e ab\t #b1jjj miles ( des]t l&1 cov]$ ) a deposit ( salt f ! sea wat] :i* _h evaporat$1 & mo/ ( x bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,t is ! ,colorado des]t z x has be5 kn[n s9ce its discov]y4 ,!n1 la/ spr+1 came ! ov]fl[ :i* has br\ght ab\t ! pres5t /ate ( affairs4 ,! riv] 0 high & c>ry+ an enorm\s am\nt ( s$im5t 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat]4 ,?is gradually fill$ up ! b$ ( ! /ream & caus$ x to ov]fl[ its banks1 break+ ?r\gh into ! dry lake :]e x _h =m]ly fl[$4 ,! fact t ! wat] is salt1 :i* excit$ mu* comm5t at ! "t ! ov]fl[ 0 fir/ discov]$1 is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! fact t ! salt 9 ! sea wat] :i* evaporat$ hundr$s ( ye>s ago has rema9$ !re all ! "t1 & is n[ once m 9 solution4 ,! des]t w1 no d\bt1 cont9ue to be a lake & ! outlet ( ! riv] unless ! breaks 9 ! banks ( ! riv] are damm$ by artificial means1 :i* seems h>dly possible1 z ! riv] has be5 fl[+ ?r\gh ! break 9 ! /ream #bjj feet wide1 f\r feet deep1 & fl[+ at a velocity ( five feet a second4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact to note t ! milit>y survey made 9 #ahec w5t ov] ?is gr\nd & pr$ict$ ! v ?+ :i* has n[ happ5$4 ,! flood+ ( ! des]t w be a good ?+ = ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 = x does away ) a l>ge tract ( absolutely useless l&1 s b>r5 t x is impossible to raise !re :at ! man 9 ,texas said !y mo/ly rais$ 9 8 t[n1 & x w increase ! humidity ( ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,nature has done ) ?is piece ( wa/e l& :at x has (t5 be5 propos$ to d by private ent]prise or by public appropriation4 ,congress has (t5 be5 ask$ to make an appropriation = t purpose4 ,mr4 ,mc,gillivray _h also "s int]e/+ ?+s to say ab\t ,dea? ,valley1 :i* he survey$4 ,x has be5 call$ a t]ra incognita & a place :]e no human be+ c\ld live4 ,well1 x is bad en\gh1 b p]haps n q s bad z t4 ,! great tr\ble is ! sc>city ( wat] & ! int5se heat4 ,b _m prospect+ p>ties g !re look+ = ve9s ( ore & to take out borax4 ,! ri*e/ borax m9es 9 ! _w are f\nd !re4 ,! valley is ab\t #ge miles long by #aj miles wide4 ,! l[e/ po9t is ne> ! c5t]1 :]e x is ab\t #aej ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,j #ae miles we/ ( ?is c5tral po9t is ,telescope peak1 #aa1jjj ft4 above ! sea1 & #ae miles ea/ is ,mt4 ,le ,c\nt1 9 ! ,fun]al m\nta9s1 #h1jjj ft4 high4 ,! valley runs almo/ due nor? & s\?1 :i* is "o reason = ! extreme heat4 ,! only /ream ( wat] 9 or ne> ! valley fl[s into its upp] end & =ms a m>% 9 ! b$ ( ! valley4 ,?is m>% gives out a horrible odor ( sulphuret$ hydrog51 ! gas :i* makes a rott5 egg s (f5sive4 ,:]e ! wat] ( ?is /ream comes f is n v def9itely kn[n1 b 9 my op9ion x comes f ,ow5's lake1 beyond ! ,telescope m\nta9s to ! we/1 fl[+ d[n into ! valley by "s subt]ranean passage4 ,! same impurities f\nd 9 ! /ream are also f\nd 9 ! lake1 :]e ! wat] is s saturat$ ) salt1 boracic acid1 etc41 t "o c no m s9k 9 x ?an 9 ! wat] ( ! ,great ,salt lake2 & ,i f\nd x s saturat$ t aft] swimm+ 9 x a little :ile ! sk9 all ov] my body 0 gnaw$ & made v sore by ! acids4 ,ano!r reason :y ,i ?9k ! wat] ( ! /ream ent]s ! valley by "s fix$ subt]ranean s\rce is ! fact t1 no matt] :at ! season1 ! fl[ f ! spr+s t fe$ ! m>% is always exactly ! same4 ,! heat !re is int5se4 ,a man _c g an h\r )\t wat] )\t becom+ insane4 ,:ile we 7 survey+ !re1 we _h ! same wood5 cas$ !rmomet] t is us$ by ! signal s]vice4 ,x 0 hung 9 ! %ade on ! side ( our %$1 ) ! only /ream 9 ! c\ntry fl[+ directly "u x1 & x repeat$ly regi/]$ #acj2 & = #dh h\rs 9 #ahhc1 :5 ,i 0 survey+ !re1 ! !rmomet] nev] once w5t bel[ #ajd4--;,bo/on ,h]ald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hemlock ,,& ,,p>sley4 ,by ,w4,w4 ,,bailey4 ,! /udy ( ! ord] ,umbellif] pres5ts peculi> difficulties to ! beg9n]1 = ! fl[]s are uni=mly small & /rik+ly simil> ?r\gh\t ! l>ge & v natural gr\p4 ,! family di/9ctions or features are q pron\nc$ & unmi/akable1 & x is ! det]m9ation ( ! g5]a :i* pres5ts ob/acles--s]i\s1 inde$1 b n insurm\ntable4 ,by _! fruits %all ye "k !m4 ,! ,umbellif]1 z we see !m "h1 are h]bace\s1 ) holl[1 (t5 /riat$ /ems1 usually m or less divid$ leaves1 & no /ipules4 ,occasionally we meet a g5us1 l ,eryngium or ,hydrocotyle1 ) leaves m]ely too!d or lob$4 ,! petioles are exp&$ into %ea?s2 h5ce ! leaves )] on ! /em4 ,! fl[]s are usually arrang$ 9 simple or comp\nd umbels1 & ! ma9 & subord9ate clu/]s may or may n be provid$ ) involucres & involucels4 ,to ?is mode ( arrangem5t !re are exceptions4 ,9 m>%-p5ny-wort 7,hydrocotyle7 ! umbels are 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 & sc>cely noticeable2 9 ,eryngium & ,sanicula !y are 9 heads4 ,! calyx is coh]5t ) ! two-cell$ ov>y1 & ! bord] is ei!r obsolete or mu* r$uc$4 ,!re are five petals ins]t$ on ! ov>y1 & ext]nal to a fle%y disk4 ,ea* petal has its tip inflex$1 giv+ x an obcordate appe>ance4 ,! common colors ( ! corolla are :ite1 yell[1 or "s %ade ( blue4 ,alt]nat+ ) ! petals1 & ins]t$ ) !m1 are ! five /am5s4 ,! fruit1 ^u :i* s mu* /ress is laid 9 ! /udy ( ! family1 is comp\nd1 ( two simil> p>ts or c>pels1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a se$4 ,9 rip5+ ! p>ts sep>ate1 & hang div]g5t f a hair-l prolongation ( ! receptacle kn[n z ! gynophore4 ,ea* half fruit 7m]ic>p7 is tipp$ by a p]si/5t /yle1 & m>k$ by v]tical ribs1 betwe5 or "u :i* lie1 9 _m g5]a1 ! oil tubes or vitt4 ,^! are *annels conta9+ aromatic & volatile oil4 ,9 exam9ation ! botani/ makes delicate cross sections ( ^! fruits "u a dissect+ microscope1 & by ! %ape ( ! fruit & se$ )91 & by ! numb] & position ( ! ribs & oil tubes1 is able to locate ! g5us4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 requires skill & exp]i5ce to d ?is1 b any commonly intellig5t class c le>n ! process4 ,x goes )\t say+1 & z a coroll>y to :at has already be5 /at$1 t ^! plants %\ld always be collect$ 9 full fruit2 ! fl[]s are comp>atively unimportant4 ,any botani/ w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 decl9+ to "n "o ( ! family n 9 fruit4 ,an attempt w\ld (t5 be m]e guesswork4 ,9 ?is family is f\nd ! poison hemlock 7,conium7 us$ by ! anci5t ,greeks = ! elim9ation ( politicians4 ,x is a p[]ful poison4 ,! :ole plant has a curi\s m\sy odor4 ,x is ( ,european orig94 ,our wat] hemlock is equally poison\s1 & mu* m common4 ,x is ! ,cicuta maculata ( ! swamps--a tall1 co>se plant :i* has giv5 rise to _m sad accid5ts4 ?usa cynapium1 ano!r poison\s plant1 kn[n z fool's p>sley1 is n uncommon1 & c]ta9ly looks mu* l p>sley4 ,?is only goes to %[ h[ difficult x is = any b ! tra9$ botani/ to detect diff]5ces 9 ?is gr\p ( plants4 ,side by side may be gr[+ two specim5s1 to ! ord9>y eye precisely alike1 yet ! "o w be innoc5t & ! o!r poison\s4 ,! drug asafetida is a product ( ?is ord]4 ,all ! plants appe> to =m ?ree diff]5t pr9ciples3 ! fir/1 a wat]y acid matt]2 ! second1 a gum-res9\s milky sub/ance2 & ! ?ird1 an aromatic1 oily secretion4 ,:5 ! fir/ ( ^! pr$om9ates !y are poison\s2 ! second 9 excess conv]ts !m into /imulants2 ! abs5ce ( ! two r5d]s !m useful z escul5ts2 ! ?ird causes !m to be pleasant condim5ts4 ,s t besides ! noxi\s plants !re is a long range ( useful vegetables1 z p>snips1 p>sley1 c>rots1 f5nel1 dill1 anise1 c>away1 cumm91 cori&]1 & cel]y4 ,! la/1 9 its wild /ate1 is said to be p]nici\s1 b etiolation *anges ! products & r5d]s !m h>mless4 ,! fl[]s ( all are too m9ute to be individually pretty1 b e "o kn[s h[ *>m+ are ! umbels ( our wild c>rot1 resembl+ z !y d ! *oice/ old lace4 ,frequ5tly ! c>rot has "o c5tral m>oon color$ floret4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! plants are h]bs1 ,dr4 ,welwits* f\nd 9 ,africa a tree-l "o1 ) a /em "o to two feet ?ick1 mu* priz$ by ! natives = its m$ic9al prop]ties1 & also valuable = its timb]4 ,9 ,kams*atka also !y assume a sub-arbore\s type1 z well z on ! /eppes ( ,afghani/an4 ,z mi/akes (t5 occur by conf\nd+ ! roots ( ,umbellif] ) ^? ( horse radi% or o!r escul5ts1 x is well1 :5 9 d\bt1 to s5d ! plants1 always 9 fruit1 if possible1 = id5tification4 ,none ( !m are poison\s to ! t\*--at lea/ to ord9>y p4 ,cases ( r d\btful au!nticity are report$ f "t to "t ( injury f ! h&l+ ( wild c>rot4 ,we h always suspect$ ! proximity ( poison ivy2 /ill1 x is unwise to dogmatize on su* matt]s4 ,"s p _c eat /rawb]ries--m's ! pity6--:ile ! re/ ( u get along ) !m v happily4 ,lately ! ,primula obconica has acquir$ an evil reputation z an irritant1 s !re is no tell+ :at may n happ5 ) c]ta9 con/itutions4 ,difficult z is ! /udy ( ,umbellif]1 x becomes fasc9at+ on acqua9tance4 ,to hunt up a plant & "n x by s sci5tific a process br+s to ! /ud5t a suffici5t rew>d4--,am]ican ,naturali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,eremuri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eremurus ,,himalaicus4 7,fl[]s :ite47 ,x has (t5 be5 a matt] ( a/oni%m5t to me t eremuri are n m frequ5tly se5 9 our g>d5s4 ,!re are c]ta9ly v few plants :i* h a /ateli] or m h&some appe>ance dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,bo? 9 po9t ( brightness ( color & _! g5]al habit & mann] ( gr[? !y are v mu* to be recomm5d$4 ,= "s reason or o!r !y h ! "* ( be+ difficult plants1 b !y d n des]ve x at all1 & a v slight att5tion to _! requirem5ts is en\gh to ensure success4 ,!y c /& a good _m degrees ( fro/1 & !y ask = little m ?an a soil :i* has be5 deeply work$ & well enri*$ ) old rott5 manure4 ,give !m ?is1 & !y are c]ta9 to be cont5t$ ) x1 & ! cultivator w be well rew>d$ = 8 pa9s4 ,only "o ?+ %\ld p]haps be add$ by way ( precaution4 ,if an eremurus appe>s too soon above gr\nd1 x is well j to cov] x ov] ) loose litt] ( "s sort1 s t x may n be nipp$ by spr+ fro/s2 & "o exp]i5c$ gr[] has said t x answ]s to lift !m aft] blossom+1 & to keep !m out ( ! gr\nd = a few weeks1 s t !y may be suffici5tly ret>d$4 ,b ,i h n yet be5 able to try ?is plan myself1 & ,i d n speak f exp]i5ce ab\t x4 ,my favorite is ,eremurus ,bungei1 :i* ,i ?9k is "o ( ! h&some/ plants ,i h 9 my g>d54 ,! cle> yell[ color ( ! blossom is s v good1 & ,i l ! foliage also2 b ( c\rse x is n ! mo/ impos+ by any means & if height & /atel9ess are especially reg>d$1 ,e4 robu/us or ,e4 robu/us nobilis w\ld c>ry (f ! palm4 ,?is commonly rises to ! height ( eight or n9e feet above ! gr\nd1 & on "o occasion ,i h kn[n x to be greatly 9 excess ev5 ( t2 b su* an elevation _c be atta9$ = m ?an a s+le ye>1 & x aft]w>d is cont5t$ ) m mod]ate ef=ts4 ,e4 ,himalaicus is ( ! pure/ possible :ite1 & ! spike is v mu* to be admir$ :5 x is se5 at its be/4 ,x c be v easily rais$ f se$1 b a good deal ( pati5ce is ne$$ be=e its full glory has come4 ,e4 ,olg is ! la/ ( all1 & x %[s by its arrival t summ] is ha/5+ on4 ,x is ( a pea*-color$ hue1 & v pretty inde$4 ,altoge!r x is a pity t eremuri are n m commonly gr[n4 ,i ?9k !y are c]ta9 to give great satisfaction1 if only a mod]ate degree ( att5tion & c>e be be/[$ ^u !m4--,h4 ,ewbank1 9 ,! ,g>d5]s' ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,raphides1 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,acridity ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,plants4 ,by ,r4,a4 ,,web]1 ,ph4,d4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,pr(4 ,w4,r4 ,laz5by report$ 8 /udies on ! occurr5ce ( cry/als 9 plants4 ,9 ?is report he express$ ! op9ion t ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip 0 due to ! pres5ce ( ^! cry/als or raphides4 ,?is op9ion 0 oppos$ by ,pr(4 ,burrill & o!r em95t botani/s1 :o claim$ t o!r plants1 z ! fu*sia1 are n at all acrid1 al?\gh !y conta9 raphides z pl5tifully z ! ,indian turnip4 ,"h ! matt] 0 all[$ to re/4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory & o!r works on ph>macy ascribe ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip to an acrid1 extremely volatile pr9ciple insoluble 9 wat]1 & alcohol1 b soluble 9 e!r4 ,heat+ & dry+ ! bulbs dissipates ! volatiles pr9ciple1 & ! acridity is de/roy$4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ,ohio ,/ate ,microscopical ,society ?is subject 0 aga9 br\ght up = discussion4 ,x 0 ?\ght by "s t ! raphides 9 ! diff]5t plants might v>y 9 *emical composition1 & ?us ! diff]5ce 9 _! action be acc\nt$ =4 ,?is "q ! writ] volunte]$ to answ]4 ,accord+ly1 f\r plants conta9+ raphides 7 select$1 two ( :i*1 ! ,calla cassia & ,indian turnip1 7 highly acrid1 & two1 ! ,fu*sia & ,tradescantia1 or ,w&]+ ,jew1 7 p]fectly bl& to ! ta/e4 ,a portion ( ea* plant 0 cru%$ 9 a mort>1 wat] or dilute alcohol 0 add$1 ! mixture 0 /irr$ ?or\ghly & ?r[n ^u a f9e sieve4 ,by repeat$ wa%+ ) wat] & decant+ a suffici5t am\nt ( ! cry/als 0 obta9$ = exam9ation4 ,f ! calla ! cry/als 7 readily secur$ by ?is means 9 a comp>atively pure /ate4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,indian turnip ! cry/als 7 contam9at$ ) />*1 :ile ! cry/als f ! fus*ia & tradescantia 7 emb$d$ 9 an insoluble mucilage f :i* x 0 f\nd impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,! cry/als 7 all f\nd to be calcium oxalate4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! id5tity 9 *emical composition ( ! cry/als1 x 0 ?\ght t !re might be a diff]5ce ( =m ( ! cry/als 9 ! v>i\s plants1 f ! fact t calcium oxalate cry/allizes bo? 9 ! tetragonal & ! monocl9ic sy/ems4 ,a labori\s microscopic exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ?is !ory also _h to be ab&on$4 ,! fu*sia & tradescantia conta9$ bundles ( raphides ( ! same =m & equally z f9e z ^? ( ! acrid plants4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! inve/igation ! writ] 0 incl9$ to ! op9ion t ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip & calla 0 due to ! pres5ce ( an acrid pr9ciple4 ,s9ce ! works on ph>macy claim$ t ! active pr9ciple ( ! ,indian turnip 0 soluble 9 e!r1 ! inve/igation 0 cont9u$ 9 ?is direction4 ,a l>ge /em ( ! calla 0 cut into slices1 & ! juice express$ by means ( a t9cture press4 ,! express$ juice 0 limpid & fill$ ) raphides4 ,a portion ( ! juice 0 plac$ into a cyl9d] & viol5tly %ak5 ) an equal volume ( e!r4 ,:5 ! e!r _h sep>at$ a drop 0 plac$ ^u ! tongue4 ,z soon z ! effects ( ! e!r _h pass$ away1 ! same pa9ful acridity 0 exp]i5c$ z is produc$ :5 ! plant itself is ta/$4 ,?is exp]im5t seem$ to corroborate ! assumption ( an acrid pr9ciple soluble 9 e!r4 ,! sup]natant e!r1 h[ev]1 0 slightly turbid 9 appe>ance1 a fact :i* 0 at fir/ ignor$4 ,wi%+ to le>n ! cause ( ?is turbidity1 a drop ( ! e!r 0 all[$ to evaporate on a glass slide4 ,"u ! microscope ! slide 0 f\nd to be cov]$ ) a mass ( raphides4 ,a portion ( ! e!r 0 run ?r\gh a ,munktell filt]4 ,! filt]$ e!r 0 cle>1 entirely free f raphides1 & _h also lo/ e trace ( its acridity4 ,! same op]ations 7 repeat$ ^u ! ,indian turnip ) exactly simil> results4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ conclusively t ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip & calla is due to ! raphides ( calcium oxalate only4 ,! "q ( ! abs5ce ( acridity 9 ! o!r two plants /ill rema9$ to be settl$4 ,= ?is purpose "s rec5t twigs & leaves ( ! fu*sia 7 subject$ to pressure 9 a t9cture press4 ,! express$ juice 0 n limpid1 b ?ick1 mucilag9\s & ropy4 ,"u ! microscope ! raphides seem$ z pl5tiful z 9 ! case ( ! two acrid plants4 ,:5 dilut$ ) wat] & %ak5 ) e!r1 !re 0 no visible turbidity 9 ! sup]natant e!r1 & :5 a drop ( ! e!r 0 all[$ to evaporate on a glass slide1 only a few isolat$ cry/als c\ld be se54 ,f ?is x w be se5 t 9 ?is case ! raphides did n sep>ate f ! mucilag9\s juice to be held 9 susp5sion 9 ! e!r4 ,a great deal ( "t & labor 7 sp5t 9 endeavor+ to sep>ate ! cry/als completely f ?is insoluble mucilage1 b )\t avail4 ,) ! tradescantia simil> results 7 obta9$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ! abs5ce ( acridity 9 ^! two plants1 9 spite ( ! abundance ( raphides1 may readily be expla9$ by ! fact t ! m9ute cry/als are surr\nd$ ) & emb$d$ 9 an insoluble mucilage1 :i* prev5ts _! free movem5t into ! tongue & surface ( ! m\?1 :5 portions ( ! plants are ta/$4 ,! reason :y ! ,indian turnip loses its acridity on be+ heat$ c be expla9$ by ! production ( />* pa/e f ! abundance ( />* pres5t 9 ! bulbs4 ,?is />* pa/e w\ld evid5tly act 9 a mann] simil> to ! insoluble mucilage ( ! o!r two plants4 ,s also x c readily be se5 t :5 ! bulbs ( ! ,indian turnip h be5 dri$1 ! cry/als c no long] sep>ate f ! h>d mass :i* surr\nds !m1 & consequ5tly c ex]t no irritant action :5 ! dri$ bulbs are plac$ aga9/ ! tongue4--,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,:ale-,,head$ ,,/ork4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ale-,,head$ ,,/ork--,,bal,,niceps ,,rex4 ,( all ! wond]s t inhabit ! va/ cont95t ( ,africa1 ! mo/ s+ul> "o is und\bt$ly ! ,balniceps1 or :ale-head$ /ork4 ,x is ( relatively rec5t discov]y1 & ! fir/ description ( x 0 giv5 by ,g\ld 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahea4 ,x is at pres5t /ill extremely r>e4 ,! ,p>is ,museum possesses ?ree specim5s ( x1 & ! ,b\logne ,museum possesses "o4 ,^! birds always excite ! curiosity ( ! public by _! /range aspect4 ,at fir/ sight1 says ,w4,p4 ,p>k]1 9 8 notes ^u ! o/eology ( ! balniceps1 ?is bird recalls ! boatbill1 ! h]on1 & ! adjutant4 ,o!r birds1 too1 sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d1 su* z ! pelican1 ! t\can1 ! hornbills1 & ! pod>ges4 ,! curi\s =m ( ! bill1 9 fact1 expla9s ?is comp>ison ) birds belong+ to s diff]5t gr\ps1 & ! balniceps w\ld m]it ! "n ( boatbill equally well ) ! bird s call$1 s9ce its bill recalls ! small fi%+ boats t we obs]ve keel upw>d high & dry on our sea%ores4 ,?is bill is t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & f\r in*es 9 bread? at ! base4 ,! upp] m&ible1 :i* is /rongly convex1 exhibits ^u its m$ian l9e a slight ridge1 :i* is q wide at its orig91 & !n cont9ues to decrease & becomes s5sibly depress$ z f> z to ! c5t] ( its l5g?1 & aft]w>d rises on approa*+ ! ant]ior extremity1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a p[]ful hook1 :i* seems to =m a sep>ate "p1 z 9 ! albatrosses4 ,?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! hook1 ?is m&ible pres5ts a /rong convexity ov] its edge1 :i* is turn$ slightly inw>d4 ,! l[] m&ible1 :i* is p[]ful1 & is ind5t$ at its po9t to receive ! hook1 has a v %>p edge1 :i*1 ) t ( ! upp] m&ible1 con/itutes a pair ( =midable %e>s4 ,! color ( ! bill is pale yell[1 pass+ to horn color t[>d ! m$ian ridge1 & ! :ole surface is spr9kl$ ) d>k br[n blot*es4 ,! no/rils are sc>cely visible1 & are situat$ 9 a n>r[ cleft at ! base ( ! bill1 & aga9/ ! m$ian ridge4 ,! tongue is v small & entirely out ( proportion to ! va/ buccal capacity4 ,?is is a "* t might assimilate ! balniceps to ! pelican4 ,! robu/ head1 ! neck1 & ! ?roat1 are cov]$ ) slate-color$ fea!rs v]g+ on gre51 & n pres5t+ ! repulsive aspect ( ! nak$ sk9 ( ! adjutant4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 ! sk9 ( ! ?roat is capable ( be+ dilat$ s z to =m a volum9\s p\*4 ,^u ! occiput ! fea!rs are elongat$ & =m a small cre/4 ,! body is robu/ & cov]$ ^u ! back ) slate-color$ fea!rs bord]$ ) a%5 gray4 ,^u ! brea/ ! fea!rs are lanceolate1 & m>k$ ) a d>k m$ian /ripe4 ,f9ally1 ! l[] p>ts1 abdom51 sides1 & ?ighs1 are pale gray1 & ! remiges & retrices are black4 ,accord+ to ,v]reaux1 ! fea!rs ( ! "u side ( ! tail are s(t & decomp\nd$1 b at a di/ance !y only recall ! beautiful plumes ( ! adjutant4 ,! well-develop$ w+s indicate a bird ( l(ty flight1 yet ( all ! bones ( ! limbs1 ant]ior z well z po/]ior1 ! hum]us alone is pneumatiz$4 ,! /rong feet t]m9ate 9 f\r v long toes depriv$ at ! int]digital membrane obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,ciconid4 ,! claws are p[]ful & b slightly curv$1 & t ( ! m$ian toe is n pect9at$ z 9 ! h]ons4 ,! balniceps is met ) only 9 or ne> wat]1 b x pref]s m>%es to riv]s4 ,x is abundant ^u ! banks ( ! ,nile only dur+ ! hot season :i* prec$es ! ra9s & :5 ! entire int]ior is dri$ up4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> x inhabits natural ponds & swamps1 :]e ! %all[ wat] cov]s va/ areas & pres5ts num]\s small isl&s1 ( easi] access ?an ! banks ( ! ,nile1 :i* always slope m or less abruptly into deep wat]4 ,9 su* localities x is met ) 9 pairs or 9 flocks ( a hundr$ or m1 seek+ its food ) tireless en]gy1 or else /&+ immovable ^u "o leg1 ! neck curv$ & ! head re/+ ^u ! %\ld]4 ,:5 di/urb$1 ! birds fly j above ! surface ( ! wat] & /op at a %ort di/ance4 ,b :5 !y are />tl$ by ! fir+ ( a gun1 !y asc5d to a great height1 fly ar\nd 9 a circle & hov] = a %ort "t1 & !n desc5d ^u ! l(tie/ trees1 :]e !y rema9 until ! enemy has gone4 ,wat] turtles1 fi%1 frogs & liz>ds =m ! basis ( _! food4 ,accord+ to ,pe!rick1 !y d n disda9 dead animals1 ^: c>casses !y disemb[el ) _! p[]ful hook$ beak4 ,!y pass ! night ^u ! gr\nd1 ^u trees & ^u high rocks4 ,z reg>ds ne/-mak+ & egg-lay+1 op9ions are mo/ contradictory4 ,accord+ to ,v]reaux1 ! balniceps builds its ne/ ( e>?1 vegetable debris1 re$s1 grass1 etc41 ^u l>ge trees4 ,! female lays two eggs simil> to ^? ( ! adjutant4 ,x is q difficult to reconcile ?is op9ion ) t ( ,pe!rick1 :o expresses himself z foll[s3 ,! balniceps lays 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & *ooses = t purpose ! tall re$s or grasses t bord] ! wat] or "s small & slightly elevat$ isl&4 ,!y dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! female deposits h] eggs !re94 ,i h f\nd z _m z twelve eggs 9 ! same ne/4 ,! :ale-head$ /ork is /ill s little kn[n t !re is no?+ 9 ^! contradictions t ought to surprise u4 ,au?ors are no m 9 accord on ! subject ( ! aff9ities ( ?is /range bird4 ,g\ld claims t x pres5ts ! close/ aff9ities ) ! pelican & is ! wad+ type ( ! ,pelicanid4 ,v]reaux believes t its ne>e/ relative is ! adjutant1 ^: ways x has1 & t x repres5ts 9 ?is gr\p :at ! boatbill repres5ts 9 ! h]on g5us4 ,bonap>te reg>ds x z int]m$iate betwe5 ! pelican & ! boatbill4 ,if we li/5 to ,re9hurdt1 we mu/ place x1 n alongside ( ! boatbill1 b alongside ( ! ,african g5us ,scopus4 ,! boatbill1 says he1 is m]ely a h]on provid$ ) a s+ul> bill1 :i* has b little analogy ) t ( ! balniceps1 & n a true resemblance4 ,! no/rils diff] 9 =m & position 9 ^? two birds1 & 9 ! boatbill !re exi/s b5ea? ! l[] m&ible a dilatable p\* t we d n f9d 9 ! balniceps4 ,an o/eological exam9ation leads ,p>k] to place ! balniceps ne> ! boatbill1 & ! pres5t classification is bas$ ^u t op9ion4 ,! family ( ,ardeid is1 !re=e1 divid$ into five sub-families1 ! ?ree la/ ( :i* ea* comprises a s+le g5us4 ,ardeid4--,arde9e 7h]ons74 ,botaur9e 7bitt]ns74 ,scop9e 7ombrette74 ,cancom9e 7boatbill74 ,balnicep9e 7:ale-head$ /ork74 ,all ! :ale-head$ /orks t h be5 receiv$ up to ! pres5t h come f ! region ( ! ,:ite ,nile2 b ,mr4 ,h4 ,john/on1 :o travel$ 9 ,congo 9 #ahhb1 ass]ts t he met ) ! bird on ! ,riv] ,cun5e betwe5 ,b5guela & ,angola1 :]e x 0 ev5 v common4 ,mr4 ,john/on's ass]tion has be5 confirm$ by o!r travel]s wor?y ( cr$5ce1 b1 un=tunately1 ! be/ ( all confirmations is want+1 & t is a sk9 ( ?is magnific5t wad]4 ,we c1 !re=e1 only make a note ( ,mr4 ,john/on's /atem5t1 & hope t "s travel] may "o day enri* our museums ) "s balniceps f ^! regions4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is bird 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,africa is1 aft] all1 n impossible2 yet !re is "o "q t arises3 ,0 ! balniceps obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,john/on ( ! same species z t ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 or 0 x a new type t w increase ?is family1 :i* z yet comprises b "o g5us & "o species--! ,balniceps rex8--,le ,naturali/e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cali=nia ,,rais9 ,,indu/ry4 ,fresno ,c\nty1 = t5 miles ab\t ,fresno1 furni%es ! be/ example ( ! enorm\s increase 9 values :i* foll[s ! conv]sion ( :eat fields & graz+ l& into v9ey>ds & or*>ds4 ,n ev5 ,riv]side c comp>e ) x 9 ! rapid evolution ( a great s\rce ( weal? :i* t5 ye>s ago 0 almo/ unkn[n4 ,:at has trans=m$ ,fresno f a %ambl+1 dirty resort ( c[boys & :eat ran*]s into "o ( ! prettie/ cities 9 ,cali=nia is ! rais9 grape4 ,?\gh ne>ly all fruits may be gr[n "h1 yet ?is is pre-em95tly ! home ( ! rais9 indu/ry1 & x is ! rais9 :i* 9 a s+le decade has conv]t$ #ej1jjj acres ( :eat fields into v9ey>ds4 ,no o!r crop 9 ,cali=nia promises su* spe$y returns or su* l>ge pr(its z ! rais9 grape1 & z ! "w on ! v9ey>ds is n heavy1 ! result has be5 a rem>kable gr[? ( ! infant indu/ry4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ?is c\nty1 :i* conta9s #e1jjj1jjj acres & is ne>ly z l>ge z ,massa*usetts1 !re are #djj1jjj acres t may be irrigat$ & are specially adapt$ to ! grape4 ,z ! pres5t crop on ab\t #be1jjj acres 9 full be>+ is valu$ at #f1jjj1jjj1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! rev5ue t w come to ! ,fresno v9ey>di/s :5 all ?is *oice valley l& is plant$ & 9 full be>+4 ,& :at makes ! prospect ( p]man5t prosp]ity sur] is ! fact t n9e out ( t5 new settl]s are cont5t ) tw5ty-acre tracts1 z "o ( ^! is all :i* a man c well c>e =1 :ile ! income f ?is little v9ey>d w av]age #d1jjj above all exp5ses1 a l>g] income ?an is enjoy$ by ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! pr(essional m5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! rais9 indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia is v "y4 ,to be sure1 dri$ grapes h be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ! ,mission ,fa!rs1 b ! dri$ mission grape is n a rais94 ,! m5 :o ?irty ye>s ago s5t ov] to ,europe = ! *oice/ v>ieties ( w9e grapes import$ among o!r cutt+s ! ,muscatel1 ! ,muscat ( ,alex&ria1 & ! ,feh] ,zagos2 ! ?ree f9e/ rais9 grapes ( ,spa94 ,b ! rais91 l ! fig1 requires skillful treatm5t1 & = ye>s ! ,cali=nia gr[] made no headway4 ,he read all t _h be5 writt5 on ! cur+ ( ! rais92 sev]al ent]pris+ m5 w5t to ,spa9 to /udy ! subject at fir/ h&2 b despite all ?is no progress 0 made4 ,f9ally sev]al ( ! pione] rais9 m5 ( ,fresno cut loose f all prec$5t1 dri$ _! grapes 9 ! simple & natural mann] & made a success ( x4 ,f t "t1 n ov] t5 ye>s ago1 ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry has eclips$ t ( e o!r bran* ( horticulture 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! total value ( ! product promises soon to exce$ ! value ( ! orange crop or ! yield ( w9e & br&y4 ,x requir$ a good deal ( n]ve = ! pione]s ( ,fresno ,c\nty to sp5d hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 br++ wat] ^u :at ! old settl]s reg>d$ z a des]t1 fit only to gr[ :eat 9 a v wet season4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate ! ,mission ,fa!rs _h dug dit*es & built aqu$ucts1 s t ! settl]s :o came aft] !m f\nd a well devis$ wat] sy/em1 :i* !y m]ely foll[$4 ,b 9 ,fresno no "o _h ev] tri$ to gr[ crops by irrigation4 ,:5 ,fremont came ?r\gh !re f ! m\nta9s he f\nd _m wild cattle fe$+ on ! rank grass t grew z high z ! head ( a man on horseback4 ,! h]ds ( ! native ,cali=nians 7 almo/ equally wild4 ,! c\ntry 0 "o va/ pla9 :i* 9 summ] gl[$ "u a sun t 0 tropical 9 its int5sity4 ,z late z #ahfj "o c\ld travel = a day )\t see+ a h\se or any sign ( habitation4 ,! c\ntry 0 own$ by great cattle gr[]s1 :o seldom rode ov] _! imm5se ran*es1 except at ! "t ( ! annual r\nd-up ( /ock4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago a numb] ( l>ge :eat gr[]s secur$ big tracts ( l& ar\nd ,fresno4 ,at _! head 0 ,isaac ,fri$l&]1 kn[n z ! :eat k+ ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,fri$l&] w\ld h trans=m$ ?is c\ntry _h n f9ancial ru9 ov]come him4 ,8 place 0 tak5 by o!rs1 l ,*apman1 ,ea/]by1 ,eis5 & ,hughes--m5 :o believ$ 9 fruit gr[+ & :o _h ! c\rage to c>ry on _! op]ations 9 ! face ( repeat$ failures4 ,! great developm5t ( ,fresno has be5 due entirely to ! colony sy/em1 :i* has also built up mo/ ( ! fl\ri%+ cities ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,9 #ahgd ! fir/ ,fresno colony 0 />t$ by ,w4,s4 ,*apman4 ,he cut up six sections ( l& into #bj-;acre tracts1 & br\ght wat] f ,k+'s ,riv]4 ,! coloni/s repres5t$ all classes ( p1 & ?\gh !y made _m disa/r\s exp]im5ts1 ) poor v>ieties ( grapes & fruit1 /ill !re is no in/ance ( failure record$1 & all :o h held on to _! l& are n[ 9 com=table circum/ances4 ,"s ( ! settl]s 9 ?is colony 7 ,san ,francisco s*ool tea*]s4 ,!y obta9$ _! #bj-;acre tracts = #djj1 & _m ( !m retir$ on _! little v9ey>ds at ! end ( five or six ye>s4 ,"o lady1 nam$ ,miss ,au/51 _h ! =esight to plant all h] prop]ty 9 ! be/ rais9 grapes1 & = _m ye>s drew a l>g] annual rev5ue f ! prop]ty ?an ! :ole place co/ h]4 ,! c5tral colony n[ has an old e/abli%$ look4 ,! broad av5ues are l9$ ) enorm\s trees2 _m ( ! h\ses are exce$+ly beautiful c\ntry villas4 ,:at a trans=mation has be5 wr\ght "h may be appreciat$ :5 x is said t #aej families n[ produce #djj1jjj a ye> on ! same l& :i* tw5ty ye>s ago support$ b "o family1 :i* _h a return ( only #ce1jjj f :eat4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is "o colony ( six sections ( old :eat l& is ! key to ,fresno's prosp]ity4 ,x proves bett] ?an columns ( argum5t1 or facts or figures1 ! imm5se return t c>eful1 pati5t cultivation may comm& 9 ?is home ( ! grape4 ,ne> ?is colony are a half-doz5 o!rs :i* 7 e/abli%$ on ! same g5]al plan4 ,! mo/ notewor?y is ! ,malaga colony1 f\nd$ by ,g4,g4 ,briggs1 to :om belongs ! cr$it ( introduc+ ! rais9 grape into ,fresno4 ,fresno ,city is ! c5t] f :i* "o may drive 9 ?ree directions & pass ?r\gh mile aft] mile ( ^! colonies1 all %[+ signs ( ! weal? & com=t t rais9 mak+ has br\ght4 ,only t[>d ! we/ is ! l& /ill undevelop$1 b ano!r five ye>s promise to see ?is great tract1 /ret*+ away = tw5ty miles1 also laid out 9 small v9ey>ds & fruit f>ms4 ,fresno is ! natural railroad c5t] ( ! great ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley4 ,x is on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific & is ! mo/ important %ipp+ po9t betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ,los ,angeles4 ,! new l9e ( ! ,santa ,fe1 :i* has be5 survey$ f ,mojave up ?r\gh ! valley1 passes ?r\gh ,fresno4 ,!n !re are ?ree local l9es t h ! place = a t]m9us1 notably ! m\nta9 railway1 :i* climbs into ! ,si]ra1 & :i* x is expect$ w "o day connect ) ! ,rio ,gr&e sy/em & give a new transcont95tal l9e4 ,"h are also build+ r\nd h\ses & ma*9e %ops ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,company4 ,^!1 ) new factories1 pack+ h\ses1 & o!r improvem5ts1 g f> to ju/ify ! sangu9e expectations ( ! resid5ts4 ,!re has nev] be5 a boom 9 ,fresno1 b a high railroad (ficial rec5tly1 9 speak+ ( ! gr[? ( ! city1 said3 ,fresno 9 five ye>s w be ! second city 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is pr$iction he bas$ on ! wond]ful expansion ( its res\rces 9 ! la/ decade & ! sub/antial "* ( all ! improvem5ts made4 ,x is a pretty t[n1 ) wide1 well-pav$ /reets1 h&some mod]n bus9ess blocks1 & resid5ce av5ues t w\ld d cr$it to any old-settl$ t[n ( ! ,ea/4 ,! favorite %ade tree is ! umbrella tree1 :i* has ! graceful1 r\nd$ =m ( ! horse *e/nut1 b ) s ?ick a foliage t its %ad[ is n dappl$ ) sunlight4 ,above x is an int5sely d>k gre51 :ile view$ f bel[ x is ! mo/ delicate %ade ( pea gre54 ,rival+ ?is 9 popul>ity is ! pepp] tree1 also an ev]gre51 & ! magnolia1 fan palm1 eucalyptus1 or ,au/ralian blue gum1 & ! popl>4 ,all ^! trees gr[ luxuriantly4 ,x has also become ! cu/om 9 plant+ a v9ey>d to put a r[ ( ! :ite ,adriatic fig trees ar\nd ! place1 & to m>k (f t5 or tw5ty acre tracts 9 ! same way4 ,! d>k gre5 foliage ( ! fig is a great relief to ! eye :5 ! sun beats d[n on ! s&y soil4 ,lead+ out ( ,fresno are five driveways4 ,! soil makes a natural macadam1 :i* dries 9 a few h\rs4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> ^! roads are 9 good condition = trott+1 & ne>ly e rais9 gr[] is also an exp]t 9 horsefle%1 & has a team t w d a mile 9 less ?an #b3cj4 ,! new race c\rse is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,t[>d ! we/ f ,fresno has rec5tly be5 op5$ a magnific5t driveway1 :i* promises 9 a few ye>s to rival ! ,magnolia ave4 ( ,riv]side4 ,?is is call$ ,*ateau ,fresno ave4 ,x has two driveways sep>at$ by fan palms & magnolias1 :ile along ! out] bord]s are ! same trees ) o!r *oice tropical gr[?s1 t w "o day make ?is av5ue well wor? travel+ _m miles to see4 ,?is is ! private ent]prise ( ,mr4 ,!odore ,ke>ney1 :o made a =tune 9 real e/ate1 & x is notewor?y z an illu/ration ( ! l>ge way 9 :i* ! ri* ,cali=nian goes ab\t any "w 9 :i* he takes an int]e/4 ,probably ! f9e/ av5ue 9 ,fresno is ! popl>-l9$ ma9 driveway ?r\gh ! ,b>ton v9ey>d4 ,x is a mile 9 l5g?1 & ! trees1 fully fifty feet high1 /& s ?ickly toge!r t :5 9 full leaf !y =m a solid wall ( gre54 ,! v9ey>d1 :i* is a mile squ>e1 is also surr\nd$ by a s+le r[ ( ^! sup]b popl>s4 ,a visit to "o ( ! great rais9 v9ey>ds ne> ,fresno is a revelation 9 reg>d to ! sy/em t is necess>y 9 h&l+ l>ge quantities ( grapes4 ,! l>ge/ rais9 v9ey>d 9 ! ,/ate1 if n 9 ! _w1 is t ( ,a4,b4 ,butl]4 ,x comprises #fdj acres1 ( :i* a trifle ov] #fjj acres is plant$ to ! be/ rais9 grapes4 ,butl] 0 a ,texas c[boy1 & came to ,fresno ) v little capital4 ,he secur$ possession ( a section ( l&1 plant$ x to grapes2 he read ev]y?+ he c\ld buy on rais9 mak+1 b f\nd little 9 ! books t 0 ( any value4 ,s he made a trip to ,spa91 & inspect$ all ! processes 9 ! ,malaga di/rict4 ,he ga!r$ _m new ideas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable sugge/ions 0 9 reg>d to prun+s & keep+ ! v9e free f ! suck]s t sap its vitality4 ,:5 he return$ f ?is trip & pass$ ?r\gh ,los ,angeles ,c\nty he saw t ! /range disease :i* 0 kill+ _m hundr$ acres ( v9es 0 no?+ else ?an ! result ( faulty prun+s--! ret5tion ( suck]s until !y ga9$ su* lu/y gr[? t _! removal prov$ fatal to ! v9e4 ,8 v9ey>d is z free f we$s & grass z a corn] ( a well kept kit*5 g>d54 ,! v9e leaves h t deep glossy look :i* betrays p]fect heal?4 ,:5 my visit 0 made ! :ole crop 0 on trays spread out 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,^! trays _h be5 pil$ up 9 lay]s ( a doz5--:at is te*nically kn[n z box$--z a %[] _h fall5 ! previ\s night1 & ,mr4 ,butl] 0 unc]ta9 :e!r he w\ld h a crop ( ! *oice/ rais9s or :e!r he w\ld h to put 8 dri$ grapes 9 bags1 & sell !m = "o-?ird ( ! top price4 ,=tunately ! ra9 cl\ds cle>$ away4 ,! crop 0 sav$ & ! extreme hot wea!r t foll[$ made ! second crop almo/ z valuable z ! fir/4 ,! me?od ( dry+ & pack+ ! rais9 is peculi> & well wor? a brief description4 ,:5 ! grape rea*es a c]ta9 degree ( rip5ess & develops ! requisite am\nt ( sac*>9e matt] a l>ge =ce is put into ! v9ey>d & ! pick+ beg9s4 ,! bun*es ( ripe grapes are plac$ c>efully on wood5 trays & are left 9 ! field to cure4 ,! process requires f sev5 days to ?ree weeks1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( sun%9e4 ,?is climate is s entirely free f dew at night t !re is no dang] ( mu/4 ,! grape cures p]fectly 9 ?is way & makes a f> sweet] rais9 ?an :5 dri$ by artificial heat4 ,:5 ! grapes are dri$ suffici5tly ! trays are ga!r$ & /ack$ 9 piles ab\t z high z a man's wai/4 ,!n beg9s ! t$i\s b necess>y process ( sort+ into ! sweat boxes4 ,^! boxes are ab\t eight in*es deep & hold #abe p\nds ( grapes4 ,ar\nd ! sort] are ?ree sweat boxes = ! ?ree grades ( grapes4 ,9 ea* box are ?ree lay]s ( manila pap] :i* are us$ at equal int]vals to prev5t ! /ems ( ! grapes f becom+ entangl$1 ?us break+ ! f9e l>ge bun*es :5 remov$4 ,! sort] mu/ be an exp]t4 ,he takes ! bun*es by ! /em1 plac+ ! l>ge/ & f9e/ 9 ! fir/ grade box1 ^? :i* are m$ium siz$ 9 ! second grade1 & all brok5 & ragg$ bun*es 9 ! ?ird class4 ,:5 ! boxes are fill$ !y are haul$ to ! brick build+ kn[n z ! equaliz]4 ,?is is con/ruct$ s z to p]mit v5tilation at ! top1 b to exclude light & air z mu* z possible f ! grapes4 ,! boxes are pil$ 9 ti]s 9 ?is h\se & all[$ to rema9 9 d>kness = f t5 to tw5ty days4 ,"h !y und]go a sweat+ process1 :i* diffuses moi/ure equally ?r\gh\t ! cont5ts ( ea* box4 ,?is prev5ts "s grapes f reta9+ undue moi/ure1 & x also s(t5s ! /ems & makes !m pliable4 ,f ! equaliz+ room ! sweat boxes are tak5 to ! pack+ room4 ,"h !y are fir/ weigh$4 ,! fir/ & second grades are pass$ to ! sort]1 :ile ! ?ird grade rais9s are plac$ 9 a big ma*9e t /rips (f ! /ems & grades ! loose rais9s 9 ?ree or f\r sizes4 ,^! are plac$ 9 sacks & sold z loose rais9s4 ,! high] grades are c>efully sort$ into fir/ & second class clu/]s4 ,aft] ?is sort+ ! boxes are pass$ to wom5 & girls1 :o arrange ! clu/]s neatly 9 small five p\nd boxes ) movable bottoms4 ,^! boxes are plac$ "u slight pressure1 & f\r ( !m fill "o ( ! regul> tw5ty p\nd boxes ( comm]ce4 ,! "w ( plac+ ! rais9s 9 ! small boxes requires mu* practice1 b wom5 are f\nd to be mu* swift] ?an m5 at ?is labor1 &1 z !y are paid by ! box1 ! m skillful e>n f #b to #c a day4 ,x is light1 pleasant "w1 z ! room is l>ge1 cool & well v5tilat$1 & !re is no mix+ ( ! sexes1 su* z may be f\nd 9 _m ( ! ,san ,francisco cann]ies4 ,= ?is reason ! "w attracts nice girls1 & "o may see _m attractive faces 9 a trip ?r\gh a l>ge pack+ h\se4 ,"o heavy %\ld]$1 mascul9e-look+ ,g]man woman1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h long1 sl5d] f+]s1 0 po9t$ out z ! swifte/ sort] 9 ! room4 ,%e made regul>ly #c a day4 ,! assurance ( /eady "w ( ?is k9d = ?ree mon?s draws _m p to ,fresno1 & ! regul> disbursem5t ( a l>ge sum z wages e week goes f> to expla9 ! ?rift & com=t se5 on e h&4 ,! five p\nd boxes ( grapes are pass$ to ! press+ ma*9e1 :]e f\r ( !m are deftly transf]r$ to a tw5ty p\nd box4 ,! two highe/ grades ( rais9s are ! ,dehesa & ! ,london lay]s4 ,x has always be5 ! ambition ( ,cali=nia's rais9 mak]s to produce ! ,dehesa br&4 ,!y "k t _! be/ rais9s are equal 9 size & quality to ! be/ ,spani% rais9s1 b h]et(ore !y h f\nd ! co/ ( prep>+ ! top lay] 9 ! ,spani% /yle v co/ly1 z ! rais9s _h to be flatt5$ out 7or ?umb$1 z x is te*nically call$7 by h&4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e wom5 "w = #bj c5ts a day1 ?is h& labor cuts no figure 9 ! co/ ( production1 b "h1 ) ! *eape/ labor at #a4ej a day1 x has prov$ a b> to competition4 ,am]ican +5uity1 h[ev]1 is likely to ov]come ?is h&icap ( high wages4 ,t4,c4 ,:ite1 an old rais9 gr[]1 has inv5t$ a pack+ plate ( metal1 ) depressions at regul> int]vals j ! size ( a big rais94 ,?is plate is put at ! bottom ( ! prelim9>y pack+ box1 & :5 ! "w ( pack+ is complete ! box is rev]s$ & ! top lay]1 press$ into ! depressions ( ! plate1 be>s e m>k ( ! mo/ c>eful h& manipulation4 ,mr4 ,butl] us$ ?is plate = ! fir/ "t ?is season1 & f\nd x a success1 & !re is no "q ( its g5]al adoption4 ,e ye> sees m att5tion paid to ! c>eful grad+ ( rais9s1 z ^u ?is dep5ds mu* ( _! m>ketable value4 ,! l>ge pack+ h\ses h done good "w 9 en=c+ ?is rule1 & ! *ief s9n]s :o /ill indulge 9 c>eless pack+ are small gr[]s ) poor facilities4 ,probably ! next few ye>s w see a great increase 9 ! numb] & size ( ! pack+ h\ses :i* w prep>e & m>ket mo/ ( ,fresno's rais9 crop4 ,! gr[]s also w avail !mselves ( ! co-op]ative plan1 = :i* ! colony sy/em (f]s peculi> advantages4 ,geometrical progression is ! only ?+ :i* equals ! increase ( ,fresno's rais9 product4 ,eighte5 ye>s ago x 0 less ?an #c1jjj boxes4 ,la/ ye> x am\nt$ to #a1jej1jjj boxes1 :ile ?is ye> ! product _c fall bel[ #a1bej1jjj boxes4 ,new v9ey>ds are com+ into be>+ e ye>1 & ?is season has se5 a l>g] plant+ ( new v9ey>ds ?an ev] be=e4 ,?is 0 due ma9ly to ! /imulus & enc\ragem5t ( ! ,mc,kinley bill1 :i* 0 wor? an incalculable sum to ^? :o are develop+ ! rais9 indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia4 ,besides rais9s1 ,fresno produc$ la/ ye> #b1ejj1jjj gallons ( w9e1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 %ipp$ to ! ,ea/4 ,! railroad figures %[ ! weal? t is produc$ "h e ye> f ^! old :eat fields4 ,! dri$ fruit crop la/ ye> 0 valu$ at #a1abc1ebj2 rais9s1 #a1bde1gfh2 & ! total exports 7 #h1ieg1hii4 ,! l>ge/ be>+ rais9 v9ey>d 9 ,fresno is t ( ,a4,b4 ,butl]1 :o has ov] #fjj acres 9 eight ye>-old v9es4 ,! pack ?is ye> w be fully #abj1jjj boxes4 ,z ea* box sells = an av]age ( #a4ge1 ! rev5ue f ?is v9ey>d w n fall f> bel[ a qu>t] ( a million4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ places 9 ! c\nty is ,colonel ,=sy!'s #afj-;acre v9ey>d1 f :i* #dj1jjj boxes are pack$4 ,=sy! has paid s mu* att5tion to ! pack+ ( 8 rais9s t 8 output comm&s a fancy price4 ,?is ye> he want$ to g to ,europe1 s he sold 8 crop on ! v9es to a pack+ h\se1 receiv+ a *eck = #bj1jjj4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! great successes1 b ne>ly e small rais9 gr[] has made money1 = x co/s n ov] #a c5ts p] p\nd to produce ! rais91 & ! price seldom falls bel[ #f c5ts p] p\nd4 ,good l& c be secur$ 9 ,fresno at f #ej to #bjj p] acre4 ,! av]age is #ge an acre = fir/-class rais9 l& t is )9 t5 miles ( any l>ge place4 ,x co/s #ge an acre to get a rais9 v9ey>d into be>+4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! v9es pay = cultivation1 & f t "t on ! ratio ( increase is v l>ge4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( prun+1 pick+1 & cur+ grapes is light1 & may be done by wom5 & *ildr54 ,! only heavy labor ab\t ! v9ey>d is ! pl[+ & cultivat+4 ,fresno is a hot place 9 ! summ]1 ! m]cury runn+ up to #aaj degrees 9 ! %ade1 b ?is is a dry heat1 :i* does n en]vate1 &1 ) prop] protection = ! head1 "o may "w 9 ! sun all day1 )\t any dang] ( sun/roke4 ,! colony sy/em1 :i* has be5 br\ght to great p]fection ar\nd ,fresno1 p]mits a family ( small means to secure a good home )\t mu* capital to />t )4 ,:]e no money is paid = labor1 a v9ey>d may be br\ght to productiv5ess ) v small outlay4 ,at ! same "t !re is s great a dem& = labor 9 ! l>ge v9ey>ds1 t ! man :o has a five or t5 acre tract may be sure ( "w ne>ly all ! ye>4 ,9 "s places special inducem5ts h be5 held out to p ( small means to secure a five-acre v9ey>d :ile !y are at "w 9 o!r bus9ess4 ,"o colony ( ?is sort 0 />t$ eighte5 mon?s ago ne> ,mad]a1 9 ,fresno ,c\nty4 ,a tract ( #c1jjj acres 0 plant$ to ,muscat grapes1 & !n sold out 9 five & t5 acre v9ey>ds1 on five ye>s' "t1 ! pur*as] pay+ only "o-fif? ca%4 ,! price ( ! l& 0 #ge an acre1 & x 0 e/imat$ t an equal sum p] acre w\ld put ! v9ey>d into full be>+4 ,?us1 = #gej1 or1 ) int]e/1 = #a1jjj1 a man work+ on a small sal>y 9 ,san ,francisco w h 9 five ye>s a v9ey>d :i* %\ld yield him a ye>ly rev5ue ( #ejj4 ,f ! pres5t outlook !re c be no dang] ( ov]-production ( rais9s1 any m ?an ( ,cali=nia w9e or dri$ fruits4 ,! gr[] is assur$ ( a good m>ket = e p\nd ( rais9s he produces1 & ! m c>e he puts into ! gr[+ & pack+ ( 8 crop1 ! l>g] 8 returns w be4 ,= ^? :o love life 9 ! op5 air1 !re is no?+ 9 ,cali=nia ) great] attractions ?an rais9 gr[+ 9 ,fresno ,c\nty4--,n4,y4 ,tribune4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cold ,,& ,,mortality4 ,by ,dr4 ,b4,w4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,dur+ ! sev5 weeks ( extreme atmosph]ic cold 9 :i* ! la/ ye> end$ & ) :i* ! pres5t ye> op5$1 e "o has be5 />tl$ by ! mortality t has prevail$ among ! enfeebl$ & ag$ population4 ,fri5ds h be5 swept away 9 a mann] mo/ pa9ful to recall1 "u ! influ5ce ( an ext]nal ag5cy1 z natural z x is fatal 9 its c\rse1 & ov] :i* sci5ce1 z yet1 holds ! mo/ limit$ control4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! facts que/ions occur to ! m9d :i* h ! mo/ practical be>+4 ,:y %\ld a community wake up "o day ) cat>rh or ) ! back ( ! ?roat unduly r$ & ! tonsils l>ge8 ,:y1 9 a p>ticul> village or t[n1 %all ! m$ical m5 be summon$ on "s p>ticul> day to a numb] ( places to visit *ildr5 ) cr\p8 ,:at is ! reason t cases ( sudd5 dea?1 by s-call$ apoplexy1 cr[d toge!r into a few h\rs8 ,:y1 9 a giv5 day or week1 are %oals ( ! ag$ swept away1 :ile ! "y live z be=e8 ,^! are que/ions :i* curative & prev5tive m$ic9e h n yet ma/]$ z might be desir$4 ,curative m$ic9e1 at ! "n ( !m1 too (t5 /&s aba%$1 if h] int]pret] be hone/2 & prev5tive m$ic9e says1 if h] int]pret] be hone/1 ,! que/ions wait z yet = full int]pretation4 ,/ill1 we are n altoge!r ignorant2 "s circum/ances appe> to be foll[$ by effects s def9ite1 t we may almo/ consid] we h be=e u1 9 true position1 cause & effect4 ,let u look at ?is position 9 ref]5ce to ! simple influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! value ( life4 ,if we obs]ve ! fluctuation ( ! !rmomet] by ! side ( ! mortality ( ! nation at l>ge1 no calculable relation%ip seems1 at fir/ sight1 to be traceable betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,b if1 9 connection ) ! mortality1 c>e be tak5 to isolate cases1 & to divide !m into gr\ps accord+ to ! ages ( ^? :o die1 a s+ul> & significant s]ies ( facts foll[1 :i* %[ t aft] a giv5 age a sudd5 decl9e ( ! temp]ature influ5ces mortality by :at may be consid]$ a def9ite law4 ,! law is1 t v>iations ( temp]ature ex]t no m>k$ influ5ce on ! mortality ( ! population "u ! age ( ?irty ye>s2 b aft] ! age ( ?irty is rea*$1 a fall ( temp]ature1 suffici5t to cause an increas$ numb] ( dea?s1 acts 9 a regul> mann]1 z x may be said1 9 waves or l9es ( int5sity1 accord+ to ! ages ( ! p4 ,if we make ^! l9es n9e ye>s long1 we discov] t !y d\ble 9 effect at ea* successive po9t4 ,?us1 if !1 fall 9 ! temp]ature be suffici5t to increase ! mortality at ! rate ( "o p]son ( ! age ( ?irty1 ! increase w run z foll[s3 #a dea? at #cj ye>s ( age w become #b dea?s at #ci ye>s ( age1 #d at #dh ye>s1 #h at #eg ye>s1 #af at #ff ye>s1 #cc at #ge ye>s1 & #fd at #hd ye>s4 ,9 ^! calculations no?+ seems to be want+ t %\ld r5d] !m tru/wor?y2 !y result$ f inquiries conduct$ on ! l>ge/ scale2 !y 7 comput$ by "o ( our greate/ au?orities 9 vital /ati/ics1 ! late ,dr4 ,william ,f>r1 & !y accord ) :at we ga!r f common daily obs]vation4 ,!y supply1 9 a ^w1 ! sci5tific details & ref9em5ts ( a r\gh e/imate f\nd$ on univ]sal exp]i5ce1 & !y lead u to ?9k v gravely on _m subjects :i* may n h occurr$ to u be=e1 & :i* are z curi\s z !y are important4 ,we (t5 he> p]sons :o "k little ab\t vital ph5om5a1 by :i* t]m ,i mean no?+ my/]i\s1 b simply ! physics embrac$ 9 ^? ph5om5a :i* we connect ) =m & motion "u ! t]m life1 h>p+ on ! "o /r+1 t man kn[s no?+ ( ! laws ( life & dea?4 ,b :at an answ] to su* presumption d ! facts r5d]$ above supply4 ,life & dea? are "h r$uc$1 on giv5 conditions1 to reason+s z cle> & positive z are ! reason+s on ! developm5t ( heat by ! combu/ion ( fuel4 ,x is n necess>y = ! vital philosoph] to g out into ! t[ns & villages to take a new c5sus ( dea?s to enable him to give u 8 read+s ( ! g5]al mortality "u ! conditions specifi$4 ,he may sit 9 8 cab9et1 &1 z he reads 8 !rmomet] day by day1 pr$ict results4 ,!re is a fall ( temp]ature t %all be kn[n by exp]i5ce to be suffici5tly deep & prolong$ to cause an increase ( "o dea? among ^? memb]s ( ! community :o h rea*$ ?irty ye>s4 ,!n1 ris+ by a def9ite rule1 !re h di$ sixty-f\r1 9 proportion to t "o1 ( ^? :o h rea*$ eighty-f\r ye>s4 ,?is is s\nd calculation1 & x leads to reflection4 ,x leads "o to ask1 :at1 if ! law be s def9ite1 are curative & prev5tive m$ic9e do+ mean:ile1 t !y %all n di/urb x8 ,i fe> t !y h>dly produce p]turbations1 & ,i d n see :y !y %\ld2 because1 z ! tru? op5s itself to ! m9d1 ! trem5d\s ext]nal *ange 9 ! =ces ( ! univ]se t leads to ! result1 is n to be grappl$ ) nor int]f]$ ) by any specific me?od ( human inv5tion4 ,! cause is too g5]al1 too ov]:elm+1 too grasp+4 ,x is l ! lightn+ /roke 9 its di/ance f our comm&2 b x is widely spread1 n po9t$ & conc5trate2 prolong$1 n in/antane\s2 &1 by virtue ( ^! prop]ties1 is s mu* ! m subtile & deva/at+4 ,at fir/ x seems easy to expla9 ! reason :y a sudd5 fall 9 temp]ature %\ld lead to an increase 9 ! numb] ( dea?s1 & x is to be admitt$ t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! reason is cle>4 ,,animal ,,p[] ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,life4 ,)\t ent]+ on ! "q :e!r heat is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( all liv+ organisms1 we may accept t 9 ! evolution ( heat 9 ! body we h a measurem5t ( ! capacity ( ! body to su/a9 motion1 :i* is only ano!r phrase = express+ ! resi/ance ( ! body to dea?4 ,= example1 if we assume t a heal?y man ( ?irty respires suffici5t air p] day to produce z mu* heat z w\ld raise fifty p\nds ( wat] at #cb ,fahr4 to #bab ,fahr41 & if we assume t a man ( sixty 9 ! same temp]ature is only able to respire s mu* air z %all cause him to evolve s mu* heat z w\ld raise =ty p\nds ( wat] f #cb to #bab1 we see a g5]al reason :y ! old] man %\ld feel an effect f a sudd5 *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air :i* ! y\ng] w\ld n feel2 & if we assume1 fur!r1 t a man ( eighty c\ld 9 ! same "t produce z mu* heat z w\ld raise only tw5ty p\nds ( wat] f #cb to #bab1 we see a good reason :y ! olde/ %\ld suff] m f a decrease ( ext]nal temp]ature ?an ! o!r two4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to "k m ?an ?is g5]al /atem5t ( an approximate fact2 we ought to und]/& ! me?od by :i* ! r$uction ( temp]ature influ5ces1 & ! details ( ! physiological process connect$ ) ! ph5om5a4 ,:5 a human body is liv+ aft] ! age :5 ! p]iod ( its gr[? is complet$ & be=e ! p]iod ( its decay has comm5c$1 x produces1 :5 x is q heal?y1 by its own *emical processes1 s mu* heat or =ce z %all enable x1 )9 giv5 b\nds1 7#a7 to move its own ma*9]y2 7#b7 to call =?1 at w1 a limit$ measure ( extra =ce :i* has be5 ly+ lat5t 9 its organism2 & 7#c7 to supply a fluctuat+ loss t mu/ be convey$ away by contact ) ! surr\nd+ air1 by ! e>?1 & by o!r bodies t x may t\*1 & :i* are cold] ?an itself4 ,!re is ?us produc$ 9 ! body1 appli$ =ce1 res]ve =ce1 & wa/e =ce1 & ^! di/ributions ( ! :ole =ce g5]at$1 :5 correctly appli$1 ma9ta9 ! p]fect organism 9 su* balance t life is true & /eady4 ,s mu* active =ce c>ries ) x ! p[] to p]=m s mu* labor2 s mu* res]ve =ce c>ries ) x ! p[] to p]=m a measure ( new or extra labor to meet em]g5cies2 s mu* wa/e =ce enables ! body to resi/ ! ext]nal vicissitudes )\t tr5*+ on ! supply t is always want$ to keep ! he>t pulsat+1 ! *e/ brea?+1 ! gl&s secret+ or excret+1 ! dige/ive app>atus mov+1 & ! bra9 ?9k+ or absorb+4 ,let u1 ev5 9 ! prime ( manhood1 di/urb ! di/ribution ( =ce ev] s little1 & /raightway our life1 :i* is ! resultant ( =ce1 is di/urb$4 ,if we use ! active =ce too long1 we become exhau/$1 & call on ! res]ve2 if we cont9ue ! process1 ! result is failure m or less p]fect1 sleep1 &1 9 ! end1 ! la/ long sleep4 ,let u1 in/ead ( exhau/+ ! =ce1 cut x (f at ! s\rces :]e x is g5]at$2 let u remove ! c>bon or coal t %\ld g 9 z fuel food1 & we create pro/ration1 & 9 cont9uance a wan+ animal fire1 sleep1 & dea?2 or let u1 in/ead ( remov+ or )draw+ ! supply ( fuel1 cut (f ! supply ( air1 z by imm]sion ( ! body 9 wat]1 or by mak+ x brea! a vapor t weak5s ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) c>bon--su* a vapor z *lor(orm--& aga9 we produce1 at once1 pro/ration1 sleep1 or dea?1 accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* we h conduct$ ! process4 ,la/ly1 if in/ead ( us+ up unduly ! active & res]ve =ce1 or ( suppress+ ! evolution ( =ce by ! )drawal ( its s\rces1 we expose ! body to su* an ext]nal temp]ature t x is robb$ ( its heat fa/] ?an x c g5]ate x2 if to supply ! wa/e heat we draw ^u ! active & res]ve =ces1 we call =? imm$iately ! same condition z w\ld foll[ extreme ov]-ex]tion1 or suppression ( ! developm5t ( =ce2 we call =? exhau/ion & sleep1 &1 if we g f> en\gh1 dea?4 ,we h _h 9 view1 9 ! above description1 a man 9 ! prime ( life1 9 ! c5t] ( gr[?1 & decay4 ,9 reg>d to ! =ce ( animation 9 him1 let u look at him n[ retrospectively & prospectively4 ,9 ! pa/ 8 has be5 a gr[+1 develop+ body1 & 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t he has produc$ an excess ( =ce comm5surate ) ! dem&s ( 8 gr[?2 ?is has enabl$ him gradually to be> m fatigue & m exposure1 )\t exhau/ion1 & ev5 ) ease1 until he has rea*$ 8 maximum4 ,:5 he has /opp$ 9 developm5t1 :5 he /&s on a fair level ) ! ext]nal =ces t are oppos$ to him1 !n 8 own =ce1 = a %ort "t balanc$1 soon /&s second 9 comm&4 ,he feels cold m t5d]ly2 if 8 re/ be brok51 ! dem& = artificial heat is m urg5t2 if he lose or miss food1 he s9ks quickly2 &1 return+ to our facts1 z to ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal temp]ature on mortality1 ^! are ! reasons :y a fall 9 ! !rmomet] sweeps away our population accord+ to age s ru?lessly & decisively4 ,if we analyze ! facts fur!r by ! side ( ! diseases :i* kill ! old1 we f9d ^? diseases to be num]\s 9 "n1 b all ( two types4 ,!y are diseases :i* ( !mselves t5d ei!r to produce undue loss ( =ce1 or t t5d to prev5t ! developm5t ( =ce at its orig94 ,?us affections :i* are accompani$ ) exhau/ive loss ( fluids f ! body1 su* z diabetes1 dropsies1 & hmorrhages1 are ( ! fir/ class2 affections 9 :i* due supply ( air to ! lungs is prev5t$ are ( ! second class1 especially bron*itis1 a disease s commonly assign$ z ! cause ( ! dea?s among ! memb]s ( ! ag$ & enfeebl$ population1 t succe$ imm$iately on an extreme fall ( ! !rmomet]4 ,,fall ,,( ,,temp]ature--,,mode ,,( ,,action4 ,9 :at has be5 writt5 above ,i h /at$ simply & 9 op5 t]ms ! fact t ! fall ( temp]ature produces a specifi$ s]ies ( results1 by r$uc+ ! =ce ( ! liv+ organism1 & dispos+ x to die4 ,we may f ?is po9t inve/igate1 f a physiological po9t ( view1 ! mode by :i* ! effect is produc$ 9 ! economy4 ,h[ does ! decl9e ( temp]ature act8 ,is ! process simple or comp\nd8 ,,extraction ,,( ,,heat4 ,! process is comp\nd1 & into x !re ent] ?ree elem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! body is robb$ rapidly ( its wa/e =ce1 & ! res]ve & active elem5ts ( =ce are1 consequ5tly1 call$ ^u to ! depression ( ! organism altoge!r4 ,?is obta9s because ! m$ium surr\nd+ ! body1 ! air1 unless x be artificially heat$1 removes f its contact ) ! body a l>g] proportion ( heat ?an c be sp>$2 & x might be possible to produce su* an influ5ce on ! body by sudd5 extraction ( its heat z to de/roy x at once by ! m]e act4 ,if a man c\ld be surr\nd$ ) froz5 m]cury he w\ld die in/antane\sly1 z f %ock1 by ! imm$iate extraction ( 8 heat4 ,b 9 ord9>y cases1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! m]e rapid extraction ( wa/e heat is n suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! mis*ief produc$ by a l[ temp]ature2 = by artificial w>m? & non-conduct+ g>m5ts1 we c\nt]act ! influ5ce1 & t1 too1 9 a mann] :i* proves pretty successful4 ,we may1 !re=e1 leave ?is elem5t ( extraction ( heat z a mo/ important1 b n z ! sole1 ag5t ( evil4 ,,suppress$ ,,oxidation4 ,! second elem5t is ! effect on ! process ( oxidation ( blood "u ! influ5ce ( cold4 ,we all are aw>e t if a portion ( dead animal or vegetable matt] be plac$ at a l[ temp]ature1 x keeps = a consid]able "t2 & we h evid5ce ( dead animals :i*1 clo!d 9 ?ick ribb$ ice1 h be5 reta9$ f putrefaction = c5turies4 ,h5ce we say t cold is an antiseptic z alcohol is1 & *lor(orm1 & ammonia1 & o!r simil> bodies4 ,cold is an antiseptic !n1 b :y8 ,because x prev5ts1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( a f]m5t1 ! union ( oxyg5 gas ) combu/ible matt]4 ,! molecules ( oxyg51 9 ord] t !y %all comb9e1 & 9 _! comb9ation evolve heat1 require to be di/ribut$1 & to be di/ribut$ by ! =m ( motion kn[n z heat2 deprive !m ( ?is activity1 & !y come into communion ) !mselves1 are attract$ to ea* o!r1 & lose to ! ext5t ( ?is attraction _! p[] ( comb9+ ) ! molecules ( o!r bodies = :i* !y h an aff9ity4 ,9 an analog\s1 b m obvi\s way1 we may see ! same effect ( motion 9 ! microscopic exam9ation ( blood4 ,9 ! blood1 :ile x is circulat+ briskly 9 its vessels1 !re are di/ribut$ ?r\gh x1 )\t contact ) ea* o!r1 ! millions ( oxyg5 c>ri]s call$ blood corpuscles4 ,9 ! circulation 9 ! free *annels ( ! body1 ! art]ies & ve9s1 x is motion t keeps ^! corpuscles ap>t2 we draw a drop ( blood & let x come to re/ on ! microscope glass1 & z ! motion ceases ! sep>at$ corpuscles run toge!r1 & adh]e s firmly t we _c easily sep>ate !m )\t _! dis9tegration4 ,if we 7 able to drive !m 9 ?is /ate r\nd ! body1 ?r\gh ! vessels1 !y w\ld n comb9e readily ) ! tissues2 !y h1 9 fact1 =feit$ ! condition necess>y = su* comb9ation4 ,s ) ! oxyg5 !y c>ry2 :5 its invisible molecules are depriv$ ( ! =ce call$ heat1 :i* is motion1 !y d n readily comb9e ) new matt]4 ,b p]fect comb9ation ( oxyg5 & c>bon 9 ! blood is ess5tial to e act ( life4 ,9 ! con/ant cla% ( molecule ( oxyg5 ) molecule ( c>bon 9 ! blood lies ! ma9spr+ ( all animal motion2 ! motion ( ! he>t itself is second>y to t4 ,de/roy t union1 h[ev] slightly1 & ! balance is lo/1 & ! animal body is1 9 a pla9 ^w1 ill4 ,cold or decreas$ temp]ature1 bel[ a giv5 /&>d1 :i* = sake ( comp>ison we may take at a mean ( #dj ,fahr41 r$uces ?is comb9ation ( oxyg5 & c>bon 9 blood4 ,9 my ,lettsomian lectures to ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london1 deliv]$ 9 #ahfj1 ,i ent]$ v fully into ?is subject1 & illu/rat$ po9ts ( x l>gely by exp]im5t4 ,s9ce !n ,i h done m1 & al?\gh ,i h n "t "h to /ate ! details ( ^! rese>*es1 ,i w epitomize ! pr9cipal facts4 ,i f\nd !n t1 by expos+ blood 9 *amb]s into :i* air c pass 9 & out1 ! blood c\ld be oxidiz$ at temp]atures ( #gj if ! di/ribution ( air & blood 7 effectually secur$1 & ,i also f\nd a prop] /&>d ( oxidation f a prop] temp]ature4 ,aft]w>d ,i proce$$ to te/ = comb9ation at l[] temp]atures1 & discov]$ a gradually decreas+ scale until ,i arriv$ at #dj ,fahr41 :5 effici5t comb9ation ceas$4 ,( c\rse1 my me?od 0 a v crude imitation ( nature1 b x 0 suffici5t to %[ ?is fair & reliable result1 t ! oxidation ( blood decreases z ! temp]ature ( ! oxyg5 decreases4 ,f ?is po9t ,i w5t to animal life itself4 ,i expos$ animals to pure cold oxyg5 & to cold atmosph]ic air1 & comp>$ ! results ) o!r exp]im5ts 9 :i* animals ( simil> weight 7 expos$ to w>m air & w>m oxyg54 ,! facts glean$ 7 mo/ important1 = !y prov$ conclusively t ! products ( combu/ion1 t is to say1 ! products result+ f ! union ( oxyg5 & c>bon1 7 r$uc$ 9 proportion z ! temp]ature ( ! oxyg5 0 r$uc$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry ano!r s+ul> & in/ructive fact 0 elicit$4 ,x has be5 long kn[n t at ord9>y temp]ature1 say #fj1 pure neutral oxyg5 does n support animal life s well z oxyg5 t is dilut$ ) nitrog54 ,9 ! nitrog5 ! molecules ( oxyg5 are m freely di/ribut$ "u ! influ5ce ( motion1 t is ! mean+ ( ! obs]v$ fact4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! respective influ5ce ( l[ & high temp]atures on ! respiration ( pure oxyg58 ,to settle ?is "q1 animals ( ! same size & weight 7 plac$ 9 equal measures ( oxyg5 gas & common air at a temp]ature ( #cj ,fahr41 & ) ! inevitable result t ! animal 9 ! pure oxyg5 ceas$ to respire "o-?ird soon] ?an did ! animal 9 common air4 ,c>ry+ ! inquiry fur!r1 ,i f\nd t if ! oxyg5 gas 7 w>m$ to #ej ,fahr41 ! respiration 0 cont9u$ six times z long z 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 :ile if ! w>m+ 7 c>ri$ to #gj1 x 0 su/a9$ tw5ty-f\r times z long4 ,i rev]s$ ! exp]im5t2 ,i made oxyg5 ) cold produce an/hetic sleep 9 a w>m-blood$ animal4 ,i ne$ n c>ry ?is argum5t fur!r2 x is ! easie/ ( ! demon/rative facts ( physiological sci5ce t r$uction ( temp]ature less5s ! comb9+ p[] ( oxyg5 = blood1 & !re) causes a r$uction ( animal =ce1 & a t5d5cy to arre/ ( t =ce1 :i*1 9 ! end1 means dea?4 ,,me*anical ,,cold4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ! action ( cold is m purely me*anical1 & ?is1 ?\gh 9 a s5se second>y1 is ( imm5se import4 ,:5 any body1 capable ( expansion by heat1 t is to say1 by radiant motion ( its own p>ticles1 is r$uc$ 9 temp]ature1 x loses volume1 contracts1 or %r9ks4 ,! animal body is no exception to ?is rule2 a r+ t w fit tightly to ! w>m f+] w fall (f ! same f+] aft] exposure to cold4 ,! :ole ( ! s(t p>ts %r9k1 & ! vessels contract & empty !mselves ( _! blood4 ,cold appli$ to ! sk9 9 an extreme degree blan*es ! sk91 & r5d]s x ins5sible & bloodless1 s t if y prick x x does n ble$1 nei!r does x feel4 ,9 cases :]e ! body altoge!r is expos$ to extreme cold ?is %r9k+ ( ! ext]nal p>ts is univ]sal2 ! :ole surface becomes pale & ins5sible2 ! blood 9 ! small vessels sup]ficially plac$ is =c$ inw>d ^u ! he>t & vessels ( ! int]ior organs2 ! bra9 is oppress$ ) blood2 sleep1 or coma1 z x is te*nically call$1 foll[s1 & at la/ life is susp5d$4 ,9 exposure to ! l[e/ wave ( temp]ature 9 ?is c\ntry ^! extreme effects are n commonly develop$2 b m9or effects are br\ght out :i* are mo/ significant4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! effect on ! lungs is /rongly m>k$4 ,! capill>y vessels ( ! lungs1 mak+ up t f9e network :i* plays ov] ! comput$ six hundr$ millions ( air vesicles1 und]go p>alysis :5 ! cold air ent]s1 & 9 proportion z su* ob/ruction f ?is cause is decisive1 ! blood t %\ld be br\ght to ! air vesicles is imp$$1 & ! process ( oxidation is me*anically z well z *emically suppress$4 ,! same contraction is also ex]t$ on ! vessels ( ! sk91 driv+ ! blood into ! int]ior & bett] protect$ organs4 ,h5ce ! reason :y on leav+ a w>m room to ent] a cold fro/y air !re is an imm$iate action ( ! visc]al organs f pressure ( blood on !m1 & n unfrequ5tly a t5d5cy to di>rhoea f tempor>y conge/ion ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,?ree factors are at "w1 9 fact1 :5ev] ! l[ wave ( temp]ature affects ! animal body2 ab/raction ( heat f ! body1 beyond :at is natural2 arre/ ( *emical action & ( combu/ion2 p>alysis ( ! m9ute vessels expos$ to ! cold4 ,,comb9$ ,,effects4 ,we _c view ! ext5t ( *ange 9 ! organic life induc$ by ! l[ wave ( heat )\t see+ at once ! sweep ( mis*ief :i* exposure to ! wave may effect4 ,x ex]ts an influ5ce on heal?y life 9 ! middle-ag$ man1 & ,i "k ( no disease :i* x does n influ5ce disa/r\sly4 ,is ! heal?y man exhau/$1 x favors int]nal conge/ion2 has he a weak po9t 9 ! vascul> sy/em ( 8 bra91 x r5d]s t po9t liable to pressure & rupture1 ) apoplexy z ! sequ5ce2 is he suff]+ f bron*ial disease1 & ob/ruction1 already1 9 8 air passages1 "h is a means by :i* ! evils are d\bl$2 has he a feeble1 worn-out he>t1 x is unable to be> ! pressure t is put ^u x2 has he p>tial ob/ruction ( ! kidney circulation1 he is ?reat5$ ) complete ob/ruction2 is he indiff]5tly f$1 he is weak5$ g5]ally4 ,x is f ?is ext5t ( action t ! mortality ( all diseases runs up s fa/ :5 ! l[ wave ( heat rolls ov] ! population1 affect+1 z we h se51 ! feeble/ fir/4 ,ano!r dang] sometimes foll[s :i* is remote1 b may be fatal1 ev5 to p]sons :o are 9 heal?4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ kn[n facts 9 sci5ce t :5 a "p ( ! surface ( ! body has be5 expos$ long to cold1 ! greate/ risk is run 9 try+ sudd5ly to w>m x4 ,! vessels become rapidly dilat$1 _! coats relax1 & extreme conge/ion foll[s4 ,b :at is true ( ! sk9 is true equally1 & ) m practical =ce1 ( ! lungs4 ,a man1 a little bel[ p>1 goes out :5 ! wave ( temp]ature is l[1 & feels oppress$1 cold1 weak1 & mis]able2 ! circulation ?r\gh 8 lungs has be5 suppress$1 & he is n duly oxidiz+2 he returns to a w>m place1 he ru%es to ! fire1 brea!s eag]ly & long ! heat$ air1 & adds to ! w>m? by tak+ p]*ance a cup ( /imulant2 !n he goes to b$ & wakes 9 a few h\rs ) :at is call$ pneumonia1 or ) bron*itis1 or ) bo? diseases4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,! simple physical fact ( reaction "u too sudd5 an exposure to heat aft] exposure to cold4 ,! capill>ies ( ! lungs h become engorg$1 & ! circulation /atic1 s t !re mu/ be reaction ( heat1 inflammation1 be=e recov]y c occur4 ,ne>ly all bron*ial affections are induc$ 9 ?is mann]1 n always nor necess>ily 9 ! acute =m1 b m frequ5tly by sl[ degrees1 by repetition & repetition ( ! evil4 ,colds are (t5 tak5 9 ?is same way1 f ! expos$ muc\s surfaces ( ! nose & ?roat be+ subject$ fir/ to a *ill1 !n to heat4 ,! wave ( l[ temp]ature affect+ a mix$ population f9ds inevitably a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons ( all ages & conditions on :om to ex]t its p[]4 ,x cat*es !m too (t5 :5 !y lea/ expect x4 ,an ag$ man1 ) sluggi% he>t1 goes to b$ & recl9es to sleep 9 a temp]ature1 say1 ( #ej or #ee4 ,9 8 sleep1 7 x q un9flu5c$ f )\t1 8 he>t & 8 brea?+ w\ld naturally decl9e4 ,gradually1 z ! night advances1 ! l[ wave ( heat /eals ov] ! sleep]1 & ! air he 0 brea?+ at #ee falls & falls to #dj1 or x may be to #ce or #cj4 ,:at may naturally foll[ less ?an a deep] sleep8 ,is x n natural t ! sleep s pr(\nd %all /op ! labor+ he>t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! great n>cotic nev] travels )\t fa/5+ on "s victims 9 ?is wise1 remov+ !m1 imp]ceptibly to !mselves1 into sleep end+ 9 absolute dea?4 ,,"s ,,simple ,,rules4 ,! /udy ( ! physiological influ5ce ( ! wave ( l[ temp]ature1 & ( its relation to ! wave ( mortality1 sugge/s a few rules1 simple1 & easily rememb]$4 #a4 ,clo?+ is ! fir/ ?+ to att5d to4 ,to h ! body1 dur+ v>iable wea!r1 su* z n[ obta9s1 well envelop$ f head to foot 9 non-conduct+ sub/ance is ess5tial4 ,:o neglects ?is precaution is guilty ( a griev\s error1 & :o helps ! poor to clo! effectively does m = !m ?an c readily be conceiv$ )\t c>eful att5tion to ! subject we h discuss$4 #b4 ,9 sitt+-rooms & 9 b$rooms x is equally ess5tial to ma9ta9 an equable temp]ature2 a fire 9 a b$room is ( fir/ value at ?is season4 ,! fire su/a9s ! ext]nal w>m?1 enc\rages v5tilation1 & gives heal? n less ?an com=t4 #c4 ,9 go+ f a w>m into a cold atmosph]e1 9 brea/+ ! wave ( l[ temp]ature1 no "o c h>m by />t+ =? ?or\ghly w>m4 ,b 9 return+ f ! cold into ! w>m ! act %\ld always be accompli%$ gradually4 ,?is important rule may readily be c>ri$ 9 m9d by connect+ x ) ! fact t ! only safe mode ( cur+ a froz5 "p is to rub x ) ice1 s z to re/ore ! temp]ature sl[ly4 #d4 ,! wave ( l[ temp]ature requires to be met by good1 nutriti\s1 w>m food4 ,heat-=m+ foods1 su* z bread1 sug>1 butt]1 oatmeal porridge1 & potatoes1 are ( special use n[4 ,x w\ld be aga9/ sci5ce & in/9ct alike to omit su* foods :5 ! body requires heat4 #e4 ,x is an entire mi/ake to suppose t ! wave ( cold is neutraliz$ 9 any s5se by ! use ( alcoholics4 ,:5 a glass ( hot br&y & wat] w>ms ! cold man1 ! cr$it belongs to ! hot wat]1 & any discr$it t may foll[ to ! br&y4 ,s f> f alcohol *eck+ ! cold 9 action1 x goes ) x1 & !re) aids 9 arre/+ ! motion ( ! he>t 9 ! liv+ animal1 because x r$uces oxidation4 #f4 ,excessive ex]cise ( ! body1 & ov]work ei!r ( body or ( m9d1 %\ld be avoid$1 especially dur+ ^? seasons :5 a sudd5 fall ( temp]ature is ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,= exhau/ion1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 means loss ( motion 9 ! organism2 & loss ( motion is ! same z loss ( heat4 ,"o fur!r consid]ation1 sugge/$ by ! subject ( ?is pap]1 has ref]5ce to ! be>+ ( ! public t[>d ! labors ( ! m$ical man 9 meet+ ! effects ( ! l[ wave ( heat4 ,! public1 look+ on ! doctor z a sort ( my/ical high prie/ :o ought to save1 may (t5 be dissatisfi$ ) 8 "w4 ,let ! dissatisfi$ ?9k ( :at is meant by sav+ :5 !re is a sudd5 fall 9 ! !rmomet]4 ,let !m recall t x is n bron*itis z a cause ( dea?1 nor apoplexy1 nor he>t disease1 z su*1 t ! doctor is call$ on to meet2 b an all-p]vad+ influ5ce :i* ov]:elms l ! sea1 & aga9/ :i*1 9 ! mass1 individual ef=t /&s p>alyz$ & helpless4 ,:5 ! doctor is summon$ ! mis*ief has at lea/ comm5c$1 &1 x may be1 is s f> ov] t treatm5t by m]e m$ic9es s9ks into second>y significance4 ,!n he1 true m9i/] ( heal?1 c&id en\gh to b[ humbly be=e ! great & inevitable tru?1 & pr(ess+ no specific cure by no/rum or symbol1 c only try to av]t fur!r dang] by tea*+ elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & by mak+ ! unle>n$ ! p>ticipators 9 8 own le>n+4--,! ,asclepiad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,glaucoma4 ,z ?is disease is s fatal to vision1 any rem$y t may be sugge/$ to dim9i% ! frequ5cy ( its t]m9ation 9 bl9dness _c fail to be read ( ) int]e/4 ,m4 ,nicati1 9 ! ,revue g5]ate de cl9ique et de !rapeutique1 has _h m>k$ success 9 ! treatm5t ( glaucoma by dra9age ( ! po/]ior *amb]1 ei!r by scl]otomy or by scl]o-iritomy1 z ! conditions ( ! individual case may require4--,n4,y4 ,m$4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,laun* ,,run ,,by ,a ,,comp\nd ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw9 ,,screw ,,/eam ,,laun* ,,gem9i4 ,! laun* %[n 9 our illu/ration 0 built 9 ,new ,we/m9/]1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada4 ,%e is #db ft4 keel & #g ft4 beam1 & has #d ft4 dep? ( hold4 ,%e has an improv$ ,cl>ke comp\nd eng9e1 also %[n 9 an accompany+ illu/ration1 ) a high pressure pi/on f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & a l[ pressure pi/on eight in*es 9 diamet]1 ! /roke be+ six in*es1 & ! eng9e driv+ two tw5ty-six in* screws4 ,) #acj p\nds ( /eam1 & mak+ #bge revolutions p] m9ute1 ! laun* atta9s a spe$ ( n9e miles p] h\r1 ?us fully demon/rat+ ! adaptability ( ?is eng9e to ! successful work+ ( tw9 screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cl>ke ,,comp\nd ,,tw9-,,screw ,,op]at+ ,,eng9e4 ,9 ! ,cl>ke eng9e1 ! exhau/ pipe f ! high pressure cyl9d] leads to ! /eam *e/ ( ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 :ile ! pi/on 9 ! upp] cyl9d] is secur$ on a pi/on rod ext5d+ d[nw>d & connect$ ) a pi/on op]at+ 9 ! l[] cyl9d]1 ! exhau/ pipe f ! latt] lead+ to ! outside4 ,on ! pi/on rod common to bo? cyl9d]s is secur$ a cros%ead pivotally connect$ by two pitm5 ) opposite crank arms on crank %afts m\nt$ to turn 9 suitable be>+s on ! base1 :i* also supports a frame c>ry+ ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 on top ( :i* is a frame support+ ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,! valves 9 ! two /eam *e/s are connect$ ) ea* o!r by a valve rod connect$ at its l[] end 9 ! usual mann] ) ! rev]s+ l9k1 op]at$ f ecc5trics secur$ on "o ( ! crank %afts4 ,! crank arms /& at angles to ea* o!r1 s t ! crank %afts are turn$ 9 opposite directions1 & ! position ( ! l9k is su* t x c be readily *ang$ by ! rev]s+ lev] to simultane\sly rev]se ! motion ( ! crank %afts4 ,on ! crank %afts are also =m$ two o!r crank arms pivotally connect$ by opposite pitm5 ) a slide m\nt$ 9 v]tical guideways1 support$ on a frame erect$ on ! base1 ! motion ( ! crank %afts caus+ ! v]tical slid+ motion ( ! slide travel+ loosely 9 ! guideways1 & ?us s]v+ z a gov]nor1 z1 9 case "o ( ! propell]s becomes disabl$1 ! p[] ( ! %aft c>ry+ ! disabl$ propell] is directly transf]r$ to ! o!r %aft ?r\gh ! crank arms1 pitm51 & slide1 & ! o!r propell] is caus$ to d all ! "w4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! eng9e are )9 easy rea* ( ! eng9e]1 & !re are s few work+ p>ts 9 motion t ! friction is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x is said t ! plan ( con/ruction & ! op]ation ( ?is eng9e h be5 c>efully obs]v$ by practical eng9e]s1 & t1 consid]+ ! dim5sions ( ! boat1 h] spe$1 ! smallness ( ! p[]1 ! ease ) :i* %e passes ! c5t]s1 ! abs5ce ( vibration :ile runn+1 & ! v few work+ p>ts 9 motion1 ! eng9e is a notable success4 ,%e c be run at a v high velocity )\t injury or risk1 & is design$ to be v economical 9 co/ & 9 weight & space4 ,?is eng9e has be5 rec5tly pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign c\ntries by ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,new ,we/m9/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,riv] ,,& ,,canal ,,b>ges4 ,by ,m4 ,,ritt] 7,,knight7 ,,von ,,szabel1 late ,au/rian ,naval ,(fic]1 ( ,vi5na4 ,?is innovation consi/s ess5tially 9 an arrangem5t by :i* two di/9ct vessels1 on be+ revolv$ r\nd _! longitud9al axis to an angle ( #ij1 c be comb9$ into "o s+le duplex vessel1 or1 to put x 9 diff]5t words1 a l>g] vessel is arrang$ s t x c be p>t$ into two halves 7call$ semi-b>ges71 :i* c be us$ & navigat$ ) equal facility z two di/9ct vessels1 z if comb9$ into "o4 ,by ! comb9ation ( ! two semi-b>ges into "o duplex b>ge ! draught ( ! vessel is ne>ly d\bl$1 ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! draught ( a load$ semi-vessel & ! equally load$ duplex vessels be+ #e3h 7up to #h4e7 ,! advantage ( ! inv5tion consi/s3 #a4 ,9 ?is diff]5ce ( draught4 #b4 ,9 ! small] wid? ( ! semi-vessel z comp>$ ) ! duplex vessel4 #c4 ,9 ! fact t ! comb9ation & sep>ation ( ! vessels c be effect$1 )\t ! lea/ di/urbance ( ! c>go1 9 a m9imum ( "t4 ,x facilitates ! utilization1 to ! highe/ possible ext5t1 ( ! v>y+ conditions & dim5sions ( canal locks & riv]s4 ,! transition f riv]s to canals1 & f l>g] canals to small] ones1 is exp$it$ by ! possibility af=d$ (1 on ! arrival at ! locks1 divid+ ! vessel 9 a space ( a few m9utes2 ( pass+ ) ! semi-vessel1 s+ly1 ! v>i\s small] locks or ! %all[ canal1 aft] :i* ! two sections may be re-comb9$ & navigat$ aga9 z "o vessel4 ,! process ( fold+ up ! two vessels w ( c\rse take long] ?an t ( sep>ation4 ,on riv]s1 ! *annels ( :i* are int]rupt$ by s& banks & rapids1 ! same op]ation may be c>ri$ out1 ?us avoid+ ! exp5se & delay necessitat$ by1 p]haps1 repeat$ light]+1 i4e41 r$uction ( ! c>go4 ,?us1 ! ?r\gh traffic on l>ge riv]s l ! ,danube1 ) its repeat$ ob/acles to navigation1 su* z ! iron gate1 & sev]al s&-banks kn[n & dread$ by b>gem51 w\ld be mat]ially facilitat$1 any necessity = unload+ "p ( ! c>go be+ obviat$2 moreov]1 su* a duplex vessel compos$ ( two semi-vessels af=ds ! advantage ( utiliz+ to a full] degree ! p[] ( traction1 & "o l>ge vessel w be m conv5i5t = traffic ?an two small] ones4 ,fur!r1 ! mode ( con/ruction ( ! semi-vessels--bo? ends ( :i* are ( a simil> patt]n--all[s ( _! be+ navigat$ up & d[n a wat] *annel )\t ! necessity ( turn+ !m r\nd2 provision hav+ also be5 made = ! fix+ ( ! rudd] at ei!r end1 :i* w\ld !re=e m]ely require ex*ang+4 ,?is is ( "s advantage 9 n>r[ riv] b$s & canals1 & applies equally to ! duplex vessel z to ! s+le semi-vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,ea* semi-b>ge on its "p is also con/ruct$ ( two equal halves--:i* are1 h[ev]1 insep>able--& z !re is no di/9ct /em or /]n1 any "o ( ^! semi-vessels w fit any o!r semi-vessels ( ! same dim5sions1 & c be atta*$ to ! same by means ( ! c\pl+ app>atus1 & ! two fold$ up into "o duplex vessel4 ,?is process does n pres5t any mat]ial difficulties4 ,! two s+le boats on be+ c\pl$ toge!r c be made to lean ov] t[>d ea* o!r1 by fill+ _! lat]al wat] comp>tm5ts1 to su* an ext5t t ! fur!r clos+ up c be easily effect$ by means ( specially con/ruct$ w9dlasses4 ,9 ! case ( petroleum vessels ! fold+ up op]ation is facilitat$ by ! circum/ance t ! petroleum may be made to s]ve ! purposes ( wat] balla/4 ,z reg>ds ! size & tonnage ( ! new vessels1 ?is w ( c\rse dep5d on ! local condition ( ! riv]s & canals to be navigat$4 ,?us a vessel de/9$ = traffic on canals ) locks ( v>y+ dim5sions w h to be adapt$ to ! dim5sions ( ! smalle/ exi/+ lock4 ,suppos+ ! size ( ! latt] to be su* z f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,rh9e-,m>ne or ! ,rh9e-,rhone ,canal1 or on ! ,neck> d[n to ,cann/adt1 or 9 ! ,danube-,ma9 ,canal & "s small] canals 9 ! ,wes] di/rict1 etc41 viz43 ,l5g? ( lock #cd4e met]s4 ,wid? #e4b ,dep? #a4f to #b4j met]s4 ,! semi-b>ge may be made #cb met]s 9 l5g?1 #d met]s 9 bread? & #b4e met]s total dep?1 & ) a draught ( #a4e met]s w be capable ( c>ry+ a load ( #ajj tons 7( #a1jjj kilos ea*74 ,correspond+ly ! duplex vessel w be able to c>ry #bjj tons1 ) a m9imum draught ( #b4d met]s & a wid? ( #e4d met]s1 b1 ) a favorable height ( ! wat] level1 ! draught ( ! semi-b>ge may be increas$ to #a4fe & t ( duplex vessels to #b4g met]s4 ,:]e n limit$ to c]ta9 proportions by ! dim5sions ( ! locks to be pass$1 ! vessel may 9 ! fir/ place be made long]2 ! wid? & height may also be increas$ accord+ly 7provid$ t ! proportion ( bread? to wid? is kept )9 ! ratio #d3b4e71 s t ! semi-b>ges may be con/ruct$ = a s+le burd5 up to #cjj tons1 or #fjj = ! duplex vessel4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! c>go1 p>cels w\ld n be admissible 9 ?is in/ance1 b any k9d ( homog5e\s c>go w\ld be suitable :i* w\ld be> lay+ ov] on "o side4 ,?us ?is /yle ( vessel w\ld be well adapt$ = petroleum tank vessels1 = ! transport ( all k9ds ( c]eals1 fl\r1 c(fee1 & sug> 9 sacks--^! latt] be+ held 9 position by an arrangem5t ( plank+ & bo>ds s z to prev5t any ov]turn+ ( ! goods on ! vessels be+ fold$ up or tak5 ap>t4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( a c>go ( loose gra9 or o!r loose produce1 ! same mu/ be prev5t$ f be+ upset by a k9d ( wood5 cas+4 ,two semi-vessels load$ ) diff]5t c>goes may be c\pl$ toge!r1 provid$ t !re is n too mu* diff]5ce betwe5 _! respective draughts4 ,slight diff]5ces may be balanc$ by ! wat] comp>tm5ts be+ fill$ to a great] or small] ext5t4 ,! peculi> position ( ! hat*es all[s ( load+ ! semi-vessels sep>ately z well z :5 c\pl$ toge!r4 ,if !re is = ! "t be+ no necessity = us+ ! vessels 9 _! capacity ( sep>ate & duplex b>ges1 any k9d ( c>go might be load$ t does n require l>ge hat*es4 ,! vessels1 on acc\nt ( _! m complicat$ con/ruction1 w be some:at m exp5sive1 b :]ev] ! advantage (f]$ by !m outweighs ! extra exp5diture1 !y c be us$ ) success4 ,! innovation might be ( p>ticul> importance :]e a new canal sy/em is be+ con/ruct$1 s9ce ! latt] might be subdivid$ into ma9 canals & bran* canals--simil>ly z 9 ! case ( ord9>y & n>r[ gauge railways--! ma9 canal be+ built ( a l>g] section & ) l>g] locks to suit ! duplex b>ges1 :ile ! bran* canals c\ld be plann$ ( small] dim5sions calculat$ to suit ! semi-b>ge4 ,?us ! fir/ co/ ( su* a canal sy/em w\ld be mat]ially r$uc$ z comp>$ ) a canal in/allation ( "o uni=m section ?r\gh\t4 ,likewise 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts ) rock soil x w\ld be an important consid]ation :e!r a canal _h to be bla/$ out ( ! solid rock or a tunnel cut1 9 dim5sions suitable = a vessel ( #f or ( #ad squ>e met]s section bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,9 ?is case1 ev5 9 c]ta9 portions ( a ma9 canal--:]e r5d]$ desirable by ! rocky nature ( ! gr\nd--a small] section might be adopt$1 :i* w\ld only be l>ge en\gh = s+le semi-b>ges1 s t ! duplex vessel w\ld 9 ^! in/ances h to be tak5 ap>t 9 ! same way z 9 a bran* canal4 ,! sav+ to be effect$ by con/ruct+ a canal on ?is pr9ciple1 z comp>$ ) a canal ( "o uni=m section ?r\gh\t1 mu/ be consid]able1 & ! advantages ( ! arrangem5t are app>5t4 ,! app5d$ figures w fur!r illu/rate ! arrangem5t4 ,fig4 #a %[s two sep>ate semi-b>ges ready to pursue _! j\rney indep5d5tly4 ,fig4 #b %[s two semi-b>ges c\pl$ toge!r ready to be fold$ up by means ( ropes & specially con/ruct$ w9dlasses--_! lat]al wat] comp>tm5ts hav+ previ\sly be5 fill$4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! duplex vessel aft] ! fold+ up op]ation j describ$2 & ,figs4 #d & #e %[ ! cross section ( two load$ semi-b>ges z outl9$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,^! ,figs4 #d & #e w also s]ve to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* sacks & loose produce %\ld be load$4 ,fig4 #d also %[s ! fill$ wat] comp>tm5ts1 & ! effect ( _! weight 9 mak+ ! boats lean t[>d ea* o!r4 ,! mat]ials mo/ suit$ = ?is new /yle ( vessel w be iron & /eel su* z g5]ally us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( canal & riv] vessels4 ,! new %ip c be mov$ by any motor or driv+ implem5t1 nor c\ld !re te*nically a great difficulty be f\nd = mak+ ! boil]s move on a quadrant-l rail base 9 ! %ape ( a circle segm5t's qu>t]1 or = build+ a d\ble screw /eam] by comb9+ two s+le screw propell]s4 ,may be a %ip own] is will+ to submit ! innovations to an attempt1 s mu* ! m z !re is runn+ no great risk by do+ s2 = 9 case ! %ips %\ld n answ] ! expectations1 bo? sep>able z well z jo9able1 !y c be us$ l s+le %ips1 )\t any fur!r alt]ation be+ made1 except z to ! load+ gaps4 ,! above inv5tion is cov]$ by ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #dce1ajg4 ,any fur!r in=mation may be _h by address+ ,m4 v4 ,szabel1 ix ,bezirk1 ,bee?ov5gasse #aj1 ,wi51 ,au/ria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,weldon',s ,,range ,,f9d]4 ,colonel ,weldon has rec5tly consid]ably modifi$ & improv$ 8 +5i\s range f9d]1 & we illu/rate h]e) f ,eng9e]+ ! =m 9 :i* x is n[ manufactur$4 ,x consi/s ( a metal box1 ! lid ( :i* is %[n op5 9 ! engrav+1 & on ?is lid are fitt$ ?ree prisms :i* are ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 ! lid is clos$1 ^!1 ) ! compass & level1 also atta*$ to ! lid1 lie inside ! metal box1 & are ?us ?or\ghly protect$4 ,! upp] prism m>k$ #a is a "r-angl$ "o & is m\nt$ ) ! "r angle outw>d2 look+ into ! left-h& corn] ( ?is prism "o w see 9 x1 by d\ble reflection1 objects ly+ on "o's "r h&4 ,bel[ ?is is a second prism ) a pr9cipal angle ( #hh deg4 #ea m94 #ae sec41 & bel[ ?is a ?ird ) a pr9cipal angle ( #gd deg4 #ec m94 #ae sec4 ,a level & a compass are also m\nt$ on ! lid z %[n4 ,to use ! in/rum5t ! obs]v] /&s s t ! object ! range ( :i* is requir$ lies on 8 "r h&1 & look+ into ! left-h& corn] ( ! upp] prism views x !re by d\ble reflection f ! int]nal faces ( ! prism4 ,at ! same "t look+ ?r\gh ! op5+ %[n 9 ! lid bel[ ! prism he selects "s object1 :i* appe>s ne>ly 9 l9e ) ! image se5 9 ! prism4 ,he !n %ifts 8 position till ^! two images co9cide1 9 :i* case l9es jo9+ him ) ! two objects w make "r angles ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ,o is ! object ^: range is requir$1 ,d ! object se5 by direct vision1 & ,a ! position ( ! obs]v]4 ,! obs]v] n[ m>ks 8 position on ! gr\nd1 & %ift+ ! in/rum5t looks into ! left-h& corn] ( ! second prism1 :5 he aga9 sees ! image ( ! object1 ^: range is requir$1 by d\ble reflection1 b ly+ n[ to ! "r ( ! object1 ,d4 ,he !n retires1 keep+ 9 l9e ) ,a & ,d1 till he rea*es ,b1 :5 ! two images aga9 co9cide2 ! l9es jo9+ !m & ! obs]v] n[ make an angle ( #hh deg4 #ea m94 #ae sec4 ,!n 9 ! triangle1 ,,oba1 ,,oa tan #hh deg4 #ea m94 #ae sec4 ,x ,a ,b #ej ,,ab4 ,! l5g? ,,ab is easily pac$1 & ! di/ance ,,oa is #ej times ?is l5g?4 ,a long] base1 & probably great] accuracy1 c be obta9$ by us+ ! second prism only1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* case ! di/ance ( ! object is #be times ! di/ance ,,bc4 ,?is second prism is1 h[ev]1 be/ adapt$ = pr$ict+ ! range ( mov+ objects4 ,?ree obs]v]s are requir$4 ,two ( !m h f9d]s1 :ile ! o!r measures ! di/ance betwe5 ! two4 ,! fir/ two obs]v]s sep>ate1 & ,no4 #b takes a position su* t ! object is reflect$ to "o side ( obs]v] ,no4 #a1 :om he views by direct vision4 ,z ! object cont9ues to move1 its image gets ne>] & ne>] ,no4 #a1 :o dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t moves a little to "o side or ! o!r1 s z to keep ! image ( ! object con/antly 9 l9e ) ,no4 #b4 ,j z ! image ( ! object gets v ne> ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b calls out ,ready1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two obs]v]s is tak5 by ! ?ird1 & :5 ! image ( ! object actually falls on ,no4 #a its di/ance is j #be times ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 & ! guns set to ?is range are fir$ by ^w ( comm& f ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,by us+ ! ?ird prism 9 conjunction ) ! second a /ill long] base ( "o-f\r? ! di/ance ( ! object c be employ$4 ,! range f9d] c also be us$ z a depleidoscope = transit obs]vations4 ,= ?is purpose x is m\nt$ on a block ( wood by means ( ela/ic b& & level$ by ! level on its lid1 be+ at ! same "t set 9 ! m]idian ( ! place4 ,! lid is op5$ to make an angle ) ! horizon equal to ! latitude ( ! place ( obs]vation4 ,on look+ into ! upp] prism two images ( ! sun w be se5 on ea* side ( ! apex ( ! prism1 :i* gradually approa* ea* o!r z ! sun ne>s ! m]idian1 & f9ally co9cide z x passes x1 ! "t ( :i* be+ not$ gives ! longitude ( ! place4 ,ext5sive trials ( ! in/rum5t h be5 made bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,india1 :i* agree 9 %[+ t ! av]age error 9 us+ ! in/rum5t is ab\t #b to #c p] c5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:eels ,,l9k$ ,,) ,a ,,bell ,,crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,!re are f\r ways 9 :i* a connect+ rod is made use ( 9 ma*9e "w4 ,! fir/ is 9 l9k+ two :eels toge!r t /& 9 ! same position1 b a slight di/ance (f c5t]s4 ,! rod 9 ?is case has only to lead ! driv5 :eel ar\nd by connect+ x ) ! driv]1 & consequ5tly has only to endure a pull+ /ra9 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,! second is :5 ! rod is call$ ^u to /& a pull & a pu% at e revolution4 ,! ?ird takes 9 ! matt] ( ! twi/+ /ra9 t a rod c manage2 b ! f\r? br+s ! h>de/ usage t a connect+ rod c be call$ ^u to endure1 & t is by mak+ a lev] ( ! rod to get a driv+ action by pry+ on a fulcrum 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ,fig4 #a is se5 a case ( ?is k9d tak5 f a ma*9e 9 :i* a disk eng9e 0 made use (4 ,! rod has a *ance to turn ab\t on its c5t] f a ball & socket jo9t1 & engages ) bo? :eels 9 nicely fitt$ j\rnals1 & boxes set 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! socket jo9t1 s t :5 "o :eel turns1 ! rod pries ! o!r ar\nd by us+ ! rod z a lev] & ! ball jo9t = a fulcrum1 giv+ a uni=m lev]age all ! :ile1 ) no dead c5t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,to set ?is arrangem5t ar\nd at "r angles1 or :]e ! %afts w br+ ! :eels toge!r1 z = bevel ge>s1 a b5t lev] arm w\ld ne$ to be us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 b ! b5d 9 ! connect+ arms br+s 9 ano!r feature t mu/ be provid$1 z x all[s ! :eels to turn ei!r ) or aga9/ ea* o!r1 & leaves two places :]e ! b5t arms w come to a dead c5t]4 ,:at is ne$$ "h is ano!r elem5t t w take all ! twi/+ /ra9 on ! rod & keep ! pit* ( bo? arms alike 9 e portion ( a revolution4 ,to d ?is ! ball & socket jo9t w ne$ to be replac$ by a gambrel jo9t l a %ip's compass1 & arrang+ ! b5t driv+ arms z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c2 !n ! driv+ end ( ! connect+ frame w move ab\t 9 a true circle1 produc+ z great a t5d5cy to turn ! driv+ :eel 9 "o position z ano!r4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t !re mu/ be at lea/ six nicely fitt$ j\rnals & _! be>+s1 f\r ( :i* w be requir$ to take c>e ( ! =k$ connect+ rod t jo9s ! :eels toge!r4 ,besides all ?is ! be>+s mu/ all l9e up ) ! same c5t] t ! %afts are c5t]$ f or !re w be a p9* some:]e 9 ! sy/em4 ,x may seem at fir/ t !re mu/ be m or less end-on movem5t provid$ =1 & t ! be>+s %\ld be sph]ical2 b t x is n ! case w be notic$ :5 all ! po9ts are und]/ood to be work+ f "o c5t] simil> to t provid$ = 9 bevel ge>s4--,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,decorative ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,natural ,,foliage4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lectures be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,by ,,hugh ,,/annus4 ,lecture ,i4 #a4--,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,decoration4 ,! *ief impell+ ,motives :i* h caus$ t treatm5t ( objects :i* is n[ t]m$ ,decorative1 h be53 7a7 ,t necessitat$ by ! ,usage1 :i* is ,,functional2 7b7 ,t result+ f ! ,in/9ct to please ! eye1 :i* is ,,/hetic2 7c7 ,t aris+ f ! ,desire to record or to tea*1 :i* is ! ,,didactic motive2 ,! ,,/hetic in/9ct ( ! e>ly peoples 0 gratifi$ by3 7a7 ,! =ms ( _! weapons or tools2 7b7 ,! patt]ns ) :i* !y are decorat$2 7c7 ,! imitation ( ! surr\nd+ animals1 e4g4 ! ,de] scrat*$ on ! horn at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,imitation 0 aft]w>d appli$ to ! vegetable creation2 & mu* ( :at is t]m$ ,ornam5t 0 d]iv$ f t class ( elem5ts4 ,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,decoration are ! mat]ial us$ by ! ,arti/4 ,!y might be consid]$ to include ev]y?+ t is visible2 b s9ce ,decoration is a result ( ! /hetic in/9ct1 ! field is n>r[$ to su* z are pleas+ at ! fir/ glance4 ,& ! selection is fur!r limit$ to su* z are suitable to ! %ape & size ( objects4 ,!y may be classifi$ accord+ to _! relative ,dignity1 z foll[s3 ,! ,human =m1 ,animal =ms1 ,natural foliage1 ,artificial objects1 ,artificial foliage1 & ,geometrical figures4 #b4--,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,foliage4 ,a ,di/9ction is made betwe5 natural & artificial foliage4 ,!y h mu* 9 common2 & consequ5tly _m h suppos$ t our ,we/]n artificial foliage is m]ely a v-mu*-conv5tionaliz$ v]sion ( natural foliage4 ,! supposition is correct ) reg>d to ,ea/]n ,patt]n "w1 b n 9 ,we/]n ,ar*itectural ornam5tation4 ,a simple g5]alization may make ?is cle>4 ,! ord9>y /ock foliage ( ! ,ornam5ti/ 0 evolv$ 9 connection )3 7,9 ! ,we/7 7,9 ! ,ea/7 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,textiles1 z 9 ,greece4 z 9 ,p]sia4 ,h5ce ! prim>y ,elem5ts ( decoration 7 d]iv$ f3 7,9 ! ,we/7 7,9 ! ,ea/7 ,,geometrical ,,l9es1 ,,natural ,,fl[]s & ,,leaves1 e4g4 ! me&]1 spiral1 etc4 e4g4 ! p9e1 pomegranate1 etc4 ,fur!r1 x may be obs]v$ t ! ,me?od ( treat+ ^! ,elem5ts has be5 diff]5t3 7,9 ! ,we/7 7,9 ! ,ea/7 ,! ,geometrical l9es ,! natural foliage 0 7 enri*$ by ! introduction codifi$ by ! introduction ( ! details ( ( ,geometrical arrangem5t2 ,natural vegetation2 ?us ?us becom+ becom+ gradually m gradually m naturalesque4 artificial4 ,an ,,approximation betwe5 ! two treatm5ts1 sometimes appe>s2 b ! two k9ds--,artificial1 & ,natural--are ess5tially diff]5t 9 orig92 & %\ld be kept di/9ct 9 _! application4 ,?is approximation may be %[n1 9 a tabul> arrangem5t1 ?us3 ,,geometry444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444444444,,nature ,! patt]ns are m]ely ,! plants are copi$ z /raight l9es1 dots1 & accurately z possible4 portions ( circles4 ,! l9es become /ems4 ,! plant is appli$ )\t repetition4 ,leaves are add$ to ! ,repetition is us$ ) ! /ems4 plants4 ,s]ration is add$ to ! ,weav+ economy induces leaf-edge4 symmetry4 ,simil>ity ( s]rat$ ,symmetry induces ,geometrical leaf-edge to ! ,akan?os ,sev]ity1 & ! ,omission plant1 is obs]v$2 ( all details ( ! ,imitation becomes m orig9al plant :i* are n direct2 & ?is artificial easily work$ 9 connection foliage becomes t]m$ ) geometrical ,acan?us4 arrangem5t4 ,fl[]s g5]ally circul> ,! ,fl[]s & ,leaves 9 mass-%ape1 are add$ 7only7 survive2 ! gr[? at ! ends ( ! spiral ( ! /ems is =gott52 /ems4 & tradition does ! re/4 #c4--;,,application ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds4 ,ea* ( ^! two k9ds ( foliage has its own prop] use4 ,artificial foliage is appropriate to ! enri*m5t ( ,ar*itecture2 & ,natural foliage to ^? objects :i* are n ar*itectural1 b are t]m$ movables1 includ+ "u ?is t]m1 ,furniture1 & m especially ,hang+s & o!r applications ( ! ,textile art4 ,?is may be se5 on comp>+ ! two columns bel[1 ( :i* ! ,l4,h4 "o ref]s to ,ar*itecture1 & ! ,r4,h4 "o to ,natural foliage4 7,ar*itecture7 7,natural foliage7 ,,rules3 ,gov]n$ by sev]e ,exhibits app>5t playful rules ( ,repetition1 ,fre$om4 ,!re are ,axiality1 ,symmetry1 etc41 und]ly+ ,rules1 :i* :i* are app>5t to are detect$ by ! sci5tific ! pass]-by4 ,h5ce ,botani/2 b ^! ,artificial foliage1 be+ are n se5 by ! casual regul> 9 its /ructure1 obs]v]4 is m appropriate ?an ! 7app>5tly7 irregul> gr[? ( ,natural foliage4 ,,*>act]i/ics3 ,rigidity & ,/ability4 ,ela/icity & ,tremul\sness 9 e breeze4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,composition3 ,geometrical l9es4 ,9 det]m9ate curves1 ,! geometrical l9es :i* are v subtile1 & spirals ( ,artificial & v>i$1 & !re=e foliage dem& an unmov+ suitable to a hang+ & surface = prop] view4 sway+ mat]ial4 ,! curves ( ,nature ,!y w\ld g5]ally be spoil$ are n spoil$ :5 on a if n on a plane surface4 fold$ mat]ial4 ,,di/ribution3 ,symmetrical4 ,! ,balanc$4 ,! gr[? symmetry ( artificial ( natural foliage is g5]ally foliage is appropriate to symmetrical2 b t ( ,ar*itecture4 ?is is n app>5t4 ,,beauty3 ,dep5ds on =m1 ) ,m appropriate to objects color z a second>y adjunct4 :i* dep5d on color = _! pr9cipal *>m4 ,!re h be5 waves ( ! desire to introduce ,natural foliage into ,ar*itecture 7e4g4 9 ! ,decorat$ p]iod ( ,go?ic ar*itecture72 b ! ,artificial elem5ts h always prov$ too /rong1 & ! two h nev] mix$4 ,9 ,ar*itecture1 ev]y?+ has ?ree dim5sions2 & ! artificial foliage is c>v$ ) leaves1 etc41 ( a suitable ?ickness3 9 ,natural foliage ! t5uity ( leaves1 etc41 is su* t x _c be reproduc$4 ,ev5 9 ! ar*itraves r\nd ! glori\s doors ( ,flor5ce ! natural foliage is n always a success2 & :]e ,ghib]ti has /opp$ %ort 9 ! ductile bronze1 x is n probable t ! mod]n c>v] w succe$ 9 /one4 ,x may !re=e be sugge/$ t ! close imitation ( ,natural foliage %\ld be conf9$ to objects ( two dim5sions1 i4e41 to plane surfaces & figur$ mat]ials4 ,?is selection ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,decoration1 accord+ to _! association1 is analog\s to ! selection made use ( by ! ,poet1 f ! words & ideas1 :i* are 8 ,mat]ials4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 z on a ,classic or ,h]oic subject1 ! *oice is ( le>n$ words & classical ideas1 & on a ,dome/ic or ,pa/oral "o1 simple words & homely similes are us$--s1 9 conjunction ) ! sev]e =ms ( ,ar*itecture1 ! =mal "* ( artificial foliage is suitable2 & = decorat+ ,textiles & o!r movable ,accessories1 ! ,natural foliage1 ) :i* ! e>? is clo!d & beautifi$1 is appropriate4 ,,enri*m5t ,,( ,,surface may be beautiful = "o reason2 ,,imitation ,,( ,,nature is beautiful = ano!r4 ,:5 imitations ( natural foliage are introduc$ decoratively on a surface1 !n may x be twice beautiful--fir/1 9 ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ! di/ribution is arrang$2 & secondly1 because ( ! elem5ts :i* are work$ 9 be+ beautiful 9 !mselves4 ,geometrical elem5ts might be s us$ z to s]ve ! fir/ end1 b c nev] fulfill ! second3 ,/oriation fulfills ! second2 b its increase ( int]e/ absorbs ! fir/4 ,?is c\rse ( ,lectures is int5d$ to treat ( ,natural foliage1 leav+ ,artificial foliage to be dealt ) at ano!r opportunity4 ,x is n ,hi/orical4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decorative treatm5t ( ,natural foliage1 %[+ its evolution 9 ! pa/1 is a l>ge & int]e/+ !me2 b1 unless ?is 7 accompani$ by critical rem>ks bas$ on giv5 pr9ciples1 ! me?od might be b>r5 ( results4 ,tradition is n to be und]valu$2 b ! /ud5t %\ld be l$ to ,tradition ?r\gh ,pr9ciples4 ,x is fur!r int5d$ m especially to apply to ! /hetic use4 ,:5 natural foliage is us$ /hetically 7i4e41 decoratively71 !n ! ,%ape ( ! surface %\ld gov]n ! ,mass %ape ( ! foliage1 & !re %\ld be ,p>allelism betwe5 !m 7see #bi74 ,:5 us$ ,didactically 7i4e41 symbolically71 !n ! foliage may be treat$ m freely4 #d4--,,! ,,f\r ,,treatm5ts4 ,!re are1 broadly speak+1 f\r me?ods ( treat+ ,natural foliage4 ,^! may be arrang$ 9 a ,*>t1 accord+ to _! relation to ! two poles ( ,art & ,sci5ce2 f ,realism 7:i* is all ,art & no ,sci5ce7 to ! ,botanical ,analysis me?od 79 :i* is a little ,sci5ce b no ,art71 ?us3 ,! fir/ two ( ^! me?ods are ,arti/ic & legitimate3 ! o!rs are in>ti/ic & mislead+4 ,be=e treat+ ( ! arti/ic me?ods x w be well to cle> ! gr\nd by dismiss+ ! o!rs4 ,,art ,,pole4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444,,sci5ce ,,pole ,realism ,conv5tionalism ,disguis$ ,botanical 7,see #aj74 7,see #ad74 ,artificialism ,analysis 7,see #f74 7,see #e74 #e4--,,! ,,botanical ,,analysis ,,treatm5t4 ,9 ?is me?od ! /ud5t 0 taught 7i7 to draw ea* plant ) ! ,/em /raight5$ out1 ! ,leaves flatt5$ out1 & ! ,fl[]s repres5t$ z 9 side elevation or plan4 7ii7 ,! ,fl[]s 7 fur!r pull$ 9 pieces1 & ! ,petals 7 flatt5$ out 9 a mann] simil> to ! ,entomologi/s' practice ( display+ _! specim5s sci5tifically4 ,(t51 also 7iii7 ! ,/ems & ,buds 7 cut ?r\gh2 & patt]ns 7 made ) ! ,sections4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! practices 7i73 x %\ld be obs]v$ t mu* ( ! beauty ( appe>ance ( natural foliage results f ! v>iety ( view1 ! subtile curvature1 & ! =e%ort5+1 z se5 9 p]spective2 & t to sacrifice all ^! = ! sake ( a diagram w\ld be a wa/$ opportunity4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r practices 7ii7 & 7iii73 x is obvi\s t ^! /atem5ts ( ! facts ( ! plant are useful z a "p ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,botany2 b c no m be consid]$ z mak+ ,decoration ?an ,anatomical diagrams c be look$ ^u z ,pictures4 ,"s k ( ext]nal ,botany is useful to a ,patt]n arti/ z "s k ( ext]nal ,anatomy is useful to ! ,pictorial arti/4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 ! ,sci5ce1 :i* discov]s & records facts1 is subs]vi5t to its si/]1 ,art1 :i* uses ! facts to int]pret appe>ances2 &1 :5 sci5tific diagrams are put =? z ,art1 ! ,sci5ce is 9 its wrong place3 x has !n be5 treat$ z if x 7 ! ,build+ in/ead ( be+ only ! ,scaffold+2 & ! results ( su* attempts _c be consid]$ z complete or f9al4 ,examples ( ?is me?od are giv5 9 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,x 0 (ficially enc\rag$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago2 & books l ,plants1 _! ,natural ,gr[? & ,ornam5tal ,treatm5t1 & ,sugge/ions 9 ,floral ,design1 bo? by ,f4 ,edw>d ,hulme1 ,f4,l4,s41 etc41 %[ x at its be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 criticis+ ?is me?od1 !re is no desire to ca/ any slight ^u ^? :o 7 responsible = x4 ,!y 7 grop+ 9 ! d>k1 & did ! be/ !y knew1 accord+ to _! lights4 ,b ,japanese "w 0 n kn[n at t "t1 &1 b = t1 ! ,patt]n arti/ ( to-day might /ill be occupi$ 9 p9n+ leaves & fl[]s aga9/ ! wall4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a prote/ aga9/ ! ,cabbage ,rose on ! ,he>? rug1 t "s may /ill rememb] ) %udd]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 #f4--,,! ,,disguis$ ,,artificiality ,,treatm5t4 ,9 ?is me?od ! /ud5t 0 taught to sket* out :at he consid]$ to be good ,curves & ,spirals2 & !n 7i7 to b5d ! select$ plant s t its /em might co9cide ) !m1 reg>dless ( its own prop] natural gr[?2 or 7ii7 to deck out ! fir/ drawn spirals ) ! leaves & fl[]s ( ! select$ plant4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! practices3 x is mu* m fooli% ?an ! ,analysis me?od2 & is little %ort ( blasphemy aga9/ ! ,great ,design]4 ,he has det]m9$ h[ ea* plant %all gr[3 h[1 )9 limits ( cultivation1 its /ems & bran*es %all sep>ate1 ea* to seek its own %>e ( air & sun%9e2 h[ its leaves %all /& erect or droop1 ea* accord+ to its function2 & always 9 p]fect beauty4 ,& fur!r3 h[ ea* family ( plants %all h its own me?od ( bran*+2 :i* is z mu* a "p ( its "* & (t5 ( its beauty z are ! ,fl[]s & ,leaves4 ,! second practice1 :i* g5]ally produces a result simil> to ! fir/1 is q z un?9k+4 ,x is m (t5 practic$2 & is responsible = _m ( ! labor$ & un9t]e/+ designs :i* are common4 ,if ! ,patt]n-arti/ deck-out ! old worn-out & common place spirals ) leaves & fl[]s borr[$ f ,nature--! result is l ! voice ( ,jacob & ! h&s ( ,esau2 x is m]ely a ,disguise ( ,artificiality4 ,an example ( ?is me?od is giv5 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,x 0 g5]ally practic$ 9 ,g]many2 & books l ,das ,vegetabile ,ornam5te1 by ,k4 ,krumbholz1 %[ x at its be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,if ?is treatm5t 7 univ]sally foll[$--!re w\ld soon be an end to design ) natural foliage4 ,! spectator might obs]ve "o bord] :i* appe>$ to be a ,rose1 ano!r a ,tulip1 ! ?ird a ,?i/le1 & ! f\r? a ,fu*sia2 &1 on exam9ation1 discov] t ^! 7 n ,rose1 ,tulip1 ,?i/le1 & ,fu*sia2 b m]ely t v artificial old fri5d--! ,spiral-scroll--9 disguise4 ,an apologi/ = ?is me?od rem>ks3-- 444 ,9 su* matt]s z ! ramification ( plants1 444 nature is always mak+ angles & elb[s sic :i* we are oblig$1 9 decorative treatm5t1 to *ange into curves = our purpose24444 ,?is op9ion ne$s only to be appli$ to animals 9 ord] to exhibit its absurdity2 & ) reg>d to plants1 x w be se5 t ?is tamp]+ has n ev5 ! poor m]it ( success4 #g4--,,note ,,on ,,symmetry4 ,a desire = ,symmetry (t5 accompanies ^! two treatm5ts4 ,?is is a quality to be avoid$ :5ev] possible 9 ,natural foliage design4 ,! s-call$ ,turn-ov] patt]ns are an economy 9 ,weav+-design1 b ! economy is ( ! wrong k9d4 ,an arti/ %\ld sp5d 8 ?\ght to sp>e mat]ial or co/ 9 work+4 ,:5 he sp>es 8 ?\ght--mak+ ! lea/ am\nt ( ?\ght cov] ! greate/ am\nt ( surface--!n is 8 "w wor? to ! _w j :at x has co/ him1 i4e41 v little4 ,s injuri\s is ! influ5ce ( ,symmetry 9 ,natural foliage design1 t x might almo/ be a te/ "q--,is ! design symmetrical8 ,:5 ! exig5cies ( ,ma*9e-reproduction necessitate ?is ) ,natural foliage--x is a h>d%ip :i* ! ,arti/ regretfully accepts1 & no "o w\ld will+ly make a design = ,h&-reproduction :i* 0 symmetrical2 r w\ld he sp5d himself to insure ! wor?i] result :i* ensues f ,balance4 ,an example ( ,symmetry is giv5 9 ,fig4 #d2 & ( ,balance 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,ea* panel conta9s two classes ( ,elem5ts3--,natural foliage 7i4e41 two bran*es ( ! ,bay tree71 & an ,artificial object 7i4e41 a ,ribbon :i* ties !m74 ,! l[] ,elem5t 7i4e41 ! ,ribbon7 is treat$ symmetrically 9 bo? panels3 ! high] ,elem5t 7i4e41 ! ,bran*es7 are symmetrical 9 ! =m] panel1 & balanc$ 9 ! latt]4 ,?is latt] treatm5t1 w be se5 to be n only ! m int]e/+1 b ! m l ! inf9ite v>iety ( ,nature2 :ile ! =m] is a wa/$ opportunity1 & contr>y to ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! ,/ud5t w obs]ve by exp]i5ce t ! m9d soon tires ( ,artificiality1 bo? 9 ,curvature & 9 ,symmetry2 ! l9es ( ,nature h a pleasant fre%ness & inexhau/ible v>iety2 & ! ,natural me?od ( treat+ ,nature is n only ! mo/ true1 b also ! mo/ beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 #h4--,,realism ,,& ,,conv5tionalism3 ,,def9itions4 ,,realism--! result ( ,reali/ic treatm5t1 i4e41 ! attempt to r5d] ! reproduction z l ! reality z is possible1 ev5 to ! v]ge ( deception--is ! aim ( ! ,pictorial-,arti/4 ,9 ,pictures ! surface appe>s to h be5 annihilat$1 & ! spectator beholds ! sc5e z if !re 7 a hole ?r\gh ! wall4 ,x is n ! highe/1 & %\ld n be ! only aim 9 ,art2 b x has always be5 s\ght = & admir$4 ,x requires p]fect conditions1 ( mat]ials & tools2 i4e41 complete ,te*nical appliances4 ,,conv5tionalism--! result ( incomplete ,te*nical appliances1 & ! attempt to r5d] s mu* ( ! ,beauty ( ! orig9al z is possible1 ) due reg>d to _! capabilities--is ! aim ( ! ,decorative-,arti/4 ,x is n ! highe/ aim2 ?\gh a necess>y curb 9 ,decorative-,art1 bo? = ! te*nical reason1 & also z a result ( ! ,position or ,function ( ! object4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! two words1 :5 us$ ) reg>d to foliage ( any k9d1 ref] to ! ,me?od ( repres5t+ x1 & n to its ,k9d or its mann] ( ,gr[?4 #i4--,,scales ,,f ,,realism ,,to ,,conv5tionalism4 ,^! two me?ods1 :5 appli$ absolutely1 =m ! two extremes3--,! mo/ complete ,,realism be+ at "o end1 & ! mo/ limit$ ,,conv5tionalism at ! o!r4 ,!re are scales ( gradual r$uction betwe5 !m1 :i* may be %[n on two *>ts3 7i7 ,r$uction 9 ! ,,numb] ,,( ,,p>ts :i* pres]ve _! ,reali/ic r5d]+4 7ii7 ,r$uction 9 ! ,,degree ,,( ,,realism ?r\gh all p>ts4 7i7 ,accord+ to ! numb] ( ! features or p>ts ( ! design :i* are treat$ ) less ?an realism4 ,?us !re might be a panel repres5t+ a ,w9d[-op5+ ) an ar*itectural fram+1 ) a ,fl[]-vase on ! sill1 & a ,l&scape-backgr\nd4 ,! fir/ "p to be r$uc$ 9 reali/ic r5d]+ w\ld be ! ,backgr\nd1 ! second w\ld be ! ,fram+1 leav+ ! ?ird1 ! ,fl[]-vase1 z ! survival4 ,?is is a ,scale ( r$uction 9 ,numb] ( ,p>ts4 ,x may be %[n1 9 tabul> arrangem5t1 ?us3-- ,,realism4444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444,,conv5tionalism4 ,,complete ,,pictorial ,,realism1 9 :i* all p>ts are reali/ically repres5t$ 7see #aj74 ,,semi-,,pictorial ,,realism1 9 :i* ! ,back-gr\nd is r$uc$ to a flat-t9t1 :ile all ! rema9+ p>ts are reali/ically repres5t$ 7see #aa74 ,,decorative ,,realism1 9 :i* ! *ief ,feature 7only7 is reali/ically repres5t$1 & all ! o!r p>ts are r$uc$ to conv5tional r5d]+s 7see #ab74 ,,complete ,,conv5tionalism1 9 :i* all p>ts are r$uc$ to conv5tional r5d]+s 7see ,conv5tionalism74 ,inasmu* z !re is "s reali/ic "p rema9+ 9 ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree me?ods--^! are classifi$ "u ! head+ ( ,,realism4 7ii7 ,accord+ to ! ,degree 9 :i* color1 gradation1 or %ad+1 is sacrific$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! limit$ ,means at ! disposal ( ! ,arti/2 result+ 9 ! gradual dep>ture f ,realism to ! mo/ sev]e ,conv5tionalism4 ,! r$uction is appli$ to all p>ts ( ! "w4 ,?is is a scale ( r$uction 9 ,degree4 ,!re are two ,v>ieties 9 ea* degree2 & !y are m>k$ ) italic lett]s4 ,x may be %[n1 9 tabul> arrangem5t1 ?us3-- ,,realism4444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444,,conv5tionalism4 ,,complete ,,realism1 9 :i* all p>ts are repres5t$1 9 prop] colors1 & p]fect gradation1 ) correct light & %ade 7see #aj74 ,,fir/ ,,degree ,,( ,,conv5tionalism1 9 :i* all p>ts are repres5t$3 7a7 ,by a r$uc$ numb] ( ,pigm5ts1 ! o!r qualities rema9+2 7b7 ,by r$uction 9 gradation & %ad+ to ,flat-t9ts ( sev]al pigm5ts 7see #ae74 ,,second ,,degree ,,( ,,conv5tionalism1 9 :i* all p>ts are repres5t$3 7c7 ,by a r$uction to ,mono*rome ( color1 ) ,gradation 7only7 rema9+2 7d7 ,by r$uction to ,mono*rome ( ,:ite & ,black1 ) ,gradation 7only7 rema9+ 7see #af74 ,,?ird ,,degree ,,( ,,conv5tionalism1 9 :i* all p>ts are repres5t$3 7e7 ,by r$uction to a ,flat-t9t ( "o pigm5t on a gr\nd ( ano!r2 7f7 ,by r$uction to a ,flat-t9t ( ,:ite on ,black1 or vice v]sa 7see #ag74 ,,ultimate ,,conv5tionalism1 9 :i* all p>ts are repres5t$2 7g7 ,by r$uction to ,outl9e ( sev]al pigm5ts2 7h7 ,r$uction to ,outl9e ( "o pigm5t 7see #ah74 ,inasmu* z ,realism ceases s soon z any r$uction 9 ! ?ree qualities 7( color1 gradation1 & %ad[7 is introduc$2 & ! treatm5t becomes m ,conv5tional 9 ea* me?od aft] ! fir/--^! are classifi$ "u ! head+ ( ,,conv5tionalism4 ,!re is an analog\s scale ( r$uction 9 ,=m1 f ! ,complete-relief ( an isolat$ ,/atue to ! ,flatness ( a ,floor-plate2 b ?is does n belong to ! pres5t subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cyclo/at4 ,! v>i\s processes commonly employ$ = ! obs]vation ( bodies 9 motion 7int]mitt5t light or vision7 greatly fatigue ! obs]v]1 &1 z a g5]al ?+1 give only images1 t are difficult to exam9e4 ,we are go+ to %[ h[ ,pr(4 ,m>c ,?ury1 ^u mak+ rese>*es 9 a new direction1 has succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an app>atus t p]mits ( ! cont9u\s obs]vation ( a body hav+ a rapid rot>y motion4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is ( extreme simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1 #b1 ,,& #c4--;,,diagrams ,,explanatory ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,cyclo/at4 ,let u consid] 7,fig4 #a7 a mirror1 ,a ,b1 reflect+ an object1 ,c ,d1 & revolv+ ar\nd x3 :5 ! mirror w h made a half revolution1 ! image1 ,c' ,d'1 ( ! object w h made an entire "o4 ,! figure repres5ts ?ree successive positions ( ! mirror1 di/ant by an eigh? ( a revolution4 ,! /ructure ( ! image %[s t x has made a qu>t] revolution 9 an opposite direction 9 ea* ( its positions4 ,b if 7,fig4 #b7 ! body itself has revolv$ 9 ! same direction ) an angul> velocity d\ble t ( ! mirror1 its image w h describ$ a circle 9 rema9+ con/antly p>allel ) itself4 ,! image w be j z ins5sible z ! object itself2 b x is v easy to br+ x back to a /ate ( re/4 ,let u suppose 7,fig4 #c;a7 ! obs]v] plac$ at ,o1 ! revolv+ object at ,t1 ! axis ( rotation be+ ?is "t ! l9e ,o ,f4 ,let u place a mirror at ,a ,b & cause x to revolve ar\nd ! same axis2 b1 in/ead ( look+ at ! image directly 9 ! mirror1 let u receive x1 be=e & aft] its reflection ^u ,a ,b1 ^u two mirrors1 ,c ,d & ,d ,e1 incl9$ #cj ^u ! axis ( rotation ( ! sy/em2 ! image1 in/ead ( be+ obs]v$ directly 9 ! mirror1 ,a ,b1 w always be se5 9 ! axis1 ,o ,f1 & w consequ5tly appe> immovable4 ,! same result may be obta9$ 7,fig4 #c;b7 ) a rectangul> isosceles prism ^: face1 ,a ,b1 s]ves z a mirror1 :ile ! faces1 ,a ,c & ,b ,d1 break ! ray--! fir/ deflect+ x f ! axis to ?r[ x on ! mirror1 & ! second ?r[+ x back to ! axis ( rotation1 :i* is at ! same "t ! l9e ( direction ( ! sight4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t1 !n1 consi/s 9 caus+ ! revolution1 ar\nd ! axis ( rotation ( ! object to be obs]v$1 ( a mirror p>allel ) su* axis1 & 9 obs]v+ x 9 ! axis itself aft] s5d+ ! image to x by two reflections or two refractions4 ,9 reality1 ! entire in/rum5t is conta9$ 9 ! small prism above1 prop]ly m\nt$ ^u a :eel t may be revolv$ at w2 &1 9 ?is =m1 x may s]ve1 = example1 to det]m9e ! rot>y velocity ( an inaccessible axis4 ,= ?is x w suffice to modify its velocity until ! axis appe>s to be at re/1 & to apply ! revolution c\nt] to ! :eel ^u :i* ! prism is m\nt$1 or to ano!r :eel controll+ ! me*anism4 ,b ,mr4 ,?ury has con/ruct$ a complet] app>atus1 ! cyclo/at 7,fig4 #d71 :i*1 opposite ! prism1 has a second plate ^: actuat+ :eel is m\nt$ ^u ! same axis z ! fir/1 ! ge>+ be+ s calculat$ t ! prism %all revolve ) twice less velocity ?an ! second plate4 ,?is latt]1 obs]v$ ?r\gh ! prism1 w be always se5 at re/1 & be able to s]ve z a support = ! object t x is desir$ to exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,cyclo/at4 #a4 ,g5]al view ( ! app>atus4 #b4 ,section ( ! ocul>1 ,o4 ,! applications are multitud9\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 c]ta9 difficult cases1 x may s]ve = ! obs]vation ( a sw++ !rmomet]1 :i* is !n read dur+ its motion4 ,!n x may be employ$ = ! cont9u\s obs]vation ( a body submitt$ to c5trifugal =ce4 ,apropos ( ?is1 we desire to add a few words4 ,mo/ ( ! =ces at our disposal1 appli$ to a body1 are transmitt$ f molecule to molecule1 & produce t5sion1 cru%+1 etc4 ,gravity & magnetic attraction =m an exception2 _! po9t ( application is f\nd 9 all ! molecules ( ! body1 & !y produce pressures & slid+s ( a peculi> k9d4 ,b ^! =ces are ( a v limit$ magnitude2 b x might nev]!less be ( great int]e/ to amplify !m 9 a /rong measure4 ,let u1 = example1 suppose t a magician has f\nd a means ( increas+ ! int5sity ( gravity t5fold 9 8 laboratory4 ,all ! conditions ( life w\ld be modifi$ to ! ext5t ( be+ unrecognizable4 ,a liv+ be+ borne 9 ?is space w\ld rema9 small & squat4 ,all objects w\ld be /ocky & be spread out 9 wid? or else be %att]$4 ,viscid or semi-solid bodies1 su* z pit*1 w\ld rapidly spread out & take on a surface z plane & smoo? z wat] "u ! conditions ( gravity ^u ! e>?4 ,on /ill fur!r increas+ ! gravity1 we w\ld see ! s(t metals behav+ 9 ! same way1 & lead1 copp] & silv] w\ld 9 turn fl[ away4 ,^! metals1 9 fact1 are p]fectly m\ld$ "u a /rong pressure1 j l liquids1 ?r\gh ! simple effect ( ! attraction ( ! e>? appli$ to all _! molecules4 ,^u caus+ an adequate attractive =ce to act ^u ! molecules ( metals !y w be plac$ "u conditions analog\s to ^? to :i* !y are submitt$ 9 /rong presses or 9 ! mills t s]ve = co9+ money4 ,! sole diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! fact t ! action ( gravity is inf9itely m regul>1 & pur]1 f a physical /&po9t1 ?an t ( ! press or co9+ mill4 ,?r\gh v simple consid]ations1 we ?us rea* ! pr9ciple :i* 0 enunciat$1 we believe1 by ! illu/ri\s ,/okes1 t our idea ( solid & liquid bodies is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! int5sity ( gravity ^u ! e>?4 ,^u a l>g] or small] planet1 a c]ta9 numb] ( solid bodies w\ld pass to a liquid /ate1 or inv]sely4 ,let u return to ! cyclo/at4 ,9 default ( gravity1 c5trifugal =ce gives u a means ( realiz+ c]ta9 conditions t we w\ld f9d 9 ! laboratory ( our magician4 ,! cyclo/at p]mits u to obs]ve :at is go+ on 9 t laboratory )\t submitt+ ourselves to =ces t might cause u great annoyance4 ,we h hi!rto be5 cont5t to put poor frogs !re9 & /udy ^u !m ! effect ( ! c5tral anmia & p]iph]al conge/ion produc$ on _! organism by ! unre/ra9$ motion ( ! liquids c>ri$ along by c5trifugal =ce4 ,! results1 x seems1 h prov$ v curi\s4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m]cury ,,weigh+ ,,ma*9e4 ,we illu/rate h]e) a novel type ( weigh+ ma*9e4 ,hi!rto ! weigh+ ma*9es 9 common use h ei!r be5 design$ ) "s k9d ( /eely>d app>atus1 ^u :i* weights c\ld be mov$ to diff]5t di/ances f a fix$ fulcrum1 or spr+s h be5 s appli$ z to be compress$ to diff]5t degrees by diff]5t weights put ^u ! scale pan1 or table1 ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 o!r in/ances m complicat$ me*anism is us$1 & v>i\s movable c\nt]poises are usually requir$ 9 ord] to balance ! mov+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,! type ( ma*9e :i* we n[ illu/rate has be5 rec5tly br\ght out by ,mr4 ,g4,e4 ,rutt]1 & ! sy/em has giv5 v satisfactory results ) plat=m weigh+ ma*9es4 ,! engrav+ illu/rates a =m ( balance :i* may be appli$ to /r5g? te/+ ma*9es1 or = any "w :]e an app>atus ( ! type ( a ,salt]'s balance w\ld be ( use4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction1 & consi/s ( a tube ,a clos$ at ! bottom & =m+ a res]voir = m]cury4 ,! body :i* x is requir$ to weigh is hung ^u ! hook ,b c>ri$ by ! crossb> ,c1 :i* is connect$ by rigid rods to ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 & by means ( ! int]nal rods ,d is atta*$ to ! cross head ,e1 :i* works freely inside ! tube ,a4 ,! top "p ( ! tube is1 z w be cle>ly und]/ood f ! illu/ration1 cut away to all[ ( ! desc5t ( ! rods4 ,to ! cross head ,e is atta*$ ! pi/on ,f1 :i* may be made ( wood or ( a holl[ metal tube clos$ at ! end1 or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t :5 a weight is hung ^u ! hook ,b1 ! pi/on ,f is caus$ to desc5d into ! m]cury :i* rises 9 ! annul> space betwe5 ! pi/on & ! tube4 ,! weight ( ! volume ( displac$ m]cury is proportional to ! weight ( ! body hung ^u ! hook1 & ! buoyancy ( ! pi/on 9 ! m]cury =ms ! upw>d =ce :i* balances ! d[nw>d pull ( gravity4 ,:5 ! app>atus is at re/ ! pi/on ,f desc5ds into ! m]cury to su* a di/ance z w balance ! weight ( ! rods1 hook1 & pi/on itself4 ,if1 n[1 ! cross b> ,g1 provid$ ) a po9t] ,h1 be fix$ to ! rods1 x %\ld at t "t regi/] z]o1 ^u ! scale ,j fix$ to ! outside ( ! tube1 & z ! desc5t ( ! pi/on into ! m]cury is directly proportional to ! weight ( ! body atta*$ to ! hook ,b1 ! divisions ( ! scale w all be equal4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! app>atus is extremely simple 9 !ory1 & x only rema9s to con/ruct x 9 su* a =m t ! m]cury may n easily be spilt 9 mov+ ! in/rum5t f place to place4 ,?is is effect$ by caus+ ! cross head ,e to fill ! tube :ile work+ freely !re91 & a small valve is arrang$ to all[ = ! passage ( air4 ,! cross b> ,g c be regulat$ ^u ! rods by means ( set screws4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reef+ ,,sails ,,f ,,! ,,deck4 ,:ile ?is me?od may be appli$ to topsails & top-gallant-sails1 ,i especially apply x to c\rses1 :i*1 be+ s difficult to reef ! old way1 may by ?is me?od be reef$ f ! deck 9 a few m9utes4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( trial by myself & o!rs1 on voyages ar\nd ,cape ,horn "u all circum/ances ( wea!r1 ( sleet & sn[1 ?is me?od has always giv5 ! utmo/ satisfaction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reef+ ,,sails ,,f ,,! ,,deck4 ,front ,view4 ,re> ,view4 ,! av]age "t requir$ = reef+ & sett+ 0 not$ = five ye>s1 be+ sev5 & "o-half m9utes4 ,?is trial 0 made on a ma9sail1 ! y>d be+ sev5ty-"o feet long1 & reefy>d sixty-six feet long1 elev5 in*es diamet] at c5t] & n9e at y>d-arms4 ,by ref]5ce to ! draw+ x w be se5 t x is n necess>y to h clewg>nets or buntl9es 9 reef+4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ by eas+ ( ! %eet & haul+ ! lee reef-tackle fir/1 also ! mid%ip reef tackle4 ,:5 ! y>d>m ( ! reefsp> is up at ! lee side1 ! sail _c sag to leew>d :5 ! tack is eas$ away4 ,n[ haul ! wea!r reef-tackle likewise mid%ip1 snug up to ! y>d1 belay all d[n ! tack1 & %eet aft4 ,z all ! reef-tackles lead to ! sl+s ( ! y>d1 !re is no imp$im5t 9 sw++ ! y>d :5 ! reef-tackles are taut & belay$4 ,! slack sail w n *afe1 z x rema9s quiet1 b if s desir$ may be /opp$ up at leisure ) only a few h&s ) /ops provid$ = t purpose4 ,9 case ( a sudd5 squall ! sail may be haul$ up ! usual way4 ,! buntl9es w draw ! "p ( ! sail bel[ ! reef well up on ! "p above ! reefy>d1 & rema9 becalm$1 :ile ! weight ( ! reefsp> w prev5t any slatt+ or dang] ( los+ ! sail any m ?an any o!r sail clew$ up4 ,9 case !re is /eam p[] at h&1 all ?ree reef-tackles may be haul$ simultane\sly1 eas+ %eet & tack suffici5tly to let ! w9d out ( ! sail )\t %ak+4 ,!re are o!r advantages ga9$ by ?is me?od2 :ile its ess5tials are positive1 quick reef+ f ! deck 9 all wea!rs1 x is also bett] reef$ ?an by ! old me?od4 ,= by ?is new me?od ! sail is n /ra9$ or torn1 & ! sail w we> long]1 n be+ subject to su* /ra9+4 ,x may be c>ri$ long]1 z ! sp> supports ! sail l a b&1 especially an old sail4 ,?is me?od does n int]f]e ) ! use ( ! s call$ mid%ip-tack1 b *ange ( putt+ on b&s1 f ! lee* ( ! sail at ! reef to ! c5t] tack w\ld be necess>y4 ,! weight ( ! sp> may be consid]$ by "s z objectionable1 7an old argum5t aga9/ d\ble-topsail y>ds74 ,! sp> us$ = ! reef may be ab\t "o-half ! diamet] ( ! y>d on :i* x is to be us$4 ,su* critics d n consid] t a crew ( m5 al(t on ! y>d are sev]al times heavi] ?an su* a sp>4 ,l4,k4 ,,morse4 ,rockport1 ,me41 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,blea*+ ,,( ,,jute4 ,by ,messrs4 ,,leykam & ,,tosefo?al4 ,jute is well kn[n z a v *eap fib]1 & its employm5t 9 textile indu/ry is consequ5tly bo? ext5sive & always increas+4 ,accompany+ ?is increase is a correspond+ "o 9 ! am\nt ( old wa/e jute1 :i* c be employ$ = ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 only v little use has be5 made ( jute = ! manufacture ( ?read & ! f9] fabrics1 because ! difficulty ( blea*+ ! fib] satisfactorily has prov$ a v s]i\s h9drance to its improvem5t by *emical means4 ,all ! me?ods hi!rto propos$ = blea*+ jute are s co/ly t !y c sc>cely be made to pay2 &1 moreov]1 9 _m cases1 ! jute is sc>cely blea*$1 & loses consid]ably 9 firmness & weight1 ow+ to ! l>ge quantities ( blea*+ ag5ts :i* h to be appli$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is difficulty1 ! enorm\s quantities ( jute scraps1 :i* are always available1 are utiliz$ 9 pap] mak+ almo/ entirely = ! production ( ord9>y wrapp+ pap]1 :i* is1 at ! be/1 ( m$ium quality4 ,9 ! well kn[n "w ( ,h(fmann & ,mull]1 ! au?ors ref] to ! great difficulty ( blea*+ jute1 & !re=e recomm5d t x be n us$ = mak+ :ite pap]s4 ,messrs4 ,leykam & ,tosefo?al h succe$$ 9 blea*+ x1 & r5d]+ ! fib] p]fectly :ite1 by a new process1 simple & *eap 7:i* we describe bel[71 s t _! me?od c be v advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! pap] indu/ry4 ,! jute fib] only loses v little ( its orig9al firmness & weight2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ga9s l>gely 9 pliability & ela/icity1 s t ! pap] made f x is ( great /r5g?1 & n only resi/s te>+1 b especially crumpl+ & break+4 ,! jute may be submitt$ to ! process 9 any =m :atev]1 ei!r crude1 9 scraps1 or z ?read or tissue4 ,! mat]ial to be blea*$ is fir/ treat$ ) gase\s *lor9e or *lor9e wat]1 9 ord] to attack ! jute pigm5t1 :i* is v difficult to blea*1 until x takes an orange %ade4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ ! acids1 etc41 =m$ by ?is treatm5t1 ! jute is plac$ 9 a weak alkal9e ba?1 cold or hot1 ( cau/ic soda1 cau/ic pota%1 cau/ic ammonia1 quicklime1 sodium or potassium c>bonate1 etc41 or a mixture ( sev]al ( ^! sub/ances1 :i* conv]ts ! greate/ "p ( ! jute pigm5t1 already alt]$ by ! *lor9e1 into a =m easily soluble 9 wat]1 s t ! pigm5t c be readily remov$ by a wa%+ ) wat]4 ,aft] ?is wa%+ ! jute c be blea*$ z easily z any o!r vegetable fib] 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 by means ( blea*+ p[d]1 etc41 & an excell5t fibr\s mat]ial is obta9$1 :i* c be made use ( ) advantage 9 ! textile & pap] indu/ries4 ,! application ( ! process may be illu/rat$ by an example3 ,"o hundr$ kilos4 ( wa/e jute scraps are fir/ ( all treat$ 9 ! mann] usually employ$ 9 ! pap] indu/ry2 #ae p] c5t4 ( quicklime is add$1 & !y are treat$ = #aj h\rs at a pressure ( #a atmosph]es4 ,! scraps are !n fre$ f wat] by means ( a hydro-extractor1 or a press1 & f9ally saturat$ ) *lor9e 9 a gas *amb] = #bd h\rs or less1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,e #ajj kilos4 ( jute requires #ge kilos4 ( hydro*loric acid 7#bj ,b47 & #bj kilos4 ( manganese p]oxide 7#gh-hj p] c5t474 ,! jute !n takes an orange color1 & is subsequ5tly wa%$ 9 a tank1 a kilo4 ( cau/ic soda be+ add$ p] #ajj kilos4 ( jute2 ?is am\nt ( alkali is suffici5t to dissolve ! pigm5t1 :i* colors ! wat] fl[+ f ! wa%] a deep br[n4 ,aft] wa%+1 ! jute c be completely blea*$ by ! use ( #e-g kilos4 ( blea*+ p[d] p] #ajj kilos4 ( jute4--,mon4 de la ,te9ture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,indep5d5t--,,/orage ,,or ,,prim>y ,,batt]y--,,sy/em ,,( ,,electric ,,motive ,,p[]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,/reel ,railway ,association1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahia4 ,by ,,knight ,,neftel4 ,ow+ to a v>iety ( causes1 ! sy/em :i* 0 assign$ to me at ! la/ conv5tion to report on has made less mat]ial progress 9 a comm]cial way ?an its competitors4 ,,prim>y ,,batt]ies4 ,s f>1 prim>y batt]ies h be5 appli$ only to ! op]ation ( ! smalle/ /ation>y motors4 ,_! application 9 ! ne> future to traction may1 ,i ?9k1 be entirely disreg>d$4 ,7 x n a purely te*nical matt]1 x might be easily demon/rat$1 ) our k ( electro-*emi/ry1 t su* an arrangem5t z an electric prim>y batt]y driv+ a c> is an impossibility4 ,9 view ( ! claims ( c]ta9 inv5tors1 ,i regret to be oblig$ to make s absolute a /atem5t2 b ! results s f> h produc$ no?+ ( value4 ,,second>y ,,batt]ies4 ,! application ( second>y or /orage batt]ies to electrical traction has be5 accompli%$ 9 a numb] ( cities1 ) a v>y+ am\nt ( success4 ,roads equipp$ by batt]ies h n[ be5 suffici5tly long 9 op]ation to all[ u to draw "s conclusions z to ! practical results obta9$ & :at is possible 9 ! ne> future4 ,! advantages :i* h be5 demon/rat$ on ,madison ,av5ue1 9 ,new ,york2 ,dubuque1 ,i[a2 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 & else:]e1 may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,! indep5d5t feature ( ! sy/em4 ,! c>s indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & free f drawbacks ( brok5 trolley wires2 tempor>y /oppages at ! p[] /ation2 ! gr\nd+ ( "o motor affect+ o!r motors1 & sudd5 & sev]e /ra9s ^u ! ma*9]y at ! p[] /ation1 su* z frequ5tly occur 9 direct sy/ems2 ! abs5ce ( all /reet /ructures & repairs to ! same1 & ! loss by gr\nds & leakages1 are also v consid]able advantages1 bo? z to economy & satisfactory op]ation4 ,second4 ,! comp>atively small space requir$ = ! p[] /ation4 ,ea* c> be+ provid$ ) two or m sets ( batt]ies1 ! same c be *>g$ at a uni=m rate )\t undue /ra9 on ! ma*9]y ( ! p[] /ation1 & z x c be done m rapidly ?an ! dis*>ge requir$ = ! op]ation ( ! motors1 a less am\nt ( g5]al ma*9]y is necess>y = a giv5 am\nt ( "w4 ,ano!r & important advantage ( ! sy/em is ! l[ pressure ( ! curr5t us$ to supply ! motors1 & ! consequ5t increas$ durability ( ! motor1 & practically absolute safety to life f electrical %ock4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ also t ! c>s c be easily h&l$ 9 ! /reet2 run at any desir$ spe$1 & rev]s$ ) f> m safety to ! armature ( ! motor ?an 9 ! direct sy/em4 ,! increas$ weight requires simply m brake lev]age4 ,! mod]n batt]y1 improv$ 9 _m ( its details dur+ ! la/ ye>1 is /ill an unkn[n quantity z to durability4 ,!re is ! same d\bt conc]n+ ?is z !re 0 at ! "t inc&esc5t lamps 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,at t "t "s ph5om5al records 7 made by lamps gr\p$ ) o!r lamps4 ,simil>ly1 "s plates appe>$ to be almo/ inde/ructible1 :ile o!rs1 made practically 9 ! same mann]1 det]iorate )9 a v %ort "t4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 v difficult to exactly & fairly place a limit on ! life ( ! positive plates z yet4 ,speak+ simply f obs]vation ( a l>ge numb] ( plates ( v>i\s k9ds1 ,i am incl9$ to put ! limit at ab\t eight mon?s2 ?\gh x is claim$ by "s ( ! m prom95t manufactur]s--& und\bt$ly x is true 9 special cases--t entire elem5ts h la/$ t5 mon?s1 & ev5 long]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! jolt+ & h&l+ to :i* ^! batt]ies are subject$1 9 traction "w1 increases ! t5d5cy to dis9tegrate1 buckle & %ort circuit1 & t ! record = durability = ?is application c nev] be ! same z = /ation>y "w4 ,a s]i\s inconv5i5ce to ! use ( batt]ies 9 traction "w is ! necess>y pres5ce ( ! liquid 9 ! j>s4 ,?is causes ! :ole equipm5t to be some:at cumb]some1 & unless arrang$ ) great c>e1 & ) a v>iety ( devices lately design$1 a s\rce ( consid]able annoyance4 ,! connections betwe5 ! plates1 :i* =m]ly gave s mu* tr\ble by break+ (f1 h be5 p]fect$ s z to prev5t ?is difficulty1 & ! %ape ( ! j>s has be5 design$ to prev5t ! spill+ ( ! acid :ile ! c> is runn+4 ,! c> seats are n[ practically h]metically seal$1 s t ! escap+ gases are n (f5sive to ! pass5g]s4 ,! h&l+ ( ! batt]ies is an exce$+ly important consid]ation4 ,_m devices h be5 inv5t$ to r5d] ?is easy & *eap4 ,i h witness$ ! *ang+ ( batt]ies 9 a c>1 "o set be+ tak5 out & a *>g$ set replac$ by f\r m5 9 ! %ort space ( ?ree m9utes4 ,?is is accompli%$ by electrical elevators1 :i* move ! batt]ies opposite ! c>1 & ^u ! plat=ms ( :i* ! dis*>g$ elem5ts are aga9 *>g$4 ,! g5]al conclusions :i* ! ye>'s exp]i5ce & progress h af=d$ u an opportunity to make may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,/orage batt]y c>s are z yet applicable only to ^? roads :i* are practically level2 :]e ! direct sy/em _c be us$1 & :]e cable traction _c be us$2 & applicable to ^? roads only at ab\t ! same co/ z horse traction4 ,i feel ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t 9 view ( ! gu>antees :i* "s ( ! m prom95t manufactur]s ( batt]ies are will+ to ent] into1 & :i* practically insure ! cu/om] aga9/ loss due to ! det]ioration ( plates3 leav+ ! "q ( ! responsibility ( ! company ! only "o = him to look into4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,elim9ation ,,( ,,sulphur ,,f ,,pig ,,iron4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 ,by ,j4 ,,mass5ez1 ,ho]de4 ,if 9 ! acid & ! basic ,bessem] processes ! molt5 pig iron is tak5 direct to ! conv]t] f ! bla/ furnace1 !re is ! disadvantage t ! runn+ ( ! individual bla/ furnaces c h>dly ev] be kept s uni=m z x is desirable %\ld be ! case 9 ord] to secure regul>ity 9 ! conv]t] *>ges4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ,bessem] /eel ! v>iable proportions ( silicon & ( c>bon "h come *iefly "u consid]ation1 :ile 9 ! basic process x is *iefly ! v>y+ proportions ( silicon & ( sulphur2 & 9 cases :]e ei!r ores conta9+ v>iable p]c5tages ( phosphorus1 or puddle slags1 are treat$1 ! v>y+ proportion ( phosphorus has also to be consid]$4 ,?is disadvantage ( ! irregul> composition ( ! individual bla/ furnace *>ges is obviat$ 9 a simple & effective mann] by ,w4,r4 ,jones's mix+ process4 ,9 ?is z mu* pig iron f ! v>i\s bla/ furnaces ( a works z is suffici5t = a l>ge numb] ( ,bessem] *>ges1 say f sev5 to twelve *>ges1 or1 9 o!r words1 f #gj to #abj tons ( pig iron1 is plac$ 9 a mix+ vessel4 ,only a portion ( pig iron plac$ 9 ! mix] is tak5 = fur!r treatm5t = /eel1 :ile new supplies ( pig iron are br\ght f ! bla/ furnace4 ,9 ?is way homog5eity suffici5t = practical purposes is obta9$4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( phosphoric pig iron1 :i* is employ$ 9 ! production ( basic /eel1 x is1 h[ev]1 n suffici5t m]ely to conduct ! molt5 pig iron 9 l>ge quantities to ! conv]t] 9 a mix$ condition1 b ! problem "h is to r5d] ! proportion ( sulphur also indep5d5t ( ! bla/ furnace process to su* an ext5t t ! proportion ( sulphur 9 ! f9i%$ /eel is s l[ t ! quality ( ! /eel is 9 no way influ5c$ by x4 ,! "q ( desulphurization has1 especially ( late ye>s1 become ( ! utmo/ importance1 at any rate = ! iron indu/ry ( ! ,cont95t4 ,by ! great /rike ( #ahhi1 ! ,g]man colli]s h succe$$ 9 greatly improv+ _! wages2 & ) ?is increase 9 wages n only is !re a di/9ct dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( coal wr\ght1 b1 un=tunately1 ! coal produc$ s9ce !n is rais$ 9 a mu* less pure condition ?an 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,consequ5tly ! proportion ( sulphur 9 ! coke has consid]ably increas$4 ,:]eas =m]ly ?is proportion did n exce$ "o p] c5t41 x has n[ 9 _m cases ris5 to #ah p] c5t42 s t an unpleasant ratio exi/s betwe5 ! wages ( ! workm5 & ! am\nt ( sulphur 9 ! coal rais$4 ,x is !re=e n rem>kable t1 ev5 :5 ores fairly free f sulphur are treat$1 x easily happ5s t a sulphuret$ pig iron is obta9$4 ,9 ord] to effect satisfactory desulphurization1 att5tion has be5 be/[$ on ! fact t iron sulphide is conv]t$ by manganese into manganese sulphide & iron4 ,if sulphuret$ pig iron1 poor 9 manganese1 is add$ 9 a fluid condition to manganif]\s molt5 pig iron1 poor 9 sulphur1 ! metal is desulphuriz$1 & a manganese sulphide slag is =m$4 ,x may be urg$ t x does n seem necess>y to effect ! desulphurization by means ( ! reaction ( ! manganese & iron sulphide outside ( ! bla/ furnace1 z x is possible1 by suitably direct+ ! bla/ furnace1 by ! employm5t ( manganif]\s ores or highly basic slag1 s to desulphurize ! iron 9 ! bla/ furnace itself t x w\ld be unnecess>y fur!r to l[] ! p]c5tage ( sulphur4 ,e bla/ furnace manag]1 h[ev]1 w h obs]v$ t1 ev5 ) e precaution 9 ! bla/ furnace practice1 pig iron w (t5 be obta9$ ) s high a p]c5tage ( sulphur z to r5d] x useless = ! ,bessem] acid or basic processes4 ,if ! desulphurization 9 ! bla/ furnace is c>ri$ suffici5tly f>1 x is always necess>y to "w ! furnace hot1 & ?us to obta9 hott] iron ?an is desirable = fur!r treatm5t 9 ! conv]t]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?od ( fur!r desulphurization outside ! bla/ furnace1 describ$ 9 ?is pap]1 pres5ts ! d\ble advantage t "p ( ! bla/ furnace c be kept cool]1 & ?us lime & coke be sav$1 & t !re is a c]ta9ty t no r$-%ort *>ges are obta9$ 9 ! treatm5t 9 ! conv]t]1 :ile ! pig iron passes to ! conv]t] at a suitable temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a ?r\gh #e ,a fur!r advantage pres5t$ by ! direct process describ$ 9 ?is pap] is t ! ,bessem] works is indep5d5t ( ! "t at :i* ! individual bla/ furnaces are tapp$1 z ! pig iron requir$ = ! ,bessem] process c be tak5 at any mom5t f ! desulphuriz+ plant4 ,9 ,ho]de1 :]e ! mix+ & desulphuriz+ process has = a consid]able "t be5 regul>ly 9 use1 x has be5 f\nd t all ! *ief difficulties =m]ly enc\nt]$ 9 ! me?od ( tak+ ! fluid pig iron direct f ! v>i\s bla/ furnaces to ! conv]t] h be5 obviat$4 ,at ,ho]de ! mix+ & desulphuriz+ plant %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+s is employ$4 ,?is app>atus holds #gj tons ( pig iron4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to h an app>atus ( great] capacity1 say #abj tons4 ,! app>atus has ! %ape ( a conv]t]1 & ! hydraulic ma*9]y by :i* x is mov$ is simple & effective4 ,an hydraulic pressure ( eight atmosph]es is suffici5t to set x 9 motion4 ,! vessel is provid$ ) a d\ble l9+ ( firebricks ( ! same quality z ^? us$ = ! l9+ ( bla/ furnaces4 ,?is l9+ is gradually attack$ only along ! slag l9e1 & does n require repair until x has be5 9 use = "s six weeks4 ,fur!r repairs are !n necess>y e ?ree weeks4 ,only ! few c\rses ( spoilt bricks are r5ew$1 & = ! repairs1 includ+ ! cool+ ( ! vessel1 a p]iod ( two or ?ree days is requir$4 ,at ! end ( ! week ! vessel is kept fill$1 s t its cont5ts suffice = ! la/ *>ge to be bl[n on ,saturday4 ,on ,sunday night ! vessel is aga9 fill$4 ,! consumption ( manganese is v l[2 !oretically1 x is ! quantity requir$ = ! =mation ( manganese sulphide1 & 9 practice x has be5 f\nd t ?is am\nts to ab\t #j4b p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( manganese :i* ! desulphuriz$ pig iron com+ f ! vessel %\ld conta9 is be/ kept at ab\t #a4e p] c5t4 9 ord] to r5d] ! desulphurization z complete z possible4 ,?us1 a mean proportion ( #a4g p] c5t4 ( manganese 9 ! pig iron pass+ into ! vessel is m ?an suffici5t to effect a ?or\gh desulphurization4 ,inde$1 #a to #a4b p] c5t4 ( manganese is suffici5t to effect a satisfactory desulphurization4 ,= ! ext5t ( ! removal ( ! sulphur1 ! temp]ature & ! duration ( ! reaction are ( importance4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if highly sulphuret$ pig iron is p\r$ f ! bla/ furnace into ! desulphuriz+ vessel1 fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes are suffici5t to effect ! desulphurization requisite = ! /eel process4 ,! "p play$ by ! duration ( ! process is se5 f ! results obta9$ ) ! la/ *>ges1 if ! vessel is empti$ at ! end ( ! week )\t fre% pig iron be+ add$ f ! bla/ furnace4 ,if1 = example1 #fj tons ( pig iron ) #j4jfe p] c5t4 ( sulphur rema9 9 ! vessel1 ! proportion ( sulphur ) ! la/ *>ges falls to #j4jc p] c5t4 ,! iron 9 ! vessel rema9s suffici5tly fluid = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 necess>y1 a little wood is ?r[n 94 ,x has be5 f\nd q unnecess>y to obta9 heat by pass+ & burn+ a curr5t ( gas above ! ba? ( metal4 ,a numb] ( results1 %[+ ! sep>ation ( sulphur at ! ,ho]de ,works1 0 publi%$ a few mon?s ago#b by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,tunn]1 "o ( our honor>y memb]s4 ,footnote #b3 ,oe/]rei*is*e ,zeits*rift fur ,b]g und ,hutt5wes51 #ahia1 ,no4 #ai4 ,! totals repres5t1 respectively1 #ach1ejj kilogrammes ( pig iron & #ih1fed kilogrammes ( sulphur4 ,?us1 f #ach1ejj kilogrammes ( pig iron !re has be5 elim9at$ #agi1egg-ih1fed #hj1ibc kilogrammes ( sulphur1 or1 9 o!r words1 #de4jfc p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( sulphur 9 ! slags rises ) t 9 ! iron f ! bla/ furnace to #ag p] c5t41 an inappreciable portion ( ! sulphur ( ! slag be+ oxidiz$ to sulphur\s anhydride by access ( air4 ,an analysis ( ! slag yield$ ! foll[+ results3 ,p] c5t4 ,sulphur #ag4jg ,manganese #cj4ca ,phosphoric anhydride #j4fa ,iron #g4ac ,bases #ce4jd ,an analysis ( an av]age sample gave3 ,p] c5t4 ,manganese sulphide #bh4ja ,mangan\s oxide #bj4bc ,f]r\s oxide #be4df ,silica #ah4ij ,alum9a #e4jj ,lime #c4ec ,magnesia #j4dc ,! great conv5i5ce & c]ta9ty pres5t$ by ! me?od describ$ 9 ?is pap] w 9 all probability lead to its g5]al adoption4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 sev]al works are n[ occupi$ ) ! in/allation ( ?is mix+ & desulphuriz+ plant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,t9 ,,9 ,,cann$ ,,food4 ,by ,h4,a4 ,,web]1 ,ph4,d4 ,! foll[+ inve/igation ( ! condition ( foods pack$ 9 t9 cans 0 prompt$ by an alleg$ case ( poison+1 :i* occurr$ at ,mansfield1 ,ohio1 9 ,april1 #ahij4 ,a man & woman 7 report$ to ! writ] z hav+ be5 made sick by eat+ pumpk9 pie made f cann$ pumpk94 ,! att5d+ physician pron\nc$ ! case "o ( lead poison+4 ,! :olesale deal] f ^: /ock ! cann$ pumpk9 orig9ally came1 procur$ a portion ( ! same at ! h\se :]e ! poison+ occurr$1 & s5t x to ! writ] = exam9ation4 ,! results ( ! exam9ation z report$ 9 ,s]ial ,no4 #eeb1 bel[1 %[$ t ! cann$ pumpk9 conta9$ an am\nt ( /ann\s salts equival5t to #f4d maximum doses & #ea4d m9imum doses ( /ann\s *loride p] p\nd4 ,on be+ notifi$ ( ?is fact1 ! deal] s5t a c ( ! same br& ( pumpk9 f 8 /ock4 ,! inn] coat+ ( ! c 0 f\nd to be badly erod$1 & ^u exam9ation1 z report$ 9 ,s]ial ,no4 #efc1 bel[1 "o p\nd ( ! pumpk9 conta9$ t9 salts equival5t to #g maximum & #ef m9imum doses ( /ann\s *loride4 ,! unexpect$ l>ge am\nt ( t9 salts 9 su* an insipid article z cann$ pumpk91 & ! claim$ ill effects ( ! consumption ( ! same1 sugge/$ ! advisability ( ext5d+ ! inve/igation to o!r cann$ goods 9 common use4 ,accord+ly a l9e ( articles 0 pur*as$ 9 op5 m>ket z sold to consum]s1 no pa9s be+ tak5 to procure old samples4 ,! collection embrac$ fruits1 vegetables1 fi% & cond5s$ milk4 ,) ! exception ( ! cond5s$ milk1 e article exam9$ 0 contam9at$ ) salts ( t94 ,9 mo/ cases ! am\nt ( t9 salts pres5t 0 s l>ge t !re c be no d\bt ( dang] to heal? f ! consumption ( ! food1 especially if sev]al k9ds are consum$ at ! same meal4 ,,me?od4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! t9 0 simply z foll[s3 ,! cont5ts ( ea* c 7 empti$ into a l>ge porcela9 di%1 & ! condition ( ! inn] coat+ ( ! c not$4 ,aft] ?or\ghly mix+ ! cont5ts1 fifty grammes 7 weigh$ (f & inc9]at$ 9 a porcela9 di% ( suitable size4 ,! residue 0 treat$ ) a l>ge excess ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid1 wat] 0 add$1 & ! mass 0 filt]$ & wa%$1 ! insoluble matt] be+ all wa%$ ^u ! filt]4 ,aft] dry+ ! filt] ) its cont5ts1 ! :ole 0 aga9 inc9]at$ 9 a porcela9 di% & ! residue treat$ z be=e4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ 0 prop]ly dilut$ & saturat$ ) hydrog5 sulphide4 ,aft] /&+ ab\t twelve h\rs 9 a cov]$ beak] ! precipitate 0 filt]$ (f & ! t9 weigh$ z /annic oxide4 ,,results ,,( ,,exam9ation4 ,s]ial ,no4 #eeb4--,sample ( cann$ pumpk91 receiv$ ( ,f4,a4 ,d]?ick1 ,april #bb1 #ahij1 s5t by ,alb]t ,f4 ,remy ,co41 ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,pie made f x suppos$ to h made a man & woman sick4 ,! att5d+ physician pron\nc$ ! case "o ( lead poison+4 ,p] c5t4 ,t9 dioxide ) trace ( lead #j4jdbd ,gra9s p] p\nd #b4ig ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #c4gd ,m9imum doses #ea4d ,maximum doses #f4d ,s]ial ,no4 #efc4--,sample ( cann$ pumpk91 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,june #bg1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,*oice ,pie ,pumpk91 pack$ at ,salem1 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 by ,g4,b4 ,mc,nabb1 s5t by ,a4,f4 ,remy ,co41 ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jddd ,gra9s p] p\nd #c4aa ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #c4ia ,m9imum doses #ef ,maximum doses #g ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #efe4--,sample ( cann$ pumpk91 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,belpre ,pumpk91 ,gold54 ,george ,dana ,sons1 ,belpre1 ,ohio4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jjed ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4ch ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4dh ,m9imum doses #g4g ,maximum doses #a4j ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #eff4--,sample ( cann$ ,hubb>d ,squa%1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,ladd ,br&1 ,l4 ,ladd1 ,adrian1 ,mi*igan4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jbf ,gra9s p] p\nd #a4he ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #b4cc ,m9imum doses #cg4jj ,maximum doses #d4g ,c badly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #efg4--,sample ( cann$ tomatoes1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,extra ,f9e ,tomatoes4 ,blue ,label4 ,curtice ,bros4 ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jab ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4hd ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4jf ,m9imum doses #af4jj ,maximum doses #b4jj ,inn] coat+ erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #efh4--,sample ( cann$ tomatoes1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,fre% ,tomatoes1 ,curtice ,bros4 ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jad ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4ih ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4bc ,m9imum doses #ai4jj ,maximum doses #b4e ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #efi4--,sample ( cann$ peas1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,petites ,pois1 ,p4 ,emilli51 ,bordeaux4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,copp] oxide #j4jbid ,gra9s p] p\nd #b4jf ,equival5t to copp] sulphate #c4ie ,t9 dioxide #j4jjfh ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4dh ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4f ,m9imum doses #i4f ,maximum doses #a4b ,no visible erosion4 ,s]ial ,no4 #egj4--,sample ( cann$ mu%room1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$ ,*ampignons de ,*oix4 ,bo/on fils4 ,p>is4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jb ,gra9s p] p\nd #a4dj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4gf ,m9imum doses #bh4jj ,maximum doses #c4ej ,inn] coat+ highly discolor$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ega4--,sample ( cann$ blackb]ries1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,lawton ,blackb]ries4 ,curtice ,bros4 ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jaad ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4hj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4ja ,m9imum doses #af4jj ,maximum doses #b4jj ,inn] coat+ erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #egb4--,sample ( cann$ blueb]ries1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure1 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,blueb]ries4 ,eagle ,br&1 pack$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,loggie1 ,black ,brook1 ,n4,b4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jc ,gra9s p] p\nd #b4aj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #b4fd ,m9imum doses #db4jj ,maximum doses #e4cj ,c badly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #egd4--,sample ( cann$ salmon1 b\ght ( ,t4,b4 ,vaure4 ,july #aa1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,be/ ,fre% ,columbia ,riv] ,salmon1 ,eagle ,cann+ ,co41 ,a/oria ,clatsop ,co41 ,oregon4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jacd ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4id ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4ah ,m9imum doses #ah4ij ,maximum doses #b4cj ,inn] coat+ erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #egh4--,sample ( cann$ pe>s1 receiv$ ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,b>tlett ,pe>s4 ,solan's ,br&1 pack$ 9 ,solano ,co41 ,cali=nia4 ,juice4 ,fruit4 ,p] ,ct4 ,p] ,ct4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jjgd #j4jjgd ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4eahj #j4eahj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4fe #j4fe ,m9imum doses #aj4dj #aj4dj ,maximum doses #a4cj #a4cj ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #egi4--,sample ( cann$ pea*es1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi4 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,pea*es1 ,wm4 ,maxwell1 ,baltimore1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,juice4 ,fruit4 ,p] ,ct4 ,p] ,ct4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jcbd #j4jdad ,gra9s p] p\nd #b4bfhj #b4hihj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #b4he #c4fe ,m9imum doses #de4fj #eh4dj ,maximum doses #e4gj #g4cj ,c badly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehj4--,sample ( cann$ blackb]ries1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,blackb]ries1 ,clipp] ,br&1 ,wm4 ,munson ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jf ,gra9s p] p\nd #d4bj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #e4bh ,m9imum doses #hd4jj ,maximum doses #aj4fj ,c badly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #eha4--,sample ( cann$ *]ries1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,r$ ,*]ries1 ,clov]dale ,br&1 ,g4,c4 ,m\rnaw ,co41 ,clov]dale1 ,va4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jdad ,gra9s p] p\nd #b4hihj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #c4fe ,m9imum doses #eh4dj ,maximum doses #g4cj ,c badly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehb4--,sample ( cann$ pumpk91 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,royal ,pumpk91 ,urbana ,cann+ ,co41 ,urbana1 ,o4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jahd ,gra9s p] p\nd #a4biij ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4fb ,m9imum doses #be4ij ,maximum doses4 #c4bj ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehc4--,sample ( cann$ bak$ sweet potatoes1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,t5nessee ,bak$ ,sweet ,potatoes1 ,capital ,cann+ ,co41 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jacb ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4ib ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4af ,m9imum doses #ah4ej ,maximum doses #b4cj ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehd4--,sample ( cann$ peas1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,m>r[fat ,peas1 ,p>son ,bros41 ,ab]de51 ,m>yl&4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jjdd ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4cj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4ch ,m9imum doses #f4bj ,maximum doses #j4hj ,c slightly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehe4--,sample ( /r+ beans1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,/r+ ,beans4 ,pack$ by ,h4,p4 ,hem+way ,co41 ,baltimore ,city1 ,md4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jaed ,gra9s p] p\nd #a4jh ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4cf ,m9imum doses #ba4gj ,maximum doses #b4gj ,c erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehf4--,sample ( cann$ salmon1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,puget ,s\nd ,fre% ,salmon1 ,puget ,s\nd ,salmon ,co41 ,w4,t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jjdd ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4cj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4ch ,m9imum doses #j4bj ,maximum doses #j4hj ,c slightly erod$4 ,s]ial ,no4 #ehg4--,sample ( cond5s$ milk1 receiv$ ( ,edw>d ,be!l1 ,july #bi1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,bord5's ,cond5s$ ,milk4 ,! ,gail ,bord5 ,eagle ,br&1 ,new ,york ,cond5s$ ,milk ,co41 #ga ,hudson ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,t9 dioxide none4 ,no visible erosion4 ,s]ial ,no4 #eib4--,sample ( cann$ p9eapples1 b\ght ( ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,p9eapples1 ,fir/ ,quality4 ,pack$ by ,m>t9 ,wagn] ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jjih ,gra9s p] p\nd #j4fhfj ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #j4hfdj ,m9imum doses #ac4f ,maximum doses #a4g ,c erod$ ,s]ial ,no4 #eic4--,sample ( cann$ p9eapples1 b\ght ( ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,augu/ #d1 #ahij4 ,label$3 ,florida ,p9eapple1 ,oval ,br&4 ,extra ,quality4 ,a ,boo? ,pack+ ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,t9 dioxide #j4jaeh ,gra9s p] p\nd #a4aa ,equival5t to /ann\s *loride #a4dj ,m9imum doses #bb4dj ,maximum doses #b4hj ,c erod$4 --,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*romates4 ,by ,j4 ,,massignon & ,e4 ,,vatel4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( manufactur+ ! bi*romates consi/s 9 mak+ an intimate mixture ( f9ely pulv]iz$ *rome ore1 lime 9 l>ge excess1 pota% or soda1 or correspond+ salts ( ^! two bases4 ,?is mixture is plac$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 & subject$ to a high temp]ature1 :ile pl5ty ( air is suppli$4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! mass is con/antly puddl$ to br+ all ! p>ticles into contact ) ! hot air1 s t all ! sesquioxide ( *romium ( ! ore w be oxidiz$4 ,aft] ! oxidation is f9i%$1 ! mass is tak5 f ! furnace & cool$2 ! bi*romate is obta9$ by lixiviation1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid & cry/alliz$4 ,?is me?od ( manufacture has sev]al s]i\s objections4 ,! au?ors1 aft] rese>* & exp]im5t1 h devis$ a new process1 foll[+ an idea sugge/$ by ,pel\ze4 ,! ore v f9ely pulv]iz$ is mix$ ) *loride ( calcium or lime1 or c>bonate ( calcium1 9 su* proportions t all ! base1 proce$+ f ! cau/ic lime or ! c>bonate ( calcium put 9 ! mixture1 %all be 9 slightly great] quantity ?an is necess>y to trans=m into *romate ( calcium all ! sesquioxide ( *romium ( ! ore1 :5 ?is sesquioxide w be by oxidation *ang$ into ! *romic acid /ate4 ,! *loride ( calcium employ$ 9 proportion ( "o equival5t = ?ree ( ! total calcium is mo/ conv5i5t = ! =mation ( oxy*loride ( calcium4 ,if ! mixture is made ) c>bonate ( lime 7pulv]iz$ *alk71 x w n /iff5 9 ! air2 b if lime & c>bonate ( calcium are employ$ at ! same "t1 ! mass /iff5s l cem5t1 & c be m\ld$ into bricks or plates4 ,! be/ way to op]ate is to mix fir/ a "p ( ! ore & well pulv]iz$ *alk1 & slake x ) ! necess>y conc5trat$ *loride ( calcium solution2 !n to make up a lime d\gh1 & mix ! two1 m\ld+ quickly4 ,! loaves or m\lds ?us =m$ are p>tially dri$ 9 ! air1 !n completely dri$ 9 a furnace at a mod]ate temp]ature1 & f9ally bak$1 to effect ! r$uction ( ! c>bonate ( calcium into cau/ic lime4 ,x is only necess>y !n to expose ! loaves to ! air at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 = ! oxidation ( ! sesquioxide ( *romium w g on by degrees )\t any manipulation1 by ! action ( ! atmosph]ic air1 ! matt] ?us prep>$ hav+ a suffici5t porosity to all[ ! air free access to ! int]ior ( ! mass4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! oxidation w be complet$ 9 a mon?4 ,! division ( ?is "w--mix+1 slak+ or ?9n+1 roa/+ or bak+1 & subjection to ! air--is analog\s to ! "w ( a tile or brick works4 ,! advance ( ! oxidation c be foll[$ by ! appe>ance ( ! matt]1 :i* aft] bak+ pres5ts a deep gre5 color1 :i* passes f olive gre5 into yell[1 accord+ to ! progress ( calcium *romate =mation4 ,:5 ! oxidation is complet$1 ! mass conta9s3 ,*romate ( calcium1 *loride ( calcium1 c>bonate ( lime & cau/ic lime 9 excess1 sesquioxide ( iron & ! gangue1 "p ( :i* is unit$ ) ! lime4 ,?is mass is wa%$ ) wat] by ! ord9>y me?od ( lixiviation1 & !re is obta9$ a conc5trat$ solution conta9+ all ! *loride ( calcium1 & a small quantity only ( *romate ( calcium1 ! latt] be+ ab\t #ajj times less soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is solution c be us$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,x c be conc5trat$ & us$ 9 prep>+ a new *>ge1 ! small quantity ( calcium *romate pres5t be+ an assi/ance1 or3 #b4 ,x c be us$ = mak+ *romate ( lead 7*rome yell[71 by precipitat+ ! calcium *romate ) a lead salt2 ?is be+ a v economical process = ! manufacture ( ?is color4 ,! mass aft] lixiviation1 be+ treat$ ) a solution ( sulphate or c>bonate ( pota% or soda1 w yield *romate ( pota% or soda1 & by ! employm5t ( sulphuric acid1 ! correspond+ bi*romates4 ,! solutions are !n filt]$1 to get rid ( ! insoluble deposits1 conc5trat$1 & cry/alliz$4 ,if1 in/ead ( *romate or bi*romate ( pota% or soda1 *romic acid is s\ght1 ! mass aft] lixiviation is treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ! *romic acid is obta9$ directly )\t any int]m$iate /eps4 ,?is process has ! foll[+ advantages3 #a4 ,! oxidation c be effect$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 ?us sav+ exp5se 9 fuel4 #b4 ,! heavy manual labor is avoid$4 #c4 ,! loss ( pota% & soda by volatilization & comb9ation ) ! gangue is entirely avoid$4 #d4 ,x is n actually necess>y to use ri* ores2 silici\s ores c be us$4 #e4 ,! intimate mixture ( ! mat]ial be=e treatm5t be+ made me*anically1 ! puddl+ is avoid$1 & 9 consequ5ce a great] proportion ( ! sesquioxide ( *romium 9 ! ores is utiliz$4--,bull4 ,soc4 ,*em4 #e1 #cga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,violet ,,color+ ,,matt] ,,f ,,morph9e4 ,a violet color+ matt] is =m$1 toge!r ) o!r sub/ances1 by boil+ = #ajj h\rs 9 a reflux app>atus a mixture ( morph9e 7sev5 grammes71 p-nitrosodime?ylanil9e hydro*loride 7five grammes71 & alcohol 7#ejj c4c474 ,! solution gradually assumes a r$ br[n color1 & a quantity ( tetrame?yldiamidoazob5z5e sep>ates 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,aft] filt]+ f ! latt]1 ! alcoholic solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue boil$ ) wat]1 a deep purple color$ solution be+ s obta9$4 ,?is solution1 :i* conta9s at lea/ two color+ matt]s1 is evaporat$ almo/ to dryness1 acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & !n r5d]$ alkal9e ) sodium hydrate1 ! color+ matt]s be+ precipitat$ & ! un*ang$ morph9e rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) dilute sodium hydrate1 dri$1 & extract$ 9 ! cold ) amyl alcohol1 :i* dissolves out a violet color+ matt]1 & leaves 9 ! residue a blue color+ matt] or mixture ( color+ matt]s4 ,! violet color+ matt] is obta9$ 9 a pure /ate on evaporat+ ! amyl alcohol4 ,its plat9o*loride has ! =mula ,pt,cl#d4;,c#be;,h#bi,n#c,o#d4;,h,cl1 & has ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ! plat9o*lorides ( ! majority ( alkaloids4 ,! color+ matt]1 ( :i* ! free base has ! =mula-- 7,c#f;,h#d,n7,,*#c7b7--,n7,c#ag;,h#ai,,n o#d7 =ms an amorph\s mass ) a bronze-l lu/]2 x is sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 freely s 9 alcohol1 its alcoholic solution be+ /rongly di*roic2 its gre5 color$ solution 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid becomes successively blue & violet on dilution ) wat]2 x dyes silk1 wool1 & gun cotton1 b is n fa/ to light4 ,morph9e violet is ! fir/ true color+ matt] obta9$ f ! natural alkaloids1 ! morph9e blue ( ,*a/a+ & ,b>illot 7,compt4 ,r5d41 #aje1 #ajab7 n be+ a color+ matt] prop]ly s call$4 --,p4 ,caz5euve1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,liquid ,,blue ,,= ,,dye+4 ,! new liquid blue ( ,m4 ,dornemann is int5d$ to avoid ! =mation ( clots1 etc41 :i* lead to irregul>ity 9 %ade1 if n to ! =mation ( spots on ! textile4 ,9 addition to accompli%+ ?is end1 ! process is accel]at$ by subject+ ! blue to a previ\s treatm5t4 ,9 ?is prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! blue1 ! object is to remove ! sulphur :i* ret>ds ! solution ( ! color4 ,! liquid is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,! pigm5t1 previ\sly dri$ at #aej ,c41 is cru%$ & f9ely gr\nd1 & conta9s ab\t #dg p] c5t4 ( color+ matt]2 to ?is is add$ #ec p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,to ?is mixture1 or slurry1 ! inv5tor adds an indef9ite quantity ( glucose & glyc]9e ( #dc ,b41 hav+ a specific gravity ( #a4dbe4 ,x is !n ready = use4--,le ,moniteur de la ,te9ture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej ,a ,,ye>4 ,,s+le ,,copies1 #be ,,cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses4 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts6 ,,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co41 9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 cont9ue to exam9e improvem5ts1 & to act z ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tors4 ,9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess !y h _h =ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h unequal$ facilities = ! prep>ation ( ,pat5t ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ! prosecution ( ,applications = ,pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also att5d to ! prep>ation ( ,caveats1 ,copyrights = ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignm5ts1 & ,reports on ,infr+em5ts ( ,pat5ts4 ,all bus9ess intru/$ to !m is done ) special c>e & promptness1 on v reasonable t]ms4 ,a pamphlet s5t free ( *>ge1 on application1 conta9+ full in=mation ab\t ,pat5ts & h[ to procure !m2 directions conc]n+ ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,pat5ts1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infr+em5ts1 ,assignm5ts1 ,reject$ ,cases4 ,h9ts on ! ,sale ( ,pat5ts1 etc4 ,we also s5d1 free ( *>ge1 a ,synopsis ( ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws1 %[+ ! co/ & me?od ( secur+ pat5ts 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,solicitors ,,( ,,pat5ts1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fices4--,no4 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/reet1 ,pacific ,build+1 ne> #g? ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4