,illu/ration ,,! ,,negro ,,problem ,,cont5ts ,i ,indu/rial ,education = ! ,negro ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton #g ,,ii ,! ,tal5t$ ,t5? ,w4,e4 ,burgh>dt ,du,bois #ca ,,iii ,! ,disfran*isem5t ( ! ,negro ,*>les ,w4 ,*esnutt #gg ,,iv ,! ,negro & ! ,law ,wil=d ,h4 ,smi? #abe ,v ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro ,p ,h4,t4 ,keal+ #afa ,,vi ,repres5tative ,am]ican ,negroes ,paul ,laur5ce ,dunb> #ahg ,,vii ,! ,negro's ,place 9 ,am]ican ,life at ! ,pres5t ,day ,t4 ,?omas ,=tune #baa ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,v>iant spell+s h be5 left 9 ! text4 ,obvi\s typos h be5 correct$ & indicat$ ) a footnote4 ,indu/rial ,education = ! ,negro ,by ,,book] ,t4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,pr9cipal ( ,tuskegee ,in/itute ,! necessity = ! race's le>n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ work$ & work+4 ,he w\ld n conf9e ! ,negro to indu/rial life1 b believes t ! v be/ s]vice :i* any "o c r5d] to :at is call$ ! high] education is to tea* ! pres5t g5]ation to "w & save4 ,?is w create ! weal? f :i* alone c come leisure & ! opportunity = high] education4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal & f>-rea*+ de$s t has be5 accompli%$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has be5 t by :i* ! ,negro has be5 help$ to f9d himself & to le>n ! secrets ( civilization--to le>n t !re are a few simple1 c>d9al pr9ciples ^u :i* a race mu/ />t its upw>d c\rse1 unless x w\ld fail1 & its la/ e/ate be worse ?an its fir/4 ,x has be5 necess>y = ! ,negro to le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ work$ & work+--to le>n t be+ work$ meant degradation1 :ile work+ means civilization2 t all =ms ( labor are honorable1 & all =ms ( idl5ess disgraceful4 ,x has be5 necess>y = him to le>n t all races t h got ^u _! feet h done s l>gely by lay+ an economic f\ndation1 &1 9 g5]al1 by beg9n+ 9 a prop] cultivation & own]%ip ( ! soil4 ,=ty ye>s ago my race em]g$ f slav]y into fre$om4 ,if1 9 too _m cases1 ! ,negro race began developm5t at ! wrong end1 x 0 l>gely because nei!r :ite nor black prop]ly und]/ood ! case4 ,nor is x any wond] t ?is 0 s1 = nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w _h j su* a problem be5 pres5t$ z t ( ! two races at ! com+ ( fre$om 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ,i believe ! way = ! r$emption ( ! ,negro 0 be+ prep>$ ?r\gh indu/rial developm5t4 ,?r\gh all ^? ye>s ! ,s\!rn :ite man did bus9ess ) ! ,negro 9 a way t no "o else has done bus9ess ) him4 ,9 mo/ cases if a ,s\!rn :ite man want$ a h\se built he consult$ a ,negro me*anic ab\t ! plan & ab\t ! actual build+ ( ! /ructure4 ,if he want$ a suit ( clo!s made he w5t to a ,negro tailor1 & = %oes he w5t to a %oemak] ( ! same race4 ,9 a c]ta9 way e slave plantation 9 ! ,s\? 0 an indu/rial s*ool4 ,on ^! plantations "y color$ m5 & wom5 7 con/antly be+ tra9$ n only z f>m]s b z c>p5t]s1 blacksmi?s1 :eelwrights1 brick masons1 eng9e]s1 cooks1 laundresses1 sew+ wom5 & h\sekeep]s4 ,i d n mean 9 any way to apologize = ! curse ( slav]y1 :i* 0 a curse to bo? races1 b 9 :at ,i say ab\t indu/rial tra9+ 9 slav]y ,i am simply /at+ facts4 ,?is tra9+ 0 crude1 & 0 giv5 = selfi% purposes4 ,x did n answ] ! highe/ ends1 because !re 0 an abs5ce ( m5tal tra9+ 9 connection ) ! tra9+ ( ! h&4 ,to a l>ge degree1 ?\gh1 ?is bus9ess contact ) ! ,s\!rn :ite man1 & ! indu/rial tra9+ on ! plantations1 left ! ,negro at ! close ( ! w> 9 possession ( ne>ly all ! common & skill$ labor 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! indu/ries t gave ! ,s\? its p[]1 prom95ce & weal? prior to ! ,civil ,w> 7 ma9ly ! rais+ ( cotton1 sug> cane1 rice & tobacco4 ,be=e ! way c\ld be prep>$ = ! prop] gr[+ & m>ket+ ( ^! crops =e/s _h to be cle>$1 h\ses to be built1 public roads & railroads con/ruct$4 ,9 all ^! works ! ,negro did mo/ ( ! heavy "w4 ,9 ! plant+1 cultivat+ & m>ket+ ( ! crops n only 0 ! ,negro ! *ief dep5d5ce1 b 9 ! manufacture ( tobacco he became a skill$ & pr(ici5t workman1 & 9 ?is1 up to ! pres5t "t1 9 ! ,s\?1 holds ! lead 9 ! l>ge tobacco manufactories4 ,9 mo/ ( ! indu/ries1 ?\gh1 :at happ5$8 ,= ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ! w>1 except 9 a few in/ances1 ! value ( ! indu/rial tra9+ giv5 by ! plantations 0 ov]look$4 ,negro m5 & wom5 7 educat$ 9 lit]ature1 9 ma!matics & 9 ! sci5ces1 ) little ?\ght ( :at _h be5 tak+ place dur+ ! prec$+ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 except1 p]haps1 z some?+ to be escap$1 to be got z f> away f z possible4 ,z a g5]ation began to pass1 ^? :o _h be5 tra9$ z me*anics 9 slav]y began to disappe> by dea?1 & gradually x began to be realiz$ t !re 7 few to take _! places4 ,!re 7 "y m5 educat$ 9 =eign tongues1 b few 9 c>p5try or 9 me*anical or ar*itectural draw+4 ,_m 7 tra9$ 9 ,lat91 b few z eng9e]s & blacksmi?s4 ,too _m 7 tak5 f ! f>m & educat$1 b educat$ 9 ev]y?+ b f>m+4 ,= ?is reason !y _h no int]e/ 9 f>m+ & did n return to x4 ,& yet eighty-five p] c5t4 ( ! ,negro population ( ! ,s\!rn /ates lives & = a consid]able "t w cont9ue to live 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! *>ge is (t5 br\ght aga9/ ! memb]s ( my race--& too (t5 ju/ly1 ,i confess--t !y are f\nd leav+ ! c\ntry di/ricts & flock+ into ! great cities :]e temptations are m frequ5t & h>d] to resi/1 & :]e ! ,negro p too (t5 become demoraliz$4 ,?9k1 ?\gh1 h[ frequ5tly x is ! case t f ! fir/ day t a pupil beg9s to g to s*ool 8 books tea* him mu* ab\t ! cities ( ! _w & city life1 & almo/ no?+ ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,h[ natural x is1 !n1 t :5 he has ! ord]+ ( 8 life he wants to live x 9 ! city4 ,only a %ort "t be=e 8 dea? ! late ,mr4 ,c4,p4 ,hunt+ton1 to ^: memory a magnific5t libr>y has j be5 giv5 by 8 wid[ to ! ,hampton ,in/itute = ,negroes1 9 ,virg9ia1 said 9 a public address "s words :i* seem to me s wise t ,i want to quote !m "h3 ,our s*ools tea* ev]ybody a little ( almo/ ev]y?+1 b1 9 my op9ion1 !y tea* v few *ildr5 j :at !y ought to "k 9 ord] to make _! way successfully 9 life4 ,!y d n put into _! h&s ! tools !y are be/ fitt$ to use1 & h5ce s _m failures4 ,_m a "m & si/] h work$ & slav$1 liv+ ^u scanty food1 9 ord] to give a son & bro!r a lib]al education1 & 9 do+ ?is h built up a b>ri] betwe5 ! boy & ! "w he 0 fitt$ to d4 ,let me say to y t all hone/ "w is honorable "w4 ,if ! labor is manual1 & seems common1 y w h all ! m *ance to be ?9k+ ( o!r ?+s1 or ( "w t is high] & br+s bett] pay1 & to "w out 9 y\r m9ds bett] & high] duties & responsibilities = y\rselves1 & = ?9k+ ( ways by :i* y c help o!rs z well z y\rselves1 & br+ !m up to y\r own high] level4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 we decid$ to make tailor+ a "p ( our tra9+ at ! ,tuskegee ,in/itute1 ,i 0 amaz$ to f9d t x 0 almo/ impossible to f9d 9 ! :ole c\ntry an educat$ color$ man :o c\ld tea* ! mak+ ( clo?+4 ,we c\ld f9d numb]s ( !m :o c\ld tea* a/ronomy1 !ology1 ,lat9 or gramm>1 b almo/ none :o c\ld in/ruct 9 ! mak+ ( clo?+1 some?+ t has to be us$ by e "o ( u e day 9 ! ye>4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i be5 disc\rag$ z ,i h gone ?r\gh ! ,s\?1 & into ! homes ( ! p ( my race1 & h f\nd wom5 :o c\ld conv]se intellig5tly ^u ab/ruse subjects1 & yet c\ld n tell h[ to improve ! condition ( ! poorly cook$ & /ill m poorly s]v$ bread & meat :i* !y & _! families 7 eat+ ?ree times a day4 ,x is disc\rag+ to f9d a girl :o c tell y ! geographical location ( any c\ntry on ! globe & :o does n "k :]e to place ! di%es ^u a common d9n] table4 ,x is disc\rag+ to f9d a woman :o kn[s mu* ab\t !oretical *emi/ry1 & :o _c prop]ly wa% & iron a %irt4 ,9 :at ,i say "h ,i w\ld n by any means h x und]/ood t ,i w\ld limit or circumscribe ! m5tal developm5t ( ! ,negro-/ud5t4 ,no race c be lift$ until its m9d is awak5$ & /r5g!n$4 ,by ! side ( indu/rial tra9+ %\ld always g m5tal & moral tra9+1 b ! pu%+ ( m]e ab/ract k into ! head means little4 ,we want m ?an ! m]e p]=mance ( m5tal gymna/ics4 ,our k mu/ be h>ness$ to ! ?+s ( real life4 ,i w\ld enc\rage ! ,negro to secure all ! m5tal /r5g?1 all ! m5tal culture--:e!r glean$ f sci5ce1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 language or lit]ature t 8 circum/ances w all[1 b ,i believe mo/ e>ne/ly t = ye>s to come ! education ( ! p ( my race %\ld be s direct$ t ! greate/ proportion ( ! m5tal /r5g? ( ! masses w be br\ght to be> ^u ! e-day practical ?+s ( life1 ^u some?+ t is ne$$ to be done1 & some?+ :i* !y w be p]mitt$ to d 9 ! community 9 :i* !y reside4 ,& j ! same ) ! pr(essional class :i* ! race ne$s & mu/ h1 ,i w\ld say give ! m5 & wom5 ( t class1 too1 ! tra9+ :i* w be/ fit !m to p]=m 9 ! mo/ successful mann] ! s]vice :i* ! race dem&s4 ,i w\ld n conf9e ! race to indu/rial life1 n ev5 to agriculture1 = example1 al?\gh ,i believe t by f> ! great] "p ( ! ,negro race is be/ (f 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts & mu/ & %\ld cont9ue to live !re1 b ,i w\ld tea* ! race t 9 indu/ry ! f\ndation mu/ be laid--t ! v be/ s]vice :i* any "o c r5d] to :at is call$ ! high] education is to tea* ! pres5t g5]ation to provide a mat]ial or indu/rial f\ndation4 ,on su* a f\ndation z ?is w gr[ habits ( ?rift1 a love ( "w1 economy1 own]%ip ( prop]ty1 bank acc\nts4 ,out ( x 9 ! future w gr[ practical education1 pr(essional education1 positions ( public responsibility4 ,out ( x w gr[ moral & religi\s /r5g?4 ,out ( x w gr[ weal? f :i* alone c come leisure & ! opportunity = ! enjoym5t ( lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,9 ! words ( ! late belov$ ,fr$]ick ,d\glass3 ,e bl[ ( ! sl$ge hamm] wield$ by a sable arm is a p[]ful bl[ 9 support ( our cause4 ,e color$ me*anic is by virtue ( circum/ances an elevator ( 8 race4 ,e h\se built by a black man is a /rong t[] aga9/ ! alli$ ho/s ( prejudice4 ,x is impossible = u to atta* too mu* importance to ?is aspect ( ! subject4 ,)\t indu/rial developm5t !re c be no weal?2 )\t weal? !re c be no leisure2 )\t leisure no opportunity = ?\ghtful reflection & ! cultivation ( ! high] arts4 ,i w\ld set no limits to ! atta9m5ts ( ! ,negro 9 arts1 9 lett]s or /atesman%ip1 b ,i believe ! sure/ way to rea* ^? ends is by lay+ ! f\ndation 9 ! little ?+s ( life t lie imm$iately ab\t "o's door4 ,i plead = indu/rial education & developm5t = ! ,negro n because ,i want to cramp him1 b because ,i want to free him4 ,i want to see him ent] ! all-p[]ful bus9ess & comm]cial _w4 ,x 0 su* comb9$ m5tal1 moral & indu/rial education :i* ! late ,g5]al ,arm/rong set out to give at ! ,hampton ,in/itute :5 he e/abli%$ t s*ool ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! ,hampton ,in/itute has cont9u$ along ! l9es laid d[n by its great f\nd]1 & n[ ea* ye> an increas+ numb] ( simil> s*ools are be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! ,s\?1 = ! p ( bo? races4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,tuskegee ,in/itute we began to comb9e indu/rial tra9+ ) m5tal & moral culture4 ,our fir/ ef=ts 7 9 ! direction ( agriculture1 & we began tea*+ ?is ) no appliances except "o hoe & a bl9d mule4 ,f ?is small beg9n+ we h gr[n until n[ ! ,in/itute owns two ?\s& acres ( l&1 eight hundr$ ( :i* are cultivat$ ea* ye> by ! "y m5 ( ! s*ool4 ,we began tea*+ :eelwright+ & blacksmi?+ 9 a small way to ! m51 & laundry "w1 cook+ & sew+ & h\sekeep+ to ! "y wom54 ,! f\rte5 hundr$ & ov] "y m5 & wom5 :o att5d$ ! s*ool dur+ ! la/ s*ool ye> receiv$ in/ruction--9 addition to academic & religi\s tra9+--9 ?irty-?ree trades & indu/ries1 includ+ c>p5try1 blacksmi?+1 pr9t+1 :eelwright+ h>nessmak+1 pa9t+1 ma*9]y1 f\nd+1 %oemak+1 brickmasonry & brickmak+1 pla/]+1 sawmill+1 t9smi?+1 tailor+1 me*anical & ar*itectural draw+1 electrical & /eam eng9e]+1 cann+1 sew+1 dressmak+1 mill9]y1 cook+1 laund]+1 h\sekeep+1 mattress mak+1 basketry1 nurs+1 agriculture1 dairy+ & /ock rais+1 horticulture4 ,n only d ! /ud5ts receive in/ruction 9 ^! trades1 b !y d actual "w1 by means ( :i* m ?an half ( !m pay "s "p or all ( _! exp5ses :ile rema9+ at ! s*ool4 ,( ! sixty build+s belong+ to ! s*ool all b f\r 7 almo/ :olly erect$ by ! /ud5ts z a "p ( _! indu/rial education4 ,ev5 ! bricks :i* g into ! walls are made by /ud5ts 9 ! s*ool's brick y>d1 9 :i*1 la/ ye>1 !y manufactur$ two million bricks4 ,:5 we fir/ began ?is "w at ,tuskegee1 & ! idea got spread among ! p ( my race t ! /ud5ts :o came to ! ,tuskegee s*ool 7 to be taught indu/ries 9 connection ) _! academic /udies1 71 9 o!r words1 to be taught to "w1 ,i receiv$ a great _m v]bal messages & lett]s f p>5ts in=m+ me t !y want$ _! *ildr5 taught books1 b n h[ to "w4 ,?is prote/ w5t on = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 b ,i am glad to be able to say n[ t our p h v g5]ally be5 educat$ to a po9t :]e !y see _! own ne$s & conditions s cle>ly t x has be5 sev]al ye>s s9ce we h _h a s+le prote/ f p>5ts aga9/ ! tea*+ ( indu/ries1 & !re is n[ a positive en?usiasm = x4 ,9 fact1 public s5tim5t among ! /ud5ts at ,tuskegee is n[ s /rong = indu/rial tra9+ t x w\ld h>dly p]mit a /ud5t to rema9 on ! gr\nds :o 0 unwill+ to labor4 ,x seems to me t too (t5 m]e book education leaves ! ,negro "y man or woman 9 a weak position4 ,= example1 ,i h se5 a ,negro girl taught by h] "m to help h] 9 do+ laundry "w at home4 ,lat]1 :5 ?is same girl 0 graduat$ f ! public s*ools or a high s*ool & return$ home %e f9ds h]self educat$ out ( sympa?y ) laundry "w1 & yet n able to f9d any?+ to d :i* seems 9 keep+ ) ! co/ & "* ( h] education4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we _c be surpris$ if %e does n fulfill ! expectations made = h]4 ,:at %\ld h be5 done = h]1 x seems to me1 0 to give h] along ) h] academic education ?or\gh tra9+ 9 ! late/ & be/ me?ods ( laundry "w1 s t %e c\ld h put s mu* skill & intellig5ce into x t ! "w w\ld h be5 lift$ out f ! plane ( drudg]y,a4 ,! home :i* %e w\ld !n h be5 able to f\nd by ! results ( h] "w w\ld h enabl$ h] to help h] *ildr5 to take a /ill m responsible position 9 life4 ,almo/ f ! fir/ ,tuskegee has kept 9 m9d--& ?is ,i ?9k %\ld be ! policy ( all indu/rial s*ools--fitt+ /ud5ts = occupations :i* w\ld be op5 to !m 9 _! home communities4 ,"s ye>s ago we not$ ! fact t !re 0 beg9n+ to be a dem& 9 ! ,s\? = m5 to op]ate dairies 9 a skillful1 mod]n mann]4 ,we op5$ a dairy dep>tm5t 9 connection ) ! s*ool1 :]e a numb] ( "y m5 c\ld h in/ruction 9 ! late/ & mo/ sci5tific me?ods ( dairy "w4 ,at pres5t we h calls--ma9ly f ,s\!rn :ite m5--= twice z _m dairym5 z we are able to supply4 ,:at is equally satisfactory1 ! reports :i* come to u indicate t our "y m5 are giv+ ! highe/ satisfaction & are fa/ *ang+ & improv+ ! dairy product 9 ! communities into :i* !y g4 ,i use ! dairy "h z an example4 ,:at ,i h said ( ?is is equally true ( _m ( ! o!r indu/ries :i* we tea*4 ,aside f ! economic value ( ?is "w ,i _c b believe1 & my obs]vation confirms me 9 my belief1 t z we cont9ue to place ,negro m5 & wom5 ( intellig5ce1 religion1 mode/y1 consci5ce & skill 9 e community 9 ! ,s\?1 :o w prove by actual results _! value to ! community1 ,i _c b believe1 ,i say1 t ?is w con/itute a solution to _m ( ! pres5t political & social difficulties4 ,_m seem to ?9k t indu/rial education is meant to make ! ,negro "w z he work$ 9 ! days ( slav]y4 ,?is is f> f my conception ( indu/rial education4 ,if ?is tra9+ is wor? any?+ to ! ,negro1 x consi/s 9 tea*+ him h[ n to "w1 b h[ to make ! =ces ( nature--air1 /eam1 wat]1 horse-p[] & electricity--"w = him4 ,if x has any value x is 9 lift+ labor up out ( toil & drudg]y into ! plane ( ! dignifi$ & ! beautiful4 ,! ,negro 9 ! ,s\? works & works h>d2 b too (t5 8 ignorance & lack ( skill causes him to d 8 "w 9 ! mo/ co/ly & %iftless mann]1 & ?is keeps him ne> ! bottom ( ! ladd] 9 ! economic _w4 ,i h n emphasiz$ p>ticul>ly 9 ^! pages ! great ne$ ( tra9+ ! ,negro 9 agriculture1 b ,i believe t ?is bran* ( indu/rial education does ne$ v great emphasis4 ,9 ?is connection ,i want to quote "s words :i* ,mr4 ,edg> ,g>dn] ,murphy1 ( ,montgom]y1 ,alabama1 has rec5tly writt5 ^u ?is subject3 ,we mu/ incorporate into our public s*ool sy/em a l>g] recognition ( ! practical & indu/rial elem5ts 9 educational tra9+4 ,ours is an agricultural population4 ,! s*ool mu/ be br\ght m closely to ! soil4 ,! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 = example1 is all v well1 b nobody c really "k any?+ ( hi/ory unless he has be5 taught to see ?+s gr[--has s se5 ?+s n only ) ! outw>d eye1 b ) ! eyes ( 8 intellig5ce & consci5ce4 ,! actual ?+s ( ! pres5t are m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ! in/itutions ( ! pa/4 ,ev5 to "y *ildr5 c be %[n ! simpl] conditions & processes ( gr[?--h[ corn is put into ! gr\nd--h[ cotton & potatoes %\ld be plant$--h[ to *oose ! soil be/ adapt$ to a p>ticul> plant1 h[ to improve t soil1 h[ to c>e = ! plant :ile x gr[s1 h[ to get ! mo/ value out ( x1 h[ to use ! elem5ts ( wa/e = ! f]tilization ( o!r crops2 h[1 ?r\gh ! alt]nation ( crops1 ! l& may be made to increase ! annual value ( its products--^! ?+s1 ^u _! elem5t>y side are absolutely vital to ! wor? & success ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ^! p ( ! ,negro race1 & yet our :ole educational sy/em has practically ignor$ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* "w w mean n only an education 9 agriculture1 b an education ?r\gh agriculture & education1 ?r\gh natural symbols & practical =ms1 :i* w educate z deeply1 z broadly & z truly z any o!r sy/em :i* ! _w has kn[n4 ,su* *anges w br+ f> l>g] results ?an ! m]e improvem5t ( our ,negroes4 ,!y w give u an agricultural class1 a class ( t5ants or small l& own]s1 tra9$ n away f ! soil1 b 9 relation to ! soil & 9 intellig5t dep5d5ce ^u its res\rces4 ,i close1 !n1 z ,i began1 by say+ t z a slave ! ,negro 0 work$1 & t z a freeman he mu/ le>n to "w4 ,!re is /ill d\bt 9 _m qu>t]s z to ! ability ( ! ,negro unguid$1 unsupport$1 to hew 8 own pa? & put into visible1 tangible1 indisputable =m1 products & signs ( civilization4 ,?is d\bt _c be mu* affect$ by ab/ract argum5ts1 no matt] h[ delicately & conv9c+ly wov5 toge!r4 ,pati5tly1 quietly1 dogg$ly1 p]si/5tly1 ?r\gh summ] & w9t]1 sun%9e & %ad[1 by self-sacrifice1 by =esight1 by hone/y & indu/ry1 we mu/ re-en=ce argum5t ) results4 ,"o f>m b\ght1 "o h\se built1 "o home sweetly & intellig5tly kept1 "o man :o is ! l>ge/ tax pay] or has ! l>ge/ bank acc\nt1 "o s*ool or *ur* ma9ta9$1 "o factory runn+ successfully1 "o truck g>d5 pr(itably cultivat$1 "o pati5t cur$ by a ,negro doctor1 "o s]mon well prea*$1 "o (fice well fill$1 "o life cleanly liv$--^! w tell m 9 our favor ?an all ! ab/ract eloqu5ce t c be summon$ to plead our cause4 ,our pa?way mu/ be up ?r\gh ! soil1 up ?r\gh swamps1 up ?r\gh =e/s1 up ?r\gh ! /reams1 ! rocks1 up ?r\gh comm]ce1 education & religion6 ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ?is 0 'drudgg]y'4 ,! ,tal5t$ ,t5? ,by ,,pr(4 ,w4,e4 ,,burgh>dt ,du,b,o,i,s ,a /rong plea = ! high] education ( ! ,negro1 :i* ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! future ( ! fre$m5 _c af=d to ignore4 ,pr(4 ,du,bois produces ample evid5ce to prove conclusively ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t t to attempt to e/abli% any sort ( a sy/em ( common & indu/rial s*ool tra9+1 )\t fir/ provid+ = ! high] tra9+ ( ! v be/ tea*]s1 is simply ?r[+ y\r money to ! w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4,e4 ,,burgh>dt ,du,b,o,i,s4 ,! ,negro race1 l all races1 is go+ to be sav$ by its exceptional m54 ,! problem ( education1 !n1 among ,negroes mu/ fir/ ( all deal ) ! ,tal5t$ ,t5?2 x is ! problem ( develop+ ! ,be/ ( ?is race t !y may guide ! ,mass away f ! contam9ation & dea? ( ! ,wor/1 9 _! own & o!r races4 ,n[ ! tra9+ ( m5 is a difficult & intricate task4 ,its te*nique is a matt] = educational exp]ts1 b its object is = ! vision ( se]s4 ,if we make money ! object ( man-tra9+1 we %all develop money-mak]s b n necess>ily m52 if we make te*nical skill ! object ( education1 we may possess artisans b n1 9 nature1 m54 ,m5 we %all h only z we make manhood ! object ( ! "w ( ! s*ools--intellig5ce1 broad sympa?y1 k ( ! _w t 0 & is1 & ( ! relation ( m5 to x--?is is ! curriculum ( t ,high] ,education :i* mu/ und]lie true life4 ,on ?is f\ndation we may build bread w9n+1 skill ( h& & quickness ( bra91 ) nev] a fe> le/ ! *ild & man mi/ake ! means ( liv+ = ! object ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ?is be true--& :o c d5y x--?ree tasks lay be=e me2 fir/ to %[ f ! pa/ t ! ,tal5t$ ,t5? z !y h ris5 among ,am]ican ,negroes h be5 wor?y ( lead]%ip2 secondly1 to %[ h[ ^! m5 may be educat$ & develop$2 & ?irdly1 to %[ _! relation to ! ,negro problem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y misjudge u because y d n "k u4 ,f ! v fir/ x has be5 ! educat$ & intellig5t ( ! ,negro p t h l$ & elevat$ ! mass1 & ! sole ob/acles t nullifi$ & ret>d$ _! ef=ts 7 slav]y & race prejudice2 = :at is slav]y b ! legaliz$ survival ( ! unfit & ! nullification ( ! "w ( natural int]nal lead]%ip8 ,negro lead]%ip1 !re=e1 s\ght f ! fir/ to rid ! race ( ?is awful incubus t x might make way = natural selection & ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,9 colonial days came ,phillis ,:eatley & ,paul ,cuffe /riv+ aga9/ ! b>s ( prejudice2 & ,b5jam9 ,bannek]1 ! almanac mak]1 voic$ _! long+s :5 he said to ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,i freely & *e]fully ackn[l$ge t ,i am ( ! ,african race1 & 9 col\r :i* is natural to !m1 ( ! deepe/ dye2 & x is "u a s5se ( ! mo/ pr(\nd gratitude to ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 t ,i n[ confess to y t ,i am n "u t /ate ( tyrannical ?raldom & inhuman captivity to :i* too _m ( my bre?r5 are doom$1 b t ,i h abundantly ta/$ ( ! fruition ( ^? bless+s :i* proce$ f t free & unequall$ lib]ty ) :i* y are favor$1 & :i* ,i hope y w will+ly all[1 y h m]cifully receiv$ f ! imm$iate h& ( t ,be+ f :om proce$e? e good & p]fect gift4 ,suff] me to recall to y\r m9d t "t1 9 :i* ! arms ( ! ,briti% cr[n 7 ex]t$ ) e p[]ful ef=t1 9 ord] to r$uce y to a /ate ( s]vitude2 look back1 ,i entreat y1 on ! v>iety ( dang]s to :i* y 7 expos$2 reflect on t p]iod 9 :i* e human aid appe>$ unavailable1 & 9 :i* ev5 hope & =titude wore ! aspect ( inability to ! conflict1 & y _c b be l$ to a s]i\s & grateful s5se ( y\r miracul\s & provid5tial pres]vation1 y _c b ackn[l$ge1 t ! pres5t fre$om & tranquility :i* y enjoy1 y h m]cifully receiv$1 & t a peculi> bless+ ( heav54 ,?is1 sir1 0 a "t :5 y cle>ly saw into ! inju/ice ( a /ate ( ,slav]y1 & 9 :i* y _h j appreh5sions ( ! horrors ( its condition4 ,x 0 !n t y\r abhorr5ce !re( 0 s excit$1 t y publicly held =? ?is true & invaluable doctr9e1 :i* is wor?y to be record$ & rememb]$ 9 all succe$+ ages3 ',we hold ^! tru?s to be self evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ ) c]ta9 inali5able rights1 & t among ^! are life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4' ,!n came ,dr4 ,james ,d]ham1 :o c\ld tell ev5 ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,ru% some?+ ( m$ic9e1 & ,lemuel ,haynes1 to :om ,middlebury ,college gave an honor>y ,a4,m4 9 #ahjd4 ,^! & o!rs we may call ! ,revolution>y gr\p ( di/+ui%$ ,negroes--!y 7 p]sons ( m>k$ ability1 lead]s ( a ,tal5t$ ,t5?1 /&+ conspicu\sly among ! be/ ( _! "t4 ,!y /rove by ^w & de$ to save ! color l9e f becom+ ! l9e betwe5 ! bond & free1 b all !y c\ld d 0 nullifi$ by ,eli ,:itney & ! ,curse ( ,gold4 ,s !y pass$ into =getfulness4 ,b _! _s did n :olly die2 "h & !re 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury came o!r exceptional m54 ,"s 7 natural sons ( unnatural fa!rs & 7 giv5 (t5 a lib]al tra9+ & ?us a race ( educat$ mulattoes sprang up to plead = black m5's rights4 ,!re 0 ,ira ,aldridge1 :om all ,europe lov$ to honor2 !re 0 t ,voice cry+ 9 ! ,wild]ness1 ,david ,walk]1 & say+3 ,i decl>e x does appe> to me z ?\gh "s nations ?9k ,god is asleep1 or t he made ! ,africans = no?+ else b to dig _! m9es & "w _! f>ms1 or !y _c believe hi/ory1 sacr$ or pr(ane4 ,i ask e man :o has a he>t1 & is bless$ ) ! privilege ( believ+--,is n ,god a ,god ( ju/ice to all 8 creatures8 ,d y say he is8 ,!n if he gives peace & tranquility to tyrants & p]mits !m to keep our fa!rs1 our mo!rs1 ourselves & our *ildr5 9 et]nal ignorance & wret*$ness to support !m & _! families1 w\ld he be to u a ,god ( ,ju/ice8 ,i ask1 ,o1 ye ,*ri/ians1 :o hold u & our *ildr5 9 ! mo/ abject ignorance & degradation t ev] a p 7 afflict$ ) s9ce ! _w began--,i say if ,god gives y peace & tranquility1 & suff]s y ?us to g on afflict+ u1 & our *ildr51 :o h nev] giv5 y ! lea/ provocation--w\ld ,he be to u a ,god ( ,ju/ice8 ,if y w all[ t we are m51 :o feel = ea* o!r1 does n ! blood ( our fa!rs & ( u1 _! *ildr51 cry al\d to ! ,"l ( ,sabao? aga9/ y = ! cruelties & murd]s ) :i* y h & d cont9ue to afflict u8 ,?is 0 ! wild voice t fir/ ar\s$ ,s\!rn legislators 9 #ahbi to ! t]rors ( abolitionism4 ,9 #ahca !re met t fir/ ,negro conv5tion 9 ,philadelphia1 at :i* ! _w gap$ curi\sly b :i* bravely attack$ ! problems ( race & slav]y1 cry+ out aga9/ p]secution & decl>+ t ,laws z cruel 9 !mselves z !y 7 uncon/itutional & unju/1 h 9 _m places be5 enact$ aga9/ our poor1 unfri5d$ & un(f5d+ bre?r5 7)\t a %ad[ ( provocation on our "p71 at ^: b>e recital ! v savage draws himself up = fe> ( contagion--looks noble & prides himself because he be>s n ! "n ( ,*ri/ian4 ,side by side ?is free ,negro movem5t1 & ! movem5t = abolition1 /rove until !y m]g$ into "o /rong /ream4 ,too little notice has be5 tak5 ( ! "w :i* ! ,tal5t$ ,t5? among ,negroes took 9 ! great abolition crusade4 ,f ! v day t a ,philadelphia color$ man became ! fir/ subscrib] to ,g>rison's ,lib]ator1 to ! day :5 ,negro soldi]s made ! ,emancipation ,proclamation possible1 black lead]s work$ %\ld] to %\ld] ) :ite m5 9 a movem5t1 ! success ( :i* w\ld h be5 impossible )\t !m4 ,!re 0 ,purvis & ,remond1 ,p5n+ton & ,highl& ,g>nett1 ,soj\rn] ,tru? & ,alex&] ,crummel1 & above all1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass--:at w\ld ! abolition movem5t h be5 )\t !m8 ,!y /ood z liv+ examples ( ! possibilities ( ! ,negro race1 _! own h>d exp]i5ces & well wr\ght culture said sil5tly m ?an all ! drawn p]iods ( orators--!y 7 ! m5 :o made ,am]ican slav]y impossible4 ,z ,m>ia ,we/on ,*apman once said1 f ! s*ool ( anti-slav]y agitation a ?rong ( au?ors1 editors1 lawy]s1 orators & accompli%$ g5tlem5 ( color h tak5 _! degree6 ,x has equally implant$ hopes & aspirations1 noble ?\ghts1 & sublime purposes1 9 ! he>ts ( bo? races4 ,x has prep>$ ! :ite man = ! fre$om ( ! black man1 & x has made ! black man scorn ! ?\ght ( enslavem5t1 z does a :ite man1 z f> z its influ5ce has ext5d$4 ,/r5g!n t noble influ5ce6 ,be=e its organization1 ! c\ntry only saw "h & !re 9 slav]y "s fai?ful ,cudjoe or ,d9ah1 ^: /rong natures blossom$ ev5 9 bondage1 l a f9e plant b5ea? a heavy /one4 ,n[1 "u ! elevat+ & *]i%+ influ5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,anti-slav]y ,society1 ! color$ race1 l ! :ite1 furni%es ,cor9?ian capitals = ! noble/ temples4 ,:]e 7 ^! black abolitioni/s tra9$8 ,"s1 l ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 7 self-tra9$1 b yet tra9$ lib]ally2 o!rs1 l ,alex&] ,crummell & ,mc,cune ,smi?1 graduat$ f fam\s =eign univ]sities4 ,mo/ ( !m rose up ?r\gh ! color$ s*ools ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia & ,bo/on1 taught by college-br$ m5 l ,russworm1 ( ,d>tm\?1 & college-br$ :ite m5 l ,neau & ,b5ezet4 ,aft] emancipation came a new gr\p ( educat$ & gift$ lead]s3 ,lang/on1 ,bruce & ,elliot1 ,gre5]1 ,williams & ,payne4 ,?r\gh political organization1 hi/orical & polemic writ+ & moral reg5]ation1 ^! m5 /rove to uplift _! p4 ,x is ! fa%ion ( to-day to sne] at !m & to say t ) fre$om ,negro lead]%ip %\ld h begun at ! pl[ & n 9 ! ,s5ate--a fooli% & mis*iev\s lie2 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s t black s]f toil$ at ! pl[ & yet t toil+ 0 9 va9 till ! ,s5ate pass$ ! w> am5dm5ts2 & two hundr$ & fifty ye>s m ! half-free s]f ( to-day may toil at 8 pl[1 b unless he h political rights & righte\sly gu>d$ civic /atus1 he w /ill rema9 ! pov]ty-/rick5 & ignorant play?+ ( rascals1 t he n[ is4 ,?is all sane m5 "k ev5 if !y d>e n say x4 ,& s we come to ! pres5t--a day ( c[>dice & vacillation1 ( /rid5t wide-voic$ wrong & fa9t he>t$ compromise2 ( d\ble-fac$ dally+ ) ,tru? & ,"r4 ,:o are to-day guid+ ! "w ( ! ,negro p8 ,! exceptions ( c\rse4 ,& yet s sure z ?is ,tal5t$ ,t5? is po9t$ out1 ! bl9d wor%ipp]s ( ! ,av]age cry out 9 al>m3 ,^! are exceptions1 look "h at dea?1 disease & crime--^! are ! happy rule4 ,( c\rse !y are ! rule1 because a silly nation made !m ! rule3 ,because = ?ree long c5turies ?is p lyn*$ ,negroes :o d>$ to be brave1 rap$ black wom5 :o d>$ to be virtu\s1 cru%$ d>k-hu$ y\? :o d>$ to be ambiti\s1 & enc\rag$ & made to fl\ri% s]vility & lewdness & apa?y4 ,b n ev5 ?is 0 able to cru% all manhood & *a/ity & aspiration f black folk4 ,a sav+ remnant cont9ually survives & p]si/s1 cont9ually aspires1 cont9ually %[s itself 9 ?rift & ability & "*4 ,exceptional x is to be sure1 b ?is is its *iefe/ promise2 x %[s ! capability ( ,negro blood1 ! promise ( black m54 ,d ,am]icans ev] /op to reflect t !re are 9 ?is l& a million m5 ( ,negro blood1 well-educat$1 own]s ( homes1 aga9/ ! honor ( ^: womanhood no brea? 0 ev] rais$1 ^: m5 occupy positions ( tru/ & usefulness1 & :o1 judg$ by any /&>d1 h rea*$ ! full measure ( ! be/ type ( mod]n ,european culture8 ,is x fair1 is x dec5t1 is x ,*ri/ian to ignore ^! facts ( ! ,negro problem1 to belittle su* aspiration1 to nullify su* lead]%ip & seek to cru% ^! p back into ! mass out ( :i* by toil & travail1 !y & _! fa!rs h rais$ !mselves8 ,c ! masses ( ! ,negro p be 9 any possible way m quickly rais$ ?an by ! ef=t & example ( ?is ari/ocracy ( tal5t & "*8 ,0 !re ev] a nation on ,god's fair e>? civiliz$ f ! bottom upw>d8 ,nev]2 x is1 ev] 0 & ev] w be f ! top d[nw>d t culture filt]s4 ,! ,tal5t$ ,t5? rises & pulls all t are wor? ! sav+ up to _! vantage gr\nd4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( human progress2 & ! two hi/oric mi/akes :i* h h9d]$ t progress 7 ! ?9k+ fir/ t no m c\ld ev] rise save ! few already ris52 or second1 t x w\ld bett] ! unris5 to pull ! ris5 d[n4 ,h[ !n %all ! lead]s ( a /ruggl+ p be tra9$ & ! h&s ( ! ris5 few /r5g!n$8 ,!re c be b "o answ]3 ,! be/ & mo/ capable ( _! y\? mu/ be s*ool$ 9 ! colleges & univ]sities ( ! l&4 ,we w n qu>rel z to j :at ! univ]sity ( ! ,negro %\ld tea* or h[ x %\ld tea* x--,i will+ly admit t ea* s\l & ea* race-s\l ne$s its own peculi> curriculum4 ,b ?is is true3 ,a univ]sity is a human inv5tion = ! transmission ( k & culture f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( quick m9ds & pure he>ts1 & = ?is "w no o!r human inv5tion w suffice1 n ev5 trade & indu/rial s*ools4 ,all m5 _c g to college b "s m5 mu/2 e isolat$ gr\p or nation mu/ h its yea/1 mu/ h = ! tal5t$ few c5t]s ( tra9+ :]e m5 are n s my/ifi$ & befuddl$ by ! h>d & necess>y toil ( e>n+ a liv+1 z to h no aims high] ?an _! bellies1 & no ,god great] ?an ,gold4 ,?is is true tra9+1 & ?us 9 ! beg9n+ 7 ! favor$ sons ( ! fre$m5 tra9$4 ,out ( ! colleges ( ! ,nor? came1 aft] ! blood ( w>1 ,w>e1 ,crava?1 ,*ase1 ,&rews1 ,bum/ead & ,sp5ce to build ! f\ndations ( k & civilization 9 ! black ,s\?4 ,:]e ought !y to h begun to build8 ,at ! bottom1 ( c\rse1 quibbles ! mole ) 8 eyes 9 ! e>?4 ,aye6 truly at ! bottom1 at ! v bottom2 at ! bottom ( k1 d[n 9 ! v dep?s ( k !re :]e ! roots ( ju/ice /rike into ! l[e/ soil ( ,tru?4 ,& s !y did beg92 !y f\nd$ colleges1 & up f ! colleges %ot normal s*ools1 & out f ! normal s*ools w5t tea*]s1 & ar\nd ! normal tea*]s clu/]$ o!r tea*]s to tea* ! public s*ools2 ! college tra9$ 9 ,greek & ,lat9 & ma!matics1 #b1jjj m52 & ^! m5 tra9$ full #ej1jjj o!rs 9 morals & mann]s1 & !y 9 turn taught ?rift & ! alphabet to n9e millions ( m51 :o to-day hold #cjj1jjj1jjj ( prop]ty4 ,x 0 a miracle--! mo/ wond]ful peace-battle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 & yet to-day m5 smile at x1 & 9 f9e sup]iority tell u t x 0 all a /range mi/ake2 t a prop] way to f\nd a sy/em ( education is fir/ to ga!r ! *ildr5 & buy !m spell+ books & hoes2 aft]w>d m5 may look ab\t = tea*]s1 if haply !y may f9d !m2 or aga9 !y w\ld tea* m5 ,"w1 b z = ,life--:y1 :at has ,"w to d ) ,life1 !y ask vacantly4 ,0 ! "w ( ^! college f\nd]s successful2 did x /& ! te/ ( "t8 ,did ! college graduates1 ) all _! f9e !ories ( life1 really live8 ,are !y useful m5 help+ to civilize & elevate _! less =tunate fell[s8 ,let u see4 ,omitt+ all in/itutions :i* h n actually graduat$ /ud5ts f a college c\rse1 !re are to-day 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?irty-f\r in/itutions giv+ some?+ above high s*ool tra9+ to ,negroes & design$ especially = ?is race4 ,?ree ( ^! 7 e/abli%$ 9 bord] ,/ates be=e ! ,w>2 ?irte5 7 plant$ by ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau 9 ! ye>s #ahfd-ahfi2 n9e 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj by v>i\s *ur* bodies2 five 7 e/abli%$ aft] #ahha by ,negro *ur*es1 & f\r are /ate in/itutions support$ by ,unit$ ,/ates' agricultural funds4 ,9 mo/ cases ! college dep>tm5ts are small adjuncts to high & common s*ool "w4 ,z a matt] ( fact six in/itutions--,atlanta1 ,fisk1 ,h[>d1 ,%aw1 ,wilb]=ce & ,lel&1 are ! important ,negro colleges s f> z actual "w & numb] ( /ud5ts are conc]n$4 ,9 all ^! in/itutions1 sev5 hundr$ & fifty ,negro college /ud5ts are enroll$4 ,9 grade ! be/ ( ^! colleges are ab\t a ye> beh9d ! small] ,new ,engl& colleges & a typical curriculum is t ( ,atlanta ,univ]sity4 ,"h /ud5ts f ! gramm> grades1 aft] a ?ree ye>s' high s*ool c\rse1 take a college c\rse ( #acf weeks4 ,"o-f\r? ( ?is "t is giv5 to ,lat9 & ,greek2 "o-fif?1 to ,engli% & mod]n languages2 "o-six?1 to hi/ory & social sci5ce2 "o-sev5?1 to natural sci5ce2 "o-eigh? to ma!matics1 & "o-eigh? to philosophy & p$agogy4 ,9 addition to ^! /ud5ts 9 ! ,s\?1 ,negroes h att5d$ ,nor!rn colleges = _m ye>s4 ,z e>ly z #ahbf "o 0 graduat$ f ,b[do9 ,college1 & f t "t till to-day ne>ly e ye> has se5 else:]e1 o!r su* graduates4 ,!y h1 ( c\rse1 met mu* color prejudice4 ,fifty ye>s ago v few colleges w\ld admit !m at all4 ,ev5 to-day no ,negro has ev] be5 admitt$ to ,pr9ceton1 & at "s o!r lead+ in/itutions !y are r endur$ ?an enc\rag$4 ,ob]l9 0 ! great pione] 9 ! "w ( blott+ out ! color l9e 9 colleges1 & has m ,negro graduates by f> ?an any o!r ,nor!rn college4 ,! total numb] ( ,negro college graduates up to #ahii1 7sev]al ( ! graduates ( t ye> n be+ report$71 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,negro ,colleges4 ,:ite ,colleges4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,be=e '#gf #acg #ge '#ge-hj #adc #bb '#hj-he #bej #ca '#he-ij #dac #dc '#ij-ie #dfe #ff '#if-ii #dge #hh ,class ,unkn[n #eg #fd ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #a1iad #cij ---------------------------------------- ------- ,( ^! graduates #b1jgi 7 m5 & #beb 7 wom52 #ej p] c5t4 ( ,nor!rn-born college m5 come ,s\? to "w among ! masses ( _! p1 at a sacrifice :i* few p realize2 ne>ly #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ,s\!rn-born graduates in/ead ( seek+ t p]sonal fre$om & broad] intellectual atmosph]e :i* _! tra9+ has l$ !m1 9 "s degree1 to conceive1 /ay & labor & wait 9 ! mid/ ( _! black neighbors & relatives4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "q1 & 9 _m respects ! crucial "q1 to be ask$ conc]n+ college-br$ ,negroes1 is3 ,d !y e>n a liv+8 ,x has be5 intimat$ m ?an once t ! high] tra9+ ( ,negroes has result$ 9 s5d+ into ! _w ( "w1 m5 :o c\ld f9d no?+ to d suitable to _! tal5ts4 ,n[ & !n !re comes a rumor ( a color$ college man work+ at m5ial s]vice1 etc4 ,=tunately1 returns z to occupations ( college-br$ ,negroes1 ga!r$ by ! ,atlanta conf]5ce1 are q full--ne>ly sixty p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( graduates4 ,?is enables u to rea* fairly c]ta9 conclusions z to ! occupations ( all college-br$ ,negroes4 ,( #a1cab p]sons report$1 !re 73 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p] ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,tea*]s1 #ec4d 999999999999999999999999 ,cl]gym51 #af4h 999999999999 ,physicians1 etc41 #f4c 99999999 ,/ud5ts1 #e4f 999999 ,lawy]s1 #d4g 999999 ,9 ,govt4 ,s]vice1 #d4j 9999 ,9 ,bus9ess1 #c4f 9999 ,f>m]s & ,artisans1 #b4g 99 ,editors1 ,secret>ies & ,cl]ks1 #b4d 99 ,miscellane\s4 4#e 99 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,ov] half are tea*]s1 a six? are prea*]s1 ano!r six? are /ud5ts & pr(essional m52 ov] #f p] c5t4 are f>m]s1 artisans & m]*ants1 & #d p] c5t4 are 9 gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,9 detail ! occupations are z foll[s3 ,occupations ( ,college-,br$ ,m54 ,tea*]s3 ,presid5ts & ,deans1 #ai ,tea*] ( ,music1 #g ,pr(essors1 ,pr9cipals & ,tea*]s1 #fge ,total #gja ,cl]gym53 ,bi%op1 #a ,*apla9s ,u4,s4 ,army1 #b ,mission>ies1 #i ,presid+ ,eld]s1 #ab ,prea*]s1 #aig ,total #bba ,physicians1 ,doctors ( ,m$ic9e1 #gf ,druggi/s1 #d ,d5ti/s1 #c ,total #hc ,/ud5ts1 #gd ,lawy]s1 #fb ,civil ,s]vice3 ,u4,s4 ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y1 #a ,u4,s4 ,consul1 #a ,u4,s4 ,deputy ,collector1 #a ,u4,s4 ,gaug]1 #a ,u4,s4 ,po/ma/]s1 #b ,u4,s4 ,cl]ks1 #dd ,/ate ,civil ,s]vice1 #b ,city ,civil ,s]vice1 #a ,total #ec ,bus9ess ,m53 ,m]*ants1 etc41 #cj ,manag]s1 #ac ,real ,e/ate ,deal]s1 #d ,total #dg ,f>m]s1 #bf ,cl]ks & ,secret>ies3 ,secret>y ( ,national ,societies1 #g ,cl]ks1 etc41 #ae ,total #bb ,artisans1 #i ,editors1 #i ,miscellane\s1 #e ,^! figures illu/rate vividly ! function ( ! college-br$ ,negro4 ,he is1 z he ought to be1 ! gr\p lead]1 ! man :o sets ! ideals ( ! community :]e he lives1 directs its ?\ghts & heads its social movem5ts4 ,x ne$ h>dly be argu$ t ! ,negro p ne$ social lead]%ip m ?an mo/ gr\ps2 t !y h no traditions to fall back ^u1 no long e/abli%$ cu/oms1 no /rong family ties1 no well def9$ social classes4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ be sl[ly & pa9fully evolv$4 ,! prea*] 01 ev5 be=e ! w>1 ! gr\p lead] ( ! ,negroes1 & ! *ur* _! greate/ social in/itution4 ,naturally ?is prea*] 0 ignorant & (t5 immoral1 & ! problem ( replac+ ! old] type by bett] educat$ m5 has be5 a difficult "o4 ,bo? by direct "w & by direct influ5ce on o!r prea*]s1 & on congregations1 ! college-br$ prea*] has an opportunity = re=matory "w & moral inspiration1 ! value ( :i* _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 9 ! furni%+ ( tea*]s t ! ,negro college has f\nd its peculi> function4 ,few p]sons realize h[ va/ a "w1 h[ mighty a revolution has be5 ?us accompli%$4 ,to furni% five millions & m ( ignorant p ) tea*]s ( _! own race & blood1 9 "o g5]ation1 0 n only a v difficult und]tak+1 b a v important "o1 9 t1 x plac$ be=e ! eyes ( almo/ e ,negro *ild an atta9able ideal4 ,x br\ght ! masses ( ! blacks 9 contact ) mod]n civilization1 made black m5 ! lead]s ( _! communities & tra9]s ( ! new g5]ation4 ,9 ?is "w college-br$ ,negroes 7 fir/ tea*]s1 & !n tea*]s ( tea*]s4 ,& "h x is t ! broad culture ( college "w has be5 ( peculi> value4 ,k ( life & its wid] mean+1 has be5 ! po9t ( ! ,negro's deepe/ ignorance1 & ! s5d+ out ( tea*]s ^: tra9+ has n be5 simply = bread w9n+1 b also = human culture1 has be5 ( ine/imable value 9 ! tra9+ ( ^! m54 ,9 e>li] ye>s ! two occupations ( prea*] & tea*] 7 practically ! only ones op5 to ! black college graduate4 ,( lat] ye>s a l>g] div]sity ( life among 8 p1 has op5$ new av5ues ( employm5t4 ,nor h ^! college m5 be5 paup]s & sp5d?rifts2 #eeg college-br$ ,negroes own$ 9 #ahii1 #a1cdb1hfb4ej wor? ( real e/ate1 7assess$ value7 or #b1daa p] family4 ,! real value ( ! total accumulations ( ! :ole gr\p is p]haps ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj1 or #e1jjj a piece4 ,pitiful1 is x n1 beside ! =tunes ( oil k+s & /eel tru/s1 b aft] all is ! =tune ( ! millionaire ! only /amp ( true & successful liv+8 ,alas6 x is1 ) _m1 & !re's ! rub4 ,! problem ( tra9+ ! ,negro is to-day imm5sely complicat$ by ! fact t ! :ole "q ( ! effici5cy & appropriat5ess ( our pres5t sy/ems ( education1 = any k9d ( *ild1 is a matt] ( active debate1 9 :i* f9al settlem5t seems /ill af> (f4 ,consequ5tly x (t5 happ5s t p]sons argu+ = or aga9/ c]ta9 sy/ems ( education = ,negroes1 h ^! controv]sies 9 m9d & miss ! real "q at issue4 ,! ma9 "q1 s f> z ! ,s\!rn ,negro is conc]n$1 is3 ,:at "u ! pres5t circum/ance1 mu/ a sy/em ( education d 9 ord] to raise ! ,negro z quickly z possible 9 ! scale ( civilization8 ,! answ] to ?is "q seems to me cle>3 ,x mu/ /r5g!n ! ,negro's "*1 increase 8 k & tea* him to e>n a liv+4 ,n[ x goes )\t say+1 t x is h>d to d all ^! ?+s simultane\sly or sudd5ly1 & t at ! same "t x w n d to give all ! att5tion to "o & neglect ! o!rs2 we c\ld give black boys trades1 b t alone w n civilize a race ( ex-slaves2 we might simply increase _! k ( ! _w1 b ?is w\ld n necess>ily make !m wi% to use ?is k hone/ly2 we might seek to /r5g!n "* & purpose1 b to :at end if ?is p h no?+ to eat or to we>8 ,a sy/em ( education is n "o ?+1 nor does x h a s+le def9ite object1 nor is x a m]e matt] ( s*ools4 ,education is t :ole sy/em ( human tra9+ )9 & )\t ! s*ool h\se walls1 :i* molds & develops m54 ,if !n we />t out to tra9 an ignorant & unskill$ p ) a h]itage ( bad habits1 our sy/em ( tra9+ mu/ set be=e itself two great aims--! "o deal+ ) k & "*1 ! o!r "p seek+ to give ! *ild ! te*nical k necess>y = him to e>n a liv+ "u ! pres5t circum/ances4 ,^! objects are accompli%$ 9 "p by ! op5+ ( ! common s*ools on ! "o1 & ( ! indu/rial s*ools on ! o!r4 ,b only 9 "p1 = !re mu/ also be tra9$ ^? :o are to tea* ^! s*ools--m5 & wom5 ( k & culture & te*nical skill :o und]/& mod]n civilization1 & h ! tra9+ & aptitude to imp>t x to ! *ildr5 "u !m4 ,!re mu/ be tea*]s1 & tea*]s ( tea*]s1 & to attempt to e/abli% any sort ( a sy/em ( common & indu/rial s*ool tra9+1 )\t fir/ 7& ,i say fir/ advis$ly7 )\t fir/ provid+ = ! high] tra9+ ( ! v be/ tea*]s1 is simply ?r[+ y\r money to ! w9ds4 ,s*ool h\ses d n tea* !mselves--piles ( brick & mort> & ma*9]y d n s5d out m54 ,x is ! tra9$1 liv+ human s\l1 cultivat$ & /r5g!n$ by long /udy & ?\ght1 t brea!s ! real brea? ( life into boys & girls & makes !m human1 :e!r !y be black or :ite1 ,greek1 ,russian or ,am]ican4 ,no?+1 9 ^! latt] days1 has s damp5$ ! fai? ( ?9k+ ,negroes 9 rec5t educational movem5ts1 z ! fact t su* movem5ts h be5 accompani$ by ridicule & d5\ncem5t & decry+ ( ^? v in/itutions ( high] tra9+ :i* made ! ,negro public s*ool possible1 & make ,negro indu/rial s*ools ?9kable4 ,x 0 ,fisk1 ,atlanta1 ,h[>d & ,/raight1 ^? colleges born ( ! fai? & sacrifice ( ! abolitioni/s1 t plac$ 9 ! black s*ools ( ! ,s\? ! #cj1jjj tea*]s & m1 :i* "s1 :o depreciate ! "w ( ^! high] s*ools1 are us+ to tea* _! own new exp]im5ts4 ,if ,hampton1 ,tuskegee & ! hundr$ o!r indu/rial s*ools prove 9 ! future to be z successful z !y des]ve to be1 !n _! success 9 tra9+ black artisans = ! ,s\?1 w be due prim>ily to ! :ite colleges ( ! ,nor? & ! black colleges ( ! ,s\?1 :i* tra9$ ! tea*]s :o to-day conduct ^! in/itutions4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,am]ican p believ$ pretty dev\tly t a log ( wood ) a boy at "o end & ,m>k ,hopk9s at ! o!r1 repres5t$ ! highe/ ideal ( human tra9+4 ,b 9 ^! eag] days x w\ld seem t we h *ang$ all t & ?9k x necess>y to add a c\ple ( saw-mills & a hamm] to ?is outfit1 &1 at a p9*1 to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ,m>k ,hopk9s4 ,i w\ld n d5y1 or = a mom5t seem to d5y1 ! p>am\nt necessity ( tea*+ ! ,negro to "w1 & to "w /eadily & skillfully2 or seem to depreciate 9 ! slighte/ degree ! important "p indu/rial s*ools mu/ play 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ends1 b ,i d say1 & insi/ ^u x1 t x is indu/rialism drunk ) its vision ( success1 to imag9e t its own "w c be accompli%$ )\t provid+ = ! tra9+ ( broadly cultur$ m5 & wom5 to tea* its own tea*]s1 & to tea* ! tea*]s ( ! public s*ools4 ,b ,i h already said t human education is n simply a matt] ( s*ools2 x is mu* m a matt] ( family & gr\p life--! tra9+ ( "o's home1 ( "o's daily companions1 ( "o's social class4 ,n[ ! black boy ( ! ,s\? moves 9 a black _w--a _w ) its own lead]s1 its own ?\ghts1 its own ideals4 ,9 ?is _w he gets by f> ! l>g] "p ( 8 life tra9+1 & ?r\gh ! eyes ( ?is d>k _w he pe]s into ! veil$ _w beyond4 ,:o guides & det]m9es ! education :i* he receives 9 8 _w8 ,8 tea*]s "h are ! gr\p-lead]s ( ! ,negro p--! physicians & cl]gym51 ! tra9$ fa!rs & mo!rs1 ! influ5tial & =ceful m5 ab\t him ( all k9ds2 "h x is1 if at all1 t ! culture ( ! surr\nd+ _w trickles ?r\gh & is h&$ on by ! graduates ( ! high] s*ools4 ,c su* culture tra9+ ( gr\p lead]s be neglect$8 ,c we af=d to ignore x8 ,d y ?9k t if ! lead]s ( ?\ght among ,negroes are n tra9$ & educat$ ?9k]s1 t !y w h no lead]s8 ,on ! contr>y a hundr$ half-tra9$ demagogues w /ill hold ! places !y s l>gely occupy n[1 & hundr$s ( vocif]\s busy-bodies w multiply4 ,y h no *oice2 ei!r y mu/ help furni% ?is race f )9 its own ranks ) ?\ghtful m5 ( tra9$ lead]%ip1 or y mu/ suff] ! evil consequ5ces ( a headless misguid$ rabble4 ,i am an e>ne/ advocate ( manual tra9+ & trade tea*+ = black boys1 & = :ite boys1 too4 ,i believe t next to ! f\nd+ ( ,negro colleges ! mo/ valuable addition to ,negro education s9ce ! w>1 has be5 indu/rial tra9+ = black boys4 ,nev]!less1 ,i insi/ t ! object ( all true education is n to make m5 c>p5t]s1 x is to make c>p5t]s m52 !re are two means ( mak+ ! c>p5t] a man1 ea* equally important3 ! fir/ is to give ! gr\p & community 9 :i* he works1 lib]ally tra9$ tea*]s & lead]s to tea* him & 8 family :at life means2 ! second is to give him suffici5t intellig5ce & te*nical skill to make him an effici5t workman2 ! fir/ object dem&s ! ,negro college & college-br$ m5--n a quantity ( su* colleges1 b a few ( excell5t quality2 n too _m college-br$ m51 b en\gh to leav5 ! lump1 to inspire ! masses1 to raise ! ,tal5t$ ,t5? to lead]%ip2 ! second object dem&s a good sy/em ( common s*ools1 well-taught1 conv5i5tly locat$ & prop]ly equipp$4 ,! ,six? ,atlanta ,conf]5ce truly said 9 #aija3 ,we call ! att5tion ( ! ,nation to ! fact t less ?an "o million ( ! ?ree million ,negro *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 are at pres5t regul>ly att5d+ s*ool1 & ^! att5d a session :i* la/s only a few mon?s4 ,we are to-day delib]ately re>+ millions ( our citiz5s 9 ignorance1 & at ! same "t limit+ ! rights ( citiz5%ip by educational qualifications4 ,?is is unju/4 ,half ! black y\? ( ! l& h no opportunities op5 to !m = le>n+ to read1 write & ciph]4 ,9 ! discussion z to ! prop] tra9+ ( ,negro *ildr5 aft] !y leave ! public s*ools1 we h =gott5 t !y are n yet dec5tly provid$ ) public s*ools4 ,propositions are beg9n+ to be made 9 ! ,s\? to r$uce ! already meagre s*ool facilities ( ,negroes4 ,we congratulate ! ,s\? on resi/+1 z mu* z x has1 ?is pressure1 & on ! _m millions x has sp5t on ,negro education4 ,b x is only fair to po9t out t ,negro taxes & ! ,negroes' %>e ( ! income f indirect taxes & end[m5ts h fully repaid ?is exp5diture1 s t ! ,negro public s*ool sy/em has n 9 all probability co/ ! :ite taxpay]s a s+le c5t s9ce ! w>4 ,?is is n fair4 ,negro s*ools %\ld be a public burd51 s9ce !y are a public b5efit4 ,! ,negro has a "r to dem& good common s*ool tra9+ at ! h&s ( ! ,/ates & ! ,nation s9ce by _! fault he is n 9 position to pay = ?is himself4 ,:at is ! *ief ne$ = ! build+ up ( ! ,negro public s*ool 9 ! ,s\?8 ,! ,negro race 9 ! ,s\? ne$s tea*]s to-day above all else4 ,?is is ! concurr5t te/imony ( all :o "k ! situation4 ,= ! supply ( ?is great dem& two ?+s are ne$$--in/itutions ( high] education & money = s*ool h\ses & sal>ies4 ,x is usually assum$ t a hundr$ or m in/itutions = ,negro tra9+ are to-day turn+ out s _m tea*]s & college-br$ m5 t ! race is ?reat5$ ) an ov]-supply4 ,?is is %e] nons5se4 ,!re are to-day less ?an #c1jjj liv+ ,negro college graduates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & less ?an #a1jjj ,negroes 9 college4 ,moreov]1 9 ! #afd s*ools = ,negroes1 #ie p] c5t4 ( _! /ud5ts are do+ elem5t>y & second>y "w1 "w :i* %\ld be done 9 ! public s*ools4 ,ov] half ! rema9+ #b1aeg /ud5ts are tak+ high s*ool /udies4 ,! mass ( s-call$ normal s*ools = ! ,negro1 are simply do+ elem5t>y common s*ool "w1 or1 at mo/1 high s*ool "w1 ) a little in/ruction 9 me?ods4 ,! ,negro colleges & ! po/-graduate c\rses at o!r in/itutions are ! only ag5cies = ! broad] & m c>eful tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,! "w ( ^! in/itutions is hamp]$ = lack ( funds4 ,x is gett+ increas+ly difficult to get funds = tra9+ tea*]s 9 ! be/ mod]n me?ods1 & yet all ov] ! ,s\?1 f ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5ts1 c\nty (ficials1 city bo>ds & s*ool pr9cipals comes ! wail1 ,we ne$ ,,tea*]s6 & tea*]s mu/ be tra9$4 ,z ! faire/ m9d$ ( all :ite ,s\!rn]s1 ,atticus ,g4 ,haygood1 once said3 ,! defects ( color$ tea*]s are s great z to create an urg5t necessity = tra9+ bett] ones4 ,_! excell5cies & _! successes are suffici5t to ju/ify ! be/ hopes ( success 9 ! ef=t1 & to v9dicate ! judgm5t ( ^? :o make l>ge inve/m5ts ( money & s]vice1 to give to color$ /ud5ts opportunity = ?or\ghly prep>+ !mselves = ! "w ( tea*+ *ildr5 ( _! p4 ,! tru? ( ?is has be5 /rik+ly %[n 9 ! m>k$ improvem5t ( :ite tea*]s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! rank & file ( :ite public s*ool tea*]s 7 n z good z ! ,negro tea*]s4 ,b !y1 by s*ol>%ips & good sal>ies1 h be5 enc\rag$ to ?or\gh normal & collegiate prep>ation1 :ile ! ,negro tea*]s h be5 disc\rag$ by />vation wages & ! idea t any tra9+ w d = a black tea*]4 ,if c>p5t]s are ne$$ x is well & good to tra9 m5 z c>p5t]s4 ,b to tra9 m5 z c>p5t]s1 & !n set !m to tea*+ is wa/eful & crim9al2 & to tra9 m5 z tea*]s & !n refuse !m liv+ wages1 unless !y become c>p5t]s1 is rank nons5se4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education says 9 8 report = #aijj3 ,= comp>ison betwe5 ! :ite & color$ enrollm5t 9 second>y & high] education1 ,i h add$ toge!r ! enrollm5t 9 high s*ools & second>y s*ools1 ) ! att5dance on colleges & univ]sities1 n be+ sure ( ! actual grade ( "w done 9 ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,! "w done 9 ! second>y s*ools is report$ 9 su* detail 9 ?is (fice1 t !re c be no d\bt ( its grade4 ,he !n makes ! foll[+ comp>isons ( p]sons 9 e million enroll$ 9 second>y & high] education3 ,:ole ,c\ntry4 ,negroes4 #ahhj #d1cfb #a1bhi #aijj #aj1gdc #b1jfa ,& he concludes3 ,:ile ! numb] 9 color$ high s*ools & colleges _h increas$ some:at fa/] ?an ! population1 x _h n kept pace ) ! av]age ( ! :ole c\ntry1 = x _h fall5 f #cj p] c5t4 to #bd p] c5t4 ( ! av]age quota4 ,( all color$ pupils1 "o 7#a7 9 "o hundr$ 0 engag$ 9 second>y & high] "w1 & t ratio has cont9u$ sub/antially = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,if ! ratio ( color$ population 9 second>y & high] education is to be equal to ! av]age = ! :ole c\ntry1 x mu/ be increas$ to five times its pres5t av]age4 ,& if ?is be true ( ! second>y & high] education1 x is safe to say t ! ,negro has n "o-t5? 8 quota 9 college /udies4 ,h[ baseless1 !re=e1 is ! *>ge ( too mu* tra9+6 ,we ne$ ,negro tea*]s = ! ,negro common s*ools1 & we ne$ fir/-class normal s*ools & colleges to tra9 !m4 ,?is is ! "w ( high] ,negro education & x mu/ be done4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 aft] be+ provid$ ) gr\p lead]s ( civilization1 & a f\ndation ( intellig5ce 9 ! public s*ools1 ! c>p5t]1 9 ord] to be a man1 ne$s te*nical skill4 ,?is calls = trade s*ools4 ,n[ trade s*ools are n ne>ly su* simple ?+s z p once ?\ght4 ,! orig9al idea 0 t ! ,indu/rial s*ool 0 to furni% education1 practically free1 to ^? will+ to "w = x2 x 0 to d ?+s--i4e43 become a c5t] ( productive indu/ry1 x 0 to be p>tially1 if n :olly1 self-support+1 & x 0 to tea* trades4 ,admirable z 7 "s ( ! ideas und]ly+ ?is s*eme1 ! :ole ?+ simply w\ld n "w 9 practice2 x 0 f\nd t if y 7 to use "t & mat]ial to tea* trades ?or\ghly1 y c\ld n at ! same "t keep ! indu/ries on a comm]cial basis & make !m pay4 ,_m s*ools />t$ out to d ?is on a l>ge scale & w5t into virtual bankruptcy4 ,moreov]1 x 0 f\nd also t x 0 possible to tea* a boy a trade me*anically1 )\t giv+ him ! full educative b5efit ( ! process1 &1 vice v]sa1 t !re 0 a di/9ctive educative value 9 tea*+ a boy to use 8 h&s & eyes 9 c>ry+ out c]ta9 physical processes1 ev5 ?\gh he did n actually le>n a trade4 ,x has happ5$1 !re=e1 9 ! la/ decade1 t a noticeable *ange has come ov] ! indu/rial s*ools4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! idea ( comm]cially remun]ative indu/ry 9 a s*ool is be+ pu%$ rapidly to ! back-gr\nd4 ,!re are /ill s*ools ) %ops & f>ms t br+ an income1 & s*ools t use /ud5t labor p>tially = ! erection ( _! build+s & ! furni%+ ( equipm5t4 ,x is com+ to be se51 h[ev]1 9 ! education ( ! ,negro1 z cle>ly z x has be5 se5 9 ! education ( ! y\?s ! _w ov]1 t x is ! boy & n ! mat]ial product1 t is ! true object ( education4 ,consequ5tly ! object ( ! indu/rial s*ool came to be ! ?or\gh tra9+ ( boys reg>dless ( ! co/ ( ! tra9+1 s long z x 0 ?or\ghly well done4 ,ev5 at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! difficulties 7 n surm\nt$4 ,9 ! fir/ place mod]n indu/ry has tak5 great /rides s9ce ! w>1 & ! tea*+ ( trades is no long] a simple matt]4 ,ma*9]y & long processes ( "w h greatly *ang$ ! "w ( ! c>p5t]1 ! ironwork] & ! %oemak]4 ,a really effici5t workman mu/ be to-day an intellig5t man :o has _h good te*nical tra9+ 9 addition to ?or\gh common s*ool1 & p]haps ev5 high] tra9+4 ,to meet ?is situation ! indu/rial s*ools began a fur!r developm5t2 !y e/abli%$ di/9ct ,trade ,s*ools = ! ?or\gh tra9+ ( bett] class artisans1 & at ! same "t !y s\ght to pres]ve = ! purposes ( g5]al education1 su* ( ! simpl] processes ( elem5t>y trade le>n+ z 7 be/ suit$ !re=4 ,9 ?is diff]5tiation ( ! ,trade ,s*ool & manual tra9+1 ! be/ ( ! indu/rial s*ools simply foll[$ ! pla9 tr5d ( ! pres5t educational epo*4 ,a prom95t educator tells u t1 9 ,sw$51 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! economic conception 0 g5]ally adopt$1 & ev]y:]e manual tra9+ 0 look$ ^u z a means ( prep>+ ! *ildr5 ( ! common p to e>n _! liv+4 ,b gradually x came to be recogniz$ t manual tra9+ has a m elevat$ purpose1 & "o1 inde$1 m useful 9 ! deep] mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,x came to be consid]$ z an educative process = ! complete moral1 physical & intellectual developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,?us1 aga91 9 ! mann+ ( trade s*ools & manual tra9+ s*ools we are ?r[n back ^u ! high] tra9+ z its s\rce & *ief support4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 any ag$ & worn\t c>p5t] c\ld tea* 9 a trade s*ool4 ,b n s to-day4 ,inde$ ! dem& = college-br$ m5 by a s*ool l ,tuskegee1 ought to make ,mr4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton ! firme/ fri5d ( high] tra9+4 ,"h he has z help]s ! son ( a ,negro s5ator1 tra9$ 9 ,greek & ! humanities1 & graduat$ at ,h>v>d2 ! son ( a ,negro congressman & lawy]1 tra9$ 9 ,lat9 & ma!matics1 & graduat$ at ,ob]l92 he has z 8 wife1 a woman :o read ,virgil & ,hom] 9 ! same class room ) me2 he has z college *apla91 a classical graduate ( ,atlanta ,univ]sity2 z tea*] ( sci5ce1 a graduate ( ,fisk2 z tea*] ( hi/ory1 a graduate ( ,smi?1--inde$ "s ?irty ( 8 *ief tea*]s are college graduates1 & in/ead ( /udy+ ,fr5* gramm>s 9 ! mid/ ( we$s1 or buy+ pianos = dirty cab9s1 !y are at ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's "r h& help+ him 9 a noble "w4 ,& yet "o ( ! effects ( ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's propag&a has be5 to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! exp$i5cy ( su* tra9+ = ,negroes1 z ^! p]sons h _h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m5 ( ,am]ica1 ! problem is pla9 be=e y4 ,"h is a race transplant$ ?r\gh ! crim9al fooli%ness ( y\r fa!rs4 ,:e!r y l x or n ! millions are "h1 & "h !y w rema94 ,if y d n lift !m up1 !y w pull y d[n4 ,education & "w are ! lev]s to uplift a p4 ,"w alone w n d x unless inspir$ by ! "r ideals & guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,education mu/ n simply tea* "w--x mu/ tea* ,life4 ,! ,tal5t$ ,t5? ( ! ,negro race mu/ be made lead]s ( ?\ght & mission>ies ( culture among _! p4 ,no o!rs c d ?is "w & ,negro colleges mu/ tra9 m5 = x4 ,! ,negro race1 l all o!r races1 is go+ to be sav$ by its exceptional m54 ,! ,disfran*isem5t ( ! ,negro ,by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,*esnutt ,9 ?is pap] ! au?or pres5ts a /raight=w>d /atem5t ( facts conc]n+ ! disfran*isem5t ( ! ,negro 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,*esnutt1 :o is too well kn[n z a writ] to ne$ any introduction to an ,am]ican audi5ce1 puts ! case = ! ,negro to ! ,am]ican p v pla9ly1 & sp>es nei!r ! ,nor? nor ! ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,*esnutt4 ,! "r ( ,am]ican citiz5s ( ,african desc5t1 commonly call$ ,negroes1 to vote ^u ! same t]ms z o!r citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is pla9ly decl>$ & firmly fix$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,no su* p]son is call$ ^u to pres5t reasons :y he %\ld possess ?is "r3 t "q is =eclos$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,! object ( ! elective fran*ise is to give repres5tation4 ,s long z ! ,con/itution reta9s its pres5t =m1 any ,/ate ,con/itution1 or /atute1 :i* seeks1 by juggl+ ! ballot1 to d5y ! color$ race fair repres5tation1 is a cle> violation ( ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&1 & a correspond+ inju/ice to ^? ?us depriv$ ( ?is "r4 ,= ?irty-five ye>s ?is has be5 ! law4 ,z long z x 0 measurably respect$1 ! color$ p made rapid /rides 9 education1 weal?1 "* & self-respect4 ,?is ! c5sus proves1 all /atem5ts to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,a g5]ation has gr[n to manhood & womanhood "u ! great1 inspir+ fre$om conf]r$ by ! ,con/itution & protect$ by ! "r ( suffrage--protect$ 9 l>ge degree by ! m]e nak$ "r1 ev5 :5 its ex]cise 0 h9d]$ or d5i$ by unlawful means4 ,!y h develop$1 9 e ,s\!rn community1 good citiz5s1 :o1 if su/a9$ & enc\rag$ by j laws & lib]al in/itutions1 w\ld greatly augm5t _! numb] ) ! pass+ ye>s1 & soon wipe out ! reproa* ( ignorance1 un?rift1 l[ morals & social ineffici5cy1 ?r[n at !m indiscrim9ately & !re=e unju/ly1 & made ! excuse = ! equally undiscrim9at+ contempt ( _! p]sons & _! rights4 ,!y h r$uc$ _! illit]acy ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ,exclud$ f ! in/itutions ( high] le>n+ 9 _! own ,/ates1 _! "y m5 hold _! own1 & occasionally c>ry away honors1 9 ! univ]sities ( ! ,nor?4 ,!y h accumulat$ ?ree hundr$ million doll>s wor? ( real & p]sonal prop]ty4 ,individuals among !m h acquir$ sub/antial weal?1 & sev]al h atta9$ to some?+ l national di/9ction 9 art1 lett]s & educational lead]%ip4 ,!y are num]\sly repres5t$ 9 ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,heavily h&icapp$1 !y h made su* rapid progress t ! suspicion is ju/ifi$ t _! advancem5t1 r ?an any /agnation or retrogression1 is ! true secret ( ! virul5t ,s\!rn ho/ility to _! rights1 :i* has s influ5c$ ,nor!rn op9ion t x /&s mute1 & leaves ! color$ p1 ^u :om ! ,nor? conf]r$ lib]ty1 to ! t5d] m]cies ( ^? :o h always d5i$ _! fitness = x4 ,x may be said1 9 pass+1 t ! ^w ,negro1 :]e us$ 9 ?is pap]1 is us$ solely = conv5i5ce4 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahij !re 7 #a1jjj1jjj color$ p 9 ! c\ntry :o 7 half1 or m ?an half1 :ite1 & logically !re mu/ be1 z 9 fact !re are1 s _m :o %>e ! :ite blood 9 "s degree1 z to ju/ify ! ass]tion t ! race problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conc]ns ! welf>e & ! /atus ( a mix$ race4 ,_! rights are n "o :it ! m sacr$ because ( ?is fact2 b 9 an argum5t :]e inju/ice is s\ght to be excus$ because ( fundam5tal diff]5ces ( race1 x is well en\gh to be> 9 m9d t ! race ^: rights & lib]ties are endang]$ all ov] ?is c\ntry by disfran*isem5t at ! ,s\?1 are ! color$ p :o live 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 & n ! l[-br[$1 man-eat+ savage :om ! ,s\!rn :ite likes to set ^u a block & contra/ ) ,%akespe>e & ,newton & ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln4 ,despite & 9 defiance ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 to-day 9 ! six ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,alabama1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia1 conta9+ an aggregate color$ population ( ab\t #f1jjj1jjj1 ^! h be51 to all int5ts & purposes1 d5i$1 s f> z ! ,/ates c effect x1 ! "r to vote4 ,?is disfran*isem5t is accompli%$ by v>i\s me?ods1 devis$ ) mu* transp>5t +5uity1 ! ef=t be+ 9 ea* in/ance to violate ! _s ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution by disfran*is+ ! ,negro1 :ile seem+ to respect its lett] by avoid+ ! m5tion ( race or color4 ,^! re/rictions fall into ?ree gr\ps4 ,! fir/ comprises a prop]ty qualification--! own]%ip ( #cjj wor? or m ( real or p]sonal prop]ty 7,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 ,virg9ia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a72 ! paym5t ( a poll tax 7,mississippi1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia72 an educational qualification--! ability to read & write 7,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a74 ,?us f>1 ^? :o believe 9 a re/rict$ suffrage ev]y:]e1 c\ld p]haps f9d no reasonable fault ) any "o ( ^! qualifications1 appli$ ei!r sep>ately or toge!r4 ,b ! ,negro has made su* progress t ^! re/rictions alone w\ld p]haps n deprive him ( effective repres5tation4 ,h5ce ! second gr\p4 ,?is comprises an und]/&+ clause--! applicant mu/ be able to read1 or und]/& :5 read to him1 any clause 9 ! ,con/itution 7,mississippi71 or to read & expla91 or to und]/& & expla9 :5 read to him1 any section ( ! ,con/itution 7,virg9ia72 an employm5t qualification--! vot] mu/ be regul>ly employ$ 9 "s lawful occupation 7,alabama72 a "* qualification--! vot] mu/ be a p]son ( good "* & :o und]/&s ! duties & obligations ( citiz5s "u a republican 767 =m ( gov]nm5t 7,alabama74 ,! qualifications "u ! fir/ gr\p x w be se51 are capable ( exact demon/ration2 ^? "u ! second gr\p are left to ! discretion & judgm5t ( ! regi/]+ (fic]--= 9 mo/ in/ances ^! are all requirem5ts = regi/ration1 :i* mu/ prec$e vot+4 ,b ! fir/ gr\p1 by its own =ce1 & ! second gr\p1 "u imag9able conditions1 might exclude n only ! ,negro vote1 b a l>ge "p ( ! :ite vote4 ,h5ce1 ! ?ird gr\p1 :i* comprises3 a milit>y s]vice qualification--any man :o w5t to w>1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 9 a good cause or a bad1 is entitl$ to regi/] 7,ala41 ,va472 a prescriptive qualification1 "u :i* are includ$ all male p]sons :o 7 entitl$ to vote on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfg1 at :i* date ! ,negro _h n yet be5 giv5 ! "r to vote2 a h]$it>y qualification1 7! s-call$ gr&fa!r clause71 :]eby any son 7,va471 or desc5dant 7,ala471 ( a soldi]1 & 7,n4,c47 ! desc5dant ( any p]son :o _h ! "r to vote on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfg1 inh]its t "r4 ,if ! vot] wi% to take advantage ( ^! la/ provisions1 :i* are 9 ! nature ( exceptions to a g5]al rule1 he mu/ regi/] )9 a /at$ "t1 :]eupon he becomes a memb] ( a privileg$ class ( p]man5tly enroll$ vot]s n subject to any ( ! o!r re/rictions4 ,x w be se5 t ^! re/rictions are v>i\sly comb9$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 & x is app>5t t if comb9$ to _! decl>$ end1 practically e ,negro may1 "u color ( law1 be d5i$ ! "r to vote1 & practically e :ite man accord$ t "r4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ^! provisions to exclude ! ,negro vote is prov$ by ! ,alabama regi/ration "u ! new ,/ate ,con/itution4 ,out ( a total1 by ! c5sus ( #aijj1 ( #aha1dga ,negro males ( vot+ age1 less ?an #c1jjj are regi/]$2 9 ,montgom]y c\nty alone1 ! seat ( ! ,/ate capital1 :]e !re are #g1jjj ,negro males ( vot+ age1 only #dg h be5 all[$ to regi/]1 :ile 9 sev]al c\nties n "o s+le ,negro is p]mitt$ to ex]cise ! fran*ise4 ,^! me?ods ( disfran*isem5t h /ood su* te/s z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts1 includ+ ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 h ?us f> se5 fit to apply1 9 su* cases z h be5 be=e !m = adjudication4 ,^! include a case bas$ ^u ! und]/&+ clause ( ! ,mississippi ,con/itution1 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt held1 9 effect1 t s9ce !re 0 no ambiguity 9 ! language employ$ & ! ,negro 0 n directly nam$1 ! ,c\rt w\ld n g beh9d ! word+ ( ! ,con/itution to f9d a mean+ :i* discrim9at$ aga9/ ! color$ vot]2 & ! rec5t case ( ,jackson vs4 ,giles1 br\ght by a color$ citiz5 ( ,montgom]y1 ,alabama1 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt confesses itself impot5t to provide a rem$y = :at1 by inf]5ce1 x ackn[l$ges may be a great political wrong1 c>efully avoid+1 h[ev]1 to /ate t x is a wrong1 al?\gh ! vital pray] ( ! petition 0 = a decision ^u ?is v po9t4 ,n[1 :at is ! effect ( ?is :olesale disfran*isem5t ( color$ m51 ^u _! citiz5%ip4 ,! value ( food to ! human organism is n measur$ by ! pa9s ( an occasional surfeit1 b by ! effect ( its entire deprivation4 ,:e!r a class ( citiz5s %\ld vote1 ev5 if n always wisely--:at class does8--may be/ be det]m9$ by consid]+ _! condition :5 !y are )\t ! "r to vote4 ,! color$ p are left1 9 ! ,/ates :]e !y h be5 disfran*is$1 absolutely )\t repres5tation1 direct or indirect1 9 any law-mak+ body1 9 any c\rt ( ju/ice1 9 any bran* ( gov]nm5t--= ! feeble remnant ( vot]s left by law is s inconsid]able z to be )\t a %ad[ ( p[]4 ,con/itut+ "o-eigh? ( ! population ( ! :ole c\ntry1 two-fif?s ( ! :ole ,s\!rn p1 & a majority 9 sev]al ,/ates1 !y are n able1 because disfran*is$ :]e mo/ num]\s1 to s5d "o repres5tative to ! ,congress1 :i*1 by ! decision 9 ! ,alabama case1 is held by ! ,supreme ,c\rt to be ! only body1 outside ( ! ,/ate itself1 compet5t to give relief f a great political wrong4 ,by =m] decisions ( ! same tribunal1 ev5 ,congress is impot5t to protect _! civil rights1 ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t hav+ long s9ce1 by ! cons5t ( ! same ,c\rt1 be5 9 _m respects z completely nullifi$ z ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t is n[ s\ght to be4 ,!y h no direct repres5tation 9 any ,s\!rn legislature1 & no voice 9 det]m9+ ! *oice ( :ite m5 :o might be fri5dly to _! rights4 ,nor are !y able to influ5ce ! election ( judges or o!r public (ficials1 to :om are entru/$ ! protection ( _! lives1 _! lib]ties & _! prop]ty4 ,no judge is r5d]$ c>eful1 no %]iff dilig5t1 = fe> t he may (f5d a black con/itu5cy2 ! contr>y is mo/ lam5tably true2 day aft] day ! catalogue ( lyn*+s & anti-,negro riots ^u e imag9able pretext1 gr[s long] & m appall+4 ,! c\ntry /&s face to face ) ! revival ( slav]y2 at ! mom5t ( ?is writ+ a f$]al gr& jury 9 ,alabama is uncov]+ a sy/em ( peonage e/abli%$ "u cov] ( law4 ,"u ! ,s\!rn program x is s\ght to exclude color$ m5 f e grade ( ! public s]vice2 n only f ! high] adm9i/rative functions1 to :i* few ( !m w\ld 9 any ev5t1 = a long "t aspire1 b f ! l[e/ z well4 ,a ,negro may n be a con/able or a policeman4 ,he is subject$ by law to _m degrad+ discrim9ations4 ,he is requir$ to be sep>at$ f :ite p on railroads & /reet c>s1 &1 by cu/om1 deb>r$ f inns & places ( public ent]ta9m5t4 ,8 equal "r to a free public education is con/antly ?reat5$ & is n[h]e equitably recogniz$4 ,9 ,georgia1 z has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,du,bois1 :]e ! law provides = a pro rata di/ribution ( ! public s*ool fund betwe5 ! races1 & :]e ! color$ s*ool population is #dh p] c5t4 ( ! total1 ! am\nt ( ! fund devot$ to _! s*ools is only #bj p] c5t4 ,9 ,new ,orleans1 ) an imm5se color$ population1 _m ( :om are p]sons ( means & culture1 all color$ public s*ools above ! fif? grade h be5 aboli%$4 ,! ,negro is subject$ to taxation )\t repres5tation1 :i* ! =efa!rs ( ?is ,republic made ! basis ( a bloody revolution4 ,flu%$ ) _! local success1 & enc\rag$ by ! timidity ( ! ,c\rts & ! indiff]5ce ( public op9ion1 ! ,s\!rn :ites h c>ri$ _! campaign into ! national gov]nm5t1 ) an om9\s degree ( success4 ,if !y %all h _! way1 no ,negro c fill any f$]al (fice1 or occupy1 9 ! public s]vice1 any position t is n m5ial4 ,?is is n an inf]5ce1 b ! op5ly1 passionately av[$ s5tim5t ( ! :ite ,s\?4 ,! "r to employm5t 9 ! public s]vice is an exce$+ly valuable "o1 = :i* :ite m5 h /ruggl$ & f\ght4 ,a va/ army ( m5 are employ$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs4 ,_m av5ues ( employm5t are clos$ to color$ m5 by popul> prejudice4 ,if _! "r to public employm5t is recogniz$1 & ! way to x op5 ?r\gh ! civil s]vice1 or ! appo9t+ p[]1 or ! suffrages ( ! p1 x w prove1 z x has already1 a /rong inc5tive to ef=t & a p[]ful lev] = advancem5t4 ,its value to ! ,negro1 l t ( ! "r to vote1 may be judg$ by ! eag]ness ( ! :ites to deprive him ( x4 ,n only is ! ,negro tax$ )\t repres5tation 9 ! ,/ates ref]r$ to1 b he pays1 ?r\gh ! t>iff & int]nal rev5ue1 a tax to a ,national gov]nm5t ^: supreme judicial tribunal decl>es t x _c1 ?r\gh ! executive arm1 en=ce its own decrees1 &1 !re=e1 refuses to pass ^u a "q1 squ>ely be=e x1 involv+ a basic "r ( citiz5%ip4 ,= ! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,giles case1 if x =e%ad[s ! attitude :i* ! ,c\rt w take ^u o!r cases to ! same g5]al end :i* w soon come be=e x1 is sc>cely less ?an a reaffirmation ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision2 x c]ta9ly am\nts to ?is--t 9 spite ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t1 color$ m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h no political rights :i* ! ,/ates are b\nd to respect4 ,to say ?is mu* is to say t all ! privileges & immunities :i* ,negroes h5ce=? enjoy1 mu/ be by favor ( ! :ites2 !y are n rights4 ,! :ites h s decl>$2 !y proclaim t ! c\ntry is !irs1 t ! ,negro %\ld be ?ankful t he has s mu*1 :5 s mu* m might be )held f him4 ,he /&s ^u a l[] foot+ ?an any ali52 he has no gov]nm5t to :i* he may look = protection4 ,moreov]1 ! :ite ,s\? s5ds to ,congress1 on a basis includ+ ! ,negro population1 a delegation ne>ly twice z l>ge z x is ju/ly entitl$ to1 & "o :i* may always safely be reli$ ^u to oppose 9 ,congress e measure :i* seeks to protect ! equality1 or to enl>ge ! rights ( color$ citiz5s4 ,! grossness ( ?is inju/ice is all ! m app>5t s9ce ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ! ,alabama case ref]r$ to1 has decl>$ ! legislative & political dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t to be ! only p[] :i* c "r a political wrong4 ,"u ?is decision /ill fur!r attacks ^u ! lib]ties ( ! citiz5 may be confid5tly expect$4 ,arm$ ) ! ,negro's sole weapon ( def5se1 ! :ite ,s\? /&s ready to smite d[n 8 rights4 ,! ballot 0 fir/ giv5 to ! ,negro to def5d him aga9/ ?is v ?+4 ,he ne$s x n[ f> m ?an !n1 & = ev5 /rong] reasons4 ,! #i1jjj1jjj free color$ p ( to-day h va/ly m to def5d ?an ! #c1jjj1jjj hapless blacks :o _h j em]g$ f slav]y4 ,if !re be ^? :o ma9ta9 t x 0 a mi/ake to give ! ,negro ! ballot at ! "t & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 giv51 let !m take to he>t ?is reflection3 t to deprive him ( x to-day1 or to s re/rict x z to leave him utt]ly def5seless aga9/ ! pres5t rel5tless attitude ( ! ,s\? t[>d 8 rights1 w prove to be a mi/ake s mu* great] ?an ! fir/1 z to be no less ?an a crime1 f :i* n alone ! ,s\!rn ,negro mu/ suff]1 b = :i* ! nation w z surely pay ! p5alty z x paid = ! crime ( slav]y4 ,contempt = law is dea? to a republic1 & ?is "o has develop$ al>m+ symptoms ( ! disease4 ,& n[1 hav+ ?us robb$ ! ,negro ( e political & civil "r1 ! :ite ,s\?1 9 palliation ( its c\rse1 makes a great %[ ( magnanimity 9 leav+ him1 z ! sole remnant ( :at he acquir$ ?r\gh ! ,civil ,w>1 a v inadequate public s*ool education1 :i*1 by ! pres5t program1 is to be direct$ ma9ly t[>ds mak+ him a bett] agricultural labor]4 ,ev5 ?is is put =w>d z a favor1 al?\gh ! ,negro's prop]ty is tax$ to pay = x1 & 8 labor z well4 ,= x is a well settl$ pr9ciple ( political economy1 t l& & ma*9]y ( !mselves produce no?+1 & t labor indirectly pays its fair proportion ( ! tax ^u ! public's weal?4 ,! :ite ,s\? seems to /& to ! ,negro at pres5t z "o1 :o1 hav+ be5 reluctantly compell$ to release ano!r f bondage1 sees him /umbl+ =w>d & upw>d1 neglect$ by 8 fri5ds & sc>cely yet consci\s ( 8 own /r5g?2 seizes him1 b9ds him1 & hav+ b]eft him ( spee*1 ( sight & ( manhood1 yokes him ) ! mule & exclaims1 ) a %[ ( virtue :i* ought to deceive no "o3 ,behold h[ good a fri5d ,i am ( y\rs6 ,h ,i n left y a /oma* & a pair ( arms1 & w ,i n g5]\sly p]mit y to "w = me ) ! "o1 t y may !reby ga9 en\gh to fill ! o!r8 ,a bra9 y d n ne$4 ,we w relieve y ( any responsibility t might seem to dem& su* an organ4 ,! argum5t ( peace-lov+ ,nor!rn :ite m5 & ,negro opportuni/s t ! political p[] ( ! ,negro hav+ long ago be5 suppress$ by unlawful means1 8 "r to vote is a m]e pap] "r1 ( no real value1 & !re=e to be lightly yield$ = ! sake ( a hypo!tical h>mony1 is fatally %ort-sight$4 ,x is precisely ! attitude & ess5tially ! argum5t :i* w\ld h surr5d]$ to ! ,s\? 9 ! sixties1 & w\ld h left ?is c\ntry to rot 9 slav]y = ano!r g5]ation4 ,:ite m5 d n ?us argue conc]n+ _! own rights4 ,!y "k too well ! value ( ideals4 ,s\!rn :ite m5 see too cle>ly ! lat5t p[] ( ^! unex]cis$ rights4 ,if ! political p[] ( ! ,negro 0 a nullity because ( 8 ignorance & lack ( lead]%ip1 :y 7 !y n cont5t to leave x s1 ) ! pleas+ assurance t if x ev] became effective1 x w\ld be because ! ,negroes _h gr[n fit = its ex]cise8 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h n re/$ until ! possibility ( its revival 0 app>5tly head$ (f by new ,/ate ,con/itutions4 ,nor are !y satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,!re is no d\bt t an ef=t w be made to secure ! repeal ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t1 & ?us =e/all ! developm5t ( ! weal?y & educat$ ,negro1 :om ! ,s\? seems to anticipate z a great] m5ace ?an ! ignorant ex-slave4 ,h[ev] improbable ?is repeal may seem1 x is n a subject to be lightly dismiss$2 = x is )9 ! p[] ( ! :ite p ( ! nation to d :atev] !y wi% 9 ! premises--!y did x once2 !y c d x aga94 ,! ,negro & 8 fri5ds %\ld see to x t ! :ite majority %all nev] wi% to d any?+ to 8 hurt4 ,!re /ill /&s1 be=e ! ,negro-hat+ :ites ( ! ,s\?1 ! spect] ( a ,supreme ,c\rt :i* w int]pret ! ,con/itution to mean :at x says1 & :at ^? :o enact$ x meant1 & :at ! nation1 :i* ratifi$ x1 und]/ood1 & :i* w f9d p[]1 9 a nation :i* goes beyond seas to adm9i/] ! affairs ( di/ant peoples1 to en=ce its own fundam5tal laws2 ! spect]1 too1 ( an ar\s$ public op9ion :i* w compel ,congress & ! ,c\rts to pres]ve ! lib]ties ( ! ,republic1 :i* are ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,to wilfully neglect ! suffrage1 to hold x lightly1 is to tamp] ) a sacr$ "r2 to yield x = any?+ else :atev] is simply suicidal4 ,dropp+ ! elem5t ( race1 disfran*isem5t is no m ?an to say to ! poor & poorly taught1 t !y mu/ rel9qui% ! "r to def5d !mselves aga9/ oppression until !y %all h become ri* & le>n$1 9 competition ) ^? already ?us favor$ & possess+ ! ballot 9 addition4 ,?is is n ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! gr[? ( lib]ty has be5 ! con/ant /ruggle ( ! poor aga9/ ! privileg$ classes2 & ! goal ( t /ruggle has ev] be5 ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! law4 ,! ,negro :o w\ld yield ?is "r1 des]ves to be a slave2 he has ! s]vile _s4 ,! ri* & ! educat$ c1 by virtue ( _! influ5ce1 comm& _m votes2 c f9d o!r means ( protection2 ! poor man has b "o1 he %\ld gu>d x z a sacr$ treasure4 ,long ago1 by fair treatm5t1 ! :ite lead]s ( ! ,s\? might h b\nd ! ,negro to !mselves ) hoops ( /eel4 ,!y h n *os5 to take ?is c\rse1 b by assum+ f ! beg9n+ an attitude ho/ile to 8 rights1 h nev] ga9$ 8 confid5ce1 & n[ seek by f\l means to de/roy :]e !y h nev] s\ght by fair means to control4 ,i h spok5 ( ! effect ( disfran*isem5t ^u ! color$ race2 x is to ! race z a :ole1 t ! argum5t ( ! problem is g5]ally direct$4 ,b ! unit ( society 9 a republic is ! individual1 & n ! race1 ! failure to recognize ?is fact be+ ! fundam5tal error :i* has becl\d$ ! :ole discussion4 ,! effect ( disfran*isem5t ^u ! individual is sc>cely less disa/r\s4 ,i d n speak ( ! moral effect ( inju/ice ^u ^? :o suff] f x2 ,i ref] r to ! practical consequ5ces :i* may be appreciat$ by any m9d4 ,no c\ntry is free 9 :i* ! way upw>d is n op5 = e man to try1 & = e prop]ly qualifi$ man to atta9 :atev] ( good ! community life may (f]4 ,su* a condition does n exi/1 at ! ,s\?1 ev5 9 !ory1 = any man ( color4 ,9 no c>e] c su* a man compete ) :ite m5 ^u equal t]ms4 ,he mu/ n only meet ! prejudice ( ! individual1 n only ! unit$ prejudice ( ! :ite community2 b le/ "s "o %\ld wi% to treat him fairly1 he is met at e turn ) "s legal prohibition :i* says1 ,?\ %alt n1 or ,?us f> %alt ?\ g & no f>!r4 ,b ! ,negro race is viable2 x adapts itself readily to circum/ances2 & be+ ?us adaptable1 !re is always ! temptation to ,crook ! pregnant h+es ( ! knee1 ,:]e ?rift may foll[ fawn+4 ,he :o c mo/ skilfully balance himself ^u ! advanc+ or rec$+ wave ( :ite op9ion conc]n+ 8 race1 is sure/ ( su* measure ( prosp]ity z is p]mitt$ to m5 ( d>k sk9s4 ,!re are ,negro tea*]s 9 ! ,s\?--! privilege ( tea*+ 9 _! own s*ools is ! "o respectable bran* ( ! public s]vice /ill left op5 to !m--:o1 = a grudg+ appropriation f a ,s\!rn legislature1 w decry _! own race1 approve _! own degradation1 & laud _! oppressors4 ,depriv$ ( ! "r to vote1 &1 !re=e1 ( any p[] to dem& :at is _! due1 !y feel impell$ to buy ! tol]ance ( ! :ites at any sacrifice4 ,if to live is ! fir/ duty ( man1 z p]haps x is ! fir/ in/9ct1 !n ^? :o ?us /oop to conqu] may be "r4 ,b is x ne$ful to /oop s l[1 & if s1 :]e lies ! ultimate responsibility = ?is abasem5t8 ,i %all say no?+ ab\t ! moral effect ( disfran*isem5t ^u ! :ite p1 or ^u ! ,/ate itself4 ,:at slav]y made ( ! ,s\!rn :ites is a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,! abolition ( slav]y gave ! ,s\? an opportunity to em]ge f b>b>ism4 ,pres5t conditions indicate t ! _s :i* dom9at$ slav]y /ill curses ! fair section ov] :i* t in/itution spread its blight4 ,& n[1 is ! situation rem$iless8 ,if n s1 :]e lies ! rem$y8 ,fir/ let u take up ^? rem$ies sugge/$ by ! m5 :o approve ( disfran*isem5t1 ?\gh !y may sometimes deplore ! me?od1 or regret ! necessity4 ,"t1 we are told1 heals all diseases1 rights all wrongs1 & is ! only cure = ?is "o4 ,x is a c[>dly argum5t4 ,^! p are entitl$ to _! rights to-day1 :ile !y are yet alive to enjoy !m2 & x is poor /atesman%ip & worse morals to nurse a pres5t evil & ?ru/ x =w>d ^u a future g5]ation = correction4 ,! nation c no m hone/ly d ?is ?an x c\ld ?ru/ back ^u a pa/ g5]ation ! responsibility = slav]y4 ,x _h to meet t responsibility2 x ought to meet ?is "o4 ,education has be5 put =w>d z ! great corrective--pref]ably indu/rial education4 ,! intellect ( ! :ites is to be educat$ to ! po9t :]e !y w s appreciate ! bless+s ( lib]ty & equality1 z ( _! own motion to enl>ge & def5d ! ,negro's rights4 ,! ,negroes1 on ! o!r h&1 are to be s tra9$ z to make !m1 n equal ) ! :ites 9 any way--,god save ! m>k6 ?is w\ld be un?9kable6--b s useful to ! community t ! :ites w protect !m r ?an to lose _! valuable s]vices4 ,"s few en?usia/s g s f> z to ma9ta9 t by virtue ( education ! ,negro w1 9 "t1 become /rong en\gh to protect himself aga9/ any aggression ( ! :ites2 ?is1 x may be said1 is a /rictly ,nor!rn view4 ,x is n q cle>ly app>5t h[ education alone1 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 is to solve1 9 any appreciable "t1 ! problem ( ! relations ( ,s\!rn :ite & black p4 ,! ne$ ( education ( all k9ds = bo? races is w(ully app>5t4 ,b m5 & nations h be5 free )\t be+ le>n$1 & !re h be5 educat$ slaves4 ,lib]ty has be5 kn[n to langui% :]e culture _h rea*$ a v high developm5t4 ,nations d n fir/ become ri* & le>n$ & !n free1 b ! lesson ( hi/ory has be5 t !y fir/ become free & !n ri* & le>n$1 & (t5times fall back into slav]y aga9 because ( too great weal?1 & ! result+ luxury & c>elessness ( civic virtues4 ,! process ( education has be5 go+ on rapidly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates s9ce ! ,civil ,w>1 & yet1 if we take sup]ficial indications1 ! rights ( ! ,negroes are at a l[] ebb ?an at any "t dur+ ! ?irty-five ye>s ( _! fre$om1 & ! race prejudice m int5se & uncompromis+4 ,x is n app>5t t educat$ ,s\!rn]s are less rancor\s ?an o!rs 9 _! spee* conc]n+ ! ,negro1 or less ho/ile 9 _! attitude t[>d 8 rights4 ,x is _! voice alone t we h he>d 9 ?is discussion2 & if1 z !y /ate1 !y are lib]al 9 _! views z comp>$ ) ! m ignorant :ites1 !n ,god save ! ,negro6 ,i 0 told1 9 s _m words1 two ye>s ago1 by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools ( a ,s\!rn city t !re 0 no place 9 ! mod]n _w = ! ,negro1 except "u ! gr\nd4 ,if g5tlem5 hold+ su* op9ions are to in/ruct ! :ite y\? ( ! ,s\?1 w\ld x be at all surpris+ if ^!1 lat] on1 %\ld devote a portion ( _! leisure to ! improvem5t ( civilization by putt+ "u ! gr\nd z _m ( ?is sup]flu\s race z possible8 ,! sole excuse made 9 ! ,s\? = ! preval5t inju/ice to ! ,negro is ! diff]5ce 9 race1 & ! inequalities & antipa?ies result+ !refrom4 ,x has n[h]e be5 decl>$ z a "p ( ! ,s\!rn program t ! ,negro1 :5 educat$1 is to be giv5 a fair repres5tation 9 gov]nm5t or an equal opportunity 9 life2 ! contr>y has be5 /r5u\sly ass]t$2 education c nev] make ( him any?+ b a ,negro1 &1 !re=e1 ess5tially inf]ior1 & n to be safely tru/$ ) any degree ( p[]4 ,a sy/em ( education :i* w\ld t5d to s(t5 ! asp]ities & less5 ! inequalities betwe5 ! races w\ld be ( ine/imable value4 ,an education :i* by a rigid sep>ation ( ! races f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! univ]sity1 fo/]s ?is racial antipa?y1 & is direct$ t[>d emphasiz+ ! sup]iority ( "o class & ! inf]iority ( ano!r1 might easily h disa/r\s1 r ?an b5eficial results4 ,x w\ld r5d] ! oppress+ class m p[]ful to injure1 ! oppress$ quick] to p]ceive & ke5] to res5t ! injury1 )\t proportionate p[] ( def5se4 ,! same assimilative education :i* is giv5 at ! ,nor? to all *ildr5 alike1 :]eby native & =eign1 black & :ite1 are taught side by side 9 e grade ( in/ruction1 & are compell$ by ! exig5cies ( discipl9e to keep _! prejudices 9 abeyance1 & are giv5 ! opportunity to le>n & appreciate "o ano!r's good qualities1 & to e/abli% fri5dly relations :i* may exi/ ?r\gh\t life1 is abs5t f ! ,s\!rn sy/em ( education1 bo? ( ! pa/ & z propos$ = ! future4 ,education is 9 a broad s5se a rem$y = all social ills2 b ! disease we h to deal ) n[ is n only con/itutional b acute4 ,a wise physician does n simply give a tonic = a diseas$ limb1 or a high fev]2 ! pati5t might be dead be=e ! con/itutional rem$y c\ld become effective4 ,! evils ( slav]y1 its injury to :ites & blacks1 & to ! body politic1 0 cle>ly p]ceiv$ & ackn[l$g$ by ! educat$ lead]s ( ! ,s\? z f> back z ! ,revolution>y ,w> & ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 & yet !y made no ef=t to aboli% x4 ,_! rem$y 0 ! same--"t1 education1 social & economic developm5t2--& yet a bloody w> 0 necess>y to de/roy slav]y & put its _s tempor>ily to sleep4 ,:5 ! ,s\? & its fri5ds are ready to propose a sy/em ( education :i* w recognize & tea* ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! law1 ! pot5cy ( education alone to settle ! race problem w be m cle>ly app>5t4 ,at pres5t ev5 good ,nor!rn m51 :o wi% to educate ! ,negroes1 feel impell$ to buy ?is privilege f ! none too eag] :ite ,s\?1 by conc$+ away ! civil & political rights ( ^? :om !y w\ld b5efit4 ,!y h1 inde$1 gone f>!r ?an ! ,s\!rn]s !mselves 9 approv+ ! disfran*isem5t ( ! color$ race4 ,mo/ ,s\!rn m51 n[ t !y h c>ri$ _! po9t & disfran*is$ ! ,negro1 are will+ to admit1 9 ! language ( a rec5t numb] ( ! ,*>le/on ,ev5+ ,po/1 t ! attitude ( ! ,s\!rn :ite man t[>d ! ,negro is incompatible ) ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! republic4 ,x rema9$ = our ,clevel&s & ,abbotts & ,p>khur/s to assure !m t _! unlawful c\rse 0 "r & ju/ifiable1 & = ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,negro lead] to decl>e t e revis$ ,con/itution ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates has put a premium ^u intellig5ce1 own]%ip ( prop]ty1 ?rift & "*4 ,s does e p5it5ti>y s5t5ce put a premium ^u good conduct2 b x is poor consolation to ! "o unju/ly condemn$1 to be told t he may %ort5 8 s5t5ce some:at by good behavior4 ,dr4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 ^: language is quot$ above1 has1 by 8 em95t s]vices 9 ! cause ( education1 won des]v$ r5[n4 ,if he has seem$1 at times1 to ^? jeal\s ( ! be/ ?+s = _! race1 to decry ! high] education1 x c easily be borne 9 m9d t 8 c>e] is b\nd up 9 ! success ( an indu/rial s*ool2 h5ce any undue /ress :i* he may put ^u t bran* ( education may safely be ascrib$ to ! natural zeal ( ! promot]1 )\t detract+ 9 any degree f ! ess5tial value ( 8 tea*+s 9 favor ( manual tra9+1 ?rift & "*-build+4 ,b ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's prom95ce z an educational lead]1 among a race ^: prom95t lead]s are s few1 has at times =c$ him1 p]haps reluctantly1 to express himself 9 reg>d to ! political condition ( 8 p1 & "h 8 utt]ances h n always be5 s wise nor s happy4 ,he has decl>$ himself 9 favor ( a re/rict$ suffrage1 :i* at pres5t means1 = 8 own p1 no?+ less ?an complete loss ( repres5tation--inde$ x is only 9 t connection t ! "q has be5 s]i\sly moot$2 & he has advis$ !m to g sl[ 9 seek+ to en=ce _! civil & political rights1 :i*1 9 effect1 means sil5t submission to inju/ice4 ,s\!rn :ite m5 may applaud ?is advice z wise1 because x fits 9 ) _! purposes2 b ,s5ator ,mc,enery ( ,l\isiana1 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,indep5d5t1 voices ! ,s\!rn :ite op9ion ( su* acquiesc5ce :5 he says3 ,:at o!r race w\ld h submitt$ s _m ye>s to slav]y )\t compla9t8 ,:at o!r race w\ld h submitt$ s quietly to disfran*isem5t8 ,^! facts /amp 8 7! ,negro's7 inf]iority to ! :ite race4 ,! "t to philosophize ab\t ! good !re is 9 evil1 is n :ile its correction is /ill possible1 b1 if at all1 aft] all hope ( correction is pa/4 ,until !n x calls = no?+ b rigor\s condemnation4 ,to try to read any good ?+ into ^! fraudul5t ,s\!rn con/itutions1 or to accept !m z an accompli%$ fact1 is to condone a crime aga9/ "o's race4 ,^? :o commit crime %\ld be> ! odium4 ,x is n a pleas+ spectacle to see ! robb$ applaud ! robb]4 ,sil5ce 7 bett]4 ,x has become fa%ionable to "q ! wisdom ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,i believe x to h be5 an act ( ! highe/ /atesman%ip1 bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal idea ( ?is ,republic1 entirely ju/ifi$ by conditions2 exp]im5tal 9 its nature1 p]haps1 z e new ?+ mu/ be1 b j 9 pr9ciple2 a *oice betwe5 me?ods1 ( :i* x seem$ to ! great /atesm5 ( t epo* ! wise/ & ! be/1 & ess5tially ! mo/ j1 be>+ 9 m9d ! int]e/s ( ! fre$m5 & ! ,nation1 z well z ! feel+s ( ! ,s\!rn :ites2 nev] fairly tri$1 & !re=e1 n yet to be ju/ly condemn$4 ,n "o ( ^? :o condemn x1 has be5 able1 ev5 9 ! light ( subsequ5t ev5ts1 to sugge/ a bett] me?od by :i* ! lib]ty & civil rights ( ! fre$m5 & _! desc5dants c\ld h be5 protect$4 ,its ab&onm5t1 z ,i h %[n1 leaves ?is lib]ty & ^! rights frankly )\t any gu>ante$ protection4 ,all ! education :i* philan?ropy or ! ,/ate c\ld (f] z a sub/itute = equality ( rights1 w\ld be a poor ex*ange2 !re is no def5sible reason :y !y %\ld n g h& 9 h&1 ea* enc\rag+ & /r5g!n+ ! o!r4 ,! education :i* "o c dem& z a "r is likely to d m good ?an ! education = :i* "o mu/ sue z a favor4 ,! *ief argum5t aga9/ ,negro suffrage1 ! insi/5tly proclaim$ argum5t1 worn ?readb>e 9 ,congress1 on ! plat=m1 9 ! pulpit1 9 ! press1 9 poetry1 9 fiction1 9 impassion$ rhetoric1 is ! recon/ruction p]iod4 ,& yet ! evils ( t p]iod 7 due f> m to ! v5ality & indiff]5ce ( :ite m5 ?an to ! incapacity ( black vot]s4 ,! revis$ ,s\!rn ,con/itutions adopt$ "u recon/ruction reveal a high] /atesman%ip ?an any :i* prec$$ or h foll[$ !m1 & prove t ! fre$ vot]s c\ld z easily h be5 l$ into ! pa?s ( civic righte\sness z into ^? ( misgov]nm5t4 ,c]ta9 x is t "u recon/ruction ! civil & political rights ( all m5 7 m secure 9 ^? ,/ates ?an !y h ev] be5 s9ce4 ,we w he> less ( ! evils ( recon/ruction1 n[ t ! bugaboo has s]v$ its purpose by disfran*is+ ! ,negro1 x w be laid aside = a "t :ile ! nation discusses ! political corruption ( great cities2 ! sc&al\s conditions 9 ,rhode ,isl&2 ! evils att5d+ recon/ruction 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! sc&als 9 ! po/(fice dep>tm5t--= none ( :i*1 by ! way1 is ! ,negro *>g$ ) any responsibility1 & = none ( :i* is ! re/riction ( ! suffrage a rem$y s]i\sly propos$4 ,rhode ,isl& is inde$ ! only ,nor!rn ,/ate :i* has a prop]ty qualification = ! fran*ise6 ,!re are ?ree tribunals to :i* ! color$ p may ju/ly appeal = ! protection ( _! rights3 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts1 ,congress & public op9ion4 ,at pres5t all ?ree seem ma9ly indiff]5t to any "q ( human rights "u ! ,con/itution4 ,inde$1 ,congress & ! ,c\rts m]ely foll[ public op9ion1 seldom lead x4 ,congress nev] enacts a measure :i* is believ$ to oppose public op9ion2--y\r ,congressman keeps 8 e> to ! gr\nd4 ,! high1 s]5e atmosph]e ( ! ,c\rts is n imp]vi\s to its voice2 !y r>ely en=ce a law contr>y to public op9ion1 ev5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt be+ able1 z ,*>les ,sumn] once put x1 to f9d a reason = e decision x may wi% to r5d]2 or1 z exp]i5ce has %[n1 a me?od to evade any "q :i* x _c dec5tly decide 9 accordance ) public op9ion4 ,! art ( /raddl+ is n conf9$ to ! political ar5a4 ,! ,s\!rn situation has be5 well describ$ by a color$ editor 9 ,ri*mond3 ,:5 we seek relief at ! h&s ( ,congress1 we are in=m$ t our plea involves a legal "q1 & we are ref]r$ to ! ,c\rts4 ,:5 we appeal to ! ,c\rts1 we are gravely told t ! "q is a political "o1 & t we mu/ g to ,congress4 ,:5 ,congress enacts rem$ial legislation1 our enemies take x to ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* promptly decl>es x uncon/itutional4 ,! ,negro might *ase 8 rights r\nd & r\nd ?is circle until ! end ( "t1 )\t f9d+ any relief4 ,yet ! ,con/itution is cle> & unequivocal 9 its t]ms1 & no ,supreme ,c\rt c indef9itely cont9ue to con/rue x z mean+ any?+ b :at x says4 ,?is ,c\rt %\ld be bomb>d$ ) suits until x makes "s def9ite pron\ncem5t1 "o way or ! o!r1 on ! broad "q ( ! con/itutionality ( ! disfran*is+ ,con/itutions ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! ,negro & 8 fri5ds w !n h a clean-cut issue to take to ! =um ( public op9ion1 & a di/9ct gr\nd ^u :i* to dem& legislation = ! en=cem5t ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,! case f ,alabama 0 c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt expressly to det]m9e ! con/itutionality ( ! ,alabama ,con/itution4 ,! ,c\rt decl>$ itself )\t jurisdiction1 & 9 ! same brea? w5t into ! m]its ( ! case f> en\gh to d5y relief1 )\t pass+ ^u ! real issue4 ,_h x said1 z x might ) absolute ju/ice & p]fect propriety1 t ! ,alabama ,con/itution is a bold & impud5t violation ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t1 ! purpose ( ! lawsuit w\ld h be5 accompli%$ & a righte\s cause va/ly /r5g!n$4 ,b public op9ion _c rema9 p]man5tly indiff]5t to s vital a "q4 ,! agitation is already on4 ,x is at pres5t l>gely academic1 b is sl[ly & resi/lessly1 =c+ itself into politics1 :i* is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* republics settle su* que/ions4 ,x _c mu* long] be contemptu\sly or indiff]5tly elb[$ aside4 ,! ,s\? itself seems b5t ^u =c+ ! "q to an issue1 z1 by its arrogant assumptions1 x br\ght on ! ,civil ,w>4 ,f t section1 too1 !re come n[ & !n1 side by side ) tales ( ,s\!rn outrage1 excus+ voices1 :i* at ! same "t are accus+ voices2 :i* admit t ! :ite ,s\? is deal+ ) ! ,negro unju/ly & unwisely2 t ! ,gold5 ,rule has be5 =gott52 t ! int]e/s ( :ite m5 alone h be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 & t _! true int]e/s z well are be+ sacrific$4 ,!re is a sil5t :ite ,s\?1 uneasy 9 consci5ce1 d>k5$ 9 c\nsel1 grop+ = ! light1 & will+ to d ! "r4 ,!y are z yet a feeble folk1 _! voices sc>cely audible above ! clamor ( ! mob4 ,may _! convictions rip5 into wisdom1 & may _! numb]s & _! c\rage increase6 ,if ! class ( ,s\!rn :ite m5 ( :om ,judge ,jones ( ,alabama1 is s noble a repres5tative1 are support$ & enc\rag$ by a righte\s public op9ion at ! ,nor?1 !y may1 9 "t1 become ! dom9ant :ite ,s\?1 & we may !n look = wisdom & ju/ice 9 ! place :]e1 s f> z ! ,negro is conc]n$1 !y n[ seem well-nigh /rang]s4 ,b ev5 ^! g5tlem5 w d well to be> 9 m9d t s long z !y discrim9ate 9 any way aga9/ ! ,negro's equality ( "r1 s long d !y set class aga9/ class & op5 ! door to e sort ( discrim9ation4 ,!re c be no middle gr\nd betwe5 ju/ice & inju/ice1 betwe5 ! citiz5 & ! s]f4 ,x is n likely t ! ,nor?1 ^u ! sob] second ?\ght1 w p]mit ! de>ly-b\ght results ( ! ,civil ,w> to be nullifi$ by any *ange 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,z long z ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t /&s1 ! rights ( color$ citiz5s are ultimately secure4 ,!re 7 w\ld-be despots 9 ,engl& aft] ! grant+ ( ,magna ,*>ta2 b x outliv$ !m all1 & ! lib]ties ( ! ,engli% p are secure4 ,!re 0 slav]y 9 ?is l& aft] ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 yet ! faces ( ^? :o love lib]ty h ev] turn$ to t immortal docum5t4 ,s w ! ,con/itution & its pr9ciples outlive ! prejudices :i* w\ld seek to ov]?r[ x4 ,:at color$ m5 ( ! ,s\? c d to secure _! citiz5%ip to-day1 or 9 ! imm$iate future1 is n v cle>4 ,_! utt]ances on political que/ions1 unless !y be to conc$e away ! political rights ( _! race1 or to soo! ! consci5ces ( :ite m5 by sugge/+ t ! problem is insoluble except by "s sl[ rem$ial process :i* w become effectual only 9 ! di/ant future1 are receiv$ ) scant respect--c\ld sc>cely1 inde$1 be o!rwise receiv$1 )\t a vot+ con/itu5cy to back !m up1--& mu/ be cauti\sly made1 le/ !y meet an actively ho/ile reception4 ,b !re are _m color$ m5 at ! ,nor?1 :]e _! civil & political rights 9 ! ma9 are respect$4 ,!re e hone/ man has a vote1 :i* he may freely ca/1 & :i* is reasonably sure to be fairly c\nt$4 ,:5 ?is race develops a suffici5t p[] ( comb9ation1 "u adequate lead]%ip1--& !re are signs already t ?is "t is ne> at h&1--! ,nor!rn vote c be wield$ irresi/ibly = ! def5se ( ! rights ( _! ,s\!rn bre?r54 ,9 ! meantime ! ,nor!rn color$ m5 h ! "r ( free spee*1 & !y %\ld nev] cease to dem& _! rights1 to clamor = !m1 to gu>d !m jeal\sly1 & insi/5tly to invoke law & public s5tim5t to ma9ta9 !m4 ,he :o w\ld be free mu/ le>n to protect 8 fre$om4 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( lib]ty4 ,he :o w\ld be respect$ mu/ respect himself4 ,! be/ fri5d ( ! ,negro is he :o w\ld r see1 )9 ! bord]s ( ?is republic "o million free citiz5s ( t race1 equal be=e ! law1 ?an t5 million cr++ s]fs exi/+ by a contemptu\s suff]ance4 ,a race t is will+ to survive ^u any o!r t]ms is sc>cely wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! direct rem$y = ! disfran*isem5t ( ! ,negro lies ?r\gh political action4 ,"o sc>cely sees ! philosophy ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a civil & a political "r4 ,b ! ,supreme ,c\rt has recogniz$ ?is di/9ction & has designat$ ,congress z ! p[] to "r a political wrong4 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t gives ,congress p[] to en=ce its provisions4 ,! p[] w\ld seem to be inh]5t 9 gov]nm5t itself2 b anticipat+ t ! en=cem5t ( ! ,am5dm5t might involve difficulty1 !y made ! sup]orogatory decl>ation4 ,moreov]1 !y w5t fur!r1 & pass$ laws by :i* !y provid$ = su* en=cem5t4 ,^! ! ,supreme ,c\rt has s f> decl>$ insuffici5t4 ,x is = ,congress to make m laws4 ,x is = color$ m5 & = :ite m5 :o are n cont5t to see ! blood-b\ght results ( ! ,civil ,w> nullifi$1 to urge & direct public op9ion to ! po9t :]e x w dem& /r+5t legislation to en=ce ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,am5dm5ts4 ,?is dem& w re/ 9 law1 9 morals & 9 true /atesman%ip2 no difficulties att5d+ x c\ld be worse ?an ! pres5t ignoble attitude ( ! ,nation t[>d its own laws & its own ideals--)\t c\rage to en=ce !m1 )\t consci5ce to *ange !m1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5ts ! spectacle ( a ,nation drift+ aimlessly1 s f> z ?is vital1 ,national problem is conc]n$1 ^u ! sea ( irresolution1 t[>d ! mael/rom ( an>*y4 ,! "r ( ,congress1 "u ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t1 to r$uce ,s\!rn repres5tation c h>dly be disput$4 ,b ,congress has a simpl] & m direct me?od to accompli% ! same end4 ,x is ! sole judge ( ! qualifications ( its own memb]s1 & ! sole judge ( :e!r any memb] pres5t+ 8 cr$5tials has met ^? qualifications4 ,x c refuse to seat any memb] :o comes f a di/rict :]e vot]s h be5 disfran*is$3 x c judge = itself :e!r ?is has be5 done1 & !re is no appeal f its decision4 ,if1 :5 x has pass$ a law1 any ,c\rt %all refuse to obey its behe/s1 x c impea* ! judges4 ,if any presid5t refuse to l5d ! executive arm ( ! gov]nm5t to ! en=cem5t ( ! law1 x c impea* ! presid5t4 ,no su* extreme measures are likely to be necess>y = ! en=cem5t ( ! ,f\rte5? & ,fifte5? ,am5dm5ts--& ! ,?irte5?1 :i* is also ?reat5$--b !y are m5tion$ z %[+ t ,congress is supreme2 & ,congress proce$s1 ! ,h\se directly1 ! ,s5ate indirectly1 f ! p & is gov]n$ by public op9ion4 ,if ! r$uction ( ,s\!rn repres5tation 7 to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a b>ga9 by :i* ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t 0 surr5d]$1 !n x might prove fatal to lib]ty4 ,if x be inflict$ z a puni%m5t & a w>n+1 to be foll[$ by m dra/ic measures if n suffici5t1 x w\ld s]ve a useful purpose4 ,! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t decl>es t ! "r to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ on acc\nt ( color2 & any measure adopt$ by ,congress %\ld look to t end4 ,only z ! p[] to injure ! ,negro 9 ,congress is r$uc$ !reby1 w\ld a r$uction ( repres5tation protect ! ,negro2 )\t o!r measures x w\ld /ill leave him 9 ! h&s ( ! ,s\!rn :ites1 :o c\ld safely be tru/$ to make him pay = _! humiliation4 ,f9ally1 !re is1 some:]e 9 ! ,univ]se a ,p[] t works = righte\sness1 & t leads m5 to d ju/ice to "o ano!r4 ,to ?is p[]1 work+ ^u ! he>ts & consci5ces ( m51 ! ,negro c always appeal4 ,he has ! "r ^u 8 side1 & 9 ! end ! "r w prevail4 ,! ,negro w1 9 "t1 atta9 to full manhood & citiz5%ip ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no bett] gu>anty ( ?is is ne$$ ?an a comp>ison ( 8 pres5t ) 8 pa/4 ,t[>d ?is he mu/ d 8 "p1 z lies )9 8 p[] & 8 opportunity4 ,b x w be1 aft] all1 l>gely a :ite man's conflict1 f\ght out 9 ! =um ( ! public consci5ce4 ,! ,negro1 ?\gh eag] en\gh :5 opportunity (f]$1 _h comp>atively little to d ) ! abolition ( slav]y1 :i* 0 a va/ly m =midable task ?an w be ! en=cem5t ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,! ,negro & ! ,law ,by ,,wil=d ,h4 ,,smi? ,! law & h[ x is dodg$ by enactm5ts infr++ ^u ! rights gu>ante$ to ! fre$m5 by con/itutional am5dm5t4 ,a p[]ful plea = ju/ice = ! ,negro4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wil=d ,h4 ,,smi?4 ,! color$ p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are indebt$ to ! b5efic5t provisions ( ! #ac?1 #ad? & #ae? am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( _! fre$om & citiz5%ip1 & x is to ^! ma9ly !y mu/ look = ! ma9t5ance ( _! lib]ty & ! protection ( _! civil rights4 ,^! am5dm5ts foll[$ close ^u ! ,emancipation ,proclamation issu$ ,janu>y #a/1 #ahfc1 by ,presid5t ,l9coln1 & 8 call = volunte]s1 :i* 0 answ]$ by m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& negro soldi]s1 :o1 dur+ ?ree ye>s ( milit>y s]vice1 help$ ! ,union arms to victory at ,appomattox4 ,/&+ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! awful calamity & deep di/ress ( ! civil w>1 & grateful to ,god = peace & victory ov] ! rebellion1 ! ,am]ican p1 :o upheld ! ,union1 rose to ! sublime heights ( do+ ju/ice to ! =m] slaves1 :o _h gr[n & multipli$ ) ! c\ntry f ! e>ly settlem5t at ,jame/[n4 ,x look$ l an ef=t to pay !m back = _! ye>s ( fai?fulness & unrequit$ toil1 by n only mak+ !m free b plac+ !m on equal foot+ ) !mselves 9 ! fundam5tal law4 ,c]ta9ly1 !y int5d$ at lea/1 t !y %\ld h z _m rights "u ! ,con/itution z are giv5 to :ite naturaliz$ citiz5s :o come to ?is c\ntry f all ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! #ac? am5dm5t provides t nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime1 :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 ,! #ad? am5dm5t provides 9 section "o1 t all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! law4 ,! #ae? am5dm5t provides t ! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by any ,/ate on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,waite1 9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates vs4 ,cruik%ank1 #ibnd ,u4,s4 #edb1 said3-- ,! #ad? am5dm5t prohibits a ,/ate f d5y+ to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! law4 ,! equality ( ! rights ( citiz5s is a pr9ciple ( republicanism4 ,e ,republican gov]nm5t is 9 duty b\nd to protect all its citiz5s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ?is pr9ciple if )9 its p[]4 ,! same ,*ief ,ju/ice1 9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates vs4 ,reese1 #ibnd ,u4,s4 #bad1 said3 ,! #ae? am5dm5t does n conf] ! "r ( suffrage ^u anyone4 ,x prev5ts ! ,/ates or ! ,unit$ ,/ates f giv+ pref]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> to "o citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] ano!r1 on acc\nt ( race1 color or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,be=e its adoption ?is c\ld be done4 ,x 0 z mu* )9 ! p[] ( a ,/ate to exclude citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f vot+ on acc\nt ( race & color1 z x 0 on acc\nt ( age1 prop]ty or education4 ,n[ x is n4 ,not)/&+ ! manife/ mean+ ( equality ( citiz5%ip conta9$ 9 ! con/itutional am5dm5ts1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to re9=ce !m by a civil rights law1 enact$ by ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,m>* #a/1 #ahge1 entitl$1 ,an ,act ,to ,protect ,all ,citiz5s ,9 ,_! ,civil & ,legal ,rights4 ,its preamble & fir/ section are z foll[s3--,preamble3 ,:]eas1 x is ess5tial to j gov]nm5t we recognize ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! law1 & hold t x is ! duty ( gov]nm5t 9 its deal+s ) ! p to mete out equal & exact ju/ice to all1 ( :atev] nativity1 race1 color or p]suasion1 religi\s or political1 & x be+ ! appropriate object ( legislation to enact great fundam5tal pr9ciples into law1 !re=e1 ,be x enact$ t all p]sons )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be entitl$ to ! full & equal enjoym5t ( ! accommodations1 advantages1 facilities & privileges ( inns1 public conveyances on l& or wat]1 !atres & o!r places ( public amusem5t1 subject only to ! conditions & limitations e/abli%$ by law1 & applicable alike to citiz5s ( e race & color1 reg>dless to any previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has held ?is salut>y law uncon/itutional & void z appli$ to ! ,/ates1 b b9d+ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ! ,t]ritories ov] :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has control4--,civil ,rights cases #aji ,u4,s4 #fc4 ,s9ce ! ,supreme ,c\rt's rul+1 _m ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates h enact$ simil> civil rights laws4 ,equality ( citiz5%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suff]$ a sev]e bl[ :5 ! civil rights bill 0 /ruck d[n by ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! color$ p look$ ^u ! decision z uns\nd1 & prompt$ by race prejudice4 ,x 0 cle> t ! am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution 7 adopt$ to secure n only _! fre$om1 b _! equal civil rights1 & by ratify+ ! am5dm5ts ! sev]al ,/ates conc$$ to ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t ! p[] & au?ority ( ma9ta9+ n alone _! fre$om1 b _! equal civil rights 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well4 ,! ,f$]al ,supreme ,c\rt put a n>r[ int]pretation on ! ,con/itution1 r ?an a lib]al "o 9 favor ( equal rights2 9 m>k$ contra/ to a rec5t decision ( ! ,appellate ,division ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,new ,york 9 a civil rights case aris+ "u ! /atute ( ,new ,york1 ,burks vs4 ,bosso1 #ha ,n4,y4 ,supp1 #chd4 ,! ,new ,york ,supreme ,c\rt held ?is language3 ,! lib]ation ( ! slaves1 & ! suppression ( ! rebellion1 0 supplem5t$ by ! am5dm5ts to ! national ,con/itution accord+ to ! color$ p _! civil rights & inve/+ !m ) citiz5%ip4 ,! am5dm5ts indicat$ a cle> purpose to secure equal rights to ! black p ) ! :ite race4 ,! legislative int5t mu/ control1 & t may be ga!r$ f circum/ances induc+ ! act4 ,:]e t int5t has be5 unv>y+ly manife/$ 9 "o direction1 & t 9 ! prohibition ( any discrim9ation aga9/ a l>ge class ( citiz5s1 ! c\rts %\ld n hesitate to keep apace ) legislative purpose4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! slighte/ trace ( ,african blood places a man "u ! ban ( belong+ to t race4 ,h[ev] respectable & :atev] he may be1 he is o/raciz$ socially1 & :5 ! policy ( ! law is aga9/ ext5d+ ! prohibition ( 8 civil rights1 a lib]al1 r ?an a n>r[ int]pretation %\ld be giv5 to enactm5ts evid5c+ ! int5t to elim9ate race discrim9ation1 z f> z t c be accompli%$ by legislative int]v5tion4 ,! /atutory enactm5ts & rec5t ,con/itutions ( mo/ ( ! =m] slave-hold+ ,/ates1 %[ t !y h nev] look$ ) favor ^u ! am5dm5ts to ! national ,con/itution4 ,!y r reg>d !m z w> measures design$ by ! ,nor? to humiliate & puni% ! p ( ^? ,/ates lately 9 rebellion4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 !y accept ! #ac? am5dm5t & conc$e t ! negro %\ld h p]sonal fre$om1 !y h nev] be5 altoge!r 9 h>mony ) ! _s & purposes ( ! #ad? & #ae? am5dm5ts4 ,!re seems to be a di/9ct & positive fe> on ! "p ( ! ,s\? t if ! negro is giv5 a man's *ance1 & is accord$ equal civil rights ) :ite m5 on ! juries1 on common c>ri]s1 & 9 public places1 t x w 9 "s way lead to 8 social equality4 ,?is fallaci\s argum5t is p]si/$ 91 not)/&+ ! well-kn[n fact1 t al?\gh ! ,jews are ! lead]s 9 ! weal? & comm]ce ( ! ,s\?1 _! civil equality has nev]1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 l$ to any social int]m+l+ ) ! ,s\!rn :ites4 ,hold+ ^! views ! ,s\!rn p 9 #ahge1 f\nd means to ov]come ! ,republican majorities 9 all ! re-con/ruct$ ,/ates1 & practically drove ! negroes out ( ! law-mak+ bodies ( all ^? ,/ates4 ,s t1 n[ 9 all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 !re is n "o negro sitt+ z a repres5tative 9 any ( ! law-mak+ bodies4 ,! next /ep 0 to d5y !m repres5tation on ! gr& & petit juries 9 ! ,/ate c\rts1 ?r\gh ,jury ,commission]s1 :o exclud$ !m f ! panels4 ,to be tax$ )\t repres5tation is a s]i\s inju/ice 9 a republic ^: f\ndations are laid ^u ! pr9ciple ( no taxation )\t repres5tation4 ,b s]i\s z ?is phase ( ! case mu/ appe>1 inf9itely m s]i\s is ! case :5 we consid] ! fact t !y are likewise exclud$ f ! gr& & petit juries 9 all ! ,/ate c\rts1 ) ! fewe/ & r>e/ exceptions4 ,! c\rts sit 9 judgm5t ^u _! lives & lib]ties1 & dispose ( _! de>e/ e>?ly possessions4 ,!y are n entitl$ to life1 lib]ty or prop]ty if ! c\rts %\ld decide !y are n1 & yet 9 ?is all-important tribunal !y are d5i$ all voice1 except z p>ties & witnesses1 & "h & !re a negro lawy] is p]mitt$ to appe>4 ,"o vote on ! gr& jury might prev5t an indictm5t1 & save disgrace & ! risk ( public trial2 :ile "o vote on ! petit jury might save a life or a t]m ( imprisonm5t1 = an innoc5t p]son pursu$ & p]secut$ by p[]ful enemies4 ,) no voice 9 ! mak+ ( ! laws1 :i* !y are b\nd to obey1 nor 9 _! adm9i/ration by ! c\rts1 ?us ti$ & helpless1 ! negroes 7 proscrib$ by a sy/em ( legal enactm5ts int5d$ to :olly nullify ! lett] & _s ( ! w> am5dm5ts to ! national organic law4 ,?is crusade 0 begun by enact+ a sy/em ( ,jim-,cr[ c> laws 9 all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 s t n[ ! ,jim-,cr[ c>s run f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico into ! national capital4 ,!y are call$1 ,sep>ate ,c> ,laws1 provid+ = sep>ate b equal accommodations = :ites & negroes4 ,?\gh fair on _! face1 !y are ev]y:]e kn[n to discrim9ate aga9/ ! color$ p 9 _! adm9i/ration1 & 7 int5d$ to humiliate & degrade !m4 ,sett+ ap>t sep>ate places = negroes on public c>ri]s1 is j z repugnant to ! _s & int5t ( ! national ,con/itution1 z w\ld be a law compell+ all ,jews or all ,roman ,ca?olics to occupy comp>tm5ts specially set ap>t = !m on acc\nt ( _! religion4 ,if ^! /atutes 7 n especially aim$ at ! negro1 an arrangem5t ( diff]5t f>es1 su* z fir/1 second & ?ird classes1 w\ld h be5 f> m j & pref]able1 & w\ld h enabl$ ! ref9$ & exclusive ( bo? races to avoid ! pres5ce ( ! co>se & vici\s1 by select+ ! m exp5sive f>e4 ,/ill ^! laws h be5 upheld by ! ,f$]al ,supreme ,c\rt1 & pron\nc$ n 9 conflict ) ! am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,city ord9ances provid+ = sep>ate /reet c>s = :ite & color$ pass5g]s1 are 9 =ce 9 ,atlanta1 ,new ,orleans1 & 9 ne>ly all ! cities ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ,alabama1 a c]ta9 portion ( ! /reet c>s is set ap>t & m>k$ = negroes4 ,! conductors are clo!d ) ! au?ority ( det]m9+ to :at race ! pass5g] belongs1 & may arre/ p]sons refus+ to obey 8 ord]s4 ,x is (t5 a v difficult task to det]m9e to :at race "s pass5g]s belong1 !re be+ s _m d>k-:ite p]sons t might be mi/ak5 = negroes1 & p]sons kn[n z negroes :o are z fair z any :ite p]son4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 a negro _c pur*ase a b]? 9 a sleep+ c>1 "u any circum/ances1 no matt] :]e 8 de/9ation1 ow+ to ! foll[+ /atute enact$ ,decemb] #bj?1 #ahii3 ,sleep+ c> companies1 & all railroads op]at+ sleep+ c>s 9 ?is ,/ate1 %all sep>ate ! :ite & color$ races1 & %all n p]mit !m to occupy ! same comp>tm5t2 provid$1 t no?+ 9 ?is act %all be con/ru$ to compel sleep+ c> companies or railroads op]at+ sleep+ c>s1 to c>ry p]sons ( color 9 sleep+ or p>lor c>s2 provid$ also1 t ?is act %all n apply to color$ nurses or s]vants travell+ ) _! employ]s4 ,! violation ( ?is /atute is a misdemeanor4 ,article #de1 section #fci ( ! /atutes ( ,georgia1 #ahie1 makes x a misdemeanor to keep or conf9e :ite & color$ convicts toge!r1 or to *a9 !m toge!r go+ to & f "w4 ,!re is also a /atute 9 ,georgia requir+ t a sep>ate tax li/ be kept 9 e c\nty1 ( ! prop]ty ( :ite & color$ p]sons4 ,bo? races g5]ally approve ! laws prohibit+ int]-m>riages betwe5 :ite & color$ p]sons1 :i* seem to be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,florida seems to h gone a /ep fur!r ?an ! re/1 & by sections #bfab & #bfac1 ,revis$ ,/atutes1 #ahib1 x is made a misdemeanor = a :ite man & a color$ woman1 & vice v]sa1 to sleep "u ! same ro( at night1 occupy+ ! same room4 ,florida is entitl$ to cr$it1 h[ev]1 = a /atute mak+ m>riages betwe5 :ite & color$ p]sons prior to #ahff1 :]e !y cont9ue to live toge!r1 valid & b9d+ to all int5ts & purposes4 ,9 addition to ?is =c$ sep>ation ( ! races by law1 f ! cradle to ! grave1 !re is yet a sadd] & m deplorable sep>ation1 9 ! almo/ univ]sal disposition to leave ! negroes :olly & sev]ely to !mselves 9 _! home life & religi\s life1 by ! :ite ,*ri/ian p ( ! ,s\?1 di/9ctly manife/+ no conc]n 9 _! moral & religi\s developm5t4 ,9 ,georgia & ! ,c>ol9as1 & all ! ,gulf ,/ates 7except ,texas1 :]e ! f>m labor is mo/ly :ite7 ! negroes on ! f>ms are held by a sy/em ( laws :i* prev5ts !m f leav+ ! plantations1 & enables ! l&lord to puni% !m by f9e & imprisonm5t = any alleg$ brea* ( contract4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ^! laws !y are virtually made slaves to ! l&lord1 z long z !y are 9 debt1 & x is :olly 9 ! p[] ( ! l&lord to =ev] keep !m 9 debt4 ,by section #cee1 ( ! ,crim9al ,code ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #aijb1 x is made a misdemeanor to violate a contract to "w & labor on a f>m1 subject to a f9e ( n less ?an five doll>s1 & m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t = n less ?an t5 days1 or m ?an ?irty4 ,x is also made a misdemeanor to employ any f>m labor] :ile "u contract ) ano!r1 or to p]suade or entice a f>m labor] to leave 8 employ]4 ,! ,georgia laws are a little /rong] 9 ?is respect ?an ! laws ( ! o!r ,/ates4 ,by section #aba1 ( ! ,code ( ,georgia1 #ahie1 x is provid$1 t if any p]son %all1 by (f]+ high] wages1 or 9 any o!r way entice1 p]suade or decoy1 or attempt to entice1 p]suade or decoy any f>m labor] f 8 employ]1 he %all be guilty ( a misdemeanor4 ,aga91 by act ( ,decemb] #ag?1 #aija1 ! ,georgia ,legislature pass$ a law mak+ x an (f5se to r5t l&1 or furni% l& to a f>m labor]1 aft] he has contract$ ) ano!r l&lord1 )\t fir/ obta9+ ! cons5t ( ! fir/ l&lord4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge numb]s ( negroes 9 ! t[ns & cities ( ! ,s\? & ,nor? c be acc\nt$ = by su* laws z ! above1 adm9i/]$ by ignorant c\ntry magi/rates1 9 ne>ly all cases ! pliant tools ( ! l&lords4 ,! bolde/ & mo/ op5 violation ( ! negro's rights "u ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 0 ! enactm5t ( ! gr&-fa!r clauses1 & und]/&+ clauses 9 ! new ,con/itutions ( ,l\isiana1 ,alabama1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ,virg9ia1 :i* h _h ! effect to deprive ! great body ( !m ( ! "r to vote 9 ^? ,/ates1 = no o!r reason ?an _! race & color4 ,al?\gh ?us depriv+ him ( 8 vote1 & all voice 9 ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts at ! ,s\?1 9 all ( !m 8 prop]ty is tax$ to pay p5sions to ,conf$]ate soldi]s1 :o f\ght to cont9ue him 9 slav]y4 ,! fact is1 ! fran*ise _h be5 practically tak5 f ! negroes 9 ! ,s\? s9ce #ahgf1 by admitt$ fraudul5t me?ods & intimidation 9 elections1 b x 0 n until late ye>s t ?is nullification ( ! am5dm5ts 0 enact$ into ,/ate ,con/itutions4 ,?is br+s me to ! proposition t x is ma9ly 9 ! en=cem5t1 or ! adm9i/ration ( ! laws1 h[ev] fair & equal !y may appe> on _! face1 t ! con/itutional rights ( negroes to equal protection & treatm5t are d5i$1 n only 9 ! ,s\? b 9 _m ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,!re are noble exceptions1 h[ev]1 ( high-ton$ honorable g5tlem5 on ! b5* z trial judges1 & ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ices1 9 ! ,s\?1 :o )\t reg>d to consequ5ces h /ood = fairness & ju/ice to ! negro 9 _! c\rts4 ,) ! population ( ! ,s\? di/9ctly divid$ into two classes1 n ! ri* & poor1 n ! educat$ & ignorant1 n ! moral & immoral1 b simply :ites & blacks1 all negroes be+ g5]ally reg>d$ z inf]ior & n entitl$ to ! same rights z any :ite p]son1 x is b\nd to be a difficult matt] to obta9 fair & j results1 :5 !re is any sort ( conflict betwe5 ! races4 ,! negro realizes ?is1 & kn[s t he is at an imm5se disadvantage :5 he is =c$ to litigate ) a :ite man 9 civil matt]s1 & mu* m s :5 he is *>g$ ) a crime by a :ite p]son4 ,! juries 9 ! ,s\? almo/ always reject ! te/imony ( any numb] ( negroes if giv5 9 opposition to t ( a :ite witness1 & ?is is true 9 _m in/ances1 no matt] h[ unreasonable or inconsi/5t ! te/imony ( ! :ite witness may be4 ,jurors 9 ! ,s\? h be5 he>d to admit t !y w\ld be socially o/raciz$ if !y br\ght 9 a v]dict ^u color$ te/imony alone1 9 opposition to :ite te/imony4 ,p]haps x c be be/ expla9$ h[ ! negro f>es 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,s\? by giv+ a few cases %[+ h[ ju/ice is adm9i/]$ to him3 ,a negro boy 0 br\ght to ! b> = trial be=e a police magi/rate1 9 a ,s\!rn capital city1 *>g$ ) assault & batt]y on a :ite boy ab\t ! same age1 b a little l>g]4 ,! te/imony %[$ t ! :ite boy _h beat ! negro on sev]al previ\s occasions z he pass$ on 8 way to s*ool1 & ea* "t ! negro %[$ no disposition to fight4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! *>ge he attack$ ! negro & attempt$ to cut him ) a knife1 because ! negro's "m _h report$ to ! :ite boy's "m ! previ\s assaults1 & ask$ h] to *a/ise him4 ,! color$ boy 9 try+ to keep f be+ cut 0 compell$ to fight1 & got ! advantage & ?rew ! :ite boy d[n & black$ 8 eyes4 ,! magi/rate on ?is evid5ce f9$ ! negro tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,! "m ( ! negro hav+ once be5 a s]vant = ! magi/rate1 f\nd c\rage to rise1 & said3 ,j$ge1 yo ,hon]1 c ,i speak8 ,! magi/rate repli$1 ,yes1 g on4 ,%e said1 ,well1 ,j$ge1 my boy is b5 tell9' me ab\t dis :ite boy m$dl9' him on 8 way to s*ool1 b ,i w\ld n let my boy fight1 'cause ,i 'tole him he c\ldn't git no je/ice 9 law4 ,b he _h no o!r way to g to s*ool 'cept9' gw9e dat way2 & d5 j$ge1 dis :ite *ile is bigg] an my *ile & jump$ on him fu/ ) a knife = no?9'1 befo' my boy tet*$ him4 ,j$ge ,i am a po' woman1 & wa%es fur a liv9'1 & a9't got nobody to help me1 & c't raise all dat money4 ,i ?9k dat :ite boy's mammy ought to pay half ( dis f9e4 ,by ?is "t h] voice _h become /ifl$ by h] te>s4 ,! judge turn$ to ! "m ( ! :ite boy & said1 ,madam1 are y will+ to pay half ( ?is f9e8 ,%e answ]$1 ,yes1 ,y\r ,honor4 ,& ! judge *ang$ ! ord] to a f9e ( #ab4ej ea*1 aga9/ bo? boys4 ,a celebrat$ case 9 po9t report$ 9 ! books is1 ,george ,maury vs4 ,! ,/ate ( ,miss41 #fh ,miss4 #fje4 ,i reproduce ! c\rt's /atem5t ( ! case3--,?is is an appeal f ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,kemp] ,c\nty4 ,appellant 0 convict$ ( murd] & s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t = life4 ,he appe>s 9 ?is c\rt )\t c\nsel4 ,! facts are briefly ^!3 ,"o1 ,ni*olson1 a :ite man1 accompani$ by 8 little son sev5 ye>s old1 0 driv+ an ox team along a public road2 he _h occasion to /op & ! ox5 7 driv5 by 8 son2 def5dant1 a negro1 also 9 an ox wagon1 0 go+ along ! road 9 an opposite direction1 & met ,ni*olson's wagon 9 *>ge ( ! little boy4 ,x 0 aft] d>k1 & :5 ! wagons met1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,ni*olson1 ! def5dant insult+ly dem&$ ( ! boy to give ! way1 & curs$ & abus$ him4 ,ni*olson1 he>+ ! colloquy1 hurri$ to ! sc5e & a fight ensu$ betwe5 him & ,maury1 9 :i* ! latt] got ! advantage1 inflict+ sev]e bl[s ^u ,ni*olson4 ,?is occurr$ on ,?ursday1 & on ! foll[+ ,sunday night1 ,ni*olson1 9 company ) elev5 or twelve ( 8 fri5ds1 rode to ! f>m ( ,maury1 & aft] s5d+ sev]al ( _! numb] to asc]ta9 if he 0 at home1 rode rapidly into 8 y>d & call$ = him4 ,n f9d+ him1 !y proce$$ to se>* ! premises1 & f\nd sev]al color$ m5 %ut up 9 ! smoke h\se1 ! door ( :i* "s ( ! se>*+ p>ty _h brok5 op54 ,maury1 ! accus$1 0 n f\nd !re1 & ab\t t "t "s "o call$ out1 ,"h is ,george4 ,"s ( ! p>ty !n />t$ 9 ! direction ( ! cotton h\se f :i* ! voice proce$$1 :5 a volley 0 fir$ f x1 & two ( ! se>*+ p>ty 7 kill$1 "o ( :om 0 ! son ( ! =m] own] ( ! def5dant1 & ! o!r a bro!r-9-law ( ,ni*olson4 ,! memb]s ( ! raid+ p>ty te/ifi$ t _! purpose 9 go+ to ! home ( ! def5dant 0 m]ely to arre/ him4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 %[n t ,ni*olson1 imm$iately aft] ! fight on ,?ursday1 in=m$ ,cobb1 & ,cobb betwe5 ,?ursday & ,sunday night collect$ ! m5 :o jo9$ 9 ! raid4 ,no affidavit = ! arre/ ( ,maury _h be5 made1 & none ( ! p>ty _h any w>rant1 or made any ann\ncem5t to ! def5dant or 8 family1 ( ! object ( _! visit4 ,! accus$ :o te/ifi$ 9 8 own behalf1 d5i$ t he 0 at home at ! "t ( ! %oot+1 & says he fl$ be=e ! raid+ p>ty arriv$4 ,he also contradict$ ,ni*olson 9 8 acc\nt ( ! difficulty ) him1 & d5ies t he spoke h>%ly to ! *ild4 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,campbell1 9 deliv]+ ! op9ion ( ! c\rt said1 ,x is inconceivable t ! crime ( murd] is pr$icable ( ! facts disclos$ by ! evid5ce 9 ?is case4 ,! "t & place & circum/ances ( ! kill+ =bid any su* conclusion z a v]dict ( guilty ( murd]4 ,! judgm5t ( ! trial c\rt 0 rev]s$4 ,?is same ,*ief ,ju/ice1 9 ! case ( ,monroe vs4 ,mississippi1 #ga ,miss4 #bja1 :]e a negro 0 convict$ ( rape1 makes use ( ! foll[+ brave & noble language1 rev]s+ ! case on ! gr\nd ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce3 ,we might greatly light5 our labors by def]r+ 9 all cases to ! v]dict approv$ by ! presid+ judge z to ! facts1 b our duty is to adm9i/] ju/ice )\t respect ( p]sons1 & d equal "r to ! poor & ! ri*4 ,h5ce ! disposition1 :i* we are n a%am$ to confess we h1 to gu>d jeal\sly ! rights ( ! poor & fri5dless & despis$1 & to be a/ute z f> z we prop]ly may1 aga9/ inju/ice1 :e!r proce$+ f wilfulness or indiff]5ce4 ,! c\ntry has produc$ no abl] juri/1 nor ! ,s\? no great] man ?an ,ex-,*ief ,ju/ice ,campbell ( ,mississippi4 ,if ! c\nsel ( su* m5 z he & ,*ief ,ju/ice ,g>ret ( ! ,c\rt ( ,civil ,appeals ( ,texas1 c\ld obta9 9 ! ,s\?1 !re w\ld be no problem betwe5 ! races4 ,all w\ld be cont5t$ because ju/ice w\ld be adm9i/]$ to ! :ites & blacks alike4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! suffrage sections "u ! new ,con/itutions ( ! ,s\? by ! p>tisan bo>ds ( regi/r>s1 ! same discrim9ation aga9/ negroes 0 practic$4 ,_! me?ods are ( m or less int]e/4 ,! plan 0 to exclude all negroes f ! electorate )\t exclud+ a s+le :ite man4 ,"u ! ,alabama ,con/itution1 a soldi] 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 ei!r on ! ,f$]al or ,conf$]ate side1 is entitl$ to qualification4 ,:5 a negro goes up to regi/] z a soldi] he is ask$ = 8 dis*>ge4 ,:5 he pres5ts x he is ask$1 ,h[ d we "k t y are ! man ^: "n is writt5 9 ?is dis*>ge8 ,br+ u two :ite m5 :om we "k & :o w swe> t y h n f\nd ?is pap]1 & t !y "k t y 7 a soldi] 9 ! company & regim5t 9 :i* y claim to h be54 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be done1 & ! ex-soldi] :o risk$ 8 life = ! ,union is d5i$ ! "r to vote4 ,! same ,con/itution provides t if n a soldi] or ! legal desc5dant ( "o1 an elector mu/ be ( good "* & und]/& ! duties & obligations ( citiz5%ip "u a ,republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,:5 a negro claims qualifications "u ! good "* & und]/&+ clauses he is put ?r\gh an exam9ation simil> to ! foll[+3 ,:at is a republican =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,:at is a limit$ mon>*y8 ,:at isl&s did ! ,unit$ ,/ates come into possession ( by ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,jeff]sonian ,democracy & ,calh\n pr9ciples1 z comp>$ to ! ,monroe ,doctr9e8 ,if ! ,nic>agua ,canal is cut1 :at w be ! effect if ! ,pacific ,ocean is two feet high] ?an ! ,atlantic8 ,%\ld ^! que/ions be answ]$ satisfactorily1 ! negro mu/ /ill produce two :ite m5 kn[n to ! regi/r>s to te/ify to 8 good "*4 ,a rem>kable exception 9 ! treatm5t ( negroes by ! regi/r>s ( ,dallas c\nty1 ,alabama1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt tak5 f ! ,montgom]y ,adv]tiz]3-- ,an old negro b>b] by ! "n ( ,edw>d ,e4 ,h>ris1 /epp$ 9 be=e ! regi/r>s1 hat 9 h&1 humble & polite1 ) a k9dly smile on 8 face4 ,he respectfully ask$ to be regi/]$4 ,he sign$ ! application & wait$ a few m9utes until ! regi/r>s _h dispos$ ( "s o!r matt]s1 & be+ impress$ ) 8 respectful be>+1 "s memb] ( ! bo>d comm5c$ to ask a few que/ions4 ,! old man told 8 /ory 9 a /raight =w>d mann]4 ,he said3 ,g5tlem51 ,i am gett+ to be a pretty old man4 ,i 0 born "h 9 ! ,s\?1 & ,i foll[$ my "y ma/] ?r\gh all ( ! campaigns 9 ,virg9ia1 :5 ,mas' ,bob ,lee made x s w>m = ! ,yankees4 ,b our luck left u at ,gettysburg4 ,! ,yankees got ar\nd 9 our re> !re1 & ,i got a bullet 9 ! back ( my head1 & "o 9 my leg be=e ,i got out ( t scrape4 ,b ,i 0 n hurt mu*1 & my greate/ anxiety 0 ab\t my "y ma/]1 ,mr4 ,john ,holly1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! ,bur ,rifles1 #ah? ,mississippi4 ,he 0 a private & enli/$ at ,jackson1 ,miss4 ,he c\ld n be f\nd ! fir/ day2 ,i look$ all among ! dead on ! battle field = him & he 0 n !re4 ,next day ,i got a p]mit to g ?r\gh ! hospitals1 & ,i look$ into ! face ( e soldi] closely1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ my "y ma/]4 ,aft] _m h\rs ( se>*+ ,i f\nd him1 b he 0 dang]\sly w\nd$4 ,i /ay$ by 8 side1 w\nd$ z ,i 01 = ?ree long weeks1 b he gradually grew worse & !n he di$4 ,i w5t out ) ! body & saw x buri$ z dec5tly z ,i c\ld1 & !n ,i w5t back to ,jackson & told ! "y mi/ress h[ brave he 0 9 battle1 h[ good he 0 to me1 & told h] all ! words he _h s5t h]1 z he lay !re on t rude cot 9 ! hospital4 ,t is my record z a ,conf$]ate soldi]1 & if y g5tlem5 c>e to give me a c]tificate ( regi/ration1 ,i w\ld be mu* oblig$ to y4 ,x is ne$less to say t old ,ed4 ,h>ris got 8 c]tificate4 ,x is insi/$ ^u by ! lead]s ( public op9ion at ! ,s\?1 t negroes %\ld n be giv5 equal political & civil rights ) :ite m51 def9$ by law & en=ceable by ! c\rts2 b t !y %\ld be cont5t to /rive to des]ve ! good wi%es & fri5dly feel+ ( ! :ites1 & if ! ,s\? is let alone1 !y w see to x t negroes get becom+ treatm5t4 ,:ile !re is a l>ge numb] ( ! high-ton$1 *ivalr\s elem5t ( ! old ma/] class yet liv+1 :o w\ld /& by ! negro & n p]mit him to be wrong$ if !y c\ld prev5t x1 yet !y are p[]less to control ! great mass ( ! poor :ites :o are mo/ bitt] 9 _! prejudices aga9/ ! negro4 ,!y %\ld also be> 9 m9d t ! old ma/] class is rapidly pass+ way1 & t !re is con/antly an influx ( =eign]s to ! ,s\?1 & 9 less ?an fifty ye>s ! ,italians1 or "s o!r =eign nationality1 may be ! rul+ class 9 all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 & ! negro1 depriv$ ( all political & civil rights by ! ,con/itution & laws1 w\ld be :olly at ! m]cy ( a p )\t sympa?y = him4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! fallacy & ! wrong & inju/ice ( ?is doctr9e1 & h[ helplessly expos$ x leaves ! negro to ! prejudices ( ! poor :ites1 ,i relate a trag$y 9 ! life ( a fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 well kn[n & respect$ 9 ! t[n ( ,rayville1 ,l\isiana4 ,sewall ,smi?1 = _m ye>s ran ! lead+ b>b] %op = :ites 9 ! t[n ( ,rayville1 & 0 well-lik$ & respect$ by ! lead+ :ite m5 ( ! entire p>i%4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( 8 cu/om]s he b\ght ,l\isiana /ate l&s :ile !y 7 *eap1 be=e ! railroad 0 put ?r\gh betwe5 ,vicksburg & ,%reveport2 & z ! road pass$ ne> 8 l&s he 0 !reby made a ri* man1 z weal? goes 9 ^? p>ts4 ,8 good =tune1 h[ev]1 did n swell 8 head & he rema9$ ! same to 8 fri5ds4 ,he became s useful 9 8 p>i% t !re 0 nev] a public ga!r+ ( ! lead+ :ite bus9ess m5 t he 0 n invit$ to x1 & he 0 always on ! delegations to all ! levee or riv] conv5tions s5t f 8 p>i%4 ,he 0 *os5 to su* places by :ite m5 exclusively2 & 9 8 own t[n he 0 z safe f wrong or injury1 on acc\nt ( 8 race or color1 z any :ite man4 ,aft] ! tra9s began to run ?r\gh ,rayville1 on ! ,%reveport road1 he _h occasion to visit ! t[n ( ,ru/on1 9 ano!r p>i% "s miles 9 ! int]ior1 & z he got (f at ! depot1 a b>efoot1 poor :ite boy ask$ to c>ry 8 sat*el4 ,smi? 0 a f9e look+ mulatto1 dress$ well1 & c\ld h easily be5 tak5 = a :ite man1 & ! boy might n h kn[n at ! "t he 0 a negro4 ,:5 he arriv$ at 8 /opp+ place he gave ! boy su* a l>ge co9 t he ask$ p]mission to take 8 sat*el back to ! tra9 on ! foll[+ day :5 he 0 to return4 ,! next day ! boy came = ! sat*el1 & !y _h ne>ly rea*$ ! depot ab\t tra9 "t1 :5 !y pass$ a saloon :]e a cr[d ( poor :ites sat on boxes :ittl+ /icks4 ,! sight ( a negro hav+ a :ite boy c>ry+ 8 sat*el q enrag$ !m1 & aft] curs+ & abus+ ,smi? & ! boy1 !y und]took to kick & assault ,smi?4 ,smi? def5d$ himself4 ,! result 0 a %oot+ affair1 9 :i* ,smi? %ot two or ?ree ( !m & 0 himself %ot4 ,! tra9 roll$ up :ile ! fight 0 9 progress1 & )\t inquir+ ! cause or ask+ any que/ions :atev]1 fully a hundr$ :ite m5 jump$ (f ! tra9 & riddl$ ,smi? ) bullets4 ,t 0 ! end ( x4 ,nobody 0 indict$ or ev5 arre/$ = kill+ an insol5t nigg] t did n keep 8 place4 ,t is ! way ! affair 0 reg>d$ 9 ,ru/on4 ,( c\rse1 ! p ( ,rayville v mu* regrett$ x1 b !y c\ld n d any?+1 & c\ld n af=d to def5d ! rights ( a negro aga9/ :ite m5 "u su* circum/ances1 & ! matt] dropp$4 ,i h pref]r$ n to m5tion ! num]\s ways & _m in/ances 9 :i* ! rights ( negroes are d5i$ 9 public places1 & on ! common c>ri]s 9 ! ,s\?1 "u circum/ances v humiliat+ & degrad+4 ,nor h ,i c>$ to ref] to ! b>b>\s & inhuman prison sy/ems ( ! ,s\?1 t are worse ?an any?+ ! imag9ation c conceive 9 a civiliz$ & ,*ri/ian l&1 z %[n by reports ( legislative committees4 ,if ! negro c secure a fair & imp>tial trial 9 ! c\rts1 & c be secure 9 8 life & lib]ty & prop]ty1 s z n to be depriv$ ( !m except by due process ( law1 & c h a voice 9 ! mak+ & adm9i/ration ( ! laws1 he %all h gone a great way 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is to be hop$ t public op9ion c be awak5$ to ?is ext5t1 & t x may assi/ him to atta9 t end4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro ,p ,by ,h4,t4 ,,keal+ ,a frank /atem5t ( ! virtues & fail+s ( ! race1 indicat+ v cle>ly ! evils :i* mu/ be ov]come1 & ! good :i* mu/ be develop$1 if success is really to att5d ! ef=t to uplift !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4,t4 ,,keal+4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro are ( two k9ds--! inborn & ! inbr$4 ,z !y reveal !mselves to u1 ?is di/9ction may n be se51 b x exi/s4 ,inborn qualities are in]adicable2 !y belong to ! blood2 !y con/itute individuality2 !y are indep5d5t1 or ne>ly s1 ( "t & habitat4 ,inbr$ qualities are acquir$1 & are ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y may be ov]come by a rev]sal ( ! process :i* creat$ !m4 ,! fundam5tal1 or inborn1 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro may be f\nd 9 ! ,african1 z well z ! ,am]ican1 ,negro2 b ! inbr$ *>act]i/ics ( ! latt] belong to ! ,am]ican life alone4 ,!re is b "o human nature1 made up ( con/itu5t elem5ts ! same 9 all m51 & racial or national diff]5ces arise f ! pr$om9ance ( "o or ano!r elem5t 9 ?is or t race4 ,x is a "q ( proportion4 ,! ,negro is n a ,caucasian1 n a ,*9ese1 n an ,indian2 ?\gh no psy*ological quality 9 ! "o is abs5t f ! o!r4 ,! same moral s5se1 call$ consci5ce2 ! same love ( h>mony 9 color or 9 s\nd2 ! same pleasure 9 acquir+ k2 ! same love ( tru? 9 ^w1 or ( fitness 9 relation2 ! same love ( respect & approbation2 ! same v5geful or b5evol5t feel+s2 ! same appetites1 belong to all1 b 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,!y =m ! indicia to a p's mission1 & are our be/ guides to ,god's purpose 9 creat+ u4 ,!y con/itute ! mat]ial to be work$ on 9 educat+ a race1 & sugge/ 9 e case :]e ! /ress ( civilization or education %\ld be appli$ 9 ord] to foll[ ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,b !re are also c]ta9 manife/ations1 ! result ( tra9+ or neglect1 :i* are n inborn4 ,z !y are inculcable1 s !y are eradicable2 & x is only by a loose t]m9ology t we apply ! t]m *>act]i/ics to !m )\t di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! inh]5t traits4 ,9 consid]+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro p1 !re=e1 we mu/ n confuse ! con/itutional ) ! removable4 ,/udi$ ) sympa?y & at fir/ h&1 ! black man ( ,am]ica w be se5 to possess c]ta9 pr$om9ant idiosyncrasies ( :i* ! foll[+ =m a fair catalogue3 ,he is int5sely religi\s4 ,true religion is bas$ ^u a belief 9 ! sup]natural1 ^u fai? & feel+4 ,a p deeply sup]/iti\s are apt to be deeply religi\s1 = bo? re/ ^u a belief 9 a spiritual _w4 ,sup]/ition diff]s f religion 9 be+ ! untra9$ & un5light5$ grop+s ( ! human s\l aft] ! my/]ies ( ! high] life2 :ile ! latt]1 m or less enlight5$1 feels aft] ,god1 if haply1 x may f9d ,him4 ,! ,negro gives abundant evid5ce ( bo? phases4 ,! absolute inability ( ! ma/]1 9 ! days ( slav]y1 :ile successfully veto+ all o!r k9ds ( convocation1 to /op ! ,negro's *ur* meet+s1 z well z ! almo/ ph5om5al influ5ce & gr[? ( 8 *ur*es s9ce2 & 8 con/ant ref]r+ ( e ev5t1 adv]se or favorable1 to ! p]sonal m9i/rations ( ! ,creator1 are ?+s unique & p]si/5t4 ,& ! ma/] class repos$ m fai? 9 _! slaves' religion (ttimes ?an !y did 9 _! own4 ,d\btless mu* ( ! rev]5tial feel+ t p]vades ! ,am]ican home to-day1 above t ( all o!r nations1 is ! result ( ! ,negro mammy's devotion & loyalty to ,god4 ,he is imag9ative4 ,?is is n ev9c$ s mu* 9 creative directions z 9 poetical1 musical1 comb9atory1 inv5tional & :at1 if c\pl$ ) le>n+1 we call lit]>y imag9ation4 ,negro eloqu5ce is prov]bial4 ,! crude/ s]mon ( ! mo/ unlett]$ slave ab\nd$ 9 tropes & gl[+ tongue pictures ( apo*alyptic visions all 8 own2 &1 inde$1 ! poetic quality ( 8 m9d is se5 9 all 8 natural ef=ts :5 ! self-consci\sness ( education does n /& gu>d4 ,! /aid religi\s muse ( ,phillis ,:eatley & ! rollick+1 some:at jib+1 v]se ( ,dunb> %[ x equally1 unprem$itat$ & spontane\s4 ,i h he>d by ! h\r "s ord9>y old un$ucat$ ,negro tell ^? inimitable animal /ories1 br\ght to lit]>y exi/5ce 9 ,uncle ,remus1 ) su* qua9t humor1 delici\s conceit & ma/]ly del9eation ( plot1 "* & incid5t t no?+ b ! conv5tional rat+ ( ,aesop's ,fables c\ld put !m 9 ! same class4 ,!n1 !re are m ,negro inv5tors ?an ! _w supposes4 ,?is faculty is impossible )\t a well-ord]$ imag9ation held 9 lea% by a good memory & l>ge p]ception4 ,he is affectionate & )\t v9dictiv5ess4 ,he does n nurse ev5 great wrongs4 ,m]curial z he is1 (t5 furi\sly angry & frequ5tly 9 murd]\s mood1 he comes ne>] n lett+ ! sun g d[n ^u 8 ang] ?an any o!r man ,i "k4 ,l ,brutus1 he may be comp>$ to ! fl9t :i*1 ,mu* en=c$1 %[s a ha/y sp>k1 ,& /raight is cold aga94 ,8 affection is n less t[>ds ! ,caucasian ?an to 8 own race4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to rem>k t ! s\l ( ! ,negro ye>ns = ! :ite man's good w & respect2 & ! old ties ( love t subsi/$ 9 s _m in/ances 9 ! days ( slav]y /ill survive :]e ! ex-slave /ill lives4 ,! t\*+ case ( a ,negro ,bi%op :o return$ to ! ,/ate 9 :i* he _h be5 a slave1 & rode tw5ty miles to see & alleviate ! f9ancial di/ress ( 8 =m] ma/] is an exception to num]\s o!r simil> cases only 9 ! prom95ce ( ! ,negro conc]n$4 ,i "k ( ano!r case ( a man ^: tongue seems dipp$ 9 hyssop :5 he beg9s to tell ( ! wrongs ( 8 race1 & :o w n all[ anyone to say 9 8 pres5ce t any good came out ( slav]y1 ev5 incid5tally2 yet he supports ! wid[$ & ag$ wife ( 8 =m] ma/]4 ,&1 surely1 if ^! two in/ances are n suffici5t to e/abli% ! g5]al proposition1 none w ga9say ! pati5ce1 vigilance1 loyalty & helpfulness ( ! ,negro slave dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & ( 8 good old wife :o nurs$ :ite *ildr5 at h] brea/ at a "t :5 all ties save ^? ( affection 7 ruptur$1 & :5 no protection b devot$ he>ts wat*$ ov] ! great h\se1 ^: head & ma/] 0 at ! front1 fight+ to p]petuate slav]y4 ,0 x /upidity on ! ,negro's "p8 ,n at all4 ,he 0 well in=m$ z to ! occurr5ces ( ! times4 ,a freemasonry kept him po/$ z well z ! :ites 7 !mselves on ! c\rse ( ! w> & ! issue ( ea* battle4 ,0 x fe> t kept him at ! old home8 ,n t1 ei!r4 ,_m ?\s&s did cross ! l9e to fre$om2 _m o!r ?\s&s 7#bjj1jjj7 f\ght 9 ! ranks = fre$om1 b none ( !m--^? :o w5t & ^? :o /ay$--^? :o f\ght & ^? :o work$1--betray$ a tru/1 outrag$ a female1 or rebell$ aga9/ a duty4 ,x 0 love1 ! natural well+s ( affectionate natures4 ,he has great endurance1 bo? dispositional & physical4 ,s true is ! fir/ t 8 pati5ce has be5 ! m>vel ( ! _w2 &1 inde$1 _m1 reg>d+ ?is trait manife/$ 9 su* an unusual degree1 d\bt$ ! ,negro's c\rage1 till ! spl5did record ( ! '#fj's & ! equal1 b m rec5t1 record ( ! '#ij's1 wrote =be>ance z ! real explanation ( an endurance seem+ly s at v>iance ) manly _s4 ,( 8 physical p[]s1 8 :ole record z a labor] at kill+ tasks 9 ! mo/ try+ climate 9 ,am]ica speaks s eloqu5tly t no?+ b ! /ati/ics ( cotton1 corn1 rice1 sug>1 railroad ties & fell$ =e/s c add to ! praise ( ?is burd5-be>] ( ! nation4 ,! c5sus tables "h are m romantic & ?rill+ ?an figures ( rhetoric4 ,he is c\rage\s4 ,8 page 9 ! w> record ( ?is c\ntry is )\t blot or blemi%4 ,8 comm&]s unite 9 pron\nc+ him admirable = c\rage 9 ! field1 comm5dable = ob$i5ce 9 camp4 ,t he %\ld exhibit su* excell5t fight+ qualities z a soldi]1 & yet ex]cise ! =be>ance t *>act]izes him z a citiz51 is rem>kable4 ,he is *e]ful4 ,8 ivories are z fam\s z 8 songs4 ,t ! ,s\? is sunny is l>gely due to ! brightness 8 rollick+ laugh & unfail+ good nature br+ to x4 ,?\gh ! mudsill ( ! labor _w1 he :i/les z he hoes1 & no d>k brood+s or :isp]$ conspir+s m> ! *e]ful acceptance ( ! load he be>s4 ,aga9/ ! rubb] bump] ( 8 good *e] ?+s t h cru%$ & madd5$ o!rs reb\nd )\t damage4 ,:5 "o he>s ! qua9t jubilee songs1 set to m9or cad5ce1 he might suppose !m ! expressions ( a melan*oly p4 ,!y are n to be s int]pret$4 ,r are !y ! expression ( an exp]i5ce1 n a nature4 ,l ! subdu$ voice ( a cag$ bird1 ^! songs are ! co9age ( an occasion1 & n ! free note ( nature4 ,! slave sang ( griefs he 0 n all[$ to discuss1 h5ce 8 songs4 ,?is *e]fulness has enabl$ ! ,negro to live & increase "u circum/ances :i*1 9 all o!r in/ances1 h decimat$1 if n ext]m9at$1 inf]ior peoples4 ,8 pla/icity to m\ld+ =ces & 8 resili5cy aga9/ cru%+ ones come f a ,?alian philosophy1 unconsci\s & un/udi$1 t extracts ,epicurean delights f fun]al meats4 ,! above traits are inborn & fundam5tal1 belong+ to ! race ev]y:]e1 9 ,africa z well z ,am]ica4 ,/rict correctness requires1 h[ev]1 t att5tion be call$ to ! fact t !re are tribal diff]5ces among ,african ,negroes t am\nt almo/ to ! national v>iations ( ,europe2 & ^! are reflect$ 9 ,am]ican ,negroes1 :o are ! desc5dants ( ^! diff]5t tribes4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,m&+o & ! ,hott5tot1 bo? black1 z betwe5 ! ,italian & ! ,g]man1 bo? :ite2 or betwe5 ! ,bu%man & ! ,zulu1 bo? black1 z betwe5 ! ,russian & ! ,engli%man1 bo? :ite4 ,sci5tific exactness1 !re=e1 w\ld require a clos] analysis ( racial *>act]i/ics ?an an article ( ?is l5g? c\ld give2 b1 speak+ 9 a l>ge way1 x may be said t 9 :atev] outw>d con=mity may come to ! race 9 ,am]ica by reason ( tra9+ or contact1 ^! traits w lie at ! base1 ! v w>p & wo( ( 8 s\l texture4 ,if1 n[1 we turn to consid] 8 inbr$ traits1 ^? ! result ( exp]i5ce1 conditions & environm5ts1 we f9d t !y exi/ ma9ly z defici5cies & de=mities4 ,^! h be5 sup]impos$ ^u ! native s\l end[m5t4 ,slav]y has be5 call$ ! ,negro's great s*oolma/]1 because x took him a savage & releas$ him civiliz$2 took him a hea!n & releas$ him a ,*ri/ian2 took him an idl] & releas$ him a labor]4 ,und\bt$ly x did ^! ?+s sup]ficially1 b "o great defect is to be *>g$ aga9/ ?is s*ool--x did n tea* him ! mean+ ( home1 purity & provid5ce4 ,to d ?is is ! burd5 ( fre$om4 ,! emancipat$ ,negro /ruggles up to-day aga9/ _m ob/acles1 ! entailm5t ( a brutal slav]y4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! _m :o h already em]g$1 let u apply our ?\ghts to ! great body ( subm]g$ p 9 ! conge/$ di/ricts ( city & c\ntry :o pres5t a real problem1 & :o mu/ be help$ to high] ?+s4 ,we note "s ( ! h]itages "u :i* !y /agg] up into full developm5t3 ,%iftlessness4 ,he _h no ne$ to devise & plan 9 bondage4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = an ent]pris+ _s2 consequ5tly1 he is lack+ 9 lead]%ip & self-reliance4 ,he is incl9$ to /ay 9 ruts1 & applies himself li/lessly to a task1 feel+ t ! directive ag5cy %\ld come f )\t4 ,incont95ce4 ,x is n to ! po9t to say t o!rs are1 too4 ,und\bt$ly1 example has z mu* to d ) ?is laxity z neglect4 ,we simply record ! fact4 ,a slave's value 0 increas$ by 8 prolificacy4 ,begett+ *ildr5 = ! auction block c\ld h>dly sanctify family ties4 ,x 0 n ne>ly s necess>y = a slave to "k 8 fa!r z 8 own]4 ,add$ to ! promiscuity enc\rag$ & (t5 =c$ among ?is class1 0 ! dreadful lic5se :i* ca/ lu/ful ,caucasian eyes ^u likely ,negro wom54 ,indol5ce4 ,mo/ m5 are1 especially 9 a w>m climate3 b ! ,negro acquir$ m ?an ! natural %>e1 because to him z a bondman laz9ess 0 great ga91 = he _h no pecuni>y int]e/ 9 8 own labor4 ,h5ce1 holidays 7 m to be desir$ ?an :ole labor days1 & he le>n$ to d z little z he might1 be excus$ z (t5 z he c\ld1 & hail ,saturday z ! oasis 9 a des]t week4 ,he hails x yet4 ,! labor effici5cy ( ! ,negro has greatly increas$ s9ce ! emancipation1 = self-int]e/ is a factor n[4 ,9 #ahfe1 ea* ,negro produc$ two-?irds ( a bale ( cotton2 n[ he produces an av]age ( "o :ole bale to ! man4 ,b !re is /ill w(ul wa/e ( productive en]gy4 ,a calculation %[+ ! comp>ative productive capacity1 man = man1 betwe5 ! ,nor!rn,b & ,s\!rn labor] w\ld be v int]e/+4 ,improvid5ce & ,extravagance4 ,he w drop ! mo/ important job to g on an excursion or p>ade ) 8 lodge4 ,he sp5ds l>ge sums on exp5sive clo?+ & luxuries1 :ile go+ )\t ?+s necess>y to a real home4 ,he w *e]fully eat fat bacon & pone corn-bread all ! week,c 9 ord] to indulge 9 unlimit$ soda-wat]1 melon & fi% at ! end4 ,9 ! cities he is (t5] se5 deal+ ) ! pawn-brok] ?an ! bank]4 ,8 h\se1 :5 furni%$ at all1 is bett] furni%$ t t ( a :ite man ( equal e>n+ p[]1 b x is on ! in/allm5t plan4 ,he is loa? to buy a h\se1 because he has no ta/e = responsibility nor fai? 9 himself to manage l>ge conc]ns2 b organs1 pianos1 clocks1 sew+-ma*9es & p>lor suits1 on "t1 h no t]rors = him4 ,?is is because he has be5 accu/om$ to ?9k 9 small numb]s4 ,he does n reg>d ! ,scot*man's mickle1 because he does n /op to consid] t ! end is a muckle4 ,he has amass$1 at full valuation1 ne>ly a billion doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty1 despite ?is1 b ?is is ab\t "o-half ( :at prop] provid5ce w\ld h %[n4 ,untid9ess4 ,travel ?r\gh ! ,s\? & y w be /ruck ) ! g5]al misfit & dilapidat$ appe>ance ( ?+s4 ,pal+s are miss+ f ! f5ces1 gates sag on s+le h+es1 h\ses are unpa9t$1 w9d[ panes are brok51 y>ds unkempt & ! appe>ance ( a squalor great] ?an ! real is se5 on e side4 ,! inside ( ! h\se meets ! sugge/ions ( ! outside4 ,?is is a projection ( ! slave's qu>t]s into fre$om4 ,! cab9 ( ! slave 01 at be/1 a place to eat & sleep 92 !re 0 no ?\ght ( ! e/hetic 9 su* places4 ,a quilt on a plank 0 a luxury to ! tir$ f>m-h&1 & pa9t 0 no?+ to ! poor1 sun-scor*$ fell[ :o s\ght ! h\se = %ade r ?an beauty4 ,habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess 7 n inculcat$1 & ev5 n[ x is ! exception to f9d a mod]n ba?-room 9 a ,s\!rn home4 ,di%one/y4 ,?is is ! logic1 if n ! tra9+1 ( slav]y4 ,x is easy = ! unrequit$ toil] 9 ano!r's field to ju/ify reprisal2 h5ce !re arose among ! ,negroes an am5d$ ,comm&m5t :i* add$ to ,?\ %alt n /eal ! clause1 except ?\ be /ol5 f4 ,x 0 no great fault1 !n1 accord+ to ?is code1 to purlo9 a pig1 a %eep1 a *ick51 or a few potatoes f a ma/] :o took all f ! slave4 ,untru?fulness4 ,?is is se5 m 9 innoc5t & *ildi% exagg]ation ?an 9 vici\s di/ortion4 ,x is ! vice ( untutor$ m9ds to run to gossip & make miracles ( ! matt]-(-fact4 ,! ,negro also tells falsehoods f excess ( good nature4 ,he promises to d a piece ( "w on a c]ta9 day1 because x is s mu* easi] & pleasant] to say ,yes1 & /ay away1 ?an x is to say ,no4 ,bus9ess ,unreliability4 ,he does n meet a promise 9 ! way & at ! "t promis$4 ,n be+ accu/om$ to bus9ess1 he has small conception ( ! place ! promise has 9 ! bus9ess _w4 ,x is only rec5tly he has begun to deal ) banks4 ,he1 :o has no cr$it1 sees,d no loss ( x 9 a prote/$ note1 especially if he int5ds to pay x "s "t4 ,t *a9 :i* l9ks "o man's obligation to ano!r man's solv5cy he has n consid]$4 ,he is really z good & safe a debt-pay] :5 he owes a :ite man z ! latt] c h1 b ! me?ods ( ! mod]n bank1 plac+ a "t limit on debts1 is 8 dete/ation4 ,he mu* pref]s ! laissez-faire ( ! ,s\!rn plantation /ore4 ,lack ( ,initiative4 ,x 0 ! policy ( slav]y to cru% out ! comb9+ in/9ct1 & x 0 well done2 =1 outside ( *ur*es & secret societies1 ! ,negro has done little to increase ! social effici5cy :i* c comb9e _m m5 into an organic :ole1 subject to ! corporate w & direction4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 made "s hopeful beg9n+s4 ,suspicion ( 8 own race4 ,he 0 taught to wat* o!r ,negroes & tell all t !y did4 ,?is 0 slav]y's native detective =ce to discov] incipi5t insurrection4 ,ea* slave le>n$ to di/ru/ 8 fell[4 ,& add$ to ?is is ! k "o ,negro has t no o!r has _h half suffici5t exp]i5ce 9 bus9ess to be a wise c\nsellor1 or a safe /ew>d ( ano!r man's funds4 ,almo/ all ,negroes :o h acquir$ weal? h entru/$ its managem5t to :ite m54 ,ignorance4 ,! causes ( 8 ignorance all "k4 ,t he has ?r[n (f "o-half ( x 9 =ty ye>s is a wond]ful %[+2 b a great incubus rema9s 9 ! o!r half1 & x dem&s ! nation's att5tion4 ,:at ! c5sus calls lit]acy is (t5 v %all[4 ,! cause ( ?is %all[ness lies1 9 "p1 9 ! poor "* & %ort duration ( ,s\!rn s*ools2 9 ! pov]ty t snat*es ! *ild f s*ool prematurely to "w = bread2 9 ! multitude ( mu%room colleges & get-sm>t-quick univ]sities scatt]$ ov] ! ,s\?1 & 9 ! glam\r ( a pr(essional education t entices poorly prep>$ /ud5ts into special "w4 ,add to ?is1 too1 ! comm]cialism ( ! age :i* reg>ds ea* day 9 s*ool z a day out ( ! m>ket4 ,boys & girls by scores le>n ! me*anical p>ts ( type-writ+ & /5ography )\t ! basal culture :i* gives ^! call+s _! greate/ effici5cy4 ,!y copy a manuscript1 ,*9ese-l1 mi/akes & all2 !y take y phonetically 9 s5se z well z s\nd1 hav+ no res]ve to draw ^u to int]pret a le>n$ allusion or unusual phrase4 ,?us :ile prejudice makes x h>d to secure a place1 auto-defici5cy loses _m a "o t is secur$4 ,we h discuss$ ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,negro1 8 inborn excell5cies & inbr$ defects1 c&idly & z !y are to be se5 9 ! great mass ^: place det]m9es ! /atus ( ! race z a :ole4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be to small purpose if we did n ask :at c be done to develop ! innate good & correct ! bad 9 a race s puissant & num]\s8 ,?is mass is n in]t2 x has great reaction>y =ce1 modify+ & influ5c+ all ab\t x4 ,! ,negro's excell5ces h ent]$ into ,am]ican "* & life already2 s h 8 weaknesses4 ,he has br\ght *e]1 love1 emotion & religion 9 sav+ measure to ! l&4 ,he has giv5 x weal? by 8 brawn & lib]ty by 8 blood4 ,8 self-respect1 ev5 9 abasem5t1 has kept him /ruggl+ upw>d2 8 confid5ce 9 8 own future has infect$ 8 fri5ds & kept him f nurs+ despond5cy or plann+ an>*y4 ,b he has laid1 & does lay1 burd5s ^u ! l&1 too3 8 ignorance1 8 l[ av]age ( morality1 8 l[ /&>ds ( home1 8 lack ( ent]prise1 8 lack ( self-reliance--^! mu/ be cur$4 ,evid5tly1 he is to be solv$ by educational processes4 ,ev]yone ( 8 inborn traits mu/ be respect$ & develop$ to prop] proportion4 ,excesses & excresc5ces mu/ n be c>elessly dealt )1 = !y m>k ! f]tility ( a soil t raises rank we$s because no g>d5] has till$ x4 ,8 religion mu/ become e?ics t\*$ ) feel+--n a p>oxysm1 b a pr9ciple4 ,8 imag9ation mu/ be giv5 a rudd] to guide its sails2 & ! fir/ fruits ( its prop] ex]cise1 z se5 9 a ,dunb>1 a ,*esnutt1 a ,col]idge-,taylor & a ,tann]1 mu/ be p$e/al$ along ! ,appian ,way ov] :i* o!rs are to m>*4 ,8 affection mu/ be met ) l>g] love2 8 pati5ce rew>d$ ) privilege2 8 c\rage call$ to def5d ! rights ( o!rs r ?an r$ress 8 own wrongs4 ,?us %all he supplem5t f )9 ! be/ ef=ts ( good m5 )\t4 ,to cure ! evils entail$ ^u him by an unhappy pa/1 he mu/ be educat$ to "w ) skill1 ) self-direction1 9 comb9ation & unremitt+ly4 ,indu/rial education ) con/ant application1 is ! slogan ( 8 rise f racial paup]ism to productive manl9ess4 ,n t exceptional m9ds %\ld n h exceptional opportunities 7& !y already exi/72 b t ! great majority ( awkw>d & unskill$ ones1 :o mu/ "w someh[1 some:]e1 all ! "t1 %all h _! opportunities = tra9+ 9 indu/rial s*ools ne> !m & ) c\rses consonant ) ! lives !y are to lead4 ,let ! n9ety & n9e :o mu/ "w1 ei!r ) tra9$ or fumbl+ h&s1 h a *ance4 ,tra9 ! ,negro to accept & c>ry responsibility by putt+ x ^u him4 ,tra9 him1 m ?an any s*ools are n[ do+1 9 morals--to speak ! tru?1 to keep a promise1 to t\* only 8 own prop]ty1 to tru/ ! tru/wor?y among 8 own race1 to risk some?+ 9 bus9ess1 to /rike out 9 new l9es ( endeavor1 to buy h\ses & make homes1 to reg>d beauty z well z utility1 to save r ?an display4 ,9 %ort1 let u subord9ate m]e k to ! "w ( invigorat+ ! w1 en]giz+ productive ef=t & cl>ify+ moral vision4 ,let u make safe m5 r ?an vocif]\s m\ntebanks2 let u put deftness 9 daily labor above sleight-(-h& tricks1 & common s5se1 well tra9$1 above classical smatt]+s1 :i* awe ! multitude b butt] no p>snips4 ,if we d ?is1 ,am]ica w h enri*$ h] blood1 ennobl$ h] record & %[n ! _w h[ to deal ) its ,d>k ,races )\t reproa*4 ,footnote ,b3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ?is 0 ',nor!n'4 ,footnote ,c3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ?is 0 'weeek'4 ,footnote ,d3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ?is 0 'seees'4 ,repres5tative ,am]ican ,negroes ,by ,,paul ,,laur5ce ,,dunb> ,an enum]ation ( "s ( ! notewor?y ,am]ican ,negroes ( to-day & ye/]day1 ) "s acc\nt ( _! lives & _! "w4 ,9 ?is pap] ,mr4 ,dunb> has turn$ out 8 l>ge/ & mo/ successful picture ( ! color$ p4 ,x is a noble canvas cr[d$ ) h]oic figures4 ,9 consid]+ :o & :at are repres5tative ,negroes !re are circum/ances :i* compel "o to "q :at is a repres5tative man ( ! color$ race4 ,"s m5 are born great1 "s a*ieve greatness & o!rs liv$ dur+ ! recon/ruction p]iod4 ,to h a*iev$ some?+ = ! bett]m5t ( 8 race r ?an = ! aggr&izem5t ( himself1 seems to be a man's be/ title to be call$ repres5tative4 ,! /reet corn] politician1 :o ?r\gh que/ionable me?ods or ev5 ?r\gh skillful manipulation1 succe$s 9 secur+ ! janitor%ip ( ! ,c\rt ,h\se1 may be writt5 up 9 ! local pap]s z repres5tative1 b is he8 ,i h 9 m9d a "y man 9 ,baltimore1 ,b]n>d ,taylor by "n1 :o to me is m truly repres5tative ( ! race ?an half ( ! ,judges1 ,colonels1 ,doctors & ,honorables ^: /ock cuts burd5 ! pages ( our negro j\rnals week aft] week4 ,i h said t he is "y4 ,beyond t he is quiet & unobtrusive2 b quiet z he is1 ! wor? ( 8 "w c be some:at e/imat$ :5 x is kn[n t he has set ! /&>d = "y m5 9 a city t has ! l>ge/ color$ population 9 ! _w4 ,x is n t z an individual he has ridd5 to success "o ent]prise aft] ano!r4 ,x is n t he has %[n capabilities f> beyond 8 ye>s1 nor yet t 8 p]sonal en]gy w n let him /op at "o triumph4 ,! importance ( him lies 9 ! fact t 8 influ5ce ^u 8 fell[s is all = good1 & 9 a l>ge community ( "y ,negroes ! wor? ( ?is _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,he has taught !m t /riv+ is wor? :ile1 & by ! v =ce ( 8 example ( indu/ry & p]sev]ance1 he /&s out f ! mass4 ,he does n tell h[ to d ?+s1 he does !m4 ,no?+ has contribut$ m to 8 success ?an 8 al]tness1 & no?+ has be5 m closely foll[$ by 8 obs]v]s1 & yet ,i sometimes wond] :5 look+ at him1 h[ old he mu/ be1 h[ _w we>y1 be=e ! race turns f its wor%ip ( ! political janitor & says ( him1 ?is is "o ( our repres5tative m54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( values & nei!r ! negro himself1 8 fri5ds1 8 enemies1 8 laud]s1 nor 8 critics has gr[n q c]ta9 9 apprais+ ^!4 ,! rabid agitator :o goes ab\t ! l& prea*+ ! indep5d5ce & glory ( 8 race1 & by 8 v m\?+s ret>d+ bo?1 ! sa9tly mission>y1 ^: only mission is l t ( ,pooh ,bah1 to be insult$2 ! man ( ! clo? :o ?und]s aga9/ ! s9s ( ! _w & f :om hone/ wom5 draw away _! skirts1 ! man :o talks temp]ance & tipples high-balls--^! are n repres5tative1 & :atev] _! /ation 9 life1 !y %\ld be rat$ at _! prop] value1 = !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 atta9m5t & a*ievem5t4 ,"u ! pure light ( reason1 ! ignorant c>pet bagg] judge is a p]son & n a p]sonality4 ,! illit]ate & ineffici5t black man1 :om circum/ance put into ,congress1 0 a repres5tative b 0 n repres5tative4 ,s ! peculi> conditions ( ! days imm$iately aft] ! w> h made x necess>y to draw f9e di/9ctions4 ,:5 ,rob]t ,smalls1 a slave1 pilot$ ! ,conf$]ate %ip ,plant] out ( ,*>le/on ,h>bor "u ! v guns ( ! m5 :o 7 employ+ him1 :o own$ him1 8 body1 8 s\l1 & ! husk ( 8 allegiance1 & br\ght x ov] to ! ,union1 x is a "q :i* =ty ye>s has n settl$ z to :e!r he 0 a h]o or a felon1 a patriot or a traitor4 ,s mu* has be5 said ( ! old ,negro's fidelity to 8 ma/]s t some?+ diff]5t might h be5 expect$ ( him4 ,b take ! s+ul> conditions3 ! fir/ fa9t /reaks ( a long delay$ dawn _h j begun to illum9e ! sky & ?is black pilot ) 8 face turn$ t[>d ! ,ea/ _h no eye = ! d>kness beh9d him4 ,he _h no "t to analyze 8 position1 ! "r or wrong ( x4 ,he _h no opportunity to "q :e!r x 0 loyalty to a union 9 :i* he aspir$ to citiz5%ip1 or disloyalty to 8 ma/]s ( ! despis$ conf$]acy4 ,x 0 n a "t to argue1 x 0 a "t to d2 & ) r>e p[] ( decision1 skill ( action & ) indomitable c\rage1 he /e]$ ! good %ip ,plant] pa/ ,=t ,johnson1 pa/ ,=t ,sumt]1 pa/ ,morris ,isl&1 out :]e ! flag1 ! flag ( 8 hopes & fe>s float$ ov] ! f$]al fleet4 ,& ,rob]t ,smalls _h done some?+1 some?+ t made him lov$ & hat$1 prais$ & malign$1 rev]$ & despis$1 b some?+ t made him repres5tative ( ! be/ t !re is 9 /urdy ,negro manhood4 ,x may seem a f> cry f ,rob]t ,smalls1 ! pilot ( ! ,plant]1 to ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,in/itute at ,tuskegee1 ,alabama4 ,b mu* ! same traits ( "* h made ! success ( ! two m52 ! k ( :at to d1 ! c\rage to d x1 & ! foll[+ out ( a s+le purpose4 ,!y are bo? pilots1 & ! wat]s ?r\gh :i* _! helms h swung h be5 equally /ormy4 ,! me?ods ( bo? h be5 que/ion$2 b s+ul>ly nei!r "o has /opp$ to "q himself1 b has gone /raight on to 8 goal ov] ! b>ri]s ( criticism1 malice & di/ru/4 ,! secret ( ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's p[] is organization1 & organization aft] all is only a conc5tration ( =ce4 ,?is conc5tration only expresses 8 own p]sonality1 9 :i* e trait & quality t5d t[>d "o def9ite end4 ,!y say ( ?is man t he is a man ( "o idea1 b t "o is a great "o & he has m]ely conc5trat$ all 8 p[]s ^u x2 9 o!r words he has organiz$ himself & gone =? to ga!r 9 :atev] ab\t him 0 ess5tial4 ,pilot he is1 /eadfa/ & unafraid1 /rong 9 8 own belief1--yes /rong en\gh to make o!rs believe 9 him4 ,)\t d\bt or skepticism1 himself he has conf\nd$ ! skeptics4 ,less /atesmanlike ?an ,d\glass1 less s*ol>ly ?an ,du,bois1 less eloqu5t ?an ! late ,j4,c4 ,price1 he is yet ! =emo/ figure 9 ,negro national life4 ,he is a great educator & a great man1 & ?\gh "o may n always agree ) him1 "o mu/ always respect him4 ,! race has produc$ no m adroit diplomati/ ?an he4 ,! /atem5t is broad b !re is no bett] pro( ( x ?an ! fact t :ile he is our mo/ a/ute politician1 he has succe$$ 9 conv9c+ bo? himself & ! c\ntry t he is n 9 politics4 ,he has none ( ! qualities ( ! curb-/one politician4 ,he is bigg]1 broad]1 bett]1 & ! highe/ complim5t t c\ld be paid him is t ?r\gh all 8 ups & d[ns1 ) all he has se5 ( humanity1 he has kept 8 fai? & 8 ideals4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,wa%+ton /&s pre-em95t 9 8 race !re are o!r names t mu/ be m5tion$ ) him z co-work]s 9 ! education ( ! _w1 names t = lack ( "t c be only m5tion$ & pass$4 ,w4,h4 ,c\ncil1 ( ,normal1 ,alabama1 has be5 do+ at 8 s*ool a good & great "w along ! same l9es z ,tuskegee4 ,r4,r4 ,wright1 ( ! ,/ate ,college ( ,georgia1 ,we'se a-ris9' ,wright1 he is call$1 & by 8 own life & "w = 8 p he has made true ! boyi% prophecy :i* 9 ! old days inspir$ ,:itti]'s poem4 ,?ree decades ago ?is 0 8 message f ! l[ly ,s\?1 ,tell 'em we'se a-ris91 & by ?\ght1 by ^w1 by de$1 he has be5 ,tell9' em s ev] s9ce4 ,! old ,s\!rn s*ool has melt$ into ! mi/y %ades ( an unregrett$ pa/4 ,a new g5]ation1 new issues1 new conditions1 h replac$ ! old1 b ! boy :o s5t t message f ! he>t ( ! ,s\?l& to ! ,nor?'s he>t ( he>ts has ris51 & a m>tyr$ ,presid5t did n blu% to call him fri5d4 ,s mu* ( ! ,negro's "t has be5 giv5 to ! mak+ ( tea*]s t x is difficult to /op :5 "o has begun enum]at+ "s ( ^? :o h /ood out m ?an usually =ceful4 ,= my "p1 !re are two m :om ,i _c pass ov]4 ,kelly ,mill]1 ( ,h[>d ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 is ano!r in/ructor f> above ! av]age4 ,he is a ma!matician & a ?9k]4 ,! _w has long be5 conv9c$ ( :at ! color$ man c\ld d 9 music & 9 oratory1 b x has always be5 skeptical1 :5 he is to be consid]$ z a /ud5t ( any exact sci5ce4 ,mill]1 9 8 own p]son1 has settl$ all t4 ,he f9i%$ at ,johns ,hopk9s :]e !y w rememb] him4 ,he is n only a tea*] b an au?or :o writes ) au?ority ^u 8 *os5 !mes1 :e!r he is always kn[n z a ,negro writ] or n4 ,he is end[$ ) an accurate1 analytical m9d1 & ! mo/ engag+ blackness1 = :i* "s ( u ?ank ,god1 because !re c be no argum5t z to ! s\rce ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,n[ ( ! o!r1 ,william ,e4,b4 ,du,bois1 :at %all be said8 ,educator & au?or1 political economi/ & poet1 an ,ea/]n man aga9/ a ,s\!rn back-gr\nd1 he looms up /rong1 vivid & 9 bold relief4 ,i say looms advis$ly1 because1 intellectually1 !re is some?+ s di/9ctively big ab\t ! man4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ! ag$ ,dr4 ,crummell1 we h _h no su* ripe & f9i%$ s*ol>4 ,dr4 ,du,bois1 ,h>v>d gave him to u1 & !re he receiv$ 8 ,ph4,d41 impresses "o z hav+ r$uc$ all life & all lit]ature to a p]fect sy/em4 ,!re is ab\t him a fasc9at+ calm ( c]ta9 p[]1 :e!r z a se>*] aft] economic facts1 "u ! w+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 or defy+ ! p[]s t be 9 a ,negro college or lead+ 8 pupils along ! way ( light1 "o always feels 9 him ?is same s5se ( consci\s1 re/ra9$1 b assur$ =ce4 ,"s ye>s ago 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 he took occasion to tell 8 own p "s pla9 h>d tru?s1 & oh1 :at a h[l ( prote/ & d5unciation w5t up f _! assembl$ ?roats1 b x nev] once di/urb$ 8 magnific5t calm4 ,he believ$ :at he _h said1 & n = a s+le mom5t did he ?9k ( ab&on+ 8 position4 ,he goes at tru? z a h>d-rid+ old ,engli% squire w\ld take a difficult f5ce4 ,let ! dit* be beyond if x w4 ,dr4 ,du,bois w\ld be ! fir/ to disclaim ! "n ( poet b ev]y?+ outside ( 8 /ati/ical "w convicts him4 ,! rhy?m ( 8 /yle1 8 fancy1 8 imag]y1 all bid him bide ) ^? ^: s\ls g s++ by a gold5 way4 ,he has writt5 a numb] ( notable pamphlets & books1 ! late/ ( :i* is ,! ,s\l ( ! ,black ,folk1 an invaluable contribution to ! discussion ( ! race problem by a man :o kn[s :]e( he speaks4 ,dr4 ,du,bois is at ,atlanta ,univ]sity & has _h e opportunity to obs]ve all ! phases ( ,am]ica's great "q1 & ,i wi% ,i might write at l5g? ( 8 books4 ,x may be urg$ t too mu* "t has already be5 tak5 up ) ! educational side ( ! ,negro1 b ! reasonabl5ess ( ?is mu/ become app>5t :5 "o rememb]s t = ! la/ =ty ye>s ! mo/ helpful m5 ( ! race h come f ! ranks ( its tea*]s1 & few ( ^? :o h f9ally done any big ?+1 b h at "s "t or o!r held ! scept] ( au?ority 9 a s*ool4 ,!y may h *ang$ lat] & gr[n1 inde$ !y mu/ h done s1 b ! fact rema9s t _! poise1 _! discipl9e1 ! impulse = _! gr[? came l>gely f _! "w 9 ! s*ool room4 ,!re is p]haps no m notable example ( ?is phase ( ,negro life ?an ! ,hon4 ,ri*>d ,!odore ,gre5]1 our pres5t ,consul at ,vladivo/ok4 ,he 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ ( our race to graduate f ,h>v>d & he has always be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ s*ol>ly m5 :o1 ?r\gh ! t\* ( ,negro blood1 belongs to u4 ,he has be5 hi/orian1 j\rnali/ & lectur]1 b back ( all ?is he 0 a tea*]2 & = ye>s aft] 8 graduation he 0 a di/+ui%$ pr(essor at ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! old ,negro colleges4 ,?is in/itution is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b ! m5 :o knew x 9 its palmy days speak ( x /ill ) long+ & regret4 ,x is claim$1 & f ! names & qualities ( ! m51 n )\t ju/ice1 t no s*ool = ! high] education ( ! black man has furni%$ a f9] curriculum or possess$ a bett] equipp$ or m effici5t faculty4 ,among ^!1 ,ri*>d ,t4 ,gre5] 0 a bright1 p>ticul> />4 ,aft] ! pass+ ( ! s*ool1 ,mr4 ,gre5] turn$ to o!r activities4 ,8 highe/ *>act]i/ics 7 a fe>less pati5ce & a hope t buoy$ him up ?r\gh days ( d\bt & disappo9tm5t4 ,au?or & editor he 01 b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ^!4 ,beyond _! scope 7 high] ?+s t beckon$ him4 ,politics1 or p]haps bett]1 political sci5ce1 allur$ him1 & he appli$ himself to a c\rse t br\ght him into intimate contact ) ! lead]s ( 8 c\ntry1 :ite & black4 ,a man ( wide in=mation1 great k & close grasp ( ev5ts he made himself invaluable to 8 p>ty & !n ) 8 usual pati5ce await$ 8 rew>d4 ,! /ory ( h[ he came to 8 own _c be told )\t j a %ade ( bitt]ness d>k5+ ! smile t "o mu/ give to x all4 ,! cause = :i* he _h work$ triumph$4 ,! m5 = :om he _h /riv5 ga9$ _! goal & n[1 ,gre5] mu/ be recogniz$1 b-- ,vladivo/ok1 y\r diction>y w tell y1 is a sea-port 9 ! m>itime ,prov9ce ( ,sib]ia1 situat$ on ! ,gold5 ,horn ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,x w tell y also t x is ! *ief ,russian naval /ation on ! ,pacific4 ,x is an out ( ! way place & "o :o has n ! _w-circl+ desire w\ld r hesitate be=e sett+ out ?i!r4 ,x 0 to ?is po/ t ,mr4 ,gre5] 0 appo9t$4 ,exile1 8 fri5ds did n hesitate to say4 ,:y didn't ! ,gov]nm5t make x a s5t5ce in/ead ( veil+ x 9 ! guise ( an appo9tm5t8 ask$ o!rs s>ca/ically4 ,w he g8 ,t 0 ! g5]al "q t rose & fell1 :isp]$ & ?und]$ ab\t ! new appo9tee1 & 9 ! mid/ ( x all1 sil5t & dignifi$1 he kept 8 c\ncil4 ,! next ?+ ,wa%+ton knew he 0 gone4 ,!re 0 a gasp ( a/oni%m5t & !n ?+s settl$ back into _! =m] /ate ( monotony & ,gre5] 0 =gott54 ,b 9 ! ea/]n sky1 d>kness began to arise1 ! w>n+ fla% ( dang] swept across ! heav5s1 ! ?und] drum ( w> began to roll4 ,= a mom5t ! _w li/5$ 9 brea?less susp5se1 ! susp5se ( horror4 ,l\d] & l\d] rose ! ?und] peal until x dr[n$ e o!r s\nd 9 ! e>s ( ! nation1 e o!r s\nd save ! cries & wails ( dy+ wom5 & ! %rieks ( tortur$ *ildr54 ,!n ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,japan & ,am]ica m>%all$ _! =ces & swept ea/w>d to save & to av5ge4 ,! /ory ( ! ,box] upris+ has be5 told1 b little has be5 said ( h[ ,vladivo/ok1 ,a sea-port 9 ! m>itime ,prov9ce ( ,sib]ia1 became "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts ( communication ) ! outside _w1 & its ,consul came frequ5tly to be he>d f by ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,& s ,gre5] aft] ye>s ( pati5ce & toil _h come to 8 own4 ,if ! gov]nm5t _h wi%$ to get him out ( ! way1 x _h reckon$ )\t ,*9a4 ,a new ord] ( ?+s has come into ,negro-,am]ican politics & ?is man has become a "p ( x4 ,x matt]s n t he began 8 "w "u ! old regime4 ,s did ,judge ,gibbs1 a man eighty ye>s ( age1 b he1 too1 has kept abrea/ ( ! times1 & al?\gh ! rem9isc5ces 9 8 delightful autobiography take "o back to ! hazy days :5 ! l& 0 "y & politics a m /r5u\s ?+ ?an x is ev5 n[1 :5 !re 0 an>*y 9 ,l\isiana & civil w> 9 ,arkansas1 :5 "o %ot fir/ & que/ion$ aft]w>d2 yet because 8 m9d is /ill active1 because he has *ang$ 8 me?ods ) ! *ang+ "t1 because 8 influ5ce ov] "y m5 is greatly pot5t /ill2 he is1 9 ! race1 p]haps1 ! be/ repres5tative ( :at ! old has br\ght to ! new4 ,beside him /rong1 =ceful1 comm&+1 /&s ! figure ( ,george ,h4 ,:ite1 ^: f>ewell spee* be=e ! ,fifty-six? ,congress1 :5 ?r\gh ! disfran*isem5t ( ,negroes he 0 defeat$ = re-election1 /irr$ ! c\ntry & fir$ ! he>ts ( 8 bro!rs4 ,he has won 8 place ?r\gh hone/y1 brav]y & aggressiv5ess4 ,he has giv5 some?+ to ! nation t ! nation ne$$1 & ) su* m5 z ,p9*back1 ,lyn*1 ,t]rell & o!rs ( l ilk1 act+ 9 conc]t1 x is b a matt] ( "t :5 8 wor? %all induce a rep5tant p1 ) a ju/ice build$ ^u ! f\ndation ( its old prejudice1 to ask ! ,negro back to take a h& 9 ! affairs ( /ate4 ,add to all ?is ! facts t ! ,negro has 8 repres5tatives 9 ! comm]cial _w3 ,mc,coy & ,granville ,t4 ,woods1 inv5tors2 9 ! agricultural _w ) ,j4,h4 ,groves1 ! potato k+ ( ,kansas1 :o la/ ye> %ipp$ f 8 own railway sid+ sev5ty-two ?\s& five hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes alone2 9 ! milit>y1 ) ,capt4 ,*>les ,a4 ,"y1 a ,we/ ,po9t]1 n[ /ation$ at ! ,presidio2 t 9 m$ic9e1 he possesses 9 ,daniel ,h4 ,williams1 ( ,*icago1 "o ( ! really great surgeons ( ! c\ntry2 t ,edw>d ,h4 ,morris1 a black man1 is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant lawy]s at ! brilliant ,cook ,c\nty b>2 t 9 e walk ( life he has m5 & wom5 :o /& = some?+ def9ite & concrete1 & x seems to me t !re c be little d\bt t ! race problem w gradually solve itself4 ,i h spok5 ( m5 & wom51 & inde$ ! wom5 mu/ n be =gott51 = to !m ! m5 look = mu* ( ! inspiration & impulse t drives !m =w>d to success4 ,mrs4 ,m>y ,*ur* ,t]rell ^u ! plat=m speak+ = ,negro womanhood & ,miss ,s>ah ,br[n1 h] direct opposite1 a little woman sitt+ up 9 h] a]ie above a noisy ,new ,york /reet1 /& = ! v be/ t !re is 9 our mo!rs1 wives & si/]s4 ,! "o fully 9 ! public eye1 ) le>n+ & eloqu5ce1 tell+ ! hopes & fe>s ( h] k9d2 ! o!r 9 suff]+ & retirem5t1 ) h] k ( ! human he>t & h] g5tl5ess inspir+ all :o meet h] to bett] & nobl] lives4 ,!y are bo? do+ _! "w bravely & gr&ly4 ,b :5 ! unitiate ask :o is la ,petite ,re9e1 we ?9k ( ! quiet little woman 9 a ,new ,york fif? floor back & are sil5t4 ,%e is a patron ( all our lit]ature & art & we h bo?4 ,:e!r x is a new song by ,w ,m>ion ,cook or a new book by ,du,bois or ,*e/nut1 ?an :om no "o has ev] told ! life ( ! ,negro m accurately & conv9c+ly1 %e kn[s x & has a k9dly ^w ( praise or enc\ragem5t4 ,9 look+ ov] ! field = su* an article z ?is1 "o j beg9s to realize h[ _m ,negroes are repres5tative ( some?+1 & n[ x seems t 9 clos+ no bett] names c\ld be *os5 ?an ^? ( ! two ,tann]s4 ,f "t immemorial1 ,religion & ,art h gone toge!r1 b x rema9$ = u to place !m 9 ! p]sons ( ^! two m51 9 ! relation ( fa!r & son4 ,bi%op ,b5j4 ,tuck] ,tann]1 ( ! ,a4,m4,e4 ,*ur*1 is n only a !ologian & a prie/1 he is a dignifi$1 poli%$ man ( ! high] _w & a poet4 ,he has succe$$ because he 0 prep>$ = success4 ,z to 8 writ+s1 he w1 p]haps1 ?9k mo/ highly ( ,8 ,apology ,= ,african ,me?odism2 b "s ( u1 :ile respect+ ?is1 w turn f x to ! poems & hymns t h sung !mselves out ( 8 g5tle he>t4 ,is x any wond] t 8 son1 ,h5ry ,o4 ,tann]1 is a poet ) ! bru% or t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t has f\nd x out8 ,f ! fa!r mu/ h come ! man's arti/ic impulse1 & he c>ri$ x on & on to a gold5 fruition4 ,9 ! ,luxemb\rg gall]y hangs 8 picture1 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,at ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,philadelphia1 ,i saw 8 ,annunciation1 bo? a long way f 8 ,banjo ,lesson1 & ?9k+ ( him ,i began to wond] :e!r1 9 spite ( all ! indu/rial tumult1 x 7 n 9 ! field ( art1 music & lit]ature t ! ,negro 0 to make 8 highe/ contribution to ,am]ican civilization4 ,b ?is is m]ely a "q :i* "t w answ]4 ,all ^! ( :om ,i h spok5 are m5 :o h /riv5 & a*iev$ & ! reasons und]ly+ _! success are ! same t acc\nt = ! advancem5t ( m5 ( any o!r race3 prep>ation1 p]sev]ance1 brav]y1 pati5ce1 hone/y & ! p[] to seize ! opportunity4 ,x is a little d>k /ill1 b !re are w>n+s ( ! day & some:]e out ( ! d>kness a bird is s++ to ! ,dawn4 ,! ,negro's ,place 9 ,am]ican ,life at ! ,pres5t ,day ,,by ,t4 ,,?omas ,,=tune ,consid]+ ! two hundr$ & =ty-five ye>s ( 8 slav]y & ! comp>atively %ort "t he has enjoy$ ! opportunities ( fre$om1 8 place 9 ,am]ican life at ! pres5t day is cr$itable to him & promis+ = ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,t4 ,,?omas ,,=tune4 ,!re c be no heal?y gr[? 9 ! life ( a race or a nation )\t a self-reliant _s animat+ ! :ole body2 if x am\nts to optimism1 devoid ( egotism & vanity1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,?is _s necess>ily c>ries ) x int5se pride ( race1 or ( nation1 z ! case may be1 & ramifies ! :ole mass1 inspir+ & %ap+ its ?\ght & ef=t1 h[ev] humble or exalt$ ^! may be1--z x takes all sorts & conditions ( m5 to make up a social ord]1 in/9ct ) ! ambition & ! activity :i* "w = high ?9k+ & "r liv+1 ( :i* mod]n evolution 9 all directions is ! mo/ p[]ful illu/ration 9 hi/ory4 ,if pride ( ance/ry c1 happily1 be add$ to pride ( race & nation1 & ^! are re-en=c$ by self-reliance1 c\rage & correct moral liv+1 ! possible success ( su* p may be accept$1 )\t equivocation1 z a =egone conclusion4 ,i h f\nd all ( ^! requirem5ts s f9ely bl5d$ 9 ! life & "* ( no p z t ( ! ,japanese1 :o are j n[ em]g+ f ! d\ble night ( ages into ! vivify+ sunlight ( mod]n progress4 ,:at is ! ,negro's place 9 ,am]ican life at ! pres5t day8 ,! answ] dep5ds entirely ^u ! po9t ( view4 ,un=tunately = ! ,afro-,am]ican p1 !y h no pride ( ance/ry2 9 ! ma91 few ( !m c trace _! p>5tage back f\r g5]ations2 & ! daught] ( an hundr$ e>ls ( :om !re are probably _m1 is unconsci\s ( h] desc5t1 & w\ld pr(it no?+ by x if ?is 7 n true4 ,! blood ( all ! e?nic types t g to make up ,am]ican citiz5%ip fl[s 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,afro-,am]ican p1 s t ( ! t5 million ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry1 acc\nt$ = by ! ,f$]al c5sus1 n m ?an f\r million are ( pure negroid desc5t1 :ile "s f\r million ( !m1 n acc\nt$ = by ! ,f$]al c5sus1 h escap$ into ! ranks ( ! :ite race1 & are re-en=c$ v l>gely by su* escapem5ts e ye>4 ,! vitiation ( blood has op]at$ irresi/ibly to weak5 t pride ( ance/ry1 :i* is ! f\ndation-/one ( pride ( race2 s t ! ,afro-,am]ican p h be5 held toge!r r by ! segregation decre$ by law & public op9ion ?an by ties ( consangu9ity s9ce _! manumission & enfran*isem5t4 ,x is n because !y are poor & ignorant & oppress$1 z a mass1 t !re is no su* sympa?y ( ?\ght & unity ( ef=t among !m z among ,iri%m5 & ,jews ! _w ov]1 b because ! vitiation ( blood1 beyond ! honorable re/rictions ( law1 has de/roy$1 9 l>ge measure1 t pride ( ance/ry ^u :i* pride ( race mu/ be build$4 ,9 no o!r logical way c we acc\nt = ! failure ( ! ,afro-,am]ican p to /& toge!r1 z o!r oppress$ races d1 & h done1 = ! right+ ( wrongs aga9/ !m au?oriz$ by ! laws ( ! sev]al /ates1 if n by ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 & sanction$ or tol]at$ by public op9ion4 ,9 no?+ has ?is radical defect be5 m noticeable s9ce ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion ?an 9 ! uni=m failure ( ! p to su/a9 su* civic organizations z exi/ & h exi/$1 to te/ 9 ! c\rts ( law & 9 ! =um ( public op9ion ! validity ( organic laws ( ,/ates int5d$ to deprive !m ( ! civil & political rights gu>ante$ to !m by ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,! two su* organizations ( ?is "* :i* h appeal$ to !m are ! ,national ,afro-,am]ican ,league1 organiz$ 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahij1 & ! ,national ,afro-,am]ican ,c\ncil1 organiz$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 out ( ! ,league1 9 #ahih4 ,! latt] organization /ill exi/s1 ! /ronge/ ( its k9d1 b x has nev] comm&$ ! sympa?y & support ( ! masses ( ! p1 nor is !re1 or has !re be51 sub/antial agreem5t & conc]t ( ef=t among ! ?\ghtful m5 ( ! race along ^! l9es4 ,!y h be5 re/ra9$ by selfi%1 p]sonal & petty motives1 :ile ! con/itutional rights :i* vitalize _! citiz5%ip h be5 d5i$ or abridg$ by legislation ( c]ta9 ( ! ,/ates & by public op9ion1 ev5 z ,n]o fiddl$ :ile ,rome burn$4 ,if !y _h be5 actuat$ by a /rong pride ( ance/ry & ( race1 if !y _h felt t injury to "o 0 injury to all1 if !y _h hung toge!r in/ead ( hang+ sep>ately1 _! place 9 ! civil & political life ( ! ,republic to-day w\ld n be t1 l>gely1 ( p>iahs1 ) none s poor z to d !m honor1 b t ( equality ( "r "u ! law enjoy$ by all o!r ali5 e?nic =ces 9 our citiz5%ip4 ,!y :o w n help !mselves are usually n help$ by o!rs4 ,!y :o make a l\d noise & c\rage\sly cont5d = :at is !irs1 usually enjoy ! respect & confid5ce ( _! fell[s & get1 9 ! end1 :at belongs to !m1 or a reasonable modification ( x4 ,z a consequ5ce ( inability to unite 9 ?\ght & ef=t = ! cons]vation ( _! civil & political rights1 ! ,afro-,am]ican ,negroes & color$ p h lo/1 by fundam5tal enactm5ts ( ! old slave-hold+ ,/ates1 all ( ! civil & political rights gu>ante$ !m by ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 9 ! full enjoym5t ( :i* !y 7 f ! adoption ( ! ,w> ,am5dm5ts up to #ahgf-g1 :5 !y 7 sacrific$ by _! ,republican allies ( ! ,nor? & ,we/1 9 ! ali5ation ( _! ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 9 ord] to save ! ,presid5cy to ,mr4 ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes ( ,ohio4 ,_! rev]ses 9 ?is matt] 9 ! old slave-hold+ ,/ates1 c\pl$ ) a va/ mass ( class legislation1 modell$ on ! slave code1 h affect$ ! ,afro-,am]ican p 9 _! civil & political rights 9 all ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,republic1 especially z f> z public op9ion is conc]n$4 ,?is 0 inevitable1 & foll[s 9 e in/ance 9 hi/ory :]e a race elem5t ( ! citiz5%ip is set aside by law or public op9ion z sep>ate & di/9ct f its fell[s1 ) a fix$ /atus or ca/e4 ,x w take ! ,afro-,am]ican p fully a c5tury to recov] :at !y lo/ ( civil & political equality "u ! law 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 z a result ( ! re-action>y & bloody movem5t begun 9 ! ,recon/ruction p]iod by ! ,s\!rn :ites1 & culm9at+ 9 #ahgg1--! excesses ( ! ,recon/ruction gov]nm5ts1 ab\t :i* s mu* is said to ! discr$it ( ! ,negro1 be+ *>geable to ! weakness & corruption ( ,nor!rn c>pet-bagg]s1 :o 7 ! ma/] & responsible spirits ( ! "t & ! situation1 r ?an to ! weakness1 ! ignorance & v5ality ( _! ,negro dupes1 :o1 v naturally1 foll[$ :]e !y l$1 z any o!r grateful p w\ld h done4 ,=1 7 n ^! same ,nor!rn c>pet-bagg]s ! direct repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,army :i* cru%$ ! slave p[] & broke ! %ackles ( ! slave8 ,ev5 s4 ,! ,nor!rn c>pet-bagg]s plann$ & got ! plund]1 & h x2 ! ,negro got ! cr$it & ! odium1 & h !m yet4 ,x (t5 happ5s t way 9 hi/ory1 t ! innoc5t dupes are made to suff] = ! misde$s & crimes ( ! guilty4 ,! recov]y ( civil & political rights "u ! ,con/itution1 z d5i$ or abridg$ by ! con/itutions ( ! ,/ates1 m especially ^? ( ! old slave hold+ ones1 w be a sl[ & t$i\s process1 & w come to ! individual r ?an to ! race1 z ! rew>d ( "* & ?rift2 because1 = reasons already /at$1 x w h>dly be possible 9 ! future1 z x has n be5 9 ! pa/1 to unify ! mass ( ! ,afro-,am]ican p1 9 ?\ght & conduct1 = a prop] cont5tion 9 ! c\rts & at ! ballot-box & 9 ! education ( public op9ion1 to accompli% ?is purpose4 ,p]haps !re is no o!r in/ance 9 hi/ory :]e ev]y?+ dep5d$ s l>gely ^u ! individual1 & s little ^u ! mass ( 8 race1 = t developm5t 9 ! religi\s & civic virtues :i* makes m surely = an honorable /atus 9 any citiz5%ip ?an con/itutions or legislative enactm5ts built ^u !m4 ,b ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t ! ,negro's civil & political rights are m firmly fix$ 9 law & public op9ion ?an 0 true at ! close ( ! ,recon/ruction p]iod1 :5 ev]y?+ relat+ to him 0 unsettl$ & confus$1 bas$ 9 legislative gu>antees1 subject to approval or disapproval ( ! dom9ant public op9ion ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 & t he w gradually "w out 8 own salvation "u ! ,con/itution1--su* z ,*>les ,sumn]1 ,?addeus ,/ev5s1 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,butl]1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 & _! co-work]s1 hop$ & labor$ t he might enjoy4 ,he has lo/ no?+ "u ! fundam5tal law2 su* ( ^! re/rictions1 z apply to him by ! law ( c]ta9 ( ! ,/ates1 necess>ily apply to :ite m5 9 l circum/ances ( ignorance & pov]ty1 & c be ov]come1 9 "t1 by assidu\s c\rt%ip ( ! s*oolma/] & ! bank ca%i]4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! individual memb]s ( ! race are ov]com+ ! re/rictions made a b> to _! enjoym5t ( civil & political rights "u ! ,con/itution is gratify+ to ^? :o wi% ! race well & :o look beyond ! pres5t into ! future3 :ile x is di/urb+ ! dreams ( ^? :o sp5d mo/ ( _! "t & ?\ght 9 abortive ef=ts to keep ! 'nigg]' 9 8 place--z if any man or race c\ld h a place 9 ! _w's ?\ght & ef=t :i* he did n make = himself6 ,9 our gr& ,republic1 at lea/1 x has be5 s (t5 demon/rat$ z to become prov]bial1 t ! door ( opportunity %all be clos$ to no man1 & t he %all be all[$ to h t place 9 our national life :i* he makes = himself4 ,s x is ) ! ,negro n[1 z an individual4 ,w x be s ) him 9 ! future z a race8 ,to answ] t we %all fir/ h to det]m9e t he has a race4 ,h[ev] he may be lack+ 9 pride ( ance/ry & race1 no "o c accuse ! ,negro ( lack ( pride ( ,nation & ,/ate1 & ev5 ( c\nty4 ,inde$1 8 pride 9 ! ,republic & 8 devotion to x are among ! mo/ pa!tic phases ( 8 pa!tic hi/ory1 f ,jame/[n1 9 #afbj1 to ,san ,juan ,hill1 9 #ahih4 ,he has giv5 ev]y?+ to ! ,republic1--8 labor & blood & pray]s4 ,:at has ! ,republic giv5 him1 b bl[s & rebuffs & crim9al +ratitude6 ,& he /&s n[1 ready & eag]1 to give ! ,republic all t he has4 ,:at does ! ,republic /& ready & eag] to give him8 ,let ! answ] come out ( ! m\? ( ! future4 ,x is a fair conclusion t ! ,negro has a firm] & m assur$ civil & political /atus 9 ,am]ican life to-day ?an at ! close ( ! ,recon/ruction p]iod1 p>adoxical z ?is may appe> to _m1 despite ! adv]se legislation ( ! old slave-hold+ ,/ates1 & ! tol]ant favor %[n su* legislation by ! ,f$]al ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 su* op9ions z x has deliv]$1 f "t to "t1 ^u ! subject1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,w> am5dm5ts to ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,te*nically1 ! ,negro /&s ^u equality ) all o!r citiz5s "u ?is l>ge body ( special & class legislation2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is s fram$ t ! greate/ inequality prevails1 & 0 int5d$ to prevail1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( x by ! sev]al ,/ates *iefly conc]n$4 ,z long z su* legislation by ! ,/ates specifies1 on ! face ( x1 t x %all op]ate ^u all citiz5s equally1 h[ev] unequally & unju/ly ! legislation may be int]pret$ & adm9i/]$ by ! local c\rts1 ! ,f$]al ,supreme ,c\rt has held1 "t & aga91 t no h>d%ip 0 work$1 &1 if s1 t ! aggriev$ _h 8 rec\rse 9 appeal to ! high] c\rts ( ! ,/ate ( :i* he is a citiz51--a rec\rse at ?is "t precisely l t ( c>ry+ coal to ,new ,ca/le4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 !re is no alt]native = ! ,negro citiz5 b to "w out 8 salvation "u ! ,con/itution1 z o!r citiz5s h done & are do+4 ,x w be a long & t$i\s process be=e ! equitable adju/m5t has be5 atta9$1 b t does n mu* matt]1 z full & fair enjoym5t ( civil & political rights requires mu* "t & pati5ce & h>d labor 9 any giv5 situation1 :]e two races come toge!r 9 ! same gov]nm5tal environm5t2 su* z is ! case ( ! ,negro 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,iri%man 9 ,irel&1 & ! ,jew ev]y:]e 9 ,europe4 ,x is j z well1 p]haps1 t ! ,negro w h to "w out 8 salvation "u ! ,con/itution z an individual r ?an z a race1 z ! ,jew has done x 9 ,great ,brita9 & z ! ,iri%man w h to d x "u ! same ,empire1 z x is & has be5 ! t5d5cy ( our law & prec$5t to subord9ate race elem5ts & to exalt ! individual citiz5s z indivisible p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$ by ! law 9 ! case ( ! ,negro1 z 9 ! case ( o!r ali5 e?nic elem5ts ( ! citiz5%ip1 x w be m gradually1 b assur$ly1 accompli%$ by society at l>ge1 ! inde/ructible f\ndation ( :i* 0 laid by ! reckless & brutal pro/itution ( black wom5 by :ite m5 9 ! days ( slav]y1 f :i* a va/ army ( mulattoes 7 produc$1 :o h be5 & are1 gradually1 by honorable m>riage among !mselves1 *ang+ ! alleg$ race *>act]i/ics & t5d5cies ( ! ,negro p4 ,a race elem5t1 x is safe & fair to conclude1 incapable1 l t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 ( su* a process ( elim9ation & assimilation1 w always be a ?orn 9 ! fle% ( ! ,republic1 9 :i* !re is1 admitt$ly1 no place = ! integrality & gr[? ( a di/9ct race type4 ,! ,afro-,am]ican p1 = reasons t ,i h /at$1 are ev5 n[ v f> f be+ su* a di/9ct race type1 & )\t fur!r admixture ( :ite & black blood1 w cont9ue to be less s to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,x seems to me t ?is view ( ! matt] has n receiv$ ! consid]ation t x des]ves at ! h&s ( ^? :o set !mselves up z pa/ gr& ma/]s 9 ! bus9ess ( solv+ ! race problem1 & 9 accurately def9+ ,! ,negro's ,place 9 ,am]ican ,life at ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,! negroid type & ! ,afro-,am]ican type are two v di/9ct types1 & ! sociologi/ :o conf\nds !m1 z is v g5]ally done1 is b\nd to confuse 8 subject & 8 audi5ce4 ,x is a debatable "q z to :e!r ! ,negro's pres5t indu/rial position is bett] or worse ?an x 01 say1 at ! close ( ! ,recon/ruction p]iod4 ,z a mass1 ,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion t x is worse1 z ! laws ( ! ,/ates :]e he is congregat$ mo/ num]\sly are s fram$ z to favor ! employ] 9 e in/ance1 & he does n scruple to get all out ( ! indu/rial slave t he c2 :i* is1 9 ! ma91 va/ly m ?an ! slave ma/] got1 z ! latt] 0 at ! exp5se ( h\s+1 fe$+1 clo?+ & provid+ m$ical s]vice = 8 *attel1 :ile ! =m] is reliev$ ( ?is exp5se & tr\ble4 ,pr(4 ,w4,e4,b4 ,du,bois1 ( ,atlanta ,univ]sity1 :o has made a critical /udy ( ! rural ,negro ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 sums up ! indu/rial phase ( ! matt] 9 ! foll[+ 7,! ,s\ls ( ,black ,folk1 pp4 #ci-dj73 ,= ?is mu* all m5 "k3 ,despite compromise1 w> & /ruggle1 ! ,negro is n free4 ,9 ! backwoods ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 = miles & miles1 he may n leave ! plantation ( 8 bir?2 9 well-nigh ! :ole rural ,s\? ! black f>m]s are peons1 b\nd by law & cu/om to an economic slav]y1 f :i* ! only escape is dea? or ! p5it5ti>y4 ,9 ! mo/ cultur$ sections & cities ( ! ,s\? ! ,negroes are a segregat$ s]vile ca/e1 ) re/rict$ rights & privileges4 ,be=e ! c\rts1 bo? 9 law & cu/om1 !y /& on a diff]5t & peculi> basis4 ,taxation )\t repres5tation is ! rule ( _! political life4 ,& ! result ( all ?is is1 & 9 nature mu/ h be51 lawlessness & crime4 ,x is a d>k & gloomy picture1 ! sub/itution ( indu/rial = *attel slav]y1 ) none ( ! legal & selfi% re/ra9ts ^u ! employ] :i* surr\nd$ & actuat$ ! ma/]4 ,& ?is is true ( ! entire mass ( ! ,afro-,am]ican labor]s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,out ( ! mass h aris5 a l>ge numb] ( individuals :o own & till _! own l&s4 ,?is elem5t is v l>gely recruit$ e ye>1 & to ?is s\rce mu/ we look = ! gradual und]m9+ ( ! indu/rial slav]y ( ! mass ( ! p4 ,"h1 too1 we h a long & t$i\s process ( evolution1 b x is no?+ new 9 ! hi/ory ( races circum/anc$ z ! ,afro-,am]ican p are4 ,t ! ,negro is de/9$1 h[ev]1 to be ! l&lord & ma/] agriculturi/ ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates is a probability su/a9$ by all ! facts 9 ! situation2 n ! lea/ ( :i* be+ ! t5d5cy ( ! poor :ite class & small f>m]s to ab&on agricultural pursuits = ^? ( ! factory & ! m9e1 f :i* ! ,negro labor] is exclud$1 p>tially 9 ! m9e & :olly 9 ! factory4 ,! developm5t ( m9e & factory indu/ries 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 9 ! pa/ two decades has be5 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 9 indu/rial hi/ory4 ,9 ! skill$ trades1 at ! close ( ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion1 mo/ ( ! "w 0 done by ,negroes educat$ z artisans 9 ! h>d s*ool ( slav]y1 b !re has be5 a /eady decl9e 9 ! numb] ( su* labor]s1 n because ( lack ( skill1 b because trade unionism has gradually tak5 possession ( su* employm5ts 9 ! ,s\?1 & w n all[ ! ,negro to "w alongside ( ! :ite man4 ,& ?is is ! rule ( ! trade unions 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is to be hop$ t !re may be a gradual broad5+ ( ! views ( :ite labor]s 9 ?is vital matt] & a *ange ( attitude by ! trade unions t !y dom9ate4 ,c we reasonably expect ?is8 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 x is ! individual ,negro artisan1 (t5 a ma/] contractor1 :o c "w at 8 trade & give employm5t to 8 fell[s4 ,=tunately1 !re are a great _m ( ^! 9 all p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & _! numb] is increas+ e ye>1 z ! result ( ! rapid gr[? & high favor ( indu/rial s*ools1 :]e ! trades are taught4 ,a v great deal %\ld be expect$ f ?is s\rce1 z a ,negro contractor /&s v ne>ly on z good foot+ z a :ite "o 9 ! bidd+1 :5 he has e/abli%$ a reputation = reliability4 ,! facts obta9$ 9 e ,s\!rn city be> out ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,! individual black man has a fight+ *ance = success 9 ! skill$ trades2 &1 z he succe$s1 w draw ! skill$ mass aft] him4 ,! prop] solution ( ! skill$ labor problem is /rictly )9 ! p[] ( ! individual ,negro4 ,i believe t he is solv+ x1 & t he w ultimately solve x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! m>vell\s build+ up ( a legal1 com=table & happy home life1 :]e none :atev] exi/$ at ! close ( ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion2 9 ! no less /up5d\s developm5t ( ! *ur* life1 ) l>ge & puissant organizations t comm& ! respect & admiration ( mank9d1 & own+ spl5did *ur* prop]ty valu$ at millions ( doll>s2 9 ! qu5*less ?ir/ ( ! mass ( ! p = useful k1 display$ at ! close ( ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion1 & abat+ no?+ ( its int5se ke5ness s9ce1 ) ! rem>kable r$uction 9 ! illit]acy ( ! mass ( ! p1 z is eloqu5tly disclos$ by ! c5sus reports--x is 9 ^! results t no cause = compla9t or disc\ragem5t c be f\nd4 ,! :ole race "h /&s on improv$ gr\nd ov] t x occupi$ at ! close ( ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion2 albeit1 ev5 "h1 ! individual has out/ripp$ ! mass ( ! race1 z x 0 b natural t he %\ld & always w4 ,b1 :ile ?is is true & gratify+ to all ^? t hope ! ,afro-,am]ican p well1 x is also true1 & equally gratify+ t1 z f> z ! mass is conc]n$1 ! home life1 ! *ur* & ! s*ool h\se h come into ! life ( ! p1 9 "s sort1 ev]y:]e1 giv+ ! :ole race a "* & a /&+ 9 ! e/imation ( mank9d :i* x did n h at ! close ( ! w>1 & presag+1 logically1 unless all signs fail1 a developm5t along high & honorable l9es 9 ! future2 ! results f :i*1 ,i pr$ict1 at ! end ( ! ensu+ half c5tury1 build$ ^u ! f\ndation already laid1 be+ su* z to conf\nd ! prophets ( evil1 :o nev] cease to d\bt & %ake _! heads1 ask+3 ,c any good ?+ come out ( ,naz>e?8 ,we h ! answ] already 9 ! social & home life ( ! p1 :i* is s va/ an improvem5t ov] ! conditions & ! h]itage ( slav]y z to /agg] ! und]/&+ ( ^? :o are in=m$ on ! subject1 or w take ! tr\ble to in=m !mselves4 ,if we h mu* loose moral liv+1 x is n sanction$ by ! mass1 w$lock be+ ! rule1 & n ! exception2 if we h a va/ volume ( illit]acy1 we h r$uc$ x by =ty p] c5t4 s9ce ! w>1 & ! s*ool h\ses are all full ( *ildr5 eag] to le>n1 & ! s*ools ( high] & indu/rial tra9+ _c accommodate all ^? :o knock at _! doors = admission2 if we h m ?an our %>e ( crim9ality1 we h also *ur*es 9 e hamlet & city1 to :i* a va/ majority ( ! p belong1 & :i* are insi/5tly po9t+ ! way1 ! light & ! tru? to high] & nobl] liv+4 ,m9dful1 !re=e1 ( ! ,negro's two hundr$ & =ty-five ye>s ( slave education & unrequit$ toil1 & ( 8 ?irty ye>s ( p>tial fre$om & less ?an p>tial opportunity1 :o %all say t 8 place 9 ,am]ican life at ! pres5t day is n all t %\ld be reasonably expect$ ( him1 t x is n cr$itable to him1 & t x is n a suffici5t augury = bett] & nobl] & high] ?9k+1 /riv+ & build+ 9 ! future8 ,social gr[? is ! sl[e/ ( all gr[?4 ,if !re be signs ( gr[?1 !n1 !re is reasonable hope = a heal?y maturity4 ,!re are pl5ty ( su* signs1 & he :o runs may read !m1 if he w4