,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,?is "w 0 orig9ally produc$ 9 #afcj1 only #bf ye>s aft] ,cawdrey's fir/ ,engli% diction>y & m ?an a c5tury be=e ,johnson's4 ,! spell+ is1 9 _m cases1 /range to mod]n /&>ds & highly v>iable4 ,i h not$ a small numb] ( cases :i* w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 consid]$ absurd by ! orig9al au?or4 ,^! h be5 am5d$ to a m consonant =m2 all o!r spell+ has be5 reta9$ z ! orig9al4 ,"s app>5tly incorrect or miss+ punctuation has be5 correct$4 ,! read] %\ld note t o & e h be5 us$ to repres5t ! v[el sup]scrib$ by a tilde m>k4 ,?is implies nasalization & %\ld be read z indicat+ an omitt$ 'm' or 'n' foll[+ ! v[el4 ,! lett]s 'u' & 'v' are us$ l>gely int]*angeably z also1 ?\gh to a less] ext5t1 'i' & 'j'4--,,atb4 ,a ,,briefe ,,introdvction ,,to ,,geography ,,conta9+ ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,grovnds1 ,,& ,,g5]all ,,"p ,,!re(1 ,,v ,,necess>y = "y /ud5ts 9 t sci5ce4 ,,writt5 ,,by ,,t ,,le>n$ man1 ,mr ,,william ,,pemble1 ,ma/] ( ,arts1 ( ,magdal5 ,hall 9 ,ox=d4 ,,ox=d ,pr9t$ by ,,iohn ,,li*field ,pr9t] to ! ,fam\s ,vniv]sity = ,,edw>d ,,=re/ ,ann4 ,dom4 #afcj4 ,to ! ,read] ,g5tle ,read]2 ,i "h pres5t vnto ?y view ^! few %eets1 writt5 by t le>n$ man ,mr ,william ,pemble1 ,i d\bt n to call him ! fa!r1 ! *ilde fau\rs him s mu*4 ,x ha? long lay hid f ?y sight1 b n[ at l5g? emboldn$ vpon ?y curte\s acceptance ( 8 =m] lab\rs1 x lookes abroad into ! _w2 ,its b little2 let n t detract any ?+ f x1 !re may lie mu*1 ?\gh p5t vp 9 a n>r[ roome2 :5 ?\ reades1 !n iudge ( x2 ,?us mu* may bee sayd3 ,?\gh _m haue writ ( ?is subiect1 yet ?is inf]i\r to none2 ?\ may'/ obs]ue 9 x an admirable mixture ( ,art & delight1 s t = y\ng] ,/ud5ts x may bee _! introduction1 = o!rs a ,remembranc]1 = any n vnwor?y ! p]usall3 only1 let x f9de k9de ent]taynm5t1 at ?y h&s4 ,f>ewell4 ,a ,,briefe ,,introdvction ,,to ,,geographie4 ,,*ap4 #a4 ,a g5]all description & division ( ,geography4 ,topographie is a p>ticul> description ( "s small quantity ( ,l&1 su* z ,l& measur]s sett out 9 _! plots4 ,*orographie is a p>ticul> description ( "s ,c\ntry1 z ( ,engl&1 ,france1 or any %ire or pr\9ce 9 !m3 z 9 ! vsuall & ord9>y mappe4 ,geography is an art or sci5ce tea*+ vs ! g5]all description ( ! :ole e>?1 ( ?is especially wee are n[ to speake (1 & also ,*orography z a "p vnd] x conteyn$3 bo?1 excell5t p>ts ( k 9 !m selues1 & affoord+ mu* pr(it & helpe 9 ! vnd]/&+ ( hi/ory o!r ?+s4 ,! p>ts ( ,geography are two4 ,g5]all1 :i* treate? ( ! nature1 qualities1 measure1 ) o!r g5]all prop]ties ( ! e>?4 ,speciall1 :]e9 ! seu]all c\ntrys & coa/s ( ! e>? are deuid$ & describ$4 ,( ! g5]all 9 ! fir/ place1 & m at l>ge !n ( ! o!r1 because x is m difficult1 & h>d to bee vnd]/ood1 & yet ( necess>y vse1 = ! vnd]/&+ ( ! o!r4 ,?is g5]all tract may bee p>t$ into fiue p>ticul> heads4 #a ( ! prop]ties & affections ( ! e>?4 #b ( ! p>ts ( x 9 g5]all4 #c ( ! ,circles ( x4 #d ( ! di/9ction & diuision ( x accord+e to "s g5]all conditions & qualities ( x4 #e ( ! measur+e ( x4 ,^! 9 !ire ord]4 ,,cap4 #b4 ,( c]ta9e g5]all prop]ties ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,geography :5 wee "n ! e>? wee meane n ! e>? tak5 seu]ally by itselfe1 )\t ! seas & wat]s4 ,b vnd] "o "n bo? are compris$1 z !y are n[ m+l$ "o ) ano!r & doe bo? toge!r make vp "o entire & r\nd body4 ,nei!r doe wee diue into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & ent] into consid]ation ( ! naturall qualities1 :i* are 9 ! sub/ance ( ,e>? & wat]1 z coldnes1 dr9esse moi/ure1 heau9es1 & ! l1 b wee looke only vpon ! out side1 contemplat+ ! greatnesse1 scituation1 di/ances1 measur+e1 & o!r su* affections :i* appe>e 9 ! sup]ficies ( x1 to ! eyes ( our bodies & m9des3 ,^! !n ( ! e>? & wat] toge!r1 rules are to bee kn[ne1 #a ,! e>? & ! wat] doe make "o globe1 i4e41 "o r\nd or sph]icall body4 ,! naturall place ( ! wat] is to bee ab\e ! e>?1 & soe x 0 9 ! fir/ creation ( x1 compass+1 ! e>? r\nd ab\te z appe>es ,g5es4 #a4 #i4 ,b = ! vse ( man & all o!r liu+ creatures1 ,god made a sep>ation ( !m causs+ ! wat]s to s9ke d[ne into huge holl[ *annells1 prep>$ to receaue x1 t s ! drie l& might appe>e ab\e x4 ,not)/&+ :i* sep>ation1 !y doe bo? /ill rema9e toge!r1 n c\]+ "o ano!r z at fir/1 b int]m+l$ "o ) ano!r1 & t soe exactly z !y n[ make b "o r\nd body1 :]eas at fir/ !y made two4 ,"h !r=e are two poynts to be pr\$1 #a4 ,t !y are "o globe4 #b4 t ?is "o is r\nd4 #a ,!y are "o globe hau+ ! same ,c5t] or middle po9te1 & ! same surface or conuexe sup]ficies1 :i* w appe>e by ^! reasons4 #a ,common exp]i5ce4 ,take a lumpe ( e>? & any quantity ( wat]1 & let !m bo? fall d[ne toge!r vpon ! e>? f "s high place1 wee see t 9 ! descet !y doe n seu]1 b keepe /ill toge!r 9 on /reight l9e1 :i* c\ld n bee1 if ! e>? & wat] 7 two seu]all r\nd bodies hau+ seu]all c5t]s4 ,z = example suppose !m to bee two globes & let 7a7 bee ! ,c5t] ( ! e>? & 7b7 ! c5t] ( ! wat]2 fro 7c7 "s high place ab\e ! e>? hurle d[ne e>? & wat]1 ,i say ! e>? w "p f ! wat] 9 go+ d[ne & ! e>? w fall d[ne vpon 7d7 ! wat] vpon 7e7 b ?is is contr>y to exp]i5ce ergo ! supposition is false4 ,illu/ration #b ,! %ad[ :i* 9 ,eclipses is ca/ vpon ! ,moone by ! e>? & ! wat]1 is b "o & n two1 !re=e ! body is s likewise4 ,?is w appe>e 9 ! pro(e ( ! next po9t1 v4 #b4 #b ,t bo? e>? & wat] are "o r\nd body1 n squ>e1 long1 holl[1 ( any o!r figure4 ,?is is pr\$ by diu]se reasons4 #a ,by ,eclipses2 :5 ! e>?1 /&s iu/ betwe5e ! ,sunne & ! ,moone1 !n do? ! %ad[ ( ! e>? fall+ vpon ! ,moone d>k5 x :oly or 9 "p4 ,n[ z is ! fa%ion ( ! %ad[1 su* is ! figure ( ! body1 :5ce x falls1 b ! %ad[ ( ! e>? & wat] ca/ vpon ! ,moone is r\nd1 & also "o1 !re=e !y are r\nd & also "o body4 ,illu/ration #b ,by ! ord]ly & successiue appe>+ ( ! />res1 z m5 trauile f ,nor? to ,s\?1 or f ,s\? to ,nor?1 by sea or l&4 ,= z !y goe by degrees1 !y disc\] new />res1 :i* !y saw n be=e1 & loose ! sight ( !m !y did1 :i* c\ld n bee if ! e>? 7 n r\nd4 ,z = example1 let 7,x4,o4,r47 ! inw>d ,circle bee ! e>?1 7,q4,s4,p47 ! outw>d1 ! ,heau53 !y _c see ! />re 7,s7 :i* dwell vpon ! e>? 9 7,x7 b if !y goe ,nor?w>d vnto 7,o7 !y may see x4 ,if !y goe f>!r to 7,r7 !y may see ! />re 7,p7 b !n !y loose ! sight ( ! />re 7,q7 :i* be+ at 7,x7 & 7,o7 !y might haue se5e4 ,because1 z x appe>es 9 ! figure1 ! e>? rise? vp r\nd betwe5e 7,r7 & 7,x74 ,illu/ration #c ,by ! ord]ly & successiue ris+ ( ! ,sunne & />res1 & sett+e ( ! same4 ,:i* appe>e n at ! same "t to all c\ntryes1 b vnto "o aft] ano!r4 ,z = example1 let 7,f4,c4,b47 be ! ,circle ( ! e>?1 7,d4,e4,a47 ! ,circle ( ! heau5 f ,ea/ to we/1 let 7,a7 bee ! ,sunne or a />re4 ,:5 ! ,sunne 7,a7 is vp1 & %9es vpon !m t dwell 9 7,b7 hee is n ris5 to !m t dwell 9 7,c7 aga9e :5 hee is ris5 high] & is come to 7,e7 & s %9es vpon ^? t dwell 9 7,c7 hee is n yet vp to !m t dwell 9 7,f74 ,aga9e :5 hee setts 9 ! ,we/1 9 7,d7 & s is out ( sight to ! inhabitants 9 7,b7 hee is yet vp to !m t dwell 9 7,c7 & 7,f74 ,:i* %ews pla9ely ! e>? is r\nd4 ,illu/ration #d ,by ! diff]5t obs]uations ( ,eclipses4 ,"o & ! same ,eclipse appe>+ soon] to ! ,ea/]ly ,nations !n ^? t lye f>!r we/1 :i* is caus$ by ! bulke ( ! e>? swell+ vp betwe5e4 ,z = example4 ,let 7,x4,o47 bee ! ,circle ( ! e>?1 & ! great] ! ,circle ( ! heau5 f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,let 7,p4,q47 bee ! body ( ! ,sunne1 7,w4,s47 ( ! ,moone 9 ! eclipse by reason ( ! e>? betwe5e x & ! ,sunne4 ,x is manife/ t ! inhabitants 9 7,o7 %all see ! eclipse be=e ! inhabitants 9 7,x7 by c]ta9e h\res1 accord+ z ! di/ance betwe5e 7,x7 & 7,o7 is m or lesse4 ,!y t dwell 9 7,o7 %all see x 9 7,s7 !y t dwell 9 7,x7 see x n till x come to 7,w7 a great deale high]4 ,illu/ration #e ,t ! wat] is r\nd besides ! naturall weight & moi/ure ( x1 :i* be+ apt to yeeld & runne abroad1 w n suff] "s places to ly high1 & "s l[1 l hills1 dales1 b ?\gh x be made r\gh & vneu5 by tempe/1 do? presetly returne to _! naturall smoo?nesse & eu5nesse3 ,i say besides ?is3 x is cle>e by common exp]i5ce2 = if wee /& on ! l&1 & see a %ip goe =? to sea1 by degrees wee loose ! sight ( x1 fir/ ( ! bulke !n ( ! ma/1 & all4 ,s also "o ! o!r side !y t are at sea by degrees doe loose or ga9e ! sight ( ! ,l&3 ,z = example4 ,let 7,a7 bee "s /eeple vpon ! l& 7,b7 a %ipp at sea3 ,he t /&s at 7,a7 %all by little & little loose ! sight ( ! %ip1 z %ee goes out1 gett sight ( h] z %ee comes 94 ,bo? fir/ & la/ hee %all haue ! sight ( ! top ma/ 7,b7 :5 hee sees no?+ else4 ,because ! sea rise? vp betwe5e 8 sight & ! %ip4 ,illu/ration ,^! reasons & exp]im5ts may suffice to pr\e ! r\ndnesse ( ! e>? & wat]2 :i* might bee f>!r demon/rat$ by %ew+ ! fal%ood ( all o!r figures regul> or irregul> t c be giu5 vnto x2 t x is nei!r squ>e1 nor ?ree-corn]d1 nor ,piramidall1 nor conicall on ,tap]wise1 nor ,cyl9dricall l a b>ley r[le1 nor holl[ l a di%1 nor ( any o!r fa%ion1 z "s haue imag9$ x to bee (4 ,wee come to ?is second rule4 #b ,! tops ( ! highe/ hills1 & ! bottoms ( ! l[e/ vallies al?\gh 9 seu]all places !y make ! e>? vnev51 yet be+ comp>$ to ! va/ greatnesse ( ! :ole1 doe n at all h9d] ! r\ndnesse ( x4 ,among all ,geometricall figures ! spha]iall or ! r\nd is ! mo/ p]fect1 & among/ all naturall bodies ! heau5 is ! mo/ excell5t4 ,x 0 !re=e good reason ! mo/ beautifull body %\ld haue ! mo/ p]fect & exquisite %ape4 ,exact r\ndnesse !n is n f\nd 9 any body1 b ! ,heau5s2 ! e>? is r\nd z 0 %[$ be=e1 b n precisely1 ) out all r\ghnes & inaequality ( its surface4 ,!re are hills l w>ts & vallies l wr9kels 9 a mans body2 & t bo? = ornam5t & vse4 ,yet is !re su* vn=mity 9 ?is v>ietie1 z t !re is no notable & s5sible inaequality made 9 ! e>? by ,hills & vallies4 ,no m !n if y %\ld lay a fly vpon a smoo? ,c>t:eele1 or a p9nes head vpon a greate globe4 ,n[ t ?is is soe appe>es by ,s5se & ,reason4 ,by ,s5se ?us1 ,if wee /& on a hill or 9 a pla9e1 :5 wee may discrie ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t #ae4 or #bj4 miles2 wee may behold ! brim or edge ( ! e>? r\nd ab\t vs to bee 9 a mann] eu5 & /reight1 eu5 !re1 :]e ! c\ntry is v hilly1 & full ( m\nta9es4 ,s t a f>re ( _! height makes b a little alt]ation & diff]5ce f ! pla9e ,c\ntreys1 :5 wee behold all togea!r a f>re (3 ?\gh :5 wee come ne]e1 ! alt]ation seemes m s5sible4 ,by reason ?us1 ! ?icknesse ( halfe ! e>? is 7z %all be %ew$7 ab\t #djjj miles1 n[ ! plumb height ( ! highe/ m\nta9es is n acc\nt$ ab\e a mile & a halfe1 or two miles at ! mo/4 ,n[ betwe5e two miles & f\re ?\s&1 !re is no s5sible proportion1 & a l9e t is f\re ?\s& & two miles long1 w n seeme s5sibly long] !n t :i* is f\re ?\s&2 z = example4 ,let 7,o7 be ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 7,,xw7 a "p ( ! circle ( ! e>? :i* runne? by ! bottomes ( ! hils & sup]ficies ( *ampion & ev5 pla9es 7,,wo7 or 7,,xo7 is ! semidiamit] or halfe ! dep? ( ! e>?4 7,s7 is a hill ris+ vp ab\e t pla9e ( ! e>?1 7,,ws7 is ! plumb height ( ! hill4 ,i say t 7,,ws7 do? n s5sibly alt] ! l5g? ( ! l9e 7,,ow72 = 7,,ws7 is b two miles4 7,,wo7 #djjj miles1 & two to #djjj alt]s n mu* m1 !n ! bread? ( a p9ne to ! l5g? ( a pe>*4 ,s a l9e drawne f 7,o7 ! c5t] to 7,s7 ! top ( ! hill1 is 9 a mann] all "o ) a l9e draw5 to 7,w7 ! bottome ( ! hill4 ,illu/ration ,! ?ird rule4 #c ,! e>? re/e? immovable 9 ! v mid/ ( ! :ole e>?4 ,two po9ts are "h to be demon/rat$4 ,fir/ t ! e>? /&e? exactly 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,_w4 ,secondly t x is immoveable4 ,! =m] is prov$ by ^! reasons4 #a ,! naturall heav9esse ( ! e>? & wat] is su*1 z !y w nev] cease moov+ d[new>ds till !y come to ! l[e/ place2 ,n[ ! c5t] or middle po9t ( ! _w is ! l[e/ place1 & ergo !y mu/ ne$s m\e ?i!r1 z = example4 ,let 7,o7 be ! c5t] ( ! _w1 7,,cde7 ! heau5s3 x is manife/ t ! l[e/ place f ! heau5s on all sides is 7,o74 ,ssuppose ! e>? to be 9 7,a7 or 9 7,b7 "s :]e out ( ! c5t]1 ,i say x is n possible 7vnlesse x be viol5tly held vp7 t x %\ld abide !re1 b x w desc5d till x come to 7,o7 ! middle po9t4 ,illu/ration #b ,if ! e>? /ood any :]e b 9 ! mide/ we %\ld n see halfe ! heau5s ab\e vs1 z n[ we alway doe1 nei!r c\ld !re be any ,a,equinox1 nei!r w\ld ! daies & nights l5g!n & %ort5 9 t due ord] & proportion 9 all places ( ! ,_w z n[ !y doe2 aga9e ,eclipses w\ld nev] fall out b 9 "o "p ( ! heav5s1 yea ! ,sunne & ,moone might be directly opposite "o to ano!r & yet no ,eclipse foll[1 all :i* are absurd4 ,z = example1 let ! c5t] ( ! ,_w be 7,o7 let ! e>? /& 9 7,a71 a good way di/ant f ! c5t]1 x is manife/ t ! great] halfe ( ! ,heau5s 7,,cib7 w alwaies be ab\e1 & ! less] halfe 7,,cdb7 bel[1 :i* is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,!nce also x foll[es t ! daies & nights w nev] be equall1 = ! ,sunne 7,b7 w be alwaies long] ab\e ! e>? :il'/ he m\es f 7,b7 to 7,c7 !n bel[1 m\+ f 7,c7 to 7,b74 ,aga9e ! ,sunne 7,b7 may /& iu/ opposite to ! ,moone 7,x7 & yet noe ,eclipse foll[1 ! e>? :i* makes ! ,eclipse1 /&+ out ( ! mid/4 ,illu/ration #c ,! %ad[es ( all bodies on ! e>? w\ld n fall 9 t ord]ly vni=mity z !y n[ doe3 = if ! e>? /ood t[>ds ! ,ea/1 ! %ad[es w\ld be %orte/ be=e noone1 if t[>d ! we/ aft]noone1 if t[>ds ! ,nor?1 ! %ad[es w\ld /ill fall ,nor?w>d1 if t[>ds ! ,s\?1 ,s\?w>ds1 all :i* exp]i5ce %ewes to be false4 ,z = example1 let ! e>? /& ,ea/w>ds 9 7,a7 ! %ad[ ( any body vpon ! e>?1 z ( ! body vnd] 7,e7 w be %ort] 9 ! morn+ :5 ! sunne is 9 7,c71 !n at noone :5 ! sunne is 9 7,x74 ,if ! e>? /& ,s\?w>d 9 7,w7 ! %add[ ( any body w alwaies fall s\?1 z x do? 9 ! figure 7,y7 & 7,z47 ,illu/ration ,! second ?+ to be pr\$ 0 t ! e>? is imm\able4 :]e wee mu/ vnd]/& a d\ble motion1 ,/reight1 or ,circul>4 ,= ! fir/ x is cle>e t ) out sup]naturall viol5ce x _c bee m\$ 9 any /reight motion1 t is1 vpw>d d[new>de1 or t[>d any side2 x _c bee %\$ out ( 8 place4 ,= ! ,second1 :e!r abid+ /ill 9 8 place x may n m\e r\nde1 ! "q is disput$1 & ma9ta9$ "o bo? sides4 ,"s affirme x may1 & do?3 :o ?9ke !re is great] probabilitie ! e>? %\ld mo\e r\nd once a day1 !n t ! ,heau5s %\ld by reason ( ! incr$ible swiftnesse ( ! heau5s motion1 sc>cs conpetible to any naturall body2 & ! m likely ,sl[nesse ( ! e>?s m\+4 ,o!rs d5y x gr\nd+ !ire op9ion vpon ,scripture1 :i* affirmes ! e>? to /& fa/1 s z x _c bee m\$2 & vpon ,s5ce1 because wee p]ceaue x n to m\e1 & la/ly vpon reasons drawne f ?+s hurl$ vp1 & let fall vpon ! e>?4 ,! argum5ts on bo? sides wil bee m easie to bee vnd]/ood by ! figure t foll[es4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is figure x is manife/1 t ! e>? 9 ! mide/1 _c m\e by any /reight motion1 vpw>d t[>de 7,n7 or sidew>d t[>d 7,m7 or any o!r way out ( its prop] place1 & !re=e t op9ion ( ,cop]nicus & o!rs1 t ! e>? %\ld m\e r\nd once a ye]e 9 su* a ,circle z 7,,mpr7 is mo/ improbable vnreasonable4 ,& reiect$ by ! mo/4 ,b al?\gh x _c m\e /reight1 x may m\e r\nd4 ,= ?\gh x be a m>ueil\s great body ( vnconceaueable weight1 yet be+ equally pois$ on eu]y side1 !re is no?+ c h9d] its ,circul> motion4 ,z 9 a ,globe ( ,lead1 or any o!r heauy sub/ance1 ?\gh x 7 #dj4 ,fadome 9 compasse1 yet be+ set vpon 8 two ,poles1 x w\ld easily bee turn$ r\nd eu5 ) a t\* ( ones little f+]4 ,& !re=e x is conclud$ t ?is circul> motion is n impossible4 ,! probabilitie ( x is ?us made pla9e4 ,! :ole circuit ( ! ,heau5s1 :]e9 are ! fix$ ,/>rs is reckon$ by ,a/ronom]s to bee #ajagefbejj4 t is a ,?\s& & seau5te5e ,millions ( miles1 fiue hundr$ sixty two ?\s&1 & fiue hundr$ miles4 ,let ?is bee ! compasse ( ! ,circle 7,,nmoz47 ,s _m miles do? ! ,heau5s m\e 9 "o day1 till ! same po9t come to ! place f :5ce x w5t2 z till 7,n7 m\e r\nd1 & come to 7,n7 aga9e4 ,?is be+ ! motion ( ! :ole day #bd4 h\res1 h[ _m miles w 7,n7 m\e 9 "o h\re8 x w m\e #dbcihdcg & a halfe4 i4e4 ,=ty two ,millions ?ree hundr$ n9ty eight ?\s&1 f\re hundr$ ?irty seu5 miles & an halfe4 ,s _m miles w 7,n7 m\e 9 "o h\re1 f 7,n7 to 7,m47 ,a motion s swift t x is vtt]ly incr$ible4 ,f>re m likely x is1 ! circuit ( ! e>? 7,,asxv7 be+ ab\t #bdjjj4 i4e4 tw5ty f\re ?\s& miles m or lesse1 x %\ld m\e r\nd once a day4 ,= !n "o po9t z 7,x7 %\ld m\e 9 "o h\re f 7,x7 to 7,v7 b a ?\s& miles1 :i* motion al?\gh x bee swift] !n any arr[ or bullet f a ,cannons m\?1 yet is x incomp>ably sl[] !n t ( ! ,heau5s1 :]e s _m ,millions are po/$ ou] 9 an h\re4 ,n[ = ! salu+ ( all ! caele/iall ,pha5om5a1 or appe>ances1 ! tru? is ! same1 if wee suppose ! e>? to m\e1 z if wee beleeue x to /& /ill4 ,! rise+ ( ! ,sunne & ,/>res1 ! motions ( all ! ,planets1 w keepe ,correspond5ce t n[4 ,nor ne$e wee fe>e logg+1 or t /eples & t[]s w\ld tott] d[ne1 = ! motion is regul>1 & /eady )\t rubbes1 & knocks4 ,z if y turne a globe ab\t1 x w goe /eadyly1 & a fly w set fa/ vpon x1 ?\gh y m\e x apace4 ,besides ! :ole body ! ayre is c>ry$ ab\t ) ! :irl+e ( ! e>?1 s t ! e>? w make noe w9de1 z x turnes swiftly ab\t2 z a :eele w1 if x bee turn$ apace4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 mo/ are ( ano!r op9ion1 t ! e>? /&e? /ill )\t all motion1 re/ r befitt+e s heauy & dull a body !n motion4 ,! ma9e reason br\ght to e/abli% x is ?is4 ,let a /one bee ?r[ne d[ne out ( ! ayre f 7,w37 if ! e>? /& /ill1 x is manife/ x w fall vpon 7,x7 iu/ vnd] x2 z wee see x do? by common exp]i5ce1 a /one w fall d[ne f any height vpon ! place wee aym$ at1 b let ! e>? m\e1 ! /one w n light vpon 7,x7 b "s :]e else z "o 7,s37 = 7,x7 w bee m\$ away1 & gone to 7,v47 ,s aga9e let two peices ( ord9ance t w %oote at equall di/ance bee dis*>g$ "o iu/ t[>ds ! ,ea/1 ! o!r t[>ds ! ,we/2 if ! e>? m\e 7z !y say x do?7 t[>ds ! ,we/1 ! bullet t is dis*>g$ ,ea/w>d w fly f>!r !n t ,we/w>d4 ,= by ! contr>y motion ( ! e>? hee w ga9e gr\nd4 ,b exp]i5ce ha? pr\$ ?is to bee false1 %ew+ t ! bullets1 w bo? fly at equall di/ance4 ,to salue ?is1 answ]e is made t ! e>? by its swift motion c>ries ) x & t /eadily n only all bodies re/+ or m\e+ vpon x1 b also ! :ole ,spha]e ( ,aire 7,,weq7 ) all ?+s :atsoeu] t are m\$ 9 x naturally or viol5tly1 z cl\ds1 birds1 /ones hurl$ vp or d[ne1 arr[es1 bullets1 & su* l ?+s viol5tly %ott =?3 z may appe>e 9 ! figure4 ,! f\r? rule4 #d ,! e>?1 ?\gh x bee ( exce$+ greate quantity be+ consid]$ 9 itselfe1 yet be+ comp>$ to ! ,heau5s1 especially ! high] spha]es1 is ( noe notable bignes1 b may be acc\nt$ z a po9t or pricke 9 ! midde/ ( ! _w4 ,t ! e>? is noe bigg] !n a po9t or p9ns head 9 comp>ison ( ! highe/ heau5s w easily appe>e vnto vs1 by ^! reasons4 #a ,! />res :i* are _m times bigg] !n ! e>?1 seeme yet to vs to bee noe bigg] !n a greate p9ns head1 or su* l quantity2 !re=e mu* lesse %all ! e>? appe>e to bee ( any s5sible magnitude4 #b ,wee alwaies beholde halfe ! heau5s ab\e vs1 :i* c\ld n bee if ! e>? _h any s5sible proportion to ! heau54 #c ,all obs]uations ( hights & di/ances ( ! coele/iall bodies1 :i* are made on ! sup]ficies ( ! e>?1 are z exact1 & true1 z if !y 7 made 9 ! v c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,:i* 7 impossible1 vnlesse ! ?icknes ( ! e>? 7 ins5sible 9 reg>d ( ! ,heau5s4 #d ,all ,sunn ,dialls :i* /& on ! sup]ficies ( ! e>?1 doe z truely ca/ ! %ad[es ( ! h\res1 z if !y /ood 9 ! ,c5t]4 ,z = example4 ,! />re 7,s7 appe>es l a po9t or pricke to !m t dwell 9 7,a7 :]e=e ! e>? 7,,ox7 w appe>e mu* lesse to ! sight ( him t %\ld behold x f 7,s71 nay x w\ld n bee se5e at all4 ,aga9e halfe ! ,heau5s 7,,bfe7 are alwayes se5e to ?e t dwell 9 7,a7 want+ "s two m9utes1 betwe5e 7,,ed7 & 7,,bc7 :i* diff]5ce is alltoge!r ins5sible4 ,aga9e if wee obs]ue ! height ( ! />re 7,s7 ab\e ! ,horizon 7,,be7 x w bee all "o namely 7,,bs7 :e!r wee obs]ue x 9 ! topp ( ! e>?1 9 7,a7 or 9 ! middle 9 7,o47 ,=1 7,a7 & 7,o17 are s little di/ant "o f ano!r1 t 7,,z17 & 7,,os7 w bee p>alell l9es1 & bee e/eem$ b z "o l9e4 ,! f\r? reason conc]n+ ,dialls1 is cle>e by ! fram+ & con/ruction ( !m3 :]e9 ei!r ! l[] end ( ! ,cocke 7or ,gnomon7 :]eat all ! h\re l9es meet1 or ! vpp] end & knobb 7z 9 _m ,dialls7 is suppos$ to bee ! ,c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration ,,cap4 #c4 ,( ! p>ts ( ! t]re/riall ,globe4 ,! prop]ties ( ! e>?ly ,globe haue be5e h&l$ 9 ! =m] *apt] wee come n[ to ! p>ts :i* are two 9 g5]all4 ,e>? ,bo? conta9e vnd] !m m p>ticul> ,wat] p>ts to be kn[ne4 ,! m notable p>ts ( ! ,e>? are ^!4 #a ,a ,cont95t or ma9e ,l&1 or z "s call x firme ,l&1 :i* is n p>t$ by ! ,sea runn+ betwe5e4 #b ,an ,il&1 a l& compass$ ab\t ) wat]s4 #c ,a ,p59sula1 a l& almo/ surr\nd$ by wat]s saue at "o place1 :]e ioynes by a n>r[ necke ( l& to ! ,cont95t2 ?is is also call$ ,*]sonesus4 #d ,an ,i/hmus1 a /reight necke ( l& :i* ioynes two c\ntreys toge!r1 & keepes ! ,sea f compass+ ! "o4 #e ,a ,promontorie or head l& runn+ f>re out into ! ,sea l a w$ge4 #f ,a ,m\nta9e #g ,a ,valley ,all easie to bee kn[ne #h ,a ,*ampion pla9 )\t any def9ition4 #i ,a ,wood ,! m notable p>ts ( ! ,wat] are ^! #a ,m>e ! ,sea1 or ,ocean1 :i* is ! ga!r+ toge!r ( all wat]s4 #b ,fretum a /reight or n>r[ sea runn+ betwe5e two l&s4 #c ,s9us a ,creeke1 ,gulfe1 or ,bay1 :5 ! sea runnes vp into ! bosome ( ! l& by a n>r[ ent]ance b op5e? x broad] :5 x is )92 if x bee v litell x is call$ a ,hau51 ,portus4 #d ,lacus a ,lake1 a little sea ) 9 ! l& hau+ riu]s runn+ into x1 or out ( x1 or bo?4 ,if x ha? nei!r x is call$ ,/agnum a /&+ ,poole1 also ,palus2 a f5ne4 #e ,fluvius a ,riu]1 :i* f ! pleasantnesse is also call$ ,amnis2 f ! smalnesse ( x ,rivus4 ,n[ conc]n+ ^! p>ts diu]s que/ions are m\$2 :e!r !re bee m ,sea or ,l&8 :e!r ! sea w\ld naturally ou]fl[ ! l&1 z x did 9 ! fir/ creation1 7 x n )held )9 8 bankes by diu9e p[]8 :e!r ! deep5es ( ! ,sea1 do? exce$e ! height ( ! m\nta9es8 :e!r m\nta9es 7 be=e ! flood8 :at is ! hight ( ! highe/ hilles8 :e!r ,il&1 came s9ce ! flood8 :at is ! cause ( ! ,ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! ,sea8 :at is ! orig9al ( spr+s & riu]s8 :at mann] ( motion ! runn+ ( ! riu]s is8 ) su* l1 :]e( "s belong n s prop]ly to ?is sci5ce ( ,geography z to o!rs4 ,wee speake onely a ^w or two ( ! la/1 s proce$4 ,! "q is :e!r ! motion ( ! riu]s bee /reight1 or ,circul>4 ,! d\bts on bo? sides w be/ appe>e by a figure fir/ drawne3 :]e91 ,let 7,,hmo7 be ! ,m]idian ( ,alex&ria 9 ,a,egipt1 or ( ! ,m\? ( ,nilus & answ]able to ! m]idian ( ! ,heau5s4 ,ano!r 9 ! ,e>? 7,,xby47 ,let 7,b7 bee ! m\? ( ,nilus1 & 7,c7 ! f\nta9e & head ( x4 ,n[ ! m\? ( ,nilus1 :]e x runnes into ! m$it]ranian ,sea1 is plac$ by geograph]s 9 ! #ca4 degree ( ! ,nor? latitud2 ! head ( ,nilus :]e x rise? is plac$ by ,polomeus 9 #aa4 degree ( ! ,s\? latitud1 b by latt] m exact geograph]s 9 ! #ad4 degree ( ! ,s\!rn latitud1 s t ! di/ance betwe5e ! f\nts ,o/ia i4e4 betwe5e 7,c7 & 7,b7 is #de4 degrees ( a great ,circle1 :i* aft] ! vsuall acc\nt makes #bgjj4 "o eight "p ( ! e>?s compasse4 ,! quae/ion n[ is1 :e!r ! runn+e f 7,c7 to 7,b7 runne cont9ually d[nw>d 9 a /reight l9e2 or circul>ly 9 a crook$ l9e4 ,if x runne 9 a /reight l9e1 z is mo/ agreeable to ! nature ( ! wat] x mu/ m\e ei!r by ! l9e 7,,ceb7 or by ! l9e 7,,db47 ,by ! l9e 7,,ceb7 x _c m\e3 = :5 x is come to 7,e17 x w /& /ill4 ,because f 7,e7 to 7,b7 x mu/ m\e vpw>d1 if x m\e at all1 :i* is contr>y to ! nature ( wat]4 ,if !re=e x m\e by a /reight l9e x c bee noe o!r1 b 7,,bd17 & s f 7,d7 to 7,b7 x %all cont9ually desc5d2 = ( all places betwe5e 7,d17 7,b7 7,b7 is ! ne>e/ to 7,a47 ,b !n ! f\nta9e mu/ n bee 9 7,b7 b high] 9 7,d7 :i* semees altoge!r improbable or impossible4 ,= fir/ ! l9e 7,,ad7 w\ld bee notably & s5t by long] !n ! l9e 7,,ab7 ,= ! compasse ( ! e>? be+ ab\t #bdjjj4 ,miles1 & ! semidiamet] 7,,ab17 or 7,,ac7 #chbh4 miles ! l9e 7,,cd17 w\ld bee #aeha4 miles1 :i* _c bee true1 if z wee haue pr\$ be=e1 ! e>? bee r\nd1 & t ! highe/ hills make noe s5sible inaequality4 ,aga9e !y t dwell 9 7,d7 %\ld see ! ,nor? ,pole />re 7,n7 z well z !y t dwell 9 7,b17 :i* also is false4 ,s !n ! riu] _c runne ei!r by 7,,eb7 or 7,,db7 ,runnes x !n circul>ly by ! l9e 7,,cwb87 ,?is seemes probable1 & ! r because he]eby a reason ( ! orig9all ( ,riu]s might m easily bee giu54 ,= ! f\nta9es 7,c7 ly+ eu5 ) ! sup]ficies ( ! ,sea1 ! wat] may easily passe ?r\gh ! holl[es ( ! e>?1 & breake out at 7,c7 )\t asc5d+e4 ,b "h also are "s difficulties3 = fir/ wee f9d by exp]i5ce t ! f\nta9es ( mo/ riu]s1 & ^? greate ons too1 lye s5sibly high] !n ! pla9e surface ( ! ,sea4 ,aga9e1 if ! riu] m\e directly r\nd1 :at %\ld bee ! cause t beg9s & cont9ues ?is motion8 ,x is a motion besides ! nature ( ! wat]1 & !re=e viol5t1 :at %\ld driue x =w>d f ! ,sea to 7,c17 & f 7,c7 to 7,b17 :5 ! wat] is at 7,c7 or 7,w17 x is z ne]e to ! ,c5t] 7,a7 z :5 x is at 7,b17 & !re=e x %\ld seeme ) m liklyhood x w\ld /& /ill2 = :y %\ld x /riue to goe fur!r1 see+ :]e x is1 x is z ne>e to ! ,c5t] z :i!r x runnes4 ,or if "s viol5ce doe driue x f 7,c17 t[>ds 7,w17 yet 7z x is ! nature ( viol5t motions7 ! fur!r x goes ! sl[] x w runne1 till 9 ! end x /& /ill1 if !re bee noe aduantadge ( gr\nd to helpe x =w>d4 ,illu/ration ,z a b[le ?r[ne d[ne a hill runnes easily & f>re1 if x once bee sett a go+2 b ?r[ne vpon ! ice 7an eu5 place7 x w )\t any lett at la/ /& /ill4 ,answ]e may bee made h]eunto1 t al?\gh !re bee noe aduantage ( ! gr\nd1 yet ! wat] w /ill m\e =w>de f 7,c7 to 7,b7 because ! wat] t foll[es1 pu%e? =w>de t1 t runnes a=e4 ,:i* answ]e w /&1 :5 a good cause may bee %ew$1 :i* =cibly driue? ! wat] f ! ,sea vnto 7,c7 & out ( ! f\nta9e 7,c27 consid]+ t 7aft] ?is supposition7 !y lie bo? 9 ! same circul> sup]ficies4 ,:]e=e see+1 wee _c )\t any inconu5i5cy suppose x to m\e by any ( ^! l9es ei!r /reight z 7,,bc7 or 7,,bd17 or circul> z 7,,bwc7 let vs enquire f>!r4 ,! mo/ likely op9ion is1 t ! motion ( ! wat] is mixt nei!r directly /reight1 or circul>1 b p>tly "o1 p>tly ! o!r4 ,or if x be circul>1 x is 9 a circle ^: c5t] is a little di/ant f ! ,c5t] ( ! :ole globe4 ,let vs place f\nta9es !n nei!r 9 7,c7 nor 7,d7 b 9 7,f7 ,i say ! wat] runnes ei!r p>tly /reight by ! 7,,fs7 & p>tly circul>1 f 7,s7 to 7,b7 :i* motion w n be inconu5i5t1 = ! wat] desc5d+ cont9ually f 7,f7 to 7,s7 w cause x /ill to runne =w>d2 or else :oly circul> 9 ! circle 7,,fxb47 ,& ?is is mo/ agreeable to tru?4 ,= s x %all bo? runne r\nd z x mu/ doe if wee w escape ! o!rwise vnauoidable inconu5i5ces ( ! fir/ op9ion & yet 9 runn+ /ill desc5d1 & come ne]] to ! ,c5t]1 z is mo/ befitt+ ! nature ( wat]1 s t wee ne$ n seeke = any viol5t cause t m\es x4 ,let vs !n see :at is ! hight ( 7,f7 ! f\nta9es ( ,nilus1 ab\e 7,c7 t is 7,b7 ! m\? or outlet ( x into ! ,sea4 ,! vsuall all[ance 9 wat]c\rses is "o foot 9 desc5t = #bjj4 foot 9 runn+1 b if ?is bee ?\ght to mu* because wat] w runne awaie vpon any inequality ( gr\nd1 = eu]y #ejj4 foote all[ "o = desc5t1 s mu* we may ) reason1 9 reg>d ( ! swiftnes ( _m riu]s1 yea ! mo/1 :i* 9 _m places runnes headlong1 9 all places v swiftly 7especially ,nilus ^: cat]acts or d[nfalls are notable7 :i* _c bee )\t "s notable decliuity ( ! gr\nd4 ,?us !n ! :ole c\rse ( ,nilus be+ #bgjj4 miles f 7,f7 to 7,b7 ! p]p5dicul> or plumb desc5t ( x 7,,cf7 w be #e4 miles4 ,& s high %all ! f\nta9e /& ab\e ! m\?1 & ! surface ( ! pla9e ,l& 7= riu]s commonly arise at foot ( hills7 :i* is 7,,bxf7 swell vp ab\e ! surface ( ! ,sea 7,,bwc7 or 7,,by7 :i* hight ( ! ,l& ab\e ! ,sea al?\gh x bee great] !n is ! height ( ! highe/ mouta9es ab\e ! pla9e ,l&1 yet x is no?+ 9 comp>ison ( ! :ole ,e>?4 ,& ?is be+ grant$ 7z ) mo/ probabilitie ( reason x may7 x w appe>e t ,god 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w impos$ noe p]petuall viol5ce vpon nature1 9 ga!r+ togea!r1 ! wat]s into "o place1 & be+ s ga!r$ 9 keep+ !m f run+ backe to cov] ! e>?4 ,at ! fir/ s soone z ^? holl[ *annells 7 prep>$1 ! wat] did naturally slide d[ne into !m1 & out ( !m )\t miracul\s p[] !y _c returne4 ,= if ! sea 7,,by7 %\ld ov]fl[ ! l& t[>ds 7,f7 ! wat] mu/ asc5d 9 runn+ f 7,b7 to 7,f7 :i* is contr>y to its nature4 ,c]ta9ly ! midl& c\ntries1 :5ce spr+s ( great riv]s vsually arise1 doe ly s high1 t ! sea _c naturally ov]fl[ !m4 ,= z = t op9ion t ! wat] ( ! sea 9 ! middle lies on a heape high] !n ! wat] t is by ! %ore2 & s t x is a h>d] matt] to saile out ( a ,hav5 to seaw>d1 !n to come 9 7because !y goe vpw>d73 ?is is an empty speculation contray to exp]i5ce1 & ! gr\nds ( nature x selfe1 z might easily be %ew$4 ,all ! difficulty t is 9 ?is op9ion1 is to giue a reason h[ ! wat]s m\nt vp to 7,f17 & :5ce ! wat] comes t %\ld fl[ out ( s high a place ( ! e>?1 :]e9 ,i ?9ke z 9 _m o!r secrets ( nature we mu/ cont5t our selues ) ignorance1 see+ s _m va9e conjectures haue tak5 no bett] successe4 ,illu/ration ,,cap4 #d4 ,( ! circles ( ! e>?4 ,9 a r\nd body z ! e>? is1 !re c be no di/9ction ( p>ts1 places1 )\t ! helpe ( "s l9es draw5 or imag9$ to be draw5 vpon x4 ,n[ ?\gh !re are n1 nor c be any circles truly draw5 vpon ! e>?1 yet because !re is a good gr\nd 9 nature & reason ( ?+s = !m1 we mu/ imag9e !m to be draw5 vpon ! e>?1 z truly z we see !m describ$ vpon a ,globe or 9 a pla9e pap]4 ,fur!r ?is mu/ be not$1 t all circles on ! e>? haue ! l opposite vnto !m conceav$ to be ! ,heav5es1 vnd] :i* !y are directly scituat$4 ,?us kn[51 ! circles t wee are to take ! speciall notice ( are ( two sorts1 ,great] & ,less]4 ,! great] circles are ^? :i* devide ?is e>?ly globe into equall halfes or ,haemisph]es4 ,! less] are ^? :i* devide x into two vnequall p>ts1 "o bigg]1 ano!r lesse4 #a ,a,equator4 ,( ! =m] sort !re #b ,m]idian4 are f\re1 ! #c ,horizon4 #d ,zodiack1 or ,eclipticke4 #a ,! ,a,equitor or ,a,equonoctiall l9e1 is a l9e draw5 iu/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?1 f ,ea/ to ,we/1 :i* compasse? x z a girdle do? a mans body1 & devidi? x into two equall p>ts1 "o on ! ,nor? side1 ! o!r on ! ,s\? ,! two po9ts 9 ! e>? t are e way f>!/ di/ant f x ,nor?1 ,s\? are call$ ! ,poles ( ! e>? :i* doe directly /& vnd] ! two l po9ts 9 ! ,heav51 s call$ because ! ,heav5 turnes ab\t vpon !m1 z ! ,e>? do? 9 a ,globe t's set 9 a frame4 ,?is circle is ( ! fir/ pr9cipall note & vse 9 ,geography1 because all measur+s = di/ances ( places & qu>t]s ( ! ,e>? are reckon$ 9 x1 or f x4 ,x is call$ ! ,a,equinoctiall1 because :5 ! ,sunne 9 ! ,heav5s comes to be directly ov] t circle 9 ! e>?1 ! daies nights are ( equall l5g? 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,m>r9]s call x by a k9d ( excell5cy1 ,! l9e4 ,vpon ! ,globe x is easily disc]n$ be+ draw5 bigg] !n any o!r circles f ,ea/ to ,we/1 & ) small divisions4 #b ,! ,m]idian1 if a l9e t is draw5 q crosse ! ,a,equinoctiall1 & passe? ?r\gh ! ,poles ( ! ,e>?1 go+ directly ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,x is call$ ! ,m]idian1 because :5 ! ,sunne /&s j ov] t circle x is ,m]idies i4d4 noone day4 ,x may be conceau$ ?us1 at noone day1 :5 x is j twelue a clocke1 turne y\r face t[>ds ! ,s\?1 & !n imag9e ) y\r selfe two circles draw51 "o 9 ! ,heav5s1 pass+ f ! ,nor? iu/ ov] y\r head ?r\gh ! body ( ! ,sunne d[ne to ! ,s\?1 & s r\nd vnd] ! e>? vp aga9e to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,ano!r vpon ! surface ( ! e>? pass+ ?r\gh y\r feete j vnd] ! ,sunne1 & s compass+ ! e>? r\nd till x meete at y\r feete aga9e1 & ^! are ,m]idians answ]+ "o to ano!r4 ,n[ ! ,m]idian is n "o only1 z 0 ! ,a,equinoctiall1 b _m /ill v>y+ accord+ to ! place :]e9 y are1 z = example4 ,at ,london !re is "o ,m]idian1 at ,ox=d ano!r1 at ,bri/[ ano!r1 s along ,ea/w>d or ,we/w>d4 ,= x is noone at ,london soon] !n at ,ox=d1 & at ,ox=d soon] !n at ,bri/[4 ,vpon ! globe !re are _m draw51 all :i* passe ?r\gh ! poles1 & goe ,nor? & ,s\?1 b !re is "o m rem>keable !n ! re/1 draw5 broad ) small divisions1 :i* runne? ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,il&s1 or ?r\gh ! ,il&s ( ,azores ,we/w>d ( ,spa9e1 :i* is c\nt$ ! fir/ ,m]idian 9 reg>d ( reckon+ & measur+ ( di/ances ( places "o f ano!r2 = o!rwise !re is nei!r fir/ nor la/ 9 ! r\nd e>?4 ,b "s place mu/ bee appo9t$ :]e to beg9ne ! acc\nt & ^? ,il&s haue be5e ?\ght fitte/1 because no "p ( ! ,_w t lay we/w>d 0 kn[ne to ! ,anci5ts fur!r !n t3 & z !y began to reckon !re1 we foll[ !m4 ,?is circle is call$ 9 greeke ,greek3 ,mesembr9os4 #c4 ,! ,horizon is two fold3 ,s5sible or appe>+4 ,intelligible or true4 ,! ,s5sible or appe>+ ,horizon is ! space ( ! e>? s f>re z 9 an op5 pla9e1 or vpon "s ,hill a man may see r\nd ab\t him4 ,! brim or edge ( ! e>? fur!r !n :i* y _c see1 t is ! ,horizon1 or z "s call x ! ,f9itor4 ,because f9et or t]m9at visum x setts ! limits or b\nds to y\r sight1 beyond :i* no?+ c bee se5e vpon ! e>?4 ,?is is great] or less]1 accord+ z ! height ( ! eye ab\e ! pla9e sup]ficies ( ! e>?1 is m or lesse4 ,! mo/ exact triall h]e( is at ,sea1 :]e !re are no m\nta9es nor any vnequall ris+s ( ! wat] to h9d] ! sight1 z !re are at l&4 ,= example let 7,,cbaf7 be ! sup]ficies ( ! ,sea & let a mans eye bee plac$ 9 7,x7 ab\e ! ,sea2 z ! eye /&s high] or l[] s w ! di/ance se5e be m or lesse1 z if ! hight ( 7,,xa7 be #f foot :i* is ord9>y ! height ( a man1 ! eye look+ f 7,x7 to 7,b7 %all see #b miles & #c qu>t]s1 if 7,x7 be #bj foote high 7,,ba7 w bee fiue miles1 if #dj foote #g miles1 if #ej foote #h miles4#a ,s t f ! ma/ ( a %ip #ej foote high1 a man may see r\nd ab\t at sea #h miles e way1 t[>d 7,,bg7 & 7,f74 ,s f>re may ! wat] x selfe be se5e1 b any high ?+ on ! ,wat] may be se5e f>!r1 #af1 or #bj miles accord+ z ! height is1 z ! %ip at 7,c7 may be se5e f 7,x7 z f> m z x is f 7,a7 to 7,b74 ,!re c be !re=e no c]ta9e quantity & space set d[ne = ?is s5sible ,horizon1 :i* cont9ually v>ies accord+ to ! height ( ! eye ab\e ! pla9e gr\nd or sea4 ,?is ,horrizon is n at all pa9t$ on ! globe nor c be4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,wright ( ,navigation p4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration ,! intelligible or true ,horizon is a l9e :i* girts ! e>? r\nd 9 ! mid/1 & divides x into two equall p>ts or ,haemisphe>es ! vpp]mo/ vpon ! top middle po9t :]e( wee dwell1 & t :i* is vnd] vs4 ,opposite to ?is 9 ! ,heav5s is ano!r ,horizon1 :i* likewise cuts ! ,heav5 into two ,hemisph]es1 ! vpp] & ! l[]4 ,ab\e :i* circle :5 any />re or ! ,sunne is m\$1 x !n rise? vnto vs1 & sette? vnto ^? t dwell opposite vnto vs1 & s on ! contr>y1 y may conceiue x be/ ?us1 if /&+ vpon a hill1 or "s op5 place1 :]e y may p]fectly see ! sett+ ( ! ,sunne1 y m>ke :5 ! ,sun is halfe gone out ( y\r sight1 y may p]ceiue ! body ( ! ,sunne cut 9 two1 z x 7 by a l9e1 go+ along ?r\gh x1 ! halfe ab\e is yet se5e1 t vnd]nea? is gone out ( y\r sight4 ,?is l9e is b a peece ( ! ,horrizon1 :i* if y conceiue to be draw5 vpw>d ab\t ! ,_w f ! ,we/ to ! ,nor?1 & s by ,ea/ & ,s\?1 to ,we/ aga9e y haue ! :ole ,horrizon describ$4 ,?is circle is n draw5 vpon ! body ( ! globe1 because x is v>iable2 b /&s "o ! outside ( x1 bee+ a broad circle ( wood c\]$ ) pap] on :i* are sett ! mone?s & days ( ! ye>e1 bo? 9 ! old & new ,cal5d]1 & also ! #ab signes1 & ! po9ts ( ! compasse4 ,all :i* are easily disc]n$ by ! behold+e4 ,! vse ( ?is ,horizon is n s mu* 9 ,geographie z 9 ,a/ronomie4 ,! ,zodiake is a circle :i* compasse? ! e>? l a belt1 cross+ ! aequator slopewise1 n /reight z ! ,m]idians doe4 ,opposite to x 9 ! ,heau5s is ano!r circle ( ! same "n1 :]e9 are ! #ab4 signes1 & 9 :i* ! ,sunne keepes 8 owne prop] c\rse all ! ye>e long1 neu] decl9+ f x on ! "o side or o!r4 ,! vse h]e( 9 ,geography is b litle only to %ew :at p !y are ou] ^: heads ! ,sunne comes to bee once or twice a ye>e2 :o are all ^? t dwell ) 9 #bc4 degrees ( ! ,aequator2 = s mu* is ! decl9ation1 or slop+ ( ! ,zodiacke4 ,?is circle is also call$ ! ,eclipticke l9e1 because :5 ! ,sunne & ,moone /& bo? 9 ?is circle opposite ea* to o!r1 !n !re happ5s an ,eclipse ( ! ,sunne or ,mone1 vpon a globe x is easily disc]n$1 by ! slop+ ( x f ! ,aequator1 & ! diuisions ( x into #ab4 p>ts1 & eu]y ( ^? #ab4 into #cj4 degrees4 ,^! are ! great] circles3 ! less] foll[2 :i* are all ( "o nature1 & are call$ by "o g5]all "n3 sc4 ,p>allels1 because !y are s draw5 on ea* side ( ! ,aequator1 z !y are equidi/ant vnto x eu]y way4 ,_m ( ?is k9de are drawne vpon ! globe 7z is easie to bee se5e7 & may bee conceau$ to bee drawne vpon ! e>?3 b !re are only two sorts *eifely to bee m>k$3 namely ! ,tropickes & ! ,pol> circles4 ,! tropickes are two1 p>allel circles di/ant on ea* side ( ! ,aequator #bc4 degrees %ew+ ! f>!/ b\nds ( ! ,sunns decl9ation ,nor? or ,s\? f ! ,aequator1 or ! mide/ ( heau54 ,& !re=e !y are call$ tropickes a ,greek3 trepo?ai v]t5do1 because :5 ! ,sunne comes ou] ^! l9es1 hee ei!r turnes away f vs1 z 9 ! ,summ]1 or turnes t[>d vs aga9e z 9 ! w9t]3 ,!re are !n two ( !m vid4 #a ,! ,tropicke ( ,canc] :i* lies on ! ,nor? side ( ! ,aequator1 to :i* :5 ! ,sunne comes1 x makes ! longe/ day 9 ,summ]4 #b ,! ,tropicke ( ,capricorne1 ly+ ,s\?w>d ( ! ,aequator1 to :i* :5 ! ,sunne comes1 x makes ! %orte/ day 9 w9t]4 ,! ,pol> circles are two p>allels drawne by ! poles ( ! ,zodiacke compass+e ab\t ! poles ( ! _w1 be+ di/ant f !m eu]y way #bc degrees4 ,^! are two4 #a ,! ,articke ,circle t compasse? ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole3 x is s call$ because t 9 ! ,heav5s 7:]e vnto ?is 9 ! e>? lies opposite7 runs ?r\gh ! con/ellation ( ! great ,be>e1 :i* 9 greeke is call$ ,greek3 arktos #b ,! ,ant>ticke circle t compasse? ab\t ! ,s\? ,pole1 is plac$ opposite vnto ! =m]4 ,all ^! ) ! =m] are easily kn[n vpo ! ,globe by ^! descriptios1 names vsually add$ vnto ?e4 ,b because maps are ( an esi] price1 m comon vse !n ,globes1 x w be ne$full to %ew h[ all ^! circles1 :i* are drawne mo/ naturally vpon a r\nd ,globe1 may also z truly1 & pr(itably = k & vse be describ$ vpon a pla9e pap]4 ,:]eby we %all vnd]/& ! reason ( ^? l9es :i* ,we see 9 ! vsuall ,mapps ( ! _w1 bo? h[ !y are drawne1 & :]e=e !y s]ue4 ,vnd]/& !re=e1 t 9 lay+ d[ne ! globe vpon a pla9e pap]1 y mu/ imag9e ! globe to be cut 9 two halfes ?r\gh ! mid/1 & s to be press$ d[ne flat to ! pap]2 z if y %\ld take a holl[ di%1 & ) y\r h& squieze ! bottom d[n1 till x lie flat vpon a bord1 or any o!r pla9e ?+ = !n w ^? circles t be=e 7 ( equall di/ance1 runne clos] toge!r t[>ds ! mid/4 ,aft] ?is conceit1 vniv]sall ,maps are made ( two fa%ions1 accord+ z ! globe may be devid$ two waies1 ei!r cutt+ q ?r\gh by ! m]idian f ,nor? to ,s\?1 z if y %\ld cut an apple by ! eye & ! /alke1 or cutt+ x ?r\gh ! ,a,equinoctiall1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 z "o w\ld divide an apple ?r\gh ! mid/1 betwe5e ! eye ! /alke4 ,! =m] makes two faces1 or hemisphe>es1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ hemisphe>e4 ,! latt] makes likewise two ,hemisphe>es1 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,bo? suppositions are good1 & befitt+ ! nature ( ! globe3 = z t\*+ su* vniv]sall maps1 :]e9 ! _w is repres5t$ n 9 two r\nd faces1 b all 9 "o squ>e plot1 ! gr\nd :]evpon su* descriptions are f\nd$1 is lesse naturall & agreeable to ! globe1 = x suppose? ! e>? to be l a ,cyl9d] 7or role ( b[l+ allies7 :i* imag9ation1 vnlesse x be well qualifi$1 is vtt]ly false1#b & makes all su* mappes faulty 9 ! scituation ( places4 ,:]e=e omitt+ ?is1 we w %ew ! description ( ! two =m] only1 bo? :i* are easie to be done4 ,footnote #b3 ,( ?is ,hypo!sis see ,wrights errors ( navigation4 #a ,to describe an ,a,equinoctiall planisphe>e1 draw a circle 7,,acbd7 & inscribe 9 x two diamet]s 7,,ab7 7,,cd7 cutt+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & ! :ole circle into f\re quadrants3 ea* :]e( devide into #ij4 p>ts1 or degrees4 ,! l9e 7,,ab7 do? fitly repres5t halfe ( ! ,a,equator1 z ! l9e 7,,cd7 9 :i* ! po9ts 7,c7 7,d7 are ! two poles1 halfe ( ! ,m]idian3 = ^! circles ! eye be+ 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! po9t ( concurr5ce 7z 9 ?is projection x is suppos$7 mu/ ne$s appe>e /reight4 ,to draw ! o!r1 :i* w appe>e crook$1 doe ?us4 ,lie a rule f ! ,pole 7,c7 to e t5? or fift degree ( ! halfe circle 7,,adb7 not+ 9 ! ,a,equator 7,,ab7 e int]section ( x & ! rule4 ,! l doe f ! po9t 7,b7 to ! semicircle 7,,cad7 not+ also ! int]sections 9 ! ,m]idian 7,,cd7 ,!n ! diamet]s 7,,cb7 & 7,,ab7 be+ drawne out at bo? ends1 z f>re z may suffice1 f9d+ 9 ! l9e 7,,dc7 ! c5t] ( ! t5? division f 7,a7 to 7,c7 & f 7,b7 to 7,c71 ( ! fir/ po9t ( int]section not$ 9 ! m]idian fro ! ,a,equator t[>ds 7,c7 by a way famili> to ,geometricians connect ! ?ree po9ts1 & y haue ! p>alell ( #aj4 degrees f ! ,a,equator3 ! l mu/ bee done 9 draw+ ! o!r p>alells on ei!r side1 ! ,a,equator2 z also 9 draw+ ! ,m]idians f c5t]s f\nd 9 ! l9e 7,,ab7 9 l man] cont9u$4 ,all :i* is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration #b ,to describe a ,pol> ,planispha]e1 draw a circle 7,,acbd7 on ! c5t] 7,e7 z be=e1 inscribe 9 x two diamet]s 7,,ab7 & 7,,bc7 cutt+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 & ! circle into f\re quadrants4 ,ea* quadrant be+ deuid$ into #ij4 p>ts1 draw f eu]y #e? or #aj? ( ^? p>ts a diamet] to ! opposite po9t3 ^! l9es all concurr+ 9 ! c5t] 7,e7 be+ ! pole1 are z s _m ,m]idians4 ,next1 hau+ cutt ! halfe ( any "o ( ! =m] diamet]s into #i p>ts1 z 7,,ed7 9 ! po9ts 7,,fghiklmn7 draw on ! c5t] 7,e7 s _m circles & ^! repres5t ! p>alells ( ! ,globe1 be+ also "h true p>alells4 ,illu/ration ,,cap4 #e4 ,( div]s ,di/9ctions1 & ,divisions ( ! e>?4 ,next aft] ! ,circles ( ! ,e>?1 wee may n vnfitly h&le ! seu]all ,divisions & di/9ctions :i* geograph]s make ( ! p>ts1 & inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,^! are _m1 b wee w briefely runne !m ou]4 #a ,! fir/ & mo/ pla9e is by ! ,coa/s ( ! ,heau5s1 & ris+1 & ,sett+ ( ! ,sunne1 s x is di/+ui%$ into ! ,ea/ :]e ! ,sunne arise?4 ,ore9s1 ,ortus ,greek3 anatole4 ,we/ :]e ! ,sunne goe? d[ne4 occid5s4 ,nor?3 betwe5e bo? fromw>ds ! ,sunne at ,noone4 ,sept5trio4 ,s\?3 betwe5e bo? t[>ds ! ,sun at ,noone4 ,m]idies4 ,^! f\re are call$ ! *eife or ,c>d9all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,!y ) ! o!rs betwe5e !m are easily kn[ne b are ( m vse to ,m>9]s !n to vs4 ,wee may r take notice ( ^? o!r names :i* by ,a/ronom]s ,geograph]s ,div9es & ,poets are giu5 vnto !m4 ,:o sometime call ! ,ea/ ! "r h& "p ( ! _w1 sometime ! ,we/1 sometime ! ,nor?1 sometime ,s\?1 ! diu]sity is not$ 9 ^! v]ses1 ,ad ,boream t]rae1 ,s$ ,coeli m5sor ad ,au/rum1 ,praeco ,dei exortum videt1 occasumque ,poeta4 ,t is ,geograph]s looke to ! ,nor?1 ,a/ronom]s to ! ,s\?4 ,prie/s turne !m to ! ,ea/1 ,poets to ! ,we/4 ,?is s]ues = vnd]/&+ ( ,au?ors1 :]e9 any m5tion is made ( ! "r or left "p ( ! ,_w1 if = example he be a poet1 he means ! ,s\? by ! "r h&1 ! ,nor? by ! left3 because a poet turnes 8 face to ! ,we/1 & s reckons ! qu>t]s ( ,heau5 & ,e>?4 #b ,! second di/9ction is by ! notable diff]5ces ( heat & cold1 t are obs]v$ on ! e>?1 ?is is ! division ( ! ,e>? by ,zones or ,girdles1 :i* are p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 :]9 heat & cold doe rem>kably increase or decrease4 ,^? ,zones are #e4 #a ,! hot or burn+ ,zone 7,zona torrida7 :i* conta9es all t space ( e>?1 t lie? betwt5e ! two ,tropicks1 suppos$ h]et(ore 7b falsly z aft] exp]i5ce ha? %ew$7 to be inhabitable by reason ( heat1 ! ,sunne cont9ually ly+ ou] "s "p ( x4 #b4c ,! temp]ate ,zones :]e9 nei!r heat nor cold is extreame b mod]ate3 ^! are two1 "o on ! ,nor? side ( ! ,aequator1 betwe5e ! ,articke circle1 & ! ,tropicke ( ,canc]1 ano!r on ! ,s\? side betwe5e ! ,tropicke ( ,capricorne1 & ! ,ant>cticke circle4 #d4e ,! cold1 or ,froz5 ,zones1 :]e9 cold = ! mo/ "p is great] !n ! heat1 ^! likewise are two1 "o 9 ! ,nor?1 betwe5e ! ,articke circle1 & ! ,nor? ,pole1 ano!r on ! ,s\? betwe5e ! ,ant>ctick circle & ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,^! ( all p>ts ( ! e>? are wor/ inhabit$1 accord+ z extremity ( cold is alwaies a great] enemy to mans body1 !n extremity ( heat4 #c ,! ?ird di/9ction is by ! %ad[es1 :i* bodies doe ca/ vpon ! e>?1 iu/ at noon$ay2 = ^! doe n alwaies fall "o way b diu]sly accord+ to _! div]s scituation vpon ! ,e>?4 ,n[ 9 respect ( ! %ad[es ( m5s bodies1 ! inhabitants ( ! e>? are divid$ into ! #a ,amphiscy 7,greek3 amphis*ioi7 ^: %ad[ at noone day fall bo? waie1 s to ! ,nor? :5 ! ,sunne is ,s\?w>d ( !m1 to ! ,s\? :5 ! ,sunne is ,nor?w>d1 & su* are ^? p t doe dwell 9 ! hot ,zone4 ,= ! ,sunne goes ou] _! heads twice a ye>e1 once ,nor?w>d1 ano!r "t ,s\?w>d1 :5 ! ,sunne is j ou] _! heads !y are call$ ,asoy1 ,greek3 as*ioi1 )\t %ad[4 #b ,het]oscy 7,greek3 het]os*ioi7 ^: %ad[es doe alwaies fall "o way1 namely alwaies t[>ds ! ,nor?1 z ^? t dwell 9 ! ,nor!rne temp]ate ,zone1 or alwaies to ! ,s\?1 z ^? t dwell 9 ! ,s\!rne temp]ate ,zone4 #c ,p]iscy 7,greek3 p]is*ioi7 ^: %ad[es goe r\nd ab\t !m1 z ^? p :o dwell 9 ! two cold ,zones1 = z ! ,sunne nev] goes d[ne to !m aft] he is once vp1 b alwaies r\nd ab\t1 s doe _! %ad[es4 #d ,! f\r? di/9ction is by ! scituation ( ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,e>?1 comp>$ on ) ano!r3 :o are call$ ei!r4 #a ,p]ioeci 7,greek3 p]ioi*oi7 su* z dwell r\nd ab\t ! ,e>? 9 "o & ! same p>alell1 z = example vnd] ! ,tropicke ( ,canc]4 #b ,antoeci 7,greek3 antoi*oi7 su* z dwell opposite to ! =m] 9 ano!r ,p>alell ( ! same di/ance f ! ,a,equator4 ,z ^? vnd] ! ,tropicke ( ,capricorne4 #c ,antipodes 7,greek3 antipodes7 :o dwell iu/ vnd] vs !ire feete opposite to ours4 #e ,! fif? di/9ction is ( ! ,l5g? & ,bread? ( ! ,e>? & places vpon x3 ^! may bee consid]$ two wayes #a ,absolutely1 & s ! ,longitude or ,l5g? ( ! ,e>? is its ,circuit1 & ,ext5sion f ,ea/ to we/1 ,latitude or bread? ( x1 is ! :ole ,circuit & ,compasse ( x f ,nor? to ,s\?4 #b ,comp>atiuely3 comp>+e "o places scituation ) ano!r1 & s ! ,longitud ( a place1 is ! di/ance ( x f ! fir/ ,m]idian go+ ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,il&s1 ,ea/w>d4 ,:]eby wee "k h[ f>re "o place lies ,ea/ or ,we/ f ano!r4 ,latitude ( a place1 is ! di/ance ( x f ! ,a,equator t[>ds ! ,nor? or ,s\?4 ,:]eby wee "k h[ f>re "o ,place lies ,nor?w>d1 or ,s\?w>d ( ano!r4 ,! ,longitude mu/ bee reckon$ by ! degrees ( ! ,a,equator1 ! ,latitude by ! degrees ( ! ,m]idian4 ,= example1 9 ^! two ,haemispha]es1 ! longitude ( ! :ole e>? is f 7,c7 to 7,a7 & 7,b7 9 ! ,a,equator4 ,! latitud is f 7,n7 to 7,s71 & f 7,q7 to 7,p7 ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 & ?is reckon$ 9 any m]idian4 ,! fir/ m]idian is 7,,anbs7 :i* goes by ! ,can>y ,il&s1 ! ,a,equinoctiall is 7,,abca74 ,n[ ,i haue a ,citty giu5 s4 7,d7 ,i w\ld "k 9 :at longitude & latitude x is4 ,= ! longitude ,i consid] :at m]idian passe? ?r\gh x1 :i* is ! m]idian 7,,nds7 :i* crosse? ! ,a,equinoctiall 9 7,i7 at #ae degrees1 :]e=e ,i say t 7,d7 /&s ,ea/w>d f ! fir/ ,m]idian #ae degrees4 ,s ,i f9de t ! ,citty 7,e7 is #aej degrees ,ea/w>d1 7,g7 #aie1 & 7,f7 #cde4 ,= ! ,latitude ,i consid] :at p>alell runnes ?r\gh 7,,deg7 or 7,f7 & ,i f9de ! #cj to passe by 7,d7 #de by 7,e7 ! #ae by 7,f7 ! #de ,s\?w>d by 7,g7 & ^? numb]s are ! latitude ( ! place t are di/ant f ! ,a,equator1 7,,cab74 ,illu/ration ,conc]n+ ! means :]eby ! longitude ( places is f\nd out1 !re is sc>ce any ?+ t ha? tr\bl$ ,ma!maticians s mu* z ! obs]vation ( x4 ,= because no /&+ m>ke c be tak5 7! ,heav5s alwaies runn+ ab\t7 x mu/ ne$s bee difficult4 ,to measure vpon ! e>?1 go+ alwaies vnd] ! same p>alell1 is a way c]ta9 9 reg>d ( "s few places1 b s tr\blesome 9 x selfe1 & vnpr(itable 9 reg>d ( o!r places t ly out ( t p>alell1 t x may be acc\nt$ a fruitlesse lab\r4 ,! voyages acc\nts ( ,m>r9]s at ,sea1 are s full ( casualty vnc]ta9ty by reason ( ! d\btfull v>iation ( ! compasse1 ! vnequall viol5ce ( w9des & tides1 ! false mak+ ( _! sea c>ds1 by :i* !y saile1 & ! ignorance ( ! ,ma/]s = ! greate/ "p1 z !re c h>dly be any assur$ reckon+ made by !m4 ,! be/ means ( obs]vation is by ,eclipses ( ! ,sunne ,moone1 :i* 9 sev]all ,c\ntries are soon] or lat] se5e1 accord+ z "o place lies f>!r ,ea/ or f>!r ,we/ f ano!r4 ,b ?is also falls out s seldome1 & :5 x happ5s1 is s seldome obs]u$1 & :5 x is obs]v$1 ha? s _m difficulties 9 ! precise & exact obs]vation ( x2 t wee may ,well acc\nt ?is inquiry aft] ! longitude ( places1 to be "o ( ^? ?+s :]e( wee mu/ be cont5t to be ignorant1 r to gesse at x 9 ,grosse1 !n 9 va9e to /riue = exactnesse1 :i* is ! cause :y ! tables ( ! longitude & latitude ( ,citties1 ?\gh !y _m times agree 9 ! latitude1 doe yet = ! mo/ "p v mu* diff] 9 ! ,longitude4 #f ,! six? ,di/9ction is by ! ,l5g? or %ortnesse ( ! ,day 9 ,summ] "t 9 seu]all ,qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,& ?is diuision is by ,climates 7,greek3 *limata7 :i* are seu]all spaces ( ! e>? conta9$ betwe5e two ,p>alells1 9 ! :i* ! longe/ day 9 ,summ] exc$es t 9 ano!r ,p>alell by halfe an ,h\re4 ,!re is a greate deale ( ,confusion & diff]5ce betwe5e ! late & anci5t ,geograph]s ab\t ! di/9ction & diu]s reckon+s ( ! ,climats4 ,x is n wor? ! lab\r to rec\nt !ire op9ions & ,calculations3 ?us mu* is pla9e1 & easie to bee kn[ne4 ,!re are #bd4 ,climats 9 :i* ! ,day encrease? by halfe h\res f #ab4 h\res to #bd4 ,!re are likewise #f4 ,climats 9 :i* ! day encrease? by mone?s1 f "o mone? to sixe t is halfe a ye>e4 ,vnd] ! ,aequator ! day is alwayes twelue h\res longe1 b z y goe f x t[>ds ! ,pole1 ! ,day l5g!ns /ill till x comes to a day halfe a ye>e long4#c ,n[ 9 :at degrees ( latitude eu]y on ( ^! ,climats beg9ne & end1 %all appe>e by ?is table foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,^? t dwell vnd] ! ,pole haue n pa/ #c1 or #d mone?s pr(\nd z t5ebras d>ke night1 = :5 ! ,sun is 9 ,libra ,pisces be+ !n nigh1 ! ,horizon x s5ds =? to !m a glimm]+ light n vnlike to ! twilight or dawn+ ( ! day 9 a morn+ a little be=e ! ,suns ris+ ,mun/] lib4 ,i4 cap4 #g ,! seav5? & la/ di/9ction ( ! e>? is tak5 f ! scituation ( x 9 respect ( ! ,heav5s1 & especially ! ,sunnes motion4 ,9 reg>d :]e( ,"s p>ts or inhabitants ( ! ,e>? are said to be or dwell 9 a ,"r ,sphe>e1 "s 9 a p>alell ,sphe>e1 & o!rs 9 an oblique or crook$ ,sphe>e4 ,!y dwell 79 ,spha]a recta7 9 a "r or /reight ,sphe>e :o dwell iu/ vnd] ! ,a,equinoctiall1 ^: ,horizon is p>alell to ! ,m]idians1 b cutts ! ,a,equator at "r ,angles1 !y dwell 9 p>alell ,sphe>es1 :o dwell iu/ vnd] ei!r ( ! ,poles1 ^: ,horizon is p>allell to ! ,a,equator1 b cuts all ! ,m]idians at "r ,angles3 & ! latt] is sometime call$ a ,p>alell ,sphe>e4 ,!y dwell 79 ,spha]a obliqua7 9 a crook$ ,sphe>e1 :o inhabite any place betwe5e ! ,a,equinoctiall & ! ,pole1 ^: ,horizon cuts ! ,a,equator1 ! ,p>alells1 & ! ,m]idians at oblique or vnequall angles4 ,a table ( ! climats4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,climes,p>alells ,! ,latitude ,! ,! places by :i* longe/ elevationbread? ! climates passe4 summ] ( ,pole4 ( ! day4 ,scr4 ,degr4 ,climats4 ,h\4 ,scr4 ,deg4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #j #j #ab #j #j #j #d #ah ,! beg9n+ #a #ab #ae #d #ah f ! ,aequator4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #b #ab #cj #h #cd #h #be ,s9us ,arabicus or #c #a #de #ab #dc ! ,r$ ,sea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #b #d #ac #j #af #dc #g #ej ,m]oe an ,il& ( #e #ac #ae #bj #cc ,nilus 9 ,aegypt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c #f #ac #dj #bc #aj #g #c ,si5e a ,citty 9 #g #ac #de #bg #cf ,africa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #d #h #ad #j #cj #dg #f #i ,alex&ria 9 #i #ad #ae #cc #de ,aegypt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #e #aj #ad #cj #cf #cj #e #ag ,rhodes & #aa #ad #de #ci #b ,babylon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f #ab #ae #j #da #bb #d #cj ,rome & #ac #ae #ae #dc #cb ,hellespont4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #g #ad #ae #cj #de #bi #c #dh ,v5ice & #ae #ae #de #dg #bj ,milla9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h #af #af #j #di #ba #c #ac ,podalia & ! #ag #af #ae #ej #cc less] ,t>t>y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #i #ah #af #cj #ea #eh #b #dd ,batavia & #ai #af #de #ec #ag ,witt5b]ge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aj #bj #ag #j #ed #bi #b #ag ,ro/o*4 #ba #ag #ae #ee #cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aa #bb #ag #cj #ef #cg #b #j ,irel& & #bc #ag #de #eg #cd ,moscovy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ab #bd #ah #j #eh #bf #a #dj ,bohus a ,ca/le #be #ah #ae #ei #a 9 ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac #bf #ah #cj #ei #ei #a #bf ,go?l&4 #bg #ah #de #fj #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ad #bh #ai #j #fa #ah #a #ac ,b]gia 9 #bi #ai #ae #fa #ec ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ae #cj #ai #cj #fb #be #a #j ,wiburge 9 #ca #ai #de #fb #ed ,f9l&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #af #cb #bj #j #fc #bb #j #eb ,arotia 9 #cc #bj #ae #fc #df ,sw$54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ag #cd #bj #cj #fd #f #j #dd ,! m\? ( #ce #bj #de #fd #cj ,d>ecally a riv4 ( ,sw$e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ah #cf #ba #j #fd #di #j #cf ,div]se places #cg #ba #ae #fe #f 9 ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ai #ch #ba #cj #fe #ba #j #bi ,suetia1 ,alba #ci #ba #de #fe #ce ,russia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bj #dj #bb #j #fe #dg #j #bb ,) _m ,il&s4 #da #bb #ae #fe #eg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ba #db #bb #cj #ff #f #j #ag ,!reunto #dc #bb #de #ff #ad adioyn+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bb #dd #bc #j #ff #bj #j #aa ,want+ speciall #de #bc #ae #ff #be names4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bc #df #bc #cj #ff #bh #j #e ,& ,l&m>kes4 #dg #bc #de #ff #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bd #dh #bd #j #ff #ca #j #j ,isl& vnd] ! ,articke circle4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"h ! ,climats ,m5ses ,^! ,climats are suppos$ are acc\nt$ by -------------------- to passe by div]se ,il&s ! mon?s f #a #fg #ae )9 ! ,articke circle #ff ,degr4 #ca m94 -------------------- z ,gro5l&1 ,isl&1 :]e ! day is #b #fi #cj ,gre5l&3 :]e9 z yet #bd h\res vnto -------------------- = ! n>r[nesse ( ! ,pole x selfe #c #gc #bj ^! climats comm+ set at #ij ,degrees-------------------- ne]e toge!r1 & ! :]e ! #d #gh #bj vnc]ta9ty ( artificiall day -------------------- obs]vation no is sixe ,mon?s4 #e #hd #j speciall places haue be5e -------------------- assign$ z to ! o!r4 #f #ij #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,! vse ( ?is table is easie4 ,9 ! fir/ ,culumne are conta9$ ! names & numb] ( ! ,climats4 ,9 ! second ! ,p>alells :i* enclose x on ea* side1 & deuide x 9 ! midde/4 ,= ! p>alells "h are drawne by eu]y halfe h\res encrease4 ,! ?ird ,columne is ! l5g? ( ! ,day 9 ,summ]1 9 eu]y ,climate1 :i* f #ab4 h\res encrease? by halfe h\res to #bd4 h\res aft] by mone?s1 f "o mone? to sixe4 ,! f\r? conta9es ! degrees ( latitude1 h[ f>re eu]y climate lies f ! ,a,equinoctiall4 ,! fift contaynes ! space or bread? ( eu]y ,climate1 h[ _m degrees or m9utes x takes vp vpon ! ,e>?4 ,! sixt conta9es "s notable places by :i* ! ,climats passe4 #b ,h]eby x is easie to "k :at ! longe/ ,day is 9 any ,place ( ! worlde ^: latitude is kn[ne4 ,or contr>ily ! longe/ ,day be+ kn[ne to "k ! latitude4 ,= example ,ox=d ha? latitude #eb4j4 degrees longitude #bd4j4 ,9 ! table ,i f9de t #eb4 degrees ( ,latitude lie 9 ! #i? ,climate :]e9 ! day is #af4 h\res & a halfe longe4 ,s mu* ,i say ! ,day is at ,ox=d 9 ,summ]4 ,! place ( ,ox=d 9 ! ,haemisph]e is at 7,v47 #c ,vpon ,globes ! ,climats are n vsually describ$1 b are not$ out vpon ! braz5 ,m]idian4 ,s also 9 vniv]sall mappes !y are seldome drawne1 to avoide confusion ( _m l9es toge!r1 b !y are _m times m>k$ out on ! limbe or edge ( ! mappe4 ,,cap4 #f4 ,( ! measur+ ( ! e>?4 ,wee are n[ come to ! la/ po9t conc]n+ ! measur+ ( ! ,e>?1 :i* is two fold4 ,ei!r ( ! #a ,:ole e>?4 #b ,sev]all p>ts !re(1 & _! di/ance "o f ano!r4 ,conc]n+ ! fir/ x is b a ne$lesse lab\r to rec\nt ! div]sity ( op9ions t haue be5e held f "t to "t by le>n$ ,geograph]s4 ,:at is ! compasse & dep? ( ! e>?4 ,?is may be se5e 9 ,hues de vsu ,globi1 "p4 #c4 cap4 #b4 & 9 ,clavius on ,sacrobosco ) o!rs4 ,!y all diff] s mu* "o f ano!r1 t !re is no c]ta9ty 9 tru/+ any ( !m4 ,! mo/ common & receiv$ op9ion is t ! circuit ( ! e>? is #bafjj miles1 reckon+ #fj miles = e degree1 & !n ! dep? or ,diamet] ( ! ,e>? %all be #fhgg ,engli% miles1 conta9+ #ejjj foote 9 a mile4 ,! means :]by ! circuit & ,diamet] ( ! e>? are f\nd out are pr9cipally two4 #a ,by measur+ ,nor? or ,s\?1 vnd] "o ,m]idian "s good quantity ( gr\nd1 ?reescore or an hundr$ miles 7or two = ! m c]ta9ty7 = 9 ^? petty obs]vations ( small di/ances !re c be no c]ta9e work+4 ,?is may be done1 ?\gh x be labori\s1 yet exactly )\t any s5sible error by a skilfull workeman1 plott+ x out vpon 8 pap]1 ) due he$ tak51 t hee (t5 rectifie ! v>iation ( ! ne$le 7by :i* he travells7 vpon due obs]vation1 & t all notable asc5ts & desc5ts1 ) su* w9d+ & turn+ z ! necessity ( ! way cause?1 be r$uc$ to "o /reight l9e4 ,by ?is means wee %all "k h[ _m miles 9 ! ,e>? answ]+ to a degree 9 ! ,heau5s2 if exact obs]vation by l>ge in/rum5ts be made to f9de ! elevation ( ! pole1 9 ! fir/ place :]e wee beg9 to measure1 & ! la/ :]e wee make an end4 ,besides ?is way ( measur+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,e>?1 !re is none o!r t ha? any c]ta9ty ( obs]vatio 9 x4 ,t by ,eclipses is mo/ vnc]ta91 = a little error 9 a few m9uts ( "t 7:i* ! obs]v]s %all n possibly avoide7 bre$s a s5sible & f[le error 9 ! di/ance ( ! two places ( obs]vation4 ,t ( ,erato/h5es by ! ,sunne beames1 & a %ad[ ( a /ile or gnomon set vpon ! ,e>?1 is z bad z ! o!r4 ,= bo? ! vnc]ta9ty ( ! calculation 9 s small quantity z ! %ad[ & ! gnomon mu/ ne$s haue1 & ! difficulty to obs]ue ! true l5g? ( ! %ad[1 z also ! false supposition :]evpon x proce$s1 tak+ ^? l9es = ,p>alells :i* are n1 doe manife/ly %ew ! reckon+ h]eby made to be d\bt full & n sure4 #b ,! second is by measur+ ! semidiamet] ( ! ,e>?3 ,= z ! circumf]5ce makes kn[ne ! diamet]1 s do? ?is ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is may be done by obs]vation made vpon "s great hill1 h>d by ! sea side4 ,! inv5tion is ( ,maurolycus ,abbot ( ,messava 9 ,sicilie1 b x ha? be5e p]fitt$1 & m exactly p]=m$ by a wor?y ,ma!matician ,ed4 ,w4 :o himselfe made pro(e ( x4 ,by ?is art 0 ! semidiamet] ( ! ,e>? f\nd out to be #ahcabfba foote3 :i* all[+ #ejjj foot to a mile is #cffb a halfe miles1 :i* d\bl$ is ! :ole ,diamet] #gcbe miles4 ,! circuit ( ! e>? %all be #bcjcj miles1 & "o degree conta9es #fc-ce_/cf miles :i* is almo/ #fd miles4 ,:i* z x exce$s ! ord9>y acc\nt1 s may wee re/ vpon x z m exact !n any o!r4 #b ,! second po9t conc]n+e ! measur+e ( p>ticul> di/ances ( places "o f ano!r is ?us p]=m$4 ,fir/ vpon ! ,globe x is mo/ easie4 ,) a payre ( ,compasses take ! di/ance betwe5e any two places h[soev] scituat$ vpon ! ,globe1 & apply ! di/ance s tak5 to ! ,a,equator1 see h[ _m degrees x takes vp2 ^? degrees turn$ into miles %ew ! di/ance ( ! two citties on f ano!r4 ,vpon vniu]sall mapps !ire is a little m difficulty 9 f9d+ ! di/ance ( places :i* "h mu/ bee consid]$ 9 a ?reefold diff]5ce ( scituation3 #a ,( ,latitude only4 #b ,( ,longitude only4 #c ,( ,latitude & ,longitude toge!r4 #a ,if ! two places diff] only 9 ,latitude1 & lie vnd] ! same ,m]idian if ! places lie bo? on "o side ( ! ,a,equator1 ! diff]5ces ( ! latitudes3 or ! summe ( bo? latitudes add$ toge!r1 if "o place lie ,nor? & ano!r ,s\?1 be+ turn$ into ,miles giues ! true di/ance4 #b ,if ! places diff] only 9 ,longitude1 & lie bo? vnd] "o p>alell ( latitude ! diff]5ce ( longitude turn$ into miles proportionably accord+e to ! latitude ( ! p>alell1 giues ! true di/ance4 #c ,! di/ance ( places diff]+ bo? 9 latitude & longitude may ?us bee f\nd out1 fir/ let !re bee drawne a semicircle vpon a "r diamet] not$ ) 7,,abcd7 :]e( 7,d7 %all bee ! ,c5t]4 ,! great] ?is ,semi-circle is made1 s mu* ! m easie w bee ! op]ation2 because ! degrees w bee l>g]4 ,!n ?is ,semicircle be+ drawne1 & accord+ly devid$1 imag9e t by ! helpe ( x1 y desire to f9d out ! di/ance betwixt ,london & ,i]usalem1 :i* ,citties are kn[ne to diff] bo? 9 longitude latitude4 ,n[1 t ! true di/ance betwixt ^! two places may be f\nd out1 y mu/ fir/ sub/ract ! less] longitude out ( ! great]1 s %all y f9d ! diff]5ces ( _! longitudes1 :i* is #dg4 degrees4 ,!n reckon t diff]5ce vpo ! ,semi-circle1 beg9n+ at 7,a7 s proce$ to 7,b27 at ! end ( t diff]5ce1 make a m>ke ) ! let] 7,e7 vnto :i* po9t by y\r rul]1 let a "r l9e be drawne f 7,d7 ! c5t] ( ! ,semi circle4 ,?is be+ 9 ?is sort p]=m$1 let ! less] latitude be s\ght out :i* 9 #cb degrees1 9 ! =e said semicircle1 beg9n+ y\r accompt f ! po9t 7,e7 & s proce$e t[>ds 7,b71 & at ! end ( ! less] latitude let ano!r po9t be m>k$ out ) ! lett] 7,g71 f :i* po9t1 let !re be draw5 a p]p5dicul> l9e :i* may fall ) "r ,angles vpon ! =m] l9e draw5 f 7,d7 to 7,e71 & :]e x *ance? to fall1 !re m>ke out a po9t ) ! lett] 7,h73 ,?is be+ p]=m$ let ! great] latitude :i* is #ea degrees #cb m9uts1 be s\ght out 9 ! semicircle beg9n+ to reckon f 7,a7 t[>ds 7,b7 & at ! end ( t latitude set ano!r po9t sign$ out by ! lett] 7,i7 f :5ce let !re be draw5 ano!r p]p5dicul> l9e t may fall ) "r angles vpon ! diamet] 7,,ac73 "h m>ke out a po9t ) ! lett] 7,k71 ?is done take ) y\r compasse ! di/ance betwixt 7,k7 & 7,h7 :i* di/ance y mu/ set d[ne vpon ! diamet] 7,,ac7 place+ ! "o foot ( y\r compasse vpon 7,k7 & ! o!r t[>ds ! c5t] 7,d7 & !re m>ke out a po9t ) ! lett] 7,l72 !n ) y\r compasse take ! %ort] p]p5dicul> l9e 7,,gh17 & apply t wid5esse vpon ! long] p]p5dicul> l9e 7,,ik17 plac+ ! "o foote ( y\r compasse at 7,i17 :i* is ! b\nds ( ! great] latitude1 & ext5d ! o!r t[>ds 7,k71 & !re make a po9t at 7,m71 !n ) y\r compasse take ! di/ance betwixt 7,l7 & 7,m71 & apply ! same to ! semicircle4 ,plac+ ! "o foot ( y\r compasse 9 7,a7 & ! o!r t[>ds 7,b71 !re m>ke out a po9t ) ! lett] 7,n71 n[ ! numb] ( degrees compreh5d$ betwixt 7,a7 & 7,n7 w expresse ! true di/ance ( ! two places1 :i* w bee f\nd to be #ci degrees3 :i* be+ multipli$ by #fj4 & s conv]t$ into miles accord+ to ! =m] rules1 w produce #bcdj4 :i* is ! di/ance ( ! said places4 ,,f9is4