,,read+s ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(           
,,education   ,,m$iaeval ,,univ]sities  
,,by ,,ar?ur ,o4 ,,norton   ,assi/ant   
,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory & ,art ( ,tea*+ 9 
,h>v>d ,univ]sity    ,,cambridge        
,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity      
#aiji    ,,preface   ,^! read+s 9 !     
hi/ory ( m$iaeval univ]sities are ! fir/
 in/allm5t ( a s]ies1 :i* ,i h plann$ ) 
! view ( illu/rat+1 ma9ly f ! s\rces1 ! 
hi/ory ( mod]n education 9 ,europe &    
,am]ica4 ,!y are int5d$ = use aft] !    
mann] ( ! s\rce books or collections (  
docum5ts :i* h s va/ly improv$ ! tea*+ (
 g5]al hi/ory 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,no argum5t 
is ne$$ z to ! importance ( su* a       
collection = effective tea*+ ( ! hi/ory 
( education2 b ,i w\ld urge t ! subject 
requires 9 a peculi> degree ri* & full  
illu/ration f ! s\rces4 ,! life ( s*ool1
 college1 or univ]sity is v>i$1 vivid1  
ev5 dramatic1 :ile we live x2 b1 once x 
has pass$1 x becomes ?9n] & m spectral  
?an almo/ any o!r hi/orical fact4 ,its  
orig9al records are1 9 all consci5ce1 ?9

 en\gh2 ! situation is /ill worse :5 !y 
are work$ ov] at ?ird or f\r? h&1       
flatt5$ out2 smoo!d d[n1 & desiccat$ 9 !
 pages ( a mod]n hi/ory ( education4    
,su* hi/ories are ( c\rse necess>y to   
effective tea*+ ( ! subject2 b ! records
 alone c clo! ! dry bones ( fact ) fle% 
& blood4 ,only by turn+ back to !m d we 
ga9 a s5se ( p]sonal intimacy ) ! pa/2  
only ?us c we realize t s*ools &        
univ]sities ( o!r days 7 n less real ?an
 ^? ( to-day1 tea*]s & /ud5ts ( o!r     
g5]ations n less vividly alive ?an we1  
academic que/ions n less unsettl$ or    
less eag]ly debat$4 ,to ga9 ?is s5se (  
concrete1 liv+ reality 9 ! hi/ory (     
education is "o ( ! mo/ important /eps  
t[>d und]/&+ ! subject4  ,9 select+ &   
arrang+ ! records "h pres5t$ ,i h _h 9  
m9d *iefly ! ne$s ( /ud5ts :o are tak+ !
 usual introductory c\rses 9 ! subject4 
,/ud5ts ( g5]al hi/ory--a subject 9 :i* 
m & m acc\nt is tak5 ( culture 9 ! broad
 s5se ( ! t]m--may also f9d !m useful4  
,)9 ! necess>ily limit$ space ,i h *os5 

to illu/rate 9 "s detail a few aspects (
 ! hi/ory ( m$iaeval univ]sities r ?an  
to deal briefly ) a l>ge numb] ( topics4
 ,_m important matt]s1 n "h t\*$ ^u1 are
 res]v$ = future treatm5t4 ,"s docum5ts 
p]t95t to ! topics "h discuss$ are n    
reproduc$ because !y are easily         
accessible else:]e2 ^! are m5tion$ 9 !  
bibliographical note at ! close ( !     
volume4  ,9 writ+ ! descriptive &       
explanatory text ,i h attempt$ only to  
indicate ! g5]al significance ( !       
translations1 & to supply in=mation n   
easily obta9$1 or n cle>ly giv5 9 !     
ref]5ces or text-books :i*1 x is assum$1
 ! /ud5t w read 9 connection ) ?is "w4  
,x w\ld be possible to write a comm5t>y 
( g5u9ely m$iaeval proportions on !     
selections "h giv52 d\btless _m ( !     
details w\ld be cle>] = su* a comm5t>y4 
,"s ( ^! are expla9$ by cross-ref]5ces 9
 ! body ( ! text2 9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ,i h  
pref]r$ to let ! docum5ts /& = _! face  
value to ! av]age read]4  ,i h giv5     
especial att5tion to univ]sity /udies   

7pp4 #cg-hj7 & univ]sity ex]cises 7pp4  
#ajg-acd7 because ^! important subjects 
are unusually difficult = mo/ /ud5ts1 & 
because surpris+ly few illu/rations ( !m
 f ! s\rces h be5 h]et(ore easily       
accessible 9 ,engli%4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re  
has n be51 ,i believe1 a previ\s        
translation ( any consid]able passage f 
! mu* discuss$ & mu* criticis$ m$iaeval 
comm5t>ies on univ]sity text-books4 ,!  
selection "h giv5 7pp4 #ei-ge7 is n     
int5d$ = cont9u\s read+2 b x w fully    
repay close & repeat$ exam9ation4 ,n    
infrequ5tly s+le s5t5ces ( ?is comm5t>y 
are ! outcropp+s ( :ole volumes (       
m$iaeval ?\ght & controv]sy2 inde$      
anyone :o foll[s to ! end ea* ( ! l9es (
 /udy sugge/$ w h at comm& a v          
respectable bit ( k conc]n+ !           
intellectual life ( ! middle ages4 ,!   
passage requires m explanation by !     
tea*]1 or m prelim9>y k on ! "p ( !     
/ud5t1 ?an any o!r selection 9 ! book4  
,! s\rces f :i* ! selections h be5 made 
are indicat$ 9 ! footnotes to ! text ,my

 great indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,ha/+s       
,ra%dall's ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 !   
,middle ,ages is also !re indicat$4     
,messrs4 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons & ,mr4  
,joseph ,mc,cabe g5]\sly gave me        
p]mission to quote m ext5sive passages f
 ! latt]'s brilliant biography ( ,abel>d
 ?an ,i f9ally f\nd x possible to use4  
,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,moore has be5 my *ief  
assi/ant 9 ! prep>ation ( ! manuscript2 
mo/ ( ! translations n o!rwise cr$it$   
are due to 8 c>eful "w1 b ,i am         
responsible = ! v]sion f9ally adopt$ 9  
num]\s passages 9 :i* ! int]pretation   
dep5ds on a k ( detail$ hi/orical facts4
 ,9 conclusion1 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor  
,*>les ,h4 ,hask9s & ,pr(essor ,leo     
,wi5] = in=mation :i* has sp>$ me _m    
days ( rese>* on obscure details1 &     
,pr(essor ,paul ,h4 ,hanus = sugge/ions 
:i* h contribut$ to ! cle>ness ( ! text4
  ,a4,o4,n4     ,,cont5ts               
,,page   ,i4 ,,introduction             
#a   ,,ii4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,!     
,,twelf? ,,c5tury                     #d

  ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,univ]sities   
#ac       #a4 ,tea*]s & ,/ud5ts ( !     
,twelf? ,c5tury         7a7 ,abel>d     
#ac         7b7 ,john ( ,salisbury      
#be      #b4 ,! ,new ,me?od             
#ce      #c4 ,! ,new ,/udies            
#cg         7a7 ,! ,works ( ,ari/otle   
#dj         7b7 ,roman ,law             
#di         7c7 ,canon ,law             
#ee         7d7 ,!ology                 
#gf         7e7 ,m$ic9e                 
#gh         7f7 ,o!r ,univ]sity         
,text-books                        #gh  
#d4 ,univ]sity ,privileges              
#hj         7a7 ,special ,protection by 
! ,sov]eign                #ha          
7b7 ,! ,"r ( ,trial 9 ,special ,c\rts   
#hf         7c7 ,exemption f ,taxation  
#hh         7d7 ,! ,privilege ( ,susp5d+
 ,lectures 7,cessatio7    #ib           
7e7 ,! ,"r ( ,tea*+ ,ev]y:]e            
7,jus ubique doc5di7                    
#if         7f7 ,privileges ,grant$ by a
 ,municipality               #ih        
7g7 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,m$iaeval ,privileges

             on ,mod]n ,univ]sities     
#aja      #e4 ,univ]sities ,f\nd$ by !  
,initiative ( ,civil         or         
,ecclesia/ical ,p[]s                    
#ajb  ,,iv4 ,,univ]sity ,,ex]cises      
#ajg       7a7 ,! ,lecture              
#ajg      7b7 ,! ,disputation           
#aae      7c7 ,! ,exam9ation            
#abd      7d7 ,a ,day's ,"w 9 #adgf     
#acb      7e7 ,"t-table ( ,lectures at  
,leipzig1 #aeai              #acb    ,v4
 ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,degrees ,,9    
,,arts                     #ace         
#a4 ,p>is1 #abed                        
#acf      #b4 ,p>is1 #acff              
#ach      #c4 ,ox=d1 #abfg & 787 #adjh  
#ach      #d4 ,leipzig1 ,a4,b41 #adaj   
#aci      #e4 ,leipzig1 ,a4,m41 #adaj   
#aci      #f4 ,leipzig1 ,a4,b4 & ,a4,m41
 #aeai                          #acd    
,,vi4 ,,academic ,,lett]s               
#ada       #a4 ,lett]s ,relat+ to ,p>is 
#ada      #b4 ,two ,ox=d ,lett]s ( !    
,fifte5? ,c5tury           #adi         
,,read+s ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(           

,,education     ,i  ,,introduction   ,! 
hi/ory ( education1 l all o!r bran*es ( 
hi/ory1 is bas$ ^u docum5ts4 ,hi/orical 
docum5ts are1 9 g5]al1 ! traces :i* h   
be5 left by ! ?\ghts & actions ( m5 (   
=m] times2 ! t]m commonly ref]s to !    
orig9al records or s\rces f :i* our k ( 
hi/orical facts is d]iv$4 ,! docum5ts   
mo/ g5]ally us$ by hi/orians are writt5 
or pr9t$4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( education alone 
^! are ( ! greate/ v>iety2 z is %[n 9 ! 
foll[+ pages1 among !m are univ]sity    
*>t]s1 proce$+s1 regulations1 lectures1 
text-books1 ! /atutes ( /ud5t           
organizations1 p]sonal lett]s1          
autobiographies1 contempor>y acc\nts (  
univ]sity life1 & laws made by civil or 
ecclesia/ical au?orities to regulate    
univ]sity affairs4 ,simil> v>ieties (   
records exi/ = o!r educational          
in/itutions & activities4 ,! imm5se     
masses ( su* writt5 or pr9t$ mat]ials   
produc$ to-day1 ev5 to ! copy-book ( !  
prim>y s*ool & ! /ud5t's note-book (    
college lectures1 w1 if !y survive1     

become docum5ts = ! future hi/orian (   
education4  ,! kn[n s\rces = ! hi/ory ( 
education 9 we/]n ,europe s9ce ! twelf? 
c5tury--to g no fur!r afield--are       
exce$+ly num]\s1 & widely spread among  
v>i\s public & private collections2 !   
labor ( a lifetime w\ld h>dly suffice to
 exam9e !m all critically4 ,nev]!less _m
 pr9t$ & writt5 docum5ts h be5 collect$1
 edit$1 & publi%$ 9 _! orig9al          
languages2 & 9 "s in/ances ! collections
 are fairly complete1 or at lea/ fairly 
repres5tative ( ! docum5ts 9 exi/5ce4   
,assum+ t !y are accurate copies ( !    
orig9al records1 _m are n[ easily       
accessible to /ud5ts ( ! subject1 s9ce  
^! reproductions may be own$ by all l>ge
 libr>ies4  ,^! records1 rightly        
appreh5d$1 h f> m ?an a m]e antiqu>ian  
int]e/4 ,! hi/ory ( m$iaeval univ]sities
 is pr(\ndly important1 n only = /ud5ts1
 b also = adm9i/rators1 ( mod]n high]   
education4 ,= to a surpris+ degree !    
daily & h\rly conduct ( univ]sity       
affairs ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is influ5c$  

by :at univ]sities did six c5turies ago4
 ,on ?is po9t ! words ( ,mr4 ,ha/+s     
,ra%dall1 a lead+ au?ority on m$iaeval  
univ]sities1 are in/ructive3 444 ,if we 
w\ld completely und]/& ! mean+ ( (fices1
 titles1 c]emonies1 organizations       
pres]v$ 9 ! mo/ mod]n1 mo/ practical1   
mo/ unpicturesque ( ! in/itutions :i* n[
 be> ! "n ( ',univ]sity1' we mu/ g back 
to ! e>lie/ days ( ! e>lie/ ,univ]sities
 t ev] exi/$1 & trace ! hi/ory ( _! *ief
 successors ?r\gh ! sev5 c5turies t     
int]v5e betwe5 ! rise ( ,bologna or     
,p>is1 & ! f\ndation ( ! new ,univ]sity 
( ,/rassburg 9 ,g]many1 or ( ! ,victoria
 ,univ]sity 9 ,engl&4  ,k ( ! subject   
%\ld1 h[ev]1 yield mu* m ?an und]/&+3 x 
%\ld also influ5ce ! practical attitudes
 ( ^? :o are conc]n$ ) univ]sity        
affairs4 ,"h ,i take issue ) ^?         
hi/orians :o hold t hi/ory supplies no  
in=mation ( practical utility 9 !       
conduct ( life2 no lessons directly     
pr(itable to individuals & peoples4 ,!  
evid5ce _c be exhibit$ "h1 b su*        

in=mation notori\sly has be5 ( ! utmo/  
practical value 9 education1 bo? 9 %ap+ 
influ5tial !ories & 9 det]m9+ ev5 m9ute 
details ( educational practice4 ,!re is 
no reason to suppose t x may n cont9ue  
to be ?us s]viceable4 ,o!r utilities (  
univ]sity hi/ory are less direct1 b n   
less important4 ,! /udy ( individual    
in/itutions & _! v>y+ circum/ances &    
problems prep>es u to und]/& & tol]ate a
 v>iety ( usages2 ! /udy ( _! gr[? n    
only cures u ( a morbid dread ( *ange1 b
 also leads u to view _! progressive    
adaptation to new conditions z necess>y 
& desirable4 ,if su* /udy tea*es only ^!
 two lessons to ^? :o may h]eaft] %ape !
 c\rse ( educational affairs x m ?an    
ju/ifies itself4 ,= to eradicate t      
intol]ance ( v>iety 9 educational       
practice s *>act]i/ic ( ! academic man (
 ! pa/1 & to dim9i% 9 future g5]ations 8
 equally *>act]i/ic opposition to *anges
 involv+ adaptation to new conditions1  
is to r5d] "o ( ! greate/ possible      
s]vices to educational progress4        

,,ii  ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? 
,,c5tury   ,dur+ ! twelf? c5tury a great
 educational revival manife/$ itself 9  
we/]n ,europe1 foll[+ ^u sev]al c5turies
 ( intellectual decl9e or relative      
inactivity4 ,?\gh its beg9n+s may be    
trac$ into ! elev5? c5tury1 & ?\gh its  
culm9ation belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod1 
! movem5t is (t5 call$ ! ,r5aissance ( !
 ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,9 t c5tury x fir/    
appe>s z a widely diffus$ & rapidly gr[+
 movem5t1 & x !n takes on di/9ctly !    
*>act]i/ics :i* m>k its lat] developm5t4
 ,! revival appe>s fir/ 9 ,italy &      
,france2 f ^! regions x spreads dur+ !  
next ?ree c5turies into ,engl&1 ,spa91  
,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,scotl&4      
,c]ta9 facts conc]n+ ?is educational    
,r5aissance %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood 9   
connection ) ! foll[+ selections3  #a4  
,to m5 ( ! times x fir/ %[$ itself z a  
r5ewal ( activity 9 exi/+ s*ools4 ,"h & 
!re appe>$ em95t tea*]s2 to !m resort$  
increas+ numb]s ( /ud5ts f great] &     
great] di/ances4 ,9 a few ye>s "s ( ^!  

in/itutions became s*ools ( int]national
 fame4 ,! newly r\s$ en?usiasm = /udy 9 
,france at ! op5+ ( ! twelf? c5tury is  
?us describ$ by a mod]n writ]3       ,! 
s*ola/ic fev]1 :i* 0 soon to inflame !  
y\? ( !      :ole ( ,europe1 _h already 
set 94 ,y c\ld n travel f>      ov] !   
r\gh roads ( ,france )\t meet+ "s       
footsore      s*ol>1 mak+ = ! ne>e/ l>ge
 mona/]y or ca!dral      t[n4 ,be=e _m  
ye>s1 x is true1 !re arose an elaborate 
sy/em ( conveyance f t[n to t[n1 an     
organization (      mess5g]s to run     
betwe5 ! *ateau & ! s*ool2 b 9 !        
e>li] days1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ev5 lat]1 ! 
s*ol>      w&]$ afoot ?r\gh ! long      
prov9ces ( ,france4 ,robb]s1            
frequ5tly 9 ! s]vice ( ! "l ( ! l&1     
infe/$ e      prov9ce4 ,x 0 safe/ to don
 ! co>se frieze tunic ( !      pilgrim1 
)\t pockets1 sl+ y\r little wax tablets 
&      /ylus at y\r girdle1 /rap a      
wallet ( bread & h]bs & salt      on y\r
 back1 & laugh at ! n]v\s folk :o peep$ 
out f      _! coa*es ov] a h$ge ( pikes 

& dagg]s4 ,few mona/]ies      refus$ a  
meal or a r\gh b$ to ! w&]+ s*ol>4      
,r>ely      0 any fee exact$ = ! lesson 
giv54 ,= ! re/1 none 7      too pr\d to 
e>n a few s\s by sweep+1 or draw+ wat]1 
or      amus+ ) a tune on ! re$-flute2  
or to we> ! ca/-(f      tunics ( _!     
ma/]s4#a  ,?is acc\nt ref]s to ! /udy ( 
logic & !ology1 :i* soon became dom9ant 
9 ,p>is & 9 v>i\s ca!dral s*ools 9 o!r  
p>ts ( ,france4 ,) slight modifications 
x w\ld describe also ! revival ( int]e/ 
9 ,roman law 9 ,italy1 especially at    
,bologna4  #b4 ,! revival 0 conc]n$     
ma9ly ) pr(essional1 or--z lat]         
appe>$--univ]sity1 education4 ,!        
prevail+ int]e/ 0 9 ,law1 ,m$ic9e1      
,!ology1 & ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle4    
,s*ools ( l[] grade 7 mu* influ5c$ by ! 
intellectual activity ( ! times1 b !    
*>act]i/ic product ( ?is movem5t 0 !    
univ]sity4 ,! univ]sities1 organiz$ z   
corporations1 ) _! tea*]s divid$ into   
faculties1 _! def9ite c\rses ( /udy1 _! 
exam9ations1 _! degrees1 _! privileges1 

& _! cosmopolitan communities ( /ud5ts1 
7 n only ! result ( ! revival1 b !y 7   
in/itutions ess5tially new 9 ! hi/ory ( 
education1 & ! models = all univ]sities 
:i* h s9ce be5 e/abli%$4  #c4 ,betwe5 ! 
latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury & #aejj      
,a4,d4 at lea/ sev5ty-n9e univ]sities 7 
e/abli%$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!re may h be5
 o!rs ( :i* no trace rema9s4 ,sev]al (  
!m 7 %ort-liv$1 "s la/+ b a few ye>s2 t5
 disappe>$ be=e #aejj4 ,s9ce t date     
tw5ty o!rs h become ext9ct4 ,! =ty-n9e  
,european univ]sities ( to-day :i* 7    
f\nd$ be=e #aejj h all pass$ ?r\gh _m   
*anges 9 "* & v>i\s p]iods ( prosp]ity &
 decl9e1 b we /ill recognize 9 !m !     
*>act]i/ic features m5tion$ above1 & !  
same features reappe> 9 ! mo/ mod]n1 mo/
 practical1 mo/ unpicturesque ( !       
in/itutions :i* n[ be> ! "n (           
',univ]sity4' ,?is is "o illu/ration ( !
 /atem5t on page #b t ! daily & h\rly   
conduct ( univ]sity affairs 9 ! tw5tie? 
c5tury is to a surpris+ degree influ5c$ 
by :at univ]sities did sev5 c5turies    

ago4  #d4 ,! t]m ,univ]sity has always  
be5 difficult to def9e4 ,9 ! ,middle    
,ages its mean+ v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 &
 *ang$ some:at 9 ! c5turies betwe5 #abjj
 & #aejj ,a4,d4 ,9 ^! pages x signifies 
9 g5]al an in/itution = high] education2
 & in/itution means1 n a gr\p ( build+s1
 b a society ( tea*]s or /ud5ts         
organiz$1 & ultimately incorporat$1 =   
mutual aid & protection1 & = ! purpose (
 imp>t+ or secur+ high] education4      
,orig9ally1 univ]sities 7 m]ely guilds (
 ,ma/]s or ,s*ol>s2 z su* !y 7          
imitations ( ! num]\s guilds ( artisans 
& tradesm5 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,out ( !  
simple organization & cu/oms ( ^! guilds
 grew ! elaborate organization &        
c]emonials ( lat] univ]sities4  ,!re 7  
two ma9 types ( univ]sity               
organization1--! ,univ]sity ( ,ma/]s1 & 
! ,univ]sity ( ,/ud5ts4 ,9 ! =m]1--:i*  
is ! type ( all mod]n univ]sities1--!   
gov]nm5t & in/ruction ( /ud5ts 7        
regulat$ by ! ,ma/]s or ,doctors4 ,9 !  
latt]1 ^! matt]s 7 controll$ by !       

/ud5ts1 :o also prescrib$ rules = !     
conduct ( ! ,ma/]s4 ,p>is & ,bologna 71 
respectively1 ! orig9al repres5tatives (
 ^! types4 ,p>is 0 ! orig9al ,univ]sity 
( ,ma/]s2 its patt]n 0 copi$1 ) "s      
modifications1 by ! univ]sities (       
,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 &       
,scotl&4 ,bologna 0 ! ar*etypal         
,univ]sity ( ,/ud5ts2 its organization 0
 imitat$1 also ) v>iations1 by !        
univ]sities ,italy1 ,france 7except     
,p>is71 ,spa91 & ,portugal4  ,9 & aft] !
 ?irte5? c5tury1 ! place or s*ool 9 :i* 
a univ]sity exi/$ 0 almo/ always call$ a
 ,/udium ,g5]ale1 i4e4 a place to :i*   
/ud5ts resort$1 or 7 invit$1 f all      
c\ntries4 ,?is t]m 0 us$ 9 contra/ to   
,/udium ,p>ticul>e1 i4e4 any s*ool 9 :i*
 a ,ma/] 9 a t[n taught a few s*ol>s4 ,9
 ! ,/udium ,g5]ale in/ruction 0 giv5 by 
sev]al ,ma/]s1 9 "o or m ( ! ,faculties 
( ,arts1 ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology4 ,9 "t
 ! t]m came to be synonym\s )           
,univ]sity2 x is s us$ 9 ?is book4  #e4 
,! !oretically complete m$iaeval        

univ]sity conta9$ ! f\r faculties (     
,arts1 ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e4 ,^! we 
f9d reproduc$ 9 "s mod]n univ]sities4   
,!n1 z n[1 h[ev]1 x 0 n common to f9d !m
 all equally well develop$ 9 any s+le   
in/itution2 _m possess$ only two or ?ree
 faculties1 & "s _h b "o4 ,!re are r>e  
in/ances ( five faculties1 ow+ to !     
subdivision ( ,law4 ,at ,p>is1 ! /ronge/
 faculties 7 ^? ( ,arts & ,!ology2 ,law 
& ,m$ic9e 7 9 comp>ison b feebly        
repres5t$4 ,at ,bologna1 on ! o!r h&1 ! 
/udy ( ,law 0 pr$om9ant1 al?\gh ! ,arts1
 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology 7 also taught !re4  
#f4 ,! /udies pursu$ 9 ! v>i\s faculties
 9 & aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 9 g5]al z  
foll[s3  ,9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts3  #a4 ,! 
?ree philosophies--,natural1 ,moral1 &  
,rational--( ,ari/otle1 toge!r ) 8      
,logic1 ,rhetoric1 & ,politics4 ,( ^!1  
,logic & ,rhetoric are includ$ bel[4    
#b4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts1 compris+    
,gramm>4           7a7                  
,rhetoric4                              
,logic4                                 

,ari?metic4           7b7               
,geometry4                              
,music4                                 
,a/ronomy4  ,9 ! ,faculty ( ,law3  #a4  
,! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis1 or body (   
,roman ,civil ,law1 compil$ at          
,con/ant9ople #ebi-ecc ,a4,d41 "u       
direction ( ! ,roman ,emp]or ,ju/9ian4  
#b4 ,! ,canon ,law1 or law gov]n+ !     
,*ur*1 ( :i* ! fir/ "p 0 compil$ by !   
monk ,gratian ab\t ! ye> #aadb4 ,8      
compilation ( ! ,canon ,law is usually  
ref]r$ to z ! ,decretum ,gratiani4  ,9 !
 ,faculty ( ,!ology3    #a4 ,! ,s5t5ces 
( ,pet] ,lomb>d4   #b4 ,! ,bible4  ,9 ! 
,faculty ( ,m$ic9e3    #a4 ,! works (   
,hippocrates4   #b4 ,! works ( ,gal54   
#c4 ,m$ical treatises ( v>i\s ,arabic & 
,jewi% writ]s ( !      sev5? c5tury     
,a4,d4 & lat]4  ,^! /udies w be describ$
 m fully 9 connection ) ! selections on 
pages #cg-hc4  ,n all ( ! works m5tion$ 
"u ^! divisions 7 includ$ 9 ! regul>    
programme ( any univ]sity2 ! actual     
/udies requir$ = ! v>i\s degrees consi/$

 r 9 selections f ^! works4 ,!          
selections *os5 v>i$ some:at 9 diff]5t  
univ]sities2 moreov]1 ! c\rse 9 any giv5
 univ]sity *ang$ f "t to "t4            
,consequ5tly ! degrees ( ,a4,b4 &       
,a4,m41 z well z degrees 9 ,law1        
,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology1 probably nev]       
repres5t$ exactly ! same set ( /udies 9 
any consid]able numb] ( univ]sities1 nor
 did !y ev5 repres5t exactly ! same "w =
 _m ye>s 9 any s+le univ]sity4 ,?is     
corresponds exactly ) ! situation 9     
mod]n univ]sities1 al?\gh at pres5t !   
v>iations 9 /udies = ! same degree are  
great] & ! *anges 9 any giv5 univ]sity  
are usually m rapid ?an !y 7 9 !        
univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages4  ,x is   
necess>y to rememb] t all ! text-books 7
 9 ,lat94 ,^? writt5 orig9ally 9 o!r    
tongues 7 translat$ into ,lat94 ,all    
univ]sity ex]cises 7 conduct$ 9 t       
language1 & frequ5tly ! regulations     
requir$ /ud5ts to use ,lat9 9           
conv]sation outside ! lecture halls4    
,lat9 01 9 %ort1 ! univ]sal academic    

tongue4 ,obvi\sly1 ! use ( ! same       
language ev]y:]e facilitat$ ! migration 
( /ud5ts & tea*]s f "o univ]sity to     
ano!r4  #g4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ univ]sities 7
 n e/abli%$ z organiz$ in/itutions until
 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !        
intellectual movem5t :i* gave rise to !m
 0 well "u way a c5tury e>li]4 ,x %[$   
itself fir/ 9 ! rise ( great tea*]s1 "s 
( :om 7 also notable s*ol>s4 ,!re has   
nev] be5 a cle>] demon/ration ( ! c5tral
 importance 9 education ( ! di/+ui%$    
tea*]3       ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf?    
c5tury ?ree s*ools are      di/+ui%$ 9 !
 contempor>y lit]ature above ! multitude
      :i* _h sprung into new life 9     
,france & 7 connect$ )      s _m ( h]   
ca!drals & religi\s h\ses4 ,^! ?ree 7   
at ,laon1 ,p>is1 & ,*>tres4 ,x w\ld be m
 accurate to say1      !y 7 ! s*ools (  
,anselm & ,ralph1 ( ,william (          
,*ampeaux1 & ( ,b]n>d ,sylve/]4 ,= 9 ^? 
days ! s*ool      foll[$ ! tea*]1 n !   
tea*] ! s*ool4 ,:]ev] a      ma/] liv$1 
!re he taught2 & ?i!r1 9 proportion to 8

      r5[n1 /ud5ts assembl$ f :atev]    
qu>t]4444 ,! tie 0      a p]sonal "o1 & 
0 g5]ally sev]$ by ! ma/]'s dea?4       
,a succession ( great tea*]s 9 "o place 
0 a r>e exception2      nor is su* an   
exception af=d$ by ! hi/ory ( any ( !   
?ree s*ools to :i* we h ref]r$4#b  ,9 ^!
 days1 :5 education requires a m & m    
elaborate equipm5t ( build+s1 libr>ies1 
laboratories1 & museums1 x is no long]  
possible = tea*]s1 h[ev] di/+ui%$1 to   
attract ?rongs ( /ud5ts to places       
absolutely unprovid$ ) ! res\rces =     
tea*+1 or to provide ^! res\rces any:]e 
on ! spur ( ! mom5t ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 
on ! contr>y1 ! only necess>y equipm5t  
consi/$ 9 ! ma/]1 8 small libr>y :i*    
c\ld be c>ri$ by "o man2 wax tablets1 or
 p5s1 ink1 & vellum or p>*m5t = !       
/ud5ts2 & any k9d ( a %elt] :i* w\ld    
s]ve z a protection f ! wea!r4 ,n ev5   
b5*es or *airs 7 necess>y1 = /ud5ts     
commonly sat ^u ! /raw-/rewn floors ( ! 
lecture rooms4 ,?us ! s*ool might easily
 foll[ ! tea*] 9 8 migrations1 & easily 

s9k into obscurity or disappe> ^u 8 dea?
 or cessation f tea*+4 ,! autobiography 
( ,abel>d 7see page #ad71 rec\nts an    
exp]i5ce unusual 9 itself1 b p]fectly   
illu/rative ( ! po9t4 ,aft] relat+ v>i\s
 mis=tunes & p]secutions he cont9ues3   
,s ,i betook myself to a c]ta9 wild]ness
 previ\sly kn[n to      me1 & !re on l& 
giv5 to me by c]ta9 ones1 ) !           
cons5t ( ! ,bi%op ( ! region1 ,i        
con/ruct$ out ( re$s      & /raw a sort 
( oratory 9 ! "n ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity      
:]e1 9 company ) "o ( our cl]gy1 ,i     
might truly *ant to      ! ,"l3 ,lo ,i h
 w&]$ f> (f1 & h rema9$ 9 !             
wild]ness4       ,z soon z ,s*ol>s le>n$
 ?is !y began to ga!r f e      side1    
leav+ cities & ca/les to dwell 9 !      
wild]ness1 &      9 place ( _! spaci\s  
homes to build small tab]nacles =       
!mselves1 & 9 place ( delicate food to  
live on h]bs ( !      fields & co>se    
bread1 & 9 place ( s(t c\*es to make up 
b$s ( /raw & grass1 & 9 place ( tables  
to pile up      sods4#c  ,,footnotes3   

,footnote #a3 ,adapt$ f ,joseph         
,mc,cabe1 ,abel>d1 pp4 #g1 #h4          
,footnote #b3 ,r4,l4 ,poole1            
,illu/rations f ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ieval    
,?\ght1 p4 #aji4  ,footnote #c3 ,petri  
,abael>di ,op]a1 edd4 ,c\s9 et ,j\rda91 
,i1 p4 #be4     ,,iii  ,,! ,,rise ,,(   
,,m$iaeval ,,univ]sities   ,! influ5ces 
contribut+ to ! rise ( univ]sities 7    
num]\s1 & 9 _m cases obscure4 ,! mo/    
important 73 #a4 ,inspir+ & orig9al     
tea*]s1 :o ga!r$ ab\t !m great numb]s ( 
/ud5ts4 #b4 ,a new me?od ( tea*+4 #c4 ,a
 new gr\p ( /udies4 #d4 ,privileges     
grant$ to s*ol>s & ma/]s by civil &     
ecclesia/ical au?orities4 #e4 ,! direct 
initiative ( ^? au?orities 9 e/abli%+   
univ]sities by decree4 ,! read+s :i*    
foll[ are *os5 to illu/rate ^!          
influ5ces4   #a4 ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts  
,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury   7a7 ,a      
,pre-,univ]sity ,tea*]3 ,abel>d  ,among 
! tea*]s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! twelf? c5tury1 
two 7 ( especial significance 9 ! lat]  
intellectual developm5t ( !             

p]iod1--,irn]ius 7ca4 #ajgj-aacj7 at    
,bologna1 & ,abel>d 7#ajgi-aadb7 at     
,p>is4 ,!y 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! univ]sities  
:i* began to take =m at ! end ( ! twelf?
 c5tury 9 ^? cities4 ,irn]ius m>ks a new
 epo* 9 ! /udy ( ! body ( ,roman ,law2  
foll[+ ! traditions ( tea*+ :i* he      
e/abli%$1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna became
 ! mo/ prom95t s*ool ( law 9 ,europe4 ,9
 a simil> way ,abel>d m>ks at ,p>is !   
introduction ( a new me?od ( tea*+ &    
inve/igation1 an attitude ( intellectual
 indep5d5ce on !ological que/ions1 & a  
p]man5tly influ5tial position 9 s*ola/ic
 philosophy2 foll[+ 8 initiative !      
,univ]sity ( ,p>is became ! lead+ s*ool 
( ,philosophy & ,!ology4 ,^! two        
in/itutions1--,bologna & ,p>is1--7 9    
turn ! models = all o!r m$iaeval        
univ]sities1 n only 9 organization1 b   
also s f> z ! /udy ( ,law1 ,!ology1 &   
,philosophy 0 conc]n$4 ,h5ce1           
indirectly1 ! influ5ce ( ,abel>d &      
,irn]ius 0 widely diffus$ & long        
cont9u$4  ,! docum5ts relat+ to ,irn]ius

 are scanty4 ,= a discussion ( 8        
influ5ce on ! tea*+ ( ,roman ,law1 see  
,ra%dall1 ,i1 *4 iv1 & especially pages 
#aba-abg4 ,conc]n+ ,abel>d ! records are
 abundant4  ,abel>d1 ! elde/ son ( a    
noble family ( ,pallet 7,palais71       
,brittany1 0 9 8 day ! mo/ r5[n$ tea*] 9
 ,france4 ,in/ead ( becom+ ! head ( 8   
family & adopt+ ! c>e] ( a soldi]1 he   
ab&on$ 8 bir?right & ! pr(ession ( arms 
= ! life ( ! s*ol> & ! battlefields (   
debate4 ,8 e>ly life z a /ud5t w&]+ f   
s*ool to s*ool is ?us describ$ by       
himself3       ,! m fully & easily ,i   
advanc$ 9 ! /udy ( lett]s !      m      
ard5tly ,i clung to !m1 & ,i became s   
enamor$ ( !m      t1 ab&on+ to my bro!rs
 ! pomp ( glory1 toge!r )      my       
inh]itance & ! rights ( ! elde/ son1 ,i 
resign$ f      ! ,c\ncils ( ,w> t ,i    
might be educat$ 9 ! camp (      ,m9]va4
 ,& s9ce among all ! weapons (          
philosophy ,i      pref]r$ ! arms (     
logic1 ,i ex*ang$ acc\trem5ts &         
pref]r$ ! conflicts ( debate to !       

trophies ( w>4      ,!nce=w>d ,i walk$  
?r\gh ! v>i\s prov9ces engag+ 9         
debates :]ev] ,i _h he>d t ! /udy ( ?is 
art logic      fl\ri%$1 & ?us became a  
rival ( ! ,p]ipatetics4       ,at l5g?  
ab\t #aajj ,a4,d4 ,i rea*$ ,p>is1 :]e = 
"s "t      ?is art _h be5 prosp]+1 & w5t
 to ,william ( ,*ampeaux1      my       
in/ructor1 di/+ui%$ at ! "t 9 ?is       
p>ticul> by      8 "w & reputation z a  
tea*]4 ,/ay+ ) him = a      :ile1 ,i 0  
at fir/ acceptable1 b %ortly aft] 0 v   
annoy+ to him1 namely1 :5 ,i tri$ to    
refute "s ( 8      op9ions1 & (t5 v5tur$
 to argue aga9/ him &1 n      seldom1   
seem$ to surpass him 9 debate4#d  ,9    
s*olis milit>e--to wage w> 9 ! s*ools--0
 ! phrase aptly us$ to describe ?is mode
 ( debate4 ,william ( ,*ampeaux 0 !n !  
head ( ! ca!dral s*ool ( ,notre ,dame & 
! lead+ tea*] ( logic 9 ,france4 ,)9 a  
few mon?s ,abel>d made 8 au?ority tott]1
 & set 8 reputation on ! wane4 ,9 six or
 sev5 ye>s he drove him 9 %ame &        
humiliation f 8 *air1 aft] a conte/ :i* 

fill$ ,*ri/5dom ) its e*oes4 ,by ov]com+
 ,william 9 debate he e/abli%$ 8 own    
reputation z a tea*]4 ,at v>i\s times   
betwe5 #aajh & #aaci he taught 9 ,p>is1 
:i!r cr[ds ( /ud5ts came to he> him4 ,8 
fame 0 at its height ab\t #aaag1 %ortly 
aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! *air :i* ,william 
himself _h held4 ,few tea*]s h ev]      
attract$ a foll[+ s l>ge & s devot$4 ,8 
rem>kable success 9 draw+ to ,p>is      
/ud5ts f all qu>t]s is vividly describ$ 
by a mod]n writ]3       ,! pupil :o _h  
left ,p>is :5 bo? ,william & ,abel>d    
disappe>$ 9 #aaac w\ld f9d a m>vell\s   
*ange on return+      to x ab\t #aaaf or
 #aaag4 ,he w\ld f9d ! lecture hall & ! 
cloi/] & ! quadrangle1 "u ! %ad[ ( !    
great      ca!dral1 fill$ ) z motley a  
cr[d ( y\?s & m5 z any      sc5e 9      
,france c\ld %[4 ,little gr\ps ( ,fr5* &
 ,norman      & ,breton nobles *att]$   
toge!r 9 _! bright silks &              
fur-tipp$ mantles1 ) sl5d] swords dangl+
 f embroid]$      belts1 vy+ ) ea* o!r 9
 ! l5g? & crook$ness (      _! turn$-up 

%oes4 ,anglo-,saxons look$ on1 9 long   
fur-l9$      cloaks1 tight bree*es1 &   
lea!rn hose swa!d ) b&s (      _m color$
 clo?4 ,/]n-fac$ nor!rn]s1 ,poles &     
,g]mans1      9 fur caps & ) color$     
girdles & clumsy %oes1 or )      feet   
r\ghly ti$ up 9 ! b>k ( trees1 wait$    
impati5tly =      ! ann\ncem5t ( ,li    
,me/re4 ,pale-fac$ s\!rn]s _h      brav$
 ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees "u ! fasc9ation ( 
!      wiz>d4 ,%av5 & s&all$ monks1     
black-habit$ cl]ics1 black      canons1 
secul> & regul>1 black 9 face too1 "s ( 
!m1      h]esy hunt]s f ! neighbor+     
abbey ( ,/4 ,victor1 m+l$      ) ! cr[d 
( "y & old1 grave & gay1 begg>s &       
nobles1 sleek citiz5s & bronz$          
peasants4444       ,ov] m\nta9s & ov]   
seas ! m+l$ reputation ( ! city      & !
 s*ool 7 c>ri$1 & a rem>kable /ream set 
9 f      ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy 7ev5
 f pr\d ,rome71 ,spa91 &      ,engl&2   
ev5 di/ant ,brittany s5t y its animals  
to be      in/ruct$1 wrote ,prior       
,fulques to ,abel>d 7a ,breton7 a ye> or

      two aft]w>ds4#e  ,:at 0 !re 9 !   
tea*+ ( ,abel>d :i* br\ght toge!r ?is   
extraord9>y ga!r+8 ,"o may admit !      
pres5ce ( unanalysable g5ius 9 ?is ma/]1
 & /ill f9d c]ta9 qualities indisp5sable
 to ! effici5t tea*] ( to-day1--a w9n+  
p]sonality1 fulness ( k1 & te*nical     
skill z a tea*]4 ,^! are admirably set  
=? 9 ! foll[+ description3       ,x is n
 difficult to und]/& ! *>m ( ,abel>d's  
tea*+4 ,?ree qualities are assign$ to x 
by ! writ]s (      ! p]iod1 "s ( :om    
/udi$ at 8 feet2 cle>ness1 ri*ness      
9 imag]y1 & lightness ( t\* are said to 
h be5 !      *ief *>act]i/ics ( 8 tea*+4
 ,cle>ness is1 inde$1 a      quality ( 8
 writt5 works1 ?\gh !y d n naturally    
convey      an impression ( 8 oral p[]4 
,8 spl5did gifts &      v]satility1     
support$ by a ri* voice1 a *>m+         
p]sonality1 a      ready & sympa!tic use
 ( human lit]ature1 & a fre$om f        
excessive piety1 gave him an            
immeasurable advantage ov] all !        
tea*]s ( ! day4 ,beside mo/ ( !m1 he 0 z

 a butt]fly      to an elephant4 ,a mo/ 
indu/ri\s /udy ( ! few works (          
,ari/otle & ( ! ,roman classics t 7     
available1 a      ret5tive memory1 an   
ease 9 manipulat+ 8 k1 a cle>1          
p5etrat+ m9d1 ) a correspond+ cle>ness (
 expression1 a      ready & productive  
fancy1 a great k ( m51 a w>m]           
int]e/ 9 ?+s human ?an 9 ?+s div9e1 a   
laugh+      contempt = au?ority1 a      
h&some pres5ce1 & a musical             
deliv]y--^! 7 8 gifts4#f       ,he takes
 8 place 9 hi/ory1 ap>t f ! ev]-int]e/+ 
drama & ! deep pa?os ( 8 life1 9 virtue 
( two      di/9ctions4 ,!y are1 fir/ly1 
an extraord9>y ability 9      imp>t+ su*
 k z ! pov]ty ( ! age af=d$--!          
facts ( 8 c>e] reveal x2 &1 secondly1 a 
m9d ( su*      m>vell\s p5etration t x  
conceiv$ great tru?s :i* x      has tak5
 humanity sev5 or eight c5turies to     
see--?is w      appe> z we proce$4 ,x 0 
! =m] ( ^! gifts t made      him1 9     
lit]al tru?1 ! c5tre ( le>n$ & le>n+    
,*ri/5dom1 ! idol ( sev]al ?\s& eag]    

s*ol>s4 ,nor1      f9ally1 7 ^! ?\s&s ! 
horde ( b>b>ians t      jeal\s ,ma/]    
,roscel9 call$ !m4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 
a      pope1 n9ete5 c>d9als1 & m ?an    
fifty bi%ops &      ar*bi%ops 7 at "o "t
 among 8 pupils4#g  ,abel>d's fame z a  
tea*]1 ) ! consequ5t increase ( ma/]s & 
/ud5ts at ,p>is1 und\bt$ly pav$ ! way = 
! =mation ( ! ,univ]sity lat] 9 !       
c5tury4 ,?is is n h[ev] 8 greate/       
di/9ction 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,8 mo/
 endur+ influ5ces came f 7#a7 8         
indep5d5ce 9 ?9k+1 7#b7 8 novel me?od ( 
deal+ ) debatable que/ions1 & 7#c7 8    
contributions to s*ola/ic philosophy &  
!ology4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! are consid]$   
bel[2 ! la/ belongs m prop]ly to !      
hi/ory ( philosophy4  7#a7 ,no?+ s+les  
,abel>d out m cle>ly among ! tea*]s ( 8 
"t ?an 8 intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,mo/ (
 8 contempor>ies accept$ unque/ion+ly ! 
view t 9 religi\s matt]s fai? prec$es   
reason4 ,"o might seek to ju/ify "o's   
fai? by reason1 b prelim9>y d\bt z to   
:at %\ld be ! specific articles ( "o's  

fai? 0 inadmissible4 ,z !y suppos$1 ^!  
articles _h be5 det]m9$ by ! *ur*       
fa!rs--,augu/9e1 ,j]ome1 & o!rs--& by ! 
,bible4 ,_! view _h be5 =mulat$ by      
,anselm ( ,cant]bury 9 ! prec$+ c5tury3 
,i d n seek to "k 9 ord] t ,i may       
believe1 b ,i believe      9 ord] t ,i  
may "k4 ,! ,*ri/ian ought to advance to 
k ?r\gh fai?1 n come to fai? ?r\gh k4   
,! prop] ord] dem&s t we believe ! deep 
?+s (      ,*ri/ian fai? be=e we presume
 to reason ab\t !m4  ,) 8 ke5ly         
critical1 que/ion+ m9d ,abel>d f\nd a   
flaw 9 ?is position3 on _m que/ions (   
fai? ! au?orities !mselves disagre$4 ,9 
su* cases1--he said 9 effect1--h[ %all  
,i come to any def9ite belief unless ,i 
fir/ reason x out8 ,by d\bt+ we are l$  
to inquiry1 & by inquiry we atta9 !     
tru?4 ,8 attitude--z contra/$ ) t (     
,anselm1 giv5 above--is set =? 9 !      
prologue to 8 ,sic et ,non 7,yes & ,no73
       ,9 tru?1 con/ant or frequ5t      
que/ion+ is ! fir/ key to      wisdom2 &
 x is1 inde$1 to ! acquir+ ( ?is habit (

      que/ion+ ) absorb+ eag]ness t !   
fam\s philosoph]1      ,ari/otle1 ! mo/ 
cle> sight$ ( all1 urges ! /udi\s :5    
he says3 ,x is p]haps difficult to speak
 confid5tly 9 matt]s      ( ?is sort    
unless !y h (t5 be5 inve/igat$4 ,inde$1 
to      d\bt 9 special cases w n be )\t 
advantage4 ,=      ?r\gh d\bt+ we come  
to inquiry & ?r\gh inquiry we           
p]ceive ! tru?4 ,z ! ,tru? ,himself     
says3 ,seek & ye %all      f9d1 knock & 
x %all be op5$ unto y4 ,& ,he also1     
in/ruct+ u by ,8 own example1 ab\t !    
twelf? ye> ( ,8      life wi%$ to be    
f\nd sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! doctors1        
ask+ !m que/ions1 exhibit+ to u by ,8   
ask+ (      que/ions ! appe>ance ( a    
pupil1 r ?an1 by prea*+1      t ( a     
tea*]1 al?\gh !re is 9 ,him1 nev]!less1 
!      full & p]fect wisdom ( ,god4     
,n[ :5 a numb] ( quotations f v>i\s     
writ+s are      introduc$ !y spur on !  
read] & allure him into seek+      !    
tru? 9 proportion z ! au?ority ( ! writ+
 itself is      comm5d$ 444       ,9    

accordance1 !n1 ) ^! =eca/s x is our    
pleasure to      collect diff]5t say+s (
 ! holy ,fa!rs z we plann$1 j      z !y 
h come to m9d1 sugge/+ 7z !y d7 "s      
que/ion+ f _! app>5t disagreem5t1 9 ord]
 t !y      may /imulate t5d] read]s to !
 utmo/ ef=t 9 seek+ !      tru? & may   
make !m ke5] z ! result ( _! seek+4#h   
7#b7 ,! new me?od :i* ,abel>d =m$ =     
discov]+ ! tru? is pres5t$ 9 ! ,yes &   
,no4 ,he fir/ /at$ 9 ! =m ( a !sis =    
debate ! "q on :i* d\bt exi/$4 ,! book  
conta9s "o hundr$ & fifty-eight su*     
que/ions4 ,he !n br\ght toge!r "u ea* "q
 ! conflict+ op9ions ( v>i\s au?orities1
 &1 )\t /at+ 8 own view1 left ! /ud5t to
 reason = himself 9 ! matt]4 ,!re is no 
d\bt t ?is me?od s]v$ 8 purpose to      
/imulate t5d] read]s to ! utmo/ ef=t 9  
seek+ ! tru?4 ,8 boldness 9 consid]+ "s 
( ^! que/ions debatable at all1 !       
novelty ( ! d\bt :i* !y imply1 & _!     
incisive *all5ge to ke5 ?9k+ are evid5t 
f ! foll[+ li/3  #a4 ,t fai? is bas$ ^u 
reason1 et contra4  #e4 ,t ,god is n    

s+le1 et contra4  #f4 ,t ,god is        
trip>tite1 et contra4  #h4 ,t 9 !       
,tr9ity x is n to be /at$ t !re is m ?an
    "o ,et]nal be+1 et contra4  #aa4 ,t 
! ,div9e ,p]sons mutually diff]1 et     
contra4  #ab4 ,t 9 ! ,tr9ity ea* is "o )
 ! o!r1 et contra4  #ac4 ,t ,god ! ,fa!r
 is ! cause ( ! son1 et contra4  #ad4 ,t
 ! ,son is )\t beg9n+1 et contra4  #bg4 
,t ,god judges ) =ekn[l$ge1 et non4     
#bh4 ,t ! provid5ce ( ,god is ! cause ( 
?+s happ5+1 et     non4  #cb4 ,t to ,god
 all ?+s are possible1 et non4  #cf4 ,t 
,god does :atev] he wi%es1 et non4  #cg4
 ,t no?+ happ5s contr>y to ! w ( ,god1  
et contra4  #ch4 ,t ,god kn[s all ?+s1  
et non4  #ec4 ,t ,adam's s9 0 great1 et 
non4  #hd4 ,t man's fir/ s9 did n beg9  
?r\gh ! p]suasion ( !     devil1 et     
contra4  #ee4 ,t ,eve only1 n ,adam1 0  
beguil$1 et contra4  #ef4 ,t by s9n+ man
 lo/ free w1 et non4  #fi4 ,t ! ,son (  
,god 0 pr$e/9at$1 et contra4  #gi4 ,t   
,*ri/ 0 a deceiv]1 et non4  #he4 ,t !   
h\r ( ! ,"l's resurrection is unc]ta91  

et contra4  #aaf4 ,t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs are
 visit$ ^u ! *ildr51 et      contra4    
#abb4 ,t ev]ybody %\ld be all[$ to m>ry1
 et contra4  #ada4 ,t works ( sanctity d
 n ju/ify a man1 et contra4  #add4 ,t at
 times we all s9 aga9/ our w1 et contra4
  #aej4 ,t s9s are n remitt$ )\t        
confession1 et contra4  #aec4 ,t a lie  
is nev] p]missible1 et contra4  #aed4 ,t
 a man may de/roy himself = "s reasons1 
et contra4  #aee4 ,t ,*ri/ians may n =  
any reason kill a man1 et contra4  #aef4
 ,t x is lawful to kill a man1 et non4  
,h[ he br\ght out ! conflict ( op9ions  
is %[n by ! foll[+ example3       ,,t   
,,x ,,is ,,lawful ,,to ,,kill ,a ,,man1 
,,& ,,! ,,opposite ,,!sis4       ,j]ome 
on ,isaiah1 ,bk4 ,v4 ,he :o cuts ! ?roat
 ( a man (      blood1 is n a man (     
blood4       ,idem1 ,on ! ,epi/le to !  
,galatians3 ,he :o smites !      wick$  
because !y are wick$ & ^: reason = !    
murd] is      t he may slay ! base1 is a
 s]vant ( ! ,"l4       ,idem1 on        
,j]emiah3 ,= ! puni%m5t ( homicides1    

impi\s      p]sons & poison]s is n      
blood%$1 b s]v+ ! law4       ,cyprian1 9
 ! ,n9? ,k9d ( ,abuse3 ,! ,k+ ought to  
re/ra9      !ft1 puni% de$s ( adult]y1  
cause ! wick$ to p]i% f      (f ! face (
 ! e>?1 refuse to all[ p>ricides &      
p]jur]s to live4       ,augu/9e3 ,al?\gh
 x is manslaught] to slaught] a man1 a  
p]son may sometimes be sla9 )\t s94 ,=  
bo? a soldi] 9      ! case ( an enemy & 
a judge or 8 (ficial 9 ! case ( a       
crim9al1 & ! man f ^: h&1 p]haps )\t 8 w
      or k1 a weapon has fl[n1 d n seem 
to me to s91 b      m]ely to kill a man4
       ,likewise3 ,! soldi] is ord]$ by 
law to kill ! enemy1 &      if he %all  
prove to h refra9$ f su* slaught]1 he   
pays      ! p5alty at ! h&s ( 8 comm&]4 
,%all we n g s f>      z to call ^! laws
 unju/ or r no laws at all8 ,= t        
:i* 0 n j does n seem to me to be a law4
       ,idem1 on ,exodus *4 xxvii3 ,!   
,israelites committ$ no !ft 9           
spoil+ ! ,egyptians1 b r5d]$ a s]vice to
 ,god at 8      bidd+1 j z :5 ! s]vant (

 a judge kills a man :om !      law ha? 
ord]$ to be kill$2 c]ta9ly if he does x 
( 8 own      volition he is a homicide1 
ev5 ?\gh he kn[s t ! man :om      he    
executes ought to be execut$ by ! judge4
       ,idem1 on ,leviticus *4 lxxv3 ,:5
 a man is ju/ly put to dea?1      ! law 
puts him to dea?1 n ?\4       ,idem1    
,bk4 ,i ( ! ,city ( ,god3 ,?\ %all n    
kill1 except      9 ! case ( ^? ^: dea? 
,god ord]s1 or else :5 a law      ha?   
be5 pass$ to suit ! ne$s ( ! "t &       
express      comm& ha? be5 laid ^u a    
p]son4 ,b he does n kill :o      owes   
s]vice to ! p]son :o gives him 8 ord]s1 
= he is      z x 7 a m]e sword = ! p]son
 :o employs 8      assi/ance4           
,likewise3 ,:5 a soldi]1 9 ob$i5ce to ! 
p[] "u :i*      he is legitimately      
plac$1 kills a man1 by no law ( ! /ate  
is      he accus$ ( murd]2 nay if he has
 n done x1 he is accus$ (      des]tion 
& insubord9ation4 ,b if he _h act$ "u 8 
own      initiative & ( 8 own w1 he w\ld
 h incurr$ ! *>ge      ( %$d+ human     

blood4 ,& s he is puni%$ if he does n d 
:5 ord]$ t = :i* he w\ld receive        
puni%m5t if he did      x )\t ord]s4    
,idem1 to ,publicola3 ,c\nsel conc]n+ ! 
slay+ ( m5      please? me n1 t none may
 be sla9 by !m1 unless p]haps a      man
 is a soldi] or 9 a public (fice1 s t he
 does ! de$      n 9 8 own behalf1 b =  
o!rs & = ! /ate1      accept+ p[]       
legitimately conf]r$1 if x is consonant 
)      ! task impos$ on him4            
,likewise3 ,x has be5 said3 let u n     
resi/ ! evil man1 let      n ! v5geance 
delight u :i* fe$s ! m9d on o!rs' ill1  
let u n neglect ! repro(s ( m54         
,idem1 to ,m>cella3 ,if t e>?ly         
commonweal? ( ?9e keep      to ! tea*+s 
( ,*ri/1 ev5 w>s w n be wag$ )\t        
goodwill1 = ) pity+ he>t ev5 w>s if     
possible w be      wag$ by ! good1 s t !
 lu/s ( desire may be subdu$ &      ^?  
faults de/roy$ :i* ought "u j rule to be
 ei!r      root$ out or *a/is$4 ,= if   
,*ri/ian tra9+ condemn$ all      w>s1   
?is %\ld r be ! advice giv5 9 ! gospel =

      _! safety to ! soldi]s :o ask = x1
 namely to ?r[      aside _! arms &     
retire altoge!r f ! field4 ,b ?is       
is ! ^w spok5 to !m3 ,d viol5ce to no   
man1 nei!r accuse      any falsely2 & be
 cont5t ) y\r wages4       ,he w>ns !m t
 ! wages t belong to !m %\ld satisfy    
!m1 b he by no means =bids !m to take ! 
field4       ,idem1 to 8 comrade        
,boniface3 ,i w give !e & ?9e a         
useful c\nsel3 ,take arms 9 ?y h&s2 let 
pray] /rike !      e>s ( ! creator2     
because 9 battle ! heav5s are op5$1     
,god looks =? & aw>ds ! victory to !    
side he sees to be      ! righte\s "o4  
,idem3 ,! w>s to be wag$ we und]take    
ei!r at ! comm&      ( ,god or "u "s    
lawful rule4 ,else ,john :5 ! soldi]s to
      be baptiz$ came to him say+1 ,&   
:at %all we d8 w\ld      make answ] to  
!m3 ,ca/ aside y\r arms1 leave ! s]vice2
      smite no man2 ru9 no man4       ,b
 because he knew t !y did ^! ?+s because
 !y 7      9 ! s]vice1 t !y 7 n slay]s (
 m51 b s]vants      ( ! law2 & n av5g]s 

( _! own injuries1 b gu>dians      ( !  
public safety1 8 answ] to !m 03 ,d      
viol5ce to no      man1 etc4            
,isidore1 ,etymologiae1 ,bk4 ,,xviii1 *4
 iii3 ,a righte\s w> is      "o wag$    
accord+ to ord]s1 to recov] prop]ty or  
drive back      ! enemy4       ,pope    
,ni*olas to ! que/ions ( ! ,bulg>ians3  
,if !re is      no urg5t ne$1 n only 9  
,l5t b at all times1 m5 %\ld      ab/a9 
f battles4 ,if h[ev] !re is an          
unavoidable &      urg5t occasion1 & x  
is n ,l5t1 beyond all d\bt              
prep>ations = w>s %\ld be sp>+ly made 9 
"o's own      def5ce or 9 t ( "o's      
c\ntry or ! laws ( "o's fa!rs2      le/ 
=soo? ?is ^w be said3 ,a man if he has  
an attack to      make1 does n c>efully 
take c\nsel be=eh& = 8 own      safety &
 t ( o!rs1 nor does he gu>d aga9/ injury
 to      holy religion4#i  ,?is example 
%[s ! s*ola/ic me?od 9 its e>lie/ =m1--!
 /atem5t ( ! !sis1 foll[$ by ! simple   
citation ( au?orities1 pro & con4 ,lat] 
writ]s add$ ! conclusion :i* !y wi%$ to 

support1 or at lea/ indicat$ x 9 !      
/atem5t ( ! !sis4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 robb$ !
 me?od ( mu* ( its /imulus to indep5d5t 
?9k+4 ,o!r modifications also appe>$4   
,see ! examples on pages #eh ff41 #aba  
ff4 ,! po9t to be not$ "h is t 9 ! ,yes 
& ,no ,abel>d /ruck out def9itely !     
me?od :i* 0 foll[$ = c5turies 9 a l>ge  
"p ( univ]sity in/ruction4 ,h[ great a  
"p x play$ c be und]/ood only by an     
ext5d$ /udy ( univ]sity hi/ory4 ,a brief
 discussion ( ! subject is giv5 on pages
 #ce-cg4 ,! /imulat+ way 9 :i* ,abel>d  
us$ x 0 pot5t 9 draw+ /ud5ts to ,p>is4  
,among ^? :o came to he> him 0 ,john (  
,salisbury4   7b7 ,a ,pre-,univ]sity    
,s*ol>3 ,john ( ,salisbury  ,john (     
,salisbury 7c4 #aabj-aahj71 = ?irty ye>s
 ! c5tral figure ( ,engli% le>n+1 beyond
 dispute ! be/-read man ( 8 "t1 is a    
good example ( ! m s]i\s /ud5ts among ^?
 :o travell$ abroad = /udy 9 ! e>ly days
 ( ! revival describ$ above4 ,he sp5t   
twelve ye>s 7#aacf-aadh7 at ,p>is & at  
,*>tres4 ,8 ,metalogicus 7complet$ ab\t 

#aaei7 is p]haps ! be/ contempor>y      
acc\nt ( educational affairs 9 ,france 9
 ! twelf? c5tury4  ,! book is int]e/+ n[
 ma9ly = its acc\nt ( ! writ]'s tra9+1 =
 its advocacy ( lib]al /udies z a       
prep>ation = logic1 & = its vigor\s     
argum5t 9 favor ( us+ all ( ! works (   
,ari/otle !n kn[n1 sev]al ( :i* _h only 
rec5tly become accessible4 ,x 0 writt5  
orig9ally1 h[ev]1 to discr$it !         
educational practices ( a c]ta9         
p]son--designat$ by ! pseudonym         
,cornificius --:o 0 (f]+ a %ort & %[y   
education1 & spread+ x abroad ?r\gh 8   
disciples4 ,! description ( ,cornificius
 & 8 s*ool is n necess>ily true1 b "s   
passages are quot$ f x to illu/rate a   
mode ( educational argum5t ?or\ghly     
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages1--& n      
unkn[n to-day4 ,!y also give po9t1 by   
contra/1 to ! education & views ( ,john 
,salisbury himself4 ,john beg9s by      
p]sonal abuse ( ,cornificius3       ,!  
%amelessness ( 8 looks1 ! rapacity ( 8  
h&s1 !      frivol\sness ( 8 be>+1 !    

f\lness ( 8 mann]s 7:i*      ! :ole     
neighborhood spews out71 ! obsc5ity ( 8 
lu/1 !      ugl9ess ( 8 body1 ! bas5ess 
( 8 life1 8 spott$      reputation1 ,i  
w\ld lay b>e & ?ru/ into ! face ( !     
public1 did n my respect = 8 ,*ri/ian "n
 re/ra9 me4      ,= be+ m9dful ( my     
pr(ession1 & ( ! frat]nal      communion
 :i* we h 9 ! ,"l1 ,i h believ$ t       
indulg5ce %\ld be giv5 to 8 p]son :ile1 
nev]!less1      indulg5ce is n giv5 to 8
 s94  ,hav+ fairly jo9$ battle by sev]al
 pages ( vitup]ation1 ,john proce$s to  
describe 8 oppon5t's mann] ( tea*+3     
,b ,i object vigor\sly to 8 views1 :i* h
 de/roy$ _m1      because he has a cr[d 
t believes 9 him1 & al?\gh ! new        
,cornificius is m s5seless ?an ! old1   
yet a mob ( fooli%      ones agrees )   
him4 ,& !re are 9 p>ticul> "s ( ^!      
:o1 al?\gh in]t & slo?ful1 are eag] to  
seem r ?an      to be wise4         99  
99       99       99       99       ,=  
my "p ,i am n at all surpris$ if aft]   
be+ employ$ at      a l>ge fee1 & beat+ 

8 drum a long "t1 he taught 8           
cr$ul\s he>] to "k no?+4 ,= he1 too1 0  
equally      untaught by tea*]s1 s9ce1  
)\t eloqu5ce1 & yet v]bose1      & lack+
 ! fruit ( ideas1 he cont9u\sly ?r[s to 
!      w9d ! foliage ( words 444 ,he    
fe$s 8 he>]s on fables &      trifles1 &
 if :at he promises is true1 he w make  
!m      eloqu5t )\t ! ne$ ( skill1 &    
philosoph]s by a %ort      cut & )\t    
ef=t4444 ,9 t s*ool ( philosophiz]s at  
t "t ! "q :e!r ! pig :i* is be+ l$ to   
m>ket is held by ! man or by ! /r+1 0   
consid]$      insoluble4 ,also1 :e!r he 
:o b\ght ! :ole cloak b\ght !      c[l4 
,decid$ly incongru\s 0 ! spee* 9 :i* ^! 
words1      congru\s & incongru\s       
argum5t & reason did n make      a great
 noise1 ) multifold negative p>ticles & 
transitions      ?r\gh esse & non-esse4 
444 ,a wordy clamor 0 en\gh to          
secure ! victory1 & he :o introduc$     
any?+ f any      s\rce rea*$ ! goal ( 8 
proposition4444 ,!re=e !y      sudd5ly  
became exp]t philosoph]s1 = he :o _h    

come !re      illit]ate delay$ 9 !      
s*ools sc>cely long] ?an ! "t      )9   
:i* "y birds get _! fea!rs4 ,s ! fre%   
tea*]s f ! s*ools & ! "y birds f ! ne/s 
flew      (f toge!r1 hav+ l+]$ an equal 
l5g? ( "t4444 ,!y      talk$ only (     
congruity or reason1 & argum5t res\nd$ f
      ! lips ( all1 & to give its common
 "n to an ass1 or a man1      or any (  
nature's works1 0 l a crime1 or 0 mu*   
too      inelegant or crude1 & abhorr5t 
to a philosoph]4444 ,h5ce ?is      see?+
 pot ( spee* 9 :i* ! /upid old man      
exults1      insult+ ^? :o rev]e !      
orig9ators ( ! ,arts because      :5 he 
pret5ds to devote 8 en]gies to !m he    
f9ds no?+      useful 9 !m4#aj  ,john's 
own tra9+ 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to all ?is4  
,in/ead ( rema9+ 9 ! s*ools sc>cely     
long] ?an ! "t )9 :i* "y birds get _!   
fea!rs1 he sp5t1 z above not$1 twelve   
ye>s 9 /udy4 ,in/ead ( devot+ himself to
 logic & disputation alone1 he receiv$  
an ext5sive tra9+ 9 ! classics & 9      
!ology4 ,8 fir/ tea*] at ,p>is 0        

,abel>d4       ,:5 ,i 0 a v "y man1 ,i  
w5t to /udy 9 ,france1 ! ye>      aft] !
 dea? ( t lion 9 ! cause ( ju/ice1 ,h5ry
 !      ,fir/1 k+ ( ,engl&4 ,!re ,i     
s\ght out t fam\s tea*]      &          
,p]ipatetic philosoph] ( ,pallet        
,abel>d1 :o at t "t      presid$ at     
,mont ,/4 ,g5evieve1 & 0 ! subject (    
admiration      to all m54 ,at 8 feet ,i
 receiv$ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( !            
dialectic art logic1 & %ew$ ! utmo/     
avidity to pick up      & /ore away 9 my
 m9d all t fell f 8 lips4 ,:51          
h[ev]1 mu* to my regret1 ,abel>d left u1
 ,i att5d$ ,ma/]      ,alb]ic1 a mo/    
ob/9ate ,dialectician1 & unfl9*+        
assailant      ( ! ,nom9al ,sect4 ,two  
ye>s ,i /ay$ at ,mont ,/4 ,g5evieve1    
"u ! tuition ( ,alb]ic & ,ma/] ,rob]t de
 ,melun4  ,!n foll[s a *>act]ization (  
^! tea*]s4 ,! /atem5t t "o ( !m w5t to  
,bologna = ! fur!r /udy ( logic         
indicates t t place 0 em95t = its tea*+ 
( dialectics z well z = ! /udy ( law4   
,"o ( ^! tea*]s 0 scrupul\s ev5 to      

m9utiae1 &      ev]y:]e f\nd "s subject 
to raise a "q2 = !      smoo!/ surface  
pres5t$ inequalities to him1 & !re 0 no 
rod s smoo? t he c\ld n f9d a knot 9 x1 
& %ew h[      x might be got rid (4 ,!  
o!r ( ! two 0 prompt 9 reply1      &    
nev] = ! sake ( subt]fuge avoid$ a "q t 
0      propos$2 b he w\ld *oose !       
contradictory side1 or by               
multiplicity ( words w\ld %[ t a simple 
answ] c\ld n      be giv54 ,9 all       
que/ions1 !re=e1 he 0 subtle & pr(use1  
:il/ ! o!r 9 8 answ] 0 p]spicu\s1 brief1
 & to !      po9t ,if two su* *>act]s   
c\ld ev] h be5 unit$ 9 !      same      
p]son1 he w\ld be ! be/ h& at           
disputation t our      times h produc$4 
,bo? ( !m possess$ acute wit1 & an      
indomitable p]sev]ance1 & ,i believe !y 
w\ld h turn$      out great & di/+ui%$  
m5 9 ,physical ,/udies1 if !y _h        
support$ !mselves on ! great base (     
,lit]ature1 & m      closely foll[$ !   
tracks ( ! anci5ts1 in/ead ( tak+       
su* pride 9 _! own discov]ies4          

,all ?is is said ) ref]5ce to ! "t dur+ 
:i* ,i      att5d$ on !m4 ,= "o ( !m    
aft]w>ds w5t to ,bologna1 &      !re    
unle>nt :at he _h taught3 on 8 return   
also1 he      untaught x3 :e!r ! *ange 0
 = ! bett] or ! worse1      ,i leave to 
! judgm5t ( ^? :o he>d him be=e & aft]4 
,! o!r ( ! two 0 also a pr(ici5t 9 ! m  
exalt$      ,philosophy ( ,div9ity1 :]e9
 he obta9$ a di/+ui%$ "n4       ,) ^!   
tea*]s ,i rema9$ two ye>s1 & got s v]s$ 
9      commonplaces1 rules1 & elem5ts 9 
g5]al1 :i* boys /udy1      & 9 :i* my   
tea*]s 7 mo/ weighty1 t ,i seem$ to     
myself to "k !m z well z ,i knew my own 
nails & f+]s4      ,!re 0 "o ?+ :i* ,i  
_h c]ta9ly atta9$ to1 namely1 to        
e/imate my own k mu* high] ?an x des]v$4
 ,i ?\ght      myself a "y s*ol>1       
because ,i 0 ready 9 :at ,i _h be5      
taught4  ,evid5ce ext]nal to ?is        
n>rative %[s t he n[ w5t to ! s*ool at  
,*>tres1--"s sixty miles s\?we/ (       
,p>is1--:i* 0 "o ( ?ree great ,fr5*     
s*ools ( ! p]iod 7see p4 #aj74 ,dur+ !  

fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury x became    
fam\s "u ! tea*+ ( ! bro!rs ,!odoric &  
,b]n>d ,sylve/]1 :o are bo? m5tion$ 9 ! 
foll[+ passages4 ,! s*ool 0 di/+ui%$ 9  
p>ticul> = its devotion to ,gramm>1     
,rhetoric1 & classical ,lat9 lit]ature2 
9 ?is respect x 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to     
,p>is1 :]e ,logic & ,!ology 7 ! prevail+
 /udies4       ,i !n1 beg9n+ to reflect 
& to measure my /r5g?1 att5d$      on ! 
,gramm>ian ,william de ,con*es dur+ !   
space ( ?ree      ye>s2 & read mu* at   
int]vals3 nor %all ,i ev] regret !      
way 9 :i* my "t 0 !n sp5t4 ,aft] ?is ,i 
became a      foll[] ( ,ri*>d l',eveque1
 a man :o 0 ma/] ( e k9d      ( le>n+1 &
 ^: brea/ conta9$ mu* m ?an 8 tongue    
d>$ give utt]ance to2 = he _h le>n+ r   
?an      eloqu5ce1 tru?fulness r ?an    
vanity1 virtue r ?an      o/5tation4 ,) 
him ,i review$ all t ,i _h le>n$ f !    
o!rs1 besides c]ta9 ?+s1 :i* ,i n[ le>nt
 = ! fir/      "t1 relat+ to !          
,quadrivium1 9 :i* ,i _h already acquir$
      "s in=mation f ! ,g]man ,h>dew94  

,i also aga9 /udi$      ,rhetoric1 :i*  
,i _h be=e le>nt v sup]ficially ) "s    
o!r /udies f ,ma/] ,!odoric1 b )\t      
und]/&+      :at ,i read4 ,aft]w>ds ,i  
le>nt x m fully f ,pet]      ,hely4#aa  
,9 ano!r *apt]1 :i* is "h ins]t$ 9 !    
n>rative1 ,john describes 9 detail !    
tea*+ at ,*>tres4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/    
complete acc\nts :i* we h ( ! mann] & ! 
matt] ( ! tea*+ 9 a twelf?-c5tury s*ool4
 ,he beg9s by a g5]al discussion ( !    
importance ( ,gramm>1 :i* is ! f\ndation
 & root ( read+1 tea*+1 & reflection4   
,?r\gh\t ?is discussion he ref]s        
con/antly to ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes (  
,oratory4 ,! /udy ( ,rhetoric & ( o!r   
,arts prep>es "o = ! prop] und]/&+ (    
,lit]ature3 ,! great] ! numb] ( ,arts ) 
:i* "o is imbu$1 & ! m fully he is imbu$
 ) !m1 s mu* ! m completely w he        
appreciate ! elegance ( ! au?ors1 & ! m 
cle>ly w he tea* !m4  ,z to ! /udy (    
,lit]ature1 c>e %\ld be us$ 9 select+ ! 
be/ au?ors4 ,b]n>d1 he reports1 always  
said t unnecess>y read+ %\ld be avoid$1 

& t ! writ+s ( illu/ri\s au?ors 7       
suffici5t2 s9ce to /udy :atev] all t !  
mo/ contemptible m5 h ev] said results 9
 too great torture or 9 idle boa/+1 &   
h9d]s & ev5 ov]:elms ! intellig5ce1 :i* 
is bett] left empty = o!r writ+s4 ,!    
read+ *os5 0 classical ,lat9 lit]ature2 
9 ?is rev]5t dep5d5ce ^u ! anci5ts1 lies
 ! ma9 peculi>ity ( ! s*ool ( ,*>tres1  
:i* "u ,b]n>d & 8 bro!r enjoy$ a peculi>
 di/9ction1 cont9ually gr[+ until x     
became almo/ an unapproa*$ pre-em95ce   
among ! s*ools ( ,gaul4#ab  ,?is read+  
is 9 turn a prep>ation = ,philosophy4   
,he :o aspires to ,philosophy %\ld      
und]/& read+1 tea*+ & reflection1 toge!r
 ) practice 9 good works4 ,se>* ,virgil 
& ,lucan1 & !re1 no matt] ( :at         
philosophy y are pr(essor1 y w f9d x 9 !
 mak+4 ,all ?is is 9 m>k$ contra/ to !  
me?od ( ,cornificius1 :o propos$ to tra9
 philosoph]s sudd5ly4 ,john cont9ues3   
,b]n>d ( ,*>tres1 ! mo/ copi\s s\rce (  
lett]s 9 ,gaul      9 mod]n times1      
foll[$ ?is me?od1 & 9 ! read+ (         

au?ors %[$ :at 0 simple1 & fell "u !    
ord9>y      rules2 ! figures ( gramm>1 !
 adornm5ts ( rhetoric1 !      quibbles (
 sophi/ries2 & :]e ! subject ( 8 own    
lesson      sugge/$ read+ relat$ to o!r 
arts1 ^! matt]s he br\ght      into full
 view1 yet 9 su* wise t he did n tea*   
ev]y?+      ab\t ea* topic b1 9         
proportion to ! capacity ( 8            
audi5ce1 disp5s$ to !m 9 due "t ! full  
scope ( !      subject4 ,& because !    
brilliancy ( any spee* dep5ds ei!r      
on ,propriety 7t is1 ! correct agreem5t 
( adjective or      v]b ) ! sub/antive7 
or on ,meta!sis 7t is1 !      transf] ( 
! mean+ ( an expression = a wor?y reason
 to      ano!r signification71 ^! 7 !   
?+s :i* he took e      opportunity to   
inculcate 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4       ,&  
s9ce ! memory is /r5g!n$ by ex]cise & ! 
wits are      %>p5$ by imitat+ :at is   
he>d1 he urg$ "s by w>n+s1      & "s by 
flogg+s & puni%m5ts to ! con/ant        
practice      ( memoriz+ & imitation4   
,!y 7 individually requir$ on      !    

foll[+ day to reproduce "s "p ( :at !y  
_h he>d      ! day be=e1 "s m1 "s less1 
= ) !m ! foll[+      day 0 ! pupil ( !  
day prec$+4       ,ev5+ drill1 :i* 0    
call$ decl5sion1 0 pack$ ) s      mu*   
gramm> t if "o gave a :ole ye> to x he  
w\ld h at      8 comm&1 if he 7 n       
unusually dull1 a me?od ( speak+      & 
writ+1 & he c\ld n be ignorant (        
expressions :i*      are 9 common       
use4444 ,= ^? ( ! boys = :om prelim9>y  
ex]cises 9 imitat+ prose or poetry 7    
prescrib$1 he      ann\nc$ ! poets or   
orators & bade !m imitate _!            
example1 po9t+ out ! way !y jo9$ _!     
words & !      elegance ( _! p]orations4
       ,b if any "o to make 8 own "w    
brilliant _h borr[$ !      cloak ( ano!r
 he detect$ ! !ft & convict$ him1 ?\gh  
he did n v (t5 inflict a puni%m5t2 b he 
direct$ !      culprit ?us convict$1 if 
! poorness ( 8 "w _h s      m]it$1 to   
condesc5d ) mode/ favor to express !    
exact      mean+ ( ! au?or2 & he made ! 
"o :o imitat$ 8      pr$ecessors wor?y (

 imitation by 8 successors4       ,!    
foll[+ matt]s1 too1 he taught among !   
fir/ rudim5ts      & fix$ !m 9 _!       
m9ds3--! value ( ord]2 :at is           
praisewor?y 9 embelli%m5t & 9 *oice (   
words2 :]e      !re is t5uity &1 z x 71 
emaciation ( spee*2 :]e1 a      pleas+  
abundance2 :]e1 excess2 & :]e1 a due    
limit 9 all      ?+s4444       ,& s9ce 9
 ! entire prelim9>y tra9+ ( ^? :o are to
      be taught !re is no?+ m useful ?an
 to gr[ accu/om$      to t :i* mu/ ne$s 
be done ) skill1 !y repeat$ly      wrote
 prose & poetry e day1 & tra9$ !mselves 
by      mutual comp>isons1--a tra9+ ?an 
:i* no?+ is m      effective = eloqu5ce1
 no?+ m exp$iti\s = le>n+2      & x     
conf]s ! greate/ b5efit ^u life1 at     
lea/1 if      affection r ?an envy rules
 ^! comp>isons1 if humility      is n   
lo/ 9 lit]>y pr(ici5cy4#ac  ,john's /ay 
at ,*>tres 7#aach-aada7 made him a      
p]man5t advocate ( lib]al education2 b  
to no avail2 ! influ5ce ( ,p>is & ! ris+
 tide ( ,ari/otelianism ga9$ ! day4 ,z a

 *ampion ( ! newly-recov]$ works (      
,ari/otle 7see p4 #db7 he 0 m 9 accord )
 ! t5d5cies ( 8 "t4  ,! conclud+ section
 ( ! acc\nt n>rates ,john's return to   
,p>is1 8 fur!r /udies !re 7#aada-aadh71 
& 8 visit to 8 old s*ool on ! ,m\nt3    
,f h5ce ,i 0 )drawn by ! pov]ty ( my    
condition1 !      reque/ ( my           
companions1 & ! advice ( my fri5ds1 t ,i
      %\ld und]take ! (fice ( a tutor4  
,i obey$ _! wi%es2      & on my return  
to ,p>is aft] ?ree ye>s1 f9d+ ,ma/]     
,gilb]t de la ,porree ,i /udi$ ,logic & 
,div9ity ) him3 b      he 0 v spe$ly    
remov$ f u1 & 9 8 place we _h           
,rob]t de ,p\le1 a man amiable alike = 8
 rectitude & 8      atta9m5ts4 ,!n came 
,simon de ,poissy1 :o 0 a fai?ful       
read]1 b an obtuse disputator4 ,^! two 7
 my tea*]s 9      ,!ology only4         
,twelve ye>s hav+ pass$ away1 :il/ ,i 0 
engag$ 9 ^!      v>i\s occupations1 ,i  
det]m9$ to revisit my old companions1   
:om ,i f\nd /ill engag$ ) ,logic at     
,mont ,/4 ,g5evieve1 &      to conf] )  

!m t\*+ old matt]s ( debate2 t we might 
by mutual comp>ison measure toge!r our  
sev]al progress4 ,i      f\nd !m z be=e1
 & :]e !y 7 be=e2 nor did !y      appe> 
to h rea*$ ! goal 9 unravell+ ! old     
que/ions1      nor _h !y add$ "o jot ( a
 proposition4 ,! aims t once            
inspir$ !m1 inspir$ !m /ill3 !y _h      
progress$ 9 "o      po9t only3 !y _h    
unle>n$ mod]ation1 !y knew n mode/y2    
9 su* wise t "o might despair ( _!      
recov]y4 ,& ?us      exp]i5ce taught me 
a manife/ conclusion1 t1 :]eas          
dialectic fur!rs o!r /udies1 s if x     
rema9 by itself x      lies bloodless & 
b>r51 nor does x quick5 ! s\l to yield  
fruit ( philosophy1 except ! same       
conceive f else:]e4#ad  ,?is 0 d\btless 
"o ( ! exp]i5ces :i* l$ ,john to vigor\s
 argum5t on ! futility ( devotion to    
,logic alone1 & on ! importance ( a     
lib]al education3       ,t eloqu5ce is (
 no effect )\t wisdom is a say+ t is    
frequ5t & true4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t to  
be ( effect x      op]ates )9 ! limits (

 wisdom4 ,!re=e eloqu5ce is             
effective 9 proportion to ! measure (   
wisdom :i* ea* "o      has acquir$2 = ! 
=m] does h>m if x is dissociat$ f      !
 latt]4       ,f ?is x foll[s t         
dialectic1 :i* is ! quicke/ &      mo/  
prompt among ! h&-maids ( eloqu5ce1 is (
 use to ea*      "o 9 proportion to !   
measure ( 8 k4 ,= x is (      mo/ use to
 him :o kn[s ! mo/ & ( lea/ use to him  
:o      kn[s little4 ,= z ! sword (     
,h]cules 9 ! h& ( a pygmy      or dw>f  
is ineffective1 :ile ! same sword 9 ! h&
 (      ,a*illes or ,hector /rikes d[n  
ev]y?+ l a ?und]bolt1 s      dialectic1 
if x is depriv$ ( ! vigor ( ! o!r       
discipl9es is to a c]ta9 degree crippl$ 
& almo/ useless4      ,if x is vigor\s  
?r\gh ! might ( ! o!rs1 x is p[]ful     
9 de/roy+ all falsehood &1 to ascribe ! 
m9imum to x1      x is adequate = !     
prop] discussion ( all ?+s 444       ,n[
 x is v easy = ea* workman to talk ab\t 
8 own art2      b to d skilfully :at !  
art requires1 is mo/ difficult4 ,=      

:at physician is !re :o does n talk (t5 
& mu* ab\t      elem5ts1 & humors1 &    
complexions1 & diseases1 & ! re/      t 
p]ta9 to physic8 ,b he :o gets well on  
su* talk c\ld      well h af=d$ to be   
ev5 sick]4 ,:at e?ical tea*] has      n 
an abundance ( rules = good liv+ s long 
z !y exi/      only on 8 lips8 ,b x is  
cle>ly a mu* h>d] task to express       
!m 9 actual life4 ,me*anics1            
individually1 talk glibly ab\t      _!  
own arts1 b n "o ( !m s lightly vies 79 
practice7      ) ! ar*itect or ! box]4  
,x is ! same 9 e o!r      l9e4 ,s x is v
 easy to talk ab\t def9ition1 argum5ts1 
or      g5us & ! l1 b to devise ^! same 
?+s )9 !      limits ( a s+le art = !   
purpose ( p]=m+ fully !      functions (
 ! art1 is f> m difficult i4e4 to       
discuss      logic 9 ! ab/ract is easy1 
b to reason logically 9 any             
specific field ( k is difficult4 ,!re=e 
he :o is      hamp]$ by a de>? ( !      
discipl9es w n h ! p[]      :i*         
,dialectic promises & af=ds4#ae  ,!     

views ( ,john ( ,salisbury conc]n+ !    
/udy ( ,ari/otle are indicat$ on pages  
#db-dd4   #b4 ,,! ,,new ,,me?od  ,! new 
me?od ( /udy & inve/igation1 develop$ by
 ,abel>d1 0 a second influ5ce (         
importance 9 ! gr[? ( univ]sities4 ,!   
me?od itself--lat] kn[n z ! s*ola/ic    
me?od--is illu/rat$ on pages #bj1 #eh1  
#aba ff4 ,! pres5t section !re=e m]ely  
indicates ! ways 9 :i* x influ5c$ !     
c\rse ( high] education4  7a7 ,! new    
me?od 0 "o cause ( ! awak5$ int]e/ 9    
/udy & inve/igation4 ,its effect is ?us 
describ$ by ! mo/ le>n$ hi/orian (      
m$iaeval univ]sities3       ,p>is &     
,bologna exp]i5c$ be=e all o!r s*ools1 &
      ne>ly simultane\sly1 at ! beg9n+ (
 ! twelf? c5tury1      an unexpect$1    
almo/ sudd5 developm5t4 ,= 9 ^! s*ools  
alone a def9ite bran* ( le>n+ 0 treat$  
444 by a new      me?od1 adapt$ to      
contempor>y ne$s1 b hi!rto unkn[n1 or   
insuffici5tly kn[n1 to o!r tea*]s ( !   
p]iod2 &      !reby a new era (         
sci5tific inve/igation 0 inaugurat$4    

,?is new me?od _h an attractive p[] =   
tea*]s & s*ol>s      ( v>i\s c\ntries   
444 ,9 ?is way ! corn]/ones (           
p]man5t abodes ( le>n+ 7 laid4 ,!       
cont9ually gr[+      numb] ( s*ol>s     
br\ght ) x ! increase ( tea*]s2 !       
desire ( bo? classes = le>n+ 0 awak5$2 &
 ?is      desire1 & ! combative ex*ange 
( ideas 9 !      disputations1--:i* n[  
fir/ became really e/abli%$ 9 !         
s*ools z a result ( ! new me?od1--7     
effective =ces to      keep inve/igation
 active1 & ! s*ools !mselves f          
decl9e4       ,9 ,p>is1 x 0 !           
cultivation ( ,logic1 b *iefly ! new    
me?od 9 ,!ology1 444 develop$ 9 v>i\s   
ways especially by      ,abel>d & o!r   
tea*]s1 & ext5d$ by 8 contempor>ies     
& _! disciples 444 :i* caus$ !          
revolution 9 !      s*ools ( t city4#af 
7b7 ,! new me?od ( ,abel>d e/abli%$ a   
new =m ( exposition1 & consequ5tly a new
 mode ( tea*+1 9 ,canon ,law & 9        
,!ology4 ,! e>lie/ univ]sity text-book 9
 ,canon ,law--! ,decretum (             

,gratian--adopt$ ?is me?od1 ) "s        
modifications4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 portions ( 
! *ief text-book 9 ,!ology1--! ,s5t5ces 
( ,pet] ,lomb>d4 ,v>i\sly modifi$1 x    
became ! me?od us$ 9 all subsequ5t      
s*ola/ic philosophy & !ology4 ,x 0      
widely us$ 9 connection ) o!r univ]sity 
/udies4 ,9 g5]al1 x 0 to m$iaeval       
education :at ! me?od ( exp]im5t is to !
 /udy & tea*+ ( mod]n natural sci5ce4 ,a
 good illu/ration ( its rec5t use is    
,?omas ,h>p]'s ,metaphysic ( ! ,s*ool4  
7c7 ,! s*ola/ic me?od became ! basis (  
"o ( ! mo/ important univ]sity          
ex]cises1--! disputation or debate1 :i* 
0 employ$ 9 e field ( /udy4#ag   #c4 ,,!
 ,,new ,,/udies  ,dur+ ! twelf? &       
?irte5? c5turies ! intellectual life (  
we/]n ,europe 0 enri*$ by ! addition ( a
 gr\p ( books1 old & new1 :i* 7 de/9$ to
 influ5ce pr(\ndly ! gr[? ( !           
univ]sities1 z well z ! :ole c\rse (    
m$iaeval life & ?\ght4 ,)\t "s su*      
addition to ! /ock ( le>n+ high]        
education c\ld h>dly h develop$ at all1 

= ! mat]ials available = x previ\s to ! 
twelf? c5tury 7 decid$ly scanty4 ,!     
books pres5tly to be describ$ furni%$ a 
body ( advanc$ & solid in/ruction1 suit$
 to ! ne$s ( ! times4 ,!y =m$ "o ( !    
p]man5t influ5ces :i* bo? develop$ &    
ma9ta9$ c5t]s ( high] education1 = ! new
 le>n+ 0 n less pot5t 9 attract+ /ud5ts 
?an ! fame ( individual tea*]s or ! new 
me?od ( /udy4  ,! great] numb] ( ! books
 :i* =m$ ! body ( univ]sity in/ruction 7
 recov]ies f ! mass ( anci5t &          
long-disus$ ,greek & ,roman le>n+1      
toge!r ) a few works ( ,arabic & ,jewi% 
orig94 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! works (    
,ari/otle1 ! body ( ,roman ,law1 & !    
m$ical works ( ,gal51 ,hippocrates1 &   
v>i\s ,arabic & ,jewi% physicians4 ,9 ! 
ma91 ^! _h be5 hi!rto unkn[n 9 we/]n    
,europe1 or at lea/ practically =-gott5 
s9ce ! days ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 !    
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies !y 7 collect$ 
& made g5]ally accessible to /ud5ts4 ,^?
 n orig9ally writt5 9 ,lat9 7 n[        
translat$ into ,lat92 manuscript copies 

7 multipli$ & widely diffus$4  ,b !     
intellectual activity ( ! times         
accompli%$ mu* m ?an ! recov]y ( "s     
fragm5ts ( anci5t le>n+2 x also creat$  
two new fields ( /udy1--,s*ola/ic       
,philosophy & ,!ology1 & ,canon ,law1--&
 produc$ ! text-books :i* m>k$ !m (f z  
di/9ct & pr(essional /udies4 ,! book :i*
 e/abli%$ ! me?od ( ^! /udies 0         
,abel>d's ,yes & ,no 7see p4 #bj72 b !  
works :i* furni%$ ! sub/ance ( univ]sity
 in/ruction 71 9 ,!ology1 ! ,s5t5ces    
7,s5t5tiae7 ( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 & 9 ,canon 
,law1 ! ,decree 7,decretum7 ( ,gratian1 
:i* 0 also kn[n z ! ,h>mony (           
,contradictory ,canons 7,concordia      
,discordantium ,canonum71 & additions   
!reto1 indicat$ on page #ef4  ,?us1 dur+
 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! gr[? (  
univ]sities 0 /imulat$ by ! developm5t (
 a great body ( le>n+ hi!rto            
inaccessible or unkn[n4 ,! /rik+ nature 
( ?is developm5t w be cle>] if we recall
 t no addition to ! le>n+ ( we/]n       
,europe 9 ! lea/ degree comp>able to ?is

 _h be5 made dur+ ! entire sev5 c5turies
 prec$+4  ,! books above m5tion$ did n  
con/itute ! sole res\rces = high]       
education4 ,besides ! already long-us$  
text-books on ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts !re 
7 ma!matical & philosophical works (    
,arabic orig91 & z ! revival progress$  
_m new books 7 writt5 on ! old subjects4
 ,b ! books already nam$ 7 fundam5tally 
important z furni%+ n only ! e>ly       
intellectual impulse to ! gr[? (        
univ]sities1 b also ! ma9 body ( /udies 
9 ! ,faculties ( ,arts1 ,!ology1 ,law1 &
 ,m$ic9e d[n to ! ye> #aejj4 ,_m ( !m 7 
9 use at a mu* lat] date1 & "s--) _m    
revisions--are /ill /&>d text-books4 ,no
 "o c und]/& ! intellectual life ( !    
univ]sities :o does n h "s acqua9tance )
 ! titles & cont5ts ( ^! works4 ,x may  
be add$ t acqua9tance ) !m is ess5tial  
also to ! und]/&+ ( ,european hi/ory &  
lit]ature4 ,?is section is !re=e devot$ 
to c]ta9 details conc]n+ ! e>ly hi/ory (
 univ]sity /udies4   7a7 ,! ,works (    
,ari/otle  ,! works ( ,ari/otle 7       

compos$ 9 ,a!ns1 #cce-cbb ,b4,c4 ,_!    
hi/ory1 f ! "t ( ,ari/otle's dea? to _! 
appe>ance 9 ,lat9 translations 9 we/]n  
,europe1 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s lat]1 _c be 
"h detail$4 ,! translations commonly us$
 9 ! univ]sities 7 ne>ly all made dur+ !
 twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! e>li]    
ones 7 made 9 ,spa91 f ,arabic v]sions (
 ! orig9al ,greek2 ! lat]1 directly f   
,greek copies f\nd 9 ,con/ant9ople1 &   
else:]e 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,arabic-,lat9      
translations 7 v poor1 ow+ to ! two     
removes f ! orig9al ,greek & !          
incapacity ( ! translators4 ,^? directly
 f ! ,greek 7 some:at bett]1 yet f> f   
satisfactory2 & new v]sions 7 repeat$ly 
made d[n to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4   
,univ]sity re=ms sometimes includ$ !    
adoption ( ^! bett] translations 7see p4
 #dh74  ,! works kn[n by ! ye> #acjj may
 be classifi$ 9 f\r gr\ps3              
#a4 ,categories             ,pr$icam5ta4
 ,i4 ,logical                           
,categoriae4 treatises        #b4 ,on   
int]pretation      ,de ,int]pretatione4 

commonly                                
,p]i ,h]m5eias4 ref]r$ to      #c4      
,prior ,analytics         ,analytica    
,priora4 z ! ,organon   #d4 ,po/]ior    
,analytics     ,analytica ,po/]iora4 or 
#e4 ,topics                  ,topica4   
,me?odology      #f4 ,sophi/ical        
,sophi/icae ,el5*i4                     
,refutations  ,,ii4 ,moral        #g4   
,politics4 & ,practical    #h4 ,e?ics4  
,philosophy       #i4 ,rhetoric4        
#aj4 ,poetics4                  #aa4 ,a 
,physical ,disc\rse 7,physics74         
#ab4 ,on ! ,heav5s4                     
#ac4 ,on ,g5]ation & ,de/ruction4       
#ad4 ,meteorologies4                    
#ae4 ,rese>*es ab\t ,animals4           
#af4 ,on ,p>ts ( ,animals4              
#ag4 ,on ,locomotion ( ,animals4        
#ah4 ,on ,g5]ation ( ,animals4 ,,iii4   
,natural     #ai4 ,on ! ,s\l4           
,philosophy4      #bj4 ,app5dices to !  
"w ,on ! ,s\l4                          
7a7 ,on ,s5se & ,s5sible ,?+s4          
7b7 ,on ,memory & ,recollection4        

7c7 ,on ,sleep & ,wak+4                 
7d7 ,on ,dreams & ,prophesy+ 9 ,sleep4  
7e7 ,on ,longevity & ,%ortliv$ness4     
7f7 ,on ,y\? & ,old ,age4               
7g7 ,on ,life & ,dea?4                  
7g7 ,on ,respiration4  ,,iv4 ,rational  
#ba4 ,metaphysics4 ,philosophy4         
,?is encyclop$ic collection became      
accessible 9 ,lat9 translations only by 
sl[ degrees4 ,abel>d knew only ! fir/   
two 7possibly also ! ?ird & f\r?7 works 
( ! ,organon4 ,john ( ,salisbury1 9 !   
next g5]ation1 0 famili> ) ! six        
treatises ( ! ,organon1 b app>5tly n ) !
 o!rs4 ,little seems to h be5 add$ to ^!
 until ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 !
 ,e?ics1 ! ,physics1 & ! ,metaphysics 7 
m5tion$ at ,p>is1--! la/ two z =bidd5   
works4 ,! great era ( translation seems 
to h be5 betwe5 #abjj & #abgj1 :5 bo?   
,arabic-,lat9 & ,greek-,lat9 v]sions 7  
made ( mo/ ( ! rema9+ treatises4 ,!     
recov]y ( ,ari/otle ?us occupi$ m ?an a 
c5tury & a half4 ,dur+ t p]iod !        
intellectual life ( we/]n ,europe 0     

/imulat$ by ! influx ( hi!rto unkn[n    
works ( t philosoph]1 & weighty         
additions 7 made to ! li/ ( available   
/udies4  ,z usual1 ! _w ( s*ol>s & !    
univ]sities 7 sl[ to recognize ! wor? ( 
! new /udies4 ,?is 0 due p>tly to !     
natural cons]vatism ( tea*]s1 & p>tly to
 ! fe> ( ecclesia/ical au?orities t !   
/udy ( ,ari/otle w\ld give rise to      
h]esies4 ,?us 9 ! docum5ts ( ! "t we    
meet1 on ! "o h&1 vigor\s argum5ts by   
progressive s*ol>s 9 favor ( ,ari/otle1 
& on ! o!r1 univ]sity regulations       
prescrib+ :at books %all or %all n be   
/udi$4  ,! attitude ( ,abel>d t[>d      
,ari/otle has already be5 cit$ 7see p4  
#ai74  ,8 pupil1 ,john ( ,salisbury1    
devotes a consid]able portion ( !       
,metalogicus to a discussion ( ! utility
 ( ! v>i\s portions ( ! ,organon & to ! 
def5se ( ,ari/otle1 z is %[n by ! titles
 ( v>i\s *apt]s ( t "w4 ,x is important 
to rememb] t he is advocat+ ! /udy ( !  
newly translat$ books1 z well z ^?      
already kn[n3       ,t ,logic1 because x

 seeks ! tru?1 takes ! lead 9 all       
,philosophy4       ,on ! usefulness ( ! 
,categories & _! appliances4       ,:at 
,conception is1 & ! usefulness ( !      
,p]i]m5iae or      m correctly          
,p]i]m5ia4 ,p]i ,h]m5eias4 ,on          
,int]pretation4       ,( :at ! ,body (  
,art consi/s2 & on ! usefulness ( !     
,topics4       ,:y ,ari/otle des]v$ m   
?an o!rs ! "n ( philosoph]4       ,t    
,ari/otle err$ 9 _m ways2 t he is em95t 
9 ,logic4  ,john ( ,salisbury cle>ly    
recogniz$ ! supremacy ( ,ari/otle among 
logicians4 ,aft] nam+ ,apuleius1 ,cic]o1
 ,porphyry1 ,boe?ius1 ,augu/9e1 & o!rs1 
he adds3       ,b :ile individually !y  
%9e =? because ( _! own      m]its1 !y  
all boa/ t !y wor%ip ! v foot/eps (     
,ari/otle2 to su* a degree1 inde$1 t by 
a sure pre-em95ce      he has made      
peculi>ly 8 own ! common "n ( all       
philosoph]s4 ,= by ,antonomy a figure ( 
spee* he is call$      ,! ,philosoph] p>
 excell5ce4  ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t       
,ari/otle _h by no means atta9$1 at !   

middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! au?oritative
 position :i* he held a hundr$ ye>s     
lat]4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! *apt] ,on ^? :o   
,c>p at ! ,works ( ,ari/otle3       ,i  
_c suffici5tly wond] :at sort ( a m9d !y
 h 7if1      t is1 !y h any7 :o c>p at !
 works ( ,ari/otle1      :i*1 9 any     
case1 ,i propos$ n to exp\nd b to       
praise4      ,ma/] ,!odoric1 z ,i       
recall1 ridicul$ ! ,topics1--n (        
,ari/otle1 b ( ,drogo4 ,yet he once     
taught ^? v ,topics4      ,c]ta9        
auditors ( ,ma/] ,rob]t ( ,melun        
calumniat$ ?is "w      z practically    
useless4 ,all decri$ ! ,categories4     
,:]e=e ,i      hesitat$ "s "t ab\t      
comm5d+ !m2 b !re 0 no      "q z to !   
re/ ( 8 works1 s9ce !y 7 comm5d$      by
 ! judgm5t ( all2 b ,i did n ?9k t !y   
%\ld be      prais$ grudg+ly4 ,yet      
opposition is made to ! ,el5*i          
,sophi/ical ,refutations1 ?\gh /upidly1 
because x conta9s      poetry2 b cle>ly 
! idiom ( ! ,greek language does n      
l5d itself readily to translation4 ,9   

?is respect ! ,analytics      seem to me
 pref]able1 because !y are no less      
effici5t =      actual use1 & because by
 _! easi] compreh5sion !y      /imulate 
eloqu5ce4#ah  ,! sl[ness ) :i* ^! works 
made _! way is describ$ by ,rog] ,bacon 
at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4       ,b a 
"p ( ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle has come  
sl[ly into      ! use ( ! ,lat9s4 ,= 8  
,natural ,philosophy &                  
,metaphysics1 & ! ,comm5t>ies (         
,av]rhoes & ( o!rs1      7 translat$ 9  
our times1 & 7 excommunicat$ at ,p>is   
be=e ! ye> ( our ,"l #abcg on acc\nt (  
_! h]etical      views on ! et]nity (   
matt] & ( "t1 & on acc\nt (      !      
h]esies conta9$ 9 ! book on             
,int]pretation ( ,dreams      7:i* is ! 
?ird book on ,sleep & ,wakefulness71 &  
on      acc\nt ( ! _m errors 9 !        
translation4 ,! ,logicalia 7      also  
sl[ly receiv$ & read1 = ! bless$        
,edmund1 ,ar*bi%op      ( ,cant]bury1 0 
! fir/ at ,ox=d1 9 my "t1 to lecture on 
! book ( ,el5*i ,sophi/ical ,refutations

 & ,i saw ,ma/]      ,hugo :o at fir/   
read ! book ( ,po/]ior ,analytics1 & ,i 
saw      8 op9ion4 ,s !re 7 few books   
:i* 7 consid]$      wor? read+ 9 !      
a=esaid philosophy ( ,ari/otle1         
consid]+ ! multitudes ( ,lat9s2 nay1    
exce$+ly few &      almo/ none1 up to   
?is ye> ( our ,"l #abib4 ,s1 too1 !     
,e?ics ( ,ari/otle has be5 t>dily tri$ &
 has lately be5      read by ,ma/]s1    
?\gh only "h & !re4 ,& ! entire         
rema9+ philosophy ( ,ari/otle 9 a ?\s&  
volumes1 9 :i*      he treat$ all !     
kn[l$ges1 has nev] yet be5 translat$ &  
made kn[n to ! ,lat9s4#ai  ,! la/ s5t5ce
 ( ! acc\nt displays an ignorance ( !   
numb] ( ,ari/otle's extant writ+s :i* 0 
d\btless %>$ by all ( ,bacon's          
contempor>ies4 ,e>li] writ]s1 beg9n+ )  
,&ronicus ( ,rhodes 7fir/ c5tury        
,b4,c471 _h also plac$ ! numb] at "o    
?\s&2 ,bacon probably copi$ ! /atem5t f 
"o ( ^!4  ,! attitude ( ecclesia/ical   
au?orities t[>d ! /udy ( ,ari/otle at   
,p>is is express$ 9 a s]ies (           

regulations ext5d+ ov] ne>ly half a     
c5tury 7#abaj-abed74 ,!y indicate at    
fir/ a fe> ( c]ta9 ( ! newly translat$  
books on acc\nt ( _! h]etical views1 z  
is /at$ by ,rog] ,bacon 7p4 #dd74 ,?is  
suspicion gradually disappe>s2 & by     
#abed all ! m important works (         
,ari/otle are n only approv$1 b         
prescrib$ = /udy4  ,9 #abaj a *ur*      
c\ncil held at ,p>is s5t5c$ c]ta9       
h]etics to be burn$1 condemn$ v>i\s     
!ological writ+s1 & add$3       ,nor    
%all ! books ( ,ari/otle on ,natural    
,philosophy1 & !      ,comm5t>ies (     
,av]rhoes on ,ari/otle be read 9 ,p>is 9
      public or 9 secret2 & ?is we enjo9
 "u pa9 (      excommunication4#bj  ,9  
#abae ! /atutes ( ! ,papal ,legate1     
,rob]t de ,c\rcon1 = ! ,univ]sity1      
prescribe 9 detail :at %all1 & :at %all 
n1 be /udi$3       ,! treatises (       
,ari/otle on ,logic1 bo? ! ,old & !     
,new1      are to be read 9 ! s*ools 9 !
 regul> & n 9 !      extraord9>y c\rses4
 ,on fea/-days holidays no?+ is to be   

read except 444 ! ,e?ics1 if "o s       
*ooses1 & ! f\r?      book ( ! ,topics4 
,! books ( ,ari/otle on ,metaphysics or 
,natural ,philosophy1 or ! abridgm5ts ( 
^! works1 are n to      be read4#ba  ,9 
o!r words1 ! ,old & ,new ,logic are     
prescrib$ /udies2 ! ,e?ics1 & ,topics1  
,bk4 ,,iv1 are optional2 ! ,metaphysics 
& ! ,natural ,philosophy are =bidd54    
,sixte5 ye>s lat] 7#abca7 ! ,/atutes (  
,pope ,gregory ,,ix = ! ,univ]sity      
prohibit only ! ,natural ,philosophy1 & 
ev5 ^! works only until !y are purg$ f  
error3       ,fur!rmore1 we comm& t !   
,ma/]s ( ,arts 444 %all n      use 9    
,p>is ^? books on ,natural ,philosophy  
:i* = a      def9ite reason 7 prohibit$ 
9 ! prov9cial c\ncil (      #abaj1 until
 !y h be5 exam9$ & purg$ f e            
suspicion ( error4#bb  ,! f9al triumph (
 ,ari/otle 9 ! ,univ]sity is indicat$ by
 ! /atute ( ! ,ma/]s ( ,arts 9 #abed4bc 
,x mu/ h _h at lea/ ! tacit approval ( !
 pope or 8 delegate4 ,! /atute is too   
long to quote effectively to ! po9t4    

,none ( ! works are =bidd51 & a l>ge    
numb] are prescrib$4 ,! li/ ( works     
m5tion$ includes--  7#a7 ,! six logical 
treatises ( ! ,organon2 7#b7 ,e?ics1    
,bks4 ,i-,,iv2 7#c7 ,physics1 ,on !     
,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 ,meteorologics1 ,on   
,g5]ation1 ,on ,animals1 ,on ! ,s\l1 ,on
 ,s5se & ,s5sible ,?+s1 ,on ,sleep &    
,wak+1 ,on ,memory & ,recollection1 ,on 
,life & ,dea?2 7#d7 ,metaphysics4 ,to ^!
 are add$ two o!r works !n believ$ to be
 ,ari/otle's1--,on ,plants1 & ,on       
,causes1--& num]\s books by o!r au?ors  
7nam$ on p4 #acg7 :i* d n conc]n !      
pres5t discussion4 ,a comp>ison ( ! li/ 
above ) ! li/ on page #dj w %[ t ne>ly !
 :ole range ( ,ari/otle's works is      
prescrib$4 ,comp>ison ) ! /atute ( #abae
 w %[ n only a *ange ( view reg>d+ !    
works !n =bidd51 b also an imm5se       
broad5+ ( ! /udies ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts 
9 ! c\rse ( =ty ye>s4  ,! =ego+ details 
are cit$ to give an idea ( ! fir/ /age (
 ! "q ( ,ari/otle 9 ! univ]sities4 ,!   
/atute ( #abed may be tak5 z clos+ !    

long /ruggle = ! recognition ( 8 works4 
,! broad pr9ciple ( _! g5]al acceptance 
_h be5 e/abli%$2 !nce=w>d = ne>ly ?ree  
c5turies !y rema9$ ! dom9ant /udies ( ! 
,faculties ( ,arts ev]y:]e4  ,^!        
c5turies include ! second p]iod ( _!    
academic hi/ory4 ,_! au?ority is n[     
h>dly que/ion$2 & woe to ! que/ion]6 ,!y
 furni% ! basis = ! great /ructure (    
s*ola/ic philosophy2 !y are reconcil$ ) 
,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,ari/otle is !nce=w>d 
,! ,philosoph]--he is s /yl$ ev5 9 mod]n
 s*ola/ic philosophy2 he is ! =]unn] (  
,*ri/ 9 ?+s natural1 ! ma/] ( ^? :o "k4 
,9 ?is p]iod1 !n1 academic debate       
conc]n$ itself ) matt]s ( detail4 ,:at  
portions ( 8 works %\ld be /udi$ = !    
v>i\s degrees 9 ,arts8 ,9 :at ord] %\ld 
!y be /udi$8 ,:at comm5ts %\ld be read8 
,:at translations %\ld be us$8 ,s late z
 #aeai ^! are ! *ief que/ions consid]$ 9
 ! re=m$ plan ( /udies 9 ,arts at       
,leipzig4 ,! read] w note ! /ress laid  
^u ! /udy ( ! text itself2 ! exclusion (
 frivol\s comm5ts1 & ! use ( ! late/    

translations by ,greek s*ol>s4          
,inasmu* z no good ?+ is m desirable ?an
 philosophy1 z      ,cic]o says1 & none 
m advantage\s has be5 giv5 to !         
race ( mortals1 or grant$ by heav51 or w
 ev] be giv5 z a      gift2 9 ord] t we 
may possess ?is too1 we *oose z our     
guide ,ari/otle1 :om we cause to be     
comm5d$ = 8 k      ( facts1 ! numb] ( 8 
works1 8 ability 9 speak+1 &      !     
acum5 ( 8 intellectual p[]s4 ,nor w we  
int]pret !      visions & involv$       
que/ions ( 8 int]pret]s1 s9ce x is      
*>act]i/ic ( a v poor intellect to gr[  
wise f      comm5t>ies only1 9 :i*1     
neglect+ ,ari/otle's mean+1 !           
,sophi/s dispute ab\t empty trifles4 ,b 
8 works1 translat$      9 "p by         
,ar*]opylus ,argyropulos1 9 "p by       
,augu/us ,nipho      & ,h]molaus ,b>b>us
 & ,!odoras ,gaza1 w be made cle> 9     
! ord] outl9$ bel[3#bd ,!n foll[s ! li/ 
( books1      = :i* see p4 #acd4  ,!    
?ird /age ( ! debate conc]n+ ,ari/otle  
began %ortly aft] #aejj4 ,8 works 7 less

 exclusively ! subject ( /udy3 !y 7 be+ 
displac$ by ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics4  
,!y 71 moreov]1 ! object ( repeat$      
attack4 ,9 #aecf1 9 ! ,univ]sity (      
,p>is1 :i* _h s long ma9ta9$ _! /udy1   
,pi]re ,ramus successfully def5d$ !     
/>tl+ !sis1 ,ev]y?+ t ,ari/otle taught  
is false4 ,?is 0 only "o sign ( _! loss 
( pre/ige4 ,new & improv$ text-books 9  
,logic absorb$ ! useful portions ( !    
,organon2 ! au?ority ( ! ,natural       
,philosophy wan$ ) ! rise ( exp]im5tal  
sci5ce2 t ( ! ,metaphysics yield$ to !  
new philosophy ( ,desc>tes4 ,by ! end ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury !y ceas$ to be a pot5t
 factor 9 univ]sity /udies4   7b7 ,!    
,roman ,law  ,! great compilation ( !   
,roman ,law kn[n z ! ,corpus ,juris     
,civilis 7,body ( ,civil ,law7          
con/itutes a second important addition (
 ! twelf? c5tury to ! field ( univ]sity 
/udies4 ,x 0 probably m important z an  
influ5ce ^u ! gr[? ( univ]sities ?an !  
works ( ,ari/otle4  ,! great] "p ( !    
,corpus ,juris 0 compil$ at             

,con/ant9ople1 #ebi-ecc ,a4,d41 by c]ta9
 em95t juri/s "u ! ,roman ,emp]or1      
,ju/9ian4 ,! purpose ( ! "w 0 to r$uce  
to ord] & h>mony ! mass ( confus$ &     
contradictory /atutes & legal op9ions1 &
 to furni% a /&>d body ( laws (         
manageable size 9 place ( ! unwieldly   
mass ( incorrect texts commonly 9 use1 s
 t ! entire anci5t law1 9 a /ate (      
confusion = "s f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s & n[  
by u made cle>1 may be1 s to speak1     
enclos$ )9 a wall & h no?+ left outside 
x4 ,! juri/s entru/$ ) ?is "w 7 also    
requir$ to prep>e an introductory book =
 /ud5ts1 z describ$ bel[4 ,aft] !       
completion ( ! :ole "w ,ju/9ian issu$   
7#ecc-efe7 _m new /atutes 7,novellae7   
:i* 7 nev] (ficially collect$1 b :i*    
came to be consid]$ a "p ( ! ,corpus    
,juris4 ,! ma9 divisions ( ! ,body (    
,civil ,law are--  7#a7 ,! ,code1 9     
twelve books1 :i* conta9s /atutes ( !   
,emp]ors f ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4         
,s9ce says ,ju/9ian we f9d ! :ole c\rse 
( our /atutes      444 to be 9 a /ate ( 

su* confusion t !y rea* to an           
inf9ite l5g? & surpass ! b\nds ( all    
human capacity1 x      0 !re=e our fir/ 
desire to make a beg9n+ ) ! mo/         
sacr$ ,emp]ors ( old times1 to am5d _!  
/atutes1 & to put      !m 9 a cle> ord]1
 s t !y might be collect$ toge!r      9 
"o book1 &1 be+ dive/$ ( all sup]flu\s  
repetition      & mo/ inequitable       
disagreem5t1 might af=d to all mank9d   
! ready res\rce ( _! unalloy$ "*4#be    
7#b7 ,! ,dige/1 or ,p&ects1 9 fifty     
books1 conta9+ extracts f ! op9ions (   
,roman lawy]s on a great v>iety ( legal 
que/ions4 ,?is "w 0 also und]tak5 to br+
 ord] & h>mony out ( ! prevail+         
confusion3       ,we h entru/$ ! entire 
task to ,tribonianus1 a mo/             
di/+ui%$ man1 ,ma/] ( ! ,(fices1        
ex-quae/or ( our      sacr$ palace1 &   
ex-consul1 & we h laid on him ! :ole    
s]vice ( ! ent]prise describ$1 s t ) o!r
      illu/ri\s & le>n$ colleagues he   
might fulfil our desire4      ,he is to 
collect toge!r & to submit to c]ta9     

modifications ! v mo/ important works ( 
old times1      ?or\ghly int]mix$ &     
brok5 up z !y may almo/ be call$4       
,b 9 ! mid/ ( our c>eful rese>*es1 x 0  
intimat$ to      u by ! said exalt$     
p]son t !re 7 ne>ly two ?\s&      books 
writt5 by ! old lawy]s1 & m ?an ?ree    
million      l9es 7 left u by !m1 all ( 
:i* x 0 requisite to read      &        
c>efully consid] & out ( !m to select   
:atev] might      be be/4 ,?is 0        
accompli%$ s t ev]y?+ ( great           
importance 0 collect$ into fifty books1 
& all ambiguities      7 settl$1 )\t any
 refractory passage be+ left4#bf  ,9    
m$iaeval univ]sity docum5ts ! ,dige/ is 
frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ?ree divisions1 :i* 
probably indicate ?ree sep>ate in/alm5ts
 9 :i* ! ,,ms4 ( ! "w 0 br\ght to       
,bologna 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies3 !
 ,old ,dige/ 7,dige/um ,vetus7 ,bks4    
,i-,,xxiv1 title ii1 ,in=tiatum ,bks4   
,,xxiv1 title iii-,,xxxviii1 title iii1 
& ,new ,dige/ 7,dige/um ,novum7 ,bks4   
,,xxxviii1 title iv-,l4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m

 ,in=tiatum is unc]ta94       ,?is      
di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,dige/
 is      purely arbitr>y4444 ,! division
 mu/ h orig9at$ 9 an      accid5tal     
sep>ation ( "s ar*etypal ,,ms4#bg  7#c7 
,! ,in/itutes1 9 f\r books1 an elem5t>y 
text-book = /ud5ts4 ,! purpose ( ! book 
0 to af=d a simple1 cle>1 & tru/wor?y   
introduction to ! /udy ( law1 & to      
economize ! /ud5t's "t3       ,:5 we _h 
arrang$ & br\ght into p]fect h>mony !   
hi!rto confus$ mass ( imp]ial           
con/itutions 7i4e4 ! ,code71      we !n 
ext5d$ our c>e to ! va/ volumes ( anci5t
 law2      &1 sail+ z x 7 across ! mid  
ocean1 h n[ complet$1      ?r\gh ! fav\r
 ( heav51 a "w t once seem$ beyond hope 
7i4e4 ! ,dige/74       ,:5 by ! bless+ (
 ,god ?is task 0 accompli%$1 we         
summon$ ! mo/ em95t ,tribonian1 ma/] &  
ex-quae/or (      our palace1 toge!r ) !
 illu/ri\s ,!ophilus &      ,doro!us1   
pr(essors ( law1 all ( :om h on _m      
occasions      prov$ to u _! ability1   
legal k1 & ob$i5ce to our      ord]s2 & 

we h specially *>g$ !m to compose1 "u   
our      au?ority & advice1 ,in/itutes1 
s t y may no m le>n      ! fir/ elem5ts 
( law f old & errone\s s\rces1 b        
appreh5d !m by ! cle> light ( imp]ial   
wisdom2 & t      y\r m9ds & e>s may     
receive no?+ t is useless or            
misplac$1 b only :at obta9s 9 actual    
practice4 ,s t1      :]eas1 =m]ly1 !    
junior /ud5ts c\ld sc>cely1 aft]        
?ree ye>s' /udy1 read ! imp]ial         
con/itutions1 y may n[      comm5ce y\r 
/udies by read+ !m1 y :o h be5 ?\ght    
wor?y ( an hon\r & a happ9ess s great t 
! fir/ &      la/ lessons 9 ! k ( ! law 
%\ld issue = y      f ! m\? ( ! emp]or4 
,:51 !re=e1 by ! assi/ance ( ! same     
em95t p]son      ,tribonian & t ( o!r   
illu/ri\s & le>n$ m51 we _h      compil$
 ! fifty books1 call$ ,dige/s or        
,p&ects1 9 :i* is      collect$ ! :ole  
anci5t law1 we direct$ t ^!             
,in/itutes %\ld be divid$ into f\r      
books1 :i* might s]ve      z ! fir/     
elem5ts ( ! :ole sci5ce ( law4       ,9 

^! books a brief exposition is giv5 ( ! 
anci5t laws1      & ( ^? also1 :i*1     
ov]%ad[$ by disuse1 h be5 aga9          
br\ght to light by our imp]ial au?ority4
       ,^! f\r books ( ,in/itutes ?us   
compil$1 f all !      ,in/itutes left u 
by ! anci5ts1 & *iefly f !              
comm5t>ies ( our ,gaius1 bo? 9 8        
,in/itutes & 9 8 "w      on daily       
affairs1 & also f _m o!r comm5t>ies1 7  
pres5t$ to u by ! ?ree le>n$ m5 we h    
above nam$4 ,we      h read & exam9$ !m 
& h accord$ to !m all !      =ce ( our  
con/itutions4       ,receive1 !re=e1 )  
eag]ness1 & /udy ) *e]ful      dilig5ce1
 ^! our laws1 & %[ y\rselves p]sons (   
su*      le>n+ t y may conceive !       
flatt]+ hope ( y\rselves      be+ able1 
:5 y\r c\rse ( legal /udy is complet$1  
to      gov]n our empire 9 ! diff]5t    
portions t may be entru/$      to y\r   
c>e4       ,giv5 at ,con/ant9ople on !  
elev5? day ( ! cal5ds (      ,decemb]1 9
 ! ?ird consulate ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 
ev]      ,augu/ 7#ecc7bh  7#d7 ,!       

,novellae 7,novels71 or new /atutes     
issu$ by ,ju/9ian betwe5 ! f9al edition 
( ! ,code & 8 dea? 7#ecd-efe74 ,^! are  
really a cont9uation ( ! ,code1 b !y 7  
nev] (ficially collect$4  ,! ,code & !  
,in/itutes 7 kn[n & /udi$ 9 ,italy      
?r\gh\t ! ,d>k ,ages1 b ! ,dige/1 mu* ! 
l>ge/ & mo/ important "p ( ! ,corpus    
,juris1 0 almo/ :olly neglect$1 if n    
unkn[n1 until ! "t ( ,irn]ius ( ,bologna
 7c4 #ajgj-aacj74 ,he & 8 co-labor]s    
collect$ & arrang$ ! scatt]$ p>ts ( !   
entire ,body ( ,civil ,law1 & 9 p>ticul>
 introduc$ ! ,dige/ to we/]n ,europe4   
,)\t ! ,dige/ ! /udy ( ,roman ,law 0 9 a
 worse position ?an ! /udy ( ,ari/otle  
:5 he 0 kn[n only f ! ,organon4 ,9 a mo/
 important s5se1 !re=e1 ! recov]y ( !   
,corpus ,juris 0 a contribution ( !     
twelf? c5tury to ! gr\p ( available     
high] /udies4 ,hi!rto ,law _h be5 taught
 usually z a m]e bran* ( ,rhetoric1 & z 
a "p ( a lib]al education4 ,! body (    
mat]ial n[ made available 0 suffici5t to
 occupy ! /ud5t's entire "t = sev]al    

ye>s4 ,x !re=e atta9$ /&+ z an indep5d5t
 subject1 & z a di/9ctly pr(essional    
/udy4  ,! effect ( ?is newly recov]$    
body ( le>n+ ^u ! rise ( univ]sities 0 v
 mu* l t ( ,abel>d & 8 new me?od4       
,/ud5ts flock$ 9 ?\s&s to /udy law at   
,bologna1 & t[>d ! close ( ! twelf?     
c5tury ! ,univ]sity 0 organiz$4 ,num]\s 
o!r univ]sities arose directly f ! same 
impulse1 & ,law 0 ! lead+ ,faculty 9 by 
f> ! great] numb] ( m$iaeval univ]sities
 7,ra%dall74 ,except = ,canon ,law1 !   
,corpus ,juris ,civilis rema9$ ! *ief   
/udy ( ! ,faculties ( ,law = m ?an five 
c5turies4 ,roman ,law is /ill v g5]ally 
taught 9 ,european univ]sities4 ,?us !  
impulse giv5 by ,irn]ius & 8 co-labor]s 
is influ5tial 9 univ]sity affairs (     
to-day4  ,! influ5ce ( ,roman ,law ^u ! 
social & political hi/ory ( ,europe is  
f>-rea*+4 ,! subject is beyond ! limits 
( ! pres5t "w2 b x is to be not$ t ?is  
influ5ce 0 ex]t$ z a result ( its /udy 9
 ! univ]sities 7see ,ra%dall1 ,vol4     
,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gjh-gji74         

,ra%dall & ,d5ifle ?9k t ! example (    
,ju/9ian inspir$ ! fir/ m$iaeval grant (
 special privileges to s*ol>s 7see p4   
#hb74 ,if ?is is true1 ! ,roman ,law _h 
a mo/ important effect ^u ! hi/ory (    
univ]sities !mselves4 ,two important    
m$iaeval privileges = ma/]s & s*ol>s 7  
exemption f taxation & ! "r ( trial be=e
 special c\rts4 ,:e!r or n ^! 7 copi$ f 
! ,roman ,law is a "q2 b ! ,code (      
,ju/9ian1 foll[+ ! /atutes ( e>li]      
emp]ors1 explicitly grants bo? ( ^!     
privileges to tea*]s4 ,^! are s (t5     
m5tion$ t x is wor? :ile to pres5t ^?   
be>+ on ! subject3       ,,! ,,emp]ors  
,,leo ,,& ,,z5o1 ,,augu/i1 ,,to         
,,eusebius1 ,,ma/] ,,(      ,,(fices4   
,by ?is law we decree t ^? :o s]ve 9 !  
individual      s*ools1 & :o1 aft]      
complet+ ! curricula ( _! duties1       
%all h rea*$ ! rank ( *iefs & ?r\gh !   
ador$      purple ( our div9ity h won ! 
dignity ( mo/ illu/ri\s      ,c\nts1    
%all enjoy bo? ! girdle & all !         
privileges op5      to !m1 & h]eaft] to 

_! life's end %all be subject to      ! 
c\rt ( ,y\r ,highness only1 nor %all !y 
be compell$ by      ! comm& ( any "o    
else :omsoev] to und]go civil           
litigation4       ,yet 9 crim9al suits &
 9 matt]s connect$ ) public      tribute
 we wi% ! appropriate jurisdiction ( !  
rul]s ( !      prov9ces to be recogniz$ 
aga9/ ev5 su* m51 le/1 "u !      pretext
 ( a grant$ privilege1 ei!r ! influ5ce (
 !      wick$ be increas$ or ! public   
good be dim9i%$4#bi       ,,! ,,emp]or  
,,con/ant9e1 ,,augu/us1 ,,to ,,! ,,p4   
,we direct t physicians1 & *iefly       
imp]ial physicians1 &      ex-imp]ial   
physicians1 gramm>ians & o!r pr(essors (
      lett]s1 toge!r ) _! wives & sons1 
& :atev]      prop]ty !y possess 9 _!   
own cities1 be immune f all      paym5t 
( taxes & f all civil or public duties1 
& t 9      ! prov9ces !y %all n h       
/rang]s qu>t]$ on !m1 or      p]=m any  
(ficial duties1 or be br\ght into c\rt1 
or be      subject to legal process1 or 
suff] inju/ice2 & if any "o      h>ass  

!m he %all be puni%$ at ! discretion ( !
 ,judge4      ,we also comm& t _!       
sal>ies & fees be paid1 s t      !y may 
m readily in/ruct _m 9 lib]al /udies & !
      above m5tion$ ,arts4              
,proclaim$ on ! fif? day be=e ! ,kal5ds 
( ,octob] 7,sept4      #bg7 at          
,con/ant9ople1 9 ! ,consul%ip (         
,dalmatius &      ,z5ophilas4#cj   7c7  
,canon ,law  ,ab\t #aadb 7! ye> (       
,abel>d's dea?7 ,gratian1 a monk (      
,bologna1 d\btless influ5c$ by ! s*ool (
 ,roman ,law 9 t city1 made a           
compilation ( ! ,canon ,law1 :i* includ$
 ! canons or rules gov]n+ ! ,*ur* 9 its 
manifold activities1--its relations ) ! 
secul> p[]1 its own int]nal             
adm9i/ration1 or ! conduct ( its memb]s4
 ,hi!rto ,canon ,law _h be5 reg>d$ z    
m]ely a subdivision ( ,!ology1 j z      
,roman ,law _h be5 consid]$ a bran* (   
,rhetoric4 ,x n[ became an indep5d5t    
subject1--fur!r addition to ! body (    
high] /udies4 ,z an influ5ce ^u !       
developm5t ( univ]sities x 0 n less     

important ?an ! ,corpus ,juris ,civilis4
  ,! compilation made by ,gratian 0 add$
 to 9 lat] g5]ations1 & ! :ole body (   
*ur* law 0 kn[n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z !  
,corpus ,juris ,canonici 7,body ( ,canon
 ,law74 ,its ma9 divisions are3         
#a4 ,! ,decree ( ,gratian 7,decretum    
,gratiani7 9 ?ree p>ts1      publi%$ c4 
#aadb4 ,"p ,i conta9s "o hundr$ & "o    
di/9ctions 7di/9ctiones7 or divisions1  
:i* treat (      matt]s relat+ to       
ecclesia/ical p]sons & (fices4 ,di/4    
,,xxxvii is translat$ bel[4 ,"p ,,ii    
conta9s ?irty-six cases      7causae7   
ea* ( :i* is divid$ into que/ions       
7quae/iones74 ,^! que/ions deal )       
problems :i* may      arise 9 !         
adm9i/ration ( ! canon law4 ,"p ,,iii   
conta9s      five di/9ctions :i* deal ) 
! ritual & ! sacram5ts      ( ! *ur*4   
,"u ea* di/9ction1 or "q1 are arrang$   
! canons--! views ( ecclesia/ical       
au?orities--on !      matt] "u          
discussion4       #b4 ,! ,decretals     
7,decretales71 9 five books1 publi%$ by 

,pope      ,gregory ,,ix 9 #abcd4       
#c4 ,! ,six? ,book 7,lib] ,sextus71 a   
supplem5t to ! ,decretals      by ,pope 
,boniface ,,viii1 #abih4       #d4 ,!   
,con/itutions ( ,clem5t9e               
7,con/itutiones      ,clem5t9ae71 #acag4
       #e4 ,sev]al collections ( papal  
laws n includ$ 9 ^? above1      kn[n by 
! g5]al title ( ,extravagantes1 i4e41   
laws extra      vagantes1 or outside (1 
! f\r compilations j m5tion$4  ,among   
all ^! ! ,decretum ( ,gratian 0 ! great 
innovation :i* fir/ m>k$ out ,canon ,law
 z a di/9ct field ( le>n+1 sep>ate f bo?
 ,!ology & ,roman ,law4 ,x 0 writt5 z a 
text-book2 x 0 "o ( ^? great text-books 
:i* take ! _w by /orm4 ,x creat$ an     
entirely new class ( /ud5ts1 sep>ate f  
^? devot$ to ,arts1 ,!ology1 ,roman     
,law1 & ,m$ic9e1--j z ! developm5t (    
,eng9e]+ & o!r new pr(essional /udies h 
creat$ new gr\ps ( univ]sity /ud5ts     
to-day1--& !reby increas$ ! resort to ! 
univ]sities4  ,! selection foll[+       
illu/rates num]\s *>act]i/ics ( m$iaeval

 univ]sity /udy4 7#a7 ,! "q itself is a 
v anci5t subject ( debate2 ! controv]sy1
 on religi\s gr\nds1 conc]n+ ! /udy ( ! 
classics1 _h already cont9u$ = ne>ly a  
?\s& ye>s1 & 0 de/9$ to cont9ue =       
c5turies aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,decretum4
 ,_m su* que/ions 7 debat$ 9 !          
univ]sities = g5]ations4 ,! debate on ! 
classics /ill rages1 ?\gh ! argum5ts pro
 & con no long] raise ! po9t ( _!       
influ5ce on religi\s belief4 7#b7 ,!    
selection is "o among _m examples ( !   
p[]ful influ5ce ( ,abel>d's me?od 9     
m$iaeval writ+ & tea*+4 ,! read] w at   
once see 9 x ! =m ( ! ,yes & ,no4 7#c7  
,x gives a v good idea ( ! sub/ance ( a 
univ]sity lecture1 :i* w\ld ord9>ily    
consi/ 9 read+ ! actual text & comm5ts  
"h set d[n 7see p4 #aaa74 7#d7 ,x %[s h[
 ! mass ( comm5ts came to ov]%ad[ !     
orig9al text1 & by consequ5ce to absorb 
! great] "p ( ! att5tion ( tea*]s &     
/ud5ts4 ,"o object ( univ]sity re=m 9   
all /udies at ! end ( ! fifte5? & !     
beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 to sweep    

away ?is burd5some & (t5 useless        
mat]ial1 & to return to ! /udy ( ! text 
itself 7see p4 #dh74 7#e7 ,x illu/rates 
a common mode ( int]pret+ 9 a figurative
 s5se passages f ! ,bible :i* to ! mod]n
 read] seem to h no figurative mean+4   
,?us 7pp4 #fd1 #ff7 ! plagues ( frogs & 
flies :i* ,moses br\ght ^u ,egypt typify
 ! empty g>rul\sness ( dialecticians1 & 
_! sophi/ical argum5ts 2 ! gifts ( !    
?ree ,magi to ! infant ,jesus signify ! 
?ree p>ts ( philosophy1 etc4 ,m$iaeval  
lit]ature conta9s a great mass ( su*    
int]pretations4  ,! text & ! gloss1 or  
comm5t>y1 are "h plac$ on oppos+ pages =
 ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,! text is a        
compilation1 *iefly f e>li]             
compilations2 ,gratian did n z a rule   
consult ! s\rces !mselves4 ,8 pupil1    
,paucapalea1 made _m additions to !     
text1 "o ( :i* appe>s 9 ?is selection4  
,! gloss "h translat$ is ! /&>d comm5t>y
 7glossa ord9>ia7 :i* 0 us$ = c5turies 9
 ! regul> univ]sity lectures 7see p4    
#ajh74 ,l ! text1 x is a compilation f  

_m s\rces4 ,x 0 fir/ made 7c4 #abab7 by 
,john ! ,g]man 7,joannes ,teutonicus71  
:o add$ 8 own notes--usually sign$      
,john--to 8 selections f e>li]          
glossators4 ,! names or titles1 (t5     
abbreviat$1 ( comm5tators :om he quotes 
are frequ5tly app5d$ to _! notes1 e4g4  
,john ( ,faenza1 ,hugo ( ,pisa1         
,card9alis1 ,laur5tius ,hispanus2 _m    
notes are unsign$4 ,ab\t #abch !        
compilation ( ,john ! ,g]man 0 revis$ & 
enl>g$ by ,b>?olomew ( ,brescia1 :o also
 add$ comm5ts f o!r writ]s1 e4g4 ,arc   
hidiaconus4 ,?is revision =ms ! great]  
"p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! gloss :i* appe>s   
bel[4  ,! cross-ref]5ces1 9 ! comm5ts   
bel[1 are left untranslat$4 ,!y are     
ma9ly citations ( o!r passages 9 !      
,decretum itself4 ,su* ref]5ces z ,,xvi4
 quae/ ,,iii4 nemo are to be read1 ,case
 ,,xvi1 "q ,,iii1 9 ! section beg9n+    
,nemo2 ,,xlviii di/4 sit rector means   
,di/9ction ,,xlviii1 9 ! section beg9n+ 
,sit rector4 ,sev]al ( ! ref]5ces 9 ?is 
selection are incorrect4  ,! gloss on   

?is page belongs to ! fir/ l9e ( text on
 page #fj4 ,x =ms1 ) ! ,summ>ies on lat]
 pages1 a complete analysis ( ! text4 ,x
 indicates1 fir/1 ! five subdivisions ( 
! di/9ctio2 second1 its g5]al purport4  
,lat] summ>ies analyze small portions ( 
! text4 7,cf4 ! description ( ! lecture 
by ,od(r$us1 p4 #aaa47  ,?is division is
 divid$ into five sections2 ! second    
beg9s3 ,!n :y 444 7p4 #fh72 ! ?ird      
beg9s3 ,! report has come to z 7p4 #gd72
 ! f\r? beg9s3 ,*ri/ians are =bidd5 7p4 
#ge72 ! fif? beg9s3 ,z !re=e is evid5t  
7p4 #ge74 ,john ( ,fa4,a  ,summ>y4 ,"h  
foll[s ! ?irty-sev5? division 9 :i* ! "q
 is ask$ :e!r x is fitt+ t ! cl]gy be   
made acqua9t$ ) pr(ane lit]ature1 t is1 
! books ( ! hea!n4 ,& fir/ he proves t  
!y %\ld n be read 7z f> z ,b on ! o!r   
h&1 p4 #fd74 ,!n he proves ! opposite & 
aft]w>ds gives ! solution 7to ,!n :y1 p4
 #fh74 ,! fir/ two *apt]s are pla94     
,,%all ,,prie/s ,,be ,,acqua9t$ ,,)     
,,pr(ane ,,lit]ature1 ,,or ,,no8        
,b ! "q 7h7 is ask$ :e!r ^! m5 %\ld be  

made      acqua9t$ ) pr(ane lit]ature4  
,"h is :at is writt5 ^u ! matt] 9 ! f\r?
      ,c>?ag9ian ,c\ncil3       ,a      
,bi%op %\ld n read ! books ( ! 7i7      
hea!n4       ,a bi%op %\ld n read !     
books ( ! hea!n3 ^? (      h]etics he   
may read c>efully1 ei!r ( necessity 7k7 
or =      "s special reason4       ,s   
,j]ome to ,pope ,damasus on ! prodigal  
son3       ,prie/s are blamewor?y :o1 to
 ! neglect ( ! ,gospels1 read           
com$ies4       ,we see prie/s ( ,god1 to
 ! neglect ( ! ,gospels & !             
,prophets1 read+ com$ies1 s++ ! ,amatory
 words ( bucolic      v]ses1 keep+      
,v]gil 9 _! h&s1 & mak+ t :i*           
occurs ) boys z a necessity 7k7 gr\nd = 
accusation      aga9/ !mselves because  
!y d x = pleasure4       ,idem3         
,!y walk 9 ! vanity & d>kness ( ! s5ses 
:o occupy      !mselves ) pr(ane        
le>n+4,b       ,does he n seem to y to  
be walk+ 9 ! vanity ( !      s5ses1 & 9 
d>kness ( m9d1 :o day & night torm5ts   
himself ) ! dialectic art2 :o1 z an     

inve/igator (      nature1 raises 8 eyes
 a?w>t ! heav5s &1 beyond !      dep?s (
 l&s & ! abyss1 is plung$ into ! s-call$
      void2 :o gr[s w>m ov] iambics1 :o1
 9 8 ov] zeal\s m9d1      analyses &    
comb9es ! great jungle ( metres2 &1 7to 
pass      to ano!r phase ( ! matt]71 :o 
seeks ri*es by fair means      & f\l    
means1 :o fawns ^u k+s1 grasps at !     
inh]itances      ( o!rs1 & amasses weal?
 ?\gh he kn[s n at ! "t to      :om he  
is go+ to leave x8  7h7 ,9 ?is          
?irty-sev5? division ,gratian asks,c    
:e!r "o :o is to be orda9$ ought to be  
acqua9t$ ) pr(ane lit]ature4 ,fir/1     
h[ev]1 he %[s t ! cl]gy ought n to give 
att5tion to ! books ( ! hea!n4,d ,!n he 
gives ! argum5t on ! o!r side & (f]s ?is
 solution1 t "s read ! books ( ! hea!n =
 amusem5t & pleasure1 & ?is is =bidd51  
:ile "s read = in/ruction1 & ?is is     
lawful1 9 ord] t1 ?r\gh ^! books !y may 
"k h[ to speak correctly & to di/+ui% ! 
true f ! false4 ,john1 z f> z ,!n :y 7p4
 #fh74 ,& notice t 9 all ! *apt]s up to 

,b on ! o!r h& 7p4 #fd7 pleasure alone  
seems to be =bidd54  7i7 ,!re=e !y ought
 n to he> ! laws1 = x is a disgrace to  
!m if !y wi% to be v]s$ 9 =5sic tra9+4  
,c4 de te/a consulta divalia4 ,b1 on !  
o!r h&1 ! laws are div9ely promulgat$   
?r\gh ! m\?s ( pr9ces z ,,xvi4 quae/4   
,,iii1 nemo4,e ,"s say t x is lawful to 
he> ! laws 9 ord] t ?r\gh !m ! canons   
may be bett] und]/ood4 ,he argues 9     
favor ( ?is division 9 ! section beg9n+ 
,"s read pr(ane lit]ature 7p4 #gj74     
,john4  7k7 ,9 ord] t !y may "k h[ to   
speak correctly4       ,likewise ,j]ome 
on ,isaiah3       ,he :o misund]/&s !   
sacr$ scriptures1 or makes a wrong use  
( pr(ane wisdom1 is drunk5 ) w9e,f & )  
/rong dr9k4       ,!y are drunk5 ) w9e  
:o 7l7 misund]/& ! sacr$      scriptures
 & p]v]t !m1 & ?r\gh /rong dr9k !y make 
a      wrong use ( pr(ane wisdom & !    
wiles ( ! dialecticians1      :i* are to
 be call$1 n s mu* wiles z figures1 t   
is1      symbols1 s-call$1 & images1 :i*
 quickly pass away & are      de/roy$4  

,likewise1 9 accordance ) tropology 7m71
 we ought      to reg>d z false prophets
 ^? :o int]pret ! words ( !             
scriptures o!rwise ?an z ! ,holy ,_s    
utt]s !m1 & z      div9e ^? :o f !      
inf]5ces ( _! own m9ds & ap>t      f !  
au?ority ( div9e words1 proclaim z true 
!      unc]ta9 ev5ts ( ! future4        
,likewise1 ^? :o d n      und]/& !      
,scriptures accord+ to ! actual tru? eat
 s\r      grapes4       ,likewise ,j]ome
 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians3           
,bi%ops are blam$ :o tra9 _! own sons 9 
pr(ane      lit]ature4,g       ,let ^?  
bi%ops & prie/s read ?is :o tra9 _! own 
sons 9 pr(ane lit]ature1 & h !m read ^? 
well-kn[n      com$ies & s+ ! base      
writ+s ( ! actors ( f>ces1      hav+    
educat$ !m p]haps on ! money ( !        
*ur*47a7 ,&      t :i* a virg91 or a    
wid[1 or any poor p]son :atev] _h       
(f]$1 p\r+ out h] :ole sub/ance z an    
(f]+ = s91      ?is is devot$ to a gift 
7b7 ( ! cal5d>1 & a      saturnalian    
(f]+1 7c7 &1 on ! "p ( ! gramm>ian      

& orator1 to a ?ank-(f]+ to ,m9]va1 or  
else x is turn$      ov] = dome/ic      
exp5ses1 or z a temple donation1 or =   
base      ga94 ,eli1 ! prie/1 0 himself 
holy1 b because 444   7l7 ,! e>s ( ^? :o
 misund]/& ! words ( ! ,ma/] %\ld be cut
 (f3 z ,,xxiv4 quae/4 ,i4 si ,petrus4,h 
7m7 ,t is1 9 accordance ) ! moral,i     
mean+1 f trope1 i4e4 a turn+,j or       
application1 :5 we apply our words to ! 
%ap+ ( "*4  ,,xliii4 di/9ct4 sit rector4
  ,additio4 ,!y did ! opposite & he     
writes ( p5it5ce1 di/9ct4 ,i4 sup]      
tribus4 ,ar*i4  7a7 ,he argues          
contr>iwise 9 di/4 ,,xxxi4 omn9o4  7b7  
,/r5a1--! fir/ gift :i* is giv5 at !    
beg9n+ ( ! ,cal5d>,k4 ,x is giv5 = a    
good om54 ,,xxv4 quae/4 ulti4 non       
obs]vetis4  ,x is call$ ,/r5a z if f s9e
 ?r5a1 i4e4 )\t lam5tation4  7c7        
,sportula 7a gift7 :i* is giv5 = fables 
( ,saturn1 or = celebrat+ ! fe/ival (   
,saturn1 or = games ( ,saturn1--= good  
luck4       444he tra9$ n 8 sons 7d7 9 e
 =m ( improv+      discipl9e1 he fell   

pro/rate & di$4       7,also f ! replies
 ( ,pope ,urban to ,*>les1 ,*apt4 #dh74 
,palea ,paucapalea1 a pupil ( ,gratian3 
,h]etics1 :5 disput+1,l place ! :ole    
/r5g? ( _!      wits ^u ! dialectic art1
 :i*1 9 ! judgm5t (      philosoph]s1 is
 def9$ z hav+ ! p[] n ( aid+ b (        
de/roy+ /udy4 ,b ! dialectic art 0 n    
pleas+,m to      ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 &  
,holy ,_s1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,god is      9 !
 simplicity ( fai?1 n 9 cont5ti\s spee*4
       ,also ,rabanus on ! ,afflictions 
( ! ,*ur*3       ,! bless$ ,j]ome is    
beat5 by an angel because he 0 read+    
! works ( ,cic]o4       ,we read ab\t ! 
bless$ ,j]ome t :5 he 0 read+ !         
works 7e7 ( ,cic]o he 0 *idd5 by an     
angel because1 be+ a      ,*ri/ian man1 
he 0 devot+ himself to ! productions ( !
      pagans4       ,! discussion :i*   
foll[s1 to ,h5ce ,b$e1 etc41 p4 #ff1 is 
attribut$1 9 mod]n editions1 to         
,gratian4       ,h5ce1 too1 ! prodigal  
son 9 ! ,gospel is blam$ because he     
w\ld fa9 h fill$ 8 belly ) ! husks 7f7  

:i* !      sw9e did eat4       ,h5ce1   
too1 ,orig5 und]/&s by ! flies & frogs )
 :i*      ! ,egyptians 7 smitt51 ! empty
 g>rul\sness ( !      dialecticians & _!
 sophi/ical argum5ts4       ,f all :i*  
in/ances x is ga!r$ t k ( pr(ane        
lit]ature is n to be s\ght aft] by      
*ur*m54       ,b1 on ! o!r h&,n "o reads
 t ,moses & ,daniel 7      le>n$ 9 all !
 wisdom ( ! ,egyptians & ,*aldeans4     
,"o reads also t ,god ord]$ ! sons (    
,israel to spoil 7g7      ! ,egyptians (
 _! gold & silv]2 ! moral int]pretation 
( ?is tea*es t %\ld we f9d 9 ! poets    
ei!r ! gold      ( wisdom or ! silv] (  
eloqu5ce1 we %\ld turn x to !      pr(it
 ( useful le>n+4 ,9 ,leviticus also we  
are ord]$ to      444  7d7 ,su* a "o is 
reject$ by ! evid5ce1 z ,,vi4 quae/4 ,i4
 qui crim54 ,also1 he _c be a bi%op4 ,z 
,,xlviii4 di/4 ,sec4 necesse4 ,nay he is
 call$ a dog r ?an a bi%op4 ,z ,,ii4    
quae/4 ,,vii4 qui nee4 ,john4  7e7      
,because he read !m = pleasure n =      
in/ruction1 z de conse4 di/4 ,v4 non    

m$iocrit]4  7f7 ,t is1 ) pr(ane wisdom  
:i* fills b does n satisfy1,o  7g7      
,,xiiii4 quae/ ,v4 dixit4,p       444(f]
 up to ,god ! fir/ fruits ( honey1 t is1
 !      sweetness ( human eloqu5ce4 ,!  
,magi1 too1 (f]$ ?ree gifts1      by :i*
 "s w\ld h u und]/& ! ?ree p>ts 7h7 (   
philosophy4       ,! read] w note t !   
two p>agraphs foll[+ belong      m      
prop]ly to ! fir/ "p ( ! argum5t2 !y may
 be      ins]t$ j be=e ! ?ird p>agraph  
above1--,f all :i*      in/ances1 etc4  
,f9ally 9 8 exposition ( ! ,psalms1     
,cassiodorus be>s      witness t all !  
spl5dor ( rhetorical eloqu5ce1 all !    
melody ( poetic spee*1 :atev] v>iety !re
 may be (      pleas+ pronunciation1 h  
_! orig9 9 div9e ,scriptures4           
,h5ce also ,ambrose says conc]n+ !      
,epi/le to ! ,colossians3      ,! sum   
total ( cele/ial k or ( e>?ly creation  
is 9      ,him :o is _! ,f\nta9-head &  
,au?or1 s t he :o kn[s      ,him %\ld n 
seek any?+ beyond1 because ,he is       
goodness &      wisdom 9 _! complet5ess2

 :atev] is s\ght else:]e1 9      ,him is
 f\nd 9 its complet5ess4 ,9 ,daniel &   
,solomon he %[s      t ,he is = infidels
 ! s\rce ( all _! eloqu5ce &            
wisdom4 ,infidels d n s ?9k1 because !y 
d n1 9 !      ,gospels & ! prophets1    
read ab\t a/rology & o!r su*      l ?+s1
 :i* are ( slight 7i7 wor? because !y   
avail      n = salvation1 b lead to     
error2 & :oev] devotes himself      to  
^! has no c>e = 8 s\l2 :ile he :o kn[s  
,*ri/      f9ds a treasure h\se ( wisdom
 & k1 because he kn[s      t :i* is (   
avail4       ,h5ce ,b$e says 9 ! ,book (
 ,k+s3       ,! cl]gy %\ld n be prev5t$ 
f read+ pr(ane      lit]ature4,q        
,he h>ms ! m5tal acum5 ( read]s1 &      
causes x to wane1 :o      ?9ks t !y %\ld
 9 e way be prev5t$ f read+      pr(ane 
books2 = :atev] useful ?+s 7k7 are f\nd 
9 !m      x is lawful to adopt z "o's   
own4 ,o!rwise ,moses & ,daniel      w\ld
 n h be5 all[$ to become le>n$ 9 !      
wisdom &      lit]ature ( ! ,egyptians &
 444  7h7 ,i4e4 ,e?ics1 natural         

philosophy1 rational philosophy4  7i7   
,comp>$ ) o!r k4 ,john4  7k7 ,he argues 
t ! useful is n vitiat$ by ! useless z  
,,xvii4       q4 ,,iv4 que/i s4 di/4    
,,ix4 si ad scripturas4 ,contra ,joan4  
444,*aldeans1 ^: sup]/itions &          
wantonness nev]!less      !y %udd]$ at4 
,& ! tea*] 7l7 ( ! g5tiles himself      
w\ld n h introduc$ 7m7 "s v]ses ( !     
poets into 8      own writ+s or say+s4  
,on ?is ,gratian comm5ts3       ,!n :y,r
 are ^? writ+s =bidd5 to be read :i*1 x 
444  7l7 ,= we read t :5 ,paul _h come  
to ,a!ns he saw an alt> ( ! ,unkn[n ,god
 on :i* x 0 writt53 ,?is is an alt> (,s 
! ,unkn[n ,god 9 :om we live & move & h 
our be+4 ,& ) ?is inscription ! ,apo/le 
began 8 exhortation & made kn[n to ^?   
,a!nians ! mean+ ( ?is                  
inscription1--cont9u+ ab\t our ,god &   
say+3 ,:om y pron\nce ,unkn[n1 ,him     
decl>e ,i unto y & wor%ip4 ,!n          
,dionysius1,t ! ,areopagite1 see+ a bl9d
 man pass+ by said to him 7i4e4 ,paul71 
,if y w give sight to t bl9d man ,i w   

believe y4 ,imm$iately1 :5 ! "n ( ,*ri/ 
_h be5 invok$1 he 0 re/or$ to sight &   
,dionysius believ$4  7m7 ,e4g4 ,9 !     
,epi/le ( ,paul to ,titus1,u ! quotation
 f ,epim5ides ! poet3 ,! ,cretians are  
always li>s1 evil bea/s1 sl[ bellies4   
,i4 quae/1 i4 dom9us decl>avit4  ,also  
he introduc$ 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to !      
,cor9?ians ?is f ,m5&]3 ,evil           
communications (t5 corrupt good mann]s4 
,,xxviii4 quae/io ,i4 saepe4  ,he us$   
also ?is v]se3 ,i %all hate if ,i c3 if 
n1 ,i %all love aga9/ my w4 ,b ,j]ome 9 
8 fif? division on ,consecration (t5 us$
 v]ses f ,virgil & ,augu/9e1 ?is (      
,lucan's3 ,m5s hau/i nulla c4 ,,xxvi4   
quae/io ,v4 nee mirum4 ,&1 z a lawy]1 he
 uses ! au?ority ( ,v]gil1 ff4 de r]um  
divisione1 intantrum ,sec4 c5otaphium2 &
 also1 ( ,hom]1 in/i4 de ,dontrah54 emp4
 ,sec4 pretium4       444is %[n s       
reasonably1 %\ld be read8 ,"s 7n7 read  
pr(ane lit]ature = _! pleasure1 be+     
delight$ ) !      productions ( ! poets 
& ! *>m ( _! words2 :ile      o!rs le>n 

!m to add to _! k1 9 ord] t      ?r\gh  
read+ ! errors1 ( ! hea!n !y may d5\nce 
!m1 & t !y may turn to ! s]vice ( sacr$ 
& dev\t      le>n+ ! useful ?+s !y f9d  
!re94 ,su* are      praisewor?y 9 add+  
to _! le>n+ pr(ane lit]ature4      ,:5ce
 bless$ ,gregory did n blame a c]ta9    
bi%op =      le>n+ x b because1 contr>y 
to 8 episcopal obligation1 he      read 
gramm> to ! p 9 place ( ! ,gospel       
lesson4       ,h5ce also ,ambrose writes
 conc]n+ ,luke3       ,pr(ane writ+s    
%\ld be read t !y may n be unkn[n4      
,"s we read 7o7 t we may n neglect 7a7  
!m2 we read      t we may n be ignorant 
( !m2 we read n t we may      embrace !m
 b t we may reject !m47b7       ,s      
,j]ome on ! ,epi/le to ,titus3          
,gramm> %\ld be read 9 ord] t ?r\gh x ! 
,sacr$      ,scriptures may be und]/ood4
       ,if anyone,v has le>n$ gramm> or 
dialectics 9 ord] to h      ! ability to
 speak correctly & to discrim9ate betwe5
 !      true & ! false1 we d n blame !m4
 ,geometry 7c7 &      ,ari?metic &      

,music conta9 tru? 9 _! own range (     
k1 b t k is n ! k ( piety4 ,!      k (  
piety is1--to "k ! law1 to und]/& !     
prophets1 to believe ! ,gospel1 7&7 n to
 be ignorant ( !      ,apo/les4 ,moreov]
 ! tea*+ ( ! gramm>ians c contribute    
to life1 provid$ x has be5 appli$ to its
 high] uses4       ,idem3       ,f !    
example ( ,daniel x is e/abli%$ t x is n
 a      s9 to be le>n$ 9 pr(ane         
lit]ature4,w  7n7 ,:5ce ,sa9t ,gregory 9
 8 ,,lxxxvi ,division1 & 9 _m places4   
7o7 ,?is entire section %\ld be read )  
reg>d to pr(ane k accord+ to ,j]ome1 & !
 ?reefold reason :y x %\ld be acquir$ is
 %[n3 namely t x be n neglect$1 t x be n
 unkn[n1 t x may be refut$,x4 ,s we read
 "s1 z ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 t we may 
n neglect !m4 ,"s we read 7z ! ,arts7 t 
we may n be ignorant ( !m4 ,"s1 z !     
writ+s ( ! h]etics1 t we may refute !m4 
,"s 7we read7 t !y be n neglect$1 z !   
,old ,te/am5t4  7a7 ,= al?\gh ( no use  
yet k ( !m is necess>y1 z 9 di/4 ,,vii4 
cap4 ult4  7b7 ,z ! books ( h]etics4 ,z 

,,xxiv4 quae/io ,,iii4 cap4 ult4  7c7   
,geometry4 ,he does n m5tion ,a/ronomy  
because ?is subject has fall5 into      
disuse z ,,xxvj4 quae/4 ,,ii4 ,sec4 8   
ita4       ,^? :o are unwill+ to p>take 
( ! table 7d7 i4e4 meat      & w9e ( !  
k+1 t !y may n be defil$1 surely w\ld   
nev] cons5t to le>n t :i* 0 unlawful if 
!y knew t      7e7 ! wisdom & le>n+ ( ! 
,babylonians 0 s9ful4 ,!y      le>n1    
h[ev]1 n t !y may con=m !reto1 b t !y   
may judge & convict4 ,= example1 if any 
"o ignorant (      ma!matics %\ld wi% to
 write aga9/ ! ma!maticians1 he         
w\ld expose himself to ridicule2 also 9 
cont5d+ aga9/ !      philosoph]s1 if he 
%\ld be ignorant ( ! dogmas ( !         
philosoph]s4 ,) ?is int5t !re=e !y w\ld 
le>n !      wisdom ( ! ,*aldeans j z    
,moses _h le>n$ all ! wisdom      ( !   
,egyptians4 ,s too3 ,if ev] we are      
compell$ to call to      m9d pr(ane     
lit]ature1 & f x to le>n ?+s we be=e    
_h omitt$1 x is n a matt] ( our p]sonal 
desire1 b1 s      to speak1 ( !         

weightie/ necessity1--9 ord] t we may   
prove t ^? ev5ts :i* 7 =etold 7f7 _m    
ages ago      by ! holy prophets are    
conta9$ 7g7 9 ! writ+s ( !      ,greeks1
 z well z 9 ^? ( ! ,lat9s & o!r         
,g5tiles4       ,s1 too1 f ! synod (    
,pope ,eug5e3       ,bi%ops %\ld appo9t 
tea*]s & in/ructors 9 suitable          
places4,y       ,! report has come to u 
) reg>d to c]ta9 regions t      nei!r   
tea*]s1 nor c>e = ! pursuit ( lett]s1 is
 f\nd4      ,!re=e1 9 e way1 c>e &      
dilig5ce %\ld be us$ by all      !      
bi%ops among ! peoples subject to !m1 & 
9 o!r      places :]e ! necessity may   
arise1 t tea*]s &      in/ructors be    
appo9t$ to tea* assidu\sly ! pursuit (  
lett]s & ! pr9ciples ( ! lib]al arts1   
because 9 !m      especially are ! div9e
 comm&s reveal$ & decl>$4               
,likewise ,augu/9e 9 8 book aga9/ !     
,mani*aeans3       ,! vanity ( ! g5tiles
 is repress$ & refut$ by ! use      ( _!
 own au?orities4       ,if ! ,sibyl or  
,orpheus or o!r soo?say]s ( ! g5tiles1  

7d7 ,daniel1 ,ananias1 ,misael,z1       
,az>ias4,,aa ,= x is disgraceful = "o :o
 is 9 a discussion n to "k ! law 9 "q4  
7e7 ,f ! fact t ,j]ome "h quotes !      
example ( ,daniel1 ! argum5t is d]iv$ t 
9 d\btful cases rec\rse %\ld be _h to ! 
example ( our =efa!rs & o!rs4 ,,xvi4    
quae/4 ,i4 sunt nonnulli4 ,,xxii4 quae/4
 ,i4 ut nov]itis4 ,i quae/4 ,,vii4      
conv5i5tibus4 ,,xii4 quae/4 ,,ii que/a4 
,,xvi4 quae/4 ,,iii4 praesulum4 ,,xvi4  
quae/4 ,i4 cap4 ult4 ,,xxvi4 quae/4     
,,ii4 non /atutum4 et cap4 non examplo4 
,c4 de s54 et int]lo4 nemo,,ab contra4  
,! solution is t :]e rules fail rec\rse 
mu/ be _h f simil>s to simil>s1 o!rwise 
n4 ,,xx4 di/9ct4 de quibus2,,ac assum+ t
 x is z !re /at$4 ,likewise ! argum5t   
holds t good is assum$ f ! v fact t x   
has come f some?+ good4 ,z ,,vii4 quae/4
 ,i4 omnis qui4  ,,xxxiiii4 quae/4 ,i4  
cum beatissimus4 ,,ix4 quae/4 ,,ii4     
,lugdun5sis4 ,,xii4 quae/4 ,i4 exp$it4  
,,xxviii4 quae/4 ,i4 sic enim4 ,,xxxi   
di/9ct1 omn9o4 ,john4  7f7 ,= example1 z

 to ! ,inc>nation1 t passage 9          
,virgil,,ad3 ,jam nova prog5ies caelo   
demittitur ab alto4  7g7 ,z t passage f 
,ovid,,ae1 ,od]o si pot]o3 si non1      
invitus amabo4  ,! notes on ! rema9+    
p>agraphs ( ! text are "h omitt$ ow+ to 
_! l5g?4       444or philosoph]s1 are   
said to h =etold any tru?1 x            
c]ta9ly has weight 9 ov]com+ ! vanity ( 
! pagans2 n1      h[ev]1 9 lead+ to !   
acceptance ( _! au?ority4 ,= z          
great z is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr$iction
 ( ! com+      ( ,*ri/ by ! angels & !  
confession ( ! devils1 s      great a   
diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! au?ority ( !   
prophets      & ! curiosity ( !         
sacrilegi\s4       ,likewise ,pope      
,clem5t3       ,= ! und]/&+ ( ,sacr$    
,scriptures k ( pr(ane      writ+s is   
%[n to be necess>y4       ,x has be5    
report$ to u t c]ta9 ones dwell+ 9 y\r  
p>ts are oppos$ to ! sacr$ tea*+1 & seem
 to tea* j      z x seems be/ to !m1 n  
accord+ to ! tradition ( !      fa!rs1 b
 aft] _! own und]/&+2 =1 z we h         

he>d1 c]ta9 +5i\s m5 ( y\r p>ts draw _m 
analogies (      ! tru? f ! books !y    
read4 ,& !re special c>e mu/      be    
tak5 t :5 ! law ( ,god is read1 x be n  
read or      taught accord+ to !        
individual's own m5tal ability &        
intellig5ce4 ,= !re are _m words 9 div9e
 scripture :i*      c be drawn into t   
mean+ :i* ea* "o1 ( 8 own w1      may   
assume = himself2 b ?is %\ld n be s1 = y
 ought      n to seek out a mean+ t is  
ext]nal1 =eign1 & /range1      9 ord]1  
by any means :atsoev]1 to e/abli% y\r   
view f      ! au?ority ( scriptures2 b y
 %\ld d]ive f !      scriptures !mselves
 ! mean+ ( ! tru?4 ,& !re=e x      is   
fitt+ to ga9 k ( ! scriptures f him :o  
gu>ds x accord+ to ! tru? h&$ d[n to him
 by !      fa!rs1 & t he may be able    
correctly to imp>t t :i*      he rightly
 le>n$4 ,= :5 ea* "o has le>n$ f div9e  
scriptures a s\nd & firm rule ( tru?1 x 
w n be /range      if f ! common culture
 & lib]al /udies1 :i* p]haps he         
t\*$ ^u 9 8 y\?1 he %\ld also br+ some?+

 to !      support ( true doctr9e1--9   
su* mann]1 h[ev]1 t :5 he      le>ns !  
tru?1 he rejects ! false & ! feign$4    
,likewise ,isidorus 9 8 book ( ,maxims3 
,:y ,*ri/ians %\ld be =bidd5 read !     
productions ( !      poets4             
,*ri/ians are =bidd5 to read !          
productions ( ! poets      because ?r\gh
 ! allurem5ts ( _! fables ! m9d is too  
mu* /imulat$ t[>d ! inc5tives to        
unlawful desires4       ,= n only by !  
(f]+ ( inc5se is sacrifice made to      
devils1 b also by accept+ too readily _!
 say+s4        ,gratian draws !         
,,conclusion4       ,z !re=e is evid5t f
 ! au?orities already quot$             
ignorance ought to be odi\s to prie/s4  
,s9ce1 if 9 ignorance      ( _! own     
bl9dness !y und]take to lead o!rs1 bo?  
fall      into ! dit*4 ,:]e=e 9 ! ,psalm
 x is said3 ,let _!      eyes be d>k5$ t
 !y may n see1 & b[ d[n _! back         
always4 ,= :5 ^? :o g ahead are d>k5$1  
!y :o      foll[ are easily incl9$ to   
be> ! burd5s ( s9n]s4      ,!re=e prie/s

 mu/ endeavor to ca/ (f ignorance f !m  
z if x 7 a sort ( pe/il5ce4 ,= al?\gh1 9
 a few      in/ances1 x is said t a     
slave is flogg$ :o does n d 8           
ma/]'s w ?r\gh ignorance ( t w1 ?is is  
n1      g5]ally und]/ood ( all4 ,= !    
,apo/le says3 ,if any man be            
ignorant1 let him be ignorant1 :i* is to
 be und]/ood z      ref]r+ to him :o did
 n wi% to h k t he might      d well4   
,h5ce ,augu/9e 9 8 book ( ,que/ions3    
,n e man :o is ignorant is free f !     
p5alty4 ,= !      ignorant man :o is    
ignorant because he f\nd no way ( le>n+ 
7! law7 c be excus$ f ! p5alty1 :ile he 
_c be      p>don$ :o hav+ ! means ( k   
did n use !m4#ca   7d7 ,!ology  ,z above
 not$1 "o ( ! two great contributions ( 
! twelf?-c5tury revival ( le>n+ to !    
field ( univ]sity /udies 0 s*ola/ic     
!ology4 ,! numb] ( books writt5 on ?is  
subject 0 enorm\s4 ,! pond]\s tomes1    
load$ ) comm5ts1 make a long array on ! 
%elves ( our great libr>ies1 b !y are   
memorials ( a battlefield ( ! m9d n[ = !

 mo/ "p des]t$4 ,! importance ( !       
subject 9 ! s*eme ( m$iaeval education  
has be5 mu* exagg]at$2 x 0 ! pursuit ( a
 v small m9ority ( /ud5ts4 ,x has a     
c]ta9 int]e/ to ! hi/orian ( education1 
h[ev]1 z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* a 
me?od /ruck out by a s+le orig9al ?9k]  
may influ5ce ! "w ( s*ol>s & univ]sities
 = g5]ations4 ,! me?od ( s*ola/ic !ology
 is ma9ly due to ,abel>d4       ,! roots
 ( ! nobly develop$ sy/ems ( ! ?irte5?  
c5tury !ology lie 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 &  
all ,sums (      ,!ology1 ( :i* !re 0 a 
consid]able numb]1 n only      be=e     
,alex&] ( ,hales ?irte5? c5tury b also  
be=e      & at ! "t ( ,pet] ,lomb>d1 may
 be trac$ back directly or              
indirectly to ,p>is4#cb  ,9 ?is mass (  
!ological writ+s "o book /&s out z !    
contribution :i* = ?ree c5turies mo/    
influ5c$ univ]sity in/ruction 9 !ology4 
,?is is ! ,s5t5ces 7,s5t5tiae7 ( ,pet]  
,lomb>d 7c4 #aajj-aafj71 9 f\r books4 ,!
 subjects discuss$ 9 ?is "w are simil>  
to ^? treat$ by ,abel>d 9 ! ,sic et ,non

 7see p4 #bj74 ,9 n a few in/ances x    
adopts ! =m ( pres5tation us$ 9 t book1 
i4e41 ! citation ( au?orities on bo?    
sides ( ! case4 ,l ! ,decretum (        
,gratian1 x is an illu/ration ( !       
widespread influ5ce ( ! ,sic et ,non4   
,a great numb] ( comm5t>ies 7 writt5 ^u 
?is book4 ,a manuscript note 9 "o ( !   
copies 9 ! ,h>v>d libr>y /ates t f\r    
hundr$ & sixty su* comm5t>ies are kn[n2 
b ,i h be5 unable to v]ify ! /atem5t4   
,9 !ory1 ! ,bible 0 /udi$ 9 ! ,faculties
 ( ,!ology 9 addition to ! ,s5t5ces2 b 9
 ! ?irte5? c5tury & lat] x seems to h   
occupi$1 9 practice1 a m9or %>e ( !     
/ud5t's att5tion4 ,to ?is effect is !   
criticism ( ,rog] ,bacon 9 #abib3       
,al?\gh ! pr9cipal /udy ( ! !ologian    
ought to be 9 !      text ( ,scripture1 
z ,i h prov$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is      "w1  
yet 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s !ologians h be5  
pr9cipally occupi$ ) que/ions = debate z
 all "k1 9      tractates &             
summae1--horse-loads1 compos$ by _m1--& 
n at      all ) ! mo/ holy text ( ,god4 

,& accord+ly1 !ologians      give a     
readi] reception to a treatise (        
s*ola/ic que/ions      ?an !y w d to "o 
ab\t ! text ( ,scripture4444 ,!         
great] "p ( ^! que/ions introduc$ into  
!ology1 )      all ! modes ( disputation
 7see p4 #aae7 & solution1 are 9      ! 
t]ms ( philosophy1 z is kn[n to all     
!ologians1 :o h      be5 well ex]cis$ 9 
philosophy be=e proce$+ to !ology4      
,aga91 o!r que/ions :i* are 9 use among 
!ologians1 ?\gh      9 t]ms ( !ology1   
viz41 ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ! fall1 ( !        
inc>nation1 ( s91 ( virtue1 ( !         
sacram5ts1 etc41 are      ma9ly v5tilat$
 by au?orities1 argum5ts1 & solutions   
drawn      f philosophy4 ,& !re=e !     
entire occupation (      !ologians      
n[-a-days is philosophical1 bo? 9       
sub/ance &      me?od4#cc   7e7 ,m$ic9e 
,! m$ical le>n+ ( we/]n ,europe 0       
greatly enl>g$ dur+ ! elev5? & twelf?   
c5turies by ! translation into ,lat9 (  
num]\s works by ,greek1 ,arabic1 &      
,jewi% physicians4 ,^! became ! /&>d    

text-books ( ! ,faculties or ,s*ools (  
,m$ic9e4 ,! ,greek writ]s mo/ commonly  
m5tion$ 9 ! univ]sity li/s ( /udies are 
,hippocrates 7fif? c5tury ,b4,c47 &     
,gal5 7second c5tury ,a4,d474 ,sev]al ( 
_! m important works 7 fir/ translat$--l
 ^? ( ,ari/otle--f ,arabic v]sions ( !  
orig9al ,greek4 ,avic5na 7c4 #ihj-ajcg7 
furni%$ ! mo/ important ,arabic         
contribution4 ,acc\nts ( ^! m5 & _!     
writ+s may be f\nd 9 any good           
encyclop$ia4 ,= ! program ( /udies at   
,p>is see ,d4,c4 ,munro1 ,translations &
 ,repr9ts1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,iii4 ,a   
li/ ( ! books us$ at ,montpelli]1 "o ( !
 mo/ important m$ical s*ools1 is giv5 9 
,ra%dall1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #abc1 
& ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ghj2 ! li/ = ,ox=d1 p4 
#ded f4   7f7 ,o!r ,univ]sity           
,text-books  ,! =ego+ sections indicate 
! books :i* furni%$ ! intellectual basis
 = ! rise ( univ]sities1 & p>ticul>ly ! 
basis = _! division into ,faculties4 ,!y
 d n indicate by any means ! :ole li/ ( 
books us$ 9 ! univ]sities betwe5 #abjj &

 #aejj2 nor is x possible "h to give su*
 a li/4 ,two facts only are to be not$  
conc]n+ !m3 ,fir/1 a consid]able numb] (
 books already well kn[n 9 ! twelf?     
c5tury 7 us$ 9 addition to ^? m5tion$   
above4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,lat9 
gramm>s ( ,donatus 7fl4 #cej ,a4,d47 &  
,priscian 7fl4 #ejj ,a4,d471 treatises  
by ,boe?ius 7c4 #dge-ebe7 on ,rhetoric1 
,logic1 ,ari?metic1 & ,music1 & 8       
translations ( v>i\s portions ( !       
,organon ( ,ari/otle1 & ( ! ,iagoge1 or 
,introduction to ! ,categories (        
,ari/otle1 by ,porphyry 7c4 #bcc-cjf74  
,! ,geometry ( ,euclid 7fl4 #cjj ,b4,c47
 0 translat$ ab\t #aabj by ,adel>d (    
,ba?1 & ! ,a/ronomy 7,almage/7 (        
,ptolemy 7second c5tury ,a4,d47 0       
ph>aphras$ f ! ,arabic by ,g]>d (       
,cremona t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1
 "u ! title ,!orica ,planet>um4         
,second1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod "u discussion
 !re 0 an active production ( new       
text-books on ! e/abli%$ subjects1 "s ( 
:i* 7 widely us$ 9 ! univ]sities4 ,among

 ! gramm>s 0 ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] da  
,villa ,dei1 writt5 9 #aaii4 ,?is rhym+ 
gramm> 0 enorm\sly popul>1 & cont9u$ to 
be s1 well into ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!    
,grecismus & ,labyr9?us ( ,eb]h>d (     
,be?une 7e>ly ?irte5? c5tury71 also     
gramm>s 9 rhyme1 7 widely us$4 ,logical 
treatises (t5 m5tion$ 9 univ]sity       
programs ( /udy 7 ,de ,sex ,pr9cipiis   
7,on ! ,six ,pr9ciples71 writt5 ab\t    
#aaej by ,gilb]t de la ,porree1 a tea*] 
( ,john ( ,salisbury2 & ! ,summulae (   
,petrus ,hispanus 7?irte5? c5tury74 ,9 !
 ?irte5? c5tury ,alb]tus ,magnus made a 
dige/ ( all ! works ( ,ari/otle1 :i*    
prov$ to be easi] = /ud5ts ?an !        
orig9als1 & :i* 7 sometimes us$ 9 place 
( !m4 ,among ma!matical works ( ?is     
c5tury 7 ! ,algorismus 7,ari?metic7 & ! 
,libellus de ,spha]a 7,on ! ,sph]e7 by  
,john ,holywood 7,sacrobosco72 & !      
,p]spectiva ,communis1 i4e4 ,optics1 by 
,john 7,peckham7 ( ,pisa4 ,a treatise on
 ,music by ,john de ,muris ( ,p>is 0    
produc$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 

,all ( ^! 7 well-kn[n univ]sity         
text-books4 ,!y appe> 9 ! li/ at        
,leipzig ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? c5tury 7see  
p4 #aci74   #d4 ,,univ]sity ,,privileges
  ,! privileges grant$ by civil &       
ecclesia/ical p[]s con/itute a f\r?     
important influ5ce ^u ! gr[? (          
univ]sities4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ye> #aaeh a    
long s]ies ( immunities1 lib]ties1 &    
exemptions 0 be/[$ by ,/ate & ,*ur* ^u  
ma/]s & /ud5ts z a class1 & ^u          
univ]sities z corporations4 ,ma/]s &    
s*ol>s 71 = example1 (t5 tak5 "u !      
special protection ( ! sov]eign ( !     
c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 /udy+2 !y 7 exempt$ f 
taxation1 & f milit>y s]vice2 mo/       
important ( all1 !y 7 plac$ "u !        
jurisdiction ( special c\rts1 9 :i*     
alone !y c\ld be tri$4 ,univ]sities z   
corporations 7 giv51 among o!r          
privileges1 ! "r to conf] ^u _!         
graduates ! lic5se to tea* any:]e 9 ! _w
 )\t fur!r exam9ation1 & ! v important  
"r to susp5d lectures1 i4e4 to /rike1   
p5d+ ! settlem5t ( grievances aga9/     

,/ate or ,*ur*4 ,!y _h1 ( c\rse1 ! g5]al
 legal p[]s ( corporations4 ,?us =tifi$1
 ! univ]sities atta9$ an a/oni%+ degree 
( indep5d5ce & p[]2 & _! memb]s 7 enabl$
 to live 9 unusual lib]ty & security4   
,?is fact 9 itself unque/ionably t5d$ to
 increase ! univ]sity population4  ,!   
ma/]s & s*ol>s ( ,bologna1 ,p>is1 &     
,ox=d seem to h l$ ! way 9 secur+       
privileges4 ,_! prec$5t made x easi] =  
lat] univ]sities to secure simil>       
rights4 ,^! 7 sometimes e/abli%$ ) all !
 privileges ( ,p>is & ,bologna1 or all !
 privileges ( any o!r univ]sity4  ,!    
au?orities :o grant$ privileges 7 !     
sov]eigns ( ,v>i\s c\ntries1--! ,emp]or 
( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ! k+s (       
,france1 ,engl&1 ! ,spa9s--feudal lords1
 municipalities1 & ! ,pope or 8 legates4
 ,!y usually conf]r$ !m ^u special      
univ]sities1 or ^u ! ma/]s & /ud5ts 9   
specifi$ t[ns1 & sometimes only = a     
def9ite t]m ( ye>s4 ,m9or privileges    
diff]$ greatly 9 diff]5t localities1 b !
 m important ones--indicat$ above--7    

possess$ by ne>ly all univ]sities4  ,!  
docum5ts :i* foll[ illu/rate bo? !      
v>iety ( privileges & ! v>iety (        
au?orities :o grant$ !m4   7a7 ,special 
,protection is grant$ by ! ,sov]eign    
,i4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n privilege ( any k9d  
connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( m$iaeval          
univ]sities is ! ,au!ntic ,habita4 ,x 0 
grant$ by ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa 7,fr$]ick  
,i71 ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1  
at ! ,diet ( ,roncaglia1 ,italy1 9      
#aaeh2 probably ?r\gh ! influ5ce (      
,doctors ( ,law f ,bologna4 ,^! m5 7    
d\btless famili> ) ! fact t simil>      
privileges _h be5 giv5 to tea*]s &      
s*ol>s by v>i\s ,roman emp]ors1 "s ( :i*
 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,code ( ,ju/9ian 7see p4 
#ed74 ,! ,au!ntic ,habita may be reg>d$ 
z ! revival ( an anci5t ,roman cu/om4 ,!
 section ( ! ,au!ntic grant+ ! special  
protection ( ! ,emp]or foll[s3          
,aft] c>eful inquiry ( ! bi%ops1 abbots1
 dukes1 c\nts1      judges1 & o!r nobles
 ( our sacr$ palace 9 reg>d to ?is      
matt]1 we1 9 our lov+-k9dness1 d grant  

to all s*ol>s :o      are travell+ = !  
sake ( /udy1 & especially to            
pr(essors ( div9e & sacr$ laws1 ?is     
privilege3 ,bo? !y      & _! mess5g]s   
are to come 9 security to ! places 9    
:i* ! /udies are c>ri$ on1 & !re !y are 
to abide 9      security4 ,= we ?9k x   
prop]1 9 ord] t !y may be      upheld 9 
_! good works by our fame & protection1 
to def5d      f all h>m1 by def9ite     
special favor1 ^? by ^:      k ! _w is  
illum9$ unto ob$i5ce to ,god & to u     
8 s]vants1 & ! lives ( our subjects are 
m\ld$4444      ,!re=e by ?is law1 :i* is
 ( g5]al effect1 & is to be      valid  
=ev]1 we decree t h]eaft] no "o %all %[ 
himself      s bold z to presume to     
inflict any injury ^u s*ol>s1 or1      =
 an (f5ce committ$ 9 _! =m] prov9ce1 to 
impose any      f9e ^u !m1--:i*1 we h   
he>d1 sometimes happ5s ?r\gh      an    
evil cu/om4 ,& let violators ( ?is      
decree1 & ! local      rul]s at ! "t 9  
case !y h !mselves neglect$ to          
puni% su* violation1 "k surely t a      

f\r-fold re/itution      ( prop]ty %all 
be exact$ f all1 & t 9 addition to      
! br& ( infamy affix$ to !m by ! law    
itself1 !y %all      be =ev] depriv$ (  
_! (ficial positions4#cd  #b4 ,9 #abjj  
,philip ,augu/us ( ,france made c]ta9   
regulations reg>d+ ! protection ( /ud5ts
 at ,p>is1 & entru/$ _! execution to !  
,provo/ ( t city4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ kn[n 
*>t] ( privileges = ,p>is4 ,x %\ld be   
read 9 connection ) ! foll[+ selection4 
,= ! text 9 full see ,d4,c4 ,munro1 l4c4
 p4 #d4  ,small causes1 great ev5ts6 ,z 
is n>rat$ 9 ! contempor>y acc\nt giv5   
bel[1 a simple tav]n brawl l$ to !      
grant+ ( ^! ext5sive privileges4 ,?is is
 "o among _m examples ( ! way 9 :i* !   
univ]sities turn$ simil> ev5ts to _! own
 advantage4 ,! passage also exhibits a  
typical conflict betwe5 t[n & g[n4      
,on ! diss5sion :i* exi/$ betwe5 !      
,s*ol>s & !      ,citiz5s ( ,p>is4 #abjj
 ,a4,d4       ,9 t same ye> a grave     
diss5sion arose betwe5 ! s*ol>s      & !
 citiz5s ( ,p>is1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 z     

foll[s3       ,!re 0 at ,p>is a notable 
,g]man s*ol> :o 0 bi%op-elect      (    
,liege4 ,8 s]vant1 :ile buy+ w9e at a   
tav]n1 0 beat5      & 8 w9e j> 0 brok54 
,:5 ?is 0 kn[n1 ! ,g]man      cl]ks came
 toge!r & ent]+ ! tav]n !y w\nd$ !      
ho/1 & hav+ beat5 him !y w5t (f1 leav+  
him half dead4      ,!re=e !re 0 an     
outcry among ! p & ! city 0      /irr$1 
s t ,?omas1 ! ,provo/ ( ,p>is1 "u arms1 
&      ) an arm$ mob ( citiz5s1 broke   
into ! ,hall ( ! ,g]man      cl]ks1 & 9 
_! combat t notable s*ol> :o 0          
bi%op-elect ( ,liege1 0 kill$1 ) "s ( 8 
p4       ,!re=e ! ,ma/]s ( ! s*ol>s 9   
,p>is go+ to ! ,k+      ( ,france       
compla9$ to him ( ,?omas1 ! ,provo/ (   
,p>is &      ( 8 accomplices :o kill$ ! 
a=esaid s*ol>s4 ,& at      _! in/ance ! 
a=esaid ,?omas 0 arre/$1 z 7 c]ta9      
( 8 accomplices1 & put 9 prison4 ,b "s (
 !m escap$      by flight1 leav+ _!     
homes & occupations2 !n ! ,k+ (         
,france1 9 8 wra?1 _h _! h\ses demoli%$ 
& _! v9es      & fruit trees uproot$4   

,b z to ! ,provo/1 x 0 decid$ t he %\ld 
be kept 9      prison1 n to be releas$  
until he %\ld cle> himself by !         
ordeal ( wat] or sword1 & if he fail$1  
he %\ld be hung1      & if he 0 cle>$ he
 %\ld1 by ! ,k+'s clem5cy1 leave      ! 
k+dom4       ,& yet ! s*ol>s1 pity+ him1
 entreat$ ! ,k+ ( ,france      t !      
,provo/ & 8 accomplices aft] be+ flogg$ 
aft]      ! mann] ( s*ol>s at s*ool1    
%\ld be let alone & be      re/or$ to _!
 occupations4       ,b ! ,k+ ( ,france  
w\ld n grant ?is1 say+ t x w\ld      be 
greatly d]ogatory to 8 honor if any "o b
 himself %\ld      puni% 8 malefactors4 
,fur!rmore1 ?is same ,k+ ( ,france1     
be+ afraid t ! ,ma/]s ( ! s*ol>s1 & !   
s*ol>s      !mselves1 w\ld )draw f 8    
city1 s\ght to satisfy !m      by       
decree+ t = ! future no cl]k %\ld be    
hal$ to a      secul> trial on acc\nt ( 
any misdemeanor :i* he _h      committ$1
 b t if ! cl]k committ$ a misdemeanor he
      %\ld be deliv]$ ov] to ! ,bi%op & 
be dealt ) 9      accordance ) ! cl]k's 

c\rt4 ,also ?is same ,k+ ( ,france      
decre$ t :oev] 0 ! ,provo/ ( ,p>is %\ld 
take oa?      t he w\ld be loyal to !   
cl]ks1 sav+ 8 loyalty to !      ,k+4    
,moreov] ?is same ,k+ conf]r$ ^u !      
s*ol>s 8 own      sure peace & confirm$ 
x to !m by 8 own *>t]4       ,b t       
,provo/1 :5 he _h be5 deta9$ 9 ! ,k+'s  
prison      = _m days plann$ 8 escape by
 flight1 &1 z he 0 be+      l[]$ ov] !  
wall1 ! rope broke1 & fall+ f a height  
to ! gr\nd1 he 0 kill$4#ce  #c4 ,special
 protection = a limit$ "t is grant$ m   
explicitly by ,philip ,,iv 9 #acjf3     
,philip1 by ! grace ( ,god ,k+ ( ,france
 & ,nav>re1 to our      ,provo/ at      
,p>is1 greet+4 ,:]eas ! ,univ]sity1     
ma/]s &      ,s*ol>s at ,p>is1 are "u   
our special gu>dian%ip &      protection
 z !y--bo? ,ma/]s1 & ,s*ol>s z          
well--come to      _! /udies1 /ay 9 !   
said city1 or return to _! own          
places2 & inasmu* z injuries1           
annoyances1 oppression1 &      viol5ce  
are frequ5tly inflict$ ^u !m1 z we h    

he>d1      n only 9 y\r prefecture b 9  
o!r places also1 to !      prejudice (  
our gu>dian%ip1--:i* wrongs c\ld n be   
prosecut$ outside ( ,p>is 9 any way :i* 
w\ld prev5t !m      f be+ di/ract$ f _! 
/udies1 to _! s]i\s      prejudice & t (
 ! a=esaid ,univ]sity1 & f be+          
h>ass$ by s]i\s /ruggles &              
exp5se1--!re=e we entru/      & commit  
to y _! protection & cu/ody1 & 9        
addition      !reto ! re/ra9t ( ^?      
p]sons :o1 to ! prejudice (      our    
protection & gu>dian%ip1 inflict ^u !   
above-m5tion$      ,ma/]s or ,s*ol>s    
unju/ viol5ce1 injury or loss1 ei!r     
)9 ! limits ( y\r prefecture or 9 o!r   
places ( our      k+dom1 :]esoev] !     
a=esaid wrongs are committ$4       ,?is 
pres5t arrangem5t is to be 9 =ce = a    
p]iod ( two      ye>s only4#cf  #d4 ,!  
p]sonal prop]ty ( ,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s is   
protect$4       ,! privilege ( ,philip  
,augu/us = ,p>is1 #abjj4       ,also our
 judges ( ! secul> c\rts %all n lay h&s 
on      ! *attels ( ! /ud5ts at ,p>is = 

any crime :atev]4 ,b      if x seem t ^!
 ought to be seque/rat$1 !y %all be     
seque/rat$ & gu>d$ aft] seque/ration by 
!      ecclesia/ical judge1 9 ord] t    
:atev] is judg$ legal by      !         
ecclesia/ical judge may be done4#cg  ,m 
compreh5sive protection is giv5 by !    
*>t] ( ,philip ,,iv1 #acdj_/da1 conc]n+ 
,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s at ,p>is4 ,! k+        
decrees--       ,likewise1 t _! goods & 
means ( support1 :]eon !y      h & w h  
to live 9 pursu+ _! /udies z            
a=esaid1 9 consid]ation ( _! /atus1 %all
 n be tak5      = our use or t ( our    
subjects or be 9 any way :atev]         
int]f]$ ) "u cov] ( w>s or any o!r      
pretext      :atev]1 by any p]sons      
:atev]1 ( :atev] condition1 /atus1      
or prom95ce !y may be4#ch   7b7 ,!      
,sov]eign grants to ,s*ol>s ! ,"r (     
,trial 9 ,special ,c\rts1 9 ! ,city 9   
:i* !y are /udy+4  ,?is rem>kable       
privilege 0 "o great s\rce ( ! lib]ty ( 
m$iaeval s*ol>s4 ,"u its protection !y  
c\ld n be summon$ to a c\rt outside !   

univ]sity t[n1 ev5 to answ] = an (f5se  
committ$ else:]e2 ! pla9tiff mu/ appe>  
at ! t[n 9 :i* !y 7 /udy+1 & be=e       
specifi$ judges1 :o 7 at lea/ n incl9$  
to deal sev]ely ) s*ol>s4 ,at ,p>is     
s*ol>s 7 n only protect$ z def5dants1 b 
!y _h ! "r z pla9tiffs to summon !      
accus$ to ,p>is4  #a4 ,! e>lie/ docum5t 
on ! subject is ! conclud+ section ( !  
,au!ntic ,habita1 describ$ above3       
,moreov]1 %\ld anyone presume to br+ a  
lawsuit aga9/ !      s*ol>s on any      
gr\nd1 ! *oice ( judges 9 ! matt]       
%all be giv5 to ! said s*ol>s1 :o may   
meet _! accus]s      be=e ei!r _!       
pr(essors or ! bi%op ( ! city1 to :om   
we h giv5 jurisdiction 9 ?is matt]4 ,b  
if1 9 soo?1 !      accus]s %all attempt 
to hale ! s*ol> be=e ano!r judge1      !
 s*ol> %all escape f ! m]it$ puni%m5t1  
ev5 ?\gh      ! cause be mo/ j1 because 
( su* attempt4  ,?is provision is       
rem9isc5t (1 if n actually inspir$ by1 a
 simil> provision = s*ol>s 9 ! ,code (  
,ju/9ian 7see p4 #ed74 ,! ,au!ntic      

,habita z a :ole is important z !       
fundam5tal *>t] ( univ]sity privileges 9
 ,italy1 if n 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 n    
grant$ to a univ]sity1--inde$1 no       
univ]sity 0 app>5tly !n 9 exi/5ce1--nor 
to ! s*ol>s ( any special t[n2 x 0 (    
g5]al effect4 ,b ?is pre-univ]sity *>t] 
0 usually recogniz$ z ! basis ( all !   
special privileges conf]r$ on p>ticul>  
7,italian7 univ]sities by ! ,/ates 9 :i*
 !y 7 situat$4#ci ,probably x sugge/$1  
directly or indirectly1 ! grant+ (      
simil> privileges to univ]sities 9 o!r  
c\ntries4 ,x c]ta9ly affect$ ^?         
univ]sities :i* 7 f\nd$ ) all !         
privileges ( any o!r univ]sity4 ,two    
fur!r illu/rations foll[4   #b4 ,9 #abde
 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv exempt$ /ud5ts at  
,p>is f citation to ecclesia/ical c\rts 
outside ( ,p>is1 9 ord] t _! /udies     
might n be int]rupt$3       ,to ! ma/]s 
& s*ol>s at ,p>is4 ,9 ord] t y may c>ry 
on y\r /udies m freely & be less occupi$
 ) o!r      bus9ess1 we grant y\r       
petitions1 & by ! au?ority ( ?is        

pres5t lett] be/[ ^u y ! privilege ( n  
be+ hal$      by apo/olic lett]s beyond 
! limits ( ! city ( ,p>is ^u            
que/ions t h aris5 )9 its limits1 unless
 ^!      lett]s make express m5tion (   
?is privilege4#dj  #c4 ,! same privilege
 0 grant$ z reg>ds civil c\rts by       
,philip ,,iv 9 #acdj_/da3       444 ,!  
,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s /udy+ at ,p>is1 if     
summon$ by      any secul> judges ( our 
realm1 %all n be hal$ & cit$ to      _! 
c\rts outside ( ,p>is2 nor %all laym5 :o
 are subject      to our rule attempt to
 br+ ?is ab\t4#da  ,?is "r 0 kn[n at    
,p>is z ! jus non trahi extra 7"r ( n   
be+ hal$ outside74 ,x became h5ce=? !   
*>act]i/ic univ]sity privilege1 n only (
 ,p>is b ( all univ]sities :i* 7 9 any  
degree influ5c$ by ,p>isian usage4#db   
7c7 ,exemption f ,taxation  ,"o ( ! mo/ 
important privileges enjoy$ by mod]n    
univ]sities 79 common ) o!r educational 
in/itutions1 & ) *ur*es7 is exemption f 
taxation4 ,?is privilege is directly    
traceable to ^? ( ! m$iaeval            

univ]sities1 & possibly ?r\gh !m to     
,roman laws on ! subject4 ,9 ! e>ly     
hi/ory ( univ]sities ! privilege 0 held1
 n by ! corporations z su*1 b by ma/]s &
 s*ol>s z individuals4  #a4 ,"o example 
( su* exemption is f\nd 9 ! *>t] (      
,philip ,,iv1 #acdj_/da1 already quot$3 
,to ! a=esaid ,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s ( ,p>is1 
n[ 9      att5dance at ! ,univ]sity1 &  
to ^? :o are h]eaft] to      come to !  
same ,univ]sity1 or :o are actually     
prep>+ 9      s9c]ity s to come1 also   
:ile !y are /ay+ at !      ,univ]sity1  
or return+ to _! own homes1 we grant 444
 t      no layman1 ( :atev] condition or
 prom95ce he may be1 :e!r      he be a  
private p]son1 prefect1 or bailiff1 %all
 di/urb1      mole/1 or presume o!rwise 
9 any way :atsoev] to seek to           
extort any?+ f ! a=esaid ,ma/]s &       
,s*ol>s1 9      p]son1 family or        
prop]ty1 "u pretext ( toll1 tallia      
special =m ( feudal tax1 tax1 cu/oms1 or
 o!r su*      p]sonal taxes1 or o!r     
p]sonal exaction ( any k9d1 :ile      !y

 are ei!r com+ to ! ,univ]sity itself1  
or actually      prep>+ 9 s9c]ity to    
come1 or return+ to _! own homes2      &
 ^: /atus z s*ol>s %all be e/abli%$ by !
 prop]      oa?4  #b4 ,! *>t] ( !       
,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 9 #adji1 exempts 
c]ta9 prop]ty ( ! corporation1 z su*1 f 
taxes3       ,likewise 9 said t[n1 9    
behalf ( ! a=esaid ,univ]sity1 &      = 
! increase ( ! same1 we h in/itut$ &    
f\nd$ two      ,colleges1 444 & = ^! we 
h giv5 & assign$ two h\ses      444 & ^!
 same h\ses ( ! said ,colleges we h made
 free      f all losunge1 exactions1    
contributions1 /eura1 laws1      taxes1 
& f ! control ( ! citiz5s ( !           
be=em5tion$ t[n2 & ( our sure k we      
incorporate      !m & make !m free = !  
advantage ( ! a=esaid                   
,univ]sity4#dc  ,! words /eura & losunge
 ref] to special =ms ( taxes ^: exact   
nature is n kn[n4  #c4 ,n only 7 ,ma/]s1
 /ud5ts1 & corporate prop]ty exempt f   
taxation1 b also p]sons connect$ ) !    
univ]sities 9 subord9ate capacities4    

,!re 0 mu* dispute 9 "s places z to !   
numb] & occupations ( ^? :o might be ?us
 exempt$4 ,! foll[+ lett] ( ,h5ry ,,vi (
 ,engl& to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ca51 ,norm&y1
 settles "o ( ^! disputes4  ,on ,janu>y 
#bb1 #adej1 ! ,k+ refus$ to free !      
dep5d5ts ( ! univ]sity f taxation4 ,!   
,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s !reupon made =mal      
compla9t to him t ?is refusal h9d]$ !   
free & peaceful pursuit ( _! /udies z   
gu>ante$ by 8 *>t] ( #adcb 7see p4      
#ajc74 ,9 reply 7,febru>y #ac1 #adej71 !
 ,k+ recogniz$ ! ju/ice ( ! compla9t &  
grant$ ! desir$ privilege4 ,comp>e !    
simil> exemption 9 ! ,h>v>d ,*>t] (     
#afej 7p4 #aja74 ,! lett] is app>5tly   
address$ to ! ,bailiff ( ,ca5 & o!r     
royal (ficials4       ,nev]!less s9ce ^?
 lett]s ( ours ( ,janu>y #bb 7      s5t1
 prop] & true objection has be5 made to 
u z to ^?      privileges1 :]eby we h   
well und]/ood t ! ,doctors1      ,ma/]s1
 ,s*ol>s1 dep5d5ts1 (fic]s1 h\seholds & 
s]vitors      %\ld n be subject to or   
oblig$ to contribute to su*             

ville9-taxes1 aides1 & octrois4         
,!re=e is x1 t we--wi%+ our lett]s1     
gifts (      privileges1 & comm&s to be 
gu>d$ & support$ )\t any      dim9ution 
or loss 9 any mann] :atev]1 b to be     
increas$1      augm5t$ & ma9ta9$--h     
reg>d$ & also consid]$ !      fact t    
said memb]s ( our said daught] i4e4 !   
,univ]sity      c\ld n well c>ry out !  
requirem5ts ( /udy1 or cont9ue          
!re91 if _! s]vitors & h\seholds did n  
enjoy & use      su* & simil> privileges
 z said memb]s4 ,desir+1 ) all      our 
he>t ! ma9t5ance1 cont9uation & increase
 ( our said      ,univ]sity :i* 7n )\t  
good reason7 we h "u our      special   
favor1 consid]+ ^! ?+s1 ) ! advice &    
c\nsel ( our v de> & v belov$ ,c\s9     
,edmond1 ,duke (      ,som]set1         
,lieut5ant-,g5]al & ,gov]nor 9 our /ead 
( our      realms ( ,france1 ! c\ntry & 
,du*y ( ,norm&y1 we comm&      & /rictly
 enjo9 y all & ea* "o ( y s f> z he     
%all be conc]n$1 t y make or cause to be
 made free &      exempt f said         

ville9-taxes1 aides1 & octrois1 "o      
advocate1      "o purveyor1 "o bell-r+]1
 two booksell]s1 two p>*m5t      mak]s1 
two illum9ators1 two bookb9d]s1 six     
beadles1 five      bailiffs1 7"o = ea* (
 ! five ,faculties7 & sev5      mess5g]s
 7und]/&+ t !re %all be "o = ea*        
diocese 9 our said ,du*y71 & ?is y %all 
d up to ?is      numb] ( att5dants &    
s]vitors ( ?is our ,univ]sity1 & at     
! same "t1 uphold1 ma9ta9 & cont9ue !m 9
 _!      rights1 fran*ises1 & lib]ties1 
( :i* by our said comm&1      f\ndation1
 & augm5tation1 y f9d !m to be & to h   
be5 duly possess$1 )\t suff]+ any?+ to  
di/urb or      int]f]e ) ?is4       ,&1 
al?\gh 9 our o!r lett]s devot$ to !     
regulation (      ?is ,univ]sity ! said 
five bailiffs & sev5 mess5g]s 7      n 9
 any way includ$1 yet by special grace  
?r\gh ^!      pres5t lett]s1 to ! end t 
our said ,univ]sity may be able      to 
h ! s]vitors necess>y to x1 )\t :om !   
requirem5ts ( /udy c\ld n be cont9u$ &  
ma9ta9$1 we      wi% ! said five        

bailiffs & sev5 mess5g]s to enjoy su*   
& simil> privileges z ! re/ :o are nam$ 
9 our o!r      said lett]s ( regulation1
 not)/&+ t ! said lett]s      & any o!rs
 :atev] may require1 or seem to require1
 !      contr>y to ?is4       ,& t !    
a=esaid suppliants may be able to h1 at 
_!      ne$1 ^! pres5t lett]s 9 v>i\s & 
div]se places1 we      wi% t copies (   
^!1 made "u ! royal seal1 be 9 good     
fai? made l ! orig9al4#dd   7d7 ,!      
,privilege ( susp5d+ ,lectures          
7,cessatio7  ,"o ( ! mo/ effective      
privileges ( m$iaeval univ]sities 0 ! "r
 ( susp5d+ lectures4 ,?is 0 us$ aga9 &  
aga9 9 cases ( unr$ress$ grievances     
aga9/ civil or ecclesia/ical            
au?orities1--m p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! =m]4  
,a cessatio 0 usually foll[$ by a       
migration ( ma/]s & s*ol>s to "s o!r    
univ]sity1 unless satisfaction 0        
promptly =?com+4 ,su* a migration 0 a   
s]i\s bl[ to ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( any
 t[n2 consequ5tly ! cessation 0 an      
in/rum5t ( great p[] = ! extraction (   

all sorts ( local concessions4 ,x 0 (t5 
ex]cis$ )\t express au?orization by     
civil or ecclesia/ical p[]s1 b !        
privilege 0 di/9ctly conf]r$ by a bull (
 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix = ,p>is 9 #abca3   
,& if1 p]*ance1 ! assessm5t "r to fix ! 
prices (      lodg+s is tak5 f y1 or    
any?+ else is lack+1 or an      injury  
or outrage\s damage1 su* z dea? or !    
mutilation ( a      limb1 is inflict$ on
 "o ( y1 unless ?r\gh a suitable        
admonition satisfaction is r5d]$ )9     
fifte5 days1 y may      susp5d y\r      
lectures until y h receiv$ full         
satisfaction4      ,& if x happ5s t any 
"o ( y is unlawfully imprison$1         
unless ! injury ceases on a remon/rance 
f y1 y may1 if      y judge x exp$i5t1  
susp5d y\r lectures imm$iately4#de  ,!  
ev5ts lead+ up to ! grant+ ( ?is        
privilege are wor? rec\nt+ z an         
illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* su* rights 7  
frequ5tly secur$4 ,! cl]ks ref]r$ to 7 (
 c\rse s*ol>s4 ,! cessation ( lectures 0
 foll[$ by a migration to o!r cities    

until satisfaction 0 giv54 ,! exact     
nature ( ! satisfaction giv5 by ! k+ is 
n kn[n4 ,"o important result1 h[ev]1 0 !
 great *>t] ( papal privileges j ref]r$ 
to1--! ,magna ,*>ta ( ! ,univ]sity (    
,p>is4#df  ,conc]n+ ! discord t arose at
 ,p>is betwe5 ! :ole body ( cl]gy & !   
citiz5s1 & conc]n+ ! )drawal ( ! cl]gy  
#abbi3       ,9 t same ye>1 on ! second 
& ?ird holidays be=e ,a%      ,w$nesday1
 days :5 ! cl]ks ( ! univ]sity h leisure
      = games1 c]ta9 ( ! cl]ks w5t out (
 ! ,city ( ,p>is 9      ! direction (   
,sa9t ,m>cel's1 = a *ange ( air & to h  
conte/s 9 _! usual games4 ,:5 !y _h     
rea*$ ! place      & _h amus$ !mselves =
 "s "t 9 c>ry+ on _!      games1 !y     
*anc$ to f9d 9 a c]ta9 tav]n "s excell5t
      w9e1 pleasant to dr9k4 ,& !n1 9 ! 
dispute t arose      betwe5 ! cl]ks :o 7
 dr9k+ & ! %op keep]s1 !y      began to 
ex*ange bl[s & to te> ea* o!r's hair1   
until "s      t[nsm5 ran 9 & fre$ ! %op 
keep]s f ! h&s ( !      cl]ks2 b :5 !   
cl]ks resi/$ !y inflict$ bl[s ^u      !m

 & put !m to flight1 well & ?or\ghly    
pommell$4 ,!      latt]1 h[ev]1 :5 !y   
came back mu* batt]$ into ! city1       
r\s$ _! comrades to av5ge !m4 ,s on !   
next day !y      came ) swords & clubs  
to ,sa9t ,m>cel's1 & ent]+      =cibly !
 h\se ( a c]ta9 %op keep]1 broke up all 
8      w9e casks & p\r$ ! w9e out on !  
floor ( ! h\se4      ,&1 proce$+ ?r\gh !
 op5 squ>es1 !y attack$ %>ply           
:atev] man or woman !y came ^u & left !m
 half dead f      ! bl[s giv5 !m4       
,b ! ,prior ( ,sa9t ,m>cel's1 z soon z  
he le>n$ ( ?is      great injury done to
 8 m51 :om he 0 b\nd to def5d1          
lodg$ a compla9t ) ! ,roman legate & !  
,bi%op (      ,p>is4 ,& !y w5t toge!r 9 
ha/e to ! ,que51 to :om !      managem5t
 ( ! realm _h be5 committ$ at t "t1 &   
ask$ h] to take measures = ! puni%m5t ( 
su* a wrong4      ,b %e1 ) a woman's    
=w>dness1 & impell$ by m5tal            
excitem5t1 imm$iately gave ord]s to !   
prefects ( ! city      & to c]ta9 ( h]  
own ruffians m]c5>y body-gu>d )      all

 spe$ to g out ( ! city1 "u arms1 & to  
puni% !      au?ors ( ! viol5ce1 sp>+ no
 "o4 ,n[ z ^! arm$ m51      :o 7 prone  
to act cruelly at e opportunity1 left ! 
gates ( ! city1 !y came ^u a numb] (    
cl]ks busy j      outside ! city walls )
 games1--m5 :o 7 entirely )\t      fault
 9 connection ) ! a=esaid viol5ce1 s9ce 
^? :o      _h begun ! riot\s /rife 7 m5 
f ! regions adjo9+      ,fl&]s1 :om we  
commonly call ,pic>ds4 ,b1 not)/&+      
?is1 ! police1 ru%+ ^u ^! m5 :o !y saw 7
      un>m$ & innoc5t1 kill$ "s1 w\nd$  
o!rs1 & h&l$      o!rs m]cilessly1      
batt]+ !m ) ! bl[s !y inflict$      on  
!m4 ,b "s ( !m escap+ by flight lay hid 
9 d5s &      cav]ns4 ,& among ! w\nd$ x 
0 f\nd t !re 7 two      cl]ks1 ri* & (  
great influ5ce1 :o di$1 "o ( !m be+     
by race a man ( ,fl&]s1 & ! o!r ( !     
,norman ,nation4       ,b :5 ! enormity 
( ?is transgression rea*$ ! e>s (      !
 ,ma/]s ( ! ,univ]sity !y came toge!r 9 
! pres5ce      ( ! ,que5 & ,legate1 hav+
 fir/ susp5d$ entirely all      lectures

 & debates1 & /r5u\sly dem&$ t ju/ice be
      %[n !m = su* a wrong4 ,= x seem$  
to !m disgraceful      t s light an     
occasion z ! transgression ( c]ta9      
contemptible little cl]ks %\ld be tak5  
to create prejudice      aga9/ ! :ole   
univ]sity2 b let him :o 0 to blame 9 !  
transgression be ! "o to suff] ! p5alty4
       ,b :5 f9ally e sort ( ju/ice _h  
be5 refus$ !m by      ! ,k+ & ! ,legate1
 z well z by ! ,bi%op1 !re took         
place a univ]sal )drawal ( ! ,ma/]s & a 
scatt]+ (      ! ,s*ol>s1 ! in/ruction (
 ! ,ma/]s & ! tra9+ (      ! pupils com+
 to an end1 s t n "o p]son ( note out   
( !m all rema9$ 9 ! city4 ,& ! city :i* 
0 wont to      boa/ ( h] cl]ks n[ rema9$
 b]eft ( !m4444 ,?us      )draw+1 !     
cl]ks betook !mselves practically 9 a   
body      to ! l>g] cities 9 v>i\s      
di/ricts4 ,b ! l>ge/ "p      ( !m *ose !
 metropolitan city ( ,ang]s = _!        
univ]sity in/ruction4 ,?us1 !n1 )draw+ f
 ! ,city (      ,p>is1 ! nurse (        
,philosophy & ! fo/] "m ( ,wisdom1      

! cl]ks execrat$ ! ,roman ,legate &     
curs$ ! womani%      arrogance ( !      
,que51 nay1 also1 _! infam\s unanimity 9
      ! matt]4444       ,at l5g?1 ?r\gh 
! ef=ts ( discreet p]sons1 x 0 work$    
out t1 c]ta9 ?+s be+ done to meet !     
situation z      requir$ by ! faults on 
bo? sides1 peace 0 made up betwe5      !
 cl]ks & citiz5s & ! :ole body ( s*ol>s 
0      recall$4#dg  ,n infrequ5tly a    
univ]sity :i* _h decre$ a cessation 0   
invit$ to e/abli% itself else:]e4 ,!    
cessation at ,p>is 9 #abbi 0 foll[$ by  
an urg5t invitation f ! ,k+ ( ,engl&3   
,! ,k+2 ,greet+ to ! ,ma/]s & ! :ole    
body ( s*ol>s      at ,p>is4 ,humbly    
sympa?iz+ ) ! exce$+ tribulations &     
di/resses :i* y h suff]$ at ,p>is "u an 
unju/ law1      we wi% by our pi\s aid1 
) rev]5ce to ,god & ,8 holy      *ur*1  
to re/ore y\r /atus to its prop]        
condition (      lib]ty4 ,:]e=e we h    
conclud$ to make kn[n to y\r entire     
body t if x %all be y\r pleasure to     
transf] y\rselves to      our k+dom (   

,engl& & to rema9 !re to /udy we w =    
?is purpose assign to y cities1 bor\ghs1
 t[ns1 :atsoev]      y may wi% to       
select1 & 9 e fitt+ way w cause y       
to rejoice 9 a /ate ( lib]ty &          
tranquillity :i* %\ld      please ,god &
 fully meet y\r ne$s4       ,9 te/imony 
( :i* c4 ,witness$ by ! ,k+ at ,read+1  
,july      #af4 #abbi4dh   7e7 ,! ,"r ( 
,tea*+ ev]y:]e 7,jus ubique doc5di7     
,ma/]s & ,doctors ( ! ?ree lead+        
univ]sities1 ,p>is1 ,bologna1 & ,ox=d1 7
 e>ly recogniz$ z qualifi$ to tea*      
any:]e )\t fur!r exam9ation1 by virtue (
 ! sup]ior in/ruction giv5 at ^?        
in/itutions4 ,_! degrees 7 9 /rictness  
m]ely lic5ses to tea* )9 ! dioceses 9   
:i* !y 7 grant$4 ,! recognition ( ^!    
lic5ses else:]e grew up z a matt] (     
cu/om1 n by any express au?orization4   
,at lea/ "o o!r univ]sity 7,padua1 f\nd$
 #abbb7 acquir$ ! privilege 9 ! same    
way4 ,lat] univ]sities1--or ! cities 9  
:i* !y 7 e/abli%$1--desir+ to ga9 equal 
pre/ige = _! graduates1 obta9$ f ! ,pope

 or f ! ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire
 bulls conf]r+ ^u !m ! same privilege4  
,ev5 ,p>is & ,bologna =mally receiv$ x f
 ! ,pope 9 #abib4 ,f ?is "t ! notion    
gradually ga9$ gr\nd t ! jus ubique     
doc5di 0 ( ! ess5ce ( a ,/udium ,g5]ale1
 & t no s*ool :i* did n possess x c\ld  
obta9 x )\t a ,bull f ,emp]or or ,pope4 
,x 0 usually b n q inv>iably1 conf]r$ 9 
express t]ms by ! orig9al               
f\ndation-bulls2 & 0 app>5tly und]/ood  
to be involv$ 9 ! m]e act ( erection ev5
 9 ! r>e cases :]e x is n expressly     
conc$$4#di ,9 practice1 ! graduates (   
almo/ all univ]sities :]e subject to    
fur!r exam9ation 9 "o ,/udium or ano!r  
be=e be+ admitt$ to tea* !re1 al?\gh !  
graduates ( ! lead+ univ]sities may h   
be5 v g5]ally receiv$ )\t su* te/4 ,!   
privilege is m important 9 (ficially    
m>k+ ! rank ( a s*ool z a ,/udium       
,g5]ale1 i4e4 a place ( high] education1
 9 :i* in/ruction 0 giv51 by a          
consid]able numb] ( ma/]s1 9 at lea/ "o 
( ! ,faculties ( ,arts1 ,!ology1 ,law1 &

 ,m$ic9e1 & to :i* /ud5ts 7 attract$1 or
 at lea/ invit$1 f all c\ntries4  ,!    
,bull grant+ ! jus ubique doc5di to     
,p>is 7,pope ,ni*olas ,,iv1 #abib7 is "h
 pr9t$1 al?\gh x is n ! e>lie/ example2 
a simil> ,bull 0 issu$ = ,t\l\se z e>ly 
z #abcc4 ,! rhetorical introduction is  
omitt$1 z 9 mo/ in/ances above4         
,desir+1 !re=e1 t ! /ud5ts 9 ! field ( k
      9 ! city ( ,p>is1 may be /imulat$ 
to /rive = ! rew>d      ( a ,ma/]%ip1 & 
may be able to in/ruct1 9 ! ,faculties 9
      :i* !y h des]v$ to be adorn$ ) a  
,ma/]'s *air1 all      ^? :o come f all 
sides1--we decree1 by ?is pres5t        
lett]1 t :oev] ( our ,univ]sity 9 !     
a=esaid city      %all h be5 exam9$ &   
approv$ by ^? ?r\gh :om1      "u        
,apo/olic au?ority1 ! "r to lecture is  
cu/om>ily      be/[$ on lic5tiates 9    
said faculties1 accord+ to !      cu/om 
h]et(ore obs]v$ !re1--& :o %all h f !m  
lic5se 9 ! ,faculty ( ,!ology1 or ,canon
 ,law1 or ,m$ic9e1 or      ! ,lib]al    
,arts1--%all !nce=w>d h au?ority to tea*

      ev]y:]e outside ( ! a=esaid city1 
free f exam9ation      or te/1 ei!r     
public or private1 or any o!r new       
regulation z      to lectur+ or tea*+4  
,nor %all he be prohibit$ by anyone1    
all o!r cu/oms & /atutes to ! contr>y   
not)/&+2      & :e!r he wi%es to lecture
 or n 9 ! ,faculties      ref]r$ to1 he 
%all nev]!less be reg>d$ z a ,doctor4#ej
   7f7 ,privileges grant$ by a          
,municipality  ,n infrequ5tly m$iaeval  
cities grant$ special privileges to     
univ]sities & _! memb]s4 ,^! cities     
recogniz$ ! comm]cial & o!r advantages  
result+ f ! pres5ce ( a l>ge body (     
/ud5ts )9 _! gates1 & made sub/antial   
concessions to reta9 !m1 or to secure ! 
settlem5t ( a univ]sity :i* might be    
migrat+ f "s o!r city4 ,in/ances ( !    
latt] k9d are num]\s 9 ! free cities (  
,italy4 ,^! privileges includ$ v ample  
legal jurisdiction by ! ,rector ( !     
univ]sity 9 cases affect+ s*ol>s1 paym5t
 ( pr(essors' sal>ies by ! city1        
exemption f taxes1 loans to s*ol>s at a 

l[ rate ( int]e/1 & gu>antees aga9/     
extortionate prices = food & o!r        
necess>ies4  #a4 ,! foll[+ examples are 
cit$1 among _m o!rs 9 ! /atutes ( ! city
 ( ,padua3       ,! t[n ( ,padua b9ds   
itself to make loans to s*ol>s1         
accord+ to ! quality ( ! s*ol>s1 ^u good
 &      suffici5t securities or bonds   
wor? a ?ird m ?an ! loan1      & ^u !   
oa? & promise ( ! s*ol>s t !y accept    
! loan on _! own acc\nt & = _! own use 9
 meet+      _! p]sonal exp5ses & n = any
 o!r p]son or p]sons      or = ! use (  
o!rs4 7#abfj ,a4,d47       ,e six mon?s 
! ,*ief ,magi/rate ( ,padua %all appo9t 
two      money l5d]s = ! s*ol>s1--judges
 or laym5 at ! w (      ! ,rector ( !   
s*ol>s--:o %all h *>ge ( ! t[n's        
money t is to be loan$ to ! s*ol>s4 ,&  
!y %all1 9      ! "n ( ! t[n1 make loans
 to ! s*ol>s 9 accordance      ) !      
/atutes & ! agreem5t ( ! s*ol>s1 & at _!
      own risk entirely1 s t ! t[n (    
,padua %all n incur      loss4 ,& !     
money l5d]s %all !mselves deposit 9 !   

t[n      treasury good & suffici5t      
security z to ?is4 7#abfh47             
,s*ol>s %all be reg>d$ z citiz5s ) reg>d
 to matt]s      advantage\s1 b n ) reg>d
 to matt]s disadvantage\s to      !m4   
7#abfa47       ,s*ol>s %all n be requir$
 to pay ! tolloneum 7i4e4 taxes      on 
imports1 collect$ at ! city gates74     
7#abfb47ea   #b4 ,a g5]ation prec$+ !   
date ( ^! /atutes a l>ge "p ( !         
univ]sity1 dissatisfi$ ) its treatm5t at
 ,padua1 migrat$ to ,v]celli1 m ?an "o  
hundr$ & fifty miles away4 ,! contract  
7#abbh ,a4,d47 betwe5 ! rectors ( !     
univ]sity & ! proctors repres5t+ ! t[n  
conta9s num]\s privileges1 among :i* are
 ! foll[+3       ,likewise ! a=esaid    
proctors h promis$ 9 ! "n ( !      t[n (
 ,v]celli t ! t[n w loan to ! s*ol>s1 & 
to      ! univ]sity ( s*ol>s1 ! sum ( t5
 ?\s& p\nds1 papal      money1 at ! rate
 ( two p5ce = two ye>s1 & !reaft]       
?ree p5ce = six ye>s "u prop] security4 
,! cu/om>y      rate seems to h be5 f\r 
p5ce4 444 ,likewise1 :5 a s*ol>         

%all h paid ! money loan$ to him1 ! t[n 
( ,v]celli      w reta9 t am\nt 9 !     
common treasury z pr9cipal1 &      f x w
 help "s o!r ne$y s*ol> "u ! same       
agreem5t & simil> conditions4 444       
,likewise1 ! t[n (      ,v]celli w n    
all[ provisions )9 ! t[n limits to be   
)drawn f _! m>kets 9 ord] to raise !    
price8 b      w cause !m to be deliv]$ 9
 ! city 9 good fai?1 &      w cause !m  
to be put on sale twice a week4444 ,also
 "o      ?\s& bu%els ( gra9 %all be put 
9 ! city gran>y &      sold to s*ol>s at
 co/ 9 "t ( ne$4 444 ,likewise ! t[n    
( ,v]celli %all provide sal>ies =       
pr(essors :i* %all      be deem$        
compet5t by two s*ol>s & two t[nsm51 &  
if !y      disagree ! ,bi%op %all decide
 ! matt] 444 & said sal>ies      %all be
 = "o ,!ologian1 ?ree ,ma/]s ( ,laws1   
two      ,decreti/s1 two ,decretali/s1  
two tea*]s ( ,natural ,philosophy1      
two ,logicians1 & two ,gramm>ians4 ,^!  
pr(essors %all be      *os5 by ! rectors
 ( ! univ]sity4 ,! t[n w s5d out      at

 its own exp5se tru/wor?y mess5g]s "u   
oa?1 :o %all      9 good fai?1 & 9 !    
int]e/s ( ! univ]sity (      ,v]celli1  
seek out ! *os5 ,ma/]s & ,tea*]s1 & %all
 use      _! be/ endeavors to b9d !m to 
lecture 9 ! city (      ,v]celli4 ,! t[n
 w pres]ve peace )9 its bord]s1 w       
consid] s*ol>s & _! mess5g]s neutral 9  
"t ( w>1      w grant !m ! rights (     
citiz5s1 & w respect !      legal       
jurisdiction ( ! rectors1 except 9      
crim9al & o!r      specially m5tion$    
cases4       ,likewise1 ! t[n ( ,v]celli
 w provide two copyi/s1 ?r\gh      :om x
 w und]take to furni% m5 able to supply 
to !      s*ol>s copies 9 bo? k9ds (    
,law ,civil & ,canon & 9      ,!ology1  
:i* %all be satisfactory & accurate bo? 
9 text      & 9 glosses1 & ! /ud5ts %all
 pay = _! copies no      extortionate   
prices b a rate bas$ on ! e/imate ( !   
rectors ( ! univ]sity4       444        
,likewise1 ! s*ol>s or _! repres5tatives
 %all n pay      ! tributes 9 ! di/rict 
( ,v]celli :i* belong & accrue      to !

 t[n ( ,v]celli4444 ,! ,pode/a ,*ief    
,magi/rate &      ! t[n itself %all be  
b\nd to s5d1 ?r\gh\t ! cities (         
,italy & else:]e1 7z %all seem exp$i5t  
to !m7 notice      t a univ]sity has be5
 e/abli%$ at ,v]celli1 & to invite      
s*ol>s to come to ! ,univ]sity (        
,v]celli4#eb  ,! :ole contract 0 made a 
"p ( ! city /atutes & 0 to be 9 =ce =   
eight ye>s4   7g7 ,! ,influ5ce (        
,m$iaeval ,privileges on ,mod]n         
,univ]sities4  ,!re is no "q t ! long   
s]ies ( privileges grant$ to m$iaeval   
univ]sities influ5ces ! univ]sity life (
 to-day4 ,out ( _m illu/rations ( ?is   
fact two are "h cit$ z affect+ ,am]ican 
high] education4 ,! read] w obs]ve 9 ^! 
p>agraphs f ! *>t]s ( ,h>v>d ,college & 
,br[n ,univ]sity ! famili> exemption (  
corporate prop]ty f taxation1 & !       
exemption ( p]sons connect$ ) ^!        
in/itutions n only f taxes1 b also f o!r
 public duties4 ,! *>t] ( ,br[n         
,univ]sity ref]s explicitly to ,european
 univ]sity privileges4 ,bo? ( ^! *>t]s1 

) "s am5dm5ts1 are /ill 9 =ce4       ,&1
 fur!r1 be x ord]$ by ?is ,c\rt & !     
au?ority      !re(1 t all ! l&s1        
t5em5ts1 or h]$itam5ts1 h\ses1      or  
rev5ues1 )9 ?is jurisdiction1 to !      
a=esaid ,presid5t      or ,college      
app]ta9+1 n exce$+ ! value ( five hundr$
      p\nds p] annum1 %all f h5ce=? be  
fre$ f all civil      impositions1      
taxes1 & rates2 all goods to ! said     
,corporation1      or to any s*ol>s     
!re(1 app]ta9+1 %all be exempt$ f       
all mann] ( toll1 cu/oms1 & excise      
:atsoev]2 & t !      said ,presid5t1    
,fell[s1 & s*ol>s1 toge!r ) !           
s]vants1 & o!r necess>y (fic]s to ! said
 ,presid5t or      ,college app]ta9+1 n 
exce$+ t51--viz4 ?ree to !              
,presid5t & sev5 to ! ,college          
belong+1--%all be exempt$      f all    
p]sonal civil (fices1 milit>y ex]cises  
or s]vices1      wat*+s & w>d+s2 & su* (
 _! e/ates1 n exce$+      "o hundr$     
p\nds a man1 %all be free f all c\ntry  
taxes or      rates :atsoev]1 & none    

o!rs4#ec       ,& fur!rmore1 = ! great] 
enc\ragem5t ( ! ,sem9>y (      le>n+1 & 
t ! same may be amply end[$ & enfran*is$
      ) ! same privileges1 dignities1 & 
immunities enjoy$ by      ! ,am]ican    
colleges1 & ,european univ]sities1 ,we d
 grant1      enact1 orda91 & decl>e1 & x
 is h]eby grant$1 enact$1      orda9$1 &
 decl>$1 ,t ! ,college e/ate1 ! e/ates1 
p]sons1 & families ( ! ,presid5t &      
,pr(essors1 = !      "t be+1 ly+1 & be+ 
)9 ! ,colony1 ) ! p]sons      ( !       
,tutors & /ud5ts1 dur+ _! resid5ce at ! 
,college1 %all be fre$ & exempt$ f all  
taxes1 s]v+ on      juries1 & m5ial     
s]vices3 ,& t ! p]sons a=esaid %all     
be exempt$ f be>+ arms1 impresses1 &    
milit>y s]vices1      except 9 case ( an
 invasion4#ed       ,exemption f wat*+s 
& w>d+s1 & f milit>y      s]vices1      
except 9 case ( an invasion1 is n       
includ$ 9 !      li/ ( privileges cit$ 9
 ! prec$+ sections1 b x 0      (t5      
conf]r$ on m$iaeval univ]sities 9 almo/ 
! exact      t]ms ( ^! *>t]s4   #e4 ,,! 

,,initiative ,,( ,,civil ,,or           
,,ecclesia/ical ,,p[]s  ,_m univ]sities 
orig9at$ )\t ! express initiative ( any 
civil or ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,!y ei!r    
grew up sl[ly1 z 9 ! cases ( ,bologna & 
,p>is1 or e/abli%$ !mselves quickly     
?r\gh a migration ( /ud5ts f "s o!r     
univ]sity1 z 9 ! cases ( ,padua1        
,v]celli1 & ,leipzig2 b 9 ei!r ev5t !   
*>t]s :i* gave !m /&+ z ,/udia ,g5]alia1
 & ! privileges emanat+ f imp]ial1      
royal1 pr9cely1 or papal au?orities1 7  
grant$ aft]1 r ?an be=e1 ma/]s & /ud5ts 
_h ga!r$ = _! "w4 ,! cases 9 :i*        
municipalities grant$ privileges to     
migrat+ bodies ( /ud5ts1 be=e _! com+1  
are n includ$ 9 ! above /atem5t4  ,9 "s 
in/ances1 h[ev]1 civil & ecclesia/ical  
au?orities took ! initiative4 ,among o!r
 examples ( univ]sities e/abli%$        
directly by !m may be cit$ ,naples1     
f\nd$ by ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 #abbd2  
,t\l\se1 by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix1 #abcj1 
#abcc2 ,prague1 by ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv1 
#acdh2 ,ca51 by ,h5ry ,,vi ( ,engl&1    

#adcb4 ,! motives :i* l$ to ?is action  
71 on ! "o h&1 ! desire ( political p[]s
 = ! support ( le>n$ m51 especially     
lawy]s2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! desire ( ! papacy
 = ! m effective propagation ( !        
,ca?olic fai?4#ee  ,! political motive  
appe>s 9 ! ,lett]s-pat5t ( ,h5ry ,,vi = 
,ca51 #adcb3       ,x befits ,royal     
,highness to gov]n ) due magnific5ce !  
peoples subject to him 9 times ( w>s & (
 peace1 to ! end      t !y may be def5d$
 valor\sly & con/antly f !      viol5ce 
( enemies1 & f wrongs (f]$ !m2 & t !y   
may be r5d]$ tranquil & quiet ?r\gh laws
 & active      ju/ice1 by secur+ to ea* 
man 8 rights1 ) due reg>d to      !     
common int]e/s4 ,= we ?9k t ?is sort (  
ju/ice1 s      excell5t & advantage\s1 c
 nev] be practic$ )\t !      indu/ry (  
m5 ( great le>n+1 /eep$ 9 laws1 div9e & 
human4 ,& =m]ly our k+dom ( ,france     
happily ab\nd$ 9      su* m52 b _m k9ds 
( evil m5 sw>m$ 91 by :om1 9 !      long
 process ( "t1 ! a=esaid k+dom1 at "o "t
 ?r\gh      ! di/urbances ( civil w>1 & 

aga9 ?r\gh deadly      pe/il5ce1 &      
f9ally ?r\gh ! v>i\s but*]ies ( m51     
& mighty fam9e--,alas6 ! pity ( x6--has 
n[ be5 s %ak5      t sc>cely c a        
suffici5t numb] ( s\nd ju/ices be f\nd  
9 mod]n times1 nor c o!rs succe$1 )\t   
great difficulty      & p]sonal p]il1 9 
acquir+ securely k &      advancem5t1   
p>ticul>ly 9 ,civil ,law2 :5ce ! a=esaid
      k+dom1 once gov]n$ ) comm5dable   
ju/ice1 is subject$ to      great]      
inconv5i5ces unless a :olesome rem$y be 
%ortly      provid$4444       ,we !re=e1
 by our special favor1 royal au?ority & 
pl5>y      p[]1 ) ! advice & cons5t (   
our di/+ui%$ ,uncle      ,john1 gov]nor 
& reg5t ( our a=esaid k+dom ( ,france & 
,duke ( ,b$=d1 & o!r nobles ( our race1 
& ( _m wise      m5 ( our great c\ncil1 
d con/itute1 place1 e/abli%1 f\nd1      
& orda9 =ev] by ^! pres5t lett]s1 a     
,/udium ,g5]ale      9 our city ( ,ca51 
9 ! ,diocese ( ,bayeux ,norm&y4  ,! k+  
does ?is = ! bett] gov]nm5t ( ! k+dom1 =
 ! reason t no univ]sity exi/s )9 8     

jurisdiction 9 ,france1 & = !           
pres]vation ( ! /udy ( law3       ,we   
!re=e1 :o ) extreme long+ desire to h   
our      already-m5tion$ k+dom gov]n$ ) 
ju/ice & equity1 &      re/or$ s f> z we
 %all be able ) ,god's help to re/ore   
x to its pri/9e glory1 e/abli% ?is      
univ]sity      att5tively consid]+ !    
fact t no ,/udium 9 ,civil ,law has     
be5 e/abli%$ 9 our jurisdictions 9      
,france1 & 9 !      du*ies ( ,norm&y1   
,burgundy1 & ,brittany1 ! c\nties (     
,*ampagne & ,fl&]s1 ! c\nty ( ,pic>dy1 &
 "s o!r      p>ts ( ! k+dom itself t are
 unit$ 9 loyalty &      ob$i5ce to u4   
,we d ?is 9 ord] t ! /udy ( ,civil      
,laws may n disappe> 9 ! a=esaid places1
 to !      disadvantage ( ! ,/ate1 b t x
 may become1 "u ,god's      guidance1   
vigor\s to ,8 glory1 & ! glory ( our    
a=esaid      ,k+dom1 & may fl\ri% z an  
ornam5t & an advantage to      future   
times4  ,! city ( ,ca5 is select$ = !   
location ( ! univ]sity because ( its    
favorable position1 "*1 & surr\nd+s4 ,x 

is       ,a city1 =soo?1 suitable1      
quiet1 & safe1 becom+ly adorn$      )   
not$ mona/]ies1 frat]nities1 cloi/]s1 & 
homes ( !      ,m5dicant ,fri>s & o!r   
dev\t religi\s bodies2 ) an      ov]fl[+
 population ( mild-disposition$1 ob$i5t1
 &      dev\t p2 a city fit also because
 ( its v>i$ supply (      food & o!r ?+s
 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! human race2       
prosp]\s & well-dispos$1 situat$ on     
f]tile soil1 & ne>      ! sea1 s t      
/ud5ts1 & m]*ants z well1 c m           
readily & easily come toge!r !re f almo/
 all p>ts (      ! _w4  ,! ,k+ grants to
 ! univ]sity--9 ord] to e/abli% its     
pre/ige--all ! privileges grant$ by     
royal au?ority to any o!r univ]sity 9   
,france3       ,&1 t ! ,doctors1        
,lic5tiates1 ,ba*elors1 /ud5ts1 &       
dep5d5ts ( ! a=esaid univ]sity1 & _!    
h\seholds &      dome/ic s]vants1 may be
 able ! m freely & quietly to           
devote !mselves to lett]s & s*ola/ic    
de$s1 we w1 by      our royal au?ority &
 pl5>y p[]1 be/[ ^u ^! same             

,doctors1 ,lic5tiates1 ,ba*elors1       
/ud5ts1 dep5d5ts1      h\seholds1 &     
dome/ic s]vitors1 su* & simil>          
privileges1      fran*ises1 & lib]ties z
 h be5 grant$1 giv51 &      be/[$ by our
 pr$ecessors ! k+s ( ,france ^u ! re/ ( 
! univ]sities ( our k+dom4  ,! k+ grants
 9 p>ticul> ! usual privilege ( a       
special judge = cases affect+ memb]s ( !
 univ]sity3       ,& z ,cons]vator ( ^! 
privileges h5ce=?1 we depute      &     
appo9t our ,bailiff ( ,ca5 n[ 9 (fice1 &
 8 successors      or :oev] may hold t  
(fice2 & to him we commit & consign     
by ^! pres5t lett]s ! he>+1 det]m9ation1
 & f9al      decision ( cases & real    
actions cases relat+ to conveyances     
( prop]ty relat+ to p]sons & prop]ty1   
aga9/ all      p]sons :atsoev] :o may be
 /ay+ 9 our said ,du*y (      ,norm&y1  
or :o may possess prop]ty !re1 ei!r     
ecclesia/ical or secul>1 if any action  
arises ) reg>d to      !m1 :e!r ( (f5ce 
or def5ce4       ,we comm& our          
ju/ici>ies & (fic]s1 or ^? hold+ _!     

places1 "o & all1 to obey & to support  
effici5tly ! said      ,bailiff1 !      
,cons]vator1 or :oev] holds 8 place1 9 !
      matt]s prescrib$ above1 & su* z   
are connect$ !re)4      ,& t ! =ego+    
regulations may acquire /r5g? &         
firmness we h caus$ ! pres5t lett]s to  
be secur$ by !      affix+ ( our        
seal4#ef  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #d3   
,hi/ory ( my ,calamities1 l4c4 p4 #d4   
,footnote #e3 ,mc,cabe1 ,abel>d1 pp4    
#ge1 #gf1 #gh4  ,footnote #f3 l4c44 p4  
#hb4  ,footnote #g3 l4c4 p4 #hi4        
,footnote #h3 ,ouvrages ,in$its d'      
,abel>d1 ed4 ,v4 ,c\s91 p4 #af4         
,footnote #i3 ,sic et ,non1 ,,clvi4 ,!  
,lat9 text ( ?is book is pr9t$ 9        
,ouvrages ,in$its d' ,abel>d1 ed4 ,v4   
,c\s94  ,footnote #aj3 ,metalogicus1 ed4
 ,giles1 ,i1 #b1 #c4  ,footnote #aa3    
,metalogicus1 ,,ii1 #aj4  ,footnote #ab3
 ,poole1 pp4 #aai1aad4  ,footnote #ac3  
,metalogicus1 ,i1 #bd4  ,footnote #ad3  
,metalogicus1 ,,ii1 #aj4 ,! translation 
( ?is *apt]is adapt$ f ,giles1 ,works ( 

,john ( ,salisbury1 ,i1 p4 xiii1 &      
,r4,l4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory
 ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght1 pp4 #baj1 #bab4    
,footnote #ae3 ,metalogicus1 ,,ii1 #i4  
,footnote #af3 ,d5ifle3 ,die ,ent/ehung 
d] ,univ]sitaet5 des ,mittelalt]s1 ,i1  
#de1 #df4  ,footnote #ag3 ,see p4 #aae4 
,! example giv5 %[s also an obvi\s      
weakness ( ! me?od4  ,footnote #ah3     
,john ( ,salisbury1 ,metalogicus1 ,,iv1 
#bd4  ,footnote #ai3 ,docum5t pr9t$ by  
,ra%dall1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4     
#ged4  ,footnote #bj3 ,*>t4 ,univ4      
,p>is41 ,i1 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #gc4  ,footnote
 #ba3 l4c4 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #gh4  ,footnote 
#bb3 l4c4 ,no4 #gi4  ,footnote #bc3 l4c4
 ,no4 #bdf4  ,footnote #bd3 ,z>ncke1    
,/atut5bue*] d] ,univ]sitaet ,leipzig1  
p4 #ci4  ,footnote #be3 ,dige/1         
translat$ by ,c4,h4 ,monro1 p4 xiii     
7preface to ,code74  ,footnote #bf3 l4c4
 pp4 xxv1 xxvi4  ,footnote #bg3         
,ra%dall1 ,i1 #bjh4  ,footnote #bh3     
,preface to ! ,in/itutes2 translat$ by  
,t4,c4 ,s&>s1 publi%$ by ,longmans1     

,gre5  ,co4  ,footnote #bi3 ,code1 ,bk4 
#ab2 #bi1 #b4  ,footnote #cj3 ,a4,d4    
#ccc1 ,code1 ,bk4 #aj2 #ec1 #f4         
,footnote ,a3 ,exodus1 ,,xvii4 ,c4      
,footnote ,b3 ,summ>y4 ,f\r classes ( m5
 are blam$ "u ?is caption1 i4e4         
dialecticians1 :o wre/le daily ) !      
dialectic art2 & physici/s1 :o raise _! 
eyes a?w>t ! heav5s2 & v]sifi]s2 & !    
av>ici\s1 :o acquire weal? by fair means
 & f\l1 ?\gh at ! "t !y "k n to :om !y  
are go+ to leave x4  ,footnote ,c3      
,i4e41 incid5tally ,hugo4 ,:e!r ! cl]gy 
c give att5tion to ! books ( ! hea!n4   
,footnote ,d3 ,& he does ?is z f> z !   
p>agraph1 ,b on ! o!r h&1 7p4 #ff74     
,footnote ,e3 ,to ! same effect ,c4 de  
long4 tem1 praescript #a4 f94 ,,xxv4    
quae/4 ,i4 ideo4 ,arc4  ,footnote ,f3   
,summ>y4 ,"u ?is caption ,j]ome set =?  
five cases4 ,= he says t !y are drunk5 )
 w9e :o misund]/& & p]v]t ! sacr$       
scriptures4 ,secondly1 !y are drunk5 )  
/rong dr9k :o make a wrong use ( pr(ane 
wisdom4 ,?irdly1 he sets =? :o %\ld be  

call$ false prophets4 ,f\r?ly1 :o are   
div9e4 ,fif?ly1 t he eats s\r grapes :o 
exp\nds ! scriptures o!rwise ?an accord+
 to ! tru?1 ev5 ?\gh x be n contr>y to !
 fai?4  ,footnote ,g3 ,summ>y4 ,9 ?is   
section ^? prie/s are blam$ by ,j]ome1  
:o cause _! sons & nephews to read      
com$ies & ! v]ses ( ! poets2 because    
also to ?is purpose & to o!r base       
purposes !y div]t ! money ( ! *ur*4     
,:]e=e he says t su* prie/ %\ld be      
puni%$ z 0 ,eli :o fell pro/rate f 8    
seat & di$ because he did n correct 8   
sons4 ,! /atem5ts :i* foll[ are cle> z  
f> z p>agraph ,b on ! o!r h& 7p4 #fd74  
,footnote ,h3 ,! e>s ( ^? :o misund]/&  
%\ld be torn (f4  ,footnote ,i3         
,tropology4  ,footnote ,j3 ,& logos1    
spee*1 :5ce1 tropologia1 i4e4 ! moral   
application ( ! language4 ,hugo4 ,z to  
?is see #gf di/4 jejunium4 9 f94        
,footnote ,k3 ,i ,k+4 ,,ii4 ,c4         
,footnote ,l3 ,ano!r read+3 9 _!        
disputations4  ,footnote ,m3 ,ano!r     
read+3 ,x pleas$ ,god to save 8 p = 8   

,k+dom c4  ,footnote ,n3 ,summ>y4 ,f n[ 
on1 ,gratian %[s t ! cl]gy ought to be  
le>n$ 9 pr(ane k4 ,& ?is is %[n f six   
consid]ations4 ,! fir/ is /at$ at !     
beg9n+4 ,! second beg9s3 ,"o reads also4
 ,! ?ird beg9s3 ,9 ,leviticus4 ,! f\r?  
beg9s3 ,! ,magi1 too4 ,! fif? beg9s3    
,f9ally4 ,! six? beg9s3 ,h5ce also      
,ambrose4  ,footnote ,o3 ,= z husks load
 ! belly & fill x b d n satisfy1 s also 
?is wisdom does n free f spiritual hung]
 nor bani% bl9dness4 ,b x oppresses ) ! 
weight ( s9s & ) ! guilt ( hell4 ,:oev] 
!re=e1 = ! remov+ ( ! bl9dness (        
ignorance seeks to le>n o!r arts & k    
desires to fill 8 belly1 z x 71 ) husks4
 ,accord+ to ,hugo4  ,footnote ,p3 ,dan4
 ,i4 a4 ,exodi ,,iii4  ,,xi4  ,footnote 
,q3 ,summ>y4 ,c]ta9 m5 =bade ,*ri/ians  
to read ! books ( ! g5tiles b ,b$e      
blames !m1 say+ t !y c well be read )\t 
s9 because pr(it may be d]iv$ f !m1 z 9 
! cases ( ,moses & ,daniel1 & also (    
,paul1 :o incorporat$ 9 8 ,epi/les v]ses
 ( ! poets1 e4g4 ,! ,cretans c4 c4      

,footnote ,r3 ,summ>y4 ,gratian solves !
 contradiction by say+ t "o ought to    
le>n pr(ane k 9 addition1 n = pleasure b
 = in/ruction1 9 ord] t ! useful ?+s1   
f\nd !re9 may be turn$ to ! use ( sacr$ 
le>n+4 ,h5ce ,gregory blam$ a c]ta9     
bi%op1 n = acquir+ pr(ane k b because1 =
 8 pleasure1 he exp\nd$ gramm> in/ead ( 
! ,gospel4  ,footnote ,s3 ,ano!r read+  
to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 i4e4 dative case4    
,footnote ,t3 ,dionysius 0 conv]t$ by ! 
prea*+ ( ,paul4  ,footnote ,u3 ,!       
,apo/le us$ s5t5ces f ! poets4          
,footnote ,v3 ,summ>y4 ,?is section is  
divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ "p x is 
set d[n t x is n blamewor?y if "o le>ns 
gramm> & logic 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! true 
& ! false4 ,9 ! second "p :i* beg9s )   
,geometry & ,ari?metic x is set d[n t ! 
kn[l$ges ( ! quadrivium h a tru? ( _!   
own4 ,b !y are n ! kn[l$ges ( piety1 &  
are n to be s appli$4 ,b ! ,old & ! ,new
 ,te/am5ts are kn[l$ges ( piety1 & are  
to be appli$4 ,& gramm>1 if appli$ to   
good uses may be made pr(itable4        

,footnote ,w3 ,summ>y4 ,two que/ions 7  
prop\nd$ by ,j]ome4 ,! fir/ 0 :e!r x is 
a s9 to le>n ! le>n+ & k ( ! pagans1 &  
,j]ome answ]s t x is n1 & proves ?is by 
! example ( f\r y\?s1 ,daniel1 ,ananias1
 ,az>ias1 ,misael1 & by ! example (     
,moses4 ,= ^!1 _h !y kn[n x to be a s9  
w\ld n h acquir$ ! le>n+4 ,= !y did s 9 
ord] to conv9ce unbeliev]s4 ,o!rwise !y 
w\ld h be5 expos$ to ridicule if1 :5 !y 
7 disput+ ) ^! unbeliev]s ab\t _!       
dogmas1 !y 7 f\nd to "k no?+ ab\t !m4 ,!
 second "q 01 :e!r x is a s9 to cite    
secul> laws 9 prea*+ or 9 discussion4 ,&
 he replies t x is n1 because x is      
necess>y to prove t ^? ?+s :i* ! sacr$  
writ]s h said are conta9$ 9 ! books ( ! 
hea!n4  ,footnote ,x3 ,dan4 ,i4         
,footnote ,y3 ,summ>y4 ,x 0 report$ to  
,eug5e at 8 ,synod t 9 c]ta9 regions !re
 7 no tea*]s to in/ruct o!rs 9 ! lib]al 
arts1 & !re=e he enjo9$ x ^u all !      
bi%ops to e/abli% tea*]s 9 suitable     
places to tea* o!rs daily 9 lib]al      
doctr9es4  ,footnote ,z3 ,daniel & 8    

companions4  ,footnote ,,aa3 ,^! 7 call$
 "u o!r names1 ,bal?as>1 ,sidrac1       
,misac1 & ,ab$nago4 ,accord+ to ,hugo & 
,lau4  ,footnote ,,ab3 z = example ,,xx 
di/4 ca4 f9a4  ,footnote ,,ac3 ,rec\rse 
is _h at times f simil>s to simil>s4    
,footnote ,,ad3 ,virgil4  ,footnote     
,,ae3 ,ovid4  ,footnote #ca3 ,decretum  
,gratiani1 ,di/9ctio ,,xxxvii4 ed4      
,lyons1 #aehj4  ,footnote #cb3 ,d5ifle1 
,i1 #df4  ,footnote #cc3 ,comp5dium     
,/udii ,!ologiae2 translat$ by ,j4,s4   
,brew] 9 ,r4 ,bacon1 ,op]a ,in$ita1 p4  
lvi4  ,footnote #cd3 ,"o s5t5ce ( no    
importance is omitt$ f ! translation4 ,!
 re/ ( ! docum5t is giv5 bel[1 p4 #ij4  
,= a slightly diff]5t v]sion see ,d4,c4 
,munro1 ,translations & ,repr9ts f !    
,orig9al ,s\rces ( ,european ,hi/ory1   
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 p4 #b4          
,footnote #ce3 ,rog] de ,hov$51         
,*ronica1 ed4 ,/ubbs1 ,,iv1 #abj1 #aba4 
,footnote #cf3 ,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41     
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #feg4  ,footnote #cg3  
,quot$ f ,d4,c4 ,munro1 ,translations & 

,repr9ts1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,iii4       
,footnote #ch3 ,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41     
,,ii1 ,no4 #ajdd4  ,footnote #ci3       
,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4 #adg4  ,footnote #dj3  
,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41 ,i1 ,no4 #adb4     
,footnote #da3 l4c41 ,,ii1 ,no4 #ajdd4  
,footnote #db3 ,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4 #cdc4   
,footnote #dc3 ,f4 ,z>ncke1 ,/atut5bue*]
 d] ,univ]sitaet ,leipzig1 p4 #d4       
,footnote #dd3 ,f\rni]1 ,/atuts et      
,priv4 des ,univ4 franc41 ,,iii1 ,no4   
#afgc4  ,footnote #de3 ,*>t4 ,univ4     
,p>is41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ei4 ,quot$ f      
,d4,c4 ,munro1 l4c4 p4 #i4  ,footnote   
#df3 ,= ! text ( ?is *>t] 9 full1 see   
,d4,c4 ,munro1 l4c4 p4 #g4  ,footnote   
#dg3 ,mat!w ,p>is1 ,*ronica ,majora1    
,,iii1 #aff-afi4  ,footnote #dh3 ,*>t4  
,univ4 ,p>is41 ,i1 p4 #aai4  ,footnote  
#di3 ,ka%dall1 ,i1 pp4 #aa1 #ab4        
,footnote #ej3 ,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41     
,,ii1 ,no4 #egh4  ,footnote #ea3        
,docum5ts pr9t$ by ,d5ifle1 ,die        
,univ]sitaet51 etc41 pp4 #hja-hjc4      
,footnote #eb3 ,docum5t pr9t$ by        

,ra%dall1 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #gdf4     
,footnote #ec3 ,*>t] ( ,h>v>d ,college1 
#afej4  ,footnote #ed3 ,*>t] ( ,br[n    
,univ]sity1 #agfd4  ,footnote #ee3 ,see 
,compayre1 ,abel>d1 pp4 #da-de1 &       
#ce-da4  ,footnote #ef3 ,f\rni]1        
,/atuts1 etc41 ,,iii1 ,no4 #afdd4       
,,iv  ,,univ]sity ,,ex]cises   ,! ways &
 means ( tea*+ 9 m$iaeval univ]sities 7 
few & simple 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( our own 
times4 ,! task ( ! /ud5t 0 m]ely to     
become acqua9t$ ) a few books & to      
acquire "s facility 9 debate4 ,!        
univ]sity ex]cises 7 %ap$ to secure ?is 
result4 ,!y consi/$ 9 ! ,lecture1 !     
,disputation or ,debate1 ! ,repetition1 
! ,conf]5ce1 ! ,quiz1 & ! ,exam9ation4  
,( ^! ! fir/ two & ! la/ 7 by f> ! mo/  
important2 !y are describ$ 9 detail     
bel[4 ,! ,repetition1 giv5 9 ! aft]noon 
or ev5+1 0 ei!r a detail$ discussion (  
"s po9t :i* c\ld n be treat$ 9 full 9 ! 
ord9>y lecture1 or a simple re-read+ ( !
 lecture1 sometimes accompani$ by       
cate*ism ( ! /ud5ts ^u its sub/ance4 ,! 

,conf]5ce 0 an in=mal discussion betwe5 
pr(essor & /ud5ts at ! close ( a        
lecture1 or a discussion ( "s portion ( 
! day's "w by /ud5ts alone4 ,! ,quiz 0  
(t5 held 9 ! aft]noon at ! /ud5t's hall 
or college1 by ! ma/] 9 resid5ce !re1 z 
describ$ on page #acb4   7a7 ,! ,lecture
  ,lectures 7 ( two k9ds1--ord9>y1 &    
extraord9>y or cursory4 ,! =m] 7 giv5 9 
! morn+1 by pr(essors2 ! latt] 9 !      
aft]noon1 ei!r by pr(essors or by /ud5ts
 ab\t to take a ba*elor's degree4  ,!   
purpose ( ! lecture 0 to read & expla9 !
 text ( ! book or books ( ! c\rse4 ,! "*
 ( ! lecture 0 l>gely det]m9$ by ! fact 
t all text-books1 practically to ! ye>  
#aejj1 7 9 manuscript1 & by ! fur!r fact
 t _m /ud5ts seem to h be5 unable or    
unwill+ to pur*ase or hire copies4 ,a   
l>ge "p ( ! lectur]'s "t 0 ?us consum$ 9
 ! purely me*anical process ( read+ al\d
 ! /&>d text & comm5ts4 ,to ^! he might 
add 8 own explanations2 b ! simple      
ability to read ! book intellig5tly 0   
suffici5t to qualify a prop]ly lic5s$   

,ma/]1 or a ,ba*elor prep>+ to take !   
,ma/]'s degree1 to lecture on a giv5    
subject4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t y\?s ( 
sev5te5 or eighte5 might be f\nd giv+   
occasional lectures1 & t regul> c\rses 7
 giv5 by ^? n mu* ov] tw5ty-"o4  ,!     
books ?us read consi/$ ( two p>ts1--!   
text1 & ! glosses or comm5ts4 ,a glance 
at ! selection on page #fj w reveal !   
nature ( ! latt]3 !y 7 summ>ies1        
explanations1 controv]sial notes1 &     
cross-ref]5ces1 writt5 by m or less     
le>n$ s*ol>s1 9 ! m>g9 ( ! text4 ,9 !   
c\rse ( g5]ations ! mass ( glosses      
became s great z fairly to smo!r !      
orig9al "w4 ,! selection j ref]r$ to is 
n especially prolific 9 glosses2 cases  
may be f\nd 9 :i* ! text ( a page       
occupies only ?ree or f\r l9es1 ! re/ ( 
! space be+ completely fill$ ) comm5ts1 
& ) explanations ( ! comm5ts4 ,in/ances 
( books expla9$ to dea? are n unkn[n 9  
our own class-rooms6  ,! effect ( ?is   
accumulation ( comm5ts 0 to draw !      
att5tion ( bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts m & m    

away f ! text4 ,!re is evid5ce t 9 "s   
in/ances ! text 0 almo/ :olly neglect$ 9
 ! attempt to ma/] ! glosses4 ,univ]sity
 re=ms at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ (
 ! sixte5? c5tury sometimes involv$ !   
exclusion ( ?is mass ( frivol\s &       
obscure comm5t f ! lectures1 & a return 
to ! /udy ( ! text itself4 ,see !       
introduction to ! plan ( /udies =       
,leipzig1 p4 #dh4  ,! selection f !     
,canon ,law 7p4 #ei ff47 gives a good   
idea ( ! sub/ance ( a dictat$ m$iaeval  
lecture4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9al & m or less 
(f-h& lecture we h ! amus+ acc\nt (     
,giraldus ,cambr5sis 7c4 #aadf-abbj71 9 
8 mo/ flatt]+ ( all autobiographies4    
,aft] rec\nt+--9 ! ?ird p]son--8 /udies 
at ,p>is 9 ,civil & ,canon ,law1 &      
,!ology1 he says3       ,he obta9$ s mu*
 favor 9 decretal cases1 :i* 7 wont to  
be h&l$ ,sundays1 t1 on ! day on :i* x  
_h become kn[n      ?r\gh\t ! city t he 
w\ld talk1 !re result$ su* a            
conc\rse ( almo/ all ! doctors ) _!     
s*ol>s1 to he>      8 pleas+ voice1 t   

sc>cely c\ld ! ample/ h\se h      held !
 auditors4       ,& ) reason1 = he s    
support$ ) rhetorical      p]suasiv5ess 
8 orig9al1 wide-awake treatm5t ( ! ,laws
 &      ,canons1 & s embelli%$ 8 po9ts  
bo? ) figures &      fl[]s ( spee* & )  
pi?y ideas1 & s appli$ !      say+s (   
philosoph]s & au?ors1 :i* he ins]t$ 9   
fitt+ places ) m>vell\s clev]ness1 t ! m
 le>n$      & erudite ! congregation1 ! 
m eag]ly & att5tively      did !y apply 
e>s & m9ds to li/5+ & memoriz+4 ,( a    
tru? !y 7 l$ on & besme>$ ) words s     
sweet t1      hang+1 z x 71 9 susp5se on
 ! lips ( !      speak]1--?\gh ! address
 0 long & involv$1 ( a sort      t is   
wont to be t$i\s to _m1--!y f\nd x      
impossible to      be fatigu$1 or ev5   
sat$1 ) he>+ ! man4       ,& s ! s*ol>s 
/rove to take d[n all 8 talks1 ^w =     
^w1 z !y emanat$ f 8 lips1 & to adopt !m
 )      great eag]ness4 ,moreov]1 on a  
c]ta9 day :5 ! conc\rse      f all p>ts 
to he> him 0 great1 :5 ! lecture 0 ov]  
& 0 foll[$ by a murmur ( favorable      

applause f all !      ?rong1 a c]ta9    
di/+ui%$ ,doctor :o bo? _h lectur$ on   
! ,arts at ,p>is & long /udi$ on ! laws 
at ,bologna1 ^:      "n 0 ,ma/] ,rog] ! 
,norman1 444 broke out op5ly 9          
expressions ( ?is sort3 ,!re is n su* k 
"u !      sun1 & if x 7 by *ance report$
 at ,p>is1 x w\ld1 beyond      a d\bt1  
c>ry incomp>able weight !re1 f> m s ?an 
any:]e else4 ,n[ ! op5+--z x 71 !       
proem--( t      talk ,i h n consid]$ x  
inappropriate to introduce "h2 s        
?is is ! way x began3       ,i _h       
propos$ to he> be=e be+ he>d1 to le>n   
be=e      speak+1 to hesitate be=e      
debat+4 ,= to cultur$ e>s &      to m5 (
 ! highe/ eloqu5ce my spee* w appe> to h
      little m>r[ 9 its views1 & its    
pov]ty ( words w seem      jejune4 ,=   
idle is x1 & utt]ly sup]flu\s1 to (f] t 
:i* is arid to ! eloqu5t1 & t :i* is    
/ale to m5 (      k & wisdom4 ,:5ce our 
,moral ,s5eca1 &1 quot+ f      him1     
,sidonius1 says3       ',until ,nature  
has drunk 9 k1 x is n great] glory to   

speak :at y "k ?an to be sil5t ab\t :at 
y d n      "k4'       ,& yet1 s9ce1 on !
 te/imony ( ,augu/9e1 ',e "p out      ( 
h>mony ) its :ole is base1' t ,i may n  
seem ! sole      anomaly among y1 or1   
:]e o!rs speak1 be f\nd by my sil5ce    
a disciple ( ,py?agoras surpass+ ! re/1 
,i h *os5 to be      f\nd ridicul\s = my
 speak+1 r ?an out ( h>mony =      my   
sil5ce4       ,:at note !n %all ! noisy 
goose emit 9 ! pres5ce ( !              
cle>-song$ swans8 ,%all he (f] new ?+s1 
or ?+s well      kn[n8 ,?+s (t5 consid]$
 & trite g5]ate disgu/2 new      ?+s    
lack au?ority4 ,=1 z ,pl9y says3 ',x is 
an ardu\s task      to give novelty to  
old ?+s1 au?ority to new ?+s1           
brightness to ?+s obsolete1 *>m to ?+s  
disda9$1 light      to obscure ?+s1     
cr$5ce to d\btful ?+s1 & to all ?+s     
naturalness6'       ,! "q :i* we h be=e 
u is old1 b n      invet]ate1--a "q (t5 
argu$1 b ^: decision is /ill      p5d+3 
,%\ld a ,judge decide accord+ to !      
evid5ce1 or      accord+ to 8           

conviction8       ,n[ he support$ !     
second1 b f> less ju/ifiable view1 by   
argum5ts tak5 f ! ,laws & ! ,canons1 s  
=cible t1      :ile all 7 amaz$1 all 7  
unc]ta9 :e!r great] praise      %\ld be 
giv5 to ! ornat5ess ( ! words or to !   
efficacy      ( ! argum5ts4#eg  ,! mode 
( lectur+ on ,roman ,law at ,bologna is 
?us describ$ by ,od(r$us 7c4            
#abjj-abfe71 a di/+ui%$ tea*]3          
,fir/1 ,i %all give y summ>ies ( ea*    
title i4e41 ea*      *apt] into :i* !   
books are divid$ be=e ,i proce$ to !    
text2 second1 ,i %all give y z cle> &   
explicit a /atem5t      z ,i c ( !      
purport ( ea* ,law 7includ$ 9 ! title72 
?irdly1 ,i %all read ! text ) a view to 
correct+ x2      f\r?ly1 ,i %all briefly
 repeat ! cont5ts ( ! ,law2      fif?ly1
 ,i %all solve app>5t contradictions1   
add+ any      g5]al pr9ciples ( ,law 7to
 be extract$ f ! passage71      commonly
 call$ ,broc>dica1 & any di/9ctions or  
subtle &      useful problems           
7quae/iones7 aris+ out ( ! ,law1 )      

_! solutions1 z f> z ! ,div9e ,provid5ce
 %all enable me4      ,& if any ,law    
%all seem des]v+1 by reason ( its       
celebrity      or difficulty1 ( a       
,repetition1 ,i %all res]ve x = an ev5+ 
,repetition4#eh  ,! v>i$ /atem5t &      
re/atem5t ( ! passage1 impli$ 9 ! =ego+ 
description1 0 d\btless necess>y to make
 x intelligible to ! n-too-ke5 m9ds ( ! 
auditors4 ,z ,ra%dall po9ts out1 x makes
 no m5tion ( a v important feature ( all
 m$iaeval lectures1--! read+ ( !        
'glosses4' ,?is is m5tion$ 9 ! ,bologna 
/atutes n[ to be cit$4  ,!re are num]\s 
/atutes on ! mode ( lectur+4 ,at        
,bologna1 & d\btless else:]e1 pr(essors 
seem to h exp]i5c$ ! difficulty1 n      
unkn[n to mod]n tea*]s1 ( gett+ ?r\gh ! 
entire c\rse )9 ! prescrib$ "t4 ,!      
/ud5ts1 :o regulat$ ! conduct ( _!      
tea*]s1 made /r+5t rules to prev5t ?is1 
& puni%$ violations ( !m by f9es l>ge   
en\gh to make pr(essors take due        
caution3       ,we h decre$ also t all  
,doctors actually lectur+ mu/      read 

! glosses imm$iately aft] read+ ! *apt] 
or !      law1 unless ! cont9uity ( !   
*apt]s or ( ! laws      requires        
o!rwise1 tak+ ! burd5 9 ?is matt] on _! 
own      consci5ces 9 accordance ) ! oa?
 !y h tak54 ,nor1      ) reg>d to ^? ?+s
 t are n to be read1 mu/ !y      yield  
to ! clamor ( ! s*ol>s4 ,fur!rmore we   
decree t      ,doctors1 lectur+ ord9>ily
 or extraord9>ily1 mu/ come to      !   
sections assign$ de novo1 accord+ to !  
regulations      bel[4 ,& we decree1 z  
to ! close obs]vance by !m ( !          
passages1 t any ,doctor1 9 8 ord9>y     
lectur+ 9 ,canon or      ,civil ,law1   
mu/ deposit1 fifte5 days be=e ! ,fea/ ( 
,sa9t      ,mi*ael1 tw5ty-five ,bologna 
p\nds ) "o ( ! treasur]s      :om !     
rectors h appo9t$2 :i* treasur] %all    
promise to      give said money to !    
rectors1 or ! g5]al beadle 9 _!      "n1
 all at once or 9 sep>ate am\nts1 z he  
%all be requir$      by !m or by him4   
,! =m1 moreov]1 to be obs]v$ by !       
,doctors z to !      sections is ?is3   

,let ! division ( ! book into sections  
7puncta7 be det]m9$1 & !n let him be    
notifi$4 ,& if      any ,doctor fails to
 rea* any section on ! specifi$ date he 
%all be f9$ ?ree ,bologna p\nds1 :ile = 
a second (f5se      he %all be f9$ five 
p\nds1 & = a ?ird & ea*      succe$+    
violation ( ! rule1 t5 p\nds4 ,& if !   
tw5ty-five p\nds are exhau/$1 he mu/    
deposit 9 said place a      second      
tw5ty-five p\nds2 & ! second deposit mu/
 be made      )9 eight days f ! "t :5 ! 
fir/ 0 exhau/$4444       ,we decree also
 t no ,doctor %all h]eaft] exce$ "o     
section      9 "o lecture4 ,& if !      
contr>y be done by any "o he %all       
be *>g$ ) p]jury & puni%$ to ! ext5t (  
?ree      p\nds1 to be tak5 f ! money   
deposit$ = ! purpose2 &      z (t5 z !  
violation occurs1 s (t5 %all ! p5alty be
      inflict$1 s long z ! /atute is 9  
=ce2 & ! ,rector      also mu/ exact x4 
,we add t at ! end ( a section !        
,doctors mu/ ann\nce to      ! s*ol>s at
 :at section !y are to beg9 aft]w>ds1 & 

!y %all be oblig$ to foll[ t section :i*
 !y h      begun1 ev5 to ! end ( !      
section4 ,b if by *ance1 aft]      due  
weight is giv5 to ! glosses or text1 x  
seems useful to      transf] a "p ( !   
lecture to ano!r section1 he %all be    
oblig$ 9 8 prec$+ lecture to ann\nce t  
to !      s*ol>s1 s t ^? :o wi% may make
 provision be=eh&2      "u p5alty ( five
 ,bologna %ill+s = ea* occasion = !     
,doctor :o does to ! contr>y4       ,we 
ord] ?is /atute to be publi%$ 9 ea*     
s*ool at !      beg9n+ ( ! t]m4444      
,s9ce topics n read by ! ,doctors are   
completely neglect$      & consequ5tly  
are n kn[n to ! s*ol>s1 we h decre$     
t no ,doctor %all omit f 8 sections any 
*apt]1      decretal1 law1 or p>agraph4 
,if he does ?is he %all be oblig$       
to read x )9 ! foll[+ section4 ,we h    
also decre$      t no decretal or decree
 or law or difficult p>agraph %all be   
res]v$ to be read at ! end ( ! lecture  
if1 ?r\gh su*      res]vation1          
promptness ( exit at ! s\nd ( ! appo9t$ 

bell is likely to be prev5t$4#ei  ,a    
lecture might be ei!r dictat$ or deliv]$
 rapidly1 to ! m9ds r ?an to ! p5s1 ( ! 
auditors4 ,= p$agogic & possibly o!r    
reasons1 ! latt] me?od seems to h be5   
pref]r$ by ! au?orities2 b lectur]s1 &  
/ud5ts :o desire to get full notes1 seem
 to h insi/$ ^u dictation4 ,a /atute ( !
 ,ma/]s ( ,arts at ,p>is1 #acee1 is "o (
 sev]al unsuccessful attempts to en=ce  
rapid deliv]y3       ,two me?ods ( read+
 ! books ( ! ,lib]al ,arts h be5        
tri$3 ,by ! fir/1 ! ,ma/]s ( ,philosophy
 f _! *airs      rapidly set =? _! own  
words1 s t ! m9d ( !      li/5] c take  
!m 91 b 8 h& is n able to write !m      
d[n2 by ! second1 !y pron\nce !m sl[ly s
 t !      li/5]s are able to write !m   
d[n 9 _! pres5ce ) !      p54 ,by       
dilig5t exam9ation & mutual comp>ison ( 
^! ways      ! fir/ me?od is f\nd to be 
! bett]1 because !      conceptual p[] (
 ! ord9>y m9d w>ns u to imitate x 9     
our lectures4 ,!re=e1 we1 "o & all1     
,ma/]s ( ,arts1 bo?      lectur+ & n    

lectur+1 be+ especially convok$ = ?is   
purpose 444 h made a /atute to ?is      
effect3 ,all lectur]s1      ,ma/]s z    
well z ,s*ol>s1 ( ! same ,faculty1 :5ev]
 &      :]ev] !y happ5 to be read+ any  
book 9 regul> ord] or      c\rse 9 !    
same ,faculty1 or to be discuss+ a "q   
accord+ to ?is or any o!r me?od (       
exposition1 %all foll[      ! =m] me?od 
( read+ to ! be/ ( _! ability1 to       
wit3 pres5t+ x z ?\gh no "o 7 writ+ x 9 
_!      pres5ce4 ,x is 9 accordance )   
?is me?od t disc\rses      &            
recomm5dations are made 9 ! ,univ]sity1 
& x is      foll[$ by ,lectur]s 9 ! re/ 
( ! ,faculties4       ,transgressors (  
?is ,/atute1 :e!r ,ma/]s or ,s*ol>s1 we 
deprive !nce=? ( _! positions z         
lectur]s1 ( honors1      (fices1 & ! re/
 ( _! means ( support "u our            
,faculty1 = "o ye>4 ,b if any "o repeats
 ! (f5se1 we      d\ble ! p5alty = !    
fir/ repetition2 = ! second1 we         
quadruple x1 & s on4 ,& auditors :o     
int]f]e ) !      execution ( ?is our    

,/atute by %\t+ or :i/l+ or rais+      a
 d91 or by ?r[+ /ones1 ei!r p]sonally or
 ?r\gh _!      att5dants or accomplices1
 or 9 any o!r way1 we deprive ( &       
cut (f f our company = "o ye>1 & = ea*  
repetition we      increase ! p5alty to 
twice & f\r times ! l5g? z              
above4#fj   7b7 ,! ,disputation4  ,!    
disputation1 or debate1 "o ( ! mo/      
important univ]sity ex]cises1 fir/      
became really e/abli%$ 9 ! s*ools z a   
result ( ! new me?od4 7,cf4 page #ce47  
,?is ex]cise 0 sometimes c>ri$ on 9 !   
mann] ( a mod]n debate2 to respond 9 !  
s*ools 7i4e41 to def5d a !sis 9 public  
debate71 & to oppose 7i4e41 to argue    
aga9/ ! respond5t71 0 a common          
requirem5t = all degrees4 ,s*ol>s &     
ma/]s frequ5tly po/$ 9 public places    
!ses to ! argum5t ( :i* !y *all5g$ all  
com]s1 j z a knight might *all5ge all   
com]s at a t\rnam5t to combat4 ,9 su*   
cases ! respond5t usually indicat$ !    
side ( ! "q :i* he w\ld def5d4 ,?is     
practice1 9 a modifi$ =m1 /ill exi/s 9  

"s ,european univ]sities 9 ! public     
exam9ations = ! ,doctor's degree4  ,9   
ano!r mode1 ! disputation 0 c>ri$ on by 
a s+le p]son1 :o argu$ bo? sides ( ! "q 
& drew ! conclusion 9 favor ( "o side or
 ! o!r4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse m]ely ! oral use 
( ! me?od ( exposition commonly f\nd 9 !
 works ( s*ola/ic philosoph]s &         
!ologians4 ,! lecture ( ,giraldus       
,cambr5sis describ$ above 7page #aji7 0 
d\btless ( ?is type4 ,a complete example
 is to be f\nd 9 ,dante's ,quae/io de   
,aqua et ,t]ra4 ,! brief ( ! argum5ts on
 bo? sides ( ?is "q is "h reproduc$ ) "s
 modifications4 ,x illu/rates n only !  
ex]cise itself1 b also ! pond]\s        
complications :i* ! s*ola/ic me?od      
receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,abel>d's successors1
 & ! weakness ( t me?od :5 appli$ to    
que/ions ( natural sci5ce4 ,! read] w   
note t ! argum5t no long] proce$s by !  
simple citation ( au?orities pro & con2 
! reason+s ( ! debat] are also          
introduc$4 ,moreov]1 ! argum5t is m     
complex4 ,x involves fir/ ! /atem5t ( ! 

affirmative position2 second1 !         
refutation ( ! affirmative by obs]vation
 & by reason+2 ?ird1 objections to !    
refutation by reason+2 f\r?1 refutation 
( ^! objections2 fif?1 f9al refutation (
 ! orig9al argum5ts4                    
,introduction3 ,au?or's reasons =       
und]tak+ ! discussion4       ,let x be  
kn[n to y all t1 :il/ ,i 0 9 ,mantua1 a 
c]ta9 ,"q arose1 :i*1 (t5 argu$ accord+ 
to      appe>ance r ?an to tru? rema9$  
undet]m9$4      ,:]e=e1 s9ce f boyhood  
,i h ev] be5 nurtur$ 9 love      ( tru?1
 ,i c\ld n be> to leave ! ,"q ,i h spok5
 (      undiscuss$3 r ,i wi%$ to        
demon/rate ! tru? conc]n+      x1 &     
likewise1 hat+ untru? z well z lov+     
tru?1 to      refute contr>y argum5ts4  
,& le/ ! sple5 ( _m1 :o1 :5      !      
objects ( _! envy are abs5t1 are wont to
 fabricate lies1      %\ld beh9d my back
 trans=m well-spok5 words1 ,i fur!r     
wi%$ 9 ^! pages1 trac$ by my own f+]s1  
to set d[n !      conclusion ,i _h rea*$
 & to sket* out1 ) my p51 ! =m      ( ! 

:ole controv]sy4        ,,! ,,"q3 ,,is  
,,wat]1 ,,or ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,!      
,,sea1 ,,any:]e      ,,high] ,,?an ,,!  
,,e>?1 ,,or ,,habitable ,,dry ,,l&8     
,,affirmative ,,argum5t3 ,five          
affirmative argum5ts g5]ally            
accept$4       ,reason #a4 ,geometrical 
,pro(3 ,e>? & ,wat] are sph]es )        
diff]5t c5t]s2 ! c5t] ( ! ,e>?'s sph]e  
is ! c5t]      ( ! univ]se2 consequ5tly 
! surface ( ! ,wat] is above      t ( ! 
,e>?4       ,reason #b4 ,e?ical ,pro(3  
,wat] is a nobl] elem5t ?an ,e>?2       
h5ce x des]ves a nobl]1 or high]1 place 
9 ! s*eme ( !      univ]se4             
,reason #c4 ,exp]im5tal ,pro(3 bas$ on  
sailors see+ ! l&      disappe> "u _!   
horizon :5 at sea4       ,reason #d4    
,economical ,pro(3 ,! supply ( ,wat]1   
namely1 !      sea1 mu/ be high] ?an !  
,e>?2 o!rwise1 z ,wat] fl[s             
d[nw>ds1 x c\ld n rea*1 z x does1 !     
f\nta9s1 lakes1      etc4       ,reason 
#e4 ,a/ronomical ,pro(3 ,s9ce ,wat]     
foll[s ! moon's      c\rse1 its sph]e   

mu/ be exc5tric1 l ! moon's exc5tric    
orbit2 & consequ5tly 9 places be high]  
?an ! sph]e (      ,e>?4  ,,negative    
,,argum5t3 ,^! reasons unf\nd$4  ,i4    
,,refutation ,,by ,,obs]vation4  ,wat]  
fl[s d[n to ! sea f ! l&2 h5ce ! sea _c 
be high] ?an ! l&4  ,,ii4 ,,refutation  
,,by ,,reason+3    ,a4 ,wat] _c be high]
 ?an ! dry l&4     ,pro(3 ,wat] c\ld    
only be high] ?an ! ,e>?1       #a4 ,if 
x 7 exc5tric1 or       #b4 ,if x 7      
conc5tric1 b _h "s excresc5ce4        ,b
 s9ce          x4 ,wat] naturally moves 
d[nw>ds1           &         y4 ,wat] is
 naturally a fluid body3        #a4 ,_c 
be true1 = ?ree impossibilities w\ld    
foll[3         a4 ,wat] w\ld move upw>ds
 z well z d[nw>ds2         b4 ,wat] &   
,e>? w\ld move d[nw>ds 9 diff]5t        
directions2         c4 ,gravity w\ld be 
taught ambigu\sly ( ! two bodies4       
,pro( ( ^! impossibilities by a diagram4
        #b4 ,_c be true1 =         a4 ,!
 ,wat] ( ! excresc5ce w\ld be diffus$1 &
                   consequ5tly !        

excresc5ce c\ld n exi/3         b4 ,x is
 unnecess>y1 & :at is unnecess>y is     
contr>y                   to ! w ( ,god 
& ,nature4    ,b4 ,all l& is high] ?an !
 sea4     ,pro(3 ,x has be5 %[n t ,wat] 
is ( "o level1 &        conc5tric ) !   
,e>?3       ,!re=e1 s9ce ! %ores are    
high] ?an ! edges ( ! sea1       & s9ce 
! %ores are ! l[e/ portions ( ! l&1     
,x foll[s t all ! l& is high] ?an ! sea4
    ,c4 ,objections to ! =ego+ reason+1 
& _! refutation4     #a4 ,possible      
affirmative argum5t3 ,e>? is ! heavie/  
body2        h5ce x is drawn d[n to its 
own c5t]1 & lies b5ea? !        light]  
body1 ,wat]4     #b4 ,objection to ?is  
argum5t3 ,e>? is ! heavie/ body only    
by comp>ison ) o!rs2 = ,e>? is itself ( 
diff]5t        weights4     #c4         
,refutation ( ?is objection3 ,on !      
contr>y1 ,e>? is a        simple body1 &
 z su* subject to be drawn equally 9 e  
"p4     #d4 ,answ] to ! refutation1 )   
m9or objections & _!        refutation4 
,s9ce ! objection is 9 itself s\nd1 &   

,e>? by its own ,p>ticul> ,nature1 due  
to !       /ubbornness ( matt]1 w\ld be 
l[] ?an !       sea2 & s9ce ,univ]sal   
,nature requires t       ! ,e>? project 
some:]e1 9 ord] t its       object1 !   
mixture ( ! elem5ts1 may be             
fulfill$3      ,x foll[s t !re mu/ be "s
 f9al & effici5t     cause1 :]eby ?is   
projection may be accompli%$4        a4 
,! f9al cause has be5 se5 to be !       
purpose       ( ,univ]sal ,nature4      
b4 ,! effici5t cause _c be 7i7 ! ,e>?1  
7ii7 ! ,wat]1 7iii7 ! ,air or ,fire1    
7iv7 !       heav5 ( ! ,moon1 7v7 !     
,planets1 nor 7vi7       ! ,primum      
,mobile3        ,!re=e x mu/ be ascrib$ 
to ! heav5 (       ! ,fix$ ,/>s 7= ?is  
has v>iety hi effici5cy1       z is se5 
9 ! v>i\s con/ellations71       & 9     
p>ticul> to ^? ,/>s ( ! ,nor!rn         
,hemisph]e :i* ov]hang ! dry l&4        
7x7 ,fir/ objection3 ,:y is ! project+  
cont95t !n1 n circul>1 s9ce !           
motion ( ^! />s is circul>8             
,answ]3 ,because ! mat]ial did n        

suffice = s great an elevation4         
7y7 ,second objection3 ,:y is ?is       
elevation         9 ?is p>ticul> place8 
,answ]3 ,because ,god ^: ways are       
inscrutable1 will$ x s4          ,we    
%\ld !re=e desi/ f exam9+         too   
closely ! reasons1 :i* we         c nev]
 hope to fa?om4    ,d4 ,refutation ( !  
orig9al argum5ts3     ,reason #a4       
,invalid because ,e>? & ,wat] are sph]es
     ) ! same c5t]4     ,reason #b4     
,invalid because ( ! ext]nal influ5ce ( 
,univ]sal ,nature1 c\nt]act+ ! int]nal  
influ5ce     ( ,p>ticul> ,nature4       
,reason #c4 ,invalid because x is       
sph]icity ( ! sea &     n ! l[ness ( !  
l& :i* int]f]es ) "o's     view at sea4 
,reason #d4 ,invalid because ,wat] does 
n fl[ to !     tops ( m\nta9s1 b asc5ds 
?i!r 9 ! =m (     vapors4     ,reason   
#e4 ,invalid because ,wat] imitat+ !    
moon 9     "o respect1 ne$ n imitate x 9
 all4#fa  ,?is brief obvi\sly illu/rates
 mu* m ?an ! =m ( ! m$iaeval            
,disputation4 ,x leaves "o 9 no d\bt z  

to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural sci5ce ( 
! ,middle ,ages & t ( our own "t4 ,x    
also illu/rates ! weakness ( ! s*ola/ic 
me?od :5 appli$ to que/ions :i* mod]n   
sci5ce w\ld settle by exp]im5t4 ,!      
argum5t ab\nds 9 mis/atem5ts ( fact1 !  
conclusion is incorrect1 & ! reason+ by 
:i* x is rea*$ c be describ$1 f ! mod]n 
po9t ( view1 only z grotesque4 ,!       
weakness ( ! me?od 0 recogniz$ by ,rog] 
,bacon s e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!    
gr[+ recognition ( its futility f9ds    
repeat$ expression 9 ! sixte5? &        
sev5te5? c5turies1 notably 9 ! ,new     
,me?od 7,novum ,organum7 ( ,francis     
,bacon4  ,l ! s*ola/ic me?od & ! wor%ip 
( ,ari/otle1 ! ,disputation fell into   
disrepute because ( ! extravagant l5g?s 
to :i* x 0 c>ri$4 ,! foll[+ s>ca/ic     
criticism by ! ,spani% s*ol>1 ,juan     
,luis ,vives 7#adfb-aedj71 is "o        
illu/ration ( ! gr[+ revolt ( 8 times   
aga9/ x3       ,disputations1 also1 to  
no slight degree h bl9d$ judgm5t4       
,!y 7 in/itut$ orig9ally 7b only among  

"y m57 to      /imulate m5tal vigor1 (t5
 torpid1 & to make "y m5      ke5] 9 _! 
/udies1 s t !y might ei!r conqu] or n   
be conqu]$1 & also t ! in/ruction       
receiv$ f _!      tea*]s might be m     
deeply impress$ ^u !m4       ,among m51 
or old] p]sons1 !re 0 a k9d ( comp>ison 
(      op9ions & reasons1 n aim$ at     
victory b at unravell+ !      tru?4 ,! v
 "n te/ifies t !y are call$ disputations
      because by _! means ! tru? is1 z x
 71 prun$ or purg$      dis  ap>t2 puto 
to prune1 or to cleanse4 ,b aft] praise 
& rew>d came f li/5]s to ! "o :o seem$  
to h !      be/ ideas1 & out ( ! praise 
(t5 came weal? &      res\rces1 a base  
gre$ ( di/9ction or money took          
possession      ( ! m9ds ( ! disputants1
 &1 j z 9 a battle1 victory      only 0 
! consid]ation1 & n ! elucidation (     
tru?4 ,s      t !y def5d$ /r5u\sly      
:atev] !y once _h said1 &      ov]?rew &
 trampl$ ^u _! adv]s>y4       ,l[ &     
sordid m9ds su* z ) droop+ heads look   
solely at      su* trivial & ephem]al   

results1 reg>d$ z ( small               
consequ5ce ! great b5efit t results f   
/udy3--namely      probity or k ( tru?2 
& ^! two ?+s !y did n      reg>d )      
suffici5t acut5ess nor did !y compreh5d 
_!      great value1 b !y s\ght !       
imm$iate rew>d ( money or      popul>   
favor4       ,& s1 9 ord] to get a      
great] return = _! labor1 !y            
admitt$ ! populace to _! conte/s l !    
spectators ( a      play br\ght out at !
 !atre4 ,!n1 z "o might expect :5      !
 /&>d is l[]$1 ! philosoph] laid aside 8
      dignifi$1 v5]able "*1 & put on 8  
/age dress t      he might dance m      
easily3 ! populace 0 made spectator1    
umpire1 & judge1 & ! philosoph] did t   
:i* ! flute      play] does n d on !    
/age1--he suit$ 8 music1 n to 8      own
 ideas & to ! ,muses1 z 8 old tea*]     
advises1 b      :olly to ! circle (     
onlook]s & ! cr[d :5ce      di/9ction & 
ga9 0 likely to come back to ! actors4  
,!re 0 no ne$ ( real1 solid tea*+ 7at   
lea/1 n 9 !      op9ion ( ^? :o are go+ 

to le>n72 b pret5ce & du/      7 ?r[n 9 
! eyes ( ! cr[d4 ,s ! "o pla9 road (    
obta9+ ! tru? 0 ab&on$2 six hundr$ ways 
( pret5d+      7 made1 by :i* ea* /rove 
= :at suit$ himself1      especially    
s9ce !re is no?+ made s ugly z to lack a
      sponsor4       ,n only did !      
populace flock to ?is op9ion--t ! object
      ( le>n+ is to dispute1 j z x is ! 
object ( milit>y      life to fight--b !
 public unanimity swept away ! vet]ans1 
! tri>ii ! m exp]i5c$ soldi]s :o 7 plac$
 9      ! ?ird l9e z x 71 ( ! s*ola/ic  
campaign 7b ^!      h no m ability &    
judgm5t ?an ! dregs ( ! p71      s t !y 
reg>d him z sup]flu\s & fooli% :o w\ld  
call      !m back to m5tal activity & "*
 & t quiet me?od      ( inve/igation1   
philosophy4 ,!y ?9k t !re is no o!r     
fruit ( /udies save to keep y\r wits    
ab\t y & n give      way to y\r adv]s>y1
 ei!r to attack him boldly or to be> up 
aga9/ him1 & %rewdly to contrive by :at 
vigor1 by :at      skill1 by :at me?od (
 supplant+1 he may be ov]turn$4         

,!re=e "u ?is beautiful s*eme1 surpass+ 
all o!rs1 x      0 ! plan to break 9 !  
boy imm$iately & tra9 him               
con/antly2 !y began disput+ z soon z !y 
7 born &      ceas$ only at dea?4 ,! boy
 br\ght to s*ool1 is bidd5 to           
dispute =?) on ! fir/ day & is already  
taught to      qu>rel1 be=e he c yet    
speak at all4 ,s also 9 ,gramm>1 9      
! ,poets1 9 ! ,hi/orians1 9 ,logic1 9   
,rhetoric1 9      absolutely e bran*4   
,w\ld any "o wond] :at !y c f9d      to 
d 9 matt]s t are p]fectly op51 v simple 
&      elem5t>y8 ,!re is no?+ s         
transp>5t1 s limpid t !y      d n cl\d x
 ov] ) "s petty "q z if ruffl$ by a     
breeze4 ,x is ?\ght *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/  
helpless      /upidity1 n to f9d some?+ 
:i* y may make obscure by      mo/      
intricate measures & involve 9 v h>d &  
rigid      conditions1 :i* y may twi/ & 
twi/ aga94 ,= y may      simply say3    
,write to me1--"h comes a "q1 if n f    
,gramm> !n f ,logic1 if n f ,logic !n f 
,physics1--,:at motions are made 9      

writ+8 ,or1 f      ,metaphysics1 ,is x  
sub/ance or quality8       ,& ^! boys   
are he>+ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ,logic :o 7  
only ye/]day1 or ! day be=e1 admitt$ to 
! s*ool4 ,s      !y are to be tra9$ nev]
 to be sil5t1 b vigor\sly to      ass]t 
:atev] comes upp]mo/ le/ !y may seem at 
any "t to      h giv5 94 ,nor is "o     
dispute a day en\gh1 nor two1 l a       
meal4 ,at lun* !y dispute1 aft] lun* !y 
dispute1 at d9n]      !y dispute1 aft]  
d9n] !y dispute4 ,d !y d ^! ?+s      to 
le>n1 or to cook a new di%8 ,!y dispute 
at home1 !y      dispute away f home4   
,at a banquet1 9 ! ba?1 9 !             
tepid>ium1 at *ur*1 9 ! city1 9 !       
fields1 9 public1 9      private1 9 all 
places & at all times !y dispute4       
,c\rtesans 9 *>ge ( a p&]] d n wrangle s
 _m times1      or gladiators 9 *>ge ( a
 tra9] d n fight s _m times      = a    
prize z ^! d "u _! tea*] ( philosophy4  
,!      populace1 n self-re/ra9$ &      
s]i\s1 b fickle1 b>b>\s1      pugnaci\s1
 is wond]fully tickl$ ) all ?is z ) a   

mock      battle4 ,s !re are v _m       
exce$+ly ignorant m51 utt]ly      )\t k 
( lit]ature 9 any =m1 :o take m         
pleasure 9 ?is =m ( %[ ?an 9 all else2 &
 ! m      easily to w9 ! fight1 !y      
employ a quick & prompt mode (          
fight+ & deliv] a bl[ e second1 z x 71 9
 ord]      ! m spe$ily to use up _! foe4
 ,!y nei!r assail _!      adv]s>y )     
un9t]rupt$ argum5t nor c !y endure      
prolong$ talk f him4 ,if by way (       
expla9+ himself he      %\ld beg9 to    
enl>ge1 !y raise ! cry3 ,to ! po9t6 ,to 
! po9t6 ,answ] categorically6 ,%[+ h[   
re/less &      flippant _! m9ds are :o  
_c /& a few words4444       ,to su* a   
degree did !y g t in/ead ( a settlem5t  
bas$      on ! /ronge/ argum5ts1 su* z  
drove !m into _!      absurdities1 !y   
consid]$ x suffici5t to say3 ,i admit x1
      = x foll[s f my own conclusion1 & 
! next /ep is3 ,i      d5y x4 ,prove x4 
,i w def5d x appropriately4 ,= he :o    
def5ds appropriately 79 _! own words71  
no matt] by :at      incongru\s         

admissions & concessions1 is held to be 
a le>n$      man & be/ adapt$ to        
disputation1 t is1 to ! apex ( all      
k4   7c7 ,! ,exam9ation  ,! exam9ation1 
z an ex]cise lead+ to a degree1 is "o   
phase ( mod]n educational practice :i*  
comes f m$iaeval univ]sities4 ,! sy/em (
 exam9ations grew up sl[ly4             
,g5]alization is difficult ow+ to !     
diff]5ces 9 practice 9 v>i\s            
univ]sities1 b broadly speak+ ! /ud5t :o
 took a ,ma/]'s or ,doctor's degree 9   
any ,faculty pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( 
,ba*elor1 ,lic5tiate1 & ,doctor1 & at   
ea* /age und]w5t "s =m ( exam9ation4 ,! 
exam9ation = ! ,lic5se 7to tea* any:]e7 
seems to h be5 ! mo/ =midable ( ! ?ree2 
t = ! ,doctorate be+ ma9ly c]emonial4 ,9
 g5]al1 ! exam9ation te/$ ! c&idate's k 
( ! books prescrib$1 & 8 p[] ( public   
debate4  ,! /atutes ( ,b\rges 7c4       
#adfh-adhj7 ?us describe ! requirem5ts &
 ! mann] ( proc$ure ( exam9ations = !   
,lic5se 9 ,arts3  ,9 prep>ation = !     
,a4,b4 degree1 :i* prec$$ ! ,lic5se1 !  

c&idate _h he>d lectures on 7#a7 ,!     
,isagoge 7,introduction7 ( ,porphyry to 
! ,categories ( ,ari/otle1 7#b7 ! foll[+
 works ( ,ari/otle3 7a7 ,categories2 7b7
 ,p]i ,h]m5eias 7,on ,int]pretation71 ! 
fir/ 787 two books & a "p ( ! f\r?2 7c7 
,topics1 fir/ book2 7d7 ,physics1 fir/  
?ree books4       ,likewise we h decre$ 
t be=e any "o comes to ! grade      (   
,lic5se he mu/ h he>d f\r o!r books (   
,physics1 ?ree      books ,on ! ,heav5s1
 two ( ,on ,g5]ation1 ! fir/ ?ree      (
 ,on ,meteors1 ?ree ,on ! ,s\l1 ,on !   
,memory1 ,on !      ,l5g? & ,brevity (  
,life1 ) ! fir/ six books (             
,metaphysics & ! fir/ six on ,e?ics ) a 
"p (      ,euclid1 & ) ! book ,on !     
,sph]e by ,john ,sacrobosco4            
,likewise we h decre$ t c&idates mu/    
respond twice      op5ly & 9 public1 &  
!re may be five at mo/ 9 "o day      & 9
 ! same debate2 yet f\r w be suffici5t4 
,& :5      !y respond !y mu/ pay1 ea* 8 
own *airman1 a scudo (      gold4       
,likewise we h det]m9$ t1 :5 ?is has be5

 done1 !      ,faculty %all appo9t f\r  
,ma/]s :o h already be5 ,ma/]s      =   
?ree ye>s & :o d n h ! c&idates t ye> z 
pupils "u _! own special direction2 & !y
 %all te/ !      suffici5cy ( all !     
c&idates4 ,& ! said committee %all      
take oa? t !y w accept ^? :o are        
eligible & w      reject ^? :o are      
ineligible4       ,likewise we h decre$ 
t1 :5 ?is has be5 done1 on !      report
 ( said committee1 ov] _! seals manual  
fai?fully      transmitt$1 ! ,*ancellor 
%all arrange ! c&idates 9 !      ord]   
assign$ to !m by said committee1 always 
putt+ !      bett] m5 & ^? :o are       
eligible ahead ( ! o!rs1 9      ord] t !
 opportunity ( /udy+ well may be giv5 to
 !      /ud5ts & t no "o may suff] h>m f
 8 position4       ,likewise we h decre$
 t be=e proce$+ to lic5se !             
c&idates !mselves1 ! assembl$ ,faculty (
 ,arts %all orda9      f\r ,ma/]s1 o!r  
?an ! fir/1 :o %all exam9e 9 assign$    
gr\ps ! said c&idates 9 _! own p]sons4  
,& if !y d      n f9d !m to be su* z !  

fir/ exam9]s report$ t      !y f\nd !m1 
!y %all report to ! ,faculty1 po9t+ out 
! defici5cy t ! ,faculty may h k ( !    
mi/ake      ( ! fir/ committee4 ,if x   
f9ds t !y made a mi/ake x      %all h   
au?ority to correct _! errors by *ang+ !
      positions ( ! names on ! li/ & by 
reject+ !m      entirely if !y seem     
ineligible4       ,likewise we h decre$ 
t :5 _! approval or disapproval      has
 be5 settl$ by ! said second exam9]s1 !y
 %all place      _! c&idates accord+ to 
prop] ord] 9 "o li/ seal$      ) _! own 
seals1 & %all deliv] x1 "u enclosure1 to
      ! ,*ancellor1 & x %all n be lawful
 = him to *ange !      ord] b he %all   
lic5se !m 9 ! ord] set d[n 9 !          
li/4#fb  ,! process ( tak+ ! ,lic5tiate 
& ! ,doctorate 9 ,laws at ,bologna1 9   
vogue at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury &     
lat]1 is describ$ at great l5g? 9 !     
,/atutes ( #adcb4 ,! exam9ation consi/$ 
( two p>ts2 ! fir/ private1 ! second    
public4 ,! fir/ l$ to a ,lic5se1 :i* 01 
h[ev]1 a lic5se m]ely to proce$ to !    

public exam9ation4 ,! ,/atute conc]n+ ! 
private exam9ation is summ>iz$ by       
,ra%dall3       ,! private ,exam9ation 0
 ! real te/ ( compet5ce1 !      s-call$ 
public ,exam9ation be+ 9 practice a m]e 
c]emony4      ,be=e admission to ea* (  
^! te/s ! c&idate 0      pres5t$ by !   
,consili>ius ( 8 ,nation to ! ,rector = 
p]mission to ent] x1 & swore t he _h    
compli$ ) all      ! /atutable          
conditions1 t he w\ld give no m ?an !   
/atutable fees or ent]ta9m5ts to !      
,rector himself1 !      ,doctor or 8    
fell[-/ud5ts1 & t he w\ld obey !        
,rector4      ,)9 a p]iod ( eight days  
be=e ! ,exam9ation !      c&idate 0     
pres5t$ by 8 own ,doctor or by "s o!r   
,doctor or by two ,doctors to !         
,ar*deacon1 ! pres5t+ ,doctor      be+  
requir$ to h satisfi$ himself by private
 exam9ation      ( 8 pres5tee's fitness4
 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( !      exam9ation1  
aft] att5d+ a ,mass ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !  
c&idate appe>$ be=e ! assembl$ ,college 
& 0 assign$      by "o ( ! ,doctors     

pres5t two passages 7puncta7 9 ! ,civil 
or ,canon ,law z ! case might be4 ,he !n
 retir$ to 8 h\se      to /udy !        
passages1 9 do+ :i* x w\ld appe> t he _h
      ! assi/ance ( ! pres5t+ ,doctor4  
,lat] 9 ! day !      ,doctors 7 summon$ 
to ! ,ca!dral or "s o!r public          
build+ by ! ,ar*deacon1 :o presid$ ov] b
 took no active      "p 9 ! ensu+       
exam9ation4 ,! c&idate 0 !n             
introduc$ to ! ,ar*deacon & ,doctors by 
! pres5t+ ,doctor      or ,promot] z he 
0 /yl$4 ,! ,prior ( ! ,college !n       
adm9i/]$ a numb] ( oa?s 9 :i* ! c&idate 
promis$      respect to t body &        
solemnly r5\nc$ all ! rights (      :i* 
! ,college _h succe$$ 9 robb+ all       
,doctors n      includ$ 9 its ranks4 ,! 
c&idate !n gave a lecture or            
exposition ( ! two prep>$ passages2 aft]
 :i* he 0      exam9$ ^u !m by two ( !  
,doctors appo9t$ by !      ,college4    
,o!r ,doctors might ask supplem5t>y     
que/ions ( ,law      7:i* !y 7 requir$  
to swe> t !y _h n previ\sly             

communicat$ to ! c&idate7 aris+ m       
indirectly out ( !      passages        
select$1 or might sugge/ objections to !
 answ]s4      ,) a t5d] reg>d = ! feel+s
 ( _! comrades at ?is      rigor\s &    
trem5d\s ,exam9ation 7z !y /yle x7 !    
/ud5ts by _! ,/atutes requir$ ! ,exam9] 
to treat !      exam9ee z 8 own son4 ,! 
,exam9ation conclud$1 ! votes      ( !  
,doctors pres5t 7 tak5 by ballot & !    
c&idate's      fate det]m9$ by !        
majority1 ! decision be+ ann\nc$ by     
! ,ar*deacon4#fc  ,! successful c&idate 
ord9>ily proce$$ )9 a %ort "t to !      
public exam9ation1 :i* 0 held 9 !       
ca!dral4 ,at ?is exam9ation he receiv$  
bo? ! =mal lic5se to tea* & ! ,doctor's 
degree4 ,be=e ! appo9t$ day he w5t ab\t 
invit+ fri5ds & public (ficials to !    
c]emony4 ,o/5tation at ?is "t 0 =bidd53 
,^? :o are c&idates = ! ,doctor's       
degree1 :5 !y give      _! invitations  
to ! public exam9ation1 %\ld g )\t      
trumpets or any in/rum5ts :atev]2 & !   
,beadle ( !      ,ar*-deacon ( ,bologna1

 ) ! ,beadles ( ! ,doctors "u      :om  
!y are to h ! public exam9ation1 %\ld   
prec$e him      on horseback4 ,at t late
 day !y ! c&idates %all n      provide  
any fea/1 except among s*ol>s f ! same  
h\se or      among ^? relat$ to !       
c&idate 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1      or 
ev5 ! f\r? degree4 ,fur!rmore no "o ( ! 
,rectors      %all presume to ride ) him
 on t day4#fd  ,on ! actual day ( !     
exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ! love ( pageantry   
*>act]i/ic ( ! m$iaeval & especially ( !
 ,italian m9d 0 all[$ ! ample/          
gratification2 ! c&idate w5t to !       
ca!dral1 d\btless prec$$ by trumpet]s1 &
 escort$ by a procession ( 8            
fell[-/ud5ts4 ,! /atutes ( ! ,g]man     
,nation at ,bologna describe z "o object
 ( t organization ! clu/]+ ab\t1        
att5dance ^u1 & cr[d+ ar\nd our         
,doctors-to-be1 9 season & out ( season4
 ,moreov]1 ! ,s*ol>s ( our ,nation %all 
individually accompany ! "o :o is to be 
made ,doctor1 to ! place :]e ! insignia 
( ! degree are usually be/[$1 if he s   

wi%es1 or has s reque/$ ( ! ,proctor ( !
 ,nation4 ,also1 !y %all escort him ) a 
l>ge accompany+ cr[d f ! a=esaid place  
to 8 own h\se1 "u p5alty ( "o ,bologna  
%ill+4#fe  ,! ,univ]sity /atutes are to 
! same effect1 b !y prohibit horse-play1
 & ! extravagance ( t\rnam5ts4          
,ultramontane s*ol>s are ^? f nor?1     
,cismontane1 ^? f s\?1 ( ! ,alps4       
,moreov]1 ! ultramontane s*ol>s %all    
accompany !      ultramontane c&idate1 &
 ! cismontane1 ! cismontane1 f      _!  
dwell+ places to ,sa9t ,pet]'s :5 !y g  
!re to take      ! public exam9ation1 & 
at t "t hay & /raw %all n      be plac$ 
on ! floor ( ! *ur*4 ,fur!rmore all !   
ultra-& cis-montanes %all be pres5t at !
 public      exam9ation1 & all %all     
aft]w>ds accompany ! new ,doctor      f 
! *ur* to 8 h\se "u p5alty ( t5 ,bologna
      %ill+s1 :i* x %all be ! duty ( !  
,rector to exact      )9 eight days4 ,& 
no s*ol> at ! public exam9ation (       
any citiz5 or =eign s*ol> %all be dress$
 = a dance or a      brawl or a         

t\rnam5t1 nor %all he j\/ z a knight4   
,if any      "o disobey1 he %all incur !
 p5alty ( p]jury & t5      ,bologna     
p\nds1 & if he does n pay ?is )9 t5 days
 on      ! dem& ( any ,rector he %all be
 depriv$ ( ! advantage      & honor (   
our ,univ]sity4 ,& we impose ! p5alty ( 
p]jury      also ^u ! ,rector ( ! /ud5t 
:o is to take ! public      exam9ation1 
& ?is p5alty he %all incur f ! v fact   
t he %\ld by all means exact f ! c&idate
 an oa? t      on ! day on :i* he rides 
ab\t to give invitations = !      public
 exam9ation :i* he is to take1 he w n   
br+ ab\t      any j\/+ or brawl+ z "s h 
done h]et(ore4 ,& if !      c&idate1 :5 
requir$1 is unwill+ to take ! oa?1 or if
 he      takes ! oa? & breaks x1 he !   
,rector %all utt]ly      =bid ! public  
exam9ation & direct ! ,doctors n to hold
      _! meet+ & also /op ! ,beadle1 s t
 he %all n d>e      to ann\nce 8        
programme ?r\gh ! s*ools1 "u an arbitr>y
      p5alty to be impos$4#ff  ,!       
c]emony at ! ca!dral includ$1 fir/1 !   

=mal te/ ( ! c&idate4 ,aft] mak+ a spee*
 he held a disputation1 9 :i* he def5d$ 
a !sis tak5 f ! ,laws aga9/ oppon5ts    
*os5 f ! body ( /ud5ts1 ?us play+ = !   
fir/ "t ! "p ( a ,doctor 9 a ,univ]sity 
disputation4 ,he 0 !n pres5t$ by !      
,promot] to ! ,ar*deacon1 :o conf]r$ !  
f9al ,lic5se to tea* ,civil or ,canon   
,law or bo?1 accord+ to ! /ud5t's tra9+4
 ,?is 0 done by a =mula probably simil> 
to ! foll[+1 :i* is tak5 f a book       
publi%$ 9 #agaj3       ,inasmu* z y h   
be5 pres5t$ to me = exam9ation 9 bo?    
,civil & ,canon ,laws & = ! cu/om>y     
approval1 by !      ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s &   
,mo/ ,excell5t ,d4,d4 7nam+ !           
,promot]s71      gold5 ,knights1 ,c\nts 
,palat9e1 ,mo/ ,celebrat$ ,doctors1 &   
inasmu* z y h s9ce und]gone an ardu\s & 
rigor\s      exam9ation1 9 :i* y bore   
y\rself ) s mu* le>n+ &      di/9ction t
 t body ( ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & ,excell5t   
,promot]s )\t "o diss5t+ voice1--,i     
repeat1 )\t "o      diss5t+ voice1--h   
judg$ y wor?y ( ! laurel1      !re=e by 

! au?ority :i* ,i h z ,ar*deacon & s5ior
      ,*ancellor1 ,i create1 publi%1 &  
"n y1 ,n4,n41 ,doctor 9 !      a=esaid  
,faculties1 giv+ to y e privilege (     
lectur+1      ( asc5d+ ! ,ma/]'s *air1 (
 writ+ glosses1 (      int]pret+1 ( act+
 z ,advocate1 & ( ex]cis+ also !        
functions ( a ,doctor "h & ev]y:]e      
?r\gh\t ! _w2      fur!rmore1 ( enjoy+  
all ^? privileges :i* ^? happy          
individuals1 :o h be5 s des]v+ 9 ^!     
fo/]+      colleges1 are accu/om$ to use
 & enjoy4       ,& ,i tru/ t all ^! ?+s 
w =ev] result 9 !      increase ( y\r   
fame & ! honor ( our ,colleges1 to !    
praise & glory ( ,almighty ,god & ( !   
ev] bless$ ,virg9      ,m>y4#fg  ,9     
pursuance ( ! lic5se ?us conf]r$1 he 0  
!n inve/$ by ! ,promot] ) ! insignia ( !
 tea*+ (fice1 ! *air1 ! book1 ! r+1 !   
cap1 ea*1 no d\bt1 ) "s appropriate     
=mula4 ,he 0 seat$ 9 ! ,magi/]ial *air  
or ca!dra4 ,he 0 h&$ ! op5 book--"o ( ! 
,law texts :i* x 0 8 function to exp\nd4
 ,a gold r+ 0 plac$ ^u 8 f+]1 ei!r 9    

tok5 ( 8 esp\sal to ,sci5ce or 9        
indication ( ! ,doctor's claim to be !  
equal ( ,knights2 & ! ,magi/]ial biretta
 plac$ ^u 8 head3 aft] :i* ! ,promotor  
left him ) a pat]nal embrace1 a kiss1 & 
a b5$iction4#fh ,!n foll[$ ! triumphal  
procession homew>d ?r\gh ! t[n1 prec$$  
by ! ?ree ,univ]sity pip]s & ! f\r      
,univ]sity trumpet]s4   7d7 ,a ,day's   
,"w at ,l\va9 9 #adgf  ,docum5ts :i*    
describe ! day's "w ( a m$iaeval /ud5t  
are n common4 ,a ,ducal ord9ance = !    
,univ]sity ( ,l\va9 9 #adgf indicates ! 
way 9 :i* ! /ud5t 0 suppos$ to "w at t  
in/itution4       ,! tutors %all see t !
 s*ol>s rise 9 ! morn+ at      five     
o'clock1 & t !n be=e lectures ea* "o    
reads by      himself ! laws :i* are to 
be read at ! regul> lecture1      toge!r
 ) ! glosses4444 ,b aft] ! regul>       
lecture1      hav+ if !y wi%1 quickly   
he>d mass1 ! s*ol>s %all come      to _!
 rooms & revise ! lectures t h be5 giv51
 by      rehe>s+ & impress+ on _! memory
 :atev] !y h      br\ght away f !       

lectures ei!r orally or 9 writ+4 ,&     
next !y %all come to lun* 444aft] lun*1 
ea* "o hav+      br\ght to ! table 8    
books1 all ! s*ol>s ( ! ,faculty        
toge!r1 9 ! pres5ce ( a tutor1 %all     
review t regul>      lecture2 & 9 ?is   
review ! tutor %all foll[ a me?od :i*   
w enable him1 by discreet que/ion+ ( e  
man1 to ga!r      :e!r ea* ( !m li/5$   
well to ! lecture & rememb]$      x1 &  
:i* w recall ! :ole lecture by hav+ its 
p>ts      recit$ by individuals4 ,& if  
wat*ful c>e is us$ 9 ?is "o      h\r w  
suffice4#fi   7e7 ,"t-table ( ,lectures 
at ,leipzig1 #aeai  ,!re mu/ h be5 "s   
ord]ly arrangem5t ( ea* day's lectures z
 ! requirem5ts = ! v>i\s degrees became 
fix$2 b ,i h n f\nd an e>ly docum5t on !
 subject4 ,! ,/atutes ( ,leipzig = #aeai
 give an accurate arrangem5t ( !        
lectures ( ! ,faculty ( ,f9e ,arts1 h\r 
by h\r1 adapt$ to a v>iety ( intellects 
& to div]se int]e/s4 ,!y d n always     
specify ! seme/] 9 :i* ! book is to be  
read2 9 su* cases ! title is plac$ 9 !  

c5t] ( ! column4 ,! li/ includes        
practically all ! books requir$ = !     
degrees ( ,a4,b4 & ,a4,m4 ,unless       
o!rwise specifi$1 !y are ! works (      
,ari/otle2 b ! v]sions are1 z not$ on   
page #dh1 new translations f ! ,greek4  
,^! translations are prais$ 9 no unc]ta9
 t]ms 9 ! ,/atutes4 ,! ,metaphysic is   
pres5t$ 9 ,lat9 by ,bess>ion s clev]ly &
 ) s good fai? t he w seem to diff] n   
ev5 a nail's bread? f ! ,greek copies & 
s5tim5ts ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,e?ics & !     
,economics are clev]ly & *>m+ly put into
 ,lat9 by ,argyropulos2 ! ,politics & ! 
,magna ,moralia are f9ely translat$ by  
,georgius ,valla1 t well-kn[n man (     
great le>n+1 etc4 ,lectures1 x w be     
not$1 began e>ly4 ,! foll[+ tabul> view 
is compil$ f ,z>ncke1 ,/atut5bue*] d]   
,univ]sitaet ,leipzig1 pp4 #ci-db4  ,9  
addition to ! ord9>y1 or prescrib$1     
books1 two books ( ,cic]o's ,lett]s w be
 read on fe/al days2 & ! ,greek ,gramm> 
( ,!odorus ,gaza w be expla9$ at !      
exp5se ( ! illu/ri\s ,pr9ce ,george4    

,,summ]           ,,w9t]                
,,summ]           ,,w9t]                
#f ,a4,m4                             #a
 ,p4,m4                                 
,metaphysics4     ,metaphysics4         
,po/]ior        ,topics 7#d ,bks47      
,introduction     ,on                   
,analytics4     ,g5]ation &             
7,porphyry74      ,int]pretation ,s5se &
          ,de/ruction4 ,categories4     
,logic 7,aqu9as74   ,s5sation4     ,be+ 
&                                       
,memory &         ,ess5ce ,on ,six      
,pr9ciples 7,gilb]t de la               
,recollection4    7,aqu9as74   ,porree74
                         ,sleep & ,wak+4
 ,physics 7,dige/ ( ,ari/otle by        
,longevity &       ,alb]tus ,magnus74   
,%ortliv$ness4                          
-----------------------------------     
#h ,a4,m4               ,in/itutes (    
,oratory                                
7,qu9tilian74 ,physical ,he>+ 7sic47    
,physics8                               
----------------------------------      

,read+ & ,disputation by                
#b ,p4,m4   c&idates = ,a4,b4 & ,a4,m4  
,gramm> 7,priscian74                ,on 
! ,s\l 7#c   ,on ! ,heav5s              
-----------------------------------     
,bks74            & ! ,e>?4             
#aa ,a4,m4               ,common        
,on ! ,sub/ance                         
,ari?metic1 &  ( ! ,_w ,logic3 ,summulae
 7,petrus ,hispanus74   ,on ! ,sph]e    
7,av]roes74                             
7,sacrobosco74  ,common ,rhetoric       
7,cic]o ,on ! ,orator                   
,p]spective1   to ,h]5nius74   7,cic]o74
                         i4e41 ,optics  
,physical         ,on ! ,vital          
7,john (   ,auscultation     ,pr9ciple  
,pisa74   7,!mi/ius74    7,!mi/ius74    
,!ory ( ! ,planets 7,g]>d (             
,cremona74                              
,e?ics                                  
,politics4                              
,economics4                             
,magna ,moralia1 i4e41                  
,e?ics1 abbreviat$ f                    

,ari/otle & ,eudemus4                   
----------------------------------      
#d ,p4,m4                               
,!ocritus4                              
,h]odotus4                              
,virgil4                                
,ari/otle1 ,problems4  ,,footnotes3     
,footnote #eg3 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ed4
 ,brew]1 ,i1 pp4 #de-dg4  ,footnote #eh3
 ,quot$ by ,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4 #bai4       
,footnote #ei3 ,malagola1 ,/atuti delle 
,univ]sita i dei ,collegi dello ,/udio  
,bolognese4 ,selections f pp4 #da-dc4   
,footnote #fj3 ,bulaeus1 ,hi/oria       
,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis1 ,,iv1 #ccb4   
,footnote #fa3 ,dante1 ,quae/io de ,aqua
 et ,t]ra1 tr4 ,a4,c4 ,:ite1 pp4        
,,vii-,,ix4  ,footnote #fb3 ,docum5t    
pr9t$ by ,ra%dall1 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 
#gdb-c4  ,footnote #fc3 ,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4
 #bbf4  ,footnote #fd3 ,malagola1       
,/atuti1 etc41 p4 #aaf4  ,footnote #fe3 
,acta ,nationis ,g]manicae1 pp4 #d1 #h4 
,footnote #ff3 ,malagola1 ,/atuti1 etc41
 p4 #aaf4  ,footnote #fg3 ,docum5t pr9t$

 by ,ra%dall1 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #gcd4 
,footnote #fh3 ,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4 #bbi4   
,footnote #fi3 ,docum5t pr9t$ by        
,ra%dall1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4     
#gff4     ,v  ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,!     
,,degrees ,,9 ,,arts   ,9 g5]al1 !      
c&idate = ! ,a4,b4 degree mu/ h tak5 "p 
z respond5t or oppon5t 7see p4 #aae7 9 a
 prescrib$ numb] ( disputations1 & mu/ h
 he>d ! lectures on c]ta9 prescrib$     
books be=e tak+ 8 exam9ation = ! degree4
 7,?is exam9ation seems1 9 "s cases1 to 
h be5 little m ?an a c]tification by a  
committee ( ,ma/]s t ! /ud5t _h fulfill$
 ! =ego+ requirem5ts47 ,! c&idate = !   
degree ( ,a4,m4 mu/ h complet$ fur!r    
prescrib$ books & disputations1 & mu/ h 
read1 i4e41 lectur$ ^u1 "s book or books
 :i* he _h previ\sly he>d1 be=e tak+ 8  
exam9ation = ! ,lic5se 7to tea*         
ev]y:]e74 ,no g5]al /atem5t c be giv5 z 
to ! requir$ numb] ( disputations2 !    
practice diff]$ at v>i\s times & places4
 ,! ,/atutes ( ,leipzig requir$ dur+ !  
fifte5? c5tury six ord9>y & six         

extraord9>y responses f ! prospective   
,ba*elor4 ,! prospective ,ma/] 0 requir$
 to decl>e t he _h be5 pres5t at ?irty  
ord9>y ,ba*elors' disputations1 & _h    
argu$ 9 ea* "o if he _h be5 able to get 
! opportunity to argue4 ,! c&idate = !  
,lic5se at ,p>is1 9 #acff1 mu/ h att5d$ 
disputations ?r\gh\t "o gr& ,ord9>y1 &  
mu/ h respond$ twice4 ,at ,ox=d ! y\?   
mu/ h tak5 "p 9 disputations = a ye> z  
g5]al sophi/]1 & mu/ h respond$ at lea/ 
once1 be=e tak+ ! ,a4,b4 or be=e        
,det]m9ation1 :i* 0 ! equival5t ( !     
,a4,b4 ,prospective ma/]s mu/ h respond$
 at lea/ twice4#gj  ,! foll[+ li/s (    
prescrib$ books give a good idea (      
m$iaeval requirem5ts 7aside f           
disputations7 = ! degrees ( ,a4,b4 &    
,a4,m41 at v>i\s times & places4 ,!     
read] w note at once ! pr$om9ance (     
,ari/otle1 & ! v>iations 9 requirem5ts =
 ! degrees4 ,_m simil> li/s might be    
cit$ f ! records ( o!r univ]sities2 b !y
 w\ld give little additional in=mation z
 reg>ds ! degrees 9 ,arts4  #a4 ,li/ (  

,books ,prescrib$ = ! ,degrees ( ,a4,b4 
& ,a4,m4 at ,p>is1 #abed4  ,! foll[+ li/
 f ! ,/atutes ( #abed does n sep>ate !  
books into ! gr\ps requir$ = ea* degree1
 b indicates ! total requirem5t = bo?4  
,introduction to ! ,categories (        
,ari/otle                               
7,isagoge71 ,porphyry4 7#a7 ,! ,old     
,logic       ,categories1 & ,on         
,int]pretation1                         
,ari/otle4                              
,divisions1 & ,topics except ,bk4 ,,iv1 
,boe?ius4                               
,prior & ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ,ari/otle4
 7#b7 ,! ,new ,logic       ,sophi/ical  
,refutations1                           
,topics1                                
7#c7 ,moral ,philosophy3 ,e?ics1 #d     
,bks41                                  
,physics1                               
,ari/otle4                           ,on
 ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1                    
,meteorics1                             
,on ,animals1                           
! ,s\l1                       7#d7      

,natural ,philosophy      ,g5]ation1    
,s5se & ,s5sible ,?+s1                  
,sleep & ,wak+1                         
,memory & ,recollection1                
,life & ,dea?1                          
,plants1                         787    
7#e7 ,metaphysics3                      
,metaphysics1                           
,on ! ,six ,pr9ciples1 ,gilb]t de la    
,porree                                 
,b>b>ismus 7,bk4 #c1 ,l>g] ,gramm>71    
,donatus4 7#f7 ,o!r ,books              
,gramm> 7,major & ,m9or71 ,priscian4    
,on ,causes1 ,co/a ,b5 ,luca4           
,on ! ,diff]5ces ( ,_s & ,s\l           
7ano!r translation ( ,on ,causes74#ga   
,an int]e/+ "p ( ! ,/atute ( #abed      
relates to ! l5g? ( "t to be giv5 to !  
v>i\s books1 or gr\ps ( books1          
prescrib$4 ,! entire ,old ,logic is to  
be read 9 ab\t six mon?s 7,octob]       
#a-,m>* #be72 ! ,new ,logic &           
,priscian's ,gramm> 9 ! same l5g? ( "t2 
! ,physics1 ! ,metaphysics & ,on        
,animals1 toge!r1 9 some:at m ?an eight 

mon?s 7,octob] #a-;,june #be72 ! f\r    
books ( ! ,e?ics1 alone1 9 six weeks2   
,on ,life & ,dea? is to be complet$ 9 "o
 week1 & sev]al ( ! o!r treatises 9 !   
same gr\p are to be read 9 p]iods v>y+ f
 two to five weeks4 ,k ( ^! facts r5d]s 
! li/ z a :ole consid]ably less impos+  
?an x might o!rwise appe>4  #b4 ,books  
requir$ at ,p>is 9 #acff4 ,9 ?is & all !
 foll[+ examples ! books are by         
,ari/otle unless o!rwise specifi$4  ,= !
 ,a4,b43   7#a7 ,gramm>3 ,doctr9ale1    
,alex&] da ,villa ,dei4   7#b7 ,logic3  
,! ,old & ! ,new ,logic1 z above4   7#c7
 ,natural ,philosophy3 ,on ! ,s\l4  ,= !
 ,lic5se to tea* ev]y:]e3   7#a7        
,natural ,philosophy3 ,physics2 ,on !   
,heav5s & !       ,e>?2 ,on ,g5]ation & 
,corruption2 ,p>va ,naturalia 7see      
p4 #adc72 ,on ,me*anics4   7#b7         
,ma!matics3 ,"s books2 probably !       
treatises requir$       at ,leipzig 9   
#adaj4 7,see p4 #adj74   7#c7 ,politics4
   7#d7 ,rhetoric4  ,= ! ,a4,m43   7#a7 
,e?ics4   7#b7 ,meteorics 7#c ,bks474#gb

  #c4 ,books requir$ at ,ox=d1 #abfg3 ,=
 ! ,a4,b4 7,det]m9ation73  7#a7 ,logic3 
,! ,old & ! ,new ,logic 7see p4 #adj71 &
 ,on ! ,six ,pr9ciples4 7#b7 ,ei!r      
,gramm> 7selections f ,donatus &        
,priscian71 or ,natural ,philosophy     
7,physics1 ,on ! ,s\l1 & ,on ,g5]ation &
 ,corruption74#gc  ,= ! ,a4,b4 9 787    
#adjh4   7#a7 ,logic3 ,! ,old & ! ,new  
,logic 9 cursory1 or extraord9>y1       
lectures1 giv5 by ,ba*elors2            
,introduction1 ,porphyry3 ,on ! ,six    
,pr9ciples1 ,gilb]t de la ,porree2      
,sophi/ical ,refutations4   7#b7        
,gramm>2 ,b>b>ismus1 ,donatus4   7#c7   
,ma!matics3 ,ari?metic2 ,computus       
ecclesia/icus 7,me?od       ( f9d+      
,ea/]72 ,on ! ,sph]e1 ,sacrobosco4#gd   
#d4 ,books requir$ at ,leipzig = !      
,degree ( ,a4,b4 9 #adaj4ge  7#a7       
,gramm>2 ,priscian 7! la/ two books74 #b
 mon?s4            ,tractatus           
7,summulae71 ,petrus ,hispanus4         
#b-a_/b-c mon?s4 7#b7 ,logic  ,! ,old   
,logic 7see ,p>is1 #abed74 #c-d mon?s4  

,! ,new       except ,topics4 #f-a_/b-g 
mon?s4 7#c7 ,nat'l ,philosophy ,physics4
 #f-i mon?s4                      ,on ! 
,s\l4 #g weeks-#b mon?s4 7#d7           
,ma!matics2 ,on ! ,mat]ial ,sph]e       
7,sacrobosco74 #e-f weeks4  #e4 ,books  
requir$ at ,leipzig = ! ,degree ( ,a4,m4
 9 #adaj4  7#a7 ,logic ,logic (         
,heytisbury4           ,topics1         
,ari/otle4 #c-d mon?s4 7#b7 ,moral &    
,e?ics4        #f-i                     
,practical  ,politics4      #d-i        
,philosophy ,economics4     #c weeks4   
,on ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?4  #c-a_/b-d      
mon?s4                         ,on      
,g5]ation & ,de/ruction4 #g             
weeks-#b mon?s4 7#c7 ,natural           
,philosophy  ,meteorics4 #c-a_/b-d      
mon?s4                         ,p>va    
,naturalia 7i4e41 ! books on            
,s5se & ,s5sible ,?+s1 ,sleep &         
,wak+1 ,memory & ,recollection1         
,longevity & ,%ortliv$ness74 #b-a_/b-c  
mon?s4 7#d7 ,metaphysics3 ,metaphysics4 
#e-i mon?s4                             

,a/ronomy3   ,!ory   ( !   ,planets     
7,g]>d ( ,cremona74  #e-f weeks4        
,geometry3 ,euclid4  #e-i mon?s4        
,ari?metic3 ,common ,ari?metic          
7,sacrobosco74 7#e7 ,ma!matics          
#c weeks-#a mon?4                       
,music3 ,music 7,john de ,muris74 #c    
weeks-#a mon?4                          
,optics3 ,common ,p]spective 7,john     
( ,pisa74  #c-c-a_/b mon?s4#gf          
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gj3 ,/atutes ( 
#adca4  ,footnote #ga3 ,*>t4 ,univ4     
,p>is41 ,i1 ,no4 #bdf4  ,footnote #gb3  
,ra%dall1 ,i1 p4 #dcf4  ,footnote #gc3  
,munim5ta ,acad4 ,oxon41 ,i1 pp4 #ce-cf4
  ,footnote #gd3 ,munim5ta ,acad4       
,oxon41 ,i1 pp4 #bdb-bdc4  ,footnote    
#ge3 ,! figures 9 brackets indicate ! "t
 to be giv5 to ea* book1 or gr\p (      
books4 ,! data are f ,z>ncke1           
,/atut5bue*] d] ,univ4 ,leipzig41       
#caa-cab4  ,footnote #gf3 ,= !          
requirem5ts 9 #aeai see p4 #acd4        
,,vi  ,,academic ,,lett]s   #a4 ,,lett]s
 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,p>is   7a7 ,a          

,twelf?-,c5tury ,critic  ,! pessimi/ :o 
lam5ts ! decay ( education1 & :o feels t
 its gold5 age 0 ! "t 9 :i* he receiv$ 8
 own tra9+1 or e>li]1 is a p]5nial      
figure 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,! foll[+
 lett] has a surpris+ly mod]n r+4       
,d5ifle 7p4 #gdg7 ?9ks t ,/eph5 0 unable
 to reconcile himself to ! new movem5t  
at ,p>is because ( 8 mona/ic tra9+4     
,/eph5's view1 h[ev]1 0 n :olly wrong4  
,comp>e ! lett] ( ,pet] de la ,celle to 
,john ( ,salisbury1 page #add4  ,/eph5  
,bi%op ( ,t\rnai1 9 8 lett]s direct$ to 
! ,pope1 lam5ts ! ru9 ( ! /udy ( sacr$  
lit]ature1 ( ,canon ,law & ! ,arts1 &1  
blam+ ! pr(essors1 implores ! h& (      
,apo/olic correction4 7#aaib-abjc47     
,to ! ,pope4 ,besee*+ 8 p>don1 we w\ld  
speak to our      sov]eign ,pontiff1 ^: 
k9dness /imulates our boldness1 ^:      
k supports our ignorance1 ^: pati5ce    
assures      indulg5ce4 ,! au?ority (   
our =efa!rs fir/ impels u1      !n !    
disease :i* is ins9uat+ itself1 & :i* w 
9      ! end be irrem$iable if its evil 

influ5ce be n *eck$ at      ! beg9n+4   
,nor d we say ?is1 ,fa!r1 z ?\gh we wi% 
to      be ei!r c5sors ( morals1 or     
judges ( ! doctors1 or      debat]s (   
doctr9es4 ,?is burd5 requires /rong]    
%\ld]s      & ?is fight calls = !       
vigor\s arms ( spiritual a?letes4       
,we wi% only to po9t out ?is di/ress to 
y\r sacr$      ,fa!rhood1 on :om ,god   
has conf]r$ ! p[] ( *eck+ error      & !
 k ( h[ to correct x4       ,! /udy (   
sacr$ lett]s among u has desc5d$ into ! 
v      factory ( confusion2 ! tea*]s are
 m wat*ful = glory      ?an = doctr9e1 &
 !y write up new & mod]n summ>ies &     
comm5t>ies ^u !ological f\ndations1 )   
:i* !y      soo!1 reta91 & deceive _!   
pupils2 z ?\gh !re 7      n pl5ty (     
works ( ! holy fa!rs :o1 we read1 put =?
      _! sacr$ writ+s inspir$ by t same 
_s :i* we      believe inspir$ ! apo/les
 & prophets :5 !y compos$      !irs4444 
,public debates are c>ri$ on 9 violation
 ( !      sacr$ con/itutions conc]n+ !  
incompreh5sibility ( !      ,deity2 a   

wordy1 c>nal /rife on ! inc>nation ( !  
,^w goes      on irrev]5tly4 ,ev5 !     
indivisible ,tr9ity is divid$ at !      
/reet corn]s & qu>rell$ ov]1 s t !re are
 already z      _m errors z !re are     
tea*]s1 z _m sc&als z lecture           
rooms1 z _m blasphemies z public squ>es4
       ,fur!rmore1 if rec\rse is _h to !
 c\rts :i* are      e/abli%$ by ,common 
,law1 ei!r ^? set up by u1 or by !      
regul> judges :i* we are b\nd to        
recognize1 !re is      pres5t$ by v5al  
m5 ! tangl$ =e/ ( ! ,decretals1 "u      
! pretext1 z x 71 ( ! sacr$ memory (    
,pope ,alex&]1      & ! m anci5t sacr$  
,canons are ?r[n away1 reject$1 &       
spew$ out4       ,?is confusion be+ made
 9 ! v c5tre ( ! :olesome               
regulations made by ! ,c\ncils ( ! holy 
fa!rs1 !y impose      ^u _! c\ncils no  
me?od & on _! bus9ess no re/ra9t1       
^? lett]s hav+ prevail+ weight1 :i*1 x  
may be1 lawy]s      h =g$ & engross$ =  
pay 9 _! own (fices or      *amb]s4 ,a  
new volume1 got toge!r f ^! s\rces1 is  

bo?      read regul>ly 9 ! s*ools & is  
expos$ = sale 9 !      m>ket ) !        
approval ( ! cr[d ( not>ies1 :o rejoice 
t bo? _! labor is less5$ & _! pay       
increas$ 9      engross+ ^! suspici\s   
works4       ,two woes h be5 set =?1 &  
lo1 a ?ird woe rema9s6 ,!               
,faculties call$ lib]al i4e41 free h lo/
 _! old "t      lib]ty1 & are devot$ to 
a slav]y s complete t      long-hair$   
y\?s %amelessly possess !mselves ( !    
(fices      9 ^! ,faculties1 & be>dless 
boys sit 9 ! seat ( !      ,eld]s1 & ^? 
:o d n yet "k h[ to be pupils /rive to  
be nam$ ,doctors4 ,& !y !mselves compile
 _! own      summ>ies1 reek+ & wet ) _! 
own fur!r drivell+s1      & n ev5       
season$ ) ! salt ( ! philosoph]s4       
,neglect+ ! rules ( ! ,arts & ?r[+ away 
! /&>d      works ( ! ,mak]s ( ! ,arts1 
!y cat* 9 _! sophisms1 z      9 spid]s' 
webs1 ! midges ( _! empty trifl+        
phrases4      ,philosophy cries out t h]
 g>m5ts are r5t & torn asund]2      %e  
mode/ly cov]s h] nak$ness ) c]ta9       

c>efully prep>$      remnants b %e is   
nei!r consult$ by ! good man nor does   
%e console ! good woman4       ,^! ?+s1 
,o ,fa!r1 dem& ! h& ( ,apo/olic         
correction1      t ! pres5t unseeml9ess 
( tea*+1 le>n+1 & debat+      may by y\r
 au?ority be r$uc$ to def9ite =m1 t !   
,div9e ,^w may n be *eap5$ by vulg>     
attrition2 t x may      n be said on !  
corn]s1 ,lo6 ,"h is ,*ri/1 or ,lo6 ,he  
is      !re6 t sacr$ ?+s may n be ca/   
be=e dogs or pe>ls      be=e sw9e to be 
trampl$ "u _! feet4#gg   7b7 ,! ,mona/ic
 ,view  ,to _m ( ! monks ( ?is p]iod    
/udy & ! se>* = tru? ?r\gh reason 7     
repell5t4 ,9 _! view ! way to spiritual 
tru? 0 ?r\gh retirem5t f ! _w1 & !      
obs]vance ( religi\s ex]cises4 ,?is is !
 burd5 ( a lett] to ,john ( ,salisbury  
by ,pet] de la ,celle1 abbot ( a mona/]y
 ne> ,rheims1 9 #aafd4 ,incid5tally x   
gives 8 view conc]n+ ,p>is4  ,pet] de la
 ,celle to ,john ( ,salisbury conc]n+ ! 
p]ils t encompass s\ls at ,p>is &       
conc]n+ ! true s*ool ( tru?4       ,8   

own ,abbot to 8 own cl]k4 ,y h1 my      
well-belov$1 *os5      a suffici5tly    
delightful exile1 :]e joys1 ?\gh !y be  
va91      are 9 sup]abundance1 :]e !    
supply ( bread & w9e exce$s      9      
ri*ness t ( y\r own l& :]e !re is !     
frequ5t      access ( fri5ds1 :]e !     
dwell+ toge!r ( comrades is      common4
 ,:o else besides y is !re b5ea? ! sky  
:o has n      ?\ght ,p>is ! place (     
delights1 ! g>d5 ( plantations1      !  
field ( fir/ fruits8       ,yet1 ?\gh   
smil+ at ^! ?+s1 y h said truly t       
:]e pleasure ( ! body is great] & full]1
 !re is !      exile ( ! s\l2 & :]e     
luxury reigns !re ! s\l is a      wret*$
 & afflict$ h&-maid4 ,o ,p>is6 ,h[      
well-suit$ art      ?\ to captivate &   
deceive s\ls6 ,9 !e are ! nets ( !      
vices1 9 !e ! arr[ ( ,hell transfixes ! 
he>ts ( !      fooli%6 ,?is my ,john has
 felt & !re=e he has nam$ x an          
exile4 ,w\ld t y 7 leav+ beh9d t exile (
 y\rs      j z x is1 & 7 ha/5+ to y\r   
native l& n 9 ^w      & tongue only b 9 

v de$ & tru?6 ,!re1 9 ! book (      life
 w\ld y be look+1 n ^u =ms & elem5ts1 b 
^u      div9ity itself1 z x really is1 z
 ^u tru?--eye to eye1      )\t labor (  
read+1 )\t t$i\sness ( see+1 )\t        
fallacies & mi/akes ( und]/&+1 )\t      
anxiety (      reta9+1 )\t fe> ( =gett+4
 ,o bless$ s*ool1 :]e      ,*ri/ tea*es 
our he>ts ) ! words ( 8 virtue1 :]e     
)\t /udy & lecture we le>n h[ we %\ld   
live happily to      et]nity6 ,!re no   
book is b\ght1 no tea*] ( ?+s writt5    
is hir$1 !re is no circumv5t+ 9 debate1 
no intricacy (      sophisms1 b a pla9  
settlem5t ( all que/ions1 a full        
appreh5sion ( univ]sal reasons &        
argum5ts4 ,!re life      avails m ?an   
lecture2 simplicity1 m ?an cavill+4 ,!re
      no "o is %ut 9 i4e41 limit$ 9     
fre$om save he :o is %ut      out4 ,9 a 
^w2 !re e reproa* is done away ) 9 !    
answ] giv5 to him :o evilly pres5ts an  
evil life3 ,dep>t      f me1 ye curs$1  
into ev]la/+ fire prep>$ = ! devil      
& 8 angels2 & to him :o sets = a good   

life3 ,come1 ye      bless$ c4          
,w\ld t ! sons ( m5 7 z int5t ^u ^!     
bett]      /udies z !y are on idle      
talk+1 on va9 & base buffoon]y6         
,c]ta9ly !y w\ld h>ve/ ri*] fruits1 m   
excell5t      favors1 c]ta9ly great]    
honors & beyond d\bt w\ld le>n !        
end ( all p]fection1--,*ri/1--:om !y w  
nev] f9d 9      ^!4 ,f>ewell4#gh   7c7  
,lett]s f or to ,/ud5ts at ,p>is  ,^!   
lett]s belong to a p]iod cov]+ ne>ly f\r
 c5turies4 ,! fir/ gives an op9ion (    
,william ( ,*ampeaux 9 m>k$ contra/ to t
 ( ,abel>d4  7#a7 ,a ,,c]ta9 ,d4        
,,writes ,,to ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,prior        
,,conc]n+ ,,8 ,,/udies ,,at ,,p>is4     
7#aaji-aaab47       ,i am n[ 9 ,p>is 9 !
 ,s*ool ( ,ma/] ,william ( ,*ampeaux1   
! greate/ ( all ! m5 ( 8 "t :om ,i h    
kn[n1 9      e bran* ( le>n+4 ,:5 we he>
 8 voice we ?9k t no      man1 b1 z x 71
 an angel f heav51 is speak+2 = !       
melody ( 8 words & ! pr(undity ( 8 ideas
 transc5ds1      z x 71 human           
limitations4444       ,"h1 my rev]$     

fri5d1 ,i am tra9+ my y\? t ,i may n    
utt]ly succumb to ^? vices :i*1 unless  
conqu]$1 are wont1      z a rule1 to    
ov]turn ?is p]iod ( life4 ,"h ,i am do+ 
my      be/ to illum9e by doctr9e & /udy
 my untaught m9d1      emancipat$ f !   
%ades ( ignorance & ! s9 ( ! fir/       
man1 s f> z ,god1 f :om alone comes e   
bless+ (      wisdom1 %all himself deign
 to p]mit4 ,because ! bless+ (          
wisdom1 :5 s\ght & acquir$ ) pure       
int]e/1 is rightly      believ$ &       
consid]$ by all m5 ( disc]nm5t z !      
surmnuni      bonum4 ,=1 z ! ,apo/le    
says3 ,k )\t *>ity      puffe? up b1 )  
*>ity edifie?3 = x uproots vices &      
grafts 9 virtues2 x in/ructs itself 9   
its duty to itself1 its      neighbor1 &
 its ,creator2 f9ally1 by its pres5ce1 x
 =tifies      & def5ds ! m9d1 ov] :i* x 
presides 9 p]son1 aga9/      all ! ills 
( ?is life t come to x f )\t4#gi  7#b7  
,,philip ,,( ,,h>v5gt ,,to ,,h]gald1 ,a 
,,/ud5t ,,at ,,p>is 7,,date ,,betwe5    
#aaed ,,& #aaha7       ,"k t ,i h bo?   

read c>efully & :5 read1 accept$        
gratefully ! lett]s :i* y\r affection1 )
 memorable      feel+1 l$ y to s5d to me
 444because 9 !m ,i ?\ght ,i saw        
evid5ce ( y\r progress 9 le>n+4444 ,j z 
! ,que5 (      ,%eba is said to h come )
 a l>ge ret9ue1 t by !      sight ( h]  
own eyes %e might h sur] k ( ^?      ?+s
 ^: fame %e _h eag]ly absorb$ f af>1 s y
 too1      drawn by love ( k1 came to   
,p>is & f\nd a mu*      desir$ model (  
,j]usalem1 s\ght = by _m4 ,= "h ,david  
/rikes 8 h>p ( t5 *ords1 "h ) my/ic t\* 
he      composes ! psalms4 ,"h ,isaiah  
is read & 9 ! read+ 8      prophecies   
are reveal$2 "h ! re/ ( ! prophets      
pres5t      _! div]se /ra9s ( h>moni\s  
melody4 ,"h ! wisdom (      ,solomon is 
op5 = ! in/ruction ( ^? :o h ga!r$      
f all p>ts ( ! _w2 "h 8 treasure h\se is
 ?r[n      op5 to eag] /ud5ts4 ,"h to   
/imulate s great a conc\rse (           
/ud5ts !re is s great a ?rong ( cl]ks t 
x vies )      ! num]\s multitude ( !    
laity4 ,happy city6 9 :i* !      ,sacr$ 

,codes are por$ ov] ) s mu* zeal & _!   
involv$      my/]ies are solv$ by ! gift
 ( ! outp\r$ ,_s1 9      :i* !re is s   
mu* dilig5ce on ! "p ( ! read]s1      &1
 9 %ort1 s mu* k ( ,scriptures t x truly
      des]ves to be call$ ,c>ia? ,seph]1
 t is ,! ,city (      ,lett]s4 ,!re9    
w\ld ,i h y in/ruct$ l ,go?oniel1 n     
s mu* 9 lett]s z 9 ! _s1 & s to grasp ! 
,scriptures t y may take delight 9 se>*+
 out _! inn]      sweetness4444         
,f>ewell4#hj  7#c7 ,,description ,,(    
,,p>is ,,ab\t #aage ,,by ,,guy ,,de     
,,baso*es       ,to a y\? :o is noble & 
s l himself z to be a second      self1 
,guy de ,baso*es seeks to mat* 8        
nobility ( bir? by      high-br$        
mann]s4444       ,my situation !n is    
?is3 ,i am inde$ 9 ,p>is1 happy because 
(      s\ndness ( bo? m9d & body1 happi]
 7 y enjoy+ x      too1 & happie/ _h x b
 be5 my lot to h y ) me4 ,i      am     
inde$ 9 ,p>is1 9 t ,city ( ,k+s1 :i* n  
only holds1      by ! sweet delight ( h]
 natural d[ry1 ^? :o are )      h]1 b   

also allur+ly invites ^? :o are f> away4
 ,= z      ! moon by ! maje/y ( its m   
brilliant mirror ov]:elms      ! rays ( 
! />s1 n o!rwise does said city raise   
its      imp]ial head ) its diadem (    
royal dignity above ! re/ (      !      
cities4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! lap ( a       
delightful valley1      surr\nd$ by a   
coronet ( m\nta9s :i* ,c]es & ,bac*us   
adorn ) f]v5t zeal4 ,! ,se9e1 no humble 
/ream amid !      army ( riv]s1 sup]b 9 
its *annel1 ?r[+ its two arms      ab\t 
! head1 ! he>t1 ! v m>r[ ( ! city1 =ms  
an      isl&4 ,two suburbs rea* out to  
"r & left1 ! less      excell5t1 ev51 ( 
:i* begets envy 9 envi\s cities4 ,f !   
two suburbs two /one bridges /ret* ov]  
to ! isl& & "o      ( !m :i* has be5    
nam$ = its size1 = x is ,great1 faces   
! nor? & ! ,engli% ,sea1 :ile ! opposite
 "o1 :i*      op5s t[>ds ! ,loire1 !y   
call ! ,little ,bridge4444       ,on ?is
 isl& ,philosophy1 ( old1 plac$ a royal 
?rone =      h]self1 ,philosophy1 :o1   
despis$ 9 h] solitude1 ) a sole         

att5dant1 ,/udy1 n[ possesses an endur+ 
citadel ( light &      immortality1 & "u
 h] victori\s feet tramples ! )]$       
fl[]s ( a _w already 9 its dotage4      
,on ?is isl&1 ! sev5 si/]s1 to wit1 !   
,lib]al ,arts1 h      secur$ an et]nal  
abid+ place = !mselves1 &1 ) !      r++ 
cl>ion ( _! nobl] eloqu5ce1 decrees &   
laws are      proclaim$4       ,"h !    
heal+ f\nt ( le>n+ gu%es =?1 & z x 7    
evok+ f itself ?ree mo/ limpid /reams1 x
 makes a      ?reefold division ( ! k ( 
! sacr$ page into      ,hi/ory1         
,allegory & ,morals4#ha  7#d7 ,,johann  
,,von ,,j5z5/e9 ,,to ,,ma/] ,,b5es* ,,( 
,,hors*[itz1 ,,conc]n+ ,,p>is4 7#acge47 
,ma/] ,b5nessius1 de>e/ comrade & fri5d4
 ,if rec5t do+s      at ,p>is are unkn[n
 to y1 if ! fecundity ( pleasures1 !    
abundance ( all ?+s edible1 ! mann]s ( !
 m51 !      b\ntiful supply ( all !     
sci5ces1 ev5 ! clev] tea*+ 9      v _m  
mat]ial crafts1--if y c\ld b see ! m]e  
%ad[      ( all ^!1 surely1 ov]p[]$ by  
_! argum5ts1 y w\ld      ?r[ (f y\r     

sluggi%ness & g5]\sly ent] into !       
a=esaid enjoym5ts2 & y\r eyes1 gr[n old 
9 old sights      w\ld r5ew _! y\? 9 ^! 
new sights4444       ,= "h 7says ! writ]
 s>ca/ically7 are di/+ui%$      doctors 
( _m faculties1 "s ( :om by _! crazy    
ways (      ?9k+1 & /ill o!rs by crazy  
ways ( act+1 o!rs1      inde$1 by       
inflict+ w\nds1 & /ill o!rs by abusive  
words1      furni% enjoym5t t is exce$+ 
pleas+2 & 7he adds m      s]i\sly7 !re  
are o!r ,ma/]s subtly tra9$ 9 ! sev5    
lib]al ,arts1 by ^: example & tea*+ !   
entire e>?1      l ! heav5s1 is adorn$ )
 />s2 & "s ( ^!      ma/]s are illum9at$
 by ! ?ree trivials & "s by !      f\r  
quadrivials & "s by bo? ! trivials & !  
quadrivials4       ,n[ ! ?ree trivials  
are gramm>1 :i* tea*es cle>ly !         
agreem5t ( spee*2 & />t+ f t1 ! y\? :o  
holds      on to 8 fir/ tea*+ makes a   
beg9n+ :]eby he may obta9      a deep]  
ta/e ( ! pr(undities ( o!r k also2 !    
second is rhetoric1 :i* by ! *>m ( its  
colors adorns z      ) pe>ls ! subject  

matt]1 & ennobles gramm>1 & in/ils      
acceptably into ! e>s ( m5 t :i* is     
he>d2 ! ?ird is      logic by means (   
:i* ! me?od ( skilful d$uctive reason+  
is assign$ to ! individual sci5ces1 )\t 
:i* ! p[]s      ( all ! sci5ces are     
quiesc5t1 & by ^: addition all !        
sci5ces are regul>ly organiz$4 7,! lett]
 ends ) a simil>      description ( !   
quadrivials47#hb   #b4 ,,two ,,ox=d     
,,lett]s ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury     
7#a7 ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,to ,,! ,,duke 
,,( ,,gl\ce/]1 ,,ackn[l$g+ ,a ,,gift ,,(
 ,,books4 7#adci47       ,mo/ illu/ri\s1
 mo/ cultur$ & magnific5t ,pr9ce1 !     
endur+ value ( ! b5efits y h conf]r$ on 
! ,engli%      nation1 & ! m]itori\s    
de$s ( y\r mo/ p[]ful ,highness      9  
its behalf c nev] die1 b1 ) di/+ui%$    
fame      de/9$ to endure1 w fl\ri% )   
ev]-r5ew$ praise &      happy           
remembrance4 ,h[ delightful x c]ta9ly is
 = u to      reflect ^u ^! aga9 & aga96 
,among ! re/1 h[ev]1 t      de$ itself  
r$\nds to ! spl5dor ( y\r mo/ mighty    

,highness1 namely1 t aft] hav+ br\ght   
ab\t ! repression      ( h]etic plott+  
aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,god1 y h *os5 to        
re9vigorate ! v9ey>d ( ! ,"l1 y\r       
h&-maid1 !      ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 )   
books on all ! sci5ces & virtues1       
out ( :i* ! abundant w9e ( k & tru? may 
be      squeez$ by ! press ( /udy4 ,=   
?is reason we set =? 9      ?is humble  
lett] our ?anks1 our praise1 & our      
pray]s1 b      we _c express ourselves  
adequately4       ,:i* ( ! ,univ]sities 
has f\nd a ,pr9ce s munific5t1 s        
illu/ri\s1 s magnific5t8--^: s]vice 9 ! 
field has ev]      be5 successful1 ^:   
m9d is mo/ lib]al1 & :o displays        
*>ity to all1 ju/ice to ea*1 & h>m to   
none4 ,:at respect]      ( ! wise 0 ev] 
s pi\s1 :at support] ( !m s             
effici5t1 :at patron ( ! sci5ces1 (     
virtues1 & ( books      s g5]\s8 ,& by  
^! n only are ! he>ts ( ! liv+          
enlight5$ to ! glory ( ,god & ! advance 
( virtue1 b      ev5 m 9 com+ ages w    
po/]ity be illum9$4 ,c !      happy     

memory ( de$s s great pass away8 ,nay1 b
 x w be a      b5$iction =ev]4       ,a 
/atute has be5 made 9 ! words ( y\r     
supplicant1 & is      to be =ev] 9 =ce1 
:i* w nev] fail 9 pray]s 9 y\r          
behalf b w s]ve z an endur+ memorial4   
,:]e=e1      al?\gh ! fame ( o!rs may   
ebb ) ! fl[ ( "t or      p]i% ?r\gh be+ 
ov]%ad[$ by ! ris+ ( great] m51      yet
 y\r fame _c p]i% "u ! cl\d ( oblivion  
nor c      x1 ( a tru?1 be obscur$ by ! 
%ad[ ( great]      b5efactions4         
,if ! great conque/s ( ,alex&] come to  
our e>s1 r5ew$ day      by day ?r\gh !  
devices ( ! wise ,greeks :o committ$ su*
      de$s to writ+1 h[ mu* m w ?is     
,univ]sity1 y\r      devot$ supplicant1 
be> witness to y\r magnific5t de$s to ! 
end ( "t1 n only by h] pray]s b also 9  
h] writ+s8      ,nay1 7 ! tongues ( all 
to be sil5t ! fact itself w\ld      be> 
witness m ?an spee*1 ! fact1 to wit1 t  
"o hundr$      & ?irty-n9e mo/ preci\s  
volumes ( !ology1 m$ic9e1 &      ! sev5 
lib]al sci5ces h be5 deposit$ 9 our     

libr>y      f y\r own collection1 z an  
et]nal witness to y\r      surpass+     
virtues & munific5ce4       ,we pray    
!re=e t y may be will+ to look ^u ?is   
,univ]sity z y\r v9ey>d & y\r h&maid &  
p]petual      supplicant4 ,& may ! ,"l  
,himself mo/ glori\s1 :o *ose      y\r  
s]5ity = ! be/[+ ( su* b5efactions1     
grant to      y ! fruits ( ! _s & guide 
y to ! ,univ]sity (      ! sa9ts4       
,writt5 at ,ox=d 9 our congregation 9 ! 
tw5ty-fif? day ( ! mon? ( ,janu>y4      
,! mo/ humble supplicant ( y\r ,s]5ity1 
! ,univ]sity (      le>n+ at ,ox=d4#hc  
7#b7 ,,te/imonial ,,lett] ,,= ,,mr4     
,,john ,,k+ ,,( ,,ox=d       ,to all !  
*ildr5 ( ,holy ,*ur*1 our ,"m1 to :om   
?is      lett] may come1 ! ,*ancellor ( 
! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d &      ! :ole      
assembly ( ma/]s rul+ 9 ! same s5d      
greet+ 9      ! arms ( our ,savi\r4 ,we 
believe t we pres5t an (f]+      9 !    
sight ( ! highe/ tru?1 z (t5 z we furni%
 a      te/imony ( high praise to "o    
excell5t 9 virtue & 9      k4 ,!re=e    

we1--wi%+ all :om x may conc]n to "k    
( ! comm5dable life & ! fragrance (     
hone/ conv]sation      ( our belov$     
bro!r1 ,ma/] ,john ,k+1 ,m4,a4 & /ud5t 9
      ,sacr$ ,!ology1 a prud5t          
,procurator ( our ,univ]sity :o has     
fill$ 8 (fice mo/ effici5tly2 we !re=e1 
z we h      said1 wi%+ all to "k1 z we  
are b\nd to d1--& to prev5t      s      
bright a light f be+ hid b5ea? ! bu%el (
      sil5ce1--d be> witness by ?is     
lett] t1 ?r\gh !      comm5dable m]its (
 our a=esaid bro!r & 8 /udy1 he has     
atta9$ su* pr(ici5cy t ! fragrant fame (
 8      "n--:i* ! praise ( 8 excell5t   
action has exalt$ to !      p9nacle (   
glory ) u--c\ld n be conceal$3 b f !    
height ( its exalt$ p$e/al x has furni%$
 a liv+ example      to all s*ol>s =    
emulation1 & a great light to all p     
= pr(itable in/ruction4 ,& s1 :ile      
adorn+ our ,univ]sity      ) 8 pres5ce &
 out%9+ all 9 ! maturity & dignity      
( 8 "*1 he won ! love ( all by 8        
spotless "n4 ,we      comm5d him !re=e  

to y\r wor%ipful rev]5ces1 e>ne/ly      
pray+ t y w %[ y\rselves favorable & k9d
 to him1      bo? out ( reg>d = our     
,univ]sity & = 8 des]ts4 ,9      witness
 ( :i*1 & t all may "k m fully ab\t 8   
laudable "*1 we h caus$ ?is lett] to be 
seal$ =      said ,ma/] ,john ) ! seal (
 our ,univ]sity4       ,giv5 at ,ox=d 9 
! ,congregation-h\se1 ,febru>y #i?1     
#adcd4hd  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gg3  
,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41 ,i1 f4 #dg4        
,footnote #gh3 ,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41 ,i1 
,no4 #bb1 p4 #bd4  ,footnote #gi3       
,jaffe1 ,biblio!ca1 ,v1 pp4 #bhe1 ff4   
,footnote #hj3 ,*>t4 ,univ4 ,p>is41 ,i1 
,no4 #ea1 p4 #ej4  ,footnote #ha3       
,bullet9 de la ,societe de l',hi/oire de
 ,p>is1 #ahgg1 p4 #cg f4  ,footnote #hb3
 ,ar*iv fu] oe/]rei*is*e ,ges*i*te1     
,vol4 #ee1 p4 #che4  ,footnote #hc3     
,epi/olae ,academicae ,oxon41 ,i1 p4    
#agg4  ,footnote #hd3 ,epi/olae         
,academicae ,oxon41 ,i1 p4 #aac4        
,,bibliographical ,,note   #a4          
,additional ,read+s f ! ,s\rces4        

,,munro1 ,d4,c4 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/ud5t4    
7,translations & ,repr9ts    f !        
,orig9al ,s\rces ( ,european ,hi/ory1   
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #c47 ,! /ud5t %\ld n   
fail to procure    ?is little pamphlet1 
:i* is a necess>y supplem5t to    sev]al
 ( ! read+s 9 ! pres5t collection4 ,x   
conta9s    useful explanatory notes z   
well z important docum5ts4    ,price1 t5
 c5ts4 ,longmans1 ,gre5  ,co41 ,new     
,york ,city4  ,,rob9son1 ,j4,h4 ,read+s 
9 ,european ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4     
xix1 & especially pp4 #ddf-dfa4 ,read+s 
on ,abel>d1    ,ari/otle 9 !            
,univ]sities1 ,rog] ,bacon4  ,,h5d]son1 
,e4,f4 ,select ,hi/orical ,docum5ts ( ! 
,middle    ,ages1 pp4 #bfb-bff4 ,*>t] ( 
! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1    #achf4    
#b4 ,g5]al ,ref]5ces on ! ,hi/ory (     
,m$iaeval ,univ]sities4  ,,ra%dall1     
,,ha/+s4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 !  
,middle    ,ages4 ,ox=d3 ,! ,cl>5don    
,press1 #ahie4 #abgc pages1    #b vols4 
9 ?ree p>ts4 ,mu* ! be/ "w on ! subject2
    bas$ on ! s\rces4 ,indisp5sable =   

ref]5ce4  ,,mull+]1 ,j4,b4 ,encyclop$ia 
,britannica1 ,art4 ,univ]sities4    ,!  
fir/ tol]ably correct 7?\gh v brief7    
acc\nt    :i* has appe>$ 9 ,engli%4     
,includes univ]sity    hi/ory to #ahhb4 
,encyclop$ia ,britannica & o!r          
encyclop$ias4 ,! /ud5t    :o may n h    
access to works m5tion$ 9 ?is    li/ is 
rem9d$ t brief acc\nts ( ! m5 & !       
subjects "h consid]$ are (t5 to be f\nd 
9 good    encyclop$ias4   #c4           
,bibliographies4  ,! be/ s+le collection
 ( ref]5ces to ! ext5sive lit]ature ( ! 
subject is 9 ,ra%dall's "w1 ?\gh ?is    
does n include books & articles publi%$ 
s9ce #ahie4 ,compayre 7see bel[7        
includes a brief li/4 ,ref]5ces to      
s\rces & second>y works on ! ,sev5      
,lib]al ,arts are publi%$ by ,abelson2  
ref]5ces relat+ to univ]sity text-books 
( ,greek orig9 by ,loomis 7see bel[74   
#d4 ,text-books4  ,,compayre1 ,g4       
,abel>d & ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory (    
,univ]sities4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les        
,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahib4    ,/ill ! be/ 

s+le text-book = class use4 ,conta9s    
num]\s errors1 :i* %\ld be correct$ by  
comp>ison    ) ,ra%dall4  ,,woodw>d1    
,w4,h41 editor4 ,m$iaeval ,s*ools &     
,univ]sities4    ,cambridge             
,contributions to ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,i4   
,new    ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4  
,?is "w1 :i* is /ill    9 prep>ation1 w 
probably sup]s$e ,compayre4   #e4       
,ref]5ces to ,special ,topics4  ,all ( !
 topics treat$ 9 ?is collection ( read+s
 are discuss$ by ,ra%dall & ,compayre4  
,page ref]5ces may be f\nd by use ( !   
indexes app5d$ to _! books4             
,introduction4   ,on ! hi/orical po9t ( 
view see ,j4,h4 ,,rob9son1    ,read+s 9 
,european ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,i2  
on ! place & use ( docum5ts1 & o!r      
que/ions    relat+ to ! /udy ( hi/ory1  
,,langlois & ,,seignobos1               
,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory4     
,abel>d4 ,,mccabe1 ,,joseph4 ,abel>d4 ,a
 s*ol>ly /udy1 9    brilliant /yle4     
,*aps4 ,i-,,iv deal ) ,abel>d z a       
tea*]4 ,! be/ biography 9 ,engli%4      

,john ( ,salisbury4 ,,poole1 ,r4,l4     
,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory    ( ,m$iaeval
 ,?\ght1 passim4 ,national ,diction>y ( 
,biography1 ,art4 ,john ( ,salisbury4   
,univ]sity ,/udies4 ,,abelson1 ,,paul4  
,! ,sev5 ,lib]al    ,arts4 ,! be/ /udy 9
 ,engli%4 ,conta9s mu* in=mation        
reg>d+ univ]sity text-books 9 ^!        
subjects4    ,,loomis1 ,,l\ise ,r4      
,m$iaeval ,hell5ism4 ,valuable in=mation
    conc]n+ ! hi/ory & ! translations ( 
! works ( ,ari/otle1 ,gal51             
,hippocrates1 & o!r    ,greek writ]s4   
,,zell]1 ,e4 ,ari/otle & ! ,e>li]       
,p]ipatetics4 ,! /&>d treatise on !     
works (    ,ari/otle1 & _! hi/ory4  ,!  
/ud5t is e>ne/ly advis$ to sp5d a few   
h\rs 9 exam9+ su* copies ( ! m$iaeval   
text-books z he may f9d 9 8 college     
libr>y4 ,! "t ?us sp5t w d f> m to      
cl>ify 8 ideas z to _! "* & ext5t ?an   
mu* talk ab\t !m4 ,old editions1 (t5 ) !
 comm5t>ies1 may be available2 "s       
libr>ies possess ,,ms4 copies4          
,translations ( ! m important works (   

,ari/otle may be f\nd by ref]5ce to !   
libr>y catalogue2 among ^! may be       
m5tion$ ! ,rhetoric1 by ,j4,e4,c4       
,welldon2 ! ,politics1 by ,b4 ,j[ett2 ! 
,e?ics 7,nicoma*ean71 by ,f4,h4 ,pet]s2 
! ,poetics1 by ,s4,h4 ,but*]4 ,( !      
,corpus ,juris ,civilis1 ! ,in/itutes h 
be5 translat$ by ,t4,c4 ,s&>s2 ! fir/ "p
 ( ! ,dige/ by ,c4,h4 ,monro4 ,! ,corpus
 ,juris ,canonici z x 0 kn[n 9 ! middle 
ages has n be5 translat$4 ,?is is true  
also ( mo/ books on ! ,sev5 ,lib]al     
,arts4 ,"s works ( ,gal5 & ,hippocrates 
h be5 done into ,engli%2 b ^!           
translations are old1 & probably        
inaccurate4  ,academic ,lett]s4         
,,hask9s1 ,c4,h4 ,! ,life ( ,m$iaeval   
,/ud5ts z ,illu/rat$ by _! ,lett]s4     
,am]ican ,hi/orical    ,review1         
#ahig-ahih4 ,a brief b important /udy1  
f ! s\rces2 ref]s to sev]al ( ! lett]s  
"h    pr9t$4