,,! ,,works ,,( ,,cornelius ,,tacitus2  
,,)  ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,8 ,,life ,,&   
,,g5ius1 ,,notes1 ,,supplem5ts1 c4  ,,by
 ,,ar?ur ,,murphy1 ,,esq4               
,prcipuum munus annalium reor1 ne       
virtutes sileantur1 utque pravis        
dictis factisque ex po/]itate et infami 
metus sit4                              
,,tacitus1 ,annales1 iii4 s4 #fe4   ,a  
,,new ,,edition1 ,,) ,,! ,,au?or',s     
,,la/ ,,corrections4  ,,9 ,,eight       
,,volumes4  ,,vol4 ,,viii4   ,,london3  
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,john ,,/ockdale2 ,f4,c4   
,,& ,j4 ,,riv+ton2 ,j4 ,,walk]2 ,r4     
,,lea2 ,,longman1 ,,hur/1 ,,rees1       
,,orme1 ,,& ,,br[n2 ,,cadell ,,&        
,,davies2 ,j4 ,,mawman2 ,j4 ,,murray2   
,j4 ,,ri*>dson2 ,r4 ,,baldw92 ,,& ,j4   
,,fauld]4  #ahaa4     ,a ,,dialogue     
,,conc]n+ ,,oratory1  ,,or ,,! ,,causes 
,,( ,,corrupt ,,eloqu5ce4  ,,vol4       
,,viii4     ,,cont5ts4   ,i4 ,g5]al     
introduction1 ) ! reasons = writ+ an    
acc\nt ( ! foll[+ disc\rse4  ,,ii4 ,!   
p]sons engag$ 9 ! dialogue2 at fir/1    

,curiatius ,mat]nus1 ,julius ,secundus1 
& ,m>cus ,ap]4  ,,iii4 ,secundus        
endeav\rs to dissuade ,mat]nus f ?9k+   
any m ( dramatic composition4  ,,iv4    
,mat]nus gives 8 reasons = p]si/+4  ,v4 
,ap] condemns 8 resolution1 &1 9 po9t ( 
utility1 real happ9ess1 fame & dignity1 
cont5ds t ! oratorical pr(ession is     
pref]able to ! poetical4  ,,viii4 ,he   
cites ! example ( ,eprius ,m>cellus &   
,crispus ,vibius1 :o rais$ !mselves by  
_! eloqu5ce to ! highe/ hon\rs4  ,,ix4  
,poetical fame br+s ) x no advantage4   
,x4 ,he exhorts ,mat]nus to rel9qui% !  
muses1 & devote 8 :ole to eloqu5ce & !  
bus9ess ( ! b>4  ,,xi4 ,mat]nus def5ds 8
 fav\rite /udies2 ! pleasures aris+ f   
poetry are 9 _! nature innoc5t &        
sublime2 ! fame is ext5sive & immortal4 
,! poet enjoys ! mo/ delightful         
int]c\rse ) 8 fri5ds1 :]eas ! life ( !  
public orator is a /ate ( w>f>e &       
anxiety4  ,,xiv4 ,vip/anius ,messala    
ent]s ! room4 ,he f9ds 8 fri5ds engag$ 9
 a controv]sy1 & be+ an admir] ( anci5t 

eloqu5ce1 he advises ,ap] to adopt !    
model ( ! anci5ts 9 pref]5ce to ! plan (
 ! mod]n rhetoricians4  ,,xv4 ,h5ce a   
diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! m]it ( !    
anci5ts & ! mod]ns4 ,messala1 ,secundus1
 & ,mat]nus1 pr(ess !mselves admir]s ( !
 oratory t fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ! republic4 
,ap] laun*es out aga9/ ! anci5ts1 &     
gives ! pref]5ce to ! advocates ( 8 own 
"t4 ,he desires to "k :o are to be      
acc\nt$ anci5ts4  ,,xviii4 ,eloqu5ce has
 v>i\s modes1 all *ang+ ) ! conjuncture 
( ! times4 ,b x is ! nature ( m5 to     
praise ! pa/1 & c5sure ! pres5t4 ,!     
p]iod :5 ,cassius ,sev]us fl\ri%$1 is   
/at$ to be ! po9t ( "t at :i* m5 cease  
to be anci5ts2 ,cassius ) good reason   
deviat$ f ! anci5t mann]4  ,,xx4        
,defects ( anci5t eloqu5ce3 ! mod]n /yle
 m ref9$ & elegant4  ,,xxi4 ,! "* (     
,calvus1 ,clius1 ,cs> & ,brutus1 & also 
( ,as9ius ,pollio1 & ,messala ,corv9us4 
,,xxii4 ,! praise & c5sure ( ,cic]o4    
,,xxiii4 ,! true rhetorical art consi/s 
9 bl5d+ ! virtues ( anci5t oratory ) !  

beauties ( ! mod]n /yle4  ,,xxiv4       
,mat]nus obs]ves t !re c be no dispute  
ab\t ! sup]ior reputation ( ! anci5t    
orators3 he !re=e calls ^u ,messala to  
take t po9t = grant$1 & proce$ to an    
enquiry into ! causes t produc$ s great 
an alt]ation4  ,,xxv4 ,aft] "s          
obs]vations on ! eloqu5ce ( ,calvus1    
,as9ius ,pollio1 ,cs>1 ,cic]o1 & o!rs1  
,messala praises ,grac*us & ,lucius     
,crassus1 b c5sures ,mc5as1 ,gallio1 &  
,cassius ,sev]us4  ,,xxvii4 ,mat]nus    
rem9ds ,messala ( ! true po9t 9 "q2     
,messala proce$s to assign ! causes :i* 
occasion$ ! decay ( eloqu5ce1 su* z !   
dissipation ( ! "y m51 ! inatt5tion ( _!
 p>5ts1 ! ignorance ( rhetorical        
pr(essors1 & ! total neglect ( anci5t   
discipl9e4  ,,xxxiv4 ,he proce$s to     
expla9 ! plan ( /udy1 & ! in/itutions1  
cu/oms1 & v>i\s arts1 by :i* orators 7  
=m$ 9 ! "t ( ! republic4  ,,xxxv4 ,!    
defects & vices 9 ! new sy/em (         
education4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! dialogue1 !    
sequel ( ,messala's disc\rse is lo/1 ) !

 :ole ( :at 0 said by ,secundus1 & !    
beg9n+ ( ,mat]nus3 ! supplem5t goes on f
 ?is place1 di/+ui%$ by inv]t$ commas   
transcrib]'s note3 n us$1 & ! sections  
m>k$ ) num]ical figures4  #a4 ,messala  
describes ! presumption ( ! "y advocates
 on _! fir/ appe>ance at ! b>2 _! want (
 legal k1 & ! absurd habits :i* !y      
contract$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! rhetoricians4  
#b4 ,eloqu5ce totally ru9$ by !         
preceptors4 ,messala concludes ) desir+ 
,secundus & ,mat]nus to assign ! reasons
 :i* h occurr$ to !m4  #d4 ,secundus    
gives 8 op9ion4 ,! *ange ( gov]nm5t     
produc$ a new mode ( eloqu5ce4 ,!       
orators "u ! emp]ors endeav\r$ to be    
+5i\s r ?an natural4 ,s5eca ! fir/ :o   
introduc$ a false ta/e1 :i* /ill        
prevail$ 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian4  #h4   
,lic9ius ,l>gus taught ! advocates ( 8  
"t ! disgraceful art ( hir+ applaud]s by
 pr(ession4 ,?is 0 ! bane ( all true    
oratory1 &1 = t reason1 ,mat]nus 0 "r 9 
r5\nc+ ! =um altoge!r4  #aj4 ,mat]nus   
ackn[l$ges t he 0 disgu/$ by ! %ameful  

practices t prevail$ at ! b>1 & !re=e   
resolv$ to devote ! re/ ( 8 "t to poetry
 & ! muses4  #aa4 ,an apology = !       
rhetoricians4 ,! praise ( ,qu9tilian4   
,true eloqu5ce di$ ) ,cic]o4  #ac4 ,!   
loss ( lib]ty 0 ! ru9 ( g5u9e oratory4  
,demo/h5es fl\ri%$ "u a free gov]nm5t4  
,! orig9al goes on f ?is place to ! end 
( ! dialogue4  ,,xxxvi4 ,eloqu5ce       
fl\ri%es mo/ 9 times ( public tumult4 ,!
 crimes ( turbul5t citiz5s supply !     
orator ) 8 be/ mat]ials4  ,,xxxvii4 ,9 !
 "t ( ! republic1 oratorical tal5ts 7   
necess>y qualifications1 & )\t !m no man
 0 deem$ wor?y ( be+ advanc$ to !       
magi/racy4  ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,roman orators
 7 n conf9$ 9 po9t ( "t2 !y might ext5d 
_! spee*es to :at l5g? !y ?\ght prop]1 &
 c\ld ev5 adj\rn4 ,pompey abridg$ !     
lib]ty ( spee*1 & limit$ ! "t4  ,,xxxix4
 ,! v dress ( ! advocates "u ! emp]ors 0
 prejudicial to eloqu5ce4  ,,xl4 ,true  
eloqu5ce spr+s f ! vices ( m51 & nev] 0 
kn[n to exi/ "u a calm & settl$         
gov]nm5t4  ,,xli4 ,eloqu5ce *anges ) !  

times4 ,e age has its own peculi>       
advantages1 & invidi\s comp>isons are   
unnecess>y4  ,,xlii4 ,conclusion ( !    
dialogue4   ,! "t ( ?is dialogue 0 !    
six? ( ,vespasian's reign4       ,ye> ( 
,rome--,( ,*ri/     ,consuls4           
#hbh           #ge        ,vespasian1   
#f? "t2 ,titus 8 son1                   
#d? "t4     ,a ,,dialogue ,,conc]n+     
,,oratory1 ,,or ,,! ,,causes ,,(        
,,corrupt ,,eloqu5ce4   ,i4 ,y h (t5    
enquir$ ( me1 my good fri5d1 ,ju/us     
,fabius a1 h[ & f :at causes x has      
proce$$1 t :ile anci5t times display a  
race ( great & spl5did orators1 ! pres5t
 age1 dispirit$1 & )\t any claim to !   
praise ( eloqu5ce1 has sc>cely reta9$ ! 
"n ( an orator4 ,by t appellation we n[ 
di/+ui% none b ^? :o fl\ri%$ 9 a =m]    
p]iod4 ,to ! em95t ( ! pres5t day1 we   
give ! title ( speak]s1 plead]s1        
advocates1 patrons1 9 %ort1 e ?+ b      
orators4  ,! enquiry is 9 its nature    
delicate2 t5d+1 if we are n able to     
cont5d ) antiquity1 to impea* our g5ius1

 & if we are n will+1 to arraign our    
judgem5t4 ,an answ] to s nice a "q is m 
?an ,i %\ld v5ture to und]take1 7 ,i to 
rely altoge!r ^u myself3 b x happ5s1 t  
,i am able to /ate ! s5tim5ts ( m5      
di/+ui%$ by _! eloqu5ce1 su* z x is 9   
mod]n times2 hav+1 9 ! e>ly "p ( my     
life1 be5 pres5t at _! conv]sation on ! 
v subject n[ be=e u4 ,:at ,i h to (f]1 w
 n be ! result ( my own ?9k+3 x is ! "w 
( memory only2 a m]e recital ( :at fell 
f ! mo/ celebrat$ orators ( _! "t3 a set
 ( m51 :o ?\ght ) subtilty1 & express$  
!mselves ) en]gy & precision2 ea*1 9 8  
turn1 assign+ diff]5t b probable causes1
 at times insi/+ on ! same1 &1 9 ! c\rse
 ( ! debate1 ma9ta9+ 8 own prop] "*1 & !
 peculi> ca/ ( 8 m9d4 ,:at !y said ^u ! 
occasion1 ,i %all relate1 z ne>ly z may 
be1 9 ! /yle & mann] ( ! sev]al speak]s1
 obs]v+ always ! regul> c\rse & ord] ( !
 controv]sy4 ,= a controv]sy x c]ta9ly  
01 :]e ! speak]s ( ! pres5t age did n   
want an advocate1 :o support$ _! cause )
 zeal1 &1 aft] treat+ antiquity )       

suffici5t fre$om1 & ev5 d]ision1 assign$
 ! palm ( eloqu5ce to ! practis]s (     
mod]n times4   ,,ii4 ,curiatius ,mat]nus
 a gave a public read+ ( 8 trag$y (     
,cato4 ,on ! foll[+ day a report        
prevail$1 t ! piece _h giv5 umbrage to !
 m5 9 p[]4 ,! au?or1 x 0 said1 _h lab\r$
 to display 8 fav\rite "* 9 ! brighte/  
col\rs2 anxi\s = ! fame ( 8 h]o1 b      
reg>dless ( himself4 ,?is soon became ! 
topic ( public conv]sation4 ,mat]nus    
receiv$ a visit f ,m>cus ,ap] b &       
,julius ,secundus c1 bo? m5 ( g5ius1 & !
 fir/ ornam5ts ( ! =um4 ,i 01 at t "t1 a
 con/ant att5dant on ^? em95t m54 ,i    
he>d !m1 n only 9 _! sc5es ( public     
bus9ess1 b1 feel+ an incl9ation to !    
same /udies1 ,i foll[$ !m ) all ! ard\r 
( y\?ful emulation4 ,i 0 admitt$ to _!  
private p>ties2 ,i he>d _! debates1 & ! 
amusem5t ( _! social h\rs3 ,i treasur$  
up _! wit1 & _! s5tim5ts on ! v>i\s     
topics :i* !y _h discuss$ 9 conv]sation4
 ,respect$ z !y 71 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be     
ackn[l$g$ t !y did n escape ! malignity 

( criticism4 ,x 0 object$ to ,secundus1 
t he _h no comm& ( words1 no fl[ (      
language2 & to ,ap]1 t he 0 indebt$ = 8 
fame1 n to art or lit]ature1 b to !     
natural p[]s ( a vigor\s und]/&+4 ,!    
tru? is1 ! /yle ( ! =m] 0 rem>kable =   
its purity2 concise1 yet free & copi\s2 
& ! latt] 0 suffici5tly v]s$ 9 all      
bran*es ( g5]al erudition4 ,x might be  
said ( him1 t he despis$ lit]ature1 n t 
he want$ x4 ,he ?\ght1 p]haps1 t1 by    
scorn+ ! aid ( lett]s1 & by draw+       
altoge!r f 8 own fund1 8 fame w\ld /& on
 a m solid f\ndation4   ,,iii4 ,we w5t  
toge!r to pay our visit to ,mat]nus4 ,^u
 ent]+ 8 /udy1 we f\nd him ) ! trag$y1  
:i* he _h read on ! prec$+ day1 ly+ be=e
 him4 ,secundus began3 ,& are y !n s    
little affect$ by ! c5sure ( malignant  
critics1 z to p]si/ 9 *]i%+ a trag$y :i*
 has giv5 s mu* (f5ce8 ,p]haps y are    
revis+ ! piece1 &1 aft] retr5*+ c]ta9   
passages1 int5d to s5d y\r ,cato into ! 
_w1 ,i w n say improv$1 b c]ta9ly less  
obnoxi\s4 ,!re lies ! poem1 said        

,mat]nus2 y may1 if y ?9k prop]1 p]use x
 ) all its imp]fections on its head4 ,if
 ,cato has omitt$ any ?+1 ,?ye/es a1 at 
my next read+1 %all atone = all         
defici5cies4 ,i h =m$ ! fable ( a trag$y
 on t subject3 ! plan is w>m 9 my       
imag9ation1 &1 t ,i may give my :ole "t 
to x1 ,i n[ am eag] to dispat* an       
edition ( ,cato4 ,m>cus ,ap] int]pos$3  
,& are y1 inde$1 s enam\r$ ( y\r        
dramatic muse1 z to r5\nce y\r          
oratorical "*1 & ! hon\rs ( y\r         
pr(ession1 9 ord] to sacrifice y\r "t1  
,i ?9k x 0 lately to ,m$ea1 & n[ to     
,?ye/es8 ,y\r fri5ds1 9 ! mean "t1      
expect y\r patronage2 ! colonies b      
invoke y\r aid1 & ! municipal cities    
invite y to ! b>4 ,& surely ! weight ( s
 _m causes may be deem$ suffici5t1 )\t  
?is new solicitude impos$ ^u y by       
,domitius c or ,cato4 ,& mu/ y ?us wa/e 
all y\r "t1 amus+ y\rself = ev] ) sc5es 
( fictiti\s di/ress1 & /ill lab\r+ to   
add to ! fables ( ,greece ! incid5ts &  
*>act]s ( ! ,roman /ory8   ,,iv4 ,!     

%>pness ( t repro(1 repli$ ,mat]nus1    
w\ld1 p]haps1 h disconc]t$ me1 if1 by   
frequ5t repetition1 x _h n lo/ its /+4  
,to diff] on ?is subject is gr[n famili>
 to u bo?4 ,poetry1 x seems1 is to      
expect no qu>t]3 y wage an incessant w> 
aga9/ ! foll[]s ( t pleas+ art2 & ,i1 :o
 am *>g$ ) des]t+ my cli5ts1 h yet e day
 ! cause ( poetry to def5d4 ,b we h n[ a
 fair opportunity1 & ,i embrace x )     
pleasure1 s9ce we h a p]son pres5t1 (   
ability to decide betwe5 u2 a judge1 :o 
w ei!r lay me "u an injunction to write 
no m v]ses1 or1 z ,i r hope1 enc\rage   
me1 by 8 au?ority1 to r5\nce = ev] ! dry
 employm5t ( =5sic causes 79 :i* ,i h _h
 my %>e ( drudg]y71 t ,i may1 = !       
future1 be at leisure to cultivate !    
sublime & sacr$ eloqu5ce ( ! tragic     
muse4   ,v4 ,secundus desir$ to be he>d3
 ,i am aw>e1 he said1 t ,ap] may refuse 
me z an umpire4 ,be=e he /ates 8        
objections1 let me foll[ ! example ( all
 fair & upright judges1 :o1 9 p>ticul>  
cases1 :5 !y feel a p>tiality = "o ( !  

cont5d+ p>ties1 desire to be excus$ f   
he>+ ! cause4 ,! fri5d%ip & habitual    
int]c\rse1 :i* ,i h ev] cultivat$ )     
,saleius ,bassus a1 t excell5t man1 & no
 less excell5t poet1 are well kn[n3 &   
let me add1 if poetry is to be arraign$1
 ,i "k no cli5t t c (f] su* h&some      
bribes4  ,my bus9ess1 repli$ ,ap]1 is n 
) ,saleius ,bassus3 let him1 & all ( 8  
description1 :o1 )\t tal5ts = ! b>1     
devote _! "t to ! muses1 pursue _!      
fav\rite amusem5t )\t int]ruption4 ,b   
,mat]nus mu/ n ?9k to escape 9 ! cr[d4  
,i s+le him out f ! re/1 & s9ce we are  
n[ be=e a compet5t judge1 ,i call ^u him
 to answ]1 h[ x happ5s1 t a man ( 8     
tal5ts1 =m$ by nature to rea* ! heights 
( manly eloqu5ce1 c ?9k ( r5\nc+ a      
pr(ession1 :i* n only s]ves to multiply 
fri5d%ips1 b to support !m ) reputation3
 a pr(ession1 :i* enables u to          
conciliate ! e/eem ( =eign nations1 &   
7if we reg>d our own int]e/7 lays op5 ! 
road to ! fir/ hon\rs ( ! /ate2 a       
pr(ession1 :i*1 besides ! celebrity t x 

gives )9 ! walls ( ,rome1 spreads an    
illu/ri\s "n ?r\gh\t ?is wide ext5t ( ! 
empire4  ,if x be wisdom to make !      
ornam5t & happ9ess ( life ! end & aim ( 
our actions1 :at c be m advisable ?an to
 embrace an art1 by :i* we are enabl$ to
 protect our fri5ds2 to def5d ! cause ( 
/rang]s2 & succ\r ! di/ress$8 ,nor is   
?is all3 ! em95t orator is a t]ror to 8 
enemies3 envy & malice tremble1 :ile !y 
hate him4 ,secure 9 8 own /r5g?1 he kn[s
 h[ to w>d (f e dang]4 ,8 own g5ius is 8
 protection2 a p]petual gu>d1 t wat*es  
him2 an inv9cible p[]1 t %ields him f 8 
enemies4  ,9 ! calm seasons ( life1 !   
true use ( oratory consi/s 9 ! assi/ance
 :i* x af=ds to our fell[-citiz5s4 ,we  
!n behold ! triumph ( eloqu5ce4 ,h we   
reason to be al>m$ = ourselves1 ! sword 
& brea/-plate are n a bett] def5ce 9 !  
heat ( battle4 ,x is at once a buckl] to
 cov] y\rself b & a weapon to br&i%     
aga9/ y\r enemy4 ,arm$ ) ?is1 y may     
appe> ) c\rage be=e ! tribunals (       
ju/ice1 9 ! s5ate1 & ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( !

 pr9ce4 ,we lately saw c ,eprius        
,m>cellus arraign$ be=e ! fa!rs3 9 t    
mom5t1 :5 ! m9ds ( ! :ole assembly 7    
inflam$ aga9/ him1 :at _h he to oppose  
to ! vehem5ce ( 8 enemies1 b t n]v\s    
eloqu5ce :i* he possess$ 9 s em95t a    
degree8 ,collect$ 9 himself1 & look+    
t]ror to 8 enemies1 he 0 m ?an a mat* = 
,helvidius ,priscus2 a man1 no d\bt1 (  
consummate wisdom1 b )\t t fl[ (        
eloqu5ce1 :i* spr+s f practice1 & t     
skill 9 argum5t1 :i* is necess>y to     
manage a public debate4 ,su* is !       
advantage ( oratory3 to enl>ge ^u x 7   
sup]flu\s4 ,my fri5d ,mat]nus w n       
dispute ! po9t4   ,,vi4 ,i proce$ to !  
pleasure aris+ f ! ex]cise ( eloqu5ce2 a
 pleasure :i* does n consi/ 9 ! m]e     
s5sation ( ! mom5t1 b is felt ?r\gh     
life1 repeat$ e day1 & almo/ e h\r4 ,=  
let me ask1 to a man ( an +5u\s & lib]al
 m9d1 :o kn[s ! reli% ( elegant         
enjoym5ts1 :at c yield su* true delight1
 z a conc\rse ( ! mo/ respectable       
*>act]s cr[d+ to 8 levee8 ,h[ mu/ x     

enhance 8 pleasure1 :5 he reflects1 t ! 
visit is n paid to him because he is    
ri*1 & wants an heir a1 or is 9         
possession ( a public (fice1 b purely z 
a complim5t to sup]ior tal5ts1 a m>k (  
respect to a great & accompli%$ orator6 
,! ri* :o h no issue1 & ! m5 9 high rank
 & p[]1 are 8 foll[]s4 ,?\gh he is /ill 
"y1 & probably de/itute ( =tune1 all    
concur 9 pay+ _! c\rt to solicit 8      
patronage = !mselves1 or to recomm5d _! 
fri5ds to 8 protection4 ,9 ! mo/ spl5did
 =tune1 9 all ! dignity & pride ( p[]1  
is !re any ?+ t c equal ! he>tfelt      
satisfaction ( ! able advocate1 :5 he   
sees ! mo/ illu/ri\s citiz5s1 m5        
respect$ = _! ye>s1 & fl\ri%+ 9 ! op9ion
 ( ! public1 yet pay+ _! c\rt to a ris+ 
g5ius1 &1 9 ! mid/ ( weal? & gr&eur1    
fairly own+1 t !y /ill want some?+      
sup]ior to all _! possessions8 ,:at %all
 be said ( ! att5dants1 t foll[ ! "y    
orator f ! b>1 & wat* 8 motions to 8 own
 h\se8 ,) :at importance does he appe>  
to ! multitude6 9 ! c\rts ( judicature1 

) :at v5]ation6 ,:5 he rises to speak1 !
 audi5ce is hu%$ 9 mute att5tion2 e eye 
is fix$ on him alone2 ! cr[d presses    
r\nd him2 he is ma/] ( _! passions2 !y  
are sway$1 impell$1 direct$1 z he ?9ks  
prop]4 ,^! are ! fruits ( eloqu5ce1 well
 kn[n to all1 & palpable to e common    
obs]v]4  ,!re are o!r pleasures m ref9$ 
& secret1 felt only by ! initiat$4 ,:5 !
 orator1 ^u "s great occasion1 comes ) a
 well-dige/$ spee*1 consci\s ( 8 matt]1 
& animat$ by 8 subject1 8 brea/ exp&s1 &
 heaves ) emotions unfelt be=e4 ,9 8 joy
 !re is a dignity suit$ to ! weight &   
en]gy ( ! composition :i* he has prep>$4
 ,does he rise to haz>d himself b 9 a   
sudd5 debate2 he is al>m$ = himself1 b 9
 t v al>m !re is a m+le ( pleasure1 :i* 
pr$om9ates1 till di/ress itself becomes 
delightful4 ,! m9d exults 9 ! prompt    
ex]tion ( its p[]s1 & ev5 glories 9 its 
ra%ness4 ,! productions ( g5ius1 & ^? ( 
! field1 h ?is resemblance3 _m ?+s are  
s[n1 & br\ght to maturity ) toil & c>e2 
yet t1 :i* gr[s f ! wild vig\r ( nature1

 has ! mo/ grateful flav\r4   ,,vii4 ,z 
to myself1 if ,i may allude to my own   
feel+s1 ! day on :i* ,i put on ! manly  
g[n a1 & ev5 ! days t foll[$1 :51 z a   
new man at ,rome1 born 9 a city t did n 
fav\r my pret5sions b1 ,i rose 9        
succession to ! (fices ( qu/or1 tribune1
 & prtor2 ^? days1 ,i say1 did n awak5 9
 my brea/ su* exalt$ rapture1 z :51 9 ! 
c\rse ( my pr(ession1 ,i 0 call$ =?1 )  
su* tal5ts z h fall5 to my %>e1 to def5d
 ! accus$2 to argue a "q ( law be=e !   
c5tumviri c1 or1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pr9ce1 
to plead = 8 fre$m51 & ! procurators    
appo9t$ by himself4 ,^u ^? occasions ,i 
t[]$ above all places ( pr(it1 & all    
pref]m5t2 ,i look$ d[n on ! dignities ( 
tribune1 prtor1 & consul2 ,i felt )9    
myself1 :at nei!r ! fav\r ( ! great1 nor
 ! wills & codicils d ( ! ri*1 c give1 a
 vig\r ( m9d1 an inw>d en]gy1 t spr+s f 
no ext]nal cause1 b is altoge!r y\r own4
  ,look ?r\gh ! circle ( ! f9e arts1    
survey ! :ole compass ( ! sci5ces1 &    
tell me 9 :at bran* c ! pr(essors       

acquire a "n to vie ) ! celebrity ( a   
great & p[]ful orator4 ,8 fame does n   
dep5d on ! op9ion ( ?9k+ m51 :o att5d to
 bus9ess & wat* ! adm9i/ration (        
affairs2 he is applaud$ by ! y\? (      
,rome1 at lea/ by su* ( !m z are ( a    
well-turn$ disposition1 & hope to rise  
by hon\rable means4 ,! em95t orator is !
 model :i* e p>5t recomm5ds to 8 *ildr54
 ,ev5 ! common p e /& at gaze1 z he     
passes by2 !y pron\nce 8 "n ) pleasure1 
& po9t at him z ! object ( _!           
admiration4 ,! prov9ces res\nd ) 8      
praise4 ,! /rang]s1 :o arrive f all     
p>ts1 h he>d ( 8 g5ius2 !y wi% to behold
 ! man1 & _! curiosity is nev] at re/1  
till !y h se5 8 p]son1 & p]us$ 8        
c\nt5ance4   ,,viii4 ,i h already       
m5tion$ ,eprius ,m>cellus & ,crispus    
,vibius a4 ,i cite liv+ examples1 9     
pref]5ce to ! names ( a =m] day4 ,^? two
 illu/ri\s p]sons1 ,i w be bold to say1 
are n less kn[n 9 ! remote/ p>ts ( !    
empire1 ?an !y are at ,capua1 or ,v]cell
 b1 :]e1 we are told1 !y bo? 7 born4 ,& 

to :at is _! ext5sive fame to be        
attribut$8 ,n surely to _! immod]ate    
ri*es4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& se/]ces _c give
 ! fame ( g5ius4 ,_! eloqu5ce may be    
said to h built up _! =tunes2 &1 inde$1 
su* is ! p[]1 ,i might say !            
inspiration1 ( eloqu5ce1 t 9 e age we h 
examples ( m51 :o by _! tal5ts rais$    
!mselves to ! summit ( _! ambition4  ,b 
,i waive all =m] in/ances4 ,! two1 :om  
,i h m5tion$1 are n record$ 9 hi/ory1   
nor are we to glean an imp]fect k ( !m f
 tradition2 !y are e day be=e our eyes4 
,!y h ris5 f l[ beg9n+s2 b ! m abject _!
 orig91 & ! m sordid ! pov]ty1 9 :i* !y 
set out1 _! success rises 9 proportion1 
& af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( :at ,i h advanc$2
 s9ce x is app>5t1 t1 )\t bir? or =tune1
 nei!r ( !m recomm5d$ by 8 moral "*1 &  
"o ( !m de=m$ 9 8 p]son1 !y h1 not)/&+  
all disadvantages1 made !mselves1 = a   
s]ies ( ye>s1 ! fir/ m5 9 ! /ate4 ,!y   
began _! c>e] 9 ! =um1 &1 z long z !y   
*ose to pursue t road ( ambition1 !y    
fl\ri%$ 9 ! highe/ reputation2 !y are n[

 at ! head ( ! commonweal?1 ! m9i/]s :o 
direct & gov]n1 & s high 9 fav\r ) !    
pr9ce1 t ! respect1 ) :i* he receives   
!m1 is little %ort ( v5]ation4  ,! tru? 
is1 ,vespasian c1 n[ 9 ! vale ( ye>s1 b 
always op5 to ! voice ( tru?1 cle>ly    
sees t ! re/ ( 8 fav\rites d]ive all _! 
lu/re f ! fav\rs1 :i* 8 munific5ce has  
be/[$2 b ) ,m>cellus & ,crispus ! case  
is diff]5t3 !y c>ry into ! cab9et1 :at  
no pr9ce c give1 & no subject c receive4
 ,comp>$ ) ! advantages :i* ^? m5       
possess1 :at are family-pictures1       
/atues1 bu/s1 & titles ( hon\r8 ,!y are 
?+s ( a p]i%able nature1 yet n )\t _!   
value4 ,m>cellus & ,vibius "k h[ to     
e/imate !m1 z !y d weal? & hon\rs2 &    
weal? & hon\rs are advantages aga9/ :i* 
y w easily f9d m5 t declaim1 b none t 9 
_! he>ts despise !m4 ,h5ce x is1 t 9 !  
h\ses ( all :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 !  
c>e] ( eloqu5ce1 we see titles1 /atues1 
& spl5did ornam5ts1 ! rew>d ( tal5ts1 &1
 at all times1 ! decorations ( ! great &
 p[]ful orator4   ,,ix4 ,b to come to ! 

po9t1 f :i* we />t$3 poetry1 to :i* my  
fri5d ,mat]nus wi%es to d$icate all 8   
"t1 has none ( ^! advantages4 ,x conf]s 
no dignity1 nor does x s]ve any useful  
purpose4 ,x is att5d$ ) "s pleasure1 b x
 is ! pleasure ( a mom5t1 spr++ f va9   
applause1 & br++ ) x no solid advantage4
 ,:at ,i h said1 & am go+ to add1 may   
probably1 my good fri5d ,mat]nus1 be    
unwelcome to y\r e>2 & yet ,i mu/ take !
 lib]ty to ask y1 if ,agamemnon a or    
,jason speaks 9 y\r piece ) dignity (   
language1 :at useful consequ5ce foll[s f
 x8 ,:at cli5t has be5 def5d$8 ,:o      
confesses an obligation8 ,9 t :ole      
audi5ce1 :o returns to 8 own h\se ) a   
grateful he>t8 ,our fri5d ,saleius      
,bassus b is1 beyond all "q1 a poet (   
em95ce1 or1 to use a w>m] expression1 he
 has ! god )9 him3 b :o att5ds 8 levee8 
:o seeks 8 patronage1 or foll[s 9 8     
tra98 ,%\ld he himself1 or 8 intimate   
fri5d1 or 8 ne> relation1 happ5 to be   
involv$ 9 a tr\blesome litigation1 :at  
c\rse d y imag9e he w\ld take8 ,he w\ld1

 mo/ probably1 apply to 8 fri5d1        
,secundus2 or to y1 ,mat]nus2 n because 
y are a poet1 nor yet to obta9 a copy ( 
v]ses f y2 ( ^? he has a suffici5t /ock 
at home1 elegant1 x mu/ be own$1 &      
exquisite 9 ! k9d4 ,b aft] all 8 lab\r &
 wa/e ( g5ius1 :at is 8 rew>d8  ,:5 9 ! 
c\rse ( a ye>1 aft] toil+ day & night1  
he has br\ght a s+le poem to p]fection1 
he is oblig$ to solicit 8 fri5ds & ex]t 
8 int]e/1 9 ord] to br+ toge!r an       
audi5ce c1 s oblig+ z to he> a recital (
 ! piece4 ,nor c ?is be done )\t exp5ce4
 ,a room mu/ be hir$1 a /age or pulpit  
mu/ be erect$2 b5*es mu/ be arrang$1 &  
h&-bills di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,:at 
if ! read+ succe$s to ! height ( 8      
wi%es8 ,pass b a day or two1 & ! :ole   
h>ve/ ( praise & admiration fades away1 
l a fl[] t )]s 9 its bloom1 & nev] rip5s
 into fruit4 ,by ! ev5t1 h[ev] flatt]+1 
he ga9s no fri5d1 he obta9s no          
patronage1 nor does a s+le p]son g away 
impress$ ) ! idea ( an obligation       
conf]r$ ^u him4 ,! poet has be5 he>d )  

applause2 he has be5 receiv$ )          
acclamations2 & he has enjoy$ a         
%ort-liv$ transport4  ,bassus1 x is     
true1 has lately receiv$ f ,vespasian a 
pres5t ( fifty ?\s& se/]ces4 ,^u t      
occasion1 we all admir$ ! g5]osity ( !  
pr9ce4 ,to des]ve s di/+ui%$ a pro( ( ! 
sov]eign's e/eem is1 no d\bt1 highly    
hon\rable2 b is x n /ill m hon\rable1 if
 y\r circum/ances require x1 to s]ve    
y\rself by y\r tal5ts8 to cultivate y\r 
g5ius1 = y\r own advantage8 & to owe e  
?+ to y\r own indu/ry1 indebt$ to !     
b\nty ( no man :atev]8 ,x mu/ n be      
=gott51 t ! poet1 :o w\ld produce any ?+
 truly excell5t 9 ! k9d1 mu/ bid f>ewell
 to ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds2 he mu/    
r5\nce1 n only ! pleasures ( ,rome1 b   
also ! duties ( social life2 he mu/     
retire f ! _w2 z ! poets say1 to groves 
& grottos e muse's son4 ,9 o!r words1 he
 mu/ condemn himself to a seque/]$ life 
9 ! gloom ( solitude4   ,x4 ,! love (   
fame1 x seems1 is ! passion t inspires !
 poet's g5ius3 b ev5 9 ?is respect1 is  

he s amply paid z to rival 9 any degree 
! pr(essors ( ! p]suasive arts8 ,z to ! 
indiff]5t poet1 m5 leave him to 8 own a 
m$iocrity3 ! real g5ius moves 9 a n>r[  
circle4 ,let !re be a read+ ( a poem by 
! able/ ma/] ( 8 art3 w ! fame ( 8      
p]=mance rea* all qu>t]s1 ,i w n say ( !
 empire1 b ( ,rome only8 ,among !       
/rang]s :o arrive f ,spa91 f ,asia1 or f
 ,gaul1 :o enquires b aft] ,saleius     
,bassus8 ,%\ld x happ5 t !re is "o1 :o  
?9ks1 ( him2 8 curiosity is soon        
satisfi$2 he passes on1 cont5t ) a      
transi5t view1 z if he _h se5 a picture 
or a /atue4  ,9 :at ,i h advanc$1 let me
 n be misund]/ood3 ,i d n mean to det]  
su* z are n bless$ ) ! gift ( oratory1 f
 ! practice ( _! fav\rite art1 if x     
s]ves to fill up _! "t1 & ga9 a degree (
 reputation4 ,i am an admir] ( eloqu5ce 
c2 ,i hold x v5]able1 & ev5 sacr$1 9 all
 its %apes1 & e mode ( composition4 ,!  
pa!tic ( trag$y1 ( :i* y1 ,mat]nus1 are 
s great a ma/]2 ! maje/y ( ! epic1 !    
gaiety ( ! lyric muse2 ! wanton elegy1 !

 ke5 iambic1 & ! po9t$ epigram2 all h _!
 *>ms2 & ,eloqu5ce1 :atev] may be !     
subject :i* %e *ooses to adorn1 is ) me 
! sublime/ faculty1 ! que5 ( all ! arts 
& sci5ces4 ,b ?is1 ,mat]nus1 is no      
apology = y1 ^: conduct is s            
extraord9>y1 t1 ?\gh =m$ by nature to   
rea* ! summit ( p]fection d1 y *oose to 
w&] into devi\s pa?s1 & re/ cont5t$ ) an
 humble /ation 9 ! vale b5ea?4  ,7 y a  
native ( ,greece1 :]e to exhibit 9 !    
public games e is an hon\rable          
employm5t2 & if ! gods _h be/[$ ^u y !  
=ce & s9ew ( ! a?letic ,nico/ratus f2 d 
y imag9e t ,i c\ld look tamely on1 & see
 t amaz+ vig\r wa/e itself away 9 no?+  
bett] ?an ! frivol\s art ( d>t+ !       
javel91 or ?r[+ ! coit8 ,to drop !      
allusion1 ,i summon y f ! !atre & public
 recitals to ! bus9ess ( ! =um1 to !    
tribunals ( ju/ice1 to sc5es ( real     
cont5tion1 to a conflict wor?y ( y\r    
abilities4 ,y _c decl9e ! *all5ge1 = y  
are left )\t an excuse4 ,y _c say1 ) a  
numb] ( o!rs1 t ! pr(ession ( poetry is 

saf] ?an t ( ! public orator2 s9ce y h  
v5tur$1 9 a trag$y writt5 ) _s1 to      
display ! ard\r ( a bold & t[]+ g5ius4  
,& = :om h y provok$ s _m enemies8 ,n = 
a fri5d2 t w\ld h _h alleviat+          
circum/ances4 ,y und]took ! cause (     
,cato1 & = him committ$ y\rself4 ,y _c  
plead1 by way ( apology1 ! duty ( an    
advocate1 or ! sudd5 effusion ( s5tim5t 
9 ! heat & hurry ( an unprem$itat$      
spee*4 ,y\r plan 0 settl$2 a great      
hi/orical p]sonage 0 y\r h]o1 & y *ose  
him1 because :at falls f s di/+ui%$ a   
"*1 falls f a height t gives x          
additional weight4 ,i am aw>e ( y\r     
answ]3 y w say1 x 0 t v circum/ance t   
ensur$ ! success ( y\r piece2 ! s5tim5ts
 7 receiv$ ) sympa!tic rapture3 ! room  
e*o$ ) applause1 & h5ce y\r fame ?r\gh\t
 ! city ( ,rome4 ,!n let u he> no m (   
y\r love ( quiet & a /ate ( security3 y 
h volunt>ily c\rt$ dang]4 ,= myself1 ,i 
am cont5t ) controv]sies ( a private    
nature1 & ! incid5ts ( ! pres5t day4    
,if1 hurri$ beyond ! b\nds ( prud5ce1 ,i

 %\ld happ51 on any occasion1 to grate !
 e>s ( m5 9 p[]1 ! zeal ( an advocate1 9
 ! s]vice ( 8 cli5t1 w excuse ! hone/   
fre$om ( spee*1 &1 p]haps1 be deem$ a   
pro( ( integrity4   ,,xi4 ,ap] w5t ?r\gh
 8 argum5t1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 ) w>m? &
 vehem5ce4 ,he deliv]$ ! :ole ) a       
p]emptory tone & an eag] eye4 ,z soon z 
he f9i%$1 ,i am prep>$1 said ,mat]nus   
smil+1 to exhibit a *>ge aga9/ !        
pr(essors ( oratory1 :i* may1 p]haps1   
c\nt]balance ! praise s lavi%ly be/[$ ^u
 !m by my fri5d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( :at he    
said1 ,i 0 n surpris$ to see him go+ out
 ( 8 way1 to lay poor poetry pro/rate at
 8 feet4 ,he has1 inde$1 %ewn "s k9dness
 to su* z are n bless$ ) oratorical     
tal5ts4 ,he has pass$ an act ( indulg5ce
 9 _! fav\r1 & !y1 x seems1 are all[$ to
 pursue _! fav\rite /udies4 ,= my "p1 ,i
 w n say t ,i ?9k myself :olly          
unqualifi$ = ! eloqu5ce ( ! b>4 ,x may  
be true1 t ,i h "s k9d ( tal5t = t      
pr(ession2 b ! tragic muse af=ds sup]ior
 pleasure4 ,my fir/ attempt 0 9 ! reign 

( ,n]o1 9 opposition to ! extravagant   
claims ( ! pr9ce a1 & 9 defiance ( !    
dom9e]+ _s ( ,vat9ius b1 t p]nici\s     
fav\rite1 by ^: co>se buffoon]y ! muses 
7 e day disgrac$1 ,i might say1 mo/     
impi\sly prophan$4 ,! portion ( fame1   
:atev] x be1 t ,i h acquir$ s9ce t "t1  
is to be attribut$1 n to ! spee*es :i*  
,i made 9 ! =um1 b to ! p[] ( dramatic  
composition4 ,i h1 !re=e1 resolv$ to    
take my leave ( ! b> = ev]4 ,! homage ( 
visitors1 ! tra9 ( att5dants1 & !       
multitude ( cli5ts1 :i* glitt] s mu* 9 !
 eyes ( my fri5d1 h no attraction = me4 
,i reg>d !m z ,i d pictures1 & bu/s1 &  
/atues ( brass2 ?+s1 :i* inde$ are 9 my 
family1 b !y came unlook$ =1 )\t my /ir1
 or s mu* z a wi% on my "p4 ,9 my humble
 /ation1 ,i f9d t innoc5ce is a bett]   
%ield ?an oratory4 ,= ! la/ ,i %all h no
 occasion1 unless ,i f9d x necess>y1 on 
"s future occasion1 to ex]t myself 9 ! j
 def5ce ( an injur$ fri5d4   ,,xii4 ,b  
woods1 & groves a1 & solit>y places1 h n
 escap$ ! satyrical ve9 ( my fri5d4 ,to 

me !y af=d s5sations ( a pure delight4  
,x is !re ,i enjoy ! pleasures ( a      
poetic imag9ation2 & among ^? pleasures 
x is n ! lea/1 t !y are pursu$ f> f !   
noise & bu/le ( ! _w1 )\t a cli5t to    
besiege my doors1 & n a crim9al to      
di/ress me ) ! te>s ( affliction4 ,free 
f ^? di/ractions1 ! poet retires to     
sc5es ( solitude1 :]e peace & innoc5ce  
reside4 ,9 ^? haunts ( contemplation1 he
 has 8 pleas+ visions4 ,he treads on    
consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,x 0 !re t ,eloqu5ce  
fir/ grew up1 & !re %e re>$ h] temple4  
,9 ^? retreats %e fir/ adorn$ h]self )  
^? graces1 :i* h made mank9d enam\r$ (  
h] *>ms2 & !re %e fill$ ! he>ts ( ! wise
 & good ) joy & inspiration4 ,oracles   
fir/ spoke 9 woods & sacr$ groves4 ,z to
 ! species ( oratory1 :i* practises =   
lucre1 or ) views ( ambition2 t sangu9>y
 eloqu5ce b n[ s mu* 9 vogue3 x is (    
mod]n gr[?1 ! (fspr+ ( corrupt mann]s1 &
 deg5]ate times2 or r1 z my fri5d ,ap]  
express$ x1 x is a weapon 9 ! h&s (     
ill-design+ m54  ,! e>ly & m happy p]iod

 ( ! _w1 or1 z we poets call x1 ! gold5 
age1 0 ! ra ( true eloqu5ce4 ,crimes &  
orators 7 !n unkn[n4 ,poetry spoke 9    
h>moni\s numb]s1 n to v>ni% evil de$s1 b
 to praise ! virtu\s1 & celebrate !     
fri5ds ( human k9d4 ,?is 0 ! poet's     
(fice4 ,! inspir$ tra9 enjoy$ ! highe/  
hon\rs2 !y held comm]ce ) ! gods2 !y    
p>took ( ! ambrosial fea/3 !y 7 at once 
! mess5g]s & int]pret]s ( ! supreme     
comm&4 ,!y rank$ on e>? ) legislators1  
h]oes1 & demigods4 ,9 t bright assembly 
we f9d no orator1 no plead] ( causes4   
,we read ( ,orpheus c1 ( ,l9us1 &1 if we
 *oose to m\nt /ill high]1 we c add ! "n
 ( ,apollo himself4 ,?is may seem a     
flight ( fancy4 ,ap] w treat x z m]e    
romance1 & fabul\s hi/ory3 b he w n d5y1
 t ! v5]ation paid to ,hom]1 ) ! cons5t 
( po/]ity1 is at lea/ equal to ! hon\rs 
obta9$ by ,demo/h5es4 ,he mu/ likewise  
admit1 t ! fame ( ,sophocles &          
,euripides is n conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits  
?an t ( ,lysias d or ,hyp]ides4 ,to come
 home to our own c\ntry1 !re are at ?is 

day m :o dispute ! excell5ce ( ,cic]o   
?an ( ,virgil4 ,among ! orations (      
,as9ius or ,messala e1 is !re "o t c vie
 ) ! ,m$ea ( ,ovid1 or ! ,?ye/es (      
,v>ius8   ,,xiii4 ,if we n[ consid] !   
happy condition ( ! true poet1 & t easy 
comm]ce 9 :i* he passes 8 "t1 ne$ we fe>
 to comp>e 8 situation ) t ( ! boa/$    
orator1 :o leads a life ( anxiety1      
oppress$ by bus9ess1 & ov]:elm$ ) c>e8  
,b x is said1 8 cont5tion1 8 toil &     
dang]1 are /eps to ! consul%ip4 ,h[ mu* 
m eligible 0 ! s(t retreat 9 :i* ,virgil
 a pass$ 8 days1 lov$ by ! pr9ce1 &     
hon\r$ by ! p6 ,to prove ?is ! lett]s ( 
,augu/us are /ill extant2 & ! p1 we "k1 
he>+ 9 ! !atre "s v]ses ( t div9e poet  
b1 :5 he himself 0 pres5t1 rose 9 a     
body1 & paid him e m>k ( homage1 ) a    
degree ( v5]ation no?+ %ort ( :at !y    
usually (f]$ to ! emp]or4  ,ev5 9 our   
own times1 w any man say1 t ,secundus   
,pomponius c1 9 po9t ( dignity or ext5t 
( fame1 is inf]ior to ,domitius ,af] d8 
,b ,vibius & ,m>cellus h be5 cit$ z     

bright examples3 & yet1 9 _! elevation  
:at is !re to be covet$8 ,is x to be    
deem$ an advantage to ^? m9i/]s1 t !y   
are fe>$ by numb]s1 & live 9 fe>        
!mselves8 ,!y are c\rt$ = _! fav\rs1 & !
 m51 :o obta9 _! suit1 retire )         
+ratitude1 pleas$ ) _! success1 yet hat+
 to be oblig$4 ,c we suppose t ! man is 
happy1 :o by 8 artifices has wriggl$    
himself into fav\r1 & yet is nev] ?\ght 
by 8 ma/] suffici5tly pliant1 nor by ! p
 suffici5tly free8 ,& aft] all1 :at is !
 am\nt ( all 8 boa/$ p[]8 ,! emp]or's   
fre$m5 h enjoy$ ! same4 ,b z ,virgil    
sweetly s+s1 ,me let ! sacr$ muses lead 
to _! s(t retreats1 _! liv+ f\nta9s1 &  
melodi\s groves1 :]e ,i may dwell remote
 f c>e1 ma/] ( myself1 & "u no necessity
 ( do+ e day :at my he>t condemns4 ,let 
me no m be se5 at ! wrangl+ b>1 a pale &
 anxi\s c&idate = prec>i\s fame2 & let  
nei!r ! tumult ( visitors cr[d+ to my   
levee1 nor ! eag] ha/e ( (fici\s fre$m51
 di/urb my morn+ re/4 ,let me live free 
f solicitude1 a /rang] to ! art (       

promis+ legacies e1 9 ord] to buy !     
fri5d%ip ( ! great2 & :5 nature %all    
give ! signal to retire1 may ,i possess 
no m ?an may be safely bequea!d to su*  
fri5ds z ,i %all ?9k prop]4 ,at my      
fun]al let no tok5 ( sorr[ be se51 no   
pomp\s mock]y ( woe4 ,cr[n f me )       
*aplets2 /rew fl[]s on my grave1 & let  
my fri5ds erect no va9 memorial1 to tell
 :]e my rema9s are lodg$4   ,,xiv4      
,mat]nus f9i%$ ) an air ( en?usiasm1 t  
seem$ to lift him above himself4 ,9 t   
mom5t a1 ,vip/anius ,messala ent]$ !    
room4 ,f ! att5tion t appe>$ 9 e        
c\nt5ance1 he conclud$ t "s important   
bus9ess 0 ! subject ( debate4 ,i am     
afraid1 said he1 t ,i break 9 ^u y at an
 unseasonable "t4 ,y h "s secret to     
discuss1 or1 p]haps1 a consultation ^u  
y\r h&s4 ,f> f x1 repli$ ,secundus2 ,i  
wi% y _h come soon]4 ,y w\ld h _h !     
pleasure ( he>+ an eloqu5t disc\rse f   
our fri5d ,ap]1 :o has be5 endeav\r+ to 
p]suade ,mat]nus to d$icate all 8 "t to 
! bus9ess ( ! b>1 & to give ! :ole man  

to 8 pr(ession4 ,! answ] ( ,mat]nus w\ld
 h ent]ta9$ y3 he has be5 def5d+ 8 art1 
& b ?is mom5t clos$ an animat$ spee*1 t 
held m ( ! poetical ?an ! oratorical "*4
  ,i %\ld h be5 happy1 repli$ ,messala1 
to h he>d bo? my fri5ds4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  
"s comp5sation = ! loss1 t ,i f9d m5 (  
_! tal5ts1 in/ead ( giv+ all _! "t to ! 
little subtleties & knotty po9ts ( !    
=um1 ext5d+ _! views to lib]al sci5ce1 &
 ^? que/ions ( ta/e1 :i* enl>ge ! m9d1 &
 furni% x ) ideas drawn f ! treasures ( 
polite erudition4 ,enquiries ( ?is k9d  
af=d improvem5t n only to ^? :o ent]    
into ! discussion1 b to all :o h !      
happ9ess ( be+ pres5t at ! debate4 ,x is
 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ref9$ & elegant way 
( ?9k+1 t y1 ,secundus1 h ga9$ s mu*    
applause1 by ! life ( ,julius ,asiaticus
 b1 ) :i* y h lately oblig$ ! _w4 ,f t  
specim51 we are taught to expect o!r    
productions ( equal beauty f ! same h&4 
,9 l mann]1 ,i see ) pleasure1 t our    
fri5d ,ap] loves to enliv5 8 imag9ation 
) topics ( controv]sy1 & /ill lays out 8

 leisure 9 que/ions ( ! s*ools c1 n1    
inde$1 9 imitation ( ! anci5t orators1 b
 9 ! true ta/e ( our mod]n rhetoricians4
   ,,xv4 ,i am n surpris$1 return$ ,ap]1
 at t /roke ( raill]y4 ,x is n en\gh =  
,messala1 t ! oratory ( anci5t times    
engrosses all 8 admiration2 he mu/ h 8  
fl+ at ! mod]ns4 ,our tal5ts & our      
/udies are sure to feel ! sallies ( 8   
pleasantry a4 ,i h (t5 he>d y1 my fri5d 
,messala1 9 ! same hum\r4 ,accord+ to y1
 ! pres5t age has n a s+le orator to    
boa/ (1 ?\gh y\r own eloqu5ce1 & t ( y\r
 bro!r1 are suffici5t to refute ! *>ge4 
,b y ass]t r\ndly1 & ma9ta9 y\r         
proposition ) an air ( confid5ce4 ,y "k 
h[ high y /&1 & :ile 9 y\r g5]al c5sure 
( ! age y include y\rself1 ! smalle/    
t9cture ( malignity _c be suppos$ to    
m+le 9 a decision1 :i* d5ies to y\r own 
g5ius1 :at by common cons5t is all[$ to 
be y\r und\bt$ "r4  ,i h z yet1 repli$  
,messala1 se5 no reason to make me      
retract my op9ion2 nor d ,i believe1 t  
my two fri5ds "h1 or ev5 y y\rself 7?\gh

 y sometimes affect a diff]5t tone71 c  
s]i\sly ma9ta9 ! opposite doctr9e4 ,!   
decl9e ( eloqu5ce is too app>5t4 ,!     
causes :i* h contribut$ to x1 m]it a    
s]i\s enquiry4 ,i %all be oblig$ to y1  
my fri5ds1 = a fair solution ( ! "q4 ,i 
h (t5 reflect$ ^u ! subject2 b :at seems
 to o!rs a full answ]1 ) me s]ves only  
to increase ! difficulty4 ,:at has      
happ5$ at ,rome1 ,i p]ceive to h be5 !  
case 9 ,greece4 ,! mod]n orators ( t    
c\ntry1 su* z ! prie/ b ,nicetes1 & o!rs
 :o1 l him1 /un ! s*ools ( ,mytel5e &   
,ephesus c1 are fall5 to a great]       
di/ance f s*9es & ,demo/h5es1 ?an ,af] &
 ,africanus d1 or y1 my fri5ds1 f ,tully
 or ,as9ius ,pollio4   ,,xvi4 ,y h />t$ 
an important "q1 said ,secundus1 & :o s 
able to discuss x z y\rself8 ,y\r tal5ts
 are equal to ! difficulty2 y\r         
acquisitions 9 lit]ature are kn[n to be 
ext5sive1 & y h consid]$ ! subject4 ,i h
 no objection1 repli$ ,messala3 my ideas
 are at y\r s]vice1 ^u condition t1 z ,i
 g on1 y w assi/ me ) ! lights ( y\r    

und]/&+4 ,= two ( u ,i c v5ture to      
answ]1 said ,mat]nus3 :atev] y omit1 or 
r1 :at y leave = u to glean aft] y1 we  
%all be ready to add to y\r obs]vations4
 ,z to our fri5d ,ap]1 y h told u1 t he 
is apt to diff] f y ^u ?is po9t1 & ev5  
n[ ,i see him prep>+ to give battle4 ,he
 w n tamely be> to see u jo9$ 9 a league
 9 fav\r ( antiquity4  ,c]ta9ly n1      
repli$ ,ap]1 nor %all ! pres5t age1     
unhe>d & undef5d$1 be degrad$ by a      
conspiracy4 ,b be=e y s\nd to arms1 ,i  
wi% to "k1 :o are to be reckon$ among ! 
anci5ts8 ,at :at po9t ( "t a d y fix y\r
 fav\rite ra8 ,:5 y talk to me (        
antiquity1 ,i c>ry my view to ! fir/    
ages ( ! _w1 & see be=e me ,ulysses &   
,ne/or1 :o fl\ri%$ little less ?an b    
?irte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,y\r retrospect1
 x seems1 goes no f>!r back ?an to      
,demo/h5es & ,hyp]ides2 m5 :o liv$ 9 !  
times ( ,philip & ,alex&]1 & inde$      
surviv$ !m bo?4 ,! int]val1 betwe5      
,demo/h5es & ! pres5t age1 is little m  
?an c f\r hundr$ ye>s2 a space ( "t1    

:i*1 ) a view to ! duration ( human     
life1 may be call$ long2 b1 z a portion 
( t imm5se tract ( "t :i* includes !    
diff]5t ages ( ! _w1 x %r9ks into no?+1 
& seems to be b ye/]day4 ,= if x be     
true1 z ,cic]o says 9 8 treatise call$  
,hort5sius1 t ! great & g5u9e ye> is t  
p]iod 9 :i* ! heav5ly bodies revolve to 
! /ation f :i* _! s\rce began2 & if ?is 
gr& rotation ( ! :ole planet>y sy/em    
requires no less ?an twelve ?\s& n9e    
hundr$ & fifty-f\r ye>s d ( our         
computation1 x foll[s t ,demo/h5es1 y\r 
boa/$ anci5t1 becomes a mod]n1 & ev5 our
 contempor>y2 nay1 t he liv$ 9 ! same   
ye> ) ourselves2 ,i _h almo/ said1 9 !  
same mon? e4   ,,xvii4 ,b ,i am 9 ha/e  
to pass to our ,roman orators4 ,m55ius  
,agrippa a may fairly be deem$ an       
anci5t4 ,i take x1 h[ev]1 t he is n !   
p]son1 :om y mean to oppose to !        
pr(essors ( mod]n eloqu5ce4 ,! ra1 :i* y
 h 9 view1 is t ( b ,cic]o & ,cs>2 (    
,clius c & ,calvus2 ( ,brutus d1        
,as9ius1 & ,messala4 ,^? are ! m51 :om y

 place 9 ! front ( h\r l9e2 b = :at     
reason !y are to be class$ ) ! anci5ts1 
& n1 z ,i ?9k !y ought to be1 ) !       
mod]ns1 ,i am /ill to le>n4 ,to beg9 )  
,cic]o2 he1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,tiro1
 8 fre$man1 0 put to dea? on ! sev5? ( !
 ides ( ,decemb]1 dur+ ! consul%ip (    
,hirtius & ,pansa e1 :o1 we "k1 7 bo?   
cut (f 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 & left _!     
(fice vacant = ,augu/us & ,qu9tus       
,p$ius4 ,c\nt f t "t six & fifty ye>s to
 complete ! reign ( ,augu/us2 ?ree &    
tw5ty = t ( ,tib]ius1 f\r = ,caligula1  
eight & tw5ty = ,claudius & ,n]o1 "o =  
,galba1 ,o?o1 & ,vitellius1 & f9ally six
 f ! accession ( ,vespasian to ! pres5t 
ye> ( our felicity1 we %all h f ! dea? (
 ,cic]o a p]iod ( ab\t f "o hundr$ &    
tw5ty ye>s1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! t]m 
allott$ to ! life ( man4 ,i myself      
rememb] to h se5 9 ,brita9 a soldi] f>  
advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o av]r$ t he c>ri$ arms
 9 t v battle g 9 :i* 8 c\ntrym5 s\ght  
to drive ,julius ,cs> back f _! coa/4   
,if ?is vet]an1 :o s]v$ 9 ! def5ce ( 8  

c\ntry aga9/ ,cs>'s invasion1 _h be5    
br\ght a prison] to ,rome2 or1 if 8 own 
incl9ation1 or any o!r accid5t 9 ! c\rse
 ( ?+s1 _h conduct$ him ?i!r1 he might h
 he>d1 n only ,cs> & ,cic]o1 b ev5      
ourselves 9 "s ( our public spee*es4  ,9
 ! late public l>gess h y w ackn[l$ge t 
y saw sev]al old m51 :o assur$ u t !y _h
 receiv$ m ?an once1 ! l di/ribution f  
,augu/us himself4 ,if t be s1 might n ^?
 p]sons h he>d ,corv9us i & ,as9ius8    
,corv9us1 we all "k1 liv$ ?r\gh half !  
reign ( ,augu/us1 & ,as9ius almo/ to !  
end4 ,h[ !n are we to asc]ta9 ! j       
b\nd>ies ( a c5tury8 ,!y are n to be    
v>i$ at pleasure1 s z to place "s       
orators 9 a remote1 & o!rs 9 a rec5t    
p]iod1 :ile p are /ill liv+1 :o he>d !m 
all1 & may1 !re=e1 ) good reason rank !m
 z contempor>ies4   ,,xviii4 ,f :at ,i h
 said1 ,i assume x z a cle> position1 t 
! glory1 :atev] x be1 t accru$ to ! age 
9 :i* ^? orators liv$1 is n conf9$ to t 
p>ticul> p]iod1 b rea*es d[n to ! pres5t
 "t1 & may m prop]ly be said to belong  

to u1 ?an to ,s]vius ,galba a1 or to    
,c>bo b1 & o!rs ( ! same or m anci5t    
date4 ,( t :ole race ( orators1 ,i may  
freely say1 t _! mann] _c n[ be reli%$4 
,_! language is co>se1 & _! composition 
r\gh1 unc\?1 & h>%2 & yet y\r ,calvus c1
 y\r ,clius1 & ev5 y\r fav\rite ,cic]o1 
condesc5d to foll[ t inelegant /yle4 ,x 
7 to be wi%$ t !y _h n ?\ght su* models 
wor?y ( imitation4 ,i mean to speak my  
m9d ) fre$om2 b be=e ,i proce$1 x w be  
necess>y to make a prelim9>y obs]vation1
 & x is ?is3 ,eloqu5ce has no settl$ =m3
 at diff]5t times x puts on a new g>b1 &
 *anges ) ! mann]s & ! ta/e ( ! age4    
,?us we f9d1 t ,grac*us d1 comp>$ ) !   
eld] ,cato e1 is full & copi\s2 b1 9 8  
turn1 yields to ,crassus f1 an orator m 
poli%$1 m correct1 & florid4 ,cic]o     
rises sup]ior to bo?2 m animat$1 m      
h>moni\s & sublime4 ,he is foll[$ by    
,corv9us g1 :o has all ! s(t] graces2 a 
sweet flexibility 9 8 /yle1 & a curi\s  
felicity 9 ! *oice ( 8 words4 ,:i* 0 !  
greate/ orator1 is n ! "q4  ,! use ,i   

make ( ^! examples1 is to prove t       
eloqu5ce does n always we> ! same dress1
 b1 ev5 among y\r celebrat$ anci5ts1 has
 its diff]5t modes ( p]suasion4 ,& be x 
rememb]$1 t :at diff]s is n always !    
wor/4 ,yet su* is ! malignity ( ! human 
m9d1 t :at has ! sanction ( antiquity is
 always admir$2 :at is pres5t1 is sure  
to be condemn$4 ,c we d\bt t !re h be5  
critics1 :o 7 bett] pleas$ ) ,appius    
,ccus h ?an ) ,cato8 ,cic]o _h 8        
adv]s>ies i3 x 0 object$ to him1 t 8    
/yle 0 r$undant1 turgid1 nev] compress$1
 void ( precision1 & de/itute ( ,attic  
elegance4 ,we all h read ! lett]s (     
,calvus & ,brutus to y\r fam\s orator4  
,9 ! c\rse ( t correspond5ce1 we pla9ly 
see :at 0 ,cic]o's op9ion ( ^? em95t m54
 ,! =m] k appe>$ to him cold & languid2 
! latt] l1 disjo9t$1 loose1 & neglig5t4 
,on ! o!r h&1 we "k :at !y ?\ght 9      
return3 ,calvus did n hesitate to say1 t
 ,cic]o 0 diffuse luxuriant to a fault1 
& florid )\t vig\r4 ,brutus1 9 express  
t]ms1 says1 he 0 weak5$ into l5g?1 &    

want$ s9ew4 ,if y ask my op9ion1 ea* (  
!m _h reason on 8 side4 ,i %all h]eaft] 
exam9e !m sep>ately4 ,my bus9ess at     
pres5t1 is n 9 ! detail3 ,i speak ( !m 9
 g5]al t]ms4   ,,xix4 ,! ra ( anci5t    
oratory is1 ,i ?9k1 ext5d$ by its       
admir]s no f>!r back ?an ! "t ( ,cassius
 ,sev]us a4 ,he1 !y tell u1 0 ! fir/ :o 
d>$ to deviate f ! pla9 & simple /yle ( 
8 pr$ecessors4 ,i admit ! fact4 ,he     
dep>t$ f ! e/abli%$ =ms1 n ?r\gh want ( 
g5ius1 or ( le>n+1 b guid$ by 8 own good
 s5se & sup]ior judgem5t4 ,he saw t !   
public e> 0 =m$ to a new mann]2 &       
eloqu5ce1 he knew1 0 to f9d new         
approa*es to ! he>t4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods ( 
! commonweal?1 a r\gh unpoli%$ p might  
well be satisfi$ ) ! t$i\s l5g? (       
unskilful spee*es1 at a "t :5 to make an
 h>angue t took up ! :ole day1 0 !      
orator's highe/ praise4 ,! prolix       
exordium1 wa/+ itself 9 feeble          
prep>ation2 ! circum/antial n>ration1 ! 
o/5tati\s division ( ! argum5t "u       
diff]5t heads1 & ! ?\s& pro(s & logical 

di/9ctions1 ) :atev] else is conta9$ 9 !
 dry precepts ( ,h]magoras b &          
,apollodorus1 7 9 t rude p]iod receiv$ )
 univ]sal applause4 ,to f9i% ! picture1 
if y\r anci5t orator c\ld glean a little
 f ! common places ( philosophy1 &      
int]weave a few %r$s & pat*es ) ! ?read 
( 8 disc\rse1 he 0 extoll$ to ! v skies4
 ,nor c ?is be matt] ( wond]3 ! maxims (
 ! s*ools _h n be5 divulg$2 !y came ) an
 air ( novelty4 ,ev5 among ! orators    
!mselves1 !re 7 b few :o _h any t9cture 
( philosophy4 ,nor _h !y le>n$ ! rules (
 art f ! tea*]s ( eloqu5ce4  ,9 ! pres5t
 age1 ! t5ets ( philosophy & ! precepts 
( rhetoric are no long] a secret4 ,!    
l[e/ ( our popul> assemblies are n[1 ,i 
w n say fully in/ruct$1 b c]ta9ly       
acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( lit]ature4 ,!    
orator1 by consequ5ce1 f9ds himself     
oblig$ to seek new av5ues to ! he>t1 &  
new graces to embelli% 8 disc\rse1 t he 
may n (f5d fa/idi\s e>s1 especially be=e
 a tribunal :]e ! judge is no long] b\nd
 by prec$5t1 b det]m9es accord+ to 8 w &

 pleasure2 n1 z =m]ly1 obs]v+ ! measure 
( "t all[$ to ! advocate1 b tak+ ^u     
himself to prescribe ! limits4 ,nor is  
?is all3 ! judge1 at pres5t1 w n        
condesc5d to wait till ! orator1 9 8 own
 way1 op5s 8 case2 b1 ( 8 own au?ority1 
rem9ds him ( ! po9t 9 "q1 &1 if he w&]s1
 calls him back f 8 digression1 n )\t a 
h9t t ! c\rt wi%es to dispat*4   ,,xx4  
,:o1 at ?is "t1 w\ld be> to he> an      
advocate introduc+ himself ) a t$i\s    
preface ab\t ! infirmities ( 8          
con/itution8 ,yet t is ! ?readb>e       
exordium ( ,corv9us4 ,we h five books   
aga9/ ,v]res a4 ,:o c endure t va/      
r$undance8 ,:o c li/5 to ^? endless     
argum5ts ^u po9ts ( =m1 & cavill+       
exceptions b1 :i* we f9d 9 ! orations ( 
! same celebrat$ advocate = ,m>cus      
,tullius c & ,aulus ,cc9a8 ,our mod]n   
judges are able to anticipate ! argum5t4
 ,_! quickness goes be=e ! speak]4 ,if n
 /ruck ) ! vivacity ( 8 mann]1 !        
elegance ( 8 s5tim5ts1 & ! gl[+ col\rs (
 8 descriptions1 !y soon gr[ we>y ( !   

flat insipid disc\rse4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/    
class ( life1 !re is n[ a reli% = ri* & 
spl5did ornam5t4 ,_! ta/e requires !    
gay1 ! florid1 & ! brilliant4 ,!        
unpoli%$ /yle ( antiquity w\ld n[ succe$
 z ill at ! b>1 z ! mod]n actor :o %\ld 
attempt to copy ! deportm5t ( ,roscius  
d1 or ,ambivius ,turpio4 ,ev5 ! "y m5 :o
 are prep>+ = ! c>e] ( eloqu5ce1 &1 = t 
purpose1 att5d ! =um & ! tribunals (    
ju/ice1 h n[ a nice discrim9at+ ta/e4   
,!y expect to h _! imag9ations pleas$4  
,!y wi% to c>ry home "s bright          
illu/ration1 "s spl5did passage1 t      
des]ves to be rememb]$4 ,:at has /ruck  
_! fancy1 !y communicate to ea* o!r3 & 9
 _! lett]s1 ! glitt]+ ?\ght1 giv5 )     
s5t5ti\s brevity1 ! poetical allusion t 
enliv5$ ! disc\rse1 & ! dazzl+ imag]y1  
are sure to be transmitt$ to _!         
respective colonies & prov9ces4 ,!      
ornam5ts ( poetic diction are n[        
requir$1 n1 inde$1 copi$ f ! rude       
obsolete /yle ( ,accius e & ,pacuvius1 b
 embelli%$ ) ! graces ( ,horace1        

,virgil1 & f ,lucan4 ,! public judgem5t 
has rais$ a dem& = h>moni\s p]iods1 &1 9
 compliance ) ! ta/e ( ! age1 our       
orators gr[ e day m poli%$ & adorn$4    
,let x n be said t :at we ga9 9         
ref9em5t1 we lose 9 /r5g?4 ,are !       
temples1 rais$ by our mod]n ar*itects1 (
 a weak] /ructure1 because !y are n =m$ 
) %apeless /ones1 b ) ! magnific5ce (   
poli%$ m>ble1 & decorations ( ! ri*e/   
gild+8   ,,xxi4 ,%all ,i fairly own to y
 ! impression :i* ,i g5]ally receive f !
 anci5t orators8 ,!y make me laugh1 or  
lull me to sleep4 ,nor is ?is ! case    
only1 :5 ,i read ! orations ( ,canutus  
a1 ,arrius1 ,furnius1 ,toranius & o!rs (
 ! same s*ool1 or r1 ! same infirm>y b2 
an emaciat$ sickly race ( orators2 )\t  
s9ew1 col\r1 or proportion4 ,b :at %all 
be said ( y\r admir$ ,calvus c8 ,he1 ,i 
?9k1 has left no less ?an "o & tw5ty    
volumes3 9 ! :ole collection1 !re is n m
 ?an "o or two %ort orations1 t c pret5d
 to p]fection 9 ! k9d4 ,^u ?is po9t !re 
is no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,:o n[ reads 8 

declamations aga9/ ,asitius or ,drusus8 
,8 spee*es aga9/ ,vat9ius are 9 ! h&s ( 
! curi\s1 p>ticul>ly ! second1 :i* mu/  
be all[$ to be a ma/]piece4 ,! language 
is elegant2 ! s5tim5ts are /rik+1 & ! e>
 is satisfi$ ) ! r\ndness ( ! p]iods4 ,9
 ?is specim5 we see t he _h an idea ( j 
composition1 b 8 g5ius 0 n equal to 8   
judgem5t4 ,! orations ( ,clius1 ?\gh ^u 
! :ole defective1 are n )\t _! beauties4
 ,"s passages are highly f9i%$4 ,9 ^? we
 ackn[l$ge1 ! nice t\*es ( mod]n        
elegance4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! co>se      
expression1 ! halt+ p]iod1 & ! vulg>ity 
( ! s5tim5ts1 h too mu* ( ! leav5 (     
antiquity4  ,if ,clius d is /ill admir$1
 x is n1 ,i believe1 9 any ( ^? p>ts t  
be> ! m>k ( a rude illit]ate age4 ,)    
reg>d to ,julius ,cs> e1 engag$ z he 0 9
 projects ( va/ ambition1 we may =give  
him ! want ( t p]fection :i* might1     
o!rwise1 be expect$ f s sublime a g5ius4
 ,brutus1 9 l mann]1 may be excus$ on   
acc\nt ( 8 philosophical speculations4  
,bo? he & ,cs>1 9 _! oratorical         

attempts1 fell %ort ( !mselves4 ,_!     
w>me/ admir]s ackn[l$ge ! fact1 nor is  
!re an in/ance to ! contr>y1 unless we  
except ,cs>'s spee* = ,decius ! ,samnite
 f1 & t ( ,brutus = k+ g ,dejot>us4 ,b  
are ^? p]=mances1 & "s o!rs ( ! same    
lukew>m temp]1 to be receiv$ z works (  
g5ius8 ,he :o admires ^? productions1   
may be left to admire _! v]ses also4 ,= 
v]ses !y bo? made1 & s5t !m into ! _w1  
,i w n say1 ) m success ?an ,cic]o1 b   
c]ta9ly m to _! advantage2 = _! poetry  
_h ! good =tune to be little kn[n4      
,as9ius liv$ ne> our own times h4 ,he1  
seems to h /udi$ 9 ! old s*ool ( ,m55ius
 & ,appius4 ,he compos$ trag$ies z well 
z orations1 b 9 a /yle s h>% & ragg$1 t 
"o w\ld ?9k him ! disciple ( ,accius &  
,pacuvius4 ,he mi/ook ! nature (        
eloqu5ce1 :i* may !n be said to h atta9$
 its true beauty1 :5 ! p>ts unite )     
smoo?ness1 /r5g?1 & proportion4 ,z 9 !  
human body ! ve9s %\ld n swell too high1
 nor ! bones & s9ews appe> too prom95t2 
b its =m is !n mo/ graceful1 :5 a pure &

 temp]ate blood gives animation i to !  
:ole frame2 :5 ! muscles h _! prop]     
play1 & ! col\r ( heal? is diffus$ ov] !
 sev]al p>ts4 ,i am n will+ to di/urb ! 
memory ( ,corv9us ,messala k4 ,if he did
 n rea* ! graces ( mod]n composition1 ! 
defect does n seem to h sprung f *oice4 
,! vig\r ( 8 g5ius 0 n equal to 8       
judgem5t4   ,,xxii4 ,i n[ proce$ to     
,cic]o1 :o1 we f9d1 _h (t5 ^u 8 h&s ! v 
controv]sy1 t engages u at pres5t4 ,x 0 
! fa%ion ) 8 contempor>ies to admire !  
anci5ts1 :ile he1 on ! contr>y1 cont5d$ 
= ! eloqu5ce ( 8 own "t4 ,7 ,i to m5tion
 ! quality t plac$ him at ! head ( 8    
rivals ,i %\ld say x 0 ! solidity ( 8   
judgem5t4 ,x 0 he t fir/ %ew$ a ta/e =  
poli%$ & graceful oratory4 ,he 0 happy 9
 8 *oice ( words1 & he _h ! art ( giv+  
weight & h>mony to 8 composition4 ,we   
f9d 9 _m passages a w>m imag9ation1 &   
lum9\s s5t5ces4 ,9 8 lat] spee*es1 he   
has lively sallies ( wit & fancy4       
,exp]i5ce _h !n matur$ 8 judgem5t1 &    
aft] long practice1 he f\nd ! true      

oratorical /yle4 ,9 8 e>li] productions 
we see ! r\gh ca/ ( antiquity4 ,!       
exordium is t$i\s2 ! n>ration is drawn  
into l5g?2 luxuriant passages are n     
ret\*$ ) c>e2 he is n easily affect$1 & 
he r>ely takes fire2 8 s5tim5ts are n   
always happily express$ a1 nor are !    
p]iods clos$ ) en]gy4 ,!re is no?+ s    
highly f9i%$1 z to tempt y to avail     
y\rself ( a borr[$ beauty4 ,9 %ort1 8   
spee*es are l a rude build+1 :i* is     
/rong & durable1 b wants t grace &      
consonance ( p>ts :i* give symmetry &   
p]fection to ! :ole4  ,9 oratory1 z 9   
ar*itecture1 ,i require ornam5t z well z
 use4 ,f ! man ( ample =tune1 :o        
und]takes to build1 we expect elegance &
 proportion4 ,x is n en\gh t 8 h\se w   
keep out ! w9d & ! ra92 x mu/ /rike !   
eye1 & pres5t a pleas+ object4 ,nor w x 
suffice t ! furniture may answ] all     
dome/ic purposes2 x %\ld be ri*1        
fa%ionable1 elegant2 x %\ld h gold &    
gems s curi\sly wr\ght1 t !y w be>      
exam9ation1 (t5 view$1 & always admir$4 

,! common ut5sils1 :i* are ei!r mean or 
sordid1 %\ld be c>efully remov$ out (   
sight4 ,9 l mann]1 ! true orator %\ld   
avoid ! trite & vulg>4 ,let him reject !
 antiquat$ phrase1 & :atev] is cov]$ ) !
 ru/ ( "t2 let 8 s5tim5ts be express$ ) 
_s1 n 9 c>eless1 ill-con/ruct$1 languid 
p]iods1 l a dull writ] ( annals2 let him
 bani% l[ scurrility1 &1 9 %ort1 let him
 "k h[ to div]sify 8 /yle1 t he may n   
fatigue ! e> ) a monotony1 end+ = ev] ) 
! same unv>i$ cad5ce b4   ,,xxiii4 ,i   
%all say no?+ ( ! false wit1 & insipid  
play ^u words1 :i* we f9d 9 ,cic]o's    
orations4 ,8 pleasant conceits ab\t !   
:eel ( =tune a1 & ! ar* raill]y on !    
equivocal mean+ ( ! ^w v]res b1 d n m]it
 a mom5t's att5tion4 ,i omit ! p]petual 
recurr5ce ( ! phrase1 esse videatur c1  
:i* *imes 9 our e>s at ! close ( s _m   
s5t5ces1 s\nd+ big1 b signify+ no?+4 ,^!
 are petty blemi%es2 ,i m5tion !m )     
reluctance4 ,i say no?+ ( o!r defects   
equally improp]3 & yet ^? v defects are 
! delight ( su* z affect to call        

!mselves anci5t orators4 ,i ne$ n s+le  
!m out by "n3 ! m5 are suffici5tly kn[n2
 x is en\gh to allude1 9 g5]al t]ms1 to 
! :ole class4  ,we all are s5sible t !re
 is a set ( critics n[ exi/+1 :o pref]  
,lucilius d to ,horace1 & ,lucretius e  
to ,virgil2 :o despise ! eloqu5ce (     
,aufidius ,bassus f & ,s]vilius         
,nonianus1 & yet admire ,v>ro & g       
,sis5na4 ,by ^! pret5d]s to ta/e1 !     
works ( our mod]n rhetoricians are ?r[n 
by ) neglect1 & ev5 fa/idi\s disda92    
:ile ^? ( ,calvus are held 9 ! highe/   
e/eem4 ,we see ^! m5 pros+ 9 _! anci5t  
/yle be=e ! judges2 b we see !m left )\t
 an audi5ce1 des]t$ by ! p1 & h>dly     
endur$ by _! cli5ts4 ,! tru? is1 _! cold
 & spiritless mann] has no attraction4  
,!y call x s\nd oratory1 b x is want (  
vig\r2 l t prec>i\s /ate ( heal? :i*    
weak con/itutions pres]ve by ab/95ce4   
,:at physician w pron\nce t a /rong     
habit ( body1 :i* requires con/ant c>e &
 anxiety ( m9d8 ,to say b>ely1 t we are 
n ill1 is surely n en\gh4 ,true heal?   

consi/s 9 vig\r1 a g5]\s w>m?1 & a c]ta9
 alacrity 9 ! :ole frame4 ,he :o is only
 n indispos$1 is little di/ant f actual 
illness4  ,) y1 my fri5ds1 ! case is    
diff]5t3 proce$1 z y well c1 & 9 fact1 z
 y d1 to adorn our age ) all ! grace &  
spl5d\r ( true oratory4 ,x is )         
pleasure1 ,messala1 t ,i see y select+ =
 imitation ! livelie/ models ( ! anci5t 
s*ool4 ,y too1 ,mat]nus1 & y1 my fri5d1 
,secundus h1 y bo? possess ! happy art (
 add+ to weight ( s5tim5t all ! dignity 
( language4 ,to a copi\s inv5tion y     
unite ! judgem5t t kn[s h[ to di/+ui% ! 
specific qualities ( diff]5t au?ors4 ,! 
beauty ( ord] is y\rs4 ,:5 ! occasion   
dem&s x1 y c exp& & amplify ) /r5g? &   
maje/y2 & y "k :5 to be concise ) en]gy4
 ,y\r p]iods fl[ ) ease1 & y\r          
composition has e grace ( /yle &        
s5tim5t4 ,y comm& ! passions ) resi/less
 sway1 :ile 9 y\rselves y beget a       
temp]ance s truly dignifi$1 t1 ?\gh1    
p]haps1 envy & ! malignity ( ! times may
 be unwill+ to proclaim y\r m]it1       

po/]ity w d y ample ju/ice i4   ,,xxiv4 
,z soon z ,ap] conclud$1 ,y see1 said   
,mat]nus1 ! zeal & ard\r ( our fri5d3 9 
! cause ( ! mod]ns1 :at a torr5t (      
eloqu5ce6 aga9/ ! anci5ts1 :at a fund ( 
invective6 ,) great _s1 & a va/ compass 
( le>n+1 he has employ$ aga9/ 8 ma/]s ! 
arts = :i* he is indebt$ to !m4 ,& yet  
all ?is vehem5ce mu/ n det] y1 ,messala1
 f ! p]=mance ( y\r promise4 ,a =mal    
def5ce ( ! anci5ts is by no means       
necess>y4 ,we d n presume to vie ) t    
illu/ri\s race4 ,we h be5 prais$ by     
,ap]1 b we "k our inf]iority4 ,he       
himself is aw>e ( x1 ?\gh1 9 imitation (
 ! anci5t mann] a1 he has ?\ght prop]1 =
 ! sake ( a philosophical debate1 to    
take ! wrong side ( ! "q4 ,9 answ] to 8 
argum5t1 we d n desire y to expatiate 9 
praise ( ! anci5ts3 _! fame wants no    
addition4 ,:at we reque/ is1 an         
inve/igation ( ! causes :i* h produc$ s 
rapid a decl9e f ! fl\ri%+ /ate ( g5u9e 
eloqu5ce4 ,i call x rapid1 s9ce1 accord+
 to ,ap]'s own *ronology1 ! p]iod f !   

dea? ( ,cic]o does n exce$ "o hundr$ &  
tw5ty ye>s b4   ,,xxv4 ,i am will+1 said
 ,messala1 to pursue ! plan :i* y h     
recomm5d$4 ,! "q1 :e!r ! m5 :o fl\ri%$  
above "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 are to be     
acc\nt$ anci5ts1 has be5 />t$ by my     
fri5d ,ap]1 &1 ,i believe1 x is ( ! fir/
 impression4 ,b x is a m]e dispute ab\t 
words4 ,! discussion ( x is ( no mom5t1 
provid$ x be grant$1 :e!r we call !m    
anci5ts1 or our pr$ecessors1 or give !m 
any o!r appellation1 t ! eloqu5ce ( ^?  
times 0 sup]ior to t ( ! pres5t age4 ,:5
 ,ap] tells u1 t diff]5t p]iods ( "t h  
produc$ new modes ( oratory1 ,i see no?+
 to object2 nor %all ,i d5y1 t 9 "o & ! 
same p]iod ! /yle & mann]s h greatly    
v>i$4 ,b ?is ,i assume1 t among !       
orators ( ,greece1 ,demo/h5es holds !   
fir/ rank1 & aft] him a s*ynes1         
,hyp]ides1 ,lysias1 & ,lycurgus1 9      
regul> succession4 ,t age1 by common    
cons5t1 is all[$ to be ! fl\ri%+ p]iod (
 ,attic eloqu5ce4  ,9 l mann]1 ,cic]o   
/&s at ! head ( our ,roman orators1 :ile

 ,calvus1 ,as9ius1 & ,cs>1 ,clius &     
,brutus1 foll[ him at a di/ance2 all (  
!m sup]ior1 n only to e =m] age1 b to ! 
:ole race t came aft] !m4 ,nor is x     
mat]ial t !y diff] 9 ! mode1 s9ce !y all
 agree 9 ! k9d4 ,calvus is close &      
n]v\s2 ,as9ius m op5 & h>moni\s2 ,cs> is
 di/+ui%$ b by ! spl5d\r ( 8 diction2   
,clius by a cau/ic sev]ity2 & gravity is
 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,brutus4 ,cic]o is m    
luxuriant 9 amplification1 & he has     
/r5g? & vehem5ce4 ,!y all1 h[ev]1 agree 
9 ?is3 _! eloqu5ce is manly1 s\nd1 &    
vigor\s4 ,exam9e _! works1 & y w see !  
en]gy ( cong5ial m9ds1 a family-lik5ess 
9 _! g5ius1 h[ev] x may take a di/9ct   
col\r f ! specific qualities ( ! m54    
,true1 !y detract$ f ea* o!r's m]it4 ,9 
_! lett]s1 :i* are /ill extant1 we f9d  
"s /rokes ( mutual ho/ility4 ,b ?is     
littl5ess does n impea* _! eloqu5ce3 _! 
jeal\sy 0 ! infirmity ( human nature4   
,calvus1 ,as9ius1 & ,cic]o1 might h _!  
fits ( animosity1 &1 no d\bt1 7 liable  
to envy1 malice1 & o!r degrad+ passions3

 !y 7 great orators1 b !y 7 m54  ,brutus
 is ! only "o ( ! set1 :o may be ?\ght  
sup]ior to petty cont5tions4 ,he spoke 8
 m9d ) fre$om1 &1 ,i believe1 )\t a     
t9cture ( malice4 ,he did n envy ,cs>   
himself1 & c x be imag9$ t he envi$     
,cic]o8 ,z to ,galba c1 ,llius1 & o!rs (
 a remote p]iod1 aga9/ :om we h he>d    
,ap]'s declamation1 ,i ne$ n und]take _!
 def5ce1 s9ce ,i am will+ to ackn[l$ge1 
t 9 _! /yle & mann] we p]ceive ^?       
defects & blemi%es :i* x is natural to  
expect1 :ile art1 z yet 9 its infancy1  
has made no advances t[>ds p]fection4   
,,xxvi4 ,aft] all1 if ! be/ =m (        
eloqu5ce mu/ be ab&on$1 & "s1 new-fangl$
 /yle mu/ gr[ into fa%ion1 give me !    
rapidity ( ,grac*us a1 or ! m solemn    
mann] ( ,crassus b1 ) all _!            
imp]fections1 r ?an ! effem9ate delicacy
 ( c ,mc5as1 or ! t9kl+ cymbal d (      
,gallio4 ,! mo/ homely dress is         
pref]able to gawdy col\rs & m]etrici\s  
ornam5ts4 ,! /yle 9 vogue at pres5t1 is 
an innovation1 aga9/ e ?+ j & natural2 x

 is n ev5 manly4 ,! luxuriant phrase1 ! 
inanity ( tuneful p]iods1 & ! wanton    
levity ( ! :ole composition1 are fit =  
no?+ b ! hi/rionic art1 z if !y 7 writt5
 = ! /age4 ,to ! disgrace ( ! age 7h[ev]
 a/oni%+ x may appe>71 x is ! boa/1 !   
pride1 ! glory ( our pres5t orators1 t  
_! p]iods are musical en\gh ei!r = !    
danc]'s heel e1 or ! w>bl]'s ?roat4     
,h5ce x is1 t by a frequ5t1 b prepo/]\s1
 metaphor1 ! orator is said to speak 9  
melodi\s cad5ce1 & ! danc] to move )    
expression4 ,9 ?is view ( ?+s1 ev5 f    
,cassius ,sev]us 7! only mod]n :om ,ap] 
has v5tur$ to "n71 if we comp>e him ) ! 
race t foll[$1 may be fairly pron\nc$ a 
legitimate orator1 ?\gh x mu/ be        
ackn[l$g$1 t 9 :at rema9s ( 8 composit+1
 he is clumsy )\t /r5g?1 & viol5t )\t   
_s4 ,he 0 ! fir/ t deviat$ f ! great    
ma/]s ( 8 art4 ,he despis$ all me?od &  
regul> arrangem5t2 indelicate 9 8 *oice 
( words1 he paid no reg>d to dec5cy2    
eag] to attack1 he left himself ungu>d$2
 he br&i%$ 8 weapons )\t skill or       

address2 &1 to speak pla9ly1 he wrangl$1
 b did n argue4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ ^!      
defects1 he 01 z ,i h already said1     
sup]ior to all t came aft] him1 :e!r we 
reg>d ! v>iety ( 8 le>n+1 ! urbanity ( 8
 wit1 or ! vig\r ( 8 m9d4 ,i expect$ t  
,ap]1 aft] nam+ ?is orator1 w\ld h drawn
 up ! re/ ( 8 =ces 9 regul> ord]4 ,he   
has fall51 inde$1 ^u ,as9ius1 ,clius1 & 
,calvus2 b :]e are 8 *ampions to ent] ! 
li/s ) !m8 ,i imag9$ t he _h a phalanx 9
 res]ve1 & t we %\ld h se5 !m man by man
 giv+ battle to ,cic]o1 ,cs>1 & ! re/ 9 
succession4 ,he has s+l$ out "s ( !     
anci5ts1 b has br\ght none ( 8 mod]ns   
into ! field4 ,he ?\ght x en\gh to give 
!m a good "* 9 _! abs5ce4 ,9 ?is1       
p]haps1 he act$ ) prud5ce3 he 0 afraid1 
if he select$ a few1 t ! re/ ( ! tribe  
w\ld take (f5ce4 ,= among ! rhetoricians
 ( ! pres5t day1 is !re "o to be f\nd1  
:o does n1 9 8 own op9ion1 t[] above    
,cic]o1 ?\gh he has ! mode/y to yield to
 ,gab9ianus g8   ,,xxvii4 ,:at ,ap] has 
omitt$1 ,i int5d to p]=m4 ,i %all       

produce 8 mod]ns by "n1 to ! end t1 by  
plac+ ! example be=e our eyes1 we may be
 able1 m di/9ctly1 to trace ! /eps by   
:i* ! vig\r ( anci5t eloqu5ce has fall5 
to decay4 ,mat]nus int]rupt$ him4 ,i    
wi%1 he said1 t y w\ld come at once to !
 po9t3 we claim y\r promise4 ,!         
sup]iority ( ! anci5ts is n 9 "q4 ,we   
want no pro( ( x4 ,^u t po9t my op9ion  
is decid$4 ,b ! causes ( our rapid      
decl9e f anci5t excell5ce rema9 to be   
unfold$4 ,we "k t y h turn$ y\r ?\ghts  
to ?is subject1 & we expect$ f y a calm 
disquisition1 _h n ! viol5t attack :i*  
,ap] made ^u y\r fav\rite orators1 r\s$ 
y\r _s1 &1 p]haps1 giv5 y "s (f5ce4 ,f> 
f x1 repli$ ,messala2 he has giv5 me no 
(f5ce2 nor mu/ y1 my fri5ds1 take       
umbrage1 if at any "t a ^w %\ld fall f  
me1 n q agreeable to y\r way ( ?9k+4 ,we
 are engag$ 9 a free enquiry1 & y "k1 t1
 9 ?is k9d ( debate1 ! e/abli%$ law     
all[s e man to speak 8 m9d )\t res]ve4  
,t is ! law1 repli$ ,mat]nus2 y may     
proce$ 9 p]fect security4 ,:5 y speak ( 

! anci5ts1 speak ( !m ) anci5t fre$om1  
:i*1 ,i fe>1 is at a l[] ebb ?an ev5 !  
g5ius ( ^? em95t m54   ,,xxviii4        
,messala resum$ 8 disc\rse3 ,! causes ( 
! decay ( eloqu5ce are by no means      
difficult to be trac$4 ,!y are1 ,i      
believe1 well kn[n to y1 ,mat]nus1 &    
also to ,secundus1 n except+ my fri5d   
,ap]4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,i am n[1 at   
y\r reque/1 to unravel ! bus9ess4 ,b !re
 is no my/]y 9 x4 ,we "k t eloqu5ce1 ) !
 re/ ( ! polite arts1 has lo/ its =m]   
lu/re3 & yet1 x is n a de>? ( m51 or a  
decay ( tal5ts1 t has produc$ ?is fatal 
effect4 ,! true causes are1 !           
dissipation ( our "y m51 ! inatt5tion ( 
p>5ts1 ! ignorance ( ^? :o pret5d to    
give in/ruction1 & ! total neglect (    
anci5t discipl9e4 ,! mis*ief began at   
,rome1 x has ov]-run all ,italy1 & is   
n[1 ) rapid /rides1 spread+ ?r\gh !     
prov9ces4 ,! effects1 h[ev]1 are m      
visible at home1 & !re=e ,i %all conf9e 
myself to ! reign+ vices ( ! capital2   
vices t )] e virtue 9 ! bud1 & cont9ue  

_! baleful influ5ce ?r\gh e season (    
life4  ,b be=e ,i ent] on ! subject1 x w
 n be useless to look back to ! sy/em ( 
education t prevail$ 9 =m] times1 & to !
 /rict discipl9e ( our ance/ors1 9 a    
po9t ( s mu* mom5t z ! =mation ( y\?4 ,9
 ! times to :i* ,i n[ ref]1 ! son ( e   
family 0 ! legitimate (fspr+ ( a virtu\s
 "m4 ,! infant1 z soon z born1 0 n      
consign$ to ! mean dwell+ ( a hirel+    
nurse a1 b 0 re>$ & *]i%$ 9 ! bosom ( a 
t5d] p>5t4 ,to regulate all h\sehold    
affairs1 & att5d to h] infant race1 01  
at t "t1 ! glory ( ! female "*4 ,a      
matron1 relat$ to ! family1 & di/+ui%$  
by ! purity ( h] life1 0 *os5 to wat* ! 
progress ( ! t5d] m9d4 ,9 h] pres5ce n  
"o indec5t ^w 0 utt]$2 no?+ 0 done aga9/
 propriety & good mann]s4 ,! h\rs ( /udy
 & s]i\s employm5t 7 settl$ by h]       
direction2 & n only s1 b ev5 ! div]sions
 ( ! *ildr5 7 conduct$ ) mode/ res]ve & 
sanctity ( mann]s4 ,?us x 0 t ,cornelia 
b1 ! "m ( ! ,grac*i1 sup]9t5d$ !        
education ( h] illu/ri\s issue4 ,x 0 ?us

 t ,aurelia c tra9$ up ,julius ,cs>2 &  
?us ,atia d =m$ ! m9d ( ,augu/us4 ,!    
consequ5ce ( ?is regul> discipl9e 01 t !
 "y m9d grew up 9 innoc5ce1 un/a9$ by   
vice1 unw>p$ by irregul> passions1 &1 "u
 t culture1 receiv$ ! se$s ( sci5ce4    
,:atev] 0 ! peculi> bias1 :e!r to !     
milit>y art1 ! /udy ( ! laws1 or !      
pr(ession ( eloqu5ce1 t engross$ ! :ole 
att5tion1 & ! y\?1 ?us direct$1 embrac$ 
! entire compass ( "o fav\rite sci5ce4  
,,xxix4 ,9 ! pres5t age1 :at is our     
practice8 ,! infant is committ$ to a    
,greek *amb]maid1 & a slave or two1 *os5
 = ! purpose1 g5]ally ! wor/ ( ! :ole   
h\sehold tra92 all utt] /rang]s to e    
lib]al notion4 ,9 t wor%ipful society a 
! y\? gr[s up1 imbib+ folly & vulg>     
error4 ,?r\gh\t ! h\se1 n "o s]vant c>es
 :at he says or does b 9 ! pres5ce ( 8  
"y ma/]3 & inde$ h[ %\ld x be o!rwise8  
,! p>5ts !mselves are ! fir/ to give _! 
*ildr5 ! wor/ examples ( vice & luxury4 
,! /ripl+ consequ5tly loses all s5se (  
%ame1 & soon =gets ! respect he owes to 

o!rs z well z to himself4 ,a passion =  
horses1 play]s1 & gladiators c1 seems to
 be ! epidemic folly ( ! times4 ,! *ild 
receives x 9 8 "m's womb2 he br+s x )   
him into ! _w2 & 9 a m9d s possess$1 :at
 room = sci5ce1 or any g5]\s purpose8   
,9 our h\ses1 at our tables1 sports &   
int]ludes are ! topics ( conv]sation4   
,ent] ! places ( academical lectures1 & 
:o talks ( any o!r subject8 ,!          
preceptors !mselves h caught !          
contagion4 ,nor c ?is be wond]$ at4 ,to 
e/abli% a /rict & regul> discipl9e1 & to
 succe$ by giv+ pro(s ( _! g5ius1 is n !
 plan ( our mod]n rhetoricians4 ,!y pay 
_! c\rt to ! great1 &1 by s]vile        
adulation1 increase ! numb] ( _! pupils4
 ,ne$ ,i m5tion ! mann] ( convey+ ! fir/
 elem5ts ( s*ool le>n+8 ,no c>e is tak5 
to give ! /ud5t a ta/e = ! be/ au?ors d2
 ! page ( hi/ory lies neglect$2 ! /udy (
 m5 & mann]s is no "p ( _! sy/em2 & e   
bran* ( useful k is left uncultivat$4 ,a
 preceptor is call$ 91 & education is !n
 ?\ght to be 9 a fair way4 ,b ,i %all h 

occasion h]eaft] to speak m fully ( t   
class ( m51 call$ rhetoricians4 ,x w !n 
be se51 at :at p]iod t pr(ession fir/   
made its appe>ance at ,rome1 & :at      
reception x met ) f our ance/ors4       
,,xxx4 ,be=e ,i proce$1 let u adv]t = a 
mom5t to ! plan ( anci5t discipl9e4 ,!  
unwe>i$ dilig5ce ( ! anci5t orators1 _! 
habits ( m$itation1 & _! daily ex]cise 9
 ! :ole circle ( arts & sci5ces1 are    
amply display$ 9 ! books :i* !y h       
transmitt$ to u4 ,! treatise ( ,cic]o1  
entitl$ ,brutus a1 is 9 all our h&s4 ,9 
t "w1 aft] commemorat+ ! orators ( a =m]
 day1 he closes ! acc\nt ) ! p>ticul>s (
 8 own progress 9 sci5ce1 & ! me?od he  
took 9 educat+ himself to ! pr(ession ( 
oratory4 ,he /udi$ ! civil law "u b     
,mucius ,scvola2 he 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! v>i\s
 sy/ems ( philosophy1 by ,philo c ( !   
academic s*ool1 & by ,diodorus ! /oic2 &
 ?\gh ,rome1 at t "t1 ab\nd$ ) ! be/    
pr(essors1 he made a voyage to ,greece  
d1 & !nce to ,asia1 9 ord] to enri* 8   
m9d ) e bran* ( le>n+4 ,h5ce t /ore ( k 

:i* appe>s 9 all 8 writ+s4 ,geometry1   
music1 gramm>1 & e useful art1 7 famili>
 to him4 ,he embrac$ ! :ole sci5ce (    
logic e & e?ics4 ,he /udi$ ! op]ations (
 nature4 ,8 dilig5ce ( enquiry op5$ to  
him ! long *a9 ( causes & effects1 &1 9 
%ort1 ! :ole sy/em ( physiology 0 8 own4
 ,f a m9d ?us repl5i%$1 x is no wond]1  
my good fri5ds1 t we see 9 !            
compositions ( t extraord9>y man t      
afflu5ce ( ideas1 & t prodigi\s fl[ (   
eloqu5ce4 ,9 fact1 x is n ) oratory z ) 
! o!r arts1 :i* are conf9$ to c]ta9     
objects1 & circumscrib$ )9 _! own       
peculi> limits4 ,he alone des]ves ! "n (
 an orator1 :o c speak 9 a copi\s /yle1 
) ease or dignity1 z ! subject requires2
 :o c f9d language to decorate 8        
argum5t2 :o ?r\gh ! passions c comm& !  
und]/&+2 &1 :ile he s]ves mank9d1 kn[s  
h[ to delight ! judgem5t & ! imag9ation 
( 8 audi5ce4   ,,xxxi4 ,su* 01 9 anci5t 
times1 ! idea ( an orator4 ,to =m t     
illu/ri\s "*1 x 0 n ?\ght necess>y to   
declaim 9 ! s*ools ( rhetoricians a1 or 

to make a va9 p>ade 9 fictiti\s         
controv]sies1 :i* 7 n only void ( all   
reality1 b ev5 ( a %ad[ ( probability4  
,our ance/ors pursu$ a diff]5t plan3 !y 
/or$ _! m9ds ) j ideas ( moral good &   
evil2 ) ! rules ( "r & wrong1 & ! fair &
 f\l 9 human transactions4 ,^!1 on e    
controv]t$ po9t1 are ! orator's prov9ce4
 ,9 c\rts ( law1 j & unju/ und]go 8     
discussion2 9 political debate1 betwe5  
:at is exp$i5t & hon\rable1 x is 8 to   
draw ! l9e2 & ^? que/ions are s bl5d$ 9 
_! nature1 t !y ent] into e cause4 ,on  
su* important topics1 :o c hope to br+  
v>iety ( matt]1 & to dignify t matt] )  
/yle & s5tim5t1 if he has n1 be=eh&1    
enl>g$ 8 m9d ) ! k ( human nature8 ) !  
laws ( moral obligation8 ! de=mity (    
vice1 ! beauty ( virtue1 & o!r po9ts :i*
 d n imm$iately belong to ! !ory (      
e?ics8  ,! orator1 :o has enri*$ 8 m9d )
 ^! mat]ials1 may be truly said to h    
acquir$ ! p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,he :o kn[s 
! nature ( indignation1 w be able to    
k9dle or allay t passion 9 ! brea/ ( !  

judge2 & ! advocate :o has consid]$ !   
effect ( compassion1 & f :at secret     
spr+s x fl[s1 w be/ "k h[ to s(t5 ! m9d1
 & melt x into t5d]ness4 ,x is by ^!    
secrets ( 8 art t ! orator ga9s 8       
influ5ce4 ,:e!r he has to d ) !         
prejudic$1 ! angry1 ! envi\s1 !         
melan*oly1 or ! timid1 he c bridle _!   
v>i\s passions1 & hold ! re9s 9 8 own   
h&4 ,accord+ to ! disposition ( 8       
audi5ce1 he w "k :5 to *eck ! work+s ( !
 he>t1 & :5 to raise !m to _! full      
tumult ( emotion4  ,"s critics are      
*iefly pleas$ ) t close mode ( oratory1 
:i* 9 a laconic mann] /ates ! facts1 &  
=ms an imm$iate conclusion3 9 t case1 x 
is obvi\s h[ necess>y x is to be a      
complete ma/] ( ! rules ( logic4 ,o!rs  
delight 9 a m op51 free1 & copi\s /yle1 
:]e ! argum5ts are drawn f topics (     
g5]al k2 = ?is purpose1 ! p]ipatetic    
s*ool b w supply ! orator ) ample       
mat]ials4 ,! academic philosoph] c w    
inspire him ) w>m? & en]gy2 ,plato w    
give ! sublime1 & ,x5ophon t equal fl[  

:i* *>ms u 9 t amiable writ]4 ,!        
rhetorical figure1 :i* is call$         
exclamation1 s frequ5t ) ,epicurus d &  
,metrodorus1 w add to a disc\rse ^?     
sudd5 breaks ( passion1 :i* give motion1
 /r5g?1 & vehem5ce4  ,x is n = ! /oic   
s*ool1 nor = _! imag9>y wise man1 t ,i  
am lay+ d[n rules4 ,i am =m+ an orator1 
^: bus9ess x is1 n to adh]e to "o sect1 
b to g ! r\nd ( all ! arts & sci5ces4   
,accord+ly we f9d1 t ! great ma/] (     
anci5t eloqu5ce laid _! f\ndation 9 a   
?or\gh /udy ( ! civil law1 & to t fund  
!y add$ gramm>1 music1 & geometry4 ,!   
fact is1 9 mo/ ( ! causes t occur1      
p]haps 9 e cause1 a due k ( ! :ole sy/em
 ( jurisprud5ce is an indisp5sable      
requisite4 ,!re are likewise _m subjects
 ( litigation1 9 :i* an acqua9tance )   
o!r sci5ces is ( ! highe/ use4          
,,xxxii4 ,am ,i to be told1 t to ga9 "s 
slight in=mation on p>ticul> subjects1 z
 occasion may require1 w suffici5tly    
answ] ! purposes ( an orator8 ,9 answ]  
to ?is1 let x be obs]v$1 t ! application

 ( :at we draw f our own fund1 is v     
diff]5t f ! use we make ( :at we borr[4 
,:e!r we speak f dige/$ k1 or ! m]e     
sugge/ion ( o!rs1 ! effect is soon      
p]ceiv$4 ,add to ?is1 t conflux ( ideas 
) :i* ! diff]5t sci5ces enri* ! m9d1    
gives an air ( dignity to :atev] we say1
 ev5 9 cases :]e t dep? ( k is n        
requir$4 ,sci5ce adorns ! speak] at all 
times1 &1 :]e x is lea/ expect$1 conf]s 
a grace t *>ms e he>]2 ! man ( erudition
 feels x1 & ! unlett]$ "p ( ! audi5ce   
ackn[l$ge ! effect )\t kn[+ ! cause4 ,a 
murmur ( applause ensues2 ! speak] is   
all[$ to h laid 9 a /ore ( k2 he        
possesses all ! p[]s ( p]suasion1 & !n  
is call$ an orator inde$4  ,i take !    
lib]ty to add1 if we aspire to t        
hon\rable appellation1 t !re is no way b
 t :i* ,i h *alk$ out4 ,no man 0 ev] yet
 a complete orator1 &1 ,i affirm1 nev] c
 be1 unless1 l ! soldi] m>*+ to ! field 
( battle1 he ent]s ! =um arm$ at all    
po9ts ) ! sci5ces & ! lib]al arts4 ,is t
 ! case 9 ^! our mod]n times8 ,! /yle   

:i* we he> e day1 ab\nds ) colloquial   
b>b>isms1 & vulg> phraseology3 no k ( ! 
laws is he>d2 our municipal policy is   
:olly neglect$1 & ev5 ! decrees ( !     
s5ate are treat$ ) contempt & d]ision4  
,moral philosophy is disc>d$1 & ! maxims
 ( anci5t wisdom are unwor?y ( _!       
notice4 ,9 ?is mann]1 eloqu5ce is       
de?ron$2 %e is bani%$ f h] rightful     
dom9ions1 & oblig$ to dwell 9 ! cold    
regions ( anti!sis1 =c$ conceit1 & po9t$
 s5t5ces4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t %e1 :o 0  
once ! sov]eign mi/ress ( ! sci5ces1 &  
l$ !m z h&maids 9 h] tra91 is n[ depriv$
 ( h] att5dants1 r$uc$1 impov]i%$1 &1   
/ripp$ ( h] usual hon\rs 7,i might say (
 h] g5ius71 compell$ to ex]cise a m]e   
plebeian art4  ,& n[1 my fri5ds1 ,i ?9k 
,i h laid op5 ! effici5t cause ( !      
decl9e ( eloqu5ce4 ,ne$ ,i call         
witnesses to support my op9ion8 ,i "n   
,demo/h5es among ! ,greeks4 ,he1 we are 
assur$1 con/antly att5d$ a ! lectures ( 
,plato4 ,i "n ,cic]o among ! ,romans3 he
 tells u 7,i believe ,i c repeat 8      

words71 t if he atta9$ any degree (     
excell5ce1 he ow$ x1 n s mu* to !       
precepts ( rhetoricians1 z to 8         
m$itations 9 ! walks ( ! academic s*ool4
 ,i am aw>e t o!r causes ( our pres5t   
deg5]acy may be add$2 b t task ,i leave 
to my fri5ds1 s9ce ,i n[ may flatt]     
myself t ,i h p]=m$ my promise4 ,9 do+  
x1 ,i fe>1 t1 z (t5 happ5s to me1 ,i h  
incurr$ ! dang] ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,7 a c]ta9
 class ( m5 to he> ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h 
advanc$ 9 fav\r ( legal k & s\nd        
philosophy1 ,i %\ld expect to be told t 
,i h be5 all ! "t comm5d+ my own        
vision>y s*emes4   ,,xxxiii4 ,y w excuse
 me1 repli$ ,mat]nus1 if ,i take !      
lib]ty to say t y h by no means f9i%$   
y\r "p ( our enquiry4 ,y seem to h      
spread y\r canvas1 & to h t\*$ ! outl9es
 ( y\r plan2 b !re are o!r p>ts t /ill  
require ! col\r+ ( s ma/]ly a h&4 ,!    
/ores ( k1 ) :i* ! anci5ts enl>g$ _!    
m9ds1 y h fairly expla9$1 &1 9 contra/  
to t pleas+ picture1 y h giv5 u a true  
draught ( mod]n ignorance4 ,b we n[ wi% 

to "k1 :at 7 ! ex]cises1 & :at !        
discipl9e1 by :i* ! y\? ( =m] times     
prep>$ !mselves = ! hon\rs ( _!         
pr(ession4 ,x w n1 ,i believe1 be       
cont5d$1 t !ory1 & sy/ems ( art1 are (  
!mselves suffici5t to =m a g5u9e orator4
 ,x is by practice1 & by con/ant        
ex]tion1 t ! faculty ( spee* improves1  
till ! g5ius ( ! man exp&s1 & fl\ri%es 9
 its full vig\r4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 y w n    
d5y1 & my two fri5ds1 if ,i may judge by
 _! looks1 seem to give _! ass5t4 ,ap] &
 ,secundus agre$ )\t hesitation4        
,messala proce$$ z foll[s3 ,hav+1 z ,i  
conceive1 %ewn ! se$-plots ( anci5t     
eloqu5ce1 & ! f\nta9s ( sci5ce1 f :i* !y
 drew su* copi\s /reams2 x rema9s n[ to 
give "s idea ( ! lab\r1 ! assiduity1 & !
 ex]cises1 by :i* !y tra9$ !mselves to  
_! pr(ession4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve1 t 9 !    
pursuit ( sci5ce1 me?od & con/ant       
ex]cise are indisp5sable3 = :o c hope1  
)\t regul> att5tion1 to ma/] ab/ract    
s*emes ( philosophy1 & embrace ! :ole   
compass ( ! sci5ces8 ,k mu/ be graft$ 9 

! m9d by frequ5t m$itation a2 to t mu/  
be add$ ! faculty ( convey+ our ideas2  
&1 to make sure ( our impression1 we mu/
 be able to adorn our ?\ghts ) ! col\rs 
( true eloqu5ce4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t !  
same arts1 by :i* ! m9d lays 9 its /ock 
( k1 mu/ be /ill pursu$1 9 ord] to atta9
 a cle> & graceful mann] ( convey+ t k  
to o!rs4 ,?is may be ?\ght ref9$ & too  
ab/ruse4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are /ill to be  
told t sci5ce & elocution are ?+s 9     
!mselves di/9ct & unrelat$2 ?is1 at     
lea/1 may be assum$1 t he1 :o1 ) a fund 
( previ\s k1 und]takes ! prov9ce (      
oratory1 w br+ ) him a m9d well season$1
 & duly prep>$ = ! /udy & ex]cise ( real
 eloqu5ce4   ,,xxxiv4 ,! practice ( our 
ance/ors 0 agreeable to ?is !ory4 ,!    
y\?1 :o 0 int5d$ = public declamation1  
w5t =?1 "u ! c>e ( 8 fa!r1 or "s ne>    
relation1 ) all ! advantages (          
home-discipl9e2 8 m9d 0 exp&$ by ! f9e  
arts1 & impregnat$ ) sci5ce4 ,he 0      
conduct$ to ! mo/ em95t orator ( ! "t4  
,"u t illu/ri\s patronage he visit$ !   

=um2 he att5d$ 8 patron ^u all          
occasions2 he li/5$ ) att5tion to 8     
plead+s 9 ! tribunals ( ju/ice1 & 8     
public h>angues be=e ! p2 he he>d him 9 
! w>m? ( argum5t2 he not$ 8 sudd5       
replies1 & ?us1 9 ! field ( battle1 if  
,i may s express myself1 he le>n$ ! fir/
 rudim5ts ( rhetorical w>f>e4 ,!        
advantages ( ?is me?od are obvi\s3 ! "y 
c&idate ga9$ c\rage1 & improv$ 8        
judgem5t2 he /udi$ 9 op5 day1 amid/ !   
heat ( ! conflict1 :]e no?+ weak or idle
 c\ld be said ) impunity2 :]e e ?+      
absurd 0 in/antly rebuk$ by ! judge1    
expos$ to ridicule by ! adv]s>y1 &      
condemn$ by ! :ole b>4  ,9 ?is mann] !  
/ud5t 0 initiat$ 9 ! rules ( s\nd &     
manly eloqu5ce2 &1 ?\gh x be true1 t he 
plac$ himself "u ! auspices ( "o orator 
only1 he he>d ! re/ 9 _! turn1 & 9 t    
div]sity ( ta/es :i* always prevails 9  
mix$ assemblies1 he 0 enabl$ to di/+ui% 
:at 0 excell5t or defective 9 ! k9d4 ,! 
orator 9 actual bus9ess 0 ! be/         
preceptor3 ! in/ructions :i* he gave1 7 

liv+ eloqu5ce1 ! sub/ance1 & n ! %ad[4  
,he 0 himself a real combatant1 engag$ )
 a zeal\s antagoni/1 bo? 9 e>ne/1 & n l 
gladiators1 9 a mock conte/1 fight+ =   
prizes4 ,x 0 a /ruggle = victory1 be=e  
an audi5ce always *ang+1 yet always     
full2 :]e ! speak] _h 8 enemies z well z
 8 admir]s2 & betwe5 bo?1 :at 0         
brilliant met ) applause2 :at 0         
defective1 0 sure to be condemn$4 ,9 ?is
 cla% ( op9ions1 ! g5u9e orator fl\ri%$1
 & acquir$ t la/+ fame1 :i*1 we all "k1 
does n dep5d on ! voice ( fri5ds only1 b
 mu/ reb\nd f ! b5*es fill$ ) y\r       
enemies4 ,extort$ applause is ! be/     
suffrage4  ,9 t s*ool1 ! y\? (          
expectation1 su* z ,i h del9eat$1 0 re>$
 & educat$ by ! mo/ em95t g5ius ( !     
times4 ,9 ! =um1 he 0 enlight5$ by !    
exp]i5ce ( o!rs2 he 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! k ( !
 laws1 accu/om$ to ! eye ( ! judges1    
habituat$ to ! looks ( a num]\s audi5ce1
 & acqua9t$ ) ! popul> ta/e4 ,aft] ?is  
prep>ation1 he 0 call$ =? to conduct a  
prosecution1 or to take ^u himself !    

:ole weight ( ! def5ce4 ,! fruit ( 8    
application 0 !n se5 at once4 ,he 0     
equal1 9 8 fir/ outset1 to ! mo/ ardu\s 
bus9ess4 ,?us x 0 t ,crassus1 at ! age (
 n9ete5 a1 /ood =? ! accus] ( ,papirius 
,c>bo3 ?us ,julius ,cs>1 at "o & tw5ty1 
arraign$ ,dolabella2 ,as9ius ,pollio1   
ab\t ! same age1 attack$ ,caius ,cato2 &
 ,calvus1 b a little old]1 flam$ out    
aga9/ ,vat9ius4 ,_! sev]al spee*es are  
/ill extant1 & we all read !m )         
admiration4   ,,xxxv4 ,9 opposition to  
?is sy/em ( education1 :at is our mod]n 
practice8 ,our "y m5 are l$ a to        
academical prolusions 9 ! s*ool ( va9   
pr(essors1 :o call !mselves             
rhetoricians2 a race ( impo/ors1 :o made
 _! fir/ appe>ance at ,rome1 n long be=e
 ! days ( ,cic]o4 ,t !y 7 unwelcome     
visitors1 is evid5t f ! circum/ance ( _!
 be+ sil5c$ by ! two c5sors b1 ,crassus 
& ,domitius4 ,!y 7 ord]$1 says ,cic]o1  
to %ut up _! s*ool ( impud5ce4 ,^?      
sc5es1 h[ev]1 are op5 at pres5t1 & !re  
our "y /ud5ts li/5 to m\ntebank oratory4

 ,i am at a loss h[ to det]m9e :i* is   
mo/ fatal to all true g5ius1 ! place    
itself1 ! company t frequ5t x1 or ! plan
 ( /udy univ]sally adopt$4 ,c ! place   
impress ! m9d ) awe & respect1 :]e none 
are ev] se5 b ! raw1 ! unskilful1 & !   
ignorant8 ,9 su* an assembly :at        
advantage c arise8 ,boys h>angue be=e   
boys1 & "y m5 exhibit be=e _! fell[s4 ,!
 speak] is pleas$ ) 8 declamation1 & !  
he>] ) 8 judgem5t4 ,! v subjects on :i* 
!y display _! tal5ts1 t5d to no useful  
purpose4 ,!y are ( two sorts1 p]suasive 
or controv]sial4 ,! fir/1 suppos$ to be 
( ! light] k9d1 are usually assign$ to !
 y\nge/ s*ol>s3 ! la/ are res]v$ =      
/ud5ts ( long] practice & rip] judgem5t4
 ,b1 graci\s p[]s6 :at are !            
compositions produc$ on ^! occasions8   
,! subject is remote f tru?1 & ev5      
probability1 unlike any ?+ t ev] happ5$ 
9 human life3 & no wond] if !           
sup]/ructure p]fectly agrees ) !        
f\ndation4 ,x is to ^! sc5ic ex]cises t 
we owe a numb] ( frivol\s topics1 su* z 

! rew>d due to ! slay] ( a tyrant2 !    
election to be made by c violat$ virg9s2
 ! rites & c]emonies prop] to be us$    
dur+ a rag+ pe/il5ce2 ! loose behavi\r (
 m>ri$ wom52 ) o!r fictiti\s subjects1  
hackney$ 9 ! s*ools1 & seldom or nev]   
he>d ( 9 our c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,^! imag9>y
 que/ions are treat$ ) gaudy fl\ri%es1 &
 all ! tumor ( unnatural language4 ,b   
aft] all ?is mighty p>ade1 call ^!      
/ripl+s f _! s*ools ( rhetoric1 into !  
pres5ce ( ! judges1 & to ! real bus9ess 
( ! b> d3   #a4 ,:at figure w !y make   
be=e t solemn judicature8 ,tra9$ up 9   
*im]ical ex]cises1 /rang]s to !         
municipal laws1 unacqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples
 ( natural ju/ice & ! rights ( nations1 
!y w br+ ) !m t false ta/e :i* !y h be5 
= ye>s acquir+1 b no?+ wor?y ( ! public 
e>1 no?+ useful to _! cli5ts4 ,!y h     
succe$$ 9 no?+ b ! art ( mak+ !mselves  
ridicul\s4 ,! peculi> quality ( ! tea*] 
a1 :atev] x be1 is sure to transfuse    
itself into ! p]=mance ( ! pupil4 ,is ! 
ma/] haughty1 fi]ce1 & arrogant2 ! s*ol>

 swells ) confid5ce2 8 eye ?reat5s      
prodigi\s ?+s1 & 8 h>angue is an        
o/5tati\s display ( ! common-places (   
s*ool oratory1 dress$ up ) dazzl+       
spl5d\r1 & ?und]$ =? ) emphasis4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 does ! ma/] value himself = !   
delicacy ( 8 ta/e1 = ! fopp]y ( glitt]+ 
conceits & t9sel ornam5t2 ! y\? :o has  
be5 educat$ "u him1 sets out ) ! same   
artificial prett9ess1 ! same fopp]y (   
/yle & mann]4 ,a simp] plays on 8       
c\nt5ance2 8 elocution is s(t &         
delicate2 8 action pa!tic2 8 s5t5ces    
entangl$ 9 a maze ( sweet p]plexity2 he 
plays (f ! :ole ( 8 !atrical skill1 &   
hopes to elevate & surprise4   #b4 ,?is 
love ( f9]y1 ?is ambition to %9e &      
glitt]1 has de/roy$ all true eloqu5ce4  
,oratory is n ! *ild ( hirel+ tea*]s2 x 
spr+s f ano!r s\rce1 f a love ( lib]ty1 
f a m9d replete ) moral sci5ce1 & a     
?or\gh k ( ! laws2 f a due respect = !  
be/ examples1 f pr(\nd m$itation a1 & a 
/yle =m$ by con/ant practice4 ,:ile ^! 7
 ?\ght ess5tial requisites1 eloqu5ce    

fl\ri%$4 ,b ! true beauties ( language  
fell into disuse1 & oratory w5t to ru94 
,! _s evaporat$2 ,i fe>1 to revive no m4
 ,i wi% ,i may prove a false prophet1 b 
we "k ! progress ( art 9 e age & c\ntry4
 ,rude at fir/1 x rises f l[ beg9n+s1 & 
goes on improv+1 till x rea*es ! highe/ 
p]fection 9 ! k9d4 ,b at t po9t x is    
nev] /ation>y3 x soon decl9es1 & f !    
corruption ( :at is good1 x is n 9 !    
nature ( man1 nor 9 ! p[] ( human       
faculties1 to rise aga9 to ! same degree
 ( excell5ce4   #c4 ,messala clos$ ) a  
degree ( vehem5ce1 & !n turn+ to        
,mat]nus & ,secundus a1 ,x is y\rs1 he  
said1 to pursue ?is tra9 ( argum5t2 or  
if any cause ( ! decay ( eloqu5ce lies  
/ill deep]1 y w oblige u by br++ x to   
light4 ,mat]nus1 ,i presume1 w f9d no   
difficulty3 a poetic g5ius holds comm]ce
 ) ! gods1 & to him no?+ w rema9 a      
secret4 ,z = ,secundus1 he has be5 long 
a %9+ ornam5t ( ! =um1 & by 8 own       
exp]i5ce kn[s h[ to di/+ui% g5u9e       
eloqu5ce f ! corrupt & vici\s4 ,mat]nus 

he>d ?is sally ( 8 fri5d's good hum\r ) 
a smile4 ,! task1 he said1 :i* y h      
impos$ ^u u1 we w endeav\r to execute4  
,b ?\gh ,i am ! int]pret] ( ! gods1 ,i  
mu/ not)/&+ reque/ t ,secundus may take 
! lead4 ,he is ma/] ( ! subject1 &1 9   
que/ions ( ?is k9d1 exp]i5ce is bett]   
?an inspiration4   #d4 ,secundus a      
compli$ ) 8 fri5d's reque/4 ,i yield1 he
 said1 ! m will+ly1 z ,i %all haz>d no  
new op9ion1 b r confirm :at has be5 urg$
 by ,messala4 ,x is c]ta91 t1 z pa9t]s  
are =m$ by pa9t]s1 & poets by ! example 
( poets1 s ! "y orator mu/ le>n 8 art f 
orators only4 ,9 ! s*ools ( rhetoricians
 b1 :o ?9k !mselves ! f\nta9-head (     
eloqu5ce1 e ?+ is false & vitiat$4 ,!   
true pr9ciples ( ! p]suasive art are    
nev] kn[n to ! pr(essor1 or if at any "t
 !re may be f\nd a preceptor ( sup]ior  
g5ius1 c x be expect$ t he %all be able 
to transfuse into ! m9d ( 8 pupil all 8 
own conceptions1 pure1 unmix$1 & free f 
error8 ,! s5sibility ( ! ma/]1 s9ce we h
 all[$ him g5ius1 w be an imp$im5t3 !   

uni=mity ( ! same dull t$i\s r\nd w give
 him disgu/1 & ! /ud5t w turn f x )     
av]sion4 ,& yet ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t !
 decay ( eloqu5ce w\ld n h be5 s rapid1 
if o!r causes1 m fatal ?an ! corruption 
( ! s*ools1 _h n co-op]at$4 ,:5 ! wor/  
models became ! objects ( imitation1 & n
 only ! "y m5 ( ! age1 b ev5 ! :ole body
 ( ! p1 admir$ ! new way ( speak+1      
eloqu5ce fell at once into t /ate (     
deg5]acy1 f :i* no?+ c recov] x4 ,we1 :o
 came aft]w>ds1 f\nd ourselves 9 a      
hopeless situation3 we 7 driv5 to wret*$
 exp$i5ts1 to =c$ conceits1 & ! glitt] (
 frivol\s s5t5ces2 we 7 oblig$ to hunt  
aft] wit1 :5 we c\ld be no long]        
eloqu5t4 ,by :at p]nici\s examples ?is 0
 accompli%$1 has be5 expla9$ by our     
fri5d ,messala4   #e4 ,we are none ( u  
/rang]s to ^? unhappy times1 :5 ,rome1  
gr[n we>y ( h] va/ r5[n 9 arms1 began to
 ?9k ( /rik+ into new pa?s ( fame1 no   
long] will+ to dep5d on ! glory ( our   
ance/ors4 ,! :ole p[] ( ! /ate 0 c5tr$ 9
 a s+le rul]1 & by ! policy ( ! pr9ce1  

m5 7 taught to ?9k no m ( anci5t hon\r4 
,inv5tion 0 on ! /ret* = novelty1 & all 
look$ = some?+ bett] ?an p]fection2     
some?+ r>e1 f>-fet*$1 & exquisite4 ,new 
modes ( pleasure 7 devis$4 ,9 t p]iod ( 
luxury & dissipation1 :5 ! rage = new   
inv5tions 0 gr[n epidemic1 ,s5eca arose4
 ,8 tal5ts 7 ( a peculi> sort1 acute1   
ref9$ & poli%$2 b poli%$ to a degree t  
made him pref] affectation & wit to tru?
 & nature4 ,! pr$om9ance ( 8 g5ius 0    
great1 &1 by consequ5ce1 he gave !      
mortal /ab to all true eloqu5ce a4 ,:5  
,i say ?is1 let me n be suspect$ ( t l[ 
malignity :i* w\ld t>ni% ! fame ( a     
great "*4 ,i admire ! man1 & !          
philosoph]4 ,! undaunt$ firmness ) :i*  
he brav$ ! tyrant's fr[n1 w d immortal  
hon\r to 8 memory4 ,b ! fact is 7& :y   
%\ld ,i disguise x871 ! virtues ( !     
writ] h undone 8 c\ntry4   #f4 ,to br+  
ab\t ?is unhappy revolution1 no man 0 s 
em95tly qualifi$ a4 ,8 und]/&+ 0 l>ge & 
compreh5sive2 8 g5ius ri* & p[]ful2 8   
way ( ?9k+ +5i\s1 elegant1 & ev5 *>m+4  

,8 rese>*es 9 moral philosophy excit$ ! 
admiration ( all2 & moral philosophy is 
nev] s highly prais$1 z :5 ! mann]s are 
9 a /ate ( deg5]acy4 ,s5eca knew ! ta/e 
( ! times4 ,he _h ! art to gratify !    
public e>4 ,8 /yle is neat1 yet animat$2
 concise1 yet cle>2 famili>1 yet seldom 
inelegant4 ,free f r$undancy1 8 p]iods  
are (t5 abrupt1 b !y surprise by _!     
vivacity4 ,he %9es 9 po9t$ s5t5ces2 & t 
unceas+ p]secution ( vice1 :i* is kept  
up ) uncommon ard\r1 spreads a lu/re ov]
 all 8 writ+s4 ,8 brilliant /yle *>m$ by
 its novelty4 ,e page sp>kles ) wit1 )  
gay allusions1 & s5tim5ts ( virtue4 ,no 
wond] t ! graceful ease1 & sometimes !  
dignity ( 8 expression1 made _! way into
 ! =um4 ,:at pleas$ univ]sally1 soon    
f\nd a numb] ( imitators4 ,add to ?is ! 
advantages ( rank & hon\rs4 ,he mix$ 9 !
 spl5d\r1 & p]haps 9 ! vices1 ( ! c\rt4 
,! res5tm5t ( ,caligula1 & ! acts (     
oppression :i* soon aft] foll[$1 s]v$   
only to adorn 8 "n4 ,to cr[n all1 ,n]o 0
 8 pupil1 & 8 murd]]4 ,h5ce ! "* & g5ius

 ( ! man rose to ! highe/ em95ce4 ,:at 0
 admir$1 0 imitat$1 & true oratory 0    
he>d no m4 ,! love ( novelty prevail$1 &
 = ! dignifi$ simplicity ( anci5t       
eloqu5ce no ta/e rema9$4 ,! art itself1 
& all its necess>y discipl9e1 became    
ridicul\s4 ,9 t black p]iod1 :5 vice    
triumph$ at l>ge1 & virtue _h e ?+ to   
fe>1 ! temp] ( ! times 0 propiti\s to ! 
corruptors ( ta/e & lib]al sci5ce4 ,!   
dignity ( composition 0 no long] ( use4 
,x _h no p[] to /op ! torr5t ( vice :i* 
delug$ ! city ( ,rome1 & virtue f\nd x a
 feeble protection4 ,9 su* a conjuncture
 x 0 n safe to speak ! s5tim5ts ( !     
he>t4 ,to be obscure1 abrupt1 & d>k1 0 !
 be/ exp$i5t4 ,!n x 0 t ! affect$       
s5t5ti\s brevity came into vogue4 ,to   
speak concisely1 & ) an air (           
precipitation1 0 ! g5]al practice4 ,to  
"w ! ru9 ( a p]son accus$1 a s+le       
s5t5ce1 or a spl5did phrase1 0          
suffici5t4 ,m5 def5d$ !mselves 9 a %ort 
brilliant expression2 & if t did n      
protect !m1 !y di$ ) a lively apoph!gm1 

& _! la/ words 7 wit4 ,?is 0 ! fa%ion   
introduc$ by ,s5eca4 ,! peculi>1 b      
agreeable vices ( 8 /yle1 wr\ght !      
d[nfall ( eloqu5ce4 ,! solid 0 ex*ang$ =
 ! brilliant1 & !y1 :o ceas$ to be      
orators1 /udi$ to be +5i\s4   #g4 ,(    
late1 inde$1 we h se5 ! dawn ( bett]    
times4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ six ye>s      
,vespasian has reviv$ our hopes a4 ,!   
fri5d ( regul> mann]s1 & ! enc\rag] (   
anci5t virtue1 by :i* ,rome 0 rais$ to !
 highe/ p9nacle ( glory1 he has re/or$ !
 public peace1 & ) x ! bless+s ( lib]ty4
 ,"u 8 propiti\s influ5ce1 ! arts &     
sci5ces beg9 once m to fl\ri%1 & g5ius  
has be5 hon\r$ ) 8 munific5ce4 ,!       
example ( 8 sons b has help$ to k9dle a 
_s ( emulation4 ,we beheld1 ) pleasure1 
! two pr9ces add+ to ! dignity ( _!     
rank1 & _! fame 9 arms1 all ! grace &   
elegance ( polite lit]ature4 ,b x is    
fatally true1 t :5 ! public ta/e is once
 corrupt$1 ! m9d :i* has be5 w>p$1      
seldom recov]s its =m] tone4 ,?is       
difficulty 0 r5d]$ /ill m insurm\ntable 

by ! lic5ti\s _s ( our "y m51 & ! popul>
 applause1 t enc\rag$ ! false ta/e ( !  
times4 ,i ne$ n1 9 ?is company1 call to 
m9d ! unbridl$ presumption1 ) :i*1 z    
soon z g5u9e eloqu5ce expir$1 ! "y m5 ( 
! age took possession ( ! =um4 ,( mode/ 
wor? & anci5t mann]s no?+ rema9$4 ,we "k
 t 9 =m] times ! y\?ful c&idate 0       
introduc$ 9 ! =um by a p]son ( consul>  
rank c1 & by him set =w>d 9 8 road to   
fame4 ,t laudable cu/om be+ at an end1  
all f5ces 7 ?r[n d[n3 no s5se ( %ame    
rema9$1 no respect = ! tribunals (      
ju/ice4 ,! aspir+ g5ius want$ no        
patronage2 he scorn$ ! usual =ms ( a    
regul> introduction2 &1 ) full confid5ce
 9 8 own p[]s1 he obtrud$ himself on !  
c\rt4 ,nei!r ! solemnity ( ! place1 nor 
! sanctity ( laws1 nor ! importance ( ! 
oratorical "*1 c\ld re/ra9 ! impetuosity
 ( "y ambition4 ,unconsci\s ( !         
importance ( ! und]tak+1 & less s5sible 
( 8 own incapacity1 ! bold adv5tur] ru%$
 at once into ! mo/ ardu\s bus9ess4     
,arrogance suppli$ ! place ( tal5ts4    

#h4 ,to oppose ! torr5t1 t bore d[n e   
?+1 ! dang] ( los+ all fair & hone/ fame
 0 ! only circum/ance t c\ld af=d a ray 
( hope4 ,b ev5 t sl5d] f5ce 0 soon      
remov$ by ! arts ( a ,l>gius ,lic9ius4  
,he 0 ! fir/ t op5$ a new road to       
ambition4 ,he intrigu$ = fame1 & fill$ !
 b5*es ) an audi5ce suborn$ to applaud 8
 declamations4 ,he _h 8 circle r\nd him1
 & %\ts ( approbation foll[$4 ,x 0 ^u t 
occasion t ,domitius ,af] b emphatically
 said1 ,eloqu5ce is n[ at ! la/ gasp4 ,x
 _h1 inde$1 at t "t %ewn manife/        
symptoms ( decay1 b its total ru9 may be
 dat$ f ! introduction ( a m]c5>y b& c  
to flatt] & applaud4 ,if we except a    
*os5 few1 ^: sup]ior g5ius has n z yet  
be5 s$uc$ f tru? & nature1 ! re/ are    
foll[$ by _! p>tisans1 l actors on !    
/age1 subsi/+ altoge!r on ! b\ght       
suffrages ( mean & pro/itute hirel+s4   
,nor is ?is sordid traffic c>ri$ on )   
secrecy3 we see ! b>ga9 made 9 ! face ( 
! c\rt2 ! bribe is di/ribut$ ) z little 
c]emony z if !y 7 9 a private p>ty at ! 

orator's own h\se4 ,hav+ sold _! voices1
 ?is v5al crew ru% =w>d f "o tribunal to
 ano!r1 ! di/ributors ( fame1 & ! sole  
judges ( lit]>y m]it4 ,! practice is1 no
 d\bt1 disgraceful4 ,to br& x ) infamy1 
two new t]ms h be5 inv5t$ d1 "o 9 !     
,greek language1 import+ ! v5d]s (      
praise1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,lat9 idiom1        
signify+ ! p>asites :o sell _! applause 
= a supp]4 ,b s>ca/ic expressions h n   
be5 able to cure ! mis*ief3 ! applaud]s 
by pr(ession h tak5 c\rage1 & ! "n1 :i* 
0 int5d$ z a /roke ( ridicule1 is n[    
become an hon\rable appellation4   #i4  
,?is infam\s practice rages at pres5t ) 
increas+ viol5ce4 ,! p>ty no long]      
consi/s ( freeborn citiz5s2 our v slaves
 are hir$4 ,ev5 be=e !y arrive at full  
age1 we see !m di/ribut+ ! rew>ds (     
eloqu5ce4 ,)\t att5d+ to :at is said1 & 
)\t s5se en\gh to und]/&1 !y are sure to
 cr[d ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 :5ev] a raw "y  
man1 /ung ) ! love ( fame1 b )\t tal5ts 
to des]ve x1 obtrudes himself 9 ! "* (  
an advocate4 ,! hall res\nds )          

acclamations1 or r ) a k9d ( bell[+2 =  
,i "k n by :at t]m to express t savage  
upro>1 :i* w\ld disgrace a !atre4  ,^u !
 :ole1 :5 ,i consid] ^! infam\s         
practices1 :i* h br\ght s mu* di%on\r ^u
 a lib]al pr(ession1 ,i am f> f wond]+ t
 y1 ,mat]nus1 judg$ x "t to s\nd y\r    
retreat4 ,:5 y c\ld no long] att5d )    
hon\r1 y did well1 my fri5d1 to devote  
y\rself entirely to ! muses4 ,& n[1 s9ce
 y are to close ! debate1 p]mit me to   
reque/1 t1 besides unfold+ ! causes (   
corrupt eloqu5ce1 y w fairly tell u1    
:e!r y ent]ta9 any hopes ( bett] times1 
&1 if y d1 by :at means a re=mation may 
be accompli%$4   #aj4 ,x is true a1 said
 ,mat]nus1 t see+ ! =um delug$ by an    
inundation ( vices1 ,i 0 glad1 z my     
fri5d express$ x1 to s\nd my retreat4 ,i
 saw corruption ru%+ on ) ha/y /rides1  
too %ameful to be def5d$1 & too p[]ful  
to be resi/$4 ,& yet1 ?\gh urg$ by all  
^? motives1 ,i %\ld h>dly h r5\nc$ !    
bus9ess ( ! b>1 if ! bias ( my nature _h
 n incl9$ me to o!r /udies4 ,i balanc$1 

h[ev]1 = "s "t4 ,x 01 at fir/1 my fix$  
resolution to /& to ! la/ a poor remnant
 ( t integrity & manly eloqu5ce1 :i*    
/ill l+]$ at ! b>1 & %ew$ "s signs (    
life4 ,x 0 my int5tion to emulate1 n1   
inde$1 ) equal p[]s1 b c]ta9ly ) equal  
firmness1 ! bright models ( anci5t      
times1 &1 9 t c\rse ( practice1 to def5d
 ! =tunes1 ! dignity1 & ! innoc5ce ( my 
fell[-citiz5s4 ,b ! /rong impulse (     
incl9ation 0 n to be resi/$4 ,i laid d[n
 my arms1 & des]t$ to ! safe & tranquil 
camp ( ! muses4 ,b ?\gh a des]t]1 ,i h n
 q =got ! s]vice 9 :i* ,i 0 enli/$4 ,i  
hon\r ! pr(essors ( real eloqu5ce1 & t  
s5tim5t1 ,i hope1 w be always w>m 9 my  
he>t4   #aa4 ,9 my solit>y walks1 &     
mom5ts ( m$itation1 x (t5 happ5s1 t ,i  
fall into a tra9 ( ?9k+ on ! fl\ri%+    
/ate ( anci5t eloqu5ce1 & ! abject      
condition to :i* x is r$uc$ 9 mod]n     
times4 ,! result ( my reflections ,i    
%all v5ture to unfold1 n ) a _s (       
controv]sy1 nor yet dogmatically to     
en=ce my own op9ion4 ,i may diff] 9 "s  

po9ts1 b f a collision ( s5tim5ts x is  
possible t "s new light may be /ruck    
out4 ,my fri5d ,ap] w1 !re=e1 excuse me1
 if ,i d n1 ) him1 pref] ! false glitt] 
( ! mod]ns to ! solid vig\r ( anci5t    
g5ius4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n my int5tion
 to disp>age 8 fri5ds4 ,messala too1 :om
 y1 ,secundus1 h closely foll[$1 w =give
 me1 if ,i d n1 9 e ?+1 co9cide ) 8     
op9ion4 ,! vices ( ! =um1 :i* y h bo?1 z
 becomes m5 ( integrity1 attack$ )      
vehem5ce1 w n h me = _! apologi/4 ,b    
/ill ,i may be all[$ to ask1 h n y be5  
too mu* exasp]at$ aga9/ ! rhetoricians8 
,i w n say 9 _! fav\r1 t ,i ?9k !m equal
 to ! task ( reviv+ ! hon\rs ( eloqu5ce2
 b ,i h kn[n among !m1 m5 ( unblemi%$   
morals1 ( regul> discipl9e1 great       
erudition1 & tal5ts e way fit to =m !   
m9ds ( y\? to a j ta/e = sci5ce & !     
p]suasive arts4 ,9 ?is numb] "o 9       
p>ticul> a has lately %one =? ) sup]ior 
lu/re4 ,f 8 abilities1 all t is 9 ! p[] 
( man may fairly be expect$4 ,a g5ius l 
8 w\ld h be5 ! ornam5t ( bett] times4   

,po/]ity w admire & hon\r him4 ,& yet ,i
 w\ld n h ,secundus amuse himself )     
ill-gr\nd$ hopes3 nei!r ! le>n+ ( t mo/ 
excell5t man1 nor ! indu/ry ( su* z may 
foll[ him1 w be able to promote !       
int]e/s ( ,eloqu5ce1 or to e/abli% h]   
=m] glory4 ,x is a lo/ cause4 ,be=e !   
vices1 :i* h be5 s ably describ$1 _h    
spread a g5]al infection1 all true      
oratory 0 at an end4 ,! revolutions 9   
our gov]nm5t1 & ! viol5ce ( ! times1    
began ! mis*ief1 &1 9 ! end1 gave !     
fatal bl[4   #ab4 ,nor are we to wond]  
at ?is ev5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( human affairs 
!re is no /ability1 no?+ secure or      
p]man5t4 ,x is ) our m9ds z ) our       
bodies3 ! latt]1 z soon z !y h atta9$ _!
 full gr[?1 & seem to fl\ri% 9 ! vig\r (
 heal?1 beg91 f t mom5t1 to feel !      
gradual approa*es ( decay4 ,our         
intellectual p[]s proce$ 9 ! same mann]2
 !y ga9 /r5g? by degrees1 !y arrive at  
maturity1 &1 :5 !y c no long] improve1  
!y langui%1 droop1 & fade away4 ,?is is 
! law ( nature1 to :i* e age1 & e       

nation1 ( :i* we h any hi/orical        
records1 h be5 oblig$ to submit4 ,!re is
 besides ano!r g5]al law1 h>d p]haps1 b 
wond]fully orda9$1 & x is ?is3 nature1  
^: op]ations are always simple & uni=m1 
nev] suff]s 9 any age or c\ntry1 m ?an  
"o great example ( p]fection 9 ! k9d a4 
,?is 0 ! case 9 ,greece1 t prolific p>5t
 ( g5ius & ( sci5ce4 ,%e _h b "o ,hom]1 
"o ,plato1 "o ,demo/h5es4 ,! same has   
happ5$ at ,rome3 ,virgil /&s at ! head (
 8 art1 & ,cic]o is /ill unrivall$4     
,dur+ a space ( sev5 hundr$ ye>s our    
ance/ors 7 /ruggl+ to rea* ! summit (   
p]fection3 ,cic]o at l5g? arose2 he     
?und]$ =? 8 immortal en]gy1 & nature 0  
satisfi$ ) ! wond] %e _h made4 ,! =ce ( 
g5ius c\ld g no fur!r4 ,a new road to   
fame 0 to be f\nd4 ,we aim$ at wit1 &   
gay conceit1 & glitt]+ s5t5ces4 ,!      
*ange1 inde$1 0 great2 b x naturally    
foll[$ ! new =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,g5ius di$ )
 public lib]ty4   #ac4 ,we f9d t !      
disc\rse ( m5 always con=ms to ! temp] (
 ! times4 ,among savage nations a       

language is nev] copi\s4 ,a few words   
s]ve ! purpose ( b>b>ians1 & ^? are     
always unc\? & h>%1 )\t ! artifice (    
connection2 %ort1 abrupt1 & n]v\s4 ,9 a 
/ate ( poli%$ society1 :]e a s+le rul]  
sways ! sceptre1 ! p[]s ( ! m9d take a  
s(t] tone1 & language gr[s m ref9$4 ,b  
affectation foll[s1 & precision gives   
way to delicacy4 ,! j & natural         
expression is no long] ! fa%ion4 ,liv+ 9
 ease & luxury1 m5 look = elegance1 &   
hope by novelty to give a grace to      
adulation4 ,9 o!r nations1 :]e ! fir/   
pr9ciples ( ! civil union are ma9ta9$ 9 
vig\r2 :]e ! p live "u ! gov]nm5t (     
laws1 & n ! w ( man2 :]e ! _s ( lib]ty  
p]vades all ranks & ord]s ( ! /ate2 :]e 
e individual holds himself b\nd1 at !   
haz>d ( 8 life1 to def5d ! con/itution  
fram$ by 8 ance/ors2 :]e1 )\t be+ guilty
 ( an impi\s crime1 no man d>es to      
violate ! rights ( ! :ole community2 9  
su* a /ate1 ! national eloqu5ce w be    
prompt1 bold1 & animat$4 ,%\ld int]nal  
diss5sions %ake ! public peace1 or =eign

 enemies ?reat5 to invade ! l&1         
,eloqu5ce comes =? array$ 9 t]ror2 %e   
wields h] ?und]1 & comm&s all he>ts4 ,x 
is true1 t ^u ^? occasions m5 ( ambition
 endeav\r1 = _! own purposes1 to spread 
! flame ( s$ition2 :ile ! good & virtu\s
 comb9e _! =ce to quell ! turbul5t1 &   
repel ! m5aces ( a =eign enemy4 ,lib]ty 
ga9s new /r5g? by ! conflict1 & ! true  
patriot has ! glory ( s]v+ 8 c\ntry1    
di/+ui%$ by 8 val\r 9 ! field1 & 9      
debate no less t]rible by 8 eloqu5ce4   
#ad4 ,h5ce x is t 9 free gov]nm5ts we   
see a con/ellation ( orators4 ,h5ce     
,demo/h5es display$ ! p[]s ( 8 amaz+    
g5ius1 & acquir$ immortal hon\r4 ,he saw
 a quick & lively p1 dissolv$ 9 luxury1 
op5 to ! s$uctions ( weal?1 & ready to  
submit to a ma/]2 he saw a great &      
w>like mon>* ?reat5+ de/ruction to !    
lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry2 he saw t pr9ce at !
 head ( p[]ful armies1 r5[n$ = victory1 
possess$ ( an opul5t treasury1 =midable 
9 battle1 &1 by 8 secret arts1 /ill m s 
9 ! cab9et2 he saw t k+1 inflam$ by     

ambition & ! lu/ ( dom9ion1 det]m9$ to  
de/roy ! lib]ties ( ,greece4 ,x 0 t     
al>m+ crisis t call$ =? ! p[]s (        
,demo/h5es4 ,arm$ ) eloqu5ce1 & )       
eloqu5ce only1 he /ood z a bulw>k aga9/ 
a comb9ation ( enemies =eign & dome/ic4 
,he r\s$ 8 c\ntrym5 f _! le?>gy3 he     
k9dl$ ! holy flame ( lib]ty2 he         
c\nt]act$ ! ma*9ations ( ,philip1       
detect$ 8 cl&e/9e frauds1 & fir$ ! m5 ( 
,a!ns ) indignation4 ,to effect ^! g5]\s
 purposes1 & defeat ! policy ( a subtle 
enemy1 :at p[]s ( m9d 7 necess>y6 h[    
va/1 h[ copi\s1 h[ sublime6 ,he ?und]$ &
 light5$ 9 8 disc\rse2 he fac$ e dang] )
 undaunt$ resolution4 ,difficulties s]v$
 only to inspire him ) new ard\r4 ,!    
love ( 8 c\ntry gl[$ 9 8 he>t2 lib]ty   
r\s$ all 8 p[]s1 & ,fame held =? h]     
immortal wrea? to rew>d 8 lab\rs4 ,^! 7 
! f9e inc5tives t r\s$ 8 g5ius1 & no    
wond] t 8 m9d exp&$ ) va/ conceptions4  
,he ?\ght = 8 c\ntry1 &1 by consequ5ce1 
e s5tim5t 0 sublime2 e expression 0 gr& 
& magnific5t4   ,,xxxvi4 ,! true _s (   

g5u9e eloqu5ce a1 l an int5se fire1 is  
kept alive by fre% mat]ials3 e new      
commotion gives x vig\r1 & 9 proportion 
z x burns1 x exp&s & bright5s to a pur] 
flame4 ,! same causes at ,rome produc$ !
 same effect4 ,tempe/u\s times call$ =? 
! g5ius ( our ance/ors4 ,! mod]ns1 x is 
true1 h tak5 fire1 & rose above         
!mselves1 z (t5 z a quiet1 settl$1 &    
uni=m gov]nm5t gave a fair opportunity2 
b eloqu5ce1 x is c]ta91 fl\ri%es mo/ "u 
a bold & turbul5t democracy1 :]e !      
ambiti\s citiz51 :o be/ c m\ld to 8     
purposes a fi]ce & cont5ti\s multitude1 
is sure to be ! idol ( ! p4 ,9 !        
conflict ( p>ties1 t kept our ance/ors 9
 agitation1 laws 7 multipli$2 ! lead+   
*iefs 7 ! fav\rite demagogues2 !        
magi/rates 7 (t5 engag$ 9 midnight      
debate2 em95t citiz5s 7 br\ght to a     
public trial2 families 7 set at v>iance2
 ! nobles 7 split into factions1 & !    
s5ate wag$ incessant w> aga9/ ! p4 ,h5ce
 t flame ( eloqu5ce :i* blaz$ out "u !  
republican gov]nm5t1 & h5ce t con/ant   

fuel t kept ! flame alive4  ,! /ate1 x  
is true1 0 (t5 ?r[n into convulsions3 b 
tal5ts 7 ex]cis$1 & g5ius op5$ ! way to 
public hon\rs4 ,he :o possess$ ! p[]s ( 
p]suasion1 rose to em95ce1 & by ! arts  
:i* gave him popul>ity1 he 0 sure to    
eclipse 8 colleagues4 ,he /r5g!n$ 8     
int]e/ ) ! lead+ m51 & ga9$ weight &    
influ5ce n only 9 ! s5ate1 b 9 all      
assemblies ( ! p4 ,=eign nations b c\rt$
 8 fri5d%ip4 ,! magi/rates1 sett+ out = 
_! prov9ces1 made x _! bus9ess to       
+ratiate !mselves ) ! popul> speak]1 &1 
at _! return1 took c>e to r5ew _!       
homage4 ,! p[]ful orator _h no occasion 
to solicit = pref]m5t3 ! (fices ( prtor 
& consul /ood op5 to receive him4 ,he 0 
invit$ to ^? exalt$ /ations4 ,ev5 9 !   
rank ( a private citiz5 he _h a         
consid]able %>e ( p[]1 s9ce 8 au?ority  
sway$ at once ! s5ate & ! p4 ,x 0 9 ^?  
days a settl$ maxim1 t no man c\ld ei!r 
rise to dignities1 or support himself 9 
(fice1 )\t possess+1 9 an em95t degree1 
a p[] ( words1 & dignity ( language4    

,nor c ?is be a matt] ( wond]1 :5 we    
recollect1 t p]sons ( di/+ui%$ g5ius 71 
on v>i\s occasions1 call$ =? by ! voice 
( ! p1 & 9 _! pres5ce oblig$ to act an  
important "p4 ,eloqu5ce 0 ! rul+ passion
 ( all4 ,! reason is1 x 0 n !n suffici5t
 m]ely to vote 9 ! s5ate2 x 0 necess>y  
to support t vote ) /r5g? ( reason+1 & a
 fl[ ( language4 ,moreov]1 9 all        
prosecutions1 ! p>ty accus$ 0 expect$ to
 make 8 def5ce 9 p]son1 & to exam9e !   
witnesses c1 :o at t "t 7 n all[$ to    
speak 9 writt5 depositions1 b 7 oblig$  
to give _! te/imony 9 op5 c\rt4 ,9 ?is  
mann]1 necessity1 no less ?an !         
temptation ( bright rew>ds1 conspir$ to 
make m5 cultivate ! arts ( oratory4 ,he 
:o 0 kn[n to possess ! p[]s ( spee*1 0  
held 9 ! highe/ v5]ation4 ,! mute &     
sil5t "* fell into contempt4 ,! dread ( 
%ame 0 a motive n less p[]ful ?an !     
ambition t aim$ at hon\rs4 ,to s9k into 
! humiliat+ rank ( a cli5t1 in/ead (    
ma9ta9+ ! dignity ( a patron1 0 a       
degrad+ ?\ght4 ,m5 7 unwill+ to see !   

foll[]s ( _! ance/ors transf]r$ to o!r  
families = protection4 ,above all1 !y   
dread$ ! disgrace ( be+ ?\ght unwor?y ( 
civil hon\rs2 &1 if by intrigue !y      
atta9$ _! wi%es1 ! fe> ( be+ despis$ =  
incapacity 0 a spur to quick5 _! ard\r 9
 ! pursuit ( lit]>y fame & comm&+       
eloqu5ce4   ,,xxxvii4 ,i d n "k :e!r y h
 z yet se5 ! hi/orical memoirs :i*      
,mucianus a has collect$1 & lately      
publi%$1 conta9+1 9 elev5 volumes1 !    
transactions ( ! times1 &1 9 ?ree m1 !  
lett]s ( em95t m5 :o figur$ on ! /age ( 
public bus9ess4 ,?is portion ( hi/ory is
 well au!nticat$ by ! orig9al pap]s1    
/ill extant 9 ! libr>ies ( ! curi\s4 ,f 
?is valuable collection x appe>s1 t     
,pompey & ,crassus b ow$ _! elevation z 
mu* to _! tal5ts z to _! fame 9 arms2 & 
t ,l5tulus c1 ,metellus1 ,lucullus1     
,curio1 & o!rs ( t class1 took c>e to   
enl>ge _! m9ds1 & di/+ui% !mselves by _!
 p[]s ( spee*4 ,to say all 9 "o ^w1 no  
man1 9 ^? times1 rose to em95ce 9 !     
/ate1 :o _h n giv5 pro( ( 8 g5ius 9 !   

=um & ! tribunals ( ju/ice4  ,to ?is x  
may be add$1 t ! importance1 ! spl5d\r1 
& magnitude ( ! que/ions discuss$ 9 t   
p]iod1 s]v$ to animate ! public orator4 
,! subject1 beyond all d\bt1 lifts ! m9d
 above itself3 x gives vig\r to s5tim5t1
 & en]gy to expression4 ,let ! topic be 
a paltry !ft1 a dry =m ( plead+1 or a   
petty misdemeanor2 w n ! orator feel    
himself cramp$ & *ill$ by ! meanness ( !
 "q8 ,give him a cause ( magnitude1 su* 
z brib]y 9 ! election ( magi/rates1 a   
*>ge = plund]+ ! allies ( ,rome1 or !   
murd] ( ,roman citiz5s1 h[ diff]5t !n 8 
emotions6 h[ sublime ea* s5tim5t6 :at   
dignity ( language6 ,! effect1 x mu/ be 
admitt$1 spr+s f ! disa/]s ( society4 ,x
 is true1 t =m ( gov]nm5t1 9 :i* no su* 
evils occur1 mu/1 beyond all "q1 be     
all[$ to be ! be/2 b s9ce1 9 ! c\rse (  
human affairs1 sudd5 convulsions mu/    
happ51 my position is1 t !y produc$1 at 
,rome1 t flame ( eloqu5ce :i* at ?is h\r
 is s mu* admir$4 ,! m9d ( ! orator gr[s
 & exp&s ) 8 subject4 ,)\t ample        

mat]ials no spl5did oration 0 ev] yet   
produc$4 ,demo/h5es1 ,i believe1 did n  
owe 8 va/ reputation to ! spee*es :i* he
 made aga9/ 8 gu>dians d2 nor 0 x ei!r !
 oration 9 def5ce ( ,qu9ctius1 or t =   
,ar*ias ! poet1 t e/abli%$ ! "* (       
,cic]o4 ,x 0 ,catil9e1 x 0 ,v]res1 x 0  
,milo & ,m>k ,antony1 t spread s mu*    
glory r\nd him4  ,let me n be           
misund]/ood3 ,i d n say1 t = ! sake (   
he>+ a bright display ( eloqu5ce1 x is  
fit t ! public peace %\ld be di/urb$ by 
! ma*9ations ( turbul5t & lawless m54   
,b1 n to lose sight ( ! "q be=e u1 let x
 be rememb]$1 t we are enquir+ ab\t an  
art :i* ?rives & fl\ri%es mo/ 9         
tempe/u\s times4 ,x 71 no d\bt1 bett] t 
! public %\ld enjoy ! sweets ( peace1   
?an be h>ass$ by ! calamities ( w>3 b   
/ill x is w> t produces ! soldi] & great
 comm&]4 ,x is ! same ) ,eloqu5ce4 ,!   
(t5] %e is oblig$1 if ,i may s express  
x1 to take ! field1 ! m frequ5t !       
engagem5t1 9 :i* %e gives & receives    
alt]nate w\nds1 & ! m =midable h]       

adv]s>y2 ! m %e rises 9 pomp & gr&eur1 &
 returns f ! w>f>e ( ! =um cr[n$ )      
unfad+ laurels4 ,he1 :o enc\nt]s dang]1 
is ev] sure to w9 ! suffrages ( mank9d4 
,= su* is ! nature ( ! human m9d1 t1 9  
g5]al1 we *oose a /ate ( security =     
ourselves1 b nev] fail to gaze )        
admiration on ! man1 :om we see1 9 !    
conflict ( p>ties1 fac+ 8 adv]s>ies1 &  
surm\nt+ difficulties4   ,,xxxviii4 ,i  
proce$ to ano!r advantage ( ! anci5t    
=um2 ,i mean ! =m ( proce$+ & ! rules ( 
practice obs]v$ 9 ^? days4 ,our mod]n   
cu/om is1 ,i grant1 m conducive to tru? 
& ju/ice2 b t ( =m] times gave to       
eloqu5ce a free c>e]1 &1 by consequ5ce1 
great] weight & spl5d\r4 ,! advocate 0  
n1 z n[1 conf9$ to a few h\rs a2 he     
might adj\rn z (t5 z x suit$ 8          
conv5i5ce2 he might expatiate1 z 8 g5ius
 prompt$ him3 & ! numb] ( days1 l t ( ! 
sev]al patrons1 0 unlimit$4 ,pompey 0 ! 
fir/ :o circumscrib$ ! g5ius ( m5 )9    
n>r[] limits b4 ,9 8 ?ird consul%ip he  
gave a *eck to eloqu5ce1 &1 z x 71      

bridl$ its _s1 b /ill left all causes to
 be tri$ accord+ to law 9 ! =um1 & be=e 
! prtors4 ,! importance ( ! bus9ess1 :i*
 0 decid$ 9 t c\rt ( ju/ice1 w be       
evid5t1 if we comp>e x ) ! transactions 
be=e ! c5tumvirs c1 :o at pres5t h      
cognizance ( all matt]s :atev]4 ,we h n 
s mu* z "o oration ( ,cic]o or ,cs>1 (  
,brutus1 ,clius1 or ,calvus1 or any o!r 
p]son fam\s = 8 eloqu5ce1 :i* 0 deliv]$ 
be=e ! la/-m5tion$ jurisdiction1 except+
 only ! spee*es ( ,as9ius ,pollio d = ! 
heirs ( ,urb9ia4 ,b ^? spee*es 7 deliv]$
 ab\t ! middle ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 :51
 aft] a long peace ) =eign nations1 & a 
pr(\nd tranquillity at home1 t wise &   
politic pr9ce _h conqu]$ all opposition1
 & n only triumph$ ov] p>ty & faction1 b
 subdu$ eloqu5ce itself4   ,,xxxix4 ,:at
 ,i am go+ to say w appe>1 p]haps1 too  
m9ute2 x may bord] on ! ridicul\s1 &    
excite y\r mir?3 ) all my he>t2 ,i w    
haz>d x = t v reason4 ,! dress n[ 9 use 
at ! b> has an air ( meanness3 ! speak] 
is conf9$ 9 a close robe a1 & loses all 

! grace ( action4 ,! v c\rts (          
judicature are ano!r objection2 all     
causes are he>d1 at pres5t1 9 little    
n>r[ rooms1 :]e _s & /r5u\s ex]tion are 
unnecess>y4 ,! orator1 l a g5]\s /e$1   
requires lib]ty & ample space3 be=e a   
scanty tribunal 8 _s droops1 & !        
dullness ( ! sc5e damps ! p[]s ( g5ius4 
,add to ?is1 we pay no att5tion to /yle2
 & inde$ h[ %\ld we8 ,no "t is all[$ = !
 beauties ( composition3 ! judge calls  
^u y to beg91 & y mu/ obey1 liable1 at !
 same "t1 to frequ5t int]ruptions1 :ile 
docum5ts are read1 & witnesses exam9$4  
,dur+ all ?is =mality1 :at k9d ( an     
audi5ce has ! orator to invigorate 8    
faculties8 ,two or ?ree /raggl]s drop 9 
by *ance1 & to !m ! :ole bus9ess seems  
to be transact$ 9 solitude4 ,b ! orator 
requires a diff]5t sc5e4 ,he delights 9 
clam\r1 tumult1 & bur/s ( applause4     
,eloqu5ce mu/ h h] !atre1 z 0 ! case 9  
anci5t times1 :5 ! =um 0 cr[d$ ) ! fir/ 
m5 9 ,rome2 :5 a num]\s tra9 ( cli5ts   
press$ =w>d ) eag] expectation2 :5 ! p1 

9 _! sev]al tribes2 :5 ambassadors f !  
colonies1 & a great "p ( ,italy2 att5d$ 
to he> ! debate2 9 %ort1 :5 all ,rome 0 
int]e/$ 9 ! ev5t4 ,we "k t 9 ! cases (  
,cornelius1 ,scaurus1 ,milo1 ,be/ia1 &  
,vat9ius1 ! conc\rse 0 s great1 t ^?    
sev]al causes 7 tri$ be=e ! :ole body ( 
! p4 ,a sc5e s va/ & magnific5t 0 en\gh 
to inflame ! mo/ languid orator4 ,!     
spee*es deliv]$ ^u ^? occasions are 9 e 
body's h&s1 &1 by _! intr9sic excell5ce1
 we ( ?is day e/imate ! g5ius ( !       
respective au?ors4   ,,xl4 ,if we n[    
consid] ! frequ5t assemblies ( ! p1 & ! 
"r ( prosecut+ ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ! /ate2 
if we reflect on ! glory t sprung f !   
decl>$ ho/ility ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s       
*>act]s2 if we recollect1 t ev5 ,scipio1
 ,sylla1 & ,pompey1 7 n %elt]$ f ! /orms
 ( eloqu5ce1 :at a numb] ( causes %all  
we see conspir+ to r\se ! _s ( ! anci5t 
=um6 ,! malignity ( ! human he>t1 always
 adv]se to sup]ior *>act]s1 enc\rag$ !  
orator to p]si/4 ,! v play]s1 by s>ca/ic
 allusions to m5 9 p[]1 gratifi$ !      

public e>1 &1 by consequ5ce1 %>p5$ ! wit
 & acrimony ( ! bold declaim]4  ,ne$ ,i 
obs]ve to y1 t 9 all ,i h said1 ,i h n  
be5 speak+ ( t temp]ate faculty a :i*   
delights 9 quiet times1 support$ by its 
own integrity1 & ! virtues ( mod]ation8 
,i speak ( popul> eloqu5ce1 ! g5u9e     
(fspr+ ( t lic5ti\sness1 to :i* fools & 
ill-design+ m5 h giv5 ! "n ( lib]ty3 ,i 
speak ( bold & turbul5t oratory1 t      
inflam] ( ! p1 & con/ant companion (    
s$ition2 t fi]ce inc5di>y1 t kn[s no    
compliance1 & scorns to temporize2 busy1
 ra%1 & arrogant1 b1 9 quiet & well     
regulat$ gov]nm5ts1 utt]ly unkn[n4 ,:o  
ev] he>d ( an orator at ,crete or       
,lac$mon8 ,9 ^? /ates a sy/em ( rigor\s 
discipl9e 0 e/abli%$ by ! fir/ pr9ciples
 ( ! con/itution4 ,mac$onian & ,p]sian  
eloqu5ce are equally unkn[n4 ,! same may
 be said ( e c\ntry1 :]e ! plan (       
gov]nm5t 0 fix$ & uni=m4  ,at ,rhodes1  
inde$1 & also at ,a!ns1 orators exi/$   
)\t numb]1 & ! reason is1 9 ^?          
communities ! p direct$ e ?+2 a giddy   

multitude gov]n$1 &1 to say ! tru?1 all 
?+s 7 9 ! p[] ( all4 ,9 l mann]1 :ile   
,rome 0 engag$ 9 "o p]petual sc5e (     
cont5tion2 :ile p>ties1 factions1 &     
int]nal divisions1 convuls$ ! /ate2 no  
peace 9 ! =um1 9 ! s5ate no union (     
s5tim5t2 :ile ! tribunals ( ju/ice act$ 
)\t mod]ation2 :ile ! magi/rates knew no
 b\nds1 & no man paid respect to em95t  
m]it2 9 su* times x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t  
,rome produc$ a race ( noble orators2 z 
9 ! wild uncultivat$ field ! ri*e/      
vegetables w (t5 %oot up1 & fl\ri% )    
uncommon vig\r4 ,& yet x is fair to ask1
 ,c\ld all ! eloqu5ce ( ! ,grac*i atone 
= ! laws :i* !y impos$ on _! c\ntry8    
,c\ld ! fame :i* ,cic]o obta9$ by 8     
eloqu5ce1 comp5sate = ! tragic end to   
:i* x br\ght him b8   ,,xli4 ,! =um1 at 
pres5t1 is ! la/ sad relic ( anci5t     
oratory4 ,b does t epitome ( =m]        
greatness give ! idea ( a city s well   
regulat$1 t we may re/ cont5t$ ) our =m 
( gov]nm5t1 )\t wi%+ = a re=mation (    
abuses8 ,if we except ! man ( guilt1 or 

su* z lab\r "u ! h>d h& ( oppression1 :o
 resorts to u = our assi/ance8 ,if a    
municipal city applies = protection1 x  
is1 :5 ! inhabitants1 h>ass$ by !       
adjac5t /ates1 or r5t & torn by inte/9e 
divisions1 sue = protection4 ,! prov9ce1
 t addresses ! s5ate = a r$ress (       
grievances1 has be5 oppress$ & plund]$1 
be=e we he> ( ! compla9t4 ,x is true1 we
 v9dicate ! injur$1 b to suff] no       
oppression w\ld surely be bett] ?an to  
obta9 relief4 ,f9d1 if y c1 9 any "p ( !
 _w a wise & happy community1 :]e no man
 (f5ds aga9/ ! laws3 9 su* a nation :at 
c be ! use ( oratory8 ,y may z well     
pr(ess ! heal+ art :]e ill heal? is nev]
 kn[n4 ,let m5 enjoy bodily vig\r1 & !  
practice ( physic w h no enc\ragem5t4 ,9
 l mann]1 :]e sob] mann]s prevail1 &    
submission to ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t is !
 national virtue1 ! p[]s ( p]suasion are
 r5d]$ useless4 ,eloqu5ce has lo/ h]    
field ( glory4 ,9 ! s5ate1 :at ne$ (    
elaborate spee*es1 :5 all good m5 are   
already ( "o m9d8 ,:at occasion = /udi$ 

h>angues be=e a popul> assembly1 :]e !  
=m ( gov]nm5t leaves no?+ to ! decision 
( a wild democracy1 b ! :ole            
adm9i/ration is conduct$ by ! wisdom ( a
 s+le rul]8 ,& aga92 :5 crimes are r>e1 
& 9 fact ( no great mom5t1 :at avails ! 
boa/$ "r ( individuals to comm5ce a     
volunt>y prosecution8 ,:at necessity = a
 /udi$ def5ce1 (t5 compos$ 9 a /yle (   
vehem5ce1 artfully address$ to !        
passions1 & g5]ally /ret*$ beyond all   
b\nds1 :5 ju/ice is execut$ 9 m]cy1 & ! 
judge is ( himself dispos$ to succ\r !  
di/ress$8  ,believe me1 my v good1 & 7z 
f> z ! times w admit7 my eloqu5t fri5ds1
 _h x be5 y\r lot to live "u ! old      
republic1 & ! m5 :om we s mu* admire _h 
be5 res]v$ = ! pres5t age2 if "s god _h 
*ang$ ! p]iod ( !irs & y\r exi/5ce1 !   
flame ( g5ius _h be5 y\rs1 & ! *iefs (  
antiquity w\ld n[ be act+ ) m9ds subdu$ 
to ! temp] ( ! times4 ,^u ! :ole1 s9ce  
no man c enjoy a /ate ( calm            
tranquillity1 &1 at ! same "t1 raise a  
great & spl5did reputation2 to be cont5t

 ) ! b5efits ( ! age 9 :i* we live1 )\t 
detract+ f our ance/ors1 is ! virtue t  
be/ becomes u4   ,,xlii4 ,mat]nus       
conclud$ a 8 disc\rse4 ,!re h be51 said 
,messala1 "s po9ts advanc$1 to :i* ,i d 
n entirely acc$e2 & o!rs1 :i* ,i ?9k    
require f>!r explanation4 ,b ! day is   
well nigh sp5t4 ,we w1 !re=e1 adj\rn !  
debate4 ,be x z y ?9k prop]1 repli$     
,mat]nus2 & if1 9 :at ,i h said1 y f9d  
any ?+ n suffici5tly cle>1 we w adju/ ^?
 matt]s 9 "s future conf]5ce4 ,h]eupon  
he rose f 8 seat1 & embrac+ ,ap]1 ,i am 
afraid1 he said1 t x w f>e h>dly ) y1 my
 good fri5d4 ,i %all cite y to answ]    
be=e ! poets1 & ,messala w arraign y at 
! b> ( ! antiqu>ians4 ,& ,i1 repli$     
,ap]1 %all make reprisals on y bo? be=e 
! s*ool pr(essors & ! rhetoricians4 ,?is
 occasion$ "s mir? & raill]y4 ,we       
laugh$1 & p>t$ 9 good hum\r4   ,,end ,,(
 ,,! ,,dialogue4     ,,notes ,,on ,,!   
,,dialogue ,,conc]n+ ,,oratory4   ,!    
sc5e ( ! foll[+ ,dialogue is laid 9 !   
six? ye> ( ,vespasian1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hbh4  

,a4,d4 #ge4 ,! comm5tators are mu*      
divid$ 9 _! op9ions ab\t ! real au?or2 8
 "w !y all agree is a ma/]piece 9 ! k9d2
 writt5 ) ta/e & judgem5t2 ent]ta9+1    
pr(\nd1 & elegant4 ,b :e!r x is to be   
ascrib$ to ,tacitus1 ,qu9tilian1 or any 
o!r p]son :om !y _c "n1 is a "q ^u :i*  
!y h exhau/$ a /ore ( le>n+4 ,!y h giv5 
u1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 mu* controv]sy1 
& little decision4 ,9 ?is field (       
conjecture ,lipsius l$ ! way4 ,he       
publi%$1 9 #aegd1 ! fir/ good edition ( 
,tacitus1 ) em5dations ( ! text1 & n    
remov$2 he /ill rema9s 9 susp5se4 ,cum  
multa dix]im1 claudo tam5 omnia hoc     
responso2 ,,mihi ,,non ,,liqu]e4        
,gronovius ,pi*5a1 ,ryckius1 ,rh5anus1 &
 o!rs1 h ent]$ w>mly into ! dispute4 ,an
 elegant mod]n writ] has haz>d$ a new   
conjecture4 ,! la/ ( ,sir ,?omas        
,fitzosborne's ,lett]s is a k9d (       
preface to ,mr4 ,melmo?'s ,translation (
 ! ,dialogue be=e u4 ,he says2 ( all !  
conv]sation pieces1 :e!r anci5t or      
mod]n1 ei!r ( ! moral or polite k9d1 he 

kn[s n "o m elegantly writt5 ?an !      
little anonym\s ,dialogue conc]n+ ! rise
 & decl9e ( eloqu5ce among ! ,romans4   
,he calls x anonym\s1 ?\gh he is aw>e1 t
 x has be5 ascrib$ n only to ,tacitus & 
,qu9tilian1 b ev5 to ,suetonius4 ,!     
reasons1 h[ev]1 are s inconclusive1 t he
 is incl9$ to give x to ! y\ng] ,pl9y4  
,he ?9ks x p]fectly co9cides ) ,pl9y's  
age2 x is address$ to "o ( 8 p>ticul>   
fri5ds1 & is m>k$ ) simil> expressions &
 s5tim5ts4 ,b1 ) all due submission to  
,mr4 ,melmo?1 8 new c&idate _c long hold
 u 9 susp5se4 ,x appe>s 9 ! acc\nt ( !  
eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 :i*       
,pl9y's uncle lo/ 8 life4 ,a4,u4,c4     
#hcb4 ,a4,d4 #gi1 t ,pl9y 0 !n eighte5  
ye>s old1 &1 z ! ,dialogue 0 9 #hbh1 he 
c\ld !n be no m ?an f\rte52 a "t ( life1
 :5 he 0 nei!r fit to be admitt$ to a   
le>n$ debate1 nor capable ( und]/&+ x4  
,besides ?is1 two lett]s to 8 fri5d     
,,fabius are /ill extant2 "o 9 ! fir/   
book1 epi/4 #aa2 ! o!r1 book vii4 epi/4 
#b4 ,no m5tion ( ! ,dialogue occurs 9   

ei!r ( ^? lett]s1 nor 9 any o!r "p ( 8  
works2 a circum/ance1 :i* c\ld sc>ce h  
happ5$ to a writ] s t5d]ly anxi\s ab\t 8
 lit]>y "*1 if ! "w 9 "q _h be5 !       
production ( 8 "p4 ,broti]1 ! la/1 &1 x 
may be said1 ! be/ ( all ! editors (    
,tacitus1 is ( op9ion t a tract1 s      
beautiful & judici\s1 ought n1 )\t bett]
 reasons ?an h be5 z yet assign$1 to be 
adjudg$ f ,tacitus to any o!r writ]4 ,he
 relies mu* on ! fir/ edition1 :i* 0    
publi%$ at ,v5ice 7#adfh71 conta9+ ! la/
 six books ( ! ,annals 7! fir/ six n be+
 !n f\nd71 ! five books ( ! ,hi/ory1 & !
 ,dialogue1 intitl$1 ,cornelii ,taciti  
,equitis ,romani ,dialogus de           
,oratoribus cl>is4 ,!re 7 also 9 !      
,vatican1 manuscript copies ( !         
,dialogue de ,oratoribus4 ,9 #aeae1 :5 !
 six fir/ ,annals 7 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 a   
new edition1 "u ! patronage ( ,leo ,x4 0
 publi%$ by ,b]oaldus1 c>efully collat$ 
) ! manuscript1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 !
 ,flor5t9e ,libr>y4 ,^? e>ly au?orities 
prepond]ate ) ,broti] aga9/ all mod]n   

conjecture2 m especially1 s9ce ! age (  
,tacitus agrees ) ! "t ( ! ,dialogue4   
,he 0 f\r ye>s old] ?an 8 fri5d ,pl9y1  
&1 at eighte51 might prop]ly be all[$ by
 8 fri5ds to be ( _! p>ty4 ,9 two ye>s  
aft]w>ds 7,a4,u4 #hcj71 he m>ri$        
,agricola's daught]1 & he expressly     
says1 7,life ( ,agricola1 sect4 ix47 t  
he 0 !n a v "y man4 ,! argum5ts1 drawn  
by ! sev]al comm5tators f ! diff]5ce (  
/yle1 ,broti] ?9ks are ( no weight4 ,!  
/yle ( a "y au?or w naturally diff] f   
:at he has settl$ by practice at an     
advanc$ p]iod ( life4 ,?is has be5      
obs]v$ 9 _m em95t writ]s1 & 9 none m ?an
 ,lipsius himself4 ,8 language1 9 !     
outset1 0 easy1 fl[+1 & elegant2 b1 z he
 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 x became /iff1 abrupt1 
& h>%4 ,tacitus relates a conv]sation on
 a lit]>y subject2 & 9 su* a piece1 :o c
 expect to f9d ! /yle ( an hi/orian or  
an annali/8 ,= ^! reasons ,broti] ?9ks t
 ?is ,dialogue may1 ) good reason1 be   
ascrib$ to ,tacitus4 ,! translator ent]s
 no f>!r into ! controv]sy1 ?an to say1 

t 9 a case :]e c]ta9ty _c be obta9$1 we 
mu/ re/ satisfi$ ) ! be/ evid5ce !      
nature ( ! ?+ w admit4 ,! dispute is (  
no importance2 =1 z ,lipsius says1 :e!r 
we give ! ,dialogue to ,qu9tilian or to 
,tacitus1 no inconv5i5ce c arise4 ,:oev]
 0 ! au?or1 x is a p]=mance ( uncommon  
beauty4  ,be=e we close ?is             
introduction1 x w n be improp] to say a 
^w or two ab\t ,broti]'s ,supplem5t4 ,9 
! wreck ( anci5t lit]ature a consid]able
 "p ( ?is ,dialogue has p]i%$1 &1 by    
consequ5ce1 a *asm is left1 mu* to be   
lam5t$ by e read] ( ta/e4 ,to avoid !   
inconv5i5ce ( a brok5 context1 ,broti]  
has endeav\r$ to comp5sate = ! loss4    
,:at he has add$1 w be f\nd 9 ! progress
 ( ! "w2 & z x is execut$ by ! le>n$    
editor ) great elegance1 & equal        
probability1 x is hop$ t ! ins]tion ( x 
w be m agreeable to ! read]1 ?an a dull 
pause ( melan*oly regret4   ,section ,i4
  a ,ju/us ,fabius 0 consul ,a4,u4,c4   
#hfd1 ,a4,d4 #aaa4 ,b z he did n beg9 ! 
ye>1 8 "n does n appe> 9 ! ,,fa/i       

,,consul>es4 ,!re are two lett]s to him 
f 8 fri5d ,pl9y2 ! fir/1 lib4 i4 epi/4  
#aa2 ! o!r1 lib4 vii4 ep4 #b4 x is      
rem>kable1 t 9 ! la/1 ! au?or talks (   
s5d+ "s ( 8 writ+s = 8 fri5d's p]usal2  
quram quid potissimum ex nugis meis tibi
 exhibeam2 b n a ^w is said ab\t !      
decl9e ( eloqu5ce4   ,section ,,ii4  a  
,conc]n+ ,mat]nus no?+ is kn[n ) any k9d
 ( c]ta9ty4 ,dio relates t a sophi/1 ( t
 "n1 0 put to dea? by ,domitian1 = a    
s*ool declamation aga9/ tyrants3 b n "o 
( ! comm5tators v5tures to ass]t t he 0 
! ,curiatius ,mat]nus1 :o makes s       
conspicu\s a figure 9 ! ,dialogue be=e  
u4  b ,no m5tion is made ( ,m>cus ,ap]1 
ei!r by ,qu9tilian or ,pl9y4 ,x is      
suppos$ t he 0 fa!r ( ,m>cus ,flavius   
,ap]1 :o 0 sub/itut$ consul ,a4,u4,c4   
#hhc1 ,a4,d4 #acj4 ,8 oratorical "*1 & t
 ( ,secundus1 z we f9d !m drawn 9 ?is   
section1 are n unlike :at we are told by
 ,cic]o ( ,crassus & ,antonius4         
,crassus1 he says1 0 n will+ to be ?\ght
 de/itute ( lit]ature1 b he wi%$ to h x 

said ( him1 t he despis$ x1 & pref]r$ ! 
good s5se ( ! ,romans to ! ref9em5ts (  
,greece4 ,antonius1 on ! o!r h&1 0 (    
op9ion t 8 fame w\ld rise to great]     
magnitude1 if he 0 consid]$ z a man     
:olly illit]ate1 & void ( education4 ,9 
?is mann] !y bo? expect$ to increase _! 
popul>ity2 ! =m] by despis+ ! ,greeks1 &
 ! latt] by n kn[+ !m4 ,fuit hoc 9      
utroque eorum1 ut ,crassus non tam      
exi/im>i vellet non didicisse1 quam illa
 despic]e1 et no/rorum hom9um 9 omni    
g5]e prud5tiam ,grcis antef]re4         
,antonius autem probabiliorem populo    
orationem =e c5sebat suam1 si omn9      
didicisse nunquam put>etur2 atque ita se
 ut]que graviorem =e1 si alt] contemn]e1
 alt] ne nosse quidem ,grcos vid]etur4  
,cic]o ,de ,orat4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #a4  c  
,qu9tilian makes hon\rable m5tion (     
,julius ,secundus1 :o1 if he _h n be5   
prematurely cut (f1 w\ld h transmitt$ 8 
"n to po/]ity among ! mo/ celebrat$     
orators4 ,he w\ld h add$1 & he 0 daily  
do+ x1 :atev] 0 requisite to complete 8 

oratorical g5ius2 & all t c\ld be       
desir$1 0 m vig\r 9 argum5t1 & m        
att5tion to matt] & s5tim5t1 ?an to !   
*oice ( words4 ,b he di$ too soon1 & 8  
fame 01 9 "s degree1 int]cept$4 ,he has1
 not)/&+1 left a consid]able "n4 ,8     
diction 0 ri* & copi\s2 he expla9$ e ?+ 
) grace & elegance2 8 p]iods fl[$ ) a   
suavity t *>m$ 8 audi5ce2 8 language1 :5
 metaphorical1 0 bold1 yet accurate2 &1 
if he haz>d$ an unusual phrase1 he 0    
ju/ifi$ by ! en]gy ) :i* 8 mean+ 0      
convey$4 ,julio ,secundo1 si longior    
contigisset tas1 cl>issimum pr(ecto nom5
 oratoris apud po/]os =et4 ,adjecisset  
enim1 atque adjiciebat1 ct]is virtutibus
 suis1 quod desid]>i pote/2 id e/ autem1
 ut esset multo magis pugnax1 et spius  
ad curam r]um ab elocutione respic]et4  
,ct]um int]ceptus quoque magnum sibi    
v9dicat locum4 ,ea e/ facundia1 tanta 9 
explic&o1 quod velit1 gratia2 tam       
c&idum1 et l5e1 et speciosum dic5di     
g5us2 tanta v]borum1 etiam qu assumpta  
sunt1 proprietas2 tanta 9 quibusdam1 ex 

p]iculo petitis1 significantia4 ,qu9til4
 lib4 x4 s4 #a4 ,x is rem>kable1 t      
,qu9tilian1 9 8 li/ ( ,roman orators1   
has nei!r m5tion$ ,mat]nus1 nor ,m>cus  
,ap]4 ,! ,dialogue1 = t reason1 seems to
 be improp]ly ascrib$ to him3 m5 :o     
figure s mu* 9 ! enquiry conc]n+        
oratory1 w\ld n h be5 omitt$ by ! critic
 :o ?\ght _! conv]sation wor? record+4  
,section ,,iii4  a ,?ye/es 0 a common & 
popul> subject ( anci5t trag$y4         
,indignatur item privatis1 et prope     
socco      ,dignis c>m9ibus n>r>i co5a  
,?ye/4                     ,,horat4     
,,ars ,,poet4 v]4 #ij4  b ,x 0 ! cu/om (
 ! colonies & municipal t[ns1 to pay _! 
c\rt to "s great orator at ,rome1 9 ord]
 to obta9 8 patronage1 :5ev] !y %\ld h  
occasion to apply to ! s5ate = a r$ress 
( grievances4  c ,domitius 0 ano!r      
subject ( trag$y1 tak5 f ! ,roman /ory4 
,:o he 01 does n cle>ly appe>4 ,broti]  
?9ks x 0 ,domitius1 ! av[$ enemy (      
,julius ,cs>1 :o mov$ 9 ! s5ate = a law 
to recall t g5]al f ! comm& ( ! army 9  

,gaul1 &1 aft]w>ds1 on ! break+ out ( ! 
civil w>1 fell bravely at ! battle (    
,ph>salia4 ,see ,suetonius1 ,life (     
,n]o1 section #b4 ,su* a "* might furni%
 ! subject ( a trag$y4 ,! ,roman poets 7
 9 ! habit ( enri*+ _! drama ) dome/ic  
occurr5ces1 & ! practice 0 applaud$ by  
,horace4       ,nec m9imum m]ure decus1 
ve/igia ,grca      ,ausi des]]e1 et     
celebr>e dome/ica facta4                
,,ars ,,poet4 v]4 #bhf4       ,no pa? to
 fame our poets left untri$2      ,nor  
small _! m]it1 :5 ) consci\s pride      
,!y scorn'd to take f ,greece ! /ori$   
!me1      ,b d>'d to s+ _! own dome/ic  
fame4                                   
,,francis',s ,,horace4   ,section ,v4  a
 ,!re 7 at ,rome sev]al em95t m5 ( ! "n 
( ,bassus4 ,) reg>d to ! p]son "h call$ 
,saleius ,bassus1 ! comm5tators h n be5 
able to glean mu* in=mation4 ,"s h      
cont5d$ t x 0 to him ,p]sius address$ 8 
six? satire3       ,admovit jam bruma   
foco te1 ,basse1 ,sab9o4  ,b if we may  
believe ! old s*olia/1 8 "n 0 ,c,,sius  

,,bassus1 a mu* admir$ lyric poet1 :o 0 
liv+ on 8 own f>m1 at ! "t :5 ,m\nt     
,vesuvius dis*>g$ its torr5ts ( fire1 & 
made ! c\ntry r\nd a sc5e ( desolation4 
,! poet & 8 h\se 7 ov]:elm$ by !        
eruption ( ! lava1 :i* happ5$ ,a4,u4    
#hcb1 9 ! reign ( ,titus4 ,qu9tilian    
says ( him 7b4 x4 *ap4 #a471 t if aft]  
,horace any poet des]ves to be m5tion$1 
,csius ,bassus 0 ! man4 ,si quem adjic]e
 velis1 is erit ,csius ,bassus4 ,saleius
 ,bassus is m5tion$ by ,juv5al z an     
em95t poet 9 di/ress3                   
----,at ,s]rano t5uique ,saleio         
,gloria quantalibet quid erit1 si gloria
 tantum e/8                             
,,sat4 vii4 v]4 #hj4       ,b to poor   
,bassus :at avails a "n1      ,to />ve  
on complim5ts & empty fame6             
,,dryd5',s ,,juv5al4  ,qu9tilian says1  
he possess$ a poetic g5ius1 b s w>m &   
vehem5t1 t1 ev5 9 an advanc$ age1 8 _s 0
 n "u ! control ( sob] judgem5t4        
,vehem5s et poeticum +5ium ,,saleii     
,,bassi fuit2 nec ipsum s5ectute        

maturum4 ,?is passage af=ds an          
insup]able argum5t aga9/ ,lipsius1 & !  
re/ ( ! critics :o nam$ ,qu9tilian z a  
c&idate = ! hon\r ( ?is elegant         
composition4 ,c x be imag9$ t a writ] ( 
fair integrity1 w\ld 9 8 great "w speak 
( ,bassus z he des]v$1 & 9 ! ,dialogue  
ov]rate him beyond all proportion8      
,duplicity 0 n a "p ( ,qu9tilian's "*4  
b ,tacitus1 x may be presum$ ) good     
reason1 0 a dilig5t read] ( ,cic]o1     
,livy1 ,sallu/1 & ,s5eca4 ,he has1 9    
v>i\s p>ts ( 8 works1 co9cid5ces (      
s5tim5t & diction1 t pla9ly %ew ! s\rce 
f :i* !y sprung4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 :5 he
 calls eloqu5ce a buckl] to protect     
y\rself1 & a weapon to annoy y\r        
adv]s>y1 c anyone d\bt b he _h 8 eye on 
! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 ,cic]o de ,oratore8   
,quid autem tam necess>ium1 quam t5]e   
semp] arma1 quibus vel tectus ipse esse 
possis1 vel provoc>e integros1 et te    
ulcisci lacessitus8  c ,eprius ,m>cellus
 is (t5 a conspicu\s figure 9 ! ,annals 
& ! ,hi/ory ( ,tacitus4 ,to a bad he>t  

he unit$ ! gift ( eloqu5ce4 ,9 !        
,annals1 b4 xvi4 s4 #bh1 he makes a     
vehem5t spee* aga9/ ,ptus ,?rasea1 &    
aft]w>ds wr\ght ! de/ruction ( t        
excell5t man4 ,= t exploit1 he 0        
attack$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,vespasian's      
reign1 by ,helvidius ,priscus4 ,9 !     
,hi/ory 7book iv4 s4 #g & #h7 we see !m 
bo? engag$ 9 a viol5t cont5tion4 ,9 !   
foll[+ ye> 7#hbc71 ,helvidius 9 ! s5ate 
op5$ an accusation 9 =m2 b ,m>cellus1 by
 us+ 8 eloqu5ce z 8 buckl] & 8 (f5sive  
weapon1 0 able to w>d (f ! bl[4 ,he rose
 f 8 seat1 &1 ,i leave y1 he said1 ,i   
leave y to give ! law to ! s5ate3 reign1
 if y w1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pr9ce4 ,see
 ,hi/4 iv4 s4 #dc4 ,see also1 ,life (   
,agricola1 s4 #aa4 notes a & b4         
,section ,,vi4  a ,to be ri* & h no     
issue1 gave to ! p]son s circum/anc$ !  
highe/ consequ5ce at ,rome4 ,all ranks (
 m5 paid _! c\rt to him4 ,to disc\rage a
 life ( celibacy1 & promote population1 
,augu/us pass$ a law1 call$ ,papia      
,poppa1 :]eby ba*elors 7 subject$ to    

p5alties4 ,h5ce ! complim5t paid by     
,horace to 8 patron3       ,diva        
producas sobolem1 patrumque             
,prosp]es decreta sup] jug&is           
,foem9is1 prolisque nov f]aci           
,lege m>ita4                      ,,c>m5
 ,s,,cul>e4       ,br+ ! spr++ bir? to  
light1        ,& ) ev'ry g5ial grace    
,prolific ( an endless race1      ,oh6  
cr[n our v[s1 & bless ! nuptial rite4   
,,francis',s ,,horace4  ,b m>riage 0 n  
br\ght into fa%ion4 ,9 proportion to !  
rapid deg5]acy ( ! mann]s "u ! emp]ors1 
celibacy grew into respect2 insomu*1 t  
we f9d 7,annals xii4 s4 #eb7 a man too  
/rong = 8 prosecutors1 because he 0 ri*1
 old1 & *ildless4 ,valuitque pecunios   
orbitate et s5ect4  b ,! faculty (      
speak+ on a sudd5 "q1 ) unprem$itat$    
eloqu5ce1 ,qu9tilian says1 is ! rew>d ( 
/udy & dilig5t application4 ,! spee*1   
compos$ at leisure1 w (t5 want ! w>m? & 
en]gy1 :i* accompany ! rapid emotions ( 
! m9d4 ,! passions1 :5 r\s$ & animat$1 &
 ! images :i* pres5t !mselves 9 a gl[ ( 

en?usiasm1 are ! inspir]s ( true        
eloqu5ce4 ,composition has n always ?is 
happy effect2 ! process is sl[2 languor 
is apt to succe$2 ! passions subside1 & 
! _s ( ! disc\rse evaporates4 ,maximus  
v]o /udiorum fructus e/1 et velut prmium
 quoddam amplissimum longi laboris1 ex  
tempore dic5di facultas4 ,pectus e/ enim
 quod dis]tos facit1 et vis m5tis4 ,nam 
b5 concepti affectus1 et rec5tes r]um   
imag9es1 cont9uo impetu f]untur1 qu     
nonnunquam mor /ili refrigescunt1 et    
dilat won rev]tuntur4 ,qu9tilian4 lib4  
x4 cap4 #g4   ,section ,,vii4  a ,!     
translation is n q accurate 9 ?is place4
 ,! orig9al says1 :5 ,i obta9$ !        
laticlave1 & ! ,engli% calls x ! manly  
g[n1 :i*1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is n ! exact
 s5se4 ,! toga virilis1 or ! manly g[n1 
0 assum$1 :5 ! y\? came to man's e/ate1 
or ! age ( sev5te5 ye>s4 ,on t occasion 
! fri5ds ( ! "y man conduct$ him to !   
=um 7or sometimes to ! capitol71 & !re  
inve/$ him ) ! new g[n4 ,?is 0 call$    
dies tiroc9ii2 ! day on :i* he comm5c$ a

 tiro1 or a c&idate = pref]m5t 9 ! army4
 ,! laticlave1 0 an additional hon\r (t5
 grant$ at ! same "t4 ,! sons ( s5ators 
& patricians 7 entitl$ to t di/9ction1 z
 a matt] ( "r3 b ! "y m51 desc5d$ f su* 
z 7 n patricians1 did n we> ! laticlave1
 till !y ent]$ into ! s]vice ( !        
commonweal?1 & und]took ! functions ( ! 
civil magi/racy4 ,augu/us ,cs> *ang$ t  
cu/om4 ,he gave leave to ! sons (       
s5ators1 9 g5]al1 to assume ! laticlave 
pres5tly aft] ! "t ( putt+ on ! toga    
virilis1 ?\gh !y 7 n capable ( civil    
hon\rs4 ,! emp]ors :o succe$$1 all[$ !  
same privilege1 z a fav\r to illu/ri\s  
families4 ,ovid speaks ( himself & 8    
bro!r assum+ ! manly g[n & ! laticlave  
at ! same "t3       ,int]ea1 tacito     
passu lab5tibus annis1        ,lib]ior  
fratri sumpta mihique toga2             
,induiturque hum]is cum lato purpura    
clavo4  ,pl9y ! y\ng] %ews1 t !         
laticlave 0 a fav\r grant$ by ! emp]or  
on p>ticul> occasions4 ,he says1 he     
appli$ = 8 fri5d1 & succe$$3 ,ego ,sexto

 latumclavum a ,cs>e no/ro impetravi4   
,lib4 ii4 epi/4 #i4 ,! latusclavus 0 a  
robe worn by consuls1 prtors1 g5]als 9  
triumph1 & s5ators1 :o 7 call$          
laticlavii4 ,_! sons 7 admitt$ to ! same
 hon\r2 b ! emp]ors _h a p[] to be/[ ?is
 g>m5t ( di/9ction1 & all privileges    
belong+ to x1 ^u su* z !y ?\ght wor?y ( 
t hon\r4 ,?is is :at ,m>cus ,ap] says1 9
 ! ,dialogue1 t he obta9$2 &1 :5 !      
translation m5tions ! manly g[n1 !      
expression falls %ort ( ! speak]'s idea4
 ,daci] has giv5 an acc\nt ( !          
laticlave1 :i* has be5 well receiv$ by !
 le>n$4 ,he tells u1 t :atev] 0 made to 
be put on ano!r ?+1 0 call$ clavus1 n   
because x _h any resemblance to a nail1 
b because x 0 made an adjunct to ano!r  
subject4 ,9 fact1 ! clavi 7 purple      
galloons1 ) :i* ! ,romans bord]$ ! =e "p
 ( ! tunic1 on bo? sides1 & :5 drawn    
close toge!r1 !y =m$ an ornam5t 9 !     
middle ( ! ve/m5t4 ,x 01 = t reason1    
call$ by ! ,greeks1 ,greek3             
mesoporphuron4 ,! broad galloons made ! 

laticlave1 & ! n>r[ ! angu/iclave4 ,!   
laticlave1 ,daci] adds1 is n to be      
conf\nd$ ) ! prtexta4 ,! latt] 01 at    
fir/1 appropriat$ to ! magi/rates1 & !  
sac]dotal ord]2 b1 9 "t1 0 ext5d$ to !  
sons ( em95t families1 to be worn z a   
m>k ( di/9ction1 till ! age ( sev5te51  
:5 x 0 laid aside = ! manly g[n4 ,see   
,daci]'s ,horace1 lib4 i4 sat4 #e2 & see
 ,k5net's ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #cjf4 
b ,m>cus ,ap]1 ,julius ,secundus1 &     
,curiatius ,mat]nus1 accord+ to ,broti] 
& o!rs1 7 natives ( ,gaul4 ,ap] 7section
 x47 m5tions ! ,gauls z _! common       
c\ntrym53 ,ne quid de ,gallis no/ris    
loquamur4 ,if t 0 ! fact1 a new man at  
,rome w\ld h difficulties to surm\nt4   
,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7a ,lat9 hi/orian (
 ! f\r? c5tury7 says1 t at ,rome ! p    
despis$ e ?+ t did n gr[ be=e _! eyes )9
 ! walls ( ! city1 except ! ri* :o _h no
 *ildr52 & ! v5]ation paid to su* z _h  
no heirs 0 altoge!r incr$ible4 ,vile    
esse quidquid extra urbis pomrium       
nascitur1 /imant2 nec cr$i pote/ qua    

obsequiorum div]sitate coluntur hom9es  
s9e lib]is ,rom4 ,lib4 xiv4 s4 #e4 ,9   
su* a city a "y man & a /rang] c\ld n   
expect to be fav\r$4  c ,all causes ( a 
private nature 7 he>d be=e ! c5tumviri4 
,?ree 7 *os5 out ( e tribe1 & ! tribes  
am\nt$ to five & ?irty1 s t 9 fact #aje 
7 *os52 b1 = ! sake ( a r\nd numb]1 !y 7
 call$ ,,c5tumviri4 ,! causes t 7 he>d  
be=e t jurisdiction are enum]at$ by     
,cic]o1 ,de ,orat4 lib4 i4 s4 #ch4  d ,!
 translation says1 ! wills & codicils ( 
! ri*2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t ^?    
words convey ! mean+ ( ! text1 :i*      
simply says1 nec codicillis datur4 ,aft]
 due enquiry1 x appe>s t codicillus 0   
us$ by ! ,lat9 au?ors1 = :at we n[ call 
! lett]s pat5t ( a pr9ce4 ,codicils1 9 !
 mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 imply+ a supplem5t  
to a w1 7 unkn[n to ! int5t ,roman law4 
,! ,twelve ,tables m5tion te/am5ts only4
 ,codicils1 9 aid to wills1 7 fir/      
introduc$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us2 b1 :atev]  
_! op]ation 01 legacies grant$ by ^?    
additional writ+s 7 = "s "t ( no        

validity4 ,to confirm ?is1 we are told t
 ! daught] ( ,l5tulus dis*>g$ c]ta9     
legacies1 :i*1 be+ giv5 by codicil1 %e 0
 n b\nd to pay4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 codicils1 
z an addition made by ! te/ator to 8 w1 
grew into use1 & ! legacies !reby grant$
 7 confirm$4 ,?is might be ! case 9 !   
six? ye> ( ,vespasian1 :5 ! ,dialogue   
pass$ betwe5 ! p>ties2 b x is1 not)/&+1 
highly probable1 t ! ^w codicilli means1
 9 ! passage be=e u1 ! lett]s pat5t ( ! 
pr9ce4 ,x is us$ 9 t s5se by ,suetonius1
 :o relates1 t ,tib]ius1 aft] pass+ a   
night & two days 9 revell+ ) ,pomponius 
,flaccus & ,lucius ,piso1 grant$ to !   
=m] ! prov9ce ( ,syria1 & made ! latt]  
prefect ( ! city2 decl>+ !m1 9 ! pat5ts1
 pleasant companions1 & ! fri5ds ( all  
h\rs4 ,codicillis quoque jucundissimos  
et omnium hor>um amicos pr(essus4 ,suet4
 9 ,tib4 s4 #db4  e ,! common p are     
call$1 9 ! orig9al1 tunicatus populus2 t
 class ( m51 :o wore ! tunic1 & n !     
toga1 or ! ,roman g[n4 ,! tunica1 or    
close coat1 0 ! common g>m5t worn )9    

doors1 & abroad1 "u ! toga4 ,k5net says1
 ! prolet>ii1 ! capite c5si1 & ! re/ ( !
 dregs ( ! city1 c\ld n af=d to we> !   
toga1 & !re=e w5t 9 _! tunics2 :5ce     
,horace says 7lib4 i4 epi/4 #g74        
,vilia v5d5tem tunicato scruta popello4 
,! ,,toga1 h[ev]1 0 ! peculi> dress ( ! 
,roman p4 ,,virgil di/+ui%es 8 c\ntrym5 
by _! mode ( app>el3       ,romanos r]um
 dom9os1 g5temque togatam4  ,b1 ?\gh ?is
 0 ! ,roman habit1 ! l[] citiz5s 7      
oblig$ to appe> abroad is _! tunica1 or 
close g>m5t4 ,! love ( praise is s eag] 
a passion1 t ! public orator is "h      
repres5t$ z delight+ 9 ! applause ( !   
rabble4 ,p]sius1 ! satiri/1 has said !  
same ?+3       ,pul*rum e/ digito       
mon/r>i1 et dici]4 ,,hic ,,e/4          
,section ,,viii4  a ,! "* ( ,eprius     
,m>cellus has be5 already /at$1 section 
v4 note c4 ,crispus ,vibius is m5tion$ z
 a man ( weight & influ5ce1 ,annals1    
book xiv4 s4 #bh4 ,qu9tilian has m5tion$
 him to 8 advantage3 he calls him1 book 
v4 *ap4 #ac1 a man ( agreeable & elegant

 tal5ts1 vir +5ii jucundi et elegantis2 
& aga91 ,vibius ,crispus 0 di/+ui%$ by !
 elegance ( 8 composition1 & ! sweetness
 ( 8 mann]2 a man born to please1 b     
fitt] = private suits1 ?an = !          
importance ( public causes4 ,et ,,vibius
 ,,crispus1 compositus1 et jucundus1 et 
delectationi natus2 privatis tam5       
causis1 quam publicis1 melior4 ,lib4 x4 
cap4 #a4  b ,:i* ( ^! two m5 0 born at  
,capua1 & :i* at ,v]cell1 is n cle>ly   
express$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,eprius ,m>cellus1
 :o has be5 describ$ ( a prompt & d>+   
_s1 ready to emb>k 9 e mis*ief1 & by 8  
eloqu5ce able to give col\r to ! wor/   
cause1 mu/ at ?is "t h become a new man1
 s9ce we f9d him m5tion$ 9 ?is ,dialogue
 ) unb\nd$ praise4 ,he1 x seems1 &      
,vibius ,crispus 7 ! fav\rites at       
,vespasian's c\rt4 ,v]cell1 n[ ,v]ceil1 
0 situat$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,pi$mont4      
,capua1 r5d]$ fam\s by ,hannibal1 0 a   
city 9 ,campania1 always deem$ ! seat ( 
pleasure4  c ,vespasian is said to h be5
 :at is uncommon among sov]eign pr9ces1 

a pati5t he>] ( tru?4 ,8 att5tion to m5 
( lett]s may be consid]$ z a pro( ( t   
ass]tion4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y tells u1 t 8   
uncle1 ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 us$
 to visit ,vespasian be=e day-light1 &  
ga9$ admittance to ! emp]or1 :o devot$ 8
 nights to /udy4 ,ante lucem ibat ad    
,vespasianum imp]atorem3 nam ille quoque
 noctibus utebatur4 ,lib4 iii4 epi/4 #e4
   ,section ,,ix4  a ,agamemnon & ,jason
 7 two fav\rite dramatic subjects ) !   
,roman poets4 ,aft] _! example1 ! mod]ns
 seem to h be5 enam\r$ ) ^? two ,grecian
 h]oes4 ,rac9e has display$ ! =m]1 9 8  
trag$y ( ,iphig5ia1 & ! late ,mr4       
,?omson 9 a p]=mance ( great m]it1      
entitl$ ,agamemnon4 ,corneille1 &1 !    
late ,mr4 ,glov]1 ?\ght ,jason & ,m$ea  
wor?y ( _! tal5ts4  b ,saleius ,bassus  
has be5 already m5tion$1 s4 v4 note a4  
,x may be add$ 9 ?is place1 t ! critics 
( 8 "t concurr$ 9 giv+ him ! w>me/      
praise1 n only z a good & excell5t man1 
b also z an em95t & admirable poet4 ,he 
0 desc5d$ f a family ( di/9ction1 b 0   

poor & (t5 di/ress$4 ,:e!r he or ,csius 
,bassus 0 ! fri5d ( ,p]sius1 is n       
p]fectly cle>4 ,be ! fact z x may1 !    
satiri/ describes a f9e poet1 & 8 v]ses 
7 applicable to ei!r ( !m3       ,jamne 
lyr1 et tetrico vivunt tibi pect9e *ord8
      ,mire opifex num]is vet]um        
primordia r]um1      ,atque m>em        
/repitum fidis int5disse ,lat92         
,mox juv5es agit>e jocos1 et pollice    
hone/o      ,egregios lusisse s5es4     
,,p]sius1 sat4 vi4   c ,be=e ! inv5tion 
( pr9t+1 copies 7 n easily multipli$4   
,au?ors 7 eag] to enjoy _! fame1 & ! p5 
( ! transcrib] 0 sl[ & t$i\s4 ,public   
rehe>sals 7 ! road to fame4 ,b an       
audi5ce 0 to be drawn toge!r by int]e/1 
by solicitation1 & public adv]tisem5ts4 
,pl9y1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 has giv5 a      
lively description ( ! difficulties :i* 
! au?or _h to surm\nt4 ,?is ye>1 he     
says1 has produc$ poets 9 great         
abundance4 ,sc>ce a day has pass$ 9 !   
mon? ( ,april1 )\t ! recital ( a poem4  
,b ! great] "p ( ! audi5ce comes )      

reluctance2 !y loit] 9 ! lobbies1 & !re 
ent] into idle *at1 occasionally desir+ 
to "k1 :e!r ! poet is 9 8 pulpit8 has he
 begun8 is 8 preface ov]8 has he almo/  
f9i%$8 ,!y condesc5d$1 at la/1 to ent] !
 room2 !y look$ r\nd ) an air (         
indiff]5ce1 & soon retir$1 "s by /eal?1 
& o!rs ) op5 contempt4 ,h5ce ! great]   
praise is due to ^? au?ors1 :o d n suff]
 _! g5ius to droop1 b1 on ! contr>y1    
amid/ ! mo/ disc\rag+ circum/ances1 /ill
 p]si/ to cultivate ! lib]al arts4 ,pl9y
 adds1 t he himself att5d$ all ! public 
read+s1 &1 = t purpose1 /aid long] 9 !  
city ?an 0 usual ) him4 ,be+1 at l5g?1  
releas$1 he int5d$1 9 8 rural retreat1  
to f9i% a "w ( 8 own1 b n to read x 9   
public1 le/ he %\ld be ?\ght to claim a 
return ( ! civility :i* he _h %ewn to   
o!rs4 ,he 0 a be>]1 & n a cr$itor4 ,!   
fav\r conf]r$1 if r$em&$1 ceases to be a
 fav\r4 ,magnum prov5tum poet>um annus  
hic attulit4 ,toto m5se ,aprili nullus  
f]e dies1 quo non recit>et aliquis4     
,tametsi ad audi5dum pigre coitur4      

,pl]ique 9 /ationibus s$5t1 tempusque   
audi5dis fabulis cont]unt1 ac sub9de    
sibi nunti>i jub5t1 an jam recitator    
intrav]it1 an dix]it prfationem1 an ex  
magn p>te evolv]it librum8 ,tum demum1  
ac tune quoque l5t1 cunctant]que v5iunt1
 nec tam5 reman5t1 s$ ante f9em rec$unt2
 alii dissimulant]1 ac furtim1 alii1    
simplicit]1 ac lib]4 ,s$ tanto magis    
laud&i prob&ique sunt1 quos a scrib5di  
recit&ique /udio hc auditorum vel       
desidia1 vel sup]bia non ret>dat4       
,equidem prope nem9i defui3 8 ex causis 
longius1 quam de/9av]am1 tempus 9 urbe  
consumpsi4 ,possum jam repet]e secessum1
 et scrib]e aliquid1 quod non recitem1  
ne vide>1 quorum recitationibus affui1  
non auditor fuisse1 s$ cr$itor4 ,nam1 ut
 9 ct]is rebus1 ita 9 audi5di (ficio1   
p]it gratia si reposcatur4 ,pl9y1 lib4  
i4 ep4 #ac4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( lit]ature "u
 ! wor/ ( ! emp]ors4 ,! ,augu/an age 0  
ov]4 ,9 ! reigns ( ,tib]ius & ,caligula 
le>n+ droop$1 b 9 "s degree reviv$ "u ! 
dull & /upid ,claudius4 ,pl9y1 9 ! lett]

 above cit$1 says ( t emp]or1 t1 "o day 
he>+ a noise 9 8 palace1 he enquir$ :at 
0 ! cause1 &1 be+ in=m$ t ,nonianus 0   
recit+ 9 public1 w5t imm$iately to !    
place1 & became "o ( ! audi5ce4 ,aft] t 
"t lett]s met ) no enc\ragem5t f !      
great4 ,"l ,%aftesbury says1 he _c b    
wond] h[ ! ,romans1 aft] ! ext9ction ( !
 ,cs>ean & ,claudian family1 & a %ort   
int]val ( pr9ces rais$ & de/roy$ ) mu*  
disord] & public ru91 7 able to rega9 _!
 p]i%+ dom9ion1 & retrieve _! s9k+ /ate1
 by an aft]-race ( wise & able pr9ces1  
successively adopt$1 & tak5 f a private 
/ate to rule ! empire ( ! _w4 ,!y 7 m51 
:o n only possess$ ! milit>y virtues1 & 
support$ t sort ( discipl9e 9 ! highe/  
degree2 b z !y s\ght ! int]e/ ( ! _w1 !y
 did :at 0 9 _! p[] to re/ore lib]ty1 & 
raise aga9 ! p]i%+ arts1 & ! decay$     
virtue ( mank9d4 ,b ! season 0 pa/3     
b>b>ity & go?icism 7 already ent]$ into 
! arts1 ere ! savages made an impression
 on ! empire4 ,see ,advice to an ,au?or1
 "p4 ii4 s4 #a4 ,! go?icism1 h9t$ at by 

,%aftesbury1 appe>s manife/ly 9 ! wret*$
 situation to :i* ! be/ au?ors 7 r$uc$4 
,! poets :o c\ld n hope to procure an   
audi5ce1 haunt$ ! ba?s & public walks1 9
 ord] to fa/5 on _! fri5ds1 &1 at any   
rate1 obta9 a he>+ = _! works4 ,juv5al  
says1 ! plantations & m>ble columns (   
,julius ,fronto res\nd$ ) ! vocif]ation 
( recit+ poets3       ,frontonis platani
 convulsaque m>mora clamant      ,semp]1
 et assiduo rupt lectore column4        
,expectes eadem a summo m9imoque poet4  
,,sat4 i4 v]4 #ab4  ,! same au?or       
obs]ves1 t ! poet1 :o aspir$ to lit]>y  
fame1 might borr[ an h\se = ! purpose ( 
a public read+2 & ! great man :o        
accommodat$ ! writ]1 might arrange 8    
fri5ds & fre$m5 on ! back seats1 )      
direction n to be sp>+ ( _! applause2 b 
/ill a /age or pulpit1 ) conv5i5t b5*es1
 0 to be procur$1 & t exp5ce ! patrons (
 lett]s w\ld n supply4                  
----,at si dulc$9e fam      ,cont5tus   
recites1 ,maculonus commodat des4       
,scit d>e lib]tos extrem 9 p>te s$5tes  

,ord9is1 et magnas comitum dispon]e     
voces4      ,nemo dabit proc]um1 quanti 
subsellia con/5t4                       
,,sat4 vii4 v]4 #ci4  ,/atius1 9        
,juv5al's "t1 0 a fav\rite poet4 ,if he 
ann\nc$ a read+1 8 auditors w5t 9 cr[ds4
 ,he delight$ all degrees & ranks ( m52 
b1 :5 ! h\r ( applause 0 ov]1 ! au?or 0 
oblig$ to sell a trag$y to ,p>is1 !     
fam\s actor1 9 ord] to procure a d9n]1  
,curritur ad vocem jucundam1 et c>m5    
amic8      ,!baidos1 ltam fecit cum     
,/atius urbem8      ,promisitque diem3  
tant dulc$9e vulgi      ,auditur2 s$ cum
 fregit subsellia v]su1      ,esurit1   
intactam ,p>idi nisi v5dit ,agav54      
,,sat4 vii4 v]4 #hb4  ,?is 0 ! h>d lot (
 poetry1 & ?is ! /ate ( public read+1   
:i* ,ap] describes to 8 fri5d ,mat]nus4 
,section ,x4  a ,horace has ! same      
obs]vation3                             
----,m$iocribus esse poetis      ,non   
,dii1 non hom9es1 non concess]e column4 
,,art ,,( ,,poetry1 v]4 #cgb4       ,b  
,god & man1 & lett]'d po/ d5ies1      ,t

 poets ev] are ( middl+ size4           
,,francis',s ,,horace4  b ,not)/&+ all t
 is said1 9 ?is ,dialogue1 ( ,saleius   
,bassus1 x does n appe>1 9 ! judgem5t ( 
,qu9tilian1 t he 0 a poet ^: fame c\ld  
ext5d itself to ! di/ant prov9ces4      
,p]fection 9 ! k9d is necess>y4 ,livy1 !
 hi/orian1 0 at ! head ( 8 pr(ession4 ,9
 consequ5ce ( 8 va/ reputation1 we "k f 
,pl9y1 ! consul1 t a native ( ! city (  
,cadiz 0 s /ruck ) ! "* ( t great writ]1
 t he made a j\rney to ,rome1 ) no o!r  
int5t ?an to see t celebrat$ g5ius2 &   
hav+ gratifi$ 8 curiosity1 )\t /ay+ to  
view ! wond]s ( t magnific5t city1      
return$ home p]fectly satisfi$4         
,nunquamne legi/i ,gaditanum quemdam    
,titi ,livii nom9e glorique commotum1 ad
 vis5dum eum ab ultimo t]r>um orbe      
v5isse2 /atimque1 ut vid]at1 abiisse8   
,lib4 ii4 epi/4 #c4  c ,9 ,hom] &       
,virgil1 z well z 9 ! dramatic poets ( !
 fir/ ord]1 we frequ5tly h passages (   
real eloqu5ce1 ) ! diff]5ce :i*         
,qu9tilian m5tions3 ! poet1 he says1 is 

a slave to ! measure ( 8 v]se2 &1 n be+ 
able at all times to make use ( ! true &
 prop] ^w1 he is oblig$ to quit !       
natural & easy way ( expression1 & avail
 himself ( new modes & turns (          
phraseology1 su* z tropes1 & metaphors1 
) ! lib]ty ( transpos+ words1 & l5g!n+  
or %ort5+ syllables z he sees occasion4 
,quod alligati ad c]tam p$um            
necessitatem non semp] propriis uti     
poss9t1 s$ depulsi a rect vi1 necess>io 
ad qudam div]ticula confugiant2 nec     
mut>e qudam modo v]ba1 s$ ext5d]e1      
corrip]e1 conv]t]e1 divid]e cogantur4   
,qu9t1 lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,! speak] 9 !   
,dialogue is aw>e ( ?is di/9ction1 &1   
subject to x1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( poetry  
are ) him s _m diff]5t modes ( eloqu5ce4
  d ,! orig9al has1 ! citadel (         
eloqu5ce1 :i* calls to m9d an admir$    
passage 9 ,lucretius3       ,s$ nil     
dulcius e/ b5e quam munita t5]e         
,edita doctr9 sapi5tum templa s]5a1     
,despic]e unde queas alios1 passimque   
vid]e      ,err>e1 atque viam pallantes 

qur]e vit4                              
,lib4 ii4 v]4 #g4  e ,x is a fact well  
kn[n1 t 9 ,greece ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( bo? 
sexes ?\ght x hon\rable to ex]cise      
!mselves 9 ! exhibitions ( ! !atre1 &   
ev5 to appe> 9 ! a?letic games4 ,plut>*1
 x is true1 w h x1 t all sc5ic arts 7   
prohibit$ at ,sp>ta by ! laws (         
,lycurgus2 & yet ,cornelius ,nepos      
assures u1 t no ,lac$monian matron1     
h[ev] high h] quality1 0 a%am$ to act = 
hire on ! public /age4 ,he adds1 t      
?r\gh\t ,greece1 x 0 deem$ ! highe/     
hon\r to obta9 ! prize 9 ! ,olympic     
games1 & no man blu%$ to be a p]=m] 9   
plays & pantomimes1 & give himself a    
spectacle to ! p4 ,nulla ,lac$moni tam  
e/ nobilis vidua1 qu non 9 sc5am eat    
m]c$e conducta4 ,magnis 9 laudibus tot  
fuit ,grci1 victorem ,olympi cit>i4 ,9  
sc5am v]o prodire1 et populo esse       
spectaculo nem9i 9 iisdem g5tibus fuit  
turpitud9i4 ,cor4 ,nep4 9 ,prfat4 ,x    
appe>s1 h[ev]1 f a /ory told by lian &  
cit$ by ,%aftesbury1 ,advice to an      

,au?or1 "p ii4 s4 #c1 t ! ,greek wom5 7 
by law exclud$ f ! ,olympic games4      
,:oev] 0 f\nd to transgress1 or ev5 to  
cross ! riv] ,alpheus1 dur+ !           
celebration ( t great spectacle1 0      
liable to be ?r[n f a rock4 ,!          
consequ5ce 01 t n "o female 0 detect$1  
except ,callipatria1 or1 z o!rs call$   
h]1 ,ph]5ic4 ,?is woman1 disguis$ 9 !   
habit ( a tea*] ( gymna/ic ex]cises1    
introduc$ h] son1 ,pisidorus1 to cont5d 
= ! victor's prize4 ,h] son succe$$4    
,transport$ ) joy at a sight s glori\s1 
! "m ov]leap$ ! f5ce1 :i* enclos$ !     
magi/rates1 &1 9 ! viol5ce ( t ex]tion1 
let fall h] g>m5t4 ,%e 01 by consequ5ce1
 kn[n to be a woman1 b absolv$ f all    
crim9ality4 ,= t mild & equitable       
s5t5ce1 %e 0 indebt$ to ! m]it ( h]     
fa!r1 h] bro!rs1 & h] son1 :o all obta9$
 ! victor's cr[n4 ,! incid5t1 h[ev]1    
gave bir? to a new law1 :]eby x 0       
enact$1 t ! ma/]s ( ! gymna/ic art %\ld1
 = ! future1 come nak$ to ! ,olympic    
games4 lian lib4 x4 cap4 #a2 & see      

,pausanias1 lib4 v4 cap4 #f4  f         
,nico/ratus is prais$ by ,pausanias     
7lib4 v4 cap4 #bj71 z a great ma/] ( !  
a?letic arts4 ,qu9tilian has also       
record$ 8 pr[ess4 ,nico/ratus1 :om 9 our
 y\? we saw advanc$ 9 ye>s1 w\ld in/ruct
 8 pupil 9 e bran* ( 8 art1 & make him1 
:at he 0 himself1 an inv9cible *ampion4 
,inv9cible he 01 s9ce1 on "o & ! same   
day1 he ent]$ ! li/s z a wre/l] & a     
box]1 & 0 proclaim$ conqu]or 9 bo?4 ,ac 
si fu]it qui docebitur1 ille1 quem      
adolesc5tes vidimus1 ,nico/ratus1       
omnibus 9 eo doc5di p>tibus similit]    
ut]etur2 efficietque illum1 qualis hic  
fuit1 luct&o pugn&oque quorum utroque 9 
c]tam9e iisdem diebus coronabatur       
invictum4 ,qu9t4 lib1 ii4 cap4 #h4      
,section ,,xi4  a ,n]o's ambition to    
excel 9 poetry 0 n only ridicul\s1 b1 at
 ! same "t1 de/ructive to ,lucan1 &     
almo/ all ! good au?ors ( ! age4 ,see   
,annals1 b4 xv4 ,accord+ to ! old       
s*olia/ on ! ,satires ( ,p]sius1 !      
foll[+ v]ses 7 ei!r writt5 by ,n]o1 or  

made 9 imitation ( t emp]or's /yle3     
,torva ,mimalloneis impl]unt cornua     
bombis1      ,et raptum vitulo caput    
ablatura sup]bo      ,bass>is1 et lyncem
 ,mnas flexura corymbis1      ,evion    
+em9at3 rep>abilis adsonat e*o4  ,!     
affectation ( rhyme1 :i* _m ages        
aft]w>ds 0 ! ess5tial "p ( monki% v]se1 
! tum\r ( ! words1 & ! wret*$ p5ury (   
?\ght1 may be imput$ to a frivol\s      
pr9ce1 :o /udi$ 8 art ( poetry 9 ! mann]
 describ$ by ,tacitus1 ,annals1 b4 xiv4 
s4 #af4 ,& yet x may be a "q1 :e!r !    
satiri/ w\ld h ! h>d9ess to ins]t ! v   
words ( an imp]ial poet1 arm$ ) despotic
 p[]4 ,a burlesque imitation w\ld answ] 
! purpose2 & x may be inf]r$ f ano!r    
passage 9 ! same poem1 t ,p]sius 0      
cont5t to ridicule ! mode ( v]sification
 !n 9 vogue at c\rt4       ,claud]e sic 
v]sum didicit2 ,b]ecyn?ius ,att91       
,et qui cruleum dirimebat ,n]ea ,delph94
      ,sic co/am longo subduximus       
,ap5n9o4  b ,vat9ius 0 a fav\rite at !  
c\rt ( ,n]o4 ,tacitus calls him ! spawn 

( a cook's-%op & a tippl+-h\se2 sutr9 et
 tab]n alumnus4 ,he recomm5d$ himself to
 ! fav\r ( ! pr9ce by 8 scurrility &    
vulg> hum\r4 ,be+1 by ^? arts1 rais$    
above himself1 he became ! decl>$ enemy 
( all good m51 & act$ a di/+ui%$ "p     
among ! vile/ in/rum5ts ( t p]nici\s    
c\rt4 ,see 8 "*1 ,annals xv4 s4 #cd4 ,:5
 an illib]al & l[ buffoon basks 9 !     
sun%9e ( a c\rt1 & enjoys exorbitant    
p[]1 ! cause ( lit]ature c h no?+ to    
expect4 ,! lib]al arts mu/1 by          
consequ5ce1 be degrad$ by a corrupt     
ta/e1 & le>n+ w be left to run wild &   
gr[ to se$4   ,section ,,xii4  a ,t     
poetry requires a retreat f ! bu/le ( ! 
_w1 has be5 s (t5 repeat$1 t x is n[    
consid]$ z a tru?1 f :i* !re c be no    
appeal4 ,milton1 x is true1 wrote 8     
,p>adise ,lo/ 9 a small h\se ne>        
,bunhill ,fields2 & ,dryd5 c\rt$ ! muse 
9 ! hurry & dissipation ( a t[n life4 ,b
 nei!r ( !m fix$ 8 resid5ce by *oice4   
,pope grew immortal on ! banks ( !      
,?ames4 ,b ?\gh ! c\ntry seems to be !  

seat ( contemplation1 two great writ]s h
 be5 9 opposite op9ions4 ,cic]o says1   
woods & groves1 & riv]s w9d+ ?r\gh !    
mead[s1 & ! refre%+ breeze1 ) ! melody (
 birds1 may h _! attraction2 b !y r     
relax ! m9d into indol5ce1 ?an r\se our 
att5tion1 or give vig\r to our          
faculties4 ,sylv>um amnitas1 et         
prt]lab5tia flum9a1 et inspirantes ramis
 arborum aur1 volucrumque cantus1 et    
ipsa late circumspici5di lib]tas ad se  
trahunt2 at mihi remitt]e potius        
voluptas i/a videtur cogitationem1 quam 
int5d]e4 ,de ,orat4 lib4 ii4 ,?is1      
p]haps1 may be true z appli$ to ! public
 orator1 ^: sc5e ( action lay 9 ! =um or
 ! s5ate4 ,pl9y1 on ! o!r h&1 says to 8 
fri5d ,tacitus1 !re is some?+ 9 !       
solemnity ( v5]able woods1 & ! awful    
sil5ce :i* prevails 9 ^? places1 t      
/rongly disposes u to /udy &            
contemplation4 ,= ! future1 !re=e1 :5ev]
 y hunt1 take along ) y y\r p5 & pap]1 z
 well z y\r basket & bottle2 = y w f9d !
 m\nta9s n m inhabit$ by ,diana1 ?an by 

,m9]va4 ,jam undique sylv1 et solitudo1 
ipsumque illud sil5tium1 quod v5ationi  
datur1 magna cogitationis incitam5ta    
sunt4 ,pro9de1 cum1 v5ab]e1 licebit1    
auctore me1 ut pan>ium et lagunculam1   
sic etiam pugill>es f]as4 ,exp]i>is non 
,dianam magis montibus quam ,m9]vam     
in]r>e4 ,lib4 i4 epi/4 #f4 ,betwe5 ^!   
two diff]5t op9ions1 a true poet may be 
all[$ to decide4 ,horace describes !    
noise & tumult ( a city life1 & !n says1
       ,scriptorum *orus omnis amat     
nemus1 et fugit urbes4                  
,epi/4 lib4 ii4 ep4 ii4 v]4 #gg4        
,alas6 to grottos & to groves we run1   
,to ease & sil5ce1 ev'ry muse's son4    
,,pope4  b ,! expression 9 ! orig9al is 
full & expressive1 lucros hujus et      
sangu9antis eloqu5ti2 t ga9ful &        
blood-?ir/y eloqu5ce4 ,! immod]ate weal?
 acquir$ by ,eprius ,m>cellus has be5   
m5tion$ 9 ?is ,dialogue1 section #h4    
,pl9y gives u an idea ( ! va/           
acquisitions ga9$ by ,regulus1 !        
notori\s in=m]4 ,f a /ate ( indig5ce1 he

 rose1 by a tra9 ( villa9\s actions1 to 
su* imm5se ri*es1 t he once consult$ !  
om5s1 to "k h[ soon he %\ld be wor?     
sixty millions ( se/]ces1 & f\nd !m s   
fav\rable1 t he _h no d\bt ( be+ wor?   
d\ble t sum4 ,aspice ,regulum1 qui ex   
paup]e et t5ui ad tantas opes p]        
flagitia processit1 ut ipse mihi dix]it1
 cum consul]et1 quam cito se/]tium      
sexc5nies impleturus esset1 inv5isse se 
exta duplicata1 quibus port5di millies  
et duc5ties habiturum4 ,lib4 ii4 ep4    
#bj4 ,9 ano!r epi/le ! same au?or       
relates1 t ,regulus1 hav+ lo/ 8 son1 0  
visit$ ^u t occasion by multitudes ( p1 
:o all 9 secret dete/$ him1 yet paid _! 
c\rt ) z mu* assiduity z if !y e/eem$ & 
lov$ him4 ,!y retaliat$ ^u ?is man 8 own
 insidi\s arts3 to ga9 ! fri5d%ip (     
,regulus1 !y play$ ! game ( ,regulus    
himself4 ,he1 9 ! mean "t1 dwells 9 8   
villa on ! o!r side ( ! ,tib]1 :]e he   
has cov]$ a l>ge tract ( gr\nd )        
magnific5t porticos1 & l9$ ! banks ( !  
riv] ) elegant /atues2 pr(use1 ) all 8  

av>ice1 &1 9 ! dep? ( infamy1 pr\d &    
va9-glori\s4 ,conv5itur ad eum mir      
celebritate3 cuncti dete/antur1 od]unt2 
et1 quasi prob5t1 quasi diligant1       
cursant1 frequ5tant1 utque brevit]1 quod
 s5tio1 enunciem1 9 ,regulo dem]5do1    
,regulum imitantur4 ,t5et se trans      
,tyb]im 9 hortis1 9 quibus latissimum   
solum porticibus imm5sis1 ripam /atuis  
suis occupavit2 ut e/1 9 summ av>itia   
sumptuosus1 9 summ infami gloriosus4    
,lib4 iv4 ep4 #b4 ,all ?is spl5d\r1 9   
:i* ,regulus liv$1 0 ! fruit ( a ga9ful 
& blood-?ir/y eloqu5ce2 if t may be     
call$ eloqu5ce1 :i* ,pl9y says 0 no?+ m 
?an a craz$ imag9ation2 nihil prt] +5ium
 insanum4 ,lib4 iv4 ep4 #g4  c ,orpheus1
 9 poetic /ory1 0 ! son ( ,calliope1 &  
,l9us boa/$ ( ,apollo = 8 fa!r4         
----,nec ,?racius ,orpheus1      ,nec   
,l9us2 huic mat] quamvis1 atque huic    
pat] adsit1      ,orphei ,calliopea1    
,l9o =mosus ,apollo4                    
,,virg4 ,,ecl4 iv4 v]4 #ee4       ,n    
,orpheus' self1 nor ,l9us1 %\ld exce$   

,my l(ty lays1 or ga9 ! poet's me$1     
,?\gh ,phbus1 ?\gh ,calliope inspire1   
,& "o ! "m aid1 & "o ! sire4            
,,:>ton',s ,,virgil4  ,orpheus emb>k$ 9 
! ,argonautic exp$ition4 ,8 hi/ory ( x1 
toge!r ) 8 hymns1 is /ill extant2 b :e!r
 g5u9e1 is mu* d\bt$4  d ,lysias1 !     
celebrat$ orator1 0 a native (          
,syracuse1 ! *ief t[n 9 ,sicily4 ,he    
liv$ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e !        
,*ri/ian ra4 ,cic]o says1 t he did n    
addict himself to ! practice ( ! b>2 b 8
 compositions 7 s judici\s1 s pure &    
elegant1 t y might v5ture to pron\nce   
him a p]fect orator4 ,tum fuit ,lysias1 
ipse quidem 9 causis =5sibus non v]satus
 s$ egregi subtilis scriptor1 atque     
elegans1 quem jam prope audeas oratorem 
p]fectum dic]e4 ,cic]o ,de ,cl>is ,orat4
 s4 #ce4 ,qu9tilian gives ! same op9ion4
 ,lysias1 he says1 prec$$ ,demo/h5es3 he
 is acute & elegant1 & if to tea* ! art 
( speak+ 7 ! only bus9ess ( an orator1  
no?+ m p]fect c be f\nd4 ,he has no     
r$undancy1 no?+ sup]flu\s1 no?+ too     

ref9$1 or =eign to 8 purpose3 8 /yle is 
fl[+1 b m l a pure f\nta91 ?an a noble  
riv]4 ,8 tate ,lysias major1 subtilis   
atque elegans1 et quo nihil1 si oratori 
satis sit doc]e1 quras p]fectius4 ,nihil
 enim e/ inane1 nihil arcessitum2 puro  
tam5 fonti1 quam magno flum9i propior4  
,qu9t1 lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,a consid]able  
numb] ( 8 orations is /ill extant1 all  
writt5 ) exquisite ta/e & inexpressible 
sweetness4 ,see a v pleas+ translation  
by ,dr4 ,gillies4  ,hyp]ides fl\ri%$ at 
,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,demo/h5es1 s*ynes1      
,lycurgus1 & o!r fam\s orators4 ,t age1 
says ,cic]o1 p\r$ =? a torr5t (         
eloqu5ce1 ( ! be/ & pure/ k9d1 )\t !    
false glitt] ( affect$ ornam5t1 9 a /yle
 ( noble simplicity1 :i* la/$ to ! end (
 t p]iod4 ,huic ,hyp]ides proximus1 et  
s*ynes fuit1 et ,lycurgus1 aliique      
plures4 ,hc enim tas effudit hanc       
copiam2 et1 ut op9io mea f]t1 succus    
ille et sanguis incorruptus usque ad    
hanc tatem oratorum fuit1 9 qua         
naturalis inesset1 non fucatus nitor4   

,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #cf4 ,qu9tilian    
all[s to ,hyp]ides a ke5 disc]nm5t1 &   
great sweetness ( /yle2 b he pron\nces  
him an orator design$ by nature to %9e 9
 causes ( no great mom5t4 ,dulcis 9     
primis et acutus ,hyp]ides2 s$ m9oribus 
causis1 ut non dix]im utilior1 magis p>4
 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,:atev] might be !   
case :5 ?is ,dialogue happ5$1 x is      
c]ta91 at pres5t1 t ! fame ( ,sophocles 
& ,euripides has eclips$ ! two ,greek   
orators4  e ,= an acc\nt ( ,as9ius      
,pollio & ,corv9us ,messala1 see        
,annals1 b4 xi4 s4 #f4 ,qu9tilian 7b4   
xii4 *ap4 #aj7 comm5ds ! dilig5ce (     
,pollio1 & ! dignity ( ,messala4 ,9     
ano!r "p ( 8 ,in/itutes1 he praises !   
inv5tion1 ! judgem5t1 & _s ( ,pollio1 b 
at ! same "t says1 he fell s %ort ( !   
suavity & spl5d\r ( ,cic]o1 t he might  
well pass = an orator ( a =m] age4 ,he  
adds1 t ,messala 0 natural & elegant3 ! 
gr&eur ( 8 /yle seem$ to ann\nce !      
nobility ( 8 bir?2 b /ill he want$ =ce &
 en]gy4 ,malta 9 ,as9io ,pollione       

inv5tio1 summa dilig5tia1 adeo ut       
quibusdam etiam nimia videatur2 et      
consilii et animi satis2 a nitore et    
jucunditate ,cic]onis ita longe abe/1 ut
 vid]i possit sculo prior4 ,at ,messala 
nitidus et c&idus1 et quodammodo pr se  
f]5s 9 dic5do nobilitatem suam1 viribus 
m9or4 ,qu9tilian1 lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,!   
two great poets ( ! ,augu/an age h      
transmitt$ ! "n ( ,as9ius ,pollio to !  
late/ po/]ity4 ,virgil has celebrat$ him
 z a poet1 & a comm&] ( armies1 9 !     
,illyrican & ,dalmatic w>s4       ,tu   
mihi1 seu magni sup]as jam saxa ,timavi1
      ,sive oram ,illyrici legis quoris2
 en erit unquam      ,ille dies1 mihi   
cum liceat tua dic]e facta8      ,en    
erit1 ut liceat totum mihi f]re p] orbem
      ,sola ,sophocleo tua c>m9a digna  
co?urno8                                
,,eclog4 viii4 v]4 #f4       ,o ,pollio6
 lead+ ?y victori\s b&s      ,o'er deep 
,timavus1 or ,illyria's s&s2      ,o :5 
?y glori\s de$s %all ,i rehe>se8        
,:5 tell ! _w h[ mat*less is ?y v]se1   

,wor?y ! l(ty /age ( laurell'd ,greece1 
,great rival ( maje/ic ,sophocles6      
,,:>ton',s ,,virgil4  ,horace has add$ !
 orator & ! /atesman3       ,paulum sev]
 musa trag$i      ,desit !atris2 mox1   
ubi publicas        ,res ord9>is1 gr&e  
munus          ,cecropio repetes        
co?urno1      ,insigne m/is prsidium    
reis1      ,et consul5ti1 ,pollio1 curi1
        ,cui laurus t]nos honores       
,dalmatico pep]it triumpho4             
,lib4 ii4 ode #a4       ,ret>d a :ile ?y
 gl[+ ve91      ,nor swell ! solemn     
tragic sc5e2      ,& :5 ?y sage1 ?y     
patriot c>es      ,h =m'd ! tra9 (      
,rome's affairs1      ,) l(ty rapture   
re9flam'd1 diffuse      ,h]oic ?\ghts1 &
 wake ! busk9'd muse4                   
,,francis',s ,,horace4  ,b aft] all1 !  
"q put by ,mat]nus1 is1 c any ( _!      
orations be comp>$ to ! ,m$ea ( ,ovid1  
or ! ,?ye/es ( ,v>ius8 ,^? two trag$ies 
are s (t5 prais$ by ! critics (         
antiquity1 t ! republic ( lett]s has    
reason to lam5t ! loss4 ,qu9tilian says 

t ! ,m$ea ( ,ovid 0 a specim5 ( g5ius1 t
 %ew$ to :at heights ! poet c\ld h ris51
 _h he ?\ght fit r to curb1 ?an give !  
re9 to 8 imag9ation4 ,ovidii ,m$ea      
videtur mihi o/5d]e quantum vir ille    
pr/>e potuisset1 si +5io suo temp]>e1   
quam indulg]e maluisset4 ,lib4 x4 cap4  
#a4  ,! works ( ,v>ius1 if we except a  
few fragm5ts1 are :olly lo/4 ,horace1 9 
8 j\rney to ,brundusium1 met him &      
,virgil1 & he m5tions ! incid5t ) !     
rapture ( a fri5d :o lov$ !m bo?3       
,plotius1 et ,v>ius ,s9uess1            
,virgiliusque      ,occurrunt2 anim     
quales neque c&idiores      ,t]ra tulit1
 neque queis me sit dev9ctior alt]4     
,lib4 i4 sat4 #e4  ,horace also         
celebrates ,v>ius z a poet ( sublime    
g5ius4 ,he beg9s 8 ,ode to ,agrippa ) ! 
foll[+ l9es3       ,scrib]is ,v>io =tis1
 et ho/ium      ,victor1 ,monii c>m9is  
alite1      ,quam rem cumque f]ox       
navibus1 aut equis            ,miles te 
duce gess]it4                           
,lib4 i4 ode #f4       ,v>ius1 :o so>s  

on epic w+1      ,agrippa1 %all ?y      
conque/s s+1      ,:ate'er1 inspir'd by 
?y comm&1      ,! soldi] d>'d on sea or 
l&4                                     
,,francis',s ,,horace4  ,a few fragm5ts 
only ( 8 works h rea*$ po/]ity4 ,8      
trag$y ( ,,?ye/es is highly prais$ by   
,qu9tilian4 ,t judici\s critic does n   
hesitate to say1 t x may be oppos$ to ! 
be/ productions ( ! ,greek /age4 ,jam   
,v>ii ,?ye/es cuilibet ,grcorum comp>>i 
pote/4 ,v>ius liv$ 9 high fav\r at !    
c\rt ( ,augu/us4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,virgil1
 he 0 jo9$ ) ,plot9us & ,tucca to revise
 ! works ( t admirable poet4 ,! ,v>us ( 
,virgil1 s (t5 celebrat$ 9 ! ,pa/orals1 
01 not)/&+ :at "s ( ! comm5tators h     
said1 a diff]5t p]son f ,v>ius1 ! au?or 
( ,?ye/es4   ,section ,,xiii4  a ,!     
rural delight ( ,virgil is describ$ by  
himself3       ,rura mihi et rigui      
placeant 9 vallibus amnes2      ,flum9a 
amem1 sylvasque +lorius4 ,o ubi campi1  
,sp]*iusque1 et virg9ibus bac*ata       
,lacnis      ,taygeta6 ,o quis me       

gelidis sub montibus ,hmi      ,si/at1  
et +5ti ramorum protegat umbr8          
,,georgica1 lib4 ii4 v]4 #dhe4       ,me
 may ! l[ly vales & woodl& please1      
,& w9d+ riv]s1 & +lori\s ease2      ,o t
 ,i w&]'d by ,sp]*ius' flood1      ,or  
on ,taygetus' sacr$ top ,i /ood6        
,:o 9 cool ,hmus' vales my limbs w lay1 
,& 9 ! d>ke/ ?icket hide f day8         
,,:>ton',s ,,virg4  ,besides ?is        
poetical retreat1 :i* 8 imag9ation c\ld 
comm& at any "t1 ,virgil _h a real &    
delightful villa ne> ,naples1 :]e he    
compos$ 8 ,georgics1 & wrote great "p ( 
! neid4  b ,:5 ,augu/us1 or any em95t   
citiz51 di/+ui%$ by 8 public m]it1      
appe>$ 9 ! !atre1 ! p te/ifi$ _! joy by 
acclamations1 & unb\nd$ applause4 ,x is 
record$ by ,horace1 t ,mc5as receiv$ t  
public hon\r4                 ----,datus
 9 !atro             ,cum tibi plausus1 
,c>e ,mc5as eques1 ut pat]ni            
,flum9is rip1 simul et jocosa           
,r$d]et laudes tibi ,vaticani           
,montis imago4                     ,lib4

 i4 ode #bj4  ,:5 ,virgil appe>$1 !     
audi5ce paid ! same complim5t to a man  
^: poetry adorn$ ! ,roman /ory4 ,!      
lett]s f ,augu/us1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ?is
 passage1 h p]i%$ 9 ! ru9s ( anci5t     
lit]ature4  c ,pomponius ,secundus 0 (  
consul> rank1 & an em95t writ] ( trag$y4
 ,see ,annals1 b4 ii4 s4 #ac4 ,8 life 0 
writt5 by ,pl9y ! eld]1 ^: nephew       
m5tions ! fact 7book iii4 epi/4 #e71 &  
says x 0 a tribute to fri5d%ip4         
,qu9tilian pron\nces him ! be/ ( all !  
dramatic poets :om he _h se52 ?\gh !    
critics ^: judgem5t 0 matur$ by ye>s1   
did n ?9k him suffici5tly tragical4 ,!y 
admitt$1 h[ev]1 t 8 erudition 0         
consid]able1 & ! beauty ( 8 composition 
surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies4 ,eorum1   
quos vid]im1 longe pr9ceps ,pomponius   
,secundus1 quem s5es p>um tragicum      
putabant1 eruditione ac nitore pr/>e    
confitebantur4 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4  d     
,qu9tilian makes hon\rable m5tion (     
,domitius ,af]4 ,he says1 :5 he 0 a boy1
 ! spee*es ( t orator = ,volus5us       

,catulus 7 held 9 high e/imation4 ,et   
nobis pu]is insignes pro ,volus5o       
,catulo ,domitii ,afri orationes        
f]ebantur4 ,lib4 x4 cap #a4 ,he adds1 9 
ano!r "p ( ! same *apt]1 t ,domitius    
,af] & ,julius ,africanus 71 ( all !    
orators :o fl\ri%$ 9 8 "t1 )\t comp>ison
 ! be/4 ,b ,af] /&s di/+ui%$ by !       
spl5d\r ( 8 diction1 & ! rhetorical art 
:i* he has display$ 9 all 8             
compositions4 ,y w\ld n scruple to rank 
him among ! anci5t orators4 ,eorum quos 
vid]im1 ,domitius ,af] et ,julius       
,secundus longe pr/antissimi4 ,v]borum  
arte ille1 et toto g5]e dic5di prf]5dus1
 et quem 9 num]o vet]um loc>e non       
timeas4 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,qu9tilian    
relates1 t 9 a conv]sation :i* he _h :5 
a "y man1 he ask$ ,domitius ,af] :at    
poet 01 9 8 op9ion1 ! next to ,hom]8 ,! 
answ] 01 ,virgil is und\bt$ly ! second  
epic poet1 b he is ne>] to ! fir/ ?an to
 ! ?ird4 ,ut> enim v]bis1 qu ex ,afro   
,domitio juv5is accepi2 qui mihi        
int]roganti1 quem ,hom]o cr$]et maxim   

acc$]e3 ,secundus1 inquit1 e/           
,virgilius1 propior tam5 primo quam     
t]tio4 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,we may believe
 t ,qu9tilian ?\ght highly ( ! man ^:   
judgem5t he cites z an au?ority4        
,qu9tilian1 h[ev]1 _h 9 view no?+ b !   
tal5ts ( ?is celebrat$ orator4 ,tacitus1
 z a moral hi/orian1 look$ at ! "* ( !  
man4 ,he introduces him on ! /age (     
public bus9ess 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 &  
!re repres5ts him 9 ha/e to advance     
himself by any k9d ( crime4 ,quoquo     
fac9ore prop]us cl>e c]e4 ,he tells u1 9
 ! same passage 7,annals1 b4 iv4 s4     
#eb71 t ,tib]ius pron\nc$ him an orator 
9 8 own "r1 suo jure dis]tum4 ,af] di$ 9
 ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hab1 ,a4,d4 
#ei4 ,9 relat+ 8 dea?1 ,tacitus obs]ves1
 t he rais$ himself by 8 eloqu5ce to !  
fir/ civil hon\rs2 b he does n dismiss  
him )\t condemn+ 8 morals4 ,annals1 b4  
xiv4 s4 #ai4  e ,we f9d 9 ! ,annals & ! 
,hi/ory ( ,tacitus1 a numb] ( in/ances  
to ju/ify ! s5tim5ts ( ,mat]nus4 ,! ri* 
f\nd x necess>y to bequea? "p ( _!      

sub/ance to ! pr9ce1 9 ord] to secure ! 
rema9d] = _! families4 ,= ! same reason1
 ,agricola made ,domitian jo9t heir ) 8 
wife & daught]4 ,life ( ,agricola1      
section #dc4  f ,by a law ( ! ,twelve   
,tables1 a cr[n1 :5 fairly e>n$ by      
virtue1 0 plac$ on ! head ( ! deceas$1 &
 ano!r 0 ord]$ to be giv5 to 8 fa!r4 ,! 
_s ( ! law1 ,cic]o says1 pla9ly         
intimat$1 t comm5dation 0 a tribute due 
to dep>t$ virtue4 ,a cr[n 0 giv5 n only 
to him :o e>n$ x1 b also to ! fa!r1 :o  
gave bir? to di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,illa jam   
significatio e/1 laudis ornam5ta ad     
mortuos p]t9]e1 quod coronam virtute    
p>tam1 et ei qui pep]isset1 et ejus     
p>5ti1 s9e fraude lex impositam esse    
jubet4 ,de ,legibus1 lib4 ii4 s4 #bd4   
,?is is ! rew>d to :i* ,mat]nus aspires2
 &1 t be+ grant$1 he desires1 z ,horace 
did be=e him1 to waive ! pomp ( fun]al  
c]emonies4       ,abs9t inani fun]e nni1
      ,luctusque turpes et qu]imoni2    
,compesce clamorem1 ac sepul*ri         
,mitte sup]vacuos honores4              

,lib4 ii4 ode #bj4       ,my fri5ds1 !  
fun]al sorr[ sp>e1      ,! pla9tive     
song1 & t5d] te>2      ,nor let ! voice 
( grief pr(ane1      ,) l\d lam5ts1 !   
solemn sc5e2      ,nor o'er y\r poet's  
empty urn      ,) useless idle sorr[    
m\rn4                                   
,,francis',s ,,horace4   ,section ,,xiv4
  a ,vip/anius ,messala comm&$ a legion1
 &1 at ! head ( x1 w5t ov] to           
,vespasian's p>ty 9 ! cont5tion )       
,vitellius4 ,he 0 a man ( illu/ri\s     
bir?1 & equal m]it2 ! only "o1 says     
,tacitus1 :o ent]$ into t w> f motives (
 virtue4 ,legioni ,vip/anius ,messala   
prerat1 cl>is majoribus1 egregius ipse1 
et qui solus ad id bellum artes bonas   
attulisset4 ,hi/4 lib4 iii4 s4 #i4 ,he 0
 bro!r to ,regulus1 ! vile in=m]1 :o has
 be5 m5tion$4 ,see ,life ( ,agricola1   
section #b4 note a1 & ?is tract1 s4 xii4
 note b4 ,messala1 we are told by       
,tacitus1 be=e he _h atta9$ ! s5atorian 
age1 acquir$ great fame by plead+ !     
cause ( 8 pr(ligate bro!r ) extraord9>y 

eloqu5ce1 & family affection4 ,magnam eo
 die pietatis eloqu5tique famam         
,vip/anius ,messala adeptus e/2 nondum  
s5atori tate1 ausus pro fratre ,aquilio 
,regulo deprec>i4 ,hi/4 lib4 iv4 s4 #db4
 ,s9ce ,messala has n[ jo9$ ! company1 !
 ,dialogue takes a new turn1 &1 by an   
easy & natural transition1 slides into !
 "q conc]n+ ! causes ( ! decl9e (       
eloqu5ce4  b ,?is is probably ! same    
,asiaticus1 :o1 9 ! revolt ( ! prov9ces 
( ,gaul1 f\ght on ! side ( ,,v9dex4 ,see
 ,hi/4 b4 ii4 s4 #id4 ,biography 01 9 t 
evil p]iod1 a tribute paid by ! fri5ds (
 dep>t$ m]it1 & ! only k9d ( writ+1 9   
:i* m5 c\ld d>e fa9tly to utt] a s5tim5t
 9 fav\r ( virtue & public lib]ty4  c ,9
 ! declamations ( ,s5eca & ,qu9tilian1  
we h abundant examples ( ^! s*ola/ic    
ex]cises1 :i* ,juv5al has plac$ 9 a     
ridicul\s light4       ,et nos ergo     
manum f]ul subduximus1 et nos           
,consilium d$imus ,syll1 privatus ut    
altum      ,dormiret4                   
,sat4 i4 v]4 #ae4       ,provok'd by ^! 

incorrigible fools1      ,i left        
declaim+ 9 p$antic s*ools2      ,:]e1 ) 
m5-boys1 ,i /rove to get r5[n1          
,advis+ ,sylla to a private g[n4        
,,dryd5',s ,,juv5al4   ,section ,,xv4  a
 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,cic]o1 & ! em95t orators
 ( t age1 0 pref]r$ by all m5 ( s\nd    
judgem5t to ! unnatural & affect$ /yle t
 prevail$ "u ! emp]ors4 ,qu9tilian gives
 a decid$ op9ion4 ,cic]o1 he says1 0    
all[$ to be ! reign+ orator ( 8 "t1 & 8 
"n1 ) po/]ity1 is n s mu* t ( a man1 z (
 eloqu5ce itself4 ,qu>e non imm]ito ab  
hom9ibus tatis su1 regn>e 9 judiciis    
dictus e/3 apud po/]os v]o id           
consecutus1 ut ,cic]o jam non hom9is1 s$
 eloqu5ti nom5 habeatur4 ,lib4 x4 cap4  
#a4 ,pl9y ! y\ng] pr(ess$ t ,cic]o 0 !  
orator ) :om he aspir$ to ent] into     
competition4 ,n cont5t ) ! eloqu5ce ( 8 
own times1 he held x absurd n to foll[ !
 be/ examples ( a =m] age4 ,e/ enim mihi
 cum ,cic]one mulatio1 nec sum cont5tus 
eloqu5ti sculi no/ri4 ,nam /ultissimum  
cr$o1 ad imit&um non optima quque       

prpon]e4 ,lib4 i4 epi/4 #e4  b ,nicetes 
0 a native ( ,smyrna1 & a rhetorician 9 
great celebrity4 ,s5eca says            
7,controv]si>um1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #be71 t 8
 s*ol>s1 cont5t ) he>+ _! ma/]1 _h no   
ambition to be he>d !mselves4 ,pl9y !   
y\ng]1 among ! comm5dations :i* he be/[s
 on a fri5d1 m5tions1 z a praise-wor?y  
"p ( 8 "*1 t he att5d$ ! lectures (     
,qu9tilian & ,nicetes ,sac]dos1 ( :om   
,pl9y himself 0 at t "t a con/ant       
foll[]4 ,erat non /udiorum tantum1 v]um 
etiam /udiosorum amantissimus1 ac prope 
quotidie ad audi5dos1 quos tunc ego     
frequ5tabam1 ,qu9tilianum et ,nicet5    
,sac]dotem1 v5titabat4 ,lib4 vi4 epi/4  
#f4  c ,mityl5e 0 ! *ief city ( ! isle (
 ,lesbos1 9 ! gean ,sea1 ne> ! coa/ (   
,asia4 ,! place at ?is day is call$     
,metel91 subject to ! ,turki% dom9ion4  
,ephesus 0 a city ( ,ionia1 9 ! ,less]  
,asia1 n[ call$ ,ajal\e by ! ,turks1 :o 
are ma/]s ( ! place4  d ,domitius ,af] &
 ,julius ,africanus h be5 already       
m5tion$1 section xiii4 note d4 ,bo? are 

highly prais$ by ,qu9tilian4 ,= ,as9ius 
,pollio1 see s4 xii4 note e4   ,section 
,,xvi4  a ,qu9tilian puts ! same "q2 &1 
accord+ to him1 ,demo/h5es is ! la/ ( ! 
anci5ts among ! ,greeks1 z ,cic]o is    
among ! ,romans4 ,see ,qu9tilian1 lib4  
viii4 cap4 #e4  b ,! siege ( ,troy is   
suppos$ to h be5 br\ght to a conclusion 
elev5 hundr$ & n9ety-?ree ye>s be=e     
,*ri/ian ra4 ,f t "t to ! six? ye> (    
,vespasian 7,a4,u4,c4 #hbh71 :5 ?is     
,dialogue 0 _h1 ! numb] ( ye>s t int]v5$
 0 ab\t #abfh2 a p]iod :i*1 ) propriety1
 may be said to be little less ?an #acjj
 ye>s4  c ,demo/h5es di$1 be=e ,*ri/    
#cbb ye>s1 ,a4,u4,c4 #dcb4 ,f t "t to ! 
six? ( ,vespasian1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hbh1 !    
int]v5+ space 0 ab\t #cif ye>s4 ,ap]    
calls x little m ?an #djj ye>s2 b 9 a   
conv]sation-piece /rict accuracy is n to
 be expect$4  d ,9 ! rude /ate (        
a/ronomy1 :i* prevail$ dur+ _m ages ( ! 
_w1 x 0 natural t mank9d %\ld diff] 9 _!
 computation ( "t4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1
 accord+ to ,diodorus ,siculus1 lib4 i4 

& ,pl9y ! eld]1 lib4 vii4 s4 #dh1       
measur$ "t by ! new moons4 ,"s call$ !  
summ] "o ye>1 & ! w9t] ano!r4 ,at fir/  
?irty days 7 a lun> ye>2 ?ree1 f\r1 &   
six mon?s 7 aft]w>ds add$1 & h5ce 9 !   
,egyptian *ronology ! va/ numb] ( ye>s f
 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,h]odotus in=ms u1 t !
 ,egyptians1 9 process ( "t1 =m$ ! idea 
( ! sol> or sol/itial ye>1 subdivid$    
into twelve mon?s4 ,! ,roman ye> at fir/
 0 lun>1 consi/+1 9 ! "t ( ,romulus1 (  
t5 mon?s4 ,numa ,pompilius add$ two4 ,m5
 saw a div]sity 9 ! seasons1 & wi%+ to  
"k ! cause1 began at l5g? to p]ceive t !
 di/ance or proximity ( ! sun occasion$ 
! v>i\s op]ations ( nature2 b x 0 long  
be=e ! space ( "t1 :]e9 t lum9>y p]=ms 8
 c\rse ?r\gh ! zodiac1 & returns to !   
po9t f :i* he set out1 0 call$ a ye>4 ,!
 great ye> 7annus magnus71 or !         
,,platonic ,,ye>1 is ! space ( "t1 :]e9 
! sev5 planets complete _! revolutions1 
& all set out aga9 f ! same po9t ( !    
heav5s :]e _! c\rse began be=e4         
,ma!maticians h be5 mu* divid$ 9 _!     

calculations4 ,broti] obs]ves1 t        
,riccioli makes ! great ye> #be1ibj sol>
 ye>s2 ,ty*o ,brahe1 #be1haf2 & ,cass9i1
 #bd1hjj4 ,cic]o expressly calls x a    
p]iod ( #ab1ied ye>s4 ,horum annorum1   
quos 9 fa/is habemus1 ,,magnus annos    
duodecim millia nonag5tos qu9quag9ta    
quatuor amplectitur sol/itiales         
scilicet4 ,= a full & accurate          
diss]tation on ! ,,annus ,,magnus1 see !
 ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,belles        
,lettres1 tom4 xxii4 #dto edit4 p4 #hb4 
,broti]1 9 8 note on ?is passage1       
relates a fact n univ]sally kn[n4 ,he   
m5tions a lett] f "o ( ! ,jesuits on !  
mission1 dat$ ,pek+1 #be? ,octob] #agbe1
 9 :i* x is /at$1 t 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*     
prec$+1 :5 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 &      
,m]cury 7 9 conjunction1 ! ,*9ese       
ma!maticians fanci$ t an approximation (
 ,saturn 0 ne> at h&1 &1 9 t p]suasion1 
congratulat$ ! emp]or ,,yong-,,t*+ on ! 
r5ovation ( ! _w1 :i* 0 %ortly to take  
place4 ,! emp]or receiv$ ! addresses ( !
 nobility1 & gave cr$it to ! op9ion ( ! 

philosoph]s 9 all 8 public edicts4      
,mean:ile1 ,fa!r ,kegl] endeav\r$ to    
undeceive ! emp]or1 & to conv9ce him t !
 :ole 0 a mi/ake ( ! ,*9ese             
ma!maticians3 b he tri$ 9 va92 flatt]y  
succe$$ at c\rt1 & triumph$ ov] tru?4  e
 ,! argum5t is ?is3 ,if ! great ye> is !
 measure ( "t2 !n1 z x consi/s1 accord+ 
to ,cic]o1 ( #ab1ied sol> ye>s1 ! :ole  
be+ divid$ by twelve1 e mon? ( ! great  
ye> w\ld be cle>ly #ajhj ye>s4 ,accord+ 
to t calculation1 ,demo/h5es n only liv$
 9 ! same ye> ) ! p]sons engag$ 9 !     
,dialogue1 b1 x may be said1 9 ! same   
mon?4 ,^! are ! mon?s to :i* ,virgil    
alludes 9 ! f\r? eclogue3               
,incipi5t magni proc$]e m5ses4          
,section ,,xvii4  a ,m55ius ,agrippa 0  
consul ,a4,u4,c4 #bea4 ,9 less ?an t5   
ye>s aft]w>ds1 viol5t diss5sions broke  
out betwe5 ! patrician ord] & ! common  
p1 :o compla9$ t !y 7 h>ass$ & oppress$ 
by _! afflu5t cr$itors4 ,"o ,sic9ius 0  
_! facti\s demagogue4 ,he told !m1 t x 0
 9 va9 !y f\ght ! battles ( _! c\ntry1  

s9ce !y 7 no bett] ?an slaves & prison]s
 at ,rome4 ,he add$1 t m5 are born      
equal2 t ! fruits ( ! e>? 7 ! common    
bir?-"r ( all1 & an agr>ian law 0       
necess>y2 t !y groan$ "u a load ( debts 
& taxes2 & t a lazy & corrupt ari/ocracy
 batt5$ at ease on ! spoils ( _! lab\r &
 indu/ry4 ,by ! advice ( ?is inc5di>y1 !
 discont5t$ citiz5s made a secession to 
! ,,mons ,,sac]1 ab\t ?ree miles out ( !
 city4 ,! fa!rs1 9 ! meantime1 7 cov]$ )
 con/]nation4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to appease
 ! fury ( ! multitude1 !y dispat*$      
,m55ius ,agrippa to _! camp4 ,9 ! rude  
unpoli%$ /yle ( ! times 7prisco illo    
dic5di et horrido modo1 says ,livy71 t  
orator told !m3       ,at ! "t :5 ! p[]s
 ( man did n1 z at pres5t1              
co-op]ate to "o useful end1 & ! memb]s (
 ! human      body _h _! sep>ate int]e/1
 _! factions1 &      cabals2 x 0 agre$  
among !m1 t ! belly ma9ta9$      itself 
by _! toil & lab\r1 enjoy+1 9 ! middle (
      all1 a /ate ( calm repose1 pamp]$ 
) luxuries1 &      gratifi$ ) e k9d (   

pleasure4 ,a conspiracy      foll[$1 & !
 sev]al memb]s ( ! body took !          
cov5ant4 ,! h& w\ld no long] adm9i/]    
food2 !      m\? w\ld n accept x1 & !   
drudg]y ( ma/ication      0 too mu* = ! 
tee?4 ,!y cont9u$ 9 ?is      resolution1
 det]m9$ to />ve ! ,,treasury ( ! body1 
till !y began to feel ! consequ5ces ( _!
      ill-advis$ revolt4 ,! sev]al      
memb]s lo/ _! =m]      vig\r1 & ! :ole  
body 0 fall+ into a rapid decl9e4       
,x 0 !n se5 t ! belly 0 =m$ = ! good (  
! :ole2 t x 0 by no means lazy1 idle1 & 
inactive2      b1 :ile x 0 prop]ly      
support$1 took c>e to      di/ribute    
n\ri%m5t to e "p1 & hav+ dige/$      !  
supplies1 fill$ ! ve9s ) pure & :olesome
      blood4  ,! analogy1 :i* ?is fable 
bore to ! s$ition ( ! ,roman p1 0       
und]/ood & felt4 ,! discont5t$ multitude
 saw t ! /ate ( man describ$ by ,m55ius1
 0 l to an insurrection4 ,!y return$ to 
,rome1 & submitt$ to legal gov]nm5t4    
,tempore1 quo 9 hom9e non1 ut nunc1     
omnia 9 unum cons5tiebant1 s$ s+ulis    

membris suum cuique consilium1 sum s]mo 
fu]at1 indignatas reliquas p>tes1 su    
cur1 suo labore1 ac m9i/]io1 v5tri omnia
 quri2 v5trem 9 m$io quietum1 nihil     
aliud1 quam datis voluptatibus frui2    
conspirasse inde1 ne manus ad os cibum  
f]r5t1 nec os accip]it datum1 nec d5tes 
confic]5t4 ,hac ir dum v5trem fame dom>e
 vell5t1 ipsa un membra1 totumque corpus
 ad extremam tabem v5isse4 ,inde        
app>uisse1 v5tris quoque haud segne     
m9i/]ium esse2 nec magis ali quam al]e  
eum2 r$d5tem 9 omnes corporis p>tes     
hunc1 quo vivimus vigemusque1 divisum1  
p>it] 9 v5as1 maturum confecto cibo     
sangu9em4 ,livy1 lib4 ii4 s4 #cb4 ,/4   
,paul has made use ( a simil> argum5t2  
,! body is n "o memb]1 b _m3 if ! foot  
%all      say1 ,because ,i am n ! h&1 ,i
 am n ( ! body2 is x1      !re=e1 n ( ! 
body8 & if ! e> %all say1      ,because 
,i am n ! eye1 ,i am n ( ! body2 is x1  
!re=e1 n ( ! body8 ,if ! :ole body 7 an 
eye1      :]e 7 ! he>+8 ,if ! :ole 7    
he>+1 :]e      7 ! smell+8 ,b n[ ha?    

,god set ! memb]s ev]yone      ( !m 9 ! 
body1 z x ha? pleas$ him4 ,& if !y      
7 all "o memb]1 :]e 7 ! body8 ,b n[ are 
!y      _m memb]s1 yet b "o body3 & !   
eye _c say unto      ! h&1 ,i h no ne$ (
 !e2 nor aga91 ! head to !      feet1 ,i
 h no ne$ ( y4 ,& :e!r "o memb] suff]1  
all ! memb]s suff] ) x2 or "o memb] be  
hon\r$1      all ! memb]s rejoice ) x4  
,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 *ap4 xii4
  ,?is reason+ ( ,/4 ,paul m]its !      
att5tion ( ^? fri5ds ( innovation1 :o   
are n cont5t ) ! /ation 9 :i* ,god has  
plac$ !m1 &1 !re=e1 object to all       
subord9ation1 all ranks 9 society4  b   
,cs> ! dictator 01 z ! poet expresses x1
 grac$ ) bo? ,m9]vas4 ,qu9tilian is (   
op9ion1 t if he _h devot$ 8 :ole "t to !
 pr(ession ( eloqu5ce1 he w\ld h be5 !  
great rival ( ,cic]o4 ,! en]gy ( 8      
language1 8 /r5g? ( conception1 & 8 p[] 
ov] ! passions1 7 s /rik+1 t he may be  
said to h h>angu$ ) ! same _s t he      
f\ght4 ,caius v]o ,cs> si =o tantum     
vacasset1 non alius ex no/ris contra    

,cic]onem nom9>etur4 ,tanta 9 eo vis e/1
 id acum51 ea concitatio1 ut illum eodem
 animo dixisse1 quo bellavit1 app>eat4  
,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,to speak ( ,cic]o 9  
?is place1 7 to hold a c&le to ! sun4 ,x
 w be suffici5t to ref] to ,qu9tilian1  
:o 9 ! *apt] above cit$ has drawn a     
beautiful p>allel betwe5 him &          
,demo/h5es4 ,! ,roman orator1 he admits1
 improv$ himself by a dilig5t /udy ( !  
be/ models ( ,greece4 ,he atta9$ ! w>m? 
& ! sublime ( ,demo/h5es1 ! h>mony (    
,plato1 & ! sweet flexibility (         
,isocrates4 ,8 own native g5ius suppli$ 
! re/4 ,he 0 n cont5t1 z ,p9d> expresses
 x1 to collect ! drops t ra9$ d[n f     
heav51 b _h 9 himself ! liv+ f\nta9 ( t 
copi\s fl[1 & t sublime1 t pa!tic en]gy1
 :i* 7 be/[$ ^u him by ! b\nty (        
,provid5ce1 t 9 "o man eloqu5ce might   
ex]t all h] p[]s4 ,nam mihi videtur     
,m>cus ,tullius1 cum se totum ad        
imitationem ,grcorum contulisset1       
eff9xisse vim ,demo/h5is1 copiam        
,platonis1 jucunditatem ,isocratis4 ,nec

 v]o quod 9 quoque optimum fuit /udio   
consecutus e/ tantum1 s$ plurimas vel   
potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes extulit
 immortalis +5ii beatissim ub]tate4 ,non
 enim pluvias 7ut ait ,p9d>us7 aquas    
colligit s$ vivo gurgite exundat1 dono  
quodam provid5ti g5itus1 9 quo vires    
suas eloqu5tia exp]iretur4 ,lib4 x4 cap4
 #a4  c ,m>cus ,clius ,rufus1 9 !       
judgem5t ( ,qu9tilian1 0 an orator (    
consid]able g5ius4 ,9 ! conduct ( a     
prosecution1 he 0 rem>kable = a c]ta9   
urbanity1 t gave a secret *>m to 8 :ole 
spee*4 ,x is to be regrett$ t he 0 n a  
man ( bett] conduct & long] life4       
,multum +5ii 9 ,clio1 et prcipu 9       
accus&o multa urbanitas2 dignusque vir1 
cui et m5s melior1 et vita longior      
contigisset4 ,qu9t1 lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,8 
lett]s to ,cic]o make ! eigh? book ( !  
,epi/ol ad ,famili>es4 ,velleius        
,pat]culus says ( him1 t 8 /yle (       
eloqu5ce & 8 ca/ ( m9d bore a           
resemblance to ,curio1 b rais$ him above
 t facti\s orator4 ,8 g5ius = mis*ief & 

evil de$s 0 n inf]ior to ,curio1 & 8    
motives 7 /rong & urg5t1 s9ce 8 =tune 0 
worse ?an ev5 8 frame ( m9d4 ,m>cus     
,clius1 vir eloquio animoque ,curioni   
simillimus1 s$ 9 utroque p]fectior2 nec 
m9us +5ios nequam1 cum ne 9 modic quidem
 s]v>i posset1 quippe pejor illi res    
famili>is1 quam m5s4 ,vell4 ,pat]e4 lib4
 ii4 s4 #fh4  ,lic9ius ,mac] ,calvus1 we
 are told by ,s5eca1 ma9ta9$ a long b   
unju/ cont5tion ) ,cic]o himself = !    
palm ( eloqu5ce4 ,he 0 a w>m & vehem5t  
accus]1 insomu* t ,vat9ius1 ?\gh def5d$ 
by ,cic]o1 int]rupt$ ,calvus 9 ! middle 
( 8 spee*1 & said to ! judges1 ,?\gh ?is
 man has a torr5t ( words1 does x foll[ 
t ,i mu/ be condemn$8 ,calvus diu cum   
,cic]one iniquissimam litem de pr9cipatu
 eloqu5ti habuit2 et usque e viol5tus   
accusator et concitatus fuit1 ut 9 m$ia 
actione ejus surg]et ,vat9ius reus1 et  
exclam>et1 ,rogo vos1 judices1 si i/e   
dis]tus e/1 ideo me damn>i oportet8     
,s5eca1 ,controv4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #ai4   
,cic]o c\ld n dread him z a rival1 & x  

may !re=e be presum$1 t he has drawn 8  
"* ) an imp>tial h&4 ,calvus 0 an orator
 m improv$ by lit]ature ?an ,curio4 ,he 
spoke ) accuracy1 & 9 8 composition %ew$
 great ta/e & delicacy2 b1 lab\r+ to    
ref9e 8 language1 he 0 too att5tive to  
little niceties4 ,he wi%$ to make no bad
 blood1 & he lo/ ! good4 ,8 /yle 0      
poli%$ ) timid caution2 b :ile x pleas$ 
! e> ( ! le>n$1 ! _s evaporat$1 & (     
c\rse made no impression 9 ! =um1 :i* is
 ! !atre ( eloqu5ce4 ,ad ,calvum        
rev]tamur2 qui orator fuisset cum lit]is
 eruditior quam ,curio1 tum etiam       
accuratius quoddam dic5di1 et           
exquisitius aff]ebat g5us2 quod quamquam
 sci5t] elegant]que tractabat1 nimium   
tam5 inquir5s 9 se1 atque ipse sese     
obs]vans1 metu5sque ne vitiosum         
collig]et1 etiam v]um sangu9em          
dep]debat4 ,itaque ejus oratio nimi     
religione att5uata1 doctis et att5t     
audi5tibus erat illu/ris1 a multitud9e  
autem1 et a =o1 cui nata eloqu5tia e/1  
devorabatur4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #bhh4 

,qu9tilian says1 !re 71 :o pref]r$ him  
to all ! orators ( 8 "t4 ,o!rs 7 (      
op9ion t1 by be+ too sev]e a critic on  
himself1 he poli%$ too mu*1 & grew weak 
by ref9em5t4 ,b 8 mann] 0 grave & solid2
 8 /yle 0 *a/e1 & (t5 animat$4 ,to be   
?\ght a man ( attic eloqu5ce 0 ! height 
( 8 ambition4 ,if he _h liv$ to see 8   
error1 & to give to 8 eloqu5ce a true & 
p]fect =m1 n by retr5*+ 7= !re 0 no?+ to
 be tak5 away71 b by add+ c]ta9         
qualities t 7 want$1 he w\ld h rea*$ !  
summit ( 8 art4 ,by a premature dea? 8  
fame 0 nipp$ 9 ! bud4 ,inv5i qui ,calvum
 prf]r5t omnibus2 inv5i qui contr cr$]5t
 eum1 nimi contra se calumni1 v]um      
sangu9em p]didisse4 ,s$ e/ et sancta et 
gravis oratio1 et ca/igata1 et frequ5t] 
vehem5s quoque4 ,imitator e/ autem      
,atticorum2 fecitque illi prop]ata mors 
injuriam1 si quid adjecturus1 non si    
quid detracturus fuit4 ,qu9til4 lib4 x4 
cap4 #a4  d ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,m>cus       
,junius ,brutus1 :o /ood =? 9 ! cause ( 
lib]ty1 & deliv]$ 8 c\ntry f !          

usurpation ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,cic]o       
describes him 9 t great tragic sc5e1    
br&i%+ 8 bloody dagg]1 & call+ on ,cic]o
 by "n1 to tell him t 8 c\ntry 0 free4  
,cs>e int]fecto1 /atim cru5tum alt      
extoll5s ,m>cus ,brutus pugionem1       
,cic]onem nom9atim exclamavit1 atque ei 
recup]atam lib]tatem e/ gratulatus4     
,philippic1 ii4 s4 #bh4 ,! late ,doctor 
,ak5side has ret\*$ ?is passage ) all ! 
col\rs ( a sublime imag9ation4          
,look !n abroad ?r\gh nature1 ?r\gh !   
range      ,( planets1 suns1 & adamant9e
 sph]es1      ,:eel+ un%ak5 ?r\gh ! void
 imm5se1      ,& speak1 ,o man6 does ?is
 capaci\s sc5e      ,) half t k9dl+     
maje/y dilate      ,?y /rong conception1
 z :5 ,brutus rose      ,refulg5t f !   
/roke ( ,cs>'s fate1      ,amid ! cr[d (
 patriots1 & 8 arm      ,al(t ext5d+1 l 
et]nal ,jove      ,:5 guilt br+s d[n !  
?und]1 call'd al\d      ,on ,tully's "n1
 & %ook 8 crimson /eel1      ,& bade !  
,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry hail6      ,=1 lo6 !  
tyrant pro/rate 9 ! du/1      ,& ,rome  

aga9 is free4                           
,,pleasures ,,( ,,imag4 b4 i4 v]4 #dhg4 
,accord+ to ,qu9tilian1 ,brutus 0 fitt] 
= philosophical speculations1 & books ( 
moral !ory1 ?an = ! c>e] ( public       
oratory4 ,9 ! =m] he 0 equal to ! weight
 & dignity ( 8 subject3 y cle>ly saw t  
he believ$ :at he said4 ,egregius v]o   
multoque quam 9 orationibus pr/antior   
,brutus1 suffecit pond]i r]um2 scias eum
 s5tire qu dicit4 ,qu9til4 lib4 x4 cap4 
#a4  ,= ,as9ius ,pollio & ,messala1 see 
section xii4 note e4  e ,hirtius &      
,pansa 7 consuls ,a4,u4,c4 #gaa2 be=e ! 
,*ri/ian ra #dc4 ,9 ?is ye>1 ! fam\s    
triple league1 call$ ! ,,triumvirate1 0 
=m$ betwe5 ,augu/us1 ,lepidus1 &        
,antony4 ,! proscription1 or ! li/ ( ^? 
:o 7 doom$ to die = ! crime ( adh]+ to !
 cause ( lib]ty1 0 also settl$1 & ,cic]o
 0 "o ( ! numb]4 ,a b& ( assass9s w5t 9 
que/ ( him to 8 villa1 call$ ,a/ura1 ne>
 ! sea-%ore4 ,_! lead] 0 "o ,popilius   
,lnas1 a milit>y tribune1 :om ,cic]o _h 
=m]ly def5d$ ) success 9 a capital      

cause4 ,!y ov]took ,cic]o 9 8 litt]4 ,he
 comm&$ 8 s]vants to set him d[n1 & make
 no resi/ance2 !n look+ ^u 8 execution]s
 ) a pres5ce & firmness :i* almo/ daunt$
 !m1 & ?ru/+ 8 neck z =w>d z he c\ld out
 ( ! litt]1 he bade !m d _! "w1 & take  
:at !y want$4 ,! murd]]s cut (f 8 head1 
& bo? 8 h&s4 ,popilius und]took to      
convey !m to ,rome1 z ! mo/ agreeable   
pres5t to ,antony2 )\t reflect+ on !    
infamy ( c>ry+ t head1 :i* _h sav$ 8    
own4 ,he f\nd ,antony 9 ! =um1 & ^u %ew+
 ! spoils :i* he br\ght1 0 rew>d$ on !  
spot ) ! hon\r ( a cr[n1 & ab\t eight   
?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,antony ord]$ ! head to
 be fix$ ^u ! ro/ra1 betwe5 ! two h&s2 a
 sad spectacle to ! p1 :o beheld ^?     
mangl$ memb]s1 :i* us$ to ex]t !mselves1
 f t place1 9 def5ce ( ! lives1 !       
=tunes1 & ! lib]ties ( ,rome4 ,cic]o 0  
kill$ on ! sev5? ( ,decemb]1 ab\t t5    
days f ! settlem5t ( ! triumvirate1 aft]
 he _h liv$ sixty-?ree ye>s1 elev5      
mon?s1 & five days4 ,see ,middleton's   
,life ( ,cic]o1 #dto edit4 vol4 ii4 p4  

#die to #dih4 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 aft]
 m5tion+ ,cic]o's dea?1 breaks out 9 a  
/ra9 ( indignation1 t almo/ r$eems ! "* 
( t "t-s]v+ writ]4 ,he says to ,antony1 
9 a spirit$ apo/rophe1 y h no reason to 
exult3 y h ga9$ no po9t by pay+ !       
assass91 :o /opp$ t eloqu5t m\?1 & cut  
(f t illu/ri\s head4 ,y h paid ! wages (
 murd]1 & y h de/roy$ a consul :o 0 !   
cons]vator ( ! commonweal?4 ,by t act y 
deliv]$ ,cic]o f a di/ract$ _w1 f !     
infirmities ( old age1 & f a life :i*1  
"u y\r usurpation1 w\ld h be5 worse ?an 
dea?4 ,8 fame 0 n to be cru%$3 ! glory (
 8 actions & 8 eloqu5ce /ill rema9s1 & y
 h rais$ x high] ?an ev]4 ,he lives1 & w
 cont9ue to live 9 e age & nation4      
,po/]ity w admire & v5]ate ! torr5t (   
eloqu5ce1 :i* he p\r$ out aga9/ y\rself1
 & w = ev] execrate ! horrible murd] :i*
 y committ$4 ,nihil tam5 egi/i1 ,m>ce   
,antoni 7cogit enim exc$]e propositi    
=mam op]is erump5s animo ac pectore     
indignatio73 nihil1 inquam1 egi/i2      
m]c$em cle/issimi oris1 et cl>issimi    

capitis abscissi num]&o2 auctoram5toque 
funebri ad cons]vatoris quondam         
reipublic tantique consulis irrit&o     
necem4 ,rapui/i tu ,m>co ,cic]oni lucem 
sollicitam et tatem s5ilem1 et vitam    
mis]iorem te pr9cipe1 quam sub te       
triumviro mortem4 ,famam v]o1 gloriamque
 factorum atque dictorum adeo non       
ab/uli/i1 ut aux]is4 ,vivit1 vivetque p]
 omnium sculorum memoriam2 omnisque     
po/]itas illius 9 te scripta mirabitur1 
tuum 9 eum factum execrabitur4 ,vell4   
,pat]c4 lib4 ii4 s4 #ff4  f ,betwe5 !   
consul%ip ( ,augu/us1 :i* began         
imm$iately aft] ! de/ruction ( ,hirtius 
& ,pansa1 ,a4,u4,c4 #gaa1 & ! dea? ( t  
emp]or1 :i* 0 ,a4,u4 #gfg1 fifty-six    
ye>s int]v5$1 & to ! six? ( ,vespasian  
7,a4,u4,c4 #hbh71 ab\t #aah ye>s4 ,= !  
sake ( a r\nd numb]1 x is call$ 9 !     
,dialogue a space ( #abj ye>s4  g       
,julius ,cs> l&$ 9 ,brita9 9 ! ye>s (   
,rome #fii & #gjj4 ,see ,life (         
,agricola1 s4 #ac4 note a4 ,x does n    
appe> :5 ,ap] 0 9 ,brita92 x c\ld n be  

till ! ye> ( ,rome #gif1 :5 ,aulus      
,plautius1 by ord] ( ! emp]or ,claudius1
 und]took ! conque/ ( ! isl&4 ,see ,life
 ( ,agricola1 s4 #ad4 note a4 ,at t "t1 
! ,briton :o f\ght aga9/ ,cs>1 mu/ h be5
 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s4  h ,a l>gess 0 giv5 
to ! p1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,vespasian1 :5   
,domitian ent]$ on 8 second consul%ip4  
,?is1 ,broti] says1 appe>s on a m$al1 ) 
?is inscription3 ,,cong4 ,,ii4 ,,cos4   
,,ii4 ,congi>ium alt]um1 ,domitiano     
consule secundm4 ,! cu/om ( giv+ l>ge   
di/ributions to ! p 0 = _m ages e/abli%$
 at ,rome4 ,broti] traces x f ,ancus    
,m>tius1 ! f\r? k+ ( ,rome1 :5 ! pov]ty 
( ! p call$ = relief4 ,! l b\nty 0      
di/ribut$ by ! g5]als1 :o return$ 9     
triumph4 ,lucullus & ,julius ,cs>       
display$1 on ^? occasions1 great pomp & 
magnific5ce4 ,corn1 w9e1 & oil1 7       
pl5tifully di/ribut$1 & ! popul>ity1    
acquir$ by ^? means1 01 p]haps1 ! ru9 ( 
! commonweal?4 ,cs> lavi%$ money4       
,augu/us foll[$ ! example1 & ,tib]ius   
did ! same2 b prodigality 0 n 8         

practice4 ,8 politic g5ius taught him   
all ! arts ( gov]n+4 ,! b\nties ?us     
di/ribut$1 7 call$1 :5 giv5 to ! p1     
,,congi>ia1 &1 to ! soldi]s1 ,,donativa4
 ,:oev] desires to =m an idea ( ! numb] 
( ,roman citiz5s :o1 at diff]5t times1  
receiv$ l>gesses1 & ! prodigi\s exp5ce  
att5d+ !m1 may see an acc\nt drawn up ) 
dilig5t att5tion by ,broti]1 9 an       
elaborate note on ?is passage4 ,he beg9s
 ) ,julius ,cs>2 & pursues ! enquiry    
?r\gh ! sev]al successive emp]ors1 fix+ 
! date & exp5ce at e p]iod1 z l[ d[n z !
 consul%ip ( ,con/antius & ,gal]ius     
,maximianus2 :51 ! empire be+ divid$    
into ! ea/]n & we/]n1 its =m]           
magnific5ce 01 by consequ5ce1 mu*       
dim9i%$4  i ,! p]son "h call$ ,corv9us 0
 ! same z ,corv9us ,messala1 :o fl\ri%$ 
9 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 at ! same "t )    
,as9ius ,pollio4 ,see s4 xii4 note e4   
,section ,,xviii4  a ,s]vius ,sulpicius 
,galba 0 consul ,a4,u4,c4 #faj1 be=e !  
,*ri/ian ra #add4 ,cic]o says ( him1 t  
he 01 9 8 day1 an orator ( em95ce4 ,:5  

he spoke 9 public1 ! natural en]gy ( 8  
m9d support$ him1 & ! w>m? ( 8          
imag9ation made him vehem5t & pa!tic2 8 
language 0 animat$1 bold1 & rapid2 b :5 
he1 aft]w>ds1 took 8 p5 9 h& to correct 
& poli%1 ! fit ( en?usiasm 0 ov]2 8     
passions ebb$ away1 & ! composition 0   
cold & languid4 ,galbam =tasse vis non  
+5ii solum1 s$ etiam animi1 et naturalis
 quidam dolor1 dic5tem inc5debat1       
efficiebatque1 ut et incitata1 et       
gravis1 et vehem5s esset oratio2 de9 cum
 otiosus /ilum preh5d]at1 motusque omnis
 animi1 tanquam v5tus1 hom9em defec]at1 
flaccescebat oratio4 ,ardor animi non   
semp] ade/1 isque cum cons$it1 omnis    
illa vis1 et quasi flamma oratoris      
ext+uitur4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #ic4    
,suetonius says1 t ! p]son "h int5d$ 0 (
 consul> dignity1 &1 by 8 eloqu5ce1 gave
 weight & lu/re to 8 family4 ,life (    
,galba1 s4 iii4  b ,caius ,papirius     
,c>bo 0 consul ,a4,u4,c4 #fcd4 ,cic]o   
wi%es t he _h prov$ himself z good a    
citiz51 z he 0 an orator4 ,be+ impea*$ =

 8 turbul5t & s$iti\s conduct1 he did n 
*oose to /& ! ev5t ( a trial1 b escap$ !
 judgem5t ( ! s5ate by a volunt>y dea?4 
,8 life 0 sp5t 9 =5sic causes4 ,m5 (    
s5se1 :o he>d him h report$1 t he 0 a   
flu5t1 animat$1 & h>moni\s speak]2 at   
times pa!tic1 always pleas+1 & ab\nd+ ) 
wit4 ,c>bo1 quoad vita supp$itavit1 e/ 9
 multis judiciis causisque cognitus4    
,hunc qui audi]ant prud5tes hom9es1     
canorum oratorem1 et volubilem1 et satis
 acrem1 atque eundem et vehem5tem1 et   
valde dulcem1 et p]facetum fuisse       
dicebant4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #aje4  c 
,calvus & ,clius h be5 m5tion$ already4 
,see s4 xvii4 note c4  d ,caius ,grac*us
 0 tribune ( ! p ,a4,u4,c4 #fcc4 ,9 t "*
 he took ! popul> side aga9/ !          
patricians2 &1 pursu+ ! plan ( ! agr>ian
 law laid d[n by 8 bro!r1 ,tib]ius      
,grac*us1 he 0 able by 8 eloqu5ce to    
keep ! city ( ,rome 9 viol5t agitation4 
,amid/ ! tumult1 ! s5ate1 by a decree1  
ord]$ ! consul1 ,lucius ,opimius1 to    
take c>e t ! commonweal? receiv$ no     

injury2 &1 says ,cic]o1 n a s+le night  
int]v5$1 be=e t magi/rate put ,grac*us  
to dea?4 ,decrevit s5atus1 ut ,lucius   
,opimius1 consul1 vid]et1 ne quid       
detrim5ti respublica cap]et3 nox nulla  
int]cessit2 int]fectus e/ propt] quasdam
 s$itionum suspiciones ,caius ,grac*us1 
cl>issimo patre natus1 avis majoribus4  
,orat4 i4 9 ,catil9am4 ,8 reputation z  
an orator t[]s above all 8              
contempor>ies4 ,cic]o says1 !           
commonweal? & ! int]e/s ( lit]ature     
suff]$ greatly by 8 untimely end4 ,he   
wi%es t ! love ( 8 c\ntry1 & n zeal = ! 
memory ( 8 bro!r1 _h inspir$ 8 actions4 
,8 eloqu5ce 0 su* z left him )\t a      
rival3 9 8 diction1 :at a noble spl5d\r6
 9 8 s5tim5ts1 :at elevation6 & 9 ! :ole
 ( 8 mann]1 :at weight & dignity6 ,8    
compositions1 x is true1 are n ret\*$ ) 
c>e2 !y want ! poli% ( ! la/ h&2 :at is 
well begun1 is seldom highly f9i%$2 &   
yet he1 if any "o1 des]ves to be ! /udy 
( ! ,roman y\?4 ,9 him !y w f9d :at c1  
at once1 quick5 _! g5ius1 & enri* !     

und]/&+4 ,damnum enim1 illius immaturo  
int]itu1 res ,roman1 ,lat9que lit]      
fec]unt4 ,ut9am non tam fratri pietatem1
 quam patri pr/>e voluisset4 ,eloqu5tia 
quidem nescio an habuisset p>em3 gr&is  
e/ v]bis1 sapi5s s5t5tiis1 g5]e toto    
gravis4 ,manus extrema non accessit     
op]ibus ejus2 prcl>e in*oata multa1     
p]fecta non plane4 ,leg5dus e/ hic      
orator1 si quisquam alius1 juv5tuti2 non
 enim solum acu]e1 s$ etiam al]e +5ium  
pote/4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #abe1 #abf4 
e ,?is is ! celebrat$ ,m>cus ,portius   
,cato1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,cato !  
c5sor4 ,he 0 qu/or "u ,scipio1 :o comm&$
 aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ,a4,u4,c4 #edh4   
,he rose ?r\gh ! regul> gradations ( !  
magi/racy to ! consul%ip4 ,:5 prtor1 he 
gov]n$ ! prov9ce ( ,s>d9ia1 & ex]t$     
himself 9 ! re=m ( all abuses introduc$ 
by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,f 8 own p]son1 & 8   
mann] ( liv+1 he bani%$ e appe>ance (   
luxury4 ,:5 he _h occasion to visit !   
t[ns t lay )9 8 gov]nm5t1 he w5t on     
foot1 clo!d ) ! pla9e/ attire1 )\t a    

vehicle foll[+ him1 or m ?an "o s]vant1 
:o c>ri$ ! robe ( (fice1 & a vase1 to   
make libations at ! alt>4 ,he sat 9     
judgem5t ) ! dignity ( a magi/rate1 &   
puni%$ e (f5ce ) inflexible rig\r4 ,he  
_h ! happy art ( unit+ 9 8 own p]son two
 ?+s almo/ incompatible2 namely1 /rict  
sev]ity & sweetness ( mann]s4 ,"u 8     
adm9i/ration1 ju/ice 0 at once t]rible &
 amiable4 ,plut>* relates t he nev] wore
 a dress t co/ m ?an ?irty %ill+s2 t 8  
w9e 0 no bett] ?an :at 0 consum$ by 8   
slaves2 & t by lead+ a labori\s life1 he
 meant to h>d5 8 con/itution = ! s]vice 
( 8 c\ntry4 ,he nev] ceas$ to condemn ! 
luxury ( ! times4 ,on ?is subject a     
rem>kable apoph!gm is record$ by        
,plut>*2 ,x is impossible1 said ,cato1  
to save a city1 9 :i* a s+le fi% sells =
 m money ?an an ox4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( him
 by ,cic]o 9 ! ,cato ,major1 excites our
 v5]ation ( ! man4 ,he 0 ma/] ( e lib]al
 art1 & e bran* ( sci5ce1 kn[n 9 t age4 
,"s m5 rose to em95ce by _! skill 9     
jurisprud5ce2 o!rs by _! eloqu5ce2 & a  

great numb] by _! milit>y tal5ts4 ,cato 
%one 9 all alike4 ,! patricians 7 (t5   
leagu$ aga9/ him1 b 8 virtue & 8        
eloqu5ce 7 a mat* = ! pr\de/            
connections4 ,he 0 *os5 ,,c5sor1 9      
opposition to a numb] ( p[]ful c&idates1
 ,a4,u4,c4 #efh4 ,he 0 ! advis] ( ! ?ird
 ,punic w>4 ,! "q occasion$ sev]al w>m  
debates 9 ! s5ate4 ,cato always insi/$  
on ! demolition ( ,c>?age3 ,,del5da ,,e/
 ,,c>?ago4 ,he pref]r$ an accusation    
aga9/ ,s]vius ,sulpicius ,galba on a    
*>ge ( peculation 9 ,spa91 ,a4,u4,c4    
#fjc2 &1 ?\gh he 0 !n n9ety ye>s old1   
accord+ to ,livy 7,cic]o says he liv$ to
 eighty-five71 he conduct$ ! bus9ess ) s
 mu* vig\r1 t ,galba1 9 ord] to excite  
compassion1 produc$ 8 *ildr5 be=e !     
s5ate1 & by t artifice escap$ a s5t5ce (
 condemnation4 ,qu9tilian gives ! foll[+
 "* ( ,cato ! c5sor3 ,8 g5ius1 l 8      
le>n+1 0 univ]sal3 hi/orian1 orator1    
lawy]1 he cultivat$ ! ?ree bran*es2 &   
:at he und]took1 he t\*$ ) a ma/]-h&4 ,!
 sci5ce ( husb&ry 0 also 84 ,great z 8  

atta9m5ts 71 !y 7 acquir$ 9 camps1 amid/
 ! d9 ( arms2 & 9 ! city ( ,rome1 amid/ 
sc5es ( cont5tion1 & ! upro> ( civil    
discord4 ,?\gh he liv$ 9 rude unpoli%$  
times1 he appli$ himself1 :5 f> advanc$ 
9 ! vale ( ye>s1 to ! /udy ( ,greek     
lit]ature1 & !reby gave a signal pro( t 
ev5 9 old age ! will+ m9d may be enri*$ 
) new /ores ( k4 ,m>cus ,c5sorius ,cato1
 idem orator1 idem hi/ori conditor1 idem
 juris1 idem r]um ru/ic>um p]itissimus  
fuit4 ,int] tot op]a militi1 tantas domi
 cont5tions1 ridi sculo lit]as ,grcas1  
tate jam decl9at didicit1 ut esset      
hom9ibus docum5to1 ea quoque p]cipi     
posse1 qu s5es concupiss5t4 ,lib4 xii4  
cap4 #aa4  f ,lucius ,lic9ius ,crassus  
is (t5 m5tion$1 & always to 8 advantage1
 by ,cic]o ,,de ,,cl>is ,,oratoribus4   
,he 0 born1 z appe>s 9 t treatise 7sect4
 #afa71 dur+ ! consul%ip ( ,llius &     
,cpio1 ,a4,u4,c4 #fad3 he 0 contempor>y 
) ,antonius1 ! celebrat$ orator1 & fa!r 
( ,antony ! triumvir4 ,crassus 0 ab\t   
f\r & ?irty ye>s old] ?an ,cic]o4 ,:5   

,philippus ! consul %ew$ himself dispos$
 to encroa* on ! privileges ( ! s5ate1  
&1 9 ! pres5ce ( t body1 (f]$           
indignities to ,lic9ius ,crassus1 !     
orator1 z ,cic]o in=ms u1 broke out 9 a 
blaze ( eloqu5ce aga9/ t viol5t outrage1
 conclud+ ) t rem>kable s5t5ce3 ,he %all
 n be to me ,a ,,consul1 to :om ,i am n 
,a ,,s5ator4 ,non es mihi consul1 quia  
nec ego tibi s5ator sum4 ,see ,val]ius  
,maximus1 lib4 xli4 cap4 #b4 ,cic]o has 
giv5 8 oratorical "*4 ,he possess$ a    
wond]ful dignity ( language1 c\ld enliv5
 8 disc\rse ) wit & pleasantry1 nev]    
desc5d+ to vulg> hum\r2 ref9$1 & poli%$1
 )\t a t9cture ( scurrility4 ,he pres]v$
 ! true ,lat9 idiom2 9 8 selection (    
words accurate1 ) app>5t facility2 no   
/iffness1 no affectation appe>$2 9 8    
tra9 ( reason+ always cle> & me?odical2 
&1 :5 ! cause h+$ ^u a "q ( law1 or !   
moral di/9ctions ( good & evil1 no man  
possess$ su* a fund ( argum5t1 & happy  
illu/ration4 ,crasso nihil /atuo fi]i   
potuisse p]fectius3 erat summa gravitas2

 erat cum gravitate junctus faceti>um et
 urbanitatis oratorius1 non scurrilis1  
lepos4 ,lat9 loqu5di accurata1 et1 s9e  
mole/i1 dilig5s elegantia2 9 diss]5do   
mira explicatio2 cum de jure civili1 cum
 de quo et bono disput>etur1 argum5torum
 et similitud9um copia4 ,de ,cl>is      
,orat4 s4 #adc4 ,9 ,cic]o's books ,,de  
,,oratore1 ,lic9ius ,crassus supports a 
capital "p 9 ! dialogue2 b 9 ! op5+ ( ! 
?ird book1 we h a pa!tic acc\nt ( 8     
dea?1 writt51 z ! ,italians say1 con    
amore4 ,crassus return$ f 8 villa1 :]e !
 dialogue pass$1 to take "p 9 ! debate  
aga9/ ,philippus ! consul1 :o _h decl>$ 
to an assembly ( ! p1 t he 0 oblig$ to  
seek new c\nsellors1 = ) su* a s5ate he 
c\ld n conduct ! affairs ( !            
commonweal?4 ,! conduct ( ,crassus1 ^u t
 occasion1 has be5 m5tion$ already4 ,!  
vehem5ce1 ) :i* he ex]t$ himself1 ?rew  
him into a viol5t fev]1 &1 on ! sev5?   
day foll[+1 put a p]iod to 8 life4 ,!n1 
says ,cic]o1 t tuneful swan expir$3 we  
hop$ once m to he> ! melody ( 8 voice1 &

 w5t1 9 t expectation1 to ! s5ate-h\se2 
b all t rema9$ 0 to gaze on ! spot :]e t
 eloqu5t orator spoke = ! la/ "t 9 !    
s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,illud immortalitate 
dignum +5ium1 illa humanitas1 illa      
virtus ,lucii ,crassi morte ext9cta     
subit e/1 vix diebus decem po/ eum diem1
 qui hoc et sup]iore libra cont9etur4   
,illa tanquam cycnea fuit div9i hom9is  
vox1 et oratio1 quam quasi expectantes1 
po/ ejus int]itum v5iebamus 9 curiam1 ut
 ve/igium illud ipsum1 9 quo ille       
po/remum in/itisset1 contu]emur4 ,de    
,orat4 lib1 iii4 s4 #a4 & #f4 ,?is      
passage w naturally call to m9d ! dea? (
 ! great e>l ( ,*a?am4 ,he w5t1 9 a     
feeble /ate ( heal?1 to att5d a debate (
 ! fir/ importance4 ,no?+ c\ld deta9 him
 f ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! dy+ notes ( !
 ,,briti% ,,swan 7 he>d 9 ! ,h\se (     
,pe]s4 ,he 0 convey$ to 8 own h\se1 & on
 ! elev5? ( ,may #aggh1 he brea!d 8 la/4
 ,! news rea*$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons late 9
 ! ev5+1 :5 ,colonel ,,b>re _h ! hon\r (
 be+ ! fir/ to %$ a patriot te> on t    

melan*oly occasion4 ,9 a /ra9 ( manly   
sorr[1 & ) t unprep>$ eloqu5ce :i* !    
he>t inspires1 he mov$ = a fun]al at !  
public exp5ce1 & a monum5t to ! memory (
 virtue & dep>t$ g5ius4 ,by p]=m+ t pi\s
 (fice1 ,colonel ,,b>re may be said to h
 made 8 own "n immortal4 ,hi/ory w      
record ! transaction4  g ,messala       
,corv9us is (t51 9 ?is ,dialogue1 call$ 
,corv9us only4 ,see s4 xii4 note e4  h  
,appius ,claudius 0 c5sor 9 ! ye> (     
,rome #ddb2 dictator1 #dfe2 &1 hav+ at a
 v advanc$ age lo/ 8 sight1 he became   
bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,appius ,ccus4     
,aft]w>ds1 ,a4,u4 #dgb1 :5 ,pyrrhus1 by 
8 ambassador1 (f]$ t]ms ( peace1 & a    
treaty ( alliance1 ,appius1 :om         
bl9dness1 & ! infirmities ( age1 _h = "s
 "t )held f public bus9ess1 desir$ to be
 convey$ 9 a litt] to ! s5ate-h\se4 ,be+
 conduct$ to 8 place1 he deliv]$ 8      
s5tim5ts 9 s =cible a mann]1 t ! fa!rs  
resolv$ to prosecute ! w>1 & nev] to he>
 ( an accommodation1 till ,italy 0      
evacuat$ by ,pyrrhus & 8 army4 ,see     

,livy1 b4 xiii4 s4 #ca4 ,cic]o relates !
 same fact 9 8 ,,cato ,,major1 & fur!r  
adds1 t ! spee* made by ,,appius ,c,,cus
 0 !n extant4 ,ovid m5tions ! temple (  
,bellona1 built & d$icat$ by ,appius1   
:o1 :5 bl9d1 saw e ?+ by ! light ( 8    
und]/&+1 & reject$ all t]ms (           
accommodation ) ,pyrrhus4       ,hac    
sacrata die ,tusco ,bellona duello      
,dicitur1 et ,latio prosp]a semp] ade/4 
,appius e/ auctor1 ,pyrrho qui pace     
negat        ,multum animo vidit1 lum9e 
ccus erat4                              
,,fa/orum lib vi4 v]4 #bja4  i          
,qu9tilian ackn[l$ges ?is fact1 ) 8     
usual c&\r4 ,! "q conc]n+ ,attic &      
,asiatic eloqu5ce 0 ( long /&+4 ,! /yle 
( ! =m] 0 close1 pure1 & elegant2 !     
latt] 0 said to be diffuse & o/5tati\s4 
,9 ! ,,attic1 no?+ 0 idle1 no?+         
r$undant3 ! ,,asiatic swell$ above all  
b\nds1 affect+ to dazzle by /rokes (    
wit1 by affectation & sup]flu\s ornam5t4
 ,cic]o 0 said by 8 enemies to be an    
orator ( ! la/ s*ool4 ,!y did n scruple 

to pron\nce him turgid1 copi\s to a     
fault1 (t5 r$undant1 & too fond (       
repetition4 ,8 wit1 !y said1 0 ! false  
glitt] ( va9 conceit1 frigid1 & out (   
season2 8 composition 0 cold & languid2 
wire-drawn into amplification1 & full] (
 m]etrici\s f9]y ?an became a man4 ,et  
antiqua quidem illa divisio int]        
,asianos et ,atticos fuit2 cum hi       
pressi1 et integri1 contra1 inflati illi
 et inanes hab]5tur2 et 9 8 nihil       
sup]flu]et1 illis judicium maxim ac     
modus deesset4 ,cic]onem tam5 et suorum 
hom9es temporum incess]e audebant ut    
tumidiorem1 et ,asianum1 et r$undantem1 
et 9 repetitionibus nimium1 et 9 salibus
 aliqu&o frigidum1 et 9 compositione    
fractum1 exultantem1 ac p5 7quod procul 
absit7 viro molliorem4 ,qu9til4 lib4    
xii4 cap4 #aj4 ,! same au?or adds1 t1 :5
 ! great orator 0 cut (f by ,m>c        
,antony's proscription1 & c\ld no long] 
answ] = himself1 ! m5 :o ei!r p]sonally 
hat$ him1 or envi$ 8 g5ius1 or *ose to  
pay _! c\rt to !1 triumvirate1 p\r$ =?  

_! malignity )\t res]ve4 ,x is          
unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t ,qu9tilian1 9   
sundry p>ts ( 8 "w1 has v9dicat$ ,cic]o 
f ^! asp]sions4 ,see s4 xvii4 note b4  k
 ,= ,calvus1 see s4 xvii4 note c4 ,=    
,brutus1 see ! same section1 note d4    
,:at ,cic]o ?\ght ( ,calvus has be5     
already quot$ f ! tract ,de ,cl>is      
,oratoribus1 9 note c1 s4 xvii4 ,by be+ 
too sev]e a critic on himself1 he lo/   
/r5g?1 :ile he aim$ at elegance4 ,x is1 
!re=e1 prop]ly said 9 ?is ,dialogue1 t  
,cic]o ?\ght ,calvus cold & en]vat$4 ,b 
did he ?9k ,brutus disjo9t$1 loose &    
neglig5t--otiosum atque disjunctum8 ,t  
he (t5 ?\ght him disjo9t$ is n          
improbable4 ,brutus 0 a close ?9k]1 & he
 aim$ at ! precision & brevity ( ,attic 
eloqu5ce4 ,! s5t5ti\s speak] is1 (      
c\rse1 full & concise4 ,he has no /udi$ 
transitions1 above ! m9ute c>e ( artful 
connections4 ,to disc>d ! copulatives = 
! sake ( en]gy 0 a rule laid d[n by !   
be/ anci5t critics4 ,cic]o has obs]v$ t 
an oration may be said to be disjo9t$1  

:5 ! copulatives are omitt$1 & /rokes ( 
s5tim5t foll[ "o ano!r 9 quick          
succession4 ,dissolutio sive disjunctio 
e/1 qu conjunctionibus e m$io sublatis1 
p>tibus sep>atis eff]tur1 hoc modo3 ,g]e
 morem p>5ti2 p>e cognatis2 obsequ]e    
amicis2 obtemp]a legibus4 ,ad ,h]5nium1 
lib4 iv4 s4 #da4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,brutus  
might appe> disjo9t$1 & t figure1 (t5   
repeat$1 might gr[ into a fault4 ,b h[  
is ! ^w ,,otiosus to be und]/ood8 ,if x 
means a neglect ( connectives1 x may1   
p]haps1 apply to ,brutus4 ,!re is no    
room to ?9k t ,cic]o us$ x 9 a worse    
s5se1 s9ce we f9d him 9 a lett] to      
,atticus decl>+1 t ! oratorical /yle (  
,brutus 01 9 language z well z s5tim5t1 
elegant to a degree t no?+ c\ld surpass4
 ,e/ enim oratio ejus scripta           
elegantissim1 s5t5tiis et v]bis1 ut     
nihil possit ultra4 ,a grave philosoph]1
 l ,brutus1 might reject ! graces (     
transition & regul> connection1 &1 = t  
reason1 might be ?\ght neglig5t &       
abrupt4 ,?is disjo9t$ /yle1 :i* ! ,fr5* 

call /yle c\p1 0 ! mann] cultivat$ by   
,s5eca1 = :i* ,caligula pron\nc$ him1 s&
 )\t lime2 ar5am s9e calce4 ,sueton4    
,life ( ,calig4 s4 #ec4 ,we "k f        
,qu9tilian1 t a _s ( emulation1 & ev5   
jeal\sy1 subsi/$ betwe5 ! em95t orators 
( ,cic]o's "t2 t he himself 0 s f> f    
ascrib+ p]fection to ,demo/h5es1 t he   
us$ to say1 he (t5 f\nd him napp+2 t    
,brutus & ,calvus sat 9 judgem5t on     
,cic]o1 & did n wi% to conceal _!       
objections2 & t ! two ,pollios 7 s f> f 
be+ satisfi$ ) ,cic]o's /yle & mann]1 t 
_! criticisms 7 little %ort ( decl>$    
ho/ility4 ,quamquam neque ipsi ,cic]oni 
,demo/h5es videatur satis esse p]fectus1
 quem dormit>e int]dum dicit2 nec ,cic]o
 ,bruto ,calvoque1 qui c]t compositionem
 illius etiam apud ipsum repreh5dunt2 ne
 ,as9io utrique1 qui vitia orationis    
ejus etiam inimic pluribus locis        
insequuntur4 ,qu9til4 lib4 xii4 cap4 #a4
   ,section ,,xix4  a ,cassius ,sev]us  
liv$ 9 ! latt] end ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1
 & ?r\gh a consid]able "p ( t (         

,tib]ius4 ,he 0 an orator1 accord+ to   
,qu9tilian1 :o1 if read ) due caution1  
might s]ve z a model wor?y ( imitation4 
,x is to be regrett$1 t to ! _m excell5t
 qualities ( 8 /yle he did n add m      
weight1 m /r5g? & dignity1 & !reby give 
col\r & a body to 8 s5tim5ts4 ,) ^?     
requisites1 he w\ld h rank$ ) ! mo/     
em95t orators4 ,to 8 excell5t g5ius he  
unit$ ke5 reflection1 great en]gy1 & a  
peculi> urbanity1 :i* gave a secret *>m 
to 8 spee*es4 ,b ! w>m? ( 8 temp] hurri$
 him on2 he li/5$ m to 8 passions ?an to
 8 judgem5t2 he possess$ a ve9 ( wit1 b 
he m+l$ ) x too mu* acrimony2 & wit1 :5 
x misses its aim1 feels ! mortification 
& ! ridicule :i* usually att5d          
disappo9t$ malice4 ,multa1 si cum       
judicio legatur1 dabit imitatione digna 
,,cassius ,,sev]us1 qui1 si ct]is       
virtutibus colorem et gravitatem        
orationis adjecisset1 pon5dus int]      
prcipuos =et1 ,nam et +5ii plurimum e/ 9
 eo1 et ac]bitas mira1 et urbanitas1 et 
vis summa2 s$ plus /oma*o qum consilio  

d$it2 prt]ea ut am>i sales1 ita frequ5t]
 am>itudo ipsa ridicula e/4 ,lib4 x4    
cap4 #a4 ,we read 9 ,suetonius 7,life ( 
,octavius1 s4 #ef71 t ,cassius _h !     
h>d9ess to in/itute a prosecution = !   
crime ( poison+ aga9/ ,aspr5as ,nonius1 
:o 01 at ! "t1 l9k$ 9 ! close/ fri5d%ip 
) ,augu/us4 ,n cont5t ) accusations     
aga9/ ! fir/ m5 9 ,rome1 he *ose to v5t 
8 malevol5ce 9 lampoons & defamatory    
libels1 aga9/ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( bo?      
sexes4 ,x 0 ?is t provok$ ,horace to    
decl>e w> aga9/ ,cassius1 9 an ode 7lib1
 v4 ode #f71 :i* beg9s1 ,quid imm]5tes  
hospites vexas1 canis4 ,see an acc\nt ( 
8 malevol5t _s1 ,annals1 b1 i4 s4 #gb4  
,he 0 at l5g? condemn$ = 8 indiscrim9ate
 abuse1 & bani%$ by ,augu/us to ! isle (
 ,crete4 ,b 8 satirical rage 0 n to be  
controll$4 ,he cont9u$ 9 exile to       
dis*>ge 8 malignity1 till1 at la/1 at ! 
end ( t5 ye>s1 ! s5ate took cognizance (
 8 guilt1 & ,tib]ius ord]$ him to be    
remov$ f ,crete to ! ,rock ( ,s]iphos1  
:]e he langui%$ 9 old age & mis]y4 ,see 

,annals1 b4 iv4 s4 #ba4 ,! p]iod (      
anci5t oratory end$ ab\t ! "t :5        
,cassius began 8 c>e]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( ! 
new s*ool4  b ,^! two rhetoricians      
fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,apollodorus1
 we are told by ,qu9tilian 7b4 iii4 *ap4
 #a71 0 ! preceptor ( ,augu/us4 ,he     
taught 9 opposition to ,!odorus         
,gad>eus1 :o read lectures at ,rhodes1 &
 0 att5d$ by ,tib]ius dur+ 8 retreat 9 t
 isl&4 ,! two cont5d+ ma/]s 7 ! f\nd]s (
 opposite sects1 call$ ! ,apollodorean &
 ,!odorian4 ,b true eloqu5ce1 :i* kn[s  
no laws b ^? ( nature & good s5se1 ga9$ 
no?+ by p>ty divisions4 ,lit]ature 0    
di/ract$ by new doctr9es2 rhetoric      
became a trick 9 ! h&s ( sophi/s1 & all 
s\nd oratory disappe>$4 ,h]magoras1     
,qu9tilian says1 9 ! *apt] already cit$1
 0 ! disciple ( ,!odorus4   ,section    
,,xx4  a ,doctor ,middleton says1 ,( !  
sev5 excell5t orations1 :i* n[ rema9 on 
! subject ( ,,v]res1 ! fir/ two only 7  
spok52 ! "o call$1 ,! ,div9ation2 ! o!r1
 ,! fir/ ,action1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a   

g5]al preface to ! :ole cause4 ,! o!r   
five 7 publi%$ aft]w>ds1 z !y 7 prep>$ &
 int5d$ to be spok51 if ,v]res _h made a
 regul> def5ce3 = z ?is 0 ! only cause 9
 :i* ,cic]o _h yet be5 engag$1 or ev]   
design$ to be engag$1 z an accus]1 s he 
0 will+ to leave ^? orations z a specim5
 ( 8 abilities 9 t way1 & ! patt]n ( a j
 & dilig5t impea*m5t ( a great & corrupt
 magi/rate4 ,life ( ,cic]o1 vol4 i4 p4  
#hf1 #dto edit4  b ,! ,dige/ enum]ates a
 multitude ( rules conc]n+ exceptions to
 p]sons1 ?+s1 ! =m ( ! action1 !        
niceties ( plead+1 &1 z ! phrase is1    
motions 9 arre/ ( judgem5t4 ,=mula1 0 ! 
set ( words necess>y to be us$ 9 !      
plead+s4 ,see ! ,dige/1 lib4 xliv4 tit4 
#a4 ,de ,exceptionibus1                 
,prscriptionibus1 et ,prjudiciis4 ,see  
also ,cujacius1 obs]vat4 xxiii4  c ,!   
oration = ,m>cus ,tullius is highly     
prais$ by ,macrobius1 b is n to be f\nd 
9 ,cic]o's works4 ,! oration = ,aulus   
,cc9a is /ill extant4 ,! cause 0 ab\t ! 
"r ( succession to a private e/ate1 :i* 

dep5d$ on a subtle po9t ( law1 aris+ f !
 int]pretation ( ! prtor's int]dict4 ,x 
%ews ,cic]o's exact k & skill 9 ! civil 
law1 & t 8 public "* & employm5t gave no
 int]ruption to 8 usual dilig5ce 9      
plead+ causes4 ,middleton's ,life (     
,cic]o1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf1 #dto edit4  d  
,roscius1 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! republic1 0 
! com$ian1 :om all ,rome admir$ = 8     
tal5ts4 ,! great e/eem$ & lov$ him = 8  
morals4 sop1 ! trag$ian1 0 8            
contempor>y4 ,horace1 9 ! epi/le to     
,augu/us1 has m5tion$ !m bo? ) _! prop] 
& di/9ctive qualities4          ----,ea 
cum repreh5d]e con]      ,qu ,,gravis   
,,sopus1 qu ,,doctus ,,roscius egit4  ,a
 c]ta9 measur$ gravity ( elocution be+  
requisite 9 trag$y1 t quality is assign$
 to ! =m]1 & ! latt] is call$ ,,doctus1 
because he 0 a complete ma/] ( 8 art2 s 
truly le>n$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 pr(ession1
 t he possess$1 9 a wond]ful degree1 !  
secret *>m t gave inimitable graces to 8
 voice & action4 ,qu9tilian1 9 a few    
words1 has giv5 a comm5t>y on ! passage 

9 ,horace4 ,grief1 he says1 is express$ 
by sl[ & delib]ate acc5ts2 = t reason1  
sop spoke ) gravity2 ,roscius )         
quickness2 ! =m] be+ a trag$ian1 ! latt]
 a com$ian4 ,plus autem affectus hab5t  
l5tiora2 ideoque ,roscius citatior1     
sopus gravior fuit1 quod ille comdias1 8
 tragdias egit4 ,lib4 xi4 cap4 #a4      
,cic]o 0 ! great fri5d & patron (       
,roscius4 ,an elegant oration 9 8 behalf
 is /ill extant4 ,! cause 0 ?is3 ,"o    
,,fannius _h made ov] to ,roscius a "y  
slave1 to be =m$ by him to ! /age1 on   
condition ( a p>tn]%ip 9 ! pr(its :i* ! 
slave %\ld acquire by act+4 ,! slave 0  
aft]w>ds kill$4 ,roscius prosecut$ !    
murd]] = damages1 & obta9$1 by          
composition1 a little f>m1 wor? ab\t    
eight hundr$ p\nds1 = 8 p>ticul> %>e4   
,,fannius also su$ sep>ately1 & 0       
suppos$ to h ga9$ z mu*2 b1 pret5d+ to h
 recov]$ no?+1 he su$ ,,roscius = !     
moiety ( :at he _h receiv$4 ,"o _c b    
obs]ve1 says ,dr4 ,middleton1 f ,cic]o's
 plead+1 ! wond]ful e/eem & reputation 9

 :i* ,roscius !n fl\ri%$4 ,has ,roscius1
 says he1 defraud$ 8 p>tn]8 ,c su* a /a9
 /ick ^u su* a man2 a man :o1 ,i speak x
 ) confid5ce1 has m integrity ?an skill1
 m v]acity ?an exp]i5ce8 a man :om ! p (
 ,rome "k to be a bett] citiz5 ?an he is
 an actor2 &1 :ile he makes ! fir/      
figure on ! /age = 8 art1 is wor?y ( a  
seat 9 ! s5ate = 8 virtue4 ,quem populus
 ,romanus meliorem virum quam hi/rionem 
esse arbitratur2 qui ita dignissimus e/ 
sc5 propt] artificium1 ut dignissimus   
sit curi propt] ab/95tiam4 ,pro ,roscio 
,comd1 s4 #ag ,9 ano!r place1 ,cic]o    
says1 he 0 su* an arti/1 z to seem !    
only "o fit to appe> on ! /age2 yet su* 
a man1 z to seem ! only "o :o %\ld n    
come ^u x at all4 ,cum artifex ejusmodi 
sit1 ut solus dignus videatur esse qui 9
 sc5 spectetur2 tum vir ejusmodi e/1 ut 
solus dignus videatur1 qui eo non       
acc$at4 ,pro ,publ4 ,qu9ctio1 s4 #gh4   
,:at ,cic]o has said 9 8 plead+s might  
be ?\ght oratorical1 introduc$ m]ely to 
s]ve ! cause1 if we did n f9d ! com$ian 

prais$ ) equal w>m? 9 ! dialogue ,,de   
,,oratore4 ,x is !re said ( ,roscius1 t 
e ?+ he did 0 p]fect 9 ! k9d1 & execut$ 
) consummate grace1 ) a secret *>m1 t   
t\*$1 affect$1 & delight$ ! :ole        
audi5ce3 insomu*1 t :5 a man excell$ 9  
any o!r pr(ession1 x 0 gr[n into a      
prov]b to call him1 ,,! ,,roscius ,,(   
,,8 ,,art4 ,videtisne1 quam nihil ab eo 
nisi p]fect1 nihil nisi cum summ v5u/ate
 fiat8 nihil1 nisi ita ut deceat1 et uti
 omnes moveat1 atque delectet8 ,itaque  
hoc jam diu e/ consecutus1 ut 9 quo     
quisque artificio excell]et1 is 9 suo   
g5]e ,roscius dic]etur4 ,de ,orat4 lib4 
i4 s4 #acj4 ,aft] s mu* hon\rable       
te/imony1 "o _c b wond] :y ! ,,doctus   
,,roscius ( ,horace is m5tion$ 9 ?is    
,dialogue ) an air ( disp>agem5t4 ,x may
 be1 t ,,ap]1 ! speak] 9 ?is passage1 0 
det]m9$ to degrade ! orators (          
antiquity2 & ! com$ian 01 !re=e1 to     
expect no qu>t]4 ,daci]1 9 8 notes on ! 
,epi/le to ,augu/us1 obs]ves t ,roscius 
wrote a book1 9 :i* he und]took to prove

 to ,cic]o1 t 9 all ! /ores ( eloqu5ce  
!re 7 n s _m diff]5t expressions = "o & 
! same ?+1 z 9 ! dramatic art !re 7     
modes ( action1 & ca/s ( c\nt5ance1 to  
m>k ! s5tim5t1 & convey x to ! m9d ) its
 due degree ( emotion4 ,x is to be      
lam5t$ t su* a book has n come d[n to u4
 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m valuable ?an !   
be/ treatise ( rhetoric4  ,ambivius     
,turpio act$ 9 mo/ ( ,t]5ce's plays1 &  
seems to h be5 a manag] ( ! !atre4      
,cic]o1 9 ! treatise ,de ,s5ectute1     
says3 ,he1 :o sat ne> him 9 ! fir/ r[s1 
receiv$ ! greate/ pleasure2 b /ill1 ^?1 
:o 7 at ! fur!r end ( ! !atre1 7        
delight$ ) him4 ,turpione ,ambivio magis
 delectatur1 qui 9 prim cave spectat2   
delectatur tam5 etiam qui 9 ultim4  e   
,,accius & ,,pacuvius fl\ri%$ at ,rome  
ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury f !       
f\ndation ( ! city4 ,accius1 accord+ to 
,horace1 0 held to be a poet ( a sublime
 g5ius1 & ,pacuvius 7:o liv$ to be n9ety
 ye>s old7 0 respect$ = 8 age & pr(\nd  
le>n+4       ,ambigitur quoties ut] utro

 sit prior1 auf]t      ,,pacuvius docti 
famam s5is1 ,,accius alti4              
,,epi/4 ,,ad ,,aug4 v]4 #ef4  ,velleius 
,pat]culus says1 t ,,accius 0 ?\ght     
equal to ! be/ writ]s ( ! ,greek trag$y4
 ,he _h n1 inde$1 ! dilig5t t\*es ( !   
poli%+ h&1 :i* we see 9 ! poets ( ,a!ns1
 b he _h m _s & vig\r4 ,accius usque 9  
,grcorum comp>ationem erectus4 ,9 illis 
lim 9 hoc p5 plus vid]i fuisse sangu9is4
 ,he is (t5 quot$ by ,cic]o 9 8 book ,de
 ,natur ,deorum4 ,b aft] all1 x is f !  
great critic1 :o gives ! be/ acc\nt ( ! 
,roman poets1 orators1 & hi/orians1 t we
 are to take ! g5u9e "* ( ,,accius &    
,,pacuvius1 s9ce _! works are lo/ 9 !   
g5]al mass ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,!y 7 bo?
 excell5t tragic poets3 elevation (     
s5tim5t1 gr&eur ( expression1 & dignity 
( "*1 /amp$ a value on _! productions2 &
 yet1 we mu/ n expect to f9d ! grace &  
elegance ( g5u9e composition4 ,to give !
 f9i%+ h& to _! works 0 n _! practice3 !
 defect1 h[ev]1 is n to be imput$ to !m2
 x 0 ! vice ( ! age4 ,=ce & dignity are 

! *>act]i/ics ( ,,accius2 :ile !        
critics1 :o wi% to be ?\ght deep &      
pr(\nd1 admire ,,pacuvius = 8 ext5sive  
le>n+4 ,tragdi scriptores ,accius atque 
,pacuvius1 cl>issimi s5t5ti>um          
v]borumque pond]e1 et auctoritate       
p]son>um4 ,ct]um nitor1 et summa 9      
excol5dis op]ibus manus1 magis vid]i    
pote/ temporibus1 quam ipsis defuisse4  
,virium tam5 ,accio plus tribuitur2     
,pacuvium vid]i doctiorem1 qui esse     
docti affectant1 volunt4 ,qu9til4 lib4  
x4 cap4 #a4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion 9 ,horace's "t
 to pref] ! writ]s ( ! old s*ool to !   
new race t gave s mu* lu/re to !        
,augu/an age4 ,9 opposition to su*      
errone\s criticism1 ! poet pron\nces a  
decid$ judgem5t1 :i* seems to be        
confirm$ by ! op9ion ( ,qu9tilian4      
,si qudam nimis antiqu1 si pl]aque dur  
,dic]e cr$it eos1 ignav multa fatetur1  
,et sapit1 et mecum facit1 et ,jove     
judicat quo4                            
,,epi/4 ,,ad ,,augu/4 v]4 #ff4       ,b 
t sometimes _! /yle unc\? appe>s1       

,& _! h>% numb]s rudely hurt our e>s2   
,or t full flatly fl[s ! languid l9e1   
,he1 :o owns ?is1 has ,jove's ass5t &   
m9e4                                    
,,francis',s ,,horace4  f ,lucan 0      
nephew to ,s5eca1 & a poet ( great      
celebrity4 ,he 0 born1 9 ! reign (      
,caligula1 at ,corduba 9 ,spa94 ,8      
sup]ior g5ius made ,n]o 8 mortal enemy4 
,he 0 put to dea? by t inhuman emp]or1  
,a4,u4,c4 #hah1 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? ye> ( 8 
age4 ,see ! ,annals1 b4 xv4 s4 #gj4 ,z a
 writ]1 ,qu9tilian says1 t he possess$  
an ard5t g5ius1 impetu\s1 rapid1 &      
rem>kable = ! vig\r ( 8 s5tim5ts3 b he  
*ooses to class him ) ! orators1 r ?an !
 poets4 ,lucanus ard5s1 et concitatus1  
et s5t5tiis cl>issimus2 et1 ut dicam    
quod s5tio1 magis oratoribus quam poetis
 annum]&us4 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,scalig]1 
on ! o!r h&1 cont5ds t ,lucan 0 a true  
poet1 & t ! critics d b trifle1 :5 !y   
object t he wrote hi/ory1 n an epic     
poem4 ,,/rada 9 8 ,prolusions1 has giv51
 among o!r imitations1 a n>rative 9     

,lucan's mann]2 &1 ?\gh he ?9ks t poet  
has n ! skill ( ,virgil1 he places him  
on ! summit ( ,p>nassus1 manag+ 8       
,pegasus ) difficulty1 (t5 9 dang] (    
fall+ f ! ridge ( a precipice1 yet      
delight+ 8 read] ) ! pleasure ( see+ him
 escape4 ,?is is ! true "* ( ,lucan4 ,! 
love ( lib]ty 0 8 rul+ passion4 ,x is b 
ju/ice to add1 t 8 s5tim5ts1 :5 free f  
anti!sis & ! ,ovidian mann]1 are n      
excell$ by any poet ( antiquity4 ,f him1
 z well z f ,virgil & ,horace1 ! orator 
is requir$ to cull su* passages z w help
 to enri* 8 disc\rse2 & ! practice is   
recomm5d$ by ,qu9tilian1 :o obs]ves1 t  
,cic]o1 ,as9ius ,pollio1 & o!rs1        
frequ5tly cit$ v]ses f ,ennius1 ,accius1
 ,pacuvius1 & ,t]5ce1 9 ord] to grace _!
 spee*es ) polite lit]ature1 & enliv5 ! 
imag9ation ( _! he>]s4 ,by ^? poetic    
ins]tions1 ! e> is reliev$ f ! h>%      
monotony ( ! =um2 & ! poets1 cit$       
occasionally1 s]ve by _! au?ority to    
e/abli% ! proposition advanc$ by !      
speak]4 ,nam prcipue quidem apud        

,cic]onem1 frequ5t] tam5 apud ,as9ium   
etiam1 et ct]os1 qui sunt proximi1      
vidimus ,,ennii1 ,,accii1 ,,pacuvii1    
,,t]5tii et aliorum ins]i v]sus1 summ   
non eruditionis mod grati1 s$ etiam     
jucunditatis2 cum poeticis voluptatibus 
aures a =5si asp]itate respir5t1 quibus 
acc$it non m$iocris utilitas1 cum       
s5t5tiis eorum1 velut quibusdam         
te/imoniis1 qu proposu]e confirmant4    
,qu9til4 lib4 i4 cap4 #h4   ,section    
,,xxi4  a ,!re is 9 ?is place a blund] (
 ! copyi/s1 :i* almo/ makes ! s5t5ce    
un9telligible4 ,! translator1 )\t ent]+ 
into m9ute controv]sies1 has1 ^u all su*
 occasions1 adopt$ :at appe>$1 f !      
context1 to be ! mo/ probable s5se4 ,x  
rema9s1 !re=e1 to enquire1 :o 7 ! sev]al
 orators "h enum]at$4 ,,canutius may be 
! p]son m5tion$ by ,suetonius ,de ,cl>is
 ,rhetoribus4 ,cic]o says ( ,,arrius1 t 
he 0 a /rik+ pro( ( :at consequ5ce x 0  
at ,rome to be useful to o!rs1 & always 
ready to be subs]vi5t to _! hon\r1 or to
 w>d (f dang]4 ,=1 by t assiduity1      

,arrius rais$ himself f a l[ beg9n+ to  
weal? & hon\rs1 & 0 ev5 rank$ 9 ! numb] 
( orators1 ?\gh void ( le>n+1 & )\t     
g5ius1 or abilities4 ,loco infimo natus1
 et honores1 et pecuniam1 et gratiam    
consecutus1 etiam 9 patronorum1 s9e     
doctr91 s9e +5io1 aliquem num]um        
p]v5]at4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #bdc4     
,,furnius may be suppos$1 n )\t         
probability1 to be ! p]son ) :om ,cic]o 
correspond$4 ,epi/4 ad ,famili>es1 lib4 
x4 ep4 #be1 #bf4 ,) reg>d to ,t]rianus  
we are left 9 ! d>k4 ,! comm5tators (f] 
v>i\s conjectures2 b conjecture is (t5 a
 speci\s amusem5t2 ! +5i\s folly ( m51  
:o take pa9s to bewild] !mselves1 &     
reason only to %ew _! useless le>n+4  b 
,! puny orators are said to be 9 an     
infirm>y1 l sickly m51 :o 7 no?+ b sk9 &
 bone4 ,^!1 says ,cic]o1 7 admir]s ( !  
,attic mann]2 b x 7 to be wi%$ t !y _h !
 :olesome blood1 n m]ely ! bones1 ( _!  
fav\rite declaim]s4 ,attico g5]e dic5di 
se gaud]e dicunt2 atqui ut9am imit>5tur 
nec ossa solum1 s$ etiam et sangu9em4   

,cic]o ,de ,cl>is ,oratoribus4  c ,:at  
is "h said ( ,calvus is n confirm$ by ! 
judgem5t ( ,qu9tilian4 ,see s4 xvii4    
note c4 ,8 orations1 :i* 7 extant at !  
"t ( ?is ,dialogue1 are n[ totally lo/4 
d ,= ,qu9tilian's op9ion ( ,clius1 see  
s4 xvii4 note c4  e ,"h aga9 ,qu9tilian1
 t c&id & able judge1 has giv5 a diff]5t
 op9ion4 ,see s4 xvii4 note b4 ,x may be
 prop] to add ! te/imony ( ,velleius    
,pat]culus4 ,cs>1 he says1 _h an        
elevation ( s\l1 t t[]$ above humanity1 
& 0 almo/ incr$ible2 ! rapid progress ( 
8 w>s1 8 firmness 9 ! h\r ( dang]1 & !  
gr&eur ( 8 va/ conceptions1 bore a ne>  
aff9ity to ,alex&]1 b to ,alex&] nei!r  
drunk1 nor mad ) passion4 ,animo sup]   
humanam et naturam1 et fidem evectus1   
cel]itate bell&i1 pati5ti p]iculorum1   
magnitud9e cogitationum2 magno illi     
,alex&ro1 s$ sobrio neque iracundo1     
simillimus4 ,vel4 ,pat]cul4 lib4 ii4 s4 
#da4 ,ev5 ,cic]o tells u1 t1 ( all !    
em95t orators1 he 0 ! p]son :o spoke !  
,lat9 language 9 ! greate/ purity1 &    

arriv$ at t consummate p]fection by     
/udy1 by dilig5t application1 & 8 ?or\gh
 k ( all polite lit]ature4 ,illum omnium
 f] oratorum ,lat9 loqui elegantissim3  
ut esset p]fecta illa b5 loqu5di laus1  
multis litt]is1 et iis quidem reconditis
 et exquisitis1 summoque /udio et       
dilig5ti e/ consecutus4 ,de ,cl>is      
,orat4 s4 #beb4  f ,cs>'s spee* =       
,decius ! ,samnite1 & all 8 o!r         
productions 7except ! ,comm5t>ies71 are 
totally lo/4  g ,?is spee* ( ,brutus is 
also lo/ ) 8 o!r works4 ,cic]o says1 he 
he>d him plead ! cause ( ,dejot>us )    
great elegance1 & a fl[ ( h>moni\s      
p]iods4 ,causam ,dejot>i1 fidelissimi   
atque optimi regis1 ornatissim et       
copiosissim a ,bruto me audisse def5sam4
 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #ba4 ,he tells u 9
 ano!r place1 t ,cs> obs]v$ ( ,brutus1 t
 :atev] he desir$1 he desir$ ) ard\r2 & 
!re=e1 9 ! cause ( ,dejot>us1 he ex]t$  
himself ) w>m?1 ) vehem5ce1 & great     
fre$om ( language4 ,quidquid vult1 vald 
vult2 ideoque1 cum pro rege ,dejot>o    

dix]it1 vald vehem5t] eum visum1 et lib]
 dic]e4 ,ad ,attic4 lib4 xiv4 ep4 #a4 ,!
 same ,dejot>us 0 aft]w>ds def5d$ by    
,cic]o be=e ,cs> himself4 ,see !        
,oration pro ,rege ,dejot>o4  h ,see :at
 is said ( ,as9ius ,pollio1 s4 xii4 note
 e4  i ,pl9y ! y\ng] has ! same         
metaphorical allusions1 :i* we "h f9d 9 
! ,dialogue4 ,speak+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5
 ! oratorial & hi/orical /yle2 ! latt]1 
he says1 may be cont5t ) ! bones1 !     
muscles1 & ! n]ves2 ! =m] mu/ h !       
prom95ce ( ! fle%1 ! brawny vig\r1 & !  
fl[+ mane4 ,hab5t quidem oratio et      
hi/oria multa communia1 s$ plura div]sa 
9 8 ipsis1 qu communia vid5tur4 ,n>rat  
sane illa1 n>rat hc1 s$ alit]4 ,huic    
pl]aque humilia1 et sordida1 et ex m$io 
petita3 illi omnia recondita1 spl5dida1 
excelsa conv5iunt4 ,hanc spius ossa1    
musculi1 n]vi2 illam tori quidam1 et    
quasi jub dec5t4 ,lib4 v4 ep4 #h4  k    
,messala ,corv9us has be5 (t5 m5tion$4  
,see = him s4 xii4 note e4   ,section   
,,xxii4  a ,! words s5t5tia & s5sus 7   

te*nical t]ms ) ! critics ( antiquity4  
,qu9tilian gives ! di/9ct mean+ ( ea*1 )
 8 usual precision4 ,accord+ to !       
e/abli%$ usage1 ! ^w s5sus signifi$ our 
ideas or conceptions1 z !y rise 9 ! m9d3
 by s5t5tia 0 int5d$1 a proposition1 9 !
 close ( a p]iod1 s express$1 z to d>t a
 sudd5 brilliancy1 = t reason call$ lum5
 orationis4 ,he says1 ^! artificial     
ornam5ts1 :i* ! anci5ts us$ b sp>+ly1 7 
! con/ant practice ( ! mod]n orators4   
,consuetudo jam t5uit1 ut m5te concepta1
 ,,s5sus voc>emus2 lum9a autem1         
prcipuque 9 clausulis posita1           
,,s5t5tias4 ,qu m9us crebra apud        
antiquos1 no/ris temporibus modo c>5t4  
,lib4 viii4 cap4 #e4 ,^! lum9\s s5t5ces1
 ,qu9tilian says1 may be call$ ! eyes ( 
an oration2 b eyes are n to be plac$ 9 e
 "p1 le/ ! o!r memb]s %\ld lose _!      
function4 ,ego v]o hc lum9a orationis   
velut oculos quosdam esse eloqu5ti cr$o3
 s$ neque oculos esse toto corpore      
velim1 ne ct]a membra suum (ficium      
p]dant4 ,lib4 viii1 cap4 #e4 ,z ,c[ley  

says1       ,jewels at nose & lips b ill
 appe>2      ,r ?an all ?+s1 wit let    
none be !re4  b ,9 ord] to =m a good    
/yle1 ! s5t5ce %\ld always be clos$ )   
v>iety1 /r5g?1 & h>mony4 ,! anci5t      
rhetoricians held ?is to be s ess5tially
 requisite1 t ,qu9tilian has giv5 x a   
full discussion4 ,t1 he says1 :i* (f5ds 
! e>1 w n easily ga9 admission to ! m9d4
 ,words %\ld be fitt$ to _! places1 s t 
!y may aptly coalesce ) "o ano!r4 ,9    
build+1 ! mo/ ill %ap5 /ones may be     
conv5i5tly fix$2 & 9 l mann]1 a good    
/yle mu/ h prop] words 9 prop] places1  
all arrang$ 9 ord]1 & clos+ ! s5t5ce )  
grace & h>mony4 ,nihil intr>e pote/ 9   
affectum1 quod 9 aure1 velut quodam     
ve/ibulo1 /atim (f5dit4 ,non enim ad    
p$es v]ba dim5sa sunt2 ideoque ex loco  
transf]untur 9 locum1 ut jungantur quo  
congruunt maxim2 sicut 9 /ructur saxorum
 rudium etiam ipsa enormitas inv5it cui 
applic>i1 et 9 quo possit insi/]e4      
,felicissimus tam5 s]mo e/1 cui et      
rectus ordo1 et apta junctura1 et cum 8 

num]us opportun cad5s cont+it4 ,qu9til4 
lib4 ix4 cap4 #d4   ,section ,,xxiii4  a
 ,! rem>k 9 ?is place alludes to a      
passage 9 ! oration aga9/ ,,piso1 :]e we
 f9d a frivol\s /roke ( false wit4      
,cic]o reproa*es ,piso = 8 dissolute    
mann]s1 & 8 sc&al\s debau*]y4 ,:o1 he   
says1 9 all t "t1 saw y sob]8 ,:o beheld
 y do+ any "o ?+1 wor?y ( a lib]al m9d8 
,did y once appe> 9 public8 ,! h\se (   
y\r colleague res\nd$ ) songs & m9/rels3
 he himself danc$ nak$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8     
wanton company2 & :ile he :eel$ ab\t )  
alacrity 9 ! circul> motion ( ! dance1  
he nev] once ?\ght ( ,,! ,,:eel ,,(     
,,=tune4 ,quis te illis diebus sobrium1 
quis ag5tem aliquid1 quod esset lib]o   
dignum8 ,quis d5ique 9 publico vidit8   
,cum colleg tui domus cantu et cymbalis 
p]son>et2 cumque ipse nudus 9 convivio  
salt>et1 9 quo ne tum quidem1 cum illum 
suum ,,saltatorium ,,v]s>et ,,orbem1    
,,=tun ,,rotam p]timescebat4 ,oratio 9  
,pisonem1 prima p>s1 s4 #bb4 ,delph4    
edit4 vol4 iii4  b ,! passage "h allud$ 

to1 pres5ts u ) a d\ble pun4 ,! ^w      
,v]res is ! "n ( a man1 & also signifies
 a bo> pig1 z we read 9 ,horace1 ,v]ris 
obliquum m$itantis ictum4 ,lib4 iii4 ode
 #bb4 ,! ^w jus is likewise ( tw(old    
mean+1 import+ law & sauce1 or bro?2    
tepidumque liguri]it jus4 ,lib4 i4 sat4 
#c4 ,! objection to ,cic]o is1 t play+  
on bo? ! words1 & tak+ advantage ( _!   
ambigu\s mean+1 he says x c\ld n be     
matt] ( wond] t ! ,v]rian jus 0 su* bad 
,,hog-,,s\p4 ,! wit 7if x des]ves t "n7 
is mean en\gh2 b1 9 ju/ice to ,cic]o1 x 
%\ld be rememb]$1 t he himself calls x  
frigid1 & says1 t ! m51 :o 9 _! ang]    
c\ld be s v faceti\s1 z to blame ! prie/
 :o did n sacrifice su* a hog 7,v]res71 
7 idle & ridicul\s4 ,he adds1 t he %\ld 
n desc5d to repeat su* say+s 7= !y 7    
nei!r witty1 nor wor?y ( notice 9 su* a 
cause71 _h he n ?\ght x mat]ial to %ew1 
t ! iniquity ( ,,v]res 01 9 ! m\? ( !   
vulg>1 a subject ( ridicule1 & a        
prov]bial joke4 ,h9c illi hom9es erant1 
qui etiam ridiculi inv5iebantur ex      

dolore3 quorum alii1 ut audi/is1        
negabant mir&um esse1 ,,jus tam nequam  
esse ,,v]r9um3 alii etiam frigidiores   
erant2 s$ quia /oma*abantur1 ridiculi   
videbantur esse1 cum ,,sac]dotem        
execrabantur1 qui ,,v]rem tam nequam    
reliquisset1 ,qu ego non commemor>em    
7neque enim p]facet dicta1 neque porro  
hac sev]itate digna sunt7 nisi vos id   
vellem record>i1 i/ius nequitiam et     
iniquitatem tum 9 ore vulgi1 atque      
communibus prov]biis esse v]satam4 ,9   
,v]rem1 lib4 i4 p>s t]tia1 s4 #aba4  c  
,qu9tilian ackn[l$ges t ! words esse    
videatur 7x seems to be7 occur frequ5tly
 9 ,cic]o's ,orations4 ,he adds1 t he   
knew sev]al1 :o fanci$ t !y _h p]=m$    
wond]s1 :5 !y plac$ t phrase 9 ! close (
 a s5t5ce4 ,nov]am quosdam1 qui se pul*r
 expressisse g5us illud cle/is hujus 9  
dic5do viri sibi vid]5tur1 si 9 clausul 
posuiss5t esse videatur4 ,qu9til4 lib4  
x4 cap4 #b4  d ,! species ( composition1
 call$ satire1 0 altoge!r ( ,roman gr[?4
 ,lucilius _h ! hon\r ( be+ ! inv5tor2 &

 he succe$$ s well1 t ev5 9 ,qu9tilian's
 "t1 8 admir]s pref]r$ him n only to !  
writ]s :o foll[$ 9 ! same way1 b to all 
poets ( e d5om9ation4 ,lucilius quosdam 
ita d$itos sibi adhuc habet imitatores1 
ut eum non ejusdem modo op]is1 s$       
omnibus poetis prf]re non dubit5t4 ,lib4
 x4 cap4 #a4 ,! great critic1 h[ev]1    
pron\nces judgem5t 9 fav\r ( ,horace1   
:o1 he says1 is m t]se & pure2 a m acute
 obs]v] ( life1 & qualifi$ by nature to 
t\* ! ridicule ( ! mann]s ) ! nice/ h&4 
,multo e/ t]sior1 ac purus magis        
,horatius1 et ad not&os hom9um mores    
prcipuus4  e ,lucretius is n )\t 8      
p>tisans at ?is h\r4 ,_m ( ! ,fr5*      
critics speak ( him ) rapture2 &1 9     
,engl&1 ,dr4 ,:>ton ( ,w9*e/] seems to  
be at ! head ( 8 admir]s4 ,he does n    
scruple to say t ,lucretius _h m _s1    
fire1 & en]gy1 m ( ! vivida vis animi1  
?an any ( ! ,roman poets4 ,x is nei!r   
safe nor desirable to diff] f s f9e a   
g5ius z ,dr4 ,:>ton4 ,! passages :i* he 
has quot$ f 8 fav\rite poet1 %ew great  

ta/e 9 ! selection4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1
 h[ev]1 t ,qu9tilian does n treat       
,lucretius ) ! same passionate fondness4
 ,he places ,virgil next to ,hom]2 & !  
re/1 he says1 ( ! ,roman poets foll[ at 
a great di/ance4 ,,mac] & ,,lucretius   
des]ve to be read3 !y h h&l$ _!         
respective subjects ) ta/e & elegance2 b
 ,mac] has no elevation1 & ,lucretius is
 n easily und]/ood4 ,ct]i omnes longe   
sequuntur4 ,nam ,,mac] et ,,lucretius   
leg5di quidem2 elegantes 9 su quisque   
mat]i1 s$ alt] humilis1 alt] difficilis4
 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4 ,/atius1 ! poet1 :o  
fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,domitian1 knew !   
value ( ,lucretius1 &1 9 "o l9e1 seems  
to h giv5 8 true "*2 et docti furor     
arduus ,lucreti2 b _h he be5 to decide  
betwe5 him & ,virgil1 x is probable1 t  
he w\ld say to ,lucretius1 z he did to  
himself1             ----,nec tu div9am 
neida t5ta1      ,s$ longe sequ]e1 et   
ve/igia semp] adora4                    
,,!baidos lib4 xii4 v]4 #haf4   f       
,aufidius ,bassus & ,s]vilius ,nonianus 

7 writ]s ( hi/ory4 ,bassus1 accord+ to  
,qu9tilian1 des]v$ great comm5dation1   
p>ticul>ly 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]man w>4 ,9
 "s ( 8 o!r works he fell %ort (        
himself4 ,s]vilius ,nonianus 0 kn[n to  
,qu9tilian1 &1 9 t critic's judgem5t1 0 
an au?or ( consid]able m]it1 s5t5ti\s 9 
8 mann]1 b m diffuse ?an becomes !      
hi/oric "*4 ,see ,qu9tilian1 lib4 x4    
cap4 #a4 ,! dea? ( ,,s]vilius1 an em95t 
orator & hi/orian1 is m5tion$ by        
,tacitus 9 ! ,annals1 b4 xiv4 s4 #ai2 b 
! additional "n ( ,,nonianus is omitt$4 
,! passage1 h[ev]1 is suppos$ to relate 
to ! p]son comm5d$ by ,qu9tilian4 ,he   
di$ 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hab2 ( 
! ,*ri/ian ra #ei4  g ,v>ro 0 univ]sally
 all[$ to be ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! ,romans4   
,he wrote on sev]al subjects ) pr(\nd   
erudition4 ,qu9tilian says1 he 0        
completely ma/] ( ! ,lat9 language1 &   
?or\ghly conv]sant 9 ! antiquities (    
,greece & ,rome4 ,8 works w enl>ge our  
sph]e ( k1 b c add no?+ to eloqu5ce4    
,p]itissimus l+u ,lat91 et omnis        

antiquitatis1 et r]um ,grc>um1          
no/r>umque2 plus tam5 sci5ti collaturus1
 quam eloqu5ti4 ,lib4 x4 cap4 #a4       
,sis5na1 we are told by ,cic]o1 0 a man 
( le>n+1 well skill$ 9 ! ,roman         
language1 acqua9t$ ) ! laws &           
con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 & possess$ ( no 
small %>e ( wit2 b eloqu5ce 0 n 8       
elem5t1 & 8 practice 9 ! =um 0          
inconsid]able4 ,see ,de ,cl>is          
,oratoribus1 s4 #bbh4 ,9 a subsequ5t "p 
( ! same "w1 ,cic]o says1 t ,sis5na 0 ( 
op9ion1 t to use uncommon words 0 !     
p]fection ( /yle4 ,to prove ?is he      
relates a pleasant anecdote4 ,"o ,caius 
,rufus c>ri$ on a prosecution4 ,sis5na  
appe>$ = ! def5dant2 &1 to express 8    
contempt ( 8 adv]s>y1 said t _m p>ts ( !
 *>ge des]v$ to be spit ^u4 ,= ?is      
purpose he co9$ s /range a ^w1 t !      
prosecutor implor$ ! protection ( !     
judges4 ,i d n1 said he1 und]/& ,sis5na2
 ,i am circumv5t$2 ,i fe> t "s sn>e is  
laid = me4 ,:at does he mean by         
sputatilica8 ,i "k t sputa is spittle3 b

 :at is tilica8 ,! c\rt laugh$ at !     
oddity ( a ^w s /rangely comp\nd$4      
,rufio accusante ,*ritilium1 ,sis5na    
def5d5s dixit qudam ejus ,,sputatilica  
esse crim9a4 ,tum ,caius ,rufius1       
,circumv5ior1 inquit1 judices1 nisi     
subv5itis4 ,sis5na quid dicat nescio2   
metuo insidias4 ,,sputatilica6 quid e/  
hoc8 ,sputa quid sit1 scio2 tilica      
nescio4 ,maximi risus1 ,de ,cl>is       
,oratoribus1 s4 #bfj4 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! same
 ,sis5na1 :o is said 9 ! =m] quotation  
to h be5 a correct speak]1 does n appe> 
) any degree ( c]ta9ty4  h ,= ! "* (    
,secundus1 see s4 ii4 note c4  i        
,qu9tilian says1 ! m]it ( a f9e writ]   
fl\ri%es aft] 8 dea?1 = envy does n g   
d[n to po/]ity4 ,ad po/]os enim virtus  
durabit1 nec p]v5iet invidia4 ,lib4 iii4
 c4 #a4 ,envy is always sure to pursue  
liv+ m]it2 & !re=e1 ,cleo obs]ves to    
,alex&]1 t ,h]cules & ,bac*us 7 n numb]$
 among ! gods1 till !y conqu]$ !        
malignity ( _! contempor>ies4 ,nec      
,h]culem1 nec ,patrem ,lib]um1 prius    

dicatos deos1 qum viciss5t secum        
viv5tium invidiam4 ,qu9tus ,curtius1    
lib4 viii4 s4 #ah4 ,pl9y ! y\ng] has a  
beautiful epi/le on ?is subject4 ,aft]  
prais+1 9 ! highe/ mann]1 ! v>i\s works 
( ,pompeius ,saturn9us1 he says to 8    
correspond5t1 ,let x be no objection to 
su* an au?or1 t he is /ill liv+4 ,if he 
fl\ri%$ 9 a di/ant "p ( ! _w1 we %\ld n 
only procure 8 books1 b we %\ld h 8     
picture 9 our h\ses3 & %all 8 fame be   
t>ni%$1 because we h ! man be=e our     
eyes8 ,%all malignity make u cease to   
admire him1 because we see him1 he> him1
 e/eem & love him8 ,neque enim debet    
op]ibus ejus obesse1 ,,quod ,,vivit4 ,an
 si int] eos1 quos nunquam vidimus1     
floruisset1 non solum libros ejus1 v]um 
etiam imag9es conquir]emus1 ejusdem nunc
 honor prs5tis et gratia quasi satietate
 languescet8 ,at hoc pravum malignumque 
e/1 non admir>i hom9em admiratione      
dignissimum1 quia vid]e1 alloqui1       
audire1 complecti1 nec laud>e tantum1   
v]um etiam am>e cont+it4 ,lib4 i4 ep4   

#af4   ,section ,,xxiv4  a ,9 !         
,dialogues ( ,plato1 & o!rs ( ! academic
 s*ool1 ! able/ philosoph]s occasionally
 support$ a wrong hypo!sis1 9 ord] to   
provoke a ?or\gh discussion ( "s        
important "q4  b ,cic]o 0 kill$ on !    
sev5? ( ,decemb]1 9 ! consul%ip (       
,hirtius & ,pansa1 ,a4,u4,c4 #gaa2 be=e 
,*ri/1 #dc4 ,f t "t to ! six? (         
,vespasian ! numb] ( ye>s is exactly    
#aag2 ?\gh 9 ! ,dialogue said to be     
#abj4 ,see s4 xvii4 note e4   ,section  
,,xxv4  a ,see ,plut>*'s ,lives (       
,lysias1 ,lycurgus1 ,demo/h5es1 &       
,hyp]ides4 ,see also ! elegant          
translation ( ! ,orations ( ,lysias1 by 
,dr4 ,gillies4  b ,= ,qu9tilian's op9ion
 ( ,cs>'s eloqu5ce1 see s4 xvii4 note b4
 ,to :at is !re said may be add$ !      
au?ority ( ,cic]o1 :o fairly owns1 t    
,cs>'s con/ant habit ( speak+ 8 language
 ) purity & correctness1 exempt$ him f  
all ! vices ( ! corrupt /yle adopt$ by  
o!rs4 ,to t polit5ess ( expression :i* e
 well-br$ citiz51 ?\gh he does n aspire 

to be an orator1 ought to practise1 :5  
,cs> adds ! spl5did ornam5ts ( eloqu5ce1
 he may !n be said to place ! f9e/      
pictures 9 ! be/ light4 ,9 8 mann] !re  
is no?+ me*anical1 no?+ ( pr(essional   
craft3 8 voice is impressive1 & 8 action
 dignifi$4 ,to air ^! qualities he      
unites a c]ta9 maje/y ( mi5 & figure1 t 
bespeaks a noble m9d4 ,cs> autem        
rationem adhib5s1 consuetud9em vitiosam 
et corruptam pur et incorrupt           
consuetud9e em5dat4 ,itaque cum ad hanc 
elegantiam v]borum ,lat9orum1 qu etiam  
si orator non sis1 et sis +5uus civis   
,romanus1 tam5 necess>ia e/1 adjungit   
illa oratorio1 ornam5ta dic5di2 tum     
videtur tanquam tabulas b5e pictas      
colloc>e 9 bono lum9e4 ,hanc cum habeat 
prcipuam laudem 9 communibus1 non video 
cui debeat c$]e4 ,spl5didam quamdam1    
m9imeque vet]atoriam rationem dic5di    
t5et1 voce1 motu3 =m etiam magnific1 et 
g5]os quodammodo4 ,de ,cl>is            
,oratoribus1 s4 #bfa4  ,= ,clius1 see s4
 xvii4 note c2 & = ,brutus1 ! same      

section1 note d4  c ,s]vius ,galba has  
be5 already m5tion$1 s4 xviii4 note a4  
,caius ,llius 0 consul ,a4,u4,c4 #fad2  
be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 #adj4 ,he 0 !       
intimate fri5d ( ,scipio1 & ! patron (  
,lucilius1 ! fir/ ,roman satiri/4 ,see  
,horace1 lib4 ii4 sat4 i4 v]4 #ga4      
,qu9 ubi se a vulgo et sc5 9 secret     
remrant      ,virtus ,scipiad1 et mitis 
sapi5tia ,ll1      ,nug>i cum illo1 et  
disc9cti lud]e1 donec      ,decoqu]etur 
olus1 soliti4       ,:5 ,scipio's       
virtue1 & ( mild] ve9      ,:5 ,llius'  
wisdom1 f ! busy sc5e      ,& cr[d (    
life1 ! vulg> & ! great4      ,c\ld ) _!
 fav\rite satiri/ retreat1      ,lightly
 !y laugh'd at _m an idle je/1          
,until _! frugal fea/ ( h]bs 0 dre/4    
,,francis',s ,,horace4  ,x is probable1 
t ! h>% mann] ( ,lucilius1 durus        
compon]e v]sus1 infect$ ! eloqu5ce (    
,llius1 s9ce we f9d 9 ,cic]o1 t 8 /yle 0
 unpoli%$1 & _h mu* ( ! ru/ ( antiquity4
 ,multo tam5 vetu/ior et horridior ille 
quam ,scipio1 et1 cum s9t 9 dic5do v>i1 

voluntates1 delect>i mihi magis         
antiquitate videtur1 et lub5t] v]bis    
etiam uti paulo magis priscis ,llius4   
,de ,cl>is ,oratoribus1 s4 #hc4         
,section ,,xxvi4  a ,= an acc\nt (      
,caius ,grac*us1 see s4 xviii4 note d4  
b ,= ,lucius ,crassus1 see s4 xviii4    
note f4  c ,! false ta/e ( ,mc5as has   
be5 not$ by ! poets & critics :o fl\ri%$
 aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 affect$ prett9esses are
 comp>$ to ! prim curls1 9 :i* wom5 &   
effem9ate m5 trick$ out _! hair4 ,s5eca1
 :o 0 himself ta9t$ ) affectation1 has  
left a beautiful epi/le on ! v "q t     
makes ! ma9 subject ( ! pres5t          
,dialogue4 ,he po9ts out ! causes ( !   
corrupt ta/e t debau*$ ! eloqu5ce ( ^?  
times & imputes ! mis*ief to ! deg5]acy 
( ! mann]s4 ,:atev] ! man 01 su* 0 !    
orator4 ,talis oratio quails vita4 ,:5  
anci5t discipl9e relax$1 luxury succe$$1
 & language became delicate1 brilliant1 
spangl$ ) conceits4 ,simplicity 0 laid  
aside1 & qua9t expressions grew into    
fa%ion4 ,does ! m9d s9k into languor1 ! 

body moves reluctantly4 ,is ! man s(t5$ 
into effem9acy1 y see x 9 8 gait4 ,is he
 quick & eag]1 he walks ) alacrity4 ,!  
p[]s ( ! und]/&+ are affect$ 9 ! same   
mann]4 ,hav+ laid ?is d[n z 8 pr9ciple1 
,s5eca proce$s to describe ! s(t        
delicacy ( ,mc5as1 & he f9ds ! same vice
 9 8 phraseology4 ,he cites a numb] ( ! 
lady-l t]ms1 :i* ! great patron ( lett]s
 consid]$ z exquisite beauties4 ,9 all  
?is1 says he1 we see ! man :o walk$ !   
/reets ( ,rome 9 8 op5 & fl[+ robe4     
,nonne /atim1 cum hc legis1 occurrit    
hunc esse1 qui solutis tunicis 9 urbe   
semp] incess]it8 ,s5eca1 epi/4 cxiv4    
,:at he has said ( ,mc5as is p]fectly j4
 ,! fopp]ies ( t celebrat$ m9i/] are 9  
?is ,dialogue call$ ,,calami/ri2 an     
allusion borr[$ f ,cic]o1 :o praises !  
beautiful simplicity ( ,cs>'s           
,comm5t>ies1 & says !re 7 m5 ( a vici\s 
ta/e1 :o want$ to apply ! curl+-iron1 t 
is1 to introduce ! glitt] ( conceit &   
anti!sis 9 ! place ( tru? & nature4     
,comm5t>ios quosdam scripsit r]um su>um1

 valde quidem prob&os3 nudi enim sunt1  
et recti1 et v5u/i1 omni ornatu         
orationis1 tanquam ve/e1 detracto4      
,ineptis gratum =tasse fecit1 qui volunt
 illa ,,calami/ris inur]e4 ,cic]o ,de   
,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #bfb4  d ,:o ,gallio 01
 is n cle>ly settl$ by ! comm5tators4   
,qu9tilian1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #a1 makes    
m5tion ( ,gallio1 :o wrote a treatise ( 
eloqu5ce2 & 9 ! ,annals1 b4 xv4 s4 #gc1 
we f9d ,junius ,gallio1 ! bro!r (       
,s5eca2 b :e!r ei!r ( !m is ! p]son "h  
int5d$1 rema9s unc]ta94 ,:oev] he 01 8  
eloqu5ce 0 a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,qu9tilian   
says ( su* orators1 :o are all inflat$1 
tumid1 corrupt1 & j+l+1 t _! malady does
 n proce$ f a full & ri* con/itution1 b 
f m]e infirmity2 =1       ,z 9 bodies1  
?us 9 s\ls we f9d1      ,:at wants 9    
blood & spirits1 swell'd ) w9d4  ,nam   
tumidos1 et corruptos1 et t9nulos1 et   
quocumque alio cacozeli g5]e peccantes1 
c]tum habeo1 non virium1 s$ infirmitatis
 vitio labor>e3 ut corpora non robore1  
s$ valetud9e inflantur4 ,qu9til4 lib4   

ii4 cap4 #c4  e ,pl9y decl>es1 )\t      
c]emony1 t he 0 a%am$ ( ! corrupt       
effem9ate /yle t disgrac$ ! c\rts (     
ju/ice1 & made him ?9k ( )draw+ f ! =um4
 ,he calls x s+-song1 & says t no?+ b   
musical in/rum5ts c\ld be add$4 ,pudet  
ref]re1 qu quam fract pronunciatione    
dicantur2 quibus quam t5]is clamoribus  
excipiantur4 ,plausus tantum1 ac sola   
cymbala et tympana1 illis canticis      
desunt4 ,pl9y1 lib4 ii4 epi/4 #ad4 ,!   
*ief aim ( ,p]sius 9 8 fir/ satire is   
levell$ aga9/ ! bad poets ( 8 "t1 & also
 ! spuri\s orators1 :o en]vat$ _!       
eloqu5ce by anti!sis1 f>-fet*$          
metaphors1 & po9ts ( wit1 deliv]$ ) !   
s(te/ tone ( voice1 & ridicul\s airs (  
affectation4       ,fur es1 ait ,p$io3  
,p$ius quid8 ,crim9a rasis      ,librat 
9 anti!tis2 doctus posuisse figuras     
,laudatur4 ,bellum hoc6 hoc bellum6 an  
,romule ceves8      ,m5' moveat quippe1 
et1 cantet si naufragus1 assem          
,protul]im8 ,cantas1 cum fract te 9     
trabe pictum      ,ex hum]o portes8     

,,p]sius1 sat4 i4 v]4 #he4       ,!ft1  
says ! accus]1 to ?y *>ge ,i lay1       
,o ,p$ius4 ,:at does g5tle ,p$ius say8  
,/udi\s to please ! g5ius ( ! times1    
,) p]iods1 po9ts1 & tropes1 he slurs 8  
crimes4      ,he l>ds ) fl\ri%es 8 long 
h>angue3      ',tis f9e1 say'/ ?\4 ,:at6
 to be prais'd1 & hang8      ,effem9ate 
,roman6 %all su* /uff prevail1      ,to 
tickle !e1 & make !e wag ?y tail8       
,say1 %\ld a %ipwreck'd sailor s+ 8 woe1
      ,w\ld/ ?\ be mov'd to pity1 & be/[
      ,an alms8 ,:at's m prepo/'r\s ?an 
to see      ,a m]ry begg>8 wit 9 mis]y6 
,,dryd5',s ,,p]sius4  f ,= ,cassius     
,sev]us1 see s4 xix4 note a4  g         
,gab9ianus 0 a tea*] ( rhetoric 9 !     
reign ( ,vespasian4 ,eusebius1 9 8      
,*ronicon1 eigh? ( ,vespasian1 says t   
,gab9ianus1 a celebrat$ rhetorician1 0 a
 tea*] ( eloqu5ce 9 ,gaul4 ,gab9ianus1  
celeb]rimi nom9is rhetor1 9 ,galli      
docuit4 ,8 admir]s deem$ him ano!r      
,cic]o1 &1 aft] him1 all su* orators 7  
call$ ,,cic]ones ,,gabi/iani4   ,section

 ,,xxviii4  a ,9 ord] to br& & /igmatise
 ! ,roman matrons :o committ$ ! c>e ( _!
 infant *ildr5 to hir$ nurses1 ,tacitus 
obs]ves1 t no su* cu/om 0 kn[n among !  
savages ( ,g]many4 ,see ,mann]s ( !     
,g]mans1 s4 xx4 ,see also ,qu9tilian1 on
 ! subject ( education1 lib4 i4 cap4 #b 
& #c4  b ,cornelia1 ! "m ( ! two        
,grac*i1 0 daught] to ! fir/ ,scipio    
,africanus4 ,! sons1 ,qu9tilian says1   
ow$ mu* ( _! eloqu5ce to ! c>e &        
in/itutions ( _! "m1 ^: ta/e & le>n+ 7  
fully display$ 9 h] lett]s1 :i* 7 !n 9 !
 h&s ( ! public4 ,nam ,grac*orum        
eloqu5ti multum contulisse accepimus    
,corneliam matrem1 cujus doctissimus    
s]mo 9 po/]os quoque e/ epi/olis        
traditus4 ,qu9t4 lib4 i4 cap4 #a4 ,to ! 
same effect ,cic]o3 ,fuit ,grac*us      
dilig5ti ,corneli matris a pu]o doctus1 
et ,grcis litt]is eruditus4 ,de ,cl>is  
,orat4 s4 #ajd4 ,aga91 ,cic]o says1 ,we 
h read ! lett]s ( ,cornelia1 ! "m ( !   
,grac*i1 f :i* x appe>s1 t ! sons 7     
educat$1 n s mu* 9 ! lap ( _! "m1 z h]  

conv]sation4 ,legimus epi/olas ,corneli1
 matris ,grac*orum3 app>et filios non   
tam 9 gremio educatos1 quam 9 s]mone    
matris4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #baa4 ,pl9y
 ! eld] in=ms u t a /atue 0 erect$ to h]
 memory1 ?\gh ,cato ! ,c5sor declaim$   
aga9/ %ew+ s mu* hon\r to wom51 ev5 9 ! 
prov9ces4 ,b ) all 8 vehem5ce he c\ld n 
prev5t x 9 ! city ( ,rome4 ,pl9y1 lib4  
xxxiv4 s4 #ad4  c ,= ,aurelia1 ! "m (   
,julius ,cs>1 see ,! ,g5ealogical ,table
 ( ! ,cs>s1 ,no4 #b4  d ,= ,atia1 ! "m (
 ,augu/us1 see ,g5ealogical ,table ( !  
,cs>s1 ,no4 #ad4 ,z ano!r in/ance (     
mat]nal c>e1 ,tacitus in=ms u t ,julia  
,procilla sup]9t5d$ ! education ( h]    
son4 ,see ,life ( ,agricola1 s4 iv4     
,section ,,xxix4  a ,qu9tilian ?9ks !   
fir/ elem5ts ( education s highly       
mat]ial1 t he has two long *apt]s on !  
subject4 ,he requires1 9 ! fir/ place1 t
 ! language ( ! nurses %\ld be pure &   
correct4 ,_! mann]s are ( great         
importance1 b1 he adds1 let !m speak )  
propriety4 ,x is to !m t ! infant fir/  

att5ds2 he li/5s1 & endeav\rs to imitate
 !m4 ,! fir/ col\r1 imbib$ by y>n or    
?read1 is sure to la/4 ,:at is bad1     
g5]ally adh]es t5aci\sly4 ,let ! *ild1  
!re=e1 n le>n 9 8 infancy1 :at he mu/   
aft]w>ds take pa9s to unle>n4 ,ante     
omnia1 ne sit vitiosus s]mo nutricibus4 
,et morum quidem 9 8 haud dubi prior    
ratio e/2 rect tam5 etiam loquantur4    
,has primm audiet pu]2 h>um v]ba eff+]e 
imit&o conabitur4 ,et natur t5acissimi  
sumus eorum1 qu rudibus annis p]cipimus2
 nec lan>um colores1 quibus simplex ille
 c&or mutatus e/1 elui possunt4 ,et hc  
ipsa magis p]t9acit] hr5t1 qu det]iora  
sunt4 ,non assuescat ergo1 ne dum infans
 quidem e/1 s]moni1 qui d$isc5dus e/4   
,qu9t4 lib4 i4 cap4 #a4 ,plut>* has a   
long disc\rse on ! bre$+ ( *ildr51 9 :i*
 all mi/akes are po9t$ out1 & ! be/     
rules en=c$ ) great acut5ess (          
obs]vation4  b ,juv5al has "o entire    
satire on ! subject ( education3        
,nil dictu fdum visuque hc lim9a tangat1
      ,intra qu pu] e/4 ,procul h9c1    

procul inde puell      ,l5onum1 et      
cantus p]noctantis p>asiti4      ,maxima
 debetur pu]o rev]5tia4                 
,,sat4 xiv4 v]4 #dd4       ,suff] no    
lewdness1 no indec5t spee*1      ,?'    
ap>tm5t ( ! t5d] y\? to rea*4      ,f>  
be f !nce ! glutton p>asite1      ,:o   
s+s 8 drunk5 cat*es all ! night4        
,boys f _! p>5ts may ?is rev'r5ce claim4
                                        
,,dryd5',s ,,juv5al4  c ,! rage ( !     
,romans = ! div]sions ( ! !atre1 &      
public spectacles ( e k9d1 is (t5       
m5tion$ by ,horace1 ,juv5al1 & o!r      
writ]s "u ! emp]ors4 ,s5eca says1 t1 at 
"o "t1 ?ree ways 7 want$ to z _m diff]5t
 !atres3 tribus eodem tempore !atris vi 
po/ulantur4 ,& aga91 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( !
 ,roman y\? are no bett] ?an slaves to !
 pantomimic p]=m]s4 ,o/5dam nobilissimos
 juv5es mancipia pantomimorum4 ,epi/4   
#dg4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,petronius lays
 x d[n z a rule to be obs]v$ by ! "y    
/ud5t1 nev] to li/ himself 9 ! p>ties & 
factions ( ! !atre3           ----,neve 

plausor 9 sc5      ,s$eat r$emptus1     
hi/rioni addictus4  ,x is well kn[n1 t  
!atrical p>ties di/ract$ ! ,roman       
citiz5s1 & rose almo/ to phr5sy4 ,!y 7  
di/+ui%$ by ! gre5 & ! blue1 ,caligula1 
z we read 9 ,suetonius1 atta*$ himself  
to ! =m]1 & 0 s fond ( ! *>iote]s1 :o   
wore gre5 liv]ies1 t he liv$ = a        
consid]able "t 9 ! /ables1 :]e _! horses
 7 kept4 ,pras9 factioni ita addictus et
 d$itus1 ut cn>et 9 /abulo assidue et   
man]et4 ,life ( ,caligula1 s4 #ee4      
,montesquieu reckons su* p>ty-divisions 
among ! causes t wr\ght ! d[nfall ( !   
empire4 ,con/ant9ople1 he says1 0 split 
into two factions1 ! gre5 & ! blue1 :i* 
ow$ _! orig9 to ! incl9ation ( ! p to   
fav\r "o set ( *>iote]s 9 ! circus r ?an
 ano!r4 ,^! two p>ties rag$ 9 e city    
?r\gh\t ! empire1 & _! fury rose 9      
proportion to ! numb] ( inhabitants4    
,ju/9ian fav\r$ ! blues1 :o became s    
elate ) pride1 t !y trampl$ on ! laws4  
,all ties ( fri5d%ip1 all natural       
affection1 & all relative duties1 7     

ext+ui%$4 ,:ole families 7 de/roy$2 & ! 
empire 0 a sc5e ( an>*y & wild          
cont5tion4 ,he1 :o felt himself capable 
( ! mo/ atroci\s de$s1 decl>$ himself a 
,,blue1 & ! ,,gre5s 7 massacr$ )        
impunity4 ,montesquieu1 ,gr&eur et      
,dcad5ce des ,roma9s1 *ap4 xx4  d       
,qu9tilian1 9 8 t5? book1 *ap4 #a4 has  
giv5 a full acc\nt ( ! be/ ,greek &     
,roman poets1 orators1 & hi/orians2 & 9 
b4 ii4 *4 #f1 he draws up a regul> s*eme
 = ! "y /ud5t to pursue 9 8 c\rse (     
read+4 ,!re are1 he says1 two rocks1 on 
:i* !y may split4 ,! fir/1 by be+ l$ by 
"s fond admir] ( antiquity to set too   
high a value on ! mann] ( ,cato & !     
,grac*i2 =1 9 t comm]ce1 !y w be 9 dang]
 ( gr[+ dry1 h>%1 & rugg$4 ,! /rong     
conception ( ^? m5 w be beyond ! rea* ( 
t5d] m9ds4 ,_! /yle1 inde$1 may be      
copi$2 & ! y\? may flatt] himself1 :5 he
 has contract$ ! ru/ ( antiquity1 t he  
resembles ! illu/ri\s orators ( a =m]   
age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! florid decorations 
& false glitt] ( ! mod]ns may h a secret

 *>m1 ! m dang]\s1 & s$uctive1 z ! petty
 fl\ri%es ( our new way ( writ+ may     
prove acceptable to ! y\?ful m9d4 ,duo  
autem g5]a maxim cav5da pu]is puto3     
unum1 ne quis eos antiquitatis nimius   
admirator 9 ,grac*orum1 ,catonisque1 et 
aliorum similium lectione duresc]e      
velit4 ,erunt enim horridi atque jejuni4
 ,nam neque vim eorum adhuc intellectu  
consequ5tur2 et elocutione1 qu tum s9e  
dubio erat optima1 s$ no/ris temporibus 
ali5a1 cont5ti1 quod e/ pessimum1       
similes sibi magnis viris videbuntur4   
,alt]um1 quod huic div]sum e/1 ne       
rec5tis hujus lascivi flosculis capti1  
voluptate qudam prav del9iantur1 ut     
prdulce illud g5us1 et pu]ilibus +5iis  
hoc gratius1 quo propius e/1 adam5t4    
,su* 0 ! doctr9e ( ,qu9tilian4 ,8       
practice1 we may be sure1 0 consonant to
 8 own rules4 ,"u su* a ma/] ! y\? (    
,rome might be initiat$ 9 sci5ce1 & =m$ 
to a j ta/e = eloqu5ce & legitimate     
composition2 b "o man 0 n equal to !    
task4 ,! rhetoricians & p$agogues ( !   

age pref]r$ ! novelty & m]etrici\s      
ornam5ts ( ! /yle !n 9 vogue4   ,section
 ,,xxx4  a ,?is is ! treatise1 or hi/ory
 ( ! mo/ em95t orators 7,,de ,,cl>is    
,,oratoribus71 :i* has be5 s (t5 cit$ 9 
! c\rse ( ^! notes4 ,x is also entitl$  
,,brutus2 a "w replete ) ! s\nde/       
criticism1 & by its v>iety & elegance   
always *>m+4  b ,qu9tus ,mucius ,scvola 
0 ! great lawy] ( 8 "t4 ,cic]o draws a  
comp>ison betwe5 him & ,crassus4 ,!y 7  
bo? engag$1 on opposite sides1 9 a cause
 be=e ! ,,c5tumviri4 ,crassus prov$     
himself ! be/ lawy] among ! orators ( t 
day1 & ,scvola ! mo/ eloqu5t ( ! lawy]s4
 ,ut eloqu5tium juris p]itissimus       
,crassus2 jurisp]itorum eloqu5tissimus  
,scvola put>etur4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4  
#ade4 ,dur+ ! consul%ip ( ,sylla1       
,a4,u4,c4 #fff1 ,cic]o be+ !n 9 !       
n9ete5? ye> ( 8 age1 & wi%+ to acquire a
 compet5t k ( ! pr9ciples (             
jurisprud5ce1 atta*$ himself to ,mucius 
,scvola1 :o did n und]take ! task (     
in/ruct+ pupils1 b1 by conv]s+ freely ) 

all :o consult$ him1 gave a fair        
opportunity to ^? :o ?ir/$ aft] k4 ,ego 
autem juris civilis /udio1 multum op]   
dabam ,q4 ,scvol1 qui quamquam nem9i se 
ad doc5dum dabat1 tam51 consul5tibus    
respond5do1 /udiosos audi5di docebat4   
,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #cjf4  c ,philo 0 a
 lead+ philosoph] ( ! academic s*ool4   
,to avoid ! fury ( ,mi?ridates1 :o wag$ 
a long w> ) ! ,romans1 he fl$ f ,a!ns1  
&1 ) "s ( ! mo/ em95t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1
 repair$ to ,rome4 ,cic]o 0 /ruck ) 8   
philosophy1 & became 8 pupil4 ,cm       
pr9ceps academi ,philo1 cum ,a!ni5sium  
optimatibus1 ,mi?ridatico bello1 domo   
pr(ugisset1 ,romamque v5isset1 totum ei 
me tradidi1 admirabili quodam ad        
philosophiam /udio concitatus4 ,de      
,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #cjf4  ,cic]o adds1 t  
he gave bo>d & lodg+1 at 8 own h\se1 to 
,diodotus ! /oic1 &1 "u t ma/]1 employ$ 
himself 9 v>i\s bran*es ( lit]ature1 b  
p>ticul>ly 9 ! /udy ( logic1 :i* may be 
consid]$ z a mode ( eloqu5ce1 contract$1
 close1 & n]v\s4 ,eram cum /oico        

,diodoto3 qui cum habitavisset apud me1 
mecumque vixisset1 nup] e/ domi me      
mortuus4 ,a quo1 cum 9 aliis rebus1 tum 
/udiosissime 9 dialectic ex]ceb>1 qu    
quasi contracta et ad/ricta eloqu5tia   
put&a e/4 ,de ,cl>is ,orat4 s4 #cji4  d 
,cic]o gives an acc\nt ( 8 travels1 :i* 
he und]took1 aft] hav+ employ$ two ye>s 
9 ! bus9ess ( ! =um1 :]e he ga9$ an e>ly
 reputation4 ,at ,a!ns1 he pass$ six    
mon?s ) ,antio*us1 ! pr9cipal philosoph]
 ( ! old academy1 &1 "u ! direction ( t 
able ma/]1 resum$ ^? ab/ract            
speculations :i* he _h cultivat$ f 8    
e>lie/ y\?4 ,nor did he neglect 8       
rhetorical ex]cises4 ,9 t pursuit1 he 0 
assi/$ by ,demetrius1 ! ,syrian1 :o 0   
all[$ to be a skilful preceptor4 ,he    
pass$ f ,greece into ,asia2 &1 9 ! c\rse
 ( 8 travels ?r\gh t c\ntry1 he liv$ 9  
con/ant habits ) ,m5ippus ( ,/ratonica2 
a man em95t = 8 le>n+2 :o1 if to be     
nei!r frivol\s1 nor un9telligible1 is ! 
"* ( ,attic eloqu5ce1 might fairly be   
call$ a disciple ( t s*ool4 ,he met ) _m

 o!r pr(essors ( rhetoric1 su* z        
,dionysius ( ,magnesia1 s*ylus (        
,cnidos1 & ,z5ocles ( ,adramytus2 b n   
cont5t ) _! assi/ance1 he w5t to        
,rhodes1 & r5ew$ 8 fri5d%ip ) ,,molo1   
:om he _h he>d at ,rome1 & knew to be an
 able plead] 9 real causes2 a f9e writ]1
 & a judici\s critic1 :o c\ld1 ) a j    
disc]nm5t ( ! beauties z well z ! faults
 ( a composition1 po9t out ! road to    
excell5ce1 & improve ! ta/e ( 8 s*ol>s4 
,9 8 att5tion to ! ,roman orator1 ! po9t
 he aim$ at 7,cic]o w n say t he        
succe$$7 01 to lop away sup]flu\s       
bran*es1 & conf9e )9 its prop] *annel a 
/ream ( eloqu5ce1 too apt to swell above
 all b\nds1 & ov]fl[ its banks4 ,aft]   
two ye>s ?us sp5t 9 ! pursuit ( k1 &    
improvem5t 9 8 oratorical pr(ession1    
,cic]o return$ to ,rome almo/ a new man4
 ,is 7,,molo7 d$it op]am 7si modo id    
consequi potuit7 ut nimis r$undantes    
nos1 et sup]flu5tes juv5ili quadam      
dic5di impunitate1 et lic5ti1 reprim]et1
 et quasi extra ripas difflu5tes crc]et4

 ,ita recepi me bi5nio po/1 non modo    
ex]citatior1 s$ prop mutatus4 ,see ,de  
,cl>is ,oratoribus1 s4 #cae & #caf4  e  
,cic]o is "h said to h be5 a complete   
ma/] ( philosophy1 :i*1 accord+ to      
,qu9tilian1 0 divid$ into ?ree bran*es1 
namely1 physics1 e?ics1 & logic4 ,x has 
be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is section1 note c1 t    
,cic]o call$ logic a contract$ & close  
mode ( eloqu5ce4 ,t obs]vation is fully 
expla9$ by ,qu9tilian4 ,speak+ ( logic1 
! use1 he says1 ( t cont5ti\s art1      
consi/s 9 j def9ition1 :i* pres5ts to ! 
m9d ! precise idea2 & 9 nice            
discrim9ation1 :i* m>ks ! ess5tial      
diff]5ce ( ?+s4 ,x is ?is faculty t ?r[s
 a sudd5 light on e difficult "q1       
removes all ambiguity1 cle>s up :at 0   
d\btful1 divides1 develops1 & sep>ates1 
& !n collects ! argum5t to a po9t4 ,b ! 
orator mu/ n be too fond ( ?is close    
combat4 ,! m9ute att5tion1 :i* logic    
requires1 w exclude :at is ( high]      
value2 :ile x aims at precision1 ! vig\r
 ( ! m9d is lo/ 9 subtlety4 ,we (t5 see 

m51 :o argue ) wond]ful craft2 b1 :5    
petty controv]sy w no long] s]ve _!     
purpose1 we see ! same m5 )\t w>m? or   
en]gy1 cold1 languid1 & unequal to !    
conflict2 l ^? little animals1 :i* are  
brisk 9 n>r[ places1 & by _! agility    
baffle _! pursu]s1 b 9 ! op5 field are  
soon ov]p[]$4 ,hc p>s dialectica1 sive  
illam dic]e malimus disputatricem1 ut e/
 utilis spe et f9itionibus1 et          
compreh5sionibus1 et sep>&is qu sunt    
diff]5tia1 et resolv5d ambiguitate1 et  
di/+u5do1 divid5do1 illici5do1 implic&o2
 ita si totum sibi v9dicav]it 9 =o      
c]tam51 ob/abit melioribus1 et sectas ad
 t5uitatem vires ips subtilitate        
consumet4 ,itaque rep]ias quosdam 9     
disput&o mir callidos2 cum ab ill v]    
cavillatione discess]9t1 non magis      
suffic]e 9 aliquo graviori actu1 quam   
p>va qudam animalia1 qu 9 angu/iis      
mobilia1 campo depreh5duntur4 ,qu9t4    
lib4 xii4 cap4 #b4  ,e?ics1 or moral    
philosophy1 ! same great critic holds to
 be indisp5sably requisite4 ,jam quidem 

p>s illa moralis1 qu dicitur e?ice1 c]t 
tota oratori e/ accommodata4 ,nam 9 tant
 caus>um v>ietate1 nulla f] dici pote/1 
cujus non p>te aliqu tractatus qui et   
boni rep]iantur4 ,lib4 xii4 ,unless !   
m9d be enri*$ ) a /ore ( k1 !re may he  
loquacity1 b no?+ t des]ves ! "n (      
oratory4 ,eloqu5ce1 says ,"l ,bol+broke1
 mu/ fl[ l a /ream t is f$ by an        
abundant spr+1 & n sp\t =? a little     
fro?y /ream1 on "s gaudy day1 & rema9   
dry = ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,see ,_s (         
,patriotism4  ,) reg>d to natural       
philosophy1 ,qu9tilian has a s5tim5t s  
truly sublime1 t to omit x 9 ?is place  
w\ld look l ins5sibility4 ,if1 says he1 
! univ]se is conduct$ by a sup]9t5d+    
,provid5ce1 x foll[s t good m5 %\ld     
gov]n ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,& if ! s\l (  
man is ( cele/ial orig91 x is evid5t t  
we %\ld tread 9 ! pa?s ( virtue1 all    
aspir+ to our native s\rce1 n slaves to 
passion1 & ! pleasures ( ! _w4 ,^! are  
important topics2 !y (t5 occur to !     
public orator1 & dem& all 8 eloqu5ce4   

,nam si regitur provid5ti mundus1       
adm9i/r&a c]t bonis viris erit          
respublica4 ,si div9a no/ris animis     
origo1 t5d5dum ad virtutem1 nec         
voluptatibus t]r5i corporis s]vi5dum4   
,an hoc non frequ5t] tractabit orator8  
,qu9t4 lib4 xii4 cap4 #b4   ,section    
,,xxxi4  a ,qu9tilian1 z well z ,s5eca1 
has left a collection (                 
s*ool-declamations1 b he has giv5 8     
op9ion ( all su* p]=mances4 ,!y are m]e 
imitation1 &1 by consequ5ce1 h n ! =ce &
 _s :i* a real cause inspires4 ,9 public
 h>angues1 ! subject is f\nd$ 9 reality2
 9 declamations1 all is fiction4 ,omnis 
imitatio ficta e/2 quo fit ut m9us      
sangu9is ac virium declamationes        
habeant1 quam orationes2 quod 9 8 v]a1 9
 illis assimulata mat]ia e/4 ,lib4 x4   
cap4 #b4 ,petronius has giv5 a lively   
description ( ! rhetoricians ( 8 "t4 ,! 
consequ5ce1 he says1 ( _! turgid /yle1 &
 ! pomp\s swell ( s\nd+ p]iods1 has ev] 
be5 ! same3 :5 _! s*ol>s ent] ! =um1 !y 
look z if !y 7 transport$ into a new _w4

 ,! tea*]s ( rhetoric h be5 ! bane ( all
 true eloqu5ce4 ,hc ipsa tol]abilia     
ess5t1 si ad eloqu5tiam ituris viam     
fac]5t3 nunc et r]um tumore1 et         
s5t5ti>um vanissimo /repitu1 hoc tantum 
pr(iciunt1 ut quum 9 =um v5]9t1 put5t se
 9 alium t]r>um orbem delatos4 ,pace    
ve/r liceat dixisse1 primi omnium       
eloqu5tiam p]didi/is4 ,petron4 9        
,satyrico1 cap4 #a & #b4 ,t gay writ]1  
:o pass$ 8 days 9 luxury & voluptu\s    
pleasures 7see 8 "*1 ,annals1 b4 xvi4 s4
 #ah71 01 amid/ all 8 dissipation1 a man
 ( le>n+1 &1 at int]vals1 ( deep        
reflection4 ,he knew ! value ( true     
philosophy1 &1 !re=e1 directs ! "y      
orator to ! ,socratic s*ool1 & to t plan
 ( education :i* we h be=e u 9 ! pres5t 
,dialogue4 ,he bids 8 s*ol> beg9 )      
,hom]1 & !re dr9k deep ( ! ,pi]ian spr+3
 aft] t1 he recomm5ds ! moral sy/em2 &1 
:5 8 m9d is ?us enl>g$1 he all[s him to 
wield ! arms ( ,demo/h5es4              
----,det primos v]sibus annos1          
,moniumque bibat felici pectore fontem3 

,mox et ,socratico pl5us grege mutet    
hab5as      ,lib]1 et +5tis quatiat     
,demo/h5is arma4  b ,cic]o has left a   
book1 entitl$ ,,topica1 9 :i* he treats 
at l>ge ( ! me?od ( f9d+ prop] argum5ts4
 ,?is1 he obs]ves1 0 execut$ by         
,ari/otle1 :om he pron\nces ! great ma/]
 bo? ( inv5tion & judgem5t4 ,cum omnis  
ratio dilig5s diss]5di duas habeat      
p>tes2 unam ,,inv5i5di1 alt]am          
,,judic&i2 utriusque pr9ceps1 ut mihi   
quidem videtur1 ,ari/oteles fuit4       
,cic]onis ,topica1 s4 vi4 ,! s\rces f   
:i* argum5ts may be drawn1 are call$    
,,loci ,,communes1 ,,common ,,places4   
,to supply ! orator ) ample mat]ials1 & 
to r5d] him copi\s on e subject1 0 !    
design ( ! ,greek preceptor1 & = t      
purpose he gave 8 ,,topica4 ,ari/oteles 
adolesc5tes1 non ad philosophorum morem 
t5uit] diss]5di1 s$ ad copiam rhetorum 9
 utramque p>tem1 ut ornatius et ub]ius  
dici posset1 ex]cuit2 idemque locos 7sic
 enim appellat7 quasi argum5torum notas 
tradidit1 unde omnis 9 utramque p>tem   

trah]etur oratio4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,oratore4 
,ari/otle 0 ! mo/ em95t ( ,plato's      
s*ol>s3 he retir$ to a gymnasium1 or    
place ( ex]cise1 9 ! neighb\rhood (     
,a!ns1 call$ ! ,lyceum1 :]e1 f a cu/om1 
:i* he & 8 foll[]s obs]v$1 ( discuss+   
po9ts ( philosophy1 z !y walk$ 9 !      
porticos ( ! place1 !y obta9$ ! "n (    
,p]ipatetics1 or ! walk+ philosoph]s4   
,see ,middleton's ,life ( ,cic]o1 vol4  
ii4 p4 #ecg1 #dto edit4  c ,! academic  
sect d]iv$ its orig9 f ,socrates1 & its 
"n f a celebrat$ gymnasium1 or place (  
ex]cise1 9 ! suburbs ( ,a!ns1 call$ !   
,academy1 aft] ,ecademus1 :o possess$ x 
9 ! "t ( ! ,tynd>id4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds      
pur*as$1 & d$icat$ to ! public1 = !     
conv5i5ce ( walks & ex]cises = ! citiz5s
 ( ,a!ns4 ,x 0 gradually improv$ )      
plantations1 groves & porticos = !      
p>ticul> use ( ! pr(essors or ma/]s ( ! 
academic s*ool2 :]e sev]al ( !m are said
 to h sp5t _! lives1 & to h resid$ s    
/rictly1 z sc>ce ev] to h come )9 !     
city4 ,see ,middleton's ,life ( ,cic]o1 

#dto edit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ecf4 ,plato1 & 8
 foll[]s1 cont9u$ to reside 9 ! porticos
 ( ! academy4 ,!y *ose                  
----,! gre5 retreats      ,( ,academus1 
& ! ?ymy vale1      ,:]e1 (t in*ant$ )  
,socratic s\nds1      ,ilyssus pure     
devolv'd 8 tuneful /ream      ,9 g5tle  
murmurs4                                
,,ak5side1 ,,pleas4 ,,( ,,imag4  ,=     
dext]ity 9 argum5t1 ! orator is ref]r$  
to ?is s*ool1 = ! reason giv5 by        
,qu9tilian1 :o says t ! cu/om ( support+
 an argum5t on ei!r side ( ! "q1        
approa*es ne>e/ to ! orator's practice 9
 =5sic causes4 ,academiam quidam        
utilissimam cr$unt1 quod mos 9 utramque 
p>tem diss]5di ad ex]citationem =5sium  
caus>um proxim acc$at4 ,lib4 xii4 cap4  
#b ,qu9tilian assures u t we are indebt$
 to ! academic philosophy = ! able/     
orators1 & x is to t s*ool t ,horace    
s5ds 8 poet = in/ruction3       ,rem    
tibi ,socratic pot]unt o/5d]e *>t1      
,v]baque provisam rem non invita        
sequ5tur4                               

,,ars ,,poet4 v]4 #caj4       ,good     
s5se1 t f\nta9 ( ! muse's art1      ,let
 ! ri* page ( ,socrates imp>t2      ,&  
if ! m9d ) cle> conception gl[1      ,! 
will+ words 9 j expressions fl[4        
,,francis',s ,,horace4  d ,epicurus made
 frequ5t use ( ! rhetorical figure call$
 exclamation2 & 9 8 life1 by ,diog5es   
,lrtius1 we f9d a v>iety ( in/ances4 ,x 
is = t mann] ( giv+ animation to a      
disc\rse t ,epicurus is m5tion$ 9 !     
,dialogue4 ,= ! re/1 ,qu9tilian tells u 
:at to ?9k ( him4 ,epicurus1 he says1   
dismisses ! orator f 8 s*ool1 s9ce he   
advises 8 pupil to pay no reg>d to      
sci5ce or to me?od4 ,epicurus imprimis  
nos a se ipse dimittit1 qui fug]e omnem 
discipl9am navigatione quam velocissima 
jubet4 ,lib4 xii4 cap4 #b4 ,metrodorus 0
 ! fav\rite disciple ( ,epicurus4       
,broti] says t a /atue ( ! ma/] & !     
s*ol>1 ) _! heads jo9$ toge!r1 0 f\nd at
 ,rome 9 ! ye> #agdc4  ,x is wor?y (    
notice1 t except ! /oics1 :o1 )\t aim+  
at elegance ( language1 argu$ closely & 

) vig\r1 ,qu9tilian proscribes ! rema9+ 
sects ( philosoph]s4 ,ari/ippus1 he     
says1 plac$ 8 summum bonum 9 bodily     
pleasure1 & !re=e c\ld be no fri5d to ! 
/rict regim5 ( ! accompli%$ orator4 ,mu*
 less c\ld ,pyrrho be ( use1 s9ce he    
d\bt$ :e!r !re 0 any su* ?+ 9 exi/5ce z 
! judges be=e :om ! cause mu/ be plead$4
 ,to him ! p>ty accus$1 & ! s5ate1 7    
alike non-entities4 ,neque v]o          
,ari/ippus1 summum 9 voluptate corpora  
bonum pon5s1 ad hunc nos laborem        
adhortetur4 ,pyrrho quidem1 quas 9 hoc  
op]e p>tes hab]e pote/8 cui judices esse
 apud quos v]ba faciat1 et reum pro quo 
loquatur1 et s5atum1 9 quo sit dic5da   
s5t5tia1 non liquebat4 ,qu9til4 lib4    
xii4 cap4 #b4   ,section ,,xxxii4  a ,we
 are told by ,qu9tilian1 t ,demo/h5es1 !
 great orator ( ,greece1 0 an assidu\s  
he>] ( ,plato3 ,con/at ,demo/h5em1      
pr9cipem omnium ,grci oratorum1 d$isse  
op]am ,platoni4 ,lib4 xii4 cap4 #b4 ,&  
,cic]o expressly says1 t1 if he might   
v5ture to call himself an orator1 he 0  

made s1 n by ! manufacture ( ! s*ools ( 
rhetoric1 b 9 ! walks ( ! ,academy4     
,fateor me oratorem1 si modo sim1 aut   
etiam quicumque sim1 non ex rhetorum    
(fic9is1 s$ ex ,academi spatiis         
extitisse4 ,ad ,brutum ,orator1 s4 #ab4 
,section ,,xxxiii4  a ,! anci5t critics 
made a wide di/9ction1 betwe5 a m]e     
facility ( spee*1 & :at !y call$ !      
oratorical faculty4 ,?is is fully       
expla9$ by ,as9ius ,pollio1 :o said (   
himself1 t by plead+ at fir/ )          
propriety1 he succe$$ s f> z to be (t5  
call$ ^u2 by plead+ frequ5tly1 he began 
to lose ! propriety ) :i* he set out2 & 
! reason 01 by con/ant practice he      
acquir$ ra%ness1 n a j confid5ce 9      
himself2 a flu5t facility1 n ! true     
faculty ( an orator4 ,commod ag5da      
factum e/1 ut spe ag]em2 spe ag5da1 ut  
m9us commod2 quia scilicet nimia        
facilitas magis quam facultas1 nec      
fiducia1 s$ tem]itas1 p>atur4 ,qu9til4  
lib4 xii4   ,section ,,xxxiv4  a ,!re is
 9 ?is place a trifl+ mi/ake1 ei!r 9    

,messala1 ! speak]1 or 9 ! copyi/s4     
,crassus 0 born ,a4,u4,c4 #fad4 ,see s4 
xviii4 note f4 ,papirius ,c>bo1 ! p]son 
accus$1 0 consul ,a4,u4,c4 #fcd1 & !    
prosecution 0 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :5        
,crassus expressly says1 t he 0 !n only 
"o & tw5ty4 ,quippe qui omnium maturrim 
ad publicas causas access]im1 annosque  
natus ,,unum ,,et ,,vig9ti1 nobilissimum
 hom9em et eloqu5tissimum 9 judicium    
vocrim4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,orat4 lib4 iii4 s4 
#gd4 ,pl9y ! consul 0 ano!r in/ance (   
e>ly plead+4 ,he says himself1 t he     
began 8 c>e] 9 ! =um at ! age ( n9ete51 
&1 aft] long practice1 he c\ld only see 
! functions ( an orator z x 7 9 a mi/4  
,undevicessimo tatis anno dic]e 9 =o    
cpi1 et nunc demum1 quid pr/>e debeat   
orator1 adhuc tam5 p] calig9em video4   
,lib4 v4 epi/4 #h4 ,qu9tilian relates ( 
,cs>1 ,calvus1 & ,pollio1 t !y all ?ree 
appe>$ at ! b>1 long be=e !y arriv$ at  
_! qu/orian age1 :i* 0 sev5 & tw5ty4    
,calvus1 ,cs>1 ,pollio1 multum ante     
qu/oriam omnes tatem gravissima judicia 

suscep]unt4 ,qu9tilian1 lib4 xii4 cap4  
#f4   ,section ,,xxxv4  a ,lipsius1 9 8 
note on ?is passage1 says1 t he once    
?\ght ! ^w sc5a 9 ! text ought to be    
*ang$ to s*ola2 b he aft]w>ds saw 8     
mi/ake4 ,! place ( fictiti\s declamation
 & spuri\s eloqu5ce1 :]e ! tea*]s play$ 
a ridicul\s "p1 0 prop]ly call$ a       
!atrical sc5e4  b ,lucius ,lic9ius      
,crassus & ,domitius nob>bus 7 c5sors   
,a4,u4,c4 #ffb4 ,crassus himself in=ms  
u1 t1 = two ye>s toge!r1 a new race (   
m51 call$ ,rhetoricians1 or ma/]s (     
eloqu5ce1 kept op5 s*ools at ,rome1 till
 he ?\ght fit to ex]cise 8 c5sorian     
au?ority1 & by an edict to bani% ! :ole 
tribe f ! city ( ,rome2 & ?is1 he says1 
he did1 n1 z "s p sugge/$1 to h9d] !    
tal5ts ( y\? f be+ cultivat$1 b to save 
_! g5ius f be+ corrupt$1 & ! "y m9d f   
be+ confirm$ 9 %ameless ignorance4      
,audacity 0 all ! new ma/]s c\ld tea*2 &
 ?is be+ ! only ?+ to be acquir$ on t   
/age ( impud5ce1 he ?\ght x ! duty ( a  
,roman c5sor to cru% ! mis*ief 9 ! bud4 

,lat9i 7sic diis placet7 hoc bi5nio     
magi/ri dic5di extit]unt2 quos ego c5sor
 edicto meo su/ul]am2 non quo 7ut nescio
 quos dic]e aiebant7 acui +5ia          
adolesc5tium nollem1 s$1 contra1 +5ia   
obtundi nolui1 corrobor>i impud5tiam4   
,hos v]o novos magi/ros nihil           
intelligebam posse doc]e1 nisi ut       
aud]5t4 ,hoc cum unum trad]etur1 et cum 
impud5ti ludus esset1 putavi esse       
c5soris1 ne longius id s]p]et1 provid]e4
 ,de ,orat4 lib4 iii4 s4 #ic & #id4     
,aulus ,gellius m5tions a =m] expulsion 
( ! rhetoricians1 by a decree ( ! s5ate1
 9 ! consul%ip ( ,fannius ,/rabo &      
,val]ius ,messala1 ,a4,u4,c4 #eic4 ,he  
gives ! words ( ! decree1 & also ( !    
edict1 by :i* ! tea*]s 7 bani%$ by      
,crassus1 sev]al ye>s aft]4 ,see ,a4    
,gellius1 ,noctes ,attic1 lib4 xv4 cap4 
#b4 ,see also ,suetonius1 ,de ,cl>is    
,rhet4 s4 #a4  c ,s5eca has left a      
collection ( declamations 9 ! two k9ds1 
viz4 ! p]suasive1 & controv]sial4 ,see 8
 ,,suasori1 & ,,controv]si4 ,9 ! fir/   

class1 ! que/ions are1 ,:e!r ,alex&]    
%\ld attempt ! ,indian ocean8 ,:e!r he  
%\ld ent] ,babylon1 :5 ! augurs d5\nc$  
imp5d+ dang]8 ,:e!r ,cic]o1 to appease !
 wra? ( ,m>c ,antony1 %\ld burn all 8   
works8 ,! subjects 9 ! second class are 
m complex4 ,a prie/ess 0 tak5 prison] by
 a b& ( pirates1 & sold to slav]y4 ,!   
pur*as] ab&on$ h] to pro/itution4 ,h]   
p]son be+ r5d]$ v5al1 a soldi] made 8   
(f]s ( gallantry4 ,%e desir$ ! price (  
h] pro/itut$ *>ms2 b ! milit>y man      
resolv$ to use =ce & insol5ce1 & %e     
/abb$ him 9 ! attempt4 ,= ?is %e 0      
prosecut$1 & acquitt$4 ,%e !n desir$ to 
be re/or$ to h] rank ( prie/ess3 t po9t 
0 decid$ aga9/ h]4 ,^! in/ances may s]ve
 z a specim5 ( ! trifl+ declamations1   
into :i* su* a man z ,s5eca 0 betray$ by
 8 own imag9ation4 ,petronius has       
describ$ ! lit]>y f>ce ( ! s*ools4 ,"y  
m51 he says1 7 !re tra9$ up 9 folly1    
nei!r see+ nor he>+ any ?+ t c\ld be (  
use 9 ! bus9ess ( life4 ,!y 7 taught to 
?9k ( no?+1 b pirates load$ ) fett]s on 

! sea-%ore2 tyrants by _! edicts comm&+ 
sons to murd] _! fa!rs2 ! responses (   
oracles dem&+ a sacrifice ( ?ree or m   
virg9s1 9 ord] to abate an epidemic     
pe/il5ce4 ,all ^! disc\rses1 void (     
common s5se1 are trick$ out 9 ! gaudy   
col\rs ( exquisite eloqu5ce1 s(t1 sweet1
 & season$ to ! palate4 ,9 ?is ridicul\s
 boy's-play ! s*ol>s trifle away _! "t2 
!y are laugh$ at 9 ! =um1 & /ill worse1 
:at !y le>n 9 _! y\? !y d n =get at an  
advanc$ age4 ,ego adolesc5tulos exi/imo 
9 s*olis /ultissimos fi]i1 quia nihil ex
 iis1 qu 9 usu habemus1 aut audiunt aut 
vid5t2 s$ piratas cum cat5is 9 littore  
/antes1 et tyrannos edicta scrib5tes1   
quibus imp]5t filiis1 ut patrum suorum  
capita prcidant2 s$ responsa 9 pe/il5ti 
data1 ut virg9es tres aut plures        
immol5tur2 s$ mellitos v]borum globos1  
et omnia dicta factaque quasi papav]e et
 sesamo sp>sa4 ,nunc pu]i 9 s*olis      
ludunt2 juv5es rid5tur 9 =o2 et1 quod   
utroque turpius e/1 quod quisque p]p]am 
discit1 9 s5ectute confit]i non vult4   

,petron4 9 ,satyrico1 cap4 #c & #d4  d  
,"h un=tunately beg9s a *asm 9 !        
orig9al4 ,! words are1 ,cum ad v]os     
judices v5tum e/1 99 99 99 99 rem       
cogit>e 99 99 99 99 nihil humile1 nihil 
abjectum eloqui pot]at4 ,?is is         
un9telligible4 ,:at foll[s f ! words    
magna eloqu5tia sicut flamma1 palpably  
belongs to ,mat]nus1 :o is ! la/ speak] 
9 ! ,dialogue4 ,! :ole ( :at ,secundus  
said is lo/4 ,! exp$i5t has be51 to     
divide ! sequel betwe5 ,secundus &      
,mat]nus2 b t is m]e pat*-"w4 ,we are   
told 9 ! fir/ section ( ! ,dialogue1 t !
 sev]al p]sons pres5t spoke _! m9ds1 ea*
 9 8 turn assign+ diff]5t b probable    
causes1 & at times agree+ on ! same4    
,!re c1 !re=e1 be no d\bt b ,secundus   
took 8 turn 9 ! c\rse ( ! enquiry4 ,(   
all ! editors ( ,tacitus1 ,broti] is !  
only "o :o has adv]t$ to ?is            
circum/ance4 ,to supply ! loss1 z well z
 x c n[ be done by conjecture1 t +5i\s  
comm5tator has add$ a ,supplem5t1 ) s   
mu* ta/e1 & su* a degree ( probability1 

t x has be5 judg$ prop] to adopt :at he 
has add$4 ,! ?read ( ! disc\rse w be    
unbrok51 & ! read]1 x is hop$1 w pref] a
 regul> cont9uity to a m]e vacant space4
 ,! inv]t$ comma 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text      
transcrib]'s note3 n us$1 b numb]$ )    
decimal r ?an ,roman num]als w m>k !    
supplem5tal "p1 z f> z section #cf1 :]e 
! orig9al proce$s to ! end ( !          
,dialogue4 ,! sections ( ! ,supplem5t w 
be m>k$1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 )        
figures1 in/ead ( ! ,roman num]al       
lett]s4   ,,supplem5t4  ,section #a4  a 
,petronius says1 y may z well expect t !
 p]son1 :o is = ev] %ut up 9 a kit*51   
%\ld be sweet & fre%1 z t "y m51 tra9$  
up 9 su* absurd & ridicul\s int]ludes1  
%\ld improve _! ta/e or judgem5t4 ,qui  
int] hc nutriuntur1 non magis sap]e     
possunt1 quam b5e ol]e1 qui 9 cul9      
habitant4 ,petronius1 9 ,satyrico1 s4   
#b4   ,section #b4  a ,! means by :i* an
 orator is n\ri%$1 =m$1 & rais$ to      
em95ce1 are "h enum]at$4 ,^! are !      
requisites1 t lead to t di/+ui%$        

eloqu5ce1 :i* is f9ely describ$ by      
,petronius1 :5 he says1 a sublime       
oration1 b sublime )9 due b\nds1 is     
nei!r de=m$ ) affectation1 nor turgid 9 
any "p1 b1 dep5d+ on tru? & simplicity1 
rises to unaffect$ gr&eur4 ,gr&is1 et1  
ut ita dicam1 pudica oratio1 non e/     
maculosa1 nec turgida1 s$ naturali      
pul*ritud9e exsurgit4 ,petronius1 9     
,satyrico1 s4 #b4   ,section #c4  a     
,mat]nus engag$ = himself & ,secundus1 t
 !y w\ld communicate _! s5tim5ts3 see s4
 #af4 ,9 consequ5ce ( t promise1        
,messala n[ calls ^u !m bo?4 ,!y h      
already decl>$ !mselves admir]s ( anci5t
 eloqu5ce4 ,x n[ rema9s to be kn[n1 :e!r
 !y agree ) ,messala z to ! cause t     
occasion$ a rapid decl9e3 or :e!r !y c  
produce new reasons ( _! own4   ,section
 #d4  a ,secundus proce$s to give 8     
op9ion4 ,?is is manag$ by ,broti] )     
great art & judgem5t1 s9ce x is evid5t 9
 ! orig9al text t ,mat]nus clos$ !      
debate4 ,accord+ to :at is said 9 !     
introduction to ! ,dialogue1 ,secundus  

agrees ) ,messala ^u mo/ po9ts1 b /ill  
assigns diff]5t1 b probable reasons4 ,a 
revolution1 he says1 happ5$ 9 lit]ature2
 a new ta/e prevail$1 & ! wor/ models 7 
deem$ wor?y ( imitation4 ,! emotions ( !
 he>t 7 suppress$4 ,m5 c\ld no long]    
yield to ! impulse ( g5ius4 ,!y         
endeav\r$ to embelli% _! composition )  
novelty2 !y sp>kl$ ) wit1 & amus$ _!    
read]s ) po9t1 anti!sis1 & =c$ conceits4
 ,!y fell into ! case ( ! man1 :o1      
accord+ to ,m>tial1 0 +5i\s1 b n        
eloqu5t3       ,cum sexag9ta num]et     
,casselius annos2      ,+5iosus homo e/3
 qu&o dis]tus erit8                     
,lib4 vii4 epig4 #h4  b ,en\gh1 p]haps1 
has be5 already said 9 ! notes1 conc]n+ 
! tea*]s ( rhetoric2 b x w n be useless 
to cite "o passage m f ,petronius1 :o 9 
lit]ature1 z well z convivial pleasure1 
may be all[$ to be arbit] eleganti>um4  
,! rhetoricians1 he says1 came orig9ally
 f ,asia2 !y 71 h[ev]1 nei!r kn[n to    
,p9d>1 & ! n9e lyric poets1 nor to      
,plato1 or ,demo/h5es4 ,!y arriv$ at    

,a!ns 9 evil h\r1 & import$ ) !m t      
enorm\s fro?y loquacity1 :i* at once1 l 
a pe/il5ce1 bla/$ all ! p[]s ( g5ius1 & 
e/abli%$ ! rules ( corrupt eloqu5ce4    
,nondum umbraticus doctor +5ia delev]at1
 cum ,p9d>us novemque lyrici ,hom]icis  
v]sibus can]e non timu]unt4 ,c]te neque 
,platona1 neque ,demo/h5em1 ad hoc g5us 
ex]citationis accessisse video4 ,nup]   
v5tosa i/hc et enormis loquacitas ,a!nas
 ex ,asia commigravit1 animosque juv5um 
ad magna surg5tes veluti pe/il5ti quodam
 sid]e afflavit2 simulque corrupt       
eloqu5ti regula /etit et obt9uit4       
,petron4 ,satyricon1 s4 #b4   ,section  
#e4  a ,:5 ! public ta/e 0 vitiat$1 & to
 elevate & surprise1 z ,bayes says1 0 ! 
new way ( writ+1 ,s5eca is1 ) good      
reason1 rank$ 9 ! class ( +5i\s1 b      
affect$ au?ors4 ,m5age says1 if all !   
books 9 ! _w 7 9 ! fire1 !re is n "o1   
:om he w\ld s eag]ly snat* f ! flames z 
,plut>*4 ,t au?or nev] tires him2 he    
reads him (t51 & always f9ds new        
beauties4 ,he _c say ! same ( ,s5eca2 n 

b !re are admirable passages 9 8 works1 
b :5 br\ght to ! te/ !y lose _! app>5t  
beauty by a close exam9ation4 ,s5eca    
s]ves to be quot$ 9 ! w>m? (            
conv]sation1 b is n ( equal value 9 !   
closet4 ,:atev] be ! subject1 he wi%es  
to %9e1 &1 by consequ5ce1 8 ?\ghts are  
too ref9$1 & (t5 false4 ,m5agiana1 tom4 
ii4 p4 #a4   ,section #f4  a ,?is *>ge  
aga9/ ,s5eca is by no means new4        
,qu9tilian 0 8 contempor>y2 he saw &    
he>d ! man1 &1 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s    
aft] 8 dea?1 pron\nc$ judgem5t aga9/    
him4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 
t5? book1 aft] hav+ giv5 an acc\nt ( !  
,greek & ,roman au?ors1 he says1 he     
res]v$ ,s5eca = ! la/ place1 because1   
hav+ always endeav\r$ to c\nt]act !     
influ5ce ( a bad ta/e1 he 0 suppos$ to  
be influ5c$ by motives ( p]sonal enmity4
 ,b ! case 0 o!rwise4 ,he saw t ,s5eca 0
 ! fav\rite ( ! times1 &1 to *eck !     
torr5t t ?reat5$ ! ru9 ( all true       
eloqu5ce1 he ex]t$ 8 be/ ef=ts to       
diffuse a s\nd] judgem5t4 ,he did n wi% 

t ,s5eca %\ld be laid aside3 b he c\ld n
 9 sil5ce see him pref]r$ to ! writ]s ( 
! ,augu/an age1 :om t writ] endeav\r$ to
 depreciate1 consci\s t1 hav+ *os5 a    
diff]5t /yle1 he c\ld n hope to please !
 ta/e ( ^? :o 7 *>m$ ) ! au?ors ( a =m] 
day4 ,b ,s5eca 0 /ill 9 fa%ion2 8       
p>tisans cont9u$ to admire1 ?\gh x _c be
 said t !y imitat$ him4 ,he fell %ort ( 
! anci5ts1 & !y 7 /ill m b5ea? _! model4
 ,s9ce !y 7 cont5t to copy1 x 7 to be   
wi%$ t !y _h be5 able to vie ) him4 ,he 
pleas$ by 8 defects1 & ! h]d ( imitators
 *ose ! wor/4 ,!y acquir$ a vici\s      
mann]1 & flatt]$ !mselves t !y resembl$ 
_! ma/]4 ,b ! tru? is1 !y disgrac$ him4 
,s5eca1 x mu/ be all[$1 _h _m great &   
excell5t qualities2 a lively imag9ation1
 va/ erudition1 & ext5sive k4 ,he       
frequ5tly employ$ o!rs to make rese>*es 
= him1 & 0 (t5 deceiv$4 ,he embrac$ all 
subjects2 9 8 philosophy1 n always      
pr(\nd1 b a ke5 c5sor ( ! mann]s1 & on  
moral subjects truly admirable4 ,he has 
brilliant passages1 & beautiful         

s5tim5ts2 b ! expression is 9 a false   
ta/e1 ! m dang]\s1 z he ab\nds )        
delightful vices4 ,y w\ld h wi%$ t he _h
 writt5 ) 8 own imag9ation1 & ! judgem5t
 ( o!rs4 ,to sum up 8 "*2 _h he kn[n h[ 
to rate little ?+s1 _h he be5 above !   
petty ambition ( always %9+1 _h he n be5
 fond ( himself1 _h he n weak5$ 8 =ce by
 m9ute & dazzl+ s5t5ces1 he w\ld h ga9$1
 n ! admiration ( boys1 b ! suffrage ( !
 judici\s4 ,at pres5t he may be read )  
safety by ^? :o h made acqua9tance )    
bett] models4 ,8 works af=d ! faire/    
opportunity ( di/+ui%+ ! beauties ( f9e 
writ+ f _! opposite vices4 ,he has mu*  
to be approv$1 & ev5 admir$3 b a j      
selection is necess>y1 & x is to be     
regrett$ t he did n *oose = himself4    
,su* 0 ! judgem5t ( ,qu9tilian3 ! le>n$ 
read] w1 p]haps1 be glad to h ! :ole    
passage 9 ! au?or's words1 r ?an be     
ref]r$ to ano!r book4 ,ex indu/ri       
,s5ecam1 9 omni g5]e eloqu5ti v]satum1  
di/uli1 propt] vulgatam falso de me     
op9ionem1 qu damn>e eum1 et invisum     

quoque hab]e sum cr$itus4 ,quod1 accidit
 mihi1 dum corruptum1 et omnibus vitiis 
fractum dic5di g5us revoc>e ad sev]iora 
judicia cont5do4 ,tum autem solus hic   
f]e 9 manibus adolesc5tium fuit4 ,quem  
non equidem omn9o conab> excut]e1 s$    
potioribus prf]ri non s9ebam1 quos ille 
non de/it]at incess]e1 cum1 div]si sibi 
conscius g5]is1 plac]e se 9 dic5do posse
 iis quibus illi plac]5t1 diffid]et4    
,amabant autem eum magis1 qum           
imitabantur2 tantumque ab illo          
defluebant1 quantum ille ab antiquis    
desc5d]at4 ,=et enim opt&um1 p>es1 aut  
saltem proximos1 illi viro fi]i4 ,s$    
placebat propt] sola vitia1 et ad ea se 
quisque dirigebat eff+5da1 qu pot]at4   
,de9de cum se jact>et eodem modo dic]e1 
,s5ecam infamabat4 ,cujus et mult       
alioqui et magn virtutes fu]unt2 +5ium  
facile et copiosum2 plurimum /udii2 et  
mult>um r]um cognitio1 9 qu tam5 aliqu&o
 ab iis1 quibus inquir5da qudam m&abat1 
deceptus e/4 ,tractavit etiam omnem f]  
/udiorum mat]iam2 ,9 philosophi p>um    

dilig5s1 egregius tam5 vitiorum         
insectator4 ,multa 9 eo cl>que s5t5ti2  
multa etiam morum grati leg5da2 s$ 9    
eloqu5do corrupta pl]aque1 atque eo     
p]niciosissima1 quod abundat dulcibus   
vitiis4 ,velles eum suo +5io dixisse1   
ali5o judicio4 ,nam si aliqua           
contempsisset2 si p>um concupisset1 si  
non omnia sua amasset2 si r]um pond]a   
m9utissimis s5t5tiis non fregisset1     
cons5su potius eruditorum1 qum pu]orum  
amore comprob>etur4 ,v]m sic quoque jam 
robu/is1 et sev]iore g5]e satis         
firmatis1 leg5dus1 vel ideo1 quod ex]c]e
 pote/ utrimque judicium4 ,multa enim   
7ut dixi7 prob&a 9 eo1 multa etiam      
admir&a sunt2 elig]e modo cur sit1 quod 
ut9am ipse fecisset4 ,qu9til4 lib4 x4   
cap4 #a4 ,f ?is x is evid5t1 t ,s5eca1  
ev5 9 ! m]idian ( 8 fame & p[]1 0       
consid]$ z ! gr& corrupt] ( eloqu5ce4 ,!
 *>ge is1 !re=e1 r5ew$ 9 ?is ,dialogue1 
) /rict propriety4 ,roll91 :o _h n\ri%$ 
8 m9d ) anci5t lit]ature1 & 01 9 8 "t1 !
 ,qu9tilian ( ,france1 has giv5 ! same  

op9ion ( ,s5eca1 :o1 he says1 knew h[ to
 play ! critic on ! works ( o!rs1 & to  
condemn ! /ra9$ metaphor1 ! =c$ conceit1
 ! t9sel s5t5ce1 & all ! blemi%es ( a   
corrupt /yle1 )\t desir+ to we$ !m out (
 8 own productions4 ,9 a lett] to 8     
fri5d 7epi/4 #aad71 :i* has be5 m5tion$ 
section xxvi4 note c1 ,s5eca admits a   
g5]al depravity ( ta/e1 & ) great       
acut5ess1 &1 inde$1 elegance1 traces x  
to its s\rce1 to ! luxury & effem9ate   
mann]s ( ! age2 he comp>es ! florid     
orators ( 8 "t to a set ( "y fops1 well 
p[d]$ & p]fum$1 j issu+ f _! toilette3  
,b>b et com nitidos1 de capsul totos2 he
 adds1 t su* affect$ f9]y is n ! true   
ornam5t ( a man4 ,non e/ ornam5tum      
virile1 conc9nitas4 ,& yet1 says ,roll91
 he did n "k t he 0 sitt+ to himself = !
 picture4 ,he aim$ = ev] at some?+ new1 
f> fet*$1 +5i\s1 & po9t$4 ,he pref]r$   
wit to tru? & dignifi$ simplicity4 ,!   
m>vell\s 0 ) him bett] ?an ! natural2 & 
he *ose to surprise & dazzle1 r ?an m]it
 ! approbation ( sob] judgem5t4 ,8      

tal5ts plac$ him at ! head ( ! fa%ion1 &
 ) ^? en*ant+ vices :i* ,qu9tilian      
ascribes to him1 he 01 no d\bt1 ! p]son 
:o contribut$ mo/ to ! corruption ( ta/e
 & eloqu5ce4 ,see ,roll9's ,belles      
,lettres1 vol4 i4 sur le ,g\t4 ,ano!r   
em95t critic1 ,l',,abbe ,,g$oyn1 :o has 
giv5 an elegant translation (           
,qu9tilian1 has1 9 ! preface to t "w1   
ent]$ fully into ! "q conc]n+ ! decl9e (
 eloqu5ce4 ,he admits t ,s5eca did great
 mis*ief1 b he takes ! matt] up mu*     
high]4 ,he traces x to ,,ovid1 & imputes
 ! ta/e = wit & spuri\s ornam5t1 :i*    
prevail$ "u ! emp]ors1 to ! false1 b    
s$uc+ *>ms ( t celebrat$ poet4 ,ovid 01 
und\bt$ly1 ! greate/ wit ( 8 "t2 b 8 wit
 knew no b\nds4 ,8 fault 01 exub]ance4  
,nescivit quod b5e cessit rel9qu]e1 says
 ,s5eca1 :o _h himself ! same defect4   
,:atev] is ,ovid's subject1 ! r$undance 
( a copi\s fancy /ill appe>s4 ,does he  
bewail 8 own mis=tunes2 he seems to ?9k1
 t1 unless he is witty1 he _c be an     
object ( compassion4 ,does he write     

lett]s to & f disappo9t$ lov]s2 !       
greate/ "p fl[s f fancy1 & little f !   
he>t4 ,he gives u ! brilliant = !       
pa!tic4 ,) ^! faults1 ,ovid _h su*      
en*ant+ graces1 t 8 /yle & mann] infect$
 e bran* ( lit]ature4 ,! tribe (        
imitators _h n ! g5ius ( _! ma/]2 b be+ 
det]m9$ to %9e 9 spite ( nature1 !y ru9$
 all true ta/e & eloqu5ce4 ,?is is !    
natural progress ( imitation1 & ,s5eca 0
 well aw>e ( x4 ,he tells u t ! faults &
 blemi%es ( a corrupt /yle are ev]      
introduc$ by "s sup]ior g5ius1 :o has   
ris5 to em95ce 9 bad writ+2 8 admir]s   
imitate a vici\s mann]1 & ?us a false   
ta/e goes r\nd f "o to ano!r4 ,hc vitia 
unus aliquis inducit1 sub quo tunc      
eloqu5tia e/3 ct]i imitantur2 et alt]   
alt]i tradunt4 ,epi/4 #aad4 ,s5eca1     
h[ev]1 did n "k t he 0 describ+ himself4
 ,tacitus says he _h a g5ius suit$ to ! 
ta/e ( ! age4 ,+5ium amnum et temporis  
ejus auribus accommodatum4 ,he adopt$ ! 
faults ( ,ovid1 & 0 able to propagate   
!m4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! ,abb ,g$oyn is (   

op9ion1 t ,ovid began ! mis*ief1 &      
,s5eca laid ! axe to ! root ( ! tree4 ,x
 is c]ta91 t1 dur+ ! rema9+ p]iod ( !   
empire1 true eloqu5ce nev] reviv$4      
,section #g4  a ,hi/orians h concurr$ 9 
tax+ ,vespasian ) av>ice1 9 "s in/ances1
 mean & sordid2 b !y agree1 at ! same   
"t1 t ! use :i* he made ( 8 accumulat$  
ri*es1 by enc\rag+ ! arts1 & ext5d+     
lib]al rew>ds to m5 ( g5ius1 is a       
suffici5t apology = 8 love ( money4  b  
,titus1 x is ne$less to say1 0 ! fri5d (
 virtue & ( e lib]al art4 ,ev5 t mon/]  
,domitian 0 v]s$ 9 polite le>n+1 & by   
fits & />ts capable ( int5se            
application3 b we read 9 ,tacitus1 t 8  
/udies & 8 pret5d$ love ( poetry s]v$ z 
a cloak to hide 8 real "*4 ,see ,hi/ory1
 b4 iv4 s4 #hf4  c ,pl9y ! y\ng]        
describes ! "y m5 ( 8 "t ru%+ =w>d into 
! =um )\t k or dec5cy4 ,he 0 told1 he   
says1 by p]sons advanc$ 9 ye>s1 t1      
accord+ to anci5t usage1 no "y man1 ev5 
( ! fir/ di/9ction1 0 all[$ to appe> at 
! b>1 unless he 0 introduc$ by "o (     

consul> dignity4 ,b1 9 8 "t1 all f5ces (
 respect & dec5cy 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,"y m5    
scorn$ to be introduc$2 !y =c$ _! way1 &
 took possession ( ! =um )\t any k9d (  
recomm5dation4 ,at h]cule ante memoriam 
meam 7majores natu ita sol5t dic]e71 ne 
nobilissimis quidem adolesc5tibus locus 
erat1 nisi aliquo consul>i produc5te2   
tant v5]atione pul*]rimum opus          
celebrabatur4 ,nunc refractis pudoris et
 rev]5ti clau/ris1 omnia pat5t omnibus4 
,nec inducuntur1 s$ irrumpunt4 ,pl94    
lib4 ii4 epi/4 #ad4   ,section #h4  a   
,?is want ( decorum be=e ! tribunals (  
ju/ice w\ld appe> incr$ible1 7 x n well 
atte/$ by ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 ,! audi5ce1 he 
says1 0 suit$ to ! orators4 ,m]c5>y     
wret*es 7 hir$ to applaud 9 ! c\rts1 :]e
 !y 7 treat$ at ! exp5ce ( ! advocate1 z
 op5ly z if !y 7 9 a banquet+-room4     
,sequuntur auditores actoribus similes1 
conducti et r$empti mancipes4 ,conv5itur
 9 m$i basilic1 ubi tam palam sportul   
quam 9 tricl9io dantur4 ,pl94 lib1 ii4  
epi/4 #ad4 ,he adds 9 ! same epi/le1    

,,l>gius ,,lic9ius fir/ introduc$ ?is   
cu/om1 m]ely t he might procure an      
audi5ce4 ,primus hunc audi5di morem     
induxit ,l>gius ,lic9ius1 hact5us tam5  
ut auditores corrog>et4  b ,?is anecdote
 is also relat$ by ,pl9y1 9 ! foll[+    
mann]3 ,qu9tilian1 8 preceptor1 told him
 t "o day1 :5 he att5d$ ,domitius ,af] 9
 a cause be=e ! c5tumviri1 a sudd5 &    
outrage\s noise 0 he>d f ! adjo9+ c\rt4 
,af] made a pause2 ! di/urbance ceas$1 &
 he resum$ ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse4 ,he 0  
int]rupt$ a second & a ?ird "t4 ,he     
ask$1 :o 0 ! advocate t occasion$ s mu* 
upro>8 ,be+ told1 t ,lic9ius 0 ! p]son1 
he address$ himself to ! c\rt 9 ^!      
words3 ,c5tumvirs6 all true eloqu5ce is 
n[ at an end4 ,ex ,qu9tiliano1 prceptore
 meo1 audisse mem9i3 n>rabat ille1      
,assectab> ,domitium ,afrum1 cum apud   
c5tumviros dic]et gravit] et l5t 7hoc   
enim illi actionis g5us erat71 audiit ex
 proximo immodicum insolitumque         
clamorem2 admiratus reticuit2 ubi       
sil5tium factum e/1 repetit quod        

abrup]at2 it]um clamor1 it]um reticuit2 
et po/ sil5tium1 cpit idem t]tio4       
,novissim quis dic]et qusivit4          
,responsum e/1 ,lic9ius4 ,tum int]miss  
caus1 ,,c5tumviri1 inquit1 ,,hoc        
,,artificium ,,p]iit4 ,lib4 ii4 ep4 #ad4
 ,domitius ,af] has be5 m5tion$1 s4     
xiii4 note d4 ,to :at is !re said ( him 
may be add$ a fact relat$ by ,qu9tilian1
 :o says t ,af]1 :5 old & sup]annuat$1  
/ill cont9u$ at ! b>1 exhibit+ ! decay (
 g5ius1 & e day dim9i%+ t high          
reputation :i* he once possess$4 ,h5ce  
m5 said ( him1 he _h r decl9e ?an desi/4
 ,malle eum defic]e1 quam des9]e4 ,qu9t4
 lib4 xii4 cap4 #aa4  c ,! m5 :o        
applaud$ = hire1 w5t f c\rt to c\rt to  
bell[ =? _! v5al approbation4 ,pl9y     
says1 ,no long] ago ?an ye/]day1 two (  
my nom5clators1 bo? ab\t ! age (        
sev5te51 7 brib$ to play ! "p ( critics4
 ,_! pay 0 ab\t ?ree d5>ii3 t at pres5t 
is ! price ( eloqu5ce4 ,ex judicio 9    
judicium p>i m]c$e transitur4 ,h]i duo  
nom5clatores mei 7hab5t sane tatem      

eorum1 qui nup] togas sumps]unt71 t]nis 
d5>iis ad laud&um trahebantur4 ,tanti   
con/at1 ut sis dis]tus4 ,lib4 ii4 epi/4 
#ad4  d ,! :ole acc\nt ( ! trade ( puff+
 is relat$ 9 ! ,dialogue1 on ! au?ority 
( ,pl9y1 :o tells u t ^? wret*$         
sycophants _h two nick-names2 "o 9      
,greek1 ,greek3 ,sophokleis1 & ! o!r 9  
,lat91 ,,laudic,,ni2 ! =m] f sophos1 !  
usual exclamation ( applause1 z 9       
,m>tial3 ,quid tam gr&e sophos clamat   
tibi turba1 togata2 ! ,lat9 ^w import+  
p>asites :o sold _! praise = a supp]4   
,inde jam non inurban ,greek3           
,sophokleis vocantur2 iisdem nom5       
,lat9um impositum e/1 ,,laudic,,ni4 ,et 
tam5 crescit indies fditas utrque l+u   
notata4 ,lib4 ii4 epi/4 #ad4   ,section 
#aj4  a ,pl9y tells u1 t he employ$ mu* 
( 8 "t 9 plead+ causes be=e ! c5tumviri2
 b he grew a%am$ ( ! bus9ess1 :5 he f\nd
 ^? c\rts att5d$ by a set ( bold "y m51 
& n by lawy]s ( any note or consequ5ce4 
,b /ill ! s]vice ( 8 fri5ds1 & 8 "t (   
life1 induc$ him to cont9ue 8 practice =

 "s :ile long]1 le/ he %\ld seem1 by    
quitt+ x abruptly1 to fly f fatigue1 n f
 ! indecorum ( ! place4 ,he contriv$    
h[ev] to appe> b seldom1 9 ord] to )draw
 himself by degrees4 ,nos tam5 adhuc et 
utilitas amicorum1 et ratio tatis1      
moratur ac ret9et4 ,v]emur enim ne =t   
non has indignitates reliquisse1 s$     
laborem fugisse videamur4 ,sumus tam5   
solito r>iores1 quod initium e/ gradatim
 des95di4 ,lib4 ii4 epi/4 #ad4          
,section #aa4  a ,! p]son "h di/+ui%$ f 
! re/ ( ! rhetoricians1 is ! celebrat$  
,qu9tilian1 ( ^: elegant ta/e & sup]ior 
judgem5t x 7 sup]flu\s to say a ^w4     
,m>tial has giv5 8 "* 9 two l9es3--     
,qu9tiliane1 vag mod]ator summe juv5t1  
,gloria ,roman1 ,qu9tiliane1 tog4       
,lib4 ii4 epig4 #ij4  ,x is g5]ally     
suppos$ t he 0 a native ( ,calaguris 7n[
 ,calahorra71 a city 9 ,spa91 r5d]$     
fam\s by ! m>tial _s ( ,s]torius1 :o !re
 /ood a siege aga9/ ,pompey4 ,vossius1  
h[ev]1 ?9ks t he 0 born a ,roman2 &     
,,g$oyn1 ! elegant translator m5tion$   

section #f4 note a1 acc$es to t op9ion1 
s9ce ,m>tial does n claim him z 8       
c\ntryman4 ,! same writ] says1 t x is   
/ill unc]ta9 :5 ,qu9tilian 0 born1 & :5 
he di$2 b1 aft] a dilig5t enquiry1 he   
?9ks x probable t ! great critic 0 born 
t[>ds ! latt] end ( ,tib]ius2 &1 (      
c\rse1 :5 ,domitius ,af] di$ 9 ! reign (
 ,n]o1 ,a4,u4,c4 #hab1 ,a4,d4 #ei1 t he 
0 !n two & tw5ty4 ,8 ,in/itutions ( an  
,orator 7 writt5 9 ! latt] end (        
,domitian1 :5 ,qu9tilian1 z he himself  
says1 0 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,! "t ( 8    
dea? is no :]e m5tion$1 b x probably 0  
"u ,n]va or ,trajan4 ,x mu/ n be        
dissembl$1 t ?is admirable au?or 0 n    
exempt f ! epidemic vice ( ! age 9 :i*  
he liv$4 ,he flatt]$ ,domitian1 & t /ra9
 ( adulation is ! only blemi% 9 8 "w4 ,!
 love ( lit]ature may be said to h be5 8
 rul+ passion2 b1 9 8 e/imation1 le>n+ &
 g5ius are subord9ate to hon\r1 tru?1 & 
virtue4   ,section #ab4  a ,mat]nus1 )\t
 contradict+ ,messala or ,secundus1     
gives 8 op9ion1 viz4 t ! decl9e (       

eloqu5ce1 h[ev] o!r causes might        
conspire1 0 *iefly occasion$ by ! ru9 ( 
a free con/itution4 ,to ?is he adds     
ano!r obs]vation1 :i* seems to be f\nd$ 
9 tru?1 z we f9d t1 s9ce ! revival (    
lett]s1 ,spa9 has produc$ "o ,,c]vantes2
 ,france1 "o ,,moli]e2 ,engl&1 "o       
,,%akspe>e1 & "o ,,milton4   ,section   
#ac4  a ,examples ( %ort1 abrupt1 & ev5 
sublime spee*es out ( ! m\? ( ,b>b>ians1
 might1 if ! occasion requir$ x1 be     
produc$ 9 great abundance4 ,mr4 ,locke  
has obs]v$1 t ! hum\rs ( a p may be     
le>n$ f _! usage ( words4 ,s5eca has    
said ! same1 &1 9 epi/le cxiv4 has      
expla9$ himself on ! subject ) acute    
reason+ & beautiful illu/ration4 ,! :ole
 lett] m]its ! att5tion ( ! judici\s    
critic4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is1 & ! :ole ( !  
foll[+ section1 s]ve to en=ce !         
proposition ( ! speak]1 viz4 t ,roman   
eloqu5ce di$ ) public lib]ty4 ,!        
,supplem5t ends "h4 ,! orig9al text is  
resum$ 9 ! next section1 & proce$s      
unbrok5 to ! end ( ! ,dialogue4         

,section ,,xxxvi4  a ,:5 great & p[]ful 
eloqu5ce is comp>$ to a flame1 t mu/ be 
support$ by fre% mat]ials1 x is evid5t t
 ! s5t5ce is a cont9uation1 n ! op5+ ( a
 new argum5t4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 & x w n
 be improp] to repeat1 t ! two =m]      
speak]s 7,messala & ,secundus7 hav+     
/at$1 accord+ to _! way ( ?9k+1 ! causes
 ( corrupt eloqu5ce1 ,mat]nus1 z 0      
promis$ 9 ! outset ( ! ,dialogue1 n[    
proce$s to give ano!r reason1 &1 p]haps1
 ! /ronge/ ( all2 namely1 ! alt]ation ( 
! gov]nm5t f ! old republican =m to !   
absolute sway ( a s+le rul]4  b ,!      
colonies1 ! prov9ces1 & ! nations t     
submitt$ to ! ,roman arms1 _h _! patrons
 9 ! capital1 :om !y c\rt$ ) assiduity4 
,x 0 ?is m>k ( di/9ction t rais$ !      
ambiti\s citiz5 to ! fir/ hon\rs 9 !    
/ate4 ,to h a numb] ( cli5ts1 z well at 
home z 9 ! mo/ important colonies1 0 !  
unremitt+ desire1 ! /udy1 & con/ant     
lab\r ( all :o aim$ at pre-em95ce2      
insomu* t1 9 ! "t ( ! old republic1 ! m5
 :o wi%$ to be di/+ui%$ patrons1        

impov]i%$1 & (t5 ru9$ _! families1 by _!
 pr(usion & magnific5ce4 ,!y paid c\rt  
to ! common p1 to ! prov9ces1 & /ates 9 
alliance ) ,rome2 &1 9 _! turn1 !y      
receiv$ ! homage ( _! cli5ts4 ,see      
,annals1 b4 iii4 s4 #ee4  c ,we read 9  
,qu9tilian1 t oral te/imony1 &          
depositions sign$ by ! witnesses1 7 bo? 
9 use 9 8 "t4 ,writt5 evid5ce1 he       
obs]ves1 0 easily combat$2 because !    
witness :o *ose to speak 9 ! pres5ce ( a
 few :o sign$ 8 atte/ation1 might be    
guilty ( a violation ( tru? ) great]    
confid5ce2 & besides1 n be+ cit$ to     
speak1 8 be+ a volunte] 9 ! cause 0 a   
circum/ance aga9/ him1 s9ce x %ew$ t he 
act$ ) ill-w to ! opposite p>ty4 ,)     
reg>d to ! witness :o gives 8 te/imony 9
 op5 c\rt1 ! advocate has m ^u 8 h&s3 he
 mu/ press him ) que/ions1 & 9 a set    
spee* obs]ve ^u 8 evid5ce4 ,he mu/ also 
support 8 own witnesses1 &1 !re=e1 mu/  
draw up two l9es ( battle4 ,maximus     
patronis circa te/imonia sudor e/4 ,ea  
dicuntur aut p] tabulas1 aut a          

prs5tibus4 ,simplicior contra tabulas   
pugna4 ,nam et m9us ob/itisse videtur   
pudor int] paucos signatores1 et pro    
diffid5ti premitur abs5tia4 ,tacit      
prt]ea qudam significatione refragatur 8
 omnibus1 quod nemo p] tabulas dat      
te/imonium1 nisi su voluntate2 quo ipso 
non esse amicum ei se1 contra quem      
dicit1 fatetur4 ,cum prs5tibus v] +5s   
dimicatio e/3 ideoque velut duplici     
contra eos1 proque 81 acie confligitur1 
actionum et int]rogationum4 ,qu9t4 lib4 
v4 cap4 #g4   ,section ,,xxxvii4  a ,=  
an acc\nt ( ,mucianus1 see section #g1  
note c transcrib]'s note3 ref]5ce does n
 mat*2 also ! ,hi/ory1 b4 ii4 s4 #e4    
,suetonius relates t ,vespasian1 hav+   
und]tak5 to re/ore ?ree ?\s& braz5      
plates1 :i* _h p]i%$ 9 ! conflagration (
 ! capital 7see ! ,hi/4 ( ,tacitus1 b4  
iii4 s4 #ga71 ord]$ a dilig5t se>* to be
 made = copies1 & !reby furni%$ !       
gov]nm5t ) a collection ( curi\s &      
anci5t records1 conta9+ ! decrees ( !   
s5ate1 acts ( ! commons1 & treaties (   

alliance1 almo/ f ! build+ ( ! city4    
,suetonius1 ,life ( ,vespasian1 s4 #h4  
,?is1 ) ! addition ( spee*es & lett]s   
compos$ by m5 ( em95ce1 01 mo/ probably1
 ! collection publi%$ by ,mucianus4 ,we 
may be sure t x conta9$ a fund (        
in=mation1 & curi\s mat]ials = hi/ory2 b
 ! :ole is un=tunately lo/4  b ,! p]son 
int5d$ 9 ?is place mu/ n be conf\nd$ )  
,lucius ,crassus1 ! orator celebrat$ by 
,cic]o 9 ! ,dialogue ,,de ,,oratore4    
,:at is "h said1 relates to ,m>cus      
,crassus1 :o 0 jo9$ 9 ! triumvirate )   
,pompey & ,cs>2 a man fam\s = 8 ri*es1 8
 av>ice1 & 8 mis=tunes4 ,:ile ,cs> 0    
engag$ 9 ,gaul1 & ,pompey 9 ,spa91      
,crassus invad$ ,asia1 :]e1 9 a battle )
 ! ,p>?ians1 8 :ole army 0 cut to       
pieces4 ,he himself 0 9 dang] ( be+ tak5
 prison]1 b he fell by ! sword ( !      
enemy4 ,8 head 0 cut (f1 & c>ri$ to     
,orodes1 ! ,p>?ian k+1 :o ord]$ liquid  
gold to be infus$ into 8 m\?1 t he1 :o  
?ir/$ = gold1 might be glutt$ ) x aft] 8
 dea?4 ,caput ejus recisum ad regem     

reportatum1 ludibrio fuit1 neque        
indigno4 ,aurum enim liquidum 9 rictum  
oris infusum e/1 ut cujus animus ars]at 
auri cupiditate1 ejus etiam mortuum et  
exangue corpus auro ut]etur4 ,florus1   
lib4 iii4 cap4 #aa4 ,cic]o says1 t )    
sl5d] tal5ts1 & a small /ock ( le>n+1 he
 0 able = "s ye>s1 by 8 assiduity &     
int]e/1 to ma9ta9 8 rank 9 ! li/ ( em95t
 orators4 ,m$iocrit] a doctr9 in/ructus1
 angu/ius etiam a natur1 labore et      
indu/ri1 et quod adhibebat ad obt95das  
causas curam etiam1 et gratiam1 9       
pr9cipibus patronis aliquot annos fuit4 
,9 hujus oratione s]mo ,lat9us erat1    
v]ba non abjecta1 res composit dilig5t]2
 nullus flos tam51 neque lum5 ullum3    
animi magna1 vocis p>va cont5tio2 omnia 
f] ut similit]1 atque uno modo dic]5tur4
 ,cic]o1 ,de ,cl>is ,oratoribus1 s4     
#bcc4  c ,l5tulus succe$$ m by 8 action 
?an by real ability4 ,) a quick &       
animat$ c\nt5ance1 he 0 n a man (       
p5etration2 ?\gh flu5t 9 spee*1 he _h no
 comm& ( words4 ,8 voice 0 sweet &      

melodi\s2 8 action graceful2 & ) ^?     
advantages he 0 able to conceal all o!r 
defects4 ,cneius autem ,l5tulus multo   
majorem op9ionem dic5di actione         
faciebat1 quam quanta 9 eo facultas     
erat2 qui cum esset nec p]acutus        
7quamquam et ex facie et ex vultu       
videbatur7 nec abundans v]bis1 etsi     
fallebat 9 eo ipso2 s$ voce suavi et    
canor calebat 9 ag5do1 ut ea1 qu de]ant1
 non desid]>5tur4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,cl>is    
,oratoribus1 s4 #bcd4 ,metellus1        
,lucullus1 & ,curio1 are m5tion$ by     
,cic]o 9 ! same "w4 ,curio 0 a s5ator ( 
great _s & popul>ity4 ,he ex]t$ himself 
) zeal & ard\r = ! legal con/itution & !
 lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry aga9/ ! ambition ( 
,julius ,cs>1 b aft]w>ds sold himself to
 t artful politician1 & fav\r$ 8        
designs4 ,! calamities t foll[$ are by !
 be/ hi/orians laid to 8 *>ge4 ,lucan   
says ( him1       ,audax v5ali comitatur
 ,curio l+u2      ,vox quondam populi1  
lib]tatemque tu]i      ,ausus1 et       
armatos plebi misc]e pot5tes4           

,lib4 i4 v]4 #bfi4  ,& aga91            
,momntumque fuit mutatus ,curio r]um1   
,gallorum captus spoliis1 et ,cs>is     
auro4                  ,,ph>salia1 lib4 
iv4 v]4 #hai4  d ,demo/h5es1 :5 n m ?an 
sev5 ye>s old1 lo/ 8 fa!r1 & 0 left "u !
 c>e ( ?ree gu>dians1 :o ?\ght an orphan
 lawful prey1 & did n scruple to        
embezzle 8 effects4 ,9 ! mean "t        
,demo/h5es pursu$ a plan ( education1   
)\t ! aid or advice ( 8 tutors4 ,he     
became ! s*ol> ( ,isocrates1 & he 0 !   
he>] ( ,plato4 ,"u ^? ma/]s 8 progress 0
 su*1 t at ! age ( sev5te5 he 0 able to 
conduct a suit aga9/ 8 gu>dians4 ,! "y  
orator succe$$ s well 9 t prelude to 8  
future fame1 t ! plund]]s ( ! orphan's  
portion 7 condemn$ to refund a l>ge sum4
 ,x is said t ,demo/h5es1 aft]w>ds1     
releas$ ! :ole or ! greate/ "p4         
,section ,,xxxviii4  a ,! rule = all[+ a
 limit$ space ( "t = ! he>+ ( causes1 ! 
ext5t ( :i* c\ld n be kn[n1 began1 z    
,pl9y ! y\ng] in=ms u1 "u ! emp]ors1 & 0
 fully e/abli%$ = ! reasons :i* he      

gives4 ,! cu/om1 he says1 ( all[+ two   
wat]-glasses 7i4e4 two h\r-glasses7 or  
only "o1 & sometimes half a "o1         
prevail$1 because ! advocates grew tir$ 
be=e ! bus9ess 0 expla9$1 & ! judges 7  
ready to decide be=e !y und]/ood ! "q4  
,pl9y1 ) "s indignation1 asks1 ,are we  
wis] ?an our ance/ors8 are ! laws m j at
 pres5t8 ,our ance/ors all[$ _m h\rs1 _m
 days1 & _m adj\rnm5ts1 9 e cause2 & =  
my "p1 z (t5 z ,i sit 9 judgem5t1 ,i    
all[ z mu* "t z ! advocate requires2 =  
w\ld x n be ra%ness to guess :at space (
 "t is necess>y 9 a cause :i* has n be5 
op5$8 ,b "s unnecess>y ?+s may be said2 
& is x n bett]1 t :at is unnecess>y %\ld
 be spok51 ?an t :at is necess>y %\ld be
 omitt$8 ,& :o c tell :at is necess>y1  
till he has he>d8 ,pati5ce 9 a judge    
ought to be consid]$ z "o ( ! *ief      
bran*es ( 8 duty1 z x c]ta9ly is (      
ju/ice4 ,see ,pl94 b4 vi4 ep4 #b4 ,9    
,engl&1 !re is no dang] ( arbitr>y      
rules1 to gratify ! impati5ce ( ! c\rt1 
or to /ifle ju/ice4 ,! prov9ce ( juries1

 s9ce ! late decl>atory act 9 ! case (  
libels1 is n[ bett] und]/ood2 & e judge 
is taught1 t a cause is tri$ be=e him1 n
 ,,by ,,him4 ,x is 8 to exp\nd ! law1 & 
wait1 ) temp]1 = ! v]dict ( ^? :om !    
con/itution has intru/$4  b ,pompey's   
?ird consul%ip 0 ,a4,u4,c4 #gjb2 be=e   
,*ri/1 #eb4 ,he 0 at fir/ sole consul1 &
 9 six or sev5 mon?s ,metellus ,scipio  
became 8 colleague4  c ,! c5tumviri1 z  
m5tion$ s4 vii4 note c1 7 a body ( m5   
compos$ ( ?ree out ( e tribe1 = !       
decision ( su* matt]s z ! prtors ref]r$ 
to _! judgem5t4 ,! nature ( ! sev]al    
causes1 t came be=e t judicature1 may be
 se5 9 ! fir/ book ,,de ,,oratore4  d ,!
 "q 9 ?is cause be=e ! c5tumviri 01 :e!r
 ,clus9ius ,figulus1 ! son ( ,urb9ia1   
fl$ f 8 po/ 9 battle1 &1 be+ tak5       
prison]1 rema9$ 9 captivity dur+ a l5g? 
( "t1 till he made 8 escape into ,italy2
 or1 z 0 cont5d$ by ,as9ius ,pollio1    
:e!r ! def5dant did n s]ve "u two ma/]s1
 :o practis$ physic1 &1 be+ dis*>g$ by  
!m1 volunt>ily sell himself z a slave8  

,see ,qu9tilian1 lib4 vii4 cap4 #b4     
,section ,,xxxix4  a ,! advocates1 at t 
"t1 wore a tight cloak1 or mantle1 l t  
:i* ! ,romans us$ on a j\rney4 ,cic]o1 9
 8 oration = ,milo1 argues t he :o wore 
t inconv5i5t dress1 0 n likely to h =m$ 
a design aga9/ ! life ( any man4 ,app>et
 ut] esset insidiator2 ut] nihil        
cogit>et mali3 cum alt] veh]etur 9 rh$a1
 p5ulatus1 un s$]et uxor4 ,quid horum   
non imp$itissimum8 ,ve/itus8 an         
vehiculum8 an comes8 ,a travell+-cloak  
c\ld give nei!r grace nor dignity to an 
orator at ! b>4 ,! bus9ess 0 transact$ 9
 a k9d ( *at ) ! judges3 :at room =     
eloqu5ce1 & t comm&+ action :i* spr+s f 
! emotions ( ! s\l1 & inflames e brea/ )
 k9dr$ passions8 ,! cold inanimate      
orator is describ$1 by ,qu9tilian1      
speak+ ) 8 h& "u 8 robe2 manum intra    
pallium cont95s4 ,section ,,xl4  a      
,mat]nus is n[ draw+ to a conclusion1 &1
 !re=e1 calls to m9d ! proposition ) :i*
 he set out2 viz4 t ! flame ( oratory is
 kept alive by fre% mat]ials1 & always  

blazes =? 9 times ( dang] & public      
commotion4 ,! unimpassion$ /yle1 :i*    
suit$ ! areopagus ( ,a!ns1 or ! c\rts ( 
,rome1 :]e ! advocate spoke by an       
h\r-glass1 does n des]ve ! "n ( g5u9e   
eloqu5ce4 ,! orations ( ,cic]o =        
,m>cellus1 ,lig>ius1 & k+ ,dejot>us1 7  
spok5 be=e ,cs>1 :5 he 0 ma/] ( ! ,roman
 _w4 ,9 ^? spee*es1 :at h we to admire1 
except delicacy ( s5tim5t1 & elegance ( 
diction8 ,h[ diff]5t f ! torr5t1 tempe/1
 & :irlw9d ( passion1 t r\s$1 inflam$1 &
 comm&$ ! s5ate1 & ! p1 aga9/ ,catil9e &
 ,m>c ,antony6  b ,= ! acc\nt ( ,cic]o's
 dea? by ,velleius ,pat]culus1 see s4   
xvii4 note e4 ,juv5al ascribes ! murd] (
 ! great ,roman orator to ! second      
,philippic aga9/ ,antony4               
----,rid5da poemata malo1      ,quam te 
conspicu div9a ,philippica fam1         
,volv]is a prim qu proxima4             
,,sat4 x4 v]4 #abd4       ,i r w\ld be  
,mvius1 ?ra% = rhymes      ,l 81 ! scorn
 & sc&al ( ! times1      ,?an !         
,philippic1 fatally div9e1      ,:i* is 

inscrib'd ! second1 %\ld be m9e4        
,,dryd5',s ,,juv5al4  ,:at ,cic]o says (
 ,antonius1 ! celebrat$ orator1 may be  
appli$ to himself3 ,t head1 :i* def5d$ !
 commonweal?1 0 %ewn f t v ro/rum1 :]e !
 heads ( s _m ,roman citiz5s _h be5 sav$
 by 8 eloqu5ce4 ,9 8 ipsis ro/ris1 9    
quibus ille rempublicam con/antissime   
consul def5d]at1 positum caput illud    
fuit1 a quo erant multorum civium capita
 s]vata4 ,cic]o ,de ,oratore1 lib4 iii4 
s4 #aj4   ,section ,,xlii4  a ,!        
urbanity ) :i* ! ,dialogue is conduct$1 
& ! p]fect h>mony ) :i* ! speak]s take  
leave ( ea* o!r1 _c b leave a pleas+    
impression on ! m9d ( e read] ( ta/e4 ,x
 has "s resemblance to ! conclusion (   
,cic]o's ,dialogue ,,de ,,natura        
,,deorum4 ,9 bo? tracts1 we h a specim5 
( ! polit5ess ) :i* ! anci5ts manag$ a  
conv]sation on ! mo/ int]e/+ subjects1 &
 by ! graces ( /yle br\ght ! way (      
in/ruct+ by dialogue into fa%ion4 ,a    
mod]n writ]1 ^: poetical g5ius _c be too
 mu* admir$1 *ooses to call x a fripp]y 

way ( writ+4 ,he advises 8 c\ntrym5 to  
ab&on x altoge!r2 & ?is = a notable     
reason3 because ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hurd 7n[  
,bi%op ( ,worce/]7 has %ewn ! true use (
 x4 ,t ! dialogues ( t amiable writ] h  
an intr9sic value1 _c be d5i$3 !y conta9
 a fund ( reflection2 !y allure by !    
elegance ( ! /yle1 & !y br+ u into      
company ) m5 :om we wi% to he>1 to "k1 &
 to admire4 ,:ile we h su*              
conv]sation-pieces1 n to m5tion o!rs ( !
 same /amp1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 ! public
 ta/e1 x may be presum$1 w n easily be  
tutor$ to reject a mode ( composition1 9
 :i* ! pleas+ & useful are s happily    
bl5d$4 ,! pres5t ,dialogue1 x is true1  
_c be prov$1 beyond a controv]sy1 to be 
! "w ( ,tacitus2 b x is also true1 t x  
_c1 ) equal probability1 be ascrib$ to  
any o!r writ]4 ,x has be5 reta9$ 9 almo/
 e edition ( ,tacitus2 &1 = t reason1   
claims a place 9 a translation :i*      
pr(esses to give all ! works ( s f9e a  
writ]4     ,,conclusion4   ,! ,au?or (  
^! volumes has n[ gone ?r\gh ! difficult

 task ( translat+ ,tacitus1 ) ! sup]add$
 lab\r ( supplem5ts to give cont9uity to
 ! n>rative1 & notes to illu/rate su*   
passages z seem$ to want explanation2 b 
he _c lay d[n 8 p51 )\t tak+ ! lib]ty ( 
address+ a few words to ! read]4 ,z :at 
he has to (f] relates *iefly to himself1
 x %all be v %ort4 ,he has d$icat$ _m   
ye>s ( 8 life to ?is und]tak+2 & ?\gh1  
dur+ ! :ole "t1 he _h ! pleasure & !    
hon\r ( be+ acqua9t$ ) _m g5tlem5 ( ta/e
 & le>n+1 he _h no opportunity ( appeal+
 to _! op9ion1 or guid+ himself by _!   
advice4 ,amid/ ! hurry ( life1 & ! v>i\s
 pursuits 9 :i* all are engag$1 h[ c\ld 
he hope t any "o w\ld be at leisure to  
att5d to ! d\bts1 ! difficulties1 &     
m9ute niceties1 :i* mu/ inevitably occur
 9 a writ] ( s peculi> a g5ius z        
,tacitus8 ,he 0 unwill+ to be a         
tr\blesome visitor1 &1 by consequ5ce1   
has be5 oblig$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 "w1  
to tru/ to 8 own judgem5t1 su* z x is4  
,he sp>$ no pa9s to d all ! ju/ice 9 8  
p[] to "o ( ! greate/ writ]s (          

antiquity2 b :e!r he has toil$ )        
fruitless indu/ry1 or has 9 any degree  
succe$$1 mu/ be left to ! judgem5t (    
o!rs4  ,he is n[ at ! end ( 8 lab\rs1 & 
ready1 aft] ! example ( ,montesquieu1 to
 cry out ) ! voyag] 9 ,virgil1 ,italiam6
 ,italian6 ,b :e!r he is to l& on a     
peaceful %ore2 :e!r ! m5 :o delight 9 a 
wreck1 are to ru% ^u him ) ho/ile p5s1  
:i* 9 _! h&s are pit*-=ks2 :e!r 8 c>go  
is to be condemn$1 & he himself to be   
w\nd$1 maim$1 & lac]at$2 a little "t w  
discov]4 ,su* critics w act z _! nature 
prompts !m4 ,%\ld !y cry havoc1 & let   
slip ! dogs ( w>1 x may be said1        
,quod g5us hoc hom9um1 quve hunc tam    
b>b>a morem      ,p]mittit patria8      
,hospitio prohibemur ar52      ,bella   
ci5t1 primque vetant consi/]e t]r4      
,?is1 !y may say1 is anticipat+         
compla9t2 b1 9 ! wor/ t c happ51 x is ! 
only compla9t ?is writ] w ev] make1 & ! 
only answ] !y w ev] receive f 8 p54  ,x 
is f a v diff]5t qu>t] t ! translator ( 
,tacitus waits = solid criticism4 ,! m51

 z ,pl9y obs]ves1 :o read ) malignity1  
are n ! only judges4 ,neque enim soli   
judicant1 qui malign legunt4 ,! s*ol> w 
see defects1 b he w pron\nce ) temp]3 he
 w "k ! difficulty1 &1 9 "s cases1      
p]haps ! impossibility1 ( giv+ 9 our    
language ! s5tim5ts ( ,tacitus ) !      
precision & en]gy ( ! orig9al2 &1 ^u !  
:ole1 he w ackn[l$ge t an attempt to    
make a consid]able addition to ,engli%  
lit]ature1 c>ries ) x a plea ( "s m]it4 
,:ile ! ,fr5* c\ld boa/ ( hav+ _m       
valuable translations ( ,tacitus1 & _!  
mo/ em95t au?ors 7 /ill ex]t+ !mselves1 
) emulation1 to improve ^u _!           
pr$ecessors1 ! pres5t writ] saw1 )      
regret1 t ?is c\ntry _h n s mu* z "o    
translation :i* c\ld be read1 )\t       
disgu/1 by any p]son acqua9t$ ) ! idiom 
& /ructure ( our language4 ,to supply ! 
defici5cy has be5 ! ambition ( !        
translator4 ,he p]sev]$ ) ard\r2 b1 8 "w
 be+ f9i%$1 ard\r subsides1 & d\bt &    
anxiety take _! turn4 ,:atev] ! ev5t may
 be1 ! consci\s pleasure ( hav+ employ$ 

8 "t 9 a fair endeav\r w rema9 ) him4 ,=
 ! re/1 he submits 8 lab\rs to ! public2
 &1 at t tribunal1 nei!r flu%$ ) hope1  
nor depress$ by fe>1 he is prep>$1 ) due
 acquiesc5ce1 to receive a decision1    
:i*1 f 8 own exp]i5ce on =m] occasions1 
he has reason to p]suade himself w be   
f\nd$ 9 tru? & c&\r4     ,,geographical 
,,table3  ,,or1  ,,index ,,( ,,! ,,names
 ,,( ,,places1 ,,riv]s1 c4 ,,m5tion$ ,,9
 ,,^! ,,volumes4   ,a4  ,,a*aia1 (t5    
tak5 = "p ( ,peloponnesus1 b 9 ,tacitus 
g5]ally = all ,greece4  ,,actium1 a     
promontory ( ,epirus1 n[ call$ ! ,cape (
 ,tigolo1 fam\s = ! victory ( ,augu/us  
ov] ,m4 ,antony4  ,,addua1 a riv] ris+ 9
 ! c\ntry ( ! ,grisons1 & 9 its c\rse   
sep>at+ ,milan f ! t]ritory ( !         
,v5etians1 till x falls into ! ,po1 ab\t
 six miles to ! we/ ( ,cremona4 ,x is n[
 call$ ! ,adda4  ,,adiab5e1 a di/rict ( 
,assyria1 s call$ f ! riv] ,adiaba2     
,adiab5i1 ! p4  ,,adrana1 n[ ! ,ed]2 a  
riv] t fl[s ne> ,waldeck1 9 ! l&gravate 
( ,hesse1 & dis*>ges itself into !      

,wes]4  ,,adriatic1 n[ ! gulf ( ,v5ice4 
,,adrumetum1 a ,phnician colony 9       
,africa1 ab\t sev5te5 miles f ,leptis   
,m9or4  ,,dui1 a p ( ,anci5t ,gaul1 ne> 
:at is n[ call$ ,autun1 9 ,l[]          
,burgundy4  ,,ge1 a m>itime t[n (       
,cilicia2 n[ ,aias ,kala4  ,,gean ,,sea1
 a "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean :i* lies betwe5  
,greece & ,asia ,m9or2 n[ ! ,ar*ipelago4
  ,,gium1 a city ( ,greece1 9 !         
,peloponnesus2 n[ ! ,morea4  ,,nus1 a   
riv] ris+ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,grisons1 &    
runn+ !nce into ! ,danube4  ,,qui1 a p (
 ,anci5t ,latium4  ,,africa g5]ally     
means 9 ,tacitus t "p :i* 0 made a      
proconsul> prov9ce1 ( :i* ,c>?age 0 !   
capital2 n[ ! t]ritory ( ,tunis4        
,,agripp95sis ,,colonia1 s call$ f      
,agripp9a1 ! daught] ( ,g]manicus1 "m ( 
,n]o1 & aft]w>ds wife ( ! emp]or        
,claudius4 ,?is place is n[ call$       
,cologne1 situate on ! ,rh9e4  ,,alba1 a
 t[n ( ,latium1 9 ,italy1 ! resid5ce ( !
 ,alban k+s2 de/roy$ by ,tullus         
,ho/ilius4  ,,albania1 a c\ntry ( ,asia1

 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,ib]ia1 on ! ea/ by !
 ,caspian ,sea1 on ! s\? by ,arm5ia1 &  
on ! nor? by ,m\nt ,caucasus4           
,,alb+anum2 n[ ,alb+a1 to ! we/ ( !     
t]ritory ( ,g5oa1 at ! m\? ( ! riv]     
,c5te4  ,,albis1 n[ ! ,elbe2 a riv] t   
rises 9 ! conf9es ( ,silesia1 &1 aft] a 
wide circuit1 falls into ! ,g]man sea   
bel[ ,hamburgh4  ,,albium ,,intemelium2 
n[ ,v9timiglia1 s\?-we/ ( ! t]ritory (  
,g5oa1 ) a port on ! ,m$it]ranean1      
betwe5 ,monaco & ,s4 ,remo4  ,,alesia1 a
 t[n 9 ,celtic ,gaul1 situate on a hill4
 ,x 0 besieg$ by ,julius ,cs>4 ,see 8   
,comm5t>ies1 lib4 vii4 s4 #gg4          
,,alex&ria1 a pr9cipal city ( ,egypt1   
built by ,alex&] ! ,great1 on !         
,m$it]ranean2 fam\s = ! libr>y begun by 
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 & consi/+ at la/
 ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes1 till 9     
,cs>'s exp$ition x 0 de/roy$ by fire4   
,,aliso1 a =t built by ,drusus1 ! fa!r (
 ,g]manicus1 9 ! "p ( ,g]many n[ call$  
,we/phalia1 ne> ! city ( ,pad]born4     
,,allia1 riv] ( ,italy1 runn+ into !    

,tib]1 ab\t =ty miles f ,rome2 fam\s = !
 slaught] ( ! ,romans by ! ,gauls1 "u   
,br5nus4  ,,allobroges1 a p ( ,n>bon    
,gaul1 situate betwe5 ! ,rhodanus & !   
,lacus ,lemanus4  ,,alps1 a range ( high
 m\nta9s sep>at+ ,italy f ,gaul &       
,g]many4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ into diff]5t  
p>ts1 "u sev]al names3 su* z ! ,m>itime 
,alps1 ne> ,g5oa2 ! ,cottian ,alps1     
sep>at+ ,dauph9 f ,pi$mont2 ! ,graian   
,alps1 beg9n+ f ,m\nt ,c5is1 :]e !      
,cottian t]m9ate1 & ext5d+ to ,great ,/4
 ,b]n>d2 ! ,p5n9e ,alps1 ext5d+ f we/ to
 ea/ to ! ,rhetian ,alps1 ! ,alpes      
,noric1 & ! ,pannonian ,alps1 z f> z !  
spr+s ( ! ,kulpe4 ,_! height 9 "s places
 is almo/ incr$ible4 ,!y are call$      
,alps1 f ,alp51 a ,celtic t]m = high    
m\nta9s4  ,,alt9um1 a t[n 9 ! t]ritory (
 ,v5ice1 on ! ,adriatic2 n[ 9 ru9s1     
except a t[]1 /ill reta9+ ! "n ( ,alt9o4
  ,,amanus1 a m\nta9 ( ,syria1 sep>at+ x
 f ,cilicia2 n[ call$ ,montagna ,n]os by
 ! inhabitants2 t is1 ! wat]y m\nta91   
ab\nd+ 9 spr+s & rivulets4  ,,ama?us1 a 

m>itime t[n ( ,cyprus1 consecrat$ to    
,v5us1 ) an anci5t temple ( ,adonis &   
,v5us3 x is n[ call$ ,limisso4          
,,amazonia1 a c\ntry ne> ! riv]         
,!rmodon1 9 ,pontus4  ,,amisia1 n[ !    
,ems2 a riv] ( ,g]many t falls into !   
,g]man sea1 ne> ,embd54  ,,amorgos1 an  
isl& 9 ! ,egean sea1 n[ ,amorgo4        
,,amydis1 a t[n ne> ! gulf ( t "n1 on ! 
coa/ ( ,latium 9 ,italy4  ,,anagnia1 a  
t[n ( anci5t ,latium1 n[ ,anagni1       
?irty-six miles to ! ea/ ( ,rome4       
,,ancona1 a port t[n 9 ,italy1 situate  
on ! gulf ( ,v5ice4  ,,&ecavi1 n[ ,anj\4
  ,,anemurium1 a promontory ( ,cilicia1 
) a m>itime t[n ( ! same "n ne> x4 ,see 
,pomponius ,mela4  ,,angriv>ians1 a     
,g]man p1 situate on ! we/ side ( !     
,wes]1 ne> ,osnaburg & ,m9d54           
,,ansib>ii1 a p ( ,g]many4  ,,antio*1 or
 ,,antio*ia1 ! capital ( ,syria1 call$  
,epidaphne1 to di/+ui% x f o!r cities ( 
! "n ( ,antio*4 ,x is n[ call$ ,antakia4
  ,,antipolis1 n[ ,antibes1 on ! coa/ ( 
,prov5ce1 ab\t ?ree leagues to ! we/ (  

,nice4  ,,antium1 a city ( ! anci5t     
,volsci1 situate on ! ,tuscan ,sea2 !   
bir?-place ( ,n]o4 ,two ,=tunes 7       
wor%ipp$ !re1 :i* ,suetonius calls ,=tun
 ,antiates1 & ,m>tial1 ,sorores ,antii4 
,horace's ,ode to ,=tune is well kn[n-- 
,o ,diva gratum qu regis ,antium4  ,!   
place is n[ call$ ,capo d',anzo4        
,,antona1 n[ ! ,avon4 ,see ,camd54      
,,aorsi1 a p inhabit+ ne> ! ,palus      
,motis2 n[ ! ea/]n "p ( ,t>t>y1 betwe5 !
 ,neip] & ! ,don4  ,,apamea1 a city (   
,phrygia1 ne> ! banks ( ! ,m&]2 n[      
,aphiom-,k>a-,his>4  ,,ap5n9us1 n[ !    
,ap5n9e1 a ridge ( m\nta9s runn+ ?r\gh !
 middle ( ,italy1 extremely high1 yet   
%ort ( ! ,alps4 ,its "n is ,celtic1     
signify+ a high m\nta94  ,,aphrodisium1 
a t[n ( ,c>ia 9 ,?race1 on ! ,eux9e4    
,,apollonidia1 a city ( ,lydia4         
,,apulia1 a t]ritory ( ,italy1 along !  
gulf ( ,v5ice2 n[ ,capitanate1 ,otranto1
 c4  ,,aquileia1 a l>ge city ( ! ,v5eti1
 & =m]ly a ,roman colony1 ne> ! riv]    
,natiso1 :i* runs into ! gulf ( ,v5ice4 

,,aqu9um1 a t[n ( ! ,anci5t ,lat9s2 n[  
,aqu9o1 b almo/ 9 ru9s4  ,,aquitania1 a 
division ( ,anci5t ,gaul1 b\nd$ by !    
,g>umna 7n[ ,g>onne71 by ! ,pyr5ees1 & !
 ocean4  ,,arabia1 an ext5sive c\ntry ( 
,asia1 rea*+ f ,egypt to ,*aldea4 ,x is 
divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ,arabia ,petra1  
,des]ta1 & ,felix4  ,,ar>1 or ,,ar>is1 a
 riv] ( ,gaul2 n[ ! ,saone4  ,,araxes1 a
 riv] ( ,mesopotamia1 :i* runs f nor? to
 s\?1 & falls into ! ,euphrates4        
,,arbela1 a city ( ,assyria1 fam\s = !  
battle betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius4         
,,arcadia1 an inl& di/rict 9 ! he>t (   
,peloponnesus2 m\nta9\s1 & only fit =   
pa/ure2 !re=e celebrat$ by bucolic or   
pa/oral poets4  ,,ard51 ,ardu5na1 9     
,tacitus2 ! =e/ ( ,ard54  ,,ar5acum1 an 
anci5t t[n 9 ! isl& ( ,batavia2 n[      
,arnheim1 9 ,gueld]l&4  ,,aricia1 a t[n 
( ,latium 9 ,italy1 at ! foot ( ,mons   
,albanus1 ab\t a hundr$ & sixty /adia f 
,rome4 ,! grove1 call$ ,aric9um ,nemus1 
0 9 ! vic9ity4  ,,arii1 a p ( ,asia4    
,,arim9um1 a t[n ( ,umbria1 at ! m\? ( !

 riv] ,arim9us1 on ! gulf ( ,v5ice4     
,,arm5ia1 a k+dom ( ,asia1 hav+ ,albania
 & ,ib]ia to ! nor?1 & ,m\nt ,taurus &  
,mesopotamia to ! s\?3 divid$ into !    
,,great]1 :i* ext5ds a/w>d to ! ,caspian
 ,sea2 & ! ,,less]1 to ! we/ ( !        
,,great]1 & sep>at$ f x by ! ,euphrates2
 n[ call$ ,turcomania4  ,,arnus1 a riv] 
( ,tuscany1 :i* visits ,flor5ce 9 its   
c\rse1 & falls into ! sea ne> ,pisa4    
,,arsanias1 a riv] ( ! ,,great]         
,,arm5ia1 runn+ betwe5 ,tigranoc]ta &   
,artaxata1 & fall+ into ! ,euphrates4   
,,artaxata1 ! capital ( ,arm5ia1 situate
 on ! riv] ,araxes4  ,,arv]ni1 a p (    
,anci5t ,gaul1 inhabit+ ne> ! ,loire2 _!
 *ief city ,arv]num n[ ,cl]mont1 !      
capital ( ,auv]gne4  ,,ascalon1 an      
anci5t city ( ! ,phili/9es1 situate on !
 ,m$it]ranean2 n[ ,scalona4             
,,asciburgium1 a citadel on ! ,rh9e1 :]e
 ! ,romans /ation$ a camp & a g>rison4  
,,ate/e1 a t[n 9 ! t]ritory ( ,v5ice1   
situate to ! s\? ( ,patavium4  ,,atria1 
a t[n ( ! ,v5eti1 on ! riv] ,t>t>us1    

betwe5 ! ,padus & ! ,a!sis1 n[ ! ,adige4
  ,,augu/a ,,taur9orum1 a t[n ( !       
,taur9i1 at ! foot ( ! ,alps2 n[ ,tur91 
! capital ( ,pi$mont4  ,,augu/odunum1 ! 
capital ( ! dui2 n[ ,autun1 9 ! du*y (  
,burgundy4 ,x took its "n f ,augu/us    
,cs>4  ,,auria1 an anci5t t[n ( ,spa92  
n[ ,or5se1 9 ,galicia4  ,,auzea1 a /rong
 ca/le 9 ,mauritania4  ,,av5ticum1 !    
capital ( ! ,helvetii2 by ! ,g]mans     
call$ ,wiflisburg1 by ! ,fr5* ,av5*es4  
,b4  ,,bactriani1 a p inhabit+ a "p (   
,asia1 to ! s\? ( ! riv] ,oxus1 :i* ra9s
 f ea/ to we/ into ! ,caspian ,sea4     
,,bai1 a village ( ,campania1 betwe5 !  
promontory ( ,mis5um & ,puteoli 7n[     
,pozzuolo71 n9e miles to ! we/ (        
,naples4  ,,bale>es1 a clu/] ( isl&s 9 !
 ,m$it]ranean1 ( :i* ,majorca & ,m9orca 
are ! *ief4  ,,ba/>ni1 a p ( ,g]many1 :o
 l$ a w&]+ life 9 ! va/ regions betwe5 !
 ,vi/ula & ! ,pontic sea4  ,,batavia1 an
 isl& =m$ by two bran*es ( ! ,rh9e & !  
,g]man sea4 ,see ,annals1 book ii4 s4   
#f2 & ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #bi4 note 

a4  ,,batavodurum1 a t[n 9 ! isl& (     
,batavia2 n[1 z "s ( ! comm5tators say1 
,wyk-te-,duur/$e4  ,,bebryacum1 or      
,,b$ryacum1 a village situate betwe5    
,v]ona & ,cremona2 fam\s = two          
successive defeats2 t ( ,o?o1 & soon    
aft] t ( ,vitellius4  ,,belgic ,,gaul1 !
 c\ntry betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,m>ne to !   
we/1 ! ,rh9e to ! ea/1 & ! ,g]man sea to
 ! nor?4  ,,b]ytus1 n[ ,b>ut1 9         
,phnicia4  ,,betasii1 ! p inhabit+ !    
c\ntry n[ call$ ,brabant4  ,,bi?ynia1 a 
proconsul> prov9ce ( ,asia ,m9or1 b\nd$ 
on ! nor? by ! ,eux9e & ! ,propontic1   
adjo9+ to ,troas1 ov]-aga9/ ,?race2 n[  
,becsangial4  ,b,,tica1 "o ( ! prov9ces 
into :i* ,augu/us ,cs> divid$ ! ,f>!r   
,spa94  ,,boii1 a p ( ,celtic ,gaul1 9 !
 c\ntry n[ call$ ,b\rbonnois4 ,!re 0    
also a nation ( ! same "n 9 ,g]many4    
,see ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #bh4       
,,bonna1 n[ ,bonn1 9 ! electorate (     
,cologne4  ,,bononia1 call$ by ,tacitus 
,bononi5sis2 n[ ,bologna1 capital ( !   
,bolognese 9 ,italy4  ,,bosphorani1 a p 

bord]+ on ! ,eux9e2 ! ,t>t>s4           
,,bosphorus1 two /raits ( ! sea s call$2
 "o ,bosphorus ,?racius1 n[ ! /raits (  
,con/ant9ople2 ! o!r ,bosphorus         
,cimm]ius1 n[ ! /raits ( ,caffa4        
,,bovill1 a t[n ( ,latium1 ne> ,m\nt    
,albanus2 ab\t t5 miles f ,rome1 on !   
,appian ,road4  ,,brigantes1 ! anci5t   
inhabitants ( ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1    
,durham1 ,we/morel&1 & ,cumb]l&4        
,,brixellum1 ! t[n :]e ,o?o dispat*$    
himself aft] ! defeat at ,b$riacum2 n[  
,bresello1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,reggio4      
,,brixia1 a t[n ( ,italy1 on ?is side ( 
! ,po2 n[ ,brescia4  ,,bruct]ians1 a p (
 ,g]many1 situate 9 ,we/phalia4 ,see !  
,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #cc4 note a4    
,,brundusium1 a t[n ( ,calabria1 ) an   
excell5t h>b\r1 at ! entrance ( !       
,adriatic1 af=d+ to ! ,romans a         
commodi\s passage to ,greece4 ,! ,via   
,appia end$ at ?is t[n4 ,n[ ,br9disi1 9 
! t]ritory ( ,otranto1 9 ! k+dom (      
,naples4  ,,byzantium1 a city ( ,?race1 
on ! n>r[ /rait t sep>ates ,europe f    

,asia2 n[ ,con/ant9ople4 ,see ,annals1  
xii4 s4 #fc4   ,c4  ,c,,lalet1 a p (    
,?race1 ne> ,m\nt ,hmus4  ,c,,racates1  
probably ! diocese ( ,may5ce4  ,c,,s>ea1
 a m>itime t[n 9 ,pale/9e2 n[ ,kais>i4  
,c,,sian ,,=e/1 n[ ! ,=e/ ( ,hes]waldt1 
9 ! du*y ( ,cleves4 ,x is suppos$ to be 
a "p ( ! ,h]cynian ,=e/4  ,,calabria1 a 
p59sula ( ,italy1 betwe5 ,t>5tum &      
,brundusium2 n[ ! t]ritory ( ,otranto1 9
 ! k+dom ( ,naples4  ,,camelodunum1 said
 by "s to be ,mald5 9 ,essex1 b by      
,camd51 & o!rs1 ,col*e/]4 ,x 0 made a   
,roman colony "u ! emp]or ,claudius2 a  
place ( pleasure r ?an ( /r5g?1 adorn$ )
 spl5did works1 a !atre1 & a temple (   
,claudius4  ,,cam]ium1 a city 9 !       
t]ritory ( ! ,sab9es2 n[ de/roy$4       
,,campania1 a t]ritory ( ,italy1 b\nd$  
on ! we/ by ! ,tuscan sea4 ,! mo/ f]tile
 & delightful "p ( ,italy2 n[ call$     
,t]ra di ,lavoro4  ,,cangi1 !           
inhabitants ( ,*e%ire1 & "p (           
,lanca%ire4  ,,can9efates1 a p ( ! ,l[] 
,g]many1 f ! same orig9 z ! ,batavians1 

& inhabitants ( ! we/ "p ( ! isle (     
,batavia4  ,,canopus1 a city ( ! ,l[]   
,egypt1 situate on a bran* ( ! ,nile    
call$ by ! same "n4  ,,cappadocia1 a    
l>ge c\ntry 9 ,asia ,m9or1 betwe5       
,cilicia ! ,eux9e sea4 ,be+ made a      
,roman prov9ce1 ! inhabitants _h an (f] 
made !m ( a free & indep5d5t gov]nm5t2 b
 _! answ] 01 ,lib]ty might suit !       
,romans1 b ! ,cappadocians w\ld nei!r   
receive lib]ty1 nor endure x4  ,,caprea1
 an isl& on ! coa/ ( ,campania1 ab\t f\r
 miles 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 & ab\t "o 9 
bread?4 ,x /&s opposite to ! promontory 
( ,surr5tum1 & has ! bay ( ,naples 9    
view4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce ( ,tib]ius =      
sev]al ye>s4  ,,capua1 n[ ,capoa1 a city
 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples2 ! seat ( pleasure1
 & ! ru9 ( ,hannibal4  ,,c>mel1 a m\nta9
 9 ,galilee1 on ! ,m$it]ranean4         
,,c>sul1 a t[n ( ,umbria1 ab\t tw5ty    
miles f ,mevania2 n[ 9 ru9s4  ,,c>?ago1 
once ! mo/ fam\s city ( ,africa1 & !    
rival ( ,rome2 suppos$ by "s to h be5   
built by que5 ,dido1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ! 

f\ndation ( ,rome2 b ,ju/9 w h x be=e   
,rome4 ,x 0 ! capital ( :at is n[ !     
k+dom ( ,tunis4  ,,c>?ago ,,nova1 a t[n 
( ,hispania ,t>racon5sis1 or ! ,hi!r    
,spa92 n[ ,c>?ag5a4  ,,caspian ,,sea1 a 
va/ lake betwe5 ,p]sia1 ,great ,t>t>y1  
,muscovy & ,georgia1 said to be six     
hundr$ miles long1 & ne> z broad4       
,,cassiope1 a t[n 9 ! isl& ( ,corcyra   
7n[ ,corf\71 call$ at pres5t ,/4 ,m>ia  
di ,cassopo4  ,,catti1 a p ( ,g]many1 :o
 inhabit$ "p ( ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,hesse1
 f ! m\nta9s ( ,h>tz1 to ! ,wes] & !    
,rh9e4  ,,cauci4 ,see ,,*auci4          
,,cel5dris1 a place on ! coa/ (         
,cilicia1 ne> ! conf9es ( ,pamphylia4   
,,c5*ri1 a port ( ,cor9?1 situate ab\t  
t5 miles t[>ds ! ea/2 n[ ,k5kri4        
,,c5*ris1 a riv] runn+ ?r\gh ! ,ortygian
 ,grove4  ,,c]e9a1 an isl& 9 !          
,m$it]ranean1 to ! nor? ( ! ,syrtis     
,m9or 9 ,africa2 n[ call$ ,k]k5i4       
,,*alc$on1 a city ( ,bi?ynia1 situate at
 ! m\? ( ! ,eux9e1 ov]-aga9/ ,byzantium4
 ,x 0 call$ ! ,city ( ! ,bl9d4 ,see     

,annals1 xii4 s4 #fc4  ,,*auci1 a p (   
,g]many1 inhabit+ :at we n[ call ,ea/   
,friesl&1 ,brem51 & ,lun5burg4 ,see     
,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #ce4            
,,*]uscans1 a great & w>like p ( ,anci5t
 ,g]many1 to ! nor? ( ! ,catti1 betwe5 !
 ,elbe & ! ,wes]4  ,,cibyra1 =m]ly a t[n
 ( ,phrygia1 ne> ! banks ( ! ,m&]1 b n[ 
de/roy$4  ,,cilicia1 an ext5sive c\ntry 
9 ! ,hi!r ,asia1 b\nd$ by ,m\nt ,taurus 
to ! nor?1 by ! ,m$it]ranean to ! s\?1  
by ,syria to ! ea/1 & by ,pamphylia to !
 we/4 ,x 0 "o ( ! prov9ces res]v$ = !   
managem5t ( ! emp]or4  ,,c9i?ians1 a p (
 ,africa4  ,,cirrha1 a t[n ( ,phocis1   
ne> ,delphi1 sacr$ to ,apollo4          
,,cirrhus1 a t[n ( ,syria1 9 ! di/rict (
 ,commag5e1 & n f> f ,antio*4  ,,cirta1 
=m]ly ! capital ( ,numidia1 & ! resid5ce
 ( ! k+4 ,x is n[ call$ ,con/ant9a1 9 ! 
k+dom ( ,algi]s4  ,,clit1 a p (         
,cilicia1 ne> ,m\nt ,taurus4  ,,clunia1 
a city 9 ! ,hi!r ,spa94  ,,col*os1 a    
c\ntry ( ,asia1 on ! ea/ ( ! ,eux9e1    
fam\s = ! fable ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 !   

,argonautic ,exp$ition1 & ! ,fair       
,en*antress1 ,m$ea4  ,,colophon1 a city 
( ,ionia1 9 ! ,hi!r ,asia4 ,"o ( !      
places t claim$ ! bir? ( ,hom]2 n[      
de/roy$4  ,,commag5e1 a di/rict (       
,syria1 b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,euphrates1 
on ! we/ by ,amanus1 & on ! nor? by     
,m\nt ,taurus4  ,,coos4 ,see ,cos4      
,,corcyra1 an isl& 9 ! ,adriatic2 n[    
,corf\4  ,,cor9?us1 a city ( ,a*aia1 on 
! s\? "p ( ! i/hmus :i* jo9s            
,peloponnesus to ! cont95t4 ,f its      
situation betwe5 two seas1 ,horace says1
       ,bim>isve ,cor9?i mnia4  ,! city 
0 tak5 & burnt to ! gr\nd by ,mummius ! 
,roman g5]al1 ,a4,u4,c4 #fjh4 ,x 0      
aft]w>ds re/or$ to its anci5t spl5d\r1 &
 made a ,roman colony4 ,x reta9s ! "n ( 
,cor9?4  ,,corma1 a riv] 9 ,asia2       
m5tion$ by ,tacitus only4  ,,corsica1 an
 isl& 9 ! "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean call$ !   
,sea ( ,liguria1 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?   
ab\t a hundr$ & fifty miles1 & ab\t     
fifty :]e broade/4 ,to ! s\? x is       
sep>at$ f ,s>d9ia by a n>r[ *annel4     

,,cos1 or ,,coos1 "o ( ! isl&s call$ !  
,cyclades1 9 ! gean sea1 fam\s = be+ !  
bir?-place ( ,apelles2 n[ ,/an ,co4     
,,cosa1 a promontory ( ,etruria2 n[     
,mont ,arg5t>o1 9 ,tuscany4  ,,crem]a1 a
 riv] ( ,tuscany1 fall+ into ! ,tib] a  
little to ! nor? ( ,rome1 r5d]$ fam\s by
 ! slaught] ( ! ,fabii4  ,,cremona1 a   
city ( ,italy1 built ,a4,u4,c4 #ecf1 &  
aft]w>ds1 9 ! ye> #hbb1 ras$ to ! gr\nd 
by ! army ( ,vespasian1 9 ! w> )        
,vitellius4 ,x 0 soon rebuilt by !      
citiz5s1 ) ! exhortations ( ,vespasian4 
,x is n[ a fl\ri%+ city 9 ! du*y (      
,milan1 & reta9s ! "n ( ,cremona4       
,,cum1 a t[n ( ,campania1 ne> ,cape     
,mis5um1 fam\s = ! cave ( ! ,cuman      
,sibyl4  ,,cusus1 a riv] 9 ,hung>y1 t   
falls into ! ,danube4  ,,cyclades1 a    
clu/] ( isl&s 9 ! gean sea1 s call$ f   
,cyclus1 ! orb 9 :i* !y lie4 ,_! names &
 numb] are n asc]ta9$4 ,/rabo reckons   
sixte54  ,,cyme1 a m>itime t[n ( olia 9 
,asia4  ,,cyprus1 a noble isl& opposite 
to ! coa/ ( ,syria1 =m]ly sacr$ to      

,v5us1 :5ce %e 0 call$ ! ,cyprian       
goddess4  ,,cyr5e 7n[ call$ ,cur971 !   
capital ( ,cyr5aica1 a di/rict (        
,africa1 n[ ! ,des]t ( ,b>ca4 ,x /ood   
ab\t elev5 miles f ! sea1 & _h an       
excell5t h>b\r4  ,,cy!ra1 an isl&       
situat$ on ! coa/ ( ,peloponnesus =m]ly 
sacr$ to ,v5us1 & !nce h] "n ( ,cy!rea4 
,! isl& is n[ call$ ,c]igo4  ,,cy?nus1  
"o ( ! isl&s call$ ! ,cyclades1 9 ! gean
 ,sea4  ,,cyzicus1 a city ( ,mysia1 9 ! 
,hi!r ,asia1 r5d]$ fam\s by ! long siege
 ( ,mi?ridates1 :i* at la/ 0 rais$ by   
,lucullus4   ,d4  ,,dacia1 a c\ntry     
ext5d+ betwe5 ! ,danube & ! ,c>pa?ian   
m\nta9s to ! m\? ( ! ,danube1 & to !    
,eux9e1 compris+ a "p ( ,upp] ,hung>y1  
,transylvania1 & ,moldavia4 ,!          
inhabitants to ! we/1 t[>ds ,g]many1 7  
call$ ,daci2 ^? to ! ea/ t[>ds ! ,eux9e 
7 call$ ,get4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 r$uc$ by 
,trajan to a ,roman prov9ce4  ,,dah1 a p
 ( ,scy?ia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian1 ) !  
,massaget on ! ea/4 ,virgil calls !m    
indomitique ,dah4  ,,dalmatia1 an       

ext5sive c\ntry bord]+ on ,mac$onia &   
,msia1 & hav+ ! ,adriatic to ! s\?4     
,,d&>id1 a p bord]+ on ! ,eux9e4 ,broti]
 says t "s ve/iges ( ! nation1 & its "n1
 /ill exi/ at a place call$ ,d&>s4      
,,danube1 ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ,europe4 ,x    
rises 9 ,suabia1 & aft] visit+ ,bav>ia1 
,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 & tak+ !nce a         
prodigi\s circuit1 falls at la/ into !  
,black or ,eux9e sea4 ,see ,mann]s ( !  
,g]mans1 s4 #a4 note g4  ,,delos1 !     
c5tral isl& ( ! ,cyclades1 fam\s 9      
my?ology = ! bir? ( ,apollo & ,diana4   
,,delphi1 a fam\s inl& t[n ( ,phocis 9  
,greece1 ) a temple & oracle ( ,apollo1 
situate ne> ! foot ( ,m\nt ,p>nassus4   
,,d5!liate ,,l&s1 a portion ( !         
,peloponnesus t lay betwe5 ,laconia &   
,mess5ia2 (t5 disput$ by ^? /ates4      
,,d]mona1 a riv] ( ,gallia ,transpadana2
 x runs into ! ,ollius 7n[ ,oglio71 &   
?r\gh t *annel into ! ,po4  ,,divodurum1
 a t[n 9 ,gallia ,belgica1 situate on ! 
,moselle1 on ! spot :]e ,metz n[ /&s4   
,,donusa1 or ,,donysa1 an isl& 9 ! gean 

sea1 n f> f ,naxos4 ,virgil has1        
,bac*atamque jugis ,naxon1 viridemque   
,donysam4  ,,dyrra*ium1 a t[n on ! coa/ 
( ,illyricum4 ,its port answ]$ to t (   
,brundusium1 af=d+ a conv5i5t passage to
 ,italy4   ,e4  ,,ecbatana1 ! capital ( 
,m$ia2 n[ ,ham$an4  ,,edessa1 a t[n (   
,mesopotamia2 n[ ,orrhoa1 or ,orfa4     
,,elephant9e1 an isl& 9 ! ,nile1 n f> f 
,sy5e2 at :i* la/ place /ood ! mo/      
advanc$ ,roman g>rison1 ,notitia        
,imp]ii4  ,,eleusis1 a di/rict ( ,attica
 ne> ! sea-coa/1 sacr$ to ,c]es1 :]e !  
,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 p]=m$2 n[ 9 ru9s4  
,,elym,i1 a p bord]+ on ! gulf ( ,p]sia4
  ,,em]ita1 a city ( ,spa92 n[ ,m]ida 9 
! prov9ce ( ,e/ramad\ra4  ,,ephesus1 an 
anci5t & celebrat$ city ( ,ionia1 9     
,asia ,m9or2 n[ ,efeso4 ,x 0 !          
bir?-place ( ,h]aclitus1 ! weep+        
philosoph]4  ,,epidaphne1 a t[n 9       
,syria1 n f> f ,antio*4  ,,epor$ia1 a   
t[n at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 aft]w>ds a     
,roman colony2 n[ ,jurea1 or ,jura1 a   
city ( ,pi$mont4  ,,er9de1 a riv] (     

,asia1 m5tion$ by ,tacitus only4        
,,eri?r1 a m>itime t[n ( ,ionia1 9 ,asia
 ,m9or4  ,,etruria1 a di/rict ( ,italy1 
ext5d+ f ! b\nd>y ( ,liguria to ! ,tib]2
 n[ ,tuscany4  ,,eub,a1 an isl& ne> !   
coa/ ( ,attica2 n[ ,negropont4          
,,euphrates1 a riv] ( ,asia1 univ]sally 
all[$ to take its rise 9 ,arm5ia ,major4
 ,x divides into two bran*es1 "o runn+  
?r\gh ,babylon1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ,seleucia4
 ,x b\nds ,mesopotamia on ! we/4        
,,eux9e1 or ,,pontus ,,eux9us2 n[ !     
,black ,sea4   ,f4  ,,f]5t9um1 a t[n (  
,latium1 9 ,italy2 n[ ,f]5t9o1 9 !      
,campania ( ,rome4  ,,f]5tum1 a t[n (   
,etruria2 n[ ,f]5ti4  ,,f]onia1 a t[n 9 
,etruria4  ,,fid51 a small t[n 9 !      
t]ritory ( ! ,sab9es1 ab\t six miles to 
! nor? ( ,rome4 ,! place :]e ! ru9s (   
,fid5 are se51 is n[ call$ ,ca/ello     
,giubileo4  ,,flamm9ian ,,way1 made by  
,flamm9ius ,a4,u4,c4 #ecc1 f ,rome to   
,arim9um1 a t[n ( ,umbria1 or ,romana1  
at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,arim9us1 on ! gulf ( 
,v5ice4 ,x is n[ call$ ,rim9i4          

,,flevus1 a bran* ( ! ,rh9e1 t empti$   
itself into ! lakes :i* h be5 long s9ce 
absorb$ by ! ,zuyd]zee4 ,a ca/le1 call$ 
,flevum ,ca/ellum1 0 built !re by       
,drusus1 ! fa!r ( ,g]manicus4  ,,=mi1 a 
m>itime t[n ( ,italy1 to ! s\?-ea/ (    
,cajeta4 ,! ru9s ( ! place are /ill     
visible4  ,,=ojulium4 ,see ,,=um        
,,julium4  ,,=um ,,alli5i1 n[ ,f]r>e1 on
 ! ,po4  ,,=um ,,julium1 a ,roman colony
 9 ,gaul1 f\nd$ by ,julius ,cs>1 &      
complet$ by ,augu/us1 ) a h>b\r at ! m\?
 ( ! riv] ,arg5s1 capable ( receiv+ a   
l>ge fleet4 ,! ru9s ( two moles at !    
entrance ( ! h>b\r are /ill to be se54  
,see ,life ( ,agricola1 s4 #d4 note a4  
,! place is n[ call$ ,frejus4  ,,frisii1
 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,friesl&4 ,see  
,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans4  ,,fundani         
,,montes1 n[ ,fondi1 a city ( ,naples1  
on ! conf9es ( ! ,pope's dom9ions4   ,g4
  ,,gabii1 a t[n ( ,latium1 betwe5 ,rome
 & ,pr5e/e4 ,a p>ticul> mann] ( tuck+ up
 ! g[n1 adopt$ by ! ,roman consuls :5 !y
 decl>$ w> or att5d$ a sacrifice1 0     

call$ ,c9ctus ,gab9us4 ,! place n[      
ext9ct4  ,g,,tuli1 a p ( ,africa1 bord]+
 on ,mauritania4  ,,galatia1 or         
,,gallogr,,cia1 a c\ntry ( ,asia ,m9or1 
ly+ betwe5 ,cappadocia1 ,pontus1 &      
,pophlagonia2 n[ call$ ,*iang>e4        
,,galil,a1 ! nor!rn "p ( ,canaan1 or    
,pale/9e1 b\nd$ on ! nor? by ,phnicia1  
on ! s\? by ,sam>ia1 on ! ea/ by !      
,jordan1 & on ! we/ by ! ,m$it]ranean4  
,,gallia1 ! c\ntry ( anci5t ,gaul1 n[   
,france4 ,x 0 divid$ by ! ,romans into  
,gallia ,cisalp9a1 viz4 ,gaul on !      
,italian side ( ! ,alps1 ) ! ,rubicon = 
its b\nd>y to ! s\?4 ,x 0 also call$    
,gallia ,togata1 f ! use made by !      
inhabitants ( ! ,roman ,toga4 ,x 0      
likewise call$ ,gallia ,transpadana1 or 
,cispadana1 ) respect to ,rome4 ,!      
second great division ( ,gaul 0 ,gallia 
,transalp9a1 or ,ult]ior1 be+1 ) respect
 to ,rome1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps4 ,x 0
 also call$ ,gallia ,comata1 f ! p we>+ 
_! hair long1 :i* ! ,romans wore %ort4  
,! s\!rn "p 0 ,,gallia ,,n>bon5sis1     

,n>bon ,gaul1 call$ likewise ,braccata1 
f ! use ( bracc1 or bree*es1 :i* 7 no "p
 ( ! ,roman dress2 n[ ,langu$oc1        
,dauph9y1 & ,prov5ce4 ,= ! o!r divisions
 ( ,gaul on ?is side ( ! ,alps1 into !  
,gallia ,belgica1 ,celtica1 ,aquitanica1
 fur!r subdivid$ by ,augu/us1 see !     
,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #a4 note a4     
,,g>amantes1 a p 9 ! int]ior "p (       
,africa1 ext5d+ ov] a va/ tract ( c\ntry
 at pres5t little kn[n4  ,,g>izim1 a    
m\nta9 ( ,sam>ia1 fam\s = a temple built
 on x by p]mission ( ,alex&] ! ,great4  
,,gelduba1 n f> f ,novesium 7n[ ,nuys1 9
 ! electorate ( ,cologne7 on ! we/ side 
( ! ,rh9e4  ,,gemoni1 a place at ,rome1 
into :i* 7 ?r[n ! bodies ( malefactors4 
,,g]mania1 ,anci5t ,g]many1 b\nd$ on !  
ea/ by ! ,vi/ula 7! ,weissel71 on ! nor?
 by ! ,ocean1 on ! we/ by ! ,rh9e1 & on 
! s\? by ! ,danube4 ,a great "p ( ,gaul1
 along ! we/ side ( ! ,rh9e1 0 also     
call$ ,g]many by ,augu/us ,cs>1 ,g]mania
 ,cisrh5ana1 & by him di/+ui%$ into     
,upp] & ,l[] ,g]many4  ,,go?ones1 a p ( 

anci5t ,g]many1 :o inhabit$ "p ( ,pol&1 
& bord]$ on ! ,vi/ula4  ,,graian ,,alps1
 ,grai ,alpes1 suppos$ to be s call$ f !
 ,greeks :o settl$ !re4 ,see ,,alps4    
,,gr9nes1 a t[n ( ! ,batavi1 on ! "r    
side ( ! ,vahalis 7n[ ! ,waal71 9 !     
t]ritory ( ,utre*t4  ,,gug]ni1 a p      
orig9ally f ,g]many1 inhabit+ "p ( !    
du*y ( ,cleves & ,gueldre1 betwe5 !     
,rh9e & ! ,meuse4  ,,gy>us1 "o ( ! isl&s
 call$ ! ,cyclades1 r5d]$ fam\s by be+  
allott$ = ! bani%m5t ( ,roman citiz5s4  
,juv5al says1 ,aude aliquid brevibus    
,gy>is1 et c>c]e dignum1 si vis esse    
aliquis4   ,h4  ,h,,mus1 ,,m\nt1 a ridge
 ( m\nta9s runn+ f ,illyricum t[>ds !   
,eux9e sea2 n[ ,mont ,arg5t>o4          
,h,,monad5sians1 a p bord]+ on ,cilicia4
  ,,halic>nassus1 ! capital ( ,c>ia1 9  
,asia ,m9or1 fam\s = be+ ! bir?-place ( 
,h]odotus & ,dionysius1 commonly call$  
,dionysius ,halic>nass5sis4  ,,helvetii1
 a p 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,allobroges1  
situate on ! s\?-we/ side ( ! ,rh9e1 &  
sep>at$ f ,gaul by ! ,rhodanus & ,lacus 

,lemanus4  ,,h5io*ians1 a p dwell+ ne> !
 ,eux9e ,sea4  ,,h]culaneum1 a t[n (    
,campania1 ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 swall[$ 
up by an e>?quake4 ,sev]al antiquities h
 be5 lately dug out ( ! ru9s4           
,,h]cynian ,,=e/3 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1
 ! bread? c\ld n be trav]s$ 9 less ?an  
n9e days2 & aft] travell+ l5g?ways =    
sixty days1 no man rea*$ ! extremity4   
,cs>1 ,de ,bell4 ,gal4 lib4 vi4 s4 #bi4 
,,h]munduri1 a p ( ,g]many1 9 "p ( :at  
is n[ call$ ,upp] ,saxony1 b\nd$ on !   
nor? by ! riv] ,sala1 on ! ea/ by !     
,elbe1 & on ! s\? by ! ,danube4         
,,hi]o-,c,,s>ea1 a city 9 ,lydia1 fam\s 
= a temple to ! ,p]sian ,diana1 suppos$ 
to h be5 built by ,cyrus4  ,,hispalis1 a
 t[n ( ,btica 9 ! ,f>!r ,spa92 n[       
,seville 9 ,&alusia4  ,,hispania1 ,spa91
 o!rwise call$ ,ib]ia1 f ! riv] ,ib]us4 
,x has ! sea on e side except t next to 
,gaul1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! ,pyr5ees4
 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! republic1 ! :ole c\ntry 
0 divid$ into two prov9ces1 ,ult]ior &  
,cit]ior1 ! ,f>!r & ,hi!r ,spa94        

,augu/us divid$ ! ,f>!r ,spa9 into two  
prov9ces2 ,btica1 & ,lusitania4 ,! ,hi!r
 ,spa9 he call$ ,t>racon5sis1 & !n ,spa9
 0 =m$ into ?ree prov9ces2 ,btica1 "u ! 
managem5t ( ! s5ate2 & ! o!r two res]v$ 
= (fic]s appo9t$ by ! pr9ce4  ,,ho/ilia1
 a village on ! ,po3 n[ ,o/iglia1 9 !   
neighb\rhood ( ,cremona4  ,,hyp,,pa1 a  
small city 9 ,lydia1 n[ ras$ to ! gr\nd4
  ,,hyrcania1 a c\ntry ( ! ,f>!r ,asia1 
to ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 ) ,m$ia on !
 we/1 & ,p>?ia on ! s\?2 fam\s = its    
tig]s4 ,!re 0 a city ( ! same "n 9      
,lydia4   ,i4  ,,ib]ia1 an inl& c\ntry (
 ,asia1 b\nd$ by ,m\nt ,caucasus on !   
nor?1 by ,albania on ! ca/1 by ,col*is &
 "p ( ,pontus on ! we/1 & by ,arm5ia on 
! s\?4 ,spa9 0 also call$ ,ib]ia1 f !   
riv] ,ib]us2 n[ ! ,ebro4  ,,ib]us1 a    
noble riv] ( ! ,hi!r ,spa92 n[ ! ,ebro4 
,,ic5i1 a p ( ,brita92 n[ ,essex1       
,suffolk1 & ,norfolk4  ,,ilium1 ano!r "n
 = anci5t ,troy4 ,a new city1 ne>] to ! 
sea1 0 built aft] ! fam\s siege ( ,troy1
 & made a ,roman colony4 ,b1 z 0 said ( 

! old city1 ,etiam p]i]e ru94           
,,illyricum1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,pannonia  
to ! nor?1 & ! ,adriatic to ! s\?4 ,x is
 n[ compris$ by ,dalmatia & ,sclavonia1 
"u ! respective dom9ion ( ! ,v5etians & 
! ,turks4  ,,insubria1 a c\ntry (       
,gallia ,cisalp9a2 n[ ! ,milanese4      
,,intemelium4 ,see ,,albium             
,,intemelium4  ,,int]amna1 an anci5t t[n
 ( ! ,volsci 9 ,latium1 n f> f ! riv]   
,liris4 ,x is n[ 9 ru9s4  ,,ionian      
,,sea1 ! sea t wa%es ! we/]n coa/ (     
,greece1 opposite to ! gulf ( ,v5ice4   
,,isi*i1 a p bord]+ on ! ,eux9e1 t[>ds !
 ea/4  ,,i/ria1 an isl& 9 ! gulf (      
,v5ice1 /ill reta9+ its anci5t "n4 ,!re 
0 also a t[n ( ! same "n ne> ! m\? ( !  
,i/]1 on ! ,eux9e ,sea4  ,,itur,a1 a    
,transjordan di/rict ( ,pale/9e1 n[     
,bac>4   ,j4  ,,japha1 a /rong place1   
bo? by nature & art1 9 ! ,l[] ,galilee1 
n f> f ,jotapata2 n[ ,saphet4           
,,jazyges1 a p ( ,s>matia ,europa1      
situate on ?is side ( ! ,palus ,motis1  
ne> ! t]ritory ( ,m>oboduus1 ! ,g]man   

k+4  ,,jugantes1 said by ,camd5 to be ! 
same z ! ,brigantes1 b ,broti] ?9ks x   
probable t !y 7 a di/9ct1 p4   ,l4      
,,lacus ,,lemanus1 n[ ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 
,,langob>di1 a p ( ,g]many1 betwe5 !    
,elbe & ! ,od]1 9 "p ( :at is n[ call$  
,br&5burg4  ,,lanuvium1 a t[n ( ,latium1
 ab\t sixte5 miles f ,rome2 n[ ,civita  
,lav9ia4  ,,laodicea1 a t[n ( ,phrygia1 
call$1 to di/+ui% x f o!r cities ( !    
same "n1 ,laodicea ad ,lycum4 ,spon1 9 8
 acc\nt ( 8 travels1 says x is ras$ to !
 gr\nd1 except f\r !atres built1 )      
m>ble1 f9ely poli%$1 & 9 z good         
condition z if !y 7 mod]n /ructures2 n[ 
call$ ,ladik4  ,,laodicea ,,ad ,,m>e1 a 
consid]able t[n on ! coa/ ( ,syria1 well
 built1 ) a commodi\s h>b\r4  ,,latium1 
! c\ntry ( ! ,lat9i1 s call$ f k+       
,lat9us2 conta9$ at fir/ )9 n>r[ b\nds1 
b greatly enl>g$ "u ! ,alban k+s & !    
,roman consuls1 by ! accession ( ! qui1 
,volsci1 ,h]nici1 c4  ,,le*,,um1 ! we/  
port ( ,cor9?1 :i* ! p us$ = _! ,italian
 trade1 z !y did ,c5*r = _! ea/]n or    

,asiatic4  ,,leptis1 !re 7 9 ,africa two
 anci5t cities ( ! "n1 ,leptis magna1 & 
,leptis p>va4 ,! fir/ 7n[ call$ ,leb$a7 
0 9 ! t]ritory ( ,tripoli2 ! second1 a  
t[n on ! ,m$it]ranean1 n f> f ,c>?age4  
,,lesbos1 an isl& 9 ! ,egean ,sea1 ne> !
 coa/ ( ,asia2 ! bir?-place ( ,sappho3  
n[ call$ ,metel94  ,,leuci1 a p (       
,gallia ,belgica1 to ! nor? ( ! ,l+ones1
 betwe5 ! ,moselle & ! ,meuse4  ,,libya1
 ! "n giv5 by ! ,greeks to all ,africa2 
b1 prop]ly speak+1 x 0 an int]ior "p (  
,africa4  ,,lig]is2 n[ ! ,loire4        
,,liguria1 a c\ntry ( ,italy1 divid$    
into ! m>itime1 ,ligus ,ora2 & ! inl&   
,liguria2 bo? betwe5 ! ,ap5n9e to ! s\?1
 ! ,m>itime ,alps to ! we/1 & ! ,po to !
 nor?4 ,x conta9$ :at is n[ call$       
,f]r>a1 & ! t]ritories ( ,g5oa4         
,,l+ones1 a p ( ,gallia ,belgica1       
inhabit+ ! c\ntry ab\t ,langres &       
,dijon4  ,,longob>di1 or ,,langobordi1 a
 p ( ,g]many1 betwe5 ! ,elbe & ! ,od]4  
,see ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #dj note a4
  ,,lucania1 a c\ntry ( anci5t ,italy2  

n[ call$ ! ,basilicate4  ,,lugdunum1 a  
city ( anci5t ,gaul2 n[ ,lyons4         
,,lugdunum ,,batavorum1 a t[n ( !       
,batavi1 n[ ,leyd5 9 ,holl&4 ,!re 0     
ano!r t[n ( ! "n 9 ,gallia ,celtica1 at 
! conflu5ce ( ! ,ar> 7! ,saone7 & !     
,rhodanus 7! ,rhone74 ,! place is n[    
call$ ,lyons4  ,,luppia1 a riv] (       
,we/phalia2 n[ ! ,lippe4  ,,lusitania1  
n[ ! k+dom ( ,portugal1 on ! we/ (      
,spa91 =m]ly a "p ( x4  ,,lycia1 a      
c\ntry 9 ,asia ,m9or1 b\nd$ by          
,pamphylia1 ,phrygia1 & ! ,m$it]ranean4 
,,lydia1 an inl& c\ntry ( ,asia ,m9or1  
=m]ly gov]n$ by ,crsus2 n[ ,c>asia4     
,,lygii1 an anci5t p ( ,g]many1 :o      
inhabit$ ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,silesia1 &  
also "p ( ,pol&4   ,m4  ,,mac$onia1 a   
l>ge c\ntry1 r5d]$ fam\s by ,philip (   
,mac$on & 8 son ,alex&]2 n[ a prov9ce ( 
! ,turki% empire1 b\nd$ by ,s]via &     
,bulg>ia to ! nor?1 by ,greece to ! s\?1
 by ,?race & ! ,ar*ipelago to ! ea/1 &  
by ,epirus to ! we/4  ,m,,otis ,,palus1 
a lake ( ,s>matia ,europa1 /ill kn[n by 

! same "n1 & rea*+ f ,crim ,t>t>y to !  
m\? ( ! ,tanais 7! ,don74  ,m,,sia1 a   
di/rict ( ! anci5t ,illyricum1 bord]+ on
 ,pannonia1 conta9+ :at is n[ call$     
,bulg>ia1 & "p ( ,s]via4  ,,magnesia3   
!re 7 anci5tly ?ree cities ( ! "n2 "o 9 
,ionia1 on ! ,m&]1 :i*1 x is said1 0    
giv5 to ,!mi/ocles by ,artax]xes1 ) ^!  
words1 to furni% 8 table ) bread2 x is  
n[ call$ ,guzel-,hiss>d1 9 ,asiatic     
,turkey3 ! second 0 at ! foot ( ,m\nt   
,sipylus1 9 ,lydia2 b has be5 de/roy$ by
 e>?quakes3 ! ?ird ,magnesia 0 a m>itime
 t[n ( ,!ssaly1 on ! ,egean ,sea4       
,,magontiacum1 a t[n ( ,gallia ,belgica2
 n[ ,m5tz1 situate at ! conflu5ce ( !   
,rh9e & ! ,ma9e4  ,,m>codurum1 a village
 ( ,gallia ,belgica2 n[ ,dur5 on ! ,ro]4
  ,,m>comanians1 a p ( ,g]many1 betwe5 !
 ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 & ! ,neck>4 ,!y      
remov$ to ! c\ntry ( ! ,boii1 & hav+    
expell$ ! inhabitants1 occupi$ ! c\ntry 
n[ call$ ,bohemia4 ,see ,mann]s ( !     
,g]mans1 s4 #db4  ,,m>di1 a p ( ! ,f>!r 
,asia1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea4  ,,m>itime  

,,alps4 ,see ,,alps4  ,,m>saci1 a p 9 ! 
nor? ( ,batavia1 inhabit+ ! sea-coa/4   
,,m>si1 a p ( ,italy1 :o dwelt r\nd !   
,lacus ,fuc9us4 ,ano!r p call$ ,m>si1 9 
,g]many1 to ! s\? ( ! ,frisii1 9 !      
c\ntry n[ call$ ,pad]borne & ,mun/]4    
,,massillia1 a t[n ( ,gallia ,n>bon5sis1
 =m]ly celebrat$ = poli%$ mann]s &      
le>n+2 n[ ,m>seilles1 a port t[n (      
,prov5ce4  ,,mattiaci1 a bran* ( !      
,catti 9 ,g]many4 ,_! capital t[n 0     
,,mattium1 suppos$ n[ to be ,m>p\rg 9   
,hesse4  ,,mauritania1 a l>ge region (  
,africa1 ext5d+ f ea/ to we/ along !    
,m$it]ranean1 divid$ by ! emp]or        
,claudius into ,cs>i5sis1 ! ea/]n "p1 & 
,t+itana1 ! we/]n4 ,x _h ,numidia to !  
ea/1 & ,getulia to ! s\?2 & 0 also b\nd$
 by ! ,atlantic ocean1 ! /raits (       
,gibralt>1 & ! ,m$it]ranean to ! nor?4  
,! natives 7 call$ ,mauri1 & !nce ! "n (
 ,mauritania2 n[ ,b>b>y4  ,,m$ia1 a     
c\ntry ( ! ,f>!r ,asia1 b\nd$ on ! we/  
by ,arm5ia1 on ! ea/ by ,p>?ia1 on !    
nor? by ! ,caspian ,sea1 on ! s\? by    

,p]sia4 ,ecbatana 0 ! capital4          
,,m$iolanum1 n[ ,milan 9 ,italy4        
,,m$iomatrici1 a p ( ,gallia ,belgica2  
n[ ! diocese ( ,metz4  ,,melit5e1 a city
 ( ,cappadocia4  ,,memphis1 a city (    
,egypt1 fam\s = its pyramids4  ,,m5apii1
 a p ( ,belgia2 n[ ,brabant & ,fl&]s4   
,,mesopotamia1 a l>ge c\ntry 9 ! middle 
( ,asia2 s call$1 because x lies1       
,greek3 mesae potamon1 betwe5 two riv]s1
 ! ,euphrates on ! we/1 & ! ,tigris on !
 ea/4  ,,mess5a1 or ,,messana1 an anci5t
 & celebrat$ city ( ,sicily1 on ! /rait 
betwe5 t isl& & ,italy4 ,x /ill reta9s !
 "n ( ,mess9a4  ,,mevania1 a t[n (      
,umbria1 ne> ! ,clitumnus1 a riv] t runs
 f ea/ to we/ into ! ,tib]4  ,,miletus1 
an anci5t city ( ,ionia1 9 ,asia ,m9or2 
n[ totally de/roy$4  ,,milvius ,,pons1 a
 bridge ov] ! ,tib]1 at ! di/ance ( two 
miles f ,rome1 on ! ,via ,flamm9ia2 n[  
call$ ,ponte-,molle4  ,,m9turn1 a t[n on
 ! conf9es ( ,campania1 ne> ! riv]      
,liris4  ,,mis5um1 a promontory (       
,campania1 ) a good h>b\r1 ne> ! ,s9us  

,puteolanus1 or ! bay ( ,naples1 on !   
nor? side4 ,x 0 ! /ation = ! ,roman     
fleets4 ,n[ ,capo di ,mis5o4  ,,mityl5e1
 ! capital city ( ! isle ( ,lesbos1 & n[
 gives "n to ! :ole isl&4  ,,mona1 an   
isl& sep>at$ f ! coa/ ( ! ,ordovices by 
a n>r[ /rait1 ! anci5t seat ( ! ,druids4
 ,n[ ! isle ( ,anglesey4  ,,mon,,ci     
,,portus1 n[ ,monaco1 a port t[n 9 !    
t]ritory ( ,g5oa4  ,,mor9i1 a p (       
,belgia1 inhabit+ ! diocese ( ,t\rnay1 &
 ! c\ntry ab\t ,/4 ,om] & ,b\logne4     
,,mosa1 a l>ge riv] ( ,belgic ,gaul2 x  
receives a bran* ( ! ,rh9e1 call$       
,vahalis1 & falls into ! ,g]man ,ocean  
bel[ ! ,briel4 ,x is n[ ! ,mse1 or      
,meuse4  ,,mosella1 a riv]1 :i*1 runn+  
?r\gh ,lorra91 falls into ! ,rh9e at    
,cobl5tz1 n[ call$ ! ,moselle4  ,,mo/5i1
 ! common "n ( ! p & _! t[n on ! riv]   
,h]mus1 9 ,lydia4  ,,musulani1 an       
indep5d5t savage p 9 ,africa1 on !      
conf9es ( ,c>?age1 ,numidia1 &          
,mauritania4  ,,mut9a1 n[ ,mod5a1 a city
 ( ,lomb>dy1 9 ,italy4  ,,myr9a1 a t[n (

 olis1 or olia1 9 ! ,hi!r ,asia2 n[     
,s&]lik4   ,n4  ,,nabalia1 ! "n ( !     
*annel made by ,drusus f ! ,rh9e to !   
riv] ,sala2 n[ ! ,ysell4 ,see ,annals1  
ii4 s4 #h4  ,,naba?,i1 a p betwe5 !     
,euphrates & ! ,r$ ,sea2 compreh5d+     
,arabia ,petra1 & b\nd$ by ,pale/9e on !
 nor?4  ,,n>1 a riv] :i* rises 9        
,umbria1 &1 fall+ into ! lake ,vel9us1  
ru%es !nce ) a viol5t & l\d cascade1 &  
empties itself into ! ,tib]4  ,,n>bon   
,,gaul1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,gaul1 b\nd$ by !  
,pyr5ees to ! we/1 ! ,m$it]ranean to !  
s\?1 & ! ,alps & ! ,rh9e to ! ea/4      
,,n>nia1 a t[n ( ,umbria1 on ! riv] ,n>2
 n[ ,n>ni1 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,pope4      
,,nauportum1 a t[n on a cognom9al riv] 9
 ,pannonia4  ,,nava1 a riv] ( ,gallia   
,belgica1 :i* runs nor?-ea/ into ! we/  
side ( ! ,rh9e2 n[ ! ,nahe4  ,,nav>ia1  
n[ ,nov>a1 a city ( ,milan4  ,,nemetes1 
a p orig9ally ( ,g]many1 remov$ to !    
diocese ( ,spire1 on ! ,rh9e4           
,,nicephorus1 a riv] ( ,asia t wa%es !  
walls ( ,tigranoc]ta1 & runs into !     

,tigris2 ,d',anville says1 n[ call$     
,khab\r4  ,,nicopolis3 !re 7 sev]al t[ns
 ( ?is "n1 viz4 9 ,egypt1 ,arm5ia1      
,bi?ynia1 on ! ,eux9e1 c4 ,a t[n ( !    
same "n 0 built by ,augu/us1 on ! coa/ (
 ,epirus1 z a monum5t ( 8 victory at    
,actium4  ,,n9os1 ! capital ( ,assyria2 
call$ also ,n9eve4  ,,nisibis1 a city ( 
,mesopotamia1 at ?is day call$ ,nesib94 
,,nola1 a city ( ,campania1 on !        
nor?-ea/ ( ,vesuvius4 ,at ?is place     
,augu/us brea!d 8 la/3 x reta9s its old 
"n to ?is day4  ,,noricum1 a ,roman     
prov9ce1 b\nd$ by ! ,danube on ! nor?1  
by ! ,alpes ,noric on ! s\?1 by         
,pannonia on ! ea/1 & ,v9delicia on !   
we/2 n[ conta9+ a great "p ( ,au/ria1   
,tyrol1 ,bav>ia1 c4  ,,novesium1 a t[n (
 ! ,ubii 9 ,gallia ,belgica2 n[ ,nuys1  
on ! we/ side ( ! ,rh9e1 9 ! electorate 
( ,cologne4  ,,nuc]ia1 a city (         
,campania2 n[ ,noc]a4  ,,numidia1 a     
celebrat$ k+dom ( ,africa1 bord]+ on    
,mauritania1 & b\nd$ to ! nor? by !     
,m$it]ranean2 n[ ,algi]s1 ,tunis1       

,tripoli1 c4 ! ea/]n "p ( ! k+dom (     
,algi]s4 ,syphax 0 k+ ( "o "p1 &        
,mas9issa ( ! o!r4   ,o4  ,,ocriculum1 a
 t[n ( ,umbria1 ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,n> 
& ! ,tib]2 n[ ,otricoli1 9 ! du*y (     
,spoletto4  ,,odrys1 a p situat$ 9 !    
we/]n "p ( ,?race1 h[ a prov9ce (       
,european ,turkey4  ,,oe5ses1 a p (     
,africa1 :o occupi$ ! c\ntry betwe5 !   
two ,syrtes on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,_! city 
0 call$ ,oea1 n[ ,tripoli4  ,,opit]gium1
 n[ ,od]zo1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,v5ice4      
,,ordovices1 a p :o inhabit$ :at we n[  
call ,fl9t%ire1 ,d5bigh%ire1 ,c>n>von1 &
 ,m]ione?%ire1 9 ,nor? ,wales4  ,,o/ia1 
=m]ly a t[n ( note1 at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]  
7on ! s\? side71 :5ce its "n2 at ?is day
 x lies 9 ru9s4   ,p4  ,,padus1 anci5tly
 call$ ,eridanus by ! ,greeks1 fam\s = !
 fable ( ,phton2 x receives sev]al riv]s
 f ! ,alps & ,ap5n9e1 &1 runn+ f we/ to 
ea/1 dis*>ges itself into ! ,adriatic4  
,x is n[ call$ ! ,po4  ,,pagida1 a riv] 
9 ,numidia2 its mod]n "n is n asc]ta9$4 
,d',anville ?9ks x is n[ call$ ,fissato1

 9 ! t]ritory ( ,tripoli4  ,,palus      
,m,,otis2 see ,m,,otis4  ,,pamphylia1 a 
c\ntry ( ! ,hi!r ,asia1 b\nd$ by        
,pisidia to ! nor?1 & by ! ,m$it]ranean 
to ! s\?4  ,,p&a1 a riv] ( ,asia1 9 !   
t]ritory ( ! ,siraci2 n well kn[n4      
,,p&at>ia1 an isl& ( ! ,tuscan ,sea1 9 !
 ,s9us ,puteolanus 7n[ il ,golfo di     
,napoli71 ! place ( bani%m5t = illu/ri\s
 exiles1 viz4 ,julia ! daught] (        
,augu/us1 ,agripp9a ! wife ( ,g]manicus1
 ,octavia ! daught] ( ,claudius1 & _m   
o!rs4 ,x is n[ call$ ,l'lsle            
,sa9te-,m>ie1 or ,santa ,m>ia4          
,,pannonia1 an ext5sive c\ntry (        
,europe1 b\nd$ by ,msia on ! ea/1 by    
,noricum on ! we/1 ,dalmatia on ! s\?1 &
 by ! ,danube to ! nor?2 conta9+ "p (   
,au/ria & ,hung>y4  ,,pannonian ,,alps4 
,see ,,alps4  ,,paphos3 !re 7 two t[ns (
 ! "n1 bo? on ! we/ side ( ! isl& (     
,cyprus1 & d$icat$ to ,v5us1 :o 0 h5ce !
 ,paphian & ! ,cyprian goddess4         
,,p>?ia1 a c\ntry ( ! ,f>!r ,asia1 )    
,m$ia on ! we/1 ,asia on ! ea/1 &       

,hyrcania on ! nor?4  ,,patavium1 n[    
,padua1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,v5ice4          
,,peligni1 a p ( ,samaium1 ne> ,naples4 
,,peloponnesus1 ! l>ge p59sula to ! s\? 
( ,greece1 s call$ aft] ,pelops1 viz4   
,pelopis ,nesus4 ,x is jo9$ to ! re/ (  
,greece by ! i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 :i* lies  
betwe5 ! ,egean & ,ionian seas4 ,x is n[
 call$ ! ,morea4  ,,p5n9 ,,alpes4 ,see  
,,alps4  ,,p]gamos1 an anci5t & fam\s   
city ( ,mysia1 situate on ! ,caicus1 :i*
 runs ?r\gh x4 ,x 0 ! resid5ce (        
,attalus & 8 successors4 ,?is place 0   
fam\s = a royal libr>y1 =m$1 )          
emulation1 to vie ) t ( ,alex&ria 9     
,egypt4 ,! k+s ( ! latt]1 /ung ) paltry 
jeal\sy1 prohibit$ ! exportation ( pap]4
 ,h5ce ! inv5tion ( p>*m5t1 call$       
,p]gamana *>ta4 ,plut>* assures u1 t !  
libr>y at ,p]gamos conta9$ two hundr$   
?\s& volumes4 ,! :ole collection 0 giv5 
by ,m>c ,antony z a pres5t to           
,cleopatra1 & ?us ! two libr>ies 7      
consolidat$ into "o4 ,9 ab\t six or sev5
 c5turies aft]w>ds1 ! volumes ( sci5ce1 

by ord] ( ! calif ,om>1 s]v$ = a fire to
 w>m ! ba?s ( ,alex&ria2 & ?us p]i%$ all
 ! physic ( ! s\l4 ,! t[n subsi/s at ?is
 day1 & reta9s ! "n ( ,p]gamos4 ,see    
,spon's ,travels1 vol4 i4  ,,p]9?us1 a  
t[n ( ,?race1 situate on ! ,propontis1  
n[ call$ ,h]aclea4  ,,p]usia1 =m]ly a   
pr9cipal city ( ,etruria1 on ! nor? side
 ( ! ,tib]1 ) ! fam\s ,lacus ,trasim5us 
to ! ea/4 ,x 0 besieg$ by ,augu/us1 &   
r$uc$ by fam9e4 ,lucan has1 ,p]us9a     
fames4 ,x is n[ call$ ,p]ugia1 9 !      
t]ritory ( ! ,pope4  ,,ph>salia1 a t[n 9
 ,!ssaly1 r5d]$ fam\s by ! la/ battle   
betwe5 ,pompey & ,julius ,cs>4          
,,philadelphia3 !re 7 sev]al anci5t t[ns
 ( ?is "n4 ,t :i* ,tacitus m5tions 0 9  
,lydia1 built by ,attalus ,philadelphus2
 x is n[ call$ by ! ,turks1 ,alah       
,s*eyr4  ,,philippi1 a city ( ,mac$onia1
 on ! conf9es ( ,?race2 built by ,philip
 ( ,mac$on1 & fam\s = ! battle f\ght on 
its pla9s betwe5 ,augu/us & ! republican
 p>ty4 ,x is n[ 9 ru9s4                 
,,philippopolis1 a city ( ,?race1 ne> ! 

riv] ,hebrus4 ,x d]iv$ its "n f ,philip 
( ,mac$on1 :o enl>g$ x1 & augm5t$ !     
numb] ( inhabitants4  ,,pic5tia1 !      
capital ( ! ,pic5t9i1 on ! ,tuscan ,sea4
 n f> f ,naples4  ,,pic5um1 a t]ritory (
 ,italy1 to ! ea/ ( ,umbria1 & 9 "s p>ts
 ext5d+ f ! ,ap5n9e to ! ,adriatic4 ,x  
is n[ suppos$ to be ! ,m>* ( ,ancona4   
,,pir,,eus1 a celebrat$ port ne> ,a!ns4 
,x is mu* frequ5t$ at ?is day2 its "n1  
,porto ,lione4  ,,pis1 a t[n ( ,etruria1
 :i* gave "n to ! bay ( ,pisa1 ,s9us    
,pisanus4  ,,plac5tia1 a t[n 9 ,italy1  
n[ call$ ,plac5za1 9 ! du*y ( ,p>ma4    
,,planasia1 a small isl& ne> ! coa/ (   
,etruria1 9 ! ,tuscan ,sea2 n[ ,pianosa4
  ,,pompeii1 a t[n ( ,campania1 ne>     
,h]culaneum4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake
 9 ! reign ( ,n]o4  ,,pompeiopolis3 !re 
7 anci5tly two cities ( ! "n2 "o 9      
,cilicia1 ano!r 9 ,paphlagonia4         
,,pontia1 an isl& 9 ! ,tuscan sea2 a    
place ( relegation or bani%m5t4         
,,pontus1 an ext5sive c\ntry ( ,asia    
,m9or1 ly+ betwe5 ,bi?ynia &            

,paphlagonia1 & ext5d+ along ! ,pontus  
,eux9us1 ! ,eux9e or ! ,pontic ,sea1 f  
:i* x took its "n4 ,x _h t sea to ! ea/1
 ! m\? ( ! ,i/] to ! nor?1 & ,m\nt ,hmus
 to ! s\?4 ,! w>s betwe5 ,mi?ridates1 k+
 ( ,pontus1 & ! ,romans1 are well kn[n4 
,,pr,,ne/e1 a t[n ( ,latium to ! s\?-ea/
 ( ,rome1 /&+ v high1 & said to be a    
/rong place4 ,! t[n t succe$$ x1 /&s l[ 
9 a valley1 & is call$ ,pale/r9a4       
,,propontis1 ne> ! ,hellespont & !      
,eux9e2 n[ ! ,sea ( ,m>mora4  ,,puteoli1
 a t[n ( ,campania1 s call$ f its numb] 
( wells2 n[ ,pozzuolo1 n9e miles to !   
we/ ( ,naples4  ,,pyramus1 a riv] (     
,cilicia1 ris+ 9 ,m\nt ,taurus1 & runn+ 
f ea/ to we/ into ! ,sea ( ,cilicia4    
,,pyrgi1 a t[n ( ,etruria1 on ! ,tuscan 
,sea2 n[ ,/4 ,m>9ella1 ab\t ?irty-?ree  
miles di/ant f ,rome4   ,q4  ,,quadi1 a 
p ( ,g]many1 situate to ! s\?-ea/ (     
,bohemia1 on ! banks ( ! ,danube4 ,see  
,mann]s1 ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #db4 note b4   
,r4  ,,rav5na1 an anci5t city ( ,italy1 
ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,adriatic4 ,a port 0     

con/ruct$ at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,b$esis1 &  
by ,augu/us made a /ation = ! fleet t   
gu>d$ ! ,adriatic4 ,x is /ill call$     
,rav5na4  ,,reate1 a t[n ( ! ,sab9es 9  
,latium1 situate ne> ! lake ,vel9us4    
,,regium4 ,see ,,rhegium4  ,,remi1 a p (
 ,gaul1 :o inhabit$ ! nor!rn "p (       
,*ampagne2 n[ ! city ( ,rheims4         
,,rhacotis1 ! anci5t "n ( ,alex&ria 9   
,egypt4  ,,rh,,tia1 a c\ntry b\nd$ by ! 
,rh9e to ! we/1 ! ,alps to ! ea/1 by    
,italy to ! s\?1 & ,v9delicia to ! nor?4
 ,horace says ,vid]e ,rhti bella sub    
,alpibus ,drusum g]5tem1 et ,v9delici4  
,n[ ! c\ntry ( ! ,grisons4  ,,rhegium1  
an anci5t city at ! extremity ( !       
,ap5n9e1 on ! n>r[ /rait betwe5 ,italy &
 ,sicily4 ,x is n[ call$ ,reggio1 9 !   
f>!r ,calabria4  ,,rh9e1 ! riv] t rises 
9 ! ,rhtian ,alps1 & divides ,gaul f    
,g]many4 ,see ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4   
#a4 note f2 & s4 #bi4 note a4           
,,rhodanus1 a fam\s riv] ( ,gaul1 ris+  
on ,m\nt ,adula1 n f> f ! head ( !      
,rh9e4 ,aft] a consid]able circuit x    

ent]s ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 & 9 its c\rse   
visits ! city ( ,lyons1 & f t place     
trav]ses a l>ge tract ( c\ntry1 & falls 
into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x is n[ call$ !   
,rhone4  ,,rhodus1 a celebrat$ isl& 9 ! 
,m$it]ranean1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 
ov]-aga9/ ,c>ia4 ,! place ( retreat = ! 
discont5t$ ,romans4 ,tib]ius made t use 
( x4  ,,rhoxolani1 a p on ! nor? ( !    
,palus ,motis1 situate along ! ,tanais1 
n[ ! ,don4  ,,ricodulum1 a t[n ( !      
,treviri on ! ,moselle4   ,s4  ,,sabr9a1
 n[ ! ,sev]n2 a riv] t rises 9          
,montgom]y%ire1 & runn+ by ,%rewsbury1  
,worce/]1 & ,gloce/]1 empties itself    
into ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 sep>at+ ,wales f
 ,engl&4  ,,sala4 ,x seems t two riv]s (
 ?is "n 7 int5d$ by ,tacitus1 ,"o1 n[   
call$ ! ,issel1 :i* _h a communication )
 ! ,rh9e1 by means ( ! canal made by    
,drusus1 ! fa!r ( ,g]manicus4 ,! o!r    
,,sala 0 a riv] 9 ! c\ntry n[ call$     
,?ur+ia1 describ$ by ,tacitus z yield+  
salt1 :i* ! inhabitants consid]$ z !    
peculi> fav\r ( heav54 ,! salt1 h[ev]1 0

 f\nd 9 ! salt spr+s ne> ! riv]1 :i*    
runs nor?w>d into ! ,albis1 or ,elbe4   
,,salamis1 an isl& ne> ! coa/ ( ,attica1
 opposite to ,eleusis4 ,!re 0 also a t[n
 ( ! "n ( ,salamis1 on ! ea/]n coa/ (   
,cyprus1 built by ,teuc]1 :5 driv5 by 8 
fa!r f 8 native isl&4 ,horace says1     
,ambiguam tellure nov ,salam9a futuram4 
,,sam>ia1 ! capital ( ! c\ntry ( t "n 9 
,pale/9e2 ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 
& aft]w>ds ( ,h]od4 ,sam>itans1 ! "n ( !
 p4 ,"s magnific5t ru9s ( ! place are   
/ill rema9+4  ,,sambulos1 a m\nta9 9 !  
t]ritory ( ! ,p>?ians1 ) ! riv] ,corma  
ne> x4 ,! m\nta9 & ! riv] are m5tion$ by
 ,tacitus only4  ,,samnis1 or           
,,samnites1 a p ( anci5t ,italy1 ext5d+ 
on bo? sides ( ! ,ap5n9e1 fam\s 9 !     
,roman w>s4  ,,samos1 an isl& ( ,asia   
,m9or1 opposite to ,ephesus2 !          
bir?-place ( ,py?agoras1 :o 0 !nce call$
 ! ,samian ,sage4  ,,samo?racia1 an isl&
 ( ,?race1 9 ! ,egean ,sea1 opposite to 
! m\? ( ! ,hebrus4 ,!re 7 my/]ies (     
initiation celebrat$ 9 ?is isl&1 held 9 

z high repute z ^? ( ,eleusis2 ) a sacr$
 & inviolable asylum4  ,,s>des1 !       
capital ( ,lydia1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt     
,tmolus1 f :i* ! ,pactolus ran d[n ?r\gh
 ! he>t ( ! city4 ,! inhabitants 7 call$
 ,s>dicni4  ,,s>d9ia1 an isl& on ! ,sea 
( ,liguria1 ly+ to ! s\? ( ,corsica4 ,x 
is said t an h]b grew !re1 :i*1 :5 eat51
 produc$ a pa9ful gr91 call$ ,s>donius  
risus4 ,! isl& n[ belongs to ! ,duke (  
,saxony1 ) ! title ( k+4  ,,s>matia1    
call$ also ,scy?ia1 a nor!rn c\ntry (   
va/ ext5t1 & divid$ into ,europa &      
,asiatica2 ! =m] beg9n+ at ! ,vi/ula    
7its we/]n b\nd>y71 & compris+ ,russia1 
"p ( ,pol&1 ,prussia1 & ,li?uania2 & !  
latt] b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,s>matia ,europa
 & ! ,tanais 7! ,don71 ext5d+ s\? z f> z
 ,m\nt ,caucasus & ! ,caspian ,sea1     
conta9+ ,t>t>y1 ,circassia1 c4  ,,saxa  
,,rubra1 a place on ! ,flamm9ian road 9 
,etruria1 n9e miles f ,rome4            
,,scepteuci1 a p ( ,asiatic ,s>matia1   
betwe5 ! ,eux9e & ! ,caspian ,sea4      
,,scy?ia1 a l>ge c\ntry1 n[ prop]ly     

,crim ,t>t>y2 9 anci5t geography divid$ 
9 ,scy?ia ,asiatica1 on ei!r side (     
,m\nt ,imaus2 & ,scy?ia ,europa1 ab\t ! 
,eux9e ,sea & ! ,motic ,lake4 ,see also 
,,s>matia4  ,,sege/um1 a t[n ( ,sicily1 
ne> ,m\nt ,eryx1 fam\s = a temple sacr$ 
to ! ,eryc9ian ,v5us4  ,,seleucia1 a    
city ( ,mesopotamia1 situate at !       
conflu5ce ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris2 n[
 call$ ,bagdad4 ,we f9d 9 anci5t        
geography sev]al cities ( ?is "n4       
,,semnones1 a p ( ,g]many1 call$ by     
,tacitus ! mo/ illu/ri\s bran* ( !      
,suevi4 ,!y inhabit$ betwe5 ! ,albis &  
,viadrus4  ,,s55sis ,,colonia1 n[       
,si5na1 9 ,tuscany4  ,,s5ones1          
inhabitants ( ,celtic ,gaul1 situate on 
! ,sequana 7n[ ! ,se9e72 a p fam\s = _! 
invasion ( ,italy1 & tak+ & burn+ ,rome 
,a4,u4,c4 #cfd4  ,,sequani1 a p (       
,belgic ,gaul1 inhabit+ ! c\ntry n[     
call$ ,fran*e ,comt or ! ,upp]          
,burgundy1 & d]iv+ _! "n f ! ,sequana   
7n[ ! ,se9e71 :i*1 ris+ ne> ,dijon 9    
,burgundy1 runs ?r\gh ,p>is1 &1 trav]s+ 

,norm&y1 falls into ! ,briti% ,*annel   
ne> ,havre de ,grace4  ,,s]iphos1 a     
small isl& 9 ! gean ,sea1 "o ( !        
,cyclades3 n[ ,s]fo1 or ,s]fanto4       
,,sicambri1 an anci5t p ( ,l[] ,g]many1 
betwe5 ! ,mse & ! ,rh9e1 :]e ,gueld]l&  
is4 ,!y 7 transplant$ by ,augu/us to !  
we/ side ( ! ,rh9e4 ,horace says to t   
emp]or1 ,te cde gaud5tes ,sicambri      
compositis v5]antur armis4  ,,silures1 a
 p ( ,brita91 situate on ! ,sev]n & !   
,bri/ol ,*annel2 n[ ,s\? ,wales1        
compris+ ,glamorgan1 ,radnor%ire1       
,h]e=d1 & ,monm\?4 ,see ,camd54         
,,simbru9i ,,colles1 ! ,simbru9e ,hills1
 s call$ f ! ,simbru9a ,/agna1 or lakes 
=m$ by ! riv] ,anio1 :i* gave ! "n (    
,sublaqueum to ! neighb\r+ t[n4         
,,s9ope1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s cities 9 !    
t]ritory ( ,pontus4 ,x 0 tak5 by        
,lucullus 9 ! ,mi?ridatic w>1 & aft]w>ds
 receiv$ ,roman colonies4 ,x 0 !        
bir?-place ( ,diog5es ! cynic1 :o 0     
bani%$ f 8 c\ntry4 ,! place is /ill     
call$ ,s9ope1 a port t[n ( ,asiatic     

,turkey1 on ! ,eux9e4  ,,s9uessa1 a t[n 
( ,latium1 on ! conf9es ( ,campania1    
beyond ! riv] ,liris 7n[ call$          
,g>igliano74 ,! place 0 mu* frequ5t$ = !
 salubrity ( its wat]s4  ,,sipylus1 a   
m\nta9 ( ,lydia1 ne> :i* ,livy says !   
,romans obta9$ a complete victory ov]   
,antio*as4  ,,siraci1 a p ( ,asia1      
betwe5 ! ,eux9e & ! ,caspian ,seas4     
,,smyrna1 a city ( ,ionia 9 ! ,hi!r     
,asia1 :i* laid a claim to ! bir? (     
,hom]4 ,! "n ( ,smyrna /ill rema9s 9 a  
port t[n ( ,asiatic ,turkey4  ,,soph5e1 
a c\ntry betwe5 ! ,great] & ! ,less]    
,arm5ia2 n[ call$ ,zoph4  ,,soza1 a city
 ( ! ,d&>id4  ,,spelunca1 a small t[n   
ne> ,fondi1 on ! coa/ ( ,naples4        
,,/,,*ades1 five isl&s1 n[ call$ !      
,hi]es1 on ! coa/ ( ,prov5ce4           
,,/ratonice1 a t[n ( ,c>ia 9 ! ,hi!r    
,asia1 s call$ aft] ,/ratonice1 ! wife (
 ,antio*us4  ,,suevi1 a great & w>like p
 ( anci5t ,g]many1 :o occupi$ a         
prodigi\s tract ( c\ntry4 ,see ,mann]s (
 ! ,g]mans1 s4 #ch4 & note a4  ,,sunici1

 a p remov$ f ,g]many to ,gallia        
,belgica4 ,accord+ to ,cluv]ius1 !y     
inhabit$ ! du*y ( ,limburg4  ,,sw9d51 a 
liv] t fl[s on ! conf9es ( ! ,dah4 ,x is
 m5tion$ by ,tacitus only4 ,broti]      
supposes x to be :at is n[ call$        
,h]irud1 or ,la ,rivi]e d',h]at4        
,,sy5e1 a t[n 9 ! ,high] ,egypt1 t[>ds !
 bord]s ( ,e?iopia1 situate on ! ,nile4 
,x lies "u ! tropic ( ,canc]1 z is      
evid5t1 says ,pl9y ! eld]1 f !re be+ no 
%ad[ project$ at noon at ! summ]        
sol/ice4 ,x 01 = a long "t1 ! b\nd>y ( !
 ,roman empire4 ,a g>rison 0 /ation$    
!re3 ,juv5al 0 s5t to comm& !re by      
,domitian1 :o1 by conf]r+ t unlock$ =   
hon\r1 meant1 ) cov]$ malice1 to puni% !
 poet = 8 reflection on ,p>is ! com$ian1
 a native ( ,egypt1 & a fav\rite at     
c\rt4  ,,syracuse1 "o ( ! noble/ cities 
9 ,sicily4 ,! ,romans took x dur+ !     
second ,punic w>1 on :i* occasion !     
great ,ar*im$es lo/ 8 life4 ,x is n[    
de/roy$1 & no rema9s ( ! place are left4
 ,etiam p]i]e ru94  ,,syria1 a c\ntry ( 

! ,hi!r ,asia1 betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & !
 ,euphrates1 s ext5sive t ,pale/9e1 or !
 ,holy ,l&1 0 deem$ a "p ( ,syria4      
,,syrtes1 ! des]ts ( ,b>b>y3 also two   
dang]\s s&y gulfs 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 on !
 coa/ ( ,b>b>y2 "o call$ ,syrtis ,magna1
 n[ ! ,gulf ( ,sidra2 ! o!r ,syrtis     
,p>va1 n[ ! ,gulf ( ,cassos4   ,t4      
,,tanais1 ! ,don1 a v l>ge riv] 9       
,scy?ia1 divid+ ,asia f ,europe4 ,x     
rises 9 ,muscovy1 & fl[+ ?r\gh ,crim    
,t>t>y1 runs into ! ,palus ,motis1 ne> !
 city n[ call$ ,az(f1 9 ! h&s ( !       
,turks4  ,,t>5tum1 n[ ,t>5to1 9 !       
prov9ce ( ,otranto4 ,! ,lac$emonians    
f\nd$ a colony !re1 & !nce x 0 call$ by 
,horace1 ,lac$monium ,t>5tum4  ,,t>i*,a1
 a t[n ( ,galilee4 ,x 0 besieg$ & tak5  
by ,vespasian1 :o s5t six ?\s& ( !      
prison]s to assi/ 9 cutt+ a passage     
?r\gh ! i/hmus ( ,cor9?4  ,,t>rac9a1 a  
city ( ! ,volsci 9 ,latium1 ne> ! m\? ( 
! ,uf5s1 9 ! ,campania ( ,rome4 ,n[     
,t]rac9a1 on ! ,tuscan ,sea4  ,,t>raco1 
! capital ( a division ( ,spa91 call$ by

 ! ,romans ,t>racon5sis2 n[ ,t>agon1 a  
port t[n 9 ,catalonia1 on !             
,m$it]ranean1 to ! we/ ( ,b>celona4 ,see
 ,,hispania4  ,,t>t>us1 a riv] runn+    
betwe5 ! ,po & ! ,a!sis1 7! ,adige7 f   
we/ to ea/1 into ! ,adriatic2 n[ ,t>t>o4
  ,,taunus1 a m\nta9 ( ,g]many1 on ! o!r
 side ( ! ,rh9e2 n[ ,m\nt ,heyrick1     
ov]-aga9/ ,m5tz4  ,,taurannitii1 a p :o 
occupi$ a di/rict ( ,arm5ia ,major1 n f>
 f ,tigranoc]ta4  ,,tauri1 a p inhabit+ 
! ,taurica ,*]sonesus1 on ! ,eux9e4 ,!  
c\ntry is n[ call$ ,crim ,t>t>y4        
,,taur9i1 a p dwell+ at ! foot ( !      
,alps4 ,_! capital 0 call$1 aft]        
,augu/us ,cs>1 :o plant$ a colony1 !re1 
,augu/a ,taur9orum4 ,! mod]n "n is      
,tur91 ! capital ( ,pi$mont4  ,,taurus1 
! greate/ m\nta9 9 ,asia1 ext5d+ f !    
,indian to ! gean ,sea2 said to be fifty
 miles ov]1 & fifte5 hundr$ long4 ,its  
extremity to ! nor? is call$ ,imaus4    
,,telebo1 a p ( olia or ,ac>nania 9     
,greece1 :o remov$ to ,italy1 & settl$ 9
 ! isle ( ,capre4  ,,temnos1 an inl& t[n

 ( olia1 9 ! ,hi!r ,asia4  ,,t5ct]i1 a p
 ( ,g]many4 ,see ! ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 
s4 #cb4  ,,t5os1 "o ( ! ,cyclades4      
,,t]mes1 a city 9 ! ,hi!r ,spa92 n[ a   
village call$ ,ti]mes1 9 ,ca/ille4      
,,t]rac9a1 a city ( ! ,volsci 9 ,latium1
 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,uf5s1 on ! ,tuscan ,sea2
 n[ call$ ,t]rac9a1 9 ! t]ritory (      
,rome4  ,,teutoburgium1 a =e/ 9 ,g]many1
 r5d]$ fam\s by ! slaught] ( ,v>us & 8  
legions4 ,x began 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,m>si1 
& ext5d$ to ,pad]born1 ,osnaburg1 &     
,mun/]1 betwe5 ! ,ems & ! ,luppia4      
,,?ala1 a t[n 9 ,numidia1 de/roy$ 9 ! w>
 ( ,julius ,cs> aga9/ ,juba4  ,,!b1 a v 
anci5t t[n 9 ! ,high] ,egypt1 on ! ea/  
side ( ! ,nile1 fam\s = its hundr$      
gates4 ,ano!r city ( ! same "n 9 ,botia1
 9 ,greece1 said to h be5 built by      
,cadmus4 ,x _h ! hon\r ( produc+ two    
illu/ri\s *iefs1 ,epam9ondas &          
,pelopidas1 & ,p9d> ! celebrat$ poet4   
,alex&] ras$ x to ! gr\nd2 b sp>$ ! h\se
 & family ( ,p9d>4  ,,!rmes o!rwise     
,,!rma1 a t[n 9 ,mac$onia1 aft]w>ds     

call$ ,!ssalonica1 fam\s = two epi/les (
 ,/4 ,paul to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,! city   
/ood at ! head ( a l>ge bay1 call$ ,!rmu
 ,s9us2 n[ ,golfo di ,saloni*i4         
,,!ssaly1 a c\ntry ( ,greece1 =m]ly a   
great "p ( ,mac$onia4  ,,?racia1 an     
ext5sive region1 b\nd$ to ! nor? by     
,m\nt ,hmus1 to ! s\? by ! gean ,sea1 & 
by ! ,eux9e & ,propontis to ! ea/4 ,9 ! 
"t ( ,tib]ius x 0 an indep5d5t k+dom1 b 
aft]w>ds made a ,roman prov9ce4         
,,?ubascum1 a t[n ( ,mauritania 9       
,africa4  ,,?urii1 a p ( anci5t ,italy1 
inhabit+ a "p ( ,lucania1 betwe5 ! riv]s
 ,cra?is 7n[ ,crate71 & ,syb>is 7n[     
,sib>i74  ,,tib]1 a t[n ( anci5t        
,latium1 situate on ! ,anio1 ab\t tw5ty 
miles f ,rome4 ,"h ,horace _h 8 villa1 &
 x 0 ! frequ5t retreat ( ,augu/us4 ,n[  
,tivoli4  ,,tic9um1 a t[n ( ,insubria1  
situate on ! riv] ,tic9us1 ne> its      
conflu5ce ) ! ,po2 n[ ,pavia1 9 ,milan4 
,,tic9us1 a riv] ( ,italy fall+ into !  
,po1 ne> ! city ( ,tic9um1 or ,pavia2 n[
 ,tes9o4  ,,tigranoc]ta1 a t[n ( ,arm5ia

 ,major1 built by ,tigranes 9 ! "t ( !  
,mi?ridatic w>4 ,! riv] ,nicephorus     
wa%es "o side ( ! t[n4 ,broti] says1 x  
is n[ call$ ,s]t or ,s]$4  ,,tigris1 a  
great riv] b\nd+ ! c\ntry call$         
,mesopotamia to ! ea/1 :ile ! ,euphrates
 incloses x to ! we/4 ,pl9y gives an    
acc\nt ( ! ,tigris1 9 its rise &        
progress1 till x s9ks "u gr\nd ne> ,m\nt
 ,taurus1 & breaks =? aga9 ) a rapid    
curr5t1 fall+ at la/ into ! ,p]sian     
,gulf4 ,x divides into two *annels at   
,seleucia4  ,,tmolus1 a m\nta9 ( ,lydia1
 comm5d$ = its v9es1 its saffron1 its   
fragrant %rubs1 & ! f\nta9-head ( !     
,pactolus4 ,x appe>s f ,tacitus1 t !re 0
 a t[n ( ! same "n1 t /ood ne> ! m\nta94
  ,,tolbiacum1 a t[n ( ,gallia ,belgica2
 n[ ,zulpi*1 or ,zul*1 a small t[n 9 !  
du*y ( ,juli]s4  ,,tralles1 =m]ly a ri* 
& popul\s city ( ,lydia1 n f> f ! riv]  
,me&]4 ,! ru9s are /ill visible4        
,,trapezus1 n[ ,trapezond or ,trebizond1
 a city ) a port 9 ! ,less] ,asia1 on ! 
,eux9e4  ,,treviri1 ! p ( ,treves2 an   

anci5t city ( ! ,l[] ,g]many1 on !      
,moselle4 ,x 0 made a ,roman colony by  
,augu/us1 & became ! mo/ fam\s city (   
,belgic ,gaul4 ,x is n[ ! capital ( an  
electorate ( ! same "n4  ,,triboci1 a p 
( ,belgica1 orig9ally ,g]mans4 ,!y      
inhabit$ ,alsace1 & ! diocese (         
,/rasb\rg4  ,,trimetus1 an isl& 9 !     
,adriatic2 "o ( ^? :i* ! anci5ts call$  
,insul ,diom$e2 x /ill reta9s ! "n (    
,tremiti4 ,x lies ne> ! coa/ ( !        
,capitanate1 a prov9ce ( ! k+dom (      
,naples1 on ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice4           
,,tr9obantes1 a p ( ,brita91 :o inhabit$
 ,middlesex & ,essex4  ,,tubantes1 an   
anci5t p ( ,g]many1 ab\t ,we/phalia4    
,,tungri1 a p ( ,belgia4 ,_! city1      
accord+ to ,cs>1 ,atuaca2 n[ ,tong]51 9 
! bi%opric ( ,liege4  ,,turonii1 a p (  
anci5t ,gaul1 inhabit+ ! ea/ side ( !   
,lig]is 7n[ ! ,loire74 ,h5ce ! mod]n "n 
( ,t\rs4  ,,tusculum1 a t[n ( ,latium1  
to ! nor? ( ,alba1 ab\t twelve miles f  
,rome4 ,x gave ! "n ( ,tusculanum to    
,cic]o's villa1 :]e t great orator wrote

 8 ,tusculan ,que/ions4  ,,tyrus1 an    
anci5t city ( ,phnicia1 situate on an   
isl& s ne> ! cont95t1 t ,alex&] ! ,great
 =m$ x into a p59sula1 by ! mole or     
causey :i* he ?rew up dur+ ! siege4 ,see
 ,curtius1 lib4 iv4 s4 #g4   ,u4        
,,ubian ,,alt>1 an alt> erect$ by !     
,ubii1 on _! removal to ! we/]n side ( !
 ,rh9e1 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us2 b :e!r ?is 0
 at a diff]5t place1 or ! t[n ( ! ,ubii1
 is n kn[n4  ,,ubii1 a p orig9ally (    
,g]many1 b transplant$ by ,augu/us to ! 
we/ side ( ! ,rh9e1 "u ! conduct (      
,agrippa4 ,_! capital 0 !n = a long "t  
call$ ,oppidum ,ubiorum1 &1 at la/1     
*ang$ by ! empress ,agripp9a to ,colonia
 ,agripp95sis2 n[ ,cologne1 ! capital ( 
! electorate ( t "n4  ,,umbria1 a       
division ( ,italy1 to ! s\?-ea/ (       
,etruria1 betwe5 ! ,adriatic & ! ,n>4   
,,uns+is1 a riv] ( ,g]many1 runn+ into !
 sea1 ne> ,gron+52 n[ ! ,huns+4         
,,urb9um1 n[ ,urb9o1 a city = ev] fam\s 
= hav+ giv5 bir? to ,raphael1 !         
celebrat$ pa9t]4  ,,usipii1 or          

,,usipetes1 a p ( ,g]many1 :o1 aft] _!  
expulsion by ! ,catti1 settl$ ne>       
,pad]born4 ,see ,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 
#cb4 & note a4  ,,uspe1 a t[n 9 !       
t]ritory ( ! ,siraci2 n[ de/roy$4   ,v4 
,,vada1 a t[n on ! left-h& side ( !     
,nile1 9 ! isl& ( ,batavia4  ,,vahalis1 
a bran* ( ! ,rh9e2 n[ ! ,waal4 ,see     
,mann]s ( ! ,g]mans1 s4 #bi4 & note a4  
,,vangiones1 orig9ally inhabitants (    
,g]many1 b aft]w>ds settl$ 9 ,gaul2 n[ !
 diocese ( ,worms4  ,,vascones1 a p :o  
inhabit$ ne> ! ,pyr5ees1 occupy+ l&s bo?
 9 ,spa9 & ,gaul4  ,,velabrum1 a place  
at ,rome1 betwe5 ,m\nt ,av5t9e & ,m\nt  
,palat9e1 g5]ally "u wat]1 f ! ov]fl[+ (
 ! ,tib]4 ,prop]tius describes x        
elegantly1 lib4 iv4 eleg4 x4       ,qua 
,velabra suo /agnabant flum9e1 quque    
,nauta p] urbanas velificabat aquas4    
,,vel9us1 a lake 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,sab9es4
  ,,v5eti1 a p ( ,gallia ,celtica1 :o   
inhabit$ :at is n[ call$ ,vannes1 9 !   
s\? ( ,britanny1 & also a consid]able   
tract on ! o!r side ( ! ,alps1 ext5d+ f 

! ,po along ! ,adriatic1 to ! m\? ( !   
,i/]4  ,,v]cell1 n[ ,v]celli 9 ,pi$mont4
  ,,v]ona1 n[ ,v]ona1 9 ! t]ritory (    
,v5ice1 on ! ,adige4  ,,vesontium1 !    
capital ( ! ,sequani2 n[ ,besanon1 !    
*ief city ( ,burgundy4  ,,vet]a1 i4e4   
,vet]a ,ca/ra4 ,! ,old ,camp1 :i* 0 a   
=tifi$ /ation = ! legions2 n[ ,sant51 9 
! du*y ( ,cleves1 n f> f ! ,rh9e4  ,,via
 ,,sal>ia1 a road lead+ f ! salt-works  
at ,o/ia to ! c\ntry ( ! ,sab9es4       
,,viadrus1 n[ ! ,od]1 runn+ ?r\gh       
,silesia1 ,br&5burg1 ,pom]ania1 &       
dis*>g+ itself into ! ,baltic4          
,,vicetia1 n[ ,vic5za1 a t[n 9 !        
t]ritory ( ,v5ice4  ,,vi5n1 a city (    
,n>bonese ,gaul2 n[ ,vi5ne1 9 ,dauph94  
,,v9delici1 a p inhabit+ ! c\ntry (     
,v9delicia1 ne> ! ,danube1 ) ! ,rhti to 
! s\?2 n[ "p ( ,bav>ia & ,suabia4       
,,v9donissa1 n[ ,w9dis*1 9 ! canton (   
,b]n1 9 ,swiss]l&4  ,,visurgis1 a riv] (
 ,g]many1 made fam\s by ! slaught] (    
,v>us & 8 legions2 n[ ! ,wes]1 runn+    
nor? betwe5 ,we/phalia & ,l[] ,saxony1  

into ! ,g]man ,sea4  ,,vocetius ,,mons1 
a m\nta9 ( ! ,helvetii1 ?\ght to be !   
r\ghe/ "p ( ,m\nt ,jura1 to :i* !       
,helvetii fl$ :5 defeat$ by ,cc9a4 ,see 
,hi/4 i4 s4 #fg4  ,,volsci1 a p[]ful p (
 anci5t ,latium1 ext5d+ f ,antium1 _!   
capital1 to ! ,upp] ,liris1 & ! conf9es 
( ,campania4  ,,vuls9ii1 or ,,vols9ii1 a
 city ( ,etruria1 ! native place (      
,sejanus2 n[ ,bols5o1 or ,bols5na4   ,z4
  ,,zeugma1 a t[n on ! ,euphrates1 fam\s
 = a bridge ov] ! riv]4 ,see ,pl9y1 lib1
 v4 s4 #bd4