file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #aejah-;h4htm or #aejah-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_ /j_/a_/aejah_/aejah-;h_/#aejah-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_ /j_/a_/aejah_/aejah-;h4zip7 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,a ,text-,book = ,use 9 ,public ,s*ools1 ,high ,s*ools & ,normal ,s*ools & a ,manual ( ,ref]5ce = ,tea*]s by ,,alex4 ,l4 ,,pet]man ,late ,pr9cipal & ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool ( ! ,k5tucky ,/ate ,college1 & ,memb] ( ! ,k5tucky ,/ate ,s5ate ,new ,york ,c9c9nati ,*icago ,am]ican ,book ,company ,revis$ to #aiaf4 ,,d$ication4 ,to ! ?\s&s ( devot$ ,tea*]s 9 e "p ( ! l&1 :o are tra9+ ! boys & girls ( to-day to a true conception ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip1 & to a deep] love = our :ole c\ntry1 ?is little book is d$icat$ by a ,bro!r 9 ! "w4 ,,preface4 ,?is text-book beg9s at home4 ,! />t+-po9t is ! family1 ! fir/ =m ( gov]nm5t ) :i* ! *ild comes 9 contact4 ,z 8 acqua9tance ) rightful au?ority increases1 ! s*ool1 ! civil di/rict1 ! t[n%ip1 ! c\nty1 ! ,/ate1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are tak5 up 9 _! ord]4 ,! book is especially int5d$ = use 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! plan is ! simple/ yet devis$1 & is1 !re=e1 well adapt$ to public s*ool purposes4 ,x has be5 us$ by ! au?or = _m ye>s1 9 public s*ools1 normal s*ools1 & tea*]s' in/itutes4 ,x c>efully & logically foll[s ! mu* prais$ & mu* neglect$ syn!tic me?od4 ,all /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( tea*+ agree t beg9n]s 9 ! /udy ( gov]nm5t %\ld comm5ce ) ! kn[n1 & gradually proce$ to ! unkn[n4 ,yet x is believ$ ?is is ! fir/ textbook t closely foll[s ?is me?od ( treat+ ! subject4 ,! con/ant aim has be5 to pres5t ! subject 9 a simple & attractive way1 9 accordance ) s\nd pr9ciples ( tea*+--t *ildr5 may gr[ into su* a k ( _! gov]nm5t t ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry may come home to ! bus9ess & bosoms ( ! p4 ,! rec5t increase ( int]e/ among ! p ^u ! subject ( gov]nm5t is a hopeful sign4 ,x w lead to a bett] k ( our political in/itutions1 & h5ce give u bett] citiz5s4 ,good citiz5%ip is impossible unless ! p und]/& ! gov]nm5t "u :i* !y live4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t e ,/ate 9 ! ,union ma9ta9s a sy/em ( public s*ools = ! purpose ( tra9+ citiz5s1 & t ! c\rse ( /udy 9 s _m ,/ates omits civil gov]nm5t1 ! sci5ce ( citiz5%ip4 ,! au?or's special ?anks are due ,hon4 ,joseph ,de%a ,pickett1 ,ph4,d41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ( ,k5tucky1 = ! sugge/ion :i* l$ to ! prep>ation ( ! "w & = excell5t ?\ghts ^u ! plan4 ,! au?or also desires to confess 8 obligation to ,presid5t ,james ,k4 ,patt]son1 ,ph4,d41 & ,pr(essor ,r4 ,n4 ,ro>k1 ,a4,m41 ( ! ,k5tucky ,/ate ,college1 ,lex+ton1 = valuable sugge/ions z to ! me?od ( treatm5t & ! scope ( ! book4 ,! au?or has d]iv$ mu* assi/ance f ! _m admirable works ^u ! same subject1 n[ be=e ! c\ntry4 ,b he has n hesitat$ to adopt a treatm5t diff]5t f !irs :5 x has be5 deem$ advisable4 ,he submits 8 "w to a discrim9at+ public1 ) ! hope t he has n labor$ 9 va9 9 a field 9 :i* s _m h wr\ght4 ,,alex4 ,l4 ,,pet]man4 ,a ,,few ,,words ,,to ,,tea*]s4 #a4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,/udy4--,e s*ool %\ld tea*1 & e *ild %\ld /udy1 ! pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t1 9 ord]3 #a4 ,t by kn[+ 8 c\ntry bett] he may le>n to love x m4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! s*ool is to tea* its pupils to love ,god1 home1 & native l&4 #b4 ,t ! *ild may le>n t !re is su* a ?+ z j au?ority2 t ob$i5ce to x is "r & manly2 t we mu/ le>n to gov]n by fir/ le>n+ to obey4 #c4 ,t he may "k 8 rights z a citiz51 &1 kn[+1 d>e ma9ta92 t he may also "k 8 duties z a citiz51 &1 kn[+1 may p]=m !m intellig5tly & hone/ly4 #d4 ,t he may und]/& ! sacr$ness ( ! "r ( suffrage1 & aid 9 secur+ hone/ elections & hone/ dis*>ge ( (ficial duties4 #e4 ,t he may bett] und]/& ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 = ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>gely ! hi/ory ( our political in/itutions4 #b4 ,,oral ,,in/ruction4--,!re is no *ild 9 y\r s*ool too "y to le>n some?+ ( geography1 ( hi/ory1 & ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,^! ?ree subjects are s closely relat$ t x is easi] & bett] to tea* !m toge!r4 ,all pupils n prep>$ = ! text-book %\ld1 at lea/ on alt]nate days1 be in/ruct$ by ! tea*] 9 a s]ies ( famili> talks1 beg9n+ ) ,! ,family1 & proce$+ sl[ly to ,! ,s*ool1 ,! ,civil ,di/rict or ,t[n%ip1 ,! ,c\nty1 ,! ,/ate1 & ,! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( oral in/ruction1 :i* is ! be/ possible prep>ation = ! =mal /udy ( civil gov]nm5t1 ! plan & outl9es ( ?is book may be us$ by ! tea*] ) bo? pr(it & pleasure4 #c4 ,,prop] ,,age ,,= ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,text-,,book4--,! plan & ! /yle ( ?is book are s simple t ! subject w be readily und]/ood by pupils read+ 9 ! ,f\r? ,read]4 ,ev5 9 our ungrad$ c\ntry s*ools ! av]age pupil ( twelve ye>s is well prep>$ to beg9 ! /udy ( ! text-book 9 civil gov]nm5t4 ,x is a s]i\s mi/ake to po/pone ?is mu* neglect$ subject until a lat] age4 ,let x be introduc$ e>ly1 t ! *ild's k ( 8 gov]nm5t may gr[ ) 8 gr[?1 & /r5g!n ) 8 /r5g?4 #d4 ,,two ,,p>ts4--,x w be obs]v$ t ! book is divid$ into two p>ts3 ! =m] treat+ ! subject concretely1 ! latt] treat+ x ab/ractly4 ,beg9n]s %\ld deal ) ?+s1 n !ories2 h5ce1 ! ab/ract treatm5t ( civil gov]nm5t is def]r$ until ! pupil's m9d is able to grasp x4 ,= ! same reason1 def9itions 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book are few & simple1 ! design ( ! au?or be+ to illu/rate r ?an to def9e2 to lead ! *ild to see1 r ?an to burd5 8 m9d ) f9e-spun /atem5ts t s]ve only to confuse4 ,9 an elaborate "w = advanc$ /ud5ts ! me?od ( treatm5t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be q diff]5t4 #e4 ,,topical ,,me?od4--,! subject ( ea* p>agraph is pr9t$ 9 bold-fac$ type1 ?us specially adapt+ ! book to ! topical me?od ( recitation4 ,?is feature also s]ves z a guide to ! pupil 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 lesson4 #f4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4--,9 def]5ce to ! be/ pr(essional ?\ght1 ! au?or has omitt$ all que/ions ^u ! text1 kn[+ t e live tea*] pref]s to frame 8 own que/ions4 ,! space usually allott$ to que/ions ^u ! text is devot$ to sugge/ive que/ions1 int5d$ to lead ! pupil to ?9k & to inve/igate = himself4 ,! au?or s9c]ely hopes t ! tea*] w n p]mit ! pupil to memorize ! language ( ! book1 b enc\rage him to express ! ?\ght 9 8 own words4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,family4 ,introductory2 ,def9ition2 ,purposes2 ,memb]s2 ,rights2 ,duties2 ,(fic]s2 ,p[]s2 ,duties2 ,responsibility2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,s*ool ,,di/rict4 ,introductory2 ,def9ition & ,purposes2 ,=mation2 ,functions2 ,memb]s2 ,*ildr52 ,rights2 ,duties2 ,p>5ts2 ,rights & ,duties2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,(fic]s2 ,appo9tm5t2 ,duties2 ,tea*]2 ,p[]s2 ,duties2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,civil ,,di/rict4 ,introductory2 ,civil ,unit ,def9$2 ,g5]al ,classes2 ,civil ,di/rict2 ,numb]2 ,size2 ,purposes2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,citiz5s2 ,rights2 ,duties2 ,(fic]s2 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace2 ,election2 ,t]m ( ,(fice2 ,duties2 ,con/able2 ,election2 ,t]m ( ,(fice2 ,duties2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,t[n%ip1 ,,or ,,t[n4 ,introductory2 ,=mation2 ,numb]2 ,size2 ,purposes2 ,citiz5s2 ,rights2 ,duties2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,corporate ,p[]2 ,(fic]s2 ,legislative ,dep>tm5t2 ,p2 ,tru/ees2 ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 ,cl]k2 ,treasur]2 ,s*ool ,directors2 ,assessors2 ,sup]visors2 ,con/ables2 ,o!r ,(fic]s2 ,judicial ,dep>tm5t2 ,ju/ices2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,introductory2 ,purposes2 ,=mation2 ,area2 ,c\nty ,seat2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,corporate ,p[]2 ,dep>tm5ts2 ,(fic]s2 ,legislative ,dep>tm5t2 ,c\nty ,commission]s1 or ,bo>d ( ,sup]visors2 ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 ,c\nty1 ,attorney1 or ,prosecut+ ,attorney2 ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools2 ,%]iff2 ,treasur]2 ,auditor2 ,c\nty ,cl]k1 or ,common ,pleas ,cl]k2 ,record]1 or ,regi/]2 ,surveyor2 ,coron]2 ,o!r ,(fic]s2 ,judicial ,dep>tm5t2 ,c\nty ,judge1 or ,probate ,judge2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,municipal ,,corporations--,,villages1 ,,bor\ghs1 ,,& ,,cities4 ,! ,village or ,bor\gh2 ,incorporation2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,(fic]s2 ,duties2 ,! ,city2 ,incorporation2 ,w>ds2 ,city ,in/itutions2 ,f9ances2 ,citiz5s2 ,rights & ,duties2 ,gov]nm5t2 ,(fic]s2 ,duties2 ,commission ,plan ( ,city ,gov]nm5t2 ,recall2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/ate ,introductory2 ,def9ition2 ,=mation ( ,orig9al ,/ates2 ,admission ( ,new ,/ates2 ,purposes2 ,functions2 ,in/itutions2 ,citiz5s2 ,rights2 ,duties2 ,con/itution2 ,=mation & ,adoption2 ,purposes2 ,value2 ,cont5ts2 ,bill ( ,rights2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts2 ,legislative ,dep>tm5t2 ,qualifications2 ,privileges2 ,p[]2 ,sessions2 ,functions2 ,=bidd5 ,p[]s2 ,! ,s5ate2 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 ,direct ,legislation2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 ,gov]nor2 ,t]m2 ,qualifications2 ,p[]s2 ,duties2 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor2 ,secret>y ( ,/ate2 ,auditor2 ,comptroll]2 ,treasur]2 ,attorney-,g5]al2 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction2 ,o!r ,(fic]s2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,judicial ,dep>tm5t2 ,purposes2 ,supreme ,c\rt2 ,di/rict1 or ,circuit ,c\rt2 ,t]ritories2 ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 ,legislative ,dep>tm5t2 ,judicial ,dep>tm5t2 ,repres5tation 9 ,congress2 ,laws2 ,local ,affairs2 ,purposes2 ,hawaii & ,alaska2 ,di/rict ( ,columbia2 ,porto ,rico & ! ,philipp9es2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,introductory2 ,=mation2 ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t2 ,purposes2 ,functions2 ,citiz5s2 ,naturalization2 ,rights2 ,ali5s2 ,con/itution2 ,=mation2 ,necessity2 ,am5dm5t2 ,dep>tm5ts2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,legislative ,dep>tm5t2 ,congress2 ,privileges ( ! ,h\ses2 ,privileges & ,disabilities ( ,memb]s2 ,p[]s ( ,congress2 ,=bidd5 ,p[]s2 ,s5ate2 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 ,! ,speak]2 ,o!r ,(fic]s2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,executive ,dep>tm5t2 ,presid5t2 ,qualifications2 ,election2 ,inauguration2 ,(ficial ,resid5ce2 ,dignity & ,responsibility2 ,messages2 ,duties & ,p[]s2 ,cab9et2 ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate2 ,diplomatic ,s]vice2 ,consul> ,s]vice2 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t2 ,bureaus2 ,w> ,dep>tm5t2 ,bureaus2 ,milit>y ,academy2 ,navy ,dep>tm5t2 ,naval ,academy2 ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t2 ,bureaus2 ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t2 ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice2 ( ,agriculture2 ( ,comm]ce2 ( ,labor2 ,sep>ate ,commissions2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,judicial ,dep>tm5t2 ,jurisdiction ( ,u4,s4 ,c\rts2 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,jurisdiction2 ,dignity2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rts ( ,appeals2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt2 ,c\rt ( ,cu/oms ,appeals2 ,c\rt ( ,claims2 ,o!r ,c\rts2 ,t]m ( ,s]vice2 ,(fic]s ( ,c\rts2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,orig9 & ,necessity2 ,= ! ,p2 ,k9ds2 ,=ms ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t2 ,mon>*y2 ,ari/ocracy2 ,democracy2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ju/ice4 ,rights & ,duties2 ,relation ( ,rights & ,duties2 ,civil ,rights & ,duties2 ,indu/rial ,rights & ,duties2 ,social ,rights & ,duties2 ,moral ,rights & ,duties2 ,political ,rights & ,duties2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,law ,,& ,,lib]ty4 ,orig92 ,k9ds ( ,law2 ,c\rts2 ,suits2 ,judges2 ,gr& ,jury2 ,trial ,jury2 ,orig9 ( ,juries2 ,(fic]s ( ,c\rts2 ,legal ,proce$+s2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,suffrage ,,& ,,elections4 ,suffrage2 ,importance2 ,elections2 ,me?ods ( ,vot+2 ,(fic]s ( ,elections2 ,brib]y2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,ballot ,,sy/em1 ,orig92 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,pr9ciples2 ,requirem5ts2 ,vot+2 ,advantages2 ,=ms ( ,ballots2 ,9 ,l\isville2 ,9 ,massa*usetts2 ,9 ,indiana2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,p>ties ,,& ,,p>ty ,,ma*9]y4 ,orig92 ,necessity2 ,p>ty ,ma*9]y2 ,committees2 ,conv5tions2 ,call+ ,conv5tions2 ,local & ,/ate ,conv5tions2 ,national ,conv5tion2 ,plat=m2 ,nom9ations2 ,prim>y ,elections2 ,caucuses2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,legislation4 ,bills2 ,introduction2 ,committees2 ,reports2 ,am5dm5ts2 ,passage2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,rev5ue ,,& ,,taxation4 ,rev5ue2 ,taxation2 ,necessity ( ,taxation2 ,direct ,taxes2 ,indirect ,taxes2 ,cu/oms or ,duties2 ,int]nal ,rev5ue2 ,sugge/ive ,que/ions ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,index ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,family4 ,,introductory4#a--,p liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates owe respect & ob$i5ce to n less ?an f\r diff]5t gov]nm5ts2 t is1 to f\r =ms ( organiz$ au?ority4 ,!y h duties1 z citiz5s ( a t[n%ip or civil di/rict1 z citiz5s ( a c\nty1 z citiz5s ( "s "o ( ! ,/ates1 & z citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all p]sons are1 or h be51 memb]s ( a family2 "s also live "u a village or city gov]nm5t2 & mo/ *ildr5 are subject to ! gov]nm5t1 ( "s s*ool4 ,_m p 9 ?is c\ntry live "u six gov]nm5ts--namely1 ! family1 ! t[n%ip or civil di/rict1 ! village or city1 ! c\nty1 ! ,/ate1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :ile *ildr5 :o live 9 villages or cities1 & att5d s*ool1 are subject to sev5 diff]5t gov]nm5ts4 ,^! organizations are s closely relat$ t ! duties ( ! p z citiz5s ( "o d n conflict ) _! duties z citiz5s ( ! o!rs4 ,! bett] citiz5 a p]son is ( "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts ! bett] citiz5 he is ( all gov]nm5ts "u :i* he lives4 ,,def9ition4--,ea* ( u is a memb] ( "s family4 ,we 7 born into ! family circle1 & our p>5ts fir/ taught u to obey4 ,by insi/+ ^u ob$i5ce1 p>5ts gov]n _! *ildr51 & ?us keep !m f evil & f dang]4 ,! family1 !n1 is a =m ( gov]nm5t1 e/abli%$ = ! good ( ! *ildr5 !mselves1 & ! fir/ gov]nm5t t ea* ( u mu/ obey4 ,,purposes4--,! family exi/s = ! re>+ & tra9+ ( *ildr51 & = ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( p>5ts4 ,all *ildr5 ne$ ! com=ts & re/ra9ts ( home life4 ,!y are gr[+ up to be citiz5s & rul]s ( ! c\ntry1 & %\ld le>n to rule by fir/ le>n+ to obey4 ,! lessons ( home prep>e !m = life & = citiz5%ip4 ,,memb]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! family are ! fa!r1 ! "m1 & ! *ildr52 & ! family gov]nm5t exi/s = all1 especially = ! *ildr51 t !y may be protect$1 guid$1 & taught to become useful m5 & wom54 ,! welf>e ( ea* & ( all dep5ds ^u ! family gov]nm5t1 ^u ! c>e ( ! p>5ts & ! ob$i5ce ( ! *ildr54 ,,rights4--,! memb]s h c]ta9 rights2 t is1 c]ta9 j claims ^u ! family4 ,ea* has a "r to all ! c>e & protection t ! family c give3 a "r to be k9dly treat$2 a "r to be spok5 to 9 a polite mann]2 a "r to food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 & an opportunity to acquire an education2 a "r to ! advice & w>n+ ( ! old] memb]s2 a "r to ! respect ( all4 ,,duties4--,z ea* ( ! memb]s has 8 rights1 ea* also has 8 duties2 = :]e a "r exi/s1 a duty always exi/s ) x4 ,x is ! duty ( ea* to treat ! o!rs k9dly2 to tea* !m :at is "r & :at is wrong2 to aid !m 9 _! "w2 to com=t !m 9 _! sorr[s2 & to rejoice ) !m 9 _! gladness4 ,x is ! duty ( ! *ildr5 to love _! p>5ts2 to obey !m 9 all ?+s2 to respect old] p]sons2 & to ab/a9 f bad habits & bad language4 ,,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s ( ! family gov]nm5t are ! fa!r & ! "m4 ,!y 7 made (fic]s :5 !y 7 m>ri$1 s t ! rul]s ( ! family are also memb]s ( ! family4 ,! (fice ( a p>5t is a holy (fice1 & requires wisdom = ! prop] dis*>ge ( its duties4 ,,p[]s4--,! p>5ts h p[] to make rules1 to decide :5 ^! h be5 brok51 & to insi/ t !y %all be obey$4 ,!y make ! law ( ! family1 en=ce ! law1 & expla9 ! law4 ,!y h supreme control ov] _! *ildr5 9 all ! usual affairs ( life1 until ! *ildr5 arrive at ! legal age--tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,,duties1 ,,responsibility4--,p>5ts %\ld be firm & j 9 _! rul+s2 !y %\ld /udy ! welf>e ( _! *ildr51 & use e ef=t to tra9 !m to lives ( usefulness & honor4 ,x is ! duty ( p>5ts to provide _! *ildr5 ) food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 & ! means ( acquir+ an education4 ,!re is no o!r responsibility s great z ! responsibility ( fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,!y are responsible = !mselves1 & ! law makes !m p>tly responsible = ! conduct ( _! *ildr54 ,!re=e1 "o ( ! highe/ duties ( a p>5t to 8 *ildr5 is to exact ob$i5ce 9 all "r ?+s1 9 ord] t ! *ildr5 may be tra9$ to true manhood & womanhood4 #a,to ! tea*]--,d n assign to ! av]age class m ?an two or ?ree pages ( ! text z a lesson4 ,make ha/e sl[ly4 ,:5 ea* *apt] is complet$ let x be review$ at once1 :ile ! pupil's int]e/ is fre%4 ,see t ! ,sugge/ive ,que/ions at ! end ( ! *apt] are n neglect$4 ,if necess>y1 devote special lessons to _! consid]ation4 ,assign ! que/ions to ! memb]s ( ! class1 to be answ]$ on ! foll[+ day1 giv+ n m ?an two que/ions to any pupil4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,"n "s ( ! re/ra9ts ( home life4 #b4 ,:y does ! welf>e ( all dep5d ^u ! family gov]nm5t8 #c4 ,:y d rights & duties always exi/ toge!r8 #d4 ,"n "s bad habits4 #e4 ,:y %\ld *ildr5 ab/a9 f bad habits8 #f4 ,:at is true manhood8 #g4 ,are disob$i5t *ildr5 apt to make good citiz5s8 #h4 ,%\ld a fa!r p]mit 8 bad habits to be adopt$ by 8 *ildr58 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool4 ,,introductory4--,:5 *ildr5 rea* ! age ( six or sev5 ye>s1 !y ent] ! public s*ool & become subject to its rules4 ,we are born "u gov]nm5t1 & we are educat$ "u x4 ,we are "u x at home1 9 s*ool1 & 9 aft] life4 ,law & ord] are ev]y:]e necess>y to ! peace1 safety1 lib]ty1 &' happ9ess ( ! p4 ,true lib]ty & true enlight5m5t c n exi/ unless regulat$ by law4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,purposes4--,a s*ool di/rict or sub-di/rict is a c]ta9 portion ( ! t[n or c\nty laid (f & set ap>t = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ a public s*ool4 ,x exi/s = educational reasons only1 & is ! unit ( educational "w4 ,! public s*ools are support$ by funds rais$ p>tly by ! ,/ate1 & p>tly by ! c\nty or ! t[n%ip4 ,!y are frequ5tly call$ common s*ools or free s*ools4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to provide all *ildr5 ) ! means ( acquir+ a pla9 ,engli% education1 & ! ,/ate dis*>ges ?is duty by divid+ ! c\nty into di/ricts ( su* size t a s*ool-h\se & a public s*ool arc )9 rea* ( e *ild4 ,,=mation4--,! limits ( ! s*ool di/rict are usually fix$ by ! *ief s*ool (fic] ( ! c\nty1 by ! t[n1 by ! s*ool bo>d1 or by ! p liv+ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates di/ricts v>y greatly 9 size & %ape2 b 9 "s ( ! ,/ates !y h a regul> =m1 ea* be+ ab\t two miles squ>e4 ,,functions4--,! functions1 or "w1 ( ! s*ool are solely educational4 ,! ,/ate supports a sy/em ( public s*ools 9 ord] t ! masses ( ! p may be educat$4 ,! c\ntry ne$s good citiz5s3 to be good citiz5s ! p mu/ be intellig5t1 & to be intellig5t !y mu/ att5d ,s*ool4 ,,memb]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! s*ool di/rict are ! p liv+ 9 x4 ,all are int]e/$1 "o way or ano!r1 9 ! success ( ! s*ool4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates ! legal vot]s elect ! s*ool bo>d1 or tru/ees1 & 9 "s ,/ates levy ! di/rict s*ool taxes4 ,^? :o are nei!r vot]s nor )9 ! s*ool age are int]e/$ 9 ! intellig5ce & good "n ( ! community1 & are !re=e int]e/$ 9 ! public s*ool4 ,,*ildr54--,! *ildr5 )9 !-s*ool age are ! memb]s ( ! s*ool1 & !y are ! mo/ important memb]s ( ! s*ool di/rict4 ,x is = _! good t ! s*ool exi/s4 ,! ,/ate has provid$ s*ools 9 ord] t its *ildr5 may be educat$1 & ?us become useful m5 & wom5 & good citiz5s4 ,,rights4--,*ildr51 z memb]s ( ! s*ool1 h important rights & duties4 ,x is ! "r1 "o ( ! highe/ rights1 ( e *ild to att5d ! full session ( ! public s*ool4 ,:oev] prev5ts him f ex]cis+ ?is "r commits an (f5se aga9/ ! *ild & aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate taxes its citiz5s to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( s*ools = ! b5efit ( e *ild1 & s e *ild has a "r to all ! ,/ate has provid$ = him4 ,,duties4--,z x is ! "r1 x is also ! duty ( all *ildr5 to att5d ! full session ( ! public s*ool1 or ( "s o!r equally good4 ,!y %\ld be regul> & punctual 9 _! att5dance2 !y %\ld yield prompt & *e]ful ob$i5ce to ! s*ool gov]nm5t1 & try to avail !mselves ( all advantages t ! s*ool c give4 ,z x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to (f] a pla9 ,engli% education to e *ild1 s x is ! duty ( all *ildr5 to make ! mo/ ( all means ! ,/ate has provid$ = _! education4 ,,p>5ts1 ,,_! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,all p>5ts h ! "r to s5d _! *ildr5 to ! public s*ool1 & x is also _! duty to patronize ! public s*ool1 or "s o!r equally z good4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs :o deprive _! *ildr5 ( ! opportunities ( acquir+ an education d !m la/+ injury4 ,p>5ts %\ld use e ef=t to give _! *ildr5 at lea/ ! be/ education t c be obta9$ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! s*ool has rules to gov]n x1 t ! pupil may be guid$1 direct$1 & protect$ 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,s*ools c n "w )\t ord]1 & !re c be no ord] )\t gov]nm5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! s*ool desire t good ord] be ma9ta9$1 = !y "k _! success dep5ds ^u x2 s t s*ool1 gov]nm5t1 l all o!r good gov]nm5t1 exi/s by ! cons5t & = ! good ( ! gov]n$4 ,,(fic]s4--,! s*ool1 l all o!r gov]nm5ts1 has its (fic]s4 ,^! are ! s*ool bo>d1 or tru/ees1 & ! tea*]4 ,!y are responsible = ! gov]nm5t & good conduct ( ! s*ool4 ,!re are1 9 mo/ gov]nm5ts1 ?ree k9ds ( (fic]s1 correspond+ to ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t--! legislative1 ! judicial1 & ! executive4 ,! legislative dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t makes ! laws1 ! judicial dep>tm5t expla9s !m1 & ! executive dep>tm5t executes !m4 ,s*ool (fic]s are mo/ly executive2 t is1 _! *ief duties are to en=ce ! laws made by ! legislature = ! gov]nm5t ( ! public s*ools4 ,z !y also make rules = ! s*ool1 _! duties are p>tly legislative4 ,,appo9tm5t1 ,,t]m ,,( ,,(fice4--,! di/rict (fic]s are usually elect$ by ! legal vot]s ( ! s*ool di/rict2 b 9 "s ,/ates !y are appo9t$ by ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t1 or c\nty s*ool commission] z he is (t5 call$4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates ! t]m ( (fice is ?ree ye>s1 b 9 "s x is two ye>s1 & 9 o!rs x is only "o ye>4 ,tru/ees or directors usually receive no pay = _! s]vices4 ,,duties4--,9 mo/ ,/ates x is ! duty ( ! di/rict (fic]s to raise money by levy+ taxes = ! erection ( s*ool-build+s1 & to sup]9t5d _! con/ruction2 to pur*ase furniture & app>atus2 to c>e = ! s*ool prop]ty2 to employ tea*]s & fix _! sal>ies2 to visit ! s*ool & direct its "w2 to take ! s*ool c5sus2 & to make reports to ! high] s*ool (fic]s4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 z 9 ,indiana1 mo/ ( ^! duties belong to ! (fice ( t[n%ip tru/ee4 ,,! ,,tea*]4--,! tea*] is usually employ$ by ! directors or tru/ees1 b 9 "s ,/ates he is employ$ by ! t[n%ip tru/ee or by ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,he mu/ fir/ pass an exam9ation be=e an exam9]1 or bo>d ( exam9]s1 & obta9 !refrom a c]tificate or lic5se entitl+ him to tea* 9 ! public s*ools4 ,,p[]s4--,! tea*] has ! same p[] & "r to gov]n ! s*ool t ! p>5t has to gov]n ! family4 ,! law puts ! tea*] 9 ! p>5t's place & expects him to p]=m ! p>5t's (fice1 subject to ! action ( ! directors or tru/ees4 ,x clo!s him ) all p[] necess>y to gov]n ! s*ool1 & !n holds him responsible = its conduct1 ! directors hav+ ! "r to dismiss him at any "t = a failure to p]=m 8 duty4 ,,duties4--,! tea*] is "o ( our mo/ important (fic]s4 ,! ,/ate has confid$ to him ! tru/ ( tea*+1 ( %[+ boys & girls h[ to be useful m5 & wom51 ( tra9+ !m = citiz5%ip4 ,?is is a great "w to d4 ,! ,/ate has clo!d him ) ample p[] = ! purpose1 & x is 8 duty to s]ve ! ,/ate fai?fully & well4 ,! tea*] %\ld gov]n k9dly & firmly4 ,e pupil 9 s*ool1 ( :atev] age or size1 owes him *e]ful & ready ob$i5ce4 ,x is 8 duty1 ! duty = :i* he is paid1 to insi/ ^u ?is ob$i5ce2 to gov]n ! s*ool2 to tea* ! pupils to obey :ile !y are *ildr51 9 ord] t !y may rule well :5 !y become rul]s2 t is1 :5 !y become citiz5s4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y are law & ord] necess>y to ! peace & happ9ess ( ! p8 #b4 ,:y are public s*ools sometimes call$ free s*ools or common s*ools8 #c4 ,ab\t h[ _m squ>e miles are !re 9 a s*ool di/rict 9 ?is c\nty8 #d4 ,:at is ! (ficial title1 & :at ! "n1 ( ! *ief s*ool (fic] ( ?is c\nty8 #e4 ,:y does ! ,/ate want its p educat$8 #f4 ,:y %\ld *ildr5 be regul> & punctual 9 _! att5dance8 #g4 ,:at c p>5ts d to aid _! *ildr5 to acquire an education8 #h4 ,:at numb] ( directors d y ?9k w\ld be be/ = ! s*ool di/rict8 ,:y8 #i4 ,%\ld directors receive comp5sation8 ,h[ mu*8 #aj4 ,:y %\ld ! tea*] pass an exam9ation8 #aa4 ,%\ld he be exam9$ e ye>8 #ab4 ,:y does ! law place ! tea*] 9 ! p>5t's place8 #ac4 ,:y are citiz5s said to be rul]s8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t x is "r = a man )\t *ildr5 to pay s*ool taxes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,civil ,,di/rict4 ,,introductory4--,9 our /udy1 ?us f>1 we h _h to d ) special =ms ( gov]nm5t z ex]cis$ 9 ! family & 9 ! s*ool4 ,^! are1 9 a s5se1 peculi> to !mselves4 ,! rights ( gov]nm5t z adm9i/]$ 9 ! family1 & ! rights ( ! memb]s ( a family1 z well z _! duties to ea* o!r1 are natural rights & duties2 !y d n dep5d ^u society = _! =ce4 ,9 fact1 !y are /rong] & m b9d+ 9 proportion z ! b&s ( society are relax$4 ,9 ! primitive /ate1 be=e !re 0 organiz$ civil society1 family gov]nm5t 0 supreme2 & likewise1 if a family %\ld remove f )9 ! limits ( civil society & be entirely isolat$1 family gov]nm5t w\ld aga9 resume its p[] & b9d+ =ce4 ,s*ool gov]nm5t1 :ile p>tak+ ( ! nature ( civil gov]nm5t1 is /ill m closely alli$ to family gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! natural /ate1 & 9 ! isolat$ h\sehold1 ! education ( ! *ild devolves ^u ! p>5ts1 & ! p>5t delegates a "p ( 8 natural rights & duties to ! tea*] :5 he commits ! education ( 8 *ild to ! common s*ool4 ,! tea*] is said to /& 9 loco p>5tis 79 ! place ( ! p>5t71 & f ?is direction1 ma9ly1 are 8 rights ( gov]nm5t d]iv$4 ,! s*ool1 !re=e1 /&s 9 an int]m$iate position betwe5 family gov]nm5t & civil gov]nm5t prop]1 p>tak+ ( "s features ( ea*1 & =m+ a sort ( /epp+-/one = ! *ild f ! natural re/ra9ts ( home to ! m complex dem&s ( civil society4 ,! s*ool di/rict1 also1 :ile p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a civil in/itution1 is 9 _m respects to be reg>d$ z a co-op]ative organization ( ! families ( ! neighborhood = ! education ( _! *ildr51 & its gov]nm5t z a co-op]ative family gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,civil ,,unit ,,def9$4 ,9 ne>ly e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is a unit ( civil society 9 :i* ! p ex]cise _m ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t at fir/ h&4 ,?is civil unit is v>i\sly nam$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 & its fir/ organization may h be5 = "s m9or purpose2 b x has gr[n to be an important sph]e ( gov]nm5t 9 _m ,/ates1 & ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry x is ! prim>y s*ool ( ! citiz5 & ! vot]4 ,!re are _m diff]5t names by :i* ?is civil unit is kn[n4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi x is call$ ! ,beat1 & ?is "n is no d\bt d]iv$ f ! orig9al purpose ( ! organization1 z ! jurisdiction ( a wat*man or con/able4 ,9 ,delaw>e x is call$ ! ,hundr$1 :i* is ! old ,engli% subdivision ( a c\nty1 suppos$ to conta9 "o hundr$ families1 or "o hundr$ m5 able to be> arms 9 ! public s]vice4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 9 ,new ,york1 & 9 ,wiscons9 x is call$ ! ,t[n1 f ! old ,anglo-,saxon civil unit1 :i* ant$ates ! settlem5t ( ,engl& by its ,saxon invad]s1 & is probably old] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ,arkansas1 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 ,kansas1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1 ,montana1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & p>ts ( ,ill9ois1 ,nebraska1 & ! ,dakotas1 x is call$ ! ,t[n%ip1 only a v>iation ( "n f ! t[n1 & hav+ ! same orig94 ,9 ,cali=nia x is call$ ! ,judicial ,t[n%ip1 & 9 p>ts ( ! ,dakotas x is call$ ! ,s*ool ,t[n%ip4 ,9 ,alabama1 ,colorado1 ,florida1 ,idaho1 ,oregon1 ,utah1 ,wa%+ton1 & p>ts ( ,ill9ois & ,nebraska1 x is call$ ! ,election ,prec9ct1 f ! fact t x 0 ! subdivision made = ! conv5i5ce ( vot]s4 ,9 ,georgia x is call$ ! ,militia ,di/rict1 f ! fact t ea* subdivision furni%$ a c]ta9 proportionate numb] ( m5 = ! militia s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 ,virg9ia1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 x is call$ ! ,magi/]ial ,di/rict1 f ! fact t x 0 con/itut$ z ! limit ( ! jurisdiction ( a local magi/rate4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is call$ ! ,police ,jury ,w>d1 p]haps = ! reason t f ea* "o ( ^! subdivisions a w>d5 0 elect$ to adm9i/] ! p>i% gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,m>yl& & ,wyom+ x is call$ ! ,election ,di/rict1 f ! fact t x 0 ! subdivision made = ! conv5i5ce ( vot]s4 ,9 ,t5nessee x is call$ ! ,civil ,di/rict--probably1 next to t[n or t[n%ip1 ! mo/ fitt+ "n = ! smalle/ subdivision ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,texas x is call$ ! ,ju/ice's ,prec9ct1 z be+ ! limit ( a ju/ice's jurisdiction4 ,9 "s ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 also1 di/ricts :i* h n ! entire t[n organization are provisionally call$ ,plantations or ,grants1 be+ subject to ! adm9i/ration1 9 "s local affairs1 ( o!r t[ns4 ,b "u :atev] "n ! civil unit may exi/1 x is ! prim>y seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 _m cases ! orig9al reason = ! "n has disappe>$1 :ile ! "* ( ! gov]nm5t has greatly *ang$1 & be5 modifi$ & develop$ f ! fir/ crude =ms4 ,,?ree ,,g5]al ,,classes4--,z a result1 !re are at pres5t b ?ree g5]al classes into :i* we ne$ subdivide ! civil unit 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates3 ^! are ! ,civil ,di/rict1 :i* w\ld include ! ,beat1 ,hundr$1 ,election ,prec9ct1 ,militia ,di/rict1 & num]\s o!r classes1 embrac+ ab\t "o half ! ,/ates ( ! ,union2 ! ,t[n1 :i* has its fulle/ developm5t 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates2 & ! ,t[n%ip1 :i* 9 "s ,/ates has ne>ly ! full developm5t ( a ,new ,engl& t[n1 :ile 9 o!r ,/ates x has a loos] organisation1 approximat+ ! civil di/rict ( ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates4 ,,! ,,civil ,,di/rict1 ,,prop]4 ,we %all treat ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! civil unit :i* we h class$ "u ! g5]al "n ( civil di/rict be=e we speak ( ! t[n & ! t[n%ip1 because !y are simpl] & mu* less develop$1 & !re=e naturally con/itute ! simple/ =m ( ! civil unit4 ,,numb]1 ,,size4--,9 numb] & size1 civil di/ricts v>y widely 9 diff]5t ,/ates & 9 diff]5t c\nties ( ! same ,/ate4 ,!re are r>ely less ?an five or m ?an twelve di/ricts to ! c\nty4 ,,purposes4--,! division ( ! c\nty into di/ricts1 ea* ) its own c\rt ( law1 br+s ju/ice to ! p's doors4 ,x secures (fic]s to e "p ( ! c\nty1 ?us af=d+ bett] means = ! puni%m5t ( crimes4 ,x provides a spe$y trial = m9or (f5ces & m9or suits4 ,x aids ! high] c\rts by reliev+ !m ( a multitude ( small cases4 ,z ea* di/rict has "o or m poll+-places1 x secures conv5i5ce to ! electors 9 ca/+ _! votes4 ,,gov]nm5t4--,! functions ( ! civil di/rict arc judicial & executive1 & lie )9 a n>r[ range4 ,its gov]nm5t possesses no legislative or corporate p[] :atev]2 x c n make a s+le law1 h[ev] unimportant4 ,)9 a n>r[ jurisdiction or sph]e1 x applies ! law to p>ticul> cases1 & ?is is ! *ief purpose = its exi/5ce4 ,:5ev] ! civil unit possesses m p[]s ?an are h]e9 set =?1 x is m prop]ly describ$ "u ! t[n%ip 9 ! next *apt]1 no matt] :at "n x may g by locally4 ,,citiz5s4 ,! citiz5s ( ! civil di/rict are ! p resid+ )9 x4 ,x exi/s = _! b5efit1 t !y may be secure 9 life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se !y con/itute ! di/rict1 s9ce its gov]nm5t conc]ns !m directly1 & o!rs only remotely4 ,,rights4--,all citiz5s h a "r to ! full & equal protection ( ! laws4 ,ea* has a "r to be secure 9 8 p]son & prop]ty2 to dem& t ! peace be pres]v$2 to d all ?+s accord+ to 8 own w1 provid$ he does n trespass ^u ! rights ( o!rs4 ,no "o 9 ! family1 9 ! s*ool1 9 ! civil di/rict1 9 ! c\nty1 9 ! ,/ate1 or 9 ! nation1 has ! "r to d or say any ?+ :i* int]f]es ) ! life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 or happ9ess ( ano!r4 ,any act :i* int]f]es ) ! rights ( o!rs is an (f5ce aga9/ ! common good & aga9/ ! law4 ,x is *iefly = ! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( ^! unlawful acts t ! civil di/rict exi/s1 ) its c\rt & its (fic]s4 ,all legal vot]s ( ! di/rict h ! "r to p>ticipate 9 its gov]nm5t by ex]cis+ a free *oice 9 ! selection ( its (fic]s1 except 9 ,/ates :]e ^! (fic]s are appo9t$4 ,!y h ! "r to ca/ _! votes )\t fe> or favor4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important & sacr$ rights t freem5 possess4 ,free gov]nm5t c n exi/ )\t x4 ,! law gu>antees x1 & all ! p[] ( ! ,/ate may be employ$ to ma9ta9 x4 ,!re=e1 :oev] prev5ts a vot] f ex]cis+ ! "r ( suffrage does x at 8 own p]il4 ,,duties4--,z ! citiz5s ( ! civil di/rict h rights1 !y also h correspond+ duties4 ,z !y may dem& protection & ! pres]vation ( ! peace1 s x is _! duty to obey ! law & assi/ ! (fic]s 9 its en=cem5t1 9 ord] t ! same protection may be ext5d$ to ! :ole p4 ,ea* %\ld ab/a9 f acts t injure o!rs1 & r5d] *e]ful aid to all 9 secur+ _! rights ?r\gh ! law4 ,all qualifi$ vot]s h ! "r1 & x is also _! duty1 to vote4 ,! vot]s elect ! (fic]s ( ! di/rict1 & are !re=e its rul]s4 ,:5 !y fail to vote1 !y fail to rule--fail 9 _! duty to ! p & to !mselves4 ,! duty to vote implies ! duty to vote "r1 to vote = good m5 & = good measures4 ,!re=e1 citiz5s %\ld /udy _! duty z vot]s1 t !y may elect hone/1 capable1 fai?ful (fic]s1 & support ! p>ties & pr9ciples t w be/ promote ! good ( ! c\ntry8 ,e "o %\ld /udy 8 political duty ) ! be/ light t he c obta91 decide :at is "r1 & !n vote 8 s5tim5ts hone/ly & fe>lessly4 ,if ! di/rict has good gov]nm5t1 ! vot]s des]ve ! cr$it2 if x has bad gov]nm5t1 ! vot]s des]ve ! blame4 ,,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s ( ! di/rict are ! ju/ices ( ! peace & ! con/able4 ,9 "s ,/ates !re is only "o ju/ice to ea* di/rict1 9 o!r ,/ates !re are two1 & 9 o!rs !re are ?ree4 ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,! ,,peace4--,! (fice ( ju/ice ( ! peace is "o ( dignity & importance4 ,ju/ices c r5d] great s]vice to society by ! prop] dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,!y may h mu* to d ) en=c+ ! law1 & !re=e ! be/ m5 %\ld be elect$ to ?is (fice4 ,,election1 ,,t]m ,,( ,,(fice4--,ju/ices ( ! peace are usually elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! di/rict4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! gov]nor appo9ts !m4 ,! t]m ( (fice is two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 sev5 ye>s1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,,duties4--,! duties ( ju/ices ( ! peace are pr9cipally judicial1 & _! jurisdiction ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! c\nty4 ,^u ! sworn /atem5t ( ! p]son mak+ compla9t1 !y issue w>rants = ! arre/ ( (f5d]s4 ,) ! aid ( juries1 !y hold c\rt = ! trial ( m9or (f5ces--su* z ! brea* ( ! peace--puni%able by f9e or brief imprisonm5t4 ,!y sometimes try ^? *>g$ ) high] crimes1 & acquit2 or1 if ! pro( is suffici5t1 rem& ! accus$ to trial by a high] c\rt4 ,?is is call$ an exam9+ trial4 ,!y try civil suits :]e ! am\nt involv$ does n exce$ a fix$ am\nt--fifty doll>s 9 "s ,/ates1 & "o hundr$ doll>s 9 o!rs--& prev5t crime by requir+ reckless p]sons to give security to keep ! peace4 ,ju/ices sometimes preside1 in/ead ( ! coron]1 at inque/s1 & 9 "s ,/ates !y h important duties z (fic]s ( ! c\nty4 ,,con/able1 ,,election1 ,,t]m ,,( ,,(fice4--,!re is usually "o con/able--9 "s ,/ates m--9 ea* civil di/rict4 ,con/ables1 l ! ju/ices1 are elect$ 9 mo/ ,/ates2 b 9 "s !y are appo9t$4 ,! t]m ( (fice is usually ! same z t ( ! ju/ice 9 ! same ,/ate4 ,,duties4--,! con/able is t]m$ a m9i/]ial (fic] because x is 8 duty to m9i/] to1 or wait ^u1 ! ju/ice's c\rt4 ,he s]ves w>rants1 writs1 & o!r processes ( ! ju/ice1 & sometimes ^? ( high] c\rts4 ,he pres]ves ! public peace1 makes arre/s = its violation1 & 9 "s ,/ates collects ! taxes apportion$ to 8 civil di/rict4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :at respect does civil gov]nm5t diff] f family or s*ool gov]nm5t8 #b4 ,:y does ! gov]nm5t ( ! civil di/rict conc]n its p directly & o!rs remotely8 #c4 ,:at is meant by ! civil unit8 ,by :at names is x kn[n 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates8 #d4 ,:at are ! ?ree g5]al classes "u :i* ! civil unit may be consid]$8 #e4 ,:y c n free gov]nm5t exi/ )\t ! "r to vote8 #f4 ,:y %\ld ! p try to secure _! rights ?r\gh ! law8 #g4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! subdivision ( a c\nty into di/ricts8 #h4 ,def9e 9 g5]al t]ms ! rights & duties ( ! citiz5s ( civil di/ricts4 #i4 ,by :at o!r names are ju/ices ( ! peace sometimes call$8 #aj4 ,:y is ! jurisdiction ( a ju/ice's c\rt limit$8 #aa4 ,:o are ! ju/ices ( ?is civil di/rict8 #ab4 ,:5 elect$1 & :at is _! t]m ( (fice8 #ac4 ,:o is con/able ( ?is di/rict8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! gov]nm5t ( ! civil di/rict %\ld h a legislative dep>tm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,t[n%ip ,,or ,,t[n4 ,,introduction4--,we h le>n$ t 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ! civil unit "u v>i\s names may be describ$ "u ! common "n ( ! civil di/rict2 t 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates x is call$ ! t[n1 & 9 _m ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates x is kn[n z ! t[n%ip4 ,z ! p[]s & functions ( ! t[n & ! t[n%ip are ! same 9 k9d1 diff]+ only 9 ext5t1 & z ! two names are s (t5 us$1 ! "o = ! o!r1 we %all consid] bo? "u ! head ( ! t[n%ip4 ,z a rule1 ! t[n%ip possesses m ext5sive gov]nm5tal functions 9 ! ,ea/]n ?an 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & 9 ! ,we/ x possesses functions mu* m ext5sive ?an ^? ( ! civil di/rict 9 ! ,s\?4 ,_m ( ! mo/ important p[]s t belong to ! c\nty 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates belong to ! t[n%ip 9 ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,,=mation4--,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ! t[n%ips 7 =m$ 9 ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry1 & aft]w>d a numb] ( t[n%ips 7 comb9$ to =m ! c\nty4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ! t[n%ips 7 survey$1 & _! b\nd>ies m>k$1 by ag5ts ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 be=e ! ,t]ritories became ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,z a natural result1 ! t[n%ips ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates are irregul> 9 %ape & size1 :ile ^? ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates h a regul> =m1 ea* be+ ab\t six miles squ>e4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ! t[n%ip is usually compos$ ( ?irty-six sections1 ea* section be+ "o mile squ>e1 & conta9+ six hundr$ & =ty acres ( l&4 ,,purposes4--,x is an old & true maxim t gov]nm5t %\ld be br\ght z ne> ! p z possible4 ,?is ! t[n%ip sy/em does4 ,9 our c\ntry all p[] resides 9 ! p1 & ! t[n%ip provides a conv5i5t means ( asc]ta9+ _! wi%es & ( execut+ _! w4 ,! f>!r away ! gov]nm5t1 ! less w be ! p's p[]2 ! ne>] ! gov]nm5t1 ! great] w be ! p's p[]4 ,! t[n%ip sy/em enables ea* community to att5d to its own local affairs--a "w :i* no o!r ag5cy c d s well--to remove readily & spe$ily its local public grievances1 & to obta9 readily & spe$ily its local public ne$s4 ,,citiz5s4 ,! citiz5s ( ! t[n%ip are ! p liv+ 9 x1 :e!r native or =eign]s :o h become citiz5s4 ,x exi/s = _! b5efit1 to af=d !m a means ( secur+ _! rights & ( r$ress+ _! wrongs4 ,x is ^! p]sons t ! law has 9 view :5 sett+ =? ! privileges & immunities ( citiz5%ip4 ,,rights4--,all citiz5s ( ! t[n%ip arc entitl$ to enjoy ! rights ( life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,! t[n%ip gov]nm5t exi/s = ! purpose ( secur+ ^! rights to ! p4 ,all h equal claims to ! fulle/ protection ( ! law4 ,!y may use _! own prop]ty z !y *oose1 & d :atev] pleases !m1 s long z !y d n int]f]e ) ! rights ( o!rs4 ,:5ev] "o's act1 spee*1 or prop]ty int]f]es ) ! rights ( o!rs1 he falls "u ! c5sure ( ! law & becomes subject to its p5alty4 ,all male inhabitants born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & =eign]s :o h become citiz5s1 :o h resid$ )9 ! ,/ate1 c\nty1 & t[n%ip ! "t requir$ by law1 are entitl$ to vote at all t[n%ip1 c\nty1 /ate1 & national elections4 ,sev]al ,/ates require ability to read1 or ! paym5t ( poll-tax1 z a qualification to vote2 a few p]mit ! subjects ( =eign c\ntries to vote2 & 9 "s ,/ates wom5 are p]mitt$ to vote 9 s*ool elections or 9 all elections4 ,lunatics1 idiots1 paup]s1 & p]sons convict$ ( c]ta9 high crimes are disfran*is$2 t is1 are n p]mitt$ to vote4 ,! "r ( suffrage is "o ( great p[] & value1 be+ ! basis ( all free gov]nm5t1 & is jeal\sly gu>d$ by ! laws ( ! l&4 ,,duties4--,! p h ext5sive rights & !y h equally ext5sive duties4 ,ea* citiz5 has rights t o!rs mu/ respect4 ,x is ! duty ( ea* to obs]ve & reg>d ! rights ( all o!r p]sons2 & :5 he does n1 ! law int]f]es by its (fic]s & deprives him ( 8 own rights by f9e or imprisonm5t1 & 9 "s in/ances by a /ill m sev]e p5alty4 ,x is ! duty ( ! p to love & s]ve ! c\ntry2 to be good citiz5s2 to labor = ! public good2 to obey ! law1 & to assi/ ! (fic]s 9 its en=cem5t4 ,x is ! duty ( ! qualifi$ vot]s to give ! t[n%ip good gov]nm5t by elect+ good (fic]s4 ,a vote ca/ = a bad man or a bad measure is an attack ^u ! rights ( e p]son 9 ! community4 ,! p[] ( suffrage is held = ! public good2 b x is us$ = ! public injury :5 incompet5t or unfai?ful m5 are elect$ to (fice4 ,good gov]nm5t & ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry dep5d ^u an hone/ & intellig5t vote4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! t[n%ip gov]nm5t possesses legislative1 judicial1 & executive functions4 ,x has a legislative dep>tm5t to make local laws1 a judicial dep>tm5t to apply ! laws to p>ticul> cases1 & an executive dep>tm5t to en=ce ^! & o!r laws4 ,! ?ree functions are ( ne>ly equal prom95ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b 9 ! ,we/ ! executive function is m prom95t ?an ! legislative & ! judicial4 ,,corporate ,,p[]4--,ea* t[n%ip is a corporation2 t is1 9 any bus9ess affair x may act z a s+le p]son4 ,9 its corporate capacity x c sue & be su$2 borr[ money2 buy1 r5t1 & sell prop]ty = public purposes4 ,:5 x is said t ! t[n%ip possesses ^! p[]s1 x is meant t ! p ( ! t[n%ip1 act+ z a s+le political body1 possess !m4 ,,(fic]s4--,! (fic]s ( ! t[n%ip are m num]\s1 & _! functions are m ext5sive ?an ^? ( ! civil di/rict4 ,_m (fic]s are ! same 9 "n1 & o!rs h ! same duties z ^? ( ! c\nty 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t2 ,,! ,,p4--,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ! legislative dep>tm5t ( ! t[n%ip gov]nm5t has m ext5sive functions ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates mo/ local affairs belong to ! t[n%ip gov]nm5t1 & ! c\nty is ( m9or importance4 ,9 ^! & a few o!r ,/ates ! p make _! own local laws in/ead ( delegat+ ?is p[] to repres5tatives4 ,! electors ( ! t[n%ip meet annually at a fix$ place1 ^u a day appo9t$ by law1 discuss que/ions ( public conc]n1 elect ! t[n%ip (fic]s1 levy t[n%ip taxes1 make appropriations ( money = public purposes1 fix ! sal>ies & he> ! reports ( (fic]s1 & decide ^u a c\rse ( action = ! com+ ye>4 ,?us ! p !mselves1 or m /rictly speak+1 ! qualifi$ vot]s1 are ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 "s ,/ates special t[n meet+s may be call$ = special purposes4 ,! t[n meet+ places local public affairs "u ! direct control ( ! p1 & ?us gives !m a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & makes !m feel a p]sonal responsibility = its acts4 ,ano!r b5efit ( ! sy/em is t x tra9s ! p to deal ) political matt]s1 & s prep>es !m to act intellig5tly 9 all ! affairs ( ! ,/ate & ! nation4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ! c\nty gov]nm5t is m important1 & t[n%ip legislation is conf9$ to a n>r[ range4 ,9 p[] & importance ! t[n%ip ( mo/ ,we/]n ,/ates is int]m$iate betwe5 ! t[n ( ! ,ea/ & ! civil di/rict ( ! ,s\?4 ,,selectm5 ,,or ,,tru/ees4--,! legislative p[] ( ! t[n%ip is ve/$ 9 ! tru/ees1 t[n c\ncil1 or selectm51 z !y are v>i\sly t]m$4 ,! numb] ( tru/ees or selectm5 is n ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! ,union1 be+ fix$ at ?ree 9 mo/ ,/ates ( ! ,we/1 & v>y+ 9 ,new ,engl& ) ! wi%es ( ! electors4 ,! tru/ees1 c\ncilm51 or selectm5 are elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! t[n%ip = a t]m ( "o1 two1 or ?ree ye>s1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,!y are ! legal gu>dians ( ! public int]e/s ( ! t[n%ip1 & make laws or ord9ances1 sometimes call$ by-laws1 expressly p]ta9+ to ! local wants ( ! community1 & to a limit$ ext5t may levy taxes4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 ! pr9cipal duties ( ! tru/ees or selectm5 are executive4 ,!y divide ! t[n%ip into road di/ricts2 op5 roads on petition2 select jurors2 build & repair bridges & t[n halls1 :]e ! exp5diture is small2 act z judges ( elections2 pur*ase & c>e = cemet]ies2 h *>ge ( ! poor n 9 ! c\nty *>ge2 & act = ! t[n%ip 9 its corporate capacity4 ,if any ?+ goes wrong 9 ! public affairs ( ! t[n1 compla9t is made to ^! (fic]s4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4--,mo/ ( ! public affairs ( ! t[n%ip1 z well z ( all o!r gov]nm5ts1 p]ta9 to ! executive dep>tm5t4 ,its duties are f> m ext5sive1 & its (fic]s are m num]\s1 ?an ^? ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! executive (fic]s ( ! t[n%ip are ! cl]k1 ! treasur]1 ! s*ool directors1 ! assessor1 ! sup]visors1 & ! con/ables4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates all ^! (fic]s are elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s2 b 9 "s ! cl]k1 ! treasur]1 & ! con/ables are elect$ by ! t[n c\ncil4 ,,cl]k4--,! cl]k ( ! t[n%ip is cl]k ( ! tru/ees1 c\ncil1 or selectm51 & 9 "s ,/ates ( ! s*ool bo>d4 ,he att5ds ! meet+s ( ! tru/ees1 & makes a c>eful record ( ! proce$+s4 ,he keeps ! poll-li/s & o!r legal pap]s ( ! t[n%ip1 adm9i/]s oa?s1 & notifies (fic]s ( _! election4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 & "s o!rs1 he keeps a record ( ! m>riages1 bir?s1 & dea?s1 calls ! t[n meet+ to ord]1 reads ! w>rant "u :i* x is held1 presides until a mod]ator is *os51 & !n acts z cl]k ( ! meet+4 ,,treasur]4--,taxes collect$ f ! p = local purposes are paid to ! treasur]4 ,he receives all f9es1 =feitures1 & lic5se-fees paid to ! t[n%ip4 ,he is ! keep] ( ! t[n%ip funds1 giv+ bond = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties1 & pays out money ^u ! writt5 ord] ( ! tru/ees1 atte/$ by ! cl]k4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 z 9 ,new ,york1 !re is no sep>ate t[n%ip treasur]1 ! above & o!r duties be+ p]=m$ by ! sup]visor1 :o is ! *ief (fic] ( ! t[n%ip4 ,,s*ool ,,directors4--,! s*ool directors h *>ge ( ! public s*ools ( ! t[n%ip4 ,! numb] ( directors v>ies widely1 be+ usually ?ree1 five1 or m4 ,9 a few ( ! ,/ates1 ! cl]ks ( ! di/rict tru/ees con/itute ! t[n%ip s*ool directors1 or t[n%ip bo>d ( education4 ,! directors levy taxes = s*ool purposes1 visit & inspect ! public s*ools1 adopt text-books1 regulate ! ord] ( /udies & l5g? ( ! t]m1 fix sal>ies1 pur*ase furniture & app>atus1 & make reports to ! high] s*ool (fic]s4 ,9 "s ,/ates !y exam9e tea*]s & grant c]tificates to tea*4 ,9 _m ,/ates a "p ( ^! duties falls to ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,,assessor4--,! assessor makes a li/ ( ! names ( all p]sons subject to taxation1 e/imates ! value ( _! real & p]sonal prop]ty1 assesses a tax !reon1 & 9 "s ,/ates deliv]s ?is li/ to ! auditor1 & 9 o!rs to ! collector ( taxes4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates !re1 is also a poll-tax ( f "o to ?ree doll>s1 sometimes m1 laid ^u all male inhabitants m ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,9 "s ,/ates !re are two or m assessors to ! t[n%ip1 & 9 o!rs real e/ate is valu$ only once 9 t5 ye>s4 ,,commission]s1 or surveyors ( highways1 h *>ge ( ! con/ruction & repair ( highways1 summon ^? subject to labor on ! road1 & direct _! "w4 ,,sup]visor4--,9 "s ,/ates ! *ief executive duties ( ! t[n fall ^u ! sup]visor1 b 8 pr9cipal duties are r z a memb] ( ! c\nty bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,,con/ables4--,con/ables are m9i/]ial & police (fic]s4 ,!re are usually two or ?ree 9 ea* t[n%ip4 ,!y wait ^u ! ju/ice's c\rt1 & are subject to 8 ord]s4 ,!y pres]ve ! public peace1 s]ve w>rants & o!r processes1 & 9 "s ,/ates act z collectors ( taxes4 ,,collector1 ,,etc4--,9 "s ,/ates ! t[n%ip has a collector & ?ree or m auditors4 ,!y are usually elect$ by ! tru/ees1 or c\ncil1 b 9 a few ( ! ,/ates !y are elect$ by ! t[n meet+4 ,! collector collects ! t[n%ip taxes1 giv+ bond = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,9 ord] to secure hone/y & effici5cy 9 public (fice1 & to exhibit ! f9ancial condition ( ! t[n%ip1 ! auditors annually exam9e ! books ( ! treasur] & ! collector1 & publi% a report %[+ ! receipts & exp5ditures ( public money4 ,9 a few ,/ates ! t[n%ip has a field-driv] & a p\nd-keep]1 ^: respective duties are to take /ray animals to ! p\nd1 an enclosure kept = ! purpose1 & to reta9 !m ) good c>e until ! own] is notifi$ & pays all exp5ses2 two or m f5ce-view]s1 :o decide disputes ab\t f5ces2 surveyors ( lumb]1 :o measure & m>k lumb] (f]$ = sale2 & seal]s1 :o te/ & c]tify weights & measures us$ 9 trade4 ,^! (fic]s are usually appo9t$ by ! selectm54 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t2 ,,ju/ices4--,! judicial p[] is ve/$ 9 ! ju/ices1 :o are elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ! t[n4 ,!re are usually two or ?ree ju/ices1 b 9 "s ,/ates !re is only "o 9 ea* t[n%ip4 ,! t]m ( (fice is "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m ye>s1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,ju/ices preside 9 ! ju/ice's c\rt to he> & det]m9e suits at law4 ,?is is ! humble/ c\rt 9 ! l&1 ! c\rt ( greate/ antiquity1 & ! c\rt ^u :i* all o!r c\rts are f\nd$4#a ,! ju/ice's c\rt tries petty (f5ces & civil suits = small am\nts4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! ju/ices preside at ! t[n meet+s1 & 9 o!rs !y p]=m ! duties ( coron] 9 ! t[n%ip4 #a,?orpe's ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,has ?is ,/ate ! t[n%ip sy/em8 ,if s1 give ! "n & numb] ( y\r t[n%ip4 #b4 ,h[ does ! t[n%ip sy/em provide a conv5i5t means ( asc]ta9+ & ( execut+ ! p's w8 #c4 ,:y is ! p's p[] great] :5 ! gov]nm5t is ne>8 #d4 ,:y c ! community manage its own affairs bett] ?an any o!r ag5cy c manage !m8 #e4 ,h[ d p secure _! rights8 #f4 ,:at is meant by fall+ "u ! c5sure ( ! law8 #g4 ,:at is a naturaliz$ p]son8 #h4 ,is x "r = subjects ( =eign gov]nm5ts to vote8 ,:y8 #i4 ,is x "r = wom5 to vote8 #aj4 ,:y is suffrage ! basis ( all free gov]nm5t8 #aa4 ,:at is a m sev]e p5alty ?an imprisonm5t8 #ab4 ,h[ c p s]ve ! c\ntry8 #ac4 ,:at is a good citiz58 #ad4 ,:y is a bad vote an attack on ! rights ( ! p8 #ae4 ,:at o!r laws ?an ^? made by ! legislative dep>tm5t ( ! t[n%ip does ! executive dep>tm5t en=ce8 #af4 ,h[ d y l ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+8 ,:y8 #ag4 ,"n "s duties t belong to ! executive dep>tm5t4 #ah4 ,:at is a poll-li/8 #ai4 ,:at are ! duties ( judges ( election8 #bj4 ,( :at use is a record ( m>riages1 bir?s1 & dea?s8 #ba4 ,:at is meant by lic5se-fees8 #bb4 ,:at p]sons are subject to taxation8 #bc4 ,:at is a poll-tax1 & is x "r8 ,:y8 #bd4 ,:o are subject to road duty 9 ?is ,/ate8 #be4 ,give ! names ( ! (fic]s ( ?is t[n%ip4 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! t[n meet+ is ! be/ sy/em ( local gov]nm5t yet devis$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,,intruductory4--,! c\nty is a political division ( ! ,/ate1 & is compos$ ( civil di/ricts or ( t[n%ips4 ,x be>s ! "n ( c\nty 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry except 9 ,l\isiana1 :]e a simil> organization is kn[n z a p>i%4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! c\nty has less p[] ?an ! t[n2 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates x has m ?an ! t[n%ip2 & 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates x has f> m ?an ! civil di/rict1 be+ !re ! unit ( political influ5ce4 ,,purposes4--,! c\nty organization br+s ju/ice ne> ! p1 enables !m to att5d to local affairs too ext5sive = a small] community1 & af=ds a m$ium by :i* !y may transact bus9ess ) ! ,/ate4 ,x s]ves z a conv5i5t basis ( apportion+ memb]s ( ! legislature among ! p4 ,x ma9ta9s local (fic]s1 su* z %]iff & prosecut+ attorney1 ^: duties w\ld be too n>r[ if conf9$ to a t[n%ip4 ,x secures a compet5t & high] tribunal ?an ! ju/ice's c\rt = ! trial ( suits at law4 ,?is 0 ! orig9al purpose1 & is /ill ! controll+ reason = ! division ( ! ,/ates into c\nties4 ,,=mation1 ,,area4--,c\nties are =m$1 _! rights are conf]r$1 & _! duties impos$1 by act ( ! ,/ate legislature4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates c\nties v>y greatly 9 %ape & size1 b 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates !y h a regul> =m4 ,! av]age area ( c\nties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is eight hundr$ & ?irty squ>e miles2 ! av]age area ( ^? ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] is only ?ree hundr$ & eighty squ>e miles4 ,,c\nty ,,seat4--,! c\nty gov]nm5t resides at ! c\nty seat1 c\nty t[n1 or %ire t[n1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,! c\rt-h\se1 ! jail1 ! public (fices1 & sometimes o!r c\nty build+s are locat$ at ! c\nty seat4 ,"h are kept ! records ( ! c\rts2 also1 usually copies ( ! de$s1 wills1 mortgages1 & o!r important pap]s ( ! p4 ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! c\nty1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,/ate1 & ! t[n%ip1 has a republican =m ( gov]nm5t2 t is1 x is gov]n$ by repres5tatives elect$ by ! p4 ,9 ne>ly all ,/ates ! c\nty gov]nm5t has ?ree dep>tm5ts1 legislative1 executive1 & judicial2 b ! functions ( mak+1 ( execut+1 & ( expla9+ ! laws1 are n always kept sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,9 a few ,/ates ! c\nty does n h a judicial dep>tm5t4 ,,(fic]s4--,c\nty (fic]s & t[n%ip (fic]s h duties simil> 9 k9d1 b ! =m] h *>ge ( ! l>g] int]e/s4 ,! usual (fic]s ( ! c\nty are ! commission]s or sup]visors1 ! c\nty attorney or prosecut+ attorney1 ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools or s*ool commission]1 ! %]iff1 ! treasur]1 ! auditor1 ! c\nty cl]k or common pleas cl]k1 ! surveyor1 ! coron]1 & ! c\nty judge & surrogate1 or probate judge4 ,9 ! c\nties ( _m ,/ates "o or m ( ^! (fic]s are lack+1 & o!rs h diff]5t names f ^? "h giv54 ,9 ! ,we/]n & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates c\nty (fic]s are elect$ by ! direct vote ( ! p2 9 mo/ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates "s ( !m are *os5 9 o!r ways4 ,! t]ms ( c\nty (fic]s v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,union1 be+ usually two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s2 b 9 "s ,/ates c]ta9 (fic]s are elect$ = a long] t]m4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t3 ,,c\nty ,,commission]s1 ,,or ,,bo>d ,,( ,,sup]visors4--,9 mo/ ,/ates ! public int]e/s ( ! c\nty are intru/$ to a bo>d ( (fic]s1 ?ree or five 9 numb]1 call$ c\nty commission]s4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! bo>d consi/s ( "o or m sup]visors f ea* t[n%ip1 & is call$ ! bo>d ( sup]visors4 ,9 a few ,/ates ! bo>d consi/s ( all ! ju/ices ( ! c\nty1 ) ! c\nty judge z presid+ (fic]4 ,! c\nty commission]s1 or bo>d ( sup]visors1 h *>ge ( ! c\nty prop]ty1 su* z ! c\rt-h\se1 ! jail1 & ! c\nty infirm>y2 make ord]s & raise funds = ! erection ( c\nty build+s1 & = ! con/ruction & improvem5t ( highways & bridges2 provide poll+-places2 make appropriations ( money = public purposes2 & act z ! *ief ag5ts ( ! c\nty 9 its corporate capacity4 ,9 "s ,/ates !y fix ! sal>ies ( c\nty (fic]s2 9 o!rs !y h p[] to =m new t[n%ips & to *ange ! t[n%ip b\nd>ies4 ,9 sev]al ,/ates ! functions ( ! bo>d are almo/ :olly executive4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t3 ,,c\nty ,,attorneys1 ,,or ,,prosecut9 ,,attorneys4--,! c\nty attorney1 or prosecut+ attorney1 is ! c\nty's c\nsellor at law1 & :5 reque/$ gives legal advice to all ! c\nty (fic]s4 ,x is 8 duty to prosecute ! accus$ 9 ! trial ( crimes & (f5ces1 9 ! ju/ice's c\rt1 ! c\nty c\rt1 & 9 "s ,/ates 9 ! circuit c\rt or di/rict c\rt2 to repres5t ! c\nty 9 all civil suits to :i* x is a p>ty2 & to act = x 9 all cases 9 :i* its legal int]e/s are involv$4 ,,c\nty ,,sup]9d5t5t ,,( ,,s*ools4--,9 "s ,/ates !re is no c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates !re is su* an (fic] elect$ by ! t[n%ip s*ool directors or by ! p ( ! c\nty1 or appo9t$ by ! ,/ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction4 ,9 a few ,/ates ! c\nty is divid$ into two or m di/ricts1 ea* hav+ a commission] ( s*ools4 ,! c\nty sup]9t5d5t1 or s*ool commission]1 is ! *ief s*ool (fic] ( ! c\nty4 ,he adm9i/]s ! public s*ool sy/em1 condemns unfit s*ool-h\ses & ord]s o!rs built1 exam9es tea*]s & grants c]tificates1 holds tea*]s' in/itutes1 visits & directs ! s*ools1 in/ructs tea*]s 9 _! duties1 int]e/s ! p 9 education1 & reports ! condition ( ! s*ools to ! ,/ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ important (fic]s ( ! c\nty1 a capable adm9i/ration ( 8 duties be+ ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! :ole p4 ,,%]iff4--,! %]iff is ! gu>dian ( ! peace ( ! c\nty & ! executive (fic] ( its c\rts4#a ,he pres]ves ! peace1 arre/s p]sons *>g$ ) crime1 s]ves writs & o!r processes 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases1 makes proclamation ( all elections1 summons jurors1 & m9i/]s to ! c\rts ( 8 c\nty4 ,9 ,/ates hav+ no c\nty jail]1 ! %]iff has *>ge ( ! prisons & prison]s1 & is responsible = _! safe-keep+4 ,:5 p]sons refuse to pay _! taxes1 he seizes & sells en\gh prop]ty to pay ! sum assess$2 & 9 "s ,/ates he is ! collector ( all ,/ate & c\nty rev5ue4 ,,c\nty ,,treasur]4--,! duties ( ! treasur] are indicat$ by ! title ( 8 (fice4 ,he receives all c\nty taxes1 lic5ses1 & o!r money paid into ! c\nty treasury4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates he is cu/odian ( ! c\nty's f9ancial records1 & ( ! tax-collector's books1 & 9 o!rs he collects all ! taxes assess$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,he gives bond = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( 8 duties1 & pays out funds ^u ! w>rant ( ! c\nty commission]s4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates hav+ no c\nty treasur]1 ! %]iff is keep] ( ! public money4 ,,auditor4--,! auditor is ! gu>dian ( ! c\nty's f9ancial int]e/s4 ,he exam9es ! books & pap]s ( (fic]s :o receive or disburse c\nty funds2 keeps a record ( receipts & exp5ditures2 draws all w>rants = ! paym5t ( public money2 & publi%es a report ( ! c\nty's f9ancial transactions4 ,9 "s ,/ates he receives ! assessor's returns1 apportions taxes among ! p1 & prep>es ! tax-collector's duplicate li/4 ,9 ,/ates hav+ no c\nty auditor1 ^! duties are p]=m$ by o!r (fic]s4 ,,c\nty ,,cl]k1 ,,or ,,common ,,pleas ,,cl]k4--,! c\nty cl]k1 or common pleas cl]k1 is ! record+ (fic] ( ! c\nty c\rt1 or probate c\rt1 & 9 "s ,/ates ( ! circuit c\rt4 ,he issues writs1 pres]ves pap]s1 & records judgm5ts4 ,9 _m ,/ates he issues lic5ses1 pres]ves election returns1 & records wills1 de$s1 mortgages1 & o!r important pap]s4 ,,record]1 ,,or ,,regi/]4--,9 _m ,/ates ! c\nty has a record]1 or regi/]1 in/ead ( ! c\nty cl]k1 & 9 "s ,/ates x has bo?4 ,! record]1 or regi/]1 makes a record 9 books kept = t purpose1 ( wills1 de$s1 mortgages1 village plats1 & p[]s ( attorney4 ,"s ( ^! in/rum5ts mu/ be record$ 9 ord] to make !m valid 9 law4 ,9 "s ,/ates hav+ no record]1 ^! duties are p]=m$ by ! t[n%ip cl]k1 & 9 o!rs by ! c\nty cl]k4 ,,surveyor4--,! c\nty surveyor1 or eng9e]1 surveys tracts ( l& to locate l9es1 det]m9e areas1 & to settle conflict+ claims4 ,9 "s ,/ates 8 s]vices are frequ5tly ne$$ 9 ! transf] ( real e/ate4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates he makes plots ( surveys1 issues maps ( ! c\nty1 & has *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( roads & bridges4 ,,coron]4--,! coron] inve/igates ! dea? ( p]sons :o h di$ by viol5ce1 or 9 prison1 or f causes unkn[n4 ,he receives notice ( ! dea?2 a jury is summon$2 witnesses te/ify2 & ! jury r5d]s a v]dict 9 writ+1 /at+ ! cause & ! mann] ( ! dea?4 ,?is inquiry is kn[n z ! coron]'s inque/4 ,9 "s ,/ates :5 ! (fice ( %]iff is vacant1 ! coron] p]=ms ! duties4 ,,o!r ,,(fic]s4--,9 "s ,/ates !re are sup]9t5d5ts ( ! poor1 or infirm>y directors1 :o h *>ge ( ! c\nty infirm>y 9 :i* ! dep5d5t poor are ma9ta9$2 9 o!rs ! t[n%ip ov]se]s ( ! poor support ^! un=tunates ) funds furni%$ = t purpose by ! c\nty4 ,9 "s ,/ates !re is a collector :o collects all ! taxes ( ! c\nty2 a c\nty jail] :o holds prison]s 9 cu/ody & has *>ge ( ! c\nty build+s1 "u ! commission]s' directions2 & also a circuit cl]k1 or di/rict cl]k1 :o is ! record+ (fic] ( ! circuit c\rt1 or di/rict c\rt z x is (t5 call$4 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t3 ,,c\nty ,,judge ,,or ,,probate ,,judge4--,! judicial p[] ( ! c\nty is ve/$ 9 ! c\nty judge1 or probate judge1 :o 9 _m ,/ates is its mo/ prom95t & important (fic]4 ,he has jurisdiction ( wills & e/ates1 appo9ts adm9i/rators & gu>dians1 & settles _! acc\nts4 ,9 _m /ates he grants lic5ses2 presides ov] ! legislative body ( ! c\nty2 makes ord]s op5+ roads & appo9t+ ov]se]s ( ! public highway3 appo9ts (fic]s ( elections2 holds exam9+ trials2 sits 9 ! c\nty c\rt to try m9or (f5ces & civil suits = small am\nts2 & 9 a few ,/ates acts z c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,9 "s ,/ates !re is a probate judge1 or judge ( ! orphan's c\rt1 9 addition to ! c\nty judge4 #a,?orpe's ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is meant by unit ( political influ5ce8 #b4 ,:at affairs are too ext5sive = a small] community ?an ! c\nty8 #c4 ,:y is ! c\nty seat s call$8 #d4 ,/ate ! t]ms & ! names ( ! (fic]s ( ?is c\nty4 #e4 ,:y d ! (fic]s ( ! c\nty ne$ legal advice8 #f4 ,:at is meant by ! %]iff adm9i/]+ to ! c\rts8 #g4 ,:at are lic5ses8 #h4 ,( :at use is ! treasur]'s bond8 #i4 ,:at is ! collector's duplicate li/8 #aj4 ,:at is a writ8 #aa4 ,:at is ! plot ( a survey8 #ab4 ,:at is a w8 an adm9i/rator8 #ac4 ,:at is an exam9+ trial8 #ad4 ,d y ?9k ! c\nty judge or probate judge %\ld act z sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools8 ,:y8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t a poll-tax is unju/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,municipal ,,corporations4 ,,villages1 ,,bor\ghs1 ,,& ,,cities4--,! c\nty usually has )9 its limits villages or cities1 organiz$ "u sep>ate & di/9ct gov]nm5ts4 ,:5 ! p become s ?ickly settl$ t ! t[n%ip & c\nty gov]nm5t d n meet _! local public wants1 ! community is incorporat$ z a village4 ,villages are (t5 call$ t[ns1 & incorporat$ z su*1 especially 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates2 b ! ^w tak5 9 ?is s5se mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! same ^w1 d5ot+ a political division ( ! c\nty 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & ,wiscons94 ,,! ,,village1 ,,or ,,bor\gh4 ,,incorporation4--,9 mo/ ,/ates1 villages1 bor\ghs1 & t[ns are incorporat$ "u g5]al laws made by ! ,/ate legislature4 ,a majority ( ! legal vot]s liv+ )9 ! propos$ limits mu/ fir/ vote 9 favor ( ! proposition to incorporate4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 villages are incorporat$ by special act ( ! legislature4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,purposes4--,! purposes ( ! village or bor\gh gov]nm5t are few 9 numb]1 & lie )9 a n>r[ limit4 ,x is a corporate body1 hav+ ! usual corporate p[]s4 ,"u ! village organization1 local public works1 su* z /reets1 sidewalks1 & bridges1 are ma9ta9$ m readily & 9 bett] condition ?an "u ! gov]nm5t1 ( ! t[n%ip & c\nty4 ,! pres5ce ( ! village (fic]s t5ds to pres]ve ! peace & make crime less frequ5t4 ,,(fic]s4--,! usual (fic]s ( ! village or bor\gh are ! tru/ees or c\ncilm51 ^: duties are mo/ly legislative2 ! m>%al1 & sometimes a presid5t or mayor2 a collector & a treasur]1 ^: duties are executive2 & ! record]1 or police judge1 or ju/ices ( ! peace1 ^: duties are judicial4 ,! (fic]s are usually elect$ by ! legal vot]s1 & s]ve = a t]m ( "o or two ye>s4 ,9 _m villages ! presid5t & ! collector are elect$ by ! tru/ees1 ! =m] f among _! own numb]4 ,,duties4--,! tru/ees or c\ncil pass laws1 call$ ord9ances1 relat+ to /reets1 fa/ driv+1 lamps1 wat]-works1 ! police sy/em1 public p>ks1 public heal?1 & ! public build+s4 ,!y appo9t m9or (fic]s1 su* z cl]k1 regul> & special policem51 keep] ( ! cemet]y1 & fire-w>d5s2 prescribe ! duties1 & fix ! comp5sation ( ^! (fic]s4 ,! presid5t or mayor is ! *ief executive (fic]1 & is *>g$ ) see+ t ! laws are en=c$4 ,9 villages hav+ no presid5t or mayor1 ?is duty devolves ^u ! tru/ees4 ,! m>%al is a m9i/]ial (fic]1 ) ! same duties & (t5 ! same jurisdiction z ! con/able1 & is sometimes kn[n by t "n4 ,he pres]ves ! peace1 makes arre/s1 s]ves processes1 & waits ^u ! record]'s c\rt4 ,! collector collects ! village taxes4 ,! treasur] receives all village funds1 & pays out money ^u ! ord] ( ! tru/ees4 ,! record] or police judge tries m9or (f5ces1 su* z brea* ( ! peace1 & holds exam9+ trials ( high] crimes4 ,8 jurisdiction is usually equal to t ( ju/ices ( ! peace 9 ! same ,/ate4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! village has two ju/ices ( ! peace in/ead ( ! record]1 ^! be+ also (fic]s ( ! c\nty4 ,,! ,,city4 ,:5 ! village1 bor\gh1 or t[n becomes s l>ge t its gov]nm5t does n meet ! p's local public ne$s1 x is incorporat$ z a city4 ,:]e ! c\ntry is sp>sely settl$ ! peace is seldom brok51 private int]e/s d n conflict1 ! p's public ne$s are small1 & !re=e ! functions ( gov]nm5t are few & light4 ,z ! population gr[s d5se1 ! public peace is (t5] di/urb$1 crime increases1 disputes ab\t prop]ty arise1 ! public ne$s become num]\s & important1 & ! (fic]s ( ! law mu/ int]f]e to pres]ve ord] & protect ! p4 ,! few] ! p to ! squ>e mile1 ! few] & light] are ! functions ( gov]nm5t2 ! m p to ! squ>e mile1 ! m & /rong] mu/ be ! functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,,incorporation4--,cities & villages or bor\ghs diff] pr9cipally 9 size & 9 ! scope ( _! corporate au?ority4 ,a city is l>g] 9 area & population1 & ! p[]s & privileges ( its gov]nm5t are m ext5sive4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates cities may be incorporat$ "u g5]al laws1 b "s cities are incorporat$ by special acts ( ! ,/ate legislature4 ,! act or de$ ( incorporation is call$ ! city *>t]4 ,! *>t] names ! city1 fixes its limits1 erects x z a di/9ct political corporation1 sets =? its p[]s & privileges1 names its (fic]s1 prescribes _! duties1 & au?orizes ! city to act z an indep5d5t gov]nm5t4 ,! legislature may am5d ! *>t] at any "t1 & ! acts & laws ( ! city mu/ n conflict ) ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,w>ds4--,! city is usually divid$ into w>ds = conv5i5ce 9 execut+ ! laws1 & especially 9 elect+ repres5tatives 9 ! city gov]nm5t4 ,w>ds v>y greatly 9 area & population1 & _! numb] dep5ds 9 a measure ^u ! size ( ! city4 ,ea* usually elects a memb] ( ! bo>d ( education1 & "o or m memb]s ( ea* bran* ( ! city c\ncil4 ,ea* w>d is subdivid$ into prec9cts = conv5i5ce 9 e/abli%+ poll+-places4 ,,city ,,in/itutions4--,cities ma9ta9 a numb] ( in/itutions1 peculi> to !mselves1 = ! public welf>e4 ,! frequ5cy ( de/ructive fires causes ! =mation ( a fire dep>tm5t4 ,a police =ce mu/ be organiz$ to protect life & prop]ty4 ,a sy/em ( sew]age is necess>y to ! public heal?4 ,!re mu/ be gas-works or electric-light works1 t ! /reets may be light$1 & wat]-works to supply wat] = public & private use4 ,9 _m cities gas-works & wat]-works are op]at$ by private p>ties or by private corporations4 ,,f9ances4--,ea* city has an indep5d5t f9ancial sy/em1 :i* requires skillful managem5t4 ,! city borr[s money1 issu+ int]e/-be>+ bonds 9 paym5t1 & engages 9 ext5sive public improvem5ts4 ,! l>ge outlays = pav+ ! /reets1 con/ruct+ wat]-works1 lay+ out p>ks1 erect+ public build+s1 & = ma9ta9+ police sy/ems & fire dep>tm5ts1 cause cities to incur debts (t5 am\nt+ to _m millions ( doll>s4 ,z ! result ( ! great] exp5se ( its gov]nm5t1 & z its p also pay ,/ate & c\nty taxes1 ! rate ( taxation 9 a city is f> great] ?an 9 rural di/ricts & villages4 ,,citiz5s3 ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,! qualifications1 ! rights1 & ! duties ( citiz5s ( ! city are ! same z ^? ( citiz5s ( ! t[n%ip & ! c\nty4 ,! qualifications ( vot]s are also usually ! same4 ,! duties ( vot]s are ! same 9 all elections1 :e!r 9 ! s*ool di/rict1 ! civil di/rict1 ! city1 ! c\nty1 ! ,/ate1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 namely1 to vote = ! be/ m5 & ! be/ measures4 ,"u :atev] division ( gov]nm5t ! p are liv+1 !y always h ! same int]e/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! laws1 9 ! triumph ( "r1 pr9ciples1 & 9 ! election ( good m5 to (fice4 ,,gov]nm5t4--,a city (t5 has a m complex gov]nm5t ?an t ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! city is situat$4 ,! mass+ ( s _m p1 repres5t+ s _m int]e/s1 requires a gov]nm5t ) /rong legislative1 executive1 & judicial functions4 ,"o ( ! great que/ions ( our "t is h[ to secure economy & effici5cy 9 city gov]nm5t2 &1 z our cities are gr[+ ) great rapidity1 ! problem is daily becom+ m difficult to solve4 ,,(fic]s4--,! legislative p[] is ve/$ 9 ! city c\ncil1 9 _m cases compos$ ( a bo>d ( ald]m5 & ( a common c\ncil4 ,! executive au?ority is ve/$ 9 ! mayor1 ! city attorney or solicitor1 ! city cl]k1 ! assessor1 ! collector1 ! treasur]1 ! city eng9e] or surveyor1 ! bo>d ( public works1 ! /reet commission]1 ! s*ool bo>d or bo>d ( education1 & ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,! judicial p[] is ve/$ 9 ! city c\rt1 police c\rt1 or record]'s c\rt1 z x is v>i\sly t]m$2 9 a numb] ( ju/ices' c\rts2 & 9 ! high] c\rts1 :i* are also c\rts ( ! c\nty 9 :i* ! city is locat$4 ,! (fic]s ( ! city are usually elect$ by ! legal vot]s1 b 9 "s cities ! collector1 ! city eng9e]1 ! /reet commission]1 & a numb] ( subord9ate (fic]s are appo9t$ by ! mayor or city c\ncil4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools is elect$ by ! s*ool bo>d4 ,,duties4--,9 _m small cities1 & 9 sev]al ( ! l>g] cities1 su* z ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 & ,san ,francisco1 ! c\ncil consi/s only ( ! bo>d ( ald]m54 ,:5 ! c\ncil is compos$ ( two bran*es1 a law c n be made by "o ( !m alone2 x mu/ be pass$ by bo?2 & if veto$ by ! mayor1 x mu/ be pass$ aga91 & 9 mo/ cities by a two ?irds vote1 or x is void4 ,! c\ncil makes laws1 or ord9ances1 regulat+ ! police =ce2 fix+ ! rate ( city taxation2 ord]+ ! issue ( bonds & ! con/ruction ( public works2 & mak+ appropriations = public purposes4 ,! mayor is ! *ief executive ( ! city4 ,x is 8 duty to see t ! laws are en=c$4 ,he appo9ts a numb] ( subord9ate (fic]s1 & 9 mo/ cities may veto ! acts ( ! city c\ncil4 ,! duties ( ! city attorney1 ! city cl]k1 ! assessor1 ! collector1 ! treasur]1 ! s*ool bo>d1 & ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools are simil> to ^? ( t[n%ip & c\nty (fic]s ( ! same "n4 ,! city eng9e] has *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( sew]s & ! improvem5t ( p>ks4 ,! /reet commission] att5ds to ! con/ruction & repair ( ! /reets1 cross+s1 & sidewalks4 ,!re are a numb] ( (fic]s appo9t$ by ! mayor or ! c\ncil1 su* z *ief ( police1 *ief ( ! fire dep>tm5t1 & ! city physician1 :o h duties connect$ ) _! special dep>tm5ts4 ,! city judge1 police judge1 or record]1 has duties simil> to ^? ( ! same (fic] 9 an incorporat$ village4 ,cities also h high] c\rts1 v>i\sly nam$1 ^: judges h duties & jurisdiction equival5t to ^? ( c\nty (fic]s ( ! same grade4 ,because (f5ses aga9/ ! law are m frequ5t1 (fic]s are m num]\s 9 cities ?an 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,,commission ,,plan ,,( ,,city ,,gov]nm5t4--,9 rec5t times ! commission plan ( gov]nm5t has be5 adopt$ = _m cities1 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ,/ates4 ,?is plan gives full control ( ! city gov]nm5t & its m9or (ficials to a commission or c\ncil compos$ ( a few m5 7usually five7 elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! :ole city4 ,?is commission ex]cises bo? legislative & executive functions4 ,x is compos$ ( a mayor1 & c\ncilm5 or commission]s :o act also z heads ( adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,,recall4--,9 a few ,/ates a mayor or c\ncilman 7or o!r local or ,/ate (fic] elect$ by ! p7 may be displac$ be=e ! expiration ( 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( vot]s petition to h ?is done1 a new election is held to decide :e!r he or "s "o else %all h ! (fice = ! re/ ( ! t]m4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is meant by incorporat+ a village8 #b4 ,:at is a brea* ( ! peace8 #c4 ,:at are poll+-places8 #d4 ,to :at ,/ate (fic] does ! mayor ( a city or t[n correspond8 #e4 ,:y are (f5ses aga9/ ! laws m frequ5t 9 ! cities ?an 9 ! rural di/ricts8 #f4 ,:at is ! l>ge/ city ( ?is ,/ate8 ,is its c\ncil compos$ ( "o body or ( two8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! legislative dep>tm5t ( a city gov]nm5t %\ld consi/ ( only "o delib]ative body4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,introductory4--,aft] ! c\nty1 ! gov]nm5t ne>e/ u is t ( ! ,/ate4 ,! political divisions :i* we h consid]$ are subject to ! ,/ate1 hold+ _! p[]s z grants f its gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/ate c make & unmake !m1 & we owe !m ob$i5ce because ! ,/ate has comm&$ x4 ,z we sometimes express x1 ! sov]eignty or supreme sway ( ^! local divisions resides 9 ! ,/ate4 ,,def9ition4--,a ,/ate is a community ( free citiz5s liv+ )9 a t]ritory ) fix$ limits1 gov]n$ by laws bas$ ^u a con/itution ( _! own adoption1 & possess+ all gov]nm5tal p[]s n grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ea* ,/ate is a republic & ma9ta9s a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is gu>ante$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,/ate is supreme )9 its own sph]e1 b its au?ority mu/ n conflict ) t ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,a ,/ate is sometimes call$ a commonweal? because x b9ds ! :ole p toge!r = _! common weal or common good4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,orig9al ,,/ates4--,! ?irte5 orig9al colonies 7 pr9cipally settl$ by p f ,europe4 ,! colonial rights 7 set =? & b\nd>ies fix$ by *>t]s grant$ by ! cr[n ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ^! colonies decl>$ !mselves free & indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,aft] ! treaty ( peace :i* ackn[l$g$ _! indep5d5ce1 !y fram$ & adopt$ ! national con/itution1 & !reby became ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,admission ,,( ,,new ,,/ates4--,new ,/ates are admitt$ into ! ,union by special acts ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an organiz$ ,t]ritory hav+ ! necess>y population s5ds a memorial to ,congress ask+ to be admitt$ z a ,/ate4 ,congress !n passes a law call$ an enabl+ act1 au?oriz+ ! p ( ! ,t]ritory to =m a ,/ate con/itution4 ,:5 ! p h fram$ & adopt$ a ,/ate con/itution n 9 conflict ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,congress passes ano!r act admitt+ ! new ,/ate into ! ,union ^u an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al ,/ates 9 all respects :atev]4 ,sometimes ! enabl+ act provides = admission on proclamation ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sev]al ( ! ,t]ritories adopt$ ,/ate con/itutions & 7 admitt$ z ,/ates )\t enabl+ acts4 ,,purposes4--,! ,/ate keeps p[] ne> ! p1 & ?us makes !m m secure 9 _! lib]ty4 ,! p[]s n grant$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor prohibit$ to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively or to ! p4 ,if ! :ole c\ntry 7 a s+le republic )\t ,/ate divisions1 p[] w\ld be )drawn f ! p & become c5traliz$ 9 ! national gov]nm5t4 ,our political sy/em leaves ! v>i\s functions ( gov]nm5t to ! smalle/ political communities t c p]=m !m effici5tly4 ,! c\nty has *>ge ( all public int]e/s t c be manag$ by x z well z by ! ,/ate4 ,_m public affairs1 su* z popul> education1#a private corporations1 & ! organization ( ! small] political divisions1 c be bett] manag$ by ! ,/ate ?an by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 & are !re=e prop]ly left to ! ,/ate's direction4 ,p>ts ( ! c\ntry widely sep>at$ diff] 9 climate & soil1 giv+ rise to diff]5t indu/ries & occupations1 :i* require diff]5t laws1 made & adm9i/]$ by diff]5t ,/ates4 ,! ,/ate s]ves z a conv5i5t basis = ! apportionm5t ( memb]s ( bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 & ,/ate in/itutions pres]ve & develop ! local individuality & self-reliance ( ! p4 ,,functions4--,! functions ( ! ,/ate are v ext5sive1 includ+ ! great] "p ( ^? acts ( gov]nm5t :i* pres]ve society by af=d+ security to life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,! ,/ate gov]nm5t t\*es ! citiz5s at mo/ po9ts2 t is1 all ^? laws t conc]n ! body ( ! p 9 _! ord9>y daily life are made & en=c$ by ! ,/ate1 or by ! small] political divisions ( ! ,/ate1 act+ "u ! ,/ate's directions4 ,(fic]s dis*>ge _! duties1 arre/s are made1 c\rts are held1 (f5d]s are puni%$1 ju/ice is met$ out1 & taxes are collect$1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,national ,gov]nm5t has simil> functions to p]=m 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 b !y are f> less frequ5t ?an ^? ( ! ,/ate4 ,,in/itutions4--,! ,/ate ma9ta9s a numb] ( *>itable & o!r in/itutions = ! public welf>e4 ,x makes appropriations ( l& or money = ! support ( asylums1 prisons1 re=matories1 sci5tific in/itutions1 s*ools1 colleges1 & univ]sities4 ,! support ( ^! in/itutions1 ! paym5t ( sal>ies1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & ! conduct ( o!r public int]e/s1 involve l>ge annual exp5ditures1 (t5 am\nt+ to sev]al millions ( doll>s4 ,,citiz5s4 ,! citiz5s ( a ,/ate are ! p :o live 9 x1 :e!r natives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or =eign]s :o h be5 adopt$4 ,p]sons :o are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !reby citiz5s ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* !y reside4 ,!y h all ! rights t freem5 c possess1 & enjoy a l>g] fre$om ?an d ! p ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,! legal vot]s1 (t5 call$ electors1 are ! male citiz5s :o h resid$ 9 ! ,/ate1 ! c\nty1 & ! t[n%ip1 or vot+ prec9ct1 ! "t requir$ by law to entitle !m to vote4 ,! l5g? ( resid5ce requir$ 9 ! ,/ate v>ies1 be+ two ye>s 9 "s1 six mon?s 9 o!rs1 & "o ye> 9 mo/ ,/ates4 ,sev]al ,/ates p]mit citiz5s ( =eign c\ntries to vote1 & a few p]mit wom5 to vote4 ,,rights4--,e citiz5 has ! "r to be secure 9 8 p]son2 to be free f attack & annoyance2 to g :5 & :]e he may *oose2 to keep1 enjoy1 & dispose ( 8 prop]ty2 & to provide 9 8 own way = ! welf>e ( himself & ( ^? dep5d5t ^u him4 ,! rights ( ! p are set =? at l5g? & ) great precision 9 a portion ( ! ,/ate con/itution call$ ! ,bill ( ,rights4 ,^! rights mu/ be ex]cis$ "u ! re/rictions ( ! law1 & ) due reg>d = ! same rights held by o!rs4 ,! legal vot]s h ! "r to vote 9 all local1 ,/ate1 & national elections4 ,!y are vot]s 9 national elections by virtue ( be+ vot]s 9 ,/ate elections4 ,! "r to vote implies ! "r to be vot$ =1 & ! "r to hold (fice2 b = _m (fic]s ! ,/ate requires a long] resid5ce & o!r qualifications ?an ^? prescrib$ = vot]s4 ,,duties4--,= e "r1 ! p h a correspond+ duty2 & = e privilege !y enjoy1 !re is a tru/ = !m to dis*>ge4 ,! l>ge p]sonal fre$om possess$ by ! ,am]ican citiz5s imposes equally z l>ge public responsibilities4 ,x is ! duty ( e citiz5 to obey ! law1 to aid 9 secur+ ju/ice1 to respect au?ority1 to love 8 c\ntry1 & to labor = ! public good4 ,no "o c be a useful memb] ( society unless he respects ! laws & in/itutions ( ! l&4 ,! p !mselves h e/abli%$ ?is gov]nm5t1 bo? ,/ate & national2 x exi/s = !m1 & !re=e !y owe x honor & ob$i5ce4 ,x is ! duty ( e vot] to /udy ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 & to vote = p]sons & measures t1 9 8 op9ion1 w be/ promote ! g5]al welf>e4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 gov]nm5t is intru/$ to ! :ole p1 & !y c gov]n only by express+ _! w 9 elections4 ,!re=e ! majority mu/ rule4 ,! majority w sometimes make mi/akes1 b ^! w be correct$ aft] a "t4 ,9 ord] t good gov]nm5t may ensue1 good citiz5s mu/ take "p 9 elections4 ,! privilege ( suffrage is conf]r$ ^u an impli$ contract t x w be us$ = ! public good4 ,he :o fails to vote :5 he c1 fails to p]=m 8 "p ( ! contract1 fails to fulfill 8 promise1 & fails to respect ! gov]nm5t t protects him4 ,,con/itution4 ,! con/itution is (t5 call$ ! supreme law ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! supreme act ( ! p1 = ! purpose ( organiz+ !mselves z a body politic1 ( =mulat+ _! gov]nm5t1 & ( fix+ ! limits ( its p[]4 ,x is a contract betwe5 ! :ole society z a political body1 & ea* ( its memb]s4 ,ea* b9ds himself to ! :ole body1 & ! :ole body b9ds itself to ea*1 9 ord] t all may be gov]n$ by ! same laws = ! common good4 ,! con/itution ( ea* ,/ate is a writt5 in/rum5t1 model$ aft] ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) :i* x mu/ n conflict4 ,! con/itutions ( ,engl& & mo/ o!r c\ntries ( ,europe are unwritt54 ,!y consi/ ( ! common usages & maxims t h become fix$ by long exp]i5ce4 ,9 ^? c\ntries1 :5 a new political cu/om gr[s into common practice x !reby becomes a "p ( ! national con/itution4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,adoption4--,z ! :ole p c n assemble 9 "o place to frame & adopt a con/itution1 !y elect delegates to a con/itutional conv5tion4 ,! conv5tion usually meets at ! capital1 delib]ates1 frames articles = a propos$ con/itution1 & 9 ne>ly all cases submits !m to ! p4 ,! p make kn[n _! w 9 a g5]al election1 & if a majority vote 9 favor ( adopt+ ! propos$ con/itution1 x becomes ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate4 ,if ! propos$ con/itution is reject$1 ano!r conv5tion mu/ be call$ to propose o!r articles to be vot$ ^u by ! p4 ,,purposes4--,! purposes ( ! con/itution are to gu>d ! rights ( ! p1 to protect ! lib]ties ( ! m9ority1 to grant au?ority to ! gov]nm5t1 to sep>ate ! functions ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts1 to prescribe ! limits ( ea*1 & to fix 9 ! public policy ^? maxims ( political wisdom t h be5 sanction$ by "t4 ,! special t5d5cy 9 rec5t am5dm5ts ( ,/ate con/itutions has be5 to limit ! p[] ( ! legislature4 ,con/itutions1 l o!r political in/itutions1 are l>gely matt]s ( gr[?1 & f "t to "t mu/ be revis$ to meet ! *ang+ wants ( society4 ,= ?is purpose ! con/itution ( almo/ e ,/ate conta9s a provision1 call$ ! op5 clause1 :i* au?orizes ! legislature1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 to propose am5dm5ts to ! con/itution to be adopt$ or reject$ by a vote ( ! p4 ,,value4--,! p ( any ,/ate may1 at _! pleasure1 frame & adopt a new con/itution1 :i* mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! "r to make _! own con/itution is "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ important rights t freem5 c possess4 ,x is 9 ?is & 9 ! "r ( suffrage t _! fre$om pr9cipally consi/s4 ,! con/itution protects ! p by prescrib+ ! limits ( (ficial au?ority4 ,! legislature c n legally pass a law :i* ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate =bids1 & :5 su* a law is pass$ x is decl>$ uncon/itutional by ! ,/ate c\rts4 ,a provision ( a ,/ate con/itution becomes void :5 decl>$ by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be 9 conflict ) ! national ,con/itution4 ,,cont5ts4--,! con/itutions ( ! sev]al ,/ates are bas$ ^u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a model1 & are !re=e mu* alike 9 _! g5]al provisions4 ,ea* conta9s3 ,a preamble sett+ =? ! purposes ( ! con/itution2 ,a l5g?y decl>ation call$ ! bill ( rights2 ,provisions = di/ribut+ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t into ?ree dep>tm5ts2 & ,articles relat+ to suffrage1 debt1 taxation1 corporations1 public s*ools1 militia1 am5dm5ts1 & o!r public affairs4 ,,bill ,,( ,,rights4 ,! bill ( rights usually decl>es v>i\s rights ( ! citiz5 :i* may be classifi$ "u ! heads ( republican pr9ciples1 p]sonal security1 private prop]ty1 fre$om ( consci5ce1 fre$om ( spee* & ( ! press1 fre$om ( assembly1 & fre$om f milit>y tyranny4 ,,republican ,,pr9ciples4--,"u ?is head ! bill decl>es3 ,t all p[] is inh]5t 9 ! p2 ,t gov]nm5ts exi/ = _! good1 & by _! cons5t2 ,t all freem5 are equal2 ,t no title ( nobility %all be conf]r$2 ,t exclusive privileges %all n be grant$ except 9 consid]ation ( public s]vices2 ,t all elections %all be free & equal4 ,,p]sonal ,,security4--,9 ! int]e/s ( ! p]sonal security ( ! citiz5 x is provid$3 ,t ! p %all be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & possessions1 f unreasonable seizures & se>*es2 ,t w>rants to seize & to se>* p]sons & ?+s mu/ describe !m by oa? or affirmation2 ,t !re %all be no imprisonm5t = debt1 except 9 cases ( fraud4 ,,private ,,prop]ty4--,to secure ! rights ( private prop]ty1 ! bill decl>es3 ,t private prop]ty %all n be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation2 ,&1 9 "s ,/ates1 t long leases ( agricultural l&s %all n be made4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,consci5ce4--,to induce ! entire fre$om ( consci5ce ( ! citiz5 x is decl>$3 ,t !re %all be p]fect religi\s fre$om1 b n cov]+ immoral practices2 ,t !re %all be no ,/ate *ur*2 ,t no religi\s te/ %all be requir$ = p]=m+ any public function2 ,t ! rights ( consci5ce are free f human control4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,press4--,to ma9ta9 ! rightful fre$om ( ! press1 ! bill gu>antees3 ,t pr9t+-presses may be us$ by all2 ,t e citiz5 may freely speak1 write1 & pr9t ^u any subject--be+ responsible = ! abuse ( ! "r4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,assembly4--,! "r ( assembly is secur$ by ! provision3 ,t ! p may peaceably assemble = ! public good1 to discuss que/ions ( public int]e/2 & ,t !y may petition ! gov]nm5t = r$ress ( grievances4 ,,fre$om ,,f ,,milit>y ,,tyranny4--,to gu>d aga9/ abuses by ! milit>y1 x is decl>$3 ,t ! milit>y %all be 9 /rict subord9ation to ! civil p[]2 ,t no /&+ army %all be ma9ta9$ 9 "t ( peace2 ,t 9 "t ( peace no soldi] %all be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! own]'s cons5t2 ,t ! "r ( p to be> arms %all n be que/ion$4 ,?is does n au?orize ! c>ry+ ( conceal$ weapons4 ,,=bidd5 ,,laws4--,to insure ! p aga9/ improp] legislation1 ! bill ( rights provides3 ,t no ex po/ facto law or law impair+ ! validity ( contracts1 %all be made2 ,t no bill ( atta9d] %all be pass$2 ,t no p[] ( susp5d+ laws %all be ex]cis$ except by ! legislature4 ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,accus$4--,among ! wor/ abuses ( tyranny 9 all ages h be5 ! corruption ( ! c\rts & ! d5ial ( ! rights ( common ju/ice4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! x is expressly provid$3 ,t ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$ except :51 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 ! public safety may require x2 ,t1 except 9 capital cases1 p]sons *>g$ ) crime may give bail2 ,t no excessive bail %all be requir$2 ,t all c\rts %all be op52 ,t ! accus$ %all h a spe$y trial 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* ! (f5se 0 committ$2 ,t ! anci5t mode ( trial by jury %all be ma9ta9$2 b civil suits1 by cons5t ( ! p>ties1 may be tri$ )\t a jury2 ,t all p]sons injur$ 9 l&s1 goods1 p]son1 or reputation %all h rem$y by c\rse ( law2 ,t ! accus$ %all be in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! *>ges aga9/ him2 ,t he %all be confront$ by ! witnesses aga9/ him2 ,t he %all be he>d 9 8 own def5se1 & may h ! b5efit ( c\nsel2 ,t he %all n be requir$ to te/ify aga9/ himself2 ,t he %all n be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty except by due process ( law2 ,t no cruel or unusual puni%m5t %all be inflict$2 ,t no "o %all be twice plac$ 9 jeop>dy = ! same (f5se4 ,no citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld d5y ! ju/ice ( ^! decl>ations4 ,!y are s reasonable x seems /range t !y %\ld ev] h be5 que/ion$4 ,b 9 enum]at+ !m we are tread+ on sacr$ gr\nd4 ,_! e/abli%m5t co/ our ance/ors hundr$s ( ye>s ( /ruggle aga9/ arbitr>y p[]1 9 :i* !y gave _! blood & treasure4#b ,x 0 to secure & ma9ta9 a "p ( ^! rights t ! ,am]ican colonies w5t to w> ) ,great ,brita91 & made good _! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce by an appeal to arms4 ,mo/ ( ^! rights are pres]v$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to prev5t encroa*m5ts ^u ! lib]ties ( ! p by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y are repeat$ 9 ! ,/ate con/itution 9 ord] t !y may n be invad$ by ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re is also a provision 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate :i* decl>es t ! enum]ation ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 #a,popul> education mu/ comm& ! sympa?y & respect ( ! p 9 ea* locality 9 ord] to rema9 popul>4 ,:ile ! ,/ate1 !re=e1 en=ces a g5]al sy/em ( public s*ools1 x leaves all ! details ( local managem5t ) ! p mo/ closely relat$ to ! p>ticul> s*ool4 ,! p e/eem t :i* !y create & control4 #b,mc,cleary's ,/udies 9 ,civics4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y are ! small] political communities subject to ! ,/ate8 #b4 ,give ! names ( ! ?irte5 orig9al ,/ates4 #c4 ,:at is meant by ,/ates hav+ diff]5t indu/ries & occupations8 #d4 ,h[ d ,/ate in/itutions develop ! self-reliance ( ! p8 #e4 ,"n "s acts ( gov]nm5t :i* y h se5 ! ,/ate p]=m4 #f4 ,:at are *>itable in/itutions8 #g4 ,h[ is ju/ice adm9i/]$8 #h4 ,:]e9 are ! p ( ?is c\ntry fre] ?an o!r p8 #i4 ,h[ long mu/ a p]son live 9 ?is ,/ate to entitle him to vote8 #aj4 ,:at is meant by be+ secure 9 p]son8 #aa4 ,read ! bill ( rights 9 ! con/itution ( y\r ,/ate4 #ab4 ,:at is a body politic8 #ac4 ,:y c n ! :ole p assemble to =m a ,/ate con/itution8 #ad4 ,:at is meant by tak+ private prop]ty = public use8 #ae4 ,h[ may ! "r to speak & pr9t be abus$8 #af4 ,:at is meant by ! milit>y be+ subord9ate to ! civil p[]8 #ag4 ,are all cases tri$ by jury8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t !re %\ld be an educational qualification = suffrage4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,,gov]nm5t ,,dep>tm5ts4--,! ,/ate gov]nm5t is bas$ ^u ! ,/ate con/itution4 ,x has a legislative dep>tm5t *>g$ ) ! mak+ ( ! laws1 an executive dep>tm5t to en=ce ! laws1 & a judicial dep>tm5t to expla9 & apply ! laws4 ,ea* ( ! dep>tm5ts is indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 be+ supreme )9 its own sph]e4 ,! ,am]ican p believe t ! functions ( mak+1 ( en=c+1 & ( expla9+ ! laws1 %\ld =ev] be sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t x is dang]\s to ! lib]ties ( ! p to p]mit ei!r ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t to trespass ^u ! functions ( ! o!rs4 ,!re=e1 ! limits ( ea* dep>tm5t are well def9$1 & its p[] closely gu>d$1 by ! con/itution & laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,! legislative or law-mak+ p[] ( ! ,/ate is ve/$ 9 ! legislature1 sometimes call$ ! g5]al assembly1 & 9 "s ,/ates kn[n z ! g5]al c\rt1 or legislative assembly4 ,! legislature is compos$ ( two bodies1 or h\ses1 call$ respectively ! ,s5ate & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,9 ,new ,york ! latt] body is kn[n z ! ,assembly1 9 ,new ,j]sey x is call$ ! ,g5]al ,assembly & 9 "s ,/ates ! ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,a bill mu/ be pass$ by bo? bran*es ( ! legislature 9 ord] to become a law4 ,! proce$+s ( ! legislature %\ld be made public1 & !re=e ! sessions are op51 & ! con/itution requires ea* h\se to keep & publi% a daily record1 call$ ! ,j\rnal4 ,,qualifications4--,! ,/ate con/itution prescribes ! age1 ! l5g? ( resid5ce1 & o!r legal qualifications = memb]%ip 9 ea* bran* ( ! legislature4 ,! con/itutions ( mo/ ,/ates fix a long] t]m ( (fice & require a m mature age = s5ators ?an = repres5tatives4 ,9 addition to ^! legal qualifications a legislator %\ld be a man ( unsw]v+ hone/y1 ( broad in=mation1 ( close ?\ght1 well v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 acqua9t$ ) ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry1 & fai?ful to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole p4 ,,privileges4--,ea* bran* ( ! legislature consi/s ( memb]s elect$ by ! p4 ,s5ators & repres5tatives are responsible = _! (ficial acts to ! p1 & to ! p alone4 ,except = treason1 felony1 & brea* ( ! peace1 memb]s ( ! legislature are privileg$ f arre/ :ile att5d+ ! sessions ( _! respective h\ses1 & :ile go+ !reto & return+ !refrom4 ,= any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se1 a memb] !re( c n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 ,ea* h\se adopts rules = its own gov]nm5t4 ,ea* h\se also elects its own (fic]s1 except t 9 mo/ ,/ates ! p elect a lieut5ant-gov]nor1 :o is also presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,^! v>i\s privileges are grant$ 9 ! ,/ate con/itution 9 ord] t ! actions ( ! legislature may be free f all outside influ5ces4 ,,p[]4--,! con/itution ( ! ,/ate def9es ! limits ( ! p[] ve/$ 9 ! legislative dep>tm5t4 ,! legislature may enact any law n =bidd5 by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,e act pass$ is b9d+ ^u ! p unless x is decl>$ by ! c\rts to be uncon/itutional4 ,an act ( ! legislature1 :5 decl>$ to be uncon/itutional1 !reby becomes void2 t is1 x ceases to h any legal =ce4 ,,sessions4--,! legislature meets at ! ,/ate ,capitol4 ,9 a few ,/ates ! legislature holds annual sessions1 b 9 f> ! great] numb] x meets bi5nially2 t is1 once e two ye>s4 ,9 _m ,/ates ! con/itution limits ! session to a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 b 9 a few ( ^! ,/ates ! legislature may ext5d its session by a special vote ( two-?irds ( ea* h\se4 ,a majority con/itutes a quorum = bus9ess1 b a small] numb] may meet & adj\rn f day to day 9 ord] t ! organization may n be lo/4 ,,functions4--,! legislature enacts laws ^u a great v>iety ( subjects4 ,x fixes ! rate ( ,/ate taxation1 x provides = ! collection & di/ribution ( ,/ate rev5ue1 creates (fices & fixes sal>ies1 provides = a sy/em ( popul> education1 & makes laws relat+ to public works1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! conduct ( elections1 ! managem5t ( railways & o!r corporations1 ! ma9t5ance ( *>itable & o!r in/itutions1 ! con/ruction & repair ( public roads1 ! organization ( ! militia1 ! conduct ( prisons & re=matories1 & a numb] ( o!r public int]e/s4 ,,=bidd5 ,,p[]s4--,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates =bids any ,/ate to ex]cise c]ta9 p[]s3 7#a7 ,no ,/ate c ent] into any treaty1 alliance1 conf$]ation1 contract1 or agreem5t ) any o!r ,/ate1 or ) a =eign p[]2 issue commissions to vessels au?oriz+ !m to capture & de/roy ! m]*ant %ips ( o!r nations2 co9 money2 issue pap] money2 make any ?+ b gold & silv] co9 a legal t5d] = ! paym5t ( debts2 pass any bill inflict+ ! p5alty ( dea? )\t a regul> trial1 or any law fix+ a p5alty = acts done be=e its adoption1 or any law affect+ ! provisions ( contracts made be=e its passage2 or grant any title ( nobility4 7#b7 ,no ,/ate c1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 lay a tax or duty on imports or exports1 except :at is necess>y 9 execut+ its inspection laws4 ,! net proce$s ( all duties laid by any ,/ate = ?is purpose mu/ be paid into ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & all su* laws are subject to ! revision & control ( ,congress4 ,)\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 no ,/ate c tax %ips1 keep troops or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1 or engage 9 w> unless invad$ or 9 imm95t dang]4 7#c7 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4 7#d7 ,no ,/ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = loss or emancipation ( any slave4 ,,! ,,s5ate4--,! ,s5ate is a less num]\s body ?an ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! presid+ (fic] is address$ z ,mr4 ,presid5t or ,mr4 ,speak]1 ! title v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,!re is also a *ief cl]k1 ) assi/ants1 :o keeps ! records2 a s]geant-at-arms1 :o pres]ves ord] on ! floor2 a doorkeep]1 :o has *>ge ( ! s5ate *amb] & its entrances1 & a numb] ( subord9ate (fic]s4 ,! ,s5ate has two functions n belong+ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives3 #a4 ,:5 ! gov]nor nom9ates p]sons = appo9tm5t z (fic]s ( ! ,/ate1 unless ! ,s5ate advises & cons5ts to ! nom9ations1 ! appo9tm5ts are void2 #b4 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives pres5ts articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ an (fic] ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,s5ate sits z a c\rt to try ! *>ges4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives4--,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is (t5 call$ ! popul> bran* ( ! legislature4 ,x is sometimes designat$ z ! ,h\se4 ,! title ( ! presid+ (fic] is ,mr4 ,speak]4 ,! o!r (fic]s usually h ! same titles & duties z ^? ( ! ,s5ate4 ,9 _m ,/ates bills rais+ rev5ue1 & 9 "s ,/ates bills mak+ appropriations1 mu/ orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,?is body also has ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t4 ,usually :5 *>ges affect+ ! (ficial conduct ( an (fic] ( ! ,/ate are br\ght be=e ! legislature1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives appo9ts a committee to inve/igate ! *>ges & report4 ,if ! report w>rants fur!r action1 ! ,h\se adopts *>ges ( (ficial misconduct1 or ( high crimes & misdemeanors 9 (fice4 ,?is proce$+ is call$ an impea*m5t4 ,! ,s5ate sits z a c\rt ( impea*m5t1 he>s ! evid5ce1 li/5s to ! argum5t by ! manag]s & ! c\nsel = ! accus$1 & !n condemns or acquits4 ,! judgm5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t is removal f (fice & disqualification to hold any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,/ate4 ,,direct ,,legislation4--,9 ord] to give full] & quick] effect to ! w ( ! p 9 law mak+1 rec5t provisions 9 ! con/itutions ( "s ,/ates provide = ! initiative & ref]5dum4 ,by ! initiative a c]ta9 numb] ( vot]s may petition = ! enactm5t ( a law set =? 9 ! petition4 ,if ! legislature does n pass ! act petition$ =1 x may be enact$ by ! p1 vot+ on x 9 a g5]al or special election--! ref]5dum4 ,on petition ( a c]ta9 numb] ( vot]s also1 a ref]5dum may be ord]$ z to a bill pass$ by ! legislature1 to :i* ! petition]s object1 giv+ ! p ! opportunity to ratify or reject ! propos$ law4 ,^! me?ods ( direct legislation h be5 appli$ also to ! mak+ ( con/itutional am5dm5ts1 & to "s city1 z well z "s /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y is ! ,/ate legislature compos$ ( two h\ses8 #b4 ,:y %\ld ! proce$+s ( ! legislature be public8 #c4 ,:y %\ld s5ators & repres5tatives be free f arre/ :ile dis*>g+ _! public duties8 #d4 ,h[ (t5 does ! legislature ( ?is ,/ate meet8 #e4 ,:at is ! limit ( its session8 #f4 ,c its session be ext5d$8 #g4 ,:at is a re=matory8 #h4 ,:at are ! age & numb] ( ye>s ( resid5ce requir$ ( a ,/ate s5ator 9 ?is ,/ate8 ,:o is ! s5ator f ?is di/rict8 #i4 ,:at is a bill = rais+ rev5ue8 #aj4 ,:at are ! age & numb] ( ye>s ( resid5ce requir$ ( a repres5tative 9 ?is ,/ate8 ,:o is ! repres5tative f ?is di/rict8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate ,resolv$1 ,t a ,/ate legislature %\ld n h m ?an =ty s5ators & "o hundr$ repres5tatives4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,:5 ! laws are enact$ x becomes necess>y t "s "o be *>g$ ) see+ t !y are duly execut$ & obey$4 ,! p's repres5tatives 9 ! legislative dep>tm5t make ! laws4 ,! p's s]vants 9 ! executive dep>tm5t execute ! laws4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,! *ief executive (fic]s ( ! ,/ate are ! gov]nor1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor1 ! secret>y ( /ate1 ! auditor or comptroll]1 ! treasur]1 ! attorney-g5]al1 & ! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction1 :o1 9 mo/ ,/ates1 are elect$ by ! p4 ,besides ^!1 an adjutant-g5]al1 a commission] ( agriculture1 a commission] ( insurance1 railway commission]s1 a regi/] ( ! l& (fice or l& commission]1 & 9 "s ,/ates o!r subord9ate (fic]s1 are usually appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! high] ,/ate (fices are provid$ = 9 ! con/itution1 :ile ! subord9ate (fices are creat$ by act ( ! legislature4 ,sev]al ,/ates h no lieut5ant-gov]nor2 9 "s ! secret>y ( /ate & ! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & 9 o!rs "s ( ! subord9ate (fic]s are elect$ by ! p4 ,! titles ( _m ( ^! (fic]s v>y 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,! t]ms ( ! ,/ate (fic]s elect$ by ! p are usually alike 9 ! same ,/ate1 b 9 "s ,/ates !re are diff]5ces4 ,9 sev]al ,/ates ! t]ms ( ! auditor & ! treasur] are less ?an ^? ( ! o!r (fic]s4 ,,gov]nor3 ,,t]m1 ,,qualifications4--,! supreme executive au?ority is ve/$ 9 ! gov]nor1 :o is !re=e sometimes call$ ! *ief executive ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 position is "o ( great dignity & influ5ce4 ,! t]m ( (fice is "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 & 9 "s ! con/itution prohibits any p]son f s]v+ two t]ms 9 succession4 ,! legal qualifications ( ! (fice ( gov]nor v>y 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,he mu/ be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 mu/ h resid$ 9 ! ,/ate at lea/ a fix$ t]m ( ye>s2 mu/ n be "u a c]ta9 age1 usually ?irty ye>s2 & 9 "s ,/ates mu/ own prop]ty ( a giv5 value4 ,,p[]s1 ,,duties4--,! gov]nor is comm&]-9-*ief ( ! milit>y =ces ( ! ,/ate1 & repres5ts x 9 its deal+s ) o!r ,/ates4 ,he may call on all o!r executive (fic]s = writt5 in=mation conc]n+ _! respective duties4 ,he is presum$ to be well in=m$ ^u ! affairs ( ! p1 & is !re=e requir$ to give ! legislature in=mation z to ! condition ( ! ,/ate1 & to recomm5d ! passage ( su* laws z he deems prop] & exp$i5t4 ,! gov]nor may call special meet+s ( ! legislature to consid] que/ions ( great & imm$iate public conc]n4 ,at ! op5+ ( ea* session he addresses a regul> message to ! legislature1 & f "t to "t submits special messages ^u v>i\s subjects4 ,all acts ( ! legislature are pres5t$ = 8 approval & signature4 ,if he approves & signs !m1 !y become laws2 if he reta9s !m = a c]ta9 numb] ( days )\t sign+ !m1 !y become laws )\t 8 signature2 if he refuses to approve !m1 he returns !m )9 ! specifi$ "t to ! h\se 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 ) a /atem5t ( 8 objections4 ,?is action is call$ a veto1 & ! veto$ measure1 9 ord] to become a law1 mu/ pass bo? h\ses aga91 & 9 "s ,/ates mu/ secure a two ?irds vote ( ea* h\se4 ,! gov]nor may grant reprieves & p>dons1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 & 9 "s ,/ates1 ( treason4 ,9 "s ,/ates ?is p[] is limit$ by a bo>d ( p>dons1 :i* mu/ recomm5d a p>don be=e x c be grant$ by ! gov]nor2 & 9 o!rs ! cons5t ( "o bran* ( ! legislature mu/ be obta9$4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,/ates consi/s 9 an op5 or ov]t act ( levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,to reprieve is to delay or po/pone = a "t ! execution ( ! s5t5ce ( dea? ^u a crim9al4 ,to p>don is to annul a s5t5ce by =giv+ ! (f5se aga9/ ! law1 & by releas+ ! (f5d]4 ,! gov]nor may also commute ! s5t5ce ( an (f5d] by ex*ang+ ! p5alty = "o less sev]e4 ,,lieut5ant-,,gov]nor3--,! t]m & qualifications ( ! lieut5ant-gov]nor are ! same z ^? ( ! gov]nor4 ,! lieut5ant-gov]nor is also presid5t or speak] ( ! ,s5ate1 b votes only 9 case ( a tie4 ,9 ,/ates hav+ no lieut5ant-gov]nor1 ! ,s5ate elects its presid+ (fic]4 ,9 case ( ! dea? or resignation ( ! gov]nor1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor becomes gov]nor ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,/ates hav+ no lieut5ant-gov]nor1 special laws provide = fill+ vacancies 9 ! (fice ( gov]nor4 ,:5 ! *ief executive is abs5t f ! ,/ate1 or disabl$1 ! lieut5ant-gov]nor p]=ms ! duties ( ! (fice4 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4--,! secret>y ( /ate is ! keep] ( all ,/ate pap]s1 & usually ( ! great seal ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 "s ,/ates he is ex (ficio auditor4 ,he keeps a record ( ! proce$+s & acts ( ! legislature & ( ! executive dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,he c]tifies to ! correctness ( ,/ate docum5ts & commissions1 indexes ! laws1 & att5ds to _! pr9t+ & di/ribution1 except 9 ,/ates hav+ a sup]9t5d5t ( pr9t+4 ,he receives & pres]ves ! returns ( elections1 & 9 "s ,/ates has *>ge ( ! ,/ate build+s at ! capital4 ,,auditor1 ,,or ,,comptroll]4--,! auditor is ! f9ancial ag5t ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 "s ,/ates acts z regi/] ( ! l& (fice1 & 9 o!rs z commission] ( insurance4 ,he is also ! ,/ate's bookkeep]1 & att5ds to ! collection ( its rev5ue4 ,he exam9es & adju/s claims & acc\nts aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & ord]s ! paym5t ( su* z he approves4 ,he receives moneys paid to ! ,/ate1 deposits !m ) ! treasur]1 & takes receipt !re=4 ,no funds c be paid out ( ! ,/ate treasury except ^u ! auditor's w>rant4 ,he makes an annual or bi5nial report1 %[+ ! f9ancial condition ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 "s ,/ates hav+ no auditor1 ^! v>i\s duties fall to o!r (fic]s1 *iefly to ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,,treasur]4--,! treasur] is cu/odian ( ! funds ( ! ,/ate4 ,he receives ! ,/ate's rev5ues f ! auditor1 & pays !m out only ^u ! auditor's w>rant1 keep+ an accurate acc\nt ( all sums paid4 ,! treasur] & ! auditor 7& also ! secret>y ( /ate :5 he h&les ,/ate funds7 give heavy bonds = ! fai?ful p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,,attorney-,,g5]al4--,! attorney-g5]al is a lawy] :o acts z attorney = ! ,/ate 9 law cases to :i* ! ,/ate is a p>ty4 ,8 duties p]ta9 *iefly to ! high] c\rts ( ! ,/ate4 ,he is ! legal advis] ( ! ,/ate (fic]s1 &1 :5 reque/$ by !m1 gives op9ions ^u po9ts ( law4 ,he prosecutes p]sons :o are indebt$ to ! ,/ate1 & assi/s 9 br++ to ju/ice ^? *>g$ ) crime4 ,he repres5ts ! ,/ate 9 its legal bus9ess 9 ! supreme c\rt at ,wa%+ton1 & 9 ! o!r c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,public ,,in/ruction4--,! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction has *>ge ( ! public s*ool sy/em1 & ?us sup]9t5ds "o ( ! l>ge/ int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,he has ! g5]al managem5t ( ,/ate tea*]s' in/itutes1 & 9 "s ,/ates he has an (ficial connection ) ! ,/ate univ]sity & ! ,/ate normal s*ools1 ei!r z a memb] ( ! faculty or z presid5t or secret>y ( ! bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,he is an (fic] (1 & usually presid5t (1 ! ,/ate bo>d ( education1 a body g5]ally consi/+ ( f ?ree to sev5 memb]s1 & 9 mo/ ,/ates compos$1 9 "p1 ( o!r high (fic]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate bo>d ( education decides que/ions ( s*ool law1 & p]=ms o!r important duties v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction makes an annual or bi5nial report to ! legislature1 %[+ ! condition ( ! public s*ools & sugge/+ am5dm5ts to ! sy/em4 ,9 _m ,/ates ! sup]9t5d5t is elect$ by ! p2 9 "s he is appo9t$ by ! gov]nor2 9 o!rs he is elect$ by ! ,/ate bo>d ( education1 &1 z presid5t or secret>y ( t bo>d1 is ex efficio sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction4 ,,o!r ,,(fic]s4--,! adjutant-g5]al is ! active (fic] ( ! ,/ate militia4 ,! commission] ( agriculture1 sometimes call$ ! secret>y ( ! bo>d ( agriculture1 looks aft] ! agricultural int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! commission] ( insurance ov]sees ! insurance companies do+ bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! railway commission]s assess ! value ( railway prop]ty1 & to a limit$ ext5t regulate *>ges on railway l9es4 ,! regi/] ( ! l& (fice1 or l& commission]1 keeps 9 8 (fice ! pat5ts or title-de$s ( l& issu$ by ! ,/ate 9 its e>ly settlem5t1 & furni%es copies ( l& pat5ts & w>rants to ^? :o desire !m4 ,9 a few ,/ates ?is (fic] is elect$ by ! p4 ,! ,/ate libr>ian has *>ge ( ! ,/ate libr>y1 & 9 "s ,/ates is sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/ate build+s at ! capital4 ,9 a few ,/ates !re are o!r executive (fic]s1 among :om may be nam$3 ,a surveyor-g5]al1 :o surveys ! public l&s1 & keeps 9 8 (fice maps ( c\nties & t[n%ips2 ,a ,/ate eng9e]1 :o sup]9t5ds ! con/ruction & repair ( canals & levees2 ,a commission] ( /ati/ics1 :o collects /ati/ics relat+ to public int]e/s2 ,a commission] ( immigration1 :o att5ds to ! int]e/s ( immigrants2 ,a labor commission]1 :o looks aft] ! int]e/s ( ! labor+ classes2 ,a bank inspector1 or sup]9t5d5t ( bank+1 :o inspects ,/ate banks = ! protection ( ! public2 & ,a ,/ate exam9]1 :o inve/igates ! conduct ( ,/ate in/itutions1 & inspects ! ,/ate (fices1 9 ord] to secure hone/y & effici5cy 9 public affairs4 ,9 "s ,/ates two or m ( ^! (fices are comb9$1 & 9 o!rs _! duties are p]=m$ by ! high] (fic]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is ! t]m ( (fice & :at ! "n ( ! gov]nor ( ?is ,/ate8 #b4 ,:at are ! age & ! l5g? ( resid5ce requir$ ( him8 #c4 ,h[ _m t]ms c he s]ve 9 succession8 #d4 ,has ?is ,/ate a lieut5ant-gov]nor8 #e4 ,if s1 "n 8 qualifications4 #f4 ,:at is ! great seal ( ! ,/ate8 #g4 ,:at is ! necessity ( an auditor8 #h4 ,:y %\ld ! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction make a report8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate ,resolv$1 ,t ! gov]nor %\ld hold ! p[] ( veto4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,/ate--7,cont9u$74 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,purposes4--,! judicial dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t exi/s = ! sole purpose ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice2 t is1 = ! purpose ( int]pret+ ! laws & ( apply+ !m to p>ticul> cases4 ,! legislature makes ! laws1 b x c n execute !m4 ,! gov]nor recomm5ds ! passage ( c]ta9 laws1 & holds ! veto p[]2 b he has no law-mak+ p[]1 nor c he try ! mo/ trivial suit4 ,s ! judici>y has no voice 9 mak+ or 9 execut+ ! laws1 its sole function be+ to decide _! mean+ & to apply !m 9 secur+ ju/ice4 ,! legislative & executive dep>tm5ts may assi/1 b x is ! peculi> prov9ce ( ! judici>y to protect society & to ma9ta9 ! rights ( ! p4 ,,supreme ,,c\rt4--,! high] c\rts ( ! ,/ate are ( two classes--^? ^: jurisdiction includes ! entire ,/ate1 & ^? ^: jurisdiction is conf9$ to p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt1 call$ 9 "s ,/ates ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 is ! highe/ c\rt ( ! ,/ate4 ,! numb] ( ! judges ( ! supreme c\rt v>ies 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 !re be+ a *ief ju/ice & f two to eight associate ju/ices 9 ea* ,/ate4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! ,ju/ices are elect$ by ! p2 9 o!rs !y are elect$ by ! legislature2 & 9 "s !y are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! t]m ( (fice is l5g?y1 n less ?an f\r ye>s 9 any ,/ate1 except ,v]mont1 :]e x is two ye>s2 six1 sev51 eight1 n9e1 t51 twelve1 f\rte51 or fifte5 ye>s 9 mo/ ,/ates2 tw5ty-"o ye>s 9 ,p5nsylvania2 dur+ good behavior 9 ,massa*usetts2 until ! judges are sev5ty ye>s ( age 9 ,new ,hamp%ire2 & practically = life 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! supreme c\rt1 or c\rt ( appeals1 ext5ds ov] ! entire ,/ate4 ,x holds sessions at ! ,/ate capital1 & 9 "s ,/ates at o!r prom95t places1 & is *iefly engag$ 9 ! trial ( cases 9 :i* appeals h be5 tak5 f ! decisions ( ! l[] c\rts4 ,its decision is f9al1 b 9 cases 9 :i* x is alleg$ t ! ,/ate law is 9 conflict ) ! con/itution or laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 appeals may be tak5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt at ,wa%+ton4 ,,di/rict1 ,,or ,,circuit ,,c\rt4--,! p mo/ commonly resort to ! di/rict c\rt1 circuit c\rt1 or sup]ior c\rt1 z x is v>i\sly call$ 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 to secure ju/ice4 ,9 x are tri$ ! great body ( important civil & crim9al cases1 & also appeals f ! l[] c\rts4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! di/rict c\rt is limit$ to a di/rict creat$ by ! ,/ate con/itution or by act ( ! ,/ate legislature4 ,9 "s cases ! di/rict consi/s ( a s+le c\nty2 usually x includes two or m c\nties1 ! c\rt be+ held successively 9 ea* c\nty ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ea* di/rict !re is usually "o di/rict judge1 :o is elect$ by ! p1 appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 or elect$ by ! legislature4 ,! t]m ( (fice 9 mo/ ,/ates is f\r1 six1 or eight ye>s4 ,9 "s ( ! di/ricts ( c]ta9 ,/ates !re are crim9al c\rts hav+ jurisdiction 9 crim9al cases1 & *anc]y c\rts or c\rts ( common pleas hav+ jurisdiction 9 c]ta9 civil cases4 ,9 "s ,/ates !re is a high c\rt ( *anc]y hav+ ,/ate jurisdiction1 & 9 o!rs !re is a sup]ior c\rt :i* has ,/ate jurisdiction1 & ^: rank is betwe5 ! supreme c\rt & ! di/rict c\rts4 ,,t]ritories4 ,,organization4--,congress organizes ! public doma9 into ,t]ritories1 fixes _! b\nd>ies1 & e/abli%es _! gov]nm5ts4 ,! act ( organization is pass$ z soon z ! population is d5se en\gh to require gov]nm5tal au?ority4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4--,! gov]nor & ! secret>y ( ! ,t]ritory are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 & s]ve = f\r ye>s1 unless remov$4 ,! gov]nor appo9ts a treasur]1 an auditor or comptroll]1 a sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction1 an attorney-g5]al1 & sev]al o!r t]ritorial (fic]s4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4--,! legislature consi/s ( a s5ate ( eight or fifte5 memb]s1 & a h\se ( repres5tatives ( sixte5 or ?irty memb]s elect$ by ! p ( ! ,t]ritory4 ,! s5ate is sometimes call$ ! upp] h\se ( ! legislature4 ,al?\gh ! gov]nor & ! legislature rule ! ,t]ritory1 all laws pass$ by !m mu/ be submitt$ to ,congress1 &1 if disapprov$1 !y become null & void4 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4--,! judici>y consi/s ( a supreme c\rt & inf]ior c\rts4 ,! *ief ju/ice & two or m associate ju/ices ( ! supreme c\rt are appo9t$ = f\r ye>s by ! ,presid5t1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! inf]ior c\rts are e/abli%$ by ! t]ritorial legislature4 ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,congress4--,ea* ,t]ritory elects a delegate to ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t]ritorial delegates s]ve ^u committees1 & h ! "r to debate1 b n to vote4 ,_! real duties are z ag5ts ( _! respective ,t]ritories4 ,,laws4--,t]ritories are gov]n$ by ! laws ( ,congress1 by ! common law1 & by ! laws pass$ by ! t]ritorial legislatures4 ,! gov]nor may p>don (f5ses aga9/ t]ritorial laws1 & may grant reprieves = (f5ses aga9/ ! laws ( ,congress1 until ! cases c be act$ ^u by ! ,presid5t4 ,,local ,,affairs4--,! local int]e/s ( a ,t]ritory are simil> to ^? ( a ,/ate4 ,taxation1 s*ools1 public works1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice are support$ by ! p4 ,! p ( ! ,t]ritories h no voice 9 ! election ( ,presid5t1 & none 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates except ?r\gh _! delegates 9 ,congress4 ,,purposes4--,! *ief purposes ( ! t]ritorial gov]nm5t are to give ! p ! protection ( ! law1 & to prep>e ! ,t]ritory = admission into ! ,union z a ,/ate4 ,a ,/ate is a memb] ( ! ,union1 ) all ! rights & privileges ( self-gov]nm5t2 a ,t]ritory is "u ! ,union1 subject at all times1 & 9 all ?+s1 to regulation by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ! ,/ates1 except ! orig9al ?irte5 7includ+ ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 ,k5tucky1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia7 & ,cali=nia & ,texas1 h _h t]ritorial gov]nm5ts4 ,a ,t]ritory is n entirely self-gov]n+2 x may be call$ a ,/ate 9 infancy1 requir+ ! special c>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to prep>e x = /atehood & = admission into ! ,union ^u an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al ,/ates 9 all respects4 ,hawaii & ,alaska illu/rate ! t]ritorial =m ( gov]nm5t describ$ above4 ,! foll[+ are exceptions to ! rule3 ,! ,di/rict ( ,columbia is nei!r a ,/ate nor a ,t]ritory4 ,x resembles a ,t]ritory 9 be+ directly gov]n$ by ,congress 9 su* mann] z t body may *oose1 b x diff]s f a ,t]ritory s9ce x c nev] become a ,/ate4 ,x is n repres5t$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & its inhabitants h no voice 9 local matt]s4 ,its affairs are adm9i/]$ by ?ree commission]s1 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 & !y are subject to ! laws ( ,congress4 ,porto ,rico & ,philipp9es h ea* a legislature & are gov]n$ mu* l a ,t]ritory2 b _! p are n citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are practically colonies4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,is x bett] t judges be elect$1 or t !y be appo9t$8 ,:y8 #b4 ,:y %\ld a judge's t]m ( (fice be l5g?y8 #c4 ,:o is *ief ju/ice ( ?is ,/ate8 #d4 ,:o is ! judge ( ! circuit or di/rict c\rt ( ?is di/rict8 #e4 ,at :at dates does ?is c\rt hold sessions 9 ?is c\nty8 #f4 ,h[ _m organiz$ ,t]ritories n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,give _! names4 #g4 ,:5 did ?is ,/ate cease to be a ,t]ritory8 #h4 ,:y %\ld delegates f ! ,t]ritories n h ! privilege ( vot+ 9 ,congress8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! judges ( ! high] c\rts %\ld be appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & hold _! positions dur+ life & good behavior4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,introductory4--,ea* division ( gov]nm5t :i* we h consid]$ exi/s = only a "p ( ! :ole p4 ,! gov]nm5t ( "o ,/ate has no au?ority ov] ! p ( o!r ,/ates2 b ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 (t5 call$ ! national gov]nm5t or f$]al gov]nm5t1 is = ! good ( ! entire c\ntry1 & its au?ority is ov] ! :ole p4 ,all ^! divisions ( gov]nm5t--! family1 ! s*ool1 ! t[n%ip or civil di/rict1 ! c\nty1 ! ,/ate1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r4 ,if family gov]nm5t 7 de/roy$1 society w\ld be ru9$ & o!r gov]nm5ts w\ld be wor?less4 ,if !re 7 no s*ools1 ! p w\ld be s ignorant t free gov]nm5t w\ld be impossible4 ,if ! t[n%ip or civil di/rict 7 neglect$1 local gov]nm5t w\ld be ineffici5t4 ,if ! ,/ates 7 blott$ out1 ! national gov]nm5t w\ld assume all p[]1 & ! fre$om ( ! p w\ld be greatly abridg$1 & p]haps f9ally lo/4 ,if ! national gov]nm5t 7 dismemb]$1 ! ,/ates w\ld be weak1 helpless1 at w> ) "o ano!r1 & at ! m]cy ( =eign nations4 ,! di/ribution ( p[] among ! sev]al political organizations prev5ts any ( !m f assum+ too mu* au?ority1 & ?us t5ds to pres]ve ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,,=mation4--,! national gov]nm5t is bas$ ^u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 =m$ by ! union ( ! sev]al ,/ates "u ! ,con/itution1 & its p[]s are set =? 9 t in/rum5t4 ,! ?irte5 orig9al ,/ates ratifi$ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 ,decemb] #g1 #aghg1 & ,may #bi1 #agij1 & ?us organiz$ ! national gov]nm5t4 ,x ?us became1 & has cont9u$ to be1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! :ole p1 by ! p & = ! p4 ,,=m ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! national gov]nm5t1 l ! gov]nm5t ( ea* ,/ate1 is a republic2 t is1 ! au?ority is ex]cis$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,z all p[] resides 9 ! p1 our gov]nm5t is call$ a democracy4 ,z ! p elect (fic]s or repres5tatives to act = !m 9 ! p]=mance ( public duties1 x is call$ a repres5tative democracy4 ,our sy/em ( gov]nm5t is diff]5t f ^? ( all o!r nations1 because "p ( ! political p[] is ve/$ 9 ! ,/ate1 & "p 9 ! nation2 t is1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! national ,con/itution enum]ates ! p[]s :i* may be ex]cis$ by ! national gov]nm5t1 & res]ves all o!r p[]s to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p4 ,because ( ?is dual or d\ble "* ( our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams call$ x a complicat$ ma*9e4 ,,purposes4--,! purposes ( ! national gov]nm5t are cle>ly & =cibly set =? 9 ! preamble1 or op5+ clause1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #a4 ,to =m a m p]fect union2 #b4 ,to e/abli% ju/ice2 #c4 ,to insure dome/ic tranquillity2 #d4 ,to provide = ! common def5se2 #e4 ,to promote ! g5]al welf>e2 #f4 ,to secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity4 ,be=e ! ,revolution>y w>1 ! ,am]ican colonies 7 subject to ,great ,brita94 ,by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ^! colonies became free & indep5d5t ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & ! adoption ( ! national ,con/itution1 ! union betwe5 ! ,/ates 0 weak & unsatisfactory4 ,in/ead ( !re be+ dome/ic tranquillity1 ! ,/ates 7 engag$ 9 con/ant qu>rels4 ,!re 0 no p[] to provide = ! common def5se ( ! p aga9/ =eign enemies2 ea* ,/ate mu/ protect itself z be/ x c\ld4 ,no provision c\ld be made = ! g5]al welf>e by ! passage & en=cem5t ( broad measures = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,"u ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 z 0 said at t "t1 ! ,/ates might decl>e ev]y?+1 b d no?+4 ,! adoption ( ! national ,con/itution & ! =mation ( ! national gov]nm5t made ! inhabitants ( ! ,/ates "o p1 & h s9ce br\ght ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be ! fir/ ( ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,,functions4--,! functions ( ! national gov]nm5t are num]\s & important4 ,9 adopt+ ! national ,con/itution1 ! ,/ates delegat$ or c$$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^? p[]s :i* are necess>y to ! /r5g? & greatness ( a nation4 ,! national gov]nm5t adm9i/]s ^? public affairs :i* conc]n ! :ole p1 su* z ! regulation ( comm]ce1 ! grant+ ( pat5ts1 & ! co9age ( money2 & also ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a nation deal+ ) o!r nations1 su* z decl>+ w> & mak+ treaties ( peace4 ,! subjects ^u :i* ! national ,congress may enact laws1 & consequ5tly ! subjects includ$ 9 ! functions ( ! national gov]nm5t1 are enum]at$ 9 ,section #h1 ,article ,i4 ( ! ,con/itution4 ,,citiz5s4 ,! p :o reside 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ei!r citiz5s or ali5s4 ,! national ,con/itution decl>es t ,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 are citiz5s1 ?\gh n entitl$ to vote4 ,a citiz5 is a memb] ( ! body politic1 b\nd to allegiance1 & entitl$ to protection at home & abroad4 ,he c r5\nce 8 allegiance--t is1 lay d[n 8 citiz5%ip--by becom+ ! subject ( "s o!r c\ntry4 ,:]ev] he goes1 until he r5\nces 8 allegiance1 he is a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is %ield$ f insult by ! might & maje/y ( ! :ole nation4 ,citiz5%ip is !re=e valuable = its protection abroad1 z well z = its rights & privileges at home4 ,,naturalization4--,naturaliz$ citiz5s are p]sons ( =eign bir? :o h become citiz5s by naturalization1 aft] a cont9u\s resid5ce ( at lea/ five ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a =eign] is naturaliz$ by appe>+ 9 c\rt1 decl>+ 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 8 purpose to r5\nce all allegiance to =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,aft] two ye>s m1 he mu/ appe> 9 op5 c\rt1 r5\nce ^u oa? all =eign allegiance1 & swe> to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if he be>s any title ( nobility1 he mu/ r5\nce x4 ,naturaliz$ citiz5s h all ! rights & privileges t belong to native-born citiz5s1 except t no naturaliz$ p]son c become ,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,rights4--,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n conta9 a =mal bill ( rights1 z d mo/ ( ! ,/ate con/itutions1 b x names ! foll[+ z among ! rights ( citiz5s3 7#a7 ,! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s ( ! sev]al ,/ates2 ,t is1 a citiz5 :o removes into ano!r ,/ate %all enjoy all ! rights & privileges t belong to its citiz5s4 7#b7 ,a p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate ) treason1 felony1 or o!r crime1 :o %all flee f ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r ,/ate1 %all1 on dem& ( ! executive au?ority ( ! ,/ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! ,/ate hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime4 ,a dem& = ! deliv]y ( a fugitive crim9al is call$ a requisition4 7#c7 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o ,/ate "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor2 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,?is provision ref]s to ! capture & return ( fugitive slaves1 & is r5d]$ void by ! abolition ( slav]y4 7#d7 ,a well-regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free ,/ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,?is clause does n au?orize ! c>ry+ ( conceal$ weapons4 7#e7 ,no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 nor 9 "t ( w> b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 7#f7 ,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$2 & no w>rants %all issue b ^u probable cause1 support$ by oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$ & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 7#g7 a4 ,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury1 except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! militia :5 9 actual s]vice1 9 "t ( w> or public dang]2 b4 ,nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5se to be twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb1 nor %all be compell$1 9 any crim9al case1 to be a witness aga9/ himself2 c4 ,nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t due process ( law2 d4 ,nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is clause secures a civil trial to e private citiz54 ,! l& & naval =ces1 & ! militia :5 9 actual s]vice1 are "u milit>y law1 usually call$ m>tial law4 7#h7 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r a4 ,to a spe$y & public trial by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law2 b4 ,to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 c4 ,to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 d4 ,to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor2 e4 ,& to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5se4 7#i7 ,9 suits at law :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$1 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4 7#aj7 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5t inflict$4 7#aa7 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 7#ab7 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by any ,/ate1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 7#ac7 ,! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,,ali5s4 ,ali5s are subjects ( =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,!y are n citiz5s ( ?is c\ntry1 &1 9 g5]al1 h no "r to take "p 9 its political affairs4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,union ali5s h full social & moral rights2 9 "s ,/ates _! prop]ty rights are re/rict$2 & 9 a few ,/ates !y h c]ta9 political rights4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! supreme law ( ! :ole l&4 ,x is a writt5 in/rum5t1 & is (t5 call$ ! fundam5tal law4 ,nei!r ! laws ( any ,/ate nor ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ conflict ) ! ,con/itution4 ,x is ! basis ( our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ! model ^u :i* all ,/ate con/itutions are fram$1 & ! f\ndation ( our greatness z a p4 ,x def9es ! limits ( ! national gov]nm5t1 & enum]ates ! p[]s ( ea* ( its dep>tm5ts4 ,x decl>es :at public int]e/s are )9 ! scope ( ! national gov]nm5t1 res]ves c]ta9 p[]s to ! ,/ates1 & provides t nei!r ,/ate nor nation %all enact c]ta9 specifi$ laws4 ,,=mation4--,! national ,con/itution 0 fram$ by a conv5tion ( delegates f twelve ( ! ?irte5 orig9al ,/ates1 ,rhode ,isl& alone be+ unrepres5t$4 ,! conv5tion 0 call$ = ! purpose ( revis+ ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation "u :i* ! ,/ates 7 at ! "t unit$4 ,! conv5tion met at ,philadelphia1 on ,monday1 ,may #ad1 #aghg1 & organiz$ on ! #be? day ( ! same mon? by elect+ z its presid5t ,george ,wa%+ton1 "o ( ! delegates f ,virg9ia4 ,! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation 7 readily se5 to be inadequate to ! purposes ( a national gov]nm5t1 & ! conv5tion proce$$ to draught a ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! conv5tion complet$ its labors1 submitt$ ! ,con/itution to ! sev]al ,/ates = _! ratification1 & adj\rn$ on ! #ag? ( ,septemb]1 #aghg4 ,all ! ,/ates ratifi$ ! ,con/itution1 ! la/ be+ ,rhode ,isl&1 ^: conv5tion1 call$ = ! purpose1 pass$ ! ord9ance ( ratification1 ,may #bi1 #agij4 ,,necessity4--,! necessity = a writt5 national con/itution is readily se54 ,! preamble /ates ! purposes ( ! ,con/itution1 :i* are also ! purposes ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! ,con/itution def9es ! limits ( ,/ate & ( national p[]1 & ?us prev5ts conflicts ( au?ority :i* w\ld o!rwise arise betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?r\gh ! ,con/itution1 ! p1 :o are ! s\rces ( all j au?ority1 grant to ! gov]nm5t c]ta9 p[]s1 & res]ve all o!r p[]s to !mselves4 ,! ,con/itution prescribes ! functions ( ea* dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ?us pres]ves ! lib]ties ( ! p by prev5t+ ei!r ,congress1 ! executive dep>tm5t1 or ! judici>y f ex]cis+ p[]s n grant$ to x4 ,,am5dm5t4--,! ,con/itution prescribes two me?ods by :i* x may be am5d$3 #a4 ,by a two ?irds vote ( bo? h\ses ,congress may propose to ! sev]al ,/ates am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4 #b4 ,^u ! application ( two ?irds ( ! ,/ates1 ,congress %all call a conv5tion ( delegates f ! sev]al ,/ates = propos+ am5dm5ts4 ,an am5dm5t propos$ by ei!r me?od1 :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,/ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re(1 %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes z a "p ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,tw5ty-"o am5dm5ts h be5 propos$ by ,congress1 & sev5te5 ( ^! h be5 ratifi$ by ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,/ate legislatures1 & h become p>ts ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! o!r f\r propos$ am5dm5ts 7 reject$4 ,congress has nev] call$ a conv5tion to propose am5dm5ts1 & no ,/ate has ev] call$ a conv5tion to consid] ^? am5dm5ts propos$ by ,congress4 ,,dep>tm5ts4--,! functions ( ea* bran* ( gov]nm5t are c>efully m>k$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & ! p & _! repres5tatives jeal\sly gu>d ! rights ( ea* dep>tm5t4 ,!y believe t ! duties ( ! law-mak+ p[]1 ^? ( ! law-en=c+ p[]1 & ^? ( ! law-expla9+ p[] c n be too cle>ly sep>at$4 ,if ! same (fic]s c\ld make ! law1 en=ce ! law1 & expla9 ! law1 !re w\ld be no limit to _! au?ority1 & !re=e no security to ! p4 ,! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution 7 wise m52 !y _h se5 ! abuse ( p[] by ,great ,brita9 :ile ! colonies 7 "u h] sway1 & !y det]m9$ to gu>d ! lib]ties ( ! p by =ev] sep>at+ ! legislative1 ! executive1 & ! judicial functions4 ,_! example has be5 foll[$ 9 ! con/itutions ( all ! ,/ates4 ,! ,presid5t has no "r to int]f]e ) ! decisions ( ! c\rts1 &1 except by 8 veto1 c n int]f]e ) ! action ( ,congress4 ,congress c n "q ! decisions ( c\rts1 nor c x int]f]e ) ! legal actions ( ! ,presid5t1 except t ! ,s5ate may refuse to confirm 8 appo9tm5ts to (fice4 ,ev5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c n call 9 "q ! (ficial acts ( ! ,presid5t1 s long z he con=ms to ! law2 nor has x any p[] ov] ! acts ( ,congress1 except m]ely to decide ^u ! con/itutionality ( ! laws :5 !y are prop]ly br\ght be=e x4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ,congress & ! ,presid5t h "s remote influ5ce ^u ! actions ( ea* o!r1 nei!r has ! slighte/ "r to invade ! functions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 or ( any o!r c\rt1 ev5 ! humble/ 9 ! l&4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y d =eign]s become naturaliz$8 #b4 ,:at is a title ( nobility8 #c4 ,:at (fic] ( a ,/ate makes requisition = ! deliv]y ( a crim9al held by ano!r ,/ate8 #d4 ,:5 0 slav]y aboli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #e4 ,:at is ! purpose ( a militia =ce8 #f4 ,:at is a capital crime8 #g4 ,:y is ! accus$ entitl$ to a spe$y & public trial8 #h4 ,:y is ! ,con/itution call$ ! fundam5tal law8 #i4 ,read 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! ,con/itution4 #aj4 ,h[ _m ,/ates 7 ne$$ to ratify ! ,con/itution 9 ord] t x might g into effect8 #aa4 ,read ! am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4 #ab4 ,c y "n any propos$ am5dm5ts t h be5 rec5tly advocat$8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t a writt5 con/itution is be/ = a free c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,congress4--,! legislative au?ority ( ! national gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consi/+ ( a s5ate & a h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,! s5ators repres5t ! ,/ates1 & ! repres5tatives repres5t ! p4 ,congress holds annual sessions at ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 ! seat ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,a measure mu/ pass bo? h\ses1 & be approv$ by ! ,presid5t1 9 ord] to become a law2 or if veto$1 x fails1 unless x aga9 passes bo? h\ses by a two ?irds vote4 ,s5ators & repres5tatives receive an annual sal>y ( sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s ea*2 & are all[$ mileage1 or travel+ exp5ses1 ( tw5ty c5ts = ea* mile 9 go+ to & return+ f ! session ( ,congress4 ,,privileges ,,( ,,! ,,h\ses4--,!re are c]ta9 con/itutional privileges gu>ante$ to ,congress 9 ord] t its action 9 legislation may be free f undue influ5ce f o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! times1 places1 & mann] ( hold+ elections = s5ators & repres5tatives %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate by ! legislature !re(2 b ! ,congress may1 at any "t1 by law1 make or alt] su* regulations1 except z to ! places ( *oos+ s5ators4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s2 t is1 ea* ,h\se decl>es :o are entitl$ to memb]%ip !re94 ,ea* h\se may det]m9e ! rules ( its proce$+s1 puni% its memb]s = disord]ly conduct1 & ) ! concurr5ce ( two ?irds expel a memb]4 ,ea* h\se keeps & publi%es a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 except+ su* p>ts z may1 9 _! judgm5t1 require secrecy2 & ! yeas & nays ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se1 on any "q1 %all1 at ! desire ( "o fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,nei!r h\se1 dur+ ! session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,,privileges ,,& ,,disabilities ,,( ,,memb]s4--,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates sets =? ! foll[+ privileges & disabilities relat+ to memb]%ip 9 bo? ! ,s5ate & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives3 7#a7 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives %all receive a comp5sation = _! s]vices1 to be asc]ta9$ by law1 & paid out ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all 9 all cases except treason1 felony1 & brea* ( ! peace be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ _! att5dance at ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2 & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 7#b7 ,no s5ator or repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil (fice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 increas$1 dur+ su* "t2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance ( (fice4 ,! purpose ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is clause is to prev5t memb]s ( ,congress f vot+ to create (fices1 or to affix high sal>ies to (fices1 ) ! hope ( be+ appo9t$ to fill !m4 7#c7 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! memb]s ( ! sev]al ,/ate legislatures1 & all executive & judicial (fic]s bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be b\nd by oa? or affirmation to support ?is ,con/itution2 b no religi\s te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a qualification to any (fice or public tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#d7 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator or repres5tative 9 ,congress1 or elector ( ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa? z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any ,/ate legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any ,/ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid & com=t to ! enemies !re(4 ,b ,congress may1 by a vote ( two ?irds ( ea* ,h\se1 remove su* disability4 ,! purpose ( ! clause 0 to exclude f (fice all ^? :o _h sworn1 z (fic]s ( ! ,/ate or ! nation1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o aft]w>d engag$ 9 w> aga9/ ! ,union4 ,an act ( ,congress enabl+ !m to hold (fice 0 call$ a removal ( _! disabilities4 ,?is clause ( ! ,con/itution is practically void z reg>ds all pa/ (f5ses1 z ! disabilities ( ne>ly all to :om x appli$ h be5 remov$ by ,congress4 ,,p[]s ,,( ,,congress4--,congress has p[]3 7#a7 ,to levy & collect taxes1 duties on import$ goods1 & rev5ues f articles ( manufacture1 to pay ! debts & provide = ! common def5se & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#b7 ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! usual me?od ( borr[+ money is to issue gov]nm5t bonds1 :i* are promises to pay ! sums specifi$ 9 !m at a giv5 "t1 ) int]e/ at a giv5 rate4 ,! bonds are sold1 usually at _! face value1 & ! proce$s appli$ to public purposes4 ,unit$ ,/ates bonds c n be tax$ by a ,/ate4 7#c7 ,to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes4 7#d7 ,to e/abli% a uni=m rule ( naturalisation1 & uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies1 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#e7 ,to co9 money2 regulate ! value !re(1 & ( =eign co92 & fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures4 7#f7 ,to provide = ! puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#g7 ,to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads4 7#h7 ,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+ = limit$ times1 to au?ors & inv5tors1 ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies2 ,t is1 to grant copyrights to au?ors1 & to issue pat5ts to inv5tors4 7#i7 ,to con/itute tribunals inf]ior to ! supreme c\rt4 7#aj7 ,to def9e & puni% piracies & felonies committ$ on ! high seas1 & (f5ses aga9/ ! law ( nations4 ,piracy is robb]y committ$ at sea4 7#aa7 ,to decl>e w>2 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]4 ,lett]s ( m>que are commissions issu$ to private p>ties1 au?oriz+ !m to cross ! fronti]s ( ano!r nation1 & to seize ! p]sons & prop]ty ( its subjects4 ,reprisal is ! =cible tak+ ( ! prop]ty or p]sons ( ! subjects ( ano!r nation1 9 return = injuries done to ! gov]nm5t grant+ ! lett]s4 ,vessels c>ry+ lett]s ( m>que & reprisal are call$ private]s4 7#ab7 ,to raise & support armies4 7#ac7 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a navy4 7#ad7 ,to make rules = ! gov]nm5t & regulation ( ! l& & naval =ces4 7#ae7 ,to provide = call+ =? ! militia to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrection & repel invasions4 7#af7 ,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* "p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#ag7 ,to ex]cise exclusive legislation ov] ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & to ex]cise l au?ority ov] all places pur*as$ by ! cons5t ( ! legislature ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! same %all be1 = ! erection ( =ts1 magaz9es1 ars5als1 docky>ds1 & o!r ne$ful build+s4 7#ah7 ,to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s & all o!r p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any dep>tm5t or (fic] !re(4 7#ai7 ,congress may det]m9e ! "t ( *oos+ ! electors = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! day on :i* !y %all give _! votes1 :i* day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#bj7 ,congress may1 by law1 provide = ! case ( removal1 dea?1 resignation1 or inability ( bo? ! ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 decl>+ :at (fic] %all !n act z ,presid5t4 7#ba7 ,! ,congress may1 by law1 ve/ ! appo9tm5t ( su* inf]ior (fic]s z !y ?9k prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t alone1 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4 7#bb7 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to decl>e ! puni%m5t ( treason4 7#bc7 ,full fai? & cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* ,/ate1 to ! public acts1 records1 & judicial proce$+s ( e o!r ,/ate4 ,& ! ,congress may1 by g5]al laws1 prescribe ! mann] 9 :i* su* acts1 records1 & proce$+s %all be prov$1 & ! effect !re(4 7#bd7 ,new ,/ates may be admitt$ by ! ,congress into ?is ,union1 b no new ,/ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( any o!r ,/ate1 nor any ,/ate be =m$ by ! junction ( two or m ,/ates1 or p>ts ( ,/ates1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates conc]n$1 z well z ( ! ,congress4 7#be7 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to dispose (1 & to make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ ! t]ritory or o!r prop]ty belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to prejudice any claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( any p>ticul> ,/ate4 7#bf7 ,congress has p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate legislation1 all provisions ( ! ,con/itution4 ,"u ! au?ority to provide = ! g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,congress ex]cises p[]s :i* are impli$--t is1 und]/ood--b :i* are n expressly nam$ 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! grants ( public l&s to railway & canal companies1 ! annual appropriations = ! improvem5t ( riv]s & h>bors1 & num]\s simil> laws are bas$ ^u impli$ p[]s4 ,,=bidd5 ,,p[]s4--,! foll[+ p[]s are expressly d5i$ to ! national gov]nm5t3 7#a7 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$ unless :51 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 ! public safety may require x4 ,habeas corpus means ,?\ may/ h ! body4 ,a p]son 9 prison1 claim+ to be unlawfully deta9$1 or ! fri5d ( su* a p]son1 applies to ! judge ( a c\rt = a writ ( habeas corpus4 ,! judge issues ! writ1 :i* directs ! (fic] to br+ ! body ( ! prison] into c\rt at a c]ta9 "t & place1 9 ord] t ! legality ( ! imprisonm5t may be te/$4 ,! case aga9/ ! prison] is n tri$ "u ! writ ( habeas corpus1 b ! judge inquires :e!r any crime is *>g$1 or :e!r !re is a legal cause = ! arre/4 ,if ! imprisonm5t is illegal1 ! judge ord]s ! prison] releas$2 if ! prison] is lawfully held1 ! judge rem&s him to prison4 ,?is writ secures ! fre$om ( e p]son unless deta9$ ^u legal *>ges4 ,!re=e1 !re is no p[] 9 ?is wide c\ntry t c arre/ & imprison ev5 ! humble/ citiz5 except ^u legal gr\nds4 ,! writ ( habeas corpus is ! mo/ fam\s writ kn[n to ! law1 ! /ronge/ safegu>d ( ! p]sonal lib]ty ( ! citiz5s1 & is reg>d$ ) almo/ a sacr$ rev]5ce by ! p4 7#b7 ,no bill ( atta9d] or ex po/ facto law %all be pass$ by ,congress4 ,a bill ( atta9d] is an act ( a legislative body inflict+ ! p5alty ( dea? )\t a regul> trial4 ,an ex po/ facto law is a law :i* fixes a p5alty = acts done be=e ! law 0 pass$1 or :i* increases ! p5alty ( a crime aft] x is committ$4 ,laws = puni%+ crime m sev]ely c take effect only aft] _! passage2 !y c n affect a crime committ$ be=e !y 7 pass$4 7#c7 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any ,/ate4 ,no pref]5ce %all be giv51 by any regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue1 to ! ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor %all vessels b\nd to or f "o ,/ate be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay duties 9 ano!r4 7#d7 ,no money %all be drawn f ! treasury b 9 consequ5ce ( appropriations made by law1 & a regul> /atem5t & acc\nt ( ! receipts & exp5ditures ( all public money %all be publi%$ f "t to "t4 7#e7 ,no title ( nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & no p]son hold+ any (fice ( pr(it or tru/ "u !m %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1 (fice1 or title ( any k9d :atev]1 f any k+1 pr9ce1 or =eign ,/ate4 7#f7 ,congress %all make no law respect+ e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble1 & to petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4 7#g7 ,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = paym5t ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any ,/ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave2 b all su* debts1 obligations1 & claims %all be held illegal & void4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates =bids ! national gov]nm5t f ex]cis+ c]ta9 o!r p[]s1 relat+ pr9cipally to slav]y2 b su* d5ials are r5d]$ useless by ! fre$om ( ! slaves4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s5ate4 ,! ,s5ate is compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 elect$ by direct vote ( ! p2#a & !re=e ea* ,/ate has an equal repres5tation1 )\t reg>d to its area or ! numb] ( its p4 ,! t]m ( a ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator is six ye>s1 & "o ?ird ( ! ,s5ate is elect$ e two ye>s4 ,a s5ator mu/ be ?irty ye>s old1 = n9e ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & mu/ be an inhabitant ( ! ,/ate = :i* he %all be *os54 ,a vacancy :i* occurs 9 any ,/ate's repres5tation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate is fill$ by an election = ! unexpir$ t]m2 b ! legislature ( any ,/ate may emp[] ! gov]nor to make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until su* election is held4 ,! ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ex (ficio presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b has no vote except :5 ! ,s5ate is equally divid$ ^u a "q4 ,! ,s5ate elects its o!r (fic]s1 includ+ a presid5t pro tempore1 or tempor>y presid5t1 :o presides :5 ! ,vice ,presid5t is abs5t4 ,! ,s5ate is a cont9u\s body2 t is1 x is always organiz$1 & :5 x meets x may proce$ at once to bus9ess4 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives impea*es an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! impea*m5t is tri$ be=e ! ,s5ate sitt+ z a c\rt4 ,! ,s5ate has ! sole p[] to try impea*m5ts1 & x requires two ?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t to convict4 ,judgm5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f (fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! p>ty convict$ %all1 nev]!less1 be liable & subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t1 & puni%m5t accord+ to law4 ,all treaties made by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) =eign c\ntries mu/ be laid be=e ! ,s5ate = ratification4 ,if two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate vote = ! treaty1 x is ratifi$2 o!rwise1 x is reject$4 ,treaties are compacts or contracts betwe5 two or m nations made ) a view to ! public welf>e ( ea*1 & are usually =m$ by ag5ts or commission]s appo9t$ by ! respective gov]nm5ts ( ! c\ntries conc]n$4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 (t5 call$ ! l[] ,h\se ( ,congress1 is a mu* l>g] body ?an ! ,s5ate4 ,! la/ apportionm5t ( repres5tatives1 made 9 #aiaa1 gave ! ,h\se f\r hundr$ & ?irty-five memb]s1 & ?is w5t into effect ) ! ,sixty-?ird ,congress1 beg9n+ on ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,a c5sus ( ! p is made e t5 ye>s1 & ^u ?is z a basis ,congress fixes ! numb] ( repres5tatives = ! entire c\ntry1 & ! numb] to :i* ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ = ! next t5 ye>s !reaft]4 ,ea* legislature divides ! ,/ate into z _m ,congress di/ricts z ! ,/ate is entitl$ to repres5tatives1 & ea* di/rict elects a repres5tative by direct vote ( ! p4 ,! t]m ( (fice is two ye>s1 & ! t]ms ( all repres5tatives beg9 & end at ! same "t4 ,a repres5tative mu/ be tw5ty-five ye>s old1 mu/ h be5 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates sev5 ye>s1 & mu/ be an inhabitant ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* he is elect$4 ,a vacancy 9 a ,/ate's repres5tation 9 ! l[] h\se ( ,congress is fill$ by special election call$ by ! gov]nor = t purpose4 ,all bills = rais+ rev5ue--t is1 all bills provid+ = taxation--mu/ orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) am5dm5ts1 z 9 o!r bills4 ,taxation is call$ ! /ronge/ function ( gov]nm5t1 & !re=e ! ,con/itution provides t ! fir/ /ep mu/ be tak5 by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 because all its memb]s are elect$ e two ye>s by ! p1 & are suppos$ to repres5t ! p's views4 ,! ,con/itution provides t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t2 t is1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives mu/ =mulate & pres5t ! *>ges to ! ,s5ate1 & prosecute ! accus$ at its b>4 ,an impea*m5t by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives corresponds to an indictm5t by a gr& jury2 specific *>ges mu/ be made be=e a trial c be held 9 any c\rt4 ,,! ,,speak]4--,! speak] is elect$ by ! repres5tatives4 ,he is a memb] ( ! ,h\se1 & is nom9at$ = ! speak]%ip by a conv5tion1 or caucus1 ( ! repres5tatives :o are ( 8 political p>ty4 ,9 rank he is ! ?ird (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he presides ov] ! ,h\se1 pres]ves decorum1 decides po9ts ( ord]1 & directs ! bus9ess ( legislation4 ,he is ! organ ( ! ,h\se1 & because he speaks & decl>es its w is call$ ! ,speak]4 ,he =m]ly appo9t$ ! /&+ committees ( ! ,h\se1 & ?us l>gely %ap$ legislation2 b ?is p[] 0 tak5 f him 9 #aiaa4 ,z almo/ all laws are matur$ by ! committees1 & are pass$ z ! result ( _! "w1 ! p[] to appo9t ! committees 0 consid]$ too important to leave 9 ! h&s ( "o man4 ,! speak]'s sal>y is #ab1jjj annually4 ,! cl]k ( ! prec$+ ,h\se presides dur+ ! election ( ! speak]4 ,imm$iately aft] 8 election1 ! speak] is sworn into (fice by ! repres5tative ( ! longe/ s]vice 9 ! ,h\se4 ,he !n assumes ! direction ( bus9ess1 & adm9i/]s ! oa? to ! memb]s z !y pres5t !mselves by ,/ates4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is reorganiz$ e two ye>s at ! op5+ ( ! fir/ session ( ea* ,congress4 ,,o!r ,,(fic]s4--,! o!r (fic]s ( ! ,h\se are ! cl]k1 ! s]geant-at-arms1 ! doorkeep]1 ! po/ma/]1 & ! *apla94 ,!y are n memb]s ( ! ,h\se4 ,! s]geant-at-arms & ! doorkeep] appo9t num]\s subord9ates4 ,! s]geant-at-arms is ! m9i/]ial & police (fic] ( ! ,h\se4 ,he pres]ves ord]1 "u ! direction ( ! speak]1 & executes all processes issu$ by ! ,h\se or its committees4 ,! symbol ( au?ority ( ! ,h\se is ! mace1 consi/+ ( a bundle ( ebony rods surm\nt$ by a globe1 ^u :i* is a silv] eagle ) out/ret*$ w+s4 ,9 sc5es ( di/urbance1 :5 ! s]geant-at-arms be>s ! mace ?r\gh ! hall ( ! ,h\se at ! speak]'s comm&1 ! memb]s imm$iately become quiet & ord] is re/or$4 ,! doorkeep] has *>ge ( ! hall ( ! ,h\se & its entrances4 ,! po/ma/] receives & di/ributes ! mail matt] ( ! memb]s4 ,! *apla9 op5s ! daily sessions ( ! ,h\se ) pray]4 #a;,aft] #aiac4 ,be=e #aiac ! s5ators ( ea* ,/ate 7 elect$ by ! legislature4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y d n ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates make _! laws 9 p]son1 in/ead ( delegat+ ?is p[] to ,congress8 #b4 ,is x "r t ! ,presid5t %\ld hold ! veto p[]8 #c4 ,:y is ea* ,h\se judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s8 #d4 ,:y are ! yeas & nays ent]$ on ! ,j\rnal8 #e4 ,:y are s5ators & repres5tatives privileg$ f arre/ dur+ ! session1 except = c]ta9 specifi$ (f5ses8 #f4 ,is x "r to grant copyrights & pat5ts8 #g4 ,:at is c\nt]feit+8 #h4 ,%\ld ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators be elect$ by ! legislature or by ! p8 #i4 ,h[ _m s5ators 9 ,congress n[8 #aj4 ,:o are ! two ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators f ?is ,/ate8 #aa4 ,:at is an impea*m5t8 #ab4 ,h[ _m repres5tatives 9 ,congress f ?is ,/ate8 #ac4 ,give ! "n ( ! repres5tative f ?is di/rict4 #ad4 ,:o at pres5t is speak] ( ! national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives8 #ae4 ,( :at ,/ate is he a repres5tative8 #af4 ,"n six ( ! mo/ important committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! memb]s ( ! ,presid5t's cab9et %\ld be memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,presid5t3 ,,qualifications4--,! executive p[] ( ! national gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t mu/ be natural born citiz5s ( ?is c\ntry1 mu/ h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & mu/ h resid$ f\rte5 ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 case ( ! ,presid5t's dea?1 resignation1 or removal f (fice1 8 duties devolve ^u ! ,vice ,presid5t2 & if a vacancy occurs 9 ! (fice1 ! ,vice ,presid5t becomes ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at o!r times ! only duty ( ! ,vice ,presid5t is to preside ov] ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t receives a sal>y ( sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s p] ye>2 ! annual sal>y ( ! ,vice ,presid5t is twelve ?\s& doll>s4 ,,election4--,! ,presid5t holds 8 (fice = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,vice ,presid5t *os5 = ! same t]m1 is elect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! regul> ye> = ! election ( a ,presid5t1 ea* ( ! political p>ties 9 ea* /ate appo9ts delegates to ! national conv5tion ( ! p>ty1 ei!r by means ( conv5tions1 or by vote at prim>y elections4 ,ea* p>ty meets 9 national conv5tion lat] on 9 ! ye>1 & nom9ates ! c&idates :om x w support = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 & puts =? a decl>ation ( pr9ciples call$ a plat=m4 ,on ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb] ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates meet at _! usual poll+-places1 & elect z _m electors ( ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t z ! ,/ate has s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,= ?is purpose c&idates = electors h previ\sly be5 nom9at$ by ! sev]al p>ties nam+ c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,! election returns are =w>d$ to ! ,/ate capital1 :]e !y are comp>$1 & ! result decl>$ by ! election bo>d ( ! ,/ate4 ,! gov]nor & secret>y ,( ,/ate issue c]tificates to ! p]sons *os5 z electors ( ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,on ! second ,monday 9 ,janu>y ! electors ( ea* ,/ate meet at ! ,/ate capital & ca/ _! votes = ! c&idates ( _! p>ty = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,!y make1 sign1 c]tify1 & seal ?ree sep>ate li/s ( _! votes = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t2 transmit two li/s to ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate--"o by mail & ! o!r by special mess5g]--& file ! rema9+ li/ ) ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt ( ! di/rict 9 :i* ! electors meet4 ,on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives meet 9 jo9t session4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,s5ate op5s ! c]tificates ( votes f all ! ,/ates1 & ! votes are !n c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t is decl>$ elect$ ,presid5t1 if 8 votes are a majority ( all ! electors elect$ 9 ! :ole ,union4 ,if no p]son receives a majority ( all ! electoral votes1 !n ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives elects ! ,presid5t f ! ?ree c&idates receiv+ ! highe/ numb]s ( votes4 ,a quorum = ! purpose is a repres5tative or repres5tatives f two ?irds ( ! ,/ates4 ,ea* ,/ate has "o vote1 ca/ z a majority ( its repres5tatives pres5t directs2 & a majority ( ail ! ,/ates is necess>y to elect4 ,! p]son receiv+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes = ,vice ,presid5t is elect$ ,vice ,presid5t1 if 8 votes are a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors *os54 ,if 8 votes are n a majority ( all ! electors1 !n ! ,s5ate proce$s to elect ! ,vice ,presid5t f ! two c&idates receiv+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,a quorum = ! purpose consi/s ( two ?irds ( ! s5ators f all ! ,/ates4 ,ea* s5ator has "o vote1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] is necess>y to elect4 ,! p d n vote directly = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 b = electors by :om ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t are *os54 ,! electors ( all ! ,/ates are call$ collectively ! electoral college4 ,! electors may vote = "s o!r p]son ?an ! c&idate nom9at$ by _! respective p>ties2 b no elector has ev] *os5 to ex]cise ?is privilege4 ,!y consid] !mselves 9 honor pl$g$ & in/ruct$ to ca/ _! votes = ! c&idate ( _! own political fai?4 ,! vote ( ! p = electors is call$ ! popul> vote1 & ! vote ( ! electors = ,presid5t is call$ ! electoral vote4 ,z has sev]al times happ5$ 9 our hi/ory1 a c&idate may be elect$ ,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t & yet be 9 a m9ority ( ! popul> vote4 ,,inauguration4--,on ! #d? ( ,m>* foll[+ ! election ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t assume ! duties ( _! respective (fices amid impos+ c]emonies4 ,! ,vice ,presid5t is fir/ sworn into (fice 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,! foll[+ oa? ( (fice is !n adm9i/]$ to ! ,presid5t-elect by ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & w1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 pres]ve1 protect1 & def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a va/ conc\rse ( citiz5s ! ,presid5t deliv]s an address1 outl9+ ! public policy to be pursu$ dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,!re is usually a display ( civil & milit>y organizations repres5t+ all sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,! political diff]5ces ( ! p are 9 great "p =gott5 9 ! en?usiasm att5d+ ! inauguration ( ! ,presid5t4 ,,(ficial ,,resid5ce4--,! presid5tial mansion 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton is call$ ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,x 0 erect$ & is ma9ta9$ by ! national gov]nm5t at public exp5se4 ,"h ! ,presid5t resides ) 8 family1 & receives private citiz5s1 memb]s ( ,congress1 (fic]s ( o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 & =eign m9i/]s & dignit>ies4 ,at 8 public receptions1 held at /at$ times1 he may be call$ ^u by ! humble/ p]son 9 ! l&4 ,?is %[s ! _s ( equality :i* prevails ev5 9 ! highe/ /ation "u our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,our in/itutions are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple embodi$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ,t all m5 are creat$ equal4 ,,dignity ,,& ,,responsibility4--,! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! highe/ 9 ! gift ( ! p4 ,he repres5ts ! unity1 p[]1 & purpose ( ! nation4 ,he is ! fir/ citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hold+ ! position ( highe/ dignity1 influ5ce1 & responsibility 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,he directs ! ma*9]y ( ! gov]nm5t1 & is !re=e held responsible by ! p = ! conduct ( public affairs1 & l>gely = ! condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 t]m ( (fice is call$ an adm9i/ration4 ,he & 8 (ficial advis]s h ! appo9tm5t ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifte5 ?\s& (fic]s ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,,messages4--,at ! op5+ ( ea* regul> session ( ,congress ! ,presid5t s5ds or deliv]s to bo? h\ses 8 annual message1 9 :i* he reviews ev5ts ( ! previ\s ye>1 gives in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5ds ! passage ( su* laws z he deems necess>y & exp$i5t4 ,f "t to "t he gives in=mation ^u special subjects1 & recomm5ds ! passage ( measures ( press+ importance4 ,! heads ( dep>tm5ts make ye>ly reports to ! ,presid5t1 :i* are pr9t$ = ! in=mation ( ,congress4 ,,duties ,,& ,,p[]s4--,! duties ( ! ,presid5t are s ext5sive1 ! burd5s ( 8 (fice s heavy1 & 8 p[] s great1 t ! p believe t no man1 h[ev] wise & em95t1 %\ld hold ! (fice = m ?an two t]ms4 ,wa%+ton set ! example ( volunt>y retirem5t at ! end ( ! second t]m1 & x seems to be an unwritt5 law t no ,presid5t %all s]ve m ?an eight ye>s 9 succession4 ,! duties ( ! (fice1 s v>i\s & s burd5some1 are summ$ up 9 ! provision ( ! ,con/itution3 ,he %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$4 ,! ,presid5t approves or vetoes all bills & jo9t-resolutions pass$ by ,congress1 except ^? relat+ to que/ions ( adj\rnm5t4 ,all measures veto$ mu/1 )9 t5 days aft] !y are receiv$1 be return$ to ! h\se 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 ,! p[] to veto acts ( ,congress is call$ ! legislative p[] ( ! ,presid5t4 ,he is comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & ! navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! militia ( ! sev]al ,/ates :5 engag$ 9 ! national s]vice4 ,he does n comm& 9 p]son1 b places ! =ces "u ! ord]s ( (fic]s ( 8 *oice4 ,he may require in=mation 9 writ+ f ! heads ( dep>tm5ts ^u subjects relat+ to _! respective (fices4 ,z he appo9ts ^! (fic]s1 & may remove !m at 8 pleasure1 ! p hold him responsible = _! (ficial conduct4 ,he is held responsible = ! (ficial actions ( all (fic]s ( ! executive dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he may grant reprieves & p>dons = (f5ses aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t4 ,frequ5t appeals are made to 8 p>don+ p[]4 ,he may make treaties ) =eign c\ntries1 b be=e a treaty c h any effect x mu/ be submitt$ by him to ! ,s5ate1 & mu/ be ratifi$ by a vote ( two ?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t4 ,) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 he appo9ts m9i/]s to =eign c\rts1 consuls to =eign c\ntries1 judges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 & o!r (fic]s1 ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,he fills vacancies 9 (fice :i* occur dur+ recesses ( ! ,s5ate1 by grant+ commissions :i* expire at ! close ( ! next session ( ! ,s5ate4 ,he may1 9 cases ( extreme necessity1 call special session ( ,congress1 or ( ei!r h\se4 ,if ! ,s5ate & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives fail to agree ^u a "t to :i* !y %all adj\rn1 ! ,presid5t may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he may ?9k prop]4 ,su* a necessity has nev] aris51 & !re=e ?is p[] has nev] be5 ex]cis$4 ,! ,presid5t may receive or refuse to receive m9i/]s & o!r ag5ts ( =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,to receive a m9i/] is to recognize ! nation :i* he repres5ts4 ,he may also dismiss =eign m9i/]s :o d n prove acceptable to our gov]nm5t4 ,he commissions all (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p[] to make appo9tm5ts ( (fice is call$ 8 patronage4 ,a civil s]vice commission1 consi/+ ( ?ree commission]s1 has be5 e/abli%$ by act ( ,congress1 to secure effici5cy 9 ! public s]vice1 & to prev5t ! appo9tm5t ( m5 to (fice z a rew>d = p>ty "w4 ,be=e applicants = c]ta9 (fices c be appo9t$ !y mu/ pass an exam9ation prescrib$ by ! civil s]vice commission4 ,,cab9et4 ,! ,presid5t's cab9et is a c\ncil ( t5 (ficial advis]s1 appo9t$ by him & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,!y are (t5 call$ heads ( dep>tm5ts4 ,! memb]s ( ! cab9et are ! secret>y ( /ate1 secret>y ( ! treasury1 secret>y ( w>1 secret>y ( ! navy1 po/ma/]-g5]al1 secret>y ( ! int]ior1 attorney-g5]al1 secret>y ( agriculture1 secret>y ( comm]ce1 & secret>y ( labor4 ,!y may be remov$ by ! ,presid5t at pleasure1 & are directly responsible to him = ! conduct ( _! respective dep>tm5ts4 ,! ,presid5t holds frequ5t meet+s ( ! cab9et = ! purpose ( conf]r+ ^u (ficial bus9ess2 b he may1 if he *oose1 disreg>d _! advice & act ^u 8 own judgm5t4 ,9 case ( ! dea?1 resignation1 removal1 or disability ( bo? ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 ! presid5tial (fice w\ld be fill$ by a memb] ( ! cab9et1 9 ?is ord]3 ,! secret>y ( /ate1 ! secret>y ( ! treasury1 ! secret>y ( w>1 ! attorney-g5]al1 ! po/ma/]-g5]al1 ! secret>y ( ! navy1 ! secret>y ( ! int]ior4 ,ea* ( ! cab9et (fic]s receives a sal>y ( twelve ?\s& doll>s p] ye>4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,/ate4--,! secret>y ( /ate is ! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( /ate1 =m]ly call$ ! dep>tm5t ( =eign affairs4 ,8 (fice is ! highe/ rank 9 ! cab9et1 & is next 9 importance to t ( ! ,presid5t4 ,he pres]ves ! orig9al draughts ( all treaties1 laws1 public docum5ts1 & correspond5ce ) =eign c\ntries4 ,he keeps ! great seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & fixes x to all commissions sign$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,he furni%es copies ( records & pap]s kept 9 8 (fice1 impress$ ) ! seal ( 8 dep>tm5t1 & au!nticates all proclamations & messages ( ! ,presid5t4 ,he has *>ge ( ! negotiation ( treaties & o!r =eign affairs1 conducts correspond5ce ) =eign m9i/]s1 issues in/ructions = ! guidance ( our m9i/]s & o!r ag5ts to =eign c\ntries1 & f "t to "t reports to ,congress ! relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,he is ! organ ( communication betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ! gov]nors ( ! ,/ates4 ,he issues travel+ pap]s1 call$ passports1 to citiz5s wi%+ to travel 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,:5 =eign crim9als take refuge 9 ?is c\ntry1 he issues w>rants = _! deliv]y accord+ to ! t]ms ( exi/+ treaties4 ,he pres5ts to ! ,presid5t all =eign m9i/]s1 & is ! only (fic] au?oriz$ to repres5t him 9 correspond5ce ) =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,! secret>y ( /ate has ?ree assi/ants1 call$ respectively1 fir/ assi/ant secret>y ( /ate1 second assi/ant secret>y ( /ate1 & ?ird assi/ant secret>y ( /ate4 ,! dep>tm5t ( /ate conducts ! =eign affairs ( ! gov]nm5t *iefly ?r\gh ! diplomatic s]vice & ! consul> s]vice4 ,,! ,,diplomatic ,,s]vice4--,! (fic]s ( ! diplomatic s]vice are call$ m9i/]s1 & repres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a political capacity4 ,!y negotiate treaties "u ! direction ( ! secret>y ( /ate1 & ma9ta9 fri5dly relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! c\ntries to :i* !y are accr$it$4 ,!y are =bidd5 to engage 9 any comm]cial transaction1 or to ex]cise any control ov] ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ! laws ( nations1 =eign m9i/]s 9 all c\ntries enjoy _m rights & privileges n accord$ to o!r =eign p]sons4 ,!y are assi/$ by int]pret]s1 :o expla9 spee*es made 9 =eign tongues2 & by secret>ies ( legation1 :o keep ! records1 & att5d to ! m9or duties ( ! m9i/]s4 ,! diplomatic s]vice consi/s ( ambassadors extraord9>y & pl5ipot5ti>y1 ( envoys extraord9>y & m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y1 & ( m9i/]s resid5t4 ,^! (ficials rank 9 ! ord] nam$1 b ! duties are ! same2 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ 9 ! rank & influ5ce ( ! c\ntries to :i* !y are accr$it$4 ,! ambassadors & m9i/]s ( ! high] rank receive sal>ies rang+ f sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s to sev5te5 ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s ea*1 ! latt] sum be+ paid to ! ambassadors to su* important c\ntries z ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,russia1 ,mexico1 ,japan1 etc4 ,!re are v few m9i/]s resid5t4 ,!y g5]ally s]ve also z consuls g5]al1 & receive f f\r ?\s& doll>s to sev5 ?\s& doll>s ea*4 ,m9i/]s s5t to =eign c\ntries ^u special s]vice1 su* z ! negotiation ( special treaties1 are sometimes call$ commission]s4 ,,consul> ,,s]vice4--,! consul> s]vice includes ab\t sixty consuls g5]al1 "s ( :om are inspectors ( consulates1 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty consuls1 & _m deputies & o!r assi/ants4 ,! *ief duties ( consuls are to en=ce ! comm]cial laws1 & to protect ! rights ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,consuls reside at ! pr9cipal cities ( ! consul> di/ricts to :i* !y are accr$it$4 ,! int]e/s ( ,am]ican %ipp+ & ,am]ican seam5 are specially intru/$ to _! c>e4 ,!y keep ! pap]s ( ,am]ican vessels :ile 9 port2 !y record ! tonnage1 ! k9d & value ( ! c>go1 & ! numb] & condition ( ! sailors4 ,!y he> ! compla9ts ( seam51 cause ! arre/ ( mut9\s sailors1 s5d !m home = trial1 & c>e = m>9]s 9 de/itute condition4 ,!y take possession ( ! prop]ty ( ,am]ican citiz5s dy+ abroad1 & =w>d ! proce$s to ! lawful heirs4 ,!y collect valuable in=mation relat+ to ! comm]ce & manufactures ( =eign c\ntries1 :i* is di/ribut$ among our p by ! dep>tm5t ( comm]ce4 ,9 ,turkey & ,*9a1 ,am]ican citiz5s :o are *>g$ ) crime are tri$ by ! ,am]ican consul4 ,consuls & consuls g5]al receive sal>ies rang+ f two ?\s& doll>s to twelve ?\s& doll>s ea*1 accord+ to ! importance ( ! cities :]e !y are locat$4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t4--,! secret>y ( ! treasury is ! head ( ! treasury dep>tm5t4 ,he manages ! entire f9ancial sy/em ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,he sugge/s to ,congress plans = rais+ rev5ue & ma9ta9+ ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & makes detail$ reports on all ! op]ations ( 8 dep>tm5t4 ,he sup]9t5ds ! collection ( rev5ue2 ! co9age ( money2 ! op]ation ( national banks2 ! conduct ( cu/om-h\ses1 :]e taxes on import$ =eign goods are collect$4 ,! s*$ule or table %[+ ! duties levi$ on =eign goods is call$ ! t>iff2 ?is is fix$ by act ( ,congress4 ,! managem5t ( ! public heal? s]vice1 & ! op]ation ( ! coa/ gu>d1 ma9ta9$ along ! seacoa/ = ! rescue ( p]sons f dr[n+ & = ! en=cem5t ( navigation laws1 are also "u ! *>ge ( ! secret>y ( ! treasury4 ,8 greate/ responsibility is ! managem5t ( ! national debt1 :i* /ill am\nts to _m hundr$ millions ( doll>s4 ,,bureaus4--,! secret>y ( ! treasury is assi/$ by ?ree assi/ant secret>ies ( ! treasury1 a comptroll]1 six auditors1 a treasur]1 a regi/] ( ! treasury1 & num]\s o!r responsible (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ! bank curr5cy1 int]nal rev5ue1 ! m9t1 ! erection ( public build+s1 & o!r important bureaus & divisions ( ! treasury dep>tm5t4 ,! comptroll] directs ! "w ( ! six auditors1 & sup]9t5ds ! recov]y ( debts due ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! auditor = ! treasury dep>tm5t settles--t is1 exam9es & passes on--all acc\nts 9 ! collection ( cu/oms duties & int]nal rev5ue1 ! national debt1 & o!r acc\nts imm$iately connect$ ) ! op]ations ( ! treasury dep>tm5t4 ,! auditor = ! w> dep>tm5t settles ! army acc\nts4 ,! auditor = ! int]ior dep>tm5t settles p5sion acc\nts1 acc\nts ) ! ,indians1 & all o!r acc\nts aris+ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! int]ior4 ,! auditor = ! navy dep>tm5t settles ! acc\nts ( ! navy4 ,! auditor = ! /ate & o!r dep>tm5ts has *>ge ( ! acc\nts ( ! secret>y ( /ate1 ! attorney-g5]al1 ! secret>y ( agriculture1 ! secret>y ( comm]ce1 & ! secret>y ( labor1 & ( all ! (ficials "u _! direction2 ! acc\nts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts2 & ^? ( v>i\s in/itutions :i* are n "u ! control ( any dep>tm5t4 ,! auditor = ! po/-(fice dep>tm5t exam9es & passes on ! acc\nts ( ! po/al s]vice4 ,! treasur] is cu/odian ( ! funds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all funds & securities are kept 9 vaults made = ! purpose1 or deposit$ 9 reliable banks = safe keep+4 ,! regi/] ( ! treasury has *>ge ( ! acc\nt-books ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds & pap] money4 ,!y %[ ! exact f9ancial condition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at all times4 ,! regi/]'s "n is ^u all bonds & notes issu$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! comptroll] ( ! curr5cy sup]vises ! national banks4 ,a bank is a place = ! safe keep+ & l5d+ ( money4 ,a bank hold+ its *>t]--t is1 its p[] to d bus9ess--f a ,/ate gov]nm5t is call$ a ,/ate bank4 ,two k9ds ( banks are *>t]$ by ! national gov]nm5t3 ! national banks & ! f$]al res]ve banks4 ,by ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 any five or m p]sons ) suffici5t capital may organize a national bank4 ,a national bank may issue its notes--t is1 its promises to pay--z curr5cy1 to an am\nt n exce$+ ! am\nt ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds deposit$ by ! bank ) ! national gov]nm5t4 ,ea* f$]al res]ve bank is a l>ge c5tral bank organiz$ by ! banks ( a c]ta9 di/rict4 ,x issues notes z curr5cy1 secur$ by comm]cial notes1 drafts1 etc4 ,! commission] ( int]nal rev5ue sup]vises ! collection ( income taxes & ( taxes laid ^u tobacco2 liquors1 etc41 manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! director ( ! m9t has *>ge ( ! co9age ( money1 & reports to ,congress ^u ! yield ( preci\s metals4 ,!re are m9ts at ,philadelphia1 ,c>son1 ,san ,francisco1 ,d5v]1 & ,new ,orleans1 & assay (fices also at o!r places4 ,! ,con/itution ve/s ! p[] to co9 money 9 ! national gov]nm5t alone4 ,! director ( ! bureau ( engrav+ & pr9t+ sup]vises ! execution ( designs & ! engrav+ & pr9t+ ( rev5ue & po/age /amps1 national bank notes1 & ! notes1 bonds1 & o!r f9ancial pap] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sup]vis+ ar*itect selects plans = ! erection ( cu/om-h\ses1 c\rt-h\ses1 po/-(fices1 m9ts1 & o!r public build+s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! surgeon-g5]al ( ! public heal? s]vice has *>ge ( ! m>9e hospitals1 & helps to en=ce ! laws :i* aim to prev5t ! introduction ( contagi\s diseases into ! c\ntry4 ,he calls conf]5ces ( /ate heal? bo>ds4 ,! solicitor ( ! treasury is ! *ief lawy] = ! dep>tm5t4 ,he has *>ge ( prosecutions = violations ( ! cu/oms laws1 & o!r crimes aga9/ ! f9ancial int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l simil> lawy]s = o!r dep>tm5ts1 he is includ$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice1 "u ! attorney-g5]al4 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t4--,! secret>y ( w> is ! head ( ! w> dep>tm5t4 ,he has *>ge ( ! l& =ces1 "u ! direction ( ! ,presid5t4 ,he sup]vises ! exp5diture ( money vot$ by ,congress = ! improvem5t ( riv]s & h>bors1 & = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t1 z well z = ! support & op]ations ( ! army4 ,9 ! managem5t ( 8 dep>tm5t he is aid$ by an assi/ant secret>y ( w>4 ,,bureaus4--,! w> dep>tm5t has num]\s (fices & bureaus1 ea* 9 ! *>ge ( a responsible (fic]1 & all "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,*ief ( ,/aff1 :o is ! milit>y advis] ( ! secret>y ( w>4 ,! adjutant-g5]al issues ! milit>y ord]s ( 8 sup]iors1 conducts ! army correspond5ce1 issues commissions1 & keeps ! army records4 ,! qu>t]ma/]-g5]al provides qu>t]s1 food1 clo?+1 & transportation = ! army1 & has *>ge ( b>racks & national cemet]ies4 ,he also sup]vises ! paym5t ( ! army & ! milit>y academy4 ,! surgeon-g5]al sup]9t5ds ! army hospitals1 & ! di/ribution ( m$ical /ores = ! army4 ,! inspector-g5]al att5ds to inspection ( ! arms & equipm5ts ( ! soldi]s4 ,! *ief ( eng9e]s sup]vises ! con/ruction ( =ts1 ! improvem5t ( riv]s & h>bors1 & ! surveys relat+ to !m4 ,! *ief ( ordnance furni%es guns & ammunition to ! army & to =ts1 & has *>ge ( armories & ars5als4 ,! judge-advocate-g5]al1 :o is *ief ( ! bureau ( milit>y ju/ice1 prosecutes crimes committ$ 9 ! army1 & reviews all s5t5ces pass$ by milit>y c\rts & milit>y commissions4 ,,milit>y ,,academy4--,! milit>y academy at ,we/ ,po9t is ma9ta9$ = ! education ( (fic]s = ! army4 ,ea* memb] ( ,congress appo9ts two cadets to ! academy1 & ! ,presid5t appo9ts f\r f ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & eighty f ! ,unit$ ,/ates at l>ge4 ,!re are also appo9t$ two f ea* t]ritory1 two f ,porto ,rico1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( enli/$ m5 f ! army4 ,! academy is "u ! *>ge ( an army (fic]1 appo9t$ by ! secret>y ( w>4 ,ea* cadet receives f ! gov]nm5t an all[ance suffici5t to pay all necess>y exp5ses4 ,,navy ,,dep>tm5t4--,! secret>y ( ! navy presides ov] ! navy dep>tm5t4 ,he has control ( all affairs relat+ to vessels ( w>1 ! naval =ces1 & naval op]ations4 ,he has *>ge ( ! ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis4 ,!re is an assi/ant secret>y ( ! navy4 ,! naval dep>tm5t issues sail+ *>ts1 sail+ directions1 & o!r publications = ! use ( seam54 ,among ^! is ! nautical almanac us$ 9 navigat+ %ips4 ,,bureaus4--,! naval dep>tm5t has a numb] ( bureaus1 :i* are 9 *>ge ( compet5t (fic]s detail$ f ! naval s]vice4 ,! bureau ( navigation gives out & en=ces ! secret>y's ord]s to ! (fic]s ( ! navy1 enli/s sailors1 keeps ! records ( ! s]vice1 & has *>ge ( ! naval academy4 ,x has *>ge ( ! tra9+ & education ( l9e (fic]s & enli/$ m5 ( ! navy4 ,! bureau ( y>ds & docks att5ds to ! navy y>ds1 docks1 :>ves1 _! build+s & ma*9]y4 ,! bureau ( ordnance sup]9t5ds ! =g+ & te/+ ( cannon1 guns1 & o!r milit>y equipm5ts1 & ! con/ruction ( naval torp$oes4 ,! bureau ( m$ic9e & surg]y has *>ge ( ! naval laboratory1 ! eight naval hospitals1 & ! pur*ase & di/ribution ( surgical in/rum5ts & m$ical /ores = ! naval dep>tm5t4 ,! bureau ( supplies & acc\nts pur*ases & di/ributes provisions & clo?+ = ! navy4 ,! bureau ( /eam eng9e]+ sup]9t5ds ! con/ruction & repair ( eng9es & ma*9]y = ! vessels ( w>4 ,! bureau ( con/ruction & repair has *>ge ( all matt]s relat+ to ! con/ruction & repair ( all vessels & boats us$ 9 ! naval s]vice4 ,,naval ,,academy4--,! naval academy at ,annapolis is ma9ta9$ by ! national gov]nm5t = ! purpose ( educat+ & tra9+ (fic]s = ! navy4 ,x be>s ! same relation to ! navy t ! milit>y academy be>s to ! army4 ,at ! academy !re are ?ree mid%ipm5 = ea* memb] ( ,congress2 ! ,presid5t appo9ts two f ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & t5 a ye> f ! ,unit$ ,/ates at l>ge2 & fifte5 enli/$ m5 ( ! navy are appo9t$ ea* ye> on competitive exam9ation4 ,! academy is "u ! *>ge ( a sup]9t5d5t1 appo9t$ by ! secret>y ( ! navy4 ,ea* mid%ipman receives f ! gov]nm5t an annual sum ( money suffici5t to pay all necess>y exp5ses incurr$ at ! academy4 ,,po/-,,(fice ,,dep>tm5t4--,! po/ma/]-g5]al presides ov] ! po/-(fice dep>tm5t4 ,he has control ( all que/ions relat+ to ! managem5t ( po/-(fices & ! c>ry+ ( ! mails1 & appo9ts all po/ma/]s ^: annual sal>ies are less ?an a ?\s& doll>s ea*4 ,po/ma/]s ^: sal>ies exce$ ?is sum are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,bureaus4--,! po/ma/]-g5]al has f\r assi/ants1 :o1 "u him1 are 9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s details ( ! va/ e/abli%m5t devot$ to ! po/al s]vice4 ,! fir/ assi/ant po/ma/]-g5]al has g5]al *>ge ( po/-(fices & po/ma/]s1 & makes prep>ations = ! appo9tm5t ( all po/ma/]s4 ,he also controls ! free deliv]y ( mail matt] 9 cities1 & ! dead lett] (fice4 ,! second assi/ant po/ma/]-g5]al att5ds to ! lett+ ( contracts = c>ry+ ! mails1 decides ^u ! mode ( conveyance1 & fixes ! "t = ! arrival & dep>ture ( mails at ea* po/-(fice4 ,he also has *>ge ( ! =eign mail s]vice4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has po/al treaties ) all ! o!r civiliz$ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 by :i* regul> mail l9es are ma9ta9$4 ,! ?ird assi/ant po/ma/]-g5]al has *>ge ( f9ancial matt]s4 ,he provides /amps1 /amp$ envelopes1 & po/al c>ds = po/-(fices1 & receives ! reports & settlem5ts ( po/ma/]s4 ,he also sup]9t5ds ! regi/]$ mail s]vice1 ! po/al sav+s sy/em1 & ! po/-(fice money-ord] bus9ess4 ,by means ( money ord]s p may deposit money 9 ! po/-(fice at :i* !y mail _! lett]s1 & h x paid at ! (fice to :i* _! lett]s are address$4 ,! f\r? assi/ant po/ma/]-g5]al has *>ge ( ! rural free deliv]y sy/em1--a v important s]vice4 ,he also furni%es blanks & /ation]y to po/-(fices ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & sup]vises ! mak+ ( ! v>i\s po/-r\te maps1 su* z ^? us$ = rural deliv]y & = ! p>cel po/4 ,,int]ior ,,dep>tm5t4--,! secret>y ( ! int]ior is ! *ief (fic] ( ! int]ior dep>tm5t4 ,! =m] "n1 home dep>tm5t1 sugge/s ! "* ( ! subjects "u its control4 ,its duties relate to v>i\s public int]e/s :i* h be5 transf]r$ to x f o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ! int]ior has *>ge ( p5sions1 public l&s1 ,indian affairs1 pat5ts1 education1 & ! geological survey4 ,! commission] ( p5sions has *>ge ( ! exam9ation ( p5sion claims & ! grant+ ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vice 9 ! army & ! navy4 ,!re are ab\t a million names on ! p5sion rolls ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! annual paym5t ( p5sions am\nts to ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty million doll>s4 ,! commission] ( ! g5]al l& (fice sup]9t5ds ! surveys & sales ( ! l&s belong+ to ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates surveys divide ! public l&s into ranges1 t[n%ips1 sections1 & fractions ( sections4 ,ranges are b\nd$ by nor? & s\? l9es1 six miles ap>t1 & are numb]$ ea/ & we/4 ,ranges are divid$ into t[n%ips1 ea* six miles squ>e1 numb]$ nor? & s\?4 ,a t[n%ip is divid$ into ?irty-six sections1 ea* "o mile squ>e1 & conta9+ six hundr$ & =ty acres ( l&2 & sections are divid$ into qu>t] sections4 ,! commission] ( ,indian affairs has *>ge ( que/ions relat+ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,indians4 ,its ag5ts make treaties1 manage l&s1 issue rations & clo?+1 & conduct trade ) ! ,indians4 ,! commission] ( pat5ts conducts all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! grant+ ( pat5ts = useful inv5tions1 discov]ies1 & improvem5ts4 ,a pat5t gives ! inv5tor ! exclusive "r to manufacture1 sell1 & use ! pat5t$ article = a p]iod ( sev5te5 ye>s4 ,a copyright1 :i* is some:at simil> to a pat5t1 gives ! au?or ( a book ! exclusive "r to pr9t1 publi%1 & sell x = a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s1 ) ! privilege at ! expiration ( t "t ( r5ew+ = tw5ty-eight ye>s m4 ,an inv5tor or au?or may sell a pat5t or copyright1 z well z o!r prop]ty4 ,! commission] ( education inve/igates ! condition & progress ( education 9 ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 & collects in=mation relat+ to s*ools1 s*ool sy/ems1 & me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! facts collect$ are di/ribut$ among ! p 9 annual reports publi%$ by ! (fice4 ,! director ( ! geological survey s5ds out p>ties ( sci5tific m51 :o explore v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,union1 trace ! s\rces ( riv]s1 measure ! heights ( l&s1 & ga!r o!r facts relat+ to ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,he publi%es excell5t maps ( ! regions t h be5 explor$4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ju/ice4--,! attorney-g5]al presides ov] ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice4 ,he is ! *ief law (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! legal advis] ( all ! dep>tm5ts4 ,he is assi/$ by ! solicitor-g5]al1 :o is ! second (fic] 9 rank2 by n9e assi/ant attorney-g5]als1 & by sev]al solicitors = p>ticul> dep>tm5ts4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice conducts be=e ! supreme c\rt all suits to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a p>ty2 conducts suits aris+ 9 any ( ! dep>tm5ts1 :5 reque/$ by ! head !re(2 ex]cises sup]vision ov] ! di/rict attorneys & m>%als ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts2 exam9es ! titles ( l&s propos$ to be pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z sites = =ts1 ars5als1 b>racks1 docky>ds1 cu/omh\ses1 po/-(fices1 & o!r public purposes2 exam9es & reports ^u applications = judicial (fices & o!r positions requir+ legal ability4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4--,! dep>tm5t ( agriculture 0 reorganiz$ 9 #ahhi4 ,previ\s to t "t x _h be5 a bureau ( ! int]ior dep>tm5t4 ,! secret>y ( agriculture is ! *ief (fic] ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,?is dep>tm5t collects & diffuses among ! p useful k relat+ to agriculture & agricultural products4 ,exp]im5ts are conduct$ ^u f>m & g>d5 products1 & ! se$s ( *oice v>ieties are di/ribut$ among ! p4 ,simil> att5tion is giv5 to /ock-rais+ & ! c>e ( =e/s4 ,! bureau ( *emi/ry assi/s 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! pure food law4 ,! dep>tm5t also includes ! wea!r bureau1 :i* collects & publi%es telegraphic reports ( /orms & ! condition ( ! wea!r1 9 ! int]e/ ( agriculture & comm]ce4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,comm]ce4--,! dep>tm5t ( comm]ce & labor 0 creat$ 9 #aijc1 & t5 ye>s lat] 0 divid$ into two dep>tm5ts4 ,! secret>y ( comm]ce presides ov] ! dep>tm5t ( comm]ce4 ,its duty is to promote & develop comm]ce1 m9+1 manufactur+1 & fi%]ies4 ,x collects & publi%es facts & figures on all ^! subjects2 supplies exactly true weights & measures = any "o to copy2 controls /ations = /ock+ wat]s ) valuable fi%2 inspects & lic5ses /eam%ips1 reject+ any t are unseawor?y2 surveys ! seacoa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ma9ta9s ligh?\ses at dang]\s po9ts4 ,! "w ( ! dep>tm5t is divid$ among a numb] ( bureaus1 _m ( :i* 7 already 9 exi/5ce :5 ! new dep>tm5t 0 =m$4 ,among ^! is ! c5sus (fice1 :i* takes a c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates e t5 ye>s1 besides collect+ o!r /ati/ics at %ort] int]vals4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,labor4--,! secret>y ( labor presides ov] ! dep>tm5t ( labor4 ,its duty is to promote ! welf>e ( wage e>n]s4 ,x makes important inve/igations1 & publi%es /ati/ics conc]n+ labor]s4 ,?is dep>tm5t includes ! *ildr5's bureau1 :i* /udies problems1 affect+ *ildr5's welf>e4 ,x also includes ! bureau ( immigration & ! bureau ( naturalisation1 :i* sup]vise ! en=cem5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates laws reg>d+ immigration & naturalization4 ,,sep>ate ,,commissions4--,9 addition to ! civil s]vice commission1 ,congress has creat$ two o!r important commissions n connect$ ) any dep>tm5t4 ,! int]/ate comm]ce commission1 consi/+ ( sev5 memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 sup]vises int]/ate railroads1 express companies1 etc41 & en=ces ! laws :i* control !m4 ,! f$]al trade commission1 consi/+ ( five memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 sup]vises ! bus9ess ( p]sons & companies engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce1 except ^? "u ! control ( ! int]/ate comm]ce commission4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y does ! ,con/itution require t ! ,presid5t %all be a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #b4 ,:o is n[ ,presid5t1 & ( :at ,/ate is he a citiz58 #c4 ,:5 0 he elect$8 #d4 ,%\ld ! ,presid5t be eligible = reelection8 #e4 ,d y ?9k he %\ld h ! veto p[]8 #f4 ,( :at use is a passport 9 travel+8 #g4 ,:at is int]nal rev5ue8 #h4 ,:at 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! national debt8 #i4 ,h[ _m soldi]s1 includ+ (fic]s1 9 ! army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 #aj4 ,( :at value are ! wea!r reports8 #aa4 ,:y is x "r = ! gov]nm5t to grant p5sions8 #ab4 ,:y %\ld a c5sus be tak58 #ac4 ,:at is ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :at ! population ( ?is ,/ate1 by ! la/ c5sus8 #ad4 ,:at is meant by conduct+ a suit be=e ! supreme c\rt8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t %\ld be elect$ by ! popul> vote4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates--7,cont9u$74 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,! judicial dep>tm5t is "o ( ! ?ree great dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 be+ coord9ate ) ,congress1 ! legislative p[]1 & ) ! ,presid5t1 ! executive p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?ree coord9ate dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t is new1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ ! fir/ nation t ev] embodi$ x 9 its con/itution4 ,! judicial sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates includes ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! circuit c\rts ( appeals1 di/rict c\rts1 ! c\rts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! c\rt ( claims1 ! c\rt ( cu/oms appeals1 a t]ritorial c\rt = ea* ( ! ,t]ritories1 & sev]al commission]s' c\rts 9 ea* ( ! ,/ates4 ,,jurisdiction ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,c\rts4--,! jurisdiction ( ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts ext5ds to ! foll[+ classes ( suits at law3 #a4 ,to all cases aris+ "u laws pass$ by ,congress4 #b4 ,^? affect+ m9i/]s1 consuls1 & o!r ag5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign c\ntries4 #c4 ,suits aris+ on ! high seas4 #d4 ,all suits to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a p>ty4 #e4 ,controv]sies betwe5 a ,/ate & ! citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate4 #f4 ,cases betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates4 #g4 ,suits betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate claim+ l&s "u grants by diff]5t ,/ates4 #h4 ,cases betwe5 a ,/ate or its citiz5s & a =eign ,/ate or its citiz5s4 ,x w be se5 t all cases at law to :i* a ,/ate is a p>ty mu/ be tri$ 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a direct suit c n be br\ght aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates except by au?ority ( a special act ( ,congress2 nor c a suit be br\ght aga9/ a ,/ate by a citiz5 ( ano!r ,/ate1 or by "o ( its own citiz5s1 except by ! special p]mission ( its legislature4 ,,supreme ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! highe/ judicial tribunal 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x consi/s ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ice & eight associate ju/ices1 nom9at$ by ! ,presid5t & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! c\ntry is divid$ into n9e circuits1 ea* repres5t$ by a ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! ju/ices hold _! (fices dur+ life1 unless impea*$2 b !y h ! privilege ( retir+ ^u full pay1 at sev5ty ye>s ( age1 provid$ !y h s]v$ 9 ! c\rt = t5 ye>s4 ,a quorum consi/s ( any six ju/ices1 & if a majority agree ^u a decision x becomes ! decision ( ! c\rt4 ,! c\rt holds annual sessions 9 ! ,capitol build+ at ,wa%+ton1 beg9n+ ^u ! second ,monday 9 ,octob]4 ,! annual sal>y ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ice is fifte5 ?\s& doll>s2 t ( ! associate ju/ices is f\rte5 ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s ea*4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates creates & names ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & provides t ! ,judicial p[] %all be ve/$ 9 x & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ! ,congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli%4 ,,jurisdiction4--,! ,supreme ,c\rt has orig9al jurisdiction 9 all cases affect+ m9i/]s1 consuls1 & o!r ag5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign c\ntries1 & 9 cases to :i* a ,/ate is a p>ty4 ,mo/ cases tri$ by x are br\ght be=e x ^u appeals f ! inf]ior c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y involve *iefly ! que/ions ( jurisdiction ( ! inf]ior c\rts1 ! con/itutionality ( laws1 ! validity ( treaties1 & ! s5t5ces 9 crim9al & prize causes4 ,an appeal f a ,/ate c\rt c be c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt only ^u ! gr\nd t ! decision ( ! ,/ate c\rt is 9 conflict ) ! ,con/itution or laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! peculi> prov9ce ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt is to int]pret ! ,con/itution1 & 9 all conflicts betwe5 a ,/ate & ! nation ! f9al decision re/s ) ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x may1 & does1 modify its own judgm5ts2 b until x modifies or rev]ses a decision1 x is f9al1 & f x !re is no appeal4 ,:e!r its decree be aga9/ a private citiz51 a ,/ate1 ! ,congress1 or ! ,presid5t1 t decree is ! end ( ! :ole matt]1 & mu/ be obey$4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt is m admir$ & prais$ by =eign critics ?an is any o!r ( our in/itutions4 ,x is conc$$ by all to be "o ( ! /ronge/ & be/ features 9 our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 a free c\ntry l ours1 su* a tribunal is necess>y to prev5t ! legislative & executive dep>tm5ts f trespass+ ^u ! ,con/itution1 & invad+ ! rights ( ! p4 ,!re=e ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 appropriately call$ ! balance-:eel 9 our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,circuit ,,c\rts ,,( ,,appeals4--,ea* ,unit$ ,/ates circuit embraces sev]al ,/ates1 & has two or m circuit judges4 ,"o ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt is also assign$ to ea* circuit4 ,!re are n9e circuit c\rts ( appeals1 "o = ea* ,unit$ ,/ates circuit4 ,all appeals f ! di/rict c\rts mu/ be made to ! circuit c\rts ( appeals1 except 9 cases expressly provid$ by law to be tak5 direct to ! ,supreme ,c\rt2 b provision is also made = appeal f ! decision ( ! circuit c\rts ( appeals to ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 c]ta9 classes ( cases4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,di/rict ,,c\rt4--,ea* ,/ate has "o or m ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts1 ea* presid$ ov] by a di/rict judge4 ,! di/rict c\rt has bo? civil & crim9al jurisdiction 9 all cases "u ! national law :i* are n requir$ to be br\ght 9 o!r c\rts4 ,be=e #aiab !re 7 s-call$ circuit c\rts usually held by ! di/rict judges1 = ! trial ( c]ta9 important k9ds ( cases2 b ^! 7 aboli%$ by an act ( #aiaa4 ,9 ea* ,/ate a l>ge majority ( ! civil & crim9al cases mu/ be tri$ & f9ally decid$ 9 ! ,/ate c\rts4 ,h[ev]1 among ! important cases tri$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts are ^? conc]n+ pat5ts1 copyrights1 & bankruptcy1 ^? involv$ 9 ! regulation ( int]/ate & =eign comm]ce1 & (f5ses committ$ aga9/ ! po/al & rev5ue laws4 ,int]/ate comm]ce cases are (t5 9 ! =m ( appeals f ! ord]s issu$ by ! int]/ate comm]ce commission1 fix+ ! freight & pass5g] rates ( railroads1 etc4 ,su* a case is he>d by ?ree judges sitt+ toge!r1 & an appeal f _! decision c be tak5 directly to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,if ! circuit & di/rict judges desire1 !y may retire ^u full pay at ! age ( sev5ty1 aft] t5 ye>s ( consecutive s]vice4 ,,c\rt ,,( ,,cu/oms ,,appeals4--,! cu/oms c\rt consi/s ( a *ief judge & f\r associate judges4 ,x decides disputes ov] ! rates ( duty payable on import$ goods4 ,x holds sessions bo? at ,wa%+ton & 9 o!r cities4 ,,c\rt ,,( ,,claims4--,! c\rt ( claims holds its sessions at ,wa%+ton1 & consi/s ( a *ief ju/ice & f\r associate ju/ices4 ,x he>s & det]m9es claims aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no "o c\ld br+ suit aga9/ ! national gov]nm5t )\t p]mission f ,congress2 b a p]son hav+ a claim aga9/ x may submit ! claim to ! c\rt ( claims = trial1 &1 if ! claim is decl>$ to be legal & j1 x is almo/ always paid by act ( ,congress4 ,,o!r ,,c\rts4--,! ,di/rict ( ,columbia has six supreme c\rt ju/ices & ?ree ju/ices ( a c\rt ( appeals4 ,_! jurisdiction is simil> to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts & circuit c\rts ( appeals1 b is conf9$ to ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,t]ritorial c\rts consi/ ( a *ief ju/ice & two associate ju/ices1 :o hold _! (fices = a t]m ( f\r ye>s1 unless remov$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,a t]ritorial c\rt holds its sessions 9 ! ,t]ritory = :i* x is con/itut$1 & has jurisdiction ( cases aris+ "u ! laws ( ,congress & ! laws pass$ by ! t]ritorial legislature4 ,appeals are tak5 f ! c\rts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & f ! t]ritorial c\rts to ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates commission]'s c\rt consi/s ( a commission] appo9t$ by ! judge ( ! di/rict c\rt4 ,! *ief duties ( ?is c\rt are to arre/ & hold = trial p]sons *>g$ ) (f5ses aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to assi/ 9 tak+ te/imony = ! trial ( cases4 ,a judge ( a ,/ate c\rt or a ju/ice ( ! peace may act z ,unit$ ,/ates commission]1 b :ile engag$ 9 su* duties he is an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & n ( ! ,/ate4 ,,t]m ,,( ,,s]vice4--,ju/ices ( circuit c\rts1 di/rict c\rts1 ! cu/oms c\rt1 ! c\rt ( claims1 ! c\rts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ( ! t]ritorial c\rts1 are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! ju/ices ( ^! c\rts1 except ( ! t]ritorial c\rts1 hold _! (fices dur+ life1 unless impea*$4 ,?is life t5ure ( (fice1 & ! provision t a sal>y ( a ju/ice %all n be r$uc$ dur+ 8 t]m1 r5d] ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates indep5d5t ( ,congress & public op9ion1 & t5d to pres]ve ! purity & dignity ( _! decisions4 ,! sal>y ( a judge ( ! circuit c\rt is sev5 ?\s& doll>s2 t ( a judge ( a di/rict c\rt is six ?\s& doll>s2 t ( a judge ( ! cu/oms c\rt is sev5 ?\s& doll>s2 & t ( a ju/ice ( ! c\rt ( claims is six ?\s& doll>s1 except ! *ief ju/ice1 :o receives six ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s4 ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,c\rts4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts h gr& juries & trial juries1 :o p]=m duties simil> to ^? ( juries 9 ,/ate c\rts4 ,) ! cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 ! ,presid5t appo9ts = ea* di/rict a ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict attorney & a ,unit$ ,/ates m>%al4 ,! di/rict attorney repres5ts ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 all civil cases to :i* x is a p>ty1 & is ! prosecut+ (fic] 9 crim9al cases4 ,! m>%al is ! executive & m9i/]ial (fic] ( ! c\rt1 ) duties simil> to ^? ( a %]iff4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appo9ts a report]1 :o reports--t is1 edits & publi%es--its decisions4 ,?is c\rt also appo9ts its own m>%al4 ,! decisions ( ! di/rict c\rt are report$ by ! ,judge1 or by an attorney "u ! judge's sanction4 ,ea* c\rt appo9ts a cl]k1 :o keeps a record ( its proce$+s2 gives a hi/ory ( ea* case2 notes all ord]s1 decisions1 & judgm5ts2 has *>ge ( all money paid2 & keeps & fixes ! seal ( ! c\rt4 ,! circuit c\rts ( appeals appo9t _! own m>%als & cl]ks4 ,! duties ( ^! (fic]s are simil> to ^? p]=m$ by ! m>%al & cl]k ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! circuit c\rts ( appeals h no report]s4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:o is *ief ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( :at ,/ate is he a citiz58 #b4 ,:y %\ld a judge hold 8 position dur+ a long t]m ( ye>s8 #c4 ,?is ,/ate is a "p ( :at ,unit$ ,/ates circuit8 #d4 ,:at ju/ice repres5ts ?is circuit 9 ! supreme c\rt8 #e4 ,:o is judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt ( ?is di/rict8 #f4 ,:y c no p]son br+ suit aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates except by special act ( ,congress8 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! jury sy/em %\ld be aboli%$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t is def9$ z rule or control4 ,x is t :i* gov]ns1 & also ! act ( gov]n+4 ,9 its political s5se1 x means ! supreme au?ority ( a ,/ate or o!r political community1 or ! act by :i* ?is au?ority is appli$4 ,x is sometimes said to be a sy/em ( in/itutions = ! re/ra9t ( p liv+ 9 ! social /ate or social condition4 ,! ^w gov]n is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w :i* fir/ meant to /e] ! %ip1 & !n v naturally came to mean to guide1 to direct1 to comm&4 ,! comp>ison ( gov]n+ ) /e]+ is a v happy "o1 = ! int]e/ ( him :o /e]s is ! same z t ( ! p 9 ! %ip3 all mu/ float or s9k toge!r4 ,s ! int]e/ ( ^? t gov]n1 ( ^? t guide ! %ip ( /ate1 z we (t5 express x1 is ! same z t ( ! p4#a ,,orig9 ,,& ,,necessity4--,! orig9 ( gov]nm5t is unkn[n2 its beg9n+ c n be trac$4 ,p ev]y:]e1 9 all ! v>y+ degrees ( civilization1 recognize ! necessity ( a supreme au?ority1 to :om all owe & r5d] ob$i5ce4 ,m5 c n long live 9 ! same vic9ity )\t "s k9d ( political organization4 ,)\t "s sort ( gov]nm5t--t is1 "s supreme p[] to settle disputes--! p w\ld be 9 cont9ual w>f>e2 !re c\ld be no security to p]son or prop]ty2 ea* individual c\ld look to himself alone = safety2 8 h& w\ld be aga9/ e man1 & e man's h& aga9/ him4 ,:]ev] m5 are f\nd !y live "u "s =m ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev] rude & imp]fect4 ,9 all p>ts & 9 all ages ( ! _w !y h se5 ! necessity ( "s p[] to protect ! weak & re/ra9 ! /rong1 & h !re=e set up a supreme au?ority = ! common welf>e4 ,a body ( p liv+ "u gov]nm5t is call$ society1 & ! agreem5t exi/+ betwe5 !m1 = _! common welf>e1 is call$ ! social compact4 ,m5 are s con/itut$ t society is necess>y to _! happ9ess4 ,!re=e !y seek ! social /ate & jo9 ! social compact1 ?us agree+ to be gov]n$ by law & ord]4 ,,= ,,! ,,p4--,gov]nm5t is = ! p1 & n = ! rul]s4 ,(fic]s1 ! highe/ & ! l[e/1 are m]ely ! s]vants ( ! p4 ,all gov]nm5ts d]ive _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! p1 & are e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ = _! good4 ,all p[]s :i* are ex]cis$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! p are unju/ & tyrannical4 ,,k9ds4--,gov]nm5t is ( two k9ds1 civil & milit>y4 ,civil gov]nm5t is ! gov]nm5t ( civil society1 or ! gov]nm5t ( ! p 9 a peaceful /ate4 ,milit>y gov]nm5t is ! gov]nm5t ( m5 9 a /ate ( w>4 ,x prevails 9 ! army & ! navy1 & sometimes 9 di/ricts :i* are ! sc5es ( milit>y op]ations4 ,milit>y gov]nm5t is conduct$ by ! rules ( m>tial law1 & 9 its p5alties & exactions is mu* m sev]e ?an civil gov]nm5t4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t4 ,!re are _m =ms ( civil gov]nm5t1 b !y may be r$uc$ to ?ree pr9cipal sy/ems3 #a4 ,mon>*y3 gov]nm5t by "o p]son4 #b4 ,ari/ocracy3 gov]nm5t by a few p]sons4 #c4 ,democracy3 gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,e gov]nm5t is ei!r "o ( ^! =ms or is compos$ ( two or m ( !m4 ,,mon>*y4--,a mon>*y is a gov]nm5t ^: *ief au?ority is ve/$ 9 "o p]son1 usually call$ k+1 que51 emp]or1 empress1 or pr9ce4 ,mon>*ies are absolute or limit$4 ,9 an absolute mon>*y !re is no limit to ! p[] ( ! mon>*2 8 wi%es are ! laws ( ! p4 ,! p are 8 prop]ty1 & 9 8 p]son are comb9$ all ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 legislative1 executive1 & judicial4 ,russia is ! only civiliz$ nation ^: gov]nm5t is /ill an absolute mon>*y4 ,9 a con/itutional mon>*y ! sov]eign1 or *ief rul]1 mu/ gov]n by laws made by a repres5tative body elect$ by ! p4 ,engl& & ,g]many are con/itutional mon>*ies4 ,9 an h]$it>y mon>*y ! sov]eign inh]its ! rul+ p[]1 usually f 8 fa!r4 ,9 an elective mon>*y ! sov]eign is elect$ = life1 usually by ! dignit>ies ( o!r nations4 ,a patri>*y is a mon>*y 9 :i* ! *ief p[] is ex]cis$ by a patri>*1 or fa!r4 ,! au?ority ( ! patri>* is conf9$ to 8 tribe4 ,?is =m ( gov]nm5t 0 common 9 anci5t times1 be=e tribes 7 comb9$ into nations4 ,a !ocracy is a mon>*y ^: rul]s claim to be "u ! direct guidance ( ,god4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! anci5t ,hebrews 0 a !ocracy4 ,,ari/ocracy4--,an ari/ocracy1 sometimes call$ olig>*y1 is a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! supreme au?ority is ve/$ 9 a privileg$ few1 di/+ui%$ by _! weal? & social position4 ,! privileg$ class are usually call$ nobles4 ,!y are above ! common p 9 rank & be> titles ( honor4 ,^! titles are mo/ly inh]it$1 b are sometimes conf]r$ ^u p]sons by ! sov]eign4 ,an ari/ocracy nev] exi/s by itself2 x is always comb9$ ) "s o!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 usually ) a con/itutional mon>*y4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& is p>tly ari/ocratic2 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 "o ( ! bodies ( ,p>liam5t1 be+ compos$ ( nobles4 ,,democracy4--,a democracy is a gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p4 ,x is a gov]nm5t by _m1 in/ead ( by "o or by a few4 ,h]$it>y titles are inconsi/5t ) democratic gov]nm5t1 & !re=e nev] exi/ 9 a democracy4 ,a pure democracy is a gov]nm5t conduct$ by ! p 9 p]son4 ,x is practicable only 9 a political community s small t all ! p may assemble at ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ is almo/ ! only example ( a pure democracy 9 ! _w at ! pres5t "t2 c]ta9ly ! only example 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a republic1 or repres5tative democracy1 is a gov]nm5t conduct$ by repres5tatives elect$ by ! p4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,mexico1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & all ,s\? ,am]ican nations are republics1 & ! republican pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t is gr[+ 9 popul>ity ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,no =m ( gov]nm5t is equally good = all peoples4 ,a c]ta9 =m may be good = "o c\ntry & bad = ano!r c\ntry4 ,a republic1 :i* is ! be/ gov]nm5t = a well-educat$ & virtu\s p1 is ! wor/ = an ignorant & deprav$ p4 ,! excell5ce ( a republican gov]nm5t dep5ds ^u ! k & virtue ( its citiz5s4 ,! p are ! rul]s1 &1 if !y are wise & virtu\s1 !y w rule well2 if !y are ignorant & deprav$1 !y w rule ill4 ,!re=e ! hope ( a republic l ours is1 t its p w cont9ue to gr[ wis] & bett]4 #a;,fiske's ,civil ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y is milit>y gov]nm5t m sev]e ?an civil gov]nm5t8 #b4 ,c\ld society exi/ )\t law8 ,:y8 #c4 ,:y is a republic a bad =m ( gov]nm5t = an ignorant p8 #d4 ,are ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gr[+ wis] & bett]8 #e4 ,is ?is ,/ate improv+ 9 civilization8 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ju/ice4 ,! object ( gov]nm5t is to protect ! p1 & to r5d] ju/ice to !m4 ,ju/ice is ! security ( rights4 ,a "r is a well-f\nd$ claim2 t is1 a j claim ( "o p]son ^u o!r p]sons4 ,rights are ! mo/ important ?+s t a p]son c possess1 because 8 happ9ess dep5ds ^u !m4 ,!y are real ?+s1 = ^: protection gov]nm5ts are in/itut$4 ,! k9d & ext5t ( ! rights recogniz$ & protect$ 9 any c\ntry det]m9e ! =m ( its gov]nm5t4 ,z a rule1 !re is m fre$om among citiz5s ( a republic ?an among ^? ( o!r gov]nm5ts1 because a republic gu>antees m rights4 ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4 ,p h _m rights1 & !y h z _m duties4 ,ea* "r giv5 to a p]son is a tru/ plac$ 9 8 h&s = him to dis*>ge4 ,a "r implies a duty1 & a duty implies a "r4 ,rights & duties g h& 9 h&4 ,= example1 *ildr5 h a "r to ! protection ( _! p>5ts1 & ?is implies t x is ! duty ( *ildr5 to obey _! p>5ts4 ,,civil ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,rights & duties are civil & political4 ,civil rights are sometimes call$ inali5able rights1 because !y c n be ju/ly tak5 away except z a puni%m5t = crime4 ,!y are *iefly ^? rights ) :i* we are end[$ by nature4 ,!y are n conf]r$ by any e>?ly p[]1 b are giv5 to e human be+ at 8 bir?4 ,!y are call$ civil rights1 because !y belong to ! citiz5 9 8 ord9>y daily life4 ,among civil rights are3 #a4 ,! "r to p]sonal security2 t is1 ! "r to be free f attack & annoyance2 #b4 ,! "r ( p]sonal lib]ty2 t is1 to g :5 & :]e he pleases1 provid$ he does n trespass ^u ! rights ( o!rs2 & #c4 ,! "r ( private prop]ty2 t is1 ! "r to use1 enjoy1 & dispose ( :at he has acquir$ by labor1 pur*ase1 gift1 or inh]itance4 ,! great] "p ( ^! rights belong to m5 :e!r liv+ 9 society1 t is1 "u gov]nm5t1 or liv+ )\t gov]nm5t4 ,_! natural rights are m ext5sive )\t society ?an ) x1 b are f> less secure4 ,)\t gov]nm5t natural rights are unlimit$2 ea* p]son may lay claim to all l& & to all x produces1 provid$ he is /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 8 claim by =ce4 ,:5 m5 jo9 ! social compact1 !y agree to ab&on "s ( _! natural rights1 9 ord] to be protect$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ^? :i* !y reta92 t is1 ea* p]son agrees t 9 mak+ 8 own claims he w h due reg>d = ! simil> claims ( o!rs4 ,9 ent]+ ! social compact1 m5 also agree to submit _! p]sonal claims to settlem5t by ! law1 in/ead ( go+ to w> to ma9ta9 !m4 ,!y agree to ref] _! disputes to c\rts e/abli%$ = t purpose4 ,z a rule1 "u gov]nm5t1 "r prevails2 )\t gov]nm5t1 might prevails4 ,civil rights are divid$ into indu/rial rights1 social rights1 & moral or religi\s rights4 ,,indu/rial ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,x is ! "r & duty ( ea* p]son to provide 9 8 own way1 provid+ x is legal & hone/1 = himself & ^? dep5d5t ^u him4 ,all bus9ess transactions2 ! se>* = homes1 com=ts1 & weal?2 agriculture1 manufactur+1 m9+1 & comm]ce2 ! conduct ( all pr(essions1 occupations1 & indu/ries2 ! int]e/s ( f>m labor]s1 op]atives 9 factories1 m9]s1 cl]ks1 & all p]sons engag$ 9 m5tal or physical labor1 are bas$ ^u indu/rial rights & duties4 ,! wages ( p1 ! h\rs ( labor1 railway & telegraph l9es1 canals1 express companies1 o!r common c>ri]s1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( employm5t1 & ! organization ( m5 9 diff]5t bran*es ( indu/ry to advance _! int]e/s1 are que/ions affect+ indu/rial rights4 ,^! rights und]lie all ef=ts ( p to improve _! f9ancial condition4 ,,social ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,ea* memb] ( society has rights z su*1 & ^! are call$ social rights4 ,!y include ! rights ( p]sonal security & protection4 ,!y und]lie all ef=ts = ! improvem5t ( ! social condition ( ! p4 ,society is int]e/$ 9 bett] s*ools1 9 public heal?1 9 ! re=mation ( crim9als1 9 good highways & /reets1 9 safe build+s1 9 well-light$ cities & villages1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( *>itable in/itutions1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s\rces ( h>mless amusem5t1 & 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ord]4 ,! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! public are ev5 m important ?an ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( any p]son4 ,!re=e1 individual rights mu/ yield to public rights :5 ! two conflict4 ,= example1 ! l& ( a private citiz5 may be condemn$ by ! prop] au?orities1 & be us$ = public highways or o!r public purposes4 ,! gov]nm5t pays ! own] ( ! prop]ty condemn$1 b usually less ?an 8 e/imate ( ! value4 ,?is "r ( society1 exi/+ above ! "r1 ( any ( its memb]s1 is call$ ! ,,"r ,,( ,,em95t ,,doma94 ,by x individual rights mu/ yield to ! rights ( society1 ( ! gov]nm5t1 or ( a corporation4 ,a corporation is an association ( individuals au?oriz$ by law to transact bus9ess z a s+le natural p]son4 ,railway companies1 banks1 *>t]$ cities & villages1 & ! c\nties ( "s ,/ates are corporations4 ,,moral ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,man is a moral be+2 t is1 he is consci\s ( good & evil4 ,!re=e he has moral rights & duties4 ,he has rights ( consci5ce1 ) :i* x is n ! prov9ce ( gov]nm5t to int]f]e4 ,he naturally wor%ips a ,be+ sup]ior to himself1 & feels ! obligation to deal ju/ly ) 8 fell[-m54 ,he has a "r to d & say all ?+s :i* are n unlawful or wrong )9 !mselves4 ,x is 8 "r to wor%ip :5 he pleases1 :om he pleases1 & z he pleases4 ,! moral rights & duties ( ! p are conc]n$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( religion1 ! support ( *ur*es1 9 rev]5ce = ?+s sacr$1 9 acts ( *>ity & b5evol5ce1 9 liv+ an upright life1 & 9 tea*+ lessons ( morality1 hone/y1 indu/ry1 & usefulness4 ,:atev] is impli$ 9 ! ^w ought1 correctly us$1 is a moral duty4 ,,political ,,rights ,,& ,,duties4--,by ! social compact1 m5 also agree to ab&on a "p ( _! natural rights 9 ord] to p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y agree 9 "p to be gov]n$ by o!rs1 9 ord] t 9 "p !y may gov]n o!rs4 ,! rights ( p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t1 su* z vot+ & hold+ (fice1 are call$ political rights1 because !y affect ! public policy ( society4 ,political rights d n belong to m5 by nature1 b are conf]r$ by gov]nm5t4 ,)9 reasonable b\nds1 !y may be enl>g$ or re/rict$ )\t inju/ice4 ,s9ce !y are conf]r$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! p[] to vote & to hold (fice is a privilege to be enjoy$ r ?an a "r to be ass]t$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! political rights ( ! p are c>efully set =? 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! smalle/ functions ( gov]nm5t1 su* z ! size & color ( a po/age /amp1 or ! employm5t ( a page 9 ! ,/ate legislature1 t\* ! political rights ( ! citiz54 ,appo9tm5t & elections to public (fice1 ! enactm5t ( laws1 & ! p]=mance ( public duties are que/ions ( political conc]n4 ,good laws1 good adm9i/rations1 & ! p]petuity ( ! gov]nm5t itself1 dep5d ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! p dis*>ge _! public duties4 ,a man :o habitually fails to vote & to take int]e/ 9 ! political affairs ( 8 c\ntry may be a good man1 b he is c]ta9ly a bad citiz54 ,to be a good citiz5 is to aid intellig5tly 9 giv+ ! p good gov]nm5t4 ,= a man to hold himself alo( f politics1 unless 8 action is bas$ ^u consci5ti\s scruples1 %[s 8 int]e/ 9 himself1 & 8 lack ( int]e/ 9 8 c\ntry4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y does happ9ess dep5d ^u ! ma9t5ance ( rights8 #b4 ,h[ d p]sons born "u gov]nm5t agree to be gov]n$ by ! laws8 #c4 ,if ! claims ( p z to _! rights conflict1 h[ is ! diff]5ce settl$8 #d4 ,:at is meant by ! phrase common c>ri]8 #e4 ,is x "r = m5 to hold alo( f public affairs because !re is corruption 9 politics8 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,law ,,& ,,lib]ty4 ,?r\gh law rights are secur$1 & ! p]=mance ( "s duties is en=c$4 ,law is a rule ( action1 prescrib+ :at %all be done & :at %all n be done4 ,laws exi/ = ! purpose ( secur+ ! rights ( ! p4 ,! enjoym5t ( rights is lib]ty4 ,z ! enjoym5t ( rights dep5ds ^u _! security1 & z !y are secur$ by law1 !re=e lib]ty is bas$ ^u law4 ,)\t law !re c\ld be no political lib]ty1 & ! civil lib]ty ( ! p w\ld be n>r[ & unc]ta94 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t !re c be no true lib]ty )\t law2 b laws may be s _m & s /r+5t t !re c be no lib]ty4 ,lib]ty & j laws are insep>able4 ,lib]ty & rights are ( ! same k9ds1 indu/rial1 social1 moral or religi\s1 & political4 ,! words rights1 law1 & lib]ty are full ( mean+1 & 9 a free c\ntry sugge/ ideas ( ! deepe/ rev]5ce4 ,,orig94--,! laws ( ! c\ntry are p>tly human & p>tly div9e4 ,!y 7 fram$ by man1 b "s ( !m are bas$ ^u ! laws ( ,god4 ,"s are ( rec5t orig91 & _m are s anci5t t _! beg9n+ c n be trac$4 ,:5 m5 began1 to live 9 society1 !y began to make laws1 = laws at once became necess>y4 ,laws are und]go+ con/ant *anges1 z new conditions arise & new cu/oms prevail4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,law4 ,! moral law prescribes our duties to m51 & also to ,god4 ,x is summ$ up & reveal$ 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & is ! same z ! law ( nature taught u by our consci5ces4 ,! common law consi/s ( ! pr9ciples & rules ( action appli$ by ! c\rts 9 cases n regulat$ by express legislative acts4 ,x is ! unwritt5 law :i* has be5 practic$ = ages 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 all ,/ates ( ! ,union1 except ,l\isiana1 cases n cov]$ by ! acts ( ! legislature are tri$ by ! common law4 ,! civil law is ! law t prevail$ among ! anci5t ,romans4 ,x is /ill 9 use among mo/ ( ! nations ( cont95tal ,europe4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is appli$ to cases n cov]$ by ! laws ( ! legislature4 ,! words civil law are sometimes us$ to d5ote ! law gov]n+ civil suits4 ,/atute law consi/s ( ! acts pass$ by legislative assemblies4 ,! words are us$ to d5ote ! opposite ( common law4 ,! enactm5t ( a /atute by a ,/ate legislature repeals ! common law previ\sly 9 =ce ^u ! same subject4 ,int]national law1 (t5 call$ ! law ( nations1 consi/s ( ! rules & cu/oms prevail+ betwe5 civiliz$ nations 9 _! relations ) "o ano!r4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! law ( nature1 ! law ( "r & wrong4 ,crim9al law is ! law gov]n+ crim9al cases4 ,x is p>tly common law & p>tly /atute law4 ,ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o4 ,p>liam5t>y law consi/s ( ! rules & cu/oms gov]n+ p>liam5t>y assemblies4 ,x prevails 9 all law-mak+ bodies1 9 conv5tions & delib]ative meet+s4 ,m>tial law is ! law :i* regulates m5 9 milit>y s]vice4 ,x prevails 9 ! army & ! navy4 ,! c\rts :i* apply x are call$ c\rts m>tial4 ,m>tial law is not$ = its sev]ity4 ,m>itime law1 or m>9e law1 is ! law especially relat+ to ! bus9ess ( ! sea1 to %ips1 _! crews1 & navigation4 ,! c\rts ( m>itime law are admiralty c\rts4 ,comm]cial law is a sy/em ( rules = ! regulation ( trade & comm]ce4 ,x is d$uc$ f ! cu/oms ( m]*ants4 ,,c\rts4--,laws are adm9i/]$1 t is1 expla9$ & appli$1 by means ( c\rts4 ,a c\rt is a body organiz$ = ! public adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,a c\rt may consi/ ( a s+le judge or ju/ice1 or ( a numb] ( judges act+ toge!r4 ,a c\rt c adm9i/] ! laws only 9 cases :i* are br\ght be=e x4 ,! highe/ c\rt 9 ! l& c n make an ord] or r5d] a judgm5t until ! "q comes to trial 9 a regul> way4 ,,suits4--,suits at law are call$ causes1 cases1 or actions4 ,a civil cause is a suit betwe5 p]sons1 br\ght to recov] rights or to secure comp5sation = _! infraction4 ,a crim9al cause is a *>ge br\ght by a ,/ate or by ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ a p]son = ! commission ( a crime4 ,! pla9tiff is ! p]son :o br+s ! suit4 ,! def5dant is ! p]son aga9/ :om ! suit is br\ght4 ,9 all crim9al cases 9 ,/ate c\rts1 ! ,/ate is ! pla9tiff2 9 o!r words1 society prosecutes ! (f5d] 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 crim9al cases 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! pla9tiff4 ,,judges4--,! judge repres5ts ! maje/y ( ! law1 & is (t5 call$ ! c\rt4 ,he ma9ta9s ! dignity ( ! trial1 det]m9es ! me?od ( proc$ure1 int]prets ! law1 in/ructs ! juries1 r5d]s judgm5t1 & 9 crim9al cases passes s5t5ce ^u ! (f5d]4 ,judges are presum$ to be le>n$ 9 ! law1 & to be p]fectly j & imp>tial 9 _! rul+s4 ,,juries4--,mo/ ( ! c\rts ( ?is c\ntry h two juries1 call$ respectively1 gr& jury & trial jury 7or petit jury74 ,! purpose ( ! gr& jury is to inve/igate crime1 & to pres5t *>ges1 call$ indictm5ts1 = trial by ! c\rt4 ,! numb] ( gr& jurors to ! c\rt v>ies 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 be+ n m ?an tw5ty-f\r & n less ?an twelve4 ,! gr& jury has a =eman1 elect$ by x1 or appo9t$ by ! judge ( ! c\rt4 ,! gr& jury inquires into violations ( ! law1 & if1 9 ! judgm5t ( twelve jurors1 ! evid5ce 9 a p>ticul> case w>rants a trial1 a =mal writt5 *>ge is prep>$1 & ! =eman indorses !reon1 ,a true bill4 ,^u ?is indictm5t ! (f5d] is tri$ by ! c\rt4 ,9 a few ,/ates gr& juries are r>ely if ev] call$1 ! indictm5t be+ f\nd on in=mation or on evid5ce pres5t$ to a c\rt commission]4 ,a trial jury usually consi/s ( twelve m51 b 9 "s ,/ates a small] numb] may be accept$ by ! judge ( ! c\rt1 9 c]ta9 cases1 by ! agreem5t ( ! c\nsel ^u ! oppos+ sides4 ,! trial jury he>s ! te/imony & argum5t1 & !n decides ^u ! tru? ( ! facts 9 dispute1 & r5d]s a v]dict or decision 9 ! suit1 & 9 crim9al cases convicts or acquits4 ,9 "s ,/ates all ! jurors mu/ agree1 or !re is no v]dict4 ,9 o!r ,/ates ! jury may r5d] a v]dict by ! agreem5t ( less ?an ! :ole numb] ( jurors4 ,"u c]ta9 regulations a p>ty to a suit may *all5ge1 t is1 reject1 a "p or all ( ! jurors1 & h o!rs select$ 9 _! /ead4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,juries4--,gr& juries & trial juries are ( great antiquity4 ,x is ?\ght t !y exi/$ among ! ,saxons 9 ! nor? ( ,europe be=e !y invad$ & settl$ ,engl&1 m ?an f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! jury sy/em & _m o!r political in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are d]iv$ f ,engl&4 ,bo? ! gr& jury & ! trial jury are firmly gr\nd$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ recogniz$1 9 ! con/itutions ( ne>ly all ! ,/ates & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & are reg>d$ z among ! /ronge/ supports ( a free gov]nm5t4 ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,c\rts4--,ea* c\rt has "o or m m9i/]ial (fic]s1 v>i\sly designat$ z con/able1 %]iff1 tip/aff1 or m>%al4 ,ea* c\rt also has "o or m cl]ks1 & sometimes o!r (fic]s4 ,attorneys are consid]$ (fic]s ( ! c\rts 9 :i* !y practice4 ,!y usually repres5t ! pla9tiff & ! def5dant 9 c\rt & are !n call$ c\nsel4 ,,legal ,,proce$+s 9 civil cases beg9 by ! c\rt issu+ a writ1 at ! in/ance ( pla9tiff1 summon+ def5dant to appe>4 ,! def5dant respond+1 plead+s are fil$--! claims ( pla9tiff1 & answ] or demurr] ( def5dant4 ,if ^! disagree z to facts1 ! c\rt subpo5as witnesses4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( judge & jury1 ! pla9tiff /ates 8 case & ! def5dant 8 def5se1 witnesses are exam9$ & cross-exam9$1 & ! case is argu$4 ,! judge !n *>ges ! jury--summ>iz+ ! evid5ce & indicat+ po9ts to be decid$2 ! jury retire to prep>e _! v]dict1 :i* is ann\nc$ & record$ z ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt4 ,9 crim9al cases ! accus$ may be arre/$ on a gr& jury indictm5t or a magi/rate's w>rant4 ,unless ! crime is murd]1 ! accus$ may be releas$ ^u bail until trial1 :i* proce$s z 9 civil cases4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:y does ! ,/ate prosecute (f5ses1 in/ead ( leav+ ?is duty to private p]sons8 #b4 ,:at is meant by pass+ s5t5ce ^u an (f5d]8 #c4 ,d y believe 9 ! jury sy/em1 or 9 ! trial by sev]al judges sitt+ toge!r8 ,:y8 #d4 ,h y ev] se5 a c\rt 9 session8 #e4 ,9 ?is ,/ate a gr& jury has h[ _m memb]s8 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,suffrage ,,& ,,elections4 ,,suffrage4--,! mo/ important political "r is ! "r ( suffrage2 t is1 ! "r to vote4 ,z ! gov]nm5t exi/s = ! b5efit ( ! gov]n$1 ! purpose ( suffrage is to place x "u _! control4 ,x gives ea* qualifi$ vot] a voice 9 public affairs1 & places ! c\ntry "u ! rule ( ! p4 ,z ! int]e/s ( ! vot]s & _! families are ! same1 & z ! vot]s repres5t ^! int]e/s1 ! :ole p1 includ+ wom5 & *ildr51 h an influ5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,! :ole ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o d ! vot+4 ,,importance4--,! importance ( ?is "r c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,x con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 a free c\ntry & a despotism4 ,!re c be no fre$om unless ! "r to vote resides 9 ! p2 nor c !re be good gov]nm5t unless ?is "r is ex]cis$ ) an intellig5t reg>d = ! public welf>e4 ,yet va/ numb]s ( vot]s nev] realize ! p[] !y wield or ! great responsibility x entails ^u !m4 ,,elections4--,! "r ( suffrage is ex]cis$ by means ( elections4 ,an election is ! direct me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! w ( ! p ^u public affairs4 ,!y are held = ! purpose ( giv+ ! p opportunity to express _! *oice 9 ! selection ( (fic]s1 & ?us to make kn[n _! w ^u que/ions ( public conc]n4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,vot+4--,!re are ?ree me?ods ( vot+--viva voce1 by ballot1 & by ma*9e4 ,a man votes viva voce by ann\nc+ to ! election (fic]s ! "n ( ! c&idate ( 8 *oice1 & hav+ x record$ ^u ! poll+-li/4 ,a man votes by ballot by h&+ to ! (fic]s a slip ( pap] conta9+ ! "n ( ! c&idate vot$ =4 ,! (fic]s deposit ! ballots 9 a box call$ ! ballot-box4 ,a vot+ ma*9e has a knob or lev] = ea* c&idate1 & is s arrang$ t ! vot] c record "o vote4 ,! viva voce me?od 0 once consid]$ ! be/2 b vot+ by ballot or by ma*9e has supplant$ x g5]ally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,au/ralian sy/em provides at ea* poll+-place a private ap>tm5t1 call$ a boo?1 :]e ea* vot] 9 private prep>es 8 ballot f a pr9t$ li/ ( all ! c&idates1 & !n h&s x to ! (fic]s1 :o deposit x 9 ! ballot-box4#a ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,elections4--,! (fic]s ( elections at ea* poll+-place are usually two or m sup]visors1 inspectors1 or judges2 a cl]k2 & a %]iff1 m>%al1 or o!r (fic] ( ! peace4 ,! sup]visors or inspectors decide :o are entitl$ to vote "u ! law1 & 9 elections by ballot !y deposit ! ballots 9 ! ballot-box4 ,! cl]k makes a li/ ( ! names ( vot]s1 & :5 ! election is viva voce he records ! votes4 ,! %]iff or o!r peace (fic] pres]ves ord] at ! polls1 has *>ge ( ! ballot-box & poll+-li/ aft] ! election closes1 & deliv]s !m to ! prop] au?orities4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates1 at ! close ( ! election ! (fic]s canvass1 t is1 exam9e ! votes ca/1 & c]tify ! numb] ( votes receiv$ by ea* c&idate4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! ballot-box is seal$ at ! close ( ! election1 & deliv]$ to ! canvass+ bo>d ( ! c\nty4 ,9 su* cases ! canvass+ bo>d ( ! c\nty canvasses ! vote1 & 9 ,/ate & national elections s5ds returns to ! canvass+ bo>d ( ! ,/ate at ! ,/ate capital4 ,9 "s ,/ates election (fic]s are appo9t$ by ! c\nty (fic]s1 usually by ! c\nty judge or probate judge2 9 o!r ,/ates !y are elect$ by ! p4 ,,brib]y4--,brib]y 9 elections is "o ( ! s]i\s evils ( politics4 ,brib]y is (f]+ or receiv+ a rew>d = vot+4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates1 9 addition to o!r p5alties1 p]sons convict$ ( giv+ or tak+ bribes are disfran*is$2 t is1 are n p]mitt$ to vote !reaft]4 ,9 anci5t ,a!ns a man convict$ ( corrupt+ a vot] suff]$ ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,! sell+ ( a vote is reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ infam\s crimes t m5 c commit4 ,n ev5 ! conviction ( !ft s l[]s a man 9 public e/eem z a conviction ( sell+ 8 vote1 = brib]y savors ( bo? !ft & treason4 ,to sell 8 suffrage is to sell 8 manhood1 8 c\ntry1 & 8 convictions4 ,mo/ m5 :o sell _! votes d x ?r\gh ignorance2 !y are n aw>e ( ! enormity ( ! crime4 ,he :o kn[s its infamy1 & yet b>t]s 8 suffrage = money1 is unwor?y ( ! smalle/ tru/1 or ev5 ( ! recognition ( hone/ m54 #a;,= details reg>d+ ?is sy/em see ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :at way are vot]s responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry8 #b4 ,d y believe 9 frequ5t elections8 ,:y8 #c4 ,d y believe 9 public vot+ or 9 secret vot+8 ,:y8 #d4 ,:y %\ld election (fic]s be fair & hone/ m58 #e4 ,:at d y ?9k ( vote-buy+ & vote-sell+8 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,ballot ,,sy/em4 ,,orig94--,! idea ( ! secret ballot sy/em1 n[ kn[n "u its v>i\s modifications z ! ,au/ralian ,ballot ,sy/em1 0 fir/ propos$ by ,francis ,s4 ,dutton1 memb] ( ! legislature ( ,s\? ,au/ralia f #ahea to #ahfe4 ,at t "t ! vices frequ5tly accompany+ op5 elections _h begun to fl\ri% 9 ,au/ralia4 ,brib]y1 intimidation1 disord]1 & viol5ce 7 ! ord] ( all election days4 ,! plan 0 elaborat$1 & became a law "u ! "n ( ! ,elections ,act 9 #aheg4 ,! b5eficial results ( ?is me?od soon became evid5t to o!r c\ntries1 & ! movem5t spread to ,europe1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,a simil> sy/em to t orig9ally adopt$ 9 ,au/ralia 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by its adoption 9 #ahhh 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts & 9 ! city ( ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky4 ,! next ye> ! legislatures ( ,indiana1 ,montana1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,wiscons91 ,t5nessee1 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1 ,mi*igan1 & ,connecticut pass$ laws provid+ = new sy/ems ( vot+1 m or less resembl+ ! ,au/ralian sy/em2 & n[ _! example has be5 foll[$ by almo/ all ! o!r ,/ates4 ,,pr9ciples4--,al?\gh !re are _m modifications ( detail 9 ! /atutes ( ! v>i\s ,/ates1 !re are two ess5tial features ( ! ballot-re=m sy/em :i* are ev]y:]e obs]v$3 ,fir/1 ,an arrangem5t ( poll+1 by :i* compulsory secrecy ( vot+ is secur$1 & intimidation or corruption ( vot]s is prev5t$4 ,second1 ,"o or m (ficial ballots1 pr9t$ & di/ribut$ "u au?ority1 on :i* ! names ( all c&idates are f\nd4 ,,requirem5ts4--,! foll[+ are ! requirem5ts ( ! sy/em3 ,ballots mu/ be provid$ by public exp5se1 & none b ^! ballots may be us$4 ,on ^! ballots %\ld be pr9t$ ! names ( all c&idates :o h be5 nom9at$ previ\sly to ! election1 ) ! names ( ! (fices = :i* !y h be5 nom9at$ & ( ! p>ties !y repres5t4 ,!re are two =ms ( ballots3 ! blanket ballot & ! individual ballot4 ,! =m] is arrang$ 9 "s ,/ates s z to gr\p c&idates by p>ties1 & 9 o!r ,/ates by ! (fices = :i* !y are nom9at$4 ,9 _m cases ! names ( c&idates are alphabetically arrang$1 s t !re c be no accusation ( giv+ "o p>ty or c&idate prec$5ce z to position on ! ticket4 ,9 a few cases1 ! "n ( ! p>ty to :i* ! c&idate belongs does n appe> on ! ballot at all1 b only ! "n ( ! (fice = :i* he has be5 nom9at$2 b 9 mo/ cases ! "n ( ea* p>ty is pr9t$ ei!r at ! head ( ! ticket or opposite ! "n ( ea* c&idate1 or 9 bo? places4 ,:]e individual ballots are us$1 a sep>ate ballot is pr9t$ = ea* p>ty or indep5d5t ticket4 ,,vot+4--,special sworn cl]ks are engag$ to di/ribute ^! ballots to vot]s at ! polls4 ,! vot] is all[$ a limit$ "t--say five or t5 m9utes--to retire into an election boo? erect$ = ! purpose1 to make 8 *oice ( c&idates or ballots4 ,if ! blanket ballot is 9 use1 he does ?is by plac+ a cross opposite ! "n ( ! desir$ c&idate or li/ ( c&idates2 or by cross+ out all o!rs2 or by means ( pa/]s = ! sub/itution ( names4 ,if individual ballots are provid$1 he selects ! "o he pref]s1 or corrects x to 8 lik+ by pa/+ ^u x a s+le "n or an entire ticket4 ,if he pref]s1 he may write ! names ( c&idates ( 8 own nom9ation 9 place ( ^? already pr9t$4 ,he1 !n1 )\t communicat+ ) any "o1 deposits 8 ballot z 8 vote4 ,only "o man is all[$ to ent] a boo? at a "t1 & none b ! ballot cl]ks & ! man ab\t to deposit 8 ballot are all[$ )9 ! enclosure erect$ = ! purpose4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! boo?s are sep>at$ "o f ! o!r m]ely by p>titions1 z indicat$ 9 ! cut1 page #aha2 b 9 o!r ,/ates ea* boo? is a sep>ate comp>tm5t ) a door1 :i* is clos$ to prev5t ev5 a suspicion ( any ext]nal obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 7,page #aha7 ,arrangem5t ( poll+ place z requir$ by ,massa*usetts law4 ,9 _m ,/ates1 assi/ance is r5d]$ to ! illit]ate or ! bl9d4 ,9 "s cases1 9 ord] to aid ^? :o c n read1 ea* p>ty adopts a device1 z an eagle or a flag1 :i* is pr9t$ on ! ballot4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates a vot] :o decl>es t he c n read1 or t by "s physical disability he is unable to m>k 8 ballot1 may receive ! assi/ance ( "o or two ( ! election (fic]s 9 m>k+ x4 ,e ballot mu/ be /rictly acc\nt$ =4 ,if any p]son 9 prep>+ a ballot %\ld spoil x1 he may obta9 o!rs1 "o at a "t1 n exce$+ ?ree 9 all1 provid$ he returns ea* spoil$ "o4 ,all ballots ?us return$ are ei!r imm$iately burn$ or else cancell$ & pres]v$ by ! cl]k4 ,,advantages4--,! advantages :i* h already accru$ f ! adoption ( ^! laws are manifold3 ,fir/1 ,a secret ballot (f]s an effectual prev5tive aga9/ brib]y1 s9ce no man w place 8 money corruptly )\t satisfy+ himself t ! vote is plac$ accord+ to agreem5t4 ,second1 ,x secures ! vot] aga9/ ! co]cion1 solicitation1 or intimidation ( o!rs1 & enables him to vote accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce4 ,?ird1 ,b>ga9+ & trad+ at ! polls is prev5t$1 & ) ^! mu* tumult1 riot1 & disord] mu/ ( necessity disappe>4 ,f\r?1 ,money is made less ( a factor 9 politics1 & ! poor man is plac$ on a plane ( equality ) ! ri* z a c&idate4 ,9 addition to ^! obvi\s advantages1 ! ballot re=m movem5t promises to h mu* wid] effects1 & to pave ! way & lay ! f\ndation = o!r political re=ms4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,ballots4--,on pages #ahe1 #ahf1 & #ahg are giv5 =ms ( ballots & o!r matt] illu/rat+ v>i\s me?ods employ$ 9 c>ry+ out ! ballot laws ( ! ,/ates4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ea* ( ^! ?ree ballots is repres5tative ( a diff]5t me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ ballot %[n1 no p>ty "n appe>s1 & ! names ( c&idates = ea* (fice are arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,on ?is =m ( ballot1 :i* mo/ resembles t us$ 9 ,au/ralia1 ! individual c&idate is made prom95t1 & p>ty connection does n appe> at all4 ,second1 ,9 ! ,massa*usetts ballot1 ! names ( ! c&idates are arrang$ alphabetically "u ea* (fice1 b 9 addition to ?is1 ! p>ty "n appe>s opposite ! "n ( ea* c&idate4 ,on ?is =m ( ballot1 :ile ! p>ty connection ( ea* c&idate is indicat$1 great] prom95ce is giv5 to ! individual1 & ! vot] is requir$ to make *oice ( a c&idate = ea* (fice sep>ately4 ,he _c vote a /raight ticket by a s+le m>k4 ,?ird1 ,9 ! ,indiana ticket1 ! names are gr\p$ accord+ to p>ty1 n accord+ to (fice1 ! p>ty "n appe>+ at ! head ( ! ballot z well z at ! side ( ea* "n4 ,on ?is =m ( ballot1 ! p>ty connection ( ! c&idate is made mo/ prom95t1 & :ile provision is made = vot+ = individuals repres5t+ diff]5t p>ties1 /ill ! vot+ ( a /raight ticket is made mo/ easy4 ,_m ,/ates use ! p>ty-column pr9ciple ( ! ,indiana ticket1 b modify ! =m ( ! ticket 9 v>i\s details4 ,! p>ty emblem is sometimes omitt$ f ! circle us$ 9 vot+ a /raight picket1 or plac$ j above t circle4 ,! squ>e opposite ea* c&idate's "n is sometimes plac$ aft] ! "n in/ead ( be=e x2 & is usually left blank4 ,a f\r? =m1 namely1 t ( ! individual ballot z us$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 c n be "h %[n1 z a sep>ate ballot is requir$ = ea* p>ty or ea* indep5d5t nom9ation4 ,^! sep>ate ballots are all (ficial1 & are furni%$ at public exp5se2 b ! use ( an un(ficial ballot is practically all[$1 s9ce ! vot] is p]mitt$ to take to ! vot+ boo? a pa/] ballot conta9+ a complete p>ty ticket1 pr9t$ & furni%$ at p>ty exp5se4 ,?is he c pa/e ov] ! (ficial ballot & deposit z 8 vote4 ,illu/ration #a3 ,fir/ =m ( ballot type3 ,city ,ballot--no p>ty names1 c&idate names 9 alphabetic ord]4 ,illu/ration #b3 ,second =m ( ballot type3 ,massa*usetts ,(ficial ,ballot4 ,illu/ration #c3 ,?ird =m ( ballot type3 ,indiana ,/ate ,ballot4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is meant by ! ,au/ralian ballot sy/em8 #b4 ,"n "s places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* a simil> sy/em ( re=m has be5 adopt$4 #c4 ,:at are ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! sy/em8 #d4 ,:at are ! necess>y requirem5ts = c>ry+ out ! law8 #e4 ,:at is ! object 9 provid+ (ficial ballots8 #f4 ,describe two k9ds ( poll+ boo?s us$4 #g4 ,:at are ! obvi\s advantages ( ! re=m8 #h4 ,describe ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ballot us$ 9 v>i\s ,/ates :i* h adopt$ ! re=m4 #i4 ,m5tion ! advantages & ! disadvantages ( ! city ballot %[n on page #ahe4 #aj4 ,comp>e ! ,massa*usetts ballot ) ! ,indiana ballot1 & note _! diff]5ces4 ,,"q ,,= ,,debate4 ,:i* sy/em ( vot+ is likely to secure ! be/ public (fic]s3 t repres5t$ 9 ! city ballot ( #ahij1 9 ! ,massa*usetts ballot1 or 9 ! ,indiana ballot8 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,p>ties ,,& ,,p>ty ,,ma*9]y4 ,:]ev] ! "r to vote exi/s1 ! p naturally =m !mselves into political p>ties4 ,a political p>ty is an organization ( vot]s ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( impress+ its pr9ciples ^u ! public policy ( ! c\ntry4 ,m5 h div]s views z to ! duties1 scope1 & prop] measures ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ^! div]s views lead to ! =mation ( oppos+ p>ties4 ,9 a free c\ntry ! majority mu/ rule1 & p>ties are ! means by :i* majorities are asc]ta9$4 ,,orig94--,p>ties usually gr[ out ( que/ions ( legislation1 r ?an out ( que/ions ( executive managem5t or judicial int]pretation4 ,9 o!r words1 a p>ty is =m$ to influ5ce ! passage ( laws1 r ?an _! execution or _! application by ! c\rts4 ,b1 :5 p>ties are once =m$1 !y usually ext5d _! influ5ce to ! selection ( (fic]s ( all grades & all dep>tm5ts1 ev5 ! lea/ important (ficials ( a t[n%ip or civil di/rict4 ,! presid5tial election has come to be ! mo/ excit+ & bitt] ( all political conte/s1 because ( ! l>ge influ5ce :i* ! ,presid5t ex]ts ^u national legislation1 & because ( ! imm5se patronage ( 8 (fice4 ,,necessity4--,p>ties appe> to be a necessity 9 all free gov]nm5ts4 ,!y s]ve z *eck ^u "o ano!r1 z ! p>ty 9 p[] is responsible = ! public policy ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ! p are dissatisfi$ ) ! p>ty 9 p[]1 !y c displace x & elect ano!r 9 its /ead4 ,p>ties are !re=e plac$ ^u _! good behavior1 & made to feel _! responsibility to ! p4 ,if !re 7 no p>ty organizations1 _m ( ! views ( a c&idate w\ld n be kn[n1 & !re c\ld be no assurance t he w\ld be true to ! int]e/s ( ! majority elect+ him4 ,! fact t a public man is a memb] ( a c]ta9 p>ty %[s _m ( ! views :i* he ent]ta9s & ! pr9ciples :i* he may be expect$ to support4 ,p>ty gov]nm5t is (t5 bad1 b z ! p>ty is responsible = ! conduct ( all (fic]s elect$ by x1 p>ty gov]nm5t1 especially 9 legislative affairs1 is bett] ?an p]sonal gov]nm5t1 9 :i* no "o b ! (fic] himself is responsible = 8 (ficial conduct4 ,,p>ty ,,ma*9]y4--,! ma*9]y ( p>ties 9 ?is c\ntry is v complex1 & is closely int]wov5 ) our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,ea* p>ty mu/ select c&idates = ! v>i\s (fices 9 ! gift ( ! p1 9 ord] t x may ex]t its greate/ p[] 9 elections & 9 public affairs4 ,! p 9 ea* p>ty mu/ h a voice 9 ! selection ( c&idates = t[n%ip (fices1 di/rict (fices1 c\nty (fices1 ,/ate (fices1 & ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re=e ea* p>ty has a sy/em ( committees1 conv5tions1 prim>y elections1 & caucuses1 = asc]ta9+ ! *oice ( its memb]s = ^! v>i\s (fices4 ,p>ties & p>ty ma*9]y are n g5]ally provid$ = 9 ! law1 b !y exi/ by a cu/om almo/ z old z ! gov]nm5t1 & are firmly fix$ 9 our political sy/em4 ,,committees4--,ea* ( ! great p>ties has a national committee1 consi/+ ( "o memb] f ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory1 *os5 by its national conv5tion4 ,! national committee is ! *ief executive au?ority ( ! p>ty4 ,x calls ! national conv5tion1 fixes ! "t & place = hold+ x1 & ! repres5tation to :i* ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory is entitl$4 ,x appo9ts a sub-committee ( its memb]s1 call$ ! campaign or executive committee1 :i* conducts ! political canvass or campaign1 = ! p>ty4 ,! campaign committee di/ributes pamphlets1 spee*es1 newspap]s1 & o!r political docum5ts among ! vot]s ( ! c\ntry2 selects public speak]s2 makes appo9tm5ts = !m to speak2 arranges = p>ty meet+s2 collects funds to be> ! exp5ses ( ! campaign1 & has a g5]al ov]sight ( ! p>ty "w 9 all ! ,/ates4 ,ea* p>ty also has a ,/ate committee 9 ea* ,/ate1 usually consi/+ ( a memb] f ea* congressional di/rict1 9 "s ,/ates consi/+ ( a memb] f ea* c\nty2 a di/rict committee 9 ea* congressional1 judicial1 s5atorial1 & repres5tative di/rict1 consi/+ ( a memb] f ea* c\nty compos+ ! di/rict2 a c\nty committee1 consi/+ ( a memb] f ea* t[n%ip or civil di/rict2 & 9 "s ,/ates1 v>i\s o!r committees4 ,ea* ( ^! committees p]=ms = ! division = :i* x is select$ duties simil> to ^? :i* ! national committee p]=ms = ! :ole ,union4 ,,conv5tions4--,! me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! *oice ( a p>ty 9 ! selection ( c&idates is ei!r by a prim>y election or by a conv5tion4 ,a political conv5tion is an assemblage ( ! vot]s ( a p>ty1 ei!r 9 p]son or by repres5tatives call$ delegates4 ,if ! vot]s assemble 9 p]son1 ! conv5tion is call$ a prim>y or mass meet+4 ,! purpose ( a conv5tion may be to select c&idates = (fice1 to s5d delegates to a high] conv5tion1 to adopt a decl>ation ( pr9ciples1 or to decide ^u a p>ty policy4 ,x is common = two or m ( ^! purposes to come be=e ! same conv5tion4 ,,call+ ,,conv5tions4--,9 ! ye> ( ! presid5tial election1 ! national committee calls a national conv5tion1 nam+ ! "t & place1 & ! repres5tation ( ea* ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate committee calls a ,/ate conv5tion to s5d delegates to ! national conv5tion2 &1 if a ,/ate election is approa*+1 x may direct t ! conv5tion %all also select c&idates = ,/ate (fices4 ,9 response to ?is call1 ! c\nty committees ord] c\nty conv5tions 9 all ! c\nties ( ! ,/ate to s5d delegates to ! ,/ate conv5tion1 & p]haps to select c&idates = c\nty (fices4 ,9 "s ,/ates ! t[n%ip committees ord] t[n%ip conv5tions 9 all t[n%ips = ! purpose ( s5d+ delegates to ! c\nty conv5tions1 & p]haps to "n c&idates = t[n%ip (fices4 ,x w be se5 t ! call+ ( ! v>i\s conv5tions connect$ directly or indirectly ) ! selection ( c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t proce$s f ! highe/ d[nw>d4 ,! same ord] is obs]v$ 9 o!r conv5tions1 ! call always beg9n+ ) ! highe/ committee conc]n$ & proce$+ to ! l[e/4 ,,local ,,& ,,/ate ,,conv5tions4--,! ord] ( hold+ a sy/em ( conv5tions1 h[ev]1 proce$s f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,! t[n%ip holds a conv5tion & s5ds delegates to ! c\nty conv5tion4 ,! c\nty conv5tion s5ds delegates to ! ,/ate conv5tion1 & ! ,/ate conv5tion s5ds delegates to ! national conv5tion4 ,,delegates ,,*os5 ,,by ,,prim>ies4--,9 _m /ates ! delegates to all conv5tions are elect$ by ! memb]s ( ! p>ty at prim>y elections4 ,9 "s /ates ev5 ! delegates to ! national conv5tion are *os5 9 ?is mann]4 ,,national ,,conv5tion4--,a national conv5tion is an important assemblage4 ,x conta9s _m di/+ui%$ m51 & ex]ts great influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,a national conv5tion usually consi/s ( m ?an a ?\s& delegates4 ,9 a ,democratic conv5tion1 = in/ance1 !re are f\r delegates f ea* ,/ate1 two f ea* congressional di/rict1 & a few f ! ,t]ritories4 ,9 ! selection ( delegates to ! national conv5tion1 ! ,/ate conv5tion (t5 selects f\r1 repres5t+ ! two ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators1 & ! memb]s ( ! conv5tion f ea* congressional di/rict select two1 repres5t+ ! l[] h\se ( ,congress4 ,= ea* delegate ! ,/ate conv5tion also selects an alt]nate delegate1 :o att5ds ! national conv5tion 9 case ! regul> delegate c n be pres5t4 ,! national conv5tion is call$ to ord] by ! *airman ( ! national committee4 ,x !n elects a tempor>y *airman1 & aft]w>d a p]man5t presid5t4 ,! conv5tion appo9ts ! national committee1 call+ ^u ! delegation f ea* ,/ate to "n its memb]2 adopts a decl>ation ( pr9ciples1 call$ a plat=m1 = ! approa*+ campaign2 nom9ates c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 & p]=ms v>i\s o!r "w connect$ ) ! p>ty organization4 ,,plat=m4--,! decl>ation ( p>ty pr9ciples adopt$ & issu$ by a conv5tion is call$ a plat=m1 & ea* sep>ate /atem5t ( a pr9ciple is popul>ly call$ a plank4 ,! plat=m is an ann\ncem5t ( ! policy to be pursu$ by ! p>ty if its c&idates are elect$1 & is presum$ to conta9 all ! important pr9ciples ^u :i* ! vot]s ( ! p>ty are agre$4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples ! p>ty claims ! "r to adm9i/] ! public affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,! plat=ms ( ,/ate & local conv5tions are usually bas$ ^u ! national plat=m ( ! same p>ty1 b also conta9 /atem5ts ( pr9ciples ^u local que/ions4 ,,nom9ations4--,to nom9ate a c&idate is to "n him = (fice2 t is1 to place 8 "n be=e ! public4 ,! p]son nom9at$ is call$ ! nom9ee1 & all ! nom9ees = a c]ta9 election con/itute a ticket4 ,a nom9ation usually secures to a c&idate ! g5]al support ( ! p>ty4 ,vot]s may vote = o!r p]sons ?an ! nom9ees1 b ! great body ( vot]s usually support ! tickets ( _! respective p>ties4 ,nom9ation s]ves to prev5t a great numb] ( c&idates1 & ?us simplifies ! election4 ,,prim>y ,,elections4--,c&idates = t[n%ip1 c\nty1 & o!r (fices are frequ5tly *os5 by means ( prim>y elections4 ,a prim>y election is an election 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a p>ty *oose _! c&idates = (fice4 ,z a rule1 none b ! memb]s ( ! p>ty hold+ x c vote 9 a prim>y election4 ,_m p]sons pref] ! prim>y1 to a conv5tion1 believ+ ! =m] to be a fair] & m imp>tial me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! *oice ( ! p>ty4 ,! vot+ is usually by ballot4 ,9 _m ,/ates prim>y elections are "u ! control ( ! law1 & are gu>d$ by ! same re/rictions t p]ta9 to o!r elections4 ,,caucuses4--,a meet+ compos$ ( ! memb]s ( a legislative body :o are ( ! same p>ty1 & assembl$ = p>ty purposes1 is call$ a caucus4 ,w>d conv5tions 9 cities are sometimes call$ by ! same "n4 ,! usual purpose ( a caucus is to nom9ate c&idates = (fices )9 ! gift ( ! legislative body1 or to consid] que/ions ( legislation4 ,a caucus elects a *airman & o!r (fic]s1 b r>ely if ev] adopts a plat=m ( pr9ciples4 ,! great political p>ties ( ! c\ntry h caucuses 9 ea* bran* ( ,congress1 & usually 9 ! legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,"n ! great p>ties t h exi/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,:o are ! respective *airm5 ( ! national executive committees ( ! two great p>ties8 #c4 ,read ! la/ national plat=ms ( ! two great p>ties4 #d4 ,:i* d y l bett]1 prim>y elections or conv5tions8 ,:y8 #e4 ,%\ld a memb] ( a legislative body be influ5c$ 9 8 vote by ! decision ( ! caucus ( 8 p>ty8 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,legislation4 ,legislation1 ! act or process ( mak+ laws1 is ! mo/ important function ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is ! mo/ important1 because x is ! fir/ /ep1 & ! en=cem5t & int]pretation ( laws dep5d ^u _! enactm5t4 ,! laws ( a c\ntry %\ld be z few 9 numb]1 z simple 9 con/ruction1 & z uni=m 9 _! application1 z w meet ! ne$s ( ! p4 ,x is a great mis=tune = ! laws to be> unequally ^u ! p2 to grant special privileges to "o class1 or to impose special h>d%ips ^u ano!r class4 ,! great v>iety & volume ( laws made by ! national & ! ,/ate legislatures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h l$ to a close /udy ( legislation4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry is ! process ( mak+ laws s ?or\ghly ma/]$1 or p>liam5t>y law s g5]ally und]/ood4 ,,bills4--,! process ( enact+ a law1 f its introduction to its f9al approval1 is an intricate & int]e/+ /udy4 ,until its passage & f9al approval1 a measure is call$ ei!r a bill or a resolution4 ,bills & resolutions are v simil>1 ! latt] usually be+ simpl]1 & beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,be x resolv$ or simply ,resolv$1 :ile ! =m] beg9 ) ! words1 ,be x enact$4 ,a jo9t resolution z well z a bill requires ! concurr5ce ( bo? h\ses ( a legislative assembly to make x a law4 ,,introduction4--,! introduction ( a bill is ! fir/ pres5tation ( x to a legislative body = action4 ,?is is usually done by ask+ leave ( ! body1 ei!r orally or 9 writ+1 to br+ ! measure be=e x4 ,?is leave to pres5t is r>ely if ev] refus$4 ,! rules require t aft] its introduction x %all be ?ree times read al\d be=e its passage4 ,^! ?ree read+s d n ref] to read+s = in=mation z to its provisions4 ,! con/itutions ( ne>ly all ,/ates require t ! ?ree read+s %all be on ?ree diff]5t days2 b 9 mo/ ( !m ?is rule1 may be susp5d$ by a two ?irds1 ?ree f\r?s1 f\r fif?s1 or unanim\s vote1 ! requisite majority v>y+ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,,committees4--,:5 a bill or resolution is introduc$1 x is usual to ref] x to a committee = a critical consid]ation4 ,a committee usually consi/s ( f ?ree to ?irte5 memb]s1 ( :om ! fir/ nam$ is usually *airman1 presumably select$ = _! k ( ! subjects to come be=e !m4 ,a /&+ committee la/s dur+ ! entire session4 ,mo/ legislative bodies h f tw5ty to =ty /&+ committees4 ,a special or select committee is rais$ = a special purpose1 & is usually adj\rn$ :5 its report is made4 ,a committee ( ! :ole consi/s ( all ! memb]s ( a body sitt+ z a committee4 ,9 committees ( ! :ole ! regul> presid+ (fic] usually vacates ! *air1 call+ "s o!r memb] ( ! body to act z *airman4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! "w ( a legislative body is p]fect$ by its committees4 ,!y discuss ! m]its & dem]its ( bills1 & p]fect su* z1 9 _! judgm5t1 %\ld pass4 ,,reports4--,! committee to :om a bill has be5 ref]r$ critically exam9es x1 & usually reports x to ! body1 ei!r favorably or unfavorably1 recomm5d+ t x %\ld pass or %\ld n pass4 ,if ! memb]s ( a committee are equally or ne>ly equally divid$ z to ! m]its ( ! bill1 x may be report$ )\t an expression ( op9ion4 ,:5 important bills are report$ by a committee !y are usually discuss$ by ! memb]s ( ! body4 ,! debate on ! measure usually br+s out ! reasons =1 & ^? aga9/1 its passage4 ,_m bills are sev]al times recommitt$--t is1 aga9 ref]r$ to a committee--be=e _! passage4 ,9 "s legislative bodies1 especially 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a great _m bills are pigeon-hol$ by committees2 t is1 are fil$ away & nev] report$4 ,! reports ( ! committees1 :e!r favorable or unfavorable1 are usually adopt$ by ! body1 & !re=e h an important be>+ ^u legislation4 ,,am5dm5ts4--,9 mo/ legislative bodies a bill may be am5d$ at ! pleasure ( ! majority1 be=e x is read ! ?ird "t4 ,am5dm5ts are made = ! purpose ( p]fect+ ! measure4 ,a bill may be am5d$ by /rik+ out "s ( its provisions1 by /rik+ out & ins]t+1 or by ins]t+4 ,a bill pass$ by "o h\se ( a legislature maybe am5d$ by ! o!r h\se1 b1 if am5d$1 mu/ be return$ ) ! am5dm5t to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$1 9 ord] t ! am5dm5t may be consid]$4 ,if "o h\se am5ds & ! o!r refuses to accept1 ! bill is (t5 ref]r$ to a conf]5ce committee ( memb]s ( bo? h\ses4 ,if ?is does n secure agreem5t1 & bo? adh]e to _! orig9al action1 ! bill fails4 ,,passage4--,:5 a bill passes ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$1 ! cl]k transmits & reports x to ! o!r h\se = action4 ,! h\se to :i* x is transmitt$ may pass x )\t commitm5t1 b usually ref]s x to a committee1 &1 :5 report$1 may pass x or reject x1 or am5d x & return x ) ! am5dm5t to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$4 ,:5 pass$ by bo? h\ses1 ! bill is engross$--t is1 rewritt5 )\t blots or erasures--& transmitt$ to ! ,presid5t or gov]nor1 z ! case may be1 = 8 approval4 ,if approv$ & sign$1 or if n return$ )9 a fix$ "t1 ! bill becomes a law4 ,if veto$1 x mu/ be aga9 consid]$ by bo? bodies1 & is lo/ unless aga9 pass$ by ea*1 & 9 ,congress & 9 _m ,/ates by a two ?irds vote4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,obta9 f any conv5i5t s\rce & pres5t 9 ! recitation a sample ( a bill1 & also ( a resolution4 #b4 ,:y %\ld a bill h ?ree sep>ate read+s on ?ree diff]5t days8 #c4 ,:y is ! report ( a committee g5]ally adopt$ by ! body8 #d4 ,:y are *airman%ips ( committees usually mu* s\ght aft] 9 legislative bodies8 #e4 ,pres5t 9 ! recitation a copy ( ! report ( a legislative committee ^u "s subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,rev5ue ,,& ,,taxation4 ,rev5ue4--,! regulation ( rev5ue & taxation is "o ( ! mo/ important & difficult que/ions ( gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ! wise/ ( mod]n /atesm5 has said t ! managem5t ( f9ance is gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t1 :atev] its =m1 is an intricate & exp5sive ma*9e1 & !re=e sure & ample s\rces ( rev5ue are z necess>y to x z blood is to ! human body4 ,! necess>y exp5ses ( a local community1 su* z a village1 a city1 or a c\nty1 are heavy2 :ile ^? ( a ,/ate are imm5se1 & ^? ( a nation almo/ beyond conception4 ,^! exp5ses mu/ be promptly met1 or ! gov]nm5t becomes bankrupt1 lack+ 9 respect1 )\t p[] to en=ce its rights ev5 among its own p1 & f9ally ceases to exi/4 ,,taxation4--,! *ief s\rce ( rev5ue 9 all gov]nm5ts is taxation4 ,a tax is a portion ( private prop]ty tak5 by ! gov]nm5t = public purposes4 ,taxation1 ! act ( lay+ taxes1 is reg>d$ z ! highe/ function ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ delicate1 because x t\*es ! p directly1 & is !re=e frequ5tly ! cause ( discont5t among ! masses4 ,! gov]nm5t makes no direct return to ! citiz5 = ! taxes x exacts1 & 9 ?is respect only does taxation diff] f ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma94 ,h[ mu* rev5ue mu/ be rais$8 :at articles %\ld be tax$8 :at %\ld be ! rate ( taxation8 are que/ions t conc]n e gov]nm5t4 ,z a p]son may be at ! same "t a citiz5 ( a village1 a t[n%ip1 a c\nty1 a ,/ate1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s he may1 dur+ ! same ye>1 pay a sep>ate tax to ea* ( ^! five gov]nm5ts4 ,,necessity ,,( ,,taxation4--,taxation is "o ( ! necess>y burd5s ( society4 ,a gov]nm5t z well z an individual mu/ h money to pay its exp5ses1 & ! pr9cipal "p1 if n all1 ( ?is money mu/ be rais$ by taxation ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,m5 may diff] z to ! k9d & ! rate ( taxation1 b taxes mu/ be paid 9 ord] t gov]nm5t may exi/4 ,! tax pay] receives no imm$iate return = 8 taxes1 b has a con/ant return 9 ! way ( protection to life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty1 ! enjoym5t ( public conv5i5ces1 & ! improvem5t ( society4 ,by means ( taxes ea* p]son be>s 8 "p 9 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! social compact4 ,he gives up a portion ( 8 prop]ty 9 ord] t :at rema9s may be ! m secure & valuable1 & t he may enjoy _m o!r bless+s t w\ld o!rwise be impossible4 ,al?\gh ! rate is (t5 high1 ev5 high] ?an necess>y1 x is safe to say t e tax pay] ( ! c\ntry receives f ! gov]nm5t m ?an he contributes by taxation4 ,taxes are direct or indirect4 ,,direct ,,taxes4--,a direct tax is levi$ directly at a giv5 rate ^u prop]ty or polls4 ,taxes levi$ by villages1 t[ns1 t[n%ips1 cities1 c\nties1 & ,/ates are = ! mo/ "p direct taxes4 ,a poll tax is levi$ ^u ! polls1 or heads1 ( ! male inhabitants :o h atta9$ a c]ta9 age1 usually tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,a prop]ty tax1 z ! "n indicates1 is levi$ ^u prop]ty4 ,prop]ty is ( two k9ds1 real & p]sonal4 ,real prop]ty1 usually call$ real e/ate1 consi/s ( l&s & build+s4 ,p]sonal prop]ty is t :i* c be mov$ f place to place1 & includes ev]y?+ t a p]son c own except real e/ate4 ,9 all sy/ems ( taxation1 mu* real e/ate1 su* z *ur*es1 cemet]ies1 colleges1 *>itable in/itutions1 & public build+s1 is exempt f taxes4 ,five times 9 its hi/ory--namely1 9 #agih1 #ahac1 #ahae1 #ahaf1 & #ahfa--! ,unit$ ,/ates levi$ a direct tax ^u ! p1 b 9 ea* case ! law 0 9 =ce b a s+le ye>4 ,f #ahfa to #ahga !re 0 also an income tax2 t is1 a tax ( a giv5 p] c5t4 ^u all annual incomes t exce$$ a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,9 #aiac1 ,congress pass$ a new income tax law1 ) additional taxes on v l>ge incomes4 ,,indirect ,,taxes4--,an indirect tax is assess$ ^u ! prop]ty ( "o p]son1 b is indirectly paid by ano!r4 ,! own] ( ! prop]ty at ! "t ( assessm5t pays ! tax to ! gov]nm5t1 b a "p or all ( ! tax is ultimately paid by ! consum] ( ! goods4 ,all taxes n[ levi$ by ! national gov]nm5t are indirect4 ,! indirect taxes levi$ by ! national gov]nm5t are cu/oms1 or duties1 & int]nal rev5ue4 ,,cu/oms1 ,,or ,,duties4--,cu/oms1 or duties1 are taxes levi$ ^u c]ta9 goods import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,! ,con/itution prohibits ! taxation ( exports4 ,! s*$ule or li/ ( articles tax$ & ( duties to be paid is call$ ! t>iff4 ,cu/om dues are collect$ by (fic]s ( ! national gov]nm5t at ! cu/om-h\ses1 locat$ at ! ports ( entry1 usually1 b n always1 on or ne> ! sea-coa/4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! national rev5ue is d]iv$ f cu/oms4 ,,int]nal ,,rev5ue4--,int]nal rev5ue1 sometimes call$ excise1 is a tax levi$ ^u c]ta9 articles produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 su* z tobacco & spiritu\s liquors4 ,x is collect$ by (fic]s ( ! national gov]nm5t1 call$ collectors1 /ation$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,sugge/ive ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,"n "s ( ! items ( exp5se 9 village gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,9 t[n%ip gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,9 city gov]nm5t4 #d4 ,9 c\nty gov]nm5t4 #e4 ,9 ,/ate gov]nm5t4 #f4 ,9 national gov]nm5t4 #g4 ,:at is ! rate ( prop]ty taxation 9 ?is c\ntry8 #h4 ,:at is ! rate 9 ?is ,/ate8 #i4 ,:]e is ! ne>e/ cu/om-h\se8 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,preamble4 ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5se1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,article ,i4 ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,congress 9 ,g5]al4 ,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,clause #a4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all be compos$ ( memb]s *os5 e second ye> by ! p ( ! sev]al /ates2 & ! electors 9 ea* /ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,clause #b4 ,no p]son %all be a repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 & be5 sev5 ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t /ate 9 :i* he %all be *os54 ,clause #c4 ,repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al /ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree-fif?s ( all o!r p]sons4 ,! actual enum]ation %all be made )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9 e subsequ5t t]m ( t5 ye>s1 9 su* mann] z !y %all by law direct4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e ?irty ?\s&1 b ea* /ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative2 & until su* enum]ation %all be made1 ! /ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to *oose ?ree1 ,massa*usetts eight1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations "o1 ,connecticut five1 ,new ,york six1 ,new ,j]sey f\r1 ,p5nsylvania eight1 ,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1 ,virg9ia t51 ,nor? ,c>ol9a five1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a five1 & ,georgia ?ree4 ,clause #d4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation f any /ate1 ! executive au?ority !re( %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies4 ,clause #e4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose _! speak] & o!r (fic]s1 & %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,s5ate4 ,clause #a4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* /ate1 *os5 by ! ,legislature#a !re( = six ye>s1 & ea* s5ator %all h "o vote4 ,clause #b4 ,imm$iately aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ election1 !y %all be divid$1 z equally z may be1 into ?ree classes4 ,! seats ( ! s5ators ( ! fir/ class %all be vacat$ at ! expiration ( ! second ye>1 ( ! second class at ! expiration ( ! f\r? ye>1 & ( ! ?ird class at ! expiration ( ! six? ye>1 s t "o-?ird may be *os5 e second ye>2 & if vacancies happ51 by resignation or o!rwise1 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,legislature ( any /ate1 ! executive !re( may make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! next meet+ ( ! ,legislature1 :i* %all !n fill su* vacancies4#a ,clause #c4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 & be5 n9e ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t /ate = :i* he %all be *os54 ,clause #d4 ,! ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no vote1 unless !y be equally divid$4 ,clause #e4 ,! ,s5ate %all *oose _! o!r (fic]s1 & also a presid5t pro temp]e1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,vice-presid5t1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,clause #f4 ,! ,s5ate %all h ! sole p[] to try all impea*m5ts4 ,:5 sitt+ = t purpose1 !y %all be on oa? or affirmation4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 ! *ief ju/ice %all preside2 & no p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t4 ,clause #g4 ,judgm5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f (fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! p>ty convict$ %all1 nev]!less1 be liable & subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t1 & puni%m5t accord+ to law4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,bo? ,h\ses4 ,clause #a4 ,! times1 places1 & mann] ( hold+ elections = s5ators & repres5tatives %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* /ate by ! ,legislature !re(2 b ! ,congress may at any "t1 by law1 make or alt] su* regulations1 except z to ! places ( *oos+ s5ators4 ,clause #b4 ,! ,congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ye>1 & su* meet+ %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all by law appo9t a diff]5t day4 ,,section ,v4 ,! ,h\ses sep>ately4 ,clause #a4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s1 & a majority ( ea* %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess2 b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s1 9 su* mann] & "u su* p5alties z ea* h\se may provide4 ,clause #b4 ,ea* h\se may det]m9e ! rules ( its proce$+s1 puni% its memb]s = disord]ly behavior1 &1 ) ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds1 expel a memb]4 ,clause #c4 ,ea* h\se %all keep a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 & f "t to "t publi% ! same1 except+ su* p>ts z may 9 _! judgm5t require secrecy2 & ! yeas & nays ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se1 on any "q1 %all1 at ! desire ( "o-fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 ,clause #d4 ,nei!r h\se dur+ ! session ( ,congress %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,disabilities ( ,memb]s4 ,clause #a4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives %all receive a comp5sation = _! s]vices1 to be asc]ta9$ by law1 & paid out ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all 9 all cases1 except treason1 felony1 & brea* ( ! peace1 be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ _! att5dance at ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2 & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se1 !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 ,clause #b4 ,no s5ator or repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil (fice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 increas$1 dur+ su* "t2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,mode ( pass+ ,laws4 ,clause #a4 ,all bills = rais+ rev5ue %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) am5dm5ts1 z on o!r bills4 ,clause #b4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate %all1 be=e x become a law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 if he approve1 he %all sign x2 b if n1 he %all return x1 ) 8 objections1 to t h\se 9 :i* x %all h orig9at$1 :o %all ent] ! objections at l>ge on _! j\rnal1 & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if1 aft] su* reconsid]ation two-?irds ( t h\se %all agree to pass ! bill1 x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two-?irds ( t h\se1 x %all become a law4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! votes ( bo? h\ses %all be det]m9$ by yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ ! bill %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se respectively4 ,if any bill %all n be return$ by ! ,presid5t )9 t5 days 7,sundays except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! same %all be a law 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless ! ,congress by _! adj\rnm5t prev5t its return1 9 :i* case x %all n be a law4 ,clause #c4 ,e ord]1 resolution1 or vote to :i* ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( adj\rnm5t7 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & be=e ! same %all take effect1 %all be approv$ by him1 or1 be+ disapprov$ by him1 %all be repass$ by two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 accord+ to ! rules & limitations prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a bill4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,p[]s grant$ to ,congress4 ,! ,congress %all h p[]-- ,clause #a4 ,to lay & collect taxes1 duties1 impo/s1 & excises1 to pay ! debts & provide = ! common def5se & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b all duties1 impo/s & excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,clause #b4 ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,clause #c4 ,to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes2 ,clause #d4 ,to e/abli% a uni=m rule ( naturalization & uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies1 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,clause #e4 ,to co9 money1 regulate ! value !re( & ( =eign co91 & fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures2 ,clause #f4 ,to provide = ! puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,clause #g4 ,to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads2 ,clause #h4 ,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+ = limit$ times to au?ors & inv5tors ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies2 ,clause #i4 ,to con/itute tribunals inf]ior to ! ,supreme ,c\rt2 ,clause #aj4 ,to def9e & puni% piracies & felonies committ$ on ! high seas1 & (f5ses aga9/ ! law ( nations2 ,clause #aa4 ,to decl>e w>1 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]2 ,clause #ab4 ,to raise & support armies2 b no appropriation ( money to t use %all be = a long] t]m ?an two ye>s2 ,clause #ac4 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a navy2 ,clause #ad4 ,to make rules = ! gov]nm5t & regulation ( ! l& & naval =ces2 ,clause #ae4 ,to provide = call+ =? ! militia to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections1 & repel invasions2 ,clause #af4 ,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* "p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 res]v+ to ! /ates respectively ! appo9tm5t ( ! (fic]s & ! au?ority ( tra9+ ! militia accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by ,congress2 ,clause #ag4 ,to ex]cise exclusive legislation1 9 all cases :atsoev]1 ov] su* di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 miles squ>e7 z may1 by cession ( p>ticul> /ates & ! acceptance ( ,congress1 become ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to ex]cise l au?ority ov] all places pur*as$1 by ! cons5t ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! same %all be1 = ! erection ( =ts1 magaz9es1 ars5als1 dock-y>ds1 & o!r ne$ful build+s2 & ,clause #ah4 ,to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s1 & all o!r p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ales1 or 9 any dep>tm5t or (fic] !re(1 ,,section ,,ix4 ,p[]s d5i$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,clause #a4 ,! migration or importation ( su* p]sons z any ( ! /ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! ,congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight2 b a tax or duty may be impos$ on su* importation1 n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* p]son4 ,clause #b4 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$ unless :51 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion1 ! public safety may require x4 ,clause #c4 ,no bill ( atta9d]1 or ex-po/-facto law1 %all he pass$4 ,clause #d4 ,no capitation or o!r direct tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9 be=e direct$ to be tak54 ,clause #e4 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any /ate4 ,clause #f4 ,no pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue to ! ports ( "o /ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor %all vessels b\nd to or f "o /ate be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay duties 9 ano!r4 ,clause #g4 ,no money %all be drawn f ! treasury b 9 consequ5ce ( appropriations made by law2 & a regul> /atem5t & acc\nt ( ! receipts & exp5ditures ( all public money %all be publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,clause #h4 ,no title ( nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice ( pr(it or tru/ "u !m %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1 (fice1 or title ( any k9d :atev]1 f any k+1 pr9ce1 or =eign /ate4 ,,section ,x4 ,p[]s d5i$ to ! ,/ates4 ,clause #a4 ,no /ate %all ent] into any treaty1 alliance1 or conf$]ation2 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal2 co9 money2 emit bills ( cr$it2 make any ?+ b gold & silv] co9 a t5d] 9 paym5t ( debts2 pass any bill ( atta9d]1 ex-po/-facto law1 or law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts2 or grant any title ( nobility4 ,clause #b4 ,no /ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,congress1 lay any impo/s or duties on imports or exports except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ its inspection laws2 & ! net produce ( all duties & impo/s laid by any /ate on imports or exports %all be = ! use ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ales2 & all su* laws %all be subject to ! revision & control ( ! ,congress4 ,clause #c4 ,no /ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any duty ( tonnage1 keep troops or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1 ent] into any agreem5t or compact ) ano!r /ate or ) a =eign p[]1 or engage 9 w>1 unless actually invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t dang] z w n admit ( delay4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t4 ,clause #a4 ,! executive p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he %all hold 8 (fice dur+ ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,vice-presid5t2 *os5 = ! same t]m1 be elect$ z foll[s3 ,clause #b4 ,ea* /ate %all appo9t1 9 su* mann] z ! ,legislature !re( may direct1 a numb] ( electors1 equal to ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives to :i* ! /ate may be entitl$ 9 ! ,congress2 b no s5ator or repres5tative1 or p]son hold+ an (fice ( tru/ or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be appo9t$ an elector4 ,clause #c4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective /ates1 & vote by ballot = two p]sons1 ( :om "o at lea/ %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same /ate ) !mselves4 ,& !y %all make a li/ ( all ! p]sons vot$ =1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*2 :i* li/ !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit1 seal$1 to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if !re be m ?an "o :o h su* majority1 & h an equal numb] ( votes1 !n ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all imm$iately *oose by ballot "o ( !m = ,presid5t2 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n1 f ! five highe/ on ! li/1 ! said ,h\se %all 9 l mann] *oose ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by /ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+ "o vote1 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,9 e case1 aft] ! *oice ( ! ,presid5t1 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes ( ! electors %all be ! ,vice-presid5t4 ,b if !re %\ld rema9 two or m :o h equal votes1 ! ,s5ate %all *oose f !m by ballot ! ,vice-presid5t4#b ,clause #d4 ,! ,congress may det]m9e ! "t ( *oos+ ! electors1 & ! day on :i* !y %all give _! votes1 :i* day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,clause #e4 ,no p]son except a natural-born citiz51 or a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be eligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t2 nei!r %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,clause #f4 ,9 case ( ! removal ( ! ,presid5t f (fice1 or ( 8 dea?1 resignation1 or inability to dis*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( ! said (fice1 ! same %all devolve on ! ,vice-presid5t2 & ! ,congress may by law provide = ! case ( removal1 dea?1 resignation1 or inability1 bo? ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t1 decl>+ :at (fic] %all !n act z ,presid5t2 & su* (fic] %all act accord+ly1 until ! disability be remov$1 or a ,presid5t %all be elect$4 ,clause #g4 ,! ,presid5t %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = 8 s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! p]iod = :i* he %all h be5 elect$1 & he %all n receive )9 t p]iod any o!r emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any ( !m4 ,clause #h4 ,be=e he ent] on ! execution ( 8 (fice1 he %all take ! foll[+ oa? or affirmation3 ,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 pres]ve1 protect1 & def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,p[]s ( ! ,presid5t4 ,clause #a4 ,! ,presid5t %all be comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! militia ( ! sev]al /ates1 :5 call$ into ! actual s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he may require ! op9ion 9 writ+ ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices2 & he %all h p[] to grant reprieves & p>dons = (f5ses aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t4 ,clause #b4 ,he %all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ two-?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t concur2 & he %all nom9ate1 & by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate %all appo9t ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: appo9tm5ts are n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & :i* %all be e/abli%$ by law2 b ! ,congress may by law ve/ ! appo9tm5t ( su* inf]ior (fic]s z !y ?9k prop] 9 ! ,presid5t alone1 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4 ,clause #c4 ,! ,presid5t %all h p[] to fill up all vacancies t may happ5 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,s5ate1 by grant+ commissions1 :i* %all expire at ! end ( _! next session4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,duties ( ! ,presid5t4 ,he %all1 f "t to "t1 give to ! ,congress in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! consid]ation su* measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t2 he may1 on extraord9>y occasions1 conv5e bo? h\ses1 or ei!r ( !m2 & 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 ) respect to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 he may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he %all ?9k prop]2 he %all receive ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s2 he %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$1 & %all commission all ! (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,impea*m5t ( ! ,presid5t4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,vice-presid5t1 & all civil (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f (fice on impea*m5t = & conviction ( treason1 brib]y1 or o!r high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ve/$ 9 "o ,supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ! ,congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli%4 ,! judges1 bo? ( ! supreme & inf]ior c\rts1 %all hold _! (fices dur+ good behavior2 & %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = _! s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all n be dim9i%$ dur+ _! cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts4 ,clause #a4 ,! judicial p[] %all ext5d to all cases 9 law & equity aris+ "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u _! au?ority2 to all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls2 to all cases ( admiralty & m>itime jurisdiction2 to controv]sies to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a p>ty2 to controv]sies betwe5 two or m /ates2 betwe5 a /ate & citiz5s ( ano!r /ate2 betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t /ates2 betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same /ate claim+ l&s "u grants ( diff]5t /ates2 & betwe5 a /ate1 or ! citiz5s !re(1 & =eign /ates1 citiz5s1 or subjects4#c ,clause #b4 ,9 all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 & ^? 9 :i* a /ate %all be p>ty1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 %all h orig9al jurisdiction4 ,9 all ! o!r cases be=e m5tion$1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h appellate jurisdiction1 bo? z to law & fact1 ) su* exceptions1 & "u su* regulations z ! ,congress %all make4 ,clause #c4 ,! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury2 & su* trial %all be held 9 ! /ate :]e ! said crimes %all h be5 committ$2 b :5 n committ$ )9 any /ate1 ! trial %all be at su* place or places z ! ,congress may by law h direct$4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,treason4 ,clause #a4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ only 9 levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ ( treason unless on ! te/imony ( two witnesses to ! same ov]t act1 or on confession 9 op5 c\rt4 ,clause #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to decl>e ! puni%m5t ( treason2 b no atta9d] ( treason %all "w corruption ( blood1 or =feiture1 except dur+ ! life ( ! p]son atta9t$4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,section ,i4 ,/ate ,records4 ,full fai? & cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* /ate to ! public acts1 records1 & judicial proce$+s ( e o!r /ate4 ,& ! ,congress may1 by g5]al laws1 prescribe ! mann] 9 :i* su* acts1 records1 & proce$+s %all be prov$1 & ! effect !re(4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,privileges ( ,citiz5s1 etc4 ,clause #a4 ,! citiz5s ( ea* /ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al /ates4 ,clause #b4 ,a p]son *>g$ 9 any /ate ) treason1 felony1 or o!r crime1 :o %all flee f ju/ice & be f\nd 9 ano!r /ate1 %all1 on dem& ( ! executive au?ority ( ! /ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! /ate hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime4 ,clause #c4 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o /ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor1 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,new ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,clause #a4 ,new /ates may be admitt$ by ! ,congress into ?is ,union1 b no new /ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( any o!r /ate3 nor any /ate be =m$ by ! junction ( two or m /ates1 or p>ts ( /ates1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,legislatures ( ! /ates conc]n$1 z well z ( ! ,congress4 ,clause #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to dispose (1 & make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ ! t]ritory or o!r prop]ly belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to prejudice any claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( any p>ticul> /ate4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,gu>antee to ! ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e /ate 9 ?is ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ invasion2 &1 on application ( ! ,legislature1 or ( ! executive 7:5 ! ,legislature c n be conv5$71 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4 ,,article ,v4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,am5dm5t4 ,! ,congress1 :5ev] two-?irds ( bo? h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 or1 on ! application ( ! ,legislatures ( two-?irds ( ! sev]al /ates1 %all call a conv5tion = propos+ am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r case1 %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes1 z "p ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! ,legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al /ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree-f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! ,congress2 provid$1 t no am5dm5t :i* may be made prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight %all 9 any mann] affect ! fir/ & f\r? clauses 9 ! n9? section ( ! fir/ ,article2 & t no /ate1 )\t its cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,public ,,debt1 ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,oa? ,,( ,,(fice1 ,,religi\s ,,te/4 ,clause #a4 ,all debts contract$ & engagem5ts ent]$ into be=e ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be z valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,con/itution z "u ! ,conf$]ation4 ,clause #b4 ,?is ,con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e /ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any ?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or laws ( any /ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,clause #c4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! memb]s ( ! sev]al /ate ,legislatures1 & all executive & judicial (fic]s1 bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al /ates1 %all be b\nd by oa? or affirmation to support ?is ,con/itution2 b no religi\s te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a qualification to any (fice or public tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,ratification ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,! ratification ( ! ,conv5tions ( n9e /ates %all be suffici5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! /ates s ratify+ ! same4 ,done 9 ,conv5tion1 by ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! /ates pres5t1 ! sev5te5? day ( ,septemb]1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty-sev51 & ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ! twelf?4 ,9 witness :]e(1 we h h]eunto subscrib$ our names4 ,,george ,,wa%+ton1 ,presid5t & ,deputy f ,virg9ia4 ,new ,hamp%ire4--,john ,langdon1 ,ni*olas ,gilman4 ,massa*usetts4--,na?aniel ,gorham1 ,rufus ,k+4 ,connecticut4--,wm4 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,rog] ,%]man4 ,new ,york4--,alex&] ,hamilton4 ,new ,j]sey4--,william ,liv+/on1 ,william ,patt]son1 ,david ,bre>ley1 ,jona?an ,dayton4 ,p5nsylvania1--,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,?omas ,fitzsimons1 ,james ,wilson1 ,?omas ,miffl91 ,george ,clym]1 ,j>$ ,+]soll1 ,g\v]neur ,morris4 ,delaw>e4--,george ,read1 ,john ,dick9son1 ,jacob ,broom1 ,gunn+ ,b$=d1 ,jr41 ,ri*>d ,bassett4 ,m>yl&4--,james ,m',h5ry1 ,daniel ,c>roll1 ,daniel ( ,/4 ,?o4 ,j5if]4 ,virg9ia4--,john ,blair1 ,james ,madison1 ,jr4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4--,william ,bl\nt1 ,hugh ,williamson1 ,ri*>d ,dobbs ,spaight4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4--,john ,rutl$ge1 ,*>les ,coteswor? ,p9ckney1 ,pi]ce ,butl]4 ,georgia4--,william ,few1 ,abraham ,baldw94 ,atte/1 ,,william ,,jackson1 ,secret>y4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,,articles ,i--,x4 ,bill ( ,rights4 ,,article ,i4 ,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee*1 or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble1 & to petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,a well-regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free /ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$2 & no w>rants %all issue b ^u probable cause1 support$ by oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 ,,article ,v4 ,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury1 except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! militia :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t ( w> or public dang]2 nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5se to be twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2 nor %all be compell$1 9 any crim9al case1 to be a witness aga9/ himself2 nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y & public trial1 by an imp>tial jury ( ! /ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law1 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor2 & to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5se4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,9 suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$2 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive1 f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,,article ,x4 ,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! /ates1 are res]v$ to ! /ates respectively or to ! p4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit 9 law or equity comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by citiz5s ( ano!r /ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,mode ( *oos+ ! ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t4 ,clause #a4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective /ates1 & vote by ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same /ate ) !mselves2 !y %all "n 9 _! ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,vice-presid5t2 & !y %all make di/9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,vice-presid5t1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*1 :i* li/ !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit1 seal$1 to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate2 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$2 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h su* majority1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s1 n exce$+ ?ree1 on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately by ballot ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by /ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+ "o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all n *oose a ,presid5t1 :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all devolve ^u !m1 be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>* next foll[+1 !n ! ,vice-presid5t %all act z ,presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea? or o!r con/itutional disability ( ! ,presid5t4 ,clause #b4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes z ,vice-presid5t %all be ! ,vice-presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$1 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/ ! ,s5ate %all *oose ! ,vice-presid5t2 a quorum = ! purpose %all consi/ ( two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( s5ators1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,clause #c4 ,b no p]son con/itutionally ineligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t %all be eligible to t ( ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,section ,i4 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 ,,section #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,section #a4 ,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! /ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no /ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any /ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,,section #b4 ,repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al /ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* /ate1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to vote at any election = ! *oice ( electors = ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 ! executive & judicial (fic]s ( a /ate1 or ! memb]s ( ! ,legislature !re(1 is d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su* /ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9 rebellion or o!r crime1 ! basis ( repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole numb] ( male citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su* /ate4 ,,section #c4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator or repres5tative 9 ,congress1 or elector ( ,presid5t & ,vice-presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any /ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa?1 z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z an ,(fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any ,/ate ,legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any /ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4 ,b ,congress may1 by a vote ( two-?irds ( ea* h\se1 remove su* disability4 ,,section #d4 ,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = paym5t ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1 %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any /ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave2 b all su* debts1 obligations1 & claims %all he held illegal & void4 ,,section #e4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce by appropriate legislation ! provisions ( ?is article4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,section #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any /ate on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,,section #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,,article ,,xvi4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes on incomes f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al /ates1 & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or enum]ation4 ,,article ,,xvii4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* /ate1 elect$ by ! p !re(1 = six ye>s2 & ea* s5ator %all h "o vote4 ,! electors 9 ea* /ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! /ate legislatures4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation ( any /ate 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! executive au?ority ( su* /ate %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies3 ,provid$1 ,t ! legislature ( any /ate may emp[] ! executive !re( to make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! p fill ! vacancies by election z ! legislature may direct4 ,?is am5dm5t %all n be s con/ru$ z to affect ! election or t]m ( any s5ator *os5 be=e x becomes valid z "p ( ! ,con/itution4 #a;,alt]$ by ! #ag? ,am5dm5t4 #b;,alt]$ by ! #ab? ,am5dm5t4 #c;,alt]$ by ! #aa? ,am5dm5t4 ,absolute mon>*y1 #aei ,academy1 naval1 #adb4 ,accus$1 rights (1 #gd4 ,actions1 #aga4 ,adjutant g5]al1 #hd1 #adf4 functions (1 #hi4 ,adm9i/rators1 #ed4 ,admiralty c\rts1 #aga4 ,agriculture1 commission] (1 #hd1 #hi4 ,alaska1 #if4 ,ald]m51 bo>d (1 #fa4 ,ali5s1 #aje4 ,alt]nate delegates1 #aid4 ,am5dm5ts1 #aii4 ,appropriation by ,/ate1 #fg4 ,area ( c\nties1 #di4 ,ari/ocracy1 #aei1 #afj4 ,assembly--g5]al or legislative1 #agg4 ,assessor1 ,au?ority (1 #fa4 duties (1 #fg4 ( t[n%ip1 #dc1 #dd4 ,attorney1 #agd4 c\nty1 #di4 duties (1 #ej4 g5]al1 #hh4 ,auditor1 t[n%ip1 #de4 ,au/ralian ballot-sy/em1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahd4 ,ballot1 #agf4 blanket1 #ahj1 #aha4 box1 #agf1 #agg4 =ms (1 #ahc4 individual1 #ahj4 9 ,indiana1 #ahc1 #ahg4 9 ,l\isville1 #ahc1 #ahe4 9 ,mass41 #ahc1 #ahf4 (ficial1 #ahj1 #ahb4 secret1 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v>ieties1 #ag1 #aei4 ,gov]nor ( ,/ate1 #he4 ( ,t]ritory1 #id1 p[]s & duties1 #he1 #hf4 ,gr& jurors1 #agb1 #agg4 ,gu>dians1 appo9tm5t (1 #ed4 ,habeas corpus1 #aag4 ,h]$it>y mon>*y1 #afj4 ,h\se ( congress1 #aaj4 ( delegates1 #gh4 ( repres5tatives1 #ha1 #aba1 #abb4 ,hundr$1 !1 #bh1 #cj4 ,immigration commission1 #ij4 ,impea*m5t1 #hb4 ,inauguration1 presid5tial1 #abh4 ,income tax1 #bjc4 ,indiana ballot1 #ahd1 #ahg4 ,indian ,t]ritory1 #if4 ,indictm5t1 #agb1 #agc4 ,indu/rial rights1 #afe4 ,initiative1 #hb4 ,inque/1 coron]'s1 #ed4 ,inspector-g5]al1 #adj4 ( bank1 #ij4 ,in/ruction1 sup]9t5d5t (1 #hi4 ,insurance commission]s1 #hd1 #hi4 ,int]ior dep>tm5t1 #add4 ,int]nal rev5ue1 #bjd4 ,int]national law1 #agj4 ,int]/ate comm]ce1 #aac1 #adh1 #aec4 ,intimidation1 #agi4 ,jail1 c\nty1 #di4 ,jail]1 #ed4 ,j\rnal ( h\se1 #gh4 ,judge1 #aga-agc1 #agf4 advocate-g5]al1 #adj4 appo9tm5t (1 #ic4 c\nty1 #di1 #ej4 di/rict1 #id4 probate1 #di1 #ee4 supreme c\rt1 #ib4 surrogate1 #di1 ,judicial dep>tm5t ( ,/ate1 #aia4 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conv5tion1 #aie4 ,w>rants1 #cd1 #de4 ,wat] works1 #ei1 #fj4 ,wills1 #di1 #ec1 #ed4 ,works1 electric1 #ei4 gas1 #ei4 public1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj4 wat]1 #eg4 ,writs1 s]v+ (1 #ce4 ,,supplem5t4 ,,by ,,hon4 ,,hoke ,,smi?1 ,u4,s4 ,,s5ator1 ,=m]ly ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,,georgia ,,supplem5t4--,,pet]man',s ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t4 ,copyright1 #aija1 #aijh1 #aiad1 by ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company1 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,georgia4 ,9 ! p ( ,georgia is ve/$ ! p[] ( gov]nm5t & ) !m lies ! supreme au?ority 9 ! ,/ate1 except 9 ?is3 ! p ( ,georgia c pass no law :i* conflicts ) ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z a safegu>d & = ! bett] adm9i/ration ( _! affairs1 ! p ( ,georgia h e/abli%$ a ,con/itution4 ,! pres5t ,con/itution 0 adopt$ by delegates select$ f ,s5atorial di/ricts4 ,! delegates met 9 conv5tion & adopt$ ! pres5t ,con/itution 9 #ahgg4 ,all laws 9 ,georgia mu/ be made 9 accordance ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,con/itution ( ,georgia4 ,!y mu/ also be execut$ accord+ to ! provisions ( ^! ,con/itutions4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,georgia c be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s ( ea* bran* ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 b ! action ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 am5d+ ! ,con/itution mu/ be ratifi$ by ! vot]s at ! next election ( memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly2 or1 a new ,con/itution c be made by ano!r con/itutional conv5tion1 :i* c be call$ only by two ?irds ( ! memb]s ( ea* h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,georgia places ! adm9i/ration ( ! civil gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate 9 ?ree dep>tm5ts1 ! ,legislative1 ! ,executive1 & ! ,judicial4 ,,legislative4--,! ,legislative dep>tm5t consi/s ( two bodies1 namely1 ! ,s5ate & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! ,s5ate is compos$ ( =ty-f\r memb]s1 "o f ea* ,s5atorial di/rict4 ,! ,s5atorial di/ricts consi/ ( ?ree or m c\nties4 ,no "o c be elect$ a ,/ate ,s5ator :o is n a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o has n atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 & :o has n be5 a resid5t ( ! ,/ate f\r ye>s4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives consi/s ( "o hundr$ & eighty-six memb]s1 apportion$ among ! diff]5t c\nties accord+ to population4 ,! six c\nties hav+ ! l>ge/ population h ?ree repres5tatives ea*2 ! tw5ty-six c\nties hav+ ! next l>ge/ population h two repres5tatives ea*2 ! rema9+ "o hundr$ sixte5 c\nties h "o repres5tative ea*4 ,a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives mu/ be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & mu/ h resid$ 9 ! ,/ate f\r ye>s1 & 9 ! c\nty f :i* elect$ "o ye>4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,legislature are elect$ bi5nially on ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,octob]4 ,bo? memb]s ( ! ,s5ate & ! ,h\se are *os5 = t]ms ( two ye>s at ! g5]al ,/ate elections4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly meets annually on ! f\r? ,w$nesday 9 ,june1 & c make all laws deem$ by its memb]s prop] & necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate n 9 conflict ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate or ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a majority ( ea* ,h\se con/itutes a quorum = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,nei!r bran* ( ! ,legislature has ! "r to adj\rn = a long] "t ?an ?ree days )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 b %\ld !y disagree ^u a "q ( adj\rnm5t1 ! ,gov]nor may adj\rn ei!r or bo? ( !m4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,legislature :i* are approv$ by ! ,gov]nor & become laws are publi%$ ea* ye> = ! in=mation ( ! public4 ,:5 ! ,legislature is call$ ^u to elect "s (fic]1 bo? bran*es meet 9 ! hall ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate presides ov] ! jo9t body & decl>es ! result4 ,no bill c be pass$ by ! ,legislature unless x receives a majority vote ( all memb]s elect$ to ea* h\se ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & ?is fact mu/ be %[n by ! j\rnals ( bo? h\ses4 ,x is also necess>y = a measure to receive ! signature ( ! ,gov]nor be=e becom+ a law4 ,:5 a bill is veto$ by ! ,gov]nor x may be pass$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s ( ea* h\se1 ?us mak+ 8 approval unnecess>y4 ,! mo/ important appo9tm5ts made by ! ,gov]nor mu/ be confirm$ by ! ,s5ate be=e ! appo9tm5ts become effective4 ,! ,s5ate has ! sole p[] to he> impea*m5t proce$+s4 ,x requires a two-?irds vote ( ! ,s5ate to su/a9 articles ( impea*m5t be=e !re c be a conviction4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives mu/ fir/ pass all bills = rais+ rev5ue & appropriat+ money1 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur 9 am5dm5ts to su* bills4 ,! "r to in/itute impea*m5ts is ve/$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,fran*ise4--,e male citiz5 ( ?is ,/ate & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 :o has resid$ 9 ! ,/ate "o ye> prior to ! election1 & 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* he (f]s to vote six mon?s1 :o has paid all taxes requir$ ( him by law s9ce #ahgg1 is an elector1 & if regi/]$1 may vote4 ,^? :o h n paid _! taxes1 idiots1 insane p]sons1 illit]ates ( poor "* :o are nei!r ex-soldi]s nor desc5dants ( soldi]s nor own]s ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( prop]ty1 & p]sons convict$ ( s]i\s crime1 unless p>don$1 are disqualifi$ f vot+4 ,,regi/ration4--,be=e a citiz5 c become entitl$ to vote he is requir$ to regi/]4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y ( e ye> ! tax collector op5s a vot]s' book 9 :i* e p]son wi%+ to vote subscribes 8 "n1 %[+ t he is entitl$ to vote4 ,f ?is book ! tax collector prep>es a li/ ( regi/]$ vot]s ( ! c\nty1 :i* he files ) ! c\nty regi/r>s4 ,! c\nty regi/r>s are appo9t$ by ! ,judge ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,! c\nty regi/r>s take ?is li/ & comp>e x ) ! li/ ( disqualifi$ vot]s prep>$ by ! tax collector1 ! ord9>y1 & ! cl]k ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt1 & f ! two prep>e a f9al li/ ( regi/]$ vot]s4 ,only ^? ^: names appe> on ! li/ ( vot]s prep>$ by ! regi/r>s1 are entitl$ to vote4 ,on or be=e ! h\r = op5+ ! election a copy ( ! li/ ( regi/]$ vot]s is furni%$ ! election manag]s4 ,all elections are presid$ ov] by ?ree sup]9t5d5ts4 ,votes are ca/ by ballot4 ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4--,! ,executive ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate consi/s ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,/ate ,treasur]1 & ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,_! p[]s & duties 7 orig9ally ve/$ 9 ! ,gov]nor & 8 ,c\ncil1 b n[ ! duties ( ea* (fice are sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,!y are elect$ = a t]m ( two ye>s by ! p ( ! ,/ate1 at ! same "t ! memb]s ( ! ,legislature are elect$4 ,! qualifications = ^! (fices are3 tw5ty-five ye>s ( age 7= ,gov]nor ?irty71 a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t5 ye>s 7= ,gov]nor fifte571 & ( ! ,/ate six ye>s4 ,! ,gov]nor is comm&] 9 *ief ( ! army & naval =ces ( ! ,/ate4 ,he has revision ( all bills pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 &1 a two-?irds majority 9 ea* h\se is necess>y to pass a bill ov] 8 disapproval4 ,! ,gov]nor c commute s5t5ces1 & grant p>dons to crim9als1 except 9 cases ( treason or impea*m5t4 ,he is emp[]$ to fill _m important (fices by appo9tm5t4 ,he issues commissions to all (fic]s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he may issue proclamations ( rew>ds = ! appreh5sion ( crim9als4 ,he reports to ! ,legislature on ! f9ancial condition ( ! ,/ate1 & gives sugge/ions z to any g5]al law t %\ld be pass$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has ! cu/ody ( ! ,great ,seal ( ,/ate & all ,/ate pap]s4 ,he pres]ves all ! orig9al bills & acts pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,he affixes ! ,great ,seal to all ,/ate grants1 & public docum5ts execut$ by ! ,gov]nor1 keeps correct maps ( surveys2 & plats ( l&s grant$ by ! ,/ate1 & records all grants4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate grants *>t]s to bank+1 insurance1 railroad1 canal1 navigation1 express1 telephone1 & telegraph companies4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ex-(ficio ,commission] ( ,corporations4 ,all ,/ate & =eign corporations are requir$ to file an annual /atem5t 9 8 (fice4 ,he is also ! (ficial :o passes ^u ! legality ( all /ocks1 bonds1 deb5tures1 & o!r securities (f]$ = sale 9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia4 ,he is ! legal (fic] ( ! ,/ate :o issues lic5ses = automobiles4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is ex-(ficio ,surveyor-,g5]al :o acts 9 disput$ b\nd>y l9es ( c\nties4 ,he is ! (fic] to :om election returns ( all (fic]s elect$ by ! p are submitt$ = c]tification4 ,he keeps a record 9 8 (fice ( ! subdivisions ( ! ,/ate into c\nties1 & all records p]ta9+ to ! orig9al subdivisions ( ! ,/ate into c\nties & l& di/ricts4 ,! ,/ate ,treasur] has cu/ody ( all ,/ate funds1 & pays out moneys only on w>rants issu$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly receive _! pay f ! ,treasur] ^u drafts drawn by ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se or ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,he has control ( ! funds pl$g$ to ! paym5t ( ! public debt1 & keeps acc\nts ( all receipts & exp5ditures4 ,he acts also z ,/ate ,bank ,exam9]4 ,! ,comptroll]-,g5]al audits all acc\nts aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,he exam9es ! dige/s ( all tax returns1 receives & collects all evid5ces ( debts due ! ,/ate f any o!r s\rce ?an taxes1 issues executions aga9/ default+ tax collectors1 & c\nt]signs all w>rants drawn on ! ,treasury by ! ,gov]nor4 ,he mu/ keep a record ( all tax collectors' & receiv]s' bonds4 ,he mu/ make an annual report to ! ,gov]nor1 %[+ ! curr5ts acc\nt betwe5 ! ,treasur] & ! ,/ate4 ,! report mu/ include a /atem5t ( taxes paid 9 by ea* c\nty1 ! annual income f ! educational fund1 & ! am\nts paid out ( said fund1 ! condition ( ! public debt1 & acc\nts ( all (fic]s & ag5ts disburs+ public money4 ,= ! use ( ! memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly he mu/ prep>e a table ( ! taxable prop]ty 9 ea* c\nty ( ! ,/ate1 a table ( ! polls & numb] ( vot]s 9 ea* c\nty1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ea* c\nty return$ = p>ticipation 9 ! educational fund1 & ! am\nt drawn by ea* c\nty out ( t fund4 ,he is ex-(ficio ,insurance ,commission]1 & has g5]al sup]vision ov] all insurance companies do+ bus9ess 9 ,georgia4 ,?is prop]ly ends ! executive dep>tm5t z fix$ by ! ,con/itution1 b !re are o!r ,/ate (fic]s ^: duties are su* t !y really belong to ! same class1 & may be consid]$ "u ?is head4 ,! ,attorney-,g5]al is ! legal advis] ( ! executive dep>tm5t4 ,he repres5ts ! ,/ate 9 all capital felonies 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 all civil & crim9al cases 9 any c\rt :5 requir$ to d s by ! ,gov]nor4 ,he is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( two ye>s1 & ! same qualifications = ?is (fice apply z d ^? = judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools is elect$ at ! "t :5 ! ,gov]nor is elect$1 = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,he is *>g$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool laws4 ,he has g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( ! bus9ess relat+ to public s*ools4 ,x is 8 duty to in/ruct all (fic]s "u him z he ?9ks necess>y = ! bett] dis*>ge ( _! duties1 & to inspect ! v>i\s s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,he disburses ! s*ool fund accord+ to ! numb] ( *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & eighte5 ye>s 9 ea* c\nty4 ,he is ! ,secret>y & ,executive ,ag5t ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,) ! cons5t & approval ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 he may appo9t ?ree ,/ate ,s*ool ,sup]visors to act "u 8 direction & give normal in/ruction & tra9+ 9 ea* c\nty2 to grade1 :5 requir$1 ! pap]s ( applicants = pr(essional c]tificates2 & to aid him g5]ally 9 sup]vis+1 sy/ematiz+1 & improv+ ! s*ools ( ! ,/ate4 ,he appo9ts1 ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 an exp]i5c$ auditor to exam9e & report on ! acc\nts ( all s*ools & colleges receiv+ ,/ate aid4 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools is ex-(ficio a memb] ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ! ,/ate ,s*ool-,book ,commission1 ! ,/ate ,geological ,bo>d1 ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 & ! ,s\? ,georgia ,normal ,s*ool at ,valdo/a4 ,! ,commission] ( ,agriculture is elect$ by ! p ( ! ,/ate = a t]m ( two ye>s1 at ! same "t t ! gov]nor is elect$4 ,he has *>ge & control ( ! inspection & sale ( all f]tiliz]s sold 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! law requires all manufactur]s & deal]s 9 f]tiliz]s 9 ,georgia to fir/ regi/] all ! br&s to be sold4 ,! law au?orizes ! ,commission] to appo9t six inspectors = a t]m ( "o ye> ea*1 & su* o!r additional inspectors z may be requir$1 to be paid = ! actual "t !y are 9 s]vice4 ,aft] ! samples are tak5 by ^! inspectors1 !y are =w>d$ to ! ,commission]1 :o turns !m ov] to ! ,/ate ,*emi/1 he mak+ an analysis ( ! goods4 ,if ! analysis %[s any?+ radically wrong1 ! ,commission takes x up ) ! f]tiliz] manufactur]s :o sold ! f]tiliz]1 & ! p>ty :o b\ght x4 ,! ,commission] ( ,agriculture is also *>g$ ) ! inspection ( foods1 drugs1 fe$+ /uffs1 & ( all oils ( illum9at+ quality sold 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x is 8 duty to en=ce ! provisions ( ! ,pure ,food & ,drug ,laws1 & he appo9ts a food inspector & a drug inspector4 ,bo? ( ^! inspectors make _! report to ! ,commission]1 & all samples tak5 are s5t to ! ,/ate ,*emi/ = analysis4 ,! ,commission] also has *>ge ( ! inspection ( cattle 9 ,georgia to protect !m aga9/ diseases ( all k9ds4 ,?is dep>tm5t is call$ ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,inspection1 & is 9 ! *>ge ( ! ,/ate ,vet]9>ian1 ) a corps ( assi/ants1 all ( :om are appo9t$ by ! ,commission]4 ,?is ,bureau coop]ates ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,tick ,eradication & ,hog ,*ol]a ,contagion2 & ! g5]al developm5t ( live /ock indu/ry4 ,! ,commission] ( ,agriculture also has *>ge ( ! horticultural int]e/s1 pea*es1 apples1 fruits1 & v9es1 ( all description4 ,"u ! law he appo9ts an entomologi/ :o may visit all ! or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 & inspect !m = ! purpose ( keep+ d[n all diseases affect+ ! fruit 9 ,georgia4 ,9 a g5]al way ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture is expect$ to look aft] ! common good ( ! ,/ate connect$ ) ! v>i$ f>m+ int]e/s4 ,by virtue ( 8 (fice1 ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture is ex-(ficio a memb] ( ! bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,*airman ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,georgia ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & also ,*airman ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,entomology4 ,! ,/ate ,*emi/ is 9 *>ge ( ! laboratory 9 connection ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,he is appo9t$ by ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture1 & 8 assi/ants are also appo9t$ by ! ,commission] on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,/ate ,*emi/4 ,a ,/ate ,geologi/ is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 :o holds 8 (fice dur+ good conduct4 ,he is removable by ! ,gov]nor = ineffici5cy or misconduct4 ,x is 8 duty to make a geological1 m9]alogical1 & physical survey ( ! ,/ate2 to make records ( ! survey2 to make a record ( ! g5]al physical *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t c\nties2 to locate ! deposits ( m9]al ores & phosphates1 collect & classify specim5s & pres]ve !m 9 a museum4 ,! ,/ate ,game & ,fi% ,commission]s appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,x is 8 duty to see t all laws = ! protection ( game animals1 game birds1 & fi% 9 ! ,/ate are obs]v$ & en=c$4 ,he appo9ts game & fi% w>d5s & deputy w>d5s 9 ea* c\nty ( ! ,/ate to assi/ him 9 en=c+ ! laws1 & 9 issu+ lic5ses to prop] p]sons to hunt & fi% 9 ! op5 season1 9 accordance ) c]ta9 re/rictions & regulations4 ,! ,/ate ,tax ,commission] is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 ) ! approval ( ! ,s5ate1 = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,8 (fice is at ! ,/ate ,capitol 9 connection ) ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,he acts z assi/ant to ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,he inve/igates all matt]s relative to taxation1 & makes recomm5dations to ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 z to any alt]ations or *anges t may br+ ab\t a m p]fect & equitable sy/em ( taxation4 ,x is 8 duty to exam9e c>efully & comp>e ! tax dige/s ( ! sev]al c\nties ( ! ,/ate1 to ! end t prop]ty locat$ 9 diff]5t c\nties may be> its equitable burd5 ( taxation4 ,! ,adjutant ,g5]al is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor = ! t]m ( ! ,gov]nor's t5ure4 ,he is at ! head ( ! ,milit>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 subord9ate only to ! ,gov]nor z ,comm&] 9 ,*ief ( ! milit>y =ces ( ! ,/ate4 ,he is cu/odian ( all militia records & ( all ,/ate & ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,equipm5t 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he r5d]s an annual report to ! ,gov]nor ( ! condition ( ! militia & acc\nts = all moneys receiv$ & disburs$ = milit>y purposes4 ,he issues all ord]s relative to c>ry+ into execution & p]fect+ ! milit>y e/abli%m5t "u ! laws ( ! ,/ate & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,commission] ( ,comm]ce & ,labor is elect$ at ! same "t & 9 ! same mann] z ! ,gov]nor & ! ,/ate ,h\se ,(fic]s = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,he is aid$ by an assi/ant commission] & *ief cl]k4 ,8 duties are to provide = ! collection & dissem9ation ( au!ntic /ati/ics p]ta9+ to ! v>i\s indu/ries & res\rces ( ! ,/ate2 also to collect data relative to ! condition & welf>e ( labor+ p & su* o!r /ati/ics conc]n+ ! indu/rial welf>e ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ate z he may deem ( int]e/ & b5efit to ! public3 ,he is especially requir$ to inve/igate ! op]ation & en=cem5t ( v>i\s laws relative to ! employm5t ( *ild labor & ( wom54 ,he may act z a m$iator betwe5 employ]s & employees 9 ! case ( /rikes1 & t5d] 8 good (fices to ! oppos+ p>ties ) a view to br++ ab\t fri5dly & satisfactory adju/m5ts4 ,he makes a full report to ! ,gov]nor1 ) su* recomm5dations z may be likely to promote ! effici5cy ( 8 ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,railroad ,commission consi/s ( five memb]s1 "o or two be+ elect$ e second ye>1 = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,commission to protect ! p f excessive pass5g] or freight rates on ! v>i\s railroads op]at+ 9 ! ,/ate1 & to prev5t unju/ discrim9ation4 ,! ,commission]s h ! p[] to exam9e ! books ( any railroad company1 to exam9e its (fic]s & ag5ts z to _! me?ods ( conduct+ ! bus9ess ( ! road1 & to exam9e ! road to see t x is n 9 an unsafe & dang]\s condition1 & :5 any "p is f\nd to be unsafe1 to require ! company to put x 9 su* condition z w r5d] travel safe & exp$iti\s4 ,! ,commission also has a simil> control ov] /reet railroads1 :>ves1 docks1 gas1 electric light & p[]1 t]m9al1 express1 telephone1 telegraph1 & cotton compress companies4 ,! ,commission is call$ ^u to consid]1 he>1 & adju/ multitudes ( diff]5ces & compla9ts t arise 9 ref]5ce to s]vices1 rates1 & practices ( m ?an two hundr$ public s]vice corporations t are )9 its sup]visory & regulatory jurisdiction4 ,ea* ( ! companies1 or corporations1 ov] :i* ! ,railroad ,commission has au?ority1 be=e issu+ /ocks1 bonds1 notes1 or o!r evid5ce ( debt payable m ?an twelve mon?s aft] ! date !re(1 mu/ secure ! approval & au?ority ( ! ,commission2 also !y mu/ %[ ! purpose & use = :i* su* issues are au?oriz$4 ,! ,prison ,commission consi/s ( ?ree ,commission]s elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,! ,commission]s elect "o ( _! numb] *airman4 ,all convicts1 all convict camps1 & ! ,/ate ,f>m are "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! ,prison ,commission1 :i* provides rules & regulations1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,gov]nor1 = _! managem5t1 discipl9e1 & sanitation4 ,"s memb] ( ! ,prison ,commission makes p]sonal visits to ! v>i\s convict camps ( ! ,/ate e six mon?s & makes a ?or\gh inspection ( e detail ( managem5t1 plan ( op]ation1 sanitation1 & treatm5t ( ! convicts4 ,! ,commission apportions ! convicts to ! v>i\s c\nties desir+ to use convict labor on ! public roads4 ,! ,prison ,commission he>s applications = p>dons & makes recomm5dations = executive clem5cy to ! ,gov]nor1 b he may reject _! advice4 ,,judicial ,,sy/em4--,! judicial bran* ( our ,/ate gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 sup]ior c\rts1 c\nty1 & city c\rts1 c\rts ( ord9>y1 ju/ice c\rts1 & c\rts rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 c]ta9 cities 9 lieu ( ju/ice c\rts4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! c\rts consi/s ( _! v>i$ jurisdiction4 ,jurisdiction is ! p[] to he> & det]m9e cases4 ,two que/ions are usually involv$ 9 det]m9+ ! jurisdiction ( a c\rt4 ,fir/1 ! resid5ce ( ! def5dant1 &1 second1 ! am\nt involv$ & ! subject matt] ( ! litigation4 ,! jurisdiction ( a c\rt is usually limit$ to a p>ticul> t]ritory1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! sup]ior c\rts1 x is limit$ z to ! "* ( ! litigation4 ,9 ea* militia di/rict ( e c\nty ( ! ,/ate1 except 9 c]ta9 cities1 !re is a ju/ice c\rt4 ,?is c\rt 0 e/abli%$ = ! trial ( cases involv+ small am\nts1 & = ! prelim9>y trials ( p]sons *>g$ ) (f5ses aga9/ ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ju/ice is elect$ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s by ! vot]s ( ! c\nty4 ,to be eligible = ?is (fice "o mu/ h be5 a resid5t ( ! di/rict = ?ree mon?s1 & su* o!r qualifications apply z d to vot]s = memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,?is c\rt holds its sessions mon?ly4 ,^u ! recomm5dation ( ! gr& jury ( ! c\nty1 a not>y public & ex-(ficio ju/ice ( ! peace may be appo9t$ by ! judge ( ! sup]ior c\rt & commission$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,8 p[]s are ! same z a regul>ly elect$ ju/ice1 & 8 t]m ( (fice is = ! same numb] ( ye>s4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt ext5ds to all cases aris+ f contracts1 or injuries1 or damages to p]sonal prop]ty1 :5 ! am\nt claim$ does n exce$ #ajj4 ,conte/s = ! possession ( p]sonal prop]ty1 :5 ! title is n involv$1 may also be tri$ 9 ju/ice c\rts4 ,:5 ! am\nt involv$ is less ?an #ej an appeal may be _h to a jury ( five m52 if ! am\nt exce$s #ej1 an appeal may be _h to ! sup]ior c\rt4 ,^u ! arre/ ( any p]son *>g$ ) any (f5se aga9/ ! laws ( ! ,/ate he c be br\ght be=e ! ju/ice ( ! peace = a prelim9>y trial4 ,if 9 ! op9ion ( ! ju/ice !re is suffici5t evid5ce1 he is b\nd ov] to a high] c\rt = trial4 ,! ju/ice ( ! peace c issue w>rants = ! arre/ ( p]sons *>g$ ) crimes1 & is qualifi$ to adm9i/] oa?s4 ,! executive (fic] ( ! ju/ice c\rt is ! con/able1 :o is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,he s]ves subpo5as1 levies executions1 conducts ! sales ( ! c\rt1 & makes arre/s4 ,9 #aiab1 ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution recomm5d+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice c\rts 9 ea* militia di/rict 7 am5d$ s z to all[ su* ju/ice c\rts1 ! (fice ( ju/ice ( ! peace1 & ( not>y public1 ex-(ficio ju/ice ( ! peace1 to be aboli%$ 9 c]ta9 cities 9 ,georgia by ! e/abli%m5t 9 lieu !re( ( su* c\rt1 or sy/em ( c\rts1 z ! ,g5]al ,assembly may deem necess>y4 ,su* c\rts h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,atlanta & ,macon4 ,! t]ritory1 jurisdiction1 & p[] ( ^! c\rts are set =? 9 ! act creat+ !m4 ,a c\nty c\rt is e/abli%$ ^u ! recomm5dation ( a gr& jury 9 a c\nty4 ,! judge ( ! c\rt is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,! judge ( a c\nty c\rt mu/ be tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & mu/ h be5 a resid5t ( ! c\nty "o ye>4 ,! c\rt holds mon?ly & qu>t]ly sessions at ! c\nty seat4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt ext5ds ov] ! c\nty :]e x is locat$4 ,! c\rt has jurisdiction 9 all civil cases :]e ! am\nt involv$ does n exce$ #ejj1 save :]e exclusive jurisdiction is giv5 to ! sup]ior c\rts4 ,crim9al cases are also tri$ 9 c\nty c\rts :5 ! crime ) :i* ! def5dant is *>g$ is call$ a misdemeanor4 ,9 "s c\nties also !re are c\nty c\rts e/abli%$ by special acts ( ! ,legislature4 ,_m city c\rts h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,legislature4 ,! judge ( a city c\rt is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 or elect$ by ! p1 accord+ to ! provisions ( ! act e/abli%+ ! c\rt4 ,! t]m & ! qualifications ( ! judge1 & ! jurisdiction ( ! city c\rt1 are also fix$ by ! legislative act creat+ ! c\rt4 ,! t]m is sometimes f\r ye>s & sometimes two4 ,! solicitor ( ! city c\rt is appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 or elect$ by ! p1 = a t]m ( two or f\r ye>s4 ,x is 8 duty to repres5t ! ,/ate 9 all crim9al cases tri$ 9 t c\rt4 ,!re is 9 ea* c\nty ( ! ,/ate a c\rt ( ord9>y4 ,! presid+ (fic] ( ?is c\rt is /yl$ ! ord9>y4 ,he is elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! c\nty = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt ( ord9>y ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! c\nty ov] all matt]s relat+ to ! adm9i/ration ( prop]ty ( deceas$ p]sons1 orphans1 idiots1 lunatics1 & insane p]sons4 ,9 ! ord9>y is ve/$ ! p[] ( appo9t+ gu>dians ( ! p]son ( orphans & insane p]sons4 ,! ord9>y also has *>ge ( c\nty roads & rev5ues :]e no bo>d ( c\nty commission]s has be5 e/abli%$4 ,! ord9>y is cl]k ( 8 own c\rt1 & ! %]iff ( ! c\nty is 8 executive (fic]4 ,! ,/ate is divid$ into tw5ty-six judicial circuits1 & ea* circuit has "o sup]ior c\rt judge 7or mote ?an "o if ! ,legislature s provides74 ,?is judge is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,to be eligible he mu/ be ?irty ye>s ( age2 he mu/ h be5 a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate = ?ree ye>s1 & mu/ h practic$ law sev5 ye>s4 ,! sup]ior c\rts h orig9al & appellate jurisdiction4 ,actions may be begun 9 ?is c\rt1 & actions may be appeal$ to ?is c\rt4 ,! orig9al jurisdiction ( ?is c\rt ext5ds exclusively ov] all suits = divorce1 suits :]e titles to l& are involv$1 cases 9 equity1 & crim9al cases :]e ! p]son is accus$ ( a crime ! puni%m5t = :i* is loss ( life or imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y4 ,(f5ses ( a less] grade are call$ misdemeanors4 ,! c\rt has jurisdiction ov] all civil cases4 ,! judge ( ! sup]ior c\rt has ! p[] to issue v>i\s writs = ! en=cem5t ( ! law1 & grant *>t]s to all corporations1 except bank+1 insurance1 railroad1 canal1 navigation1 express1 telephone1 & telegraph companies4 ,cases appeal$ f ju/ice c\rts1 c\nty c\rts1 c\rts ( ord9>y1 & c]ta9 city c\rts lie to ! sup]ior c\rts4 ,! cl]k ( ! ,sup]ior c\rt is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,he has cu/ody ( all c\rt pap]s1 records1 li5s1 de$s1 mortgages1 & o!r conveyances1 issues executions1 subpo5as1 commissions to take int]rogatories1 & o!r writs ) ! au?ority ( ! c\rt4 ,he also has ! p[] to adm9i/] oa?s4 ,! %]iff ( ! c\nty is prop]ly a c\nty (fic]1 b 8 duties are closely alli$ ) ! sup]ior c\rt4 ,he is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,x is 8 duty to execute all ord]s ( ! c\rt1 att5d 9 p]son or by deputy all its sessions1 keep a record ( all sales & executions1 publi% adv]tisem5ts ( sales1 & conduct sales at ! c\nty seat4 ,he levies executions1 s]ves w>rants1 & executes all ! writs ( ! judge ( ! sup]ior c\rt4 ,! %]iff may appo9t deputies to assi/ him 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties4 ,! solicitor-g5]al is elect$ by ! p = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,he mu/ h be5 ?ree ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate1 he mu/ be tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 & mu/ h practic$ law ?ree ye>s4 ,he is ! solicitor ( ! :ole circuit1 & is n a c\nty (fic]4 ,he advises ! gr& jury1 exam9es witnesses be=e t body1 & draws up all indictm5ts & pres5tm5ts4 ,x is 8 duty to prosecute or def5d any civil action 9 8 circuit 9 :i* ! ,/ate is int]e/$1 collect moneys aris+ f f9es & =feit$ bonds1 & all claims ( ! ,/ate1 z ord]$ by ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,he repres5ts ! ,/ate 9 all crim9al actions 9 ! sup]ior c\rt1 ( :i* he is ! solicitor1 & 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals or ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 cases appeal$ f 8 circuit4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,appeals consi/s ( ?ree judges1 elect$ "o e second ye> = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt consi/s ( a *ief ju/ice & five associate ju/ices4 ,!y are elect$ two e second ye> = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,a judge ( ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals or a ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt mu/ be ?irty ye>s ( age1 mu/ h be5 a resid5t ( ! ,/ate ?ree ye>s1 & mu/ h practic$ law sev5 ye>s4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,appeals has appellate jurisdiction 9 cases appeal$ f c]ta9 city c\rts1 & 9 crim9al cases1 n capital1 appeal$ f ! sup]ior c\rts4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has appellate jurisdiction 9 civil cases appeal$ f ! sup]ior c\rts1 & 9 all cases ( conviction ( capital crime4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt also settles any "q z to ! mean+ ( ! ,con/itution1 & z to ! con/itutionality ( a ,/ate law4 ,x is ! highe/ judicial au?ority 9 ! ,/ate4 ,,c\nties4--,! ,/ate is divid$ into "o hundr$ & =ty-eight c\nties1 & ea* c\nty into militia di/ricts1 accord+ to its size & population4 ,e militia di/rict 9 ! ,/ate mu/ conta9 at ! "t ( its organization at lea/ "o hundr$ male resid5ts ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age :o are subject to militia duty1 & no militia di/rict c be r$uc$ 9 population bel[ ?is requirem5t by ! =mation ( a new "o4 ,:ile no additional c\nties c be creat$ 9 ! ,/ate except by a con/itutional am5dm5t1 "o may be aboli%$ or m]g$ into adjo9+ c\nties by a two-?irds majority ( ! vot]s ( ! c\nty4 ,ea* c\nty 9 ! ,/ate has an organiz$ gov]nm5t1 ) p[]s delegat$ to x by ! ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,^! p[]s are l>gely adm9i/rative1 & h = _! *ief purpose ! en=cem5t ( g5]al laws4 ,ea* c\nty is a body corporate1 ) ! p[] to sue or be su$ 9 any c\rt1 make contracts1 & buy & sell real e/ate4 ,its debt _c exce$ sev5 p] c5t ( ! assess$ valuation ( ! taxable prop]ty4 ,,ord9>y4--,! (fice ( ord9>y is ! mo/ important 9 ! c\nty4 ,he is ! pr9cipal adm9i/rative (fic] 9 ! c\nty4 ,:5 sitt+ = c\nty purposes he has exclusive jurisdiction 9 direct+ & controll+ all c\nty prop]ty & 9 levy+ g5]al & special taxes4 ,he has control ov] all roads & bridges1 e/abli%es & alt]s election prec9cts & militia di/ricts1 appo9ts (fic]s to fill all vacancies 9 ! c\nty4 ,he audits ! acc\nts ( all c\nty (fic]s1 makes rules & regulations = ! relief ( ! poor4 ,he issues m>riage lic5ses1 pays p5sions to ,conf$]ate vet]ans1 lic5ses & regulates p$dl+1 & collects special taxes assess$ by ! ,/ate4 ,he is elect$ = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,he is bo? a judicial & an adm9i/rative (fic]4 ,8 judicial duties h be5 expla9$4 ,a "p ( 8 adm9i/rative duties z to roads & rev5ues is p]=m$ 9 "s c\nties by a bo>d ( c\nty commission]s4 ,,c\nty ,,commission]s4--,a bo>d ( c\nty commission]s may be creat$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly to adm9i/] ! executive p[]s ( ! ord9>y4 ,! p[]s ( ! commission]s diff] 9 ! v>i\s c\nties1 & _! duties are prescrib$ by ! act creat+ !m4 ,!y are call$ commission]s ( roads & rev5ues4 ,:5 c\nty commission]s are provid$ = by legislative enactm5t ! ord9>y ceases to p]=m ! duties giv5 to ! commission]s4 ,,jury ,,commission]s4--,! bo>d ( jury commission]s is compos$ ( six memb]s1 :o are appo9t$ by ! judge ( ! sup]ior c\rt = a t]m ( six ye>s4 ,two memb]s are appo9t$ e second ye>4 ,?is body meets 9 ,augu/1 bi5nially1 to revise ! jury li/4 ,x selects f ! books ( ! tax receiv] upright & intellig5t m5 to s]ve z jurors4 ,! mo/ intellig5t & exp]i5c$ are select$ = ! gr& jury4 ,! "n ( ea* p]son subject to s]ve on ! jury is writt5 on a sep>ate slip ( pap] & plac$ 9 ! jury box4 ,at ea* t]m ( ! sup]ior c\rt ! judge draws out ( ?is box f eighte5 to ?irty names1 f :i* ! gr& jury is impanel$4 ,9 ! same mann] ?irty-six names are drawn = ! petit jury4 ,gr& ,jury4--,! gr& jury consi/s ( n less ?an eighte5 nor m ?an tw5ty-?ree memb]s4 ,a =eman is elect$ by ! jury4 ,x is _! duty to indict or pres5t = trial all p]sons :o f _! own k1 or f evid5ce br\ght be=e !m1 are *>g$ ) an (f5se aga9/ ! laws1 & aga9/ :om suffici5t evid5ce is produc$ to su/a9 ! *>ge4 ,x is also _! duty to inspect ! books & acc\nts ( all c\nty (fic]s1 exam9e ! tax receiv]'s dige/1 & inquire into ! condition & managem5t ( ! c\nty roads1 jails1 & s*oolh\ses4 ,x advises ! ord9>y 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! c\nty tax1 det]m9es ! sal>y ( ! c\nty judge1 jurors1 & bailiffs1 & appo9ts ! memb]s ( ! bo>d ( education4 ,c\nty ,treasur]4--,all rev5ue paid into ! c\nty aris+ f taxes1 & all o!r s\rces1 is paid to ! c\nty treasur]1 :o disburses x only ^u w>rants issu$ by ! ord9>y or bo>d ( c\nty commission]s4 ,tax ,receiv]4--,x is ! duty ( ! tax receiv] to secure f ea* taxpay]1 "u oa?1 a /atem5t ( ! "* & am\nt ( 8 taxable prop]ty4 ,?ree dige/s are prep>$ f ! full returns made to ! tax receiv]1 :o mu/ furni% "o to ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al1 ! tax collector1 & ! ord9>y4 ,tax ,collector4--,x is ! duty ( ! tax collector to collect all taxes due ! ,/ate & c\nty1 & to pay ! same ov] to ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al & ,c\nty ,treasur]1 ! portion due ! ,/ate go+ to ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,he is to se>* out & asc]ta9 z f> z possible all poll & pr(essional taxes due & unpaid1 & all taxable prop]ty n f\nd 9 ! dige/1 & to assess ! same & collect !reon a d\ble tax4 ,he also issues aga9/ all default]s1 executions1 :i* are plac$ ) ! prop] (ficials = collection4 ,road ,commission]s4--,ea* c\nty is arrang$ into road di/ricts 9 ord] t ! labor & exp5se may be divid$ z equally z possible ?r\gh\t ! c\nty4 ,?ree commission]s are appo9t$ 9 e di/rict = a t]m ( two ye>s1 & are excus$ only = provid5tial causes2 b :ile s]v+ !y are exempt f jury1 militia1 & o!r road duty4 ,all male resid5ts ( ! ,/ate betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & fifty ye>s are subject to "w on ! public roads1 ) ! exception ( prea*]s1 cripples1 & employees ( ! ,insane ,asylum1 & ! l4 ,no p]son1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to "w = a long] "t ?an fifte5 days 9 ! ye>1 or = a long] "t ?an five days 9 succession4 ,! commission]s h ! p[] to f9e or imprison default]s4 ,c\nties may1 h[ev]1 adopt an alt]native plan = work+ ! roads3 9 su* c\nties a special tax is levi$ on prop]ty1 ! proce$s ( :i* are sp5t on ! roads1 & able-bodi$ m5 betwe5 eighte5 & fifty ye>s ( age are subject to road duty = n m ?an five days ea* ye>1 or !y may pay a small commutation tax in/ead4 ,,coron]4--,! pr9cipal duty ( ! coron] is to hold inque/s1 ) a jury compos$ ( six electors1 ov] ! bodies ( all p]sons :o h di$ sudd5ly & "u suspici\s circum/ances4 ,^u ! v]dict ( ! jury1 ! coron] may commit to prison1 to await trial1 any p]son f\nd guilty ( homicide4 ,! coron] is also ex-(ficio %]iff :5 ! latt] is disqualifi$ or abs5t f ! c\nty4 ,c\nty ,surveyor4--,! c\nty surveyor makes surveys ( c\nty & di/rict l9es1 & su* o!r surveys z are requir$ by ! ,comptroll]-,g5]al4 ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4--,:]e ! necessity dem&s x 9 v ?ickly populat$ di/ricts1 & :]e ! c\nty gov]nm5t w\ld be inadequate = ! requirem5ts ( ! community1 local gov]nm5ts are e/abli%$1 :i* are t]m$ municipal corporations4 ,su* corporations are *>t]$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 & ! =m ( gov]nm5t ( ea* municipality is prescrib$ 9 ! act creat+ x4 ,no di/9ction is drawn 9 ,georgia betwe5 t[ns & cities4 ,! =m ( ! municipal gov]nm5t con=ms to a l>ge ext5t to t ( ! ,/ate gov]nm5t1 ! legislative p[] be+ delegat$ to a c\ncil or bo>d ( ald]m51 ! executive to ! mayor1 & ! judicial to a record]1 or "s "o p]=m+ ! duties usually giv5 to ?is (fic]4 ,! c\ncil is compos$ ( ! mayor & a numb] ( c\ncilm54 ,!y are elect$ by ! vot]s1 usually = a t]m ( "o or two ye>s4 ,! c\ncilm5 9 "s places are elect$ f v>i\s city w>ds2 9 o!rs !y are elect$ by ! t[n or city at l>ge4 ,9 "s cities ! record] is elect$ by ! c\ncil1 & 9 "s he is elect$ by ! p4 ,9 "s ! mayor p]=ms ! duties ( ! record]4 ,"u "s *>t]s1 ! city comptroll]1 tax collector1 treasur]1 & city attorneys are elect$ by ! vot]s1 :ile ! m9or (fic]s1 su* z ! city cl]k1 tax assessors1 memb]s ( ! bo>d ( heal?1 ! bo>d ( education1 & ! bo>d ( police commission]s1 are elect$ by ! c\ncil4 ,! rev5ue ( a city is d]iv$ f a g5]al tax on all real & p]sonal prop]ty1 :i* mu/ be uni=m1 & a lic5se tax on all occupations1 :i* is v>i$ ) ! occupation4 ,,education4--,!re is a ?or\gh sy/em ( public s*ools = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 ! exp5ses ( :i* are provid$ = by taxation or o!rwise4 ,! s*ools are free to all *ildr5 ( ! ,/ate1 b sep>ate s*ools are provid$ = :ite & color$ *ildr54 ,! ,/ate appropriates money directly to ! support ( ! public s*ools4 ,au?ority may be grant$ to c\nties1 s*ool di/ricts1 or to municipalities1 ^u ! recomm5dation ( ! corporate au?ority1 to ma9ta9 s*ools by local taxation1 levi$ 9 addition to ! am\nt appropriat$ by ! ,/ate4 ,b su* a law takes effect 9 any c\nty di/rict1 or municipality1 only if ratifi$ by a two-?irds majority ( ! citiz5s vot+ on ! "q4 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools is ! executive head ( ! s*ool sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 & to him are submitt$ reports f ! c\nty s*ool sup]9t5d5ts4 ,he prep>es ! que/ions = tea*]s' exam9ations4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education is compos$ ( ! ,gov]nor1 ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 & f\r o!r p]sons :o are appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,at lea/ ?ree ( ^! appo9tees mu/ be m5 ( practical exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ s*ools & ( high /&+ 9 educational "w1 hav+ _h at lea/ ?ree ye>s' practical exp]i5ce 9 ! s*ools ( ,georgia4 ,! bo>d is au?oriz$ to receive beque/s = education1 & inve/ ! pr9cipal sums :5 ! int]e/ only is to be exp5d$4 ,! bo>d is an appellate & advisory body4 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools is requir$ to advise ) ! bo>d = ! bett] p]=mance ( 8 duties1 & appeals f 8 decisions lie to ! bo>d4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education to provide rules & regulations = ! sup]vision ( all s*ools 9 ! ,/ate2 to provide ! c\rse ( /udy & select textbooks = all common & high s*ools ( ! ,/ate receiv+ ,/ate aid2 also to provide a sy/em ( c]tification = ! tea*]s ( ! public s*ools4 ,! s*ools ( ea* c\nty are "u ! control ( a ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! gr& jury ( a c\nty selects five citiz5s to s]ve on ! bo>d = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,! c\nty is divid$ by ! bo>d into s*ool di/ricts1 & a s*ool is e/abli%$ 9 ea* di/rict :i* may h ?ree tru/ees :o act "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,! bo>d employs tea*]s1 r5ts prop]ty1 buys s*ool furniture1 & makes all arrangem5ts necess>y = ! effici5t op]ation ( ! s*ools4 ,! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,sup]9t5d5t is elect$ by ! qualifi$ vot]s ( ea* c\nty = a t]m ( f\r ye>s4 ,"u a rec5t act ! t]m ( all ^! (ficials is uni=m & expires ,janu>y #a1 #aiag4 ,he mu/ be a resid5t ( ! c\nty 9 :i* he (f]s = election & be a p]son ( good moral "*4 ,9 addition to ! above !re are f\r te/s laid d[n by law & ! ,c\nty ,s*ool ,sup]9t5d5t mu/ qualify "u at lea/ "o ( ^!3-- #a4 ,?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 "o ye> ( :i* %all h be5 9 ,georgia1 & ! possession ( a fir/-grade lic5se4 or #b4 ,a diploma f a reputable college or normal s*ool4 or #c4 ,five ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 actual s*ool sup]vision4 or #d4 ,an approv$ exam9ation be=e ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education z to qualifications4 ,x is 8 duty to exam9e on a day adv]tis$ = t purpose all applicants = lic5ses to tea*1 & to grade su* applicants accord+ to ! in/ructions ( ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,he is a m$ium betwe5 ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools & all subord9ate s*ool (fic]s1 & acts z ! ag5t ( ! ,c\nty ,bo>d ( ,education 9 pur*as+ s*ool furniture1 app>atus1 & all educational requisites4 ,besides p>tly support+ ! public s*ools1 ! ,/ate supports o!r in/itutions = high] le>n+4 ,^! in/itutions1 ?\gh situat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 are collectively kn[n z ! ,univ]sity ( ,georgia1 :i* has its seat at ,a!ns4 ,! head ( all ^! in/itutions is /yl$ ! ,*ancellor1 b ea* has its ,presid5t & sep>ate bo>d ( tru/ees4 ,! tru/ees are appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor = v>i\s t]ms4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,georgia consi/s ( ! college at ,a!ns & ! foll[+ bran*es3 ,! ,georgia ,normal & ,indu/rial ,college1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,s\? ,georgia ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,nor? ,georgia ,agricultural ,college1 ,m$ical ,college1 ,te*nological ,s*ool1 & ,georgia ,/ate ,indu/rial ,college = ,color$ ,y\?s4 ,! educational sy/em ( ,georgia is be+ con/antly improv$ by volunt>y local taxation supplem5t+ ! ,/ate funds4 ,e *ild 9 ,georgia is entitl$ to receive a ?or\gh education1 suit$ to ! /ation 9 life to :i* he c reasonably aspire4 ,?is mu* %\ld be dem&$4 ,no?+ less %\ld be accept$ z suffici5t4 ,may ! "t soon come :5 ! p ( ,georgia w realize t money sp5t to develop ! m9ds & *>act]s ( _! *ildr5 is ! be/ inve/m5t to be made = !m 9 "t & et]nity4 ,,eleemosyn>y ,,in/itutions4--,at ! exp5se ( ! :ole p1 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia ma9ta9s ! foll[+ eleemosyn>y in/itutions3 ,georgia ,academy = ! ,bl9d1 ,macon2 ,georgia ,s*ool = ! ,deaf1 ,cave ,spr+2 ! ,soldi]s' ,home ( ,georgia1 ,atlanta1 ,georgia ,/ate ,sanit>ium = ! ,insane1 ,mill$geville2 ,georgia ,/ate ,tub]culosis ,sanit>ium1 ,alto2 & ! ,georgia ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,girls4