9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999 ,,"t ,,:5 ,,pro(+ ,,me?ods ,,& ,,tools ,,7 ,,n ,,well ,,develop$4 ,,!re ,,is ,,an ,,improv$ ,,edition ,,( ,,?is ,,title ,,:i* ,,may ,,be ,,view$ ,,at ,,ebook 7#eebja7 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 99999999999999999999 ,,! ,,republic by ,plato 7#cfj ,b4,c47 translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,! ,,introduction ,,! ,republic ( ,plato is ! longe/ ( 8 works ) ! exception ( ! ,laws1 & is c]ta9ly ! greate/ ( !m4 ,!re are ne>] approa*es to mod]n metaphysics 9 ! ,philebus & 9 ! ,sophi/2 ! ,politicus or ,/atesman is m ideal2 ! =m & in/itutions ( ! ,/ate are m cle>ly drawn out 9 ! ,laws2 z works ( art1 ! ,symposium & ! ,protagoras are ( high] excell5ce4 ,b no o!r ,dialogue ( ,plato has ! same l>g5ess ( view & ! same p]fection ( /yle2 no o!r %[s an equal k ( ! _w1 or conta9s m ( ^? ?\ghts :i* are new z well z old1 & n ( "o age only b ( all4 ,n[h]e 9 ,plato is !re a deep] irony or a great] weal? ( humor or imag]y1 or m dramatic p[]4 ,nor 9 any o!r ( 8 writ+s is ! attempt made to int]weave life & speculation1 or to connect politics ) philosophy4 ,! ,republic is ! c5tre ar\nd :i* ! o!r ,dialogues may be gr\p$2 "h philosophy rea*es ! highe/ po9t to :i* anci5t ?9k]s ev] atta9$4 ,plato among ! ,greeks1 l ,bacon among ! mod]ns1 0 ! fir/ :o conceiv$ a me?od ( k1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m always di/+ui%$ ! b>e outl9e or =m f ! sub/ance ( tru?2 & bo? ( !m _h to be cont5t ) an ab/raction ( sci5ce :i* 0 n yet realiz$4 ,he 0 ! greate/ metaphysical g5ius :om ! _w has se52 & 9 him1 m ?an 9 any o!r anci5t ?9k]1 ! g]ms ( future k are conta9$4 ,! sci5ces ( logic & psy*ology1 :i* h suppli$ s _m in/rum5ts ( ?\ght to aft]-ages1 are bas$ ^u ! analyses ( ,socrates & ,plato4 ,! pr9ciples ( def9ition1 ! law ( contradiction1 ! fallacy ( argu+ 9 a circle1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ess5ce & accid5ts ( a ?+ or notion1 betwe5 means & ends1 betwe5 causes & conditions2 also ! division ( ! m9d into ! rational1 concupisc5t1 & irascible elem5ts1 or ( pleasures & desires into necess>y & unnecess>y--^! & o!r great =ms ( ?\ght are all ( !m to be f\nd 9 ! ,republic1 & 7 probably fir/ inv5t$ by ,plato4 ,! greate/ ( all logical tru?s1 & ! "o ( :i* writ]s on philosophy are mo/ apt to lose sight1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 words & ?+s1 has be5 mo/ /r5u\sly insi/$ on by him1 al?\gh he has n always avoid$ ! confusion ( !m 9 8 own writ+s4 ,b he does n b9d up tru? 9 logical =mulae1--logic is /ill veil$ 9 metaphysics2 & ! sci5ce :i* he imag9es to contemplate all tru? & all exi/5ce is v unlike ! doctr9e ( ! syllogism :i* ,ari/otle claims to h discov]$4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t ! ,republic is b ! ?ird "p ( a /ill l>g] design :i* 0 to h includ$ an ideal hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 z well z a political & physical philosophy4 ,! fragm5t ( ! ,critias has giv5 bir? to a _w-fam\s fiction1 second only 9 importance to ! tale ( ,troy & ! leg5d ( ,ar?ur2 & is said z a fact to h inspir$ "s ( ! e>ly navigators ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is my?ical tale1 ( :i* ! subject 0 a hi/ory ( ! w>s ( ! ,a!nians aga9/ ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis1 is suppos$ to be f\nd$ ^u an unf9i%$ poem ( ,solon1 to :i* x w\ld h /ood 9 ! same relation z ! writ+s ( ! logograph]s to ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,x w\ld h told ( a /ruggle = ,lib]ty1 int5d$ to repres5t ! conflict ( ,p]sia & ,hellas4 ,we may judge f ! noble comm5cem5t ( ! ,timaeus1 f ! fragm5t ( ! ,critias itself1 & f ! ?ird book ( ! ,laws1 9 :at mann] ,plato w\ld h treat$ ?is high argum5t4 ,we c only guess :y ! great design 0 ab&on$2 p]haps because ,plato became s5sible ( "s incongruity 9 a fictiti\s hi/ory1 or because he _h lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 x1 or because advanc+ ye>s =bade ! completion ( x2 & we may please ourselves ) ! fancy t _h ?is imag9>y n>rative ev] be5 f9i%$1 we %\ld h f\nd ,plato himself sympa?iz+ ) ! /ruggle = ,hell5ic indep5d5ce1 s++ a hymn ( triumph ov] ,m>a?on & ,salamis1 p]haps mak+ ! reflection ( ,h]odotus :]e he contemplates ! gr[? ( ! ,a!nian empire--,h[ brave a ?+ is fre$om ( spee*1 :i* has made ! ,a!nians s f> exce$ e o!r /ate ( ,hellas 9 greatness6 or1 m probably1 attribut+ ! victory to ! anci5t good ord] ( ,a!ns & to ! favor ( ,apollo & ,a!ne4 ,aga91 ,plato may be reg>d$ z ! capta9 7'arh*egoz'7 or lead] ( a goodly b& ( foll[]s2 = 9 ! ,republic is to be f\nd ! orig9al ( ,cic]o's ,de ,republica1 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god1 ( ! ,utopia ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 & ( ! num]\s o!r imag9>y ,/ates :i* are fram$ ^u ! same model4 ,! ext5t to :i* ,ari/otle or ! ,ari/otelian s*ool 7 indebt$ to him 9 ! ,politics has be5 little recogniz$1 & ! recognition is ! m necess>y because x is n made by ,ari/otle himself4 ,! two philosoph]s _h m 9 common ?an !y 7 consci\s (2 & probably "s elem5ts ( ,plato rema9 /ill undetect$ 9 ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,engli% philosophy too1 _m aff9ities may be trac$1 n only 9 ! works ( ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s1 b 9 great orig9al writ]s l ,b]keley or ,col]idge1 to ,plato & 8 ideas4 ,t !re is a tru? high] ?an exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ! m9d be>s witness to h]self1 is a conviction :i* 9 our own g5]ation has be5 en?usia/ically ass]t$1 & is p]haps ga9+ gr\nd4 ,( ! ,greek au?ors :o at ! ,r5aissance br\ght a new life into ! _w ,plato has _h ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,! ,republic ( ,plato is also ! fir/ treatise ^u education1 ( :i* ! writ+s ( ,milton & ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,paul1 & ,goe! are ! legitimate desc5dants4 ,l ,dante or ,bunyan1 he has a revelation ( ano!r life2 l ,bacon1 he is pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! unity ( k2 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* he ex]cis$ a real influ5ce on !ology1 & at ! ,revival ( ,lit]ature on politics4 ,ev5 ! fragm5ts ( 8 words :5 repeat$ at second-h& h 9 all ages ravi%$ ! he>ts ( m51 :o h se5 reflect$ 9 !m _! own high] nature4 ,he is ! fa!r ( idealism 9 philosophy1 9 politics1 9 lit]ature4 ,& _m ( ! late/ conceptions ( mod]n ?9k]s & /atesm51 su* z ! unity ( k1 ! reign ( law1 & ! equality ( ! sexes1 h be5 anticipat$ 9 a dream by him4 ,,argum5t ,! argum5t ( ! ,republic is ! se>* aft] ,ju/ice1 ! nature ( :i* is fir/ h9t$ at by ,cephalus1 ! j & blameless old man--!n discuss$ on ! basis ( prov]bial morality by ,socrates & ,polem>*us--!n c>icatur$ by ,?rasyma*us & p>tially expla9$ by ,socrates--r$uc$ to an ab/raction by ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 & hav+ become invisible 9 ! individual reappe>s at l5g? 9 ! ideal ,/ate :i* is con/ruct$ by ,socrates4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! rul]s is to be education1 ( :i* an outl9e is drawn aft] ! old ,hell5ic model1 provid+ only = an improv$ religion & morality1 & m simplicity 9 music & gymna/ic1 a manli] /ra9 ( poetry1 & great] h>mony ( ! individual & ! ,/ate4 ,we are ?us l$ on to ! conception ( a high] ,/ate1 9 :i* no man calls any?+ 8 own1 & 9 :i* !re is nei!r m>ry+ nor giv+ 9 m>riage1 & k+s are philosoph]s & philosoph]s are k+s2 & !re is ano!r & high] education1 intellectual z well z moral & religi\s1 ( sci5ce z well z ( art1 & n ( y\? only b ( ! :ole ( life4 ,su* a ,/ate is h>dly to be realiz$ 9 ?is _w & w\ld quickly deg5]ate4 ,to ! p]fect ideal succe$s ! gov]nm5t ( ! soldi] & ! lov] ( honor1 ?is aga9 decl9+ into democracy1 & democracy into tyranny1 9 an imag9>y b regul> ord] hav+ n mu* resemblance to ! actual facts4 ,:5 ! :eel has come full circle we d n beg9 aga9 ) a new p]iod ( human life2 b we h pass$ f ! be/ to ! wor/1 & !re we end4 ,! subject is !n *ang$ & ! old qu>rel ( poetry & philosophy :i* _h be5 m lightly treat$ 9 ! e>li] books ( ! ,republic is n[ resum$ & f\ght out to a conclusion4 ,poetry is discov]$ to be an imitation ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 & ,hom]1 z well z ! dramatic poets1 hav+ be5 condemn$ z an imitator1 is s5t into bani%m5t along ) !m4 ,& ! idea ( ! ,/ate is supplem5t$ by ! revelation ( a future life4 ,! division into books1 l all simil> divisions1 is probably lat] ?an ! age ( ,plato4 ,! natural divisions are five 9 numb]2--7#a7 ,book ,i & ! fir/ half ( ,book ,,ii d[n to ! p>agraph beg9n+1 ,i _h always admir$ ! g5ius ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 :i* is introductory2 ! fir/ book conta9+ a refutation ( ! popul> & sophi/ical notions ( ju/ice1 & conclud+1 l "s ( ! e>li] ,dialogues1 )\t arriv+ at any def9ite result4 ,to ?is is app5d$ a re/atem5t ( ! nature ( ju/ice accord+ to common op9ion1 & an answ] is dem&$ to ! "q--,:at is ju/ice1 /ripp$ ( appe>ances8 ,! second division 7#b7 includes ! rema9d] ( ! second & ! :ole ( ! ?ird & f\r? books1 :i* are ma9ly occupi$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ ,/ate & ! fir/ education4 ,! ?ird division 7#c7 consi/s ( ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? books1 9 :i* philosophy r ?an ju/ice is ! subject ( inquiry1 & ! second ,/ate is con/ruct$ on pr9ciples ( communism & rul$ by philosoph]s1 & ! contemplation ( ! idea ( good takes ! place ( ! social & political virtues4 ,9 ! eigh? & n9? books 7#d7 ! p]v]sions ( ,/ates & ( ! individuals :o correspond to !m are review$ 9 succession2 & ! nature ( pleasure & ! pr9ciple ( tyranny are fur!r analyz$ 9 ! individual man4 ,! t5? book 7#e7 is ! conclusion ( ! :ole1 9 :i* ! relations ( philosophy to poetry are f9ally det]m9$1 & ! happ9ess ( ! citiz5s 9 ?is life1 :i* has n[ be5 assur$1 is cr[n$ by ! vision ( ano!r4 ,or a m g5]al division into two p>ts may be adopt$2 ! fir/ 7,books ,i-,,iv7 conta9+ ! description ( a ,/ate fram$ g5]ally 9 accordance ) ,hell5ic notions ( religion & morality1 :ile 9 ! second 7,books ,v-,x7 ! ,hell5ic ,/ate is trans=m$ into an ideal k+dom ( philosophy1 ( :i* all o!r gov]nm5ts are ! p]v]sions4 ,^! two po9ts ( view are really oppos$1 & ! opposition is only veil$ by ! g5ius ( ,plato4 ,! ,republic1 l ! ,pha$rus1 is an imp]fect :ole2 ! high] light ( philosophy breaks ?r\gh ! regul>ity ( ! ,hell5ic temple1 :i* at la/ fades away into ! heav5s4 ,:e!r ?is imp]fection ( /ructure arises f an enl>gem5t ( ! plan2 or f ! imp]fect reconcilem5t 9 ! writ]'s own m9d ( ! /ruggl+ elem5ts ( ?\ght :i* are n[ fir/ br\ght toge!r by him2 or1 p]haps1 f ! composition ( ! "w at diff]5t times--are que/ions1 l ! simil> "q ab\t ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 :i* are wor? ask+1 b :i* _c h a di/9ct answ]4 ,9 ! age ( ,plato !re 0 no regul> mode ( publication1 & an au?or w\ld h ! less scruple 9 alt]+ or add+ to a "w :i* 0 kn[n only to a few ( 8 fri5ds4 ,!re is no absurdity 9 suppos+ t he may h laid 8 labors aside = a "t1 or turn$ f "o "w to ano!r2 & su* int]ruptions w\ld be m likely to occur 9 ! case ( a long ?an ( a %ort writ+4 ,9 all attempts to det]m9e ! *ronological he ord] ( ! ,platonic writ+s on int]nal evid5ce1 ?is unc]ta9ty ab\t any s+le ,dialogue be+ compos$ at "o "t is a di/urb+ elem5t1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ to affect long] works1 su* z ! ,republic & ! ,laws1 m ?an %ort] ones4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! seem+ discrepancies ( ! ,republic may only arise out ( ! discordant elem5ts :i* ! philosoph] has attempt$ to unite 9 a s+le :ole1 p]haps )\t be+ himself able to recognize ! inconsi/5cy :i* is obvi\s to u4 ,= !re is a judgm5t ( aft] ages :i* few great writ]s h ev] be5 able to anticipate = !mselves4 ,!y d n p]ceive ! want ( connection 9 _! own writ+s1 or ! gaps 9 _! sy/ems :i* are visible en\gh to ^? :o come aft] !m4 ,9 ! beg9n+s ( lit]ature & philosophy1 amid ! fir/ ef=ts ( ?\ght & language1 m inconsi/5cies occur ?an n[1 :5 ! pa?s ( speculation are well worn & ! mean+ ( words precisely def9$4 ,= consi/5cy1 too1 is ! gr[? ( "t2 & "s ( ! greate/ creations ( ! human m9d h be5 want+ 9 unity4 ,tri$ by ?is te/1 sev]al ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 appe> to be defective1 b ! defici5cy is no pro( t !y 7 compos$ at diff]5t times or by diff]5t h&s4 ,& ! supposition t ! ,republic 0 writt5 un9t]rupt$ly & by a cont9u\s ef=t is 9 "s degree confirm$ by ! num]\s ref]5ces f "o "p ( ! "w to ano!r4 ,! second title1 ,conc]n+ ,ju/ice1 is n ! "o by :i* ! ,republic is quot$1 ei!r by ,ari/otle or g5]ally 9 antiquity1 &1 l ! o!r second titles ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 may !re=e be assum$ to be ( lat] date4 ,morg5/]n & o!rs h ask$ :e!r ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! pr(ess$ aim1 or ! con/ruction ( ! ,/ate is ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ! "w4 ,! answ] is1 t ! two bl5d 9 "o1 & are two faces ( ! same tru?2 = ju/ice is ! ord] ( ! ,/ate1 & ! ,/ate is ! visible embodim5t ( ju/ice "u ! conditions ( human society4 ,! "o is ! s\l & ! o!r is ! body1 & ! ,greek ideal ( ! ,/ate1 z ( ! individual1 is a fair m9d 9 a fair body4 ,9 ,hegelian phraseology ! ,/ate is ! reality ( :i* ju/ice is ! ideal4 ,or1 describ$ 9 ,*ri/ian language1 ! k+dom ( ,god is )91 & yet develops into a ,*ur* or ext]nal k+dom2 ! h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s1 is r$uc$ to ! proportions ( an e>?ly build+4 ,or1 to use a ,platonic image1 ju/ice & ! ,/ate are ! w>p & ! wo( :i* run ?r\gh ! :ole texture4 ,& :5 ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate is complet$1 ! conception ( ju/ice is n dismiss$1 b reappe>s "u ! same or diff]5t names ?r\gh\t ! "w1 bo? z ! inn] law ( ! individual s\l1 & f9ally z ! pr9ciple ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ano!r life4 ,! virtues are bas$ on ju/ice1 ( :i* common hone/y 9 buy+ & sell+ is ! %ad[1 & ju/ice is bas$ on ! idea ( good1 :i* is ! h>mony ( ! _w1 & is reflect$ bo? 9 ! in/itutions ( ,/ates & 9 motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ,timaeus1 :i* takes up ! political r ?an ! e?ical side ( ! ,republic1 & is *iefly occupi$ ) hypo!ses conc]n+ ! outw>d _w1 yet conta9s _m indications t ! same law is suppos$ to reign ov] ! ,/ate1 ov] nature1 & ov] man4 ,too mu*1 h[ev]1 has be5 made ( ?is "q bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times4 ,!re is a /age ( criticism 9 :i* all works1 :e!r ( nature or ( art1 are ref]r$ to design4 ,n[ 9 anci5t writ+s1 & inde$ 9 lit]ature g5]ally1 !re rema9s (t5 a l>ge elem5t :i* 0 n compreh5d$ 9 ! orig9al design4 ,= ! plan gr[s "u ! au?or's h&2 new ?\ghts occur to him 9 ! act ( writ+2 he has n work$ out ! argum5t to ! end be=e he beg9s4 ,! read] :o seeks to f9d "s "o idea "u :i* ! :ole may be conceiv$1 mu/ necess>ily seize on ! vague/ & mo/ g5]al4 ,?us ,/allbaum1 :o is dissatisfi$ ) ! ord9>y explanations ( ! argum5t ( ! ,republic1 imag9es himself to h f\nd ! true argum5t 9 ! repres5tation ( human life 9 a ,/ate p]fect$ by ju/ice & gov]n$ accord+ to ! idea ( good4 ,!re may be "s use 9 su* g5]al descriptions1 b !y c h>dly be said to express ! design ( ! writ]4 ,! tru? is1 t we may z well speak ( _m designs z ( "o2 nor ne$ any?+ be exclud$ f ! plan ( a great "w to :i* ! m9d is naturally l$ by ! association ( ideas1 & :i* does n int]f]e ) ! g5]al purpose4 ,:at k9d or degree ( unity is to be s\ght aft] 9 a build+1 9 ! pla/ic arts1 9 poetry1 9 prose1 is a problem :i* has to be det]m9$ relatively to ! subject-matt]4 ,to ,plato himself1 ! inquiry :at 0 ! int5tion ( ! writ]1 or :at 0 ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ! ,republic w\ld h be5 h>dly intelligible1 & !re=e _h bett] be at once dismiss$4 ,is n ! ,republic ! vehicle ( ?ree or f\r great tru?s :i*1 to ,plato's own m9d1 are mo/ naturally repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,/ate8 ,j z 9 ! ,jewi% prophets ! reign ( ,messiah1 or ! day ( ! ,"l1 or ! suff]+ ,s]vant or p ( ,god1 or ! ,sun ( righte\sness ) heal+ 9 8 w+s only convey1 to u at lea/1 _! great spiritual ideals1 s ?r\gh ! ,greek ,/ate ,plato reveals to u 8 own ?\ghts ab\t div9e p]fection1 :i* is ! idea ( good--l ! sun 9 ! visible _w2--ab\t human p]fection1 :i* is ju/ice--ab\t education beg9n+ 9 y\? & cont9u+ 9 lat] ye>s--ab\t poets & sophi/s & tyrants :o are ! false tea*]s & evil rul]s ( mank9d--ab\t ! _w :i* is ! embodim5t ( !m--ab\t a k+dom :i* exi/s n[h]e ^u e>? b is laid up 9 heav5 to be ! patt]n & rule ( human life4 ,no su* inspir$ creation is at unity ) itself1 any m ?an ! cl\ds ( heav5 :5 ! sun pi]ces ?r\gh !m4 ,e %ade ( light & d>k1 ( tru?1 & ( fiction :i* is ! veil ( tru?1 is all[able 9 a "w ( philosophical imag9ation4 ,x is n all on ! same plane2 x easily passes f ideas to my?s & fancies1 f facts to figures ( spee*4 ,x is n prose b poetry1 at lea/ a great "p ( x1 & ought n to be judg$ by ! rules ( logic or ! probabilities ( hi/ory4 ,! writ] is n fa%ion+ 8 ideas into an arti/ic :ole2 !y take possession ( him & are too mu* = him4 ,we h no ne$ !re=e to discuss :e!r a ,/ate su* z ,plato has conceiv$ is practicable or n1 or :e!r ! outw>d =m or ! inw>d life came fir/ into ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,= ! practicability ( 8 ideas has no?+ to d ) _! tru?2 & ! highe/ ?\ghts to :i* he atta9s may be truly said to be> ! greate/ m>ks ( design--ju/ice m ?an ! ext]nal frame-"w ( ! ,/ate1 ! idea ( good m ?an ju/ice4 ,! great sci5ce ( dialectic or ! organization ( ideas has no real cont5t2 b is only a type ( ! me?od or _s 9 :i* ! high] k is to be pursu$ by ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce4 ,x is 9 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? books t ,plato rea*es ! summit ( speculation1 & ^!1 al?\gh !y fail to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a mod]n ?9k]1 may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important1 z !y are also ! mo/ orig9al1 portions ( ! "w4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss at l5g? a m9or "q :i* has be5 rais$ by ,boeckh1 respect+ ! imag9>y date at :i* ! conv]sation 0 held 7! ye> #daa ,b4 ,c4 :i* is propos$ by him w d z well z any o!r72 = a writ] ( fiction1 & especially a writ] :o1 l ,plato1 is notori\sly c>eless ( *ronology1 only aims at g5]al probability4 ,:e!r all ! p]sons m5tion$ 9 ! ,republic c\ld ev] h met at any "o "t is n a difficulty :i* w\ld h occurr$ to an ,a!nian read+ ! "w =ty ye>s lat]1 or to ,plato himself at ! "t ( writ+ 7any m ?an to ,%akespe>e respect+ "o ( 8 own dramas72 & ne$ n greatly tr\ble u n[4 ,yet ?is may be a "q hav+ no answ] :i* is /ill wor? ask+1 because ! inve/igation %[s t we c n argue hi/orically f ! dates 9 ,plato2 x w\ld be useless !re=e to wa/e "t 9 inv5t+ f>-fet*$ reconcilem5ts ( !m 9 ord] avoid *ronological difficulties1 su*1 = example1 z ! conjecture ( ,c4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 t ,glaucon & ,adeimantus are n ! bro!rs b ! uncles ( ,plato1 or ! fancy ( ,/allbaum t ,plato int5tionally left ana*ronisms indicat+ ! dates at :i* "s ( 8 ,dialogues 7 writt54 ,,*>act]s ,! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! ,republic are ,cephalus1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,socrates1 ,glaucon1 & ,adeimantus4 ,cephalus appe>s 9 ! introduction only1 ,polem>*us drops at ! end ( ! fir/ argum5t1 & ,?rasyma*us is r$uc$ to sil5ce at ! close ( ! fir/ book4 ,! ma9 discussion is c>ri$ on by ,socrates1 ,glaucon1 & ,adeimantus4 ,among ! company are ,lysias 7! orator7 & ,eu?ydemus1 ! sons ( ,cephalus & bro!rs ( ,polem>*us1 an unkn[n ,*>mantides--^! are mute auditors2 also !re is ,cleitophon1 :o once int]rupts1 :]e1 z 9 ! ,dialogue :i* be>s 8 "n1 he appe>s z ! fri5d & ally ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,cephalus1 ! patri>* ( h\se1 has be5 appropriately engag$ 9 (f]+ a sacrifice4 ,he is ! patt]n ( an old man :o has almo/ done ) life1 & is at peace ) himself & ) all mank9d4 ,he feels t he is draw+ ne>] to ! _w bel[1 & seems to l+] ar\nd ! memory ( ! pa/4 ,he is eag] t ,socrates %\ld come to visit him1 fond ( ! poetry ( ! la/ g5]ation1 happy 9 ! consci\sness ( a well-sp5t life1 glad at hav+ escap$ f ! tyranny ( y\?ful lu/s4 ,8 love ( conv]sation1 8 affection1 8 indiff]5ce to ri*es1 ev5 8 g>rulity1 are int]e/+ traits ( "*4 ,he is n "o ( ^? :o h no?+ to say1 because _! :ole m9d has be5 absorb$ 9 mak+ money4 ,yet he ackn[l$ges t ri*es h ! advantage ( plac+ m5 above ! temptation to di%one/y or falsehood4 ,! respectful att5tion %[n to him by ,socrates1 ^: love ( conv]sation1 no less ?an ! mission impos$ ^u him by ! ,oracle1 leads him to ask que/ions ( all m51 "y & old alike1 %\ld also be not$4 ,:o bett] suit$ to raise ! "q ( ju/ice ?an ,cephalus1 ^: life might seem to be ! expression ( x8 ,! mod]ation ) :i* old age is pictur$ by ,cephalus z a v tol]able portion ( exi/5ce is *>act]i/ic1 n only ( him1 b ( ,greek feel+ g5]ally1 & contra/s ) ! exagg]ation ( ,cic]o 9 ! ,de ,s5ectute4 ,! ev5+ ( life is describ$ by ,plato 9 ! mo/ expressive mann]1 yet ) ! fewe/ possible t\*es4 ,z ,cic]o rem>ks 7,ep4 ad ,attic4 iv4 #af71 ! ag$ ,cephalus w\ld h be5 out ( place 9 ! discussion :i* foll[s1 & :i* he c\ld nei!r h und]/ood nor tak5 "p 9 )\t a violation ( dramatic propriety4 ,8 son & heir ,polem>*us has ! frankness & impetu\sness ( y\?2 he is = deta9+ ,socrates by =ce 9 ! op5+ sc5e1 & w n let him (f on ! subject ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,l ,cephalus1 he is limit$ 9 8 po9t ( view1 & repres5ts ! prov]bial /age ( morality :i* has rules ( life r ?an pr9ciples2 & he quotes ,simonides z 8 fa!r _h quot$ ,p9d>4 ,b aft] ?is he has no m to say2 ! answ]s :i* he makes are only elicit$ f him by ! dialectic ( ,socrates4 ,he has n yet exp]i5c$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,sophi/s l ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 nor is he s5sible ( ! necessity ( refut+ !m2 he belongs to ! pre-,socratic or pre-dialectical age4 ,he is incapable ( argu+1 & is bewild]$ by ,socrates to su* a degree t he does n "k :at he is say+4 ,he is made to admit t ju/ice is a ?ief1 & t ! virtues foll[ ! analogy ( ! arts4 ,f 8 bro!r ,lysias we le>n t he fell a victim to ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 b no allusion is "h made to 8 fate1 nor to ! circum/ance t ,cephalus & 8 family 7 ( ,syracusan orig91 & _h migrat$ f ,?urii to ,a!ns4 ,! ,*alc$onian giant1 ,?rasyma*us1 ( :om we h already he>d 9 ! ,pha$rus1 is ! p]sonification ( ! ,sophi/s1 accord+ to ,plato's conception ( !m1 9 "s ( _! wor/ *>act]i/ics4 ,he is va9 & blu/]+1 refus+ to disc\rse unless he is paid1 fond ( mak+ an oration1 & hop+ !reby to escape ! inevitable ,socrates2 b a m]e *ild 9 argum5t1 & unable to =esee t ! next move 7to use a ,platonic expression7 w %ut him up4 ,he has rea*$ ! /age ( fram+ g5]al notions1 & 9 ?is respect is 9 advance ( ,cephalus & ,polem>*us4 ,b he is incapable ( def5d+ !m 9 a discussion1 & va9ly tries to cov] 8 confusion 9 bant] & insol5ce4 ,:e!r su* doctr9es z are attribut$ to him by ,plato 7 really held ei!r by him or by any o!r ,sophi/ is unc]ta92 9 ! infancy ( philosophy s]i\s errors ab\t morality might easily gr[ up--!y are c]ta9ly put into ! m\?s ( speak]s 9 ,?ucydides2 b we are conc]n$ at pres5t ) ,plato's description ( him1 & n ) ! hi/orical reality4 ,! inequality ( ! conte/ adds greatly to ! humor ( ! sc5e4 ,! pomp\s & empty ,sophi/ is utt]ly helpless 9 ! h&s ( ! great ma/] ( dialectic1 :o kn[s h[ to t\* all ! spr+s ( vanity & weakness 9 him4 ,he is greatly irritat$ by ! irony ( ,socrates1 b 8 noisy & imbecile rage only lays him m & m op5 to ! ?ru/s ( 8 assailant4 ,8 det]m9ation to cram d[n _! ?roats1 or put bodily into _! s\ls 8 own words1 elicits a cry ( horror f ,socrates4 ,! /ate ( 8 temp] is q z wor?y ( rem>k z ! process ( ! argum5t4 ,no?+ is m amus+ ?an 8 complete submission :5 he has be5 once ?or\ghly beat54 ,at fir/ he seems to cont9ue ! discussion ) reluctance1 b soon ) app>5t good-w1 & he ev5 te/ifies 8 int]e/ at a lat] /age by "o or two occasional rem>ks4 ,:5 attack$ by ,glaucon he is humor\sly protect$ by ,socrates z "o :o has nev] be5 8 enemy & is n[ 8 fri5d4 ,f ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian & f ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric we le>n t ! ,sophi/ :om ,plato has made s ridicul\s 0 a man ( note ^: writ+s 7 pres]v$ 9 lat] ages4 ,! play on 8 "n :i* 0 made by 8 contempor>y ,h]odicus1 ?\ wa/ ev] bold 9 battle1 seems to %[ t ! description ( him is n devoid ( v]isimilitude4 ,:5 ,?rasyma*us has be5 sil5c$1 ! two pr9cipal respond5ts1 ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 appe> on ! sc5e3 "h1 z 9 ,greek trag$y1 ?ree actors are introduc$4 ,at fir/ sight ! two sons ( ,ari/on may seem to we> a family lik5ess1 l ! two fri5ds ,simmias & ,cebes 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,b on a ne>] exam9ation ( !m ! simil>ity vani%es1 & !y are se5 to be di/9ct *>act]s4 ,glaucon is ! impetu\s y\? :o c j nev] h en\gh ( fe*t+ 7cf4 ! "* ( him 9 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #f72 ! man ( pleasure :o is acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( love2 ! juv5is qui gaudet canibus1 & :o improves ! bre$ ( animals2 ! lov] ( art & music :o has all ! exp]i5ces ( y\?ful life4 ,he is full ( quickness & p5etration1 pi]c+ easily bel[ ! clumsy platitudes ( ,?rasyma*us to ! real difficulty2 he turns out to ! light ! seamy side ( human life1 & yet does n lose fai? 9 ! j & true4 ,x is ,glaucon :o seizes :at may be t]m$ ! ludicr\s relation ( ! philosoph] to ! _w1 to :om a /ate ( simplicity is a city ( pigs1 :o is always prep>$ ) a je/ :5 ! argum5t (f]s him an opportunity1 & :o is ev] ready to second ! humor ( ,socrates & to appreciate ! ridicul\s1 :e!r 9 ! connoisseurs ( music1 or 9 ! lov]s ( !atricals1 or 9 ! fanta/ic behavior ( ! citiz5s ( democracy4 ,8 weaknesses are sev]al times allud$ to by ,socrates1 :o1 h[ev]1 w n all[ him to be attack$ by 8 bro!r ,adeimantus4 ,he is a soldi]1 &1 l ,adeimantus1 has be5 di/+ui%$ at ! battle ( ,meg>a4 ,! "* ( ,adeimantus is deep] & grav]1 & ! pr(\nd] objections are commonly put into 8 m\?4 ,glaucon is m demon/rative1 & g5]ally op5s ! game4 ,adeimantus pursues ! argum5t fur!r4 ,glaucon has m ( ! livel9ess & quick sympa?y ( y\?2 ,adeimantus has ! matur] judgm5t ( a gr[n-up man ( ! _w4 ,9 ! second book1 :5 ,glaucon insi/s t ju/ice & inju/ice %all be consid]$ )\t reg>d to _! consequ5ces1 ,adeimantus rem>ks t !y are reg>d$ by mank9d 9 g5]al only = ! sake ( _! consequ5ces2 & 9 a simil> ve9 ( reflection he urges at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? book t ,socrates falls 9 mak+ 8 citiz5s happy1 & is answ]$ t happ9ess is n ! fir/ b ! second ?+1 n ! direct aim b ! indirect consequ5ce ( ! good gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate4 ,9 ! discussion ab\t religion & my?ology1 ,adeimantus is ! respond5t1 b ,glaucon breaks 9 ) a slight je/1 & c>ries on ! conv]sation 9 a light] tone ab\t music & gymna/ic to ! end ( ! book4 ,x is ,adeimantus aga9 :o volunte]s ! criticism ( common s5se on ! ,socratic me?od ( argum5t1 & :o refuses to let ,socrates pass lightly ov] ! "q ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,x is ,adeimantus :o is ! respond5t 9 ! m argum5tative1 z ,glaucon 9 ! light] & m imag9ative portions ( ! ,dialogue4 ,= example1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! six? book1 ! causes ( ! corruption ( philosophy & ! conception ( ! idea ( good are discuss$ ) ,adeimantus4 ,!n ,glaucon resumes 8 place ( pr9cipal respond5t2 b he has a difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! high] education ( ,socrates1 & makes "s false hits 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion4 ,once m ,adeimantus returns ) ! allusion to 8 bro!r ,glaucon :om he comp>es to ! cont5ti\s ,/ate2 9 ! next book he is aga9 sup]s$$1 & ,glaucon cont9ues to ! end4 ,?us 9 a succession ( *>act]s ,plato repres5ts ! successive /ages ( morality1 beg9n+ ) ! ,a!nian g5tleman ( ! old5 "t1 :o is foll[$ by ! practical man ( t day regulat+ 8 life by prov]bs & saws2 to him succe$s ! wild g5]alization ( ! ,sophi/s1 & la/ly come ! "y disciples ( ! great tea*]1 :o "k ! sophi/ical argum5ts b w n be conv9c$ by !m1 & desire to g deep] into ! nature ( ?+s4 ,^! too1 l ,cephalus1 ,polem>*us1 ,?rasyma*us1 are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,republic1 nor 9 any o!r ,dialogue ( ,plato1 is a s+le "* repeat$4 ,! del9eation ( ,socrates 9 ! ,republic is n :olly consi/5t4 ,9 ! fir/ book we h m ( ! real ,socrates1 su* z he is depict$ 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 9 ! e>lie/ ,dialogues ( ,plato1 & 9 ! ,apology4 ,he is ironical1 provok+1 que/ion+1 ! old enemy ( ! ,sophi/s1 ready to put on ! mask ( ,sil5us z well z to argue s]i\sly4 ,b 9 ! six? book 8 enmity t[>ds ! ,sophi/s abates2 he ackn[l$ges t !y are ! repres5tatives r ?an ! corrupt]s ( ! _w4 ,he also becomes m dogmatic & con/ructive1 pass+ beyond ! range ei!r ( ! political or ! speculative ideas ( ! real ,socrates4 ,9 "o passage ,plato himself seems to intimate t ! "t _h n[ come = ,socrates1 :o _h pass$ 8 :ole life 9 philosophy1 to give 8 own op9ion & n to be always repeat+ ! notions ( o!r m54 ,!re is no evid5ce t ei!r ! idea ( good or ! conception ( a p]fect ,/ate 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! ,socratic tea*+1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly dwelt on ! nature ( ! univ]sal & ( f9al causes 7cp4 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #d2 ,pha$o #ig72 & a deep ?9k] l him 9 8 ?irty or =ty ye>s ( public tea*+1 c\ld h>dly h fall$ to t\* on ! nature ( family relations1 = :i* !re is also "s positive evid5ce 9 ! ,memorabilia 7,mem4 i4 #b1 #ea foll47 ,! ,socratic me?od is nom9ally reta9$2 & e inf]5ce is ei!r put into ! m\? ( ! respond5t or repres5t$ z ! common discov]y ( him & ,socrates4 ,b any "o c see t ?is is a m]e =m1 ( :i* ! affectation gr[s we>isome z ! "w advances4 ,! me?od ( inquiry has pass$ into a me?od ( tea*+ 9 :i* by ! help ( int]locutors ! same !sis is look$ at f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,! nature ( ! process is truly *>act]iz$ by ,glaucon1 :5 he describes himself z a companion :o is n good = mu* 9 an inve/igation1 b c see :at he is %[n1 & may1 p]haps1 give ! answ] to a "q m flu5tly ?an ano!r4 ,nei!r c we be absolutely c]ta9 t1 ,socrates himself taught ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* is unkn[n to 8 disciple ,glaucon 9 ! ,republic2 nor is !re any reason to suppose t he us$ my?s or revelations ( ano!r _w z a vehicle ( in/ruction1 or t he w\ld h bani%$ poetry or h d5\nc$ ! ,greek my?ology4 ,8 favorite oa? is reta9$1 & a slight m5tion is made ( ! daemonium1 or int]nal sign1 :i* is allud$ to by ,socrates z a ph5om5on peculi> to himself4 ,a real elem5t ( ,socratic tea*+1 :i* is m prom95t 9 ! ,republic ?an 9 any ( ! o!r ,dialogues ( ,plato1 is ! use ( example & illu/ration 7'taphorhtika auto prhosph]hontez'73 ,let u apply ! te/ ( common in/ances4 ,y1 says ,adeimantus1 ironically1 9 ! six? book1 are s unaccu/om$ to speak 9 images4 ,& ?is use ( examples or images1 ?\gh truly ,socratic 9 orig91 is enl>g$ by ! g5ius ( ,plato into ! =m ( an allegory or p>able1 :i* embodies 9 ! concrete :at has be5 already describ$1 or is ab\t to be describ$1 9 ! ab/ract4 ,?us ! figure ( ! cave 9 ,book ,,vii is a recapitulation ( ! divisions ( k 9 ,book ,,vi4 ,! composite animal 9 ,book ,,ix is an allegory ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l4 ,! noble capta9 & ! %ip & ! true pilot 9 ,book ,,vi are a figure ( ! relation ( ! p to ! philosoph]s 9 ! ,/ate :i* has be5 describ$4 ,o!r figures1 su* z ! dog 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? books1 or ! m>riage ( ! portionless maid5 9 ! six? book1 or ! drones & wasps 9 ! eigh? & n9? books1 also =m l9ks ( connection 9 long passages1 or are us$ to recall previ\s discussions4 ,plato is mo/ true to ! "* ( 8 ma/] :5 he describes him z n ( ?is _w4 ,& ) ?is repres5tation ( him ! ideal ,/ate & ! o!r p>adoxes ( ! ,republic are q 9 accordance1 ?\gh !y c n be %[n to h be5 speculations ( ,socrates4 ,to him1 z to o!r great tea*]s bo? philosophical & religi\s1 :5 !y look$ upw>d1 ! _w seem$ to be ! embodim5t ( error & evil4 ,! common s5se ( mank9d has revolt$ aga9/ ?is view1 or has only p>tially admitt$ x4 ,& ev5 9 ,socrates himself ! /]n] judgm5t ( ! multitude at times passes into a sort ( ironical pity or love4 ,m5 9 g5]al are incapable ( philosophy1 & are !re=e at enmity ) ! philosoph]2 b _! misund]/&+ ( him is unavoidable3 = !y h nev] se5 him z he truly is 9 8 own image2 !y are only acqua9t$ ) artificial sy/ems possess+ no native =ce ( tru?--words :i* admit ( _m applications4 ,_! lead]s h no?+ to measure )1 & are !re=e ignorant ( _! own /ature4 ,b !y are to be piti$ or laugh$ at1 n to be qu>rell$ )2 !y mean well ) _! no/rums1 if !y c\ld only le>n t !y are cutt+ (f a ,hydra's head4 ,?is mod]ation t[>ds ^? :o are 9 error is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ,socrates 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 all ! diff]5t repres5tations ( ,socrates1 :e!r ( ,x5ophon or ,plato1 & ! diff]5ces ( ! e>li] or lat] ,dialogues1 he always reta9s ! "* ( ! unwe>i$ & dis9t]e/$ seek] aft] tru?1 )\t :i* he w\ld h ceas$ to be ,socrates4 ,leav+ ! *>act]s we may n[ analyze ! cont5ts ( ! ,republic1 & !n proce$ to consid] 7#a7 ,! g5]al aspects ( ?is ,hell5ic ideal ( ! ,/ate1 7#b7 ,! mod]n lights 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( ,plato may be read4 ,,book ,i ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,i ,,w5t d[n ye/]day to ! ,piraeus ) ,glaucon ! son ( ,ari/on1 t ,i might (f] up my pray]s to ! goddess2 & also because ,i want$ to see 9 :at mann] !y w\ld celebrate ! fe/ival1 :i* 0 a new ?+4 ,i 0 delight$ ) ! procession ( ! inhabitants2 b t ( ! ,?racians 0 equally1 if n m1 beautiful4 ,:5 we _h f9i%$ our pray]s & view$ ! spectacle1 we turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! city2 & at t in/ant ,polem>*us ! son ( ,cephalus *anc$ to cat* sight ( u f a di/ance z we 7 />t+ on our way home1 & told 8 s]vant to run & bid u wait = him4 ,! s]vant took hold ( me by ! cloak beh9d1 & said3 ,polem>*us desires y to wait4 ,i turn$ r\nd1 & ask$ him :]e 8 ma/] 04 ,!re he is1 said ! y\?1 com+ aft] y1 if y w only wait4 ,c]ta9ly we w1 said ,glaucon2 & 9 a few m9utes ,polem>*us appe>$1 & ) him ,adeimantus1 ,glaucon's bro!r1 ,nic]atus ! son ( ,nicias1 & sev]al o!rs :o _h be5 at ! procession4 ,,socrates - ,,polem>*us - ,,glaucon - ,,adeimantus ,polem>*us said to me3 ,i p]ceive1 ,socrates1 t y & our companion are already on y\r way to ! city4 ,y are n f> wrong1 ,i said4 ,b d y see1 he rejo9$1 h[ _m we are8 ,( c\rse4 ,& are y /rong] ?an all ^!8 = if n1 y w h to rema9 :]e y are4 ,may !re n be ! alt]native1 ,i said1 t we may p]suade y to let u g8 ,b c y p]suade u1 if we refuse to li/5 to y8 he said4 ,c]ta9ly n1 repli$ ,glaucon4 ,!n we are n go+ to li/52 ( t y may be assur$4 ,adeimantus add$3 ,has no "o told y ( ! tor*-race on horseback 9 hon\r ( ! goddess :i* w take place 9 ! ev5+8 ,) horses6 ,i repli$3 ,t is a novelty4 ,w horsem5 c>ry tor*es & pass !m "o to ano!r dur+ ! race8 ,yes1 said ,polem>*us1 & n only s1 b a fe/ival w he celebrat$ at night1 :i* y c]ta9ly ought to see4 ,let u rise soon aft] supp] & see ?is fe/ival2 !re w be a ga!r+ ( "y m51 & we w h a good talk4 ,/ay !n1 & d n be p]v]se4 ,glaucon said3 ,i suppose1 s9ce y insi/1 t we mu/4 ,v good1 ,i repli$4 ,,glaucon - ,,cephalus - ,,socrates ,accord+ly we w5t ) ,polem>*us to 8 h\se2 & !re we f\nd 8 bro!rs ,lysias & ,eu?ydemus1 & ) !m ,?rasyma*us ! ,*alc$onian1 ,*>mantides ! ,paeanian1 & ,cleitophon ! son ( ,ari/onymus4 ,!re too 0 ,cephalus ! fa!r ( ,polem>*us1 :om ,i _h n se5 = a long "t1 & ,i ?\ght him v mu* ag$4 ,he 0 seat$ on a cu%ion$ *air1 & _h a g>l& on 8 head1 = he _h be5 sacrific+ 9 ! c\rt2 & !re 7 "s o!r *airs 9 ! room arrang$ 9 a semicircle1 ^u :i* we sat d[n by him4 ,he salut$ me eag]ly1 & !n he said3-- ,y don't come to see me1 ,socrates1 z (t5 z y ought3 ,if ,i 7 /ill able to g & see y ,i w\ld n ask y to come to me4 ,b at my age ,i c h>dly get to ! city1 & !re=e y %\ld come (t5] to ! ,piraeus4 ,= let me tell y1 t ! m ! pleasures ( ! body fade away1 ! great] to me is ! pleasure & *>m ( conv]sation4 ,d n !n d5y my reque/1 b make our h\se y\r resort & keep company ) ^! "y m52 we are old fri5ds1 & y w be q at home ) u4 ,i repli$3 ,!re is no?+ :i* = my "p ,i l bett]1 ,cephalus1 ?an conv]s+ ) ag$ m52 = ,i reg>d !m z travell]s :o h gone a j\rney :i* ,i too may h to g1 & ( :om ,i ought to enquire1 :e!r ! way is smoo? & easy1 or rugg$ & difficult4 ,& ?is is a "q :i* ,i %\ld l to ask ( y :o h arriv$ at t "t :i* ! poets call ! '?re%old ( old age'--,is life h>d] t[>ds ! end1 or :at report d y give ( x8 ,i w tell y1 ,socrates1 he said1 :at my own feel+ is4 ,m5 ( my age flock toge!r2 we are birds ( a fea!r1 z ! old prov]b says2 & at our meet+s ! tale ( my acqua9tance commonly is--,i _c eat1 ,i _c dr9k2 ! pleasures ( y\? & love are fl$ away3 !re 0 a good "t once1 b n[ t is gone1 & life is no long] life4 ,"s compla9 ( ! slights :i* are put ^u !m by relations1 & !y w tell y sadly ( h[ _m evils _! old age is ! cause4 ,b to me1 ,socrates1 ^! compla9]s seem to blame t :i* is n really 9 fault4 ,= if old age 7 ! cause1 ,i too be+ old1 & e o!r old man1 w\ld h felt z !y d4 ,b ?is is n my own exp]i5ce1 nor t ( o!rs :om ,i h kn[n4 ,h[ well ,i rememb] ! ag$ poet ,sophocles1 :5 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ does love suit ) age1 ,sophocles1--are y /ill ! man y 78 ,peace1 he repli$2 mo/ gladly h ,i escap$ ! ?+ ( :i* y speak2 ,i feel z if ,i _h escap$ f a mad & furi\s ma/]4 ,8 words h (t5 occurr$ to my m9d s9ce1 & !y seem z good to me n[ z at ! "t :5 he utt]$ !m4 ,= c]ta9ly old age has a great s5se ( calm & fre$om2 :5 ! passions relax _! hold1 !n1 z ,sophocles says1 we are fre$ f ! grasp n ( "o mad ma/] only1 b ( _m4 ,! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t ^! regrets1 & also ! compla9ts ab\t relations1 are to be attribut$ to ! same cause1 :i* is n old age1 b m5's *>act]s & temp]s2 = he :o is ( a calm & happy nature w h>dly feel ! pressure ( age1 b to him :o is ( an opposite disposition y\? & age are equally a burd54 ,i li/5$ 9 admiration1 & want+ to draw him out1 t he might g on--,yes1 ,cephalus1 ,i said3 b ,i r suspect t p 9 g5]al are n conv9c$ by y :5 y speak ?us2 !y ?9k t old age sits lightly ^u y1 n because ( y\r happy disposition1 b because y are ri*1 & weal? is well kn[n to be a great com=t]4 ,y are "r1 he repli$2 !y are n conv9c$3 & !re is some?+ 9 :at !y say2 n1 h[ev]1 s mu* z !y imag9e4 ,i might answ] !m z ,!mi/ocles answ]$ ! ,s]iphian :o 0 abus+ him & say+ t he 0 fam\s1 n = 8 own m]its b because he 0 an ,a!nian3 ',if y _h be5 a native ( my c\ntry or ,i ( y\rs1 nei!r ( u w\ld h be5 fam\s4' ,& to ^? :o are n ri* & are impati5t ( old age1 ! same reply may be made2 = to ! good poor man old age _c be a light burd51 nor c a bad ri* man ev] h peace ) himself4 ,may ,i ask1 ,cephalus1 :e!r y\r =tune 0 = ! mo/ "p inh]it$ or acquir$ by y8 ,acquir$6 ,socrates2 d y want to "k h[ mu* ,i acquir$8 ,9 ! art ( mak+ money ,i h be5 midway betwe5 my fa!r & gr&fa!r3 = my gr&fa!r1 ^: "n ,i be>1 d\bl$ & trebl$ ! value ( 8 patrimony1 t :i* he inh]it$ be+ mu* :at ,i possess n[2 b my fa!r ,lysanias r$uc$ ! prop]ty bel[ :at x is at pres5t3 & ,i %all be satisfi$ if ,i leave to ^! my sons n less b a little m ?an ,i receiv$4 ,t 0 :y ,i ask$ y ! "q1 ,i repli$1 because ,i see t y are indiff]5t ab\t money1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic r ( ^? :o h inh]it$ _! =tunes ?an ( ^? :o h acquir$ !m2 ! mak]s ( =tunes h a second love ( money z a creation ( _! own1 resembl+ ! affection ( au?ors = _! own poems1 or ( p>5ts = _! *ildr51 besides t natural love ( x = ! sake ( use & pr(it :i* is common to !m & all m54 ,& h5ce !y are v bad company1 = !y c talk ab\t no?+ b ! praises ( weal?4 ,t is true1 he said4 ,yes1 t is v true1 b may ,i ask ano!r "q8 ,:at d y consid] to be ! greate/ bless+ :i* y h reap$ f y\r weal?8 ,"o1 he said1 ( :i* ,i c\ld n expect easily to conv9ce o!rs4 ,= let me tell y1 ,socrates1 t :5 a man ?9ks himself to be ne> dea?1 fe>s & c>es ent] into 8 m9d :i* he nev] _h be=e2 ! tales ( a _w bel[ & ! puni%m5t :i* is exact$ !re ( de$s done "h 7 once a laugh+ matt] to him1 b n[ he is torm5t$ ) ! ?\ght t !y may be true3 ei!r f ! weakness ( age1 or because he is n[ draw+ ne>] to t o!r place1 he has a cle>] view ( ^! ?+s2 suspicions & al>ms cr[d ?ickly ^u him1 & he beg9s to reflect & consid] :at wrongs he has done to o!rs4 ,& :5 he f9ds t ! sum ( 8 transgressions is great he w _m a "t l a *ild />t up 9 8 sleep = fe>1 & he is fill$ ) d>k =ebod+s4 ,b to him :o is consci\s ( no s91 sweet hope1 z ,p9d> *>m+ly says1 is ! k9d nurse ( 8 age3 ,hope1 he says1 *]i%es ! s\l ( him :o lives 9 ju/ice & hol9ess & is ! nurse ( 8 age & ! companion ( 8 j\rney2--hope :i* is mightie/ to sway ! re/less s\l ( man4 ,h[ admirable are 8 words6 ,& ! great bless+ ( ri*es1 ,i d n say to e man1 b to a good man1 is1 t he has _h no occasion to deceive or to defraud o!rs1 ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally2 & :5 he dep>ts to ! _w bel[ he is n 9 any appreh5sion ab\t (f]+s due to ! gods or debts :i* he owes to m54 ,n[ to ?is peace ( m9d ! possession ( weal? greatly contributes2 & !re=e ,i say1 t1 sett+ "o ?+ aga9/ ano!r1 ( ! _m advantages :i* weal? has to give1 to a man ( s5se ?is is 9 my op9ion ! greate/4 ,well said1 ,cephalus1 ,i repli$2 b z conc]n+ ju/ice1 :at is x8--to speak ! tru? & to pay y\r debts--no m ?an ?is8 ,& ev5 to ?is are !re n exceptions8 ,suppose t a fri5d :5 9 8 "r m9d has deposit$ arms ) me & he asks = !m :5 he is n 9 8 "r m9d1 ought ,i to give !m back to him8 ,no "o w\ld say t ,i ought or t ,i %\ld be "r 9 do+ s1 any m ?an !y w\ld say t ,i ought always to speak ! tru? to "o :o is 9 8 condition4 ,y are q "r1 he repli$4 ,b !n1 ,i said1 speak+ ! tru? & pay+ y\r debts is n a correct def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,,cephalus - ,,socrates - ,,polem>*us ,q correct1 ,socrates1 if ,simonides is to be believ$1 said ,polem>*us int]pos+4 ,i fe>1 said ,cephalus1 t ,i mu/ g n[1 = ,i h to look aft] ! sacrifices1 & ,i h& ov] ! argum5t to ,polem>*us & ! company4 ,is n ,polem>*us y\r heir8 ,i said4 ,to be sure1 he answ]$1 & w5t away laugh+ to ! sacrifices4 ,,socrates - ,,polem>*us ,tell me !n1 ,o ?\ heir ( ! argum5t1 :at did ,simonides say1 & accord+ to y truly say1 ab\t ju/ice8 ,he said t ! repaym5t ( a debt is j1 & 9 say+ s he appe>s to me to be "r4 ,i %\ld be sorry to d\bt ! ^w ( su* a wise & inspir$ man1 b 8 mean+1 ?\gh probably cle> to y1 is ! rev]se ( cle> to me4 ,= he c]ta9ly does n mean1 z we 7 n[ say+ t ,i ought to return a return a deposit ( arms or ( any?+ else to "o :o asks = x :5 he is n 9 8 "r s5ses2 & yet a deposit _c be d5i$ to be a debt4 ,true4 ,!n :5 ! p]son :o asks me is n 9 8 "r m9d ,i am by no means to make ! return8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,:5 ,simonides said t ! repaym5t ( a debt 0 ju/ice1 he did n mean to include t case8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = he ?9ks t a fri5d ought always to d good to a fri5d & nev] evil4 ,y mean t ! return ( a deposit ( gold :i* is to ! injury ( ! receiv]1 if ! two p>ties are fri5ds1 is n ! repaym5t ( a debt1--t is :at y w\ld imag9e him to say8 ,yes4 ,& are enemies also to receive :at we owe to !m8 ,to be sure1 he said1 !y are to receive :at we owe !m1 & an enemy1 z ,i take x1 owes to an enemy t :i* is due or prop] to him--t is to say1 evil4 ,simonides1 !n1 aft] ! mann] ( poets1 w\ld seem to h spok5 d>kly ( ! nature ( ju/ice2 = he really meant to say t ju/ice is ! giv+ to ea* man :at is prop] to him1 & ?is he t]m$ a debt4 ,t mu/ h be5 8 mean+1 he said4 ,by heav56 ,i repli$2 & if we ask$ him :at due or prop] ?+ is giv5 by m$ic9e1 & to :om1 :at answ] d y ?9k t he w\ld make to u8 ,he w\ld surely reply t m$ic9e gives drugs & meat & dr9k to human bodies4 ,& :at due or prop] ?+ is giv5 by cook]y1 & to :at8 ,season+ to food4 ,& :at is t :i* ju/ice gives1 & to :om8 ,if1 ,socrates1 we are to be guid$ at all by ! analogy ( ! prec$+ in/ances1 !n ju/ice is ! art :i* gives good to fri5ds & evil to enemies4 ,t is 8 mean+ !n8 ,i ?9k s4 ,& :o is be/ able to d good to 8 fri5ds & evil to 8 enemies 9 "t ( sickness8 ,! physician4 ,or :5 !y are on a voyage1 amid ! p]ils ( ! sea8 ,! pilot4 ,& 9 :at sort ( actions or ) a view to :at result is ! j man mo/ able to d h>m to 8 enemy & good to 8 fri5ds8 ,9 go+ to w> aga9/ ! "o & 9 mak+ alliances ) ! o!r4 ,b :5 a man is well1 my de> ,polem>*us1 !re is no ne$ ( a physician8 ,no4 ,& he :o is n on a voyage has no ne$ ( a pilot8 ,no4 ,!n 9 "t ( peace ju/ice w be ( no use8 ,i am v f> f ?9k+ s4 ,y ?9k t ju/ice may be ( use 9 peace z well z 9 w>8 ,yes4 ,l husb&ry = ! acquisition ( corn8 ,yes4 ,or l %oemak+ = ! acquisition ( %oes1--t is :at y mean8 ,yes4 ,& :at simil> use or p[] ( acquisition has ju/ice 9 "t ( peace8 ,9 contracts1 ,socrates1 ju/ice is ( use4 ,& by contracts y mean p>tn]%ips8 ,exactly4 ,b is ! j man or ! skilful play] a m useful & bett] p>tn] at a game ( draughts8 ,! skilful play]4 ,& 9 ! lay+ ( bricks & /ones is ! j man a m useful or bett] p>tn] ?an ! build]8 ,q ! rev]se4 ,!n 9 :at sort ( p>tn]%ip is ! j man a bett] p>tn] ?an ! h>p-play]1 z 9 play+ ! h>p ! h>p-play] is c]ta9ly a bett] p>tn] ?an ! j man8 ,9 a money p>tn]%ip4 ,yes1 ,polem>*us1 b surely n 9 ! use ( money2 = y d n want a j man to be y\r c\nsellor ! pur*ase or sale ( a horse2 a man :o is kn[+ ab\t horses w\ld be bett] = t1 w\ld he n8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :5 y want to buy a %ip1 ! %ipwright or ! pilot w\ld be bett]8 ,true4 ,!n :at is t jo9t use ( silv] or gold 9 :i* ! j man is to be pref]r$8 ,:5 y want a deposit to be kept safely4 ,y mean :5 money is n want$1 b all[$ to lie8 ,precisely4 ,t is to say1 ju/ice is useful :5 money is useless8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,& :5 y want to keep a prun+-hook safe1 !n ju/ice is useful to ! individual & to ! /ate2 b :5 y want to use x1 !n ! art ( ! v9e-dress]8 ,cle>ly4 ,& :5 y want to keep a %ield or a lyre1 & n to use !m1 y w\ld say t ju/ice is useful2 b :5 y want to use !m1 !n ! art ( ! soldi] or ( ! musician8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& s ( all ! o!r ?+s2--ju/ice is useful :5 !y are useless1 & useless :5 !y are useful8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,!n ju/ice is n good = mu*4 ,b let u consid] ?is fur!r po9t3 ,is n he :o c be/ /rike a bl[ 9 a box+ mat* or 9 any k9d ( fight+ be/ able to w>d (f a bl[8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& he :o is mo/ skilful 9 prev5t+ or escap+ f a disease is be/ able to create "o8 ,true4 ,& he is ! be/ gu>d ( a camp :o is be/ able to /eal a m>* ^u ! enemy8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n he :o is a good keep] ( any?+ is also a good ?ief8 ,t1 ,i suppose1 is to be inf]r$4 ,!n if ! j man is good at keep+ money1 he is good at /eal+ x4 ,t is impli$ 9 ! argum5t4 ,!n aft] all ! j man has turn$ out to be a ?ief4 ,& ?is is a lesson :i* ,i suspect y mu/ h le>nt out ( ,hom]2 = he1 speak+ ( ,autolycus1 ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ,odysseus1 :o is a fav\rite ( 81 affirms t ,he 0 excell5t above all m5 9 !ft & p]jury4 ,& s1 y & ,hom] & ,simonides are agre$ t ju/ice is an art ( !ft2 to be practis$ h[ev] '= ! good ( fri5ds & = ! h>m ( enemies1'--t 0 :at y 7 say+8 ,no1 c]ta9ly n t1 ?\gh ,i d n n[ "k :at ,i did say2 b ,i /ill /& by ! latt] words4 ,well1 !re is ano!r "q3 ,by fri5ds & enemies d we mean ^? :o are s really1 or only 9 seem+8 ,surely1 he said1 a man may be expect$ to love ^? :om he ?9ks good1 & to hate ^? :om he ?9ks evil4 ,yes1 b d n p]sons (t5 err ab\t good & evil3 _m :o are n good seem to be s1 & conv]sely8 ,t is true4 ,!n to !m ! good w be enemies & ! evil w be _! fri5ds8 ,true4 ,& 9 t case !y w be "r 9 do+ good to ! evil & evil to ! good8 ,cle>ly4 ,b ! good are j & w\ld n d an inju/ice8 ,true4 ,!n accord+ to y\r argum5t x is j to injure ^? :o d no wrong8 ,nay1 ,socrates2 ! doctr9e is immoral4 ,!n ,i suppose t we ought to d good to ! j & h>m to ! unju/8 ,i l t bett]4 ,b see ! consequ5ce3--,_m a man :o is ignorant ( human nature has fri5ds :o are bad fri5ds1 & 9 t case he ought to d h>m to !m2 & he has good enemies :om he ought to b5efit2 b1 if s1 we %all be say+ ! v opposite ( t :i* we affirm$ to be ! mean+ ( ,simonides4 ,v true1 he said3 & ,i ?9k t we _h bett] correct an error into :i* we seem to h fall5 9 ! use ( ! words 'fri5d' & 'enemy4' ,:at 0 ! error1 ,polem>*us8 ,i ask$4 ,we assum$ t he is a fri5d :o seems to be or :o is ?\ght good4 ,& h[ is ! error to be correct$8 ,we %\ld r say t he is a fri5d :o is1 z well z seems1 good2 & t he :o seems only1 & is n good1 only seems to be & is n a fri5d2 & ( an enemy ! same may be said4 ,y w\ld argue t ! good are our fri5ds & ! bad our enemies8 ,yes4 ,& in/ead ( say+ simply z we did at fir/1 t x is j to d good to our fri5ds & h>m to our enemies1 we %\ld fur!r say3 ,x is j to d good to our fri5ds :5 !y are good & h>m to our enemies :5 !y are evil8 ,yes1 t appe>s to me to be ! tru?4 ,b ought ! j to injure any "o at all8 ,und\bt$ly he ought to injure ^? :o are bo? wick$ & 8 enemies4 ,:5 horses are injur$1 are !y improv$ or det]iorat$8 ,! latt]4 ,det]iorat$1 t is to say1 9 ! good qualities ( horses1 n ( dogs8 ,yes1 ( horses4 ,& dogs are det]iorat$ 9 ! good qualities ( dogs1 & n ( horses8 ,( c\rse4 ,& w n m5 :o are injur$ be det]iorat$ 9 t :i* is ! prop] virtue ( man8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t human virtue is ju/ice8 ,to be sure4 ,!n m5 :o are injur$ are ( necessity made unju/8 ,t is ! result4 ,b c ! musician by 8 art make m5 unmusical8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or ! horseman by 8 art make !m bad horsem58 ,impossible4 ,& c ! j by ju/ice make m5 unju/1 or speak+ g5]al c ! good by virtue make !m bad8 ,assur$ly n4 ,any m ?an heat c produce cold8 ,x _c4 ,or dr\ght moi/ure8 ,cle>ly n4 ,nor c ! good h>m any "o8 ,impossible4 ,& ! j is ! good8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n to injure a fri5d or any "o else is n ! act ( a j man1 b ( ! opposite1 :o is ! unju/8 ,i ?9k t :at y say is q true1 ,socrates4 ,!n if a man says t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! repaym5t ( debts1 & t good is ! debt :i* a man owes to 8 fri5ds1 & evil ! debt :i* he owes to 8 enemies1--to say ?is is n wise2 = x is n true1 if1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n1 ! injur+ ( ano!r c be 9 no case j4 ,i agree ) y1 said ,polem>*us4 ,!n y & ,i are prep>$ to take up arms aga9/ any "o :o attributes su* a say+ to ,simonides or ,bias or ,pittacus1 or any o!r wise man or se]8 ,i am q ready to d battle at y\r side1 he said4 ,%all ,i tell y ^: ,i believe ! say+ to be8 ,^:8 ,i believe t ,p]i&] or ,p]diccas or ,x]xes or ,ism5ias ! ,!ban1 or "s o!r ri* & mighty man1 :o _h a great op9ion ( 8 own p[]1 0 ! fir/ to say t ju/ice is 'do+ good to y\r fri5ds & h>m to y\r enemies4' ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b if ?is def9ition ( ju/ice also breaks d[n1 :at o!r c be (f]$8 ,sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ,?rasyma*us _h made an attempt to get ! argum5t into 8 own h&s1 & _h be5 put d[n by ! re/ ( ! company1 :o want$ to he> ! end4 ,b :5 ,polem>*us & ,i _h done speak+ & !re 0 a pause1 he c\ld no long] hold 8 peace2 &1 ga!r+ himself up1 he came at u l a wild bea/1 seek+ to dev\r u4 ,we 7 q panic-/rick5 at ! sight ( him4 ,,socrates - ,,polem>*us - ,,?rasyma*us ,he ro>$ out to ! :ole company3 ,:at folly4 ,socrates1 has tak5 possession ( y all8 ,& :y1 sillybillies1 d y knock "u to "o ano!r8 ,i say t if y want really to "k :at ju/ice is1 y %\ld n only ask b answ]1 & y %\ld n seek hon\r to y\rself f ! refutation ( an oppon5t1 b h y\r own answ]2 = !re is _m a "o :o c ask & _c answ]4 ,& n[ ,i w n h y say t ju/ice is duty or advantage or pr(it or ga9 or int]e/1 = ?is sort ( nons5se w n d = me2 ,i mu/ h cle>ness & accuracy4 ,i 0 panic-/rick5 at 8 words1 & c\ld n look at him )\t trembl+4 ,inde$ ,i believe t if ,i _h n fix$ my eye ^u him1 ,i %\ld h be5 /ruck dumb3 b :5 ,i saw 8 fury ris+1 ,i look$ at him fir/1 & 0 !re=e able to reply to him4 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 ) a quiv]1 don't be h>d ^u u4 ,polem>*us & ,i may h be5 guilty ( a little mi/ake 9 ! argum5t1 b ,i c assure y t ! error 0 n int5tional4 ,if we 7 seek+ = a piece ( gold1 y w\ld n imag9e t we 7 'knock+ "u to "o ano!r1' & s los+ our *ance ( f9d+ x4 ,& :y1 :5 we are seek+ = ju/ice1 a ?+ m preci\s ?an _m pieces ( gold1 d y say t we are weakly yield+ to "o ano!r & n do+ our utmo/ to get at ! tru?8 ,nay1 my good fri5d1 we are mo/ will+ & anxi\s to d s1 b ! fact is t we _c4 ,& if s1 y p :o "k all ?+s %\ld pity u & n be angry ) u4 ,h[ *>act]i/ic ( ,socrates6 he repli$1 ) a bitt] laugh2--t's y\r ironical /yle6 ,did ,i n =esee--h ,i n already told y1 t :atev] he 0 ask$ he w\ld refuse to answ]1 & try irony or any o!r %uffle1 9 ord] t he might avoid answ]+8 ,y are a philosoph]1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i repli$1 & well "k t if y ask a p]son :at numb]s make up twelve1 tak+ c>e to prohibit him :om y ask f answ]+ twice six1 or ?ree times f\r1 or six times two1 or f\r times ?ree1 '= ?is sort ( nons5se w n d = me1'--!n obvi\sly1 t is y\r way ( putt+ ! "q1 no "o c answ] y4 ,b suppose t he 7 to retort1 ',?rasyma*us1 :at d y mean8 ,if "o ( ^! numb]s :i* y int]dict be ! true answ] to ! "q1 am ,i falsely to say "s o!r numb] :i* is n ! "r "o8--is t y\r mean+8'--,h[ w\ld y answ] him8 ,j z if ! two cases 7 at all alike6 he said4 ,:y %\ld !y n be8 ,i repli$2 & ev5 if !y are n1 b only appe> to be s to ! p]son :o is ask$1 ought he n to say :at he ?9ks1 :e!r y & ,i =bid him or n8 ,i presume !n t y are go+ to make "o ( ! int]dict$ answ]s8 ,i d>e say t ,i may1 not)/&+ ! dang]1 if ^u reflection ,i approve ( any ( !m4 ,b :at if ,i give y an answ] ab\t ju/ice o!r & bett]1 he said1 ?an any ( ^!8 ,:at d y des]ve to h done to y8 ,done to me6--z becomes ! ignorant1 ,i mu/ le>n f ! wise--t is :at ,i des]ve to h done to me4 ,:at1 & no paym5t6 a pleasant notion6 ,i w pay :5 ,i h ! money1 ,i repli$4 ,,socrates - ,,?rasyma*us - ,,glaucon ,b y h1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon3 & y1 ,?rasyma*us1 ne$ be "u no anxiety ab\t money1 = we w all make a contribution = ,socrates4 ,yes1 he repli$1 & !n ,socrates w d z he always does--refuse to answ] himself1 b take & pull to pieces ! answ] ( "s "o else4 ,:y1 my good fri5d1 ,i said1 h[ c any "o answ] :o kn[s1 & says t he kn[s1 j no?+2 & :o1 ev5 if he has "s fa9t notions ( 8 own1 is told by a man ( au?ority n to utt] !m8 ,! natural ?+ is1 t ! speak] %\ld be "s "o l y\rself :o pr(esses to "k & c tell :at he kn[s4 ,w y !n k9dly answ]1 = ! edification ( ! company & ( myself8 ,glaucon & ! re/ ( ! company jo9$ 9 my reque/ & ,?rasyma*us1 z any "o might see1 0 9 reality eag] to speak2 = he ?\ght t he _h an excell5t answ]1 & w\ld di/+ui% himself4 ,b at fir/ he to insi/ on my answ]+2 at l5g? he cons5t$ to beg94 ,behold1 he said1 ! wisdom ( ,socrates2 he refuses to tea* himself1 & goes ab\t le>n+ ( o!rs1 to :om he nev] ev5 says ?ank y4 ,t ,i le>n ( o!rs1 ,i repli$1 is q true2 b t ,i am ungrateful ,i :olly d5y4 ,money ,i h none1 & !re=e ,i pay 9 praise1 :i* is all ,i h3 & h[ ready ,i am to praise any "o :o appe>s to me to speak well y w v soon f9d out :5 y answ]2 = ,i expect t y w answ] well4 ,li/51 !n1 he said2 ,i proclaim t ju/ice is no?+ else ?an ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,& n[ :y d y n me8 ,b ( c\rse y won't4 ,let me fir/ und]/& y1 ,i repli$4 ,ju/ice1 z y say1 is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,:at1 ,?rasyma*us1 is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,y _c mean to say t because ,polydamas1 ! pancratia/1 is /rong] ?an we are1 & f9ds ! eat+ ( beef conducive to 8 bodily /r5g?1 t to eat beef is !re=e equally = our good :o are weak] ?an he is1 & "r & j = u8 ,t's abom9able ( y1 ,socrates2 y take ! words 9 ! s5se :i* is mo/ damag+ to ! argum5t4 ,n at all1 my good sir1 ,i said2 ,i am try+ to und]/& !m2 & ,i wi% t y w\ld be a little cle>]4 ,well1 he said1 h y nev] he>d t =ms ( gov]nm5t diff]2 !re are tyrannies1 & !re are democracies1 & !re are ari/ocracies8 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,& ! gov]nm5t is ! rul+ p[] 9 ea* /ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t make laws democratical1 ari/ocratical1 tyrannical1 ) a view to _! sev]al int]e/s2 & ^! laws1 :i* are made by !m = _! own int]e/s1 are ! ju/ice :i* !y deliv] to _! subjects1 & him :o transgresses !m !y puni% z a break] ( ! law1 & unju/4 ,& t is :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t 9 all /ates !re is ! same pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t2 & z ! gov]nm5t mu/ be suppos$ to h p[]1 ! only reasonable conclusion is1 t ev]y:]e !re is "o pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,n[ ,i und]/& y1 ,i said2 & :e!r y are "r or n ,i w try to discov]4 ,b let me rem>k1 t 9 def9+ ju/ice y h y\rself us$ ! ^w 'int]e/' :i* y =bade me to use4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t 9 y\r def9ition ! words '( ! /rong]' are add$4 ,a small addition1 y mu/ all[1 he said4 ,great or small1 nev] m9d ab\t t3 we mu/ fir/ enquire :e!r :at y are say+ is ! tru?4 ,n[ we are bo? agre$ t ju/ice is int]e/ ( "s sort1 b y g on to say '( ! /rong]'2 ab\t ?is addition ,i am n s sure1 & mu/ !re=e consid] fur!r4 ,proce$4 ,i w2 & fir/ tell me1 ,d y admit t x is j or subjects to obey _! rul]s8 ,i d4 ,b are ! rul]s ( /ates absolutely infallible1 or are !y sometimes liable to err8 ,to be sure1 he repli$1 !y are liable to err4 ,!n 9 mak+ _! laws !y may sometimes make !m rightly1 & sometimes n8 ,true4 ,:5 !y make !m rightly1 !y make !m agreeably to _! int]e/2 :5 !y are mi/ak51 contr>y to _! int]e/2 y admit t8 ,yes4 ,& ! laws :i* !y make mu/ be obey$ by _! subjects1--& t is :at y call ju/ice8 ,d\btless4 ,!n ju/ice1 accord+ to y\r argum5t1 is n only ob$i5ce to ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] b ! rev]se8 ,:at is t y are say+8 he ask$4 ,i am only repeat+ :at y are say+1 ,i believe4 ,b let u consid]3 ,h we n admitt$ t ! rul]s may be mi/ak5 ab\t _! own int]e/ 9 :at !y comm&1 & also t to obey !m is ju/ice8 ,has n t be5 admitt$8 ,yes4 ,!n y mu/ also h ackn[l$g$ ju/ice n to be = ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 :5 ! rul]s un9t5tionally comm& ?+s to be done :i* are to _! own injury4 ,= if1 z y say1 ju/ice is ! ob$i5ce :i* ! subject r5d]s to _! comm&s1 9 t case1 ,o wise/ ( m51 is !re any escape f ! conclusion t ! weak] are comm&$ to d1 n :at is = ! int]e/1 b :at is = ! injury ( ! /rong]8 ,no?+ c be cle>]1 ,socrates1 said ,polem>*us4 ,,socrates - ,,cleitophon - ,,polem>*us - ,,?rasyma*us ,yes1 said ,cleitophon1 int]pos+1 if y are all[$ to be 8 witness4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( any witness1 said ,polem>*us1 = ,?rasyma*us himself ackn[l$ges t rul]s may sometimes comm& :at is n = _! own int]e/1 & t = subjects to obey !m is ju/ice4 ,yes1 ,polem>*us1--,?rasyma*us said t = subjects to d :at 0 comm&$ by _! rul]s is j4 ,yes1 ,cleitophon1 b he also said t ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 &1 :ile admitt+ bo? ^! propositions1 he fur!r ackn[l$g$ t ! /rong] may comm& ! weak] :o are 8 subjects to d :at is n = 8 own int]e/2 :5ce foll[s t ju/ice is ! injury q z mu* z ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,b1 said ,cleitophon1 he meant by ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] :at ! /rong] ?\ght to be 8 int]e/1--?is 0 :at ! weak] _h to d2 & ?is 0 affirm$ by him to be ju/ice4 ,^? 7 n 8 words1 rejo9$ ,polem>*us4 ,,socrates - ,,?rasyma*us ,nev] m9d1 ,i repli$1 if he n[ says t !y are1 let u accept 8 /atem5t4 ,tell me1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 did y mean by ju/ice :at ! /rong] ?\ght to be 8 int]e/1 :e!r really s or n8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,d y suppose t ,i call him :o is mi/ak5 ! /rong] at ! "t :5 he is mi/ak58 ,yes1 ,i said1 my impression 0 t y did s1 :5 y admitt$ t ! rul] 0 n infallible b might be sometimes mi/ak54 ,y argue l an in=m]1 ,socrates4 ,d y mean1 = example1 t he :o is mi/ak5 ab\t ! sick is a physician 9 t he is mi/ak58 or t he :o errs 9 ari?metic or gramm> is an ari?metician or gramm>ian at ! me :5 he is mak+ ! mi/ake1 9 respect ( ! mi/ake8 ,true1 we say t ! physician or ari?metician or gramm>ian has made a mi/ake1 b ?is is only a way ( speak+2 = ! fact is t nei!r ! gramm>ian nor any o!r p]son ( skill ev] makes a mi/ake 9 s f> z he is :at 8 "n implies2 !y none ( !m err unless _! skill fails !m1 & !n !y cease to be skill$ arti/s4 ,no arti/ or sage or rul] errs at ! "t :5 he is :at 8 "n implies2 ?\gh he is commonly said to err1 & ,i adopt$ ! common mode ( speak+4 ,b to be p]fectly accurate1 s9ce y are su* a lov] ( accuracy1 we %\ld say t ! rul]1 9 s f> z he is ! rul]1 is un]r+1 &1 be+ un]r+1 always comm&s t :i* is = 8 own int]e/2 & ! subject is requir$ to execute 8 comm&s2 & !re=e1 z ,i said at fir/ & n[ repeat1 ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,inde$1 ,?rasyma*us1 & d ,i really appe> to y to argue l an in=m]8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& y suppose t ,i ask ^! que/ions ) any design ( injur+ y 9 ! argum5t8 ,nay1 he repli$1 'suppose' is n ! ^w--,i "k x2 b y w be f\nd out1 & by %e] =ce ( argum5t y w nev] prevail4 ,i %all n make ! attempt1 my de> man2 b to avoid any misund]/&+ occurr+ betwe5 u 9 future1 let me ask1 9 :at s5se d y speak ( a rul] or /rong] ^: int]e/1 z y 7 say+1 he be+ ! sup]ior1 x is j t ! inf]ior %\ld execute--is he a rul] 9 ! popul> or 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m8 ,9 ! /ricte/ ( all s5ses1 he said4 ,& n[ *eat & play ! in=m] if y c2 ,i ask no qu>t] at y\r h&s4 ,b y nev] w be able1 nev]4 ,& d y imag9e1 ,i said1 t ,i am su* a madman z to try & *eat1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,i might z well %ave a lion4 ,:y1 he said1 y made ! attempt a m9ute ago1 & y fail$4 ,en\gh1 ,i said1 ( ^! civilities4 ,x w be bett] t ,i %\ld ask y a "q3 ,is ! physician1 tak5 9 t /rict s5se ( :i* y are speak+1 a heal] ( ! sick or a mak] ( money8 ,& rememb] t ,i am n[ speak+ ( ! true physician4 ,a heal] ( ! sick1 he repli$4 ,& ! pilot--t is to say1 ! true pilot--is he a capta9 ( sailors or a m]e sailor8 ,a capta9 ( sailors4 ,! circum/ance t he sails 9 ! %ip is n to be tak5 into acc\nt2 nei!r is he to be call$ a sailor2 ! "n pilot by :i* he is di/+ui%$ has no?+ to d ) sail+1 b is significant ( 8 skill & ( 8 au?ority ov] ! sailors4 ,v true1 he said4 ,n[1 ,i said1 e art has an int]e/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,= :i* ! art has to consid] & provide8 ,yes1 t is ! aim ( art4 ,& ! int]e/ ( any art is ! p]fection ( x--?is & no?+ else8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean :at ,i may illu/rate negatively by ! example ( ! body4 ,suppose y 7 to ask me :e!r ! body is self-suffic+ or has wants1 ,i %\ld reply3 ,c]ta9ly ! body has wants2 = ! body may be ill & require to be cur$1 & has !re=e int]e/s to :i* ! art ( m$ic9e m9i/]s2 & ?is is ! orig9 & int5tion ( m$ic9e1 z y w ackn[l$ge4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,q "r1 he repli$4 ,b is ! art ( m$ic9e or any o!r art faulty or defici5t 9 any quality 9 ! same way t ! eye may be defici5t 9 sight or ! e> fail ( he>+1 & !re=e requires ano!r art to provide = ! int]e/s ( see+ & he>+--has art 9 itself1 ,i say1 any simil> liability to fault or defect1 & does e art require ano!r supplem5t>y art to provide = its int]e/s1 & t ano!r & ano!r )\t end8 ,or h ! arts to look only aft] _! own int]e/s8 ,or h !y no ne$ ei!r ( !mselves or ( ano!r8--hav+ no faults or defects1 !y h no ne$ to correct !m1 ei!r by ! ex]cise ( _! own art or ( any o!r2 !y h only to consid] ! int]e/ ( _! subject-matt]4 ,= e art rema9s pure & faultless :ile rema9+ true--t is to say1 :ile p]fect & unimpair$4 ,take ! words 9 y\r precise s5se1 & tell me :e!r ,i am n "r4 ,yes1 cle>ly4 ,!n m$ic9e does n consid] ! int]e/ ( m$ic9e1 b ! int]e/ ( ! body8 ,true1 he said4 ,nor does ! art ( horseman%ip consid] ! int]e/s ( ! art ( horseman%ip1 b ! int]e/s ( ! horse2 nei!r d any o!r arts c>e = !mselves1 = !y h no ne$s2 !y c>e only = t :i* is ! subject ( _! art8 ,true1 he said4 ,b surely1 ,?rasyma*us1 ! arts are ! sup]iors & rul]s ( _! own subjects8 ,to ?is he ass5t$ ) a good deal ( reluctance4 ,!n1 ,i said1 no sci5ce or art consid]s or enjo9s ! int]e/ ( ! /rong] or sup]ior1 b only ! int]e/ ( ! subject & weak]8 ,he made an attempt to conte/ ?is proposition also1 b f9ally acquiesc$4 ,!n1 ,i cont9u$1 no physician1 9 s f> z he is a physician1 consid]s 8 own good 9 :at he prescribes1 b ! good ( 8 pati5t2 = ! true physician is also a rul] hav+ ! human body z a subject1 & is n a m]e money-mak]2 t has be5 admitt$8 ,yes4 ,& ! pilot likewise1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 is a rul] ( sailors & n a m]e sailor8 ,t has be5 admitt$4 ,& su* a pilot & rul] w provide & prescribe = ! int]e/ ( ! sailor :o is "u him1 & n = 8 own or ! rul]'s int]e/8 ,he gave a reluctant ',yes4' ,!n1 ,i said1 ,?rasyma*us1 !re is no "o 9 any rule :o1 9 s f> z he is a rul]1 consid]s or enjo9s :at is = 8 own int]e/1 b always :at is = ! int]e/ ( 8 subject or suitable to 8 art2 to t he looks1 & t alone he consid]s 9 ev]y?+ :i* he says & does4 ,:5 we _h got to ?is po9t 9 ! argum5t1 & e "o saw t ! def9ition ( ju/ice _h be5 completely upset1 ,?rasyma*us1 in/ead ( reply+ to me1 said3 ,tell me1 ,socrates1 h y got a nurse8 ,:y d y ask su* a "q1 ,i said1 :5 y ought r to be answ]+8 ,because %e leaves y to snivel1 & nev] wipes y\r nose3 %e has n ev5 taught y to "k ! %eph]d f ! %eep4 ,:at makes y say t8 ,i repli$4 ,because y fancy t ! %eph]d or nea!rd fatt5s ( t5ds ! %eep or ox5 ) a view to _! own good & n to ! good ( himself or 8 ma/]2 & y fur!r imag9e t ! rul]s ( /ates1 if !y are true rul]s1 nev] ?9k ( _! subjects z %eep1 & t !y are n /udy+ _! own advantage day & night4 ,oh1 no2 & s entirely a/ray are y 9 y\r ideas ab\t ! j & unju/ z n ev5 to "k t ju/ice & ! j are 9 reality ano!r's good2 t is to say1 ! int]e/ ( ! rul] & /rong]1 & ! loss ( ! subject & s]vant2 & inju/ice ! opposite2 = ! unju/ is "l ov] ! truly simple & j3 he is ! /rong]1 & 8 subjects d :at is = 8 int]e/1 & m9i/] to 8 happ9ess1 :i* is v f> f be+ _! own4 ,consid] fur!r1 mo/ fooli% ,socrates1 t ! j is always a los] 9 comp>ison ) ! unju/4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 private contracts3 :]ev] ! unju/ is ! p>tn] ( ! j y w f9d t1 :5 ! p>tn]%ip is dissolv$1 ! unju/ man has always m & ! j less4 ,secondly1 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,/ate3 :5 !re is an income tax1 ! j man w pay m & ! unju/ less on ! same am\nt ( income2 & :5 !re is any?+ to be receiv$ ! "o ga9s no?+ & ! o!r mu*4 ,obs]ve also :at happ5s :5 !y take an (fice2 !re is ! j man neglect+ 8 affairs & p]haps suff]+ o!r losses1 & gett+ no?+ out ( ! public1 because he is j2 moreov] he is hat$ by 8 fri5ds & acqua9tance = refus+ to s]ve !m 9 unlawful ways4 ,b all ?is is rev]s$ 9 ! case ( ! unju/ man4 ,i am speak+1 z be=e1 ( inju/ice on a l>ge scale 9 :i* ! advantage ( ! unju/ is m app>5t2 & my mean+ w be mo/ cle>ly se5 if we turn to t highe/ =m ( inju/ice 9 :i* ! crim9al is ! happie/ ( m51 & ! suff]]s or ^? :o refuse to d inju/ice are ! mo/ mis]able--t is to say tyranny1 :i* by fraud & =ce takes away ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 n little by little b :olesale2 compreh5d+ 9 "o1 ?+s sacr$ z well z pr(ane1 private & public2 = :i* acts ( wrong1 if he 7 detect$ p]petrat+ any "o ( !m s+ly1 he w\ld be puni%$ & incur great disgrace--!y :o d su* wrong 9 p>ticul> cases are call$ robb]s ( temples1 & man-/eal]s & burgl>s & sw9dl]s & ?ieves4 ,b :5 a man besides tak+ away ! money ( ! citiz5s has made slaves ( !m1 !n1 in/ead ( ^! names ( reproa*1 he is t]m$ happy & bless$1 n only by ! citiz5s b by all :o he> ( 8 hav+ a*iev$ ! consummation ( inju/ice4 ,= mank9d c5sure inju/ice1 fe>+ t !y may be ! victims ( x & n because !y %r9k f committ+ x4 ,& ?us1 z ,i h %[n1 ,socrates1 inju/ice1 :5 on a suffici5t scale1 has m /r5g? & fre$om & ma/]y ?an ju/ice2 &1 z ,i said at fir/1 ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 :]eas inju/ice is a man's own pr(it & int]e/4 ,?rasyma*us1 :5 he _h ?us spok51 hav+1 l a ba?man1 delug$ our e>s ) 8 words1 _h a m9d to g away4 ,b ! company w\ld n let him2 !y insi/$ t he %\ld rema9 & def5d 8 position2 & ,i myself add$ my own humble reque/ t he w\ld n leave u4 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said to him1 excell5t man1 h[ sugge/ive are y\r rem>ks6 ,& are y go+ to run away be=e y h fairly taught or le>n$ :e!r !y are true or n8 ,is ! attempt to det]m9e ! way ( man's life s small a matt] 9 y\r eyes--to det]m9e h[ life may be pass$ by ea* "o ( u to ! greate/ advantage8 ,& d ,i diff] f y1 he said1 z to ! importance ( ! enquiry8 ,y appe> r1 ,i repli$1 to h no c>e or ?\ght ab\t u1 ,?rasyma*us--:e!r we live bett] or worse f n kn[+ :at y say y "k1 is to y a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,pri!e1 fri5d1 d n keep y\r k to y\rself2 we are a l>ge p>ty2 & any b5efit :i* y conf] ^u u w be amply rew>d$4 ,= my own "p ,i op5ly decl>e t ,i am n conv9c$1 & t ,i d n believe inju/ice to be m ga9ful ?an ju/ice1 ev5 if uncontroll$ & all[$ to h free play4 ,=1 grant+ t !re may be an unju/ man :o is able to commit inju/ice ei!r by fraud or =ce1 /ill ?is does n conv9ce me ( ! sup]ior advantage ( inju/ice1 & !re may be o!rs :o are 9 ! same pr$icam5t ) myself4 ,p]haps we may be wrong2 if s1 y 9 y\r wisdom %\ld conv9ce u t we are mi/ak5 9 pref]r+ ju/ice to inju/ice4 ,& h[ am ,i to conv9ce y1 he said1 if y are n already conv9c$ by :at ,i h j said2 :at m c ,i d = y8 ,w\ld y h me put ! pro( bodily into y\r s\ls8 ,heav5 =bid6 ,i said2 ,i w\ld only ask y to be consi/5t2 or1 if y *ange1 *ange op5ly & let !re be no deception4 ,= ,i mu/ rem>k1 ,?rasyma*us1 if y w recall :at 0 previ\sly said1 t al?\gh y began by def9+ ! true physician 9 an exact s5se1 y did n obs]ve a l exactness :5 speak+ ( ! %eph]d2 y ?\ght t ! %eph]d z a %eph]d t5ds ! %eep n ) a view to _! own good1 b l a m]e d9] or banquet] ) a view to ! pleasures ( ! table2 or1 aga91 z a trad] = sale 9 ! m>ket1 & n z a %eph]d4 ,yet surely ! art ( ! %eph]d is conc]n$ only ) ! good ( 8 subjects2 he has only to provide ! be/ = !m1 s9ce ! p]fection ( ! art is already ensur$ :5ev] all ! requirem5ts ( x are satisfi$4 ,& t 0 :at ,i 0 say+ j n[ ab\t ! rul]4 ,i conceiv$ t ! art ( ! rul]1 consid]$ z rul]1 :e!r 9 a /ate or 9 private life1 c\ld only reg>d ! good ( 8 flock or subjects2 :]eas y seem to ?9k t ! rul]s 9 /ates1 t is to say1 ! true rul]s1 l be+ 9 au?ority4 ,?9k6 ,nay1 ,i am sure ( x4 ,!n :y 9 ! case ( less] (fices d m5 nev] take !m will+ly )\t paym5t1 unless "u ! idea t !y gov]n = ! advantage n ( !mselves b ( o!rs8 ,let me ask y a "q3 ,are n ! sev]al arts diff]5t1 by reason ( _! ea* hav+ a sep>ate function8 ,&1 my de> illu/ri\s fri5d1 d say :at y ?9k1 t we may make a little progress4 ,yes1 t is ! diff]5ce1 he repli$4 ,& ea* art gives u a p>ticul> good & n m]ely a g5]al "o--m$ic9e1 = example1 gives u heal?2 navigation1 safety at sea1 & s on8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& ! art ( paym5t has ! special function ( giv+ pay3 b we d n confuse ?is ) o!r arts1 any m ?an ! art ( ! pilot is to be confus$ ) ! art ( m$ic9e1 because ! heal? ( ! pilot may be improv$ by a sea voyage4 ,y w\ld n be incl9$ to say1 w\ld y1 t navigation is ! art ( m$ic9e1 at lea/ if we are to adopt y\r exact use ( language8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or because a man is 9 good heal? :5 he receives pay y w\ld n say t ! art ( paym5t is m$ic9e8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,nor w\ld y say t m$ic9e is ! art ( receiv+ pay because a man takes fees :5 he is engag$ 9 heal+8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& we h admitt$1 ,i said1 t ! good ( ea* art is specially conf9$ to ! art8 ,yes4 ,!n1 if !re be any good :i* all arti/s h 9 common1 t is to be attribut$ to some?+ ( :i* !y all h ! common use8 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& :5 ! arti/ is b5efit$ by receiv+ pay ! advantage is ga9$ by an additional use ( ! art ( pay1 :i* is n ! art pr(ess$ by him8 ,he gave a reluctant ass5t to ?is4 ,!n ! pay is n d]iv$ by ! sev]al arti/s f _! respective arts4 ,b ! tru? is1 t :ile ! art ( m$ic9e gives heal?1 & ! art ( ! build] builds a h\se1 ano!r art att5ds !m :i* is ! art ( pay4 ,! v>i\s arts may be do+ _! own bus9ess & b5efit+ t ov] :i* !y preside1 b w\ld ! arti/ receive any b5efit f 8 art unless he 7 paid z well8 ,i suppose n4 ,b does he !re=e conf] no b5efit :5 he works = no?+8 ,c]ta9ly1 he conf]s a b5efit4 ,!n n[1 ,?rasyma*us1 !re is no long] any d\bt t nei!r arts nor gov]nm5ts provide = _! own int]e/s2 b1 z we 7 be=e say+1 !y rule & provide = ! int]e/s ( _! subjects :o are ! weak] & n ! /rong]--to _! good !y att5d & n to ! good ( ! sup]ior4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 my de> ,?rasyma*us1 :y1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 no "o is will+ to gov]n2 because no "o likes to take 9 h& ! re=mation ( evils :i* are n 8 conc]n )\t remun]ation4 ,=1 9 ! execution ( 8 "w1 & 9 giv+ 8 ord]s to ano!r1 ! true arti/ does n reg>d 8 own int]e/1 b always t ( 8 subjects2 & !re=e 9 ord] t rul]s may be will+ to rule1 !y mu/ be paid 9 "o ( ?ree modes ( paym5t3 money1 or hon\r1 or a p5alty = refus+4 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 said ,glaucon4 ,! fir/ two modes ( paym5t are intelligible en\gh1 b :at ! p5alty is ,i d n und]/&1 or h[ a p5alty c be a paym5t4 ,y mean t y d n und]/& ! nature ( ?is paym5t :i* to ! be/ m5 is ! great inducem5t to rule8 ,( c\rse y "k t ambition & av>ice are held to be1 z inde$ !y are1 a disgrace8 ,v true4 ,& = ?is reason1 ,i said1 money & hon\r h no attraction = !m2 good m5 d n wi% to be op5ly dem&+ paym5t = gov]n+ & s to get ! "n ( hirel+s1 nor by secretly help+ !mselves out ( ! public rev5ues to get ! "n ( ?ieves4 ,& n be+ ambiti\s !y d n c>e ab\t hon\r4 ,:]e=e necessity mu/ be laid ^u !m1 & !y mu/ be induc$ to s]ve f ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,& ?is1 z ,i imag9e1 is ! reason :y ! =w>dness to take (fice1 in/ead ( wait+ to be compell$1 has be5 deem$ di%on\rable4 ,n[ ! wor/ "p ( ! puni%m5t is t he :o refuses to rule is liable to be rul$ by "o :o is worse ?an himself4 ,& ! fe> ( ?is1 z ,i conceive1 induces ! good to take (fice1 n because !y w\ld1 b because !y _c help--n "u ! idea t !y are go+ to h any b5efit or enjoym5t !mselves1 b z a necessity1 & because !y are n able to commit ! task ( rul+ to any "o :o is bett] ?an !mselves1 or inde$ z good4 ,= !re is reason to ?9k t if a city 7 compos$ entirely ( good m51 !n to avoid (fice w\ld be z mu* an object ( cont5tion z to obta9 (fice is at pres5t2 !n we %\ld h pla9 pro( t ! true rul] is n meant by nature to reg>d 8 own int]e/1 b t ( 8 subjects2 & e "o :o knew ?is w\ld *oose r to receive a b5efit f ano!r ?an to h ! tr\ble ( conf]r+ "o4 ,s f> am ,i f agree+ ) ,?rasyma*us t ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4 ,?is latt] "q ne$ n be fur!r discuss$ at pres5t2 b :5 ,?rasyma*us says t ! life ( ! unju/ is m advantage\s ?an t ( ! j1 8 new /atem5t appe>s to me to be ( a f> m s]i\s "*4 ,:i* ( u has spok5 truly8 ,& :i* sort ( life1 ,glaucon1 d y pref]8 ,i = my "p deem ! life ( ! j to be ! m advantage\s1 he answ]$4 ,did y he> all ! advantages ( ! unju/ :i* ,?rasyma*us 0 rehe>s+8 ,yes1 ,i he>d him1 he repli$1 b he has n conv9c$ me4 ,!n %all we try to f9d "s way ( conv9c+ him1 if we c1 t he is say+ :at is n true8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,if1 ,i said1 he makes a set spee* & we make ano!r rec\nt+ all ! advantages ( be+ j1 & he answ]s & we rejo91 !re mu/ be a numb]+ & measur+ ( ! goods :i* are claim$ on ei!r side1 & 9 ! end we %all want judges to decide2 b if we proce$ 9 our enquiry z we lately did1 by mak+ admissions to "o ano!r1 we %all unite ! (fices ( judge & advocate 9 our own p]sons4 ,v good1 he said4 ,& :i* me?od d ,i und]/& y to pref]8 ,i said4 ,t :i* y propose4 ,well1 !n1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said1 suppose y beg9 at ! beg9n+ & answ] me4 ,y say t p]fect inju/ice is m ga9ful ?an p]fect ju/ice8 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon - ,,?rasyma*us ,yes1 t is :at ,i say1 & ,i h giv5 y my reasons4 ,& :at is y\r view ab\t !m8 ,w\ld y call "o ( !m virtue & ! o!r vice8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,i suppose t y w\ld call ju/ice virtue & inju/ice vice8 ,:at a *>m+ notion6 ,s likely too1 see+ t ,i affirm inju/ice to be pr(itable & ju/ice n4 ,:at else !n w\ld y say8 ,! opposite1 he repli$4 ,& w\ld y call ju/ice vice8 ,no1 ,i w\ld r say sublime simplicity4 ,!n w\ld y call inju/ice malignity8 ,no2 ,i w\ld r say discretion4 ,& d ! unju/ appe> to y to be wise & good8 ,yes1 he said2 at any rate ^? ( !m :o are able to be p]fectly unju/1 & :o h ! p[] ( subdu+ /ates & nations2 b p]haps y imag9e me to be talk+ ( cutpurses4 ,ev5 ?is pr(ession if undetect$ has advantages1 ?\gh !y are n to be comp>$ ) ^? ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i misappreh5d y\r mean+1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i repli$2 b /ill ,i _c he> )\t amazem5t t y class inju/ice ) wisdom & virtue1 & ju/ice ) ! opposite4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d s class !m4 ,n[1 ,i said1 y are on m sub/antial & almo/ unansw]able gr\nd2 = if ! inju/ice :i* y 7 ma9ta9+ to be pr(itable _h be5 admitt$ by y z by o!rs to be vice & de=mity1 an answ] might h be5 giv5 to y on receiv$ pr9ciples2 b n[ ,i p]ceive t y w call inju/ice hon\rable & /rong1 & to ! unju/ y w attribute all ! qualities :i* 7 attribut$ by u be=e to ! j1 see+ t y d n hesitate to rank inju/ice ) wisdom & virtue4 ,y h guess$ mo/ infallibly1 he repli$4 ,!n ,i c]ta9ly ought n to %r9k f go+ ?r\gh ) ! argum5t s long z ,i h reason to ?9k t y1 ,?rasyma*us1 are speak+ y\r real m9d2 = ,i d believe t y are n[ 9 e>ne/ & are n amus+ y\rself at our exp5se4 ,i may be 9 e>ne/ or n1 b :at is t to y8--to refute ! argum5t is y\r bus9ess4 ,v true1 ,i said2 t is :at ,i h to d3 ,b w y be s good z answ] yet "o m "q8 ,does ! j man try to ga9 any advantage ov] ! j8 ,f> o!rwise2 if he did w\ld n be ! simple1 amus+ creature :i* he is4 ,& w\ld he try to g beyond j action8 ,he w\ld n4 ,& h[ w\ld he reg>d ! attempt to ga9 an advantage ov] ! unju/2 w\ld t be consid]$ by him z j or unju/8 ,he w\ld ?9k x j1 & w\ld try to ga9 ! advantage2 b he w\ld n be able4 ,:e!r he w\ld or w\ld n be able1 ,i said1 is n to ! po9t4 ,my "q is only :e!r ! j man1 :ile refus+ to h m ?an ano!r j man1 w\ld wi% & claim to h m ?an ! unju/8 ,yes1 he w\ld4 ,& :at ( ! unju/--does he claim to h m ?an ! j man & to d m ?an is j4 ,( c\rse1 he said1 = he claims to h m ?an all m54 ,& ! unju/ man w /rive & /ruggle to obta9 m ?an ! unju/ man or action1 9 ord] t he may h m ?an all8 ,true4 ,we may put ! matt] ?us1 ,i said--! j does n desire m ?an 8 l b m ?an 8 unlike1 :]eas ! unju/ desires m ?an bo? 8 l & 8 unlike8 ,no?+1 he said1 c be bett] ?an t /atem5t4 ,& ! unju/ is good & wise1 & ! j is nei!r8 ,good aga91 he said4 ,& is n ! unju/ l ! wise & good & ! j unlike !m8 ,( c\rse1 he said1 he :o is ( a c]ta9 nature1 is l ^? :o are ( a c]ta9 nature2 he :o is n1 n4 ,ea* ( !m1 ,i said1 is su* z 8 l is8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,v good1 ,?rasyma*us1 ,i said2 & n[ to take ! case ( ! arts3 y w\ld admit t "o man is a musician & ano!r n a musician8 ,yes4 ,& :i* is wise & :i* is fooli%8 ,cle>ly ! musician is wise1 & he :o is n a musician is fooli%4 ,& he is good 9 z f> z he is wise1 & bad 9 z f> z he is fooli%8 ,yes4 ,& y w\ld say ! same sort ( ?+ ( ! physician8 ,yes4 ,& d y ?9k1 my excell5t fri5d1 t a musician :5 he adju/s ! lyre w\ld desire or claim to exce$ or g beyond a musician 9 ! tight5+ & loos5+ ! /r+s8 ,i d n ?9k t he w\ld4 ,b he w\ld claim to exce$ ! non-musician8 ,( c\rse4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! physician8 ,9 prescrib+ meats & dr9ks w\ld he wi% to g beyond ano!r physician or beyond ! practice ( m$ic9e8 ,he w\ld n4 ,b he w\ld wi% to g beyond ! non-physician8 ,yes4 ,& ab\t k & ignorance 9 g5]al2 see :e!r y ?9k t any man :o has k ev] w\ld wi% to h ! *oice ( say+ or do+ m ?an ano!r man :o has k4 ,w\ld he n r say or d ! same z 8 l 9 ! same case8 ,t1 ,i suppose1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,& :at ( ! ignorant8 w\ld he n desire to h m ?an ei!r ! kn[+ or ! ignorant8 ,i d>e say4 ,& ! kn[+ is wise8 ,yes4 ,& ! wise is good8 ,true4 ,!n ! wise & good w n desire to ga9 m ?an 8 l1 b m ?an 8 unlike & opposite8 ,i suppose s4 ,:]eas ! bad & ignorant w desire to ga9 m ?an bo?8 ,yes4 ,b did we n say1 ,?rasyma*us1 t ! unju/ goes beyond bo? 8 l & unlike8 ,7 n ^! y\r words8 ,!y 74 ,!y 74 ,& y also said t ! lu/ w n g beyond 8 l b 8 unlike8 ,yes4 ,!n ! j is l ! wise & good1 & ! unju/ l ! evil & ignorant8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,& ea* ( !m is su* z 8 l is8 ,t 0 admitt$4 ,!n ! j has turn$ out to be wise & good & ! unju/ evil & ignorant4 ,?rasyma*us made all ^! admissions1 n flu5tly1 z ,i repeat !m1 b ) extreme reluctance2 x 0 a hot summ]'s day1 & ! p]spiration p\r$ f him 9 torr5ts2 & !n ,i saw :at ,i _h nev] se5 be=e1 ,?rasyma*us blu%+4 ,z we 7 n[ agre$ t ju/ice 0 virtue & wisdom1 & inju/ice vice & ignorance1 ,i proce$$ to ano!r po9t3 ,well1 ,i said1 ,?rasyma*us1 t matt] is n[ settl$2 b 7 we n also say+ t inju/ice _h /r5g?2 d y rememb]8 ,yes1 ,i rememb]1 he said1 b d n suppose t ,i approve ( :at y are say+ or h no answ]2 if h[ev] ,i 7 to answ]1 y w\ld be q c]ta9 to accuse me ( h>angu+2 !re=e ei!r p]mit me to h my say out1 or if y w\ld r ask1 d s1 & ,i w answ] ',v good1' z !y say to /ory-tell+ old wom51 & w nod ',yes' & ',no4' ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i said1 if contr>y to y\r real op9ion4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i w1 to please y1 s9ce y w n let me speak4 ,:at else w\ld y h8 ,no?+ 9 ! _w1 ,i said2 & if y are s dispos$ ,i w ask & y %all answ]4 ,proce$4 ,!n ,i w repeat ! "q :i* ,i ask$ be=e1 9 ord] t our exam9ation ( ! relative nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice may be c>ri$ on regul>ly4 ,a /atem5t 0 made t inju/ice is /rong] & m p[]ful ?an ju/ice1 b n[ ju/ice1 hav+ be5 id5tifi$ ) wisdom & virtue1 is easily %[n to be /rong] ?an inju/ice1 if inju/ice is ignorance2 ?is c no long] be que/ion$ by any "o4 ,b ,i want to view ! matt]1 ,?rasyma*us1 9 a diff]5t way3 ,y w\ld n d5y t a /ate may be unju/ & may be unju/ly attempt+ to enslave o!r /ates1 or may h already enslav$ !m1 & may be hold+ _m ( !m 9 subjection8 ,true1 he repli$2 & ,i w add ! be/ & p]fectly unju/ /ate w be mo/ likely to d s4 ,i "k1 ,i said1 t su* 0 y\r position2 b :at ,i w\ld fur!r consid] is1 :e!r ?is p[] :i* is possess$ by ! sup]ior /ate c exi/ or be ex]cis$ )\t ju/ice4 ,if y are "r 9 y view1 & ju/ice is wisdom1 !n only ) ju/ice2 b if ,i am "r1 !n )\t ju/ice4 ,i am delight$1 ,?rasyma*us1 to see y n only nodd+ ass5t & diss5t1 b mak+ answ]s :i* are q excell5t4 ,t is out ( civility to y1 he repli$4 ,y are v k9d1 ,i said2 & w\ld y h ! goodness also to in=m me1 :e!r y ?9k t a /ate1 or an army1 or a b& ( robb]s & ?ieves1 or any o!r gang ( evil-do]s c\ld act at all if !y injur$ "o ano!r8 ,no inde$1 he said1 !y c\ld n4 ,b if !y ab/a9$ f injur+ "o ano!r1 !n !y might act toge!r bett]8 ,yes4 ,& ?is is because inju/ice creates divisions & hatr$s & fight+1 & ju/ice imp>ts h>mony & fri5d%ip2 is n t true1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,i agree1 he said1 because ,i d n wi% to qu>rel ) y4 ,h[ good ( y1 ,i said2 b ,i %\ld l to "k also :e!r inju/ice1 hav+ ?is t5d5cy to ar\se hatr$1 :]ev] exi/+1 among slaves or among freem51 w n make !m hate "o ano!r & set !m at v>iance & r5d] !m incapable ( common action8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ev5 if inju/ice be f\nd 9 two only1 w !y n qu>rel & fight1 & become enemies to "o ano!r & to ! j4 ,!y w4 ,& suppose inju/ice abid+ 9 a s+le p]son1 w\ld y\r wisdom say t %e loses or t %e reta9s h] natural p[]8 ,let u assume t %e reta9s h] p[]4 ,yet is n ! p[] :i* inju/ice ex]cises ( su* a nature t :]ev] %e takes up h] abode1 :e!r 9 a city1 9 an army1 9 a family1 or 9 any o!r body1 t body is1 to beg9 )1 r5d]$ incapable ( unit$ action by reason ( s$ition & di/raction2 & does x n become its own enemy & at v>iance ) all t opposes x1 & ) ! j8 ,is n ?is ! case8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& is n inju/ice equally fatal :5 exi/+ 9 a s+le p]son2 9 ! fir/ place r5d]+ him incapable ( action because he is n at unity ) himself1 & 9 ! second place mak+ him an enemy to himself & ! j8 ,is n t true1 ,?rasyma*us8 ,yes4 ,& ,o my fri5d1 ,i said1 surely ! gods are j8 ,grant$ t !y are4 ,b if s1 ! unju/ w be ! enemy ( ! gods1 & ! j w be _! fri5d8 ,fea/ away 9 triumph1 & take y\r fill ( ! argum5t2 ,i w n oppose y1 le/ ,i %\ld displease ! company4 ,well !n1 proce$ ) y\r answ]s1 & let me h ! rema9d] ( my repa/4 ,= we h already %[n t ! j are cle>ly wis] & bett] & abl] ?an ! unju/1 & t ! unju/ are incapable ( common action2 nay + at m1 t to speak z we did ( m5 :o are evil act+ at any "t vigor\sly toge!r1 is n /rictly true1 = if !y _h be5 p]fectly evil1 !y w\ld h laid h&s ^u "o ano!r2 b x is evid5t t !re mu/ h be5 "s remnant ( ju/ice 9 !m1 :i* enabl$ !m to comb9e2 if !re _h n be5 !y w\ld h injur$ "o ano!r z well z _! victims2 !y 7 b half--villa9s 9 _! ent]prises2 = _h !y be5 :ole villa9s1 & utt]ly unju/1 !y w\ld h be5 utt]ly incapable ( action4 ,t1 z ,i believe1 is ! tru? ( ! matt]1 & n :at y said at fir/4 ,b :e!r ! j h a bett] & happi] life ?an ! unju/ is a fur!r "q :i* we also propos$ to consid]4 ,i ?9k t !y h1 & = ! reasons :i* to h giv52 b /ill ,i %\ld l to exam9e fur!r1 = no light matt] is at /ake1 no?+ less ?an ! rule ( human life4 ,proce$4 ,i w proce$ by ask+ a "q3 ,w\ld y n say t a horse has "s end8 ,i %\ld4 ,& ! end or use ( a horse or ( any?+ w\ld be t :i* c\ld n be accompli%$1 or n s well accompli%$1 by any o!r ?+8 ,i d n und]/&1 he said4 ,let me expla93 ,c y see1 except ) ! eye8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or he>1 except ) ! e>8 ,no4 ,^! !n may be truly said to be ! ends ( ^! organs8 ,!y may4 ,b y c cut (f a v9e-bran* ) a dagg] or ) a *isel1 & 9 _m o!r ways8 ,( c\rse4 ,& yet n s well z ) a prun+-hook made = ! purpose8 ,true4 ,may we n say t ?is is ! end ( a prun+-hook8 ,we may4 ,!n n[ ,i ?9k y w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ my mean+ :5 ,i ask$ ! "q :e!r ! end ( any?+ w\ld be t :i* c\ld n be accompli%$1 or n s well accompli%$1 by any o!r ?+8 ,i und]/& y\r mean+1 he said1 & ass5t4 ,& t to :i* an end is appo9t$ has also an excell5ce8 ,ne$ ,i ask aga9 :e!r ! eye has an end8 ,x has4 ,& has n ! eye an excell5ce8 ,yes4 ,& ! e> has an end & an excell5ce also8 ,true4 ,& ! same is true ( all o!r ?+s2 !y h ea* ( !m an end & a special excell5ce8 ,t is s4 ,well1 & c ! eyes fulfil _! end if !y are want+ 9 _! own prop] excell5ce & h a defect in/ead8 ,h[ c !y1 he said1 if !y are bl9d & _c see8 ,y mean to say1 if !y h lo/ _! prop] excell5ce1 :i* is sight2 b ,i h n arriv$ at t po9t yet4 ,i w\ld r ask ! "q m g5]ally1 & only enquire :e!r ! ?+s :i* fulfil _! ends fulfil !m by _! own prop] excell5ce1 & fall ( fulfill+ !m by _! own defect8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,i might say ! same ( ! e>s2 :5 depriv$ ( _! own prop] excell5ce !y _c fulfil _! end8 ,true4 ,& ! same obs]vation w apply to all o!r ?+s8 ,i agree4 ,well2 & has n ! s\l an end :i* no?+ else c fulfil8 = example1 to sup]9t5d & comm& & delib]ate & ! l4 ,are n ^! functions prop] to ! s\l1 & c !y rightly be assign$ to any o!r8 ,to no o!r4 ,& is n life to be reckon$ among ! ends ( ! s\l8 ,assur$ly1 he said4 ,& has n ! s\l an excell5ce also8 ,yes4 ,& c %e or c %e n fulfil h] own ends :5 depriv$ ( t excell5ce8 ,%e _c4 ,!n an evil s\l mu/ necess>ily be an evil rul] & sup]9t5d5t1 & ! good s\l a good rul]8 ,yes1 necess>ily4 ,& we h admitt$ t ju/ice is ! excell5ce ( ! s\l1 & inju/ice ! defect ( ! s\l8 ,t has be5 admitt$4 ,!n ! j s\l & ! j man w live well1 & ! unju/ man w live ill8 ,t is :at y\r argum5t proves4 ,& he :o lives well is bless$ & happy1 & he :o lives ill ! rev]se ( happy8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! j is happy1 & ! unju/ mis]able8 ,s be x4 ,b happ9ess & n mis]y is pr(itable4 ,( c\rse4 ,!n1 my bless$ ,?rasyma*us1 inju/ice c nev] be m pr(itable ?an ju/ice4 ,let ?is1 ,socrates1 he said1 be y\r ent]ta9m5t at ! ,b5didea4 ,= :i* ,i am indebt$ to y1 ,i said1 n[ t y h gr[n g5tle t[>ds me & h left (f scold+4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h n be5 well ent]ta9$2 b t 0 my own fault & n y\rs4 ,z an epicure snat*es a ta/e ( e di% :i* is successively br\ght to table1 he n hav+ all[$ himself "t to enjoy ! "o be=e1 s h ,i gone f "o subject to ano!r )\t hav+ discov]$ :at ,i s\ght at fir/1 ! nature ( ju/ice4 ,i left t enquiry & turn$ away to consid] :e!r ju/ice is virtue & wisdom or evil & folly2 & :5 !re arose a fur!r "q ab\t ! comp>ative advantages ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ,i c\ld n refra9 f pass+ on to t4 ,& ! result ( ! :ole discussion has be5 t ,i "k no?+ at all4 ,= ,i "k n :at ju/ice is1 & !re=e ,i am n likely to "k :e!r x is or is n a virtue1 nor c ,i say :e!r ! j man is happy or unhappy4 ,,book ,,ii ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,,) ^! words ,i 0 ?9k+ t ,i _h made an end ( ! discussion2 b ! end1 9 tru?1 prov$ to be only a beg9n+4 ,= ,glaucon1 :o is always ! mo/ pugnaci\s ( m51 0 dissatisfi$ at ,?rasyma*us' retirem5t2 he want$ to h ! battle out4 ,s he said to me3 ,socrates1 d y wi% really to p]suade u1 or only to seem to h p]suad$ u1 t to be j is always bett] ?an to be unju/8 ,i %\ld wi% really to p]suade y1 ,i repli$1 if ,i c\ld4 ,!n y c]ta9ly h n succe$$4 ,let me ask y n[3--,h[ w\ld y arrange goods--are !re n "s :i* we welcome = _! own sakes1 & indep5d5tly ( _! consequ5ces1 z1 = example1 h>mless pleasures & enjoym5ts1 :i* delight u at ! "t1 al?\gh no?+ foll[s f !m8 ,i agree 9 ?9k+ t !re is su* a class1 ,i repli$4 ,is !re n also a second class ( goods1 su* z k1 sight1 heal?1 :i* are desirable n only 9 !mselves1 b also = _! results8 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i said4 ,& w\ld y n recognize a ?ird class1 su* z gymna/ic1 & ! c>e ( ! sick1 & ! physician's art2 also ! v>i\s ways ( money-mak+--^! d u good b we reg>d !m z disagreeable2 & no "o w\ld *oose !m = _! own sakes1 b only = ! sake ( "s rew>d or result :i* fl[s f !m8 ,!re is1 ,i said1 ?is ?ird class also4 ,b :y d y ask8 ,because ,i want to "k 9 :i* ( ! ?ree classes y w\ld place ju/ice8 ,9 ! highe/ class1 ,i repli$1--among ^? goods :i* he :o w\ld be happy desires bo? = _! own sake & = ! sake ( _! results4 ,!n ! _m are ( ano!r m9d2 !y ?9k t ju/ice is to be reckon$ 9 ! tr\blesome class1 among goods :i* are to be pursu$ = ! sake ( rew>ds & ( reputation1 b 9 !mselves are disagreeable & r to be avoid$4 ,i "k1 ,i said1 t ?is is _! mann] ( ?9k+1 & t ?is 0 ! !sis :i* ,?rasyma*us 0 ma9ta9+ j n[1 :5 he c5sur$ ju/ice & prais$ inju/ice4 ,b ,i am too /upid to be conv9c$ by him4 ,i wi%1 he said1 t y w\ld he> me z well z him1 & !n ,i %all see :e!r y & ,i agree4 ,= ,?rasyma*us seems to me1 l a snake1 to h be5 *>m$ by y\r voice soon] ?an he ought to h be52 b to my m9d ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice h n yet be5 made cle>4 ,sett+ aside _! rew>ds & results1 ,i want to "k :at !y are 9 !mselves1 & h[ !y inw>dly "w 9 ! s\l4 ,if y1 please1 !n1 ,i w revive ! argum5t ( ,?rasyma*us4 ,& fir/ ,i w speak ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice accord+ to ! common view ( !m4 ,secondly1 ,i w %[ t all m5 :o practise ju/ice d s aga9/ _! w1 ( necessity1 b n z a good4 ,& ?irdly1 ,i w argue t !re is reason 9 ?is view1 = ! life ( ! unju/ is aft] all bett] f> ?an ! life ( ! j--if :at !y say is true1 ,socrates1 s9ce ,i myself am n ( _! op9ion4 ,b /ill ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i am p]plex$ :5 ,i he> ! voices ( ,?rasyma*us & myriads ( o!rs d9n+ 9 my e>s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h nev] yet he>d ! sup]iority ( ju/ice to inju/ice ma9ta9$ by any "o 9 a satisfactory way4 ,i want to he> ju/ice prais$ 9 respect ( itself2 !n ,i %all be satisfi$1 & y are ! p]son f :om ,i ?9k t ,i am mo/ likely to he> ?is2 & !re=e ,i w praise ! unju/ life to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 & my mann] ( speak+ w indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ,i desire to he> y too prais+ ju/ice & c5sur+ inju/ice4 ,w y say :e!r y approve ( my proposal8 ,inde$ ,i d2 nor c ,i imag9e any !me ab\t :i* a man ( s5se w\ld (t5] wi% to conv]se4 ,i am delight$1 he repli$1 to he> y say s1 & %all beg9 by speak+1 z ,i propos$1 ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice4 ,,glaucon ,!y say t to d inju/ice is1 by nature1 good2 to suff] inju/ice1 evil2 b t ! evil is great] ?an ! good4 ,& s :5 m5 h bo? done & suff]$ inju/ice & h _h exp]i5ce ( bo?1 n be+ able to avoid ! "o & obta9 ! o!r1 !y ?9k t !y _h bett] agree among !mselves to h nei!r2 h5ce !re arise laws & mutual cov5ants2 & t :i* is orda9$ by law is t]m$ by !m lawful & j4 ,?is !y affirm to be ! orig9 & nature ( ju/ice2--x is a mean or compromise1 betwe5 ! be/ ( all1 :i* is to d inju/ice & n be puni%$1 & ! wor/ ( all1 :i* is to suff] inju/ice )\t ! p[] ( retaliation2 & ju/ice1 be+ at a middle po9t betwe5 ! two1 is tol]at$ n z a good1 b z ! less] evil1 & hon\r$ by reason ( ! inability ( m5 to d inju/ice4 ,= no man :o is wor?y to be call$ a man w\ld ev] submit to su* an agreem5t if he 7 able to resi/2 he w\ld be mad if he did4 ,su* is ! receiv$ acc\nt1 ,socrates1 ( ! nature & orig9 ( ju/ice4 ,n[ t ^? :o practise ju/ice d s involunt>ily & because !y h n ! p[] to be unju/ w be/ appe> if we imag9e some?+ ( ?is k9d3 hav+ giv5 bo? to ! j & ! unju/ p[] to d :at !y w1 let u wat* & see :i!r desire w lead !m2 !n we %all discov] 9 ! v act ! j & unju/ man to be proce$+ along ! same road1 foll[+ _! int]e/1 :i* all natures deem to be _! good1 & are only div]t$ into ! pa? ( ju/ice by ! =ce ( law4 ,! lib]ty :i* we are suppos+ may be mo/ completely giv5 to !m 9 ! =m ( su* a p[] z is said to h be5 possess$ by ,gyges ! ance/or ( ,croesus ! ,lydian4 ,accord+ to ! tradition1 ,gyges 0 a %eph]d 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ ( ,lydia2 !re 0 a great /orm1 & an e>?quake made an op5+ 9 ! e>? at ! place :]e he 0 fe$+ 8 flock4 ,amaz$ at ! sight1 he desc5d$ into ! op5+1 :]e1 among o!r m>vels1 he beheld a holl[ braz5 horse1 hav+ doors1 at :i* he /oop+ & look+ 9 saw a dead body ( /ature1 z appe>$ to him1 m ?an human1 & hav+ no?+ on b a gold r+2 ?is he took f ! f+] ( ! dead & reasc5d$4 ,n[ ! %eph]ds met toge!r1 accord+ to cu/om1 t !y might s5d _! mon?ly report ab\t ! flocks to ! k+2 into _! assembly he came hav+ ! r+ on 8 f+]1 & z he 0 sitt+ among !m he *anc$ to turn ! collet ( ! r+ inside 8 h&1 :5 in/antly he became invisible to ! re/ ( ! company & !y began to speak ( him z if he 7 no long] pres5t4 ,he 0 a/oni%$ at ?is1 & aga9 t\*+ ! r+ he turn$ ! collet outw>ds & reappe>$2 he made sev]al trials ( ! r+1 & always ) ! same result-:5 he turn$ ! collet inw>ds he became invisible1 :5 outw>ds he reappe>$4 ,:]eupon he contriv$ to be *os5 "o ( ! mess5g]s :o 7 s5t to ! c\rt2 :]e z soon z he arriv$ he s$uc$ ! que51 & ) h] help conspir$ aga9/ ! k+ & slew him1 & took ! k+dom4 ,suppose n[ t !re 7 two su* magic r+s1 & ! j put on "o ( !m & ! unju/ ! o!r2 no man c be imag9$ to be ( su* an iron nature t he w\ld /& fa/ 9 ju/ice4 ,no man w\ld keep 8 h&s (f :at 0 n 8 own :5 he c\ld safely take :at he lik$ out ( ! m>ket1 or g into h\ses & lie ) any "o at 8 pleasure1 or kill or release f prison :om he w\ld1 & 9 all respects be l a ,god among m54 ,!n ! actions ( ! j w\ld be z ! actions ( ! unju/2 !y w\ld bo? come at la/ to ! same po9t4 ,& ?is we may truly affirm to be a great pro( t a man is j1 n will+ly or because he ?9ks t ju/ice is any good to him individually1 b ( necessity1 = :]ev] any "o ?9ks t he c safely be unju/1 !re he is unju/4 ,= all m5 believe 9 _! he>ts t inju/ice is f> m pr(itable to ! individual ?an ju/ice1 & he :o argues z ,i h be5 suppos+1 w say t !y are "r4 ,if y c\ld imag9e any "o obta9+ ?is p[] ( becom+ invisible1 & nev] do+ any wrong or t\*+ :at 0 ano!r's1 he w\ld be ?\ght by ! look]s-on to be a mo/ wret*$ idiot1 al?\gh !y w\ld praise him to "o ano!r's faces1 & keep up appe>ances ) "o ano!r f a fe> t !y too might suff] inju/ice4 ,en\gh ( ?is4 ,n[1 if we are to =m a real judgm5t ( ! life ( ! j & unju/1 we mu/ isolate !m2 !re is no o!r way2 & h[ is ! isolation to be effect$8 ,i answ]3 ,let ! unju/ man be entirely unju/1 & ! j man entirely j2 no?+ is to be tak5 away f ei!r ( !m1 & bo? are to be p]fectly furni%$ = ! "w ( _! respective lives4 ,fir/1 let ! unju/ be l o!r di/+ui%$ ma/]s ( craft2 l ! skilful pilot or physician1 :o kn[s intuitively 8 own p[]s & keeps )9 _! limits1 & :o1 if he fails at any po9t1 is able to recov] himself4 ,s let ! unju/ make 8 unju/ attempts 9 ! "r way1 & lie hidd5 if he means to be great 9 8 inju/ice 7he :o is f\nd out is nobody73 = ! highe/ rea* ( inju/ice is3 to be deem$ j :5 y are n4 ,!re=e ,i say t 9 ! p]fectly unju/ man we mu/ assume ! mo/ p]fect inju/ice2 !re is to be no d$uction1 b we mu/ all[ him1 :ile do+ ! mo/ unju/ acts1 to h acquir$ ! greate/ reputation = ju/ice4 ,if he h tak5 a false /ep he mu/ be able to recov] himself2 he mu/ be "o :o c speak ) effect1 if any ( 8 de$s come to light1 & :o c =ce 8 way :]e =ce is requir$ 8 c\rage & /r5g?1 & comm& ( money & fri5ds4 ,& at 8 side let u place ! j man 9 8 nobl5ess & simplicity1 wi%+1 z ,aes*ylus says1 to be & n to seem good4 ,!re mu/ be no seem+1 = if he seem to be j he w be hon\r$ & rew>d$1 & !n we %all n "k :e!r he is j = ! sake ( ju/ice or = ! sake ( hon\rs & rew>ds2 !re=e1 let him be clo!d 9 ju/ice only1 & h no o!r cov]+2 & he mu/ be imag9$ 9 a /ate ( life ! opposite ( ! =m]4 ,let him be ! be/ ( m51 & let him be ?\ght ! wor/2 !n he w h be5 put to ! pro(2 & we %all see :e!r he w be affect$ by ! fe> ( infamy & its consequ5ces4 ,& let him cont9ue ?us to ! h\r ( dea?2 be+ j & seem+ to be unju/4 ,:5 bo? h rea*$ ! utt]mo/ extreme1 ! "o ( ju/ice & ! o!r ( inju/ice1 let judgm5t be giv5 :i* ( !m is ! happi] ( ! two4 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,heav5s6 my de> ,glaucon1 ,i said1 h[ en]getically y poli% !m up = ! decision1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r1 z if !y 7 two /atues4 ,i d my be/1 he said4 ,& n[ t we "k :at !y are l !re is no difficulty 9 trac+ out ! sort ( life :i* awaits ei!r ( !m4 ,?is ,i w proce$ to describe2 b z y may ?9k ! description a little too co>se1 ,i ask y to suppose1 ,socrates1 t ! words :i* foll[ are n m9e4-- ,let me put !m into ! m\?s ( ! eulogi/s ( inju/ice3 ,!y w tell y t ! j man :o is ?\ght unju/ w be sc\rg$1 rack$1 b\nd--w h 8 eyes burnt out2 &1 at la/1 aft] suff]+ e k9d ( evil1 he w be impal$3 ,!n he w und]/& t he ought to seem only1 & n to be1 j2 ! words ( ,aes*ylus may be m truly spok5 ( ! unju/ ?an ( ! j4 ,= ! unju/ is pursu+ a reality2 he does n live ) a view to appe>ances--he wants to be really unju/ & n to seem only3-- ,8 m9d has a soil deep & f]tile1 ,out ( :i* spr+ 8 prud5t c\nsels4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is ?\ght j1 & !re=e be>s rule 9 ! city2 he c m>ry :om he w1 & give 9 m>riage to :om he w2 also he c trade & deal :]e he likes1 & always to 8 own advantage1 because he has no misgiv+s ab\t inju/ice & at e conte/1 :e!r 9 public or private1 he gets ! bett] ( 8 antagoni/s1 & ga9s at _! exp5se1 & is ri*1 & out ( 8 ga9s he c b5efit 8 fri5ds1 & h>m 8 enemies2 moreov]1 he c (f] sacrifices1 & d$icate gifts to ! gods abundantly & magnific5tly1 & c hon\r ! gods or any man :om he wants to hon\r 9 a f> bett] /yle ?an ! j1 & !re=e he is likely to be de>] ?an !y are to ! gods4 ,& ?us1 ,socrates1 gods & m5 are said to unite 9 mak+ ! life ( ! unju/ bett] ?an ! life ( ! j4 ,,adeimantus - ,,socrates ,i 0 go+ to say some?+ 9 answ] to ,glaucon1 :5 ,adeimantus1 8 bro!r1 int]pos$3 ,socrates1 he said1 y d n suppose t !re is no?+ m to be urg$8 ,:y1 :at else is !re8 ,i answ]$4 ,! /ronge/ po9t ( all has n be5 ev5 m5tion$1 he repli$4 ,well1 !n1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ',let bro!r help bro!r'--if he fails 9 any "p d y assi/ him2 al?\gh ,i mu/ confess t ,glaucon has already said q en\gh to lay me 9 ! du/1 & take f me ! p[] ( help+ ju/ice4 ,,adeimantus ,nons5se1 he repli$4 ,b let me add some?+ m3 ,!re is ano!r side to ,glaucon's argum5t ab\t ! praise & c5sure ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 :i* is equally requir$ 9 ord] to br+ out :at ,i believe to be 8 mean+4 ,p>5ts & tutors are always tell+ _! sons & _! w>ds t !y are to be j2 b :y8 n = ! sake ( ju/ice1 b = ! sake ( "* & reputation2 9 ! hope ( obta9+ = him :o is reput$ j "s ( ^? (fices1 m>riages1 & ! l :i* ,glaucon has enum]at$ among ! advantages accru+ to ! unju/ f ! reputation ( ju/ice4 ,m1 h[ev]1 is made ( appe>ances by ?is class ( p]sons ?an by ! o!rs2 = !y ?r[ 9 ! good op9ion ( ! gods1 & w tell y ( a %[] ( b5efits :i* ! heav5s1 z !y say1 ra9 ^u ! pi\s2 & ?is accords ) ! te/imony ( ! noble ,hesiod & ,hom]1 ! fir/ ( :om says1 t ! gods make ! oaks ( ! j-- ,to he> acorns at _! summit1 & bees ,i ! middle2 ,& ! %eep ! b[$ d[n b[$ ! ) ! _! fleeces4 & _m o!r bless+s ( a l k9d are provid$ = !m4 ,& ,hom] has a v simil> /ra92 = he speaks ( "o ^: fame is-- ,z ! fame ( "s blameless k+ :o1 l a god1 ,ma9ta9s ju/ice to :om ! black e>? br+s =? ,:eat & b>ley1 ^: trees are b[$ ) fruit1 ,& 8 %eep nev] fail to be>1 & ! sea gives him fi%4 ,/ill gr&] are ! gifts ( heav5 :i* ,musaeus & 8 son v\*safe to ! j2 !y take !m d[n into ! _w bel[1 :]e !y h ! sa9ts ly+ on c\*es at a fea/1 ev]la/+ly drunk1 cr[n$ ) g>l&s2 _! idea seems to be t an immortality ( drunk5ness is ! highe/ me$ ( virtue4 ,"s ext5d _! rew>ds yet fur!r2 ! po/]ity1 z !y say1 ( ! fai?ful & j %all survive to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,?is is ! /yle 9 :i* !y praise ju/ice4 ,b ab\t ! wick$ !re is ano!r /ra92 !y bury !m 9 a sl\gh 9 ,hades1 & make !m c>ry wat] 9 a sieve2 also :ile !y are yet liv+ !y br+ !m to infamy1 & inflict ^u !m ! puni%m5ts :i* ,glaucon describ$ z ! portion ( ! j :o are reput$ to be unju/2 no?+ else does _! inv5tion supply4 ,su* is _! mann] ( prais+ ! "o & c5sur+ ! o!r4 ,once m1 ,socrates1 ,i w ask y to consid] ano!r way ( speak+ ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 :i* is n conf9$ to ! poets1 b is f\nd 9 prose writ]s4 ,! univ]sal voice ( mank9d is always decl>+ t ju/ice & virtue are hon\rable1 b griev\s & toilsome2 & t ! pleasures ( vice & inju/ice are easy ( atta9m5t1 & are only c5sur$ by law & op9ion4 ,!y say also t hone/y is = ! mo/ "p less pr(itable ?an di%one/y2 & !y are q ready to call wick$ m5 happy1 & to hon\r !m bo? 9 public & private :5 !y are ri* or 9 any o!r way influ5tial1 :ile !y despise & ov]look ^? :o may be weak & poor1 ev5 ?\gh ackn[l$g+ !m to be bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,b mo/ extraord9>y ( all is _! mode ( speak+ ab\t virtue & ! gods3 !y say t ! gods apportion calamity & mis]y to _m good m51 & good & happ9ess to ! wick$4 ,& m5dicant prophets g to ri* m5's doors & p]suade !m t !y h a p[] committ$ to !m by ! gods ( mak+ an atonem5t = a man's own or 8 ance/or's s9s by sacrifices or *>ms1 ) rejoic+s & fea/s2 & !y promise to h>m an enemy1 :e!r j or unju/1 at a small co/2 ) magic arts & incantations b9d+ heav51 z !y say1 to execute _! w4 ,& ! poets are ! au?orities to :om !y appeal1 n[ smoo?+ ! pa? ( vice ) ! words ( ,hesiod2-- ,vice may be _h 9 abundance )\t tr\ble2 ! way is smoo? & h] dwell+-place is ne>4 ,b be=e virtue ! gods h set toil1 & a t$i\s & uphill road3 !n cit+ ,hom] z a witness t ! gods may be influ5c$ by m52 = he also says3 ,! gods1 too1 may he turn$ f _! purpose2 & m5 pray to !m & av]t _! wra? by sacrifices & soo?+ entreaties1 & by libations & ! od\r ( fat1 :5 !y h s9n$ & transgress$4 ,& !y produce a ho/ ( books writt5 by ,musaeus & ,orpheus1 :o 7 *ildr5 ( ! ,moon & ! ,muses--t is :at !y say--accord+ to :i* !y p]=m _! ritual1 & p]suade n only individuals1 b :ole cities1 t expiations & atonem5ts = s9 may be made by sacrifices & amusem5ts :i* fill a vacant h\r1 & are equally at ! s]vice ( ! liv+ & ! dead2 ! latt] sort !y call my/]ies1 & !y r$eem u f ! pa9s ( hell1 b if we neglect !m no "o kn[s :at awaits u4 ,he proce$$3 ,& n[ :5 ! "y he> all ?is said ab\t virtue & vice1 & ! way 9 :i* gods & m5 reg>d !m1 h[ are _! m9ds likely to be affect$1 my de> ,socrates1--^? ( !m1 ,i mean1 :o are quickwitt$1 &1 l bees on ! w+1 light on e fl[]1 & f all t !y he> are prone to draw conclusions z to :at mann] ( p]sons !y %\ld be & 9 :at way !y %\ld walk if !y w\ld make ! be/ ( life8 ,probably ! y\? w say to himself 9 ! words ( ,p9d>-- ,c ,i by ju/ice or by crook$ ways ( deceit asc5d a l(ti] t[] :i* may he a =tress to me all my days8 ,= :at m5 say is t1 if ,i am really j & am n also ?\ght j pr(it !re is none1 b ! pa9 & loss on ! o!r h& are unmi/akable4 ,b if1 ?\gh unju/1 ,i acquire ! reputation ( ju/ice1 a heav5ly life is promis$ to me4 ,s9ce !n1 z philosoph]s prove1 appe>ance tyrannizes ov] tru? & is "l ( happ9ess1 to appe>ance ,i mu/ devote myself4 ,i w describe ar\nd me a picture & %ad[ ( virtue to be ! ve/ibule & ext]ior ( my h\se2 beh9d ,i w trail ! subtle & crafty fox1 z ,ar*ilo*us1 greate/ ( sages1 recomm5ds4 ,b ,i he> "s "o exclaim+ t ! concealm5t ( wick$ness is (t5 difficult2 to :i* ,i answ]1 ,no?+ great is easy4 ,nev]!less1 ! argum5t indicates ?is1 if we w\ld be happy1 to be ! pa? along :i* we %\ld proce$4 ,) a view to concealm5t we w e/abli% secret bro!rhoods & political clubs4 ,& !re are pr(essors ( rhetoric :o tea* ! art ( p]suad+ c\rts & assemblies2 & s1 p>tly by p]suasion & p>tly by =ce1 ,i %all make unlawful ga9s & n be puni%$4 ,/ill ,i he> a voice say+ t ! gods _c be deceiv$1 nei!r c !y be compell$4 ,b :at if !re are no gods8 or1 suppose !m to h no c>e ( human ?+s--:y 9 ei!r case %\ld we m9d ab\t concealm5t8 ,& ev5 if !re are gods1 & !y d c>e ab\t u1 yet we "k ( !m only f tradition & ! g5ealogies ( ! poets2 & ^! are ! v p]sons :o say t !y may be influ5c$ & turn$ by 'sacrifices & soo?+ entreaties & by (f]+s4' ,let u be consi/5t !n1 & believe bo? or nei!r4 ,if ! poets speak truly1 :y !n we _h bett] be unju/1 & (f] ( ! fruits ( inju/ice2 = if we are j1 al?\gh we may escape ! v5geance ( heav51 we %all lose ! ga9s ( inju/ice2 b1 if we are unju/1 we %all keep ! ga9s1 & by our s9n+ & pray+1 & pray+ & s9n+1 ! gods w be propitiat$1 & we %all n be puni%$4 ',b !re is a _w bel[ 9 :i* ei!r we or our po/]ity w suff] = our unju/ de$s4' ,yes1 my fri5d1 w be ! reflection1 b !re are my/]ies & aton+ deities1 & ^! h great p[]4 ,t is :at mighty cities decl>e2 & ! *ildr5 ( ! gods1 :o 7 _! poets & prophets1 be> a l te/imony4 ,on :at pr9ciple1 !n1 %all we any long] *oose ju/ice r ?an ! wor/ inju/ice8 :51 if we only unite ! latt] ) a deceitful reg>d to appe>ances1 we %all f>e to our m9d bo? ) gods & m51 9 life & aft] dea?1 z ! mo/ num]\s & ! highe/ au?orities tell u4 ,kn[+ all ?is1 ,socrates1 h[ c a man :o has any sup]iority ( m9d or p]son or rank or weal?1 be will+ to hon\r ju/ice2 or inde$ to refra9 f laugh+ :5 he he>s ju/ice prais$8 ,& ev5 if !re %\ld be "s "o :o is able to disprove ! tru? ( my words1 & :o is satisfi$ t ju/ice is be/1 /ill he is n angry ) ! unju/1 b is v ready to =give !m1 because he also kn[s t m5 are n j ( _! own free w2 unless1 p]adv5ture1 !re be "s "o :om ! div9ity )9 him may h inspir$ ) a hatr$ ( inju/ice1 or :o has atta9$ k ( ! tru?--b no o!r man4 ,he only blames inju/ice :o1 ow+ to c[>dice or age or "s weakness1 has n ! p[] ( be+ unju/4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! fact t :5 he obta9s ! p[]1 he imm$iately becomes unju/ z f> z he c be4 ,! cause ( all ?is1 ,socrates1 0 indicat$ by u at ! beg9n+ ( ! argum5t1 :5 my bro!r & ,i told y h[ a/oni%$ we 7 to f9d t ( all ! pr(ess+ panegyri/s ( ju/ice--beg9n+ ) ! anci5t h]oes ( :om any memorial has be5 pres]v$ to u1 & end+ ) ! m5 ( our own "t--no "o has ev] blam$ inju/ice or prais$ ju/ice except ) a view to ! glories1 hon\rs1 & b5efits :i* fl[ f !m4 ,no "o has ev] adequately describ$ ei!r 9 v]se or prose ! true ess5tial nature ( ei!r ( !m abid+ 9 ! s\l1 & invisible to any human or div9e eye2 or %[n t ( all ! ?+s ( a man's s\l :i* he has )9 him1 ju/ice is ! greate/ good1 & inju/ice ! greate/ evil4 ,_h ?is be5 ! univ]sal /ra91 _h y s\ght to p]suade u ( ?is f our y\? upw>ds1 we %\ld n h be5 on ! wat* to keep "o ano!r f do+ wrong1 b e "o w\ld h be5 8 own wat*man1 because afraid1 if he did wrong1 ( h>b\r+ 9 himself ! greate/ ( evils4 ,i d>e say t ,?rasyma*us & o!rs w\ld s]i\sly hold ! language :i* ,i h be5 m]ely repeat+1 & words ev5 /rong] ?an ^! ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 grossly1 z ,i conceive1 p]v]t+ _! true nature4 ,b ,i speak 9 ?is vehem5t mann]1 z ,i mu/ frankly confess to y1 because ,i want to he> f y ! opposite side2 & ,i w\ld ask y to %[ n only ! sup]iority :i* ju/ice has ov] inju/ice1 b :at effect !y h on ! possessor ( !m :i* makes ! "o to be a good & ! o!r an evil to him4 ,& please1 z ,glaucon reque/$ ( y1 to exclude reputations2 = unless y take away f ea* ( !m 8 true reputation & add on ! false1 we %all say t y d n praise ju/ice1 b ! appe>ance ( x2 we %all ?9k t y are only exhort+ u to keep inju/ice d>k1 & t y really agree ) ,?rasyma*us 9 ?9k+ t ju/ice is ano!r's good & ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 & t inju/ice is a man's own pr(it & int]e/1 ?\gh injuri\s to ! weak]4 ,n[ z y h admitt$ t ju/ice is "o ( t highe/ class ( goods :i* are desir$ inde$ = _! results1 b 9 a f> great] degree = _! own sakes--l sight or he>+ or k or heal?1 or any o!r real & natural & n m]ely conv5tional good--,i w\ld ask y 9 y\r praise ( ju/ice to reg>d "o po9t only3 ,i mean ! ess5tial good & evil :i* ju/ice & inju/ice "w 9 ! possessors ( !m4 ,let o!rs praise ju/ice & c5sure inju/ice1 magnify+ ! rew>ds & hon\rs ( ! "o & abus+ ! o!r2 t is a mann] ( argu+ :i*1 com+ f !m1 ,i am ready to tol]ate1 b f y :o h sp5t y\r :ole life 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is "q1 unless ,i he> ! contr>y f y\r own lips1 ,i expect some?+ bett]4 ,& !re=e1 ,i say1 n only prove to u t ju/ice is bett] ?an inju/ice1 b %[ :at !y ei!r ( !m d to ! possessor ( !m1 :i* makes ! "o to be a good & ! o!r an evil1 :e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m54 ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,i _h always admir$ ! g5ius ( ,glaucon & ,adeimantus1 b on he>+ ^! words ,i 0 q delight$1 & said3 ,sons ( an illu/ri\s fa!r1 t 0 n a bad beg9n+ ( ! ,elegiac v]ses :i* ! admir] ( ,glaucon made 9 hon\r ( y aft] y _h di/+ui%$ y\rselves at ! battle ( ,meg>a3-- ',sons ( ,ari/on1' he sang1 'div9e (fspr+ ( an illu/ri\s h]o4' ,! epi!t is v appropriate1 = !re is some?+ truly div9e 9 be+ able to argue z y h done = ! sup]iority ( inju/ice1 & rema9+ unconv9c$ by y\r own argum5ts4 ,& ,i d believe t y are n conv9c$--?is ,i inf] f y\r g5]al "*1 = _h ,i judg$ only f y\r spee*es ,i %\ld h mi/ru/$ y4 ,b n[1 ! great] my confid5ce 9 y1 ! great] is my difficulty 9 kn[+ :at to say4 ,= ,i am 9 a /rait betwe5 two2 on ! "o h& ,i feel t ,i am unequal to ! task2 & my inability is br\ght home to me by ! fact t y 7 n satisfi$ ) ! answ] :i* ,i made to ,?rasyma*us1 prov+1 z ,i ?\ght1 ! sup]iority :i* ju/ice has ov] inju/ice4 ,& yet ,i _c refuse to help1 :ile brea? & spee* rema9 to me2 ,i am afraid t !re w\ld be an impiety 9 be+ pres5t :5 ju/ice is evil spok5 ( & n lift+ up a h& 9 h] def5ce4 ,& !re=e ,i _h be/ give su* help z ,i c4 ,glaucon & ! re/ entreat$ me by all means n to let ! "q drop1 b to proce$ 9 ! inve/igation4 ,!y want$ to arrive at ! tru?1 fir/1 ab\t ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 & secondly1 ab\t _! relative advantages4 ,i told !m1 :at ,i really ?\ght1 t ! enquiry w\ld be ( a s]i\s nature1 & w\ld require v good eyes4 ,see+ !n1 ,i said1 t we are no great wits1 ,i ?9k t we _h bett] adopt a me?od :i* ,i may illu/rate ?us2 suppose t a %ort-sight$ p]son _h be5 ask$ by "s "o to read small lett]s f a di/ance2 & x occurr$ to "s "o else t !y might be f\nd 9 ano!r place :i* 0 l>g] & 9 :i* ! lett]s 7 l>g]--if !y 7 ! same & he c\ld read ! l>g] lett]s fir/1 & !n proce$ to ! less]--?is w\ld h be5 ?\ght a r>e piece ( good =tune4 ,v true1 said ,adeimantus2 b h[ does ! illu/ration apply to our enquiry8 ,i w tell y1 ,i repli$2 ju/ice1 :i* is ! subject ( our enquiry1 is1 z y "k1 sometimes spok5 ( z ! virtue ( an individual1 & sometimes z ! virtue ( a ,/ate4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& is n a ,/ate l>g] ?an an individual8 ,x is4 ,!n 9 ! l>g] ! quantity ( ju/ice is likely to be l>g] & m easily disc]nible4 ,i propose !re=e t we enquire into ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 fir/ z !y appe> 9 ! ,/ate1 & secondly 9 ! individual1 proce$+ f ! great] to ! less] & comp>+ !m4 ,t1 he said1 is an excell5t proposal4 ,& if we imag9e ! ,/ate 9 process ( creation1 we %all see ! ju/ice & inju/ice ( ! ,/ate 9 process ( creation also4 ,i d>e say4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is complet$ !re may be a hope t ! object ( our se>* w be m easily discov]$4 ,yes1 f> m easily4 ,b ought we to attempt to con/ruct "o8 ,i said2 = to d s1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 w be a v s]i\s task4 ,reflect !re=e4 ,i h reflect$1 said ,adeimantus1 & am anxi\s t y %\ld proce$4 ,a ,/ate1 ,i said1 arises1 z ,i conceive1 out ( ! ne$s ( mank9d2 no "o is self-suffic+1 b all ( u h _m wants4 ,c any o!r orig9 ( a ,/ate be imag9$8 ,!re c ,i be no o!r4 ,!n1 z we h _m wants1 & _m p]sons are ne$$ to supply !m1 "o takes a help] = "o purpose & ano!r = ano!r2 & :5 ^! p>tn]s & help]s are ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o habitation ! body ( inhabitants is t]m$ a ,/ate4 ,true1 he said4 ,& !y ex*ange ) "o ano!r1 & "o gives1 & ano!r receives1 "u ! idea t ! ex*ange w be = _! good4 ,v true4 ,!n1 ,i said1 let u beg9 & create 9 idea a ,/ate2 & yet ! true creator is necessity1 :o is ! "m ( our inv5tion4 ,( c\rse1 he repli$4 ,n[ ! fir/ & greate/ ( necessities is food1 :i* is ! condition ( life & exi/5ce4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! second is a dwell+1 & ! ?ird clo?+ & ! l4 ,true4 ,& n[ let u see h[ our city w be able to supply ?is great dem&3 ,we may suppose t "o man is a husb&man1 ano!r a build]1 "s "o else a weav]--%all we add to !m a %oemak]1 or p]haps "s o!r purveyor to our bodily wants8 ,q "r4 ,! b>e/ notion ( a ,/ate mu/ include f\r or five m54 ,cle>ly4 ,& h[ w !y proce$8 ,w ea* br+ ! result ( 8 lab\rs into a common /ock8--! individual husb&man1 = example1 produc+ = f\r1 & lab\r+ f\r times z long & z mu* z he ne$ 9 ! provision ( food ) :i* he supplies o!rs z well z himself2 or w he h no?+ to d ) o!rs & n be at ! tr\ble ( produc+ = !m1 b provide = himself alone a f\r? ( ! food 9 a f\r? ( ! "t1 & 9 ! rema9+ ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 "t be employ$ 9 mak+ a h\se or a coat or a pair ( %oes1 hav+ no p>tn]%ip ) o!rs1 b supply+ himself all 8 own wants8 ,adeimantus ?\ght t he %\ld aim at produc+ food only & n at produc+ ev]y?+4 ,probably1 ,i repli$1 t w\ld be ! bett] way2 & :5 ,i he> y say ?is1 ,i am myself rem9d$ t we are n all alike2 !re are div]sities ( natures among u :i* are adapt$ to diff]5t occupations4 ,v true4 ,& w y h a "w bett] done :5 ! workman has _m occupations1 or :5 he has only "o8 ,:5 he has only "o4 ,fur!r1 !re c be no d\bt t a "w is spoilt :5 n done at ! "r "t8 ,no d\bt4 ,= bus9ess is n dispos$ to wait until ! do] ( ! bus9ess is at leisure2 b ! do] mu/ foll[ up :at he is do+1 & make ! bus9ess 8 fir/ object4 ,he mu/4 ,& if s1 we mu/ inf] t all ?+s are produc$ m pl5tifully & easily & ( a bett] quality :5 "o man does "o ?+ :i* is natural to him & does x at ! "r "t1 & leaves o!r ?+s4 ,und\bt$ly44 ,!n m ?an f\r citiz5s w be requir$2 = ! husb&man w n make 8 own pl\gh or mattock1 or o!r implem5ts ( agriculture1 if !y are to be good = any?+4 ,nei!r w ! build] make 8 tools--& he too ne$s _m2 & 9 l mann] ! weav] & %oemak]4 ,true4 ,!n c>p5t]s1 & smi?s1 & _m o!r artisans1 w be %>]s 9 our little ,/ate1 :i* is already beg9n+ to gr[8 ,true4 ,yet ev5 if we add nea!rds1 %eph]ds1 & o!r h]dsm51 9 ord] t our husb&m5 may h ox5 to pl\gh )1 & build]s z well z husb&m5 may h draught cattle1 & curri]s & weav]s fleeces & hides1--/ill our ,/ate w n be v l>ge4 ,t is true2 yet nei!r w x be a v small ,/ate :i* conta9s all ^!4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is ! situation ( ! city--to f9d a place :]e no?+ ne$ be import$ is well-nigh impossible4 ,impossible4 ,!n !re mu/ be ano!r class ( citiz5s :o w br+ ! requir$ supply f ano!r city8 ,!re mu/4 ,b if ! trad] goes empty-h&$1 hav+ no?+ :i* !y require :o w\ld supply 8 ne$1 he w come back empty-h&$4 ,t is c]ta94 ,& !re=e :at !y produce at home mu/ be n only en\gh = !mselves1 b su* bo? 9 quantity & quality z to accommodate ^? f :om _! wants are suppli$4 ,v true4 ,!n m husb&m5 & m artisans w be requir$8 ,!y w4 ,n to m5tion ! import]s & export]s1 :o are call$ m]*ants8 ,yes4 ,!n we %all want m]*ants8 ,we %all4 ,& if m]*&ise is to be c>ri$ ov] ! sea1 skilful sailors w also be ne$$1 & 9 consid]able numb]s8 ,yes1 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,!n1 aga91 )9 ! city1 h[ w !y ex*ange _! productions8 ,to secure su* an ex*ange 01 z y w rememb]1 "o ( our pr9cipal objects :5 we =m$ !m into a society & con/itut$ a ,/ate4 ,cle>ly !y w buy & sell4 ,!n !y w ne$ a m>ket-place1 & a money-tok5 = purposes ( ex*ange4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,suppose n[ t a husb&man1 or an artisan1 br+s "s production to m>ket1 & he comes at a "t :5 !re is no "o to ex*ange ) him1--is he to leave 8 call+ & sit idle 9 ! m>ket-place8 ,n at all2 he w f9d p !re :o1 see+ ! want1 und]take ! (fice ( salesm54 ,9 well-ord]$ ,/ates !y are commonly ^? :o are ! weake/ 9 bodily /r5g?1 & !re=e ( little use = any o!r purpose2 _! duty is to be 9 ! m>ket1 & to give money 9 ex*ange = goods to ^? :o desire to sell & to take money f ^? :o desire to buy4 ,?is want1 !n1 creates a class ( retail-trad]s 9 our ,/ate4 ,is n 'retail]' ! t]m :i* is appli$ to ^? :o sit 9 ! m>ket-place engag$ 9 buy+ & sell+1 :ile ^? :o w&] f "o city to ano!r are call$ m]*ants8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& !re is ano!r class ( s]vants1 :o are intellectually h>dly on ! level ( companion%ip2 /ill !y h pl5ty ( bodily /r5g? = lab\r1 :i* accord+ly !y sell1 & are call$1 if ,i d n mi/ake1 hirel+s1 hire be+ ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! price ( _! lab\r4 ,true4 ,!n hirel+s w help to make up our population8 ,yes4 ,& n[1 ,adeimantus1 is our ,/ate matur$ & p]fect$8 ,i ?9k s4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ju/ice1 & :]e is inju/ice1 & 9 :at "p ( ! ,/ate did !y spr+ up8 ,probably 9 ! deal+s ( ^! citiz5s ) "o ano!r4 _c imag9e t !y are m likely to be f\nd any:]e else4 ,i d>e say t y are "r 9 y\r sugge/ion1 ,i said2 we _h bett] ?9k ! matt] out1 & n %r9k f ! enquiry4 ,let u !n consid]1 fir/ ( all1 :at w be _! way ( life1 n[ t we h ?us e/abli%$ !m4 ,w !y n produce corn1 & w9e1 & clo!s1 & %oes1 & build h\ses = !mselves8 ,& :5 !y are h\s$1 !y w "w1 9 summ]1 commonly1 /ripp$ & b>efoot1 b 9 w9t] sub/antially clo!d & %od4 ,!y w fe$ on b>ley-meal & fl\r ( :eat1 bak+ & knead+ !m1 mak+ noble cakes & loaves2 ^! !y w s]ve up on a mat ( re$s or on clean leaves1 !mselves recl9+ ! :ile ^u b$s /rewn ) yew or myrtle4 ,& !y & _! *ildr5 w fea/1 dr9k+ ( ! w9e :i* !y h made1 we>+ g>l&s on _! heads1 & hymn+ ! praises ( ! gods1 9 happy conv]se ) "o ano!r4 ,& !y w take c>e t _! families d n exce$ _! means2 hav+ an eye to pov]ty or w>4 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,b1 said ,glaucon1 int]pos+1 y h n giv5 !m a reli% to _! meal4 ,true1 ,i repli$1 ,i _h =gott52 ( c\rse !y mu/ h a reli%-salt1 & olives1 & *eese1 & !y w boil roots & h]bs su* z c\ntry p prep>e2 = a dess]t we %all give !m figs1 & peas1 & beans2 & !y w roa/ myrtle-b]ries & acorns at ! fire1 dr9k+ 9 mod]ation4 ,& ) su* a diet !y may be expect$ to live 9 peace & heal? to a good old age1 & bequea? a simil> life to _! *ildr5 aft] !m4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 he said1 & if y 7 provid+ = a city ( pigs1 h[ else w\ld y fe$ ! bea/s8 ,b :at w\ld y h1 ,glaucon8 ,i repli$4 ,:y1 he said1 y %\ld give !m ! ord9>y conv5i5ces ( life4 ,p :o are to be com=table are accu/om$ to lie on s(as1 & d9e (f tables1 & !y %\ld h sauces & sweets 9 ! mod]n /yle4 ,yes1 ,i said1 n[ ,i und]/&3 ! "q :i* y w\ld h me consid] is1 n only h[ a ,/ate1 b h[ a luxuri\s ,/ate is creat$2 & possibly !re is no h>m 9 ?is1 = 9 su* a ,/ate we %all be m likely to see h[ ju/ice & inju/ice orig9ate4 ,9 my op9ion ! true & heal?y con/itution ( ! ,/ate is ! "o :i* ,i h describ$4 ,b if y wi% also to see a ,/ate at fev] heat1 ,i h no objection4 ,= ,i suspect t _m w n be satisfi$ ) ! simpl] way ( way ,!y w be = add+ s(as1 & tables1 & o!r furniture2 also da9ties1 & p]fumes1 & inc5se1 & c\rtesans1 & cakes1 all ^! n ( "o sort only1 b 9 e v>iety2 we mu/ g beyond ! necess>ies ( :i* ,i 0 at fir/ speak+1 su* z h\ses1 & clo!s1 & %oes3 ! arts ( ! pa9t] & ! embroid]] w h to be set 9 motion1 & gold & ivory & all sorts ( mat]ials mu/ be procur$4 ,true1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ enl>ge our bord]s2 = ! orig9al heal?y ,/ate is no long] suffici5t4 ,n[ w ! city h to fill & swell ) a multitude ( call+s :i* are n requir$ by any natural want2 su* z ! :ole tribe ( hunt]s & actors1 ( :om "o l>ge class h to d ) =ms & col\rs2 ano!r w be ! vot>ies ( music--poets & _! att5dant tra9 ( rhapsodi/s1 play]s1 danc]s1 contractors2 also mak]s ( div]s k9ds ( articles1 includ+ wom5's dresses4 ,& we %all want m s]vants4 ,w n tutors be also 9 reque/1 & nurses wet & dry1 tirewom5 & b>b]s1 z well z confection]s & cooks2 & sw9eh]ds1 too1 :o 7 n ne$$ & !re=e _h no place 9 ! =m] edition ( our ,/ate1 b are ne$$ n[8 ,!y mu/ n be =gott53 & !re w be animals ( _m o!r k9ds1 if p eat !m4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& liv+ 9 ?is way we %all h mu* great] ne$ ( physicians ?an be=e8 ,mu* great]4 ,& ! c\ntry :i* 0 en\gh to support ! orig9al inhabitants w be too small n[1 & n en\gh8 ,q true4 ,!n a slice ( our neighb\rs' l& w be want$ by u = pa/ure & tillage1 & !y w want a slice ( ours1 if1 l ourselves1 !y exce$ ! limit ( necessity1 & give !mselves up to ! unlimit$ accumulation ( weal?8 ,t1 ,socrates1 w be inevitable4 ,& s we %all g to w>1 ,glaucon4 ,%all we n8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,!n )\t det]m9+ z yet :e!r w> does good or h>m1 ?us mu* we may affirm1 t n[ we h discov]$ w> to be d]iv$ f causes :i* are also ! causes ( almo/ all ! evils 9 ,/ates1 private z well z public4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& our ,/ate mu/ once m enl>ge2 & ?is "t ! w be no?+ %ort ( a :ole army1 :i* w h to g out & fight ) ! invad]s = all t we h1 z well z = ! ?+s & p]sons :om we 7 describ+ above4 ,:y8 he said2 are !y n capable ( def5d+ !mselves8 ,no1 ,i said2 n if we 7 "r 9 ! pr9ciple :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ by all ( u :5 we 7 fram+ ! ,/ate3 ! pr9ciple1 z y w rememb]1 0 t "o man _c practise _m arts ) success4 ,v true1 he said4 ,b is n w> an art8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& an art requir+ z mu* att5tion z %oemak+8 ,q true4 ,& ! %oemak] 0 n all[$ by u to be husb&man1 or a weav]1 a build]--9 ord] t we might h our %oes well made2 b to him & to e o!r work] 0 assign$ "o "w = :i* he 0 by nature fitt$1 & at t he 0 to cont9ue work+ all 8 life long & at no o!r2 he 0 n to let opportunities slip1 & !n he w\ld become a good workman4 ,n[ no?+ c be m important ?an t ! "w ( a soldi] %\ld be well done4 ,b is w> an art s easily acquir$ t a man may be a w>rior :o is also a husb&man1 or %oemak]1 or o!r artisan2 al?\gh no "o 9 ! _w w\ld be a good dice or draught play] :o m]ely took up ! game z a recreation1 & _h n f 8 e>lie/ ye>s devot$ himself to ?is & no?+ else8 ,no tools w make a man a skill$ workman1 or ma/] ( def5ce1 nor be ( any use to him :o has n le>n$ h[ to h&le !m1 & has nev] be/[$ any att5tion ^u !m4 ,h[ !n w he :o takes up a %ield or o!r implem5t ( w> become a good fight] all 9 a day1 :e!r ) heavy-arm$ or any o!r k9d ( troops8 ,yes1 he said1 ! tools :i* w\ld tea* m5 _! own use w\ld be beyond price4 ,& ! high] ! duties ( ! gu>dian1 ,i said1 ! m "t1 & skill1 & art1 & application w be ne$$ by him8 ,no d\bt1 he repli$4 ,w he n also require natural aptitude = 8 call+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n x w be our duty to select1 if we c1 natures :i* are fitt$ = ! task ( gu>d+ ! city8 ,x w4 ,& ! selection w be no easy matt]1 ,i said2 b we mu/ be brave & d our be/4 ,we mu/4 ,is n ! noble y\? v l a well-br$ dog 9 respect ( gu>d+ & wat*+8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean t bo? ( !m ought to be quick to see1 & swift to ov]take ! enemy :5 !y see him2 & /rong too if1 :5 !y h caught him1 !y h to fight ) him4 ,all ^! qualities1 he repli$1 w c]ta9ly be requir$ by !m4 ,well1 & y\r gu>dian mu/ be brave if he is to fight well8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is he likely to be brave :o has no _s1 :e!r horse or dog or any o!r animal8 ,h y nev] obs]v$ h[ inv9cible & unconqu]able is _s & h[ ! pres5ce ( x makes ! s\l ( any creature to be absolutely fe>less & indomitable8 ,i h4 ,!n n[ we h a cle> notion ( ! bodily qualities :i* are requir$ 9 ! gu>dian4 ,true4 ,& also ( ! m5tal ones2 8 s\l is to be full ( _s8 ,yes4 ,b are n ^! spirit$ natures apt to be savage ) "o ano!r1 & ) ev]ybody else8 ,a difficulty by no means easy to ov]come1 he repli$4 ,:]eas1 ,i said1 !y ought to be dang]\s to _! enemies1 & g5tle to _! fri5ds2 if n1 !y w de/roy !mselves )\t wait+ = _! enemies to de/roy !m4 ,true1 he said4 ,:at is to be done !n8 ,i said2 h[ %all we f9d a g5tle nature :i* has also a great _s1 = ! "o is ! contradiction ( ! o!r8 ,true4 ,he w n be a good gu>dian :o is want+ 9 ei!r ( ^! two qualities2 & yet ! comb9ation ( !m appe>s to be impossible2 & h5ce we mu/ inf] t to be a good gu>dian is impossible4 ,i am afraid t :at y say is true1 he repli$4 ,"h feel+ p]plex$ ,i began to ?9k ov] :at _h prec$$4 ,my fri5d1 ,i said1 no wond] t we are 9 a p]plexity2 = we h lo/ sight ( ! image :i* we _h be=e u4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean to say t !re d exi/ natures gift$ ) ^? opposite qualities4 ,& :]e d y f9d !m8 ,_m animals1 ,i repli$1 furni% examples ( !m2 our fri5d ! dog is a v good "o3 y "k t well-br$ dogs are p]fectly g5tle to _! famili>s & acqua9tances1 & ! rev]se to /rang]s4 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,!n !re is no?+ impossible or out ( ! ord] ( nature 9 our f9d+ a gu>dian :o has a simil> comb9ation ( qualities8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,w\ld n he :o is fitt$ to be a gu>dian1 besides ! spirit$ nature1 ne$ to h ! qualities ( a philosoph]8 ,i d n appreh5d y\r mean+4 ,! trait ( :i* ,i am speak+1 ,i repli$1 may be also se5 9 ! dog1 & is rem>kable 9 ! animal4 ,:at trait8 ,:y1 a dog1 :5ev] he sees a /rang]1 is angry2 :5 an acqua9tance1 he welcomes him1 al?\gh ! "o has nev] done him any h>m1 nor ! o!r any good4 ,did ?is nev] /rike y z curi\s8 ,! matt] nev] /ruck me be=e2 b ,i q recognise ! tru? ( y\r rem>k4 ,& surely ?is in/9ct ( ! dog is v *>m+2--y\r dog is a true philosoph]4 ,:y8 ,:y1 because he di/+ui%es ! face ( a fri5d & ( an enemy only by ! crit]ion ( kn[+ & n kn[+4 ,& mu/ n an animal be a lov] ( le>n+ :o det]m9es :at he likes & dislikes by ! te/ ( k & ignorance8 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,& is n ! love ( le>n+ ! love ( wisdom1 :i* is philosophy8 ,!y are ! same1 he repli$4 ,& may we n say confid5tly ( man also1 t he :o is likely to be g5tle to 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances1 mu/ by nature be a lov] ( wisdom & k8 ,t we may safely affirm4 ,!n he :o is to be a really good & noble gu>dian ( ! ,/ate w require to unite 9 himself philosophy & _s & swiftness & /r5g?8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,!n we h f\nd ! desir$ natures2 & n[ t we h f\nd !m1 h[ are !y to be re>$ & educat$8 ,is n ?is enquiry :i* may be expect$ to ?r[ light on ! great] enquiry :i* is our f9al end--,h[ d ju/ice & inju/ice gr[ up 9 ,/ates8 = we d n want ei!r to omit :at is to ! po9t or to draw out ! argum5t to an inconv5i5t l5g?4 ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,adeimantus ?\ght t ! enquiry w\ld be ( great s]vice to u4 ,!n1 ,i said1 my de> fri5d1 ! task mu/ n be giv5 up1 ev5 if some:at long4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,come !n1 & let u pass a leisure h\r 9 /ory-tell+1 & our /ory %all be ! education ( our h]oes4 ,by all means4 ,& :at %all be _! education8 ,c we f9d a bett] ?an ! traditional sort8--& ?is has two divisions1 gymna/ic = ! body1 & music = ! s\l4 ,true4 ,%all we beg9 education ) music1 & g on to gymna/ic aft]w>ds8 ,by all means4 ,& :5 y speak ( music1 d y include lit]ature or n8 ,i d4 ,& lit]ature may be ei!r true or false8 ,yes4 ,& ! "y %\ld be tra9$ 9 bo? k9ds1 & we beg9 ) ! false8 ,i d n und]/& y\r mean+1 he said4 ,y "k1 ,i said1 t we beg9 by tell+ *ildr5 /ories :i*1 ?\gh n :olly de/itute ( tru?1 are 9 ! ma9 fictiti\s2 & ^! /ories are told !m :5 !y are n ( an age to le>n gymna/ics4 ,v true4 ,t 0 my mean+ :5 ,i said t we mu/ tea* music be=e gymna/ics4 ,q "r1 he said4 ,y "k also t ! beg9n+ is ! mo/ important "p ( any "w1 especially 9 ! case ( a "y & t5d] ?+2 = t is ! "t at :i* ! "* is be+ =m$ & ! desir$ impression is m readily tak54 ,q true4 ,& %all we j c>elessly all[ *ildr5 to he> any casual tales :i* may be devis$ by casual p]sons1 & to receive into _! m9ds ideas = ! mo/ "p ! v opposite ( ^? :i* we %\ld wi% !m to h :5 !y are gr[n up8 ,we _c4 ,!n ! fir/ ?+ w be to e/abli% a c5sor%ip ( ! writ]s ( fiction1 & let ! c5sors receive any tale ( fiction :i* is good1 & reject ! bad2 & we w desire mo!rs & nurses to tell _! *ildr5 ! au?oris$ ones only4 ,let !m fa%ion ! m9d ) su* tales1 ev5 m fondly ?an !y m\ld ! body ) _! h&s2 b mo/ ( ^? :i* are n[ 9 use mu/ be disc>d$4 ,( :at tales are y speak+8 he said4 ,y may f9d a model ( ! less] 9 ! great]1 ,i said2 = !y are necess>ily ( ! same type1 & !re is ! same _s 9 bo? ( !m4 ,v likely1 he repli$2 b ,i d n z yet "k :at y w\ld t]m ! great]4 ,^?1 ,i said1 :i* are n>rat$ by ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & ! re/ ( ! poets1 :o h ev] be5 ! great /ory-tell]s ( mank9d4 ,b :i* /ories d y mean1 he said2 & :at fault d y f9d ) !m8 ,a fault :i* is mo/ s]i\s1 ,i said2 ! fault ( tell+ a lie1 &1 :at is m1 a bad lie4 ,b :5 is ?is fault committ$8 ,:5ev] an errone\s repres5tation is made ( ! nature ( gods & h]oes1--z :5 a pa9t] pa9ts a portrait n hav+ ! %ad[ ( a lik5ess to ! orig9al4 ,yes1 he said1 t sort ( ?+ is c]ta9ly v blamable2 b :at are ! /ories :i* y mean8 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i said1 !re 0 t greate/ ( all lies1 9 high places1 :i* ! poet told ab\t ,uranus1 & :i* 0 a bad lie too1--,i mean :at ,hesiod says t ,uranus did1 & h[ ,cronus retaliat$ on him4 ,! do+s ( ,cronus1 & ! suff]+s :i* 9 turn 8 son inflict$ ^u him1 ev5 if !y 7 true1 ought c]ta9ly n to be lightly told to "y & ?\ghtless p]sons2 if possible1 !y _h bett] be buri$ 9 sil5ce4 ,b if !re is an absolute necessity = _! m5tion1 a *os5 few might he> !m 9 a my/]y1 & !y %\ld sacrifice n a common ,eleus9ian pig1 b "s huge & unprocurable victim2 & !n ! numb] ( ! he>]s w be v few inde$4 ,:y1 yes1 said he1 ^? /ories are extremely objectionable4 ,yes1 ,adeimantus1 !y are /ories n to be repeat$ 9 our ,/ate2 ! "y man %\ld n be told t 9 committ+ ! wor/ ( crimes he is f> f do+ any?+ outrage\s2 & t ev5 if he *a/ises 8 fa!r :5 does wrong1 9 :atev] mann]1 he w only be foll[+ ! example ( ! fir/ & greate/ among ! gods4 ,i entirely agree ) y1 he said2 9 my op9ion ^? /ories are q unfit to be repeat$4 ,nei!r1 if we mean our future gu>dians to reg>d ! habit ( qu>rell+ among !mselves z ( all ?+s ! base/1 %\ld any ^w be said to !m ( ! w>s 9 heav51 & ( ! plots & fight+s ( ! gods aga9/ "o ano!r1 = !y are n true4 ,no1 we %all nev] m5tion ! battles ( ! giants1 or let !m be embroid]$ on g>m5ts2 & we %all be sil5t ab\t ! innum]able o!r qu>rels ( gods & h]oes ) _! fri5ds & relatives4 ,if !y w\ld only believe u we w\ld tell !m t qu>rell+ is unholy1 & t nev] up to ?is "t has !re be5 any1 qu>rel betwe5 citiz5s2 ?is is :at old m5 & old wom5 %\ld beg9 by tell+ *ildr52 & :5 !y gr[ up1 ! poets also %\ld be told to compose = !m 9 a simil> _s4 ,b ! n>rative ( ,hephae/us b9d+ ,"h 8 "m1 or h[ on ano!r occasion ,zeus s5t him fly+ = tak+ h] "p :5 %e 0 be+ beat51 & all ! battles ( ! gods 9 ,hom]--^! tales mu/ n be admitt$ into our ,/ate1 :e!r !y are suppos$ to h an allegorical mean+ or n4 ,= a "y p]son _c judge :at is allegorical & :at is lit]al2 any?+ t he receives into 8 m9d at t age is likely to become indelible & unalt]able2 & !re=e x is mo/ important t ! tales :i* ! "y fir/ he> %\ld be models ( virtu\s ?\ghts4 ,!re y are "r1 he repli$2 b if any "o asks :]e are su* models to be f\nd & ( :at tales are y speak+--h[ %all we answ] him8 ,i said to him1 ,y & ,i1 ,adeimantus1 at ?is mom5t are n poets1 b f\nd]s ( a ,/ate3 n[ ! f\nd]s ( a ,/ate ought to "k ! g5]al =ms 9 :i* poets %\ld ca/ _! tales1 & ! limits :i* mu/ be obs]v$ by !m1 b to make ! tales is n _! bus9ess4 ,v true1 he said2 b :at are ^! =ms ( !ology :i* y mean8 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d1 ,i repli$3--,god is always to be repres5t$ z he truly is1 :atev] be ! sort ( poetry1 epic1 lyric or tragic1 9 :i* ! repres5tation is giv54 ,"r4 ,& is he n truly good8 & mu/ he n be repres5t$ z su*8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& no good ?+ is hurtful8 ,no1 inde$4 ,& t :i* is n hurtful hurts n8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& t :i* hurts n does no evil8 ,no4 ,& c t :i* does no evil be a cause ( evil8 ,impossible4 ,& ! good is advantage\s8 ,yes4 ,& !re=e ! cause ( well-be+8 ,yes4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! good is n ! cause ( all ?+s1 b ( ! good only8 ,assur$ly4 ,!n ,god1 if he be good1 is n ! au?or ( all ?+s1 z ! _m ass]t1 b he is ! cause ( a few ?+s only1 & n ( mo/ ?+s t occur to m54 ,= few are ! goods ( human life1 & _m are ! evils1 & ! good is to be attribut$ to ,god alone2 ( ! evils ! causes are to be s\ght else:]e1 & n 9 him4 ,t appe>s to me to be mo/ true1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ n li/5 to ,hom] or to any o!r poet :o is guilty ( ! folly ( say+ t two casks ,lie at ! ?re%old ( ,zeus1 full ( lots1 "o ( good1 ! o!r ( evil lots1 & t he to :om ,zeus gives a mixture ( ! two ,sometimes meets ) evil =tune1 at o!r times ) good2 b t he to :om is giv5 ! cup ( unm+l$ ill1 ,him wild hung] drives o'er ! beaute\s e>?4 ,& aga9 ,zeus1 :o is ! disp5s] ( good & evil to u4 ,& if any "o ass]ts t ! violation ( oa?s & treaties1 :i* 0 really ! "w ( ,p&>us1 0 br\ght ab\t by ,a!ne & ,zeus1 or t ! /rife & cont5tion ( ! gods 0 in/igat$ by ,!mis & ,zeus1 he %all n h our approval2 nei!r w we all[ our "y m5 to he> ! words ( ,aes*ylus1 t ,god plants guilt among m5 :5 he desires utt]ly to de/roy a h\se4 ,& if a poet writes ( ! suff]+s ( ,niobe--! subject ( ! trag$y 9 :i* ^! iambic v]ses occur--or ( ! h\se ( ,pelops1 or ( ! ,trojan w> or on any simil> !me1 ei!r we mu/ n p]mit him to say t ^! are ! works ( ,god1 or if !y are ( ,god1 he mu/ devise "s explanation ( !m su* z we are seek+2 he mu/ say t ,god did :at 0 j & "r1 & !y 7 ! bett] = be+ puni%$2 b t ^? :o are puni%$ are mis]able1 & t ,god is ! au?or ( _! mis]y--! poet is n to be p]mitt$ to say2 ?\gh he may say t ! wick$ are mis]able because !y require to be puni%$1 & are b5efit$ by receiv+ puni%m5t f ,god2 b t ,god be+ good is ! au?or ( evil to any "o is to be /r5u\sly d5i$1 & n to be said or sung or he>d 9 v]se or prose by any "o :e!r old or "y 9 any well-ord]$ commonweal?4 ,su* a fiction is suicidal1 ru9\s1 impi\s4 ,i agree ) y1 he repli$1 & am ready to give my ass5t to ! law4 ,let ?is !n be "o ( our rules & pr9ciples conc]n+ ! gods1 to :i* our poets & recit]s w be expect$ to con=m--t ,god is n ! au?or ( all ?+s1 b ( good only4 ,t w d1 he said4 ,& :at d y ?9k ( a second pr9ciple8 ,%all ,i ask y :e!r ,god is a magician1 & ( a nature to appe> insidi\sly n[ 9 "o %ape1 & n[ 9 ano!r--sometimes himself *ang+ & pass+ into _m =ms1 sometimes deceiv+ u ) ! semblance ( su* trans=mations2 or is he "o & ! same immutably fix$ 9 8 own prop] image8 ,i _c answ] y1 he said1 )\t m ?\ght4 ,well1 ,i said2 b if we suppose a *ange 9 any?+1 t *ange mu/ be effect$ ei!r by ! ?+ itself1 or by "s o!r ?+8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,& ?+s :i* are at _! be/ are also lea/ liable to be alt]$ or discompos$2 = example1 :5 heal?ie/ & /ronge/1 ! human frame is lea/ liable to be affect$ by meats & dr9ks1 & ! plant :i* is 9 ! fulle/ vig\r also suff]s lea/ f w9ds or ! heat ( ! sun or any simil> causes4 ,( c\rse4 ,& w n ! brave/ & wise/ s\l be lea/ confus$ or d]ang$ by any ext]nal influ5ce8 ,true4 ,& ! same pr9ciple1 z ,i %\ld suppose1 applies to all composite ?+s--furniture1 h\ses1 g>m5ts2 :5 good & well made1 !y are lea/ alt]$ by "t & circum/ances4 ,v true4 ,!n ev]y?+ :i* is good1 :e!r made by art or nature1 or bo?1 is lea/ liable to suff] *ange f )\t8 ,true4 ,b surely ,god & ! ?+s ( ,god are 9 e way p]fect8 ,( c\rse !y are4 ,!n he c h>dly be compell$ by ext]nal influ5ce to take _m %apes8 ,he _c4 ,b may he n *ange & trans=m himself8 ,cle>ly1 he said1 t mu/ be ! case if he is *ang$ at all4 ,& w he !n *ange himself = ! bett] & fair]1 or = ! worse & m unsightly8 ,if he *ange at all he c only *ange = ! worse1 = we _c suppose him to be defici5t ei!r 9 virtue or beauty4 ,v true1 ,adeimantus2 b !n1 w\ld any "o1 :e!r ,god or man1 desire to make himself worse8 ,impossible4 ,!n x is impossible t ,god %\ld ev] be will+ to *ange2 be+1 z is suppos$1 ! faire/ & be/ t is conceivable1 e god rema9s absolutely & = ev] 9 8 own =m4 ,t necess>ily foll[s1 he said1 9 my judgm5t4 ,!n1 ,i said1 my de> fri5d1 let none ( ! poets tell u t ,! gods1 tak+ ! disguise ( /rang]s f o!r l&s1 walk up & d[n cities 9 all sorts ( =ms2 & let no "o sl&] ,proteus & ,!tis1 nei!r let any "o1 ei!r 9 trag$y or 9 any o!r k9d ( poetry1 introduce ,"h disguis$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a prie/ess ask+ an alms ,= ! life-giv+ daught]s ( ,ina*us ! riv] ( ,argos2 --let u h no m lies ( t sort4 ,nei!r mu/ we h mo!rs "u ! influ5ce ( ! poets sc>+ _! *ildr5 ) a bad v]sion ( ^! my?s--tell+ h[ c]ta9 gods1 z !y say1 ',g ab\t by night 9 ! lik5ess ( s _m /rang]s & 9 div]s =ms'2 b let !m take he$ le/ !y make c[>ds ( _! *ildr51 & at ! same "t speak blasphemy aga9/ ! gods4 ,heav5 =bid1 he said4 ,b al?\gh ! gods are !mselves un*angeable1 /ill by wit*craft & deception !y may make u ?9k t !y appe> 9 v>i\s =ms8 ,p]haps1 he repli$4 ,well1 b c y imag9e t ,god w be will+ to lie1 :e!r 9 ^w or de$1 or to put =? a phantom ( himself8 ,i _c say1 he repli$4 ,d y n "k1 ,i said1 t ! true lie1 if su* an expression may be all[$1 is hat$ ( gods & m58 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean t no "o is will+ly deceiv$ 9 t :i* is ! true/ & highe/ "p ( himself1 or ab\t ! true/ & highe/ matt]s2 !re1 above all1 he is mo/ afraid ( a lie hav+ possession ( him4 ,/ill1 he said1 ,i d n compreh5d y4 ,! reason is1 ,i repli$1 t y attribute "s pr(\nd mean+ to my words2 b ,i am only say+ t deception1 or be+ deceiv$ or un9=m$ ab\t ! highe/ realities 9 ! highe/ "p ( !mselves1 :i* is ! s\l1 & 9 t "p ( !m to h & to hold ! lie1 is :at mank9d lea/ l2--t1 ,i say1 is :at !y utt]ly dete/4 ,!re is no?+ m hateful to !m4 ,&1 z ,i 0 j n[ rem>k+1 ?is ignorance 9 ! s\l ( him :o is deceiv$ may be call$ ! true lie2 = ! lie 9 words is only a k9d ( imitation & %ad[y image ( a previ\s affection ( ! s\l1 n pure unadult]at$ falsehood4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,p]fectly "r4 ,! true lie is hat$ n only by ! gods1 b also by m58 ,yes4 ,:]eas ! lie 9 words is 9 c]ta9 cases useful & n hateful2 9 deal+ ) enemies--t w\ld be an in/ance2 or aga91 :5 ^? :om we call our fri5ds 9 a fit ( madness or illusion are go+ to d "s h>m1 !n x is useful & is a sort ( m$ic9e or prev5tive2 also 9 ! tales ( my?ology1 ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+--because we d n "k ! tru? ab\t anci5t times1 we make falsehood z mu* l tru? z we c1 & s turn x to acc\nt4 ,v true1 he said4 ,b c any ( ^! reasons apply to ,god8 ,c we suppose t he is ignorant ( antiquity1 & !re=e has rec\rse to inv5tion8 ,t w\ld be ridicul\s1 he said4 ,!n ! ly+ poet has no place 9 our idea ( ,god8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,or p]haps he may tell a lie because he is afraid ( enemies8 ,t is inconceivable4 ,b he may h fri5ds :o are s5seless or mad8 ,b no mad or s5seless p]son c be a fri5d ( ,god4 ,!n no motive c be imag9$ :y ,god %\ld lie8 ,none :atev]4 ,!n ! sup]human & div9e is absolutely incapable ( falsehood8 ,yes4 ,!n is ,god p]fectly simple & true bo? 9 ^w & de$2 he *anges n2 he deceives n1 ei!r by sign or ^w1 by dream or wak+ vision4 ,y\r ?\ghts1 he said1 are ! reflection ( my own4 ,y agree ) me !n1 ,i said1 t ?is is ! second type or =m 9 :i* we %\ld write & speak ab\t div9e ?+s4 ,! gods are n magicians :o trans=m !mselves1 nei!r d !y deceive mank9d 9 any way4 ,i grant t4 ,!n1 al?\gh we are admir]s ( ,hom]1 we d n admire ! ly+ dream :i* ,zeus s5ds to ,agamemnon2 nei!r w we praise ! v]ses ( ,aes*ylus 9 :i* ,!tis says t ,apollo at h] nuptials ,0 celebrat+ 9 song h] fair prog5y ^: days 7 to be long1 & to "k no sickness4 ,& :5 he _h spok5 ( my lot z 9 all ?+s bless$ ( heav5 he rais$ a note ( triumph & *e]$ my s\l4 ,& ,i ?\ght t ! ^w ( ,phoebus be+ div9e & full ( prophecy1 w\ld n fail4 ,& n[ he himself :o utt]$ ! /ra91 he :o 0 pres5t at ! banquet1 & :o said ?is--he x is :o has sla9 my son4 ,^! are ! k9d ( s5tim5ts ab\t ! gods :i* w ar\se our ang]2 & he :o utt]s !m %all be refus$ a *orus2 nei!r %all we all[ tea*]s to make use ( !m 9 ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 mean+1 z we d1 t our gu>dians1 z f> z m5 c be1 %\ld be true wor%ipp]s ( ! gods & l !m4 ,i entirely agree1 be said1 9 ^! pr9ciples1 & promise to make !m my laws4 ,,book ,,iii ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,,su* !n1 ,i said1 are our pr9ciples ( !ology--"s tales are to be told1 & o!rs are n to be told to our disciples f _! y\? upw>ds1 if we mean !m to hon\r ! gods & _! p>5ts1 & to value fri5d%ip ) "o ano!r4 ,yes2 & ,i ?9k t our pr9ciples are "r1 he said4 ,b if !y are to be c\rage\s1 mu/ !y n le>n o!r lessons besides ^!1 & lessons ( su* a k9d z w take away ! fe> ( dea?8 ,c any man be c\rage\s :o has ! fe> ( dea? 9 him8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,& c he be fe>less ( dea?1 or w he *oose dea? 9 battle r ?an defeat & slav]y1 :o believes ! _w bel[ to be real & t]rible8 ,impossible4 ,!n we mu/ assume a control ov] ! n>rators ( ?is class ( tales z well z ov] ! o!rs1 & beg !m n simply to b r to comm5d ! _w bel[1 intimat+ to !m t _! descriptions are untrue1 & w d h>m to our future w>riors4 ,t w be our duty1 he said4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we %all h to oblit]ate _m obnoxi\s passages1 beg9n+ ) ! v]ses1 ,i w\ld r he a s]f on ! l& ( a poor & portionless man ?an rule ov] all ! dead :o h come to n\ght4 ,we mu/ also expunge ! v]se1 :i* tells u h[ ,pluto fe>$1 ,le/ ! mansions grim & squalid :i* ! gods abhor %\ld be se5 bo? ( mortals & immortals4 ,& aga93 ,o heav5s6 v]ily 9 ! h\se ( ,hades !re is s\l & gho/ly =m b no m9d at all6 ,aga9 ( ,tiresias3-- ,to him ev5 aft] dea? did ,p]sephone grant m9d1 t he alone %\ld be wise2 b ! o!r s\ls are flitt+ %ades4 ,aga93-- ,! s\l fly+ f ! limbs _h gone to ,hades1 lam5tng h] fate1 leav+ manhood & y\?4 ,aga93-- ,& ! s\l1 ) %rill+ cry1 pass$ l smoke b5ea? ! e>?4 ,&1-- ,z bats 9 holl[ ( my/ic cav]n1 :5ev] any ( ! has dropp$ out ( ! /r+ & falls f ! rock1 fly %rill+ & cl+ to "o ano!r1 s did !y ) %rill+ cry hold toge!r z !y mov$4 ,& we mu/ beg ,hom] & ! o!r poets n to be angry if we /rike out ^! & simil> passages1 n because !y are unpoetical1 or unattractive to ! popul> e>1 b because ! great] ! poetical *>m ( !m1 ! less are !y meet = ! e>s ( boys & m5 :o are meant to be free1 & :o %\ld fe> slav]y m ?an dea?4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,also we %all h to reject all ! t]rible & appall+ names describe ! _w bel[--,cocytus & ,/yx1 gho/s "u ! e>?1 & sapless %ades1 & any simil> words ( :i* ! v m5tion causes a %udd] to pass ?r\gh ! inmo/ s\l ( him :o he>s !m4 ,i d n say t ^! horrible /ories may n h a use ( "s k9d2 b !re is a dang] t ! n]ves ( our gu>dians may be r5d]$ too excitable & effem9ate by !m4 ,!re is a real dang]1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ h no m ( !m4 ,true4 ,ano!r & a nobl] /ra9 mu/ be compos$ & sung by u4 ,cle>ly4 ,& %all we proce$ to get rid ( ! weep+s & wail+s ( fam\s m58 ,!y w g ) ! re/4 ,b %all we be "r 9 gett+ rid ( !m8 ,reflect3 our pr9ciple is t ! good man w n consid] dea? t]rible to any o!r good man :o is 8 comrade4 ,yes2 t is our pr9ciple4 ,& !re=e he w n sorr[ = 8 dep>t$ fri5d z ?\gh he _h suff]$ any?+ t]rible8 ,he w n4 ,su* an "o1 z we fur!r ma9ta91 is suffici5t = himself & 8 own happ9ess1 & !re=e is lea/ 9 ne$ ( o!r m54 ,true1 he said4 ,& = ?is reason ! loss ( a son or bro!r1 or ! deprivation ( =tune1 is to him ( all m5 lea/ t]rible4 ,assur$ly4 ,& !re=e he w be lea/ likely to lam5t1 & w be> ) ! greate/ equanimity any mis=tune ( ?is sort :i* may befall him4 ,yes1 he w feel su* a mis=tune f> less ?an ano!r4 ,!n we %all be "r 9 gett+ rid ( ! lam5tations ( fam\s m51 & mak+ !m ov] to wom5 7& n ev5 to wom5 :o are good = any?+71 or to m5 ( a bas] sort1 t ^? :o are be+ educat$ by u to be ! def5d]s ( _! c\ntry may scorn to d ! l4 ,t w be v "r4 ,!n we w once m entreat ,hom] & ! o!r poets n to depict ,a*illes1 :o is ! son ( a goddess1 fir/ ly+ on 8 side1 !n on 8 back1 & !n on 8 face2 !n />t+ up & sail+ 9 a fr5zy along ! %ores ( ! b>r5 sea2 n[ tak+ ! sooty a%es 9 bo? 8 h&s & p\r+ !m ov] 8 head1 or weep+ & wail+ 9 ! v>i\s modes :i* ,hom] has del9eat$4 ,nor %\ld he describe ,priam ! k9sman ( ! gods z pray+ & besee*+1 ,roll+ 9 ! dirt1 call+ ea* man l\dly by 8 "n4 ,/ill m e>ne/ly w we beg ( him at all ev5ts n to introduce ! gods lam5t+ & say+1 ,alas6 my mis]y6 ,alas6 t ,i bore ! h>ve/ to my sorr[4 ,b if he mu/ introduce ! gods1 at any rate let him n d>e s completely to misrepres5t ! greate/ ( ! gods1 z to make him say-- ,o heav5s6 ) my eyes v]ily ,i behold a de> fri5d ( m9e *as$ r\nd & r\nd ! city1 & my he>t is sorr[ful4 ,or aga93-- ,woe is me t ,i am fat$ to h ,s>p$on1 de>e/ ( m5 to me1 subdu$ at ! h&s ( ,patroclus ! son ( ,m5oetius4 ,= if1 my sweet ,adeimantus1 our y\? s]i\sly li/5 to su* unwor?y repres5tations ( ! gods1 in/ead ( laugh+ at !m z !y ought1 h>dly w any ( !m deem t he himself1 be+ b a man1 c be di%on\r$ by simil> actions2 nei!r w he rebuke any incl9ation :i* may arise 9 8 m9d to say & d ! l4 ,& in/ead ( hav+ any %ame or self-control1 he w be always :9+ & lam5t+ on slight occasions4 ,yes1 he said1 t is mo/ true4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 b t surely is :at ought n to be1 z ! argum5t has j prov$ to u2 & by t pro( we mu/ abide until x is disprov$ by a bett]4 ,x ought n to be4 ,nei!r ought our gu>dians to be giv5 to laught]4 ,= a fit ( laught] :i* has be5 indulg$ to excess almo/ always produces a viol5t reaction4 ,s ,i believe4 ,!n p]sons ( wor?1 ev5 if only mortal m51 mu/ n be repres5t$ z ov]come by laught]1 & /ill less mu/ su* a repres5tation ( ! gods be all[$4 ,/ill less ( ! gods1 z y say1 he repli$4 ,!n we %all n suff] su* an expression to be us$ ab\t ! gods z t ( ,hom] :5 he describes h[ ,inext+ui%able laught] arose among ! bless$ gods1 :5 !y saw ,hephae/us bu/l+ ab\t ! mansion4 ,on y\r views1 we mu/ n admit !m4 ,on my views1 if y l to fa!r !m on me2 t we mu/ n admit !m is c]ta94 ,aga91 tru? %\ld be highly valu$2 if1 z we 7 say+1 a lie is useless to ! gods1 & useful only z a m$ic9e to m51 !n ! use ( su* m$ic9es %\ld be re/rict$ to physicians2 private individuals h no bus9ess ) !m4 ,cle>ly n1 he said4 ,!n if any "o at all is to h ! privilege ( ly+1 ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate %\ld be ! p]sons2 & !y1 9 _! deal+s ei!r ) enemies or ) _! own citiz5s1 may be all[$ to lie = ! public good4 ,b nobody else %\ld m$dle ) any?+ ( ! k9d2 & al?\gh ! rul]s h ?is privilege1 = a private man to lie to !m 9 return is to be deem$ a m he9\s fault ?an = ! pati5t or ! pupil ( a gymnasium n to speak ! tru? ab\t 8 own bodily illnesses to ! physician or to ! tra9]1 or = a sailor n to tell ! capta9 :at is happ5+ ab\t ! %ip & ! re/ ( ! crew1 & h[ ?+s are go+ ) himself or 8 fell[ sailors4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,if1 !n1 ! rul] cat*es anybody beside himself ly+ 9 ! ,/ate1 ,any ( ! craftsm51 :e!r he prie/ or physician or c>p5t]4 he w puni% him = introduc+ a practice :i* is equally subv]sive & de/ructive ( %ip or ,/ate4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 he said1 if our idea ( ! ,/ate is ev] c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! next place our y\? mu/ be temp]ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,are n ! *ief elem5ts ( temp]ance1 speak+ g5]ally1 ob$i5ce to comm&]s & self-control 9 s5sual pleasures8 ,true4 ,!n we %all approve su* language z t ( ,diom$e 9 ,hom]1 ,fri5d1 sit /ill & obey my ^w1 & ! v]ses :i* foll[1 ,! ,greeks m>*$ brea?+ pr[ess1 4449 sil5t awe ( _! lead]s1 & o!r s5tim5ts ( ! same k9d4 ,we %all4 ,:at ( ?is l9e1 ,o heavy ) w9e1 :o ha/ ! eyes ( a dog & ! he>t ( a /ag1 & ( ! words :i* foll[8 ,w\ld y say t ^!1 or any simil> imp]t95ces :i* private individuals are suppos$ to address to _! rul]s1 :e!r 9 v]se or prose1 are well or ill spok58 ,!y are ill spok54 ,!y may v possibly af=d "s amusem5t1 b !y d n conduce to temp]ance4 ,& !re=e !y are likely to d h>m to our "y m5--y w\ld agree ) me !re8 ,yes4 ,& !n1 aga91 to make ! wise/ ( m5 say t no?+ 9 8 op9ion is m glori\s ?an ,:5 ! tables are full ( bread & meat1 & ! cup-be>] c>ries r\nd w9e :i* he draws f ! b[l & p\rs into ! cups1 is x fit or conducive to temp]ance = a "y man to he> su* words8 ,or ! v]se ,! sadde/ ( fates is to die & meet de/9y f hung]8 ,:at w\ld y say aga9 to ! tale ( ,zeus1 :o1 :ile o!r gods & m5 7 asleep & he ! only p]son awake1 lay devis+ plans1 b =got !m all 9 a mom5t ?r\gh 8 lu/1 & 0 s completely ov]come at ! sight ( ,"h t he w\ld n ev5 g into ! hut1 b want$ to lie ) h] on ! gr\nd1 decl>+ t he _h nev] be5 9 su* a /ate ( rapture be=e1 ev5 :5 !y fir/ met "o ano!r ,)\t ! k ( _! p>5ts2 or t o!r tale ( h[ ,hephae/us1 because ( simil> go+s on1 ca/ a *a9 ar\nd ,ares & ,aphrodite8 ,inde$1 he said1 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t !y ought n to he> t sort ( ?+4 ,b any de$s ( endurance :i* are done or told by fam\s m51 ^! !y ought to see & he>2 z1 = example1 :at is said 9 ! v]ses1 ,he smote 8 brea/1 & ?us reproa*$ 8 he>t1 ,endure1 my he>t2 f> worse ha/ ?\ endur$6 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,9 ! next place1 we mu/ n let !m be receiv]s ( gifts or lov]s ( money4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nei!r mu/ we s+ to !m ( ,gifts p]suad+ gods1 & p]suad+ rev]5d k+s4 ,nei!r is ,pho5ix1 ! tutor ( ,a*illes1 to be approv$ or deem$ to h giv5 8 pupil good c\nsel :5 he told him t he %\ld take ! gifts ( ! ,greeks & assi/ !m2 b t )\t a gift he %\ld n lay aside 8 ang]4 ,nei!r w we believe or ackn[l$ge ,a*illes himself to h be5 su* a lov] ( money t he took ,agamemnon's or t :5 he _h receiv$ paym5t he re/or$ ! dead body ( ,hector1 b t )\t paym5t he 0 unwill+ to d s4 ,und\bt$ly1 he said1 ^! are n s5tim5ts :i* c be approv$4 ,lov+ ,hom] z ,i d1 ,i h>dly l to say t 9 attribut+ ^! feel+s to ,a*illes1 or 9 believ+ t !y are truly to him1 he is guilty ( d[nright impiety4 ,z little c ,i believe ! n>rative ( 8 insol5ce to ,apollo1 :]e he says1 ,?\ ha/ wrong$ me1 ,o f>-d>t]1 mo/ abom9able ( deities4 ,v]ily ,i w\ld he ev5 ) !e1 if ,i _h only ! p[]1 or 8 insubord9ation to ! riv]-god1 on ^: div9ity he is ready to lay h&s2 or 8 (f]+ to ! dead ,patroclus ( 8 own hair1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly d$icat$ to ! o!r riv]-god ,sp]*eius1 & t he actually p]=m$ ?is v[2 or t he dragg$ ,hector r\nd ! tomb ( ,patroclus1 & slaught]$ ! captives at ! pyre2 ( all ?is ,i _c believe t he 0 guilty1 any m ?an ,i c all[ our citiz5s to believe t he1 ! wise ,*eiron's pupil1 ! son ( a goddess & ( ,peleus :o 0 ! g5tle/ ( m5 & ?ird 9 desc5t f ,zeus1 0 s disord]$ 9 8 wits z to be at "o "t ! slave ( two seem+ly inconsi/5t passions1 meanness1 n unta9t$ by av>ice1 comb9$ ) ov]we5+ contempt ( gods & m54 ,y are q "r1 he repli$4 ,& let u equally refuse to believe1 or all[ to be repeat$1 ! tale ( ,!seus son ( ,poseidon1 or ( ,peiri?\s son ( ,zeus1 go+ =? z !y did to p]petrate a horrid rape2 or ( any o!r h]o or son ( a god d>+ to d su* impi\s & dreadful ?+s z !y falsely ascribe to !m 9 our day3 & let u fur!r compel ! poets to decl>e ei!r t ^! acts 7 n done by !m1 or t !y 7 n ! sons ( gods2--bo? 9 ! same brea? !y %all n be p]mitt$ to affirm4 ,we w n h !m try+ to p]suade our y\? t ! gods are ! au?ors ( evil1 & t h]oes are no bett] ?an m5-s5tim5ts :i*1 z we 7 say+1 are nei!r pi\s nor true1 = we h already prov$ t evil _c come f ! gods4 ,assur$ly n4 ,& fur!r !y are likely to h a bad effect on ^? :o he> !m2 = ev]ybody w beg9 to excuse 8 own vices :5 he is conv9c$ t simil> wick$nesses are always be+ p]petrat$ by-- ,! k9dr$ ( ! gods1 ! relatives ( ,zeus1 ^: ance/ral alt>1 ! att> ( ,zeus1 is al(t 9 air on ! peak ( ,ida1 & :o h ! blood ( deities yet fl[+ 9 _! ve9s4 ,& !re=e let u put an end to su* tales1 le/ !y eng5d] laxity ( morals among ! "y4 ,by all means1 he repli$4 ,b n[ t we are det]m9+ :at classes ( subjects are or are n to be spok5 (1 let u see :e!r any h be5 omitt$ by u4 ,! mann] 9 :i* gods & demigods & h]oes & ! _w bel[ %\ld be treat$ has be5 already laid d[n4 ,v true4 ,& :at %all we say ab\t m58 ,t is cle>ly ! rema9+ portion ( our subject4 ,cle>ly s4 ,b we are n 9 a condition to answ] ?is "q at pres5t1 my fri5d4 ,:y n8 ,because1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 we %all h to say t ab\t m5 poets & /ory-tell]s are guilty ( mak+ ! grave/ mis/atem5ts :5 !y tell u t wick$ m5 are (t5 happy1 & ! good mis]able2 & t inju/ice is pr(itable :5 undetect$1 b t ju/ice is a man's own loss & ano!r's ga9--^! ?+s we %all =bid !m to utt]1 & comm& !m to s+ & say ! opposite4 ,to be sure we %all1 he repli$4 ,b if y admit t ,i am "r 9 ?is1 !n ,i %all ma9ta9 t y h impli$ ! pr9ciple = :i* we h be5 all along cont5d+4 ,i grant ! tru? ( y\r inf]5ce4 ,t su* ?+s are or are n to be said ab\t m5 is a "q :i* we _c det]m9e until we h discov]$ :at ju/ice is1 & h[ naturally advantage\s to ! possessor1 :e!r he seems to be j or n4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,en\gh ( ! subjects ( poetry3 let u n[ speak ( ! /yle2 & :5 ?is has be5 consid]$1 bo? matt] & mann] w h be5 completely treat$4 ,i d n und]/& :at y mean1 said ,adeimantus4 ,!n ,i mu/ make y und]/&2 & p]haps ,i may be m intelligible if ,i put ! matt] 9 ?is way4 ,y are aw>e1 ,i suppose1 t all my?ology & poetry is a n>ration ( ev5ts1 ei!r pa/1 pres5t1 or to come8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& n>ration may be ei!r simple n>ration1 or imitation1 or a union ( ! two8 ,t aga91 he said1 ,i d n q und]/&4 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ be a ridicul\s tea*] :5 ,i h s mu* difficulty 9 mak+ myself appreh5d$4 ,l a bad speak]1 !re=e1 ,i w n take ! :ole ( ! subject1 b w break a piece (f 9 illu/ration ( my mean+4 ,y "k ! fir/ l9es ( ! ,iliad1 9 :i* ! poet says t ,*ryses pray$ ,agamemnon to release 8 daught]1 & t ,agamemnon flew into a passion ) him2 :]eupon ,*ryses1 fail+ ( 8 object1 invok$ ! ang] ( ! ,god aga9/ ! ,a*aeans4 ,n[ z f> z ^! l9es1 ,& he pray$ all ! ,greeks1 b especially ! two sons ( ,atreus1 ! *iefs ( ! p1 ! poet is speak+ 9 8 own p]son2 he nev] leads u to suppose t he is any "o else4 ,b 9 :at foll[s he takes ! p]son ( ,*ryses1 & !n he does all t he c to make u believe t ! speak] is n ,hom]1 b ! ag$ prie/ himself4 ,& 9 ?is d\ble =m he has ca/ ! entire n>rative ( ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ at ,troy & 9 ,i?aca & ?r\gh\t ! ,odyssey4 ,yes4 ,& a n>rative x rema9s bo? 9 ! spee*es :i* ! poet recites f "t to "t & 9 ! int]m$iate passages8 ,q true4 ,b :5 ! poet speaks 9 ! p]son ( ano!r1 may we n say t he assimilates 8 /yle to t ( ! p]son :o1 z he in=ms y1 is go+ to speak8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is assimilation ( himself to ano!r1 ei!r by ! use ( voice or ge/ure1 is ! imitation ( ! p]son ^: "* he assumes8 ,( c\rse4 ,!n 9 ?is case ! n>rative ( ! poet may be said to proce$ by way ( imitation8 ,v true4 ,or1 if ! poet ev]y:]e appe>s & nev] conceals himself1 !n aga9 ! imitation is dropp$1 & 8 poetry becomes simple n>ration4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t ,i may make my mean+ q cle>1 & t y may no m say1 ,i don't und]/&1' ,i w %[ h[ ! *ange might be effect$4 ,if ,hom] _h said1 ',! prie/ came1 hav+ 8 daught]'s ransom 9 8 h&s1 supplicat+ ! ,a*aeans1 & above all ! k+s2' & !n if1 in/ead ( speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ryses1 he _h cont9u$ 9 8 own p]son1 ! words w\ld h be51 n imitation1 b simple n>ration4 ,! passage w\ld h run z foll[s 7,i am no poet1 & !re=e ,i drop ! metre71 ',! prie/ came & pray$ ! gods on behalf ( ! ,greeks t !y might capture ,troy & return safely home1 b begg$ t !y w\ld give him back 8 daught]1 & take ! ransom :i* he br\ght1 & respect ! ,god4 ,?us he spoke1 & ! o!r ,greeks rev]$ ! prie/ & ass5t$4 ,b ,agamemnon 0 wro?1 & bade him dep>t & n come aga91 le/ ! /aff & *aplets ( ! ,god %\ld be ( no avail to him--! daught] ( ,*ryses %\ld n be releas$1 he said--%e %\ld gr[ old ) him 9 ,argos4 ,& !n he told him to g away & n to provoke him1 if he int5d$ to get home unsca!d4 ,& ! old man w5t away 9 fe> & sil5ce1 &1 :5 he _h left ! camp1 he call$ ^u ,apollo by 8 _m names1 rem9d+ him ( ev]y?+ :i* he _h done pleas+ to him1 :e!r 9 build+ 8 temples1 or 9 (f]+ sacrifice1 & pray+ t 8 good de$s might be return$ to him1 & t ! ,a*aeans might expiate 8 te>s by ! arr[s ( ! god1'--& s on4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole becomes simple n>rative4 ,i und]/&1 he said4 ,or y may suppose ! opposite case--t ! int]m$iate passages are omitt$1 & ! dialogue only left4 ,t also1 he said1 ,i und]/&2 y mean1 = example1 z 9 trag$y4 ,y h conceiv$ my mean+ p]fectly2 & if ,i mi/ake n1 :at y fail$ to appreh5d be=e is n[ made cle> to y1 t poetry & my?ology are1 9 "s cases1 :olly imitative--in/ances ( ?is are suppli$ by trag$y & com$y2 !re is likewise ! opposite /yle1 9 :i* ! my poet is ! only speak]--( ?is ! di?yramb af=ds ! be/ example2 & ! comb9ation ( bo? is f\nd 9 epic1 & 9 sev]al o!r /yles ( poetry4 ,d ,i take y ) me8 ,yes1 he said2 ,i see n[ :at y meant4 ,i w ask y to rememb] also :at ,i began by say+1 t we _h done ) ! subject & might proce$ to ! /yle4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i int5d$ to imply t we mu/ come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! mimetic art1--:e!r ! poets1 9 n>rat+ _! /ories1 are to be all[$ by u to imitate1 & if s1 :e!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & if ! latt]1 9 :at p>ts2 or %\ld all imitation be prohibit$8 ,y mean1 ,i suspect1 to ask :e!r trag$y & com$y %all be admitt$ into our ,/ate8 ,yes1 ,i said2 b !re may be m ?an ?is 9 "q3 ,i really d n "k z yet1 b :i!r ! argum5t may bl[1 ?i!r we g4 ,& g we w1 he said4 ,!n1 ,adeimantus1 let me ask y :e!r our gu>dians ought to be imitators2 or r1 has n ?is "q be5 decid$ by ! rule already laid d[n t "o man c only d "o ?+ well1 & n _m2 & t if he attempt _m1 he w altoge!r fall ( ga9+ mu* reputation 9 any8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is is equally true ( imitation2 no "o man c imitate _m ?+s z well z he w\ld imitate a s+le "o8 ,he _c4 ,!n ! same p]son w h>dly be able to play a s]i\s "p 9 life1 & at ! same "t to be an imitator & imitate _m o!r p>ts z well2 = ev5 :5 two species ( imitation are ne>ly alli$1 ! same p]sons _c succe$ 9 bo?1 z1 = example1 ! writ]s ( trag$y & com$y--did y n j n[ call !m imitations8 ,yes1 ,i did2 & y are "r 9 ?9k+ t ! same p]sons _c succe$ 9 bo?4 ,any m ?an !y c be rhapsodi/s & actors at once8 ,true4 ,nei!r are comic & tragic actors ! same2 yet all ^! ?+s are b imitations4 ,!y are s4 ,& human nature1 ,adeimantus1 appe>s to h be5 co9$ into yet small] pieces1 & to be z incapable ( imitat+ _m ?+s well1 z ( p]=m+ well ! actions ( :i* ! imitations are copies4 ,q true1 he repli$4 ,if !n we adh]e to our orig9al notion & be> 9 m9d t our gu>dians1 sett+ aside e o!r bus9ess1 are to d$icate !mselves :olly to ! ma9t5ance ( fre$om 9 ! ,/ate1 mak+ ?is _! craft1 & engag+ 9 no "w :i* does n be> on ?is end1 !y ought n to practise or imitate any?+ else2 if !y imitate at all1 !y %\ld imitate f y\? upw>d only ^? *>act]s :i* are suitable to _! pr(ession--! c\rage\s1 temp]ate1 holy1 free1 & ! l2 b !y %\ld n depict or be skilful at imitat+ any k9d ( illib]ality or bas5ess1 le/ f imitation !y %\ld come to be :at !y imitate4 ,did y nev] obs]ve h[ imitations1 beg9n+ 9 e>ly y\? & cont9u+ f> into life1 at l5g? gr[ into habits & become a second nature1 affect+ body1 voice1 & m9d8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we w n all[ ^? = :om we pr(ess a c>e & ( :om we say t !y ought to be good m51 to imitate a woman1 :e!r "y or old1 qu>rell+ ) h] husb&1 or /riv+ & vaunt+ aga9/ ! gods 9 conceit ( h] happ9ess1 or :5 %e is 9 affliction1 or sorr[1 or weep+2 & c]ta9ly n "o :o is 9 sickness1 love1 or lab\r4 ,v "r1 he said4 ,nei!r mu/ !y repres5t slaves1 male or female1 p]=m+ ! (fices ( slaves8 ,!y mu/ n4 ,& surely n bad m51 :e!r c[>ds or any o!rs1 :o d ! rev]se ( :at we h j be5 prescrib+1 :o scold or mock or revile "o ano!r 9 dr9k or out ( 9 dr9k or1 or :o 9 any o!r mann] s9 aga9/ !mselves & _! neighb\rs 9 ^w or de$1 z ! mann] ( su* is4 ,nei!r %\ld !y be tra9$ to imitate ! action or spee* ( m5 or wom5 :o are mad or bad2 = madness1 l vice1 is to be kn[n b n to be practis$ or imitat$4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,nei!r may !y imitate smi?s or o!r artific]s1 or o>sm51 or boatswa9s1 or ! l8 ,h[ c !y1 he said1 :5 !y are n all[$ to apply _! m9ds to ! call+s ( any ( ^!8 ,nor may !y imitate ! neigh+ ( horses1 ! bell[+ ( bulls1 ! murmur ( riv]s & roll ( ! ocean1 ?und]1 & all t sort ( ?+8 ,nay1 he said1 if madness be =bidd51 nei!r may !y copy ! behavi\r ( madm54 ,y mean1 ,i said1 if ,i und]/& y aright1 t !re is "o sort ( n>rative /yle :i* may be employ$ by a truly good man :5 he has any?+ to say1 & t ano!r sort w be us$ by a man ( an opposite "* & education4 ,& :i* are ^! two sorts8 he ask$4 ,suppose1 ,i answ]$1 t a j & good man 9 ! c\rse ( a n>ration comes on "s say+ or action ( ano!r good man1--,i %\ld imag9e t he w l to p]sonate him1 & w n be a%am$ ( ?is sort ( imitation3 he w be mo/ ready to play ! "p ( ! good man :5 he is act+ firmly & wisely2 9 a less degree :5 he is ov]tak5 by illness or love or dr9k1 or has met ) any o!r disa/]4 ,b :5 he comes to a "* :i* is unwor?y ( him1 he w n make a /udy ( t2 he w disda9 su* a p]son1 & w assume 8 lik5ess1 if at all1 = a mom5t only :5 he is p]=m+ "s good action2 at o!r times he w be a%am$ to play a "p :i* he has nev] practis$1 nor w he l to fa%ion & frame himself aft] ! bas] models2 he feels ! employm5t ( su* an art1 unless 9 je/1 to be b5ea? him1 & 8 m9d revolts at x4 ,s ,i %\ld expect1 he repli$4 ,!n he w adopt a mode ( n>ration su* z we h illu/rat$ out ( ,hom]1 t is to say1 8 /yle w be bo? imitative & n>rative2 b !re w be v little ( ! =m]1 & a great deal ( ! latt]4 ,d y agree8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 t is ! model :i* su* a speak] mu/ necess>ily take4 ,b !re is ano!r sort ( "* :o w n>rate any?+1 &1 ! worse lie is1 ! m unscrupul\s he w be2 no?+ w be too bad = him3 & he w be ready to imitate any?+1 n z a joke1 b 9 "r good e>ne/1 & be=e a l>ge company4 ,z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 he w attempt to repres5t ! roll ( ?und]1 ! noise ( w9d & hall1 or ! creak+ ( :eels1 & pulleys1 & ! v>i\s s\nds ( flutes2 pipes1 trumpets1 & all sorts ( in/rum5ts3 he w b>k l a dog1 bleat l a %eep1 or cr[ l a cock2 8 entire art w consi/ 9 imitation ( voice & ge/ure1 & !re w be v little n>ration4 ,t1 he said1 w be 8 mode ( speak+4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two k9ds ( /yle8 ,yes4 ,& y w\ld agree ) me 9 say+ t "o ( !m is simple & has b slight *anges2 & if ! h>mony & rhy?m are also *os5 = _! simplicity1 ! result is t ! speak]1 if he speaks correctly1 is always pretty mu* ! same 9 /yle1 & he w keep )9 ! limits ( a s+le h>mony 7= ! *anges are n great71 & 9 l mann] he w make use ( ne>ly ! same rhy?m8 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,:]eas ! o!r requires all sorts ( h>monies & all sorts ( rhy?ms1 if ! music & ! /yle are to correspond1 because ! /yle has all sorts ( *anges4 ,t is also p]fectly true1 he repli$4 ,& d n ! two /yles1 or ! mixture ( ! two1 compreh5d all poetry1 & e =m ( expression 9 words8 ,no "o c say any?+ except 9 "o or o!r ( !m or 9 bo? toge!r4 ,!y include all1 he said4 ,& %all we receive into our ,/ate all ! ?ree /yles1 or "o only ( ! two unmix$ /yles8 or w\ld y include ! mix$8 ,i %\ld pref] only to admit ! pure imitator ( virtue4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,adeimantus1 b ! mix$ /yle is also v *>m+3 & inde$ ! pantomimic1 :i* is ! opposite ( ! "o *os5 by y1 is ! mo/ popul> /yle ) *ildr5 & _! att5dants1 & ) ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,i d n d5y x4 ,b ,i suppose y w\ld argue t su* a /yle is unsuitable to our ,/ate1 9 :i* human nature is n tw(old or manifold1 = "o man plays "o "p only8 ,yes2 q unsuitable4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y 9 our ,/ate1 & 9 our ,/ate only1 we %all f9d a %oemak] to be a %oemak] & n a pilot also1 & a husb&man to be a husb&man & n a dica/ also1 & a soldi] a soldi] & n a trad] also1 & ! same ?r\gh\t8 ,true1 he said4 ,& !re=e :5 any "o ( ^! pantomimic g5tlem51 :o are s clev] t !y c imitate any?+1 comes to u1 & makes a proposal to exhibit himself & 8 poetry1 we w fall d[n & wor%ip him z a sweet & holy & wond]ful be+2 b we mu/ also in=m him t 9 our ,/ate su* z he are n p]mitt$ to exi/2 ! law w n all[ !m4 ,& s :5 we h ano9t$ him ) myrrh1 & set a g>l& ( wool ^u 8 head1 we %all s5d him away to ano!r city4 ,= we mean to employ = our s\ls' heal? ! r\gh] & sev]] poet or /ory-tell]1 :o w imitate ! /yle ( ! virtu\s only1 & w foll[ ^? models :i* we prescrib$ at fir/ :5 we began ! education ( our soldi]s4 ,we c]ta9ly w1 he said1 if we h ! p[]4 ,!n n[1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 t "p ( music or lit]>y education :i* relates to ! /ory or my? may be consid]$ to be f9i%$2 = ! matt] & mann] h bo? be5 discuss$4 ,i ?9k s too1 he said4 ,next 9 ord] w foll[ melody & song4 ,t is obvi\s4 ,e "o c see already :at we ought to say ab\t !m1 if we are to be consi/5t ) ourselves4 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,i fe>1 said ,glaucon1 laugh+1 t ! words 'e "o' h>dly includes me1 = ,i _c at ! mom5t say :at !y %\ld be2 ?\gh ,i may guess4 ,at any rate y c tell t a song or ode has ?ree p>ts--! words1 ! melody1 & ! rhy?m2 t degree ( k ,i may presuppose8 ,yes1 he said2 s mu* z t y may4 ,& z = ! words1 !re surely be no diff]5ce words betwe5 words :i* are & :i* are n set to music2 bo? w con=m to ! same laws1 & ^! h be5 already det]m9$ by u8 ,yes4 ,& ! melody & rhy?m w dep5d ^u ! words8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,we 7 say+1 :5 we spoke ( ! subject-matt]1 t we _h no ne$ ( lam5tations & /ra9s ( sorr[8 ,true4 ,& :i* are ! h>monies expressive ( sorr[8 ,y are musical1 & c tell me4 ,! h>monies :i* y mean are ! mix$ or t5or ,lydian1 & ! full-ton$ or bass ,lydian1 & su* l4 ,^! !n1 ,i said1 mu/ be bani%$2 ev5 to wom5 :o h a "* to ma9ta9 !y are ( no use1 & mu* less to m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,9 ! next place1 drunk5ness & s(tness & indol5ce are utt]ly unbecom+ ! "* ( our gu>dians4 ,utt]ly unbecom+4 ,& :i* are ! s(t or dr9k+ h>monies8 ,! ,ionian1 he repli$1 & ! ,lydian2 !y are t]m$ 'relax$4' ,well1 & are ^! ( any milit>y use8 ,q ! rev]se1 he repli$2 & if s ! ,dorian & ! ,phrygian are ! only ones :i* y h left4 ,i answ]$3 ,( ! h>monies ,i "k no?+1 b ,i want to h "o w>like1 to s\nd ! note or acc5t :i* a brave man utt]s 9 ! h\r ( dang] & /]n resolve1 or :5 8 cause is fail+1 & he is go+ to w\nds or dea? or is ov]tak5 by "s o!r evil1 & at e su* crisis meets ! bl[s ( =tune ) firm /ep & a det]m9ation to endure2 & ano!r to be us$ by him 9 times ( peace & fre$om ( action1 :5 !re is no pressure ( necessity1 & he is seek+ to p]suade ,god by pray]1 or man by in/ruction & admonition1 or on ! o!r h&1 :5 he is express+ 8 will+ness to yield to p]suasion or entreaty or admonition1 & :i* repres5ts him :5 by prud5t conduct he has atta9$ 8 end1 n c>ri$ away by 8 success1 b act+ mod]ately & wisely "u ! circum/ances1 & acquiesc+ 9 ! ev5t4 ,^! two h>monies ,i ask y to leave2 ! /ra9 ( necessity & ! /ra9 ( fre$om1 ! /ra9 ( ! un=tunate & ! /ra9 ( ! =tunate1 ! /ra9 ( c\rage1 & ! /ra9 ( temp]ance2 ^!1 ,i say1 leave4 ,& ^!1 he repli$1 are ! ,dorian & ,phrygian h>monies ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+4 ,!n1 ,i said1 if ^! & ^! only are to be us$ 9 our songs & melodies1 we %all n want multiplicity ( notes or a panh>monic scale8 ,i suppose n4 ,!n we %all n ma9ta9 ! artific]s ( lyres ) ?ree corn]s & complex scales1 or ! mak]s ( any o!r _m-/r+$ curi\sly-h>monis$ in/rum5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b :at d y say to flute-mak]s & flute-play]s8 ,w\ld y admit !m into our ,/ate :5 y reflect t 9 ?is composite use ( h>mony ! flute is worse ?an all ! /r+$ in/rum5ts put toge!r2 ev5 ! panh>monic music is only an imitation ( ! flute8 ,cle>ly n4 ,!re rema9 !n only ! lyre & ! h>p = use 9 ! city1 & ! %eph]ds may h a pipe 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t is surely ! conclusion to be drawn f ! argum5t4 ,! pref]r+ ( ,apollo & 8 in/rum5ts to ,m>syas & 8 in/rum5ts is n at all /range1 ,i said4 ,n at all1 he repli$4 ,& s1 by ! dog ( ,egypt1 we h be5 unconsci\sly purg+ ! ,/ate1 :i* n long ago we t]m$ luxuri\s4 ,& we h done wisely1 he repli$4 ,!n let u n[ f9i% ! purgation1 ,i said4 ,next 9 ord] to h>monies1 rhy?ms w naturally foll[1 & !y %\ld be subject to ! same rules1 = we ought n to seek out complex sy/ems ( metre1 or metres ( e k9d1 b r to discov] :at rhy?ms are ! expressions ( a c\rage\s & h>moni\s life2 & :5 we h f\nd !m1 we %all adapt ! foot & ! melody to words hav+ a l _s1 n ! words to ! foot & melody4 ,to say :at ^! rhy?ms are w be y\r duty--y mu/ tea* me !m1 z y h already taught me ! h>monies4 ,b1 inde$1 he repli$1 ,i _c tell y4 ,i only "k t !re are "s ?ree pr9ciples ( rhy?m out ( :i* metrical sy/ems are fram$1 j z 9 s\nds !re are f\r notes out ( :i* all ! h>monies are compos$2 t is an obs]vation :i* ,i h made4 ,b ( :at sort ( lives !y are sev]ally ! imitations ,i am unable to say4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we mu/ take ,damon into our c\nsels2 & he w tell u :at rhy?ms are expressive ( meanness1 or insol5ce1 or fury1 or o!r unwor?9ess1 & :at are to be res]v$ = ! expression ( opposite feel+s4 ,& ,i ?9k t ,i h an indi/9ct recollection ( 8 m5tion+ a complex ,cretic rhy?m2 also a dactylic or h]oic1 & he arrang$ !m 9 "s mann] :i* ,i d n q und]/&1 mak+ ! rhy?ms equal 9 ! rise & fall ( ! foot1 long & %ort alt]nat+2 &1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 he spoke ( an iambic z well z ( a tro*aic rhy?m1 & assign$ to !m %ort & long quantities4 ,also 9 "s cases he appe>$ to praise or c5sure ! movem5t ( ! foot q z mu* z ! rhy?m2 or p]haps a comb9ation ( ! two2 = ,i am n c]ta9 :at he meant4 ,^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 z ,i 0 say+1 _h bett] be ref]r$ to ,damon himself1 = ! analysis ( ! subject w\ld be difficult1 y "k4 ,r s1 ,i %\ld say4 ,b !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t grace or ! abs5ce ( grace is an effect ( good or bad rhy?m4 ,none at all4 ,& also t good & bad rhy?m naturally assimilate to a good & bad /yle2 & t h>mony & discord 9 l mann] foll[ /yle2 = our pr9ciple is t rhy?m & h>mony are regulat$ by ! words1 & n ! words by !m4 ,j s1 he said1 !y %\ld foll[ ! words4 ,& w n ! words & ! "* ( ! /yle dep5d on ! temp] ( ! s\l8 ,yes4 ,& ev]y?+ else on ! /yle8 ,yes4 ,!n beauty ( /yle & h>mony & grace & good rhy?m dep5d on simplicity1--,i mean ! true simplicity ( a rightly & nobly ord]$ m9d & "*1 n t o!r simplicity :i* is only an euphemism = folly8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& if our y\? are to d _! "w 9 life1 mu/ !y n make ^! graces & h>monies _! p]petual aim8 ,!y mu/4 ,& surely ! art ( ! pa9t] & e o!r creative & con/ructive art are full ( !m1--weav+1 embroid]y1 ar*itecture1 & e k9d ( manufacture2 also nature1 animal & vegetable1--9 all ( !m !re is grace or ! abs5ce ( grace4 ,& ugl9ess & discord & inh>moni\s motion are ne>ly alli$ to ill words & ill nature1 z grace & h>mony are ! tw9 si/]s ( goodness & virtue & be> _! lik5ess4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,b %all our sup]9t5d5ce g no fur!r1 & are ! poets only to be requir$ by u to express ! image ( ! good 9 _! works1 on pa91 if !y d any?+ else1 ( expulsion f our ,/ate8 ,or is ! same control to be ext5d$ to o!r arti/s1 & are !y also to be prohibit$ f exhibit+ ! opposite =ms ( vice & intemp]ance & meanness & indec5cy 9 sculpture & build+ & ! o!r creative arts2 & is he :o _c con=m to ?is rule ( ours to be prev5t$ f practis+ 8 art 9 our ,/ate1 le/ ! ta/e ( our citiz5s be corrupt$ by him8 ,we w\ld n h our gu>dians gr[ up amid images ( moral de=mity1 z 9 "s noxi\s pa/ure1 & !re br[se & fe$ ^u _m a baneful h]b & fl[] day by day1 little by little1 until !y sil5tly ga!r a fe/]+ mass ( corruption 9 _! own s\l4 ,let our arti/s r be ^? :o are gift$ to disc]n ! true nature ( ! beautiful & graceful2 !n w our y\? dwell 9 a l& ( heal?1 amid fair sights & s\nds1 & receive ! good 9 ev]y?+2 & beauty1 ! efflu5ce ( fair works1 %all fl[ into ! eye & e>1 l a heal?-giv+ breeze f a pur] region1 & ins5sibly draw ! s\l f e>lie/ ye>s into lik5ess & sympa?y ) ! beauty ( reason4 ,!re c be no nobl] tra9+ ?an t1 he repli$4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 musical tra9+ is a m pot5t in/rum5t ?an any o!r1 because rhy?m & h>mony f9d _! way into ! inw>d places ( ! s\l1 on :i* !y mightily fa/51 imp>t+ grace1 & mak+ ! s\l ( him :o is rightly educat$ graceful1 or ( him :o is ill-educat$ ungraceful2 & also because he :o has receiv$ ?is true education ( ! inn] be+ w mo/ %rewdly p]ceive omissions or faults 9 art & nature1 & ) a true ta/e1 :ile he praises & rejoices ov] & receives into 8 s\l ! good1 & becomes noble & good1 he w ju/ly blame & hate ! bad1 n[ 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 ev5 be=e he is able to "k ! reason :y2 & :5 reason comes he w recognise & salute ! fri5d ) :om 8 education has made him long famili>4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i q agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t our y\? %\ld be tra9$ 9 music & on ! gr\nds :i* y m5tion4 ,j z 9 le>n+ to read1 ,i said1 we 7 satisfi$ :5 we knew ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :i* are v few1 9 all _! recurr+ sizes & comb9ations2 n slight+ !m z unimportant :e!r !y occupy a space l>ge or small1 b ev]y:]e eag] to make !m out2 & n ?9k+ ourselves p]fect 9 ! art ( read+ until we recognise !m :]ev] !y are f\nd3 ,true-- ,or1 z we recognise ! reflection ( lett]s 9 ! wat]1 or 9 a mirror1 only :5 we "k ! lett]s !mselves2 ! same art & /udy giv+ u ! k ( bo?3 ,exactly-- ,ev5 s1 z ,i ma9ta91 nei!r we nor our gu>dians1 :om we h to educate1 c ev] become musical until we & !y "k ! ess5tial =ms1 9 all _! comb9ations1 & c recognise !m & _! images :]ev] !y are f\nd1 n slight+ !m ei!r 9 small ?+s or great1 b believ+ !m all to be )9 ! sph]e ( "o art & /udy4 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,& :5 a beautiful s\l h>monises ) a beautiful =m1 & ! two are ca/ 9 "o m\ld1 t w be ! faire/ ( sights to him :o has an eye to see x8 ,! faire/ inde$4 ,& ! faire/ is also ! lovelie/8 ,t may be assum$4 ,& ! man :o has ! _s ( h>mony w be mo/ 9 love ) ! lovelie/2 b he w n love him :o is ( an inh>moni\s s\l8 ,t is true1 he repli$1 if ! defici5cy be 9 8 s\l2 b if !re be any m]ely bodily defect 9 ano!r he w be pati5t ( x1 & w love all ! same4 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y h or h _h exp]i5ces ( ?is sort1 & ,i agree4 ,b let me ask y ano!r "q3 ,has excess ( pleasure any aff9ity to temp]ance8 ,h[ c t be8 he repli$2 pleasure deprives a man ( ! use ( 8 faculties q z mu* z pa94 ,or any aff9ity to virtue 9 g5]al8 ,none :atev]4 ,any aff9ity to wantonness & intemp]ance8 ,yes1 ! greate/4 ,& is !re any great] or ke5] pleasure ?an t ( s5sual love8 ,no1 nor a madd]4 ,:]eas true love is a love ( beauty & ord]--temp]ate & h>moni\s8 ,q true1 he said4 ,!n no intemp]ance or madness %\ld be all[$ to approa* true love8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n mad or intemp]ate pleasure mu/ nev] be all[$ to come ne> ! lov] & 8 belov$2 nei!r ( !m c h any "p 9 x if _! love is ( ! "r sort8 ,no1 inde$1 ,socrates1 x mu/ nev] come ne> !m4 ,!n ,i suppose t 9 ! city :i* we are f\nd+ y w\ld make a law to ! effect t a fri5d %\ld use no o!r famili>ity to 8 love ?an a fa!r w\ld use to 8 son1 & !n only = a noble purpose1 & he mu/ fir/ h ! o!r's cons5t2 & ?is rule is to limit him 9 all 8 int]c\rse1 & he is nev] to be se5 go+ fur!r1 or1 if he exce$s1 he is to be deem$ guilty ( co>s5ess & bad ta/e4 ,i q agree1 he said4 ,?us mu* ( music1 :i* makes a fair end+2 = :at %\ld be ! end ( music if n ! love ( beauty8 ,i agree1 he said4 ,aft] music comes gymna/ic1 9 :i* our y\? are next to be tra9$4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,gymna/ic z well z music %\ld beg9 9 e>ly ye>s2 ! tra9+ 9 x %\ld be c>eful & %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh life4 ,n[ my belief is1--& ?is is a matt] ^u :i* ,i %\ld l to h y\r op9ion 9 confirmation ( my own1 b my own belief is1--n t ! good body by any bodily excell5ce improves ! s\l1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ! good s\l1 by h] own excell5ce1 improves ! body z f> z ?is may be possible4 ,:at d y say8 ,yes1 ,i agree4 ,!n1 to ! m9d :5 adequately tra9$1 we %all be "r 9 h&+ ov] ! m p>ticul> c>e ( ! body2 & 9 ord] to avoid prolixity we w n[ only give ! g5]al outl9es ( ! subject4 ,v good4 ,t !y mu/ ab/a9 f intoxication has be5 already rem>k$ by u2 = ( all p]sons a gu>dian %\ld be ! la/ to get drunk & n "k :]e 9 ! _w he is4 ,yes1 he said2 t a gu>dian %\ld require ano!r gu>dian to take c>e ( him is ridicul\s inde$4 ,b next1 :at %all we say ( _! food2 = ! m5 are 9 tra9+ = ! great conte/ ( all--are !y n8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& w ! habit ( body ( our ord9>y a?letes be suit$ to !m8 ,:y n8 ,i am afraid1 ,i said1 t a habit ( body su* z !y h is b a sleepy sort ( ?+1 & r p]il\s to heal?4 ,d y n obs]ve t ^! a?letes sleep away _! lives1 & are liable to mo/ dang]\s illnesses if !y dep>t1 9 ev] s slight a degree1 f _! cu/om>y regim58 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,!n1 ,i said1 a f9] sort ( tra9+ w be requir$ = our w>rior a?letes1 :o are to be l wakeful dogs1 & to see & he> ) ! utmo/ ke5ness2 amid ! _m *anges ( wat] & also ( food1 ( summ] heat & w9t] cold1 :i* !y w h to endure :5 on a campaign1 !y mu/ n be liable to break d[n 9 heal?4 ,t is my view4 ,! really excell5t gymna/ic is tw9 si/] ( t simple music :i* we 7 j n[ describ+4 ,h[ s8 ,:y1 ,i conceive t !re is a gymna/ic :i*1 l our music1 is simple & good2 & especially ! milit>y gymna/ic4 ,:at d y mean8 ,my mean+ may be le>n$ f ,hom]2 he1 y "k1 fe$s 8 h]oes at _! fea/s1 :5 !y are campaign+1 on soldi]s' f>e2 !y h no fi%1 al?\gh !y are on ! %ores ( ! ,hellespont1 & !y are n all[$ boil$ meats b only roa/1 :i* is ! food mo/ conv5i5t = soldi]s1 requir+ only t !y %\ld light a fire1 & n involv+ ! tr\ble ( c>ry+ ab\t pots & pans4 ,true4 ,& ,i c h>dly be mi/ak5 9 say+ t sweet sauces are n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ,hom]4 ,9 proscrib+ !m1 h[ev]1 he is n s+ul>2 all pr(essional a?letes are well aw>e t a man :o is to be 9 good condition %\ld take no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,yes1 he said2 & kn[+ ?is1 !y are q "r 9 n tak+ !m4 ,!n y w\ld n approve ( ,syracusan d9n]s1 & ! ref9em5ts ( ,sicilian cook]y8 ,i ?9k n4 ,nor1 if a man is to be 9 condition1 w\ld y all[ him to h a ,cor9?ian girl z 8 fair fri5d8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nei!r w\ld y approve ( ! delicacies1 z !y are ?\ght1 ( ,a!nian confection]y8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,all su* fe$+ & liv+ may be rightly comp>$ by u to melody & song compos$ 9 ! panh>monic /yle1 & 9 all ! rhy?ms4 ,exactly4 ,!re complexity eng5d]$ lic5se1 & "h disease2 :]eas simplicity 9 music 0 ! p>5t ( temp]ance 9 ! s\l2 & simplicity 9 gymna/ic ( heal? 9 ! body4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,b :5 intemp]ance & disease multiply 9 a ,/ate1 halls ( ju/ice & m$ic9e are always be+ op5$2 & ! arts ( ! doctor & ! lawy] give !mselves airs1 f9d+ h[ ke5 is ! int]e/ :i* n only ! slaves b ! freem5 ( a city take ab\t !m4 ,( c\rse4 ,& yet :at great] pro( c !re be ( a bad & disgraceful /ate ( education ?an ?is1 t n only artisans & ! mean] sort ( p ne$ ! skill ( fir/-rate physicians & judges1 b also ^? :o w\ld pr(ess to h _h a lib]al education8 ,is x n disgraceful1 & a great sign ( want ( good-bre$+1 t a man %\ld h to g abroad = 8 law & physic because he has none ( 8 own at home1 & mu/ !re=e surr5d] himself into ! h&s ( o!r m5 :om he makes lords & judges ov] him8 ,( all ?+s1 he said1 ! mo/ disgraceful4 ,w\ld y say 'mo/1' ,i repli$1 :5 y consid] t !re is a fur!r /age ( ! evil 9 :i* a man is n only a life-long litigant1 pass+ all 8 days 9 ! c\rts1 ei!r z pla9tiff or def5dant1 b is actually l$ by 8 bad ta/e to pride himself on 8 litigi\sness2 he imag9es t he is a ma/] 9 di%one/y2 able to take e crook$ turn1 & wriggle into & out ( e hole1 b5d+ l a )y & gett+ out ( ! way ( ju/ice3 & all = :at8--9 ord] to ga9 small po9ts n wor? m5tion+1 he n kn[+ t s to ord] 8 life z to be able to d )\t a napp+ judge is a f> high] & nobl] sort ( ?+4 ,is n t /ill m disgraceful8 ,yes1 he said1 t is /ill m disgraceful4 ,well1 ,i said1 & to require ! help ( m$ic9e1 n :5 a w\nd has to be cur$1 or on occasion ( an epidemic1 b j because1 by indol5ce & a habit ( life su* z we h be5 describ+1 m5 fill !mselves ) wat]s & w9ds1 z if _! bodies 7 a m>%1 compell+ ! +5i\s sons ( ,asclepius to f9d m names = diseases1 su* z flatul5ce & cat>rh2 is n ?is1 too1 a disgrace8 ,yes1 he said1 !y d c]ta9ly give v /range & newfangl$ names to diseases4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ,i d n believe t !re 7 any su* diseases 9 ! days ( ,asclepius2 & ?is ,i inf] f ! circum/ance t ! h]o ,eurypylus1 aft] he has be5 w\nd$ 9 ,hom]1 dr9ks a posset ( ,pramnian w9e well bespr9kl$ ) b>ley-meal & grat$ *eese1 :i* are c]ta9ly inflammatory1 & yet ! sons ( ,asclepius :o 7 at ! ,trojan w> d n blame ! damsel :o gives him ! dr9k1 or rebuke ,patroclus1 :o is treat+ 8 case4 ,well1 he said1 t 0 surely an extraord9>y dr9k to be giv5 to a p]son 9 8 condition4 ,n s extraord9>y1 ,i repli$1 if y be> 9 m9d t 9 =m] days1 z is commonly said1 be=e ! "t ( ,h]odicus1 ! guild ( ,asclepius did n practise our pres5t sy/em ( m$ic9e1 :i* may be said to educate diseases4 ,b ,h]odicus1 be+ a tra9]1 & himself ( a sickly con/itution1 by a comb9ation ( tra9+ & doctor+ f\nd out a way ( tortur+ fir/ & *iefly himself1 & secondly ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,h[ 0 t8 he said4 ,by ! inv5tion ( l+]+ dea?2 = he _h a mortal disease :i* he p]petually t5d$1 & z recov]y 0 out ( ! "q1 he pass$ 8 entire life z a valetud9>ian2 he c\ld d no?+ b att5d ^u himself1 & he 0 9 con/ant torm5t :5ev] he dep>t$ 9 any?+ f 8 usual regim51 & s dy+ h>d1 by ! help ( sci5ce he /ruggl$ on to old age4 ,a r>e rew>d ( 8 skill6 ,yes1 ,i said2 a rew>d :i* a man might fairly expect :o nev] und]/ood t1 if ,asclepius did n in/ruct 8 desc5dants 9 valetud9>ian arts1 ! omission arose1 n f ignorance or inexp]i5ce ( su* a bran* ( m$ic9e1 b because he knew t 9 all well-ord]$ /ates e individual has an occupation to :i* he mu/ att5d1 & has !re=e no leisure to sp5d 9 cont9ually be+ ill4 ,?is we rem>k 9 ! case ( ! artisan1 b1 ludicr\sly en\gh1 d n apply ! same rule to p ( ! ri*] sort4 ,h[ d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean ?is3 ,:5 a c>p5t] is ill he asks ! physician = a r\gh & ready cure2 an emetic or a purge or a caut]y or ! knife1--^! are 8 rem$ies4 ,& if "s "o prescribes = him a c\rse ( dietetics1 & tells him t he mu/ swa! & swaddle 8 head1 & all t sort ( ?+1 he replies at once t he has no "t to be ill1 & t he sees no good 9 a life :i* is sp5t 9 nurs+ 8 disease to ! neglect ( 8 cu/om>y employm5t2 & !re=e bidd+ good-bye to ?is sort ( physician1 he resumes 8 ord9>y habits1 & ei!r gets well & lives & does 8 bus9ess1 or1 if 8 con/itution falls1 he dies & has no m tr\ble4 ,yes1 he said1 & a man 9 8 condition ( life ought to use ! art ( m$ic9e ?us f> only4 ,has he n1 ,i said1 an occupation2 & :at pr(it w\ld !re be 9 8 life if he 7 depriv$ ( 8 occupation8 ,q true1 he said4 ,b ) ! ri* man ?is is o!rwise2 ( him we d n say t he has any specially appo9t$ "w :i* he mu/ p]=m1 if he w\ld live4 ,he is g5]ally suppos$ to h no?+ to d4 ,!n y nev] he>d ( ! say+ ( ,phocylides1 t z soon z a man has a livelihood he %\ld practise virtue8 ,nay1 he said1 ,i ?9k t he _h bett] beg9 some:at soon]4 ,let u n h a dispute ) him ab\t ?is1 ,i said2 b r ask ourselves3 ,is ! practice ( virtue obligatory on ! ri* man1 or c he live )\t x8 ,& if obligatory on him1 !n let u raise a fur!r "q1 :e!r ?is diet+ ( disord]s :i* is an imp$im5t to ! application ( ! m9d t 9 c>p5t]+ & ! me*anical arts1 does n equally /& 9 ! way ( ! s5tim5t ( ,phocylides8 ,( t1 he repli$1 !re c be no d\bt2 su* excessive c>e ( ! body1 :5 c>ri$ beyond ! rules ( gymna/ic1 is mo/ inimical to ! practice ( virtue4 ,yes1 inde$1 ,i repli$1 & equally incompatible ) ! managem5t ( a h\se1 an army1 or an (fice ( /ate2 &1 :at is mo/ important ( all1 irreconcilable ) any k9d ( /udy or ?\ght or self-reflection--!re is a con/ant suspicion t heada*e & gidd9ess are to be ascrib$ to philosophy1 & h5ce all practis+ or mak+ trial ( virtue 9 ! high] s5se is absolutely /opp$2 = a man is always fancy+ t he is be+ made ill1 & is 9 con/ant anxiety ab\t ! /ate ( 8 body4 ,yes1 likely en\gh4 ,& !re=e our politic ,asclepius may be suppos$ to h exhibit$ ! p[] ( 8 art only to p]sons :o1 be+ g5]ally ( heal?y con/itution & habits ( life1 _h a def9ite ailm5t2 su* z ^! he cur$ by purges & op]ations1 & bade !m live z usual1 h]e9 consult+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate2 b bodies :i* disease _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh he w\ld n h attempt$ to cure by gradual processes ( evacuation & infusion3 he did n want to l5g!n out good-=-no?+ lives1 or to h weak fa!rs begett+ weak] sons2--if a man 0 n able to live 9 ! ord9>y way he _h no bus9ess to cure him2 = su* a cure w\ld h be5 ( no use ei!r to himself1 or to ! ,/ate4 ,!n1 he said1 y reg>d ,asclepius z a /atesman4 ,cle>ly2 & 8 "* is fur!r illu/rat$ by 8 sons4 ,note t !y 7 h]oes 9 ! days ( old & practis$ ! m$ic9es ( :i* ,i am speak+ at ! siege ( ,troy3 ,y w rememb] h[1 :5 ,p&>us w\nd$ ,m5elaus1 !y ,suck$ ! blood out ( ! w\nd1 & spr9kl$ soo?+ rem$ies1 b !y nev] prescrib$ :at ! pati5t 0 aft]w>ds to eat or dr9k 9 ! case ( ,m5elaus1 any m ?an 9 ! case ( ,eurypylus2 ! rem$ies1 z !y conceiv$1 7 en\gh to heal any man :o be=e he 0 w\nd$ 0 heal?y & regul> 9 habits2 & ev5 ?\gh he did happ5 to dr9k a posset ( ,pramnian w9e1 he might get well all ! same4 ,b !y w\ld h no?+ to d ) unheal?y & intemp]ate subjects1 ^: lives 7 ( no use ei!r to !mselves or o!rs2 ! art ( m$ic9e 0 n design$ = _! good1 & ?\gh !y 7 z ri* z ,midas1 ! sons ( ,asclepius w\ld h decl9$ to att5d !m4 ,!y 7 v acute p]sons1 ^? sons ( ,asclepius4 ,naturally s1 ,i repli$4 ,nev]!less1 ! trag$ians & ,p9d> disobey+ our behe/s1 al?\gh !y ackn[l$ge t ,asclepius 0 ! son ( ,apollo1 say also t he 0 brib$ into heal+ a ri* man :o 0 at ! po9t ( dea?1 & = ?is reason he 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,b we1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple already affirm$ by u1 w n believe !m :5 !y tell u bo?2--if he 0 ! son ( a god1 we ma9ta9 t he 0 n av>ici\s2 or1 if he 0 av>ici\s he 0 n ! son ( a god4 ,all t1 ,socrates1 is excell5t2 b ,i %\ld l to put a "q to y3 ,ought !re n to be good physicians 9 a ,/ate1 & are n ! be/ ^? :o h treat$ ! greate/ numb] ( con/itutions good & bad8 & are n ! be/ judges 9 l mann] ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) all sorts ( moral natures8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i too w\ld h good judges & good physicians4 ,b d y "k :om ,i ?9k good8 ,w y tell me8 ,i w1 if ,i c4 ,let me h[ev] note t 9 ! same "q y jo9 two ?+s :i* are n ! same4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 ,:y1 ,i said1 y jo9 physicians & judges4 ,n[ ! mo/ skilful physicians are ^? :o1 f _! y\? upw>ds1 h comb9$ ) ! k ( _! art ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( disease2 !y _h bett] n be robu/ 9 heal?1 & %\ld h _h all mann] ( diseases 9 _! own p]sons4 ,= ! body1 z ,i conceive1 is n ! in/rum5t ) :i* !y cure ! body2 9 t case we c\ld n all[ !m ev] to be or to h be5 sickly2 b !y cure ! body ) ! m9d1 & ! m9d :i* has become & is sick c cure no?+4 ,t is v true1 he said4 ,b ) ! judge x is o!rwise2 s9ce he gov]ns m9d by m9d2 he ought n !re=e to h be5 tra9$ among vici\s m9ds1 & to h associat$ ) !m f y\? upw>ds1 & to h gone ?r\gh ! :ole cal5d> ( crime1 only 9 ord] t he may quickly inf] ! crimes ( o!rs z he might _! bodily diseases f 8 own self-consci\sness2 ! hon\rable m9d :i* is to =m a heal?y judgm5t %\ld h _h no exp]i5ce or contam9ation ( evil habits :5 "y4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y 9 y\? good m5 (t5 appe> to be simple1 & are easily practis$ ^u by ! di%one/1 because !y h no examples ( :at evil is 9 _! own s\ls4 ,yes1 he said1 !y are f> too apt to be deceiv$4 ,!re=e1 ,i said1 ! judge %\ld n be "y2 he %\ld h le>n$ to "k evil1 n f 8 own s\l1 b f late & long obs]vation ( ! nature ( evil 9 o!rs3 k %\ld be 8 guide1 n p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! ideal ( a judge4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 & he w be a good man 7:i* is my answ] to y\r "q72 = he is good :o has a good s\l4 ,b ! cunn+ & suspici\s nature ( :i* we spoke1--he :o has committ$ _m crimes1 & fancies himself to be a ma/] 9 wick$ness1 :5 he is among/ 8 fell[s1 is wond]ful 9 ! precautions :i* he takes1 because he judges ( !m by himself3 b :5 he gets into ! company ( m5 ( virtue1 :o h ! exp]i5ce ( age1 he appe>s to be a fool aga91 ow+ to 8 unseasonable suspicions2 he _c recognise an hone/ man1 because he has no patt]n ( hone/y 9 himself2 at ! same "t1 z ! bad are m num]\s ?an ! good1 & he meets ) !m (t5]1 he ?9ks himself1 & is by o!rs ?\ght to be1 r wise ?an fooli%4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,!n ! good & wise judge :om we are seek+ is n ?is man1 b ! o!r2 = vice _c "k virtue too1 b a virtu\s nature1 educat$ by "t1 w acquire a k bo? ( virtue & vice3 ! virtu\s1 & n ! vici\s1 man has wisdom--9 my op9ion4 ,& 9 m9e also4 ,?is is ! sort ( m$ic9e1 & ?is is ! sort ( law1 :i* y sanction 9 y\r ,/ate4 ,!y w m9i/] to bett] natures1 giv+ heal? bo? ( s\l & ( body2 b ^? :o are diseas$ 9 _! bodies !y w leave to die1 & ! corrupt & incurable s\ls !y w put an end to !mselves4 ,t is cle>ly ! be/ ?+ bo? = ! pati5ts & = ! ,/ate4 ,& ?us our y\?1 hav+ be5 educat$ only 9 t simple music :i*1 z we said1 inspires temp]ance1 w be reluctant to g to law4 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! musician1 :o1 keep+ to ! same track1 is cont5t to practise ! simple gymna/ic1 w h no?+ to d ) m$ic9e unless 9 "s extreme case4 ,t ,i q believe4 ,! v ex]cises & tolls :i* he und]goes are int5d$ to /imulate ! spirit$ elem5t ( 8 nature1 & n to increase 8 /r5g?2 he w n1 l common a?letes1 use ex]cise & regim5 to develop 8 muscles4 ,v "r1 he said4 ,nei!r are ! two arts ( music & gymna/ic really design$1 z is (t5 suppos$1 ! "o = ! tra9+ ( ! s\l1 ! o!r fir ! tra9+ ( ! body4 ,:at !n is ! real object ( !m8 ,i believe1 ,i said1 t ! tea*]s ( bo? h 9 view *iefly ! improvem5t ( ! s\l4 ,h[ c t be8 he ask$4 ,did y nev] obs]ve1 ,i said1 ! effect on ! m9d itself ( exclusive devotion to gymna/ic1 or ! opposite effect ( an exclusive devotion to music8 ,9 :at way %[n8 he said4 ,! "o produc+ a temp] ( h>dness & f]ocity1 ! o!r ( s(tness & effem9acy1 ,i repli$4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i am q aw>e t ! m]e a?lete becomes too mu* ( a savage1 & t ! m]e musician is melt$ & s(t5$ beyond :at is good = him4 ,yet surely1 ,i said1 ?is f]ocity only comes f _s1 :i*1 if rightly educat$1 w\ld give c\rage1 b1 if too mu* int5sifi$1 is liable to become h>d & brutal4 ,t ,i q ?9k4 ,on ! o!r h& ! philosoph] w h ! quality ( g5tl5ess4 ,& ?is also1 :5 too mu* indulg$1 w turn to s(tness1 b1 if educat$ rightly1 w be g5tle & mod]ate4 ,true4 ,& 9 our op9ion ! gu>dians ought to h bo? ^! qualities8 ,assur$ly4 ,& bo? %\ld be 9 h>mony8 ,beyond "q4 ,& ! h>moni\s s\l is bo? temp]ate & c\rage\s8 ,yes4 ,& ! inh>moni\s is c[>dly & boori%8 ,v true4 ,&1 :5 a man all[s music to play ^u him & to p\r into 8 s\l ?r\gh ! funnel ( 8 e>s ^? sweet & s(t & melan*oly airs ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+1 & 8 :ole life is pass$ 9 w>bl+ & ! delights ( song2 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! process ! passion or _s :i* is 9 him is temp]$ l iron1 & made useful1 in/ead ( brittle & useless4 ,b1 if he c>ries on ! s(t5+ & soo?+ process1 9 ! next /age he beg9s to melt & wa/e1 until he has wa/$ away 8 _s & cut out ! s9ews ( 8 s\l2 & he becomes a feeble w>rior4 ,v true4 ,if ! elem5t ( _s is naturally weak 9 him ! *ange is spe$ily accompli%$1 b if he h a good deal1 !n ! p[] ( music weak5+ ! _s r5d]s him excitable2--on ! lea/ provocation he flames up at once1 & is spe$ily ext+ui%$2 in/ead ( hav+ _s he gr[s irritable & passionate & is q impracticable4 ,exactly4 ,& s 9 gymna/ics1 if a man takes viol5t ex]cise & is a great fe$]1 & ! rev]se ( a great /ud5t ( music & philosophy1 at fir/ ! high condition ( 8 body fills him ) pride & _s1 & lie becomes twice ! man t he 04 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :at happ5s8 if he d no?+ else1 & holds no con-a v]se ) ! ,muses1 does n ev5 t intellig5ce :i* !re may be 9 him1 hav+ no ta/e ( any sort ( le>n+ or enquiry or ?\ght or culture1 gr[ feeble & dull & bl9d1 8 m9d nev] wak+ up or receiv+ n\ri%m5t1 & 8 s5ses n be+ purg$ ( _! mi/s8 ,true1 he said4 ,& he ends by becom+ a hat] ( philosophy1 unciviliz$1 nev] us+ ! weapon ( p]suasion1--he is l a wild bea/1 all viol5ce & fi]c5ess1 & kn[s no o!r way ( deal+2 & he lives 9 all ignorance & evil conditions1 & has no s5se ( propriety & grace4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,& z !re are two pr9ciples ( human nature1 "o ! spirit$ & ! o!r ! philosophical1 "s ,god1 z ,i %\ld say1 has giv5 mank9d two arts answ]+ to !m 7& only indirectly to ! s\l & body71 9 ord] t ^! two pr9ciples 7l ! /r+s ( an in/rum5t7 may be relax$ or drawn tight] until !y are duly h>monis$4 ,t appe>s to be ! int5tion4 ,& he :o m+les music ) gymna/ic 9 ! faire/ proportions1 & be/ attemp]s !m to ! s\l1 may be rightly call$ ! true musician & h>moni/ 9 a f> high] s5se ?an ! tun] ( ! /r+s4 ,y are q "r1 ,socrates4 ,& su* a presid+ g5ius w be always requir$ 9 our ,/ate if ! gov]nm5t is to la/4 ,yes1 he w be absolutely necess>y4 ,su*1 !n1 are our pr9ciples ( nurture & education3 ,:]e w\ld be ! use ( go+ into fur!r details ab\t ! dances ( our citiz5s1 or ab\t _! hunt+ & c\rs+1 _! gymna/ic & eque/rian conte/s8 ,= ^! all foll[ ! g5]al pr9ciple1 & hav+ f\nd t1 we %all h no difficulty 9 discov]+ !m4 ,i d>e say t !re w be no difficulty4 ,v good1 ,i said2 !n :at is ! next "q8 ,mu/ we n ask :o are to be rul]s & :o subjects8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! eld] mu/ rule ! y\ng]4 ,cle>ly4 ,& t ! be/ ( ^! mu/ rule4 ,t is also cle>4 ,n[1 are n ! be/ husb&m5 ^? :o are mo/ devot$ to husb&ry8 ,yes4 ,& z we are to h ! be/ ( gu>dians = our city1 mu/ !y n be ^? :o h mo/ ! "* ( gu>dians8 ,yes4 ,& to ?is end !y ought to be wise & effici5t1 & to h a special c>e ( ! ,/ate8 ,true4 ,& a man w be mo/ likely to c>e ab\t t :i* he loves8 ,to be sure4 ,& he w be mo/ likely to love t :i* he reg>ds z hav+ ! same int]e/s ) himself1 & t ( :i* ! good or evil =tune is suppos$ by him at any "t mo/ to affect 8 own8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,!n !re mu/ be a selection4 ,let u note among ! gu>dians ^? :o 9 _! :ole life %[ ! greate/ eag]ness to d :at is = ! good ( _! c\ntry1 & ! greate/ repugnance to d :at is aga9/ h] int]e/s4 ,^? are ! "r m54 ,& !y w h to be wat*$ at e age1 9 ord] t we may see :e!r !y pres]ve _! resolution1 & nev]1 "u ! influ5ce ei!r ( =ce or en*antm5t1 =get or ca/ (f _! s5se ( duty to ! ,/ate4 ,h[ ca/ (f8 he said4 ,i w expla9 to y1 ,i repli$4 ,a resolution may g out ( a man's m9d ei!r ) 8 w or aga9/ 8 w2 ) 8 w :5 he gets rid ( a falsehood & le>ns bett]1 aga9/ 8 w :5ev] he is depriv$ ( a tru?4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 ! will+ loss ( a resolution2 ! mean+ ( ! unwill+ ,i h yet to le>n4 ,:y1 ,i said1 d y n see t m5 are unwill+ly depriv$ ( good1 & will+ly ( evil8 ,is n to h lo/ ! tru? an evil1 & to possess ! tru? a good8 & y w\ld agree t to conceive ?+s z !y are is to possess ! tru?8 ,yes1 he repli$2 ,i agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t mank9d are depriv$ ( tru? aga9/ _! w4 ,& is n ?is involunt>y deprivation caus$ ei!r by !ft1 or =ce1 or en*antm5t8 ,/ill1 he repli$1 ,i d n und]/& y4 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ h be5 talk+ d>kly1 l ! trag$ians4 ,i only mean t "s m5 are *ang$ by p]suasion & t o!rs =get2 argum5t /eals away ! he>ts ( "o class1 & "t ( ! o!r2 & ?is ,i call !ft4 ,n[ y und]/& me8 ,yes4 ,^? aga9 :o are =c$ are ^? :om ! viol5ce ( "s pa9 or grief compels to *ange _! op9ion4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 & y are q "r4 ,& y w\ld also ackn[l$ge t ! en*ant$ are ^? :o *ange _! m9ds ei!r "u ! s(t] influ5ce ( pleasure1 or ! /]n] influ5ce ( fe>8 ,yes1 he said2 ev]y?+ t deceives may be said to en*ant4 ,!re=e1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 we mu/ enquire :o are ! be/ gu>dians ( _! own conviction t :at !y ?9k ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate is to be ! rule ( _! lives4 ,we mu/ wat* !m f _! y\? upw>ds1 & make !m p]=m actions 9 :i* !y are mo/ likely to =get or to be deceiv$1 & he :o rememb]s & is n deceiv$ is to be select$1 & he :o falls 9 ! trial is to be reject$4 ,t w be ! way8 ,yes4 ,& !re %\ld also be toils & pa9s & conflicts prescrib$ = !m1 9 :i* !y w be made to give fur!r pro( ( ! same qualities4 ,v "r1 he repli$4 ,& !n1 ,i said1 we mu/ try !m ) en*antm5ts t is ! ?ird sort ( te/--& see :at w be _! behavi\r3 l ^? :o take colts amid noise & tumult to see if !y are ( a timid nature1 s mu/ we take our y\? amid t]rors ( "s k9d1 & aga9 pass !m into pleasures1 & prove !m m ?or\ghly ?an gold is prov$ 9 ! furnace1 t we may discov] :e!r !y are arm$ aga9/ all en*antm5ts1 & ( a noble be>+ always1 good gu>dians ( !mselves & ( ! music :i* !y h le>n$1 & reta9+ "u all circum/ances a rhy?mical & h>moni\s nature1 su* z w be mo/ s]viceable to ! individual & to ! ,/ate4 ,& he :o at e age1 z boy & y\? & 9 mature life1 has come out ( ! trial victori\s & pure1 %all be appo9t$ a rul] & gu>dian ( ! ,/ate2 he %all be hon\r$ 9 life & dea?1 & %all receive sepulture & o!r memorials ( hon\r1 ! greate/ t we h to give4 ,b him :o fails1 we mu/ reject4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is ! sort ( way 9 :i* our rul]s & gu>dians %\ld be *os5 & appo9t$4 ,i speak g5]ally1 & n ) any pret5sion to exactness4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally1 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,& p]haps ! ^w 'gu>dian' 9 ! fulle/ s5se ought to be appli$ to ?is high] class only :o pres]ve u aga9/ =eign enemies & ma9ta9 peace among our citiz5s at home1 t ! "o may n h ! w1 or ! o!rs ! p[]1 to h>m u4 ,! "y m5 :om we be=e call$ gu>dians may be m prop]ly designat$ auxili>ies & support]s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! rul]s4 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,h[ !n may we devise "o ( ^? ne$ful falsehoods ( :i* we lately spoke--j "o royal lie :i* may deceive ! rul]s1 if t be possible1 & at any rate ! re/ ( ! city8 ,:at sort ( lie8 he said4 ,no?+ new1 ,i repli$2 only an old ,pho5ician tale ( :at has (t5 occurr$ be=e n[ 9 o!r places1 7z ! poets say1 & h made ! _w believe17 ?\gh n 9 our "t1 & ,i d n "k :e!r su* an ev5t c\ld ev] happ5 aga91 or c\ld n[ ev5 be made probable1 if x did4 ,h[ y\r words seem to hesitate on y\r lips6 ,y w n wond]1 ,i repli$1 at my hesitation :5 y h he>d4 ,speak1 he said1 & fe> n4 ,well !n1 ,i w speak1 al?\gh ,i really "k n h[ to look y 9 ! face1 or 9 :at words to utt] ! audaci\s fiction1 :i* ,i propose to communicate gradually1 fir/ to ! rul]s1 !n to ! soldi]s1 & la/ly to ! p4 ,!y are to be told t _! y\? 0 a dream1 & ! education & tra9+ :i* !y receiv$ f u1 an appe>ance only2 9 reality dur+ all t "t !y 7 be+ =m$ & f$ 9 ! womb ( ! e>?1 :]e !y !mselves & _! arms & appurt5ances 7 manufactur$2 :5 !y 7 complet$1 ! e>?1 _! "m1 s5t !m up2 & s1 _! c\ntry be+ _! "m & also _! nurse1 !y are b\nd to advise = h] good1 & to def5d h] aga9/ attacks1 & h] citiz5s !y are to reg>d z *ildr5 ( ! e>? & _! own bro!rs4 ,y _h good reason1 he said1 to be a%am$ ( ! lie :i* y 7 go+ to tell4 ,true1 ,i repli$1 b !re is m com+2 ,i h only told y half4 ,citiz5s1 we %all say to !m 9 our tale1 y are bro!rs1 yet ,god has fram$ y diff]5tly4 ,"s ( y h ! p[] ( comm&1 & 9 ! composition ( ^! he has m+l$ gold1 :]e=e also !y h ! greate/ hon\r2 o!rs he has made ( silv]1 to be auxill>ies2 o!rs aga9 :o are to be husb&m5 & craftsm5 he has compos$ ( brass & iron2 & ! species w g5]ally be pres]v$ 9 ! *ildr54 ,b z all are ( ! same orig9al /ock1 a gold5 p>5t w sometimes h a silv] son1 or a silv] p>5t a gold5 son4 ,& ,god proclaims z a fir/ pr9ciple to ! rul]s1 & above all else1 t !re is no?+ :i* %\ld s anxi\sly gu>d1 or ( :i* !y are to be su* good gu>dians1 z ( ! purity ( ! race4 ,!y %\ld obs]ve :at elem5ts m+le 9 _! (f spr+2 = if ! son ( a gold5 or silv] p>5t has an admixture ( brass & iron1 !n nature ord]s a transposition ( ranks1 & ! eye ( ! rul] mu/ n be pitiful t[>ds ! *ild because he has to desc5d 9 ! scale & become a husb&man or artisan1 j z !re may be sons ( artisans :o hav+ an admixture ( gold or silv] 9 !m are rais$ to hon\r1 & become gu>dians or auxili>ies4 ,= an oracle says t :5 a man ( brass or iron gu>ds ! ,/ate1 x w be de/roy$4 ,su* is ! tale2 is !re any possibility ( mak+ our citiz5s believe 9 x8 ,n 9 ! pres5t g5]ation1 he repli$2 !re is no way ( accompli%+ ?is2 b _! sons may be made to believe 9 ! tale1 & _! sons' sons1 & po/]ity aft] !m4 ,i see ! difficulty1 ,i repli$2 yet ! fo/]+ ( su* a belief w make !m c>e m = ! city & = "o ano!r4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 ( ! fiction1 :i* may n[ fly abroad ^u ! w+s ( rum\r1 :ile we arm our e>?-born h]oes1 & lead !m =? "u ! comm& ( _! rul]s4 ,let !m look r\nd & select a spot :5ce !y c be/ suppress insurrection1 if any prove refractory )91 & also def5d !mselves aga9/ enemies1 :o l wolves may come d[n on ! fold f )\t2 !re let !m encamp1 & :5 !y h encamp$1 let !m sacrifice to ! prop] ,gods & prep>e _! dwell+s4 ,j s1 he said4 ,& _! dwell+s mu/ be su* z w %ield !m aga9/ ! cold ( w9t] & ! heat ( summ]4 ,i suppose t y mean h\ses1 he repli$4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b !y mu/ be ! h\ses ( soldi]s1 & n ( %op-keep]s4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce8 he said4 ,t ,i w endeav\r to expla91 ,i repli$4 ,to keep wat*dogs1 :o1 f want ( discipl9e or hung]1 or "s evil habit1 or evil habit or o!r1 w\ld turn ^u ! %eep & worry !m1 & behave n l dogs b wolves1 w\ld be a f\l & mon/r\s ?+ 9 a %eph]d8 ,truly mon/r\s1 he said4 ,& !re=e e c>e mu/ be tak5 t our auxili>ies1 be+ /rong] ?an our citiz5s1 may n gr[ to be too mu* = !m & become savage tyrants in/ead ( fri5ds & allies8 ,yes1 great c>e %\ld be tak54 ,& w\ld n a really good education furni% ! be/ safegu>d8 ,b !y are well-educat$ already1 he repli$4 ,i _c be s confid5t1 my de> ,glaucon1 ,i said2 ,i am mu* c]ta9 t !y ought to be1 & t true education1 :atev] t may be1 w h ! greate/ t5d5cy to civilize & humanize !m 9 _! relations to "o ano!r1 & to ^? :o are "u _! protection4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& n only _! education1 b _! habitations1 & all t belongs to !m1 %\ld be su* z w nei!r impair _! virtue z gu>dians1 nor tempt !m to prey ^u ! o!r citiz5s4 ,any man ( s5se mu/ ackn[l$ge t4 ,he mu/4 ,!n let u consid] :at w be _! way ( life1 if !y are to realize our idea ( !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 none ( !m %\ld h any prop]ty ( 8 own beyond :at is absolutely necess>y2 nei!r %\ld !y h a private h\se or /ore clos$ aga9/ any "o :o has a m9d to ent]2 _! provisions %\ld be only su* z are requir$ by tra9$ w>riors1 :o are m5 ( temp]ance & c\rage2 !y %\ld agree to receive f ! citiz5s a fix$ rate ( pay1 en\gh to meet ! exp5ses ( ! ye> & no m2 & !y w g & live toge!r l soldi]s 9 a camp4 ,gold & silv] we w tell !m t !y h f ,god2 ! div9] metal is )9 !m1 & !y h !re=e no ne$ ( ! dross :i* is curr5t among m51 & ought n to pollute ! div9e by any su* e>?ly admixture2 = t common] metal has be5 ! s\rce ( _m unholy de$s1 b _! own is undefil$4 ,& !y alone ( all ! citiz5s may n t\* or h&le silv] or gold1 or be "u ! same ro( ) !m1 or we> !m1 or dr9k f !m4 ,& ?is w be _! salvation1 & !y w be ! savi\rs ( ! ,/ate4 ,b %\ld !y ev] acquire homes or l&s or moneys ( _! own1 !y w become h\sekeep]s & husb&m5 in/ead ( gu>dians1 enemies & tyrants in/ead ( allies ( ! o!r citiz5s2 hat+ & be+ hat$1 plott+ & be+ plott$ aga9/1 !y w pass _! :ole life 9 mu* great] t]ror ( int]nal ?an ( ext]nal enemies1 & ! h\r ( ru91 bo? to !mselves & to ! re/ ( ! ,/ate1 w be at h&4 ,= all :i* reasons may we n say t ?us %all our ,/ate be ord]$1 & t ^! %all be ! regulations appo9t$ by u = gu>dians conc]n+ _! h\ses & all o!r matt]s8 o!r ,yes1 said ,glaucon4 ,,book ,,iv ,,adeimantus - ,,socrates ,,"h ,adeimantus int]pos$ a "q3 ,h[ w\ld y answ]1 ,socrates1 said he1 if a p]son 7 to say t y are mak+ ^! p mis]able1 & t !y are ! cause ( _! own unhapp9ess2 ! city 9 fact belongs to !m1 b !y are none ! bett] = x2 :]eas o!r m5 acquire l&s1 & build l>ge & h&some h\ses1 & h ev]y?+ h&some ab\t !m1 (f]+ sacrifices to ! gods on _! own acc\nt1 & practis+ hospitality2 moreov]1 z y 7 say+ j n[1 !y h gold & silv]1 & all t is usual among ! fav\rites ( =tune2 b our poor citiz5s are no bett] ?an m]c5>ies :o are qu>t]$ 9 ! city & are always m\nt+ gu>d8 ,yes1 ,i said2 & y may add t !y are only f$1 & n paid 9 addition to _! food1 l o!r m52 & !re=e !y _c1 if !y w\ld1 take a j\rney ( pleasure2 !y h no money to sp5d on a mi/ress or any o!r luxuri\s fancy1 :i*1 z ! _w goes1 is ?\ght to be happ9ess2 & _m o!r accusations ( ! same nature might be add$4 ,b1 said he1 let u suppose all ?is to be includ$ 9 ! *>ge4 ,y mean to ask1 ,i said1 :at w be our answ]8 ,yes4 ,if we proce$ along ! old pa?1 my belief1 ,i said1 is t we %all f9d ! answ]4 ,& our answ] w be t1 ev5 z !y are1 our gu>dians may v likely be ! happie/ ( m52 b t our aim 9 f\nd+ ! ,/ate 0 n ! disproportionate happ9ess ( any "o class1 b ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! :ole2 we ?\ght t 9 a ,/ate :i* is ord]$ ) a view to ! good ( ! :ole we %\ld be mo/ likely to f9d ,ju/ice1 & 9 ! ill-ord]$ ,/ate inju/ice3 &1 hav+ f\nd !m1 we might !n decide :i* ( ! two is ! happi]4 ,at pres5t1 ,i take x1 we are fa%ion+ ! happy ,/ate1 n piecemeal1 or ) a view ( mak+ a few happy citiz5s1 b z a :ole2 & by-&-by we w proce$ to view ! opposite k9d ( ,/ate4 ,suppose t we 7 pa9t+ a /atue1 & "s "o came up to u & said1 ,:y d y n put ! mo/ beautiful col\rs on ! mo/ beautiful p>ts ( ! body--! eyes ought to be purple1 b y h made !m black--to him we might fairly answ]1 ,sir1 y w\ld n surely h u beautify ! eyes to su* a degree t !y are no long] eyes2 consid] r :e!r1 by giv+ ?is & ! o!r features _! due proportion1 we make ! :ole beautiful4 ,& s ,i say to y1 d n compel u to assign to ! gu>dians a sort ( happ9ess :i* w make !m any?+ b gu>dians2 = we too c clo! our husb&m5 9 royal app>el1 & set cr[ns ( gold on _! heads1 & bid !m till ! gr\nd z mu* z !y l1 & no m4 ,our pott]s also might be all[$ to repose on c\*es1 & fea/ by ! fireside1 pass+ r\nd ! w9ecup1 :ile _! :eel is conv5i5tly at h&1 & work+ at pott]y only z mu* z !y l2 9 ?is way we might make e class happy-& !n1 z y imag9e1 ! :ole ,/ate w\ld be happy4 ,b d n put ?is idea into our heads2 =1 if we li/5 to y1 ! husb&man w be no long] a husb&man1 ! pott] w cease to be a pott]1 & no "o w h ! "* ( any di/9ct class 9 ! ,/ate4 ,n[ ?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce :]e ! corruption ( society1 & pret5sion to be :at y are n1 is conf9$ to cobbl]s2 b :5 ! gu>dians ( ! laws & ( ! gov]nm5t are only seem+ly & n real gu>dians1 !n see h[ !y turn ! ,/ate upside d[n2 & on ! o!r h& !y alone h ! p[] ( giv+ ord] & happ9ess to ! ,/ate4 ,we mean our gu>dians to be true savi\rs & n ! de/roy]s ( ! ,/ate1 :]eas our oppon5t is ?9k+ ( peasants at a fe/ival1 :o are enjoy+ a life ( revelry1 n ( citiz5s :o are do+ _! duty to ! ,/ate4 ,b1 if s1 we mean diff]5t ?+s1 & he is speak+ ( some?+ :i* is n a ,/ate4 ,& !re=e we mu/ consid] :e!r 9 appo9t+ our gu>dians we w\ld look to _! greate/ happ9ess individually1 or :e!r ?is pr9ciple ( happ9ess does n r reside 9 ! ,/ate z a :ole4 ,b ! latt] be ! tru?1 !n ! gu>dians & auxill>ies1 & all o!rs equally ) !m1 mu/ be compell$ or induc$ to d _! own "w 9 ! be/ way4 ,& ?us ! :ole ,/ate w gr[ up 9 a noble ord]1 & ! sev]al classes w receive ! proportion ( happ9ess :i* nature assigns to !m4 ,i ?9k t y are q "r4 ,i wond] :e!r y w agree ) ano!r rem>k :i* occurs to me4 ,:at may t be8 ,!re seem to be two causes ( ! det]ioration ( ! arts4 ,:at are !y8 ,weal?1 ,i said1 & pov]ty4 ,h[ d !y act8 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,:5 a pott] becomes ri*1 w he1 ?9k y1 any long] take ! same pa9s ) 8 art8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,he w gr[ m & m indol5t & c>eless8 ,v true4 ,& ! result w be t he becomes a worse pott]8 ,yes2 he greatly det]iorates4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if he has no money1 & _c provide himself tools or in/rum5ts1 he w n "w equally well himself1 nor w he tea* 8 sons or appr5tices to "w equally well4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ei!r ( pov]ty or ( weal?1 workm5 & _! "w are equally liable to deg5]ate8 ,t is evid5t4 ,"h1 !n1 is a discov]y ( new evils1 ,i said1 aga9/ :i* ! gu>dians w h to wat*1 or !y w creep into ! city unobs]v$4 ,:at evils8 ,weal?1 ,i said1 & pov]ty2 ! "o is ! p>5t ( luxury & indol5ce1 & ! o!r ( meanness & vici\sness1 & bo? ( discont5t4 ,t is v true1 he repli$2 b /ill ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,socrates1 h[ our city w be able to g to w>1 especially aga9/ an enemy :o is ri* & p[]ful1 if depriv$ ( ! s9ews ( w>4 ,!re w\ld c]ta9ly be a difficulty1 ,i repli$1 9 go+ to w> ) "o su* enemy2 b !re is no difficulty :]e !re are two ( !m4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i said1 if we h to fight1 our side w be tra9$ w>riors fight+ aga9/ an army ( ri* m54 ,t is true1 he said4 ,& d y n suppose1 ,adeimantus1 t a s+le box] :o 0 p]fect 9 8 art w\ld easily be a mat* = two /\t & well-to-d g5tlem5 :o 7 n box]s8 ,h>dly1 if !y came ^u him at once4 ,:at1 n1 ,i said1 if he 7 able to run away & !n turn & /rike at ! "o :o fir/ came up8 ,& suppos+ he 7 to d ?is sev]al times "u ! heat ( a scor*+ sun1 might he n1 be+ an exp]t1 ov]turn m ?an "o /\t p]sonage8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 !re w\ld be no?+ wond]ful 9 t4 ,& yet ri* m5 probably h a great] sup]iority 9 ! sci5ce & practice ( box+ ?an !y h 9 milit>y qualities4 ,likely en\gh4 ,!n we may assume t our a?letes w be able to fight ) two or ?ree times _! own numb]8 ,i agree ) y1 = ,i ?9k y "r4 ,& suppose t1 be=e engag+1 our citiz5s s5d an embassy to "o ( ! two cities1 tell+ !m :at is ! tru?3 ,silv] & gold we nei!r h nor are p]mitt$ to h1 b y may2 d y !re=e come & help u 9 w>1 ( & take ! spoils ( ! o!r city3 ,:o1 on he>+ ^! words1 w\ld *oose to fight aga9/ lean wiry dogs1 r ?an1 ) ! dogs on _! side1 aga9/ fat & t5d] %eep8 ,t is n likely2 & yet !re might be a dang] to ! poor ,/ate if ! weal? ( _m ,/ates 7 to be ga!r$ into "o4 ,b h[ simple ( y to use ! t]m ,/ate at all ( any b our own6 ,:y s8 ,y ought to speak ( o!r ,/ates 9 ! plural numb]2 n "o ( !m is a city1 b _m cities1 z !y say 9 ! game4 ,= inde$ any city1 h[ev] small1 is 9 fact divid$ into two1 "o ! city ( ! poor1 ! o!r ( ! ri*2 ^! are at w> ) "o ano!r2 & 9 ei!r !re are _m small] divisions1 & y w\ld be altoge!r beside ! m>k if y treat$ !m all z a s+le ,/ate4 ,b if y deal ) !m z _m1 & give ! weal? or p[] or p]sons ( ! "o to ! o!rs1 y w always h a great _m fri5ds & n _m enemies4 ,& y\r ,/ate1 :ile ! wise ord] :i* has n[ be5 prescrib$ cont9ues to prevail 9 h]1 w be ! greate/ ( ,/ates1 ,i d n mean to say 9 reputation or appe>ance1 b 9 de$ & tru?1 ?\gh %e numb] n m ?an a ?\s& def5d]s4 ,a s+le ,/ate :i* is h] equal y w h>dly f9d1 ei!r among ,hell5es or b>b>ians1 ?\gh _m t appe> to be z great & _m times great]4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& :at1 ,i said1 w be ! be/ limit = our rul]s to fix :5 !y are consid]+ ! size ( ! ,/ate & ! am\nt ( t]ritory :i* !y are to include1 & beyond :i* !y w n g8 ,:at limit w\ld y propose8 ,i w\ld all[ ! ,/ate to increase s f> z is consi/5t ) unity2 t1 ,i ?9k1 is ! prop] limit4 ,v good1 he said4 ,"h !n1 ,i said1 is ano!r ord] :i* w h to be convey$ to our gu>dians3 ,let our city be acc\nt$ nei!r l>ge nor small1 b "o & self-suffic+4 ,& surely1 said he1 ?is is n a v sev]e ord] :i* we impose ^u !m4 ,& ! o!r1 said ,i1 ( :i* we 7 speak+ be=e is light] /ill1 ,i mean ! duty ( degrad+ ! (fspr+ ( ! gu>dians :5 inf]ior1 & ( elevat+ into ! rank ( gu>dians ! (fspr+ ( ! l[] classes1 :5 naturally sup]ior4 ,! int5tion 01 t1 9 ! case ( ! citiz5s g5]ally1 ea* individual %\ld be put to ! use = :i* nature :i* nature int5d$ him1 "o to "o "w1 & !n e man w\ld d 8 own bus9ess1 & be "o & n _m2 & s ! :ole city w\ld be "o & n _m4 ,yes1 he said2 t is n s difficult4 ,! regulations :i* we are prescrib+1 my good ,adeimantus1 are n1 z might be suppos$1 a numb] ( great pr9ciples1 b trifles all1 if c>e be tak51 z ! say+ is1 ( ! "o great ?+1--a ?+1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i w\ld r call1 n great1 b suffici5t = our purpose4 ,:at may t be8 he ask$4 ,education1 ,i said1 & nurture3 ,if our citiz5s are well educat$1 & gr[ into s5sible m51 !y w easily see _! way ?r\gh all ^!1 z well z o!r matt]s :i* ,i omit2 su*1 = example1 z m>riage1 ! possession ( wom5 & ! procreation ( *ildr51 :i* w all foll[ ! g5]al pr9ciple t fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common1 z ! prov]b says4 ,t w be ! be/ way ( settl+ !m4 ,also1 ,i said1 ! ,/ate1 if once />t$ well1 moves ) accumulat+ =ce l a :eel4 ,= good nurture & education implant good con/itutions1 & ^! good con/itutions tak+ root 9 a good education improve m & m1 & ?is improvem5t affects ! bre$ 9 man z 9 o!r animals4 ,v possibly1 he said4 ,!n to sum up3 ,?is is ! po9t to :i*1 above all1 ! att5tion ( our rul]s %\ld be direct$1--t music & gymna/ic be pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al =m1 & no innovation made4 ,!y mu/ d _! utmo/ to ma9ta9 !m intact4 ,& :5 any "o says t mank9d mo/ reg>d ,! newe/ song :i* ! s+]s h1 !y w be afraid t he may be prais+1 n new songs1 b a new k9d ( song2 & ?is ought n to be prais$1 or conceiv$ to be ! mean+ ( ! poet2 = any musical innovation is full ( dang] to ! :ole ,/ate1 & ought to be prohibit$4 ,s ,damon tells me1 & ,i c q believe him2-he says t :5 modes ( music *ange1 ( ! ,/ate always *ange ) !m4 ,yes1 said ,adeimantus2 & y may add my suffrage to ,damon's & y\r own4 ,!n1 ,i said1 our gu>dians mu/ lay ! f\ndations ( _! =tress 9 music8 ,yes1 he said2 ! lawlessness ( :i* y speak too easily /eals 94 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 9 ! =m ( amusem5t2 & at fir/ sight x appe>s h>mless4 ,:y1 yes1 he said1 & !re is no h>m2 7 x n t little by little ?is _s ( lic5ce1 f9d+ a home1 imp]ceptibly p5etrates into mann]s & cu/oms2 :5ce1 issu+ ) great] =ce1 x invades contracts betwe5 man & man1 & f contracts goes on to laws & con/itutions1 9 utt] recklessness1 end+ at la/1 ,socrates1 by an ov]?r[ ( all rights1 private z well z public4 ,is t true8 ,i said4 ,t is my belief1 he repli$4 ,!n1 z ,i 0 say+1 our y\? %\ld be tra9$ f ! fir/ 9 a /rict] sy/em1 = if amusem5ts become lawless1 & ! y\?s !mselves become lawless1 !y c nev] gr[ up into well-conduct$ & virtu\s citiz5s4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& :5 !y h made a good beg9n+ 9 play1 & by ! help ( music h ga9$ ! habit ( good ord]1 !n ?is habit ( ord]1 9 a mann] h[ unlike ! lawless play ( ! o!rs6 w accompany !m 9 all _! actions & be a pr9ciple ( gr[? to !m1 & if !re be any fall5 places a pr9ciple 9 ! ,/ate w raise !m up aga94 ,v true1 he said4 ,?us educat$1 !y w inv5t = !mselves any less] rules :i* _! pr$ecessors h altoge!r neglect$4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean su* ?+s z ^!3--:5 ! "y are to be sil5t be=e _! eld]s2 h[ !y are to %[ respect to !m by /&+ & mak+ !m sit2 :at hon\r is due to p>5ts2 :at g>m5ts or %oes are to be worn2 ! mode ( dress+ ! hair2 deportm5t & mann]s 9 g5]al4 ,y w\ld agree ) me8 ,yes4 ,b !re is1 ,i ?9k1 small wisdom 9 legislat+ ab\t su* matt]s1--,i d\bt if x is ev] done2 nor are any precise writt5 enactm5ts ab\t !m likely to be la/+4 ,impossible4 ,x w\ld seem1 ,adeimantus1 t ! direction 9 :i* education />ts a man1 w det]m9e 8 future life4 ,does n l always attract l8 ,to be sure4 ,until "s "o r>e & gr& result is rea*$ :i* may be good1 & may be ! rev]se ( good8 ,t is n to be d5i$4 ,& = ?is reason1 ,i said1 ,i %all n attempt to legislate fur!r ab\t !m4 ,naturally en\gh1 he repli$4 ,well1 & ab\t ! bus9ess ( ! agora1 deal+s & ! ord9>y deal+s betwe5 man & man1 or aga9 ab\t agreem5ts ) ! comm5cem5t ) artisans2 ab\t insult & injury1 ( ! comm5cem5t ( actions1 & ! appo9tm5t ( juries1 :at w\ld y say8 !re may also arise que/ions ab\t any impositions & extractions ( m>ket & h>b\r dues :i* may be requir$1 & 9 g5]al ab\t ! regulations ( m>kets1 police1 h>b\rs1 & ! l4 ,b1 oh heav5s6 %all we condesc5d to legislate on any ( ^! p>ticul>s8 ,i ?9k1 he said1 t !re is no ne$ to impose laws ab\t !m on good m52 :at regulations are necess>y !y w f9d out soon en\gh = !mselves4 ,yes1 ,i said1 my fri5d1 if ,god w only pres]ve to !m ! laws :i* we h giv5 !m4 ,& )\t div9e help1 said ,adeimantus1 !y w g on = ev] mak+ & m5d+ _! laws & _! lives 9 ! hope ( atta9+ p]fection4 ,y w\ld comp>e !m1 ,i said1 to ^? invalids :o1 hav+ no self-re/ra9t1 w n leave (f _! habits ( intemp]ance8 ,exactly4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & :at a delightful life !y lead6 !y are always doctor+ & increas+ & complicat+ _! disord]s1 & always fancy+ t !y w be cur$ by any no/rum :i* anybody advises !m to try4 ,su* cases are v common1 he said1 ) invalids ( ?is sort4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 & ! *>m+ ?+ is t !y deem him _! wor/ enemy :o tells !m ! tru?1 :i* is simply t1 unless !y give up eat+ & dr9k+ & w5*+ & idl+1 nei!r drug nor caut]y nor spell nor amulet nor any o!r rem$y w avail4 ,*>m+6 he repli$4 ,i see no?+ *>m+ 9 go+ into a passion ) a man :o tells y :at is "r4 ,^! g5tlem51 ,i said1 d n seem to be 9 y\r good graces4 ,assur$ly n4 ,nor w\ld y praise ! behavi\r ( ,/ates :i* act l ! m5 :om ,i 0 j n[ describ+4 ,= are !re n ill-ord]$ ,/ates 9 :i* ! citiz5s are =bidd5 "u pa9 ( dea? to alt] ! con/itution2 & yet he :o mo/ sweetly c\rts ^? :o live "u ?is regime & indulges !m & fawns ^u !m & is skilful 9 anticipat+ & gratify+ _! hum\rs is held to be a great & good /atesman--d n ^! ,/ates resemble ! p]sons :om ,i 0 describ+8 ,yes1 he said2 ! ,/ates are z bad z ! m52 & ,i am v f> f prais+ !m4 ,b d y n admire1 ,i said1 ! coolness & dext]ity ( ^! ready m9i/]s ( political corruption8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i d2 b n ( all ( !m1 = !re are "s :om ! applause ( ! multitude has delud$ into ! belief t !y are really /atesm51 & ^! are n mu* to be admir$4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i said2 y %\ld h m feel+ = !m4 ,:5 a man _c measure1 & a great _m o!rs :o _c measure decl>e t he is f\r cubits high1 c he help believ+ :at !y say8 ,nay1 he said1 c]ta9ly n 9 t case4 ,well1 !n1 d n be angry ) !m2 = are !y n z good z a play1 try+ _! h& at paltry re=ms su* z ,i 0 describ+2 !y are always fancy+ t by legislation !y w make an end ( frauds 9 contracts1 & ! o!r rascalities :i* ,i 0 m5tion+1 n kn[+ t !y are 9 reality cutt+ (f ! heads ( a hydra8 ,yes1 he said2 t is j :at !y are do+4 ,i conceive1 ,i said1 t ! true legislator w n tr\ble himself ) ?is class ( enactm5ts :e!r conc]n+ laws or ! con/itution ei!r 9 an ill-ord]$ or 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate2 = 9 ! =m] !y are q useless1 & 9 ! latt] !re w be no difficulty 9 devis+ !m2 & _m ( !m w naturally fl[ out ( our previ\s regulations4 ,:at1 !n1 he said1 is /ill rema9+ to u ( ! "w ( legislation8 ,no?+ to u1 ,i repli$2 b to ,apollo1 ! ,god ( ,delphi1 !re rema9s ! ord]+ ( ! greate/ & noble/ & *iefe/ ?+s ( all4 ,:i* are !y8 he said4 ,! in/itution ( temples & sacrifices1 & ! entire s]vice ( gods1 demigods1 & h]oes2 also ! ord]+ ( ! repositories ( ! dead1 & ! rites :i* h to be obs]v$ by him :o w\ld propitiate ! inhabitants ( ! _w bel[4 ,^! are matt]s ( :i* we are ignorant ourselves1 & z f\nd]s ( a city we %\ld be unwise 9 tru/+ !m to any int]pret] b our ance/ral deity4 ,he is ! god :o sits 9 ! c5t]1 on ! navel ( ! e>?1 & he is ! int]pret] ( religion to all mank9d4 ,y are "r1 & we w d z y propose4 ,b :]e1 amid all ?is1 is ju/ice8 son ( ,ari/on1 tell me :]e4 ,n[ t our city has be5 made habitable1 light a c&le & se>*1 & get y\r bro!r & ,polem>*us & ! re/ ( our fri5ds to help1 & let u see :]e 9 x we c discov] ju/ice & :]e inju/ice1 & 9 :at !y diff] f "o ano!r1 & :i* ( !m ! man :o w\ld be happy %\ld h = 8 portion1 :e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m54 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,nons5se1 said ,glaucon3 did y n promise to se>* y\rself1 say+ t = y n to help ju/ice 9 h] ne$ w\ld be an impiety8 ,i d n d5y t ,i said s1 & z y rem9d me1 ,i w be z good z my ^w2 b y mu/ jo94 ,we w1 he repli$4 ,well1 !n1 ,i hope to make ! discov]y 9 ?is way3 ,i mean to beg9 ) ! assumption t our ,/ate1 if rightly ord]$1 is p]fect4 ,t is mo/ c]ta94 ,& be+ p]fect1 is !re=e wise & valiant & temp]ate & j4 ,t is likewise cle>4 ,& :i*ev] ( ^! qualities we f9d 9 ! ,/ate1 ! "o :i* is n f\nd w be ! residue8 ,v good4 ,if !re 7 f\r ?+s1 & we 7 se>*+ = "o ( !m1 :]ev] x might be1 ! "o s\ght = might be kn[n to u f ! fir/1 & !re w\ld be no fur!r tr\ble2 or we might "k ! o!r ?ree fir/1 & !n ! f\r? w\ld cle>ly be ! "o left4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& is n a simil> me?od to be pursu$ ab\t ! virtues1 :i* are also f\r 9 numb]8 ,cle>ly4 ,fir/ among ! virtues f\nd 9 ! ,/ate1 wisdom comes into view1 & 9 ?is ,i detect a c]ta9 peculi>ity4 ,:at is t8 ,! ,/ate :i* we h be5 describ+ is said to be wise z be+ good 9 c\nsel8 ,v true4 ,& good c\nsel is cle>ly a k9d ( k1 = n by ignorance1 b by k1 d m5 c\nsel well8 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! k9ds ( k 9 a ,/ate are _m & div]se8 ,( c\rse4 ,!re is ! k ( ! c>p5t]2 b is t ! sort ( k :i* gives a city ! title ( wise & good 9 c\nsel8 ,c]ta9ly n2 t w\ld only give a city ! reputation ( skill 9 c>p5t]+4 ,!n a city is n to be call$ wise because possess+ a k :i* c\nsels = ! be/ ab\t wood5 implem5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nor by reason ( a k :i* advises ab\t braz5 pots1 ,i said1 nor z possess+ any o!r simil> k8 ,n by reason ( any ( !m1 he said4 ,nor yet by reason ( a k :i* cultivates ! e>?2 t w\ld give ! city ! "n ( agricultural8 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i said1 & is !re any k 9 our rec5tly f\nd$ ,/ate among any ( ! citiz5s :i* advises1 n ab\t any p>ticul> ?+ 9 ! ,/ate1 b ab\t ! :ole1 & consid]s h[ a ,/ate c be/ deal ) itself & ) o!r ,/ates8 ,!re c]ta9ly is4 ,& :at is k1 & among :om is x f\nd8 ,i ask$4 ,x is ! k ( ! gu>dians1 he repli$1 & f\nd among ^? :om we 7 j n[ describ+ z p]fect gu>dians4 ,& :at is ! "n :i* ! city d]ives f ! possession ( ?is sort ( k8 ,! "n ( good 9 c\nsel & truly wise4 ,& w !re be 9 our city m ( ^! true gu>dians or m smi?s8 ,! smi?s1 he repli$1 w be f> m num]\s4 ,w n ! gu>dians be ! smalle/ ( all ! classes :o receive a "n f ! pr(ession ( "s k9d ( k8 ,mu* ! smalle/4 ,& s by reason ( ! smalle/ "p or class1 & ( ! k :i* resides 9 ?is presid+ & rul+ "p ( itself1 ! :ole ,/ate1 be+ ?us con/itut$ accord+ to nature1 w be wise2 & ?is1 :i* has ! only k wor?y to be call$ wisdom1 has be5 orda9$ by nature to be ( all classes ! lea/4 ,mo/ true4 ,?us1 !n1 ,i said1 ! nature & place 9 ! ,/ate ( "o ( ! f\r virtues has someh[ or o!r be5 discov]$4 ,&1 9 my humble op9ion1 v satisfactorily discov]$1 he repli$4 ,aga91 ,i said1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ ! nature ( c\rage2 & 9 :at "p t quality resides :i* gives ! "n ( c\rage\s to ! ,/ate4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,:y1 ,i said1 e "o :o calls any ,/ate c\rage\s or c[>dly1 w be ?9k+ ( ! "p :i* fights & goes out to w> on ! ,/ate's behalf4 ,no "o1 he repli$1 w\ld ev] ?9k ( any o!r4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! re/ ( ! citiz5s may be c\rage\s or may be c[>dly b _! c\rage or c[>dice w n1 z ,i conceive1 h ! effect ( mak+ ! city ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! city w be c\rage\s 9 virtue ( a portion ( h]self :i* pres]ves "u all circum/ances t op9ion ab\t ! nature ( ?+s to be fe>$ & n to be fe>$ 9 :i* our legislator educat$ !m2 & ?is is :at y t]m c\rage4 ,i %\ld l to he> :at y are say+ once m1 = ,i d n ?9k t ,i p]fectly und]/& y4 ,i mean t c\rage is a k9d ( salvation4 ,salvation ( :at8 ,( ! op9ion respect+ ?+s to be fe>$1 :at !y are & ( :at nature1 :i* ! law implants ?r\gh education2 & ,i mean by ! words '"u all circum/ances' to intimate t 9 pleasure or 9 pa91 or "u ! influ5ce ( desire or fe>1 a man pres]ves1 & does n lose ?is op9ion4 ,%all ,i give y an illu/ration8 ,if y please4 ,y "k1 ,i said1 t dy]s1 :5 !y want to dye wool = mak+ ! true sea-purple1 beg9 by select+ _! :ite col\r fir/2 ?is !y prep>e & dress ) mu* c>e & pa9s1 9 ord] t ! :ite gr\nd may take ! purple hue 9 full p]fection4 ,! dye+ !n proce$s2 & :atev] is dy$ 9 ?is mann] becomes a fa/ col\r1 & no wa%+ ei!r ) lyes or )\t !m c take away ! bloom4 ,b1 :5 ! gr\nd has n be5 duly prep>$1 y w h notic$ h[ poor is ! look ei!r ( purple or ( any o!r col\r4 ,yes1 he said2 ,i "k t !y h a wa%$-out & ridicul\s appe>ance4 ,!n n[1 ,i said1 y w und]/& :at our object 0 9 select+ our soldi]s1 & educat+ !m 9 music & gymna/ic2 we 7 contriv+ influ5ces :i* w\ld prep>e !m to take ! dye ( ! laws 9 p]fection1 & ! col\r ( _! op9ion ab\t dang]s & ( e o!r op9ion 0 to be indelibly fix$ by _! nurture & tra9+1 n to be wa%$ away by su* pot5t lyes z pleasure--mighti] ag5t f> 9 wa%+ ! s\l ?an any soda or lye2 or by sorr[1 fe>1 & desire1 ! mightie/ ( all o!r solv5ts4 ,& ?is sort ( univ]sal sav+ p[] ( true op9ion 9 con=mity ) law ab\t real & false dang]s ,i call & ma9ta9 to be c\rage1 unless y disagree4 ,b ,i agree1 he repli$2 = ,i suppose t y mean to exclude m]e un9/ruct$ c\rage1 su* z t ( a wild bea/ or ( a slave--?is1 9 y\r op9ion1 is n ! c\rage :i* ! law orda9s1 & ought to h ano!r "n4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,!n ,i may inf] c\rage to be su* z y describe8 ,:y1 yes1 said ,i1 y may1 & if y add ! words '( a citiz51' y w n be f> wrong2--h]eaft]1 if y l1 we w c>ry ! exam9ation fur!r1 b at pres5t we are we w seek+ n = c\rage b ju/ice2 & = ! purpose ( our enquiry we h said en\gh4 ,y are "r1 he repli$4 ,two virtues rema9 to be discov]$ 9 ! ,/ate-fir/ temp]ance1 & !n ju/ice :i* is ! end ( our se>*4 ,v true4 ,n[1 c we f9d ju/ice )\t tr\bl+ ourselves ab\t temp]ance8 ,i d n "k h[ t c be accompli%$1 he said1 nor d ,i desire t ju/ice %\ld be br\ght to light & temp]ance lo/ sight (2 & !re=e ,i wi% t y w\ld d me ! fav\r ( consid]+ temp]ance fir/4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i repli$1 ,i %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ y\r reque/4 ,!n consid]1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i repli$2 ,i w2 & z f> z ,i c at pres5t see1 ! virtue ( temp]ance has m ( ! nature ( h>mony & symphony ?an ! prec$+4 ,h[ s8 he ask$4 ,temp]ance1 ,i repli$1 is ! ord]+ or controll+ ( c]ta9 pleasures & desires2 ?is is curi\sly en\gh impli$ 9 ! say+ ( 'a man be+ 8 own ma/]' & o!r traces ( ! same notion may be f\nd 9 language4 ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,!re is some?+ ridicul\s 9 ! expression 'ma/] ( himself'2 = ! ma/] is also ! s]vant & ! s]vant ! ma/]2 & 9 all ^! modes ( speak+ ! same p]son is d5ot$4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! mean+ is1 ,i believe1 t 9 ! human s\l !re is a bett] & also a worse pr9ciple2 & :5 ! bett] has ! worse "u control1 !n a man is said to be ma/] ( himself2 & ?is is a t]m ( praise3 b :51 ow+ to evil education or association1 ! bett] pr9ciple1 :i* is also ! small]1 is ov]:elm$ by ! great] mass ( ! worse--9 ?is case he is blam$ & is call$ ! slave ( self & unpr9cipl$4 ,yes1 !re is reason 9 t4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 look at our newly creat$ ,/ate1 & !re y w f9d "o ( ^! two conditions realis$2 = ! ,/ate1 z y w ackn[l$ge1 may be ju/ly call$ ma/] ( itself1 if ! words 'temp]ance' & 'self-ma/]y' truly express ! rule ( ! bett] "p ov] ! worse4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i see t :at y say is true4 ,let me fur!r note t ! manifold & complex pleasures & desires & pa9s are g5]ally f\nd 9 *ildr5 & wom5 & s]vants1 & 9 ! freem5 s call$ :o are ( ! l[e/ & m num]\s class4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,:]eas ! simple & mod]ate desires :i* foll[ reason1 & are "u ! guidance ( m9d & true op9ion1 are to be f\nd only 9 a few1 & ^? ! be/ born & be/ educat$4 ,v true4 ,^! two1 z y may p]ceive1 h a place 9 our ,/ate2 & ! mean] desires ( ! are held d[n by ! virtu\s desires & wisdom ( ! few4 ,t ,i p]ceive1 he said4 ,!n if !re be any city :i* may be describ$ z ma/] ( its own pleasures & desires1 & ma/] ( itself1 ours may claim su* a designation8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,x may also be call$ temp]ate1 & = ! same reasons8 ,yes4 ,& if !re be any ,/ate 9 :i* rul]s & subjects w be agre$ z to ! "q :o are to rule1 t aga9 w be our ,/ate8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& ! citiz5s be+ ?us agre$ among !mselves1 9 :i* class w temp]ance be f\nd--9 ! rul]s or 9 ! subjects8 ,9 bo?1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 he repli$4 ,d y obs]ve t we 7 n f> wrong 9 our guess t temp]ance 0 a sort ( h>mony8 ,:y s8 ,:y1 because temp]ance is unlike c\rage & wisdom1 ea* ( :i* resides 9 a "p only1 ! "o mak+ ! ,/ate wise & ! o!r valiant2 n s temp]ance1 :i* ext5ds to ! :ole1 & runs ?r\gh all ! notes ( ! scale1 & produces a h>mony ( ! weak] & ! /rong] & ! middle class1 :e!r y suppose !m to be /rong] or weak] 9 wisdom or p[] or numb]s or weal?1 or any?+ else4 ,mo/ truly !n may we deem temp]ance to be ! agreem5t ( ! naturally sup]ior & inf]ior1 z to ! "r to rule ( ei!r1 bo? 9 /ates & individuals4 ,i entirely agree ) y4 ,& s1 ,i said1 we may consid] ?ree out ( ! f\r virtues to h be5 discov]$ 9 our ,/ate4 ,! la/ ( ^? qualities :i* make a /ate virtu\s mu/ be ju/ice1 if we only knew :at t 04 ,! inf]5ce is obvi\s4 ,! "t !n has arriv$1 ,glaucon1 :51 l huntsm51 we %\ld surr\nd ! cov]1 & look %>p t ju/ice does n /eal away1 & pass out ( sight & escape u2 = beyond a d\bt %e is some:]e 9 ?is c\ntry3 wat* !re=e & /rive to cat* a sight ( h]1 & if y see h] fir/1 let me "k4 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld6 b y %\ld reg>d me r z a foll[] :o has j eyes en\gh to1 see :at y %[ him--t is ab\t z mu* z ,i am good =4 ,(f] up a pray] ) me & foll[4 ,i w1 b y mu/ %[ me ! way4 ,"h is no pa?1 ,i said1 & ! wood is d>k & p]plex+2 /ill we mu/ pu% on4 ,let u pu% on4 ,"h ,i saw some?+3 ,halloo6 ,i said1 ,i beg9 to p]ceive a track1 & ,i believe t ! qu>ry w n escape4 ,good news1 he said4 ,truly1 ,i said1 we are /upid fell[s4 ,:y s8 ,:y1 my good sir1 at ! beg9n+ ( our enquiry1 ages ago1 !re 0 ju/ice tumbl+ out at our feet1 & we nev] saw h]2 no?+ c\ld be m ridicul\s4 ,l p :o g ab\t look+ = :at !y h 9 _! h&s--t 0 ! way ) u--we look$ n at :at we 7 seek+1 b at :at 0 f> (f 9 ! di/ance2 & !re=e1 ,i suppose1 we miss$ h]4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean to say t 9 reality = a long "t pa/ we h be5 talk+ ( ju/ice1 & h fail$ to recognise h]4 ,i gr[ impati5t at ! l5g? ( y\r exordium4 ,well !n1 tell me1 ,i said1 :e!r ,i am "r or n3 ,y rememb] ! orig9al pr9ciple :i* we 7 always lay+ d[n at ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ate1 t "o man %\ld practise "o ?+ only1 ! ?+ to :i* 8 nature 0 be/ adapt$2--n[ ju/ice is ?is pr9ciple or a "p ( x4 ,yes1 we (t5 said t "o man %\ld d "o ?+ only4 ,fur!r1 we affirm$ t ju/ice 0 do+ "o's own bus9ess1 & n be+ a busybody2 we said s aga9 & aga91 & _m o!rs h said ! same to u4 ,yes1 we said s4 ,!n to d "o's own bus9ess 9 a c]ta9 way may be assum$ to be ju/ice4 ,c y tell me :5ce ,i d]ive ?is inf]5ce8 ,i _c1 b ,i %\ld l to be told4 ,because ,i ?9k t ?is is ! only virtue :i* rema9s 9 ! ,/ate :5 ! o!r virtues ( temp]ance & c\rage & wisdom are ab/ract$2 &1 t ?is is ! ultimate cause & condition ( ! exi/5ce ( all ( !m1 & :ile rema9+ 9 !m is also _! pres]vative2 & we 7 say+ t if ! ?ree 7 discov]$ by u1 ju/ice w\ld be ! f\r? or rema9+ "o4 ,t foll[s ( necessity4 ,if we are ask$ to det]m9e :i* ( ^! f\r qualities by its pres5ce contributes mo/ to ! excell5ce ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r ! agreem5t ( rul]s & subjects1 or ! pres]vation 9 ! soldi]s ( ! op9ion :i* ! law orda9s ab\t ! true nature ( dang]s1 or wisdom & wat*fulness 9 ! rul]s1 or :e!r ?is o!r :i* ,i am m5tion+1 & :i* is f\nd 9 *ildr5 & wom51 slave & freeman1 artisan1 rul]1 subject1--! quality1 ,i mean1 ( e "o do+ 8 own "w1 & n be+ a busybody1 w\ld claim ! palm--! "q is n s easily answ]$4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$1 !re w\ld be a difficulty 9 say+ :i*4 ,!n ! p[] ( ea* individual 9 ! ,/ate to d 8 own "w appe>s to compete ) ! o!r political virtues1 wisdom1 temp]ance1 c\rage4 ,yes1 he said4 ,& ! virtue :i* ent]s into ?is competition is ju/ice8 ,exactly4 ,let u look at ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view3 ,are n ! rul]s 9 a ,/ate ^? to :om y w\ld entru/ ! (fice ( det]m9+ suits at law8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& are suits decid$ on any o!r gr\nd b t a man may nei!r take :at is ano!r's1 nor be depriv$ ( :at is 8 own8 ,yes2 t is _! pr9ciple4 ,:i* is a j pr9ciple8 ,yes4 ,!n on ?is view also ju/ice w be admitt$ to be ! hav+ & do+ :at is a man's own1 & belongs to him8 ,v true4 ,?9k1 n[1 & say :e!r y agree ) me or n4 ,suppose a c>p5t] to be do+ ! bus9ess ( a cobbl]1 or a cobbl] ( a c>p5t]2 & suppose !m to ex*ange _! implem5ts or _! duties1 or ! same p]son to be do+ ! "w ( bo?1 or :atev] be ! *ange2 d y ?9k t any great h>m w\ld result to ! ,/ate8 ,n mu*4 ,b :5 ! cobbl] or any o!r man :om nature design$ to be a trad]1 hav+ 8 he>t lift$ up by weal? or /r5g? or ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s1 or any l advantage1 attempts to =ce 8 way into ! class ( w>riors1 or a w>rior into t ( legislators & gu>dians1 = :i* he is unfitt$1 & ei!r to take ! implem5ts or ! duties ( ! o!r2 or :5 "o man is trad]1 legislator1 & w>rior all 9 "o1 !n ,i ?9k y w agree ) me 9 say+ t ?is int]*ange & ?is m$dl+ ( "o ) ano!r is ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate4 ,mo/ true4 ,see+ !n1 ,i said1 t !re are ?ree di/9ct classes1 any m$dl+ ( "o ) ano!r1 or ! *ange ( "o into ano!r1 is ! greate/ h>m to ! ,/ate1 & may be mo/ ju/ly t]m$ evil-do+8 ,precisely4 ,& ! greate/ degree ( evil-do+ to "o's own city w\ld be t]m$ by y inju/ice8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,?is !n is inju/ice2 & on ! o!r h& :5 ! trad]1 ! auxili>y1 & ! gu>dian ea* d _! own bus9ess1 t is ju/ice1 & w make ! city j4 ,i agree ) y4 ,we w n1 ,i said1 be ov]-positive z yet2 b if1 on trial1 ?is conception ( ju/ice be v]ifi$ 9 ! individual z well z 9 ! ,/ate1 !re w be no long] any room = d\bt2 if x be n v]ifi$1 we mu/ h a fre% enquiry4 ,fir/ let u complete ! old inve/igation1 :i* we began1 z y rememb]1 "u ! impression t1 if we c\ld previ\sly exam9e ju/ice on ! l>g] scale1 !re w\ld be less difficulty 9 disc]n+ h] 9 ! individual4 ,t l>g] example appe>$ to be ! ,/ate1 & accord+ly we con/ruct$ z good a "o z we c\ld1 kn[+ well t 9 ! good ,/ate ju/ice w\ld be f\nd4 ,let ! discov]y :i* we made be n[ appli$ to ! individual--if !y agree1 we %all be satisfi$2 or1 if !re be a diff]5ce 9 ! individual1 we w come back to ! ,/ate & h ano!r trial ( ! !ory4 ,! friction ( ! two :5 rubb$ toge!r may possibly /rike a light 9 :i* ju/ice w %9e =?1 & ! vision :i* is !n reveal$ we w fix 9 our s\ls4 ,t w be 9 regul> c\rse2 let u d z y say4 ,i proce$$ to ask3 ,:5 two ?+s1 a great] & less1 are call$ by ! same "n1 are !y l or unlike 9 s f> z !y are call$ ! same8 ,l1 he repli$4 ,! j man !n1 if we reg>d ! idea ( ju/ice only1 w be l ! j ,/ate8 ,he w4 ,& a ,/ate 0 ?\ght by u to be j :5 ! ?ree classes 9 ! ,/ate sev]ally did _! own bus9ess2 & also ?\ght to be temp]ate & valiant & wise by reason ( c]ta9 o!r affections & qualities ( ^! same classes8 ,true1 he said4 ,& s ( ! individual2 we may assume t he has ! same ?ree pr9ciples 9 8 own s\l :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,/ate2 & he may be rightly describ$ 9 ! same t]ms1 because he is affect$ 9 ! same mann]8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,once m !n1 ,o my fri5d1 we h alight$ ^u an easy "q--:e!r ! s\l has ^! ?ree pr9ciples or n8 ,an easy "q6 ,nay1 r1 ,socrates1 ! prov]b holds t h>d is ! good4 ,v true1 ,i said2 & ,i d n ?9k t ! me?od :i* we are employ+ is at all adequate to ! accurate solution ( ?is "q2 ! true me?od is ano!r & a long] "o4 ,/ill we may arrive at a solution n bel[ ! level ( ! previ\s enquiry4 ,may we n be satisfi$ ) t8 he said2--"u ! circum/ances1 ,i am q cont5t4 ,i too1 ,i repli$1 %all be extremely well satisfi$4 ,!n fa9t n 9 pursu+ ! speculation1 he said4 ,mu/ we n ackn[l$ge1 ,i said1 t 9 ea* ( u !re are ! same pr9ciples & habits :i* !re are 9 ! ,/ate2 & t f ! individual !y pass into ! ,/ate8--h[ else c !y come !re8 ,take ! quality ( passion or _s2--x w\ld be ridicul\s to imag9e t ?is quality1 :5 f\nd 9 ,/ates1 is n d]iv$ f ! individuals :o are suppos$ to possess x1 e4g4 ! ,?racians1 ,scy?ians1 & 9 g5]al ! nor!rn nations2 & ! same may be said ( ! love ( k1 :i* is ! special *>act]i/ic ( our "p ( ! _w1 or ( ! love ( money1 :i* may1 ) equal tru?1 be attribut$ to ! ,pho5icians & ,egyptians4 ,exactly s1 he said4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ?is4 ,none :atev]4 ,b ! "q is n q s easy :5 we proce$ to ask :e!r ^! pr9ciples are ?ree or "o2 :e!r1 t is to say1 we le>n ) "o "p ( our nature1 are angry ) ano!r1 & ) a ?ird "p desire ! satisfaction ( our natural appetites2 or :e!r ! :ole s\l comes into play 9 ea* sort ( action--to det]m9e t is ! difficulty4 ,yes1 he said2 !re lies ! difficulty4 ,!n let u n[ try & det]m9e :e!r !y are ! same or diff]5t4 ,h[ c we8 he ask$4 ,i repli$ z foll[s3 ,! same ?+ cle>ly _c act or be act$ ^u 9 ! same "p or 9 relation to ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 contr>y ways2 & !re=e :5ev] ?is contradiction occurs 9 ?+s app>5tly ! same1 we "k t !y are really n ! same1 b diff]5t4 ,good4 ,= example1 ,i said1 c ! same ?+ be at re/ & 9 motion at ! same "t 9 ! same "p8 ,impossible4 ,/ill1 ,i said1 let u h a m precise /atem5t ( t]ms1 le/ we %\ld h]eaft] fall out by ! way4 ,imag9e ! case ( a man :o is /&+ & also mov+ 8 h&s & 8 head1 & suppose a p]son to say t "o & ! same p]son is 9 motion & at re/ at ! same mom5t-to su* a mode ( spee* we %\ld object1 & %\ld r say t "o "p ( him is 9 motion :ile ano!r is at re/4 ,v true4 ,& suppose ! objector to ref9e /ill fur!r1 & to draw ! nice di/9ction t n only p>ts ( tops1 b :ole tops1 :5 !y sp9 r\nd ) _! pegs fix$ on ! spot1 are at re/ & 9 motion at ! same "t 7& he may say ! same ( any?+ :i* revolves 9 ! same spot71 8 objection w\ld n be admitt$ by u1 because 9 su* cases ?+s are n at re/ & 9 motion 9 ! same p>ts ( !mselves2 we %\ld r say t !y h bo? an axis & a circumf]5ce1 & t ! axis /&s /ill1 = !re is no deviation f ! p]p5dicul>2 & t ! circumf]5ce goes r\nd4 ,b if1 :ile revolv+1 ! axis incl9es ei!r to ! "r or left1 =w>ds or backw>ds1 !n 9 no po9t ( view c !y be at re/4 ,t is ! correct mode ( describ+ !m1 he repli$4 ,!n none ( ^! objections w confuse u1 or incl9e u to believe t ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 9 ! same "p or 9 relation to ! same ?+1 c act or be act$ ^u 9 contr>y ways4 ,c]ta9ly n1 accord+ to my way ( ?9k+4 ,yet1 ,i said1 t we may n be compell$ to exam9e all su* objections1 & prove at l5g? t !y are untrue1 let u assume _! absurdity1 & g =w>d on ! und]/&+ t h]eaft]1 if ?is assumption turn out to be untrue1 all ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ %all be )drawn4 ,yes1 he said1 t w be ! be/ way4 ,well1 ,i said1 w\ld y n all[ t ass5t & diss5t1 desire & av]sion1 attraction & repulsion1 are all ( !m opposites1 :e!r !y are reg>d$ z active or passive 7= t makes no diff]5ce 9 ! fact ( _! opposition78 ,yes1 he said1 !y are opposites4 ,well1 ,i said1 & hung] & ?ir/1 & ! desires 9 g5]al1 & aga9 will+ & wi%+1--all ^! y w\ld ref] to ! classes already m5tion$4 ,y w\ld say--w\ld y n8--t ! s\l ( him :o desires is seek+ aft] ! object ( 8 desires2 or t he is draw+ to himself ! ?+ :i* he wi%es to possess3 or aga91 :5 a p]son wants any?+ to be giv5 him1 8 m9d1 long+ = ! realisation ( 8 desires1 intimates 8 wi% to h x by a nod ( ass5t1 z if he _h be5 ask$ a "q8 ,v true4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( unwill+ness & dislike & ! abs5ce ( desire2 %\ld n ^! be ref]r$ to ! opposite class ( repulsion & rejection8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,admitt+ ?is to be true ( desire g5]ally1 let u suppose a p>ticul> class ( desires1 & out ( ^! we w select hung] & ?ir/1 z !y are t]m$1 :i* are ! mo/ obvi\s ( !m8 ,let u take t class1 he said4 ,! object ( "o is food1 & ( ! o!r dr9k8 ,yes4 ,& "h comes ! po9t3 is n ?ir/ ! desire :i* ! s\l has ( dr9k1 & ( dr9k only2 n ( dr9k qualifi$ by any?+ else2 = example1 w>m or cold1 or mu* or little1 or1 9 a ^w1 dr9k ( any p>ticul> sort3 b if ! ?ir/ be accompani$ by heat1 !n ! desire is ( cold dr9k2 or1 if accompani$ by cold1 !n ( w>m dr9k2 or1 if ! ?ir/ be excessive1 !n ! dr9k :i* is desir$ w be excessive2 or1 if n great1 ! quantity ( dr9k w also be small3 b ?ir/ pure & simple w desire dr9k pure & simple1 :i* is ! natural satisfaction ( ?ir/1 z food is ( hung]8 ,yes1 he said2 ! simple desire is1 z y say1 9 e case ( ! simple object1 & ! qualifi$ desire ( ! qualifi$ object4 ,b "h a confusion may arise2 & ,i %\ld wi% to gu>d aga9/ an oppon5t />t+ up & say+ t no man desires dr9k only1 b good dr9k1 or food only1 b good food2 = good is ! univ]sal object ( desire1 & ?ir/ be+ a desire1 w necess>ily be ?ir/ aft] good dr9k2 & ! same is true ( e o!r desire4 ,yes1 he repli$1 ! oppon5t might h some?+ to say4 ,nev]!less ,i %\ld /ill ma9ta91 t ( relatives "s h a quality atta*$ to ei!r t]m ( ! relation2 o!rs are simple & h _! correlatives simple4 ,i d n "k :at y mean4 ,well1 y "k ( c\rse t ! great] is relative to ! less8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! mu* great] to ! mu* less8 ,yes4 ,& ! sometime great] to ! sometime less1 & ! great] t is to be to ! less t is to be8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& s ( m & less1 & ( o!r correlative t]ms1 su* z ! d\ble & ! half1 or aga91 ! heavi] & ! light]1 ! swift] & ! sl[]2 & ( hot & cold1 & ( any o!r relatives2--is n ?is true ( all ( !m8 ,yes4 ,& does n ! same pr9ciple hold 9 ! sci5ces8 ,! object ( sci5ce is k 7assum+ t to be ! true def9ition71 b ! object ( a p>ticul> sci5ce is a p>ticul> k9d ( k2 ,i mean1 = example1 t ! sci5ce ( h\se-build+ is a k9d ( k :i* is def9$ & di/+ui%$ f o!r k9ds & is !re=e t]m$ ar*itecture4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,because x has a p>ticul> quality :i* no o!r has8 ,yes4 ,& x has ?is p>ticul> quality because x has an object ( a p>ticul> k9d2 & ?is is true ( ! o!r arts & sci5ces8 ,yes4 ,n[1 !n1 if ,i h made myself cle>1 y w und]/& my orig9al mean+ 9 :at ,i said ab\t relatives4 ,my mean+ 01 t if "o t]m ( a relation is tak5 alone1 ! o!r is tak5 alone2 if "o t]m is qualifi$1 ! o!r is also qualifi$4 ,i d n mean to say t relatives may n be disp>ate1 or t ! sci5ce ( heal? is heal?y1 or ( disease necess>ily diseas$1 or t ! sci5ces ( good & evil are !re=e good & evil2 b only t1 :5 ! t]m sci5ce is no long] us$ absolutely1 b has a qualifi$ object :i* 9 ?is case is ! nature ( heal? & disease1 x becomes def9$1 & is h5ce call$ n m]ely sci5ce1 b ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,i q und]/&1 & ,i ?9k z y d4 ,w\ld y n say t ?ir/ is "o ( ^! ess5tially relative t]ms1 hav+ cle>ly a relation-- ,yes1 ?ir/ is relative to dr9k4 ,& a c]ta9 k9d ( ?ir/ is relative to a c]ta9 k9d ( dr9k2 b ?ir/ tak5 alone is nei!r ( mu* nor little1 nor ( good nor bad1 nor ( any p>ticul> k9d ( dr9k1 b ( dr9k only8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! s\l ( ! ?ir/y "o1 9 s f> z he is ?ir/y1 desires only dr9k2 = ?is he ye>ns & tries to obta9 x8 ,t is pla94 ,& if y suppose some?+ :i* pulls a ?ir/y s\l away f dr9k1 t mu/ be diff]5t f ! ?ir/y pr9ciple :i* draws him l a bea/ to dr9k2 =1 z we 7 say+1 ! same ?+ _c at ! same "t ) ! same "p ( itself act 9 contr>y ways ab\t ! same4 ,impossible4 ,no m ?an y c say t ! h&s ( ! ar*] pu% & pull ! b[ at ! same "t1 b :at y say is t "o h& pu%es & ! o!r pulls4 ,exactly s1 he repli$4 ,& might a man be ?ir/y1 & yet unwill+ to dr9k8 ,yes1 he said1 x con/antly happ5s4 ,& 9 su* a case :at is "o to say8 ,w\ld y n say t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! s\l bidd+ a man to dr9k1 & some?+ else =bidd+ him1 :i* is o!r & /rong] ?an ! pr9ciple :i* bids him8 ,i %\ld say s4 ,& ! =bidd+ pr9ciple is d]iv$ f reason1 & t :i* bids & attracts proce$s f passion & disease8 ,cle>ly4 ,!n we may fairly assume t !y are two1 & t !y diff] f "o ano!r2 ! "o ) :i* man reasons1 we may call ! rational pr9ciple ( ! s\l1 ! o!r1 ) :i* he loves & hung]s & ?ir/s & feels ! flutt]+s ( any o!r desire1 may be t]m$ ! irrational or appetitive1 ! ally ( sundry pleasures & satisfactions8 ,yes1 he said1 we may fairly assume !m to be diff]5t4 ,!n let u f9ally det]m9e t !re are two pr9ciples exi/+ 9 ! s\l4 ,& :at ( passion1 or _s8 ,is x a ?ird1 or ak9 to "o ( ! prec$+8 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to say--ak9 to desire4 ,well1 ,i said1 !re is a /ory :i* ,i rememb] to h he>d1 & 9 :i* ,i put fai?4 ,! /ory is1 t ,leontius1 ! son ( ,aglaion1 com+ up "o day f ! ,piraeus1 "u ! nor? wall on ! outside1 obs]v$ "s dead bodies ly+ on ! gr\nd at ! place ( execution4 ,he felt a desire to see !m1 & also a dread & abhorr5ce ( !m2 = a "t he /ruggl$ & cov]$ 8 eyes1 b at l5g? ! desire got ! bett] ( him2 & =c+ !m op51 he ran up to ! dead bodies1 say+1 ,look1 ye wret*es1 take y\r fill ( ! fair sight4 ,i h he>d ! /ory myself1 he said4 ,! moral ( ! tale is1 t ang] at times goes to w> ) desire1 z ?\gh !y 7 two di/9ct ?+s4 ,yes2 t is ! mean+1 he said4 ,& are !re n _m o!r cases 9 :i* we obs]ve t :5 a man's desires viol5tly prevail ov] 8 reason1 he reviles himself1 & is angry at ! viol5ce )9 him1 & t 9 ?is /ruggle1 :i* is l ! /ruggle ( factions 9 a ,/ate1 8 _s is on ! side ( 8 reason2--b = ! passionate or spirit$ elem5t to take "p ) ! desires :5 reason t %e %\ld n be oppos$1 is a sort ( ?+ :i* ?+ :i* ,i believe t y nev] obs]v$ occurr+ 9 y\rself1 nor1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 9 any "o else8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,suppose t a man ?9ks he has done a wrong to ano!r1 ! nobl] he is ! less able is he to feel indignant at any suff]+1 su* z hung]1 or cold1 or any o!r pa9 :i* ! injur$ p]son may inflict ^u him--^! he deems to be j1 &1 z ,i say1 8 ang] refuses to be excit$ by !m4 ,true1 he said4 ,b :5 he ?9ks t he is ! suff]] ( ! wrong1 !n he boils & *afes1 & is on ! side ( :at he believes to be ju/ice2 & because he suff]s hung] or cold or o!r pa9 he is only ! m det]m9$ to p]sev]e & conqu]4 ,8 noble _s w n be quell$ until he ei!r slays or is sla92 or until he he>s ! voice ( ! %eph]d1 t is1 reason1 bidd+ 8 dog b>k no m4 ,! illu/ration is p]fect1 he repli$2 & 9 our ,/ate1 z we 7 say+1 ! auxili>ies 7 to be dogs1 & to he> ! voice ( ! rul]s1 :o are _! %eph]ds4 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y q und]/& me2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r po9t :i* ,i wi% y to consid]4 ,:at po9t8 ,y rememb] t passion or _s appe>$ at fir/ sight to be a k9d ( desire1 b n[ we %\ld say q ! contr>y2 = 9 ! conflict ( ! s\l _s is array$ on ! side ( ! rational pr9ciple4 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,b a fur!r "q arises3 ,is passion diff]5t f reason also1 or only a k9d ( reason2 9 :i* latt] case1 in/ead ( ?ree pr9ciples 9 ! s\l1 !re w only be two1 ! rational & ! concupisc5t2 or r1 z ! ,/ate 0 compos$ ( ?ree classes1 trad]s1 auxili>ies1 c\nsellors1 s may !re n be 9 ! individual s\l a ?ird elem5t :i* is passion or _s1 & :5 n corrupt$ by bad education is ! natural auxili>y ( reason ,yes1 he said1 !re mu/ be a ?ird4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 if passion1 :i* has already be5 %[n to be diff]5t f desire1 turn out also to be diff]5t f reason4 ,b t is easily prov$3--,we may obs]ve ev5 9 "y *ildr5 t !y are full ( _s almo/ z soon z !y are born1 :]eas "s ( !m nev] seem to atta9 to ! use ( reason1 & mo/ ( !m late en\gh4 ,excell5t1 ,i said1 & y may see passion equally 9 brute animals1 :i* is a fur!r pro( ( ! tru? ( :at y are say+4 ,& we may once m appeal to ! words ( ,hom]1 :i* h be5 already quot$ by u1 ,he smote 8 brea/1 & ?us rebuk$ 8 s\l1 = 9 ?is v]se ,hom] has cle>ly suppos$ ! p[] :i* reasons ab\t ! bett] & worse to be diff]5t f ! unreason+ ang] :i* is rebuk$ by x4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& s1 aft] mu* toss+1 we h rea*$ l&1 & are fairly agre$ t ! same pr9ciples :i* exi/ 9 ! ,/ate exi/ also 9 ! individual1 & t !y are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,exactly4 ,mu/ we n !n inf] t ! individual is wise 9 ! same way1 & 9 virtue ( ! same quality :i* makes ! ,/ate wise8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,also t ! same quality :i* con/itutes c\rage 9 ! ,/ate con/itutes c\rage 9 ! individual1 & t bo? ! ,/ate & ! individual be> ! same relation to all ! o!r virtues8 ,assur$ly4 ,& ! individual w be ackn[l$g$ by u to be j 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! ,/ate is j8 ,t foll[s1 ( c\rse4 ,we _c b rememb] t ! ju/ice ( ! ,/ate consi/$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree classes do+ ! "w ( its own class8 ,we are n v likely to h =gott51 he said4 ,we mu/ recollect t ! individual 9 :om ! sev]al qualities ( 8 nature d _! own "w w be j1 & w d 8 own "w8 ,yes1 he said1 we mu/ rememb] t too4 ,& ought n ! rational pr9ciple1 :i* is wise1 & has ! c>e ( ! :ole s\l1 to rule1 & ! passionate or spirit$ pr9ciple to be ! subject & ally8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,&1 z we 7 say+1 ! unit$ influ5ce ( music & gymna/ic w br+ !m into accord1 n]v+ & su/a9+ ! reason ) noble words & lessons1 & mod]at+ & soo?+ & civiliz+ ! wildness ( passion by h>mony & rhy?m8 ,q true1 he said4 ,& ^! two1 ?us nurtur$ & educat$1 & hav+ le>n$ truly to "k _! own functions1 w rule ov] ! concupisc5t1 :i* 9 ea* ( u is ! l>ge/ "p ( ! s\l & by nature mo/ insatiable ( ga92 ov] ?is !y w keep gu>d1 le/1 wax+ great & /rong ) ! fulness ( bodily pleasures1 z !y are t]m$1 ! concupisc5t s\l1 no long] conf9$ to h] own sph]e1 %\ld attempt to enslave & rule ^? :o are n h] natural-born subjects1 & ov]turn ! :ole life ( man8 ,v true1 he said4 ,bo? toge!r w !y n be ! be/ def5d]s ( ! :ole s\l & ! :ole body aga9/ attacks f )\t2 ! "o c\nsell+1 & ! o!r fight+ "u 8 lead]1 & c\rage\sly execut+ 8 comm&s & c\nsels8 ,true4 ,& he is to be deem$ c\rage\s ^: _s reta9s 9 pleasure & 9 pa9 ! comm&s ( reason ab\t :at he ought or ought n to fe>8 ,"r1 he repli$4 ,& him we call wise :o has 9 him t little "p :i* rules1 & :i* proclaims ^! comm&s2 t "p too be+ suppos$ to h a k ( :at is = ! int]e/ ( ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts & ( ! :ole8 ,assur$ly4 ,& w\ld y n say t he is temp]ate :o has ^! same elem5ts 9 fri5dly h>mony1 9 :om ! "o rul+ pr9ciple ( reason1 & ! two subject ones ( _s & desire are equally agre$ t reason ought to rule1 & d n rebel8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 t is ! true acc\nt ( temp]ance :e!r 9 ! ,/ate or individual4 ,& surely1 ,i said1 we h expla9$ aga9 & aga9 h[ & by virtue ( :at quality a man w be j4 ,t is v c]ta94 ,& is ju/ice dimm] 9 ! individual1 & is h] =m diff]5t1 or is %e ! same :i* we f\nd h] to be 9 ! ,/ate8 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 my op9ion1 he said4 ,because1 if any d\bt is /ill l+]+ 9 our m9ds1 a few commonplace in/ances w satisfy u ( ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+4 ,:at sort ( in/ances d y mean8 ,if ! case is put to u1 mu/ we n admit t ! j ,/ate1 or ! man :o is tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( su* a ,/ate1 w be less likely ?an ! unju/ to make away ) a deposit ( gold or silv]8 ,w\ld any "o d5y ?is8 ,no "o1 he repli$4 ,w ! j man or citiz5 ev] be guilty ( sacrilege or !ft1 or trea*]y ei!r to 8 fri5ds or to 8 c\ntry8 ,nev]4 ,nei!r w he ev] break fai? :]e !re h be5 oa?s or agreem5ts8 ,impossible4 ,no "o w be less likely to commit adult]y1 or to di%on\r 8 fa!r & "m1 or to fall 9 8 religi\s duties8 ,no "o4 ,& ! reason is t ea* "p ( him is do+ its own bus9ess1 :e!r 9 rul+ or be+ rul$8 ,exactly s4 ,are y satisfi$ !n t ! quality :i* makes su* m5 & su* /ates is ju/ice1 or d y hope to discov] "s o!r8 ,n ,i1 inde$4 ,!n our dream has be5 realis$2 & ! suspicion :i* we ent]ta9$ at ! beg9n+ ( our "w ( con/ruction1 t "s div9e p[] mu/ h conduct$ u to a prim>y =m ( ju/ice1 has n[ be5 v]ifi$8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& ! division ( lab\r :i* requir$ ! c>p5t] & ! %oemak] & ! re/ ( ! citiz5s to be do+ ea* 8 own bus9ess1 & n ano!r's1 0 a %ad[ ( ju/ice1 & = t reason x 0 ( use8 ,cle>ly4 ,b 9 reality ju/ice 0 su* z we 7 describ+1 be+ conc]n$ h[ev]1 n ) ! outw>d man1 b ) ! inw>d1 :i* is ! true self & conc]nm5t ( man3 = ! j man does n p]mit ! sev]al elem5ts )9 him to int]f]e ) "o ano!r1 or any ( !m to d ! "w ( o!rs1--he sets 9 ord] 8 own inn] life1 & is 8 own ma/] & 8 own law1 & at peace ) himself2 & :5 he has b\nd toge!r ! ?ree pr9ciples )9 him1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! high]1 l[]1 & middle notes ( ! scale1 & ! int]m$iate int]vals--:5 he has b\nd all ^! toge!r1 & is no long] _m1 b has become "o entirely temp]ate & p]fectly adju/$ nature1 !n he proce$s to act1 if he has to act1 :e!r 9 a matt] ( prop]ty1 or 9 ! treatm5t ( ! body1 or 9 "s affair ( politics or private bus9ess2 always ?9k+ & call+ t :i* pres]ves & co-op]ates ) ?is h>moni\s condition1 j & good action1 & ! k :i* presides ov] x1 wisdom1 & t :i* at any "t impairs ?is condition1 he w call unju/ action1 & ! op9ion :i* presides ov] x ignorance4 ,y h said ! exact tru?1 ,socrates4 ,v good2 & if we 7 to affirm t we _h discov]$ ! j man & ! j ,/ate1 & ! nature ( ju/ice 9 ea* ( !m1 we %\ld n be tell+ a falsehood8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,may we say s1 !n8 ,let u say s4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 inju/ice has to be consid]$4 ,cle>ly4 ,mu/ n inju/ice be a /rife :i* arises among ! ?ree pr9ciples--a m$dlesom5ess1 & int]f]5ce1 & ris+ up ( a "p ( ! s\l aga9/ ! :ole1 an ass]tion ( unlawful au?ority1 :i* is made by a rebelli\s subject aga9/ a true pr9ce1 ( :om he is ! natural vassal1--:at is all ?is confusion & delusion b inju/ice1 & intemp]ance & c[>dice & ignorance1 & e =m ( vice8 ,exactly s4 ,& if ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice be kn[n1 !n ! mean+ ( act+ unju/ly & be+ unju/1 or1 aga91 ( act+ ju/ly1 w also be p]fectly cle>8 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,:y1 ,i said1 !y are l disease & heal?2 be+ 9 ! s\l j :at disease & heal? are 9 ! body4 ,h[ s8 he said4 ,:y1 ,i said1 t :i* is heal?y causes heal?1 & t :i* is unheal?y causes disease4 ,yes4 ,& j actions cause ju/ice1 & unju/ actions cause inju/ice8 ,t is c]ta94 ,& ! creation ( heal? is ! in/itution ( a natural ord] & gov]nm5t ( "o by ano!r 9 ! p>ts ( ! body2 & ! creation ( disease is ! production ( a /ate ( ?+s at v>iance ) ?is natural ord]8 ,true4 ,& is n ! creation ( ju/ice ! in/itution ( a natural ord] & gov]nm5t ( "o by ano!r 9 ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 & ! creation ( inju/ice ! production ( a /ate ( ?+s at v>iance ) ! natural ord]8 ,exactly s1 he said4 ,!n virtue is ! heal? & beauty & well-be+ ( ! s\l1 & vice ! disease & weakness & de=mity ( ! same8 ,true4 ,& d n good practices lead to virtue1 & evil practices to vice8 ,assur$ly4 ,/ill our old "q ( ! comp>ative advantage ( ju/ice & inju/ice has n be5 answ]$3 ,:i* is ! m pr(itable1 to be j & act ju/ly & practise virtue1 :e!r se5 or unse5 ( gods & m51 or to be unju/ & act unju/ly1 if only unpuni%$ & unre=m$8 ,9 my judgm5t1 ,socrates1 ! "q has n[ become ridicul\s4 ,we "k t1 :5 ! bodily con/itution is gone1 life is no long] endurable1 ?\gh pamp]$ ) all k9ds ( meats & dr9ks1 & hav+ all weal? & all p[]2 & %all we be told t :5 ! v ess5ce ( ! vital pr9ciple is und]m9$ & corrupt$1 life is /ill wor? hav+ to a man1 if only he be all[$ to d :atev] he likes ) ! s+le exception t he is n to acquire ju/ice & virtue1 or to escape f inju/ice & vice2 assum+ !m bo? to be su* z we h describ$8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ! "q is1 z y say1 ridicul\s4 ,/ill1 z we are ne> ! spot at :i* we may see ! tru? 9 ! cle>e/ mann] ) our own eyes1 let u n fa9t by ! way4 ,c]ta9ly n1 he repli$4 ,come up hi!r1 ,i said1 & behold ! v>i\s =ms ( vice1 ^? ( !m1 ,i mean1 :i* are wor? look+ at4 ,i am foll[+ y1 he repli$3 proce$4 ,i said1 ,! argum5t seems to h rea*$ a height f :i*1 z f "s t[] ( speculation1 a man may look d[n & see t virtue is "o1 b t ! =ms ( vice are innum]able2 !re be+ f\r special ones :i* are des]v+ ( note4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean1 ,i repli$1 t !re appe> to be z _m =ms ( ! s\l z !re are di/9ct =ms ( ! ,/ate4 ,h[ _m8 ,!re are five ( ! ,/ate1 & five ( ! s\l1 ,i said4 ,:at are !y8 ,! fir/1 ,i said1 is t :i* we h be5 describ+1 & :i* may be said to h two names1 mon>*y & ari/ocracy1 accord+ly z rule is ex]cis$ by "o di/+ui%$ man or by _m4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,b ,i reg>d ! two names z describ+ "o =m only2 = :e!r ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( "o or _m1 if ! gov]nors h be5 tra9$ 9 ! mann] :i* we h suppos$1 ! fundam5tal laws ( ! ,/ate w be ma9ta9$4 ,t is true1 he repli$4 ,,book ,v ,,socrates - ,,glaucon - ,,adeimantus ,,su* is ! good & true ,city or ,/ate1 & ! good & man is ( ! same patt]n2 & if ?is is "r e o!r is wrong2 & ! evil is "o :i* affects n only ! ord]+ ( ! ,/ate1 b also ! regulation ( ! individual s\l1 & is exhibit$ 9 f\r =ms4 ,:at are !y8 he said4 ,i 0 proce$+ to tell ! ord] 9 :i* ! f\r evil =ms appe>$ to me to succe$ "o ano!r1 :5 ,pole m>*us1 :o 0 sitt+ a little way (f1 j beyond ,adeimantus1 began to :isp] to him3 /ret*+ =? 8 h&1 he took hold ( ! upp] "p ( 8 coat by ! %\ld]1 & drew him t[>ds him1 lean+ =w>d himself s z to be q close & say+ some?+ 9 8 e>1 ( :i* ,i only caught ! words1 ',%all we let him (f1 or :at %all we d8' ,c]ta9ly n1 said ,adeimantus1 rais+ 8 voice4 ,:o is x1 ,i said1 :om y are refus+ to let (f8 ,y1 he said4 ,i repeat$1 ,:y am ,i especially n to be let (f8 ,:y1 he said1 we ?9k t y are lazy1 & mean to *eat u out ( a :ole *apt] :i* is a v important "p ( ! /ory2 & y fancy t we %all n notice y\r airy way ( proce$+2 z if x 7 self-evid5t to ev]ybody1 t 9 ! matt] ( wom5 & *ildr5 'fri5ds h all ?+s 9 common4' ,& 0 ,i n "r1 ,adeimantus8 ,yes1 he said2 b :at is "r 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 l ev]y?+ else1 requires to be expla9$2 = community may be ( _m k9ds4 ,please1 !re=e1 to say :at sort ( community y mean4 ,we h be5 long expect+ t y w\ld tell u some?+ ab\t ! family life ( y\r citiz5s--h[ !y w br+ *ildr5 into ! _w1 & re> !m :5 !y h arriv$1 &1 9 g5]al1 :at is ! nature ( ?is community ( wom5 & *ildr5-= we are ( op9ion t ! "r or wrong managem5t ( su* matt]s w h a great & p>am\nt influ5ce on ! ,/ate = good or = evil4 ,& n[1 s9ce ! "q is /ill undet]m9$1 & y are tak+ 9 h& ano!r ,/ate1 we h resolv$1 z y he>d1 n to let y g until y give an acc\nt ( all ?is4 ,to t resolution1 said ,glaucon1 y may reg>d me z say+ ,agre$4 ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus - ,,glaucon - ,,?rasyma*us ,& )\t m ado1 said ,?rasyma*us1 y may consid] u all to be equally agre$4 ,i said1 ,y "k n :at y are do+ 9 ?us assail+ me3 ,:at an argum5t are y rais+ ab\t ! ,/ate6 ,j z ,i ?\ght t ,i _h f9i%$1 & 0 only too glad t ,i _h laid ?is "q to sleep1 & 0 reflect+ h[ =tunate ,i 0 9 y\r acceptance ( :at ,i !n said1 y ask me to beg9 aga9 at ! v f\ndation1 ignorant ( :at a hornet's ne/ ( words y are /irr+4 ,n[ ,i =esaw ?is ga!r+ tr\ble1 & avoid$ x4 ,= :at purpose d y conceive t we h come "h1 said ,?rasyma*us1--to look = gold1 or to he> disc\rse8 ,yes1 b disc\rse %\ld h a limit4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 & ! :ole ( life is ! only limit :i* wise m5 assign to ! he>+ ( su* disc\rses4 ,b nev] m9d ab\t u2 take he>t y\rself & answ] ! "q 9 y\r own way3 ,:at sort ( community ( wom5 & *ildr5 is ?is :i* is to prevail among our gu>dians8 & h[ %all we manage ! p]iod betwe5 bir? & education1 :i* seems to require ! greate/ c>e8 ,tell u h[ ^! ?+s w be4 ,yes1 my simple fri5d1 b ! answ] is ! rev]se ( easy2 _m m d\bts arise ab\t ?is ?an ab\t our previ\s conclusions4 ,= ! practicability ( :at is said may be d\bt$2 & look$ at 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 :e!r ! s*eme1 if ev] s practicable1 w\ld be = ! be/1 is also d\btful4 ,h5ce ,i feel a reluctance to approa* ! subject1 le/ our aspiration1 my de> fri5d1 %\ld turn out to be a dream only4 ,fe> n1 he repli$1 = y\r audi5ce w n be h>d ^u y2 !y are n sceptical or ho/ile4 ,i said3 ,my good fri5d1 ,i suppose t y mean to enc\rage me by ^! words4 ,yes1 he said4 ,!n let me tell y t y are do+ j ! rev]se2 ! enc\ragem5t :i* y (f] w\ld h be5 all v well _h ,i myself believ$ t ,i knew :at ,i 0 talk+ ab\t3 to decl>e ! tru? ab\t matt]s ( high int]e/ :i* a man hon\rs & loves among wise m5 :o love him ne$ occasion no fe> or falt]+ 9 8 m9d2 b to c>ry on an argum5t :5 y are y\rself only a hesitat+ enquir]1 :i* is my condition1 is a dang]\s & slipp]y ?+2 & ! dang] is n t ,i %all be laugh$ at 7( :i* ! fe> w\ld be *ildi%71 b t ,i %all miss ! tru? :]e ,i h mo/ ne$ to be sure ( my foot+1 & drag my fri5ds aft] me 9 my fall4 ,& ,i pray ,nemesis n to visit ^u me ! words :i* ,i am go+ to utt]4 ,= ,i d inde$ believe t to be an involunt>y homicide is a less crime ?an to be a deceiv] ab\t beauty or goodness or ju/ice 9 ! matt] ( laws4 ,& t is a risk :i* ,i w\ld r run among enemies ?an among fri5ds1 & !re=e y d well to enc\rage me4 ,glaucon laugh$ & said3 ,well !n1 ,socrates1 9 case y & y\r argum5t d u any s]i\s injury y %all be acquitt$ be=eh& ( ! & %all n be held to be a deceiv]2 take c\rage !n & speak4 ,well1 ,i said1 ! law says t :5 a man is acquitt$ he is free f guilt1 & :at holds at law may hold 9 argum5t4 ,!n :y %\ld y m9d8 ,well1 ,i repli$1 ,i suppose t ,i mu/ retrace my /eps & say :at ,i p]haps ought to h said be=e 9 ! prop] place4 ,! "p ( ! m5 has be5 play$ out1 & n[ prop]ly en\gh comes ! turn ( ! wom54 ,( !m ,i w proce$ to speak1 & ! m readily s9ce ,i am invit$ by y4 ,= m5 born & educat$ l our citiz5s1 ! only way1 9 my op9ion1 ( arriv+ at a "r conclusion ab\t ! possession & use ( wom5 & *ildr5 is to foll[ ! pa? on :i* we orig9ally />t$1 :5 we said t ! m5 7 to be ! gu>dians & wat*dogs ( ! h]d4 ,true4 ,let u fur!r suppose ! bir? & education ( our wom5 to be subject to simil> or ne>ly simil> regulations2 !n we %all see :e!r ! result accords ) our design4 ,:at d y mean8 ,:at ,i mean may be put into ! =m ( a "q1 ,i said3 ,are dogs divid$ into hes & %es1 or d !y bo? %>e equally 9 hunt+ & 9 keep+ wat* & 9 ! o!r duties ( dogs8 or d we entru/ to ! males ! entire & exclusive c>e ( ! flocks1 :ile we leave ! females at home1 "u ! idea t ! be>+ & suckl+ _! puppies is lab\r en\gh = !m8 ,no1 he said1 !y %>e alike2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t ! males are /rong] & ! females weak]4 ,b c y use diff]5t animals = ! same purpose1 unless !y are br$ & f$ 9 ! same way8 ,y _c4 ,!n1 if wom5 are to h ! same duties z m51 !y mu/ h ! same nurture & education8 ,yes4 ,! education :i* 0 assign$ to ! m5 0 music & gymna/ic4 ,yes4 ,!n wom5 mu/ be taught music & gymna/ic & also ! art ( w>1 :i* !y mu/ practise l ! m58 ,t is ! inf]5ce1 ,i suppose4 ,i %\ld r expect1 ,i said1 t sev]al ( our proposals1 if !y are c>ri$ out1 be+ unusual1 may appe> ridicul\s4 ,no d\bt ( x4 ,yes1 & ! mo/ ridicul\s ?+ ( all w be ! sight ( wom5 nak$ 9 ! palae/ra1 ex]cis+ ) ! m51 especially :5 !y are no long] "y2 !y c]ta9ly w n be a vision ( beauty1 any m ?an ! en?usia/ic old m5 :o 9 spite ( wr9kles & ugl9ess cont9ue to frequ5t ! gymnasia4 ,yes1 inde$1 he said3 accord+ to pres5t notions ! proposal w\ld be ?\ght ridicul\s4 ,b !n1 ,i said1 z we h det]m9$ to speak our m9ds1 we mu/ n fe> ! je/s ( ! wits :i* w be direct$ aga9/ ?is sort ( innovation2 h[ !y w talk ( wom5's atta9m5ts bo? 9 music & gymna/ic1 & above all ab\t _! we>+ arm\r & rid+ ^u horseback6 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,yet hav+ begun we mu/ g =w>d to ! r\gh places ( ! law2 at ! same "t begg+ ( ^! g5tlem5 = once 9 _! life to be s]i\s4 ,n long ago1 z we %all rem9d !m1 ! ,hell5es 7 ( ! op9ion1 :i* is /ill g5]ally receiv$ among ! b>b>ians1 t ! sight ( a nak$ man 0 ridicul\s & improp]2 & :5 fir/ ! ,cretans & !n ! ,lac$aemonians introduc$ ! cu/om1 ! wits ( t day might equally h ridicul$ ! innovation4 ,no d\bt4 ,b :5 exp]i5ce %[$ t to let all ?+s be uncov]$ 0 f> bett] ?an to cov] !m up1 & ! ludicr\s effect to ! outw>d eye vani%$ be=e ! bett] pr9ciple :i* reason ass]t$1 !n ! man 0 p]ceiv$ to be a fool :o directs ! %afts ( 8 ridicule at any o!r sight b t ( folly & vice1 or s]i\sly incl9es to weigh ! beautiful by any o!r /&>d b t ( ! good4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,fir/1 !n1 :e!r ! "q is to be put 9 je/ or 9 e>ne/1 let u come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! nature ( woman3 ,is %e capable ( %>+ ei!r :olly or p>tially 9 ! actions ( m51 or n at all8 ,& is ! art ( w> "o ( ^? arts 9 :i* %e c or c n %>e8 ,t w be ! be/ way ( comm5c+ ! enquiry1 & w probably lead to ! faire/ conclusion4 ,t w be mu* ! be/ way4 ,%all we take ! o!r side fir/ & beg9 by argu+ aga9/ ourselves2 9 ?is mann] ! adv]s>y's position w n be undef5d$4 ,:y n8 he said4 ,!n let u put a spee* into ! m\?s ( our oppon5ts4 ,!y w say3 ',socrates & ,glaucon1 no adv]s>y ne$ convict y1 = y y\rselves1 at ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! ,/ate1 admitt$ ! pr9ciple t ev]ybody 0 to d ! "o "w suit$ to 8 own nature4' ,& c]ta9ly1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 su* an admission 0 made by u4 ',& d n ! natures ( m5 & wom5 diff] v mu* inde$8' ,& we %all reply3 ,( c\rse !y d4 ,!n we %all be ask$1 ',:e!r ! tasks assign$ to m5 & to wom5 %\ld n be diff]5t1 & su* z are agreeable to _! diff]5t natures8' ,c]ta9ly !y %\ld4 ',b if s1 h y n fall5 into a s]i\s inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t m5 & wom51 ^: natures are s entirely diff]5t1 ought to p]=m ! same actions8'-- ,:at def5ce w y make = u1 my good ,sir1 aga9/ any "o :o (f]s ^! objections8 ,t is n an easy "q to answ] :5 ask$ sudd5ly2 & ,i %all & ,i d beg ( y to draw out ! case on our side4 ,^! are ! objections1 ,glaucon1 & !re are _m o!rs ( a l k9d1 :i* ,i =esaw long ago2 !y made me afraid & reluctant to take 9 h& any law ab\t ! possession & nurture ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,by ,zeus1 he said1 ! problem to be solv$ is any?+ b easy4 ,:y yes1 ,i said1 b ! fact is t :5 a man is out ( 8 dep?1 :e!r he has fall5 into a little swimm+ ba? or into mid-ocean1 he has to swim all ! same4 ,v true4 ,& mu/ n we swim & try to rea* ! %ore3 we w hope t ,arion's dolph9 or "s o!r miracul\s help may save u8 ,i suppose s1 he said4 ,well !n1 let u see if any way ( escape c be f\nd4 ,we ackn[l$g$--did we n8 t diff]5t natures ought to h diff]5t pursuits1 & t m5's & wom5's natures are diff]5t4 ,& n[ :at are we say+8--t diff]5t natures ought to h ! same pursuits1--?is is ! inconsi/5cy :i* is *>g$ ^u u4 ,precisely4 ,v]ily1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 glori\s is ! p[] ( ! art ( contradiction6 ,:y d y say s8 ,because ,i ?9k t _m a man falls into ! practice aga9/ 8 w4 ,:5 he ?9ks t he is reason+ he is really disput+1 j because he _c def9e & divide1 & s "k t ( :i* he is speak+2 & he w pursue a m]ely v]bal opposition 9 ! _s ( cont5tion & n ( fair discussion4 ,yes1 he repli$1 su* is v (t5 ! case2 b :at has t to d ) u & our argum5t8 ,a great deal2 = !re is c]ta9ly a dang] ( our gett+ un9t5tionally into a v]bal opposition4 ,9 :at way8 ,:y1 we valiantly & pugnaci\sly insi/ ^u ! v]bal tru?1 t diff]5t natures ought to h diff]5t pursuits1 b we nev] consid]$ at all :at 0 ! mean+ ( sam5ess or diff]5ce ( nature1 or :y we di/+ui%$ !m :5 we assign$ diff]5t pursuits to diff]5t natures & ! same to ! same natures4 ,:y1 no1 he said1 t 0 nev] consid]$ by u4 ,i said3 ,suppose t by way ( illu/ration we 7 to ask ! "q :e!r !re is n an opposition 9 nature betwe5 bald m5 & hairy m52 & if ?is is admitt$ by u1 !n1 if bald m5 are cobbl]s1 we %\ld =bid ! hairy m5 to be cobbl]s1 & conv]sely8 ,t w\ld be a je/1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 a je/2 & :y8 because we nev] meant :5 we con/ruct$ ! ,/ate1 t ! opposition ( natures %\ld ext5d to e diff]5ce1 b only to ^? diff]5ces :i* affect$ ! pursuit 9 :i* ! individual is engag$2 we %\ld h argu$1 = example1 t a physician & "o :o is 9 m9d a physician may be said to h ! same nature4 ,true4 ,:]eas ! physician & ! c>p5t] h diff]5t natures8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if1 ,i said1 ! male & female sex appe> to diff] 9 _! fitness = any art or pursuit1 we %\ld say t su* pursuit or art ought to be assign$ to "o or ! o!r ( !m2 b if ! diff]5ce consi/s only 9 wom5 be>+ & m5 begett+ *ildr51 ?is does n am\nt to a pro( t a woman diff]s f a man 9 respect ( ! sort ( education %e %\ld receive2 & we %all !re=e cont9ue to ma9ta9 t our gu>dians & _! wives ought to h ! same pursuits4 ,v true1 he said4 ,next1 we %all ask our oppon5t h[1 9 ref]5ce to any ( ! pursuits or arts ( civic life1 ! nature ( a woman diff]s f t ( a man8 ,t w be q fair4 ,& p]haps he1 l y\rself1 w reply t to give a suffici5t answ] on ! in/ant is n easy2 b aft] a little reflection !re is no difficulty4 ,yes1 p]haps4 ,suppose !n t we invite him to accompany u 9 ! argum5t1 & !n we may hope to %[ him t !re is no?+ peculi> 9 ! con/itution ( wom5 :i* w\ld affect !m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate4 ,by all means4 ,let u say to him3 ,come n[1 & we w ask y a "q3--:5 y spoke ( a nature gift$ or n gift$ 9 any respect1 did y mean to say t "o man w acquire a ?+ easily1 ano!r ) difficulty2 a little le>n+ w lead ! "o to discov] a great deal2 :]eas ! o!r1 aft] mu* /udy & application1 no soon] le>ns ?an he =gets2 or aga91 did y mean1 t ! "o has a body :i* is a good s]vant to 8 m9d1 :ile ! body ( ! o!r is a h9drance to him8-w\ld n ^! be ! sort ( diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% ! man gift$ by nature f ! "o :o is ungift$8 ,no "o w d5y t4 ,& c y m5tion any pursuit ( mank9d 9 :i* ! male sex has n all ^! gifts & qualities 9 a high] degree ?an ! female8 ,ne$ ,i wa/e "t 9 speak+ ( ! art ( weav+1 & ! managem5t ( pancakes & pres]ves1 9 :i* womank9d does really appe> to be great1 & 9 :i* = h] to be beat5 by a man is ( all ?+s ! mo/ absurd8 ,y are q "r1 he repli$1 9 ma9ta9+ ! g5]al inf]iority ( ! female sex3 al?\gh _m wom5 are 9 _m ?+s sup]ior to _m m51 yet on ! :ole :at y say is true4 ,& if s1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 !re is no special faculty ( adm9i/ration 9 a /ate :i* a woman has because %e is a woman1 or :i* a man has by virtue ( 8 sex1 b ! gifts ( nature are alike diffus$ 9 bo?2 all ! pursuits ( m5 are ! pursuits ( wom5 also1 b 9 all ( !m a woman is inf]ior to a man4 ,v true4 ,!n are we to impose all our enactm5ts on m5 & none ( !m on wom58 ,t w nev] d4 ,"o woman has a gift ( heal+1 ano!r n2 "o is a musician1 & ano!r has no music 9 h] nature8 ,v true4 ,& "o woman has a turn = gymna/ic & milit>y ex]cises1 & ano!r is unw>like & hates gymna/ics8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& "o woman is a philosoph]1 & ano!r is an enemy ( philosophy2 "o has _s1 & ano!r is )\t _s8 ,t is also true4 ,!n "o woman w h ! temp] ( a gu>dian1 & ano!r n4 ,0 n ! selection ( ! male gu>dians det]m9$ by diff]5ces ( ?is sort8 ,yes4 ,m5 & wom5 alike possess ! qualities :i* make a gu>dian2 !y diff] only 9 _! comp>ative /r5g? or weakness4 ,obvi\sly4 ,& ^? wom5 :o h su* qualities are to be select$ z ! companions & colleagues ( m5 :o h simil> qualities & :om !y resemble 9 capacity & 9 "*8 ,v true4 ,& ought n ! same natures to h ! same pursuits8 ,!y ought4 ,!n1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 !re is no?+ unnatural 9 assign+ music & gymna/ic to ! wives ( ! gu>dians--to t po9t we come r\nd aga94 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! law :i* we !n enact$ 0 agreeable to nature1 & !re=e n an impossibility or m]e aspiration2 & ! contr>y practice1 :i* prevails at pres5t1 is 9 reality a violation ( nature4 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,we _h to consid]1 fir/1 :e!r our proposals 7 possible1 & secondly :e!r !y 7 ! mo/ b5eficial8 ,yes4 ,& ! possibility has be5 ackn[l$g$8 ,yes4 ,! v great b5efit has next to be e/abli%$8 ,q s4 ,y w admit t ! same education :i* makes a man a good gu>dian w make a woman a good gu>dian2 = _! orig9al nature is ! same8 ,yes4 ,i %\ld l to ask y a "q4 ,:at is x8 ,w\ld y say t all m5 are equal 9 excell5ce1 or is "o man bett] ?an ano!r8 ,! latt]4 ,& 9 ! commonweal? :i* we 7 f\nd+ d y conceive ! gu>dians :o h be5 br\ght up on our model sy/em to be m p]fect m51 or ! cobbl]s ^: education has be5 cobbl+8 ,:at a ridicul\s "q6 ,y h answ]$ me1 ,i repli$3 ,well1 & may we n fur!r say t our gu>dians are ! be/ ( our citiz5s8 ,by f> ! be/4 ,& w n _! wives be ! be/ wom58 ,yes1 by f> ! be/4 ,& c !re be any?+ bett] = ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate ?an t ! m5 & wom5 ( a ,/ate %\ld be z good z possible8 ,!re c be no?+ bett]4 ,& ?is is :at ! arts ( music & gymna/ic1 :5 pres5t 9 su* mann] z we h describ$1 w accompli%8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n we h made an enactm5t n only possible b 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial to ! ,/ate8 ,true4 ,!n let ! wives ( our gu>dians /rip1 = _! virtue w be _! robe1 & let !m %>e 9 ! toils ( w> & ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry2 only 9 ! di/ribution ( lab\rs ! light] are to be assign$ to ! wom51 :o are ! weak] natures1 b 9 o!r respects _! duties are to be ! same4 ,& z = ! man :o laughs at nak$ wom5 ex]cis+ _! bodies f ! be/ ( motives1 9 8 laught] he is pluck+ ,a fruit ( unripe wisdom1 & he himself is ignorant ( :at he is laugh+ at1 or :at he is ab\t2--= t is1 & ev] w be1 ! be/ ( say+s1 ,t ! useful is ! noble & ! hurtful is ! base4 ,v true4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o difficulty 9 our law ab\t wom51 :i* we may say t we h n[ escap$2 ! wave has n swall[$ u up alive = enact+ t ! gu>dians ( ei!r sex %\ld h all _! pursuits 9 common2 to ! utility & also to ! possibility ( ?is arrangem5t ! consi/5cy ( ! argum5t ) itself be>s witness4 ,yes1 t 0 a mighty wave :i* y h escap$4 ,yes1 ,i said1 b a great] is com+2 y w ( ?is :5 y see ! next4 ,g on2 let me see4 ,! law1 ,i said1 :i* is ! sequel ( ?is & ( all t has prec$$1 is to ! foll[+ effect1--'t ! wives ( our gu>dians are to be common1 & _! *ildr5 are to be common1 & no p>5t is to "k 8 own *ild1 nor any *ild 8 p>5t4' ,yes1 he said1 t is a mu* great] wave ?an ! o!r2 & ! possibility z well z ! utility ( su* a law are f> m que/ionable4 ,i d n ?9k1 ,i said1 t !re c be any dispute ab\t ! v great utility ( hav+ wives & *ildr5 9 common2 ! possibility is q ano!r matt]1 & w be v mu* disput$4 ,i ?9k t a good _m d\bts may be rais$ ab\t bo?4 ,y imply t ! two que/ions mu/ be comb9$1 ,i repli$4 ,n[ ,i meant t y %\ld admit ! utility2 & 9 ?is way1 z ,i ?\ght2 ,i %\ld escape f "o ( !m1 & !n !re w\ld rema9 only ! possibility4 ,b t little attempt is detect$1 & !re=e y w please to give a def5ce ( bo?4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i submit to my fate4 ,yet grant me a little fav\r3 let me fea/ my m9d ) ! dream z day dream]s are 9 ! habit ( fea/+ !mselves :5 !y are walk+ alone2 = be=e !y h discov]$ any means ( effect+ _! wi%es--t is a matt] :i* nev] tr\bles !m--!y w\ld r n tire !mselves by ?9k+ ab\t possibilities2 b assum+ t :at !y desire is already grant$ to !m1 !y proce$ ) _! plan1 & delight 9 detail+ :at !y mean to d :5 _! wi% has come true--t is a way :i* !y h ( n do+ mu* good to a capacity :i* 0 nev] good = mu*4 ,n[ ,i myself am beg9n+ to lose he>t1 & ,i %\ld l1 ) y\r p]mission1 to pass ov] ! "q ( possibility at pres5t4 ,assum+ !re=e ! possibility ( ! proposal1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to enquire h[ ! rul]s w c>ry out ^! arrangem5ts1 & ,i %all demon/rate t our plan1 if execut$1 w be ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! ,/ate & to ! gu>dians4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 if y h no objection1 ,i w endeav\r ) y\r help to consid] ! advantages ( ! measure2 & h]eaft] ! "q ( possibility4 ,i h no objection2 proce$4 ,fir/1 ,i ?9k t if our rul]s & _! auxili>ies are to be wor?y ( ! "n :i* !y be>1 !re mu/ be will+ness to obey 9 ! "o & ! p[] ( comm& 9 ! o!r2 ! gu>dians mu/ !mselves obey ! laws1 & !y mu/ also imitate ! _s ( !m 9 any details :i* are entru/$ to _! c>e4 ,t is "r1 he said4 ,y1 ,i said1 :o are _! legislator1 hav+ select$ ! m51 w n[ select ! wom5 & give !m to !m2--!y mu/ be z f> z possible ( l natures ) !m2 & !y mu/ live 9 common h\ses & meet at common meals1 ,none ( !m w h any?+ specially 8 or h] own2 !y w be toge!r1 & w be br\ght up toge!r1 & w associate at gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,& s !y w be drawn by a necessity ( _! natures to h int]c\rse ) ea* o!r--necessity is n too /rong a ^w1 ,i ?9k8 ,yes1 he said2--necessity1 n geometrical1 b ano!r sort ( necessity :i* lov]s "k1 & :i* is f> m conv9c+ & con/ra9+ to ! mass ( mank9d4 ,true1 ,i said2 & ?is1 ,glaucon1 l all ! re/1 mu/ proce$ aft] an ord]ly fa%ion2 9 a city ( ! bless$1 lic5ti\sness is an unholy ?+ :i* ! rul]s w =bid4 ,yes1 he said1 & x ought n to be p]mitt$4 ,!n cle>ly ! next ?+ w be to make matrimony sacr$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 & :at is mo/ b5eficial w be deem$ sacr$8 ,exactly4 ,& h[ c m>riages be made mo/ b5eficial8--t is a "q :i* ,i put to y1 because ,i see 9 y\r h\se dogs = hunt+1 & ( ! nobl] sort ( birds n a few4 ,n[1 ,i besee* y1 d tell me1 h y ev] att5d$ to _! pair+ & bre$+8 ,9 :at p>ticul>s8 ,:y1 9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh !y are all ( a good sort1 are n "s bett] ?an o!rs8 ,true4 ,& d y bre$ f !m all indiff]5tly1 or d y take c>e to bre$ f ! be/ only8 ,f ! be/4 ,& d y take ! olde/ or ! y\nge/1 or only ^? ( ripe age8 ,i *oose only ^? ( ripe age4 ,& if c>e 0 n tak5 9 ! bre$+1 y\r dogs & birds w\ld greatly det]iorate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! same ( horses & animals 9 g5]al8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,good heav5s6 my de> fri5d1 ,i said1 :at consummate skill w our rul]s ne$ if ! same pr9ciple holds ( ! human species6 ,c]ta9ly1 ! same pr9ciple holds2 b :y does ?is involve any p>ticul> skill8 ,because1 ,i said1 our rul]s w (t5 h to practise ^u ! body corporate ) m$ic9es4 ,n[ y "k t :5 pati5ts d n require m$ic9es1 b h only to be put "u a regim51 ! inf]ior sort ( practition] is deem$ to be good en\gh2 b :5 m$ic9e has to be giv51 !n ! doctor %\ld be m ( a man4 ,t is q true1 he said2 b to :at are y allud+8 ,i mean1 ,i repli$1 t our rul]s w f9d a consid]able dose ( falsehood & deceit necess>y = ! good ( _! subjects3 we 7 say+ t ! use ( all ^! ?+s reg>d$ z m$ic9es might be ( advantage4 ,& we 7 v "r4 ,& ?is lawful use ( !m seems likely to be (t5 ne$$ 9 ! regulations ( m>riages & bir?s4 ,h[ s8 ,:y1 ,i said1 ! pr9ciple has be5 already laid d[n t ! be/ ( ei!r sex %\ld be unit$ ) ! be/ z (t51 & ! inf]ior ) ! inf]ior1 z seldom z possible2 & t !y %\ld re> ! (fspr+ ( ! "o sort ( union1 b n ( ! o!r1 if ! flock is to be ma9ta9$ 9 fir/-rate condition4 ,n[ ^! go+s on mu/ be a secret :i* ! rul]s only "k1 or !re w be a fur!r dang] ( our h]d1 z ! gu>dians may be t]m$1 break+ out into rebellion4 ,v true4 ,_h we n bett] appo9t c]ta9 fe/ivals at :i* we w br+ toge!r ! brides & bridegrooms1 & sacrifices w be (f]$ & suitable hym5eal songs compos$ by our poets3 ! numb] ( w$d+s is a matt] :i* mu/ be left to ! discretion ( ! rul]s1 ^: aim w be to pres]ve ! av]age ( population8 ,!re are _m o!r ?+s :i* !y w h to consid]1 su* z ! effects ( w>s & diseases & any simil> ag5cies1 9 ord] z f> z ?is is possible to prev5t ! ,/ate f becom+ ei!r too l>ge or too small4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,we %all h to inv5t "s +5i\s k9d ( lots :i* ! less wor?y may draw on ea* occasion ( our br++ !m toge!r1 & !n !y w accuse _! own ill-luck & n ! rul]s4 ,to be sure1 he said4 ,& ,i ?9k t our brav] & bett] y\?1 besides _! o!r hon\rs & rew>ds1 might h great] facilities ( int]c\rse ) wom5 giv5 !m2 _! brav]y w be a reason1 & su* fa!rs ought to h z _m sons z possible4 ,true4 ,& ! prop] (fic]s1 :e!r male or female or bo?1 = (fices are to be held by wom5 z well z by m5-- ,yes-- ,! prop] (fic]s w take ! (fspr+ ( ! good p>5ts to ! p5 or fold1 & !re !y w deposit !m ) c]ta9 nurses :o dwell 9 a sep>ate qu>t]2 b ! (fspr+ ( ! inf]ior1 or ( ! bett] :5 !y *ance to be de=m$1 w be put away 9 "s my/]i\s1 unkn[n place1 z !y %\ld be4 ,yes1 he said1 t mu/ be done if ! bre$ ( ! gu>dians is to be kept pure4 ,!y w provide = _! nurture1 & w br+ ! mo!rs to ! fold :5 !y are full ( milk1 tak+ ! greate/ possible c>e t no "m recognizes h] own *ild2 & o!r wet-nurses may be engag$ if m are requir$4 ,c>e w also be tak5 t ! process ( suckl+ %all n be protract$ too long2 & ! mo!rs w h no gett+ up at night or o!r tr\ble1 b w h& ov] all ?is sort ( ?+ to ! nurses & att5dants4 ,y suppose ! wives ( our gu>dians to h a f9e easy "t ( x :5 !y are hav+ *ildr54 ,:y1 said ,i1 & s !y ought4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 proce$ ) our s*eme4 ,we 7 say+ t ! p>5ts %\ld be 9 ! prime ( life8 ,v true4 ,& :at is ! prime ( life8 ,may x n be def9$ z a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 a woman's life1 & ?irty 9 a man's8 ,:i* ye>s d y mean to include8 ,a woman1 ,i said1 at tw5ty ye>s ( age may beg9 to be> *ildr5 to ! ,/ate1 & cont9ue to be> !m until =ty2 a man may beg9 at five-&-tw5ty1 :5 he has pass$ ! po9t at :i* ! pulse ( life beats quicke/1 & cont9ue to beget *ildr5 until he be fifty-five4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 bo? 9 m5 & wom5 ^? ye>s are ! prime ( physical z well z ( intellectual vig\r4 ,any "o above or bel[ ! prescrib$ ages :o takes "p 9 ! public hym5eals %all be said to h done an unholy & unrighte\s ?+2 ! *ild ( :i* he is ! fa!r1 if x /eals into life1 w h be5 conceiv$ "u auspices v unlike ! sacrifices & pray]s1 :i* at ea* hym5eal prie/esses & prie/ & ! :ole city w (f]1 t ! new g5]ation may be bett] & m useful ?an _! good & useful p>5ts1 :]eas 8 *ild w be ! (fspr+ ( d>kness & /range lu/4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& ! same law w apply to any "o ( ^? )9 ! prescrib$ age :o =ms a connection ) any woman 9 ! prime ( life )\t ! sanction ( ! rul]s2 = we %all say t he is rais+ up a ba/>d to ! ,/ate1 unc]tifi$ & unconsecrat$4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,?is applies1 h[ev]1 only to ^? :o are )9 ! specifi$ age3 aft] t we all[ !m to range at w1 except t a man may n m>ry 8 daught] or 8 daught]'s daught]1 or 8 "m or 8 "m's "m2 & wom51 on ! o!r h&1 are prohibit$ f m>ry+ _! sons or fa!rs1 or son's son or fa!r's fa!r1 & s on 9 ei!r direction4 ,& we grant all ?is1 accompany+ ! p]mission ) /rict ord]s to prev5t any embryo :i* may come into be+ f see+ ! light2 & if any =ce a way to ! bir?1 ! p>5ts mu/ und]/& t ! (fspr+ ( su* an union _c be ma9ta9$1 & arrange accord+ly4 ,t also1 he said1 is a reasonable proposition4 ,b h[ w !y "k :o are fa!rs & daught]s1 & s on8 ,!y w nev] "k4 ,! way w be ?is3--dat+ f ! day ( ! hym5eal1 ! bridegroom :o 0 !n m>ri$ w call all ! male *ildr5 :o are born 9 ! sev5? & t5? mon? aft]w>ds 8 sons1 & ! female *ildr5 8 daught]s1 & !y w call him fa!r1 & he w call _! *ildr5 8 gr&*ildr51 & !y w call ! eld] g5]ation gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs4 ,all :o 7 begott5 at ! "t :5 _! fa!rs & mo!rs came toge!r w be call$ _! bro!rs & si/]s1 & ^!1 z ,i 0 say+1 w be =bidd5 to int]-m>ry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to be und]/ood z an absolute prohibition ( ! m>riage ( bro!rs & si/]s2 if ! lot fav\rs !m1 & !y receive ! sanction ( ! ,py?ian oracle1 ! law w all[ !m4 ,q "r1 he repli$4 ,su* is ! s*eme1 ,glaucon1 accord+ to :i* ! gu>dians ( our ,/ate are to h _! wives & families 9 common4 ,& n[ y w\ld h ! argum5t %[ t ?is community is consi/5t ) ! re/ ( our polity1 & also t no?+ c be bett]--w\ld y n8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,%all we try to f9d a common basis by ask+ ( ourselves :at ought to be ! *ief aim ( ! legislator 9 mak+ laws & 9 ! organization ( a ,/ate1--:at is ! greate/ ,i good1 & :at is ! greate/ evil1 & !n consid] :e!r our previ\s description has ! /amp ( ! good or ( ! evil8 ,by all means4 ,c !re be any great] evil ?an discord & di/raction & plurality :]e unity ought to reign8 or any great] good ?an ! bond ( unity8 ,!re _c4 ,& !re is unity :]e !re is community ( pleasures & pa9s--:]e all ! citiz5s are glad or griev$ on ! same occasions ( joy & sorr[8 ,no d\bt4 ,yes2 & :]e !re is no common b only private feel+ a ,/ate is disorganiz$--:5 y h "o half ( ! _w triumph+ & ! o!r plung$ 9 grief at ! same ev5ts happ5+ to ! city or ! citiz5s8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,su* diff]5ces commonly orig9ate 9 a disagreem5t ab\t ! use ( ! t]ms 'm9e' & 'n m9e1' '8' & 'n 84' ,exactly s4 ,& is n t ! be/-ord]$ ,/ate 9 :i* ! greate/ numb] ( p]sons apply ! t]ms 'm9e' & 'n m9e' 9 ! same way to ! same ?+8 ,q true4 ,or t aga9 :i* mo/ ne>ly approa*es to ! condition ( ! individual--z 9 ! body1 :5 b a f+] ( "o ( u is hurt1 ! :ole frame1 drawn t[>ds ! s\l z a c5t] & =m+ "o k+dom "u ! rul+ p[] !re91 feels ! hurt & sympa?izes all toge!r ) ! "p affect$1 & we say t ! man has a pa9 9 8 f+]2 & ! same expression is us$ ab\t any o!r "p ( ! body1 :i* has a s5sation ( pa9 at suff]+ or ( pleasure at ! alleviation ( suff]+4 ,v true1 he repli$2 & ,i agree ) y t 9 ! be/-ord]$ ,/ate !re is ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is common feel+ :i* y describe4 ,!n :5 any "o ( ! citiz5s exp]i5ces any good or evil1 ! :ole ,/ate w make 8 case _! own1 & w ei!r rejoice or sorr[ ) him8 ,yes1 he said1 t is :at w happ5 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate4 ,x w n[ be "t1 ,i said1 = u to return to our ,/ate & see :e!r ?is or "s o!r =m is mo/ 9 accordance ) ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,v good4 ,our ,/ate l e o!r has rul]s & subjects8 ,true4 ,all ( :om w call "o ano!r citiz5s8 ,( c\rse4 ,b is !re n ano!r "n :i* p give to _! rul]s 9 o!r ,/ates8 ,g5]ally !y call !m ma/]s1 b 9 democratic ,/ates !y simply call !m rul]s4 ,& 9 our ,/ate :at o!r "n besides t ( citiz5s d ! p give ! rul]s8 ,!y are call$ savi\rs & help]s1 he repli$4 ,& :at d ! rul]s call ! p8 ,_! ma9ta9]s & fo/]-fa!rs4 ,& :at d !y call !m 9 o!r ,/ates8 ,slaves4 ,& :at d ! rul]s call "o ano!r 9 o!r ,/ates8 ,fell[-rul]s4 ,& :at 9 ours8 ,fell[-gu>dians4 ,did y ev] "k an example 9 any o!r ,/ate ( a rul] :o w\ld speak ( "o ( 8 colleagues z 8 fri5d & ( ano!r z n be+ 8 fri5d8 ,yes1 v (t54 ,& ! fri5d he reg>ds & describes z "o 9 :om he has an int]e/1 & ! o!r z a /rang] 9 :om he has no int]e/8 ,exactly4 ,b w\ld any ( y\r gu>dians ?9k or speak ( any o!r gu>dian z a /rang]8 ,c]ta9ly he w\ld n2 = e "o :om !y meet w be reg>d$ by !m ei!r z a bro!r or si/]1 or fa!r or "m1 or son or daught]1 or z ! *ild or p>5t ( ^? :o are ?us connect$ ) him4 ,capital1 ,i said2 b let me ask y once m3 ,%all !y be a family 9 "n only2 or %all !y 9 all _! actions be true to ! "n8 ,= example1 9 ! use ( ! ^w 'fa!r1' w\ld ! c>e ( a fa!r be impli$ & ! filial rev]5ce & duty & ob$i5ce to him :i* ! law comm&s2 & is ! violator ( ^! duties to be reg>d$ z an impi\s & unrighte\s p]son :o is n likely to receive mu* good ei!r at ! h&s ( ,god or ( man8 ,are ^! to be or n to be ! /ra9s :i* ! *ildr5 w he> repeat$ 9 _! e>s by all ! citiz5s ab\t ^? :o are intimat$ to !m to be _! p>5ts & ! re/ ( _! k9sfolk8 ,^!1 he said1 & none o!r2 = :at c be m ridicul\s ?an = !m to utt] ! names ( family ties ) ! lips only & n to act 9 ! _s ( !m8 ,!n 9 our city ! language ( h>mony & concord w be m (t5 be>d ?an 9 any o!r4 ,z ,i 0 describ+ be=e1 :5 any "o is well or ill1 ! univ]sal ^w w be ) me 'x is well' or 'x is ill4' ,mo/ true4 ,& agreeably to ?is mode ( ?9k+ & speak+1 7 we n say+ t !y w h _! pleasures & pa9s 9 common8 ,yes1 & s !y w4 ,& !y w h a common int]e/ 9 ! same ?+ :i* !y w alike call 'my own1' & hav+ ?is common int]e/ !y w h a common feel+ ( pleasure & pa98 ,yes1 f> m s ?an 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,& ! reason ( ?is1 ov] & above ! g5]al con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 w be t ! gu>dians w h a community ( wom5 & *ildr58 ,t w be ! *ief reason4 ,& ?is unity ( feel+ we admitt$ to be ! greate/ good1 z 0 impli$ 9 our own comp>ison ( a well-ord]$ ,/ate to ! relation ( ! body & ! memb]s1 :5 affect$ by pleasure or pa98 ,t we ackn[l$g$1 & v rightly4 ,!n ! community ( wives & *ildr5 among our citiz5s is cle>ly ! s\rce ( ! greate/ good to ! ,/ate8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ?is agrees ) ! o!r pr9ciple :i* we 7 affirm+1--t ! gu>dians 7 n to h h\ses or l&s or any o!r prop]ty2 _! pay 0 to be _! food1 :i* !y 7 to receive f ! o!r citiz5s1 & !y 7 to h no private exp5ses2 = we int5d$ !m to pres]ve _! true "* ( gu>dians4 ,"r1 he repli$4 ,bo? ! community ( prop]ty & ! community ( families1 z ,i am say+1 t5d to make !m m truly gu>dians2 !y w n te> ! city 9 pieces by diff]+ ab\t 'm9e' & 'n m9e2' ea* man dragg+ any acquisition :i* he has made into a sep>ate h\se ( 8 own1 :]e he has a sep>ate wife & *ildr5 & private pleasures & pa9s2 b all w be affect$ z f> z may be by ! same pleasures & pa9s because !y are all ( "o op9ion ab\t :at is ne> & de> to !m1 & !re=e !y all t5d t[>ds a common end4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& z !y h no?+ b _! p]sons :i* !y c call _! own1 suits & compla9ts w h no exi/5ce among !m2 !y w be deliv]$ f all ^? qu>rels ( :i* money or *ildr5 or relations are ! occasion4 ,( c\rse !y w4 ,nei!r w trials = assault or insult ev] be likely to occur among !m4 ,= t equals %\ld def5d !mselves aga9/ equals we %all ma9ta9 to be hon\rable & "r2 we %all make ! protection ( ! p]son a matt] ( necessity4 ,t is good1 he said4 ,yes2 & !re is a fur!r good 9 ! law2 viz4 t if a man has a qu>rel ) ano!r he w satisfy 8 res5tm5t !n & !re1 & n proce$ to m dang]\s l5g?s4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,to ! eld] %all be assign$ ! duty ( rul+ & *a/is+ ! y\ng]4 ,cle>ly4 ,nor c !re be a d\bt t ! y\ng] w n /rike or d any o!r viol5ce to an eld]1 unless ! magi/rates comm& him2 nor w he slight him 9 any way4 ,= !re are two gu>dians1 %ame & fe>1 mighty to prev5t him3 %ame1 :i* makes m5 refra9 f lay+ h&s on ^? :o are to !m 9 ! relation ( p>5ts2 fe>1 t ! injur$ "o w be succ\r$ by ! o!rs :o are 8 bro!rs1 sons1 "o wi fa!rs4 ,t is true1 he repli$4 ,!n 9 e way ! laws w help ! citiz5s to keep ! peace ) "o ano!r8 ,yes1 !re w be no want ( peace4 ,& z ! gu>dians w nev] qu>rel among !mselves !re w be no dang] ( ! re/ ( ! city be+ divid$ ei!r aga9/ !m or aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,none :atev]4 ,i h>dly l ev5 to m5tion ! little meannesses ( :i* !y w be rid1 = !y are b5ea? notice3 su*1 = example1 z ! flatt]y ( ! ri* by ! poor1 & all ! pa9s & pangs :i* m5 exp]i5ce 9 br++ up a family1 & 9 f9d+ money to buy necess>ies = _! h\sehold1 borr[+ & !n repudiat+1 gett+ h[ !y c1 & giv+ ! money into ! h&s ( wom5 & slaves to keep--! _m evils ( s _m k9ds :i* p suff] 9 ?is way are mean en\gh & obvi\s en\gh1 & n wor? speak+ (4 ,yes1 he said1 a man has no ne$ ( eyes 9 ord] to p]ceive t4 ,& f all ^! evils !y w be deliv]$1 & _! life w be bless$ z ! life ( ,olympic victors & yet m bless$4 ,h[ s8 ,! ,olympic victor1 ,i said1 is deem$ happy 9 receiv+ a "p only ( ! bless$ness :i* is secur$ to our citiz5s1 :o h won a m glori\s victory & h a m complete ma9t5ance at ! public co/4 ,= ! victory :i* !y h won is ! salvation ( ! :ole ,/ate2 & ! cr[n ) :i* !y & _! *ildr5 are cr[n$ is ! fulness ( all t life ne$s2 !y receive rew>ds f ! h&s ( _! c\ntry :ile liv+1 & aft] dea? h an hon\rable burial4 ,yes1 he said1 & glori\s rew>ds !y are4 ,d y rememb]1 ,i said1 h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! previ\s discussion "s "o :o %all be nameless accus$ u ( mak+ our gu>dians unhappy--!y _h no?+ & might h possess$ all ?+s-to :om we repli$ t1 if an occasion (f]$1 we might p]haps h]eaft] consid] ?is "q1 b t1 z at pres5t advis$1 we w\ld make our gu>dians truly gu>dians1 & t we 7 fa%ion+ ! ,/ate ) a view to ! greate/ happ9ess1 n ( any p>ticul> class1 b ( ! :ole8 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,& :at d y say1 n[ t ! life ( our protectors is made out to be f> bett] & nobl] ?an t ( ,olympic victors--is ! life ( %oemak]s1 or any o!r artisans1 or ( husb&m51 to be comp>$ ) x8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,at ! same "t ,i ought "h to repeat :at ,i h said else:]e1 t if any ( our gu>dians %all try to be happy 9 su* a mann] t he w cease to be a gu>dian1 & is n cont5t ) ?is safe & h>moni\s life1 :i*1 9 our judgm5t1 is ( all lives ! be/1 b infatuat$ by "s y\?ful conceit ( happ9ess :i* gets up into 8 head %all seek to appropriate ! :ole ,/ate to himself1 !n he w h to le>n h[ wisely ,hesiod spoke1 :5 he said1 'half is m ?an ! :ole4' ,if he 7 to consult me1 ,i %\ld say to him3 ,/ay :]e y are1 :5 y h ! (f] ( su* a life4 ,y agree !n1 ,i said1 t m5 & wom5 are to h a common way ( life su* z we h describ$--common education1 common *ildr52 & !y are to wat* ov] ! citiz5s 9 common :e!r abid+ 9 ! city or go+ out to w>2 !y are to keep wat* toge!r1 & to hunt toge!r l dogs2 & always & 9 all ?+s1 z f> z !y are able1 wom5 are to %>e ) ! m58 ,& 9 s do+ !y w d :at is be/1 & w n violate1 b pres]ve ! natural relation ( ! sexes4 ,i agree ) y1 he repli$4 ,! enquiry1 ,i said1 has yet to be made1 :e!r su* a community be f\nd possible--z among o!r animals1 s also among m5--& if possible1 9 :at way possible8 ,y h anticipat$ ! "q :i* ,i 0 ab\t to sugge/4 ,!re is no difficulty1 ,i said1 9 see+ h[ w> w be c>ri$ on by !m4 ,h[8 ,:y1 ( c\rse !y w g on exp$itions toge!r2 & w take ) !m any ( _! *ildr5 :o are /rong en\gh1 t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! artisan's *ild1 !y may look on at ! "w :i* !y w h to d :5 !y are gr[n up2 & besides look+ on !y w h to help & be ( use 9 w>1 & to wait ^u _! fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,did y nev] obs]ve 9 ! arts h[ ! pott]s' boys look on & help1 long be=e !y t\* ! :eel8 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,& %all pott]s be m c>eful 9 educat+ _! *ildr5 & 9 giv+ !m ! opportunity ( see+ & practis+ _! duties ?an our gu>dians w be8 ,! idea is ridicul\s1 he said4 ,!re is also ! effect on ! p>5ts1 ) :om1 z ) o!r animals1 ! pres5ce ( _! "y ones w be ! greate/ inc5tive to val\r4 ,t is q true1 ,socrates2 & yet if !y are defeat$1 :i* may (t5 happ5 9 w>1 h[ great ! dang] is6 ! *ildr5 w be lo/ z well z _! p>5ts1 & ! ,/ate w nev] recov]4 ,true1 ,i said2 b w\ld y nev] all[ !m to run any risk8 ,i am f> f say+ t4 ,well1 b if !y are ev] to run a risk %\ld !y n d s on "s occasion :51 if !y escape disa/]1 !y w be ! bett] = x8 ,cle>ly4 ,:e!r ! future soldi]s d or d n see w> 9 ! days ( _! y\? is a v important matt]1 = ! sake ( :i* "s risk may fairly be incurr$4 ,yes1 v important4 ,?is !n mu/ be our fir/ /ep1--to make our *ildr5 spectators ( w>2 b we mu/ also contrive t !y %all be secur$ aga9/ dang]2 !n all w be well4 ,true4 ,_! p>5ts may be suppos$ n to be bl9d to ! risks ( w>1 b to "k1 z f> z human =esight c1 :at exp$itions are safe & :at dang]\s8 ,t may be assum$4 ,& !y w take !m on ! safe exp$itions & be cauti\s ab\t ! dang]\s ones8 ,true4 ,& !y w place !m "u ! comm& ( exp]i5c$ vet]ans :o w be _! lead]s & tea*]s8 ,v prop]ly4 ,/ill1 ! dang]s ( w> _c be always =ese52 !re is a good deal ( *ance ab\t !m8 ,true4 ,!n aga9/ su* *ances ! *ildr5 mu/ be at once furni%$ ) w+s1 9 ord] t 9 ! h\r ( ne$ !y may fly away & escape4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,i mean t we mu/ m\nt !m on horses 9 _! e>lie/ y\?1 & :5 !y h le>nt to ride1 take !m on horseback to see w>3 ! horses mu/ be spirit$ & w>like1 b ! mo/ tractable & yet ! swifte/ t c be _h4 ,9 ?is way !y w get an excell5t view ( :at is h]eaft] to be _! own bus9ess2 & if !re is dang] !y h only to foll[ _! eld] lead]s & escape4 ,i believe t y are "r1 he said4 ,next1 z to w>2 :at are to be ! relations ( y\r soldi]s to "o ano!r & to _! enemies8 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to propose t ! soldi] :o leaves 8 rank or ?r[s away 8 arms1 or is guilty ( any o!r act ( c[>dice1 %\ld be degrad$ into ! rank ( a husb&man or artisan4 ,:at d y ?9k8 ,by all means1 ,i %\ld say4 ,& he :o all[s himself to be tak5 prison] may z well be made a pres5t ( to 8 enemies2 he is _! lawful prey1 & let !m d :at !y l ) him4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b ! h]o :o has di/+ui%$ himself1 :at %all be done to him8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he %all receive hon\r 9 ! army f 8 y\?ful comrades2 e "o ( !m 9 succession %all cr[n him4 ,:at d y say8 ,i approve4 ,& :at d y say to 8 receiv+ ! "r h& ( fell[%ip8 ,to t too1 ,i agree4 ,b y w h>dly agree to my next proposal4 ,:at is y\r proposal8 ,t he %\ld kiss & be kiss$ by !m4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 & ,i %\ld be dispos$ to g fur!r1 & say3 ,let no "o :om he has a m9d to kiss refuse to be kiss$ by him :ile ! exp$ition la/s4 ,s t if !re be a lov] 9 ! army1 :e!r 8 love be y\? or maid51 he may be m eag] to w9 ! prize ( val\r4 ,capital1 ,i said4 ,t ! brave man is to h m wives ?an o!rs has be5 already det]m9$3 & he is to h fir/ *oices 9 su* matt]s m ?an o!rs1 9 ord] t he may h z _m *ildr5 z possible8 ,agre$4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,hom]1 brave y\?s %\ld be hon\r$2 = he tells h[ ,ajax1 aft] he _h di/+ui%$ himself 9 battle1 0 rew>d$ ) long *9es1 :i* seems to be a complim5t appropriate to a h]o 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age1 be+ n only a tribute ( hon\r b also a v /r5g!n+ ?+4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,!n 9 ?is1 ,i said1 ,hom] %all be our tea*]2 & we too1 at sacrifices & on ! l occasions1 w hon\r ! brave accord+ to ! measure ( _! val\r1 :e!r m5 or wom51 ) hymns & ^? o!r di/9ctions :i* we 7 m5tion+2 also ) seats ( prec$5ce1 & meats & full cups2 & 9 hon\r+ !m1 we %all be at ! same "t tra9+ !m4 ,t1 he repli$1 is excell5t4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & :5 a man dies glori\sly 9 w> %all we n say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t he is ( ! gold5 race8 ,to be sure4 ,nay1 h we n ! au?ority ( ,hesiod = affirm+ t :5 !y are dead ,!y are holy angels ^u ! e>?1 au?ors ( good1 av]t]s ( evil1 ! gu>dians ( spee*-gift$ m58 ,yes2 & we accept 8 au?ority4 ,we mu/ le>n ( ! god h[ we are to ord] ! sepulture ( div9e & h]oic p]sonages1 & :at is to be _! special di/9ction & we mu/ d z he bids8 ,by all means4 ,& 9 ages to come we w rev]5ce !m & kneel be=e _! sepul*res z at ! graves ( h]oes4 ,& n only !y b any :o are deem$ pre-em95tly good1 :e!r !y die f age1 or 9 any o!r way1 %all be admitt$ to ! same hon\rs4 ,t is v "r1 he said4 ,next1 h[ %all our soldi]s treat _! enemies8 ,:at ab\t ?is8 ,9 :at respect d y mean8 ,fir/ ( all1 9 reg>d to slav]y8 ,d y ?9k x "r t ,hell5es %\ld enslave ,hell5ic ,/ates1 or all[ o!rs to enslave !m1 if !y c help8 ,%\ld n _! cu/om be to sp>e !m1 consid]+ ! dang] :i* !re is t ! :ole race may "o day fall "u ! yoke ( ! b>b>ians8 ,to sp>e !m is inf9itely bett]4 ,!n no ,hell5e %\ld be own$ by !m z a slave2 t is a rule :i* !y w obs]ve & advise ! o!r ,hell5es to obs]ve4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 !y w 9 ?is way be unit$ aga9/ ! b>b>ians & w keep _! h&s (f "o ano!r4 ,next z to ! sla92 ought ! conqu]ors1 ,i said1 to take any?+ b _! arm\r8 ,does n ! practice ( despoil+ an enemy af=d an excuse = n fac+ ! battle8 ,c[>ds skulk ab\t ! dead1 pret5d+ t !y are fulfill+ a duty1 & _m an army be=e n[ has be5 lo/ f ?is love ( plund]4 ,v true4 ,& is !re n illib]ality & av>ice 9 robb+ a corpse1 & also a degree ( meanness & womani%ness 9 mak+ an enemy ( ! dead body :5 ! real enemy has fl[n away & left only 8 fight+ ge> beh9d him1--is n ?is r l a dog :o _c get at 8 assailant1 qu>rell+ ) ! /ones :i* /rike him in/ead8 ,v l a dog1 he said4 ,!n we mu/ ab/a9 f spoil+ ! dead or h9d]+ _! burial8 ,yes1 he repli$1 we mo/ c]ta9ly mu/4 ,nei!r %all we (f] up arms at ! temples ( ! gods1 lea/ ( all ! arms ( ,hell5es1 if we c>e to ma9ta9 good feel+ ) o!r ,hell5es2 &1 inde$1 we h reason to fe> t ! (f]+ ( spoils tak5 f k9sm5 may be a pollution unless comm&$ by ! god himself8 ,v true4 ,aga91 z to ! deva/ation ( ,hell5ic t]ritory or ! burn+ ( h\ses1 :at is to be ! practice8 ,may ,i h ! pleasure1 he said1 ( he>+ y\r op9ion8 ,bo? %\ld be =bidd51 9 my judgm5t2 ,i w\ld take ! annual produce & no m4 ,%all ,i tell y :y8 ,pray d4 ,:y1 y see1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! names 'discord' & 'w>1' & ,i imag9e t !re is also a diff]5ce 9 _! natures2 ! "o is expressive ( :at is int]nal & dome/ic1 ! o!r ( :at is ext]nal & =eign2 & ! fir/ ( ! two is t]m$ discord1 & only ! second1 w>4 ,t is a v prop] di/9ction1 he repli$4 ,& may ,i n obs]ve ) equal propriety t ! ,hell5ic race is all unit$ toge!r by ties ( blood & fri5d%ip1 & ali5 & /range to ! b>b>ians8 ,v good1 he said4 ,& !re=e :5 ,hell5es fight ) b>b>ians & b>b>ians ) ,hell5es1 !y w be describ$ by u z be+ at w> :5 !y fight1 & by nature enemies1 & ?is k9d ( antagonism %\ld be call$ w>2 b :5 ,hell5es fight ) "o ano!r we %all say t ,hellas is !n 9 a /ate ( disord] & discord1 !y be+ by nature fri5ds & su* enmity is to be call$ discord4 ,i agree4 ,consid] !n1 ,i said1 :5 t :i* we h ackn[l$g$ to be discord occurs1 & a city is divid$1 if bo? p>ties de/roy ! l&s & burn ! h\ses ( "o ano!r1 h[ wick$ does ! /rife appe>6 ,no true lov] ( 8 c\ntry w\ld br+ himself to te> 9 pieces 8 own nurse & "m3 ,!re might be reason 9 ! conqu]or depriv+ ! conqu]$ ( _! h>ve/1 b /ill !y w\ld h ! idea ( peace 9 _! he>ts & w\ld n mean to g on fight+ = ev]4 ,yes1 he said1 t is a bett] temp] ?an ! o!r4 ,& w n ! city1 :i* y are f\nd+1 be an ,hell5ic city8 ,x ought to be1 he repli$4 ,!n w n ! citiz5s be good & civiliz$8 ,yes1 v civiliz$4 ,& w !y n be lov]s ( ,hellas1 & ?9k ( ,hellas z _! own l&1 & %>e 9 ! common temples8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,& any diff]5ce :i* arises among !m w be reg>d$ by !m z discord only--a qu>rel among fri5ds1 :i* is n to be call$ a w>8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n !y w qu>rel z ^? :o int5d "s day to be reconcil$8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!y w use fri5dly correction1 b w n enslave or de/roy _! oppon5ts2 !y w be correctors1 n enemies8 ,j s4 ,& z !y are ,hell5es !mselves !y w n deva/ate ,hellas1 nor w !y burn h\ses1 n ev5 suppose t ! :ole population ( a city--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--are equally _! enemies1 = !y "k t ! guilt ( w> is always conf9$ to a few p]sons & t ! _m are _! fri5ds4 ,& = all ^! reasons !y w be unwill+ to wa/e _! l&s & raze _! h\ses2 _! enmity to !m w only la/ until ! _m innoc5t suff]]s h compell$ ! guilty few to give satisfaction8 ,i agree1 he said1 t our citiz5s %\ld ?us deal ) _! ,hell5ic enemies2 & ) b>b>ians z ! ,hell5es n[ deal ) "o ano!r4 ,!n let u enact ?is law also = our gu>dians3-t !y are nei!r to deva/ate ! l&s ( ,hell5es nor to burn _! h\ses4 ,agre$2 & we may agree also 9 ?9k+ t ^!1 all our previ\s enactm5ts1 are v good4 ,b /ill ,i mu/ say1 ,socrates1 t if y are all[$ to g on 9 ?is way y w entirely =get ! o!r "q :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is discussion y ?ru/ aside3--,is su* an ord] ( ?+s possible1 & h[1 if at all8 ,= ,i am q ready to ackn[l$ge t ! plan :i* y propose1 if only feasible1 w\ld d all sorts ( good to ! ,/ate4 ,i w add1 :at y h omitt$1 t y\r citiz5s w be ! brave/ ( w>riors1 & w nev] leave _! ranks1 = !y w all "k "o ano!r1 & ea* w call ! o!r fa!r1 bro!r1 son2 & if y suppose ! wom5 to jo9 _! armies1 :e!r 9 ! same rank or 9 ! re>1 ei!r z a t]ror to ! enemy1 or z auxili>ies 9 case ( ne$1 ,i "k t !y w !n be absolutely inv9cible2 & !re are _m dome/ic tic advantages :i* might also be m5tion$ & :i* ,i also fully ackn[l$ge3 b1 z ,i admit all ^! advantages & z _m m z y please1 if only ?is ,/ate ( y\rs 7 to come into exi/5ce1 we ne$ say no m ab\t !m2 assum+ !n ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate1 let u n[ turn to ! "q ( possibility & ways & means--! re/ may be left4 ,if ,i loit] = a mom5t1 y in/antly make a raid ^u me1 ,i said1 & h no m]cy2 ,i h h>dly escap$ ! fir/ & second waves1 & y seem n to be aw>e t y are n[ br++ ^u me ! ?ird1 :i* is ! greate/ & heavie/4 ,:5 y h se5 & he>d ! ?ird wave1 ,i ?9k y be m consid]ate & w ackn[l$ge t "s fe> & hesitation 0 natural respect+ a proposal s extraord9>y z t :i* ,i h n[ to /ate & inve/igate4 ,! m appeals ( ?is sort :i* y make1 he said1 ! m det]m9$ are we t y %all tell u h[ su* a ,/ate is possible3 speak out & at once4 ,let me beg9 by rem9d+ y t we f\nd our way hi!r 9 ! se>* aft] ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,true1 he repli$2 b :at ( t8 ,i 0 only go+ to ask :e!r1 if we h discov]$ !m1 we are to require t ! j man %\ld 9 no?+ fail ( absolute ju/ice2 or may we be satisfi$ ) an approximation1 & ! atta9m5t 9 him ( a high] degree ( ju/ice ?an is to be f\nd 9 o!r m58 ,! approximation w be en\gh4 ,we are enquir+ into ! nature ( absolute ju/ice & into ! "* ( ! p]fectly j1 & into inju/ice & ! p]fectly unju/1 t we might h an ideal4 ,we 7 to look at ^! 9 ord] t we might judge ( our own happ9ess & unhapp9ess accord+ to ! /&>d :i* !y exhibit$ & ! degree 9 :i* we resembl$ !m1 b n ) any view ( %[+ t !y c\ld exi/ 9 fact4 ,true1 he said4 ,w\ld a pa9t] be any ! worse because1 aft] hav+ del9eat$ ) consummate art an ideal ( a p]fectly beautiful man1 he 0 unable to %[ t any su* man c\ld ev] h exi/$8 ,he w\ld be none ! worse4 ,well1 & 7 we n creat+ an ideal ( a p]fect ,/ate8 ,to be sure4 ,& is our !ory a worse !ory because we are unable to prove ! possibility ( a city be+ ord]$ 9 ! mann] describ$8 ,surely n1 he repli$4 ,t is ! tru?1 ,i said4 ,b if1 at y\r reque/1 ,i am to try & %[ h[ & "u :at conditions ! possibility is highe/1 ,i mu/ ask y1 hav+ ?is 9 view1 to repeat y\r =m] admissions4 ,:at admissions8 ,i want to "k :e!r ideals are ev] fully realis$ 9 language8 ,does n ! ^w express m ?an ! fact1 & mu/ n ! actual1 :atev] a man may ?9k1 always1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 fall %ort ( ! tru?8 ,:at d y say8 ,i agree4 ,!n y mu/ n insi/ on my prov+ t ! actual ,/ate w 9 e respect co9cide ) ! ideal3 if we are only able to discov] h[ a city may be gov]n$ ne>ly z we propos$1 y w admit t we h discov]$ ! possibility :i* y dem&2 & w be cont5t$4 ,i am sure t ,i %\ld be cont5t$--w n y8 ,yes1 ,i w4 ,let me next endeav\r to %[ :at is t fault 9 ,/ates :i* is ! cause ( _! pres5t maladm9i/ration1 & :at is ! lea/ *ange :i* w enable a ,/ate to pass into ! tru] =m2 & let ! *ange1 if possible1 be ( "o ?+ only1 or if n1 ( two2 at any rate1 let ! *anges be z few & slight z possible4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,i ?9k1 ,i said1 t !re might be a re=m ( ! ,/ate if only "o *ange 7 made1 :i* is n a slight or easy ?\gh /ill a possible "o4 ,:at is x8 he said4 ,n[ !n1 ,i said1 ,i g to meet t :i* ,i lik5 to ! greate/ ( ! waves2 yet %all ! ^w be spok51 ev5 ?\gh ! wave break & dr[n me 9 laught] & di%on\r2 & d y m>k my words4 ,proce$4 ,i said3 ,until philosoph]s are k+s1 or ! k+s & pr9ces ( ?is _w h ! _s & p[] ( philosophy1 & political greatness & wisdom meet 9 "o1 & ^? common] natures :o pursue ei!r to ! exclusion ( ! o!r are compell$ to /& aside1 cities w nev] h re/ f _! evils1--nor ! human race1 z ,i believe1--& !n only w ?is our ,/ate h a possibility ( life & behold ! light ( day4 ,su* 0 ! ?\ght1 my de> ,glaucon1 :i* ,i w\ld fa9 h utt]$ if x _h n seem$ too extravagant2 = to be conv9c$ t 9 no o!r ,/ate c !re be happ9ess private or public is inde$ a h>d ?+4 ,socrates1 :at d y mean8 ,i w\ld h y consid] t ! ^w :i* y h utt]$ is "o at :i* num]\s p]sons1 & v respectable p]sons too1 9 a figure pull+ (f _! coats all 9 a mom5t1 & seiz+ any weapon t comes to h&1 w run at y might & ma91 be=e y "k :]e y are1 int5d+ to d heav5 kn[s :at2 & if y don't prep>e an answ]1 & put y\rself 9 motion1 y w be prep>$ by _! f9e wits1' & no mi/ake4 ,y got me into ! scrape1 ,i said4 ,& ,i 0 q "r2 h[ev]1 ,i w d all ,i c to get y out ( x2 b ,i c only give y good-w & good advice1 &1 p]haps1 ,i may be able to fit answ]s to y\r que/ions bett] ?an ano!r--t is all4 ,& n[1 hav+ su* an auxili>y1 y mu/ d y\r be/ to %[ ! unbeliev]s t y are "r4 ,i ought to try1 ,i said1 s9ce y (f] me su* invaluable assi/ance4 ,& ,i ?9k t1 if !re is to be a *ance ( our escap+1 we mu/ expla9 to !m :om we mean :5 we say t philosoph]s are to rule 9 ! ,/ate2 !n we %all be able to def5d ourselves3 ,!re w be discov]$ to be "s natures :o ought to /udy philosophy & to be lead]s 9 ! ,/ate2 & o!rs :o are n born to be philosoph]s1 & are meant to be foll[]s r ?an lead]s4 ,!n n[ = a def9ition1 he said4 ,foll[ me1 ,i said1 & ,i hope t ,i may 9 "s way or o!r be able to give y a satisfactory explanation4 ,proce$4 ,i d>e say t y rememb]1 & !re=e ,i ne$ n rem9d y1 t a lov]1 if lie is wor?y ( ! "n1 ought to %[ 8 love1 n to "s "o "p ( t :i* he loves1 b to ! :ole4 ,i really d n und]/&1 & !re=e beg ( y to assi/ my memory4 ,ano!r p]son1 ,i said1 might fairly reply z y d2 b a man ( pleasure l y\rself ought to "k t all :o are 9 ! fl[] ( y\? d someh[ or o!r raise a pang or emotion 9 a lov]'s brea/1 & are ?\ght by him to be wor?y ( 8 affectionate reg>ds4 ,is n ?is a way :i* y h ) ! fair3 "o has a snub nose1 & y praise 8 *>m+ face2 ! hook-nose ( ano!r has1 y say1 a royal look2 :ile he :o is nei!r snub nor hook$ has ! grace ( regul>ity3 ! d>k visage is manly1 ! fair are *ildr5 ( ! gods2 & z to ! sweet 'honey pale1' z !y are call$1 :at is ! v "n b ! inv5tion ( a lov] :o talks 9 dim9utives1 & is n adv]se to pal5ess if appe>+ on ! *eek ( y\?8 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no excuse :i* y w n make1 & no?+ :i* y w n say1 9 ord] n to lose a s+le fl[] t blooms 9 ! spr+-"t ( y\?4 ,if y make me an au?ority 9 matt]s ( love1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 ,i ass5t4 ,& :at d y say ( lov]s ( w9e8 ,d y n see !m do+ ! same8 ,!y are glad ( any pretext ( dr9k+ any w9e4 ,v good4 ,& ! same is true ( ambiti\s m52 if !y _c comm& an army1 !y are will+ to comm& a file2 & if !y _c be hon\r$ by really great & important p]sons1 !y are glad to be hon\r$ by less] & mean] p1 b hon\r ( "s k9d !y mu/ h4 ,exactly4 ,once m let me ask3 ,does he :o desires any class ( goods1 desire ! :ole class or a "p only8 ,! :ole4 ,& may we n say ( ! philosoph] t he is a lov]1 n ( a "p ( wisdom only1 b ( ! :ole8 ,yes1 ( ! :ole4 ,& he :o dislikes le>n+s1 especially 9 y\?1 :5 he has no p[] ( judg+ :at is good & :at is n1 su* an "o we ma9ta9 n to be a philosoph] or a lov] ( k1 j z he :o refuses 8 food is n hungry1 & may be said to h a bad appetite & n a good "o8 ,v true1 he said4 ,:]eas he :o has a ta/e = e sort ( k & :o is curi\s to le>n & is nev] satisfi$1 may be ju/ly t]m$ a philosoph]8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,glaucon said3 ,if curiosity makes a philosoph]1 y w f9d _m a /range be+ w h a title to ! "n4 ,all ! lov]s ( sights h a delight 9 le>n+1 & mu/ !re=e be includ$4 ,musical amateurs1 too1 are a folk /rangely out ( place among philosoph]s1 = !y are ! la/ p]sons 9 ! _w :o w\ld come to any?+ l a philosophical discussion1 if !y c\ld help1 :ile !y run ab\t at ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals z if !y _h let out _! e>s to he> e *orus2 :e!r ! p]=mance is 9 t[n or c\ntry--t makes no diff]5ce--!y are !re4 ,n[ are we to ma9ta9 t all ^! & any :o h simil> ta/es1 z well z ! pr(essors ( q m9or arts1 are philosoph]s8 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i repli$2 !y are only an imitation4 ,he said3 ,:o !n are ! true philosoph]s8 ,^?1 ,i said1 :o are lov]s ( ! vision ( tru?4 ,t is also good1 he said2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :at y mean8 ,to ano!r1 ,i repli$1 ,i might h a difficulty 9 expla9+2 b ,i am sure t y w admit a proposition :i* ,i am ab\t to make4 ,:at is ! proposition8 ,t s9ce beauty is ! opposite ( ugl9ess1 !y are two8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& inasmu* z !y are two1 ea* ( !m is "o8 ,true aga94 ,& ( j & unju/1 good & evil1 & ( e o!r class1 ! same rem>k holds3 tak5 s+ly1 ea* ( !m "o2 b f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( !m ) actions & ?+s & ) "o ano!r1 !y are se5 9 all sorts ( lights & appe> _m8 ,v true4 ,& ?is is ! di/9ction :i* ,i draw betwe5 ! sight-lov+1 art-lov+1 practical class & ^? ( :om ,i am speak+1 & :o are alone wor?y ( ! "n ( philosoph]s4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% !m8 he said4 ,! lov]s ( s\nds & sights1 ,i repli$1 are1 z ,i conceive1 fond ( f9e tones & col\rs & =ms & all ! artificial products t are made out ( !m1 b _! m9d is incapable ( see+ or lov+ absolute beauty4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,few are !y :o are able to atta9 to ! sight ( ?is4 ,v true4 ,& he :o1 hav+ a s5se ( beautiful ?+s has no s5se ( absolute beauty1 or :o1 if ano!r lead him to a k ( t beauty is unable to foll[--( su* an "o ,i ask1 ,is he awake or 9 a dream only8 ,reflect3 is n ! dream]1 sleep+ or wak+1 "o :o lik5s dissimil> ?+s1 :o puts ! copy 9 ! place ( ! real object8 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly say t su* an "o 0 dream+4 ,b take ! case ( ! o!r1 :o recognises ! exi/5ce ( absolute beauty & is able to di/+ui% ! idea f ! objects :i* p>ticipate 9 ! idea1 nei!r putt+ ! objects 9 ! place ( ! idea nor ! idea 9 ! place ( ! objects--is he a dream]1 or is he awake8 ,he is wide awake4 ,& may we n say t ! m9d ( ! "o :o kn[s has k1 & t ! m9d ( ! o!r1 :o op9es only1 has op9ion ,c]ta9ly4 ,b suppose t ! latt] %\ld qu>rel ) u & dispute our /atem5t1 c we adm9i/] any soo?+ cordial or advice to him1 )\t reveal+ to him t !re is sad disord] 9 8 wits8 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly (f] him "s good advice1 he repli$4 ,come1 !n1 & let u ?9k ( some?+ to say to him4 ,%all we beg9 by assur+ him t he is welcome to any k :i* he may h1 & t we are rejoic$ at 8 hav+ x8 ,b we %\ld l to ask him a "q3 ,does he :o has k "k some?+ or no?+8 7,y mu/ answ] = him47 ,i answ] t he kn[s some?+4 ,some?+ t is or is n8 ,some?+ t is2 = h[ c t :i* is n ev] be kn[n8 ,& are we assur$1 aft] look+ at ! matt] f _m po9ts ( view1 t absolute be+ is or may be absolutely kn[n1 b t ! utt]ly non-exi/5t is utt]ly unkn[n8 ,no?+ c be m c]ta94 ,good4 ,b if !re be any?+ :i* is ( su* a nature z to be & n to be1 t w h a place int]m$iate betwe5 pure be+ & ! absolute negation ( be+8 ,yes1 betwe5 !m4 ,&1 z k correspond$ to be+ & ignorance ( necessity to n-be+1 = t int]m$iate betwe5 be+ & n-be+ !re has to be discov]$ a correspond+ int]m$iate betwe5 ignorance & k1 if !re be su*8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,d we admit ! exi/5ce ( op9ion8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,z be+ ! same ) k1 or ano!r faculty8 ,ano!r faculty4 ,!n op9ion & k h to d ) diff]5t k9ds ( matt] correspond+ to ?is diff]5ce ( faculties8 ,yes4 ,& k is relative to be+ & kn[s be+4 ,b be=e ,i proce$ fur!r ,i w make a division4 ,:at division8 ,i w beg9 by plac+ faculties 9 a class by !mselves3 !y are p[]s 9 u1 & 9 all o!r ?+s1 by :i* we d z we d4 ,sight & he>+1 = example1 ,i %\ld call faculties4 ,h ,i cle>ly expla9$ ! class :i* ,i mean8 ,yes1 ,i q und]/&4 ,!n let me tell y my view ab\t !m4 ,i d n see !m1 & !re=e ! di/9ctions ( fire1 col\r1 & ! l1 :i* enable me to disc]n ! diff]5ces ( "s ?+s1 d n apply to !m4 ,9 speak+ ( a faculty ,i ?9k only ( its sph]e & its result2 & t :i* has ! same sph]e & ! same result ,i call ! same faculty1 b t :i* has ano!r sph]e & ano!r result ,i call diff]5t4 ,w\ld t be y\r way ( speak+8 ,yes4 ,& w y be s v good z to answ] "o m "q8 ,w\ld y say t k is a faculty1 or 9 :at class w\ld y place x8 ,c]ta9ly k is a faculty1 & ! mightie/ ( all faculties4 ,& is op9ion also a faculty8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 = op9ion is t ) :i* we are able to =m an op9ion4 ,& yet y 7 ackn[l$g+ a little :ile ago t k is n ! same z op9ion8 ,:y1 yes1 he said3 h[ c any reasonable be+ ev] id5tify t :i* is infallible ) t :i* errs8 ,an excell5t answ]1 prov+1 ,i said1 t we are q consci\s ( a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,yes4 ,!n k & op9ion hav+ di/9ct p[]s h also di/9ct sph]es or subject-matt]s8 ,t is c]ta94 ,be+ is ! sph]e or subject-matt] ( k1 & k is to "k ! nature ( be+8 ,yes4 ,& op9ion is to h an op9ion8 ,yes4 ,& d we "k :at we op9e8 or is ! subject-matt] ( op9ion ! same z ! subject-matt] ( k8 ,nay1 he repli$1 t has be5 already disprov52 if diff]5ce 9 faculty implies diff]5ce 9 ! sph]e or subject matt]1 & if1 z we 7 say+1 op9ion & k are di/9ct faculties1 !n ! sph]e ( k & ( op9ion _c be ! same4 ,!n if be+ is ! subject-matt] ( k1 some?+ else mu/ be ! subject-matt] ( op9ion8 ,yes1 some?+ else4 ,well !n1 is n-be+ ! subject-matt] ( op9ion8 or1 r1 h[ c !re be an op9ion at all ab\t n-be+8 ,reflect3 :5 a man has an op9ion1 has he n an op9ion ab\t some?+8 ,c he h an op9ion :i* is an op9ion ab\t no?+8 ,impossible4 ,he :o has an op9ion has an op9ion ab\t "s "o ?+8 ,yes4 ,& n-be+ is n "o ?+ b1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+8 ,true4 ,( n-be+1 ignorance 0 assum$ to be ! necess>y correlative2 ( be+1 k8 ,true1 he said4 ,!n op9ion is n conc]n$ ei!r ) be+ or ) n-be+8 ,n ) ei!r4 ,& c !re=e nei!r be ignorance nor k8 ,t seems to be true4 ,b is op9ion to be s\ght )\t & beyond ei!r ( !m1 9 a great] cle>ness ?an k1 or 9 a great] d>kness ?an ignorance8 ,9 nei!r4 ,!n ,i suppose t op9ion appe>s to y to be d>k] ?an k1 b light] ?an ignorance8 ,bo?2 & 9 no small degree4 ,& also to be )9 & betwe5 !m8 ,yes4 ,!n y w\ld inf] t op9ion is int]m$iate8 ,no "q4 ,b 7 we n say+ be=e1 t if any?+ appe>$ to be ( a sort :i* is & is n at ! same "t1 t sort ( ?+ w\ld appe> also to lie 9 ! int]val betwe5 pure be+ & absolute n-be+2 & t ! correspond+ faculty is nei!r k nor ignorance1 b w be f\nd 9 ! int]val betwe5 !m8 ,true4 ,& 9 t int]val !re has n[ be5 discov]$ some?+ :i* we call op9ion8 ,!re has4 ,!n :at rema9s to be discov]$ is ! object :i* p>takes equally ( ! nature ( be+ & n-be+1 & _c rightly be t]m$ ei!r1 pure & simple2 ?is unkn[n t]m1 :5 discov]$1 we may truly call ! subject ( op9ion1 & assign ea* to its prop] faculty1 ! extremes to ! faculties ( ! extremes & ! mean to ! faculty ( ! mean4 ,true4 ,?is be+ premis$1 ,i w\ld ask ! g5tleman :o is ( op9ion t !re is no absolute or un*angeable idea ( beauty--9 ^: op9ion ! beautiful is ! manifold--he1 ,i say1 y\r lov] ( beautiful sights1 :o _c be> to be told t ! beautiful is "o1 & ! j is "o1 or t any?+ is "o--to him ,i w\ld appeal1 say+1 ,w y be s v k9d1 sir1 z to tell u :e!r1 ( all ^! beautiful ?+s1 !re is "o :i* w n be f\nd ugly2 or ( ! j1 :i* w n be f\nd unju/2 or ( ! holy1 :i* w n also be unholy8 ,no1 he repli$2 ! beautiful w 9 "s po9t ( view be f\nd ugly2 & ! same is true ( ! re/4 ,& may n ! _m :i* are d\bles be also halves8--d\bles1 t is1 ( "o ?+1 & halves ( ano!r8 ,q true4 ,& ?+s great & small1 heavy & light1 z !y are t]m$1 w n be d5ot$ by ^! any m ?an by ! opposite names8 ,true2 bo? ^! & ! opposite names w always atta* to all ( !m4 ,& c any "o ( ^? _m ?+s :i* are call$ by p>ticul> names be said to be ?is r ?an n to be ?is8 ,he repli$3 ,!y are l ! punn+ riddles :i* are ask$ at fea/s or ! *ildr5's puzzle ab\t ! eunu* aim+ at ! bat1 ) :at he hit him1 z !y say 9 ! puzzle1 & ^u :at ! bat 0 sitt+4 ,! individual objects ( :i* ,i am speak+ are also a riddle1 & h a d\ble s5se3 nor c y fix !m 9 y\r m9d1 ei!r z be+ or n-be+1 or bo?1 or nei!r4 ,!n :at w y d ) !m8 ,i said4 ,c !y h a bett] place ?an betwe5 be+ & n-be+8 ,= !y are cle>ly n 9 great] d>kness or negation ?an n-be+1 or m full ( light & exi/5ce ?an be+4 ,t is q true1 he said4 ,?us !n we seem to h discov]$ t ! _m ideas :i* ! multitude ent]ta9 ab\t ! beautiful & ab\t all o!r ?+s are toss+ ab\t 9 "s region :i* is halfway betwe5 pure be+ & pure n-be+8 ,we h4 ,yes2 & we _h be=e agre$ t any?+ ( ?is k9d :i* we might f9d 0 to be describ$ z matt] ( op9ion1 & n z matt] ( k2 be+ ! int]m$iate flux :i* is caught & deta9$ by ! int]m$iate faculty4 ,q true4 ,!n ^? :o see ! _m beautiful1 & :o yet nei!r see absolute beauty1 nor c foll[ any guide :o po9ts ! way ?i!r2 :o see ! _m j1 & n absolute ju/ice1 & ! l1--su* p]sons may be said to h op9ion b n k8 ,t is c]ta94 ,b ^? :o see ! absolute & et]nal & immutable may be said to "k1 & n to h op9ion only8 ,nei!r c t be d5i$4 ,! "o loves & embraces ! subjects ( k1 ! o!r ^? ( op9ion8 ,! latt] are ! same1 z ,i d>e say w rememb]1 :o li/5$ to sweet s\nds & gaz$ ^u fair col\rs1 b w\ld n tol]ate ! exi/5ce ( absolute beauty4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,%all we !n be guilty ( any impropriety 9 call+ !m lov]s ( op9ion r ?an lov]s ( wisdom1 & w !y be v angry ) u = ?us describ+ !m8 ,i %all tell !m n to be angry2 no man %\ld be angry at :at is true4 ,b ^? :o love ! tru? 9 ea* ?+ are to be call$ lov]s ( wisdom & n lov]s ( op9ion4 ,assur$ly4 ,,book ,,vi ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,,& ?us1 ,glaucon1 aft] ! argum5t has gone a we>y way1 ! true & ! false philosoph]s h at l5g? appe>$ 9 view4 ,i d n ?9k1 he said1 t ! way c\ld h be5 %ort5$4 ,i suppose n1 ,i said2 & yet ,i believe t we might h _h a bett] view ( bo? ( !m if ! discussion c\ld h be5 conf9$ to ?is "o subject & if !re 7 n _m o!r que/ions await+ u1 :i* he :o desires to see 9 :at respect ! life ( ! j diff]s f t ( ! unju/ mu/ consid]4 ,& :at is ! next "q8 he ask$4 ,surely1 ,i said1 ! "o :i* foll[s next 9 ord]4 ,inasmu* z philosoph]s only are able to grasp ! et]nal & un*angeable1 & ^? :o w&] 9 ! region ( ! _m & v>iable are n philosoph]s1 ,i mu/ ask y :i* ( ! two classes %\ld be ! rul]s ( our ,/ate8 ,& h[ c we rightly answ] t "q8 ,:i*ev] ( ! two are be/ able to gu>d ! laws & in/itutions ( our ,/ate--let !m be our gu>dians4 ,v good4 ,nei!r1 ,i said1 c !re be any "q t ! gu>dian :o is to keep any?+ %\ld h eyes r ?an no eyes8 ,!re c be no "q ( t4 ,& are n ^? :o are v]ily & inde$ want+ 9 ! k ( ! true be+ ( ea* ?+1 & :o h 9 _! s\ls no cle> patt]n1 & are unable z ) a pa9t]'s eye to look at ! absolute tru? & to t orig9al to repair1 & hav+ p]fect vision ( ! o!r _w to ord] ! laws ab\t beauty1 goodness1 ju/ice 9 ?is1 if n already ord]$1 & to gu>d & pres]ve ! ord] ( !m--are n su* p]sons1 ,i ask1 simply bl9d8 ,truly1 he repli$1 !y are mu* 9 t condition4 ,& %all !y be our gu>dians :5 !re are o!rs :o1 besides be+ _! equals 9 exp]i5ce & fall+ %ort ( !m 9 no p>ticul> ( virtue1 also "k ! v tru? ( ea* ?+8 ,!re c be no reason1 he said1 = reject+ ^? :o h ?is greate/ ( all great qualities2 !y mu/ always h ! fir/ place unless !y fail 9 "s o!r respect4 ,suppose !n1 ,i said1 t we det]m9e h[ f> !y c unite ?is & ! o!r excell5ces4 ,by all means4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we began by obs]v+1 ! nature ( ! philosoph] has to be asc]ta9$4 ,we mu/ come to an und]/&+ ab\t him1 &1 :5 we h done s1 !n1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 we %all also ackn[l$ge t su* an union ( qualities is possible1 & t ^? 9 :om !y are unit$1 & ^? only1 %\ld be rul]s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:at d y mean8 ,let u suppose t philosophical m9ds always love k ( a sort :i* %[s !m ! et]nal nature n v>y+ f g5]ation & corruption4 ,agre$4 ,& fur!r1 ,i said1 let u agree t !y are lov]s ( all true be+2 !re is no "p :e!r great] or less1 or m or less hon\rable1 :i* !y are will+ to r5\nce2 z we said be=e ( ! lov] & ! man ( ambition4 ,true4 ,& if !y are to be :at we 7 describ+1 is !re n ano!r quality :i* !y %\ld also possess8 ,:at quality8 ,tru?fulness3 !y w nev] int5tionally receive into _! m9d falsehood1 :i* is _! dete/ation1 & !y w love ! tru?4 ,yes1 t may be safely affirm$ ( !m4 ',may be1' my fri5d1 ,i repli$1 is n ! ^w2 say r 'mu/ be affirm$3' = he ^: nature is amor\s ( any?+ _c help lov+ all t belongs or is ak9 to ! object ( 8 affections4 ,"r1 he said4 ,& is !re any?+ m ak9 to wisdom ?an tru?8 ,h[ c !re be8 ,c ! same nature be a lov] ( wisdom & a lov] ( falsehood8 ,nev]4 ,! true lov] ( le>n+ !n mu/ f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 z f> z 9 him lies1 desire all tru?8 ,assur$ly4 ,b !n aga91 z we "k by exp]i5ce1 he ^: desires are /rong 9 "o direction w h !m weak] 9 o!rs2 !y w be l a /ream :i* has be5 drawn (f into ano!r *annel4 ,true4 ,he ^: desires are drawn t[>ds k 9 e =m w be absorb$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! s\l1 & w h>dly feel bodily pleasure--,i mean1 if he be a true philosoph] & n a %am "o4 ,t is mo/ c]ta94 ,su* an "o is sure to be temp]ate & ! rev]se ( covet\s2 = ! motives :i* make ano!r man desir\s ( hav+ & sp5d+1 h no place 9 8 "*4 ,v true4 ,ano!r crit]ion ( ! philosophical nature has also to be consid]$4 ,:at is t8 ,!re %\ld be no secret corn] ( illib]ality2 no?+ c m antagoni/ic ?an meanness to a s\l :i* is ev] long+ aft] ! :ole ( ?+s bo? div9e & human4 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 ,!n h[ c he :o has magnific5ce ( m9d & is ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 ?9k mu* ( human life8 ,he _c4 ,or c su* an "o acc\nt dea? fe>ful8 ,no inde$4 ,!n ! c[>dly & mean nature has no "p 9 true philosophy8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or aga93 c he :o is h>moni\sly con/itut$1 :o is n covet\s or mean1 or a boa/]1 or a c[>d-c he1 ,i say1 ev] be unju/ or h>d 9 8 deal+s8 ,impossible4 ,!n y w soon obs]ve :e!r a man is j & g5tle1 or rude & unsociable2 ^! are ! signs :i* di/+ui% ev5 9 y\? ! philosophical nature f ! unphilosophical4 ,true4 ,!re is ano!r po9t :i* %\ld be rem>k$4 ,:at po9t8 ,:e!r he has or has n a pleasure 9 le>n+2 = no "o w love t :i* gives him pa91 & 9 :i* aft] mu* toil he makes little progress4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& aga91 if he is =getful & reta9s no?+ ( :at he le>ns1 w he n be an empty vessel8 ,t is c]ta94 ,lab\r+ 9 va91 he mu/ end 9 hat+ himself & 8 fruitless occupation8 ,yes4 ,!n a s\l :i* =gets _c be rank$ among g5u9e philosophic natures2 we mu/ insi/ t ! philosoph] %\ld h a good memory8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& once m1 ! inh>moni\s & unseemly nature c only t5d to disproportion8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,& d y consid] tru? to be ak9 to proportion or to disproportion8 ,to proportion4 ,!n1 besides o!r qualities1 we mu/ try to f9d a naturally well-proportion$ & graci\s m9d1 :i* w move spontane\sly t[>ds ! true be+ ( ev]y?+4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,well1 & d n all ^! qualities1 :i* we h be5 enum]at+1 g toge!r1 & are !y n1 9 a mann]1 necess>y to a s\l1 :i* is to h a full & p]fect p>ticipation ( be+8 ,!y are absolutely necess>y1 he repli$4 ,& mu/ n t be a blameless /udy :i* he only c pursue :o has ! gift ( a good memory1 & is quick to le>n1--noble1 graci\s1 ! fri5d ( tru?1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 :o are 8 k9dr$8 ,! god ( jeal\sy himself1 he said1 c\ld f9d no fault ) su* a /udy4 ,& to m5 l him1 ,i said1 :5 p]fect$ by ye>s & education1 & to ^! only y w entru/ ! ,/ate4 ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,"h ,adeimantus int]pos$ & said3 ,to ^! /atem5ts1 ,socrates1 no "o c (f] a reply2 b :5 y talk 9 ?is way1 a /range feel+ passes ov] ! m9ds ( y\r he>]s3 ,!y fancy t !y are l$ a/ray a little at ea* /ep 9 ! argum5t1 ow+ to _! own want ( skill 9 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions2 ^! littles accumulate1 & at ! end ( ! discussion !y are f\nd to h su/a9$ a mighty ov]?r[ & all _! =m] notions appe> to be turn$ upside d[n4 ,& z unskilful play]s ( draughts are at la/ %ut up by _! m skilful adv]s>ies & h no piece to move1 s !y too f9d !mselves %ut up at la/2 = !y h no?+ to say 9 ?is new game ( :i* words are ! c\nt]s2 & yet all ! "t !y are 9 ! "r4 ,! obs]vation is sugge/$ to me by :at is n[ occurr+4 ,= any "o ( u might say1 t al?\gh 9 words he is n able to meet y at ea* /ep ( ! argum5t1 he sees z a fact t ! vot>ies ( philosophy1 :5 !y c>ry on ! /udy1 n only 9 y\? z a "p ( education1 b z ! pursuit ( _! matur] ye>s1 mo/ ( !m become /range mon/]s1 n to say utt] rogues1 & t ^? :o may be consid]$ ! be/ ( !m are made useless to ! _w by ! v /udy :i* y extol4 ,well1 & d y ?9k t ^? :o say s are wrong8 ,i _c tell1 he repli$2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :at is y\r op9ion4 ,he> my answ]2 ,i am ( op9ion t !y are q "r4 ,!n h[ c y be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t cities w n cease f evil until philosoph]s rule 9 !m1 :5 philosoph]s are ackn[l$g$ by u to be ( no use to !m8 ,y ask a "q1 ,i said1 to :i* a reply c only be giv5 9 a p>able4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & t is a way ( speak+ to :i* y are n at all accu/om$1 ,i suppose4 ,i p]ceive1 ,i said1 t y are va/ly amus$ at hav+ plung$ me into su* a hopeless discussion2 b n[ he> ! p>able1 & !n y w be /ill m amus$ at ! meagr5ess ( my imag9ation3 = ! mann] 9 :i* ! be/ m5 are treat$ 9 _! own ,/ates is s griev\s t no s+le ?+ on e>? is comp>able to x2 & !re=e1 if ,i am to plead _! cause1 ,i mu/ h rec\rse to fiction1 & put toge!r a figure made up ( _m ?+s1 l ! fabul\s unions ( goats & /ags :i* are f\nd 9 pictures4 ,imag9e !n a fleet or a %ip 9 :i* !re is a capta9 :o is tall] & /rong] ?an any ( ! crew1 b he is a little deaf & has a simil> infirmity 9 sight1 & 8 k ( navigation is n mu* bett]4 ,! sailors are qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r ab\t ! /e]+--e "o is ( op9ion t he has a "r to /e]1 ?\gh he has nev] le>n$ ! art ( navigation & _c tell :o taught him or :5 he le>n$1 & w fur!r ass]t t x _c be taught1 & !y are ready to cut 9 pieces any "o :o says ! contr>y4 ,!y ?rong ab\t ! capta91 begg+ & pray+ him to commit ! helm to !m2 & if at any "t !y d n prevail1 b o!rs are pref]r$ to !m1 !y kill ! o!rs or ?r[ !m ov]bo>d1 & hav+ fir/ *a9$ up ! noble capta9's s5ses ) dr9k or "s n>cotic drug1 !y mut9y & take possession ( ! %ip & make free ) ! /ores2 ?us1 eat+ & dr9k+1 !y proce$ on _! voyage 9 su* a mann] z might be expect$ ( !m4 ,him :o is _! p>tisan & clev]ly aids !m 9 _! plot = gett+ ! %ip out ( ! capta9's h&s into _! own :e!r by =ce or p]suasion1 !y complim5t ) ! "n ( sailor1 pilot1 able seaman1 & abuse ! o!r sort ( man1 :om !y call a good-=-no?+2 b t ! true pilot mu/ pay att5tion to ! ye> & seasons & sky & />s & w9ds1 & :atev] else belongs to 8 art1 if he int5ds to be really qualifi$ = ! comm& ( a %ip1 & t he mu/ & w be ! /e]]1 :e!r o!r p l or n-! possibility ( ?is union ( au?ority ) ! /e]]'s art has nev] s]i\sly ent]$ into _! ?\ghts or be5 made "p ( _! call+4 ,n[ 9 vessels :i* are 9 a /ate ( mut9y & by sailors :o are mut9e]s1 h[ w ! true pilot be reg>d$8 ,w he n be call$ by !m a prat]1 a />-gaz]1 a good-=-no?+8 ,( c\rse1 said ,adeimantus4 ,!n y w h>dly ne$1 ,i said1 to he> ! int]pretation ( ! figure1 :i* describes ! true philosoph] 9 8 relation to ! ,/ate2 = y und]/& already4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n suppose y n[ take ?is p>able to ! g5tleman :o is surpris$ at f9d+ t philosoph]s h no hon\r 9 _! cities2 expla9 x to him & try to conv9ce him t _! hav+ hon\r w\ld be f> m extraord9>y4 ,i w4 ,say to him1 t1 9 deem+ ! be/ vot>ies ( philosophy to be useless to ! re/ ( ! _w1 he is "r2 b also tell him to attribute _! uselessness to ! fault ( ^? :o w n use !m1 & n to !mselves4 ,! pilot %\ld n humbly beg ! sailors to be comm&$ by him--t is n ! ord] ( nature2 nei!r are '! wise to g to ! doors ( ! ri*'--! +5i\s au?or ( ?is say+ told a lie--b ! tru? is1 t1 :5 a man is ill1 :e!r he be ri* or poor1 to ! physician he mu/ g1 & he :o wants to be gov]n$1 to him :o is able to gov]n4 ,! rul] :o is good = any?+ ought n to beg 8 subjects to be rul$ by him2 al?\gh ! pres5t gov]nors ( mank9d are ( a diff]5t /amp2 !y may be ju/ly comp>$ to ! mut9\s sailors1 & ! true helmsm5 to ^? :o are call$ by !m good-=-no?+s & />-gaz]s4 ,precisely s1 he said4 ,= ^! reasons1 & among m5 l ^!1 philosophy1 ! noble/ pursuit ( all1 is n likely to be mu* e/eem$ by ^? ( ! opposite faction2 n t ! greate/ & mo/ la/+ injury is done to h] by h] oppon5ts1 b by h] own pr(ess+ foll[]s1 ! same ( :om y suppose ! accus] to say1 t ! great] numb] ( !m are arrant rogues1 & ! be/ are useless2 9 :i* op9ion ,i agre$4 ,yes4 ,& ! reason :y ! good are useless has n[ be5 expla9$8 ,true4 ,!n %all we proce$ to %[ t ! corruption ( ! majority is also unavoidable1 & t ?is is n to be laid to ! *>ge ( philosophy any m ?an ! o!r8 ,by all means4 ,& let u ask & answ] 9 turn1 fir/ go+ back to ! description ( ! g5tle & noble nature4 ,tru?1 z y w rememb]1 0 8 lead]1 :om he foll[$ always & 9 all ?+s2 fail+ 9 ?is1 he 0 an impo/or1 & _h no "p or lot 9 true philosophy4 ,yes1 t 0 said4 ,well1 & is n ?is "o quality1 to m5tion no o!rs1 greatly at v>iance ) pres5t notions ( him8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& h we n a "r to say 9 8 def5ce1 t ! true lov] ( k is always /riv+ aft] be+--t is 8 nature2 he w n re/ 9 ! multiplicity ( individuals :i* is an appe>ance only1 b w g on--! ke5 edge w n be blunt$1 nor ! =ce ( 8 desire abate until he h atta9$ ! k ( ! true nature ( e ess5ce by a sympa!tic & k9dr$ p[] 9 ! s\l1 & by t p[] draw+ ne> & m+l+ & becom+ incorporate ) v be+1 hav+ begott5 m9d & tru?1 he w h k & w live & gr[ truly1 & !n1 & n till !n1 w he cease f 8 travail4 ,no?+1 he said1 c be m j ?an su* a description ( him4 ,& w ! love ( a lie be any "p ( a philosoph]'s nature8 ,w he n utt]ly hate a lie8 ,he w4 ,& :5 tru? is ! capta91 we _c suspect any evil ( ! b& :i* he leads8 ,impossible4 ,ju/ice & heal? ( m9d w be ( ! company1 & temp]ance w foll[ aft]8 ,true1 he repli$4 ,nei!r is !re any reason :y ,i %\ld aga9 set 9 array ! philosoph]'s virtues1 z y w d\btless rememb] t c\rage1 magnific5ce1 appreh5sion1 memory1 7 8 natural gifts4 ,& y object$ t1 al?\gh no "o c\ld d5y :at ,i !n said1 /ill1 if y leave words & look at facts1 ! p]sons :o are ?us describ$ are "s ( !m manife/ly useless1 & ! great] numb] utt]ly deprav$2 we 7 !n l$ to enquire into ! gr\nds ( ^! accusations1 & h n[ arriv$ at ! po9t ( ask+ :y are ! majority bad1 :i* "q ( necessity br\ght u back to ! exam9ation & def9ition ( ! true philosoph]4 ,exactly4 ,& we h next to consid] ! corruptions ( ! philosophic nature1 :y s _m are spoil$ & s few escape spoil+--,i am speak+ ( ^? :o 7 said to be useless b n wick$--&1 :5 we h done ) !m1 we w speak ( ! imitators ( philosophy1 :at mann] ( m5 are !y :o aspire aft] a pr(ession :i* is above !m & ( :i* !y are unwor?y1 & !n1 by _! manifold inconsi/5cies1 br+ ^u philosophy1 & ^u all philosoph]s1 t univ]sal reprobation ( :i* we speak4 ,:at are ^! corruptions8 he said4 ,i w see if ,i c expla9 !m to y4 ,e "o w admit t a nature hav+ 9 p]fection all ! qualities :i* we requir$ 9 a philosoph]1 is a r>e plant :i* is seldom se5 among m54 ,r>e inde$4 ,& :at numb]less & p[]ful causes t5d to de/roy ^! r>e natures6 ,:at causes8 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are _! own virtues1 _! c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ! re/ ( !m1 e "o ( :i* praise wor?y qualities 7& ?is is a mo/ s+ul> circum/ance7 de/roys & di/racts f philosophy ! s\l :i* is ! possessor ( !m4 ,t is v s+ul>1 he repli$4 ,!n !re are all ! ord9>y goods ( life--beauty1 weal?1 /r5g?1 rank1 & great connections 9 ! ,/ate--y und]/& ! sort ( ?+s--^! also h a corrupt+ & di/ract+ effect4 ,i und]/&2 b ,i %\ld l to "k m precisely :at y mean ab\t !m4 ,grasp ! tru? z a :ole1 ,i said1 & 9 ! "r way2 y w !n h no difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! prec$+ rem>ks1 & !y w no long] appe> /range to y4 ,& h[ am ,i to d s8 he ask$4 ,:y1 ,i said1 we "k t all g]ms or se$s1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 :5 !y fail to meet ) prop] nutrim5t or climate or soil1 9 proportion to _! vig\r1 are all ! m s5sitive to ! want ( a suitable environm5t1 = evil is a great] enemy to :at is good ?an :at is n4 ,v true4 ,!re is reason 9 suppos+ t ! f9e/ natures1 :5 "u ali5 conditions1 receive m injury ?an ! inf]ior1 because ! contra/ is great]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& may we n say1 ,adeimantus1 t ! mo/ gift$ m9ds1 :5 !y are ill-educat$1 become pre-em95tly bad8 ,d n great crimes & ! _s ( pure evil spr+ out ( a fulness ( nature ru9$ by education r ?an f any inf]iority1 :]eas weak natures are sc>cely capable ( any v great good or v great evil8 ,!re ,i ?9k t y are "r4 ,& our philosoph] foll[s ! same analogy-he is l a plant :i*1 hav+ prop] nurture1 mu/ necess>ily gr[ & mature into all virtue1 b1 if s[n & plant$ 9 an ali5 soil1 becomes ! mo/ noxi\s ( all we$s1 unless he be pres]v$ by "s div9e p[]4 ,d y really ?9k1 z p s (t5 say1 t our y\? are corrupt$ by ,sophi/s1 or t private tea*]s ( ! art corrupt !m 9 any degree wor? speak+ (8 ,are n ! public :o say ^! ?+s ! greate/ ( all ,sophi/s8 ,& d !y n educate to p]fection "y & old1 m5 & wom5 alike1 & fa%ion !m aft] _! own he>ts8 ,:5 is ?is accompli%$8 he said4 ,:5 !y meet toge!r1 & ! _w sits d[n at an assembly1 or 9 a c\rt ( law1 or a !atre1 or a camp1 or 9 any o!r popul> resort1 & !re is a great upro>1 & !y praise "s ?+s :i* are be+ said or done1 & blame o!r ?+s1 equally exagg]at+ bo?1 %\t+ & clapp+ _! h&s1 & ! e*o ( ! rocks & ! place 9 :i* !y are assembl$ r$\bles ! s\nd ( ! praise or blame--at su* a "t w n a "y man's he>t1 z !y say1 leap )9 him8 ,w any private tra9+ enable him to /& firm aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ flood ( popul> op9ion8 or w he be c>ri$ away by ! /ream8 ,w he n h ! notions ( good & evil :i* ! public 9 g5]al h--he w d z !y d1 & z !y are1 su* w he be8 ,yes1 ,socrates2 necessity w compel him4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 !re is a /ill great] necessity1 :i* has n be5 m5tion$4 ,:at is t8 ,! g5tle =ce ( atta9d] or confiscation or dea? :i*1 z y are aw>e1 ^! new ,sophi/s & educators :o are ! public1 apply :5 _! words are p[]less4 ,inde$ !y d2 & 9 "r good e>ne/4 ,n[ :at op9ion ( any o!r ,sophi/1 or ( any private p]son1 c be expect$ to ov]come 9 su* an unequal conte/8 ,none1 he repli$4 ,no1 inde$1 ,i said1 ev5 to make ! attempt is a great piece ( folly2 !re nei!r is1 nor has be51 nor is ev] likely to be1 any diff]5t type ( "* :i* has _h no o!r tra9+ 9 virtue b t :i* is suppli$ by public op9ion--,i speak1 my fri5d1 ( human virtue only2 :at is m ?an human1 z ! prov]b says1 is n includ$3 = ,i w\ld n h y ignorant t1 9 ! pres5t evil /ate ( gov]nm5ts1 :atev] is sav$ & comes to good is sav$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 z we may truly say4 ,i q ass5t1 he repli$4 ,!n let me crave y\r ass5t also to a fur!r obs]vation4 ,:at are y go+ to say8 ,:y1 t all ^? m]c5>y individuals1 :om ! _m call ,sophi/s & :om !y deem to be _! adv]s>ies1 d1 9 fact1 tea* no?+ b ! op9ion ( ! _m1 t is to say1 ! op9ions ( _! assemblies2 & ?is is _! wisdom4 ,i might comp>e !m to a man :o %\ld /udy ! temp]s & desires ( a mighty /rong bea/ :o is f$ by him-he w\ld le>n h[ to approa* & h&le him1 also at :at times & f :at causes he is dang]\s or ! rev]se1 & :at is ! mean+ ( 8 sev]al cries1 & by :at s\nds1 :5 ano!r utt]s !m1 he is soo!d or infuriat$2 & y may suppose fur!r1 t :51 by cont9ually att5d+ ^u him1 he has become p]fect 9 all ?is1 he calls 8 k wisdom1 & makes ( x a sy/em or art1 :i* he proce$s to tea*1 al?\gh he has no real notion ( :at he means by ! pr9ciples or passions ( :i* he is speak+1 b calls ?is hon\rable & t di%on\rable1 or good or evil1 or j or unju/1 all 9 accordance ) ! ta/es & temp]s ( ! great brute4 ,good he pron\nces to be t 9 :i* ! bea/ delights & evil to be t :i* he dislikes2 & he c give no o!r acc\nt ( !m except t ! j & noble are ! necess>y1 hav+ nev] himself se51 & hav+ no p[] ( expla9+ to o!rs ! nature ( ei!r1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 :i* is imm5se4 ,by heav51 w\ld n su* an "o be a r>e educator8 ,inde$1 he w\ld4 ,& 9 :at way does he :o ?9ks t wisdom is ! disc]nm5t ( ! temp]s & ta/es ( ! motley multitude1 :e!r 9 pa9t+ or music1 or1 f9ally1 9 politics1 diff] f him :om ,i h be5 describ+8 ,= :5 a man consorts ) ! _m1 & exhibits to !m 8 poem or o!r "w ( art or ! s]vice :i* he has done ! ,/ate1 mak+ !m 8 judges :5 he is n oblig$1 ! s-call$ necessity ( ,diom$e w oblige him to produce :atev] !y praise4 ,& yet ! reasons are utt]ly ludicr\s :i* !y give 9 confirmation ( _! own notions ab\t ! hon\rable & good4 ,did y ev] he> any ( !m :i* 7 n8 ,no1 nor am ,i likely to he>4 ,y recognise ! tru? ( :at ,i h be5 say+8 ,!n let me ask y to consid] fur!r :e!r ! _w w ev] be induc$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( absolute beauty r ?an ( ! _m beautiful1 or ( ! absolute 9 ea* k9d r ?an ( ! _m 9 ea* k9d8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n ! _w _c possibly be a philosoph]8 ,impossible4 ,& !re=e philosoph]s mu/ inevitably fall "u ! c5sure ( ! _w8 ,!y mu/4 ,& ( individuals :o consort ) ! mob & seek to please !m8 ,t is evid5t4 ,!n1 d y see any way 9 :i* ! philosoph] c be pres]v$ 9 8 call+ to ! end8 & rememb] :at we 7 say+ ( him1 t he 0 to h quickness & memory & c\rage & magnific5ce--^! 7 admitt$ by u to be ! true philosoph]'s gifts4 ,yes4 ,w n su* an "o f 8 e>ly *ildhood be 9 all ?+s fir/ among all1 especially if 8 bodily end[m5ts are l 8 m5tal ones8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& 8 fri5ds & fell[-citiz5s w want to use him z he gets old] = _! own purposes8 ,no "q4 ,fall+ at 8 feet1 !y w make reque/s to him & d him hon\r & flatt] him1 because !y want to get into _! h&s n[1 ! p[] :i* he w "o day possess4 ,t (t5 happ5s1 he said4 ,& :at w a man su* z he be likely to d "u su* circum/ances1 especially if he be a citiz5 ( a great city1 ri* & noble1 & a tall prop] y\?8 ,w he n be full ( b\ndless aspirations1 & fancy himself able to manage ! affairs ( ,hell5es & ( b>b>ians1 & hav+ got su* notions into 8 head w he n dilate & elevate himself 9 ! fulness ( va9 pomp & s5seless pride8 ,to be sure he w4 ,n[1 :5 he is 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 if "s "o g5tly comes to him & tells him t he is a fool & mu/ get und]/&+1 :i* c only be got by slav+ = x1 d y ?9k t1 "u su* adv]se circum/ances1 he w be easily induc$ to li/58 ,f> o!rwise4 ,& ev5 if !re be "s "o :o ?r\gh inh]5t goodness or natural reasonabl5ess has _h 8 eyes op5$ a little & is humbl$ & tak5 captive by philosophy1 h[ w 8 fri5ds behave :5 !y ?9k t !y are likely to lose ! advantage :i* !y 7 hop+ to reap f 8 companion%ip8 ,w !y n d & say any?+ to prev5t him f yield+ to 8 bett] nature & to r5d] 8 tea*] p[]less1 us+ to ?is end private intrigues z well z public prosecutions8 ,!re c be no d\bt ( x4 ,& h[ c "o :o is ?us circum/anc$ ev] become a philosoph]8 ,impossible4 ,!n 7 we n "r 9 say+ t ev5 ! v qualities :i* make a man a philosoph] may1 if he be ill-educat$1 div]t him f philosophy1 no less ?an ri*es & _! accompanim5ts & ! o!r s-call$ goods ( life8 ,we 7 q "r4 ,?us1 my excell5t fri5d1 is br\ght ab\t all t ru9 & failure :i* ,i h be5 describ+ ( ! natures be/ adapt$ to ! be/ ( all pursuits2 !y are natures :i* we ma9ta9 to be r>e at any "t2 ?is be+ ! class out ( :i* come ! m5 :o are ! au?ors ( ! greate/ evil to ,/ates & individuals2 & also ( ! greate/ good :5 ! tide c>ries !m 9 t direction2 b a small man nev] 0 ! do] ( any great ?+ ei!r to individuals or to ,/ates4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& s philosophy is left desolate1 ) h] m>riage rite incomplete3 = h] own h fall5 away & =sak5 h]1 & :ile !y are lead+ a false & unbecom+ life1 o!r unwor?y p]sons1 see+ t %e has no k9sm5 to be h] protectors1 ent] 9 & di%on\r h]2 & fa/5 ^u h] ! reproa*es :i*1 z y say1 h] reprov]s utt]1 :o affirm ( h] vot>ies t "s are good = no?+1 & t ! great] numb] des]ve ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,t is c]ta9ly :at p say4 ,yes2 & :at else w\ld y expect1 ,i said1 :5 y ?9k ( ! puny creatures :o1 see+ ?is l& op5 to !m--a l& well /ock$ ) fair names & %[y titles--l prison]s runn+ out ( prison into a sanctu>y1 take a leap out ( _! trades into philosophy2 ^? :o d s be+ probably ! clev]e/ h&s at _! own mis]able crafts8 ,=1 al?\gh philosophy be 9 ?is evil case1 /ill !re rema9s a dignity ab\t h] :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! arts4 ,& _m are ?us attract$ by h] ^: natures are imp]fect & ^: s\ls are maim$ & disfigur$ by _! meannesses1 z _! bodies are by _! trades & crafts4 ,is n ?is unavoidable8 ,yes4 ,are !y n exactly l a bald little t9k] :o has j got out ( durance & come into a =tune2 he takes a ba? & puts on a new coat1 & is deck$ out z a bridegroom go+ to m>ry 8 ma/]'s daught]1 :o is left poor & desolate8 ,a mo/ exact p>allel4 ,:at w be ! issue ( su* m>riages8 ,w !y n be vile & ba/>d8 ,!re c be no "q ( x4 ,& :5 p]sons :o are unwor?y ( education approa* philosophy & make an alliance ) h] :o is a rank above !m :at sort ( ideas & op9ions are likely to be g5]at$8 ,w !y n be sophisms captivat+ to ! e>1 hav+ no?+ 9 !m g5u9e1 or wor?y ( or ak9 to true wisdom8 ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,!n1 ,adeimantus1 ,i said1 ! wor?y disciples ( philosophy w be b a small remnant3 p]*ance "s noble & well-educat$ p]son1 deta9$ by exile 9 h] s]vice1 :o 9 ! abs5ce ( corrupt+ influ5ces rema9s devot$ to h]2 or "s l(ty s\l born 9 a mean city1 ! politics ( :i* he contemns & neglects2 & !re may be a gift$ few :o leave ! arts1 :i* !y ju/ly despise1 & come to h]2--or p]adv5ture !re are "s :o are re/ra9$ by our fri5d ,!ages' bridle2 = ev]y?+ 9 ! life ( ,!ages conspir$ to div]t him f philosophy2 b ill-heal? kept him away f politics4 ,my own case ( ! int]nal sign is h>dly wor? m5tion+1 = r>ely1 if ev]1 has su* a monitor be5 giv5 to any o!r man4 ,^? :o belong to ?is small class h ta/$ h[ sweet & bless$ a possession philosophy is1 & h also se5 en\gh ( ! madness ( ! multitude2 & !y "k t no politician is hone/1 nor is !re any *ampion ( ju/ice at ^: side !y may fight & be sav$4 ,su* an "o may be comp>$ to a man :o has fall5 among wild bea/s--he w n jo9 9 ! wick$ness ( 8 fell[s1 b nei!r is he able s+ly to resi/ all _! fi]ce natures1 & !re=e see+ t he w\ld be ( no use to ! ,/ate or to 8 fri5ds1 & reflect+ t he w\ld h to ?r[ away 8 life )\t do+ any good ei!r to himself or o!rs1 he holds 8 peace1 & goes 8 own way4 ,he is l "o :o1 9 ! /orm ( du/ & sleet :i* ! driv+ w9d hurries along1 retires "u ! %elt] ( a wall2 & see+ ! re/ ( mank9d full ( wick$ness1 he is cont5t1 if only he c live 8 own life & be pure f evil or unrighte\sness1 & dep>t 9 peace & good-w1 ) bright hopes4 ,yes1 he said1 & he w h done a great "w be=e he dep>ts4 ,a great "w--yes2 b n ! greate/1 unless he f9d a ,/ate suitable to him2 = 9 a ,/ate :i* is suitable to him1 he w h a l>g] gr[? & be ! savi\r ( 8 c\ntry1 z well z ( himself4 ,! causes :y philosophy is 9 su* an evil "n h n[ be5 suffici5tly expla9$3 ! inju/ice ( ! *>ges aga9/ h] has be5 %[n-is !re any?+ m :i* y wi% to say8 ,no?+ m on t subject1 he repli$2 b ,i %\ld l to "k :i* ( ! gov]nm5ts n[ exi/+ is 9 y\r op9ion ! "o adapt$ to h]4 ,n any ( !m1 ,i said2 & t is precisely ! accusation :i* ,i br+ aga9/ !m--n "o ( !m is wor?y ( ! philosophic nature1 & h5ce t nature is w>p$ & e/rang$2--z ! exotic se$ :i* is s[n 9 a =eign l& becomes d5aturaliz$1 & is wont to be ov]p[]$ & to lose itself 9 ! new soil1 ev5 s ?is gr[? ( philosophy1 in/ead ( p]si/+1 deg5]ates & receives ano!r "*4 ,b if philosophy ev] f9ds 9 ! ,/ate t p]fection :i* %e h]self is1 !n w be se5 t %e is 9 tru? div9e1 & t all o!r ?+s1 :e!r natures ( m5 or in/itutions1 are b human2--& n[1 ,i "k t y are go+ to ask1 :at t ,/ate is4 ,no1 he said2 !re y are wrong1 = ,i 0 go+ to ask ano!r "q--:e!r x is ! ,/ate ( :i* we are ! f\nd]s & inv5tors1 or "s o!r8 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 ours 9 mo/ respects2 b y may rememb] my say+ be=e1 t "s liv+ au?ority w\ld always be requir$ 9 ! ,/ate hav+ ! same idea ( ! con/itution :i* guid$ y :5 z legislator y 7 lay+ d[n ! laws4 ,t 0 said1 he repli$4 ,yes1 b n 9 a satisfactory mann]2 y fright5$ u by int]pos+ objections1 :i* c]ta9ly %[$ t ! discussion w\ld be long & difficult2 & :at /ill rema9s is ! rev]se ( easy4 ,:at is !re rema9+8 ,! "q h[ ! /udy ( philosophy may be s ord]$ z n to be ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate3 ,all great attempts are att5d$ ) risk2 'h>d is ! good1' z m5 say4 ,/ill1 he said1 let ! po9t be cle>$ up1 & ! enquiry w !n be complete4 ,i %all n be h9d]$1 ,i said1 by any want ( w1 b1 if at all1 by a want ( p[]3 my zeal y may see = y\rselves2 & please to rem>k 9 :at ,i am ab\t to say h[ boldly & unhesitat+ly ,i decl>e t ,/ates %\ld pursue philosophy1 n z !y d n[1 b 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,9 :at mann]8 ,at pres5t1 ,i said1 ! /ud5ts ( philosophy are q "y2 beg9n+ :5 !y are h>dly pa/ *ildhood1 !y devote only ! "t sav$ f moneymak+ & h\sekeep+ to su* pursuits2 & ev5 ^? ( !m :o are reput$ to h mo/ ( ! philosophic _s1 :5 !y come )9 sight ( ! great difficulty ( ! subject1 ,i mean dialectic1 take !mselves (f4 ,9 aft] life :5 invit$ by "s "o else1 !y may1 p]haps1 g & he> a lecture1 & ab\t ?is !y make mu* ado1 = philosophy is n consid]$ by !m to be _! prop] bus9ess3 at la/1 :5 !y gr[ old1 9 mo/ cases !y are ext+ui%$ m truly ?an ,h]acleitus' sun1 inasmu* z !y nev] light up aga94 ,b :at ought to be _! c\rse8 ,j ! opposite4 ,9 *ildhood & y\? _! /udy1 & :at philosophy !y le>n1 %\ld be suit$ to _! t5d] ye>s3 dur+ ?is p]iod :ile !y are gr[+ up t[>ds manhood1 ! *ief & special c>e %\ld be giv5 to _! bodies t !y may h !m to use 9 ! s]vice ( philosophy2 z life advances & ! intellect beg9s to mature1 let !m increase ! gymna/ics ( ! s\l2 b :5 ! /r5g? ( our citiz5s fails & is pa/ civil & milit>y duties1 !n let !m range at w & engage 9 no s]i\s lab\r1 z we int5d !m to live happily "h1 & to cr[n ?is life ) a simil> happ9ess 9 ano!r4 ,h[ truly 9 e>ne/ y are1 ,socrates6 he said2 ,i am sure ( t2 & yet mo/ ( y\r he>]s1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 are likely to be /ill m e>ne/ 9 _! opposition to y1 & w nev] be conv9c$2 ,?rasyma*us lea/ ( all4 ,d n make a qu>rel1 ,i said1 betwe5 ,?rasyma*us & me1 :o h rec5tly become fri5ds1 al?\gh1 inde$1 we 7 nev] enemies2 = ,i %all g on /riv+ to ! utmo/ until ,i ei!r conv]t him & o!r m51 or d some?+ :i* may pr(it !m aga9/ ! day :5 !y live aga91 & hold ! l disc\rse 9 ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,y are speak+ ( a "t :i* is n v ne>4 ,r1 ,i repli$1 ( a "t :i* is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) et]nity4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n wond] t ! _m refuse to believe2 = !y h nev] se5 t ( :i* we are n[ speak+ realis$2 !y h se5 only a conv5tional imitation ( philosophy1 consi/+ ( words artificially br\ght toge!r1 n l ^! ( ours hav+ a natural unity4 ,b a human be+ :o 9 ^w & "w is p]fectly m\ld$1 z f> z he c be1 into ! proportion & lik5ess ( virtue--su* a man rul+ 9 a city :i* be>s ! same image1 !y h nev] yet se51 nei!r "o nor _m ( !m--d y ?9k t !y ev] did8 ,no inde$4 ,no1 my fri5d1 & !y h seldom1 if ev]1 he>d free & noble s5tim5ts2 su* z m5 utt] :5 !y are e>ne/ly & by e means 9 _! p[] seek+ aft] tru? = ! sake ( k1 :ile !y look coldly on ! subtleties ( controv]sy1 ( :i* ! end is op9ion & /rife1 :e!r !y meet ) !m 9 ! c\rts ( law or 9 society4 ,!y are /rang]s1 he said1 to ! words ( :i* y speak4 ,& ?is 0 :at we =esaw1 & ?is 0 ! reason :y tru? =c$ u to admit1 n )\t fe> & hesitation1 t nei!r cities nor ,/ates nor individuals w ev] atta9 p]fection until ! small class ( philosoph]s :om we t]m$ useless b n corrupt are provid5tially compell$1 :e!r !y w or n1 to take c>e ( ! ,/ate1 & until a l necessity be laid on ! ,/ate to obey !m2 or until k+s1 or if n k+s1 ! sons ( k+s or pr9ces1 are div9ely inspir$ ) a true love ( true philosophy4 ,t ei!r or bo? ( ^! alt]natives are impossible1 ,i see no reason to affirm3 if !y 7 s1 we might inde$ be ju/ly ridicul$ z dream]s & vision>ies4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,q "r4 ,if !n1 9 ! c\ntless ages ( ! pa/1 or at ! pres5t h\r 9 "s =eign clime :i* is f> away & beyond our k51 ! p]fect$ philosoph] is or has be5 or h]eaft] %all be compell$ by a sup]ior p[] to h ! *>ge ( ! ,/ate1 we are ready to ass]t to ! dea?1 t ?is our con/itution has be51 & is--yea1 & w be :5ev] ! ,muse ( ,philosophy is que54 ,!re is no impossibility 9 all ?is2 t !re is a difficulty1 we ackn[l$ge ourselves4 ,my op9ion agrees ) y\rs1 he said4 ,b d y mean to say t ?is is n ! op9ion ( ! multitude8 ,i %\ld imag9e n1 he repli$4 ,o my fri5d1 ,i said1 d n attack ! multitude3 !y w *ange _! m9ds1 if1 n 9 an aggressive _s1 b g5tly & ) ! view ( soo?+ !m & remov+ _! dislike ( ov]-education1 y %[ !m y\r philosoph]s z !y really are & describe z y 7 j n[ do+ _! "* & pr(ession1 & !n mank9d w see t he ( :om y are speak+ is n su* z !y suppos$--if !y view him 9 ?is new light1 !y w surely *ange _! notion ( him1 & answ] 9 ano!r /ra94 ,:o c be at enmity ) "o :o loves !m1 :o t is himself g5tle & free f envy w be jeal\s ( "o 9 :om !re is no jeal\sy8 ,nay1 let me answ] = y1 t 9 a few ?is h>% temp] may be f\nd b n 9 ! majority ( mank9d4 ,i q agree ) y1 he said4 ,& d y n also ?9k1 z ,i d1 t ! h>% feel+ :i* ! _m ent]ta9 t[>ds philosophy orig9ates 9 ! pret5d]s1 :o ru% 9 un9vit$1 & are always abus+ !m1 & f9d+ fault ) !m1 :o make p]sons in/ead ( ?+s ! !me ( _! conv]sation8 & no?+ c be m unbecom+ 9 philosoph]s ?an ?is4 ,x is mo/ unbecom+4 ,= he1 ,adeimantus1 ^: m9d is fix$ ^u true be+1 has surely no "t to look d[n ^u ! affairs ( e>?1 or to be fill$ ) malice & envy1 cont5d+ aga9/ m52 8 eye is ev] direct$ t[>ds ?+s fix$ & immutable1 :i* he sees nei!r injur+ nor injur$ by "o ano!r1 b all 9 ord] mov+ accord+ to reason2 ^! he imitates1 & to ^! he w1 z f> z he c1 con=m himself4 ,c a man help imitat+ t ) :i* he holds rev]5tial conv]se8 ,impossible4 ,& ! philosoph] hold+ conv]se ) ! div9e ord]1 becomes ord]ly & div9e1 z f> z ! nature ( man all[s2 b l e "o else1 he w suff] f detraction4 ,( c\rse4 ,& if a necessity be laid ^u him ( fa%ion+1 n only himself1 b human nature g5]ally1 :e!r 9 ,/ates or individuals1 into t :i* he beholds else:]e1 w he1 ?9k y1 be an unskilful artific] ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & e civil virtue8 ,any?+ b unskilful4 ,& if ! _w p]ceives t :at we are say+ ab\t him is ! tru?1 w !y be angry ) philosophy8 ,w !y disbelieve u1 :5 we tell !m t no ,/ate c be happy :i* is n design$ by arti/s :o imitate ! heav5ly patt]n8 ,!y w n be angry if !y und]/&1 he said4 ,b h[ w !y draw out ! plan ( :i* y are speak+8 ,!y w beg9 by tak+ ! ,/ate & ! mann]s ( m51 f :i*1 z f a tablet1 !y w rub out ! picture1 & leave a clean surface4 ,?is is no easy task4 ,b :e!r easy or n1 h]e9 w lie ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & e o!r legislator1--!y w h no?+ to d ei!r ) individual or ,/ate1 & w inscribe no laws1 until !y h ei!r f\nd1 or !mselves made1 a clean surface4 ,!y w be v "r1 he said4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is1 !y w proce$ to trace an outl9e ( ! con/itution8 ,no d\bt4 ,& :5 !y are fill+ 9 ! "w1 z ,i conceive1 !y w (t5 turn _! eyes upw>ds & d[nw>ds3 ,i mean t !y w fir/ look at absolute ju/ice & beauty & temp]ance1 & aga9 at ! human copy2 & w m+le & temp] ! v>i\s elem5ts ( life into ! image ( a man2 & ?us !y w conceive accord+ to t o!r image1 :i*1 :5 exi/+ among m51 ,hom] calls ! =m & lik5ess ( ,god4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& "o feature !y w erase1 & ano!r !y w put 91 !y h made ! ways ( m51 z f> z possible1 agreeable to ! ways ( ,god8 ,inde$1 he said1 9 no way c\ld !y make a fair] picture4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 are we beg9n+ to p]suade ^? :om y describ$ z ru%+ at u ) might & ma91 t ! pa9t] ( con/itutions is su* an "o z we are prais+2 at :om !y 7 s v indignant because to 8 h&s we committ$ ! ,/ate2 & are !y gr[+ a little calm] at :at !y h j he>d8 ,mu* calm]1 if !re is any s5se 9 !m4 ,:y1 :]e c !y /ill f9d any gr\nd = objection8 ,w !y d\bt t ! philosoph] is a lov] ( tru? & be+8 ,!y w\ld n be s unreasonable4 ,or t 8 nature1 be+ su* z we h del9eat$1 is ak9 to ! highe/ good8 ,nei!r c !y d\bt ?is4 ,b aga91 w !y tell u t su* a nature1 plac$ "u fav\rable circum/ances1 w n be p]fectly good & wise if any ev] 08 ,or w !y pref] ^? :om we h reject$8 ,surely n4 ,!n w !y /ill be angry at our say+1 t1 until philosoph]s be> rule1 ,/ates & individuals w h no re/ f evil1 nor w ?is our imag9>y ,/ate ev] be realis$8 ,i ?9k t !y w be less angry4 ,%all we assume t !y are n only less angry b q g5tle1 & t !y h be5 conv]t$ & = v %ame1 if = no o!r reason1 _c refuse to come to t]ms8 ,by all means1 he said4 ,!n let u suppose t ! reconciliation has be5 effect$4 ,w any "o d5y ! o!r po9t1 t !re may be sons ( k+s or pr9ces :o are by nature philosoph]s8 ,surely no man1 he said4 ,& :5 !y h come into be+ w any "o say t !y mu/ ( necessity be de/roy$2 t !y c h>dly be sav$ is n d5i$ ev5 by u2 b t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ages no s+le "o ( !m c escape--:o w v5ture to affirm ?is8 ,:o inde$6 ,b1 said ,i1 "o is en\gh2 let !re be "o man :o has a city ob$i5t to 8 w1 & he might br+ into exi/5ce ! ideal polity ab\t :i* ! _w is s incr$ul\s4 ,yes1 "o is en\gh4 ,! rul] may impose ! laws & in/itutions :i* we h be5 describ+1 & ! citiz5s may possibly be will+ to obey !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t o!rs %\ld approve ( :at we approve1 is no miracle or impossibility8 ,i ?9k n4 ,b we h suffici5tly %[n1 9 :at has prec$$1 t all ?is1 if only possible1 is assur$ly = ! be/4 ,we h4 ,& n[ we say n only t our laws1 if !y c\ld be enact$1 w\ld be = ! be/1 b also t ! enactm5t ( !m1 ?\gh difficult1 is n impossible4 ,v good4 ,& s ) pa9 & toil we h rea*$ ! end ( "o subject1 b m rema9s to be discuss$2--h[ & by :at /udies & pursuits w ! savi\rs ( ! con/itution be creat$1 & at :at ages are !y to apply !mselves to _! sev]al /udies8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,i omitt$ ! tr\blesome bus9ess ( ! possession ( wom51 & ! procreation ( *ildr51 & ! appo9tm5t ( ! rul]s1 because ,i knew t ! p]fect ,/ate w\ld be ey$ ) jeal\sy & 0 difficult ( atta9m5t2 b t piece ( clev]ness 0 n ( mu* s]vice to me1 = ,i _h to discuss !m all ! same4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 are n[ dispos$ (1 b ! o!r "q ( ! rul]s mu/ be inve/igat$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,we 7 say+1 z y w rememb]1 t !y 7 to be lov]s ( _! c\ntry1 tri$ by ! te/ ( pleasures & pa9s1 & nei!r 9 h>d%ips1 nor 9 dang]s1 nor at any o!r critical mom5t 7 to lose _! patriotism--he 0 to be reject$ :o fail$1 b he :o always came =? pure1 l gold tri$ 9 ! ref9]'s fire1 0 to be made a rul]1 & to receive hon\rs & rew>ds 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,?is 0 ! sort ( ?+ :i* 0 be+ said1 & !n ! argum5t turn$ aside & veil$ h] face2 n lik+ to /ir ! "q :i* has n[ aris54 ,i p]fectly rememb]1 he said4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 & ,i !n %rank f haz>d+ ! bold ^w2 b n[ let me d>e to say--t ! p]fect gu>dian mu/ be a philosoph]4 ,yes1 he said1 let t be affirm$4 ,& d n suppose t !re w be _m ( !m2 = ! gifts :i* 7 deem$ by u to be ess5tial r>ely gr[ toge!r2 !y are mo/ly f\nd 9 %r$s & pat*es4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,y are aw>e1 ,i repli$1 t quick intellig5ce1 memory1 sagacity1 clev]ness1 & simil> qualities1 d n (t5 gr[ toge!r1 & t p]sons :o possess !m & are at ! same "t high-spirit$ & magnanim\s are n s con/itut$ by nature z to live ord]ly & 9 a peaceful & settl$ mann]2 !y are driv5 any way by _! impulses1 & all solid pr9ciple goes out ( !m4 ,v true1 he said4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? /eadfa/ natures :i* c bett] be dep5d$ ^u1 :i* 9 a battle are impregnable to fe> & immovable1 are equally immovable :5 !re is any?+ to be le>n$2 !y are always 9 a torpid /ate1 & are apt to yawn & g to sleep ov] any intellectual toil4 ,q true4 ,& yet we 7 say+ t bo? qualities 7 necess>y 9 ^? to :om ! high] education is to be imp>t$1 & :o are to %>e 9 any (fice or comm&4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& w !y be a class :i* is r>ely f\nd8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,!n ! aspirant mu/ n only be te/$ 9 ^? lab\rs & dang]s & pleasures :i* we m5tion$ be=e1 b !re is ano!r k9d ( probation :i* we did n m5tion--he mu/ be ex]cis$ also 9 _m k9ds ( k1 to see :e!r ! s\l w be able to endure ! highe/ ( all1 w fa9t "u !m1 z 9 any o!r /udies & ex]cises4 ,yes1 he said1 y are q "r 9 te/+ him4 ,b :at d y mean by ! highe/ ( all k8 ,y may rememb]1 ,i said1 t we divid$ ! s\l into ?ree p>ts2 & di/+ui%$ ! sev]al natures ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 c\rage1 & wisdom8 ,inde$1 he said1 if ,i _h =gott51 ,i %\ld n des]ve to he> m4 ,& d y rememb] ! ^w ( caution :i* prec$$ ! discussion ( !m8 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,we 7 say+1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t he :o want$ to see !m 9 _! p]fect beauty mu/ take a long] & m circuit\s way1 at ! end ( :i* !y w\ld appe>2 b t we c\ld add on a popul> exposition ( !m on a level ) ! discussion :i* _h prec$$4 ,& y repli$ t su* an exposition w\ld be en\gh = y1 & s ! enquiry 0 cont9u$ 9 :at to me seem$ to be a v inaccurate mann]2 :e!r y 7 satisfi$ or n1 x is = y to say4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i ?\ght & ! o!rs ?\ght t y gave u a fair measure ( tru?4 ,b1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 a measure ( su* ?+s ,:i* 9 any degree falls %ort ( ! :ole tru? is n fair measure2 = no?+ imp]fect is ! measure ( any?+1 al?\gh p]sons are too apt to be cont5t$ & ?9k t !y ne$ se>* no fur!r4 ,n an uncommon case :5 p are indol5t4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re _c be any worse fault 9 a gu>dian ( ! ,/ate & ( ! laws4 ,true4 ,! gu>dian !n1 ,i said1 mu/ be requir$ to take ! long] circuit1 & toll at le>n+ z well z at gymna/ics1 or he w nev] rea* ! highe/ k ( all :i*1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 is 8 prop] call+4 ,:at1 he said1 is !re a k /ill high] ?an ?is--high] ?an ju/ice & ! o!r virtues8 ,yes1 ,i said1 !re is4 ,& ( ! virtues too we mu/ behold n ! outl9e m]ely1 z at pres5t--no?+ %ort ( ! mo/ f9i%$ picture %\ld satisfy u4 ,:5 little ?+s are elaborat$ ) an inf9ity ( pa9s1 9 ord] t !y may appe> 9 _! full beauty & utmo/ cle>ness1 h[ ridicul\s t we %\ld n ?9k ! highe/ tru?s wor?y ( atta9+ ! highe/ accuracy6 ,a "r noble ?\ght2 b d y suppose t we %all refra9 f ask+ y :at is ?is highe/ k8 ,nay1 ,i said1 ask if y w2 b ,i am c]ta9 t y h he>d ! answ] _m times1 & n[ y ei!r d n und]/& me or1 z ,i r ?9k1 y are dispos$ to be tr\blesome2 = y h ( be5 told t ! idea ( good is ! highe/ k1 & t all o!r ?+s become useful & advantage\s only by _! use ( ?is4 ,y c h>dly be ignorant t ( ?is ,i 0 ab\t to speak1 conc]n+ :i*1 z y h (t5 he>d me say1 we "k s little2 &1 )\t :i*1 any o!r k or possession ( any k9d w pr(it u no?+4 ,d y ?9k t ! possession ( all o!r ?+s is ( any value if we d n possess ! good8 or ! k ( all o!r ?+s if we h no k ( beauty & goodness8 ,assur$ly n4 ,y are fur!r aw>e t mo/ p affirm pleasure to be ! good1 b ! f9] sort ( wits say x is k ,yes4 ,& y are aw>e too t ! latt] _c expla9 :at !y mean by k1 b are oblig$ aft] all to say k ( ! good8 ,h[ ridicul\s6 ,yes1 ,i said1 t !y %\ld beg9 by reproa*+ u ) our ignorance ( ! good1 & !n presume our k ( x--= ! good !y def9e to be k ( ! good1 j z if we und]/ood !m :5 !y use ! t]m 'good'--?is is ( c\rse ridicul\s4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,& ^? :o make pleasure _! good are 9 equal p]plexity2 = !y are compell$ to admit t !re are bad pleasures z well z good4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& !re=e to ackn[l$ge t bad & good are ! same8 ,true4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! num]\s difficulties 9 :i* ?is "q is involv$4 ,!re c be none4 ,fur!r1 d we n see t _m are will+ to d or to h or to seem to be :at is j & hon\rable )\t ! reality2 b no "o is satisfi$ ) ! appe>ance ( good--! reality is :at !y seek2 9 ! case ( ! good1 appe>ance is despis$ by e "o4 ,v true1 he said4 ,( ?is !n1 :i* e s\l ( man pursues & makes ! end ( all 8 actions1 hav+ a pres5tim5t t !re is su* an end1 & yet hesitat+ because nei!r kn[+ ! nature nor hav+ ! same assurance ( ?is z ( o!r ?+s1 & !re=e los+ :atev] good !re is 9 o!r ?+s1--( a pr9ciple su* & s great z ?is ought ! be/ m5 9 our ,/ate1 to :om ev]y?+ is entru/$1 to be 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,i am sure1 ,i said1 t he :o does n "k n[ ! beautiful & ! j are likewise good w be b a sorry gu>dian ( !m2 & ,i suspect t no "o :o is ignorant ( ! good w h a true k ( !m4 ,t1 he said1 is a %rewd suspicion ( y\rs4 ,& if we only h a gu>dian :o has ?is k our ,/ate w be p]fectly ord]$8 ,( c\rse1 he repli$2 b ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y conceive ?is supreme pr9ciple ( ! good to be k or pleasure1 or diff]5t f ei!r4 ,aye1 ,i said1 ,i knew all along t a fa/idi\s g5tleman l y w\ld n be cont5t$ ) ! ?\ghts ( o!r p ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,true1 ,socrates2 b ,i mu/ say t "o :o l y has pass$ a lifetime 9 ! /udy ( philosophy %\ld n be always repeat+ ! op9ions ( o!rs1 & nev] tell+ 8 own4 ,well1 b has any "o a "r to say positively :at he does n "k8 ,n1 he said1 ) ! assurance ( positive c]ta9ty2 he has no "r to d t3 b he may say :at he ?9ks1 z a matt] ( op9ion4 ,& d y n "k1 ,i said1 t all m]e op9ions are bad1 & ! be/ ( !m bl9d8 ,y w\ld n d5y t ^? :o h any true notion )\t intellig5ce are only l bl9d m5 :o feel _! way along ! road8 ,v true4 ,& d y wi% to behold :at is bl9d & crook$ & base1 :5 o!rs w tell y ( brightness & beauty8 ,,glaucon - ,,socrates ,/ill1 ,i mu/ implore y1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 n to turn away j z y are rea*+ ! goal2 if y w only give su* an explanation ( ! good z y h already giv5 ( ju/ice & temp]ance & ! o!r virtues1 we %all be satisfi$4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 & ,i %all be at lea/ equally satisfi$1 b ,i _c help fe>+ t ,i %all fall1 & t my indiscreet zeal w br+ ridicule ^u me4 ,no1 sweet sirs1 let u n at pres5t ask :at is ! actual nature ( ! good1 = to rea* :at is n[ 9 my ?\ghts w\ld be an ef=t too great = me4 ,b ( ! *ild ( ! good :o is like/ him1 ,i w\ld fa9 speak1 if ,i c\ld be sure t y wi%$ to he>--o!rwise1 n4 ,by all means1 he said1 tell u ab\t ! *ild1 & y %all rema9 9 our debt = ! acc\nt ( ! p>5t4 ,i d inde$ wi%1 ,i repli$1 t ,i c\ld pay1 & y receive1 ! acc\nt ( ! p>5t1 & n1 z n[1 ( ! (fspr+ only2 take1 h[ev]1 ?is latt] by way ( int]e/1 & at ! same "t h a c>e t i d n r5d] a false acc\nt1 al?\gh ,i h no int5tion ( deceiv+ y4 ,yes1 we w take all ! c>e t we c3 proce$4 ,yes1 ,i said1 b ,i mu/ fir/ come to an und]/&+ ) y1 & rem9d y ( :at ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion1 & at _m o!r times4 ,:at8 ,! old /ory1 t !re is a _m beautiful & a _m good1 & s ( o!r ?+s :i* we describe & def9e2 to all ( !m '_m' is appli$4 ,true1 he said4 ,& !re is an absolute beauty & an absolute good1 & ( o!r ?+s to :i* ! t]m '_m' is appli$ !re is an absolute2 = !y may be br\ght "u a s+le idea1 :i* is call$ ! ess5ce ( ea*4 ,v true4 ,! _m1 z we say1 are se5 b n kn[n1 & ! ideas are kn[n b n se54 ,exactly4 ,& :at is ! organ ) :i* we see ! visible ?+s8 ,! sight1 he said4 ,& ) ! he>+1 ,i said1 we he>1 & ) ! o!r s5ses p]ceive ! o!r objects ( s5se8 ,true4 ,b h y rem>k$ t sight is by f> ! mo/ co/ly & complex piece ( workman%ip :i* ! artific] ( ! s5ses ev] contriv$8 ,no1 ,i nev] h1 he said4 ,!n reflect2 has ! e> or voice ne$ ( any ?ird or additional nature 9 ord] t ! "o may be able to he> & ! o!r to be he>d8 ,no?+ ( ! sort4 ,no1 inde$1 ,i repli$2 & ! same is true ( mo/1 if n all1 ! o!r s5ses--y w\ld n say t any ( !m requires su* an addition8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b y see t )\t ! addition ( "s o!r nature !re is no see+ or be+ se58 ,h[ d y mean8 ,sight be+1 z ,i conceive1 9 ! eyes1 & he :o has eyes want+ to see2 col\r be+ also pres5t 9 !m1 /ill unless !re be a ?ird nature specially adapt$ to ! purpose1 ! own] ( ! eyes w see no?+ & ! col\rs w be invisible4 ,( :at nature are y speak+8 ,( t :i* y t]m light1 ,i repli$4 ,true1 he said4 ,noble1 !n1 is ! bond :i* l9ks toge!r sight & visibility1 & great beyond o!r bonds by no small diff]5ce ( nature2 = light is _! bond1 & light is no ignoble ?+8 ,nay1 he said1 ! rev]se ( ignoble4 ,& :i*1 ,i said1 ( ! gods 9 heav5 w\ld y say 0 ! "l ( ?is elem5t8 ,^: is t light :i* makes ! eye to see p]fectly & ! visible to appe>8 ,y mean ! sun1 z y & all mank9d say4 ,may n ! relation ( sight to ?is deity be describ$ z foll[s8 ,h[8 ,nei!r sight nor ! eye 9 :i* sight resides is ! sun8 ,no4 ,yet ( all ! organs ( s5se ! eye is ! mo/ l ! sun8 ,by f> ! mo/ l4 ,& ! p[] :i* ! eye possesses is a sort ( efflu5ce :i* is disp5s$ f ! sun8 ,exactly4 ,!n ! sun is n sight1 b ! au?or ( sight :o is recognis$ by sight4 ,true1 he said4 ,& ?is is he :om ,i call ! *ild ( ! good1 :om ! good begat 9 8 own lik5ess1 to be 9 ! visible _w1 9 relation to sight & ! ?+s ( sight1 :at ! good is 9 ! intellectual _w 9 relation to m9d & ! ?+s ( m9d4 ,w y be a little m explicit8 he said4 ,:y1 y "k1 ,i said1 t ! eyes1 :5 a p]son directs !m t[>ds objects on :i* ! light ( day is no long] %9+1 b ! moon & />s only1 see dimly1 & are ne>ly bl9d2 !y seem to h no cle>ness ( vision 9 !m8 ,v true4 ,b :5 !y are direct$ t[>ds objects on :i* ! sun %9es1 !y see cle>ly & !re is sight 9 !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! s\l is l ! eye3 :5 re/+ ^u t on :i* tru? & be+ %9e1 ! s\l p]ceives & und]/&s & is radiant ) intellig5ce2 b :5 turn$ t[>ds ! twilight ( becom+ & p]i%+1 !n %e has op9ion only1 & goes bl9k+ ab\t1 & is fir/ ( "o op9ion & !n ( ano!r1 & seems to h no intellig5ce8 ,j s4 ,n[1 t :i* imp>ts tru? to ! kn[n & ! p[] ( kn[+ to ! kn[] is :at ,i w\ld h y t]m ! idea ( good1 & ?is y w deem to be ! cause ( sci5ce1 & ( tru? 9 s f> z ! latt] becomes ! subject ( k2 beautiful too1 z are bo? tru? & k1 y w be "r 9 e/eem+ ?is o!r nature z m beautiful ?an ei!r2 &1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 light & sight may be truly said to be l ! sun1 & yet n to be ! sun1 s 9 ?is o!r sph]e1 sci5ce & tru? may be deem$ to be l ! good1 b n ! good2 ! good has a place ( hon\r yet high]4 ,:at a wond] ( beauty t mu/ be1 he said1 :i* is ! au?or ( sci5ce & tru?1 & yet surpasses !m 9 beauty2 = y surely _c mean to say t pleasure is ! good8 ,god =bid1 ,i repli$2 b may ,i ask y to consid] ! image 9 ano!r po9t ( view8 ,9 :at po9t ( view8 ,y w\ld say1 w\ld y n1 t ! sun is only ! au?or ( visibility 9 all visible ?+s1 b ( g5]ation & n\ri%m5t & gr[?1 ?\gh he himself is n g5]ation8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,9 l mann] ! good may be said to be n only ! au?or ( k to all ?+s kn[n1 b ( _! be+ & ess5ce1 & yet ! good is n ess5ce1 b f> exce$s ess5ce 9 dignity & p[]4 ,glaucon said1 ) a ludicr\s e>ne/ness3 ,by ! light ( heav51 h[ amaz+6 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ! exagg]ation may be set d[n to y2 = y made me utt] my fancies4 ,& pray cont9ue to utt] !m2 at any rate let u he> if !re is any?+ m to be said ab\t ! similitude ( ! sun4 ,yes1 ,i said1 !re is a great deal m4 ,!n omit no?+1 h[ev] slight4 ,i w d my be/1 ,i said2 b ,i %\ld ?9k t a great deal w h to be omitt$4 ,y h to imag9e1 !n1 t !re are two rul+ p[]s1 & t "o ( !m is set ov] ! intellectual _w1 ! o!r ov] ! visible4 ,i d n say heav51 le/ y %\ld fancy t ,i am play+ ^u ! "n 7'ourhanoz1 orhatoz'74 ,may ,i suppose t y h ?is di/9ction ( ! visible & intelligible fix$ 9 y\r m9d8 ,i h4 ,n[ take a l9e :i* has be5 cut into two unequal p>ts1 & divide ea* ( !m aga9 9 ! same proportion1 & suppose ! two ma9 divisions to answ]1 "o to ! visible & ! o!r to ! intelligible1 & !n comp>e ! subdivisions 9 respect ( _! cle>ness & want ( cle>ness1 & y w f9d t ! fir/ section 9 ! sph]e ( ! visible consi/s ( images4 ,& by images ,i mean1 9 ! fir/ place1 %ad[s1 & 9 ! second place1 reflections 9 wat] & 9 solid1 smoo? & poli%$ bodies & ! l3 ,d y und]/&8 ,yes1 ,i und]/&4 ,imag9e1 n[1 ! o!r section1 ( :i* ?is is only ! resemblance1 to include ! animals :i* we see1 & ev]y?+ t gr[s or is made4 ,v good4 ,w\ld y n admit t bo? ! sections ( ?is division h diff]5t degrees ( tru?1 & t ! copy is to ! orig9al z ! sph]e ( op9ion is to ! sph]e ( k8 ,mo/ und\bt$ly4 ,next proce$ to consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! sph]e ( ! intellectual is to be divid$4 ,9 :at mann]8 ,?us3--,!re are two subdivisions1 9 ! l[] or :i* ! s\l uses ! figures giv5 by ! =m] division z images2 ! enquiry c only be hypo!tical1 & in/ead ( go+ upw>ds to a pr9ciple desc5ds to ! o!r end2 9 ! high] ( ! two1 ! s\l passes out ( hypo!ses1 & goes up to a pr9ciple :i* is above hypo!ses1 mak+ no use ( images z 9 ! =m] case1 b proce$+ only 9 & ?r\gh ! ideas !mselves4 ,i d n q und]/& y\r mean+1 he said4 ,!n ,i w try aga92 y w und]/& me bett] :5 ,i h made "s prelim9>y rem>ks4 ,y are aw>e t /ud5ts ( geometry1 ari?metic1 & ! k9dr$ sci5ces assume ! odd & ! ev5 & ! figures & ?ree k9ds ( angles & ! l 9 _! sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce2 ^! are _! hypo!ses1 :i* !y & ev]ybody are suppos$ to "k1 & !re=e !y d n deign to give any acc\nt ( !m ei!r to !mselves or o!rs2 b !y beg9 ) !m1 & g on until !y arrive at la/1 & 9 a consi/5t mann]1 at _! conclusion8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i "k4 ,& d y n "k also t al?\gh !y make use ( ! visible =ms & reason ab\t !m1 !y are ?9k+ n ( ^!1 b ( ! ideals :i* !y resemble2 n ( ! figures :i* !y draw1 b ( ! absolute squ>e & ! absolute diamet]1 & s on--! =ms :i* !y draw or make1 & :i* h %ad[s & reflections 9 wat] ( _! own1 are conv]t$ by !m into images1 b !y are really seek+ to behold ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* c only be se5 ) ! eye ( ! m9d8 ,t is true4 ,& ( ?is k9d ,i spoke z ! intelligible1 al?\gh 9 ! se>* aft] x ! s\l is compell$ to use hypo!ses2 n asc5d+ to a fir/ pr9ciple1 because %e is unable to rise above ! region ( hypo!sis1 b employ+ ! objects ( :i* ! %ad[s bel[ are resemblances 9 _! turn z images1 !y hav+ 9 relation to ! %ad[s & reflections ( !m a great] di/9ctness1 & !re=e a high] value4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 t y are speak+ ( ! prov9ce ( geometry & ! si/] arts4 ,& :5 ,i speak ( ! o!r division ( ! intelligible1 y w und]/& me to speak ( t o!r sort ( k :i* reason h]self atta9s by ! p[] ( dialectic1 us+ ! hypo!ses n z fir/ pr9ciples1 b only z hypo!ses--t is to say1 z /eps & po9ts ( dep>ture into a _w :i* is above hypo!ses1 9 ord] t %e may so> beyond !m to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! :ole2 & cl++ to ?is & !n to t :i* dep5ds on ?is1 by successive /eps %e desc5ds aga9 )\t ! aid ( any s5sible object1 f ideas1 ?r\gh ideas1 & 9 ideas %e ends4 ,i und]/& y1 he repli$2 n p]fectly1 = y seem to me to be describ+ a task :i* is really trem5d\s2 b1 at any rate1 ,i und]/& y to say t k & be+1 :i* ! sci5ce ( dialectic contemplates1 are cle>] ?an ! notions ( ! arts1 z !y are t]m$1 :i* proce$ f hypo!ses only3 ^! are also contemplat$ by ! und]/&+1 & n by ! s5ses3 yet1 because !y />t f hypo!ses & d n asc5d to a pr9ciple1 ^? :o contemplate !m appe> to y n to ex]cise ! high] reason ^u !m1 al?\gh :5 a fir/ pr9ciple is add$ to !m !y are cognizable by ! high] reason4 ,& ! habit :i* is conc]n$ ) geometry & ! cognate sci5ces ,i suppose t y w\ld t]m und]/&+ & n reason1 z be+ int]m$iate betwe5 op9ion & reason4 ,y h q conceiv$ my mean+1 ,i said2 & n[1 correspond+ to ^! f\r divisions1 let !re be f\r faculties 9 ! s\l-reason answ]+ to ! highe/1 und]/&+ to ! second1 fai? 7or conviction7 to ! ?ird1 & p]ception ( %ad[s to ! la/-& let !re be a scale ( !m1 & let u suppose t ! sev]al faculties h cle>ness 9 ! same degree t _! objects h tru?4 ,i und]/&1 he repli$1 & give my ass5t1 & accept y\r arrangem5t4 ,,book ,,vii ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,,& n[1 ,i said1 let me %[ 9 a figure h[ f> our nature is enlight5$ or un5light5$3--,behold6 human be+s liv+ 9 a und]gr\nd d51 :i* has a m\? op5 t[>ds ! light & rea*+ all along ! d52 "h !y h be5 f _! *ildhood1 & h _! legs & necks *a9$ s t !y _c move1 & c only see be=e !m1 be+ prev5t$ by ! *a9s f turn+ r\nd _! heads4 ,above & beh9d !m a fire is blaz+ at a di/ance1 & betwe5 ! fire & ! prison]s !re is a rais$ way2 & y w see1 if y look1 a l[ wall built along ! way1 l ! scre5 :i* m>ionette play]s h 9 front ( !m1 ov] :i* !y %[ ! puppets4 ,i see4 ,& d y see1 ,i said1 m5 pass+ along ! wall c>ry+ all sorts ( vessels1 & /atues & figures ( animals made ( wood & /one & v>i\s mat]ials1 :i* appe> ov] ! wall8 ,"s ( !m are talk+1 o!rs sil5t4 ,y h %[n me a /range image1 & !y are /range prison]s4 ,l ourselves1 ,i repli$2 & !y see only _! own %ad[s1 or ! %ad[s ( "o ano!r1 :i* ! fire ?r[s on ! opposite wall ( ! cave8 ,true1 he said2 h[ c\ld !y see any?+ b ! %ad[s if !y 7 nev] all[$ to move _! heads8 ,& ( ! objects :i* are be+ c>ri$ 9 l mann] !y w\ld only see ! %ad[s8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& if !y 7 able to conv]se ) "o ano!r1 w\ld !y n suppose t !y 7 nam+ :at 0 actually be=e !m8 ,v true4 ,& suppose fur!r t ! prison _h an e*o :i* came f ! o!r side1 w\ld !y n be sure to fancy :5 "o ( ! pass]s-by spoke t ! voice :i* !y he>d came f ! pass+ %ad[8 ,no "q1 he repli$4 ,to !m1 ,i said1 ! tru? w\ld be lit]ally no?+ b ! %ad[s ( ! images4 ,t is c]ta94 ,& n[ look aga91 & see :at w naturally foll[ x' ! prison]s are releas$ & disabus$ ( _! error4 ,at fir/1 :5 any ( !m is lib]at$ & compell$ sudd5ly to /& up & turn 8 neck r\nd & walk & look t[>ds ! light1 he w suff] %>p pa9s2 ! gl>e w di/ress him1 & he w be unable to see ! realities ( :i* 9 8 =m] /ate he _h se5 ! %ad[s2 & !n conceive "s "o say+ to him1 t :at he saw be=e 0 an illusion1 b t n[1 :5 he is approa*+ ne>] to be+ & 8 eye is turn$ t[>ds m real exi/5ce1 he has a cle>] vision1 :at w be 8 reply8 ,& y may fur!r imag9e t 8 in/ructor is po9t+ to ! objects z !y pass & requir+ him to "n !m1--w he n be p]plex$8 ,w he n fancy t ! %ad[s :i* he =m]ly saw are tru] ?an ! objects :i* are n[ %[n to him8 ,f> tru]4 ,& if he is compell$ to look /raight at ! light1 w he n h a pa9 9 8 eyes :i* w make him turn away to take & take 9 ! objects ( vision :i* he c see1 & :i* he w conceive to be 9 reality cle>] ?an ! ?+s :i* are n[ be+ %[n to him8 ,true1 he n[ ,& suppose once m1 t he is reluctantly dragg$ up a /eep & rugg$ asc5t1 & held fa/ until he's =c$ into ! pres5ce ( ! sun himself1 is he n likely to be pa9$ & irritat$8 ,:5 he approa*es ! light 8 eyes w be dazzl$1 & he w n be able to see any?+ at all ( :at are n[ call$ realities4 ,n all 9 a mom5t1 he said4 ,he w require to gr[ accu/om$ to ! sight ( ! upp] _w4 ,& fir/ he w see ! %ad[s be/1 next ! reflections ( m5 & o!r objects 9 ! wat]1 & !n ! objects !mselves2 !n he w gaze ^u ! light ( ! moon & ! />s & ! spangl$ heav52 & he w see ! sky & ! />s by night bett] ?an ! sun or ! light ( ! sun by day8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,la/ ( he w be able to see ! sun1 & n m]e reflections ( him 9 ! wat]1 b he w see him 9 8 own prop] place1 & n 9 ano!r2 & he w contemplate him z he is4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,he w !n proce$ to argue t ?is is he :o gives ! season & ! ye>s1 & is ! gu>dian ( all t is 9 ! visible _w1 & 9 a c]ta9 way ! cause ( all ?+s :i* he & 8 fell[s h be5 accu/om$ to behold8 ,cle>ly1 he said1 he w\ld fir/ see ! sun & !n reason ab\t him4 ,& :5 he rememb]$ 8 old habitation1 & ! wisdom ( ! d5 & 8 fell[-prison]s1 d y n suppose t he w\ld felicitate himself on ! *ange1 & pity !m8 ,c]ta9ly1 he w\ld4 ,& if !y 7 9 ! habit ( conf]r+ hon\rs among !mselves on ^? :o 7 quicke/ to obs]ve ! pass+ %ad[s & to rem>k :i* ( !m w5t be=e1 & :i* foll[$ aft]1 & :i* 7 toge!r2 & :o 7 !re=e be/ able to draw conclusions z to ! future1 d y ?9k t he w\ld c>e = su* hon\rs & glories1 or envy ! possessors ( !m8 ,w\ld he n say ) ,hom]1 ,bett] to be ! poor s]vant ( a poor ma/]1 & to endure any?+1 r ?an ?9k z !y d & live aft] _! mann]8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i ?9k t he w\ld r suff] any?+ ?an ent]ta9 ^! false notions & live 9 ?is mis]able mann]4 ,imag9e once m1 ,i said1 su* an "o com+ sudd5ly out ( ! sun to be replac$ 9 8 old situation2 w\ld he n be c]ta9 to h 8 eyes full ( d>kness8 ,to be sure1 he said4 ,& if !re 7 a conte/1 & he _h to compete 9 measur+ ! %ad[s ) ! prison]s :o _h nev] mov$ out ( ! d51 :ile 8 sight 0 /ill weak1 & be=e 8 eyes _h become /eady 7& ! "t :i* w\ld be ne$$ to acquire ?is new habit ( sight might be v consid]able7 w\ld he n be ridicul\s8 ,m5 w\ld say ( him t up he w5t & d[n he came )\t 8 eyes2 & t x 0 bett] n ev5 to ?9k ( asc5d+2 & if any "o tri$ to loose ano!r & lead him up to ! light1 let !m only cat* ! (f5d]1 & !y w\ld put him to dea?4 ,no "q1 he said4 ,?is entire allegory1 ,i said1 y may n[ app5d1 de> ,glaucon1 to ! previ\s argum5t2 ! prison-h\se is ! _w ( sight1 ! light ( ! fire is ! sun1 & y w n misappreh5d me if y int]pret ! j\rney upw>ds to be ! asc5t ( ! s\l into ! intellectual _w accord+ to my poor belief1 :i*1 at y\r desire1 ,i h express$ :e!r rightly or wrongly ,god kn[s4 ,b1 :e!r true or false1 my op9ion is t 9 ! _w ( k ! idea ( good appe>s la/ ( all1 & is se5 only ) an ef=t2 &1 :5 se51 is also inf]r$ to be ! univ]sal au?or ( all ?+s beautiful & "r1 p>5t ( light & ( ! "l ( light 9 ?is visible _w1 & ! imm$iate s\rce ( reason & tru? 9 ! intellectual2 & t ?is is ! p[] ^u :i* he :o w\ld act rationally1 ei!r 9 public or private life mu/ h 8 eye fix$4 ,i agree1 he said1 z f> z ,i am able to und]/& y4 ,moreov]1 ,i said1 y mu/ n wond] t ^? :o atta9 to ?is beatific vision are unwill+ to desc5d to human affairs2 = _! s\ls are ev] ha/5+ into ! upp] _w :]e !y desire to dwell2 :i* desire ( !irs is v natural1 if our allegory may be tru/$4 ,yes1 v natural4 ,& is !re any?+ surpris+ 9 "o :o passes f div9e contemplations to ! evil /ate ( man1 misbehav+ himself 9 a ridicul\s mann]2 if1 :ile 8 eyes are bl9k+ & be=e he has become accu/om$ to ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 he is compell$ to fight 9 c\rts ( law1 or 9 o!r places1 ab\t ! images or ! %ad[s ( images ( ju/ice1 & is endeav\r+ to meet ! conceptions ( ^? :o h nev] yet se5 absolute ju/ice8 ,any?+ b surpris+1 he repli$4 ,any "o :o has common s5se w rememb] t ! bewild]m5ts ( ! eyes are ( two k9ds1 & arise f two causes1 ei!r f com+ out ( ! light or f go+ into ! light1 :i* is true ( ! m9d's eye1 q z mu* z ( ! bodily eye2 & he :o rememb]s ?is :5 he sees any "o ^: vision is p]plex$ & weak1 w n be too ready to laugh2 he w fir/ ask :e!r t s\l ( man has come out ( ! bright] light1 & is unable to see because unaccu/om$ to ! d>k1 or hav+ turn$ f d>kness to ! day is dazzl$ by excess ( light4 ,& he w c\nt ! "o happy 9 8 condition & /ate ( be+1 & he w pity ! o!r2 or1 if he h a m9d to laugh at ! s\l :i* comes f bel[ into ! light1 !re w be m reason 9 ?is ?an 9 ! laugh :i* greets him :o returns f above out ( ! light into ! d54 ,t1 he said1 is a v j di/9ction4 ,b !n1 if ,i am "r1 c]ta9 pr(essors ( education mu/ be wrong :5 !y say t !y c put a k into ! s\l :i* 0 n !re be=e1 l sight into bl9d eyes4 ,!y und\bt$ly say ?is1 he repli$4 ,:]eas1 our argum5t %[s t ! p[] & capacity ( le>n+ exi/s 9 ! s\l already2 & t j z ! eye 0 unable to turn f d>kness to light )\t ! :ole body1 s too ! in/rum5t ( k c only by ! movem5t ( ! :ole s\l be turn$ f ! _w ( becom+ into t ( be+1 & le>n by degrees to endure ! sight ( be+1 & ( ! brighte/ & be/ ( be+1 or 9 o!r words1 ( ! good4 ,v true4 ,& mu/ !re n be "s art :i* w effect conv]sion 9 ! easie/ & quicke/ mann]2 n implant+ ! faculty ( sight1 = t exi/s already1 b has be5 turn$ 9 ! wrong direction1 & is look+ away f ! tru?8 ,yes1 he said1 su* an art may be presum$4 ,& :]eas ! o!r s-call$ virtues ( ! s\l seem to be ak9 to bodily qualities1 = ev5 :5 !y are n orig9ally innate !y c be implant$ lat] by habit & ex]cise1 ! ( wisdom m ?an any?+ else conta9s a div9e elem5t :i* always rema9s1 & by ?is conv]sion is r5d]$ useful & pr(itable2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 hurtful & useless4 ,did y nev] obs]ve ! n>r[ intellig5ce fla%+ f ! ke5 eye ( a clev] rogue--h[ eag] he is1 h[ cle>ly 8 paltry s\l sees ! way to 8 end2 he is ! rev]se ( bl9d1 b 8 ke5 eyesight is =c$ into ! s]vice ( evil1 & he is mis*iev\s 9 proportion to 8 clev]ness4 ,v true1 he said4 ,b :at if !re _h be5 a circumcision ( su* natures 9 ! days ( _! y\?2 & !y _h be5 sev]$ f ^? s5sual pleasures1 su* z eat+ & dr9k+1 :i*1 l lead5 weights1 7 atta*$ to !m at _! bir?1 & :i* drag !m d[n & turn ! vision ( _! s\ls ^u ! ?+s t are bel[--if1 ,i say1 !y _h be5 releas$ f ^! imp$im5ts & turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! v same faculty 9 !m w\ld h se5 ! tru? z ke5ly z !y see :at _! eyes are turn$ to n[4 ,v likely4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re is ano!r ?+ :i* is likely1 or r a necess>y inf]5ce f :at has prec$$1 t nei!r ! un$ucat$ & un9=m$ ( ! tru?1 nor yet ^? :o nev] make an end ( _! education1 w be able m9i/]s ( ,/ate2 n ! =m]1 because !y h no s+le aim ( duty :i* is ! rule ( all _! actions1 private z well z public2 nor ! latt]1 because !y w n act at all except ^u compulsion1 fancy+ t !y are already dwell+ ap>t 9 ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,!n1 ,i said1 ! bus9ess ( u :o are ! f\nd]s ( ! ,/ate w be to compel ! be/ m9ds to atta9 t k :i* we h already %[n to be ! greate/ ( all-!y mu/ cont9ue to asc5d until !y arrive at ! good2 b :5 !y h asc5d$ & se5 en\gh we mu/ n all[ !m to d z !y d n[4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean t !y rema9 9 ! upp] _w3 b ?is mu/ n be all[$2 !y mu/ be made to desc5d aga9 among ! prison]s 9 ! d51 & p>take ( _! lab\rs & hon\rs1 :e!r !y are wor? hav+ or n4 ,b is n ?is unju/8 he said2 ought we to give !m a worse life1 :5 !y might h a bett]8 ,y h aga9 =gott51 my fri5d1 ,i said1 ! int5tion ( ! legislator1 :o did n aim at mak+ any "o class 9 ! ,/ate happy above ! re/2 ! happ9ess 0 to be 9 ! :ole ,/ate1 & he held ! citiz5s toge!r by p]suasion & necessity1 mak+ !m b5efactors ( ! ,/ate1 & !re=e b5efactors ( "o ano!r2 to ?is end he creat$ !m1 n to please !mselves1 b to be 8 in/rum5ts 9 b9d+ up ! ,/ate4 ,true1 he said1 ,i _h =gott54 ,obs]ve1 ,glaucon1 t !re w be no inju/ice 9 compell+ our philosoph]s to h a c>e & provid5ce ( o!rs2 we %all expla9 to !m t 9 o!r ,/ates1 m5 ( _! class are n oblig$ to %>e 9 ! toils ( politics3 & ?is is reasonable1 = !y gr[ up at _! own sweet w1 & ! gov]nm5t w\ld r n h !m4 ,be+ self-taught1 !y _c be expect$ to %[ any gratitude = a culture :i* !y h nev] receiv$4 ,b we h br\ght y into ! _w to be rul]s ( ! hive1 k+s ( y\rselves & ( ! o!r citiz5s1 & h educat$ y f> bett] & m p]fectly ?an !y h be5 educat$1 & y are bett] able to %>e 9 ! d\ble duty4 ,:]e=e ea* ( y1 :5 8 turn comes1 mu/ g d[n to ! g5]al und]gr\nd abode1 & get ! habit ( see+ 9 ! d>k4 ,:5 y h acquir$ ! habit1 y w see t5 ?\s& times bett] ?an ! inhabitants ( ! d51 & y w "k :at ! sev]al images are1 & :at !y repres5t1 because y h se5 ! beautiful & j & good 9 _! tru?4 ,& ?us our ,/ate :i* is also y\rs w be a reality1 & n a dream only1 & w be adm9i/]$ 9 a _s unlike t ( o!r ,/ates1 9 :i* m5 fight ) "o ano!r ab\t %ad[s only & are di/ract$ 9 ! /ruggle = p[]1 :i* 9 _! eyes is a great good4 ,:]eas ! tru? is t ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! rul]s are mo/ reluctant to gov]n is always ! be/ & mo/ quietly gov]n$1 & ! ,/ate 9 :i* !y are mo/ eag]1 ! wor/4 ,q true1 he repli$4 ,& w our pupils1 :5 !y he> ?is1 refuse to take _! turn at ! toils ( ,/ate1 :5 !y are all[$ to sp5d ! great] "p ( _! "t ) "o ano!r 9 ! heav5ly light8 ,impossible1 he answ]$2 = !y are j m51 & ! comm&s :i* we impose ^u !m are j2 !re c be no d\bt t e "o ( !m w take (fice z a /]n necessity1 & n aft] ! fa%ion ( our pres5t rul]s ( ,/ate4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 ,i said2 & !re lies ! po9t4 ,y mu/ contrive = y\r future rul]s ano!r & a bett] life ?an t ( a rul]1 & !n y may h a well-ord]$ ,/ate2 = only 9 ! ,/ate :i* (f]s ?is1 w !y rule :o are truly ri*1 n 9 silv] & gold1 b 9 virtue & wisdom1 :i* are ! true bless+s ( life4 ,:]eas if !y g to ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 poor & hung]+ aft] !' own private advantage1 ?9k+ t h5ce !y are to snat* ! *ief good1 ord] !re c nev] be2 = !y w be fight+ ab\t (fice1 & ! civil & dome/ic broils :i* ?us arise w be ! ru9 ( ! rul]s !mselves & ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 ,& ! only life :i* looks d[n ^u ! life ( political ambition is t ( true philosophy4 ,d y "k ( any o!r8 ,inde$1 ,i d n1 he said4 ,& ^? :o gov]n ought n to be lov]s ( ! task8 ,=1 if !y are1 !re w be rival lov]s1 & !y w fight4 ,no "q4 ,:o !n are ^? :om we %all compel to be gu>dians8 ,surely !y w be ! m5 :o are wise/ ab\t affairs ( ,/ate1 & by :om ! ,/ate is be/ adm9i/]$1 & :o at ! same "t h o!r hon\rs & ano!r & a bett] life ?an t ( politics8 ,!y are ! m51 & ,i w *oose !m1 he repli$4 ,& n[ %all we consid] 9 :at way su* gu>dians w be produc$1 & h[ !y are to be br\ght f d>kness to light1--z "s are said to h asc5d$ f ! _w bel[ to ! gods8 ,by all means1 he repli$4 ,! process1 ,i said1 is n ! turn+ ov] ( an oy/]-%ell1 b ! turn+ r\nd ( a s\l pass+ f a day :i* is little bett] ?an night to ! true day ( be+1 t is1 ! asc5t f bel[1 :i* we affirm to be true philosophy8 ,q s4 ,& %\ld we n enquire :at sort ( k has ! p[] ( effect+ su* a *ange8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,:at sort ( k is !re :i* w\ld draw ! s\l f becom+ to be+8 ,& ano!r consid]ation has j occurr$ to me3 ,y w rememb] t our "y m5 are to be w>rior a?letes ,yes1 t 0 said4 ,!n ?is new k9d ( k mu/ h an additional quality8 ,:at quality8 ,usefulness 9 w>4 ,yes1 if possible4 ,!re 7 two p>ts 9 our =m] s*eme ( education1 7 !re n8 ,j s4 ,!re 0 gymna/ic :i* presid$ ov] ! gr[? & decay ( ! body1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z hav+ to d ) g5]ation & corruption8 ,true4 ,!n t is n ! k :i* we are seek+ to discov]8 ,no4 ,b :at d y say ( music1 :i* also ent]$ to a c]ta9 ext5t into our =m] s*eme8 ,music1 he said1 z y w rememb]1 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( gymna/ic1 & tra9$ ! gu>dians by ! influ5ces ( habit1 by h>mony mak+ !m h>moni\s1 by rhy?m rhy?mical1 b n giv+ !m sci5ce2 & ! words1 :e!r fabul\s or possibly true1 _h k9dr$ elem5ts ( rhy?m & h>mony 9 !m4 ,b 9 music !re 0 no?+ :i* t5d$ to t good :i* y are n[ seek+4 ,y are mo/ accurate1 ,i said1 9 y\r recollection2 9 music !re c]ta9ly 0 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b :at bran* ( k is !re1 my de> ,glaucon1 :i* is ( ! desir$ nature2 s9ce all ! useful arts 7 reckon$ mean by u8 ,und\bt$ly2 & yet if music & gymna/ic are exclud$1 & ! arts are also exclud$1 :at rema9s8 ,well1 ,i said1 !re may be no?+ left ( our special subjects2 & !n we %all h to take some?+ :i* is n special1 b ( univ]sal application4 ,:at may t be8 ,a some?+ :i* all arts & sci5ces & intellig5ces use 9 common1 & :i* e "o fir/ has to le>n among ! elem5ts ( education4 ,:at is t8 ,! little matt] ( di/+ui%+ "o1 two1 & ?ree--9 a ^w1 numb] & calculation3--d n all arts & sci5ces necess>ily p>take ( !m8 ,yes4 ,!n ! art ( w> p>takes ( !m8 ,to ! sure4 ,!n ,palam$es1 :5ev] he appe>s 9 trag$y1 proves ,agamemnon ridicul\sly unfit to be a g5]al4 ,did y nev] rem>k h[ he decl>es t he _h inv5t$ numb]1 & _h numb]$ ! %ips & set 9 array ! ranks ( ! army at ,troy2 :i* implies t !y _h nev] be5 numb]$ be=e1 & ,agamemnon mu/ be suppos$ lit]ally to h be5 incapable ( c\nt+ 8 own feet--h[ c\ld he if he 0 ignorant ( numb]8 ,& if t is true1 :at sort ( g5]al mu/ he h be58 ,i %\ld say a v /range "o1 if ?is 0 z y say4 ,c we d5y t a w>rior %\ld h a k ( ari?metic8 ,c]ta9ly he %\ld1 if he is to h ! smalle/ und]/&+ ( milit>y tactics1 or inde$1 ,i %\ld r say1 if he is to be a man at all4 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y h ! same notion :i* ,i h ( ?is /udy8 ,:at is y\r notion8 ,x appe>s to me to be a /udy ( ! k9d :i* we are seek+1 & :i* leads naturally to reflection1 b nev] to h be5 rightly us$2 = ! true use ( x is simply to draw ! s\l t[>ds be+4 ,w y expla9 y\r mean+8 he said4 ,i w try1 ,i said2 & ,i wi% y w\ld %>e ! enquiry ) me1 & say 'yes' or 'no' :5 ,i attempt to di/+ui% 9 my own m9d :at bran*es ( k h ?is attract+ p[]1 9 ord] t we may h cle>] pro( t ari?metic is1 z ,i suspect1 "o ( !m4 ,expla91 he said4 ,i mean to say t objects ( s5se are ( two k9ds2 "s ( !m d n invite ?\ght because ! s5se is an adequate judge ( !m2 :ile 9 ! case ( o!r objects s5se is s untru/wor?y t fur!r enquiry is imp]atively dem&$4 ,y are cle>ly ref]r+1 he said1 to ! mann] 9 :i* ! s5ses are impos$ ^u by di/ance1 & by pa9t+ 9 light & %ade4 ,no1 ,i said1 t is n at all my mean+4 ,!n :at is y\r mean+8 ,:5 speak+ ( un9vit+ objects1 ,i mean ^? :i* d n pass f "o s5sation to ! opposite2 invit+ objects are ^? :i* d2 9 ?is latt] case ! s5se com+ ^u ! object1 :e!r at a di/ance or ne>1 gives no m vivid idea ( any?+ 9 p>ticul> ?an ( its opposite4 ,an illu/ration w make my mean+ cle>]3--"h are ?ree f+]s--a little f+]1 a second f+]1 & a middle f+]4 ,v good4 ,y may suppose t !y are se5 q close3 ,& "h comes ! po9t4 ,:at is x8 ,ea* ( !m equally appe>s a f+]1 :e!r se5 9 ! middle or at ! extremity1 :e!r :ite or black1 or ?ick or ?9--x makes no diff]5ce2 a f+] is a f+] all ! same4 ,9 ^! cases a man is n compell$ to ask ( ?\ght ! "q1 :at is a f+]8 = ! sight nev] intimates to ! m9d t a f+] is o!r ?an a f+]4 ,true4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 z we might expect1 !re is no?+ "h :i* invites or excites intellig5ce4 ,!re is n1 he said4 ,b is ?is equally true ( ! greatness & smallness ( ! f+]s8 ,c sight adequately p]ceive !m8 & is no diff]5ce made by ! circum/ance t "o ( ! f+]s is 9 ! middle & ano!r at ! extremity8 ,& 9 l mann] does ! t\* adequately p]ceive ! qualities ( ?ickness or ?9ness1 or s(tness or h>dness8 ,& s ( ! o!r s5ses2 d !y give p]fect intimations ( su* matt]s8 ,is n _! mode ( op]ation on ?is wise--! s5se :i* is conc]n$ ) ! quality ( h>dness is necess>ily conc]n$ also ) ! quality ( s(tness1 & only intimates to ! s\l t ! same ?+ is felt to be bo? h>d & s(t8 ,y are q "r1 he said4 ,& mu/ n ! s\l be p]plex$ at ?is intimation :i* ! s5se gives ( a h>d :i* is also s(t8 ,:at1 aga91 is ! mean+ ( light & heavy1 if t :i* is light is also heavy1 & t :i* is heavy1 light8 ,yes1 he said1 ^! intimations :i* ! s\l receives are v curi\s & require to be expla9$4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & 9 ^! p]plexities ! s\l naturally summons to h] aid calculation & intellig5ce1 t %e may see :e!r ! sev]al objects ann\nc$ to h] are "o or two4 ,true4 ,& if !y turn out to be two1 is n ea* ( !m "o & diff]5t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if ea* is "o1 & bo? are two1 %e w conceive ! two z 9 a /ate ( division1 = if !re 7 undivid$ !y c\ld only be conceiv$ ( z "o8 ,true4 ,! eye c]ta9ly did see bo? small & great1 b only 9 a confus$ mann]2 !y 7 n di/+ui%$4 ,yes4 ,:]eas ! ?9k+ m9d1 int5d+ to light up ! *aos1 0 compell$ to rev]se ! process1 & look at small & great z sep>ate & n confus$4 ,v true4 ,0 n ?is ! beg9n+ ( ! enquiry ',:at is great8' & ',:at is small8' ,exactly s4 ,& ?us arose ! di/9ction ( ! visible & ! intelligible4 ,mo/ true4 ,?is 0 :at ,i meant :5 ,i spoke ( impressions :i* invit$ ! intellect1 or ! rev]se--^? :i* are simultane\s ) opposite impressions1 invite ?\ght2 ^? :i* are n simultane\s d n4 ,i und]/&1 he said1 & agree ) y4 ,& to :i* class d unity & numb] belong8 ,i d n "k1 he repli$4 ,?9k a little & y w see t :at has prec$$ w supply ! answ]2 = if simple unity c\ld be adequately p]ceiv$ by ! sight or by any o!r s5se1 !n1 z we 7 say+ 9 ! case ( ! f+]1 !re w\ld be no?+ to attract t[>ds be+2 b :5 !re is "s contradiction always pres5t1 & "o is ! rev]se ( "o & involves ! conception ( plurality1 !n ?\ght beg9s to be ar\s$ )9 u1 & ! s\l p]plex$ & want+ to arrive at a decision asks ',:at is absolute unity8' ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! /udy ( ! "o has a p[] ( draw+ & conv]t+ ! m9d to ! contemplation ( true be+4 ,& surely1 he said1 ?is occurs notably 9 ! case ( "o2 = we see ! same ?+ to be bo? "o & inf9ite 9 multitude8 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ?is be+ true ( "o mu/ be equally true ( all numb]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& all ari?metic & calculation h to d ) numb]8 ,yes4 ,& !y appe> to lead ! m9d t[>ds tru?8 ,yes1 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,!n ?is is k ( ! k9d = :i* we are seek+1 hav+ a d\ble use1 milit>y & philosophical2 = ! man ( w> mu/ le>n ! art ( numb] or he w n "k h[ to array 8 troops1 & ! philosoph] also1 because he has to rise out ( ! sea ( *ange & lay hold ( true be+1 & !re=e he mu/ be an ari?metician4 ,t is true4 ,& our gu>dian is bo? w>rior & philosoph]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ?is is a k9d ( k :i* legislation may fitly prescribe2 & we mu/ endeav\r to p]suade ^? :o are prescribe to be ! pr9cipal m5 ( our ,/ate to g & le>n ari?metic1 n z amateurs1 b !y mu/ c>ry on ! /udy until !y see ! nature ( numb]s ) ! m9d only2 nor aga91 l m]*ants or retail-trad]s1 ) a view to buy+ or sell+1 b = ! sake ( _! milit>y use1 & ( ! s\l h]self2 & because ?is w be ! easie/ way = h] to pass f becom+ to tru? & be+4 ,t is excell5t1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & n[ hav+ spok5 ( x1 ,i mu/ add h[ *>m+ ! sci5ce is6 & 9 h[ _m ways x conduces to our desir$ end1 if pursu$ 9 ! _s ( a philosoph]1 & n ( a %opkeep]6 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i mean1 z ,i 0 say+1 t ari?metic has a v great & elevat+ effect1 compell+ ! s\l to reason ab\t ab/ract numb]1 & rebell+ aga9/ ! introduction ( visible or tangible objects into ! argum5t4 ,y "k h[ /eadily ! ma/]s ( ! art repel & ridicule any "o :o attempts to divide absolute unity :5 he is calculat+1 & if y divide1 !y multiply1 tak+ c>e t "o %all cont9ue "o & n become lo/ 9 fractions4 ,t is v true4 ,n[1 suppose a p]son 7 to say to !m3 ,o my fri5ds1 :at are ^! wond]ful numb]s ab\t :i* y are reason+1 9 :i*1 z y say1 !re is a unity su* z y dem&1 & ea* unit is equal1 inv>iable1 indivisible1--:at w\ld !y answ]8 ,!y w\ld answ]1 z ,i %\ld conceive1 t !y 7 speak+ ( ^? numb]s :i* c only be realis$ 9 ?\ght4 ,!n y see t ?is k may be truly call$ necess>y1 necessitat+ z x cle>ly does ! use ( ! pure intellig5ce 9 ! atta9m5t ( pure tru?8 ,yes2 t is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,& h y fur!r obs]v$1 t ^? :o h a natural tal5t = calculation are g5]ally quick at e o!r k9d ( k2 & ev5 ! dull if !y h _h an ari?metical tra9+1 al?\gh !y may d]ive no o!r advantage f x1 always become mu* quick] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,v true1 he said4 ,& inde$1 y w n easily f9d a m difficult /udy1 & n _m z difficult4 ,y w n4 ,&1 = all ^! reasons1 ari?metic is a k9d ( k 9 :i* ! be/ natures %\ld be tra9$1 & :i* mu/ n be giv5 up4 ,i agree4 ,let ?is !n be made "o ( our subjects ( education4 ,& next1 %all we enquire :e!r ! k9dr$ sci5ce also conc]ns u8 ,y mean geometry8 ,exactly s4 ,cle>ly1 he said1 we are conc]n$ ) t "p ( geometry :i* relates to w>2 = 9 pit*+ a camp1 or tak+ up a position1 or clos+ or ext5d+ ! l9es ( an army1 or any o!r milit>y manoeuvre1 :e!r 9 actual battle or on a m>*1 x w make all ! diff]5ce :e!r a g5]al is or is n a geometrician4 ,yes1 ,i said1 b = t purpose a v little ( ei!r geometry or calculation w be en\gh2 ! "q relates r to ! great] & m advanc$ "p ( geometry--:e!r t t5ds 9 any degree to make m easy ! vision ( ! idea ( good2 & ?i!r1 z ,i 0 say+1 all ?+s t5d :i* compel ! s\l to turn h] gaze t[>ds t place1 :]e is ! full p]fection ( be+1 :i* %e ought1 by all means1 to behold4 ,true1 he said4 ,!n if geometry compels u to view be+1 x conc]ns u2 if becom+ only1 x does n conc]n u8 ,yes1 t is :at we ass]t4 ,yet anybody :o has ! lea/ acqua9tance ) geometry w n d5y t su* a conception ( ! sci5ce is 9 flat contradiction to ! ord9>y language ( geometricians4 ,h[ s8 ,!y h 9 view practice only1 & are always speak+8 9 a n>r[ & ridicul\s mann]1 ( squ>+ & ext5d+ & apply+ & ! l--!y confuse ! necessities ( geometry ) ^? ( daily life2 :]eas k is ! real object ( ! :ole sci5ce4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,!n mu/ n a fur!r admission be made8 ,:at admission8 ,t ! k at :i* geometry aims is k ( ! et]nal1 & n ( aught p]i%+ & transi5t4 ,t1 he repli$1 may be readily all[$1 & is true4 ,!n1 my noble fri5d1 geometry w draw ! s\l t[>ds tru?1 & create ! _s ( philosophy1 & raise up t :i* is n[ unhappily all[$ to fall d[n4 ,no?+ w be m likely to h su* an effect4 ,!n no?+ %\ld be m /]nly laid d[n ?an t ! inhabitants ( y\r fair city %\ld by all means le>n geometry4 ,moreov] ! sci5ce has indirect effects1 :i* are n small4 ,( :at k9d8 he said4 ,!re are ! milit>y advantages ( :i* y spoke1 ,i said2 & 9 all dep>tm5ts ( k1 z exp]i5ce proves1 any "o :o has /udi$ geometry is inf9itely quick] ( appreh5sion ?an "o :o has n4 ,yes inde$1 he said1 !re is an inf9ite diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,!n %all we propose ?is z a second bran* ( k :i* our y\? w /udy8 ,let u d s1 he repli$4 ,& suppose we make a/ronomy ! ?ird--:at d y say8 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to x1 he said2 ! obs]vation ( ! seasons & ( mon?s & ye>s is z ess5tial to ! g5]al z x is to ! f>m] or sailor4 ,i am amus$1 ,i said1 at y\r fe> ( ! _w1 :i* makes y gu>d aga9/ ! appe>ance ( insi/+ ^u useless /udies2 & ,i q admit ! difficulty ( believ+ t 9 e man !re is an eye ( ! s\l :i*1 :5 by o!r pursuits lo/ & dimm$1 is by ^! purifi$ & re-illum9$2 & is m preci\s f> ?an t5 ?\s& bodily eyes1 = by x alone is tru? se54 ,n[ !re are two classes ( p]sons3 "o class ( ^? :o w agree ) y & w take y\r words z a revelation2 ano!r class to :om !y w be utt]ly unmean+1 & :o w naturally deem !m to be idle tales1 = !y see no sort ( pr(it :i* is to be obta9$ f !m4 ,& !re=e y _h bett] decide at once ) :i* ( ! two y are propos+ to argue4 ,y w v likely say ) nei!r1 & t y\r *ief aim 9 c>ry+ on ! argum5t is y\r own improvem5t2 at ! same "t y d n grudge to o!rs any b5efit :i* !y may receive4 ,i ?9k t ,i %\ld pref] to c>ry on ! argum5t ma9ly on my own behalf4 ,!n take a /ep backw>d1 = we h gone wrong 9 ! ord] ( ! sci5ces4 ,:at 0 ! mi/ake8 he said4 ,aft] plane geometry1 ,i said1 we proce$$ at once to solids 9 revolution1 in/ead ( tak+ solids 9 !mselves2 :]eas aft] ! second dim5sion ! ?ird1 :i* is conc]n$ ) cubes & dim5sions ( dep?1 ought to h foll[$4 ,t is true1 ,socrates2 b s little seems to be kn[n z yet ab\t ^! subjects4 ,:y1 yes1 ,i said1 & = two reasons3--9 ! fir/ place1 no gov]nm5t patronises !m2 ?is leads to a want ( en]gy 9 ! pursuit ( !m1 & !y are difficult2 9 ! second place1 /ud5ts _c le>n !m unless !y h a director4 ,b !n a director c h>dly be f\nd1 & ev5 if he c\ld1 z matt]s n[ /&1 ! /ud5ts1 :o are v conceit$1 w\ld n att5d to him4 ,t1 h[ev]1 w\ld be o!rwise if ! :ole ,/ate became ! director ( ^! /udies & gave hon\r to !m2 !n disciples w\ld want to come1 & !re w\ld be cont9u\s & e>ne/ se>*1 & discov]ies w\ld be made2 s9ce ev5 n[1 disreg>d$ z !y are by ! _w1 & maim$ ( _! fair proportions1 & al?\gh none ( _! vot>ies c tell ! use ( !m1 /ill ^! /udies =ce _! way by _! natural *>m1 & v likely1 if !y _h ! help ( ! ,/ate1 !y w\ld "s day em]ge into light4 ,yes1 he said1 !re is a rem>kable *>m 9 !m4 ,b ,i d n cle>ly und]/& ! *ange 9 ! ord]4 ,fir/ y began ) a geometry ( plane surfaces8 ,yes1 ,i said4 ,& y plac$ a/ronomy next1 & !n y made a /ep backw>d8 ,yes1 & ,i h delay$ y by my hurry2 ! ludicr\s /ate ( solid geometry1 :i*1 9 natural ord]1 %\ld h foll[$1 made me pass ov] ?is bran* & g on to a/ronomy1 or motion ( solids4 ,true1 he said4 ,!n assum+ t ! sci5ce n[ omitt$ w\ld come into exi/5ce if enc\rag$ by ! ,/ate1 let u g on to a/ronomy1 :i* w be f\r?4 ,! "r ord]1 he repli$4 ,& n[1 ,socrates1 z y rebuk$ ! vulg> mann] 9 :i* ,i prais$ a/ronomy be=e1 my praise %all be giv5 9 y\r own _s4 ,= e "o1 z ,i ?9k1 mu/ see t a/ronomy compels ! s\l to look upw>ds & leads u f ?is _w to ano!r4 ,e "o b myself1 ,i said2 to e "o else ?is may be cle>1 b n to me4 ,& :at !n w\ld y say8 ,i %\ld r say t ^? :o elevate a/ronomy into philosophy appe> to me to make u look d[nw>ds & n upw>ds4 ,:at d y mean8 he ask$4 ,y1 ,i repli$1 h 9 y\r m9d a truly sublime conception ( our k ( ! ?+s above4 ,& ,i d>e say t if a p]son 7 to ?r[ 8 head back & /udy ! frett$ ceil+1 y w\ld /ill ?9k t 8 m9d 0 ! p]cipi5t1 & n 8 eyes4 ,& y are v likely "r1 & ,i may be a simpleton3 b1 9 my op9ion1 t k only :i* is ( be+ & ( ! unse5 c make ! s\l look upw>ds1 & :e!r a man gapes at ! heav5s or bl9ks on ! gr\nd1 seek+ to le>n "s p>ticul> ( s5se1 ,i w\ld d5y t he c le>n1 = no?+ ( t sort is matt] ( sci5ce2 8 s\l is look+ d[nw>ds1 n upw>ds1 :e!r 8 way to k is by wat] or by l&1 :e!r he floats1 or only lies on 8 back4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 he said1 ! ju/ice ( y\r rebuke4 ,/ill1 ,i %\ld l to asc]ta9 h[ a/ronomy c be le>n$ 9 any mann] m conducive to t k ( :i* we are speak+8 ,i w tell y1 ,i said3 ,! />ry heav5 :i* we behold is wr\ght ^u a visible gr\nd1 & !re=e1 al?\gh ! faire/ & mo/ p]fect ( visible ?+s1 mu/ necess>ily be deem$ inf]ior f> to ! true motions ( absolute swiftness & absolute sl[ness1 :i* are relative to ea* o!r1 & c>ry ) !m t :i* is conta9$ 9 !m1 9 ! true numb] & 9 e true figure4 ,n[1 ^! are to be appreh5d$ by reason & intellig5ce1 b n by sight4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,! spangl$ heav5s %\ld be us$ z a patt]n & ) a view to t high] k2 _! beauty is l ! beauty ( figures or pictures excell5tly wr\ght by ! h& ( ,da$alus1 or "s o!r great arti/1 :i* we may *ance to behold2 any geometrician :o saw !m w\ld appreciate ! exquisit5ess ( _! workman%ip1 b he w\ld nev] dream ( ?9k+ t 9 !m he c\ld f9d ! true equal or ! true d\ble1 or ! tru? ( any o!r proportion4 ,no1 he repli$1 su* an idea w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,& w n a true a/ronom] h ! same feel+ :5 he looks at ! movem5ts ( ! />s8 ,w he n ?9k t heav5 & ! ?+s 9 heav5 are fram$ by ! ,creator ( !m 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]8 ,b he w nev] imag9e t ! proportions ( night & day1 or ( bo? to ! mon?1 or ( ! mon? to ! ye>1 or ( ! />s to ^! & to "o ano!r1 & any o!r ?+s t are mat]ial & visible c also be et]nal & subject to no deviation--t w\ld be absurd2 & x is equally absurd to take s mu* pa9s 9 inve/igat+ _! exact tru?4 ,i q agree1 ?\gh ,i nev] ?\ght ( ?is be=e4 ,!n1 ,i said1 9 a/ronomy1 z 9 geometry1 we %\ld employ problems1 & let ! heav5s alone if we w\ld approa* ! subject 9 ! "r way & s make ! natural gift ( reason to be ( any real use4 ,t1 he said1 is a "w inf9itely beyond our pres5t a/ronom]s4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & !re are _m o!r ?+s :i* mu/ also h a simil> ext5sion giv5 to !m1 if our legislation is to be ( any value4 ,b c y tell me ( any o!r suitable /udy8 ,no1 he said1 n )\t ?9k+4 ,motion1 ,i said1 has _m =ms1 & n "o only2 two ( !m are obvi\s en\gh ev5 to wits no bett] ?an ours2 & !re are o!rs1 z ,i imag9e1 :i* may be left to wis] p]sons4 ,b :]e are ! two8 ,!re is a second1 ,i said1 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! "o already nam$4 ,& :at may t be8 ,! second1 ,i said1 w\ld seem relatively to ! e>s to be :at ! fir/ is to ! eyes2 = ,i conceive t z ! eyes are design$ to look up at ! />s1 s are ! e>s to he> h>moni\s motions2 & ^! are si/] sci5ces--z ! ,py?agoreans say1 & we1 ,glaucon1 agree ) !m8 ,yes1 he repli$4 ,b ?is1 ,i said1 is a labori\s /udy1 & !re=e we _h bett] g & le>n ( !m2 & !y w tell u :e!r !re are any o!r applications ( ^! sci5ces4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n lose sight ( our own high] object4 ,:at is t8 ,!re is a p]fection :i* all k ought to rea*1 & :i* our pupils ought also to atta91 & n to fall %ort (1 z ,i 0 say+ t !y did 9 a/ronomy4 ,= 9 ! sci5ce ( h>mony1 z y probably "k1 ! same ?+ happ5s4 ,! tea*]s ( h>mony comp>e ! s\nds & consonances :i* are he>d only1 & _! lab\r1 l t ( ! a/ronom]s1 is 9 va94 ,yes1 by heav56 he said2 & 'tis z good z a play to he> !m talk+ ab\t _! cond5s$ notes1 z !y call !m2 !y put _! e>s close alongside ( ! /r+s l p]sons cat*+ a s\nd f _! neighb\r's wall--"o set ( !m decl>+ t !y di/+ui% an int]m$iate note & h f\nd ! lea/ int]val :i* %\ld be ! unit ( measurem5t2 ! o!rs insi/+ t ! two s\nds h pass$ into ! same--ei!r p>ty sett+ _! e>s be=e _! und]/&+4 ,y mean1 ,i said1 ^? g5tlem5 :o tease & torture ! /r+s & rack !m on ! pegs ( ! in/rum5t3 might c>ry on ! metaphor & speak aft] _! mann] ( ! bl[s :i* ! plectrum gives1 & make accusations aga9/ ! /r+s1 bo? ( backw>dness & =w>dness to s\nd2 b ?is w\ld be t$i\s1 & !re=e ,i w only say t ^! are n ! m51 & t ,i am ref]r+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 ( :om ,i 0 j n[ propos+ to enquire ab\t h>mony4 ,= !y too are 9 error1 l ! a/ronom]s2 !y inve/igate ! numb]s ( ! h>monies :i* are he>d1 b !y nev] atta9 to problems-t is to say1 !y nev] rea* ! natural h>monies ( numb]1 or reflect :y "s numb]s are h>moni\s & o!rs n4 ,t1 he said1 is a ?+ ( m ?an mortal k4 ,a ?+1 ,i repli$1 :i* ,i w\ld r call useful2 t is1 if s\ght aft] ) a view to ! beautiful & good2 b if pursu$ 9 any o!r _s1 useless4 ,v true1 he said4 ,n[1 :5 all ^! /udies rea* ! po9t ( int]-communion & connection ) "o ano!r1 & come to be consid]$ 9 _! mutual aff9ities1 !n1 ,i ?9k1 b n till !n1 w ! pursuit ( !m h a value = our objects2 o!rwise !re is no pr(it 9 !m4 ,i suspect s2 b y are speak+1 ,socrates1 ( a va/ "w4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i said2 ! prelude or :at8 ,d y n "k t all ?is is b ! prelude to ! actual /ra9 :i* we h to le>n8 ,= y surely w\ld n reg>d ! skill$ ma!matician z a dialectician8 ,assur$ly n1 he said2 ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n a ma!matician :o 0 capable ( reason+4 ,b d y imag9e t m5 :o are unable to give & take a reason w h ! k :i* we require ( !m8 ,nei!r c ?is be suppos$4 ,& s1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 we h at la/ arriv$ at ! hymn ( dialectic4 ,?is is t /ra9 :i* is ( ! intellect only1 b :i* ! faculty ( sight w nev]!less be f\nd to imitate2 = sight1 z y may rememb]1 0 imag9$ by u aft] a :ile to behold ! real animals & />s1 & la/ ( all ! sun himself4 ,& s ) dialectic2 :5 a p]son />ts on ! discov]y ( ! absolute by ! light ( reason only1 & )\t any assi/ance ( s5se1 & p]sev]es until by pure intellig5ce he arrives at ! p]ception ( ! absolute good1 he at la/ f9ds himself at ! end ( ! intellectual _w1 z 9 ! case ( sight at ! end ( ! visible4 ,exactly1 he said4 ,!n ?is is ! progress :i* y call dialectic8 ,true4 ,b ! release ( ! prison]s f *a9s1 & _! translation f ! %ad[s to ! images & to ! light1 & ! asc5t f ! und]gr\nd d5 to ! sun1 :ile 9 8 pres5ce !y are va9ly try+ to look on animals & plants & ! light ( ! sun1 b are able to p]ceive ev5 ) _! weak eyes ! images 9 ! wat] 7:i* are div9e71 & are ! %ad[s ( true exi/5ce 7n %ad[s ( images ca/ by a light ( fire1 :i* comp>$ ) ! sun is only an image7--?is p[] ( elevat+ ! highe/ pr9ciple 9 ! s\l to ! contemplation ( t :i* is be/ 9 exi/5ce1 ) :i* we may comp>e ! rais+ ( t faculty :i* is ! v light ( ! body to ! sight ( t :i* is brighte/ 9 ! mat]ial & visible _w--?is p[] is giv51 z ,i 0 say+1 by all t /udy & pursuit ( ! arts :i* has be5 describ$4 ,i agree 9 :at y are say+1 he repli$1 :i* may be h>d to believe1 yet1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 is h>d] /ill to d5y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a !me to be treat$ ( 9 pass+ only1 b w h to be discuss$ aga9 & aga94 ,& s1 :e!r our conclusion be true or false1 let u assume all ?is1 & proce$ at once f ! prelude or preamble to ! *ief /ra91 & describe t 9 l mann]4 ,say1 !n1 :at is ! nature & :at are ! divisions ( dialectic1 & :at are ! pa?s :i* lead ?i!r2 = ^! pa?s w also lead to our f9al re/8 ,de> ,glaucon1 ,i said1 y w n be able to foll[ me "h1 ?\gh ,i w\ld d my be/1 & y %\ld behold n an image only b ! absolute tru?1 accord+ to my notion4 ,:e!r :at ,i told y w\ld or w\ld n h be5 a reality ,i _c v5ture to say2 b y w\ld h se5 some?+ l reality2 ( t ,i am confid5t4 ,d\btless1 he repli$4 ,b ,i mu/ also rem9d y1 t ! p[] ( dialectic alone c reveal ?is1 & only to "o :o is a disciple ( ! previ\s sci5ces4 ,( t ass]tion y may be z confid5t z ( ! la/4 ,& assur$ly no "o w argue t !re is any o!r me?od ( compreh5d+ by any regul> process all true exi/5ce or ( asc]ta9+ :at ea* ?+ is 9 its own nature2 = ! arts 9 g5]al are conc]n$ ) ! desires or op9ions ( m51 or are cultivat$ ) a view to production & con/ruction1 or = ! pres]vation ( su* productions & con/ructions2 & z to ! ma!matical sci5ces :i*1 z we 7 say+1 h "s appreh5sion ( true be+--geometry & ! l--!y only dream ab\t be+1 b nev] c !y behold ! wak+ reality s long z !y leave ! hypo!ses :i* !y use unexam9$1 & are unable to give an acc\nt ( !m4 ,= :5 a man kn[s n 8 own fir/ pr9ciple1 & :5 ! conclusion & int]m$iate /eps are also con/ruct$ out ( he kn[s n :at1 h[ c he imag9e t su* a fabric ( conv5tion c ev] become sci5ce8 ,impossible1 he said4 ,!n dialectic1 & dialectic alone1 goes directly to ! fir/ pr9ciple & is ! only sci5ce :i* does away ) hypo!ses 9 ord] to make h] gr\nd secure2 ! eye ( ! s\l1 :i* is lit]ally buri$ 9 an outl&i% sl\gh1 is by h] g5tle aid lift$ upw>ds2 & %e uses z h&maids & help]s 9 ! "w ( conv]sion1 ! sci5ces :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,cu/om t]ms !m sci5ces1 b !y ought to h "s o!r "n1 imply+ great] cle>ness ?an op9ion & less cle>ness ?an sci5ce3 & ?is1 9 our previ\s sket*1 0 call$ und]/&+4 ,b :y %\ld we dispute ab\t names :5 we h realities ( su* importance to consid]8 ,:y inde$1 he said1 :5 any "n w d :i* expresses ! ?\ght ( ! m9d ) cle>ness8 ,at any rate1 we are satisfi$1 z be=e1 to h f\r divisions2 two = intellect & two = op9ion1 & to call ! fir/ division sci5ce1 ! second und]/&+1 ! ?ird belief1 & ! f\r? p]ception ( %ad[s1 op9ion be+ conc]n$ ) becom+1 & intellect ) be+2 & s to make a proportion3-- ,z be+ is to becom+1 s is pure intellect to op9ion4 ,& z intellect is to op9ion1 s is sci5ce to belief1 & und]/&+ to ! p]ception ( %ad[s4 ,b let u def] ! fur!r correlation & subdivision ( ! subjects ( op9ion & ( intellect1 = x w be a long enquiry1 _m times long] ?an ?is has be54 ,z f> z ,i und]/&1 he said1 ,i agree4 ,& d y also agree1 ,i said1 9 describ+ ! dialectician z "o :o atta9s a conception ( ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+8 ,& he :o does n possess & is !re=e unable to imp>t ?is conception1 9 :atev] degree he fails1 may 9 t degree also be said to fail 9 intellig5ce8 ,w y admit s mu*8 ,yes1 he said2 h[ c ,i d5y x8 ,& y w\ld say ! same ( ! conception ( ! good8 ,until ! p]son is able to ab/ract & def9e rationally ! idea ( good1 & unless he c run ! gauntlet ( all objections1 & is ready to disprove !m1 n by appeals to op9ion1 b to absolute tru?1 nev] falt]+ at any /ep ( ! argum5t--unless he c d all ?is1 y w\ld say t he kn[s nei!r ! idea ( good nor any o!r good2 he appreh5ds only a %ad[1 if any?+ at all1 :i* is giv5 by op9ion & n by sci5ce2--dream+ & slumb]+ 9 ?is life1 be=e he is well awake "h1 he arrives at ! _w bel[1 & has 8 f9al quietus4 ,9 all t ,i %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly agree ) y4 ,& surely y w\ld n h ! *ildr5 ( y\r ideal ,/ate1 :om y are nurtur+ & educat+--if ! ideal ev] becomes a reality--y w\ld n all[ ! future rul]s to be l po/s1 hav+ no reason 9 !m1 & yet to be set 9 au?ority ov] ! highe/ matt]s8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!n y w make a law t !y %all h su* an education z w enable !m to atta9 ! greate/ skill 9 ask+ & answ]+ que/ions8 ,yes1 he said1 y & ,i toge!r w make x4 ,dialectic1 !n1 z y w agree1 is ! cop+-/one ( ! sci5ces1 & is set ov] !m2 no o!r sci5ce c be plac$ high]--! nature ( k c no fur!r g8 ,i agree1 he said4 ,b to :om we are to assign ^! /udies1 & 9 :at way !y are to be assign$1 are que/ions :i* rema9 to be consid]$8 ,yes1 cle>ly4 ,y rememb]1 ,i said1 h[ ! rul]s 7 *os5 be=e8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,! same natures mu/ /ill be *os51 & ! pref]5ce aga9 giv5 to ! sure/ & ! brave/1 &1 if possible1 to ! faire/2 &1 hav+ noble & g5]\s temp]s1 !y %\ld also h ! natural gifts :i* w facilitate _! education4 ,& :at are ^!8 ,su* gifts z ke5ness & ready p[]s ( acquisition2 = ! m9d m (t5 fa9ts f ! sev]ity ( /udy ?an f ! sev]ity ( gymna/ics3 ! toil is m entirely ! m9d's own1 & is n %>$ ) ! body4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,fur!r1 he ( :om we are 9 se>* %\ld h a good memory1 & be an unwe>i$ solid man :o is a lov] ( lab\r 9 any l9e2 or he w nev] be able to endure ! great am\nt ( bodily ex]cise & to g ?r\gh all ! intellectual discipl9e & /udy :i* we require ( him4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 he mu/ h natural gifts4 ,! mi/ake at pres5t is1 t ^? :o /udy philosophy h no vocation1 & ?is1 z ,i 0 be=e say+1 is ! reason :y %e has fall5 into disrepute3 h] true sons %\ld take h] by ! h& & n ba/>ds4 ,:at d y mean8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h] vot>y %\ld n h a lame or halt+ indu/ry--,i mean1 t he %\ld n be half indu/ri\s & half idle3 z1 = example1 :5 a man is a lov] ( gymna/ic & hunt+1 & all o!r bodily ex]cises1 b a hat] r ?an a lov] ( ! lab\r ( le>n+ or li/5+ or enquir+4 ,or ! occupation to :i* he devotes himself may be ( an opposite k9d1 & he may h ! o!r sort ( lam5ess4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& z to tru?1 ,i said1 is n a s\l equally to be deem$ halt & lame :i* hates volunt>y falsehood & is extremely indignant at h]self & o!rs :5 !y tell lies1 b is pati5t ( involunt>y falsehood1 & does n m9d wall[+ l a sw9i% bea/ 9 ! mire ( ignorance1 & has no %ame at be+ detect$8 ,to be sure4 ,&1 aga91 9 respect ( temp]ance1 c\rage1 magnific5ce1 & e o!r virtue1 %\ld we n c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! true son & ! ba/>d8 = :]e !re is no disc]nm5t ( su* qualities ,/ates & individuals unconsci\sly err & ! ,/ate makes a rul]1 & ! individual a fri5d1 ( "o :o1 be+ defective 9 "s "p ( virtue1 is 9 a figure lame or a ba/>d4 ,t is v true1 he said4 ,all ^! ?+s1 !n1 w h to be c>efully consid]$ by u2 & if only ^? :om we introduce to ?is va/ sy/em ( education & tra9+ are s\nd 9 body & m9d1 ju/ice h]self w h no?+ to say aga9/ u1 & we %all be ! savi\rs ( ! con/itution & ( ! ,/ate2 b1 if our pupils are m5 ( ano!r /amp1 ! rev]se w happ51 & we %all p\r a /ill great] flood ( ridicule on philosophy ?an %e has to endure at pres5t4 ,t w\ld n be cr$itable4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i said2 & yet p]haps1 9 ?us turn+ je/ into e>ne/ ,i am equally ridicul\s4 ,9 :at respect8 ,i _h =gott51 ,i said1 t we 7 n s]i\s1 & spoke ) too mu* excitem5t4 ,= :5 ,i saw philosophy s undes]v$ly trampl$ "u foot ( m5 ,i c\ld n help feel+ a sort ( indignation at ! au?ors ( h] disgrace3 & my ang] made me too vehem5t4 ,inde$6 ,i 0 li/5+1 & did n ?9k s4 ,b ,i1 :o am ! speak]1 felt t ,i 04 ,& n[ let me rem9d y t1 al?\gh 9 our =m] selection we *ose old m51 we mu/ n d s 9 ?is4 ,solon 0 "u a delusion :5 he said t a man :5 he gr[s old may le>n _m ?+s--= he c no m le>n mu* ?an he c run mu*2 y\? is ! "t = any extraord9>y toil4 ,( c\rse4 ,&1 !re=e1 calculation & geometry & all ! o!r elem5ts ( in/ruction1 :i* are a prep>ation = dialectic1 %\ld be pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 *ildhood2 n1 h[ev]1 "u any notion ( =c+ our sy/em ( education4 ,:y n8 ,because a freeman ought n to be a slave 9 ! acquisition ( k ( any k9d4 ,bodily ex]cise1 :5 compulsory1 does no h>m to ! body2 b k :i* is acquir$ "u compulsion obta9s no hold on ! m9d4 ,v true4 ,!n1 my good fri5d1 ,i said1 d n use compulsion1 b let e>ly education be a sort ( amusem5t2 y w !n be bett] able to f9d out ! natural b5t4 ,t is a v rational notion1 he said4 ,d y rememb] t ! *ildr51 too1 7 to be tak5 to see ! battle on horseback2 & t if !re 7 no dang] !y 7 to be br\ght close up &1 l "y h\nds1 h a ta/e ( blood giv5 !m8 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,! same practice may be foll[$1 ,i said1 9 all ^! ?+s--lab\rs1 lessons1 dang]s--& he :o is mo/ at home 9 all ( !m ought to be enroll$ 9 a select numb]4 ,at :at age8 ,at ! age :5 ! necess>y gymna/ics are ov]3 ! p]iod :e!r ( two or ?ree ye>s :i* passes 9 ?is sort ( tra9+ is useless = any o!r purpose2 = sleep & ex]cise are unpropiti\s to le>n+2 & ! trial ( :o is fir/ 9 gymna/ic ex]cises is "o ( ! mo/ important te/s to :i* our y\? are subject$4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,aft] t "t ^? :o are select$ f ! class ( tw5ty ye>s old w be promot$ to high] hon\r1 & ! sci5ces :i* !y le>n$ )\t any ord] 9 _! e>ly education w n[ be br\ght toge!r1 & !y w be able to see ! natural relation%ip ( !m to "o ano!r & to true be+4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! only k9d ( k :i* takes la/+ root4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ! capacity = su* k is ! great crit]ion ( dialectical tal5t3 ! compreh5sive m9d is always ! dialectical4 ,i agree ) y1 he said4 ,^!1 ,i said1 are ! po9ts :i* y mu/ consid]2 & ^? :o h mo/ ( ?is compreh5sion1 & :o are m /eadfa/ 9 _! le>n+1 & 9 _! milit>y & o!r appo9t$ duties1 :5 !y h arriv$ at ! age ( ?irty h to be *os5 by y out ( ! select class1 & elevat$ to high] hon\r2 & y w h to prove !m by ! help ( dialectic1 9 ord] to le>n :i* ( !m is able to give up ! use ( sight & ! o!r s5ses1 & 9 company ) tru? to atta9 absolute be+3 ,& "h1 my fri5d1 great caution is requir$4 ,:y great caution8 ,d y n rem>k1 ,i said1 h[ great is ! evil :i* dialectic has introduc$8 ,:at evil8 he said4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! art are fill$ ) lawlessness4 ,q true1 he said4 ,d y ?9k t !re is any?+ s v unnatural or inexcusable 9 _! case8 or w y make all[ance = !m8 ,9 :at way make all[ance8 ,i want y1 ,i said1 by way ( p>allel1 to imag9e a supposititi\s son :o is br\ght up 9 great weal?2 he is "o ( a great & num]\s family1 & has _m flatt]]s4 ,:5 he gr[s up to manhood1 he le>ns t 8 alleg$ are n 8 real p>5ts2 b :o ! real are he is unable to discov]4 ,c y guess h[ he w be likely to behave t[>ds 8 flatt]]s & 8 suppos$ p>5ts1 fir/ ( all dur+ ! p]iod :5 he is ignorant ( ! false relation1 & !n aga9 :5 he kn[s8 ,or %all ,i guess = y8 ,if y please4 ,!n ,i %\ld say1 t :ile he is ignorant ( ! tru? he w be likely to hon\r 8 fa!r & 8 "m & 8 suppos$ relations m ?an ! flatt]]s2 he w be less incl9$ to neglect !m :5 9 ne$1 or to d or say any?+ aga9/ !m2 & he w be less will+ to disobey !m 9 any important matt]4 ,he w4 ,b :5 he has made ! discov]y1 ,i %\ld imag9e t he w\ld dim9i% 8 hon\r & reg>d = !m1 & w\ld become m devot$ to ! flatt]]s2 _! influ5ce ov] him w\ld greatly increase2 he w\ld n[ live aft] _! ways1 & op5ly associate ) !m1 &1 unless he 7 ( an unusually good disposition1 he w\ld tr\ble himself no m ab\t 8 suppos$ p>5ts or o!r relations4 ,well1 all t is v probable4 ,b h[ is ! image applicable to ! disciples ( philosophy8 ,9 ?is way3 y "k t !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples ab\t ju/ice & hon\r1 :i* 7 taught u 9 *ildhood1 & "u _! p>5tal au?ority we h be5 br\ght up1 obey+ & hon\r+ !m4 ,t is true4 ,!re are also opposite maxims & habits ( pleasure :i* flatt] & attract ! s\l1 b d n influ5ce ^? ( u :o h any s5se ( "r1 & !y cont9ue to obey & hon\r ! maxims ( _! fa!rs4 ,true4 ,n[1 :5 a man is 9 ?is /ate1 & ! que/ion+ _s asks :at is fair or hon\rable1 & he answ]s z ! legislator has taught him1 & !n argum5ts _m & div]se refute 8 words1 until he is driv5 into believ+ t no?+ is hon\rable any m ?an di%on\rable1 or j & good any m ?an ! rev]se1 & s ( all ! notions :i* he mo/ valu$1 d y ?9k t he w /ill hon\r & obey !m z be=e8 ,impossible4 ,& :5 he ceases to ?9k !m hon\rable & natural z h]et(ore1 & he fails to discov] ! true1 c he be expect$ to pursue any life o!r ?an t :i* flatt]s 8 desires8 ,he _c4 ,& f be+ a keep] ( ! law he is conv]t$ into a break] ( x8 ,unque/ionably4 ,n[ all ?is is v natural 9 /ud5ts ( philosophy su* z ,i h describ$1 & also1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 mo/ excusable4 ,yes1 he said2 &1 ,i may add1 pitiable4 ,!re=e1 t y\r feel+s may n be mov$ to pity ab\t our citiz5s :o are n[ ?irty ye>s ( age1 e c>e mu/ be tak5 9 introduc+ !m to dialectic4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!re is a dang] le/ !y %\ld ta/e ! de> delight too e>ly2 = y\ng/]s1 z y may h obs]v$1 :5 !y fir/ get ! ta/e 9 _! m\?s1 argue = amusem5t1 & are always contradict+ & refut+ o!rs 9 imitation ( ^? :o refute !m2 l puppy-dogs1 !y rejoice 9 pull+ & te>+ at all :o come ne> !m4 ,yes1 he said1 !re is no?+ :i* !y l bett]4 ,& :5 !y h made _m conque/s & receiv$ defeats at ! h&s ( _m1 !y viol5tly & spe$ily get into a way ( n believ+ any?+ :i* !y believ$ be=e1 & h5ce1 n only !y1 b philosophy & all t relates to x is apt to h a bad "n ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,too true1 he said4 ,b :5 a man beg9s to get old]1 he w no long] be guilty ( su* insanity2 he w imitate ! dialectician :o is seek+ = tru?1 & n ! eri/ic1 :o is contradict+ = ! sake ( amusem5t2 & ! great] mod]ation ( 8 "* w increase in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! hon\r ( ! pursuit4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& did we n make special provision = ?is1 :5 we said t ! disciples ( philosophy 7 to be ord]ly & /eadfa/1 n1 z n[1 any *ance aspirant or intrud]8 ,v true4 ,suppose1 ,i said1 ! /udy ( philosophy to take ! place ( gymna/ics & to be cont9u$ dilig5tly & e>ne/ly & exclusively = twice ! numb] ( ye>s :i* 7 pass$ 9 bodily ex]cise--w t be en\gh8 ,w\ld y say six or f\r ye>s8 he ask$4 ,say five ye>s1 ,i repli$2 at ! end ( ! "t !y mu/ be s5t d[n aga9 into ! d5 & compell$ to hold any milit>y or o!r (fice :i* "y m5 are qualifi$ to hold3 9 ?is way !y w get _! exp]i5ce ( life1 & !re w be an opportunity ( try+ :e!r1 :5 !y are drawn all mann] ( ways by temptation1 !y w /& firm or fl9*4 ,& h[ long is ?is /age ( _! lives to la/8 ,fifte5 ye>s1 ,i answ]$2 & :5 !y h rea*$ fifty ye>s ( age1 !n let ^? :o /ill survive & h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 e action ( _! lives & 9 e bran* ( k come at la/ to _! consummation2 ! "t has n[ arriv$ at :i* !y mu/ raise ! eye ( ! s\l to ! univ]sal light :i* light5s all ?+s1 & behold ! absolute good2 = t is ! patt]n accord+ to :i* !y are to ord] ! ,/ate & ! lives ( individuals1 & ! rema9d] ( _! own lives also2 mak+ philosophy _! *ief pursuit1 b1 :5 _! turn comes1 toil+ also at politics & rul+ = ! public good1 n z ?\gh !y 7 p]=m+ "s h]oic action1 b simply z a matt] ( duty2 & :5 !y h br\ght up 9 ea* g5]ation o!rs l !mselves & left !m 9 _! place to be gov]nors ( ! ,/ate1 !n !y w dep>t to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ & dwell !re2 & ! city w give !m public memorials & sacrifices & hon\r !m1 if ! ,py?ian oracle cons5t1 z demi-gods1 b if n1 z 9 any case bless$ & div9e4 ,y are a sculptor1 ,socrates1 & h made /atues ( our gov]nors faultless 9 beauty4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 & ( our gov]nesses too2 = y mu/ n suppose t :at ,i h be5 say+ applies to m5 only & n to wom5 z f> z _! natures c g4 ,!re y are "r1 he said1 s9ce we h made !m to %>e 9 all ?+s l ! m54 ,well1 ,i said1 & y w\ld agree 7w\ld y n87 t :at has be5 said ab\t ! ,/ate & ! gov]nm5t is n a m]e dream1 & al?\gh difficult n impossible1 b only possible 9 ! way :i* has be5 suppos$2 t is to say1 :5 ! true philosoph] k+s are born 9 a ,/ate1 "o or m ( !m1 despis+ ! hon\rs ( ?is pres5t _w :i* !y deem mean & wor?less1 e/eem+ above all ?+s "r & ! hon\r t spr+s f "r1 & reg>d+ ju/ice z ! greate/ & mo/ necess>y ( all ?+s1 ^: m9i/]s !y are1 & ^: pr9ciples w be exalt$ by !m :5 !y set 9 ord] _! own city8 ,h[ w !y proce$8 ,!y w beg9 by s5d+ out into ! c\ntry all ! inhabitants ( ! city :o are m ?an t5 ye>s old1 & w take possession ( _! *ildr51 :o w be unaffect$ by ! habits ( _! p>5ts2 ^! !y w tra9 9 _! own habits & laws1 ,i mean 9 ! laws :i* we h giv5 !m3 & 9 ?is way ! ,/ate & con/itution ( :i* we 7 speak+ w soone/ & mo/ easily atta9 happ9ess1 & ! nation :i* has su* a con/itution w ga9 mo/4 ,yes1 t w be ! be/ way4 ,& ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y h v well describ$ h[1 if ev]1 su* a con/itution might come into be+4 ,en\gh !n ( ! p]fect ,/ate1 & ( ! man :o be>s its image--!re is no difficulty 9 see+ h[ we %all describe him4 ,!re is no difficulty1 he repli$2 & ,i agree ) y 9 ?9k+ t no?+ m ne$ be said4 ,,book ,,viii ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,,& s1 ,glaucon1 we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t 9 ! p]fect ,/ate wives & *ildr5 are to be 9 common2 & t all education & ! pursuits ( w> & peace are also to be common1 & ! be/ philosoph]s & ! brave/ w>riors are to be _! k+s8 ,t1 repli$ ,glaucon1 has be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & we h fur!r ackn[l$g$ t ! gov]nors1 :5 appo9t$ !mselves1 w take _! soldi]s & place !m 9 h\ses su* z we 7 describ+1 :i* are common to all1 & conta9 no?+ private1 or individual2 & ab\t _! prop]ty1 y rememb] :at we agre$8 ,yes1 ,i rememb] t no "o 0 to h any ( ! ord9>y possessions ( mank9d2 !y 7 to be w>rior a?letes & gu>dians1 receiv+ f ! o!r citiz5s1 9 lieu ( annual paym5t1 only _! ma9t5ance1 & !y 7 to take c>e ( !mselves & ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,true1 ,i said2 & n[ t ?is division ( our task is conclud$1 let u f9d ! po9t at :i* we digress$1 t we may return into ! old pa?4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 return+2 y impli$1 !n z n[1 t y _h f9i%$ ! description ( ! ,/ate3 y said t su* a ,/ate 0 good1 & t ! man 0 good :o answ]$ to x1 al?\gh1 z n[ appe>s1 y _h m excell5t ?+s to relate bo? ( ,/ate & man4 ,& y said fur!r1 t if ?is 0 ! true =m1 !n ! o!rs 7 false2 & ( ! false =ms1 y said1 z ,i rememb]1 t !re 7 f\r pr9cipal ones1 & t _! defects1 & ! defects ( ! individuals correspond+ to !m1 7 wor? exam9+4 ,:5 we _h se5 all ! individuals1 & f9ally agre$ z to :o 0 ! be/ & :o 0 ! wor/ ( !m1 we 7 to consid] :e!r ! be/ 0 n also ! happie/1 & ! wor/ ! mo/ mis]able4 ,i ask$ y :at 7 ! f\r =ms ( gov]nm5t ( :i* y spoke1 & !n ,polem>*us & ,adeimantus put 9 _! ^w2 & y began aga91 & h f\nd y\r way to ! po9t at :i* we h n[ arriv$4 ,y\r recollection1 ,i said1 is mo/ exact4 ,!n1 l a wre/l]1 he repli$1 y mu/ put y\rself aga9 9 ! same position2 & let me ask ! same que/ions1 & d y give me ! same answ] :i* y 7 ab\t to give me !n4 ,yes1 if ,i c1 ,i w1 ,i said4 ,i %all p>ticul>ly wi% to he> :at 7 ! f\r con/itutions ( :i* y 7 speak+4 ,t "q1 ,i said1 is easily answ]$3 ! f\r gov]nm5ts ( :i* ,i spoke1 s f> z !y h di/9ct names1 are1 fir/1 ^? ( ,crete & ,sp>ta1 :i* are g5]ally applaud$2 :at is t]m$ olig>*y comes next2 ?is is n equally approv$1 & is a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* teems ) evils3 ?irdly1 democracy1 :i* naturally foll[s olig>*y1 al?\gh v diff]5t3 & la/ly comes tyranny1 great & fam\s1 :i* diff]s f !m all1 & is ! f\r? & wor/ disord] ( a ,/ate4 ,i d n "k1 d y8 ( any o!r con/itution :i* c be said to h a di/9ct "*4 ,!re are lord%ips & pr9cipalities :i* are b\ght & sold1 & "s o!r int]m$iate =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ^! are nondescripts & may be f\nd equally among ,hell5es & among b>b>ians4 ,yes1 he repli$1 we c]ta9ly he> ( _m curi\s =ms ( gov]nm5t :i* exi/ among !m4 ,d y "k1 ,i said1 t gov]nm5ts v>y z ! dispositions ( m5 v>y1 & t !re mu/ be z _m ( ! "o z !re are ( ! o!r8 ,= we _c suppose t ,/ates are made ( 'oak & rock1' & n out ( ! human natures :i* are 9 !m1 & :i* 9 a figure turn ! scale & draw o!r ?+s aft] !m8 ,yes1 he said1 ! ,/ates are z ! m5 are2 !y gr[ out ( human *>act]s4 ,!n if ! con/itutions ( ,/ates are five1 ! dispositions ( individual m9ds w also be five8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,him :o answ]s to ari/ocracy1 & :om we rightly call j & good1 we h already describ$4 ,we h4 ,!n let u n[ proce$ to describe ! inf]ior sort ( natures1 be+ ! cont5ti\s & ambiti\s1 :o answ] to ! ,sp>tan polity2 also ! olig>*ical1 democratical1 & tyrannical4 ,let u place ! mo/ j by ! side ( ! mo/ unju/1 & :5 we see !m we %all be able to comp>e ! relative happ9ess or unhapp9ess ( him :o leads a life ( pure ju/ice or pure inju/ice4 ,! enquiry w !n be complet$4 ,& we %all "k :e!r we ought to pursue inju/ice1 z ,?rasyma*us advises1 or 9 accordance ) ! conclusions ( ! argum5t to pref] ju/ice4 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$1 we mu/ d z y say4 ,%all we foll[ our old plan1 :i* we adopt$ ) a view to cle>ness1 ( tak+ ! ,/ate fir/ & !n proce$+ to ! individual1 & beg9 ) ! gov]nm5t ( hon\r8--,i "k ( no "n = su* a gov]nm5t o!r ?an timocracy1 or p]haps tim>*y4 ,we w comp>e ) ?is ! l "* 9 ! individual2 &1 aft] t1 consid] olig>*ical man2 & !n aga9 we w turn our att5tion to democracy & ! democratical man2 & la/ly1 we w g & view ! city ( tyranny1 & once m take a look into ! tyrant's s\l1 & try to arrive at a satisfactory decision4 ,t way ( view+ & judg+ ( ! matt] w be v suitable4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i said1 let u enquire h[ timocracy 7! gov]nm5t ( hon\r7 arises out ( ari/ocracy 7! gov]nm5t ( ! be/74 ,cle>ly1 all political *anges orig9ate 9 divisions ( ! actual gov]n+ p[]2 a gov]nm5t :i* is unit$1 h[ev] small1 _c be mov$4 ,v true1 he said4 ,9 :at way1 !n1 w our city be mov$1 & 9 :at mann] ! two classes ( auxili>ies & rul]s disagree among !mselves or ) "o ano!r8 ,%all we1 aft] ! mann] ( ,hom]1 pray ! ,muses to tell u 'h[ discord fir/ arose'8 ,%all we imag9e !m 9 solemn mock]y1 to play & je/ ) u z if we 7 *ildr51 & to address u 9 a l(ty tragic ve91 mak+ believe to be 9 e>ne/8 ,h[ w\ld !y address u8 ,aft] ?is mann]3--,a city :i* is ?us con/itut$ c h>dly be %ak52 b1 see+ t ev]y?+ :i* has a beg9n+ has also an end1 ev5 a con/itution su* z y\rs w n la/ = ev]1 b w 9 "t be dissolv$4 ,& ?is is ! dissolution3--,9 plants t gr[ 9 ! e>?1 z well z 9 animals t move on ! e>?'s surface1 f]tility & /]ility ( s\l & body occur :5 ! circumf]5ces ( ! circles ( ea* are complet$1 :i* 9 %ort-liv$ exi/5ces pass ov] a %ort space1 & 9 long-liv$ ones ov] a long space4 ,b to ! k ( human fecundity & /]ility all ! wisdom & education ( y\r rul]s w n atta92 ! laws :i* regulate !m w n be discov]$ by an intellig5ce :i* is alloy$ ) s5se1 b w escape !m1 & !y w br+ *ildr5 into ! _w :5 !y ought n4 ,n[ t :i* is ( div9e bir? has a p]iod :i* is conta9$ 9 a p]fect numb]1 b ! p]iod ( human bir? is compreh5d$ 9 a numb] 9 :i* fir/ increm5ts by involution & evolution 7or squ>$ & cub$7 obta9+ ?ree int]vals & f\r t]ms ( l & unlike1 wax+ & wan+ numb]s1 make all ! t]ms comm5surable & agreeable to "o ano!r4 ,! base ( ^! 7#c7 ) a ?ird add$ 7#d7 :5 comb9$ ) five 7#bj7 & rais$ to ! ?ird p[] furni%es two h>monies2 ! fir/ a squ>e :i* is a hundr$ times z great 7#djj #d ,x #ajj71 & ! o!r a figure hav+ "o side equal to ! =m]1 b oblong1 consi/+ ( a hundr$ numb]s squ>$ ^u rational diamet]s ( a squ>e 7i4 e4 omitt+ fractions71 ! side ( :i* is five 7#g ,x #g #di ,x #ajj #dijj71 ea* ( !m be+ less by "o 7?an ! p]fect squ>e :i* includes ! fractions1 sc4 #ej7 or less by two p]fect squ>es ( irrational diamet]s 7( a squ>e ! side ( :i* is five #ej #ej #ajj72 & a hundr$ cubes ( ?ree 7#bg ,x #ajj #bgjj #dijj #djj #hjjj74 ,n[ ?is numb] repres5ts a geometrical figure :i* has control ov] ! good & evil ( bir?s4 ,= :5 y\r gu>dians are ignorant ( ! law ( bir?s1 & unite bride & bridegroom out ( season1 ! *ildr5 w n be goodly or =tunate4 ,& ?\gh only ! be/ ( !m w be appo9t$ by _! pr$ecessors1 /ill !y w be unwor?y to hold _! fa!rs' places1 & :5 !y come into p[] z gu>dians1 !y w soon be f\nd to fall 9 tak+ c>e ( u1 ! ,muses1 fir/ by "u-valu+ music2 :i* neglect w soon ext5d to gymna/ic2 & h5ce ! "y m5 ( y\r ,/ate w be less cultivat$4 ,9 ! succe$+ g5]ation rul]s w be appo9t$ :o h lo/ ! gu>dian p[] ( te/+ ! metal ( y\r diff]5t races1 :i*1 l ,hesiod's1 are ( gold & silv] & brass & iron4 ,& s iron w be m+l$ ) silv]1 & brass ) gold1 & h5ce !re w arise dissimil>ity & inequality & irregul>ity1 :i* always & 9 all places are causes ( hatr$ & w>4 ,?is ! ,muses affirm to be ! /ock f :i* discord has sprung1 :]ev] aris+2 & ?is is _! answ] to u4 ,yes1 & we may assume t !y answ] truly4 ,:y1 yes1 ,i said1 ( c\rse !y answ] truly2 h[ c ! ,muses speak falsely8 ,& :at d ! ,muses say next8 ,:5 discord arose1 !n ! two races 7 drawn diff]5t ways3 ! iron & brass fell to acquir+ money & l& & h\ses & gold & silv]2 b ! gold & silv] races1 n want+ money b hav+ ! true ri*es 9 _! own nature1 incl9$ t[>ds virtue & ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,!re 0 a battle betwe5 !m1 & at la/ !y agre$ to di/ribute _! l& & h\ses among individual own]s2 & !y enslav$ _! fri5ds & ma9ta9]s1 :om !y _h =m]ly protect$ 9 ! condition ( freem51 & made ( !m subjects & s]vants2 & !y !mselves 7 engag$ 9 w> & 9 keep+ a wat* aga9/ !m4 ,i believe t y h rightly conceiv$ ! orig9 ( ! *ange4 ,& ! new gov]nm5t :i* ?us arises w be ( a =m int]m$iate betwe5 olig>*y & ari/ocracy8 ,v true4 ,su* w be ! *ange1 & aft] ! *ange has be5 made1 h[ w !y proce$8 ,cle>ly1 ! new ,/ate1 be+ 9 a mean betwe5 olig>*y & ! p]fect ,/ate1 w p>tly foll[ "o & p>tly ! o!r1 & w also h "s peculi>ities4 ,true1 he said4 ,9 ! hon\r giv5 to rul]s1 9 ! ab/95ce ( ! w>rior class f agriculture1 h&icrafts1 & trade 9 g5]al1 9 ! in/itution ( common meals1 & 9 ! att5tion paid to gymna/ics & milit>y tra9+--9 all ^! respects ?is ,/ate w resemble ! =m]4 ,true4 ,b 9 ! fe> ( admitt+ philosoph]s to p[]1 because !y are no long] to be _h simple & e>ne/1 b are made up ( mix$ elem5ts2 & 9 turn+ f !m to passionate & less complex *>act]s1 :o are by nature fitt$ = w> r ?an peace2 & 9 ! value set by !m ^u milit>y /ratagems & contrivances1 & 9 ! wag+ ( ev]la/+ w>s--?is ,/ate w be = ! mo/ "p peculi>4 ,yes4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & m5 ( ?is /amp w be covet\s ( money1 l ^? :o live 9 olig>*ies2 !y w h1 a fi]ce secret long+ aft] gold & silv]1 :i* !y w ho>d 9 d>k places1 hav+ magaz9es & treasuries ( _! own = ! deposit & concealm5t ( !m2 also ca/les :i* are j ne/s = _! eggs1 & 9 :i* !y w sp5d l>ge sums on _! wives1 or on any o!rs :om !y please4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& !y are mis]ly because !y h no means ( op5ly acquir+ ! money :i* !y prize2 !y w sp5d t :i* is ano!r man's on ! gratification ( _! desires1 /eal+ _! pleasures & runn+ away l *ildr5 f ! law1 _! fa!r3 !y h be5 s*ool$ n by g5tle influ5ces b by =ce1 = !y h neglect$ h] :o is ! true ,muse1 ! companion ( reason & philosophy1 & h hon\r$ gymna/ic m ?an music4 ,und\bt$ly1 he said1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* y describe is a mixture ( good & evil4 ,:y1 !re is a mixture1 ,i said2 b "o ?+1 & "o ?+ only1 is pr$om9antly se51--! _s ( cont5tion & ambition2 & ^! are due to ! preval5ce ( ! passionate or spirit$ elem5t4 ,assur$ly1 he said4 ,su* is ! orig9 & su* ! "* ( ?is ,/ate1 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 outl9e only2 ! m p]fect execution 0 n requir$1 = a sket* is en\gh to %[ ! type ( ! mo/ p]fectly j & mo/ p]fectly unju/2 & to g ?r\gh all ! ,/ates & all ! *>act]s ( m51 omitt+ none ( !m1 w\ld be an int]m9able lab\r4 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,n[ :at man answ]s to ?is =m ( gov]nm5t-h[ did he come into be+1 & :at is he l8 ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,i ?9k1 said ,adeimantus1 t 9 ! _s ( cont5tion :i* *>act]ises him1 he is n unlike our fri5d ,glaucon4 ,p]haps1 ,i said1 he may be l him 9 t "o po9t2 b !re are o!r respects 9 :i* he is v diff]5t4 ,9 :at respects8 ,he %\ld h m ( self-ass]tion & be less cultivat$1 & yet a fri5d ( culture2 & he %\ld be a good li/5]1 b no speak]4 ,su* a p]son is apt to be r\gh ) slaves1 unlike ! educat$ man1 :o is too pr\d = t2 & he w also be c\rte\s to freem51 & rem>kably ob$i5t to au?ority2 he is a lov] ( p[] & a lov] ( hon\r2 claim+ to be a rul]1 n because he is eloqu5t1 or on any gr\nd ( t sort1 b because he is a soldi] & has p]=m$ feats ( arms2 he is also a lov] ( gymna/ic ex]cises & ( ! *ase4 ,yes1 t is ! type ( "* :i* answ]s to timocracy4 ,su* an "o w despise ri*es only :5 he is "y2 b z he gets old] he w be m & m attract$ to !m1 because he has a piece ( ! av>ici\s nature 9 him1 & is n s+lem9d$ t[>ds virtue1 hav+ lo/ 8 be/ gu>dian4 ,:o 0 t8 said ,adeimantus4 ,philosophy1 ,i said1 temp]$ ) music1 :o comes & takes h] abode 9 a man1 & is ! only savi\r ( 8 virtue ?r\gh\t life4 ,good1 he said4 ,su*1 ,i said1 is ! timocratical y\?1 & he is l ! timocratical ,/ate4 ,exactly4 ,8 orig9 is z foll[s3--,he is (t5 ! "y son ( a grave fa!r1 :o dwells 9 an ill-gov]n$ city1 ( :i* he decl9es ! hon\rs & (fices1 & w n g to law1 or ex]t himself 9 any way1 b is ready to waive 8 rights 9 ord] t he may escape tr\ble4 ,& h[ does ! son come into be+8 ,! "* ( ! son beg9s to develop :5 he he>s 8 "m compla9+ t h] husb& has no place 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ( :i* ! consequ5ce is t %e has no prec$5ce among o!r wom54 ,fur!r1 :5 %e sees h] husb& n v eag] ab\t money1 & in/ead ( battl+ & rail+ 9 ! law c\rts or assembly1 tak+ :atev] happ5s to him quietly2 & :5 %e obs]ves t 8 ?\ghts always c5tre 9 himself1 :ile he treats h] ) v consid]able indiff]5ce1 %e is annoy$1 & says to h] son t 8 fa!r is only half a man & f> too easy-go+3 add+ all ! o!r compla9ts ab\t h] own ill-treatm5t :i* wom5 are s fond ( rehe>s+4 ,yes1 said ,adeimantus1 !y give u pl5ty ( !m1 & _! compla9ts are s l !mselves4 ,& y "k1 ,i said1 t ! old s]vants also1 :o are suppos$ to be atta*$ to ! family1 f "t to "t talk privately 9 ! same /ra9 to ! son2 & if !y see any "o :o owes money to 8 fa!r1 or is wrong+ him 9 any way1 & he falls to prosecute !m1 !y tell ! y\? t :5 he gr[s up he mu/ retaliate ^u p ( ?is sort1 & be m ( a man ?an 8 fa!r4 ,he has only to walk abroad & he he>s & sees ! same sort ( ?+3 ^? :o d _! own bus9ess 9 ! city are call$ simpletons1 & held 9 no e/eem1 :ile ! busy-bodies are hon\r$ & applaud$4 ,! result is t ! "y man1 he>+ & see+ all ^! ?+--he>+ too1 ! words ( 8 fa!r1 & hav+ a ne>] view ( 8 way ( life1 & mak+ comp>isons ( him & o!rs--is drawn opposite ways3 :ile 8 fa!r is wat]+ & n\ri%+ ! rational pr9ciple 9 8 s\l1 ! o!rs are enc\rag+ ! passionate & appetitive2 & he be+ n orig9ally ( a bad nature1 b hav+ kept bad company1 is at la/ br\ght by _! jo9t influ5ce to a middle po9t1 & gives up ! k+dom :i* is )9 him to ! middle pr9ciple ( cont5ti\sness & passion1 & becomes arrogant & ambiti\s4 ,y seem to me to h describ$ 8 orig9 p]fectly4 ,!n we h n[1 ,i said1 ! second =m ( gov]nm5t & ! second type ( "*8 ,we h4 ,next1 let u look at ano!r man :o1 z ,aes*ylus says1 ,is set ov] aga9/ ano!r ,/ate2 or r1 z our plan requires1 beg9 ) ! ,/ate4 ,by all means4 ,i believe t olig>*y foll[s next 9 ord]4 ,& :at mann] ( gov]nm5t d y t]m olig>*y8 ,a gov]nm5t re/+ on a valuation ( prop]ty1 9 :i* ! ri* h p[] & ! poor man is depriv$ ( x4 ,i und]/&1 he repli$4 ,ought ,i n to beg9 by describ+ h[ ! *ange f timocracy to olig>*y arises8 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i said1 no eyes are requir$ 9 ord] to see h[ ! "o passes into ! o!r4 ,h[8 ,! accumulation ( gold 9 ! treasury ( private individuals is ru9 ! ( timocracy2 !y inv5t illegal modes ( exp5diture2 = :at d !y or _! wives c>e ab\t ! law8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,& !n "o1 see+ ano!r gr[ ri*1 seeks to rival him1 & ?us ! great mass ( ! citiz5s become lov]s ( money4 ,likely en\gh4 ,& s !y gr[ ri*] & ri*]1 & ! m !y ?9k ( mak+ a =tune ! less !y ?9k ( virtue2 = :5 ri*es & virtue are plac$ toge!r 9 ! scales ( ! balance1 ! "o always rises z ! o!r falls4 ,true4 ,& 9 proportion z ri*es & ri* m5 are hon\r$ 9 ! ,/ate1 virtue & ! virtu\s are di%on\r$4 ,cle>ly4 ,& :at is hon\r$ is cultivat$1 & t :i* has no hon\r is neglect$4 ,t is obvi\s4 ,& s at la/1 in/ead ( lov+ cont5tion & glory1 m5 become lov]s ( trade & money2 !y hon\r & look up to ! ri* man1 & make a rul] ( him1 & di%on\r ! poor man4 ,!y d s4 ,!y next proce$ to make a law :i* fixes a sum ( money z ! qualification ( citiz5%ip2 ! sum is high] 9 "o place & l[] 9 ano!r1 z ! olig>*y is m or less exclusive2 & !y all[ no "o ^: prop]ty falls bel[ ! am\nt fix$ to h any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,^! *anges 9 ! con/itution !y effect by =ce ( arms1 if intimidation has n already done _! "w4 ,v true4 ,& ?is1 speak+ g5]ally1 is ! way 9 :i* olig>*y is e/abli%$4 ,yes1 he said2 b :at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 & :at are ! defects ( :i* we 7 speak+8 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i said1 consid] ! nature ( ! qualification j ?9k :at w\ld happ5 if pilots 7 to be *os5 accord+ to _! prop]ty1 & a poor man 7 refus$ p]mission to /e]1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 a bett] pilot8 ,y mean t !y w\ld %ipwreck8 ,yes2 & is n ?is true ( ! gov]nm5t ( any?+8 ,i %\ld imag9e s4 ,except a city8--or w\ld y include a city8 ,nay1 he said1 ! case ( a city is ! /ronge/ ( all1 inasmu* z ! rule ( a city is ! greate/ & mo/ difficult ( all4 ,?is1 !n1 w be ! fir/ great defect ( olig>*y8 ,cle>ly4 ,& "h is ano!r defect :i* is q z bad4 ,:at defect8 ,! inevitable division3 su* a ,/ate is n "o1 b two ,/ates1 ! "o ( poor1 ! o!r ( ri* m52 & !y are liv+ on ! same spot & always conspir+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,t1 surely1 is at lea/ z bad4 ,ano!r discr$itable feature is1 t1 = a l reason1 !y are incapable ( c>ry+ on any w>4 ,ei!r !y arm ! multitude1 & !n !y are m afraid ( !m ?an ( ! enemy2 or1 if !y d n call !m out 9 ! h\r ( battle1 !y are olig>*s inde$1 few to fight z !y are few to rule4 ,& at ! same "t _! fondness = money makes !m unwill+ to pay taxes4 ,h[ discr$itable6 ,&1 z we said be=e1 "u su* a con/itution ! same p]sons h too _m call+s--!y are husb&m51 tradesm51 w>riors1 all 9 "o4 ,does t look well8 ,any?+ b well4 ,!re is ano!r evil :i* is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ ( all1 & to :i* ?is ,/ate fir/ beg9s to be liable4 ,:at evil8 ,a man may sell all t he has1 & ano!r may acquire 8 prop]ty2 yet aft] ! sale he may dwell 9 ! city ( :i* he is no long] a "p1 be+ nei!r trad]1 nor artisan1 nor horseman1 nor hoplite1 b only a poor1 helpless creature4 ,yes1 t is an evil :i* also fir/ beg9s 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! evil is c]ta9ly n prev5t$ !re2 = olig>*ies h bo? ! extremes ( great weal? & utt] pov]ty4 ,true4 ,b ?9k aga93 ,9 8 weal?y days1 :ile he 0 sp5d+ 8 money1 0 a man ( ?is sort a :it m good to ! ,/ate = ! purposes ( citiz5%ip8 ,or did he only seem to be a memb] ( ! rul+ body1 al?\gh 9 tru? he 0 nei!r rul] nor subject1 b j a sp5d?rift8 ,z y say1 he seem$ to be a rul]1 b 0 only a sp5d?rift4 ,may we n say t ?is is ! drone 9 ! h\se :o is l ! drone 9 ! honeycomb1 & t ! "o is ! plague ( ! city z ! o!r is ( ! hive8 ,j s1 ,socrates4 ,& ,god has made ! fly+ drones1 ,adeimantus1 all )\t /+s1 :]eas ( ! walk+ drones he has made "s )\t /+s b o!rs h dreadful /+s2 ( ! /+less class are ^? :o 9 _! old age end z paup]s2 ( ! /+]s come all ! crim9al class1 z !y are t]m$4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,cle>ly !n1 :5ev] y see paup]s 9 a ,/ate1 some:]e 9 t neighborhood !re are hidd5 away ?ieves1 & cutpurses & robb]s ( temples1 & all sorts ( malefactors4 ,cle>ly4 ,well1 ,i said1 & 9 olig>*ical ,/ates d y n f9d paup]s8 ,yes1 he said2 ne>ly ev]ybody is a paup] :o is n a rul]4 ,& may we be s bold z to affirm t !re are also _m crim9als to be f\nd 9 !m1 rogues :o h /+s1 & :om ! au?orities are c>eful to re/ra9 by =ce8 ,c]ta9ly1 we may be s bold4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* p]sons is to be attribut$ to want ( education1 ill-tra9+1 & an evil con/itution ( ! ,/ate8 ,true4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! =m & su* are ! evils ( olig>*y2 & !re may be _m o!r evils4 ,v likely4 ,!n olig>*y1 or ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! rul]s are elect$ = _! weal?1 may n[ be dismiss$4 ,let u next proce$ to consid] ! nature & orig9 ( ! individual :o answ]s to ?is ,/ate4 ,by all means4 ,does n ! timocratical man *ange into ! olig>*ical on ?is wise8 ,h[8 ,a "t arrives :5 ! repres5tative ( timocracy has a son3 at fir/ he beg9s by emulat+ 8 fa!r & walk+ 9 8 foot/eps1 b pres5tly he sees him ( a sudd5 f\nd]+ aga9/ ! ,/ate z ^u a sunk5 reef1 & he & all t he has is lo/2 he may h be5 a g5]al or "s o!r high (fic] :o is br\ght to trial "u a prejudice rais$ by in=m]s1 & ei!r put to dea?1 or exil$1 or depriv$ ( ! privileges ( a citiz51 & all 8 prop]ty tak5 f him4 ,no?+ m likely4 ,& ! son has se5 & kn[n all ?is--he is a ru9$ man1 & 8 fe> has taught him to knock ambition & passion head-=emo/ f 8 bosom's ?rone2 humbl$ by pov]ty he takes to money-mak+ & by mean & mis]ly sav+s & h>d "w gets a =tune toge!r4 ,is n su* an "o likely to seat ! concupisc5t & covet\s elem5t on ! vacant ?rone & to suff] x to play ! great k+ )9 him1 girt ) ti>a & *a9 & scimit>8 ,mo/ true1 he repli$4 ,& :5 he has made reason & _s sit d[n on ! gr\nd ob$i5tly on ei!r side ( _! sov]eign1 & taught !m to "k _! place1 he compels ! "o to ?9k only ( h[ less] sums may be turn$ into l>g] ones1 & w n all[ ! o!r to wor%ip & admire any?+ b ri*es & ri* m51 or to be ambiti\s ( any?+ s mu* z ! acquisition ( weal? & ! means ( acquir+ x4 ,( all *anges1 he said1 !re is none s spe$y or s sure z ! conv]sion ( ! ambiti\s y\? into ! av>ici\s "o4 ,& ! av>ici\s1 ,i said1 is ! olig>*ical y\?8 ,yes1 he said2 at any rate ! individual out ( :om he came is l ! ,/ate out ( :i* olig>*y came4 ,let u !n consid] :e!r !re is any lik5ess betwe5 !m4 ,v good4 ,fir/1 !n1 !y resemble "o ano!r 9 ! value :i* !y set ^u weal?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,also 9 _! p5uri\s1 labori\s "*2 ! individual only satisfies 8 necess>y appetites1 & conf9es 8 exp5diture to !m2 8 o!r desires he subdues1 "u ! idea t !y are unpr(itable4 ,true4 ,he is a %abby fell[1 :o saves some?+ out ( ev]y?+ & makes a purse = himself2 & ?is is ! sort ( man :om ! vulg> applaud4 ,is he n a true image ( ! ,/ate :i* he repres5ts8 ,he appe>s to me to be s2 at any rate money is highly valu$ by him z well z by ! ,/ate4 ,y see t he is n a man ( cultivation1 ,i said4 ,i imag9e n1 he said2 _h he be5 educat$ he w\ld nev] h made a bl9d god director ( 8 *orus1 or giv5 him *ief hon\r4 ,excell5t6 ,i said4 ,yet consid]3 ,mu/ we n fur!r admit t ow+ to ?is want ( cultivation !re w be f\nd 9 him dronelike desires z ( paup] & rogue1 :i* are =cibly kept d[n by 8 g5]al habit ( life8 ,true4 ,d y "k :]e y w h to look if y want to discov] 8 rogu]ies8 ,:]e mu/ ,i look8 ,y %\ld see him :]e he has "s great opportunity ( act+ di%one/ly1 z 9 ! gu>dian%ip ( an orphan4 ,aye4 ,x w be cle> en\gh !n t 9 8 ord9>y deal+s :i* give him a reputation = hone/y he co]ces 8 bad passions by an en=c$ virtue2 n mak+ !m see t !y are wrong1 or tam+ !m by reason1 b by necessity & fe> con/ra9+ !m1 & because he trembles = 8 possessions4 ,to be sure4 ,yes1 inde$1 my de> fri5d1 b y w f9d t ! natural desires ( ! drone commonly exi/ 9 him all ! same :5ev] he has to sp5d :at is n 8 own4 ,yes1 & !y w be /rong 9 him too4 ,! man1 !n1 w be at w> ) himself2 he w be two m51 & n "o2 b1 9 g5]al1 8 bett] desires w be f\nd to prevail ov] 8 inf]ior ones4 ,true4 ,= ^! reasons su* an "o w be m respectable ?an mo/ p2 yet ! true virtue ( a unanim\s & h>moni\s s\l w flee f> away & nev] come ne> him4 ,i %\ld expect s4 ,& surely1 ! mis] individually w be an ignoble competitor 9 a ,/ate = any prize ( victory1 or o!r object ( hon\rable ambition2 he w n sp5d 8 money 9 ! conte/ = glory2 s afraid is he ( awak5+ 8 exp5sive appetites & invit+ !m to help & jo9 9 ! /ruggle2 9 true olig>*ical fa%ion he fights ) a small "p only ( 8 res\rces1 & ! result commonly is t he loses ! prize & saves 8 money4 ,v true4 ,c we any long] d\bt1 !n1 t ! mis] & money-mak] answ]s to ! olig>*ical ,/ate8 ,!re c be no d\bt4 ,next comes democracy2 ( ?is ! orig9 & nature h /ill to be consid]$ by u2 & !n we w enquire into ! ways ( ! democratic man1 & br+ him up = judgem5t4 ,t1 he said1 is our me?od4 ,well1 ,i said1 & h[ does ! *ange f olig>*y into democracy arise8 ,is x n on ?is wise8--,! good at :i* su* a ,/ate alms is to become z ri* z possible1 a desire :i* is insatiable8 ,:at !n8 ,! rul]s1 be+ aw>e t _! p[] re/s ^u _! weal?1 refuse to curtail by law ! extravagance ( ! sp5d?rift y\? because !y ga9 by _! ru92 !y take int]e/ f !m & buy up _! e/ates & ?us increase _! own weal? & importance8 ,to be sure4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! love ( weal? & ! _s ( mod]ation _c exi/ toge!r 9 citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate to any consid]able ext5t2 "o or ! o!r w be disreg>d$4 ,t is tol]ably cle>4 ,& 9 olig>*ical ,/ates1 f ! g5]al spread ( c>elessness & extravagance1 m5 ( good family h (t5 be5 r$uc$ to begg>y8 ,yes1 (t54 ,& /ill !y rema9 9 ! city2 !re !y are1 ready to /+ & fully arm$1 & "s ( !m owe money1 "s h =feit$ _! citiz5%ip2 a ?ird class are 9 bo? pr$icam5ts2 & !y hate & conspire aga9/ ^? :o h got _! prop]ty1 & aga9/ ev]ybody else1 & are eag] = revolution4 ,t is true4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 ( bus9ess1 /oop+ z !y walk1 & pret5d+ n ev5 to see ^? :om !y h already ru9$1 ins]t _! /+--t is1 _! money--into "s "o else :o is n on 8 gu>d aga9/ !m1 & recov] ! p>5t sum _m times ov] multipli$ into a family ( *ildr53 & s !y make drone & paup] to ab\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 he said1 !re are pl5ty ( !m--t is c]ta94 ,! evil blazes up l a fire2 & !y w n ext+ui% x1 ei!r by re/rict+ a man's use ( 8 own prop]ty1 or by ano!r rem$y3 ,:at o!r8 ,"o :i* is ! next be/1 & has ! advantage ( compell+ ! citiz5s to look to _! *>act]s3--,let !re be a g5]al rule t e "o %all ent] into volunt>y contracts at 8 own risk1 & !re w be less ( ?is sc&al\s money-mak+1 & ! evils ( :i* we 7 speak+ w be greatly less5$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 !y w be greatly less5$4 ,at pres5t ! gov]nors1 induc$ by ! motives :i* ,i h nam$1 treat _! subjects badly2 :ile !y & _! adh]5ts1 especially ! "y m5 ( ! gov]n+ class1 are habituat$ to lead a life ( luxury & idl5ess bo? ( body & m9d2 !y d no?+1 & are incapable ( resi/+ ei!r pleasure or pa94 ,v true4 ,!y !mselves c>e only = mak+ money1 & are z indiff]5t z ! paup] to ! cultivation ( virtue4 ,yes1 q z indiff]5t4 ,su* is ! /ate ( affairs :i* prevails among !m4 ,& (t5 rul]s & _! subjects may come 9 "o ano!r's way1 :e!r on a pilgrimage or a m>*1 z fell[-soldi]s or fell[-sailors2 aye1 & !y may obs]ve ! behavi\r ( ea* o!r 9 ! v mom5t ( dang]--= :]e dang] is1 !re is no fe> t ! poor w be despis$ by ! ri*--& v likely ! wiry sunburnt poor man may be plac$ 9 battle at ! side ( a weal?y "o :o has nev] spoilt 8 complexion & has pl5ty ( sup]flu\s fle%--:5 he sees su* an "o puff+ & at 8 wit's end1 h[ c he avoid draw+ ! conclusion t m5 l him are only ri* because no "o has ! c\rage to despoil !m8 ,& :5 !y meet 9 private w n p be say+ to "o ano!r ',our w>riors are n good = mu*'8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i am q aw>e t ?is is _! way ( talk+4 ,&1 z 9 a body :i* is diseas$ ! addition ( a t\* f )\t may br+ on illness1 & sometimes ev5 :5 !re is no ext]nal provocation a commotion may arise )9-9 ! same way :]ev] !re is weakness 9 ! ,/ate !re is also likely to be illness1 ( :i* ! occasions may be v slight1 ! "o p>ty introduc+ f )\t _! olig>*ical1 ! o!r _! democratical allies1 & !n ! ,/ate falls sick1 & is at w> ) h]self2 & may be at times di/ract$1 ev5 :5 !re is no ext]nal cause4 ,yes1 surely4 ,& !n democracy comes into be+ aft] ! poor h conqu]$ _! oppon5ts1 slaught]+ "s & bani%+ "s1 :ile to ! rema9d] !y give an equal %>e ( fre$om & p[]2 & ?is is ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! magi/rates are commonly elect$ by lot4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! nature ( democracy1 :e!r ! revolution has be5 effect$ by arms1 or :e!r fe> has caus$ ! opposite p>ty to )draw4 ,& n[ :at is _! mann] ( life1 & :at sort ( a gov]nm5t h !y8 = z ! gov]nm5t is1 su* w be ! man4 ,cle>ly1 he said4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 are !y n free2 & is n ! city full ( fre$om & frankness--a man may say & d :at he likes8 ',tis said s1 he repli$4 ,& :]e fre$om is1 ! individual is cle>ly able to ord] = himself 8 own life z he pleases8 ,cle>ly4 ,!n 9 ?is k9d ( ,/ate !re w be ! greate/ v>iety ( human natures8 ,!re w4 ,?is1 !n1 seems likely to be ! faire/ ( ,/ates1 be+ an embroid]$ robe :i* is spangl$ ) e sort ( fl[]4 ,& j z wom5 & *ildr5 ?9k a v>iety ( col\rs to be ( all ?+s mo/ *>m+1 s !re are _m m5 to :om ?is ,/ate1 :i* is spangl$ ) ! mann]s & *>act]s ( mank9d1 w appe> to be ! faire/ ( ,/ates4 ,yes4 ,yes1 my good ,sir1 & !re w be no bett] 9 :i* to look = a gov]nm5t4 ,:y8 ,because ( ! lib]ty :i* reigns !re--!y h a complete assortm5t ( con/itutions2 & he :o has a m9d to e/abli% a ,/ate1 z we h be5 do+1 mu/ g to a democracy z he w\ld to a baza> at :i* !y sell !m1 & pick out ! "o t suits him2 !n1 :5 he has made 8 *oice1 he may f\nd 8 ,/ate4 ,he w be sure to h patt]ns en\gh4 ,& !re be+ no necessity1 ,i said1 = y to gov]n 9 ?is ,/ate1 ev5 if y h ! capacity1 or to be gov]n$1 unless y l1 or g to w> :5 ! re/ g to w>1 or to be at peace :5 o!rs are at peace1 unless y are s dispos$--!re be+ no necessity also1 because "s law =bids y to hold (fice or be a dica/1 t y %\ld n hold (fice or be a dica/1 if y h a fancy--is n ?is a way ( life :i* = ! mom5t is supremely delightful ,= ! mom5t1 yes4 ,& is n _! humanity to ! condemn$ 9 "s cases q *>m+8 ,h y n obs]v$ h[1 9 a democracy1 _m p]sons1 al?\gh !y h be5 s5t5c$ to dea? or exile1 j /ay :]e !y are & walk ab\t ! _w--! g5tleman p>ades l a h]o1 & nobody sees or c>es8 ,yes1 he repli$1 _m & _m a "o4 ,see too1 ,i said1 ! =giv+ _s ( democracy1 & ! 'don't c>e' ab\t trifles1 & ! disreg>d :i* %e %[s ( all ! f9e pr9ciples :i* we solemnly laid d[n at ! f\ndation ( ! city--z :5 we said t1 except 9 ! case ( "s r>ely gift$ nature1 !re nev] w be a good man :o has n f 8 *ildhood be5 us$ to play amid ?+s ( beauty & make ( !m a joy & a /udy--h[ gr&ly does %e trample all ^! f9e notions ( ours "u h] feet1 nev] giv+ a ?\ght to ! pursuits :i* make a /atesman1 & promot+ to hon\r any "o :o pr(esses to be ! p's fri5d4 ,yes1 %e is ( a noble _s4 ,^! & o!r k9dr$ *>act]i/ics are prop] to democracy1 :i* is a *>m+ =m ( gov]nm5t1 full ( v>iety & disord]1 & disp5s+ a sort ( equality to equals & unequals alike4 ,we "k h] well4 ,consid] n[1 ,i said1 :at mann] ( man ! individual is1 or r consid]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,/ate1 h[ he comes into be+4 ,v good1 he said4 ,is n ?is ! way--he is ! son ( ! mis]ly & olig>*ical fa!r :o has tra9$ him 9 8 own habits8 ,exactly4 ,&1 l 8 fa!r1 he keeps "u by =ce ! pleasures :i* are ( ! sp5d+ & n ( ! gett+ sort1 be+ ^? :i* are call$ unnecess>y8 ,obvi\sly4 ,w\ld y l1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 to di/+ui% :i* are ! necess>y & :i* are ! unnecess>y pleasures8 ,i %\ld4 ,are n necess>y pleasures ^? ( :i* we _c get rid1 & ( :i* ! satisfaction is a b5efit to u8 ,& !y are rightly s1 because we are fram$ by nature to desire bo? :at is b5eficial & :at is necess>y1 & _c help x4 ,true4 ,we are n wrong !re=e 9 call+ !m necess>y8 ,we are n4 ,& ! desires ( :i* a man may get rid1 if he takes pa9s f 8 y\? upw>ds--( :i* ! pres5ce1 moreov]1 does no good1 & 9 "s cases ! rev]se ( good--%all we n be "r 9 say+ t all ^! are unnecess>y8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,suppose we select an example ( ei!r k9d1 9 ord] t we may h a g5]al notion ( !m8 ,v good4 ,w n ! desire ( eat+1 t is1 ( simple food & condim5ts1 9 s f> z !y are requir$ = heal? & /r5g?1 be ( ! necess>y class8 ,t is :at ,i %\ld suppose4 ,! pleasure ( eat+ is necess>y 9 two ways2 x does u good & x is ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( life8 ,yes4 ,b ! condim5ts are only necess>y 9 s f> z !y are good = heal?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! desire :i* goes beyond ?is1 or m delicate food1 or o!r luxuries1 :i* might g5]ally be got rid (1 if controll$ & tra9$ 9 y\?1 & is hurtful to ! body1 & hurtful to ! s\l 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom & virtue1 may be rightly call$ unnecess>y8 ,v true4 ,may we n say t ^! desires sp5d1 & t ! o!rs make money because !y conduce to production8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ( ! pleasures ( love1 & all o!r pleasures1 ! same holds good8 ,true4 ,& ! drone ( :om we spoke 0 he :o 0 surfeit$ 9 pleasures & desires ( ?is sort1 & 0 ! slave ( ! unnecess>y desires1 :]eas he :o 0 subject o ! necess>y only 0 mis]ly & olig>*ical8 ,v true4 ,aga91 let u see h[ ! democratical man gr[s out ( ! olig>*ical3 ! foll[+1 z ,i suspect1 is commonly ! process4 ,:at is ! process8 ,:5 a "y man :o has be5 br\ght up z we 7 j n[ describ+1 9 a vulg> & mis]ly way1 has ta/$ drones' honey & has come to associate ) fi]ce & crafty natures :o are able to provide = him all sorts ( ref9em5ts & v>ieties ( pleasure--!n1 z y may imag9e1 ! *ange w beg9 ( ! olig>*ical pr9ciple )9 him into ! democratical8 ,inevitably4 ,& z 9 ! city l 0 help+ l1 & ! *ange 0 effect$ by an alliance f )\t assi/+ "o division ( ! citiz5s1 s too ! "y man is *ang$ by a class ( desires com+ f )\t to assi/ ! desires )9 him1 t :i* is & alike aga9 help+ t :i* is ak9 & alike8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if !re be any ally :i* aids ! olig>*ical pr9ciple )9 him1 :e!r ! influ5ce ( a fa!r or ( k9dr$1 advis+ or rebuk+ him1 !n !re arises 9 8 s\l a faction & an opposite faction1 & he goes to w> ) himself4 ,x mu/ be s4 ,& !re are times :5 ! democratical pr9ciple gives way to ! olig>*ical1 & "s ( 8 desires die1 & o!rs are bani%$2 a _s ( rev]5ce ent]s into ! "y man's s\l & ord] is re/or$4 ,yes1 he said1 t sometimes happ5s4 ,& !n1 aga91 aft] ! old desires h be5 driv5 out1 fre% ones spr+ up1 :i* are ak9 to !m1 & because he1 _! fa!r1 does n "k h[ to educate !m1 wax fi]ce & num]\s4 ,yes1 he said1 t is apt to be ! way4 ,!y draw him to 8 old associates1 & hold+ secret int]c\rse ) !m1 bre$ & multiply 9 him4 ,v true4 ,at l5g? !y seize ^u ! citadel ( ! "y man's s\l1 :i* !y p]ceive to be void ( all accompli%m5ts & fair pursuits & true words1 :i* make _! abode 9 ! m9ds ( m5 :o are de> to ! gods1 & are _! be/ gu>dians & s5t9els4 ,none bett]4 ,false & boa/ful conceits & phrases m\nt upw>ds & take _! place4 ,!y are c]ta9 to d s4 ,& s ! "y man returns into ! c\ntry ( ! lotus-eat]s1 & takes up 8 dwell+ !re 9 ! face ( all m52 & if any help be s5t by 8 fri5ds to ! olig>*ical "p ( him1 ! a=esaid va9 conceits %ut ! gate ( ! k+'s fa/ness2 & !y w nei!r all[ ! embassy itself to ent]1 private if private advis]s (f] ! fa!rly c\nsel ( ! ag$ w !y li/5 to !m or receive !m4 ,!re is a battle & !y ga9 ! day1 & !n mode/y1 :i* !y call sill9ess1 is ignom9i\sly ?ru/ into exile by !m1 & temp]ance1 :i* !y nickname unmanl9ess1 is trampl$ 9 ! mire & ca/ =?2 !y p]suade m5 t mod]ation & ord]ly exp5diture are vulg>ity & meanness1 & s1 by ! help ( a rabble ( evil appetites1 !y drive !m beyond ! bord]4 ,yes1 ) a w4 ,& :5 !y h empti$ & swept clean ! s\l ( him :o is n[ 9 _! p[] & :o is be+ initiat$ by !m 9 great my/]ies1 ! next ?+ is to br+ back to _! h\se insol5ce & an>*y & wa/e & impud5ce 9 bright array hav+ g>l&s on _! heads1 & a great company ) !m1 hymn+ _! praises & call+ !m by sweet names2 insol5ce !y t]m bre$+1 & an>*y lib]ty1 & wa/e magnific5ce1 & impud5ce c\rage4 ,& s ! "y man passes out ( 8 orig9al nature1 :i* 0 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( necessity1 into ! fre$om & lib]t9ism ( useless & unnecess>y pleasures4 ,yes1 he said1 ! *ange 9 him is visible en\gh4 ,aft] ?is he lives on1 sp5d+ 8 money & lab\r & "t on unnecess>y pleasures q z mu* z on necess>y ones2 b if he be =tunate1 & is n too mu* disord]$ 9 8 wits1 :5 ye>s h elaps$1 & ! heyday ( passion is ov]--suppos+ t he !n re-admits into ! city "s "p ( ! exil$ virtues1 & does n :olly give himself up to _! successors--9 t case he balances 8 pleasures & lives 9 a sort ( equilibrium1 putt+ ! gov]nm5t ( himself into ! h&s ( ! "o :i* comes fir/ & w9s ! turn2 & :5 he has _h en\gh ( t1 !n into ! h&s ( ano!r2 he despises none ( !m b enc\rages !m all equally4 ,v true1 he said4 ,nei!r does he receive or let pass into ! =tress any true ^w ( advice2 if any "o says to him t "s pleasures are ! satisfactions ( good & noble desires1 & o!rs ( evil desires1 & t he ought to use & hon\r "s & *a/ise & ma/] ! o!rs--:5ev] ?is is repeat$ to him he %akes 8 head & says t !y are all alike1 & t "o is z good z ano!r4 ,yes1 he said2 t is ! way ) him4 ,yes1 ,i said1 he lives f day to day indulg+ ! appetite ( ! h\r2 & sometimes he is lapp$ 9 dr9k & /ra9s ( ! flute2 !n he becomes a wat]-dr9k]1 & tries to get ?92 !n he takes a turn at gymna/ics2 sometimes idl+ & neglect+ ev]y?+1 !n once m liv+ ! life ( a philosoph]2 (t5 he-is busy ) politics1 & />ts to 8 feet & says & does :atev] comes into 8 head2 &1 if he is emul\s ( any "o :o is a w>rior1 (f he is 9 t direction1 or ( m5 ( bus9ess1 once m 9 t4 ,8 life has nei!r law nor ord]2 & ?is di/ract$ exi/5ce he t]ms joy & bliss & fre$om2 & s he goes on4 ,yes1 he repli$1 he is all lib]ty & equality4 ,yes1 ,i said2 8 life is motley & manifold & an epitome ( ! lives ( _m2--he answ]s to ! ,/ate :i* we describ$ z fair & spangl$4 ,& _m a man & _m a woman w take him = _! patt]n1 & _m a con/itution & _m an example ( mann]s is conta9$ 9 him4 ,j s4 ,let him !n be set ov] aga9/ democracy2 he may truly be call$ ! democratic man4 ,let t be 8 place1 he said4 ,la/ ( all comes ! mo/ beautiful ( all1 man & ,/ate alike1 tyranny & ! tyrant2 ^! we h n[ to consid]4 ,q true1 he said4 ,say !n1 my fri5d1 9 :at mann] does tyranny arise8--t x has a democratic orig9 is evid5t4 ,cle>ly4 ,& does n tyranny spr+ f democracy 9 ! same mann] z democracy f olig>*y--,i mean1 aft] a sort8 ,h[8 ,! good :i* olig>*y propos$ to itself & ! means by :i* x 0 ma9ta9$ 0 excess ( weal?--am ,i n "r8 ,yes4 ,& ! insatiable desire ( weal? & ! neglect ( all o!r ?+s = ! sake ( money-gett+ 0 also ! ru9 ( olig>*y8 ,true4 ,& democracy has h] own good1 ( :i* ! insatiable desire br+s h] to dissolution8 ,:at good8 ,fre$om1 ,i repli$2 :i*1 z !y tell y 9 a democracy1 is ! glory ( ! ,/ate--& t !re=e 9 a democracy alone w ! freeman ( nature deign to dwell4 ,yes2 ! say+ is 9 ev]ybody's m\?4 ,i 0 go+ to obs]ve1 t ! insatiable desire ( ?is & ! neglect ( o!r ?+s introduces ! *ange 9 democracy1 :i* occasions a dem& = tyranny4 ,h[ s8 ,:5 a democracy :i* is ?ir/+ = fre$om has evil cupbe>]s presid+ ov] ! fea/1 & has drunk too deeply ( ! /rong w9e ( fre$om1 !n1 unless h] rul]s are v am5able & give a pl5tiful draught1 %e calls !m to acc\nt & puni%es !m1 & says t !y are curs$ olig>*s4 ,yes1 he repli$1 a v common occurr5ce4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & loyal citiz5s are insult+ly t]m$ by h] slaves :o hug _! *a9s & m5 ( naught2 %e w\ld h subjects :o are l rul]s1 & rul]s :o are l subjects3 ^! are m5 aft] h] own he>t1 :om %e praises & hon\rs bo? 9 private & public4 ,n[1 9 su* a ,/ate1 c lib]ty h any limit8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,by degrees ! an>*y f9ds a way into private h\ses1 & ends by gett+ among ! animals & infect+ !m4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i mean t ! fa!r gr[s accu/om$ to desc5d to ! level ( 8 sons & to fe> !m1 & ! son is on a level ) 8 fa!r1 he hav+ no respect or rev]5ce = ei!r ( 8 p>5ts2 & ?is is 8 fre$om1 & metic is equal ) ! citiz5 & ! citiz5 ) ! metic1 & ! /rang] is q z good z ei!r4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! way4 ,& ^! are n ! only evils1 ,i said--!re are sev]al less] ones3 ,9 su* a /ate ( society ! ma/] fe>s & flatt]s 8 s*ol>s1 & ! s*ol>s despise _! ma/]s & tutors2 "y & old are all alike2 & ! "y man is on a level ) ! old1 & is ready to compete ) him 9 ^w or de$2 & old m5 condesc5d to ! "y & are full ( pleasantry & gaiety2 !y are lo? to be ?\ght morose & au?oritative1 & !re=e !y adopt ! mann]s ( ! "y4 ,q true1 he said4 ,! la/ extreme ( popul> lib]ty is :5 ! slave b\ght ) money1 :e!r male or female1 is j z free z 8 or h] pur*as]2 nor mu/ ,i =get to tell ( ! lib]ty & equality ( ! two sexes 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,:y n1 z ,aes*ylus says1 utt] ! ^w :i* rises to our lips8 ,t is :at ,i am do+1 ,i repli$2 & ,i mu/ add t no "o :o does n "k w\ld believe1 h[ mu* great] is ! lib]ty :i* ! animals :o are "u ! dom9ion ( man h 9 a democracy ?an 9 any o!r ,/ate3 = truly1 ! %e-dogs1 z ! prov]b says1 are z good z _! %e-mi/resses1 & ! horses & asses h a way ( m>*+ along ) all ! rights & dignities ( freem52 & !y w run at anybody :o comes 9 _! way if he does n leave ! road cle> = !m3 & all ?+s are j ready to bur/ ) lib]ty4 ,:5 ,i take a c\ntry walk1 he said1 ,i (t5 exp]i5ce :at y describe4 ,y & ,i h dream$ ! same ?+4 ,& above all1 ,i said1 & z ! result ( all1 see h[ s5sitive ! citiz5s become2 !y *afe impati5tly at ! lea/ t\* ( au?ority & at l5g?1 z y "k1 !y cease to c>e ev5 = ! laws1 writt5 or unwritt52 !y w h no "o ov] !m4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i "k x too well4 ,su*1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 is ! fair & glori\s beg9n+ out ( :i* spr+s tyranny4 ,glori\s inde$1 he said4 ,b :at is ! next /ep8 ,! ru9 ( olig>*y is ! ru9 ( democracy2 ! same disease magnifi$ & int5sifi$ by lib]ty ov]ma/]s democracy--! tru? be+ t ! excessive increase ( any?+ (t5 causes a reaction 9 ! opposite direction2 & ?is is ! case n only 9 ! seasons & 9 vegetable & animal life1 b above all 9 =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,true4 ,! excess ( lib]ty1 :e!r 9 ,/ates or individuals1 seems only to pass into excess ( slav]y4 ,yes1 ! natural ord]4 ,& s tyranny naturally arises out ( democracy1 & ! mo/ aggravat$ =m ( tyranny & slav]y out ( ! mo/ extreme =m ( lib]ty8 ,z we might expect4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 n1 z ,i believe1 y\r "q-y r desir$ to "k :at is t disord] :i* is g5]at$ alike 9 olig>*y & democracy1 & is ! ru9 ( bo?8 ,j s1 he repli$4 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i meant to ref] to ! class ( idle sp5d?rifts1 ( :om ! m c\rage\s are !-lead]s & ! m timid ! foll[]s1 ! same :om we 7 comp>+ to drones1 "s /+less1 & o!rs hav+ /+s4 ,a v j comp>ison4 ,^! two classes are ! plagues ( e city 9 :i* !y are g5]at$1 be+ :at phlegm & bile are to ! body4 ,& ! good physician & lawgiv] ( ! ,/ate ought1 l ! wise bee-ma/]1 to keep !m at a di/ance & prev5t1 if possible1 _! ev] com+ 92 & if !y h anyh[ f\nd a way 91 !n he %\ld h !m & _! cells cut out z spe$ily z possible4 ,yes1 by all means1 he said4 ,!n1 9 ord] t we may see cle>ly :at we are do+1 let u imag9e democracy to be divid$1 z inde$ x is1 into ?ree classes2 = 9 ! fir/ place fre$om creates r m drones 9 ! democratic ?an !re 7 9 ! olig>*ical ,/ate4 ,t is true4 ,& 9 ! democracy !y are c]ta9ly m int5sifi$4 ,h[ s8 ,because 9 ! olig>*ical ,/ate !y are disqualifi$ & driv5 f (fice1 & !re=e !y _c tra9 or ga!r /r5g?2 :]eas 9 a democracy !y are almo/ ! entire rul+ p[]1 & :ile ! ke5] sort speak & act1 ! re/ keep buzz+ ab\t ! bema & d n suff] a ^w to be said on ! o!r side2 h5ce 9 democracies almo/ ev]y?+ is manag$ by ! drones4 ,v true1 he said4 ,!n !re is ano!r class :i* is always be+ sev]$ f ! mass4 ,:at is t8 ,!y are ! ord]ly class1 :i* 9 a nation ( trad]s sure to be ! ri*e/4 ,naturally s4 ,!y are ! mo/ squeezable p]sons & yield ! l>ge/ am\nt ( honey to ! drones4 ,:y1 he said1 !re is little to be squeez$ out ( p :o h little4 ,& ?is is call$ ! weal?y class1 & ! drones fe$ ^u !m4 ,t is pretty mu* ! case1 he said4 ,! p are a ?ird class1 consi/+ ( ^? :o "w ) _! own h&s2 !y are n politicians1 & h n mu* to live ^u4 ,?is1 :5 assembl$1 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful class 9 a democracy4 ,true1 he said2 b !n ! multitude is seldom will+ to congregate unless !y get a little honey4 ,& d !y n %>e8 ,i said4 ,d n _! lead]s deprive ! ri* ( _! e/ates & di/ribute !m among ! p2 at ! same "t tak+ c>e to res]ve ! l>g] "p = !mselves8 ,:y1 yes1 he said1 to t ext5t ! p d %>e4 ,& ! p]sons ^: prop]ty is tak5 f !m are compell$ to def5d !mselves be=e ! p z !y be/ c8 ,:at else c !y d8 ,& !n1 al?\gh !y may h no desire ( *ange1 ! o!rs *>ge !m ) plott+ aga9/ ! p & be+ fri5ds ( olig>*y8 ,true4 ,& ! end is t :5 !y see ! p1 n ( _! own accord1 b ?r\gh ignorance1 & because !y are deceiv$ by in=m]s1 seek+ to d !m wrong1 !n at la/ !y are =c$ to become olig>*s 9 reality2 !y d n wi% to be1 b ! /+ ( ! drones torm5ts !m & bre$s revolution 9 !m4 ,t is exactly ! tru?4 ,!n come impea*m5ts & judgm5ts & trials ( "o ano!r4 ,true4 ,! p h always "s *ampion :om !y set ov] !m & nurse into greatness4 ,yes1 t is _! way4 ,?is & no o!r is ! root f :i* a tyrant spr+s2 :5 he fir/ appe>s above gr\nd he is a protector4 ,yes1 t is q cle>4 ,h[ !n does a protector beg9 to *ange into a tyrant8 ,cle>ly :5 he does :at ! man is said to d 9 ! tale ( ! ,arcadian temple ( ,lycaean ,zeus4 ,:at tale8 ,! tale is t he :o has ta/$ ! entrails ( a s+le human victim m9c$ up ) ! entrails ( o!r victims is de/9$ to become a wolf4 ,did y nev] he> x8 ,oh1 yes4 ,& ! protector ( ! p is l him2 hav+ a mob entirely at 8 disposal1 he is n re/ra9$ f %$d+ ! blood ( k9sm52 by ! fav\rite me?od ( false accusation he br+s !m into c\rt & murd]s !m1 mak+ ! life ( man to disappe>1 & ) unholy tongue & lips ta/+ ! blood ( 8 fell[ citiz52 "s he kills & o!rs he bani%es1 at ! same "t h9t+ at ! abolition ( debts & p>tition ( l&s3 & aft] ?is1 :at w be 8 de/9y8 ,mu/ he n ei!r p]i% at ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 or f be+ a man become a wolf--t is1 a tyrant8 ,inevitably4 ,?is1 ,i said1 is he :o beg9s to make a p>ty aga9/ ! ri*8 ,! same4 ,aft] a :ile he is driv5 out1 b comes back1 9 spite ( 8 enemies1 a tyrant full gr[n4 ,t is cle>4 ,& if !y are unable to expel him1 or to get him condemn$ to dea? by a public accusation1 !y conspire to assass9ate him4 ,yes1 he said1 t is _! usual way4 ,!n comes ! fam\s reque/ = a bodygu>d1 :i* is ! device ( all ^? :o h got ?us f> 9 _! tyrannical c>e]--',let n ! p's fri5d1' z !y say1 'be lo/ to !m4' ,exactly4 ,! p readily ass5t2 all _! fe>s are = him--!y h none = !mselves4 ,v true4 ,& :5 a man :o is weal?y & is also accus$ ( be+ an enemy ( ! p sees ?is1 !n1 my fri5d1 z ! oracle said to ,croesus1 ,by pebbly ,h]mus' %ore he flees & re/s n & is n a%am$ to be a c[>d4 ,& q "r too1 said he1 = if he 71 he w\ld nev] be a%am$ aga94 ,b if he is caught he dies4 ,( c\rse4 ,& he1 ! protector ( :om we spoke1 is to be se51 n 'l>d+ ! pla9' ) 8 bulk1 b himself ! ov]?r[] ( _m1 /&+ up 9 ! *>iot ( ,/ate ) ! re9s 9 8 h&1 no long] protector1 b tyrant absolute4 ,no d\bt1 he said4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! happ9ess ( ! man1 & also ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* a creature l him is g5]at$4 ,yes1 he said1 let u consid] t4 ,at fir/1 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 p[]1 he is full ( smiles1 & he salutes e "o :om he meets2--he to be call$ a tyrant1 :o is mak+ promises 9 public & also 9 private6 lib]at+ debtors1 & di/ribut+ l& to ! p & 8 foll[]s1 & want+ to be s k9d & good to e "o6 ,( c\rse1 he said4 ,b :5 he has dispos$ ( =eign enemies by conque/ or treaty1 & !re is no?+ to fe> f !m1 !n he is always /irr+ up "s w> or o!r1 9 ord] t ! p may require a lead]4 ,to be sure4 ,has he n also ano!r object1 :i* is t !y may be impov]i%$ by paym5t ( taxes1 & ?us compell$ to devote !mselves to _! daily wants & !re=e less likely to conspire aga9/ him8 ,cle>ly4 ,& if any ( !m are suspect$ by him ( hav+ notions ( fre$om1 & ( resi/ance to 8 au?ority1 he w h a good pretext = de/roy+ !m by plac+ !m at ! m]cy ( ! enemy2 & = all ^! reasons ! tyrant mu/ be always gett+ up a w>4 ,he mu/4 ,n[ he beg9s to gr[ unpopul>4 ,a necess>y result4 ,!n "s ( ^? :o jo9$ 9 sett+ him up1 & :o are 9 p[]1 speak _! m9ds to him & to "o ano!r1 & ! m c\rage\s ( !m ca/ 9 8 tee? :at is be+ done4 ,yes1 t may be expect$4 ,& ! tyrant1 if he means to rule1 mu/ get rid ( !m2 he _c /op :ile he has a fri5d or an enemy :o is good = any?+4 ,he _c4 ,& !re=e he mu/ look ab\t him & see :o is valiant1 :o is high-m9d$1 :o is wise1 :o is weal?y2 happy man1 he is ! enemy ( !m all1 & mu/ seek occasion aga9/ !m :e!r he w or no1 until he has made a purgation ( ! ,/ate4 ,yes1 he said1 & a r>e purgation4 ,yes1 ,i said1 n ! sort ( purgation :i* ! physicians make ( ! body2 = !y take away ! worse & leave ! bett] "p1 b he does ! rev]se4 ,if he is to rule1 ,i suppose t he _c help himself4 ,:at a bless$ alt]native1 ,i said3--to be compell$ to dwell only ) ! _m bad1 & to be by !m hat$1 or n to live at all6 ,yes1 t is ! alt]native4 ,& ! m dete/able 8 actions are to ! citiz5s ! m satellites & ! great] devotion 9 !m w he require8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :o are ! devot$ b&1 & :]e w he procure !m8 ,!y w flock to him1 he said1 ( _! own accord1 if lie pays !m4 ,by ! dog6 ,i said1 "h are m drones1 ( e sort & f e l&4 ,yes1 he said1 !re are4 ,b w he n desire to get !m on ! spot8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,he w rob ! citiz5s ( _! slaves2 he w !n set !m free & enrol !m 9 8 bodygu>d4 ,to be sure1 he said2 & he w be able to tru/ !m be/ ( all4 ,:at a bless$ creature1 ,i said1 mu/ ?is tyrant be2 he has put to dea? ! o!rs & has ^! = 8 tru/$ fri5ds4 ,yes1 he said2 !y are q ( 8 sort4 ,yes1 ,i said1 & ^! are ! new citiz5s :om he has call$ into exi/5ce1 :o admire him & are 8 companions1 :ile ! good hate & avoid him4 ,( c\rse4 ,v]ily1 !n1 trag$y is a wise ?+ & ,euripides a great trag$ian4 ,:y s8 ,:y1 because he is ! au?or ( ! pregnant say+1 ,tyrants are wise by liv+ ) ! wise2 & he cle>ly meant to say t !y are ! wise :om ! tyrant makes 8 companions4 ,yes1 he said1 & he also praises tyranny z godlike2 & _m o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d are said by him & by ! o!r poets4 ,& !re=e1 ,i said1 ! tragic poets be+ wise m5 w =give u & any o!rs :o live aft] our mann] if we d n receive !m into our ,/ate1 because !y are ! eulogi/s ( tyranny4 ,yes1 he said1 ^? :o h ! wit w d\btless =give u4 ,b !y w cont9ue to g to o!r cities & attract mobs1 & hire voices fair & l\d & p]suasive1 & draw ! cities ov] to tyrannies & democracies4 ,v true4 ,moreov]1 !y are paid = ?is & receive hon\r--! greate/ hon\r1 z might be expect$1 f tyrants1 & ! next greate/ f democracies2 b ! high] !y asc5d our con/itution hill1 ! m _! reputation fails1 & seems unable f %ortness ( brea? to proce$ fur!r4 ,true4 ,b we are w&]+ f ! subject3 ,let u !re=e return & enquire h[ ! tyrant w ma9ta9 t fair & num]\s & v>i\s & ev]-*ang+ army ( 84 ,if1 he said1 !re are sacr$ treasures 9 ! city1 he w confiscate & sp5d !m2 & 9 s f> z ! =tunes ( atta9t$ p]sons may suffice1 he w be able to dim9i% ! taxes :i* he w\ld o!rwise h to impose ^u ! p4 ,& :5 ^! fail8 ,:y1 cle>ly1 he said1 !n he & 8 boon companions1 :e!r male or female1 w be ma9ta9$ out ( 8 fa!r's e/ate4 ,y mean to say t ! p1 f :om he has d]iv$ 8 be+1 w ma9ta9 him & 8 companions8 ,yes1 he said2 !y _c help !mselves4 ,b :at if ! p fly into a passion1 & av] t a gr[n-up son ought n to be support$ by 8 fa!r1 b t ! fa!r %\ld be support$ by ! son8 ,! fa!r did n br+ him into be+1 or settle him 9 life1 9 ord] t :5 8 son became a man he %\ld himself be ! s]vant ( 8 own s]vants & %\ld support him & 8 rabble ( slaves & companions2 b t 8 son %\ld protect him1 & t by 8 help he might be emancipat$ f ! gov]nm5t ( ! ri* & ari/ocratic1 z !y are t]m$4 ,& s he bids him & 8 companions dep>t1 j z any o!r fa!r might drive out ( ! h\se a riot\s son & 8 undesirable associates4 ,by heav51 he said1 !n ! p>5t w discov] :at a mon/] he has be5 fo/]+ 9 8 bosom2 &1 :5 he wants to drive him out1 he w f9d t he is weak & 8 son /rong4 ,:y1 y d n mean to say t ! tyrant w use viol5ce8 ,:at6 beat 8 fa!r if he opposes him8 ,yes1 he w1 hav+ fir/ dis>m$ him4 ,!n he is a p>ricide1 & a cruel gu>dian ( an ag$ p>5t2 & ?is is real tyranny1 ab\t :i* !re c be no long] a mi/ake3 z ! say+ is1 ! p :o w\ld escape ! smoke :i* is ! slav]y ( freem51 has fall5 into ! fire :i* is ! tyranny ( slaves4 ,?us lib]ty1 gett+ out ( all ord] & reason1 passes into ! h>%e/ & bitt]e/ =m ( slav]y4 ,true1 he said4 ,v well2 & may we n rightly say t we h suffici5tly discuss$ ! nature ( tyranny1 & ! mann] ( ! transition f democracy to tyranny8 ,yes1 q en\gh1 he said4 ,,book ,,ix ,,socrates - ,,adeimantus ,,la/ ( all comes ! tyrannical man2 ab\t :om we h once m to ask1 h[ is he =m$ out ( ! democratical8 & h[ does he live1 9 happ9ess or 9 mis]y8 ,yes1 he said1 he is ! only "o rema9+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ,i said1 a previ\s "q :i* rema9s unansw]$4 ,:at "q8 ,i d n ?9k t we h adequately det]m9$ ! nature & numb] ( ! appetites1 & until ?is is accompli%$ ! enquiry w always be confus$4 ,well1 he said1 x is n too late to supply ! omission4 ,v true1 ,i said2 & obs]ve ! po9t :i* ,i want to und]/&3 ,c]ta9 ( ! unnecess>y pleasures & appetites ,i conceive to be unlawful2 e "o appe>s to h !m1 b 9 "s p]sons !y are controll$ by ! laws & by reason1 & ! bett] desires prevail ov] !m-ei!r !y are :olly bani%$ or !y become few & weak2 :ile 9 ! case ( o!rs !y are /rong]1 & !re are m ( !m4 ,:i* appetites d y mean8 ,i mean ^? :i* are awake :5 ! reason+ & human & rul+ p[] is asleep2 !n ! wild bea/ )9 u1 gorg$ ) meat or dr9k1 />ts up & hav+ %ak5 (f sleep1 goes =? to satisfy 8 desires2 & !re is no conceivable folly or crime--n except+ ince/ or any o!r unnatural union1 or p>ricide1 or ! eat+ ( =bidd5 food--:i* at su* a "t1 :5 he has p>t$ company ) all %ame & s5se1 a man may n be ready to commit4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,b :5 a man's pulse is heal?y & temp]ate1 & :5 be=e go+ to sleep he has awak5$ 8 rational p[]s1 & f$ !m on noble ?\ghts & enquiries1 collect+ himself 9 m$itation2 aft] hav+ fir/ indulg$ 8 appetites nei!r too mu* nor too little1 b j en\gh to lay !m to sleep1 & prev5t !m & _! enjoym5ts & pa9s f int]f]+ ) ! high] pr9ciple--:i* he leaves 9 ! solitude ( pure ab/raction1 free to contemplate & aspire to ! k ( ! unkn[n1 :e!r 9 pa/1 pres5t1 or future3 :5 aga9 he has allay$ ! passionate elem5t1 if he has a qu>rel aga9/ any "o--,i say1 :51 aft] pacify+ ! two irrational pr9ciples1 he r\ses up ! ?ird1 :i* is reason1 be=e he takes 8 re/1 !n1 z y "k1 he atta9s tru? mo/ ne>ly1 & is lea/ likely to be ! sport ( fanta/ic & lawless visions4 ,i q agree4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i h be5 runn+ into a digression2 b ! po9t :i* ,i desire to note is t 9 all ( u1 ev5 9 good m51 !re is a lawless wild-bea/ nature1 :i* pe]s out 9 sleep4 ,pray1 consid] :e!r ,i am "r1 & y agree ) me4 ,yes1 ,i agree4 ,& n[ rememb] ! "* :i* we attribut$ to ! democratic man4 ,he 0 suppos$ f 8 y\? upw>ds to h be5 tra9$ "u a mis]ly p>5t1 :o enc\rag$ ! sav+ appetites 9 him1 b disc\nt5anc$ ! unnecess>y1 :i* aim only at amusem5t & ornam5t8 ,true4 ,& !n he got into ! company ( a m ref9$1 lic5ti\s sort ( p1 & tak+ to all _! wanton ways ru%$ into ! opposite extreme f an abhorr5ce ( 8 fa!r's meanness4 ,at la/1 be+ a bett] man ?an 8 corruptors1 he 0 drawn 9 bo? directions until he halt$ midway & l$ a life1 n ( vulg> & slavi% passion1 b ( :at he deem$ mod]ate indulg5ce 9 v>i\s pleasures4 ,aft] ?is mann] ! democrat 0 g5]at$ out ( ! olig>*8 ,yes1 he said2 t 0 our view ( him1 & is s /ill4 ,& n[1 ,i said1 ye>s w h pass$ away1 & y mu/ conceive ?is man1 su* z he is1 to h a son1 :o is br\ght up 9 8 fa!r's pr9ciples4 ,i c imag9e him4 ,!n y mu/ fur!r imag9e ! same ?+ to happ5 to ! son :i* has already happ5$ to ! fa!r3--he is drawn into a p]fectly lawless life1 :i* by 8 s$uc]s is t]m$ p]fect lib]ty2 & 8 fa!r & fri5ds take "p ) 8 mod]ate desires1 & ! opposite p>ty assi/ ! opposite ones4 ,z soon z ^! dire magicians & tyrant-mak]s f9d t !y are los+ _! hold on him1 !y contrive to implant 9 him a ma/] passion1 to be "l ov] 8 idle & sp5d?rift lu/s--a sort ( mon/r\s w+$ drone--t is ! only image :i* w adequately describe him4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! only adequate image ( him4 ,& :5 8 o!r lu/s1 amid cl\ds ( inc5se & p]fumes & g>l&s & w9es1 & all ! pleasures ( a dissolute life1 n[ let loose1 come buzz+ ar\nd him1 n\ri%+ to ! utmo/ ! /+ ( desire :i* !y implant 9 8 drone-l nature1 !n at la/ ?is "l ( ! s\l1 hav+ ,madness = ! capta9 ( 8 gu>d1 breaks out into a fr5zy3 & if he f9ds 9 himself any good op9ions or appetites 9 process ( =mation1 & !re is 9 him any s5se ( %ame rema9+1 to ^! bett] pr9ciples he puts an end1 & ca/s !m =? until he has purg$ away temp]ance & br\ght 9 madness to ! full4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! way 9 :i* ! tyrannical man is g5]at$4 ,& is n ?is ! reason :y ( old love has be5 call$ a tyrant8 ,i %\ld n wond]4 ,fur!r1 ,i said1 has n a drunk5 man also ! _s ( a tyrant8 ,he has4 ,& y "k t a man :o is d]ang$ & n "r 9 8 m9d1 w fancy t he is able to rule1 n only ov] m51 b also ov] ! gods8 ,t he w4 ,& ! tyrannical man 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w comes into be+ :51 ei!r "u ! influ5ce ( nature1 or habit1 or bo?1 he becomes drunk51 lu/ful1 passionate8 ,o my fri5d1 is n t s8 ,assur$ly4 ,su* is ! man & su* is 8 orig94 ,& next1 h[ does he live8 ,suppose1 z p faceti\sly say1 y 7 to tell me4 ,i imag9e1 ,i said1 at ! next /ep 9 8 progress1 t !re w be fea/s & c>\sals & revell+s & c\rtezans1 & all t sort ( ?+2 ,love is ! "l ( ! h\se )9 him1 & ord]s all ! conc]ns ( 8 s\l4 ,t is c]ta94 ,yes2 & e day & e night desires gr[ up _m & =midable1 & _! dem&s are _m4 ,!y are inde$1 he said4 ,8 rev5ues1 if he has any1 are soon sp5t4 ,true4 ,!n comes debt & ! cutt+ d[n ( 8 prop]ty4 ,( c\rse4 ,:5 he has no?+ left1 mu/ n 8 desires1 cr[d+ 9 ! ne/ l "y rav5s1 be cry+ al\d = food2 & he1 goad$ on by !m1 & especially by love himself1 :o is 9 a mann] ! capta9 ( !m1 is 9 a fr5zy1 & w\ld fa9 discov] :om he c defraud or despoil ( 8 prop]ty1 9 ord] t he may gratify !m8 ,yes1 t is sure to be ! case4 ,he mu/ h money1 no matt] h[1 if he is to escape horrid pa9s & pangs4 ,he mu/4 ,& z 9 himself !re 0 a succession ( pleasures1 & ! new got ! bett] ( ! old & took away _! rights1 s he be+ y\ng] w claim to h m ?an 8 fa!r & 8 "m1 & if he has sp5t 8 own %>e ( ! prop]ty1 he w take a slice ( !irs4 ,no d\bt he w4 ,& if 8 p>5ts w n give way1 !n he w try fir/ ( all to *eat & deceive !m4 ,v true4 ,& if he fails1 !n he w use =ce & plund] !m4 ,yes1 probably4 ,& if ! old man & woman fight = _! own1 :at !n1 my fri5d8 ,w ! creature feel any compunction at tyranniz+ ov] !m8 ,nay1 he said1 ,i %\ld n feel at all com=table ab\t 8 p>5ts4 ,b1 ,o heav5s6 ,adeimantus1 on acc\nt ( "s newfangl$ love ( a h>lot1 :o is any?+ b a necess>y connection1 c y believe t he w\ld /rike ! "m :o is 8 anci5t fri5d & necess>y to 8 v exi/5ce1 & w\ld place h] "u ! au?ority ( ! o!r1 :5 %e is br\ght "u ! same ro( ) h]2 or t1 "u l circum/ances1 he w\ld d ! same to 8 )]$ old fa!r1 fir/ & mo/ indisp5sable ( fri5ds1 = ! sake ( "s newly f\nd bloom+ y\? :o is ! rev]se ( indisp5sable8 ,yes1 inde$1 he said2 ,i believe t he w\ld4 ,truly1 !n1 ,i said1 a tyrannical son is a bless+ to 8 fa!r & "m4 ,he is inde$1 he repli$4 ,he fir/ takes _! prop]ty1 & :5 t falls1 & pleasures are beg9n+ to sw>m 9 ! hive ( 8 s\l1 !n he breaks into a h\se1 or /eals ! g>m5ts ( "s nightly wayf>]2 next he proce$s to cle> a temple4 ,mean:ile ! old op9ions :i* he _h :5 a *ild1 & :i* gave judgm5t ab\t good & evil1 are ov]?r[n by ^? o!rs :i* h j be5 emancipat$1 & are n[ ! bodygu>d ( love & %>e 8 empire4 ,^! 9 8 democratic days1 :5 he 0 /ill subject to ! laws & to 8 fa!r1 7 only let loose 9 ! dreams ( sleep4 ,b n[ t he is "u ! dom9ion ( love1 he becomes always & 9 wak+ reality :at he 0 !n v r>ely & 9 a dream only2 he w commit ! f\le/ murd]1 or eat =bidd5 food1 or be guilty ( any o!r horrid act4 ,love is 8 tyrant1 & lives lordly 9 him & lawlessly1 & be+ himself a k+1 leads him on1 z a tyrant leads a ,/ate1 to ! p]=mance ( any reckless de$ by :i* he c ma9ta9 himself & ! rabble ( 8 associates1 :e!r ^? :om evil communications h br\ght 9 f )\t1 or ^? :om he himself has all[$ to break loose )9 him by reason ( a simil> evil nature 9 himself4 ,h we n "h a picture ( 8 way ( life8 ,yes1 inde$1 he said4 ,& if !re are only a few ( !m 9 ! ,/ate1 ! re/ ( ! p are well dispos$1 !y g away & become ! bodygu>d or m]c5>y soldi]s ( "s o!r tyrant :o may probably want !m = a w>2 & if !re is no w>1 !y /ay at home & d _m little pieces ( mis*ief 9 ! city4 ,:at sort ( mis*ief8 ,= example1 !y are ! ?ieves1 burgl>s1 cutpurses1 footpads1 robb]s ( temples1 man-/eal]s ( ! community2 or if !y are able to speak !y turn in=m]s1 & be> false witness1 & take bribes4 ,a small catalogue ( evils1 ev5 if ! p]petrators ( !m are few 9 numb]4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b small & great are comp>ative t]ms1 & all ^! ?+s1 9 ! mis]y & evil :i* !y inflict ^u a ,/ate1 d n come )9 a ?\s& miles ( ! tyrant2 :5 ?is noxi\s class & _! foll[]s gr[ num]\s & become consci\s ( _! /r5g?1 assi/$ by ! infatuation ( ! p1 !y *oose f among !mselves ! "o :o has mo/ ( ! tyrant 9 8 own s\l1 & him !y create _! tyrant4 ,yes1 he said1 & he w be ! mo/ fit to be a tyrant4 ,if ! p yield1 well & good2 b if !y resi/ him1 z he began by beat+ 8 own fa!r & "m1 s n[1 if he has ! p[]1 he beats !m1 & w keep 8 de> old fa!rl& or mo!rl&1 z ! ,cretans say1 9 subjection to 8 "y reta9]s :om he has introduc$ to be _! rul]s & ma/]s4 ,?is is ! end ( 8 passions & desires4 ,exactly4 ,:5 su* m5 are only private individuals & be=e !y get p[]1 ?is is _! "*2 !y associate entirely ) _! own flatt]]s or ready tools2 or if !y want any?+ f anybody1 !y 9 _! turn are equally ready to b[ d[n be=e !m3 !y pr(ess e sort ( affection = !m2 b :5 !y h ga9$ _! po9t !y "k !m no m4 ,yes1 truly4 ,!y are always ei!r ! ma/]s or s]vants & nev] ! fri5ds ( anybody2 ! tyrant nev] ta/es ( true fre$om or fri5d%ip4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& may we n rightly call su* m5 trea*]\s8 ,no "q4 ,also !y are utt]ly unju/1 if we 7 "r 9 our notion ( ju/ice8 ,yes1 he said1 & we 7 p]fectly "r4 ,let u !n sum up 9 a ^w1 ,i said1 ! "* ( ! wor/ man3 he is ! wak+ reality ( :at we dream$4 ,mo/ true4 ,& ?is is he :o be+ by nature mo/ ( a tyrant be>s rule1 & ! long] he lives ! m ( a tyrant he becomes4 ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,t is c]ta91 said ,glaucon1 tak+ 8 turn to answ]4 ,& w n he :o has be5 %[n to be ! wick$e/1 be also ! mo/ mis]able8 & he :o has tyranniz$ longe/ & mo/1 mo/ cont9ually & truly mis]able2 al?\gh ?is may n be ! op9ion ( m5 9 g5]al8 ,yes1 he said1 inevitably4 ,& mu/ n ! tyrannical man be l ! tyrannical1 ,/ate1 & ! democratical man l ! democratical ,/ate2 & ! same ( ! o!rs8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& z ,/ate is to ,/ate 9 virtue & happ9ess1 s is man 9 relation to man8 ,to be sure4 ,!n comp>+ our orig9al city1 :i* 0 "u a k+1 & ! city :i* is "u a tyrant1 h[ d !y /& z to virtue8 ,!y are ! opposite extremes1 he said1 = "o is ! v be/ & ! o!r is ! v wor/4 ,!re c be no mi/ake1 ,i said1 z to :i* is :i*1 & !re=e ,i w at once enquire :e!r y w\ld arrive at a simil> decision ab\t _! relative happ9ess & mis]y4 ,& "h we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be panic-/rick5 at ! app>ition ( ! tyrant1 :o is only a unit & may p]haps h a few reta9]s ab\t him2 b let u g z we ought into e corn] ( ! city & look all ab\t1 & !n we w give our op9ion4 ,a fair invitation1 he repli$2 & ,i see1 z e "o mu/1 t a tyranny is ! wret*$e/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ! rule ( a k+ ! happie/4 ,& 9 e/imat+ ! m5 too1 may ,i n fairly make a l reque/1 t ,i %\ld h a judge ^: m9d c ent] into & see ?r\gh human nature8 ,he mu/ n be l a *ild :o looks at ! outside & is dazzl$ at ! pomp\s aspect :i* ! tyrannical nature assumes to ! behold]1 b let him be "o :o has a cle> insight4 ,may ,i suppose t ! judgm5t is giv5 9 ! he>+ ( u all by "o :o is able to judge1 & has dwelt 9 ! same place ) him1 & be5 pres5t at 8 dally life & kn[n him 9 8 family relations1 :]e he may be se5 /ripp$ ( 8 trag$y attire1 & aga9 9 ! h\r ( public dang]--he %all tell u ab\t ! happ9ess & mis]y ( ! tyrant :5 comp>$ ) o!r m58 ,t aga91 he said1 is a v fair proposal4 ,%all ,i assume t we ourselves are able & exp]i5c$ judges & h be=e n[ met ) su* a p]son8 ,we %all !n h "s "o :o w answ] our enquiries4 ,by all means4 ,let me ask y n to =get ! p>allel ( ! individual & ! ,/ate2 be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & glanc+ 9 turn f "o to ! o!r ( !m1 w y tell me _! respective conditions8 ,:at d y mean8 he ask$4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,/ate1 ,i repli$1 w\ld y say t a city :i* is gov]n$ by a tyrant is free or enslav$8 ,no city1 he said1 c be m completely enslav$4 ,& yet1 z y see1 !re are freem5 z well z ma/]s 9 su* a ,/ate8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i see t !re are--a few2 b ! p1 speak+ g5]ally1 & ! be/ ( !m1 are mis]ably degrad$ & enslav$4 ,!n if ! man is l ! ,/ate1 ,i said1 mu/ n ! same rule prevail8 8 s\l is full ( meanness & vulg>ity--! be/ elem5ts 9 him are enslav$2 & !re is a small rul+ "p1 :i* is also ! wor/ & madde/4 ,inevitably4 ,& w\ld y say t ! s\l ( su* an "o is ! s\l ( a freeman1 or ( a slave8 ,he has ! s\l ( a slave1 9 my op9ion4 ,& ! ,/ate :i* is enslav$ "u a tyrant is utt]ly incapable ( act+ volunt>ily8 ,utt]ly incapable4 ,& also ! s\l :i* is "u a tyrant 7,i am speak+ ( ! s\l tak5 z a :ole7 is lea/ capable ( do+ :at %e desires2 !re is a gadfly :i* goads h]1 & %e is full ( tr\ble & remorse8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is ! city :i* is "u a tyrant ri* or poor8 ,poor4 ,& ! tyrannical s\l mu/ be always poor & insatiable8 ,true4 ,& mu/ n su* a ,/ate & su* a man be always full ( fe>8 ,yes1 inde$4 ,is !re any ,/ate 9 :i* y w f9d m ( lam5tation & sorr[ & groan+ & pa98 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& is !re any man 9 :om y w f9d m ( ?is sort ( mis]y ?an 9 ! tyrannical man1 :o is 9 a fury ( passions & desires8 ,impossible4 ,reflect+ ^u ^! & simil> evils1 y held ! tyrannical ,/ate to be ! mo/ mis]able ( ,/ates8 ,& ,i 0 "r1 he said4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i said4 ,& :5 y see ! same evils 9 ! tyrannical man1 :at d y say ( him8 ,i say t he is by f> ! mo/ mis]able ( all m54 ,!re1 ,i said1 ,i ?9k t y are beg9n+ to g wrong4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i d n ?9k t he has z yet rea*$ ! utmo/ extreme ( mis]y4 ,!n :o is m mis]able8 ,"o ( :om ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,:o is t8 ,he :o is ( a tyrannical nature1 & in/ead ( lead+ a private life has be5 curs$ ) ! fur!r mis=tune ( be+ a public tyrant4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ,i ga!r t y are "r4 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 b 9 ?is high argum5t y %\ld be a little m c]ta91 & %\ld n conjecture only2 = ( all que/ions1 ?is respect+ good & evil is ! greate/4 ,v true1 he said4 ,let me !n (f] y an illu/ration1 :i* may1 ,i ?9k1 ?r[ a light ^u ?is subject4 ,:at is y\r illu/ration8 ,! case ( ri* individuals 9 cities :o possess _m slaves3 f !m y may =m an idea ( ! tyrant's condition1 = !y bo? h slaves2 ! only diff]5ce is t he has m slaves4 ,yes1 t is ! diff]5ce4 ,y "k t !y live securely & h no?+ to appreh5d f _! s]vants8 ,:at %\ld !y fe>8 ,no?+4 ,b d y obs]ve ! reason ( ?is8 ,yes2 ! reason is1 t ! :ole city is leagu$ toge!r = ! protection ( ea* individual4 ,v true1 ,i said4 ,b imag9e "o ( ^! own]s1 ! ma/] say ( "s fifty slaves1 toge!r ) 8 family & prop]ty & slaves1 c>ri$ (f by a god into ! wild]ness1 :]e !re are no freem5 to help him--w he n be 9 an agony ( fe> le/ he & 8 wife & *ildr5 %\ld be put to dea? by 8 slaves8 ,yes1 he said1 he w be 9 ! utmo/ fe>4 ,! "t has arriv$ :5 he w be compell$ to flatt] div]s ( 8 slaves1 & make _m promises to !m ( fre$om & o!r ?+s1 mu* aga9/ 8 w--he w h to cajole 8 own s]vants4 ,yes1 he said1 t w be ! only way ( sav+ himself4 ,& suppose ! same god1 :o c>ri$ him away1 to surr\nd him ) neighb\rs :o w n suff] "o man to be ! ma/] ( ano!r1 & :o1 if !y c\ld cat* ! (f5d]1 w\ld take 8 life8 ,8 case w be /ill worse1 if y suppose him to be ev]y:]e surr\nd$ & wat*$ by enemies4 ,& is n ?is ! sort ( prison 9 :i* ! tyrant w be b\nd--he :o be+ by nature su* z we h describ$1 is full ( all sorts ( fe>s & lu/s8 ,8 s\l is da9ty & gre$y1 & yet alone1 ( all m5 9 ! city1 he is nev] all[$ to g on a j\rney1 or to see ! ?+s :i* o!r freem5 desire to see1 b he lives 9 8 hole l a woman hidd5 9 ! h\se1 & is jeal\s ( any o!r citiz5 :o goes into =eign p>ts & sees any?+ ( int]e/4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& amid evils su* z ^! w n he :o is ill-gov]n$ 9 8 own p]son--! tyrannical man1 ,i mean--:om y j n[ decid$ to be ! mo/ mis]able ( all--w n he be yet m mis]able :51 in/ead ( lead+ a private life1 he is con/ra9$ by =tune to be a public tyrant8 ,he has to be ma/] ( o!rs :5 he is n ma/] ( himself3 he is l a diseas$ or p>alytic man :o is compell$ to pass 8 life1 n 9 retirem5t1 b fight+ & combat+ ) o!r m54 ,yes1 he said1 ! similitude is mo/ exact4 ,is n 8 case utt]ly mis]able8 & does n ! actual tyrant lead a worse life ?an he ^: life y det]m9$ to be ! wor/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,he :o is ! real tyrant1 :atev] m5 may ?9k1 is ! real slave1 & is oblig$ to practise ! greate/ adulation & s]vility1 & to be ! flatt]] ( ! vile/ ( mank9d4 ,he has desires :i* he is utt]ly unable to satisfy1 & has m wants ?an any "o1 & is truly poor1 if y "k h[ to inspect ! :ole s\l ( him3 all 8 life long he is beset ) fe> & is full ( convulsions1 & di/ractions1 ev5 z ! ,/ate :i* he resembles3 & surely ! resemblance holds8 ,v true1 he said4 ,moreov]1 z we 7 say+ be=e1 he gr[s worse f hav+ p[]3 he becomes & is ( necessity m jeal\s1 m fai?less1 m unju/1 m fri5dless1 m impi\s1 ?an he 0 at fir/2 he is ! purveyor & *]i%] ( e sort ( vice1 & ! consequ5ce is t he is supremely mis]able1 & t he makes ev]ybody else z mis]able z himself4 ,no man ( any s5se w dispute y\r words4 ,come !n1 ,i said1 & z ! g5]al umpire 9 !atrical conte/s proclaims ! result1 d y also decide :o 9 y\r op9ion is fir/ 9 ! scale ( happ9ess1 & :o second1 & 9 :at ord] ! o!rs foll[3 !re are five ( !m 9 all--!y are ! royal1 timocratical1 olig>*ical1 democratical1 tyrannical4 ,! decision w be easily giv51 he repli$2 !y %all be *oruses com+ on ! /age1 & ,i mu/ judge !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y ent]1 by ! crit]ion ( virtue & vice1 happ9ess & mis]y4 ,ne$ we hire a h]ald1 or %all ,i ann\nce1 t ! son ( ,ari/on 7! be/7 has decid$ t ! be/ & ju/e/ is also ! happie/1 & t ?is is he :o is ! mo/ royal man & k+ ov] himself2 & t ! wor/ & mo/ unju/ man is also ! mo/ mis]able1 & t ?is is he :o be+ ! greate/ tyrant ( himself is also ! greate/ tyrant ( 8 ,/ate8 ,make ! proclamation y\rself1 he said4 ,& %all ,i add1 ':e!r se5 or unse5 by gods & m5'8 ,let ! words be add$4 ,!n ?is1 ,i said1 w be our fir/ pro(2 & !re is ano!r1 :i* may also h "s weight4 ,:at is t8 ,! second pro( is d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! s\l3 see+ t ! individual s\l1 l ! ,/ate1 has be5 divid$ by u into ?ree pr9ciples1 ! division may1 ,i ?9k1 furni% a new demon/ration4 ,( :at nature8 ,x seems to me t to ^! ?ree pr9ciples ?ree pleasures correspond2 also ?ree desires & gov]n+ p[]s4 ,h[ d y mean8 he said4 ,!re is "o pr9ciple ) :i*1 z we 7 say+1 a man le>ns1 ano!r ) :i* he is angry2 ! ?ird1 hav+ _m =ms1 has no special "n1 b is d5ot$ by ! g5]al t]m appetitive1 f ! extraord9>y /r5g? & vehem5ce ( ! desires ( eat+ & dr9k+ & ! o!r s5sual appetites :i* are ! ma9 elem5ts ( x2 also money-lov+1 because su* desires are g5]ally satisfi$ by ! help ( money4 ,t is true1 he said4 ,if we 7 to say t ! loves & pleasures ( ?is ?ird "p 7 conc]n$ ) ga91 we %\ld !n be able to fall back on a s+le notion2 & might truly & intelligibly describe ?is "p ( ! s\l z lov+ ga9 or money4 ,i agree ) y4 ,aga91 is n ! passionate elem5t :olly set on rul+ & conqu]+ & gett+ fame8 ,true4 ,suppose we call x ! cont5ti\s or ambiti\s--w\ld ! t]m be suitable8 ,extremely suitable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e "o sees t ! pr9ciple ( k is :olly direct$ to ! tru?1 & c>es less ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs = ga9 or fame4 ,f> less4 ',lov] ( wisdom1' 'lov] ( k1' are titles :i* we may fitly apply to t "p ( ! s\l8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,"o pr9ciple prevails 9 ! s\ls ( "o class ( m51 ano!r 9 o!rs1 z may happ58 ,yes4 ,!n we may beg9 by assum+ t !re are ?ree classes ( m5--lov]s ( wisdom1 lov]s ( hon\r1 lov]s ( ga98 ,exactly4 ,& !re are ?ree k9ds ( pleasure1 :i* are _! sev]al objects8 ,v true4 ,n[1 if y exam9e ! ?ree classes ( m51 & ask ( !m 9 turn :i* ( _! lives is pleasante/1 ea* w be f\nd prais+ 8 own & depreciat+ t ( o!rs3 ! money-mak] w contra/ ! vanity ( hon\r or ( le>n+ if !y br+ no money ) ! solid advantages ( gold & silv]8 ,true1 he said4 ,& ! lov] ( hon\r--:at w be 8 op9ion8 ,w he n ?9k t ! pleasure ( ri*es is vulg>1 :ile ! pleasure ( le>n+1 if x br+s no di/9ction1 is all smoke & nons5se to him8 ,v true4 ,& are we to suppose1 ,i said1 t ! philosoph] sets any value on o!r pleasures 9 comp>ison ) ! pleasure ( kn[+ ! tru?1 & 9 t pursuit abid+1 ev] le>n+1 n s f> inde$ f ! heav5 ( pleasure8 ,does he n call ! o!r pleasures necess>y1 "u ! idea t if !re 7 no necessity = !m1 he w\ld r n h !m8 ,!re c be no d\bt ( t1 he repli$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! pleasures ( ea* class & ! life ( ea* are 9 dispute1 & ! "q is n :i* life is m or less hon\rable1 or bett] or worse1 b :i* is ! m pleasant or pa9less--h[ %all we "k :o speaks truly8 ,i _c myself tell1 he said4 ,well1 b :at ought to be ! crit]ion8 ,is any bett] ?an exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason8 ,!re _c be a bett]1 he said4 ,!n1 ,i said1 reflect4 ,( ! ?ree individuals1 :i* has ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( all ! pleasures :i* we enum]at$8 ,has ! lov] ( ga91 9 le>n+ ! nature ( ess5tial tru?1 great] exp]i5ce ( ! pleasure ( k ?an ! philosoph] has ( ! pleasure ( ga98 ,! philosoph]1 he repli$1 has greatly ! advantage2 = he has ( necessity always kn[n ! ta/e ( ! o!r pleasures f 8 *ildhood upw>ds3 b ! lov] ( ga9 9 all 8 exp]i5ce has n ( necessity ta/$--or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ev5 _h he desir$1 c\ld h>dly h ta/$--! sweetness ( le>n+ & kn[+ tru?4 ,!n ! lov] ( wisdom has a great advantage ov] ! lov] ( ga91 = he has a d\ble exp]i5ce8 ,yes1 v great4 ,aga91 has he great] exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures ( hon\r1 or ! lov] ( hon\r ( ! pleasures ( wisdom8 ,nay1 he said1 all ?ree are hon\r$ 9 proportion z !y atta9 _! object2 = ! ri* man & ! brave man & ! wise man alike h _! cr[d ( admir]s1 & z !y all receive hon\r !y all h exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures ( hon\r2 b ! delight :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! k ( true be+ is kn[n to ! philosoph] only4 ,8 exp]i5ce1 !n1 w enable him to judge bett] ?an any "o8 ,f> bett]4 ,& he is ! only "o :o has wisdom z well z exp]i5ce8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,fur!r1 ! v faculty :i* is ! in/rum5t ( judgm5t is n possess$ by ! covet\s or ambiti\s man1 b only by ! philosoph]8 ,:at faculty8 ,reason1 ) :om1 z we 7 say+1 ! decision ought to re/4 ,yes4 ,& reason+ is peculi>ly 8 in/rum5t8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,if weal? & ga9 7 ! crit]ion1 !n ! praise or blame ( ! lov] ( ga9 w\ld surely be ! mo/ tru/wor?y8 ,assur$ly4 ,or if hon\r or victory or c\rage1 9 t case ! judgem5t ( ! ambiti\s or pugnaci\s w\ld be ! true/8 ,cle>ly4 ,b s9ce exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason are ! judges-- ,! only inf]5ce possible1 he repli$1 is t pleasures :i* are approv$ by ! lov] ( wisdom & reason are ! true/4 ,& s we arrive at ! result1 t ! pleasure ( ! intellig5t "p ( ! s\l is ! pleasante/ ( ! ?ree1 & t he ( u 9 :om ?is is ! rul+ pr9ciple has ! pleasante/ life4 ,unque/ionably1 he said1 ! wise man speaks ) au?ority :5 he approves ( 8 own life4 ,& :at does ! judge affirm to be ! life :i* is next1 & ! pleasure :i* is next8 ,cle>ly t ( ! soldi] & lov] ( hon\r2 :o is ne>] to himself ?an ! money-mak]4 ,la/ comes ! lov] ( ga98 ,v true1 he said4 ,twice 9 succession1 !n1 has ! j man ov]?r[n ! unju/ 9 ?is conflict2 & n[ comes ! ?ird trial1 :i* is d$icat$ to ,olympian ,zeus ! savi\r3 a sage :isp]s 9 my e> t no pleasure except t ( ! wise is q true & pure--all o!rs are a %ad[ only2 & surely ?is w prove ! greate/ & mo/ decisive ( falls8 ,yes1 ! greate/2 b w y expla9 y\rself8 ,i w "w out ! subject & y %all answ] my que/ions4 ,proce$4 ,say1 !n1 is n pleasure oppos$ to pa98 ,true4 ,& !re is a neutral /ate :i* is nei!r pleasure nor pa98 ,!re is4 ,a /ate :i* is int]m$iate1 & a sort ( repose ( ! s\l ab\t ei!r--t is :at y mean8 ,yes4 ,y rememb] :at p say :5 !y are sick8 ,:at d !y say8 ,t aft] all no?+ is pleasant] ?an heal?4 ,b !n !y nev] knew ?is to be ! greate/ ( pleasures until !y 7 ill4 ,yes1 ,i "k1 he said4 ,& :5 p]sons are suff]+ f acute pa91 y mu/4 h he>d !m say t !re is no?+ pleasant] ?an to get rid ( _! pa98 ,i h4 ,& !re are _m o!r cases ( suff]+ 9 :i* ! m]e re/ & cessation ( pa91 & n any positive enjoym5t1 is extoll$ by !m z ! greate/ pleasure8 ,yes1 he said2 at ! "t !y are pleas$ & well cont5t to be at re/4 ,aga91 :5 pleasure ceases1 t sort ( re/ or cessation w be pa9ful8 ,d\btless1 he said4 ,!n ! int]m$iate /ate ( re/ w be pleasure & w also be pa98 ,s x w\ld seem4 ,b c t :i* is nei!r become bo?8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,& bo? pleasure & pa9 are motions ( ! s\l1 are !y n8 ,yes4 ,b t :i* is nei!r 0 j n[ %[n to be re/ & n motion1 & 9 a mean betwe5 !m8 ,yes4 ,h[1 !n1 c we be "r 9 suppos+ t ! abs5ce ( pa9 is pleasure1 or t ! abs5ce ( pleasure is pa98 ,impossible4 ,?is !n is an appe>ance only & n a reality2 t is to say1 ! re/ is pleasure at ! mom5t & 9 comp>ison ( :at is pa9ful1 & pa9ful 9 comp>ison ( :at is pleasant2 b all ^! repres5tations1 :5 tri$ by ! te/ ( true pleasure1 are n real b a sort ( imposition8 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,look at ! o!r class ( pleasures :i* h no antec$5t pa9s & y w no long] suppose1 z y p]haps may at pres5t1 t pleasure is only ! cessation ( pa91 or pa9 ( pleasure4 ,:at are !y1 he said1 & :]e %all ,i f9d !m8 ,!re are _m ( !m3 take z an example ! pleasures1 ( smell1 :i* are v great & h no antec$5t pa9s2 !y come 9 a mom5t1 & :5 !y dep>t leave no pa9 beh9d !m4 ,mo/ true1 he said4 ,let u n1 !n1 be induc$ to believe t pure pleasure is ! cessation ( pa91 or pa9 ( pleasure4 ,no4 ,/ill1 ! m num]\s & viol5t pleasures :i* rea* ! s\l ?r\gh ! body are g5]ally ( ?is sort--!y are reliefs ( pa94 ,t is true4 ,& ! anticipations ( future pleasures & pa9s are ( a l nature8 ,yes4 ,%all ,i give y an illu/ration ( !m8 ,let me he>4 ,y w\ld all[1 ,i said1 t !re is 9 nature an upp] & l[] & middle region8 ,i %\ld4 ,& if a p]son 7 to g f ! l[] to ! middle region1 w\ld he n imag9e t he is go+ up2 & he :o is /&+ 9 ! middle & sees :5ce he has come1 w\ld imag9e t he is already 9 ! upp] region1 if he has nev] se5 ! true upp] _w8 ,to be sure1 he said2 h[ c he ?9k o!rwise8 ,b if he 7 tak5 back aga9 he w\ld imag9e1 & truly imag9e1 t he 0 desc5d+8 ,no d\bt4 ,all t w\ld arise out ( 8 ignorance ( ! true upp] & middle & l[] regions8 ,yes4 ,!n c y wond] t p]sons :o are inexp]i5c$ 9 ! tru?1 z !y h wrong ideas ab\t _m o!r ?+s1 %\ld also h wrong ideas ab\t pleasure & pa9 & ! int]m$iate /ate2 s t :5 !y are only be+ drawn t[>ds ! pa9ful !y feel pa9 & ?9k ! pa9 :i* !y exp]i5ce to be real1 & 9 l mann]1 :5 drawn away f pa9 to ! neutral or int]m$iate /ate1 !y firmly believe t !y h rea*$ ! goal ( satiety & pleasure2 !y1 n kn[+ pleasure1 err 9 contra/+ pa9 ) ! abs5ce ( pa91 :i* is l contra/+ black ) grey in/ead ( :ite--c y wond]1 ,i say1 at ?is8 ,no1 inde$2 ,i %\ld be mu* m dispos$ to wond] at ! opposite4 ,look at ! matt] ?us3--,hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! l1 are inanitions ( ! bodily /ate8 ,yes4 ,& ignorance & folly are inanitions ( ! s\l8 ,true4 ,& food & wisdom are ! correspond+ satisfactions ( ei!r8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is ! satisfaction d]iv$ f t :i* has less or f t :i* has m exi/5ce ! tru]8 ,cle>ly1 f t :i* has m4 ,:at classes ( ?+s h a great] %>e ( pure exi/5ce 9 y\r judgm5t--^? ( :i* food & dr9k & condim5ts & all k9ds ( su/5ance are examples1 or ! class :i* conta9s true op9ion & k & m9d & all ! diff]5t k9ds ( virtue8 ,put ! "q 9 ?is way3--,:i* has a m pure be+--t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inv>iable1 ! immortal1 & ! true1 & is ( su* a nature1 & is f\nd 9 su* natures2 or t :i* is conc]n$ ) & f\nd 9 ! v>iable & mortal1 & is itself v>iable & mortal8 ,f> pur]1 he repli$1 is ! be+ ( t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inv>iable4 ,& does ! ess5ce ( ! inv>iable p>take ( k 9 ! same degree z ( ess5ce8 ,yes1 ( k 9 ! same degree4 ,& ( tru? 9 ! same degree8 ,yes4 ,&1 conv]sely1 t :i* has less ( tru? w also h less ( ess5ce8 ,necess>ily4 ,!n1 9 g5]al1 ^? k9ds ( ?+s :i* are 9 ! s]vice ( ! body h less ( tru? & ess5ce ?an ^? :i* are 9 ! s]vice ( ! s\l8 ,f> less4 ,& has n ! body itself less ( tru? & ess5ce ?an ! s\l8 ,yes4 ,:at is fill$ ) m real exi/5ce1 & actually has a m real exi/5ce1 is m really fill$ ?an t :i* is fill$ ) less real exi/5ce & is less real8 ,( c\rse4 ,& if !re be a pleasure 9 be+ fill$ ) t :i* is accord+ to nature1 t :i* is m really fill$ ) m real be+ w m really & truly enjoy true pleasure2 :]eas t :i* p>ticipates 9 less real be+ w be less truly & surely satisfi$1 & w p>ticipate 9 an illusory & less real pleasure8 ,unque/ionably4 ,^? !n :o "k n wisdom & virtue1 & are always busy ) gluttony & s5suality1 g d[n & up aga9 z f> z ! mean2 & 9 ?is region !y move at r&om ?r\gh\t life1 b !y nev] pass into ! true upp] _w2 ?i!r !y nei!r look1 nor d !y ev] f9d _! way1 nei!r are !y truly fill$ ) true be+1 nor d !y ta/e ( pure & abid+ pleasure4 ,l cattle1 ) _! eyes always look+ d[n & _! heads /oop+ to ! e>?1 t is1 to ! d9+-table1 !y fatt5 & fe$ & bre$1 &1 9 _! excessive love ( ^! delights1 !y kick & butt at "o ano!r ) horns & ho(s :i* are made ( iron2 & !y kill "o ano!r by reason ( _! insatiable lu/4 ,= !y fill !mselves ) t :i* is n sub/antial1 & ! "p ( !mselves :i* !y fill is also unsub/antial & incont95t4 ,v]ily1 ,socrates1 said ,glaucon1 y describe ! life ( ! _m l an oracle4 ,_! pleasures are mix$ ) pa9s--h[ c !y be o!rwise8 ,= !y are m]e %ad[s & pictures ( ! true1 & are col\r$ by contra/1 :i* exagg]ates bo? light & %ade1 & s !y implant 9 ! m9ds ( fools insane desires ( !mselves2 & !y are f\ght ab\t z ,/esi*orus says t ! ,greeks f\ght ab\t ! %ad[ ( ,hel5 at ,troy 9 ignorance ( ! tru?4 ,some?+ ( t sort mu/ inevitably happ54 ,& mu/ n ! l happ5 ) ! spirit$ or passionate elem5t ( ! s\l8 ,w n ! passionate man :o c>ries 8 passion into action1 be 9 ! l case1 :e!r he is envi\s & ambiti\s1 or viol5t & cont5ti\s1 or angry & discont5t$1 if he be seek+ to atta9 hon\r & victory & ! satisfaction ( 8 ang] )\t reason or s5se8 ,yes1 he said1 ! same w happ5 ) ! spirit$ elem5t also4 ,!n may we n confid5tly ass]t t ! lov]s ( money & hon\r1 :5 !y seek _! pleasures "u ! guidance & 9 ! company ( reason & k1 & pursue aft] & w9 ! pleasures :i* wisdom %[s !m1 w also h ! true/ pleasures 9 ! highe/ degree :i* is atta9able to !m1 inasmu* z !y foll[ tru?2 & !y w h ! pleasures :i* are natural to !m1 if t :i* is be/ = ea* "o is also mo/ natural to him8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 ! be/ is ! mo/ natural4 ,& :5 ! :ole s\l foll[s ! philosophical pr9ciple1 & !re is no division1 ! sev]al p>ts are j1 & d ea* ( !m _! own bus9ess1 & enjoy sev]ally ! be/ & true/ pleasures ( :i* !y are capable8 ,exactly4 ,b :5 ei!r ( ! two o!r pr9ciples prevails1 x fails 9 atta9+ its own pleasure1 & compels ! re/ to pursue aft] a pleasure :i* is a %ad[ only & :i* is n _! own8 ,true4 ,& ! great] ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m f philosophy & reason1 ! m /range & illusive w be ! pleasure8 ,yes4 ,& is n t f>!/ f reason :i* is at ! greate/ di/ance f law & ord]8 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! lu/ful & tyrannical desires are1 z we saw1 at ! greate/ di/ance8 ,yes4 ,& ! royal & ord]ly desires are ne>e/8 ,yes4 ,!n ! tyrant w live at ! greate/ di/ance f true or natural pleasure1 & ! k+ at ! lea/8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b if s1 ! tyrant w live mo/ unpleasantly1 & ! k+ mo/ pleasantly8 ,inevitably4 ,w\ld y "k ! measure ( ! int]val :i* sep>ates !m8 ,w y tell me8 ,!re appe> to be ?ree pleasures1 "o g5u9e & two spuri\s3 n[ ! transgression ( ! tyrant rea*es a po9t beyond ! spuri\s2 he has run away f ! region ( law & reason1 & tak5 up 8 abode ) c]ta9 slave pleasures :i* are 8 satellites1 & ! measure ( 8 inf]iority c only be express$ 9 a figure4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,i assume1 ,i said1 t ! tyrant is 9 ! ?ird place f ! olig>*2 ! democrat 0 9 ! middle8 ,yes4 ,& if !re is tru? 9 :at has prec$$1 he w be w$d$ to an image ( pleasure :i* is ?rice remov$ z to tru? f ! pleasure ( ! olig>*8 ,he w4 ,& ! olig>* is ?ird f ! royal2 s9ce we c\nt z "o royal & ari/ocratical8 ,yes1 he is ?ird4 ,!n ! tyrant is remov$ f true pleasure by ! space ( a numb] :i* is ?ree times ?ree8 ,manife/ly4 ,! %ad[ !n ( tyrannical pleasure det]m9$ by ! numb] ( l5g? w be a plane figure4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& if y raise ! p[] & make ! plane a solid1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ h[ va/ is ! int]val by :i* ! tyrant is p>t$ f ! k+4 ,yes2 ! ari?metician w easily d ! sum4 ,or if "s p]son beg9s at ! o!r end & measures ! int]val by :i* ! k+ is p>t$ f ! tyrant 9 tru? ( pleasure1 he w f9d him1 :5 ! multiplication is complete1 liv+ #gbi times m pleasantly1 & ! tyrant m pa9fully by ?is same int]val4 ,:at a wond]ful calculation6 ,& h[ enorm\s is ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! j f ! unju/ 9 reg>d to pleasure & pa96 ,yet a true calculation1 ,i said1 & a numb] :i* ne>ly conc]ns human life1 if human be+s are conc]n$ ) days & nights & mon?s & ye>s4 ,yes1 he said1 human life is c]ta9ly conc]n$ ) !m4 ,!n if ! good & j man be ?us sup]ior 9 pleasure to ! evil & unju/1 8 sup]iority w be inf9itely great] 9 propriety ( life & 9 beauty & virtue8 ,immeasurably great]4 ,well1 ,i said1 & n[ hav+ arriv$ at ?is /age ( ! argum5t1 we may rev]t to ! words :i* br\ght u hi!r3 ,0 n "s "o say+ t inju/ice 0 a ga9 to ! p]fectly unju/ :o 0 reput$ to be j8 ,yes1 t 0 said4 ,n[ !n1 hav+ det]m9$ ! p[] & quality ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 let u h a little conv]sation ) him4 ,:at %all we say to him8 ,let u make an image ( ! s\l1 t he may h 8 own words pres5t$ be=e 8 eyes4 ,( :at sort8 ,an ideal image ( ! s\l1 l ! composite creations ( anci5t my?ology1 su* z ! ,*im]a or ,scylla or ,c]b]us1 & !re are _m o!rs 9 :i* two or m diff]5t natures are said to gr[ into "o4 ,!re are said ( h be5 su* unions4 ,!n d y n[ model ! =m ( a multitud9\s1 _m-head$ mon/]1 hav+ a r+ ( heads ( all mann] ( bea/s1 tame & wild1 :i* he is able to g5]ate & metamorphose at w4 ,y suppose m>vell\s p[]s 9 ! arti/2 b1 z language is m pliable ?an wax or any simil> sub/ance1 let !re be su* a model z y propose4 ,suppose n[ t y make a second =m z ( a lion1 & a ?ird ( a man1 ! second small] ?an ! fir/1 & ! ?ird small] ?an ! second4 ,t1 he said1 is an easi] task2 & ,i h made !m z y say4 ,& n[ jo9 !m1 & let ! ?ree gr[ into "o4 ,t has be5 accompli%$4 ,next fa%ion ! outside ( !m into a s+le image1 z ( a man1 s t he :o is n able to look )91 & sees only ! out] hull1 may believe ! bea/ to be a s+le human creature4 ,i h done s1 he said4 ,& n[1 to him :o ma9ta9s t x is pr(itable = ! human creature to be unju/1 & unpr(itable to be j1 let u reply t1 if he be "r1 x is pr(itable = ?is creature to fea/ ! multitud9\s mon/] & /r5g!n ! lion & ! lion-l qualities1 b to />ve & weak5 ! man1 :o is consequ5tly liable to be dragg$ ab\t at ! m]cy ( ei!r ( ! o!r two2 & he is n to attempt to famili>ize or h>monize !m ) "o ano!r--he ought r to suff] !m to fight & bite & dev\r "o ano!r4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said2 t is :at ! approv] ( inju/ice says4 ,to him ! support] ( ju/ice makes answ] t he %\ld ev] s speak & act z to give ! man )9 him 9 "s way or o!r ! mo/ complete ma/]y ov] ! entire human creature4 ,he %\ld wat* ov] ! _m-head$ mon/] l a good husb&man1 fo/]+ & cultivat+ ! g5tle qualities1 & prev5t+ ! wild ones f gr[+2 he %\ld be mak+ ! lion-he>t 8 ally1 & 9 common c>e ( !m all %\ld be unit+ ! sev]al p>ts ) "o ano!r & ) himself4 ,yes1 he said1 t is q :at ! ma9ta9] ( ju/ice say4 ,& s f e po9t ( view1 :e!r ( pleasure1 hon\r1 or advantage1 ! approv] ( ju/ice is "r & speaks ! tru?1 & ! disapprov] is wrong & false & ignorant4 ,yes1 f e po9t ( view4 ,come1 n[1 & let u g5tly reason ) ! unju/1 :o is n int5tionally 9 error4 ',sweet ,sir1' we w say to him1 :at ?9k y ( ?+s e/eem$ noble & ignoble8 ,is n ! noble t :i* subjects ! bea/ to ! man1 or r to ! god 9 man2 & ! ignoble t :i* subjects ! man to ! bea/8' ,he c h>dly avoid say+ yes--c he n[8 ,n if he has any reg>d = my op9ion4 ,b1 if he agree s f>1 we may ask him to answ] ano!r "q3 ',!n h[ w\ld a man pr(it if he receiv$ gold & silv] on ! condition t he 0 to enslave ! noble/ "p ( him to ! wor/8 ,:o c imag9e t a man :o sold 8 son or daught] into slav]y = money1 especially if he sold !m into ! h&s ( fi]ce & evil m51 w\ld be ! ga9]1 h[ev] l>ge might be ! sum :i* he receiv$8 ,& w any "o say t he is n a mis]able caitiff :o remorselessly sells 8 own div9e be+ to t :i* is mo/ godless & dete/able8 ,eriphyle took ! necklace z ! price ( h] husb&'s life1 b he is tak+ a bribe 9 ord] to compass a worse ru94' ,yes1 said ,glaucon1 f> worse--,i w answ] = him4 ,has n ! intemp]ate be5 c5sur$ ( old1 because 9 him ! huge multi=m mon/] is all[$ to be too mu* at l>ge8 ,cle>ly4 ,& m5 are blam$ = pride & bad temp] :5 ! lion & s]p5t elem5t 9 !m disproportionately gr[s & ga9s /r5g?8 ,yes4 ,& luxury & s(tness are blam$1 because !y relax & weak5 ?is same creature1 & make a c[>d ( him8 ,v true4 ,& is n a man reproa*$ = flatt]y & meanness :o subord9ates ! spirit$ animal to ! unruly mon/]1 &1 = ! sake ( money1 ( :i* he c nev] h en\gh1 habituates him 9 ! days ( 8 y\? to be trampl$ 9 ! mire1 & f be+ a lion to become a monkey8 ,true1 he said4 ,& :y are mean employm5ts & manual arts a reproa* ,only because !y imply a natural weakness ( ! high] pr9ciple2 ! individual is unable to control ! creatures )9 him1 b has to c\rt !m1 & 8 great /udy is h[ to flatt] !m4 ,su* appe>s to be ! reason4 ,& !re=e1 be+ desir\s ( plac+ him "u a rule l t ( ! be/1 we say t he ought to be ! s]vant ( ! be/1 9 :om ! ,div9e rules2 n1 z ,?rasyma*us suppos$1 to ! injury ( ! s]vant1 b because e "o _h bett] be rul$ by div9e wisdom dwell+ )9 him2 or1 if ?is be impossible1 !n by an ext]nal au?ority1 9 ord] t we may be all1 z f> z possible1 "u ! same gov]nm5t1 fri5ds & equals4 ,true1 he said4 ,& ?is is cle>ly se5 to be ! int5tion ( ! law1 :i* is ! ally ( ! :ole city2 & is se5 also 9 ! au?ority :i* we ex]cise ov] *ildr51 & ! refusal to let !m be free until we h e/abli%$ 9 !m a pr9ciple analog\s to ! con/itution ( a /ate1 & by cultivation ( ?is high] elem5t h set up 9 _! he>ts a gu>dian & rul] l our own1 & :5 ?is is done !y may g _! ways4 ,yes1 he said1 ! purpose ( ! law is manife/4 ,f :at po9t ( view1 !n1 & on :at gr\nd c we say t a man is pr(it$ by inju/ice or intemp]ance or o!r bas5ess1 :i* w make him a worse man1 ev5 ?\gh he acquire money or p[] by 8 wick$ness8 ,f no po9t ( view at all4 ,:at %all he pr(it1 if 8 inju/ice be undetect$ & unpuni%$8 ,he :o is undetect$ only gets worse1 :]eas he :o is detect$ & puni%$ has ! brutal "p ( 8 nature sil5c$ & humaniz$2 ! g5tl] elem5t 9 him is lib]at$1 & 8 :ole s\l is p]fect$ & ennobl$ by ! acquirem5t ( ju/ice & temp]ance & wisdom1 m ?an ! body ev] is by receiv+ gifts ( beauty1 /r5g? & heal?1 9 proportion z ! s\l is m hon\rable ?an ! body4 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,to ?is nobl] purpose ! man ( und]/&+ w devote ! en]gies ( 8 life4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 he w hon\r /udies :i* impress ^! qualities on 8 s\l & disreg>d o!rs8 ,cle>ly1 he said4 ,9 ! next place1 he w regulate 8 bodily habit & tra9+1 & s f> w he be f yield+ to brutal & irrational pleasures1 t he w reg>d ev5 heal? z q a second>y matt]2 8 fir/ object w be n t he may be fair or /rong or well1 unless he is likely !reby to ga9 temp]ance1 b he w always desire s to attemp] ! body z to pres]ve ! h>mony ( ! s\l8 ,c]ta9ly he w1 if he has true music 9 him4 ,& 9 ! acquisition ( weal? !re is a pr9ciple ( ord] & h>mony :i* he w also obs]ve2 he w n all[ himself to be dazzl$ by ! fooli% applause ( ! _w1 & heap up ri*es to 8 own inf9ite h>m8 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,he w look at ! city :i* is )9 him1 & take he$ t no disord] occur 9 x1 su* z might arise ei!r f sup]fluity or f want2 & ^u ?is pr9ciple he w regulate 8 prop]ty & ga9 or sp5d accord+ to 8 means4 ,v true4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 he w gladly accept & enjoy su* hon\rs z he deems likely to make him a bett] man2 b ^?1 :e!r private or public1 :i* are likely to disord] 8 life1 he w avoid8 ,!n1 if t is 8 motive1 he w n be a /atesman4 ,by ! dog ( ,egypt1 he w6 9 ! city :i* is 8 own he c]ta9ly w1 ?\gh 9 ! l& ( 8 bir? p]haps n1 unless he h a div9e call4 ,i und]/&2 y mean t he w be a rul] 9 ! city ( :i* we are ! f\nd]s1 & :i* exi/s 9 idea only2 = ,i d n believe t !re is su* an "o any:]e on e>?8 ,9 heav51 ,i repli$1 !re is laid up a patt]n ( x1 me?9ks1 :i* he :o desires may behold1 & behold+1 may set 8 own h\se 9 ord]4 ,b :e!r su* an "o exi/s1 or ev] w exi/ 9 fact1 is no matt]2 = he w live aft] ! mann] ( t city1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any o!r4 ,i ?9k s1 he said4 ,,book ,x ,,socrates - ,,glaucon ,,( ,,! _m excell5ces :i* ,i p]ceive 9 ! ord] ( our ,/ate1 !re is none :i* ^u reflection pleases me bett] ?an ! rule ab\t poetry4 ,to :at d y ref]8 ,to ! rejection ( imitative poetry1 :i* c]ta9ly ought n to be receiv$2 z ,i see f> m cle>ly n[ t ! p>ts ( ! s\l h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,:at d y mean8 ,speak+ 9 confid5ce1 = ,i %\ld n l to h my words repeat$ to ! trag$ians & ! re/ ( ! imitative tribe--b ,i d n m9d say+ to y1 t all poetical imitations are ru9\s to ! und]/&+ ( ! he>]s1 & t ! k ( _! true nature is ! only antidote to !m4 ,expla9 ! purport ( y\r rem>k4 ,well1 ,i w tell y1 al?\gh ,i h always f my e>lie/ y\? _h an awe & love ( ,hom]1 :i* ev5 n[ makes ! words falt] on my lips1 = he is ! great capta9 & tea*] ( ! :ole ( t *>m+ tragic company2 b a man is n to be rev]5c$ m ?an ! tru?1 & !re=e ,i w speak out4 ,v good1 he said4 ,li/5 to me !n1 or r1 answ] me4 ,put y\r "q4 ,c y tell me :at imitation is8 = ,i really d n "k4 ,a likely ?+1 !n1 t ,i %\ld "k4 ,:y n8 = ! dull] eye may (t5 see a ?+ soon] ?an ! ke5]4 ,v true1 he said2 b 9 y\r pres5ce1 ev5 if ,i _h any fa9t notion1 ,i c\ld n mu/] c\rage to utt] x4 ,w y enquire y\rself8 ,well !n1 %all we beg9 ! enquiry 9 our usual mann]3 ,:5ev] a numb] ( individuals h a common "n1 we assume !m to h also a correspond+ idea or =m4 ,d y und]/& me8 ,i d4 ,let u take any common in/ance2 !re are b$s & tables 9 ! _w--pl5ty ( !m1 are !re n8 ,yes4 ,b !re are only two ideas or =ms ( !m--"o ! idea ( a b$1 ! o!r ( a table4 ,true4 ,& ! mak] ( ei!r ( !m makes a b$ or he makes a table = our use1 9 accordance ) ! idea--t is our way ( speak+ 9 ?is & simil> in/ances--b no artific] makes ! ideas !mselves3 h[ c\ld he8 ,impossible4 ,& !re is ano!r arti/1--,i %\ld l to "k :at y w\ld say ( him4 ,:o is he8 ,"o :o is ! mak] ( all ! works ( all o!r workm54 ,:at an extraord9>y man6 ,wait a little1 & !re w be m reason = y\r say+ s4 ,= ?is is he :o is able to make n only vessels ( e k9d1 b plants & animals1 himself & all o!r ?+s--! e>? & heav51 & ! ?+s :i* are 9 heav5 or "u ! e>?2 he makes ! gods also4 ,he mu/ be a wiz>d & no mi/ake4 ,oh6 y are incr$ul\s1 are y8 ,d y mean t !re is no su* mak] or creator1 or t 9 "o s5se !re might be a mak] ( all ^! ?+s b 9 ano!r n8 ,d y see t !re is a way 9 :i* y c\ld make !m all y\rself8 ,:at way8 ,an easy way en\gh2 or r1 !re are _m ways 9 :i* ! feat might be quickly & easily accompli%$1 none quick] ?an t ( turn+ a mirror r\nd & r\nd--y w\ld soon en\gh make ! sun & ! heav5s1 & ! e>? & y\rself1 & o!r animals & plants1 & all ! o!r ?+s ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+1 9 ! mirror4 ,yes1 he said2 b !y w\ld be appe>ances only4 ,v good1 ,i said1 y are com+ to ! po9t n[4 ,& ! pa9t] too is1 z ,i conceive1 j su* ano!r--a creator ( appe>ances1 is he n8 ,( c\rse4 ,b !n ,i suppose y w say t :at he creates is untrue4 ,& yet !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! pa9t] also creates a b$8 ,yes1 he said1 b n a real b$4 ,& :at ( ! mak] ( ! b$8 ,7 y n say+ t he too makes1 n ! idea :i*1 accord+ to our view1 is ! ess5ce ( ! b$1 b only a p>ticul> b$8 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,!n if he does n make t :i* exi/s he _c make true exi/5ce1 b only "s semblance ( exi/5ce2 & if any "o 7 to say t ! "w ( ! mak] ( ! b$1 or ( any o!r workman1 has real exi/5ce1 he c\ld h>dly be suppos$ to be speak+ ! tru?4 ,at any rate1 he repli$1 philosoph]s w\ld say t he 0 n speak+ ! tru?4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t 8 "w too is an indi/9ct expression ( tru?4 ,no wond]4 ,suppose n[ t by ! light ( ! examples j (f]$ we enquire :o ?is imitator is8 ,if y please4 ,well !n1 "h are ?ree b$s3 "o exi/+ 9 nature1 :i* is made by ,god1 z ,i ?9k t we may say--= no "o else c be ! mak]8 ,no4 ,!re is ano!r :i* is ! "w ( ! c>p5t]8 ,yes4 ,& ! "w ( ! pa9t] is a ?ird8 ,yes4 ,b$s1 !n1 are ( ?ree k9ds1 & !re are ?ree arti/s :o sup]9t5d !m3 ,god1 ! mak] ( ! b$1 & ! pa9t]8 ,yes1 !re are ?ree ( !m4 ,god1 :e!r f *oice or f necessity1 made "o b$ 9 nature & "o only2 two or m su* ideal b$s nei!r ev] h be5 nor ev] w be made by ,god4 ,:y is t8 ,because ev5 if ,he _h made b two1 a ?ird w\ld /ill appe> beh9d !m :i* bo? ( !m w\ld h = _! idea1 & t w\ld be ! ideal b$ & ! two o!rs4 ,v true1 he said4 ,god knew ?is1 & ,he desir$ to be ! real mak] ( a real b$1 n a p>ticul> mak] ( a p>ticul> b$1 & !re=e ,he creat$ a b$ :i* is ess5tially & by nature "o only4 ,s we believe4 ,%all we1 !n1 speak ( ,him z ! natural au?or or mak] ( ! b$8 ,yes1 he repli$2 inasmu* z by ! natural process ( creation ,he is ! au?or ( ?is & ( all o!r ?+s4 ,& :at %all we say ( ! c>p5t]--is n he also ! mak] ( ! b$8 ,yes4 ,b w\ld y call ! pa9t] a creator & mak]8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,yet if he is n ! mak]1 :at is he 9 relation to ! b$8 ,i ?9k1 he said1 t we may fairly designate him z ! imitator ( t :i* ! o!rs make4 ,good1 ,i said2 !n y call him :o is ?ird 9 ! desc5t f nature an imitator8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,& ! tragic poet is an imitator1 & !re=e1 l all o!r imitators1 he is ?rice remov$ f ! k+ & f ! tru?8 ,t appe>s to be s4 ,!n ab\t ! imitator we are agre$4 ,& :at ab\t ! pa9t]8-- ,i w\ld l to "k :e!r he may be ?\ght to imitate t :i* orig9ally exi/s 9 nature1 or only ! creations ( arti/s8 ,! latt]4 ,z !y are or z !y appe>8 ,y h /ill to det]m9e ?is4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean1 t y may look at a b$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 obliquely or directly or f any o!r po9t ( view1 & ! b$ w appe> diff]5t1 b !re is no diff]5ce 9 reality4 ,& ! same ( all ?+s4 ,yes1 he said1 ! diff]5ce is only app>5t4 ,n[ let me ask y ano!r "q3 ,:i* is ! art ( pa9t+ design$ to be--an imitation ( ?+s z !y are1 or z !y appe>--( appe>ance or ( reality8 ,( appe>ance4 ,!n ! imitator1 ,i said1 is a long way (f ! tru?1 & c d all ?+s because he lightly t\*es on a small "p ( !m1 & t "p an image4 ,= example3 ,a pa9t] w pa9t a cobbl]1 c>p5t]1 or any o!r arti/1 ?\gh he kn[s no?+ ( _! arts2 &1 if he is a good arti/1 he may deceive *ildr5 or simple p]sons1 :5 he %[s !m 8 picture ( a c>p5t] f a di/ance1 & !y w fancy t !y are look+ at a real c>p5t]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :5ev] any "o in=ms u t he has f\nd a man kn[s all ! arts1 & all ?+s else t anybody kn[s1 & e s+le ?+ ) a high] degree ( accuracy ?an any o!r man--:oev] tells u ?is1 ,i ?9k t we c only imag9e to be a simple creature :o is likely to h be5 deceiv$ by "s wiz>d or actor :om he met1 & :om he ?\ght all-kn[+1 because he himself 0 unable to analyse ! nature ( k & ignorance & imitation4 ,mo/ true4 ,& s1 :5 we he> p]sons say+ t ! trag$ians1 & ,hom]1 :o is at _! head1 "k all ! arts & all ?+s human1 virtue z well z vice1 & div9e ?+s too1 = t ! good poet _c compose well unless he kn[s 8 subject1 & t he :o has n ?is k c nev] be a poet1 we ought to consid] :e!r "h also !re may n be a simil> illusion4 ,p]haps !y may h come across imitators & be5 deceiv$ by !m2 !y may n h rememb]$ :5 !y saw _! works t ^! 7 b imitations ?rice remov$ f ! tru?1 & c\ld easily be made )\t any k ( ! tru?1 because !y are appe>ances only & n realities8 ,or1 aft] all1 !y may be 9 ! "r1 & poets d really "k ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y seem to ! _m to speak s well8 ,! "q1 he said1 %\ld by all means be consid]$4 ,n[ d y suppose t if a p]son 7 able to make ! orig9al z well z ! image1 he w\ld s]i\sly devote himself to ! image-mak+ bran*8 ,w\ld he all[ imitation to be ! rul+ pr9ciple ( 8 life1 z if he _h no?+ high] 9 him8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,! real arti/1 :o knew :at he 0 imitat+1 w\ld be int]e/$ 9 realities & n 9 imitations2 & w\ld desire to leave z memorials ( himself works _m & fair2 &1 in/ead ( be+ ! au?or ( encomiums1 he w\ld pref] to be ! !me ( !m4 ,yes1 he said1 t w\ld be to him a s\rce ( mu* great] hon\r & pr(it4 ,!n1 ,i said1 we mu/ put a "q to ,hom]2 n ab\t m$ic9e1 or any ( ! arts to :i* 8 poems only incid5tally ref]3 we are n go+ to ask him1 or any o!r poet1 :e!r he has cur$ pati5ts l ,asclepius1 or left beh9d him a s*ool ( m$ic9e su* z ! ,asclepiads 71 or :e!r he only talks ab\t m$ic9e & o!r arts at second h&2 b we h a "r to "k respect+ milit>y tactics1 politics1 education1 :i* are ! *iefe/ & noble/ subjects ( 8 poems1 & we may fairly ask him ab\t !m4 ',fri5d ,hom]1' !n we say to him1 'if y are only 9 ! second remove f tru? 9 :at y say ( virtue1 & n 9 ! ?ird--n an image mak] or imitator--& if y are able to disc]n :at pursuits make m5 bett] or worse 9 private or public life1 tell u :at ,/ate 0 ev] bett] gov]n$ by y\r help8 ,! good ord] ( ,lac$aemon is due to ,lycurgus1 & _m o!r cities great & small h be5 simil>ly b5efit$ by o!rs2 b :o says t y h be5 a good legislator to !m & h done !m any good8 ,italy & ,sicily boa/ ( ,*>ondas1 & !re is ,solon :o is r5[n$ among u2 b :at city has any?+ to say ab\t y8' ,is !re any city :i* he might "n8 ,i ?9k n1 said ,glaucon2 n ev5 ! ,hom]ids !mselves pret5d t he 0 a legislator4 ,well1 b is !re any w> on record :i* 0 c>ri$ on successfully by him1 or aid$ by 8 c\nsels1 :5 he 0 alive8 ,!re is n4 ,or is !re any inv5tion ( 81 applicable to ! arts or to human life1 su* z ,?ales ! ,milesian or ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian1 & o!r +5i\s m5 h conceiv$1 :i* is attribut$ to him8 ,!re is absolutely no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b1 if ,hom] nev] did any public s]vice1 0 he privately a guide or tea*] ( any8 ,_h he 9 8 lifetime fri5ds :o lov$ to associate ) him1 & :o h&$ d[n to po/]ity an ,hom]ic way ( life1 su* z 0 e/abli%$ by ,py?agoras :o 0 s greatly belov$ = 8 wisdom1 & ^: foll[]s are to ?is day q celebrat$ = ! ord] :i* 0 nam$ aft] him8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is record$ ( him4 ,= surely1 ,socrates1 ,creophylus1 ! companion ( ,hom]1 t *ild ( fle%1 ^: "n always makes u laugh1 might be m ju/ly ridicul$ = 8 /upidity1 if1 z is said1 ,hom] 0 greatly neglect$ by him & o!rs 9 8 own day :5 he 0 alive8 ,yes1 ,i repli$1 t is ! tradition4 ,b c y imag9e1 ,glaucon1 t if ,hom] _h really be5 able to educate & improve mank9d--if he _h possess$ k & n be5 a m]e imitator--c y imag9e1 ,i say1 t he w\ld n h _h _m foll[]s1 & be5 hon\r$ & lov$ by !m8 ,protagoras ( ,abd]a1 & ,prodicus ( ,ceos1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 h only to :isp] to _! contempor>ies3 ',y w nev] be able to manage ei!r y\r own h\se or y\r own ,/ate until y appo9t u to be y\r m9i/]s ( education'--& ?is +5i\s device ( !irs has su* an effect 9 mak+ !m love !m t _! companions all b c>ry !m ab\t on _! %\ld]s4 ,& is x conceivable t ! contempor>ies ( ,hom]1 or aga9 ( ,hesiod1 w\ld h all[$ ei!r ( !m to g ab\t z rhapsodi/s1 if !y _h really be5 able to make mank9d virtu\s8 ,w\ld !y n h be5 z unwill+ to "p ) !m z ) gold1 & h compell$ !m to /ay at home ) !m8 ,or1 if ! ma/] w\ld n /ay1 !n ! disciples w\ld h foll[$ him ab\t ev]y:]e1 until !y _h got education en\gh8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 t1 ,i ?9k1 is q true4 ,!n mu/ we n inf] t all ^! poetical individuals1 beg9n+ ) ,hom]1 are only imitators2 !y copy images ( virtue & ! l1 b ! tru? !y nev] rea*8 ,! poet is l a pa9t] :o1 z we h already obs]v$1 w make a lik5ess ( a cobbl] ?\gh he und]/&s no?+ ( cobbl+2 & 8 picture is good en\gh = ^? :o "k no m ?an he does1 & judge only by col\rs & figures4 ,q s4 ,9 l mann] ! poet ) 8 words & phrases may be said to lay on ! col\rs ( ! sev]al arts1 himself und]/&+ _! nature only en\gh to imitate !m2 & o!r p1 :o are z ignorant z he is1 & judge only f 8 words1 imag9e t if he speaks ( cobbl+1 or ( milit>y tactics1 or ( any?+ else1 9 metre & h>mony & rhy?m1 he speaks v well--su* is ! sweet influ5ce :i* melody & rhy?m by nature h4 ,& ,i ?9k t y mu/ h obs]v$ aga9 & aga9 :at a poor appe>ance ! tales ( poets make :5 /ripp$ ( ! col\rs :i* music puts ^u !m1 & recit$ 9 simple prose4 ,yes1 he said4 ,!y are l faces :i* 7 nev] really beautiful1 b only bloom+2 & n[ ! bloom ( y\? has pass$ away f !m8 ,exactly4 ,"h is ano!r po9t3 ,! imitator or mak] ( ! image kn[s no?+ ( true exi/5ce2 he kn[s appe>ances only4 ,am ,i n "r8 ,yes4 ,!n let u h a cle> und]/&+1 & n be satisfi$ ) half an explanation4 ,proce$4 ,( ! pa9t] we say t he w pa9t re9s1 & he w pa9t a bit8 ,yes4 ,& ! work] 9 lea!r & brass w make !m8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b does ! pa9t] "k ! "r =m ( ! bit & re9s8 ,nay1 h>dly ev5 ! work]s 9 brass & lea!r :o make !m2 only ! horseman :o kn[s h[ to use !m--he kn[s _! "r =m4 ,mo/ true4 ,& may we n say ! same ( all ?+s8 ,:at8 ,t !re are ?ree arts :i* are conc]n$ ) all ?+s3 "o :i* uses1 ano!r :i* makes1 a ?ird :i* imitates !m8 ,yes4 ,& ! excell5ce or beauty or tru? ( e /ructure1 animate or inanimate1 & ( e action ( man1 is relative to ! use = :i* nature or ! arti/ has int5d$ !m4 ,true4 ,!n ! us] ( !m mu/ h ! greate/ exp]i5ce ( !m1 & he mu/ indicate to ! mak] ! good or bad qualities :i* develop !mselves 9 use2 = example1 ! flute-play] w tell ! flute-mak] :i* ( 8 flutes is satisfactory to ! p]=m]2 he w tell him h[ he ought to make !m1 & ! o!r w att5d to 8 in/ructions8 ,( c\rse4 ,! "o kn[s & !re=e speaks ) au?ority ab\t ! goodness & badness ( flutes1 :ile ! o!r1 confid+ 9 him1 w d :at he is told by him8 ,true4 ,! in/rum5t is ! same1 b ab\t ! excell5ce or badness ( x ! mak] w only atta9 to a correct belief2 & ?is he w ga9 f him :o kn[s1 by talk+ to him & be+ compell$ to he> :at he has to say1 :]eas ! us] w h k8 ,true4 ,b w ! imitator h ei!r8 ,w he "k f use :e!r or no 8 draw+ is correct or beautiful8 ,or w he h "r op9ion f be+ compell$ to associate ) ano!r :o kn[s & gives him in/ructions ab\t :at he %\ld draw8 ,nei!r4 ,!n he w no m h true op9ion ?an he w h k ab\t ! goodness or badness ( 8 imitations8 ,i suppose n4 ,! imitative arti/ w be 9 a brilliant /ate ( intellig5ce ab\t 8 own creations8 ,nay1 v mu* ! rev]se4 ,& /ill he w g on imitat+ )\t kn[+ :at makes a ?+ good or bad1 & may be expect$ !re=e to imitate only t :i* appe>s to be good to ! ignorant multitude8 ,j s4 ,?us f> !n we are pretty well agre$ t ! imitator has no k wor? m5tion+ ( :at he imitates4 ,imitation is only a k9d ( play or sport1 & ! tragic poets1 :e!r !y write 9 iambic or 9 ,h]oic v]se1 are imitators 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,v true4 ,& n[ tell me1 ,i conjure y1 has n imitation be5 %[n by u to be conc]n$ ) t :i* is ?rice remov$ f ! tru?8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& :at is ! faculty 9 man to :i* imitation is address$8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i w expla93 ,! body :i* is l>ge :5 se5 ne>1 appe>s small :5 se5 at a di/ance8 ,true4 ,& ! same object appe>s /raight :5 look$ at out ( ! wat]1 & crook$ :5 9 ! wat]2 & ! concave becomes convex1 ow+ to ! illusion ab\t col\rs to :i* ! sight is liable4 ,?us e sort ( confusion is reveal$ )9 u2 & ?is is t weakness ( ! human m9d on :i* ! art ( conjur+ & ( deceiv+ by light & %ad[ & o!r +5i\s devices imposes1 hav+ an effect ^u u l magic4 ,true4 ,& ! arts ( measur+ & numb]+ & weigh+ come to ! rescue ( ! human und]/&+-!re is ! beauty ( !m--& ! app>5t great] or less1 or m or heavi]1 no long] h ! ma/]y ov] u1 b give way be=e calculation & measure & weight8 ,mo/ true4 ,& ?is1 surely1 mu/ be ! "w ( ! calculat+ & rational pr9ciple 9 ! s\l ,to be sure4 ,& :5 ?is pr9ciple measures & c]tifies t "s ?+s are equal1 or t "s are great] or less ?an o!rs1 !re occurs an app>5t contradiction8 ,true4 ,b 7 we n say+ t su* a contradiction is ! same faculty _c h contr>y op9ions at ! same "t ab\t ! same ?+8 ,v true4 ,!n t "p ( ! s\l :i* has an op9ion contr>y to measure is n ! same ) t :i* has an op9ion 9 accordance ) measure8 ,true4 ,& ! bett] "p ( ! s\l is likely to be t :i* tru/s to measure & calculation8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& t :i* is oppos$ to !m is "o ( ! inf]ior pr9ciples ( ! s\l8 ,no d\bt4 ,?is 0 ! conclusion at :i* ,i 0 seek+ to arrive :5 ,i said t pa9t+ or draw+1 & imitation 9 g5]al1 :5 do+ _! own prop] "w1 are f> remov$ f tru?1 & ! companions & fri5ds & associates ( a pr9ciple )9 u :i* is equally remov$ f reason1 & t !y h no true or heal?y aim4 ,exactly4 ,! imitative art is an inf]ior :o m>ries an inf]ior1 & has inf]ior (fspr+4 ,v true4 ,& is ?is conf9$ to ! sight only1 or does x ext5d to ! he>+ also1 relat+ 9 fact to :at we t]m poetry8 ,probably ! same w\ld be true ( poetry4 ,d n rely1 ,i said1 on a probability d]iv$ f ! analogy ( pa9t+2 b let u exam9e fur!r & see :e!r ! faculty ) :i* poetical imitation is conc]n$ is good or bad4 ,by all means4 ,we may /ate ! "q ?us3--,imitation imitates ! actions ( m51 :e!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 on :i*1 z !y imag9e1 a good or bad result has ensu$1 & !y rejoice or sorr[ accord+ly4 ,is !re any?+ m8 ,no1 !re is no?+ else4 ,b 9 all ?is v>iety ( circum/ances is ! man at unity ) himself--or r1 z 9 ! in/ance ( sight !re 0 confusion & opposition 9 8 op9ions ab\t ! same ?+s1 s "h also is !re n /rife & inconsi/5cy 9 8 life8 ,?\gh ,i ne$ h>dly raise ! "q aga91 = ,i rememb] t all ?is has be5 already admitt$2 & ! s\l has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be full ( ^! & t5 ?\s& simil> oppositions occurr+ at ! same mom5t8 ,& we 7 "r1 he said4 ,yes1 ,i said1 ?us f> we 7 "r2 b !re 0 an omission :i* mu/ n[ be suppli$4 ,:at 0 ! omission8 ,7 we n say+ t a good man1 :o has ! mis=tune to lose 8 son or any?+ else :i* is mo/ de> to him1 w be> ! loss ) m equanimity ?an ano!r8 ,yes4 ,b w he h no sorr[1 or %all we say t al?\gh he _c help sorr[+1 he w mod]ate 8 sorr[8 ,! latt]1 he said1 is ! tru] /atem5t4 ,tell me3 w he be m likely to /ruggle & hold out aga9/ 8 sorr[ :5 he is se5 by 8 equals1 or :5 he is alone8 ,x w make a great diff]5ce :e!r he is se5 or n4 ,:5 he is by himself he w n m9d say+ or do+ _m ?+s :i* he w\ld be a%am$ ( any "o he>+ or see+ him d8 ,true4 ,!re is a pr9ciple ( law & reason 9 him :i* bids him resi/1 z well z a feel+ ( 8 mis=tune :i* is =c+ him to indulge 8 sorr[8 ,true4 ,b :5 a man is drawn 9 two opposite directions1 to & f ! same object1 ?is1 z we affirm1 necess>ily implies two di/9ct pr9ciples 9 him8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,"o ( !m is ready to foll[ ! guidance ( ! law8 ,h[ d y mean8 ,! law w\ld say t to be pati5t "u suff]+ is be/1 & t we %\ld n give way to impati5ce1 z !re is no kn[+ :e!r su* ?+s are good or evil2 & no?+ is ga9$ by impati5ce2 also1 because no human ?+ is ( s]i\s importance1 & grief /&s 9 ! way ( t :i* at ! mom5t is mo/ requir$4 ,:at is mo/ requir$8 he ask$4 ,t we %\ld take c\nsel ab\t :at has happ5$1 & :5 ! dice h be5 ?r[n ord] our affairs 9 ! way :i* reason deems be/2 n1 l *ildr5 :o h _h a fall1 keep+ hold ( ! "p /ruck & wa/+ "t 9 sett+ up a h[l1 b always accu/om+ ! s\l =?) to apply a rem$y1 rais+ up t :i* is sickly & fall51 bani%+ ! cry ( sorr[ by ! heal+ art4 ,yes1 he said1 t is ! true way ( meet+ ! attacks ( =tune4 ,yes1 ,i said2 & ! high] pr9ciple is ready to foll[ ?is sugge/ion ( reason8 ,cle>ly4 ,& ! o!r pr9ciple1 :i* incl9es u to recollection ( our tr\bles & to lam5tation1 & c nev] h en\gh ( !m1 we may call irrational1 useless1 & c[>dly8 ,inde$1 we may4 ,& does n ! latt]--,i mean ! rebelli\s pr9ciple--furni% a great v>iety ( mat]ials = imitation8 ,:]eas ! wise & calm temp]am5t1 be+ always ne>ly equable1 is n easy to imitate or to appreciate :5 imitat$1 especially at a public fe/ival :5 a promiscu\s cr[d is assembl$ 9 a !atre4 ,= ! feel+ repres5t$ is "o to :i* !y are /rang]s4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ! imitative poet :o aims at be+ popul> is n by nature made1 nor is 8 art int5d$1 to please or to affect ! pr9ciple 9 ! s\l2 b he w pref] ! passionate & fitful temp]1 :i* is easily imitat$8 ,cle>ly4 ,& n[ we may fairly take him & place him by ! side ( ! pa9t]1 = he is l him 9 two ways3 fir/1 inasmu* z 8 creations h an inf]ior degree ( tru?--9 ?is1 ,i say1 he is l him2 & he is also l him 9 be+ conc]n$ ) an inf]ior "p ( ! s\l2 & !re=e we %all be "r 9 refus+ to admit him into a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 because he awak5s & n\ri%es & /r5g!ns ! feel+s & impairs ! reason4 ,z 9 a city :5 ! evil are p]mitt$ to h au?ority & ! good are put out ( ! way1 s 9 ! s\l ( man1 z we ma9ta91 ! imitative poet implants an evil con/itution1 = he indulges ! irrational nature :i* has no disc]nm5t ( great] & less1 b ?9ks ! same ?+ at "o "t great & at ano!r small-he is a manufactur] ( images & is v f> remov$ f ! tru?4 ,exactly4 ,b we h n yet br\ght =w>d ! heavie/ c\nt 9 our accusation3--! p[] :i* poetry has ( h>m+ ev5 ! good 7& !re are v few :o are n h>m$71 is surely an awful ?+8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 if ! effect is :at y say4 ,he> & judge3 ,! be/ ( u1 z ,i conceive1 :5 we li/5 to a passage ( ,hom]1 or "o ( ! trag$ians1 9 :i* he repres5ts "s pitiful h]o :o is drawl+ out 8 sorr[s 9 a long oration1 or weep+1 & smit+ 8 brea/--! be/ ( u1 y "k1 delight 9 giv+ way to sympa?y1 & are 9 raptures at ! excell5ce ( ! poet :o /irs our feel+s mo/4 ,yes1 ( c\rse ,i "k4 ,b :5 any sorr[ ( our own happ5s to u1 !n y may obs]ve t we pride ourselves on ! opposite quality--we w\ld fa9 be quiet & pati5t2 ?is is ! manly "p1 & ! o!r :i* delight$ u 9 ! recitation is n[ deem$ to be ! "p ( a woman4 ,v true1 he said4 ,n[ c we be "r 9 prais+ & admir+ ano!r :o is do+ t :i* any "o ( u w\ld abom9ate & be a%am$ ( 9 8 own p]son8 ,no1 he said1 t is c]ta9ly n reasonable4 ,nay1 ,i said1 q reasonable f "o po9t ( view4 ,:at po9t ( view8 ,if y consid]1 ,i said1 t :5 9 mis=tune we feel a natural hung] & desire to relieve our sorr[ by weep+ & lam5tation1 & t ?is feel+ :i* is kept "u control 9 our own calamities is satisfi$ & delight$ by ! poets2-! bett] nature 9 ea* ( u1 n hav+ be5 suffici5tly tra9$ by reason or habit1 all[s ! sympa!tic elem5t to break loose because ! sorr[ is ano!r's2 & ! spectator fancies t !re c be no disgrace to himself 9 prais+ & pity+ any "o :o comes tell+ him :at a good man he is1 & mak+ a fuss ab\t 8 tr\bles2 he ?9ks t ! pleasure is a ga91 & :y %\ld he be sup]cili\s & lose ?is & ! poem too8 ,few p]sons ev] reflect1 z ,i %\ld imag9e1 t f ! evil ( o!r m5 some?+ ( evil is communicat$ to !mselves4 ,& s ! feel+ ( sorr[ :i* has ga!r$ /r5g? at ! sight ( ! mis=tunes ( o!rs is ) difficulty repress$ 9 our own4 ,h[ v true6 ,& does n ! same hold also ( ! ridicul\s8 ,!re are je/s :i* y w\ld be a%am$ to make y\rself1 & yet on ! comic /age1 or inde$ 9 private1 :5 y he> !m1 y are greatly amus$ by !m1 & are n at all disgu/$ at _! unseeml9ess2--! case ( pity is repeat$2--!re is a pr9ciple 9 human nature :i* is dispos$ to raise a laugh1 & ?is :i* y once re/ra9$ by reason1 because y 7 afraid ( be+ ?\ght a buffoon1 is n[ let out aga92 & hav+ /imulat$ ! risible faculty at ! !atre1 y are betray$ unconsci\sly to y\rself into play+ ! comic poet at home4 ,q true1 he said4 ,& ! same may be said ( lu/ & ang] & all ! o!r affections1 ( desire & pa9 & pleasure1 :i* are held to be insep>able f e action--9 all ( !m poetry fe$s & wat]s ! passions in/ead ( dry+ !m up2 %e lets !m rule1 al?\gh !y ought to be controll$1 if mank9d are ev] to increase 9 happ9ess & virtue4 ,i _c d5y x4 ,!re=e1 ,glaucon1 ,i said1 :5ev] y meet ) any ( ! eulogi/s ( ,hom] decl>+ t he has be5 ! educator ( ,hellas1 & t he is pr(itable = education & = ! ord]+ ( human ?+s1 & t y %\ld take him up aga9 & aga9 & get to "k him & regulate y\r :ole life accord+ to him1 we may love & hon\r ^? :o say ^! ?+s--!y are excell5t p1 z f> z _! lights ext5d2 & we are ready to ackn[l$ge t ,hom] is ! greate/ ( poets & fir/ ( trag$y writ]s2 b we mu/ rema9 firm 9 our conviction t hymns to ! gods & praises ( fam\s m5 are ! only poetry :i* ought to be admitt$ into our ,/ate4 ,= if y g beyond ?is & all[ ! honey$ muse to ent]1 ei!r 9 epic or lyric v]se1 n law & ! reason ( mank9d1 :i* by common cons5t h ev] be5 deem$ be/1 b pleasure & pa9 w be ! rul]s 9 our ,/ate4 ,t is mo/ true1 he said4 ,& n[ s9ce we h rev]t$ to ! subject ( poetry1 let ?is our def5ce s]ve to %[ ! reasonabl5ess ( our =m] judgm5t 9 s5d+ away out ( our ,/ate an art hav+ ! t5d5cies :i* we h describ$2 = reason con/ra9$ u4 ,b t %e may impute to u any h>%ness or want ( polit5ess1 let u tell h] t !re is an anci5t qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry2 ( :i* !re are _m pro(s1 su* z ! say+ ( '! yelp+ h\nd h[l+ at h] "l1' or ( "o 'mighty 9 ! va9 talk ( fools1' & '! mob ( sages circumv5t+ ,zeus1' & ! 'subtle ?9k]s :o are begg>s aft] all'2 & !re are innum]able o!r signs ( anci5t enmity betwe5 !m4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 let u assure our sweet fri5d & ! si/] arts ( imitation t if %e w only prove h] title to exi/ 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate we %all be delight$ to receive h]--we are v consci\s ( h] *>ms2 b we may n on t acc\nt betray ! tru?4 ,i d>e say1 ,glaucon1 t y are z mu* *>m$ by h] z ,i am1 especially :5 %e appe>s 9 ,hom]8 ,yes1 inde$1 ,i am greatly *>m$4 ,%all ,i propose1 !n1 t %e be all[$ to return f exile1 b ^u ?is condition only--t %e make a def5ce ( h]self 9 lyrical or "s o!r metre8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& we may fur!r grant to ^? ( h] def5d]s :o are lov]s ( poetry & yet n poets ! p]mission to speak 9 prose on h] behalf3 let !m %[ n only t %e is pleasant b also useful to ,/ates & to human life1 & we w li/5 9 a k9dly _s2 = if ?is c be prov$ we %all surely be ! ga9]s--,i mean1 if !re is a use 9 poetry z well z a delight8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 we %all ! ga9]s4 ,if h] def5ce fails1 !n1 my de> fri5d1 l o!r p]sons :o are enam\r$ ( some?+1 b put a re/ra9t ^u !mselves :5 !y ?9k _! desires are oppos$ to _! int]e/s1 s too mu/ we aft] ! mann] ( lov]s give h] up1 ?\gh n )\t a /ruggle4 ,we too are inspir$ by t love ( poetry :i* ! education ( noble ,/ates has implant$ 9 u1 & !re=e we w\ld h h] appe> at h] be/ & true/2 b s long z %e is unable to make good h] def5ce1 ?is argum5t ( ours %all be a *>m to u1 :i* we w repeat to ourselves :ile we li/5 to h] /ra9s2 t we may n fall away into ! *ildi% love ( h] :i* captivates ! _m4 ,at all ev5ts we are well aw>e t poetry be+ su* z we h describ$ is n to be reg>d$ s]i\sly z atta9+ to ! tru?2 & he :o li/5s to h]1 fe>+ = ! safety ( ! city :i* is )9 him1 %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ h] s$uctions & make our words 8 law4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i q agree ) y4 ,yes1 ,i said1 my de> ,glaucon1 = great is ! issue at /ake1 great] ?an appe>s1 :e!r a man is to be good or bad4 ,& :at w any "o be pr(it$ if "u ! influ5ce ( hon\r or money or p[]1 aye1 or "u ! excitem5t ( poetry1 he neglect ju/ice & virtue8 ,yes1 he said2 ,i h be5 conv9c$ by ! argum5t1 z ,i believe t any "o else w\ld h be54 ,& yet no m5tion has be5 made ( ! greate/ prizes & rew>ds :i* await virtue4 ,:at1 are !re any great] /ill8 ,if !re are1 !y mu/ be ( an inconceivable greatness4 ,:y1 ,i said1 :at 0 ev] great 9 a %ort "t8 ,! :ole p]iod ( ?reescore ye>s & t5 is surely b a little ?+ 9 comp>ison ) et]nity8 ,say r 'no?+1' he repli$4 ,& %\ld an immortal be+ s]i\sly ?9k ( ?is little space r ?an ( ! :ole8 ,( ! :ole1 c]ta9ly4 ,b :y d y ask8 ,are y n aw>e1 ,i said1 t ! s\l ( man is immortal & imp]i%able8 ,he look$ at me 9 a/oni%m5t1 & said3 ,no1 by heav53 ,& are y really prep>$ to ma9ta9 ?is8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i ought to be1 & y too--!re is no difficulty 9 prov+ x4 ,i see a great difficulty2 b ,i %\ld l to he> y /ate ?is argum5t ( :i* y make s light4 ,li/5 !n4 ,i am att5d+4 ,!re is a ?+ :i* y call good & ano!r :i* y call evil8 ,yes1 he repli$4 ,w\ld y agree ) me 9 ?9k+ t ! corrupt+ & de/roy+ elem5t is ! evil1 & ! sav+ & improv+ elem5t ! good8 ,yes4 ,& y admit t e ?+ has a good & also an evil2 z oph?almia is ! evil ( ! eyes & disease ( ! :ole body2 z mildew is ( corn1 & rot ( timb]1 or ru/ ( copp] & iron3 9 ev]y?+1 or 9 almo/ ev]y?+1 !re is an inh]5t evil & disease8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& any?+ :i* is infect$ by any ( ^! evils is made evil1 & at la/ :olly dissolves & dies8 ,true4 ,! vice & evil :i* is inh]5t 9 ea* is ! de/ruction ( ea*2 & if ?is does n de/roy !m !re is no?+ else t w2 = good c]ta9ly w n de/roy !m1 nor aga91 t :i* is nei!r good nor evil4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d any nature :i* hav+ ?is inh]5t corruption _c be dissolv$ or de/roy$1 we may be c]ta9 t ( su* a nature !re is no de/ruction8 ,t may be assum$4 ,well1 ,i said1 & is !re no evil :i* corrupts ! s\l8 ,yes1 he said1 !re are all ! evils :i* we 7 j n[ pass+ 9 review3 unrighte\sness1 intemp]ance1 c[>dice1 ignorance4 ,b does any ( ^! dissolve or de/roy h]8--& "h d n let u fall into ! error ( suppos+ t ! unju/ & fooli% man1 :5 he is detect$1 p]i%es ?r\gh 8 own inju/ice1 :i* is an evil ( ! s\l4 ,take ! analogy ( ! body3 ,! evil ( ! body is a disease :i* wa/es & r$uces & annihilates ! body2 & all ! ?+s ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ come to annihilation ?r\gh _! own corruption atta*+ to !m & inh]+ 9 !m & s de/roy+ !m4 ,is n ?is true8 ,yes4 ,consid] ! s\l 9 l mann]4 ,does ! inju/ice or o!r evil :i* exi/s 9 ! s\l wa/e & consume h]8 ,d !y by atta*+ to ! s\l & inh]+ 9 h] at la/ br+ h] to dea?1 & s sep>ate h] f ! body8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 x is unreasonable to suppose t any?+ c p]i% f )\t ?r\gh affection ( ext]nal evil :i* c\ld n be de/roy$ f )9 by a corruption ( its own8 ,x is1 he repli$4 ,consid]1 ,i said1 ,glaucon1 t ev5 ! badness ( food1 :e!r /al5ess1 decomposition1 or any o!r bad quality1 :5 conf9$ to ! actual food1 is n suppos$ to de/roy ! body2 al?\gh1 if ! badness ( food communicates corruption to ! body1 !n we %\ld say t ! body has be5 de/roy$ by a corruption ( itself1 :i* is disease1 br\ght on by ?is2 b t ! body1 be+ "o ?+1 c be de/roy$ by ! badness ( food1 :i* is ano!r1 & :i* does n eng5d] any natural infection--?is we %all absolutely d5y8 ,v true4 ,&1 on ! same pr9ciple1 unless "s bodily evil c produce an evil ( ! s\l1 we mu/ n suppose t ! s\l1 :i* is "o ?+1 c be dissolv$ by any m]ely ext]nal evil :i* belongs to ano!r8 ,yes1 he said1 !re is reason 9 t4 ,ei!r !n1 let u refute ?is conclusion1 or1 :ile x rema9s unrefut$1 let u nev] say t fev]1 or any o!r disease1 or ! knife put to ! ?roat1 or ev5 ! cutt+ up ( ! :ole body into ! m9ute/ pieces1 c de/roy ! s\l1 until %e h]self is prov$ to become m unholy or unrighte\s 9 consequ5ce ( ^! ?+s be+ done to ! body2 b t ! s\l1 or any?+ else if n de/roy$ by an int]nal evil1 c be de/roy$ by an ext]nal "o1 is n to be affirm$ by any man4 ,& surely1 he repli$1 no "o w ev] prove t ! s\ls ( m5 become m unju/ 9 consequ5ce ( dea?4 ,b if "s "o :o w\ld r n admit ! immortality ( ! s\l boldly d5ies ?is1 & says t ! dy+ d really become m evil & unrighte\s1 !n1 if ! speak] is "r1 ,i suppose t inju/ice1 l disease1 mu/ be assum$ to be fatal to ! unju/1 & t ^? :o take ?is disord] die by ! natural inh]5t p[] ( de/ruction :i* evil has1 & :i* kills !m soon] or lat]1 b 9 q ano!r way f t 9 :i*1 at pres5t1 ! wick$ receive dea? at ! h&s ( o!rs z ! p5alty ( _! de$s8 ,nay1 he said1 9 t case inju/ice1 if fatal to ! unju/1 w n be s v t]rible to him1 = he w be deliv]$ f evil4 ,b ,i r suspect ! opposite to be ! tru?1 & t inju/ice :i*1 if x h ! p[]1 w murd] o!rs1 keeps ! murd]] alive--aye1 & well awake too2 s f> remov$ is h] dwell+-place f be+ a h\se ( dea?4 ,true1 ,i said2 if ! inh]5t natural vice or evil ( ! s\l is unable to kill or de/roy h]1 h>dly w t :i* is appo9t$ to be ! de/ruction ( "s o!r body1 de/roy a s\l or any?+ else except t ( :i* x 0 appo9t$ to be ! de/ruction4 ,yes1 t c h>dly be4 ,b ! s\l :i* _c be de/roy$ by an evil1 :e!r inh]5t or ext]nal1 mu/ exi/ = ev]1 & if exi/+ = ev]1 mu/ be immortal8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,t is ! conclusion1 ,i said2 &1 if a true conclusion1 !n ! s\ls mu/ always be ! same1 = if none be de/roy$ !y w n dim9i% 9 numb]4 ,nei!r w !y increase1 = ! increase ( ! immortal natures mu/ come f some?+ mortal1 & all ?+s w\ld ?us end 9 immortality4 ,v true4 ,b ?is we _c believe--reason w n all[ u--any m ?an we c believe ! s\l1 9 h] true/ nature1 to be full ( v>iety & diff]5ce & dissimil>ity4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,! s\l1 ,i said1 be+1 z is n[ prov51 immortal1 mu/ be ! faire/ ( compositions & _c be comp\nd$ ( _m elem5ts8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,h] immortality is demon/rat$ by ! previ\s argum5t1 & !re are _m o!r pro(s2 b to see h] z %e really is1 n z we n[ behold h]1 m>r$ by communion ) ! body & o!r mis]ies1 y mu/ contemplate h] ) ! eye ( reason1 9 h] orig9al purity2 & !n h] beauty w be reveal$1 & ju/ice & inju/ice & all ! ?+s :i* we h describ$ w be manife/$ m cle>ly4 ,?us f>1 we h spok5 ! tru? conc]n+ h] z %e appe>s at pres5t1 b we mu/ rememb] also t we h se5 h] only 9 a condition :i* may be comp>$ to t ( ! sea-god ,glaucus1 ^: orig9al image c h>dly be disc]n$ because 8 natural memb]s are brok5 (f & cru%$ & damag$ by ! waves 9 all sorts ( ways1 & incru/ations h gr[n ov] !m ( seawe$ & %ells & /ones1 s t he is m l "s mon/] ?an he is to 8 own natural =m4 ,& ! s\l :i* we behold is 9 a simil> condition1 disfigur$ by t5 ?\s& ills4 ,b n !re1 ,glaucon1 n !re mu/ we look4 ,:]e !n8 ,at h] love ( wisdom4 ,let u see :om %e affects1 & :at society & conv]se %e seeks 9 virtue ( h] ne> k9dr$ ) ! immortal & et]nal & div9e2 also h[ diff]5t %e w\ld become if :olly foll[+ ?is sup]ior pr9ciple1 & borne by a div9e impulse out ( ! ocean 9 :i* %e n[ is1 & dis5gag$ f ! /ones & %ells & ?+s ( e>? & rock :i* 9 wild v>iety spr+ up ar\nd h] because %e fe$s ^u e>?1 & is ov]gr[n by ! good ?+s ( ?is life z !y are t]m$3 !n y w\ld see h] z %e is1 & "k :e!r %e has "o %ape only or _m1 or :at h] nature is4 ,( h] affections & ( ! =ms :i* %e takes 9 ?is pres5t life ,i ?9k t we h n[ said en\gh4 ,true1 he repli$4 ,& ?us1 ,i said1 we h fulfill$ ! conditions ( ! argum5t2 we h n introduc$ ! rew>ds & glories ( ju/ice1 :i*1 z y 7 say+1 are to be f\nd 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod2 b ju/ice 9 h] own nature has be5 %[n to be be/ = ! s\l 9 h] own nature4 ,let a man d :at is j1 :e!r he h ! r+ ( ,gyges or n1 & ev5 if 9 addition to ! r+ ( ,gyges he put on ! helmet ( ,hades4 ,v true4 ,& n[1 ,glaucon1 !re w be no h>m 9 fur!r enum]at+ h[ _m & h[ great are ! rew>ds :i* ju/ice & ! o!r virtues procure to ! s\l f gods & m51 bo? 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,c]ta9ly n1 he said4 ,w y repay me1 !n1 :at y borr[$ 9 ! argum5t8 ,:at did ,i borr[8 ,! assumption t ! j man %\ld appe> unju/ & ! unju/ j3 = y 7 ( op9ion t ev5 if ! true /ate ( ! case c\ld n possibly escape ! eyes ( gods & m51 /ill ?is admission ought to be made = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 9 ord] t pure ju/ice might be weigh$ aga9/ pure inju/ice4 ,d y rememb]8 ,i %\ld be mu* to blame if ,i _h =gott54 ,!n1 z ! cause is decid$1 ,i dem& on behalf ( ju/ice t ! e/imation 9 :i* %e is held by gods & m5 & :i* we ackn[l$ge to be h] due %\ld n[ be re/or$ to h] by u2 s9ce %e has be5 %[n to conf] reality1 & n to deceive ^? :o truly possess h]1 let :at has be5 tak5 f h] be giv5 back1 t s %e may w9 t palm ( appe>ance :i* is h]s also1 & :i* %e gives to h] own4 ,! dem&1 he said1 is j4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i said--& ?is is ! fir/ ?+ :i* y w h to give back--! nature bo? ( ! j & unju/ is truly kn[n to ! gods4 ,grant$4 ,& if !y are bo? kn[n to !m1 "o mu/ be ! fri5d & ! o!r ! enemy ( ! gods1 z we admitt$ f ! beg9n+8 ,true4 ,& ! fri5d ( ! gods may be suppos$ to receive f !m all ?+s at _! be/1 except+ only su* evil z is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( =m] s9s8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,!n ?is mu/ be our notion ( ! j man1 t ev5 :5 he is 9 pov]ty or sickness1 or any o!r seem+ mis=tune1 all ?+s w 9 ! end "w toge!r = good to him 9 life & dea?3 = ! gods h a c>e ( any "o ^: desire is to become j & to be l ,god1 z f> z man c atta9 ! div9e lik5ess1 by ! pursuit ( virtue8 ,yes1 he said2 if he is l ,god he w surely n be neglect$ by him4 ,& ( ! unju/ may n ! opposite be suppos$8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! palms ( victory :i* ! gods give ! j8 ,t is my conviction4 ,& :at d !y receive ( m58 ,look at ?+s z !y really are1 & y w see t ! clev] unju/ are 9 ! case ( runn]s1 :o run well f ! />t+-place to ! goal b n back aga9 f ! goal3 !y g (f at a great pace1 b 9 ! end only look fooli%1 sl9k+ away ) _! e>s draggl+ on _! %\ld]s1 & )\t a cr[n2 b ! true runn] comes to ! f9i% & receives ! prize & is cr[n$4 ,& ?is is ! way ) ! j2 he :o endures to ! end ( e action & occasion ( 8 entire life has a good report & c>ries (f ! prize :i* m5 h to be/[4 ,true4 ,& n[ y mu/ all[ me to repeat ( ! j ! bless+s :i* y 7 attribut+ to ! =tunate unju/4 ,i %all say ( !m1 :at y 7 say+ ( ! o!rs1 t z !y gr[ old]1 !y become rul]s 9 _! own city if !y c>e to be2 !y m>ry :om !y l & give 9 m>riage to :om !y w2 all t y said ( ! o!rs ,i n[ say ( ^!4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! unju/ ,i say t ! great] numb]1 ev5 ?\gh !y escape 9 _! y\?1 are f\nd out at la/ & look fooli% at ! end ( _! c\rse1 & :5 !y come to be old & mis]able are fl\t$ alike by /rang] & citiz52 !y are beat5 & !n come ^? ?+s unfit = e>s polite1 z y truly t]m !m2 !y w be rack$ & h _! eyes burn$ out1 z y 7 say+4 ,& y may suppose t ,i h repeat$ ! rema9d] ( y\r tale ( horrors4 ,b w y let me assume1 )\t recit+ !m1 t ^! ?+s are true8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said1 :at y say is true4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! prizes & rew>ds & gifts :i* are be/[$ ^u ! j by gods & m5 9 ?is pres5t life1 9 addition to ! o!r good ?+s :i* ju/ice ( h]self provides4 ,yes1 he said2 & !y are fair & la/+4 ,& yet1 ,i said1 all ^! are z no?+1 ei!r 9 numb] or greatness 9 comp>ison ) ^? o!r recomp5ses :i* await bo? j & unju/ aft] dea?4 ,& y ought to he> !m1 & !n bo? j & unju/ w h receiv$ f u a full paym5t ( ! debt :i* ! argum5t owes to !m4 ,speak1 he said2 !re are few ?+s :i* ,i w\ld m gladly he>4 ,,socrates ,well1 ,i said1 ,i w tell y a tale2 n "o ( ! tales :i* ,odysseus tells to ! h]o ,alc9\s1 yet ?is too is a tale ( a h]o1 ,er ! son ( ,arm5ius1 a ,pamphylian by bir?4 ,he 0 sla9 9 battle1 & t5 days aft]w>ds1 :5 ! bodies ( ! dead 7 tak5 up already 9 a /ate ( corruption1 8 body 0 f\nd unaffect$ by decay1 & c>ri$ away home to be buri$4 ,& on ! twelf? day1 z he 0 ly+ on ! fun]al pile1 he return$ to life & told !m :at he _h se5 9 ! o!r _w4 ,he said t :5 8 s\l left ! body he w5t on a j\rney ) a great company1 & t !y came to a my/]i\s place at :i* !re 7 two op5+s 9 ! e>?2 !y 7 ne> toge!r1 & ov] aga9/ !m 7 two o!r op5+s 9 ! heav5 above4 ,9 ! int]m$iate space !re 7 judges seat$1 :o comm&$ ! j1 aft] !y _h giv5 judgm5t on !m & _h b\nd _! s5t5ces 9 front ( !m1 to asc5d by ! heav5ly way on ! "r h&2 & 9 l mann] ! unju/ 7 bidd5 by !m to desc5d by ! l[] way on ! left h&2 ^! also bore ! symbols ( _! de$s1 b fa/5$ on _! backs4 ,he drew ne>1 & !y told him t he 0 to be ! mess5g] :o w\ld c>ry ! report ( ! o!r _w to m51 & !y bade him he> & see all t 0 to be he>d & se5 9 t place4 ,!n he beheld & saw on "o side ! s\ls dep>t+ at ei!r op5+ ( heav5 & e>? :5 s5t5ce _h be5 giv5 on !m2 & at ! two o!r op5+s o!r s\ls1 "s asc5d+ out ( ! e>? du/y & worn ) travel1 "s desc5d+ out ( heav5 clean & bright4 ,& arriv+ ev] & anon !y seem$ to h come f a long j\rney1 & !y w5t =? ) gladness into ! mead[1 :]e !y encamp$ z at a fe/ival2 & ^? :o knew "o ano!r embrac$ & conv]s$1 ! s\ls :i* came f e>? curi\sly enquir+ ab\t ! ?+s above1 & ! s\ls :i* came f heav5 ab\t ! ?+s b5ea?4 ,& !y told "o ano!r ( :at _h happ5$ by ! way1 ^? f bel[ weep+ & sorr[+ at ! remembrance ( ! ?+s :i* !y _h endur$ & se5 9 _! j\rney b5ea? ! e>? 7n[ ! j\rney la/$ a ?\s& ye>s71 :ile ^? f above 7 describ+ heav5ly delights & visions ( inconceivable beauty4 ,! ,/ory1 ,glaucon1 w\ld take too long to tell2 b ! sum 0 ?is3--,he said t = e wrong :i* !y _h done to any "o !y suff]$ t5fold2 or once 9 a hundr$ ye>s--su* be+ reckon$ to be ! l5g? ( man's life1 & ! p5alty be+ ?us paid t5 times 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,if1 = example1 !re 7 any :o _h be5 ! cause ( _m dea?s1 or _h betray$ or enslav$ cities or armies1 or be5 guilty ( any o!r evil behavi\r1 = ea* & all ( _! (f5ces !y receiv$ puni%m5t t5 times ov]1 & ! rew>ds ( b5efic5ce & ju/ice & hol9ess 7 9 ! same proportion4 ,i ne$ h>dly repeat :at he said conc]n+ "y *ildr5 dy+ almo/ z soon z !y 7 born4 ,( piety & impiety to gods & p>5ts1 & ( murd]]s1 !re 7 retributions o!r & great] f> :i* he describ$4 ,he m5tion$ t he 0 pres5t :5 "o ( ! spirits ask$ ano!r1 ',:]e is ,ardiaeus ! ,great8' 7,n[ ?is ,ardiaeus liv$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,er3 he _h be5 ! tyrant ( "s city ( ,pamphylia1 & _h murd]$ 8 ag$ fa!r & 8 eld] bro!r1 & 0 said to h committ$ _m o!r abom9able crimes47 ,! answ] ( ! o!r _s 03 ',he comes n hi!r & w nev] come4 ,& ?is1' said he1 '0 "o ( ! dreadful sights :i* we ourselves witness$4 ,we 7 at ! m\? ( ! cav]n1 &1 hav+ complet$ all our exp]i5ces1 7 ab\t to reasc5d1 :5 ( a sudd5 ,ardiaeus appe>$ & sev]al o!rs1 mo/ ( :om 7 tyrants2 & !re 7 also besides ! tyrants private individuals :o _h be5 great crim9als3 !y 7 j1 z !y fanci$1 ab\t to return into ! upp] _w1 b ! m\?1 in/ead ( admitt+ !m1 gave a ro>1 :5ev] any ( ^! incurable s9n]s or "s "o :o _h n be5 suffici5tly puni%$ tri$ to asc5d2 & !n wild m5 ( fi]y aspect1 :o 7 /&+ by & he>d ! s\nd1 seiz$ & c>ri$ !m (f2 & ,ardiaeus & o!rs !y b\nd head & foot & h&1 & ?rew !m d[n & flay$ !m ) sc\rges1 & dragg$ !m along ! road at ! side1 c>d+ !m on ?orns l wool1 & decl>+ to ! pass]s-by :at 7 _! crimes1 & t !y 7 be+ tak5 away to be ca/ into hell4' ,& ( all ! _m t]rors :i* !y _h endur$1 he said t !re 0 none l ! t]ror :i* ea* ( !m felt at t mom5t1 le/ !y %\ld he> ! voice2 & :5 !re 0 sil5ce1 "o by "o !y asc5d$ ) exce$+ joy4 ,^!1 said ,er1 7 ! p5alties & retributions1 & !re 7 bless+s z great4 ,n[ :5 ! spirits :i* 7 9 ! mead[ _h t>ri$ sev5 days1 on ! eigh? !y 7 oblig$ to proce$ on _! j\rney1 &1 on ! f\r? day aft]1 he said t !y came to a place :]e !y c\ld see f above a l9e ( light1 /raight z a column1 ext5d+ "r ?r\gh ! :ole heav5 & ?r\gh ! e>?1 9 col\r resembl+ ! ra9b[1 only bright] & pur]2 ano!r day's j\rney br\ght !m to ! place1 & !re1 9 ! mid/ ( ! light1 !y saw ! ends ( ! *a9s ( heav5 let d[n f above3 = ?is light is ! belt ( heav51 & holds toge!r ! circle ( ! univ]se1 l ! "u-gird]s ( a trireme4 ,f ^! ends is ext5d$ ! sp9dle ( ,necessity1 on :i* all ! revolutions turn4 ,! %aft & hook ( ?is sp9dle are made ( /eel1 & ! :orl is made p>tly ( /eel & also p>tly ( o!r mat]ials4 ,n[ ! :orl is 9 =m l ! :orl us$ on e>?2 & ! description ( x impli$ t !re is "o l>ge holl[ :orl :i* is q scoop$ out1 & into ?is is fitt$ ano!r less] "o1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1 & f\r o!rs1 mak+ eight 9 all1 l vessels :i* fit into "o ano!r2 ! :orls %[ _! edges on ! upp] side1 & on _! l[] side all toge!r =m "o cont9u\s :orl4 ,?is is pi]c$ by ! sp9dle1 :i* is driv5 home ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! eigh?4 ,! fir/ & out]mo/ :orl has ! rim broade/1 & ! sev5 inn] :orls are n>r[]1 9 ! foll[+ proportions--! six? is next to ! fir/ 9 size1 ! f\r? next to ! six?2 !n comes ! eigh?2 ! sev5? is fif?1 ! fif? is six?1 ! ?ird is sev5?1 la/ & eigh? comes ! second4 ,! l>ge/ 7( fix$ />s7 is spangl$1 & ! sev5? 7or sun7 is brighte/2 ! eigh? 7or moon7 col\r$ by ! reflect$ light ( ! sev5?2 ! second & fif? 7,saturn & ,m]cury7 are 9 col\r l "o ano!r1 & yell[] ?an ! prec$+2 ! ?ird 7,v5us7 has ! :ite/ light2 ! f\r? 7,m>s7 is r$di%2 ! six? 7,jupit]7 is 9 :it5ess second4 ,n[ ! :ole sp9dle has ! same motion2 b1 z ! :ole revolves 9 "o direction1 ! sev5 inn] circles move sl[ly 9 ! o!r1 & ( ^! ! swifte/ is ! eigh?2 next 9 swiftness are ! sev5?1 six?1 & fif?1 :i* move toge!r2 ?ird 9 swiftness appe>$ to move accord+ to ! law ( ?is rev]s$ motion ! f\r?2 ! ?ird appe>$ f\r? & ! second fif?4 ,! sp9dle turns on ! knees ( ,necessity2 & on ! upp] surface ( ea* circle is a sir51 :o goes r\nd ) !m1 hymn+ a s+le tone or note4 ,! eight toge!r =m "o h>mony2 & r\nd ab\t1 at equal int]vals1 !re is ano!r b&1 ?ree 9 numb]1 ea* sitt+ ^u h] ?rone3 ^! are ! ,fates1 daught]s ( ,necessity1 :o are clo!d 9 :ite robes & h *aplets ^u _! heads1 ,la*esis & ,clo?o & ,atropos1 :o accompany ) _! voices ! h>mony ( ! sir5s--,la*esis s++ ( ! pa/1 ,clo?o ( ! pres5t1 ,atropos ( ! future2 ,clo?o f "t to "t assi/+ ) a t\* ( h] "r h& ! revolution ( ! out] circle ( ! :orl or sp9dle1 & ,atropos ) h] left h& t\*+ & guid+ ! inn] ones1 & ,la*esis lay+ hold ( ei!r 9 turn1 fir/ ) "o h& & !n ) ! o!r4 ,:5 ,er & ! spirits arriv$1 _! duty 0 to g at once to ,la*esis2 b fir/ ( all !re came a prophet :o arrang$ !m 9 ord]2 !n he took f ! knees ( ,la*esis lots & samples ( lives1 & hav+ m\nt$ a high pulpit1 spoke z foll[s3 ',he> ! ^w ( ,la*esis1 ! daught] ( ,necessity4 ,mortal s\ls1 behold a new cycle ( life & mortality4 ,y\r g5ius w n be allott$ to y1 b y *oose y\r g5ius2 & let him :o draws ! fir/ lot h ! fir/ *oice1 & ! life :i* he *ooses %all be 8 de/9y4 ,virtue is free1 & z a man hon\rs or di%on\rs h] he w h m or less ( h]2 ! responsibility is ) ! *oos]--,god is ju/ifi$4' ,:5 ! ,int]pret] _h ?us spok5 he scatt]$ lots indiff]5tly among !m all1 & ea* ( !m took up ! lot :i* fell ne> him1 all b ,er himself 7he 0 n all[$71 & ea* z he took 8 lot p]ceiv$ ! numb] :i* he _h obta9$4 ,!n ! ,int]pret] plac$ on ! gr\nd be=e !m ! samples ( lives2 & !re 7 _m m lives ?an ! s\ls pres5t1 & !y 7 ( all sorts4 ,!re 7 lives ( e animal & ( man 9 e condition4 ,& !re 7 tyrannies among !m1 "s la/+ out ! tyrant's life1 o!rs :i* broke (f 9 ! middle & came to an end 9 pov]ty & exile & begg>y2 & !re 7 lives ( fam\s m51 "s :o 7 fam\s = _! =m & beauty z well z = _! /r5g? & success 9 games1 or1 aga91 = _! bir? & ! qualities ( _! ance/ors2 & "s :o 7 ! rev]se ( fam\s = ! opposite qualities4 ,& ( wom5 likewise2 !re 0 n1 h[ev]1 any def9ite "* !m1 because ! s\l1 :5 *oos+ a new life1 mu/ ( necessity become diff]5t4 ,b !re 0 e o!r quality1 & ! all m+l$ ) "o ano!r1 & also ) elem5ts ( weal? & pov]ty1 & disease & heal?2 & !re 7 mean /ates also4 ,& "h1 my de> ,glaucon1 is ! supreme p]il ( our human /ate2 & !re=e ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak54 ,let ea* "o ( u leave e o!r k9d ( k & seek & foll[ "o ?+ only1 if p]adv5ture he may be able to le>n & may f9d "s "o :o w make him able to le>n & disc]n betwe5 good & evil1 & s to *oose always & ev]y:]e ! bett] life z he has opportunity4 ,he %\ld consid] ! be>+ ( all ^! ?+s :i* h be5 m5tion$ sev]ally & collectively ^u virtue2 he %\ld "k :at ! effect ( beauty is :5 comb9$ ) pov]ty or weal? 9 a p>ticul> s\l1 & :at are ! good & evil consequ5ces ( noble & humble bir?1 ( private & public /ation1 ( /r5g? & weakness1 ( clev]ness & dullness1 & ( all ! s\l1 & ! op]ation ( !m :5 conjo9$2 he w !n look at ! nature ( ! s\l1 & f ! consid]ation ( all ^! qualities he w be able to det]m9e :i* is ! bett] & :i* is ! worse2 & s he w *oose1 giv+ ! "n ( evil to ! life :i* w make 8 s\l m unju/1 & good to ! life :i* w make 8 s\l m j2 all else he w disreg>d4 ,= we h se5 & "k t ?is is ! be/ *oice bo? 9 life & aft] dea?4 ,a man mu/ take ) him into ! _w bel[ an adamant9e fai? 9 tru? & "r1 t !re too he may be undazzl$ by ! desire ( weal? or ! o!r allurem5ts ( evil1 le/1 com+ ^u tyrannies & simil> villa9ies1 he d irrem$iable wrongs to o!rs & suff] yet worse himself2 b let him "k h[ to *oose ! mean & avoid ! extremes on ei!r side1 z f> z possible1 n only 9 ?is life b 9 all t :i* is to come4 ,= ?is is ! way ( happ9ess4 ,& accord+ to ! report ( ! mess5g] f ! o!r _w ?is 0 :at ! prophet said at ! "t3 ',ev5 = ! la/ com]1 if he *ooses wisely & w live dilig5tly1 !re is appo9t$ a happy & n undesirable exi/5ce4 ,let n him :o *ooses fir/ be c>eless1 & let n ! la/ despair4' ,& :5 he _h spok51 he :o _h ! fir/ *oice came =w>d & 9 a mom5t *ose ! greate/ tyranny2 8 m9d hav+ be5 d>k5$ by folly & s5suality1 he _h n ?\ght out ! :ole matt] be=e he *ose1 & did n at fir/ sight p]ceive t he 0 fat$1 among o!r evils1 to dev\r 8 own *ildr54 ,b :5 he _h "t to reflect1 & saw :at 0 9 ! lot1 he began to beat 8 brea/ & lam5t ov] 8 *oice1 =gett+ ! proclamation ( ! prophet2 =1 in/ead ( ?r[+ ! blame ( 8 mis=tune on himself1 he accus$ *ance & ! gods1 & ev]y?+ r ?an himself4 ,n[ he 0 "o ( ^? :o came f heav51 & 9 a =m] life _h dwelt 9 a well-ord]$ ,/ate1 b 8 virtue 0 a matt] ( habit only1 & he _h no philosophy4 ,& x 0 true ( o!rs :o 7 simil>ly ov]tak51 t ! great] numb] ( !m came f heav5 & !re=e !y _h nev] be5 s*ool$ by trial1 :]eas ! pilgrims :o came f e>?1 hav+ !mselves suff]$ & se5 o!rs suff]1 7 n 9 a hurry to *oose4 ,& ow+ to ?is inexp]i5ce ( !irs1 & also because ! lot 0 a *ance1 _m ( ! s\ls ex*ang$ a good de/9y = an evil or an evil = a good4 ,= if a man _h always on 8 arrival 9 ?is _w d$icat$ himself f ! fir/ to s\nd philosophy1 & _h be5 mod]ately =tunate 9 ! numb] ( ! lot1 he might1 z ! mess5g] report$1 be happy "h1 & also 8 j\rney to ano!r life & return to ?is1 in/ead ( be+ r\gh & und]gr\nd1 w\ld be smoo? & heav5ly4 ,mo/ curi\s1 he said1 0 ! spectacle--sad & laughable & /range2 = ! *oice ( ! s\ls 0 9 mo/ cases bas$ on _! exp]i5ce ( a previ\s life4 ,!re he saw ! s\l :i* _h once be5 ,orpheus *oos+ ! life ( a swan out ( enmity to ! race ( wom51 hat+ to be born ( a woman because !y _h be5 8 murd]]s2 he beheld also ! s\l ( ,?amyras *oos+ ! life ( a night+ale2 birds1 on ! o!r h&1 l ! swan & o!r musicians1 want+ to be m54 ,! s\l :i* obta9$ ! tw5tie? lot *ose ! life ( a lion1 & ?is 0 ! s\l ( ,ajax ! son ( ,telamon1 :o w\ld n be a man1 rememb]+ ! inju/ice :i* 0 done him ! judgm5t ab\t ! arms4 ,! next 0 ,agamemnon1 :o took ! life ( an eagle1 because1 l ,ajax1 he hat$ human nature by reason ( 8 suff]+s4 ,ab\t ! middle came ! lot ( ,atalanta2 %e1 see+ ! great fame ( an a?lete1 0 unable to resi/ ! temptation3 & aft] h] !re foll[$ ! s\l ( ,epeus ! son ( ,panopeus pass+ into ! nature ( a woman cunn+ 9 ! arts2 & f> away among ! la/ :o *ose1 ! s\l ( ! je/] ,!rsites 0 putt+ on ! =m ( a monkey4 ,!re came also ! s\l ( ,odysseus hav+ yet to make a *oice1 & 8 lot happ5$ to be ! la/ ( !m all4 ,n[ ! recollection ( =m] tolls _h dis5*ant$ him ( ambition1 & he w5t ab\t = a consid]able "t 9 se>* ( ! life ( a private man :o _h no c>es2 he _h "s difficulty 9 f9d+ ?is1 :i* 0 ly+ ab\t & _h be5 neglect$ by ev]ybody else2 & :5 he saw x1 he said t he w\ld h done ! _h 8 lot be5 fir/ in/ead ( la/1 & t he 0 delight$ to h x4 ,& n only did m5 pass into animals1 b ,i mu/ also m5tion t !re 7 animals tame & wild :o *ang$ into "o ano!r & into correspond+ human natures--! good into ! g5tle & ! evil into ! savage1 9 all sorts ( comb9ations4 ,all ! s\ls _h n[ *os5 _! lives1 & !y w5t 9 ! ord] ( _! *oice to ,la*esis1 :o s5t ) !m ! g5ius :om !y _h sev]ally *os51 to be ! gu>dian ( _! lives & ! fulfill] ( ! *oice3 ?is g5ius l$ ! s\ls fir/ to ,clo?o1 & drew !m )9 ! revolution ( ! sp9dle impell$ by h] h&1 ?us ratify+ ! de/9y ( ea*2 & !n1 :5 !y 7 fa/5$ to ?is1 c>ri$ !m to ,atropos1 :o spun ! ?reads & made !m irrev]sible1 :5ce )\t turn+ r\nd !y pass$ b5ea? ! ?rone ( ,necessity2 & :5 !y _h all pass$1 !y m>*$ on 9 a scor*+ heat to ! pla9 ( ,=getfulness1 :i* 0 a b>r5 wa/e de/itute ( trees & v]dure2 & !n t[>ds ev5+ !y encamp$ by ! riv] ( ,unm9dfulness1 ^: wat] no vessel c hold2 ( ?is !y 7 all oblig$ to dr9k a c]ta9 quantity1 & ^? :o 7 n sav$ by wisdom drank m ?an 0 necess>y2 & ea* "o z he drank =got all ?+s4 ,n[ aft] !y _h gone to re/1 ab\t ! middle ( ! night !re 0 a ?und]/orm & e>?quake1 & !n 9 an in/ant !y 7 driv5 upw>ds 9 all mann] ( ways to _! bir?1 l />s %oot+4 ,he himself 0 h9d]$ f dr9k+ ! wat]4 ,b 9 :at mann] or by :at means he return$ to ! body he c\ld n say2 only1 9 ! morn+1 awak+ sudd5ly1 he f\nd himself ly+ on ! pyre4 ,& ?us1 ,glaucon1 ! tale has be5 sav$ & has n p]i%$1 & w save u if we are ob$i5t to ! ^w spok52 & we %all pass safely ov] ! riv] ( ,=getfulness & our s\l w n be defil$4 ,:]e=e my c\nsel is t we hold fa/ ev] to ! heav5ly way & foll[ aft] ju/ice & virtue always1 consid]+ t ! s\l is immortal & able to endure e sort ( good & e sort ( evil4 ,?us %all we live de> to "o ano!r & to ! gods1 bo? :ile rema9+ "h & :51 l conqu]ors 9 ! games :o g r\nd to ga!r gifts1 we receive our rew>d4 ,& x %all be well ) u bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! pilgrimage ( a ?\s& ye>s :i* we h be5 describ+4