,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #hbb ,,new ,,york1 ,octob] #c1 #ahia ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #hbb4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,an?ropology4--,! ,/udy ( ,mank9d4--,a review ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mull]'s rec5t address be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 #acada ,,ii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,/&>ds & ,me?ods = ! ,pol>imetric ,e/imation ( ,sug>s4--,a ,u4,s4 int]nal rev5ue report on ! titul> subject4--#b illu/rations4 #acach ,! ,=mation ( ,/>* 9 ,leaves4--,an int]e/+ exam9ation into ! physiological role ( leaves4--#a illu/ration4 #acach ,! ,wat] ,molecule4--,by ,a4 ,,gansw9dt4--,a v int]e/+ contribution to /ructural *emi/ry4 #acacg ,,iii4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,demolition ( ,rocks "u ,wat] )\t ,explosives4--,lobnitz ,sy/em4--,by ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,crawley4--,a me?od ( remov+ rocks by comb9$ dr$g+ & ramm+ z appli$ on ! ,suez ,canal4--#c illu/rations4 #acabh ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,electrical ,/&>ds4--,! ,engli% ,bo>d ( ,trade commission's /&>ds ( electrical measurem5ts4 #acabi ,! ,london-,p>is ,telephone4--,by ,w4,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s4--,details ( ! telephone betwe5 ,london & ,p>is & its rem>kable success4--#f illu/rations4 #acaca ,! ,manufacture ( ,phosphorus by ,electricity4--,a new indu/ry bas$ on dynamic electricity4--,full details4 #acacb ,! ,two or ,?ree ,phase ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/ems4--,by ,,c>l ,,h]+4--,a new indu/rial developm5t 9 electricity fully describ$ & graphically develop$4--#ae illu/rations4 #acacj ,v4 ,,geography ,,& ,,exploration4--,! ,gr& ,falls ( ,labrador4--,! ,b[do9 ,college explor+ exp$ition & its adv5tures & discov]ies 9 ,labrador4 #acadj ,,vi4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,improv$ ,*angeable ,spe$ ,ge>+4--,an +5i\s me?od ( obta9+ diff]5t spe$s at w f a s+le driv+ %aft4--#b illu/rations4 #acabi ,progress 9 ,eng9e]+4--,notes on ! progress ( ! la/ decade4 #acabi ,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,eyesight4--,its ,c>e dur+ ,infancy & ,y\?4--,by ,l4 ,,web/] ,,fox1 ,m4,d4--,a v timely article on ! pres]vation ( sight & its det]ioration among civiliz$ p4 #acace ,! ,use ( ,compress$ ,air 9 ,conjunction ) ,m$ic9al ,solutions 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,affections4--,by ,j4 ,,leon>d ,,corn+4--,! enhancem5t ( ! effects ( rem$ies by subsequ5t application ( compress$ air4 #acacd ,,viii4 ,,m9]alogy4--,a ,gem-,be>+ ,granite ,ve9 9 ,we/]n ,connecticut4--,by ,l4,p4 ,,gratacap4--,a mo/ int]e/+ m9]al fissure yield+ mica & gems rec5tly op5$4 #acada ,,ix4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,ants4--,by ,,ru? ,,w>d ,,kahn4--,an int]e/+ pres5tation ( ! economy ( ants4 #acadj ,x4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,armor ,plat+ on ,battle%ips--,france & ,great ,brita94--,a comp>ison ( ! protective sy/ems ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% navies4--#e illu/rations4 #acabg ,! ,r$\table4--,an important memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,m$it]ranean fleet describ$ & illu/rat$4--#a illu/ration4 #acabg ,,xi4 ,,te*nology4--,new ,blea*+ ,app>atus4--,a newly inv5t$ app>atus = blea*+ pulp4--#b illu/rations4 #acacc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,r$\table4 ,! c5tral batt]y & b>bette %ip ,r$\table1 illu/rat$ ?is week1 =ms "p ( ! ,fr5* ,m$it]ranean squadron1 & al?\gh laun*$ z e>ly z #ahgf is /ill "o ( its mo/ p[]ful %ips4 ,bel[ are "s ( ! pr9cipal dim5sions & p>ticul>s ( ?is ironclad3 ,l5g? #cah ft4 #b 94 ,beam #fd #h ,draught #be #f ,displacem5t #ibjj tons4 ,crew #gjf (fic]s & m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,c5tral ,,batt]y ,,ironclad ,,r$\table4 ,! ,r$\table is built p>tly ( iron & p>tly ( /eel & is simil> 9 _m respects to ! ironclads ,deva/ation & ,c\rbet ( ! same fleet1 al?\gh r small]4 ,%e is completely belt$ ) #ad 94 armor1 ) a #ae 94 back+1 & has ! c5tral batt]y armor$ ) plates ( #i 94 9 ?ickness4 ,! eng9es are two 9 numb]1 horizontal1 & ( ! comp\nd two cyl9d] type1 develop+ a horse p[] ( #f1jga1 :i* on ! trial trip gave a spe$ ( #ad4ff knots p] h\r4 ,five hundr$ & t5 tons ( coal are c>ri$ 9 ! bunk]s1 :i* at a spe$ ( #aj knots %\ld enable ! %ip to make a voyage ( #b1hjj knots4 ,torp$o def5se nett+ is fitt$1 & !re are ?ree ma/s ) milit>y tops c>ry+ ,hot*kiss revolv] ma*9e guns4 ,! (f5sive p[] ( ! %ip consi/s ( sev5 bree*load+ rifl$ guns ( #bg c5timet]s 7#aj4fc 9471 & weigh+ #bd tons ea*1 six bree*load+ rifl$ guns ( #ad c5timet]s 7#e4ea 9471 & quick-fir+ & ma*9e guns ( ! ,hot*kiss sy/ems4 ,!re are 9 addition f\r torp$o dis*>ge tubes1 two on ea* side ( ! %ip4 ,! positions ( ! guns are z foll[s3 ,f\r ( #bg c5timet]s 9 ! c5tral batt]y1 two on ea* broadside2 ?ree #bg c5timet] guns on ! upp] deck 9 b>bettes1 "o on ea* side amid%ips1 & "o aft4 ,! #ad c5timet] guns are 9 v>i\s positions on ! broadsides1 & ! ma*9e guns are fitt$ on deck1 on ! bridges1 & 9 ! milit>y tops1 f\r ( !m also be+ m\nt$ on :at is r a novelty 9 naval con/ruction1 a gall]y runn+ r\nd ! outside ( ! funnel1 :i* 0 fitt$ :5 ! %ip 0 "u repairs "s mon?s ago4 ,!re are ?ree electric light projectors1 "o =w>d on ! upp] deck1 "o on ! bridge j =w>d ( ! funnel1 & "o 9 ! mizz5 top4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,armor ,,plat+ ,,on ,,battle%ips3 ,,france ,,& ,,great ,,brita94 ,! visit ( ! ,fr5* squadron "u ,admiral ,g]vais to ,engl& has reviv$ 9 _m a nautical m9d ! recollection ( t (t-repeat$ controv]sy z to ! relative advantages ( armor$ belts & citadels4 ,n[ t a typical ,fr5* battle%ip ( ! belt$ class has be5 br\ght s prom95tly to our notice1 x may n be consid]$ an inappropriate season to dwell %ortly ^u ! v>i\s idiosyncrasies ( ?\ght :i* h produc$1 9 our two nations1 types ( w> vessels diff]+ s mat]ially f ea* o!r z to _! protective features4 ,9 ord] to facilitate a /udy ( ^! features1 ! accompany+ sket* has be5 prep>$1 :i* %[s at a glance ! relative quantities ( armor$ surface t af=d protection to ! ,nile1 ! ,camp]d[n1 ! ,m>ceau1 ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 & ! ,dupuy de ,lme2 ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! vessels hav+ be5 actually pres5t at ! review on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/ & ! two o!rs hav+ be5 select$ z ! late/ ef=ts ( %ipbuild+ skill 9 ,france & ,great ,brita94 ,no?+ b ! armor$ surface 9 ea* sev]al class is %[n1 ! same scale hav+ be5 adh]$ to 9 all cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,armor$ ,surface = ,v>i\s ,%ips ,two impressions _c fail to be made ^u our m9ds1 bo? z to ,fr5* & ,briti% armor plate disposition4 ,^! two impressions1 z reg>ds ,great ,brita91 po9t to ! ,royal ,sov]eign z embody+ ! idea ( two protect$ /ations ) a n>r[ & p>tial connect+ belt2 & to ! ,nile z embody+ ! idea ( a va/ & absolutely protect$ raft4 ,= ,france1 we h ! ,m>ceau z repres5t+ ! :olly belt$ type ) f\r disconnect$ b protect$ /ations2 & ! ,dupuy de ,lme1 9 :i* ! armor plat+ is ?9n$ out to a sub/ance ( only #d 941 s z entirely to cov] ! sides ( ! vessel d[n to #e ft1 bel[ ! wat] l9e2 ?is ?ickness ( plat+ be+ reg>d$ z suffici5t to break up ^u its surface ! dread$ ml9ite or guncotton %ell1 b p]mitt+ ! passage ( armor-pi]c+ projectiles "r ?r\gh f side to side2 provision be+ made to prev5t damage f ^! latt] to eng9es & vitals by means ( d\ble-armor$ decks bel[1 ) a belt ( cellulose betwe5 !m4 ,?us1 z we h expla9$1 two prom95t ideas are pres5t 9 ! disposition ( armor ^u ! battle%ips ( ,great ,brita91 z well z 9 t ( ! battle%ips ( ,france4 ,b1 :ile 9 our c\ntry ^! two ideas foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! natural sequ5ce ( developm5t1 f ! ,inflexible to ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 ! citadel be+ gradually ext5d$ into two r$\bts1 & space be+ left betwe5 ! r$\bts = an auxili>y batt]y--?is latt] be+1 h[ev]1 s+ul>ly plac$ above ! armor$ belt1 & n )9 its %elt]--9 ,france1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! second idea to be a new dep>ture altoge!r 9 armor$ protection1 or r to be a return to ! orig9al ?\ght :i* produc$ ! ,gloire & vessels ( h] class4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :ile we h always clung to ! armor$ citadel1 ,france has disc>d$ ! belt altoge!r1 & gone 9 = spe$ & light armor1 z well z = a mu* light] class ( armam5t4 ,"t alone1 & ! circum/ances ( actual w>f>e1 c prove :i* nation has adopt$ ! wise/ alt]native4 ,a glance at ! engrav+ w %[ ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! exi/+ s]vice types z to armor$ surface4 ,! ,m>ceau appe>s absolutely nak$ by ! side ( ! solidly arm$ citadel ( ! ,nile4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! future types w be1 ( c\rse1 /ill m /rik+1 = ! reasons giv5 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,b :ile rem>k+ ^u ! paucity ( heavy plat+ z exhibit$ 9 ! s]vice ,fr5* battle%ips1 we w\ld say "o ^w = ! angle at :i* x is plac$4 ,! rec$+ sides ( ! great vessels ( ,france give two v important attributes 9 _! favor4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a mu* broad] plat=m at ! wat] l9e is af=d$ to secure /ead9ess ( ! %ip & /able equilibrium1 & ! angle at :i* ! armor re/s is s great z to pres5t a v oblique surface to ! impact ( projectiles4 ,! trajectory ( mod]n rifl$ guns is s exce$+ly flat t ! angle ( desc5t ( ! %ot or %ell is practically nil4 ,7 ! sides ( ! ,royal ,sov]eign to fall back l ^? ( ! ,m>ceau or ,mag5ta1 we s]i\sly d\bt :e!r any projectile1 h[ev] po9t$1 w\ld effect p5etration at all4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t a comp>ison ( ! ,m>ceau ) ! ,nile z reg>ds protective features is s inconte/ably 9 favor ( ! latt]1 t !y _c be class$ toge!r = a mom5t4 ,9 spe$1 moreov]1 ?\gh ?is is n a po9t "u consid]ation1 ! ,nile has ! advantage4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to avoid ! conviction t ! ,dupuy de ,lme w\ld be a mo/ p[]ful & disagreeable enemy = ei!r ( ! eight great ironclads ( ,great ,brita9 n[ build+ to enc\nt] on s]vice4 ,! ,hood & ,royal ,sov]eign h _m vuln]able po9ts4 ,at any position outside ( ! d>k & light color$ portions ( armor plate indicat$ 9 our draw+1 !y c\ld be hull$ ) impunity ) ! lighte/ weapons4 ,x is true t gun deta*m5ts & ammunition w be secure )9 ! int]nal cr9ol9es1 b h[ ab\t ! o!r m5 & matriel betwe5 decks8 ,n[1 ! ,dupuy de ,lme may be riddl$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh bf a #ac 94 %ell if a ,royal ,sov]eign ev] succe$s 9 cat*+ h]2 b f light] weapons h] betwe5 decks is almo/ secure4 ,we _c help feel+ a sneak+ admiration = ! great ,fr5* cruis+ battle%ip1 ) h] #f1cjj tons & #ad1jjj horse p[]1 giv+ an easy spe$ ( #bj knots 9 almo/ any wea!r1 & protect$ by a complete #d 94 /eel panoply1 :i* w explode ! %ells ( mo/ ( our second>y batt]ies on impact1 or prev5t _! p5etration4 ,9 fact1 !re is little d\bt t ! int]ior ( ! ,trafalg>1 :e!r z reg>ds ! second>y batt]ies or ! un>mor$ ends1 w\ld be probably f\nd to be a saf] & pleasant] situation1 9 ! ev5t ( action ) a ,dupuy de ,lme1 ?an ei!r ( ! nak$ batt]ies or ! upp] works ( ! ,royal ,sov]eign4 ,?is is :at ,sir ,e4,j4 ,re$ 0 s anxi\s to po9t out at ! meet+ ( naval ar*itects 9 #ahhi1 :5 he describ$ ! mod]n ,briti% battle%ip z a spoil$ ,trafalg>4 ,!re 0 p]haps "s reason 9 :at he said4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,demolition ,,( ,,rocks ,,"u ,,wat] ,,)\t ,,explosives-,,lobnitz ,,sy/em4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read be=e ! ,eng9e]'s ,club1 ,philadelphia4 ,translat$ f ,n\velles ,anodes de la ,con/ruction1 ,m>*1 #ahij4 ,by ,,edw9 ,s4 ,,crawley4 ,! me?ods ( demoli%+ rocks by ! use ( explosives are always att5d$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( dang]1 :ile at ! same "t !re is always m or less unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! f9al result ( ! op]ation4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 ! "w mu/ be c>ri$ on )\t int]rupt+ navigation & 9 ! vic9ity ( con/ructions t may receive injury f ! explosions4 ,su* 7 ! conditions impos$ 9 enl>g+ ! ,suez ,canal 9 c]ta9 p>ts :]e ! ord9>y dr$ges c\ld n be us$4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,lobnitz1 eng9e] at ,r5frew1 has contriv$ a new me?od ( proc$ure1 design$ = ! purpose ( enl>g+ & deep5+ ! canal 9 ^? p>ts betwe5 ! ,bitt] ,lakes & ,suez1 :]e x runs ov] a rocky b$4 ,x 0 necess>y to execute ! "w )\t int]rupt+ or ob/ruct+ traffic on ! canal4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! sy/em consi/s 9 produc+ a %att]+ ( ! rock by ! action ( a heavy mass let fall f a conv5i5t height1 & act+ l a projectile ( artill]y ^u ! wall ( a =tress4 ,f exp]im5ts made 9 ! qu>ry ( ,craigmill]1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ) a weight ( two tons %od ) a /eel po9t1 x 0 f\nd t ) a fall ( ab\t #e4e met]s 7#ah4jd ft47 !re 0 brok5 up on an av]age m ?an #j4aac cubic met] 7#j4adh cubic y>d7 ( h>d rock p] bl[4 ,! fir/ bl[1 deliv]$ #ij c5timet]s 7#b ft4 #aa 947 f ! wall face1 produc$ an almo/ imp]ceptible r5t1 a second or a ?ird bl[ appli$ at ! same place ext5d$ ?is op5+ (t5 to a l5g? ( #a4ej met]s 7#d ft4 #aa 947 & to a dep? ( f #ij to #abj c5timet]s 7#b ft4 #aa 94 to #c ft4 #aa 947 ,! next bl[ op5$ ! fissure & deta*$ ! block ( rock4 ,! application ( ! same sy/em "u wat] ^u an unkn[n surface w\ld obvi\sly modify ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! results obta9$ ) ! ,d]o*euse1 ! fir/ dr$g+ ma*9e con/ruct$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 h realiz$ ! hopes ( ! inv5tor4 ,?is dr$g+ ma*9e 0 laun*$ on ! ,clyde & rea*$ ,port ,said 9 tw5ty days4 ,x measures #ee met]s 7#ahj ft4 #e 947 9 l5g?1 #ab4bj met]s 7#dj ft4 #a 947 9 bread?1 & #c4fe met]s 7#ab ft47 9 dep?4 ,its mean draught ( wat] is #b4ge met]s 7#i ft4 #b 947 ,x is divid$ into eighte5 wat]tight comp>tm5ts4 ,five /eel-po9t$ batt]+ rams1 ea* ( f\r tons weight1 are arrang$ 9 l9e ^u ea* side ( ! *a9 ( buckets ( ! dr$g+ ma*9e4 ,see ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,! batt]+ rams1 susp5d$ by *a9s1 are rais$ by hydraulic p[] to a height v>y+ f #a4ej to #f met]s 7#d ft4 #aa 94 to #ai ft4 #h 9471 & are !n let fall ^u ! rock4 ,! me*anism ( ! batt]+ rams is c>ri$ by a metallic cage :i* c be mov$ =w>d or backw>d by ! aid ( /eam z ! ne$s ( ! "w require4 ,a s]ies ( five batt]+ rams gives f #bjj to #cjj bl[s p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,longitud9al ,,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan ,a dr$g+ ma*9e comb9$ ) ! app>atus j describ$1 raises ! fragm5ts ( rock z !y are deta*$ f ! bottom4 ,a guide :eel is provid$1 :i* supports ! *a9 c>ry+ ! buckets1 & ?us dim9i%es ! /ress ^u ! axles & be>+s4 ,) ?is guide :eel or auxili>y drum !re is no difficulty 9 dr$g+ to a dep? ( #ab met]s 7#ci ft4 #d 9471 :ile )\t ?is accessory x is difficult to atta9 a dep? ( #i met]s 7#bi ft4 #f 947 ,a comp\nd eng9e1 ) f\r cyl9d]s ( #bjj indicat$ horse p[]1 drives1 by means ( friction ge>1 ! *a91 :i* c>ries ! buckets4 ,if ! buckets happ5 to /rike aga9/ ! rock1 ! friction ge> yields until ! excess ( resi/ance has disappe>$4 ,fig4 #c indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! dr$ge is op]at$ dur+ ! "w4 ,x turns alt]nately ab\t two spuds :i* are ?ru/ successively into ! bottom & ab\t :i* ! dr$ge describes a s]ies ( arcs 9 a zigzag fa%ion4 ,^! spuds are work$ by hydraulic p[]4 ,a ?ree ton h& crane is plac$ ^u ! bridge = use 9 mak+ repairs to ! *a9 :i* c>ries ! buckets4 ,a six ton /eam crane is plac$ ^u ! top ( ! cage :i* supports ! hydraulic app>atus = rais+ ! batt]+ rams1 ?us p]mitt+ !m to be easily lift$ & replac$4 ,! dr$g+ ma*9e is also furni%$ ) two screws driv5 by an eng9e ( #cjj indicat$ horse p[]1 z well z ) two indep5d5t boil]s4 ,two indep5d5t s]ies ( pumps1 ) sep>ate connections1 fe$ ! hydraulic lift+ app>atus1 ?us p]mitt+ repairs to be made :5 necess>y1 )\t int]rupt+ ! "w4 ,a special ma*9e ) ?ree cyl9d]s drives ! pumps ( ! cond5s]4 ,an accumulator regulates ! hydraulic pressure & s]ves to raise or l[] ! spuds4 ,at ! end ( ! ,suez ,canal next to ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! bottom consi/s ( v>i\s conglom]ates conta9+ gypsum1 s&/one & sometimes %ells4 ,x 0 ^u a b$ ( ?is nature t ! ma*9e 0 fir/ put to "w4 ,! mean dep? ( wat]1 orig9ally #h4be met]s 7#bf ft4 #c 9471 0 = a long "t suffici5t = ! traffic ( ! canal2 b z ! v>iations 9 level ( ! ,r$ ,sea are f #a4h to #c met]s 7#e ft4 #aa 94 to #i ft4 #aj 9471 ! dep? at ! mom5t ( l[ wat] is sc>cely adequate = ! con/antly increas+ draught ( wat] ( ! /eam]s4 ,attempts 7 made to attack ! rocky surface ( ! bottom ) p[]ful dr$ges1 b ?is me?od 0 exp5sive because x necessitat$ con/ant repairs to ! dr$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,dr$ge ,,movem5t4 ,^! la/1 al?\gh ( good con/ruction1 seldom rais$ m ?an #aec cubic met]s 7#bjj cubic y>ds7 9 f eight to fifte5 days4 ,_! daily advance 0 (t5 only f sixty to n9ety c5timet]s 7ab\t #b to #c ft471 :ile ) ! ,d]o*euse x 0 possible to advance t5 times z rapidly 9 dr$g+ to ! same dep?4 ,! bottom ^u :i* ! ma*9e comm5c$ its "w 0 clean & ( a true rocky nature4 ,x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t ?is conglom]ate1 ri* 9 gypsum1 possess$ too great ela/icity = ! po9t$ batt]+ rams to h _! prop] effect ^u x4 ,ea* bl[ made a hole ( f fifte5 to sixty c5timet]s 7#f 94 to #b4 ft47 9 dep?4 ,a second bl[1 giv5 ev5 v ne> to ! fir/1 =m$ a simil> hole1 leav+ ! b$ ( ! rock to all appe>ances intact betwe5 ! two holes4 ,?is result1 due entirely to ! special nature ( ! rock1 l$ to ! fe> t ! action ( ! batt]+ rams w\ld be )\t effect4 ,aft] "s exp]im5tation x 0 f\nd t ! be/ results 7 obta9$ by arrang+ ! batt]+ rams v ne> to ! *a9 ( buckets & by work+ ! dr$ge & batt]+ rams simultane\sly4 ,! advance at ea* oscillation 0 ab\t #ij c5timet]s 7ab\t #c ft47 ,! results obta9$ 7 z foll[s3 ,at fir/ ! quantity extract$ v>i$ mu* f day to day2 b at ! end ( "s weeks1 on acc\nt ( ! great] exp]i5ce ( ! crew1 m regul>ity 0 obta9$4 ,! nature ( ! conglom]ate 0 ess5tially v>iable1 sometimes h>d & t5aci\s1 l malleable iron1 !n sudd5ly *ang+ into friable masses surr\nd$ by portions m ela/ic & ri*] 9 gypsum4 ,dur+ ! la/ five weeks at ,port ,tewfik1 ! exp5se1 includ+ ! repairs1 0 #h1hej francs 7#a1ggj4jj7 = #a1fjj cubic met]s 7#b1jic cubic y>ds7 extract$4 ,?is w\ld make ! co/ #e4eb francs p] cubic met]1 or #j4hd p] cubic y>d1 n includ+ ! insurance1 ! int]e/ & ! depreciation ( ! plant4 ,aft] "s improvem5ts 9 details1 sugge/$ by practice1 ! ma*9e 0 put 9 op]ation at ,*al\f ^u a h>d rock1 f #a4ej to #c met]s 7#d ft4 #aa 94 to #i ft4 #aj 947 ?ick4 ,! batt]+ rams 7 giv5 a fall ( #a4hj met]s 7#e ft4 #aa 9474 ,to break ! rock into fragm5ts small en\gh n to be reject$ by ! buckets ( ! dr$ge1 ! op]ations ( dr$g+ & ( dis9tegration 7 c>ri$ on sep>ately1 p]mitt+ ! batt]+ rams to "w at a great] di/ance f ! wall face4 ,! "t consum$ 9 ?us pulv]iz+ ! rock by repeat$ bl[s 0 naturally f\nd to be increas$4 ,x 0 f\nd m conv5i5t to use only a s+le r[ ( batt]+ rams4 ,! production 0 f ab\t sev5 to elev5 cubic met]s 7#i4b to #ad4d cubic y>ds7 p] h\r4 ,t[>d ! close ( ,septemb]1 aft] x _h be5 demon/rat$ t ! ,d]o*euse 0 capable ( accompli%+ ) cel]ity & economy ! result = :i* x 0 design$1 x 0 pur*as$ by ! ,suez ,canal ,company4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 an exp]im5t1 ! details ( :i* 7 c>efully not$1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( sixte5 days1 gave ! foll[+ results3 ,crew 7#cc m571 #adj h\rs4 #b1jab4ej francs #djb4ej ,coal1 #hg4ej francs 7#g4ej7 p] ton #ghg4ej francs #aeg4ej ,oil & supplies #bbj4jj francs #dd4jj ,fre% wat]1 #af days #baj4jj francs #db4jj ,sundries #db4ej francs #h4ej ---------------- --------- ,total exp5se = remov+ #gfd cubic met]s 7#iii4b cubic y>ds71 #c1bgb4ej francs #fed4ej ,av]age1 #d4bh francs p] cubic met] 7#j4fe p] cubic y>d74 ,?is result _c be tak5 z a univ]sal basis1 because aft] a ye>'s use !re are num]\s repairs to make to ! plant1 :i* w\ld increase ! av]age net co/4 ,?is1 besides1 does n include ! co/ ( removal ( ! dr$g$ mat]ial1 nor ! depreciation1 ! int]e/ & ! insurance4 ,x %\ld be add$ on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 t ! w>m season 0 f> f be+ favorable to ! en]gy & p]sev]ance necess>y to c>ry on successfully exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,! temp]ature1 ev5 at midnight1 0 (t5 #ch ,c4 7#ajj4d ,f474 ,/ill fur!r1 ! "w 0 con/antly int]rupt$ by ! passage ( %ips ?r\gh ! canal4 ,on an av]age n m ?an =ty m9utes' "w to ! h\r 0 obta9$4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !re 7 extract$ at ,*al\f1 on an av]age1 #ch4bbe cubic met]s 7#ej cubic y>ds7 p] day )\t int]rupt+ navigation4 ,at ,port ,tewfik1 :]e !re 0 mu* less inconv5i5ce f ! passage ( %ips1 ! "w 0 c>ri$ on f eight to elev5 h\rs p] day & ! quantity extract$ 9 ?is "t 0 g5]ally m ?an #gf cubic met]s 7#ii4d cubic y>ds74 ,9 mo/ cases ! sy/em c\ld be simplifi$4 ,! eng9e :i* works ! dr$ge c\ld1 :5 n ?us employ$1 be us$ to drive ! pumps4 ,! propell+ eng9e c\ld also be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! results obta9$ at ,suez indicate ! appreciable advantages aris+ f ! application ( ?is sy/em to ! works ( ports1 riv]s & canals1 & ev]1 to ! "w ( cutt+ 9 ! con/ruction ( roads & railroads4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,progress ,,9 ,,eng9e]+4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,=/] ,br[n1 9 8 address to ! ,me*anical ,sci5ce ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 said t great progress _h be5 made 9 me*anical sci5ce s9ce ! ,briti% ,association met 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,wales elev5 ye>s ago2 & "s ( ! results ( t progress 7 exemplifi$ 9 our locomotives1 & m>9e eng9e]+1 & 9 su* works z ! ,sev]n ,tunnel1 ! ,=? & ,tay ,bridges1 & ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal1 :i* 0 n[ 9 progress ( con/ruction4 ,9 m9+1 ! progress _h be5 sl[1 & x 0 a rem>kable fact t1 ) ! exception ( pump+1 ! ma*9]y 9 use 9 connection ) m9+ op]ations 9 ,great ,brita9 _h n1 9 reg>d to economy1 advanc$ s rapidly z _h be5 ! case 9 our manufactures & m>9e4 ,?is 0 probably due1 9 metallif]\s m9+1 to ! unc]ta9 nature ( ! m9]al deposits n af=d+ any adequate security to adv5tur]s t ! increas$ co/ ( adopt+ improv$ appliances w\ld be reimburs$2 :ile 9 coal m9+1 ! *eapness ( fuel1 ! l>ge proportion :i* manual labor bore to ! total co/ ( produc+ coal1 & ! necessity = produc+ l>ge outputs ) ! simple/ appliances1 expla9$ ! reluctance ) :i* high pressure /eam comp\nd eng9es1 & o!r modes embrac+ ! mo/ mod]n & approv$ types ( economiz+ p[] _h be5 adopt$4 ,metallif]\s m9+1 ) ! exception ( ! work+ ( iron ore1 0 n 9 a prosp]\s condition2 b 9 special localities1 :]e ! deposits ( m9]als 7 ri* & pr(itable1 progress _h be5 made )9 a rec5t p]iod by ! adoption ( m economical & effici5t ma*9]y1 ( :i* ! speak] quot$ a numb] ( examples4 ,ref]5ce 0 also made to ! rapid /rides made 9 ! use ( electricity z a motive p[]1 & to ! me*anical v5tilation ( m9es by exhau/ion ( ! air4 ,,coal ,,m9es4 ,summ>iz+ ! position ( me*anical sci5ce1 z appli$ to ! coal m9+ indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,br[n obs]v$ t !re 0 a g5]al awak5+ to ! necessity ( adopt+1 9 ! new] & deep] m9es1 m economical appliances4 ,x 0 true x w\ld be impracticable1 & probably unwise1 to alt] mu* ( ! exi/+ ma*9]y1 b1 by ! adoption ( ! be/ kn[n types ( electrical plant1 & air compression 9 our new & deep m9es1 ! consumption ( coal p] horse p[] w\ld be r$uc$1 & ! extra exp5se1 due to natural causes1 ( produc+ m9]als f great] dep?s w\ld be sub/antially less5$4 ,! consumption ( coal at ! colli]ies ( ,great ,brita9 alone probably exce$$ #aj1jjj1jjj tons p] annum1 & ! consumption p] horse p[] 0 probably n less ?an #f lb4 ( coal1 & x 0 n unreasonable to assume t1 by ! adoption ( m effici5t ma*9]y ?an 0 at pres5t 9 g5]al use1 at lea/ "o-half ( ! coal consum$ c\ld be sav$4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 9 ! m9es ( ,great ,brita9 alone a wide & lucrative field = ! inv5tive +5uity ( me*anical eng9e]s 9 economiz+ fuel1 & especially 9 ! successful application ( new me?ods = deal+ ) und]gr\nd haulage1 9 ! inn] work+s ( our colli]ies1 m especially 9 ,s\? ,wales1 :]e ! numb] ( horses /ill employ$ 0 v l>ge4 ,,/eam ,,trams ,,& ,,electric ,,trams4 ,consid]able progress _h )9 rec5t ye>s be5 made 9 ! me*anical appliances int5d$ to replace horses on our public tram l9es4 ,! /eam eng9e n[ 9 use 9 "s ( our t[ns _h its drawbacks z z well z its good qualities1 z also _h ! endless rope haulage1 & 9 ! case ( ! latt] sy/em1 anxiety mu/ be felt :5 ! ropes %[$ signs ( we>4 ,! electrically driv5 trams appe>$ to "w well4 ,he _h n1 h[ev]1 se5 any publi%$ data be>+ on ! relative co/ p] mile ( ^! sev]al sy/ems1 & ?is in=mation1 :5 obta9$1 w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 he und]/ood1 exhau/ive trials 7 be+ made ) an ammonia gas eng9e1 :i*1 x 0 anticipat$1 w\ld prove bo? m economical & effici5t ?an horses = tram roads4 ,! gas 0 said to be produc$ f ! pure ammonia1 obta9$ by di/illation f comm]cial ammonia1 & 0 giv5 (f at a pressure v>y+ f #ajj to #aej lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is ammonia 0 us$ 9 specially con/ruct$ eng9es1 & 0 !n exhau/$ into a tank conta9+ wat]1 :i* br\ght x back into its orig9al =m ( comm]cial ammonia1 ready = r$i/illation1 &1 x 0 /at$1 ) a comp>atively small loss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,*angeable ,,spe$ ,,ge>+4 ,?is is ! inv5tion ( ,lawr5ce ,hea?1 ( ,mac$on1 ,n4,y41 & relates to t class ( *angeable spe$ ge>+ 9 :i* a c5t] p9ion driv5 at a con/ant rate ( spe$ drives directly & at diff]5t rates ( spe$ a s]ies ( p9ions m\nt$ 9 a surr\nd+ revoluble case or %ell1 s t by turn+ ! %ell "o or ano!r ( ! second>y p9ions may be br\ght into op]ative relation to ! p>ts to be driv5 !refrom4 ,! aim ( my inv5tion is to s modify ?is sy/em ( ge>+ t ! second>y p9ions may receive a v sl[ motion 9 relation to t ( ! prim>y driv+ %aft1 :]eby ! ge>+ is ! bett] adapt$ = ! driv+ ( ! f]tiliz]-di/ribut]s ( gra9 drills f ! ma9 axle1 & = o!r special uses4 ,fig4 #a is a side elevation4 ,fig4 #b is a v]tical cross section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a repres5ts ! ma9 driv+ %aft or axle1 driv5 con/antly & at a uni=m spe$1 & ,b is ! p9ion-support+ case or %ell1 m\nt$ loosely on & revoluble ar\nd ! axle1 b held normally at re/ by means ( a lock+ bolt1 ,c1 or o!r suitable lock+ device adapt$ to ent] not*es1 c1 9 ! %ell4 ,d is ! prim>y driv+ p9ion1 fix$ firmly to ! axle & con/antly engag+ ! p9ion1 ,e1 m\nt$ on a /ud 9 ! %ell4 ,! p9ion1 ,e1 is =m$ integral ) or firmly secur$ to ! small] second>y p9ion1 ,f1 :i* 9 turn con/antly engages & drives ! c5t] p9ion1 ,g1 m\nt$ to turn loosely on ! axle )9 ! %ell1 s t x is turn$ 9 ! same direction z ! axle1 b at a sl[] spe$4 ,f'1 ,f#b1 ,f#c1 ,f#d1 etc41 repres5t additional second>y p9ions gr\p$ ar\nd ! c5t] p9ion1 m\nt$ on /uds 9 ! %ell1 & made ( diff]5t diamet]s1 s t !y are driv5 by ! c5t] p9ion at diff]5t spe$s4 ,ea* ( ! second>y p9ions is =m$ ) a neck or j\rnal1 f1 project$ out ?r\gh ! side ( ! %ell1 s t ! ext]nal p9ion1 ,h1 may be appli$ to any "o ( ! necks at w 9 ord] to communicate motion !nce to ! ge>1 ,i1 :i* occupies a fix$ position1 & f :i* ! f]tiliz] or o!r me*anism is driv54 ,9 ord] to drive ! ge>1 ,i1 at "o spe$ or ano!r1 z may be dem&$1 x is only necess>y to apply ! p9ion1 ,h1 to ! neck ( t second>y p9ion :i* is turn+ at ! appropriate spe$ & !n turn ! %ell bodily ar\nd ! axle until ! ext]nal p9ion is c>ri$ into engagem5t ) ge> ,i1 :5 ! %ell is aga9 lock$ fa/4 ,! axle communicates motion ?r\gh ,d1 ,e1 & ,p to ! c5t] p9ion1 :i* 9 turn drives all ! second>y p9ions except ,f4 ,if ! ext]nal p9ion is appli$ to ,f1 x w receive motion directly !refrom2 b if appli$ to ei!r ( ! second>y p9ions1 x w receive motion ?r\gh or by way ( ! c5t] p9ion4 ,x w be se5 t all ! p9ions are su/a9$ & protect$ )9 ! %ell4 ,! ess5ce ( ! inv5tion lies 9 ! introduction ( ! p9ions ,d & ,e betwe5 ! axle & ! s]ies ( second>y p9ions to r$uce ! spe$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,/&>ds4 ,nature /ates t ! ,que5's ,pr9t]s are n[ issu+ ! ,report 7dat$ ,july #bc1 #ahia7 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ( ! ,committee appo9t$ to consid] ! "q ( con/ruct+ /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( electricity4 ,! committee includ$ ,mr4 ,c\rt5ay ,boyle1 ,c4,b41 ,major ,p4 ,c>dew1 ,r4,e41 ,mr4 ,e4 ,graves1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,"l ,rayleigh1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,c>ey ,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,mr4 ,r4,t4 ,glazebrook1 ,f4,r4 ,s41 ,dr4 ,john ,hopk9son1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(4 ,w4,e4 ,ayrton1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,9 response to an invitation1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 att5d$ & gave evid5ce3 ,on behalf ( ! ,association ( ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,p>k] & ,mr4 ,hugh ,erat ,h>rison2 on behalf ( ! ,london ,c\ncil1 ,pr(4 ,silvanus ,?ompson2 on behalf ( ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,crompton4 ,! ,committee 7 indebt$ to ,dr4 ,j4,a4 ,flem+ & ,dr4 ,a4 ,muirhead = valuable in=mation & assi/ance2 & !y /ate t !y _h ! advantage ( ! exp]i5ce & advice ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,*aney1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,! ,secret>y to ! ,committee 0 ,sir ,t4,w4 ,p4 ,blomefield1 ,b>t4 ,! foll[+ are ! resolutions ( ! ,committee3 ,resolutions4 7#a7 ,t x is desirable t new d5om9ations ( /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( electricity %\ld be made & approv$ by ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil z ,bo>d ( ,trade /&>ds4 7#b7 ,t ! magnitudes ( ^! /&>ds %\ld be det]m9$ on ! electro-magnetic sy/em ( measurem5t ) ref]5ce to ! c5timet] z unit ( l5g?1 ! gramme z unit ( mass1 & ! second z unit ( "t1 & t by ! t]ms c5timet] & gramme are meant ! /&>ds ( ^? d5om9ations deposit$ ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 7#c7 ,t ! /&>d ( electrical resi/ance %\ld be d5om9at$ ! ohm1 & %\ld h ! value #a1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 t]ms ( ! c5timet] & second4 7#d7 ,t ! resi/ance (f]$ to an unv>y+ electric curr5t by a column ( m]cury ( a con/ant cross sectional area ( #a squ>e millimet]1 & ( a l5g? ( #ajf4c c5timet]s at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice may be adopt$ z #a ohm4 7#e7 ,t ! value ( ! /&>d ( resi/ance con/ruct$ by a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ye>s #ahfc & #ahfd1 & kn[n z ! ,briti% ,association unit1 may be tak5 z #j4ihff ( ! ohm4 7#f7 ,t a mat]ial /&>d1 con/ruct$ 9 solid metal1 & v]ifi$ by comp>ison ) ! ,briti% ,association unit1 %\ld be adopt$ z ! /&>d ohm4 7#g7 ,t = ! purpose ( replac+ ! /&>d1 if lo/1 de/roy$1 or damag$1 & = ord9>y use1 a limit$ numb] ( copies %\ld be con/ruct$1 :i* %\ld be p]iodically comp>$ ) ! /&>d ohm & ) ! ,briti% ,association unit4 7#h7 ,t resi/ances con/ruct$ 9 solid metal %\ld be adopt$ z ,bo>d ( ,trade /&>ds = multiples & sub-multiples ( ! ohm4 7#i7 ,t ! /&>d ( electrical curr5t %\ld be d5om9at$ ! amp]e1 & %\ld h ! value "o-t5? 7#j4a7 9 t]ms ( ! c5timet]1 gramme1 & second4 7#aj7 ,t an unv>y+ curr5t :i*1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 9 accordance ) ! specification atta*$ to ?is report1 deposits silv] at ! rate ( #j4jjaaah ( a gramme p] second1 may be tak5 z a curr5t ( #a amp]e4 7#aa7 ,t an alt]nat+ curr5t ( #a amp]e %all mean a curr5t su* t ! squ>e root ( ! "t-av]age ( ! squ>e ( its /r5g? at ea* in/ant 9 amp]es is unity4 7#ab7 ,t in/rum5ts con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! balance1 9 :i*1 by ! prop] disposition ( ! conductors1 =ces ( attraction & repulsion are produc$1 :i* dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( curr5t pass+1 & are balanc$ by kn[n weights1 %\ld be adopt$ z ! ,bo>d ( ,trade /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( curr5t1 :e!r unv>y+ or alt]nat+4 7#ac7 ,t ! /&>d ( electrical pressure %\ld be d5om9at$ ! volt1 be+ ! pressure :i*1 if /eadily appli$ to a conductor ^: resi/ance is #a ohm1 w produce a curr5t ( #a amp]e4 7#ad7 ,t ! electrical pressure at a temp]ature ( #fb ,f4 betwe5 ! poles or electrodes ( ! voltaic cell kn[n z ,cl>k's cell may be tak5 z n diff]+ f a pressure ( #a4dcc volts by m ?an an am\nt :i* w be det]m9$ by a sub-committee appo9t$ to inve/igate ! "q1 :o w prep>e a specification = ! con/ruction & use ( ! cell4 7#ae7 ,t an alt]nat+ pressure ( #a volt %all mean a pressure su* t ! squ>e root ( ! "t av]age ( ! squ>e ( its value at ea* in/ant 9 volts is unity4 7#af7 ,t in/rum5ts con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's quadrant electromet] us$ idio/atically1 & = high pressure in/rum5ts on ! pr9ciple ( ! balance1 electro/atic =ces be+ balanc$ aga9/ a kn[n weight1 %\ld be adopt$ z ,bo>d ( ,trade /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( pressure1 :e!r unv>y+ or alt]nat+4 ,we h adopt$ ! sy/em ( electrical units orig9ally def9$ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & we h f\nd 9 its rec5t rese>*es1 z well z 9 ! delib]ations ( ! ,int]national ,congress on ,electrical ,units1 held 9 ,p>is1 valuable guidance = det]m9+ ! exact magnitudes ( ! sev]al units ( electrical measurem5t1 z well z = ! v]ification ( ! mat]ial /&>ds4 ,we h /at$ ! relation betwe5 ! propos$ /&>d ohm & ! unit ( resi/ance orig9ally det]m9$ by ! ,briti% ,association1 & h also /at$ its relation to ! m]curial /&>d adopt$ by ! ,int]national ,conf]5ce4 ,we f9d t consid]ations ( practical importance make x undesirable to adopt a m]curial /&>d2 we h1 !re=e1 pref]r$ to adopt a mat]ial /&>d con/ruct$ 9 solid metal4 ,x appe>s to u to be necess>y t 9 transactions betwe5 buy] & sell]1 a legal "* %\ld h5ce=? be assign$ to ! units ( electrical measurem5t n[ sugge/$2 & ) ?is view1 t ! issue ( an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil %\ld be recomm5d$1 "u ! ,weights & ,measures ,act1 9 ! =m annex$ to ?is report4 ,specification ref]r$ to 9 ,resolution #aj4 ,9 ! foll[+ specification ! t]m silv] voltamet] means ! arrangem5t ( app>atus by means ( :i* an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]4 ,! silv] voltamet] measures ! total electrical quantity :i* has pass$ dur+ ! "t ( ! exp]im5t1 & by not+ ?is "t ! "t av]age ( ! curr5t1 or if ! curr5t has be5 kept con/ant1 ! curr5t itself1 c be d$uc$4 ,9 employ+ ! silv] voltamet] to measure curr5ts ( ab\t #a amp]e1 ! foll[+ arrangem5ts %\ld be adopt$4 ,! ka?ode on :i* ! silv] is to be deposit$ %\ld take ! =m ( a plat9um b[l n less ?an #aj cm4 9 diamet]1 & f #d to #e cm4 9 dep?4 ,! anode %\ld be a plate ( pure silv] "s #cj squ>e cm4 9 area & #b or #c millimet]s 9 ?ickness4 ,?is is support$ horizontally 9 ! liquid ne> ! top ( ! solution by a plat9um wire pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! plate at opposite corn]s4 ,to prev5t ! dis9tegrat$ silv] :i* is =m$ on ! anode f fall+ on to ! ka?ode1 ! anode %\ld be wrapp$ r\nd ) pure filt] pap]1 secur$ at ! back ) seal+ wax4 ,! liquid %\ld consi/ ( a neutral solution ( pure silv] nitrate1 conta9+ ab\t #ae p>ts by weight ( ! nitrate to #he p>ts ( wat]4 ,! resi/ance ( ! voltamet] *anges some:at z ! curr5t passes4 ,to prev5t ^! *anges hav+ too great an effect on ! curr5t1 "s resi/ance besides t ( ! voltamet] %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! total metallic resi/ance ( ! circuit %\ld n be less ?an #aj ohms4 ,me?od ( mak+ a ,measurem5t4--,! plat9um b[l is wa%$ ) nitric acid & di/ill$ wat]1 dri$ by heat1 & !n left to cool 9 a desiccator4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 x is weigh$ c>efully4 ,x is ne>ly fill$ ) ! solution1 & connect$ to ! re/ ( ! circuit by be+ plac$ on a clean copp] support1 to :i* a b9d+ screw is atta*$4 ,?is copp] support mu/ be insulat$4 ,! anode is !n imm]s$ 9 ! solution1 s z to be well cov]$ by x1 & support$ 9 t position2 ! connections to ! re/ ( ! circuit are made4 ,contact is made at ! key1 not+ ! "t ( contact4 ,! curr5t is all[$ to pass = n less ?an half an h\r1 & ! "t at :i* contact is brok5 is obs]v$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! clock us$ is keep+ correct "t dur+ ?is int]val4 ,! solution is n[ remov$ f ! b[l1 & ! deposit is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] & left to soak = at lea/ six h\rs4 ,x is !n r9s$ successively ) di/ill$ wat] & absolute alcohol1 & dri$ 9 a hot-air ba? at a temp]ature ( ab\t #afj ,c4 ,aft] cool+ 9 a desiccator1 x is weigh$ aga94 ,! ga9 9 weight gives ! silv] deposit$4 ,to f9d ! curr5t 9 amp]es1 ?is weight1 express$ 9 grammes1 mu/ be divid$ by ! numb] ( seconds dur+ :i* ! curr5t has be5 pass$1 & by #j4jjaaah4 ,! result w be ! "t av]age ( ! curr5t1 if dur+ ! int]val ! curr5t has v>i$4 ,9 det]m9+ by ?is me?od ! con/ant ( an in/rum5t ! curr5t %\ld be kept z ne>ly con/ant z possible1 & ! read+s ( ! in/rum5t tak5 at frequ5t obs]v$ int]vals ( "t4 ,^! obs]vations give a curve f :i* ! read+ correspond+ to ! mean curr5t 7"t av]age ( ! curr5t7 c be f\nd4 ,! curr5t1 z calculat$ by ! voltamet]1 corresponds to ?is read+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,two ,,or ,,?ree ,,phase ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,sy/ems4 ,by ,,c>l ,,h]+4 ,! occasion ( ! transmission ( p[] f ,lauff5 to ,frank=t has br\ght to ! notice ( ! pr(ession m ?an ev] be=e ! two or ?ree phase alt]nat+ curr5t sy/em1 describ$ z e>ly z #ahhg-hh by v>i\s electricians1 among :om are ,tesla1 ,bradley1 ,haselw&] & o!rs4 ,z to :o fir/ inv5t$ x1 we h no?+ to say "h1 b ?\gh kn[n = "s ye>s x has n until q rec5tly be5 ( any great importance 9 practice4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,m4 ,von ,dolivo-,dobr[olsky1 electrical eng9e] ( ! ,allgeme9e ,elektricitats ,gesells*aft1 ( ,b]l91 has occupi$ himself ) ^! curr5ts4 ,8 success ) motors run ) su* curr5ts 0 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t great transmission ( p[] exhibit at ,frank=t1 ! greate/ transmission ev] attempt$4 ,8 inve/igation 9 ?is new sph]e1 & 8 ability to ma/] ! subject f a !oretical or ma!matical /&po9t1 has l$ him to f9d ! objections1 ! !oretically be/ conditions1 etc4 ,?is1 toge!r ) 8 +5uity1 has l$ him to devise an entirely new & v +5i\s modification1 :i* w no d\bt h a v great effect on ! developm5t ( alt]nat+ curr5t motors4 ,x is d\btless well kn[n t if1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 a ,gramme r+ armature is connect$ to leads at f\r po9ts z %[n & a magnet is revolv$ inside ( x 7or if ! r+ is revolv$ 9 a magnetic field & ! curr5t l$ (f by contact r+s in/ead ( a commutator71 !re w be two alt]nat+ curr5ts g5]at$1 :i* w diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! phases only4 ,:5 "o is at a maximum ! o!r is z]o4 ,:5 su* a d\ble curr5t is s5t into a simil>ly con/ruct$ motor x w produce or g5]ate :at might be call$ a rot>y field1 :i* is %[n diagrammatically 9 ! six successive positions 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! w9d+ "h is slightly diff]5t1 b x am\nts to ! same ?+ z f> z we are conc]n$ at pres5t4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,dobr[olsky calls an elem5t>y or simply rot>y curr5t1 z us$ 9 ! ,tesla motors4 ,a simil> sy/em1 b hav+ ?ree diff]5t curr5ts in/ead ( two1 is ! "o us$ 9 ! ,lauff5 transmission exp]im5t ref]r$ to above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 inve/igat+ ?is subject ,mr4 ,dobr[olsky f\nd t ! be/ !oretical indications = su* a sy/em w\ld be a l>ge numb] ( circuits in/ead ( only two or ?ree1 ea* diff]+ f ! next "o by only a small portion ( a wave l5g?2 ! l>g] _! numb] ! bett] !oretically4 ,! reason is t ) a few curr5ts ! result+ magnetism g5]at$ 9 ! motor by ^! curr5ts w pulsate consid]ably1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* ! two full l9es %[ ! curr5ts diff]+ by #ij degrees4 ,! dott$ l9e above ^! %[s h[ mu* ! result+ magnetism w pulsate4 ,) two su* curr5ts ?is v>iation 9 magnetism w be ab\t #dj degrees above its l[e/ value4 ,n[1 su* a v>iation 9 ! field is undesirable1 z x produces objectionable induction effects1 & x has ! evil effect ( int]f]+ ) ! />t+ ( ! motor load$1 besides affect+ ! torque consid]ably if ! spe$ %\ld fall slightly bel[ t = syn*ronism4 ,a p]fect motor %\ld n h ^! faults1 & x is design$ to obviate !m by /riv+ to obta9 a revolv+ field 9 :i* ! magnetism is z ne>ly con/ant z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,if !re are two curr5ts diff]+ by #ij degrees1 ?is v>iation ( ! magnetism w be ab\t #dj p] c5t42 ) ?ree curr5ts diff]+ #fj degrees1 ab\t #ad p] c5t2 ) six curr5ts diff]+ #cj degrees x w be only ab\t #d p] c5t41 & s on4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t by d\bl+ ! ?ree-phase sy/em ! pulsations are already v greatly r$uc$4 ,b ?is w\ld require six wires1 :ile ! ?ree-phase sy/em requires only ?ree wires 7z ea* ( ! ?ree leads c readily be %[n to s]ve z a return lead = ! o!r two 9 p>allel74 ,x is to comb9e ! advantages ( bo? t he design$ ! foll[+ v +5i\s sy/em4 ,by ?is sy/em he c obta9 z small a diff]5ce ( phase z desir$1 )\t increas+ ! numb] ( wires above ?ree1 a /atem5t :i* might at fir/ seem p>adoxical4 ,be=e expla9+ ?is +5i\s sy/em1 x might be well to call att5tion to a p>allel case to ! above 9 cont9u\s curr5t ma*9es & motors4 ,! fir/ dynamos 7 con/ruct$ ) two commutator b>s4 ,!y 7 soon f\nd to "w mu* bett] ) f\r1 & f9ally /ill bett] z ! numb] ( commutator b>s 7or coils7 0 increas$1 up to a practical limit4 ,j z ! pulsations 9 ! cont9u\s curr5t dynamos 7 detrim5tal to prop] work+1 s are ^! pulsations 9 few-phas$ alt]nat+ curr5t motors1 ?\gh ! objections manife/ !mselves 9 diff]5t ways--9 ! cont9u\s curr5t motors z sp>k+ & 9 ! alt]nat+ curr5t motors z detrim5tal inductive effects4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is new sy/em may be se5 be/ 9 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g & #h4 ,9 ,fig4 #d are %[n two curr5ts1 ,i#a & ,i#b1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r by an angle1 ,d4 ,suppose ^! two curr5ts to be any neighbor+ curr5ts 9 a simple rot>y curr5t sy/em4 ,n[1 if ^! two curr5ts be unit$ into "o1 z %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! figure1 ! result+ curr5t1 ,i1 w be ab\t z %[n by ! dott$ l9e2 t is1 x w lie betwe5 ! o!r two & at its maximum po9t1 & = a diff]5ce ( phases equal to #ij degrees x w be ab\t #a4d times z great z ! maximum ( ei!r ( ! o!rs2 ! important feature is t ! phase ( ?is curr5t is midway betwe5 t ( ! o!r two4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! w9d+ ( a cyl9d] armature & ,fig4 #g t1 ( a ,gramme armature = a simple ?ree-phase curr5t ) ?ree leads1 ) :i* sy/em we assume t ! read] is famili>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! two figures1 #d & #e 7or #g71 correspond ) ea* o!r 9 s f> z ! curr5ts 9 ! ?ree leads1 %[n 9 heavy l9es1 h a phase betwe5 ^? ( ! two :i* compose !m4 ,ref]r+ n[ to ,fig4 #f 7or #h71 :i* is precisely l ,fig4 #e 7or #g71 except t x has an additional w9d+ %[n 9 heavy l9es1 x w be se5 t ea* ( ! ?ree leads1 %[n 9 heavy l9es1 is w\nd ar\nd ! armature be=e leav+ x1 =m+ an additional coil ly+ betwe5 ! two coils ) :i* x is 9 s]ies4 ,! phase ( ! heavy l9e curr5ts 0 %[n 9 ,fig4 #d to lie betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,!re=e1 9 ! armature 9 ,fig4 #f 7or #h7 !re w be six phases1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #e !re are only ?ree1 ! numb] ( leads 7?ree7 rema9+ ! same z be=e4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is +5i\s inv5tion4 ,to h six phases 9 ,fig4 #e w\ld require six leads1 b 9 ,fig4 #f precisely ! same result is obta9$ ) only ?ree leads4 ,9 ! same way ! ?ree leads 9 ,fig4 #f might aga9 be comb9$ & pass$ ar\nd ! armature aga91 & s on =m+ /ill m phases1 )\t increas+ ! numb] ( leads4 ,figs4 #g & #h comp\nd ) #e & #f & %[ ! same sy/em = a ,gramme r+ in/ead ( a cyl9d] armature4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is description1 ! ma9 object 9 a rot>y curr5t motor is to h a magnetic field :i* is z ne>ly con/ant 9 int5sity z possible1 & :i* *anges only its position1 t is1 its axis4 ,b 9 ,fig4 #d x 0 %[n t ! curr5t ,i 79 dott$ l9es7 is great] ?an ! o!rs 7ab\t z #a4d to #a = a phase diff]5ce ( #ij degrees74 ,if !re=e ! coils 9 ,fig4 #f or #h 7 all alike1 ! magnetism g5]at$ by ! heavy l9e coils w\ld be great] ?an t g5]at$ by ! o!rs1 & w\ld !re=e produce v undesirable pulsations 9 ! magnetic fields2 b z ! magnetism dep5ds on ! amp]e turns1 x is necess>y m]ely to h correspond+ly few] turns on ^! coils1 z comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 ,?is is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,figs4 #f & #h1 9 :i* ! heavy l9e coils h less w9d+s ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 practice x is n always possible to obta9 ! exact ratio ( #a to #a4d1 = in/ance1 b ev5 if ?is ratio is obta9$ only approximately1 x nev]!less r$uces ! pulsations v mat]ially bel[ :at !y w\ld be ) half ! numb] ( phases4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y 9 practice to h m ?an an approximation to ! exact conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #i %[s a multiple phase armature hav+ d\ble ! numb] ( phases z ,fig4 #a1 & w\ld accord+ to ! old sy/em1 !re=e1 require eight leads4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! new sy/em ) ! same numb] ( phases z 9 ,fig4 #i1 b requir+ only f\r leads in/ead ( eight4 ,figs4 #aa & #ab correspond ) ,figs4 #g & #h & %[ ! w9d+s = a multipol> motor 9 ! two sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,^! figures %[ h[ a motor may be w\nd s z to be a multiple phase motor1 al?\gh ! curr5t ent]+ ! motor is a simple1 elem5t>y ?ree or two phase curr5t1 :i* c be trans=m$ by means ( a simple ?ree or two phase curr5t trans=m]1 be=e ent]+ ! motor1 su* trans=m]s z are us$ at pres5t 9 ! ,lauff5-,frank=t transmission4 ,b ! same pr9ciple z t = ! motor may also be appli$ to trans=m]s !mselves1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a set ( trans=m]s :i* are f$ by a simple ?ree-phase curr5t %[n 9 heavy l9es1 & :i* gives 9 its second>y circuit a multiple phase rot>y curr5t4 ,! connections = ! prim>y circuit ( a trans=m] ) six coils are %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #ae1 ! numb]s #a to #f repres5t+ ! succession ( ! phases4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a trans=m] = a two-phase curr5t ) f\r leads1 trans=m+ into a multiple phase curr5t ( #af leads4 ,! trans=m] 9 ?is figure is a s+le int]lock$ trans=m] 9 :i* ! fields are magnetically connect$ & n indep5d5t ( ea* o!r z 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is has advantages 9 ! regulation ( curr5ts1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ,fig4 #ac1 b :i* ne$ n be ent]$ into "h4 ,! trans=m]s us$ 9 ! ,lauff5-,frank=t transmission are simil>1 magnetically1 to ,fig4 #ad1 only t !y are = a simple ?ree-phase curr5t 9 bo? prim>y & second>y circuits4 ,att5tion is also call$ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! connections ( second>y circuits 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad2 9 ! =m] !y are connect$ 9 a clos$ circuit simil>ly to an ord9>y clos$ circuit armature1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ad !y are indep5d5t z f> z ! curr5ts !mselves are conc]n$1 ?\gh magnetically _! cores are connect$4 ,x is n ! int5tion to ent] into a discussion ( ! relative values ( ^! v>i\s connections1 b m]ely to draw att5tion to ! wide range ( ! numb] ( comb9ations :i* ?is sy/em admits (4--,electrical ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,london ,,p>is ,,telephone4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,association4--,elec4 ,eng9e]4 ,by ,w4,h4 ,preece1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a4 ,i h already on two occasions1 at ,newca/le & at ,le$s1 br\ght ?is subject be=e ,section ,g1 & h giv5 ! details ( ! l5g? & con/ruction ( ! propos$ circuit4 ,i h n[ to report n only t ! l9e has be5 con/ruct$ & op5$ to ! public1 b t its success1 telephonic & comm]cial1 has exce$$ ! mo/ sangu9e anticipations4 ,spee* has be5 ma9ta9$ ) p]fect cle>ness & accuracy4 ,! l9e has prov$ to be mu* bett] ?an x ought to h be51 & ! purpose ( ?is pap] is to %[ ! reason :y4 ,! l5g?s ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! circuit are z foll[s3 ,london to ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay #hd4e miles4 ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay to ,sangatte 7cable74 #bc4j ,sangatte to ,p>is4 #aii4j ,p>is und]gr\nd4 #d4h ----- ,total4 #caa4c ,! resi/ances are z foll[s3 ,p>is und]gr\nd4 #gj ohms4 ,fr5* l9e4 #bid ,cable4 #adc ,engli% l9e4 #ahc --- ,total 7,r7 #fic ,! capacities are z foll[s3 ,p>is und]gr\nd4 #j4dc micr(>ads4 ,fr5* l9e4 #c4cc ,cable4 #e4eb ,engli% l9e4 #a4cb ---- ,total 7,k74 #aj4fb #fic #aj4fb #g1cei ,k ,r a product :i* indicates t spee* %\ld be v good4 #b4 ,trials ( ,app>atus4--,! prelim9>y trials 7 made dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>* betwe5 ! *ief telegraph (fices ( ! two capitals1 & ! foll[+ microphone transmitt]s 7 comp>$3 ,ad]4 ,p5cil =m4 ,b]l9]4 ,granul> =m4 ,d',arsonval4 ,p5cil ,de,jongh4 ,g[] ,bell4 ,po/ (fice swit* in/rum5t4 ,granules & lamp filam5ts4 ,r\lez4 ,lamp filam5ts4 ,turnbull4 ,p5cil =m4 ,we/]n ,electric4 ,granul>4 ,! receiv]s consi/$ ( ! late/ =m ( d\ble-pole ,bell telephones ) "s ,ad] & ,d',arsonval receiv]s = comp>ison4 ,aft] repeat$ trials x 0 f9ally decid$ t ! ,ad]1 ,d',arsonval1 ,g[]-,bell 7) d\ble-pole receiv]s in/ead ( tubes71 ,r\lez1 & ,we/]n ,electric 7 ! be/1 & 7 approximately equal4 ,^! in/rum5ts 71 !re=e1 select$ = ! fur!r exp]im5ts1 :i* consi/$ ( us+ local ext5sions 9 ,p>is & ,london4 ,! wires 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance ext5d$ at ! ,p>is end to ! ,obs]vatory ?r\gh an ex*ange at ! ,av5ue des ,gobel9es4 ,! l5g? ( ?is local l9e is #g kms4 ,! wires are guttap]*a-cov]$1 plac$ und]gr\nd1 & n suitable = giv+ ! be/ results4 ,! results 71 h[ev]1 fairly satisfactory4 ,! wires 7 ext5d$ to ! ,treasury 9 ,london by means ( ! ord9>y und]gr\nd sy/em4 ,! di/ance is ab\t two miles1 & al?\gh ! volume ( s\nd & cle>ness ( articulation 7 p]ceptibly r$uc$ by ^! additions to ! circuit1 conv]sation 0 q practicable4 ,fur!r trials 7 also made f ! ,av5ue des ,gobel9es on und]gr\nd wires ( five kilomet]s long1 & also ) "s r5t]s 9 ,p>is ) fairly satisfactory results4 ,! select$ telephones 7 equally effici5t 9 all cases1 :i* proves t to ma9ta9 easy conv]sation :5 ! trunk wires are ext5d$ to local po9ts x is only necess>y t ! local l9es %all be ( a /&>d n l[] ?an t ( ! trunk l9e4 ,! exp]im5ts also confirm ! conclusion t long-di/ance speak+ is solely a "q ( ! circuit & its environm5ts1 & n "o ( app>atus4 ,! in/rum5ts f9ally select$ = actual "w 7 ,g[]-,bell = ,london & ,r\lez = ,p>is4 #c4 ,! results are c]ta9ly mo/ satisfactory4 ,!re is no circuit 9 or out ( ,london on :i* spee* is m p]fect ?an x is betwe5 ,london & ,p>is4 ,9 fact1 x is bett] ?an ,i anticipat$1 & bett] ?an calculation l$ me to expect4 ,spee* has be5 possible n only to ,p>is b ?r\gh ,p>is to ,bruxelles1 & ev51 ) difficulty1 ?r\gh ,p>is to ,m>seilles1 a di/ance ( ov] #ijj miles4 ,! wires betwe5 ,p>is & ,m>seilles are massive copp] wires specially erect$ = telephone bus9ess betwe5 ^? important places4 #d4 ,bus9ess ,done4--,! *>ge = a conv]sation betwe5 ,london & ,p>is is #h s4 = ?ree m9utes' complete use ( ! wire4 ,! dem& = ! wire is v consid]able4 ,! av]age numb] ( talks p] day1 exclusive ( ,sunday1 is #hf4 ,! maximum has be5 #ajh4 ,we h _h z _m z #ai p] h\r--! av]age is #ae dur+ ! busy h\rs ( ! day4 ,z an in/ance ( :at c be done1 #aej words p] m9ute h be5 dictat$ 9 ,p>is & transcrib$ 9 ,london by %or?& writ+4 ,?us 9 ?ree m9utes #dej words 7 record$1 :i* at #h s4 co/ five words = a p5ny4 #e4 ,difficulties4--,! difficulties met ) 9 long-di/ance speak+ are sev]al1 & !y may be divid$ into 7a7 ^? due to ext]nal di/urbances & 7b7 ^? due to int]nal opposition4 7a47 ,e curr5t ris+ & fall+ 9 ! neighborhood ( a telephone l9e )9 a region1 say1 ( #ajj y>ds1 :e!r ! wire convey+ x be und]gr\nd or ov]gr\nd1 induces 9 ! telephone circuit ano!r curr5t1 produc+ 9 ! telephone a s\nd :i* di/urbs spee*1 & if ! neighbor+ wires are num]\s & busy1 z !y are on our roads & railways1 ^! s\nds became confus+1 noisy1 & ultimately entirely prev5tive ( spee*4 ,?is di/urbance is1 h[ev]1 completely remov$ by =m+ ! telephone circuit ( two wires plac$ z ne> to ea* o!r z possible1 & twi/$ ar\nd ea* o!r )\t t\*+1 s z to ma9ta9 ! mean av]age di/ance ( ea* wire f surr\nd+ conductors ! same ev]y:]e4 ,?us simil> curr5ts are induc$ 9 ea* ( ! two wires1 b be+ opposite 9 direction1 z f> z ! circuit is conc]n$1 !y neutralize ea* o!r1 & ! circuit1 !re=e1 becomes q sil5t4 ,9 ,engl& we make ! two wires revolve completely r\nd ea* o!r 9 e f\r poles1 b 9 ,france x is done 9 e six poles4 ,! reason = ! *ange is ! fact t 9 ! ,engli% plan ! actual cross+ ( ! wires takes place 9 ! span betwe5 ! poles1 :ile 9 ! ,fr5* plan x takes place at ! poles4 ,?is is suppos$ to r$uce ! liability ( ! wires to be ?r[n into contact ) ea* o!r by ! w9d1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x dim9i%es ! geometrical symmetry ( ! wires--s v ess5tial to insure sil5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 contacts d n occur on well con/ruct$ l9es1 & ,i ?9k our ,engli% wires1 be+ m symmetrical1 are fre] f ext]nal di/urbance ?an ^? 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 7b47 ,! int]nal opposition arises f ! resi/ance1 ,r1 ! capacity1 ,k1 & ! electromagnetic in]tia1 ,l1 ( ! circuit4 ,a curr5t ( electricity takes "t to rise to its maximum /r5g? & "t to fall back aga9 to z]o4 ,e circuit has :at is call$ its "t con/ant1 t1 ,fig4 #a1 :i* regulates ! numb] ( curr5t waves :i* c be transmitt$ ?r\gh x p] second4 ,?is is ! "t ! curr5t takes to rise f z]o to its work+ maximum1 & ! "t x takes to fall f ?is maximum to z]o aga91 %[n by ! %ad$ portions ( ! figure2 ! duration ( ! work+ curr5t be+ immat]ial1 & %[n by ! un%ad$ portion4 ,! mo/ rapid =m ( quick telegraphy requires ab\t #aej curr5ts p] second1 curr5ts ea* ( :i* mu/ rise & fall 9 #a_/aej ( a second1 b = ord9>y telephone speak+ we mu/ h ab\t #a1ejj curr5ts p] second1 or ! "t :i* ea* curr5t rises f z]o to its maximum int5sity mu/ n exce$ #a_/cjjj "p ( a second4 ,! "t con/ant ( a telephone circuit %\ld !re=e n be less ?an #j4jjjc second4 ,resi/ance alone does n affect ! "t con/ant4 ,x dim9i%es ! int5sity or /r5g? ( ! curr5ts only2 b resi/ance1 comb9$ ) electromagnetic in]tia & ) capacity1 has a s]i\s ret>d+ effect on ! rate ( rise & fall ( ! curr5ts4 ,!y increase ! "t con/ant & introduce a sl[ness :i* may be call$ ret>dance1 = !y dim9i% ! rate at :i* curr5ts c be transmitt$4 ,n[ ! ret>dance due to electromagnetic in]tia increases directly ) ! am\nt ( electromagnetic in]tia pres5t1 b x dim9i%es ) ! am\nt ( resi/ance ( ! conductor4 ,x is express$ by ! ratio ,l_/,r :ile t due to capacity increases directly1 bo? ) ! capacity & ) ! resi/ance1 & x is express$ by ! product1 ,k ,r4 ,! :ole ret>dance1 &1 !re=e1 ! spe$ ( work+ ! circuit or ! cle>ness ( spee*1 is giv51 by ! equation ,l --- ,k ,r t ,r or ,l ,k ,r ,r t ,n[ 9 telegraphy we are n able altoge!r to elim9ate ,l1 b we c c\nt]act x1 & if we c make ,rt #j1 !n ,l - ,k ,r :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ! %unt$ cond5s] t has be5 introduc$ ) su* signal success 9 our po/ (fice s]vice1 & has virtually d\bl$ ! c>ry+ capacity ( our wires4 ,k ,r t ,?is is done 9 telephony1 & h5ce we obta9 ! law ( ret>dance1 or ! law by :i* we c calculate ! di/ance to :i* spee* is possible4 ,all my calculations = ! ,london & ,p>is l9e 7 bas$ on ?is law1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n x to be true4 ,h[ is electromagnetic in]tia practically elim9at$8 ,fir/1 by ! use ( two massive copp] wires1 & secondly by symmetrically revolv+ !m ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,n[ ,l dep5ds on ! geometry ( ! circuit1 t is1 on ! relative =m & position ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! circuit1 :i* is inv>iable = ! same circuit1 & is repres5t$ by a coeffici5t1 lambda4 ,x dep5ds also on ! magnetic qualities ( ! conductors employ$ & ( ! space embrac$ by ! circuit4 ,?is specific magnetic capacity is a v>iable quantity1 & is indicat$ by mu = ! conductor & by mu#j = air4 ,x dep5ds also on ! rate at :i* curr5ts rise & fall1 & ?is is indicat$ by ! diff]5tial coeffici5t d,c _/ dt4 ,x dep5ds f9ally on ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce due to its own curr5t :i* cut ! conductor 9 ! prop] direction2 ?is is indicat$ by beta4 ,comb9+ ^! toge!r we c repres5t ! electromagnetic in]tia ( a metallic telephone circuit z ,l lambda 7mu mu#j7 d,c_/dt beta ,n[1 lambda #b log 7d_/a7 ,h5ce ! small] we make ! di/ance1 d1 betwe5 ! wires1 & ! great] we make _! diamet]1 a1 ! small] becomes lambda4 ,x is cu/om>y to call ! value ( mu = air1 & copp]1 #a1 b ?is is purely artificial & c]ta9ly n true4 ,x mu/ be v mu* less ?an "o 9 e m$ium1 except+ ! magnetic metals1 s mu* s t 9 copp] x may be neglect$ altoge!r1 :ile 9 ! air x does n matt] :at x is1 = by ! me?od ( twi/+ "o conductor r\nd ! o!r1 ! magnetization ( ! air space by ! "o curr5t ( ! circuit rotat+ 9 "o direction is exactly neutraliz$ by t ( ! o!r elem5t ( ! circuit rotat+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,n[1 beta1 9 two p>allel conductors convey+ curr5ts ( ! same s5se1 t is fl[+ 9 ! same direction1 is ret>d+1 ,fig4 #b1 & is !re=e a positive quantity1 b :5 ! curr5ts fl[ 9 opposite directions1 z 9 a metallic loop1 ,fig4 #c1 !y t5d to assi/ ea* o!r & are ( a negative "*4 ,h5ce 9 a metallic telephone circuit we may neglect ,l 9 toto z ,i h done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,i h nev] yet succe$$ 9 trac+ any evid5ce ( electromagnetic in]tia 9 long s+le copp] wires1 :ile 9 iron wires ! value ( ,l may c]ta9ly be tak5 at #j4jje h5ry p] mile4 ,9 %ort metallic circuits1 say ( l5g?s up to #ajj miles1 ?is negative quantity does n appe>1 b 9 ! ,p>is-,london circuit ?is helpful mutual action ( opposite curr5ts comes on 9 a peculi> way4 ,! pres5ce ( ! cable introduces a l>ge capacity practically 9 ! c5t] ( ! circuit4 ,! result is t we h 9 ea* bran* ( ! circuit betwe5 ! transmitt]1 say1 at ,london & ! cable at ,dov]1 extra curr5ts at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation1 :i*1 fl[+ 9 opposite directions1 mutually react on ea* o!r1 & practically prep>e ! way = ! work+ curr5ts4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! curr5ts prov$ by ! fact t :5 ! cable is disconnect$ at ,calais1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 & telephones are ins]t$ 9 s]ies1 z %[n at ,d & ,d'1 spee* is z p]fect betwe5 ,london & ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay z if ! wires 7 connect$ across1 or z if ! circuit 7 ?r\gh to ,p>is4 ,_! effect is precisely ! same z ?\gh ! capacity ( ! a]ial section 7 r$uc$ by a quantity1 ,m1 :i* is ( ! same dim5sion or "* z ,k4 ,h5ce1 our ret>dance equation becomes ,r 7,k - ,m7 t ,illu/ration3 ,fig #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #e4 ,?us x happ5s t ! ,london-,p>is telephone works bett] ?an 0 expect$4 ,! nature ( ,m is probably equival5t to ab\t #j4jjge phi p] mile1 & !re=e ,k %\ld be also ab\t #j4jjge phi in/ead ( #j4jaef phi p] mile4 ,?is helpful action ( mutual induction is pres5t 9 all long circuits1 & x is ! reason :y we 7 able to speak to ,brussels & ev5 to ,m>seilles4 ,x also appe>s 9 e metallic loop1 & vitiates ! measurem5ts ( electromagnetic in]tia & ( capacity ( loops4 ,?us1 if we measure ! capacity ( a loop z comp>$ ) a s+le wire1 ! am\nt p] mile may be #ej p] c5t4 great] ?an x ought to be2 :ile if we measure ! capacity ( "o bran* ( a circuit "u ! conditions ( ! ,london-,p>is telephone l9e1 x may be #ej p] c5t4 less ?an x ought to be4 ,?is effect ( ,m is %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,telephonic curr5ts--t is1 curr5ts induc$ 9 ! second>y wire ( an induction coil due to ! v>iation ( microphonic curr5ts 9 ! prim>y wire--are n alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,!y d n foll[ ! con/ant p]iodic law1 & !y are n true h>monic s9e functions ( ! "t4 ,! microphonic curr5ts are int]mitt5t or pulsatory1 & always fl[ 9 ! same direction4 ,! second>y curr5ts are also always ( ! same sign1 z are ! curr5ts 9 a ,ruhmkorff coil1 & z are ! curr5ts 9 high vacua ) :i* ,crookes has made u s famili>4 ,moreov]1 ! frequ5cy ( ^! curr5ts is a v v>iable quantity1 n only due to ! v>i\s tones ( voices1 b to ! v>i\s /yles ( articulation4 ,h5ce ! laws ( p]iodic alt]nate curr5ts foll[+ ! s9e function ( ! "t fail :5 we come to consid] microphones & telephones4 ,x is important to be> ?is 9 m9d1 = ne>ly ev]y?+ t has hi!rto be5 writt5 on ! subject assumes t telegraphic curr5ts foll[ ! p]iodic s9e law4 ,! curr5ts d]iv$ f ,bell's orig9al magneto-transmitt]s are alt]nate1 & comply m ne>ly ) ! law4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & microphones is at once p]ceptible4 ,muffl+ & di/urbance due to ! pres5ce ( electromagnetic in]tia become evid5t1 :i* are abs5t ) microphones4 ,i te/$ ?is betwe5 ,london & ,/4 ,m>g>et's1 & f\nd ! effect mo/ m>k$4 #g4 ,lightn+4--,a metallic telephone circuit may h a /atic *>ge induc$ ^u x by a ?und] cl\d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,su* a *>ge is an electric /ra9 :i* is releas$ :5 ! *>g$ cl\d fla%es into ! e>? or into a neighbor+ cl\d4 ,if !re be electromagnetic in]tia pres5t1 ! *>ge w surge backw>d & =w>d ?r\gh ! circuit until x dies out4 ,if !re be no ,e4,m4,f4 pres5t x w cease sudd5ly1 & neutrality w be atta9$ at once4 ,telephone circuits indicate ! op]ation by peculi> & *>act]i/ic s\nds4 ,an iron wire circuit produces a long swi% or sigh1 b a copp] wire circuit l ! ,p>is-,london telephone emits a %ort1 %>p report1 l ! crack ( a pi/ol1 :i* is sometimes />tl+1 & has creat$ fe>1 b !re is no dang] or liability to %ock4 ,inde$1 ! />t has m ?an once ?r[n ! li/5] (f 8 /ool1 & has l$ to ! belief t he 0 knock$ d[n by lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #f4 #h4 ,! future ( telephone work+1 especially 9 l>ge cities1 is "o ( und]gr\nd wires1 & ! way to get ov] ! difficulties ( ?is k9d ( "w is p]fectly cle>4 ,we mu/ h metallic circuits1 twi/$ wires1 l[ resi/ance1 & l[ capacity4 ,9 ,p>is a rem>kable cable1 made by ,=t9-,h]man1 gives an exce$+ly l[ capacity--viz41 only #j4jfi phi p] mile4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y are us+ a wire insulat$ ) pap] :i* gives #j4jh phi p] mile4 ,we are us+ 9 ,london ,f[l]-,w>+ cable giv+ a capacity ( #a4h phi p] mile1 ! capacity ( gutta-cov]$ wire be+ #c phi p] mile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,phosphorus ,,by ,,electricity4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! mod]n applications ( electricity to ! manufacture ( *emicals is to be f\nd 9 ! rec5tly p]fect$ process kn[n z ! ,readman-,p>k] process1 aft] ! inv5tors ,dr4 ,j4,b4 ,readman1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 etc41 ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,mr4 ,?omas ,p>k]2 ! well kn[n practical electrician1 ( ,wolv]hampton4 ,be=e giv+ an acc\nt ( ?is process1 :i* has advanc$ beyond ! exp]im5tal to ! indu/rial /age1 x may be well to recall ! fact t = sev]al ye>s pa/ ,dr4 ,readman has be5 devot+ an enorm\s exp5diture ( labor1 "t & money to ! p]fection ( a process :i* %all *eap5 ! production ( phosphorus by disp5s+ altoge!r ) ! use ( sulphuric acid = decompos+ ! phosphate ( lime :i* =ms ! raw mat]ial ( ! phosphorus manufactur]1 & also ) ! employm5t ( fire clay retorts = di/ill+ ! desiccat$ mixture ( phosphoric acid & c>bon :i* usually =ms ! second /age ( ! op]ation4 ,! success ( ! rec5t applications ( electricity 9 ! production ( c]ta9 metals & alloys l$ ,dr4 ,readman to try ?is s\rce ( en]gy 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus1 & ! results ( ! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 s enc\rag+ t he took out provisional protection on ,octob] #ah1 #ahhh1 = prep>+ ?is valuable sub/ance by its means4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on at ?is "t on a v small scale1 ! p[] at disposal be+ v limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,yet ! elem5ts ( success appe>$ to be s great1 & ! decomposition ( ! raw mat]ial 0 s complete1 t ! process 0 v soon prosecut$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,aft] a good deal ( negotiation ) sev]al firms t 7 9 a position to supply ! electric en]gy requir$1 ,dr4 ,readman f9ally made arrangem5ts ) ! directors ( ! ,c[les ,company1 limit$1 ( ,milton1 ne> ,/oke-on-,tr5t1 ! well kn[n manufactur]s ( alloys ( alum9um1 = a lease ( a portion ( _! works & = ! use ( ! entire electrical en]gy !y produc$ = c]ta9 portions ( ! day4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! l>ge scale _h n advanc$ v f> be=e ,dr4 ,readman became aw>e t ano!r application = lett]s pat5t = produc+ phosphorus _h be5 made by ,mr4 ,?omas ,p>k]1 ( ,wolv]hampton1 & 8 *emi/1 ,mr4 ,a4,e4 ,rob9son4 ,_! jo9t pat5t is dat$ ,decemb] #e1 #ahhh1 & 0 ?us appli$ = only sev5 weeks aft] ,dr4 ,readman's application _h be5 lodg$4 ,x appe>$ t ,mr4 ,p>k] _h conduct$ a numb] ( exp]im5ts simultane\sly b q indep5d5tly ( ^? c>ri$ on by ,dr4 ,readman1 & t he 0 q unaw>e--z ! latt] 0 unaw>e--( any o!r work] 9 ?is field4 ,x 0 no small surprise1 !re=e1 to f9d dur+ an int]view :i* took place betwe5 ^! rival inv5tors "s "t aft] ! date ref]r$ to1 t ! two pat5ts 7 on practically ! same l9es1 namely1 ! production ( phosphorus by electricity4 ,_! int]e/s lay s mu* toge!r t1 aft] "s delay1 !y arrang$ to jo9tly "w out ! process1 & ! result has be5 ! =mation ( a prelim9>y company & ! erection on a l>ge scale ( exp]im5tal plant 9 ! neighborhood ( ,wolv]hampton to prove ! comm]cial success ( ! new sy/em ( manufactur+ phosphorus4 ,be=e describ+ ^! exp]im5tal works x may be z well to see ) :at plant ,dr4 ,readman has be5 work+ at ! ,c[les ,company's works4 ,& "h we may rem>k t we are indebt$ to a pap] read by ,dr4 ,readman at ! ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ,ed9burgh1 a %ort "t ago2 ?is pap] be+ ! ?ird ( a s]ies :i* dur+ ! la/ ye> or two h be5 read by ! same sci5ti/ on ?is bran* ( *emical indu/ry4 ,"h is an ab/ract giv+ a description ( ! plant4 ,! works are ne> ! ,milton ,/ation1 on ! ,nor? ,/af=d%ire ,railway4 ,! boil]s = g5]at+ ! /eam requir$ are ( ! ,babcock-,wilcox type1 & are provid$ ) me*anical /ok]s2 ! /eam eng9e is ( #fjj horse p[]1 & is a comp\nd cond5s+ horizontal t&em1 made by ,messrs4 ,pollitt ,wigzel1 ( ,s[]by ,bridge4 ,! fly :eel ( ?is eng9e is #bj feet 9 diamet]1 & weighs #cj tons1 & is ge>$ to ! pulley ( ! dynamo1 s t ! latt] makes five revolutions = ea* revolution ( ! eng9e by rope driv+ ge>1 consi/+ ( eighte5 ropes4 ,! eng9e is an extremely f9e specim5 ( a mod]n /eam eng9e2 x works s sil5tly t a visitor /&+ ) 8 back to ! eng9e rail+s1 at ! "t ! eng9e is be+ />t$1 _c tell :e!r x is 9 motion or n4 ,) reg>d to ! dynamo1 ! sp9dle is ( /eel1 #ah feet long1 ) ?ree be>+s1 "o be+ plac$ on ei!r side ( ! driv+ pulley4 ,! diamet] is #g in*es 9 ! be>+s & #aj in*es 9 ! "p )9 ! core4 ,?is "p 9 ! orig9al =g+s 0 #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 & 0 plan$ longitud9ally1 s z to leave f\r project+ ribs or radial b>s on :i* ! core disks are driv51 ea* disk hav+ f\r key ways correspond+ to ^! ribs4 ,!re are ab\t #ijj ( ^! disks1 ! ext]nal diamet] be+ #bj in*es & ! total l5g? ( ! core #cf in*es4 ,! armature w9d+ consi/s ( #abh copp] b>s1 ea* #g_/h 94 deep1 measur$ radially1 by #c_/h 94 wide4 ,^! b>s are c\pl$ up s z to =m ?irty-two conductors only2 ?is arrangem5t has be5 adopt$ to avoid ! heat+ f ! ,f\cault curr5ts1 :i*1 ) #a 94 conductors1 w\ld h be5 v consid]able4 ,! b>s are c\pl$ at ! ends ( ! core across a c]ta9 *ord & are insulat$4 ,! commutator is #bj in*es long1 & has sixty-f\r p>ts4 ,! curr5t is collect$ by eight bru%es m\nt$ on a sep>ate r+1 plac$ conc5tric to ! commutator2 & ! curr5t is l$ away f ^! bru%es by a l>ge numb] ( ?9 b&s ( %eet copp] /rapp$ toge!r into conv5i5t gr\ps4 ,! field magnets are ( ! horizontal d\ble type4 ,z ?is ma*9e is virtually a s]ies w\nd ma*9e1 ! magnet coils ea* consi/ ( a few turns only ( =g$ copp] b>s1 #a 94 wide by #a 94 ?ick1 =g$ to fit ! magnet cores4 ,!re is no insulation o!r ?an mica w$ges to keep ! b>s f t\*+ ! core4 ,! dynamo furni%es a curr5t ( ab\t #e1jjj amp]es1 ) an ,e4,m4,f4 ( #ej to #fj volts1 & ?ree ye>s ago 0 claim$ to be ! l>ge/ ma*9e1 at lea/ z reg>ds quantity ( curr5t1 9 ! _w4 ,! curr5t f ! dynamos is l$ by copp] b>s to an enorm\s cut out1 calculat$ to fuse at #h1jjj amp]es4 ,?is is probably "o ( ! l>ge/ ev] design$1 & consi/s ( a framework c>ry+ twelve lead plates1 ea* #c 94 #a_/af? 94 ?ick4 ,a curr5t indicator is ins]t$ 9 ! circuit consi/+ ( a sol5oid ( n9e turns4 ,! range ( ?is indicator is su* t ! c5t] circle ( #cfjh1jjj amp]es4 ,! electrodes consi/$ ( a bundle ( n9e c>bons1 ea* #b 94 9 diamet]1 atta*$ by ca/+ into a head ( ca/ iron4 ,ea* c>bon weighs #bj lb1 &1 :5 new1 is ab\t #dh in*es long4 ,! head ( ! electrode is screw$ to ! copp] rods or leads1 :i* c be readily connect$ ) ! flexible cable supply+ ! curr5t4 ,! electric furnaces are rectangul> tr\ghs built ( fire brick1 _! int]nal dim5sions be+ #fj 94 #bj 94 #cf 94 deep4 ,into ea* end is built a ca/ iron tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! c>bon electrodes ent] ! furnace4 ,! electrodes are s arrang$ t x is possible by means ( screw+ to advance or )draw !m f ! furnace4 ,! :ole curr5t g5]at$ by ! great dynamo ( ! ,c[les ,company 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts raw mat]ials only 7 us$1 = x 0 evid5t t x 0 only by ! direct production ( phosphorus f ! native m9]als :i* conta9 x1 su* z ! phosphates ( lime1 magnesia1 or alum9a t !re 0 any hope ( sup]s$+1 9 po9t ( economy1 ! exi/+ process ( manufacture4 ,9 ! furnaces z us$ at ,milton mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 di/ribut+ ! heat ov] a suffici5tly wide area4 ,s locally int5se inde$ 0 ! heat )9 a c]ta9 zone1 t all ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! mixture 0 expell$ & alloys ( iron1 alum9um1 & calcium comb9$ ) m or less silicon1 & phosphorus 7 produc$4 ,"s ( ^! 7 ( an extremely int]e/+ nature4 ,we n[ turn to a %ort acc\nt ( ! works & plant :i* h be5 erect$ ne> ,wolv]hampton to prove ! comm]cial success ( ! new sy/em ( manufactur+ phosphorus4 ,! gr\nd is situat$ on ! banks ( a canal & ext5ds to ab\t #aj acres1 :i* are :olly )\t build+s except ^? :i* h be5 erect$ = ! purposes ( ^! indu/rial exp]im5ts4 ,^! consi/ ( boil] & eng9e h\ses1 & l>ge furnace %$s4 ,!re are ?ree ,babcock ,wilcox /eam boil]s ( #afj horse p[] ea*1 & ea* capable ( evaporat+ #e1jjj lb4 ( wat] p] h\r4 ,! wat] tubes are #ah ft4 long #d in*es diamet]1 & ! /eam & wat] drums #dc 94 9 diamet] & #bc ft4 long1 ( /eel #g_/af ?s4 94 ?ick1 provid$ ) a d\ble dead head safety valve1 /op valves1 bl[-(f cock1 wat] gauges1 & /eam gauge4 ,! total heat+ surface on ea* boil] is #a1fai squ>e feet & ! total grate surface is #cj squ>e feet4 ,! boil]s are work$ at #afj lb4 pressure4 ,! eng9e is a triple comp\nd "o ( ! type suppli$ = torp$o boats1 & built by ! ,y>r[ ,%ipbuild+ ,company4 ,x is fitt$ ) a ,pick]+ gov]nor = con/ant spe$4 ,! eng9e is capable ( deliv]+ 7) cond5s]7 #a1bjj indicat$ horse p[]1 & )\t cond5s] #bej indicat$ horse p[] less4 ,) /eam at #agj lb4 pressure ! eng9e work$ at #cej revolutions p] m9ute1 b x has be5 re>rang$ s z to deliv] #gjj indicat$ horse p[] ) #afj lb4 /eam pressure )\t cond5s]1 & at #cjj revolutions p] m9ute3 ,! high pressure cyl9d] is #ad in*es diamet]4 int]m$iate #be l[ pressure #cb /roke is #af in*es4 ,! dynamo = produc+ ! requisite am\nt ( electric curr5t suppli$ to ! furnaces is "o ( ! well kn[n ,elwell-,p>k] type ( alt]nat+ curr5t dynamos1 design$ to give #djj units ( electrical en]gy1 equival5t to #ecf indicat$ horse p[]4 ,! armature 9 ! ma*9e is /ation>y1 ) d\ble insulation betwe5 ! armature coils & ! core1 & also betwe5 ! core & ! frame1 & is s arrang$ t its two halves may be readily connect$ 9 s]ies or 9 p>allel 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! furnaces1 e4g41 at an electromotive =ce ( #hj volts x w give #e1jjj amp]es1 & at #afj volts1 #b1ejj amp]es :5 runn+ at #cjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! excit+ curr5t ( ! alt]nator is produc$ by an ,elwell-,p>k] %unt w\nd ma*9e1 driv5 direct f a pulley on ! alt]nator %aft1 & s arrang$ z to give #ij amp]es at #bej volts :5 runn+ at a spe$ ( #hjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,f #fj to #gj amp]es are utiliz$ 9 ! alt]nator1 ! rema9d] be+ available = light+ purposes 7:i* is done ?r\gh accumulators7 & g5]al exp]im5tal purposes4 ,! process is c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! raw mat]ials1 all intimately & c>efully mix$ toge!r1 are introduc$ into ! furnace & ! curr5t is !n turn$ on4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 indications ( phosphorus make _! appe>ance4 ,! vapors & gases f ! furnace pass away to l>ge copp] cond5s]s--! fir/ ( :i* conta9s hot & ! second cold wat]--& f9ally pass away into ! air4 ,z ! phosphorus =ms1 x di/ills (f f ! mixture1 & ! residue =ms a liquid slag at ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,fre% phosphorus yield+ mat]ial is !n introduc$ at ! top4 ,9 ?is way ! op]ation is a cont9u\s "o1 & may be cont9u$ = days )\t int]mission4 ,! *>ges = ! furnace are made up ) raw mat]ial1 i4e41 native phosphates )\t any previ\s *emical treatm5t1 & ! only manufactur$ mat]ial necess>y--if su* x may be call$--is ! c>bon to effect ! r$uction ( ! ores4 ,! crude phosphorus obta9$ 9 ! cond5s]s is tol]ably pure1 & is readily ref9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,dr4 ,readman & ,mr4 ,p>k] h f\nd t x is m advantage\s to use a s]ies ( furnaces in/ead ( s5d+ ! entire curr5t ?r\gh "o furnace4 ,^! furnaces w ea* yield ab\t #a cwt4 ( phosphorus p] day4 ,analyses ( ! slag %[ t ! decomposition ( ! raw phosphates is v p]fect1 = ! p]c5tage ( phosphorus left 9 ! slag seldom exce$s #a p] c5t4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,blea*+ ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus =m+ ! subject ( ?is inv5tion 0 design$ by ,francis ,a4 ,cl\dman1 ,erw9 ,b4 ,newcomb1 & ,frank ,h4 ,cl\dman1 ( ,cumb]l& ,mills1 ,me41 & comprises a s]ies ( tanks or *e/s1 two or m 9 numb]1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial to be blea*$ is caus$ to pass1 be+ transf]r$ f "o to ! next ( ! s]ies 9 ord]1 :ile ! blea*+ ag5t is caus$ to pass ?r\gh ! s]ies ( *e/s 9 ! rev]se ord]1 & ?us acts fir/ & at full /r5g? ^u ! mat]ials :i* h previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh all b ! la/ "o ( ! s]ies ( *e/s & h already be5 subject$ to ! blea*+ ag5t ( less /r5g?4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! *e/ 9 :i* ! mat]ial is fir/ introduc$ w be call$ ! fir/ ( ! s]ies & ! re/ numb]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! mat]ial is pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 & x w be und]/ood t any desir$ numb] may be us$1 two1 h[ev]1 be+ suffici5t to c>ry on ! process4 ,! inv5tion is %[n embodi$ 9 an app>atus prop]ly con/ruct$ = treat+ pulp us$ = ! manufacture ( pap]1 & = conv5i5ce ! mat]ial to be blea*$ w be h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ! pulp1 al?\gh x is obvi\s t simil> app>atus might be us$ = blea*+ o!r mat]ials1 al?\gh ! app>atus might h to be modifi$ to adapt x = convey+ o!r mat]ials ( diff]5t nature ?an pulp f "o blea*+ *e/ to ! o!r & = sep>at+ out ! blea*+ liquid & convey+ x f "o *e/ to ! o!r 9 ! rev]se ord] to t 9 :i* ! mat]ial passes f "o *e/ to ! next4 ,! pulp mat]ial ) :i* ! app>atus h]e9 illu/rat$ is int5d$ to be us$ is reta9$ 9 susp5sion 9 ! blea*+ liquid & fl[s readily ?r\gh ducts or passages provid$ = x 9 ! app>atus 9 :i* ! pulp to be blea*$ & ! blea*+ liquid are introduc$ toge!r at ! bottom ( ea* *e/ & fl[ upw>d !re?r\gh1 :ile at ! top ( ea* *e/ !re are two conveyors1 "o = c>ry+ ! pulp f "o *e/ to ! next 9 ord]1 :ile ! o!r c>ries ! blea*+ liquid f "o tank to ! next 9 ! rev]se ord]1 ! said conveyors also act+ to p>tially sep>ate ! pulp f ! liquid 9 :i* x has be5 susp5d$ dur+ its upw>d passage ?r\gh ! *e/4 ,suitable agitators may be employ$ = ?or\ghly mix+ ! mat]ials 9 ! *e/ & 9 ! app>atus %[n ! blea*+ ag5t & mat]ial to be blea*$ pass ?r\gh ea* *e/ 9 ! same direction--namely f ! bottom to ! top--al?\gh !y are c>ri$ f "o *e/ to ! next 9 ! rev]se ord]1 ! mat]ial to be blea*$ be+ prim>ily introduc$ into ! *e/ at "o end ( ! s]ies1 :ile ! blea*+ ag5t or solution is introduc$ prim>ily into ! *e/ at ! o!r end ( ! s]ies4 ,fig4 #a is a plan view ( an app>atus = blea*+ 9 accordance ) ?is inv5tion1 compris+ a s]ies ( f\r *e/s1 & ,fig4 #b is a v]tical longitud9al section ( a modifi$ arrangem5t ( two *e/s 9 l9e ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! conveyor = ! mat]ial to be blea*$ & ! passage ?r\gh :i* said mat]ial passes f ! top ( "o *e/ into ! bottom ( ! next *e/ 9 ! plane ( section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! *e/s1 a a#b a#c a#d1 may be ( any desir$ %ape & dim5sions & any desir$ numb] may be us$4 ,ea* ( said *e/s is provid$ ) an inlet passage1 b1 op5+ into ! same ne> its bottom1 & ?r\gh ?is passage ! mat]ials are introduc$4 ,! unblea*$ mat]ial1 :i* may be pap] pulp or mat]ial :i* is readily held 9 susp5sion 9 a liquid & is capable ( fl[+ or be+ convey$ f "o po9t to ano!r 9 a semi-fluid condition1 is introduc$ ?r\gh ! inlet passage1 b1 to ! fir/ *e/1 a1 ( ! s]ies1 said pulp pref]ably hav+ _h z mu* z possible ( ! liquid 9 :i* x 0 previ\sly susp5d$ remov$ )\t1 h[ev]1 dry+ x1 &1 toge!r ) ! said pulp1 ! blea*+ ag5t :i* has previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! o!r *e/s ( ! s]ies1 z w be h]e9aft] describ$1 is introduc$ s t bo? ent] toge!r at ! l[] portion ( ! fir/ *e/1 a1 ( ! s]ies4 ,! said mat]ials are caus$ to fl[ into ! *e/ cont9u\sly1 s t ! portion at ea* mom5t ent]+ t5ds to displace t :i* has already ent]$1 ?us caus+ ! mat]ials to rise gradually or fl[ upw>d f ! bottom to ! top ( ! *e/4 ,suitable /irr+ devices or agitators1 c1 may be employ$ to keep ! pulp 9 susp5sion & to expose x ?or\ghly & uni=mly to ! liquid introduc$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,:5 ! mat]ials 7! pulp & ! blea*+ liquid7 arrive at or ne> ! top ( ! *e/1 !y are p>tially sep>at$ f "o ano!r & remov$ f ! *e/ at sub/antially ! same rate t !y are introduc$1 z foll[s3 ,ea* *e/ is provid$ at its upp] "p ) a liquid conveyor1 d1 hav+ a con/ruction simil> to t ( ! device kn[n z a wa%] 9 pap] mak+ ma*9]y1 consi/+ ( a rotat+ drum1 ! p]iph]y ( :i* is cov]$ ) gauze1 :i* p]mits ! liquid to pass into x1 b excludes ! pulp susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 ! said drum conta9+ blades or buckets t raise ! liquid :i* ?us ent]s ?r\gh ! gauze & dis*>ges x at d#b ne> ! axis ( said drum4 ,!re is "o ( ^! wa%]s 9 ea* "o ( ! s]ies ( *e/s1 & ea* dis*>ges ! liquid tak5 f its correspond+ *e/ into ! inlet pipe ( ! next prec$+ *e/ ( ! s]ies1 ! wa%] 9 ! *e/1 a#d1 = example1 deliv]+ into ! inlet passage1 b1 ( ! *e/1 a#b1 & s on1 :ile ! wa%] ( ! fir/ *e/1 a1 ( ! s]ies deliv]s into a dis*>ge pipe1 e1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquid may be p]mitt$ to run to wa/e or convey$ to any suitable receptacle1 if x is desir$ to subject x to *emical action = ! purpose ( r5ew+ its blea*+ p[]s or obta9+ ! *emical ag5ts t may be conta9$ )9 x4 ,! op]ation ( ! wa%]s 9 remov+ ! liquid f ! upp] "p ( ! *e/ t5ds to ?ick5 ! pulp !re91 & ! said ?ick5$ pulp is convey$ f "o *e/ to ! next 9 ! s]ies by any suitable convey+ device1 f 7%[n 9 ?is in/ance z a worm work+ 9 a tr\gh or case1 f#b71 :i* may be made =am9\s = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! liquid to dra9 out ( ! pulp t is be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! worm1 9 ord] t ! pulp may be introduc$ into ! next *e/ ( ! s]ies z free z possible f ! liquid 9 :i* x has be5 susp5d$ :ile 9 ! *e/ f :i* x is j tak54 ,! pulp is ?us convey$ f "o *e/ 9 ! s]ies to ! inlet passage lead+ to ! next *e/ ( ! s]ies1 & 9 ! said inlet passage x meets ! liquid com+ 9 ! rev]se ord] f ! next *e/ beyond 9 ! s]ies1 ! pulp & liquid ?us comm+l+ 9 ! inlet pipe & ent]+ ! *e/ toge!r1 & be+ ?or\ghly mix$ by ! agitators 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! *e/ by ! cont9u$ action ( fre% mat]ial ent]+ & ( ! conveyors tak+ ! mat]ial out f ! *e/s4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( *e/s into :i* ! pulp is introduc$ ! fre% or /rong blea*+ liquid is introduc$ ?r\gh a suitable inlet pipe1 g1 & ! pulp conveyor1 f1 t takes ! pulp f ! la/ *e/1 deliv]s x into a pipe1 h1 by :i* x may be convey$ to any desir$ po9t1 ! said pulp hav+ be5 suffici5tly blea*$ be=e arriv+ at ! said pipe1 h4 ,x w be se5 t by ^! means all ! pulp is ?or\ghly & uni=mly subject$ to ! blea*+ ag5t & t ! blea*+ is gradually p]=m$ 9 all p>ts ( ! pulp1 :i* is fir/ act$ ^u by ! weak] blea*+ ag5t t has previ\sly op]at$ ^u ! pulp be=e treat$1 & t f9ally1 :5 ne>ly blea*$1 ! pulp is act$ ^u by ! blea*+ mat]ial ( full /r5g?1 ?is action be+ f> m effici5t ?an :5 ! mat]ials are simply mix$ toge!r1 ! unblea*$ mat]ial ) ! /rong blea*+ ag5t1 & all[$ to rema9 toge!r until ! blea*+ op]ation is f9i%$1 9 :i* plan ! blea*+ ag5t loses its /r5g? z ! blea*+ op]ation approa*es completion1 s t :5 ! pulp is ne>ly blea*$ x is op]at$ ^u by a v weak blea*+ ag5t4 ,by hav+ ! pulp transf]r$ f "o *e/ to ! next 9 ! rev]se ord] to t 9 :i* ! liquid is transf]r$ x w be se5 t all p>ts ( ! pulp are act$ ^u uni=mly & equally & t ! op]ation may g on cont9u\sly = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t )\t necessitat+ /opp+ to empty ! vats1 z is ! case :5 ! liquor only is transf]r$ f "o vat to ! next4 ,a pump may be us$ = lift+ ! blea*+ liquid1 z %[n1 = example1 at k1 ,fig4 #a4 :]e said pump is us$ to raise ! liquid deliv]$ f ! *e/1 a#b1 & dis*>ge x into ! tr\gh1 m1 by :i* ! pulp is c>ri$ to ! inlet pipe1 b4 ,by ! use ( ! pump1 h1 a /rong] fl[ ( ! liquid into ! pipe b1 ( ! fir/ *e/1 a1 is effect$ ?an if x 7 tak5 directly f ! wa%] ( ! *e/1 a#b1 :i* is desirable1 z ! pulp is deliv]$ 9 ! tr\gh1 m1 ) b little moi/ure4 ,x is obvi\s t ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus may be v>i$ consid]ably )\t mat]ially *ang+ ! ess5tial features ( op]ation4 ,= example1 ! wa%]s might be disp5s$ ) & ! liquid p]mitt$ to fl[ ?r\gh suitable /ra9]s f "o *e/ to ! next 9 ord]1 by gravity1 ! successive *e/s 9 ! ord] ( ! passage ( ! pulp be+ plac$ ea* at a high] level ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & x is also obvi\s t ! con/ruction ( ! pulp conveyors might be widely v>i$1 x be+ ess5tial only t means %\ld be provid$ = remov+ ! pulp f "o *e/ & deliv]+ x into ! next :ile c>ry+ only a small am\nt ( ! liquid f "o *e/ to ! next ) ! pulp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,,m$ic9al ,,solutions ,,9 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,& ,,m5tal ,,affections4 ,,be+ ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,c]ebro-,,sp9al ,,!rapeutics4 ,by ,j4 ,,leon>d ,,corn+1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york1 ,consultant 9 ,n]v\s ,diseases to ,/4 ,francis ,hospital1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital1 ! ,hack5sack ,hospital1 etc4 ,to m]ely facilitate ! introduction ( m$ic9al ag5ts into ! sy/em by way ( ! air passages1 9 ! =m ( gases1 m$icat$ or non-m$icat$1 has h]et(ore con/itut$ ! pr9cipal motive among physicians = invok+ ! aid ( compress$ air4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,paul ,b]t ) nitr\s oxide & oxyg5 gas1 p]=m$ ov] f\rte5 ye>s ago1 & ! m rec5t proposals ( ,see1 are illu/rations 9 po9t4 ,! objects ( :i* ,i h be5 9 se>* are q diff]5t f ! =ego+1 & h ref]5ce n to ! introduction ( ! rem$y1 b to ! enhancem5t ( its effects aft] exhibition4 ,let me be m explicit on ?is po9t1 by /at+ at once t1 9 contradi/9ction to my pr$ecessors1 ,i %all endeavor to %[ t by f> ! mo/ useful s]vice d]ivable f compress$ air is f\nd 9 its ability to enhance & p]petuate ! effects ( soluble rem$ies 7introduc$ hypod]mically1 by ! m\?1 or o!rwise7 ^u ! int]nal organs1 & m especially ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al axis4 ,"s *emical aff9ity betwe5 ! rem$y employ$ & ! protoplasm ( ! n]ve cell is1 ( c\rse1 assum$ to exi/2 & x is ) ! enhancem5t ( ?is aff9ity--?is bond ( union betwe5 ! m$ic9al solution & ! n]v\s elem5t--t we %all *iefly conc]n ourselves 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,by way ( introduction1 ,i may recall ! fact t my att5tion 0 direct$ sev]al ye>s s9ce to ! advisability ( devis+ "s means by ! aid ( :i* m$ic9al sub/ances1 & m especially an/hetics1 might be made to localize1 int5sify1 & p]petuate _! action ^u ! p]iph]al n]ves4 ,! simple problem 9 physiology & me*anics involv$ 9 ?is "q ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to solve q a long "t ago2 & ,i mu/ confess t 9 ! retrospect ^! und]tak+s 9 !mselves d n seem to me ( great magnitude1 ?\gh 9 _! practical application _! significance appe>s m consid]able4 ,h]e9 lies1 x may be1 ! explanation ( ! int]e/ :i* ^! /udies excit$ 9 ! pr(ession at ! "t ( _! publication4 ,^! ?+s are1 h[ev]1 a "p ( m$ical hi/ory2 & ,i m]ely ref] to !m at ?is "t because !y h l$ me to resume ! solution ( a f> great] problem--t ( int5sify+1 p]petuat+1 & 7to "s ext5t at lea/7 localiz+ ! effects ( rem$ies ^u ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,i speak ( resum+ ^! /udies because1 z f> back z #ahhj & #ahhb1 ,i made "s attempts--albeit r abortive--9 ! same direction4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! argum5t = ! foll[+ /udy1 ,i am behold5 m especially to ?ree facts1 ! k ( :i* came to me z ! direct result ( exp]im5tal te/s4 ,"o may place confid5ce1 !re=e1 9 ! proc$ure :i* ,i h bas$ ^u ^! premises1 = at no po9t1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! foll[+ argum5t w m]e affirmation be f\nd to h usurp$ ! place ( s\nd induction4 ,)\t anticipat+ fur!r1 !n1 let me specify z briefly z may be ! nature ( ^! facts4 ,,premises ,,( ,,argum5t4 ,fir/ ,fact4--,! am\nt ( e!r1 *lor(orm1 *loral hydrate1 ! bromides1 /ry*n9e1 & _m o!r rem$ies1 requir$ to produce physiological effects ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al me*anism may be r$uc$ by fir/ secur+ a ligature ar\nd ! c5tral portion ( "o or sev]al ( ! limbs ( an animal1 s z to int]rupt bo? ! art]ial & v5\s circulation4 ,! pro( & explanation ( ?is may be ?us pres5t$3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well kn[n t *ildr5 & small animals are affect$ by mu* small] quantities ( an/hetics & o!r m$ic9al sub/ances ?an are requir$ to produce equal effects 9 m5 & l>ge animals4 ,at fir/ sight1 !re appe>s to exi/ a c]ta9 def9ite relation betwe5 ! weight ( ! animal & ! quantity ( m$icam5t requir$ to produce physiological effects4 ,on clos] inquiry1 h[ev]1 we f9d beh9d ?is proposition ! deep] tru? t ! real proportion is betwe5 ! magnitude ( ! blood-mass & ! am\nt ( m$icam5t4 ,?us1 if we )draw a consid]able am\nt ( blood f a l>ge dog1 we may be able to affect him by mu* small] doses ?an ^? requir$ "u ord9>y circum/ances2 &1 among human be+s1 we f9d ! anmic mu* m susceptible to rem$ies ?an ! full-blood$ ( equal weight4 ,! degree ( saturation ( ! blood-mass ) ! rem$y is obvi\sly1 !n1 ! pr9cipal ?+2 ! great] ! am\nt ( blood1 ! m rem$y--ev]y?+ else be+ equal--we %all h to give 9 ord] to obta9 def9ite results4 ,if we wi% to embody ! proposition 9 a ma!matical /atem5t1 we may d s 9 ! foll[+ simple mann]3 ,let a repres5t ! total quantity ( blood1 b1 ! am\nt ( rem$y exhibit$1 & x ! magnitude ( ! physiological effect4 ,we %all !n h ! simple =mula1 x b _/ a4 ,aga91 if we )draw a c]ta9 quantity ( blood f ! circulation by v5esection1 & call t am\nt d1 we %all !n h ! =mula x b _/ 7a-d74 ,b1 if we wi% to act ^u ! organs ( ! trunk1 & m especially ^u ^? conta9$ )9 ! c]ebro-sp9al canal1 x is n necess>y to resort to su* a dra/ic exp$i5t z copi\s blood-lett+2 =1 9 place ( ?is1 we may dam up & effectually elim9ate f ! re/ ( ! body a c]ta9 am\nt ( blood by pass+ a ligature ar\nd ! c5tral portion ( "o or sev]al extremities1 s z to int]rupt ! circulation 9 bo? art]y & ve94 ,:5 ?is has be5 done x is cle> t we may introduce a rem$y into ! sy/em by way ( ! /oma*1 or hypod]mically into "s portion ( ! trunk2 & x is equally c]ta9 t a rem$y s introduc$ w be dilut$ only 9 ! ratio ( ! am\nt ( blood freely circulat+1 & m especially by t conta9$ )9 ! trunk & head4 ,t :i* is inc>c]at$ beh9d ! ligatures is z effectually )drawn f ! realm ( physiological action z ?\gh x _h be5 ab/ract$ by ! surgeon's knife4 ,elim9ation by ! knife & elim9ation by ! ligature are1 = pres5t purposes1 !n1 "o & ! same ?+4 ,h5ce1 if we let d' repres5t ! am\nt ( blood inc>c]at$ beh9d ! ligatures1 x ! magnitude ( ! physiological effect :i* we are seek+1 b ! am\nt ( rem$y exhibit$1 & a ! total am\nt ( blood conta9$ 9 ! :ole organism1 we %all h ! =mula1 b b x ------ ----- a - d' a - d ,sev]al ye>s s9ce1 ,i _h an excell5t opportunity ( prov+ ! tru? ( ! =ego+1 9 connection ) ! adm9i/ration ( e!r 9 ! case ( a pati5t :o resi/$ all attempts to an/hetize him 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! case 9 "q 0 a man "u treatm5t at ! ,manhattan ,eye & ,e> ,hospital1 ^u :om x 0 deem$ advisable to p]=m an op]ation4 ,z has be5 said1 ! ord9>y means ( induc+ an/hesia _h prov$ ineffectual1 = ! man 0 a confirm$ drunk>d2 & x 0 at ?is juncture t ,i 0 call$ 9 consultation & reque/$ by my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,david ,web/]1 "o ( ! surgeons ( ! hospital1 to endeavor to devise "s means ( gett+ ! man "u ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic4 ,! proc$ure :i* ,i sugge/$ 0 ?is3#c ,ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ea* ?igh a flat rubb] t\rniquet 0 tightly drawn & secur$ 9 place 9 ! usual mann]4 ,by ?is means ! seque/ration ( all ! blood conta9$ 9 ! l[] limbs 0 accompli%$2 b1 inasmu* z bo? art]y & ve9 7 compress$1 only ! am\nt ( blood usually conta9$ 9 ea* limb 0 %ut (f f ! re/ ( ! body--:i* w\ld n h be5 ! case _h we cont5t$ ourselves ) m]ely compress+ ! ve9s1 z "s h done4 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! ,effective & ,rapid ,induction ( ,g5]al ,an/hesia1 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #bb & ,decemb] #bd1 #ahhg4 ,9 subsequ5tly comm5t+ on my publi%$ report ( ?is case1 t mo/ accompli%$ writ] & physician1 ,h5ry ,m4 ,lyman--?an :om !re is no great] au?ority on an/hesia--obs]ves t ! plan propos$ & adopt$ by me on ?is occasion 7t ( compress+ bo? ve9 & art]y7 is f> pref]able to compression ( ! ve9 alone4 ,! reason = ?is is n f> to seek4 ,:5 we compress ! ve9s alone !re is a rapid accumulation ( blood 9 ! extremities ?r\gh ! accessions d]iv$ f ! un9t]rupt$ art]ies4 ,n[1 z ?is blood is d]iv$ f ! trunk1 & consequ5tly also f ! organs conta9$ )9 ! c]ebro-sp9al canal1 !re is dang] ( syncope & ev5 he>t failure4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 bo? art]y & ve9 are compress$ no su* d]ivative action occurs1 & all dang] is1 consequ5tly1 remov$4 ,) an apology = ?is brief digression1 ,i n[ return to ! int]e/+ case :i* has giv5 rise to x4 ,hav+1 z previ\sly /at$1 appli$ t\rniquets to ! c5tral portion ( ! l[] limbs1 ! e!r cap 0 plac$ ov] ! m\? & nose ( ! pati5t1 & 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t he 0 unconsci\s1 & ! surgeons 7 able to g on ) ! op]ation4 ,! late ,dr4 ,cornelius ,r4 ,agnew & _m o!r memb]s ( ! /aff ( ! hospital 7 pres5t1 & gave emphatic expressions ( approval4 ,dr4 ,f4,w4 ,r+1 assi/ant surgeon to ! ,manhattan ,eye & ,e> ,hospital1 decl>$ t bo? ! am\nt ( e!r & ! "t consum$ 9 its adm9i/ration 7 inf9itesimal :5 comp>$ ) :at _h be5 exp5d$ 9 previ\s ef=ts at induc+ an/hesia 9 ! usual way4 ,! facts br\ght out on ?is occasion ) reg>d to ! adm9i/ration ( e!r h s9ce be5 repeat$ly v]ifi$ by diff]5t obs]v]s2 s t at ! pres5t day _! validity _c be que/ion$4 ,i w m]ely add1 h[ev]1 t ,i h long kn[n t ! dosage ( ph5acet91 antipyr9e1 morph9e1 *loralamid1 *loral1 ! bromides1 & _m o!r rem$ies might be r$uc$ by resort to ! same proc$ure2 all ( :i* is m]ely equival5t to /at+ t _! ph>maco-dynamic en]gy may be increas$ 9 ?is way4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! second fact1 :i* requires no special elaboration1 & may be /at$ ?us3 ,second ,fact4--,! duration ( ! effect ( a rem$y ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al axis is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( its volatility2 & ?is is equally true :e!r ! rem$y be giv5 ) or )\t ! precautions previ\sly detail$4 ,= example1 ! an/hetic effects ( e!r disappe> %ortly aft] removal ( ! inhal]1 :e!r we apply t\rniquets to ! extremities or n2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! analgesic influ5ce ( antipyr91 ph5acet91 morph9e1 & o!r l rem$ies la/s v mu* long]1 & _! dose may be r$uc$1 or--:at is ! same ?+--_! ph>maco-dynamic pot5cy may be enhanc$ by ! seque/ration ( ! blood conta9$ )9 ! extremities4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,i 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce ?is fact4 ,9 s f> z a simple expression ( ! above tru? is conc]n$1 we may employ ! foll[+ =mula3 ,let a repres5t ! normal blood-mass conta9$ 9 ! entire body1 d ! am\nt ( blood seque/rat$ by ! ligatures1 b ! am\nt ( ! rem$y1 c ! volatility ( ! rem$y1 & x ! ph>maco-dynamic pot5cy ( :i* we are 9 se>*2 we %all !n h b x ----------- 7a - d'7 c ,we n[ arrive at our ?ird fact1 :i* w require m ext5sive elaboration4 ,?ird ,fact4--,! ph>maco-dynamic pot5cy ( /imulants1 s$atives1 analgesics1 & probably ( all rem$ies :i* possess a *emical aff9ity = n]v\s matt]1 is enhanc$ by exhibit+ !m 7! rem$ies7 9 solution or soluble =m--hypod]mically1 by ! m\?1 or p] rectum--:ile ! subject rema9s 9 a cond5s$ atmosph]e4 ,&1 z a coroll>y1 x may be /at$ t ?is increase1 ?is enhancem5t ( ! pot5cy ( ! rem$y is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 9 ! ratio ( ! atmosph]ic cond5sation4 ,to express ?is tru? ma!matically is n difficult4 ,?us1 :5 a repres5ts ! am\nt ( blood ( ! :ole body1 b ! am\nt ( ! rem$y1 e ! am\nt ( atmosph]ic compression1 & x ! ph>maco-dynamic pot5tiality :i* we are seek+1 we %all !n h ! simple =mula3 b x e x ----- a ,a def9ite conception ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition w1 ,i ?9k1 be m readily atta9$ by ! pres5tation ( ! /eps :i* l$ me to its discov]y4 ,let me beg91 !n1 by /at+ t my att5tion 0 attract$ sev]al ye>s ago by t unique complex ( symptoms kn[n z ! caisson or tunnel disease4 ,z mo/ physicians are aw>e1 ! caisson disease is an affection ( ! sp9al cord1 due to a sudd5 transition f a relatively high atmosph]ic pressure to "o mu* l[]4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o "w 9 caissons1 or subm]g$ tunnels1 "u an ext]nal pressure ( two atmosph]es or ev5 m1 are liable to be attack$ by ! disease %ortly aft] leav+ ! tunnel4 ,! seizure nev]1 h[ev]1 occurs :ile ! subject is 9 ! caisson1 or 9 o!r words1 :ile he rema9s "u pressure4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! transition f ! cond5s$ atmosph]e to t ( ord9>y d5sity is gradually accompli%$1 :i* may be done by lett+ ! air escape f ! lock v sl[ly1 ! caisson disease is r>ely if ev] set up4 ,x is ! sy/ematic disreg>d ( ?is pr9ciple by ^? :o "w 9 compress$ air t is responsible1 or l>gely responsible1 = ! occurr5ce ( ! disease4 ,! *ief cl9ical features ( ! caisson disease are pa91 :i* may be relatively mild1 z :5 conf9$ to a circumscrib$ area ( "o extremity1 or ( frightful int5sity1 z :5 x appe>s 9 ! e>s1 knees1 back1 or abdom52 an/hesia & p>alysis1 usually ( p>aplegic type2 bladd] symptoms1 assum+ ! =m ( ret5tion or incont95ce2 &1 m r>ely1 rectal di/urbances 7usually incont95ce74 ,^! ph5om5a1 or r "s ( !m1 appe> "s "t )9 half an h\r aft] ! subject has left ! compress$ atmosph]e4 ,x 0 :ile inve/igat+ ?is mo/ int]e/+ affection z x occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,hudson ,riv] tunnel1 t ,i 0 able1 at ! same "t1 to /udy ! effects ( compress$ air ^u ! organism1 & especially ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 z exhibit$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,! results ( ^! /udies ,i n[ submit )\t hesitation1 & 9 all c&or1 to ! judgm5t ( ! pr(ession1 believ+1 z ,i c]ta9ly d1 t _! practical significance f a neuro-!rapeutic /&po9t is assur$4 ,)\t anticipat+1 h[ev]1 let me /ate t ! fir/ ?+ :i* impress$ me ab\t compress$ air 0 its extraord9>y effect ^u c]ebral & c]ebro-sp9al function4 ,^? :o rema9 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 n too long1 h[ev]1 9 ! cond5s$ atmosph]e1 exhibit a mo/ /rik+ exac]bation ( m5tal & physical vigor4 ,!y g up & d[n ladd]s1 lift heavy weights1 are m or less exhil>at$1 &1 9 %ort1 behave z ?\gh "u ! influ5ce ( a /imulant4 ,h>dly _h ,i obs]v$ ^! ?+s1 :i* are p]fectly well kn[n to ^? :o h be5 able to famili>ize !mselves ) ! ord9>y effects ( compress$ air z us$ 9 caissons & subm>9e works ( v>i\s k9ds1 :5 my att5tion became attract$ by :at at fir/ appe>$ to be a ph5om5on ( trivial importance4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i obs]v$ t "s ( ! m5 expos$ to ! effects ( ! compress$ air 7 m exhil>at$ by x ?an o!rs4 ,^u sup]ficial reflection "o might h suppos$ t ?is discrepancy 9 physiological effect 0 to be acc\nt$ = m]ely on ! basis ( con/itutional idiosyncrasy2 matur] ?\ght1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ me t ! exagg]at$ effects ( ! cond5s$ air 7 bo? too num]\s & too con/ant to be am5able to su* an explanation4 ,?is l$ me to /udy ! habits ( ! m52 & ?us x 0 t ,i arriv$ at a discov]y ( real practical value to neuro!rapy4 ,to be brief1 ,i f\nd t a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! m51 be=e ent]+ ! compress$ air employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,hudson ,riv] tunnel1 7 9 ! habit ( dr9k+ a quantity ( alcohol1 usually 9 ! =m ( :isky4 ,s long z ^! m5 rema9$ outside ! tunnel1 :]e ! atmosph]ic conditions 7 normal1 !y 7 n visibly affect$ by _! potations4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y ent]$ ! compress$ air ( ! tunnel1 b a %ort "t elaps$ be=e !y became exhil>at$ to an inord9ate degree1 act+1 z "o ( ! =em5 graphically express$ x1 z ?\gh !y own$ ! t[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! cu/om>y draught ( alcohol 0 )held f !m1 ^! same m5 7 no m1 if z mu*1 exhil>at$ on ent]+ ! compress$ air z 7 _! fell[s4 ,! effects ( alcohol1 !n1 are enhanc$ by expos+ ! subject to ! influ5ce ( an atmosph]e cond5s$ to a consid]able degree beyond t ( ! normal atmosph]e4 ,act+ on ! h9t d]iv$ f ?is discov]y1 ,i proce$$ to adm9i/] abs9!1 e!r1 ! w9e ( coca1 v]m\?1 *ampagne1 & o!r /imulants1 be=e expos+ ! subject to ! influ5ce ( ! cond5s$ atmosph]e1 & inv>iably obs]v$ analog\s effects1 i4e41 palpable augm5tation ( ! physiological effects ( ! rem$y4 ,^u :at pr9ciple does ?is augm5tation ( physiological effect dep5d8 h[ is x to be acc\nt$ =8 ,9 my op9ion1 ! answ] to ?is "q may be giv5 z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we "k t ! prim>y effect ( ! compress$ air ^u ! organism mu/ be to =ce ! blood f ! surface ( ! body t[>d ! int]ior1 & especially into ! c]ebro-sp9al canal4 ,or1 to express x m succ9ctly1 ! blood w be =c$ 9 ! direction ( ! lea/ resi/ance1 t is1 into ! s(t organs inclos$ by bony walls1 :i* latt] completely %ut out ! elem5t ( c\nt]-pressure4 ,n[1 :5 ! blood /ream is freight$ ) a soluble *emical ( "s sort--let u say1 = ! pres5t1 ) alcohol--?is m$icat$ blood w ex]t its greate/ *emical effect :]e ! t5sion--! pressure--is greate/1 t is1 9 ! c]ebro-sp9al canal4 ,! reason = ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t endosmosis is mo/ pron\nc$ :]e ! blood pressure is greate/4 ,?is explanation ( :y ! effects ( alcohol are enhanc$ by expos+ ! individual :o has tak5 x to ! effects ( a cond5s$ atmosph]e w1 ,i believe1 appeal to ! physiological conceptions ( mo/ m$ical m54 ,x 0 ! above c\rse ( reason+ :i*1 at ?is /age ( ! argum5t1 l$ me to ! idea t1 j z ! effects ( /imulat+ sub/ances are enhanc$ by expos+ ! subject to ! influ5ce ( compress$ air1 s1 inv]sely1 s$atives & analgesics1 :5 br\ght 9 solution into ! blood /ream1 ei!r hypod]mically or by ! /oma*1 might be greatly enhanc$ 9 effect by caus+ ! subject to rema91 :ile "u _! influ5ce1 9 a cond5s$ atmosph]e4 ,:5 ,i came to inve/igate ! validity ( ^! pr$ictions1 z ,i did %ortly aft] ! introduction ( antipyr91 ph5acet91 & ! o!r memb]s ( ! same gr\p ( comp\nds1 ,i f\nd my pr$ictions v]ifi$1 &1 inde$1 exce$$4 ,to summ>ize ! :ole matt]1 ,i asc]ta9$ t n only c\ld !rapeutic effects be obta9$ f mu* small] doses by expos+ ! subject to ! influ5ce ( a cond5s$ atmosph]e1 b1 :at 0 ( equal int]e/1 ,i f\nd t ! analgesic influ5ce ( ! rem$ies 0 mu* m p]man5t1 0 prolong$1 9 %ort1 by ?is mode ( adm9i/ration4 ,:5 we consid] h[ great mu/ be ! nutritive *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & especially 9 ! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 consequ5t ^u increas+ ! blood pressure 9 ?is way1 ,i h>dly ?9k t ^! ?+s %\ld be matt]s ( a/oni%m5t4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,facts4--,tru?s l ! =ego+ possess1 h[ev]1 mu* m ?an a !oretical int]e/1 & we %\ld be greatly lack+ 9 p]spicuity did we n seek to d]ive f !m some?+ fur!r ?an a f\ndation = m]e speculation4 ,inde$1 ! :ole t5or ( ^! facts is oppos$ to su* a c\rse1 =1 view !m z we may1 ! ?\ght inevitably arises t "h are ?+s :i* conta9 ! g]m ( "s practical acquisition4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! impression :i* !y eng5d]$ 9 my own m9d--an impression :i*1 be+ unable to rid myself (1 ,i h all[$ to fructify4 ,nor has regret foll[$ ?is t5acity ( purpose1 s9ce1 by ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree pr9ciples previ\sly enunciat$1 ,i h be5 able to devise a proc$ure :i*1 9 my h&s1 has yield$ flatt]+ results 9 ! treatm5t ( a wide range ( n]v\s affections1 & notably s 9 melan*olia1 *orea1 insomnia1 neura/h5ia1 & pa9ful conditions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,argum5t4--,! me?od 9 "q consi/s1 !n1 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree facts already elucidat$4 ,to recapitulate1 !y are3 #a4 ,t ! effects ( rem$ies ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al axis may be enhanc$ by ! seque/ration ( ! blood conta9$ 9 "o or m extremities1 previ\s to ! adm9i/ration ( ! m$icam5t4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! quantity ( a rem$y requir$ to produce a giv5 physiological effect may be r$uc$ by any exp$i5t :i* susp5ds1 or seque/rates1 ! blood 9 "o or m extremities4 ,z has be5 previ\sly said1 h[ev]1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid dang]\s exsangu9ation ( ! trunk1 & consequ5tly ( ! respiratory & c>diac c5t]s conta9$ 9 ! m$ulla4 ,?is may be done by compress+ ! c5tral portion ( bo? art]y & ve92 b ,i %all pres5tly indicate a bett] way ( accompli%+ ! same ?+4 #b4 ,! duration ( ! effect ( a rem$y ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al axis is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( its volatility4 ,= ?is reason ! an/hetic effects ( e!r disappe> %ortly aft] removal ( ! inhal]1 :]eas solutions ( antipyr91 ph5acet91 morph9e1 & o!r salts possess+ an aff9ity = n]v\s tissue ex]t mu* m p]man5t effects ^u ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! adm9i/ration ( rem$ies design$ to ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em 9 ! =m ( gases mu/ be f> inf]ior to ! exhibition ( pot5t solutions hypod]mically or by ! m\?4 #c4 ,! ph>maco-dynamic pot5cy ( /imulants1 s$atives1 analgesics1 & probably ( all rem$ies possess+ a *emical aff9ity = n]v\s matt]1 is enhanc$ by exhibit+ !m 7! rem$ies7 9 solution1 or at lea/ 9 soluble =m :ile ! subject rema9s 9 a cond5s$ atmosph]e4 ,&1 z a coroll>y to ?is1 x may be /at$ t ?is increase--?is enhancem5t ( !rapeutic effect--is1 )9 physiological limits1 9 ! ratio ( ! atmosph]ic cond5sation4 ,by physiological limits we mean simply t !re is a degree ( atmosph]ic cond5sation beyond :i* we _c g )\t jeop>diz+ ! well-be+ ( ! subject4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eyesight3 ,,its ,,c>e ,,dur+ ,,infancy ,,& ,,y\?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,decemb] #e1 #ahij4--;,f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,in/itute4 ,by ,l4 ,,web/] ,,fox1 ,m4,d4 ,m$ical sci5ce1 z taught 9 our m$ical colleges to-day1 has two objects 9 view3 7#a7 ! prev5tion ( disease2 7#b7 ! amelioration ( disease & its cure4 ,"s ( our advanc$ ?9k]s are sugge/+ a new mode ( practice1 t is ! prev5tion ( disease by prop] hygi5ic measures4 ,*airs are be+ e/abli%$ & pr(essors appo9t$ to deliv] lectures on hygi5e4 ,( :at value is ! application ( !rapeutics if ! human economy is s l[]$ 9 its vital =ces t dissolution is inevitable8 ,is x n bett] to prev5t disease ?an to try ! cure aft] x has become e/abli%$1 or has honeycomb$ ! con/itution8 ,^! few prelim9>y rem>ks are apropos to :at is to foll[ 9 ! subject :i* ,i h select$ z ! topic = discussion ?is ev5+4 ,vision is ! mo/ useful ( all ! s5ses4 ,x is ! "o gift :i* we %\ld *]i% & gu>d ! mo/4 ,& at no "t 9 "o's life is x m preci\s ?an 9 infancy & y\?4 ,9 infancy1 :5 ! *ild is develop+1 ! "o great av5ue to ! unfold+1 or m prop]ly speak+1 ! developm5t1 ( ! intellect is ?r\gh ! eye4 ,! eye at ?is p]iod holds 9 abeyance all ! o!r s5ses4 ,! *ild1 :5 ins5sible to t\*1 ta/e1 smell or he>+1 w become ar\s$ to action by a bright light or bright colors1 or ! movem5t ( any illum9at$ object1 prov+ to all t light is ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! fir/ & mo/ important s5se4 ,aga91 ! infant ( b six days ( age w recognize a c&le flame1 :ile its second s5se & second 9 importance to its developm5t--he>+--w n be recogniz$ = six weeks to two mon?s4 ,ta/e1 t\* & smell foll[ 9 regul> sequ5ce4 ,inasmu* z light makes ?us e>ly an impression on ! delicate organ ( vision1 h[ necess>y x behooves u to gu>d ! infant f too bright lights or too mu* exposure 9 our bright climate4 ,mo!rs--n only ! "y "m ) h] fir/ *ild1 b also ^? :o h _h sev]al *ildr5--are too apt to try to quiet a re/less *ild by plac+ x ne> a bright flame2 mu* evil to ! future use ( ^? eyes is ! outgr[? ( su* a p]nici\s habit4 ,light ?r[s into action c]ta9 cells ( t wond]ful /ructure ( ! eye1 ! ret9a1 & an ov] /imulus p]v]ts ! action ( ^? cells4 ,! result is t by ?is ov]-/imulation ! se$s ( future tr\ble are s[n4 ,let ! adult gaze ^u ! arc ( an electric light or into ! sun1 & = _m mom5ts1 nay h\rs1 t individual has danc+ be=e 8 vision sc9tillations & phosph5es4 ,8 direct vision becomes blurr$1 & z 9 ! case ( a c]ta9 individual ,i h 9 m9d1 !re may be a p]man5t loss ( sight4 ,p>5ts %\ld take ! fir/ precaution 9 ! *ild's life1 & n expose x to a light too bright or gl>+4 ,:5 9 ! op5 air let ! *ild's eyes be protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,:ile x is impossible to give all *ildr5 ! advantage ( gre5 fields & outdoor rambl+s1 yet nature nev] int5d$ t civilization %\ld deb> ! innoc5t *ild f su* surr\nd+s4 ,an anecdote is relat$ ( a ,fr5* oph?almic surgeon1 t a di/+ui%$ pati5t appli$ to him = relief f a visual defect2 ! surgeon advis$ him to g into ! c\ntry & look out ^u ! gre5 fields4 ,! gre5 color ) its soo?+ effect soon br\ght ab\t a re/oration ( vision4 ,:at ,i wi% to illu/rate by ?is anecdote is t *ildr5 %\ld be all[$ ! gre5 fields z _! be/ fri5d 9 e>ly life4 ,x tones up ! sy/em & re/s ! eye4 ,aft] outdoor ex]cise & pl5ty ( x1 we %\ld turn our att5tion to ! home surr\nd+s ( our little ones4 ,! ov]heat$ rooms ( ! av]age ,am]ican home ,i am sure h m to d ) ! gr[+ t5d5cy ( weak eyes ?an we feel l admitt+4 ,look at ^! frail hot-h\se plants1 & c any "o believe t su* bodies n\ri%$ 9 almo/ pe/il5tial atmosph]e c n\ri% su* delicate organs ( vision1 & keep !m ready = ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w ea* little eye p]=ms daily8 ,! bra9 develop+ s rapidly wills ) an increas+ rapidity ! eye to d increas+ duties2 note ! result--a t5d5cy to impov]i%$ circulation fir/1 & ! eye ) its p[] to give ! bra9 a new picture 9 an inf9itesimal %ort space ( "t means lightn+-l circulation--! eye mu/ give way by its own exhau/ion4 ,civilization is ! prog5itor ( _m eye diseases4 ,aft] a boy has gr[n to t age :5 x becomes necess>y = him to beg9 ! education prescrib$ by ! wise m51 ob/acles are plac$ 9 8 way to aid aga9 9 caus+ det]ioration ( vision4 ,x is n s mu* ! ov]cr[d$ condition ( our s*ool rooms z ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w t causes det]ioration ( sight4 ,our *ildr5 beg9 _! s*ool life at a "t :5 !y are too "y4 ,a *ild at six ye>s ( age :o is =c$ to /udy all day or ev5 a "p ( a day w n run ! same race t "o w :o comm5ces 8 /udies at t5--all ?+s be+ equal4 ,! law prescribes t s mu* "t mu/ be devot$ to /udy1 s _m =ms mu/ be pass$1 s _m books mu/ be read1 s _m pages ( composition writt5--all probably 9 badly light$ rooms1 or by artificial light4 ,note ! effect4 ,fir/1 possibly1 di/ant vision gives way2 ! tea*]1 sympa?iz+ ) ! ov]burd5$ *ild1 tries to make ! burd5 light] by *ang+ 8 position 9 ! room or plac+ him "u ! cross light f a w9d[2 z ! evil progresses1 ! *ild is tak5 to an oph?almic surgeon1 & ! inevitable result1 glasses1 rightly call$ crut*es = ! eyes1 are giv54 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( a cause :i* w\ld weak5 ! legs ( t boy s t he w\ld h to use crut*es to c>ry him ?r\gh life8 ,if civilization be responsible = an evil1 let our ef=ts be put =? 9 f9d+ a rem$y = t evil4 ,a discussion1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1#b on ,! ,claims & ,limitations ( ,physical ,education 9 ,s*ools1 has _m valuable h9ts :i* %\ld be foll[$ by educators 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,c>t]1 9 ! lead+ pap] on ?is subject1 makes ! pregnant rem>k3 ,if ! hope is ent]ta9$ ( build+ up a sci5ce ( education1 ! m$ical pr(ession mu/ comb9e ) ! pr(ession ( tea*+1 9 ord] to direct inve/igation & to collect mat]ial ess5tial to g5]alization4 ,)\t su* co-op]ation educational work]s mu/ cont9ue to fl\nd] 9 ! morasses ( empiricism1 & be cont5t to pur*ase relative safety at ! co/ ( sl[ progress1 or no progress at all4 ,9 o!r words1 an advisory m$ical bo>d %\ld coexi/ ) our bo>d ( public education1 to try to hold 9 *eck or prev5t a fur!r cruelty 9 try+ to be k9d4 ,private in/itutions ( education recognize ! importance ( physical tra9+ & developm5t1 & 9 su* in/itutions ! det]ioration ( vision is 9 proportion less ?an 9 in/itutions :]e physical tra9+ is n consid]$4 ,9 "o s*ool ( ov] #bjj middle class girls1 ,dr4 ,c>t] f\nd t1 dur+ a p]iod ( six ye>s1 no few] ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( girls admitt$ dur+ t "t h be5 compell$ to take "o or m t]ms' leave ( abs5ce1 & ( ! pres5t numb] tw5ty-eight p] c5t4 h m$ical c]tificates exempt+ !m f gymna/ic ex]cise & #aj4be p] c5t4 ( ! total pres5t numb] we> eye glasses ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,f my own exp]i5ce ! same numb] ( /ud5ts 9 our s*ools w\ld %[ ab\t ! same p]c5tage ( visual defects4 ,^! que/ions are ( su* gr[+ importance t n only in/ructors1 b ! m$ical frat]nity1 %\ld n re/ until ^! evils are eradicat$4 ,footnote #b3 ,nov4 #a1 #ahij4 ,dr4 ,j4,w4 ,ballantyne1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 a lecture#c on diseases ( infancy & *ildhood1 says3 ,! education ( ! "y p ( a nation is to t nation a subject ( vital importance4 ,! same writ] quotes ! />tl+ /atem5t made by ,pr(4 ,pflug]1 t ( #de1jjj *ildr5 exam9$ 9 ,g]many m ?an "o-half 7 suff]+ f defective eyesight1 :ile 9 "s s*ools ! proportion ( ! %ort sight$ 0 sev5ty or eighty p] c5t41 &1 cr[n+ all1 0 ! ,heidelb]g ,gymnasium1 ) #ajj p] c5t4 ,^! figures1 ! result ( a c>eful exam9ation1 are simply />tl+1 & almo/ make "o feel t x 7 bett] to return to ! old ,greek me?od ( tea*+ by ^w ( m\?4 ,footnote #c3 ,lancet4 ,nov4 #a1 #ahij4 ,pr(4 ,pflug] attributes ?is l>ge am\nt ( bad sight to insuffici5t light+ ( s*ool rooms1 badly pr9t$ books1 etc4 ,"o mu/ agree ) a c]ta9 writ]1 :o says3 ,s*ools are absolute manufactories ( ! %ort sight$1 a v>iety ( ! human race :i* has be5 creat$ )9 hi/oric "t1 & :i* has enorm\sly increas$ 9 numb] dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,grant+ t _m pr$ispos+ causes ( defective vision _c be elim9at$ f ! rules laid d[n by our city fa!rs 9 acquir+ an education1 x w\ld be well if ! ar*itects ( s*ool build+s w\ld be> 9 m9d t light :5 admitt$ into class rooms %\ld n fall directly into ! faces ( *ildr51 b desks %\ld be s arrang$ t ! light mu/ be suffici5tly /rong & fall ^u ! desk f ! left h& side4 ,my att5tion has repeat$ly be5 call$ to ! cross lights 9 a s*ool room4 ,! light fall+ directly into ! eyes contracts ! pupil :i* is already contract$ by ! action ( ! muscle ( accommodation 9 its ef=t to give a cle>] picture to ! bra94 ,?is has a t5d5cy to elongate ! eyeball1 & z a p]man5t result we h ne> sight$ness4 ,:]e ! eyeball has an unnatural %ortness ?is same action manife/s itself by heada*es1 *orea1 nausea1 dyspepsia1 & ultimately a prematurely break+ d[n ( heal?4 ,! fir/ symptom ( fail+ sight is a hyp]-secretion ( te>s1 burn+ ( ! eyelids1 loss ( eyela%es1 & conge/ion ei!r ( ! eyelids or ! eyeball prop]4 ,! natural condition ( aborig9al man is f> sight$4 ,8 wild life1 8 nomadic nature1 8 seek+ = game1 8 wat*+ = enemies1 8 ab/5tion f cont9u$ ne> "w1 h giv5 him ?is protection4 ,humboldt speaks ( ! wond]ful di/ant vision ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians2 ano!r travel] 9 ,russia ( ! p[] ( vision "o ( 8 guides possess$1 :o c\ld see ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,my rec5t exam9ations among ,indian *ildr5 ( bo? sexes also confirm ?is4 ,:ile ! comp>ison is n q admissible1 yet ! rec5t inve/igations c>ri$ on by ,lang & ,b>rett1 :o exam9$ ! eyes ( c]ta9 mammalia1 f\nd t ! l>g] numb] 7 hyp]metropic or f> sight$4 ,) all ! difficulties :i* naturally surr\nd su* an exam9ation !y f\nd t 9 fifty-two eyes ( rabbits1 ?irty-six 7 hyp]metropic & a/igmatic1 eight 7 hyp]metropic only1 five 7 myopic & a/igmatic1 & o!rs pres5t$ mix$ a/igmatism4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! gu9ea pig ab\t ! same proportion ( hyp]metropia exi/$4 ,! eyes ( five rats exam9$ gave ! foll[+ result3 ,"s 7 f> sight$1 o!rs 7 hyp]metropic & a/igmatic1 "o 0 slightly myopic & "o _h mix$ a/igmatism4 ,( six c[s1 five 7 hyp]metropic & a/igmatic & "o 0 slightly myopic4 ,six horses 7 also exam9$1 ( :i* "o _h normal sight1 ?ree 7 hyp]metropic & a/igmatic1 & two _h a slight degree ( a/igmatism4 ,!y also exam9$ o!r animals1 & ! same proportion ( hyp]metropia exi/$4 ,^! g5tlem5 f\nd t z an optical in/rum5t ! eye ( ! horse1 c[1 cat & rabbit is sup]ior to t ( ! rat1 m\se & gu9ea pig4 ,i h = ! la/ five ye>s devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! vision ( ! ,indian *ildr5 :o are pupils at two in/itutions 9 ?is city4 ,i h at v>i\s times made c>eful records ( ea* individual pupil & h f "t to "t comp>$ !m4 ,up to ! pres5t !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d myopia or %ort sight$ness1 i4e41 m pupils f ye> to ye> require ne> sight$ glasses4 ,! natural condition ( _! eyes is f> sight$ & ! dem&s ^u !m are produc+ _m n]v\s or reflex symptoms1 pa9 ov] ! frontal region & heada*es4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! latt] tr\ble is %[+ itself 9 a "y ,indian boy1 :o is at pres5t und]go+ an exam9ation ( 8 vision z a probable cause = 8 heada*es4 ,?is boy is /udy+ music2 "o ye> ago he practic$ two h\rs daily on ! piano & /udi$ f ?ree to five h\rs besides4 ,?is ye> 8 "w has be5 increas$2 he is n[ tr\bl$ ) sev]e heada*es1 & aft] cont9u$ ne> "w = "s "t lett]s become blurr$ & run toge!r4 ,?is boy is f> sight$ & a/igmatic2 glasses w correct 8 defect1 & x w be int]e/+ to note :e!r 8 eyes w ev5tually gr[ into ne> sight$ ones4 ,i h sev]al cases :]e ! defective vision has be5 due entirely to o!r causes1 su* z inflammation ( ! cornea1 weak5+ ?is "p ( ! eye1 & ! effect 9 try+ to see produc+ an elongation ( ! ant]ior portion ( ! eyeball1 & ?is 9 turn produc+ myopia4 ,! eye ( ! ,indian does n diff] mat]ially f t ( any deeply pigm5t$ race4 ,! eyeball is small] ?an 9 ! ,caucasian1 b :5 we exam9e ! int]ior we f9d ! same di/ribution ( ! blood vessels & same %ape ( ! optic n]ves4 ,! pigm5t deposit 9 ! *oroid is excessive & gives1 z a backgr\nd to ! ret9a1 a beautiful silv]y %e5 :5 exam9$ ) ! oph?almoscope4 ,"o ?+ :i* ,i notic$ p>ticul>ly 0 ! abs5ce ( ?is excessive deposit ( pigm5t & abs5ce ( ?is wat]$ silk appe>ance 9 ! half bre$s1 !y tak+ aft] ! :ite race4 ,_m ( ! intraocul> diseases common among ! :ite *ildr5 7 also abs5t1 especially ^? diseases :i* are ! result ( ne> "w4 ,x is a well kn[n fact among bre$]s ( animals t :]e animals are too highly or f9ely br$1 ! eye is ! organ fir/ to %[ a retrogression f ! normal4 ,9 an exam9ation by myself "s ye>s ago among deaf mutes1 ,i f\nd ! (fspr+ ( consangu9e\s m>riages mu* affect$1 & :ile n only 7 _m afflict$ ) inflammatory conditions ( ! *oroid & ret9a1 _! av]age vision 0 mu* bel[ ! normal4 ,my quot+ ,messrs4 ,lang & ,b>rett's figures 0 to br+ m prom95tly to ! notice ( my he>]s ! fact t ! eyes ( primitive man resembl$ ! eyes ( ! l[] mammalia & t ! natural eye z an organ ( vision 0 hyp]metropic1 or f> sight$1 & t civilization 0 ! cause ( ! myopic or ne> sight$ eye4 ,nature always comp5sates 9 "s way4 ,i grant t ! pres5t dem&s ( civilization c\ld n be fill$ by ! f> sight$ eye1 b ! evil :i* is ! outgr[? ( pres5t dem&s does n /op :5 we h rea*$ ! normal eye1 b ! cause once excit$1 ! coats ( ?is eye cont9ue to give way1 & myopia or a ne> sight$ condition is ! result4 ,among ?ree hundr$ ,indians exam9$1 ,i f\nd :5 ,i got to ! ,creeks1 a tribe :i* has be5 semi-civiliz$ = _m ye>s1 myopia to be ! prevail+ visual defect4 ,)\t go+ into /ati/ics1 ,i am conv9c$ f my exp]i5ce t ! ,/ate mu/ look into ?is subject & give our public s*ool sy/em ( education m att5tion1 or we1 z a p1 w be kn[n z a spectacl$ race4 ,myopia or %ort-sight$ness among ! ,g]mans is gr[+ at a trem5d\s rate4 ,:ile ,i d n believe t ! ,g]man *ildr5 p]=m m "w ?an our own *ildr51 !re is "o cause = ?is defect :i* has nev] be5 t\*$ ^u by writ]s1 & t is ! %ape ( ! head4 ,! broad1 flat face1 or ,g]man type1 z ,i w\ld call x1 has n ! deep orbit ( ! m n>r[1 %>p-featur$ face ( ! ,am]ican type4 ,! eye ( ! ,g]man /&+ out m prom95tly1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 less protect$1 is !reby m prone to gr[ into a ne>-sight$ eye4 ,"o ( ! significant results ( h>d /udy 0 rec5tly br\ght to my notice by look+ ov] ! /ati/ics on ! s*ools ( ,muni* 9 #ahhi4 ,9 ^? s*ools #b1cbg *ildr5 suff]$ f defective sight1 #iif boys & #a1cca girls4 ,( #a1jjj boys 9 ! fir/ or elem5t>y class1 #cf are %ort-sight$2 9 ! second1 #di2 9 ! ?ird1 #gj2 9 ! f\r?1 #id2 9 ! fif?1 #ajh2 9 ! six?1 #ajd2 & 9 ! la/ & sev5?1 #ajh4 ,! numb] ( %ort-sight$ boys1 !re=e1 f ! fir/ class to ! sev5? increases ab\t ?ree-fold4 ,9 ! case ( girls1 ! increase is f #cg to #aai4 ,^! /ati/ics 9 !mselves %[ u ! effects ( ov]work1 incessant read+ or /udy by defective gas or lamp light1 or f an ov]-/imulat+ light1 z ! arc light1 late h\rs1 dissipation1 & frequ5t rubb+ ( ! eye1 also fatigue1 sudd5 *anges f d>kness to light1 &1 :at is probably worse ?an all1 read+ on railway tra9s4 ,! con/ant oscillations ( ! c> cause an ov]-activity ( ! muscle ( accommodation1 :i* soon becomes exhau/$2 ! bra9 will+ ! eye to give x a cle> photograph cont9ues to =ce ! cili>y muscle1 :i* muscle gov]ns ! accommodation1 9 r5ew$ activity1 & ! result may easily be =etold4 ,! fond p>5ts f9d+ t ! vitiat$ air ( ! city is mak+ _! once rosy-*eek$ *ildr5 turn pale1 seek a rem$y 9 ! fre% air ( ! c\ntry4 ,! *ildr5 f9d _! way to city s*ools2 ?is necessitates travel+ s _m miles a day 9 railway c>s4 ,! *ildr5 take ?is opportunity ( prep>+ _! /udies :ile en r\te to ! city1 & "h is :]e !y get _! fir/ eye-/ra94 ,*ildr5 h ! example set !m by _! p>5ts or bus9ess m51 :o read ! daily pap]s on ! tra9s4 ,*ildr5 are great imitators1 & :5 _! att5tion is call$ to ! evil1 quote _! p>5ts' example1 & !y foll[ x4 ,no wond] ea* g5]ation is gr[+ m effem9ate4 ,! light 9 sick rooms %\ld nev] fall directly on ! eyes1 nor %\ld ! rooms be ei!r too d>k or too light4 ,! ,esquimaux & ,indians long ago not$ ! fact t sunlight reflect$ f fre%ly fall5 sn[ w\ld soon cause bl9dness4 ,! natives ( nor!rn ,africa black5 !mselves ar\nd ! eyes to prev5t oph?almia f ! gl>e ( ! hot s&4 ,9 ,fiji ! natives1 :5 !y g fi%+1 black5 _! faces4 ,my fri5d4 ,dr4 ,b>telott1 pres5t$ me ) a pair ( eye protectors1 :i* he br\ght f ,alaska4 ,! natives use !m to protect !mselves f sn[ bl9dness4 ,^! sn[ spectacles1 or sn[ eyes1 z !y are call$1 are usually made out ( p9e wood1 :i* is wa%$ ^u _! %ores1 drift wood f s\!rn climes4 ,! po/]ior surface is deeply excavat$1 to prev5t its ob/ruct+ ! free motion ( ! eye lids2 on ea* side a not* is cut at ! l[] m>g9 to all[ a free passage = ! te>s4 ,! upp] m>g9 ( ! front surface is m prom95t ?an ! "u1 to act z a %ade to ! eyes4 ,! inn] surface is black5$ to absorb ! excessive light4 ,! op5+s are horizontal slits4 ,! eyes are ?us protect$ f ! dazzl+ effect ( ! light4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,grady1 ( ,omaha1 communicat$ to me a hi/ory ( ?ree hunt]s :o almo/ lo/ _! eyesight by too long exposure to ! bright rays ( ! sun fall+ on sn[4 ,! abuse ( tobacco leads to impairm5t ( vision 9 ! gr[+ y\?4 ,cig>ette smok+ is an evil4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! poison inhal$ arre/s ! gr[? ( boys2 surely x prev5ts a m5tal developm5t1 &1 :5 c>ri$ to excess1 affects vision m by less5+ ! p[] ( n]ve conduction ?an act+ directly on ! eye4 ,x is n ! "o cig>ette :i* ! boy smokes t does ! h>m1 b x is ! "o1 two1 or ?ree packages smok$ daily4 ,?is excessive smok+ ?or\ghly p]v]ts all ! functions :i* %\ld be at _! be/ to aid ?is gr[+ y\?4 ,fir/ we h fail+ dige/ion1 re/less nights1 susp5sion ( gr[?1 lack ( m5tal developm5t1 ! loss ( n]ve tone1 loss ( ! p[] ( accommodation 9 vision1 fail+ sight1 heada*es1 enfeeblem5t ( ! he>t4 ,let a man :o is a habitual smok] ( cig>s attempt to smoke ev5 "o package ( cig>ettes & he w compla9 ( nausea1 dry ?roat1 & loss ( appetite4 ,if a /rong man is s mu* affect$ by ?is poison1 h[ mu* less c a boy resi/ ! inroads ( su* poisons8 ,9 ,g]many ! law =bids ! sale ( cig>ettes to gr[+ boys4 ,new ,york ,/ate has a simil> law1 & :y %\ld our own or any o!r ,/ate be beh9d 9 pass+ prohibitory laws aga9/ ?is evil8--& ?is is a gr[+ evil4 ,i h nev] se5 a case ( tobacco amblyopia 9 boyhood1 b su* a condition is n infrequ5t 9 adults4 ,9 boys ! action ( nicot9e acts especially ^u ! he>t1 ! impulse is r5d]$ weak] & int]mitt5t1 & _m "y boys lay ! se$s ( organic disease :i* soon] or lat] culm9ates fatally4 ,boys %\ld be prohibit$ f smok+1 fir/ by _! p>5ts1 second by law1 b n su* laws ^: en=cem5t is a failure1 ?ird by plac+ a heavy f9e ^u deal]s :o sell to m9ors4 ,! p]nici\s evil ( intoxication is no less an evil ^u ! n]v\s sy/em ( a y\? ?an is ! habit ( cig>ette smok+1 b1 =tunately1 ?is habit is less common4 ,hav+ trac$ f aborig9al man to ! pres5t civiliz$ individual ! cause ( 8 myopia1 :at mu/ we d to prev5t a fur!r det]ioration ( vision8 ,un=tunately1 ! physician ( our c\ntry is n1 z ,i am told1 l ! ,japanese physician4 ,our m$ical m5 are call$ to att5d p :o are ill & to try to get !m well--! ,japanese physician is paid only to keep 8 pati5ts 9 heal?4 ,! fir/ ef=t p>5ts %\ld make is to see t _! *ildr5 h pl5ty ( outdoor ex]cise4 ,good1 w>m clo?+ 9 w9t]1 & light texture clo? 9 summ]4 ,a great diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! age at :i* a *ild %\ld beg9 its /udies4 ,i feel sure t ! boy :o comm5ces 8 /udies at t5 w f> outrun ! "o :o comm5ces /udy at six4 ,e *ild %\ld comm5ce 8 lessons 9 ! be/ k9d]g>t51 ! nurs]y4 ,let object lessons be 8 prim]--let him be taught by ^w ( m\?--!n1 :5 8 bra9 is :at x %\ld be = a boy ( t51 8 eyes w be ! bett] able to be> ! fatigue ( ! burd5s :i* w be =c$ ^u him4 ,li/5 to :at ,milton has left on record z a w>n+ to ^? "y boys or girls :o insi/ ^u read+ or /udy+ at night ) bad illum9ation4 ,my fa!r de/9$ me1 f a *ild1 = ! pursuits ( polite le>n+1 :i* ,i prosecut$ ) su* eag]ness t1 aft] ,i 0 twelve ye>s old1 ,i r>ely retir$ to b$1 f my lucubrations1 till midnight4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ?+ :i* prov$ p]nici\s to my eyes1 to ! natural weakness ( :i* 7 add$ frequ5t heada*es4 ,milton w5t bl9d :5 comp>atively a "y man1 & x 0 always to him a great grief4 ,galileo1 ! great a/ronom]1 also w5t bl9d by ov]work4 ,x 0 writt5 ( him1 ,! noble/ eye :i* ev] nature made is d>k5$--an eye s privileg$1 & gift$ ) su* r>e p[]s1 t x may truly be said to h se5 m ?an ! eyes ( all t are gone1 & to h op5$ ! eyes ( all t are to come4 ,:5 ! defect ( f> sight$ness or ne> sight$ness exi/s1 we h b "o rec\rse--spectacles4 ,"s "t ago ,i publi%$1 9 ! ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report] an article on ! hi/ory ( spectacles4 ,! widespread int]e/ :i* ?is pap] creat$ has /imulat$ me to cont9ue ! rese>*1 & s9ce ?is article appe>$ ,i h be5 able to ga!r o!r additional hi/orical data to :at has be5 describ$ z an inv5tion = poor old m5 :5 _! sight gr[s weak4 ,! late ,w5dell ,phillips1 9 8 lecture on ! ,lo/ ,arts1 speaks ( ! anci5ts hav+ magnify+ glasses4 ,cic]o said t he _h se5 ! entire ,iliad1 :i* is a poem z l>ge z ! ,new ,te/am5t1 writt5 on a sk9 s t x c\ld be roll$ up 9 ! compass ( a nut %ell2 x w\ld h be5 impossible ei!r to h writt5 ?is1 or to h read x1 )\t ! aid ( a magnify+ glass4 ,9 ,p>ma1 a r+ #b1jjj ye>s old is %[n :i* once belong$ to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,on ! /one are engrav$ ! figures ( sev5 wom54 ,y mu/ h ! aid ( a glass 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! =ms at all4 ,ano!r intaglio is spok5 (--! figure is t ( ! god ,h]cules2 by ! aid ( glasses1 y c di/+ui% ! int]lac+ muscles & c\nt e sep>ate hair on ! eyebr[s4 ,mr4 ,phillips aga9 speaks ( a /one #bj in*es long & #aj wide conta9+ a :ole treatise on ma!matics1 :i* w\ld be p]fectly illegible )\t glasses4 ,n[1 our au?or says1 if we are unable to read & see ^! m9ute details )\t glasses1 y may suppose ! m5 :o did ! engrav+ _h pretty /rong spectacles4 ,! ,emp]or ,n]o1 :o 0 %ort sight$1 occupi$ ! imp]ial box at ! ,coliseum1 &1 to look d[n into ! ar5a1 a space cov]+ six acres1 ! area ( ! ,coliseum1 0 oblig$1 z ,pl9y says1 to look ?r\gh a r+ ) a gem 9 x--no d\bt a concave glass--to see m cle>ly ! sword play ( ! gladiators4 ,aga91 we read ( ,mauritius1 :o /ood on ! promontory ( 8 isl& & c\ld sweep ov] ! sea ) an optical in/rum5t to wat* ! %ips ( ! enemy4 ,?is tells u t ! telescope is n a mod]n inv5tion4 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh1 speak+ ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 says3 ,!y 7 acqua9t$ ) _m sci5tific in/rum5ts ( /range inv5tion1 :e!r ! telescope may n h be5 ( ! numb] is unc]ta91 b ! ?irte5? plate ( ,dupaix's ,monum5ts1 "p second1 :i* repres5ts a man hold+ some?+ ( a simil> nature to 8 eye1 af=ds reason to suppose t !y knew h[ to improve ! p[]s ( vision4 ,our fir/ positive k ( spectacles is ga!r$ f ! writ+s ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #abib4c ,bacon says3 ,?is in/rum5t 7a plano-convex glass or l>ge segm5t ( a sph]e7 is useful to old m5 & to ^? :o h weak eyes1 = !y may see ! smalle/ lett]s suffici5tly magnifi$4 ,footnote #c3 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,report]4 ,alex&] de ,sp9a1 :o di$ 9 #acac1 _h a pair ( spectacles made = himself by an optician :o _h ! secret ( _! inv5tion4 ,de ,sp9a 0 s mu* pleas$ ) !m t he made ! inv5tion public4 ,monsieur ,spoon fixes ! date ( ! inv5tion betwe5 #abhj & #acaa4 ,9 a manuscript writt5 9 #abii by ,pissazzo1 ! au?or says3 ,i f9d myself s press$ by age t ,i c nei!r read nor write )\t ^? glasses !y call spectacles1 lately inv5t$1 to ! great advantage ( poor old m5 :5 _! sight gr[s weak4 ,fri> ,jordan1 :o di$ 9 ,pisa 9 #acaa1 says 9 "o ( 8 s]mons1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #acje1 t x is n tw5ty ye>s s9ce ! art ( mak+ spectacles 0 f\nd out1 & is inde$ "o ( ! be/ & mo/ necess>y inv5tions 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury spectacles 7 n uncommon & ,italy excell$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,f ,italy ! art 0 c>ri$ into ,holl&1 !n to ,nuremb]g1 ,g]many4 ,9 a *ur* 9 ,flor5ce is a fresco repres5t+ ,/4 ,j]ome 7#adhj74 ,among ! sev]al ?+s repres5t$ is an inkhorn1 pair ( scissors1 etc4 ,we also f9d a pair ( spectacles1 or p9ce-nez--! glasses are l>ge & r\nd & fram$ 9 bone4 ,x 0 n until #aege t ,maurolicus1 ( ,mess9a1 po9t$ out ! cause ( ne> sight$ness & f> sight$ness & expla9$ h[ concave glasses correct$ ! =m] & convex glasses ! latt] defect4 ,9 ! wake ( advanc$1 education /alks ! spectacle age4 ,any "o wat*+ a pass+ cr[d _c fail b note ! great numb] ( p we>+ spectacles4 ,un=tunately x is n limit$ to adults1 b our y\?s ( bo? sexes g to make up ?is army ( ametropes4 ,at :at age %\ld *ildr5 fir/ we> glasses8 ,?is is a mu* debatable "q4 ,:]e !re is simply a defect ( vision ,i %\ld nev] prescribe a pair ( glasses = a *ild "u t5 ye>s ( age4 ,a *ild "u ?is age runs _m risks ( injury to ! eyeball by accid5t to ! glasses1 & to cut ! eye ) glass is a v s]i\s affair4 ,r let a *ild g )\t /udy1 or ev5 ) impair$ vision1 ?an run ! risk ( a p]man5t loss ( sight4 ,ano!r s\rce ( evil ,i mu/ call y\r att5tion to1 & t is ! indiscrim9ate use ( glasses giv5 by it9]ant v5d]s ( spectacles :o claim a ?or\gh k ( ! eye1 :o make exam9ation free1 b *>ge d\ble price = glasses4 ,p]sons1 be=e submitt+ !mselves into ! h&s ( opticians1 %\ld "k t !y are n suff]+ f any incipi5t disease ( _! eyes4 ,i d n1 = a mom5t1 claim t a practical optician _c give y a pair ( glasses :i* w make y see--he does no?+ m ?an h& y a numb] ( pairs ( glasses & y select ! "o pair :i* y ?9k answ]s ! purpose4 ,h[ c anyone b a m$ical man "k t ! impairm5t ( vision does n arise f dim9i%$ s5sibility ( ! ret9a8 ,if s1 ! glasses j pur*as$1 :i* may be com=table = a "t1 may cause an irrep>able loss ( vision4 ,e oph?almic surgeon w tell y t he has _h a numb] ( su* cases4 ,d n be misguid$ by pur*as+ *eap spectacles4 ,glasses adv]tis$ z hav+ rem>kable qualities are always to be pass$ by4 ,!y h rem>kable qualities2 !y always leave ! p]son we>+ !m worse at ! end ( a few mon?s4 ,:5ev] an eye f9ds relief 9 a %ad$ or color$ glass1 some?+ is go+ wrong ) ! int]ior ( t eye4 ,seek advice1 b d n tru/ ! eyes ( y\rself1 mu* less ^? ( y\r *ildr51 9 ! h&s ( ! opticians :o adv]tise _! exam9ations free4 ,su* individuals %\ld be br\ght be=e a tribunal & ! matt] sift$ z to :e!r ! s5se ( sight is less to be tak5 c>e ( ?an if t same pati5t 7 ill ) pneumonia & a druggi/ 7 to prescribe rem$ies :i* might or might n aid ?is pati5t4 ,if "o man mu/ comply ) ! law1 :y %\ld n ! o!r8 ,our m$ical colleges are l5g!n+ ! c\rse ( /udies2 ! advances 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce dem& ?is4 ,x is by ! aid ( ! oph?almoscope t _m obscure diseases are diagnos$1 & :ile x is impossible = e "y man :o obta9s a diploma to become ?or\ghly pr(ici5t 9 ! use ( ?is in/rum5t1 yet ! eye %[s to him _m conditions :i* guide him to ! road ( successful treatm5t4 ,?9k ( a case ( optic neuritis--inflammation ( ! optic n]ve--go+ to an optician & fitt+ "o set ( glasses aft] ano!r until ! pati5t sudd5ly discov]s t bl9dness is inevitable4 ,_m individuals1 & v intellig5t ones at t1 ?9k t s long z a glass makes !m see1 t is all !y ne$4 ,:5 we "k t sc>cely two eyes are alike1 we c at once feel t x is v important t ea* eye %\ld be prop]ly adju/$ = a glass2 by ?is we are sure ( hav+ com=t 9 read+ & pres]v+ vision4 ,!re is a v important defect 9 vision :i* %\ld be detect$ z e>ly 9 life z possible1 & t is color bl9dness4 ,! boy :o is a color bl9d w always rema9 a color bl9d1 & z =ty 9 e #a1jjj ( ! male sex are color bl9d1 x is ess5tial t !y "k _! defect1 & tra9 _! c\rse accord+ly4 ,x w\ld be to ! advantage ( all boys to und]go su* an exam9ation once 9 _! s*ool life2 a color bl9d w\ld be useless :]e ! selection ( color ent]$ into 8 life "w4 ,if a boy _h a tal5t = draw+ or engrav+1 & 7 color bl9d1 he w\ld make a success ( 8 life1 :]eas if he w\ld attempt to mix pa9ts ( diff]5t colors he w\ld be a failure4 ,i %all n dwell ^u ! sci5tific "p ( color bl9dness1 nor discuss ei!r ! ,"y-,helmholtz or ! ,h]+ !ories ( color defect1 b %all deal ) its practical use 9 ev]yday life4 ,until ! ye> #ahec1 v little 0 kn[n ab\t color bl9dness1 & mu* less writt5 ab\t x4 ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 9 #ahec1 wrote sev]al articles1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,^! articles creat$ su* an int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific _w t ,dr4 ,wilson br\ght out a book1 entitl$ ,rese>*es on ,color ,bl9dness1 two ye>s lat]4 ,s ?or\ghly did ,dr4 ,wilson sift ?is subject t no writ] up to ! pres5t day has add$ any?+ practical to :at 0 !n kn[n4 ,dr4 ,wilson writes 9 8 preface3 ,! mo/ practical relation ( color bl9dness is t :i* x has to railway & %ip signals4 ,he fur!r /ates3 ,! pr(essions = :i* color bl9dness mo/ s]i\sly disqualifies are ^? ( ! sailor & railway s]vant1 :o h daily to p]il human life & prop]ty on ! indication :i* a color$ flag or a lamp seems to give4 ,dr4 ,bick]ton1 9 an article on ?is same subject1 speak+ ( ! c>eless way 9 :i* lights 7 us$ on %ips at sea1 says3 ,until ! ye> #aheb1 !re 7 no def9ite rules reg>d+ ! c>ry+ ( lights at night by vessels at sea4444 ,at ?is "t ! subject ( color bl9dness _h n awak5$ ! att5tion ( practical obs]v]s1 & _h ! fact be5 kn[n t betwe5 ?ree & f\r p] c5t4 ( ! :ole male population are color bl9d1 "s o!r mode might h be5 devis$ to indicate ! positions ( vessels at night ?an by %[+ r$ & gre5 lights4 ,if x is s v important to h sailors ) good color p]ception1 :]e1 at lea/1 f\r m5 are on ! look\t1 h[ mu* m important is x to h our eng9e driv]s ) p]fect color p]ception1 :]e "o man alone wat*es ! signal ( safety or dang]4 ,! gr[? ( our railway sy/em is con/antly increas+4 ,we h to-day probably #aej1jjj m5 employ$ 9 ?is s]vice4 ,! boys att5d+ public s*ools to-day 9 a few ye>s w h to fill ! ranks ( ^! m54 ,h[ important = ^! boys to "k t !y h n ?is defect4 ,if ! =ty boys 9 e #a1jjj are f\nd1 :at is to be done ) !m8 ,! engrav]1 ! wood cut engrav]1 ! et*]1 all wi% appr5tices4 ,i am also in=m$ t ^! occupations pay well4 ,x requires tal5t to fill !m1 & "h is an op5+ = ! color bl9d4 ,he> :at a color bl9d writes3#d ,i beg to (f] "s p>ticul>s ( my own case1 tru/+ x may be ( use to y4 ,i am an engrav]1 & /range z x may appe>1 my defective vision is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a useful & valuable quality4 ,?us1 an engrav] has two negative colors to deal )1 i4e41 :ite & black4 ,n[1 :5 ,i look at a picture1 ,i see x only 9 :ite & black1 or light & %ade1 & any want ( h>mony 9 ! color+ ( a picture is imm$iately made manife/ by a correspond+ discord 9 ! arrangem5t ( its light & %ade or1 z arti/s t]m x1 ! effect4 ,i f9d at times _m ( my bro!r engrav]s 9 d\bt h[ to translate c]ta9 colors ( pictures :i* to me are matt]s ( decid$ c]ta9ty & ease4 ,?us1 to me x is valuable4 ,hav+ already spok5 ab\t ! importance ( hav+ all boys und]go an exam9ation = color bl9dness once 9 _! s*ool lives1 we h two v good reasons = mak+ ?is sugge/ion4 ,footnote #d3 ,wilson1 p4 #bg4 ,fir/1 prev5t a boy foll[+ a trade or occupation :]e he is incapacitat$1 &1 secondly1 let him be tra9$ = a c]ta9 trade or occupation :5 ! defect exi/s4 ,! savage races possess ! p]ception ( color to a great] degree ?an d civiliz$ races4 ,i h j conclud$ an exam9ation ( #bej ,indian *ildr52 #ajj 7 boys4 ,_h ,i select$ #ajj :ite boys f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,i w\ld h f\nd at lea/ five color bl9ds2 among ! ,indian boys ,i did n f9d a s+le "o4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i exam9$ #bej ,indian boys & f\nd two color bl9d1 a v l[ p]c5tage :5 comp>$ ) ! :ites4 ,among ! ,indian girls ,i did n f9d any4 ,:5 we "k t only two females 9 e #a1jjj among :ites are color bl9d1 x is n surpris+ t ,i did n f9d any examples among ! ,indian girls4 ,! usual te/s = color bl9dness are ! mat*+ ( wools2 ! common error ! color bl9d falls into is mat*+ a bright sc>let ) a gre54 ,on "o occasion1 a color bl9d g5tleman f\nd fault ) 8 wife = we>+1 z he ?\ght1 a bright sc>let dress1 :5 9 po9t ( fact %e 0 we>+ a bright gre54 ,ano!r color bl9d :o 0 v fond ( draw+1 once pa9t$ a r$ tree 9 a l&scape )\t be+ aw>e t he _h done s4 ,among ! :ites x affects all classes4 ,x is f\nd z relatively common among ! intellig5t z ! illit]ate1 & un=tunately1 up to ! pres5t1 we h n discov]$ any rem$y = ?is defect4 ,)\t quot+ _m in/ances :]e a color bl9d man 0 responsible = accid5ts at sea1 ,i mu/ quote a case :]e an (fic] on ! wat* issu$ an ord] to port 8 vessel1 :i*1 if 8 ord] _h be5 c>ri$ out1 w\ld h caus$ a collision1 & a probable s]i\s loss ( life4 ,! lett] 0 writt5 by ,capt4 ,coburn1 & is to be f\nd 9 ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,report]1 vol4 xiv4 ,! /eam] ,ne]a 0 on a voyage f ,liv]pool to ,alex&ria4 ,"o night1 %ortly aft] pass+ ,gibralt>1 at ab\t #aj4cj p4m41 ,i w5t on ! bridge1 :i* 0 !n 9 *>ge ( ! ?ird (fic]1 a man ( ab\t =ty-five ye>s ( age1 & :o up to t "t ,i _h suppos$ to be a tru/wor?y (fic]1 & compet5t 9 e way4 ,i walk$ up & d[n ! bridge until ab\t #aa p4m41 :5 ! ?ird (fic] & ,i almo/ simultane\sly saw a light at ab\t two po9ts on ! />bo>d b[4 ,i at once saw x 0 a gre5 light1 & knew t no action 0 call$ =4 ,to my surprise1 ! ?ird (fic] call$ out to ! man at ! :eel1 'port1' :i* he 0 ab\t to d1 :5 ,i c\nt]m&$ ! ord]1 & told him to /eady 8 helm1 :i* he did1 & we pass$ ! o!r /eam] safely ab\t half a mile ap>t4 ,i at once ask$ ! ?ird (fic] :y he _h port$ 8 helm to a gre5 light on ! />bo>d b[1 b he insi/$ x 0 a r$ light :i* he _h fir/ se54 ,i tri$ him repeat$ly aft] ?is1 & al?\gh he sometimes gave a correct description ( ! color ( ! light1 he 0 z (t5 incorrect1 & x 0 evid5tly all guesswork4 ,on my return1 ,i appli$ to h him remov$ f ! %ip1 z he 01 9 my op9ion1 q unfit to h *>ge ( ! deck at night1 & ?is application 0 grant$4 ,aft] ?is occurr5ce ,i always1 :5 tak+ a /range (fic] to sea1 rema9$ on ! bridge ) him at night until ,i _h te/$ 8 ability to di/+ui% colors4 ,i _c imag9e any?+ m dang]\s or m likely to lead to fatal accid5ts ?an a color bl9d man on a /eam]'s bridge4 ,a simil> exp]i5ce is ?us relat$ by ,capt4 ,heasley1 ( ,liv]pool3 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! second (fic]1 :o _h *>ge ( ! deck1 gave ! ord] to 'port1' mu* to my a/oni%m5t1 = ! lights to be se5 ab\t a po9t on ! />bo>d b[ 7 a ma/head & gre5 light1 b he ma9ta9$ t x 0 a ma/head & r$1 & n until bo? %ips 7 ne>ly abrea/ w\ld he ackn[l$ge 8 mi/ake4 ,i may add t dur+ ! re/ ( ! voyage ,i nev] saw him mak+ ! same mi/ake4 ,z a practical seaman ,i consid] a great _m accid5ts at sea arise f color bl9dness4 ,dr4 ,f>quh>son has br\ght ?is subject be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl& & measures are be+ tak5 :i* w insure to ! travel+ public immunity f accid5ts at sea4 ,i ne$ n m5tion t ! majority ( railways ( our c\ntry h a sy/em ( exam9ations :i* prev5ts a color bl9d ent]+ _! s]vice4 ,dr4 ,wilson makes ! sugge/ion t he notic$ a s+ul> expression 9 ! eyes ( c]ta9 ( ! color bl9d difficult to describe4 ,9 "s x am\nt$ to a />tl$ expression1 z if !y 7 al>m$2 9 o!rs1 to an eag]1 aimless glance1 z if seek+ to p]ceive some?+ b unable to f9d x2 & 9 c]ta9 o!rs to an almo/ vacant />e1 z if _! eyes 7 fix$ ^u objects beyond ! limit ( vision4 ,! expression ref]r$ to1 :i* is n at all times equally pron\nc$1 nev] altoge!r leaves ! eyes :i* x seems to *>act]ize4 ,dr4 ,b4 ,joy ,jeffries1 ( ,bo/on1 has rec5tly writt5 an article on ?is same topic1 b un=tunately ,i h n 8 pamphlet at h& to quote 8 views on ?is subject4 ,9 ?is lecture ,i h %[n t ! normal eye is f> sight$4 ,! mammalia h ?is k9d ( an eye2 ! ,indian ! same4 ,! :ite man is fa/ becom+ ne> sight$4 ,! civiliz$ ,indian is also %[+ ! effects ( cont9u\s ne> "w2 & n[ ! "q arises4 ,:at are we to d to prev5t fur!r det]ioration ( vision8 ,! fault lies at our own doors4 ,let u try to correct ^! n[ exi/+ evils1 s t future g5]ations w1 in/ead ( c5sur+ u1 ?ank u = our wisdom4 ,to aid 9 a feeble way = ! protection ( po/]ity ,i h =mulat$ t5 rules on ! pres]vation ( vision3 7#a7 ,d n all[ light to fall ^u ! face ( a sleep+ infant4 7#b7 ,d n all[ babies to gaze at a bright light4 7#c7 ,d n s5d *ildr5 to s*ool be=e ! age ( t54 7#d7 ,d n all[ *ildr5 to keep _! eyes too long on a ne> object1 at any "o "t4 7#e7 ,d n all[ !m to /udy mu* by artificial light4 7#f7 ,d n all[ !m to use books ) small type4 7#g7 ,d n all[ !m to read 9 a railway c>riage4 7#h7 ,d n all[ boys to smoke tobacco1 especially cig>ettes4 7#i7 ,d n necess>ily ascribe heada*es to indige/ion4 ,! eyes may be ! excit+ cause4 7#aj7 ,d n all[ ! it9]ant spectacle v5d] to prescribe glasses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wat] ,,molecule4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translat$ f ! ,ph>maceutis*e ,c5tralhalle1 by ,a4,g4 ,vogel]4--,we/]n ,druggi/4 ,by ,a4 ,,gansw9dt4 ,wat] consi/s ( "o atom ( oxyg5 & two atoms ( hydrog54 ,?is proposition w n be disput$ 9 ! lea/ by ! au?or2 /ill1 x may be pr(itable to indulge 9 a few /]eo-*emic speculations z to ! nature ( ! wat] molecule & to draw ! inevitable conclusions4 ,f ! "t ( ! discov]y1 "s #aaj ye>s ago1 t wat] is a comp\nd body1 made up ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! notion prevail$ up to )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury t x 0 compos$ ( ev5 equival5ts ( ! elem5ts nam$1 & all b ! y\nge/ /ud5ts ( *emi/ry well rememb] h[ its =mula 0 writt5 ,,ho1 ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 be+ express$ by #h1 mak+ ! molecul> weight ( wat] 7,h#a ,o#h7 #i4 ,b ! vapor d5sity ( wat]1 ref]r$ to air1 is #j4fce1 & ?is numb] multipli$ by ! con/ant #bh4hg1 gives #ah z ! molecul> weight ( wat]1 or exactly twice t accept$ by *emi/s4 ,?is discrepancy l$ to clos] obs]vations1 & x 0 ev5tually f\nd t 9 decompos+ wat]1 by :atev] me?od 7except+ only electrolysis71 n m ?an ! eighte5? "p 9 hydrog5 ( ! wat] decompos$ 0 ev] obta9$1 or1 9 o!r words1 only j "o-half ! weight d$ucible f ! =mula ,,ho #i4 ,! conclusion 0 irresi/ible t 9 a wat] molecule two atoms ( hydrog5 mu/ be assum$1 &1 z a natural sequ5ce1 foll[$ ! d\bl+ ( ! molecul> weight ( wat] to #ah1 repres5t$ by ! mod]n =mula ,h#b,o4 ,bo? ! !ory & ! practice ( sub/itution enable u to fur!r prove ! pres5ce ( two hydrog5 atoms 9 a wat] molecule4 ,decompos+ wat] by sodium1 only "o-half ( ! hydrog5 conta9$ is elim9at$1 ! o!r half1 toge!r ) all ( ! oxyg51 unit+ ) ! metal to =m sodium hydroxide1 ,h#b,o ,na ,h ,na,h,o4 ,d\bl+ ! am\nt ( sodium does n alt] ! result1 = decomposition accord+ to ! equation ,h#b,o #b,na ,h#b ,na#b,o nev] happ5s4 ,introduc+ ! e?yl gr\p into ! wat] molecule & react+ "u appropriate conditions ) e?yl iodide ^u wat]1 ! e?yl gr\p displaces "o atom ( hydrog51 &1 unit+ ) ! hydroxyl residue1 =ms e?yl alcohol1 ?us3 ,h#b,o ,c#b;,h#e;,i ,c#b;,h#e,,oh ,,hi4 ,halog5s d n act directly on wat]1 h5ce we may n prop]ly speak ( halog5 sub/itution products4 ,by ! action1 h[ev]1 ( phosphorus haloids on wat] an analog\s splitt+ ( ! wat] molecule is aga9 obs]v$1 "o-half ( ! hydrog5 unit+ ) ! halog5 to =m an acid1 ! hydroxyl residue !n =m+ a phosphorus comp\nd1 ?us3 ,p,cl#c #c;,h#b,o #c;,h,cl ,p7,,oh7#c4 ,n[ ^! examples1 :i* might readily be multipli$1 prove n only ! pres5ce ( two hydrog5 atoms 9 ! wat] molecule1 b !y fur!r demon/rate t ^! two atoms diff] f ea* o!r 9 respect to _! =m ( comb9ation & p[] ( sub/itution4 ,! two hydrog5 atoms are c]ta9ly n ( equal value1 :5ce x foll[s t ! accept$ =mula = wat]3 ,h ,o ,h or z pref]r$ by "s3 ,h-,o-,h1 is n 9 con=mity ) e/abli%$ facts4 ,express$ z "h %[n1 bo? hydrog5 atoms are assign$ equal values1 :5 9 fact only "o ( ! atoms is unit$ to oxyg5 9 =m ( hydroxyl1 :ile ! second is loosely atta*$ to ! unival5t hydroxyl gr\p4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 wat] !n is decompos$ accord+ to ! equation3 ,h#b,o ,h 7,,oh71 nev] 9 ?is mann]3 ,h#b,o #b;,h ,o4 ,h5ce1 wat] mu/ be consid]$ z a comb9ation ( "o hydrog5 atom ) "o molecule ( hydroxyl1 express$ by ! =mula ,h7,,oh71 & x is ?is atom ( hydrog5 n unit$ to oxyg5 :i* is elim9at$ 9 ! g5]ation ( oxyg5 or sub/itut$ by metals & alkyl gr\ps4 ,! hydrog5 9 ! hydroxyl gr\p _c be sub/itut$1 except+ x be ! entire gr\p z su*2 ?is is prov$ by ! action ( ! halog5s1 9 _! phosphorus comp\nds1 ^u wat]1 :5 ! halog5 takes ! place ( ! hydroxyl gr\p1 b nev] t ( ! hydrog54 ,n[ z to "s logical d$uctions f ! =ego+ consid]ations4 ,hydrog5 is by _m look$ ^u z a true metal4 ,?is !ory _c be directly prov$ by ! above1 b x is c]ta9ly greatly /r5g!n$ !reby4 ,to comp>e4 ,hydrog5 is a p[]ful r$uc+ ag5t2 x is simil>ly affect$ by ! halog5s1 ! hydroxyl gr\p1 ! acid radicals1 oxyg5 & sulphur2 hydrog5 & memb]s ( ! unival5t alkali metals gr\p are readily int]*angeable2 x =ms sup]oxides analog\s to ! metals2 its analogy to ! alkali metals z exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,h ,h7,,oh7 ,h,cl ,,hno#c ,h#b,,s#d ,h#b,s ,h#b,o#b ,k ,k7,,oh7 ,k,cl ,,kno#c ,na#b,,s#d ,na#b,s ,k#b,o ,b if we consid] hydrog5 z a gasi=m metal1 we naturally arrive at ! conclusion t wat] is ! hydroxide ( ?is gasi=m metal1 t is hydrog5 hydroxide1 :ile gase\s hydro*loric & hydrosulphuric acids w\ld be look$ ^u z respectively ! *loride & ! sulphide ( ! metal hydrog54 ,?is w\ld !n lead to curi\s conclusions conc]n+ ! hydroxyl gr\p4 ,?is gr\p w\ld1 by ?is !ory1 become an oxyg5at$ metal radical simil> to ! hypo!tical bismu?yl & uranyl1 & yet "o 9 :i* ! metallic "* has disappe>$ z completely z 9 ! f]rocyanic gr\p4 ,an entirely new light is %$ by ?is view ^u ! composition ( hydrog5 p]oxide1 :i* w\ld be look$ at z two free hydroxyl gr\ps jo9$ toge!r ?us3 7,,oh7--7,,oh71 analog\s to our di-e?yl1 diph5yl1 dicyanog51 etc4 ,consid]$ z dihydroxyl1 x w\ld expla9 ! in/ability ( ?is comp\nd4 ,! e!rs prop] w\ld also be plac$ 9 a new light by ?is new conception ( ! con/itution ( ! wat] molecule4 ,! hydrog5 9 ! hydroxyl gr\p1 z is kn[n1 may be sub/itut$ by an alkyl gr\p4 ,= in/ance1 an alkyl may be sub/itut$ = ! hydroxyl hydrog5 9 an alcohol molecule1 :5 an e!r results4 ,accord+ to ! new !ory ?is e!r w no long] be consid]$ z two alkyl gr\ps connect$ by an oxyg5 atom1 b z a comp\nd built up on ! type ( wat] by ! union ( an alkyl gr\p & an alkoxyl gr\p4 ,?us e?ylic e!r w\ld n be repres5t$ by ,c#b;,h#e ,o1 ,c#b;,h#e z h]et(ore1 b by ! =mula ,c#b;,h#e7,,oc#b;,h#e71 :i* is e?yl-e?oxol4 ,acetone w\ld admit ( a simil> explanation4 ,f9ally ! assumption ( dissimil>ity 9 "* ( ! hydrog5 atoms 9 ! wat] molecule possibly may lead to ! discov]y ( a numb] ( unlock$ = isom]ides4 ,?us1 by appropriate me?ods1 x ought to become possible to introduce ! alkyl gr\ps solely into ! hydroxyl gr\p 7in/ead ( into ! place ( ! loosely atta*$ ,h-atom74 ,9 t case *emi/s might arrive at an isom]ide ( me?yl alcohol ( ! =mula ,h47,,o*#c71 or at me?oxyl hydride1 a comp\nd n alcoholic 9 "*1 or at a nitroxyl hydride1 ,h7,,ono#b71 n ( an acidic nature4 ,oxy*lorides w\ld be class$ ) ?is latt] category1 t is1 !y w\ld be look$ on z wat] 9 :i* ! free hydrog5 atom has be5 sub/itut$ by ! metal1 & ! hydrog5 atom ( ! hydroxyl by *lor9e4 ,?is example1 inde$1 furni%es a mo/ *>act]i/ic illu/ration ( our !ory4 ,9 ! case j n[ assum$ we arrive at ! oxy*loride2 :51 h[ev]1 ! metal & *lor9e *ange places 9 ! wat] molecule1 ! isom]ic hypo*lor\s salts are ! result4 ,x is true t su* cases ( isom]ism are z yet unkn[n1 b we d "k t c]ta9 metals1 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 yield oxy*lorides only1 :ile o!rs only =m hypo*lor\s salts4 ,?is condition also expla9s :y hypo*lorites /ill possesses ! blea*+ p[] ( *lor9e1 :ile ! same is n true ( oxy*lorides4 ,h[ev]1 x seems ne$less to multiply examples 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! !ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,/>* ,,9 ,,leaves4 ,9 #agej1 ,bonnet1 a ,g5evese naturali/1 rem>k$ t leaves imm]s$ 9 wat] became cov]$ 9 ! sun ) small bubbles ( a gas t he comp>$ to small pe>ls4 ,9 #aggb1 ,prie/ley1 aft] discov]+ t ! soj\rn ( animals 9 a conf9$ atmosph]e r5d]s x irrespirable1 inve/igat$ ! influ5ce ( plants plac$ 9 ! same conditions1 & he relates1 9 ^! words1 ! discov]y t he made on ! subject3 ,i put a sprig ( m9t 9 a quantity ( air 9 :i* a c&le _h ceas$ to burn1 & ,i f\nd t1 t5 days lat]1 ano!r c&le 0 able to burn !re9 p]fectly well4 ,x is to him1 !re=e1 t is due ! honor ( hav+ asc]ta9$ t plants ex]t an action ^u ! atmosph]e contr>y to t ex]t$ by animals4 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 0 n completely ma/] ( 8 f9e exp]im5t2 he 0 ignorant ( ! fact1 notably1 t ! oxyg5 is dis5gag$ by plants only z long z !y are "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,?is important discov]y is due to ,+5h\se4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ,s5nebi] :o %[$ t oxyg5 is obta9$ f leaves only :5 c>bonic acid has be5 introduc$ into ! atmosph]e :]e !y rema94 ,lat] on1 ,t4 ,de ,saussure & ,b\ss+ault inquir$ into ! conditions mo/ favorable to assimilation4 ,b\ss+ault demon/rat$1 9 addition1 t ! volume ( c>bonic acid absorb$ 0 equal to t ( ! oxyg5 emitt$4 ,n[ we "k1 ?r\gh a common *emical exp]im5t1 t c>bonic acid conta9s its own volume ( oxyg54 ,x 0 suppos$1 !n1 t c>bonic acid 0 decompos$ by sunlight into c>bon & oxyg54 ,?+s1 h[ev]1 d n proce$ s simply4 ,9 fact1 x is c]ta9 t1 be=e ! complete decomposition into c>bon & oxyg51 !re comes a mom5t 9 :i* !re is oxyg5 on ! "o h& & oxide ( c>bon 7,,co#b ,o ,,co7 on ! o!r4 ,! decomposition1 hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 c g no fur!r1 = ! oxide ( c>bon is indecomposable by leaves1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5t proves4 ,if we put phosphorus & "s leaves into an in]t gas1 su* z hydrog51 we 9 ! fir/ place obs]ve ! =mation ( ! :ite fumes ( phosphoric acid due to ! oxidation ( ! phosphorus by ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! leaves4 ,?is phosphoric acid dissolves 9 ! wat] ( ! te/ glass & ! latt] becomes transp>5t aga94 ,if1 n[1 we introduce "s oxide ( c>bon1 we rem>k 9 ! sun no =mation ( phosphoric acid1 & ?is proves t !re is no emission ( oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,,demon/ration ,,t ,,/>* ,,is ,,=m$ ,,9 ,,leaves ,,only ,,at ,,! ,,po9ts ,,t\*$ ,,by ,,light4 ,?is latt] hypo!sis ( ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid into a half volume ( vapor ( c>bon & "o volume ( oxyg5 be+ reject$1 ! idea occurr$ to consid] ! c>bonic acid 9 a hydrat$ /ate & to write x ,,co#b;,,ho4 ,9 ?is case1 we %\ld h by ! action ( *lorophyl3 #b;,,co#b;,,ho 7c>bonic acid7 #d,o 7oxyg57 ,c#b;,h#b,o#b 7me?ylic aldehyde74 ,?is aldehyde is a body t c be polym]iz$1 t is to say1 is capable ( comb9+ ) itself a c]ta9 numb] ( times to =m complex] bodies1 especially glucose4 ,?is =mation ( a sug> by means ( me?ylic aldehyde is n a simple hypo!sis1 s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 ,mr4 ,loew has execut$ x by />t+ f me?ylic aldehyde1 &1 on ! o!r1 we f9d ?is glucose 9 leaves by us+ ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! glucose =m$1 x is admissible t a new polym]ization ) elim9ation ( wat] produces />*4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 ?r\gh ! action ( an acid1 is capable ( reg5]at+ glucose4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be suppos$ t ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid by leaves br+s ab\t ! =mation ( />* ?r\gh ! foll[+ trans=mations3 7#a7 ,! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid ) emission ( oxyg5 & production ( me?ylic aldehyde2 7#b7 polym]ization ( me?ylic aldehyde & =mation ( glucose2 7#c7 comb9ation ( sev]al molecules ( glucose ) elim9ation ( wat]2 =mation ( />*4 ,/>* is ?us ! fir/ /able product ( *lorophylian activity4 ,is !re1 9 fact1 />* 9 leaves8 ,x is easy to reveal its pres5ce by ! blue coloration t x assumes 9 contact ) iod9e 9 a leaf blea*$ by boil+ alcohol4 ,mr4 ,deh]a9 has devis$ a nice me?od ( demon/rat+ t ?is =mation ( />*1 & consequ5tly ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid1 c occur only "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,he po9t$ x out to u 9 8 c\rse ( lectures at ! ,s*ool ( ,grignon1 & ask$ u to repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,we succe$$1 & n[ make ! modus op]&i kn[n to our read]s4 ,! leaf t gave ! be/ result 0 t ( ! ,ari/olo*ia ,sipho4 ,! leaf1 adh]5t to ! plant1 is entirely inclos$ betwe5 two pieces ( p]fectly opaque black pap]4 ,t :i* corresponds to ! upp] surface ( ! limb be>s cut-out *>act]s1 :i* are "h ! initials ( ,mr4 ,deh]a94 ,! two scre5s are fa/5$ to ! leaf by means ( a mucilage ( gum arabic t w easily c$e to ! action ( w>m wat] at ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! exposure is made 9 ! morn+1 be=e sunrise4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! leaf conta9s no />*2 t :i* 0 =m$ dur+ ! prec$+ day has emigrat$ dur+ ! night t[>d ! int]ior ( ! plant4 ,aft] a few h\rs ( a good insolation1 ! leaf is pick$ (f4 ,!n ! gum :i* holds ! pap]s toge!r is dissolv$ by imm]sion 9 w>m wat]4 ,! decoloriz+ is easily effect$ ?r\gh boil+ alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! *lorophyl & leaves ! leaf slightly yell[i% & p]fectly transluc5t4 ,!re is no?+ m to d !n b dip ! leaf 9 t9cture ( iod9e4 ,if ! insolation has be5 good1 & if ! scre5s h be5 well gumm$ s t no p5umbra has be5 produc$ ^u ! edge ( ! lett]s1 a p]fectly %>p image w be in/antly obta9$4 ,! excess ( iod9e is remov$ by wa%+ ) alcohol & wat]1 & ! leaf is !n dri$ & pres]v$ betwe5 ! leaves ( a book4 ,x is well be=e decoloriz+ ! leaf to imm]se x 9 a solution ( potassa2 ! *lorophylian />* !n swells & success is r5d]$ easi]4--,l>tigue & ,malpeaux1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,me?ods ,,= ,,! ,,pol>imetric ,,e/imation ,,( ,,sug>s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,report to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,dep>tm5t by ,c4,a4 ,crampton1 ,*emi/ ( ,u4,s4 ,int]nal ,rev5ue2 ,h4,w4 ,wiley1 ,*ief ,*emi/ ( ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 & ,o4,h4 ,tittmann1 ,assi/ant 9 ,*>ge ( ,weights & ,measures1 ,u4,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4 ,section #a1 p>agraph #bca1 ( ! act entitl$ ,an act to r$uce rev5ue & equalize duties on imports & = o!r purposes1 approv$ ,octob] #a1 #ahij1 provides3 #bca4 ,t on & aft] ,july #a1 eighte5 hundr$ & n9ety-"o1 & until ,july #a1 n9ete5 hundr$ & five1 !re %all be paid1 f any moneys 9 ! ,treasury n o!rwise appropriat$1 "u ! provisions ( section ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ & eighty-n9e ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 to ! produc] ( sug> te/+ n less ?an n9ety degrees by ! pol>iscope1 f beets1 sorghum1 or sug> cane gr[n )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or f maple sap produc$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a b\nty ( two c5ts p] p\nd2 & ^u su* sug> te/+ less ?an n9ety degrees by ! pol>iscope1 & n less ?an eighty degrees1 a b\nty ( "o & ?ree-f\r? c5ts p] p\nd1 "u su* rules & regulations z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 %all prescribe4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ?is ,commission t ! expression te/+ 444 degrees by ! pol>iscope1 us$ ) ref]5ce to sug> 9 ! act1 is to be consid]$ z mean+ ! p]c5tage ( pure sucrose ! sug> conta9s1 z asc]ta9$ by pol>imetric e/imation4 ,x is evid5t t a high degree ( accuracy is necess>y 9 ! exam9ation ( sug>s by ! ,bureau ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 "u ! provisions ( ?is act1 inasmu* z ! diff]5ce ( "o-t5? ( "o p] c5t4 9 ! am\nt ( sucrose conta9$ 9 a sug> may1 if x is on ! bord] l9e ( #hj1 decide :e!r ! produc] is entitl$ to a b\nty ( #a c5ts p] p\nd 7an am\nt ne>ly equival5t to ! m>ket value ( su* sug>7 or to no b\nty :atev]4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 t ! highe/ possible degree ( accuracy %\ld be secur$ 9 ! "w1 = :ile _m sug>s w d\btless v>y f> en\gh f ei!r ( ! two /&>d p]c5tages fix$ ^u 9 ! act1 viz41 #hj & #ij1 to admit ( a wide m>g9 ( error )\t mat]ial consequ5ces1 yet a consid]able proportion w approximate to !m s closely t a diff]5ce ( a few t5?s ( a degree 9 ! pol>ization w *ange ! classification ( ! sug>4 ,a v high degree ( accuracy may be obta9$ 9 ! optical e/imation ( sug>s1 if ! prop] conditions are obs]v$4 ,su* conditions are 7#a7 accurately grad$ & adju/$ in/rum5ts1 weights1 flasks1 tubes1 etc42 7#b7 skill$ & practic$ obs]v]s2 7#c7 a prop] arrangem5t ( ! laboratories 9 :i* ! "w is p]=m$2 & 7#d7 a close adh]5ce to ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( manipulation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if due obs]vance is n paid to ^! conditions1 ! s\rces ( error are num]\s1 & inaccurate results inevitable4 ,we w endeavor to po9t out 9 ?is report ! be/ means ( meet+ ! prop] conditions = obta9+ ! highe/ degree ( accuracy consi/5t ) fairly rapid "w4 ,x w\ld be manife/ly impossible to obs]ve s great a ref9em5t ( accuracy 9 ?is "w z w\ld be employ$ 9 exact sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is w\ld be unnecess>y = ! end 9 view1 & impossible on acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( "t t w\ld be requir$4 ,i4--,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,app>atus4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! pol>iscopes & all app>atus us$ 9 ! "w %all be c>efully & accurately adju/$ & graduat$1 & ^u a s+le & uni=m sy/em ( /&>dization4 ,rec5t inve/igations ( ! pol>imetric "w done 9 ! cu/oms bran* ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t h %[n t a v consid]able "p ( ! want ( agreem5t 9 ! results obta9$ at ! diff]5t ports 0 due to a lack ( uni=mity 9 ! /&>dization ( ! in/rum5ts & app>atus4 7a47 ,! ,pol>iscope4--,!re are _m diff]5t =ms ( ?is in/rum5t us$4 ,"s are adapt$ = use ) ord9>y :ite light1 & "s ) mono*romatic light1 su* z sodium ray4 ,!y are graduat$ & adju/$ ^u v>i\s /&>ds1 all m or less arbitr>y4 ,"s1 = example1 h _! scales bas$ ^u ! displacem5t ( ! pol>iz$ ray produc$ by a qu>tz plate ( a c]ta9 ?ickness2 o!rs ^u ! displacem5t produc$ by an arbitr>y quantity ( pure sucrose1 dissolv$ & made up to a c]ta9 volume & pol>iz$ 9 a c]ta9 def9ite l5g? ( column4 ,x w\ld be v desirable to h an absolute /&>d set = pol>iscopic measurem5ts1 to :i* all in/rum5ts c\ld be ref]r$1 & 9 ! t]ms ( :i* all su* "w c\ld be /at$4 ,?is commission has in=mation t an inve/igation is n[ 9 progress "u ! direction ( ! ,g]man imp]ial gov]nm5t1 hav+ = its end & purpose ! det]m9ation ( su* data z w s]ve = ! e/abli%m5t ( an absolute /&>d4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ x c easily be made a matt] ( int]national agreem5t1 & all future =ms ( in/rum5ts be bas$ ^u x4 ,?is commission w\ld sugge/ t ! att5tion ( ! prop] au?orities %\ld be call$ to ! desirability ( (ficial action by ?is gov]nm5t ) a view to co-op]ation ) o!r c\ntries = ! adoption ( int]national /&>ds = pol>imetric "w4 ,until ?is is done1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y = ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,bureau to adopt1 provisionally1 "o ( ! be/ exi/+ =ms ( pol>iscope1 & by c>efully def9+ ! scale ( ?is in/rum5t1 e/abli% a basis = its pol>imetric "w :i* w be a close approximation to an absolute /&>d1 & ^u :i* x c rely 9 case ( any dispute aris+ z to ! results obta9$ by ! (fic]s ( ! bureau4 ,= ! in/rum5t to be provisionally adopt$ by ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,bureau1 ?is commission w\ld recomm5d ! half %ad[ in/rum5t made by ,franz ,s*midt ,ha5s*1 ,b]l94 ,?is in/rum5t is adapt$ = use ) :ite light illum9ation1 f coal oil or gas lamps4 ,x is conv5i5t & easy to read1 requir+ no delicate discrim9ation ( colors by ! obs]v]1 & c be us$ ev5 by a p]son :o is color bl9d4 ,?is =m ( in/rum5t is adju/$ to ! ,v5tzke scale1 :i*1 = ! purposes ( ?is report1 is def9$ to be su* t #a ( ! scale is ! "o hundr$? "p ( ! rotation produc$ 9 ! plane ( pol>ization ( :ite light 9 a column #bjj mm4 long by a /&>d solution ( *emically pure sucrose at #ag4e ,c4 ,! /&>d solution ( sucrose 9 di/ill$ wat] be+ su* z to conta91 at #ag4e ,c4 9 #ajj c4c41 #bf4jdh grms4 ( sucrose4 ,9 ?is def9ition ! weights & volumes are to be consid]$ z absolute1 all weigh+s be+ ref]r$ to a vacuum4 ,! def9ition %\ld prop]ly be supplem5t$ ) a /atem5t ( ! equival5t circul> rotation 9 degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds t w\ld be produc$ by ! /&>d solution ( sug> us$ to read #ajj on ! scale4 ,?is con/ant is n[ a matt] ( inve/igation1 & x is ?\ght be/ n to give any ( ! hi!rto accept$ values4 ,:5 ?is is e/abli%$1 x is recomm5d$ t x be incorporat$ 9 a revision ( ! regulations ( ! int]nal rev5ue relative to sug>1 9 ord] to make /ill m def9ite & exact ! (ficial def9ition ( ! ,v5tzke scale4 ,! in/rum5ts %\ld be adju/$ by means ( control qu>tz plates1 ?ree diff]5t plates be+ us$ = complete adju/m5t1 "o read+ approximately #ajj on ! scale1 "o #ij1 & "o #hj4 ,^! control qu>tz plates %\ld h _! exact values asc]ta9$ 9 t]ms ( ! ,v5tzke scale by ! (fice ( weights & measures by comp>ison ) ! /&>d qu>tz plates 9 possession ( t (fice1 9 /rict accordance ) ! =ego+ def9ition1 & %\ld also be accompani$ by tables giv+ _! values = temp]atures f #aj to #ce4 7b47 ,weights4--,! weights us$ %\ld be ( solid brass1 & %\ld be /&>diz$ by ! (fice ( weights & measures4 7c47 ,flask4--,! flasks us$ %\ld be ( su* a capacity z to conta9 at #ag4e ,c4 #ajj4jf cubic c5timet]s1 :5 fill$ 9 su* a mann] t ! l[e/ po9t ( ! m5iscus ( ! surface ( ! liquid j t\*es ! graduation m>k4 ,! flasks w be /&>diz$ to conta9 ?is volume 9 ord] t ! results %all con=m to ! scale recomm5d$ = adoption )\t num]ical r$uction ( ! weigh+s to vacuo4 ,!y %\ld be calibrat$ by ! (fice ( weights & measures4 7d47 ,tubes4--,! tubes us$ %\ld be ( brass or glass1 #bjj & #ajj millimet]s 9 l5g?1 & %\ld be measur$ by ! (fice ( weights & measures4 7e47 ,balances4--,! balances us$ %\ld be s5sitive to at lea/ "o milligramme4 ,,ii4--,,skill$ ,,obs]v]s4 ,! commission recomm5ds t ! "w ( pol>iz+ sug>s be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( *emi/s1 or at lea/ ( p]sons :o are famili> ) ! use ( ! pol>iscope & h "s k ( ! !ory ( its con/ruction & ( *emical manipulations4 ,to ?is end we w\ld sugge/ t applicants = positions :]e su* "w is to be done %\ld be oblig$ to und]go a competitive exam9ation 9 ord] to te/ _! fitness = ! "w t is to be requir$ ( !m4 ,,iii4--,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,laboratories4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! rooms 9 :i* pol>izations are p]=m$ has an important be>+ ^u ! accuracy ( ! results obta9$4 ,pol>iscopic obs]vations are made m readily & accurately if ! eye ( ! obs]v] is scre5$ f diffus$ light2 !re=e1 a p>tial d>k5+ ( ! room1 :i* may be accompli%$ by means ( curta9s or hang+s1 is an advantage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! obs]vation is made has a v consid]able influ5ce ^u ! results obta9$1 s t ! arrangem5ts = d>k5+ ! room mu/ n be su* z w int]f]e ) its prop] v5tilation4 ,o!rwise ! heat f ! lamps us$1 if conf9$ )9 a small room1 w cause consid]able v>iations 9 ! temp]ature ( ! room f "t to "t4 ,! prop] conditions w be/ be met1 9 our op9ion1 by plac+ ! lamps ei!r 9 a sep>ate room f t 9 :i* ! in/rum5ts are1 & p]=at+ ! wall or p>tition betwe5 ! two rooms = ! light to rea* ! end ( ! in/rum5ts1 or 9 a v5tilat$ hood ) ! walls p]=at$ 9 a l mann]4 ,by l9+ ! wall or p>tition on bo? sides ) asbe/os pap]1 & ins]t+ a plate ( plane glass 9 ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! light passes1 ! increase ( temp]ature f ! radiation ( ! lamp w be /ill fur!r avoid$4 ,) ! lamps sep>at$ f ! in/rum5ts 9 ?is mann]1 ! space 9 :i* ! in/rum5ts are conta9$ is readily d>k5$ )\t mu* dang] ( its temp]ature be+ unduly rais$4 ,"s light1 ( c\rse1 is necess>y = read+ ! scales1 & if artificial light is employ$ = ?is purpose1 ! s\rces *os5 %\ld be su* t z little heat z possible w be g5]at$ by !m4 ,small inc&esc5t electric lights are be/ = su* purpose4 ,ref9em5ts ( ?is k9d _c always be us$1 ( c\rse1 b ! prime requisite ) ref]5ce to ! avoidance ( temp]ature errors is t all op]ations--fill+ ! flasks & tubes1 read+ ! solutions1 controll+ ! in/rum5t ) /&>d qu>tz plates1 etc4--%\ld be done at "o & ! same temp]ature1 & t ?is temp]ature be a con/ant "o1 t is1 n v>y+ greatly at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day4 ,= example1 ! room %\ld n be all[$ to become cold at night1 s t x is at l[ temp]ature 9 ! morn+ :5 "w is begun1 & !n rapidly heat$ up dur+ ! day4 ,! pol>iscope %\ld n be expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun dur+ "p ( ! day1 & %\ld n be ne> artificial s\rces ( heat1 su* z /eam boil]s1 furnaces1 flues1 etc4 ,! tables ^u :i* ! in/rum5ts /& %\ld be level4 ,,iv4--,,me?ods ,,( ,,manipulation4 ,! me?ods ( manipulation us$ 9 ! pol>ization ( sug> are ( prime importance4 ,!y consi/ 9 weigh+ out ! sug>1 dissolv+ x1 cl>ify+ ! solution1 mak+ x up to /&>d volume1 filt]+1 fill+ ! obs]vation tube1 regulat+ ! illum9ation1 & mak+ ! pol>iscopic read+4 ,! prop] conduct ( ^! processes1 9 connection ) ! use ( accurately graduat$ app>atus1 is ! only surety aga9/ ! num]\s s\rces ( error :i* may be enc\nt]$4 ,diff]5t sug>s require diff]5t treatm5t 9 cl>ification1 & mu* mu/ necess>ily be left to ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,! foll[+ directions are bas$ ^u v>i\s (ficial proc$ures su* z ! "o us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cu/om h\ses1 ! me?od prescrib$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t1 etc4 ,!y embody also ! result ( rec5t rese>* 9 reg>d to s\rces ( error 9 pol>imetric e/imation ( sug>3 ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,pol>ization ,,( ,,sug>4 #a4--;,description ( ,in/rum5t & ,mann] ( ,us+4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ is kn[n z ! half %ad[ app>atus ( ,s*midt & ,ha5s*4 ,x is %[n 9 ! foll[+ cut4 ,illu/ration ,! tube ,n conta9s ! illum9at+ sy/em ( l5ses & is plac$ next to ! lamp2 ! pol>iz+ prism is at ,o1 & ! analyz+ prism at ,h4 ,! qu>tz w$ge comp5sat+ sy/em is conta9$ 9 ! portions ( ! tube m>k$ ,f1 ,e1 ,g1 & is controll$ by ! mill$ head ,m4 ,! tube ,j c>ries a small telescope1 ?r\gh :i* ! field ( ! in/rum5t is view$1 & j above is ! read+ tube ,k1 :i* is provid$ ) a mirror & magnify+ l5s = read+ ! scale4 ,! tube conta9+ ! sug> solution is %[n 9 position 9 ! tr\gh betwe5 ! two ends ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5t ! lamp is plac$ at a di/ance ( at lea/ #bjj mm4 f ! end2 ! obs]v] seats himself at ! opposite end 9 su* a mann] z to br+ 8 eye 9 l9e ) ! tube ,j4 ,! telescope is mov$ 9 or out until ! prop] focus is secur$1 s z to give a cle>ly def9$ image1 :5 ! field ( ! in/rum5t w appe> z a r\nd1 lum9\s disk1 divid$ into two halves by a v]tical l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & d>k] on "o half ( ! disk ?an on ! o!r4 ,if ! obs]v]1 /ill look+ ?r\gh ! telescope1 w n[ grasp ! mill$ head ,m & rotate x1 fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 he w f9d t ! appe>ance ( ! field *anges1 & at a c]ta9 po9t ! d>k half becomes light1 & ! light half d>k4 ,by rotat+ ! mill$ head delicately backw>d & =w>d ov] ?is po9t he w be able to f9d ! exact position ( ! qu>tz w$ge op]at$ by x1 9 :i* ! field is neutral1 or ( ! same int5sity ( light on bo? halves4 ,illu/ration ,! ?ree diff]5t appe>ances pres5t$ by ! field are be/ %[n 9 ! above diagram4 ,) ! mill$ head set at ! po9t :i* gives ! appe>ance ( ! middle disk z %[n1 ! eye ( ! obs]v] is rais$ to ! read+ tube1 ,k1 & ! position ( ! scale is not$4 ,x w be se5 t ! scale prop] is atta*$ to ! qu>tz w$ge1 :i* is mov$ by ! mill$ head1 & atta*$ to ! o!r qu>tz w$ge is a small scale call$ a v]ni] :i* is fix$1 & :i* s]ves = ! exact det]m9ation ( ! movable scale ) ref]5ce to x4 ,on ea* side ( ! z]o l9e ( ! v]ni] a space correspond+ to n9e divisions ( ! movable scale is divid$ into t5 equal p>ts4 ,by ?is device ! fractional "p ( a degree indicat$ by ! position ( ! z]o l9e is asc]ta9$ 9 t5?s2 x is only necess>y to c\nt f z]o1 until a l9e is f\nd :i* makes a cont9u\s l9e ) "o on ! movable scale4 ,) ! neutral field z indicat$ above1 ! z]o ( ! movable scale %\ld correspond closely ) ! z]o ( ! v]ni] unless ! z]o po9t is out ( adju/m5t4 ,if ! obs]v] desires to secure an exact adju/m5t ( ! z]o ( ! scale1 or 9 any case if ! latt] deviates m ?an "o-half ( a degree1 ! z]o l9es are made to co9cide by mov+ ! mill$ head & secur+ a neutral field at ?is po9t by means ( ! small key :i* comes ) ! in/rum5t1 & :i* fits into a nipple on ! left h& side ( ,f1 ! fix$ qu>tz w$ge ( ! comp5sat+ sy/em4 ,?is nipple mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) a simil> nipple on ! "r h& side ( ! analyz+ prism1 ,h1 :i* x fits z well1 b :i* mu/ nev] be t\*$1 z ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t w\ld be s]i\sly di/urb$ by mov+ x4 ,) ! key on ! prop] nipple x is turn$ "o way or ! o!r until ! field is neutral4 ,unless ! deviation ( ! z]o be great] ?an #j4e1 x w n be necess>y to use ! key1 b only to note ! am\nt ( ! deviation1 & = ?is purpose ! obs]v] mu/ n be cont5t ) a s+le sett+1 b mu/ p]=m ! op]ation five or six times1 & take ! mean ( ^! diff]5t read+s4 ,if "o or m ( ! read+s %[ a deviation ( m ?an #j4c f ! g5]al av]age1 !y %\ld be reject$ z incorrect4 ,betwe5 ea* obs]vation ! eye %\ld be all[$ #aj to #bj seconds ( re/4 ,! sett+ ( ! z]o hav+ be5 p]=m$ z above1 ! det]m9ation ( ! accurate adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t by means ( ! control qu>tz plates is proce$$ )4 ,?ree su* plates w be furni%$ ) ea* pol>iscope1 :i* h sug> values respectively approximat+ #hj1 #ij1 & #ajj4 ,^! values may v>y ) ! temp]ature1 & tables are furni%$ ) !m :i* give _! exact value at diff]5t temp]atures1 f #aj to #ce ,c4 ,"o ( ^! plates is plac$ 9 ! in/rum5t1 & ! field obs]v$2 x w be se5 t ! uni=m appe>ance ( ! field is *ang$4 ,! mill$ head is turn$ to ! "r until ! exact po9t ( neutrality is re-e/abli%$1 j z describ$ above 9 sett+ ! z]o4 ,! scale is read1 ! obs]vation repeat$1 ! read+ tak5 aga91 & s on until five or six read+s h be5 made4 ,! av]age is tak51 read+s be+ reject$ :i* %[ a div]g5ce ( m ?an #j4c1 & ! result correct$ = ! deviation ( ! z]o po9t1 if any 0 f\nd1 ! deviation be+ add$ if x 0 to ! left1 & subtract$ if to ! "r4 ,if ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t be correct1 ! result %\ld be ! value ( ! control plate us$1 z asc]ta9$ f ! table1 = ! temp]ature ( #bj4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree plates is read 9 ! in/rum5t 9 ?is way4 ,a v>iation ( #j4c f ! e/abli%$ values may be all[$ = errors ( obs]vation1 temp]ature1 etc41 b 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful obs]v] a deviation great] ?an ?is ) "o ( ! ?ree plates1 aft] a c>eful sett+ ( ! z]o1 %[s t ! in/rum5t is n accurately adju/$4 ,! complete v]ification ( ! accurate adju/m5t ( ! pol>iscope by means ( ?ree control plates1 z giv5 above1 %\ld be employ$ :5ev] x is set up = ! fir/ "t by ! (fic] us+ x1 :5ev] x has su/a9$ any s]i\s %ock or injury1 & :5ev] x has be5 transport$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,x %\ld also be done at lea/ once a week :ile ! in/rum5t is 9 active use4 ,aft] ! complete v]ification has be5 p]=m$ z describ$1 fur!r *eck+ ( ! in/rum5t is done by means ( "o control plate alone1 ! "o approximat+ #ij1 & ! sett+ ( ! z]o po9t is disp5s$ )1 ! indication ( ! scale = sug> solutions be+ correct$ by ! am\nt ( deviation %[n 9 ! read+ ( ! #ij control plate f its e/abli%$ value z asc]ta9$ f ! table1 at ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,= example3 ,a sug> solution pol>izes #hj4e2 ! control plate j be=e _h giv5 a pol>ization ( #ia4d1 ! temp]ature ( ! room dur+ bo? obs]vations be+ #be ,c4 ,accord+ to ! table ! value ( ! control plate at #be ,c4 is #ia4g2 ! read+ is1 !re=e1 #j4c too l[1 & #j4c is add$ to ! read+ ( ! sug> solution1 mak+ ! correct$ result #hj4h4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room %\ld be asc]ta9$ f a /&>diz$ !rmomet] plac$ close to ! in/rum5t & 9 su* a position z to be subject to ! same conditions4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,sug> ,,solution ,,= ,,pol>ization4 ,if ! sample is n entirely uni=m x mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ be=e weigh+ out1 aft] all ! lumps are brok5 up1 be/ ) a mort> & pe/le4 ,!n #bf4jdh grammes are weigh$ out on ! balance 9 ! t>$ ,g]man silv] di% furni%$ = ?is purpose4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! op]ations ( mix+ & weigh+ out are n unduly prolong$1 o!rwise ! sample may easily suff] consid]able loss ( moi/ure1 especially 9 a w>m room4 ,! portion ( sug> weigh$ out is wa%$ by means ( a jet f a wa% bottle into a #ajj c4c4 flask1 ! di% be+ well r9s$ ?ree or f\r times & ! r9s+s add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask4 ,! wat] us$ mu/ be ei!r di/ill$ wat] or cle> wat] :i* has be5 f\nd to h no optical activity4 ,aft] ! di% has be5 ?or\ghly r9s$1 en\gh wat] is add$ to br+ ! cont5ts ( ! flask to ab\t #hj c4c4 & x is g5tly rotat$ until all ! sug> has dissolv$4 ,! flask %\ld be held by ! neck ) ! ?umb & f+]1 & ! bulb n h&l$ dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no p>ticle ( ! sug> or solution is lo/4 ,to det]m9e if all ! sug> is dissolv$1 ! flask is held above ! level ( ! eye1 9 :i* position any undissolv$ cry/als c be easily se5 at ! bottom4 ,! "* ( ! solution is n[ obs]v$4 ,if x be colorless or ( a v light /raw color1 & n opalesc5t1 s t x w give a cle> transp>5t liquid on filtration ?r\gh pap]1 ! volume is made up directly ) wat] to ! #ajj c4c4 m>k on ! flask4 ,mo/ sug> solutions1 h[ev]1 w require ! addition ( a cl>ify+ or decoloriz+ ag5t 9 ord] to r5d] !m suffici5tly cle> & colorless to pol>ize4 ,9 su* case1 be=e mak+ up to ! m>k1 a saturat$ solution ( subacetate ( lead is add$4 ,! quantity ( ?is ag5t requir$ w v>y accord+ to ! quality ( ! sug>2 = sug> :i* has be5 gra9$ 9 ! /rike pan & wa%$ 9 ! c5trifugals1 f #c to #ae drops w be requir$2 = sug> gra9$ 9 ! /rike pan b n well wa%$ 9 ! c5trifugals1 t is1 sug> int5d$ = ref9+ purposes1 f #ae to #cj drops w be requir$2 = sug> n gra9$ 9 ! /rike pan1 t is1 wagon or /r+ sug>1 second sug>1 etc41 f #a to #c c4c4 w be requir$4 ,aft] add+ ! solution ( subacetate ( lead ! flask mu/ be g5tly %ak51 s z to mix x ) ! sug> solution4 ,if ! prop] am\nt has be5 add$1 ! precipitate w usually subside rapidly1 b if n1 ! op]ator may judge ( ! complet5ess ( ! precipitation by hold+ ! flask above ! level ( ! eye & all[+ an additional drop ( subacetate ( lead to fl[ d[n ! side ( ! flask into ! solution2 if ?is drop leaves a cle> track along ! glass ?r\gh ! solution x indicates t ! precipitation is complete2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 all traces ( ! drop are lo/ on ent]+ ! solution1 x indicates t an additional small quantity ( ! subacetate ( lead is requir$4 ,! op]ator mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce ! po9t :]e ! addition %\ld cease2 a decid$ excess ( subacetate ( lead solution %\ld nev] be us$4 ,! use ( subacetate ( lead %\ld1 9 all cases1 be foll[$ by ! addition ( alum9a cream 7alum9ic hydrate susp5d$ 9 wat]7#b 9 ab\t d\ble ! volume ( ! subacetate solution us$1 = ! purpose ( complet+ ! cl>ification1 precipitat+ excess ( lead1 & facilitat+ filtration4 ,9 _m cases ( high grade sug>s1 especially beet sug>s1 ! use ( alum9a alone w be suffici5t = cl>ification )\t ! previ\s addition ( subacetate ( lead4 ,footnote #b3 ,prep>$ z foll[s3 ,%ake up p[d]$ comm]cial alum ) wat] at ord9>y temp]ature until a saturat$ solution is obta9$4 ,set aside a little ( ! solution1 & to ! residue add ammonia1 little by little1 /irr+ betwe5 additions1 until ! mixture is alkal9e to litmus pap]4 ,!n drop 9 additions ( ! portion left aside1 until ! mixture is j acid to litmus pap]4 ,by ?is proc$ure a cream ( alum9um hydroxide is obta9$ susp5d$ 9 a solution ( ammonium sulphate1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is n at all detrim5tal = sug> "w :5 add$ aft] subacetate ( lead1 ! ammonium sulphate precipitat+ :atev] excess ( lead may be pres5t4 ,! solution is n[ made up to ! m>k by ! addition ( di/ill$ wat] 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! flask1 grasp$ by ! neck betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 is held be=e ! op]ator 9 an upright position1 s t ! m>k is at ! level ( ! eye1 & di/ill$ wat] is add$ drop by drop f a siphon bottle or wa% bottle1 until ! l[e/ po9t ( ! curve or m5iscus =m$ by ! surface ( ! liquid j t\*es ! m>k4 ,if bubbles h9d] ! op]ation1 !y may be brok5 up by add+ a s+le drop ( e!r1 or a spray f an e!r atomiz]1 be=e mak+ up to ! m>k4 ,! m\? ( ! flask is n[ tightly clos$ ) ! ?umb1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask are ?or\ghly mix$ by turn+ & %ak+4 ,! entire solution is n[ p\r$ ^u ! filt]1 us+ = ?is purpose a funnel l>ge en\gh to conta9 all ! #ajj c4c4 at once1 & a wat* glass is plac$ ov] ! funnel dur+ filtration to prev5t a conc5tration ( ! solution by evaporation4 ,! funnel & vessel us$ to receive ! filtrate mu/ be p]fectly dry4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! filtrate1 ab\t #bj to #cj c4c41 %\ld be reject$ entirely1 z its conc5tration may be affect$ by a previ\s hygroscopic moi/ure cont5t ( ! filt] pap]4 ,x may also be necess>y to return subsequ5t portions to ! filt] until ! liquid passes ?r\gh p]fectly cle>4 ,if a satisfactory cl>ification has n be5 obta9$1 ! entire op]ation mu/ be repeat$1 s9ce only ) solutions t are entirely cle> & bright c accurate pol>imetric obs]vations be made4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( ! cle> liquid has pass$ ?r\gh ! filt]1 ! #bjj mm4 obs]vation tube is fill$ ) x4 ,! #ajj mm4 tube %\ld nev] be us$ except 9 r>e cases1 :5 not)/&+ all ! means us$ to effect ! prop] decolorization ( ! solution1 x is /ill too d>k to pol>ize 9 ! #bjj mm4 tube4 ,9 su* cases ! %ort] tube may be us$1 & its read+ multipli$ by two4 ,! z]o deviation mu/ !n be det]m9$ & appli$ to ! product4 ,?is w give ! read+ :i* w\ld h be5 obta9$ if a #bjj mm4 tube c\ld h be5 us$1 & x only rema9s to apply ! correction det]m9$ by ! use ( ! control plate z previ\sly describ$4 ,example3 ,solution reads 9 #ajj mm4 tube #dg4j ,multipli$ by #b #b4j ---- ,product #id4j ,z]o reads plus #j4c #j4c ---- ,solution w\ld read 9 #bjj mm4 tube #ic4g ,read+ ( control plate #ij4d ,sug> value ( control plate #ij4e ---- ,in/rum5t too l[ by #j4a ,add #j4a to #ic4g ---- ,correct pol>ization ( solution #ic4h ,be=e fill+ ! tube x mu/ ei!r be ?or\ghly dri$ by pu%+ a plug ( filt] pap] ?r\gh x1 or x mu/ be r9s$ sev]al times ) ! solution itself4 ,! cov] glasses mu/ also be clean & dry1 & )\t s]i\s defects or scrat*es4 ,unnecess>y w>m+ ( ! tube by ! h& dur+ fill+ %\ld be avoid$2 x is clos$ at "o end ) ! screw cap & cov] glass1 & grasp$ by ! o!r end ) ! ?umb & f+]4 ,! solution is p\r$ into x until its curv$ surface projects slightly above ! op5+1 ! air bubbles all[$ "t to rise1 & ! cov] glass pu%$ horizontally ov] ! end ( ! tube 9 su* a mann] t ! excess ( liquid is c>ri$ ov] ! side1 leav+ ! cov] glass exactly clos+ ! tube ) no air bubbles b5ea? x1 & ) no portion ( ! liquid ^u its upp] surface4 ,if ?is result is n atta9$1 ! op]ation mu/ be repeat$1 ! cov] glass be+ rubb$ clean & dry1 & ! solution aga9 br\ght up ov] ! end by add+ a few m drops4 ,! cov] glass be+ 9 position1 ! tube is clos$ by screw+ on ! cap4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 screw+ d[n ! caps t !y d n press too tightly ^u ! cov] glasses2 by su* pressure ! glasses !mselves may become optically active1 & cause errone\s read+s :5 plac$ 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,x %\ld !re=e be asc]ta9$ t ! rubb] wa%]s are 9 position ov] ! cov] glasses1 & ! caps %\ld be screw$ on lightly4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t a cov] glass1 once compress$1 may "p ) its acquir$ optical activity v sl[ly1 & "s "t mu/ be all[$ to elapse be=e x is us$ aga94 ,! pol>iscopic read+ may n[ be tak51 an obs]vation on ! #ij control plate hav+ be5 made imm$iately be=e z previ\sly describ$4 ,!n )\t alt]+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t relative to ! light1 or *ang+ ! "* ( ! latt] 9 any way1 ! tube fill$ ) ! sug> solution is sub/itut$ = ! control plate4 ,! telescope is adju/$1 if necess>y1 s z to give a %>ply def9$ field1 :i* mu/ appe> r\nd & cle>4 7,?is condition mu/ be fulfill$ be=e ! obs]vation is p]=m$1 z x is ess5tial to accuracy47 ,! mill$ head is turn$ until ! neutral po9t is f\nd1 & ! read+ is tak5 exactly z previ\sly describ$1 ! op]ation repeat$ five or six times1 ! av]age tak5 ) ! rejection ( ab]rant read+s1 ! av]age figure correct$ = ! deviation %[n by ! control obs]vation f ! sug> value ( ! control plate at ! temp]ature ( obs]vation z giv5 9 ! table1 & ! result tak5 z ! pol>ization ( ! sug>4 ,:5 a s]ies ( successive pol>izations is made "u ! same conditions z reg>ds temp]ature1 position ( ! in/rum5t ) relation to ! high int5sity1 ( ! light1 etc41 ! control obs]vation ne$ n be made be=e ea* pol>ization1 "o su* obs]vation be+ suffici5t = ! entire s]ies4 ,! control mu/ be repeat$ at lea/ once an h\r1 h[ev]1 & (t5] :5 ! op]ator has reason to ?9k t any ( ! factors indicat$ above h be5 alt]$1 = any su* alt]ation ( conditions may *ange ! z]o po9t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ! pol>ization ( ! qu>tz plates1 z also 9 ! pol>ization ( v :ite sug>s1 difficulty may be exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ a complete correspond5ce ( bo? halves ( ! field4 ,) a little practice ?is may be ov]come & ! neutral po9t f\nd1 b :5 x _c1 ! ord9>y telescope ( ! in/rum5t may be replac$ by ano!r1 :i* is furni%$ ) ! pol>iscope & :i* c>ries a yell[ plate4 ,?is removes ! difficulty & r5d]s x possible1 ev5 = "o n well accu/om$ to ! in/rum5t1 to set x at ! exact po9t ( neutrality4 ,,summ>iz$ ,,s\rces ,,( ,,error4 ,! foll[+ pr9cipal s\rces ( error mu/ be especially gu>d$ aga9/3 #a4 ,dry+ out ( sample dur+ weigh+4 #b4 ,excess ( subacetate ( lead solution 9 cl>ification4 #c4 ,incomplete mix+ ( solution aft] mak+ up to m>k4 #d4 ,imp]fect cl>ification or filtration4 #e4 ,conc5tration ( solution by evaporation dur+ filtration4 #f4 ,undue compression ( ! cov] glass4 #g4 ,alt]ation ( ! temp]ature ( room1 position ( in/rum5t1 or int5sity ( light :ile ! obs]vation or control obs]vation is be+ p]=m$4 #h4 ,p]=mances ( pol>ization ) a cl\dy1 dim1 or n completely r\nd or %>ply def9$ field4 ,9 clos+ ?is report ! memb]s ( ?is commission h]eby signify _! int5tion to promote uni=mity & accuracy by adopt+ & us+ ! /&>ds & g5]al plan ( proc$ure recomm5d$ 9 ?is report 9 ! pol>imetric det]m9ations ov] :i*1 9 _! respective bran*es ( gov]nm5t "w1 !y h control4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gr& ,,falls ,,( ,,labrador4 ,hamilton ,inlet1 or ,ionektoke1 z ! ,esquimaus call x1 is ! outlet to ! l>ge/ riv] on ! ,labrador ,p59sula1 & ( great importance to comm]ce1 ,rigolet1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company 9 ?is region1 be+ situat$ on its %ores4 ,?is inlet is ! great wat]way to ,c5tral ,labrador1 ext5d+ into ! int]ior = ne>ly #bjj miles4 ,?is imm5se bas9 is und\bt$ly ( glacial orig91 evid5ces ( ice erosion be+ pla9ly se54 ,x is divid$ into two g5]al bas9s1 connect$ by ! n>r[s1 a small /rait1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ru%es ) frightful rapidity at ea* tide4 ,into ! head ( ! inlet fl[s ! ,hamilton1 or ,gr& ,riv]1 an exploration ( :i*1 ?\gh att5d$ ) ! greate/ dang] & privation1 has entic$ _m m5 to ^! b>r5 %ores4 ,p]haps ! mo/ successful exp$ition ?us f> 0 t ( ,mr4 ,holme1 an ,engli%man1 :o1 9 ! summ] ( #ahhh1 w5t z f> z ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 :]e1 by failure ( 8 provisions1 he 0 oblig$ to turn back1 leav+ ! ma9 object ( ! trip1 ! discov]y ( ! ,gr& ,falls1 :olly unaccompli%$4 ,x has be5 left = ,b[do9 ,college to accompli% ! "w left undone by ,mr4 ,holme1 to d honor to h]self & h] c\ntry by n only discov]+1 measur+1 & photograph+ ! falls1 b mak+ kn[n ! g5]al features ( ! inl& plateau1 ! geological /ructure ( ! cont95t1 & ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,on ,sunday1 ,july #bf1 a p>ty ( ! ,b[do9 exp$ition1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,c>y1 ,cole1 ,"y1 & ,smi?1 equipp$ ) two ,ru%ton boats & a complem5t ( provisions & in/rum5ts1 left ! s*oon] at ! head ( ! inlet = a five weeks' trip into ! int]ior1 ! ultimate object be+ ! discov]y ( ! ,gr& ,falls4 ,! m\? ( ! riv]1 :i* is ab\t "o mile wide1 is blockad$ by imm5se s& b>s1 :i* h be5 laid d[n gradually by ! erosive p[] ( ! riv]4 ,^! b>s ext5d f> out into ,goose ,bay1 at ! head ( ,lake ,melville1 & x is impossible to approa* ! %ores except 9 a small boat4 ,tw5ty-five miles up ! riv] are ! fir/ falls1 a desc5t ( ! wat] ( tw5ty-five feet1 =m+ a beautiful sight4 ,"h a ca*e ( provisions 0 made1 l>ge en\gh to c>ry ! p>ty back to ! appo9t$ meet+ place at ,nor?we/ ,riv]4 ,! c>ry ar\nd ! fir/ falls is ab\t "o & a half miles 9 l5g?1 & v difficult on acc\nt ( ! /eep sides ( ! riv]4 ,f ! fir/ falls to ,gull ,isl& ,lake1 =ty miles above1 ! riv] is alt]nately quick & dead wat]4 ,"p ( x is v heavy rapids1 ov] :i* x 0 necess>y to track1 & 9 "s places to d\ble ! crews4 ,ea* boat _h a t[ l9e ( fifty feet1 & 9 track+ ! end 0 tak5 a%ore by "o ( ! crew ( two1 :ile ! boat 0 kept (f ! bank by ! o!r man ) an o>4 ,at ! ,horse%oe ,rapids1 t5 miles above ,gull ,isl& ,lake1 an accid5t happ5$ :i* ?reat5$ to put a /op to fur!r progress ( ! exp$ition4 ,:ile track+ ar\nd a /eep po9t 9 cross+ ^! rapids ! boat :i* ,messrs4 ,c>y & ,smi? 7 track+ 0 ov]turn$1 dump+ b>omet]1 %otgun1 & ax into ! riv]1 toge!r ) ne>ly "o-half ! total am\nt ( provisions4 ,9 ! swift wat] ( ! rapids all ^! ?+s 7 irrevocably lo/1 a v s]i\s loss at ?is /age 9 ! exp$ition4 ,on ?is day s great 0 ! =ce ( ! wat] t only "o mile 0 made1 & t only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,j above ! m\? ( ! ,nimpa ,riv]1 :i* ent]s ! ,gr& ,riv] tw5ty-five miles above ,gull ,isl& ,lake1 a second ca*e ( provisions 0 made1 hold+ en\gh to c>ry ! p>ty to _! fir/ ca*e at ! fir/ falls4 ,"o ( ! boats 0 n[ f\nd to be leak+ badly1 & a /op 0 made to pit* ! cracks & repair h]1 mak+ necess>y ! loss ( a few h\rs4 ,f ,nimpa ,riv] to ! ,m\ni ,rapids1 at ! entrance to ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 ! wat] 0 f\nd to be fairly smoo?1 & good progress 0 made4 ,! *ange 9 ! sc5]y1 too1 is noticeable1 becom+ m magnific5t & gr&4 ,! m\nta9s1 :i* are bold] & m b>r51 approa* mu* ne>] to ea* o!r on ea* side ( ! riv]1 & at ! base ( ^! grim s5t9els ! riv] fl[s silv]y & sil5tly4 ,! ,m\ni ,rapids1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes f ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 pres5t$ ! next ob/acle to fur!r progress1 b ! swift wat] "h 0 soon pass$1 & well repaid ! travel] ) ! sight "h pres5t$ almo/ unexpect$ly to 8 view4 ,! lake 0 ent]$ ab\t #d o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 &1 z ! n>r[ entrance 0 pass$1 ! sun p\r$ its full ri* light on rocky m\nta9s /ret*+ z f> away z ! eye c\ld rea*1 on ea* side ( ! lake1 & t]m9at+ 9 rocky cliffs f #fjj to #hjj feet 9 p]p5dicul> height1 :i* =m$ ! %ores or conf9es ( ! lake4 ,across ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 :i* is1 m prop]ly speak+1 n a lake at all1 b r a wid5+ ( ! riv] b$1 ! progress 0 v good1 ! wat] hav+ no motion to ret>d ! boats1 & =ty miles 7 made dur+ ! day4 ,"h a mis=tune1 :i* _h be5 ?reat5+ = sev]al days1 came ^u ! p>ty4 ,mr4 ,"y's arm 0 s swoll51 f ! %\ld] to f+] tips1 t he c\ld sc>cely move x1 ! pa9 be+ excessive4 ,x _h be5 br\ght on d\btless by cold & exposure4 ,see+ t he c\ld be ( no fur!r use to ! p>ty1 x 0 decid$ to divide =ces1 ,mr4 ,smi? return+ ) ! sick man to ,rigolet = m$ical assi/ance4 ,! sep>ation took place ,augu/ #h1 :5 ! p>ty _h be5 on ! riv] elev5 days4 ,! p>ty 7 v sorry to return at ?is po9t1 s9ce f ! be/ in=mation :i* !y c\ld get 9 reg>d to ! di/ance1 ! falls 7 b fifty miles above !m4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no help = x4 ,s ,smi? & ,"y1 bidd+ _! fri5ds good =tune1 />t$ on _! return trip4 ,! m\? ( ! riv] 0 rea*$ 9 ?ree days1 a little less ?an "o-?ird ! "t consum$ 9 go+ up1 & t1 too1 ) only "o man to h&le ! boat4 ,on ! way d[n ! riv] ano!r p>ty1 compos$ ( ,messrs4 ,bryant & ,k5a/on ( ,philadelphia1 0 met1 :o 7 on ! same bus9ess z ! ,b[do9 p>ty1 ! discov]y ( ! falls4 ,mr4 ,bryant h&$ to ,mr4 ,"y a tw5ty-five p\nd c ( fl\r1 :i*1 he said1 he _h f\nd 9 ! :irlpool bel[ ! fir/ falls4 ,x _h be5 9 ! boat :i* 0 ov]turn$ 9 ! ,horse%oe ,rapids1 & _h made ! j\rney to ! fir/ falls1 a di/ance ( ov] fifty miles1 )\t d5t+ or injur+ ! c 9 any way4 ,x 0 a great relief to ! ,bryant p>ty to le>n ! cause ( ! mi%ap1 z !y _h fe>$ a m s]i\s calamity4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ! o!r two1 ,messrs4 ,c>y & ,cole enc\nt]$ mu* rapid wat]1 s t _! progress 0 necess>ily sl[4 ,on ! ?ird day1 :5 !y _h proce$$ sixty-five miles above ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 & _h se5 no indications ( any falls1 ! rapidity ( ! curr5t =c$ !m to leave ! riv] & make any fur!r progress on foot4 ,! boat 0 ca*$ at ?is po9t1 toge!r ) all t 0 left ( provisions & in/rum5ts except ! compass & food = six days4 ,!y left j en\gh provisions to c>ry !m to _! la/ ca*e at ,n9ipi ,riv]1 & hop$1 by c>eful use ( ! rema9d]1 to f9d ! object ( _! se>*4 ,if !y _h n en\gh provisions1 !n !y mu/ turn back1 leav+ reports ( falls z de/itute ( confirmation z ev]4 ,! l& bord]+ ! riv] at ?is po9t 0 heavily wood$1 & 9 places :]e ! riv] %ore c\ld n be foll[$ on acc\nt ( ! cliffs1 _! progress 0 necess>ily sl[4 ,f9d+ an elevation ( l& at no great di/ance f !m1 !y asc5d$ x = a g5]al survey ( ! c\ntry4 ,f> away 9 ! di/ance c\ld be se5 ! curr5t ( ! ,gr& ,riv] fl[+ sluggi%ly b maje/ically on its c\rse to ! sea4 ,lakes on all sides 7 visible1 mo/ ( !m probably ( glacial orig94 ,desc5d+ f ?is m\nta91 :i* ! explor]s *ri/5$ ,m\nt ,b[do91 a c\rse 0 laid on ! riv] bank1 :]e camp 0 made t night4 ,be+ n[ some:at weak f h>d labor & insuffici5t food1 _! progress 0 sl[ ?r\gh ! ?ick wood1 b on ! next night camp 0 made on ! edge ( ! plateau or table l& ( ,labrador4 ,aft] proce$+ a %ort di/ance on ! next day1 ,aug4 #ac1 a l\d ro> 0 he>d 9 ! di/ance1 & a c\rse 0 laid = ! riv] at ! ne>e/ po9t4 ,! riv] at ?is po9t1 ab\t "o mile above ! falls1 0 #ejj y>ds wide1 n>r[+ to fifty y>ds a %ort di/ance bel[1 :]e great cl\ds ( spray float+ 9 ! air w>n$ ! we>y travel]s t _! object _h be5 atta9$4 ,quickly !y proce$$ to ! sc5e1 & a magnific5t sight bur/ ^u _! view4 ,gr& ,falls1 ?\gh n approa*+ ! incr$ible height attribut$ to x by leg5d>y acc\nts ( ! ,indians1 is a gr& fall ( wat]4 ,its total desc5t is accompli%$ 9 a s]ies ( falls aggregat+ ne>ly #ejj feet4 ,! greate/ p]p5dicul> desc5t is n ov] #bjj feet4 ,! half doz5 falls betwe5 ?is gr& desc5t & ! b$ ( ! riv] on ! plateau v>y f t5 to tw5ty-five feet1 add+ to ! maje/y & gr&eur ( ! sc5e4 ,x 0 ) great difficulty t ! bottom ( ! falls 0 rea*$ & a photograph ( ! sc5e tak54 ,aft] leav+ ! plateau & plung+ ov] ! falls1 ! wat]s ent] an imm5se caon or gorge1 ne>ly #dj miles long & #cjj y>ds wide1 ! p]p5dicul> sides ( :i* rise to a height ( f #cjj to #ejj feet4 ,! sides ( ?is caon %[ x to be holl[$ out ( solid ,ar*an rock4 ,?r\gh ?is caon ! wat] ru%es ) t]rific rapidity1 mak+ passage by boat :olly impossible4 ,_m errone\s /ories h be5 told 9 reg>d to ! height ( ^! falls1 all ( !m greatly exagg]at+ ! desc5t ( ! wat]4 ,! ,indians ( ?is locality ( ! tribe ( ! ,nascopee or ! race ( ,crees h long believ$ ! falls to be haunt$ by an evil _s1 :o puni%$ ) dea? any "o :o might d>e to look ^u !m4 ,! height ( l& or plateau :i* con/itutes ! int]ior ( ! ,labrador p59sula is f #b1jjj to #b1ejj feet above ! sea level1 fairly heavily wood$ ) spruce1 fir1 hackmatack1 & bir*1 & n at all ! desolate wa/e x has be5 pictur$ by _m writ]s4 ,! b>r5ness ( ,labrador is conf9$ to ! coa/1 & "o _c ent] ! int]ior 9 any direction )\t be+ /ruck by ! lat5t possibilities ( ! p59sula 7 x n = ! abundance ( flies & mosquitoes4 ,_! gre$ is insatiable1 & at times ! two m5 7 weak5$ f ! loss ( blood occasion$ by ^! insects4 ,! object ( ! exp$ition be+ atta9$1 ! return trip 0 begun1 & ! sight ( ! ca*$ boat & provisions eag]ly wat*$ =4 ,on ,aug4 #ae ! camp 0 sight$1 b to _! horror !y saw smoke issu+ f ! spot4 ,x at once fla%$ ^u _! m9ds :at _h tak5 place1 & :5 !y arriv$ !y f\nd t _! fe>s _h be5 all too truly realiz$4 ,*>r$ rema9s ( ! boat1 a burn$ octant1 & a few unexplod$ c>tridges 7 all t rema9$ ( ! meag] outfit ^u :i* !y dep5d$ to take !m to ! m\? ( ! riv]1 a di/ance ( ov] #bej miles4 ,! camp fire1 n hav+ be5 completely ext+ui%$1 _h burn$ ! boat & de/roy$ all _! provisions4 ,x 0 truly a h>d outlook = !m1 b no "t mu/ be lo/ if provisions 7 to be obta9$4 ,ha/ily a raft 0 con/ruct$1 ! logs be+ b\nd toge!r ) spruce roots4 ,9 ?is way1 by alt]nately walk+ & raft+1 ! m\? ( ! riv] 0 rea*$ ,aug4 #bi4 ,on ! way d[n ! riv] five rafts _h be5 made & ab&on$4 ,! only weapon 0 a small pocket revolv]1 & ) ! products ( ?is weapon1 mo/ly r$ squirrels & a few fi%1 !y liv$ until !y rea*$ ! diff]5t ca*es4 ,_m a meal 0 made ( "o r$ squirrel divid$ betwe5 !m1 & ^u su* food !y 7 compell$ to make ! be/ "t possible4 ,on ! way up ! riv] ! %oes ( "o ( ! p>ty _h giv5 :olly out1 & he 0 oblig$ to make a rude pair ( slipp]s f ! back ( a lea!r pack4 ,) torn clo!s & hungry bodies !y pres5t$ a h>d sight inde$ :5 !y jo9$ _! fri5ds at ,rigolet on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! p>ty compos$ ( ,messrs4 ,bryant & ,k5a/on 0 pass$ by ,c>y & ,cole :ile on ! way d[n1 b 0 n se54 ,probably ?is occurr$ on ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 ! wid? ( ! lake prev5t+ "o p>ty f see+ ! o!r4 ,x seem$ a wa/e ( "t & en]gy t two exp$itions 9 ! same summ] %\ld be s5t ^u ! same object1 b nei!r p>ty knew ( ! int5tion ( ! o!r until x 0 too late to turn back4 ,gr& ,riv] has long be5 a highway = ! dep5d5ts ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company4 ,! company =m]ly _h a po/ on ,lake ,wam9ikapon1 & ano!r1 call$ ,height ( ,l&1 on ! plateau4 ,provisions 7 c>ri$ to ^! po/s1 & furs br\ght f !m by way ( ,gr& ,riv]1 ! p>ties proce$+ z f> z ! lake1 & !n1 leav+ ,gr& ,riv] "s di/ance bel[ ! caon1 no long] be+ able to foll[ x on acc\nt ( ! swiftness ( ! wat]1 !y c>ri$ _! canoes across ! l& to a *a9 ( lakes connect+ ) ! po/4 ,?is /ation has be5 giv5 up _m ye>s1 & ! riv] is us$ n[ *iefly be ,indians & hunt]s 9 ! w9t]4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ,hamilton ,inlet 0 ( glacial orig91 ! imm5se bas9 holl[$ out by ?is erosive ag5t be+ #aej miles 9 l5g?4 ,h[ mu* fur!r ?is imm5se valley ext5d$ has nev] be5 kn[n4 ,mr4 ,c>y says t ! same bas9 :i* =ms ,hamilton ,inlet & ent]s ,lake ,melville1 ! two be+ connect$ by twelve miles ( n>r[s1 ext5ds up ! ,gr& ,riv] ,valley z f> z ,gull ,isl& ,lake1 ! :ole =m+ "o gr& glacial record4 ,f ,lake ,melville to ,gull ,isl& ! b$ 0 be+ gradually fill$ 9 by ! deposits ( ! riv]1 b ! cont\r ( ! bas9 is ! same "h z bel[4 ,! b$ ( ! c\ntry "h is ,ar*an rock1 & _m beautiful specim5s ( labradorite dot ! %ores4 ,9 ! di/ance ! grim peaks ( ! ,mealy ,m\nta9s /& out 9 bold relief aga9/ ! sky4 ,! c\ntry ab\t ?is int]ior bas9 is heavily wood$1 & sp>s ( #ge feet c be obta9$ 9 g5]\s numb]s4 ,7 x n = ! native inhabitants1 mosquitoes1 & flies1 ! int]ior w\ld pres5t conditions *>m+ en\gh to tempt any lov] ( nature4 ,x is ! abundance ( ^! inv9cible foes :i* make int]ior life a burd5 & almo/ an impossibility4 ,to ^! inhabitants alone ,gr& ,falls has ceas$ to *ant its melodi\s tune4 ,h]eaft] its melodi\s ripple w be he>d by ,b[do9 ,college1 :i*1 9 ! "n ( its explor]s1 ,c>y & ,cole1 claims ! honor ( its discov]y4--,new ,york ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ants4 ,by ,,ru? ,,w>d ,,kahn4 ,a/ronomy has made u all famili> ) ! conception ( ! _w ov] our heads4 ,we no long] speculate ) ,epicurus & ,anaxagoras :e!r ! sun may be z l>ge z a quoit1 or ev5 z l>ge z ,peloponnesus4 ,we are satisfi$ t ! great] & ! less] lights are worlds1 "s ( !m greatly exce$+ our own 9 magnitude4 ,9 a little poem ( ,dante ,rossetti's1 he describes a mood ( viol5t grief 9 :i*1 sitt+ ) 8 head b[$ betwe5 8 knees1 he unconsci\sly eyes ! wood spurge gr[+ at 8 feet1 till f ^? t]rible mom5ts he c>ries away ! "o trivial fact cut into 8 bra9 = all "t1 t ! wood spurge has a cup ( ?ree4 ,9 "s su* mood ( tr\bl$ ?\ght1 flung p]haps full l5g? on ! turf1 h we n z unconsci\sly & int5tly wat*$ a little ant1 trudg+ across our pro/rate =m1 int5t ^u its glori\s polity3 a creature to :i* we1 ) our great spiritual _w ( ?\ght & emotion & w1 h no exi/5ce except z a sudd5 & inconv5i5t upheaval ( p>ti-color$ e>? to be scal$1 ( unkn[n geological =mation1 b :olly wor?less z hav+ no be>+ ^u ! "o great end ( _! life--! c>e ( l>v4 ,if we hold ) ,mr4 ,wallace t ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] animals is t ( k9d & n ( degree--t man is possess$ ( an intellig5t w t appo9ts its own ends1 ( a consci5ce t imposes ^u him a categorical imp]ative1 ( spiritual faculties t appreh5d & wor%ip ! invisible--yet we mu/ admit t 8 l[] animal nature1 :i* =ms1 z x1 71 ! plat=m ( ! spiritual1 is built up ( l[] organisms4 ,if we hold ) ,pr(essor ,allman t ?\ght1 w1 & consci5ce1 ?\gh only manife/+ !mselves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ebral protoplasm1 are n its prop]ties any m ?an ! invisible e>? elem5ts :i* lie beyond ! violet are ! prop]ty ( ! m$ium :i*1 by alt]+ _! refrangibility1 makes !m its own--!n ! /udy ( ! exact nature & prop]ties ( ! transmitt+ m$ium is equally necess>y4 ,inde$1 ! :ole position c only be f9ally e/abli%$ ( def9+ exp]im5tally ! necess>y limitation ( ! m$ium1 & prov+ ! ineffici5cy ( ! l[] data to acc\nt ) ! high]4 ,x is ^! consid]ations ( ! wid] issues t give su* a peculi> int]e/ to ! pati5t obs]vations :i* h rec5tly be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! habits ( ! social insects1 especially ( ants1 :i*1 liv+ 9 communities1 pres5t s _m ( ! conditions ( human life1 & ! developm5t ( ! tribal self f ^! conditions1 to :i* ,pr(essor ,clif=d attribut$ ! g5esis ( moral s5se4 ,9 ord] to pass 9 review ^! int]e/+ obs]vations & br+ out _! significance1 ,i mu/ g ov] gr\nd :i* is d\btless famili> to mo/ ( my read]s4 ,! w+$ ants1 :i* (t5 excite surprise1 are simply ! virg9 que5s & ! males4 ,!y are entirely dep5d5t ^u ! work]s1 & are re>$ 9 ! same ne/4 ,septemb] is ! mon? usually select$ z ! m>riage season1 & 9 ! e>ly twilight ( a w>m day ! air w be d>k ) ! w+$ lov]s4 ,aft] ! w$d+ trip ! female te>s (f h] w+s--p>tly by pull+1 b mo/ly by contortions ( h] body--= h] life "u gr\nd w\ld r5d] w+s n only unnecess>y1 b cumb]some2 :ile ! male is n expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ eat5 by 8 cannibal sp\se1 z among spid]s1 nor to be set ^u & assass9at$ by infuriat$ sp9/]s1 z among bees1 b drags out a prec>i\s exi/5ce = a few days1 & !n ei!r dies or is dev\r$ by insectivor\s insects4 ,!re is reason to believe t "s females are f]tiliz$ be=e leav+ ! ne/4 ,i h obs]v$ flights ( ! common ,=mica rufa1 9 :i* ! females flew away solit>y & to great di/ances be=e !y desc5d$4 ,9 su* cases x is c]ta9 t !y 7 f]tiliz$ be=e _! flight4 ,:5 a f]tiliz$ que5 />ts a colony x proce$s mu* 9 ?is way3 ,:5 a %aft has be5 sunk deep en\gh to insure safety1 or a %elt]$ position secur$ und]nea? ! trunk ( a tree or a /one1 ! que5 9 due "t deposits h] fir/ eggs1 :i* are c>efully re>$ & n\ri%$4 ,! fir/ brood consi/s :olly ( work]s1 & numb]s betwe5 tw5ty-five & =ty 9 "s species1 b is small] 9 o!rs4 ,! "m ant seeks food = h]self & h] "y till ! initial brood are matur$1 :5 !y take up ! burd5 ( life1 supply ! rapidly increas+ family ) food1 z well z ! "m ant1 enl>ge ! qu>t]s1 %>e 9 ! necess>y duties1 &1 9 %ort1 become ! real work]s ( ! ne/ be=e !y are sc>cely out ( ! %ell4 ,! "m ant is seldom all[$ to pe] beyond h] d>k qu>t]s1 & !n only 9 company ) h] body gu>d4 ,%e is f$ & c>$ = by ! work]s1 & %e 9 turn assi/s !m 9 ! re>+ ( ! "y1 & has ev5 be5 kn[n to give h] /r5g? = ! ext5sion ( ! =mic>y gr\nds4 ,sev]al que5s (t5 exi/ 9 "o ne/1 & ,i h se5 work]s drag newly f]tiliz$ que5s into a =mic>y to enl>ge _! res\rces4 ,z ne$s be1 ! quantity ( eggs laid is v great1 = ! loss ( life 9 ! ranks ( ! work]s is v l>ge2 few survive ! season ( _! hat*+1 al?\gh que5s h be5 kn[n to live eight ye>s4 7,lubbock47 ,! ant life has f\r well m>k$ p]iods3 ,fir/1 ! egg2 second1 ! grub or l>va2 ?ird1 ! *rysalis or pupa2 f\r?1 ! imago1 or p]fect insect4 ,! eggs are small1 ovate1 yell[i% :ite objects1 :i* hat* 9 ab\t fifte5 to ?irty days4 ,! l>v are small legless grubs1 q l>ge at ! apex ( ! abdom5 & tap]+ t[>d ! head4 ,bo? eggs & pupa are incessantly wat*$ & t5d$1 lick$ & f$1 & c>ri$ to a place ( safety 9 "t ( dang]4 ,! l>v are +5i\sly sort$ z reg>ds age & size1 & are nev] mix$4 ,! l>v p]iod g5]ally ext5ds ?r\gh a mon?1 al?\gh (t5 mu* long]1 & 9 mo/ species :5 ! l>v pass into pup !y sp9 a cocoon ( :ite or /raw color1 look+ mu* l a %9+ pebble4 ,o!r l>v d n sp9 a cocoon1 b sp5d ! pupal /ate nak$4 ,:5 !y mature !y are c>efully assi/$ f _! %ells by ! work]s1 :i* also assi/ 9 unfold+ & smoo?+ out ! legs4 ,! :ole life ( ! =mic>y c5t]s ^u ! "y1 :i* proves !y h rea*$ a degree ( civilization unkn[n ev5 9 "s =ms ( high] life4 ,x is curi\s t1 not)/&+ ! labor ( s _m excell5t obs]v]s1 & ?\gh ants sw>m 9 e field & wood1 we %\ld f9d s mu* difficulty 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! insects1 & t s mu* obscurity %\ld re/ ^u "s ( _! habits4 ,=el & ,ebr>d1 aft] repeat$ obs]vations1 ma9ta9 t 9 no s+le in/ance has an isolat$ female be5 kn[n to br+ h] "y to maturity4 ,?is is 9 direct contradiction to ,lubbock's !ory1 :o repeat$ly tri$ introduc+ a new f]tile que5 into ano!r ne/ ( ,lasius flavus1 & always ) ! result t ! work]s became v excit$ & kill$ h]1 ev5 ?\gh 9 "o case ! ne/ 0 )\t a que54 ,( ! o!r k9ds1 he isolat$ two pairs ( ,myrmica rug9odis1 &1 ?\gh ! males di$1 ! que5s liv$ & br\ght _! (fspr+ to p]fection2 & ne>ly a ye> aft] _! captivity1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock wat*$ ! fir/ "y work]s c>ry+ ! l>v ab\t1 !reby prov+ ! accuracy ( ,hub]'s /atem5t1 ) "s species at lea/4 ,9 spite ( ?is conv9c+ te/imony1 ,lepeleti] ,/4 ,f>geau is ( ! op9ion t ! ne/s orig9ate ) a solit>y que51 z 0 fir/ giv54 ,! ants indig5\s to ,leadville1 besides fe$+ on small flies1 insects1 & cat]pill>s--! c>casses ( :i* !y may be se5 dragg+ to _! ne/s--%[ ! greate/ avidity = sweet liquids4 ,!y are capable ( absorb+ l>ge quantities1 :i* !y disgorge into ! m\?s ( _! companions4 ,9 w9t] "t1 :5 ! ants are ne>ly torpid & d n require mu* n\ri%m5t1 two or ?ree ants told (f z =ag]s are suffici5t to provide = ! :ole ne/4 ,we all "k h[ ants keep _! h]ds 9 ! %ape ( aphides1 or ant c[s1 :i* supply !m ) ! sweet liquid !y exude4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ an ant g5tly /rok+ ! back ( an aphide ) its ant5n to coax x to give d[n its sweet fluid1 mu* 9 ! same way z a dairy maid w\ld induce a c[ to give d[n its milk by a g5tle manipulation ( its udd]s4 ,"s species1 pr9cipally ! masons & m9]s1 remove _! aphides to plants 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( _! ne/1 or ev5 introduce !m into ! ant home4 ,9 ! int]ior ( mo/ ne/s is also f\nd ! small bl9d beetle 7,clavig]7 gli/5+1 & ( a uni=m r$1 its m\? ( s s+ul> a con=mation t x is incapable ( fe$+ itself4 ,! ants c>efully fe$ ^! poor dep5d5t creatures1 & 9 turn lick ! sweet liquid :i* !y secrete & exude4 ,^! little ,coleopt]a are only f\nd 9 ! ne/s ( "s species2 :5 introduc$ into ! ne/s ( o!rs !y excite great bewild]m5t1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 c>efully turn$ ov] & exam9$1 are kill$ 9 a %ort "t z a useless commodity4 ,ano!r active species ( ,coleopt]a1 ( ! family ,/aphyl9i1 is also f\nd 9 ant ne/s4 ,i h discov]$ "o 9 ! ne/ ( ,=mica rufa 9 ! ,jewi% cemet]y 9 ,leadville4 ,furni%$ ) w+s1 x does n rema9 9 ! ne/1 b is =c$ to return ?i!r by ! /range incapacity to fe$ itself4 ,l ! ,clavig]1 x repays its k9d nurses by ! sweet liquid x exudes1 & :i* is reta9$ by a tuft ( hair on ei!r side ( ! abdom5 b5ea? ! w+s1 :i* ! creature lifts 9 ord] t ! ant may get at its honey$ recomp5se4 ,su* mutual s]vices betwe5 creatures 9 no way alli$ is a mo/ curi\s fact 9 ! animal _w4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gem-,,be>+ ,,granite ,,ve9 ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,connecticut4 ,by ,l4,p4 ,,gratacap4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,lit*field1 ,conn41 9 ! mid/ ( "s ( ! mo/ attractive hill c\ntry ( t region1 a v /rik+ m9]al fissure has be5 op5$ by ,mr4 ,s4,l4 ,wilson1 :i*1 9 bo? its sci5tific & comm]cial aspects1 is equally important & int]e/+4 ,x is a broad crevice1 wid5$ at ! po9t ( excavation into some?+ l a pocket & fill$1 betwe5 its inclos+ walls ( gneiss1 ) a granitic mass ^: elem5ts h cry/alliz$ sep>ately1 s t an almo/ complete m9]alogical sep>ation has be5 effect$ ( qu>tz1 mica1 & feldsp>1 :ile associat$ aggregates1 z b]yl & g>net1 h =m$ "u conditions t make !m valuable gem fabrics4 ,! ve9 has a /rike s\? ( we/ & nor? ( ea/ & a di/9ct dip nor?we/1 by :i* x is br\ght bel[ ! gneiss rock1 :i* =ms an ov]hang+ wall1 on ! nor!rly side ( ! granitic mass1 :ile on ! s\!rly edge ! same gneiss rock makes an almo/ v]tical foot wall1 & exhibits a %>p surface ( dem>kation & contact4 ,! rock has be5 work$ z an op5 cut ?r\gh %ort lat]al plunges1 or tunnels h be5 us$ = purposes ( exploration 9 ! upp] "p ( its ext5t4 ,its greate/ wid? appe>s to be fifty-"o feet1 & ! pres5t exposure ( its l5g? ?ree hundr$4 ,x und]goes compression at its upp] end1 & its complete ext9ction ^u ! surface ( ! c\ntry at t po9t seems probable4 ,at its l[] end at ! foot ( ! slope :]e9 ! :ole mass appe>s1 x reveals consid]able developm5t1 & af=ds fur!r opportunities = exam9ation1 &1 possibly1 pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,x has be5 =m$ by a p[]ful ?ru/ co9cid5t ) ! crumpl+ ( ! entire region1 :]eby deeply seat$ b$s h become liquefi$1 & ! magma ei!r =c$ outw>d ?r\gh a longitud9al v5t or br\ght to ! surface by a process ( progressive fusion z ! heat$ complex rose ?r\gh sup]9cumb5t /rata dissipat$ by its entrance & contribut+ _! sub/ance to its cont5ts4 ,! pres5t exposure ( ! ve9 has be5 produc$ by d5udation1 z ! co>sely cry/all9e & dismemb]$ condition ( ! granite1 ) its l>ge individuals ( g>net & b]yl1 & ! d5se1 glassy texture ( ! latt]1 indicate a process ( sl[ cool+ & complete sep>ation1 & = ?is result ! congeal+ magma mu/ necess>ily h be5 seal$ 9 by /rata ?r\gh :i* its heat 0 dissem9at$ sl[ly4 ,= ^u ! mo/ cursory inspection ( ! ve91 ! eye is arre/$ at once by ! l>ge masses ( cry/all9e or?oclase1 ! heavy b$s ( a gray1 brecciat$ qu>tz & ! zones & columns ( l>ge leav$ mica4 ,x 0 to secure ! latt] t ,mr4 ,wilson fir/ exploit$ ?is locality1 & only latt]ly h ! m preci\s cont5ts ( ! ve9 imp>t$ to x a new & m significant "*4 ,! mica1 call$ by ,mr4 ,atwood1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! "w1 book mica1 occurs 9 ?ick cry/als1 rang$ het]og5e\sly toge!r 9 /r+]s & *imneys1 & brilliantly reflect+ ! sunlight f _! div]sely comm+l$ lam94 ,?is mica yields /ove %eets ( ab\t two to ?ree by f\r or five in*es1 & is ( an excell5t1 transp>5t quality4 ,x seems to be a true muscovite1 & is seldom m>r$ by magnetic m>k+s or cry/all9e inclusions t w\ld int]f]e ) its indu/rial use4 ,seams ( decomposition occur1 & a yell[i% scaly product1 compos$ ( hydrat$ mica flakes1 fills !m4 ,! mica does n ev]y:]e pres5t ?is co>sely cry/all9e appe>ance1 b 9 flexures & l9es ( union ) ! qu>tz & or?oclase is degrad$ to a mica s*i/ ^u ^: surfaces appe> uranates ( lime & copp] 7autunite & torb]nite71 & 9 :i* are inclos$ g>net cry/als ( consid]able size & beauty4 ,! enorm\s masses ( clean feldsp> made p>tially graphic by qu>tz inclosures are a conspicu\s feature ( ! m9e4 ,9 "o "p ( ! m9e1 wood5 props support an ov]hang+ l$ge almo/ entirely compos$ ( feldsp>1 :i* und]nea? passes into ! gray brecciat$ qu>tz1 :i* aga9 grades into a :ite1 m compact qu>tz rock4 ,x is 9 ?is gray brecciat$ qu>tz t ! b]yls are f\nd4 ,^! beautiful /ones v>y extremely 9 quality & color4 ,_m ( ! l>ge cry/als are opaque1 ext5sively fractur$1 & irregul> 9 gra91 b are f\nd to inclose1 especially at _! c5t]s1 cores ( gem-mak+ mat]ial4 ,! colors ( ! b]yls grade f an almo/ colorless m9]al 7go%5ite7 ?\gh fa9tly gre51 ) blue reflections1 yell[i% gre5 ( a peculi> oily liquidity 7davidsonite71 to honey yell[s :i* =m ! s-call$ gold5 b]yls ( ! trade1 & :i* h a consid]able value4 ,^! /ones h a h>dness ( #h1 & :5 cut display mu* brilliancy4 ,_m assume ! true aquam>9e t9ts1 & o!rs seem to be almo/ id5tical ) ! ,diamond ( ! ,rh9e1 :i* z e>ly z ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 us$ z a fraudul5t sub/itute = ! true diamond 7,k+74 ,few1 v few1 belong to ! blue grades1 & ! be/ ( ^! _c comp>e ) ^? f ,royal/on1 ,mass4 ,^? ( amb] & honey %ades are beautiful objects1 & "u artificial light h a fasc9ation f> exce$+ ! oliv9e or *rysob]yl4 ,^! are n z frequ5t z ! pal] v>ieties1 b :5 f\nd excite ! admiration ( visitor & exp]t4 ,x seems h>dly probable t any true em]alds w be uncov]$ & ! yell[ b]yls may n increase 9 numb]4 ,_! use 9 ! arts w be improv$ by comb9+ !m ) o!r /ones & by prep>+ ! l>g] specim5s = s+le /one r+s4 ,v effective comb9ations ( ! aquam>9e & blue species ) ! yell[ may be recomm5d$4 ,t\rmal9e appe>s 9 "s quantity1 =m+ almo/ a s*i/ at "s po9ts1 b no specim5s ( any value h be5 extract$1 ! color be+ uni=mly black4 ,! g>nets are l>ge trapezoh$ral-fac$ cry/als ( an int5se color1 b p5etrat$ ) rifts & flaws4 ,_m1 no d\bt1 w af=d s]viceable gem mat]ial1 b _! res\rces h n yet be5 te/$ by ! lapid>y4 ,:ile granite consid]$ z a build+ /one pres5ts a complex ( qu>tz1 mica1 & feldsp> s confus$ly int]cry/alliz$ z to make a homog5e\s composite1 9 ! pres5t mass1 l ! l>g] & simil> developm5ts 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ^! elem5ts h exclud$ ea* o!r 9 _! cry/allization1 & are f\nd z ?ree sep>ate gr\ps only sp>+ly int]m+l$4 ,! proportions ( ! con/itu5t m9]als :i* =m granite1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,phillips1 are tw5ty p>ts ( pota% feldsp> 7or?oclase71 five p>ts ( qu>tz1 & two p>ts ( pota% mica 7muscovite71 & a survey ( ,mr4 ,wilson's qu>ry exhibits ^! approximate relations ) surpris+ =ce4 ,!re c be b little d\bt t ?is ve9 is a capital example ( hydro!rmal fusion1 :]eby 9 orig9al gneissic /rata1 at a mod]ate temp]ature & consid]able dep?1 ?r\gh ! action ( conta9$ wat]1 ) ! physical accompanim5t ( plication1 a solution ( ! c\ntry rock has be5 accompli%$4 ,& ! cool+ & recry/allization has gone on s sl[ly t ! elem5ts ( granite h pres]v$ a physical isolation1 :ile ! associat$ silicates =m$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is magma h atta9$ a supremely close & compact texture1 ow+ to ! favorable conditions ( sl[ gr[? giv+ !m gem consi/5cies4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( ! ve9 may reveal int]e/+ facts1 & especially ! foll[+ d[nw>d ( ! rock mass1 :i* we suspect w contract into a n>r[] ve94 ,at pres5t ! ord] ( cry/allization & sep>ation ( ! m9]alogical units seems to h be5 feldsp>1 mica1 g>net1 b]yl1 qu>tz4 ,9 ! artificial prep>ation ( cry/als x is inv>iably f\nd t p]fect & symmetrical cry/als1 & cry/als ( l>ge size1 are produc$ by sl[1 undi/urb$ cool+ ( solutions2 ! quiet accretion p]mits complete molecul> fre$om & ! cry/al is built up ) precision4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 mixtures ( *emical comp\nds x is presumable t ! sep>ate factors w dis5gage !mselves f ea* o!r m & m completely1 & =m 9 pur] masses z ! congelation is sl[ly c>ri$ on4 ,a sort ( concretion>y aff9ity comes into play1 & ! diff]5t *emical units congregate toge!r4 ,at lea/ su* has be5 ! case 9 ! granitic magma ( :i* ,mr4 ,wilson n[ possesses ! solidifi$ results4 ,! feldsp>1 ! qu>tz1 ! mica1 h approximately exclud$ ea* o!r1 & appe> side by side 9 unmix$ purity4 ,& does x n seem probable t ?is delib]ate process ( solidification has produc$ 9 ! b]yls1 f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ! ve9 at ! po9ts ( sl[e/ radiation1 ! glassy gem texture :i* n[ makes !m available = ! purposes ( art & decoration8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,mank9d4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]1 :o presid$ ov] ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 said t if "o tri$ to recall :at an?ropology 0 9 #ahdg1 & !n consid]$ :at x 0 n[1 its progress seem$ mo/ m>vel\s4 ,^! la/ fifty ye>s _h be5 an age ( discov]y 9 ,africa1 ,c5tral ,asia1 ,am]ica1 ,polynesia1 & ,au/ralia1 su* z c\ld h>dly be mat*$ 9 any previ\s c5tury4 ,b :at seem$ to him ev5 m important ?an ! m]e increase ( mat]ial 0 ! new _s 9 :i* an?ropology _h be5 /udi$ dur+ ! la/ g5]ation4 ,he did n depreciate ! labors ( s-call$ dilettanti1 :o 7 aft] all lov]s ( k1 & 9 a /udy su* z t ( an?ropology1 ! labors ( ^! volunte]s1 or franc-tireurs1 _h (t5 prov$ mo/ valuable4 ,b ! /udy ( man 9 e "p ( ! _w _h ceas$ to be a subject = curiosity only4 ,x _h be5 rais$ to ! dignity & also ! responsibility ( a real sci5ce1 & 0 n[ guid$ by pr9ciples z /rict & rigor\s z any o!r sci5ce4 ,_m !ories :i* 7 v popul> fifty ye>s ago 7 n[ completely explod$2 nay1 "s ( ! v pr9ciples by :i* ! sci5ce 0 !n guid$ _h be5 disc>d$4 ,among all s]i\s /ud5ts1 :e!r physiologi/s or philologi/s1 x 0 by ?is "t recogniz$ t ! divorce betwe5 e?nology & philology1 grant$ if only = incompatibility ( temp]1 _h be5 productive ( no?+ b good4 ,,classification4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to classify mank9d z a :ole1 /ud5ts 7 n[ engag$ 9 classify+ skulls1 hair1 tee?1 & sk94 ,_m solid results _h be5 secur$ by ^! special rese>*es2 b z yet1 no two classifications1 bas$ on ^! *>act]i/ics1 _h be5 made to run p>allel4 ,! mo/ natural classification 01 no d\bt1 t accord+ to ! color ( ! sk94 ,?is gave u a black1 a br[n1 a yell[1 a r$1 & a :ite race1 ) sev]al subdivisions4 ,?is classification _h (t5 be5 despis$ z unsci5tific2 b might /ill turn out f> m valuable ?an at pres5t suppos$4 ,! next classification 0 t by ! color ( ! eyes1 z black1 br[n1 hazel1 gray1 & blue4 ,?is subject _h also attract$ mu* att5tion ( late1 &1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! results h prov$ v valuable4 ,! mo/ favorite classification1 h[ev]1 _h always be5 t accord+ to ! skulls4 ,! skull1 z ! %ell ( ! bra91 _h by _m /ud5ts be5 suppos$ to betray some?+ ( ! spiritual ess5ce ( man2 & :o c\ld d\bt t ! g5]al features ( ! skull1 if tak5 9 l>ge av]ages1 did correspond to ! g5]al features ( human "*8 ,we _h only to look ar\nd to see m5 ) heads l a cannon ball & o!rs ) heads l a hawk4 ,?is di/9ction _h =m$ ! f\ndation = a m sci5tific classification into bra*ycephalic1 doli*ocephalic1 & mesocephalic skulls4 ,if we exam9$ any l>ge collection ( skulls we _h n mu* difficulty 9 arrang+ !m "u ^! ?ree classes2 b if1 aft] we _h done ?is1 we look$ at ! nationality ( ea* skull1 we f\nd ! mo/ hopeless confusion4 ,prun] ,vey1 z ,pes*el told u 9 8 ,volk]kunde1 _h obs]v$ bra*ycephalic & doli*ocephalic skulls 9 *ildr5 born ( ! same "m2 & if we consid] h[ _m wom5 _h be5 c>ri$ away into captivity by ,mongolians 9 _! inroads into ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,g]many1 we c\ld n feel surpris$ if we f\nd "s long heads among ! r\nd heads ( ^? ,c5tral ,asiatic hordes4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,skulls4 ,only we mu/ n adopt ! easy exp$i5t ( c]ta9 an?ropologi/s :o1 :5 !y f\nd doli*ocephalic & bra*ycephalic skulls 9 ! same tomb1 at once jump to ! conclusion t !y mu/ h belong$ to two diff]5t races4 ,:51 = in/ance1 two doli*ocephalic & ?ree bra*ycephalic skulls 7 discov]$ 9 ! same tomb at ,alex&]pol1 we 7 told at once t ?is prov$ no?+ z to ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( diff]5t skulls 9 ! same family2 nay1 t x prov$ ! v contr>y ( :at x might seem to prove4 ,x 0 cle>1 we 7 assur$1 t ! two doli*ocephalic skulls belong$ to ,aryan *iefs & ! ?ree bra*ycephalic skulls to _! non-,aryan slaves1 :o 7 kill$ & buri$ ) _! ma/]s1 accord+ to a cu/om well kn[n to ,h]odotus4 ,?is s\nd$ v le>n$1 b 0 x really q /raight=w>d8 ,besides ! g5]al division ( skulls into doli*ocephalic1 bra*ycephalic1 & mesocephalic1 o!r divisions _h be5 und]tak51 accord+ to ! height ( ! skull1 & aga9 accord+ to ! maxill>y & ! facial angles4 ,?is latt] division gave u or?ognatic1 progna?ic1 & mesogna?ic skulls4 ,la/ly1 accord+ to ! peculi> "* ( ! hair1 we might di/+ui% two great divisions1 ! p ) woolly hair 7,ulotri*es7 & p ) smoo? hair 7,lissotri*es74 ,! =m] 7 subdivid$ into ,lophocomi1 p ) tufts ( hair1 & ,eriocomi1 or p ) fleecy hair4 ,! latt] 7 divid$ into ,eu?ycomi1 /raight hair$1 & ,euplocomi1 wavy hair$4 ,x _h be5 %[n t ^! peculi>ities ( ! hair dep5d$ on ! peculi> =m ( ! hair tubes1 :i* 9 cross sections 7 f\nd to be ei!r r\nd or elongat$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,all ^! classifications1 to :i* sev]al m might be add$1 ^? accord+ to ! orbits ( ! eyes1 ! outl9es ( ! nose1 & ! wid? ( ! pelvis1 7 by !mselves extremely useful4 ,b few ( !m only1 if any1 ran /rictly p>allel4 ,n[ let !m consid] :e!r !re c\ld be any organic connection betwe5 ! %ape ( ! skull1 ! facial angle1 ! con=mation ( ! hair1 or ! color ( ! sk9 on "o side1 & :at we call$ ! great families ( language on ! o!r4 ,,connection ,,( ,,language ,,& ,,physical ,,con=mation4 ,t we spoke at all might rightly be call$ a "w ( nature1 op]a naturale1 z ,dante said long ago2 b t we spoke ?us or ?us1 cosi o cosi1 t1 z ! same ,dante said1 dep5d$ on our pleasure--t 0 our "w4 ,to imag9e1 !re=e1 t z a matt] ( necessity1 or z a matt] ( fact1 doli*ocephalic skulls _h any?+ to d ) ,aryan1 mesophalic ) ,semitic1 or bra*ycephalic ) ,turanian spee*1 0 no?+ b ! wilde/ r&om ?\ght4 ,x c\ld convey no rational mean+ :atev]2 we might z well say t all pa9t]s 7 doli*ocephalic1 & all musicians bra*ycephalic1 or t all lophocomic tribes work$ 9 gold1 & all lisocomic tribes 9 silv]4 ,if any?+ mu/ be ascrib$ to prehi/oric times1 surely ! diff]5tiation ( ! human skull1 ! human hair & ! human sk9 w\ld h to be ascrib$ to t di/ant p]iod4 ,no "o1 he believ$1 _h ev] ma9ta9$ t a mesocephalic skull 0 split or diff]5tiat$ into a doli*ocephalic & a bra*ycephalic v>iety 9 ! bright sun%9e ( hi/ory4 ,nev]!less1 he _h felt = ye>s t k ( languages mu/ be consid]$ 9 future z a s9e qua non = e an?ropologi/4 ,h[ few ( ! books 9 :i* we tru/$ ) reg>d to ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ities ( savage races _h be5 writt5 by m5 :o _h liv$ among !m = t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 & :o _h le>n$ _! languages till !y c\ld speak !m z well z ! natives !mselves4 ,x 0 no excuse to say t any travel] :o _h eyes to see & e>s to he> c\ld =m a correct e/imate ( ! do+s & say+s ( savage tribes4 ,,travel]s' ,,impressions4 ,x 0 n s1 z an?ropologi/s knew f sad exp]i5ce4 ,suppose a travel] came to a camp :]e he saw ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 danc+ r\nd ! image ( a "y bull4 ,suppose t ! danc]s 7 all />k nak$1 t aft] a "t !y began to fight1 & t at ! end ( _! orgies !re 7 ?ree ?\s& corpses ly+ ab\t welt]+ 9 _! blood4 ,w\ld n a casual travel] h describ$ su* savages z worse ?an ! negroes ( ,dahomey8 ,yet ^! savages 7 really ! ,jews1 ! *os5 p ( ,god4 ,! image 0 ! gold5 calf1 ! prie/ 0 ,a>on1 & ! *ief :o ord]$ ! massacre 0 ,moses4 ,we might read ! #cb;d *apt] ( ,exodus 9 a v diff]5t s5se4 ,a travel] :o c\ld h conv]s$ ) ,a>on & ,moses might h und]/ood ! causes ( ! revolt & ! necessity ( ! massacre4 ,b )\t ?is p[] ( int]rogation & mutual explanation1 no travel]s1 h[ev] graphic & amus+ _! /ories might be1 c\ld be tru/$2 no /atem5ts ( !irs c\ld be us$ by ! an?ropologi/ = truly sci5tific purposes4 ,if an?ropology 0 to ma9ta9 its high position z a real sci5ce1 its alliance ) l+ui/ic /udies c\ld n be too close4 ,its weake/ po9ts _h always be5 ^? :]e x tru/$ to ! /atem5ts ( au?orities ignorant ( language & ( ! sci5ce ( language4 ,its greate/ triumphs _h be5 a*iev$ by m5 su* z ,dr4 ,hahn1 ,bi%ops ,callaway & ,col5so1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,gill & la/1 n lea/1 ,mr4 ,man1 :o _h comb9$ ! m9ute accuracy ( ! s*ol> ) ! compreh5sive grasp ( ! an?ropologi/1 & 7 ?us enabl$ to use ! key ( language to unlock ! p]plexities ( savage cu/oms1 savage laws & leg5ds1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ( savage religions & my?ologies4 ,if ?is alliance betwe5 an?ropology & philology became real1 !n1 & !n only1 might we hope to see ,buns5's prophecy fulfill$1 t an?ropology w\ld become ! highe/ bran* ( t sci5ce = :i* ! ,briti% ,association 0 in/itut$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? 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