,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this work was originally produced in #afcj1 only #bf years after ,cawdrey's first ,english dictionary and more than a century before ,johnson's4 ,the spelling is1 in many cases1 strange to modern standards and highly variable4 ,i have noted a small number of cases which would1 ,i think1 have been considered absurd by the original author4 ,these have been amended to a more consonant form2 all other spelling has been retained as the original4 ,some apparently incorrect or missing punctuation has been corrected4 ,the reader should note that o and e have been used to represent the vowel superscribed by a tilde mark4 ,this implies nasalization and should be read as indicating an omitted 'm' or 'n' following the vowel4 ,the letters 'u' and 'v' are used largely interchangeably as also1 though to a lesser extent1 'i' and 'j'4--,,atb4 ,a ,,briefe ,,introdvction ,,to ,,geography ,,containing ,a ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,grovnds1 ,,and ,,generall ,,part ,,thereof1 ,,very ,,necessary for young students in that science4 ,,written ,,by ,,that ,,learned man1 ,mr ,,william ,,pemble1 ,master of ,arts1 of ,magdalen ,hall in ,oxford4 ,,oxford ,printed by ,,iohn ,,lichfield ,printer to the ,famous ,vniversity for ,,edward ,,forrest ,ann4 ,dom4 #afcj4 ,to the ,reader ,gentle ,reader2 ,i here present vnto thy view these few sheets1 written by that learned man ,mr ,william ,pemble1 ,i doubt not to call him the father1 the childe fauours him so much4 ,it hath long lay hid from thy sight1 but now at length emboldned vpon thy curteous acceptance of his former labours1 it lookes abroad into the world2 ,its but little2 let not that detract any thing from it1 there may lie much1 though pent vp in a narrow roome2 when thou reades1 then iudge of it2 ,thus much may bee sayd3 ,though many haue writ of this subiect1 yet this inferiour to none2 thou may'st obserue in it an admirable mixture of ,art and delight1 so that for younger ,students it may bee their introduction1 for others a ,remembrancer1 for any not vnworthy the perusall3 only1 let it finde kinde entertaynment1 at thy hands4 ,farewell4 ,a ,,briefe ,,introdvction ,,to ,,geographie4 ,,chap4 #a4 ,a generall description and division of ,geography4 ,topographie is a particular description of some small quantity of ,land1 such as ,land measurers sett out in their plots4 ,chorographie is a particular description of some ,country1 as of ,england1 ,france1 or any shire or prouince in them3 as in the vsuall and ordinary mappe4 ,geography is an art or science teaching vs the generall description of the whole earth1 of this especially wee are now to speake of1 and also ,chorography as a part vnder it conteyned3 both1 excellent parts of knowledge in them selues1 and affoording much profit and helpe in the vnderstanding of history other things4 ,the parts of ,geography are two4 ,generall1 which treateth of the nature1 qualities1 measure1 with other generall properties of the earth4 ,speciall1 wherein the seuerall countrys and coasts of the earth are deuided and described4 ,of the generall in the first place1 and more at large then of the other1 because it is more difficult1 and hard to bee vnderstood1 and yet of necessary vse1 for the vnderstanding of the other4 ,this generall tract may bee parted into fiue particular heads4 #a of the properties and affections of the earth4 #b of the parts of it in generall4 #c of the ,circles of it4 #d of the distinction and diuision of it accordinge to some generall conditions and qualities of it4 #e of the measuringe of it4 ,these in theire order4 ,,cap4 #b4 ,of certaine generall properties of the earth4 ,in ,geography when wee name the earth wee meane not the earth taken seuerally by itselfe1 without the seas and waters4 ,but vnder one name both are comprised1 as they are now mingled one with another and doe both together make vp one entire and round body4 ,neither doe wee diue into the bowels of the earth1 and enter into consideration of the naturall qualities1 which are in the substance of ,earth and water1 as coldnes1 drinesse moisture1 heauines1 and the like1 but wee looke only vpon the out side1 contemplating the greatnesse1 scituation1 distances1 measuringe1 and other such affections which appeare in the superficies of it1 to the eyes of our bodies and mindes3 ,these then of the earth and water together1 rules are to bee knowne1 #a ,the earth and the water doe make one globe1 i4e41 one round or sphericall body4 ,the naturall place of the water is to bee aboue the earth1 and soe it was in the first creation of it1 compassing1 the earth round aboute as appeares ,genes4 #a4 #i4 ,but for the vse of man and all other liuing creatures1 ,god made a separation of them caussing the waters to sinke downe into huge hollow channells1 prepared to receaue it1 that so the drie land might appeare aboue it4 ,notwithstanding which separation1 they doe both still remaine together1 not couering one another as at first1 but intermingled one with another1 and that soe exactly as they now make but one round body1 whereas at first they made two4 ,here therfore are two poynts to be proued1 #a4 ,that they are one globe4 #b4 that this one is round4 #a ,they are one globe hauing the same ,center or middle pointe1 and the same surface or conuexe superficies1 which will appeare by these reasons4 #a ,common experience4 ,take a lumpe of earth and any quantity of water1 and let them both fall downe together vpon the earth from some high place1 wee see that in the descet they doe not seuer1 but keepe still together in on streight line1 which could not bee1 if the earth and water were two seuerall round bodies hauing seuerall centers4 ,as for example suppose them to bee two globes and let 7a7 bee the ,center of the earth and 7b7 the center of the water2 fro 7c7 some high place aboue the earth hurle downe earth and water1 ,i say the earth will part from the water in going downe and the earth will fall downe vpon 7d7 the water vpon 7e7 but this is contrary to experience ergo the supposition is false4 ,illustration #b ,the shadow which in ,eclipses is cast vpon the ,moone by the earth and the water1 is but one and not two1 therefore the body is so likewise4 ,this will appeare in the proofe of the next point1 v4 #b4 #b ,that both earth and water are one round body1 not square1 long1 hollow1 of any other figure4 ,this is proued by diuerse reasons4 #a ,by ,eclipses2 when the earth1 stands iust betweene the ,sunne and the ,moone1 then doth the shadow of the earth falling vpon the ,moone darken it wholy or in part4 ,now as is the fashion of the shadow1 such is the figure of the body1 whence it falls1 but the shadow of the earth and water cast vpon the ,moone is round1 and also one1 therefore they are round and also one body4 ,illustration #b ,by the orderly and successiue appearing of the starres1 as men trauile from ,north to ,south1 or from ,south to ,north1 by sea or land4 ,for as they goe by degrees1 they discouer new starres1 which they saw not before1 and loose the sight of them they did1 which could not bee if the earth were not round4 ,as for example1 let 7,x4,o4,r47 the inward ,circle bee the earth1 7,q4,s4,p47 the outward1 the ,heauen3 they cannot see the starre 7,s7 which dwell vpon the earth in 7,x7 but if they goe ,northward vnto 7,o7 they may see it4 ,if they goe farther to 7,r7 they may see the starre 7,p7 but then they loose the sight of the starre 7,q7 which being at 7,x7 and 7,o7 they might haue seene4 ,because1 as it appeares in the figure1 the earth riseth vp round betweene 7,r7 and 7,x74 ,illustration #c ,by the orderly and successiue rising of the ,sunne and starres1 and settinge of the same4 ,which appeare not at the same time to all countryes1 but vnto one after another4 ,as for example1 let 7,f4,c4,b47 be the ,circle of the earth1 7,d4,e4,a47 the ,circle of the heauen from ,east to west1 let 7,a7 bee the ,sunne or a starre4 ,when the ,sunne 7,a7 is vp1 and shines vpon them that dwell in 7,b7 hee is not risen to them that dwell in 7,c7 againe when hee is risen higher and is come to 7,e7 and so shines vpon those that dwell in 7,c7 hee is not yet vp to them that dwell in 7,f74 ,againe when hee setts in the ,west1 in 7,d7 and so is out of sight to the inhabitants in 7,b7 hee is yet vp to them that dwell in 7,c7 and 7,f74 ,which shews plainely the earth is round4 ,illustration #d ,by the different obseruations of ,eclipses4 ,one and the same ,eclipse appearing sooner to the ,easterly ,nations then those that lye farther west1 which is caused by the bulke of the earth swelling vp betweene4 ,as for example4 ,let 7,x4,o47 bee the ,circle of the earth1 and the greater the ,circle of the heauen from ,east to ,west4 ,let 7,p4,q47 bee the body of the ,sunne1 7,w4,s47 of the ,moone in the eclipse by reason of the earth betweene it and the ,sunne4 ,it is manifest that the inhabitants in 7,o7 shall see the eclipse before the inhabitants in 7,x7 by certaine houres1 according as the distance betweene 7,x7 and 7,o7 is more or lesse4 ,they that dwell in 7,o7 shall see it in 7,s7 they that dwell in 7,x7 see it not till it come to 7,w7 a great deale higher4 ,illustration #e ,that the water is round besides the naturall weight and moisture of it1 which being apt to yeeld and runne abroad1 will not suffer some places to ly high1 and some low1 like hills1 dales1 but though it be made rough and vneuen by tempest1 doth presetly returne to their naturall smoothnesse and euennesse3 ,i say besides this3 it is cleare by common experience2 for if wee stand on the land1 and see a ship goe forth to sea1 by degrees wee loose the sight of it1 first of the bulke then of the mast1 and all4 ,so also one the other side they that are at sea by degrees doe loose or gaine the sight of the ,land3 ,as for example4 ,let 7,a7 bee some steeple vpon the land 7,b7 a shipp at sea3 ,he that stands at 7,a7 shall by little and little loose the sight of the ship1 as shee goes out1 gett sight of her as shee comes in4 ,both first and last hee shall haue the sight of the top mast 7,b7 when hee sees nothing else4 ,because the sea riseth vp betweene his sight and the ship4 ,illustration ,these reasons and experiments may suffice to proue the roundnesse of the earth and water2 which might bee farther demonstrated by shewing the falshood of all other figures regular or irregular that can be giuen vnto it2 that it is neither square1 nor three-cornerd1 nor ,piramidall1 nor conicall on ,taperwise1 nor ,cylindricall like a barley rowle1 nor hollow like a dish1 nor of any other fashion1 as some haue imagined it to bee of4 ,wee come to this second rule4 #b ,the tops of the highest hills1 and the bottoms of the lowest vallies although in seuerall places they make the earth vneven1 yet being compared to the vast greatnesse of the whole1 doe not at all hinder the roundnesse of it4 ,among all ,geometricall figures the sphaeriall or the round is the most perfect1 and amongst all naturall bodies the heauen is the most excellent4 ,it was therefore good reason the most beautifull body should haue the most perfect and exquisite shape4 ,exact roundnesse then is not found in any body1 but the ,heauens2 the earth is round as was showed before1 but not precisely1 with out all roughnes and inaequality of its surface4 ,there are hills like warts and vallies like wrinkels in a mans body2 and that both for ornament and vse4 ,yet is there such vnformity in this varietie1 as that there is no notable and sensible inaequality made in the earth by ,hills and vallies4 ,no more then if you should lay a fly vpon a smooth ,cartwheele1 or a pinnes head vpon a greate globe4 ,now that this is soe appeares by ,sense and ,reason4 ,by ,sense thus1 ,if wee stand on a hill or in a plaine1 when wee may discrie the country round about #ae4 or #bj4 miles2 wee may behold the brim or edge of the earth round about vs to bee in a manner euen and streight1 euen there1 where the country is very hilly1 and full of mountaines4 ,so that a farre of their height makes but a little alteration and difference from the plaine ,countreys1 when wee behold all togeather a farre of3 though when wee come neere1 the alteration seemes more sensible4 ,by reason thus1 the thicknesse of halfe the earth is 7as shall be shewed7 about #djjj miles1 now the plumb height of the highest mountaines is not accounted aboue a mile and a halfe1 or two miles at the most4 ,now betweene two miles and foure thousand1 there is no sensible proportion1 and a line that is foure thousand and two miles long1 will not seeme sensibly longer then that which is foure thousand2 as for example4 ,let 7,o7 be the center of the earth1 7,,xw7 a part of the circle of the earth which runneth by the bottomes of the hils and superficies of champion and even plaines 7,,wo7 or 7,,xo7 is the semidiamiter or halfe the depth of the earth4 7,s7 is a hill rising vp aboue that plaine of the earth1 7,,ws7 is the plumb height of the hill4 ,i say that 7,,ws7 doth not sensibly alter the length of the line 7,,ow72 for 7,,ws7 is but two miles4 7,,wo7 #djjj miles1 and two to #djjj alters not much more1 then the breadth of a pinne to the length of a pearch4 ,so a line drawne from 7,o7 the center to 7,s7 the top of the hill1 is in a manner all one with a line drawen to 7,w7 the bottome of the hill4 ,illustration ,the third rule4 #c ,the earth resteth immovable in the very midst of the whole earth4 ,two points are here to be demonstrated4 ,first that the earth standeth exactly in the midst of the ,world4 ,secondly that it is immoveable4 ,the former is proved by these reasons4 #a ,the naturall heavinesse of the earth and water is such1 as they will never cease mooving downewards till they come to the lowest place2 ,now the center or middle point of the world is the lowest place1 and ergo they must needs moue thither1 as for example4 ,let 7,o7 be the center of the world1 7,,cde7 the heauens3 it is manifest that the lowest place from the heauens on all sides is 7,o74 ,ssuppose the earth to be in 7,a7 or in 7,b7 some where out of the center1 ,i say it is not possible 7vnlesse it be violently held vp7 that it should abide there1 but it will descend till it come to 7,o7 the middle point4 ,illustration #b ,if the earth stood any where but in the midest we should not see halfe the heauens aboue vs1 as now we alway doe1 neither could there be any ,a,equinox1 neither would the daies and nights lengthen and shorten in that due order and proportion in all places of the ,world as now they doe2 againe ,eclipses would never fall out but in one part of the heavens1 yea the ,sunne and ,moone might be directly opposite one to another and yet no ,eclipse follow1 all which are absurd4 ,as for example1 let the center of the ,world be 7,o7 let the earth stand in 7,a71 a good way distant from the center1 it is manifest that the greater halfe of the ,heauens 7,,cib7 will alwaies be aboue1 and the lesser halfe 7,,cdb7 below1 which is contrary to experience4 ,thence also it followes that the daies and nights will never be equall1 for the ,sunne 7,b7 will be alwaies longer aboue the earth whil'st he moues from 7,b7 to 7,c7 then below1 mouing from 7,c7 to 7,b74 ,againe the ,sunne 7,b7 may stand iust opposite to the ,moone 7,x7 and yet noe ,eclipse follow1 the earth which makes the ,eclipse1 standing out of the midst4 ,illustration #c ,the shadowes of all bodies on the earth would not fall in that orderly vniformity as they now doe3 for if the earth stood towards the ,east1 the shadowes would be shortest before noone1 if toward the west afternoone1 if towards the ,north1 the shadowes would still fall ,northward1 if towards the ,south1 ,southwards1 all which experience shewes to be false4 ,as for example1 let the earth stand ,eastwards in 7,a7 the shadow of any body vpon the earth1 as of the body vnder 7,e7 will be shorter in the morning when the sunne is in 7,c71 then at noone when the sunne is in 7,x74 ,if the earth stand ,southward in 7,w7 the shaddow of any body will alwaies fall south1 as it doth in the figure 7,y7 and 7,z47 ,illustration ,the second thing to be proued was that the earth is immouable4 where wee must vnderstand a double motion1 ,streight1 or ,circular4 ,for the first it is cleare that with out supernaturall violence it cannot bee moued in any streight motion1 that is1 vpward downewarde1 or toward any side2 it cannot bee shoued out of his place4 ,for the ,second1 whether abiding still in his place it may not moue rounde1 the question is disputed1 and maintained one both sides4 ,some affirme it may1 and doth3 who thinke there is greater probabilitie the earth should mooue round once a day1 then that the ,heauens should by reason of the incredible swiftnesse of the heauens motion1 scarcs conpetible to any naturall body2 and the more likely ,slownesse of the earths mouing4 ,others deny it grounding theire opinion vpon ,scripture1 which affirmes the earth to stand fast1 so as it cannot bee moued2 and vpon ,sence1 because wee perceaue it not to moue1 and lastly vpon reasons drawne from things hurled vp1 and let fall vpon the earth4 ,the arguments on both sides wil bee more easie to bee vnderstood by the figure that followes4 ,illustration ,in this figure it is manifest1 that the earth in the midest1 cannot moue by any streight motion1 vpward towarde 7,n7 or sideward toward 7,m7 or any other way out of its proper place1 and therefore that opinion of ,copernicus and others1 that the earth should moue round once a yeere in such a ,circle as 7,,mpr7 is most improbable vnreasonable4 ,and reiected by the most4 ,but although it cannot moue streight1 it may moue round4 ,for though it be a marueilous great body of vnconceaueable weight1 yet being equally poised on euery side1 there is nothing can hinder its ,circular motion4 ,as in a ,globe of ,lead1 or any other heauy substance1 though it were #dj4 ,fadome in compasse1 yet being set vpon his two ,poles1 it would easily bee turned round euen with a touch of ones little finger4 ,and therefore it is concluded that this circular motion is not impossible4 ,the probabilitie of it is thus made plaine4 ,the whole circuit of the ,heauens1 wherein are the fixed ,starrs is reckoned by ,astronomers to bee #ajagefbejj4 that is a ,thousand and seauenteene ,millions of miles1 fiue hundred sixty two thousand1 and fiue hundred miles4 ,let this bee the compasse of the ,circle 7,,nmoz47 ,so many miles doth the ,heauens moue in one day1 till the same point come to the place from whence it went2 as till 7,n7 moue round1 and come to 7,n7 againe4 ,this being the motion of the whole day #bd4 houres1 how many miles will 7,n7 moue in one houre8 it will moue #dbcihdcg and a halfe4 i4e4 ,forty two ,millions three hundred ninty eight thousand1 foure hundred thirty seuen miles and an halfe4 ,so many miles will 7,n7 moue in one houre1 from 7,n7 to 7,m47 ,a motion so swift that it is vtterly incredible4 ,farre more likely it is1 the circuit of the earth 7,,asxv7 being about #bdjjj4 i4e4 twenty foure thousand miles more or lesse1 it should moue round once a day4 ,for then one point as 7,x7 should moue in one houre from 7,x7 to 7,v7 but a thousand miles1 which motion although it bee swifter then any arrow or bullet from a ,cannons mouth1 yet is it incomparably slower then that of the ,heauens1 where so many ,millions are posted ouer in an houre4 ,now for the saluing of all the caelestiall ,phaenomena1 or appearances1 the truth is the same1 if wee suppose the earth to moue1 as if wee beleeue it to stand still4 ,the riseing of the ,sunne and ,starres1 the motions of all the ,planets1 will keepe ,correspondence that now4 ,nor neede wee feare logging1 or that steples and towers would totter downe1 for the motion is regular1 and steady without rubbes1 and knocks4 ,as if you turne a globe about1 it will goe steadyly1 and a fly will set fast vpon it1 though you moue it apace4 ,besides the whole body the ayre is carryed about with the whirlinge of the earth1 so that the earth will make noe winde1 as it turnes swiftly about2 as a wheele will1 if it bee turned apace4 ,notwithstanding all this1 most are of another opinion1 that the earth standeth still without all motion1 rest rather befittinge so heauy and dull a body then motion4 ,the maine reason brought to establish it is this4 ,let a stone bee throwne downe out of the ayre from 7,w37 if the earth stand still1 it is manifest it will fall vpon 7,x7 iust vnder it2 as wee see it doth by common experience1 a stone will fall downe from any height vpon the place wee aymed at1 but let the earth moue1 the stone will not light vpon 7,x7 but some where else as one 7,s37 for 7,x7 will bee moued away1 and gone to 7,v47 ,so againe let two peices of ordinance that will shoote at equall distance bee discharged one iust towards the ,east1 the other towards the ,west2 if the earth moue 7as they say it doth7 towards the ,west1 the bullet that is discharged ,eastward will fly farther then that ,westward4 ,for by the contrary motion of the earth hee will gaine ground4 ,but experience hath proued this to bee false1 shewing that the bullets1 will both fly at equall distance4 ,to salue this1 answere is made that the earth by its swift motion carries with it and that steadily not only all bodies resting or moueing vpon it1 but also the whole ,sphaere of ,aire 7,,weq7 with all things whatsoeuer that are moued in it naturally or violently1 as clouds1 birds1 stones hurled vp or downe1 arrowes1 bullets1 and such like things violently shott forth3 as may appeare in the figure4 ,the fourth rule4 #d ,the earth1 though it bee of exceeding greate quantity being considered in itselfe1 yet being compared to the ,heauens1 especially the higher sphaeres1 is of noe notable bignes1 but may be accounted as a point or pricke in the middest of the world4 ,that the earth is noe bigger then a point or pinns head in comparison of the highest heauens will easily appeare vnto vs1 by these reasons4 #a ,the starres which are many times bigger then the earth1 seeme yet to vs to bee noe bigger then a greate pinns head1 or such like quantity2 therefore much lesse shall the earth appeare to bee of any sensible magnitude4 #b ,wee alwaies beholde halfe the heauens aboue vs1 which could not bee if the earth had any sensible proportion to the heauen4 #c ,all obseruations of hights and distances of the coelestiall bodies1 which are made on the superficies of the earth1 are as exact1 and true1 as if they were made in the very center of the earth4 ,which were impossible1 vnlesse the thicknes of the earth were insensible in regard of the ,heauens4 #d ,all ,sunn ,dialls which stand on the superficies of the earth1 doe as truely cast the shadowes of the houres1 as if they stood in the ,center4 ,as for example4 ,the starre 7,s7 appeares like a point or pricke to them that dwell in 7,a7 wherefore the earth 7,,ox7 will appeare much lesse to the sight of him that should behold it from 7,s71 nay it would not bee seene at all4 ,againe halfe the ,heauens 7,,bfe7 are alwayes seene to the that dwell in 7,a7 wanting some two minutes1 betweene 7,,ed7 and 7,,bc7 which difference is alltogether insensible4 ,againe if wee obserue the height of the starre 7,s7 aboue the ,horizon 7,,be7 it will bee all one namely 7,,bs7 whether wee obserue it in the topp of the earth1 in 7,a7 or in the middle in 7,o47 ,for1 7,a7 and 7,o17 are so little distant one from another1 that 7,,as17 and 7,,os7 will bee paralell lines1 and bee esteemed but as one line4 ,the fourth reason concerning ,dialls1 is cleare by the framing and construction of them3 wherein either the lower end of the ,cocke 7or ,gnomon7 whereat all the houre lines meet1 or the vpper end and knobb 7as in many ,dialls7 is supposed to bee the ,center of the earth4 ,illustration ,,cap4 #c4 ,of the parts of the terrestriall ,globe4 ,the properties of the earthly ,globe haue beene handled in the former chapter wee come now to the parts which are two in generall4 ,earth ,both containe vnder them more particular ,water parts to be knowne4 ,the more notable parts of the ,earth are these4 #a ,a ,continent or maine ,land1 or as some call it firme ,land1 which is not parted by the ,sea running betweene4 #b ,an ,iland1 a land compassed about with waters4 #c ,a ,peninsula1 a land almost surrounded by waters saue at one place1 where ioynes by a narrow necke of land to the ,continent2 this is also called ,chersonesus4 #d ,an ,isthmus1 a streight necke of land which ioynes two countreys together1 and keepes the ,sea from compassing the one4 #e ,a ,promontorie or head land running farre out into the ,sea like a wedge4 #f ,a ,mountaine #g ,a ,valley ,all easie to bee knowne #h ,a ,champion plain without any definition4 #i ,a ,wood ,the more notable parts of the ,water are these #a ,mare the ,sea1 or ,ocean1 which is the gathering together of all waters4 #b ,fretum a streight or narrow sea running betweene two lands4 #c ,sinus a ,creeke1 ,gulfe1 or ,bay1 when the sea runnes vp into the bosome of the land by a narrow enterance but openeth it broader when it is within2 if it bee very litell it is called a ,hauen1 ,portus4 #d ,lacus a ,lake1 a little sea with in the land hauing riuers running into it1 or out of it1 or both4 ,if it hath neither it is called ,stagnum a standing ,poole1 also ,palus2 a fenne4 #e ,fluvius a ,riuer1 which from the pleasantnesse is also called ,amnis2 from the smalnesse of it ,rivus4 ,now concerning these parts diuers questions are moued2 whether there bee more ,sea or ,land8 whether the sea would naturally ouerflow the land1 as it did in the first creation1 were it not withheld within his bankes by diuine power8 whether the deepenes of the ,sea1 doth exceede the height of the mountaines8 whether mountaines were before the flood8 what is the hight of the highest hilles8 whether ,iland1 came since the flood8 what is the cause of the ,ebbing and flowing of the ,sea8 what is the original of springs and riuers8 what manner of motion the running of the riuers is8 with such like1 whereof some belong not so properly to this science of ,geography as to others4 ,wee speake onely a word or two of the last1 so proceed4 ,the question is whether the motion of the riuers bee streight1 or ,circular4 ,the doubts on both sides will best appeare by a figure first drawne3 wherein1 ,let 7,,hmo7 be the ,meridian of ,alexandria in ,a,egipt1 or of the ,mouth of ,nilus and answerable to the meridian of the ,heauens4 ,another in the ,earth 7,,xby47 ,let 7,b7 bee the mouth of ,nilus1 and 7,c7 the fountaine and head of it4 ,now the mouth of ,nilus1 where it runnes into the mediterranian ,sea1 is placed by geographers in the #ca4 degree of the ,north latitud2 the head of ,nilus where it riseth is placed by ,polomeus in #aa4 degree of the ,south latitud1 but by latter more exact geographers in the #ad4 degree of the ,southern latitud1 so that the distance betweene the founts ,ostia i4e4 betweene 7,c7 and 7,b7 is #de4 degrees of a great ,circle1 which after the vsuall account makes #bgjj4 one eight part of the earths compasse4 ,the quaestion now is1 whether the runninge from 7,c7 to 7,b7 runne continually downward in a streight line2 or circularly in a crooked line4 ,if it runne in a streight line1 as is most agreeable to the nature of the water it must moue either by the line 7,,ceb7 or by the line 7,,db47 ,by the line 7,,ceb7 it cannot moue3 for when it is come to 7,e17 it will stand still4 ,because from 7,e7 to 7,b7 it must moue vpward1 if it moue at all1 which is contrary to the nature of water4 ,if therefore it moue by a streight line it can bee noe other1 but 7,,bd17 and so from 7,d7 to 7,b7 it shall continually descend2 for of all places betweene 7,d17 7,b7 7,b7 is the nearest to 7,a47 ,but then the fountaine must not bee in 7,b7 but higher in 7,d7 which semees altogether improbable or impossible4 ,for first the line 7,,ad7 would bee notably and sent by longer then the line 7,,ab7 ,for the compasse of the earth being about #bdjjj4 ,miles1 and the semidiameter 7,,ab17 or 7,,ac7 #chbh4 miles the line 7,,cd17 would bee #aeha4 miles1 which cannot bee true1 if as wee haue proued before1 the earth bee round1 and that the highest hills make noe sensible inaequality4 ,againe they that dwell in 7,d7 should see the ,north ,pole starre 7,n7 as well as they that dwell in 7,b17 which also is false4 ,so then the riuer cannot runne either by 7,,eb7 or 7,,db7 ,runnes it then circularly by the line 7,,cwb87 ,this seemes probable1 and the rather because heereby a reason of the originall of ,riuers might more easily bee giuen4 ,for the fountaines 7,c7 lying euen with the superficies of the ,sea1 the water may easily passe through the hollowes of the earth1 and breake out at 7,c7 without ascendinge4 ,but here also are some difficulties3 for first wee find by experience that the fountaines of most riuers1 and those greate ons too1 lye sensibly higher then the plaine surface of the ,sea4 ,againe1 if the riuer moue directly round1 what should bee the cause that begins and continues this motion8 ,it is a motion besides the nature of the water1 and therefore violent1 what should driue it forward from the ,sea to 7,c17 and from 7,c7 to 7,b17 when the water is at 7,c7 or 7,w17 it is as neere to the ,center 7,a7 as when it is at 7,b17 and therefore it should seeme with more liklyhood it would stand still2 for why should it striue to goe further1 seeing where it is1 it is as neare to the ,center as whither it runnes4 ,or if some violence doe driue it from 7,c17 towards 7,w17 yet 7as it is the nature of violent motions7 the further it goes the slower it will runne1 till in the end it stand still1 if there bee noe aduantadge of ground to helpe it forward4 ,illustration ,as a bowle throwne downe a hill runnes easily and farre1 if it once bee sett a going2 but throwne vpon the ice 7an euen place7 it will without any lett at last stand still4 ,answere may bee made hereunto1 that although there bee noe aduantage of the ground1 yet the water will still moue forwarde from 7,c7 to 7,b7 because the water that followes1 pusheth forwarde that1 that runnes afore4 ,which answere will stand1 when a good cause may bee shewed1 which forcibly driueth the water from the ,sea vnto 7,c7 and out of the fountaine 7,c27 considering that 7after this supposition7 they lie both in the same circular superficies4 ,wherefore seeing1 wee cannot without any inconueniency suppose it to moue by any of these lines either streight as 7,,bc7 or 7,,bd17 or circular as 7,,bwc7 let vs enquire farther4 ,the most likely opinion is1 that the motion of the water is mixt neither directly streight1 or circular1 but partly one1 partly the other4 ,or if it be circular1 it is in a circle whose center is a little distant from the ,center of the whole globe4 ,let vs place fountaines then neither in 7,c7 nor 7,d7 but in 7,f7 ,i say the water runnes either partly streight by the 7,,fs7 and partly circular1 from 7,s7 to 7,b7 which motion will not be inconuenient1 for the water descending continually from 7,f7 to 7,s7 will cause it still to runne forward2 or else wholy circular in the circle 7,,fxb47 ,and this is most agreeable to truth4 ,for so it shall both runne round as it must doe if wee will escape the otherwise vnauoidable inconueniences of the first opinion and yet in running still descend1 and come neerer to the ,center1 as is most befitting the nature of water1 so that wee need not seeke for any violent cause that moues it4 ,let vs then see what is the hight of 7,f7 the fountaines of ,nilus1 aboue 7,c7 that is 7,b7 the mouth or outlet of it into the ,sea4 ,the vsuall allowance in watercourses is one foot in descent for #bjj4 foot in running1 but if this bee thought to much because water will runne awaie vpon any inequality of ground1 for euery #ejj4 foote allow one for descent1 so much we may with reason1 in regard of the swiftnes of many riuers1 yea the most1 which in many places runnes headlong1 in all places very swiftly 7especially ,nilus whose cateracts or downfalls are notable7 which cannot bee without some notable decliuity of the ground4 ,thus then the whole course of ,nilus being #bgjj4 miles from 7,f7 to 7,b7 the perpendicular or plumb descent of it 7,,cf7 will be #e4 miles4 ,and so high shall the fountaine stand aboue the mouth1 and the surface of the plaine ,land 7for riuers commonly arise at foot of hills7 which is 7,,bxf7 swell vp aboue the surface of the ,sea 7,,bwc7 or 7,,by7 which hight of the ,land aboue the ,sea although it bee greater then is the height of the highest moutaines aboue the plaine ,land1 yet it is nothing in comparison of the whole ,earth4 ,and this being granted 7as with most probabilitie of reason it may7 it will appeare that ,god in the beginning of the world imposed noe perpetuall violence vpon nature1 in gathering togeather1 the waters into one place1 and being so gathered in keeping them from runing backe to cover the earth4 ,at the first so soone as those hollow channells were prepared1 the water did naturally slide downe into them1 and out of them without miraculous power they cannot returne4 ,for if the sea 7,,by7 should overflow the land towards 7,f7 the water must ascend in running from 7,b7 to 7,f7 which is contrary to its nature4 ,certainly the midland countries1 whence springs of great rivers vsually arise1 doe ly so high1 that the sea cannot naturally overflow them4 ,for as for that opinion that the water of the sea in the middle lies on a heape higher then the water that is by the shore2 and so that it is a harder matter to saile out of a ,haven to seaward1 then to come in 7because they goe vpward73 this is an empty speculation contray to experience1 and the grounds of nature it selfe1 as might easily be shewed4 ,all the difficulty that is in this opinion1 is to giue a reason how the waters mount vp to 7,f17 and whence the water comes that should flow out of so high a place of the earth1 wherein ,i thinke as in many other secrets of nature we must content our selues with ignorance1 seeing so many vaine conjectures haue taken no better successe4 ,illustration ,,cap4 #d4 ,of the circles of the earth4 ,in a round body as the earth is1 there can be no distinction of parts1 places1 without the helpe of some lines drawen or imagined to be drawen vpon it4 ,now though there are not1 nor can be any circles truly drawen vpon the earth1 yet because there is a good ground in nature and reason of things for them1 we must imagine them to be drawen vpon the earth1 as truly as we see them described vpon a ,globe or in a plaine paper4 ,further this must be noted1 that all circles on the earth haue the like opposite vnto them conceaved to be the ,heavenes1 vnder which they are directly scituated4 ,thus knowen1 the circles that wee are to take the speciall notice of are of two sorts1 ,greater and ,lesser4 ,the greater circles are those which devide this earthly globe into equall halfes or ,haemispheres4 ,the lesser are those which devide it into two vnequall parts1 one bigger1 another lesse4 #a ,a,equator4 ,of the former sort there #b ,meridian4 are foure1 the #c ,horizon4 #d ,zodiack1 or ,eclipticke4 #a ,the ,a,equitor or ,a,equonoctiall line1 is a line drawen iust in the midst of the earth1 from ,east to ,west1 which compasseth it as a girdle doth a mans body1 and devidith it into two equall parts1 one on the ,north side1 the other on the ,south ,the two points in the earth that are every way farthest distant from it ,north1 ,south are called the ,poles of the earth which doe directly stand vnder the two like points in the ,heaven1 so called because the ,heaven turnes about vpon them1 as the ,earth doth in a ,globe that's set in a frame4 ,this circle is of the first principall note and vse in ,geography1 because all measurings for distances of places and quarters of the ,earth are reckoned in it1 or from it4 ,it is called the ,a,equinoctiall1 because when the ,sunne in the ,heavens comes to be directly over that circle in the earth1 the daies nights are of equall length in all parts of the world4 ,marriners call it by a kind of excellency1 ,the line4 ,vpon the ,globe it is easily discerned being drawen bigger then any other circles from ,east to ,west1 and with small divisions4 #b ,the ,meridian1 if a line that is drawen quite crosse the ,a,equinoctiall1 and passeth through the ,poles of the ,earth1 going directly ,north and ,south4 ,it is called the ,meridian1 because when the ,sunne stands just over that circle it is ,meridies i4d4 noone day4 ,it may be conceaued thus1 at noone day1 when it is just twelue a clocke1 turne your face towards the ,south1 and then imagine with your selfe two circles drawen1 one in the ,heavens1 passing from the ,north iust over your head through the body of the ,sunne downe to the ,south1 and so round vnder the earth vp againe to the ,north ,pole4 ,another vpon the surface of the earth passing through your feete just vnder the ,sunne1 and so compassing the earth round till it meete at your feete againe1 and these are ,meridians answering one to another4 ,now the ,meridian is not one only1 as was the ,a,equinoctiall1 but many still varying according to the place wherein you are1 as for example4 ,at ,london there is one ,meridian1 at ,oxford another1 at ,bristow another1 so along ,eastward or ,westward4 ,for it is noone at ,london sooner then at ,oxford1 and at ,oxford sooner then at ,bristow4 ,vpon the globe there are many drawen1 all which passe through the poles1 and goe ,north and ,south1 but there is one more remarkeable then the rest1 drawen broad with small divisions1 which runneth through the ,canary ,ilands1 or through the ,ilands of ,azores ,westward of ,spaine1 which is counted the first ,meridian in regard of reckoning and measuring of distances of places one from another2 for otherwise there is neither first nor last in the round earth4 ,but some place must bee appointed where to beginne the account and those ,ilands haue beene thought fittest1 because no part of the ,world that lay westward was knowne to the ,ancients further then that3 and as they began to reckon there1 we follow them4 ,this circle is called in greeke ,greek3 ,mesembrinos4 #c4 ,the ,horizon is two fold3 ,sensible or appearing4 ,intelligible or true4 ,the ,sensible or appearing ,horizon is the space of the earth so farre as in an open plaine1 or vpon some ,hill a man may see round about him4 ,the brim or edge of the earth further then which you cannot see1 that is the ,horizon1 or as some call it the ,finitor4 ,because finet or terminat visum it setts the limits or bounds to your sight1 beyond which nothing can bee seene vpon the earth4 ,this is greater or lesser1 according as the height of the eye aboue the plaine superficies of the earth1 is more or lesse4 ,the most exact triall hereof is at ,sea1 where there are no mountaines nor any vnequall risings of the water to hinder the sight1 as there are at land4 ,for example let 7,,cbaf7 be the superficies of the ,sea and let a mans eye bee placed in 7,x7 aboue the ,sea2 as the eye stands higher or lower so will the distance seene be more or lesse1 as if the hight of 7,,xa7 be #f foot which is ordinary the height of a man1 the eye looking from 7,x7 to 7,b7 shall see #b miles and #c quarters1 if 7,x7 be #bj foote high 7,,ba7 will bee fiue miles1 if #dj foote #g miles1 if #ej foote #h miles4#a ,so that from the mast of a ship #ej foote high1 a man may see round about at sea #h miles every way1 toward 7,,bg7 and 7,f74 ,so farre may the water it selfe be seene1 but any high thing on the ,water may be seene farther1 #af1 or #bj miles according as the height is1 as the ship at 7,c7 may be seene from 7,x7 as far more as it is from 7,a7 to 7,b74 ,there can be therefore no certaine quantity and space set downe for this sensible ,horizon1 which continually varies according to the height of the eye aboue the plaine ground or sea4 ,this ,horrizon is not at all painted on the globe nor can be4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,wright of ,navigation p4 #bbi4 ,illustration ,the intelligible or true ,horizon is a line which girts the earth round in the midst1 and divides it into two equall parts or ,haemispheares the vppermost vpon the top middle point whereof wee dwell1 and that which is vnder vs4 ,opposite to this in the ,heavens is another ,horizon1 which likewise cuts the ,heaven into two ,hemispheres1 the vpper and the lower4 ,aboue which circle when any starre or the ,sunne is moued1 it then riseth vnto vs1 and setteth vnto those that dwell opposite vnto vs1 and so on the contrary1 you may conceiue it best thus1 if standing vpon a hill1 or some open place1 where you may perfectly see the setting of the ,sunne1 you marke when the ,sun is halfe gone out of your sight1 you may perceiue the body of the ,sunne cut in two1 as it were by a line1 going along through it1 the halfe aboue is yet seene1 that vnderneath is gone out of your sight4 ,this line is but a peece of the ,horrizon1 which if you conceiue to be drawen vpward about the ,world from the ,west to the ,north1 and so by ,east and ,south1 to ,west againe you haue the whole ,horrizon described4 ,this circle is not drawen vpon the body of the globe1 because it is variable2 but stands one the outside of it1 beeing a broad circle of wood couered with paper on which are sett the moneths and days of the yeare1 both in the old and new ,calender1 and also the #ab signes1 and the points of the compasse4 ,all which are easily discerned by the beholdinge4 ,the vse of this ,horizon is not so much in ,geographie as in ,astronomie4 ,the ,zodiake is a circle which compasseth the earth like a belt1 crossing the aequator slopewise1 not streight as the ,meridians doe4 ,opposite to it in the ,heauens is another circle of the same name1 wherein are the #ab4 signes1 and in which the ,sunne keepes his owne proper course all the yeare long1 neuer declining from it on the one side or other4 ,the vse hereof in ,geography is but litle only to shew what people they are ouer whose heads the ,sunne comes to bee once or twice a yeare2 who are all those that dwell with in #bc4 degrees of the ,aequator2 for so much is the declination1 or sloping of the ,zodiacke4 ,this circle is also called the ,eclipticke line1 because when the ,sunne and ,moone stand both in this circle opposite each to other1 then there happens an ,eclipse of the ,sunne or ,mone1 vpon a globe it is easily discerned1 by the sloping of it from the ,aequator1 and the diuisions of it into #ab4 parts1 and euery of those #ab4 into #cj4 degrees4 ,these are the greater circles3 the lesser follow2 which are all of one nature1 and are called by one generall name3 sc4 ,parallels1 because they are so drawen on each side of the ,aequator1 as they are equidistant vnto it euery way4 ,many of this kinde are drawne vpon the globe 7as is easie to bee seene7 and may bee conceaued to bee drawne vpon the earth3 but there are only two sorts cheifely to bee marked3 namely the ,tropickes and the ,polar circles4 ,the tropickes are two1 parallel circles distant on each side of the ,aequator #bc4 degrees shewing the farthest bounds of the ,sunns declination ,north or ,south from the ,aequator1 or the midest of heauen4 ,and therefore they are called tropickes a ,greek3 trepothai vertendo1 because when the ,sunne comes ouer these lines1 hee either turnes away from vs1 as in the ,summer1 or turnes toward vs againe as in the winter3 ,there are then two of them vid4 #a ,the ,tropicke of ,cancer which lies on the ,north side of the ,aequator1 to which when the ,sunne comes1 it makes the longest day in ,summer4 #b ,the ,tropicke of ,capricorne1 lying ,southward of the ,aequator1 to which when the ,sunne comes1 it makes the shortest day in winter4 ,the ,polar circles are two parallels drawne by the poles of the ,zodiacke compassinge about the poles of the world1 being distant from them euery way #bc degrees4 ,these are two4 #a ,the ,articke ,circle that compasseth about the ,north ,pole3 it is so called because that in the ,heavens 7where vnto this in the earth lies opposite7 runs through the constellation of the great ,beare1 which in greeke is called ,greek3 arktos #b ,the ,antarticke circle that compasseth about the ,south ,pole1 is placed opposite vnto the former4 ,all these with the former are easily known vpo the ,globe by these descriptios1 names vsually added vnto the4 ,but because maps are of an esier price1 more comon vse then ,globes1 it will be needfull to shew how all these circles1 which are drawne most naturally vpon a round ,globe1 may also as truly1 and profitably for knowledge and vse be described vpon a plaine paper4 ,whereby we shall vnderstand the reason of those lines which ,we see in the vsuall ,mapps of the world1 both how they are drawne1 and wherefore they serue4 ,vnderstand therefore1 that in laying downe the globe vpon a plaine paper1 you must imagine the globe to be cut in two halfes through the midst1 and so to be pressed downe flat to the paper2 as if you should take a hollow dish1 and with your hand squieze the bottom down1 till it lie flat vpon a bord1 or any other plaine thing for then will those circles that before were of equall distance1 runne closer together towards the midst4 ,after this conceit1 vniversall ,maps are made of two fashions1 according as the globe may be devided two waies1 either cutting quite through by the meridian from ,north to ,south1 as if you should cut an apple by the eye and the stalke1 or cutting it through the ,a,equinoctiall1 ,east and ,west1 as one would divide an apple through the midst1 betweene the eye the stalke4 ,the former makes two faces1 or hemispheares1 the ,east and the ,west hemispheare4 ,the latter makes likewise two ,hemispheares1 the ,north and the ,south4 ,both suppositions are good1 and befitting the nature of the globe3 for as touching such vniversall maps1 wherein the world is represented not in two round faces1 but all in one square plot1 the ground wherevpon such descriptions are founded1 is lesse naturall and agreeable to the globe1 for it supposeth the earth to be like a ,cylinder 7or role of bowling allies7 which imagination1 vnlesse it be well qualified1 is vtterly false1#b and makes all such mappes faulty in the scituation of places4 ,wherefore omitting this1 we will shew the description of the two former only1 both which are easie to be done4 ,footnote #b3 ,of this ,hypothesis see ,wrights errors of navigation4 #a ,to describe an ,a,equinoctiall planispheare1 draw a circle 7,,acbd7 and inscribe in it two diameters 7,,ab7 7,,cd7 cutting each other at right angles1 and the whole circle into foure quadrants3 each whereof devide into #ij4 parts1 or degrees4 ,the line 7,,ab7 doth fitly represent halfe of the ,a,equator1 as the line 7,,cd7 in which the points 7,c7 7,d7 are the two poles1 halfe of the ,meridian3 for these circles the eye being in a perpendicular line from the point of concurrence 7as in this projection it is supposed7 must needs appeare streight4 ,to draw the other1 which will appeare crooked1 doe thus4 ,lie a rule from the ,pole 7,c7 to every tenth or fift degree of the halfe circle 7,,adb7 noting in the ,a,equator 7,,ab7 every intersection of it and the rule4 ,the like doe from the point 7,b7 to the semicircle 7,,cad7 noting also the intersections in the ,meridian 7,,cd7 ,then the diameters 7,,cb7 and 7,,ab7 being drawne out at both ends1 as farre as may suffice1 finding in the line 7,,dc7 the center of the tenth division from 7,a7 to 7,c7 and from 7,b7 to 7,c71 of the first point of intersection noted in the meridian fro the ,a,equator towards 7,c7 by a way familiar to ,geometricians connect the three points1 and you haue the paralell of #aj4 degrees from the ,a,equator3 the like must bee done in drawing the other paralells on either side1 the ,a,equator2 as also in drawing the ,meridians from centers found in the line 7,,ab7 in like maner continued4 ,all which is illustrated by the following diagram4 ,illustration #b ,to describe a ,polar ,planisphaere1 draw a circle 7,,acbd7 on the center 7,e7 as before1 inscribe in it two diameters 7,,ab7 and 7,,bc7 cutting each other at right angles1 and the circle into foure quadrants4 ,each quadrant being deuided into #ij4 parts1 draw from euery #eth or #ajth of those parts a diameter to the opposite point3 these lines all concurring in the center 7,e7 being the pole1 are as so many ,meridians4 ,next1 hauing cutt the halfe of any one of the former diameters into #i parts1 as 7,,ed7 in the points 7,,fghiklmn7 draw on the center 7,e7 so many circles and these represent the paralells of the ,globe1 being also here true paralells4 ,illustration ,,cap4 #e4 ,of divers ,distinctions1 and ,divisions of the earth4 ,next after the ,circles of the ,earth1 wee may not vnfitly handle the seuerall ,divisions and distinctions which geographers make of the parts1 and inhabitants of the earth4 ,these are many1 but wee will briefely runne them ouer4 #a ,the first and most plaine is by the ,coasts of the ,heauens1 and rising1 and ,setting of the ,sunne1 so it is distinguished into the ,east where the ,sunne ariseth4 ,oreins1 ,ortus ,greek3 anatole4 ,west where the ,sunne goeth downe4 occidens4 ,north3 betweene both fromwards the ,sunne at ,noone4 ,septentrio4 ,south3 betweene both towards the ,sun at ,noone4 ,meridies4 ,these foure are called the cheife or ,cardinall quarters of the world4 ,they with the others betweene them are easily knowne but are of more vse to ,mariners then to vs4 ,wee may rather take notice of those other names which by ,astronomers ,geographers ,divines and ,poets are giuen vnto them4 ,who sometime call the ,east the right hand part of the world1 sometime the ,west1 sometime the ,north1 sometime ,south1 the diuersity is noted in these verses1 ,ad ,boream terrae1 ,sed ,coeli mensor ad ,austrum1 ,praeco ,dei exortum videt1 occasumque ,poeta4 ,that is ,geographers looke to the ,north1 ,astronomers to the ,south4 ,priests turne them to the ,east1 ,poets to the ,west4 ,this serues for vnderstanding of ,authors1 wherein any mention is made of the right or left part of the ,world1 if for example he be a poet1 he means the ,south by the right hand1 the ,north by the left3 because a poet turnes his face to the ,west1 and so reckons the quarters of ,heauen and ,earth4 #b ,the second distinction is by the notable differences of heat and cold1 that are observed on the earth1 this is the division of the ,earth by ,zones or ,girdles1 which are parts of the ,earth1 wherin heat and cold doe remarkably increase or decrease4 ,those ,zones are #e4 #a ,the hot or burning ,zone 7,zona torrida7 which containes all that space of earth1 that lieth betwtene the two ,tropicks1 supposed heretofore 7but falsly as after experience hath shewed7 to be inhabitable by reason of heat1 the ,sunne continually lying ouer some part of it4 #b4c ,the temperate ,zones wherein neither heat nor cold is extreame but moderate3 these are two1 one on the ,north side of the ,aequator1 betweene the ,articke circle1 and the ,tropicke of ,cancer1 another on the ,south side betweene the ,tropicke of ,capricorne1 and the ,antarcticke circle4 #d4e ,the cold1 or ,frozen ,zones1 wherein cold for the most part is greater then the heat1 these likewise are two1 one in the ,north1 betweene the ,articke circle1 and the ,north ,pole1 another on the ,south betweene the ,antarctick circle and the ,south ,pole4 ,these of all parts of the earth are worst inhabited1 according as extremity of cold is alwaies a greater enemy to mans body1 then extremity of heat4 #c ,the third distinction is by the shadowes1 which bodies doe cast vpon the earth1 iust at nooneday2 for these doe not alwaies fall one way but diuersly according to their divers scituation vpon the ,earth4 ,now in respect of the shadowes of mens bodies1 the inhabitants of the earth are divided into the #a ,amphiscy 7,greek3 amphischioi7 whose shadow at noone day fall both waie1 so to the ,north when the ,sunne is ,southward of them1 to the ,south when the ,sunne is ,northward1 and such are those people that doe dwell in the hot ,zone4 ,for the ,sunne goes ouer their heads twice a yeare1 once ,northward1 another time ,southward1 when the ,sunne is just ouer their heads they are called ,asoy1 ,greek3 aschioi1 without shadow4 #b ,heteroscy 7,greek3 heteroschioi7 whose shadowes doe alwaies fall one way1 namely alwaies towards the ,north1 as those that dwell in the ,northerne temperate ,zone1 or alwaies to the ,south1 as those that dwell in the ,southerne temperate ,zone4 #c ,periscy 7,greek3 perischioi7 whose shadowes goe round about them1 as those people who dwell in the two cold ,zones1 for as the ,sunne never goes downe to them after he is once vp1 but alwaies round about1 so doe their shadowes4 #d ,the fourth distinction is by the scituation of the ,inhabitants of the ,earth1 compared on with another3 who are called either4 #a ,perioeci 7,greek3 perioichoi7 such as dwell round about the ,earth in one and the same paralell1 as for example vnder the ,tropicke of ,cancer4 #b ,antoeci 7,greek3 antoichoi7 such as dwell opposite to the former in another ,paralell of the same distance from the ,a,equator4 ,as those vnder the ,tropicke of ,capricorne4 #c ,antipodes 7,greek3 antipodes7 who dwell iust vnder vs theire feete opposite to ours4 #e ,the fifth distinction is of the ,length and ,breadth of the ,earth and places vpon it3 these may bee considered two wayes #a ,absolutely1 and so the ,longitude or ,length of the ,earth is its ,circuit1 and ,extension from ,east to west1 ,latitude or breadth of it1 is the whole ,circuit and ,compasse of it from ,north to ,south4 #b ,comparatiuely3 comparinge one places scituation with another1 and so the ,longitud of a place1 is the distance of it from the first ,meridian going through the ,canary ,ilands1 ,eastward4 ,whereby wee know how farre one place lies ,east or ,west from another4 ,latitude of a place1 is the distance of it from the ,a,equator towards the ,north or ,south4 ,whereby wee know how farre one ,place lies ,northward1 or ,southward of another4 ,the ,longitude must bee reckoned by the degrees of the ,a,equator1 the ,latitude by the degrees of the ,meridian4 ,for example1 in these two ,haemisphaeres1 the longitude of the whole earth is from 7,c7 to 7,a7 and 7,b7 in the ,a,equator4 ,the latitud is from 7,n7 to 7,s71 and from 7,q7 to 7,p7 the ,north and ,south poles1 and this reckoned in any meridian4 ,the first meridian is 7,,anbs7 which goes by the ,canary ,ilands1 the ,a,equinoctiall is 7,,abca74 ,now ,i haue a ,citty giuen so4 7,d7 ,i would know in what longitude and latitude it is4 ,for the longitude ,i consider what meridian passeth through it1 which is the meridian 7,,nds7 which crosseth the ,a,equinoctiall in 7,i7 at #ae degrees1 wherefore ,i say that 7,d7 stands ,eastward from the first ,meridian #ae degrees4 ,so ,i finde that the ,citty 7,e7 is #aej degrees ,eastward1 7,g7 #aie1 and 7,f7 #cde4 ,for the ,latitude ,i consider what paralell runnes through 7,,deg7 or 7,f7 and ,i finde the #cj to passe by 7,d7 #de by 7,e7 the #ae by 7,f7 the #de ,southward by 7,g7 and those numbers are the latitude of the place that are distant from the ,a,equator1 7,,cab74 ,illustration ,concerning the means whereby the longitude of places is found out1 there is scarce any thing that hath troubled ,mathematicians so much as the observation of it4 ,for because no standing marke can be taken 7the ,heavens alwaies running about7 it must needs bee difficult4 ,to measure vpon the earth1 going alwaies vnder the same paralell1 is a way certain in regard of some few places1 but so troublesome in it selfe1 and vnprofitable in regard of other places that ly out of that paralell1 that it may be accounted a fruitlesse labour4 ,the voyages accounts of ,marriners at ,sea1 are so full of casualty vncertainty by reason of the doubtfull variation of the compasse1 the vnequall violence of windes and tides1 the false making of their sea cards1 by which they saile1 and the ignorance of the ,masters for the greatest part1 as there can hardly be any assured reckoning made by them4 ,the best means of observation is by ,eclipses of the ,sunne ,moone1 which in severall ,countries are sooner or later seene1 according as one place lies farther ,east or farther ,west from another4 ,but this also falls out so seldome1 and when it happens1 is so seldome obserued1 and when it is observed1 hath so many difficulties in the precise and exact observation of it2 that wee may ,well account this inquiry after the longitude of places1 to be one of those things whereof wee must be content to be ignorant1 rather to gesse at it in ,grosse1 then in vaine to striue for exactnesse1 which is the cause why the tables of the longitude and latitude of ,citties1 though they many times agree in the latitude1 doe yet for the most part very much differ in the ,longitude4 #f ,the sixth ,distinction is by the ,length or shortnesse of the ,day in ,summer time in seuerall ,quarters of the earth4 ,and this diuision is by ,climates 7,greek3 chlimata7 which are seuerall spaces of the earth contained betweene two ,paralells1 in the which the longest day in ,summer excedes that in another ,paralell by halfe an ,houre4 ,there is a greate deale of ,confusion and difference betweene the late and ancient ,geographers about the distinction and diuers reckonings of the ,climats4 ,it is not worth the labour to recount theire opinions and ,calculations3 thus much is plaine1 and easie to bee knowne4 ,there are #bd4 ,climats in which the ,day encreaseth by halfe houres from #ab4 houres to #bd4 ,there are likewise #f4 ,climats in which the day encreaseth by moneths1 from one moneth to sixe that is halfe a yeare4 ,vnder the ,aequator the day is alwayes twelue houres longe1 but as you goe from it towards the ,pole1 the ,day lengthens still till it comes to a day halfe a yeare long4#c ,now in what degrees of latitude euery on of these ,climats beginne and end1 shall appeare by this table following4 ,footnote #c3 ,those that dwell vnder the ,pole haue not past #c1 or #d moneths profound as tenebras darke night1 for when the ,sun is in ,libra ,pisces being then nigh1 the ,horizon it sends forth to them a glimmering light not vnlike to the twilight or dawning of the day in a morning a little before the ,suns rising ,munster lib4 ,i4 cap4 #g ,the seaventh and last distinction of the earth is taken from the scituation of it in respect of the ,heavens1 and especially the ,sunnes motion4 ,in regard whereof ,some parts or inhabitants of the ,earth are said to be or dwell in a ,right ,spheare1 some in a paralell ,spheare1 and others in an oblique or crooked ,spheare4 ,they dwell 7in ,sphaera recta7 in a right or streight ,spheare who dwell iust vnder the ,a,equinoctiall1 whose ,horizon is paralell to the ,meridians1 but cutts the ,a,equator at right ,angles1 they dwell in paralell ,spheares1 who dwell iust vnder either of the ,poles1 whose ,horizon is parallell to the ,a,equator1 but cuts all the ,meridians at right ,angles3 and the latter is sometime called a ,paralell ,spheare4 ,they dwell 7in ,sphaera obliqua7 in a crooked ,spheare1 who inhabite any place betweene the ,a,equinoctiall and the ,pole1 whose ,horizon cuts the ,a,equator1 the ,paralells1 and the ,meridians at oblique or vnequall angles4 ,a table of the climats4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,climes,paralells ,the ,latitude ,the ,the places by which longest elevationbreadth the climates passe4 summer of ,pole4 of the day4 ,scr4 ,degr4 ,climats4 ,hou4 ,scr4 ,deg4 ,scr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #j #j #ab #j #j #j #d #ah ,the beginning #a #ab #ae #d #ah from the ,aequator4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #b #ab #cj #h #cd #h #be ,sinus ,arabicus or #c #a #de #ab #dc the ,red ,sea4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #b #d #ac #j #af #dc #g #ej ,meroe an ,iland of #e #ac #ae #bj #cc ,nilus in ,aegypt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #c #f #ac #dj #bc #aj #g #c ,siene a ,citty in #g #ac #de #bg #cf ,africa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #d #h #ad #j #cj #dg #f #i ,alexandria in #i #ad #ae #cc #de ,aegypt4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #e #aj #ad #cj #cf #cj #e #ag ,rhodes and #aa #ad #de #ci #b ,babylon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f #ab #ae #j #da #bb #d #cj ,rome and #ac #ae #ae #dc #cb ,hellespont4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #g #ad #ae #cj #de #bi #c #dh ,venice and #ae #ae #de #dg #bj ,millaine4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #h #af #af #j #di #ba #c #ac ,podalia and the #ag #af #ae #ej #cc lesser ,tartary4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #i #ah #af #cj #ea #eh #b #dd ,batavia and #ai #af #de #ec #ag ,wittenberge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aj #bj #ag #j #ed #bi #b #ag ,rostoch4 #ba #ag #ae #ee #cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aa #bb #ag #cj #ef #cg #b #j ,ireland and #bc #ag #de #eg #cd ,moscovy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ab #bd #ah #j #eh #bf #a #dj ,bohus a ,castle #be #ah #ae #ei #a in ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ac #bf #ah #cj #ei #ei #a #bf ,gothland4 #bg #ah #de #fj #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ad #bh #ai #j #fa #ah #a #ac ,bergia in #bi #ai #ae #fa #ec ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ae #cj #ai #cj #fb #be #a #j ,wiburge in #ca #ai #de #fb #ed ,finland4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #af #cb #bj #j #fc #bb #j #eb ,arotia in #cc #bj #ae #fc #df ,sweden4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ag #cd #bj #cj #fd #f #j #dd ,the mouth of #ce #bj #de #fd #cj ,darecally a riv4 of ,swede4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ah #cf #ba #j #fd #di #j #cf ,diverse places #cg #ba #ae #fe #f in ,norwey4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ai #ch #ba #cj #fe #ba #j #bi ,suetia1 ,alba #ci #ba #de #fe #ce ,russia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bj #dj #bb #j #fe #dg #j #bb ,with many ,ilands4 #da #bb #ae #fe #eg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ba #db #bb #cj #ff #f #j #ag ,thereunto #dc #bb #de #ff #ad adioyning4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bb #dd #bc #j #ff #bj #j #aa ,wanting speciall #de #bc #ae #ff #be names4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bc #df #bc #cj #ff #bh #j #e ,and ,landmarkes4 #dg #bc #de #ff #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bd #dh #bd #j #ff #ca #j #j ,island vnder the ,articke circle4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,here the ,climats ,menses ,these ,climats are supposed are accounted by -------------------- to passe by diverse ,ilands the months from #a #fg #ae within the ,articke circle #ff ,degr4 #ca min4 -------------------- as ,groenland1 ,island1 where the day is #b #fi #cj ,greenland3 wherein as yet #bd houres vnto -------------------- for the narrownesse of the ,pole it selfe #c #gc #bj these climats comming set at #ij ,degrees-------------------- neere together1 and the where the #d #gh #bj vncertainty of artificiall day -------------------- observation no is sixe ,months4 #e #hd #j speciall places haue beene -------------------- assigned as to the other4 #f #ij #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,the vse of this table is easie4 ,in the first ,culumne are contained the names and number of the ,climats4 ,in the second the ,paralells which enclose it on each side1 and deuide it in the middest4 ,for the paralells here are drawne by euery halfe houres encrease4 ,the third ,columne is the length of the ,day in ,summer1 in euery ,climate1 which from #ab4 houres encreaseth by halfe houres to #bd4 houres after by moneths1 from one moneth to sixe4 ,the fourth containes the degrees of latitude1 how farre euery climate lies from the ,a,equinoctiall4 ,the fift contaynes the space or breadth of euery ,climate1 how many degrees or minutes it takes vp vpon the ,earth4 ,the sixt containes some notable places by which the ,climats passe4 #b ,hereby it is easie to know what the longest ,day is in any ,place of the worlde whose latitude is knowne4 ,or contrarily the longest ,day being knowne to know the latitude4 ,for example ,oxford hath latitude #eb4j4 degrees longitude #bd4j4 ,in the table ,i finde that #eb4 degrees of ,latitude lie in the #ith ,climate wherein the day is #af4 houres and a halfe longe4 ,so much ,i say the ,day is at ,oxford in ,summer4 ,the place of ,oxford in the ,haemisphere is at 7,v47 #c ,vpon ,globes the ,climats are not vsually described1 but are noted out vpon the brazen ,meridian4 ,so also in vniversall mappes they are seldome drawne1 to avoide confusion of many lines together1 but they are many times marked out on the limbe or edge of the mappe4 ,,cap4 #f4 ,of the measuring of the earth4 ,wee are now come to the last point concerning the measuring of the ,earth1 which is two fold4 ,either of the #a ,whole earth4 #b ,severall parts thereof1 and their distance one from another4 ,concerning the first it is but a needlesse labour to recount the diversity of opinions that haue beene held from time to time by learned ,geographers4 ,what is the compasse and depth of the earth4 ,this may be seene in ,hues de vsu ,globi1 part4 #c4 cap4 #b4 and in ,clavius on ,sacrobosco with others4 ,they all differ so much one from another1 that there is no certainty in trusting any of them4 ,the most common and received opinion is that the circuit of the earth is #bafjj miles1 reckoning #fj miles for every degree1 and then the depth or ,diameter of the ,earth shall be #fhgg ,english miles1 containing #ejjj foote in a mile4 ,the means wherby the circuit and ,diameter of the earth are found out are principally two4 #a ,by measuring ,north or ,south1 vnder one ,meridian some good quantity of ground1 threescore or an hundred miles 7or two for the more certainty7 for in those petty observations of small distances there can be no certaine working4 ,this may be done1 though it be laborious1 yet exactly without any sensible error by a skilfull workeman1 plotting it out vpon his paper1 with due heed taken1 that hee often rectifie the variation of the needle 7by which he travells7 vpon due observation1 and that all notable ascents and descents1 with such winding and turning as the necessity of the way causeth1 be reduced to one streight line4 ,by this means wee shall know how many miles in the ,earth answering to a degree in the ,heauens2 if exact observation by large instruments be made to finde the elevation of the pole1 in the first place where wee begin to measure1 and the last where wee make an end4 ,besides this way of measuring the circumference of the ,earth1 there is none other that hath any certainty of observatio in it4 ,that by ,eclipses is most vncertain1 for a little error in a few minuts of time 7which the observers shall not possibly avoide7 breeds a sensible and fowle error in the distance of the two places of observation4 ,that of ,eratosthenes by the ,sunne beames1 and a shadow of a stile or gnomon set vpon the ,earth1 is as bad as the other4 ,for both the vncertainty of the calculation in so small quantity as the shadow and the gnomon must needs haue1 and the difficulty to obserue the true length of the shadow1 as also the false supposition wherevpon it proceeds1 taking those lines for ,paralells which are not1 doe manifestly shew the reckoning hereby made to be doubt full and not sure4 #b ,the second is by measuring the semidiameter of the ,earth3 ,for as the circumference makes knowne the diameter1 so doth this the circumference4 ,this may be done by observation made vpon some great hill1 hard by the sea side4 ,the invention is of ,maurolycus ,abbot of ,messava in ,sicilie1 but it hath beene perfitted1 and more exactly performed by a worthy ,mathematician ,ed4 ,w4 who himselfe made proofe of it4 ,by this art was the semidiameter of the ,earth found out to be #ahcabfba foote3 which allowing #ejjj foot to a mile is #cffb a halfe miles1 which doubled is the whole ,diameter #gcbe miles4 ,the circuit of the earth shall be #bcjcj miles1 and one degree containes #fc-ce_/cf miles which is almost #fd miles4 ,which as it exceeds the ordinary account1 so may wee rest vpon it as more exact then any other4 #b ,the second point concerninge the measuringe of particular distances of places one from another is thus performed4 ,first vpon the ,globe it is most easie4 ,with a payre of ,compasses take the distance betweene any two places howsoever scituated vpon the ,globe1 and apply the distance so taken to the ,a,equator1 see how many degrees it takes vp2 those degrees turned into miles shew the distance of the two citties on from another4 ,vpon vniuersall mapps theire is a little more difficulty in finding the distance of places which here must bee considered in a threefold difference of scituation3 #a ,of ,latitude only4 #b ,of ,longitude only4 #c ,of ,latitude and ,longitude together4 #a ,if the two places differ only in ,latitude1 and lie vnder the same ,meridian if the places lie both on one side of the ,a,equator1 the differences of the latitudes3 or the summe of both latitudes added together1 if one place lie ,north and another ,south1 being turned into ,miles giues the true distance4 #b ,if the places differ only in ,longitude1 and lie both vnder one paralell of latitude the difference of longitude turned into miles proportionably accordinge to the latitude of the paralell1 giues the true distance4 #c ,the distance of places differing both in latitude and longitude may thus bee found out1 first let there bee drawne a semicircle vpon a right diameter noted with 7,,abcd7 whereof 7,d7 shall bee the ,center4 ,the greater this ,semi-circle is made1 so much the more easie will bee the operation2 because the degrees will bee larger4 ,then this ,semicircle being drawne1 and accordingly devided1 imagine that by the helpe of it1 you desire to find out the distance betwixt ,london and ,ierusalem1 which ,citties are knowne to differ both in longitude latitude4 ,now1 that the true distance betwixt these two places may be found out1 you must first substract the lesser longitude out of the greater1 so shall you find the differences of their longitudes1 which is #dg4 degrees4 ,then reckon that difference vpo the ,semi-circle1 beginning at 7,a7 so proceed to 7,b27 at the end of that difference1 make a marke with the leter 7,e7 vnto which point by your ruler1 let a right line be drawne from 7,d7 the center of the ,semi circle4 ,this being in this sort performed1 let the lesser latitude be sought out which in #cb degrees1 in the fore said semicircle1 beginning your accompt from the point 7,e7 and so proceede towards 7,b71 and at the end of the lesser latitude let another point be marked out with the letter 7,g71 from which point1 let there be drawen a perpendicular line which may fall with right ,angles vpon the former line drawen from 7,d7 to 7,e71 and where it chanceth to fall1 there marke out a point with the letter 7,h73 ,this being performed let the greater latitude which is #ea degrees #cb minuts1 be sought out in the semicircle beginning to reckon from 7,a7 towards 7,b7 and at the end of that latitude set another point signed out by the letter 7,i7 from whence let there be drawen another perpendicular line that may fall with right angles vpon the diameter 7,,ac73 here marke out a point with the letter 7,k71 this done take with your compasse the distance betwixt 7,k7 and 7,h7 which distance you must set downe vpon the diameter 7,,ac7 placeing the one foot of your compasse vpon 7,k7 and the other towards the center 7,d7 and there marke out a point with the letter 7,l72 then with your compasse take the shorter perpendicular line 7,,gh17 and apply that widenesse vpon the longer perpendicular line 7,,ik17 placing the one foote of your compasse at 7,i17 which is the bounds of the greater latitude1 and extend the other towards 7,k71 and there make a point at 7,m71 then with your compasse take the distance betwixt 7,l7 and 7,m71 and apply the same to the semicircle4 ,placing the one foot of your compasse in 7,a7 and the other towards 7,b71 there marke out a point with the letter 7,n71 now the number of degrees comprehended betwixt 7,a7 and 7,n7 will expresse the true distance of the two places1 which will bee found to be #ci degrees3 which being multiplied by #fj4 and so converted into miles according to the former rules1 will produce #bcdj4 which is the distance of the said places4 ,,finis4