,,electricity1 ,,volume #a999999 by ! ,biblio?que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,electricity by ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,full]ian ,pr(esor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,correspond+ ,memb]1 etc4 ( ! ,royal & ,imp]ial ,academies ( ,sci5ce ( ,p>is1 ,pet]sburgh1 ,flor5ce1 ,cop5hag51 ,b]l91 ,gott+51 ,mod5a1 ,/ockholm1 ,pal]mo1 etc4 etc4 ,9 ,two ,volumes ,,vol4 ,i4 ,second ,edition ,repr9t$ f ! ,,philosophical ,,transactions ( #ahca-ahch4 ,london3 ,ri*>d & ,john ,edw>d ,taylor1 ,pr9t]s & ,publi%]s to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,r$ ,lion ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet #ahdi ,,preface ,i h be5 induc$ by v>i\s circum/ances to collect 9 ,"o ,volume ! ,f\rte5 ,s]ies ( ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity1 :i* h appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s3 ! *ief reason has be5 ! desire to supply at a mod]ate price ! :ole ( ^! pap]s1 ) an ,index1 to ^? :o may desire to h !m4 ,! read]s ( ! volume w1 ,i hope1 d me ! ju/ice to rememb] t x 0 n writt5 z a :ole1 b 9 p>ts2 ! e>li] portions r>ely hav+ any kn[n relation at ! "t to ^? :i* might foll[4 ,if ,i _h rewritt5 ! "w1 ,i p]haps might h consid]ably v>i$ ! =m1 b %\ld n h alt]$ mu* ( ! real matt]3 x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 !n h be5 consid]$ a fai?ful repr9t or /atem5t ( ! c\rse & results ( ! :ole inve/igation1 :i* only ,i desir$ to supply4 ,i may be all[$ to express my great satisfaction at f9d+1 t ! diff]5t p>ts1 writt5 at int]vals dur+ sev5 ye>s1 h>monize s well z !y d4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no?+ p>ticul> 9 ?is1 if ! p>ts _h relat$ only to matt]s well-asc]ta9$ be=e any ( !m 7 writt53--b z ea* pr(esses to conta9 some?+ ( orig9al discov]y1 or ( correction ( receiv$ views1 x does surprise ev5 my p>tiality1 t !y %\ld h ! degree ( consi/5cy & app>5t g5]al accuracy :i* !y seem to me to pres5t4 ,i h made "s alt]ations 9 ! text1 b !y h be5 altoge!r ( a typographical or grammatical "*2 & ev5 :]e greate/1 h be5 int5d$ to expla9 ! s5se1 n to alt] x4 ,i h (t5 add$ ,notes at ! bottom ( ! page1 z to p>agraphs #ei1 #cfj1 #dci1 #eba1 #eeb1 #eee1 #eih1 #feg1 #hhc1 = ! correction ( errors1 & also ! purpose ( illu/ration3 b ^! are all di/+ui%$ f ! ,orig9al ,notes ( ! ,rese>*es by ! date ( ,dec4 #ahch4 ,! date ( a sci5tific pap] conta9+ any pret5sions to discov]y is frequ5tly a matt] ( s]i\s importance1 & x is a great mis=tune t !re are _m mo/ valuable communications1 ess5tial to ! hi/ory & progress ( sci5ce1 ) respect to :i* ?is po9t _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,?is arises f ! circum/ance ( ! pap]s hav+ no dates atta*$ to !m individually1 & ( ! j\rnals 9 :i* !y appe> hav+ su* z are inaccurate1 i4e4 dates ( a p]iod e>li] ?an t ( publication4 ,i may ref] to ! note at ! end ( ! ,fir/ ,s]ies1 z an illu/ration ( ! k9d ( confusion ?us produc$4 ,^! circum/ances h induc$ me to affix a date at ! top ( e o!r page1 & ,i h ?\ght myself ju/ifi$ 9 us+ t plac$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society on ea* pap] z x 0 receiv$4 ,an au?or has no "r1 p]haps1 to claim an e>li] "o1 unless x has receiv$ confirmation by "s public act or (fic]4 ,be=e conclud+ ^! l9es ,i w\ld beg leave to make a ref]5ce or two2 fir/1 to my own ,pap]s on ,electro-magnetic ,rotations 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahbb4 xii4 #gd4 #ahf4 #bhc4 #daf1 & also to my ,lett] on ,magneto-electric ,induction 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1 li4 p4 #djd4 ,^! might1 z to ! matt]1 v prop]ly h appe>$ 9 ?is volume1 b !y w\ld h int]f]$ ) x z a simple repr9t ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,!n ,i wi% to ref]1 9 relation to ! ,f\r? ,s]ies on a new law ( ,electric ,conduction1 to ,frankl9's exp]im5ts on ! non-conduction ( ice1 :i* h be5 v prop]ly sep>at$ & set =? by ,pr(essor ,ba*e 7,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 #ahcf4 xvii4 #ahc474 ,^!1 :i* ,i did n at all rememb] z to ! ext5t ( ! effect1 ?\gh !y 9 no way anticipate ! expression ( ! law ,i /ate z to ! g5]al effect ( liquefaction on electrolytes1 /ill %\ld nev] be =gott5 :5 speak+ ( t law z applicable to ! case ( wat]4 ,!re are two pap]s :i* ,i am anxi\s to ref] to1 z corrections or criticisms ( p>ts ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is "o by ,jacobi 7,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahch4 xiii4 #dja471 relative to ! possible production ( a sp>k on complet+ ! junction ( ! two metals ( a s+le pair ( plates 7#iae474 ,x is an excell5t pap]1 & ?\gh ,i h n repeat$ ! exp]im5ts1 ! description ( !m conv9ces me t ,i mu/ h be5 9 error4 ,! second is by t excell5t philosoph]1 ,m>ian9i 7,memoria della ,societa ,italiana di ,mod5a1 xxi4 #bje71 & is a critical & exp]im5tal exam9ation ( ,s]ies viii1 & ( ! "q :e!r metallic contact is or is n productive ( a "p ( ! electricity ( ! voltaic pile4 ,i see no reason z yet to alt] ! op9ion ,i h giv52 b ! pap] is s v valuable1 comes to ! "q s directly1 & ! po9t itself is ( su* great importance1 t ,i int5d at ! fir/ opportunity r5ew+ ! inquiry1 &1 if ,i c1 r5d]+ ! pro(s ei!r on ! "o side or ! o!r und5iable to all4 ,o!r p>ts ( ^! rese>*es h receiv$ ! hon\r ( critical att5tion f v>i\s philosoph]s1 to all ( :om ,i am oblig$1 & "s ( ^: corrections ,i h ackn[l$g$ 9 ! foot notes4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 occasions on :i* ,i h n felt ! =ce ( ! rem>ks1 b "t & ! progress ( sci5ce w be/ settle su* cases2 &1 al?\gh ,i _c hone/ly say t ,i wi% to be f\nd 9 error1 yet ,i d f]v5tly hope t ! progress ( sci5ce 9 ! h&s ( its _m zeal\s pres5t cultivators w be su*1 z by giv+ u new & o!r developm5ts1 & laws m & m g5]al 9 _! applications1 w ev5 make me ?9k t :at is writt5 & illu/rat$ 9 ^! exp]im5tal rese>*es1 belongs to ! by-gone p>ts ( sci5ce4 ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>*1 #ahci4 ,,cont5ts4 ,p>4 ,s]ies ,i4 4 #a4 ,induction ( electric curr5ts #f 4 #b4 ,evolution ( electricity f magnetism #bg 4 #c4 ,new electrical /ate or condition ( matt] #fj 4 #d4 ,explication ( ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a #ha ,s]ies ,,ii4 4 #e4 ,t]re/rial magneto-electric induction #adj 4 #f4 ,=ce & direction ( magneto-electric induction g5]ally #aic ,s]ies ,,iii4 4 #g4 ,id5tity ( electricities f diff]5t s\rces #bfe ---- ---- i ,voltaic electricity #bfh ---- ---- ii ,ord9>y electricity #bhd ---- ---- iii ,magneto-electricity #cdc ---- ---- iv ,!rmo-electricity #cdi ---- ---- v ,animal electricity #cea 4 #h4 ,relation by measure ( common & voltaic electricity #cfa ---- ,note respect+ ,ampre's inductive results aft] #cgi ,s]ies ,,iv4 4 #i4 ,new law ( electric conduction #chj 4 #aj4 ,on conduct+ p[] g5]ally #dah ,s]ies ,v4 4 #aa4 ,electro-*emical decomposition #dej ---- #a4 ,new conditions ( electro-*emical decomposition #dec ---- #b4 ,influ5ce ( wat] 9 su* decomposition #dgb ---- #c4 ,!ory ( electro-*emical decomposition #dgg ,s]ies ,,vi4 4 #ab4 ,p[] ( plat9a1 c4 to induce comb9ation #efd ,s]ies ,,vii4 4 #aa499 ,electro-*emical decomposition cont9u$ 7nom5clature7 #ffa ---- #d4 ,"s g5]al conditions ( ,electro-*emical decomposition #ffi ---- #e4 ,volta-electromet] #gjd ---- #f4 ,prim>y & second>y results #gdb ---- #g4 ,def9ite nature & ext5t ( electro-*emical =ces #ghc ---- ---- ,electro-*emical equival5ts #hbb 4 #ac4 ,absolute quantity ( ,electricity 9 ! molecules ( matt] #heb ,s]ies ,,viii4 4 #ad4 ,electricity ( ! voltaic pile #hge ---- #a4 ,simple voltaic circles #hge ---- #b4 ,electrolytic int5sity #iff ---- #c4 ,associat$ voltaic circles2 or batt]y #ihi ---- #d4 ,resi/ance ( an electrolyte to decomposition #ajjg ---- #e4 ,g5]al rem>ks on ! active batt]y #ajcd ,s]ies ,,ix4 4 #ae4 ,induction ( a curr5t on itself #ajdh ---- ,inductive action ( curr5ts g5]ally #aaja ,s]ies ,x4 4 #af4 ,improv$ voltaic batt]y #aaai 4 #ag4 ,practical results ) ! voltaic batt]y #aacf ,s]ies ,,xi4 4 #ah4 ,on /atic induction #aafa ---- #a4 ,induction an action ( contigu\s p>ticles #aafa ---- #b4 ,absolute *>ge ( matt] #aafi ---- #c4 ,electromet] & inductive app>atus #aagi ---- #d4 ,induction 9 curv$ l9es #abae ---- ---- ,conduction by glass1 lac1 sulphur1 c4 #abhc ---- #e4 ,specific inductive capacity #abeb ---- #f4 ,g5]al results z to ! nature ( induction #abie ---- ---- ,diff]5tial inductomet] #acjg ,s]ies ,,xii4 ---- #g4 ,conduction or conductive dis*>ge #acbj ---- #h4 ,electrolytic dis*>ge #acdc ---- #i4 ,disruptive dis*>ge #acei ---- ---- ---- ,insulation #acfb ---- ---- ---- z sp>k #adjf ---- ---- ---- z bru% #adbe ---- ---- ---- positive & negative #adfe ,s]ies ,,xiii4 ---- ---- ---- z gl[ #aebf ---- ---- ---- d>k #aedd ---- #aj4 ,convection2 or c>ry+ dis*>ge #aefb ---- #aa4 ,relation ( a vacuum to electrical ph5om5a #afac 4 #ai4 ,nature ( ! electric curr5t #afag ---- ---- its transv]se =ces #afec ,s]ies ,,xiv4 4 #bj4 ,nature ( ! electric =ce or =ces #affg 4 #ba4 ,relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces #agji 4 #bb4 ,note on electrical excitation #agcg ,index ,notes ,,exp]im5tal ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,electricity4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies4 #a4 ,on ! ,induction ( ,electric ,curr5ts4 #b4 ,on ! ,evolution ( ,electricity f ,magnetism4 #c4 ,on a new ,electrical ,condition ( ,matt]4 #d4 ,on ,arago's ,magnetic ,ph5om5a4 ,read ,novemb] #bd1 #ahca4 #a4 ,! p[] :i* electricity ( t5sion possesses ( caus+ an opposite electrical /ate 9 its vic9ity has be5 express$ by ! g5]al t]m ,induction2 :i*1 z x has be5 receiv$ into sci5tific language1 may also1 ) propriety1 be us$ 9 ! same g5]al s5se to express ! p[] :i* electrical curr5ts may possess ( induc+ any p>ticul> /ate ^u matt] 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 o!rwise indiff]5t4 ,x is ) ?is mean+ t ,i purpose us+ x 9 ! pres5t pap]4 #b4 ,c]ta9 effects ( ! induction ( electrical curr5ts h already be5 recognis$ & describ$3 z ^? ( magnetization2 ,ampre's exp]im5ts ( br++ a copp] disc ne> to a flat spiral2 8 repetition ) electro-magnets ( ,arago's extraord9>y exp]im5ts1 & p]haps a few o!rs4 ,/ill x appe>$ unlikely t ^! c\ld be all ! effects :i* induction by curr5ts c\ld produce2 especially z1 ^u disp5s+ ) iron1 almo/ ! :ole ( !m disappe>1 :il/ yet an inf9ity ( bodies1 exhibit+ def9ite ph5om5a ( induction ) electricity ( t5sion1 /ill rema9 to be act$ ^u by ! induction ( electricity 9 motion4 #c4 ,fur!r3 ,:e!r ,ampre's beautiful !ory 7 adopt$1 or any o!r1 or :atev] res]vation 7 m5tally made1 /ill x appe>$ v extraord9>y1 t z e electric curr5t 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ int5sity ( magnetic action at "r angles to ! curr5t1 good conductors ( electricity1 :5 plac$ )9 ! sph]e ( ?is action1 %\ld n h any curr5t induc$ ?r\gh !m1 or "s s5sible effect produc$ equival5t 9 =ce to su* a curr5t4 #d4 ,^! consid]ations1 ) _! consequ5ce1 ! hope ( obta9+ electricity f ord9>y magnetism1 h /imulat$ me at v>i\s times to inve/igate exp]im5tally ! inductive effect ( electric curr5ts4 ,i lately arriv$ at positive results2 & n only _h my hopes fulfill$1 b obta9$ a key :i* appe>$ to me to op5 out a full explanation ( ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a1 & also to discov] a new /ate1 :i* may probably h great influ5ce 9 "s ( ! mo/ important effects ( electric curr5ts4 #e4 ,^! results ,i purpose describ+1 n z !y 7 obta9$1 b 9 su* a mann] z to give ! mo/ concise view ( ! :ole4 #a4 ,induction ( ,electric ,curr5ts4 #f4 ,ab\t tw5ty-six feet ( copp] wire "o tw5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet] 7 w\nd r\nd a cyl9d] ( wood z a helix1 ! diff]5t spires ( :i* 7 prev5t$ f t\*+ by a ?9 int]pos$ tw9e4 ,?is helix 0 cov]$ ) calico1 & !n a second wire appli$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ?is way twelve helices 7 sup]pos$1 ea* conta9+ an av]age l5g? ( wire ( tw5ty-sev5 feet1 & all 9 ! same direction4 ,! fir/1 ?ird1 fif?1 sev5?1 n9?1 & elev5? ( ^! helices 7 connect$ at _! extremities end to end1 s z to =m "o helix2 ! o!rs 7 connect$ 9 a simil> mann]2 & ?us two pr9cipal helices 7 produc$1 closely int]pos$1 hav+ ! same direction1 n t\*+ any:]e1 & ea* conta9+ "o hundr$ & fifty-five feet 9 l5g? ( wire4 #g4 ,"o ( ^! helices 0 connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 ! o!r ) a voltaic batt]y ( t5 pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 ) d\ble copp]s & well *>g$2 yet n ! slighte/ s5sible reflection ( ! galvanomet]-ne$le c\ld be obs]v$4 #h4 ,a simil> comp\nd helix1 consi/+ ( six l5g?s ( copp] & six ( s(t iron wire1 0 con/ruct$4 ,! result+ iron helix conta9$ two hundr$ & f\rte5 feet ( wire1 ! result+ copp] helix two hundr$ & eight feet2 b :e!r ! curr5t f ! tr\gh 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! copp] or ! iron helix1 no effect ^u ! o!r c\ld be p]ceiv$ at ! galvanomet]4 #i4 ,9 ^! & _m simil> exp]im5ts no diff]5ce 9 action ( any k9d appe>$ betwe5 iron & o!r metals4 #aj4 ,two hundr$ & ?ree feet ( copp] wire 9 "o l5g? 7 coil$ r\nd a l>ge block ( wood2 o!r two hundr$ & ?ree feet ( simil> wire 7 int]pos$ z a spiral betwe5 ! turns ( ! fir/ coil1 & metallic contact ev]y:]e prev5t$ by tw9e4 ,"o ( ^! helices 0 connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 & ! o!r ) a batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 ) d\ble copp]s1 & well *>g$4 ,:5 ! contact 0 made1 !re 0 a sudd5 & v slight effect at ! galvanomet]1 & !re 0 also a simil> slight effect :5 ! contact ) ! batt]y 0 brok54 ,b :il/ ! voltaic curr5t 0 cont9u+ to pass ?r\gh ! "o helix1 no galvanometrical appe>ances nor any effect l induction ^u ! o!r helix c\ld be p]ceiv$1 al?\gh ! active p[] ( ! batt]y 0 prov$ to be great1 by its heat+ ! :ole ( its own helix1 & by ! brilliancy ( ! dis*>ge :5 made ?r\gh *>coal4 #aa4 ,repetition ( ! exp]im5ts ) a batt]y ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty pairs ( plates produc$ no o!r effects2 b x 0 asc]ta9$1 bo? at ?is & ! =m] "t1 t ! slight deflection ( ! ne$le occurr+ at ! mom5t ( complet+ ! connexion1 0 always 9 "o direction1 & t ! equally slight deflection produc$ :5 ! contact 0 brok51 0 9 ! o!r direction2 & also1 t ^! effects occurr$ :5 ! fir/ helices 7 us$ 7#f4 #h474 #ab4 ,! results :i* ,i _h by ?is "t obta9$ ) magnets l$ me to believe t ! batt]y curr5t ?r\gh "o wire1 did1 9 reality1 induce a simil> curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r wire1 b t x cont9u$ = an in/ant only1 & p>took m ( ! nature ( ! electrical wave pass$ ?r\gh f ! %ock ( a common ,leyd5 j> ?an ( ! curr5t f a voltaic batt]y1 & !re=e might magnetise a /eel ne$le1 al?\gh x sc>cely affect$ ! galvanomet]4 #ac4 ,?is expectation 0 confirm$2 = on sub/itut+ a small holl[ helix1 =m$ r\nd a glass tube1 = ! galvanomet]1 introduc+ a /eel ne$le1 mak+ contact z be=e betwe5 ! batt]y & ! induc+ wire 7#g4 #aj471 & !n remov+ ! ne$le be=e ! batt]y contact 0 brok51 x 0 f\nd magnetis$4 #ad4 ,:5 ! batt]y contact 0 fir/ made1 !n an unmagnetis$ ne$le introduc$ into ! small indicat+ helix 7#ac471 & la/ly ! batt]y contact brok51 ! ne$le 0 f\nd magnetis$ to an equal degree app>5tly z be=e2 b ! poles 7 ( ! contr>y k9d4 #ae4 ,! same effects took place on us+ ! l>ge comp\nd helices fir/ describ$ 7#f4 #h474 #af4 ,:5 ! unmagnetis$ ne$le 0 put into ! indicat+ helix1 be=e contact ( ! induc+ wire ) ! batt]y1 & rema9$ !re until ! contact 0 brok51 x exhibit$ little or no magnetism2 ! fir/ effect hav+ be5 ne>ly neutralis$ by ! second 7#ac4 #ad474 ,! =ce ( ! induc$ curr5t ^u mak+ contact 0 f\nd always to exce$ t ( ! induc$ curr5t at break+ ( contact2 & if !re=e ! contact 0 made & brok5 _m times 9 succession1 :il/ ! ne$le rema9$ 9 ! indicat+ helix1 x at la/ came out n unmagnetis$1 b a ne$le magnetis$ z if ! induc$ curr5t ^u mak+ contact _h act$ alone on x4 ,?is effect may be due to ! accumulation 7z x is call$7 at ! poles ( ! unconnect$ pile1 r5d]+ ! curr5t ^u fir/ mak+ contact m p[]ful ?an :at x is aft]w>ds1 at ! mom5t ( break+ contact4 #ag4 ,if ! circuit betwe5 ! helix or wire "u induction & ! galvanomet] or indicat+ spiral 0 n r5d]$ complete be=e ! connexion betwe5 ! batt]y & ! induc+ wire 0 complet$ or brok51 !n no effects 7 p]ceiv$ at ! galvanomet]4 ,?us1 if ! batt]y communications 7 fir/ made1 & !n ! wire "u induction connect$ ) ! indicat+ helix1 no magnetis+ p[] 0 !re exhibit$4 ,b /ill reta9+ ! latt] communications1 :5 ^? ) ! batt]y 7 brok51 a magnet 0 =m$ 9 ! helix1 b ( ! second k9d 7#ad471 i4e4 ) poles indicat+ a curr5t 9 ! same direction to t belong+ to ! batt]y curr5t1 or to t always induc$ by t curr5t at its cessation4 #ah4 ,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts ! wires 7 plac$ ne> to ea* o!r1 & ! contact ( ! induc+ "o ) ! butt]y made :5 ! inductive effect 0 requir$2 b z ! p>ticul> action might be suppos$ to be ex]t$ only at ! mom5ts ( mak+ & break+ contact1 ! induction 0 produc$ 9 ano!r way4 ,sev]al feet ( copp] wire 7 /ret*$ 9 wide zigzag =ms1 repres5t+ ! lett] ,w1 on "o surface ( a broad bo>d2 a second wire 0 /ret*$ 9 precisely simil> =ms on a second bo>d1 s t :5 br\ght ne> ! fir/1 ! wires %\ld ev]y:]e t\*1 except t a %eet ( ?ick pap] 0 int]pos$4 ,"o ( ^! wires 0 connect$ ) ! galvanomet]1 & ! o!r ) a voltaic batt]y4 ,! fir/ wire 0 !n mov$ t[>ds ! second1 & z x approa*$1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$4 ,be+ !n remov$1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,by fir/ mak+ ! wires approa* & !n rec$e1 simultane\sly ) ! vibrations ( ! ne$le1 ! latt] soon became v ext5sive2 b :5 ! wires ceas$ to move f or t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! galvanomet]-ne$le soon came to its usual position4 #ai4 ,z ! wires approximat$1 ! induc$ curr5t 0 9 ! contr>y direction to ! induc+ curr5t4 ,z ! wires rec$$1 ! induc$ curr5t 0 9 ! same direction z ! induc+ curr5t4 ,:5 ! wires rema9$ /ation>y1 !re 0 no induc$ curr5t 7#ed474 #bj4 ,:5 a small voltaic arrangem5t 0 introduc$ into ! circuit betwe5 ! galvanomet] 7#aj47 & its helix or wire1 s z to cause a p]man5t deflection ( #cj or #dj1 & !n ! batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs ( plates connect$ ) ! induc+ wire1 !re 0 an in/antane\s action z be=e 7#aa472 b ! galvanomet]-ne$le imm$iately resum$ & reta9$ its place unalt]$1 not)/&+ ! cont9u$ contact ( ! induc+ wire ) ! tr\gh3 su* 0 ! case 9 :i*ev] way ! contacts 7 made 7#cc474 #ba4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t collat]al curr5ts1 ei!r 9 ! same or 9 opposite directions1 ex]t no p]man5t induc+ p[] on ea* o!r1 affect+ _! quantity or t5sion4 #bb4 ,i c\ld obta9 no evid5ce by ! tongue1 by sp>k1 or by heat+ f9e wire or *>coal1 ( ! electricity pass+ ?r\gh ! wire "u induction2 nei!r c\ld ,i obta9 any *emical effects1 ?\gh ! contacts ) metallic & o!r solutions 7 made & brok5 alt]nately ) ^? ( ! batt]y1 s t ! second effect ( induction %\ld n oppose or neutralise ! fir/ 7#ac4 #af474 #bc4 ,?is defici5cy ( effect is n because ! induc$ curr5t ( electricity _c pass fluids1 b probably because ( its brief duration & feeble int5sity2 = on introduc+ two l>ge copp] plates into ! circuit on ! induc$ side 7#bj471 ! plates be+ imm]s$ 9 br9e1 b prev5t$ f t\*+ ea* o!r by an int]pos$ clo?1 ! effect at ! indicat+ galvanomet]1 or helix1 occurr$ z be=e4 ,! induc$ electricity c\ld also pass ?r\gh a voltaic tr\gh 7#bj474 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( int]pos$ fluid 0 r$uc$ to a drop1 ! galvanomet] gave no indication4 #bd4 ,attempts to obta9 simil> effects by ! use ( wires convey+ ord9>y electricity 7 d\btful 9 ! results4 ,a comp\nd helix simil> to t already describ$1 conta9+ eight elem5t>y helices 7#f471 0 us$4 ,f\r ( ! helices _h _! simil> ends b\nd toge!r by wire1 & ! two g5]al t]m9ations ?us produc$ connect$ ) ! small magnetis+ helix conta9+ an unmagnetis$ ne$le 7#ac474 ,! o!r f\r helices 7 simil>ly arrang$1 b _! ends connect$ ) a ,leyd5 j>4 ,on pass+ ! dis*>ge1 ! ne$le 0 f\nd to be a magnet2 b x appe>$ probable t a "p ( ! electricity ( ! j> _h pass$ (f to ! small helix1 & s magnetis$ ! ne$le4 ,!re 0 inde$ no reason to expect t ! electricity ( a j> possess+ z x does great t5sion1 w\ld n diffuse itself ?r\gh all ! metallic matt] int]pos$ betwe5 ! coat+s4 #be4 ,/ill x does n foll[ t ! dis*>ge ( ord9>y electricity ?r\gh a wire does n produce analog\s ph5om5a to ^? aris+ f voltaic electricity2 b z x appe>s impossible to sep>ate ! effects produc$ at ! mom5t :5 ! dis*>ge beg9s to pass1 f ! equal & contr>y effects produc$ :5 x ceases to pass 7#af471 inasmu* z ) ord9>y electricity ^! p]iods are simultane\s1 s !re c be sc>cely any hope t 9 ?is =m ( ! exp]im5t !y c be p]ceiv$4 #bf4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t curr5ts ( voltaic electricity pres5t ph5om5a ( induction some:at analog\s to ^? produc$ by electricity ( t5sion1 al?\gh1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 _m diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,! result is ! production ( o!r curr5ts1 7b :i* are only mom5t>y17 p>allel1 or t5d+ to p>allelism1 ) ! induc+ curr5t4 ,by ref]5ce to ! poles ( ! ne$le =m$ 9 ! indicat+ helix 7#ac4 #ad47 & to ! deflections ( ! galvanomet]-ne$le 7#aa471 x 0 f\nd 9 all cases t ! induc$ curr5t1 produc$ by ! fir/ action ( ! induc+ curr5t1 0 9 ! contr>y direction to ! latt]1 b t ! curr5t produc$ by ! cessation ( ! induc+ curr5t 0 9 ! same direction 7#ai474 ,= ! purpose ( avoid+ p]iphrasis1 ,i propose to call ?is action ( ! curr5t f ! voltaic batt]y1 volta-electric induction4 ,! prop]ties ( ! second wire1 aft] induction has develop$ ! fir/ curr5t1 & :il/ ! electricity f ! batt]y cont9ues to fl[ ?r\gh its induc+ neighb\r 7#aj4 #ah471 con/itute a peculi> electric condition1 ! consid]ation ( :i* w be resum$ h]eaft] 7#fj474 ,all ^! results h be5 obta9$ ) a voltaic app>atus consi/+ ( a s+le pair ( plates4 #b4 ,evolution ( ,electricity f ,magnetism4 #bg4 ,a weld$ r+ 0 made ( s(t r\nd b>-iron1 ! metal be+ sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ! r+ six in*es 9 ext]nal diamet]4 ,?ree helices 7 put r\nd "o "p ( ?is r+1 ea* conta9+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet ( copp] wire "o tw5tie? ( an in* ?ick2 !y 7 insulat$ f ! iron & ea* o!r1 & sup]pos$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$ 7#f471 occupy+ ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g? ^u ! r+4 ,!y c\ld be us$ sep>ately or conjo9tly2 ! gr\p may be di/+ui%$ by ! lett] ,a 7,pl4 ,i4 fig4 #a474 ,on ! o!r "p ( ! r+ ab\t sixty feet ( simil> copp] wire 9 two pieces 7 appli$ 9 ! same mann]1 =m+ a helix ,b1 :i* _h ! same common direction ) ! helices ( ,a1 b be+ sep>at$ f x at ea* extremity by ab\t half an in* ( ! uncov]$ iron4 #bh4 ,! helix ,b 0 connect$ by copp] wires ) a galvanomet] ?ree feet f ! r+4 ,! helices ( ,a 7 connect$ end to end s z to =m "o common helix1 ! extremities ( :i* 7 connect$ ) a batt]y ( t5 pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e4 ,! galvanomet] 0 imm$iately affect$1 & to a degree f> beyond :at has be5 describ$ :5 ) a batt]y ( t5fold p[] helices )\t iron 7 us$ 7#aj472 b ?\gh ! contact 0 cont9u$1 ! effect 0 n p]man5t1 = ! ne$le soon came to re/ 9 its natural position1 z if q indiff]5t to ! atta*$ electro-magnetic arrangem5t4 ,^u break+ ! contact ) ! batt]ry1 ! ne$le 0 aga9 p[]fully deflect$1 b 9 ! contr>y direction to t induc$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 #bi4 ,^u arrang+ ! app>atus s t ,b %\ld be out ( use1 ! galvanomet] be connect$ ) "o ( ! ?ree wires ( ,a 7#bg471 & ! o!r two made into a helix ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t f ! tr\gh 7#bh47 0 pass$1 simil> b r m p[]ful effects 7 produc$4 #cj4 ,:5 ! batt]y contact 0 made 9 "o direction1 ! galvanomet]-ne$le 0 deflect$ on ! "o side2 if made 9 ! o!r direction1 ! deflection 0 on ! o!r side4 ,! deflection on break+ ! batt]y contact 0 always ! rev]se ( t produc$ by complet+ x4 ,! deflection on mak+ a batt]y contact always indicat$ an induc$ curr5t 9 ! opposite direction to t f ! batt]y2 b on break+ ! contact ! deflection indicat$ an induc$ curr5t 9 ! same direction z t ( ! batt]y4 ,no mak+ or break+ ( ! contact at ,b side1 or 9 any "p ( ! galvanomet] circuit1 produc$ any effect at ! galvanomet]4 ,no cont9uance ( ! batt]y curr5t caus$ any deflection ( ! galvanomet]-ne$le4 ,z ! above results are common to all ^! exp]im5ts1 & to simil> ones ) ord9>y magnets to be h]eaft] detail$1 !y ne$ n be aga9 p>ticul>ly describ$4 #ca4 ,^u us+ ! p[] ( "o hundr$ pairs ( plates 7#aj47 ) ?is r+1 ! impulse at ! galvanomet]1 :5 contact 0 complet$ or brok51 0 s great z to make ! ne$le sp9 r\nd rapidly f\r or five times1 be=e ! air & t]re/rial magnetism c\ld r$uce its motion to m]e oscillation4 #cb4 ,by us+ *>coal at ! ends ( ! ,b helix1 a m9ute sp>k c\ld be p]ceiv$ :5 ! contact ( ! batt]y ) ,a 0 complet$4 ,?is sp>k c\ld n be due to any div]sion ( a "p ( ! curr5t ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! iron to ! helix ,b2 = :5 ! batt]y contact 0 cont9u$1 ! galvanomet] /ill resum$ its p]fectly indiff]5t /ate 7#bh474 ,! sp>k 0 r>ely se5 on break+ contact4 ,a small plat9a wire c\ld n be ignit$ by ?is induc$ curr5t2 b !re seems e reason to believe t ! effect w\ld be obta9$ by us+ a /rong] orig9al curr5t or a m p[]ful arrangem5t ( helices4 #cc4 ,a feeble voltaic curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh ! helix ,b & ! galvanomet]1 s z to deflect ! ne$le ( ! latt] #cj or #dj1 & !n ! batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs ( plates connect$ ) ,a2 b aft] ! fir/ effect 0 ov]1 ! galvanomet]-ne$le resum$ exactly ! position due to ! feeble curr5t transmitt$ by its own wire4 ,?is took place 9 :i*ev] way ! batt]y contacts 7 made1 & %[s t "h aga9 7#bj47 no p]man5t influ5ce ( ! curr5ts ^u ea* o!r1 z to _! quantity & t5sion1 exi/s4 #cd4 ,ano!r arrangem5t 0 !n employ$ connect+ ! =m] exp]im5ts on volta-electric induction 7#f-bf47 ) ! pres5t4 ,a comb9ation ( helices l t already describ$ 7#f47 0 con/ruct$ ^u a holl[ cyl9d] ( pa/ebo>d3 !re 7 eight l5g?s ( copp] wire1 conta9+ altoge!r #bbj feet2 f\r ( ^! helices 7 connect$ end to end1 & !n ) ! galvanomet] 7#g472 ! o!r int]v5+ f\r 7 also connect$ end to end1 & ! batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs dis*>g$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ?is =m ! effect on ! galvanomet] 0 h>dly s5sible 7#aa471 ?\gh magnets c\ld be made by ! induc$ curr5t 7#ac474 ,b :5 a s(t iron cyl9d] sev5 eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & twelve in*es long1 0 introduc$ into ! pa/ebo>d tube1 surr\nd$ by ! helices1 !n ! induc$ curr5t affect$ ! galvanomet] p[]fully & ) all ! ph5om5a j describ$ 7#cj474 ,x possess$ also ! p[] ( mak+ magnets ) m en]gy1 app>5tly1 ?an :5 no iron cyl9d] 0 pres5t4 #ce4 ,:5 ! iron cyl9d] 0 replac$ by an equal cyl9d] ( copp]1 no effect beyond t ( ! helices alone 0 produc$4 ,! iron cyl9d] arrangem5t 0 n s p[]ful z ! r+ arrangem5t already describ$ 7#bg474 #cf4 ,simil> effects 7 !n produc$ by ord9>y magnets3 ?us ! holl[ helix j describ$ 7#cd47 _h all its elem5t>y helices connect$ ) ! galvanomet] by two copp] wires1 ea* five feet 9 l5g?2 ! s(t iron cyl9d] 0 introduc$ into its axis2 a c\ple ( b> magnets1 ea* tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 7 arrang$ ) _! opposite poles at "o end 9 contact1 s z to resemble a horse-%oe magnet1 & !n contact made betwe5 ! o!r poles & ! ends ( ! iron cyl9d]1 s z to conv]t x = ! "t into a magnet 7fig4 #b473 by break+ ! magnetic contacts1 or rev]s+ !m1 ! magnetism ( ! iron cyl9d] c\ld be de/roy$ or rev]s$ at pleasure4 #cg4 ,^u mak+ magnetic contact1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$2 cont9u+ ! contact1 ! ne$le became indiff]5t1 & resum$ its fir/ position2 on break+ ! contact1 x 0 aga9 deflect$1 b 9 ! opposite direction to ! fir/ effect1 & !n x aga9 became indiff]5t4 ,:5 ! magnetic contacts 7 rev]s$ ! deflections 7 rev]s$4 #ch4 ,:5 ! magnetic contact 0 made1 ! deflection 0 su* z to indicate an induc$ curr5t ( electricity 9 ! opposite direction to t fitt$ to =m a magnet1 hav+ ! same pol>ity z t really produc$ by contact ) ! b> magnets4 ,?us :5 ! m>k$ & unm>k$ poles 7 plac$ z 9 fig4 #c1 ! curr5t 9 ! helix 0 9 ! direction repres5t$1 ,p be+ suppos$ to be ! end ( ! wire go+ to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 or t end t[>ds :i* ! z9c plates face1 & ,n ! negative wire4 ,su* a curr5t w\ld h conv]t$ ! cyl9d] into a magnet ( ! opposite k9d to t =m$ by contact ) ! poles ,a & ,b2 & su* a curr5t moves 9 ! opposite direction to ! curr5ts :i* 9 ,m4 ,ampre's beautiful !ory are consid]$ z con/itut+ a magnet 9 ! position figur$,a4 ,a ,! relative position ( an electric curr5t & a magnet is by mo/ p]sons f\nd v difficult to rememb]1 & ?ree or f\r helps to ! memory h be5 devis$ by ,m4 ,ampre & o!rs4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ ! foll[+ z a v simple & effectual assi/ance 9 ^! & simil> latitudes4 ,let ! exp]im5t] ?9k he is look+ d[n ^u a dipp+ ne$le1 or ^u ! pole ( ! nor?1 & !n let him ?9k ^u ! direction ( ! motion ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 or ( a screw mov+ direct2 curr5ts 9 t direction r\nd a ne$le w\ld make x into su* a magnet z ! dipp+ ne$le1 or w\ld !mselves con/itute an electro-magnet ( simil> qualities2 or if br\ght ne> a magnet w\ld t5d to make x take t direction2 or w\ld !mselves be mov$ into t position by a magnet s plac$2 or 9 ,m4 ,ampre's !ory are consid]$ z mov+ 9 t direction 9 ! magnet4 ,^! two po9ts ( ! position ( ! dipp+-ne$le & ! motion ( ! wat* h&s be+ rememb]$1 any o!r relation ( ! curr5t & magnet c be at once d$uc$ f x4 #ci4 ,b z x might be suppos$ t 9 all ! prec$+ exp]im5ts ( ?is section1 x 0 by "s peculi> effect tak+ place dur+ ! =mation ( ! magnet1 & n by its m]e virtual approximation1 t ! mom5t>y induc$ curr5t 0 excit$1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made4 ,all ! simil> ends ( ! comp\nd holl[ helix 7#cd47 7 b\nd toge!r by copp] wire1 =m+ two g5]al t]m9ations1 & ^! 7 connect$ ) ! galvanomet]4 ,! s(t iron cyl9d] 7#cd47 0 remov$1 & a cyl9drical magnet1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet] & eight in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 us$ in/ead4 ,"o end ( ?is magnet 0 introduc$ into ! axis ( ! helix 7fig4 #d471 & !n1 ! galvanomet]-ne$le be+ /ation>y1 ! magnet 0 sudd5ly ?ru/ 92 imm$iately ! ne$le 0 deflect$ 9 ! same direction z if ! magnet _h be5 =m$ by ei!r ( ! two prec$+ processes 7#cd4 #cf474 ,be+ left 91 ! ne$le resum$ its fir/ position1 & !n ! magnet be+ )drawn ! ne$le 0 deflect$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,^! effects 7 n great2 b by introduc+ & )draw+ ! magnet1 s t ! impulse ea* "t %\ld be add$ to ^? previ\sly communicat$ to ! ne$le1 ! latt] c\ld be made to vibrate ?r\gh an arc ( #ahj or m4 #dj4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! magnet mu/ n be pass$ entirely ?r\gh ! helix1 = !n a second action occurs4 ,:5 ! magnet is introduc$1 ! ne$le at ! galvanomet] is deflect$ 9 a c]ta9 direction2 b be+ 91 :e!r x be pu%$ q ?r\gh or )drawn1 ! ne$le is deflect$ 9 a direction ! rev]se ( t previ\sly produc$4 ,:5 ! magnet is pass$ 9 & ?r\gh at "o cont9u\s motion1 ! ne$le moves "o way1 is !n sudd5ly /opp$1 & f9ally moves ! o!r way4 #da4 ,if su* a holl[ helix z t describ$ 7#cd47 be laid ea/ & we/ 7or 9 any o!r con/ant position71 & a magnet be reta9$ ea/ & we/1 its m>k$ pole always be+ "o way2 !n :i*ev] end ( ! helix ! magnet goes 9 at1 & consequ5tly :i*ev] pole ( ! magnet ent]s fir/1 /ill ! ne$le is deflect$ ! same way3 on ! o!r h&1 :i*ev] direction is foll[$ 9 )draw+ ! magnet1 ! deflection is con/ant1 b contr>y to t due to its entrance4 #db4 ,^! effects are simple consequ5ces ( ! law h]eaft] to be describ$ 7#aad74 #dc4 ,:5 ! eight elem5t>y helices 7 made "o long helix1 ! effect 0 n s great z 9 ! arrangem5t describ$4 ,:5 only "o ( ! eight helices 0 us$1 ! effect 0 also mu* dim9i%$4 ,all c>e 0 tak5 to gu>d aga9/ t9y direct action ( ! induc+ magnet ^u ! galvanomet]1 & x 0 f\nd t by mov+ ! magnet 9 ! same direction1 & to ! same degree on ! outside ( ! helix1 no effect on ! ne$le 0 produc$4 #dd4 ,! ,royal ,society are 9 possession ( a l>ge comp\nd magnet =m]ly belong+ to ,dr4 ,g[9 ,knight1 :i*1 by p]mission ( ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil1 ,i 0 all[$ to use 9 ! prosecution ( ^! exp]im5ts3 x is at pres5t 9 ! *>ge ( ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 at 8 h\se at ,woolwi*1 :]e1 by ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's k9dness1 ,i 0 at lib]ty to "w2 & ,i h to ackn[l$ge my obligations to him = 8 assi/ance 9 all ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations made ) x4 ,?is magnet is compos$ ( ab\t #dej b> magnets1 ea* fifte5 in*es long1 "o in* wide1 & half an in* ?ick1 arrang$ 9 a box s z to pres5t at "o ( its extremities two ext]nal poles 7fig4 #e474 ,^! poles project$ horizontally six in*es f ! box1 7 ea* twelve in*es high & ?ree in*es wide4 ,!y 7 n9e in*es ap>t2 & :5 a s(t iron cyl9d]1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet] & twelve in*es long1 0 put across f "o to ! o!r1 x requir$ a =ce ( ne>ly "o hundr$ p\nds to break ! contact4 ,! pole to ! left 9 ! figure is ! m>k$ pole,a4 ,a ,to avoid any confusion z to ! poles ( ! magnet1 ,i %all designate ! pole po9t+ to ! nor? z ! m>k$ pole2 ,i may occasionally speak ( ! nor? & s\? ends ( ! ne$le1 b d n mean !reby nor? & s\? poles4 ,t is by _m consid]$ ! true nor? pole ( a ne$le :i* po9ts to ! s\?2 b 9 ?is c\ntry x 9 (t5 call$ ! s\? pole4 #de4 ,! indicat+ galvanomet]1 9 all exp]im5ts made ) ?is magnet1 0 ab\t eight feet f x1 n directly 9 front ( ! poles1 b ab\t #af or #ag on "o side4 ,x 0 f\nd t on mak+ or break+ ! connexion ( ! poles by s(t iron1 ! in/rum5t 0 slightly affect$2 b all error ( obs]vation aris+ f ?is cause 0 easily & c>efully avoid$4 #df4 ,! electrical effects exhibit$ by ?is magnet 7 v /rik+4 ,:5 a s(t iron cyl9d] ?irte5 in*es long 0 put ?r\gh ! comp\nd holl[ helix1 ) its ends arrang$ z two g5]al t]m9ations 7#ci471 ^! connect$ ) ! galvanomet]1 & ! iron cyl9d] br\ght 9 contact ) ! two poles ( ! magnet 7fig4 #e471 s p[]ful a ru% ( electricity took place t ! ne$le :irl$ r\nd _m times 9 succession,a4 ,a ,a s(t iron b> 9 ! =m ( a lift] to a horse-%oe magnet1 :5 suppli$ ) a coil ( ?is k9d r\nd ! middle ( x1 becomes1 by juxta-position ) a magnet1 a ready s\rce ( a brief b det]m9ate curr5t ( electricity4 #dg4 ,not)/&+ ?is great p[]1 if ! contact 0 cont9u$1 ! ne$le resum$ its natural position1 be+ entirely un9flu5c$ by ! position ( ! helix 7#cj474 ,b on break+ ! magnetic contact1 ! ne$le 0 :irl$ r\nd 9 ! opposite direction ) a =ce equal to ! =m]4 #dh4 ,a piece ( copp] plate wrapp$ once r\nd ! iron cyl9d] l a socket1 b ) int]pos$ pap] to prev5t contact1 _h its edges connect$ ) ! wires ( ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 ! iron 0 br\ght 9 contact ) ! poles ! galvanomet] 0 /rongly affect$4 #di4 ,dismiss+ ! helices & sockets1 ! galvanomet] wire 0 pass$ ov]1 & consequ5tly only half r\nd ! iron cyl9d] 7fig4 #f472 b ev5 !n a /rong effect ^u ! ne$le 0 exhibit$1 :5 ! magnetic contact 0 made or brok54 #ej4 ,z ! helix ) its iron cyl9d] 0 br\ght t[>ds ! magnetic poles1 b )\t mak+ contact1 /ill p[]ful effects 7 produc$4 ,:5 ! helix1 )\t ! iron cyl9d]1 & consequ5tly conta9+ no metal b copp]1 0 approa*$ to1 or plac$ betwe5 ! poles 7#dd471 ! ne$le 0 ?r[n #hj1 #ij1 or m1 f its natural position4 ,! inductive =ce 0 ( c\rse great]1 ! ne>] ! helix1 ei!r ) or )\t its iron cyl9d]1 0 br\ght to ! poles2 b o!rwise ! same effects 7 produc$1 :e!r ! helix1 c4 0 or 0 n br\ght into contact ) ! magnet2 i4e4 no p]man5t effect on ! galvanomet] 0 produc$2 & ! effects ( approximation & removal 7 ! rev]se ( ea* o!r 7#cj474 #ea4 ,:5 a bolt ( copp] correspond+ to ! iron cyl9d] 0 introduc$1 no great] effect 0 produc$ by ! helix ?an )\t x4 ,b :5 a ?ick iron wire 0 sub/itut$1 ! magneto-electric induction 0 r5d]$ s5sibly great]4 #eb4 ,! direction ( ! electric curr5t produc$ 9 all ^! exp]im5ts ) ! helix1 0 ! same z t already describ$ 7#ch47 z obta9$ ) ! weak] b> magnets4 #ec4 ,a spiral conta9+ f\rte5 feet ( copp] wire1 be+ connect$ ) ! galvanomet]1 & approximat$ directly t[>ds ! m>k$ pole 9 ! l9e ( its axis1 affect$ ! in/rum5t /rongly2 ! curr5t induc$ 9 x 0 9 ! rev]se direction to ! curr5t !oretically consid]$ by ,m4 ,ampre z exi/+ 9 ! magnet 7#ch471 or z ! curr5t 9 an electro-magnet ( simil> pol>ity4 ,z ! spiral 0 )drawn1 ! induc$ curr5t 0 rev]s$4 #ed4 ,a simil> spiral _h ! curr5t ( eighty pairs ( #d-;in* plates s5t ?r\gh x s z to =m an electro-magnet1 & !n ! o!r spiral connect$ ) ! galvanomet] 7#eh47 approximat$ to x2 ! ne$le vibrat$1 indicat+ a curr5t 9 ! galvanomet] spiral ! rev]se ( t 9 ! batt]y spiral 7#ah4 #bf474 ,on )draw+ ! latt] spiral1 ! ne$le pass$ 9 ! opposite direction4 #ee4 ,s+le wires1 approximat$ 9 c]ta9 directions t[>ds ! magnetic pole1 _h curr5ts induc$ 9 !m4 ,on _! removal1 ! curr5ts 7 inv]t$4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts ! wires %\ld n be remov$ 9 directions diff]5t to ^? 9 :i* !y 7 approximat$2 = !n occasionally complicat$ & irregul> effects are produc$1 ! causes ( :i* w be v evid5t 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is pap]4 #ef4 ,all attempts to obta9 *emical effects by ! induc$ curr5t ( electricity fail$1 ?\gh ! precautions be=e describ$ 7#bb471 & all o!rs t c\ld be ?\ght (1 7 employ$4 ,nei!r 0 any s5sation on ! tongue1 or any convulsive effect ^u ! limbs ( a frog1 produc$4 ,nor c\ld *>coal or f9e wire be ignit$ 7#acc474 ,b ^u repeat+ ! exp]im5ts m at leisure at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ) an arm$ load/one belong+ to ,pr(essor ,daniell & capable ( lift+ ab\t ?irty p\nds1 a frog 0 v p[]fully convuls$ ea* "t magnetic contact 0 made4 ,at fir/ ! convulsions c\ld n be obta9$ on break+ magnetic contact2 b conceiv+ ! defici5cy ( effect 0 because ( ! comp>ative sl[ness ( sep>ation1 ! latt] act 0 effect$ by a bl[1 & !n ! frog 0 convuls$ /rongly4 ,! m in/antane\s ! union or disunion is effect$1 ! m p[]ful ! convulsion4 ,i ?\ght also ,i c\ld p]ceive ! s5sation ^u ! tongue & ! fla% be=e ! eyes2 b ,i c\ld obta9 no evid5ce ( *emical decomposition4 #eg4 ,! v>i\s exp]im5ts ( ?is section prove1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ completely ! production ( electricity f ord9>y magnetism4 ,t its int5sity %\ld be v feeble & quantity small1 _c be consid]$ wond]ful1 :5 x is rememb]$ t l !rmo-electricity x is evolv$ entirely )9 ! sub/ance ( metals reta9+ all _! conduct+ p[]4 ,b an ag5t :i* is conduct$ along metallic wires 9 ! mann] describ$2 :i* :il/ s pass+ possesses ! peculi> magnetic actions & =ce ( a curr5t ( electricity2 :i* c agitate & convulse ! limbs ( a frog2 & :i*1 f9ally1 c produce a sp>k,a by its dis*>ge ?r\gh *>coal 7#cb471 c only be electricity4 ,z all ! effects c be produc$ by f]rug9\s electro-magnets 7#cd471 !re is no d\bt t arrangem5ts l ! magnets ( ,pr(essors ,moll1 ,h5ry1 ,t5 ,eyke1 & o!rs1 9 :i* z _m z two ?\s& p\nds h be5 lift$1 may be us$ = ^! exp]im5ts2 9 :i* case n only a bright] sp>k may be obta9$1 b wires also ignit$1 &1 z ! curr5t c pass liquids 7#bc471 *emical action be produc$4 ,^! effects are /ill m likely to be obta9$ :5 ! magneto-electric arrangem5ts to be expla9$ 9 ! f\r? section are excit$ by ! p[]s ( su* app>atus4 ,a ,= a mode ( obta9+ ! sp>k f ! common magnet :i* ,i h f\nd effectual1 see ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,june #ahcb1 p4 #e4 ,9 ! same ,j\rnal = ,novemb] #ahcd1 vol4 v4 p4 #cdi1 w be f\nd a me?od ( obta9+ ! magneto-electric sp>k1 /ill simpl] 9 its pr9ciple1 ! use ( s(t iron be+ disp5s$ ) altoge!r4--,dec4 #ahch4 #eh4 ,! simil>ity ( action1 almo/ am\nt+ to id5tity1 betwe5 common magnets & ei!r electro-magnets or volta-electric curr5ts1 is /rik+ly 9 accordance ) & confirmatory ( ,m4 ,ampre's !ory1 & furni%es p[]ful reasons = believ+ t ! action is ! same 9 bo? cases2 b1 z a di/9ction 9 language is /ill necess>y1 ,i propose to call ! ag5cy ?us ex]t$ by ord9>y magnets1 magneto-electric or magnelectric induction 7#bf74 #ei4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* p[]fully /rikes ! att5tion z exi/+ betwe5 volta-electric & magneto-electric induction1 is ! sudd5ness ( ! =m]1 & ! s5sible "t requir$ by ! latt]2 b ev5 9 ?is e>ly /ate ( inve/igation !re are circum/ances :i* seem to indicate1 t ^u fur!r inquiry ?is diff]5ce w1 z a philosophical di/9ction1 disappe> 7#fh74;,a ,a ,= important additional ph5om5a & developm5ts ( ! induction ( electrical curr5ts1 see n[ ! n9? s]ies1 #ajdh-aaah4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #c4 ,new ,electrical ,/ate or ,condition ( ,matt]4,a ,a ,?is section hav+ be5 read at ! ,royal ,society & report$ ^u1 & hav+ also1 9 consequ5ce ( a lett] f myself to ,m4 ,ha*ette1 be5 notic$ at ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 ,i feel b\nd to let x /& z "p ( ! pap]2 b lat] inve/igations 7intimat$ #gc4 #gf4 #gg47 ( ! laws gov]n+ ^? ph5om5a1 induce me to ?9k t ! latt] c be fully expla9$ )\t admitt+ ! electro-tonic /ate4 ,my views on ?is po9t w appe> 9 ! second s]ies ( ^! rese>*es4--,m4,f4 #fj4 ,:il/ ! wire is subject to ei!r volta-electric or magneto-electric induction1 x appe>s to be 9 a peculi> /ate2 = x resi/s ! =mation ( an electrical curr5t 9 x1 :]eas1 if 9 its common condition1 su* a curr5t w\ld be produc$2 & :5 left un9flu5c$ x has ! p[] ( orig9at+ a curr5t1 a p[] :i* ! wire does n possess "u common circum/ances4 ,?is electrical condition ( matt] has n hi!rto be5 recognis$1 b x probably ex]ts a v important influ5ce 9 _m if n mo/ ( ! ph5om5a produc$ by curr5ts ( electricity4 ,= reasons :i* w imm$iately appe> 7#ga471 ,i h1 aft] advis+ ) sev]al le>n$ fri5ds1 v5tur$ to designate x z ! electro-ionic /ate4 #fa4 ,?is peculi> condition %[s no kn[n electrical effects :il/ x cont9ues2 nor h ,i yet be5 able to discov] any peculi> p[]s ex]t$1 or prop]ties possess$1 by matt] :il/ reta9$ 9 ?is /ate4 #fb4 ,x %[s no reaction by attractive or repulsive p[]s4 ,! v>i\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ) p[]ful magnets ^u su* metals1 z copp]1 silv]1 & g5]ally ^? sub/ances n magnetic1 prove ?is po9t2 = ! sub/ances exp]im5t$ ^u1 if electrical conductors1 mu/ h acquir$ ?is /ate2 & yet no evid5ce ( attractive or repulsive p[]s has be5 obs]v$4 ,i h plac$ copp] & silv] discs1 v delicately susp5d$ on torsion balances 9 vacuo ne> to ! poles ( v p[]ful magnets1 yet h n be5 able to obs]ve ! lea/ attractive or repulsive =ce4 #fc4 ,i h also arrang$ a f9e slip ( gold-leaf v ne> to a b> ( copp]1 ! two be+ 9 metallic contact by m]cury at _! extremities4 ,^! h be5 plac$ 9 vacuo1 s t metal rods connect$ ) ! extremities ( ! arrangem5t %\ld pass ?r\gh ! sides ( ! vessel into ! air4 ,i h !n mov$ p[]ful magnetic poles1 ab\t ?is arrangem5t1 9 v>i\s directions1 ! metallic circuit on ! outside be+ sometimes complet$ by wires1 & sometimes brok54 ,b ,i nev] c\ld obta9 any s5sible motion ( ! gold-leaf1 ei!r direct$ to ! magnet or t[>ds ! collat]al b> ( copp]1 :i* mu/ h be51 z f> z induction 0 conc]n$1 9 a simil> /ate to itself4 #fd4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 suppos$ t1 "u su* circum/ances1 attractive & repulsive =ces h be5 exhibit$1 i4e4 t su* bodies h become slightly magnetic4 ,b ! ph5om5a n[ describ$1 9 conjunction ) ! confid5ce we may reasonably repose 9 ,m4 ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism1 t5d to ?r[ d\bt on su* cases2 = if magnetism dep5d ^u ! attraction ( electrical curr5ts1 & if ! p[]ful curr5ts at fir/ excit$1 bo? by volta-electric & magneto-electric induction1 in/antly & naturally cease 7#ab4 #bh4 #dg471 caus+ at ! same "t an entire cessation ( magnetic effects at ! galvanomet] ne$le1 !n !re c be little or no expectation t any sub/ances n p>tak+ ( ! peculi> relation 9 :i* iron1 nickel1 & "o or two o!r bodies1 /&1 %\ld exhibit magneto-attractive p[]s4 ,x seems f> m probable1 t ! extremely feeble p]man5t effects obs]v$ h be5 due to traces ( iron1 or p]haps "s o!r unrecognis$ cause n magnetic4 #fe4 ,?is peculi> condition ex]ts no ret>d+ or accel]at+ p[] ^u electrical curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh metal ?us circum/anc$ 7#bj4 #cc474 ,nei!r c\ld any su* p[] ^u ! induc+ curr5t itself be detect$2 = :5 masses ( metal1 wires1 helices1 c4 7 arrang$ 9 all possible ways by ! side ( a wire or helix1 c>ry+ a curr5t measur$ by ! galvanomet] 7#bj471 n ! slighte/ p]man5t *ange 9 ! indication ( ! in/rum5t c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,metal 9 ! suppos$ peculi> /ate1 !re=e1 conducts electricity 9 all directions ) its ord9>y facility1 or1 9 o!r words1 its conduct+ p[] is n s5sibly alt]$ by x4 #ff4 ,all metals take on ! peculi> /ate4 ,?is is prov$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts ) copp] & iron 7#i471 & ) gold1 silv]1 t91 lead1 z9c1 antimony1 bismu?1 m]cury1 c4 by exp]im5ts to be describ$ 9 ! f\r? "p 7#acb471 admitt+ ( easy application4 ,) reg>d to iron1 ! exp]im5ts prove ! ?or\gh & rem>kable indep5d5ce ( ^! ph5om5a ( induction1 & ! ord9>y magnetical appe>ances ( t metal4 #fg4 ,?is /ate is altoge!r ! effect ( ! induction ex]t$1 & ceases z soon z ! inductive =ce is remov$4 ,x is ! same /ate1 :e!r produc$ by ! collat]al passage ( voltaic curr5ts 7#bf471 or ! =mation ( a magnet 7#cd4 #cf471 or ! m]e approximation ( a magnet 7#ci4 #ej472 & is a /rong pro( 9 addition to ^? advanc$ by ,m4 ,ampre1 ( ! id5tity ( ! ag5ts conc]n$ 9 ^! sev]al op]ations4 ,x probably occurs1 mom5t>ily1 dur+ ! passage ( ! common electric sp>k 7#bd471 & may p]haps be obta9$ h]eaft] 9 bad conductors by weak electrical curr5ts or o!r means 7#gd4 #gf74 #fh4 ,! /ate appe>s to be in/antly assum$ 7#ab471 requir+ h>dly a s5sible portion ( "t = t purpose4 ,! diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 volta-electric & magneto-electric induction1 r5d]$ evid5t by ! galvanomet] 7#ei471 may probably be ?us expla9$4 ,:5 a voltaic curr5t is s5t ?r\gh "o ( two p>allel wires1 z ^? ( ! holl[ helix 7#cd471 a curr5t is produc$ 9 ! o!r wire1 z brief 9 its cont9uance z ! "t requir$ = a s+le action ( ?is k9d1 & :i*1 by exp]im5t1 is f\nd to be inappreciably small4 ,! action w seem /ill m in/antane\s1 because1 z !re is an accumulation ( p[] 9 ! poles ( ! batt]y be=e contact1 ! fir/ ru% ( electricity 9 ! wire ( communication is great] ?an t su/a9$ aft] ! contact is complet$2 ! wire ( induction becomes at ! mom5t electro-tonic to an equival5t degree1 :i* ! mom5t aft] s9ks to ! /ate 9 :i* ! cont9u\s curr5t c su/a9 x1 b 9 s9k+1 causes an opposite induc$ curr5t to t at fir/ produc$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! fir/ induc$ wave ( electricity m resembles t f ! dis*>ge ( an electric j>1 ?an x o!rwise w\ld d4 #fi4 ,b :5 ! iron cyl9d] is put into ! same helix 7#ca471 previ\s to ! connexion be+ made ) ! batt]y1 !n ! curr5t f ! latt] may be consid]$ z active 9 induc+ innum]able curr5ts ( a simil> k9d to itself 9 ! iron1 r5d]+ x a magnet4 ,?is is kn[n by exp]im5t to occupy "t2 = a magnet s =m$1 ev5 ( s(t iron1 does n rise to its fulle/ int5sity 9 an in/ant1 & x may be because ! curr5ts )9 ! iron are successive 9 _! =mation or arrangem5t4 ,b z ! magnet c induce1 z well z ! batt]y curr5t1 ! comb9$ action ( ! two cont9ues to evolve induc$ electricity1 until _! jo9t effect is at a maximum1 & ?us ! exi/5ce ( ! deflect+ =ce is prolong$ suffici5tly to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 #gj4 ,9 all ^? cases :]e ! helices or wires are advanc$ t[>ds or tak5 f ! magnet 7#ej4 #ee471 ! direct or inv]t$ curr5t ( induc$ electricity cont9ues = ! "t occupi$ 9 ! advance or recession2 = ! electro-tonic /ate is ris+ to a high] or fall+ to a l[] degree dur+ t "t1 & ! *ange is accompani$ by its correspond+ evolution ( electricity2 b ^! =m no objections to ! op9ion t ! electro-tonic /ate is in/antly assum$4 #ga4 ,?is peculi> /ate appe>s to be a /ate ( t5sion1 & may be consid]$ z equival5t to a curr5t ( electricity1 at lea/ equal to t produc$ ei!r :5 ! condition is induc$ or de/roy$4 ,! curr5t evolv$1 h[ev]1 fir/ or la/1 is n to be consid]$ a measure ( ! degree ( t5sion to :i* ! electro-tonic /ate has ris52 = z ! metal reta9s its conduct+ p[]s unimpair$ 7#fe471 & z ! electricity evolv$ is b = a mom5t1 7! peculi> /ate be+ in/antly assum$ & lo/ 7#fh4717 ! electricity :i* may be l$ away by long wire conductors1 (f]+ ob/ruction 9 _! sub/ance proportionate to _! small lat]al & ext5sive l9e> dim5sions1 c be b a v small portion ( t really evolv$ )9 ! mass at ! mom5t x assumes ?is condition4 ,insulat$ helices & portions ( metal in/antly assum$ ! /ate2 & no traces ( electricity c\ld be discov]$ 9 !m1 h[ev] quickly ! contact ) ! electromet] 0 made1 aft] !y 7 put "u induction1 ei!r by ! curr5t f ! batt]y or ! magnet4 ,a s+le drop ( wat] or a small piece ( moi/5$ pap] 7#bc4 #ef47 0 ob/acle suffici5t to /op ! curr5t ?r\gh ! conductors1 ! electricity evolv$ return+ to a /ate ( equilibrium ?r\gh ! metal itself1 & consequ5tly 9 an unobs]v$ mann]4 #gb4 ,! t5sion ( ?is /ate may !re=e be comp>atively v great4 ,b :e!r great or small1 x is h>dly conceivable t x %\ld exi/ )\t ex]t+ a reaction ^u ! orig9al induc+ curr5t1 & produc+ equilibrium ( "s k9d4 ,x might be anticipat$ t ?is w\ld give rise to a ret>dation ( ! orig9al curr5t2 b ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta9 t ?is is ! case4 ,nei!r h ,i 9 any o!r way z yet be5 able to di/+ui% effects attributable to su* a reaction4 #gc4 ,all ! results fav\r ! notion t ! electro-tonic /ate relates to ! p>ticles1 & n to ! mass1 ( ! wire or sub/ance "u induction1 be+ 9 t respect diff]5t to ! induction ex]t$ by electricity ( t5sion4 ,if s1 ! /ate may be assum$ 9 liquids :5 no electrical curr5t is s5sible1 & ev5 9 non-conductors2 ! curr5t itself1 :5 x occurs1 be+ z x 7 a cont+5cy due to ! exi/5ce ( conduct+ p[]1 & ! mom5t>y propulsive =ce ex]t$ by ! p>ticles dur+ _! arrangem5t4 ,ev5 :5 conduct+ p[] is equal1 ! curr5ts ( electricity1 :i* z yet are ! only indicators ( ?is /ate1 may be unequal1 because ( diff]5ces z to numb]s1 size1 electrical condition1 c4 c4 9 ! p>ticles !mselves4 ,x w only be aft] ! laws :i* gov]n ?is new /ate are asc]ta9$1 t we %all be able to pr$ict :at is ! true condition (1 & :at are ! electrical results obta9able f1 any p>ticul> sub/ance4 #gd4 ,! curr5t ( electricity :i* induces ! electro-tonic /ate 9 a neighb\r+ wire1 probably induces t /ate also 9 its own wire2 = :5 by a curr5t 9 "o wire a collat]al wire is made electro-tonic1 ! latt] /ate is n r5d]$ any way incompatible or int]f]+ ) a curr5t ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh x 7#fb474 ,if1 !re=e1 ! curr5t 7 s5t ?r\gh ! second wire in/ead ( ! fir/1 x does n seem probable t its induc+ action ^u ! second w\ld be less1 b on ! contr>y m1 because ! di/ance betwe5 ! ag5t & ! matt] act$ ^u w\ld be v greatly dim9i%$4 ,a copp] bolt _h its extremities connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 & !n ! poles ( a batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs ( plates connect$ ) ! bolt1 s z to s5d ! curr5t ?r\gh x2 ! voltaic circuit 0 !n sudd5ly brok51 & ! galvanomet] obs]v$ = any indications ( a return curr5t ?r\gh ! copp] bolt due to ! dis*>ge ( its suppos$ electro-tonic /ate4 ,no effect ( ! k9d 0 obta9$1 nor inde$1 = two reasons1 ought x to be expect$2 = fir/1 z ! cessation ( induction & ! dis*>ge ( ! electro-tonic condition are simultane\s1 & n successive1 ! return curr5t w\ld only be equival5t to ! neutralization ( ! la/ portion ( ! induc+ curr5t1 & w\ld n !re=e %[ any alt]ation ( direction2 or assum+ t "t did int]v5e1 & t ! latt] curr5t 0 really di/9ct f ! =m]1 its %ort1 sudd5 "* 7#ab4 #bf47 w\ld prev5t x f be+ ?us recognis$4 #ge4 ,no difficulty arises1 ,i ?9k1 9 consid]+ ! wire ?us r5d]$ electro-tonic by its own curr5t m ?an by any ext]nal curr5t1 especially :5 ! app>5t non-int]f]5ce ( t /ate ) curr5ts is consid]$ 7#fb4 #ga474 ,! simultane\s exi/5ce ( ! conduct+ & electro-tonic /ates f9ds an analogy 9 ! mann] 9 :i* electrical curr5ts c be pass$ ?r\gh magnets1 :]e x is f\nd t bo? ! curr5ts pass$1 & ^? ( ! magnets1 pres]ve all _! prop]ties di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & ex]t _! mutual actions4 #gf4 ,! reason giv5 ) reg>d to metals ext5ds also to fluids & all o!r conductors1 & leads to ! conclusion t :5 electric curr5ts are pass$ ?r\gh !m !y also assume ! electro-tonic /ate4 ,%\ld t prove to be ! case1 its influ5ce 9 voltaic decomposition1 & ! transf]5ce ( ! elem5ts to ! poles1 c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,9 ! electro-tonic /ate ! homog5e\s p>ticles ( matt] appe> to h assum$ a regul> b =c$ electrical arrangem5t 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 :i* if ! matt] be undecomposable1 produces1 :5 reliev$1 a return curr5t2 b 9 decomposable matt] ?is =c$ /ate may be suffici5t to make an elem5t>y p>ticle leave its companion1 ) :i* x is 9 a con/ra9$ condition1 & associate ) ! neighb\r+ simil> p>ticle1 9 relation to :i* x is 9 a m natural condition1 ! =c$ electrical arrangem5t be+ itself dis*>g$ or reliev$1 at ! same "t1 z effectually z if x _h be5 fre$ f induction4 ,b z ! orig9al voltaic curr5t is cont9u$1 ! electro-tonic /ate may be in/antly r5ew$1 produc+ ! =c$ arrangem5t ( ! comp\nd p>ticles1 to be z in/antly dis*>g$ by a transf]5ce ( ! elem5t>y p>ticles ( ! opposite k9d 9 opposite directions1 b p>allel to ! curr5t4 ,ev5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 common & voltaic electricity1 :5 appli$ to effect *emical decomposition1 :i* ,dr4 ,wolla/on has po9t$ out,a1 seem explicable by ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! induction ( electricity f ^! two s\rces 7#be474 ,b z ,i h res]v$ ?is bran* ( ! inquiry1 t ,i might foll[ out ! inve/igations conta9$ 9 ! pres5t pap]1 ,i refra9 7?\gh mu* tempt$7 f (f]+ fur!r speculations4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahja1 p4 #bdg4 #gg4 ,m>ian9i has discov]$ & describ$ a peculi> affection ( ! surfaces ( metallic discs1 :51 be+ 9 contact ) humid conductors1 a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh !m2 !y are !n capable ( produc+ a rev]se curr5t ( electricity1 & ,m>ian9i has well appli$ ! effect 9 explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( ,ritt]'s piles,a4 ,m4,a4 de la ,rive has describ$ a peculi> prop]ty acquir$ by metallic conductors1 :5 be+ imm]s$ 9 a liquid z poles1 !y h complet$1 = "s "t1 ! voltaic circuit1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 :5 sep>at$ f ! batt]y & plung$ into ! same fluid1 !y by !mselves produce an electric curr5t,b4 ,m4,a4 ,van ,beek has detail$ cases 9 :i* ! electrical relation ( "o metal 9 contact ) ano!r has be5 pres]v$ aft] sep>ation1 & accompani$ by its correspond+ *emical effects,c4 ,^! /ates & results appe> to diff] f ! electro-tonic /ate & its ph5om5a2 b ! true relation ( ! =m] to ! latt] c only be decid$ :5 our k ( all ^! ph5om5a has be5 enl>g$4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 xxxviii4 #e4 ,b ,ibid4 xxviii4 #aij4 ,c ,ibid4 xxxviii4 #di4 #gh4 ,i _h occasion 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ?is pap] 7#b47 to ref] to an exp]im5t by ,ampre1 z "o ( ^? dep5d5t ^u ! electrical induction ( curr5ts made prior to ! pres5t inve/igation1 & h arriv$ at conclusions :i* seem to imply d\bts ( ! accuracy ( ! exp]im5t 7#fb4 c472 x is !re=e due to ,m4 ,ampre t ,i %\ld att5d to x m di/9ctly4 ,:5 a disc ( copp] 7says ,m4 ,ampre7 0 susp5d$ by a silk ?read & surr\nd$ by a helix or spiral1 & :5 ! *>ge ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y 0 s5t ?r\gh ! spiral1 a /rong magnet at ! same "t be+ pres5t$ to ! copp] disc1 ! latt] turn$ at ! mom5t to take a position ( equilibrium1 exactly z ! spiral itself w\ld h turn$ _h x be5 free to move4 ,i h n be5 able to obta9 ?is effect1 nor inde$ any motion2 b ! cause ( my failure 9 ! latt] po9t may be due to ! mom5t>y exi/5ce ( ! curr5t n all[+ "t = ! in]tia ( ! plate to be ov]come 7#aa4 #ab474 ,m4 ,ampre has p]haps succe$$ 9 obta9+ motion f ! sup]ior delicacy & p[] ( 8 electro-magnetical app>atus1 or he may h obta9$ only ! motion due to cessation ( action4 ,b all my results t5d to inv]t ! s5se ( ! proposition /at$ by ,m4 ,ampre1 t a curr5t ( electricity t5ds to put ! electricity ( conductors ne> :i* x passes 9 motion 9 ! same direction1 = !y indicate an opposite direction = ! produc$ curr5t 7#bf4 #ec472 & !y %[ t ! effect is mom5t>y1 & t x is also produc$ by magnetic induction1 & t c]ta9 o!r extraord9>y effects foll[ !reupon4 #gi4 ,! mom5t>y exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( induction n[ describ$ is suffici5t to furni% abundant reasons = ! unc]ta9ty or failure ( ! exp]im5ts1 hi!rto made to obta9 electricity f magnets1 or to effect *emical decomposition or arrangem5t by _! means,a4 ,a ,! ,lyce1 ,no4 #cf1 = ,janu>y #a/1 has a long & r premature article1 9 :i* x endeav\rs to %[ anticipations by ,fr5* philosoph]s ( my rese>*es4 ,x h[ev] mi/akes ! errone\s results ( ,,mm4 ,fresnel & ,ampre = true ones1 & !n imag9es my true results are l ^? errone\s ones4 ,i notice x "h1 h[ev]1 = ! purpose ( do+ hon\r to ,fresnel 9 a mu* high] degree ?an w\ld h be5 m]it$ by a feeble anticipation ( ! pres5t inve/igations4 ,t great philosoph]1 at ! same "t ) myself & fifty o!r p]sons1 made exp]im5ts :i* ! pres5t pap] proves c\ld give no expect$ result4 ,he 0 deceiv$ = ! mom5t1 & publi%$ 8 imag9>y success2 b on m c>efully repeat+ 8 trials1 he c\ld f9d no pro( ( _! accuracy2 &1 9 ! high & pure philosophic desire to remove error z well z discov] tru?1 he recant$ 8 fir/ /atem5t4 ,! example ( ,b]zelius reg>d+ ! fir/ ,?or9a is ano!r in/ance ( ?is f9e feel+2 & z occasions are n r>e1 x w\ld be to ! dignity ( sci5ce if su* examples 7 m frequ5tly foll[$4--,febru>y #aj?1 #ahcb4 #hj4 ,x also appe>s capable ( expla9+ fully ! rem>kable ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,m4 ,arago betwe5 metals & magnets :5 nei!r are mov+ 7#abj471 z well z mo/ ( ! results obta9$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,messrs4 ,babbage1 ,h>ris1 & o!rs1 9 repeat+ 8 exp]im5ts2 acc\nt+ at ! same "t p]fectly = :at at fir/ appe>$ inexplicable2 namely1 ! non-action ( ! same metals & magnets :5 at re/4 ,^! results1 :i* also af=d ! readie/ means ( obta9+ electricity f magnetism1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to describe4 #d4 ,explication ( ,arago's ,magnetic ,ph5om5a4 #ha4 ,if a plate ( copp] be revolv$ close to a magnetic ne$le1 or magnet1 susp5d$ 9 su* a way t ! latt] may rotate 9 a plane p>allel to t ( ! =m]1 ! magnet t5ds to foll[ ! motion ( ! plate2 or if ! magnet be revolv$1 ! plate t5ds to foll[ its motion2 & ! effect is s p[]ful1 t magnets or plates ( _m p\nds weight may be ?us c>ri$ r\nd4 ,if ! magnet & plate be at re/ relative to ea* o!r1 n ! slighte/ effect1 attractive or repulsive1 or ( any k9d1 c be obs]v$ betwe5 !m 7#fb474 ,?is is ! ph5om5on discov]$ by ,m4 ,arago2 & he /ates t ! effect takes place n only ) all metals1 b ) solids1 liquids1 & ev5 gases1 i4e4 ) all sub/ances 7#acj474 #hb4 ,mr4 ,babbage & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 on conjo9tly repeat+ ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is c\ntry,a1 c\ld obta9 ! effects only ) ! metals1 & ) c>bon 9 a peculi> /ate 7f gas retorts71 i4e4 only ) excell5t conductors ( electricity4 ,!y ref] ! effect to magnetism induc$ 9 ! plate by ! magnet2 ! pole ( ! latt] caus+ an opposite pole 9 ! ne>e/ "p ( ! plate1 & r\nd ?is a m diffuse pol>ity ( its own k9d 7#abj474 ,! ess5tial circum/ance 9 produc+ ! rotation ( ! susp5d$ magnet is1 t ! sub/ance revolv+ bel[ x %all acquire & lose its magnetism 9 s5sible "t1 & n in/antly 7#abd474 ,?is !ory ref]s ! effect to an attractive =ce1 & is n agre$ to by ! discov]]1 ,m4 ,arago1 nor by ,m4 ,ampre1 :o quote aga9/ x ! abs5ce ( all attraction :5 ! magnet & metal are at re/ 7#fb4 #abf471 al?\gh ! induc$ magnetism %\ld /ill rema92 & :o1 f exp]im5ts made ) a long dipp+ ne$le1 conceive ! action to be always repulsive 7#abe474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbe1 p4 #dfg4 #hc4 ,^u obta9+ electricity f magnets by ! means already describ$ 7#cf #df471 ,i hop$ to make ! exp]im5t ( ,m4 ,arago a new s\rce ( electricity2 & did n despair1 by ref]5ce to t]re/rial magneto-electric induction1 ( be+ able to con/ruct a new electrical ma*9e4 ,?us /imulat$1 num]\s exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! magnet ( ! ,royal ,society at ,mr4 ,*ri/ie's h\se1 9 all ( :i* ,i _h ! advantage ( 8 assi/ance4 ,z _m ( ^! 7 9 ! c\rse ( ! sup]s$$ by m p]fect arrangem5ts1 ,i %all consid] myself at lib]ty inve/igation to re>range !m 9 a mann] calculat$ to convey mo/ readily :at appe>s to me to be a correct view ( ! nature ( ! ph5om5a4 #hd4 ,! magnet has be5 already describ$ 7#dd474 ,to conc5trate ! poles1 & br+ !m ne>] to ea* o!r1 two iron or /eel b>s1 ea* ab\t six or sev5 in*es long1 "o in* wide1 & half an in* ?ick1 7 put across ! poles z 9 fig4 #g1 & be+ support$ by tw9e f slipp+1 c\ld be plac$ z ne> to or f> f ea* o!r z 0 requir$4 ,occasionally two b>s ( s(t iron 7 employ$1 s b5t t :5 appli$1 "o to ea* pole1 ! two small] result+ poles 7 v]tically ov] ea* o!r1 ei!r be+ upp]mo/ at pleasure4 #he4 ,a disc ( copp]1 twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t "o fif? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 fix$ ^u a brass axis1 0 m\nt$ 9 frames s z to all[ ( revolution ei!r v]tically or horizontally1 its edge be+ at ! same "t introduc$ m or less betwe5 ! magnetic poles 7fig4 #g474 ,! edge ( ! plate 0 well amalgamat$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ a good b moveable contact1 & a "p r\nd ! axis 0 also prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 #hf4 ,conductors or electric collectors ( copp] & lead 7 con/ruct$ s z to come 9 contact ) ! edge ( ! copp] disc 7#he471 or ) o!r =ms ( plates h]eaft] to be describ$ 7#aja474 ,^! conductors 7 ab\t f\r in*es long1 "o ?ird ( an in* wide1 & "o fif? ( an in* ?ick2 "o end ( ea* 0 slightly groov$1 to all[ ( m exact adaptation to ! some:at convex edge ( ! plates1 & !n amalgamat$4 ,copp] wires1 "o sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 atta*$1 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 by convolutions to ! o!r ends ( ^! conductors1 pass$ away to ! galvanomet]4 #hg4 ,! galvanomet] 0 r\ghly made1 yet suffici5tly delicate 9 its indications4 ,! wire 0 ( copp] cov]$ ) silk1 & made sixte5 or eighte5 convolutions4 ,two sew+-ne$les 7 magnetiz$ & fix$ on to a /em ( dri$ grass p>allel to ea* o!r1 b 9 opposite directions1 & ab\t half an in* ap>t2 ?is sy/em 0 susp5d$ by a fibre ( unspun silk1 s t ! l[] ne$le %\ld be betwe5 ! convolutions ( ! multipli]1 & ! upp] above !m4 ,! latt] 0 by mu* ! mo/ p[]ful magnet1 & gave t]re/rial direction to ! :ole2 fig4 #h4 repres5ts ! direction ( ! wire & ( ! ne$les :5 ! in/rum5t 0 plac$ 9 ! magnetic m]idian3 ! ends ( ! wires are m>k$ ,a & ,b = conv5i5t ref]5ce h]eaft]4 ,! lett]s ,s & ,n designate ! s\? & nor? ends ( ! ne$le :5 affect$ m]ely by t]re/rial magnetism2 ! end ,n is !re=e ! m>k$ pole 7#dd474 ,! :ole in/rum5t 0 protect$ by a glass j>1 & /ood1 z to position & di/ance relative to ! l>ge magnet1 "u ! same circum/ances z be=e 7#de474 #hh4 ,all ^! arrangem5ts be+ made1 ! copp] disc 0 adju/$ z 9 fig4 #g1 ! small magnetic poles be+ ab\t half an in* ap>t1 & ! edge ( ! plate ins]t$ ab\t half _! wid? betwe5 !m4 ,"o ( ! galvanomet] wires 0 pass$ twice or ?rice loosely r\nd ! brass axis ( ! plate1 & ! o!r atta*$ to a conductor 7#hf471 :i* itself 0 reta9$ by ! h& 9 contact ) ! amalgamat$ edge ( ! disc at ! "p imm$iately betwe5 ! magnetic poles4 ,"u ^! circum/ances all 0 quiesc5t1 & ! galvanomet] exhibit$ no effect4 ,b ! in/ant ! plate mov$1 ! galvanomet] 0 influ5c$1 & by revolv+ ! plate quickly ! ne$le c\ld be deflect$ #ij or m4 #hi4 ,x 0 difficult "u ! circum/ances to make ! contact betwe5 ! conductor & ! edge ( ! revolv+ disc uni=mly good & ext5sive2 x 0 also difficult 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts to obta9 a regul> velocity ( rotation3 bo? ^! causes t5d$ to reta9 ! ne$le 9 a cont9ual /ate ( vibration2 b no difficulty exi/$ 9 asc]ta9+ to :i* side x 0 deflect$1 or g5]ally1 ab\t :at l9e x vibrat$4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 made m c>efully1 a p]man5t deflection ( ! ne$le ( ne>ly #de c\ld be su/a9$4 #ij4 ,"h !re=e 0 demon/rat$ ! production ( a p]man5t curr5t ( electricity by ord9>y magnets 7#eg474 #ia4 ,:5 ! motion ( ! disc 0 rev]s$1 e o!r circum/ance rema9+ ! same1 ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 deflect$ ) equal p[] z be=e2 b ! deflection 0 on ! opposite side1 & ! curr5t ( electricity evolv$1 !re=e1 ! rev]se ( ! =m]4 #ib4 ,:5 ! conductor 0 plac$ on ! edge ( ! disc a little to ! "r or left1 z 9 ! dott$ positions fig4 #i1 ! curr5t ( electricity 0 /ill evolv$1 & 9 ! same direction z at fir/ 7#hh4 #ia474 ,?is occurr$ to a consid]able di/ance1 i4e4 #ej or #fj on ea* side ( ! place ( ! magnetic poles4 ,! curr5t ga!r$ by ! conductor & convey$ to ! galvanomet] 0 ( ! same k9d on bo? sides ( ! place ( greate/ int5sity1 b gradually dim9i%$ 9 =ce f t place4 ,x appe>$ to be equally p[]ful at equal di/ances f ! place ( ! magnetic poles1 n be+ affect$ 9 t respect by ! direction ( ! rotation4 ,:5 ! rotation ( ! disc 0 rev]s$1 ! direction ( ! curr5t ( electricity 0 rev]s$ also2 b ! o!r circum/ances 7 n affect$4 #ic4 ,on rais+ ! plate1 s t ! magnetic poles 7 entirely hidd5 f ea* o!r by its int]v5tion1 7a4 fig4 #aj17 ! same effects 7 produc$ 9 ! same ord]1 & ) equal int5sity z be=e4 ,on rais+ x /ill high]1 s z to br+ ! place ( ! poles to c1 /ill ! effects 7 produc$1 & app>5tly ) z mu* p[] z at fir/4 #id4 ,:5 ! conductor 0 held aga9/ ! edge z if fix$ to x1 & ) x mov$ betwe5 ! poles1 ev5 ?\gh b = a few degrees1 ! galvanomet] ne$le mov$ & indicat$ a curr5t ( electricity1 ! same z t :i* w\ld h be5 produc$ if ! :eel _h revolv$ 9 ! same direction1 ! conductor rema9+ /ation>y4 #ie4 ,:5 ! galvanomet] connexion ) ! axis 0 brok51 & its wires made fa/ to two conductors1 bo? appli$ to ! edge ( ! copp] disc1 !n curr5ts ( electricity 7 produc$1 pres5t+ m complicat$ appe>ances1 b 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! above results4 ,?us1 if appli$ z 9 fig4 #aa1 a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! galvanomet] 0 produc$2 b if _! place 0 a little %ift$1 z 9 fig4 #ab1 a curr5t 9 ! contr>y direction result$2 ! fact be+1 t 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! galvanomet] indicat$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a /rong curr5t ?r\gh ,a & a weak "o ?r\gh ,b1 & 9 ! second1 ( a weak curr5t ?r\gh ,a & a /rong "o ?r\gh ,b 7#ib471 & !re=e produc$ opposite deflections4 #if4 ,s also :5 ! two conductors 7 equidi/ant f ! magnetic poles1 z 9 fig4 #ac1 no curr5t at ! galvanomet] 0 p]ceiv$1 :i*ev] way ! disc 0 rotat$1 beyond :at 0 mom5t>ily produc$ by irregul>ity ( contact2 because equal curr5ts 9 ! same direction t5d$ to pass into bo?4 ,b :5 ! two conductors 7 connect$ ) "o wire1 & ! axis ) ! o!r wire1 7fig4 #ad17 !n ! galvanomet] %[$ a curr5t accord+ ) ! direction ( rotation 7#ia472 bo? conductors n[ act+ cons5tane\sly1 & z a s+le conductor did be=e 7#hh474 #ig4 ,all ^! effects c\ld be obta9$ :5 only "o ( ! poles ( ! magnet 0 br\ght ne> to ! plate2 !y 7 ( ! same k9d z to direction1 c41 b by no means s p[]ful4 #ih4 ,all c>e 0 tak5 to r5d] ^! results indep5d5t ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 or ( ! mutual magnetism ( ! magnet & galvanomet] ne$les4 ,! contacts 7 made 9 ! magnetic equator ( ! plate1 & at o!r p>ts2 ! plate 0 plac$ horizontally1 & ! poles v]tically2 & o!r precautions 7 tak54 ,b ! abs5ce ( any int]f]5ce ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 0 readily %[n by ! want ( all effect :5 ! disc 0 remov$ f ! poles1 or ! poles f ! disc2 e o!r circum/ance rema9+ ! same4 #ii4 ,! relation ( ! curr5t ( electricity produc$1 to ! magnetic pole1 to ! direction ( rotation ( ! plate1 c4 c41 may be express$ by say+1 t :5 ! unm>k$ pole 7#dd4 #hd47 is b5ea? ! edge ( ! plate1 & ! latt] revolves horizontally1 screw-fa%ion1 ! electricity :i* c be collect$ at ! edge ( ! plate ne>e/ to ! pole is positive4 ,z ! pole ( ! e>? may m5tally be consid]$ ! unm>k$ pole1 ?is relation ( ! rotation1 ! pole1 & ! electricity evolv$1 is n difficult to rememb]4 ,or if1 9 fig4 #ae1 ! circle repres5t ! copp] disc revolv+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 & a ! outl9e ( ! unm>k$ pole plac$ b5ea? ! plate1 !n ! electricity collect$ at b & ! neighb\r+ p>ts is positive1 :il/ t collect$ at ! c5tre c & o!r p>ts is negative 7#hh474 ,! curr5ts 9 ! plate are !re=e f ! c5tre by ! magnetic poles t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 #ajj4 ,if ! m>k$ pole be plac$ above1 all o!r ?+s rema9+ ! same1 ! electricity at b1 fig4 #ae1 is /ill positive4 ,if ! m>k$ pole be plac$ bel[1 or ! unm>k$ pole above1 ! electricity is rev]s$4 ,if ! direction ( revolution 9 any case is rev]s$1 ! electricity is also rev]s$4 #aja4 ,x is n[ evid5t t ! rotat+ plate is m]ely ano!r =m ( ! simpl] exp]im5t ( pass+ a piece ( metal betwe5 ! magnetic poles 9 a rectil9e> direction1 & t 9 su* cases curr5ts ( electricity are produc$ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! motion1 & cross+ x at ! place ( ! magnetic pole or poles4 ,?is 0 suffici5tly %[n by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5t3 ,a piece ( copp] plate "o fif? ( an in* ?ick1 "o in* & a half wide1 & twelve in*es long1 be+ amalgamat$ at ! edges1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles1 :il/ ! two conductors f ! galvanomet] 7 held 9 contact ) its edges2 x 0 !n drawn ?r\gh betwe5 ! poles ( ! conductors 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 fig4 #af2 imm$iately ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 deflect$1 its nor? or m>k$ end pass$ ea/w>d1 indicat+ t ! wire ,a receiv$ negative & ! wire ,b positive electricity2 & z ! m>k$ pole 0 above1 ! result is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! effect obta9$ by ! rotatory plate 7#ii474 #ajb4 ,on rev]s+ ! motion ( ! plate1 ! ne$le at ! galvanomet] 0 deflect$ 9 ! opposite direction1 %[+ an opposite curr5t4 #ajc4 ,to r5d] evid5t ! "* ( ! electrical curr5t exi/+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! mov+ copp] plate1 diff]+ 9 _! relation to ! induc+ poles1 "o collector 7#hf47 only 0 appli$ at ! "p to be exam9$ ne> to ! pole1 ! o!r be+ connect$ ) ! end ( ! plate z ! mo/ neutral place3 ! results are giv5 at fig4 #ag-bj1 ! m>k$ pole be+ above ! plate4 ,9 fig4 #ag1 ,b receiv$ positive electricity2 b ! plate mov+ 9 ! same direction1 x receiv$ on ! opposite side1 fig4 #ah1 negative electricity3 rev]s+ ! motion ( ! latt]1 z 9 fig4 #bj1 ,b receiv$ positive electricity2 or rev]s+ ! motion ( ! fir/ arrangem5t1 t ( fig4 #ag to fig4 #ai1 ,b receiv$ negative electricity4 #ajd4 ,:5 ! plates 7 previ\sly remov$ sideways f betwe5 ! magnets1 z 9 fig4 #ba1 s z to be q out ( ! pol> axis1 /ill ! same effects 7 produc$1 ?\gh n s /rongly4 #aje4 ,:5 ! magnetic poles 7 9 contact1 & ! copp] plate 0 drawn betwe5 ! conductors ne> to ! place1 !re 0 b v little effect produc$4 ,:5 ! poles 7 op5$ by ! wid? ( a c>d1 ! effect 0 some:at m1 b /ill v small4 #ajf4 ,:5 an amalgamat$ copp] wire1 "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 0 drawn ?r\gh betwe5 ! conductors & poles 7#aja471 x produc$ a v consid]able effect1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! plates4 #ajg4 ,if ! conductors 7 held p]man5tly aga9/ any p>ticul> p>ts ( ! copp] plates1 & c>ri$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles ) !m1 effects ! same z ^? describ$ 7 produc$1 9 accordance ) ! results obta9$ ) ! revolv+ disc 7#id474 #ajh4 ,on ! conductors be+ held aga9/ ! ends ( ! plates1 & ! latt] !n pass$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles1 9 a direction transv]se to _! l5g?1 ! same effects 7 produc$ 7fig4 #bb474 ,! p>ts ( ! plates t[>ds ! end may be consid]$ ei!r z m]e conductors1 or z portions ( metal 9 :i* ! electrical curr5t is excit$1 accord+ to _! di/ance & ! /r5g? ( ! magnet2 b ! results 7 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^? be=e obta9$4 ,! effect 0 z /rong z :5 ! conductors 7 held aga9/ ! sides ( ! plate 7#aja474 #aji4 ,:5 a m]e wire1 connect$ ) ! galvanomet] s z to =m a complete circuit1 0 pass$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! poles1 ! galvanomet] 0 affect$2 & ^u mov+ ! wire to & fro1 s z to make ! alt]nate impulses produc$ correspond ) ! vibrations ( ! ne$le1 ! latt] c\ld be increas$ to #bj or #cj on ea* side ! magnetic m]idian4 #aaj4 ,^u connect+ ! ends ( a plate ( metal ) ! galvanomet] wires1 & !n c>ry+ x betwe5 ! poles f end to end 7z 9 fig4 #bc471 9 ei!r direction1 no effect :atev] 0 produc$ ^u ! galvanomet]4 ,b ! mom5t ! motion became transv]se1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$4 #aaa4 ,^! effects 7 also obta9$ f electro-magnetic poles1 result+ f ! use ( copp] helices or spirals1 ei!r alone or ) iron cores 7#cd4 #ed474 ,! directions ( ! motions 7 precisely ! same2 b ! action 0 mu* great] :5 ! iron cores 7 us$1 ?an )\t4 #aab4 ,:5 a flat spiral 0 pass$ ?r\gh edgewise betwe5 ! poles1 a curi\s action at ! galvanomet] result$2 ! ne$le fir/ w5t /rongly "o way1 b !n sudd5ly /opp$1 z if x /ruck aga9/ "s solid ob/acle1 & imm$iately return$4 ,if ! spiral 7 pass$ ?r\gh f above d[nw>ds1 or f bel[ upw>ds1 /ill ! motion ( ! ne$le 0 9 ! same direction1 !n sudd5ly /opp$1 & !n 0 rev]s$4 ,b on turn+ ! spiral half-way r\nd1 i4e4 edge = edge1 !n ! directions ( ! motions 7 rev]s$1 b /ill 7 sudd5ly int]rupt$ & inv]t$ z be=e4 ,?is d\ble action dep5ds ^u ! halves ( ! spiral 7divid$ by a l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( its motion7 act+ 9 opposite directions2 & ! reason :y ! ne$le w5t to ! same side1 :e!r ! spiral pass$ by ! poles 9 ! "o or ! o!r direction1 0 ! circum/ance1 t ^u *ang+ ! motion1 ! direction ( ! wires 9 ! approa*+ half ( ! spiral 0 *ang$ also4 ,! effects1 curi\s z !y appe> :5 witness$1 are imm$iately ref]able to ! action ( s+le wires 7#dj4 #aji474 #aac4 ,al?\gh ! exp]im5ts ) ! revolv+ plate1 wires1 & plates ( metal1 7 fir/ successfully made ) ! l>ge magnet belong+ to ! ,royal ,society1 yet !y 7 all ultimately repeat$ ) a c\ple ( b> magnets two feet long1 "o in* & a half wide1 & half an in* ?ick2 &1 by r5d]+ ! galvanomet] 7#hg47 a little m delicate1 ) ! mo/ /rik+ results4 ,f]ro-electro-magnets1 z ^? ( ,moll1 ,h5ry1 c4 7#eg471 are v p[]ful4 ,x is v ess5tial1 :5 mak+ exp]im5ts on diff]5t sub/ances1 t !rmo-electric effects 7produc$ by contact ( ! f+]s1 c47 be avoid$1 or at lea/ appreciat$ & acc\nt$ =2 !y are easily di/+ui%$ by _! p]man5cy1 & _! indep5d5ce ( ! magnets1 or ( ! direction ( ! motion4 #aad4 ,! relation :i* holds betwe5 ! magnetic pole1 ! mov+ wire or metal1 & ! direction ( ! curr5t evolv$1 i4e4 ! law :i* gov]ns ! evolution ( electricity by magneto-electric induction1 is v simple1 al?\gh r difficult to express4 ,if 9 fig4 #bd1 ,,pn repres5t a horizontal wire pass+ by a m>k$ magnetic pole1 s t ! direction ( its motion %all co9cide ) ! curv$ l9e proce$+ f bel[ upw>ds2 or if its motion p>allel to itself be 9 a l9e tang5tial to ! curv$ l9e1 b 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! arr[s2 or if x pass ! pole 9 o!r directions1 b s z to cut ! magnetic curves,a 9 ! same g5]al direction1 or on ! same side z !y w\ld be cut by ! wire if mov+ along ! dott$ curv$ l9e2--!n ! curr5t ( electricity 9 ! wire is f ,p to ,n4 ,if x be c>ri$ 9 ! rev]se directions1 ! electric curr5t w be f ,n to ,p4 ,or if ! wire be 9 ! v]tical position1 figur$ ,p' ,n'1 & x be c>ri$ 9 simil> directions1 co9cid+ ) ! dott$ horizontal curve s f>1 z to cut ! magnetic curves on ! same side ) x1 ! curr5t w be f ,p' to ,n'4 ,if ! wire be consid]$ a tang5t to ! curv$ surface ( ! cyl9drical magnet1 & x be c>ri$ r\nd t surface into any o!r position1 or if ! magnet itself be revolv$ on its axis1 s z to br+ any "p opposite to ! tang5tial wire1--/ill1 if aft]w>ds ! wire be mov$ 9 ! directions indicat$1 ! curr5t ( electricity w be f ,p to ,n2 or if x be mov$ 9 ! opposite direction1 f ,n to ,p2 s t z reg>ds ! motions ( ! wire pa/ ! pole1 !y may be r$uc$ to two1 directly opposite to ea* o!r1 "o ( :i* produces a curr5t f ,p to ,n1 & ! o!r f ,n to ,p4 ,a ,by magnetic curves1 ,i mean ! l9es ( magnetic =ces1 h[ev] modifi$ by ! juxtaposition ( poles1 :i* w\ld be depict$ by iron fil+s2 or ^? to :i* a v small magnetic ne$le w\ld =m a tang5t4 #aae4 ,! same holds true ( ! unm>k$ pole ( ! magnet1 except t if x be sub/itut$ = ! "o 9 ! figure1 !n1 z ! wires are mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 ! curr5t ( electricity w\ld be f ,n to ,p1 & :5 !y move 9 ! rev]se direction1 f ,p to ,n4 #aaf4 ,h5ce ! curr5t ( electricity :i* is excit$ 9 metal :5 mov+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a magnet1 dep5ds = its direction altoge!r ^u ! relation ( ! metal to ! resultant ( magnetic action1 or to ! magnetic curves1 & may be express$ 9 a popul> way ?us2 ,let ,,ab 7fig4 #be47 repres5t a cyl9d] magnet1 ,a be+ ! m>k$ pole1 & ,b ! unm>k$ pole2 let ,,pn be a silv] knife-blade1 re/+ across ! magnet ) its edge upw>d1 & ) its m>k$ or not*$ side t[>ds ! pole ,a2 !n 9 :atev] direction or position ?is knife be mov$ edge =emo/1 ei!r ab\t ! m>k$ or ! unm>k$ pole1 ! curr5t ( electricity produc$ w be f ,p to ,n1 provid$ ! int]sect$ curves proce$+ f ,a abut ^u ! not*$ surface ( ! knife1 & ^? f ,b ^u ! unnot*$ side4 ,or if ! knife be mov$ ) its back =emo/1 ! curr5t w be f ,n to ,p 9 e possible position & direction1 provid$ ! int]sect$ curves abut on ! same surfaces z be=e4 ,a little model is easily con/ruct$1 by us+ a cyl9d] ( wood = a magnet1 a flat piece = ! blade1 & a piece ( ?read connect+ "o end ( ! cyl9d] ) ! o!r1 & pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! blade1 = ! magnetic curves3 ?is readily gives ! result ( any possible direction4 #aag4 ,:5 ! wire "u induction is pass+ by an electromagnetic pole1 z = in/ance "o end ( a copp] helix trav]s$ by ! electric curr5t 7#cd471 ! direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! approa*+ wire is ! same ) t ( ! curr5t 9 ! p>ts or sides ( ! spirals ne>e/ to x1 & 9 ! rec$+ wire ! rev]se ( t 9 ! p>ts ne>e/ to x4 #aah4 ,all ^! results %[ t ! p[] ( induc+ electric curr5ts is circumf]5tially ex]t$ by a magnetic resultant or axis ( p[]1 j z circumf]5tial magnetism is dep5d5t ^u & is exhibit$ by an electric curr5t4 #aai4 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ comb9e to prove t :5 a piece ( metal 7& ! same may be true ( all conduct+ matt] 7#bac47 7 is pass$ ei!r be=e a s+le pole1 or betwe5 ! opposite poles ( a magnet1 or ne> electro-magnetic poles1 :e!r f]rug9\s or n1 electrical curr5ts are produc$ across ! metal transv]se to ! direction ( motion2 & :i* !re=e1 9 ,arago's exp]im5ts1 w approximate t[>ds ! direction ( radii4 ,if a s+le wire be mov$ l ! spoke ( a :eel ne> a magnetic pole1 a curr5t ( electricity is det]m9$ ?r\gh x f "o end t[>ds ! o!r4 ,if a :eel be imag9$1 con/ruct$ ( a great numb] ( ^! radii1 & ?is revolv$ ne> ! pole1 9 ! mann] ( ! copp] disc 7#he471 ea* radius w h a curr5t produc$ 9 x z x passes by ! pole4 ,if ! radii be suppos$ to be 9 contact lat]ally1 a copp] disc results1 9 :i* ! directions ( ! curr5ts w be g5]ally ! same1 be+ modifi$ only by ! coaction :i* c take place betwe5 ! p>ticles1 n[ t !y are 9 metallic contact4 #abj4 ,n[ t ! exi/5ce ( ^! curr5ts is kn[n1 ,arago's ph5om5a may be acc\nt$ = )\t consid]+ !m z due to ! =mation 9 ! copp]1 ( a pole ( ! opposite k9d to t approximat$1 surr\nd$ by a diffuse pol>ity ( ! same k9d 7#hb472 nei!r is x ess5tial t ! plate %\ld acquire & lose its /ate 9 a f9ite "t2 nor on ! o!r h& does x seem necess>y t any repulsive =ce %\ld be admitt$ z ! cause ( ! rotation 7#hb474 #aba4 ,! effect is precisely ( ! same k9d z ! electromagnetic rotations :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to discov] "s ye>s ago,a4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts !n made :i* h s9ce be5 abundantly confirm$1 if a wire 7,,pn fig4 #bf47 be connect$ ) ! positive & negative ends ( a voltaic butt]y1 s t ! positive electricity %all pass f ,p to ,n1 & a m>k$ magnetic pole ,n be plac$ ne> ! wire betwe5 x & ! spectator1 ! pole w move 9 a direction tang5tial to ! wire1 i4e4 t[>ds ! "r1 & ! wire w move tang5tially t[>ds ! left1 accord+ to ! directions ( ! arr[s4 ,?is is exactly :at takes place 9 ! rotation ( a plate b5ea? a magnetic pole2 = let ,n 7fig4 #bg47 be a m>k$ pole above ! circul> plate1 ! latt] be+ rotat$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[3 imm$iately curr5ts ( positive electricity set f ! c5tral p>ts 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! radii by ! pole to ! p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce a on ! o!r side ( t pole 7#ii4 #aai471 & are !re=e exactly 9 ! same relation to x z ! curr5t 9 ! wire 7,,pn1 fig4 #bf471 & !re=e ! pole 9 ! same mann] moves to ! "r h&4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xii4 pp4 #gd4 #ahf4 #daf4 #bhc4 #abb4 ,if ! rotation ( ! disc be rev]s$1 ! electric curr5ts are rev]s$ 7#ia471 & ! pole !re=e moves to ! left h&4 ,if ! contr>y pole be employ$1 ! effects are ! same1 i4e4 9 ! same direction1 because curr5ts ( electricity1 ! rev]se ( ^? describ$1 are produc$1 & by rev]s+ bo? poles & curr5ts1 ! visible effects rema9 un*ang$4 ,9 :atev] position ! axis ( ! magnet be plac$1 provid$ ! same pole be appli$ to ! same side ( ! plate1 ! electric curr5t produc$ is 9 ! same direction1 9 consi/5cy ) ! law already /at$ 7#aad1 c472 & ?us e circum/ance reg>d+ ! direction ( ! motion may be expla9$4 #abc4 ,^! curr5ts are dis*>g$ or return 9 ! p>ts ( ! plate on ea* side ( & m di/ant f ! place ( ! pole1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 ! magnetic induction is weak]2 & :5 ! collectors are appli$1 & a curr5t ( electricity is c>ri$ away to ! galvanomet] 7#hh471 ! deflection !re is m]ely a repetition1 by ! same curr5t or "p ( x1 ( ! effect ( rotation 9 ! magnet ov] ! plate itself4 #abd4 ,x is "u ! po9t ( view j put =? t ,i h v5tur$ to say x is n necess>y t ! plate %\ld acquire & lose its /ate 9 a f9ite "t 7#abj472 = if x 7 possible = ! curr5t to be fully develop$ ! in/ant be=e x arriv$ at its /ate ( ne>e/ approximation to ! v]tical pole ( ! magnet1 in/ead ( opposite to or a little beyond x1 /ill ! relative motion ( ! pole & plate w\ld be ! same1 ! result+ =ce be+ 9 fact tang5tial in/ead ( direct4 #abe4 ,b x is possible 7?\gh n necess>y = ! rotation7 t "t may be requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! maximum curr5t 9 ! plate1 9 :i* case ! resultant ( all ! =ces w\ld be 9 advance ( ! magnet :5 ! plate is rotat$1 or 9 ! re> ( ! magnet :5 ! latt] is rotat$1 & _m ( ! effects ) pure electro-magnetic poles t5d to prove ?is is ! case4 ,!n1 ! tang5tial =ce may be resolv$ into two o!rs1 "o p>allel to ! plane ( rotation1 & ! o!r p]p5dicul> to x2 ! =m] w\ld be ! =ce ex]t$ 9 mak+ ! plate revolve ) ! magnet1 or ! magnet ) ! plate2 ! latt] w\ld be a repulsive =ce1 & is probably t1 ! effects ( :i* ,m4 ,arago has also discov]$ 7#hb474 #abf4 ,! extraord9>y circum/ance accompany+ ?is action1 :i* has seem$ s inexplicable1 namely1 ! cessation ( all ph5om5a :5 ! magnet & metal are br\ght to re/1 n[ receives a full explanation 7#hb472 = !n ! electrical curr5ts :i* cause ! motion cease altoge!r4 #abg4 ,all ! effects ( solution ( metallic cont9uity1 & ! consequ5t dim9ution ( p[] describ$ by ,messrs4 ,babbage & ,h]s*el,a1 n[ receive _! natural explanation1 z well also z ! resumption ( p[] :5 ! cuts 7 fill$ up by metallic sub/ances1 :i*1 ?\gh conductors ( electricity1 7 !mselves v defici5t 9 ! p[] ( influ5c+ magnets4 ,& new modes ( cutt+ ! plate may be devis$1 :i* %all almo/ entirely de/roy its p[]4 ,?us1 if a copp] plate 7#ha47 be cut ?r\gh at ab\t a fif? or six? ( its diamet] f ! edge1 s z to sep>ate a r+ f x1 & ?is r+ be aga9 fa/5$ on1 b ) a ?ickness ( pap] int]v5+ 7fig4 #bi471 & if ,arago's exp]im5t be made ) ?is comp\nd plate s adju/$ t ! section %all cont9ually travel opposite ! pole1 x is evid5t t ! magnetic curr5ts w be greatly int]f]$ )1 & ! plate probably lose mu* ( its effect,b4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbe1 p4 #dha4 ,b ,?is exp]im5t has actually be5 made by ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 ) ! results "h describ$1 & is record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahbg1 p4 #hb4 ,an elem5t>y result ( ?is k9d 0 obta9$ by us+ two pieces ( ?ick copp]1 %ap$ z 9 fig4 #bh4 ,:5 ! two neighb\r+ edges 7 amalgamat$ & put toge!r1 & ! arrangem5t pass$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 9 ! direction p>allel to ^! edges1 a curr5t 0 urg$ ?r\gh ! wires atta*$ to ! out] angles1 & ! galvanomet] became /rongly affect$2 b :5 a s+le film ( pap] 0 int]pos$1 & ! exp]im5t repeat$1 no s5sible effect c\ld be produc$4 #abh4 ,a section ( ?is k9d c\ld n int]f]e mu* ) ! induction ( magnetism1 suppos$ to be ( ! nature ord9>ily receiv$ by iron4 #abi4 ,! effect ( rotation or deflection ( ! ne$le1 :i* ,m4 ,arago obta9$ by ord9>y magnets1 ,m4 ,ampre succe$$ 9 procur+ by electro-magnets4 ,?is is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! results relative to volta-electric & magneto-electric induction describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,& by us+ flat spirals ( copp] wire1 ?r\gh :i* electric curr5ts 7 s5t1 9 place ( ord9>y magnetic poles 7,ill471 sometimes apply+ a s+le "o to "o side ( ! rotat+ plate1 & sometimes two to opposite sides1 ,i obta9$ ! induc$ curr5ts ( electricity f ! plate itself1 & c\ld lead !m away to1 & asc]ta9 _! exi/5ce by1 ! galvanomet]4 #acj4 ,! cause :i* has n[ be5 assign$ = ! rotation 9 ,arago's exp]im5t1 namely1 ! production ( electrical curr5ts1 seems abundantly suffici5t 9 all cases :]e ! metals1 or p]haps ev5 o!r conductors1 are conc]n$2 b ) reg>d to su* bodies z glass1 res9s1 &1 above all1 gases1 x seems impossible t curr5ts ( electricity1 capable ( produc+ ^! effects1 %\ld be g5]at$ 9 !m4 ,yet ,arago f\nd t ! effects 9 "q 7 produc$ by ^! & by all bodies tri$ 7#ha474 ,messrs4 ,babbage & ,h]s*el1 x is true1 did n obs]ve !m ) any sub/ance n metallic1 except c>bon1 9 a highly conduct+ /ate 7#hb474 ,mr4 ,h>ris has asc]ta9$ _! occurr5ce ) wood1 m>ble1 free/one & anneal$ glass1 b obta9$ no effect ) sulphuric acid & saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( iron1 al?\gh ^! are bett] conductors ( electricity ?an ! =m] sub/ances4 #aca4 ,future inve/igations w no d\bt expla9 ^! difficulties1 & decide ! po9t :e!r ! ret>d+ or dragg+ action spok5 ( is always simultane\s ) electric curr5ts4,a ,! exi/5ce ( ! action 9 metals1 only :il/ ! curr5ts exi/1 i4e4 :il/ motion is giv5 7#hb4 #hh471 & ! explication ( ! repulsive action obs]v$ by ,m4 ,arago 7#hb4 #abe471 are p[]ful reasons = ref]r+ x to ?is cause2 b x may be comb9$ ) o!rs :i* occasionally act alone4 ,a ,exp]im5ts :i* ,i h s9ce made conv9ce me t ?is p>ticul> action is always due to ! electrical curr5ts =m$2 & !y supply a te/ by :i* x may be di/+ui%$ f ! action ( ord9>y magnetism1 or any o!r cause1 includ+ ^? :i* are me*anical or irregul>1 produc+ simil> effects 7#bed47 #acb4 ,copp]1 iron1 t91 z9c1 lead1 m]cury1 & all ! metals tri$1 produc$ electrical curr5ts :5 pass$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles3 ! m]cury 0 put into a glass tube = ! purpose4 ,! d5se c>bon deposit$ 9 coal gas retorts1 also produc$ ! curr5t1 b ord9>y *>coal did n4 ,nei!r c\ld ,i obta9 any s5sible effects ) br9e1 sulphuric acid1 sal9e solutions1 c41 :e!r rotat$ 9 bas9s1 or inclos$ 9 tubes & pass$ betwe5 ! poles4 #acc4 ,i h nev] be5 able to produce any s5sation ^u ! tongue by ! wires connect$ ) ! conductors appli$ to ! edges ( ! revolv+ plate 7#hh47 or slips ( metal 7#aja474 ,nor h ,i be5 able to heat a f9e plat9a wire1 or produce a sp>k1 or convulse ! limbs ( a frog4 ,i h fail$ also to produce any *emical effects by electricity ?us evolv$ 7#bb4 #ef74 #acd4 ,z ! electric curr5t 9 ! revolv+ copp] plate occupies b a small space1 proce$+ by ! poles & be+ dis*>g$ "r & left at v small di/ances comp>atively 7#abc472 & z x exi/s 9 a ?ick mass ( metal possess+ almo/ ! highe/ conduct+ p[] ( any1 & consequ5tly (f]+ extraord9>y facility = its production & dis*>ge2 & z1 not)/&+ ?is1 consid]able curr5ts may be drawn (f :i* c pass ?r\gh n>r[ wires1 =ty1 fifty1 sixty1 or ev5 "o hundr$ feet long2 x is evid5t t ! curr5t exi/+ 9 ! plate itself mu/ be a v p[]ful "o1 :5 ! rotation is rapid & ! magnet /rong4 ,?is is also abundantly prov$ by ! ob$i5ce & read9ess ) :i* a magnet t5 or twelve p\nds 9 weight foll[s ! motion ( ! plate & w /rongly twi/ up ! cord by :i* x is susp5d$4 #ace4 ,two r\gh trials 7 made ) ! int5tion ( con/ruct+ magneto-electric ma*9es4 ,9 "o1 a r+ "o in* & a half broad & twelve in*es ext]nal diamet]1 cut f a ?ick copp] plate1 0 m\nt$ s z to revolve betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet & repres5t a plate simil> to ^? =m]ly us$ 7#aja471 b ( int]m9able l5g?2 ! inn] & out] edges 7 amalgamat$1 & ! conductors appli$ "o to ea* edge1 at ! place ( ! magnetic poles4 ,! curr5t ( electricity evolv$ did n appe> by ! galvanomet] to be /rong]1 if s /rong1 z t f ! circul> plate 7#hh474 #acf4 ,9 ! o!r1 small ?ick discs ( copp] or o!r metal1 half an in* 9 diamet]1 7 revolv$ rapidly ne> to ! poles1 b ) ! axis ( rotation out ( ! pol> axis2 ! electricity evolv$ 0 collect$ by conductors appli$ z be=e to ! edges 7#hf474 ,curr5ts 7 procur$1 b ( /r5g? mu* inf]ior to t produc$ by ! circul> plate4 #acg4 ,! latt] exp]im5t is analog\s to ^? made by ,mr4 ,b>l[ ) a rotat+ iron %ell1 subject to ! influ5ce ( ! e>?,a4 ,! effects obta9$ by him h be5 ref]r$ by ,messrs4 ,babbage & ,h]s*el to ! same cause z t consid]$ z influ5tial 9 ,arago's exp]im5t,b2 b x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ f> ! electric curr5t :i* might be produc$ 9 ! exp]im5t w\ld acc\nt = ! deflexion ( ! ne$le4 ,! m]e inv]sion ( a copp] wire six or sev5 times ne> ! poles ( ! magnet1 & iso*ron\sly ) ! vibrations ( ! galvanomet] ne$le connect$ ) x1 0 suffici5t to make ! ne$le vibrate ?r\gh an arc ( #fj or #gj4 ,! rotation ( a copp] %ell w\ld p]haps decide ! po9t1 & might ev5 ?r[ light ^u ! m p]man5t1 ?\gh some:at analog\s effects obta9$ by ,mr4 ,*ri/ie4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbe4 p4 #cag4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahbe4 p4 #dhe4 #ach4 ,! rem>k :i* has already be5 made respect+ iron 7#ff471 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ord9>y magnetical ph5om5a ( t sub/ance & ! ph5om5a n[ describ$ ( magneto-electric induction 9 t & o!r metals1 0 fully confirm$ by _m results ( ! k9d detail$ 9 ?is section4 ,:5 an iron plate simil> to ! copp] "o =m]ly describ$ 7#aja47 0 pass$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles1 x gave a curr5t ( electricity l ! copp] plate1 b decid$ly ( less p[]2 & 9 ! exp]im5ts ^u ! induction ( electric curr5ts 7#i471 no diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( action betwe5 iron & o!r metals c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! p[] !re=e ( an iron plate to drag a magnet aft] x1 or to int]cept magnetic action1 %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! simil> p[] ( su* metals z silv]1 copp]1 c4 c41 inasmu* z 9 ! iron by f> ! great] "p ( ! effect is due to :at may be call$ ord9>y magnetic action4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! cause assign$ by ,messrs4 ,babbage & ,h]s*el 9 explication ( ,arago's ph5om5a is ! true "o1 :5 iron is ! metal us$4 #aci4 ,! v feeble p[]s :i* 7 f\nd by ^? philosoph]s to belong to bismu? & antimony1 :5 mov+1 ( affect+ ! susp5d$ magnet1 & :i* has be5 confirm$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 seem at fir/ disproportionate to _! conduct+ p[]s2 :e!r x be s or n mu/ be decid$ by future exp]im5t 7#gc47;,a4 ,^! metals are highly cry/all9e1 & probably conduct electricity ) diff]5t degrees ( facility 9 diff]5t directions2 & x is n unlikely t :]e a mass is made up ( a numb] ( cry/als het]og5e\sly associat$1 an effect approa*+ to t ( actual division may occur 7#abg472 or ! curr5ts ( electricity may become m sudd5ly deflect$ at ! conf9es ( simil> cry/all9e arrangem5ts1 & s be m readily & completely dis*>g$ )9 ! mass4 ,a ,i h s9ce be5 able to expla9 ^! diff]5ces1 & prove1 ) sev]al metals1 t ! effect is 9 ! ord] ( ! conduct+ p[]2 = ,i h be5 able to obta91 by magneto-electric induction1 curr5ts ( electricity :i* are proportionate 9 /r5g? to ! conduct+ p[] ( ! bodies exp]im5t$ ) 7#baa474 4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,novemb] #ahca4 ,note4--,9 consequ5ce ( ! long p]iod :i* has int]v5$ betwe5 ! read+ & pr9t+ ( ! =ego+ pap]1 acc\nts ( ! exp]im5ts h be5 disp]s$1 &1 ?r\gh a lett] ( my own to ,m4 ,ha*ette1 h rea*$ ,france & ,italy4 ,t lett] 0 translat$ 7) "s errors71 & read to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 #bf? ,decemb]1 #ahca4 ,a copy ( x 9 ,le ,temps ( ! #bh? ,decemb] quickly rea*$ ,signor ,nobili1 :o1 ) ,signor ,ant9ori1 imm$iately exp]im5t$ ^u ! subject1 & obta9$ _m ( ! results m5tion$ 9 my lett]2 o!rs !y c\ld n obta9 or und]/&1 because ( ! brevity ( my acc\nt4 ,^! results by ,signori ,nobili & ,ant9ori h be5 embodi$ 9 a pap] dat$ #ca/ ,janu>y #ahcb1 & pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ! numb] ( ! ,antologia dat$ ,novemb] #ahca 7accord+ at lea/ to ! copy ( ! pap] k9dly s5t me by ,signor ,nobili74 ,x is evid5t ! "w c\ld n h be5 !n pr9t$2 & ?\gh ,signor ,nobili1 9 8 pap]1 has ins]t$ my lett] z ! text ( 8 exp]im5ts1 yet ! circum/ance ( back date has caus$ _m "h1 :o h he>d ( ,nobili's exp]im5ts by report only1 to imag9e 8 results 7 ant]ior to1 in/ead ( be+ dep5d5t ^u1 m9e4 ,i may be all[$ "u ^! circum/ances to rem>k1 t ,i exp]im5t$ on ?is subject sev]al ye>s ago1 & h publi%$ results4 7,see ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,july #ahbe1 p4 #cch47 ,! foll[+ also is an extract f my note-book1 dat$ ,novemb] #bh1 #ahbe3 ,exp]im5ts on induction by connect+ wire ( voltaic batt]y3--a batt]y ( f\r tr\ghs1 t5 pairs ( plates1 ea* arrang$ side by side--! poles connect$ by a wire ab\t f\r feet long1 p>allel to :i* 0 ano!r simil> wire sep>at$ f x only by two ?icknesses ( pap]1 ! ends ( ! latt] 7 atta*$ to a galvanomet]3--exhibit$ no action1 c4 c4 c4--,c\ld n 9 any way r5d] any induction evid5t f ! connect+ wire4 ,! cause ( failure at t "t is n[ evid5t 7#gi474--,m4,f4 ,april1 #ahcb4 ,,second ,,s]ies4 ,,! ,,bak]ian ,,lecture4 #e4 ,t]re/rial ,magneto-electric ,induction4 #f4 ,=ce & ,direction ( ,magneto-electric ,induction g5]ally4 ,read ,janu>y #ab1 #ahcb4 #e4 ,t]re/rial ,magneto-electric ,induction4 #adj4 ,:5 ! g5]al facts describ$ 9 ! =m] pap] 7 discov]$1 & ! law ( magneto-electric induction relative to direction 0 asc]ta9$ 7#aad471 x 0 n difficult to p]ceive t ! e>? w\ld produce ! same effect z a magnet1 & to an ext5t t w\ld1 p]haps1 r5d] x available 9 ! con/ruction ( new electrical ma*9es4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results obta9$ 9 pursuance ( ?is view4 #ada4 ,! holl[ helix already describ$ 7#f47 0 connect$ ) a galvanomet] by wires eight feet long2 & ! s(t iron cyl9d] 7#cd47 aft] be+ heat$ r$-hot & sl[ly cool$1 to remove all traces ( magnetism1 0 put into ! helix s z to project equally at bo? ends1 & fix$ !re4 ,! comb9$ helix & b> 7 held 9 ! magnetic direction or l9e ( dip1 & 7! galvanomet] ne$le be+ motionless7 7 !n inv]t$1 s t ! l[] end %\ld become ! upp]1 b ! :ole /ill correspond to ! magnetic direction2 ! ne$le 0 imm$iately deflect$4 ,z ! latt] return$ to its fir/ position1 ! helix & b> 7 aga9 inv]t$2 & by do+ ?is two or ?ree times1 mak+ ! inv]sions & vibrations to co9cide1 ! ne$le swung ?r\gh an arc ( #aej or #afj4 #adb4 ,:5 "o end ( ! helix1 :i* may be call$ ,a1 0 upp]mo/ at fir/ 7,b end consequ5tly be+ bel[71 !n x matt]$ n 9 :i* direction x proce$$ dur+ ! inv]sion1 :e!r to ! "r h& or left h&1 or ?r\gh any o!r c\rse2 /ill ! galvanomet] ne$le pass$ 9 ! same direction4 ,aga91 :5 ,b end 0 upp]mo/1 ! inv]sion ( ! helix & b> 9 any direction always caus$ ! ne$le to be deflect$ "o way2 t way be+ ! opposite to ! c\rse ( ! deflection 9 ! =m] case4 #adc4 ,:5 ! helix ) its iron core 9 any giv5 position 0 inv]t$1 ! effect 0 z if a magnet ) its m>k$ pole d[nw>ds _h be5 introduc$ f above into ! inv]t$ helix4 ,?us1 if ! end ,b 7 upw>ds1 su* a magnet introduc$ f above w\ld make ! m>k$ end ( ! galvanomet] ne$le pass we/4 ,or ! end ,b be+ d[nw>ds1 & ! s(t iron 9 its place1 inv]sion ( ! :ole produc$ ! same effect4 #add4 ,:5 ! s(t iron b> 0 tak5 out ( ! helix & inv]t$ 9 v>i\s directions )9 f\r feet ( ! galvanomet]1 n ! slighte/ effect ^u x 0 produc$4 #ade4 ,^! ph5om5a are ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! inductive magnetic p[] ( ! e>?1 r5d]+ ! s(t iron cyl9d] a magnet ) its m>k$ pole d[nw>ds4 ,! exp]im5t is analog\s to t 9 :i* two b> magnets 7 us$ to magnetize ! same cyl9d] 9 ! same helix 7#cf471 & ! inv]sion ( position 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t is equival5t to a *ange ( ! poles 9 t arrangem5t4 ,b ! result is n less an in/ance ( ! evolution ( electricity by means ( ! magnetism ( ! globe4 #adf4 ,! helix alone 0 !n held p]man5tly 9 ! magnetic direction1 & ! s(t iron cyl9d] aft]w>ds introduc$2 ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 in/antly deflect$2 by )draw+ ! cyl9d] z ! ne$le return$1 & cont9u+ ! two actions simultane\sly1 ! vibrations soon ext5d$ ?r\gh an arc ( #ahj4 ,! effect 0 precisely ! same z t obta9$ by us+ a cyl9d] magnet ) its m>k$ pole d[nw>ds2 & ! direction ( motion1 c4 0 p]fectly 9 accordance ) ! results ( =m] exp]im5ts obta9$ ) su* a magnet 7#ci474 ,a magnet 9 t position be+ us$1 gave ! same deflections1 b /rong]4 ,:5 ! helix 0 put at "r angles to ! magnetic direction or dip1 !n ! introduction or removal ( ! s(t iron cyl9d] produc$ no effect at ! ne$le4 ,any incl9ation to ! dip gave results ( ! same k9d z ^? already describ$1 b increas+ 9 /r5g? z ! helix approximat$ to ! direction ( ! dip4 #adg4 ,a cyl9d] magnet1 al?\gh x has great p[] ( affect+ ! galvanomet] :5 mov+ into or out ( ! helix1 has no p[] ( cont9u+ ! deflection 7#ci472 & !re=e1 ?\gh left 91 /ill ! magnetic ne$le comes to its usual place ( re/4 ,b ^u repeat+ 7) ! magnet7 ! exp]im5t ( inv]sion 9 ! direction ( ! dip 7#ada71 ! ne$le 0 affect$ z p[]fully z be=e2 ! di/urbance ( ! magnetism 9 ! /eel magnet1 by ! e>?'s inductive =ce ^u x1 be+ ?us %[n to be ne>ly1 if n q1 equal 9 am\nt & rapidity to t occurr+ 9 s(t iron4 ,x is probable t 9 ?is way magneto-electrical arrangem5ts may become v useful 9 indicat+ ! di/urbance ( magnetic =ces1 :]e o!r means w n apply2 = x is n ! :ole magnetic p[] :i* produces ! visible effect1 b only ! diff]5ce due to ! di/urb+ causes4 #adh4 ,^! fav\rable results l$ me to hope t ! direct magneto-electric induction ( ! e>? might be r5d]$ s5sible2 & ,i ultimately succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! effect 9 sev]al ways4 ,:5 ! helix j ref]r$ to 7#ada4 #f47 0 plac$ 9 ! magnetic dip1 b )\t any cyl9d] ( iron or /eel1 & 0 !n inv]t$1 a feeble action at ! ne$le 0 obs]v$4 ,inv]t+ ! helix t5 or twelve times1 & at su* p]iods t ! deflect+ =ces ex]t$ by ! curr5ts ( electricity produc$ 9 x %\ld be add$ to ! mom5tum ( ! ne$le 7#ci471 ! latt] 0 soon made to vibrate ?r\gh an arc ( #hj or #ij4 ,"h1 !re=e1 curr5ts ( electricity 7 produc$ by ! direct inductive p[] ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 )\t ! use ( any f]rug9\s matt]1 & ^u a metal n capable ( exhibit+ any ( ! ord9>y magnetic ph5om5a4 ,! exp]im5t 9 ev]y?+ repres5ts ! effects produc$ by br++ ! same helix to "o or bo? poles ( any p[]ful magnet 7#ej474 #adi4 ,guid$ by ! law already express$ 7#aad471 ,i expect$ t all ! electric ph5om5a ( ! revolv+ metal plate c\ld n[ be produc$ )\t any o!r magnet ?an ! e>?4 ,! plate s (t5 ref]r$ to 7#he47 0 !re=e fix$ s z to rotate 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! magnetic curves ( ! e>? 7#aad4 note71 i4e4 ! dip1 passes ?r\gh ?is plane at angles ( ab\t #gj1 :i* x 0 expect$ w\ld be an approximation to p]p5dicul>ity1 q en\gh to all[ ( magneto-electric induction suffici5tly p[]ful to produce a curr5t ( electricity4 #aej4 ,^u rotation ( ! plate1 ! curr5ts ought1 accord+ to ! law 7#aad4 #aba471 to t5d to pass 9 ! direction ( ! radii1 ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! plate1 ei!r f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 or f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 z ! direction ( ! rotation ( ! plate 0 "o way or ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! wires ( ! galvanomet] 0 !re=e br\ght 9 contact ) ! axis ( ! plate1 & ! o!r atta*$ to a lead5 collector or conductor 7#hf471 :i* itself 0 plac$ aga9/ ! amalgamat$ edge ( ! disc4 ,on rotat+ ! plate !re 0 a di/9ct effect at ! galvanomet] ne$le2 on rev]s+ ! rotation1 ! ne$le w5t 9 ! opposite direction2 & by mak+ ! action ( ! plate co9cide ) ! vibrations ( ! ne$le1 ! arc ?r\gh :i* ! latt] pass$ soon ext5d$ to half a circle4 #aea4 ,:atev] "p ( ! edge ( ! plate 0 t\*$ by ! conductor1 ! electricity 0 ! same1 provid$ ! direction ( rotation cont9u$ unalt]$4 #aeb4 ,:5 ! plate revolv$ screw-fa%ion1 or z ! h&s ( a wat*1 ! curr5t ( electricity 7#aej47 0 f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce2 :5 ! direction ( rotation 0 unscrew1 ! curr5t 0 f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,^! directions are ! same ) ^? obta9$ :5 ! unm>k$ pole ( a magnet 0 plac$ b5ea? ! revolv+ plate 7#ii474 #aec4 ,:5 ! plate 0 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 or 9 any o!r plane co9cid+ ) ! magnetic dip1 !n its rotation produc$ no effect ^u ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 incl9$ to ! dip b a few degrees1 electricity began to appe> ^u rotation4 ,?us :5 /&+ upright 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian1 & :5 consequ5tly its own plane 0 incl9$ only ab\t #bj to ! dip1 revolution ( ! plate evolv$ electricity4 ,z ! incl9ation 0 increas$1 ! electricity became m p[]ful until ! angle =m$ by ! plane ( ! plate ) ! dip 0 #ij1 :5 ! electricity = a giv5 velocity ( ! plate 0 a maximum4 #aed4 ,x is a /rik+ ?+ to obs]ve ! revolv+ copp] plate become ?us a new electrical ma*9e2 & curi\s results arise on comp>+ x ) ! common ma*9e4 ,9 ! "o1 ! plate is ( ! be/ non-conduct+ sub/ance t c be appli$2 9 ! o!r1 x is ! mo/ p]fect conductor3 9 ! "o1 insulation is ess5tial2 9 ! o!r1 x is fatal4 ,9 comp>ison ( ! quantities ( electricity produc$1 ! metal ma*9e does n at all fall bel[ ! glass "o2 = x c produce a con/ant curr5t capable ( deflect+ ! galvanomet] ne$le1 :]eas ! latt] _c4 ,x is q true t ! =ce ( ! curr5t ?us evolv$ has n z yet be5 increas$ s z to r5d] x available 9 any ( our ord9>y applications ( ?is p[]2 b !re appe>s e reasonable expectation t ?is may h]eaft] be effect$2 & probably by sev]al arrangem5ts4 ,weak z ! curr5t may seem to be1 x is z /rong z1 if n /rong] ?an1 any !rmo-electric curr5t2 = x c pass fluids 7#bc471 agitate ! animal sy/em1 & 9 ! case ( an electro-magnet has produc$ sp>ks 7#cb474 #aee4 ,a disc ( copp]1 "o fif? ( an in* ?ick & only "o in* & a half 9 diamet]1 0 amalgamat$ at ! edge2 a squ>e piece ( %eet lead 7copp] w\ld h be5 bett]7 ( equal ?ickness _h a circul> hole cut 9 x1 into :i* ! disc loosely fitt$2 a little m]cury complet$ ! metallic communication ( ! disc & its surr\nd+ r+2 ! latt] 0 atta*$ to "o ( ! galvanomet] wires1 & ! o!r wire dipp$ into a little metallic cup conta9+ m]cury1 fix$ ^u ! top ( ! copp] axis ( ! small disc4 ,^u rotat+ ! disc 9 a horizontal plane1 ! galvanomet] ne$le c\ld be affect$1 al?\gh ! e>? 0 ! only magnet employ$1 & ! radius ( ! disc b ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*2 9 :i* space only ! curr5t 0 excit$4 #aef4 ,on putt+ ! pole ( a magnet "u ! revolv+ disc1 ! galvanomet] ne$le c\ld be p]man5tly deflect$4 #aeg4 ,on us+ copp] wires "o six? ( an in* 9 ?ickness in/ead ( ! small] wires 7#hf47 hi!rto con/antly employ$1 f> m p[]ful effects 7 obta9$4 ,p]haps if ! galvanomet] _h consi/$ ( few] turns ( ?ick wire in/ead ( _m convolutions ( ?9n]1 m /rik+ effects w\ld h be5 produc$4 #aeh4 ,"o =m ( app>atus :i* ,i purpose hav+ arrang$1 is to h sev]al discs sup]pos$2 ! discs are to be metallically connect$1 alt]nately at ! edges & at ! c5tres1 by means ( m]cury2 & are !n to be revolv$ alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 i4e4 ! fir/1 ?ird1 fif?1 c4 to ! "r h&1 & ! second1 f\r?1 six?1 c4 to ! left h&2 ! :ole be+ plac$ s t ! discs are p]p5dicul> to ! dip1 or int]sect mo/ directly ! magnetic curves ( p[]ful magnets4 ,! electricity w be f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce 9 "o set ( discs1 & f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre 9 ^? on ea* side ( !m2 ?us ! action ( ! :ole w conjo9 to produce "o comb9$ & m p[]ful curr5t4 #aei4 ,i h r1 h[ev]1 be5 desir\s ( discov]+ new facts & new relations dep5d5t on magneto-electric induction1 ?an ( exalt+ ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$2 be+ assur$ t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! full developm5t h]eaft]4 99 99 99 99 99 #afj4 ,i ref]r$ 9 my =m] pap] to ! probable influ5ce ( t]re/rial magneto-electric induction 7#acg47 9 produc+1 ei!r altoge!r or 9 "p1 ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,messrs4 ,*ri/ie & ,b>l[,a1 :il/ revolv+ f]rug9\s bodies2 & especially ^? obs]v$ by ! latt] :5 rapidly rotat+ an iron %ell1 :i* 7 by t philosoph] ref]r$ to a *ange 9 ! ord9>y disposition ( ! magnetism ( ! ball4 ,i sugge/$ also t ! rotation ( a copp] globe w\ld probably insulate ! effects due to electric curr5ts f ^? due to m]e d]angem5t ( magnetism1 & ?r[ light ^u ! true nature ( ! ph5om5a4 ,a ,*ri/ie1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbe1 pp4 #eh1 #cdg1 c4 ,b>l[1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahbe1 p4 #cag4 #afa4 ,^u consid]+ ! law already ref]r$ to 7#aad471 x appe>$ impossible t a metallic globe c\ld revolve "u natural circum/ances1 )\t hav+ electric curr5ts produc$ )9 x1 circulat+ r\nd ! revolv+ globe 9 a plane at "r angles to ! plane ( revolution1 provid$ its axis ( rotation did n co9cide ) ! dip2 & x appe>$ t ! curr5t w\ld be mo/ p[]ful :5 ! axis ( revolution 0 p]p5dicul> to ! dip ( ! ne$le3 = !n all ^? p>ts ( ! ball bel[ a plane pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre & p]p5dicul> to ! dip1 w\ld 9 mov+ cut ! magnetic curves 9 "o direction1 :il/ all ^? p>ts above t plane w\ld int]sect !m 9 ! o!r direction3 curr5ts !re=e w\ld exi/ 9 ^! mov+ p>ts1 proce$+ f "o pole ( rotation to ! o!r2 b ! curr5ts above w\ld be 9 ! rev]se direction to ^? bel[1 & 9 conjunction ) !m w\ld produce a cont9u$ circulation ( electricity4 #afb4 ,z ! electric curr5ts are n[h]e int]rupt$ 9 ! ball1 p[]ful effects 7 expect$1 & ,i endeav\r$ to obta9 !m ) simple app>atus4 ,! ball ,i us$ 0 ( brass2 x _h belong$ to an old electrical ma*9e1 0 holl[1 ?9 7too ?971 & f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 a brass wire 0 screw$ into x1 & ! ball ei!r turn$ 9 ! h& by ! wire1 or sometimes1 to r5d] x m /eady1 support$ by its wire 9 a not*$ piece ( wood1 & motion aga9 giv5 by ! h&4 ,! ball gave no signs ( magnetism :5 at re/4 #afc4 ,a comp\nd magnetic ne$le 0 us$ to detect ! curr5ts4 ,x 0 arrang$ ?us3 a sew+-ne$le _h ! head & po9t brok5 (f1 & 0 !n magnetis$2 be+ brok5 9 halves1 ! two magnets ?us produc$ 7 fix$ on a /em ( dri$ grass1 s z to be p]p5dicul> to x1 & ab\t f\r in*es asund]2 !y 7 bo? 9 "o plane1 b _! simil> poles 9 contr>y directions4 ,! grass 0 atta*$ to a piece ( unspun silk ab\t six in*es long1 ! latt] to a /ick pass+ ?r\gh a cork 9 ! m\? ( a cyl9drical j>2 & ?us a comp\nd arrangem5t 0 obta9$1 p]fectly %elt]$ f ! motion ( ! air1 b little influ5c$ by ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 & yet highly s5sible to magnetic & electric =ces1 :5 ! latt] 7 br\ght into ! vic9ity ( ! "o or ! o!r ne$le4 #afd4 ,^u adju/+ ! ne$les to ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian2 arrang+ ! ball on ! outside ( ! glass j> to ! we/ ( ! ne$les1 & at su* a height t its c5tre %\ld correspond horizontally ) ! upp] ne$le1 :il/ its axis 0 9 ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian1 b p]p5dicul> to ! dip2 & !n rotat+ ! ball1 ! ne$le 0 imm$iately affect$4 ,^u inv]t+ ! direction ( rotation1 ! ne$le 0 aga9 affect$1 b 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 ! ball revolv$ f ea/ ov] to we/1 ! m>k$ pole w5t ea/w>d2 :5 ! ball revolv$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! m>k$ pole w5t we/w>d or t[>ds ! ball4 ,^u plac+ ! ball to ! ea/ ( ! ne$les1 /ill ! ne$le 0 deflect$ 9 ! same way2 i4e4 :5 ! ball revolv$ f ea/ ov] to we/1 ! m>k$ pole wont ea/w>d 7or t[>ds ! ball72 :5 ! rotation 0 9 ! opposite direction1 ! m>k$ pole w5t we/w>d4 #afe4 ,by twi/+ ! silk ( ! ne$les1 ! latt] 7 br\ght into a position p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian2 ! ball 0 aga9 revolv$1 ) its axis p>allel to ! ne$les2 ! upp] 0 affect$ z be=e1 & ! deflection 0 su* z to %[ t bo? "h & 9 ! =m] case ! ne$le 0 influ5c$ solely by curr5ts ( electricity exi/+ 9 ! brass globe4 #aff4 ,if ! upp] "p ( ! revolv+ ball be consid]$ z a wire mov+ f ea/ to we/1 ov] ! unm>k$ pole ( ! e>?1 ! curr5t ( electricity 9 x %\ld be f nor? to s\? 7#ii4 #aad4 #aej472 if ! "u "p be consid]$ z a simil> wire1 mov+ f we/ to ea/ ov] ! same pole1 ! electric curr5t %\ld be f s\? to nor?2 & ! circulation ( electricity %\ld !re=e be f nor? above to s\?1 & bel[ back to nor?1 9 a metal ball revolv+ f ea/ above to we/ 9 ^! latitudes4 ,n[ ^! curr5ts are exactly ^? requir$ to give ! directions ( ! ne$le 9 ! exp]im5ts j describ$2 s t ! co9cid5ce ( ! !ory f :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 d$uc$ ) ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 is p]fect4 #afg4 ,^u incl9+ ! axis ( rotation consid]ably1 ! revolv+ ball 0 /ill f\nd to affect ! magnetic ne$le2 & x 0 n until ! angle :i* x =m$ ) ! magnetic dip 0 r5d]$ small1 t its effects1 ev5 ^u ?is app>atus1 7 lo/ 7#aec474 ,:5 revolv+ ) its axis p>allel to ! dip1 x is evid5t t ! globe becomes analog\s to ! copp] plate2 electricity ( "o k9d might be collect$ at its equator1 & ( ! o!r k9d at its poles4 #afh4 ,a curr5t 9 ! ball1 su* z t describ$ above 7#afa471 al?\gh x ought to deflect a ne$le ! same way :e!r x be to ! "r or ! left ( ! ball & ( ! axis ( rotation1 ought to deflect x ! contr>y way :5 above or bel[ ! ball2 = !n ! ne$le is1 or ought to be1 act$ ^u 9 a contr>y direction by ! curr5t4 ,?is expectation 0 fulfill$ by revolv+ ! ball b5ea? ! magnetic ne$le1 ! latt] be+ /ill inclos$ 9 its j>4 ,:5 ! ball 0 revolv$ f ea/ ov] to we/1 ! m>k$ pole ( ! ne$le1 in/ead ( pass+ ea/w>d1 w5t we/w>d2 & :5 revolv$ f we/ ov] to ea/1 ! m>k$ pole w5t ea/w>d4 #afi4 ,! deflections ( ! magnetic ne$le ?us obta9$ ) a brass ball are exactly 9 ! same direction z ^? obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[ 9 ! revolution ( ! iron %ell2 & f ! mann] 9 :i* iron exhibits ! ph5om5a ( magneto-electric induction l any o!r metal1 & di/9ct f its peculi> magnetic ph5om5a 7#acb471 x is impossible b t electric curr5ts mu/ h be5 excit$1 & become active 9 ^? exp]im5ts4 ,:at proportion ( ! :ole effect obta9$ is due to ?is cause1 mu/ be decid$ by a m elaborate inve/igation ( all ! ph5om5a4 #agj4 ,^! results1 9 conjunction ) ! g5]al law be=e /at$ 7#aad471 sugge/$ an exp]im5t ( extreme simplicity1 :i* yet1 on trial1 0 f\nd to answ] p]fectly4 ,! exclusion ( all extrane\s circum/ances & complexity ( arrangem5t1 & ! di/9ct "* ( ! indications af=d$1 r5d] ?is s+le exp]im5t an epitome ( ne>ly all ! facts ( magneto-electric induction4 #aga4 ,a piece ( common copp] wire1 ab\t eight feet long & "o tw5tie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 _h "o ( its ends fa/5$ to "o ( ! t]m9ations ( ! galvanomet] wire1 & ! o!r end to ! o!r t]m9ation2 ?us x =m$ an endless cont9uation ( ! galvanomet] wire3 x 0 !n r\ghly adju/$ into ! %ape ( a rectangle1 or r ( a loop1 ! upp] "p ( :i* c\ld be c>ri$ to & fro ov] ! galvanomet]1 :il/ ! l[] "p1 & ! galvanomet] atta*$ to x1 rema9$ /eady 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #cj474 ,^u mov+ ?is loop ov] ! galvanomet] f "r to left1 ! magnetic ne$le 0 imm$iately deflect$2 ^u pass+ ! loop back aga91 ! ne$le pass$ 9 ! contr>y direction to :at x did be=e2 ^u repeat+ ^! motions ( ! loop 9 accordance ) ! vibrations ( ! ne$le 7#ci471 ! latt] soon swung ?r\gh #ij or m4 #agb4 ,! relation ( ! curr5t ( electricity produc$ 9 ! wire1 to its motion1 may be und]/ood by suppos+ ! convolutions at ! galvanomet] away1 & ! wire arrang$ z a rectangle1 ) its l[] edge horizontal & 9 ! plane ( ! magnetic m]idian1 & a magnetic ne$le susp5d$ above & ov] ! middle "p ( ?is edge1 & direct$ by ! e>? 7fig4 #cj474 ,on pass+ ! upp] "p ( ! rectangle f we/ to ea/ into ! position repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e1 ! m>k$ pole ( ! magnetic ne$le w5t we/2 ! electric curr5t 0 !re=e f nor? to s\? 9 ! "p ( ! wire pass+ "u ! ne$le1 & f s\? to nor? 9 ! mov+ or upp] "p ( ! p>allelogram4 ,on pass+ ! upp] "p ( ! rectangle f ea/ to we/ ov] ! galvanomet]1 ! m>k$ pole ( ! ne$le w5t ea/1 & ! curr5t ( electricity 0 !re=e ! rev]se ( ! =m]4 #agc4 ,:5 ! rectangle 0 arrang$ 9 a plane ea/ & we/1 & ! magnetic ne$le made p>allel to x1 ei!r by ! torsion ( its susp5sion ?read or ! action ( a magnet1 /ill ! g5]al effects 7 ! same4 ,on mov+ ! upp] "p ( ! rectangle f nor? to s\?1 ! m>k$ pole ( ! ne$le w5t nor?2 :5 ! wire 0 mov$ 9 ! opposite direction1 ! m>k$ pole w5t s\?4 ,! same effect took place :5 ! motion ( ! wire 0 9 any o!r azimu? ( ! l9e ( dip2 ! direction ( ! curr5t always be+ con=mable to ! law =m]ly express$ 7#aad471 & also to ! directions obta9$ ) ! rotat+ ball 7#aja474 #agd4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts x is n necess>y to move ! galvanomet] or ne$le f its fir/ position4 ,x is q suffici5t if ! wire ( ! rectangle is di/ort$ :]e x leaves ! in/rum5t1 & b5t s z to all[ ! mov+ upp] "p to travel 9 ! desir$ direction4 #age4 ,! moveable "p ( ! wire 0 !n arrang$ bel[ ! galvanomet]1 b s z to be c>ri$ across ! dip4 ,x affect$ ! in/rum5t z be=e1 & 9 ! same direction2 i4e4 :5 c>ri$ f we/ to ea/ "u ! in/rum5t1 ! m>k$ end ( ! ne$le w5t we/1 z be=e4 ,?is %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ! case2 = :5 ! wire is cutt+ ! magnetic dip 9 a c]ta9 direction1 an electric curr5t also 9 a c]ta9 direction %\ld be induc$ 9 x4 #agf4 ,if 9 fig4 #ca dp be p>allel to ! dip1 & ,,ba be consid]$ z ! upp] "p ( ! rectangle 7#aga471 ) an arr[ c atta*$ to x1 bo? ^! be+ reta9$ 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! dip1--!n1 h[ev] ,,ba ) its atta*$ arr[ is mov$ ^u dp z an axis1 if x aft]w>ds proce$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 a curr5t ( electricity w move along x f ,b t[>ds ,a4 #agg4 ,:5 ! mov+ "p ( ! wire 0 c>ri$ up or d[n p>allel to ! dip1 no effect 0 produc$ on ! galvanomet]4 ,:5 ! direction ( motion 0 a little incl9$ to ! dip1 electricity manife/$ itself2 & 0 at a maximum :5 ! motion 0 p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic direction4 #agh4 ,:5 ! wire 0 b5t into o!r =ms & mov$1 equally /rong effects 7 obta9$1 especially :5 in/ead ( a rectangle a d\ble cat5>ian curve 0 =m$ ( x on "o side ( ! galvanomet]1 & ! two s+le curves or halves 7 swung 9 opposite directions at ! same "t2 _! action !n comb9$ to affect ! galvanomet]3 b all ! results 7 r$ucible to ^? above describ$4 #agi4 ,! long] ! ext5t ( ! mov+ wire1 & ! great] ! space ?r\gh :i* x moves1 ! great] is ! effect ^u ! galvanomet]4 #ahj4 ,! facility ) :i* electric curr5ts are produc$ 9 metals :5 mov+ "u ! influ5ce ( magnets1 sugge/s t h5ce=? precautions %\ld always be tak51 9 exp]im5ts ^u metals & magnets1 to gu>d aga9/ su* effects4 ,consid]+ ! univ]sality ( ! magnetic influ5ce ( ! e>?1 x is a consequ5ce :i* appe>s v extraord9>y to ! m9d1 t sc>cely any piece ( metal c be mov$ 9 contact ) o!rs1 ei!r at re/1 or 9 motion ) diff]5t velocities or 9 v>y+ directions1 )\t an electric curr5t exi/+ )9 !m4 ,x is probable t among/ arrangem5ts ( /eam-eng9es & metal ma*9]y1 "s curi\s accid5tal magneto-electric comb9ations may be f\nd1 produc+ effects :i* h nev] be5 obs]v$1 or1 if notic$1 h nev] z yet be5 und]/ood4 99 99 99 99 99 #aha4 ,^u consid]+ ! effects ( t]re/rial magneto-electric induction :i* h n[ be5 describ$1 x is almo/ impossible to resi/ ! impression t simil> effects1 b inf9itely great] 9 =ce1 may be produc$ by ! action ( ! globe1 z a magnet1 ^u its own mass1 9 consequ5ce ( its diurnal rotation4 ,x w\ld seem t if a b> ( metal be laid 9 ^! latitudes on ! surface ( ! e>? p>allel to ! magnetic m]idian1 a curr5t ( electricity t5ds to pass ?r\gh x f s\? to nor?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! travell+ ( ! b> f we/ to ea/ 7#agb471 by ! rotation ( ! e>?2 t if ano!r b> 9 ! same direction be connect$ ) ! fir/ by wires1 x _c dis*>ge ! curr5t ( ! fir/1 because x has an equal t5d5cy to h a curr5t 9 ! same direction induc$ )9 itself3 b t if ! latt] be c>ri$ f ea/ to we/1 :i* is equival5t to a dim9ution ( ! motion communicat$ to x f ! e>? 7#agb471 !n ! electric curr5t f s\? to nor? is r5d]$ evid5t 9 ! fir/ b>1 9 consequ5ce ( its dis*>ge1 at ! same "t1 by means ( ! second4 #ahb4 ,^u ! supposition t ! rotation ( ! e>? t5d$1 by magneto-electric induction1 to cause curr5ts 9 its own mass1 ^! w\ld1 accord+ to ! law 7#aad47 & ! exp]im5ts1 be1 ^u ! surface at lea/1 f ! p>ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( or t[>ds ! plane ( ! equator1 9 opposite directions to ! poles2 & if collectors c\ld be appli$ at ! equator & at ! poles ( ! globe1 z has be5 done ) ! revolv+ copp] plate 7#aej471 & also ) magnets 7#bbj471 !n negative electricity w\ld be collect$ at ! equator1 & positive electricity at bo? poles 7#bbb474 ,b )\t ! conductors1 or some?+ equival5t to !m1 x is evid5t ^! curr5ts c\ld n exi/1 z !y c\ld n be dis*>g$4 #ahc4 ,i did n ?9k x impossible t "s natural diff]5ce might occur betwe5 bodies1 relative to ! int5sity ( ! curr5t produc$ or t5d+ to be produc$ 9 !m by magneto-electric induction1 :i* might be %[n by oppos+ !m to ea* o!r2 especially z ,messrs4 ,arago1 ,babbage1 ,h]s*el1 & ,h>ris1 h all f\nd great diff]5ces1 n only betwe5 ! metals & o!r sub/ances1 b betwe5 ! metals !mselves1 9 _! p[] ( receiv+ motion f or giv+ x to a magnet 9 trials by revolution 7#acj474 ,i !re=e took two wires1 ea* "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet long1 "o ( iron & ! o!r ( copp]4 ,^! 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r at _! ends1 & !n ext5d$ 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idian1 s z to =m two ne>ly p>allel l9es1 n[h]e 9 contact except at ! extremities4 ,! copp] wire 0 !n divid$ 9 ! middle1 & exam9$ by a delicate galvanomet]1 b no evid5ce ( an electrical curr5t 0 obta9$4 #ahd4 ,by fav\r ( ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,presid5t ( ! ,society1 ,i obta9$ ! p]mission ( ,8 ,maje/y to make exp]im5ts at ! lake 9 ! g>d5s ( ,k5s+ton-palace1 = ! purpose ( comp>+1 9 a simil> mann]1 wat] & metal4 ,! bas9 ( ?is lake is artificial2 ! wat] is suppli$ by ! ,*elsea ,company2 no spr+s run into x1 & x pres5t$ :at ,i requir$1 namely1 a uni=m mass ( /ill pure wat]1 ) banks rang+ ne>ly f ea/ to we/1 & f nor? to s\?4 #ahe4 ,two p]fectly clean bright copp] plates1 ea* expos+ f\r squ>e feet ( surface1 7 sold]$ to ! extremities ( a copp] wire2 ! plates 7 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 nor? & s\? ( ea* o!r1 ! wire :i* connect$ !m be+ arrang$ ^u ! grass ( ! bank4 ,! plates 7 ab\t f\r hundr$ & eighty feet f ea* o!r1 9 a "r l9e2 ! wire 0 probably six hundr$ feet long4 ,?is wire 0 !n divid$ 9 ! middle1 & connect$ by two cups ( m]cury ) a delicate galvanomet]4 #ahf4 ,at fir/1 indications ( electric curr5ts 7 obta9$2 b :5 ^! 7 te/$ by inv]t+ ! direction ( contact1 & 9 o!r ways1 !y 7 f\nd to be due to o!r causes ?an ! "o s\ght =4 ,a little diff]5ce 9 temp]ature2 a m9ute portion ( ! nitrate ( m]cury us$ to amalgamate ! wires1 ent]+ into ! wat] employ$ to r$uce ! two cups ( m]cury to ! same temp]ature2 0 suffici5t to produce curr5ts ( electricity1 :i* affect$ ! galvanomet]1 not)/&+ !y _h to pass ?r\gh ne>ly five hundr$ feet ( wat]4 ,:5 ^! & o!r int]f]+ causes 7 gu>d$ aga9/1 no effect 0 obta9$2 & x appe>$ t ev5 su* dissimil> sub/ances z wat] & copp]1 :5 cutt+ ! magnetic curves ( ! e>? ) equal velocity1 p]fectly neutraliz$ ea* o!r's action4 #ahg4 ,mr4 ,fox ( ,falm\? has obta9$ "s highly important results respect+ ! electricity ( metallif]\s ve9s 9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions,a4 ,i h exam9$ ! pap] ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r any ( ! effects 7 probably ref]able to magneto-electric induction2 b1 ?\gh unable to =m a v /rong op9ion1 believe !y are n4 ,:5 p>allel ve9s runn+ ea/ & we/ 7 comp>$1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! electricity 9 ! wires 0 f nor? to s\?2 :5 ! comp>ison 0 made betwe5 p>ts t[>ds ! surface & at "s dep?1 ! curr5t ( electricity 9 ! wires 0 f above d[nw>ds4 ,if !re %\ld be any natural diff]5ce 9 ! =ce ( ! electric curr5ts produc$ by magneto-electric induction 9 diff]5t sub/ances1 or sub/ances 9 diff]5t positions mov+ ) ! e>?1 & :i* might be r5d]$ evid5t by increas+ ! masses act$ ^u1 !n ! wires & ve9s exp]im5t$ ) by ,mr4 ,fox might p]haps h act$ z dis*>g]s to ! electricity ( ! mass ( /rata includ$ betwe5 !m1 & ! directions ( ! curr5ts w\ld agree ) ^? obs]v$ z above4 ,a #ahcj4 p4 #cii4 #ahh4 ,al?\gh ! electricity obta9$ by magneto-electric induction 9 a few feet ( wire is ( b small int5sity1 & has n yet be5 obs]v$ except 9 metals1 & c>bon 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 /ill x has p[] to pass ?r\gh br9e 7#bc472 &1 z increas$ l5g? 9 ! sub/ance act$ ^u produces increase ( int5sity1 ,i hop$ to obta9 effects f ext5sive mov+ masses ( wat]1 ?\gh quiesc5t wat] gave none4 ,i made exp]im5ts !re=e 7by fav\r7 at ,wat]loo ,bridge1 ext5d+ a copp] wire n9e hundr$ & sixty feet 9 l5g? ^u ! p>apet ( ! bridge1 & dropp+ f its extremities o!r wires ) ext5sive plates ( metal atta*$ to !m to complete contact ) ! wat]4 ,?us ! wire & ! wat] made "o conduct+ circuit2 & z ! wat] ebb$ or fl[$ ) ! tide1 ,i hop$ to obta9 curr5ts analog\s to ^? ( ! brass ball 7#afa474 #ahi4 ,i con/antly obta9$ deflections at ! galvanomet]1 b !y 7 v irregul>1 & 71 9 succession1 ref]r$ to o!r causes ?an t s\ght =4 ,! diff]5t condition ( ! wat] z to purity on ! two sides ( ! riv]2 ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature2 slight diff]5ces 9 ! plates1 9 ! sold] us$1 9 ! m or less p]fect contact made by twi/+ or o!rwise2 all produc$ effects 9 turn3 & ?\gh ,i exp]im5t$ on ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ar*es only2 us$ plat9a plates in/ead ( copp]2 & took e o!r precaution1 ,i c\ld n aft] ?ree days obta9 any satisfactory results4 #aij4 ,!oretically1 x seems a necess>y consequ5ce1 t :]e wat] is fl[+1 !re electric curr5ts %\ld be =m$2 ?us1 if a l9e be imag9$ pass+ f ,dov] to ,calais ?r\gh ! sea1 & return+ ?r\gh ! l& b5ea? ! wat] to ,dov]1 x traces out a circuit ( conduct+ matt]1 "o "p ( :i*1 :5 ! wat] moves up or d[n ! *annel1 is cutt+ ! magnetic curves ( ! e>?1 :il/ ! o!r is relatively at re/4 ,?is is a repetition ( ! wire exp]im5t 7#aga471 b ) worse conductors4 ,/ill !re is e reason to believe t electric curr5ts d run 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! circuit describ$1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ z ! passage ( ! wat]s is up or d[n ! *annel4 ,:]e ! lat]al ext5t ( ! mov+ wat] is enorm\sly increas$1 x does n seem improbable t ! effect %\ld become s5sible2 & ! gulf /ream may ?us1 p]haps1 f electric curr5ts mov+ across x1 by magneto-electric induction f ! e>?1 ex]t a s5sible influ5ce ^u ! =ms ( ! l9es ( magnetic v>iation,a4 ,a ,!oretically1 ev5 a %ip or a boat :5 pass+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 nor!rn or s\!rn latitudes1 %\ld h curr5ts ( electricity runn+ ?r\gh x directly across ! l9e ( h] motion2 or if ! wat] is fl[+ pa/ ! %ip at an*or1 simil> curr5ts %\ld occur4 #aia4 ,?\gh positive results h n yet be5 obta9$ by ! action ( ! e>? ^u wat] & aque\s fluids1 yet1 z ! exp]im5ts are v limit$ 9 _! ext5t1 & z su* fluids d yield ! curr5t by artificial magnets 7#bc471 7= transf]5ce ( ! curr5t is pro( t x may be produc$ 7#bac4717 ! supposition made1 t ! e>? produces ^! induc$ curr5ts )9 itself 7#aha47 9 consequ5ce ( its diurnal rotation1 is /ill highly probable 7#bbb1 #bbc472 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! mov+ masses ext5d = ?\s&s ( miles across ! magnetic curves1 cutt+ !m 9 v>i\s directions )9 its mass1 z well z at ! surface1 x is possible ! electricity may rise to consid]able int5sity4 #aib4 ,i h>dly d>e v5ture1 ev5 9 ! mo/ hypo!tical =m1 to ask :e!r ! ,aurora ,borealis & ,au/ralia may n be ! dis*>ge ( electricity1 ?us urg$ t[>ds ! poles ( ! e>?1 f :5ce x is endeav\r+ to return by natural & appo9t$ means above ! e>? to ! equatorial regions4 ,! non-occurr5ce ( x 9 v high latitudes is n at all aga9/ ! supposition2 & x is rem>kable t ,mr4 ,fox1 :o obs]v$ ! deflections ( ! magnetic ne$le at ,falm\?1 by ! ,aurora ,borealis1 gives t direction ( x :i* p]fectly agrees ) ! pres5t view4 ,he /ates t all ! v>iations at night 7 t[>ds ! ea/,a1 & ?is is :at w\ld happ5 if electric curr5ts 7 sett+ f s\? to nor? 9 ! e>? "u ! ne$le1 or f nor? to s\? 9 space above x4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahca1 p4 #bjb4 #f4 ,g5]al rem>ks & illu/rations ( ! ,=ce & ,direction ( ,magneto-electric ,induction4 #aic4 ,9 ! repetition & v>iation ( ,arago's exp]im5t by ,messrs4 ,babbage1 ,h]s*el1 & ,h>ris1 ^! philosoph]s direct$ _! att5tion to ! diff]5ces ( =ce obs]v$ among/ ! metals & o!r sub/ances 9 _! action on ! magnet4 ,^! diff]5ces 7 v great,a1 & l$ me to hope t by me*anical comb9ations ( v>i\s metals important results might be obta9$ 7#ahc474 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 !re=e made1 ) a view to obta91 if possible1 any su* diff]5ce ( ! action ( two metals1 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbe1 p4 #dgb2 #ahca1 p4#gh4 #aid4 ,a piece ( s(t iron bonnet-wire cov]$ ) cotton 0 laid b>e & clean$ at "o extremity1 & !re fa/5$ by metallic contact ) ! clean end ( a copp] wire4 ,bo? wires 7 !n twi/$ toge!r l ! /r&s ( a rope1 = eighte5 or tw5ty in*es2 & ! rema9+ p>ts be+ made to div]ge1 _! extremities 7 connect$ ) ! wires ( ! galvanomet]4 ,! iron wire 0 ab\t two feet long1 ! cont9uation to ! galvanomet] be+ copp]4 #aie4 ,! twi/$ copp] & iron 7t\*+ ea* o!r n[h]e b at ! extremity7 7 !n pass$ betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful magnet arrang$ horse-%oe fa%ion 7fig4 #cb472 b n ! slighte/ effect 0 obs]v$ at ! galvanomet]1 al?\gh ! arrangem5t seem$ fitt$ to %[ any electrical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two metals relative to ! action ( ! magnet1 #aif4 ,a s(t iron cyl9d] 0 !n cov]$ ) pap] at ! middle "p1 & ! twi/$ portion ( ! above comp\nd wire coil$ z a spiral ar\nd x1 ! connexion ) ! galvanomet] /ill be+ made at ! ends ,a & ,b4 ,! iron cyl9d] 0 !n br\ght 9 contact ) ! poles ( a p[]ful magnet capable ( rais+ ?irty p\nds2 yet no signs ( electricity appe>$ at ! galvanomet]4 ,e precaution 0 appli$ 9 mak+ & break+ contact to accumulate effect1 b no indications ( a curr5t c\ld be obta9$4 #aig4 ,copp] & t91 copp] & z9c1 t9 & z9c1 t9 & iron1 & z9c & iron1 7 tri$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 a simil> mann] 7#aid71 b n ! slighte/ sign ( electric curr5ts c\ld be procur$4 #aih4 ,two flat spirals1 "o ( copp] & ! o!r ( iron1 conta9+ ea* eighte5 in*es ( wire1 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! galvanomet]1 & !n put face to face s z to be 9 contr>y directions4 ,:5 br\ght up to ! magnetic pole 7#ec474 ,no electrical indications at ! galvanomet] 7 obs]v$4 ,:5 "o 0 turn$ r\nd s t bo? 7 9 ! same direction1 ! effect at ! galvanomet] 0 v p[]ful4 #aii4 ,! comp\nd helix ( copp] & iron wire =m]ly describ$ 7#h47 0 arrang$ z a d\ble helix1 "o ( ! helices be+ all iron & conta9+ two hundr$ & f\rte5 feet1 ! o!r all copp] & cont9u+ two hundr$ & eight feet4 ,! two simil> ends ,,aa ( ! copp] & iron helix 7 connect$ toge!r1 & ! o!r ends ,,bb ( ea* helix connect$ ) ! galvanomet]2 s t :5 a magnet 0 introduc$ into ! c5tre ( ! arrangem5t1 ! induc$ curr5ts 9 ! iron & copp] w\ld t5d to proce$ 9 contr>y directions4 ,yet :5 a magnet 0 ins]t$1 or a s(t iron b> )9 made a magnet by contact ) poles1 no effect at ! ne$le 0 produc$4 #bjj4 ,a glass tube ab\t f\rte5 in*es long 0 fill$ ) /rong sulphuric acid4 ,twelve in*es ( ! end ( a clean copp] wire 7 b5t up into a bundle & ins]t$ into ! tube1 s z to make good sup]ficial contact ) ! acid1 & ! re/ ( ! wire pass$ along ! outside ( ! tube & away to ! galvanomet]4 ,a wire simil>ly b5t up at ! extremity 0 imm]s$ 9 ! o!r end ( ! sulphuric acid1 & also connect$ ) ! galvanomet]1 s t ! acid & copp] wire 7 9 ! same p>allel relation to ea* o!r 9 ?is exp]im5t z iron & copp] 7 9 ! fir/ 7#aid74 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t 0 pass$ 9 a simil> mann] betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 n ! slighte/ effect at ! galvanomet] c\ld be p]ceiv$4 #bja4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x w\ld appe>1 t :5 metals ( diff]5t k9ds connect$ 9 "o circuit are equally subject 9 e circum/ance to magneto-electric induction1 !y exhibit exactly equal p[]s ) respect to ! curr5ts :i* ei!r are =m$1 or t5d to =m1 9 !m4 ,! same ev5 appe>s to be ! case ) reg>d to fluids1 & probably all o!r sub/ances4 #bjb4 ,/ill x seem$ impossible t ^! results c\ld indicate ! relative inductive p[] ( ! magnet ^u ! diff]5t metals2 = t ! effect %\ld be 9 "s relation to ! conduct+ p[] seem$ a necess>y consequ5ce 7#aci471 & ! influ5ce ( rotat+ plates ^u magnets _h be5 f\nd to be> a g5]al relation to ! conduct+ p[] ( ! sub/ance us$4 #bjc4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ( rotation 7#ha471 ! electric curr5t is excit$ & dis*>g$ 9 ! same sub/ance1 be x a good or bad conductor2 b 9 ! exp]im5ts j describ$ ! curr5t excit$ 9 iron c\ld n be transmitt$ b ?r\gh ! copp]1 & t excit$ 9 copp] _h to pass ?r\gh iron3 i4e4 suppos+ curr5ts ( dissimil> /r5g? to be =m$ 9 ! metals proportionate to _! conduct+ p[]1 ! /rong] curr5t _h to pass ?r\gh ! wor/ conductor1 & ! weak] curr5t ?r\gh ! be/4 #bjd4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !re=e made 9 :i* diff]5t metals insulat$ f ea* o!r 7 pass$ betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 _! opposite ends be+ connect$ ) ! same end ( ! galvanomet] wire1 s t ! curr5ts =m$ & l$ away to ! galvanomet] %\ld oppose ea* o!r2 & :5 consid]able l5g?s ( diff]5t wires 7 us$1 feeble deflections 7 obta9$4 #bje4 ,to obta9 p]fectly satisfactory results a new galvanomet] 0 con/ruct$1 consi/+ ( two indep5d5t coils1 ea* conta9+ eighte5 feet ( silk$ copp] wire4 ,^! coils 7 exactly alike 9 %ape & numb] ( turns1 & 7 fix$ side by side ) a small int]val betwe5 !m1 9 :i* a d\ble ne$le c\ld be hung by a fibre ( silk exactly z 9 ! =m] in/rum5t 7#hg474 ,! coils may be di/+ui%$ by ! lett]s ,,kl1 & :5 electrical curr5ts 7 s5t ?r\gh !m 9 ! same direction1 act$ ^u ! ne$le ) ! sum ( _! p[]s2 :5 9 opposite directions1 ) ! diff]5ce ( _! p[]s4 #bjf4 ,! comp\nd helix 7#aii4 #h47 0 n[ connect$1 ! ends ,a & ,b ( ! iron ) ,a & ,b ends ( galvanomet] coil ,k1 & ! ends ,a & ,b ( ! copp] ) ,b & ,a ends ( galvanomet] coil ,l1 s t ! curr5ts excit$ 9 ! two helices %\ld pass 9 opposite directions ?r\gh ! coils ,k & ,l4 ,on introduc+ a small cyl9d] magnet )9 ! helices1 ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 p[]fully deflect$4 ,on disunit+ ! iron helix1 ! magnet caus$ ) ! copp] helix alone /ill /rong] deflection 9 ! same direction4 ,on reunit+ ! iron helix1 & unconnect+ ! copp] helix1 ! magnet caus$ a mod]ate deflection 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,?us x 0 evid5t t ! electric curr5t induc$ by a magnet 9 a copp] wire 0 f> m p[]ful ?an ! curr5t induc$ by ! same magnet 9 an equal iron wire4 #bjg4 ,to prev5t any error t might arise f ! great] influ5ce1 f vic9ity or o!r circum/ances1 ( "o coil on ! ne$le beyond t ( ! o!r1 ! iron & copp] t]m9ations 7 *ang$ relative to ! galvanomet] coils ,,kl1 s t ! "o :i* be=e c>ri$ ! curr5t f ! copp] n[ convey$ t f ! iron1 & vice v]sa4 ,b ! same /rik+ sup]iority ( ! copp] 0 manife/$ z be=e4 ,?is precaution 0 tak5 9 ! re/ ( ! exp]im5ts ) o!r metals to be describ$4 #bjh4 ,i !n _h wires ( iron1 z9c1 copp]1 t91 & lead1 drawn to ! same diamet] 7v ne>ly "o tw5tie? ( an in*71 & ,i comp>$ exactly equal l5g?s1 namely sixte5 feet1 ( ea* 9 pairs 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! ends ( ! copp] wire 7 connect$ ) ! ends ,a & ,b ( galvanomet] coil ,k1 & ! ends ( ! z9c wire ) ! t]m9ations ,a & ,b ( ! galvanomet] coil ,l4 ,! middle "p ( ea* wire 0 !n coil$ six times r\nd a cyl9d] ( s(t iron cov]$ ) pap]1 long en\gh to connect ! poles ( ,daniell's horse-%oe magnet 7#ef47 7fig4 #cc471 s t simil> helices ( copp] & z9c1 ea* ( six turns1 surr\nd$ ! b> at two places equidi/ant f ea* o!r & f ! poles ( ! magnet2 b ^! helices 7 purposely arrang$ s z to be 9 contr>y directions1 & !re=e s5d contr>y curr5ts ?r\gh ! galvanomet] coils ,k & ,l1 #bji4 ,on mak+ & break+ contact betwe5 ! s(t iron b> & ! poles ( ! magnet1 ! galvanomet] 0 /rongly affect$2 on deta*+ ! z9c x 0 /ill m /rongly affect$ 9 ! same direction4 ,on tak+ all ! precautions be=e allud$ to 7#bjg471 ) o!rs1 x 0 abundantly prov$ t ! curr5t induc$ by ! magnet 9 copp] 0 f> m p[]ful ?an 9 z9c4 #baj4 ,! copp] 0 !n comp>$ 9 a simil> mann] ) t91 lead1 & iron1 & surpass$ !m all1 ev5 m ?an x did z9c4 ,! z9c 0 !n comp>$ exp]im5tally ) ! t91 lead1 & iron1 & f\nd to produce a m p[]ful curr5t ?an any ( !m4 ,iron 9 ! same mann] prov$ sup]ior to t9 & lead4 ,t9 came next1 & lead ! la/4 #baa4 ,?us ! ord] ( ^! metals is copp]1 z9c1 iron1 t91 & lead4 ,x is exactly _! ord] ) respect to conduct+ p[] = electricity1 &1 ) ! exception ( iron1 is ! ord] pres5t$ by ! magneto-rotation exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,babbage1 ,h]s*el1 ,h>ris1 c4 ,! iron has additional p[] 9 ! latt] k9d ( exp]im5ts1 because ( its ord9>y magnetic relations1 & its place relative to magneto-electric action ( ! k9d n[ "u inve/igation _c be asc]ta9$ by su* trials4 ,9 ! mann] above describ$ x may be correctly asc]ta9$,a4 ,a ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 :o be+ appo9t$ report] ^u ?is pap]1 _h x 9 8 h&s be=e x 0 complete1 felt ! difficulty 7#bjb472 & to satisfy 8 m9d1 made exp]im5ts ^u iron & copp] ) ! l>ge magnet7#dd471 & came to ! same conclusions z ,i h arriv$ at4 ,! two sets ( exp]im5ts 7 p]fectly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 nei!r ( u be+ aw>e ( ! o!r's proce$+s4 #bab4 ,x mu/ /ill be obs]v$ t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! :ole effect betwe5 diff]5t metals is n obta9$2 = ( ! ?irty-f\r feet ( wire includ$ 9 ea* circuit1 eighte5 feet are copp] 9 bo?1 be+ ! wire ( ! galvanomet] coils2 & z ! :ole circuit is conc]n$ 9 ! result+ =ce ( ! curr5t1 t9's circum/ance mu/ t5d to dim9i% ! diff]5ce :i* w\ld appe> betwe5 ! metals if ! circuits 7 ( ! same sub/ances ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! diff]5ce obta9$ is probably n m ?an a half ( t :i* w\ld be giv5 if ! :ole ( ea* circuit 7 ( "o metal4 #bac4 ,^! results t5d to prove t ! curr5ts produc$ by magneto-electric induction 9 bodies is proportional to _! conduct+ p[]4 ,t !y are exactly proportional to & altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! conduct+ p[]1 is1 ,i ?9k1 prov$ by ! p]fect neutrality display$ :5 two metals or o!r sub/ances1 z acid1 wat]1 c4 c4 7#bja4 #ahf471 are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! action4 ,! feeble curr5t :i* t5ds to be produc$ 9 ! worse conductor1 has its transmission fav\r$ 9 ! bett] conductor1 & ! /rong] curr5t :i* t5ds to =m 9 ! latt] has its int5sity dim9i%$ by ! ob/ruction ( ! =m]2 & ! =ces ( g5]ation & ob/ruction are s p]fectly neutralize ea* o!r exactly4 ,n[ z ! ob/ruction is inv]sely z ! balanc$ z to conduct+ p[]1 ! t5d5cy to g5]ate a curr5t mu/ be directly z t p[] to produce ?is p]fect equilibrium4 #bad4 ,! cause ( ! equality ( action "u ! v>i\s circum/ances describ$1 :]e great ext5t ( wire 7#ahc47 or wire & wat] 7#aha47 7 connect$ toge!r1 :i* yet produc$ su* diff]5t effects ^u ! magnet1 is n[ evid5t & simple4 #bae4 ,! effects ( a rotat+ sub/ance ^u a ne$le or magnet ought1 :]e ord9>y magnetism has no influ5ce1 to be directly z ! conduct+ p[] ( ! sub/ance2 & ,i v5ture n[ to pr$ict t su* w be f\nd to be ! case2 & t 9 all ^? in/ances :]e non-conductors h be5 suppos$ to exhibit ?is peculi> influ5ce1 ! motion has be5 due to "s int]f]+ cause ( an ord9>y k9d2 z me*anical communication ( motion ?r\gh ! p>ts ( ! app>atus1 or o!rwise 7z 9 ! case ,mr4 ,h>ris has po9t$ out,a72 or else to ord9>y magnetic attractions4 ,to di/+ui% ! effects ( ! latt] f ^? ( ! induc$ electric curr5ts1 ,i h be5 able to devise a mo/ p]fect te/1 :i* %all be almo/ imm$iately describ$ 7#bdc474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahca4 p4 #fh4 #baf4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! magnet or magnetic ne$le w become an excell5t measur] ( ! conduct+ p[] ( sub/ances rotat$ ne> x2 = ,i h f\nd by c>eful exp]im5t1 t :5 a con/ant curr5t ( electricity 0 s5t successively ?r\gh a s]ies ( wires ( copp]1 plat9a1 z9c1 silv]1 lead1 & t91 drawn to ! same diamet]2 ! deflection ( ! ne$le 0 exactly equal by !m all4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 bodies are rotat$ 9 a horizontal plane1 ! magnetism ( ! e>? is active ^u !m4 ,z ! effect is g5]al to ! :ole ( ! plate1 x may n int]f]e 9 ^! cases2 b 9 "s exp]im5ts & calculations may be ( important consequ5ce4 #bag4 ,ano!r po9t :i* ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta91 01 :e!r x 0 ess5tial or n t ! mov+ "p ( ! wire %\ld1 9 cutt+ ! magnetic curves1 pass into positions ( great] or less] magnetic =ce2 or :e!r1 always int]sect+ curves ( equal magnetic int5sity1 ! m]e motion 0 suffici5t = ! production ( ! curr5t4 ,t ! latt] is true1 has be5 prov$ already 9 sev]al ( ! exp]im5ts on t]re/rial magneto-electric induction4 ,?us ! electricity evolv$ f ! copp] plate 7#adi471 ! curr5ts produc$ 9 ! rotat+ globe 7#afa1 c471 & ^? pass+ ?r\gh ! mov+ wire 7#aga471 are all produc$ "u circum/ances 9 :i* ! magnetic =ce c\ld n b be ! same dur+ ! :ole exp]im5ts4 #bah4 ,to prove ! po9t ) an ord9>y magnet1 a copp] disc 0 cem5t$ ^u ! end ( a cyl9d] magnet1 ) pap] int]v5+2 ! magnet & disc 7 rotat$ toge!r1 & collectors 7atta*$ to ! galvanomet]7 br\ght 9 contact ) ! circumf]5ce & ! c5tral "p ( ! copp] plate4 ,! galvanomet] ne$le mov$ z 9 =m] cases1 & ! direction ( motion 0 ! same z t :i* w\ld h result$1 if ! copp] only _h revolv$1 & ! magnet be5 fix$4 ,nei!r 0 !re any app>5t diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( deflection4 ,h5ce1 rotat+ ! magnet causes no diff]5ce 9 ! results2 = a rotatory & a /ation>y magnet produce ! same effect ^u ! mov+ copp]4 #bai4 ,a copp] cyl9d]1 clos$ at "o extremity1 0 !n put ov] ! magnet1 "o half ( :i* x inclos$ l a cap2 x 0 firmly fix$1 & prev5t$ f t\*+ ! magnet any:]e by int]pos$ pap]4 ,! arrangem5t 0 !n float$ 9 a n>r[ j> ( m]cury1 s t ! l[] edge ( ! copp] cyl9d] t\*$ ! fluid metal2 "o wire ( ! galvanomet] dipp$ into ?is m]cury1 & ! o!r into a little cavity 9 ! c5tre ( ! end ( ! copp] cap4 ,^u rotat+ ! magnet & its atta*$ cyl9d]1 abundance ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 & 9 ! same direction z if ! cyl9d] _h rotat$ only1 ! magnet be+ /ill4 ,! results !re=e 7 ! same z ^? ) ! disc 7#bah474 #bbj4 ,t ! metal ( ! magnet itself might be sub/itut$ = ! mov+ cyl9d]1 disc1 or wire1 seem$ an inevitable consequ5ce1 & yet "o :i* w\ld exhibit ! effects ( magneto-electric induction 9 a /rik+ =m4 ,a cyl9d] magnet _h !re=e a little hole made 9 ! c5tre ( ea* end to receive a drop ( m]cury1 & 0 !n float$ pole upw>ds 9 ! same metal conta9$ 9 a n>r[ j>4 ,"o wire f ! galvanomet] dipp$ into ! m]cury ( ! j>1 & ! o!r into ! drop conta9$ 9 ! hole at ! upp] extremity ( ! axis4 ,! magnet 0 !n revolv$ by a piece ( /r+ pass$ r\nd x1 & ! galvanomet]-ne$le imm$iately indicat$ a p[]ful curr5t ( electricity4 ,on rev]s+ ! ord] ( rotation1 ! electrical curr5t 0 rev]s$4 ,! direction ( ! electricity 0 ! same z if ! copp] cyl9d] 7#bai47 or a copp] wire _h revolv$ r\nd ! fix$ magnet 9 ! same direction z t :i* ! magnet itself _h foll[$4 ,?us a s+ul> indep5d5ce ( ! magnetism & ! b> 9 :i* x resides is r5d]$ evid5t4 #bba4 ,9 ! above exp]im5t ! m]cury rea*$ ab\t halfway up ! magnet2 b :5 its quantity 0 increas$ until )9 "o eigh? ( an in* ( ! top1 or dim9i%$ until equally ne> ! bottom1 /ill ! same effects & ! same direction ( electrical curr5t 0 obta9$4 ,b 9 ^? extreme proportions ! effects did n appe> s /rong z :5 ! surface ( ! m]cury 0 ab\t ! middle1 or betwe5 t & an in* f ea* end4 ,! magnet 0 eight in*es & a half long1 & ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 #bbb4 ,^u inv]sion ( ! magnet1 & caus+ rotation 9 ! same direction1 i4e4 always screw or always unscrew1 !n a contr>y curr5t ( electricity 0 produc$4 ,b :5 ! motion ( ! magnet 0 cont9u$ 9 a direction con/ant 9 relation to its own axis1 !n electricity ( ! same k9d 0 collect$ at bo? poles1 & ! opposite electricity at ! equator1 or 9 its neighb\rhood1 or 9 ! p>ts correspond+ to x4 ,if ! magnet be held p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>?1 ) its unm>k$ pole direct$ to ! pole />1 & !n rotat$ s t ! p>ts at its s\!rn side pass f we/ to ea/ 9 con=mity to ! motion ( ! e>?2 !n positive electricity may be collect$ at ! extremities ( ! magnet1 & negative electricity at or ab\t ! middle ( its mass4 #bbc4 ,:5 ! galvanomet] 0 v s5sible1 ! m]e sp9n+ ( ! magnet 9 ! air1 :il/ "o ( ! galvanomet] wires t\*$ ! extremity1 & ! o!r ! equatorial p>ts1 0 suffici5t to evolve a curr5t ( electricity & deflect ! ne$le4 #bbd4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !n made ) a simil> magnet1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any return ( ! electric curr5t c\ld occur at ! c5tral or axial p>ts1 !y hav+ ! same angul> velocity ( rotation z ! o!r p>ts 7#bei47 ! belief be+ t x c\ld n4 #bbe4 ,a cyl9d] magnet1 sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 _h a hole pi]c$ 9 ! direction ( its axis f "o extremity1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?ree in*es deep4 ,a copp] cyl9d]1 surr\nd$ by pap] & amalgamat$ at bo? extremities1 0 introduc$ s z to be 9 metallic contact at ! bottom ( ! hole1 by a little m]cury1 ) ! middle ( ! magnet2 insulat$ at ! sides by ! pap]2 & project+ ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* above ! end ( ! /eel4 ,a quill 0 put ov] ! copp] rod1 :i* rea*$ to ! pap]1 & =m$ a cup to receive m]cury = ! completion ( ! circuit4 ,a high pap] edge 0 also rais$ r\nd t end ( ! magnet & m]cury put )9 x1 :i* h[ev] _h no metallic connexion ) t 9 ! quill1 except ?r\gh ! magnet itself & ! copp] rod 7fig4 #cd474 ,! wires ,a & ,b f ! galvanomet] 7 dipp$ into ^! two portions ( m]cury2 any curr5t ?r\gh !m c\ld1 !re=e1 only pass d[n ! magnet t[>ds its equatorial p>ts1 & !n up ! copp] rod2 or vice v]sa4 #bbf4 ,:5 ?us arrang$ & rotat$ screw fa%ion1 ! m>k$ end ( ! galvanomet] ne$le w5t we/1 indicat+ t !re 0 a curr5t ?r\gh ! in/rum5t f ,a to ,b & consequ5tly f ,b ?r\gh ! magnet & copp] rod to ,a 7fig4 #cd474 #bbg4 ,! magnet 0 !n put into a j> ( m]cury 7fig4 #ce47 z be=e 7#bai472 ! wire ,a left 9 contact ) ! copp] axis1 b ! wire ,b dipp$ 9 ! m]cury ( ! j>1 & !re=e 9 metallic communication ) ! equatorial p>ts ( ! magnet in/ead ( its pol> extremity4 ,on revolv+ ! magnet screw fa%ion1 ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 deflect$ 9 ! same direction z be=e1 b f> m p[]fully4 ,yet x is evid5t t ! p>ts ( ! magnet f ! equator to ! pole 7 out ( ! electric circuit4 #bbh4 ,!n ! wire ,a 0 connect$ ) ! m]cury on ! extremity ( ! magnet1 ! wire ,b /ill rema9+ 9 contact ) t 9 ! j> 7fig4 #cf471 s t ! copp] axis 0 altoge!r out ( ! circuit4 ,! magnet 0 aga9 revolv$ screw fa%ion1 & aga9 caus$ ! same deflection ( ! ne$le1 ! curr5t be+ z /rong z x 0 9 ! la/ trial 7#bbg471 & mu* /rong] ?an at fir/ 7#bbf474 #bbi4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t !re is no dis*>ge ( ! curr5t at ! c5tre ( ! magnet1 = ! curr5t1 n[ freely evolv$1 is up ?r\gh ! magnet2 b 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t 7#bbf47 x 0 d[n4 ,9 fact1 at t "t1 x 0 only ! "p ( ! mov+ metal equal to a little disc ext5d+ f ! end ( ! wire ,b 9 ! m]cury to ! wire ,a t 0 effici5t1 i4e4 mov+ ) a diff]5t angul> velocity to ! re/ ( ! circuit 7#beh472 & = t portion ! direction ( ! curr5t is consi/5t ) ! o!r results4 #bcj4 ,9 ! two aft] exp]im5ts1 ! lat]al p>ts ( ! magnet or ( ! copp] rod are ^? :i* move relative to ! o!r p>ts ( ! circuit1 i4e4 ! galvanomet] wires2 & be+ m ext5sive1 int]sect+ m curves1 or mov+ ) m velocity1 produce ! great] effect4 ,= ! discal "p1 ! direction ( ! induc$ electric curr5t is ! same 9 all1 namely1 f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre4 99 99 99 99 99 #bca4 ,! law "u :i* ! induc$ electric curr5t excit$ 9 bodies mov+ relatively to magnets1 is made dep5d5t on ! int]section ( ! magnetic curves by ! metal 7#aad47 be+ ?us r5d]$ m precise & def9ite 7#bag4 #bbj4 #bbd471 seem n[ ev5 to apply to ! cause 9 ! fir/ section ( ! =m] pap] 7#bf472 & by r5d]+ a p]fect reason = ! effects produc$1 take away any = suppos+ t peculi> condition1 :i* ,i v5tur$ to call ! electro-tonic /ate 7#fj474 #bcb4 ,:5 an electrical curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh a wire1 t wire is surr\nd$ at e "p by magnetic curves1 dim9i%+ 9 int5sity accord+ to _! di/ance f ! wire1 & :i* 9 idea may be lik5$ to r+s situat$ 9 planes p]p5dicul> to ! wire or r to ! electric curr5t )9 x4 ,^! curves1 al?\gh diff]5t 9 =m1 are p]fectly analog\s to ^? exi/+ betwe5 two contr>y magnetic poles oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & :5 a second wire1 p>allel to t :i* c>ries ! curr5t1 is made to approa* ! latt] 7#ah471 x passes ?r\gh magnetic curves exactly ( ! same k9d z ^? x w\ld int]sect :5 c>ri$ betwe5 opposite magnetic poles 7#aji47 9 "o direction2 & z x rec$es f ! induc+ wire1 x cuts ! curves ar\nd x 9 ! same mann] t x w\ld d ^? betwe5 ! same poles if mov$ 9 ! o!r direction4 #bcc4 ,if ! wire ,,np 7fig4 #dj47 h an electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh x 9 ! direction f ,p to ,n1 !n ! dott$ r+ may repres5t a magnetic curve r\nd x1 & x is 9 su* a direction t if small magnetic ne$les lie plac$ z tang5ts to x1 !y w become arrang$ z 9 ! figure1 n & s indicat+ nor? & s\? ends 7#ad4 note474 #bcd4 ,b if ! curr5t ( electricity 7 made to cease = a :ile1 & magnetic poles 7 us$ in/ead to give direction to ! ne$les1 & make !m take ! same position z :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 !n !y mu/ be arrang$ z at fig4 #da2 ! m>k$ & unm>k$ poles ab above ! wire1 be+ 9 opposite directions to ^? a'b' bel[4 ,9 su* a position !re=e ! magnetic curves betwe5 ! poles ab & a'b' h ! same g5]al direction ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! r+ magnetic curve surr\nd+ ! wire ,,np c>ry+ an electric curr5t4 #bce4 ,if ! second wire pn 7fig4 #dj47 be n[ br\ght t[>ds ! pr9cipal wire1 c>ry+ a curr5t1 x w cut an inf9ity ( magnetic curves1 simil> 9 direction to t figur$1 & consequ5tly simil> 9 direction to ^? betwe5 ! poles ab ( ! magnets 7fig4 #da471 & x w int]sect ^! curr5t curves 9 ! same mann] z x w\ld ! magnet curves1 if x pass$ f above betwe5 ! poles d[nw>ds4 ,n[1 su* an int]section w\ld1 ) ! magnets1 induce an electric curr5t 9 ! wire f p to n 7#aad472 & !re=e z ! curves are alike 9 arrangem5t1 ! same effect ought to result f ! int]section ( ! magnetic curves dep5d5t on ! curr5t 9 ! wire ,,np2 & su* is ! case1 = on approximation ! induc$ curr5t is 9 ! opposite direction to ! pr9cipal curr5t 7#ai474 #bcf4 ,if ! wire p'n' be c>ri$ up f bel[1 x w pass 9 ! opposite direction betwe5 ! magnetic poles2 b !n also ! magnetic poles !mselves are rev]s$ 7fig4 #da471 & ! induc$ curr5t is !re=e 7#aad47 /ill 9 ! same direction z be=e4 ,x is also1 = equally suffici5t & evid5t reasons1 9 ! same direction1 if produc$ by ! influ5ce ( ! curves dep5d5t ^u ! wire4 #bcg4 ,:5 ! second wire is reta9$ at re/ 9 ! vic9ity ! pr9cipal wire1 no curr5t is induc$ ?r\gh x1 = x is int]sect+ no magnetic curves4 ,:5 x is remov$ f ! pr9cipal wire1 x int]sects ! curves 9 ! opposite direction to :at x did be=e 7#bce472 & a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction is induc$1 :i* !re=e corresponds ) ! direction ( ! pr9cipal curr5t 7#ai474 ,! same effect w\ld take place if by inv]t+ ! direction ( motion ( ! wire 9 pass+ betwe5 ei!r set ( poles 7fig4 #da471 x 7 made to int]sect ! curves !re exi/+ 9 ! opposite direction to :at x did be=e4 #bch4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7#aj4 #ac471 ! induc+ wire & t "u induction 7 arrang$ at a fix$ di/ance f ea* o!r1 & !n an electric curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! =m]4 ,9 su* cases ! magnetic curves !mselves mu/ be consid]$ z mov+ 7if ,i may use ! expression7 across ! wire "u induction1 f ! mom5t at :i* !y beg9 to be develop$ until ! magnetic =ce ( ! curr5t is at its utmo/2 exp&+ z x 7 f ! wire outw>ds1 & consequ5tly be+ 9 ! same relation to ! fix$ wire "u induction z if x _h mov$ 9 ! opposite direction across !m1 or t[>ds ! wire c>ry+ ! curr5t4 ,h5ce ! fir/ curr5t induc$ 9 su* cases 0 9 ! contr>y direction to ! pr9cipal curr5t 7#ag4 #bce474 ,on break+ ! batt]y contact1 ! magnetic curves 7:i* are m]e expressions = arrang$ magnetic =ces7 may be conceiv$ z contract+ ^u & return+ t[>ds ! fail+ electrical curr5t1 & !re=e move 9 ! opposite direction across ! wire1 & cause an opposite induc$ curr5t to ! fir/4 #bci4 ,:51 9 exp]im5ts ) ord9>y magnets1 ! latt]1 9 place ( be+ mov$ pa/ ! wires1 7 actually made ne> !m 7#bg4 #cf471 !n a simil> progressive developm5t ( ! magnetic curves may be consid]$ z hav+ tak5 place1 produc+ ! effects :i* w\ld h occurr$ by motion ( ! wires 9 "o direction2 ! de/ruction ( ! magnetic p[] corresponds to ! motion ( ! wire 9 ! opposite direction4 #bdj4 ,if1 in/ead ( int]sect+ ! magnetic curves ( a /raight wire c>ry+ a curr5t1 by approximat+ or remov+ a second wire 7#bce471 a revolv+ plate be us$1 be+ plac$ = t purpose ne> ! wire1 &1 z x 71 among/ ! magnetic curves1 !n x ought to h cont9u\s electric curr5ts induc$ )9 x2 & if a l9e jo9+ ! wire ) ! c5tre ( ! plate 7 p]p5dicul> to bo?1 !n ! induc$ curr5t ought to be1 accord+ to ! law 7#aad471 directly across ! plate1 f "o side to ! o!r1 & at "r angles to ! direction ( ! induc+ curr5t4 #bda4 ,a s+le metallic wire "o tw5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet] _h an electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh x1 & a small copp] disc "o in* & a half 9 diamet] revolv$ ne> to & "u1 b n 9 actual contact ) x 7fig4 #ci74 ,collectors 7 !n appli$ at ! opposite edges ( ! disc1 & wires f !m connect$ ) ! galvanomet]4 ,z ! disc revolv$ 9 "o direction1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$ on "o side3 & :5 ! direction ( revolution 0 rev]s$1 ! ne$le 0 incl9$ on ! o!r side1 9 accordance ) ! results anticipat$4 #bdb4 ,?us ! reasons :i* induce me to suppose a p>ticul> /ate 9 ! wire 7#fj47 h disappe>$2 & ?\gh x /ill seems to me unlikely t a wire at re/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ano!r c>ry+ a p[]ful electric curr5t is entirely indiff]5t to x1 yet ,i am n aw>e ( any di/9ct facts :i* au?orize ! conclusion t x is 9 a p>ticul> /ate4 99 99 99 99 99 #bdc4 ,9 consid]+ ! nature ( ! cause assign$ 9 ^! pap]s to acc\nt = ! mutual influ5ce ( magnets & mov+ metals 7#abj471 & comp>+ x ) t h]et(ore admitt$1 namely1 ! induction ( a feeble magnetism l t produc$ 9 iron1 x occurr$ to me t a mo/ decisive exp]im5tal te/ ( ! two views c\ld be appli$ 7#bae474 #bdd4 ,no o!r kn[n p[] has l direction ) t ex]t$ betwe5 an electric curr5t & a magnetic pole2 x is tang5tial1 :ile all o!r =ces1 act+ at a di/ance1 are direct4 ,h5ce1 if a magnetic pole on "o side ( a revolv+ plate foll[ its c\rse by reason ( its ob$i5ce to ! tang5tial =ce ex]t$ ^u x by ! v curr5t ( electricity :i* x has itself caus$1 a simil> pole on ! opposite side ( ! plate %\ld imm$iately set x free f ?is =ce2 = ! curr5ts :i* t5d to be =m$ by ! action ( ! two poles are 9 opposite directions2 or r no curr5t t5ds to be =m$1 or no magnetic curves are int]sect$ 7#aad472 & !re=e ! magnet %\ld rema9 at re/4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! action ( a nor? magnetic pole 7 to produce a s\?ness 9 ! ne>e/ "p ( ! copp] plate1 & a diffuse nor?ness else:]e 7#hb471 z is really ! case ) iron2 !n ! use ( ano!r nor? pole on ! opposite side ( ! same "p ( ! plate %\ld d\ble ! effect in/ead ( de/roy+ x1 & d\ble ! t5d5cy ( ! fir/ magnet to move ) ! plate4 #bde4 ,a ?ick copp] plate 7#he47 0 !re=e fix$ on a v]tical axis1 a b> magnet 0 susp5d$ by a plait$ silk cord1 s t its m>k$ pole hung ov] ! edge ( ! plate1 & a %eet ( pap] be+ int]pos$1 ! plate 0 revolv$2 imm$iately ! magnetic pole obey$ its motion & pass$ (f 9 ! same direction4 ,a second magnet ( equal size & /r5g? 0 !n atta*$ to ! fir/1 s t its m>k$ pole %\ld hang b5ea? ! edge ( ! copp] plate 9 a correspond+ position to t above1 & at an equal di/ance 7fig4 #cg474 ,!n a pap] %ea? or scre5 be+ int]pos$ z be=e1 & ! plate revolv$1 ! poles 7 f\nd entirely indiff]5t to its motion1 al?\gh ei!r ( !m alone w\ld h foll[$ ! c\rse ( rotation4 #bdf4 ,on turn+ "o magnet r\nd1 s t opposite poles 7 on ea* side ( ! plate1 !n ! mutual action ( ! poles & ! mov+ metal 0 a maximum4 #bdg4 ,on susp5d+ "o magnet s t its axis 0 level ) ! plate1 & ei!r pole opposite its edge1 ! revolution ( ! plate caus$ no motion ( ! magnet4 ,! electrical curr5ts dep5d5t ^u induction w\ld n[ t5d to be produc$ 9 a v]tical direction across ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 b c\ld n be s dis*>g$1 or at lea/ only to s slight a degree z to leave all effects ins5sible2 b ord9>y magnetic induction1 or t on an iron plate1 w\ld be equally if n m p[]fully develop$ 9 su* a position 7#bea474 #bdh4 ,!n1 ) reg>d to ! production ( electricity 9 ^! cases3--:5ev] motion 0 communicat$ by ! plate to ! magnets1 curr5ts exi/$2 :5 x 0 n communicat$1 !y ceas$4 ,a m>k$ pole ( a l>ge b> magnet 0 put "u ! edge ( ! plate2 collectors 7#hf47 appli$ at ! axis & edge ( ! plate z on =m] occasions 7fig4 #ch471 & ^! connect$ ) ! galvanomet]2 :5 ! plate 0 revolv$1 abundance ( electricity pass$ to ! in/rum5t4 ,! unm>k$ pole ( a simil> magnet 0 !n put ov] ! place ( ! =m] pole1 s t contr>y poles 7 above & bel[2 on revolv+ ! plate1 ! electricity 0 m p[]ful ?an be=e4 ,! latt] magnet 0 !n turn$ end = end1 s t m>k$ poles 7 bo? above & bel[ ! plate1 & !n1 ^u revolv+ x1 sc>cely any electricity 0 procur$4 ,by adju/+ ! di/ance ( ! poles s z to correspond ) _! relative =ce1 !y at la/ 7 br\ght s p]fectly to neutralize ea* o!r's inductive action ^u ! plate1 t no electricity c\ld be obta9$ ) ! mo/ rapid motion4 #bdi4 ,i n[ proce$$ to comp>e ! effect ( simil> & dissimil> poles ^u iron & copp]1 adopt+ = ! purpose ,mr4 ,/urgeon's v useful =m ( ,arago's exp]im5t4 ,?is consi/s 9 a circul> plate ( metal support$ 9 a v]tical plane by a horizontal axis1 & weight$ a little at "o edge or r5d]$ exc5tric s z to vibrate l a p5dulum4 ,! poles ( ! magnets are appli$ ne> ! side & edges ( ^! plates1 & !n ! numb] ( vibrations1 requir$ to r$uce ! vibrat+ arc a c]ta9 con/ant quantity1 not$4 ,9 ! fir/ description ( ?is in/rum5t,a x is said t opposite poles produc$ ! greate/ ret>d+ effect1 & simil> poles none2 & yet )9 a page ( ! place ! effect is consid]$ z ( ! same k9d ) t produc$ 9 iron4 ,a ,ed94 ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 #ahbe1 p4 #abd4 #bej4 ,i _h two su* plates m\nt$1 "o ( copp]1 "o ( iron4 ,! copp] plate alone gave sixty vibrations1 9 ! av]age ( sev]al exp]im5ts1 be=e ! arc ( vibration 0 r$uc$ f "o con/ant m>k to ano!r4 ,on plac+ opposite magnetic poles ne> to1 & on ea* side (1 ! same place1 ! vibrations 7 r$uc$ to fifte54 ,on putt+ simil> poles on ea* side ( x1 !y rose to fifty2 & on plac+ two pieces ( wood ( equal size ) ! poles equally ne>1 !y became fifty-two4 ,s t1 :5 simil> poles 7 us$1 ! magnetic effect 0 little or none1 7! ob/ruction be+ due to ! conf9em5t ( ! air1 r17 :il/ ) opposite poles x 0 ! greate/ possible4 ,:5 a pole 0 pres5t$ to ! edge ( ! plate1 no ret>dation occurr$4 #bea4 ,! iron plate alone made ?irty-two vibrations1 :il/ ! arc ( vibration dim9i%$ a c]ta9 quantity4 ,on pres5t+ a magnetic pole to ! edge ( ! plate 7#bdg471 ! vibrations 7 dim9i%$ to elev52 & :5 ! pole 0 ab\t half an in* f ! edge1 to five4 #beb4 ,:5 ! m>k$ pole 0 put at ! side ( ! iron plate at a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! numb] ( vibrations 0 only five4 ,:5 ! m>k$ pole ( ! second b> 0 put on ! opposite side ( ! plate at ! same di/ance 7#bej471 ! vibrations 7 r$uc$ to two4 ,b :5 ! second pole 0 an unm>k$ "o1 yet occupy+ exactly ! same position1 ! vibrations rose to tw5ty-two4 ,by remov+ ! /rong] ( ^! two opposite poles a little way f ! plate1 ! vibrations increas$ to ?irty-"o1 or ne>ly ! orig9al numb]4 ,b on remov+ x altoge!r1 !y fell to betwe5 five & six4 #bec4 ,no?+ c be m cle>1 !re=e1 ?an t ) iron1 & bodies admitt+ ( ord9>y magnetic induction1 opposite poles on opposite sides ( ! edge ( ! plate neutralize ea* o!r's effect1 :il/ simil> poles exalt ! action2 a s+le pole end on is also suffici5t4 ,b ) copp]1 & sub/ances n s5sible to ord9>y magnetic impressions1 simil> poles on opposite sides ( ! plate neutralize ea* o!r2 opposite poles exalt ! action2 & a s+le pole at ! edge or end on does no?+4 #bed4 ,no?+ c m completely %[ ! ?or\gh indep5d5ce ( ! effects obta9$ ) ! metals by ,arago1 & ^? due to ord9>y magnetic =ces2 & h5ce=?1 !re=e1 ! application ( two poles to v>i\s mov+ sub/ances w1 if !y appe> at all magnetically affect$1 af=d a pro( ( ! nature ( t affection4 ,if opposite poles produce a great] effect ?an "o pole1 ! result w be due to electric curr5ts4 ,if simil> poles produce m effect ?an "o1 !n ! p[] is n electrical2 x is n l t active 9 ! metals & c>bon :5 !y are mov+1 & 9 mo/ cases w probably be f\nd to be n ev5 magnetical1 b ! result ( irregul> causes n anticipat$ & consequ5tly n gu>d$ aga9/4 #bee4 ,! result ( ^! inve/igations t5ds to %[ t !re are really b v few bodies t are magnetic 9 ! mann] ( iron4 ,i h (t5 s\ght = indications ( ?is p[] 9 ! common metals & o!r sub/ances2 & once 9 illu/ration ( ,arago's objection 7#hb471 & 9 hopes ( asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts 9 metals by ! mom5t>y approa* ( a magnet1 susp5d$ a disc ( copp] by a s+le fibre ( silk 9 an excell5t vacuum1 & approximat$ p[]ful magnets on ! outside ( ! j>1 mak+ !m approa* & rec$e 9 unison ) a p5dulum t vibrat$ z ! disc w\ld d3 b no motion c\ld be obta9$2 n m]ely1 no indication ( ord9>y magnetic p[]s1 b none or any electric curr5t occasion$ 9 ! metal by ! approximation & recession ( ! magnet4 ,i !re=e v5ture to arrange sub/ances 9 ?ree classes z reg>ds _! relation to magnets2 fir/1 ^? :i* are affect$ :5 at re/1 l iron1 nickel1 c41 be+ su* z possess ord9>y magnetic prop]ties2 !n1 ^? :i* are affect$ :5 9 motion1 be+ conductors ( electricity 9 :i* are produc$ electric curr5ts by ! inductive =ce ( ! magnet2 &1 la/ly1 ^? :i* are p]fectly indiff]5t to ! magnet1 :e!r at re/ or 9 motion4 #bef4 ,al?\gh x w require fur!r rese>*1 & probably close inve/igation1 bo? exp]im5tal & ma!matical1 be=e ! exact mode ( action betwe5 a magnet & metal mov+ relatively to ea* o!r is asc]ta9$2 yet _m ( ! results appe> suffici5tly cle> & simple to all[ ( expression 9 a some:at g5]al mann]4--,if a t]m9at$ wire move s z to cut a magnetic curve1 a p[] is call$ into action :i* t5ds to urge an electric curr5t ?r\gh x2 b ?is curr5t _c be br\ght into exi/5ce unless provision be made at ! ends ( ! wire = its dis*>ge & r5ewal4 #beg4 ,if a second wire move 9 ! same direction z ! fir/1 ! same p[] is ex]t$ ^u x1 & x is !re=e unable to alt] ! condition ( ! fir/3 = !re appe> to be no natural diff]5ces among sub/ances :5 connect$ 9 a s]ies1 by :i*1 :5 mov+ "u ! same circum/ances relative to ! magnet1 "o t5ds to produce a m p[]ful electric curr5t 9 ! :ole circuit ?an ano!r 7#bja4 #bad474 #beh4 ,b if ! second wire move ) a diff]5t velocity1 or 9 "s o!r direction1 !n v>iations 9 ! =ce ex]t$ take place2 & if connect$ at _! extremities1 an electric curr5t passes ?r\gh !m4 #bei4 ,tak+1 !n1 a mass ( metal or an endless wire1 & ref]r+ to ! pole ( ! magnet z a c5tre ( action1 7:i* ?\gh p]haps n /rictly correct may be all[$ = facility ( expression1 at pres5t17 if all p>ts move 9 ! same direction1 & ) ! same angul> velocity1 & ?r\gh magnetic curves ( con/ant int5sity1 !n no electric curr5ts are produc$4 ,?is po9t is easily obs]v$ ) masses subject to ! e>?'s magnetism1 & may be prov$ ) reg>d to small magnets2 by rotat+ !m1 & leav+ ! metallic arrangem5ts /ation>y1 no curr5t is produc$4 #bfj4 ,if "o "p ( ! wire or metal cut ! magnetic curves1 :il/ ! o!r is /ation>y1 !n curr5ts are produc$4 ,all ! results obta9$ ) ! galvanomet] are m or less ( ?is nature1 ! galvanomet] extremity be+ ! fix$ "p4 ,ev5 ^? ) ! wire1 galvanomet]1 & e>? 7#agj471 may be consid]$ s )\t any error 9 ! result4 #bfa4 ,if ! motion ( ! metal be 9 ! same direction1 b ! angul> velocity ( its p>ts relative to ! pole ( ! magnet diff]5t1 !n curr5ts are produc$4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,arago's exp]im5t1 & also 9 ! wire subject to ! e>?'s induction 7#agb471 :5 x 0 mov$ f we/ to ea/4 #bfb4 ,if ! magnet moves n directly to or f ! arrangem5t1 b lat]ally1 !n ! case is simil> to ! la/4 #bfc4 ,if diff]5t p>ts move 9 opposite directions across ! magnetic curves1 !n ! effect is a maximum = equal velocities4 #bfd4 ,all ^! 9 fact are v>iations ( "o simple condition1 namely1 t all p>ts ( ! mass %all n move 9 ! same direction across ! curves1 & ) ! same angul> velocity4 ,b !y are =ms ( expression :i*1 be+ reta9$ 9 ! m9d1 ,i h f\nd useful :5 comp>+ ! consi/5cy ( p>ticul> ph5om5a ) g5]al results4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahca4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies4 #g4 ,id5tity ( ,electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces4 #h4 ,relation by measure ( common & voltaic ,electricity4 ,read ,janu>y #aj? & #ag?1 #ahcc4 #g4 ,id5tity ( ,electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces4 #bfe4 ,! progress ( ! electrical rese>*es :i* ,i h _h ! hon\r to pres5t to ! ,royal ,society1 br\ght me to a po9t at :i* x 0 ess5tial = ! fur!r prosecution ( my inquiries t no d\bt %\ld rema9 ( ! id5tity or di/9ction ( electricities excit$ by diff]5t means4 ,x is p]fectly true t ,cav5di%,a1 ,wolla/on,b1 ,colladon,c1 & o!rs1 h 9 succession remov$ "s ( ! greate/ objections to ! ackn[l$gem5t ( ! id5tity ( common1 animal & voltaic electricity1 & ,i believe t mo/ philosoph]s consid] ^! electricities z really ! same4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is also true1 t ! accuracy ( ,wolla/on's exp]im5ts has be5 d5i$,d2 & also t "o ( !m1 :i* really is no prop] pro( ( *emical decomposition by common electricity 7#cji4 #cbg471 has be5 t select$ by sev]al exp]im5t]s z ! te/ ( *emical action 7#ccf4 #cdf474 ,x is a fact1 too1 t _m philosoph]s are /ill draw+ di/9ctions betwe5 ! electricities f diff]5t s\rces2 or at lea/ d\bt+ :e!r _! id5tity is prov$4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 = in/ance1 9 8 pap] on ! ,torp$o,e1 ?\ght x probable t animal electricity w\ld be f\nd ( a peculi> k9d2 & ref]r+ to x1 to common electricity1 voltaic electricity & magnetism1 has said1 ,di/9ctions might be e/abli%$ 9 pursu+ ! v>i\s modifications or prop]ties ( electricity 9 ^? diff]5t =ms1 c4 ,inde$ ,i ne$ only ref] to ! la/ volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions to %[ t ! "q is by no means consid]$ z settl$,f4 ,a ,phil4 ,trans4 #aggi1 p4 #aif4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahja1 p4 #dcd4 ,c ,annnles de ,*imie1 #ahbf1 p4 #fb1 c4 ,d ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcb1 p4 #bhb1 note4 ,e ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahib1 p4 #ag4 ,common electricity is excit$ ^u non-conductors1 & is readily c>ri$ (f by conductors & imp]fect conductors4 ,voltaic electricity is excit$ ^u comb9ations ( p]fect & imp]fect conductors1 & is only transmitt$ by p]fect conductors or imp]fect conductors ( ! be/ k9d4 ,magnetism1 if x be a =m ( electricity1 belongs only to p]fect conductors2 &1 9 its modifications1 to a peculi> class ( !m#a4 ,animal electricity resides only 9 ! imp]fect conductors =m+ ! organs ( liv+ animals1 c4 #a ,dr4 ,rit*ie has %[n ?is is n ! case4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcb1 p4 #bid4 ,f ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcb1 p4 #bei4 ,dr4 ,davy1 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on ! torp$o1 obta9s effects ! same z ^? produc$ by common & voltaic electricity1 & says t 9 its magnetic & *emical p[] x does n seem to be ess5tially peculi>1--p4 #bgd2 b he !n says1 p4 #bge1 !re are o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce2 & aft] ref]r+ to !m1 adds1 ,h[ are ^! diff]5ces to be expla9$8 ,d !y admit ( explanation simil> to t advanc$ by ,mr4 ,cav5di% 9 8 !ory ( ! torp$o2 or may we suppose1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! sol> ray1 t ! electrical p[]1 :e!r excit$ by ! common ma*9e1 or by ! voltaic batt]y1 or by ! torp$o1 is n a simple p[]1 b a comb9ation ( p[]s1 :i* may occur v>i\sly associat$1 & produce all ! v>ieties ( electricity ) :i* we are acqua9t$8 ,at p4 #bgi ( ! same volume ( ,transactions is ,dr4 ,rit*ie's pap]1 f :i* ! foll[+ are extracts3 ,common electricity is diffus$ ov] ! surface ( ! metal2--voltaic electricity exi/s )9 ! metal4 ,free electricity is conduct$ ov] ! surface ( ! ?9ne/ gold leaf z effectually z ov] a mass ( metal hav+ ! same surface2--voltaic electricity requires ?ickness ( metal = its conduction1 p4 #bhj3 & aga91 ,! suppos$ analogy betwe5 common & voltaic electricity1 :i* 0 s eag]ly trac$ aft] ! inv5tion ( ! pile1 completely fails 9 ?is case1 :i* 0 ?\ght to af=d ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance4 p4 #bia4 #bff4 ,not)/&+1 !re=e1 ! g5]al impression ( ! id5tity ( electricities1 x is evid5t t ! pro(s h n be5 suffici5tly cle> & di/9ct to obta9 ! ass5t ( all ^? :o 7 compet5t to consid] ! subject2 & ! "q seem$ to me v mu* 9 ! condition ( t :i* ,sir ,h4 ,davy solv$ s beautifully1--namely1 :e!r voltaic electricity 9 all cases m]ely elim9at$1 or did n 9 "s actually produce1 ! acid & alkali f\nd aft] its action ^u wat]4 ,! same necessity t urg$ him to decide ! d\btful po9t1 :i* int]f]$ ) ! ext5sion ( 8 views1 & de/roy$ ! /rictness ( 8 reason+1 has oblig$ me to asc]ta9 ! id5tity or diff]5ce ( common & voltaic electricity4 ,i h satisfi$ myself t !y are id5tical1 & ,i hope ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h to (f] & ! pro(s fl[+ f !m1 w be f\nd wor?y ! att5tion ( ! ,royal ,society4 #bfg4 ,! v>i\s ph5om5a exhibit$ by electricity may1 = ! purposes ( comp>ison1 be arrang$ "u two heads2 namely1 ^? connect$ ) electricity ( t5sion1 & ^? belong+ to electricity 9 motion4 ,?is di/9ction is tak5 at pres5t n z philosophical1 b m]ely z conv5i5t4 ,! effect ( electricity ( t5sion1 at re/1 is ei!r attraction or repulsion at s5sible di/ances4 ,! effects ( electricity 9 motion or electrical curr5ts may be consid]$ z #a/1 ,evolution ( heat2 #bnd1 ,magnetism2 #crd1 ,*emical decomposition2 #d?1 ,physiological ph5om5a2 #e?1 ,sp>k4 ,x w be my object to comp>e electricities f diff]5t s\rces1 & especially common & voltaic electricities1 by _! p[] ( produc+ ^! effects4 ,i4 ,voltaic ,electricity4 #bfh4 ,t5sion4--,:5 a voltaic batt]y ( #ajj pairs ( plates has its extremities exam9$ by ! ord9>y electromet]1 x is well kn[n t !y are f\nd positive & negative1 ! gold leaves at ! same extremity repell+ ea* o!r1 ! gold leaves at diff]5t extremities attract+ ea* o!r1 ev5 :5 half an in* or m ( air int]v5es4 #bfi4 ,t ord9>y electricity is dis*>g$ by po9ts ) facility ?r\gh air2 t x is readily transmitt$ ?r\gh highly r>efi$ air2 & also ?r\gh heat$ air1 z = in/ance a flame2 is due to its high t5sion4 ,i s\ght1 !re=e1 = simil> effects 9 ! dis*>ge ( voltaic electricity1 us+ z a te/ ( ! passage ( ! electricity ei!r ! galvanomet] or *emical action produc$ by ! arrangem5t h]eaft] to be describ$ 7#cab4 #caf474 #bgj4 ,! voltaic batt]y ,i _h at my disposal consi/$ ( #adj pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 ) d\ble copp]s4 ,x 0 insulat$ ?r\gh\t1 & div]g$ a gold leaf electromet] ab\t "o ?ird ( an in*4 ,on endeav\r+ to dis*>ge ?is batt]y by delicate po9ts v nicely arrang$ & approximat$1 ei!r 9 ! air or 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 ,i c\ld obta9 no indications ( a curr5t1 ei!r by magnetic or *emical action4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd no po9t ( discordance betwe5 voltaic & common electricity2 = :5 a ,leyd5 batt]y 7#bia47 0 *>g$ s z to deflect ! gold leaf electromet] to ! same degree1 ! po9ts 7 f\nd equally unable to dis*>ge x ) su* effect z to produce ei!r magnetic or *emical action4 ,?is 0 n because common electricity c\ld n produce bo? ^! effects 7#cjg4 #caj472 b because :5 ( su* l[ int5sity ! quantity requir$ to make ! effects visible 7be+ enorm\sly great 7#cga4 #cge4717 c\ld n be transmitt$ 9 any reasonable "t4 ,9 conjunction ) ! o!r pro(s ( id5tity h]eaft] to be giv51 ^! effects ( po9ts also prove id5tity in/ead ( diff]5ce betwe5 voltaic & common electricity4 #bga4 ,z heat$ air dis*>ges common electricity ) f> great] facility ?an po9ts1 ,i hop$ t voltaic electricity might 9 ?is way also be dis*>g$4 ,an app>atus 0 !re=e con/ruct$ 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #df471 9 :i* ,,ab is an insulat$ glass rod ^u :i* two copp] wires1 ,c1 ,d1 are fix$ firmly2 to ^! wires are sold]$ two pieces ( f9e plat9a wire1 ! ends ( :i* are br\ght v close to ea* o!r at e1 b )\t t\*+2 ! copp] wire ,c 0 connect$ ) ! positive pole ( a voltaic batt]y1 & ! wire ,d ) a decompos+ app>atus 7#cab4 #caf471 f :i* ! communication 0 complet$ to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts only two tr\ghs1 or tw5ty pairs ( plates1 7 us$4 #bgb4 ,:il/ 9 ! /ate describ$1 no decomposition took place at ! po9t a1 b :5 ! side ( a _s-lamp flame 0 appli$ to ! two plat9a extremities at e1 s z to make !m bright r$-hot1 decomposition occurr$2 iod9e soon appe>$ at ! po9t a1 & ! transf]5ce ( electricity ?r\gh ! heat$ air 0 e/abli%$4 ,on rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! po9ts e by a bl[pipe1 ! dis*>ge 0 r5d]$ /ill m free1 & decomposition took place in/antly4 ,on remov+ ! s\rce ( heat1 ! curr5t imm$iately ceas$4 ,on putt+ ! ends ( ! wires v close by ! side ( & p>allel to ea* o!r1 b n t\*+1 ! effects 7 p]haps m readily obta9$ ?an be=e4 ,on us+ a l>g] voltaic batt]y 7#bgj471 !y 7 also m freely obta9$4 #bgc4 ,on remov+ ! decompos+ app>atus & int]pos+ a galvanomet] in/ead1 heat+ ! po9ts e z ! ne$le w\ld sw+ "o way1 & remov+ ! heat dur+ ! "t ( its return 7#cjb471 feeble deflections 7 soon obta9$3 ?us also prov+ ! curr5t ?r\gh heat$ air2 b ! in/rum5t us$ 0 n s s5sible "u ! circum/ances z *emical action4 #bgd4 ,^! effects1 n hi!rto kn[n or expect$ "u ?is =m1 are only cases ( ! dis*>ge :i* takes place ?r\gh air betwe5 ! *>coal t]m9ations ( ! poles ( a p[]ful batt]y1 :5 !y are gradually sep>at$ aft] contact4 ,!n ! passage is ?r\gh heat$ air exactly z ) common electricity1 & ,sir ,h4 ,davy has record$ t ) ! orig9al batt]y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ?is dis*>ge pass$ ?r\gh a space ( at lea/ f\r in*es,a4 ,9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ! electricity w\ld /rike ?r\gh ne>ly half an in* ( space1 & ! comb9$ effects ( r>efaction & heat 7 su* ^u ! inclos$ air u to enable x to conduct ! electricity ?r\gh a space ( six or sev5 in*es4 ,a ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #aec #bge4 ,! in/antane\s *>ge ( a ,leyd5 batt]y by ! poles ( a voltaic app>atus is ano!r pro( ( ! t5sion1 & also ! quantity1 ( electricity evolv$ by ! latt]4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy says,a1 ,:5 ! two conductors f ! ends ( ! comb9ation 7 connect$ ) a ,leyd5 batt]y1 "o ) ! int]nal1 ! o!r ) ! ext]nal coat+1 ! batt]y in/antly became *>g$2 & on remov+ ! wires & mak+ ! prop] connexions1 ei!r a %ock or a sp>k c\ld be p]ceiv$3 & ! lea/ possible "t ( contact 0 suffici5t to r5ew ! *>ge to its full int5sity4 ,a ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #aed4 #bgf4 ,9 motion3 i4 ,evolution ( ,heat4--,! evolution ( heat 9 wires & fluids by ! voltaic curr5t is matt] ( g5]al notoriety4 #bgg4 ii4 ,magnetism4--,no fact is bett] kn[n to philosoph]s ?an ! p[] ( ! voltaic curr5t to deflect ! magnetic ne$le1 & to make magnets accord+ to c]ta9 laws2 & no effect c be m di/9ctive ( an electrical curr5t4 #bgh4 iii4 ,*emical decomposition4--,! *emical p[]s ( ! voltaic curr5t1 & _! subjection to c]ta9 laws1 are also p]fectly well kn[n4 #bgi4 iv4 ,physiological effects4--,! p[] ( ! voltaic curr5t1 :5 /rong1 to %ock & convulse ! :ole animal sy/em1 & :5 weak to affect ! tongue & ! eyes1 is v *>act]i/ic4 #bhj4 v4 ,sp>k4--,! brilliant /> ( light produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( a voltaic batt]y is kn[n to all z ! mo/ beautiful light t man c produce by art4 99 99 99 99 99 #bha4 ,t ^! effects may be almo/ inf9itely v>i$1 "s be+ exalt$ :il/ o!rs are dim9i%$1 is univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 & yet )\t any d\bt ( ! id5tity ( "* ( ! voltaic curr5ts ?us made to diff] 9 _! effect4 ,! beautiful explication ( ^! v>iations af=d$ by ,cav5di%'s !ory ( quantity & int5sity requires no support at pres5t1 z x is n suppos$ to be d\bt$4 #bhb4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! comp>isons t w h]eaft] arise betwe5 wires c>ry+ voltaic & ord9>y electricities1 & also because ( c]ta9 views ( ! condition ( a wire or any o!r conduct+ sub/ance connect+ ! poles ( a voltaic app>atus1 x w be necess>y to give "s def9ite expression ( :at is call$ ! voltaic curr5t1 9 contradi/9ction to any suppos$ peculi> /ate ( arrangem5t1 n progressive1 :i* ! wire or ! electricity )9 x may be suppos$ to assume4 ,if two voltaic tr\ghs ,,pn1 ,p',n'1 fig4 #db1 be symmetrically arrang$ & insulat$1 & ! ends ,,np' connect$ by a wire1 ov] :i* a magnetic ne$le is susp5d$1 ! wire w ex]t no effect ov] ! ne$le2 b imm$iately t ! ends ,,pn' are connect$ by ano!r wire1 ! ne$le w be deflect$1 & w rema9 s z long z ! circuit is complete4 ,n[ if ! tr\ghs m]ely act by caus+ a peculi> arrangem5t 9 ! wire ei!r ( its p>ticles or its electricity1 t arrangem5t con/itut+ its electrical & magnetic /ate1 !n ! wire ,,np' %\ld be 9 a simil> /ate ( arrangem5t be=e ,p & ,n' 7 connect$1 to :at x is aft]w>ds1 & %\ld h deflect$ ! ne$le1 al?\gh less p[]fully1 p]haps to "o half ! ext5t :i* w\ld result :5 ! communication is complete ?r\gh\t4 ,b if ! magnetic effects dep5d ^u a curr5t1 !n x is evid5t :y !y c\ld n be produc$ 9 any degree be=e ! circuit 0 complete2 because prior to t no curr5t c\ld exi/4 #bhc4 ,by curr5t1 ,i mean any?+ progressive1 :e!r x be a fluid ( electricity1 or two fluids mov+ 9 opposite directions1 or m]ely vibrations1 or1 speak+ /ill m g5]ally1 progressive =ces4 ,by arrangem5t1 ,i und]/& a local adju/m5t ( p>ticles1 or fluids1 or =ces1 n progressive4 ,_m o!r reasons might be urg$ 9 support ( ! view ( a curr5t r ?an an arrangem5t1 b ,i am anxi\s to avoid /at+ unnecess>ily :at w occur to o!rs at ! mom5t4 ,,ii4 ,ord9>y ,electricity4 #bhd4 ,by ord9>y electricity ,i und]/& t :i* c be obta9$ f ! common ma*9e1 or f ! atmosph]e1 or by pressure1 or cleavage ( cry/als1 or by a multitude ( o!r op]ations2 its di/9ctive "* be+ t ( great int5sity1 & ! ex]tion ( attractive & repulsive p[]s1 n m]ely at s5sible b at consid]able di/ances4 #bhe4 ,t5sion4 ,! attractions & repulsions at s5sible di/ances1 caus$ by ord9>y electricity1 are well kn[n to be s p[]ful 9 c]ta9 cases1 z to surpass1 almo/ inf9itely1 ! simil> ph5om5a produc$ by electricity1 o!rwise excit$4 ,b /ill ^? attractions & repulsions are exactly ( ! same nature z ^? already ref]r$ to "u ! head ,t5sion1 ,voltaic electricity 7#bfh472 & ! diff]5ce 9 degree betwe5 !m is n great] ?an (t5 occurs betwe5 cases ( ord9>y electricity only4 ,i ?9k x w be unnecess>y to ent] m9utely into ! pro(s ( ! id5tity ( ?is "* 9 ! two in/ances4 ,!y are abundant2 are g5]ally admitt$ z good2 & lie ^u ! surface ( ! subject3 & :5ev] 9 o!r p>ts ( ! comp>ison ,i am ab\t to draw1 a simil> case occurs1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) a m]e ann\ncem5t ( ! simil>ity1 enl>g+ only ^u ^? p>ts :]e ! great "q ( di/9ction or id5tity /ill exi/s4 #bhf4 ,! dis*>ge ( common electricity ?r\gh heat$ air is a well-kn[n fact4 ,! p>allel case ( voltaic electricity has already be5 describ$ 7#bgb1 c474 #bhg4 ,9 motion4 i4 ,evolution ( heat4--,! heat+ p[] ( common electricity1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh wires or o!r sub/ances1 is p]fectly well kn[n4 ,! accordance betwe5 x & voltaic electricity is 9 ?is respect complete4 ,mr4 ,h>ris has con/ruct$ & describ$,a a v beautiful & s5sible in/rum5t on ?is pr9ciple1 9 :i* ! heat produc$ 9 a wire by ! dis*>ge ( a small portion ( common electricity is readily %[n1 & to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] = exp]im5tal pro( 9 a future "p ( ?is pap] 7#cdd474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbg1 p4 #ah4 ,ed9burgh ,transactions1 #ahca4 ,h>ris on a ,new ,electromet]1 c4 c4 #bhh4 ii4 ,magnetism4--,voltaic electricity has mo/ extraord9>y & exalt$ magnetic p[]s4 ,if common electricity be id5tical ) x1 x ought to h ! same p[]s4 ,9 r5d]+ ne$les or b>s magnetic1 x is f\nd to agree ) voltaic electricity1 & ! direction ( ! magnetism1 9 bo? cases1 is ! same2 b 9 deflect+ ! magnetic ne$le1 common electricity has be5 f\nd defici5t1 s t sometimes its p[] has be5 d5i$ altoge!r1 & at o!r times di/9ctions h be5 hypo!tically assum$ = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! difficulty,a4 ,a ,demonf]r&'s ,manuel d',electricit dynamique1 p4 #aba4 #bhi4 ,m4 ,colladon1 ( ,g5eva1 consid]$ t ! diff]5ce might be due to ! use ( insuffici5t quantities ( common electricity 9 all ! exp]im5ts be=e made on ?is head2 & 9 a memoir read to ! ,academie des ,sci5ces 9 #ahbf;,a1 describes exp]im5ts1 9 :i*1 by ! use ( a batt]y1 po9ts1 & a delicate galvanomet]1 he succe$$ 9 obta9+ deflections1 & ?us e/abli%+ id5tity 9 t respect4 ,,mm4 ,arago1 ,ampre1 & ,sav>y1 are m5tion$ 9 ! pap] z hav+ witness$ a successful repetition ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,b z no o!r "o has come =w>d 9 confirmation1 ,,mm4 ,arago1 ,ampre1 & ,sav>y1 n hav+ !mselves publi%$ 7t ,i am aw>e (7 _! admission ( ! results1 & z "s h n be5 able to obta9 !m1 ,m4 ,colladon's conclusions h be5 occasionally d\bt$ or d5i$2 & an important po9t ) me 0 to e/abli% _! accuracy1 or remove !m entirely f ! body ( receiv$ exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,i am happy to say t my results fully confirm ^? by ,m4 ,colladon1 & ,i %\ld h _h no occasion to describe !m1 b t !y are ess5tial z pro(s ( ! accuracy ( ! f9al & g5]al conclusions ,i am enabl$ to draw respect+ ! magnetic & *emical action ( electricity 7#cfj4 #cff4 #cfg4 #cgg4 c474 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 xxxiii4 p4 #fb4 #bij4 ,! plate electrical ma*9e ,i h us$ is fifty in*es 9 diamet]2 x has two sets ( rubb]s2 its prime conductor consi/s ( two brass cyl9d]s connect$ by a ?ird1 ! :ole l5g? be+ twelve feet1 & ! surface 9 contact ) air ab\t #adbb squ>e in*es4 ,:5 9 good excitation1 "o revolution ( ! plate w give t5 or twelve sp>ks f ! conductors1 ea* an in* 9 l5g?4 ,sp>ks or fla%es f t5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g? may easily be drawn f ! conductors4 ,ea* turn ( ! ma*9e1 :5 work$ mod]ately1 occupies ab\t #d_/e?s ( a second4 #bia4 ,! electric batt]y consi/$ ( fifte5 equal j>s4 ,!y are coat$ eight in*es upw>ds f ! bottom1 & are tw5ty-?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 s t ea* conta9s "o hundr$ & eighty-f\r squ>e in*es ( glass1 coat$ on bo? sides2 ?is is indep5d5t ( ! bottoms1 :i* are ( ?ick] glass1 & conta9 ea* ab\t fifty squ>e in*es4 #bib4 ,a good dis*>g+ tra9 0 arrang$ by connect+ metallically a suffici5tly ?ick wire ) ! metallic gas pipes ( ! h\se1 ) ! metallic gas pipes belong+ to ! public gas works ( ,london2 & also ) ! metallic wat] pipes ( ,london4 ,x 0 s effectual 9 its (fice z to c>ry (f in/antane\sly electricity ( ! feeble/ t5sion1 ev5 t ( a s+le voltaic tr\gh1 & 0 ess5tial to _m ( ! exp]im5ts4 #bic4 ,! galvanomet] 0 "o or ! o!r ( ^? =m]ly describ$ 7#hg4 #bje471 b ! glass j> cov]+ x & support+ ! ne$le 0 coat$ inside & outside ) t9foil1 & ! upp] "p 7left uncoat$1 t ! motions ( ! ne$le might be exam9$17 0 cov]$ ) a frame ( wire-"w1 hav+ num]\s %>p po9ts project+ f x4 ,:5 ?is frame & ! two coat+s 7 connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib471 an insulat$ po9t or ball1 connect$ ) ! ma*9e :5 mo/ active1 might be br\ght )9 an in* ( any "p ( ! galvanomet]1 yet )\t affect+ ! ne$le )9 by ord9>y electrical attraction or repulsion4 #bid4 ,9 connexion ) ^! precautions1 x may be necess>y to /ate t ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] is v liable to h its magnetic p[] d]ang$1 dim9i%$1 or ev5 inv]t$ by ! passage ( a %ock ?r\gh ! in/rum5t4 ,if ! ne$le be at all oblique1 9 ! wrong direction1 to ! coils ( ! galvanomet] :5 ! %ock passes1 effects ( ?is k9d are sure to happ54 #bie4 ,x 0 to ! ret>d+ p[] ( bad conductors1 ) ! int5tion ( dim9i%+ its int5sity )\t alt]+ its quantity1 t ,i fir/ look$ ) ! hope ( be+ able to make common electricity assume m ( ! *>act]s & p[] ( voltaic electricity1 ?an x is usually suppos$ to h4 #bif1 ,! coat+ & arm\r ( ! galvanomet] 7 fir/ connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib472 ! end ,b 7#hg47 ( ! galvanomet] wire 0 connect$ ) ! outside coat+ ( ! batt]y1 & !n bo? ^! ) ! dis*>g+ tra92 ! end ,a ( ! galvanomet] wire 0 connect$ ) a dis*>g+ rod by a wet ?read f\r feet long2 & f9ally1 :5 ! batt]y 7#bia47 _h be5 positively *>g$ by ab\t =ty turns ( ! ma*9e1 x 0 dis*>g$ by ! rod & ! ?read ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 ,! ne$le imm$iately mov$4 #big4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! ne$le complet$ its vibration 9 ! fir/ direction & return$1 ! ma*9e 0 work$1 & ! batt]y re*>g$2 & :5 ! ne$le 9 vibrat+ resum$ its fir/ direction1 ! dis*>ge 0 aga9 made ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 ,by repeat+ ?is action a few times1 ! vibrations soon ext5d$ to above #dj on ea* side ( ! l9e ( re/4 #bih4 ,?is effect c\ld be obta9$ at pleasure4 ,nor 0 x v>i$1 app>5tly1 ei!r 9 direction or degree1 by us+ a %ort ?ick /r+1 or ev5 f\r %ort ?ick /r+s 9 place ( ! long f9e ?read4 ,) a m delicate galvanomet]1 an excell5t sw+ ( ! ne$le c\ld be obta9$ by "o dis*>ge ( ! batt]y4 #bii4 ,on rev]s+ ! galvanomet] communications s z to pass ! dis*>ge ?r\gh f ,b to ,a1 ! ne$le 0 equally well deflect$1 b 9 ! opposite direction4 #cjj4 ,! deflections 7 9 ! same direction z if a voltaic curr5t _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 i4e4 ! positively *>g$ surface ( ! electric batt]y co9cid$ ) ! positive end ( ! voltaic app>atus 7#bfh47 & ! negative surface ( ! =m] ) ! negative end ( ! latt]4 #cja4 ,! batt]y 0 !n ?r[n out ( use1 & ! communications s arrang$ t ! curr5t c\ld be pass$ f ! prime conductor1 by ! dis*>g+ rod held aga9/ x1 ?r\gh ! wet /r+1 ?r\gh ! galvanomet] coil1 & into ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib71 by :i* x 0 f9ally disp]s$4 ,?is curr5t c\ld be /opp$ at any mom5t1 by remov+ ! dis*>g+ rod1 & ei!r /opp+ ! ma*9e or connect+ ! prime conductor by ano!r rod ) ! dis*>g+ tra92 & c\ld be z in/antly r5ew$4 ,! ne$le 0 s adju/$1 t :il/ vibrat+ 9 mod]ate & small arcs1 x requir$ "t equal to tw5ty-five beats ( a wat* to pass 9 "o direction ?r\gh ! arc1 & ( c\rse an equal "t to pass 9 ! o!r direction4 #cjb4 ,?us arrang$1 & ! ne$le be+ /ation>y1 ! curr5t1 direct f ! ma*9e1 0 s5t ?r\gh ! galvanomet] = tw5ty-five beats1 !n int]rupt$ = o!r tw5ty-five beats1 r5ew$ = tw5ty-five beats m1 aga9 int]rupt$ = an equal "t1 & s on cont9ually4 ,! ne$le soon began to vibrate visibly1 & aft] sev]al alt]nations ( ?is k9d1 ! vibration increas$ to #dj or m4 #cjc4 ,on *ang+ ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 ! direction ( ! deflection ( ! ne$le 0 also *ang$4 ,9 all cases ! motion ( ! ne$le 0 9 direction ! same z t caus$ ei!r by ! use ( ! electric batt]y or a voltaic tr\gh 7#cjj74 #cjd4 ,i n[ reject$ ! wet /r+1 & sub/itut$ a copp] wire1 s t ! electricity ( ! ma*9e pass$ at once into wires communicat+ directly ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 ! galvanomet] coil be+ "o ( ! wires us$ = ! dis*>ge4 ,! effects 7 exactly ^? obta9$ above 7#cjb74 #cje4 ,in/ead ( pass+ ! electricity ?r\gh ! sy/em1 by br++ ! dis*>g+ rod at ! end ( x into contact ) ! conductor1 f\r po9ts 7 fix$ on to ! rod2 :5 ! curr5t 0 to pass1 !y 7 held ab\t twelve in*es f ! conductor1 & :5 x 0 n to pass1 !y 7 turn$ away4 ,!n op]at+ z be=e 7#cjb471 except ) ?is v>iation1 ! ne$le 0 soon p[]fully deflect$1 & 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! =m] results4 ,po9ts af=d$ ! means by :i* ,colladon1 9 all cases1 made 8 dis*>ges4 #cjf4 ,f9ally1 ,i pass$ ! electricity fir/ ?r\gh an exhau/$ receiv]1 s z to make x !re resemble ! aurora borealis1 & !n ?r\gh ! galvanomet] to ! e>?2 & x 0 f\nd /ill effective 9 deflect+ ! ne$le1 & app>5tly ) ! same =ce z be=e4 #cjg4 ,f all ^! exp]im5ts1 x appe>s t a curr5t ( common electricity1 :e!r transmitt$ ?r\gh wat] or metal1 or r>efi$ air1 or by means ( po9ts 9 common air1 is /ill able to deflect ! ne$le2 ! only requisite be+1 app>5tly1 to all[ "t = its action3 t x is1 9 fact1 j z magnetic 9 e respect z a voltaic curr5t1 & t 9 ?is "* !re=e no di/9ction exi/s4 #cjh4 ,imp]fect conductors1 z wat]1 br9e1 acids1 c4 c4 w be f\nd f> m conv5i5t = exhibit+ ^! effects ?an o!r modes ( dis*>ge1 z by po9ts or balls2 = ! =m] conv]t at once ! *>ge ( a p[]ful batt]y into a feeble sp>k dis*>ge1 or r cont9u\s curr5t1 & involve little or no risk ( d]ang+ ! magnetism ( ! ne$les 7#bid474 #cji4 iii4 ,*emical decomposition4--,! *emical action ( voltaic electricity is *>act]i/ic ( t ag5t1 b n m *>act]i/ic ?an are ! laws "u :i* ! bodies evolv$ by decomposition arrange !mselves at ! poles4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on %[$,a t common electricity resembl$ x 9 ^! effects1 & t !y are bo? ess5tially ! same2 b he m+l$ ) 8 pro(s an exp]im5t hav+ a resemblance1 & no?+ m1 to a case ( voltaic decomposition1 :i* h[ev] he himself p>tly di/+ui%$2 & ?is has be5 m frequ5tly ref]r$ to by "s1 on ! "o h&1 to prove ! occurr5ce ( electro-*emical decomposition1 l t ( ! pile1 & by o!rs to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! :ole pap]1 ?an ! m num]\s & decisive exp]im5ts :i* he has detail$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahja1 pp4 #dbg1 #dcd4 #caj4 ,i take ! lib]ty ( describ+ briefly my results1 & ( ?us add+ my te/imony to t ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on on ! id5tity ( voltaic & common electricity z to *emical action1 n only t ,i may facilitate ! repetition ( ! exp]im5ts1 b also lead to "s new consequ5ces respect+ electro*emical decomposition 7#cgf4 #cgg474 #caa4 ,i fir/ repeat$ ,wolla/on's f\r? exp]im5t,a1 9 :i* ! ends ( coat$ silv] wires are imm]s$ 9 a drop ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,by pass+ ! electricity ( ! ma*9e ?r\gh su* an arrangem5t1 t end 9 ! drop :i* receiv$ ! electricity became coat$ ) metallic copp]4 ,"o hundr$ turns ( ! ma*9e produc$ an evid5t effect2 two hundr$ turns a v s5sible "o4 ,! decompos+ action 0 h[ev] v feeble4 ,v little copp] 0 precipitat$1 & no s5sible trace ( silv] f ! o!r pole appe>$ 9 ! solution4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahja1 p4 #dbi4 #cab4 ,a mu* m conv5i5t & effectual arrangem5t = *emical decompositions by common electricity1 is ! foll[+4 ,^u a glass plate1 fig4 #dc1 plac$ ov]1 b rais$ above a piece ( :ite pap]1 s t %ad[s may n int]f]e1 put two pieces ( t9foil a1 b2 connect "o ( ^! by an insulat$ wire c1 or wire & /r+ 7#cja47 ) ! ma*9e1 & ! o!r g1 ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib47 or ! negative conductor2 provide two pieces ( f9e plat9a wire1 b5t z 9 fig4 #dd1 s t ! "p d1 f %all be ne>ly upright1 :il/ ! :ole is re/+ on ! ?ree be>+ po9ts p1 e1 f place ^! z 9 fig4 #dc2 ! po9ts p1 n !n become ! decompos+ poles4 ,9 ?is way surfaces ( contact1 z m9ute z possible1 c be obta9$ at pleasure1 & ! connexion c be brok5 or r5ew$ 9 a mom5t1 & ! sub/ances act$ ^u exam9$ ) ! utmo/ facility4 #cac4 ,a co>se l9e 0 made on ! glass ) solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & ! t]m9ations p & n put into x2 ! foil a 0 connect$ ) ! positive conductor ( ! ma*9e by wire & wet /r+1 s t no sp>ks pass$3 tw5ty turns ( ! ma*9e caus$ ! precipitation ( s mu* copp] on ! end n1 t x look$ l copp] wire2 no app>5t *ange took place at p4 #cad4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( muriatic acid & wat] 0 r5d]$ deep blue by sulphate ( indigo1 & a l>ge drop put on ! glass1 fig4 #dc1 s t p & n 7 imm]s$ at opposite sides3 a s+le turn ( ! ma*9e %[$ blea*+ effects r\nd p1 f evolv$ *lor9e4 ,aft] tw5ty revolutions no effect ( ! k9d 0 visible at n1 b s mu* *lor9e _h be5 set free at p1 t :5 ! drop 0 /irr$ ! :ole became col\rless4 #cae4 ,a drop ( solution ( iodide ( potassium m+l$ ) />* 0 put into ! same position at p & n2 on turn+ ! ma*9e1 iod9e 0 evolv$ at p1 b n at n4 #caf4 ,a /ill fur!r improvem5t 9 ?is =m ( app>atus consi/s 9 wett+ a piece ( filt]+ pap] 9 ! solution to be exp]im5t$ on1 & plac+ t "u ! po9ts p & n1 on ! glass3 ! pap] reta9s ! sub/ance evolv$ at ! po9t ( evolution1 by its :it5ess r5d]s any *ange ( col\r visible1 & all[s ( ! po9t ( contact betwe5 x & ! decompos+ wires be+ contract$ to ! utmo/ degree4 ,a piece ( pap] moi/5$ 9 ! solution ( iodide ( potassium & />*1 or ( ! iodide alone1 ) c]ta9 precautions 7#cbb471 is a mo/ admirable te/ ( electro-*emical action2 & :5 ?us plac$ & act$ ^u by ! electric curr5t1 w %[ iod9e evolv$ at p by only half a turn ( ! ma*9e4 ,) ^! adju/m5ts & ! use ( iodide ( potassium on pap]1 *emical action is sometimes a m delicate te/ ( electrical curr5ts ?an ! galvanomet] 7#bgc474 ,su* cases occur :5 ! bodies trav]s$ by ! curr5t are bad conductors1 or :5 ! quantity ( electricity evolv$ or transmitt$ 9 a giv5 "t is v small4 #cag4 ,a piece ( litmus pap] moi/5$ 9 solution ( common salt or sulphate ( soda1 0 quickly r$d5$ at p4 ,a simil> piece moi/5$ 9 muriatic acid 0 v soon blea*$ at p4 ,no effects ( a simil> k9d took place at n4 #cah4 ,a piece ( turm]ic pap] moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda 0 r$d5$ at n by two or ?ree turns ( ! ma*9e1 & 9 tw5ty or ?irty turns pl5ty ( alkali 0 !re evolv$4 ,on turn+ ! pap] r\nd1 s t ! spot came "u p1 & !n work+ ! ma*9e1 ! alkali soon disappe>$1 ! place became yell[1 & a br[n alkal9e spot appe>$ 9 ! new "p "u n4 #cai4 ,on comb9+ a piece ( litmus ) a piece ( turm]ic pap]1 wett+ bo? ) solution ( sulphate ( soda1 & putt+ ! pap] on ! glass1 s t p 0 on ! litmus & n on ! turm]ic1 a v few turns ( ! ma*9e suffic$ to %[ ! evolution ( acid at ! =m] & alkali at ! latt]1 exactly 9 ! mann] effect$ by a volta-electric curr5t4 #cbj4 ,all ^! decompositions took place equally well1 :e!r ! electricity pass$ f ! ma*9e to ! foil a1 ?r\gh wat]1 or ?r\gh wire only2 by contact ) ! conductor1 or by sp>ks !re2 provid$ ! sp>ks 7 n s l>ge z to cause ! electricity to pass 9 sp>ks f p to n1 or t[>ds n2 & ,i h se5 no reason to believe t 9 cases ( true electro-*emical decomposition by ! ma*9e1 ! electricity pass$ 9 sp>ks f ! conductor1 or at any "p ( ! curr5t1 is able to d m1 because ( its t5sion1 ?an t :i* is made to pass m]ely z a regul> curr5t4 #cba4 ,f9ally1 ! exp]im5t 0 ext5d$ into ! foll[+ =m1 supply+ 9 ?is case ! tidie/ analogy betwe5 common & voltaic electricity4 ,?ree comp\nd pieces ( litmus & turm]ic pap] 7#cai47 7 moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 & arrang$ on a plate ( glass ) plat9a wires1 z 9 fig4 #de4 ,! wire m 0 connect$ ) ! prime conductor ( ! ma*9e1 ! wire t ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 & ! wires r & s ent]$ into ! c\rse ( ! electrical curr5t by means ( ! pieces ( moi/5$ pap]2 !y 7 s b5t z to re/ ea* on ?ree po9ts1 n1 r1 p2 n1 s1 p1 ! po9ts r & s be+ support$ by ! glass1 & ! o!rs by ! pap]s2 ! ?ree t]m9ations p1 p1 p re/$ on ! litmus1 & ! o!r ?ree n1 n1 n on ! turm]ic pap]4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e = a %ort "t only1 acid 0 evolv$ at all ! poles or t]m9ations p1 p1 p1 by :i* ! electricity ent]$ ! solution1 & alkali at ! o!r poles n1 n1 n1 by :i* ! electricity left ! solution4 #cbb4 ,9 all exp]im5ts ( electro-*emical decomposition by ! common ma*9e & moi/5$ pap]s 7#caf471 x is necess>y to be aw>e ( & to avoid ! foll[+ important s\rce ( error4 ,if a sp>k passes ov] moi/5$ litmus & turm]ic pap]1 ! litmus pap] 7provid$ x be delicate & n too alkal9e17 is r$d5$ by x2 & if sev]al sp>ks are pass$1 x becomes p[]fully r$d5$4 ,if ! electricity pass a little way f ! wire ov] ! surface ( ! moi/5$ pap]1 be=e x f9ds mass & moi/ure en\gh to conduct x1 !n ! r$d5+ ext5ds z f> z ! ramifications4 ,if simil> ramifications occur at ! t]m9ation n1 on ! turm]ic pap]1 !y prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ! r$ spot due to ! alkali1 :i* w\ld o!rwise collect !re3 sp>ks or ramifications f ! po9ts n w also r$d5 litmus pap]4 ,if pap] moi/5$ by a solution ( iodide ( potassium 7:i* is an admirably delicate te/ ( electro-*emical action17 be expos$ to ! sp>ks or ramifications1 or ev5 a feeble /ream ( electricity ?r\gh ! air f ei!r ! po9t p or n1 iod9e w be imm$iately evolv$4 #cbc4 ,^! effects mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? due to ! true electro-*emical p[]s ( common electricity1 & mu/ be c>efully avoid$ :5 ! latt] are to be obs]v$4 ,no sp>ks %\ld be pass$1 !re=e1 9 any "p ( ! curr5t1 nor any increase ( int5sity all[$1 by :i* ! electricity may be induc$ to pass betwe5 ! plat9a wires & ! moi/5$ pap]s1 o!rwise ?an by conduction2 = if x bur/ ?r\gh ! air1 ! effect ref]r$ to above 7#cbb47 ensues4 #cbd4 ,! effect itself is due to ! =mation ( nitric acid by ! comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! air1 & is1 9 fact1 only a delicate repetition ( ,cav5di%'s beautiful exp]im5t4 ,! acid s =m$1 ?\gh small 9 quantity1 is 9 a high /ate ( conc5tration z to wat]1 & produces ! consequ5t effects ( r$d5+ ! litmus pap]2 or prev5t+ ! exhibition ( alkali on ! turm]ic pap]2 or1 by act+ on ! iodide ( potassium1 evolv+ iod9e4 #cbe4 ,by moi/5+ a v small slip ( litmus pap] 9 solution ( cau/ic potassa1 & !n pass+ ! electric sp>k ov] its l5g? 9 ! air1 ,i gradually neutraliz$ ! alkali1 & ultimately r5d]$ ! pap] r$2 on dry+ x1 ,i f\nd t nitrate ( potassa _h result$ f ! op]ation1 & t ! pap] _h become t\*-pap]4 #cbf4 ,ei!r litmus pap] or :ite pap]1 moi/5$ 9 a /rong solution ( iodide ( potassium1 (f]s !re=e a v simple1 beautiful1 & ready means ( illu/rat+ ,cav5di%'s exp]im5t ( ! =mation ( nitric acid f ! atmosph]e4 #cbg4 ,i h already _h occasion to ref] to an exp]im5t 7#bfe4 #cji47 made by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :i* is insi/$ ^u too mu*1 bo? by ^? :o oppose & ^? :o agree ) ! accuracy ( 8 views respect+ ! id5tity ( voltaic & ord9>y electricity4 ,by cov]+ f9e wires ) glass or o!r insulat+ sub/ances1 & !n remov+ only s mu* matt] z to expose ! po9t1 or a section ( ! wires1 & by pass+ electricity ?r\gh two su* wires1 ! gu>d$ po9ts ( :i* 7 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ,wolla/on f\nd t ! wat] c\ld be decompos$ ev5 by ! curr5t f ! ma*9e1 )\t sp>ks1 & t two /reams ( gas arose f ! po9ts1 exactly resembl+1 9 appe>ance1 ^? produc$ by voltaic electricity1 &1 l ! latt]1 giv+ a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases4 ,b ,dr4 ,wolla/on himself po9ts out t ! effect is diff]5t f t ( ! voltaic pile1 inasmu* z bo? oxyg5 & hydrog5 are evolv$ f ea* pole2 he calls x a v close imitation ( ! galvanic ph5om5a1 b adds t 9 fact ! resemblance is n complete1 & does n tru/ to x to e/abli% ! pr9ciples correctly laid d[n 9 8 pap]4 #cbh4 ,?is exp]im5t is nei!r m nor less ?an a repetition1 9 a ref9$ mann]1 ( t made by ,dr4 ,pe>son 9 #agig;,a1 & previ\sly by ,,mm4 ,paets ,van ,troo/wyk & ,deiman 9 #aghi or e>li]4 ,t ! exp]im5t %\ld nev] be quot$ z prov+ true electro-*emical decomposition1 is suffici5tly evid5t f ! circum/ance1 t ! law :i* regulates ! transf]5ce & f9al place ( ! evolv$ bodies 7#bgh4 #cji47 has no influ5ce "h4 ,! wat] is decompos$ at bo? poles indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 evolv$ at ! wires are ! elem5ts ( ! wat] exi/+ ! in/ant be=e 9 ^? places4 ,t ! poles1 or r po9ts1 h no mutual decompos+ dep5d5ce1 may be %[n by sub/itut+ a wire1 or ! f+]1 = "o ( !m1 a *ange :i* does n at all int]f]e ) ! o!r1 ?\gh x /ops all action at ! *ang$ pole4 ,?is fact may be obs]v$ by turn+ ! ma*9e = "s "t2 = ?\gh bubbles w rise f ! po9t left unalt]$1 9 quantity suffici5t to cov] entirely ! wire us$ = ! o!r communication1 if !y c\ld be appli$ to x1 yet n a s+le bubble w appe> on t wire4 ,a ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #dto4 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #caa1 #bii4 #cdi4 #cbi4 ,:5 electro-*emical decomposition takes place1 !re is great reason to believe t ! quantity ( matt] decompos$ is n proportionate to ! int5sity1 b to ! quantity ( electricity pass$ 7#cbj474 ,( ?is ,i %all be able to (f] "s pro(s 9 a future "p ( ?is pap] 7#cge4 #cgg474 ,b 9 ! exp]im5t "u consid]ation1 ?is is n ! case4 ,if1 ) a con/ant pair ( po9ts1 ! electricity be pass$ f ! ma*9e 9 sp>ks1 a c]ta9 proportion ( gas is evolv$2 b if ! sp>ks be r5d]$ %ort]1 less gas is evolv$2 & if no sp>ks be pass$1 !re is sc>cely a s5sible portion ( gases set free4 ,on sub/itut+ solution ( sulphate ( soda = wat]1 sc>cely a s5sible quantity ( gas c\ld be procur$ ev5 ) p[]ful sp>ks1 & ne>ly none ) ! m]e curr5t2 yet ! quantity ( electricity 9 a giv5 "t 0 ! same 9 all ^! cases4 #ccj4 ,i d n int5d to d5y t ) su* an app>atus common electricity c decompose wat] 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( ! voltaic pile2 ,i believe at pres5t t x c4 ,b :5 :at ,i consid] ! true effect only 0 obta9$1 ! quantity ( gas giv5 (f 0 s small t ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 :e!r x 01 z x ought to be1 oxyg5 at "o wire & hydrog5 at ! o!r4 ,( ! two /reams "o seem$ m copi\s ?an ! o!r1 & on turn+ ! app>atus r\nd1 /ill ! same side 9 relation to ! ma*9e2 gave ! l>ge/ /ream4 ,on sub/itut+ solution ( sulphate ( soda = pure wat] 7#cbi471 ^! m9ute /reams 7 /ill obs]v$4 ,b ! quantities 7 s small1 t on work+ ! ma*9e = half an h\r ,i c\ld n obta9 at ei!r pole a bubble ( gas l>g] ?an a small gra9 ( s&4 ,if ! conclusion :i* ,i h drawn 7#cgg47 relat+ to ! am\nt ( *emical action be correct1 ?is ought to be ! case4 #cca4 ,i h be5 ! m anxi\s to assign ! true value ( ?is exp]im5t z a te/ ( electro-*emical action1 because ,i %all h occasion to ref] to x 9 cases ( suppos$ *emical action by magneto-electric & o!r electric curr5ts 7#ccf4 #cdf47 & else:]e4 ,b1 indep5d5t ( x1 !re _c be n[ a d\bt t ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 "r 9 8 g5]al conclusion2 & t voltaic & common electricity h p[]s ( *emical decomposition1 alike 9 _! nature1 & gov]n$ by ! same law ( arrangem5t4 #ccb4 iv4 ,physiological effects4--,! p[] ( ! common electric curr5t to %ock & convulse ! animal sy/em1 & :5 weak to affect ! tongue & ! eyes1 may be consid]$ z ! same ) ! simil> p[] ( voltaic electricity1 acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! int5sity ( ! "o electricity & duration ( ! o!r4 ,:5 a wet ?read 0 int]pos$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t ( common electricity f ! batt]y 7#bia47 *>g$ by eight or t5,a revolutions ( ! ma*9e 9 good action 7#bij471 & ! dis*>ge made by plat9a spatulas ?r\gh ! tongue or ! gums1 ! effect ^u ! tongue & eyes 0 exactly t ( a mom5t>y feeble voltaic circuit4 ,a ,or ev5 f ?irty to =ty4 #ccc4 v4 ,sp>k4--,! beautiful fla% ( light att5d+ ! dis*>ge ( common electricity is well kn[n4 ,x rivals 9 brilliancy1 if x does n ev5 v mu* surpass1 ! light f ! dis*>ge ( voltaic electricity2 b x endures = an in/ant only1 & is att5d$ by a %>p noise l t ( a small explosion4 ,/ill no difficulty c arise 9 recognis+ x to be ! same sp>k z t f ! voltaic batt]y1 especially "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,! eye _c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 a voltaic & a common electricity sp>k1 if !y be tak5 betwe5 amalgamat$ surfaces ( metal1 at int]vals only1 & ?r\gh ! same di/ance ( air4 #ccd4 ,:5 ! ,leyd5 batt]y 7#bia47 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh a wet /r+ plac$ 9 "s "p ( ! circuit away f ! place :]e ! sp>k 0 to pass1 ! sp>k 0 yell[i%1 flamy1 hav+ a duration s5sibly long] ?an if ! wat] _h n be5 int]pos$1 0 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 0 accompani$ by little or no noise1 & :il/ los+ "p ( its usual "* _h approximat$ 9 "s degree to ! voltaic sp>k4 ,:5 ! electricity ret>d$ by wat] 0 dis*>g$ betwe5 pieces ( *>coal1 x 0 exce$+ly lum9\s & bright ^u bo? surfaces ( ! *>coal1 resembl+ ! brightness ( ! voltaic dis*>ge on su* surfaces4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge ( ! unret>d$ electricity 0 tak5 ^u *>coal1 x 0 bright ^u bo? ! surfaces1 79 t respect resembl+ ! voltaic sp>k17 b ! noise 0 l\d1 %>p1 & r++4 #cce4 ,i h assum$1 9 accordance1 ,i believe1 ) ! op9ion ( e o!r philosoph]1 t atmosph]ic electricity is ( ! same nature ) ord9>y electricity 7#bhd471 & ,i might !re=e ref] to c]ta9 publi%$ /atem5ts ( *emical effects produc$ by ! =m] z pro(s t ! latt] enjoys ! p[] ( decomposition 9 common ) voltaic electricity4 ,b ! comp>ison ,i am draw+ is f> too rigor\s to all[ me to use ^! /atem5ts )\t be+ fully assur$ ( _! accuracy2 yet ,i h no "r to suppress !m1 because1 if accurate1 !y e/abli% :at ,i am lab\r+ to put on an und\bt$ f\ndation1 & h priority to my results4 #ccf4 ,m4 ,bonijol ( ,g5eva,a is said to h con/ruct$ v delicate app>atus = ! decomposition ( wat] by common electricity4 ,by connect+ an insulat$ lightn+ rod ) 8 app>atus1 ! decomposition ( ! wat] proce$$ 9 a cont9u\s & rapid mann] ev5 :5 ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e 0 n v p[]ful4 ,! app>atus is n describ$2 b z ! diamet] ( ! wire is m5tion$ z v small1 x appe>s to h be5 simil> 9 con/ruction to t ( ,wolla/on 7#cbg472 & z t does n furni% a case ( true pol> electro-*emical decomposition 7#cbh471 ?is result ( ,m4 ,bonijol does n prove ! id5tity 9 *emical action ( common & voltaic electricity4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcj1 tome xlv4 p4 #bac4 #ccg4 ,at ! same page ( ! ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 ,m4 ,bonijol is said to h decompos$1 pota%1 & also *loride ( silv]1 by putt+ !m into v n>r[ tubes & pass+ electric sp>ks f an ord9>y ma*9e ov] !m4 ,x is evid5t t ^! (f] no analogy to cases ( true voltaic decomposition1 :]e ! electricity only decomposes :5 x is conduct$ by ! body act$ ^u1 & ceases to decompose1 accord+ to its ord9>y laws1 :5 x passes 9 sp>ks4 ,^! effects are probably p>tly analog\s to t :i* takes place ) wat] 9 ,pe>son's or ,wolla/on's app>atus1 & may be due to v high temp]ature act+ on m9ute portions ( matt]2 or !y may be connect$ ) ! results 9 air 7#cbb474 ,z nitrog5 c comb9e directly ) oxyg5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric sp>k 7#cbd471 x is n impossible t x %\ld ev5 take x f ! potassium ( ! pota%1 especially z !re w\ld be pl5ty ( potassa 9 contact ) ! act+ p>ticles to comb9e ) ! nitric acid =m$4 ,h[ev] di/9ct all ^! actions may be f true pol> electro-*emical decompositions1 !y are /ill highly important1 & well-wor?y ( inve/igation4 #cch4 ,! late ,mr4 ,b>ry communicat$ a pap] to ! ,royal ,society,a la/ ye>1 s di/9ct 9 ! details1 t x w\ld seem at once to prove ! id5tity 9 *emical action ( common & voltaic electricity2 b1 :5 exam9$1 consid]able difficulty arises 9 reconcil+ c]ta9 ( ! effects ) ! rema9d]4 ,he us$ two tubes1 ea* hav+ a wire )9 x pass+ ?r\gh ! clos$ end1 z is usual = voltaic decompositions4 ,! tubes 7 fill$ ) solution ( sulphate ( soda1 col\r$ ) syrup ( violets1 & connect$ by a portion ( ! same solution1 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 ! wire 9 "o tube 0 connect$ by a gilt ?read ) ! /r+ ( an insulat$ electrical kite1 & ! wire 9 ! o!r tube by a simil> gilt ?read ) ! gr\nd4 ,hydrog5 soon appe>$ 9 ! tube connect$ ) ! kite1 & oxyg5 9 ! o!r1 & 9 t5 m9utes ! liquid 9 ! fir/ tube 0 gre5 f ! alkali evolv$1 & t 9 ! o!r r$ f free acid produc$4 ,! only indication ( ! /r5g? or int5sity ( ! atmosph]ic electricity is 9 ! expression1 ! usual %ocks 7 felt on t\*+ ! /r+4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahca1 p4 #afe4 #cci4 ,t ! electricity 9 ?is case does n resemble t f any ord9>y s\rce ( common electricity1 is %[n by sev]al circum/ances4 ,wolla/on c\ld n effect ! decomposition ( wat] by su* an arrangem5t1 & obta9 ! gases 9 sep>ate vessels1 us+ common electricity2 nor h any ( ! num]\s philosoph]s1 :o h employ$ su* an app>atus1 obta9$ any su* decomposition1 ei!r ( wat] or ( a neutral salt1 by ! use ( ! ma*9e4 ,i h lately tri$ ! l>ge ma*9e 7#bij47 9 full action = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 dur+ :i* "t sev5 hundr$ revolutions 7 made1 )\t produc+ any s5sible effects1 al?\gh ! %ocks t x w\ld !n give mu/ h be5 f> m p[]ful & num]\s ?an c\ld h be5 tak51 ) any *ance ( safety1 f an electrical kite-/r+2 & by ref]5ce to ! comp>ison h]eaft] to be made 7#cga471 x w be se5 t = common electricity to h produc$ ! effect1 ! quantity mu/ h be5 awfully great1 & app>5tly f> m ?an c\ld h be5 conduct$ to ! e>? by a gilt ?read1 & at ! same "t only h produc$ ! usual %ocks4 #cdj4 ,t ! electricity 0 app>5tly n analog\s to voltaic electricity is evid5t1 = ! usual %ocks only 7 produc$1 & no?+ l ! t]rible s5sation due to a voltaic batt]y1 ev5 :5 x has a t5sion s feeble z n to /rike ?r\gh ! eigh? ( an in* ( air4 #cda4 ,x seems j possible t ! air :i* 0 pass+ by ! kite & /r+1 be+ 9 an electrical /ate suffici5t to produce ! usual %ocks only1 c\ld /ill1 :5 ! electricity 0 drawn (f bel[1 r5ew ! *>ge1 & s cont9ue ! curr5t4 ,! /r+ 0 #aejj feet long1 & conta9$ two d\ble ?reads4 ,b :5 ! enorm\s quantity :i* mu/ h be5 ?us collect$ is consid]$ 7#cga4 #cgf471 ! explanation seems v d\btful4 ,i *>g$ a voltaic batt]y ( tw5ty pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e ) d\ble copp]s v /rongly1 insulat$ x1 connect$ its positive extremity ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib471 & its negative pole ) an app>atus l t ( ,mr4 ,b>ry1 communicat+ by a wire ins]t$ ?ree in*es into ! wet soil ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is batt]y ?us arrang$ produc$ feeble decompos+ effects1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld judge answ]+ ! description ,mr4 ,b>ry has giv54 ,its int5sity 01 ( c\rse1 f> l[] ?an ! electricity ( ! kite-/r+1 b ! supply ( quantity f ! dis*>g+ tra9 0 unlimit$4 ,x gave no %ocks to comp>e ) ! usual %ocks ( a kite-/r+4 #cdb4 ,mr4 ,b>ry's exp]im5t is a v important "o to repeat & v]ify4 ,if confirm$1 x w be1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! fir/ record$ case ( true electro-*emical decomposition ( wat] by common electricity1 & x w supply a =m ( electrical curr5t1 :i*1 bo? 9 quantity & int5sity1 is exactly int]m$iate ) ^? ( ! common electrical ma*9e & ! voltaic pile4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,magneto-,electricity4 #cdc4 ,t5sion4--,! attractions & repulsions due to ! t5sion ( ord9>y electricity h be5 well obs]v$ ) t evolv$ by magneto-electric induction4 ,m4 ,pixii1 by us+ an app>atus1 clev] 9 its con/ruction & p[]ful 9 its action,a1 0 able to obta9 great div]g5ce ( ! gold leaves ( an electromet],b4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 l4 p4 #cbb4 ,b ,ibid4 li4 p #gg4 #cdd4 ,9 motion3 i4 ,evolution ( ,heat4--,! curr5t produc$ by magneto-electric induction c heat a wire 9 ! mann] ( ord9>y electricity4 ,at ! ,briti% ,association ( ,sci5ce at ,ox=d1 9 ,june ( ! pres5t ye>1 ,i _h ! pleasure1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ,mr4 ,duncan1 & o!rs1 ( mak+ an exp]im5t1 = :i* ! great magnet 9 ! museum1 ,mr4 ,h>ris's new electromet] 7#bhg471 & ! magneto-electric coil describ$ 9 my fir/ pap] 7#cd471 7 put 9 requisition4 ,! latt] _h be5 modifi$ 9 ! mann] ,i h else:]e describ$,a s z to produce an electric sp>k :5 its contact ) ! magnet 0 made or brok54 ,! t]m9ations ( ! spiral1 adju/$ s z to h _! contact ) ea* o!r brok5 :5 ! sp>k 0 to pass1 7 connect$ ) ! wire 9 ! electromet]1 & x 0 f\nd t ea* "t ! magnetic contact 0 made & brok51 expansion ( ! air )9 ! in/rum5t occurr$1 indicat+ an increase1 at ! mom5t1 ( ! temp]ature ( ! wire4 ,a ,phil1 ,mag4 & ,annals1 #ahcb1 vol4 xi4 p4 #dje4 #cae4 ii4 ,magnetism4--,^! curr5ts 7 discov]$ by _! magnetic p[]4 #cdf4 iii4 ,*emical decomposition4--,i h made _m endeav\rs to effect *emical decomposition by magneto-electricity1 b unavail+ly4 ,9 ,july la/ ,i receiv$ an anonym\s lett] 7:i* has s9ce be5 publi%$,a17 describ+ a magneto-electric app>atus1 by :i* ! decomposition ( wat] 0 effect$4 ,z ! t]m gu>d$ po9ts is us$1 ,i suppose ! app>atus to h be5 ,wolla/on's 7#cbg4 c471 9 :i* case ! results did n indicate pol> electro-*emical decomposition4 ,signor ,botto has rec5tly publi%$ c]ta9 results :i* he has obta9$,b2 b !y are1 z at pres5t describ$1 inconclusive4 ,! app>atus he us$ 0 app>5tly t ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 :i* gives only fallaci\s indications 7#cbg4 c474 ,z magneto-electricity c produce sp>ks1 x w\ld be able to %[ ! effects prop] to ?is app>atus4 ,! app>atus ( ,m4 ,pixii already ref]r$ to 7#cdc47 has h[ev]1 9 ! h&s ( himself,c & ,m4 ,ha*ctte,d1 giv5 decisive *emical results1 s z to complete ?is l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce4 ,wat] 0 decompos$ by x1 & ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 obta9$ 9 sep>ate tubes accord+ to ! law gov]n+ volta-electric & ma*9e-electric decomposition4 ,a ,lond4 & ,ed9b4 ,phil4 ,mag4 & ,j\rn41 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahcb4 vol4 i4 p4 #dda4 ,c ,annales de ,*imie1 li1 p4 #gg4 ,d ,ibid4 li4 p4 #gb #cdg4 iv4 ,physiological effects4--,a frog 0 convuls$ 9 ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts on ^! curr5ts 7#ef474 ,! s5sation ^u ! tongue1 & ! fla% be=e ! eyes1 :i* ,i at fir/ obta9$ only 9 a feeble degree 7#ef471 h be5 s9ce exalt$ by m p[]ful app>atus1 s z to become ev5 disagreeable4 #cdh4 v4 ,sp>k4--,! feeble sp>k :i* ,i fir/ obta9$ ) ^! curr5ts 7#cb471 has be5 v>i$ & /r5g!n$ by ,signori ,nobili & ,ant9ori1 & o!rs1 s z to leave no d\bt z to its id5tity ) ! common electric sp>k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,!rmo-,electricity4 #cdi4 ,) reg>d to !rmo-electricity1 7t beautiful =m ( electricity discov]$ by ,seebeck17 ! v conditions "u :i* x is excit$ are su* z to give no gr\nd = expect+ t x c be rais$ l common electricity to any high degree ( t5sion2 ! effects1 !re=e1 due to t /ate are n to be expect$4 ,! sum ( evid5ce respect+ its analogy to ! electricities already describ$1 is1 ,i believe1 z foll[s3--,t5sion4 ,! attractions & repulsions due to a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion h n be5 obs]v$4 ,9 curr5ts3 i4 ,evolution ( ,heat4 ,i am n aw>e t its p[] ( rais+ temp]ature has be5 obs]v$4 ii4 ,magnetism4 ,x 0 discov]$1 & is be/ recognis$1 by its magnetic p[]s4 iii4 ,*emical decomposition has n be5 effect$ by x4 iv4 ,physiological effects4 ,nobili has %[n,a t ^! curr5ts are able to cause contractions 9 ! limbs ( a frog4 v4 ,sp>k4 ,! sp>k has n yet be5 se54 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 xxxvii4 #ae4 #cej4 ,only ^? effects are weak or defici5t :i* dep5d ^u a c]ta9 high degree ( int5sity2 & if common electricity be r$uc$ 9 t quality to a simil> degree ) ! !rmo-electricity1 x c produce no effects beyond ! latt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,animal ,electricity4 #cea4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,wal%,a ,+5h\sz,b1 ,cav5di%,c1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy,d1 & ,dr4 ,davy,e1 no d\bt rema9s on my m9d z to ! id5tity ( ! electricity ( ! torp$o ) common & voltaic electricity2 & ,i presume t s little w rema9 on ! m9ds ( o!rs z to ju/ify my refra9+ f ent]+ at l5g? into ! philosophical pro(s ( t id5tity4 ,! d\bts rais$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy h be5 remov$ by 8 bro!r ,dr4 ,davy2 ! results ( ! latt] be+ ! rev]se ( ^? ( ! =m]4 ,at pres5t ! sum ( evid5ce is z foll[s3-- ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #aggc1 p4 #dfa4 ,b ,ibid4 #agge1 p4 #a4 ,c ,ibid4 #aggf1 p4 #aif4 ,d ,ibid4 #ahbi1 p4 #ae4 ,e ,ibid4 #ahcb1 p4 #bei4 #ceb4 ,t5sion4--,no s5sible attractions or repulsions due to t5sion h be5 obs]v$4 #cec4 ,9 motion3 i4 ,evolution ( ,heat2 n yet obs]v$2 ,i h little or no d\bt t ,h>ris's electromet] w\ld %[ x 7#bhg4 #cei474 #ced4 ii4 ,magnetism4--,p]fectly di/9ct4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,davy,a1 ! curr5t deflect$ ! ne$le & made magnets "u ! same law1 z to direction1 :i* gov]ns curr5ts ( ord9>y & voltaic electricity4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcb1 p4 #bfj4 #cee4 iii4 ,*emical decomposition4--,also di/9ct2 & ?\gh ,dr4 ,davy us$ an app>atus ( simil> con/ruction ) t ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on 7#cbg471 /ill no error 9 ! pres5t case is involv$1 = ! decompositions 7 pol>1 & 9 _! nature truly electro-*emical4 ,by ! direction ( ! magnet x 0 f\nd t ! "u surface ( ! fi% 0 negative1 & ! upp] positive2 & 9 ! *emical decompositions1 silv] & lead 7 precipitat$ on ! wire connect$ ) ! "u surface1 & n on ! o!r2 & :5 ^! wires 7 ei!r /eel or silv]1 9 solution ( common salt1 gas 7hydrog587 rose f ! negative wire1 b none f ! positive4 #cef4 ,ano!r reason = ! decomposition be+ electro*emical is1 t a ,wolla/on's app>atus con/ruct$ ) wires1 coat$ by seal+-wax1 w\ld mo/ probably n h decompos$ wat]1 ev5 9 its own peculi> way1 unless ! electricity _h ris5 high en\gh 9 int5sity to produce sp>ks 9 "s "p ( ! circuit2 :]eas ! torp$o 0 n able to produce s5sible sp>ks4 ,a ?ird reason is1 t ! pur] ! wat] 9 ,wolla/on's app>atus1 ! m abundant is ! decomposition2 & ,i h f\nd t a ma*9e & wire po9ts :i* succe$$ p]fectly well ) di/ill$ wat]1 fail$ altoge!r :5 ! wat] 0 r5d]$ a good conductor by sulphate ( soda1 common salt1 or o!r sal9e bodies4 ,b 9 ,dr4 ,davy's exp]im5ts ) ! torp$o1 /rong solutions ( salt1 nitrate ( silv]1 & sup]acetate ( lead 7 us$ successfully1 & !re is no d\bt ) m success ?an weak] ones4 #ceg4 iv4 ,physiological effects4--,^! are s *>act]i/ic1 t by !m ! peculi> p[]s ( ! torp$o & gymnotus are pr9cipally recognis$4 #ceh4 v4 ,sp>k4--,! electric sp>k has n yet be5 obta9$1 or at lea/ ,i ?9k n2 b p]haps ,i _h bett] ref] to ! evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,humboldt1 speak+ ( results obta9$ by ,m4 ,fahlb]g1 ( ,sw$51 says1 ,?is philosoph] has se5 an electric sp>k1 z ,wal% & ,+5h\sz _h done be=e him 9 ,london1 by plac+ ! gymnotus 9 ! air1 & int]rupt+ ! conduct+ *a9 by two gold leaves pa/$ ^u glass1 & a l9e di/ant f ea* o!r,a4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 f9d any record ( su* an obs]vation by ei!r ,wal% or ,+5h\sz1 & d n "k :]e to ref] to t by ,m4 ,fahlb]g4 ,m4 ,humboldt c\ld n himself p]ceive any lum9\s effect4 ,a ,ed9burgh ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 ii4 p4 #bdi4 ,aga91 ,sir ,john ,leslie1 9 8 diss]tation on ! progress ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce1 prefix$ to ! sev5? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,ed9b4 #ahcj1 p4 #fbb1 says1 ,f a heal?y specim5 ( ! ,silurus electricus1 mean+ r ! gymnotus1 exhibit$ 9 ,london1 vivid sp>ks 7 drawn 9 a d>k5$ room2 b he does n say he saw !m himself1 nor /ate :o did see !m2 nor c ,i f9d any acc\nt ( su* a ph5om5on2 s t ! /atem5t is d\btful,a4 ,a ,mr4 ,brayley1 :o ref]r$ me to ^? /atem5ts1 & has ext5sive k ( record$ facts1 is unacqua9t$ ) any fur!r acc\nt relat+ to !m4 #cei4 ,9 conclud+ ?is summ>y ( ! p[]s ( torp$9al electricity1 ,i _c refra9 f po9t+ out ! enorm\s absolute quantity ( electricity :i* ! animal mu/ put 9 circulation at ea* ef=t4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any common electrical ma*9e has z yet be5 able to supply electricity suffici5t 9 a reasonable "t to cause true electro-*emical decomposition ( wat] 7#ccj4 #cci471 yet ! curr5t f ! torp$o has done x4 ,! same high proportion is %[n by ! magnetic effects 7#bif4 #cga474 ,^! circum/ances indicate t ! torp$o has p[] 79 ! way probably t ,cav5di% describes17 to cont9ue ! evolution = a s5sible "t1 s t its successive dis*>ges r resemble ^? ( a voltaic arrangem5t1 int]mitt+ 9 its action1 ?an ^? ( a ,leyd5 app>atus1 *>g$ & dis*>g$ _m times 9 succession4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re is no philosophical diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two cases4 #cfj4 ,! g5]al conclusion :i* mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be drawn f ?is collection ( facts is1 t electricity1 :atev] may be its s\rce1 is id5tical 9 its nature4 ,! ph5om5a 9 ! five k9ds or species quot$1 diff]1 n 9 _! "* b only 9 degree2 & 9 t respect v>y 9 proportion to ! v>iable circum/ances ( quantity & int5sity,a :i* c at pleasure be made to *ange 9 almo/ any "o ( ! k9ds ( electricity1 z mu* z x does betwe5 "o k9d & ano!r4 ,a ,! t]m quantity 9 electricity is p]haps suffici5tly def9ite z to s5se2 ! t]m int5sity is m difficult to def9e /rictly4 ,i am us+ ! t]ms 9 _! ord9>y & accept$ mean+4 ,table ( ! exp]im5tal ,effects common to ! ,electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t ,s\rces,a4 ,table head+s ,a3 ,physiological ,effects ,b3 ,magnetic ,deflection4 ,c3 ,magnets made4 ,d3 ,sp>k4 ,e3 ,heat+ ,p[]4 ,f3 ,true *emical ,action4 ,g3 ,attraction & ,repulsion4 ,h3 ,dis*>ge by ,hot ,air4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h #a4 ,voltaic electricity ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x #b4 ,common electricity ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x #c4 ,magneto-,electricity ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x #d4 ,!rmo-,electricity ,x ,x #e4 ,animal ,electricity ,x ,x ,x ,x ,a ,_m ( ! spaces 9 ?is table orig9ally left blank may n[ be fill$4 ,?us ) !rmo-electricity1 ,botto made magnets & obta9$ pol> *emical decomposition3 ,ant9ori produc$ ! sp>k2 & if x has n be5 done be=e1 ,mr4 ,watk9s has rec5tly heat$ a wire 9 ,h>ris's !rmo-electromet]4 ,9 respect to animal electricity1 ,matteucci & ,l9>i h obta9$ ! sp>k f ! torp$o1 & ,i h rec5tly procur$ x f ! gymnotus3 ,dr4 ,davy has obs]v$ ! heat+ p[] ( ! curr5t f ! torp$o4 ,i h !re=e fill$ up ^! spaces ) crosses1 9 a diff]5t position to ! o!rs orig9ally 9 ! table4 ,!re rema9 b five spaces unm>k$1 two "u attraction & repulsion1 & ?ree "u dis*>ge by hot air2 & ?\gh ^! effects h n yet be5 obta9$1 x is a necess>y conclusion t !y mu/ be possible1 s9ce ! sp>k correspond+ to !m has be5 procur$4 ,= :5 a dis*>ge across cold air c occur1 t int5sity :i* is ! only ess5tial additional requisite = ! o!r effects mu/ be pres5t4--,dec4 #ac #ahch4 #h4 ,relation by ,measure ( common & voltaic ,electricity4,a ,a ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is subject see #hee-hgc 9 ,s]ies ,,vii4--,dec4 #ahch4 #cfa4 ,believ+ ! po9t ( id5tity to be satisfactorily e/abli%$1 ,i next endeav\r$ to obta9 a common measure1 or a kn[n relation z to quantity1 ( ! electricity excit$ by a ma*9e1 & t f a voltaic pile2 = ! purpose n only ( confirm+ _! id5tity 7#cgh471 b also ( demon/rat+ c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples 7#cff1 #cgg1 c471 & creat+ an ext5sion ( ! means ( inve/igat+ & apply+ ! *emical p[]s ( ?is wond]ful & subtile ag5t4 #cfb4 ,! fir/ po9t to be det]m9$ 01 :e!r ! same absolute quantity ( ord9>y electricity1 s5t ?r\gh a galvanomet]1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 w\ld cause ! same deflection ( ! ne$le4 ,an arbitr>y scale 0 !re=e atta*$ to ! galvanomet]1 ea* division ( :i* 0 equal to ab\t #d1 & ! in/rum5t arrang$ z 9 =m] exp]im5ts 7#bif474 ,! ma*9e 7#bij471 batt]y 7#bia471 & o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus 7 br\ght into good ord]1 & reta9$ = ! "t z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same condition4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 alt]nat$ s z to indicate any *ange 9 ! condition ( ! app>atus & supply ! necess>y corrections4 #cfc4 ,sev5 ( ! batt]y j>s 7 remov$1 & eight reta9$ = pres5t use4 ,x 0 f\nd t ab\t =ty turns w\ld fully *>ge ! eight j>s4 ,!y 7 !n *>g$ by ?irty turns ( ! ma*9e1 & dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 a ?ick wet /r+1 ab\t t5 in*es long1 be+ includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! ne$le 0 imm$iately deflect$ five divisions & a half1 on ! "o side ( ! z]o1 & 9 vibrat+ pass$ z ne>ly z possible ?r\gh five divisions & a half on ! o!r side4 #cfd4 ,! o!r sev5 j>s 7 !n add$ to ! eight1 & ! :ole fifte5 *>g$ by ?irty turns ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ,h5ley's electromet] /ood n q half z high z be=e2 b :5 ! dis*>ge 0 made ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 previ\sly at re/1 ! ne$le imm$iately vibrat$1 pass+ exactly to ! same division z 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,^! exp]im5ts ) eight & ) fifte5 j>s 7 repeat$ sev]al times alt]nately ) ! same results4 #cfe4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 !n made1 9 :i* all ! batt]y 0 us$1 & its *>ge 7be+ fifty turns ( ! ma*9e17 s5t ?r\gh ! galvanomet]3 b x 0 modifi$ by be+ pass$ sometimes ?r\gh a m]e wet ?read1 sometimes ?r\gh ?irty-eight in*es ( ?9 /r+ wett$ by di/ill$ wat]1 & sometimes ?r\gh a /r+ ( twelve times ! ?ickness1 only twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & soak$ 9 dilute acid 7#bih474 ,) ! ?ick /r+ ! *>ge pass$ at once2 ) ! ?9 /r+ x occupi$ a s5sible "t1 & ) ! ?read x requir$ two or ?ree seconds be=e ! electromet] fell entirely d[n4 ,! curr5t !re=e mu/ h v>i$ extremely 9 int5sity 9 ^! diff]5t cases1 & yet ! deflection ( ! ne$le 0 s5sibly ! same 9 all ( !m4 ,if any diff]5ce occurr$1 x 0 t ! ?9 /r+ & ?read caus$ greate/ deflection2 & if !re is any lat]al transmission1 z ,m4 ,colladon says1 ?r\gh ! silk 9 ! galvanomet] coil1 x ought to h be5 s1 because !n ! int5sity is l[] & ! lat]al transmission less4 #cff4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t if ! same absolute quantity ( electricity pass ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 :atev] may be its int5sity1 ! deject+ =ce ^u ! magnetic ne$le is ! same4 #cfg4 ,! batt]y ( fifte5 j>s 0 !n *>g$ by sixty revolutions ( ! ma*9e1 & dis*>g$1 z be=e1 ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 ,! deflection ( ! ne$le 0 n[ z ne>ly z possible to ! elev5? division1 b ! graduation 0 n accurate en\gh = me to ass]t t ! arc 0 exactly d\ble ! =m] arc2 to ! eye x appe>$ to be s4 ,! probability is1 t ! deflect+ =ce ( an electric curr5t is directly proportional to ! absolute quantity ( electricity pass$1 at :atev] int5sity t electricity may be,a4 ,a ,! great & g5]al value ( ! galvanomet]1 z an actual measure ( ! electricity pass+ ?r\gh x1 ei!r cont9u\sly or int]rupt$ly1 mu/ be evid5t f a consid]ation ( ^! two conclusions4 ,z con/ruct$ by ,pr(essor ,rit*ie ) glass ?reads 7see ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcj1 p4 #bah1 & ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 i4 p4#bi471 x app>5tly seems to leave no?+ unsuppli$ 9 its own dep>tm5t4 #cfh4 ,dr4 ,rit*ie has %[n t 9 a case :]e ! int5sity ( ! electricity rema9$ ! same1 ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le 0 directly z ! quantity ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet],a4 ,mr4 ,h>ris has %[n t ! heat+ p[] ( common electricity on metallic wires is ! same = ! same quantity ( electricity :atev] its int5sity might h previ\sly be5,b4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,new ,s]ies1 vol4 i4 p4 #cc4 ,b ,plym\? ,transactions1 page #bb4 #cfi4 ,! next po9t 0 to obta9 a voltaic arrangem5t produc+ an effect equal to t j describ$ 7#cfg474 ,a plat9a & a z9c wire 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! same hole ( a draw-plate1 be+ !n "o eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ^! 7 fa/5$ to a support1 s t _! l[] ends project$1 7 p>allel1 & five sixte5?s ( an in* ap>t4 ,! upp] ends 7 well-connect$ ) ! galvanomet] wires4 ,"s acid 0 dilut$1 &1 aft] v>i\s prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 t adopt$ z a /&>d :i* consi/$ ( "o drop /rong sulphuric acid 9 f\r ounces di/ill$ wat]4 ,f9ally1 ! "t 0 not$ :i* ! ne$le requir$ 9 sw++ ei!r f "r to left or left to "r3 x 0 equal to sev5te5 beats ( my wat*1 ! latt] giv+ "o hundr$ & fifty 9 a m9ute4 ,! object ( ^! prep>ations 0 to arrange a voltaic app>atus1 :i*1 by imm]sion 9 a giv5 acid = a giv5 "t1 mu* less ?an t requir$ by ! ne$le to sw+ 9 "o direction1 %\ld give equal deflection to ! in/rum5t ) ! dis*>ge ( ord9>y electricity f ! batt]y 7#cfc4 #cfd472 & a new "p ( ! z9c wire hav+ be5 br\ght into position ) ! plat9a1 ! comp>ative exp]im5ts 7 made4 #cgj4 ,on plung+ ! z9c & plat9a wires five eigh?s ( an in* deep into ! acid1 & reta9+ !m !re = eight beats ( ! wat*1 7aft] :i* !y 7 quickly )drawn17 ! ne$le 0 deflect$1 & cont9u$ to advance 9 ! same direction "s "t aft] ! voltaic app>atus _h be5 remov$ f ! acid4 ,x atta9$ ! five-&-a-half division1 & !n return$ sw++ an equal di/ance on ! o!r side4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ _m times1 & always ) ! same result4 #cga4 ,h5ce1 z an approximation1 & judg+ f magnetic =ce only at pres5t 7#cgf471 x w\ld appe> t two wires1 "o ( plat9a & "o ( z9c1 ea* "o eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 plac$ five sixte5?s ( an in* ap>t & imm]s$ to ! dep? ( five eigh?s ( an in* 9 acid1 consi/+ ( "o drop oil ( vitriol & f\r ounces di/ill$ wat]1 at a temp]ature ab\t #fj1 & connect$ at ! o!r extremities by a copp] wire eighte5 feet long & "o eighte5? ( an in* ?ick 7be+ ! wire ( ! galvanomet] coils71 yield z mu* electricity 9 eight beats ( my wat*1 or 9 #h_/aej?s ( a m9ute1 z ! electrical batt]y *>g$ by ?irty turns ( ! l>ge ma*9e1 9 excell5t ord] 7#cfc4 #cfd474 ,not)/&+ ?is app>5tly enorm\s disproportion1 ! results are p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ^? effects :i* are kn[n to be produc$ by v>iations 9 ! int5sity & quantity ( ! electric fluid4 #cgb4 ,9 ord] to procure a ref]5ce to *emical action1 ! wires 7 n[ reta9$ imm]s$ 9 ! acid to ! dep? ( five eigh?s ( an in*1 & ! ne$le1 :5 /ation>y1 obs]v$2 x /ood1 z ne>ly z ! unassi/$ eye c\ld decide1 at #e-a_/c division4 ,h5ce a p]man5t deflection to t ext5t might be consid]$ z indicat+ a con/ant voltaic curr5t1 :i* 9 eight beats ( my wat* 7#cfi47 c\ld supply z mu* electricity z ! electrical batt]y *>g$ by ?irty turns ( ! ma*9e4 #cgc4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5ts & results are select$ f _m t 7 made & obta9$ relative to *emical action4 ,a plat9a wire "o twelf? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 weigh+ two hundr$ & sixty gra9s1 _h ! extremity r5d]$ pla91 s z to (f] a def9ite surface equal to a circle ( ! same diamet] z ! wire2 x 0 !n connect$ 9 turn ) ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 or ) ! voltaic app>atus 7#cfi471 s z always to =m ! positive pole1 & at ! same "t reta9 a p]p5dicul> position1 t x might re/1 ) its :ole weight1 ^u ! te/ pap] to be employ$4 ,! te/ pap] itself 0 support$ ^u a plat9a spatula1 connect$ ei!r ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib471 or ) ! negative wire ( ! voltaic app>atus1 & x consi/$ ( f\r ?icknesses1 moi/5$ at all times to an equal degree 9 a /&>d solution ( hydriodate ( potassa 7#caf474 #cgd4 ,:5 ! plat9a wire 0 connect$ ) ! prime conductor ( ! ma*9e1 & ! spatula ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 t5 turns ( ! ma*9e _h su* decompos+ p[] z to produce a pale r\nd spot ( iod9e ( ! diamet] ( ! wire2 tw5ty turns made a mu* d>k] m>k1 & ?irty turns made a d>k br[n spot p5etrat+ to ! second ?ickness ( ! pap]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 effect produc$ by two or ?ree turns1 m or less1 c\ld be di/+ui%$ ) facility4 #cge4 ,! wire & spatula 7 !n connect$ ) ! voltaic app>atus 7#cfi471 ! galvanomet] be+ also includ$ 9 ! arrangem5t2 &1 a /rong] acid hav+ be5 prep>$1 consi/+ ( nitric acid & wat]1 ! voltaic app>atus 0 imm]s$ s f> z to give a p]man5t deflection ( ! ne$le to ! #e-a_/c division 7#cgb471 ! f\rfold moi/5$ pap] int]v5+ z be=e,a4 ,!n by %ift+ ! end ( ! wire f place to place ^u ! te/ pap]1 ! effect ( ! curr5t = five1 six1 sev51 or any numb] ( ! beats ( ! wat* 7#cfi47 0 obs]v$1 & comp>$ ) t ( ! ma*9e4 ,aft] alt]nat+ & repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ( comp>ison _m times1 x 0 con/antly f\nd t ?is /&>d curr5t ( voltaic electricity1 cont9u$ = eight beats ( ! wat*1 0 equal1 9 *emical effect1 to ?irty turns ( ! ma*9e2 tw5ty-eight revolutions ( ! ma*9e 7 s5sibly too few4 ,a ,( c\rse ! height5$ p[] ( ! voltaic batt]y 0 necess>y to comp5sate = ! bad conductor n[ int]pos$4 #cgf4 ,h5ce x results t bo? 9 magnetic deflection 7#cga47 & 9 *emical =ce1 ! curr5t ( electricity ( ! /&>d voltaic batt]y = eight beats ( ! wat* 0 equal to t ( ! ma*9e evolv$ by ?irty revolutions4 #cgg4 ,x also foll[s t = ?is case ( electro-*emical decomposition1 & x is probable = all cases1 t ! *emical p[]1 l ! magnetic =ce 7#cf471 is 9 direct proportion to ! absolute quantity ( electricity :i* passes4 #cgh4 ,h5ce arises /ill fur!r confirmation1 if any 7 requir$1 ( ! id5tity ( common & voltaic electricity1 & t ! diff]5ces ( int5sity & quantity are q suffici5t to acc\nt = :at 7 suppos$ to be _! di/9ctive qualities4 #cgi4 ,! ext5sion :i* ! pres5t inve/igations h enabl$ me to make ( ! facts & views con/itut+ ! !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 w1 ) "s o!r po9ts ( electrical doctr9e1 be almo/ imm$iately submitt$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ano!r s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es4 ,royal ,in/itution1 #ae? ,dec4 #ahcb4 ,note4--,i am anxi\s1 & am p]mitt$1 to add to ?is pap] a correction ( an error :i* ,i h attribut$ to ,m4 ,ampre ! fir/ s]ies ( ^! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 ,9 ref]r+ to 8 exp]im5t on ! induction ( electrical curr5ts 7#gh471 ,i h call$ t a disc :i* ,i %\ld h call$ a circle or a r+4 ,m4 ,ampre us$ a r+1 or a v %ort cyl9d] made ( a n>r[ plate ( copp] b5t into a circle1 & he tells me t by su* an arrangem5t ! motion is v readily obta9$4 ,i h n d\bt$ t ,m4 ,ampre obta9$ ! motion he describ$2 b m]ely mi/ook ! k9d ( mobile conductor us$1 & s f> ,i describ$ 8 exp]im5t errone\sly4 ,9 ! same p>agraph ,i h /at$ t ,m4 ,ampre says ! disc turn$ to take a position ( equilibrium exactly z ! spiral itself w\ld h turn$ _h x be5 free to move2 & fur!r on ,i h said t my results t5d$ to inv]t ! s5se ( ! proposition /at$ by ,m4 ,ampre1 t a curr5t ( electricity t5ds to put ! electricity ( conductors ne> :i* x passes 9 motion 9 ! same direction4 ,m4 ,ampre tells me 9 a lett] :i* ,i h j receiv$ f him1 t he c>efully avoid$1 :5 describ+ ! exp]im5t1 any ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! induc$ curr5t2 & on look+ at ! passages he quotes to me1 ,i f9d t to be ! case4 ,i h !re=e done him inju/ice 9 ! above /atem5ts1 & am anxi\s to correct my error4 ,b t x may n be suppos$ ,i lightly wrote ^? passages1 ,i w briefly ref] to my reasons = und]/&+ !m 9 ! s5se ,i did4 ,at fir/ ! exp]im5t fail$4 ,:5 re-made successfully ab\t a ye> aft]w>ds1 x 0 at ,g5eva 9 company ) ,m4,a4 ,de la ,rive3 ! latt] philosoph] describ$ ! results,a1 & says t ! plate ( copp] b5t into a circle :i* 0 us$ z ! mobile conductor sometimes advanc$ betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! 7horse-%oe7 magnet1 & sometimes 0 repell$1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! surr\nd+ conductors4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 xxi4 p4 #dh4 ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ to ,demonf]r&'s ,manuel d',electricit ,dynamique1 z a book ( au?ority 9 ,france2 conta9+ ! g5]al results & laws ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 up to ! "t ( its publication1 9 a well arrang$ =m4 ,at p4 #agc1 ! au?or1 :5 describ+ ?is exp]im5t1 says1 ,! mobile circle turns to take a position ( equilibrium z a conductor w\ld d 9 :i* ! curr5t mov$ 9 ! same direction z 9 ! spiral2 & 9 ! same p>agraph he adds1 ,x is !re=e prov$ t a curr5t ( electricity t5ds to put ! electricity ( conductors1 ne> :i* x passes1 9 motion 9 ! same direction4 ,^! are ! words ,i quot$ 9 my pap] 7#gh474 ,le ,lyce ( #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahcb1 ,no4 #cf1 9 an article writt5 aft] ! receipt ( my fir/ un=tunate lett] to ,m4 ,ha*ette1 & be=e my pap]s 7 pr9t$1 reasons ^u ! direction ( ! induc$ curr5ts1 & says1 t !re ought to be an elem5t>y curr5t produc$ 9 ! same direction z ! correspond+ portion ( ! produc+ curr5t4 ,a little fur!r on x says1 !re=e we ought to obta9 curr5ts1 mov+ 9 ! same direction1 produc$ ^u a metallic wire1 ei!r by a magnet or a curr5t4 ,m4 ,ampre 0 s ?\r\ghly p]suad$ t su* ought to be ! direction ( ! curr5ts by influ5ce1 t he neglect$ to assure himself ( x 9 8 exp]im5t at ,g5eva4 ,x 0 ! precise /atem5ts 9 ,demonf]r&'s ,manuel1 agree+ z !y did ) ! expression 9 ,m4 ,de la ,rive's pap]1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i n[ und]/& z only mean+ t :5 ! induc+ curr5t 0 *ang$1 ! motion ( ! mobile circle *ang$ also17 & n 9 discordance ) any?+ express$ by ,m4 ,ampre himself :]e he speaks ( ! exp]im5t1 :i* made me conclude1 :5 ,i wrote ! pap]1 t :at ,i wrote 0 really 8 av[$ op9ion2 & :5 ! ,numb] ( ! ,lyce ref]r$ to appe>$1 :i* 0 be=e my pap] 0 pr9t$1 x c\ld excite no suspicion t ,i 0 9 error4 ,h5ce ! mi/ake into :i* ,i unwitt+ly fell4 ,i am pr\d to correct x & d full ju/ice to ! acut5ess & accuracy :i*1 z f> z ,i c und]/& ! subjects1 ,m4 ,ampre c>ries into all ! bran*es ( philosophy :i* he inve/igates4 ,f9ally1 my note to 7#gi47 says t ! ,lyce1 ,no4 #cf4 mi/akes ! errone\s results ( ,,mm4 ,fresnel & ,ampre = true ones1 c4 c4 ,9 call+ ,m4 ,ampre's results errone\s1 ,i spoke ( ! results describ$ 91 & ref]r$ to by ! ,lyce itself2 b n[ t ! expression ( ! direction ( ! induc$ curr5t is to be sep>at$1 ! t]m errone\s ought no long] to be atta*$ to !m4 ,april #bi1 #ahcc4 ,m4,f4 ,,f\r? ,,s]ies4 #i4 ,on a new ,law ( ,electric ,conduction4 #aj4 ,on ,conduct+ ,p[] g5]ally4 ,receiv$ ,april #bd1--,read ,may #bc1 #ahcc4 #i4 ,on a new ,law ( ,electric ,conduction4,a ,a ,9 ref]5ce to ?is law see fur!r consid]ations at #iaj4 #aceh4 #agje4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #chj4 ,x 0 dur+ ! progress ( inve/igations relat+ to electro-*emical decomposition1 :i* ,i /ill h to submit to ! ,royal ,society1 t ,i enc\nt]$ effects due to a v g5]al law ( electric conduction n hi!rto recognis$2 & ?\gh !y prev5t$ me f obta9+ ! condition ,i s\ght =1 !y af=d$ abundant comp5sation = ! mom5t>y disappo9tm5t1 by ! new & important int]e/ :i* !y gave to an ext5sive "p ( electrical sci5ce4 #cha4 ,i 0 work+ ) ice1 & ! solids result+ f ! freez+ ( solutions1 arrang$ ei!r z b>ri]s across a sub/ance to be decompos$1 or z ! actual poles ( a voltaic batt]y1 t ,i might trace & cat* c]ta9 elem5ts 9 _! transit1 :5 ,i 0 sudd5ly /opp$ 9 my progress by f9d+ t ice 0 9 su* circum/ances a non-conductor ( electricity2 & t z soon z a ?9 film ( x 0 int]pos$1 9 ! circuit ( a v p[]ful voltaic batt]y1 ! transmission ( electricity 0 prev5t$1 & all decomposition ceas$4 #chb4 ,at fir/ ! exp]im5ts 7 made ) common ice1 dur+ ! cold freez+ wea!r ( ! latt] end ( ,janu>y #ahcc2 b ! results 7 fallaci\s1 f ! imp]fection ( ! arrangem5ts1 & ! foll[+ m unexceptionable =m ( exp]im5t 0 adopt$4 #chc4 ,t9 vessels 7 =m$1 five in*es deep1 "o in* & a qu>t] wide 9 "o direction1 ( diff]5t wid?s f ?ree eigh?s to five eigh?s ( an in* 9 ! o!r1 & op5 at "o extremity4 ,into ^! 7 fix$ by corks1 plates ( plat9a1 s t ! latt] %\ld n t\* ! t9 cases2 & copp] wires hav+ previ\sly be5 sold]$ to ! plate1 ^! 7 easily connect$1 :5 requir$1 ) a voltaic pile4 ,!n di/ill$ wat]1 previ\sly boil$ = ?ree h\rs1 0 p\r$ into ! vessels1 & froz5 by a mixture ( salt & sn[1 s t pure transp>5t solid ice int]v5$ betwe5 ! plat9a & t92 & f9ally ^! metals 7 connect$ ) ! opposite extremities ( ! voltaic app>atus1 a galvanomet] be+ at ! same "t includ$ 9 ! circuit4 #chd4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 ! plat9a pole 0 ?ree in*es & a half long1 & sev5 eigh?s ( an in* wide2 x 0 :olly imm]s$ 9 ! wat] or ice1 & z ! vessel 0 f\r eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?1 ! av]age ?ickness ( ! int]v5+ ice 0 only a qu>t] ( an in*1 :il/ ! surface ( contact ) x at bo? poles 0 ne>ly f\rte5 squ>e in*es4 ,aft] ! wat] 0 froz51 ! vessel 0 /ill reta9$ 9 ! frigorific mixture1 :il/ contact betwe5 ! t9 & plat9a respectively 0 made ) ! extremities ( a well-*>g$ voltaic batt]y1 consi/+ ( tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 ea* ) d\ble copp]s4 ,n ! slighte/ deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le occurr$4 #che4 ,on tak+ ! froz5 arrangem5t out ( ! cold mixture1 & apply+ w>m? to ! bottom ( ! t9 case1 s z to melt "p ( ! ice1 ! connexion ) ! batt]y be+ 9 ! mean "t reta9$1 ! ne$le did n at fir/ move2 & x 0 only :5 ! ?aw+ process _h ext5d$ s f> z to liquefy "p ( ! ice t\*+ ! plat9a pole1 t conduction took place2 b !n x occurr$ effectually1 & ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 p]man5tly deflect$ ne>ly #gj4 #chf4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 a plat9a spatula1 five in*es 9 l5g? & sev5 eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?1 _h f\r in*es fix$ 9 ! ice1 & ! latt] 0 only ?ree sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick betwe5 "o metallic surface & ! o!r2 yet ?is arrangem5t insulat$ z p]fectly z ! =m]4 #chg4 ,^u p\r+ a little wat] 9 at ! top ( ?is vessel on ! ice1 /ill ! arrangem5t did n conduct2 yet fluid wat] 0 evid5tly !re4 ,?is result 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! cold metals hav+ froz5 ! wat] :]e !y t\*$ x1 & ?us insulat+ ! fluid "p2 & x well illu/rates ! non-conduct+ p[] ( ice1 by %[+ h[ ?9 a film c\ld prev5t ! transmission ( ! batt]y curr5t4 ,^u ?aw+ p>ts ( ?is ?9 film1 at bo? metals1 conduction occurr$4 #chh4 ,^u w>m+ ! t9 case & remov+ ! piece ( ice1 x 0 f\nd t a cork hav+ slipp$1 "o ( ! edges ( ! plat9a _h be5 all b 9 contact ) ! inn] surface ( ! t9 vessel2 yet1 not)/&+ ! extreme ?9ness ( ! int]f]+ ice 9 ?is place1 no s5sible portion ( electricity _h pass$4 #chi4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ _m times ) ! same results4 ,at la/ a batt]y ( fifte5 tr\ghs1 or "o hundr$ & fifty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 p[]fully *>g$1 0 us$2 yet ev5 "h no s5sible quantity ( electricity pass$ ! ?9 b>ri] ( ice4 #cij4 ,x seem$ at fir/ z if occasional dep>tures f ^! effects occurr$2 b !y c\ld always be trac$ to "s int]f]+ circum/ances4 ,! wat] %\ld 9 e in/ance be well-froz52 = ?\gh x is n necess>y t ! ice %\ld rea* f pole to pole1 s9ce a b>ri] ( x ab\t "o pole w\ld be q suffici5t to prev5t conduction1 yet1 if "p rema9 fluid1 ! m]e necess>y exposure ( ! app>atus to ! air or ! approximation ( ! h&s1 is suffici5t to produce1 at ! upp] surface ( ! wat] & ice1 a film ( fluid1 ext5d+ f ! plat9a to ! t92 & !n conduction occurs4 ,aga91 if ! corks us$ to block ! plat9a 9 its place are damp or wet )91 x is necess>y t ! cold be suffici5tly well appli$ to freeze ! wat] 9 !m1 or else :5 ! surfaces ( _! contact ) ! t9 become slightly w>m by h&l+1 t "p w conduct1 & ! int]ior be+ ready to conduct also1 ! curr5t w pass4 ,! wat] %\ld be pure1 n only t unemb>rass$ results may be obta9$1 b also t1 z ! freez+ proce$s1 a m9ute portion ( conc5trat$ sal9e solution may n be =m$1 :i* rema9+ fluid1 & be+ int]pos$ 9 ! ice1 or pass+ into cracks result+ f contraction1 may exhibit conduct+ p[]s indep5d5t ( ! ice itself4 #cia4 ,on "o occasion ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t aft] ?aw+ mu* ( ! ice ! conduct+ p[] _h n be5 re/or$2 b ,i f\nd t a cork :i* held ! wire j :]e x jo9$ ! plat9a1 dipp$ s f> into ! ice1 t ) ! ice itself x protect$ ! plat9a f contact ) ! melt$ "p long aft] t contact 0 expect$4 #cib4 ,?is insulat+ p[] ( ice is n effective ) electricity ( exalt$ int5sity4 ,on t\*+ a div]g$ gold-leaf electromet] ) a wire connect$ ) ! plat9a1 :il/ ! t9 case 0 t\*$ by ! h& or ano!r wire1 ! electromet] 0 in/antly dis*>g$ 7#dai474 #cic4 ,b ?\gh electricity ( an int5sity s l[ t x _c div]ge ! electromet]1 c /ill pass 7?\gh 9 v limit$ quantities 7#dai4717 ?r\gh ice2 ! comp>ative relation ( wat] & ice to ! electricity ( ! voltaic app>atus is n less extraord9>y on t acc\nt1 ,or less important 9 its consequ5ces4 #cid4 ,z x did n seem likely t ?is law ( ! assumption ( conduct+ p[] dur+ liquefaction1 & loss ( x dur+ congelation1 w\ld be peculi> to wat]1 ,i imm$iately proce$$ to asc]ta9 its influ5ce 9 o!r cases1 & f\nd x to be v g5]al4 ,= ?is purpose bodies 7 *os5 :i* 7 solid at common temp]atures1 b readily fusible2 & ( su* composition z1 = o!r reasons connect$ ) electro*emical action1 l$ to ! conclusion t !y w\ld be able :5 fus$ to replace wat] z conductors4 ,a voltaic batt]y ( two tr\ghs1 or tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 7#chd471 0 us$ z ! s\rce ( electricity1 & a galvanomet] introduc$ into ! circuit to indicate ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a curr5t4 #cie4 ,on fus+ a little *loride ( lead by a _s lamp on a fragm5t ( a ,flor5ce flask1 & introduc+ two plat9a wires connect$ ) ! poles ( ! batt]y1 !re 0 in/antly p[]ful action1 ! galvanomet] 0 mo/ viol5tly affect$1 & ! *loride rapidly decompos$4 ,on remov+ ! lamp1 ! in/ant ! *loride solidifi$ all curr5t & consequ5t effects ceas$1 ?\gh ! plat9a wires rema9$ inclos$ 9 ! *loride n m ?an ! "o-sixte5? ( an in* f ea* o!r4 ,on r5ew+ ! heat1 z soon z ! fusion _h proce$$ f> en\gh to all[ liquid matt] to connect ! poles1 ! electrical curr5t in/antly pass$4 #cif4 ,on fus+ ! *loride1 ) "o wire introduc$1 & !n t\*+ ! liquid ) ! o!r1 ! latt] be+ cold1 caus$ a little knob to concrete on its extremity1 & no curr5t pass$2 x 0 only :5 ! wire became s hot z to be able to admit or all[ ( contact ) ! liquid matt]1 t conduction took place1 & !n x 0 v p[]ful4 #cig4 ,:5 *loride ( silv] & *lorate ( potassa 7 exp]im5t$ )1 9 a simil> mann]1 exactly ! same results occurr$4 #cih4 ,:5ev] ! curr5t pass$ 9 ^! cases1 !re 0 decomposition ( ! sub/ances2 b ! electro-*emical "p ( ?is subject ,i purpose connect+ ) m g5]al views 9 a future pap],a4 ,a ,9 #ahja1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy knew t dry nitre1 cau/ic pota%1 & soda are conductors ( galvanism :5 r5d]$ fluid by a high degree ( heat1 7,j\rnals ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 #ahjb1 p4 #ec17 b 0 n aw>e ( ! g5]al law :i* ,i h be5 engag$ 9 develop+4 ,x is rem>kable1 t elev5 ye>s aft] t1 he %\ld say1 ,!re are no fluids kn[n except su* z conta9 wat]1 :i* are capable ( be+ made ! m$ium ( connexion betwe5 ! metal or metals ( ! voltaic app>atus4--,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #afi4 #cii4 ,o!r sub/ances1 :i* c\ld n be melt$ on glass1 7 fus$ by ! lamp & bl[pipe on plat9a connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 & !n a wire1 connect$ ) ! o!r1 dipp$ into !m4 ,9 ?is way *loride ( sodium1 sulphate ( soda1 protoxide ( lead1 mix$ c>bonates ( pota% & soda1 c4 c41 exhibit$ exactly ! same ph5om5a z ^? already describ$3 :il/ liquid1 !y conduct$ & 7 decompos$2 :il/ solid1 ?\gh v hot1 !y insulat$ ! batt]y curr5t ev5 :5 f\r tr\ghs 7 us$4 #djj4 ,occasionally ! sub/ances 7 conta9$ 9 small b5t tubes ( gre5 glass1 & :5 fus$1 ! plat9a poles introduc$1 "o on ea* side4 ,9 su* cases ! same g5]al results z ^? already describ$ 7 procur$2 b a fur!r advantage 0 obta9$1 namely1 t :il/ ! sub/ance 0 conduct+ & suff]+ decomposition1 ! f9al arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts c\ld be obs]v$4 ,?us1 iodides ( potassium & lead gave iod9e at ! positive pole1 & potassium or lead at ! negative pole4 ,*lorides ( lead & silv] gave *lor9e at ! positive1 & metals at ! negative pole4 ,nitre & *lorate2 ( potassa gave oxyg51 c41 at ! positive1 & alkali1 or ev5 potassium1 at ! negative pole4 ,illu/ration #dja4 ,a f\r? arrangem5t 0 us$ = sub/ances requir+ v high temp]atures = _! fusion4 ,a plat9a wire 0 connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y2 its extremity b5t into a small r+1 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,b]zelius1 = bl[pipe exp]im5ts2 a little ( ! salt1 glass1 or o!r sub/ance1 0 melt$ on ?is r+ by ! ord9>y bl[pipe1 or ev5 9 "s cases by ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe1 & :5 ! drop1 reta9$ 9 its place by ! r+1 0 ?or\ghly hot & fluid1 a plat9a wire f ! opposite pole ( ! batt]y 0 made to t\* x1 & ! effects obs]v$4 #djb4 ,! foll[+ are v>i\s sub/ances1 tak5 f v diff]5t classes *emically consid]$1 :i* are subject to ?is law4 ,! li/ might1 no d\bt1 be enorm\sly ext5d$2 b ,i h n _h "t to d m ?an confirm ! law by a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances4 ,fir/1 wat]4 ,among/ oxides2--potassa1 protoxide ( lead1 glass ( antimony1 protoxide ( antimony1 oxide ( bismu?4 ,*lorides ( potassium1 sodium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 magnesium1 manganese1 z9c1 copp] 7proto-71 lead1 t9 7proto-71 antimony1 silv]4 ,iodides ( potassium1 z9c & lead1 protiodide ( t91 p]iodide ( m]cury2 fluoride ( potassium2 cyanide ( potassium2 sulpho-cyanide ( potassium4 ,salts4 ,*lorate ( potassa2 nitrates ( potassa1 soda1 b>yta1 /rontia1 lead1 copp]1 & silv]2 sulphates ( soda & lead1 proto-sulphate ( m]cury2 phosphates ( potassa1 soda1 lead1 copp]1 phosphoric glass or acid phosphate ( lime2 c>bonates ( potassa & soda1 m+l$ & sep>ate2 borax1 borate ( lead1 p]-borate ( t92 *romate ( potassa1 bi-*romate ( potassa1 *romate ( lead2 acetate ( potassa4 ,sulphurets4 ,sulphuret ( antimony1 sulphuret ( potassium made by r$uc+ sulphate ( potassa by hydrog52 ord9>y sulphuret ( potassa4 ,silicat$ potassa2 *ameleon m9]al4 #djc4 ,x is highly int]e/+ 9 ! in/ances ( ^? sub/ances :i* s(t5 be=e !y liquefy1 to obs]ve at :at p]iod ! conduct+ p[] is acquir$1 & to :at degree x is exalt$ by p]fect fluidity4 ,?us1 ) ! borate ( lead1 :5 heat$ by ! lamp ^u glass1 x becomes z s(t z treacle1 b x did n conduct1 & x 0 only :5 urg$ by ! bl[pipe & br\ght to a fair r$ heat1 t x conduct$4 ,:5 r5d]$ q liquid1 x conduct$ ) extreme facility4 #djd4 ,i d n mean to d5y t "p ( ! increas$ conduct+ p[] 9 ^! cases ( s(t5+ 0 probably due to ! elevation ( temp]ature 7#dcb4 #dde472 b ,i h no d\bt t by f> ! great] "p 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al law already demon/rat$1 & :i* 9 ^! in/ances came gradually1 in/ead ( sudd5ly1 into op]ation4 #dje4 ,! foll[+ are bodies :i* acquir$ no conduct+ p[] ^u assum+ ! liquid /ate3-- ,sulphur1 phosphorus2 iodide ( sulphur1 p]-iodide ( t92 orpim5t1 realg>2 glacial acetic acid1 mix$ m>g>ic & oleic acids1 artificial camphor2 caffe9e1 sug>1 adipocire1 /e>9e ( cocoa-nut oil1 sp]maceti1 camphor1 naph?al9e1 res91 gum s&>a*1 %ell lac4 #djf4 ,p]*loride ( t91 *loride ( ars5ic1 & ! hydrat$ *loride ( ars5ic1 be+ liquids1 _h no s5sible conduct+ p[] indicat$ by ! galvanomet]1 nor 7 !y decompos$4 #djg4 ,"s ( ! above sub/ances are suffici5tly rem>kable z exceptions to ! g5]al law gov]n+ ! =m] cases4 ,^! are orpim5t1 realg>1 acetic acid1 artificial camphor1 p]-iodide ( t91 & ! *lorides ( t9 & ars5ic4 ,i %all h occasion to ref] to ^! cases 9 ! pap] on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #djh4 ,boracic acid 0 rais$ to ! highe/ possible temp]ature by an oxy-hydrog5 flame 7#dja471 yet x ga9$ no conduct+ p[]s suffici5t to affect ! galvanomet]1 & und]w5t no app>5t voltaic decomposition4 ,x seem$ to be q z bad a conductor z air4 ,gre5 bottle-glass1 heat$ 9 ! same mann]1 did n ga9 conduct+ p[] s5sible to ! galvanomet]4 ,fl9t glass1 :5 highly heat$1 did conduct a little & decompose2 & z ! proportion ( pota% or oxide ( lead 0 increas$ 9 ! glass1 ! effects 7 m p[]ful4 ,^? glasses1 consi/+ ( boracic acid on ! "o h&1 & oxide ( lead or potassa on ! o!r1 %[ ! assumption ( conduct+ p[] ^u fusion & ! accompany+ decomposition v well4 #dji4 ,i 0 v anxi\s to try ! g5]al exp]im5t ) sulphuric acid1 ( ab\t specific gravity #a4ghc1 conta9+ t proportion ( wat] :i* gives x ! p[] ( cry/alliz+ at #dj ,fahr42 b ,i f\nd x impossible to obta9 x s t ,i c\ld be sure ! :ole w\ld congeal ev5 at #j ,fahr4 ,a t5-?\s&? "p ( wat]1 m or less ?an necess>y1 w\ld1 ^u cool+ ! :ole1 cause a portion ( uncongealable liquid to sep>ate1 & t rema9+ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! solid mass1 & moi/5+ ! planes ( division1 w\ld prev5t ! correct obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a due to entire solidification & subsequ5t liquefaction4 #daj4 ,) reg>d to ! sub/ances on :i* conduct+ p[] is ?us conf]r$ by liquidity1 ! degree ( p[] s giv5 is g5]ally v great4 ,wat] is t body 9 :i* ?is acquir$ p[] is feeble/4 ,9 ! v>i\s oxides1 *lorides1 salts1 c4 c41 x is giv5 9 a mu* high] degree4 ,i h n _h "t to measure ! conduct+ p[] 9 ^! cases1 b x is app>5tly "s hundr$ times t ( pure wat]4 ,! increas$ conduct+ p[] kn[n to be giv5 to wat] by ! addition ( salts1 w\ld seem to be 9 a great degree dep5d5t ^u ! high conduct+ p[] ( ^! bodies :5 9 ! liquid /ate1 t /ate be+ giv5 !m = ! "t1 n by heat b solution 9 ! wat],a4 ,a ,see a d\bt on ?is po9t at #acef4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #daa4 ,:e!r ! conduct+ p[] ( ^! liquefi$ bodies is a consequ5ce ( _! decomposition or n 7#dac471 or :e!r ! two actions ( conduction & decomposition are ess5tially connect$ or n1 w\ld introduce no diff]5ce affect+ ! probable accuracy ( ! prec$+ /atem5t4 #dab4 ,?is g5]al assumption ( conduct+ p[] by bodies z soon z !y pass f ! solid to ! liquid /ate1 (f]s a new & extraord9>y "*1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 has n be=e be5 suspect$2 & x seems importantly connect$ ) "s prop]ties & relations ( ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* ,i may n[ briefly po9t out4 #dac4 ,9 almo/ all ! in/ances1 z yet obs]v$1 :i* are gov]n$ by ?is law1 ! sub/ances exp]im5t$ ) h be5 ^? :i* 7 n only comp\nd bodies1 b su* z conta9 elem5ts kn[n to arrange !mselves at ! opposite poles2 & 7 also su* z c\ld be decompos$ by ! electrical curr5t4 ,:5 conduction took place1 decomposition occurr$2 :5 decomposition ceas$1 conduction ceas$ also2 & x becomes a fair & an important "q1 ,:e!r ! conduction itself may n1 :]ev] ! law holds good1 be a consequ5ce n m]ely ( ! capability1 b ( ! act ( decomposition8 ,& t "q may be accompani$ by ano!r1 namely1 ,:e!r solidification does n prev5t conduction1 m]ely by *a9+ ! p>ticles to _! places1 "u ! influ5ce ( aggregation1 & prev5t+ _! f9al sep>ation 9 ! mann] necess>y = decomposition8 #dad4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is "o sub/ance 7& o!rs may occur71 ! p]-iodide ( m]cury1 :i*1 be+ exp]im5t$ ) l ! o!rs 7#djj471 0 f\nd to insulate :5 solid1 & to acquire conduct+ p[] :5 fluid2 yet x did n seem to und]go decomposition 9 ! latt] case4 #dae4 ,aga91 !re are _m sub/ances :i* conta9 elem5ts su* z w\ld be expect$ to arrange !mselves at ! opposite poles ( ! pile1 & !re=e 9 t respect fitt$ = decomposition1 :i* yet d n conduct4 ,among/ ^! are ! iodide ( sulphur1 p]-iodide ( z9c1 p]-*loride ( t91 *loride ( ars5ic1 hydrat$ *loride ( ars5ic1 acetic acid1 orpim5t1 realg>1 artificial camphor1 c42 & f ^! x might p]haps be assum$ t decomposition is dep5d5t ^u conduct+ p[]1 & n ! latt] ^u ! =m]4 ,! true relation1 h[ev]1 ( conduction & decomposition 9 ^? bodies gov]n$ by ! g5]al law :i* x is ! object ( ?is pap] to e/abli%1 c only be satisfactorily made out f a f> m ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations ?an ^? ,i h yet be5 able to supply,a4 ,a ,see #fgc1 c4 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #daf4 ,! relation1 "u ?is law1 ( ! conduct+ p[] = electricity to t = heat1 is v rem>kable1 & seems to imply a natural dep5d5ce ( ! two4 ,z ! solid becomes a fluid1 x loses almo/ entirely ! p[] ( conduction = heat1 b ga9s 9 a high degree t = electricity2 b z x rev]ts hack to ! solid /ate1 x ga9s ! p[] ( conduct+ heat1 & loses t ( conduct+ electricity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! prop]ties are n incompatible1 /ill !y are mo/ /rongly contra/$1 "o be+ lo/ z ! o!r is ga9$4 ,we may hope1 p]haps1 h]eaft] to und]/& ! physical reason ( ?is v extraord9>y relation ( ! two conduct+ p[]s1 bo? ( :i* appe> to be directly connect$ ) ! corpuscul> condition ( ! sub/ances conc]n$4 #dag4 ,! assumption ( conduct+ p[] & a decomposable condition by liquefaction1 promises new opportunities (1 & great facilities 91 voltaic decomposition4 ,?us1 su* bodies z ! oxides1 *lorides1 cyanides1 sulpho-cyanides1 fluorides1 c]ta9 vitre\s mixtures1 c4 c41 may be submitt$ to ! action ( ! voltaic batt]y "u new circum/ances2 & inde$ ,i h already be5 able1 ) t5 pairs ( plates1 to decompose common salt1 *loride ( magnesium1 borax1 c4 c41 & to obta9 sodium1 magnesium1 boron1 c41 9 _! sep>ate /ates4 #aj4 ,on ,conduct+ ,p[] g5]ally4,a ,a ,9 ref]5ce to ?is ref] to #ihc 9 s]ies viii41 & ! results connect$ ) x4--,dec4 #ahch4 #dah4 ,x is n my int5tion "h to ent] into an exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances connect$ ) conduct+ p[]1 b to record c]ta9 facts & obs]vations :i* h aris5 dur+ rec5t inquiries1 z additions to ! g5]al /ock ( k relat+ to ?is po9t ( electrical sci5ce4 #dai4 ,i 0 anxi\s1 9 ! fir/ place1 to obta9 "s idea ( ! conduct+ p[] ( ice & solid salts = electricity ( high t5sion 7#cib471 t a comp>ison might be made betwe5 x & ! l>ge accession ( ! same p[] ga9$ ^u liquefaction4 ,= ?is purpose ! l>ge electrical ma*9e 7#bij47 0 br\ght into excell5t action1 its conductor connect$ ) a delicate gold-leaf electromet]1 & also ) ! plat9a inclos$ 9 ! ice 7#chc471 :il/ ! t9 case 0 connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib474 ,on work+ ! ma*9e mod]ately1 ! gold leaves b>ely sep>at$2 on work+ x rapidly1 !y c\ld be op5$ ne>ly two in*es4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! t9 case 0 five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?2 & z1 aft] ! exp]im5t1 ! plat9a plate 0 f\nd v ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! ice1 ! av]age ?ickness ( ! latt] _h be5 five-sixte5?s ( an in*1 & ! ext5t ( surface ( contact ) t9 & plat9a f\rte5 squ>e in*es 7#chd474 ,yet1 "u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 b j able to conduct ! small quantity ( electricity :i* ?is ma*9e c\ld evolve 7#cga471 ev5 :5 ( a t5sion compet5t to op5 ! leaves two in*es2 no wond]1 !re=e1 t x c\ld n conduct any s5sible portion ( ! electricity ( ! tr\ghs 7#chd471 :i*1 ?\gh almo/ inf9itely surpass+ t ( ! ma*9e 9 quantity1 _h a t5sion s l[ z n to be s5sible to an electromet]4 #dbj4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 ! t9 case 0 only f\r-eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?1 & x 0 f\nd aft]w>ds t ! plat9a _h be5 n q "o-eigh? ( an in* di/ant 9 ! ice f "o side ( ! t9 vessel4 ,:5 ?is 0 introduc$ into ! c\rse ( ! electricity f ! ma*9e 7#dai471 ! gold leaves c\ld be op5$1 b n m ?an half an in*2 ! ?9ness ( ! ice fav\r+ ! conduction ( ! electricity1 & p]mitt+ ! same quantity to pass 9 ! same "t1 ?\gh ( a mu* l[] t5sion4 #dba4 ,iodide ( potassium :i* _h be5 fus$ & cool$ 0 introduc$ into ! c\rse ( ! electricity f ! ma*9e4 ,!re 7 two pieces1 ea* ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & expos+ a surface on ea* side equal to ab\t half a squ>e in*2 ^! 7 plac$ ^u plat9a plates1 "o connect$ ) ! ma*9e & electromet] 7#dai471 & ! o!r ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 :il/ a f9e plat9a wire connect$ ! two pieces1 re/+ ^u !m by its two po9ts4 ,on work+ ! electrical ma*9e1 x 0 possible to op5 ! electromet] leaves ab\t two-?irds ( an in*4 #dbb4 ,z ! plat9a wire t\*$ only by po9ts1 ! facts %[ t ?is salt is a f> bett] conductor ?an ice2 b z ! leaves ( ! electromet] op5$1 x is also evid5t ) :at difficulty conduction1 ev5 ( ! small portion ( electricity produc$ by ! ma*9e1 is effect$ by ?is body 9 ! solid /ate1 :5 comp>$ to ! facility ) :i* enorm\s quantities at v l[ t5sions are transmitt$ by x :5 9 ! fluid /ate4 #dbc4 ,9 ord] to confirm ^! results by o!rs1 obta9$ f ! voltaic app>atus1 a batt]y ( "o hundr$ & fifty plates1 f\r in*es squ>e1 0 well-*>g$3 its action 0 good2 ! %ock f x /rong2 ! dis*>ge w\ld cont9ue f copp] to copp] ?r\gh f\r-t5?s ( an in* ( air1 & ! gold-leaf electromet] be=e us$ c\ld be op5$ ne>ly a qu>t] ( an in*4 #dbd4 ,! ice vessel employ$ 7#dbj47 0 half an in* 9 wid?2 z ! ext5t ( contact ( ! ice ) ! t9 & plat9a 0 ne>ly f\rte5 squ>e in*es1 ! :ole 0 equival5t to a plate ( ice hav+ a surface ( sev5 squ>e in*es1 ( p]fect contact at ea* side1 & only "o f\r? ( an in* ?ick4 ,x 0 reta9$ 9 a freez+ mixture dur+ ! exp]im5t4 #dbe4 ,! ord] ( arrangem5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t 0 z foll[s4 ,! positive pole ( ! batt]y 0 connect$ by a wire ) ! plat9a plate 9 ! ice2 ! plate 0 9 contact ) ! ice1 ! ice ) ! t9 jacket1 ! jacket ) a wire1 :i* communicat$ ) a piece ( t9 foil1 on :i* re/$ "o end ( a b5t plat9a wire 7#cab471 ! o!r or decompos+ end be+ support$ on pap] moi/5$ ) solution ( iodide ( potassium 7#caf473 ! pap] 0 laid flat on a plat9a spatula connect$ ) ! negative end ( ! batt]y4 ,all t "p ( ! arrangem5t betwe5 ! ice vessel & ! decompos+ wire po9t1 includ+ bo? ^!1 0 insulat$1 s t no electricity might pass ?r\gh ! latt] :i* _h n trav]s$ ! =m] also4 #dbf4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 f\nd t1 a pale br[n spot ( iod9e 0 sl[ly =m$ "u ! decompos+ plat9a po9t1 ?us indicat+ t ice c\ld conduct a little ( ! electricity evolv$ by a voltaic batt]y *>g$ up to ! degree ( int5sity indicat$ by ! electromet]4 ,b x is q evid5t t not)/&+ ! enorm\s quantity ( electricity :i* ! batt]y c\ld furni%1 x 01 "u pres5t circum/ances1 a v inf]ior in/rum5t to ! ord9>y ma*9e2 = ! latt] c\ld s5d z mu* ?r\gh ! ice z x c\ld c>ry1 be+ ( a f> high] int5sity1 i4e4 able to op5 ! electromet] leaves half an in* or m 7#dai4 #dbj474 #dbg4 ,! decompos+ wire & solution ( iodide ( potassium 7 !n remov$1 & replac$ by a v delicate galvanomet] 7#bje472 x 0 s ne>ly a/atic1 t x vibrat$ to & fro 9 ab\t sixty-?ree beats ( a wat* giv+ "o hundr$ & fifty beats 9 a m9ute4 ,! same feebl5ess ( curr5t z be=e 0 /ill indicat$2 ! galvanomet] ne$le 0 deflect$1 b x requir$ to break & make contact ?ree or f\r times 7#big471 be=e ! effect 0 decid$4 #dbh4 ,! galvanomet] be+ remov$1 two plat9a plates 7 connect$ ) ! extremities ( ! wires1 & ! tongue plac$ betwe5 !m1 s t ! :ole *>ge ( ! batt]y1 s f> z ! ice w\ld let x pass1 0 free to g ?r\gh ! tongue4 ,:il/ /&+ on ! /one floor1 !re 0 %ock1 c41 b :5 insulat$1 ,i c\ld feel no s5sation4 ,i ?9k a frog w\ld h be5 sc>cely1 if at all1 affect$4 #dbi4 ,! ice 0 n[ remov$1 & exp]im5ts made ) o!r solid bodies1 = :i* purpose !y 7 plac$ "u ! end ( ! decompos+ wire in/ead ( ! solution ( iodide ( potassium 7#abe474 ,= in/ance1 a piece ( dry iodide ( potassium 0 plac$ on ! spatula connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 & ! po9t ( ! decompos+ wire plac$ ^u x1 :il/ ! positive end ( ! batt]y communicat$ ) ! latt]4 ,a br[n spot ( iod9e v sl[ly appe>$1 indicat+ ! passage ( a little electricity1 & agree+ 9 t respect ) ! results obta9$ by ! use ( ! electrical ma*9e 7#dba474 ,:5 ! galvanomet] 0 introduc$ into ! circuit at ! same "t ) ! iodide1 x 0 ) difficulty t ! action ( ! curr5t on x c\ld be r5d]$ s5sible4 #dcj4 ,a piece ( common salt previ\sly fus$ & solidifi$ be+ introduc$ into ! circuit 0 suffici5t almo/ entirely to de/roy ! action on ! galvanomet]4 ,fus$ & cool$ *loride ( lead produc$ ! same effect4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( ^! bodies1 :5 fluid1 is v great 7#cie4 #djb474 #dca4 ,^! effects1 produc$ by us+ ! common ma*9e & ! voltaic batt]y1 agree !re=e ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! law laid d[n 9 ?is pap] 7#cid472 & also ) ! op9ion ,i h support$1 9 ! ,?ird ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es1 ( ! id5tity ( electricity d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces 7#cfj474 #dcb4 ,! effect ( heat 9 increas+ ! conduct+ p[] ( _m sub/ances1 especially = electricity ( high t5sion1 is well kn[n4 ,i h lately met ) an extraord9>y case ( ?is k9d1 = electricity ( l[ t5sion1 or t ( ! voltaic pile1 & :i* is 9 direct contra/ ) ! influ5ce ( heat ^u metallic bodies1 z obs]v$ & describ$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahba1 p4 #aca4 #dcc4 ,! sub/ance pres5t+ ?is effect is sulphuret ( silv]4 ,x 0 made by fus+ a mixture ( precipitat$ silv] & sublim$ sulphur1 remov+ ! film ( silv] by a file f ! ext]ior ( ! fus$ mass1 pulv]iz+ ! sulphuret1 m+l+ x ) m sulphur1 & fus+ x aga9 9 a gre5 glass tube1 s t no air %\ld obta9 access dur+ ! process4 ,! surface ( ! sulphuret be+ aga9 remov$ by a file or knife1 x 0 consid]$ q free f uncomb9$ silv]4 #dcd4 ,:5 a piece ( ?is sulphuret1 half an in* 9 ?ickness1 0 put betwe5 surfaces ( plat9a1 t]m9at+ ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y ( tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 a galvanomet] be+ also includ$ 9 ! circuit1 ! ne$le 0 slightly deflect$1 indicat+ a feeble conduct+ p[]4 ,on press+ ! plat9a poles & sulphuret toge!r ) ! f+]s1 ! conduct+ p[] increas$ z ! :ole became w>m4 ,on apply+ a lamp "u ! sulphuret betwe5 ! poles1 ! conduct+ p[] rose rapidly ) ! heat1 & at la/-! galvanomet] ne$le jump$ into a fix$ position1 & ! sulphuret 0 f\nd conduct+ 9 ! mann] ( a metal4 ,on remov+ ! lamp & all[+ ! heat to fall1 ! effects 7 rev]s$1 ! ne$le at fir/ began to vibrate a little1 !n gradually left its transv]se direction1 & at la/ return$ to a position v ne>ly t :i* x w\ld take :5 no curr5t 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 #dce4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! contact ( ! sulphuret ) ! plat9a poles 0 good1 ! batt]y fre%ly *>g$1 & ! comm5c+ temp]ature n too l[1 ! m]e curr5t ( electricity f ! batt]y 0 suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( ! sulphuret2 & !n1 )\t any application ( extrane\s heat1 x w5t on increas+ conjo9tly 9 temp]ature & conduct+ p[]1 until ! cool+ influ5ce ( ! air limit$ ! effects4 ,9 su* cases x 0 g5]ally necess>y to cool ! :ole purposely1 to %[ ! return+ s]ies ( ph5om5a4 #dcf4 ,occasionally1 also1 ! effects w\ld s9k ( !mselves1 & c\ld n be r5ew$ until a fre% surface ( ! sulphuret _h be5 appli$ to ! positive pole4 ,?is 0 9 consequ5ce ( peculi> results ( decomposition1 to :i* ,i %all h occasion to rev]t 9 ! section on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition1 & 0 conv5i5tly avoid$ by ins]t+ ! ends ( two pieces ( plat9a wire into ! opposite extremities ( a portion ( sulphuret fus$ 9 a glass tube1 & plac+ ?is arrangem5t betwe5 ! poles ( ! batt]y4 #dcg4 ,! hot sulphuret ( silv] conducts suffici5tly well to give a bright sp>k ) *>coal1 c4 c41 9 ! mann] ( a metal4 #dch4 ,! native grey sulphuret ( silv]1 & ! ruby silv] ore1 bo? pres5t$ ! same ph5om5a4 ,! native malleable sulphuret ( silv] pres5t$ precisely ! same appe>ances z ! artificial sulphuret4 #dci4 ,!re is no o!r body ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 t1 l sulphuret ( silv]1 c comp>e ) metals 9 conduct+ p[] = electricity ( l[ t5sion :5 hot1 b :i*1 unlike !m1 dur+ cool+1 loses 9 p[]1 :il/ !y1 on ! contr>y1 ga94 ,probably1 h[ev]1 _m o!rs may1 :5 s\ght =1 be f\nd,a4 ,a ,see n[ on ?is subject1 #acdj1 #acda4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #ddj4 ,! proto-sulphuret ( iron1 ! native p]-sulphuret ( iron1 ars5ical sulphuret ( iron1 native yell[ sulphuret ( copp] & iron1 grey artificial sulphuret ( copp]1 artificial sulphuret ( bismu?1 & artificial grey sulphuret ( t91 all conduct ! voltaic batt]y curr5t :5 cold1 m or less1 "s giv+ sp>ks l ! metals1 o!rs n be+ suffici5t = t high effect4 ,!y did n seem to conduct bett] :5 heat$1 ?an be=e2 b ,i _h n "t to ent] accurately into ! inve/igation ( ?is po9t4 ,almo/ all ( !m became mu* heat$ by ! transmission ( ! curr5t1 & pres5t "s v int]e/+ ph5om5a 9 t respect4 ,! sulphuret ( antimony does n conduct ! same curr5t s5sibly ei!r hot or cold1 b is among/ ^? bodies acquir+ conduct+ p[] :5 fus$ 7#djb474 ,! sulphuret ( silv] & p]haps "s o!rs decompose :il/ 9 ! solid /ate2 b ! ph5om5a ( ?is decomposition w be res]v$ = its prop] place 9 ! next s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es4 #dda4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme dissimil>ity betwe5 sulphuret ( silv] & gases or vap\rs1 ,i _c help suspect+ ! action ( heat ^u !m to be ! same1 br++ !m all into ! same class z conductors ( electricity1 al?\gh ) ^? great diff]5ces 9 degree1 :i* are f\nd to exi/ "u common circum/ances4 ,:5 gases are heat$1 !y increase 9 conduct+ p[]1 bo? = common & voltaic electricity 7#bga472 & x is probable t if we c\ld compress & cond5se !m at ! same "t1 we %\ld /ill fur!r increase _! conduct+ p[]4 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r has %[n t a sub/ance1 = in/ance wat]1 may be s exp&$ by heat :il/ 9 ! liquid /ate1 or cond5s$ :il/ 9 ! vapor\s /ate1 t ! two /ates %all co9cide at "o po9t1 & ! transition f "o to ! o!r be s gradual t no l9e ( dem>cation c be po9t$ out,a2 t1 9 fact1 ! two /ates %all become "o2--:i* "o /ate pres5ts u at diff]5t times ) diff]5ces 9 degree z to c]ta9 prop]ties & relations2 & :i* diff]5ces are1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 s great z to be equival5t to two diff]5t /ates4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 xxi4 pp4 #abg1 #agh4 #ddb4 ,i _c b suppose at pres5t t at t po9t :]e ! liquid & ! gase\s /ate co9cide1 ! conduct+ prop]ties are ! same = bo?2 b t !y dim9i% z ! expansion ( ! matt] into a r>] =m takes place by ! removal ( ! necess>y pressure2 /ill1 h[ev]1 reta9+1 z might be expect$1 ! capability ( hav+ :at feeble conduct+ p[] rema9s1 increas$ by ! action ( heat4 #ddc4 ,i v5ture to give ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! conditions ( electric conduction 9 bodies1 n h[ev] )\t fe>+ t ,i may h omitt$ "s important po9ts,a4 ,a ,see n[ 9 relation to ?is subject1 #acbj--abdb4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #ddd4 ,all bodies conduct electricity 9 ! same mann] f metals to lac & gases1 b 9 v diff]5t degrees4 #dde4 ,conduct+ p[] is 9 "s bodies p[]fully increas$ by heat1 & 9 o!rs dim9i%$1 yet )\t our p]ceiv+ any accompany+ ess5tial electrical diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 ! bodies or 9 ! *anges occasion$ by ! electricity conduct$4 #ddf4 ,a num]\s class ( bodies1 insulat+ electricity ( l[ int5sity1 :5 solid1 conduct x v freely :5 fluid1 & are !n decompos$ by x4 #ddg4 ,b !re are _m fluid bodies :i* d n s5sibly conduct electricity ( ?is l[ int5sity2 !re are "s :i* conduct x & are n decompos$2 nor is fluidity ess5tial to decomposition,a4 ,a ,see ! next s]ies ( ^! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 #ddh4 ,!re is b "o body yet discov]$,a :i*1 insulat+ a voltaic curr5t :5 solid1 & conduct+ x :5 fluid1 is n decompos$ 9 ! latt] case 7#dad474 ,a ,x is j possible t ?is case may1 by m delicate exp]im5t1 h]eaft] disappe>4 7,see n[1 #acdj1 #acda1 9 relation to ?is note4--,dec4 #ahch47 #ddi4 ,!re is no /rict electrical di/9ction ( conduction :i* c1 z yet1 be drawn betwe5 bodies suppos$ to be elem5t>y1 & ^? kn[n to be comp\nds4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,april #ae1 #ahcc4 ,,fif? ,,s]ies4 #aa4 ,on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 i4 ,new conditions ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 ii4 ,influ5ce ( ,wat] 9 ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 iii4 ,!ory ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 ,receiv$ ,june #ah1--,read ,june #bj1 #ahcc4 #aa4 ,on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4,a ,a ,ref] to ! note aft] #ajdg1 ,s]ies viii4--,dec4 #ahch4 #dej4 ,i h 9 a rec5t s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#bfe47 prov$ 7to my own satisfaction1 at lea/17 ! id5tity ( electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & h especially dwelt ^u ! pro(s ( ! sam5ess ( ^? obta9$ by ! use ( ! common electrical ma*9e & ! voltaic batt]y4 #dea4 ,! great di/9ction ( ! electricities obta9$ f ^! two s\rces is ! v high t5sion to :i* ! small quantity obta9$ by aid ( ! ma*9e may be rais$1 & ! enorm\s quantity 7#cga4 #cgf47 9 :i* t ( comp>atively l[ t5sion1 suppli$ by ! voltaic batt]y1 may be procur$2 b z _! actions1 :e!r magnetical1 *emical1 or ( any o!r nature1 are ess5tially ! same 7#cfj471 x appe>$ evid5t t we might reason f ! =m] z to ! mann] ( action ( ! latt]2 & x 01 to me1 a probable consequ5ce1 t ! use ( electricity ( su* int5sity z t af=d$ by ! ma*9e1 w\ld1 :5 appli$ to effect & elucidate electro-*emical decomposition1 %[ "s new conditions ( t action1 evolve new views ( ! int]nal arrangem5ts & *anges ( ! sub/ances "u decomposition1 & p]haps give effici5t p[]s ov] matt] z yet undecompos$4 #deb4 ,= ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! be>+s ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is s]ies ( rese>*es m di/9ct1 ,i %all divide x into sev]al heads4 i4 ,new conditions ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #dec4 ,! t5sion ( ma*9e electricity causes x1 h[ev] small 9 quantity1 to pass ?r\gh any l5g? ( wat]1 solutions1 or o!r sub/ances class+ ) ^! z conductors1 z fa/ z x c be produc$1 & !re=e1 9 relation to quantity1 z fa/ z x c\ld h pass$ ?r\gh mu* %ort] portions ( ! same conduct+ sub/ance4 ,) ! voltaic batt]y ! case is v diff]5t1 & ! pass+ curr5t ( electricity suppli$ by x suff]s s]i\s dim9ution 9 any sub/ance1 by consid]able ext5sion ( its l5g?1 b especially 9 su* bodies z ^? m5tion$ above4 #ded4 ,i endeav\r$ to apply ?is facility ( transmitt+ ! curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh any l5g? ( a conductor1 to an inve/igation ( ! transf] ( ! elem5ts 9 a decompos+ body1 9 contr>y directions1 t[>ds ! poles4 ,! g5]al =m ( app>atus us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts has be5 already describ$ 7#cab4 #caf72 & also a p>ticul> exp]im5t 7#cai471 9 :i*1 :5 a piece ( litmus pap] & a piece ( turm]ic pap] 7 comb9$ & moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 ! po9t ( ! wire f ! ma*9e 7repres5t+ ! positive pole7 put ^u ! litmus pap]1 & ! receiv+ po9t f ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib4 #caf471 repres5t+ ! negative pole1 ^u ! turm]ic pap]1 a v few turns ( ! ma*9e suffic$ to %[ ! evolution ( acid at ! =m]1 & alkali at ! latt]1 exactly 9 ! mann] effect$ by a volta-electric curr5t4 #dee4 ,! pieces ( litmus & turm]ic pap] 7 n[ plac$ ea* ^u a sep>ate plate ( glass1 & connect$ by an insulat$ /r+ f\r feet long1 moi/5$ 9 ! same solution ( sulphate ( soda3 ! t]m9al decompos+ wire po9ts 7 plac$ ^u ! pap]s z be=e4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e1 ! same evolution ( acid & alkali appe>$ z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 & ) equal read9ess1 not)/&+ t ! places ( _! appe>ance 7 f\r feet ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,f9ally1 a piece ( /r+1 sev5ty feet long1 0 us$4 ,x 0 insulat$ 9 ! air by susp5d]s ( silk1 s t ! electricity pass$ ?r\gh its entire l5g?3 decomposition took place exactly z 9 =m] cases1 alkali & acid appe>+ at ! two extremities 9 _! prop] places4 #def4 ,exp]im5ts 7 !n made bo? ) sulphate ( soda & iodide ( potassium1 to asc]ta9 if any dim9ution ( decompos+ effect 0 produc$ by su* great ext5sion z ^? j describ$ ( ! moi/ conductor or body "u decomposition2 b :e!r ! contact ( ! decompos+ po9t connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 0 made ) turm]ic pap] t\*+ ! prime conductor1 or ) o!r turm]ic pap] connect$ ) x ?r\gh ! sev5ty feet ( /r+1 ! spot ( alkali = an equal numb] ( turns ( ! ma*9e _h equal int5sity ( col\r4 ,! same results occurr$ at ! o!r decompos+ wire1 :e!r ! salt or ! iodide 7 us$2 & x 0 fully prov$ t ?is great ext5sion ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! poles produc$ no effect :atev] on ! am\nt ( decomposition1 provid$ ! same quantity ( electricity 7 pass$ 9 bo? cases 7#cgg474 #deg4 ,! negative po9t ( ! dis*>g+ tra91 ! turm]ic pap]1 & ! /r+ 7 !n remov$2 ! positive po9t 0 left re/+ ^u ! litmus pap]1 & ! latt] t\*$ by a piece ( moi/5$ /r+ held 9 ! h&4 ,a few turns ( ! ma*9e evolv$ acid at ! positive po9t z freely z be=e4 #deh4 ,! end ( ! moi/5$ /r+1 in/ead ( be+ held 9 ! h&1 0 susp5d$ by glass 9 ! air4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e ! electricity proce$$ f ! conductor ?r\gh ! wire po9t to ! litmus pap]1 & !nce away by ! int]v5tion ( ! /r+ to ! air1 s t !re 0 7z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t7 b "o metallic pole2 /ill acid 0 evolv$ !re z freely z 9 any =m] case4 #dei4 ,:5 any ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) electricity f ! negative conductor1 correspond+ effects 7 produc$ :e!r "o or two decompos+ wires 7 us$4 ,! results 7 always con/ant1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! direction ( ! electric curr5t4 #dfj4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 v>i$ s z to include ! action ( only "o metallic pole1 b t n ! pole connect$ ) ! ma*9e4 ,turm]ic pap] 0 moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 plac$ ^u glass1 & connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib47 by a decompos+ wire 7#cab472 a piece ( wet /r+ 0 hung f x1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* 0 br\ght opposite a po9t connect$ ) ! positive prime conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e 0 !n work$ = a few turns1 & alkali imm$iately appe>$ at ! po9t ( ! dis*>g+ tra9 :i* re/$ on ! turm]ic pap]4 ,correspond+ effects took place at ! negative conductor ( a ma*9e4 #dfa4 ,^! cases are abundantly suffici5t to %[ t electro*emical decomposition does n dep5d ^u ! simultane\s action ( two metallic poles1 s9ce a s+le pole might be us$1 decomposition ensue1 & "o or o!r ( ! elem5ts lib]at$1 pass to ! pole1 accord+ z x 0 positive or negative4 ,9 consid]+ ! c\rse tak5 by1 & ! f9al arrangem5t (1 ! o!r elem5t1 ,i _h little d\bt t ,i %\ld f9d x _h rec$$ t[>ds ! o!r extremity1 & t ! air itself _h act$ z a pole1 an expectation :i* 0 fully confirm$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 #dfb4 ,a piece ( turm]ic pap]1 n m ?an #j4d ( an in* 9 l5g? & #j4e ( an in* 9 wid?1 0 moi/5$ ) sulphate ( soda & plac$ ^u ! edge ( a glass plate opposite to1 & ab\t two in*es f1 a po9t connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #dg472 a piece ( t9foil1 re/+ ^u ! same glass plate1 0 connect$ ) ! ma*9e1 & also ) ! turm]ic pap]1 by a decompos+ wire a 7#cab474 ,! ma*9e 0 !n work$1 ! positive electricity pass+ into ! turm]ic pap] at ! po9t p1 & out at ! extremity n4 ,aft] =ty or fifty turns ( ! ma*9e1 ! extremity n 0 exam9$1 & ! two po9ts or angles f\nd deeply col\r$ by ! pres5ce ( free alkali 7fig4 #dh474 #dfc4 ,a simil> piece ( litmus pap]1 dipp$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda n1 fig4 #di1 0 n[ support$ ^u ! end ( ! dis*>g+ tra9 a1 & its extremity br\ght opposite to a po9t p1 connect$ ) ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,aft] work+ ! ma*9e = a %ort "t1 acid 0 develop$ at bo? ! corn]s t[>ds ! po9t1 i4e4 at bo? ! corn]s receiv+ ! electricities f ! air4 ,e precaution 0 tak5 to prev5t ?is acid f be+ =m$ by sp>ks or bru%es pass+ ?r\gh ! air 7#cbb472 & ^!1 ) ! accompany+ g5]al facts1 are suffici5t to %[ t ! acid 0 really ! result ( electro-*emical decomposition 7#dff474 #dfd4 ,!n a long piece ( turm]ic pap]1 l>ge at "o end & po9t$ at ! o!r1 0 moi/5$ 9 ! sal9e solution1 & imm$iately connect$ ) ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 s t its po9t$ extremity 0 opposite a po9t ^u ! dis*>g+ tra94 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 work$1 alkali 0 evolv$ at t po9t2 & ev5 :5 ! dis*>g+ tra9 0 remov$1 & ! electricity left to be diffus$ & c>ri$ (f altoge!r by ! air1 /ill alkali 0 evolv$ :]e ! electricity left ! turm]ic pap]4 #dfe4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !n made 9 :i* no metallic communication ) ! decompos+ matt] 0 all[$1 b bo? poles 7if !y might n[ be call$ by t "n7 =m$ ( air only4 ,a piece ( turm]ic pap] a fig4 #ej1 & a piece ( litmus pap] b1 7 dipp$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 put toge!r s z to =m "o moi/ po9t$ conductor1 & support$ on wax betwe5 two ne$le po9ts1 "o1 p1 connect$ by a wire ) ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 & ! o!r1 n1 ) ! dis*>g+ tra94 ,! int]val 9 ea* case betwe5 ! po9ts 0 ab\t half an in*2 ! positive po9t p 0 opposite ! litmus pap]2 ! negative po9t n opposite ! turm]ic4 ,! ma*9e 0 !n work$ = a "t1 ^u :i* evid5ce ( decomposition quickly appe>$1 = ! po9t ( ! litmus b became r$d5$ f acid evolv$ !re1 & ! po9t ( ! turm]ic a r$ f a simil> & simultane\s evolution ( alkali4 #dff4 ,^u turn+ ! pap] conductor r\nd1 s t ! litmus po9t %\ld n[ give (f ! positive electricity1 & ! turm]ic po9t receive x1 & work+ ! ma*9e = a %ort "t1 bo? ! r$ spots disappe>$1 & z on cont9u+ ! action ( ! ma*9e no r$ spot 0 re-=m$ at ! litmus extremity1 x prov$ t 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7#dfc47 ! effect 0 n due to ! action ( bru%es or m]e electric dis*>ges caus+ ! =mation ( nitric acid f ! air 7#cbb474 #dfg4 ,if ! comb9$ litmus & turm]ic pap] 9 ?is exp]im5t be consid]$ z con/itut+ a conductor indep5d5t ( ! ma*9e or ! dis*>g+ tra91 & ! f9al places ( ! elem5ts evolv$ be consid]$ 9 relation to ?is conductor1 !n x w be f\nd t ! acid collects at ! negative or receiv+ end or pole ( ! arrangem5t1 & ! alkali at ! positive or deliv]+ extremity4 #dfh4 ,simil> litmus & turm]ic pap] po9ts 7 n[ plac$ ^u glass plates1 & connect$ by a /r+ six feet long1 bo? /r+ & pap] be+ moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda2 a ne$le po9t connect$ ) ! ma*9e 0 br\ght opposite ! litmus pap] po9t1 & ano!r ne$le po9t connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra9 br\ght opposite ! turm]ic pap]4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e1 acid appe>$ on ! litmus1 & alkali on ! turm]ic pap]2 b ! latt] 0 n s abundant z 9 =m] cases1 = mu* ( ! electricity pass$ (f f ! /r+ into ! air1 & dim9i%$ ! quantity dis*>g$ at ! turm]ic po9t4 #dfi4 ,f9ally1 a s]ies ( f\r small comp\nd conductors1 consi/+ ( litmus & turm]ic pap] 7fig4 #ea47 moi/5$ 9 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 7 support$ on glass rods1 9 a l9e at a little di/ance f ea* o!r1 betwe5 ! po9ts p & n ( ! ma*9e & dis*>g+ tra91 s t ! electricity might pass 9 succession ?r\gh !m1 ent]+ 9 at ! litmus po9ts b1 b1 & pass+ out at ! turm]ic po9ts a1 a4 ,on work+ ! ma*9e c>efully1 s z to avoid sp>ks & bru%es 7#cbb471 ,i soon obta9$ evid5ce ( decomposition 9 ea* ( ! moi/ conductors1 = all ! litmus po9ts exhibit$ free acid1 & ! turm]ic po9ts equally %[$ free alkali4 #dgj4 ,on us+ solutions ( iodide ( potassium1 acetate ( lead1 c41 simil> effects 7 obta9$2 b z !y 7 all consi/5t ) ! results above describ$1 ,i refra9 f describ+ ! appe>ances m9utely4 #dga4 ,^! cases ( electro-*emical decomposition are 9 _! nature exactly ( ! same k9d z ^? affect$ "u ord9>y circum/ances by ! voltaic batt]y1 not)/&+ ! great diff]5ces z to ! pres5ce or abs5ce1 or at lea/ z to ! nature ( ! p>ts usually call$ poles2 & also ( ! f9al situation ( ! elem5ts elim9at$ at ! electrifi$ b\nd>y surfaces 7#dfg474 ,!y indicate at once an int]nal action ( ! p>ts suff]+ decomposition1 & appe> to %[ t ! p[] :i* is effectual 9 sep>at+ ! elem5ts is ex]t$ !re1 & n at ! poles4 ,b ,i %all def] ! consid]ation ( ?is po9t = a %ort "t 7#dic4 #eah471 t ,i may previ\sly consid] ano!r suppos$ condition ( electro-*emical decomposition,a4 ,a ,i f9d 7s9ce mak+ & describ+ ^! results17 f a note to ,sir ,humphry ,davy's pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 p4 #ca1 t t philosoph]1 9 repeat+ ,wolla/on's exp]im5t ( ! decomposition ( wat] by common electricity 7#cbg4 #ccj47 us$ an arrangem5t some:at l "s ( ^? ,i h describ$4 ,he imm]s$ a gu>d$ plat9a po9t connect$ ) ! ma*9e 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dissipat$ ! electricity f ! wat] into ! air by moi/5$ filam5ts ( cotton4 ,9 ?is way he /ates t he obta9$ oxyg5 & hydrog5 sep>ately f ea* o!r4 ,?is exp]im5t1 _h ,i kn[n ( x1 ought to h be5 quot$ 9 an e>li] s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#cdb472 b x does n remove any ( ! objections ,i h made to ! use ( ,wolla/on's app>atus z a te/ ( true *emical action 7#cca474 ii4 ,influ5ce ( ,wat] 9 ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #dgb4 ,x is ! op9ion ( sev]al philosoph]s1 t ! pres5ce ( wat] is ess5tial 9 electro-*emical decomposition1 & also = ! evolution ( electricity 9 ! voltaic batt]y itself4 ,z ! decompos+ cell is m]ely "o ( ! cells ( ! batt]y1 into :i* p>ticul> sub/ances are introduc$ = ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 x is probable t :at is an ess5tial condition 9 ! "o case is m or less s 9 ! o!r4 ,! op9ion1 !re=e1 t wat] is necess>y to decomposition1 may h be5 f\nd$ on ! /atem5t made by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 t !re are no fluids kn[n1 except su* z conta9 wat]1 :i* are capable ( be+ made ! m$ium ( connexion betwe5 ! metals or metal ( ! voltaic app>atus,a3 & aga91 :5 any sub/ance r5d]$ fluid by heat1 consi/+ ( wat]1 oxyg51 & inflammable or metallic matt]1 is expos$ to ^? wires1 simil> ph5om5a 7( decomposition7 occur,b4 ,a ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #afj1 c4 ,b ,ibid4 pp4 #add1 #ade4 #dgc4 ,?is op9ion has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 %[n by o!r philosoph]s n to be accurate1 ?\gh ,i d n "k :]e to ref] = a contradiction ( x4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy himself said 9 #ahja;,a1 t dry nitre1 cau/ic pota% & soda are conductors ( galvanism :5 r5d]$ fluid by a high degree ( heat1 b he mu/ h consid]$ !m1 or ! nitre at lea/1 z n suff]+ decomposition1 = ! /atem5ts above 7 made by him elev5 ye>s subsequ5tly4 ,9 #ahbf he also po9t$ out1 t bodies n conta9+ wat]1 z fus$ li?>ge & *lorate ( potassa1 7 suffici5t to =m1 ) plat9a & z9c1 p[]ful electromotive circles,b2 b he is "h speak+ ( ! production ( electricity 9 ! pile1 & n ( its effects :5 evolv$2 nor d 8 words at all imply t any correction ( 8 =m] di/9ct /atem5ts relative to decomposition 0 requir$4 ,a ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 #ahjb1 p4 #ec4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #djf4 #dgd4 ,i may ref] to ! la/ s]ies ( ^! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 7#chj4 #djb47 z sett+ ! matt] at re/1 by prov+ t !re are hundr$s ( bodies equally influ5tial ) wat] 9 ?is respect2 t among/ b9>y comp\nds1 oxides1 *lorides1 iodides1 & ev5 sulphurets 7#djb47 7 effective2 & t among/ m complicat$ comp\nds1 cyanides & salts1 ( equal efficacy1 occurr$ 9 great numb]s 7#djb474 #dge4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 is 9 ?is respect m]ely "o ( a v num]\s class ( sub/ances1 in/ead ( be+ ! only "o & ess5tial2 & x is ( t class "o ( ! wor/ z to its capability ( facilitat+ conduction & suff]+ decomposition4 ,! reasons :y x obta9$ = a "t an exclusive "* :i* x s little des]v$ are evid5t1 & consi/1 9 ! g5]al necessity ( a fluid condition 7#cid472 9 its be+ ! only "o ( ?is class ( bodies exi/+ 9 ! fluid /ate at common temp]atures2 its abundant supply z ! great natural solv5t2 & its con/ant use 9 t "* 9 philosophical inve/igations1 because ( its hav+ a small] int]f]+1 injuri\s1 or complicat+ action ^u ! bodies1 ei!r dissolv$ or evolv$1 ?an any o!r sub/ance4 #dgf4 ,! analogy ( ! decompos+ or exp]im5tal cell to ! o!r cells ( ! voltaic batt]y r5d]s x ne>ly c]ta9 t any ( ^? sub/ances :i* are decomposable :5 fluid1 z describ$ 9 my la/ pap] 7#djb471 w\ld1 if !y c\ld be introduc$ betwe5 ! metallic plates ( ! pile1 be equally effectual ) wat]1 if n m s4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy f\nd t li?>ge & *lorate ( potassa 7 ?us effectual,a4 ,i h con/ruct$ v>i\s voltaic arrangem5ts1 & f\nd ! above conclusion to hold good4 ,:5 any ( ! foll[+ sub/ances 9 a fus$ /ate 7 int]pos$ betwe5 copp] & plat9a1 voltaic action m or less p[]ful 0 produc$4 ,nitre2 *lorate ( potassa2 c>bonate ( potassa2 sulphate ( soda2 *loride ( lead1 ( sodium1 ( bismu?1 ( calcium2 iodide ( lead2 oxide ( bismu?2 oxide ( lead3 ! electric curr5t 0 9 ! same direction z if acids _h act$ ^u ! metals4 ,:5 any ( ! same sub/ances1 or phosphate ( soda1 7 made to act on plat9a & iron1 /ill m p[]ful voltaic comb9ations ( ! same k9d 7 produc$4 ,:5 ei!r nitrate ( silv] or *loride ( silv] 0 ! fluid sub/ance int]pos$1 !re 0 voltaic action1 b ! electric curr5t 0 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #djf4 iii4 ,!ory ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #dgg4 ,! extreme beauty & value ( electro-*emical decompositions h giv5 to t p[] :i* ! voltaic pile possesses ( caus+ _! occurr5ce an int]e/ surpass+ t ( any o!r ( its prop]ties2 = ! p[] is n only intimately connect$ ) ! cont9uance1 if n ) ! production1 ( ! electrical ph5om5a1 b x has furni%$ u ) ! mo/ beautiful demon/rations ( ! nature ( _m comp\nd bodies2 has 9 ! h&s ( ,becqu]el be5 employ$ 9 comp\nd+ sub/ances2 has giv5 u sev]al new comb9ations1 & su/a9s u ) ! hope t :5 ?or\ghly und]/ood x w produce _m m4 #dgh4 ,:at may be consid]$ z ! g5]al facts ( electro*emical decomposition are agre$ to by ne>ly all :o h writt5 on ! subject4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! decomposable sub/ance act$ ^u into its proximate or sometimes ultimate pr9ciples1 :5ev] bo? poles ( ! pile are 9 contact ) t sub/ance 9 a prop] condition2 9 ! evolution ( ^! pr9ciples at di/ant po9ts1 i4e4 at ! poles ( ! pile1 :]e !y are ei!r f9ally set free or ent] into union ) ! sub/ance ( ! poles2 & 9 ! con/ant det]m9ation ( ! evolv$ elem5ts or pr9ciples to p>ticul> poles accord+ to c]ta9 well-asc]ta9$ laws4 #dgi4 ,b ! views ( m5 ( sci5ce v>y mu* z to ! nature ( ! action by :i* ^! effects are produc$2 & z x is c]ta9 t we %all be bett] able to apply ! p[] :5 we really und]/& ! mann] 9 :i* x op]ates1 ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion is a /rong inducem5t to fur!r inquiry4 ,i h be5 l$ to hope t ! foll[+ inve/igations might be consid]$1 n z an increase ( t :i* is d\btful1 b a real addition to ?is bran* ( k4 #dhj4 ,x w be ne$ful t ,i briefly /ate ! views ( electro-*emical decomposition already put =?1 t _! pres5t contradictory & unsatisfactory /ate may be se5 be=e ,i give t :i* seems to me m accurately to agree ) facts2 & ,i h v5tur$ to discuss !m freely1 tru/+ t ,i %\ld give no (f5ce to _! high-m9d$ au?ors2 = ,i felt conv9c$ t if ,i 7 "r1 !y w\ld be pleas$ t _! views %\ld s]ve z /epp+-/ones = ! advance ( sci5ce2 & t if ,i 7 wrong1 !y w\ld excuse ! zeal :i* misl$ me1 s9ce x 0 ex]t$ = ! s]vice ( t great cause ^: prosp]ity & progress !y h desir$4 #dha4 ,grot?uss1 9 ! ye> #ahje1 wrote expressly on ! decomposition ( liquids by voltaic electricity,a4 ,he consid]s ! pile z an electric magnet1 i4e4 z an attractive & repulsive ag5t2 ! poles hav+ attractive & repell+ p[]s4 ,! pole f :5ce res9\s electricity issues attracts hydrog5 & repels oxyg51 :il/ t f :i* vitre\s electricity proce$s attracts oxyg5 & repels hydrog52 s t ea* ( ! elem5ts ( a p>ticle ( wat]1 = in/ance1 is subject to an attractive & a repulsive =ce1 act+ 9 contr>y directions1 ! c5tres ( action ( :i* are reciprocally oppos$4 ,! action ( ea* =ce 9 relation to a molecule ( wat] situat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! di/ance at :i* x is ex]t$1 ?us giv+ 7x is /at$7 = su* a molecule a con/ant =ce,b4 ,he expla9s ! appe>ance ( ! elem5ts at a di/ance f ea* o!r by ref]r+ to a succession ( decompositions & recompositions occurr+ among/ ! int]v5+ p>ticles,c1 & he ?9ks x probable t ^? :i* are ab\t to sep>ate at ! poles unite to ! two electricities !re1 & 9 consequ5ce become gases,d4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjf1 tom1 lviii4 p4 #fd4 ,b ,ibid4 pp4 #ff1 #fg1 also tom4 lxiii4 p4 #bj4 ,c ,ibid4 tom4 lviii4 p4 #fh1 tom1 lxiii4 p4 #bj4 ,d ,ibid4 tom4 lxiii4 p4 #cd4 #dhb4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy's celebrat$ ,bak]ian ,lecture on "s *emical ag5cies ( electricity 0 read 9 ,novemb] #ahjf1 & is almo/ entirely occupi$ 9 ! consid]ation ( electro-*emical decompositions4 ,! facts are ( ! utmo/ value1 &1 ) ! g5]al po9ts e/abli%$1 are univ]sally kn[n4 ,! mode ( action by :i* ! effects take place is /at$ v g5]ally1 s g5]ally1 inde$1 t probably a doz5 precise s*emes ( electro-*emical action might be drawn up1 diff]+ ess5tially f ea* o!r1 yet all agree+ ) ! /atem5t !re giv54 #dhc4 ,:5 ,sir ,humphry ,davy uses m p>ticul> expressions1 he seems to ref] ! decompos+ effects to ! attractions ( ! poles4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! g5]al expression ( facts giv5 at pp4 #bh & #bi ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahjg1 also at p4 #cj4 ,aga9 at p4 #afj ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 he speaks ( ! great attract+ p[]s ( ! surfaces ( ! poles4 ,he m5tions ! probability ( a succession ( decompositions & recompositions ?r\gh\t ! fluid1--agree+ 9 t respect ) ,grot?uss,a2 & supposes t ! attractive & repell5t ag5cies may be communicat$ f ! metallic surfaces ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! m5/ruum,b1 be+ communicat$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r p>ticle ( ! same k9d,c1 & dim9i%+ 9 /r5g? f ! place ( ! poles to ! middle po9t1 :i* is necess>ily neutral,d4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is dim9ution ( p[] at increas$ di/ances f ! poles1 he /ates t 9 a circuit ( t5 in*es ( wat]1 solution ( sulphate ( potassa plac$ f\r in*es f ! positive pole1 did n decompose2 :]eas :5 only two in*es f t pole1 x did r5d] up its elem5ts,e4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 ,b ,ibid4 p4 #ci4 ,c ,ibid4 p4 #bi4 ,d ,ibid4 p4 #db4 ,e ,ibid4 p4 #db4 #dhd4 ,:5 9 #ahbf ,sir ,humphry ,davy wrote aga9 on ?is subject1 he /at$ t he f\nd no?+ to alt] 9 ! fundam5tal !ory laid d[n 9 ! orig9al communication,a1 & uses ! t]ms attraction & repulsion app>5tly 9 ! same s5se z be=e,b4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #chc4 ,b ,ibid4 pp4 #chi1 #djg1 #aae4 #dhe4 ,messrs4 ,riffault & ,*ompr exp]im5t$ on ?is subject 9 #ahjg4 ,!y came to ! conclusion t ! voltaic curr5t caus$ decompositions ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse 9 ! humid conductor1 n m]ely z prelim9>y to ! recompositions spok5 ( by ,grot?uss & ,davy1 b produc+ f9al sep>ation ( ! elem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 & else:]e ?an at ! poles4 ,!y consid]$ ! negative curr5t z collect+ & c>ry+ ! acids1 c4 to ! positive pole1 & ! positive curr5t z do+ ! same duty ) ! bases1 & collect+ !m at ! negative pole4 ,!y likewise consid] ! curr5ts z m p[]ful ! ne>] !y are to _! respective poles1 & /ate t ! positive curr5t is sup]ior 9 p[] to ! negative curr5t,a4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjg1 tom4 lxiii4 p4 #hc1 c4 #dhf4 ,m4 ,biot is v cauti\s 9 express+ an op9ion z to ! cause ( ! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( a comp\nd body,a4 ,b z f> z ! effects c be und]/ood1 he ref]s !m to ! opposite electrical /ates ( ! portions ( ! decompos+ sub/ance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! two poles4 ,! fluid is mo/ positive at ! positive pole2 t /ate gradually dim9i%es to ! middle di/ance1 :]e ! fluid is neutral or n electrical2 b f !nce to ! negative pole x becomes m & m negative,b4 ,:5 a p>ticle ( salt is decompos$ at ! negative pole1 ! acid p>ticle is consid]$ z acquir+ a negative electrical /ate f ! pole1 /rong] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ undecompos$ p>ticles1 & is !re=e repell$ f among/ !m1 & f out ( t portion ( ! liquid t[>ds ! positive pole1 t[>ds :i* also x is drawn by ! attraction ( ! pole itself & ! p>ticles ( positive undecompos$ fluid ar\nd x,c4 ,a ,prcis ,elm5taire de ,physique1 #cme dition1 #ahbd1 tom4 i4 p4 #fda4 ,b ,ibid4 p4 #fcg4 ,c ,ibid4 pp4 #fda1 #fdb4 #dhg4 ,m4 ,biot does n appe> to admit ! successive decompositions & recompositions spok5 ( by ,grot?uss1 ,davy1 c4 c42 b seems to consid] ! sub/ance :il/ 9 transit z comb9$ )1 or r atta*$ to1 ! electricity = ! "t,a1 & ?\gh x communicates ?is electricity to ! surr\nd+ undecompos$ matt] ) :i* x is 9 contact1 yet x reta9s dur+ ! transit a little sup]iority ) respect to t k9d :i* x fir/ receiv$ f ! pole1 & is1 by virtue ( t diff]5ce1 c>ri$ =w>d ?r\gh ! fluid to ! opposite pole,b4 ,a ,prcis ,elm5taire de ,physique1 #cme dition1 #ahbd1 tom4 i4 p4 #fcf4 ,b ,ibid4 p1 #fdb4 #dhh4 ,?is !ory implies t decomposition takes place at bo? poles ^u di/9ct portions ( fluid1 & n at all 9 ! int]v5+ p>ts4 ,! latt] s]ve m]ely z imp]fect conductors1 :i*1 assum+ an electric /ate1 urge p>ticles electrifi$ m highly at ! poles ?r\gh !m 9 opposite directions1 by virtue ( a s]ies ( ord9>y electrical attractions & repulsions,a4 ,a ,prcis ,elm5taire de ,physique1 #cme dition1 #ahbd1 tom4 i4 pp4 #fch1 #fdb4 #dhi4 ,m4,a4 de la ,rive inve/igat$ ?is subject p>ticul>ly1 & publi%$ a pap] on x 9 #ahbe;,a4 ,he ?9ks ^? :o h ref]r$ ! ph5om5a to ! attractive p[]s ( ! poles1 r express ! g5]al fact ?an give any explication ( x4 ,he consid]s ! results z due to an actual comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 or r ( half ( !m1 ) ! electricities pass+ f ! poles 9 consequ5ce ( a k9d ( play ( aff9ities betwe5 ! matt] & electricity,b4 ,! curr5t f ! positive pole comb9+ ) ! hydrog51 or ! bases x f9ds !re1 leaves ! oxyg5 & acids at lib]ty1 b c>ries ! sub/ances x is unit$ ) across to ! negative pole1 :]e1 because ( ! peculi> "* ( ! metal z a conductor,c1 x is sep>at$ f !m1 ent]+ ! metal & leav+ ! hydrog5 or bases ^u its surface4 ,9 ! same mann] ! electricity f ! negative pole sets ! hydrog5 & bases :i* x f9ds !re1 free1 b comb9es ) ! oxyg5 & acids1 c>ries !m across to ! positive pole1 & !re deposits !m,d4 ,9 ?is respect ,m4 de la ,rive's hypo!sis accords 9 "p ) t ( ,,mm4 ,riffault & ,*ompr 7#dhe474 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom1 xxviii4 p4 #aij4 ,b ,ibid4 pp4 #bjj1 #bjb4 ,c ,ibid4 p4 #bjb4 ,d ,ibid4 p4 #bja4 #dij4 ,m4 de la ,rive consid]s ! portions ( matt] :i* are decompos$ to be ^? contigu\s to bo? poles,a4 ,he does n admit ) o!rs ! successive decompositions & recompositions 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! electricity ?r\gh ! humid conductor,b1 b ?9ks ! middle p>ts are 9 !mselves unalt]$1 or at lea/ s]ve only to conduct ! two contr>y curr5ts ( electricity & matt] :i* set (f f ! opposite poles,c4 ,! decomposition1 !re=e1 ( a p>ticle ( wat]1 or a p>ticle ( salt1 may take place at ei!r pole1 & :5 once effect$1 x is f9al = ! "t1 no recomb9ation tak+ place1 except ! mom5t>y union ( ! transf]r$ p>ticle ) ! electricity be s consid]$4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom1 xxviii4 pp4 #aig1 #aih4 ,b ,ibid4 pp4 #aib1 #aii4 ,c ,ibid4 p4 #bjj4 #dia4 ,! late/ communication t ,i am aw>e ( on ! subject is by ,m4 ,ha*ette3 its date is ,octob] #ahcb;,a4 ,x is incid5tal to ! description ( ! decomposition ( wat] by ! magneto-electric curr5ts 7#cdf474 ,"o ( ! results ( ! exp]im5t is1 t x is n necess>y1 z has be5 suppos$1 t = ! *emical decomposition ( wat]1 ! action ( ! two electricities1 positive & negative1 %\ld be simultane\s4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom1 xxviii4 tom4 li4 p4 #gc4 #dib4 ,x is m ?an probable t _m o!r views ( electro-*emical decomposition may h be5 publi%$1 & p]haps among/ !m "s :i*1 diff]+ f ^? above1 might1 ev5 9 my own op9ion1 7 ,i acqua9t$ ) !m1 obviate ! necessity = ! publication ( my views4 ,if su* be ! case1 ,i h to regret my ignorance ( !m1 & apologize to ! au?ors4 99 99 99 99 99 #dic4 ,t electro-*emical decomposition does n dep5d ^u any direct attraction & repulsion ( ! poles 7mean+ !reby ! metallic t]m9ations ei!r ( ! voltaic batt]y1 or ord9>y electrical ma*9e arrangem5ts 7#cab4717 ^u ! elem5ts 9 contact ) or ne> to !m1 appe>$ v evid5t f ! exp]im5ts made 9 air 7#dfb1 #dfe1 c471 :5 ! sub/ances evolv$ did n collect ab\t any poles1 b1 9 ob$i5ce to ! direction ( ! curr5t1 7 evolv$1 & ,i w\ld say eject$1 at ! extremities ( ! decompos+ sub/ance4 ,b not)/&+ ! extreme dissimil>ity 9 ! "* ( air & metals1 & ! almo/ total diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 !m z to _! mode ( conduct+ electricity1 & becom+ *>g$ ) x1 x might p]haps /ill be cont5d$1 al?\gh q hypo!tically1 t ! b\nd+ portions ( air 7 n[ ! surfaces or places ( attraction1 z ! metals _h be5 suppos$ to be be=e4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is & o!r po9ts1 ,i endeav\r$ to devise an arrangem5t by :i* ,i c\ld decompose a body aga9/ a surface ( wat]1 z well z aga9/ air or metal1 & succe$$ 9 do+ s unexceptionably 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,z ! exp]im5t = v natural reasons requires _m precautions1 to be successful1 & w be ref]r$ to h]eaft] 9 illu/ration ( ! views ,i %all v5ture to give1 ,i mu/ describe x m9utely4 #did4 ,a glass bas9 7fig4 #eb471 f\r in*es 9 diamet] & f\r in*es deep1 _h a division ( mica a1 fix$ across ! upp] "p s z to desc5d "o in* & a half bel[ ! edge1 & be p]fectly wat]-tight at ! sides3 a plate ( plat9a b1 ?ree in*es wide1 0 put into ! bas9 on "o side ( ! division a1 & reta9$ !re by a glass block bel[1 s t any gas produc$ by x 9 a future /age ( ! exp]im5t %\ld n asc5d beyond ! mica1 & cause curr5ts 9 ! liquid on t side4 ,a /rong solution ( sulphate ( magnesia 0 c>efully p\r$ )\t spla%+ into ! bas91 until x rose a little above ! l[] edge ( ! mica division a1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! glass or mica on ! unoccupi$ or c side ( ! division 9 ! figure1 %\ld n be moi/5$ by agitation ( ! solution above ! level to :i* x rose4 ,a ?9 piece ( clean cork1 well-wett$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 0 !n c>efully & lightly plac$ on ! solution at ! c side1 & di/ill$ wat] p\r$ g5tly on to x until a /ratum ! eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness appe>$ ov] ! sulphate ( magnesia2 all 0 !n left = a few m9utes1 t any solution adh]+ to ! cork might s9k away f x1 or be remov$ by ! wat] on :i* x n[ float$2 & !n m di/ill$ wat] 0 add$ 9 a simil> mann]1 until x rea*$ ne>ly to ! top ( ! glass4 ,9 ?is way solution ( ! sulphate occupi$ ! l[] "p ( ! glass1 & also ! upp] on ! "r-h& side ( ! mica2 b on ! left-h& side ( ! division a /ratum ( wat] f c to d1 "o in* & a half 9 dep?1 repos$ ^u x1 ! two pres5t+1 :5 look$ ?r\gh horizontally1 a comp>atively def9ite plane ( contact4 ,a second plat9a pole e1 0 arrang$ s z to be j "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 a position ne>ly horizontal1 a little incl9ation be+ giv5 to x1 t gas evolv$ dur+ decomposition might escape3 ! "p imm]s$ 0 ?ree in*es & a half long by "o in* wide1 & ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ( wat] int]v5$ betwe5 x & ! solution ( sulphate ( magnesia4 #die4 ,! latt] pole e 0 n[ connect$ ) ! negative end ( a voltaic batt]y1 ( =ty pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 :il/ ! =m] pole b 0 connect$ ) ! positive end4 ,!re 0 action & gas evolv$ at bo? poles2 b f ! int]v5tion ( ! pure wat]1 ! decomposition 0 v feeble comp>$ to :at ! batt]y w\ld h effect$ 9 a uni=m solution4 ,aft] a little :ile 7less ?an a m9ute17 magnesia also appe>$ at ! negative side3 x did n make its appe>ance at ! negative metallic pole1 b 9 ! wat]1 at ! plane :]e ! solution & ! wat] met2 & on look+ at x horizontally1 x c\ld be !re p]ceiv$ ly+ 9 ! wat] ^u ! solution1 n ris+ m ?an ! f\r? ( an in* above ! latt]1 :il/ ! wat] betwe5 x & ! negative pole 0 p]fectly cle>4 ,on cont9u+ ! action1 ! bubbles ( hydrog5 ris+ upw>ds f ! negative pole impress$ a circulatory movem5t on ! /ratum ( wat]1 upw>ds 9 ! middle1 & d[nw>ds at ! side1 :i* gradually gave an asc5d+ =m to ! cl\d ( magnesia 9 ! "p j "u ! pole1 hav+ an appe>ance z if x 7 !re attract$ to x2 b ?is 0 altoge!r an effect ( ! curr5ts1 & did n occur until long aft] ! ph5om5a look$ = 7 satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 #dif4 ,aft] a little :ile ! voltaic communication 0 brok51 & ! plat9a poles remov$ ) z little agitation z possible f ! wat] & solution1 = ! purpose ( exam9+ ! liquid adh]+ to !m4 ,! pole c1 :5 t\*$ by turm]ic pap]1 gave no traces ( alkali1 nor c\ld any?+ b pure wat] be f\nd ^u x4 ,! pole b1 ?\gh drawn ?r\gh a mu* great] dep? & quantity ( fluid1 0 f\nd s acid z to give abundant evid5ce to litmus pap]1 ! tongue1 & o!r te/s4 ,h5ce !re _h be5 no int]f]5ce ( alkal9e salts 9 any way1 und]go+ fir/ decomposition1 & !n caus+ ! sep>ation ( ! magnesia at a di/ance f ! pole by m]e *emical ag5cies4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 & always successfully4 #dig4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! sub/ances evolv$ 9 cases ( electro*emical decomposition may be made to appe> aga9/ air 7#dfe4 #dfi471--:i*1 accord+ to common language1 is n a conductor1 nor is decompos$1 or aga9/ wat] 7#die471 :i* is a conductor1 & c be decompos$1--z well z aga9/ ! metal poles1 :i* are excell5t conductors1 b undecomposable1 !re appe>s b little reason to consid] ! ph5om5a g5]ally1 z due to ! attraction or attractive p[]s ( ! latt]1 :5 us$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 s9ce simil> attractions c h>dly be imag9$ 9 ! =m] in/ances4 #dih4 ,x may be said t ! surfaces ( air or ( wat] 9 ^! cases become ! poles1 & ex]t attractive p[]s2 b :at pro( is !re ( t1 except ! fact t ! matt]s evolv$ collect !re1 :i* is ! po9t to be expla9$1 & _c be ju/ly quot$ z its own explanation8 ,or x may be said1 t any section ( ! humid conductor1 z t 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e ! solution & ! wat] meet1 may be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! pole4 ,b su* does n appe> to me to be ! view ( ^? :o h writt5 on ! subject1 c]ta9ly n ( "s ( !m1 & is inconsi/5t ) ! suppos$ laws :i* !y h assum$1 z gov]n+ ! dim9ution ( p[] at increas$ di/ances f ! poles4 #dii4 ,grot?uss1 = in/ance1 describes ! poles z c5tres ( attractive & repulsive =ces 7#dha471 ^! =ces v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 & says1 !re=e1 t a p>ticle plac$ any:]e betwe5 ! poles w be act$ ^u by a con/ant =ce4 ,b ! comp\nd =ce1 result+ f su* a comb9ation z he supposes1 w\ld be any?+ b a con/ant =ce2 x w\ld evid5tly be a =ce greate/ at ! poles1 & dim9i%+ to ! middle di/ance4 ,grot?uss is "r1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact1 accord+ to my exp]im5ts 7#ejb4 #eje471 t ! p>ticles are act$ ^u by equal =ce ev]y:]e 9 ! circuit1 :5 ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t are ! simple/ possible2 b ! fact is aga9/ 8 !ory1 & is also1 ,i ?9k1 aga9/ all !ories t place ! decompos+ effect 9 ! attractive p[] ( ! poles4 #ejj4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o also speaks ( ! dim9ution ( p[] ) increase ( di/ance f ! poles,a 7#dhc471 supposes1 t :5 bo? poles are act+ on sub/ances to decompose !m1 /ill ! p[] ( decomposition dim9i%es to ! middle di/ance4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ( fact he is oppos$ to ,grot?uss1 & quotes an exp]im5t 9 :i* sulphate ( potassa1 plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! poles 9 a humid conductor ( con/ant l5g?1 decompos$ :5 ne> ! pole1 b n :5 at a di/ance4 ,su* a consequ5ce w\ld necess>ily result !oretically f consid]+ ! poles z c5tres ( attraction & repulsion2 b ,i h n f\nd ! /atem5t borne out by o!r exp]im5ts 7#eje472 & 9 ! "o quot$ by him ! effect 0 d\btless due to "s ( ! _m int]f]+ causes ( v>iation :i* att5d su* inve/igations4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 p4 #db4 #eja4 ,a glass vessel _h a plat9a plate fix$ p]p5dicul>ly across x1 s z to divide x into two cells3 a head ( mica 0 fix$ ov] x1 s z to collect ! gas x might evolve dur+ exp]im5ts2 !n ea* cell1 & ! space b5ea? ! mica1 0 fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,two poles 7 provid$1 consi/+ ea* ( a plat9a wire t]m9at$ by a plate ( ! same metal2 ea* 0 fix$ into a tube pass+ ?r\gh its upp] end by an air-tight jo9t1 t x might be moveable1 & yet t ! gas evolv$ at x might be collect$4 ,! tubes 7 fill$ ) ! acid1 & "o imm]s$ 9 ea* cell4 ,ea* plat9a pole 0 equal 9 surface to "o side ( ! divid+ plate 9 ! middle glass vessel1 & ! :ole might be consid]$ z an arrangem5t betwe5 ! poles ( ! batt]y ( a humid decomposable conductor divid$ 9 ! middle by ! int]pos$ plat9a diaphragm4 ,x 0 easy1 :5 requir$1 to draw "o ( ! poles fur!r up ! tube1 & !n ! plat9a diaphragm 0 no long] 9 ! middle ( ! humid conductor4 ,b :e!r x 7 ?us arrang$ at ! middle1 or t[>ds "o side1 x always evolv$ a quantity ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 equal to t evolv$ by bo? ! extreme plates,a4 ,a ,!re are c]ta9 precautions1 9 ?is & su* exp]im5ts1 :i* c only be und]/ood & gu>d$ aga9/ by a k ( ! ph5om5a to be describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,six? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es4 #ejb4 ,if ! wires ( a galvanomet] be t]m9at$ by plates1 & ^! be imm]s$ 9 dilute acid1 conta9$ 9 a regul>ly =m$ rectangul> glass tr\gh1 connect$ at ea* end ) a voltaic batt]y by poles equal to ! section ( ! fluid1 a "p ( ! electricity w pass ?r\gh ! in/rum5t & cause a c]ta9 deflection4 ,& if ! plates are always reta9$ at ! same di/ance f ea* o!r & f ! sides ( ! tr\gh1 are always p>allel to ea* o!r1 & uni=mly plac$ relative to ! fluid1 !n1 :e!r !y are imm]s$ ne> ! middle ( ! decompos+ solution1 or at "o end1 /ill ! in/rum5t w indicate ! same deflection1 & consequ5tly ! same electric influ5ce4 #ejc4 ,x is v evid5t1 t :5 ! wid? ( ! decompos+ conductor v>ies1 z is always ! case :5 m]e wires or plates1 z poles1 are dipp$ into or are surr\nd$ by solution1 no con/ant expression c be giv5 z to ! action ^u a s+le p>ticle plac$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 nor any conclusion ( use1 relative to ! suppos$ attractive or repulsive =ce ( ! poles1 be drawn4 ,! =ce w v>y z ! di/ance f ! pole v>ies2 z ! p>ticle is directly betwe5 ! poles1 or m or less on "o side2 & ev5 z x is ne>] to or fur!r f ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessels1 or z ! %ape ( ! vessel itself v>ies2 &1 9 fact1 by mak+ v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! arrangem5t1 ! =ce ^u any s+le p>ticle may be made to increase1 or dim9i%1 or rema9 con/ant1 :il/ ! di/ance betwe5 ! p>ticle & ! pole %all rema9 ! same2 or ! =ce may be made to increase1 or dim9i%1 or rema9 con/ant1 ei!r z ! di/ance increases or z x dim9i%es4 #ejd4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts1 ,i am l$ to believe ! foll[+ g5]al expression to be correct2 b ,i purpose exam9+ x mu* fur!r1 & w\ld !re=e wi% n to be consid]$ at pres5t z pl$g$ to its accuracy4 ,! sum ( *emical decomposition is con/ant = any section tak5 across a decompos+ conductor1 uni=m 9 its nature1 at :atev] di/ance ! poles may be f ea* o!r or f ! section2 or h[ev] t section may int]sect ! curr5ts1 :e!r directly across !m1 or s oblique z to rea* almo/ f pole to pole1 or :e!r x be plane1 or curv$1 or irregul> 9 ! utmo/ degree2 provid$ ! curr5t ( electricity be reta9$ con/ant 9 quantity 7#cgg471 & t ! section passes ?r\gh e "p ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! decompos+ conductor4 #eje4 ,i h reason to believe t ! /atem5t might be made /ill m g5]al1 & express$ ?us3 ,t = a con/ant quantity ( electricity1 :atev] ! decompos+ conductor may be1 :e!r wat]1 sal9e solutions1 acids1 fus$ bodies1 c41 ! am\nt ( electro-*emical action is also a con/ant quantity1 i4e4 w\ld always be equival5t to a /&>d *emical effect f\nd$ ^u ord9>y *emical aff9ity4 ,i h ?is inve/igation 9 h&1 ) sev]al o!rs1 & %all be prep>$ to give x 9 ! next s]ies b "o ( ^! ,rese>*es4 #ejf4 ,_m o!r argum5ts might be adduc$ aga9/ ! hypo!ses ( ! attraction ( ! poles be+ ! cause ( electro-*emical decomposition2 b ,i w\ld r pass on to ! view ,i h ?\ght m consi/5t ) facts1 ) ?is s+le rem>k2 t if decomposition by ! voltaic batt]y dep5d$ ^u ! attraction ( ! poles1 or ! p>ts ab\t !m1 be+ /rong] ?an ! mutual attraction ( ! p>ticles sep>at$1 x w\ld foll[ t ! weake/ electrical attraction 0 /rong] ?an1 if n ! /ronge/1 yet v /rong *emical attraction1 namely1 su* z exi/s betwe5 oxyg5 & hydrog51 potassium & oxyg51 *lor9e & sodium1 acid & alkali1 c41 a consequ5ce :i*1 al?\gh p]haps n impossible1 seems 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! subject v unlikely4 #ejg4 ,! view :i* ,m4 de la ,rive has tak5 7#dhi471 & also ,,mm4 ,riffault & ,*ompr 7#dhe471 ( ! mann] 9 :i* electro-*emical decomposition is effect$1 is v diff]5t to t already consid]$1 & is n affect$ by ei!r ! argum5ts or facts urg$ aga9/ ! latt]4 ,consid]+ x z /at$ by ! =m] philosoph]1 x appe>s to me to be incompet5t to acc\nt = ! exp]im5ts ( decomposition aga9/ surfaces ( air 7#dfb4 #dfi47 & wat] 7#die471 :i* ,i h describ$2 = if ! physical diff]5ces betwe5 metals & humid conductors1 :i* ,m4 de la ,rive supposes to acc\nt = ! transmission ( ! comp\nd ( matt] & electricity 9 ! latt]1 & ! transmission ( ! electricity only ) ! rejection ( ! matt] 9 ! =m]1 be all[$ = a mom5t1 /ill ! analogy ( air to metal is1 electrically consid]$1 s small1 t in/ead ( ! =m] replac+ ! latt] 7#dfb471 an effect ! v rev]se might h be5 expect$4 ,or if ev5 t 7 all[$1 ! exp]im5t ) wat] 7#die471 at once sets ! matt] at re/1 ! decompos+ pole be+ n[ ( a sub/ance :i* is admitt$ z compet5t to transmit ! assum$ comp\nd ( electricity & matt]4 #ejh4 ,) reg>d to ! views ( ,,mm4 ,riffault & ,*ompr 7#dhe471 ! occurr5ce ( decomposition alone 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t is s contr>y to ! well-kn[n effects obta9$ 9 ! =ms ( exp]im5t adopt$ up to ?is "t1 t x mu/ be prov$ be=e ! hypo!sis dep5d+ on x ne$ be consid]$4 #eji4 ,! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s !ories ( electro-*emical decomposition1 :il/ x has made me diffid5t1 has also giv5 me confid5ce to add ano!r to ! numb]2 = x is because ! "o ,i h to propose appe>s1 aft] ! mo/ att5tive consid]ation1 to expla9 & agree ) ! imm5se collection ( facts belong+ to ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 & to rema9 uncontradict$ by1 or unoppos$ to1 any ( !m1 t ,i h be5 enc\rag$ to give x4 #eaj4 ,electro-*emical decomposition is well kn[n to dep5d ess5tially ^u ! curr5t ( electricity4 ,i h %[n t 9 c]ta9 cases 7#cge47 ! decomposition is proportionate to ! quantity ( electricity pass+1 :atev] may be its int5sity or its s\rce1 & t ! same is probably true = all cases 7#cgg471 ev5 :5 ! utmo/ g5]ality is tak5 on ! "o h&1 & great precision ( expression on ! o!r 7#eje474 #eaa4 ,9 speak+ ( ! curr5t1 ,i f9d myself oblig$ to be /ill m p>ticul> ?an on a =m] occasion 7#bhc471 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iety ( views tak5 by philosoph]s1 all agree+ 9 ! effect ( ! curr5t itself4 ,"s philosoph]s1 ) ,frankl91 assume b "o electric fluid2 & su* mu/ agree toge!r 9 ! g5]al uni=mity & "* ( ! electric curr5t4 ,o!rs assume two electric fluids2 & "h s+ul> diff]5ces h aris54 #eab4 ,,mm4 ,riffault & ,*ompr1 = in/ance1 consid] ! positive & negative curr5ts ea* z caus+ decomposition1 & /ate t ! positive curr5t is m p[]ful ?an ! negative curr5t,a1 ! nitrate ( soda be+1 "u simil> circum/ances1 decompos$ by ! =m]1 b n by ! latt]4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjg1 tom1 lxiii4 p4 #hd4 #eac4 ,m4 ,ha*ette /ates,a t x is n necess>y1 z has be5 believ$1 t ! action ( ! two electricities1 positive & negative1 %\ld be simultane\s = ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,! passage imply+1 if ,i h caught ! mean+ aright1 t "o electricity c be obta9$1 & c be appli$ 9 effect+ decompositions1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahcb1 tom4 li4 p4 #gc4 #ead4 ,! view ( ,m4 de la ,rive to a c]ta9 ext5t agrees ) t ( ,m4 ,ha*ette1 = he consid]s t ! two electricities decompose sep>ate portions ( wat] 7#dij47;,a4 ,9 "o passage he speaks ( ! two electricities z two influ5ces1 wi%+ p]haps to avoid (f]+ a decid$ op9ion ^u ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( electric fluids2 b z ^! influ5ces are consid]$ z comb9+ ) ! elem5ts set free z by a species ( *emical aff9ity1 & = ! "t entirely mask+ _! "*1 great vagu5ess ( idea is ?us introduc$1 inasmu* z su* a species ( comb9ation c only be conceiv$ to take place betwe5 ?+s hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ces4 ,! two elem5t>y electric curr5ts1 mov+ 9 opposite directions1 f pole to pole1 con/itute ! ord9>y voltaic curr5t4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahbe1 tom1 xxviii4 pp4 #aig1 #bja4 #eae4 ,m4 ,grot?uss is incl9$ to believe t ! elem5ts ( wat]1 :5 ab\t to sep>ate at ! poles1 comb9e ) ! electricities1 & s become gases4 ,m4 de la ,rive's view is ! exact rev]se ( ?is3 :il/ pass+ ?r\gh ! fluid1 !y are1 accord+ to him1 comp\nds ) ! electricities2 :5 evolv$ at ! poles1 !y are de-electrifi$4 #eaf4 ,i h s\ght among/ ! v>i\s exp]im5ts quot$ 9 support ( ^! views1 or connect$ ) electro-*emical decompositions or electric curr5ts1 = any :i* might be consid]$ z su/a9+ ! !ory ( two electricities r ?an t ( "o1 b h n be5 able to p]ceive a s+le fact :i* c\ld be br\ght =w>d = su* a purpose3 or1 admitt+ ! hypo!sis ( two electricities1 mu* less h ,i be5 able to p]ceive ! slighte/ gr\nds = believ+ t "o electricity 9 a curr5t c be m p[]ful ?an ! o!r1 or t x c be pres5t )\t ! o!r1 or t "o c be v>i$ or 9 ! slighte/ degree affect$1 )\t a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! o!r,a4 ,if1 ^u ! supposition ( two electricities1 a curr5t ( "o c be obta9$ )\t ! o!r1 or ! curr5t ( "o be exalt$ or dim9i%$ m ?an ! o!r1 we might surely expect "s v>iation ei!r ( ! *emical or magnetical effects1 or ( bo?2 b no su* v>iations h be5 obs]v$4 ,if a curr5t be s direct$ t x may act *emically 9 "o "p ( its c\rse1 & magnetically 9 ano!r1 ! two actions are always f\nd to take place toge!r4 ,a curr5t has n1 to my k1 be5 produc$ :i* c\ld act *emically & n magnetically1 nor any :i* c act on ! magnet1 & n at ! same "t *emically,b4 ,a ,see n[ 9 relation to ?is subject1 #afbg-afde4--;,dec4 #ahch4 ,b ,!rmo-electric curr5ts are ( c\rse no exception1 because :5 !y fail to act *emically !y also fail to be curr5ts4 #eag4 ,judg+ f facts only1 !re is n z yet ! slighte/ reason = consid]+ ! influ5ce :i* is pres5t 9 :at we call ! electric curr5t1--:e!r 9 metals or fus$ bodies or humid conductors1 or ev5 9 air1 flame1 & r>efi$ ela/ic m$ia1--z a comp\nd or complicat$ influ5ce4 ,x has nev] be5 resolv$ into simpl] or elem5t>y influ5ces1 & may p]haps be/ be conceiv$ ( z an axis ( p[] hav+ contr>y =ces1 exactly equal 9 am\nt1 9 contr>y directions4 99 99 99 99 99 #eah4 ,pass+ to ! consid]ation ( electro-*emical decomposition1 x appe>s to me t ! effect is produc$ by an int]nal corpuscul> action1 ex]t$ accord+ to ! direction ( ! electric curr5t1 & t x is due to a =ce ei!r sup] to1 or giv+ direction to ! ord9>y *emical aff9ity ( ! bodies pres5t4 ,! body "u decomposition may be consid]$ z a mass ( act+ p>ticles1 all ^? :i* are includ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t contribut+ to ! f9al effect2 & x is because ! ord9>y *emical aff9ity is reliev$1 weak5$1 or p>tly neutraliz$ by ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t 9 "o direction p>allel to ! c\rse ( ! latt]1 & /r5g!n$ or add$ to 9 ! opposite direction1 t ! comb9+ p>ticles h a t5d5cy to pass 9 opposite c\rses4 #eai4 ,9 ?is view ! effect is consid]$ z ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! mutual *emical aff9ity ( ! p>ticles ( opposite k9ds4 ,p>ticles aa1 fig4 #ec1 c\ld n be transf]r$ or travel f "o pole ,n t[>ds ! o!r ,p1 unless !y f\nd p>ticles ( ! opposite k9d bb1 ready to pass 9 ! contr>y direction3 = x is by virtue ( _! increas$ aff9ity = ^? p>ticles1 comb9$ ) _! dim9i%$ aff9ity = su* z are beh9d !m 9 _! c\rse1 t !y are urg$ =w>d3 & :5 any "o p>ticle a1 fig4 #ed1 arrives at ! pole1 x is exclud$ or set free1 because ! p>ticle b ( ! opposite k9d1 ) :i* x 0 ! mom5t be=e 9 comb9ation1 has1 "u ! sup]9duc+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 a great] attraction = ! p>ticle a'1 :i* is be=e x 9 its c\rse1 ?an = ! p>ticle a1 t[>ds :i* its aff9ity has be5 weak5$4 #ebj4 ,z f> z reg>ds any s+le comp\nd p>ticle1 ! case may be consid]$ z analog\s to "o ( ord9>y decomposition1 = 9 fig4 #ed1 a may be conceiv$ to be expell$ f ! comp\nd ab by ! sup]ior attraction ( a' = b1 t sup]ior attraction belong+ to x 9 consequ5ce ( ! relative position ( a'b & a to ! direction ( ! axis ( electric p[] 7#eag47 sup]9duc$ by ! curr5t4 ,b z all ! comp\nd p>ticles 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 except ^? actually 9 contact ) ! poles1 act conjo9tly1 & consi/ ( elem5t>y p>ticles1 :i*1 :il/ !y are 9 "o direction expell+1 are 9 ! o!r be+ expell$1 ! case becomes m complicat$1 b n m difficult ( compreh5sion4 #eba4 ,x is n "h assum$ t ! act+ p>ticles mu/ be 9 a "r l9e betwe5 ! poles4 ,! l9es ( action :i* may be suppos$ to repres5t ! electric curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh a decompos+ liquid1 h 9 _m exp]im5ts v irregul> =ms2 & ev5 9 ! simple/ case ( two wires or po9ts imm]s$ z poles 9 a drop or l>g] s+le portion ( fluid1 ^! l9es mu/ div]ge rapidly f ! poles2 & ! direction 9 :i* ! *emical aff9ity betwe5 p>ticles is mo/ p[]fully modifi$ 7#eai4 #ebj47 w v>y ) ! direction ( ^! l9es1 accord+ con/antly ) !m4 ,b ev5 9 ref]5ce to ^! l9es or curr5ts1 x is n suppos$ t ! p>ticles :i* mutually affect ea* o!r mu/ ( necessity be p>allel to !m1 b only t !y %all accord g5]ally ) _! direction4 ,two p>ticles1 plac$ 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! electric curr5t pass+ 9 any p>ticul> place1 are n suppos$ to h _! ord9>y *emical relations t[>ds ea* o!r affect$2 b z ! l9e jo9+ !m is incl9$ "o way to ! curr5t _! mutual aff9ity is increas$2 z x is incl9$ 9 ! o!r direction x is dim9i%$2 & ! effect is a maximum1 :5 t l9e is p>allel to ! curr5t,a4 ,a ,9 ref]5ce to ?is subject see n[ electrolytic induction & dis*>ge1 ,s]ies ,,xii4 viii4 #acdc-acea1 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #ebb4 ,t ! actions1 ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 take place frequ5tly 9 oblique directions is evid5t f ! circum/ance ( ^? p>ticles be+ includ$ :i* 9 num]\s cases are n 9 a l9e betwe5 ! poles4 ,?us1 :5 wires are us$ z poles 9 a glass ( solution1 ! decompositions & recompositions occur to ! "r or left ( ! direct l9e betwe5 ! poles1 & inde$ 9 e "p to :i* ! curr5ts ext5d1 z is prov$ by _m exp]im5ts1 & mu/ !re=e (t5 occur betwe5 p>ticles obliquely plac$ z respects ! curr5t itself2 & :5 a metallic vessel conta9+ ! solution is made "o pole1 :il/ a m]e po9t or wire is us$ = ! o!r1 ! decompositions & recompositions mu/ frequ5tly be /ill m oblique to ! c\rse ( ! curr5ts4 #ebc4 ,! !ory :i* ,i h v5tur$ to put =? 7almo/7 requires an admission1 t 9 a comp\nd body capable ( electro-*emical decomposition ! elem5t>y p>ticles h a mutual relation to1 & influ5ce ^u ea* o!r1 ext5d+ beyond ^? ) :i* !y are imm$iately comb9$4 ,?us 9 wat]1 a p>ticle ( hydrog5 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 is consid]$ z n altoge!r indiff]5t to o!r p>ticles ( oxyg51 al?\gh !y are comb9$ ) o!r p>ticles ( hydrog52 b to h an aff9ity or attraction t[>ds !m1 :i*1 ?\gh x does n at all approa* 9 =ce1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to t by :i* x is comb9$ ) its own p>ticle1 c1 "u ! electric influ5ce1 ex]t$ 9 a def9ite direction1 be made ev5 to surpass x4 ,?is g5]al relation ( p>ticles already 9 comb9ation to o!r p>ticles ) :i* !y are n comb9$1 is suffici5tly di/9ct 9 num]\s results ( a purely *emical "*2 especially 9 ^? :]e p>tial decompositions only take place1 & 9 ,b]?ollet's exp]im5ts on ! effects ( quantity ^u aff9ity3 & x probably has a direct relation to1 & connexion )1 attraction ( aggregation1 bo? 9 solids & fluids4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance1 t 9 gases & vap\rs1 :]e ! attraction ( aggregation ceases1 !re likewise ! decompos+ p[]s ( electricity app>5tly cease1 & !re also ! *emical action ( quantity is no long] evid5t4 ,x seems n unlikely1 t ! inability to suff] decomposition 9 ^! cases may be dep5d5t ^u ! abs5ce ( t mutual attractive relation ( ! p>ticles :i* is ! cause ( aggregation4 #ebd4 ,i hope ,i h n[ di/9ctly /at$1 al?\gh 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! view ,i ent]ta9 ( ! cause ( electro-*emical decomposition1 z f> z t cause c at pres5t be trac$ & und]/ood4 ,i conceive ! effects to arise f =ces :i* are int]nal1 relative to ! matt] "u decomposition--& n ext]nal1 z !y might be consid]$1 if directly dep5d5t ^u ! poles4 ,i suppose t ! effects are due to a modification1 by ! electric curr5t1 ( ! *emical aff9ity ( ! p>ticles ?r\gh or by :i* t curr5t is pass+1 giv+ !m ! p[] ( act+ m =cibly 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r1 & consequ5tly mak+ !m travel by a s]ies ( successive decompositions & recompositions 9 opposite directions1 & f9ally caus+ _! expulsion or exclusion at ! b\nd>ies ( ! body "u decomposition1 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & t 9 l>g] or small] quantities1 accord+ z ! curr5t is m or less p[]ful 7#cgg474 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 x w\ld be m philosophical1 & m directly expressive ( ! facts1 to speak ( su* a body1 9 relation to ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x1 r ?an to ! poles1 z !y are usually call$1 9 contact ) x2 & say t :il/ "u decomposition1 oxyg51 *lor9e1 iod9e1 acids1 c41 are r5d]$ at its negative extremity1 & combu/ibles1 metals1 alkalies1 bases1 c41 at its positive extremity 7#dfg471 ,i d n believe t a sub/ance c be transf]r$ 9 ! electric curr5t beyond ! po9t :]e x ceases to f9d p>ticles ) :i* x c comb9e2 & ,i may ref] to ! exp]im5ts made 9 air 7#dfe47 & 9 wat] 7#die471 already quot$1 = facts illu/rat+ ^! views 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 to :i* ,i w n[ add o!rs4 #ebe4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( ! decomposition & transf] ( elem5ts ^u ! *emical aff9ity ( ! sub/ances pres5t1 exp]im5ts 7 made ^u sulphuric acid 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 0 prep>$3 its specific gravity 0 #a4jbab4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( soda 0 also prep>$1 ( su* /r5g? t a measure ( x conta9$ exactly z mu* sulphuric acid z an equal measure ( ! dilut$ acid j ref]r$ to4 ,a solution ( pure soda1 & ano!r ( pure ammonia1 7 likewise prep>$1 ( su* /r5g?s t a measure ( ei!r %\ld be exactly neutraliz$ by a measure ( ! prep>$ sulphuric acid4 #ebf4 ,f\r glass cups 7 !n arrang$1 z 9 fig4 #ee2 sev5te5 measures ( ! free sulphuric acid 7#ebe47 7 put into ea* ( ! vessels a & b1 & sev5te5 measures ( ! solution ( sulphate ( soda into ea* ( ! vessels ,a & ,b4 ,asbe/us1 :i* _h be5 well-wa%$ 9 acid1 act$ ^u by ! voltaic pile1 well-wa%$ 9 wat]1 & dri$ by pressure1 0 us$ to connect a ) b & ,a ) ,b1 ! portions be+ z equal z !y c\ld be made 9 quantity1 & cut z %ort z 0 consi/5t ) _! p]=m+ ! "p ( effectual communications1 b & ,a 7 connect$ by two plat9a plates or poles sold]$ to ! extremities ( "o wire1 & ! cups a & ,b 7 by simil> plat9a plates connect$ ) a voltaic batt]y ( =ty pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 t 9 a be+ connect$ ) ! negative1 & t 9 ,b ) ! positive pole4 ,! batt]y1 :i* 0 n p[]fully *>g$1 0 reta9$ 9 communication above half an h\r4 ,9 ?is mann] x 0 c]ta9 t ! same electric curr5t _h pass$ ?r\gh a b & ,a ,b1 & t 9 ea* in/ance ! same quantity & /r5g? ( acid _h be5 submitt$ to its action1 b 9 "o case m]ely dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & 9 ! o!r dissolv$ & also comb9$ ) an alkali4 #ebg4 ,on break+ ! connexion ) ! batt]y1 ! portions ( asbe/us 7 lift$ out1 & ! drops hang+ at ! ends all[$ to fall ea* into its respective vessel4 ,! acids 9 a & b 7 !n fir/ comp>$1 = :i* purpose two evaporat+ di%es 7 balanc$1 & ! acid f a put into "o1 & t f b into ! o!r2 b z "o 0 a little heavi] ?an ! o!r1 a small drop 0 transf]r$ f ! heavi] to ! light]1 & ! two r5d]$ equal 9 weight4 ,be+ neutraliz$ by ! addition ( ! soda solution 7#ebe471 t f a1 or ! negative vessel1 requir$ #ae p>ts ( ! soda solution1 & t f b1 or ! positive vessel1 requir$ #af4c p>ts4 ,t ! sum ( ^! is n #cd p>ts is pr9cipally due to ! acid remov$ ) ! asbe/us2 b tak+ ! mean ( #ae4fe p>ts1 x w\ld appe> t a tw5ty-f\r? "p ( ! acid orig9ally 9 ! vessel a _h pass$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 f a into b4 #ebh4 ,9 comp>+ ! diff]5ce ( acid 9 ,a & ,b1 ! necess>y equality ( weight 0 consid]$ z ( no consequ5ce1 because ! solution 0 at fir/ neutral1 & w\ld n1 !re=e1 affect ! te/ liquids1 & all ! evolv$ acid w\ld be 9 ,b1 & ! free alkali 9 ,a4 ,! solution 9 ,a requir$ #c4b measures ( ! prep>$ acid 7#ebe47 to neutralize x1 & ! solution 9 ,b requir$ also #c4b measures ( ! soda solution 7#ebe47 to neutralize x4 ,z ! asbe/us mu/ h remov$ a little acid & alkali f ! glasses1 ^! quantities are by s mu* too small2 & !re=e x w\ld appe> t ab\t a t5? ( ! acid orig9ally 9 ! vessel ,a _h be5 transf]r$ into ,b dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! electric action4 #ebi4 ,9 ano!r simil> exp]im5t1 :il/ a ?irty-fif? "p ( ! acid pass$ f a to b2 9 ! free acid vessels1 betwe5 a t5? & an elev5? pass$ f ,a to ,b 9 ! comb9$ acid vessels4 ,o!r exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d gave simil> results4 #ecj4 ,! v>iation ( electro-*emical decomposition1 ! transf] ( elem5ts & _! accumulation at ! poles1 accord+ z ! sub/ance submitt$ to action consi/s ( p>ticles oppos$ m or less 9 _! *emical aff9ity1 toge!r ) ! consequ5t influ5ce ( ! latt] circum/ances1 are suffici5tly obvi\s 9 ^! cases1 :]e sulphuric acid is act$ ^u 9 ! same quantity by ! same electric curr5t1 b 9 "o case oppos$ to ! comp>atively weak aff9ity ( wat] = x1 & 9 ! o!r to ! /rong] "o ( soda4 ,9 ! latt] case ! quantity transf]r$ is f two & a half to ?ree times :at x is 9 ! =m]2 & x appe>s !re=e v evid5t t ! transf] is greatly dep5d5t ^u ! mutual action ( ! p>ticles ( ! decompos+ bodies,a4 ,a ,see ! note to 7#fge471--;,dec4 #ahch4 #eca4 ,9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts ! acid f ! vessels a & b 0 neutraliz$ by ammonia1 !n evaporat$ to dryness1 heat$ to r$ness1 & ! residue exam9$ = sulphates4 ,9 ^! cases m sulphate 0 always obta9$ f a ?an f b2 %[+ t x _h be5 impossible to exclude sal9e bases 7d]iv$ f ! asbe/us1 ! glass1 or p]haps impurities orig9ally 9 ! acid17 & t !y _h help$ 9 transf]r+ ! acid into b4 ,b ! quantity 0 small1 & ! acid 0 pr9cipally transf]r$ by relation to ! wat] pres5t4 #ecb4 ,i endeav\r$ to arrange c]ta9 exp]im5ts by :i* sal9e solutions %\ld be decompos$ aga9/ surfaces ( wat]2 & at fir/ work$ ) ! electric ma*9e ^u a piece ( bibul\s pap]1 or asbe/us moi/5$ 9 ! solution1 & 9 contact at its two extremities ) po9t$ pieces ( pap] moi/5$ 9 pure wat]1 :i* s]v$ to c>ry ! electric curr5t to & f ! solution 9 ! middle piece4 ,b ,i f\nd num]\s int]f]+ difficulties4 ,?us1 ! wat] & solutions 9 ! pieces ( pap] c\ld n be prev5t$ f m+l+ at ! po9t :]e !y t\*$4 ,aga91 suffici5t acid c\ld be d]iv$ f ! pap] connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 or x may be ev5 f ! air itself1 "u ! influ5ce ( electric action1 to neutralize ! alkali develop$ at ! positive extremity ( ! decompos+ solution1 & s n m]ely prev5t its appe>ance1 b actually transf] x on to ! metal t]m9ation3 &1 9 fact1 :5 ! pap] po9ts 7 n all[$ to t\* !re1 & ! ma*9e 0 work$ until alkali 0 evolv$ at ! deliv]+ or positive end ( ! turm]ic pap]1 conta9+ ! sulphate ( soda solution1 x 0 m]ely necess>y to place ! opposite receiv+ po9t ( ! pap] connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 :i* _h be5 moi/5$ by di/ill$ wat]1 ^u ! br[n turm]ic po9t & press !m toge!r1 :5 ! alkal9e effect imm$iately disappe>$4 #ecc4 ,! exp]im5t ) sulphate ( magnesia already describ$ 7#die47 is a case 9 po9t1 h[ev]1 & %[s mo/ cle>ly t ! sulphuric acid & magnesia contribut$ to ea* o!r's transf] & f9al evolution1 exactly z ! same acid & soda affect$ ea* o!r 9 ! results j giv5 7#ebg1 c472 & t s soon z ! magnesia advanc$ beyond ! rea* ( ! acid1 & f\nd no o!r sub/ance ) :i* x c\ld comb9e1 x appe>$ 9 its prop] "*1 & 0 no long] able to cont9ue its progress t[>ds ! negative pole4 99 99 99 99 99 #ecd4 ,! !ory ,i h v5tur$ to put =? appe>s to me to expla9 all ! prom95t features ( electro-*emical decomposition 9 a satisfactory mann]4 #ece4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x expla9s :y1 9 all ord9>y cases1 ! evolv$ sub/ances appe> only at ! poles2 = ! poles are ! limit+ surfaces ( ! decompos+ sub/ance1 & except at !m1 e p>ticle f9ds o!r p>ticles hav+ a contr>y t5d5cy ) :i* x c comb9e4 #ecf4 ,!n x expla9s :y1 9 num]\s cases1 ! elem5ts or evolv$ sub/ances are n reta9$ by ! poles2 & ?is is no small difficulty 9 ^? !ories :i* ref] ! decompos+ effect directly to ! attractive p[] ( ! poles4 ,if1 9 accordance ) ! usual !ory1 a piece ( plat9a be suppos$ to h suffici5t p[] to attract a p>ticle ( hydrog5 f ! p>ticle ( oxyg5 ) :i* x 0 ! in/ant be=e comb9$1 !re seems no suffici5t reason1 nor any fact1 except ^? to be expla9$1 :i* %[ :y x %\ld n1 accord+ to analogy ) all ord9>y attractive =ces1 z ^? ( gravitation1 magnetism1 cohesion1 *emical aff9ity1 c4 reta9 t p>ticle :i* x _h j be=e tak5 f a di/ance & f previ\s comb9ation4 ,yet x does n d s1 b all[s x to escape freely4 ,nor does ?is dep5d ^u its assum+ ! gase\s /ate1 = acids & alkalies1 c4 are left equally at lib]ty to diffuse !mselves ?r\gh ! fluid surr\nd+ ! pole1 & %[ no p>ticul> t5d5cy to comb9e ) or adh]e to ! latt]4 ,& ?\gh !re are pl5ty ( cases :]e comb9ation ) ! pole does take place1 !y d n at all expla9 ! in/ances ( non-comb9ation1 & d n !re=e 9 _! p>ticul> action reveal ! g5]al pr9ciple ( decomposition4 #ecg4 ,b 9 ! !ory t ,i h j giv51 ! effect appe>s to be a natural consequ5ce ( ! action3 ! evolv$ sub/ances are expell$ f ! decompos+ mass 7#eah4 #eai471 n drawn out by an attraction :i* ceases to act on "o p>ticle )\t any assignable reason1 :ile x cont9ues to act on ano!r ( ! same k9d3 & :e!r ! poles be metal1 wat]1 or air1 /ill ! sub/ances are evolv$1 & are sometimes set free1 :il/ at o!rs !y unite to ! matt] ( ! poles1 accord+ to ! *emical nature ( ! latt]1 i4e4 _! *emical relation to ^? p>ticles :i* are leav+ ! sub/ance "u op]ation4 #ech4 ,! !ory acc\nts = ! transf] ( elem5ts 9 a mann] :i* seems to me at pres5t to leave no?+ unexpla9$2 & x 01 inde$1 ! ph5om5a ( transf] 9 ! num]\s cases ( decomposition ( bodies r5d]$ fluid by heat 7#chj4 #djb471 :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! exp]im5ts 9 air1 l$ to its con/ruction4 ,su* cases z ! =m] :]e b9>y comp\nds ( easy decomposability are act$ ^u1 are p]haps ! be/ to illu/rate ! !ory4 #eci4 ,*loride ( lead1 = in/ance1 fus$ 9 a b5t tube 7#djj471 & decompos$ by plat9a wires1 evolves lead1 pass+ to :at is usually call$ ! negative pole1 & *lor9e1 :i* be+ evolv$ at ! positive pole1 is 9 "p set free1 & 9 "p comb9es ) ! plat9a4 ,! *loride ( plat9a =m$1 be+ soluble 9 ! *loride ( lead1 is subject to decomposition1 & ! plat9a itself is gradually transf]r$ across ! decompos+ matt]1 & f\nd ) ! lead at ! negative pole4 #edj4 ,iodide ( lead evolves abundance ( lead at ! negative pole1 & abundance ( iod9e at ! positive pole4 #eda4 ,*loride ( silv] furni%es a beautiful in/ance1 especially :5 decompos$ by silv] wire poles4 ,^u fus+ a portion ( x on a piece ( glass1 & br++ ! poles into contact ) x1 !re is abundance ( silv] evolv$ at ! negative pole1 & an equal abundance absorb$ at ! positive pole1 = no *lor9e is set free3 & by c>eful managem5t1 ! negative wire may be )drawn f ! fus$ globule z ! silv] is r$uc$ !re1 ! latt] s]v+ z ! cont9uation ( ! pole1 until a wire or ?read ( reviv$ silv]1 five or six in*es 9 l5g?1 is produc$2 at ! same "t ! silv] at ! positive pole is z rapidly dissolv$ by ! *lor9e1 :i* seizes ^u x1 s t ! wire has to be cont9ually advanc$ z x is melt$ away4 ,! :ole exp]im5t includes ! action ( only two elem5ts1 silv] & *lor9e1 & illu/rates 9 a beautiful mann] _! progress 9 opposite directions1 p>allel to ! electric curr5t1 :i* is = ! "t giv+ a uni=m g5]al direction to _! mutual aff9ities 7#ebd474 #edb4 ,accord+ to my !ory1 an elem5t or a sub/ance n decomposable "u ! circum/ances ( ! exp]im5t1 7z = in/ance1 a dilute acid or alkali17 %\ld n be transf]r$1 or pass f pole to pole1 unless x be 9 *emical relation to "s o!r elem5t or sub/ance t5d+ to pass 9 ! opposite direction1 = ! effect is consid]$ z ess5tially due to ! mutual relation ( su* p>ticles4 ,b ! !ories attribut+ ! det]m9ation ( ! elem5ts to ! attractions & repulsions ( ! poles require no su* condition1 i4e4 !re is no reason app>5t :y ! attraction ( ! positive pole1 & ! repulsion ( ! negative pole1 ^u a p>ticle ( free acid1 plac$ 9 wat] betwe5 !m1 %\ld n 7) equal curr5ts ( electricity7 be z /rong z if t p>ticle 7 previ\sly comb9$ ) alkali2 b1 on ! contr>y1 z !y h n a p[]ful *emical aff9ity to ov]come1 !re is e reason to suppose !y w\ld be /rong]1 & w\ld soon] br+ ! acid to re/ at ! positive pole,a4 ,yet su* is n ! case1 z has be5 %[n by ! exp]im5ts on free & comb9$ acid 7#ebf4 #ebh474 ,a ,ev5 ,sir ,humphry ,davy consid]$ ! attraction ( ! pole z be+ communicat$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r ( ! same k9d 7#dhc474 #edc4 ,nei!r does ,m4 de la ,rive's !ory1 z ,i und]/& x1 require t ! p>ticles %\ld be 9 comb9ation3 x does n ev5 admit1 :]e !re are two sets ( p>ticles capable ( comb9+ ) & pass+ by ea* o!r1 t !y d comb9e1 b supposes t !y travel z sep>ate comp\nds ( matt] & electricity4 ,yet 9 fact ! free sub/ance _c travel1 ! comb9$ "o c4 #edd4 ,x is v difficult to f9d cases among/ solutions or fluids :i* %all illu/rate ?is po9t1 because ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ two fluids :i* %all conduct1 %all n m+le1 & 9 :i* an elem5t evolv$ f "o %all n f9d a comb9able elem5t 9 ! o!r4 ,solutions ( acids or alkalies w n answ]1 because !y exi/ by virtue ( an attraction2 & increas+ ! solubility ( a body 9 "o direction1 & dim9i%+ x 9 ! opposite1 is j z good a reason = transf]1 z modify+ ! aff9ity betwe5 ! acids & alkalies !mselves,a4 ,nev]!less ! case ( sulphate ( magnesia is 9 po9t 7#did4 #die471 & %[s t "o elem5t or pr9ciple only has no p[] ( transf]5ce or ( pass+ t[>ds ei!r pole4 ,a ,see ! note to 7#fgj474--;,dec4 #ahch4 #ede4 ,_m ( ! metals1 h[ev]1 9 _! solid /ate1 (f] v fair in/ances ( ! k9d requir$4 ,?us1 if a plate ( plat9a be us$ z ! positive pole 9 a solution ( sulphuric acid1 oxyg5 w pass t[>ds x1 & s w acid2 b ^! are n sub/ances hav+ su* *emical relation to ! plat9a z1 ev5 "u ! fav\rable condition sup]9duc$ by ! curr5t 7#eah4 #ebd471 to comb9e ) x2 ! plat9a !re=e rema9s :]e x 0 fir/ plac$1 & has no t5d5cy to pass t[>ds ! negative pole4 ,b if a plate ( iron1 z9c or copp]1 be sub/itut$ = ! plat9a1 !n ! oxyg5 & acid c comb9e ) ^!1 & ! metal imm$iately beg9s to travel 7z an oxide7 to ! opposite pole1 & is f9ally deposit$ !re4 ,or if1 reta9+ ! plat9a pole1 a fus$ *loride1 z ( lead1 z9c1 silv]1 c41 be sub/itut$ = ! sulphuric acid1 !n1 z ! plat9a f9ds an elem5t x c comb9e )1 x ent]s into union1 acts z o!r elem5ts d 9 cases ( voltaic decomposition1 is rapidly transf]r$ across ! melt$ matt]1 & expell$ at ! negative pole4 #edf4 ,i c see b little reason 9 ! !ories ref]r+ ! electro-*emical decomposition to ! attractions & repulsions ( ! poles1 & ,i c p]ceive none 9 ,m4 de la ,rive's !ory1 :y ! metal ( ! positive pole %\ld n be transf]r$ across ! int]v5+ conductor1 & deposit$ at ! negative pole1 ev5 :5 x _c act *emically ^u ! elem5t ( ! fluid surr\nd+ x4 ,x _c be ref]r$ to ! attraction ( cohesion prev5t+ su* an effect2 = if ! pole be made ( ! lighte/ spongy plat9a1 ! effect is ! same4 ,or if gold precipitat$ by sulphate ( iron be diffus$ ?r\gh ! solution1 /ill accumulation ( x at ! negative pole w n take place2 & yet ! attraction ( cohesion is almo/ p]fectly ov]come1 ! p>ticles are 9 x s small z to rema9 = h\rs 9 susp5sion1 & are p]fectly free to move by ! slighte/ impulse t[>ds ei!r pole2 & if 9 relation by *emical aff9ity to any sub/ance pres5t1 are p[]fully det]m9$ to ! negative pole,a4 ,a ,9 mak+ ?is exp]im5t1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t no sub/ance be pres5t t c act *emically on ! gold4 ,al?\gh ,i us$ ! metal v c>efully wa%$1 & diffus$ ?r\gh dilute sulphuric acid1 yet 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,i obta9$ gold at ! negative pole1 & ! effect 0 repeat$ :5 ! plat9a poles 7 *ang$4 ,b on exam9+ ! cle> liquor 9 ! cell1 aft] subsid5ce ( ! metallic gold1 ,i f\nd a little ( t metal 9 solution1 & a little *lor9e 0 also pres5t4 ,i !re=e well wa%$ ! gold :i* _h ?us be5 subject$ to voltaic action1 diffus$ x ?r\gh o!r pure dilute sulphuric acid1 & !n f\nd1 t on subject+ x to ! action ( ! pile1 n ! slighte/ t5d5cy to ! negative pole c\ld be p]ceiv$4 #edg4 ,9 support ( ^! argum5ts1 x may be obs]v$1 t z yet no det]m9ation ( a sub/ance to a pole1 or t5d5cy to obey ! electric curr5t1 has be5 obs]v$ 7t ,i am aw>e (17 9 cases ( m]e mixture2 i4e4 a sub/ance diffus$ ?r\gh a fluid1 b hav+ no s5sible *emical aff9ity ) x1 or ) sub/ances t may be evolv$ f x dur+ ! action1 does n 9 any case seem to be affect$ by ! electric curr5t4 ,pulv]is$ *>coal 0 diffus$ ?r\gh dilute sulphuric acid1 & subject$ ) ! solution to ! action ( a voltaic batt]y1 t]m9at$ by plat9a poles2 b n ! slighte/ t5d5cy ( ! *>coal to ! negative pole c\ld be obs]v$1 ,sublim$ sulphur 0 diffus$ ?r\gh simil> acid1 & submitt$ to ! same action1 a silv] plate be+ us$ z ! negative pole2 b ! sulphur _h no t5d5cy to pass to t pole1 ! silv] 0 n t>ni%$1 nor did any sulphurett$ hydrog5 appe>4 ,! case ( magnesia & wat] 7#die4 #ecc471 ) ^? ( comm9ut$ metals 9 c]ta9 solutions 7#edf471 are also ( ?is k9d2 &1 9 fact1 sub/ances :i* h ! in/ant be=e be5 p[]fully det]m9$ t[>ds ! pole1 z magnesia f sulphate ( magnesia1 become entirely indiff]5t to x ! mom5t !y assume _! indep5d5t /ate1 & pass away1 diffus+ !mselves ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ fluid4 #edh4 ,!re are1 x is true1 _m in/ances ( insoluble bodies be+ act$ ^u1 z glass1 sulphate ( b>yta1 m>ble1 slate1 basalt1 c41 b !y =m no exception2 = ! sub/ances !y give up are 9 direct & /rong relation z to *emical aff9ity ) ^? :i* !y f9d 9 ! surr\nd+ solution1 s t ^! decompositions ent] into ! class ( ord9>y effects4 #edi4 ,x may be express$ z a g5]al consequ5ce1 t ! m directly bodies are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 *emical aff9ity1 ! m ready is _! sep>ation f ea* o!r 9 cases ( electro-*emical decomposition1 i4e4 provid$ o!r circum/ances1 z insolubility1 defici5t conduct+ p[]1 proportions1 c41 d n int]f]e4 ,?is is well kn[n to be ! case ) wat] & sal9e solutions2 & ,i h f\nd x to be equally true ) dry *lorides1 iodides1 salts1 c41 r5d]$ subject to electro-*emical decomposition by fusion 7#djb474 ,s t 9 apply+ ! voltaic batt]y = ! purpose ( decompos+ bodies n yet resolv$ into =ms ( matt] simpl] ?an _! own1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t success may dep5d n ^u ! weakness1 or failure ^u ! /r5g?1 ( ! aff9ity by :i* ! elem5ts s\ght = are held toge!r1 b contr>iwise2 & !n modes ( application may be devis$1 by :i*1 9 association ) ord9>y *emical p[]s1 & ! assi/ance ( fusion 7#cid4 #dag471 we may be able to p5etrate mu* fur!r ?an at pres5t into ! con/itution ( our *emical elem5ts4 #eej4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful & surpris+ cases ( electro-*emical decomposition & transf] :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy describ$ 9 8 celebrat$ pap],a1 7 ^? 9 :i* acids 7 pass$ ?r\gh alkalies1 & alkalies or e>?s ?r\gh acids,b2 & ! way 9 :i* sub/ances hav+ ! mo/ p[]ful attractions = ea* o!r 7 ?us prev5t$ f comb9+1 or1 z x is said1 _h _! natural aff9ity de/roy$ or susp5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! circuit1 excit$ ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t4 ,b if ,i be "r 9 ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! effects1 x w appe>1 t t :i* made ! wond]1 is 9 fact ! ess5tial condition ( transf] & decomposition1 & t ! m alkali !re is 9 ! c\rse ( an acid1 ! m w ! transf] ( t acid be facilitat$ f pole to pole2 & p]haps a bett] illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ory ,i h v5tur$1 & ^? previ\sly exi/+1 _c be (f]$ ?an ! views !y respectively give ( su* facts z ^!4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 p4 #a4 ,b ,ibid4 p1 #bd1 c4 #eea4 ,! in/ances 9 :i* sulphuric acid c\ld n be pass$ ?\gh b>yta1 or b>yta ?r\gh sulphuric acid,a1 because ( ! precipitation ( sulphate ( b>yta1 ent] )9 ! pale ( ! law already describ$ 7#chj4 #dab471 by :i* liquidity is s g5]ally requir$ = conduction & decomposition4 ,9 assum+ ! solid /ate ( sulphate ( b>yta1 ^! bodies became virtually non-conductors to electricity ( s l[ a t5sion z t ( ! voltaic batt]y1 & ! p[] ( ! latt] ov] !m 0 almo/ inf9itely dim9i%$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 p4 #be1 c4 #eeb4 ,! !ory ,i h advanc$ accords 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann] ) ! fact ( an elem5t or sub/ance f9d+ its place ( re/1 or r ( evolution1 sometimes at "o pole & sometimes at ! o!r4 ,sulphur illu/rates ?is effect v well,a4 ,:5 sulphuric acid is decompos$ by ! pile1 sulphur is evolv$ at ! negative pole2 b :5 sulphuret ( silv] is decompos$ 9 a simil> way 7#dcf471 !n ! sulphur appe>s at ! positive pole2 & if a hot plat9a pole be us$ s z to vaporize ! sulphur evolv$ 9 ! latt] case1 !n ! relation ( t pole to ! sulphur is exactly ! same z ! relation ( ! same pole to oxyg5 ^u its imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,9 bo? cases ! elem5t evolv$ is lib]at$ at ! pole1 b n reta9$ by x2 b by virtue ( its ela/ic1 uncomb9able1 & immiscible condition passes away into ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! sulphur is evid5tly det]m9$ 9 ^! opposite directions by its opposite *emical relations to oxyg5 & silv]2 & x is to su* relations g5]ally t ,i h ref]r$ all electro-*emical ph5om5a4 ,:]e !y d n exi/1 no electro-*emical action c take place4 ,:]e !y are /ronge/1 x is mo/ p[]ful2 :]e !y are rev]s$1 ! direction ( transf] ( ! sub/ance is rev]s$ ) !m4 ,a ,at #fha & #geg ( ,s]ies ,,vii1 w be f\nd corrections ( ! /atem5t "h made respect+ sulphur & sulphuric acid4 ,at pres5t !re is no well-asc]ta9$ fact :i* proves t ! same body c g directly to ei!r ( ! two poles at pleasure4--,dec4 #ahch4 #eec4 ,wat] may be consid]$ z "o ( ^? sub/ances :i* c be made to pass to ei!r pole4 ,:5 ! poles are imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid 7#ebg471 acid passes t[>ds ! positive pole1 & wat] t[>ds ! negative pole2 b :5 !y are imm]s$ 9 dilute alkali1 ! alkali passes t[>ds ! negative pole1 & wat] t[>ds ! positive pole4 #eed4 ,nitrog5 is ano!r sub/ance :i* is consid]$ z det]m9able to ei!r pole2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! num]\s comp\nds :i* x =ms1 "s ( :i* pass to "o pole1 & "s to ! o!r1 ,i h n always f\nd x easy to det]m9e ! true circum/ances ( its appe>ance4 ,a pure /rong solution ( ammonia is s bad a conductor ( electricity t x is sc>cely m decomposable ?an pure wat]2 b if sulphate ( ammonia be dissolv$ 9 x1 !n decomposition takes place v well2 nitrog5 almo/ pure1 & 9 "s cases q1 is evolv$ at ! positive pole1 & hydrog5 at ! negative pole4 #eee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a /rong solution ( nitrate ( ammonia be decompos$1 oxyg5 appe>s at ! positive pole1 & hydrog51 ) sometimes nitrog51 at ! negative pole4 ,if fus$ nitrate ( ammonia be employ$1 hydrog5 appe>s at ! negative pole1 m+l$ ) a little nitrog54 ,/rong nitric acid yields pl5ty ( oxyg5 at ! positive pole1 b no gas 7only nitr\s acid7 at ! negative pole4 ,weak nitric acid yields ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( ! wat] pres5t1 ! acid app>5tly rema9+ un*ang$4 ,/rong nitric acid ) nitrate ( ammonia dissolv$ 9 x1 yields a gas at ! negative pole1 ( :i* ! great] "p is hydrog51 b app>5tly a little nitrog5 is pres5t4 ,i believe1 t 9 "s ( ^! cases a little nitrog5 appe>$ at ! negative pole4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t 9 all ^!1 & 9 all =m] cases1 ! appe>ance ( ! nitrog5 at ! positive or negative pole is entirely a second>y effect1 & n an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! decompos+ p[] ( ! electric curr5t,a4 ,a ,ref] = pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is supposition to #gdh1 #geb1 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #eef4 ,a few obs]vations on :at are call$ ! poles ( ! voltaic batt]y n[ seem necess>y4 ,! poles are m]ely ! surfaces or doors by :i* ! electricity ent]s into or passes out ( ! sub/ance suff]+ decomposition4 ,!y limit ! ext5t ( t sub/ance 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t1 be+ its t]m9ations 9 t direction3 ,h5ce ! elem5ts evolv$ pass s f> & no fur!r4 #eeg4 ,metals make admirable poles1 9 consequ5ce ( _! high conduct+ p[]1 _! immiscibility ) ! sub/ances g5]ally act$ ^u1 _! solid =m1 & ! opportunity af=d$ ( select+ su* z are n *emically act$ ^u by ord9>y sub/ances4 #eeh4 ,wat] makes a pole ( difficult application1 except 9 a few cases 7#did471 because ( its small conduct+ p[]1 its miscibility ) mo/ ( ! sub/ances act$ ^u1 & its g5]al relation to !m 9 respect to *emical aff9ity4 ,x consi/s ( elem5ts1 :i* 9 _! electrical & *emical relations are directly & p[]fully oppos$1 yet comb9+ to produce a body m neutral 9 its "* ?an any o!r4 ,s t !re are b few sub/ances :i* d n come into relation1 by *emical aff9ity1 ) wat] or "o ( its elem5ts2 & !re=e ei!r ! wat] or its elem5ts are transf]r$ & assi/ 9 transf]r+ ! inf9ite v>iety ( bodies :i*1 9 association ) x1 c be plac$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t4 ,h5ce ! reason :y x s r>ely happ5s t ! evolv$ sub/ances re/ at ! fir/ surface ( ! wat]1 & :y x !re=e does n exhibit ! ord9>y action ( a pole4 #eei4 ,air1 h[ev]1 & "s gases are free f ! latt] objection1 & may be us$ z poles 9 _m cases 7#dfa1 c472 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! extremely l[ degree ( conduct+ p[] belong+ to !m1 !y _c be employ$ ) ! voltaic app>atus4 ,?is limits _! use2 = ! voltaic app>atus is ! only "o z yet discov]$ :i* supplies suffici5t quantity ( electricity 7#cga4 #cgf47 to effect electro-*emical decomposition ) facility4 #efj4 ,:5 ! poles are liable to ! *emical action ( ! sub/ances evolv$1 ei!r simply 9 consequ5ce ( _! natural relation to !m1 or ( t relation aid$ by ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t 7#eah471 !n !y suff] corrosion1 & ! p>ts dissolv$ are subject to transf]5ce1 9 ! same mann] z ! p>ticles ( ! body orig9ally "u decomposition4 ,an imm5se s]ies ( ph5om5a ( ?is k9d might be quot$ 9 support ( ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! cause ( electro-*emical decomposition1 & ! transf] & evolution ( ! elem5ts4 ,?us plat9a be+ made ! positive & negative poles 9 a solution ( sulphate ( soda1 has no aff9ity or attraction = ! oxyg51 hydrog51 acid1 or alkali evolv$1 & refuses to comb9e ) or reta9 !m4 ,z9c c comb9e ) ! oxyg5 & acid2 at ! positive pole x does comb9e1 & imm$iately beg9s to travel z oxide t[>ds ! negative pole4 ,*>coal1 :i* _c comb9e ) ! metals1 if made ! negative pole 9 a metallic solution1 refuses to unite to ! bodies :i* are eject$ f ! solution ^u its surface2 b if made ! positive pole 9 a dilute solution ( sulphuric acid1 x is capable ( comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 evolv$ !re1 & consequ5tly unites ) x1 produc+ bo? c>bonic acid & c>bonic oxide 9 abundance4 #efa4 ,a great advantage is frequ5tly suppli$1 by ! opportunity af=d$ among/ ! metals ( select+ a sub/ance = ! pole1 :i* %all or %all n be act$ ^u by ! elem5ts to be evolv$4 ,! consequ5t use ( plat9a is notori\s4 ,9 ! decomposition ( sulphuret ( silv] & o!r sulphurets1 a positive silv] pole is sup]ior to a plat9a "o1 because 9 ! =m] case ! sulphur evolv$ !re comb9es ) ! silv]1 & ! decomposition ( ! orig9al sulphuret is r5d]$ evid5t2 :]eas 9 ! latt] case x is dissipat$1 & ! assurance ( its sep>ation at ! pole n easily obta9$4 #efb4 ,! effects :i* take place :5 a succession ( conduct+ decomposable & undecomposable sub/ances are plac$ 9 ! electric circuit1 z1 = in/ance1 ( wires & solutions1 or ( air & solutions 7#dfe1 #dfi471 are expla9$ 9 ! simple/ possible mann] by ! !oretical view ,i h giv54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! reaction ( ! con/itu5ts ( ea* portion ( decomposable matt]1 affect$ z !y are by ! sup]v5tion ( ! electric curr5t 7#ebd471 portions ( ! proximate or ultimate elem5ts proce$ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t z f> z !y f9d matt] ( a contr>y k9d capable ( effect+ _! transf]1 & be+ equally affect$ by !m2 & :]e !y cease to f9d su* matt]1 !y are evolv$ 9 _! free /ate1 i4e4 ^u ! surfaces ( metal or air b\nd+ ! ext5t ( decomposable matt] 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t4 #efc4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 my !ory ( ! mode 9 :i* electro-*emical decomposition is effect$1 ,i w refra9 = ! pres5t f ent]+ ^u ! num]\s g5]al consid]ations :i* x sugge/s1 wi%+ fir/ to submit x to ! te/ ( publication & discussion4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,june #ahcc4 ,,six? ,,s]ies4 #ab4 ,on ! p[] ( ,metals & o!r ,solids to induce ! ,comb9ation ( ,gase\s ,bodies4 ,receiv$ ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcc1--,read ,janu>y #aa1 #ahcd4 #efd4 ,! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$ 9 ! pres5t communication may seem to r5d] ! :ole ( x unfit to =m "p ( a s]ies ( rese>*es 9 electricity2 s9ce1 rem>kable z ! ph5om5a are1 ! p[] :i* produces !m is n to be consid]$ z ( an electric orig91 o!rwise ?an z all attraction ( p>ticles may h ?is subtile ag5t = _! common cause4 ,b z ! effects inve/igat$ arose out ( electrical rese>*es1 z !y are directly connect$ ) o!r effects :i* are ( an electric nature1 & mu/ ( necessity be und]/ood & gu>d$ aga9/ 9 a v ext5sive s]ies ( electro-*emical decompositions 7#gjg471 ,i h felt myself fully ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ !m 9 ?is place4 #efe4 ,believ+ t ,i _h prov$ 7by exp]im5ts h]eaft] to be describ$ 7#gje4717 ! con/ant & def9ite *emical action ( a c]ta9 quantity ( electricity1 :atev] its int5sity might be1 or h[ev] ! circum/ances ( its transmission ?r\gh ei!r ! body "u decomposition or ! m p]fect conductors 7 v>i$1 ,i endeav\r$ ^u t result to con/ruct a new measur+ in/rum5t1 :i* f its use might be call$1 at lea/ provisionally1 a ,volta-electromet] 7#gci47;,a4 ,a ,or ,voltamet]4--,dec4 #ahch4 #eff4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts made to r5d] ! in/rum5t effici5t1 ,i 0 occasionally surpris$ at obs]v+ a defici5cy ( ! gases result+ f ! decompositions ( wat]1 & at la/ an actual disappe>ance ( portions :i* _h be5 evolv$1 collect$1 & measur$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! disappe>ance 7 ^!4 ,a glass tube1 ab\t twelve in*es 9 l5g? & #c_/d?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 _h two plat9a poles fix$ into its upp]1 h]metically seal$1 extremity3 ! poles1 :]e !y pass$ ?r\gh ! glass1 7 ( wire2 b t]m9at$ bel[ 9 plates1 :i* 7 sold]$ to ! wires ) gold 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #ef474 ,! tube 0 fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & inv]t$ 9 a cup ( ! same fluid2 a voltaic batt]y 0 connect$ ) ! two wires1 & suffici5t oxyg5 & hydrog5 evolv$ to occupy #d_/e?s ( ! tube1 or by ! graduation1 #aaf p>ts4 ,on sep>at+ ! tube f ! voltaic batt]y ! volume ( gas imm$iately began to dim9i%1 & 9 ab\t five h\rs only #ac-a_/b p>ts rema9$1 & ^! ultimately disappe>$4 #efg4 ,x 0 f\nd by v>i\s exp]im5ts1 t ?is effect 0 n due to ! escape or solution ( ! gas1 nor to recomb9ation ( ! oxyg5 or hydrog5 9 consequ5ce ( any peculi> condition !y might be suppos$ to possess "u ! circum/ances2 b to be occasion$ by ! action ( "o or bo? ( ! poles )9 ! tube ^u ! gas ar\nd !m4 ,on disunit+ ! poles f ! pile aft] !y _h act$ ^u dilute sulphuric acid1 & introduc+ !m into sep>ate tubes conta9+ mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 x 0 f\nd t ! positive pole effect$ ! union ( ! gases1 b ! negative pole app>5tly n 7#ehh474 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ also t no action ( a s5sible k9d took place betwe5 ! positive pole ) oxyg5 or hydrog5 alone4 #efh4 ,^! exp]im5ts r$uc$ ! ph5om5a to ! consequ5ce ( a p[] possess$ by ! plat9a1 aft] x _h be5 ! positive pole ( a voltaic pile1 ( caus+ ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 at common1 or ev5 at l[1 temp]atures4 ,?is effect is1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 altoge!r new1 & 0 imm$iately foll[$ out to asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 really ( an electric nature1 & h[ f> x w\ld int]f]e ) ! det]m9ation ( ! quantities evolv$ 9 ! cases ( electro-*emical decomposition requir$ 9 ! f\rte5? section ( ^! ,rese>*es4 #efi4 ,sev]al plat9a plates 7 prep>$ 7fig4 #eg474 ,!y 7 ne>ly half an in* wide1 & two in*es & a half long3 "s 7 #a_/bjj;d? ( an in*1 o!rs n m ?an #a_/fjj;d?1 :il/ "s 7 z mu* z #a_/gj? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,ea* _h a piece ( plat9a wire1 ab\t sev5 in*es long1 sold]$ to x by pure gold4 ,!n a numb] ( glass tubes 7 prep>$3 !y 7 ab\t n9e or t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 #e_/h?s ( an in* 9 int]nal diamet]1 7 seal$ h]metically at "o extremity1 & 7 graduat$4 ,into ^! tubes 0 put a mixture ( two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg51 at ! wat] pneumatic tr\gh1 & :5 "o ( ! plates describ$ _h be5 connect$ ) ! positive or negative pole ( ! voltaic batt]y = a giv5 "t1 or _h be5 o!rwise prep>$1 x 0 introduc$ ?r\gh ! wat] into ! gas )9 ! tube2 ! :ole set aside 9 a te/-glass 7fig4 #eh471 & left = a long] or %ort] p]iod1 t ! action might be obs]v$4 #egj4 ,! foll[+ result may be giv5 z an illu/ration ( ! ph5om5on to be inve/igat$4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ( ! specific gravity #a4ccf1 0 put into a glass j>1 9 :i* 0 plac$ also a l>ge plat9a plate1 connect$ ) ! negative end ( a voltaic batt]y ( =ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 ) d\ble copp]s1 & mod]ately *>g$4 ,"o ( ! plates above describ$ 7#efi47 0 !n connect$ ) ! positive extremity1 & imm]s$ 9 ! same j> ( acid = five m9utes1 aft] :i* x 0 sep>at$ f ! batt]y1 wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & introduc$ ?r\gh ! wat] ( ! pneumatic tr\gh into a tube conta9+ ! mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#efi474 ,! volume ( gases imm$iately began to less51 ! dim9ution proce$+ m & m rapidly until ab\t #c_/d?s ( ! mixture _h disappe>$4 ,! upp] end ( ! tube became q w>m1 ! plate itself s hot t ! wat] boil$ z x rose ov] x2 & 9 less ?an a m9ute a cubical in* & a half ( ! gases 7 gone1 hav+ be5 comb9$ by ! p[] ( ! plat9a1 & conv]t$ into wat]4 #ega4 ,?is extraord9>y influ5ce acquir$ by ! plat9a at ! positive pole ( ! pile1 is ex]t$ f> m readily & effectively on oxyg5 & hydrog5 ?an on any o!r mixture ( gases t ,i h tri$4 ,"o volume ( nitr\s gas 0 mix$ ) a volume ( hydrog51 & introduc$ into a tube ) a plate :i* _h be5 made positive 9 ! dilute sulphuric acid = f\r m9utes 7#egj474 ,!re 0 no s5sible action 9 an h\r3 be+ left = ?irty-six h\rs1 !re 0 a dim9ution ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! :ole volume4 ,action _h tak5 place1 b x _h be5 v feeble4 #egb4 ,a mixture ( two volumes ( nitr\s oxide ) "o volume ( hydrog5 0 put ) a plate simil>ly prep>$ into a tube 7#efi4 #egj474 ,?is also %[$ no action imm$iately2 b 9 ?irty-six h\rs ne>ly a f\r? ( ! :ole _h disappe>$1 i4e4 ab\t half ( a cubic in*4 ,by comp>ison ) ano!r tube conta9+ ! same mixture )\t a plate1 x appe>$ t a "p ( ! dim9ution 0 due to solution1 & ! o!r "p to ! p[] ( ! plat9a2 b ! action _h be5 v sl[ & feeble4 #egc4 ,a mixture ( "o volume olefiant gas & ?ree volumes oxyg5 0 n affect$ by su* a plat9a plate1 ev5 ?\gh left toge!r = sev]al days 7#fdj4 #fda474 #egd4 ,a mixture ( two volumes c>bonic oxide & "o volume oxyg5 0 also unaffect$ by ! prep>$ plat9a plate 9 sev]al days 7#fde1 c474 #ege4 ,a mixture ( equal volumes ( *lor9e & hydrog5 0 us$ 9 sev]al exp]im5ts1 ) plates prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] 7#egj474 ,dim9ution ( bulk soon took place2 b :5 aft] ?irty-six h\rs ! exp]im5ts 7 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t ne>ly all ! *lor9e _h disappe>$1 hav+ be5 absorb$1 pr9cipally by ! wat]1 & t ! orig9al volume ( hydrog5 rema9$ un*ang$4 ,no comb9ation ( ! gases1 !re=e1 _h "h tak5 place4 #egf4 ,rev]t+ to ! action ( ! prep>$ plates on mixtures ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#egj471 ,i f\nd t ! p[]1 ?\gh gradually dim9i%+ 9 all cases1 c\ld /ill be reta9$ = a p]iod1 v>y+ 9 its l5g? ) circum/ances4 ,:5 tubes conta9+ plates 7#efi47 7 suppli$ ) fre% portions ( mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog5 z ! previ\s portions 7 cond5s$1 ! action 0 f\nd to cont9ue = above ?irty h\rs1 & 9 "s cases sl[ comb9ation c\ld be obs]v$ ev5 aft] eighty h\rs2 b ! cont9uance ( ! action greatly dep5d$ ^u ! purity ( ! gases us$ 7#fch474 #egg4 ,"s plates 7#efi47 7 made positive = f\r m9utes 9 dilute sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4ccf3 !y 7 r9s$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 aft] :i* two 7 put into a small bottle & clos$ up1 :il/ o!rs 7 left expos$ to ! air4 ,! plates pres]v$ 9 ! limit$ portion ( air 7 f\nd to reta9 _! p[] aft] eight days1 b ^? expos$ to ! atmosph]e _h lo/ _! =ce almo/ entirely 9 twelve h\rs1 & 9 "s situations1 :]e curr5ts exi/$1 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 #egh4 ,plates 7 made positive = five m9utes 9 sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #a4ccf4 ,"o ( ^! 0 reta9$ 9 simil> acid = eight m9utes aft] sep>ation f ! batt]y3 x !n act$ on mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog5 ) app>5tly undim9i%$ vig\r4 ,o!rs 7 left 9 simil> acid = =ty h\rs1 & "s ev5 = eight days1 aft] ! electrization1 & !n act$ z well 9 comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 gas z ^? :i* 7 us$ imm$iately aft] electrization4 #egi4 ,! effect ( a solution ( cau/ic potassa 9 pres]v+ ! plat9a plates 0 tri$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,aft] be+ reta9$ 9 su* a solution = =ty h\rs1 !y act$ exce$+ly well on oxyg5 & hydrog51 & "o caus$ su* rapid cond5sation ( ! gases1 t ! plate became mu* heat$1 & ,i expect$ ! temp]ature w\ld h ris5 to ignition4 #ehj4 ,:5 simil>ly prep>$ plates 7#efi47 _h be5 put into di/ill$ wat] = =ty h\rs1 & !n introduc$ into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 !y 7 f\nd to act b v sl[ly & feebly z comp>$ ) ^? :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 acid or alkali4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( wat] 0 b small1 ! p[] 0 v little impair$ aft] ?ree or f\r days4 ,z ! wat] _h be5 reta9$ 9 a wood5 vessel1 portions ( x 7 r$i/ill$ 9 glass1 & ?is 0 f\nd to pres]ve prep>$ plates = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,prep>$ plates 7 put into tubes ) ?is wat] & clos$ up2 "s ( !m1 tak5 out at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r days1 7 f\nd v active on mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog52 o!rs1 :i* 7 left 9 ! wat] = fifty-?ree days1 7 /ill f\nd to cause ! comb9ation ( ! gases4 ,! tubes _h be5 clos$ only by corks4 #eha4 ,! act ( comb9ation always seem$ to dim9i%1 or app>5tly exhau/1 ! p[] ( ! plat9a plate4 ,x is true1 t 9 mo/1 if n all in/ances1 ! comb9ation ( ! gases1 at fir/ ins5sible1 gradually increas$ 9 rapidity1 & sometimes rea*$ to explosion2 b :5 ! latt] did n happ51 ! rapidity ( comb9ation dim9i%$2 & al?\gh fre% portions ( gas 7 introduc$ into ! tubes1 ! comb9ation w5t on m & m sl[ly1 & at la/ ceas$ altoge!r4 ,! fir/ effect ( an increase 9 ! rapidity ( comb9ation dep5d$ 9 "p ^u ! wat] fl[+ (f f ! plat9a plate1 & all[+ a bett] contact ) ! gas1 & 9 "p ^u ! heat evolv$ dur+ ! progress ( ! comb9ation 7#fcj474 ,b not)/&+ ! effect ( ^! causes1 dim9ution1 & at la/ cessation ( ! p[]1 always occurr$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be unnotic$1 t ! pur] ! gases subject$ to ! action ( ! plate1 ! long] 0 its comb9+ p[] reta9$4 ,) ! mixture evolv$ at ! poles ( ! voltaic pile1 9 pure dilute sulphuric acid1 x cont9u$ longe/2 & ) oxyg5 & hydrog51 ( p]fect purity1 x probably w\ld n be dim9i%$ at all4 #ehb4 ,diff]5t modes ( treatm5t appli$ to ! plat9a plate1 aft] x _h ceas$ to be ! positive pole ( ! pile1 affect$ its p[] v curi\sly4 ,a plate :i* _h be5 a positive pole 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4ccf = f\r or five m9utes1 if r9s$ 9 wat] & put into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 w\ld act v well1 & cond5se p]haps "o cubic in* & a half ( gas 9 six or sev5 m9utes2 b if t same plate1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely r9s$1 _h be5 left 9 di/ill$ wat] = twelve or fifte5 m9utes1 or m1 x w\ld r>ely fail1 :5 put into ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 ( becom+1 9 ! c\rse ( a m9ute or two1 ignit$1 & w\ld g5]ally explode ! gases4 ,occasionally ! "t occupi$ 9 br++ on ! action ext5d$ to eight or n9e m9utes1 & sometimes ev5 to =ty m9utes1 & yet ignition & explosion w\ld result4 ,?is effect is due to ! removal ( a portion ( acid :i* o!rwise adh]es firmly to ! plate ,a4 ,a ,9 pro( t ?is is ! case1 ref] to #ajch4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #ehc4 ,occasionally ! plat9a plates 7#efi471 aft] be+ made ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 7 wa%$1 wip$ ) filt]+-pap] or a clo?1 & wa%$ & wip$ aga94 ,be+ !n introduc$ into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 !y act$ app>5tly z if !y _h be5 unaffect$ by ! treatm5t4 ,sometimes ! tubes conta9+ ! gas 7 op5$ 9 ! air = an in/ant1 & ! plates put 9 dry2 b no s5sible diff]5ce 9 action 0 p]ceiv$1 except t x comm5c$ soon]4 #ehd4 ,! p[] ( heat 9 alt]+ ! action ( ! prep>$ plat9a plates 0 also tri$ 7#eie474 ,plates :i* _h be5 r5d]$ positive 9 dilute sulphuric acid = f\r m9utes 7 well-wa%$ 9 wat]1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 ! flame ( a _s-lamp3 aft] ?is !y act$ v well on mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,o!rs1 :i* _h be5 heat$ m p[]fully by ! bl[pipe1 act$ aft]w>ds on ! gases1 ?\gh n s p[]fully z ! =m]4 ,h5ce x appe>s t heat does n take away ! p[] acquir$ by ! plat9a at ! positive pole ( ! pile3 ! occasional dim9ution ( =ce seem$ always ref]able to o!r causes ?an ! m]e heat4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! plate _h n be5 well-wa%$ f ! acid1 or if ! flame us$ 0 c>bonace\s1 or 0 t ( an alcohol lamp trimm$ ) _s conta9+ a little acid1 or hav+ a wick on :i* salt1 or o!r extrane\s matt]1 _h be5 plac$1 !n ! p[] ( ! plate 0 quickly & greatly dim9i%$ 7#fcd4 #fcf474 #ehe4 ,?is rem>kable prop]ty 0 conf]r$ ^u plat9a :5 x 0 made ! positive pole 9 sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4ccf1 or :5 x 0 consid]ably weak]1 or :5 /rong]1 ev5 up to ! /r5g? ( oil ( vitriol4 ,/rong & dilute nitric acid1 dilute acetic acid1 solutions ( t>t>ic1 citric1 & oxalic acids1 7 us$ ) equal success4 ,:5 muriatic acid 0 us$1 ! plates acquir$ ! p[] ( cond5s+ ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 b 9 a mu* inf]ior degree4 #ehf4 ,plates :i* 7 made positive 9 solution ( cau/ic potassa did n %[ any s5sible action ^u ! mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,o!r plates made positive 9 solutions ( c>bonates ( potassa & soda exhibit$ ! action1 b only 9 a feeble degree4 #ehg4 ,:5 a neutral solution ( sulphate ( soda1 or ( nitre1 or ( *lorate ( potassa1 or ( phosphate ( potassa1 or acetate ( potassa1 or sulphate ( copp]1 0 us$1 ! plates1 r5d]$ positive 9 !m = f\r m9utes1 & !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 act$ v readily & p[]fully on ! mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog54 #ehh4 ,x became a v important po9t1 9 ref]5ce to ! cause ( ?is action ( ! plat9a1 to det]m9e :e!r ! positive pole only c\ld conf] x 7#efg471 or :e!r1 not)/&+ ! num]\s contr>y cases1 ! negative pole might n h ! p[] :5 su* circum/ances z c\ld int]f]e ) or prev5t ! action 7 avoid$4 ,?ree plates 7 !re=e r5d]$ negative1 = f\r m9utes 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid ( specific gravity #a4ccf1 wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & put into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,all ( !m act$1 ?\gh n s /rongly z !y w\ld h done if !y _h be5 r5d]$ positive4 ,ea* comb9$ ab\t a cubical in* & a qu>t] ( ! gases 9 tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,on e repetition ( ! exp]im5t ! same result 0 obta9$2 & :5 ! plates 7 reta9$ 9 di/ill$ wat] = t5 or twelve m9utes1 be=e be+ introduc$ into ! gas 7#ehb471 ! action 0 v mu* quick5$4 #ehi4 ,b :5 !re 0 any metallic or o!r sub/ance pres5t 9 ! acid1 :i* c\ld be precipitat$ on ! negative plate1 !n t plate ceas$ to act ^u ! mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog54 #eij4 ,^! exp]im5ts l$ to ! expectation t ! p[] ( caus+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 to comb9e1 :i* c\ld be conf]r$ ^u any piece ( plat9a by mak+ x ! positive pole ( a voltaic pile1 0 n ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! action ( ! pile1 or ^u any /ructure or arrangem5t ( p>ts x might receive :il/ 9 association ) x1 b belong$ to ! plat9a at all times1 & 0 always effective :5 ! surface 0 p]fectly clean4 ,& ?\gh1 :5 made ! positive pole ( ! pile 9 acids1 ! circum/ances might well be consid]$ z ^? :i* w\ld cleanse ! surface ( ! plat9a 9 ! mo/ effectual mann]1 x did n seem impossible t ord9>y op]ations %\ld produce ! same result1 al?\gh 9 a less em95t degree4 #eia4 ,accord+ly1 a plat9a plate 7#efi47 0 clean$ by be+ rubb$ ) a cork1 a little wat]1 & "s coal-fire a%es ^u a glass plate3 be+ wa%$1 x 0 put into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 & 0 f\nd to act at fir/ sl[ly1 & !n m rapidly4 ,9 an h\r1 a cubical in* & a half _h disappe>$4 #eib4 ,o!r plates 7 clean$ ) ord9>y s&-pap] & wat]2 o!rs ) *alk & wat]2 o!rs ) em]y & wat]2 o!rs1 aga91 ) black oxide ( manganese & wat]2 & o!rs ) a piece ( *>coal & wat]4 ,all ( ^! act$ 9 tubes ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 caus+ comb9ation ( ! gases4 ,! action 0 by no means s p[]ful z t produc$ by plates hav+ be5 9 communication ) ! batt]y2 b f "o to two cubical in*es ( ! gases disappe>$1 9 p]iods ext5d+ f tw5ty-five to eighty or n9ety m9utes4 #eic4 ,^u clean+ ! plates ) a cork1 gr\nd em]y1 & dilute sulphuric acid1 !y 7 f\nd to act /ill bett]4 ,9 ord] to simplify ! conditions1 ! cork 0 dismiss$1 & a piece ( plat9a foil us$ in/ead2 /ill ! effect took place4 ,!n ! acid 0 dismiss$1 & a solution ( potassa us$1 b ! effect occurr$ z be=e4 #eid4 ,^! results are abundantly suffici5t to %[ t ! m]e me*anical cleans+ ( ! surface ( ! plat9a is suffici5t to enable x to ex]t its comb9+ p[] ov] oxyg5 & hydrog5 at common temp]atures4 #eie4 ,i n[ tri$ ! effect ( heat 9 conf]r+ ?is prop]ty ^u plat9a 7#ehd474 ,plates :i* _h no action on ! mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 7 heat$ by ! flame ( a fre%ly trimm$ _s-lamp1 urg$ by a m\? bl[pipe1 & :5 cold 7 put into tubes ( ! mix$ gases3 !y act$ sl[ly at fir/1 b aft] two or ?ree h\rs cond5s$ ne>ly all ! gases4 #eif4 ,a plate ( plat9a1 :i* 0 ab\t "o in* wide & two & ?ree-qu>t]s 9 l5g?1 & :i* _h n be5 us$ 9 any ( ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 0 curv$ a little s z to ent] a tube1 & left 9 a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 = ?irte5 h\rs3 n ! slighte/ action or comb9ation ( ! gases occurr$4 ,x 0 )drawn at ! pneumatic tr\gh f ! gas ?r\gh ! wat]1 heat$ r$-hot by ! _s-lamp & bl[pipe1 & !n return$ :5 cold into ! same portion ( gas4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes dim9ution ( ! gases c\ld be obs]v$1 & 9 =ty-five m9utes ab\t "o cubical in* & a qu>t] _h disappe>$4 ,9 _m o!r exp]im5ts plat9a plates :5 heat$ 7 f\nd to acquire ! p[] ( comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog54 #eig4 ,b x happ5$ n infrequ5tly t plates1 aft] be+ heat$1 %[$ no p[] ( comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 ?\gh left undi/urb$ 9 !m = two h\rs4 ,sometimes also x w\ld happ5 t a plate :i*1 hav+ be5 heat$ to dull r$ness1 act$ feebly1 ^u be+ heat$ to :it5ess ceas$ to act2 & at o!r times a plate :i*1 hav+ be5 slightly heat$1 did n act1 0 r5d]$ active by a m p[]ful ignition4 #eih4 ,?\gh ?us unc]ta9 9 its action1 & ?\gh (t5 dim9i%+ ! p[] giv5 to ! plates at ! positive pole ( ! pile 7#ehd471 /ill x is evid5t t heat c r5d] plat9a active1 :i* be=e 0 in]t 7#eie474 ,! cause ( its occasional failure appe>s to be due to ! surface ( ! metal becom+ soil$1 ei!r f some?+ previ\sly adh]+ to x1 :i* is made to adh]e m closely by ! action ( ! heat1 or f matt] communicat$ f ! flame ( ! lamp1 or f ! air itself4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a poli%$ plate ( plat9a1 :5 heat$ by ! _s-lamp & a bl[pipe1 becomes dull$ & cl\d$ on its surface by some?+ ei!r =m$ or deposit$ !re2 & ?is1 & mu* less ?an ?is1 is suffici5t to prev5t x f exhibit+ ! curi\s p[] n[ "u consid]ation 7#fcd4 #fcf474 ,plat9a also has be5 said to comb9e ) c>bon2 & x is n at all unlikely t 9 processes ( heat+1 :]e c>bon or its comp\nds are pres5t1 a film ( su* a comp\nd may be ?us =m$1 & ?us prev5t ! exhibition ( ! prop]ties belong+ to pure plat9a,a4 ,a ,:5 heat does conf] ! prop]ty x is only by ! de/ruction or dissipation ( organic or o!r matt] :i* _h previ\sly soil$ ! plate 7#fcb4 #fcc4 #fcd474--;,dec4 #ahch4 #eii4 ,! action ( alkalies & acids 9 giv+ plat9a ?is prop]ty 0 n[ exp]im5tally exam9$4 ,plat9a plates 7#efi47 hav+ no action on mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 be+ boil$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic potassa1 wa%$1 & !n put into ! gases1 7 f\nd occasionally to act pretty well1 b at o!r times to fail4 ,9 ! latt] case ,i conclud$ t ! impurity ^u ! surface ( ! plat9a 0 ( a nature n to be remov$ by ! m]e solv5t action ( ! alkali1 = :5 ! plates 7 rubb$ ) a little em]y1 & ! same solution ( alkali 7#eib471 !y became active4 #fjj4 ,! action ( acids 0 f> m con/ant & satisfactory4 ,a plat9a plate 0 boil$ 9 dilute nitric acid3 be+ wa%$ & put into mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 x act$ well4 ,o!r plates 7 boil$ 9 /rong nitric acid = p]iods ext5d+ f half a m9ute to f\r m9utes1 & !n be+ wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 7 f\nd to act v well1 cond5s+ "o cubic in* & a half ( gas 9 ! space ( eight or n9e m9utes1 & r5d]+ ! tube w>m 7#egj474 #fja4 ,/rong sulphuric acid 0 v effectual 9 r5d]+ ! plat9a active4 ,a plate 7#efi47 0 heat$ 9 x = a m9ute1 !n wa%$ & put into ! mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 ^u :i* x act$ z well z if x _h be5 made ! positive pole ( a voltaic pile 7#egj474 #fjb4 ,plates :i*1 aft] be+ heat$ or electriz$ 9 alkali1 or aft] o!r treatm5t1 7 f\nd in]t1 imm$iately receiv$ p[] by be+ dipp$ = a m9ute or two1 or ev5 only = an in/ant1 into hot oil ( vitriol1 & !n into wat]4 #fjc4 ,:5 ! plate 0 dipp$ into ! oil ( vitriol1 tak5 out1 & !n heat$ s z to drive (f ! acid1 x did n act1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impurity left by ! acid ^u its surface4 #fjd4 ,vegetable acids1 z acetic & t>t>ic1 sometimes r5d]$ in]t plat9a active1 at o!r times n4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 dep5d$ ^u ! "* ( ! matt] previ\sly soil+ ! plates1 & :i* may easily be suppos$ to be sometimes ( su* a nature z to be remov$ by ^! acids1 & at o!r times n4 ,weak sulphuric acid %[$ ! same diff]5ce1 b /rong sulphuric acid 7#fja47 nev] fail$ 9 its action4 #fje4 ,! mo/ fav\rable treatm5t1 except t ( mak+ ! plate a positive pole 9 /rong acid1 0 z foll[s4 ,! plate 0 held ov] a _s-lamp flame1 & :5 hot1 rubb$ ) a piece ( potassa fusa 7cau/ic pota%71 :i* melt+1 cov]$ ! metal ) a coat ( v /rong alkali1 & ?is 0 reta9$ fus$ ^u ! surface = a second or two,a3 x 0 !n put into wat] = f\r or five m9utes to wa% (f ! alkali1 %ak51 & imm]s$ = ab\t a m9ute 9 hot /rong oil ( vitriol2 f ?is x 0 remov$ into di/ill$ wat]1 :]e x 0 all[$ to rema9 t5 or fifte5 m9utes to remove ! la/ traces ( acid 7#ehb474 ,be+ !n put into a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 comb9ation imm$iately began1 & proce$$ rapidly2 ! tube became w>m1 ! plat9a became r$-hot1 & ! residue ( ! gases 0 inflam$4 ,?is effect c\ld be repeat$ at pleasure1 & ?us ! maximum ph5om5on c\ld be produc$ )\t ! aid ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,a ,! heat ne$ n be rais$ s mu* z to make ! alkali t>ni% ! plat9a1 al?\gh if t effect does take place x does n prev5t ! ultimate action4 #fjf4 ,:5 a solution ( t>t>ic or acetic acid 0 sub/itut$1 9 ?is mode ( prep>ation1 = ! sulphuric acid1 /ill ! plate 0 f\nd to acquire ! same p[]1 & w\ld (t5 produce explosion 9 ! mix$ gases2 b ! /rong sulphuric acid 0 mo/ c]ta9 & p[]ful4 #fjg4 ,if borax1 or a mixture ( ! c>bonates ( pota% & soda1 be fus$ on ! surface ( a plat9a plate1 & t plate be well-wa%$ 9 wat]1 x w be f\nd to h acquir$ ! p[] ( comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog51 b only 9 a mod]ate degree2 b if1 aft] ! fusion & wa%+1 x be dipp$ 9 ! hot sulphuric acid 7#fja471 x w become v active4 #fjh4 ,o!r metals ?an plat9a 7 !n exp]im5t$ )4 ,gold & palladium exhibit$ ! p[] ei!r :5 made ! positive pole ( ! voltaic batt]y 7#egj471 or :5 act$ on by hot oil ( vitriol 7#fja474 ,:5 palladium is us$1 ! action ( ! batt]y or acid %\ld be mod]at$1 z t metal is soon act$ ^u "u su* circum/ances4 ,silv] & copp] c\ld n be made to %[ any effect at common temp]atures4 99 99 99 99 99 #fji4 ,!re c rema9 no d\bt t ! prop]ty ( induc+ comb9ation1 :i* c ?us be conf]r$ ^u masses ( plat9a & o!r metals by connect+ !m ) ! poles ( ! batt]y1 or by cleans+ processes ei!r ( a me*anical or *emical nature1 is ! same z t :i* 0 discov]$ by ,db]e9],a1 9 #ahbc1 to belong 9 s em95t a degree to spongy plat9a1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds s well exp]im5t$ ^u & illu/rat$ by ,,mm4 ,dulong & ,!n>d,b1 9 #ahbc4 ,! latt] philosoph]s ev5 quote exp]im5ts 9 :i* a v f9e plat9a wire1 :i* _h be5 coil$ up & dige/$ 9 nitric1 sulphuric1 or muriatic acid1 became ignit$ :5 put into a jet ( hydrog5 gas,c4 ,?is effect ,i c n[ produce at pleasure ) ei!r wires or plates by ! processes describ$ 7#egj4 #fja4 #fje472 & by us+ a small] plate cut s t x %all re/ aga9/ ! glass by a few po9ts1 & yet all[ ! wat] to fl[ (f 7fig4 #ei471 ! loss ( heat is less1 ! metal is assimilat$ some:at to ! spongy /ate1 & ! probability ( failure almo/ entirely remov$4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxiv4 p4 #ic4 ,b ,ibid4 tom4 xxiii4 p4 #ddj2 tom4 xxiv4 p4 #chj4 ,c ,ibid4 tom4 xxiv4 p4 #chc4 #faj4 ,m4 ,db]e9] ref]s ! effect entirely to an electric action4 ,he consid]s ! plat9a & hydrog5 z =m+ a voltaic elem5t ( ! ord9>y k9d1 9 :i* ! hydrog51 be+ v highly positive1 repres5ts ! z9c ( ! usual arrangem5t1 & l x1 !re=e1 attracts oxyg5 & comb9es ) x,a4 ,a tom4 xxiv4 pp4 #id1 #ie4 ,also ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 tom4 xxiv4 p4 #ed4 #faa4 ,9 ! two excell5t exp]im5tal pap]s by ,,mm4 ,dulong & ,!n>d,a1 ^? philosoph]s %[ t elevation ( temp]ature fav\rs ! action1 b does n alt] its "*2 ,sir ,humphry ,davy's inc&esc5t plat9a wire be+ ! same ph5om5on ) ,db]e9]'s spongy plat9a4 ,!y %[ t all metals h ?is p[] 9 a great] or small] degree1 & t x is ev5 possess$ by su* bodies z *>coal1 pumice1 porcela91 glass1 rock cry/al1 c41 :5 _! temp]atures are rais$2 & t ano!r ( ,davy's effects1 9 :i* oxyg5 & hydrog5 _h comb9$ sl[ly toge!r at a heat bel[ ignition1 0 really dep5d5t ^u ! prop]ty ( ! heat$ glass1 :i* x has 9 common ) ! bodies nam$ above4 ,!y /ate t liquids d n %[ ?is effect1 at lea/ t m]cury1 at or bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 has n ! p[]2 t x is n due to porosity2 t ! same body v>ies v mu* 9 its action1 accord+ to its /ate2 & t _m o!r gase\s mixtures besides oxyg5 & hydrog5 are affect$1 & made to act *emically1 :5 ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,!y ?9k x probable t spongy plat9a acquires its p[] f contact ) ! acid evolv$ dur+ its r$uction1 or f ! heat itself to :i* x is !n submitt$4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxiii4 p4 #ddj2 tom4 xxiv4 p1 #chj4 #fab4 ,,mm4 ,dulong & ,!n>d express !mselves ) great caution on ! !ory ( ?is action2 b1 ref]r+ to ! decompos+ p[] ( metals on ammonia :5 heat$ to temp]atures n suffici5t alone to affect ! alkali1 !y rem>k t ^? metals :i* 9 ?is case are mo/ efficaci\s1 are ! lea/ s 9 caus+ ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog52 :il/ plat9a1 gold1 c41 :i* h lea/ p[] ( decompos+ ammonia1 h mo/ p[] ( comb9+ ! elem5ts ( wat]3--f :i* !y are l$ to believe1 t among/ gases1 "s t5d to unite "u ! influ5ce ( metals1 :il/ o!rs t5d to sep>ate1 & t ?is prop]ty v>ies 9 opposite directions ) ! diff]5t metals4 ,at ! close ( _! second pap] !y obs]ve1 t ! action is ( a k9d t _c be connect$ ) any kn[n !ory2 & ?\gh x is v rem>kable t ! effects are transi5t1 l ^? ( mo/ electrical actions1 yet !y /ate t ! great] numb] ( ! results obs]v$ by !m are inexplicable1 by suppos+ !m to be ( a purely electric orig94 #fac4 ,dr4 ,fus9i]i has also writt5 on ?is subject1 & giv5 a !ory :i* he consid]s z suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a,a4 ,he expresses ! imm$iate cause ?us3 ,! plat9a det]m9es ^u its surface a cont9ual r5ovation ( concrete lam9 ( ! combu/ible sub/ance ( ! gases or vap\rs1 :i* fl[+ ov] x are burnt1 pass away1 & are r5ew$3 ?is combu/ion at ! surface raises & su/a9s ! temp]ature ( ! metal4 ,! combu/ible sub/ance1 ?us r$uc$ into imp]ceptible lam91 ( :i* ! concrete p>ts are 9 contact ) ! oxyg51 is presum$ to be 9 a /ate comb9able ) ! oxyg5 at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an :5 x is 9 ! gase\s /ate1 & m 9 analogy ) :at is call$ ! nasc5t condition4 ,t combu/ible gases %\ld lose _! ela/ic /ate1 & become concrete1 assum+ ! =m ( exce$+ly att5uat$ b solid /rata1 is consid]$ z prov$ by facts1 "s ( :i* are quot$ 9 ! ,giornale di ,fisica = #ahbd;,b2 & ?\gh ! !ory requires t !y %\ld assume ?is /ate at high temp]atures1 & ?\gh ! simil> films ( aque\s & o!r matt] are dissipat$ by ! action ( heat1 /ill ! facts are consid]$ z ju/ify+ ! conclusion aga9/ all opposition ( reason+4 ,a ,giornale di ,fisica1 c41 #ahbe1 tom4 viii4 p4 #bei4 ,b pp4 #ach1 #cga4 #fad4 ,! p[] or =ce :i* makes combu/ible gas or vap\r ab&on its ela/ic /ate 9 contact ) a solid1 t x may cov] ! latt] ) a ?9 /ratum ( its own prop] sub/ance1 is consid]$ z be+ nei!r attraction nor aff9ity4 ,x is able also to ext5d liquids & solids 9 concrete lam9 ov] ! surface ( ! act+ solid body1 & consi/s 9 a repulsion1 :i* is develop$ f ! p>ts ( ! solid body by ! simple fact ( att5uation1 & is highe/ :5 ! att5uation is mo/ complete4 ,! =ce has a progressive developm5t1 & acts mo/ p[]fully1 or at fir/1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! dim5sions ( ! att5uat$ mass decrease1 & !n 9 ! direction ( ! angles or corn]s :i* f any cause may exi/ on ! surface4 ,?is =ce n only causes spontane\s diffusion ( gases & o!r sub/ances ov] ! surface1 b is consid]$ z v elem5t>y 9 its nature1 & compet5t to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( capill>ity1 *emical aff9ity1 attraction ( aggregation1 r>efaction1 ebullition1 volatilization1 explosion1 & o!r !rmometric effects1 z well z inflammation1 detonation1 c4 c4 ,x is consid]$ z a =m ( heat to :i* ! t]m native calorie is giv51 & is /ill fur!r view$ z ! pr9ciple ( ! two electricities & ! two magnetisms4 #fae4 ,i h be5 ! m anxi\s to give a correct ab/ract ( ,dr4 ,fus9i]i's view1 bo? because ,i _c =m a di/9ct idea ( ! p[] to :i* he ref]s ! ph5om5a1 & because ( my imp]fect k ( ! language 9 :i* ! memoir is writt54 ,i w\ld !re=e beg to ref] ^? :o pursue ! subject to ! memoir itself4 #faf4 ,n feel+1 h[ev]1 t ! problem has yet be5 solv$1 ,i v5ture to give ! view :i* seems to me suffici5t1 ^u kn[n pr9ciples1 to acc\nt = ! effect4 #fag4 ,x may be obs]v$ ( ?is action1 t1 ) reg>d to plat9a1 x _c be due to any peculi>1 tempor>y condition1 ei!r ( an electric or ( any o!r nature3 ! activity ( plates r5d]$ ei!r positive or negative by ! pole1 or clean$ ) su* diff]5t sub/ances z acids1 alkalies1 or wat]2 *>coal1 em]y1 a%es1 or glass2 or m]ely heat$1 is suffici5t to negative su* an op9ion4 ,nei!r does x dep5d ^u ! spongy & por\s1 or ^u ! compact & burni%$1 or ^u ! massive or ! att5uat$ /ate ( ! metal1 = 9 any ( ^! /ates x may be r5d]$ effective1 or its action may be tak5 away4 ,! only ess5tial condition appe>s to be a p]fectly clean & metallic surface1 = :5ev] t is pres5t ! plat9a acts1 :atev] its =m & condition 9 o!r respects may be2 & ?\gh v>iations 9 ! latt] po9ts w v mu* affect ! rapidity1 & !re=e ! visible appe>ances & second>y effects1 ( ! action1 i4e4 ! ignition ( ! metal & ! inflammation ( ! gases1 !y1 ev5 9 _! mo/ fav\rable /ate1 _c produce any effect unless ! condition ( a clean1 pure1 metallic surface be also fulfill$4 #fah4 ,! effect is evid5tly produc$ by mo/1 if n all1 solid bodies1 weakly p]haps by _m ( !m1 b ris+ to a high degree 9 plat9a4 ,dulong & ,!n>d h v philosophically ext5d$ our k ( ! prop]ty to its possession by all ! metals1 & by e>?s1 glass1 /ones1 c4 7#faa472 & e idea ( its be+ a kn[n & recognis$ electric action is 9 ?is way remov$4 #fai4 ,all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ?is subject press ^u my m9d ! conviction t ! effects 9 "q are entirely incid5tal & ( a second>y nature2 t !y are dep5d5t ^u ! natural conditions ( gase\s ela/icity1 comb9$ ) ! ex]tion ( t attractive =ce possess$ by _m bodies1 especially ^? :i* are solid1 9 an em95t degree1 & probably belong+ to all2 by :i* !y are drawn into association m or less close1 )\t at ! same "t und]go+ *emical comb9ation1 ?\gh (t5 assum+ ! condition ( adhesion2 & :i* occasionally leads1 "u v fav\rable circum/ances1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 to ! comb9ation ( bodies simultane\sly subject$ to ?is attraction4 ,i am prep>$ myself to admit 7& probably _m o!rs are ( ! same op9ion71 bo? ) respect to ! attraction ( aggregation & ( *emical aff9ity1 t ! sph]e ( action ( p>ticles ext5ds beyond ^? o!r p>ticles ) :i* !y are imm$iately & evid5tly 9 union 7#ebc471 & 9 _m cases produces effects ris+ into consid]able importance3 & ,i ?9k t ?is k9d ( attraction is a det]m9+ cause ( ,db]e9]'s effect1 & ( ! _m o!rs ( a simil> nature4 #fbj4 ,bodies :i* become wett$ by fluids ) :i* !y d n comb9e *emically1 or 9 :i* !y d n dissolve1 are simple & well-kn[n in/ances ( ?is k9d ( attraction4 #fba4 ,all ^? cases ( bodies :i* be+ insoluble 9 wat] & n comb9+ ) x are hygrometric1 & cond5se its vap\r ar\nd or ^u _! surface1 are /rong] in/ances ( ! same p[]1 & approa* a little ne>] to ! cases "u inve/igation4 ,if pulv]iz$ clay1 protoxide or p]oxide ( iron1 oxide ( manganese1 *>coal1 or ev5 metals1 z spongy plat9a or precipitat$ silv]1 be put into an atmosph]e conta9+ vap\r ( wat]1 !y soon become moi/ by virtue ( an attraction :i* is able to cond5se ! vap\r ^u1 al?\gh n to comb9e x )1 ! sub/ances2 & if1 z is well kn[n1 ^! bodies s damp$ be put into a dry atmosph]e1 z1 = in/ance1 "o conf9$ ov] sulphuric acid1 or if !y be heat$1 !n !y yield up ?is wat] aga9 almo/ entirely1 x n be+ 9 direct or p]man5t comb9ation,a4 ,a ,i met at ,ed9burgh ) a case1 rem>kable z to its ext5t1 ( hygrometric action1 assi/$ a little p]haps by v slight solv5t p[]4 ,"s turf _h be5 well-dri$ by long exposure 9 a cov]$ place to ! atmosph]e1 b be+ !n submitt$ to ! action ( a hydro/atic press1 x yield$1 by ! m]e influ5ce ( ! pressure1 #ed p] c5t4 ( wat]4 #fbb4 ,/ill bett] in/ances ( ! p[] ,i ref] to1 because !y are m analog\s to ! cases to be expla9$1 are furni%$ by ! attraction exi/+ betwe5 glass & air1 s well kn[n to b>omet] & !rmomet] mak]s1 = "h ! adhesion or attraction is ex]t$ betwe5 a solid & gases1 bodies hav+ v diff]5t physical conditions1 hav+ no p[] ( comb9ation ) ea* o!r1 & ea* reta9+1 dur+ ! "t ( action1 its physical /ate un*ang$,a4 ,:5 m]cury is p\r$ into a b>omet] tube1 a film ( air w rema9 betwe5 ! metal & glass = mon?s1 or1 z f> z is kn[n1 = ye>s1 = x has nev] be5 displac$ except by ! action ( means especially fitt$ = ! purpose4 ,^! consi/ 9 boil+ ! m]cury1 or 9 o!r words1 ( =m+ an abundance ( vap\r1 :i* com+ 9 contact ) e "p ( ! glass & e portion ( surface ( ! m]cury1 gradually m+les )1 dilutes1 & c>ries (f ! air attract$ by1 & adh]+ to1 ^? surfaces1 replac+ x by o!r vap\r1 subject to an equal or p]haps great] attraction1 b :i* :5 cool$ cond5ses into ! same liquid z t ) :i* ! tube is fill$4 ,a ,fus9i]i & ,bellani consid] ! air z =m+ solid concrete films 9 ^! cases4--,giornale di ,fisica1 tom4 viii1 p4 #bfb4 #ahbe4 #fbc4 ,extrane\s bodies1 :i*1 act+ z nuclei 9 cry/alliz+ or deposit+ solutions1 cause deposition ( sub/ances on !m1 :5 x does n occur else:]e 9 ! liquid1 seem to produce _! effects by a p[] ( ! same k9d1 i4e4 a p[] ( attraction ext5d+ to neighb\r+ p>ticles1 & caus+ !m to become atta*$ to ! nuclei1 al?\gh x is n /rong en\gh to make !m comb9e *emically ) _! sub/ance4 #fbd4 ,x w\ld appe> f _m cases ( nuclei 9 solutions1 & f ! effects ( bodies put into atmosph]es conta9+ ! vap\rs ( wat]1 or camphor1 or iod9e1 c41 z if ?is attraction 7 9 "p elective1 p>tak+ 9 its *>act]s bo? ( ! attraction ( aggregation & *emical aff9ity3 nor is ?is inconsi/5t )1 b agreeable to1 ! idea ent]ta9$1 t x is ! p[] ( p>ticles act+1 n ^u o!rs ) :i* !y c imm$iately & intimately comb9e1 b ^u su* z are ei!r m di/antly situat$ ) respect to !m1 or :i*1 f previ\s condition1 physical con/itution1 or feeble relation1 are unable to ent] into decid$ union ) !m4 #fbe4 ,!n1 ( all bodies1 ! gases are ^? :i* might be expect$ to %[ "s mutual action :il/ jo9tly "u ! attractive influ5ce ( ! plat9a or o!r solid act+ sub/ance4 ,liquids1 su* z wat]1 alcohol1 c41 are 9 s d5se & comp>atively incompressible a /ate1 z to fav\r no expectation t _! p>ticles %\ld approa* mu* clos] to ea* o!r by ! attraction ( ! body to :i* !y adh]e1 & yet t attraction mu/ 7accord+ to its effects7 place _! p>ticles z ne> to ^? ( ! solid wett$ body z !y are to ea* o!r1 & 9 _m cases x is evid5t t ! =m] attraction is ! /rong]4 ,b gases & vap\rs are bodies compet5t to suff] v great *anges 9 ! relative di/ances ( _! p>ticles by ext]nal ag5cies2 & :]e !y are 9 imm$iate contact ) ! plat9a1 ! approximation ( ! p>ticles to ^? ( ! metal may be v great4 ,9 ! case ( ! hygrometric bodies ref]r$ to 7#fba471 x is suffici5t to r$uce ! vap\r to ! fluid /ate1 frequ5tly f atmosph]es s r>e t )\t ?is influ5ce x w\ld be ne$ful to compress !m by me*anical =ce into a bulk n m ?an #a_/aj? or ev5 #a_/bj? ( _! orig9al volume be=e ! vap\rs w\ld become liquids4 #fbf4 ,ano!r mo/ important consid]ation 9 relation to ?is action ( bodies1 & :i*1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 has n hi!rto be5 notic$1 is ! condition ( ela/icity "u :i* ! gases are plac$ aga9/ ! act+ surface4 ,we h b v imp]fect notions ( ! real & intimate conditions ( ! p>ticles ( a body exi/+ 9 ! solid1 ! liquid1 & ! gase\s /ate2 b :5 we speak ( ! gase\s /ate z be+ due to ! mutual repulsions ( ! p>ticles or ( _! atmosph]es1 al?\gh we may err 9 imag9+ ea* p>ticle to be a little nucleus to an atmosph]e ( heat1 or electricity1 or any o!r ag5t1 we are /ill n likely to be 9 error 9 consid]+ ! ela/icity z dep5d5t on mutuality ( action4 ,n[ ?is mutual relation fails altoge!r on ! side ( ! gase\s p>ticles next to ! plat9a1 & we might be l$ to expect priori a defici5cy ( ela/ic =ce !re to at lea/ "o half2 = if1 z ,dalton has %[n1 ! ela/ic =ce ( ! p>ticles ( "o gas _c act aga9/ ! ela/ic =ce ( ! p>ticles ( ano!r1 ! two be+ z vacua to ea* o!r1 s is x f> less likely t ! p>ticles ( ! plat9a c ex]t any influ5ce on ^? ( ! gas aga9/ x1 su* z w\ld be ex]t$ by gase\s p>ticles ( its own k9d4 #fbg4 ,b ! dim9ution ( p[] to "o-half on ! side ( ! gase\s body t[>ds ! metal is only a slight result ( :at seems to me to fl[ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! kn[n con/itution ( gases4 ,an atmosph]e ( "o gas or vap\r1 h[ev] d5se or compress$1 is 9 effect z a vacuum to ano!r3 ?us1 if a little wat] 7 put into a vessel conta9+ a dry gas1 z air1 ( ! pressure ( "o hundr$ atmosph]es1 z mu* vap\r ( ! wat] w\ld rise z if x 7 9 a p]fect vacuum4 ,"h ! p>ticles ( wat]y vap\r appe> to h no difficulty 9 approa*+ )9 any di/ance ( ! p>ticles ( air1 be+ influ5c$ solely by relation to p>ticles ( _! own k9d2 & if x be s ) respect to a body hav+ ! same ela/ic p[]s z itself1 h[ mu* m surely mu/ x be s ) p>ticles1 l ^? ( ! plat9a1 or o!r limit+ body1 :i* at ! same "t t !y h n ^! ela/ic p[]s1 are also unlike x 9 nature6 ,h5ce x w\ld seem to result t ! p>ticles ( hydrog5 or any o!r gas or vap\r :i* are next to ! plat9a1 c41 mu/ be 9 su* contact ) x z if !y 7 9 ! liquid /ate1 & !re=e almo/ inf9itely clos] to x ?an !y are to ea* o!r1 ev5 ?\gh ! metal be suppos$ to ex]t no attractive influ5ce ov] !m4 #fbh4 ,a ?ird & v important consid]ation 9 fav\r ( ! mutual action ( gases "u ^! circum/ances is _! p]fect miscibility4 ,if fluid bodies capable ( comb9+ toge!r are also capable ( mixture1 !y d comb9e :5 !y are m+l$1 n wait+ = any o!r det]m9+ circum/ance2 b if two su* gases z oxyg5 & hydrog5 are put toge!r1 ?\gh !y are elem5ts hav+ su* p[]ful aff9ity z to unite naturally "u a ?\s& diff]5t circum/ances1 !y d n comb9e by m]e mixture4 ,/ill x is evid5t t1 f _! p]fect association1 ! p>ticles are 9 ! mo/ fav\rable /ate possible = comb9ation ^u ! sup]v5tion ( any det]m9+ cause1 su* ei!r z ! negative action ( ! plat9a 9 suppress+ or annihilat+1 z x 71 _! ela/icity on its side2 or ! positive action ( ! metal 9 cond5s+ !m aga9/ its surface by an attractive =ce2 or ! influ5ce ( bo? toge!r4 #fbi4 ,al?\gh !re are n _m di/9ct cases ( comb9ation "u ! influ5ce ( =ces ext]nal to ! comb9+ p>ticles1 yet !re are suffici5t to remove any difficulty :i* might arise on t gr\nd4 ,sir ,james ,hull f\nd c>bonic acid & lime to rema9 comb9$ "u pressure at temp]atures at :i* !y w\ld n h rema9$ comb9$ if ! pressure _h be5 remov$2 & ,i h _h occasion to obs]ve a case ( direct comb9ation 9 *lor9e,a1 :i* be+ compress$ at common temp]atures w comb9e ) wat]1 & =m a def9ite cry/all9e hydrate1 incapable ei!r ( be+ =m$ or ( exi/+ if t pressure be remov$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbc1 p4 #afa4 #fcj4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts :5 plat9a acts ^u1 & comb9es oxyg5 & hydrog51 may be /at$1 accord+ to ^! pr9ciples1 z foll[s4 ,f ! influ5ce ( ! circum/ances m5tion$ 7#fai4 c471 i4e4 ! defici5cy ( ela/ic p[] & ! attraction ( ! metal = ! gases1 ! latt]1 :5 !y are 9 association ) ! =m]1 are s f> cond5s$ z to be br\ght )9 ! action ( _! mutual aff9ities at ! exi/+ temp]ature2 ! defici5cy ( ela/ic p[]1 n m]ely subject+ !m m closely to ! attractive influ5ce ( ! metal1 b also br++ !m into a m fav\rable /ate = union1 by ab/ract+ a "p ( t p[] 7^u :i* dep5ds _! ela/icity17 :i* else:]e 9 ! mass ( gases is oppos+ _! comb9ation4 ,! consequ5ce ( _! comb9ation is ! production ( ! vap\r ( wat] & an elevation ( temp]ature4 ,b z ! attraction ( ! plat9a = ! wat] =m$ is n great] ?an = ! gases1 if s great1 7= ! metal is sc>cely hygrometric17 ! vap\r is quickly diffus$ ?r\gh ! rema9+ gases2 fre% portions ( ?is latt]1 !re=e1 come into juxtaposition ) ! metal1 comb9e1 & ! fre% vap\r =m$ is also diffus$1 all[+ new portions ( gas to be act$ ^u4 ,9 ?is way ! process advances1 b is accel]at$ by ! evolution ( heat1 :i* is kn[n by exp]im5t to facilitate ! comb9ation 9 proportion to its int5sity1 & ! temp]ature is ?us gradually exalt$ until ignition results4 #fca4 ,! dissipation ( ! vap\r produc$ at ! surface ( ! plat9a1 & ! contact ( fre% oxyg5 & hydrog5 ) ! metal1 =m no difficulty 9 ?is explication4 ,! plat9a is n consid]$ z caus+ ! comb9ation ( any p>ticles ) itself1 b only associat+ !m closely ar\nd x2 & ! compress$ p>ticles are z free to move f ! plat9a1 be+ replac$ by o!r p>ticles1 z a portion ( d5se air ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 or at ! bottom ( a deep m9e1 is free to move by ! slighte/ impulse1 into ! upp] & r>] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 #fcb4 ,x c h>dly be necess>y to give any reasons :y plat9a does n %[ ?is effect "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x is !n n suffici5tly clean 7#fag471 & ! gases are prev5t$ f t\*+ x1 & suff]+ t degree ( effect :i* is ne$ful to comm5ce _! comb9ation at common temp]atures1 & :i* !y c only exp]i5ce at its surface4 ,9 fact1 ! v p[] :i* causes ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 is compet5t1 "u ! usual casual exposure ( plat9a1 to cond5se extrane\s matt]s ^u its surface1 :i* soil+ x1 take away = ! "t its p[] ( comb9+ oxyg5 & hydrog51 by prev5t+ _! contact ) x 7#eih474 #fcc4 ,clean plat9a1 by :i* ,i mean su* z has be5 made ! positive pole ( a pile 7#egj471 or has be5 treat$ ) acid 7#fje471 & has !n be5 put into di/ill$ wat] = twelve or fifte5 m9utes1 has a peculi> friction :5 "o piece is rubb$ aga9/ ano!r4 ,x wets freely ) pure wat]1 ev5 aft] x has be5 %ak5 & dri$ by ! heat ( a _s-lamp2 & if made ! pole ( a voltaic pile 9 a dilute acid1 x evolves m9ute bubbles f e "p ( its surface4 ,b plat9a 9 its common /ate wants t peculi> friction3 x w n wet freely ) wat] z ! clean plat9a does2 & :5 made ! positive pole ( a pile1 x = a "t gives (f l>ge bubbles1 :i* seem to cl+ or adh]e to ! metal1 & are evolv$ at di/9ct & sep>ate po9ts ( ! surface4 ,^! appe>ances & effects1 z well z its want ( p[] on oxyg5 & hydrog51 are ! consequ5ces1 & ! indications1 ( a soil$ surface4 #fcd4 ,i f\nd also t plat9a plates :i* _h be5 clean$ p]fectly soon became soil$ by m]e exposure to ! air2 = aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs !y no long] moi/5$ freely ) wat]1 b ! fluid ran up into portions1 leav+ "p ( ! surface b>e1 :il/ o!r plates :i* _h be5 reta9$ 9 wat] = ! same "t1 :5 !y 7 dri$ 7#ehj47 did moi/51 & gave ! o!r indications ( a clean surface4 #fce4 ,nor 0 ?is ! case ) plat9a or metals only1 b also ) e>?y bodies1 ,rock cry/al & obsidian w\ld n wet freely ^u ! surface1 b be+ moi/5$ ) /rong oil ( vitriol1 !n wa%$1 & left 9 di/ill$ wat] to remove all ! acid1 !y did freely become moi/5$1 :e!r !y 7 previ\sly dry or :e!r !y 7 left wet2 b be+ dri$ & left expos$ to ! air = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 _! surface became s soil$ t wat] w\ld n !n adh]e freely to x1 b ran up into p>tial portions4 ,wip+ ) a clo? 7ev5 ! cleane/7 0 /ill worse ?an exposure to air2 ! surface ei!r ( ! m9]als or metals imm$iately became z if x 7 slightly greasy4 ,! float+ ^u wat] ( small p>ticles ( metals "u ord9>y circum/ances is a consequ5ce ( ?is k9d ( soil$ surface4 ,! extreme difficulty ( clean+ ! surface ( m]cury :5 x has once be5 soil$ or greas$1 is due to ! same cause4 #fcf4 ,! same reasons expla9 :y ! p[] ( ! plat9a plates 9 "s circum/ances soon disappe>1 & especially ^u use3 ,,mm4 ,dulong & ,!n>d h obs]v$ ! same effect ) ! spongy metal,a1 z inde$ h all ^? :o h us$ ,db]e9]'s in/antane\s light ma*9es4 ,if left 9 ! air1 if put into ord9>y di/ill$ wat]1 if made to act ^u ord9>y oxyg5 & hydrog51 !y c /ill f9d 9 all ^! cases t m9ute portion ( impurity :i*1 :5 once 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! plat9a1 is reta9$ !re1 & is suffici5t to prev5t its full action ^u oxyg5 & hydrog5 at common temp]atures3 a slight elevation ( temp]ature is aga9 suffici5t to comp5sate ?is effect1 & cause comb9ation4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxiv4 p4 #chf4 #fcg4 ,no /ate ( a solid body c be conceiv$ m fav\rable = ! production ( ! effect ?an t :i* is possess$ by plat9a obta9$ f ! ammonio-muriate by heat4 ,its surface is mo/ ext5sive & pure1 yet v accessible to ! gases br\ght 9 contact ) x3 if plac$ 9 impurity1 ! int]ior1 z ,!n>d & ,dulong h obs]v$1 is pres]v$ clean by ! ext]ior2 & z reg>ds temp]ature1 x is s bad a conductor ( heat1 because ( its divid$ condition1 t almo/ all :i* is evolv$ by ! comb9ation ( ! fir/ portions ( gas is reta9$ )9 ! mass1 exalt+ ! t5d5cy ( ! succe$+ portions to comb9e4 99 99 99 99 99 #fch4 ,i h n[ to notice "s v extraord9>y int]f]5ces ) ?is ph5om5on1 dep5d5t1 n ^u ! nature or condition ( ! metal or o!r act+ solid1 b ^u ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances m+l$ ) ! gases act$ ^u2 & z ,i %all h occasion to speak frequ5tly ( a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 ,i wi% x always to be und]/ood t ,i mean a mixture compos$ ( "o volume ( oxyg5 to two volumes ( hydrog51 be+ ! proportions t =m wat]4 ,unless o!rwise express$1 ! hydrog5 0 always t obta9$ by ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid on pure z9c1 & ! oxyg5 t obta9$ by ! action ( heat f ! *lorate ( potassa4 #fci4 ,mixtures ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 ) air1 conta9+ "o-f\r?1 "o-half1 & ev5 two-?irds ( ! latt]1 be+ introduc$ ) prep>$ plat9a plates 7#egj4 #fje47 into tubes1 7 act$ ^u almo/ z well z if no air 7 pres5t3 ! ret>dation 0 f> less ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! m]e dilution & consequ5t ob/ruction to ! contact ( ! gases ) ! plates4 ,9 two h\rs & a half ne>ly all ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 introduc$ z mixture 0 gone4 #fdj4 ,b :5 simil> exp]im5ts 7 made ) olefiant gas 7! plat9a plates hav+ be5 made ! positive poles ( a voltaic pile 7#egj47 9 acid71 v diff]5t results occurr$4 ,a mixture 0 made ( #bi4b volumes hydrog5 & #ad4f volumes oxyg51 be+ ! proportions = wat]2 & to ?is 0 add$ ano!r mixture ( #c volumes oxyg5 & "o volume olefiant gas1 s t ! olefiant gas =m$ b #a_/dj? "p ( ! :ole2 yet 9 ?is mixture ! plat9a plate w\ld n act 9 =ty-five h\rs4 ,! failure 0 n = want ( any p[] 9 ! plate1 = :5 aft] t "t x 0 tak5 out ( ?is mixture & put into "o ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 x imm$iately act$1 & 9 sev5 m9utes caus$ explosion ( ! gas4 ,?is result 0 obta9$ sev]al times1 & :5 l>g] proportions ( olefiant gas 7 us$1 ! action seem$ /ill m hopeless4 #fda4 ,a mixture ( =ty-n9e volumes oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#fch47 ) "o volume ( olefiant gas _h a well-prep>$ plat9a plate introduc$4 ,! dim9ution ( gas 0 sc>cely s5sible at ! end ( two h\rs1 dur+ :i* x 0 wat*$2 b on exam9ation tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft]w>ds1 ! tube 0 f\nd bl[n to pieces4 ,! action1 !re=e1 ?\gh x _h be5 v mu* ret>d$1 _h occurr$ at la/1 & ris5 to a maximum4 #fdb4 ,) a mixture ( n9ety-n9e volumes ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#fch47 ) "o ( olefiant gas1 a feeble action 0 evid5t at ! end ( fifty m9utes2 x w5t on accel]at+ 7#fcj47 until ! eighty-fif? m9ute1 & !n became s int5se t ! gas explod$4 ,"h also ! ret>d+ effect ( ! olefiant gas 0 v beautifully illu/rat$4 #fdc4 ,plates prep>$ by alkali & acid 7#fje47 produc$ effects correspond+ to ^? j describ$4 #fdd4 ,x is p]fectly cle> f ^! exp]im5ts1 t olefiant gas1 ev5 9 small quantities1 has a v rem>kable influ5ce 9 prev5t+ ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 "u ^! circum/ances1 & yet )\t at all injur+ or affect+ ! p[] ( ! plat9a4 #fde4 ,ano!r /rik+ illu/ration ( simil> int]f]5ce may be %[n 9 c>bonic oxide2 especially if contra/$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,a mixture ( "o volume oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#fch47 ) f\r volumes ( c>bonic acid 0 affect$ at once by a plat9a plate prep>$ ) acid1 c4 7#fje472 & 9 "o h\r & a qu>t] ne>ly all ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 0 gone4 ,mixtures conta9+ less c>bonic acid 7 /ill m readily affect$4 #fdf4 ,b :5 c>bonic oxide 0 sub/itut$ = ! c>bonic acid1 n ! slighte/ effect ( comb9ation 0 produc$2 & :5 ! c>bonic oxide 0 only "o-eigh? ( ! :ole volume1 no action occurr$ 9 =ty & fifty h\rs4 ,yet ! plates _h n lo/ _! p[]2 = be+ tak5 out & put into pure oxyg5 & hydrog51 !y act$ well & at once4 #fdg4 ,two volumes ( c>bonic oxide & "o ( oxyg5 7 m+l$ ) n9e volumes ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#fch474 ,?is mixture 0 n affect$ by a plate :i* _h be5 made positive 9 acid1 ?\gh x rema9$ 9 x fifte5 h\rs4 ,b :5 to ! same volumes ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 7 add$ ?irty-?ree volumes ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! c>bonic oxide be+ !n only #a_/ah? "p ( ! :ole1 ! plate act$1 sl[ly at fir/1 & at ! end ( =ty-two m9utes ! gases explod$4 #fdh4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 ext5d$ to v>i\s gases & vap\rs1 ! g5]al results ( :i* may be giv5 z foll[4 ,oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & nitr\s oxide1 :5 us$ to dilute ! mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 did n prev5t ! action ( ! plates ev5 :5 !y made f\r-fif?s ( ! :ole volume ( gas act$ ^u4 ,nor 0 ! ret>dation s great 9 any case z might h be5 expect$ f ! m]e dilution ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 & ! consequ5t me*anical ob/ruction to its contact ) ! plat9a4 ,! ord] 9 :i* c>bonic acid & ^! sub/ances seem$ to /& 0 z foll[s1 ! fir/ int]f]+ lea/ ) ! action2 nitr\s oxide1 hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 nitrog51 oxyg53 b x is possible ! plates 7 n equally well prep>$ 9 all ! cases1 & t o!r circum/ances also 7 unequal2 consequ5tly m num]\s exp]im5ts w\ld be requir$ to e/abli% ! ord] accurately4 #fdi4 ,z to cases ( ret>dation1 ! p[]s ( olefiant gas & c>bonic oxide h be5 already describ$4 ,mixtures ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 conta9+ f #a_/af? to #a_/bj? ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 or phosphurett$ hydrog51 seem$ to %[ a little action at fir/1 b 7 n fur!r affect$ by ! prep>$ plates1 ?\gh 9 contact ) !m = sev5ty h\rs4 ,:5 ! plates 7 remov$ !y _h lo/ all p[] ov] pure oxyg5 & hydrog51 & ! int]f]5ce ( ^! gases 0 !re=e ( a diff]5t nature f t ( ! two =m]1 hav+ p]man5tly affect$ ! plate4 #fej4 ,a small piece ( cork 0 dipp$ 9 sulphuret ( c>bon & pass$ up ?r\gh wat] into a tube conta9+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#fch471 s z to diffuse a portion ( its vap\r ?r\gh ! gases4 ,a plate be+ introduc$ appe>$ at fir/ to act a little1 b aft] sixty-"o h\rs ! dim9ution 0 v small4 ,^u putt+ ! same plate into a pure mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 x act$ at once & p[]fully1 hav+ app>5tly suff]$ no dim9ution ( its =ce4 #fea4 ,a little vap\r ( e!r be+ mix$ ) ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ret>d$ ! action ( ! plate1 b did n prev5t x altoge!r4 ,a little ( ! vap\r ( ! cond5s$ oil-gas liquor,a ret>d$ ! action /ill m1 b n ne>ly s mu* z an equal volume ( olefiant gas w\ld h done4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x 0 ! orig9al oxyg5 & hydrog5 :i* comb9$ toge!r1 ! e!r & ! oil-gas vap\r rema9+ unaffect$1 & 9 bo? cases ! plates reta9$ ! p[] ( act+ on fre% oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbe1 p4#ddj4 #feb4 ,spongy plat9a 0 !n us$ 9 place ( ! plates1 & jets ( hydrog5 m+l$ ) ! diff]5t gases ?r[n aga9/ x 9 air4 ,! results 7 exactly ( ! same k9d1 al?\gh pres5t$ occasionally 9 a m impos+ =m4 ,?us1 mixtures ( "o volume ( olefiant gas or c>bonic oxide ) ?ree ( hydrog5 c\ld n heat ! spongy plat9a :5 ! exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$ at common temp]atures2 b a mixture ( equal volumes ( nitrog5 & hydrog5 act$ v well1 caus+ ignition4 ,) c>bonic acid ! results 7 /ill m /rik+4 ,a mixture ( ?ree volumes ( t gas ) "o ( hydrog5 caus$ ignition ( ! plat9a1 yet t mixture w\ld n cont9ue to burn f ! jet :5 attempts 7 made to light x by a tap]4 ,a mixture ev5 ( sev5 volumes ( c>bonic acid & "o ( hydrog5 w ?us cause ! ignition ( cold spongy plat9a1 & yet1 z if to supply a contra/1 ?an :i* none c be great]1 x _c burn at a tap]1 b causes ! ext9ction ( ! latt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mixtures ( c>bonic oxide or olefiant gas1 :i* c d no?+ ) ! plat9a1 are inflam$ by ! tap]1 burn+ well4 #fec4 ,hydrog5 m+l$ ) ! vap\r ( e!r or oil-gas liquor causes ! ignition ( ! spongy plat9a4 ,! mixture ) oil-gas burns ) a flame f> bright] ?an t ( ! mixture ( hydrog5 & olefiant gas already ref]r$ to1 s t x w\ld appe> t ! ret>d+ action ( ! hydroc>bons is n at all 9 proportion m]ely to ! quantity ( c>bon pres5t4 #fed4 ,9 connexion ) ^! int]f]5ces1 ,i mu/ /ate1 t hydrog5 itself1 prep>$ f /eam pass$ ov] ignit$ iron1 0 f\nd :5 m+l$ ) oxyg5 to resi/ ! action ( plat9a4 ,x _h /ood ov] wat] sev5 days1 & _h lo/ all fetid smell2 b a jet ( x w\ld n cause ! ignition ( spongy plat9a1 comm5c+ at common temp]atures2 nor w\ld x comb9e ) oxyg5 9 a tube ei!r "u ! influ5ce ( a prep>$ plate or ( spongy plat9a4 ,a mixture ( "o volume ( ?is gas ) ?ree ( pure hydrog51 & ! due proportion ( oxyg51 0 n affect$ by plates aft] fifty h\rs4 ,i am incl9$ to ref] ! effect to c>bonic oxide pres5t 9 ! gas1 b h n _h "t to v]ify ! suspicion4 ,! p[] ( ! plates 0 n de/roy$ 7#fdj4 #fdf474 #fee4 ,su* are ! g5]al facts ( ^! rem>kable int]f]5ces4 ,:e!r ! effect produc$ by su* small quantities ( c]ta9 gases dep5ds ^u any direct action :i* !y may ex]t ^u ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 by :i* ! latt] are r5d]$ less incl9$ to comb9e1 or :e!r x dep5ds ^u _! modify+ ! action ( ! plate tempor>ily 7= !y produce no real *ange on x71 by inve/+ x ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a /rong] attraction ?an t ( ! hydrog51 or o!rwise1 rema9s to be decid$ by m ext5d$ exp]im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 #fef4 ,! !ory ( action :i* ,i h giv5 = ! orig9al ph5om5a appe>s to me q suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! effects by ref]5ce to kn[n prop]ties1 & disp5ses ) ! assumption ( any new p[] ( matt]4 ,i h pursu$ ?is subject at "s l5g?1 z "o ( great consequ5ce1 because ,i am conv9c$ t ! sup]ficial actions ( matt]1 :e!r betwe5 two bodies1 or ( "o piece ( ! same body1 & ! actions ( p>ticles n directly or /rongly 9 comb9ation1 are becom+ daily m & m important to our !ories ( *emical z well z me*anical philosophy,a4 ,9 all ord9>y cases ( combu/ion x is evid5t t an action ( ! k9d consid]$1 occurr+ ^u ! surface ( ! c>bon 9 ! fire1 & also 9 ! bright "p ( a flame1 mu/ h great influ5ce ov] ! comb9ations !re tak+ place4 ,a ,z a curi\s illu/ration ( ! influ5ce ( me*anical =ces ov] *emical aff9ity1 ,i w quote ! refusal ( c]ta9 sub/ances to effloresce :5 _! surfaces are p]fect1 :i* yield imm$iately ^u ! surface be+ brok51 ,if cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda1 or phosphate ( soda1 or sulphate ( soda1 hav+ no "p ( _! surfaces brok51 be pres]v$ f ext]nal viol5ce1 !y w n effloresce4 ,i h ?us reta9$ cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda p]fectly transp>5t & un*ang$ f ,septemb] #ahbg to ,janu>y #ahcc2 & cry/als ( sulphate ( soda f ,may #ahcb to ! pres5t "t1 ,novemb] #ahcc4 ,if any "p ( ! surface 7 scrat*$ or brok51 !n effloresc5ce began at t "p1 & cov]$ ! :ole4 ,! cry/als 7 m]ely plac$ 9 evaporat+ bas9s & cov]$ ) pap]4 #feg4 ,! condition ( ela/icity ^u ! ext]ior ( ! gase\s or vapor\s mass already ref]r$ to 7#fbf4 #fbg471 mu/ be connect$ directly ) ! action ( solid bodies1 z nuclei1 on vap\rs1 caus+ cond5sation ^u !m 9 pref]5ce to any cond5sation 9 ! vap\rs !mselves2 & 9 ! well-kn[n effect ( nuclei on solutions a simil> condition may h exi/5ce 7#fbc471 = an analogy 9 condition exi/s betwe5 ! p>ts ( a body 9 solution1 & ^? ( a body 9 ! vapor\s or gase\s /ate4 ,?is ?\ght leads u to ! consid]ation ( :at are ! respective conditions at ! surfaces ( contact ( two portions ( ! same sub/ance at ! same temp]ature1 "o 9 ! solid or liquid1 & ! o!r 9 ! vapor\s /ate2 z1 = in/ance1 /eam & wat]4 ,x w\ld seem t ! p>ticles ( vap\r next to ! p>ticles ( liquid are 9 a diff]5t relation to ! latt] to :at !y w\ld be ) respect to any o!r liquid or solid sub/ance2 z1 = in/ance1 m]cury or plat9a1 if !y 7 made to replace ! wat]1 i4e4 if ! view ( indep5d5t action :i* ,i h tak5 7#fbf4 #fbg47 z a consequ5ce ( ,dalton's pr9ciples1 be correct4 ,x w\ld also seem t ! mutual relation ( simil> p>ticles1 & ! indiff]5ce ( dissimil> p>ticles :i* ,dalton has e/abli%$ z a matt] ( fact among/ gases & vap\rs1 ext5ds to a c]ta9 degree among/ solids & fluids1 t is1 :5 !y are 9 relation by contact ) vap\rs1 ei!r ( _! own sub/ance or ( o!r bodies4 ,b ?\gh ,i view ^! po9ts z ( great importance ) respect to ! relations exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t sub/ances & _! physical con/itution 9 ! solid1 liquid1 or gase\s /ate1 ,i h n suffici5tly consid]$ !m to v5ture any /rong op9ions or /atem5ts "h,a4 ,a ,9 ref]5ce to ?is p>agraph & also #fbf1 see a correction by ,dr4 ,c4 ,h5ry1 9 8 valuable pap] on ?is curi\s subject4 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahce4 vol4 vi4 p4 #cje4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #feh4 ,!re are num]\s well-kn[n cases1 9 :i* sub/ances1 su* z oxyg5 & hydrog51 act readily 9 _! nasc5t /ate1 & produce *emical *anges :i* !y are n able to effect if once !y h assum$ ! gase\s condition4 ,su* in/ances are v common at ! poles ( ! voltaic pile1 & are1 ,i ?9k1 easily acc\nt$ =1 if x be consid]$ t at ! mom5t ( sep>ation ( any su* p>ticle x is entirely surr\nd$ by o!r p>ticles ( a diff]5t k9d ) :i* x is 9 close contact1 & has n yet assum$ ^? relations & conditions :i* x has 9 its fully develop$ /ate1 & :i* x c only assume by association ) o!r p>ticles ( its own k9d4 ,=1 at ! mom5t1 its ela/icity is abs5t1 & x is 9 ! same relation to p>ticles ) :i* x is 9 contact1 & = :i* x has an aff9ity1 z ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 are to ea* o!r on ! surface ( clean plat9a 7#fbf4 #fbg474 #fei4 ,! s+ul> effects ( ret>dation produc$ by v small quantities ( "s gases1 & n by l>ge quantities ( o!rs 7#fdj4 #fde4 #feb471 if dep5d5t ^u any relation ( ! add$ gas to ! surface ( ! solid1 w !n probably be f\nd imm$iately connect$ ) ! curi\s ph5om5a :i* are pres5t$ by diff]5t gases :5 pass+ ?r\gh n>r[ tubes at l[ pressures1 :i* ,i obs]v$ _m ye>s ago,a2 & ?is action ( surfaces mu/1 ,i ?9k1 influ5ce ! highly int]e/+ ph5om5a ( ! diffusion ( gases1 at lea/ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has be5 exp]im5t$ ^u by ,mr4 ,graham 9 #ahbi & #ahca;,b1 & also by ,dr4 ,mit*ell ( ,philadelphia,c 9 #ahcj4 ,x seems v probable t if su* a sub/ance z spongy plat9a 7 us$1 ano!r law = ! diffusion ( gases "u ! circum/ances w\ld come out ?an t obta9$ by ! use ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahai1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ajf4 ,b ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #gd1 & ,ed9burgh ,transactions1 #ahca4 ,c ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution = #ahca1 p4 #aja4 #ffj4 ,i int5d$ to h foll[$ ?is section by "o on ! second>y piles ( ,ritt]1 & ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! poles ( ! pile1 or ( metals ?r\gh :i* electricity has pass$1 :i* h be5 obs]v$ by ,ritt]1 ,van ,m>um1 ,yel91 ,de la ,rive1 ,m>ian9i1 ,b]zelius1 & o!rs4 ,x appe>s to me t all ^! ph5om5a be> a satisfactory explanation on kn[n pr9ciples1 connect$ ) ! inve/igation j t]m9at$1 & d n require ! assumption ( any new /ate or new prop]ty4 ,b z ! exp]im5ts advanc$1 especially ^? ( ,m>ian9i1 require v c>eful repetition & exam9ation1 ! necessity ( pursu+ ! subject ( electro-*emical decomposition obliges me = a "t to def] ! rese>*es to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcc4 ,,sev5? ,,s]ies4 #aa4 ,on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition1 cont9u$4,a iv4 ,on "s g5]al conditions ( ,electro-decomposition4 v4 ,on a new ,measur] ( ,volta-electricity4 vi4 ,on ! prim>y or second>y "* ( bodies evolv$ 9 ,electro-decomposition4 vii4 ,on ! def9ite nature & ext5t ( ,electro-*emical ,decompositions4 #ac4 ,on ! absolute quantity ( ,electricity associat$ ) ! p>ticles or atoms ( ,matt]4 ,a ,ref] to ! note aft] #ajdg1 ,s]ies ,,viii4--,dec4 #ahch4 ,receiv$ ,janu>y #i1--,read ,janu>y #bc1 ,febru>y #f & #ac1 #ahcd4 ,prelim9>y4 #ffa4 ,! !ory :i* ,i believe to be a true expression ( ! facts ( electro-*emical decomposition1 & :i* ,i h !re=e detail$ 9 a =m] s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es1 is s mu* at v>iance ) ^? previ\sly advanc$1 t ,i f9d ! greate/ difficulty 9 /at+ results1 z ,i ?9k1 correctly1 :il/ limit$ to ! use ( t]ms :i* are curr5t ) a c]ta9 accept$ mean+4 ,( ?is k9d is ! t]m pole1 ) its prefixes ( positive & negative1 & ! atta*$ ideas ( attraction & repulsion4 ,! g5]al phraseology is t ! positive pole attracts oxyg51 acids1 c41 or m cauti\sly1 t x det]m9es _! evolution ^u its surface2 & t ! negative pole acts 9 an equal mann] ^u hydrog51 combu/ibles1 metals1 & bases4 ,accord+ to my view1 ! det]m9+ =ce is n at ! poles1 b )9 ! body "u decomposition2 & ! oxyg5 & acids are r5d]$ at ! negative extremity ( t body1 :il/ hydrog51 metals1 c41 are evolv$ at ! positive extremity 7#eah4 #ebd474 #ffb4 ,to avoid1 !re=e1 confusion & circumlocution1 & = ! sake ( great] precision ( expression ?an ,i c o!rwise obta91 ,i h delib]ately consid]$ ! subject ) two fri5ds1 & ) _! assi/ance & concurr5ce 9 fram+ !m1 ,i purpose h5ce=w>d us+ c]ta9 o!r t]ms1 :i* ,i w n[ def9e4 ,! poles1 z !y are usually call$1 are only ! doors or ways by :i* ! electric curr5t passes into & out ( ! decompos+ body 7#eef472 & !y ( c\rse1 :5 9 contact ) t body1 are ! limits ( its ext5t 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! t]m has be5 g5]ally appli$ to ! metal surfaces 9 contact ) ! decompos+ sub/ance2 b :e!r philosoph]s g5]ally w\ld also apply x to ! surfaces ( air 7#dfe4 #dga47 & wat] 7#dic471 aga9/ :i* ,i h effect$ electro-*emical decomposition1 is subject to d\bt4 ,9 place ( ! t]m pole1 ,i propose us+ t ( ,electrode,a1 & ,i mean !reby t sub/ance1 or r surface1 :e!r ( air1 wat]1 metal1 or any o!r body1 :i* b\nds ! ext5t ( ! decompos+ matt] 9 ! direction ( ! electric curr5t4 ,a ,greek3 elektron1 & ,greek3 -odos a way4 #ffc4 ,! surfaces at :i*1 accord+ to common phraseology1 ! electric curr5t ent]s & leaves a decompos+ body1 are mo/ important places ( action1 & require to be di/+ui%$ ap>t f ! poles1 ) :i* !y are mo/ly1 & ! electrodes1 ) :i* !y are always1 9 contact4 ,wi%+ = a natural /&>d ( electric direction to :i* ,i might ref] ^!1 expressive ( _! diff]5ce & at ! same "t free f all !ory1 ,i h ?\ght x might be f\nd 9 ! e>?4 ,if ! magnetism ( ! e>? be due to electric curr5ts pass+ r\nd x1 ! latt] mu/ be 9 a con/ant direction1 :i*1 accord+ to pres5t usage ( spee*1 w\ld be f ea/ to we/1 or1 :i* w /r5g!n ?is help to ! memory1 t 9 :i* ! sun appe>s to move4 ,if 9 any case ( electro-decomposition we consid] ! decompos+ body z plac$ s t ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x %all be 9 ! same direction1 & p>allel to t suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! e>?1 !n ! surfaces at :i* ! electricity is pass+ into & out ( ! sub/ance w\ld h an inv>iable ref]5ce1 & exhibit con/antly ! same relations ( p[]s4 ,^u ?is notion we purpose call+ t t[>ds ! ea/ ! anode,a1 & t t[>ds ! we/ ! ca?ode,b2 & :atev] *anges may take place 9 our views ( ! nature ( electricity & electrical action1 z !y mu/ affect ! natural /&>d ref]r$ to1 9 ! same direction1 & to an equal am\nt ) any decompos+ sub/ances to :i* ^! t]ms may at any "t be appli$1 !re seems no reason to expect t !y w lead to confusion1 or t5d 9 any way to support false views4 ,! anode is !re=e t surface at :i* ! electric curr5t1 accord+ to our pres5t expression1 ent]s3 x is ! negative extremity ( ! decompos+ body2 is :]e oxyg51 *lor9e1 acids1 c41 are evolv$2 & is aga9/ or opposite ! positive electrode4 ,! ca?ode is t surface at :i* ! curr5t leaves ! decompos+ body1 & is its positive extremity2 ! combu/ible bodies1 metals1 alkalies1 & bases1 are evolv$ !re1 & x is 9 contact ) ! negative electrode4 ,a ,greek3 ano upw>ds1 & ,greek3 -odos a way2 ! way :i* ! sun rises4 ,b ,greek3 kata d[nw>ds1 & ,greek3 -odos a way2 ! way :i* ! sun sets4 #ffd4 ,i %all h occasion 9 ^! ,rese>*es1 also1 to class bodies toge!r accord+ to c]ta9 relations d]iv$ f _! electrical actions 7#hbb472 & wi%+ to express ^? relations )\t at ! same "t involv+ ! expression ( any hypo!tical views1 ,i int5d us+ ! foll[+ names & t]ms4 ,_m bodies are decompos$ directly by ! electric curr5t1 _! elem5ts be+ set free2 ^! ,i propose to call electrolytes4,a ,wat]1 !re=e1 is an electrolyte4 ,! bodies :i*1 l nitric or sulphuric acids1 are decompos$ 9 a second>y mann] 7#geb4 #geg471 are n includ$ "u ?is t]m4 ,!n = electro-*emically decompos$1 ,i %all (t5 use ! t]m electrolyz$1 d]iv$ 9 ! same way1 & imply+ t ! body spok5 ( is sep>at$ into its compon5ts "u ! influ5ce ( electricity3 x is analog\s 9 its s5se & s\nd to analyse1 :i* is d]iv$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! t]m electrolytical w be und]/ood at once3 muriatic acid is electrolytical1 boracic acid is n4 ,a ,greek3 elektron1 & ,greek3 lyo1 soluo4 ,n4 ,electrolyte1 ,v4 ,electrolyze4 #ffe4 ,f9ally1 ,i require a t]m to express ^? bodies :i* c pass to ! electrodes1 or1 z !y are usually call$1 ! poles4 ,sub/ances are frequ5tly spok5 ( z be+ electro-negative1 or electro-positive1 accord+ z !y g "u ! suppos$ influ5ce ( a direct attraction to ! positive or negative pole4 ,b ^! t]ms are mu* too significant = ! use to :i* ,i %\ld h to put !m2 = ?\gh ! mean+s are p]haps "r1 !y are only hypo!tical1 & may be wrong2 & !n1 ?r\gh a v imp]ceptible1 b /ill v dang]\s1 because cont9ual1 influ5ce1 !y d great injury to sci5ce1 by contract+ & limit+ ! habitual views ( ^? engag$ 9 pursu+ x4 ,i propose to di/+ui% su* bodies by call+ ^? anions,a :i* g to ! anode ( ! decompos+ body2 & ^? pass+ to ! ca?ode1 cations,b2 & :5 ,i h occasion to speak ( ^! toge!r1 ,i %all call !m ions4 ,?us ! *loride ( lead is an electrolyte1 & :5 electrolyz$ evolves ! two ions1 *lor9e & lead1 ! =m] be+ an anion1 & ! latt] a cation4 ,a ,greek3 anin t :i* goes up4 7,neut] p>ticiple47 ,b ,greek3 katin t :i* goes d[n4 #fff4 ,^! t]ms be+ once well-def9$1 w1 ,i hope1 9 _! use enable me to avoid mu* p]iphrasis & ambiguity ( expression4 ,i d n mean to press !m into s]vice m frequ5tly ?an w be requir$1 = ,i am fully aw>e t names are "o ?+ & sci5ce ano!r4 #ffg4 ,x w be well und]/ood t ,i am giv+ no op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! electric curr5t n[1 beyond :at ,i h done on =m] occasions 7#bhc4 #eag472 & t ?\gh ,i speak ( ! curr5t z proce$+ f ! p>ts :i* are positive to ^? :i* are negative 7#ffc471 x is m]ely 9 accordance ) ! conv5tional1 ?\gh 9 "s degree tacit1 agreem5t ent]$ into by sci5tific m51 t !y may h a con/ant1 c]ta91 & def9ite means ( ref]r+ to ! direction ( ! =ces ( t curr5t4 ,s9ce ?is pap] 0 read1 ,i h *ang$ "s ( ! t]ms :i* 7 fir/ propos$1 t ,i might employ only su* z 7 at ! same "t simple 9 _! nature1 cle> 9 _! ref]5ce1 & free f hypo!sis4 iv4 ,on "s g5]al conditions ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #ffi4 ,f ! p]iod :5 electro-*emical decomposition 0 fir/ effect$ to ! pres5t "t1 x has be5 a rem>k1 t ^? elem5ts :i*1 9 ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( *emical aff9ity1 7 ! mo/ directly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & comb9$ ) ! greate/ attractive =ce1 7 ^? :i* 7 ! mo/ readily evolv$ at ! opposite extremities ( ! decompos+ bodies 7#edi474 #fgj4 ,if ?is result 0 evid5t :5 wat] 0 suppos$ to be ess5tial to1 & 0 pres5t 91 almo/ e case ( su* decomposition 7#dgb471 x is f> m evid5t n[ t x has be5 %[n & prov$ t wat] is n necess>ily conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a 7#dgd471 & t o!r bodies mu* surpass x 9 "s ( ! effects suppos$ to be peculi> to t sub/ance4 #fga4 ,wat]1 f its con/itution & ! nature ( its elem5ts1 & f its frequ5t pres5ce 9 cases ( electrolytic action1 has hi!rto /ood =emo/ 9 ?is respect4 ,?\gh a comp\nd =m$ by v p[]ful aff9ity1 x yields up its elem5ts "u ! influ5ce ( a v feeble electric curr5t2 & x is d\btful :e!r a case ( electrolyzation c occur1 :]e1 be+ pres5t1 x is n resolv$ into its fir/ pr9ciples4 #fgb4 ,! v>i\s oxides1 *lorides1 iodides1 & salts1 :i* ,i h %[n are decomposable by ! electric curr5t :5 9 ! liquid /ate1 "u ! same g5]al law ) wat] 7#djb471 illu/rate 9 an equally /rik+ mann] ! activity1 9 su* decompositions1 ( elem5ts directly & p[]fully oppos$ to ea* o!r by _! *emical relations4 #fgc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bodies dep5d5t on weak aff9ities v r>ely give way4 ,take1 = in/ance1 glasses3 _m ( ^? =m$ ( silica1 lime1 alkali1 & oxide ( lead1 may be consid]$ z little m ?an solutions ( sub/ances "o 9 ano!r,a4 ,if bottle-glass be fus$1 & subject$ to ! voltaic pile1 x does n appe> to be at all decompos$ 7#djh474 ,if fl9t glass1 :i* conta9s sub/ances m directly oppos$1 be op]at$ ^u1 x suff]s "s decomposition2 & if borate ( lead glass1 :i* is a def9ite *emical comp\nd1 be exp]im5t$ )1 x readily yields up its elem5ts 7#djh474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcj1 p4 #di4 #fgd4 ,b ! result :i* is f\nd to be s /rik+ 9 ! in/ances quot$ is n at all borne out by ref]5ce to o!r cases :]e a simil> consequ5ce might h be5 expect$4 ,x may be said1 t my own !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition w\ld lead to ! expectation t all comp\nd bodies %\ld give way "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t ) a facility proportionate to ! /r5g? ( ! aff9ity by :i* _! elem5ts1 ei!r proximate or ultimate1 are comb9$4 ,i am n sure t t foll[s z a consequ5ce ( ! !ory2 b if ! objection is suppos$ to be "o pres5t$ by ! facts1 ,i h no d\bt x w be remov$ :5 we obta9 a m intimate acqua9tance )1 & precise idea (1 ! nature ( *emical aff9ity & ! mode ( action ( an electric curr5t ov] x 7#eah4 #ebd473 besides :i*1 x is j z directly oppos$ to any o!r !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition z ! "o ,i h prop\nd$2 = if x be admitt$1 z is g5]ally ! case1 t ! m directly bodies are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! attractive =ces1 ! m p[]fully d !y comb9e1 !n ! objection applies ) equal =ce to any ( ! !ories ( electrolyzation :i* h be5 consid]$1 & is an addition to ^? :i* ,i h tak5 aga9/ !m4 #fge4 ,among/ p[]ful comp\nds :i* are n decompos$1 boracic acids /& prom95t 7#djh474 ,!n aga91 ! iodide ( sulphur1 & ! *lorides ( sulphur1 phosphorus1 & c>bon1 are n decomposable "u common circum/ances1 ?\gh _! elem5ts are ( a nature :i* w\ld lead to a contr>y expectation4 ,*loride ( antimony 7#djb4 #fij471 ! hydro-c>bons1 acetic acid1 ammonia1 & _m o!r bodies undecomposable by ! voltaic pile1 w\ld seem to be =m$ by an aff9ity suffici5tly /rong to indicate t ! elem5ts 7 s f> contra/$ 9 _! nature z to sanction ! expectation t1 ! pile w\ld sep>ate !m1 especially z 9 "s cases ( m]e solution 7#ecj4 #edd471 :]e ! aff9ity mu/ by comp>ison be v weak1 sep>ation takes place,a4 ,a ,) reg>d to solution1 ,i h met ) "s reasons = suppos+ t x w probably disappe> z a cause ( transf]5ce1 & int5d resum+ ! consid]ation at a conv5i5t opportunity4 #fgf4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t mu* ( ?is difficulty1 & p]haps ! :ole1 may dep5d ^u ! abs5ce ( conduct+ p[]1 :i*1 prev5t+ ! transmission ( ! curr5t1 prev5ts ( c\rse ! effects due to x4 ,all kn[n comp\nds be+ non-conductors :5 solid1 b conductors :5 liquid1 are decompos$1 ) p]haps ! s+le exception at pres5t kn[n ( p]iodide ( m]cury 7#fgi4 #fia47;,a2 & ev5 wat] itself1 :i* s easily yields up its elem5ts :5 ! curr5t passes1 if r5d]$ q pure1 sc>cely suff]s *ange1 because x !n becomes a v bad conductor4 ,a ,see n[1 #acdj1 #acda4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #fgg4 ,if x %\ld h]eaft] be prov$ t ! want ( decomposition 9 ^? cases :]e1 f *emical consid]ations1 x might be s /rongly expect$ 7#ffi1 #fgb4 #fgd471 is due to ! abs5ce or defici5cy ( conduct+ p[]1 x w\ld also at ! same "t be prov$ t decomposition dep5ds ^u conduction1 & n ! latt] ^u ! =m] 7#dac472 & 9 wat] ?is seems to be v ne>ly decid$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conclusion is almo/ irresi/ible1 t 9 electrolytes ! p[] ( transmitt+ ! electricity across ! sub/ance is dep5d5t ^u _! capability ( suff]+ decomposition2 tak+ place only :il/ !y are decompos+1 & be+ proportionate to ! quantity ( elem5ts sep>at$ 7#hba474 ,i may n1 h[ev]1 /op to discuss ?is po9t exp]im5tally at pres5t4 #fgh4 ,:5 a comp\nd conta9s su* elem5ts z are kn[n to pass t[>ds ! opposite extremities ( ! voltaic pile1 /ill ! proportions 9 :i* !y are pres5t appe> to be intimately connect$ ) capability 9 ! comp\nd ( suff]+ or resi/+ decomposition4 ,?us1 ! proto*loride ( t9 readily conducts1 & is decompos$ 7#djb471 b ! p]*loride nei!r conducts nor is decompos$ 7#djf474 ,! protiodide ( t9 is decompos$ :5 fluid 7#djb472 ! p]iodide is n 7#dje474 ,! p]iodide ( m]cury :5 fus$ is n decompos$ 7#fia471 ev5 ?\gh x does conduct4 ,i 0 unable to contra/ x ) ! protiodide1 ! latt] be+ conv]t$ into m]cury & p]iodide by heat4 #fgi4 ,^! important diff]5ces induc$ me to look m closely to c]ta9 b9>y comp\nds1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r a law regulat+ ! decomposability accord+ to "s relation ( ! proportionals or equival5ts ( ! elem5ts1 c\ld be discov]$4 ,! proto comp\nds only1 among/ ^? j ref]r$ to1 7 decomposable2 & on ref]r+ to ! sub/ances quot$ to illu/rate ! =ce & g5]ality ( ! law ( conduction & decomposition :i* ,i discov]$ 7#djb471 x w be f\nd t all ! oxides1 *lorides1 & iodides subject to x1 except ! *loride ( antimony & ! p]iodide ( m]cury1 7to :i* may n[ p]haps be add$ corrosive sublimate17 are also decomposable1 :il/ _m p] comp\nds ( ! same elem5ts1 n subject to ! law1 7 n s 7#dje4 #djf474 #fhj4 ,! sub/ances :i* appe>$ to =m ! /ronge/ exceptions to ?is g5]al result 7 su* bodies z ! sulphuric1 phosphoric1 nitric1 ars5ic1 & o!r acids4 #fha4 ,on exp]im5t+ ) sulphuric acid1 ,i f\nd no reason to believe t x 0 by itself a conductor (1 or decomposable by1 electricity1 al?\gh ,i _h previ\sly be5 ( t op9ion 7#eeb474 ,:5 v /rong x is a mu* worse conductor ?an if dilut$,a4 ,if !n subject$ to ! action ( a p[]ful batt]y1 oxyg5 appe>s at ! anode1 or positive electrode1 al?\gh mu* is absorb$ 7#gbh471 & hydrog5 & sulphur appe> at ! ca?ode1 or negative electrode4 ,n[ ! hydrog5 has ) me always be5 pure1 n sulphurett$1 & has be5 defici5t 9 proportion to ! sulphur pres5t1 s t x is evid5t t :5 decomposition occurr$ wat] mu/ h be5 decompos$4 ,i endeav\r$ to make ! exp]im5t ) anhydr\s sulphuric acid2 & x appe>$ to me t1 :5 fus$1 su* acid 0 n a conductor1 nor decompos$2 b ,i _h n en\gh ( ! dry acid 9 my possession to all[ me to decide ! po9t satisfactorily4 ,my belief is1 t :5 sulphur appe>s dur+ ! action ( ! pile on sulphuric acid1 x is ! result ( a second>y action1 & t ! acid itself is n electrolyzable 7#geg474 ,a ,de la ,rive4 #fhb4 ,phosphoric acid is1 ,i believe1 also 9 ! same condition2 b ,i h f\nd x impossible to decide ! po9t1 because ( ! difficulty ( op]at+ on fus$ anhydr\s phosphoric acid4 ,phosphoric acid :i* has once obta9$ wat] _c be depriv$ ( x by heat alone4 ,:5 heat$1 ! hydrat$ acid volatilizes4 ,^u subject+ phosphoric acid1 fus$ ^u ! r+ end ( a wire 7#dja471 to ! action ( ! voltaic app>atus1 x conduct$1 & 0 decompos$2 b gas1 :i* ,i believe to be hydrog51 0 always evolv$ at ! negative electrode1 & ! wire 0 n affect$ z w\ld h happ5$ _h phosphorus be5 sep>at$4 ,gas 0 also evolv$ at ! positive electrode4 ,f all ! facts1 ,i conclude x 0 ! wat] & n ! acid :i* 0 decompos$4 #fhc4 ,ars5ic acid4 ,?is sub/ance conduct$1 & 0 decompos$2 b x conta9$ wat]1 & ,i 0 unable at ! "t to press ! inve/igation s z to asc]ta9 :e!r a fusible anhydr\s ars5ic acid c\ld be obta9$4 ,x =ms1 !re=e1 at pres5t no exception to ! g5]al result4 #fhd4 ,nitr\s acid1 obta9$ by di/ill+ nitrate ( lead1 & keep+ x 9 contact ) /rong sulphuric acid1 0 f\nd to conduct & decompose sl[ly4 ,b on exam9ation !re 7 /rong reasons = believ+ t wat] 0 pres5t1 & t ! decomposition & conduction dep5d$ ^u x4 ,i endeav\r$ to prep>e a p]fectly anhydr\s portion1 b c\ld n sp>e ! "t requir$ to procure an unexceptionable result4 #fhe4 ,nitric acid is a sub/ance :i* ,i believe is n decompos$ directly by ! electric curr5t4 ,z ,i want ! facts 9 illu/ration ( ! di/9ction exi/+ betwe5 prim>y & second>y decomposition1 ,i w m]ely ref] to !m 9 ?is place 7#geb474 #fhf4 ,t ^! m9]al acids %\ld conf] facility ( conduction & decomposition on wat]1 is no pro( t !y are compet5t to fav\r & suff] ^! actions 9 !mselves4 ,boracic acid does ! same ?+1 ?\gh n decomposable4 ,m4 de la ,rive has po9t$ out t *lor9e has ?is p[] also2 b be+ to u an elem5t>y sub/ance1 x _c be due to its capability ( suff]+ decomposition4 #fhg4 ,*loride ( sulphur does n conduct1 nor is x decompos$4 ,x consi/s ( s+le proportionals ( its elem5ts1 b is n on t acc\nt an exception to ! rule 7#fgi471 :i* does n affirm t all comp\nds ( s+le proportionals ( elem5ts are decomposable1 b t su* z are decomposable are s con/itut$4 #fhh4 ,proto*loride ( phosphorus does n conduct nor become decompos$4 #fhi4 ,proto*loride ( c>bon does n conduct nor suff] decomposition4 ,9 association ) ?is sub/ance1 ,i submitt$ ! hydro-*loride ( c>bon f olefiant gas & *lor9e to ! action ( ! electric curr5t2 b x also refus$ to conduct or yield up its elem5ts4 #fjj4 ,) reg>d to ! exceptions 7#fgi471 ^u clos] exam9ation "s ( !m disappe>4 ,*loride ( antimony 7a comp\nd ( "o proportional ( antimony & "o & a half ( *lor9e7 ( rec5t prep>ation 0 put into a tube 7fig4 #fh47 7#ghi471 & submitt$ :5 fus$ to ! action ( ! curr5t1 ! positive electrode be+ ( plumbago4 ,no electricity pass$1 & no appe>ance ( decomposition 0 visible at fir/2 b :5 ! positive & negative electrodes 7 br\ght v ne> ea* o!r 9 ! *loride1 !n a feeble action occurr$ & a feeble curr5t pass$4 ,! effect altoge!r 0 s small 7al?\gh q am5able to ! law be=e giv5 7#cid4771 & s unlike ! decomposition & conduction occurr+ 9 all ! o!r cases1 t ,i attribute x to ! pres5ce ( a m9ute quantity ( wat]1 7= :i* ?is & _m o!r *lorides h /rong attractions1 produc+ hydrat$ *lorides17 or p]haps ( a true proto*loride consi/+ ( s+le proportionals 7#fie1 #gif474 #fia4 ,p]iodide ( m]cury be+ exam9$ 9 ! same mann]1 0 f\nd mo/ di/9ctly to insulate :il/ solid1 b conduct :5 fluid1 accord+ to ! law ( liquido-conduction 7#djb472 b !re 0 no appe>ance ( decomposition4 ,no iod9e appe>$ at ! anode1 nor m]cury or o!r sub/ance at ! ca?ode4 ,! case is1 !re=e1 no exception to ! rule1 t only comp\nds ( s+le proportionals are decomposable2 b x is an exception1 & ,i ?9k ! only "o1 to ! /atem5t1 t all bodies subject to ! law ( liquido-conduction are decomposable4 ,i incl9e1 h[ev]1 to believe1 t a portion ( protiodide ( m]cury is reta9$ dissolv$ 9 ! p]iodide1 & t to its sl[ decomposition ! feeble conduct+ p[] is due4 ,p]iodide w\ld be =m$1 z a second>y result1 at ! anode2 & ! m]cury at ! ca?ode w\ld also =m1 z a second>y result1 protiodide4 ,bo? ^! bodies w\ld m+le ) ! fluid mass1 & ?us no f9al sep>ation appe>1 not)/&+ ! cont9u$ decomposition4 #fib4 ,:5 p]*loride ( m]cury 0 subject$ to ! voltaic curr5t1 x did n conduct 9 ! solid /ate1 b x did conduct :5 fluid4 ,i ?9k1 also1 t 9 ! latt] case x 0 decompos$2 b !re are _m int]f]+ circum/ances :i* require exam9ation be=e a positive conclusion c be drawn,a4 ,a ,) reg>d to p]*loride & p]iodide ( m]cury1 see n[ #acdj1 #acda4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #fic4 ,:5 ! ord9>y protoxide ( antimony is subject$ to ! voltaic curr5t 9 a fus$ /ate1 x also is decompos$1 al?\gh ! effect f o!r causes soon ceases 7#djb1 #hja474 ,?is oxide consi/s ( "o proportional ( antimony & "o & a half ( oxyg51 & is !re=e an exception to ! g5]al law assum$4 ,b 9 work+ ) ?is oxide & ! *loride1 ,i obs]v$ facts :i* lead me to d\bt :e!r ! comp\nds usually call$ ! protoxide & ! proto*loride d n (t5 conta9 o!r comp\nds1 consi/+ ( s+le proportions1 :i* are ! true proto comp\nds1 & :i*1 9 ! case ( ! oxide1 might give rise to ! decomposition above describ$4 #fid4 ,! ord9>y sulphuret ( antimony its consid]$ z be+ ! comp\nd ) ! smalle/ quantity ( sulphur1 & analog\s 9 its proportions to ! ord9>y protoxide4 ,b ,i f9d t if x be fus$ ) metallic antimony1 a new sulphuret is =m$1 conta9+ mu* m ( ! metal ?an ! =m]1 & sep>at+ di/9ctly1 :5 fus$1 bo? f ! pure metal on ! "o h&1 & ! ord9>y gray sulphuret on ! o!r4 ,9 "s r\gh exp]im5ts1 ! metal ?us tak5 up by ! ord9>y sulphuret ( antimony 0 equal to half ! proportion ( t previ\sly 9 ! sulphuret1 9 :i* case ! new sulphuret w\ld consi/ ( s+le proportionals4 #fie4 ,:5 ?is new sulphuret 0 dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid1 al?\gh a little antimony sep>at$1 yet x appe>$ to me t a true proto*loride1 consi/+ ( s+le proportionals1 0 =m$1 & f t by alkalies1 c41 a true protoxide1 consi/+ also ( s+le proportionals1 0 obta9able4 ,b ,i c\ld n /op to asc]ta9 ?is matt] /rictly by analysis4 #fif4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t !re is su* an oxide2 t x is (t5 pres5t 9 v>iable proportions 9 :at is commonly call$ protoxide1 ?r[+ unc]ta9ty ^u ! results ( its analysis1 & caus+ ! electrolytic decomposition above describ$,a4 ,a ,9 relation to ?is & ! ?ree prec$+ p>agraphs1 & also #hja1 see ,b]zelius's correction ( ! nature ( ! suppos$ n[ sulphuret & oxide1 ,phil4 ,mag4 #ahcf1 vol4 viii4 #dgf3 & = ! probable explanation ( ! effects obta9$ ) ! protoxide1 ref] to #acdj1 #acda4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #fig4 ,^u ! :ole1 x appe>s probable t all ^? b9>y comp\nds ( elem5t>y bodies :i* are capable ( be+ electrolyz$ :5 fluid1 b n :il/ solid1 accord+ to ! law ( liquido-conduction 7#cid471 consi/ ( s+le proportionals ( _! elem5t>y pr9ciples2 & x may be because ( _! dep>ture f ?is simplicity ( composition1 t boracic acid1 ammonia1 p]*lorides1 p]iodides1 & _m o!r direct comp\nds ( elem5ts1 are indecomposable4 #fih4 ,) reg>d to salts & comb9ations ( comp\nd bodies1 ! same simple relation does n appe> to hold good4 ,i c\ld n decide ?is by bisulphates ( ! alkalies1 = z long z ! second proportion ( acid rema9$1 wat] 0 reta9$ ) x4 ,! fus$ salts conduct$1 & 7 decompos$2 b hydrog5 always appe>$ at ! negative electrode4 #fii4 ,a biphosphate ( soda 0 prep>$ by heat+1 & ultimately fus+1 ! ammonia-phosphate ( soda4 ,9 ?is case ! fus$ bisalt conduct$1 & 0 decompos$2 b a little gas appe>$ at ! negative electrode2 & ?\gh ,i believe ! salt itself 0 electrolyz$1 ,i am n q satisfi$ t wat] 0 entirely abs5t4 #gjj4 ,!n a biborate ( soda 0 prep>$2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is an unobjectionable case4 ,! salt1 :5 fus$1 conduct$1 & 0 decompos$1 & gas appe>$ at bo? electrodes3 ev5 :5 ! boracic acid 0 increas$ to ?ree proportionals1 ! same effect took place4 #gja4 ,h5ce ?is class ( comp\nd comb9ations does n seem to be subject to ! same simple law z ! =m] class ( b9>y comb9ations4 ,:e!r we may f9d reason to consid] !m z m]e solutions ( ! comp\nd ( s+le proportionals 9 ! excess ( acid1 is a matt] :i*1 ) "s app>5t exceptions occurr+ among/ ! sulphurets1 mu/ be left = decision by future exam9ation4 #gjb4 ,9 any inve/igation ( ^! po9ts1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to exclude wat]2 = if pres5t1 second>y effects are s frequ5tly produc$ z (t5 seem+ly to indicate an electro-decomposition ( sub/ances1 :5 no true result ( ! k9d has occurr$ 7#gdb1 c474 #gjc4 ,x is evid5t t all ! cases 9 :i* decomposition does n occur1 may dep5d ^u ! want ( conduction 7#fgg4 #dac472 b t does n at all less5 ! int]e/ excit$ by see+ ! great diff]5ce ( effect due to a *ange1 n 9 ! nature ( ! elem5ts1 b m]ely 9 _! proportions2 especially 9 any attempt :i* may be made to elucidate & exp\nd ! beautiful !ory put =? by ,sir ,humphry ,davy,a1 & illu/rat$ by ,b]zelius & o!r em95t philosoph]s1 t ord9>y *emical aff9ity is a m]e result ( ! electrical attractions ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 pp4 #cb1 #ci2 also #ahbf1 pp4 #chg1 #chi4 v4 ,on a new measure ( ,volta-electricity4 #gjd4 ,i h already said1 :5 engag$ 9 r$uc+ common & voltaic electricity to "o /&>d ( measurem5t 7#cgg471 & aga9 :5 introduc+ my !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition 7#ejd4 #eje4 #eaj471 t ! *emical decompos+ action ( a curr5t is con/ant = a con/ant quantity ( electricity1 not)/&+ ! greate/ v>iations 9 its s\rces1 9 its int5sity1 9 ! size ( ! electrodes us$1 9 ! nature ( ! conductors 7or non-conductors 7#cjg477 ?r\gh :i* x is pass$1 or 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,! conclusive pro(s ( ! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts %all be giv5 almo/ imm$iately 7#ghc1 c474 #gje4 ,i endeav\r$ ^u ?is law to con/ruct an in/rum5t :i* %\ld measure out ! electricity pass+ ?r\gh x1 & :i*1 be+ int]pos$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! curr5t us$ 9 any p>ticul> exp]im5t1 %\ld s]ve at pleasure1 ei!r z a comp>ative /&>d ( effect1 or z a positive measur] ( ?is subtile ag5t4 #gjf4 ,!re is no sub/ance bett] fitt$1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to be ! indicat+ body 9 su* an in/rum5t ?an wat]2 = x is decompos$ ) facility :5 r5d]$ a bett] conductor by ! addition ( acids or salts2 its elem5ts may 9 num]\s cases be obta9$ & collect$ )\t any emb>rassm5t f second>y action1 &1 be+ gase\s1 !y are 9 ! be/ physical condition = sep>ation & measurem5t4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 acidulat$ by sulphuric acid1 is ! sub/ance ,i %all g5]ally ref] to1 al?\gh x may become exp$i5t 9 peculi> cases or =ms ( exp]im5t to use o!r bodies 7#hdc474 #gjg4 ,! fir/ precaution ne$ful 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t 0 to avoid ! recomb9ation ( ! evolv$ gases1 an effect :i* ! positive electrode has be5 f\nd s capable ( produc+ 7#ega474 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s =ms ( decompos+ app>atus 7 us$4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( /raight tubes1 ea* conta9+ a plate & wire ( plat9a sold]$ toge!r by gold1 & fix$ h]metically 9 ! glass at ! clos$ extremity ( ! tube 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #fj474 ,! tubes 7 ab\t eight in*es long1 #j4g ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & graduat$4 ,! plat9a plates 7 ab\t an in* long1 z wide z ! tubes w\ld p]mit1 & adju/$ z ne> to ! m\?s ( ! tubes z 0 consi/5t ) ! safe collection ( ! gases evolv$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e x 0 requir$ to evolve ! elem5ts ^u z small a surface z possible1 ! metallic extremity1 in/ead ( be+ a plate1 consi/$ ( ! wire b5t into ! =m ( a r+ 7fig4 #fa474 ,:5 ^! tubes 7 us$ z measur]s1 !y 7 fill$ ) ! dilute sulphuric acid1 inv]t$ 9 a bas9 ( ! same liquid 7fig4 #fb471 & plac$ 9 an incl9$ position1 ) _! m\?s ne> to ea* o!r1 t z little decompos+ matt] %\ld int]v5e z possible2 & also1 9 su* a direction t ! plat9a plates %\ld be 9 v]tical planes 7#gbj74 #gjh4 ,ano!r =m ( app>atus is t del9eat$ 7fig4 #fc474 ,! tube is b5t 9 ! middle2 "o end is clos$2 9 t end is fix$ a wire & plate1 a1 proce$+ s f> d[nw>ds1 t1 :5 9 ! position figur$1 x %all be z ne> to ! angle z possible1 consi/5tly ) ! collection1 at ! clos$ extremity ( ! tube1 ( all ! gas evolv$ aga9/ x4 ,! plane ( ?is plate is also p]p5dicul> 7#gbj474 ,! o!r metallic t]m9ation1 b1 is introduc$ at ! "t decomposition is to be effect$1 be+ br\ght z ne> ! angle z possible1 )\t caus+ any gas to pass f x t[>ds ! clos$ end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! gas evolv$ aga9/ x is all[$ to escape4 #gji4 ,! ?ird =m ( app>atus conta9s bo? electrodes 9 ! same tube2 ! transmission1 !re=e1 ( ! electricity1 & ! consequ5t decomposition1 is f> m rapid ?an 9 ! sep>ate tubes4 ,! result+ gas is ! sum ( ! portions evolv$ at ! two electrodes1 & ! in/rum5t is bett] adapt$ ?an ei!r ( ! =m] z a measur] ( ! quantity ( voltaic electricity transmitt$ 9 ord9>y cases4 ,x consi/s ( a /raight tube 7fig4 #fd47 clos$ at ! upp] extremity1 & graduat$1 ?r\gh ! sides ( :i* pass plat9a wires 7be+ fus$ into ! glass71 :i* are connect$ ) two plates )94 ,! tube is fitt$ by gr9d+ into "o m\? ( a d\ble-neck$ bottle4 ,if ! latt] be "o-half or two-?irds full ( ! dilute sulphuric acid 7#gjf471 x w1 ^u incl9ation ( ! :ole1 fl[ into ! tube & fill x4 ,:5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t1 ! gases evolv$ aga9/ ! plates collect 9 ! upp] portion ( ! tube1 & are n subject to ! recomb9+ p[] ( ! plat9a4 #gaj4 ,ano!r =m ( ! in/rum5t is giv5 at fig4 #fe4 #gaa4 ,a fif? =m is del9eat$ 7fig4 #ff474 ,?is ,i h f\nd exce$+ly useful 9 exp]im5ts cont9u$ 9 succession = days toge!r1 & :]e l>ge quantities ( indicat+ gas 7 to be collect$4 ,x is fix$ on a weight$ foot1 & has ! =m ( a small retort conta9+ ! two electrodes3 ! neck is n>r[1 & suffici5tly long to deliv] gas issu+ f x into a j> plac$ 9 a small pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! electrode *amb]1 seal$ h]metically at ! "p held 9 ! /&1 is five in*es 9 l5g?1 & #j4f ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! neck ab\t n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 & #j4d ( an in* 9 diamet] int]nally4 ,! figure w fully indicate ! con/ruction4 #gab4 ,x c h>dly be requisite to rem>k1 t 9 ! arrangem5t ( any ( ^! =ms ( app>atus1 !y1 & ! wires connect+ !m ) ! sub/ance1 :i* is collat]ally subject$ to ! action ( ! same electric curr5t1 %\ld be s f> insulat$ z to ensure a c]ta9ty t all ! electricity :i* passes ?r\gh ! "o %all also be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #gac4 ,next to ! precaution ( collect+ ! gases1 if m+l$1 out ( contact ) ! plat9um1 0 ! necessity ( te/+ ! law ( a def9ite electrolytic action1 ^u wat] at lea/1 "u all v>ieties ( condition2 t1 ) a conviction ( its c]ta9ty1 might also be obta9$ a k ( ^? int]f]+ circum/ances :i* w\ld require to be practically gu>d$ aga9/4 #gad4 ,! fir/ po9t inve/igat$ 0 ! influ5ce or indiff]5ce ( ext5sive v>iations 9 ! size ( ! electrodes1 = :i* purpose in/rum5ts l ^? la/ describ$ 7#gji4 #gaj4 #gaa47 7 us$4 ,"o ( ^! _h plates #j4g ( an in* wide1 & ne>ly f\r in*es long2 ano!r _h plates only #j4e ( an in* wide1 & #j4h ( an in* long2 a ?ird _h wires #j4jb ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?ree in*es long2 & a f\r?1 simil> wires only half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,yet :5 ^! 7 fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 &1 be+ plac$ 9 succession1 _h "o common curr5t ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh !m1 v ne>ly ! same quantity ( gas 0 evolv$ 9 all4 ,! diff]5ce 0 sometimes 9 fav\r ( "o & sometimes on ! side ( ano!r2 b ! g5]al result 0 t ! l>ge/ quantity ( gases 0 evolv$ at ! smalle/ electrodes1 namely1 ^? consi/+ m]ely ( plat9a wires4 #gae4 ,exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d 7 made ) ! s+le-plate1 /raight tubes 7#gjg471 & also ) ! curv$ tubes 7#gjh471 ) simil> consequ5ces2 & :5 ^!1 ) ! =m] tubes1 7 arrang$ toge!r 9 v>i\s ways1 ! result1 z to ! equality ( action ( l>ge & small metallic surfaces :5 deliv]+ & receiv+ ! same curr5t ( electricity1 0 con/antly ! same4 ,z an illu/ration1 ! foll[+ numb]s are giv54 ,an in/rum5t ) two wires evolv$ #gd4c volumes ( mix$ gases2 ano!r ) plates #gc4be volumes2 :il/ ! sum ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 two sep>ate tubes am\nt$ to #gc4fe volumes4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t ! volumes 7 #ee4c1 #ee4c1 & #ed4d4 #gaf4 ,b x 0 obs]v$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 t 9 s+le-plate tubes 7#gjg47 m hydrog5 0 evolv$ at ! negative electrode ?an 0 proportionate to ! oxyg5 at ! positive electrode2 & g5]ally1 also1 m ?an 0 proportionate to ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 a d\ble-plate tube4 ,^u m m9utely exam9+ ^! effects1 ,i 0 l$ to ref] !m1 & also ! diff]5ces betwe5 wires & plates 7#gad471 to ! solubility ( ! gases evolv$1 especially at ! positive electrode4 #gag4 ,:5 ! positive & negative electrodes are equal 9 surface1 ! bubbles :i* rise f !m 9 dilute sulphuric acid are always diff]5t 9 "*4 ,^? f ! positive plate are exce$+ly small1 & sep>ate in/antly f e "p ( ! surface ( ! metal1 9 consequ5ce ( its p]fect cleanl9ess 7#fcc472 :il/ 9 ! liquid !y give x a hazy appe>ance1 f _! numb] & m9ut5ess2 are easily c>ri$ d[n by curr5ts1 & !re=e n only pres5t f> great] surface ( contact ) ! liquid ?an l>g] bubbles w\ld d1 b are reta9$ a mu* long] "t 9 mixture ) x4 ,b ! bubbles at ! negative surface1 ?\gh !y con/itute twice ! volume ( ! gas at ! positive electrode1 are nev]!less v inf]ior 9 numb]4 ,!y d n rise s univ]sally f e "p ( ! surface1 b seem to be evolv$ at diff]5t p>ts2 & ?\gh s mu* l>g]1 !y appe> to cl+ to ! metal1 sep>at+ ) difficulty f x1 & :5 sep>at$1 in/antly ris+ to ! top ( ! liquid4 ,if1 !re=e1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 _h equal solubility 91 or p[]s ( comb9+ )1 wat] "u simil> circum/ances1 /ill "u ! pres5t conditions ! oxyg5 w\ld be f> ! mo/ liable to solution2 b :5 to ^! is add$ its well-kn[n p[] ( =m+ a comp\nd ) wat]1 x is no long] surpris+ t su* a comp\nd %\ld be produc$ 9 small quantities at ! positive electrode2 & inde$ ! bl5*+ p[] :i* "s philosoph]s h obs]v$ 9 a solution at ?is electrode1 :5 *lor9e & simil> bodies h be5 c>efully exclud$1 is probably due to ! =mation !re1 9 ?is mann]1 ( oxywat]4 #gah4 ,t m gas 0 collect$ f ! wires ?an f ! plates1 ,i attribute to ! circum/ance1 t z equal quantities 7 evolv$ 9 equal times1 ! bubbles at ! wires hav+ be5 m rapidly produc$1 9 relation to any "p ( ! surface1 mu/ h be5 mu* l>g]2 h be5 !re=e 9 contact ) ! fluid by a mu* small] surface1 & = a mu* %ort] "t ?an ^? at ! plates2 h5ce less solution & a great] am\nt collect$4 #gai4 ,!re 0 also ano!r effect produc$1 especially by ! use ( l>ge electrodes1 :i* 0 bo? a consequ5ce & a pro( ( ! solution ( "p ( ! gas evolv$ !re4 ,! collect$ gas1 :5 exam9$1 0 f\nd to conta9 small portions ( nitrog54 ,?is ,i attribute to ! pres5ce ( air dissolv$ 9 ! acid us$ = decomposition4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t :5 bubbles ( a gas b slightly soluble 9 wat] or solutions pass ?r\gh !m1 ! portion ( ?is gas :i* is dissolv$ displaces a portion ( t previ\sly 9 union ) ! liquid3 & s1 9 ! decompositions "u consid]ation1 z ! oxyg5 dissolves1 x displaces a "p ( ! air1 or at lea/ ( ! nitrog51 previ\sly unit$ to ! acid2 & ?is effect takes place mo/ ext5sively ) l>ge plates1 because ! gas evolv$ at !m is 9 ! mo/ fav\rable condition = solution1 #gbj4 ,) ! int5tion ( avoid+ ?is solubility ( ! gases z mu* z possible1 ,i arrang$ ! decompos+ plates 9 a v]tical position 7#gjg4 #gjh471 t ! bubbles might quickly escape upw>ds1 & t ! d[nw>d curr5ts 9 ! fluid %\ld n meet asc5d+ curr5ts ( gas4 ,?is precaution ,i f\nd to assi/ greatly 9 produc+ con/ant results1 & especially 9 exp]im5ts to be h]eaft] ref]r$ to1 9 :i* o!r liquids ?an dilute sulphuric acid1 z = in/ance solution ( pota%1 7 us$4 #gba4 ,! irregul>ities 9 ! indications ( ! measur] propos$1 aris+ f ! solubility j ref]r$ to1 are b small1 & may be v ne>ly correct$ by comp>+ ! results ( two or ?ree exp]im5ts4 ,!y may also be almo/ entirely avoid$ by select+ t solution :i* is f\nd to fav\r !m 9 ! lea/ degree 7#gbh472 & /ill fur!r by collect+ ! hydrog5 only1 & us+ t z ! indicat+ gas2 = be+ mu* less soluble ?an oxyg51 be+ evolv$ ) twice ! rapidity & 9 l>g] bubbles 7#gag471 x c be collect$ m p]fectly & 9 great] purity4 #gbb4 ,f ! =ego+ & _m o!r exp]im5ts1 x results t v>iation 9 ! size ( ! electrodes causes no v>iation 9 ! *emical action ( a giv5 quantity ( electricity ^u wat]4 #gbc4 ,! next po9t 9 reg>d to :i* ! pr9ciple ( con/ant electro-*emical action 0 te/$1 0 v>iation ( int5sity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts 7 repeat$1 us+ batt]ies ( an equal numb] ( plates1 /rongly & weakly *>g$2 b ! results 7 alike4 ,!y 7 !n repeat$1 us+ batt]ies sometimes conta9+ =ty1 & at o!r times only five pairs ( plates2 b ! results 7 /ill ! same4 ,v>iations !re=e 9 ! int5sity1 caus$ by diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( *>ge1 or 9 ! numb] ( alt]nations us$1 produc$ no diff]5ce z to ! equal action ( l>ge & small electrodes4 #gbd4 ,/ill ^! results did n prove t v>iation 9 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t 0 n accompani$ by a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! electro-*emical effects1 s9ce ! actions at all ! surfaces might h increas$ or dim9i%$ toge!r4 ,! defici5cy 9 ! evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 completely suppli$ by ! =m] exp]im5ts on diff]5t-siz$ electrodes2 = ) v>iation 9 ! size ( ^!1 a v>iation 9 ! int5sity mu/ h occurr$4 ,! int5sity ( an electric curr5t trav]s+ conductors alike 9 _! nature1 quality1 & l5g?1 is probably z ! quantity ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 sectional area p]p5dicul> to ! curr5t1 divid$ by ! "t 7#cfj4 note72 & !re=e :5 l>ge plates 7 contra/$ ) wires sep>at$ by an equal l5g? ( ! same decompos+ conductor 7#gad471 :il/ "o curr5t ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh bo? arrangem5ts1 t electricity mu/ h be5 9 a v diff]5t /ate1 z to t5sion1 betwe5 ! plates & betwe5 ! wires2 yet ! *emical results 7 ! same4 #gbe4 ,! diff]5ce 9 int5sity1 "u ! circum/ances describ$1 may be easily %[n practically1 by arrang+ two decompos+ app>atus z 9 fig4 #fg1 :]e ! same fluid is subject$ to ! decompos+ p[] ( ! same curr5t ( electricity1 pass+ 9 ! vessel ,a4 betwe5 l>ge plat9a plates1 & 9 ! vessel ,b4 betwe5 small wires4 ,if a ?ird decompos+ app>atus1 su* z t del9eat$ fig4 #ff4 7#gaa471 be connect$ ) ! wires at ab1 fig4 #fg1 x w s]ve suffici5tly well1 by ! degree ( decomposition occurr+ 9 x1 to indicate ! relative /ate ( ! two plates z to int5sity2 & if x !n be appli$ 9 ! same way1 z a te/ ( ! /ate ( ! wires at a'b'1 x w1 by ! increase ( decomposition )91 %[ h[ mu* great] ! int5sity is !re ?an at ! =m] po9ts4 ,! connexions ( ,p & ,n ) ! voltaic batt]y are ( c\rse to be cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole "t4 #gbf4 ,a ?ird =m ( exp]im5t1 9 :i* diff]5ce ( int5sity 0 obta9$1 = ! purpose ( te/+ ! pr9ciple ( equal *emical action1 0 to arrange ?ree volta-electromet]s1 s t aft] ! electric curr5t _h pass$ ?r\gh "o1 x %\ld divide into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* %\ld trav]se "o ( ! rema9+ in/rum5ts1 & %\ld !n reunite4 ,! sum ( ! decomposition 9 ! two latt] vessels 0 always equal to ! decomposition 9 ! =m] vessel4 ,b ! int5sity ( ! divid$ curr5t c\ld n be ! same z t x _h 9 its orig9al /ate2 & !re=e v>iation ( int5sity has no influ5ce on ! results if ! quantity ( electricity rema9 ! same4 ,! exp]im5t1 9 fact1 resolves itself simply into an increase 9 ! size ( ! electrodes 7#gbe474 #gbg4 ,! ?ird po9t1 9 respect to :i* ! pr9ciple ( equal electro-*emical action on wat] 0 te/$1 0 v>iation ( ! /r5g? ( ! solution us$4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! wat] a conductor1 sulphuric acid _h be5 add$ to x 7#gjg472 & x did n seem unlikely t ?is sub/ance1 ) _m o!rs1 might r5d] ! wat] m subject to decomposition1 ! electricity rema9+ ! same 9 quantity4 ,b su* did n prove to be ! case4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 0 introduc$ into diff]5t decompos+ app>atus1 & submitt$ simultane\sly to ! action ( ! same electric curr5t 7#gad474 ,slight diff]5ces occurr$1 z be=e1 sometimes 9 "o direction1 sometimes 9 ano!r2 b ! f9al result 01 t exactly ! same quantity ( wat] 0 decompos$ 9 all ! solutions by ! same quantity ( electricity1 ?\gh ! sulphuric acid 9 "s 0 sev5ty-fold :at x 0 9 o!rs4 ,! /r5g?s us$ 7 ( specific gravity #a4die1 & d[nw>ds4 #gbh4 ,:5 an acid hav+ a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4ccf 0 employ$1 ! results 7 mo/ uni=m1 & ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 7#gaf47 mo/ con/antly 9 ! "r proportion to ea* o!r4 ,su* an acid gave m gas ?an "o mu* weak] act$ ^u by ! same curr5t1 app>5tly because x _h less solv5t p[]4 ,if ! acid 7 v /rong1 !n a rem>kable disappe>ance ( oxyg5 took place2 ?us1 "o made by mix+ two measures ( /rong oil ( vitriol ) "o ( wat]1 gave =ty-two volumes ( hydrog51 b only twelve ( oxyg54 ,! hydrog5 0 v ne>ly ! same ) t evolv$ f acid ( ! specific gravity #a4bcb4 ,i h n yet _h "t to exam9e m9utely ! circum/ances att5d+ ! disappe>ance ( ! oxyg5 9 ?is case1 b imag9e x is due to ! =mation ( oxywat]1 :i* ,!n>d has %[n is fav\r$ by ! pres5ce ( acid4 #gbi4 ,al?\gh n necess>y = ! practical use ( ! in/rum5t ,i am describ+1 yet z connect$ ) ! important po9t ( con/ant *emical action ^u wat]1 ,i n[ inve/igat$ ! effects produc$ by an electro-electric curr5t pass+ ?r\gh aque\s solutions ( acids1 salts1 & comp\nds1 exce$+ly diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 _! nature1 & f\nd !m to yield a/oni%+ly uni=m results4 ,b _m ( !m :i* are connect$ ) a second>y action w be m usefully describ$ h]eaft] 7#ggh474 #gcj4 ,:5 solutions ( cau/ic potassa or soda1 or sulphate ( magnesia1 or sulphate ( soda1 7 act$ ^u by ! electric curr5t1 j z mu* oxyg5 & hydrog5 0 evolv$ f !m z f ! dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ) :i* !y 7 comp>$4 ,:5 a solution ( ammonia1 r5d]$ a bett] conductor by sulphate ( ammonia 7#eed471 or a solution ( subc>bonate ( potassa 0 exp]im5t$ )1 ! hydrog5 evolv$ 0 9 ! same quantity z t set free f ! dilut$ sulphuric acid ) :i* !y 7 comp>$4 ,h5ce *anges 9 ! nature ( ! solution d n alt] ! con/ancy ( electrolytic action ^u wat]4 #gca4 ,i h already said1 respect+ l>ge & small electrodes1 t *ange ( ord] caus$ no *ange 9 ! g5]al effect 7#gae474 ,! same 0 ! case ) diff]5t solutions1 or ) diff]5t int5sities2 & h[ev] ! circum/ances ( an exp]im5t might be v>i$1 ! results came =? exce$+ly consi/5t1 & prov$ t ! electro-*emical action 0 /ill ! same4 #gcb4 ,i consid] ! =ego+ inve/igation z suffici5t to prove ! v extraord9>y & important pr9ciple ) respect to ,,wat]1 t :5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 a quantity ( x is decompos$ exactly proportionate to ! quantity ( electricity :i* has pass$1 not)/&+ ! ?\s& v>iations 9 ! conditions & circum/ances "u :i* x may at ! "t be plac$2 & fur!r1 t :5 ! int]f]5ce ( c]ta9 second>y effects 7#gdb4 c471 toge!r ) ! solution or recomb9ation ( ! gas & ! evolution ( air1 are gu>d$ aga9/1 ! products ( ! decomposition may be collect$ ) su* accuracy1 z to af=d a v excell5t & valuable measur] ( ! electricity conc]n$ 9 _! evolution4 #gcc4 ,! =ms ( in/rum5t :i* ,i h giv51 figg4 #fd1 #fe1 #ff4 7#gji4 #gaj4 #gaa471 are probably ^? :i* w be f\nd mo/ useful1 z !y indicate ! quantity ( electricity by ! l>ge/ volume ( gases1 & cause ! lea/ ob/ruction to ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,! fluid :i* my pres5t exp]i5ce leads me to pref]1 is a solution ( sulphuric acid ( specific gravity ab\t #a4ccf1 or f t to #a4be2 b x is v ess5tial t !re %\ld be no organic sub/ance1 nor any vegetable acid1 nor o!r body1 :i*1 by be+ liable to ! action ( ! oxyg5 or hydrog5 evolv$ at ! electrodes 7#ggc4 c471 %all dim9i% _! quantity1 or add o!r gases to !m4 #gcd4 ,9 _m cases :5 ! in/rum5t is us$ z a comp>ative /&>d1 or ev5 z a measur]1 x may be desirable to collect ! hydrog5 only1 z be+ less liable to absorption or disappe>ance 9 o!r ways ?an ! oxyg52 :il/ at ! same "t its volume is s l>ge1 z to r5d] x a good & s5sible indicator4 ,9 su* cases ! fir/ & second =m ( app>atus h be5 us$1 figg4 #fb1 #fc4 7#gjg4 #gjh474 ,! indications obta9$ 7 v con/ant1 ! v>iations be+ mu* small] ?an 9 ^? =ms ( app>atus collect+ bo? gases2 & !y c also be procur$ :5 solutions are us$ 9 comp>ative exp]im5ts1 :i*1 yield+ no oxyg5 or only second>y results ( its action1 c give no indications if ! educts at bo? electrodes be collect$4 ,su* is ! case :5 solutions ( ammonia1 muriatic acid1 *lorides1 iodides1 acetates or o!r vegetable salts1 c41 are employ$4 #gce4 ,9 a few cases1 z :]e solutions ( metallic salts liable to r$uction at ! negative electrode are act$ ^u1 ! oxyg5 may be advantage\sly us$ z ! measur+ sub/ance4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) sulphate ( copp]4 #gcf4 ,!re are !re=e two g5]al =ms ( ! in/rum5t :i* ,i submit z a measur] ( electricity2 "o1 9 :i* bo? ! gases ( ! wat] decompos$ are collect$ 7#gji4 #gaj4 #gaa472 & ! o!r1 9 :i* a s+le gas1 z ! hydrog5 only1 is us$ 7#gjg4 #gjh474 ,:5 ref]r$ to z a comp>ative in/rum5t1 7a use ,i %all n[ make ( x v ext5sively17 x w n (t5 require p>ticul> precaution 9 ! obs]vation2 b :5 us$ z an absolute measur]1 x w be ne$ful t ! b>ometric pressure & ! temp]ature be tak5 into acc\nt1 & t ! graduation ( ! in/rum5ts %\ld be to "o scale2 ! hundr$?s & small] divisions ( a cubical in* are q fit = ?is purpose1 & ! hundr$? may be v conv5i5tly tak5 z indicat+ a ,,degree ( electricity4 #gcg4 ,x c sc>cely be ne$ful to po9t out fur!r ?an has be5 done h[ ?is in/rum5t is to be us$4 ,x is to be introduc$ into ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t1 ! action ( :i* is to be ex]t$ any:]e else1 & if #fj or #gj ( electricity are to be measur$ out1 ei!r 9 "o or sev]al portions1 ! curr5t1 :e!r /rong or weak1 is to be cont9u$ until ! gas 9 ! tube occupies t numb] ( divisions or hundr$?s ( a cubical in*4 ,or if a quantity compet5t to produce a c]ta9 effect is to be measur$1 ! effect is to be obta9$1 & !n ! indication read (f4 ,9 exact exp]im5ts x is necess>y to correct ! volume ( gas = *anges 9 temp]ature & pressure1 & especially = moi/ure,a4 ,= ! latt] object ! volta-electromet] 7fig4 #ff47 is mo/ accurate1 z its gas c be measur$ ov] wat]1 :il/ ! o!rs reta9 x ov] acid or sal9e solutions4 ,a ,= a simple table ( correction = moi/ure1 ,i may take ! lib]ty ( ref]r+ to my ,*emical ,manipulation1 edition ( #ahcj1 p4 #cgf4 #gch4 ,i h n hesitat$ to apply ! t]m degree 7#gcf471 9 analogy ) ! use made ( x ) respect to ano!r mo/ important impond]able ag5t1 namely1 heat2 & z ! def9ite expansion ( air1 wat]1 m]cury1 c41 is !re made use ( to measure heat1 s ! equally def9ite evolution ( gases is "h turn$ to a simil> use = electricity4 #gci4 ,! in/rum5t (f]s ! only actual measur] ( voltaic electricity :i* we at pres5t possess4 ,= )\t be+ at all affect$ by v>iations 9 "t or int5sity1 or alt]ations 9 ! curr5t itself1 ( any k9d1 or f any cause1 or ev5 ( int]missions ( action1 x takes note ) accuracy ( ! quantity ( electricity :i* has pass$ ?r\gh x1 & reveals t quantity by inspection2 ,i h !re=e nam$ x a ,,volta-,,electromet]4 #gdj4 ,ano!r mode ( measur+ volta-electricity may be adopt$ ) advantage 9 _m cases1 dep5d5t on ! quantities ( metals or o!r sub/ances evolv$ ei!r z prim>y or z second>y results2 b ,i refra9 f enl>g+ on ?is use ( ! products1 until ! pr9ciples on :i* _! con/ancy dep5ds h be5 fully e/abli%$ 7#gia4 #hdh472 #gda4 ,by ! aid ( ?is in/rum5t ,i h be5 able to e/abli% ! def9ite "* ( electro-*emical action 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se2 & ,i am p]suad$ x w become ( ! utmo/ use 9 ! ext5sions ( ! sci5ce :i* ^! views af=d4 ,i d n pret5d to h made its detail p]fect1 b to h demon/rat$ ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple1 & ! utility ( ! application,a4 ,a ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ahaa1 ,messrs4 ,gay-,lussac & ,?n>d employ$ *emical decomposition z a measure ( ! electricity ( ! voltaic pile4 ,see ,re*]*es ,physico-*ymiques1 p4 #ab4 ,! pr9ciples & precautions by :i* x becomes an exact measure 7 ( c\rse n !n kn[n4--,dec4 #ahch4 vi4 ,on ! prim>y or second>y "* ( ! bodies evolv$ at ! ,electrodes4 #gdb4 ,be=e ! volta-electromet] c\ld be employ$ 9 det]m9+1 z a g5]al law1 ! con/ancy ( electro-decomposition1 x became necess>y to exam9e a di/9ction1 already recognis$ among sci5tific m51 relative to ! products ( t action1 namely1 _! prim>y or second>y "*2 &1 if possible1 by "s g5]al rule or pr9ciple1 to decide :5 !y 7 ( ! "o or ! o!r k9d4 ,x w appe> h]eaft] t great mi/akes inspect+ electro-*emical action & its consequ5ces h aris5 f conf\nd+ ^! two classes ( results toge!r4 #gdc4 ,:5 a sub/ance "u decomposition yields at ! electrodes ^? bodies uncomb9$ & unalt]$ :i* ! electric curr5t has sep>at$1 !n !y may be consid]$ z prim>y results1 ev5 ?\gh !mselves comp\nds4 ,?us ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 f wat] are prim>y results2 & s also are ! acid & alkali 7!mselves comp\nd bodies7 evolv$ f sulphate ( soda4 ,b :5 ! sub/ances sep>at$ by ! curr5t are *ang$ at ! electrodes be=e _! appe>ance1 !n !y give rise to second>y results1 al?\gh 9 _m cases ! bodies evolv$ are elem5t>y4 #gdd4 ,^! second>y results occur 9 two ways1 be+ sometimes due to ! mutual action ( ! evolv$ sub/ance & ! matt] ( ! electrode1 & sometimes to its action ^u ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! body itself "u decomposition4 ,?us1 :5 c>bon is made ! positive electrode 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid occasionally appe> !re in/ead ( oxyg52 = ! latt]1 act+ ^u ! matt] ( ! electrode1 produces ^! second>y results4 ,or if ! positive electrode1 9 a solution ( nitrate or acetate ( lead1 be plat9a1 !n p]oxide ( lead appe>s !re1 equally a second>y result ) ! =m]1 b n[ dep5d+ ^u an action ( ! oxyg5 on a sub/ance 9 ! solution4 ,aga91 :5 ammonia is decompos$ by plat9a electrodes1 nitrog5 appe>s at ! anode,a2 b ?\gh an elem5t>y body1 x is a second>y result 9 ?is case1 be+ d]iv$ f ! *emical action ( ! oxyg5 electrically evolv$ !re1 ^u ! ammonia 9 ! surr\nd+ solution 7#eed474 ,9 ! same mann] :5 aque\s solutions ( metallic salts are decompos$ by ! curr5t1 ! metals evolv$ at ! ca?ode1 ?\gh elem5ts1 are always second>y results1 & n imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! decompos+ p[] ( ! electric curr5t4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahja1 tom4 li4 p4 #afg4 #gde4 ,_m ( ^! second>y results are extremely valuable2 = in/ance1 all ! int]e/+ comp\nds :i* ,m4 ,becqu]el has obta9$ by feeble electric curr5ts are ( ?is nature2 b !y are ess5tially *emical1 & mu/1 9 ! !ory ( electrolytic action1 be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are directly due to ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 #gdf4 ,! nature ( ! sub/ances evolv$ w (t5 lead to a correct judgem5t ( _! prim>y or second>y "*1 b is n suffici5t alone to e/abli% t po9t4 ,?us1 nitrog5 is said to be attract$ sometimes by ! positive & sometimes by ! negative electrode1 accord+ to ! bodies ) :i* x may be comb9$ 7#eed4 #eee471 & x is on su* occasions evid5tly view$ z a prim>y result,a2 b ,i ?9k ,i %all %[1 t1 :5 x appe>s at ! positive electrode1 or r at ! anode1 x is a second>y result 7#gdh474 ,?us1 also1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy,b1 & ) him ! great body ( *emical philosoph]s1 7includ+ myself17 h giv5 ! appe>ance ( copp]1 lead1 t91 silv]1 gold1 c41 at ! negative electrode1 :5 _! aque\s solutions 7 act$ ^u by ! voltaic curr5t1 z pro(s t ! metals1 z a class1 7 attract$ to t surface2 ?us assum+ ! metal1 9 ea* case1 to be a prim>y result4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ,i expect to prove1 are all second>y results2 ! m]e consequ5ce ( *emical action1 & no pro(s ei!r ( ! attraction or ( ! law ann\nc$ respect+ _! places,c4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjd1 tom4 li4 p4 #agb4 ,b ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 pp4 #add4 #afa4 ,c ,x is rem>kable t up to #ahjd x 0 ! receiv$ op9ion t ! metals 7 r$uc$ by ! nasc5t hydrog54 ,at t date ! g5]al op9ion 0 rev]s$ by ,his+] & ,b]zelius 7,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjd1 tom4 li4 p4 #agd171 :o /at$ t ! metals 7 evolv$ directly by ! electricity3 9 :i* op9ion x appe>s1 f t "t1 ,davy co9cid$ 7,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #chh74 #gdg4 ,b :5 we take to our assi/ance ! law ( con/ant electro-*emical action already prov$ ) reg>d to wat] 7#gcb471 & :i* ,i hope to ext5d satisfactorily to all bodies 7#hba471 & consid] ! quantities z well z ! nature ( ! sub/ances set free1 a g5]ally accurate judgem5t ( ! prim>y or second>y "* ( ! results may be =m$3 & ?is important po9t1 s ess5tial to ! !ory ( electrolyzation1 s9ce x decides :at are ! p>ticles directly "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 7di/+ui%+ !m f su* z are n affect$17 & :at are ! results to be expect$1 may be e/abli%$ ) su* degree ( c]ta9ty z to remove innum]able ambiguities & d\btful consid]ations f ?is bran* ( ! sci5ce4 #gdh4 ,let u apply ^! pr9ciples to ! case ( ammonia1 & ! suppos$ det]m9ation ( nitrog5 to "o or ! o!r electrode 7#eed4 #eee174 ,a pure /rong solution ( ammonia is z bad a conductor1 & !re=e z little liable to electrolyzation1 z pure wat]2 b :5 sulphate ( ammonia is dissolv$ 9 x1 ! :ole becomes a conductor2 nitrog5 almo/ & occasionally q pure is evolv$ at ! anode1 & hydrog5 at ! ca?ode2 ! ratio ( ! volume ( ! =m] to t ( ! latt] v>y+1 b be+ z #a to ab\t #c or #d4 ,?is result w\ld seem at fir/ to imply t ! electric curr5t _h decompos$ ammonia1 & t ! nitrog5 _h be5 det]m9$ t[>ds ! positive electrode4 ,b :5 ! electricity us$ 0 measur$ out by ! volta-electromet] 7#gjg4 #gcf471 x 0 f\nd t ! hydrog5 obta9$ 0 exactly 9 ! proportion :i* w\ld h be5 suppli$ by decompos$ wat]1 :il/ ! nitrog5 _h no c]ta9 or con/ant relation :atev]4 ,:51 ^u multiply+ exp]im5ts1 x 0 f\nd t1 by us+ a /rong] or weak] solution1 or a m or less p[]ful batt]y1 ! gas evolv$ at ! anode 0 a mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 v>y+ bo? 9 proportion & absolute quantity1 :il/ ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode rema9$ con/ant1 no d\bt c\ld be ent]ta9$ t ! nitrog5 at ! anode 0 a second>y result1 dep5d+ ^u ! *emical action ( ! nasc5t oxyg51 det]m9$ to t surface by ! electric curr5t1 ^u ! ammonia 9 solution4 ,x 0 ! wat]1 !re=e1 :i* 0 electrolyz$1 n ! ammonia4 ,fur!r1 ! exp]im5t gives no real indication ( ! t5d5cy ( ! elem5t nitrog5 to ei!r "o electrode or ! o!r2 nor d ,i "k ( any exp]im5t ) nitric acid1 or o!r comp\nds ( nitrog51 :i* %[s ! t5d5cy ( ?is elem5t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 to pass 9 ei!r direction along its c\rse4 #gdi4 ,z ano!r illu/ration ( second>y results1 ! effects on a solution ( acetate ( potassa1 may be quot$4 ,:5 a v /rong solution 0 us$1 m gas 0 evolv$ at ! anode ?an at ! ca?ode1 9 ! proportion ( #d to #c ne>ly3 t f ! anode 0 a mixture ( c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid2 t f ! ca?ode pure hydrog54 ,:5 a mu* weak] solution 0 us$1 less gas 0 evolv$ at ! anode ?an at ! ca?ode2 & x n[ conta9$ c>burett$ hydrog51 z well z c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid4 ,?is result ( c>burett$ hydrog5 at ! positive electrode has a v anomal\s appe>ance1 if consid]$ z an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! decompos+ p[] ( ! curr5t4 ,x1 h[ev]1 z well z ! c>bonic oxide & acid1 is only a second>y result2 = x is ! wat] alone :i* suff]s electro-decomposition1 & x is ! oxyg5 elim9at$ at ! anode :i*1 react+ on ! acetic acid1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x is evolv$1 produces ^? sub/ances t f9ally appe> !re4 ,?is is fully prov$ by exp]im5ts ) ! volta-electromet] 7#gjg472 = !n ! hydrog5 evolv$ f ! acetate at ! ca?ode is always f\nd to be def9ite1 be+ exactly proportionate to ! electricity :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! solution1 &1 9 quantity1 ! same z ! hydrog5 evolv$ 9 ! volta-electromet] itself4 ,! appe>ance ( ! c>bon 9 comb9ation ) ! hydrog5 at ! positive electrode1 & its non-appe>ance at ! negative electrode1 are 9 curi\s contra/ ) ! results :i* might h be5 expect$ f ! law usually accept$ respect+ ! f9al places ( ! elem5ts4 #gej4 ,if ! salt 9 solution be an acetate ( lead1 !n ! results at bo? electrodes are second>y1 & _c be us$ to e/imate or express ! am\nt ( electro-*emical action1 except by a circuit\s process 7#hdc474 ,9 place ( oxyg5 or ev5 ! gases already describ$ 7#gdi471 p]oxide ( lead n[ appe>s at ! positive1 & lead itself at ! negative electrode4 ,:5 o!r metallic solutions are us$1 conta9+1 = in/ance1 p]oxides1 z t ( copp]1 comb9$ ) ?is or any o!r decomposable acid1 /ill m complicat$ results w be obta9$2 :i*1 view$ z direct results ( ! electro-*emical action1 w1 9 _! proportions1 pres5t no?+ b confusion1 b w appe> p]fectly h>moni\s & simple if !y be consid]$ z second>y results1 & w accord 9 _! proportions ) ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 evolv$ f wat] by ! action ( a def9ite quantity ( electricity4 #gea4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ^u _m bodies1 ) a view to det]m9e :e!r ! results 7 prim>y or second>y4 ,i h be5 surpris$ to f9d h[ _m ( !m1 9 ord9>y cases1 are ( ! latt] class1 & h[ frequ5tly wat] is ! only body electrolyz$ 9 in/ances :]e o!r sub/ances h be5 suppos$ to give way4 ,"s ( ^! results ,i w give 9 z few words z possible4 #geb4 ,nitric acid4--,:5 v /rong1 x conduct$ well1 & yield$ oxyg5 at ! positive electrode4 ,no gas appe>$ at ! negative electrode2 b nitr\s acid1 & app>5tly nitric oxide1 7 =m$ !re1 :i*1 dissolv+1 r5d]$ ! acid yell[ or r$1 & at la/ ev5 eff]vesc5t1 f ! spontane\s sep>ation ( nitric oxide4 ,^u dilut+ ! acid ) its bulk or m ( wat]1 gas appe>$ at ! negative electrode4 ,its quantity c\ld be v>i$ by v>iations1 ei!r 9 ! /r5g? ( ! acid or ( ! voltaic curr5t3 = t acid f :i* no gas sep>at$ at ! ca?ode1 ) a weak voltaic batt]y1 did evolve gas !re ) a /rong]2 & t batt]y :i* evolv$ no gas !re ) a /rong acid1 did cause its evolution ) an acid m dilute4 ,! gas at ! anode 0 always oxyg52 t at ! ca?ode hydrog54 ,:5 ! quantity ( products 0 exam9$ by ! volta-electromet] 7#gjg471 ! oxyg51 :e!r f /rong or weak acid1 prov$ to be 9 ! same proportion z f wat]4 ,:5 ! acid 0 dilut$ to specific gravity #a4bd1 or less1 ! hydrog5 also prov$ to be ! same 9 quantity z f wat]4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t ! nitric acid does n und]go electrolyzation1 b ! wat] only2 t ! oxyg5 at ! anode is always a prim>y result1 b t ! products at ! ca?ode are (t5 second>y1 & due to ! reaction ( ! hydrog5 ^u ! nitric acid4 #gec4 ,nitre4--,a solution ( ?is salt yields v v>iable results1 accord+ z "o or o!r =m ( tube is us$1 or z ! electrodes are l>ge or small4 ,sometimes ! :ole ( ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] decompos$ may be obta9$ at ! negative electrode2 at o!r times1 only a "p ( x1 because ( ! ready =mation ( second>y results4 ,! solution is a v excell5t conductor ( electricity4 #ged4 ,nitrate ( ammonia1 9 aque\s solution1 gives rise to second>y results v v>i$ & unc]ta9 9 _! proportions4 #gee4 ,sulphur\s acid4--,pure liquid sulphur\s acid does n conduct nor suff] decomposition by ! voltaic curr5t,a1 b1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution acquires conduct+ p[]1 & is decompos$1 yield+ oxyg5 at ! anode1 & hydrog5 & sulphur at ! ca?ode4 ,a ,see also ,de la ,rive1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 tom4 xl4 p4 #bje2 or ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxvii4 p1 #djg4 #gef4 ,a solution conta9+ sulphuric acid 9 addition to ! sulphur\s acid1 0 a bett] conductor4 ,x gave v little gas at ei!r electrode3 t at ! anode 0 oxyg51 t at ! ca?ode pure hydrog54 ,f ! ca?ode also rose a :ite turbid /ream1 consi/+ ( diffus$ sulphur1 :i* soon r5d]$ ! :ole solution milky4 ,! volumes ( gases 7 9 no regul> proportion to ! quantities evolv$ f wat] 9 ! voltamet]4 ,i conclude t ! sulphur\s acid 0 n at all affect$ by ! electric curr5t 9 any ( ^! cases1 & t ! wat] pres5t 0 ! only body electro-*emically decompos$2 t1 at ! anode1 ! oxyg5 f ! wat] conv]t$ ! sulphur\s acid into sulphuric acid1 &1 at ! ca?ode1 ! hydrog5 electrically evolv$ decompos$ ! sulphur\s acid1 comb9+ ) its oxyg51 & sett+ its sulphur free4 ,i conclude t ! sulphur at ! negative electrode 0 only a second>y result2 &1 9 fact1 no "p ( x 0 f\nd comb9$ ) ! small portion ( hydrog5 :i* escap$ :5 weak solutions ( sulphur\s acid 7 us$4 #geg4 ,sulphuric acid4--,i h already giv5 my reasons = conclud+ t sulphuric acid is n electrolyzable1 i4e4 n decomposable directly by ! electric curr5t1 b occasionally suff]+ by a second>y action at ! ca?ode f ! hydrog5 evolv$ !re 7#fha474 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ,davy consid]$ ! sulphur f sulphuric acid z ! result ( ! action ( ! nasc5t hydrog5,a4 ,9 #ahjd1 ,his+] & ,b]zelius /at$ t x 0 ! direct result ( ! action ( ! voltaic pile,b1 an op9ion :i* f t "t ,davy seems to h adopt$1 & :i* has s9ce be5 commonly receiv$ by all4 ,! *ange ( my own op9ion requires t ,i %\ld correct :at ,i h already said ( ! decomposition ( sulphuric acid 9 a =m] s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#eeb473 ,i d n n[ ?9k t ! appe>ance ( ! sulphur at ! negative electrode is an imm$iate consequ5ce ( electrolytic action4 ,a ,ni*olson's ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 ,b ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjd1 tom4 li4 p4 #agc4 #geh4 ,muriatic acid4--,a /rong solution gave hydrog5 at ! negative electrode1 & *lor9e only at ! positive electrode2 ( ! latt]1 a "p act$ on ! plat9a & a "p 0 dissolv$4 ,a m9ute bubble ( gas rema9$2 x 0 n oxyg51 b probably air previ\sly held 9 solution4 #gei4 ,x 0 an important matt] to det]m9e :e!r ! *lor9e 0 a prim>y result1 or only a second>y product1 due to ! action ( ! oxyg5 evolv$ f wat] at ! anode ^u ! muriatic acid2 i4e4 :e!r ! muriatic acid 0 electrolyzable1 & if s1 :e!r ! decomposition 0 def9ite4 #gfj4 ,! muriatic acid 0 gradually dilut$4 ,"o "p ) six ( wat] gave only *lor9e at ! anode4 ,"o "p ) eight ( wat] gave only *lor9e2 ) n9e ( wat]1 a little oxyg5 appe>$ ) ! *lor9e2 b ! occurr5ce or non-occurr5ce ( oxyg5 at ^! /r5g?s dep5d$1 9 "p1 on ! /r5g? ( ! voltaic batt]y us$4 ,) fifte5 p>ts ( wat]1 a little oxyg51 ) mu* *lor9e1 0 evolv$ at ! anode4 ,z ! solution 0 n[ becom+ a bad conductor ( electricity1 sulphuric acid 0 add$ to x3 ?is caus$ m ready decomposition1 b did n s5sibly alt] ! proportion ( *lor9e & oxyg54 #gfa4 ,! muriatic acid 0 n[ dilut$ ) #ajj times its volume ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x /ill gave a l>ge proportion ( *lor9e at ! anode1 m+l$ ) oxyg52 & ! result 0 ! same1 :e!r a voltaic batt]y ( #dj pairs ( plates or "o conta9+ only #e pairs 7 us$4 ,) acid ( ?is /r5g?1 ! oxyg5 evolv$ at ! anode 0 to ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode1 9 volume1 z #ag is to #fd2 & !re=e ! *lor9e w\ld h be5 #cj volumes1 _h x n be5 dissolv$ by ! fluid4 #gfb4 ,next ) respect to ! quantity ( elem5ts evolv$4 ,on us+ ! volta-electromet]1 x 0 f\nd t1 :e!r ! /ronge/ or ! weake/ muriatic acid 7 us$1 :e!r *lor9e alone or *lor9e m+l$ ) oxyg5 appe>$ at ! anode1 /ill ! hydrog5 evolv$ at ! ca?ode 0 a con/ant quantity1 i4e4 exactly ! same z ! hydrog5 :i* ! same quantity ( electricity c\ld evolve f wat]4 #gfc4 ,?is con/ancy does n decide :e!r ! muriatic acid is electrolyz$ or n1 al?\gh x proves t if s1 x mu/ be 9 def9ite proportions to ! quantity ( electricity us$4 ,o!r consid]ations may1 h[ev]1 be all[$ to decide ! po9t4 ,! analogy betwe5 *lor9e & oxyg51 9 _! relations to hydrog51 is s /rong1 z to lead almo/ to ! c]ta9ty1 t1 :5 comb9$ ) t elem5t1 !y w\ld p]=m simil> p>ts 9 ! process ( electro-decomposition4 ,!y bo? unite ) x 9 s+le proportional or equival5t quantities2 & ! numb] ( proportionals appe>+ to h an intimate & important relation to ! decomposability ( a body 7#fig471 ^? 9 muriatic acid1 z well z 9 wat]1 are ! mo/ fav\rable1 or ^? p]haps ev5 necess>y1 to decomposition4 ,9 o!r b9>y comp\nds ( *lor9e also1 :]e no?+ equivocal dep5d+ on ! simultane\s pres5ce ( x & oxyg5 is involv$1 ! *lor9e is directly elim9at$ at ! anode by ! electric curr5t4 ,su* is ! case ) ! *loride ( lead 7#cie471 :i* may be ju/ly comp>$ ) protoxide ( lead 7#djb471 & /&s 9 ! same relation to x z muriatic acid to wat]4 ,! *lorides ( potassium1 sodium1 b>ium1 c41 are 9 ! same relation to ! protoxides ( ! same metals & pres5t ! same results "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t 7#djb474 #gfd4 ,f all ! exp]im5ts1 comb9$ ) ^! consid]ations1 ,i conclude t muriatic acid is decompos$ by ! direct influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 & t ! quantities evolv$ are1 & !re=e ! *emical action is1 def9ite = a def9ite quantity ( electricity4 ,= ?\gh ,i h n collect$ & measur$ ! *lor9e1 9 its sep>ate /ate1 at ! anode1 !re c exi/ no d\bt z to its be+ proportional to ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode2 & ! results are !re=e suffici5t to e/abli% ! g5]al law ( con/ant electro-*emical action 9 ! case ( muriatic acid4 #gfe4 ,9 ! dilute acid 7#gfa471 ,i conclude t a "p ( ! wat] is electro-*emically decompos$1 giv+ orig9 to ! oxyg51 :i* appe>s m+l$ ) ! *lor9e at ! anode4 ,! oxyg5 may be view$ z a second>y result2 b ,i incl9e to believe t x is n s2 =1 if x 71 x might be expect$ 9 l>ge/ proportion f ! /rong] acid1 :]eas ! rev]se is ! fact4 ,?is consid]ation1 ) o!rs1 also leads me to conclude t muriatic acid is m easily decompos$ by ! electric curr5t ?an wat]2 s9ce1 ev5 :5 dilut$ ) eight or n9e times its quantity ( ! latt] fluid1 x alone gives way1 ! wat] rema9+ unaffect$4 #gff4 ,*lorides4--,on us+ solutions ( *lorides 9 wat]1--= in/ance1 ! *lorides ( sodium or calcium1--!re 0 evolution ( *lor9e only at ! positive electrode1 & ( hydrog51 ) ! oxide ( ! base1 z soda or lime1 at ! negative electrode4 ,! process ( decomposition may be view$ z proce$+ 9 two or ?ree ways1 all t]m9at+ 9 ! same results4 ,p]haps ! simple/ is to consid] ! *loride z ! sub/ance electrolyz$1 its *lor9e be+ det]m9$ to & evolv$ at ! anode1 & its metal pass+ to ! ca?ode1 :]e1 f9d+ no m *lor9e1 x acts ^u ! wat]1 produc+ hydrog5 & an oxide z second>y results4 ,z ! discussion w\ld deta9 me f m important matt]1 & is n ( imm$iate consequ5ce1 ,i %all def] x = ! pres5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great consequ5ce to /ate1 t1 on us+ ! volta-electromet]1 ! hydrog5 9 bo? cases 0 def9ite2 & if ! results d n prove ! def9ite decomposition ( *lorides1 7:i* %all be prov$ else:]e1--#ghi4 #gid4 #had417 !y are n 9 ! slighte/ degree oppos$ to su* a conclusion1 & d support ! g5]al law4 #gfg4 ,hydriodic acid4--,a solution ( hydriodic acid 0 affect$ exactly 9 ! same mann] z muriatic acid4 ,:5 /rong1 hydrog5 0 evolv$ at ! negative electrode1 9 def9ite proportion to ! quantity ( electricity :i* _h pass$1 i4e4 9 ! same proportion z 0 evolv$ by ! same curr5t f wat]2 & iod9e )\t any oxyg5 0 evolv$ at ! positive electrode4 ,b :5 dilut$1 small quantities ( oxyg5 appe>$ ) ! iod9e at ! anode1 ! proportion ( hydrog5 at ! ca?ode rema9+ undi/urb$4 #gfh4 ,i believe ! decomposition ( ! hydriodic acid 9 ?is case to be direct1 = ! reasons already giv5 respect+ muriatic acid 7#gfc4 #gfd474 #gfi4 ,iodides4--,a solution ( iodide ( potassium be+ subject$ to ! voltaic curr5t1 iod9e appe>$ at ! positive electrode 7)\t any oxyg571 & hydrog5 ) free alkali at ! negative electrode4 ,! same obs]vations z to ! mode ( decomposition are applicable "h z 7 made 9 relation to ! *lorides :5 9 solution 7#gff474 #ggj4 ,hydro-fluoric acid & fluorides4--,solution ( hydr(luoric acid did n appe> to be decompos$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t3 x 0 ! wat] :i* gave way app>5tly4 ,! fus$ fluorides 7 electrolys$ 7#dag472 b hav+ dur+ ^! actions obta9$ fluor9e 9 ! sep>ate /ate1 ,i ?9k x bett] to ref] to a future s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es1 9 :i* ,i purpose giv+ a full] acc\nt ( ! results ?an w\ld be consi/5t ) propriety "h,a4 ,a ,i h n obta9$ fluor9e3 my expectations1 am\nt+ to conviction1 pass$ away "o by "o :5 subject$ to rigor\s exam9ation2 "s v s+ul> results 7 obta9$2 & to "o ( ^! ,i ref] at #acdj4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #gga4 ,hydro-cyanic acid 9 solution conducts v badly4 ,! def9ite proportion ( hydrog5 7equal to t f wat]7 0 set free at ! ca?ode1 :il/ at ! anode a small quantity ( oxyg5 0 evolv$ & app>5tly a solution ( cyanog5 =m$4 ,! action altoge!r correspond$ ) t on a dilute muriatic or hydriodic acid4 ,:5 ! hydrocyanic acid 0 made a bett] conductor by sulphuric acid1 ! same results occurr$4 ,cyanides4--,) a solution ( ! cyanide ( potassium1 ! result 0 precisely ! same z ) a *loride or iodide4 ,no oxyg5 0 evolv$ at ! positive electrode1 b a br[n solution =m$ !re4 ,= ! reasons giv5 :5 speak+ ( ! *lorides 7#gff471 & because a fus$ cyanide ( potassium evolves cyanog5 at ! positive electrode,a1 ,i incl9e to believe t ! cyanide 9 solution is directly decompos$4 ,a ,x is a v rem>kable ?+ to see c>bon & nitrog5 9 ?is case det]m9$ p[]fully t[>ds ! positive surface ( ! voltaic batt]y2 b x is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition :i* ,i h advanc$4 #ggb4 ,f]ro-cyanic acid & ! f]ro-cyanides1 z also sulpho-cyanic acid & ! sulpho-cyanides1 pres5t$ results correspond+ ) ^? j describ$ 7#gga474 #ggc4 ,acetic acid4--,glacial acetic acid1 :5 fus$ 7#dje471 is n decompos$ by1 nor does x conduct1 electricity4 ,on add+ a little wat] to x1 /ill !re 7 no signs ( action2 on add+ m wat]1 x act$ sl[ly & ab\t z pure wat] w\ld d4 ,dilute sulphuric acid 0 add$ to x 9 ord] to make x a bett] conductor2 !n ! def9ite proportion ( hydrog5 0 evolv$ at ! ca?ode1 & a mixture ( oxyg5 9 v defici5t quantity1 ) c>bonic acid1 & a little c>bonic oxide1 at ! anode4 ,h5ce x appe>s t acetic acid is n electrolyzable1 b t a portion ( x is decompos$ by ! oxyg5 evolv$ at ! anode1 produc+ second>y results1 v>y+ ) ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t1 & o!r circum/ances4 #ggd4 ,acetates4--,"o ( ^! has be5 ref]r$ to already1 z af=d+ only second>y results relative to ! acetic acid 7#gdi474 ,) _m ( ! metallic acetates ! results at bo? electrodes are second>y 7#gdf4 #gej474 ,acetate ( soda fus$ & anhydr\s is directly decompos$1 be+1 z ,i believe1 a true electrolyte1 & evolv+ soda & acetic acid at ! ca?ode & anode4 ,^! h[ev] h no s5sible duration1 b are imm$iately resolv$ into o!r sub/ances2 *>coal1 sodiurett$ hydrog51 c41 be+ set free at ! =m]1 &1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge "u ! circum/ances1 acetic acid m+l$ ) c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 c4 at ! latt]4 #gge4 ,t>t>ic acid4--,pure solution ( t>t>ic acid is almo/ z bad a conductor z pure wat]4 ,on add+ sulphuric acid1 x conduct$ well1 ! results at ! positive electrode be+ prim>y or second>y 9 diff]5t proportions1 accord+ to v>iations 9 ! /r5g? ( ! acid & ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t 7#geb474 ,alkal9e t>trates gave a l>ge proportion ( second>y results at ! positive electrode4 ,! hydrog5 at ! negative electrode rema9$ con/ant unless c]ta9 triple metallic salts 7 us$4 #ggf4 ,solutions1 ( salts conta9+ o!r vegetable acids1 z ! b5zoates2 ( sug>1 gum1 c41 dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 ( res91 album51 c41 dissolv$ 9 alkalies1 7 9 turn submitt$ to ! electrolytic p[] ( ! voltaic curr5t4 ,9 all ^! cases1 second>y results to a great] or small] ext5t 7 produc$ at ! positive electrode4 #ggg4 ,9 conclud+ ?is division ( ^! ,rese>*es1 x _c b occur to ! m9d t ! f9al result ( ! action ( ! electric curr5t ^u sub/ances1 plac$ betwe5 ! electrodes1 in/ead ( be+ simple may be v complicat$4 ,!re are two modes by :i* ^! sub/ances may be decompos$1 ei!r by ! direct =ce ( ! electric curr5t1 or by ! action ( bodies :i* t curr5t may evolve4 ,!re are also two modes by :i* new comp\nds may be =m$1 i4e4 by comb9ation ( ! evolv+ sub/ances :il/ 9 _! nasc5t /ate 7#feh471 directly ) ! matt] ( ! electrode2 or else _! comb9ation ) ^? bodies1 :i* be+ conta9$ 91 or associat$ )1 ! body suff]+ decomposition1 are necess>ily pres5t at ! anode & ca?ode4 ,! complexity is r5d]$ /ill great] by ! circum/ance t two or m ( ^! actions may occur simultane\sly1 & also 9 v>iable proportions to ea* o!r4 ,b x may 9 a great measure be resolv$ by att5tion to ! pr9ciples already laid d[n 7#gdg474 #ggh4 ,:5 aque\s solutions ( bodies are us$1 second>y results are exce$+ly frequ5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! wat] is n pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 b is m]ely t ( comb9ation1 /ill second>y results (t5 ensue3 = in/ance1 x is v possible t 9 ,sir ,humphry ,davy's decomposition ( ! hydrates ( potassa & soda1 a "p ( ! potassium produc$ 0 ! result ( a second>y action4 ,h5ce1 also1 a frequ5t cause = ! disappe>ance ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 :i* w\ld o!rwise be evolv$3 & :5 hydrog5 does n appe> at ! ca?ode 9 an aque\s solution1 x p]haps always indicates t a second>y action has tak5 place !re4 ,no exception to ?is rule has z yet occurr$ to my obs]vation4 #ggi4 ,second>y actions are n conf9$ to aque\s solutions1 or cases :]e wat] is pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 v>i\s *lorides act$ ^u1 :5 fus$ 7#djb471 by plat9a electrodes1 h ! *lor9e det]m9$ electrically to ! anode4 ,9 _m cases1 z ) ! *lorides ( lead1 potassium1 b>ium1 c41 ! *lor9e acts on ! plat9a & =ms a comp\nd ) x1 :i* dissolves2 b :5 proto*loride ( t9 is us$1 ! *lor9e at ! anode does n act ^u ! plat9a1 b ^u ! *loride already !re1 =m+ a p]*loride :i* rises 9 vap\r 7#gij4 #hjd474 ,^! are1 !re=e1 in/ances ( second>y actions ( bo? k9ds1 produc$ 9 bodies conta9+ no wat]4 #ghj4 ,! production ( boron f fus$ borax 7#djb4 #dag47 is also a case ( second>y action2 = boracic acid is n decomposable by electricity 7#djh471 & x 0 ! sodium evolv$ at ! ca?ode :i*1 re-act+ on ! boracic acid ar\nd x1 took oxyg5 f x & set boron free 9 ! exp]im5ts =m]ly describ$4 #gha4 ,second>y actions h already1 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,becqu]el1 produc$ _m int]e/+ results 9 ! =mation ( comp\nds2 "s ( !m new1 o!rs imitations ( ^? occurr+ naturally,a4 ,x is probable !y may prove equally int]e/+ 9 an opposite direction1 i4e4 z af=d+ cases ( analytic decomposition4 ,mu* in=mation reg>d+ ! composition1 & p]haps ev5 ! arrangem5t1 ( ! p>ticles ( su* bodies z ! vegetable acids & alkalies1 & organic comp\nds g5]ally1 w probably be obta9$ by submitt+ !m to ! action ( nasc5t oxyg51 hydrog51 *lor9e1 c4 at ! electrodes2 & ! action seems ! m promis+1 because ( ! ?or\gh comm& :i* we possess ov] att5dant circum/ances1 su* z ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 ! size ( ! electrodes1 ! nature ( ! decompos+ conductor1 its /r5g?1 c41 all ( :i* may be expect$ to h _! correspond+ influ5ce ^u ! f9al result4 #ghb4 ,x is to me a great satisfaction t ! extreme v>iety ( second>y results has pres5t$ no?+ oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( a con/ant & def9ite electro-*emical action1 to ! p>ticul> consid]ation ( :i* ,i %all n[ proce$4 vii4 ,on ! def9ite nature & ext5t ( ,electro-*emical ,decomposition4 #ghc4 ,9 ! ?ird s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es1 aft] prov+ ! id5tity ( electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & %[+1 by actual measurem5t1 ! extraord9>y quantity ( electricity evolv$ by a v feeble voltaic arrangem5t 7#cga4 #cgf471 ,i ann\nc$ a law1 d]iv$ f exp]im5t1 :i* seem$ to me ( ! utmo/ importance to ! sci5ce ( electricity 9 g5]al1 & t bran* ( x d5om9at$ electro-*emi/ry 9 p>ticul>4 ,! law 0 express$ ?us3 ,! *emical p[] ( a curr5t ( electricity is 9 direct proportion to ! absolute quantity ( electricity :i* passes 7#cgg474 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom1 xxxv4 p4 #aac4 #ghd4 ,9 ! fur!r progress ( ! successive inve/igations1 ,i h _h frequ5t occasion to ref] to ! same law1 sometimes 9 circum/ances (f]+ p[]ful corroboration ( its tru? 7#def4 #ejd4 #eje472 & ! pres5t s]ies already supplies num]\s new cases 9 :i* x holds good 7#gjd4 #gbb4 #gbf4 #gcb474 ,x is n[ my object to consid] ?is great pr9ciple m closely1 & to develope "s ( ! consequ5ces to :i* x leads4 ,t ! evid5ce = x may be ! m di/9ct & applicable1 ,i %all quote cases ( decomposition subject to z few int]f]5ces f second>y results z possible1 effect$ ^u bodies v simple1 yet v def9ite 9 _! nature4 #ghe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i consid] ! law z s fully e/abli%$ ) respect to ! decomposition ( wat]1 & "u s _m circum/ances :i* might be suppos$1 if any?+ c\ld1 to ex]t an influ5ce ov] x1 t ,i may be excus$ ent]+ into fur!r detail respect+ t sub/ance1 or ev5 summ+ up ! results "h 7#gcb474 ,i ref]1 !re=e1 to ! :ole ( ! subdivision ( ?is s]ies ( ,rese>*es :i* conta9s ! acc\nt ( ! volta-electromet] 7#gjd4 c474 #ghf4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i also consid] ! law z e/abli%$ ) respect to muriatic acid by ! exp]im5ts & reason+ already advanc$1 :5 speak+ ( t sub/ance1 9 ! subdivision respect+ prim>y & second>y results 7#geh4 c474 #ghg4 ,i consid] ! law z e/abli%$ also ) reg>d to hydriodic acid by ! exp]im5ts & consid]ations already advanc$ 9 ! prec$+ division ( ?is s]ies ( ,rese>*es 7#gfg4 #gfh474 #ghh4 ,)\t speak+ ) ! same confid5ce1 yet f ! exp]im5ts describ$1 & _m o!rs n describ$1 relat+ to hydro-fluoric1 hydro-cyanic1 f]ro-cyanic1 & sulpho-cyanic acids 7#ggj4 #gga4 #ggb471 & f ! close analogy :i* holds betwe5 ^! bodies & ! hydracids ( *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 c41 ,i consid] ^! also z com+ "u subjection to ! law1 & assi/+ to prove its tru?4 #ghi4 ,9 ! prec$+ cases1 except ! fir/1 ! wat] is believ$ to be inactive2 b to avoid any ambiguity aris+ f its pres5ce1 ,i s\ght = sub/ances f :i* x %\ld be abs5t altoge!r2 &1 tak+ advantage ( ! law ( conduction already develop$ 7#chj4 c471 ,i soon f\nd abundance1 among/ :i* proto*loride ( t9 0 fir/ subject$ to decomposition 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a piece ( plat9a wire _h "o extremity coil$ up into a small knob1 &1 hav+ be5 c>efully weigh$1 0 seal$ h]metically into a piece ( bottle-glass tube1 s t ! knob %\ld be at ! bottom ( ! tube )9 7fig4 #fh474 ,! tube 0 susp5d$ by a piece ( plat9a wire1 s t ! heat ( a _s-lamp c\ld be appli$ to x4 ,rec5tly fus$ proto*loride ( t9 0 introduc$ 9 suffici5t quantity to occupy1 :5 melt$1 ab\t "o-half ( ! tube2 ! wire ( ! tube 0 connect$ ) a volta-electromet] 7#gaa471 :i* 0 itself connect$ ) ! negative end ( a voltaic batt]y2 & a plat9a wire connect$ ) ! positive end ( ! same batt]y 0 dipp$ into ! fus$ *loride 9 ! tube2 be+ h[ev] s b5t1 t x c\ld n by any %ake ( ! h& or app>atus t\* ! negative electrode at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is del9eat$ 9 fig4 #fi4 #gij4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! *loride ( t9 0 decompos$3 ! *lor9e evolv$ at ! positive electrode =m$ bi*loride ( t9 7#ggi471 :i* pass$ away 9 fumes1 & ! t9 evolv$ at ! negative electrode comb9$ ) ! plat9a1 =m+ an alloy1 fusible at ! temp]ature to :i* ! tube 0 subject$1 & !re=e nev] occasion+ metallic communication ?r\gh ! decompos+ *loride4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t _h be5 cont9u$ s long z to yield a reasonable quantity ( gas 9 ! volta-electromet]1 ! batt]y connexion 0 brok51 ! positive electrode remov$1 & ! tube & rema9+ *loride all[$ to cool4 ,:5 cold1 ! tube 0 brok5 op51 ! re/ ( ! *loride & ! glass be+ easily sep>able f ! plat9a wire & its button ( alloy4 ,! latt] :5 wa%$ 0 !n reweigh$1 & ! increase gave ! weight ( ! t9 r$uc$4 #gia4 ,i w give ! p>ticul> results ( "o exp]im5t1 9 illu/ration ( ! mode adopt$ 9 ?is & o!rs1 ! results ( :i* ,i %all h occasion to quote4 ,! negative electrode weigh$ at fir/ #bj gra9s2 aft] ! exp]im5t1 x1 ) its button ( alloy1 weigh$ #bc4b gra9s4 ,! t9 evolv$ by ! electric curr5t at ! ca?ode3 weigh$ !re=e #c4b gra9s4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 collect$ 9 ! volta-electromet] #c4he cubic in*es4 ,z #ajj cubic in*es ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! proportions to =m wat]1 may be consid]$ z weigh+ #ab4ib gra9s1 ! #c4he cubic in*es w\ld weigh #j4digdb ( a gra92 t be+1 !re=e1 ! weight ( wat] decompos$ by ! same electric curr5t z 0 able to decompose su* weight ( proto*loride ( t9 z c\ld yield #c4b gra9s ( metal4 ,n[ #j4digdb 3 #c4b 33 #i ! equival5t ( wat] is to #eg4i1 :i* %\ld !re=e be ! equival5t ( t91 if ! exp]im5t _h be5 made )\t error1 & if ! electro-*emical decomposition is 9 ?is case also def9ite4 ,9 "s *emical works #eh is giv5 z ! *emical equival5t ( t91 9 o!rs #eg4i4 ,bo? are s ne> to ! result ( ! exp]im5t1 & ! exp]im5t itself is s subject to slight causes ( v>iation 7z f ! absorption ( gas 9 ! volta-electromet] 7#gaf471 c471 t ! numb]s leave little d\bt ( ! applicability ( ! law ( def9ite action 9 ?is & all simil> cases ( electro-decomposition4 #gib4 ,x is n (t5 ,i h obta9$ an accordance 9 numb]s s ne> z t ,i h j quot$4 ,f\r exp]im5ts 7 made on ! proto*loride ( t91 ! quantities ( gas evolv$ 9 ! volta-electromet] be+ f #b4je to #aj4bi cubic in*es4 ,! av]age ( ! f\r exp]im5ts gave #eh4ec z ! electro-*emical equival5t = t94 #gic4 ,! *loride rema9+ aft] ! exp]im5t 0 pure proto*loride ( t92 & no "o c d\bt = a mom5t t ! equival5t ( *lor9e _h be5 evolv$ at ! anode1 &1 hav+ =m$ bi*loride ( t9 z a second>y result1 _h pass$ away4 #gid4 ,*loride ( lead 0 exp]im5t$ ^u 9 a mann] exactly simil>1 except t a *ange 0 made 9 ! nature ( ! positive electrode2 = z ! *lor9e evolv$ at ! anode =ms no p]*loride ( lead1 b acts directly ^u ! plat9a1 x produces1 if t metal be us$1 a solution ( *loride ( plat9a 9 ! *loride ( lead2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a portion ( plat9a c pass to ! ca?ode1 & w\ld !n produce a vitiat$ result4 ,i !re=e s\ght =1 & f\nd 9 plumbago1 ano!r sub/ance1 :i* c\ld be us$ safely z ! positive electrode 9 su* bodies z *lorides1 iodides1 c4 ,! *lor9e or iod9e does n act ^u x1 b is evolv$ 9 ! free /ate2 & ! plumbago has no re-action1 "u ! circum/ances1 ^u ! fus$ *loride or iodide 9 :i* x is plung$4 ,ev5 if a few p>ticles ( plumbago %\ld sep>ate by ! heat or ! me*anical action ( ! evolv$ gas1 !y c d no h>m 9 ! *loride4 #gie4 ,! mean ( ?ree exp]im5ts gave ! numb] ( #ajj4he z ! equival5t = lead4 ,! *emical equival5t is #ajc4e4 ,! defici5cy 9 my exp]im5ts ,i attribute to ! solution ( "p ( ! gas 7#gaf47 9 ! volta-electromet]2 b ! results leave no d\bt on my m9d t bo? ! lead & ! *lor9e are1 9 ?is case1 evolv$ 9 def9ite quantities by ! action ( a giv5 quantity ( electricity 7#had4 c474 #gif4 ,*loride ( antimony4--,x 0 9 endeav\r+ to obta9 ! electro-*emical equival5t ( antimony f ! *loride1 t ,i f\nd reasons = ! /atem5t ,i h made respect+ ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 x 9 an e>li] "p ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#fij4 #fic4 c474 #gig4 ,i endeav\r$ to exp]im5t ^u ! oxide ( lead obta9$ by fusion & ignition ( ! nitrate 9 a plat9a crucible1 b f\nd great difficulty1 f ! high temp]ature requir$ = p]fect fusion1 & ! p[]ful flux+ qualities ( ! sub/ance4 ,gre5-glass tubes repeat$ly fail$4 ,i at la/ fus$ ! oxide 9 a small porcela9 crucible1 heat$ fully 9 a *>coal fire2 &1 z x is 0 ess5tial t ! evolution ( ! lead at ! ca?ode %\ld take place b5ea? ! surface1 ! negative electrode 0 gu>d$ by a gre5-glass tube1 fus$ ar\nd x 9 su* a mann] z to expose only ! knob ( plat9a at ! l[] end 7fig4 #gj471 s t x c\ld be plung$ b5ea? ! surface1 & ?us exclude contact ( air or oxyg5 ) ! lead r$uc$ !re4 ,a plat9a wire 0 employ$ = ! positive electrode1 t metal n be+ subject to any action f ! oxyg5 evolv$ aga9/ x4 ,! arrangem5t is giv5 9 fig4 #ga4 #gih4 ,9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d ! equival5t = ! lead came out #ic4ag1 :i* is v mu* too small4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 0 because ( ! small int]val betwe5 ! positive & negative electrodes 9 ! oxide ( lead2 s t x 0 n unlikely t "s ( ! fro? & bubbles =m$ by ! oxyg5 at ! anode %\ld occasionally ev5 t\* ! lead r$uc$ at ! ca?ode1 & re-oxidize x4 ,:5 ,i endeav\r$ to correct ?is by hav+ m li?>ge1 ! great] heat requir$ to keep x all fluid caus$ a quick] action on ! crucible1 :i* 0 soon eat5 ?r\gh1 & ! exp]im5t /opp$4 #gii4 ,9 "o exp]im5t ( ?is k9d ,i us$ borate ( lead 7#djh4 #fgc474 ,x evolves lead1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 at ! anode1 & oxyg5 at ! ca?ode2 & z ! boracic acid is n ei!r directly 7#djh47 or incid5tally decompos$ dur+ ! op]ation1 ,i expect$ a result dep5d5t on ! oxide ( lead4 ,! borate is n s viol5t a flux z ! oxide1 b x requires a high] temp]ature to make x q liquid2 & if n v hot1 ! bubbles ( oxyg5 cl+ to ! positive electrode1 & ret>d ! transf] ( electricity4 ,! numb] = lead came out #aja4bi1 :i* is s ne> to #ajc4e z to %[ t ! action ( ! curr5t _h be5 def9ite4 #hjj4 ,oxide ( bismu?4--,i f\nd ?is sub/ance requir$ too high a temp]ature1 & act$ too p[]fully z a flux1 to all[ ( any exp]im5t be+ made on x1 )\t ! application ( m "t & c>e ?an ,i c\ld give at pres5t4 #hja4 ,! ord9>y protoxide ( antimony1 :i* consi/s ( "o proportional ( metal & "o & a half ( oxyg51 0 subject$ to ! action ( ! electric curr5t 9 a gre5-glass tube 7#ghi471 surr\nd$ by a jacket ( plat9a foil1 & heat$ 9 a *>coal fire4 ,! decomposition began & proce$$ v well at fir/1 app>5tly indicat+1 accord+ to ! g5]al law 7#fgi4 #fig471 t ?is sub/ance 0 "o conta9+ su* elem5ts & 9 su* proportions z made x am5able to ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t4 ,?is effect ,i h already giv5 reasons = suppos+ may be due to ! pres5ce ( a true protoxide1 consi/+ ( s+le proportionals 7#fif4 #fic474 ,! action soon dim9i%$1 & f9ally ceas$1 because ( ! =mation ( a high] oxide ( ! metal at ! positive electrode4 ,?is comp\nd1 :i* 0 probably ! p]oxide1 be+ infusible & insoluble 9 ! protoxide1 =m$ a cry/all9e cru/ ar\nd ! positive electrode2 & ?us insulat+ x1 prev5t$ ! transmission ( ! electricity4 ,:e!r1 if x _h be5 fusible & /ill immiscible1 x w\ld h decompos$1 is d\btful1 because ( its dep>ture f ! requir$ composition 7#fig474 ,x 0 a v natural second>y product at ! positive electrode 7#ggi474 ,on op5+ ! tube x 0 f\nd t a little antimony _h be5 sep>at$ at ! negative electrode2 b ! quantity 0 too small to all[ ( any quantitative result be+ obta9$,a4 ,a ,?is p>agraph is subject to ! corrective note n[ app5d$ to p>agraph #fif4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #hjb4 ,iodide ( lead4--,?is sub/ance c be exp]im5t$ ) 9 tubes heat$ by a _s-lamp 7#ghi472 b ,i obta9$ no good results f x1 :e!r ,i us$ positive electrodes ( plat9a or plumbago4 ,9 two exp]im5ts ! numb]s = ! lead came out only #ge4df & #gc4de1 in/ead ( #ajc4e4 ,?is ,i attribute to ! =mation ( a p]iodide at ! positive electrode1 :i*1 dissolv+ 9 ! mass ( liquid iodide1 came 9 contact ) ! lead evolv$ at ! negative electrode1 & dissolv$ "p ( x1 becom+ itself aga9 protiodide4 ,su* a p]iodide does exi/2 & x is v r>ely t ! iodide ( lead =m$ by precipitation1 & well-wa%$1 c be fus$ )\t evolv+ mu* iod9e1 f ! pres5ce ( ?is p]comp\nd2 nor does cry/allization f its hot aque\s solution free x f ?is sub/ance4 ,ev5 :5 a little ( ! protiodide & iod9e are m]ely rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>1 a portion ( ! p]iodide is =m$4 ,& ?\gh x is decompos$ by be+ fus$ & heat$ to dull r$ness = a few m9utes1 & ! :ole r$uc$ to protiodide1 yet t is n at all oppos$ to ! possibility1 t a little ( t :i* is =m$ 9 great excess ( iod9e at ! anode1 %\ld be c>ri$ by ! rapid curr5ts 9 ! liquid into contact ) ! ca?ode4 #hjc4 ,?is view ( ! result 0 /r5g!n$ by a ?ird exp]im5t1 :]e ! space betwe5 ! electrodes 0 increas$ to "o ?ird ( an in*2 = n[ ! int]f]+ effects 7 mu* dim9i%$1 & ! numb] ( ! lead came out #hi4jd2 & x 0 fully confirm$ by ! results obta9$ 9 ! cases ( transf] to be imm$iately describ$ 7#hah474 ,! exp]im5ts on iodide ( lead !re=e (f] no exception to ! g5]al law "u consid]ation1 b on ! contr>y may1 f g5]al consid]ations1 be admitt$ z includ$ 9 x4 #hjd4 ,protiodide ( t94--,?is sub/ance1 :5 fus$ 7#djb471 conducts & is decompos$ by ! electric curr5t1 t9 is evolv$ at ! anode1 & p]iodide ( t9 z a second>y result 7#ggi4 #gij47 at ! ca?ode4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = its fusion is too high to all[ ( ! production ( any results fit = weigh+4 #hje4 ,iodide ( potassium 0 subject$ to electrolytic action 9 a tube1 l t 9 fig4 #fh4 7#ghi474 ,! negative electrode 0 a globule ( lead1 & ,i hop$ 9 ?is way to reta9 ! potassium1 & obta9 results t c\ld be weigh$ & comp>$ ) ! volta-electromet] indication2 b ! difficulties dep5d5t ^u ! high temp]ature requir$1 ! action ^u ! glass1 ! fusibility ( ! plat9a induc$ by ! pres5ce ( ! lead1 & o!r circum/ances1 prev5t$ me f procur+ su* results4 ,! iodide 0 decompos$ ) ! evolution ( iod9e at ! anode1 & ( potassium at ! ca?ode1 z 9 =m] cases4 #hjf4 ,9 "s ( ^! exp]im5ts sev]al sub/ances 7 plac$ 9 succession1 & decompos$ simultane\sly by ! same electric curr5t3 ?us1 proto*loride ( t91 *loride ( lead1 & wat]1 7 ?us act$ on at once4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! results 7 comp>able1 ! t91 lead1 *lor9e1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 evolv$ be+ def9ite 9 quantity & electro-*emical equival5ts to ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 #hjg4 ,let u turn to ano!r k9d ( pro( ( ! def9ite *emical action ( electricity4 ,if any circum/ances c\ld be suppos$ to ex]t an influ5ce ov] ! quantity ( ! matt]s evolv$ dur+ electrolytic action1 "o w\ld expect !m to be pres5t :5 electrodes ( diff]5t sub/ances1 & possess+ v diff]5t *emical aff9ities = su* matt]s1 7 us$4 ,plat9a has no p[] 9 dilute sulphuric acid ( comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 at ! anode1 ?\gh ! latt] be evolv$ 9 ! nasc5t /ate aga9/ x4 ,copp]1 on ! o!r h&1 imm$iately unites ) ! oxyg51 z ! electric curr5t sets x free f ! hydrog52 & z9c is n only able to comb9e ) x1 b c1 )\t any help f ! electricity1 ab/ract x directly f ! wat]1 at ! same "t sett+ torr5ts ( hydrog5 free4 ,yet 9 cases :]e ^! ?ree sub/ances 7 us$ z ! positive electrodes 9 ?ree simil> portions ( ! same dilute sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #a4ccf1 precisely ! same quantity ( wat] 0 decompos$ by ! electric curr5t1 & precisely ! same quantity ( hydrog5 set free at ! ca?odes ( ! ?ree solutions4 #hjh4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made ?us4 ,portions ( ! dilute sulphuric acid 7 put into ?ree bas9s4 ,?ree volta-electromet] tubes1 ( ! =m figg4 #fj4 #fb4 7 fill$ ) ! same acid1 & "o inv]t$ 9 ea* bas9 7#gjg474 ,a z9c plate1 connect$ ) ! positive end ( a voltaic batt]y1 0 dipp$ into ! fir/ bas91 =m+ ! positive electrode !re1 ! hydrog51 :i* 0 abundantly evolv$ f x by ! direct action ( ! acid1 be+ all[$ to escape4 ,a copp] plate1 :i* dipp$ into ! acid ( ! second bas91 0 connect$ ) ! negative electrode ( ! fir/ bas92 & a plat9a plate1 :i* dipp$ into ! acid ( ! ?ird bas91 0 connect$ ) ! negative electrode ( ! second bas94 ,! negative electrode ( ! ?ird bas9 0 connect$ ) a volta-electromet] 7#gaa471 & t ) ! negative end ( ! voltaic batt]y4 #hji4 ,imm$iately t ! circuit 0 complete1 ! electro-*emical action comm5c$ 9 all ! vessels4 ,! hydrog5 /ill rose 91 app>5tly1 undim9i%$ quantities f ! positive z9c electrode 9 ! fir/ bas94 ,no oxyg5 0 evolv$ at ! positive copp] electrode 9 ! second bas91 b a sulphate ( copp] 0 =m$ !re2 :il/ 9 ! ?ird bas9 ! positive plat9a electrode evolv$ pure oxyg5 gas1 & 0 itself unaffect$4 ,b 9 all ! bas9s ! hydrog5 lib]at$ at ! negative plat9a electrodes 0 ! same 9 quantity1 & ! same ) ! volume ( hydrog5 evolv$ 9 ! volta-electromet]1 %[+ t 9 all ! vessels ! curr5t _h decompos$ an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,9 ?is try+ case1 !re=e1 ! *emical action ( electricity prov$ to be p]fectly def9ite4 #haj4 ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 made ) muriatic acid dilut$ ) its bulk ( wat]4 ,! ?ree positive electrodes 7 z9c1 silv]1 & plat9a2 ! fir/ be+ able to sep>ate & comb9e ) ! *lor9e )\t ! aid ( ! curr5t2 ! second comb9+ ) ! *lor9e only aft] ! curr5t _h set x free2 & ! ?ird reject+ almo/ ! :ole ( x4 ,! ?ree negative electrodes 71 z be=e1 plat9a plates fix$ )9 glass tubes4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 z 9 ! =m]1 ! quantity ( hydrog5 evolv$ at ! ca?odes 0 ! same = all1 & ! same z ! hydrog5 evolv$ 9 ! volta-electromet]4 ,i h already giv5 my reasons = believ+ t 9 ^! exp]im5ts x is ! muriatic acid :i* is directly decompos$ by ! electricity 7#gfd472 & ! results prove t ! quantities s decompos$ are p]fectly def9ite & proportionate to ! quantity ( electricity :i* has pass$4 #haa4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! *loride ( silv] =m$ 9 ! second bas9 ret>d$ ! passage ( ! curr5t ( electricity1 by virtue ( ! law ( conduction be=e describ$ 7#cid471 s t x _h to be clean$ (f f\r or five times dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t2 b ?is caus$ no diff]5ce betwe5 ! results ( t vessel & ! o!rs4 #hab4 ,*>coal 0 us$ z ! positive electrode 9 bo? sulphuric & muriatic acids 7#hjh4 #haj472 b ?is *ange produc$ no v>iation ( ! results4 ,a z9c positive electrode1 9 sulphate ( soda or solution ( common salt1 gave ! same con/ancy ( op]ation4 #hac4 ,exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d 7 !n made ) bodies altoge!r 9 a diff]5t /ate1 i4e4 ) fus$ *lorides1 iodides1 c4 ,i h already describ$ an exp]im5t ) fus$ *loride ( silv]1 9 :i* ! electrodes 7 ( metallic silv]1 ! "o r5d]$ negative becom+ increas$ & l5g!n$ by ! addition ( metal1 :il/ ! o!r 0 dissolv$ & eat5 away by its ab/raction4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 two weigh$ pieces ( silv] wire be+ us$ z ! electrodes1 & a volta-electromet] includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to )draw ! negative electrodes s regul>ly & /eadily t ! cry/als ( r$uc$ silv] %\ld n =m a metallic communication b5ea? ! surface ( ! fus$ *loride4 ,on conclud+ ! exp]im5t ! positive electrode 0 re-weigh$1 & its loss asc]ta9$4 ,! mixture ( *loride ( silv]1 & metal1 )drawn 9 successive portions at ! negative electrode1 0 dige/$ 9 solution ( ammonia1 to remove ! *loride1 & ! metallic silv] rema9+ also weigh$3 x 0 ! r$uction at ! ca?ode1 & exactly equall$ ! solution at ! anode2 & ea* portion 0 z ne>ly z possible ! equival5t to ! wat] decompos$ 9 ! volta-electromet]4 #had4 ,! infusible condition ( ! silv] at ! temp]ature us$1 & ! l5g? & ramify+ "* ( its cry/als1 r5d] ! above exp]im5t difficult to p]=m1 & unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,i !re=e wr\ght ) *loride ( lead1 us+ a gre5-glass tube1 =m$ z 9 fig4 #gb4 ,a weigh$ plat9a wire 0 fus$ into ! bottom ( a small tube1 z be=e describ$ 7#ghi474 ,! tube 0 !n b5t to an angle1 at ab\t half an in* di/ance f ! clos$ end2 & ! "p betwe5 ! angle & ! extremity be+ s(t5$1 0 =c$ upw>d1 z 9 ! figure1 s z to =m a bridge1 or r sep>ation1 produc+ two little depressions or bas9s a1 b1 )9 ! tube4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 susp5d$ by a plat9a wire1 z be=e1 s t ! heat ( a _s-lamp c\ld be appli$ to x1 su* incl9ation be+ giv5 to x z w\ld all[ all air to escape dur+ ! fusion ( ! *loride ( lead4 ,a positive electrode 0 !n provid$1 by b5d+ up ! end ( a plat9a wire into a knot1 & fus+ ab\t tw5ty gra9s ( metallic lead on to x1 9 a small clos$ tube ( glass1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds brok5 away4 ,be+ s furni%$1 ! wire ) its lead 0 weigh$1 & ! weight record$4 #hae4 ,*loride ( lead 0 n[ introduc$ into ! tube1 & c>efully fus$4 ,! lead$ electrode 0 also introduc$2 aft] :i* ! metal1 at its extremity1 soon melt$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ! tube 0 fill$ up to c ) melt$ *loride ( lead2 ! end ( ! electrode to be r5d]$ negative 0 9 ! bas9 b1 & ! electrode ( melt$ lead 0 reta9$ 9 ! bas9 a1 &1 by connexion ) ! prop] conduct+ wire ( a voltaic batt]y1 0 r5d]$ positive4 ,a volta-electromet] 0 includ$ 9 ! circuit4 #haf4 ,imm$iately ^u ! completion ( ! communication ) ! voltaic batt]y1 ! curr5t pass$1 & decomposition proce$$4 ,no *lor9e 0 evolv$ at ! positive electrode2 b z ! fus$ *loride 0 transp>5t1 a button ( alloy c\ld be obs]v$ gradually =m+ & increas+ 9 size at b1 :il/ ! lead at a c\ld also be se5 gradually to dim9i%4 ,aft] a "t1 ! exp]im5t 0 /opp$2 ! tube all[$ to cool1 & brok5 op52 ! wires1 ) _! buttons1 clean$ & weigh$2 & _! *ange 9 weight comp>$ ) ! indication ( ! volta-electromet]4 #hag4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! positive electrode _h lo/ j z mu* lead z ! negative "o _h ga9$ 7#gie471 & ! loss & ga9 7 v ne>ly ! equival5ts ( ! wat] decompos$ 9 ! volta-electromet]1 giv+ = lead ! numb] #aja4e4 ,x is !re=e evid5t1 9 ?is in/ance1 t caus+ a /rong aff9ity1 or no aff9ity1 = ! sub/ance evolv$ at ! anode1 to be active dur+ ! exp]im5t 7#hjg471 produces no v>iation 9 ! def9ite action ( ! electric curr5t4 #hah4 ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 !n made ) iodide ( lead1 & 9 ?is mann] all confusion f ! =mation ( a p]iodide avoid$ 7#hjc474 ,no iod9e 0 evolv$ dur+ ! :ole action1 & f9ally ! loss ( lead at ! anode 0 ! same z ! ga9 at ! ca?ode1 ! equival5t numb]1 by comp>ison ) ! result 9 ! volta-electromet]1 be+ #ajc4e4 #hai4 ,!n proto*loride ( t9 0 subject$ to ! electric curr5t 9 ! same mann]1 us+ ( c\rse1 a t9 positive electrode4 ,no bi*loride ( t9 0 n[ =m$ 7#ggi4 #gij474 ,on exam9+ ! two electrodes1 ! positive _h lo/ precisely z mu* z ! negative _h ga9$2 & by comp>ison ) ! volta-electromet]1 ! numb] = t9 came out #ei4 #hbj4 ,x is q necess>y 9 ^! & simil> exp]im5ts to exam9e ! int]ior ( ! bulbs ( alloy at ! ends ( ! conduct+ wires2 = occasionally1 & especially ) ^? :i* h be5 positive1 !y are cav]n\s1 & conta9 portions ( ! *loride or iodide us$1 :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e ! f9al weight is asc]ta9$4 ,?is is m usually ! case ) lead ?an t94 #hba4 ,all ^! facts comb9e into1 ,i ?9k1 an irresi/ible mass ( evid5ce1 prov+ ! tru? ( ! important proposition :i* ,i at fir/ laid d[n1 namely1 t ! *emical p[] ( a curr5t ( electricity is 9 direct proportion to ! absolute quantity ( electricity :i* passes 7#cgg4 #ghc474 ,!y prove1 too1 t ?is is n m]ely true ) "o sub/ance1 z wat]1 b g5]ally ) all electrolytic bodies2 &1 fur!r1 t ! results obta9$ ) any "o sub/ance d n m]ely agree among/ !mselves1 b also ) ^? obta9$ f o!r sub/ances1 ! :ole comb9+ toge!r into "o s]ies ( def9ite electro-*emical actions 7#eje474 ,i d n mean to say t no exceptions w appe>3 p]haps "s may arise1 especially among/ sub/ances exi/+ only by weak aff9ity2 b ,i d n expect t any w s]i\sly di/urb ! result ann\nc$4 ,if1 9 ! well-consid]$1 well-exam9$1 &1 ,i may surely say1 well-asc]ta9$ doctr9es ( ! def9ite nature ( ord9>y *emical aff9ity1 su* exceptions occur1 z !y d 9 abundance1 yet1 )\t be+ all[$ to di/urb our m9ds z to ! g5]al conclusion1 !y ought also to be all[$ if !y %\ld pres5t !mselves at ?is1 ! op5+ ( a new view ( electro-*emical action2 n be+ held up z ob/ructions to ^? :o may be engag$ 9 r5d]+ t view m & m p]fect1 b laid aside = a :ile1 9 hopes t _! p]fect & consi/5t explanation w ultimately appe>4 99 99 99 99 99 #hbb4 ,! doctr9e ( def9ite electro-*emical action j laid d[n1 &1 ,i believe1 e/abli%$1 leads to "s new views ( ! relations & classifications ( bodies associat$ ) or subject to ?is action4 ,"s ( ^! ,i %all proce$ to consid]4 #hbc4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 comp\nd bodies may be sep>at$ into two great classes1 namely1 ^? :i* are decomposable by ! electric curr5t1 & ^? :i* are n3 ( ! latt]1 "s are conductors1 o!rs non-conductors1 ( voltaic electricity,a4 ,! =m] d n dep5d = _! decomposability ^u ! nature ( _! elem5ts only2 =1 ( ! same two elem5ts1 bodies may be =m$1 ( :i* "o %all belong to "o class & ano!r to ! o!r class2 b probably on ! proportions also 7#fig474 ,x is fur!r rem>kable1 t ) v few1 if any1 exceptions 7#dad4 #fia471 ^! decomposable bodies are exactly ^? gov]n$ by ! rem>kable law ( conduction ,i h be=e describ$ 7#fid472 = t law does n ext5d to ! _m comp\nd fusible sub/ances t are exclud$ f ?is class4 ,i propose to call bodies ( ?is1 ! decomposable class1 ,electrolytes 7#ffd474 ,a ,i mean "h by voltaic electricity1 m]ely electricity f a mo/ abundant s\rce1 b hav+ v small int5sity4 #hbd4 ,!n1 aga91 ! sub/ances into :i* ^! divide1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t1 =m an exce$+ly important g5]al class4 ,!y are comb9+ bodies2 are directly associat$ ) ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( *emical aff9ity2 & h ea* a def9ite proportion1 9 :i* !y are always evolv$ dur+ electrolytic action4 ,i h propos$ to call ^! bodies g5]ally ions1 or p>ticul>ly anions & cations1 accord+ z !y appe> at ! anode or ca?ode 7#ffe472 & ! numb]s repres5t+ ! proportions 9 :i* !y are evolv$ electro-*emical equival5ts4 ,?us hydrog51 oxyg51 *lor9e1 iod9e1 lead1 t9 are ions2 ! ?ree =m] are anions1 ! two metals are cations1 & #a1 #h1 #c1 #abe1 #ajd1 #eh1 are _! electro-*emical equival5ts ne>ly4 #hbe4 ,a summ>y ( c]ta9 po9ts already asc]ta9$ respect+ electrolytes1 ions1 & electro-*emical equival5ts1 may be giv5 9 ! foll[+ g5]al =m ( propositions1 )\t1 ,i hope1 includ+ any s]i\s error4 #hbf4 i4 ,a s+le ion1 i4e4 "o n 9 comb9ation ) ano!r1 w h no t5d5cy to pass to ei!r ( ! electrodes1 & w be p]fectly indiff]5t to ! pass+ curr5t1 unless x be itself a comp\nd ( m elem5t>y ions1 & s subject to actual decomposition4 ,^u ?is fact is f\nd$ mu* ( ! pro( adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! new !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 :i* ,i put =? 9 a =m] s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#eah4 c474 #hbg4 ii4 ,if "o ion be comb9$ 9 "r proportions 7#fig47 ) ano!r /rongly oppos$ to x 9 its ord9>y *emical relations1 i4e4 if an anion be comb9$ ) a cation1 !n bo? w travel1 ! "o to ! anode1 ! o!r to ! ca?ode1 ( ! decompos+ body 7#ecj1 #edb4 #edg474 #hbh4 iii4 ,if1 !re=e1 an ion pass t[>ds "o ( ! electrodes1 ano!r ion mu/ also be pass+ simultane\sly to ! o!r electrode1 al?\gh1 f second>y action1 x may n make its appe>ance 7#gdc474 #hbi4 iv4 ,a body decomposable directly by ! electric curr5t1 i4e4 an electrolyte1 mu/ consi/ ( two ions1 & mu/ also r5d] !m up dur+ ! act ( decomposition4 #hcj4 v4 ,!re is b "o electrolyte compos$ ( ! same two elem5t>y ions2 at lea/ su* appe>s to be ! fact 7#fig471 dep5d5t ^u a law1 t only s+le electro-*emical equival5ts ( elem5t>y ions c g to ! electrodes1 & n multiples4 #hca4 vi4 ,a body n decomposable :5 alone1 z boracic acid1 is n directly decomposable by ! electric curr5t :5 9 comb9ation 7#ghj474 ,x may act z an ion go+ :olly to ! anode or ca?ode1 b does n yield up its elem5ts1 except occasionally by a second>y action4 ,p]haps x is sup]flu\s = me to po9t out t ?is proposition has no relation to su* cases z t ( wat]1 :i*1 by ! pres5ce ( o!r bodies1 is r5d]$ a bett] conductor ( electricity1 & !re=e is m freely decompos$4 #hcb4 vii4 ,! nature ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ! electrode is =m$1 provid$ x be a conductor1 causes no diff]5ce 9 ! electro-decomposition1 ei!r 9 k9d or degree 7#hjg4 #hac473 b x s]i\sly influ5ces1 by second>y action 7#gad471 ! /ate 9 :i* ! f9ally appe>4 ,advantage may be tak5 ( ?is pr9ciple 9 comb9+ & ions collect+ su* ions z1 if evolv$ 9 _! free /ate1 w\ld be unmanageable,a4 ,a ,x w (t5 happ5 t ! electrodes us$ may be ( su* a nature z1 ) ! fluid 9 :i* !y are imm]s$1 to produce an electric curr5t1 ei!r accord+ ) or oppos+ t ( ! voltaic arrangem5t us$1 & 9 ?is way1 or by direct *emical action1 may sadly di/urb ! results4 ,/ill1 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! confus+ effects1 ! electric curr5t1 :i* actually passes 9 any direction ?r\gh ! body suff]+ decomposition1 w produce its own def9ite electrolytic action4 #hcc4 viii4 ,a sub/ance :i*1 be+ us$ z ! electrode1 c comb9e ) ! ion evolv$ aga9/ x1 is also1 ,i believe1 an ion1 & comb9es1 9 su* cases1 9 ! quantity repres5t$ by its electro-*emical equival5t4 ,all ! exp]im5ts ,i h made agree ) ?is view2 & x seems to me1 at pres5t1 to result z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,:e!r1 9 ! second>y actions t take place1 :]e ! ion acts1 n ^u ! matt] ( ! electrode1 b on t :i* is ar\nd x 9 ! liquid 7#gdd471 ! same consequ5ce foll[s1 w require m ext5d$ inve/igation to det]m9e4 #hcd4 ix4 ,comp\nd ions are n necess>ily compos$ ( electro-*emical equival5ts ( simple ions4 ,= in/ance1 sulphuric acid1 boracic acid1 phosphoric acid1 are ions1 b n electrolytes1 i4e4 n compos$ ( electro-*emical equival5ts ( simple ions4 #hce4 x4 ,electro-*emical equival5ts are always consi/5t2 i4e4 ! same numb] :i* repres5ts ! equival5t ( a sub/ance ,a :5 x is sep>at+ f a sub/ance ,b1 w also repres5t ,a :5 sep>at+ f a ?ird sub/ance ,c4 ,?us1 #h is ! electro-*emical equival5t ( oxyg51 :e!r sep>at+ f hydrog51 or t91 or lead2 & #ajc4e is ! electro*emical equival5t ( lead1 :e!r sep>at+ f oxyg51 or *lor9e1 or iod9e4 #hcf4 xi4 ,electro-*emical equival5ts co9cide1 & are ! same1 ) ord9>y *emical equival5ts4 #hcg4 ,by means ( exp]im5t & ! prec$+ propositions1 a k ( ions & _! electro-*emical equival5ts may be obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 #hch4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y may be det]m9$ directly1 z has be5 done ) hydrog51 oxyg51 lead1 & t91 9 ! num]\s exp]im5ts already quot$4 #hci4 ,9 ! next place1 f propositions ii4 & iii41 may be d$uc$ ! k ( _m o!r ions1 & also _! equival5ts4 ,:5 *loride ( lead 0 decompos$1 plat9a be+ us$ = bo? electrodes 7#cie471 !re c\ld rema9 no m d\bt t *lor9e 0 pass+ to ! anode1 al?\gh x comb9$ ) ! plat9a !re1 ?an :5 ! positive electrode1 be+ ( plumbago 7#gid471 all[$ its evolution 9 ! free /ate2 nei!r c\ld !re1 9 ei!r case1 rema9 any d\bt t = e #ajc4e p>ts ( lead evolv$ at ! ca?ode1 #cf p>ts ( *lor9e 7 evolv$ at ! anode1 = ! rema9+ *loride ( lead 0 un*ang$4 ,s also1 :5 9 a metallic solution "o volume ( oxyg51 or a second>y comp\nd conta9+ t proportion1 appe>$ at ! anode1 no d\bt c\ld arise t hydrog51 equival5t to two volumes1 _h be5 det]m9$ to ! ca?ode1 al?\gh1 by a second>y action1 x _h be5 employ$ 9 r$uc+ oxides ( lead1 copp]1 or o!r metals1 to ! metallic /ate4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !n1 we le>n f ! exp]im5ts already describ$ 9 ^! ,rese>*es1 t *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 fluor9e1 calcium1 potassium1 /rontium1 magnesium1 manganese1 c41 are ions & t _! electro-*emical equival5ts are ! same z _! ord9>y *emical equival5ts4 #hdj4 ,propositions iv4 & v4 ext5d our means ( ga9+ in=mation4 ,= if a body ( kn[n *emical composition is f\nd to be decomposable1 & ! nature ( ! sub/ance evolv$ z a prim>y or ev5 a second>y result 7#gdc4 #ggg47 at "o ( ! electrodes1 be asc]ta9$1 ! electro-*emical equival5t ( t body may be d$uc$ f ! kn[n con/ant composition ( ! sub/ance evolv$4 ,?us1 :5 fus$ protiodide ( t9 is decompos$ by ! voltaic curr5t 7#hjd471 ! conclusion may be drawn1 t bo? ! iod9e & t9 are ions1 & t ! proportions 9 :i* !y comb9e 9 ! fus$ comp\nd express _! electro-*emical equival5ts4 ,aga91 ) respect to ! fus$ iodide ( potassium 7#hje471 x is an electrolyte2 & ! *emical equival5ts w also be ! electro-*emical equival5ts4 #hda4 ,if proposition viii4 su/a9 ext5sive exp]im5tal inve/igation1 !n x w n only help to confirm ! results obta9$ by ! use ( ! o!r propositions1 b w give abundant orig9al in=mation ( its own4 #hdb4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! second>y results obta9$ by ! action ( ! evolv$ ion on ! sub/ances pres5t 9 ! surr\nd+ liquid or solution1 w give ! electro-*emical equival5t4 ,?us1 9 ! solution ( acetate ( lead1 &1 z f> z ,i h gone1 9 o!r proto-salts subject$ to ! r$uc+ action ( ! nasc5t hydrog5 at ! ca?ode1 ! metal precipitat$ has be5 9 ! same quantity z if x _h be5 a prim>y product1 7provid$ no free hydrog5 escap$ !re17 & !re=e gave accurately ! numb] repres5t+ its electro-*emical equival5t4 #hdc4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple x is t second>y results may occasionally be us$ z measur]s ( ! volta-electric curr5t 7#gjf4 #gdj472 b !re are n _m metallic solutions t answ] ?is purpose well3 = unless ! metal is easily precipitat$1 hydrog5 w be evolv$ at ! ca?ode & vitiate ! result4 ,if a soluble p]oxide is =m$ at ! anode1 or if ! precipitat$ metal cry/allize across ! solution & t\* ! positive electrode1 simil> vitiat$ results are obta9$4 ,i expect to f9d 9 "s salts1 z ! acetates ( m]cury & z9c1 solutions fav\rable = ?is use4 #hdd4 ,aft] ! fir/ exp]im5tal inve/igations to e/abli% ! def9ite *emical action ( electricity1 ,i h n hesitat$ to apply ! m /rict results ( *emical analysis to correct ! numb]s obta9$ z electrolytic results4 ,?is1 x is evid5t1 may be done 9 a great numb] ( cases1 )\t us+ too mu* lib]ty t[>ds ! due sev]ity ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! s]ies ( numb]s repres5t+ electro-*emical equival5ts mu/1 l ^? express+ ! ord9>y equival5ts ( *emically act+ bodies1 rema9 subject to ! cont9ual correction ( exp]im5t & s\nd reason+4 #hde4 ,i give ! foll[+ brief ,table ( ions & _! electro-*emical equival5ts1 r z a specim5 ( a fir/ attempt ?an z any?+ t c supply ! want :i* mu/ v quickly be felt1 ( a full & complete tabul> acc\nt ( ?is class ( bodies4 ,look+ =w>d to su* a table z ( extreme utility 7if well-con/ruct$7 9 develop+ ! intimate relation ( ord9>y *emical aff9ity to electrical actions1 & id5tify+ ! two1 n to ! imag9ation m]ely1 b to ! conviction ( ! s5ses & a s\nd judgem5t1 ,i may be all[$ to express a hope1 t ! endeav\r w always be to make x a table ( real1 & n hypo!tical1 electro-*emical equival5ts2 = we %all else ov]run ! facts1 & lose all sight & consci\sness ( ! k ly+ directly 9 our pa?4 #hdf4 ,! equival5t numb]s d n pr(ess to be exact1 & are tak5 almo/ entirely f ! *emical results ( o!r philosoph]s 9 :om ,i c\ld repose m confid5ce1 z to ^! po9ts1 ?an 9 myself4 #hdg4 ,,table ,,( ,,ions4 ,anions4 ,oxyg5 #h ,*lor9e #ce4e ,iod9e #abf ,brom9e #gh4c ,fluor9e #ah4g ,cyanog5 #bf ,sulphuric acid #dj ,sel5ic acid #fd ,nitric acid #ed ,*loric acid #ge4e ,phosphoric acid #ce4g ,c>bonic acid #bb ,boracic acid #bd ,acetic acid #ea ,t>t>ic acid #ff ,citric acid #eh ,oxalic acid #cf ,sulphur 787 #af ,sel5ium 787 ,salpho-cyanog5 ,cations4 ,hydrog5 #a ,potassium #ci4b ,sodium #bc4c ,li?ium #aj ,b>ium #fh4g ,/rontium #dc4h ,calcium #bj4e ,magnesium #ab4g ,manganese #bg4g ,z9c #cb4e ,t9 #eg4i ,lead #ajc4e ,iron #bh ,copp] #ca4f ,cadmium #ee4h ,c]ium #df ,cobalt #bi4e ,nickel #bi4e ,antimony #fa4fg ,bismu? #ga ,m]cury #bjj ,silv] #ajh ,plat9a #ih4f8 ,gold 787 ,ammonia #ag ,potassa #dg4b ,soda #ca4c ,li?ia #ah ,b>yta #gf4g ,/rontia #ea4h ,lime #bh4e ,magnesia #bj4g ,alum9a4 787 ,protoxides g5]ally4 ,qu9ia #aga4f ,c9*ona #afj ,morphia #bij ,vegeto-alkalies g5]ally4 #hdh4 ,?is ,table might be fur!r arrange into gr\ps ( su* sub/ances z ei!r act )1 or replace1 ea* o!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 acids & bases act 9 relation to ea* o!r2 b !y d n act 9 association ) oxyg51 hydrog51 or elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,!re is inde$ little or no d\bt t1 :5 ! electrical relations ( ! p>ticles ( matt] come to be closely exam9$1 ?is division mu/ be made4 ,! simple sub/ances1 ) cyanog51 sulpho-cyanog51 & "o or two o!r comp\nd bodies1 w probably =m ! fir/ gr\p2 & ! acids & bases1 ) su* analog\s comp\nds z may prove to be ions1 ! second gr\p4 ,:e!r ^! w include all ions1 or :e!r a ?ird class ( m complicat$ results w be requir$1 mu/ be decid$ by future exp]im5ts4 #hdi4 ,x is probable t all our pres5t elem5t>y bodies are ions1 b t is n z yet c]ta94 ,!re are "s1 su* z c>bon1 phosphorus1 nitrog51 silicon1 boron1 alumium1 ! "r ( :i* to ! title ( ion x is desirable to decide z soon z possible4 ,!re are also _m comp\nd bodies1 & among/ !m alum9a & silica1 :i* x is desirable to class imm$iately by unexceptionable exp]im5ts4 ,x is also possible1 t all comb9able bodies1 comp\nd z well z simple1 may ent] into ! class ( ions2 b at pres5t x does n seem to me probable4 ,/ill ! exp]im5tal evid5ce ,i h is s small 9 proportion to :at mu/ gradually accumulate ar\nd1 & be> ^u1 ?is po9t1 t ,i am afraid to give a /rong op9ion ^u x4 #hej4 ,i ?9k ,i _c deceive myself 9 consid]+ ! doctr9e ( def9ite electro-*emical action z ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x t\*es by its facts m directly & closely ?an any =m] fact1 or set ( facts1 h done1 ^u ! beautiful idea1 t ord9>y *emical aff9ity is a m]e consequ5ce ( ! electrical attractions ( ! p>ticles ( diff]5t k9ds ( matt]2 & x w probably lead u to ! means by :i* we may enlight5 t :i* is at pres5t s obscure1 & ei!r fully demon/rate ! tru? ( ! idea1 or develope t :i* ought to replace x4 #hea4 ,a v valuable use ( electro-*emical equival5ts w be to decide1 9 cases ( d\bt1 :at is ! true *emical equival5t1 or def9ite proportional1 or atomic numb] ( a body2 = ,i h su* conviction t ! p[] :i* gov]ns electro-decomposition & ord9>y *emical attractions is ! same2 & su* confid5ce 9 ! ov]rul+ influ5ce ( ^? natural laws :i* r5d] ! =m] def9ite1 z to feel no hesitation 9 believ+ t ! latt] mu/ submit to !m also4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ,i c h1 no d\bt t1 assum+ hydrog5 z #a1 & dismiss+ small fractions = ! simplicity ( expression1 ! equival5t numb] or atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #h1 ( *lor9e #cf1 ( brom9e #gh4d1 ( lead #ajc4e1 ( t9 #ei1 c41 not)/&+ t a v high au?ority d\bles sev]al ( ^! numb]s4 #ac4 ,on ! absolute quantity ( ,electricity associat$ ) ! p>ticles or atoms ( ,matt]4 #heb4 ,! !ory ( def9ite electrolytical or electro-*emical action appe>s to me to t\* imm$iately ^u ! absolute quantity ( electricity or electric p[] belong+ to diff]5t bodies4 ,x is impossible1 p]haps1 to speak on ?is po9t )\t committ+ oneself beyond :at pres5t facts w su/a92 & yet x is equally impossible1 & p]haps w\ld be impolitic1 n to reason ^u ! subject4 ,al?\gh we "k no?+ ( :at an atom is1 yet we _c resi/ =m+ "s idea ( a small p>ticle1 :i* repres5ts x to ! m9d2 & ?\gh we are 9 equal1 if n great]1 ignorance ( electricity1 s z to be unable to say :e!r x is a p>ticul> matt] or matt]s1 or m]e motion ( ord9>y matt]1 or "s ?ird k9d ( p[] or ag5t1 yet !re is an imm5sity ( facts :i* ju/ify u 9 believ+ t ! atoms ( matt] are 9 "s way end[$ or associat$ ) electrical p[]s1 to :i* !y owe _! mo/ /rik+ qualities1 & among/ !m _! mutual *emical aff9ity4 ,z soon z we p]ceive1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,dalton1 t *emical p[]s are1 h[ev] v>i$ ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are ex]t$1 def9ite = ea* body1 we le>n to e/imate ! relative degree ( =ce :i* resides 9 su* bodies3 & :5 ^u t k comes ! fact1 t ! electricity1 :i* we appe> to be capable ( loos5+ f its habitation = a :ile1 & convey+ f place to place1 :il/ x reta9s its *emical =ce1 c be measur$ out1 & be+ s measur$ is f\nd to be z def9ite 9 its action z any ( ^? portions :i*1 rema9+ associat$ ) ! p>ticles ( matt]1 give !m _! *emical relation2 we seem to h f\nd ! l9k :i* connects ! proportion ( t we h evolv$ to ! proportion ( t belong+ to ! p>ticles 9 _! natural /ate4 #hec4 ,n[ x is wond]ful to obs]ve h[ small a quantity ( a comp\nd body is decompos$ by a c]ta9 portion ( electricity4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 consid] ?is & a few o!r po9ts 9 relation to wat]4 ,"o gra9 ( wat]1 acidulat$ to facilitate conduction1 w require an electric curr5t to be cont9u$ = ?ree m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s ( "t to effect its decomposition1 :i* curr5t mu/ be p[]ful en\gh to reta9 a plat9a wire #a_/ajd ( an in* 9 ?ickness,a1 r$-hot1 9 ! air dur+ ! :ole "t2 & if int]rupt$ any:]e by *>coal po9ts1 w produce a v brilliant & con/ant /> ( light4 ,if att5tion be paid to ! in/antane\s dis*>ge ( electricity ( t5sion1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,:eat/one,b1 & to :at ,i h said else:]e on ! relation ( common & voltaic electricity 7#cga4 #cge471 x w n be too mu* to say t ?is necess>y quantity ( electricity is equal to a v p[]ful fla% ( lightn+4 ,yet we h x "u p]fect comm&2 c evolve1 direct1 & employ x at pleasure2 & :5 x has p]=m$ its full "w ( electrolyzation1 x has only sep>at$ ! elem5ts ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]4 ,a ,i h n /at$ ! l5g? ( wire us$1 because ,i f9d by exp]im5t1 z w\ld be expect$ 9 !ory1 t x is indiff]5t4 ,! same quantity ( electricity :i*1 pass$ 9 a giv5 "t1 c heat an in* ( plat9a wire ( a c]ta9 diamet] r$-hot1 c also heat a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or any l5g? ( ! same wire to ! same degree1 provid$ ! cool+ circum/ances are ! same = e "p 9 all cases4 ,?is ,i h prov$ by ! volta-electromet]4 ,i f\nd t :e!r half an in* or eight in*es 7 reta9$ at "o con/ant temp]ature ( dull r$ness1 equal quantities ( wat] 7 decompos$ 9 equal times4 ,:5 ! half-in* 0 us$1 only ! c5tre portion ( wire 0 ignit$4 ,a f9e wire may ev5 be us$ z a r\gh b ready regulator ( a voltaic curr5t2 = if x be made "p ( ! circuit1 & ! l>g] wires communicat+ ) x be %ift$ ne>] to or fur!r ap>t1 s z to keep ! portion ( wire 9 ! circuit s5sibly at ! same temp]ature1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x w be ne>ly uni=m4 ,b ,lit]>y ,gazette1 #ahcc1 ,m>* #a & #h4 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahcc1 p4 #bja4 ,l',in/itut1 #ahcc1 p4#bfa4 #hed4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relation betwe5 ! conduction ( ! electricity & ! decomposition ( ! wat] is s close1 t "o _c take place )\t ! o!r4 ,if ! wat] is alt]$ only 9 t small degree :i* consi/s 9 its hav+ ! solid in/ead ( ! fluid /ate1 ! conduction is /opp$1 & ! decomposition is /opp$ ) x4 ,:e!r ! conduction be consid]$ z dep5d+ ^u ! decomposition1 or n 7#ddc4 #gjc471 /ill ! relation ( ! two functions is equally intimate & insep>able4 #hee4 ,consid]+ ?is close & tw(old relation1 namely1 t )\t decomposition transmission ( electricity does n occur2 &1 t = a giv5 def9ite quantity ( electricity pass$1 an equally def9ite & con/ant quantity ( wat] or o!r matt] is decompos$2 consid]+ also t ! ag5t1 :i* is electricity1 is simply employ$ 9 ov]com+ electrical p[]s 9 ! body subject$ to its action2 x seems a probable1 & almo/ a natural consequ5ce1 t ! quantity :i* passes is ! equival5t (1 & !re=e equal to1 t ( ! p>ticles sep>at$2 i4e4 t if ! electrical p[] :i* holds ! elem5ts ( a gra9 ( wat] 9 comb9ation1 or :i* makes a gra9 ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! "r proportions unite into wat] :5 !y are made to comb9e1 c\ld be ?r[n into ! condition ( a curr5t1 x w\ld exactly equal ! curr5t requir$ = ! sep>ation ( t gra9 ( wat] into its elem5ts aga94 #hef4 ,?is view ( ! subject gives an almo/ ov]:elm+ idea ( ! extraord9>y quantity or degree ( electric p[] :i* naturally belongs to ! p>ticles ( matt]2 b x is n inconsi/5t 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ! facts :i* c be br\ght to be> on ?is po9t4 ,to illu/rate ?is ,i mu/ say a few words on ! voltaic pile,a4 ,a ,by ! t]m voltaic pile1 ,i mean su* app>atus or arrangem5t ( metals z up to ?is "t h be5 call$ s1 & :i* conta9 wat]1 br9e1 acids1 or o!r aque\s solutions or decomposable sub/ances 7#dgf471 betwe5 _! plates4 ,o!r k9ds ( electric app>atus may be h]eaft] inv5t$1 & ,i hope to con/ruct "s n belong+ to ! class ( in/rum5ts discov]$ by ,volta4 #heg4 ,int5d+ h]eaft] to apply ! results giv5 9 ?is & ! prec$+ s]ies ( ,rese>*es to a close inve/igation ( ! s\rce ( electricity 9 ! voltaic in/rum5t1 ,i h refra9$ f =m+ any decid$ op9ion on ! subject2 & )\t at all mean+ to dismiss metallic contact1 or ! contact ( dissimil> sub/ances1 be+ conductors1 b n metallic1 z if !y _h no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! curr5t1 ,i /ill am fully ( op9ion ) ,davy1 t x is at lea/ cont9u$ by *emical action1 & t ! supply con/itut+ ! curr5t is almo/ entirely f t s\rce4 #heh4 ,^? bodies :i*1 be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! metals ( ! voltaic pile1 r5d] x active1 are all ( !m electrolytes 7#dgf472 & x _c b press ^u ! att5tion ( e "o engag$ 9 consid]+ ?is subject1 t 9 ^? bodies 7s ess5tial to ! pile7 decomposition & ! transmission ( a curr5t are s intimately connect$1 t "o _c happ5 )\t ! o!r4 ,?is ,i h %[n abundantly 9 wat]1 & num]\s o!r cases 7#djb4 #dgf474 ,if1 !n1 a voltaic tr\gh h its extremities connect$ by a body capable ( be+ decompos$1 z wat]1 we %all h a cont9u\s curr5t ?r\gh ! app>atus2 & :il/ x rema9s 9 ?is /ate we may look at ! "p :]e ! acid is act+ ^u ! plates1 & t :]e ! curr5t is act+ ^u ! wat]1 z ! reciprocals ( ea* o!r4 ,9 bo? p>ts we h ! two conditions insep>able 9 su* bodies z ^!1 namely1 ! pass+ ( a curr5t1 & decomposition2 & ?is is z true ( ! cells 9 ! batt]y z ( ! wat] cell2 = no voltaic batt]y has z yet be5 con/ruct$ 9 :i* ! *emical action is only t ( comb9ation3 decomposition is always includ$1 & is1 ,i believe1 an ess5tial *emical "p4 #hei4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 ! two p>ts ( ! connect$ batt]y1 t is1 ! decomposition or exp]im5tal cell1 & ! act+ cells1 is simply ?is4 ,9 ! =m] we urge ! curr5t ?r\gh1 b x1 app>5tly ( necessity1 is accompani$ by decomposition3 9 ! latt] we cause decompositions by ord9>y *emical actions1 7:i* are1 h[ev]1 !mselves electrical17 &1 z a consequ5ce1 h ! electrical curr5t2 & z ! decomposition dep5d5t ^u ! curr5t is def9ite 9 ! =m] case1 s is ! curr5t associat$ ) ! decomposition also def9ite 9 ! latt] 7#hfb4 c474 #hfj4 ,let u apply ?is 9 support ( :at ,i h surmis$ respect+ ! enorm\s electric p[] ( ea* p>ticle or atom ( matt] 7#hef474 ,i %[$ 9 a =m] s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es on ! relation by measure ( common & voltaic electricity1 t two wires1 "o ( plat9a & "o ( z9c1 ea* "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 plac$ five-sixte5?s ( an in* ap>t1 & imm]s$ to ! dep? ( five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 acid1 consi/+ ( "o drop ( oil ( vitriol & f\r ounces ( di/ill$ wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj ,fahr41 & connect$ at ! o!r extremities by a copp] wire eighte5 feet long1 & "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 yield$ z mu* electricity 9 little m ?an ?ree seconds ( "t z a ,leyd5 batt]y *>g$ by ?irty turns ( a v l>ge & p[]ful plate electric ma*9e 9 full action 7#cga474 ,?is quantity1 ?\gh suffici5t if pass$ at once ?r\gh ! head ( a rat or cat to h kill$ x1 z by a fla% ( lightn+1 0 evolv$ by ! mutual action ( s small a portion ( ! z9c wire & wat] 9 contact ) x1 t ! loss ( weight su/a9$ by ei!r w\ld be inappreciable by our mo/ delicate in/rum5ts2 & z to ! wat] :i* c\ld be decompos$ by t curr5t1 x mu/ h be5 ins5sible 9 quantity1 = no trace ( hydrog5 appe>$ ^u ! surface ( ! plat9a dur+ ^? ?ree seconds4 #hfa4 ,:at an enorm\s quantity ( electricity1 !re=e1 is requir$ = ! decomposition ( a s+le gra9 ( wat]6 ,we h already se5 t x mu/ be 9 quantity suffici5t to su/a9 a plat9a wire #a_/ajd ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 r$-hot1 9 contact ) ! air1 = ?ree m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s 7#hec471 a quantity :i* is almo/ inf9itely great] ?an t :i* c\ld be evolv$ by ! little /&>d voltaic arrangem5t to :i* ,i h j ref]r$ 7#hfj4 #hga474 ,i h endeav\r$ to make a comp>ison by ! loss ( weight ( su* a wire 9 a giv5 "t 9 su* an acid1 accord+ to a pr9ciple & exp]im5t to be almo/ imm$iately describ$ 7#hfb472 b ! proportion is s high t ,i am almo/ afraid to m5tion x4 ,x w\ld appe> t #hjj1jjj su* *>ges ( ! ,leyd5 batt]y z ,i h ref]r$ to above1 w\ld be necess>y to supply electricity suffici5t to decompose a s+le gra9 ( wat]2 or1 if ,i am "r1 to equal ! quantity ( electricity :i* is naturally associat$ ) ! elem5ts ( t gra9 ( wat]1 end[+ !m ) _! mutual *emical aff9ity4 #hfb4 ,9 fur!r pro( ( ?is high electric condition ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 & ! id5tity z to quantity ( t belong+ to !m ) t necess>y = _! sep>ation1 ,i w describe an exp]im5t ( great simplicity b extreme beauty1 :5 view$ 9 relation to ! evolution ( an electric curr5t & its decompos+ p[]s4 #hfc4 ,a dilute sulphuric acid1 made by add+ ab\t "o "p by measure ( oil ( vitriol to ?irty p>ts ( wat]1 w act en]getically ^u a piece ( z9c plate 9 its ord9>y & simple /ate3 b1 z ,mr4 ,/urgeon has %[n,a1 n at all1 or sc>cely s1 if ! surface ( ! metal has 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 amalgamat$2 yet ! amalgamat$ z9c w act p[]fully ) plat9a z an electromotor1 hydrog5 be+ evolv$ on ! surface ( ! latt] metal1 z ! z9c is oxidiz$ & dissolv$4 ,! amalgamation is be/ effect$ by spr9kl+ a few drops ( m]cury ^u ! surface ( ! z9c1 ! latt] be+ moi/5$ ) ! dilute acid1 & rubb+ ) ! f+]s or two s z to ext5d ! liquid metal ov] ! :ole ( ! surface4 ,any m]cury 9 excess1 =m+ liquid drops ^u ! z9c1 %\ld be wip$ (f,b4 ,a ,rec5t ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 c41 #ahcj1 p4#gd1 c4 ,b ,! exp]im5t may be made ) pure z9c1 :i*1 z *emi/s well "k1 is b slightly act$ ^u by dilute sulphuric acid 9 comp>ison ) ord9>y z9c1 :i* dur+ ! action is subject to an inf9ity ( voltaic actions4 ,see ,de la ,rive on ?is subject1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcj1 p4#cia4 #hfd4 ,two plates ( z9c ?us amalgamat$ 7 dri$ & accurately weigh$2 "o1 :i* we w call ,a1 weigh$ #afc4a gra9s2 ! o!r1 to be call$ ,b1 weigh$ #adh4c gra9s4 ,!y 7 ab\t five in*es long1 & #j4d ( an in* wide4 ,an e>!nw>e pneumatic tr\gh 0 fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 ( ! /r5g? j describ$ 7#hfc471 & a gas j>1 also fill$ ) ! acid1 inv]t$ 9 x,a4 ,a plate ( plat9a ( ne>ly ! same l5g?1 b ab\t ?ree times z wide z ! z9c plates1 0 put up into ?is j>4 ,! z9c plate ,a 0 also introduc$ into ! j>1 & br\ght 9 contact ) ! plat9a1 & at ! same mom5t ! plate ,b 0 put into ! acid ( ! tr\gh1 b out ( contact ) o!r metallic matt]4 ,a ,! acid 0 left dur+ a night ) a small piece ( unamalgamat$ z9c 9 x1 = ! purpose ( evolv+ su* air z might be incl9$ to sep>ate1 & br++ ! :ole into a con/ant /ate4 #hfe4 ,/rong action imm$iately occurr$ 9 ! j> ^u ! contact ( ! z9c & plat9a plates4 ,hydrog5 gas rose f ! plat9a1 & 0 collect$ 9 ! j>1 b no hydrog5 or o!r gas rose f ei!r z9c plate4 ,9 ab\t t5 or twelve m9utes1 suffici5t hydrog5 hav+ be5 collect$1 ! exp]im5t 0 /opp$2 dur+ its progress a few small bubbles _h appe>$ ^u plate ,b1 b none ^u plate ,a4 ,! plates 7 wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 dri$1 & reweigh$4 ,plate ,b weigh$ #adh4c gra9s1 z be=e1 hav+ lo/ no?+ by ! direct *emical action ( ! acid4 ,plate ,a weigh$ #aed4fe gra9s1 #h4de gra9s ( x hav+ be5 oxidiz$ & dissolv$ dur+ ! exp]im5t4 #hff4 ,! hydrog5 gas 0 next transf]r$ to a wat]-tr\gh & measur$2 x am\nt$ to #ab4e cubic in*es1 ! temp]ature be+ #eb1 & ! b>omet] #bi4b in*es4 ,?is quantity1 correct$ = temp]ature1 pressure1 & moi/ure1 becomes #ab4aedec cubic in*es ( dry hydrog5 at mean temp]ature & pressure2 :i*1 increas$ by "o half = ! oxyg5 t mu/ h gone to ! anode1 i4e4 to ! z9c1 gives #ah4bcb cubic in*es z ! quantity ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 evolv$ f ! wat] decompos$ by ! electric curr5t4 ,accord+ to ! e/imate ( ! weight ( ! mix$ gas be=e adopt$ 7#gia471 ?is volume is equal to #b4ceceedd gra9s1 :i* !re=e is ! weight ( wat] decompos$2 & ?is quantity is to #h4de1 ! quantity ( z9c oxidiz$1 z #i is to #cb4ca4 ,n[ tak+ #i z ! equival5t numb] ( wat]1 ! numb] #cb4e is giv5 z ! equival5t numb] ( z9c2 a co9cid5ce suffici5tly ne> to %[1 :at inde$ c\ld n b happ51 t = an equival5t ( z9c oxidiz$ an equival5t ( wat] mu/ be decompos$,a4 ,a ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times ) ! same results4 #hfg4 ,b let u obs]ve h[ ! wat] is decompos$4 ,x is electrolyz$1 i4e4 is decompos$ voltaically1 & n 9 ! ord9>y mann] 7z to appe>ance7 ( *emical decompositions2 = ! oxyg5 appe>s at ! anode & ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode ( ! body "u decomposition1 & ^! 7 9 _m p>ts ( ! exp]im5t above an in* asund]4 ,aga91 ! ord9>y *emical aff9ity 0 n en\gh "u ! circum/ances to effect ! decomposition ( ! wat]1 z 0 abundantly prov$ by ! inaction on plate ,b2 ! voltaic curr5t 0 ess5tial4 ,& to prev5t any idea t ! *emical aff9ity 0 almo/ suffici5t to decompose ! wat]1 & t a small] curr5t ( electricity might1 "u ! circum/ances1 cause ! hydrog5 to pass to ! ca?ode1 ,i ne$ only ref] to ! results :i* ,i h giv5 7#hjg4 #hac47 to %ew t ! *emical action at ! electrodes has n ! slighte/ influ5ce ov] ! quantities ( wat] or o!r sub/ances decompos$ betwe5 !m1 b t !y are entirely dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( electricity :i* passes4 #hfh4 ,:at1 !n1 foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! :ole exp]im5t8 ,:y1 ?is3 t ! *emical action ^u #cb4ca p>ts1 or "o equival5t ( z9c1 9 ?is simple voltaic circle1 0 able to evolve su* quantity ( electricity 9 ! =m ( a curr5t1 z1 pass+ ?r\gh wat]1 %\ld decompose #i p>ts1 or "o equival5t ( t sub/ance3 & consid]+ ! def9ite relations ( electricity z develop$ 9 ! prec$+ p>ts ( ! pres5t pap]1 ! results prove t ! quantity ( electricity :i*1 be+ naturally associat$ ) ! p>ticles ( matt]1 gives !m _! comb9+ p[]1 is able1 :5 ?r[n into a curr5t1 to sep>ate ^? p>ticles f _! /ate ( comb9ation2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! electricity :i* decomposes1 & t :i* is evolv$ by ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( matt]1 are alike4 #hfi4 ,! h>mony :i* ?is !ory ( ! def9ite evolution & ! equival5t def9ite action ( electricity introduces into ! associat$ !ories ( def9ite proportions & electro*emical aff9ity1 is v great4 ,accord+ to x1 ! equival5t weights ( bodies are simply ^? quantities ( !m :i* conta9 equal quantities ( electricity1 or h naturally equal electric p[]s2 x be+ ! ,,electricity :i* det]m9es ! equival5t numb]1 because x det]m9es ! comb9+ =ce4 ,or1 if we adopt ! atomic !ory or phraseology1 !n ! atoms ( bodies :i* are equival5ts to ea* o!r 9 _! ord9>y *emical action1 h equal quantities ( electricity naturally associat$ ) !m4 ,b ,i mu/ confess ,i am jeal\s ( ! t]m atom2 = ?\gh x is v easy to talk ( atoms1 x is v difficult to =m a cle> idea ( _! nature1 especially :5 comp\nd bodies are "u consid]ation4 #hgj4 ,i _c refra9 f recall+ "h ! beautiful idea put =?1 ,i believe1 by ,b]zelius 7#gjc47 9 8 developm5t ( 8 views ( ! electro-*emical !ory ( aff9ity1 t ! heat & light evolv$ dur+ cases ( p[]ful comb9ation are ! consequ5ce ( ! electric dis*>ge :i* is at ! mom5t tak+ place4 ,! idea is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! quantity ( electricity associat$ ) ! p>ticles ( matt]4 #hga4 ,9 ?is exposition ( ! law ( ! def9ite action ( electricity1 & its correspond+ def9ite proportion 9 ! p>ticles ( bodies1 ,i d n pret5d to h br\ght1 z yet1 e case ( *emical or electro-*emical action "u its dom9ion4 ,!re are num]\s consid]ations ( a !oretical nature1 especially respect+ ! comp\nd p>ticles ( matt] & ! result+ electrical =ces :i* !y ought to possess1 :i* ,i hope w gradually receive _! developm5t2 & !re are num]\s exp]im5tal cases1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( comp\nds =m$ by weak aff9ities1 ! simultane\s decomposition ( wat] & salts1 c41 :i* /ill require inve/igation4 ,b :atev] ! results on ^! & num]\s o!r po9ts may be1 ,i d n believe t ! facts :i* ,i h advanc$1 or ev5 ! g5]al laws d$uc$ f !m1 w suff] any s]i\s *ange2 & !y are ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify _! publication1 ?\gh mu* may yet rema9 imp]fect or undone4 ,inde$1 x is ! great beauty ( our sci5ce1 ,,*emi/ry1 t advancem5t 9 x1 :e!r 9 a degree great or small1 in/ead ( exhau/+ ! subjects ( rese>*1 op5s ! doors to fur!r & m abundant k1 ov]fl[+ ) beauty & utility1 to ^? :o w be at ! easy p]sonal pa9s ( und]tak+ its exp]im5tal inve/igation4 #hgb4 ,! def9ite production ( electricity 7#hfh47 9 association ) its def9ite action proves1 ,i ?9k1 t ! curr5t ( electricity 9 ! voltaic pile3 is su/a9$ by *emical decomposition1 or r by *emical action1 & n by contact only4 ,b "h1 z else:]e 7#heg471 ,i beg to res]ve my op9ion z to ! real action ( contact1 n hav+ yet be5 able to make up my m9d z to :e!r x is an excit+ cause ( ! curr5t1 or m]ely necess>y to all[ ( ! conduction ( electricity1 o!rwise g5]at$1 f "o metal to ! o!r4 #hgc4 ,b admitt+ t *emical action is ! s\rce ( electricity1 :at an inf9itely small fraction ( t :i* is active d we obta9 & employ 9 our voltaic batt]ies6 ,z9c & plat9a wires1 "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] & ab\t half an in* long1 dipp$ into dilute sulphuric acid1 s weak t x is n s5sibly s\r to ! tongue1 or sc>cely to our mo/ delicate te/-pap]s1 w evolve m electricity 9 "o-tw5tie? ( a m9ute 7#hfj47 ?an any man w\ld will+ly all[ to pass ?r\gh 8 body at once4 ,! *emical action ( a gra9 ( wat] ^u f\r gra9s ( z9c c evolve electricity equal 9 quantity to t ( a p[]ful ?und]-/orm 7#hfh4 #hfa474 ,nor is x m]ely true t ! quantity is active2 x c be direct$ & made to p]=m its full equival5t duty 7#hfg4 c474 ,is !re n1 !n1 great reason to hope & believe t1 by a clos] exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! developm5t & action ( ?is subtile ag5t1 we %all be able to increase ! p[] ( our batt]ies1 or inv5t new in/rum5ts :i* %all a ?\s&fold surpass 9 en]gy ^? :i* we at pres5t possess8 #hgd4 ,"h = a :ile ,i mu/ leave ! consid]ation ( ! def9ite *emical action ( electricity4 ,b be=e ,i dismiss ?is s]ies ( exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 ,i w\ld call to m9d t1 9 a =m] s]ies1 ,i %[$ ! curr5t ( electricity 0 also def9ite 9 its magnetic action 7#baf4 #cff4 #cfg4 #cgf4 #cgg472 &1 ?\gh ?is result 0 n pursu$ to any ext5t1 ,i h no d\bt t ! success :i* has att5d$ ! developm5t ( ! *emical effects is n m ?an w\ld accompany an inve/igation ( ! magnetic ph5om5a4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,decemb] #ca/1 #ahcc4 ,,eigh? ,,s]ies4 #ad4 ,on ! ,electricity ( ! ,voltaic ,pile2 its s\rce1 quantity1 int5sity1 & g5]al *>act]s4 i4 ,on simple ,voltaic ,circles4 ii4 ,on ! int5sity necess>y = ,electrolyzation4 iii4 ,on associat$ ,voltaic ,circles1 or ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4 iv4 ,on ! resi/ance ( an ,electrolyte to ,electrolytic action4 v4 ,g5]al rem>ks on ! active ,voltaic ,batt]y4 ,receiv$ ,april #g1--,read ,june #e1 #ahca4 i4 ,on simple ,voltaic ,circles4 #hge4 ,! great "q ( ! s\rce ( electricity1 9 ! voltaic pile has engag$ ! att5tion ( s _m em95t philosoph]s1 t a man ( lib]al m9d & able to appreciate _! p[]s w\ld probably conclude1 al?\gh he might n h /udi$ ! "q1 t ! tru? 0 some:]e reveal$4 ,b if 9 pursuance ( ?is impression he 7 induc$ to ent] ^u ! "w ( collat+ results & conclusions1 he w\ld f9d su* contradictory evid5ce1 su* equilibrium ( op9ion1 su* v>iation & comb9ation ( !ory1 z w\ld leave him 9 complete d\bt respect+ :at he %\ld accept z ! true int]pretation ( nature3 he w\ld be =c$ to take ^u himself ! lab\r ( repeat+ & exam9+ ! facts1 & !n use 8 own judgem5t on !m 9 pref]5ce to t ( o!rs4 #hgf4 ,?is /ate ( ! subject mu/1 to ^? :o h made up _! m9ds on ! matt]1 be my apology = ent]+ ^u its inve/igation4 ,! views ,i h tak5 ( ! def9ite action ( electricity 9 decompos+ bodies 7#ghc471 & ! id5tity ( ! p[] s us$ ) ! p[] to be ov]come 7#hee471 f\nd$ n on a m]e op9ion or g5]al notion1 b on facts :i*1 be+ altoge!r new1 7 to my m9d precise & conclusive1 gave me1 z ,i conceiv$1 ! p[] ( exam9+ ! "q ) advantages n be=e possess$ by any1 & :i* might comp5sate1 on my "p1 = ! sup]ior cle>ness & ext5t ( intellect on !irs4 ,su* are ! consid]ations :i* h induc$ me to suppose ,i might help 9 decid+ ! "q1 & be able to r5d] assi/ance 9 t great s]vice ( remov+ d\btful k4 ,su* k is ! e>ly morn+ light ( e advanc+ sci5ce1 & is ess5tial to its developm5t2 b ! man :o is engag$ 9 dispell+ t :i* is deceptive 9 x1 & reveal+ m cle>ly t :i* is true1 is z useful 9 8 place1 & z necess>y to ! g5]al progress ( ! sci5ce1 z he :o fir/ broke ?r\gh ! intellectual d>kness1 & op5$ a pa? into k be=e unkn[n to man4 #hgg4 ,! id5tity ( ! =ce con/itut+ ! voltaic curr5t or electrolytic ag5t1 ) t :i* holds ! elem5ts ( electrolytes toge!r 7#hee471 or 9 o!r words ) *emical aff9ity1 seem$ to indicate t ! electricity ( ! pile itself 0 m]ely a mode ( ex]tion1 or exhibition1 or exi/5ce ( true *emical action1 or r ( its cause2 & ,i h consequ5tly already said t ,i agree ) ^? :o believe t ! supply ( electricity is due to *emical p[]s 7#heg474 #hgh4 ,b ! great "q ( :e!r x is orig9ally due to metallic contact or to *emical action1 i4e4 :e!r x is ! fir/ or ! second :i* orig9ates & det]m9es ! curr5t1 0 to me /ill d\btful2 & ! beautiful & simple exp]im5t ) amalgamat$ z9c & plat9a1 :i* ,i h describ$ m9utely z to its results 7#hfc1 c471 did n decide ! po9t2 = 9 t exp]im5t ! *emical action does n take place )\t ! contact ( ! metals1 & ! metallic contact is ineffici5t )\t ! *emical action4 ,h5ce ei!r might be look$ ^u z ! det]m9+ cause ( ! curr5t4 #hgi4 ,i ?\ght x ess5tial to decide ?is "q by ! simple/ possible =ms ( app>atus & exp]im5t1 t no fallacy might be inadv]t5tly admitt$4 ,! well-kn[n difficulty ( effect+ decomposition by a s+le pair ( plates1 except 9 ! fluid excit+ !m into action 7#hfc471 seem$ to ?r[ insurm\ntable ob/ruction 9 ! way ( su* exp]im5ts2 b ,i rememb]$ ! easy decomposability ( ! solution ( iodide ( potassium 7#caf471 & see+ no !oretical reason1 if metallic contact 0 n ess5tial1 :y true electro-decomposition %\ld n be obta9$ )\t x1 ev5 9 a s+le circuit1 ,i p]sev]$ & succe$$4 #hhj4 ,a plate ( z9c1 ab\t eight in*es long & half an in* wide1 0 clean$ & b5t 9 ! middle to a "r angle1 fig4 #gc a1 ,plate ,,vi4 ,a plate ( plat9a1 ab\t ?ree in*es long & half an in* wide1 0 fa/5$ to a plat9a wire1 & ! latt] b5t z 9 ! figure1 b4 ,^! two pieces ( metal 7 arrang$ toge!r z del9eat$1 b z yet )\t ! vessel c1 & its cont5ts1 :i* consi/$ ( dilute sulphuric acid m+l$ ) a little nitric acid4 ,at x a piece ( fold$ bibul\s pap]1 moi/5$ 9 a solution ( iodide ( potassium1 0 plac$ on ! z9c1 & 0 press$ ^u by ! end ( ! plat9a wire4 ,:5 "u ^! circum/ances ! plates 7 dipp$ into ! acid ( ! vessel c1 !re 0 an imm$iate effect at x1 ! iodide be+ decompos$1 & iod9e appe>+ at ! anode 7#ffc471 i4e4 aga9/ ! end ( ! plat9a wire4 #hha4 ,z long z ! l[] ends ( ! plates rema9$ 9 ! acid ! electric curr5t cont9u$1 & ! decomposition proce$$ at x4 ,on remov+ ! end ( ! wire f place to place on ! pap]1 ! effect 0 evid5tly v p[]ful2 & on plac+ a piece ( turm]ic pap] betwe5 ! :ite pap] & z9c1 bo? pap]s be+ moi/5$ ) ! solution ( iodide ( potassium1 alkali 0 evolv$ at ! ca?ode 7#ffc47 aga9/ ! z9c1 9 proportion to ! evolution ( iod9e at ! anode4 ,h5ce ! decomposition 0 p]fectly pol>1 & decid$ly dep5d5t ^u a curr5t ( electricity pass+ f ! z9c ?r\gh ! acid to ! plat9a 9 ! vessel c1 & back f ! plat9a ?r\gh ! solution to ! z9c at ! pap] x4 #hhb4 ,t ! decomposition at x 0 a true electrolytic action1 due to a curr5t det]m9$ by ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! vessel c1 & n dep5d5t ^u any m]e direct *emical action ( ! z9c & plat9a on ! iodide1 or ev5 ^u any curr5t :i* ! solution ( iodide might by its action on ^? metals t5d to =m at x1 0 %[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 by remov+ ! vessel c & its acid f ! plates1 :5 all decomposition at x ceas$1 & 9 ! next by connect+ ! metals1 ei!r 9 or out ( ! acid1 toge!r1 :5 decomposition ( ! iodide at x occurr$1 b 9 a rev]se ord]2 = n[ alkali appe>$ aga9/ ! end ( ! plat9a wire1 & ! iod9e pass$ to ! z9c1 ! curr5t be+ ! contr>y ( :at x 0 9 ! =m] in/ance1 & produc$ directly by ! diff]5ce ( action ( ! solution 9 ! pap] on ! two metals4 ,! iod9e ( c\rse comb9$ ) ! z9c4 #hhc4 ,:5 ?is exp]im5t 0 made ) pieces ( z9c amalgamat$ ov] ! :ole surface 7#hfc471 ! results 7 obta9$ ) equal facility & 9 ! same direction1 ev5 :5 only dilute sulphuric acid 0 conta9$ 9 ! vessel c 7fig4 #gc474 ,:i*soev] end ( ! z9c 0 imm]s$ 9 ! acid1 /ill ! effects 7 ! same3 s t if1 = a mom5t1 ! m]cury might be suppos$ to supply ! metallic contact1 ! inv]sion ( ! amalgamat$ piece de/roys t objection4 ,! use ( unamalgamat$ z9c 7#hhj47 removes all possibility ( d\bt,a4 ,a ,! foll[+ is a m /rik+ mode ( mak+ ! above elem5t>y exp]im5t4 ,prep>e a plate ( z9c1 t5 or twelve in*es long & two in*es wide1 & clean x ?or\ghly3 provide also two discs ( clean plat9a1 ab\t "o in* & a half 9 diamet]3--dip ?ree or f\r folds ( bibul\s pap] into a /rong solution ( iodide ( potassium1 place !m on ! clean z9c at "o end ( ! plate1 & put on !m "o ( ! plat9a discs3 f9ally dip simil> folds ( pap] or a piece ( l95 clo? into a mixture ( equal p>ts nitric acid & wat]1 & place x at ! o!r end ( ! z9c plate ) ! second plat9a disc ^u x4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s no *ange at ! solution ( ! iodide w be p]ceptible2 b if ! two discs be connect$ by a plat9a 7or any o!r7 wire = a second or two1 & !n t ov] ! iodide be rais$1 x w be f\nd t ! :ole ( ! surface b5ea? is deeply /a9$ ) evolv$ iod9e4--,dec4 #ahch4 #hhd ,:51 9 pursuance ( o!r views 7#icj471 ! vessel c 0 made to conta9 a solution ( cau/ic pota% 9 place ( acid1 /ill ! same results occurr$4 ,decomposition ( ! iodide 0 effect$ freely1 ?\gh !re 0 no metallic contact ( dissimil> metals1 & ! curr5t ( electricity 0 9 ! same direction z :5 acid 0 us$ at ! place ( excitem5t4 #hhe4 ,ev5 a solution ( common salt 9 ! glass c c\ld produce all ^! effects4 #hhf4 ,hav+ made a galvanomet] ) plat9a wires1 & introduc$ x into ! c\rse ( ! curr5t betwe5 ! plat9a plate & ! place ( decomposition x1 x 0 affect$1 giv+ indications ( curr5ts 9 ! same direction z ^? %[n to exi/ by ! *emical action4 #hhg4 ,if we consid] ^! results g5]ally1 !y lead to v important conclusions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y prove1 9 ! mo/ decisive mann]1 t metallic contact is n necess>y = ! production ( ! voltaic curr5t4 ,9 ! next place1 !y %[ a mo/ extraord9>y mutual relation ( ! *emical aff9ities ( ! fluid :i* excites ! curr5t1 & ! fluid :i* is decompos$ by x4 #hhh4 ,= ! purpose ( simplify+ ! consid]ation1 let u take ! exp]im5t ) amalgamat$ z9c4 ,! metal s prep>$ exhibits no effect until ! curr5t c pass3 x at ! same "t introduces no new action1 b m]ely removes an influ5ce :i* is extrane\s to ^? belong+ ei!r to ! production or ! effect ( ! electric curr5t "u inve/igation 7#ajjj472 an influ5ce also :i*1 :5 pres5t1 t5ds only to confuse ! results4 #hhi4 ,let two plates1 "o ( amalgamat$ z9c & ! o!r ( plat9a1 be plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r 7fig4 #gd471 & introduce a drop ( dilute sulphuric acid1 y1 betwe5 !m at "o end3 !re w be no s5sible *emical action at t spot unless ! two plates are connect$ some:]e else1 z at ,,pz1 by a body capable ( conduct+ electricity4 ,if t body be a metal or c]ta9 =ms ( c>bon1 !n ! curr5t passes1 &1 z x circulates ?r\gh ! fluid at y1 decomposition ensues4 #hij4 ,!n remove ! acid f y1 & introduce a drop ( ! solution ( iodide ( potassium at x 7fig4 #ge474 ,exactly ! same set ( effects occur1 except t :5 ! metallic communication is made at ,,pz1 ! electric curr5t is 9 ! opposite direction to :at x 0 be=e1 z is indicat$ by ! arr[s1 :i* %[ ! c\rses ( ! curr5ts 7#ffg474 #hia4 ,n[ bo? ! solutions us$ are conductors1 b ! conduction 9 !m is ess5tially connect$ ) decomposition 7#heh47 9 a c]ta9 con/ant ord]1 & !re=e ! appe>ance ( ! elem5ts 9 c]ta9 places %[s 9 :at direction a curr5t has pass$ :5 ! solutions are ?us employ$4 ,moreov]1 we f9d t :5 !y are us$ at opposite ends ( ! plates1 z 9 ! la/ two exp]im5ts 7#hhi4 #hij471 metallic contact be+ all[$ at ! o!r extremities1 ! curr5ts are 9 opposite directions4 ,we h evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! p[] ( oppos+ ! actions ( ! two fluids simultane\sly to ea* o!r at ! opposite ends ( ! plates1 us+ ea* "o z a conductor = ! dis*>ge ( ! curr5t ( electricity1 :i* ! o!r t5ds to g5]ate2 9 fact1 sub/itut+ !m = metallic contact1 & comb9+ bo? exp]im5ts into "o 7fig4 #gf474 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re is an opposition ( =ces3 ! fluid1 :i* br+s into play ! /rong] set ( *emical aff9ities = ! z9c1 7be+ ! dilute acid17 ov]comes ! =ce ( ! o!r1 & det]m9es ! =mation & direction ( ! electric curr5t2 n m]ely mak+ t curr5t pass ?r\gh ! weak] liquid1 b actually rev]s+ ! t5d5cy :i* ! elem5ts ( ! latt] h 9 relation to ! z9c & plat9a if n ?us c\nt]act$1 & =c+ !m 9 ! contr>y direction to t !y are incl9$ to foll[1 t its own curr5t may h free c\rse4 ,if ! dom9ant action at y be remov$ by mak+ metallic contact !re1 !n ! liquid at x resumes its p[]2 or if ! metals be n br\ght into contact at y b ! aff9ities ( ! solution !re weak5$1 :il/ ^? active x are /r5g!n$1 !n ! latt] ga9s ! asc5d5cy1 & ! decompositions are produc$ 9 a contr>y ord]4 #hib4 ,be=e draw+ a f9al conclusion f ?is mutual dep5d5ce & /ate ( ! *emical aff9ities ( two di/ant portions ( act+ fluids 7#iaf471 ,i w proce$ to exam9e m m9utely ! v>i\s circum/ances "u :i* ! re-action ( ! body suff]+ decomposition is r5d]$ evid5t ^u ! action ( ! body1 also und]go+ decomposition1 :i* produces ! voltaic curr5t4 #hic4 ,! use ( metallic contact 9 a s+le pair ( plates1 & ! cause ( its great sup]iority above contact made by o!r k9ds ( matt]1 become n[ v evid5t4 ,:5 an amalgamat$ z9c plate is dipp$ into dilute sulphuric acid1 ! =ce ( *emical aff9ity ex]t$ betwe5 ! metal & ! fluid is n suffici5tly p[]ful to cause s5sible action at ! surfaces ( contact1 & occasion ! decomposition ( wat] by ! oxidation ( ! metal1 al?\gh x is suffici5t to produce su* a condition ( ! electricity 7or ! p[] ^u :i* *emical aff9ity dep5ds7 z w\ld produce a curr5t if !re 7 a pa? op5 = x 7#iaf4 #ief472 & t curr5t w\ld complete ! conditions necess>y1 "u ! circum/ances1 = ! decomposition ( ! wat]4 #hid4 ,n[ ! pres5ce ( a piece ( plat9a t\*+ bo? ! z9c & ! fluid to be decompos$1 op5s ! pa? requir$ = ! electricity4 ,its direct communication ) ! z9c is effectual1 f> beyond any communication made betwe5 x & t metal1 7i4e4 betwe5 ! plat9a & z9c17 by means ( decomposable conduct+ bodies1 or1 9 o!r words1 electrolytes1 z 9 ! exp]im5t already describ$ 7#hia472 because1 :5 !y are us$1 ! *emical aff9ities betwe5 !m & ! z9c produce a contr>y & oppos+ action to t :i* is influ5tial 9 ! dilute sulphuric acid2 or if t action be b small1 /ill ! aff9ity ( _! compon5t p>ts = ea* o!r has to be ov]come1 = !y _c conduct )\t suff]+ decomposition2 & ?is decomposition is f\nd exp]im5tally to re-act back ^u ! =ces :i* 9 ! acid t5d to produce ! curr5t 7#ijd4 #iaj4 c471 & 9 num]\s cases entirely to neutralize !m4 ,:]e direct contact ( ! z9c & plat9a occurs1 ^! ob/ruct+ =ces are n br\ght into action1 & !re=e ! production & ! circulation ( ! electric curr5t & ! concomitant action ( decomposition are !n highly fav\r$4 #hie4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t "o ( ^! oppos+ actions may be dismiss$1 & yet an electrolyte be us$ = ! purpose ( complet+ ! circuit betwe5 ! z9c & plat9a imm]s$ sep>ately into ! dilute acid2 = if1 9 fig4 #gc1 ! plat9a wire be reta9$ 9 metallic contact ) ! z9c plate a1 at x1 & a division ( ! plat9a be made else:]e1 z at s1 !n ! solution ( iodide plac$ !re1 be+ 9 contact ) plat9a at bo? surfaces1 ex]ts no *emical aff9ities = t metal2 or if x does1 !y are equal on bo? sides4 ,its p[]1 !re=e1 ( =m+ a curr5t 9 opposition to t dep5d5t ^u ! action ( ! acid 9 ! vessel c1 is remov$1 & only its resi/ance to decomposition rema9s z ! ob/acle to be ov]come by ! aff9ities ex]t$ 9 ! dilute sulphuric acid4 #hif4 ,?is becomes ! condition ( a s+le pair ( active plates :]e metallic contact is all[$4 ,9 su* cases1 only "o set ( oppos+ aff9ities are to be ov]come by ^? :i* are dom9ant 9 ! vessel c2 :]eas1 :5 metallic contact is n all[$1 two sets ( oppos+ aff9ities mu/ be conqu]$ 7#hid474 #hig4 ,x has be5 consid]$ a difficult1 & by "s an impossible ?+1 to decompose bodies by ! curr5t f a s+le pair ( plates1 ev5 :5 x 0 s p[]ful z to heat b>s ( metal r$-hot1 z 9 ! case ( ,h>e's calorimet]1 arrang$ z a s+le voltaic circuit1 or ( ,wolla/on's p[]ful s+le pair ( metals4 ,?is difficulty has aris5 altoge!r f ! antagonism ( ! *emical aff9ity engag$ 9 produc+ ! curr5t ) ! *emical aff9ity to be ov]come1 & dep5ds entirely ^u _! relative int5sity2 = :5 ! sum ( =ces 9 "o has a c]ta9 degree ( sup]iority ov] ! sum ( =ces 9 ! o!r1 ! =m] ga9 ! asc5d5cy1 det]m9e ! curr5t1 & ov]come ! latt] s z to make ! sub/ance ex]t+ !m yield up its elem5ts 9 p]fect accordance1 bo? z to direction & quantity1 ) ! c\rse ( ^? :i* are ex]t+ ! mo/ int5se & dom9ant action4 #hih4 ,wat] has g5]ally be5 ! sub/ance1 ! decomposition ( :i* has be5 s\ght = z a *emical te/ ( ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,b ,i n[ began to p]ceive a reason = its failure1 & = a fact :i* ,i _h obs]v$ long be=e 7#cae4 #caf47 ) reg>d to ! iodide ( potassium1 namely1 t bodies w\ld diff] 9 facility ( decomposition by a giv5 electric curr5t1 accord+ to ! condition & int5sity ( _! ord9>y *emical aff9ities4 ,?is reason appe>$ 9 _! re-action ^u ! aff9ities t5d+ to cause ! curr5t2 & x appe>$ probable1 t _m sub/ances might be f\nd :i* c\ld be decompos$ by ! curr5t ( a s+le pair ( z9c & plat9a plates imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 al?\gh wat] resi/$ its action4 ,i soon f\nd ?is to be ! case1 & z ! exp]im5ts (f] new & beautiful pro(s ( ! direct relation & opposition ( ! *emical aff9ities conc]n$ 9 produc+ & 9 resi/+ ! /ream ( electricity1 ,i %all briefly describe !m4 #hii4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus 0 z 9 fig4 #gg4 ,! vessel v conta9$ dilute sulphuric acid2 ,z & ,p are ! z9c & plat9a plates2 a1 b1 & c are plat9a wires2 ! decompositions 7 effect$ at x1 & occasionally1 inde$ g5]ally1 a galvanomet] 0 introduc$ into ! circuit at g3 its place only is "h giv51 ! circle at g hav+ no ref]5ce to ! size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,v>i\s arrangem5ts 7 made at x1 accord+ to ! k9d ( decomposition to be effect$4 ,if a drop ( liquid 0 to be act$ ^u1 ! two ends 7 m]ely dipp$ into x2 if a solution conta9$ 9 ! pores ( pap] 0 to be decompos$1 "o ( ! extremities 0 connect$ ) a plat9a plate support+ ! pap]1 :il/ ! o!r extremity re/$ on ! pap]1 e1 fig4 #ha3 or sometimes1 z ) sulphate ( soda1 a plate ( plat9a su/a9$ two portions ( pap]1 "o ( ! ends ( ! wires re/+ ^u ea* piece1 c1 fig4 #hf4 ,! d>ts repres5t ! direction ( ! electric curr5t 7#ffg474 #ijj4 ,solution ( iodide ( potassium1 9 moi/5$ pap]1 be+ plac$ at ! int]ruption ( ! circuit at x1 0 readily decompos$4 ,iod9e 0 evolv$ at ! anode1 & alkali at ! ca?ode1 ( ! decompos+ body4 #ija4 ,proto*loride ( t91 :5 fus$ & plac$ at x1 0 also readily decompos$1 yield+ p]*loride ( t9 at ! anode 7#ggi471 & t9 at ! ca?ode4 #ijb4 ,fus$ *loride ( silv]1 plac$ at x1 0 also easily decompos$2 *lor9e 0 evolv$ at ! anode1 & brilliant metallic silv]1 ei!r 9 films ^u ! surface ( ! liquid1 or 9 cry/als b5ea?1 evolv$ at ! ca?ode4 #ijc4 ,wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 solution ( muriatic acid1 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 fus$ nitre1 & ! fus$ *loride & iodide ( lead 7 n decompos$ by ?is s+le pair ( plates1 excit$ only by dilute sulphuric acid4 #ijd4 ,^! exp]im5ts give abundant pro(s t a s+le pair ( plates c electrolyze bodies & sep>ate _! elem5ts4 ,!y also %[ 9 a beautiful mann] ! direct relation & opposition ( ! *emical aff9ities conc]n$ at ! two po9ts ( action4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! sum ( ! oppos+ aff9ities at x 0 suffici5tly b5ea? ! sum ( ! act+ aff9ities 9 v1 decomposition took place2 b 9 ^? cases :]e !y rose high]1 decomposition 0 effectually resi/$ & ! curr5t ceas$ to pass 7#hia474 #ije4 ,x is h[ev]1 evid5t1 t ! sum ( act+ aff9ities 9 v may be increas$ by us+ o!r fluids ?an dilute sulphuric acid1 9 :i* latt] case1 z ,i believe1 x is m]ely ! aff9ity ( ! z9c = ! oxyg5 already comb9$ ) hydrog5 9 ! wat] t is ex]t$ 9 produc+ ! electric curr5t 7#iai473 & :5 ! aff9ities are s increas$1 ! view ,i am support+ leads to ! conclusion1 t bodies :i* resi/$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts w\ld !n be decompos$1 because ( ! increas$ diff]5ce betwe5 _! aff9ities & ! act+ aff9ities ?us exalt$4 ,?is expectation 0 fully confirm$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 #ijf4 ,a little nitric acid 0 add$ to ! liquid 9 ! vessel r1 s z to make a mixture :i* ,i %all call dilut$ nitro-sulphuric acid4 ,on repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ) ?is mixture1 all ! sub/ances be=e decompos$ aga9 gave way1 & mu* m readily4 ,b1 besides t1 _m :i* be=e resi/$ electrolyzation1 n[ yield$ up _! elem5ts4 ,?us1 solution ( sulphate ( soda1 act$ ^u 9 ! int]/ices ( litmus & turm]ic pap]1 yield$ acid at ! anode & alkali at ! ca?ode2 solution ( muriatic acid t+$ by indigo yield$ *lor9e at ! anode & hydrog5 at ! ca?ode2 solution ( nitrate ( silv] yield$ silv] at ! ca?ode4 ,aga91 fus$ nitre & ! fus$ iodide & *loride ( lead 7 decomposable by ! curr5t ( ?is s+le pair ( plates1 ?\gh !y 7 n by ! =m] 7#ijc474 #ijg4 ,a solution ( acetate ( lead 0 app>5tly n decompos$ by ?is pair1 nor did wat] acidulat$ by sulphuric acid seem at fir/ to give way 7#igc474 #ijh4 ,! increase ( int5sity or p[] ( ! curr5t produc$ by a simple voltaic circle1 ) ! increase ( ! =ce ( ! *emical action at ! excit+ place1 is "h suffici5tly evid5t4 ,b 9 ord] to place x 9 a cle>] po9t ( view1 & to %[ t ! decompos+ effect 0 n at all dep5d5t1 9 ! latt] cases1 ^u ! m]e capability ( evolv+ m electricity1 exp]im5ts 7 made 9 :i* ! quantity evolv$ c\ld be increas$ )\t v>iation 9 ! int5sity ( ! excit+ cause4 ,?us ! exp]im5ts 9 :i* dilute sulphuric acid 0 us$ 7#hii471 7 repeat$1 us+ l>ge plates ( z9c & plat9a 9 ! acid2 b /ill ^? bodies :i* resi/$ decomposition be=e1 resi/$ x also "u ^! new circum/ances4 ,!n aga91 :]e nitro-sulphuric acid 0 us$ 7#ijf471 m]e wires ( plat9a & z9c 7 imm]s$ 9 ! excit+ acid2 yet1 not)/&+ ?is *ange1 ^? bodies 7 n[ decompos$ :i* resi/$ any curr5t t5d+ to be =m$ by ! dilute sulphuric acid4 ,= in/ance1 muriatic acid c\ld n be decompos$ by a s+le pair ( plates :5 imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 nor did mak+ ! solution ( sulphuric acid /rong1 nor enl>g+ ! size ( ! z9c & plat9a plates imm]s$ 9 x1 increase ! p[]2 b if to a weak sulphuric acid a v little nitric acid 0 add$1 !n ! electricity evolv$ _h p[] to decompose ! muriatic acid1 evolv+ *lor9e at ! anode & hydrog5 at ! ca?ode1 ev5 :5 m]e wires ( metals 7 us$4 ,?is mode ( increas+ ! int5sity ( ! electric curr5t1 z x excludes ! effect dep5d5t ^u _m pairs ( plates1 or ev5 ! effect ( mak+ any "o acid /rong] or weak]1 is at once ref]able to ! condition & =ce ( ! *emical aff9ities :i* are br\ght into action1 & may1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & practice1 be consid]$ z p]fectly di/9ct f any o!r mode4 #iji4 ,! direct ref]5ce :i* is ?us exp]im5tally made 9 ! simple voltaic circle ( ! int5sity ( ! electric curr5t to ! int5sity ( ! *emical action go+ on at ! place :]e ! exi/5ce & direction ( ! curr5t is det]m9$1 leads to ! conclusion t by us+ select$ bodies1 z fus$ *lorides1 salts1 solutions ( acids1 c41 :i* may act ^u ! metals employ$ ) diff]5t degrees ( *emical =ce2 & us+ also metals 9 association ) plat9a1 or ) ea* o!r1 :i* %all diff] 9 ! degree ( *emical action ex]t$ betwe5 !m & ! excit+ fluid or electrolyte1 we %all be able to obta9 a s]ies ( comp>atively con/ant effects due to electric curr5ts ( diff]5t int5sities1 :i* w s]ve to assi/ 9 ! con/ruction ( a scale compet5t to supply ! means ( det]m9+ relative degrees ( int5sity ) accuracy 9 future rese>*es,a4 ,a ,9 relation to ?is diff]5ce & its probable cause1 see consid]ations on inductive pol>ization1 #aced1 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #iaj4 ,i h already express$ ! view :i* ,i take ( ! decomposition 9 ! exp]im5tal place1 z be+ ! direct consequ5ce ( ! sup]ior ex]tion at "s o!r spot ( ! same k9d ( p[] z t to be ov]come1 & !re=e z ! result ( an antagonism ( =ces ( ! same nature 7#hia4 #ijd474 ,^? at ! place ( decomposition h a re-action ^u1 & a p[] ov]1 ! ex]t+ or det]m9+ set proportionate to :at is ne$ful to ov]come _! own p[]2 & h5ce a curi\s result ( resi/ance (f]$ by decompositions to ! orig9al det]m9+ =ce1 & consequ5tly to ! curr5t4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! cases :]e su* bodies z *loride ( lead1 iodide ( lead1 & wat] w\ld n decompose ) ! curr5t produc$ by a s+le pair ( z9c & plat9a plates 9 sulphuric acid 7#ijc471 al?\gh !y w\ld ) a curr5t ( high] int5sity produc$ by /rong] *emical p[]s4 ,9 su* cases no s5sible portion ( ! curr5t passes 7#ifg472 ! action is /opp$2 & ,i am n[ ( op9ion t 9 ! case ( ! law ( conduction :i* ,i describ$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#dac471 ! bodies :i* are electrolytes 9 ! fluid /ate cease to be su* 9 ! solid =m1 because ! attractions ( ! p>ticles by :i* !y are reta9$ 9 comb9ation & 9 _! relative position1 are !n too p[]ful = ! electric curr5t,a4 ,! p>ticles reta9 _! places2 & z decomposition is prev5t$1 ! transmission ( ! electricity is prev5t$ also2 & al?\gh a batt]y ( _m plates may be us$1 yet if x be ( t p]fect k9d :i* all[s ( no extrane\s or indirect action 7#ajjj471 ! :ole ( ! aff9ities conc]n$ 9 ! activity ( t batt]y are at ! same "t also susp5d$ & c\nt]act$4 ,a ,ref] onw>ds to #agje4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #iaa4 ,b ref]r+ to ! resi/ance ( ea* s+le case ( decomposition1 x w\ld appe> t z ^! diff] 9 =ce accord+ to ! aff9ities by :i* ! elem5ts 9 ! sub/ance t5d to reta9 _! places1 !y also w\ld supply cases con/itut+ a s]ies ( degrees by :i* to measure ! initial int5sities ( simple voltaic or o!r curr5ts ( electricity1 & :i*1 comb9$ ) ! scale ( int5sities det]m9$ by diff]5t degrees ( act+ =ce 7#iji471 w\ld probably include a suffici5t set ( diff]5ces to meet almo/ e important case :]e a ref]5ce to int5sity w\ld be requir$4 #iab4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ,i h already _h occasion to make1 ,i f9d t ! foll[+ bodies are electrolytic 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ,i h plac$ !m1 ^? :i* are fir/ be+ decompos$ by ! curr5t ( l[e/ int5sity4 ,^! curr5ts 7 always f a s+le pair ( plates1 & may be consid]$ z elem5t>y voltaic =ces4 ,iodide ( potassium 7solution74 ,*loride ( silv] 7fus$74 ,proto*loride ( t9 7fus$74 ,*loride ( lead 7fus$74 ,iodide ( lead 7fus$74 ,muriatic acid 7solution74 ,wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 #iac4 ,x is ess5tial t1 9 all endeav\rs to obta9 ! relative electrolytic int5sity necess>y = ! decomposition ( diff]5t bodies1 att5tion %\ld be paid to ! nature ( ! electrodes & ! o!r bodies pres5t :i* may fav\r second>y actions 7#ihf474 ,if 9 electro-decomposition "o ( ! elem5ts sep>at$ has an aff9ity = ! electrode1 or = bodies pres5t 9 ! surr\nd+ fluid1 !n ! aff9ity resi/+ decomposition is 9 "p balanc$ by su* p[]1 & ! true place ( ! electrolyte 9 a table ( ! above k9d is n obta9$3 ?us1 *lor9e comb9es ) a positive plat9a electrode freely1 b iod9e sc>cely at all1 & !re=e ,i believe x is t ! fus$ *lorides /& fir/ 9 ! prec$+ ,table4 ,aga91 if 9 ! decomposition ( wat] n m]ely sulphuric b also a little nitric acid be pres5t1 !n ! wat] is m freely decompos$1 = ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode is n ultimately expell$1 b f9ds oxyg5 9 ! nitric acid1 ) :i* x c comb9e to produce a second>y result2 ! aff9ities oppos+ decomposition are 9 ?is way dim9i%$1 & ! elem5ts ( ! wat] c !n be sep>at$ by a curr5t ( l[] int5sity4 #iad4 ,advantage may be tak5 ( ?is pr9ciple to int]polate m m9ute degrees into ! scale ( initial int5sities already ref]r$ to 7#iji4 #iaa47 ?an is !re spok5 (2 = by comb9+ ! =ce ( a curr5t con/ant 9 its int5sity1 ) ! use ( electrodes consi/+ ( matt]1 hav+ m or less aff9ity = ! elem5ts evolv$ f ! decompos+ electrolyte1 v>i\s int]m$iate degrees may be obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 #iae4 ,return+ to ! consid]ation ( ! s\rce ( electricity 7#hgh4 c471 !re is ano!r pro( ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d t metallic contact has no?+ to d ) ! production ( electricity 9 ! voltaic circuit1 & fur!r1 t electricity is only ano!r mode ( ! ex]tion ( *emical =ces4 ,x is1 ! production ( ! electric sp>k be=e any contact ( metals is made1 & by ! ex]tion ( pure & unmix$ *emical =ces4 ,! exp]im5t1 :i* w be describ$ fur!r on 7#ief471 consi/s 9 obta9+ ! sp>k ^u mak+ contact betwe5 a plate ( z9c & a plate ( copp] plung$ into dilute sulphuric acid4 ,9 ord] to make ! arrangem5t z elem5t>y z possible1 m]curial surfaces 7 dismiss$1 & ! contact made by a copp] wire connect$ ) ! copp] plate1 & !n br\ght to t\* a clean "p ( ! z9c plate4 ,! electric sp>k appe>$1 & x mu/ ( necessity h exi/$ & pass$ be=e ! z9c & ! copp] 7 9 contact4 #iaf4 ,9 ord] to r5d] m di/9ct ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 ,i w re/ate !m 9 _! simple/ =m1 accord+ to my pres5t belief4 ,! electricity ( ! voltaic pile 7#hef4 note7 is n dep5d5t ei!r 9 its orig9 or its cont9uance ^u ! contact ( ! metals ) ea* o!r 7#hhj4 #iae474 ,x is entirely due to *emical action 7#hhb471 & is proportionate 9 its int5sity to ! int5sity ( ! aff9ities conc]n$ 9 its production 7#ijh472 & 9 its quantity to ! quantity ( matt] :i* has be5 *emically active dur+ its evolution 7#hfi474 ,?is def9ite production is aga9 "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s t ! electricity is ( *emical orig94 #iag4 ,z volta-electro-g5]ation is a case ( m]e *emical action1 s volta-electro-decomposition is simply a case ( ! prepond]ance ( "o set ( *emical aff9ities m p[]ful 9 _! nature1 ov] ano!r set :i* are less p[]ful3 & if ! in/ance ( two oppos+ sets ( su* =ces 7#hia47 be consid]$1 & _! mutual relation & dep5d5ce borne 9 m9d1 !re appe>s no necessity = us+1 9 respect to su* cases1 any o!r t]m ?an *emical aff9ity1 7?\gh t ( electricity may be v conv5i5t17 or suppos+ any new ag5t to be conc]n$ 9 produc+ ! results2 = we may consid] t ! p[]s at ! two places ( action are 9 direct communion & balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! metals 7#hia471 fig4 #gf1 9 a mann] analog\s to t 9 :i* me*anical =ces are balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r by ! int]v5tion ( ! lev] 7#ajca474 #iah4 ,all ! facts %[ u t t p[] commonly call$ *emical aff9ity1 c be communicat$ to a di/ance ?r\gh ! metals & c]ta9 =ms ( c>bon2 t ! electric curr5t is only ano!r =m ( ! =ces ( *emical aff9ity2 t its p[] is 9 proportion to ! *emical aff9ities produc+ x2 t :5 x is defici5t 9 =ce x may be help$ by call+ 9 *emical aid1 ! want 9 ! =m] be+ made up by an equival5t ( ! latt]2 t1 9 o!r words1 ! =ces t]m$ *emical aff9ity & electricity are "o & ! same4 #iai4 ,:5 ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! production ( electricity 9 ! ord9>y voltaic circuit are exam9$ & comp>$1 x appe>s t ! s\rce ( t ag5t1 always mean+ ! electricity :i* circulates & completes ! curr5t 9 ! voltaic app>atus1 & gives t app>atus p[] & "* 7#idg4 #iif471 exi/s 9 ! *emical action :i* takes place directly betwe5 ! metal & ! body ) :i* x comb9es1 & n at all 9 ! subsequ5t action ( ! sub/ance s produc$ ) ! acid pres5t,a4 ,?us1 :5 z9c1 plat9a1 & dilute sulphuric acid are us$1 x is ! union ( ! z9c ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] :i* det]m9es ! curr5t2 & ?\gh ! acid is ess5tial to ! removal ( ! oxide s =m$1 9 ord] t ano!r portion ( z9c may act on ano!r portion ( wat]1 x does n1 by comb9ation ) t oxide1 produce any s5sible portion ( ! curr5t ( electricity :i* circulates2 = ! quantity ( electricity is dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( z9c oxidiz$1 & 9 def9ite proportion to x3 its int5sity is 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! *emical aff9ity ( ! z9c = ! oxyg5 "u ! circum/ances1 & is sc>cely1 if at all1 affect$ by ! use ( ei!r /rong or weak acid 7#ijh474 ,a ,wolla/on1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahja1 p4 #dbg4 #ibj4 ,aga91 if z9c1 plat9a1 & muriatic acid are us$1 ! electricity appe>s to be dep5d5t ^u ! aff9ity ( ! z9c = ! *lor9e1 & to be circulat$ 9 exact proportion to ! numb] ( p>ticles ( z9c & *lor9e :i* unite1 be+ 9 fact an equival5t to !m4 #iba4 ,b 9 consid]+ ?is oxidation1 or o!r direct action ^u ! ,,metal itself1 z ! cause & s\rce ( ! electric curr5t1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to obs]ve t ! oxyg5 or o!r body mu/ be 9 a peculi> condition1 namely1 9 ! /ate ( comb9ation2 & n only s1 b limit$ /ill fur!r to su* a /ate ( comb9ation & 9 su* proportions z w con/itute an electrolyte 7#hbc474 ,a pair ( z9c & plat9a plates _c be s arrang$ 9 oxyg5 gas z to produce a curr5t ( electricity1 or act z a voltaic circle1 ev5 ?\gh ! temp]ature may be rais$ s high z to cause oxidation ( ! z9c f> m rapidly ?an if ! pair ( plates 7 plung$ into dilute sulphuric acid2 = ! oxyg5 is n "p ( an electrolyte1 & _c !re=e conduct ! =ces onw>ds by decomposition1 or ev5 z metals d by itself4 ,or if its gase\s /ate emb>rass ! m9ds ( "s1 !n liquid *lor9e may be tak54 ,x does n excite a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! two plates by comb9+ ) ! z9c1 = its p>ticles _c transf] ! electricity active at ! po9t ( comb9ation across to ! plat9a4 ,x is n a conductor ( itself1 l ! metals2 nor is x an electrolyte1 s z to be capable ( conduction dur+ decomposition1 & h5ce !re is simple *emical action at ! spot1 & no electric curr5t,a4 ,a ,i d n mean to affirm t no traces ( electricity ev] appe> 9 su* cases4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t no electricity is evolv$ 9 any way1 due or relat$ to ! causes :i* excite voltaic electricity1 or proportionate to !m4 ,t :i* does appe> occasionally is ! smalle/ possible fraction ( t :i* ! act+ matt] c\ld produce if arrang$ s z to act voltaically1 probably n ! "o hundr$ ?\s&?1 or ev5 ! million? "p1 & is v probably altoge!r diff]5t 9 its s\rce4 #ibb4 ,x might at fir/ be suppos$ t a conduct+ body n electrolytic1 might answ] z ! ?ird sub/ance betwe5 ! z9c & ! plat9a2 & x is true t we h "s su* capable ( ex]t+ *emical action ^u ! metals4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 be *os5 f ! metals !mselves1 = !re are no bodies ( ?is k9d except ^? sub/ances & *>coal4 ,to decide ! matt] by exp]im5t1 ,i made ! foll[+ arrangem5t4 ,melt$ t9 0 put into a glass tube b5t into ! =m ( ! lett] ,v1 fig4 #gh1 s z to fill ! half ( ea* limb1 & two pieces ( ?ick plat9a wire1 p1 w1 ins]t$1 s z to h _! ends imm]s$ "s dep? 9 ! t93 ! :ole 0 !n all[$ to cool1 & ! ends p & w connect$ ) a delicate galvanomet]4 ,! "p ( ! tube at x 0 n[ reheat$1 :il/ ! portion y 0 reta9$ cool4 ,! galvanomet] 0 imm$iately influ5c$ by ! !rmo-electric curr5t produc$4 ,! heat 0 /eadily increas$ at x1 until at la/ ! t9 & plat9a comb9$ !re2 an effect :i* is kn[n to take place ) /rong *emical action & high ignition2 b n ! slighte/ additional effect occurr$ at ! galvanomet]4 ,no o!r deflection ?an t due to ! !rmo-electric curr5t 0 obs]vable ! :ole "t4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh a conductor1 & "o capable ( ex]t+ *emical action on ! t91 0 us$1 yet1 n be+ an electrolyte1 n ! slighte/ effect ( an electrical curr5t c\ld be obs]v$ 7#idg474 #ibc4 ,f ?is x seems app>5t t ! peculi> "* & condition ( an electrolyte is ess5tial 9 "o "p ( ! voltaic circuit2 & its nature be+ consid]$1 good reasons appe> :y x & x alone %\ld be effectual4 ,an electrolyte is always a comp\nd body3 x c conduct1 b only :il/ decompos+4 ,its conduction dep5ds ^u its decomposition & ! transmission ( its p>ticles 9 directions p>allel to ! curr5t2 & s intimate is ?is connexion1 t if _! transition be /opp$1 ! curr5t is /opp$ also2 if _! c\rse be *ang$1 its c\rse & direction *ange ) !m2 if !y proce$ 9 "o direction1 x has no p[] to proce$ 9 any o!r ?an a direction inv>iably dep5d5t on !m4 ,! p>ticles ( an electrolytic body are all s mutually connect$1 are 9 su* relation ) ea* o!r ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 t if ! la/ is n dispos$ (1 ! fir/ is n at lib]ty to take up its place 9 ! new comb9ation :i* ! p[]ful aff9ity ( ! mo/ active metal t5ds to produce2 & !n ! curr5t itself is /opp$2 = ! dep5d5cies ( ! curr5t & ! decomposition are s mutual1 t :i*soev] be orig9ally det]m9$1 i4e4 ! motion ( ! p>ticles or ! motion ( ! curr5t1 ! o!r is inv>iable 9 its concomitant production & its relation to x4 #ibd4 ,consid]1 !n1 wat] z an electrolyte & also z an oxidiz+ body4 ,! attraction ( ! z9c = ! oxyg5 is great]1 "u ! circum/ances1 ?an t ( ! oxyg5 = ! hydrog52 b 9 comb9+ ) x1 x t5ds to ?r[ into circulation a curr5t ( electricity 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,?is direction is consi/5t 7z is f\nd by innum]able exp]im5ts7 ) ! transf] ( ! hydrog5 f ! z9c t[>ds ! plat9a1 & ! transf] 9 ! opposite direction ( fre% oxyg5 f ! plat9a t[>ds ! z9c2 s t ! curr5t c pass 9 t "o l9e1 &1 :il/ x passes1 c consi/ ) & fav\r ! r5ewal ( ! conditions ^u ! surface ( ! z9c1 :i* at fir/ det]m9$ bo? ! comb9ation & circulation4 ,h5ce ! cont9uance ( ! action !re1 & ! cont9uation ( ! curr5t4 ,x !re=e appe>s q z ess5tial t !re %\ld be an electrolyte 9 ! circuit1 9 ord] t ! action may be transf]r$ =w>d1 9 a c]ta9 con/ant direction1 z t !re %\ld be an oxidiz+ or o!r body capable ( act+ directly on ! metal2 & x also appe>s to be ess5tial t ^! two %\ld m]ge into "o1 or t ! pr9ciple directly active on ! metal by *emical action %\ld be "o ( ! ions ( ! electrolyte us$4 ,:e!r ! voltaic arrangem5t be excit$ by solution ( acids1 or alkalies1 or sulphurets1 or by fus$ sub/ances 7#dgf471 ?is pr9ciple has always hi!rto1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 an anion 7#idc472 & ,i anticipate1 f a consid]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( electric action1 t x mu/ ( necessity be "o ( t class ( bodies4 #ibe4 ,if ! action ( ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! voltaic circuit be consid]$1 x w be f\nd incompet5t to produce any s5sible portion ( ! electricity ( ! curr5t by its comb9ation ) ! oxide =m$1 = ?is simple reason1 x is defici5t 9 a mo/ ess5tial condition3 x =ms no "p ( an electrolyte1 nor is x 9 relation ) any o!r body pres5t 9 ! solution :i* w p]mit ( ! mutual transf] ( ! p>ticles & ! consequ5t transf] ( ! electricity4 ,x is true1 t z ! plane at :i* ! acid is dissolv+ ! oxide ( z9c =m$ by ! action ( ! wat]1 is 9 contact ) ! metal z9c1 !re seems no difficulty 9 consid]+ h[ ! oxide !re c\ld communicate an electrical /ate1 proportionate to its own *emical action on ! acid1 to ! metal1 :i* is a conductor )\t decomposition4 ,b on ! side ( ! acid !re is no sub/ance to complete ! circuit3 ! wat]1 z wat]1 _c conduct x1 or at lea/ only s small a proportion t x is m]ely an incid5tal & almo/ inappreciable effect 7#igj472 & x _c conduct x z an electrolyte1 because an electrolyte conducts 9 consequ5ce ( ! mutual relation & action ( its p>ticles2 & nei!r ( ! elem5ts ( ! wat]1 nor ev5 ! wat] itself1 z f> z we c p]ceive1 are ions ) respect to ! sulphuric acid 7#hdh47;,a4 ,a ,x w be se5 t ,i "h agree ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o has exp]im5tally support$ ! op9ion t acids & alkalies 9 comb9+ d n produce any curr5t ( electricity4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #cih4 #ibf4 ,?is view ( ! second>y "* ( ! sulphuric acid z an ag5t 9 ! production ( ! voltaic curr5t1 is fur!r confirm$ by ! fact1 t ! curr5t g5]at$ & transmitt$ is directly & exactly proportional to ! quantity ( wat] decompos$ & ! quantity ( z9c oxidiz$ 7#hfh4 #iia471 & is ! same z t requir$ to decompose ! same quantity ( wat]4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! decomposition ( ! wat] %[s t ! electricity has pass$ by its means1 !re rema9s no o!r electricity to be acc\nt$ = or to be ref]r$ to any action o!r ?an t ( ! z9c & ! wat] on ea* o!r4 #ibg4 ,! g5]al case 7= x includes ! =m] "o 7#ibd4717 ( acids & bases1 may !oretically be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,let a1 fig4 #gi1 be suppos$ to be a dry oxacid1 & b a dry base1 9 contact at c1 & 9 electric communication at _! extremities by plates ( plat9a pp1 & a plat9a wire w4 ,if ?is acid & base 7 fluid1 & comb9ation took place at c1 ) an aff9ity ev] s vigor\s1 & capable ( orig9at+ an electric curr5t1 ! curr5t c\ld n circulate 9 any important degree2 because1 accord+ to ! exp]im5tal results1 nei!r a nor b c\ld conduct )\t be+ decompos$1 = !y are ei!r electrolytes or else insulators1 "u all circum/ances1 except to v feeble & unimportant curr5ts 7#igj4 #ihf474 ,n[ ! aff9ities at c are n su* z t5d to cause ! elem5ts ei!r ( a or b to sep>ate1 b only su* z w\ld make ! two bodies comb9e toge!r z a :ole2 ! po9t ( action is1 !re=e1 insulat$1 ! action itself local 7#iba4 #idg471 & no curr5t c be =m$4 #ibh4 ,if ! acid & base be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !n x is possible t a small portion ( ! electricity due to *emical action may be conduct$ by ! wat] )\t decomposition 7#iff4 #ihd472 b ! quantity w be s small z to be utt]ly disproportionate to t due to ! equival5ts ( *emical =ce2 w be m]ely incid5tal2 &1 z x does n involve ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! voltaic pile1 x =ms no "p ( ! ph5om5a at pres5t "u inve/igation,a4 ,a ,x w ,i tru/ be fully und]/ood1 t 9 ^! inve/igations ,i am n pr(ess+ to take an acc\nt ( e small1 incid5tal1 or b>ely possible effect1 dep5d5t ^u slight di/urbances ( ! electric fluid dur+ *emical action1 b am seek+ to di/+ui% & id5tify ^? actions on :i* ! p[] ( ! voltaic batt]y ess5tially dep5ds4 #ibi4 ,if = ! oxacid a hydracid be sub/itut$ 7#ibg471--;z "o analog\s to ! muriatic1 = in/ance1--!n ! /ate ( ?+s *anges altoge!r1 & a curr5t due to ! *emical action ( ! acid on ! base is possible4 ,b n[ bo? ! bodies act z electrolytes1 = x is only "o pr9ciple ( ea* :i* comb9e mutually1--z1 = in/ance1 ! *lor9e ) ! metal1--& ! hydrog5 ( ! acid & ! oxyg5 ( ! base are ready to trav]se ) ! *lor9e ( ! acid & ! metal ( ! base 9 con=mity ) ! curr5t & accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciples already s fully laid d[n4 #icj4 ,?is view ( ! oxidation ( ! metal1 or o!r direct *emical action ^u x1 be+ ! sole cause ( ! production ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! ord9>y voltaic pile1 is support$ by ! effects :i* take place :5 alkal9e or sulphurett$ solutions 7#ica4 #idc47 are us$ = ! electrolytic conductor in/ead ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x 0 9 elucidation ( ?is po9t t ! exp]im5ts )\t metallic contact1 & ) solution ( alkali z ! excit+ fluid1 already ref]r$ to 7#hhd471 7 made4 #ica4 ,advantage 0 !n tak5 ( ! m fav\rable condition (f]$1 :5 metallic contact is all[$ 7#hie471 & ! exp]im5ts ^u ! decomposition ( bodies by a s+le pair ( plates 7#hii47 7 repeat$1 solution ( cau/ic potassa be+ employ$ 9 ! vessel v1 fig4 #gg4 9 place ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,all ! effects occurr$ z be=e3 ! galvanomet] 0 deflect$2 ! decompositions ( ! solutions ( iodide ( potassium1 nitrate ( silv]1 muriatic acid1 & sulphate ( soda ensu$ at x2 & ! places :]e ! evolv$ pr9ciples appe>$1 z well z ! deflection ( ! galvanomet]1 indicat$ a curr5t 9 ! same direction z :5 acid 0 9 ! vessel v2 i4e4 f ! z9c ?r\gh ! solution to ! plat9a1 & back by ! galvanomet] & sub/ance suff]+ decomposition to ! z9c4 #icb4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! action ( ei!r dilute sulphuric acid or potassa goes inde$ f> beyond ?is1 ev5 to ! pro( ( id5tity 9 quantity z well z 9 direction ( ! electricity produc$4 ,if a plate ( amalgamat$ z9c be put into a solution ( potassa1 x is n s5sibly act$ ^u2 b if t\*$ 9 ! solution by a plate ( plat9a1 hydrog5 is evolv$ on ! surface ( ! latt] metal1 & ! z9c is oxidiz$ exactly z :5 imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid 7#hfc474 ,i accord+ly repeat$ ! exp]im5t be=e describ$ ) weigh$ plates ( z9c 7#hfd4 c471 us+ h[ev] solution ( potassa in/ead ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,al?\gh ! "t requir$ 0 mu* long] ?an :5 acid 0 us$1 am\nt+ to ?ree h\rs = ! oxidizem5t ( #g4ee gra9s ( z9c1 /ill ,i f\nd t ! hydrog5 evolv$ at ! plat9a plate 0 ! equival5t ( ! metal oxidiz$ at ! surface ( ! z9c4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! reason+ :i* 0 applicable 9 ! =m] in/ance applies also "h1 ! curr5t be+ 9 ! same direction1 & its decompos+ effect 9 ! same degree1 z if acid in/ead ( alkali _h be5 us$ 7#hfh474 #icc4 ,! pro(1 !re=e1 appe>s to me complete1 t ! comb9ation ( ! acid ) ! oxide1 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 _h no?+ to d ) ! production ( ! electric curr5t2 = ! same curr5t is "h produc$ :5 ! action ( ! acid is abs5t1 & ! rev]se action ( an alkali is pres5t4 ,i ?9k x _c be suppos$ = a mom5t1 t ! alkali act$ *emically z an acid to ! oxide =m$2 on ! contr>y1 our g5]al *emical k leads to ! conclusion1 t ! ord9>y metallic oxides act r z acids to ! alkalies2 yet t k9d ( action w\ld t5d to give a rev]se curr5t 9 ! pres5t case1 if any 7 due to ! union ( ! oxide ( ! excit+ metal ) ! body :i* comb9es ) x4 ,b in/ead ( any v>iation ( ?is sort1 ! direction ( ! electricity 0 con/ant1 & its quantity also directly proportional to ! wat] decompos$1 or ! z9c oxidiz$4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t acids & alkalies1 :5 9 contact ) metals ^u :i* !y _c act directly1 /ill h a p[] ( influ5c+ _! attractions = oxyg5 7#ida472 b all ! effects 9 ^! exp]im5ts prove1 ,i ?9k1 t x is ! oxidation ( ! metal necess>ily dep5d5t ^u1 & associat$ z x is )1 ! electrolyzation ( ! wat] 7#iba4 #ibc47 t produces ! curr5t2 & t ! acid or alkali m]ely acts z solv5ts1 & by remov+ ! oxidiz$ z9c1 all[s o!r portions to decompose fre% wat]1 & s cont9ues ! evolution or det]m9ation ( ! curr5t4 #icd4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 !n v>i$ by us+ solution ( ammonia in/ead ( solution ( potassa2 & z x1 :5 pure1 is l wat]1 a bad conductor 7#eed471 x 0 occasionally improv$ 9 t p[] by add+ sulphate ( ammonia to x4 ,b 9 all ! cases ! results 7 ! same z be=e2 decompositions ( ! same k9d 7 effect$1 & ! electric curr5t produc+ ^! 0 9 ! same direction z 9 ! exp]im5ts j describ$4 #ice4 ,9 ord] to put ! equal & simil> action ( acid & alkali to /rong] pro(1 arrangem5ts 7 made z 9 fig4 #hj42 ! glass vessel ,a conta9$ dilute sulphuric acid1 ! correspond+ glass vessel ,b solution ( potassa1 ,,pp 0 a plate ( plat9a dipp+ into bo? solutions1 & ,,zz two plates ( amalgamat$ z9c connect$ ) a delicate galvanomet]4 ,:5 ^! 7 plung$ at ! same "t into ! two vessels1 !re 0 g5]ally a fir/ feeble effect1 & t 9 fav\r ( ! alkali1 i4e4 ! electric curr5t t5d$ to pass ?r\gh ! vessels 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 be+ ! rev]se direction ( t :i* ! acid 9 ,a w\ld h produc$ alone3 b ! effect in/antly ceas$1 & ! action ( ! plates 9 ! vessels 0 s equal1 t1 be+ contr>y because ( ! contr>y position ( ! plates1 no p]man5t curr5t result$4 #icf4 ,occasionally a z9c plate 0 sub/itut$ = ! plate ,,pp1 & plat9a plates = ! plates ,,zz2 b ?is caus$ no diff]5ce 9 ! results3 nor did a fur!r *ange ( ! middle plate to copp] produce any alt]ation4 #icg4 ,z ! opposition ( electro-motive pairs ( plates produces results o!r ?an ^? due to ! m]e diff]5ce ( _! indep5d5t actions 7#ajaa4 #ajde471 ,i devis$ ano!r =m ( app>atus1 9 :i* ! action ( acid & alkali might be m directly comp>$4 ,a cyl9drical glass cup1 ab\t two in*es deep )91 an in* 9 int]nal diamet]1 & at lea/ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 0 cut d[n ! middle into halves1 fig4 #ha4 ,a broad brass r+1 l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! cup1 0 suppli$ ) a screw at "o side2 s t :5 ! two halves ( ! cup 7 )9 ! r+1 & ! screw 0 made to press tightly aga9/ ! glass1 ! cup held any fluid put into x4 ,bibul\s pap] ( diff]5t degrees ( p]meability 0 !n cut into pieces ( su* a size z to be easily introduc$ betwe5 ! loos5$ halves ( ! cup1 & s]v$ :5 ! latt] 7 tight5$ aga9 to =m a por\s division d[n ! middle ( ! cup1 suffici5t to keep any two fluids on opposite sides ( ! pap] f m+l+1 except v sl[ly1 & yet all[+ !m to act freely z "o electrolyte4 ,! two spaces ?us produc$ ,i w call ! cells ,a & ,b1 fig4 #hb4 ,?is in/rum5t ,i h f\nd ( mo/ g5]al application 9 ! inve/igation ( ! relation ( fluids & metals among/ !mselves & to ea* o!r4 ,by comb9+ its use ) t ( ! galvanomet]1 x is easy to asc]ta9 ! relation ( "o metal ) two fluids1 or ( two metals ) "o fluid1 or ( two metals & two fluids ^u ea* o!r4 #ich4 ,dilute sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #a4be1 0 put into ! cell ,a1 & a /rong solution ( cau/ic potassa into ! cell ,b2 !y m+l$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! pap]1 & at la/ a ?ick cru/ ( sulphate ( potassa =m$ on ! side ( ! pap] next to ! alkali4 ,a plate ( clean plat9a 0 put into ea* cell & connect$ ) a delicate galvanomet]1 b no electric curr5t c\ld be obs]v$4 ,h5ce ! contact ( acid ) "o plat9a plate1 & alkali ) ! o!r1 0 unable to produce a curr5t2 nor 0 ! comb9ation ( ! acid ) ! alkali m effectual 7#ibe474 #ici4 ,:5 "o ( ! plat9a plates 0 remov$ & a z9c plate sub/itut$1 ei!r amalgamat$ or n1 a /rong electric curr5t 0 produc$4 ,b1 :e!r ! z9c 7 9 ! acid :il/ ! plat9a 0 9 ! alkali1 or :e!r ! rev]se ord] 7 *os51 ! electric curr5t 0 always f ! z9c ?r\gh ! electrolyte to ! plat9a1 & back ?r\gh ! galvanomet] to ! z9c1 ! curr5t seem+ to be /ronge/ :5 ! z9c 0 9 ! alkali & ! plat9a 9 ! acid4 #idj4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 ! acid seems to h no p[] ov] ! alkali1 b to be r inf]ior to x 9 =ce4 ,h5ce !re is no reason to suppose t ! comb9ation ( ! oxide =m$ ) ! acid ar\nd x has any direct influ5ce 9 produc+ ! electricity evolv$1 ! :ole ( :i* appe>s to be due to ! oxidation ( ! metal 7#iai474 #ida4 ,! alkali1 9 fact1 is sup]ior to ! acid 9 br++ a metal into :at is call$ ! positive /ate2 = if plates ( ! same metal1 z z9c1 t91 lead1 or copp]1 be us$ bo? 9 ! acid or alkali1 ! electric curr5t is f ! alkali across ! cell to ! acid1 & back ?r\gh ! galvanomet] to ! alkali1 z ,sir ,humphry ,davy =m]ly /at$ ,a4 ,?is curr5t is s p[]ful1 t if amalgamat$ z9c1 or t91 or lead be us$1 ! metal 9 ! acid evolves hydrog5 ! mom5t x is plac$ 9 communication ) t 9 ! alkali1 n f any direct action ( ! acid ^u x1 = if ! contact be brok5 ! action ceases1 b because x is p[]fully negative ) reg>d to ! metal 9 ! alkali4 ,a ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #adi2 or ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #djc4 #idb4 ,! sup]iority ( alkali is fur!r prov$ by ?is1 t if z9c & t9 be us$1 or t9 & lead1 :i*soev] metal is put into ! alkali becomes positive1 t 9 ! acid be+ negative4 ,:i*soev] is 9 ! alkali is oxidiz$1 :il/ t 9 ! acid rema9s 9 ! metallic /ate1 z f> z ! electric curr5t is conc]n$4 #idc4 ,:5 sulphurett$ solutions are us$ 7#icj47 9 illu/ration ( ! ass]tion1 t x is ! *emical action ( ! metal & "o ( ! ions ( ! associat$ electrolyte t produces all ! electricity ( ! voltaic circuit1 ! pro(s are /ill ! same4 ,?us1 z ,sir ,humphry ,davy,a has %[n1 if iron & copp] be plung$ into dilute acid1 ! curr5t is f ! iron ?r\gh ! liquid to ! copp]2 9 solution ( potassa x is 9 ! same direction1 b 9 solution ( sulphuret ( potassa x is rev]s$4 ,9 ! two fir/ cases x is oxyg5 :i* comb9es ) ! iron1 9 ! latt] sulphur :i* comb9es ) ! copp]1 t produces ! electric curr5t2 b bo? ( ^! are ions1 exi/+ z su* 9 ! electrolyte1 :i* is at ! same mom5t suff]+ decomposition2 &1 :at is m1 bo? ( ^! are anions1 = !y leave ! electrolytes at _! anodes1 & act j z *lor9e1 iod9e1 or any o!r anion w\ld act :i* might h be5 previ\sly *os5 z t :i* %\ld be us$ to ?r[ ! voltaic circle into activity4 ,a ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #adh4 #idd4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts complete ! s]ies ( pro(s ( ! orig9 ( ! electricity 9 ! voltaic pile4 ,a fluid amalgam ( potassium1 conta9+ n m ?an a hundr$? ( t metal1 0 put into pure wat]1 & connect$1 ?r\gh ! galvanomet] ) a plate ( plat9a 9 ! same wat]4 ,!re 0 imm$iately an electric curr5t f ! amalgam ?r\gh ! electrolyte to ! plat9a4 ,?is mu/ h be5 due to ! oxidation only ( ! metal1 = !re 0 nei!r acid nor alkali to comb9e )1 or 9 any way act on1 ! body produc$4 #ide4 ,aga91 a plate ( clean lead & a plate ( plat9a 7 put into pure wat]4 ,!re 0 imm$iately a p[]ful curr5t produc$ f ! lead ?r\gh ! fluid to ! plat9a3 x 0 ev5 int5se en\gh to decompose solution ( ! iodide ( potassium :5 introduc$ into ! circuit 9 ! =m ( app>atus already describ$ 7#hhj471 fig4 #gc4 ,"h no action ( acid or alkali on ! oxide =m$ f ! lead c\ld supply ! electricity3 x 0 due solely to ! oxidation ( ! metal4 99 99 99 99 99 #idf4 ,!re is no po9t 9 electrical sci5ce :i* seems to me ( m importance ?an ! /ate ( ! metals & ! electrolytic conductor 9 a simple voltaic circuit be=e & at ! mom5t :5 metallic contact is fir/ complet$4 ,if cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i feel no d\bt x w\ld supply u ) a direct key to ! laws "u :i* ! great v>iety ( voltaic excitem5ts1 direct & incid5tal1 occur1 & op5 out new fields ( rese>* = our inve/igation,a4 ,a ,9 connexion ) ?is "p ( ! subject ref] n[ to ,s]ies ,,xi4 #aafd1 ,s]ies ,,xii4 #acdc-aceh1 & ,s]ies ,,xiii4 #afba4 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #idg4 ,we seem to h ! p[] ( decid+ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 num]\s cases ( *emical aff9ity1 7z ( z9c ) ! oxyg5 ( wat]1 c4 c47 :i* ( two modes ( action ( ! attractive p[] %all be ex]t$ 7#iif474 ,9 ! "o mode we c transf] ! p[] onw>ds1 & make x produce else:]e its equival5t ( action 7#hfg4 #iag472 9 ! o!r1 x is n transf]r$1 b ex]t$ :olly at ! spot4 ,! fir/ is ! case ( volta-electric excitation1 ! o!r ord9>y *emical aff9ity3 b bo? are *emical actions & due to "o =ce or pr9ciple4 #idh4 ,! g5]al circum/ances ( ! =m] mode occur 9 all in/ances ( voltaic curr5ts1 b may be consid]$ z 9 _! p]fect condition1 & !n free f ^? ( ! second mode1 9 "s only ( ! cases2 z 9 ^? ( plates ( z9c & plat9a 9 solution ( potassa1 or ( amalgamat$ z9c & plat9a 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 #idi4 ,assum+ x suffici5tly prov$1 by ! prec$+ exp]im5ts & consid]ations1 t ! electro-motive action dep5ds1 :5 z9c1 plat9a1 & dilute sulphuric acid are us$1 ^u ! mutual aff9ity ( ! metal z9c & ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] 7#iba4 #ibd471 x w\ld appe> t ! metal1 :5 alone1 has n p[] en\gh1 "u ! circum/ances1 to take ! oxyg5 & expel ! hydrog5 f ! wat]2 =1 9 fact1 no su* action takes place4 ,b x w\ld also appe> t x has p[] s f> to act1 by its attraction = ! oxyg5 ( ! p>ticles 9 contact ) x1 z to place ! simil> =ces already active betwe5 ^! & ! o!r p>ticles ( oxyg5 & ! p>ticles ( hydrog5 9 ! wat]1 9 a peculi> /ate ( t5sion or pol>ity1 & probably also at ! same "t to ?r[ ^? ( its own p>ticles :i* are 9 contact ) ! wat] into a simil> b oppos$ /ate4 ,:il/ ?is /ate is reta9$1 no fur!r *ange occurs2 b :5 x is reliev$1 by completion ( ! circuit1 9 :i* case ! =ces det]m9$ 9 opposite directions1 ) respect to ! z9c & ! electrolyte1 are f\nd exactly compet5t to neutralize ea* o!r1 !n a s]ies ( decompositions & recompositions takes place among/ ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 con/itut+ ! wat]1 betwe5 ! place ( contact ) ! plat9a & ! place :]e ! z9c is active2 ^! int]v5+ p>ticles be+ evid5tly 9 close dep5d5ce ^u & relation to ea* o!r4 ,! z9c =ms a direct comp\nd ) ^? p>ticles ( oxyg5 :i* 71 previ\sly1 9 divid$ relation to bo? x & ! hydrog53 ! oxide is remov$ by ! acid1 & a fre% surface ( z9c is pres5t$ to ! wat]1 to r5ew & repeat ! action4 #iej4 ,practically1 ! /ate ( t5sion is be/ reliev$ by dipp+ a metal :i* has less attraction = oxyg5 ?an ! z9c1 into ! dilute acid1 & mak+ x also t\* ! z9c4 ,! =ce ( *emical aff9ity1 :i* has be5 influ5c$ or pol>iz$ 9 ! p>ticles ( ! wat] by ! dom9ant attraction ( ! z9c = ! oxyg51 is !n transf]r$1 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 ?r\gh ! two metals1 s z to re-ent] ^u ! circuit 9 ! electrolytic conductor1 :i*1 unlike ! metals 9 t respect1 _c convey or transf] x )\t suff]+ decomposition2 or r1 probably1 x is exactly balanc$ & neutraliz$ by ! =ce :i* at ! same mom5t completes ! comb9ation ( ! z9c ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]4 ,! =ces1 9 fact1 ( ! two p>ticles :i* are act+ t[>ds ea* o!r1 & :i* are !re=e 9 opposite directions1 are ! orig9 ( ! two opposite =ces1 or directions ( =ce1 9 ! curr5t4 ,!y are ( necessity equival5t to ea* o!r4 ,be+ transf]r$ =w>d 9 contr>y directions1 !y produce :at is call$ ! voltaic curr5t3 & x seems to me impossible to resi/ ! idea t x mu/ be prec$$ by a /ate ( t5sion 9 ! fluid1 & betwe5 ! fluid & ! z9c2 ! fir/ consequ5ce ( ! aff9ity ( ! z9c = ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]4 #iea4 ,i h s\ght c>efully = indications ( a /ate ( t5sion 9 ! electrolytic conductor2 & conceiv+ t x might produce some?+ l /ructure1 ei!r be=e or dur+ its dis*>ge1 ,i endeav\r$ to make ?is evid5t by pol>iz$ light4 ,a glass cell1 sev5 in*es long1 "o in* & a half wide1 & six in*es deep1 _h two sets ( plat9a electrodes adapt$ to x1 "o set = ! ends1 & ! o!r = ! sides4 ,^? = ! sides 7 sev5 in*es long by ?ree in*es high1 & :5 9 ! cell 7 sep>at$ by a little frame ( wood cov]$ ) calico2 s t :5 made active by connexion ) a batt]y ^u any solution 9 ! cell1 ! bubbles ( gas ris+ f !m did n obscure ! c5tral p>ts ( ! liquid4 #ieb4 ,a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( soda 0 put into ! cell1 & ! electrodes connect$ ) a batt]y ( #aej pairs ( #d-;in* plates3 ! curr5t ( electricity 0 conduct$ across ! cell s freely1 t ! dis*>ge 0 z good z if a wire _h be5 us$4 ,a ray ( pol>iz$ light 0 !n transmitt$ ?r\gh ?is solution1 directly across ! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t1 & exam9$ by an analys+ plate2 b ?\gh x p5etrat$ sev5 in*es ( solution ?us subject to ! action ( ! electricity1 & ?\gh contact 0 sometimes made1 sometimes brok51 & occasionally rev]s$ dur+ ! obs]vations1 n ! slighte/ trace ( action on ! ray c\ld be p]ceiv$4 #iec4 ,! l>ge electrodes 7 !n remov$1 & o!rs introduc$ :i* fitt$ ! ends ( ! cell4 ,9 ea* a slit 0 cut1 s z to all[ ! light to pass4 ,! c\rse ( ! pol>iz$ ray 0 n[ p>allel to ! curr5t1 or 9 ! direction ( its axis 7#eag472 b /ill no effect1 "u any circum/ances ( contact or disunion1 c\ld be p]ceiv$ ^u x4 #ied4 ,a /rong solution ( nitrate ( lead 0 employ$ in/ead ( ! sulphate ( soda1 b no effects c\ld be detect$4 #iee4 ,?9k+ x possible t ! dis*>ge ( ! electric =ces by ! successive decompositions & recompositions ( ! p>ticles ( ! electrolyte might neutralize & !re=e de/roy any effect :i* ! fir/ /ate ( t5sion c\ld by possibility produce1 ,i took a sub/ance :i*1 be+ an excell5t electrolyte :5 fluid1 0 a p]fect insulator :5 solid1 namely1 borate ( lead1 9 ! =m ( a glass plate1 & connect+ ! sides & ! edges ( ?is mass ) ! metallic plates1 sometimes 9 contact ) ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y1 & sometimes ev5 ) ! electric ma*9e1 = ! advantage ( ! mu* high] int5sity !n obta9$1 ,i pass$ a pol>iz$ ray across x 9 v>i\s directions1 z be=e1 b c\ld n obta9 ! slighte/ appe>ance ( action ^u ! light4 ,h5ce ,i conclude1 t not)/&+ ! new & extraord9>y /ate :i* mu/ be assum$ by an electrolyte1 ei!r dur+ decomposition 7:5 a mo/ enorm\s quantity ( electricity mu/ be trav]s+ x71 or 9 ! /ate ( t5sion :i* is assum$ z prec$+ decomposition1 & :i* might be suppos$ to be reta9$ 9 ! solid =m ( ! electrolyte1 /ill x has no p[] ( affect+ a pol>iz$ ray ( light2 = no k9d ( /ructure or t5sion c 9 ?is way be r5d]$ evid5t4 #ief4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o beautiful exp]im5tal pro( ( a /ate ( t5sion acquir$ by ! metals & ! electrolyte be=e ! electric curr5t is produc$1 & be=e contact ( ! diff]5t metals is made 7#iae472 9 fact1 at t mom5t :5 *emical =ces only are effici5t z a cause ( action4 ,i took a voltaic app>atus1 consi/+ ( a s+le pair ( l>ge plates1 namely1 a cyl9d] ( amalgamat$ z9c1 & a d\ble cyl9d] ( copp]4 ,^! 7 put into a j> conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid,a1 & c\ld at pleasure be plac$ 9 metallic communication by a copp] wire adju/$ s z to dip at ! extremities into two cups ( m]cury connect$ ) ! two plates4 ,a ,:5 nitro-sulphuric acid is us$1 ! sp>k is m p[]ful1 b local *emical action c !n comm5ce1 & proce$ )\t requir+ metallic contact4 #ieg4 ,be+ ?us arrang$1 !re 0 no *emical action :il/ ! plates 7 n connect$4 ,on mak+ ! connexion a sp>k 0 obta9$,a1 & ! solution 0 imm$iately decompos$4 ,on break+ x1 ! usual sp>k 0 obta9$1 & ! decomposition ceas$4 ,9 ?is case x is evid5t t ! fir/ sp>k mu/ h occurr$ be=e metallic contact 0 made1 = x pass$ ?r\gh an int]val ( air2 & also t x mu/ h t5d$ to pass be=e ! electrolytic action began2 = ! latt] c\ld n take place until ! curr5t pass$1 & ! curr5t c\ld n pass be=e ! sp>k appe>$4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k !re is suffici5t pro(1 t z x is ! z9c & wat] :i* by _! mutual action produce ! electricity ( ?is app>atus1 s ^!1 by _! fir/ contact ) ea* o!r1 7 plac$ 9 a /ate ( p[]ful t5sion 7#iea471 :i*1 ?\gh x c\ld n produce ! actual decomposition ( ! wat]1 0 able to make a sp>k ( electricity pass betwe5 ! z9c & a fit dis*>g] z soon z ! int]val 0 r5d]$ suffici5tly small4 ,! exp]im5t demon/rates ! direct production ( ! electric sp>k f pure *emical =ces4 ,a ,x has be5 univ]sally suppos$ t no sp>k is produc$ on mak+ ! contact betwe5 a s+le pair ( plates4 ,i 0 l$ to expect "o f ! consid]ations already advanc$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! wire ( communication %\ld be %ort2 = ) a long wire1 circum/ances /rongly affect+ ! sp>k are introduc$4 #ieh4 ,!re are a few circum/ances connect$ ) ! production ( ?is sp>k by a s+le pair ( plates1 :i* %\ld be kn[n1 to ensure success to ! exp]im5t,b4 ,:5 ! amalgamat$ surfaces ( contact are q clean & dry1 ! sp>k1 on mak+ contact1 is q z brilliant z on break+ x1 if n ev5 m s4 ,:5 a film ( oxide or dirt 0 pres5t at ei!r m]curial surface1 !n ! fir/ sp>k 0 (t5 feeble1 & (t5 fail$1 ! break+ sp>k1 h[ev]1 cont9u+ v con/ant & bright4 ,:5 a little wat] 0 put ov] ! m]cury1 ! sp>k 0 greatly dim9i%$ 9 brilliancy1 b v regul> bo? on mak+ & break+ contact4 ,:5 ! contact 0 made betwe5 clean plat9a1 ! sp>k 0 also v small1 b regul> bo? ways4 ,! true electric sp>k is1 9 fact1 v small1 & :5 surfaces ( m]cury are us$1 x is ! combu/ion ( ! metal :i* produces ! great] "p ( ! light4 ,! circum/ances connect$ ) ! burn+ ( ! m]cury are mo/ fav\rable on break+ contact2 = ! act ( sep>ation exposes clean surfaces ( metal1 :]eas1 on mak+ contact1 a ?9 film ( oxide1 or soil+ matt]1 (t5 int]f]es4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! g5]al op9ion t x is only :5 ! contact is brok5 t ! sp>k passes4 ,b ,see 9 relation to precautions respect+ a sp>k1 #ajgd4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #iei4 ,) ref]5ce to ! o!r set ( cases1 namely1 ^? ( local action 7#idg47 9 :i* *emical aff9ity be+ ex]t$ causes no transf]5ce ( ! p[] to a di/ance :]e no electric curr5t is produc$1 x is evid5t t =ces ( ! mo/ int5se k9d mu/ be active1 & 9 "s way balanc$ 9 _! activity1 dur+ su* comb9ations2 ^! =ces be+ direct$ s imm$iately & exclusively t[>ds ea* o!r1 t no signs ( ! p[]ful electric curr5t !y c produce become app>5t1 al?\gh ! same f9al /ate ( ?+s is obta9$ z if t curr5t _h pass$4 ,x 0 ,b]zelius1 ,i believe1 :o consid]$ ! heat & light evolv$ 9 cases ( combu/ion z ! consequ5ces ( ?is mode ( ex]tion ( ! electric p[]s ( ! comb9+ p>ticles4 ,b x w require a mu* m exact & ext5sive k ( ! nature ( electricity1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is associat$ ) ! atoms ( matt]1 be=e we c und]/& accurately ! action ( ?is p[] 9 ?us caus+ _! union1 or compreh5d ! nature ( ! great diff]5ce :i* x pres5ts 9 ! two modes ( action j di/+ui%$4 ,we may imag9e1 b su* imag9ations mu/ = ! "t be class$ ) ! great mass ( d\btful k 7#hgf47 :i* we ought r to /rive to dim9i% ?an to increase2 = ! v ext5sive contradictions ( ?is k by itself %[s t b a small portion ( x c ultimately prove true,a4 ,a ,ref] to #agch1 c4 ,s]ies ,,xiv4--,dec4 #ahch4 #ifj4 ,( ! two modes ( action 9 :i* *emical aff9ity is ex]t$1 x is important to rem>k1 t t :i* produces ! electric curr5t is z def9ite z t :i* causes ord9>y *emical comb9ation2 s t 9 exam9+ ! production or evolution ( electricity 9 cases ( comb9ation or decomposition1 x w be necess>y1 n m]ely to obs]ve c]ta9 effects dep5d5t ^u a curr5t ( electricity1 b also _! quantity3 & ?\gh x may (t5 happ5 t ! =ces conc]n$ 9 any p>ticul> case ( *emical action may be p>tly ex]t$ 9 "o mode & p>tly 9 ! o!r1 x is only ^? :i* are effici5t 9 produc+ ! curr5t t h any relation to voltaic action4 ,?us1 9 ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 to produce wat]1 electric p[]s to a mo/ enorm\s am\nt are = ! "t active 7#hfa4 #hgc472 b any mode ( exam9+ ! flame :i* !y =m dur+ en]getic comb9ation1 :i* has z yet be5 devis$1 has giv5 b ! feeble/ traces4 ,^! !re=e may n1 _c1 be tak5 z evid5ces ( ! nature ( ! action2 b are m]ely incid5tal results1 incomp>ably small 9 relation to ! =ces conc]n$1 & supply+ no in=mation ( ! way 9 :i* ! p>ticles are active on ea* o!r1 or 9 :i* _! =ces are f9ally arrang$4 #ifa4 ,t su* cases ( *emical action produce no curr5t ( electricity1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) :at we "k ( ! voltaic app>atus1 9 :i* x is ess5tial t "o ( ! comb9+ elem5ts %all =m "p (1 or be 9 direct relation )1 an electrolytic conductor 7#iba4 #ibc474 ,t su* cases produce no free electricity ( t5sion1 & t :5 !y are conv]t$ into cases ( voltaic action !y produce a curr5t 9 :i* ! opposite =ces are s equal z to neutralize ea* o!r1 prove ! equality ( ! =ces 9 ! oppos$ act+ p>ticles ( matt]1 & !re=e ! equality ( electric p[] 9 ^? quantities ( matt] :i* are call$ electro-*emical equival5ts 7#hbd74 ,h5ce ano!r pro( ( ! def9ite nature ( electro-*emical action 7#ghc4 c471 & t *emical aff9ity & electricity are =ms ( ! same p[] 7#iag4 c474 #ifb4 ,! direct ref]5ce ( ! effects produc$ by ! voltaic pile at ! place ( exp]im5tal decomposition to ! *emical aff9ities active at ! place ( excitation 7#hia4 #iag471 gives a v simple & natural view ( ! cause :y ! bodies 7or ions7 evolv$ pass 9 c]ta9 directions2 = x is only :5 !y pass 9 ^? directions t _! =ces c consi/ ) & comp5sate 79 direction at lea/7 ! sup]ior =ces :i* are dom9ant at ! place :]e ! action ( ! :ole is det]m9$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 a voltaic circuit1 ! activity ( :i* is det]m9$1 by ! attraction ( z9c = ! oxyg5 ( wat]1 ! z9c move f "r to left1 !n any o!r cation includ$ 9 ! circuit1 be+ "p ( an electrolyte1 or =m+ "p ( x at ! mom5t1 w also move f "r to left3 & z ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 by its natural aff9ity = ! z9c1 moves f left to "r1 s any o!r body ( ! same class ) x 7i4e4 any o!r anion71 "u its gov]nm5t = ! "t1 w move f left to "r4 #ifc4 ,?is ,i may illu/rate by ref]5ce to fig4 #hc1 ! d\ble circle ( :i* may repres5t a complete voltaic circuit1 ! direction ( its =ces be+ det]m9$ by suppos+ = a mom5t ! z9c b & ! plat9a c z repres5t+ plates ( ^? metals act+ ^u wat]1 d1 e1 & o!r sub/ances1 b hav+ _! en]gy exalt$ s z to effect sev]al decompositions by ! use ( a batt]y at a 7#ihi474 ,?is supposition may be all[$1 because ! action 9 ! batt]y w only consi/ ( repetitions ( :at w\ld take place betwe5 b & c1 if !y really con/itut$ b a s+le pair4 ,! z9c b1 & ! oxyg5 d1 by _! mutual aff9ity1 t5d to unite2 b z ! oxyg5 is already 9 association ) ! hydrog5 e1 & has its inh]5t *emical or electric p[]s neutraliz$ = ! "t by ^? ( ! latt]1 ! hydrog5 e mu/ leave ! oxyg5 d1 & advance 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ head1 or else ! z9c b _c move 9 ! same direction to unite to ! oxyg5 d1 nor ! oxyg5 d move 9 ! contr>y direction to unite to ! z9c b1 ! relation ( ! simil> =ces ( b & c1 9 contr>y directions1 to ! opposite =ces ( d be+ ! prev5tive4 ,z ! hydrog5 e advances1 x1 on com+ aga9/ ! plat9a c1 f1 :i* =ms a "p ( ! circuit1 communicates its electric or *emical =ces ?r\gh x to ! next electrolyte 9 ! circuit1 fus$ *loride ( lead1 g1 h1 :]e ! *lor9e mu/ move 9 con=mity ) ! direction ( ! oxyg5 at d1 = x has to comp5sate ! =ces di/urb$ 9 its "p ( ! circuit by ! sup]ior influ5ce ( ^? betwe5 ! oxyg5 & z9c at d1 b1 aid$ z !y are by ^? ( ! batt]y a2 & = a simil> reason ! lead mu/ move 9 ! direction po9t$ out by ! arr[ head1 t x may be 9 "r relation to ! fir/ mov+ body ( its own class1 namely1 ! z9c b4 ,if copp] int]v5e 9 ! circuit f i to k1 x acts z ! plat9a did be=e2 & if ano!r electrolyte1 z ! iodide ( t91 occur at l1 m1 !n ! iod9e l1 be+ an anion1 mu/ move 9 con=mity ) ! excit+ anion1 namely1 ! oxyg5 d1 & ! cation t9 m move 9 correspond5ce ) ! o!r cations b1 e1 & h1 t ! *emical =ces may be 9 equilibrium z to _! direction & quantity ?r\gh\t ! circuit4 ,%\ld x s happ5 t ! anions 9 _! circulation c comb9e ) ! metals at ! anodes ( ! respective electrolytes1 z w\ld be ! case at ! plat9a f & ! copp] k1 !n ^? bodies becom+ p>ts ( electrolytes1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 imm$iately travel2 b consid]+ _! relation to ! z9c b1 x is evid5tly impossible t !y c travel 9 any o!r direction ?an :at w accord ) its c\rse1 & !re=e c nev] t5d to pass o!rwise ?an f ! anode & to ! ca?ode4 #ifd4 ,9 su* a circle z t del9eat$1 !re=e1 all ! kn[n anions may be gr\p$ )91 & all ! cations )\t4 ,if any numb] ( !m ent] z ions into ! con/itution ( electrolytes1 &1 =m+ "o circuit1 are simultane\sly subject to "o common curr5t1 ! anions mu/ move 9 accordance ) ea* o!r 9 "o direction1 & ! cations 9 ! o!r4 ,nay1 m ?an t1 equival5t portions ( ^! bodies mu/ s advance 9 opposite directions3 = ! advance ( e #cb4e p>ts ( ! z9c b mu/ be accompani$ by a motion 9 ! opposite direction ( #h p>ts ( oxyg5 at d1 ( #cf p>ts ( *lor9e at g1 ( #abf p>ts ( iod9e at l2 & 9 ! same direction by electro-*emical equival5ts ( hydrog51 lead1 copp] & t91 at e1 h1 k4 & m4 #ife4 ,if ! pres5t pap] be accept$ z a correct expression ( facts1 x w /ill only prove a confirmation ( c]ta9 g5]al views put =? by ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 8 ,bak]ian ,lecture = #ahjf;,a1 & revis$ & re-/at$ by him 9 ano!r ,bak]ian ,lecture1 on electrical & *emical *anges1 = ! ye> #ahbf;,b4 ,8 g5]al /atem5t is1 t *emical & electrical attractions 7 produc$ by ! same cause1 act+ 9 "o case on p>ticles1 9 ! o!r on masses1 ( matt]2 & t ! same prop]ty1 "u diff]5t modifications1 0 ! cause ( all ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by diff]5t voltaic comb9ations,c4 ,?is /atem5t ,i believe to be true2 b 9 admitt+ & support+ x1 ,i mu/ gu>d myself f be+ suppos$ to ass5t to all t is associat$ ) x 9 ! two pap]s ref]r$ to1 or z admitt+ ! exp]im5ts :i* are !re quot$ z decid$ pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple4 ,_h ,i ?\ght !m s1 !re w\ld h be5 no occasion = ?is inve/igation4 ,x may be suppos$ by "s t ,i ought to g ?r\gh ^! pap]s1 di/+ui%+ :at ,i admit f :at ,i reject1 & giv+ good exp]im5tal or philosophical reasons = ! judgm5t 9 bo? cases4 ,b !n ,i %\ld be equally b\nd to review1 = ! same purpose1 all t has be5 writt5 bo? = & aga9/ ! necessity ( metallic contact1--= & aga9/ ! orig9 ( voltaic electricity 9 *emical action1--a duty :i* ,i may n und]take 9 ! pres5t pap],d4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahbf1 p4 #chc4 ,c ,ibid4 #ahbf1 p4 #chi4 ,d ,i at "o "t int5d$ to introduce "h1 9 ! =m ( a note1 a table ( ref]5ce to ! pap]s ( ! diff]5t philosoph]s :o h ref]r$ ! orig9 ( ! electricity 9 ! voltaic pile to contact1 or to *emical action1 or to bo?2 b on ! publication ( ! fir/ volume ( ,m4 ,becqu]el's highly important & valuable ,trait de l',electricit et du ,magntisme1 ,i ?\ght x f> bett] to ref] to t "w = ^! ref]5ces1 & ! views held by ! au?ors quot$4 ,see pages #hf1 #ia1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #beb1 #bee1 #beg1 #beh1 #bij1 c4--,july #crd1 #ahcd4 ii4 ,on ! ,int5sity necess>y = ,electrolyzation4 #iff4 ,x became requisite1 = ! compreh5sion ( _m ( ! conditions att5d+ voltaic action1 to det]m9e positively1 if possible1 :e!r electrolytes c\ld resi/ ! action ( an electric curr5t :5 b5ea? a c]ta9 int5sity8 :e!r ! int5sity at :i* ! curr5t ceas$ to act w\ld be ! same = all bodies8 & also :e!r ! electrolytes ?us resi/+ decomposition w\ld conduct ! electric curr5t z a metal does1 aft] !y ceas$ to conduct z electrolytes1 or w\ld act z p]fect insulators8 #ifg4 ,x 0 evid5t f ! exp]im5ts describ$ 7#ijd4 #ijf47 t diff]5t bodies 7 decompos$ ) v diff]5t facilities1 & app>5tly t !y requir$ = _! decomposition curr5ts ( diff]5t int5sities1 resi/+ "s1 b giv+ way to o!rs4 ,b x 0 ne$ful1 by v c>eful & express exp]im5ts1 to det]m9e :e!r a curr5t c\ld really pass ?r\gh1 & yet n decompose an electrolyte 7#iaj474 #ifh4 ,an arrangem5t 7fig4 #hd47 0 made1 9 :i* two glass vessels conta9$ ! same dilute sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #a4be4 ,! plate z 0 amalgamat$ z9c1 9 connexion1 by a plat9a wire a1 ) ! plat9a plate e2 b 0 a plat9a wire connect+ ! two plat9a plates ,,pp'2 c 0 a plat9a wire connect$ ) ! plat9a plate ,p4 ,on ! plate e 0 plac$ a piece ( pap] moi/5$ 9 solution ( iodide ( potassium3 ! wire c 0 s curv$ t its end c\ld be made to re/ at pleasure on ?is pap]1 & %[1 by ! evolution ( iod9e !re1 :e!r a curr5t 0 pass+2 or1 be+ plac$ 9 ! dott$ position1 x =m$ a direct communication ) ! plat9a plate e1 & ! electricity c\ld pass )\t caus+ decomposition4 ,! object 0 to produce a curr5t by ! action ( ! acid on ! amalgamat$ z9c 9 ! fir/ vessel ,a2 to pass x ?r\gh ! acid 9 ! second vessel ,b by plat9a electrodes1 t its p[] ( decompos+ wat] might1 if exi/+1 be obs]v$2 & to v]ify ! exi/5ce ( ! curr5t at pleasure1 by decomposition at e1 )\t involv+ ! cont9ual ob/ruction to ! curr5t :i* w\ld arise f mak+ ! decomposition !re con/ant4 ,! exp]im5t1 be+ arrang$1 0 exam9$ & ! exi/5ce ( a curr5t asc]ta9$ by ! decomposition at e2 ! :ole 0 !n left ) ! end ( ! wire c re/+ on ! plate e1 s z to =m a con/ant metallic communication !re4 #ifi4 ,aft] sev]al h\rs1 ! end ( ! wire c 0 replac$ on ! te/-pap] at e3 decomposition occurr$1 & ! pro( ( a pass+ curr5t 0 !re=e complete4 ,! curr5t 0 v feeble comp>$ to :at x _h be5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 because ( a peculi> /ate acquir$ by ! metal surfaces 9 ! second vessel1 :i* caus$ !m to oppose ! pass+ curr5t by a =ce :i* !y possess "u ^! circum/ances 7#ajdj474 ,/ill x 0 prov$1 by ! decomposition1 t ?is /ate ( ! plates 9 ! second vessel 0 n able entirely to /op ! curr5t det]m9$ 9 ! fir/1 & t 0 all t 0 ne$ful to be asc]ta9$ 9 ! pres5t inquiry4 #igj4 ,?is app>atus 0 exam9$ f "t to "t1 & an electric curr5t always f\nd circulat+ ?r\gh x1 until twelve days _h elaps$1 dur+ :i* ! wat] 9 ! second vessel _h be5 con/antly subject to its action4 ,not)/&+ ?is l5g!n$ p]iod1 n ! slighte/ appe>ance ( a bubble ^u ei!r ( ! plates 9 t vessel occurr$4 ,f ! results ( ! exp]im5t1 ,i conclude t a curr5t _h pass$1 b ( s l[ an int5sity z to fall b5ea? t degree at :i* ! elem5ts ( wat]1 unaid$ by any second>y =ce result+ f ! capability ( comb9ation ) ! matt] ( ! electrodes1 or ( ! liquid surr\nd+ !m1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 #iga4 ,x may be suppos$1 t ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 _h be5 evolv$ 9 su* small quantities z to h entirely dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & f9ally to h escap$ at ! surface1 or to h reunit$ into wat]4 ,t ! hydrog5 c be s dissolv$ 0 %[n 9 ! fir/ vessel2 = aft] sev]al days m9ute bubbles ( gas gradually appe>$ ^u a glass rod1 ins]t$ to reta9 ! z9c & plat9a ap>t1 & also ^u ! plat9a plate itself1 & ^! 7 hydrog54 ,!y result$ pr9cipally 9 ?is way3--not)/&+ ! amalgamation ( ! z9c1 ! acid ex]t$ a little direct action ^u x1 s t a small /ream ( hydrog5 bubbles 0 cont9ually ris+ f its surface2 a little ( ?is hydrog5 gradually dissolv$ 9 ! dilute acid1 & 0 9 "p set free aga9/ ! surfaces ( ! rod & ! plate1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n action ( su* solid bodies 9 solutions ( gases 7#fbc4 c474 #igb4 ,b if ! gases _h be5 evolv$ 9 ! second vessel by ! decomposition ( wat]1 & _h t5d$ to dissolve1 /ill !re w\ld h be5 e reason to expect t a few bubbles %\ld h appe>$ on ! electrodes1 especially on ! negative "o1 if x 7 only because ( its action z a nucleus on ! solution suppos$ to be =m$2 b none appe>$ ev5 aft] twelve days4 #igc4 ,:5 a few drops only ( nitric acid 7 add$ to ! vessel ,a1 fig4 #hd1 !n ! results 7 altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 less ?an five m9utes bubbles ( gas appe>$ on ! plates ,p' & ,p 9 ! second vessel4 ,to prove t ?is 0 ! effect ( ! electric curr5t 7:i* by trial at c 0 f\nd at ! same "t to be pass+17 ! connexion at c 0 brok51 ! plates ,p',p cle>$ f bubbles & left 9 ! acid ( ! vessel ,b1 = fifte5 m9utes3 dur+ t "t no bubbles appe>$ ^u !m2 b on re/or+ ! communication at c1 a m9ute did n elapse be=e gas appe>$ 9 bubbles ^u ! plates4 ,! pro(1 !re=e1 is mo/ full & complete1 t ! curr5t excit$ by dilute sulphuric acid ) a little nitric acid 9 vessel ,a1 has int5sity en\gh to ov]come ! *emical aff9ity ex]t$ betwe5 ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel ,b1 :il/ t excit$ by dilute sulphuric acid alone has n suffici5t int5sity4 #igd4 ,on us+ a /rong solution ( cau/ic potassa 9 ! vessel ,a1 to excite ! curr5t1 x 0 f\nd by ! decompos+ effects at e1 t ! curr5t pass$4 ,b x _h n int5sity en\gh to decompose ! wat] 9 ! vessel ,b2 = ?\gh left = f\rte5 days1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t ! curr5t 0 f\nd to be pass+1 /ill n ! slighte/ appe>ance ( gas appe>$ on ! plates ,p',p1 nor any o!r signs ( ! wat] hav+ suff]$ decomposition4 #ige4 ,sulphate ( soda 9 solution 0 !n exp]im5t$ )1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ) respect to x1 :e!r a c]ta9 electrolytic int5sity 0 also requir$ = its decomposition 9 ?is /ate1 9 analogy ) ! result e/abli%$ ) reg>d to wat] 7#igd74 ,! app>atus 0 arrang$ z 9 fig4 #he2 ,p & ,z are ! plat9a & z9c plates dipp+ into a solution ( common salt2 a & b are plat9a plates connect$ by wires ( plat9a 7except 9 ! galvanomet] g7 ) ,p & ,z2 c is a connect+ wire ( plat9a1 ! ends ( :i* c be made to re/ ei!r on ! plates a1 b1 or on ! pap]s moi/5$ 9 solutions :i* are plac$ ^u !m2 s t ! passage ( ! curr5t )\t decomposition1 or ) "o or two decompositions1 0 "u ready comm&1 z f> z arrangem5t 0 conc]n$4 ,9 ord] to *ange ! anodes & ca?odes at ! places ( decomposition1 ! =m ( app>atus fig4 #hf1 0 occasionally adopt$4 ,"h only "o plat9a plate1 c1 0 us$2 bo? pieces ( pap] on :i* decomposition 0 to be effect$ 7 plac$ ^u x1 ! wires f ,p & ,z re/+ ^u ^! pieces ( pap]1 or ^u ! plate c1 accord+ z ! curr5t ) or )\t decomposition ( ! solutions 0 requir$4 #igf4 ,on plac+ solution ( iodide ( potassium 9 pap] at "o ( ! decompos+ localities1 & solution ( sulphate ( soda at ! o!r1 s t ! electric curr5t %\ld pass ?r\gh bo? at once1 ! solution ( iodide 0 sl[ly decompos$1 yield+ iod9e at ! anode & alkali at ! ca?ode2 b ! solution ( sulphate ( soda exhibit$ no signs ( decomposition1 nei!r acid nor alkali be+ evolv$ f x4 ,on plac+ ! wires s t ! iodide alone 0 subject to ! action ( ! curr5t 7#ijj471 x 0 quickly & p[]fully decompos$2 b on arrang+ !m s t ! sulphate ( soda alone 0 subject to action1 x /ill refus$ to yield up its elem5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! app>atus 0 s arrang$ "u a wet bell-glass1 t x c\ld be left = twelve h\rs1 ! curr5t pass+ dur+ ! :ole "t ?r\gh a solution ( sulphate ( soda1 reta9$ 9 its place by only two ?icknesses ( bibul\s litmus & turm]ic pap]4 ,at ! end ( t "t x 0 asc]ta9$ by ! decomposition ( iodide ( potassium at ! second place ( action1 t ! curr5t 0 pass+ & _h pass$ = ! twelve h\rs1 & yet no trace ( acid or alkali f ! sulphate ( soda appe>$4 #igg4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x may1 ,i ?9k1 be conclud$1 t a solution ( sulphate ( soda c conduct a curr5t ( electricity1 :i* is unable to decompose ! neutral salt pres5t2 t ?is salt 9 ! /ate ( solution1 l wat]1 requires a c]ta9 electrolytic int5sity = its decomposition2 & t ! necess>y int5sity is mu* high] = ?is sub/ance ?an = ! iodide ( potassium 9 a simil> /ate ( solution4 #igh4 ,i !n exp]im5t$ on bodies r5d]$ decomposable by fusion1 & fir/ on *loride ( lead4 ,! curr5t 0 excit$ by dilute sulphuric acid )\t any nitric acid betwe5 z9c & plat9a plates1 fig4 #hg1 & 0 !n made to trav]se a little *loride ( lead fus$ ^u glass at a1 a pap] moi/5$ 9 solution ( iodide ( potassium at b1 & a galvanomet] at g4 ,! metallic t]m9ations at a & b 7 ( plat9a4 ,be+ ?us arrang$1 ! decomposition at b & ! deflection at g %[$ t an electric curr5t 0 pass+1 b !re 0 no appe>ance ( decomposition at a1 n ev5 aft] a metallic communication at b 0 e/abli%$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 & ,i am l$ to conclude t 9 ?is case ! curr5t has n int5sity suffici5t to cause ! decomposition ( ! *loride ( lead2 & fur!r1 t1 l wat] 7#igd471 fus$ *loride ( lead c conduct an electric curr5t hav+ an int5sity bel[ t requir$ to effect decomposition4 #igi4 ,*loride ( silv] 0 !n plac$ at a1 fig4 #hg1 in/ead ( *loride ( lead4 ,!re 0 a v ready decomposition ( ! solution ( iodide ( potassium at b1 & :5 metallic contact 0 made !re1 v consid]able deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le at g4 ,plat9a also appe>$ to be dissolv$ at ! anode ( ! fus$ *loride at a1 & !re 0 e appe>ance ( a decomposition hav+ be5 effect$ !re4 #ihj4 ,a fur!r pro( ( decomposition 0 obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! plat9a wires 9 ! fus$ *loride at a 7 br\ght v ne> toge!r 7metallic contact hav+ be5 e/abli%$ at b71 & left s2 ! deflection at ! galvanomet] indicat$ ! passage ( a curr5t1 feeble 9 its =ce1 b con/ant4 ,aft] a m9ute or two1 h[ev]1 ! ne$le w\ld sudd5ly be viol5tly affect$1 & indicate a curr5t z /rong z if metallic contact _h tak5 place at a4 ,?is ,i actually f\nd to be ! case1 = ! silv] r$uc$ by ! action ( ! curr5t cry/alliz$ 9 long delicate spicul1 & ^! at la/ complet$ ! metallic communication2 & at ! same "t t !y transmitt$ a m p[]ful curr5t ?an ! fus$ *loride1 !y prov$ t electro-*emical decomposition ( t *loride _h be5 go+ on4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! curr5t excit$ by dilute sulphuric acid betwe5 z9c & plat9a1 has an int5sity above t requir$ to electrolyze ! fus$ *loride ( silv] :5 plac$ betwe5 plat9a electrodes1 al?\gh x has n int5sity en\gh to decompose *loride ( lead "u ! same circum/ances4 #iha4 ,a drop ( wat] plac$ at a in/ead ( ! fus$ *lorides1 %[$ z 9 ! =m] case 7#igj471 t x c\ld conduct a curr5t unable to decompose x1 = decomposition ( ! solution ( iodide at b occurr$ aft] "s "t4 ,b its conduct+ p[] 0 mu* bel[ t ( ! fus$ *loride ( lead 7#igh474 #ihb4 ,fus$ nitre at a conduct$ mu* bett] ?an wat]3 ,i 0 unable to decide ) c]ta9ty :e!r x 0 electrolyz$1 b ,i incl9e to ?9k n1 = !re 0 no discoloration aga9/ ! plat9a at ! ca?ode4 ,if sulpho-nitric acid _h be5 us$ 9 ! excit+ vessel1 bo? ! nitre & ! *loride ( lead w\ld h suff]$ decomposition l ! wat] 7#ijf474 #ihc4 ,! results ?us obta9$ ( conduction )\t decomposition1 & ! necessity ( a c]ta9 electrolytic int5sity = ! sep>ation ( ! ions ( diff]5t electrolytes1 are imm$iately connect$ ) ! exp]im5ts & results giv5 9 #aj4 ( ! ,f\r? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#dah4 #dbc4 #ddd4 #dai474 ,b x w require a m exact k ( ! nature ( int5sity1 bo? z reg>ds ! fir/ orig9 ( ! electric curr5t1 & also ! mann] 9 :i* x may be r$uc$1 or l[]$ by ! int]v5tion ( long] or %ort] portions ( bad conductors1 :e!r decomposable or n1 be=e _! relation c be m9utely & fully und]/ood4 #ihd4 ,9 ! case ( wat]1 ! exp]im5ts ,i h z yet made1 appe> to %[1 t1 :5 ! electric curr5t is r$uc$ 9 int5sity bel[ ! po9t requir$ = decomposition1 !n ! degree ( conduction is ! same :e!r sulphuric acid1 or any o!r ( ! _m bodies :i* c affect its transf]r+ p[] z an electrolyte1 are pres5t or n4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 t ! necess>y electrolytic int5sity = wat] is ! same :e!r x be pure1 or r5d]$ a bett] conductor by ! addition ( ^! sub/ances2 & t = curr5ts ( less int5sity ?an ?is1 ! wat]1 :e!r pure or acidulat$1 has equal conduct+ p[]4 ,an app>atus1 fig4 #hd1 0 arrang$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 9 ! vessel ,a1 & pure di/ill$ wat] 9 ! vessel ,b4 ,by ! decomposition at c1 x appe>$ z if wat] 0 a bett] conductor ?an dilute sulphuric acid = a curr5t ( su* l[ int5sity z to cause no decomposition4 ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1 to attribute ?is app>5t sup]iority ( wat] to v>iations 9 t peculi> condition ( ! plat9a electrodes :i* is ref]r$ to fur!r on 9 ?is ,s]ies 7#ajdj471 & :i* is assum$1 z f> z ,i c judge1 to a great] degree 9 dilute sulphuric acid ?an 9 pure wat]4 ,! p[] !re=e1 ( acids1 alkalies1 salts1 & o!r bodies 9 solution1 to increase conduct+ p[]1 appe>s to hold good only 9 ^? cases :]e ! electrolyte subject to ! curr5t suff]s decomposition1 & loses all influ5ce :5 ! curr5t transmitt$ has too l[ an int5sity to affect *emical *ange4 ,x is probable t ! ord9>y conduct+ p[] ( an electrolyte 9 ! solid /ate 7#dai47 is ! same z t :i* x possesses 9 ! fluid /ate = curr5ts1 ! t5sion ( :i* is b5ea? ! due electrolytic int5sity4 #ihe4 ,curr5ts ( electricity1 produc$ by less ?an eight or t5 s]ies ( voltaic elem5ts1 c be r$uc$ to t int5sity at :i* wat] c conduct !m )\t suff]+ decomposition1 by caus+ !m to pass ?r\gh ?ree or f\r vessels 9 :i* wat] %all be successively int]pos$ betwe5 plat9a surfaces4 ,! pr9ciples ( int]f]5ce ^u :i* ?is effect dep5ds1 w be describ$ h]eaft] 7#ajji4 #ajah471 b ! effect may be useful 9 obta9+ curr5ts ( /&>d int5sity1 & is probably applicable to batt]ies ( any numb] ( pairs ( plates4 #ihf4 ,z !re appe>s e reason to expect t all electrolytes w be f\nd subject to ! law :i* requires an electric curr5t ( a c]ta9 int5sity = _! decomposition1 b t !y w diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! degree ( int5sity requir$1 x w be desirable h]eaft] to arrange !m 9 a table1 9 ! ord] ( _! electrolytic int5sities4 ,inve/igations on ?is po9t mu/1 h[ev]1 be v mu* ext5d$1 & include _m m bodies ?an h be5 "h m5tion$ be=e su* a table c be con/ruct$4 ,x w be especially ne$ful 9 su* exp]im5ts1 to describe ! nature ( ! electrodes us$1 or1 if possible1 to select su* z1 l plat9a or plumbago 9 c]ta9 cases1 %all h no p[] ( assi/+ ! sep>ation ( ! ions to be evolv$ 7#iac74 #ihg4 ,( ! two modes 9 :i* bodies c transmit ! electric =ces1 namely1 t :i* is s *>act]i/ically exhibit$ by ! metals1 & usually call$ conduction1 & t 9 :i* x is accompani$ by decomposition1 ! fir/ appe>s common to all bodies1 al?\gh x occurs ) almo/ inf9ite degrees ( diff]5ce2 ! second is at pres5t di/9ctive ( ! electrolytes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j possible t x may h]eaft] be ext5d$ to ! metals2 = _! p[] ( conduct+ )\t decomposition may1 p]haps ju/ly1 be ascrib$ to _! requir+ a v high electrolytic int5sity = _! decomposition4 #ihg-a_/b4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple t a c]ta9 electrolytic int5sity is necess>y be=e decomposition c be effect$1 is ( great importance to all ^? consid]ations :i* arise reg>d+ ! probable effects ( weak curr5ts1 su* = in/ance z ^? produc$ by natural !rmo-electricity1 or natural voltaic arrangem5ts 9 ! e>?4 ,= to produce an effect ( decomposition or ( comb9ation1 a curr5t mu/ n only exi/1 b h a c]ta9 int5sity be=e x c ov]come ! quiesc5t aff9ities oppos$ to x1 o!rwise x w be conduct$1 produc+ no p]man5t *emical effects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciples are also n[ evid5t by :i* an oppos+ action c be s weak5$ by ! juxtaposition ( bodies n hav+ q aff9ity en\gh to cause direct action betwe5 !m 7#iac471 t a v weak curr5t %all be able to raise ! sum ( actions suffici5tly high1 & cause *emical *anges to occur4 #ihh4 ,9 conclud+ ?is division on ! int5sity necess>y = electrolyzation1 ,i _c resi/ po9t+ out ! foll[+ rem>kable conclusion 9 relation to int5sity g5]ally4 ,x w\ld appe> t :5 a voltaic curr5t is produc$1 hav+ a c]ta9 int5sity1 dep5d5t ^u ! /r5g? ( ! *emical aff9ities by :i* t curr5t is excit$ 7#iaf471 x c decompose a p>ticul> electrolyte )\t relation to ! quantity ( electricity pass$1 ! int5sity decid+ :e!r ! electrolyte %all give way or n4 ,if t conclusion be confirm$1 !n we may arrange circum/ances s t ! same quantity ( electricity may pass 9 ! same "t1 9 at ! same surface1 into ! same decompos+ body 9 ! same /ate1 & yet1 diff]+ 9 int5sity1 w decompose 9 "o case & 9 ! o!r n3--= tak+ a s\rce ( too l[ an int5sity to decompose1 & asc]ta9+ ! quantity pass$ 9 a giv5 "t1 x is easy to take ano!r s\rce hav+ a suffici5t int5sity1 & r$uc+ ! quantity ( electricity f x by ! int]v5tion ( bad conductors to ! same proportion z ! =m] curr5t1 & !n all ! conditions w be fulfill$ :i* are requir$ to produce ! result describ$4 iii4 ,on associat$ ,voltaic ,circles1 or ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4 #ihi4 ,pass+ f ! consid]ation ( s+le circles 7#hge4 c47 to _! association 9 ! voltaic batt]y1 x is a v evid5t consequ5ce1 t if matt]s are s arrang$ t two sets ( aff9ities1 9 place ( be+ oppos$ to ea* o!r z 9 figg4 #gc4 #gf4 7#hhj4 #hia471 are made to act 9 con=mity1 !n1 in/ead ( ei!r int]f]+ ) ! o!r1 x w r assi/ x4 ,?is is simply ! case ( two voltaic pairs ( metals arrang$ s z to =m "o circuit4 ,9 su* arrangem5ts ! activity ( ! :ole is kn[n to be increas$1 & :5 t51 or a hundr$1 or any l>g] numb] ( su* alt]nations are plac$ 9 con=mable association ) ea* o!r1 ! p[] ( ! :ole becomes proportionally exalt$1 & we obta9 t magnific5t in/rum5t ( philosophic rese>*1 ! voltaic batt]y4 #iij4 ,b x is evid5t f ! pr9ciples ( def9ite action already laid d[n1 t ! quantity ( electricity 9 ! curr5t _c be increas$ ) ! increase ( ! quantity ( metal oxidiz$ & dissolv$ at ea* new place ( *emical action4 ,a s+le pair ( z9c & plat9a plates ?r[s z mu* electricity into ! =m ( a curr5t1 by ! oxidation ( #cb4e gra9s ( ! z9c 7#hfh47 z w\ld be circulat$ by ! same alt]ation ( a ?\s& times t quantity1 or ne>ly five p\nds ( metal oxidiz$ at ! surface ( ! z9c plates ( a ?\s& pairs plac$ 9 regul> batt]y ord]4 ,= x is evid5t1 t ! electricity :i* passes across ! acid f ! z9c to ! plat9a 9 ! fir/ cell1 & :i* has be5 associat$ )1 or ev5 evolv$ by1 ! decomposition ( a def9ite portion ( wat] 9 t cell1 _c pass f ! z9c to ! plat9a across ! acid 9 ! second cell1 )\t ! decomposition ( ! same quantity ( wat] !re1 & ! oxidation ( ! same quantity ( z9c by x 7#ibd4 #idi474 ,! same result recurs 9 e o!r cell2 ! electro-*emical equival5t ( wat] mu/ be decompos$ 9 ea*1 be=e ! curr5t c pass ?r\gh x2 = ! quantity ( electricity pass$ & ! quantity ( electrolyte decompos$1 mu/ be ! equival5ts ( ea* o!r4 ,! action 9 ea* cell1 !re=e1 is n to increase ! quantity set 9 motion 9 any "o cell1 b to aid 9 urg+ =w>d t quantity1 ! pass+ ( :i* is consi/5t ) ! oxidation ( its own z9c2 & 9 ?is way x exalts t peculi> prop]ty ( ! curr5t :i* we endeav\r to express by ! t]m int5sity1 )\t increas+ ! quantity beyond t :i* is proportionate to ! quantity ( z9c oxidiz$ 9 any s+le cell ( ! s]ies4 #iia4 ,to prove ?is1 ,i arrang$ t5 pairs ( amalgamat$ z9c & plat9a plates ) dilute sulphuric acid 9 ! =m ( a batt]y4 ,on complet+ ! circuit1 all ! pairs act$ & evolv$ gas at ! surfaces ( ! plat9a4 ,?is 0 collect$ & f\nd to be alike 9 quantity = ea* plate2 & ! quantity ( hydrog5 evolv$ at any "o plat9a plate 0 9 ! same proportion to ! quantity ( metal dissolv$ f any "o z9c plate1 z 0 giv5 9 ! exp]im5t ) a s+le pair 7#hfd4 c474 ,x 0 !re=e c]ta91 t1 j z mu* electricity & no m _h pass$ ?r\gh ! s]ies ( t5 pair ( plates z _h pass$ ?r\gh1 or w\ld h be5 put into motion by1 any s+le pair1 not)/&+ t t5 times ! quantity ( z9c _h be5 consum$4 #iib4 ,?is tru? has be5 prov$ also long ago 9 ano!r way1 by ! action ( ! evolv$ curr5t on a magnetic ne$le2 ! deflect+ p[] ( "o pair ( plates 9 a batt]y be+ equal to ! deflect+ p[] ( ! :ole1 provid$ ! wires us$ be suffici5tly l>ge to c>ry ! curr5t ( ! s+le pair freely2 b ! cause ( ?is equality ( action c\ld n be und]/ood :il/ ! def9ite action & evolution ( electricity 7#ghc4 #hfi47 rema9$ unkn[n4 #iic4 ,! sup]ior decompos+ p[] ( a batt]y ov] a s+le pair ( plates is r5d]$ evid5t 9 two ways4 ,electrolytes held toge!r by an aff9ity s /rong z to resi/ ! action ( ! curr5t f a s+le pair1 yield up _! elem5ts to ! curr5t excit$ by _m pairs2 & t body :i* is decompos$ by ! action ( "o or ( few pairs ( metals1 c41 is resolv$ into its ions ! m readily z x is act$ ^u by electricity urg$ =w>d by _m alt]nations4 #iid4 ,bo? ^! effects are1 ,i ?9k1 easily und]/ood4 ,:atev] int5sity may be1 7& t mu/ ( c\rse dep5d ^u ! nature ( electricity1 :e!r x consi/ ( a fluid or fluids1 or ( vibrations ( an e!r1 or any o!r k9d or condition ( matt]17 !re seems to be no difficulty 9 compreh5d+ t ! degree ( int5sity at :i* a curr5t ( electricity is evolv$ by a fir/ voltaic elem5t1 %all be increas$ :5 t curr5t is subject$ to ! action ( a second voltaic elem5t1 act+ 9 con=mity & possess+ equal p[]s ) ! fir/3 & z ! decompositions are m]ely oppos$ actions1 b exactly ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* g5]ate ! curr5t 7#iag471 x seems to be a natural consequ5ce1 t ! aff9ity :i* c resi/ ! =ce ( a s+le decompos+ action may be unable to oppose ! en]gies ( _m decompos+ actions1 op]at+ conjo9tly1 z 9 ! voltaic batt]y4 #iie4 ,t a body :i* c give way to a curr5t ( feeble int5sity1 %\ld give way m freely to "o ( /rong] =ce1 & yet involve no contradiction to ! law ( def9ite electrolytic action1 is p]fectly consi/5t4 ,all ! facts & also ! !ory ,i h v5tur$ to put =?1 t5d to %[ t ! act ( decomposition opposes a c]ta9 =ce to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t2 &1 t ?is ob/ruction %\ld be ov]come m or less readily1 9 proportion to ! great] or less int5sity ( ! decompos+ curr5t1 is 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) all our notions ( ! electric ag5t4 #iif4 ,i h else:]e 7#idg47 di/+ui%$ ! *emical action ( z9c & dilute sulphuric acid into two portions2 t :i*1 act+ effectually on ! z9c1 evolves hydrog5 at once ^u its surface1 & t :i*1 produc+ an arrangem5t ( ! *emical =ces ?r\gh\t ! electrolyte pres5t1 79 ?is case wat]17 t5ds to take oxyg5 f x1 b _c d s unless ! electric curr5t consequ5t !reon c h free passage1 & ! hydrog5 be deliv]$ else:]e ?an aga9/ ! z9c4 ,! electric curr5t dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! second ( ^!2 b :5 ! curr5t c pass1 by fav\r+ ! electrolytic action x t5ds to dim9i% ! =m] & increase ! latt] portion4 #iig4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :5 ord9>y z9c is us$ 9 a voltaic arrangem5t1 !re is an enorm\s wa/e ( t p[] :i* x is ! object to ?r[ into ! =m ( an electric curr5t2 a consequ5ce :i* is put 9 its /ronge/ po9t ( view :5 x is consid]$ t ?ree ounces & a half ( z9c1 prop]ly oxidiz$1 c circulate en\gh electricity to decompose ne>ly "o ounce ( wat]1 & cause ! evolution ( ab\t #bajj cubic in*es ( hydrog5 gas4 ,?is loss ( p[] n only takes place dur+ ! "t ! electrodes ( ! batt]y are 9 communication1 be+ !n proportionate to ! quantity ( hydrog5 evolv$ aga9/ ! surface ( any "o ( ! z9c plates1 b includes also all ! *emical action :i* goes on :5 ! extremities ( ! pile are n 9 communication4 #iih4 ,?is loss is f> great] ) ord9>y z9c ?an ) ! pure metal1 z ,m4 ,de la ,rive has %[n,a4 ,! cause is1 t :5 ord9>y z9c is act$ ^u by dilute sulphuric acid1 portions ( copp]1 lead1 cadmium1 or o!r metals :i* x may conta91 are set free ^u its surface2 & ^!1 be+ 9 contact ) ! z9c1 =m small b v active voltaic circles1 :i* cause great de/ruction ( ! z9c & evolution ( hydrog51 app>5tly ^u ! z9c surface1 b really ^u ! surface ( ^! incid5tal metals4 ,9 ! same proportion z !y s]ve to dis*>ge or convey ! electricity back to ! z9c1 d !y dim9i% its p[] ( produc+ an electric curr5t :i* %all ext5d to a great] di/ance across ! acid1 & be dis*>g$ only ?r\gh ! copp] or plat9a plate :i* is associat$ ) x = ! purpose ( =m+ a voltaic app>atus4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahca1 p4 #chh2 or ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcj1 p4 #cia4 #iii4 ,all ^! evils are remov$ by ! employm5t ( an amalgam ( z9c 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,kemp,a1 or ! use ( ! amalgamat$ z9c plates ( ,mr4 ,/urgeon 7#hfc471 :o has himself sugge/$ & object$ to _! application 9 galvanic batt]ies2 = he says1 ,7 x n on acc\nt ( ! brittl5ess & o!r inconv5i5ces occasion$ by ! incorporation ( ! m]cury ) ! z9c1 amalgamation ( ! z9c surfaces 9 galvanic batt]ies w\ld become an important improvem5t2 = ! metal w\ld la/ mu* long]1 & rema9 bright = a consid]able "t1 ev5 = sev]al successive h\rs2 ess5tial consid]ations 9 ! employm5t ( ?is app>atus,b4 ,a ,jameson's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #ahbh4 ,b ,rec5t ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 p4 #db1 c4 ,mr4 ,/urgeon is ( c\rse unaw>e ( ! def9ite production ( electricity by *emical action1 & is 9 fact quot+ ! exp]im5t z ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ ! *emical !ory ( galvanism4 #ajjj4 ,z9c s prep>$1 ev5 ?\gh impure1 does n s5sibly decompose ! wat] ( dilute sulphuric acid1 b /ill has su* aff9ity = ! oxyg51 t ! mom5t a metal :i*1 l copp] or plat9a1 has little or no aff9ity1 t\*es x 9 ! acid1 action ensues1 & a p[]ful & abundant electric curr5t is produc$4 ,x is probable t ! m]cury acts by br++ ! surface1 9 consequ5ce ( its fluidity1 into "o uni=m condition1 & prev5t+ ^? diff]5ces 9 "* betwe5 "o spot & ano!r :i* are necess>y = ! =mation ( ! m9ute voltaic circuits ref]r$ to 7#iih474 ,if any diff]5ce does exi/ at ! fir/ mom5t1 ) reg>d to ! proportion ( z9c & m]cury1 at "o spot on ! surface1 z comp>$ ) ano!r1 t spot hav+ ! lea/ m]cury is fir/ act$ on1 &1 by solution ( ! z9c1 is soon plac$ 9 ! same condition z ! o!r p>ts1 & ! :ole plate r5d]$ sup]ficially uni=m4 ,"o "p _c1 !re=e1 act z a dis*>g] to ano!r2 & h5ce all ! *emical p[] ^u ! wat] at its surface is 9 t equable condition 7#idi471 :i*1 ?\gh x t5ds to produce an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! liquid to ano!r plate ( metal :i* c act z a dis*>g] 7#iej471 pres5ts no irregul>ities by :i* any "o "p1 hav+ weak] aff9ities = oxyg51 c act z a dis*>g] to ano!r4 ,two excell5t & important consequ5ces foll[ ^u ?is /ate ( ! metal4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! full equival5t ( electricity is obta9$ = ! oxidation ( a c]ta9 quantity ( z9c2 ! second1 t a batt]y con/ruct$ ) ! z9c s prep>$1 & *>g$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 is active only :il/ ! electrodes are connect$1 & ceases to act or be act$ ^u by ! acid ! in/ant ! communication is brok54 #ajja4 ,i h _h a small batt]y ( t5 pairs ( plates ?us con/ruct$1 & am conv9c$ t arrangem5ts ( ?is k9d w be v important1 especially 9 ! developm5t & illu/ration ( ! philosophical pr9ciples ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! metals ,i h us$ are amalgamat$ z9c & plat9a1 connect$ toge!r by be+ sold]$ to plat9a wires1 ! :ole app>atus hav+ ! =m ( ! c\ronne des tasses4 ,! liquid us$ 0 dilute sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4be4 ,no action took place ^u ! metals except :5 ! electrodes 7 9 communication1 & !n ! action ^u ! z9c 0 only 9 proportion to ! decomposition 9 ! exp]im5tal cell2 = :5 ! curr5t 0 ret>d$ !re1 x 0 ret>d$ also 9 ! batt]y1 & no wa/e ( ! p[]s ( ! metal 0 incurr$4 #ajjb4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is circum/ance1 ! acid 9 ! cells rema9$ active = a v mu* long] "t ?an usual4 ,9 fact1 "t did n t5d to l[] x 9 any s5sible degree3 = :il/ ! metal 0 pres]v$ to be act$ ^u at ! prop] mom5t1 ! acid also 0 pres]v$ almo/ at its fir/ /r5g?4 ,h5ce a con/ancy ( action f> beyond :at c be obta9$ by ! use ( common z9c4 #ajjc4 ,ano!r excell5t consequ5ce 0 ! r5ewal1 dur+ ! int]val ( re/1 betwe5 two exp]im5ts ( ! fir/ & mo/ effici5t /ate4 ,:5 an amalgamat$ z9c & a plat9a plate1 imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 are fir/ connect$1 ! curr5t is v p[]ful1 b in/antly s9ks v mu* 9 =ce1 & 9 "s cases actually falls to only an eigh? or a t5? ( t fir/ produc$ 7#ajcf474 ,?is is due to ! acid :i* is 9 contact ) ! z9c becom+ neutraliz$ by ! oxide =m$2 ! cont9u$ quick oxidation ( ! metal be+ ?us prev5t$4 ,) ord9>y z9c1 ! evolution ( gas at its surface t5ds to m+le all ! liquid toge!r1 & ?us br+ fre% acid aga9/ ! metal1 by :i* ! oxide =m$ !re c be remov$4 ,) ! amalgamat$ z9c batt]y1 at e cessation ( ! curr5t1 ! sal9e solution aga9/ ! z9c is gradually diffus$ among/ ! re/ ( ! liquid2 & ^u ! r5ewal ( contact at ! electrodes1 ! z9c plates are f\nd mo/ fav\rably circum/anc$ = ! production ( a ready & p[]ful curr5t4 #ajjd4 ,x might at fir/ be imag9$ t amalgamat$ z9c w\ld be mu* inf]ior 9 =ce to common z9c1 because1 ( ! l[]+ ( its en]gy1 :i* ! m]cury might be suppos$ to occasion ov] ! :ole ( its surface2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,:5 ! electric curr5ts ( two pairs ( plat9a & z9c plates 7 oppos$1 ! diff]5ce be+ t "o ( ! z9cs 0 amalgamat$ & ! o!r n1 ! curr5t f ! amalgamat$ z9c 0 mo/ p[]ful1 al?\gh no gas 0 evolv$ aga9/ x1 & mu* 0 evolv$ at ! surface ( ! unamalgamat$ metal4 ,aga91 z ,davy has %[n,a1 if amalgamat$ & unamalgamat$ z9c be put 9 contact1 & dipp$ into dilute sulphuric acid1 or o!r excit+ fluids1 ! =m] is positive to ! latt]1 i4e4 ! curr5t passes f ! amalgamat$ z9c1 ?r\gh ! fluid1 to ! unprep>$ z9c4 ,?is he acc\nts = by suppos+ t !re is n any inh]5t & specific prop]ty 9 ea* metal :i* gives x ! electrical "*1 b t x dep5ds ^u its peculi> /ate--on t =m ( aggregation :i* fits x = *emical *ange4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #dje4 #ajje4 ,! sup]iority ( ! amalgamat$ z9c is n1 h[ev]1 due to any su* cause1 b is a v simple consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( ! fluid 9 contact ) x2 = z ! unprep>$ z9c acts directly & alone ^u ! fluid1 :il/ t :i* is amalgamat$ does n1 ! =m] 7by ! oxide x produces7 quickly neutralizes ! acid 9 contact ) its surface1 s t ! progress ( oxidation is ret>d$1 :il/ at ! surface ( ! amalgamat$ z9c1 any oxide =m$ is in/antly remov$ by ! free acid pres5t1 & ! clean metallic surface is always ready to act ) full en]gy ^u ! wat]4 ,h5ce its sup]iority 7#ajcg474 #ajjf4 ,! progress ( improvem5t 9 ! voltaic batt]y & its applications1 is evid5tly 9 ! contr>y direction at pres5t to :at x 0 a few ye>s ago2 = 9 place ( increas+ ! numb] ( plates1 ! /r5g? ( acid1 & ! ext5t altoge!r ( ! in/rum5t1 ! *ange is r t[>ds its fir/ /ate ( simplicity1 b ) a f> m intimate k & application ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n its =ce & action4 ,effects ( decomposition c n[ be obta9$ ) t5 pairs ( plates 7#dag471 :i* requir$ five hundr$ or a ?\s& pairs = _! production 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! capability ( decompos+ fus$ *lorides1 iodides1 & o!r comp\nds1 accord+ to ! law be=e e/abli%$ 7#chj4 c471 & ! opportunity ( collect+ c]ta9 ( ! products1 )\t any loss1 by ! use ( app>atus ( ! nature ( ^? already describ$ 7#ghi4 #had4 c471 r5d] x probable t ! voltaic batt]y may become a useful & ev5 economical manufactur+ in/rum5t2 = !ory evid5tly indicates t an equival5t ( a r>e sub/ance may be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ?ree or f\r equival5ts ( a v common body1 namely1 z9c3 & practice seems ?us f> to ju/ify ! expectation4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ,i ?9k x v likely t plates ( plat9a or silv] may be us$ in/ead ( plates ( copp] ) advantage1 & t !n ! evil aris+ occasionally f solution ( ! copp]1 & its precipitation on ! z9c1 7by :i* ! electromotive p[] ( ! z9c is s mu* injur$17 w be avoid$ 7#ajdg474 iv4 ,on ! ,resi/ance ( an ,electrolyte to ,electrolytic ,action1 & on ,int]positions4 #ajjg4 ,i h already illu/rat$1 9 ! simple/ possible =m ( exp]im5t 7#hia4 #iaj471 ! resi/ance e/abli%$ at ! place ( decomposition to ! =ce active at ! excit+ place4 ,i purpose exam9+ ! effects ( ?is resi/ance m g5]ally2 b x is r ) ref]5ce to _! practical int]f]5ce ) ! action & ph5om5a ( ! voltaic batt]y1 ?an ) any int5tion at ?is "t to (f] a /rict & philosophical acc\nt ( _! nature4 ,_! g5]al & pr9cipal cause is ! resi/ance ( ! *emical aff9ities to be ov]come2 b !re are num]\s o!r circum/ances :i* h a jo9t influ5ce ) ^! =ces 7#ajcd4 #ajdj4 c471 ea* ( :i* w\ld require a m9ute exam9ation be=e a correct acc\nt ( ! :ole c\ld be giv54 #ajjh4 ,z x w be conv5i5t to describe ! exp]im5ts 9 a =m diff]5t to t 9 :i* !y 7 made1 bo? =ms %all fir/ be expla9$4 ,plates ( plat9a1 copp]1 z9c1 & o!r metals1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* wide & ?ree in*es long1 7 associat$ toge!r 9 pairs by means ( plat9a wires to :i* !y 7 sold]$1 fig4 #hh1 ! plates ( "o pair be+ ei!r alike or diff]5t1 z might be requir$4 ,^! 7 arrang$ 9 glasses1 fig4 #hi1 s z to =m ,volta's cr[n ( cups4 ,! acid or fluid 9 ! cups nev] cov]$ ! :ole ( any plate2 & occasionally small glass rods 7 put into ! cups1 betwe5 ! plates1 to prev5t _! contact4 ,s+le plates 7 us$ to t]m9ate ! s]ies & complete ! connexion ) a galvanomet]1 or ) a decompos+ app>atus 7#hii4 #ifh4 c471 or bo?4 ,n[ if fig4 #ij be exam9$ & comp>$ ) fig4 #ia1 ! latt] may be admitt$ z repres5t+ ! =m] 9 its simple/ condition2 = ! cups i1 ii1 & iii ( ! =m]1 ) _! cont5ts1 are repres5t$ by ! cells i1 ii1 & iii ( ! latt]1 & ! metal plates ,z & ,p ( ! =m] by ! simil> plates repres5t$ ,z & ,p 9 ! latt]4 ,! only diff]5ce1 9 fact1 betwe5 ! app>atus1 fig4 #ij1 & ! tr\gh repres5t$ fig4 #ia1 is t twice ! quantity ( surface ( contact betwe5 ! metal & acid is all[$ 9 ! fir/ to :at w\ld occur 9 ! second4 #ajji4 ,:5 ! extreme plates ( ! arrangem5t j describ$1 fig4 #ij1 are connect$ metallically ?r\gh ! galvanomet] g1 !n ! :ole repres5ts a batt]y consi/+ ( two pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates urg+ a curr5t =w>d1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 to decompose wat] unassi/$ by any direct *emical aff9ity be=e x c be transmitt$ across ! cell iii1 & !re=e be=e x c circulate4 ,?is decomposition ( wat]1 :i* is oppos$ to ! passage ( ! curr5t1 may1 z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 be consid]$ z tak+ place ei!r aga9/ ! surfaces ( ! two plat9a plates :i* con/itute ! electrodes 9 ! cell 91 or aga9/ ! two surfaces ( t plat9a plate :i* sep>ates ! cells ii & iii1 fig4 #ia1 f ea* o!r4 ,x is evid5t t if t plate 7 away1 ! batt]y w\ld consi/ ( two pairs ( plates & two cells1 arrang$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position = ! production ( a curr5t4 ,! plat9a plate !re=e1 :i* be+ introduc$ z at x1 has oxyg5 evolv$ at "o surface & hydrog5 at ! o!r 7t is1 if ! decompos+ curr5t passes71 may be consid]$ z ! cause ( any ob/ruction aris+ f ! decomposition ( wat] by ! electrolytic action ( ! curr5t2 & ,i h usually call$ x ! int]pos$ plate4 #ajaj4 ,9 ord] to simplify ! conditions1 dilute sulphuric acid 0 fir/ us$ 9 all ! cells1 & plat9a = ! int]pos$ plates2 = !n ! initial int5sity ( ! curr5t :i* t5ds to be =m$ is con/ant1 be+ due to ! p[] :i* z9c has ( decompos+ wat]2 & ! oppos+ =ce ( decomposition is also con/ant1 ! elem5ts ( ! wat] be+ unassi/$ 9 _! sep>ation at ! int]pos$ plates by any aff9ity or second>y action at ! electrodes 7#gdd471 aris+ ei!r f ! nature ( ! plate itself or ! surr\nd+ fluid4 #ajaa4 ,:5 only "o voltaic pair ( z9c & plat9a plates 0 us$1 ! curr5t ( electricity 0 entirely /opp$ to all practical purposes by int]pos+ "o plat9a plate1 fig4 #ib1 i4e4 by requir+ ( ! curr5t t x %\ld decompose wat]1 & evolve bo? its elem5ts1 be=e x %\ld pass4 ,?is consequ5ce is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! views be=e giv5 7#iaj4 #iag4 #igc474 ,= z ! :ole result dep5ds ^u ! opposition ( =ces at ! places ( electric excitem5t & electro-decomposition1 & z wat] is ! sub/ance to be decompos$ at bo? be=e ! curr5t c move1 x is n to be expect$ t ! z9c %\ld h su* p[]ful attraction = ! oxyg51 z n only to be able to take x f its associat$ hydrog51 b leave su* a surplus ( =ce z1 pass+ to ! second place ( decomposition1 %\ld be !re able to effect a second sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,su* an effect w\ld require t ! =ce ( attraction betwe5 z9c & oxyg5 %\ld "u ! circum/ances be at lea/ twice z great z ! =ce ( attraction betwe5 ! oxyg5 & hydrog54 #ajab4 ,:5 two pairs ( z9c & plat9a excit+ plates 7 us$1 ! curr5t 0 also practically /opp$ by "o int]pos$ plat9a plate1 fig4 #ic4 ,!re 0 a v feeble effect ( a curr5t at fir/1 b x ceas$ almo/ imm$iately4 ,x w be ref]r$ to1 ) _m o!r simil> effects1 h]eaft] 7#ajag474 #ajac4 ,?ree pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates1 fig4 #id1 7 able to produce a curr5t :i* c\ld pass an int]pos$ plat9a plate1 & effect ! electrolyzation ( wat] 9 cell iv4 ,! curr5t 0 evid5t1 bo? by ! cont9u$ deflection ( ! galvanomet]1 & ! production ( bubbles ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 at ! electrodes 9 cell iv4 ,h5ce ! accumulat$ surplus =ce ( ?ree plates ( z9c1 :i* are active 9 decompos+ wat]1 is m ?an equal1 :5 add$ toge!r1 to ! =ce ) :i* oxyg5 & hydrog5 are comb9$ 9 wat]1 & is suffici5t to cause ! sep>ation ( ^! elem5ts f ea* o!r4 #ajad4 ,! ?ree pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates 7 n[ oppos$ by two int]v5+ plat9a plates1 fig4 #ie4 ,9 ?is case ! curr5t 0 /opp$4 #ajae4 ,f\r pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates 7 also neutraliz$ by two int]pos$ plat9a plates1 fig4 #if4 #ajaf4 ,five pairs ( z9c & plat9a1 ) two int]pos$ plat9a plates1 fig4 #ig1 gave a feeble curr5t2 !re 0 p]man5t deflection at ! galvanomet]1 & decomposition 9 ! cells vi & vii4 ,b ! curr5t 0 v feeble2 v mu* less ?an :5 all ! int]m$iate plates 7 remov$ & ! two extreme ones only reta9$3 = :5 !y 7 plac$ six in*es asund] 9 "o cell1 !y gave a p[]ful curr5t4 ,h5ce five excit+ pairs1 ) two int]pos$ ob/ruct+ plates1 d n give a curr5t at all comp>able to t ( a s+le unob/ruct$ pair4 #ajag4 ,i h already said t a v feeble curr5t pass$ :5 ! s]ies includ$ "o int]pos$ plat9a & two pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates 7#ajab474 ,a simil>ly feeble curr5t pass$ 9 e case1 & ev5 :5 only "o excit+ pair & f\r int]v5+ plat9a plates 7 us$1 fig4 #ih1 a curr5t pass$ :i* c\ld be detect$ at x1 bo? by *emical action on ! solution ( iodide ( potassium1 & by ! galvanomet]4 ,?is curr5t ,i believe to be due to electricity r$uc$ 9 int5sity bel[ ! po9t requisite = ! decomposition ( wat] 7#igj4 #ihd472 = wat] c conduct electricity ( su* l[ int5sity by ! same k9d ( p[] :i* x possesses 9 common ) metals & *>coal1 ?\gh x _c conduct electricity ( high] int5sity )\t suff]+ decomposition1 & !n oppos+ a new =ce consequ5t !reon4 ,) an electric curr5t (1 or "u ?is int5sity1 x is probable t increas+ ! numb] ( int]pos$ plat9a plates w\ld n involve an increas$ difficulty ( conduction4 #ajah4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an idea ( ! additional int]f]+ p[] ( ea* add$ plat9a plate1 six voltaic pairs & f\r int]v5+ plat9as 7 arrang$ z 9 fig4 #ii2 a v feeble curr5t !n pass$ 7#ihe4 #ajag474 ,:5 "o ( ! plat9as 0 remov$ s t ?ree int]v5$1 a curr5t some:at /rong] pass$4 ,) two int]v5+ plat9as a /ill /rong] curr5t pass$2 & ) only "o int]v5+ plat9a a v fair curr5t 0 obta9$4 ,b ! effect ( ! successive plates1 tak5 9 ! ord] ( _! int]position1 0 v diff]5t1 z might be expect$2 = ! fir/ ret>d$ ! curr5t m p[]fully ?an ! second1 & ! second m ?an ! ?ird4 #ajai4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts bo? amalgamat$ & unamalgamat$ z9c 7 us$1 b ! results g5]ally 7 ! same4 #ajbj4 ,! effects ( ret>dation j describ$ 7 alt]$ altoge!r :5 *anges 7 made 9 ! nature ( ! liquid us$ betwe5 ! plates1 ei!r 9 :at may be call$ ! excit+ or ! ret>d+ cells4 ,?us1 reta9+ ! excit+ =ce ! same1 by /ill us+ pure dilute sulphuric acid = t purpose1 if a little nitric acid 7 add$ to ! liquid 9 ! ret>d+ cells1 !n ! transmission ( ! curr5t 0 v mu* facilitat$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! exp]im5t ) "o pair ( excit+ plates & "o int]v5+ plate 7#ajaa471 fig4 #ib1 :5 a few drops ( nitric acid 7 add$ to ! cont5ts ( cell ii1 !n ! curr5t ( electricity pass$ ) consid]able /r5g? 7?\gh x soon fell f o!r causes 7#ajcf2 #ajdj4717 & ! same increas$ effect 0 produc$ by ! nitric acid :5 _m int]pos$ plates 7 us$4 #ajba4 ,?is seems to be a consequ5ce ( ! dim9ution ( ! difficulty ( decompos+ wat] :5 its hydrog51 in/ead ( be+ absolutely expell$1 z 9 ! =m] cases1 is transf]r$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid1 produc+ a second>y result at ! ca?ode 7#geb472 = 9 accordance ) ! *emical views ( ! electric curr5t & its action already advanc$ 7#iac471 ! wat]1 in/ead ( oppos+ a resi/ance to decomposition equal to ! full am\nt ( ! =ce ( mutual attraction betwe5 its oxyg5 & hydrog51 has t =ce c\nt]act$ 9 "p1 & !re=e dim9i%$ by ! attraction ( ! hydrog5 at ! ca?ode = ! oxyg5 ( ! nitric acid :i* surr\nds x1 & ) :i* x ultimately comb9es in/ead ( be+ evolv$ 9 its free /ate4 #ajbb4 ,:5 a little nitric acid 0 put into ! excit+ cells1 !n aga9 ! circum/ances fav\r+ ! transmission ( ! curr5t 7 /r5g!n$1 = ! int5sity ( ! curr5t itself 0 increas$ by ! addition 7#ijf474 ,:5 !re=e a little nitric acid 0 add$ to bo? ! excit+ & ! ret>d+ cells1 ! curr5t ( electricity pass$ ) v consid]able fre$om4 #ajbc4 ,:5 dilute muriatic acid 0 us$1 x produc$ & transmitt$ a curr5t m easily ?an pure dilute sulphuric acid1 b n s readily z dilute nitric acid4 ,z muriatic acid appe>s to be decompos$ m freely ?an wat] 7#gfe471 & z ! aff9ity ( z9c = *lor9e is v p[]ful1 x might be expect$ to produce a curr5t m int5se ?an t f ! use ( dilute sulphuric acid2 & also to transmit x m freely by und]go+ decomposition at a l[] int5sity 7#iab474 #ajbd4 ,9 relation to ! effect ( ^! int]positions1 x is necess>y to /ate t !y d n appe> to be at all dep5d5t ^u ! size ( ! electrodes1 or _! di/ance f ea* o!r 9 ! acid1 except t :5 a curr5t c pass1 *anges 9 ^! facilitate or ret>d its passage4 ,= on repeat+ ! exp]im5t ) "o int]v5+ & "o pair ( excit+ plates 7#ajaa471 fig4 #ib1 & 9 place ( ! int]pos$ plate ,p us+ sometimes a m]e wire1 & sometimes v l>ge plates 7#ajjh471 & also *ang+ ! t]m9al excit+ plates ,z & ,p1 s t !y 7 sometimes wires only & at o!rs ( great size1 /ill ! results 7 ! same z ^? already obta9$4 #ajbe4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! effect ( di/ance1 an exp]im5t l t describ$ ) two excit+ pairs & "o int]v5+ plate 7#ajab471 fig4 #ic1 0 arrang$ s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates 9 ! ?ird cell c\ld be increas$ to six or eight in*es1 or dim9i%$ to ! ?ickness ( a piece ( int]v5+ bibul\s pap]4 ,/ill ! result 0 ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! effect n be+ s5sibly great]1 :5 ! plates 7 m]ely sep>at$ by ! pap]1 ?an :5 a great way ap>t2 s t ! pr9cipal opposition to ! curr5t 9 ?is case does n dep5d ^u ! quantity ( int]v5+ electrolytic conductor1 b on ! relation ( its elem5ts to ! int5sity ( ! curr5t1 or to ! *emical nature ( ! electrodes & ! surr\nd+ fluids4 #ajbf4 ,:5 ! acid 0 sulphuric acid1 increas+ its /r5g? 9 any ( ! cells1 caus$ no *ange 9 ! effects2 x did n produce a m int5se curr5t 9 ! excit+ cells 7#ijh471 or cause ! curr5t produc$ to trav]se ! decompos+ cells m freely4 ,b if to v weak sulphuric acid a few drops ( nitric acid 7 add$1 !n ei!r "o or o!r ( ^? effects c\ld be produc$2 &1 z might be expect$ 9 a case l ?is1 :]e ! excit+ or conduct+ action bore a direct ref]5ce to ! acid itself1 increas+ ! /r5g? ( ?is 7! nitric acid71 also increas$ its p[]s4 #ajbg4 ,! nature ( ! int]pos$ plate 0 n[ v>i$ to %[ its relation to ! ph5om5a ei!r ( excitation or ret>dation1 & amalgamat$ z9c 0 fir/ sub/itut$ = plat9a4 ,on employ+ "o voltaic pair & "o int]pos$ z9c plate1 fig4 #ajj1 !re 0 z p[]ful a curr5t1 app>5tly1 z if ! int]pos$ z9c plate 0 away4 ,hydrog5 0 evolv$ aga9/ ,p 9 cell ii1 & aga9/ ! side ( ! second z9c 9 cell i2 b no gas appe>$ aga9/ ! side ( ! z9c 9 cell ii1 nor aga9/ ! z9c 9 cell i4 #ajbh4 ,on int]pos+ two amalgamat$ z9c plates1 fig4 #aja1 in/ead ( "o1 !re 0 /ill a p[]ful curr5t1 b int]f]5ce _h tak5 place4 ,on us+ ?ree int]m$iate z9c plates1 fig4 #ajb1 !re 0 /ill fur!r ret>dation1 ?\gh a good curr5t ( electricity pass$4 #ajbi4 ,consid]+ ! ret>dation z due to ! inaction ( ! amalgamat$ z9c ^u ! dilute acid1 9 consequ5ce ( ! slight ?\gh g5]al effect ( dim9i%$ *emical p[] produc$ by ! m]cury on ! surface1 & view+ ?is inaction z ! circum/ance :i* r5d]$ x necess>y t ea* plate %\ld h its t5d5cy to decompose wat] assi/$ slightly by ! electric curr5t1 x 0 expect$ t plates ( ! metal 9 ! unamalgamat$ /ate w\ld probably n require su* assi/ance1 & w\ld (f] no s5sible imp$im5t to ! pass+ ( ! curr5t4 ,?is expectation 0 fully realiz$ 9 ! use ( two & ?ree int]pos$ unamalgamat$ plates4 ,! electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh !m z freely z if !re _h be5 no su* plates 9 ! way4 ,!y (f]$ no ob/acle1 because !y c\ld decompose wat] )\t ! curr5t2 & ! latt] _h only to give direction to a "p ( ! =ces1 :i* w\ld h be5 active :e!r x _h pass$ or n4 #ajcj4 ,int]pos$ plates ( copp] 7 !n employ$4 ,^! seem$ at fir/ to occasion no ob/ruction1 b aft] a few m9utes ! curr5t almo/ entirely ceas$4 ,?is effect appe>s due to ! surfaces tak+ up t peculi> condition 7#ajaj47 by :i* !y t5d to produce a rev]se curr5t2 = :5 "o or m ( ! plates 7 turn$ r\nd1 :i* c\ld easily be effect$ ) ! c\ronne des tasses =m ( exp]im5t1 fig4 #ij1 !n ! curr5t 0 p[]fully r5ew$ = a few mom5ts1 & !n aga9 ceas$4 ,plates ( plat9a & copp]1 arrang$ z a voltaic pile ) dilute sulphuric acid1 c\ld n =m a voltaic tr\gh compet5t to act = m ?an a few m9utes1 because ( ?is peculi> c\nt]act+ effect4 #ajca4 ,all ^! effects ( ret>dation1 exhibit$ by decomposition aga9/ surfaces = :i* ! evolv$ elem5ts h m or less aff9ity1 or are altoge!r defici5t 9 attraction1 %[ g5]ally1 ?\gh beautifully1 ! *emical relations & s\rce ( ! curr5t1 & also ! balanc$ /ate ( ! aff9ities at ! places ( excitation & decomposition4 ,9 ?is way !y add to ! mass ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity ( ! two2 = !y demon/rate1 z x 71 ! antagonism ( ! *emical p[]s at ! electromotive "p ) ! *emical p[]s at ! int]pos$ p>ts2 !y %[ t ! fir/ are produc+ electric effects1 & ! second oppos+ !m2 !y br+ ! two into direct relation2 !y prove t ei!r c det]m9e ! o!r1 ?us mak+ :at appe>s to be cause & effect conv]tible1 & !reby demon/rat+ t bo? *emical & electrical action are m]ely two exhibitions ( "o s+le ag5t or p[] 7#iaf4 c474 #ajcb4 ,x is q evid5t1 t z wat] & o!r electrolytes c conduct electricity )\t suff]+ decomposition 7#ihf471 :5 ! electricity is ( suffici5tly l[ int5sity1 x may n be ass]t$ z absolutely true 9 all cases1 t :5ev] electricity passes ?r\gh an electrolyte1 x produces a def9ite effect ( decomposition4 ,b ! quantity ( electricity :i* c pass 9 a giv5 "t ?r\gh an electrolyte )\t caus+ decomposition1 is s small z to be> no comp>ison to t requir$ 9 a case ( v mod]ate decomposition1 & ) electricity above ! int5sity requir$ = electrolyzation1 ,i h f\nd no s5sible dep>ture z yet f ! law ( def9ite electrolytic action develop$ 9 ! prec$+ s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es 7#ghc4 c474 #ajcc4 ,i _c dismiss ?is division ( ! pres5t ,pap] )\t mak+ a ref]5ce to ! important exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,aug4 ,de la ,rive on ! effects ( int]pos$ plates,a4 ,z ,i h _h occasion to consid] su* plates m]ely z giv+ rise to new decompositions1 & 9 t way only caus+ ob/ruction to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t1 ,i 0 fre$ f ! necessity ( consid]+ ! peculi> effects describ$ by t philosoph]4 ,i 0 ! m will+ to avoid = ! pres5t t\*+ ^u ^!1 z ,i mu/ at ! same "t h ent]$ into ! views ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy ^u ! same subject,b & also ^? ( ,m>ian9i,c & ,hitt],d1 :i* are connect$ ) x4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxviii4 p #aij2 & ,mmoires de ,gnve4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #dac4 ,c ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxxiii4 pp4 #aag1 #aai1 c4 ,d ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 lvii4 pp4 #cai1 #cej4 v4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! active ,voltaic ,batt]y4 #ajcd4 ,:5 ! ord9>y voltaic batt]y is br\ght into action1 its v activity produces c]ta9 effects1 :i* re-act ^u x1 & cause s]i\s det]ioration ( its p[]4 ,^! r5d] x an exce$+ly incon/ant in/rum5t z to ! quantity ( effect :i* x is capable ( produc+4 ,!y are already1 9 "p1 kn[n & und]/ood2 b z _! importance1 & t ( c]ta9 o!r co9cid5t results1 w be m evid5t by ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples & exp]im5ts already /at$ & describ$1 ,i h ?\ght x w\ld be useful1 9 ?is inve/igation ( ! voltaic pile1 to notice !m briefly "h4 #ajce4 ,:5 ! batt]y is 9 action1 x causes su* sub/ances to be =m$ & arrang$ 9 contact ) ! plates z v mu* weak5 its p[]1 or ev5 t5d to produce a c\nt] curr5t4 ,!y are consid]$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy z suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ,ritt]'s second>y piles1 & also = ! effects obs]v$ by ,m4,a4 ,de la ,rive ) int]pos$ plat9a plates,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbf1 p4 #aac4 #ajcf4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ?is consequ5ce 7#ajjc471 z capable1 9 "s cases1 ( l[]+ ! =ce ( ! curr5t to "o-eigh? or "o-t5? ( :at x 0 at ! fir/ mom5t1 & h met ) in/ances 9 :i* its int]f]5ce 0 v great4 ,9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* "o voltaic pair & "o int]pos$ plat9a plate 7 us$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 9 ! cells fig4 #ajc1 ! wires ( communication 7 s arrang$1 t ! end ( t m>k$ #c c\ld be plac$ at pleasure ^u pap] moi/5$ 9 ! solution ( iodide ( potassium at x1 or directly ^u ! plat9a plate !re4 ,if1 aft] an int]val dur+ :i* ! circuit _h n be5 complete1 ! wire #c 7 plac$ ^u ! pap]1 !re 0 evid5ce ( a curr5t1 decomposition ensu$1 & ! galvanomet] 0 affect$4 ,if ! wire #c 7 made to t\* ! metal ( p1 a comp>atively /rong sudd5 curr5t 0 produc$1 affect+ ! galvanomet]1 b la/+ only = a mom5t2 ! effect at ! galvanomet] ceas$1 & if ! wire #c 7 plac$ on ! pap] at x1 no signs ( decomposition occurr$4 ,on rais+ ! wire #c1 & break+ ! circuit altoge!r = a :ile1 ! app>atus resum$ its fir/ p[]1 requir+1 h[ev]1 f five to t5 m9utes = ?is purpose2 & !n1 z be=e1 on mak+ contact betwe5 #c & p1 !re 0 aga9 a mom5t>y curr5t1 & imm$iately all ! effects app>5tly ceas$4 #ajcg4 ,?is effect ,i 0 ultimately able to ref] to ! /ate ( ! film ( fluid 9 contact ) ! z9c plate 9 cell i4 ,! acid ( t film is in/antly neutraliz$ by ! oxide =m$2 ! oxidation ( ! z9c _c1 ( c\rse1 g on ) ! same facility z be=e2 & ! *emical action be+ ?us int]rupt$1 ! voltaic action dim9i%es ) x4 ,! "t ( ! re/ 0 requir$ = ! diffusion ( ! liquid1 & its replacem5t by o!r acid4 ,f ! s]i\s influ5ce ( ?is cause 9 exp]im5ts ) s+le pairs ( plates ( diff]5t metals1 9 :i* ,i 0 at "o "t engag$1 & ! extreme c>e requir$ to avoid x1 ,i _c help feel+ a /rong suspicion t x int]f]es m frequ5tly & ext5sively ?an exp]im5t]s are aw>e (1 & !re=e direct _! att5tion to x4 #ajch4 ,9 consid]+ ! effect 9 delicate exp]im5ts ( ?is s\rce ( irregul>ity ( action1 9 ! voltaic app>atus1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is only t v small portion ( matt] :i* is directly 9 contact ) ! oxidizable metal :i* has to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! *ange ( its nature2 & ?is portion is n v readily displac$ f its position ^u ! surface ( ! metal 7#ehb4 #fje471 especially if t metal be r\gh & irregul>4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is effect1 ,i w quote a rem>kable exp]im5t4 ,a burni%$ plat9a plate 7#efi47 0 put into hot /rong sulphuric acid = an in/ant only3 x 0 !n put into di/ill$ wat]1 mov$ ab\t 9 x1 tak5 out1 & wip$ dry3 x 0 put into a second portion ( di/ill$ wat]1 mov$ ab\t 9 x1 & aga9 wip$3 x 0 put into a ?ird portion ( di/ill$ wat]1 9 :i* x 0 mov$ ab\t = ne>ly eight seconds2 x 0 !n1 )\t wip+1 put into a f\r? portion ( di/ill$ wat]1 :]e x 0 all[$ to rema9 five m9utes4 ,! two latt] portions ( wat] 7 !n te/$ = sulphuric acid2 ! ?ird gave no s5sible appe>ance ( t sub/ance1 b ! f\r? gave indications :i* 7 n m]ely evid5t1 b abundant = ! circum/ances "u :i* x _h be5 introduc$4 ,! result suffici5tly %[s ) :at difficulty t portion ( ! sub/ance :i* is 9 contact ) ! metal leaves x2 & z ! contact ( ! fluid =m$ aga9/ ! plate 9 ! voltaic circuit mu/ be z intimate & z p]fect z possible1 x is easy to see h[ quickly & greatly x mu/ v>y f ! g5]al fluid 9 ! cells1 & h[ influ5tial 9 dim9i%+ ! =ce ( ! batt]y ?is effect mu/ be4 #ajci4 ,9 ! ord9>y voltaic pile1 ! influ5ce ( ?is effect w occur 9 all v>iety ( degrees4 ,! extremities ( a tr\gh ( tw5ty pairs ( plates ( ,wolla/on's con/ruction 7 connect$ ) ! volta-electromet]1 fig4 #ff4 7#gaa471 ( ! ,sev5? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es1 & aft] five m9utes ! numb] ( bubbles ( gas issu+ f ! extremity ( ! tube1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ! wat]1 not$4 ,)\t mov+ ! plates1 ! acid betwe5 ! copp] & z9c 0 agitat$ by ! introduction ( a fea!r4 ,! bubbles 7 imm$iately evolv$ m rapidly1 above twice ! numb] be+ produc$ 9 ! same portion ( "t z be=e4 ,9 ?is in/ance x is v evid5t t agitation by a fea!r mu/ h be5 a v imp]fect mode ( re/or+ ! acid 9 ! cells aga9/ ! plates t[>ds its fir/ equal condition2 & yet imp]fect z ! means 71 !y m ?an d\bl$ ! p[] ( ! batt]y4 ,! fir/ effect ( a batt]y :i* is kn[n to be s sup]ior to ! degree ( action :i* ! batt]y c su/a91 is almo/ entirely due to ! fav\rable condition ( ! acid 9 contact ) ! plates4 #ajdj4 ,a second cause ( dim9ution 9 ! =ce ( ! voltaic batt]y1 consequ5t ^u its own action1 is t extraord9>y /ate ( ! surfaces ( ! metals 7#ifi47 :i* 0 fir/ describ$1 ,i believe1 by ,ritt],a1 to :i* he ref]s ! p[]s ( 8 second>y piles1 & :i* has be5 s well exp]im5t$ ^u by ,m>ian9i1 & also by ,a4 ,de la ,rive4 ,if ! app>atus1 fig4 #ajc4 7#ajif471 be left 9 action = an h\r or two1 ) ! wire #c 9 contact ) ! plate p1 s z to all[ a free passage = ! curr5t1 !n1 ?\gh ! contact be brok5 = t5 or twelve m9utes1 /ill1 ^u its r5ewal1 only a feeble curr5t w pass1 n at all equal 9 =ce to :at might be expect$4 ,fur!r1 if ,p#a & ,p#b be connect$ by a metal wire1 a p[]ful mom5t>y curr5t w pass f ,p#b to ,p#a ?r\gh ! acid1 & !re=e 9 ! rev]se direction to t produc$ by ! action ( ! z9c 9 ! arrangem5t2 & aft] ?is has happ5$1 ! g5]al curr5t c pass ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! sy/em z at fir/1 b by its passage aga9 re/ores ! plates ,p#b & ,p#a into ! =m] oppos+ condition4 ,?is1 g5]ally1 is ! fact describ$ by ,ritt]1 ,m>ian9i1 & ,de la ,rive4 ,x has great oppos+ influ5ce on ! action ( a pile1 especially if ! latt] consi/ ( b a small numb] ( alt]nations1 & has to pass its curr5t ?r\gh _m int]positions4 ,x v>ies ) ! solution 9 :i* ! int]pos$ plates are imm]s$1 ) ! int5sity ( ! curr5t1 ! /r5g? ( ! pile1 ! "t ( action1 & especially ) accid5tal dis*>ges ( ! plates by inadv]t5t contacts or rev]sions ( ! plates dur+ exp]im5ts1 & mu/ be c>efully wat*$ 9 e endeav\r to trace ! s\rce1 /r5g?1 & v>iations ( ! voltaic curr5t4 ,its effect 0 avoid$ 9 ! exp]im5ts already describ$ 7#ajcf4 c471 by mak+ contact betwe5 ! plates ,p#a & ,p#b be=e ! effect dep5d5t ^u ! /ate ( ! solution 9 contact ) ! z9c plate 0 obs]v$1 & by o!r precautions4 ,a ,j\rnal de ,physique1 lvii4 p4 #cdi4 #ajda4 ,:5 an app>atus l fig4 #ih4 7#ajag47 ) sev]al plat9a plates 0 us$1 be+ connect$ ) a batt]y able to =ce a curr5t ?r\gh !m1 ! p[] :i* !y acquir$1 ( produc+ a rev]s$ curr5t1 0 v consid]able4 #ajdb4 ,weak & exhau/$ *>ges %\ld nev] be us$ at ! same "t ) /rong & fre% ones 9 ! diff]5t cells ( a tr\gh1 or ! diff]5t tr\ghs ( a batt]y3 ! fluid 9 all ! cells %\ld be alike1 else ! plates 9 ! weak] cells1 9 place ( assi/+1 ret>d ! passage ( ! electricity g5]at$ 91 & transmitt$ across1 ! /rong] cells4 ,ea* z9c plate s circum/anc$ has to be assi/$ 9 decompos+ p[] be=e ! :ole curr5t c pass betwe5 x & ! liquid4 ,s1 t1 if 9 a batt]y ( fifty pairs ( plates1 t5 ( ! cells conta9 a weak] *>ge ?an ! o!rs1 x is z if t5 decompos+ plates 7 oppos$ to ! transit ( ! curr5t ( =ty pairs ( g5]at+ plates 7#ajca474 ,h5ce a s]i\s loss ( =ce1 & h5ce ! reason :y1 if ! t5 pairs ( plates 7 remov$1 ! rema9+ =ty pairs w\ld be mu* m p[]ful ?an ! :ole fifty4 #ajdc4 ,five simil> tr\ghs1 ( t5 pairs ( plates ea*1 7 prep>$1 f\r ( !m ) a good uni=m *>ge ( acid1 & ! fif? ) ! p>tially neutraliz$ acid ( a us$ batt]y4 ,be+ arrang$ 9 "r ord]1 & connect$ ) a volta-electromet] 7#gaa471 ! :ole fifty pairs ( plates yield$ #a4a cubic in* ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 "o m9ute3 b on mov+ "o ( ! connect+ wires s t only ! f\r well-*>g$ tr\ghs %\ld be includ$ 9 ! circuit1 !y produc$ ) ! same volta-electromet] #h4d cubical in*es ( gas 9 ! same "t4 ,ne>ly sev5-eigh?s ( ! p[] ( ! f\r tr\ghs _h be5 lo/1 !re=e1 by _! association ) ! fif? tr\gh4 #ajdd4 ,! same batt]y ( fifty pairs ( plates1 aft] be+ ?us us$1 0 connect$ ) a volta-electromet] 7#gaa471 s t by quickly %ift+ ! wires ( communication1 ! curr5t ( ! :ole ( ! batt]y1 or ( any portion ( x1 c\ld be made to pass ?r\gh ! in/rum5t = giv5 portions ( "t 9 succession4 ,! :ole ( ! batt]y evolv$ #j4i ( a cubic in* ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 half a m9ute2 ! =ty plates evolv$ #d4f cubic in*es 9 ! same "t2 ! :ole !n evolv$ #a cubic in* 9 ! half-m9ute2 ! t5 weakly *>g$ evolv$ #j4d ( a cubic in* 9 ! "t giv53 & f9ally ! :ole evolv$ #a4ae cubic in* 9 ! /&>d "t4 ,! ord] ( ! obs]vations 0 t giv53 ! results suffici5tly %[ ! extremely injuri\s effect produc$ by ! mixture ( /rong & weak *>ges 9 ! same batt]y,a4 ,a ,! gradual increase 9 ! action ( ! :ole fifty pairs ( plates 0 due to ! elevation ( temp]ature 9 ! weakly *>g$ tr\gh by ! passage ( ! curr5t1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! excit+ en]gies ( ! fluid )9 7 increas$4 #ajde4 ,9 ! same mann] associations ( /rong & weak pairs ( plates %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,a pair ( copp] & plat9a plates arrang$ 9 accordance ) a pair ( z9c & plat9a plates 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 7 f\nd to /op ! action ( ! latt]1 or ev5 ( two pairs ( ! latt]1 z effectually almo/ z an int]pos$ plate ( plat9a 7#ajaa471 or z if ! copp] itself _h be5 plat9a4 ,x1 9 fact1 became an int]pos$ decompos+ plate1 & !re=e a ret>d+ in/ead ( an assi/+ pair4 #ajdf4 ,! rev]sal1 by accid5t or o!rwise1 ( ! plates 9 a batt]y has an exce$+ly injuri\s effect4 ,x is n m]ely ! c\nt]action ( ! curr5t :i* ! rev]s$ plates c produce1 b _! effect also 9 ret>d+ ev5 z indiff]5t plates1 & requir+ decomposition to be effect$ ^u _! surface1 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 be=e ! latt] c pass4 ,!y oppose ! curr5t1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 z int]pos$ plat9a plates w\ld d 7#ajaa-ajah472 & to ?is !y add a =ce ( opposition z c\nt]-voltaic plates4 ,i f9d t1 9 a s]ies ( f\r pairs ( z9c & plat9a plates 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 if "o pair be rev]s$1 x v ne>ly neutralizes ! p[] ( ! :ole4 #ajdg4 ,!re are _m o!r causes ( reaction1 ret>dation1 & irregul>ity 9 ! voltaic batt]y4 ,among/ !m is ! n unusual "o ( precipitation ( copp] ^u ! z9c 9 ! cells1 ! injuri\s effect ( :i* has be=e be5 adv]t$ to 7#ajjf474 ,b _! int]e/ is n p]haps suffici5t to ju/ify any increase ( ! l5g? ( ?is pap]1 :i* is r int5d$ to be an inve/igation ( ! !ory ( ! voltaic pile ?an a p>ticul> acc\nt ( its practical application,a4 ,a ,= fur!r practical results relat+ to ^! po9ts ( ! philosophy ( ! voltaic batt]y1 see ,s]ies ,x4 #ag4 #aafc4--aafj4--;,dec4 #ahch4 ,note4--,_m ( ! views & exp]im5ts 9 ?is ,s]ies ( my ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es w be se5 at once to be corrections & ext5sions ( ! !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 giv5 9 ! ,fif? & ,sev5? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es4 ,! expressions ,i w\ld n[ alt] are ^? :i* conc]n ! indep5d5ce ( ! evolv$ elem5ts 9 relation to ! poles or electrodes1 & ! ref]5ce ( _! evolution to p[]s entirely int]nal 7#ebd4 #ecg4 #ffa474 ,! pres5t pap] fully %[s my pres5t views2 & ,i w\ld ref] to p>agraphs #hia4 #ijd4 #iaj4 #iag4 #iah4 #idg4 #ifc4 #ajjg4 #ajca4 c41 z /at+ :at !y are4 ,i hope ?is note w be consid]$ z suffici5t 9 ! way ( correction at pres5t2 = ,i w\ld r def] revis+ ! :ole !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition until ,i c obta9 cle>] views ( ! way 9 :i* ! p[] "u consid]ation c appe> at "o "t z associat$ ) p>ticles giv+ !m _! *emical attraction1 & at ano!r z free electricity 7#dic4 #ieg474--,m4,f4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #ca/1 #ahcd4 ,,n9? ,,s]ies4 #ae4 ,on ! influ5ce by induction ( an ,electric ,curr5t on itself3--& on ! inductive action ( ,electric ,curr5ts g5]ally4 ,receiv$ ,decemb] #ah1 #ahcd1--,read ,janu>y #bi1 #ahce4 #ajdh4 ,! foll[+ inve/igations relate to a v rem>kable inductive action ( electric curr5ts1 or ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same curr5t 7#gd471 & indicate an imm$iate connexion betwe5 su* inductive action & ! direct transmission ( electricity ?r\gh conduct+ bodies1 or ev5 t exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( a sp>k4 #ajdi4 ,! inquiry arose out ( a fact communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,j5k91 :i* is z foll[s4 ,if an ord9>y wire ( %ort l5g? be us$ z ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! two plates ( an electromotor consi/+ ( a s+le pair ( metals1 no managem5t w enable ! exp]im5t] to obta9 an electric %ock f ?is wire2 b if ! wire :i* surr\nds an electro-magnet be us$1 a %ock is felt ea* "t ! contact ) ! electromotor is brok51 provid$ ! ends ( ! wire be grasp$ "o 9 ea* h&4 #ajej4 ,ano!r effect is obs]v$ at ! same "t1 :i* has long be5 kn[n to philosoph]s1 namely1 t a bright electric sp>k occurs at ! place ( disjunction4 #ajea4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ^! results1 ) "s ( a correspond+ "* :i* ,i _h obs]v$ 9 us+ long wires1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = #ahcd;,a2 & ,i add$ to !m "s obs]vations on _! nature4 ,fur!r inve/igations l$ me to p]ceive ! inaccuracy ( my fir/ notions1 & end$ 9 id5tify+ ^! effects ) ! ph5om5a ( induction :i* ,i _h be5 =tunate en\gh to develop 9 ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ^! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 7#a4-ei47;,b4 ,not)/&+ ?is id5tity1 ! ext5sion & ! results supply1 lead me to believe t !y w be f\nd wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,a ,vol4 v4 pp4 #cdi1 #ddd4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcb1 p4 #abf4 #ajeb4 ,! electromotor us$ consi/$ ( a cyl9d] ( z9c introduc$ betwe5 ! two p>ts ( a d\ble cyl9d] ( copp]1 & pres]v$ f metallic contact 9 ! usual way by corks4 ,! z9c cyl9d] 0 eight in*es high & f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,bo? x & ! copp] cyl9d] 7 suppli$ ) /iff wires1 surm\nt$ by cups conta9+ m]cury2 & x 0 at ^! cups t ! contacts ( wires1 helices1 or electro-magnets1 us$ to complete ! circuit1 7 made or brok54 ,^! cups ,i w call ,g & ,e ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ?is pap] 7#ajgi474 #ajec4 ,c]ta9 helices 7 con/ruct$1 "s ( :i* x w be necess>y to describe4 ,a pa/ebo>d tube _h f\r copp] wires1 "o tw5ty-f\r? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 w\nd r\nd x1 ea* =m+ a helix 9 ! same direction f end to end3 ! convolutions ( ea* wire 7 sep>at$ by /r+1 & ! sup]pos$ helices prev5t$ f t\*+ by int]v5+ calico4 ,! l5g?s ( ! wires =m+ ! helices 7 #dh1 #di4e1 #dh1 & #de feet4 ,! fir/ & ?ird wires 7 unit$ toge!r s z to =m "o consi/5t helix ( #if feet 9 l5g?2 & ! second & f\r? wires 7 simil>ly unit$ to =m a second helix1 closely int]wov5 ) ! fir/1 & #id4e feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! helices may be di/+ui%$ by ! numb]s i & ii4 ,!y 7 c>efully exam9$ by a p[]ful curr5t ( electricity & a galvanomet]1 & f\nd to h no communication ) ea* o!r4 #ajed4 ,ano!r helix 0 con/ruct$ ^u a simil> pa/ebo>d tube1 two l5g?s ( ! same copp] wire be+ us$1 ea* =ty-six feet long4 ,^! 7 unit$ into "o consi/5t helix ( n9ety-two feet1 :i* !re=e 0 ne>ly equal 9 value to ei!r ( ! =m] helices1 b 0 n 9 close inductive association ) !m4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ by ! numb] iii4 #ajee4 ,a f\r? helix 0 con/ruct$ ( v ?ick copp] wire1 be+ "o-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! l5g? ( wire us$ 0 sev5ty-n9e feet1 indep5d5t ( ! /raight t]m9al portions4 #ajef4 ,! pr9cipal electro-magnet employ$ consi/$ ( a cyl9drical b> ( s(t iron tw5ty-five in*es long1 & "o in* & ?ree qu>t]s 9 diamet]1 b5t into a r+1 s t ! ends ne>ly t\*$1 & surr\nd$ by ?ree coils ( ?ick copp] wire1 ! simil> ends ( :i* 7 fa/5$ toge!r2 ea* ( ^! t]m9ations 0 sold]$ to a copp] rod1 s]v+ z a conduct+ cont9uation ( ! wire4 ,h5ce any electric curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! rods 0 divid$ 9 ! helices surr\nd+ ! r+1 into ?ree p>ts1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 mov$ 9 ! same direction4 ,! ?ree wires may !re=e be consid]$ z repres5t+ "o wire1 ( ?rice ! ?ickness ( ! wire really us$4 #ajeg4 ,o!r electro-magnets c\ld be made at pleasure by introduc+ a s(t iron rod into any ( ! helices describ$ 7#ajec1 c474 #ajeh4 ,! galvanomet] :i* ,i _h occasion to use 0 r\gh 9 its con/ruction1 hav+ b "o magnetic ne$le1 & n at all delicate 9 its indications4 #ajei4 ,! effects to be consid]$ dep5d on ! conductor employ$ to complete ! communication betwe5 ! z9c & copp] plates ( ! electromotor2 & ,i %all h to consid] ?is conductor "u f\r diff]5t =ms3 z ! helix ( an electro-magnet 7#ajef72 z an ord9>y helix 7#ajec1 c472 z a long ext5d$ wire1 hav+ its c\rse su* t ! p>ts c ex]t little or no mutual influ5ce2 & z a %ort wire4 ,9 all cases ! conductor 0 ( copp]4 #ajfj4 ,! peculi> effects are be/ %[n by ! electro-magnet 7#ajef474 ,:5 x 0 us$ to complete ! communication at ! electromotor1 !re 0 no s5sible sp>k on mak+ contact1 b on break+ contact !re 0 a v l>ge & bright sp>k1 ) consid]able combu/ion ( ! m]cury4 ,!n1 aga91 ) respect to ! %ock3 if ! h&s 7 moi/5$ 9 salt & wat]1 & good contact betwe5 !m & ! wires reta9$1 no %ock c\ld be felt ^u mak+ contact at ! electromotor1 b a p[]ful "o on break+ contact4 #ajfa4 ,:5 ! helix i or iii 7#ajec1 c47 0 us$ z ! connect+ conductor1 !re 0 also a good sp>k on break+ contact1 b none 7s5sibly7 on mak+ contact4 ,on try+ to obta9 ! %ock f ^! helices1 ,i c\ld n succe$ at fir/4 ,by jo9+ ! simil> ends ( i & ii s z to make ! two helices equival5t to "o helix1 hav+ wire ( d\ble ?ickness1 ,i c\ld j obta9 ! s5sation4 ,us+ ! helix ( ?ick wire 7#ajee47 ! %ock 0 di/9ctly obta9$4 ,on plac+ ! tongue betwe5 two plates ( silv] connect$ by wires ) ! p>ts :i* ! h&s _h h]et(ore t\*$ 7#ajfd471 !re 0 a p[]ful %ock on break+ contact1 b none on mak+ contact4 #ajfb4 ,! p[] ( produc+ ^! ph5om5a exi/s !re=e 9 ! simple helix1 z 9 ! electro-magnet1 al?\gh by no means 9 ! same high degree4 #ajfc4 ,on putt+ a b> ( s(t iron into ! helix1 x became an electro-magnet 7#ajeg471 & its p[] 0 in/antly & greatly rais$4 ,on putt+ a b> ( copp] into ! helix1 no *ange 0 produc$1 ! action be+ t ( ! helix alone4 ,! two helices i & ii1 made into "o helix ( tw(old l5g? ( wire1 produc$ a great] effect ?an ei!r i or ii alone4 #ajfd4 ,on desc5d+ f ! helix to ! m]e long wire1 ! foll[+ effects 7 obta9$1 ,a copp] wire1 #j4ah ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #acb feet 9 l5g?1 0 laid out ^u ! floor ( ! laboratory1 & us$ z ! connect+ conductor 7#ajei472 x gave no s5sible sp>k on mak+ contact1 b produc$ a bright "o on break+ contact1 yet n s bright z t f ! helix 7#ajfa47 ,on endeav\r+ to obta9 ! electric %ock at ! mom5t contact 0 brok51 ,i c\ld n succe$ s z to make x pass ?r\gh ! h&s2 b by us+ two silv] plates fa/5$ by small wires to ! extremity ( ! pr9cipal wire us$1 & introduc+ ! tongue betwe5 ^? plates1 ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+ p[]ful %ocks ^u ! tongue & gums1 & c\ld easily convulse a fl\nd]1 an eel1 or a frog4 ,none ( ^! effects c\ld be obta9$ directly f ! electromotor1 i4e4 :5 ! tongue1 frog1 or fi% 0 9 a simil>1 & !re=e comp>ative mann]1 int]pos$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! communication betwe5 ! z9c & copp] plates1 sep>at$ ev]y:]e else by ! acid us$ to excite ! comb9ation1 or by air4 ,! bright sp>k & ! %ock1 produc$ only on break+ contact1 are !re=e effects ( ! same k9d z ^? produc$ 9 a high] degree by ! helix1 & 9 a /ill high] degree by ! electro-magnet4 #ajfe4 ,9 ord] to comp>e an ext5d$ wire ) a helix1 ! helix i1 conta9+ n9ety-six feet1 & n9ety-six feet ( ! same-siz$ wire ly+ on ! floor ( ! laboratory1 7 us$ alt]nately z conductors3 ! =m] gave a mu* bright] sp>k at ! mom5t ( disjunction ?an ! latt]4 ,aga91 tw5ty-eight feet ( copp] wire 7 made up into a helix1 & be+ us$ gave a good sp>k on disjunction at ! electromotor2 be+ !n sudd5ly pull$ out & aga9 employ$1 x gave a mu* small] sp>k ?an be=e1 al?\gh no?+ b its spiral arrangem5t _h be5 *ang$4 #ajff4 ,z ! sup]iority ( a helix ov] a wire is important to ! philosophy ( ! effect1 ,i took p>ticul> pa9s to asc]ta9 ! fact ) c]ta9ty4 ,a wire ( copp] sixty-sev5 feet long 0 b5t 9 ! middle s z to =m a d\ble t]m9ation :i* c\ld be communicat$ ) ! electromotor2 "o ( ! halves ( ?is wire 0 made into a helix & ! o!r rema9$ 9 its ext5d$ condition4 ,:5 ^! 7 us$ alt]nately z ! connect+ wire1 ! helix half gave by mu* ! /ronge/ sp>k4 ,x ev5 gave a /rong] sp>k ?an :5 x & ! ext5d$ wire 7 us$ conjo9tly z a d\ble conductor4 #ajfg4 ,:5 a %ort wire is us$1 all ^! effects disappe>4 ,if x be only two or ?ree in*es long1 a sp>k c sc>cely be p]ceiv$ on break+ ! junction4 ,if x be t5 or twelve in*es long & mod]ately ?ick1 a small sp>k may be m easily obta9$4 ,z ! l5g? is increas$1 ! sp>k becomes proportionately bright]1 until f extreme l5g? ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! metal z a conductor beg9s to int]f]e ) ! pr9cipal result4 #ajfh4 ,! effect ( elongation 0 well %[n ?us3 #aad feet ( copp] wire1 "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 7 ext5d$ on ! floor & us$ z a conductor2 x rema9$ cold1 b gave a bright sp>k on break+ contact4 ,be+ cross$ s t ! two t]m9ations 7 9 contact ne> ! extremities1 x 0 aga9 us$ z a conductor1 only twelve in*es n[ be+ includ$ 9 ! circuit3 ! wire became v hot f ! great] quantity ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh x1 & yet ! sp>k on break+ contact 0 sc>cely visible4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) a wire "o-n9? ( an in* 9 diamet] & ?irty-six feet long ) ! same results4 #ajfi4 ,t ! effects1 & also ! action1 9 all ^! =ms ( ! exp]im5t are id5tical1 is evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* ! =m] c be gradually rais$ f t produc$ by ! %orte/ wire to t ( ! mo/ p[]ful electro-magnet3 & ?is capability ( exam9+ :at w happ5 by ! mo/ p[]ful app>atus1 & !n exp]im5t+ = ! same results1 or reason+ f !m1 ) ! weak] arrangem5ts1 is ( great advantage 9 mak+ out ! true pr9ciples ( ! ph5om5a4 #ajgj4 ,! action is evid5tly dep5d5t ^u ! wire :i* s]ves z a conductor2 = x v>ies z t wire v>ies 9 its l5g? or arrangem5t4 ,! %orte/ wire may be consid]$ z exhibit+ ! full effect ( sp>k or %ock :i* ! electromotor c produce by its own direct p[]2 all ! additional =ce :i* ! arrangem5ts describ$ c excite be+ due to "s affection ( ! curr5t1 ei!r p]man5t or mom5t>y1 9 ! wire itself4 ,t x is a mom5t>y effect1 produc$ only at ! in/ant ( break+ contact1 w be fully prov$ 7#ajhi4 #aajj474 #ajga4 ,no *ange takes place 9 ! quantity or int5sity ( ! curr5t dur+ ! "t ! latt] is cont9u$1 f ! mom5t aft] contact is made1 up to t previ\s to disunion1 except :at dep5ds ^u ! increas$ ob/ruction (f]$ to ! passage ( ! electricity by a long wire z comp>$ to a %ort wire4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is po9t ) reg>d to quantity1 ! helix i 7#ajec47 & ! galvanomet] 7#ajee47 7 bo? made p>ts ( ! metallic circuit us$ to connect ! plates ( a small electromotor1 & ! deflection at ! galvanomet] 0 obs]v$2 !n a s(t iron core 0 put into ! helix1 & z soon z ! mom5t>y effect 0 ov]1 & ! ne$le _h become /ation>y1 x 0 aga9 obs]v$1 & f\nd to /& exactly at ! same division z be=e4 ,?us ! quantity pass+ ?r\gh ! wire :5 ! curr5t 0 cont9u$ 0 ! same ei!r ) or )\t ! s(t iron1 al?\gh ! peculi> effects occurr+ at ! mom5t ( disjunction 7 v diff]5t 9 degree "u su* v>iation ( circum/ances4 #ajgb4 ,t ! quality ( int5sity belong+ to ! con/ant curr5t did n v>y ) ! circum/ances fav\r+ ! peculi> results "u consid]ation1 s z to yield an explanation ( ^? results1 0 asc]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! curr5t excit$ by an electromotor 0 pass$ ?r\gh %ort wires1 & its int5sity tri$ by subject+ diff]5t sub/ances to its electrolyz+ p[] 7#iab4 #iff4 c472 x 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ! wires ( ! p[]ful electro-magnet 7#ajef471 & aga9 exam9$ ) respect to its int5sity by ! same means & f\nd un*ang$4 ,aga91 ! con/ancy ( ! quantity pass$ 9 ! above exp]im5t 7#ajga47 adds fur!r pro( t ! int5sity c\ld n h v>i$2 = _h x be5 increas$ ^u ! introduction ( ! s(t iron1 !re is e reason to believe t ! quantity pass$ 9 a giv5 "t w\ld also h increas$4 #ajgc4 ,! fact is1 t "u _m v>iations ( ! exp]im5ts1 ! p]man5t curr5t loses 9 =ce z ! effects ^u break+ contact become exalt$4 ,?is is abundantly evid5t 9 ! comp>ative exp]im5ts ) long & %ort wires 7#ajfh472 & is /ill m /rik+ly %[n by ! foll[+ v>iation4 ,sold] an in* or two 9 l5g? ( f9e plat9a wire 7ab\t "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]7 on to "o end ( ! long communicat+ wire1 & also a simil> l5g? ( ! same plat9a wire on to "o end ( ! %ort communication2 !n1 9 comp>+ ! effects ( ^! two communications1 make & break contact betwe5 ! plat9a t]m9ations & ! m]cury ( ! cup ,g or ,e 7#ajgi474 ,:5 ! %ort wire is us$1 ! plat9a w be ignit$ by ! con/ant curr5t1 because ( ! quantity ( electricity1 b ! sp>k on break+ contact w be h>dly visible2 on us+ ! long] communicat+ wire1 :i* by ob/ruct+ w dim9i% ! curr5t1 ! plat9a w rema9 cold :il/ ! curr5t passes1 b give a bright sp>k at ! mom5t x ceases3 ?us ! /range result is obta9$ ( a dim9i%$ sp>k & %ock f ! /rong curr5t1 & increas$ effects f ! weak "o4 ,h5ce ! sp>k & %ock at ! mom5t ( disjunction1 al?\gh result+ f great int5sity & quantity1 ( ! curr5t at t mom5t1 are no direct indicators or measur]s ( ! int5sity or quantity ( ! con/ant curr5t previ\sly pass+1 & by :i* !y are ultimately produc$4 99 99 99 99 99 #ajgd4 ,x is highly important 9 us+ ! sp>k z an indication1 by its relative brightness1 ( ^! effects1 to be> 9 m9d c]ta9 circum/ances connect$ ) its production & appe>ance 7#ieh474 ,an ord9>y electric sp>k is und]/ood to be ! bright appe>ance ( electricity pass+ sudd5ly ?r\gh an int]val ( air1 or o!r badly conduct+ matt]4 ,a voltaic sp>k is sometimes ( ! same nature1 b1 g5]ally1 is due to ! ignition & ev5 combu/ion ( a m9ute portion ( a good conductor2 & t is especially ! case :5 ! electromotor consi/s ( b "o or few pairs ( plates4 ,?is c be v well obs]v$ if ei!r or bo? ( ! metallic surfaces int5d$ to t\* be solid & po9t$4 ,! mom5t !y come 9 contact ! curr5t passes2 x heats1 ignites1 & ev5 burns ! t\*+ po9ts1 & ! appe>ance is z if ! sp>k pass$ on mak+ contact1 :]eas x is only a case ( ignition by ! curr5t1 contact be+ previ\sly made1 & is p]fectly analog\s to ! ignition ( a f9e plat9a wire connect+ ! extremities ( a voltaic batt]y4 #ajge4 ,:5 m]cury con/itutes "o or bo? ( ! surfaces us$1 ! brightness ( ! sp>k is greatly increas$4 ,b z ?is effect is due to ! action on1 & probable combu/ion (1 ! metal1 su* sp>ks mu/ only be comp>$ ) o!r sp>ks also tak5 f m]curial surfaces1 & n ) su* z may be tak51 = in/ance1 betwe5 surfaces ( plat9a or gold1 = !n ! appe>ances are f> less bright1 ?\gh ! same quantity ( electricity be pass$4 ,x is n at all unlikely t ! commonly occurr+ circum/ance ( combu/ion may affect ev5 ! duration ( ! light2 & t sp>ks tak5 betwe5 m]cury1 copp]1 or o!r combu/ible bodies1 w cont9ue = a p]iod s5sibly long] ?an ^? pass+ betwe5 plat9a or gold4 #ajgf4 ,:5 ! end ( a %ort clean copp] wire1 atta*$ to "o plate ( an electromotor1 is br\ght d[n c>efully ^u a surface ( m]cury connect$ ) ! o!r plate1 a sp>k1 almo/ cont9u\s1 c be obta9$4 ,?is ,i ref] to a succession ( effects ( ! foll[+ nature3 fir/1 contact1--!n ignition ( ! t\*+ po9ts1--recession ( ! m]cury f ! me*anical results ( ! heat produc$ at ! place ( contact1 & ! electro-magnetic condition ( ! p>ts at ! mom5t,a1 --break+ ( ! contact & ! production ( ! peculi> int5se effect dep5d5t !reon1--r5ewal ( ! contact by ! return+ surface ( ! undulat+ m]cury1--& !n a repetition ( ! same s]ies ( effects1 & t ) su* rapidity z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a cont9u$ dis*>ge4 ,if a long wire or an electro-magnet be us$ z ! connect+ conductor in/ead ( a %ort wire1 a simil> appe>ance may be produc$ by tapp+ ! vessel conta9+ ! m]cury & mak+ x vibrate2 b ! sp>ks d n usually foll[ ea* o!r s rapidly z to produce an app>5tly cont9u\s sp>k1 because ( ! "t requir$1 :5 ! long wire or electro-magnet is us$1 bo? = ! full developm5t ( ! curr5t 7#aaja4 #aajf47 & = its complete cessation4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xii1 p4 #dbj4 #ajgg4 ,return+ to ! ph5om5a 9 "q1 ! fir/ ?\ght t arises 9 ! m9d is1 t ! electricity circulates ) some?+ l mom5tum or in]tia 9 ! wire1 & t ?us a long wire produces effects at ! in/ant ! curr5t is /opp$1 :i* a %ort wire _c produce4 ,su* an explanation is1 h[ev]1 at once set aside by ! fact1 t ! same l5g? ( wire produces ! effects 9 v diff]5t degrees1 accord+ z x is simply ext5d$1 or made into a helix1 or =ms ! circuit ( an electro-magnet 7#ajfi474 ,! exp]im5ts to be adduc$ 7#ajhi47 w /ill m /rik+ly %[ t ! idea ( mom5tum _c apply4 #ajgh4 ,! bright sp>k at ! electromotor1 & ! %ock 9 ! arms1 appe>$ evid5tly to be due to "o curr5t 9 ! long wire1 divid$ into two p>ts by ! d\ble *annel af=d$ ?r\gh ! body & ?r\gh ! electromotor2 = t ! sp>k 0 evolv$ at ! place ( disjunction ) ! electromotor1 n by any direct action ( ! latt]1 b by a =ce imm$iately ex]t$ 9 ! wire ( communication1 seem$ to be )\t d\bt 7#ajgj474 ,x foll[$1 !re=e1 t by us+ a bett] conductor 9 place ( ! human body1 ! :ole ( ?is extra curr5t might be made to pass at t place2 & ?us be sep>at$ f t :i* ! electromotor c\ld produce by its imm$iate action1 & its direction be exam9$ ap>t f any int]f]5ce ( ! orig9al & orig9at+ curr5t4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be true2 = on connect+ ! ends ( ! pr9cipal wire toge!r by a cross wire two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 appli$ j :]e ! h&s _h felt ! %ock1 ! :ole ( ! extra curr5t pass$ by ! new *annel1 & !n no bett] sp>k ?an "o producible by a %ort wire 0 obta9$ on disjunction at ! electromotor4 #ajgi4 ,! curr5t ?us sep>at$ 0 exam9$ by galvanomet]s & decompos+ app>atus introduc$ into ! c\rse ( ?is wire4 ,i w always speak ( x z ! curr5t 9 ! cross wire or wires1 s t no mi/ake1 z to its place or orig91 may occur4 ,9 ! wood-cut1 ,z & ,c repres5t ! z9c & copp] plates ( ! electromotor2 ,g & ,e ! cups ( m]cury :]e contact is made or brok5 7#ajeb472 ,a & ,b ! t]m9ations ( ,d1 ! long wire1 ! helix or ! electro-magnet1 us$ to complete ! circuit2 ,n & ,p are ! cross wires1 :i* c ei!r be br\ght into contact at x1 or else h a galvanomet] 7#ajeh47 or an electrolyz+ app>atus 7#cab4 #caf47 int]pos$ !re4 ,illu/ration ,! production ( ! %ock f ! curr5t 9 ! cross wire1 :e!r ,d 0 a long ext5d$ wire1 or a helix1 or an electro-magnet1 has be5 already describ$ 7#ajfj4 #ajfa4 #ajfd474 #ajhj4 ,! sp>k ( ! cross-wire curr5t c\ld be produc$ at x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,d 0 made an electro-magnet2 ! metallic extremities at x 7 held close toge!r1 or rubb$ lightly aga9/ ea* o!r1 :il/ contact 0 brok5 at ,g or ,e4 ,:5 ! communication 0 p]fect at x1 little or no sp>k appe>$ at ,g or ,e4 ,:5 ! condition ( vic9ity at x 0 fav\rable = ! result requir$1 a bright sp>k w\ld pass !re at ! mom5t ( disjunction1 none occurr+ at ,g & ,e3 ?is sp>k 0 ! lum9\s passage ( ! extra curr5t ?r\gh ! cross-wires4 ,:5 !re 0 no contact or passage ( curr5t at x1 !n ! sp>k appe>$ at ,g or ,e1 ! extra curr5t =c+ its way ?r\gh ! electromotor itself4 ,! same results 7 obta9$ by ! use ( ! helix or ! ext5d$ wire at ,d 9 place ( ! electro-magnet4 #ajha4 ,on introduc+ a f9e plat9a wire at x1 & employ+ ! electro-magnet at ,d1 no visible effects occurr$ z long z contact 0 cont9u$2 b on break+ contact at ,g or ,e1 ! f9e wire 0 in/antly ignit$ & fus$4 ,a long] or ?ick] wire c\ld be s adju/$ at x z to %[ ignition1 )\t fusion1 e "t ! contact 0 brok5 at ,g or ,e4 #ajhb4 ,x is r difficult to obta9 ?is effect ) helices or wires1 & = v simple reasons3 ) ! helices i1 ii1 or iii1 !re 0 su* ret>dation ( ! electric curr5t1 f ! l5g? ( wire us$1 t a full in* ( plat9a wire "o-fiftie? ( an in* 9 diamet] c\ld be reta9$ ignit$ at ! cross-wires dur+ ! cont9uance ( contact1 by ! portion ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,h5ce x 0 impossible to di/+ui% ! p>ticul> effects at ! mom5ts ( mak+ or break+ contact f ?is con/ant effect4 ,on us+ ! ?ick wire helix 7#ajee471 ! same results ensu$4 #ajhc4 ,proce$+ ^u ! kn[n fact t electric curr5ts ( great quantity b l[ int5sity1 ?\gh able to ignite ?ick wires1 _c produce t effect ^u ?9 ones1 ,i us$ a v f9e plat9a wire at x1 r$uc+ its diamet] until a sp>k appe>$ at ,g or ,e1 :5 contact 0 brok5 !re4 ,a qu>t] ( an in* ( su* wire might be introduc$ at x )\t be+ ignit$ by ! cont9uance ( contact at ,g or ,e2 b :5 contact 0 brok5 at ei!r place1 ?is wire became r$-hot2 prov+1 by ?is me?od1 ! production ( ! induc$ curr5t at t mom5t4 #ajhd4 ,*emical decomposition 0 next effect$ by ! cross-wire curr5t1 an electro-magnet be+ us$ at ,d1 & a decompos+ app>atus1 ) solution ( iodide ( potassium 9 pap] 7#ajgi471 employ$ at x4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( ! connect+ sy/em ,a ,b ,d 0 suffici5t to c>ry all ! prim>y curr5t1 & consequ5tly no *emical action took place at x dur+ ! cont9uance ( contact at ,g & ,e2 b :5 contact 0 brok51 !re 0 in/antly decomposition at x4 ,! iod9e appe>$ aga9/ ! wire ,n1 & n aga9/ ! wire ,p2 ?us demon/rat+ t ! curr5t ?r\gh ! cross-wires1 :5 contact 0 brok51 0 9 ! rev]se direction to t m>k$ by ! arr[1 or t :i* ! electromotor w\ld h s5t ?r\gh x4 #ajhe4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t a bright sp>k occurs at ! place ( disjunction1 indicat+ t only a small "p ( ! extra curr5t pass$ ! app>atus at x1 because ( ! small conduct+ p[] ( ! latt]4 #ajhf4 ,i f\nd x difficult to obta9 ! *emical effects ) ! simple helices & wires1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9i%$ inductive p[] ( ^! arrangem5ts1 & because ( ! passage ( a /rong con/ant curr5t at x :5ev] a v active electromotor 0 us$ 7#ajhb74 #ajhg4 ,! mo/ in/ructive set ( results 0 obta9$1 h[ev]1 :5 ! galvanomet] 0 introduc$ at x4 ,us+ an electro-magnet at ,d1 & cont9u+ contact1 a curr5t 0 !n indicat$ by ! deflection1 proce$+ f ,p to ,n1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[2 ! cross-wire s]v+ to c>ry "o "p ( ! electricity excit$ by ! electromotor1 & t "p ( ! arrangem5t m>k$ ,a ,b ,d1 ! o!r & f> great] "p1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! magnetic ne$le 0 !n =c$ back1 by p9s appli$ ^u opposite sides ( its two extremities1 to its natural position :5 un9flu5c$ by a curr5t2 aft] :i*1 contact be+ brok5 at ,g or ,e1 x 0 deflect$ /rongly 9 ! opposite direction2 ?us %[+1 9 accordance ) ! *emical effects 7#ajhd71 t ! extra curr5t foll[$ a c\rse 9 ! cross-wires contr>y to t indicat$ by ! arr[1 i4 e4 contr>y to ! "o produc$ by ! direct action ( ! electromotor,a4 ,a ,x 0 asc]ta9$ exp]im5tally1 t if a /rong curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! galvanomet] only1 & ! ne$le re/ra9$ 9 "o direction z above 9 its natural position1 :5 ! curr5t 0 /opp$1 no vibration ( ! ne$le 9 ! opposite direction took place4 #ajhh4 ,) ! helix only 7#ajfa471 ^! effects c\ld sc>cely be obs]v$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! small] inductive =ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 ! oppos$ action f induction 9 ! galvanomet] wire itself1 ! me*anical condition & t5sion ( ! ne$le f ! effect ( block+ 7#ajhg47 :il/ ! curr5t due to cont9uance ( contact 0 pass+ r\nd x2 & because ( o!r causes4 ,) ! ext5d$ wire 7#ajfd47 all ^! circum/ances _h /ill great] influ5ce1 & !re=e all[$ less *ance ( success4 #ajhi4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 e/abli%+ z !y did1 by ! quantity1 int5sity1 & ev5 direction1 a di/9ction betwe5 ! prim>y or g5]at+ curr5t & ! extra curr5t1 l$ me to conclude t ! latt] 0 id5tical ) ! induc$ curr5t describ$ 7#f4 #bf4 #gd47 9 ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es2 & ?is op9ion ,i 0 soon able to br+ to pro(1 & at ! same times obta9$ n ! p>tial 7#ajgh47 b entire sep>ation ( "o curr5t f ! o!r4 #ajij4 ,! d\ble helix 7#ajec47 0 arrang$ s t x %\ld =m ! connect+ wire betwe5 ! plates ( ! electromotor1 9 be+ out ( ! curr5t1 & its ends unconnect$4 ,9 ?is condition x act$ v well1 & gave a good sp>k at ! "t & place ( disjunction4 ,! opposite ends ( ii 7 !n connect$ toge!r s z to =m an endless wire1 i rema9+ un*ang$3 b n[ no sp>k1 or "o sc>cely s5sible1 c\ld be obta9$ f ! latt] at ! place ( disjunction4 ,!n1 aga91 ! ends ( ii 7 held s ne>ly toge!r t any curr5t runn+ r\nd t helix %\ld be r5d]$ visible z a sp>k2 & 9 ?is mann] a sp>k 0 obta9$ f ii :5 ! junction ( i ) ! electromotor 0 brok51 9 place ( appe>+ at ! disjo9$ extremity ( i itself4 #ajia4 ,by introduc+ a galvanomet] or decompos+ app>atus into ! circuit =m$ by ! helix ii1 ,i c\ld easily obta9 ! deflections & decomposition occasion$ by ! induc$ curr5t due to ! break+ contact at helix i1 or ev5 to t occasion$ by mak+ contact ( t helix ) ! electromotor2 ! results 9 bo? cases indicat+ ! contr>y directions ( ! two induc$ curr5ts ?us produc$ 7#bf474 #ajib4 ,all ^! effects1 except ^? ( decomposition1 7 reproduc$ by two ext5d$ long wires1 n hav+ ! =m ( helices1 b plac$ close to ea* o!r2 & ?us x 0 prov$ t ! extra curr5t c\ld be remov$ f ! wire c>ry+ ! orig9al curr5t to a neighb\r+ wire1 & 0 at ! same "t id5tifi$1 9 direction & e o!r respect1 ) ! curr5ts producible by induction 7#ajhi474 ,! case1 !re=e1 ( ! bright sp>k & %ock on disjunction may n[ be /at$ ?us3 ,if a curr5t be e/abli%$ 9 a wire1 & ano!r wire1 =m+ a complete circuit1 be plac$ p>allel to ! fir/1 at ! mom5t ! curr5t 9 ! fir/ is /opp$ x induces a curr5t 9 ! same direction 9 ! second1 ! fir/ exhibit+ !n b a feeble sp>k2 b if ! second wire be away1 disjunction ( ! fir/ wire induces a curr5t 9 itself 9 ! same direction1 produc+ a /rong sp>k4 ,! /rong sp>k 9 ! s+le long wire or helix1 at ! mom5t ( disjunction1 is !re=e ! equival5t ( ! curr5t :i* w\ld be produc$ 9 a neighb\r+ wire if su* second curr5t 7 p]mitt$4 #ajic4 ,view+ ! ph5om5a z ! results ( ! induction ( electrical curr5ts1 _m ( ! pr9ciples ( action1 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts1 become f> m evid5t & precise4 ,?us ! diff]5t effects ( %ort wires1 long wires1 helices1 & electro-magnets 7#ajfi47 may be compreh5d$4 ,if ! inductive action ( a wire a foot long ^u a collat]al wire also a foot 9 l5g?1 be obs]v$1 x w be f\nd v small2 b if ! same curr5t be s5t ?r\gh a wire fifty feet long1 x w induce 9 a neighb\r+ wire ( fifty feet a f> m p[]ful curr5t at ! mom5t ( mak+ or break+ contact1 ea* successive foot ( wire add+ to ! sum ( action2 & by p>ity ( reason+1 a simil> effect %\ld take place :5 ! conduct+ wire is also t 9 :i* ! induc$ curr5t is =m$ 7#gd473 h5ce ! reason :y a long wire gives a bright] sp>k on break+ contact ?an a %ort "o 7#ajfh471 al?\gh x c>ries mu* less electricity4 #ajid4 ,if ! long wire be made into a helix1 x w !n be /ill m effective 9 produc+ sp>ks & %ocks on break+ contact2 = by ! mutual inductive action ( ! convolutions ea* aids its neighb\r1 & w be aid$ 9 turn1 & ! sum ( effect w be v greatly increas$4 #ajie4 ,if an electro-magnet be employ$1 ! effect w be /ill m highly exalt$2 because ! iron1 magnetiz$ by ! p[] ( ! cont9u+ curr5t1 w lose its magnetism at ! mom5t ! curr5t ceases to pass1 & 9 s do+ w t5d to produce an electric curr5t 9 ! wire ar\nd x 7#cg4 #ch471 9 con=mity ) t :i* ! cessation ( curr5t 9 ! helix itself also t5ds to produce4 #ajif4 ,by apply+ ! laws ( ! induction ( electric curr5ts =m]ly develop$ 7#f4 c471 v>i\s new conditions ( ! exp]im5ts c\ld be devis$1 :i* by _! results %\ld s]ve z te/s ( ! accuracy ( ! view j giv54 ,?us1 if a long wire be d\bl$1 s t ! curr5t 9 ! two halves %all h opposite actions1 x ought n to give a s5sible sp>k at ! mom5t ( disjunction3 & ?is prov$ to be ! case1 = a wire =ty feet long1 cov]$ ) silk1 be+ d\bl$ & ti$ closely toge!r to )9 f\r in*es ( ! extremities1 :5 us$ 9 t /ate1 gave sc>cely a p]ceptible sp>k2 b be+ op5$ out & ! p>ts sep>at$1 x gave a v good "o4 ,! two helices i & ii be+ jo9$ at _! simil> ends1 & !n us$ at _! o!r extremities to connect ! plates ( ! electromotor1 ?us con/itut$ "o long helix1 ( :i* "o half 0 oppos$ 9 direction to ! o!r half3 "u ^! circum/ances x gave sc>cely a s5sible sp>k1 ev5 :5 ! s(t iron core 0 )91 al?\gh conta9+ ne>ly two hundr$ feet ( wire4 ,:5 x 0 made into "o consi/5t helix ( ! same l5g? ( wire x gave a v bright sp>k4 #ajig4 ,simil> pro(s c be drawn f ! mutual inductive action ( two sep>ate curr5ts 7#aaaj472 & x is important = ! g5]al pr9ciples t ! consi/5t action ( two su* curr5ts %\ld be e/abli%$4 ,?us1 two curr5ts go+ 9 ! same direction %\ld1 if simultane\sly /opp$1 aid ea* o!r by _! relative influ5ce2 or if proce$+ 9 contr>y directions1 %\ld oppose ea* o!r "u simil> circum/ances4 ,i endeav\r$ at fir/ to obta9 two curr5ts f two diff]5t electromotors1 & pass+ !m ?r\gh ! helices i & ii1 tri$ to effect ! disjunctions me*anically at ! same mom5t4 ,b 9 ?is ,i c\ld n succe$2 "o 0 always sep>at$ be=e ! o!r1 & 9 t case produc$ little or no sp>k1 its inductive p[] be+ employ$ 9 ?r[+ a curr5t r\nd ! rema9+ complete circuit 7#ajij473 ! curr5t :i* 0 /opp$ la/ always gave a bright sp>k4 ,if x 7 ev] to become ne$ful to asc]ta9 :e!r two junctions 7 accurately brok5 at ! same mom5t1 ^! sp>ks w\ld af=d a te/ = ! purpose1 hav+ an inf9itesimal degree ( p]fection4 #ajih4 ,i 0 able to prove ! po9ts by o!r exp$i5ts4 ,two %ort ?ick wires 7 select$ to s]ve z t]m9ations1 by :i* contact c\ld be made or brok5 ) ! electromotor4 ,! comp\nd helix1 consi/+ ( i & ii 7#ajec471 0 adju/$ s t ! extremities ( ! two helices c\ld be plac$ 9 communication ) ! two t]m9al wires1 9 su* a mann] t ! curr5t mov+ ?r\gh ! ?ick wires %\ld be divid$ into two equal portions 9 ! two helices1 ^! portions travell+1 accord+ to ! mode ( connexion1 ei!r 9 ! same direction or 9 contr>y directions at pleasure4 ,9 ?is mann] two /reams c\ld be obta9$1 bo? ( :i* c\ld be /opp$ simultane\sly1 because ! disjunction c\ld be brok5 at ,g or ,f by remov+ a s+le wire4 ,:5 ! helices 7 9 contr>y directions1 !re 0 sc>cely a s5sible sp>k at ! place ( disjunction2 b :5 !y 7 9 accordance !re 0 a v bright "o4 #ajii4 ,! helix i 0 n[ us$ con/antly1 be+ sometimes associat$1 z above1 ) helix ii 9 an accord+ direction1 & sometimes ) helix iii1 :i* 0 plac$ at a little di/ance4 ,! association i & ii1 :i* pres5t$ two curr5ts able to affect ea* o!r by induction1 because ( _! vic9ity1 gave a bright] sp>k ?an ! association i & iii1 :]e ! two /reams c\ld n ex]t _! mutual influ5ce2 b ! diff]5ce 0 n s great z ,i expect$4 #aajj4 ,?us all ! ph5om5a t5d to prove t ! effects are due to an inductive action1 occurr+ at ! mom5t :5 ! pr9cipal curr5t is /opp$4 ,i at "o "t ?\ght !y 7 due to an action cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! curr5t1 & expect$ t a /eel magnet w\ld h an influ5ce accord+ to its position 9 ! helix1 comp>able to t ( a s(t iron b>1 9 assi/+ ! effect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case2 = h>d /eel1 or a magnet 9 ! helix1 is n s effectual z s(t iron2 nor does x make any diff]5ce h[ ! magnet is plac$ 9 ! helix1 & = v simple reasons1 namely1 t ! effect does n dep5d ^u a p]man5t /ate ( ! core1 b a *ange ( /ate2 & t ! magnet or h>d /eel _c s9k ?r\gh su* a diff]5ce ( /ate z s(t iron1 at ! mom5t contact ceases1 & !re=e _c produce an equal effect 9 g5]at+ a curr5t ( electricity by induction 7#cd4 #cg474 99 99 99 99 99 #aaja4 ,z an electric curr5t acts by induction ) equal en]gy at ! mom5t ( its comm5cem5t z at ! mom5t ( its cessation 7#aj4 #bf471 b 9 a contr>y direction1 ! ref]5ce ( ! effects "u exam9ation to an inductive action1 w\ld lead to ! conclusion t correspond+ effects ( an opposite nature mu/ occur 9 a long wire1 a helix1 or an electro-magnet1 e "t t contact is made ) ! electromotor4 ,^! effects w t5d to e/abli% a resi/ance = ! fir/ mom5t 9 ! long conductor1 produc+ a result equival5t to ! rev]se ( a %ock or a sp>k4 ,n[ x is v difficult to devise means fit = ! recognition ( su* negative results2 b z x is probable t "s positive effect is produc$ at ! "t1 if we knew :at to expect1 ,i ?9k ! few facts be>+ ^u ?is subject ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ are wor? record+4 #aajb4 ,! electro-magnet 0 arrang$ ) an electrolyz+ app>atus at x1 z be=e describ$ 7#ajhd471 except t ! int5sity ( ! *emical action at ! electromotor 0 increas$ until ! electric curr5t 0 j able to produce ! feeble/ signs ( decomposition :il/ contact 0 cont9u$ at ,g & ,e 7#ajgi472 7! iod9e ( c\rse appe>+ aga9/ ! end ( ! cross wire ,p27 ! wire ,n 0 also sep>at$ f ,a at r1 s t contact !re c\ld be made or brok5 at pleasure4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! foll[+ set ( actions 0 repeat$ sev]al times3 contact 0 brok5 at r1 !n brok5 at ,g1 next made at r1 & la/ly r5ew$ at ,g2 ?us any curr5t f ,n to ,p due to break+ ( contact 0 avoid$1 b any additional =ce to ! curr5t f ,p to ,n due to mak+ contact c\ld be obs]v$4 ,9 ?is way x 0 f\nd1 t a mu* great] decompos+ effect 7caus+ ! evolution ( iod9e aga9/ ,p7 c\ld be obta9$ by a few completions ( contact ?an by ! curr5t :i* c\ld pass 9 a mu* long] "t if ! contact 0 cont9u$4 ,?is ,i attribute to ! act ( induction 9 ! wire ,,abd at ! mom5t ( contact r5d]+ t wire a worse conductor1 or r ret>d+ ! passage ( ! electricity ?r\gh x = ! in/ant1 & s ?r[+ a great] quantity ( ! electricity :i* ! electromotor c\ld produce1 ?r\gh ! cross wire passage ,,np4 ,! in/ant ! induction ceas$1 ,,abd resum$ its full p[] ( c>ry+ a con/ant curr5t ( electricity1 & c\ld h x highly increas$1 z we "k by ! =m] exp]im5ts 7#ajfj47 by ! opposite inductive action br\ght into activity at ! mom5t contact at ,z or ,c 0 brok54 #aajc4 ,a galvanomet] 0 !n introduc$ at x1 & ! deflection ( ! ne$le not$ :il/ contact 0 cont9u$ at ,g & ,e3 ! ne$le 0 !n block$ z be=e 9 "o direction 7#ajhg471 s t x %\ld n return :5 ! curr5t ceas$1 b rema9 9 ! position 9 :i* ! curr5t c\ld reta9 x4 ,contact at ,g or ,e 0 brok51 produc+ ( c\rse no visible effect2 x 0 !n r5ew$1 & ! ne$le 0 in/antly deflect$1 pass+ f ! block+ p9s to a position /ill fur!r f its natural place ?an t :i* ! con/ant curr5t c\ld give1 & ?us %[+1 by ! tempor>y excess ( curr5t 9 ?is cross communication1 ! tempor>y ret>dation 9 ! circuit ,,abd4 #aajd4 ,on adju/+ a plat9a wire at x 7#ajha47 s t x %\ld n be ignit$ by ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x :il/ contact at ,g & ,e 0 cont9u$1 & yet become r$-hot by a curr5t some:at m p[]ful1 ,i 0 readily able to produce its ignition ^u mak+ contact1 & aga9 ^u break+ contact4 ,?us ! mom5t>y ret>dation 9 ,,abd on mak+ contact 0 aga9 %[n by ?is result1 z well also z ! opposite result ^u break+ contact4 ,! two ignitions ( ! wire at x 7 ( c\rse produc$ by electric curr5ts mov+ 9 opposite directions4 #aaje4 ,us+ ! helix only1 ,i c\ld n obta9 di/9ct deflections at x1 due to ! extra effect on mak+ contact1 = ! reasons already m5tion$ 7#ajhh474 ,by us+ a v f9e plat9a wire !re 7#ajhc471 ,i did succe$ 9 obta9+ ! ignit+ effect = mak+ contact 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh by no means to ! same degree1 z ) ! electro-magnet 7#aajd74 #aajf4 ,we may also consid] & e/imate ! effect on mak+ contact1 by transf]r+ ! =ce ( induction f ! wire c>ry+ ! orig9al curr5t to a lat]al wire1 z 9 ! cases describ$ 7#ajij472 & we !n are sure1 bo? by ! *emical & galvanometrical results 7#ajia471 t ! =ces ^u mak+ & break+ contact1 l action & reaction1 are equal 9 _! /r5g? b contr>y 9 _! direction4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! effect on mak+ contact resolves itself into a m]e ret>dation ( ! curr5t at ! fir/ mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 x mu/ be1 9 its degree1 equival5t to ! high exaltation ( t same curr5t at ! mom5t contact is brok54 #aajg4 ,?us ! case1 "u ! circum/ances1 is1 t ! int5sity & quantity ( electricity mov+ 9 a curr5t are small] :5 ! curr5t comm5ces or is increas$1 & great] :5 x dim9i%es or ceases1 ?an !y w\ld be if ! inductive action occurr+ at ^! mom5ts did n take place2 or ?an !y are 9 ! orig9al curr5t wire if ! inductive action be transf]r$ f t wire to a collat]al "o 7#ajij474 #aajh4 ,f ! facility ( transf]5ce to neighb\r+ wires1 & f ! effects g5]ally1 ! inductive =ces appe> to be lat]al1 i4e4 ex]t$ 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( ! orig9at+ & produc$ curr5ts3 & !y also appe> to be accurately repres5t$ by ! magnetic curves1 & closely relat$ to1 if n id5tical )1 magnetic =ces4 #aaji4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! curr5t 9 "o "p ( a wire c act by induction ^u o!r p>ts ( ! same wire :i* are lat]al to ! fir/1 i4e4 9 ! same v]tical section 7#gd471 or 9 ! p>ts :i* are m or less oblique to x 7#aaab471 j z x c act 9 produc+ a curr5t 9 a neighb\r+ wire or 9 a neighb\r+ coil ( ! same wire4 ,x is ?is :i* gives ! appe>ance ( ! curr5t act+ ^u itself3 b all ! exp]im5ts & all analogy t5d to %[ t ! elem5ts 7if ,i may s say7 ( ! curr5ts d n act ^u !mselves1 & s cause ! effect 9 "q1 b produce x by excit+ curr5ts 9 conduct+ matt] :i* is lat]al to !m4 #aaaj4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! expressions ,i h us$ may seem to imply1 t ! inductive action is ess5tially ! action ( "o curr5t ^u ano!r1 or ( "o elem5t ( a curr5t ^u ano!r elem5t ( ! same curr5t4 ,to avoid any su* conclusion ,i mu/ expla9 m di/9ctly my mean+4 ,if an endless wire be tak51 we h ! means ( g5]at+ a curr5t 9 x :i* %all run r\nd ! circuit )\t add+ any electricity to :at 0 previ\sly 9 ! wire4 ,z f> z we c judge1 ! electricity :i* appe>s z a curr5t is ! same z t :i* be=e 0 quiesc5t 9 ! wire2 & ?\gh we _c z yet po9t out ! ess5tial condition ( diff]5ce ( ! electricity at su* times1 we c easily recognize ! two /ates4 ,n[ :5 a curr5t acts by induction ^u conduct+ matt] lat]al to x1 x probably acts ^u ! electricity 9 t conduct+ matt] :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( a curr5t or quiesc5t1 9 ! "o case increas+ or dim9i%+ ! curr5t accord+ to its direction1 9 ! o!r produc+ a curr5t1 & ! am\nt ( ! inductive action is probably ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,h5ce1 to say t ! action ( induction dep5d$ ^u ! mutual relation ( two or m curr5ts1 w\ld1 accord+ to ! re/rict$ s5se 9 :i* ! t]m curr5t is und]/ood at pres5t 7#bhc4 #eag4 #ffg471 be an error4 #aaaa4 ,sev]al ( ! effects1 z1 = in/ances1 ^? ) helices7#ajff471 ) accord+ or c\nt] curr5ts 7#ajig4 #ajih471 & ^? on ! production ( lat]al curr5ts 7#ajij471 appe>$ to indicate t a curr5t c\ld produce an effect ( induction 9 a neighb\r+ wire m readily ?an 9 its own c>ry+ wire1 9 :i* case x might be expect$ t "s v>iation ( result w\ld be produc$ if a bundle ( wires 7 us$ z a conductor in/ead ( a s+le wire4 ,9 consequ5ce ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,a copp] wire "o tw5ty-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet] 0 cut into l5g?s ( five feet ea*1 & six ( ^! be+ laid side by side 9 "o bundle1 _h _! opposite extremities sold]$ to two t]m9al pieces ( copp]4 ,?is arrangem5t c\ld be us$ z a dis*>g+ wire1 b ! g5]al curr5t c\ld be divid$ into six p>allel /reams1 :i* might be br\ght close toge!r1 or1 by ! sep>ation ( ! wires1 be tak5 m or less out ( ea* o!r's influ5ce4 ,a some:at bright] sp>k 01 ,i ?9k1 obta9$ on break+ contact :5 ! six wires 7 close toge!r ?an :5 held asund]4 #aaab4 ,ano!r bundle1 conta9+ tw5ty ( ^! wires1 0 eighte5 feet long3 ! t]m9al pieces 7 "o-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ea* six in*es long4 ,?is 0 comp>$ ) n9ete5 feet 9 l5g? ( copp] wire "o-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! bundle gave a small] sp>k on break+ contact ?an ! latt]1 ev5 :5 its /r&s 7 held toge!r by /r+3 :5 !y 7 sep>at$1 x gave a /ill small] sp>k4 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! dim9ution ( effect 0 n su* z ,i expect$3 & ,i d\bt :e!r ! results c be consid]$ z any pro( ( ! tru? ( ! supposition :i* gave rise to !m4 #aaac4 ,! inductive =ce by :i* two elem5ts ( "o curr5t 7#aaji4 #aaaj47 act ^u ea* o!r1 appe>s to dim9i% z ! l9e jo9+ !m becomes oblique to ! direction ( ! curr5t & to vani% entirely :5 x is p>allel4 ,i am l$ by "s results to suspect t x !n ev5 passes into ! repulsive =ce notic$ by ,ampre,a2 :i* is ! cause ( ! elevations 9 m]cury describ$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy,b1 & :i* aga9 is probably directly connect$ ) ! quality ( int5sity4 ,a ,recueil d',obs]vations ,electro-,dynamiques1 p4 #bhe4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbc1 p4 #aee4 #aaad4 ,not)/&+ t ! effects appe> only at ! mak+ & break+ ( contact1 7! curr5t rema9+ unaffect$1 seem+ly1 9 ! int]val17 ,i _c resi/ ! impression t !re is "s connect$ & correspond5t effect produc$ by ?is lat]al action ( ! elem5ts ( ! electric /ream dur+ ! "t ( its cont9uance 7#fj4 #bdb474 ,an action ( ?is k9d1 9 fact1 is evid5t 9 ! magnetic relations ( ! p>ts ( ! curr5t4 ,b admitt+ 7z we may d = ! mom5t7 ! magnetic =ces to con/itute ! p[] :i* produces su* /rik+ & diff]5t results at ! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( a curr5t1 /ill !re appe>s to be a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( effects1 a :eel 9 ! physical me*anism ( ! action1 z yet unrecognis$4 ,if we endeav\r to consid] electricity & magnetism z ! results ( two =ces ( a physical ag5t1 or a peculi> condition ( matt]1 ex]t$ 9 det]m9ate directions p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 !n1 x appe>s to me1 t we mu/ consid] ^! two /ates or =ces z conv]tible into ea* o!r 9 a great] or small] degree2 i4e4 t an elem5t ( an electric curr5t has n a det]m9ate electric =ce & a det]m9ate magnetic =ce con/antly exi/+ 9 ! same ratio1 b t ! two =ces are1 to a c]ta9 degree1 conv]tible by a process or *ange ( condition at pres5t unkn[n to u4 ,h[ else c a curr5t ( a giv5 int5sity & quantity be able1 by its direct action1 to su/a9 a /ate :i*1 :5 all[$ to react1 7at ! cessation ( ! orig9al curr5t17 %all produce a second curr5t1 hav+ an int5sity & quantity f> great] ?an ! g5]at+ "o8 ,?is _c result f a direct reaction ( ! electric =ce2 & if x result f a *ange ( electrical into magnetic =ce1 & a reconv]sion back aga91 x w %[ t !y diff] 9 some?+ m ?an m]e direction1 z reg>ds t ag5t 9 ! conduct+ wire :i* con/itutes _! imm$iate cause4 #aaae4 ,) ref]5ce to ! appe>ance1 at diff]5t times1 ( ! contr>y effects produc$ by ! mak+ & break+ contact1 & _! sep>ation by an int]m$iate & indiff]5t /ate1 ?is sep>ation is probably m app>5t ?an real4 ,if ! conduction ( electricity be effect$ by vibrations 7#bhc471 or by any o!r mode 9 :i* opposite =ces are successively & rapidly excit$ & neutraliz$1 !n we might expect a peculi> & contr>y developm5t ( =ce at ! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( ! p]iods dur+ :i* ! conduct+ action %\ld la/ 7some:at 9 analogy ) ! col\rs produc$ at ! outside ( an imp]fectly develop$ sol> spectrum73 & ! int]m$iate actions1 al?\gh n s5sible 9 ! same way1 may be v important &1 = in/ance1 p]haps con/itute ! v ess5ce ( conductibility4 ,x is by views & reasons su* z ^!1 :i* seem to me connect$ ) ! fundam5tal laws & facts ( electrical sci5ce1 t ,i h be5 induc$ to ent]1 m m9utely ?an ,i o!rwise %\ld h done1 into ! exp]im5tal exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 #aaaf4 ,be=e conclud+1 ,i may briefly rem>k1 t on us+ a voltaic batt]y ( fifty pairs ( plates in/ead ( a s+le pair 7#ajeb471 ! effects 7 exactly ( ! same k9d4 ,! sp>k on mak+ contact1 = ! reasons be=e giv51 0 v small 7#aaja4 #aajg472 t on break+ contact1 v excell5t & brilliant4 ,! cont9u\s dis*>ge did n seem alt]$ 9 "*1 :e!r a %ort wire or ! p[]ful electro-magnet 7 us$ z a connect+ dis*>g]4 #aaag4 ,! effects produc$ at ! comm5cem5t & end ( a curr5t1 7:i* are sep>at$ by an int]val ( "t :5 t curr5t is suppli$ f a voltaic app>atus17 mu/ occur at ! same mom5t :5 a common electric dis*>ge is pass$ ?r\gh a long wire4 ,:e!r1 if happ5+ accurately at ! same mom5t1 !y w\ld entirely neutralize ea* o!r1 or :e!r !y w\ld n /ill give "s def9ite peculi>ity to ! dis*>ge1 is a matt] rema9+ to be exam9$2 b x is v probable t ! peculi> "* & pung5cy ( sp>ks drawn f a long wire dep5d 9 "p ^u ! increas$ int5sity giv5 at ! t]m9ation ( ! dis*>ge by ! inductive action !n occurr+4 #aaah4 ,9 ! wire ( ! helix ( magneto-electric ma*9es1 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ,mr4 ,saxton's beautiful arrangem5t17 an important influ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples ( action is evid5tly %[n4 ,f ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus ! curr5t is p]mitt$ to move 9 a complete metallic circuit ( great l5g? dur+ ! fir/ in/ants ( its =mation3 x gradually rises 9 /r5g?1 & is !n sudd5ly /opp$ by ! break+ ( ! metallic circuit2 & ?us great int5sity is giv5 by induction to ! electricity1 :i* at t mom5t passes 7#ajfd4 #ajfj474 ,?is int5sity is n only %[n by ! brilliancy ( ! sp>k & ! /r5g? ( ! %ock1 b also by ! necessity :i* has be5 exp]i5c$ ( well-insulat+ ! convolutions ( ! helix1 9 :i* ! curr5t is =m$3 & x gives to ! curr5t a =ce at ^! mom5ts v f> above t :i* ! app>atus c\ld produce if ! pr9ciple :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is pap] 7 n call$ into play4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,decemb] #h?1 #ahcd4 ,,t5? ,,s]ies4 #af4 ,on an improv$ =m ( ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4 #ag4 ,"s practical results respect+ ! con/ruction & use ( ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4 ,receiv$ ,june #af1--,read ,june #ah1 #ahce4 #aaai4 ,i ,h lately _h occasion to exam9e ! voltaic tr\gh practically1 ) a view to improvem5ts 9 its con/ruction & use2 & ?\gh ,i d n pret5d t ! results h any?+ l ! importance :i* atta*es to ! discov]y ( a new law or pr9ciple1 ,i /ill ?9k !y are valuable1 & may !re=e1 if briefly told1 & 9 connexion ) =m] pap]s1 be wor?y ! approbation ( ! ,royal ,society4 #af4 ,on an improv$ =m ( ! ,voltaic ,batt]y4 #aabj4 ,9 a simple voltaic circuit 7& ! same is true ( ! batt]y7 ! *emical =ces :i*1 dur+ _! activity1 give p[] to ! in/rum5t1 are g5]ally divid$ into two portions2 "o ( ^! is ex]t$ locally1 :il/ ! o!r is transf]r$ r\nd ! circle 7#idg4 #iif472 ! latt] con/itutes ! electric curr5t ( ! in/rum5t1 :il/ ! =m] is altoge!r lo/ or wa/$4 ,! ratio ( ^! two portions ( p[] may be v>i$ to a great ext5t by ! influ5ce ( circum/ances3 ?us1 9 a batt]y n clos$1 all ! action is local2 9 "o ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 mu* is 9 circulation :5 ! extremities are 9 communication3 & 9 ! p]fect "o1 :i* ,i h describ$ 7#ajja471 all ! *emical p[] circulates & becomes electricity4 ,by ref]r+ to ! quantity ( z9c dissolv$ f ! plates 7#hfe4 #aabj471 & ! quantity ( decomposition effect$ 9 ! volta-electromet] 7#gaa4 #aabf17 or else:]e1 ! proportions ( ! local & transf]r$ actions "u any p>ticul> circum/ances c be asc]ta9$1 & ! efficacy ( ! voltaic arrangem5t1 or ! wa/e ( *emical p[] at its z9c plates1 be accurately det]m9$4 #aaba4 ,if a voltaic batt]y 7 con/ruct$ ( z9c & plat9a1 ! latt] metal surr\nd+ ! =m]1 z 9 ! d\ble copp] arrangem5t1 & ! :ole be+ excit$ by dilute sulphuric acid1 !n no insulat+ divisions ( glass1 porcela9 or air w\ld be requir$ betwe5 ! contigu\s plat9a surfaces2 &1 provid$ ^! did n t\* metallically1 ! same acid :i*1 be+ betwe5 ! z9c & plat9a1 w\ld excite ! batt]y into p[]ful action1 w\ld1 betwe5 ! two surfaces ( plat9a1 produce no dis*>ge ( ! electricity1 nor cause any dim9ution ( ! p[] ( ! tr\gh4 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t :i* ,i h %[n occurs at ! place ( decomposition 7#ajjg4 #ajaa472 = t resi/ance is fully able to /op ! curr5t1 & !re=e acts z insulation to ! electricity ( ! contigu\s plates1 inasmu* z ! curr5t :i* t5ds to pass betwe5 !m nev] has a high] int5sity ?an t due to ! action ( a s+le pair4 #aabb4 ,if ! metal surr\nd+ ! z9c be copp] 7#ajde471 & if ! acid be nitro-sulphuric acid 7#ajbj471 !n a slight dis*>ge betwe5 ! two contigu\s copp]s does take place1 provid$ !re be no o!r *annel op5 by :i* ! =ces may circulate2 b :5 su* a *annel is p]mitt$1 ! return or back dis*>ge ( :i* ,i speak is exce$+ly dim9i%$1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,eigh? ,s]ies ( ^! ,rese>*es4 #aabc4 ,guid$ by ^! pr9ciples ,i 0 l$ to ! con/ruction ( a voltaic tr\gh1 9 :i* ! copp]s1 pass+ r\nd bo? surfaces ( ! z9cs1 z 9 ,wolla/on's con/ruction1 %\ld n be sep>at$ f ea* o!r except by an int]v5+ ?ickness ( pap]1 or 9 "s o!r way1 s z to prev5t metallic contact1 & %\ld ?us con/itute an in/rum5t compact1 p[]ful1 economical1 & easy ( use4 ,on exam9+1 h[ev]1 :at _h be5 done be=e1 ,i f\nd t ! new tr\gh 0 9 all ess5tial respects ! same z t inv5t$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,h>e1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 to :om ,i h great pleasure 9 ref]r+ x4 #aabd4 ,dr4 ,h>e has fully describ$ 8 tr\gh,a4 ,9 x ! contigu\s copp] plates are sep>at$ by ?9 v5e]s ( wood1 & ! acid is p\r$ on to1 or (f1 ! plates by a qu>t] revolution ( an axis1 to :i* bo? ! tr\gh conta9+ ! plates1 & ano!r tr\gh to collect & hold ! liquid1 are fix$4 ,?is arrangem5t ,i h f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t ( any1 & h !re=e adopt$ x4 ,my z9c plates 7 cut f roll$ metal1 & :5 sold]$ to ! copp] plates _h ! =m del9eat$1 fig4 #a4 ,^! 7 !n b5t ov] a gauge into ! =m fig4 #b1 & :5 pack$ 9 ! wood5 box con/ruct$ to receive !m1 7 arrang$ z 9 fig4 #c;,b1 little plugs ( cork be+ us$ to keep ! z9c plates f t\*+ ! copp] plates1 & a s+le or d\ble ?ickness ( c>tridge pap] be+ int]pos$ betwe5 ! contigu\s surfaces ( copp] to prev5t !m f com+ 9 contact4 ,su* 0 ! facility af=d$ by ?is arrangem5t1 t a tr\gh ( =ty pairs ( plates c\ld be unpack$ 9 five m9utes1 & repack$ aga9 9 half an h\r2 & ! :ole s]ies 0 n m ?an fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahbd1 vol4 lxiii4 p4 #bda2 or ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 vii4 ,see also a previ\s pap] by ,dr4 ,h>e1 ,annals ( ,philosophy1 #ahba1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! non-necessity ( insulation betwe5 ! copp]s4 ,b ,! pap]s betwe5 ! copp]s are1 = ! sake ( di/9ctness1 omitt$ 9 ! figure4 #aabe4 ,?is tr\gh1 ( =ty pairs ( plates ?ree in*es squ>e1 0 comp>$1 z to ! ignition ( a plat9a wire1 ! dis*>ge betwe5 po9ts ( *>coal1 ! %ock on ! human frame1 c41 ) =ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates hav+ d\ble copp]s1 & us$ 9 porcela9 tr\ghs divid$ into insulat+ cells1 ! /r5g? ( ! acid employ$ to excite bo? be+ ! same4 ,9 all ^! effects ! =m] appe>$ q equal to ! latt]4 ,on comp>+ a second tr\gh ( ! new con/ruction1 conta9+ tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 ) tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 9 porcela9 tr\ghs1 excit$ by acid ( ! same /r5g?1 ! new tr\gh appe>$ to surpass ! old "o 9 produc+ ^! effects1 especially 9 ! ignition ( wire4 #aabf4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! new tr\gh dim9i%$ 9 its en]gy mu* m rapidly ?an ! "o on ! old con/ruction1 & ?is 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! small] quantity ( acid us$ to excite x1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! =ty pairs ( new con/ruction 0 only "o-sev5? "p ( t us$ = ! =ty pairs 9 ! porcela9 tr\ghs4 ,to comp>e1 !re=e1 bo? =ms ( ! voltaic tr\gh 9 _! decompos+ p[]s1 & to obta9 accurate data z to _! relative values1 exp]im5ts ( ! foll[+ k9d 7 made4 ,! tr\ghs 7 *>g$ ) a kn[n quantity ( acid ( a kn[n /r5g?2 ! electric curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh a volta-electromet] 7#gaa47 hav+ electrodes #d in*es long & #b4c in*es 9 wid?1 s z to oppose z little ob/ruction z possible to ! curr5t2 ! gases evolv$ 7 collect$ & measur$1 & gave ! quantity ( wat] decompos$4 ,!n ! :ole ( ! *>ge us$ 0 mix$ toge!r1 & a kn[n "p ( x analyz$1 by be+ precipitat$ & boil$ ) excess ( c>bonate ( soda1 & ! precipitate well-wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,9 ?is way ! quantity ( metal oxidiz$ & dissolv$ by ! acid 0 asc]ta9$2 & ! "p remov$ f ea* z9c plate1 or f all ! plates1 c\ld be e/imat$ & comp>$ ) ! wat] decompos$ 9 ! volta-electromet]4 ,to br+ ^! to "o /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i h r$uc$ ! results s z to express ! loss at ! plates 9 equival5ts ( z9c = ! equival5t ( wat] decompos$ at ! volta-electromet]3 ,i h tak5 ! equival5t numb] ( wat] z #i1 & ( z9c z #cb4e1 & h consid]$ #ajj cubic in*es ( ! mix$ oxyg5 & hydrog51 z !y 7 collect$ ov] a pneumatic tr\gh1 to result f ! decomposition ( #ab4fh gra9s ( wat]4 #aabg4 ,! acids us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 ?ree1--sulphuric1 nitric1 & muriatic4 ,! sulphuric acid 0 /rong oil ( vitriol2 "o cubical in* ( x 0 equival5t to #dhf gra9s ( m>ble4 ,! nitric acid 0 v ne>ly pure2 "o cubical in* dissolv$ #aej gra9s ( m>ble4 ,! muriatic acid 0 also ne>ly pure1 & "o cubical in* dissolv$ #ajh gra9s ( m>ble4 ,^! 7 always mix$ ) wat] by volumes1 ! /&>d ( volume be+ a cubical in*4 #aabh4 ,an acid 0 prep>$ consi/+ ( #bjj p>ts wat]1 #d-a_/b p>ts sulphuric acid1 & #d p>ts nitric acid2 & ) ?is bo? my tr\gh conta9+ =ty pairs ( ?ree-in* plates1 & f\r porcela9 tr\ghs1 arrang$ 9 succession1 ea* conta9+ t5 pairs ( plates ) d\ble copp]s f\r in*es squ>e1 7 *>g$4 ,^! two batt]ies 7 !n us$ 9 succession1 & ! action ( ea* 0 all[$ to cont9ue = tw5ty or ?irty m9utes1 until ! *>ge 0 ne>ly exhau/$1 ! connexion ) ! volta-electromet] be+ c>efully pres]v$ dur+ ! :ole "t1 & ! acid 9 ! tr\ghs occasionally mix$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is way ! =m] tr\gh act$ s well1 t = ea* equival5t ( wat] decompos$ 9 ! volta-electromet] only f #b to #b4e equival5ts ( z9c 7 dissolv$ f ea* plate4 ,9 f\r exp]im5ts ! av]age 0 #b4ba equival5ts = ea* plate1 or #hh4d = ! :ole batt]y4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! porcela9 tr\ghs1 ! equival5ts ( consumption at ea* plate 7 #c4ea1 or #ada4f = ! :ole batt]y4 ,9 a p]fect voltaic batt]y ( =ty pairs ( plates 7#iia4 #ajja47 ! consumption w\ld h be5 "o equival5t = ea* z9c plate1 or =ty = ! :ole4 #aabi4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made ) two voltaic batt]ies1 "o conta9+ tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 arrang$ z ,i h describ$ 7#aabd471 & ! o!r tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 9 porcela9 tr\ghs4 ,! av]age ( five exp]im5ts ) ! =m] 0 a consumption ( #c4g equival5ts ( z9c f ea* plate1 or #gd f ! :ole3 ! av]age ( ?ree exp]im5ts ) ! latt] 0 #e4e equival5ts f ea* plate1 or #aaj f ! :ole3 to obta9 ?is conclusion two exp]im5ts 7 /ruck out1 :i* 7 mu* aga9/ ! porcela9 tr\ghs1 & 9 :i* "s unkn[n det]iorat+ influ5ce 0 suppos$ to be accid5tally active4 ,9 all ! exp]im5ts1 c>e 0 tak5 n to comp>e new & old plates toge!r1 z t w\ld h introduc$ s]i\s errors into ! conclusions 7#aadf474 #aacj4 ,:5 t5 pairs ( ! new arrangem5t 7 us$1 ! consumption ( z9c at ea* plate 0 #f4gf equival5ts1 or #fg4f = ! :ole4 ,) t5 pairs ( ! common con/ruction1 9 a porcela9 tr\gh1 ! z9c oxidiz$ 01 ^u an av]age1 #ae4e equival5ts ea* plate1 or #aee = ! entire tr\gh4 #aaca4 ,no d\bt1 !re=e1 c rema9 ( ! equality or ev5 ! great sup]iority ( ?is =m ( voltaic batt]y ov] ! be/ previ\sly 9 use1 namely1 t ) d\ble copp]s1 9 :i* ! cells are insulat$4 ,! insulation ( ! copp]s may !re=e be disp5s$ )2 & x is t circum/ance :i* pr9cipally p]mits ( su* o!r alt]ations 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tr\gh z gives x its practical advantages4 #aacb4 ,! advantages ( ?is =m ( tr\gh are v num]\s & great4 i4 ,x is exce$+ly compact1 = #ajj pairs ( plates ne$ n occupy a tr\gh ( m ?an ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 ii4 ,by ,dr4 ,h>e's plan ( mak+ ! tr\gh turn ^u copp] pivots :i* re/ ^u copp] be>+s1 ! latt] af=d fix$ t]m9ations2 & ^! ,i h f\nd x v conv5i5t to connect ) two cups ( m]cury1 fa/5$ 9 ! front ( ! /& ( ! in/rum5t4 ,^! fix$ t]m9ations give ! great advantage ( arrang+ an app>atus to be us$ 9 connexion ) ! batt]y be=e ! latt] is put into action1 iii4 ,! tr\gh is put into read9ess = use 9 an in/ant1 a s+le jug ( dilute acid be+ suffici5t = ! *>ge ( #ajj pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 iv4 ,on mak+ ! tr\gh pass ?r\gh a qu>t] ( a revolution1 x becomes active1 & ! great advantage is obta9$ ( procur+ = ! exp]im5t ! effect ( ! fir/ contact ( ! z9c & acid1 :i* is twice or sometimes ev5 ?rice t :i* ! batt]y c produce a m9ute or two aft] 7#ajcf4 #aaej474 v4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t is complet$1 ! acid c be at once p\r$ f betwe5 ! plates1 s t ! batt]y is nev] left to wa/e dur+ an unconnect$ /ate ( its extremities2 ! acid is n unnecess>ily exhau/$2 ! z9c is n uselessly consum$2 &1 besides avoid+ ^! evils1 ! *>ge is mix$ & r5d]$ uni=m1 :i* produces a great & good result 7#ajci472 &1 ^u proce$+ to a second exp]im5t1 ! important effect ( fir/ contact is aga9 obta9$4 vi4 ,! sav+ ( z9c is v great4 ,x is n m]ely t1 :il/ 9 action1 ! z9c p]=ms m voltaic duty 7#aabh4 #aabi471 b all ! de/ruction :i* takes place ) ! ord9>y =ms ( batt]y betwe5 ! exp]im5ts is prev5t$4 ,?is sav+ is ( su* ext5t1 t ,i e/imate ! z9c 9 ! new =m ( batt]y to be ?rice z effective z t 9 ! ord9>y =m4 vii4 ,! importance ( ?is sav+ ( metal is n m]ely t ! value ( ! z9c is sav$1 b t ! batt]y is mu* light] & m manageable2 & also t ! surfaces ( ! z9c & copp] plates may be br\ght mu* ne>] to ea* o!r :5 ! batt]y is con/ruct$1 & rema9 s until x is worn out3 ! latt] is a v important advantage 7#aadh474 viii4 ,aga91 z1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sav+1 ?9n] plates w p]=m ! duty ( ?ick ones1 roll$ z9c may be us$2 & ,i h f\nd roll$ z9c sup]ior to ca/ z9c 9 action2 a sup]iority :i* ,i incl9e to attribute to its great] purity 7#aadd474 ix4 ,ano!r advantage is obta9$ 9 ! economy ( ! acid us$1 :i* is proportionate to ! dim9ution ( ! z9c dissolv$4 x4 ,! acid also is m easily exhau/$1 & is 9 su* small quantity t !re is nev] any occasion to return an old *>ge into use4 ,! acid ( old *>ges :il/ out ( use1 (t5 dissolves portions ( copp] f ! black flocculi usually m+l$ ) x1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! z9c2 n[ any portion ( copp] 9 solution 9 ! *>ge does great h>m1 because1 by ! local action ( ! acid & z9c1 x t5ds to precipitate ^u ! latt]1 & dim9i% its voltaic efficacy 7#aade474 xi4 ,by us+ a due mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acid = ! *>ge 7#aaci471 no gas is evolv$ f ! tr\ghs2 s t a batt]y ( sev]al hundr$ pairs ( plates may1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 be close to ! exp]im5t]4 xii4 ,if1 dur+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! acid becomes exhau/$1 x c be )drawn1 & replac$ by o!r acid ) ! utmo/ facility2 & aft] ! exp]im5ts are conclud$1 ! great advantage ( easily wa%+ ! plates is at comm&4 ,& x appe>s to me1 t 9 place ( mak+1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 mutual sacrifices ( com=t1 p[]1 & economy1 to obta9 a desir$ end1 all are at once obta9$ by ,dr4 ,h>e's =m ( tr\gh4 #aacc4 ,b !re are "s disadvantages :i* ,i h n yet _h "t to ov]come1 ?\gh ,i tru/ !y w f9ally be conqu]$4 ,"o is ! extreme difficulty ( mak+ a wood5 tr\gh con/antly wat]-tight "u ! alt]nations ( wet & dry to :i* ! voltaic in/rum5t is subject4 ,to rem$y ?is evil1 ,mr4 ,newman is n[ engag$ 9 obta9+ porcela9 tr\ghs4 ,! o!r disadvantage is a precipitation ( copp] on ! z9c plates4 ,x appe>s to me to dep5d ma9ly on ! circum/ance t ! pap]s betwe5 ! copp]s reta9 acid :5 ! tr\gh is empti$2 & t ?is acid sl[ly act+ on ! copp]1 =ms a salt1 :i* gradually m+les ) ! next *>ge1 & is r$uc$ on ! z9c plate by ! local action 7#aabj473 ! p[] ( ! :ole batt]y is !n r$uc$4 ,i expect t by us+ slips ( glass or wood to sep>ate ! copp]s at _! edges1 _! contact c be suffici5tly prev5t$1 & ! space betwe5 !m be left s op5 t ! acid ( a *>ge c be p\r$ & wa%$ out1 & s be remov$ f e "p ( ! tr\gh :5 ! exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! latt] is us$ are complet$4 #aacd4 ,! actual sup]iority ( ! tr\ghs :i* ,i h con/ruct$ on ?is plan1 ,i believe to dep5d1 fir/ & pr9cipally1 on ! clos] approximation ( ! z9c & copp] surfaces2--9 my tr\ghs !y are only "o-t5? ( an in* ap>t 7#aadh472--;&1 next1 on ! sup]ior quality ( ! roll$ z9c above ! ca/ z9c us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ord9>y pile4 ,x _c be t insulation betwe5 ! contigu\s copp]s is a disadvantage1 b ,i d n f9d t x is any advantage2 = :51 ) bo? ! =ty pairs ( ?ree-in* plates & ! tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 ,i us$ pap]s well-soak$ 9 wax,a1 ^! be+ s l>ge t :5 fold$ at ! edges !y wrapp$ ov] ea* o!r1 s z to make cells z insulat+ z ^? ( ! porcela9 tr\ghs1 /ill no s5sible advantage 9 ! *emical action 0 obta9$4 ,a ,a s+le pap] ?us prep>$ c\ld insulate ! electricity ( a tr\gh ( =ty pairs ( plates4 #aace4 ,z1 ^u pr9ciple1 !re mu/ be a dis*>ge ( "p ( ! electricity f ! edges ( ! z9c & copp] plates at ! sides ( ! tr\gh1 ,i %\ld pref]1 & int5d hav+1 tr\ghs con/ruct$ ) a plate or plates ( cr[n glass at ! sides ( ! tr\gh3 ! bottom w ne$ none1 ?\gh to glaze t & ! ends w\ld be no disadvantage4 ,! plates ne$ n be fa/5$ 91 b only set 9 _! places2 nor ne$ !y be 9 l>ge s+le pieces4 #ag4 ,"s practical results respect+ ! con/ruction & use ( ! ,voltaic ,batt]y 7#ajcd4 c474 #aacf4 ,! electro-*emical philosoph] is well acqua9t$ ) "s practical results obta9$ f ! voltaic batt]y by ,,mm44 ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 & giv5 9 ! fir/ =ty-five pages ( _! ',re*]*es ,physico-,*imiques'4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ results are g5]ally ( ! same nature1 yet ! advancem5t made 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce ( late ye>s1 ! k ( ! def9ite action ( electricity1 & ! m accurate & philosophical mode ( e/imat+ ! results by ! equival5ts ( z9c consum$1 w be _! suffici5t ju/ification4 #aacg4 ,nature & /r5g? ( ! acid4--,my batt]y ( =ty pairs ( ?ree-in* plates 0 *>g$ ) acid consi/+ ( #bjj p>ts wat] & #i oil ( vitriol4 ,ea* plate lo/1 9 ! av]age ( ! exp]im5ts1 #d4ff equival5ts ( z9c = ! equival5t ( wat] decompos$ 9 ! volta-electromet]1 or ! :ole batt]y #ahf4d equival5ts ( z9c4 ,be+ *>g$ ) a mixture ( #bjj wat] & #af ( ! muriatic acid1 ea* plate lo/ #c4h1 equival5ts ( z9c = ! wat] decompos$1 or ! :ole batt]y #aeb equival5ts ( z9c4 ,be+ *>g$ ) a mixture ( #bjj wat] & #h nitric acid1 ea* plate lo/ #a4he1 equival5ts ( z9c = "o equival5t ( wat] decompos$1 or ! :ole batt]y #gd4af equival5ts ( z9c4 ,! sulphuric & muriatic acids evolv$ mu* hydrog5 at ! plates 9 ! tr\gh2 ! nitric acid no gas :atev]4 ,! relative /r5g?s ( ! orig9al acids h already be5 giv5 7#aabg472 b a diff]5ce 9 t respect makes no important diff]5ce 9 ! results :5 ?us express$ by equival5ts 7#aadj474 #aach4 ,?us nitric acid proves to be ! be/ = ?is purpose2 its sup]iority appe>s to dep5d ^u its fav\r+ ! electrolyzation ( ! liquid 9 ! cells ( ! tr\gh ^u ! pr9ciples already expla9$ 7#ije4 #igc1 #ajbb471 & consequ5tly fav\r+ ! transmission ( ! electricity1 & !re=e ! production ( transf]able p[] 7#aabj474 #aaci4 ,! addition ( nitric acid might1 consequ5tly1 be expect$ to improve sulphuric & muriatic acids4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! same tr\gh 0 *>g$ ) a mixture ( #bjj wat]1 #i oil ( vitriol1 & #d nitric acid1 ! consumption ( z9c 0 at ea* plate #b4ghf1 & = ! :ole batt]y #aaa4e1 equival5ts4 ,:5 ! *>ge 0 #bjj wat]1 #i oil ( vitriol1 & #h nitric acid1 ! loss p] plate 0 #b4bf1 or = ! :ole batt]y #ij4d1 equival5ts4 ,:5 ! tr\gh 0 *>g$ ) a mixture ( #bjj wat]1 #af muriatic acid1 & #f nitric acid1 ! loss p] plate 0 #b4aa1 or = ! :ole batt]y #hd4d1 equival5ts4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ ) my batt]y ( tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 7#aabi474 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! nitric acid 0 ( great s]vice :5 m+l$ ) ! sulphuric acid2 & ! *>ge g5]ally us$ aft] ?is "t = ord9>y exp]im5ts consi/$ ( #bjj wat]1 #d-a_/b oil ( vitriol1 & #d nitric acid4 #aadj4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! diff]5t /r5g?s ( ! acids produc$ ! diff]5ces above2 = )9 c]ta9 limits ,i f\nd ! electrolytic effects to be ne>ly z ! /r5g?s ( ! acids1 s z to leave ! expression ( =ce1 :5 giv5 9 equival5ts1 almo/ con/ant4 ,?us1 :5 ! tr\gh 0 *>g$ ) a mixture ( #bjj wat] & #h nitric acid1 ea* plate lo/ #a4hed equival5t ( z9c4 ,:5 ! *>ge 0 #bjj wat] & #af nitric acid1 ! loss p] plate 0 #a4hb equival5t4 ,:5 x 0 #bjj wat] & #cb nitric acid1 ! loss 0 #b4a equival5ts4 ,! diff]5ces "h are n great] ?an happ5 f unavoidable irregul>ities1 dep5d+ on o!r causes ?an ! /r5g? ( acid4 #aada4 ,aga91 :5 a *>ge consi/+ ( #bjj wat]1 #d-a_/b oil ( vitriol1 & #d nitric acid 0 us$1 ea* z9c plate lo/ #b4af equival5ts2 :5 ! *>ge ) ! same batt]y 0 #bjj wat]1 #i oil ( vitriol1 & #h nitric acid1 ea* z9c plate lo/ #b4bf equival5ts4 #aadb4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t no copp] is dissolv$ dur+ ! regul> action ( ! voltaic tr\gh4 ,i h f\nd t mu* ammonia is =m$ 9 ! cells :5 nitric acid1 ei!r pure or mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 is us$4 ,x is produc$ 9 "p z a second>y result at ! ca?odes 7#ffc47 ( ! diff]5t portions ( fluid con/itut+ ! necess>y electrolyte1 9 ! cells4 #aadc4 ,uni=mity ( ! *>ge4--,?is is a mo/ important po9t1 z ,i h already %[n exp]im5tally 7#ajdb4 c474 ,h5ce "o great advantage ( ,dr4 ,h>e's me*anical arrangem5t ( 8 tr\gh4 #aadd4 ,purity ( ! z9c4--,if pure z9c c\ld be obta9$1 x w\ld be v advantage\s 9 ! con/ruction ( ! voltaic app>atus 7#iih474 ,mo/ z9cs1 :5 put into dilute sulphuric acid1 leave m or less ( an insoluble matt] ^u ! surface 9 ! =m ( a cru/1 :i* conta9s v>i\s metals1 z copp]1 lead1 z9c1 iron1 cadmium1 c41 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,su* p>ticles1 by dis*>g+ "p ( ! transf]able p[]1 r5d] x1 z to ! :ole batt]y1 local2 & s dim9i% ! effect4 ,z an indication connect$ ) ! m or less p]fect action ( ! batt]y1 ,i may m5tion t no gas ought to rise f ! z9c plates4 ,! m gas :i* is g5]at$ ^u ^! surfaces1 ! great] is ! local action & ! less ! transf]able =ce4 ,! inve/+ cru/ is also inconv5i5t1 by prev5t+ ! displacem5t & r5ewal ( ! *>ge ^u ! surface ( ! z9c4 ,su* z9c z1 dissolv+ 9 ! cleane/ mann] 9 a dilute acid1 dissolves also ! sl[e/1 is ! be/2 z9c :i* conta9s mu* copp] %\ld especially be avoid$4 ,i h g5]ally f\nd roll$ ,liege or ,mosselman's z9c ! pure/2 & to ! circum/ance ( hav+ us$ su* z9c 9 its con/ruction attribute 9 "p ! advantage ( ! new batt]y 7#aacd474 #aade4 ,f\lness ( ! z9c plates4--,aft] use1 ! plates ( a batt]y %\ld be clean$ f ! metallic p[d] ^u _! surfaces1 especially if !y are employ$ to obta9 ! laws ( action ( ! batt]y itself4 ,?is precaution 0 always att5d$ to ) ! porcela9 tr\gh batt]ies 9 ! exp]im5ts describ$ 7#aabe1 c474 ,if a few f\l plates are m+l$ ) _m clean ones1 !y make ! action 9 ! diff]5t cells irregul>1 & ! transf]able p[] is accord+ly dim9i%$1 :il/ ! local & wa/$ p[] is increas$4 ,no old *>ge conta9+ copp] %\ld be us$ to excite a batt]y4 #aadf4 ,new & old plates4--,i h f\nd voltaic batt]ies f> m p[]ful :5 ! plates 7 new ?an :5 !y h be5 us$ two or ?ree times2 s t a new & an us$ batt]y _c be comp>$ toge!r1 or ev5 a batt]y ) itself on ! fir/ & aft] times ( use4 ,my tr\gh ( tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates1 *>g$ ) acid consi/+ ( #bjj wat]1 #d-a_/b oil ( vitriol1 & #d nitric acid1 lo/1 ^u ! fir/ "t ( be+ us$1 #b4hb equival5ts p] plate4 ,:5 us$ aft] ! f\r? "t ) ! same *>ge1 ! loss 0 f #c4bf to #d4dg equival5ts p] plate2 ! av]age be+ #c4g equival5ts4 ,! fir/ "t ! =ty pair ( plates 7#aabd47 7 us$1 ! loss at ea* plate 0 only #a4fe equival5t2 b aft]w>ds x became #b4af1 #b4ag1 #b4eb4 ,! fir/ "t tw5ty pair ( f\r-in* plates 9 porcela9 tr\ghs 7 us$1 !y lo/1 p] plate1 only #c4g equival5ts2 b aft] t1 ! loss 0 #e4be1 #e4cf1 #e4i equival5ts4 ,yet 9 all ^! cases ! z9cs _h be5 well-clean$ f adh]+ copp]1 c41 be=e ea* trial ( p[]4 #aadg4 ,) ! roll$ z9c ! fall 9 =ce soon appe>$ to become con/ant1 i4e4 to proce$ no fur!r4 ,b ) ! ca/ z9c plates belong+ to ! porcela9 tr\ghs1 x appe>$ to cont9ue1 until at la/1 ) ! same *>ge1 ea* plate lo/ above twice z mu* z9c = a giv5 am\nt ( action z at fir/4 ,^! tr\ghs 71 h[ev]1 s irregul> t ,i c\ld n always det]m9e ! circum/ances affect+ ! am\nt ( electrolytic action4 #aadh4 ,vic9ity ( ! copp] & z9c4--,! importance ( ?is po9t 9 ! con/ruction ( voltaic arrangem5ts1 & ! great] p[]1 z to imm$iate action1 :i* is obta9$ :5 ! z9c & copp] surfaces are ne> to ea* o!r ?an :5 remov$ fur!r ap>t1 are well kn[n4 ,i f9d t ! p[] is n only great] on ! in/ant1 b also t ! sum ( transf]able p[]1 9 relation to ! :ole sum ( *emical action at ! plates1 is mu* increas$4 ,! cause ( ?is ga9 is v evid5t4 ,:atev] t5ds to ret>d ! circulation ( ! transf]able =ce1 7i4e4 ! electricity17 dim9i%es ! proportion ( su* =ce1 & increases ! proportion ( t :i* is local 7#iif4 #aabj474 ,n[ ! liquid 9 ! cells possesses ?is ret>d+ p[]1 & !re=e acts injuri\sly1 9 great] or less proportion1 accord+ to ! quantity ( x betwe5 ! z9c & copp] plates1 i4e4 accord+ to ! di/ances betwe5 _! surfaces4 ,a tr\gh1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! plates are only half ! di/ance asund] at :i* !y are plac$ 9 ano!r1 w produce m transf]able1 & less local1 =ce ?an ! latt]2 & ?us1 because ! electrolyte 9 ! cells c transmit ! curr5t m readily2 bo? ! int5sity & quantity ( electricity is increas$ = a giv5 consumption ( z9c4 ,to ?is circum/ance ma9ly ,i attribute ! sup]iority ( ! tr\gh ,i h describ$ 7#aacd474 #aadi4 ,! sup]iority ( d\ble copp]s ov] s+le plates also dep5ds 9 "p ^u dim9i%+ ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! electrolyte betwe5 ! metals4 ,=1 9 fact1 ) d\ble copp]s ! sectional area ( ! int]pos$ acid becomes ne>ly d\ble t ) s+le copp]s1 & !re=e x m freely transf]s ! electricity4 ,d\ble copp]s are1 h[ev]1 effective1 ma9ly because !y virtually d\ble ! act+ surface ( ! z9c1 or ne>ly s2 = 9 a tr\gh ) s+le copp] plates & ! usual con/ruction ( cells1 t surface ( z9c :i* is n oppos$ to a copp] surface is ?r[n almo/ entirely out ( voltaic action1 yet ! acid cont9ues to act ^u x & ! metal is dissolv$1 produc+ v little m ?an local effect 7#idg4 #iif74 ,b :5 by d\bl+ ! copp]1 t metal is oppos$ to ! second surface ( ! z9c plate1 !n a great "p ( ! action ^u ! latt] is conv]t$ into transf]able =ce1 & ?us ! p[] ( ! tr\gh z to quantity ( electricity is highly exalt$4 #aaej4 ,fir/ imm]sion ( ! plates4--,! great effect produc$ at ! fir/ imm]sion ( ! plates1 7ap>t f _! be+ new or us$ 7#aadf4717 ,i h attribut$ else:]e to ! un*ang$ condition ( ! acid 9 contact ) ! z9c plate 7#ajjc4 #ajcg473 z ! acid becomes neutraliz$1 its excit+ p[] is proportionally dim9i%$4 ,h>e's =m ( tr\gh secures mu* advantage ( ?is k9d1 by m+l+ ! liquid1 & br++ :at may be consid]$ z a fre% surface ( acid aga9/ ! plates e "t x is us$ imm$iately aft] a re/4 #aaea4 ,numb] ( plates4,a--,! mo/ advantage\s numb] ( plates 9 a batt]y us$ = *emical decomposition1 dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! resi/ance to be ov]come at ! place ( action2 b :atev] t resi/ance may be1 !re is a c]ta9 numb] :i* is m economical ?an ei!r a great] or a less4 ,t5 pairs ( f\r-in* plates 9 a porcela9 tr\gh ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 act+ 9 ! volta-electromet] 7#aabf47 ^u dilute sulphuric acid ( spec4 grav4 #a4cad1 gave an av]age consumption ( #ae4d equival5ts p] plate1 or #aed equival5ts on ! :ole4 ,tw5ty pairs ( ! same plates1 ) ! same acid1 gave only a consumption ( #e4e p] plate1 or #aaj equival5ts ^u ! :ole4 ,:5 =ty pairs ( ! same plates 7 us$1 ! consumption 0 #c4ed equival5ts p] plate1 or #ada4f ^u ! :ole batt]y4 ,?us ! consumption ( z9c arrang$ z tw5ty plates 0 m advantage\s ?an if arrang$ ei!r z t5 or z =ty4 ,a ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 ,re*]*es ,physico-,*imiques1 tom4 i4 p4 #bi4 #aaeb4 ,aga91 t5 pairs ( my f\r-in* plates 7#aabi47 lo/ #f4gf ea*1 or ! :ole t5 #fg4f equival5ts ( z9c1 9 effect+ decomposition2 :il/ tw5ty pairs ( ! same plates1 excit$ by ! same acid1 lo/ #c4g equival5ts ea*1 or on ! :ole #gd equival5ts4 ,9 o!r comp>ative exp]im5ts ( numb]s1 t5 pairs ( ! ?ree in*-plates1 7#aabe47 lo/ #c4gbe1 or #cg4be equival5ts ^u ! :ole2 :il/ tw5ty pairs lo/ #b4ec ea*1 or #ej4f 9 all2 & =ty pairs lo/ on an av]age #b4ba1 or #hh4d altoge!r4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 !re=e1 increase ( numb]s _h n be5 advantage\s z to ! effective production ( transf]able *emical p[] f ! :ole quantity ( *emical =ce active at ! surfaces ( excitation 7#aabj474 #aaec4 ,b if ,i _h us$ a weak] acid or a worse conductor 9 ! volta-electromet]1 !n ! numb] ( plates :i* w\ld produce ! mo/ advantage\s effect w\ld h ris52 or if ,i _h us$ a bett] conductor ?an t really employ$ 9 ! volta-electromet]1 ,i might h r$uc$ ! numb] ev5 to "o2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a ?ick wire is us$ to complete ! circuit 7#hfe41 c474 ,& ! cause ( ^! v>iations is v evid5t1 :5 x is consid]$ t ea* successive plate 9 ! voltaic app>atus does n add any?+ to ! quantity ( transf]able p[] or electricity :i* ! fir/ plate c put into motion1 provid$ a good conductor be pres5t1 b t5ds only to exalt ! int5sity ( t quantity1 s z to make x m able to ov]come ! ob/ruction ( bad conductors 7#iid4 #aaeh474 #aaed4 ,l>ge or small plates4,a--,! advantage\s use ( l>ge or small plates = electrolyzations w evid5tly dep5d ^u ! facility ) :i* ! transf]able p[] ( electricity c pass4 ,if 9 a p>ticul> case ! mo/ effectual numb] ( plates is kn[n 7#aaea471 !n ! addition ( m z9c w\ld be mo/ advantage\sly made 9 increas+ ! size ( ! plates1 & n _! numb]4 ,at ! same "t1 l>ge increase 9 ! size ( ! plates w\ld raise 9 a small degree ! mo/ fav\rable numb]4 ,a ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 ,re*]*es ,physico-,*imiques1 tom1 i4 p4 #bj4 #aaee4 ,l>ge & small plates %\ld n be us$ toge!r 9 ! same batt]y3 ! small ones occasion a loss ( ! p[] ( ! l>ge ones1 unless !y be excit$ by an acid proportionably m p[]ful2 = ) a c]ta9 acid !y _c transmit ! same portion ( electricity 9 a giv5 "t :i* ! same acid c evolve by action on ! l>g] plates4 #aaef4 ,simultane\s decompositions4--,:5 ! numb] ( plates 9 a batt]y mu* surpasses ! mo/ fav\rable proportion 7#aaea--aaec471 two or m decompositions may be effect$ simultane\sly ) advantage4 ,?us my =ty pairs ( plates 7#aabd47 produc$ 9 "o volta-electromet] #bb4h cubic in*es ( gas4 ,be+ re*>g$ exactly 9 ! same mann]1 !y produc$ 9 ea* ( two volta-electromet]s #ba cubical in*es4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t ! :ole consumption ( z9c 0 #hh4d equival5ts1 & 9 ! second only #dh4bh equival5ts1 = ! :ole ( ! wat] decompos$ 9 bo? volta-electromet]s4 #aaeg4 ,b :5 ! tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 7#aabi47 7 tri$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! results 7 9 ! opposite direction4 ,) "o volta-electromet] #eb cubic in*es ( gas 7 obta9$2 ) two1 only #ad4f cubic in*es f ea*4 ,! quantity ( *>ge 0 n ! same 9 bo? cases1 ?\gh x 0 ( ! same /r5g?2 b on r5d]+ ! results comp>ative by r$uc+ !m to equival5ts 7#aabf471 x 0 f\nd t ! consumption ( metal 9 ! fir/ case 0 #gd1 & 9 ! second case #ig1 equival5ts = ! :ole ( ! wat] decompos$4 ,^! results ( c\rse dep5d ^u ! same circum/ances ( ret>dation1 c41 :i* h be5 ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( ! prop] numb] ( plates 7#aaea474 #aaeh4 ,t ! transf]r+1 or1 z x is usually call$1 conduct+1 p[] ( an electrolyte :i* is to be decompos$1 or o!r int]pos$ body1 %\ld be r5d]$ z good z possible,a1 is v evid5t 7#ajbj4 #aabj474 ,) a p]fectly good conductor & a good batt]y1 ne>ly all ! electricity is pass$1 i4e4 ne>ly all ! *emical p[] becomes transf]able1 ev5 ) a s+le pair ( plates 7#hjg474 ,) an int]pos$ nonconductor none ( ! *emical p[] becomes transf]able4 ,) an imp]fect conductor m or less ( ! *emical p[] becomes transf]able z ! circum/ances fav\r+ ! transf] ( =ces across ! imp]fect conductor are exalt$ or dim9i%$3 ^! circum/ances are1 actual increase or improvem5t ( ! conduct+ p[]1 enl>gem5t ( ! electrodes1 approximation ( ! electrodes1 & increas$ int5sity ( ! pass+ curr5t4 ,a ,gay-,lussac & ,!n>d1 ,re*]*es ,physico-,*imiques1 tom4 i4 pp4 #ac1 #ae1 #bb4 #aaei4 ,! introduction ( common spr+ wat] 9 place ( "o ( ! volta-electromet]s us$ ) tw5ty pairs ( f\r-in* plates 7#aaef47 caus$ su* ob/ruction z n to all[ "o-fifte5? ( ! transf]able =ce to pass :i* w\ld h circulat$ )\t x4 ,?us f\rte5-fifte5?s ( ! available =ce ( ! batt]y 7 de/roy$1 local =ce1 7:i* 0 r5d]$ evid5t by ! evolution ( gas f ! be+ conv]t$ into z9cs17 & yet ! plat9a electrodes 9 ! wat] 7 ?ree in*es long1 ne>ly an in* wide1 & n a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 #aafj4 ,^! po9ts1 i4e4 ! increase ( conduct+ p[]1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! electrodes1 & _! approximation1 %\ld be especially att5d$ to 9 volta-electromet]s4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* _! utility dep5d are s evid5t t !re c be no occasion = fur!r developm5t ( !m "h4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahcd4 ,,elev5? ,,s]ies4 #ah4 ,on ,induction4 i4 ,induction an action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ii4 ,absolute *>ge ( matt]4 iii4 ,electromet] & inductive app>atus employ$4 iv4 ,induction 9 curv$ l9es4 v4 ,specific inductive capacity4 vi4 ,g5]al results z to induction4 ,receiv$ ,novemb] #cj1--,read ,decemb] #ba1 #ahcg4 i4 ,induction an action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 #aafa4 ,! sci5ce ( electricity is 9 t /ate 9 :i* e "p ( x requires exp]im5tal inve/igation2 n m]ely = ! discov]y ( new effects1 b :at is j n[ ( f> m importance1 ! developm5t ( ! means by :i* ! old effects are produc$1 & ! consequ5t m accurate det]m9ation ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( action ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & univ]sal p[] 9 nature3--& to ^? philosoph]s :o pursue ! inquiry zeal\sly yet cauti\sly1 comb9+ exp]im5t ) analogy1 suspici\s ( _! preconceiv$ notions1 pay+ m respect to a fact ?an a !ory1 n too ha/y to g5]alize1 & above all ?+s1 will+ at e /ep to cross-exam9e _! own op9ions1 bo? by reason+ & exp]im5t1 no bran* ( k c af=d s f9e & ready a field = discov]y z ?is4 ,su* is mo/ abundantly %[n to be ! case by ! progress :i* electricity has made 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s3 ,*emi/ry & ,magnetism h successively ackn[l$g$ its ov]-rul+ influ5ce2 & x is probable t e effect dep5d+ ^u ! p[]s ( inorganic matt]1 & p]haps mo/ ( ^? relat$ to vegetable & animal life1 w ultimately be f\nd subord9ate to x4 #aafb4 ,among/ ! actions ( diff]5t k9ds into :i* electricity has conv5tionally be5 subdivid$1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 none :i* excels1 or ev5 equals 9 importance1 t call$ ,induction4 ,x is ( ! mo/ g5]al influ5ce 9 electrical ph5om5a1 appe>+ to be conc]n$ 9 e "o ( !m1 & has 9 reality ! "* ( a fir/1 ess5tial1 & fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,its compreh5sion is s important1 t ,i ?9k we _c proce$ mu* fur!r 9 ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( electricity )\t a m ?or\gh und]/&+ ( its nature2 h[ o!rwise c we hope to compreh5d ! h>mony & ev5 unity ( action :i* d\btless gov]ns electrical excitem5t by friction1 by *emical means1 by heat1 by magnetic influ5ce1 by evaporation1 & ev5 by ! liv+ be+8 #aafc4 ,9 ! long-cont9u$ c\rse ( exp]im5tal inquiry 9 :i* ,i h be5 engag$1 ?is g5]al result has press$ ^u me con/antly1 namely1 ! necessity ( admitt+ two =ces1 or two =ms or directions ( a =ce 7#eaf4 #eag471 comb9$ ) ! impossibility ( sep>at+ ^! two =ces 7or electricities7 f ea* o!r1 ei!r 9 ! ph5om5a ( /atical electricity or ^? ( ! curr5t4 ,9 association ) ?is1 ! impossibility "u any circum/ances1 z yet1 ( absolutely *>g+ matt] ( any k9d ) "o or ! o!r electricity only1 dwelt on my m9d1 & made me wi% & se>* = a cle>] view ?an any t ,i 0 acqua9t$ )1 ( ! way 9 :i* electrical p[]s & ! p>ticles ( matt] are relat$2 especially 9 inductive actions1 ^u :i* almo/ all o!rs appe>$ to re/4 #aafd4 ,:5 ,i discov]$ ! g5]al fact t electrolytes refus$ to yield _! elem5ts to a curr5t :5 9 ! solid /ate1 ?\gh !y gave !m =? freely if 9 ! liquid condition 7#chj4 #cid4 #djb471 ,i ?\ght ,i saw an op5+ to ! elucidation ( inductive action1 & ! possible subjugation ( _m dissimil> ph5om5a to "o law4 ,= let ! electrolyte be wat]1 a plate ( ice be+ coat$ ) plat9a foil on its two surfaces1 & ^! coat+s connect$ ) any cont9u$ s\rce ( ! two electrical p[]s1 ! ice w *>ge l a ,leyd5 arrangem5t1 pres5t+ a case ( common induction1 b no curr5t w pass4 ,if ! ice be liquefi$1 ! induction w fall to a c]ta9 degree1 because a curr5t c n[ pass2 b its pass+ is dep5d5t ^u a peculi> molecul> arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles consi/5t ) ! transf] ( ! elem5ts ( ! electrolyte 9 opposite directions1 ! degree ( dis*>ge & ! quantity ( elem5ts evolv$ be+ exactly proportion$ to ea* o!r 7#cgg4 #ghc474 ,:e!r ! *>g+ ( ! metallic coat+ be effect$ by a p[]ful electrical ma*9e1 a /rong & l>ge voltaic batt]y1 or a s+le pair ( plates1 makes no diff]5ce 9 ! pr9ciple1 b only 9 ! degree ( action 7#cfj74 ,common induction takes place 9 ea* case if ! electrolyte be solid1 or if fluid1 *emical action & decomposition ensue1 provid$ oppos+ actions d n int]f]e2 & x is ( high importance occasionally ?us to comp>e effects 9 _! extreme degrees1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ u to compreh5d ! nature ( an action 9 its weak /ate1 :i* may be only suffici5tly evid5t to u 9 its /rong] condition 7#dea474 ,z1 !re=e1 9 ! electrolytic action1 induction appe>$ to be ! fir/ /ep1 & decomposition ! second 7! p[] ( sep>at+ ^! /eps f ea* o!r by giv+ ! solid or fluid condition to ! electrolyte be+ 9 our h&s72 z ! induction 0 ! same 9 its nature z t ?r\gh air1 glass1 wax1 c4 produc$ by any ( ! ord9>y means2 & z ! :ole effect 9 ! electrolyte appe>$ to be an action ( ! p>ticles ?r[n into a peculi> or pol>iz$ /ate1 ,i 0 l$ to suspect t common induction itself 0 9 all cases an action ( contigu\s p>ticles,a1 & t electrical action at a di/ance 7i4e4 ord9>y inductive action7 nev] occurr$ except ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! int]v5+ matt]4 ,a ,! ^w contigu\s is p]haps n ! be/ t might h be5 us$ "h & else:]e2 = z p>ticles d n t\* ea* o!r x is n /rictly correct4 ,i 0 induc$ to employ x1 because 9 its common acceptation x enabl$ me to /ate ! !ory pla9ly & ) facility4 ,by contigu\s p>ticles ,i mean ^? :i* are next4--,dec4 #ahch4 #aafe4 ,! respect :i* ,i ent]ta9 t[>ds ! names ( ,ep9us1 ,cav5di%1 ,poisson1 & o!r mo/ em95t m51 all ( ^: !ories ,i believe consid] induction z an action at a di/ance & 9 /raight l9es1 long indispos$ me to ! view ,i h j /at$2 & ?\gh ,i always wat*$ = opportunities to prove ! opposite op9ion1 & made su* exp]im5ts occasionally z seem$ to be> directly on ! po9t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! exam9ation ( electrolytes1 solid & fluid1 :il/ "u induction by pol>iz$ light 7#iea4 #iee471 x is only ( late1 & by degrees1 t ! extreme g5]ality ( ! subject has urg$ me /ill fur!r to ext5d my exp]im5ts & publi% my view4 ,at pres5t ,i believe ord9>y induction 9 all cases to be an action ( contigu\s p>ticles consi/+ 9 a species ( pol>ity1 in/ead ( be+ an action ( ei!r p>ticles or masses at s5sible di/ances2 & if ?is be true1 ! di/9ction & e/abli%m5t ( su* a tru? mu/ be ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to our fur!r progress 9 ! inve/igation ( ! nature ( electric =ces4 ,! l9k$ condition ( electrical induction ) *emical decomposition2 ( voltaic excitem5t ) *emical action2 ! transf] ( elem5ts 9 an electrolyte2 ! orig9al cause ( excitem5t 9 all cases2 ! nature & relation ( conduction & insulation ( ! direct & lat]al or transv]se action con/itut+ electricity & magnetism2 ) _m o!r ?+s m or less incompreh5sible at pres5t1 w\ld all be affect$ by x1 & p]haps receive a full explication 9 _! r$uction "u "o g5]al law4 #aaff4 ,i se>*$ = an unexceptionable te/ ( my view1 n m]ely 9 ! accordance ( kn[n facts ) x1 b 9 ! consequ5ces :i* w\ld fl[ f x if true2 especially 9 ^? :i* w\ld n be consi/5t ) ! !ory ( action at a di/ance4 ,su* a consequ5ce seem$ to me to pres5t itself 9 ! direction 9 :i* inductive action c\ld be ex]t$4 ,if 9 /raight l9es only1 ?\gh n p]haps decisive1 x w\ld be aga9/ my view2 b if 9 curv$ l9es also1 t w\ld be a natural result ( ! action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 b1 z ,i ?9k1 utt]ly incompatible ) action at a di/ance1 z assum$ by ! receiv$ !ories1 :i*1 accord+ to e fact & analogy we are acqua9t$ )1 is always 9 /raight l9es4 #aafg4 ,aga91 if induction be an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 & also ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( electrolyzation 7#aafd4 #iai471 !re seem$ reason to expect "s p>ticul> relation ( x to ! diff]5t k9ds ( matt] ?r\gh :i* x w\ld be ex]t$1 or some?+ equival5t to a specific electric induction = diff]5t bodies1 :i*1 if x exi/$1 w\ld unequivocally prove ! dep5d5ce ( induction on ! p>ticles2 & ?\gh ?is1 9 ! !ory ( ,poisson & o!rs1 has nev] be5 suppos$ to be ! case1 ,i 0 soon l$ to d\bt ! receiv$ op9ion1 & h tak5 great pa9s 9 subject+ ?is po9t to close exp]im5tal exam9ation4 #aafh4 ,ano!r ev]-pres5t "q on my m9d has be51 :e!r electricity has an actual & indep5d5t exi/5ce z a fluid or fluids1 or 0 a m]e p[] ( matt]1 l :at we conceive ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,if det]m9$ ei!r way x w\ld be an enorm\s advance 9 our k2 & z hav+ ! mo/ direct & influ5tial be>+ on my notions1 ,i h always s\ght = exp]im5ts :i* w\ld 9 any way t5d to elucidate t great inquiry4 ,x 0 9 attempts to prove ! exi/5ce ( electricity sep>ate f matt]1 by giv+ an indep5d5t *>ge ( ei!r positive or negative p[] only1 to "s "o sub/ance1 & ! utt] failure ( all su* attempts1 :atev] sub/ance 0 us$ or :atev] means ( excit+ or evolv+ electricity 7 employ$1 t fir/ drove me to look ^u induction z an action ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 ea* hav+ bo? =ces develop$ 9 x 9 exactly equal am\nt4 ,x is ?is circum/ance1 9 connection ) o!rs1 :i* makes me desir\s ( plac+ ! rem>ks on absolute *>ge fir/1 9 ! ord] ( pro( & argum5t1 :i* ,i am ab\t to adduce 9 fav\r ( my view1 t electric induction is an action ( ! contigu\s p>ticles ( ! insulat+ m$ium or dielectric,a4 ,a ,i use ! ^w dielectric to express t sub/ance ?r\gh or across :i* ! electric =ces are act+4--,dec4 #ahch4 ii4 ,on ! absolute *>ge ( matt]4 #aafi4 ,c matt]1 ei!r conduct+ or non-conduct+1 be *>g$ ) "o electric =ce indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 9 any degree1 ei!r 9 a s5sible or lat5t /ate8 #aagj4 ,! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,c\lomb ^u ! equality ( action ( conductors1 :atev] _! sub/ance1 & ! resid5ce ( all ! electricity ^u _! surfaces,a1 are suffici5t1 if prop]ly view$1 to prove t conductors _c be bodily *>g$2 & z yet no means ( communicat+ electricity to a conductor s z to place its p>ticles 9 relation to "o electricity1 & n at ! same "t to ! o!r 9 exactly equal am\nt1 has be5 discov]$4 ,a ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #aghf1 pp4 #fg4 #fi4 #gb2 #aghg1 p4 #deb4 #aaga4 ,) reg>d to electrics or non-conductors1 ! conclusion does n at fir/ seem s cle>4 ,!y may easily be electrifi$ bodily1 ei!r by communication 7#abdg47 or excitem5t2 b be+ s *>g$1 e case 9 succession1 :5 exam9$1 came out to be a case ( induction1 & n ( absolute *>ge4 ,?us1 glass )9 conductors c\ld easily h p>ts n 9 contact ) ! conductor br\ght into an excit$ /ate2 b x 0 always f\nd t a portion ( ! inn] surface ( ! conductor 0 9 an opposite & equival5t /ate1 or t ano!r "p ( ! glass itself 0 9 an equally opposite /ate1 an inductive *>ge & n an absolute *>ge hav+ be5 acquir$4 #aagb4 ,well-purifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* ,i f9d to be an excell5t liquid insulator = mo/ purposes1 0 put into a metallic vessel1 &1 be+ insulat$1 an endeav\r 0 made to *>ge its p>ticles1 sometimes by contact ( ! metal ) ! electrical ma*9e1 & at o!rs by a wire dipp+ into ! fluid )92 b :atev] ! mode ( communication1 no electricity ( "o k9d only 0 reta9$ by ! arrangem5t1 except :at appe>$ on ! ext]ior surface ( ! metal1 t portion be+ pres5t !re only by an inductive action ?r\gh ! air to ! surr\nd+ conductors4 ,:5 ! oil ( turp5t9e 0 conf9$ 9 glass vessels1 !re 7 at fir/ "s appe>ances z if ! fluid did receive an absolute *>ge ( electricity f ! *>g+ wire1 b ^! 7 quickly r$uc$ to cases ( common induction jo9tly ?r\gh ! fluid1 ! glass1 & ! surr\nd+ air4 #aagc4 ,i c>ri$ ^! exp]im5ts on ) air to a v great ext5t4 ,i _h a *amb] built1 be+ a cube ( twelve feet4 ,a slight cubical wood5 frame 0 con/ruct$1 & copp] wire pass$ along & across x 9 v>i\s directions1 s z to make ! sides a l>ge net-"w1 & !n all 0 cov]$ 9 ) pap]1 plac$ 9 close connexion ) ! wires1 & suppli$ 9 e direction ) b&s ( t9 foil1 t ! :ole might be br\ght into good metallic communication1 & r5d]$ a free conductor 9 e "p4 ,?is *amb] 0 insulat$ 9 ! lecture-room ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 a glass tube ab\t six feet 9 l5g? 0 pass$ ?r\gh its side1 leav+ ab\t f\r feet )9 & two feet on ! outside1 & ?r\gh ?is a wire pass$ f ! l>ge electrical ma*9e 7#bij47 to ! air )94 ,by work+ ! ma*9e1 ! air 9 ?is *amb] c\ld be br\ght into :at is consid]$ a highly electrifi$ /ate 7be+1 9 fact1 ! same /ate z t ( ! air ( a room 9 :i* a p[]ful ma*9e is 9 op]ation71 & at ! same "t ! outside ( ! insulat$ cube 0 ev]y:]e /rongly *>g$4 ,b putt+ ! *amb] 9 communication ) ! p]fect dis*>g+ tra9 describ$ 9 a =m] s]ies 7#bib471 & work+ ! ma*9e s z to br+ ! air )9 to its utmo/ degree ( *>ge if ,i quickly cut (f ! connexion ) ! ma*9e1 & at ! same mom5t or in/antly aft] insulat$ ! cube1 ! air )9 _h n ! lea/ p[] to communicate a fur!r *>ge to x4 ,if any portion ( ! air 0 electrifi$1 z glass or o!r insulators may be *>g$ 7#aaga471 x 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ opposite action )9 ! cube1 ! :ole effect be+ m]ely a case ( induction4 ,e attempt to *>ge air bodily & indep5d5tly ) ! lea/ portion ( ei!r electricity fail$4 #aagd ,i put a delicate gold-leaf electromet] )9 ! cube1 & !n *>g$ ! :ole by an outside communication1 v /rongly1 = "s "t toge!r2 b nei!r dur+ ! *>ge or aft] ! dis*>ge did ! electromet] or air )9 %[ ! lea/ signs ( electricity4 ,i *>g$ & dis*>g$ ! :ole arrangem5t 9 v>i\s ways1 b 9 no case c\ld ,i obta9 ! lea/ indication ( an absolute *>ge2 or ( "o by induction 9 :i* ! electricity ( "o k9d _h ! smalle/ sup]iority 9 quantity ov] ! o!r4 ,i w5t into ! cube & liv$ 9 x1 & us+ light$ c&les1 electromet]s1 & all o!r te/s ( electrical /ates1 ,i c\ld n f9d ! lea/ influ5ce ^u !m1 or indication ( any ?+ p>ticul> giv5 by !m1 ?\gh all ! "t ! outside ( ! cube 0 p[]fully *>g$1 & l>ge sp>ks & bru%es 7 d>t+ (f f e "p ( its out] surface4 ,! conclusion ,i h come to is1 t non-conductors1 z well z conductors1 h nev] yet _h an absolute & indep5d5t *>ge ( "o electricity communicat$ to !m1 & t to all appe>ance su* a /ate ( matt] is impossible4 #aage4 ,!re is ano!r view ( ?is "q :i* may be tak5 "u ! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( an electric fluid or fluids4 ,x may be impossible to h "o fluid or /ate 9 a free condition )\t its produc+ by induction ! o!r1 & yet possible to h cases 9 :i* an isolat$ portion ( matt] 9 "o condition be+ un*>g$1 %all1 by a *ange ( /ate1 evolve "o electricity or ! o!r3 & ?\gh su* evolv$ electricity might imm$iately induce ! opposite /ate 9 its neighb\rhood1 yet ! m]e evolution ( "o electricity )\t ! o!r 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 w\ld be a v important fact 9 ! !ories :i* assume a fluid or fluids2 ^! !ories z ,i und]/& !m assign+ n ! slighte/ reason :y su* an effect %\ld n occur4 #aagf4 ,b on se>*+ = su* cases ,i _c f9d "o4 ,evolution by friction1 z is well kn[n1 gives bo? p[]s 9 equal proportion4 ,s does evolution by *emical action1 not)/&+ ! great div]sity ( bodies :i* may be employ$1 & ! enorm\s quantity ( electricity :i* c 9 ?is mann] be evolv$ 7#cga4 #cgf4 #hfa4 #hfh4 #ifa474 ,! m promis+ cases ( *ange ( /ate1 :e!r by evaporation1 fusion1 or ! rev]se processes1 /ill give bo? =ms ( ! p[] 9 equal proportion2 & ! cases ( splitt+ ( mica & o!r cry/als1 ! break+ ( sulphur1 c41 are subject to ! same law ( limitation4 #aagg4 ,z f> z exp]im5t has proce$$1 x appe>s1 !re=e1 impossible ei!r to evolve or make disappe> "o electric =ce )\t equal & correspond+ *ange 9 ! o!r4 ,x is also equally impossible exp]im5tally to *>ge a portion ( matt] ) "o electric =ce indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,*>ge always implies induction1 = x c 9 no in/ance be effect$ )\t2 & also ! pres5ce ( ! two =ms ( p[]1 equally at ! mom5t ( ! developm5t & aft]w>ds4 ,!re is no absolute *>ge ( matt] ) "o fluid2 no lat5cy ( a s+le electricity4 ,?is ?\gh a negative result is an exce$+ly important "o1 be+ probably ! consequ5ce ( a natural impossibility1 :i* w become cle> to u :5 we und]/& ! true condition & !ory ( ! electric p[]4 #aagh4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations already po9t to ! foll[+ conclusions3 bodies _c be *>g$ absolutely1 b only relatively1 & by a pr9ciple :i* is ! same ) t ( induction4 ,all *>ge is su/a9$ by induction4 ,all ph5om5a ( int5sity include ! pr9ciple ( induction4 ,all excitation is dep5d5t on or directly relat$ to induction4 ,all curr5ts involve previ\s int5sity & !re=e previ\s induction4 ,,induction appe>s to be ! ess5tial function bo? ! fir/ developm5t & ! consequ5t ph5om5a ( electricity4 iii4 ,electromet] & inductive app>atus employ$4 #aagi4 ,leav+ = a "t ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! prec$+ facts until !y c be collat$ ) o!r results be>+ directly on ! great "q ( ! nature ( induction1 ,i w n[ describe ! app>atus ,i h _h occasion to use2 & 9 proportion to ! importance ( ! pr9ciples s\ght to be e/abli%$ is ! necessity ( do+ ?is s cle>ly1 z to leave no d\bt ( ! results beh9d4 #aahj4 ,electromet]4--,! measur+ in/rum5t ,i h employ$ has be5 ! torsion balance electromet] ( ,c\lomb1 con/ruct$1 g5]ally1 accord+ to 8 directions,a1 b ) c]ta9 v>iations & additions1 :i* ,i w briefly describe4 ,! l[] "p 0 a glass cyl9d] eight in*es 9 height & eight in*es 9 diamet]2 ! tube = ! torsion ?read 0 sev5te5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! torsion ?read itself 0 n ( metal1 b glass1 accord+ to ! excell5t sugge/ion ( ! late ,dr4 ,rit*ie,b4 ,x 0 tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( su* t5uity t :5 ! %ell-lac lev] & atta*$ ball1 c4 7 connect$ ) x1 !y made ab\t t5 vibrations 9 a m9ute4 ,x w\ld be> torsion ?r\gh f\r revolutions or #addj1 & yet1 :5 releas$1 return accurately to its position2 probably x w\ld h borne consid]ably m ?an ?is )\t injury4 ,! repell$ ball 0 ( pi?1 gilt1 & 0 #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! horizontal /em or lev] support+ x 0 ( %ell-lac1 accord+ to ,c\lomb's direction1 ! arm c>ry+ ! ball be+ #b4d in*es long1 & ! o!r only #a4b in*es3 to ?is 0 atta*$ ! vane1 also describ$ by ,c\lomb1 :i* ,i f\nd to answ] admirably its purpose ( quickly de/roy+ vibrations4 ,t ! inductive action )9 ! electromet] might be uni=m 9 all positions ( ! repell$ ball & 9 all /ates ( ! app>atus1 two b&s ( t9 foil1 ab\t an in* wide ea*1 7 atta*$ to ! inn] surface ( ! glass cyl9d]1 go+ entirely r\nd x1 at ! di/ance ( #j4d ( an in* f ea* o!r1 & at su* a height t ! int]m$iate cle> surface 0 9 ! same horizontal plane ) ! lev] & ball4 ,^! b&s 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! e>?1 &1 be+ p]fect conductors1 always ex]t$ a uni=m influ5ce on ! electrifi$ balls )91 :i* ! glass surface1 f its irregul>ity ( condition at diff]5t times1 ,i f\nd1 did n4 ,= ! purpose ( keep+ ! air )9 ! electromet] 9 a con/ant /ate z to dryness1 a glass di%1 ( su* size z to ent] easily )9 ! cyl9d]1 _h a lay] ( fus$ pota% plac$ )9 x1 & ?is be+ cov]$ ) a disc ( f9e wire-gauze to r5d] its inductive action uni=m at all p>ts1 0 plac$ )9 ! in/rum5t at ! bottom & left !re4 ,a ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #aghe1 p4 #egj4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcj4 #aaha4 ,! moveable ball us$ to take & measure ! portion ( electricity "u exam9ation1 & :i* may be call$ ! repell+1 or ! c>ri]1 ball1 0 ( s(t ald] wood1 well & smoo?ly gilt4 ,x 0 atta*$ to a f9e %ell-lac /em1 & introduc$ ?r\gh a hole into ! electromet] accord+ to ,c\lomb's me?od3 ! /em 0 fix$ at its upp] end 9 a block or vice1 support$ on ?ree %ort feet2 & on ! surface ( ! glass cov] above 0 a plate ( lead ) /ops on x1 s t :5 ! c>ri] ball 0 adju/$ 9 its "r position1 ) ! vice above be>+ at ! same "t aga9/ ^! /ops1 x 0 p]fectly easy to br+ away ! c>ri]-ball & re/ore x to its place aga9 v accurately1 )\t any loss ( "t4 #aahb4 ,x is q necess>y to att5d to c]ta9 precautions respect+ ^! balls4 ,if ( pi? alone !y are bad2 = :5 v dry1 t sub/ance is s imp]fect a conductor t x nei!r receives nor gives a *>ge freely1 & s1 aft] contact ) a *>g$ conductor1 x is liable to be 9 an unc]ta9 condition4 ,aga91 x is difficult to turn pi? s smoo? z to leave ! ball1 ev5 :5 gilt1 s free f irregul>ities ( =m1 z to reta9 its *>ge undim9i%$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! balls are f9ally prep>$ & gilt !y %\ld be exam9$2 & be+ electrifi$1 unless !y c hold _! *>ge ) v little dim9ution = a consid]able "t1 & yet be dis*>g$ in/antly & p]fectly by ! t\* ( an un9sulat$ conductor1 !y %\ld be dismiss$4 #aahc4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to ref] to ! graduation ( ! in/rum5t1 fur!r ?an to expla9 h[ ! obs]vations 7 made4 ,on a circle or r+ ( pap] on ! outside ( ! glass cyl9d]1 fix$ s z to cov] ! int]nal l[] r+ ( t9foil1 7 m>k$ f\r po9ts correspond+ to angles ( #ij2 f\r o!r po9ts exactly correspond+ to ^! po9ts be+ m>k$ on ! upp] r+ ( t9foil )94 ,by ^! & ! adju/+ screws on :i* ! :ole in/rum5t /&s1 ! glass torsion ?read c\ld be br\ght accurately into ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t & ( ! graduations on x4 ,f "o ( ! f\r po9ts on ! ext]ior ( ! cyl9d] a graduation ( #ij 0 set (f1 & a correspond+ graduation 0 plac$ ^u ! upp] t9foil on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] )92 & a dot be+ m>k$ on t po9t ( ! surface ( ! repell$ ball ne>e/ to ! side ( ! electromet]1 x 0 easy1 by obs]v+ ! l9e :i* ?is dot made ) ! l9es ( ! two graduations j ref]r$ to1 to asc]ta9 accurately ! position ( ! ball4 ,! upp] end ( ! glass ?read 0 atta*$1 z 9 ,c\lomb's orig9al electromet]1 to an index1 :i* _h its appropriate graduat$ circle1 ^u :i* ! degree ( torsion 0 ultimately to be read (f4 #aahd4 ,aft] ! levell+ ( ! in/rum5t & adju/m5t ( ! glass ?read1 ! blocks :i* det]m9e ! place ( ! c>ri] ball are to be regulat$ 7#aaha47 s t1 :5 ! c>ri] arrangem5t is plac$ aga9/ !m1 ! c5tre ( ! ball may be 9 ! radius ( ! in/rum5t correspond+ to #j on ! l[] graduation or t on ! side ( ! electromet]1 & at ! same level & di/ance f ! c5tre z ! repell$ ball on ! susp5d$ torsion lev]4 ,!n ! torsion index is to be turn$ until ! ball connect$ ) x 7! repell$ ball7 is accurately at #cj1 & f9ally ! graduat$ arc belong+ to ! torsion index is to be adju/$ s z to br+ #j ^u x to ! index4 ,?is /ate ( ! in/rum5t 0 adopt$ z t :i* gave ! mo/ direct expression ( ! exp]im5tal results1 & 9 ! =m hav+ fewe/ v>iable errors2 ! angul> di/ance ( #cj be+ always reta9$ z ! /&>d di/ance to :i* ! balls 7 9 e case to be br\ght1 & ! :ole ( ! torsion be+ read (f at once on ! graduat$ circle above4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! di/ance ( ! balls f ea* o!r 0 n m]ely ! same 9 degree1 b _! position 9 ! in/rum5t1 & 9 relation to e "p ( x1 0 actually ! same e "t t a measurem5t 0 made2 s t all irregul>ities aris+ f slight diff]5ce ( =m & action 9 ! in/rum5t & ! bodies ar\nd 7 avoid$4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* c\ld occur 9 ! position ( any?+ )91 consi/$ 9 ! deflexion ( ! torsion ?read f a v]tical position1 m or less1 accord+ to ! =ce ( repulsion ( ! balls2 b ?is 0 s slight z to cause no int]f]+ diff]5ce 9 ! symmetry ( =m )9 ! in/rum5t1 & gave no error 9 ! am\nt ( torsion =ce indicat$ on ! graduation above4 #aahe4 ,al?\gh ! con/ant angul> di/ance ( #cj betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! balls 0 adopt$1 & f\nd abundantly s5sible1 = all ord9>y purposes1 yet ! facility ( r5d]+ ! in/rum5t f> m s5sible by dim9i%+ ?is di/ance 0 at p]fect comm&2 ! results at diff]5t di/ances be+ v easily comp>$ ) ea* o!r ei!r by exp]im5t1 or1 z !y are inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances1 by calculation4 #aahf4 ,! ,c\lomb balance electromet] requires exp]i5ce to be und]/ood2 b ,i ?9k x a v valuable in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o w take pa9s by practice & att5tion to le>n ! precautions ne$ful 9 its use4 ,its insulat+ condition v>ies ) circum/ances1 & %\ld be exam9$ be=e x is employ$ 9 exp]im5ts4 ,9 an ord9>y & fair condition1 :5 ! balls 7 s electrifi$ z to give a repulsive torsion =ce ( #ajj at ! /&>d di/ance ( #cj1 x took ne>ly f\r h\rs to s9k to #ej at ! same di/ance2 ! av]age loss f #djj to #cjj be+ at ! rate ( #b4g p] m9ute1 f #cjj to #bjj ( #a4g p] m9ute1 f #bjj to #ajj ( #a4c p] m9ute1 & f #ajj to #ej ( #j4hg p] m9ute4 ,z a complete measurem5t by ! in/rum5t may be made 9 mu* less ?an a m9ute1 ! am\nt ( loss 9 t "t is b small1 & c easily be tak5 into acc\nt4 #aahg4 ,! inductive app>atus4--,my object 0 to exam9e inductive action c>efully :5 tak+ place ?r\gh diff]5t m$ia1 = :i* purpose x 0 necess>y to subject ^! m$ia to x 9 exactly simil> circum/ances1 & 9 su* quantities z %\ld suffice to elim9ate any v>iations !y might pres5t4 ,! requisites ( ! app>atus to be con/ruct$ 71 !re=e1 t ! induc+ surfaces ( ! conductors %\ld h a con/ant =m & /ate1 & be at a con/ant di/ance f ea* o!r2 & t ei!r solids1 fluids1 or gases might be plac$ & reta9$ betwe5 ^! surfaces ) read9ess & c]ta9ty1 & = any l5g? ( "t4 #aahh4 ,! app>atus us$ may be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms z consi/+ ( two metallic sph]es ( unequal diamet]1 plac$1 ! small] )9 ! l>g]1 & conc5tric ) x2 ! int]val betwe5 ! two be+ ! space ?r\gh :i* ! induction 0 to take place4 ,a section ( x is giv5 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #ajd47 on a scale ( "o-half3 a1 a are ! two halves ( a brass sph]e1 ) an air-tight jo9t at b1 l t ( ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es1 made p]fectly flu% & smoo? inside s z to pres5t no irregul>ity2 c is a connect+ piece by :i* ! app>atus is jo9$ to a good /op-cock d1 :i* is itself atta*$ ei!r to ! metallic foot e1 or to an air-pump4 ,! ap]ture )9 ! hemisph]e at f is v small3 g is a brass coll> fitt$ to ! upp] hemisph]e1 ?r\gh :i* ! %ell-lac support ( ! inn] ball & its /em passes2 h is ! inn] ball1 also ( brass2 x screws on to a brass /em i1 t]m9at$ above by a brass ball ,b1 l1 l is a mass ( %ell-lac1 m\ld$ c>efully on to i1 & s]v+ bo? to support & insulate x & its balls h1 ,b4 ,! %ell-lac /em l is fitt$ into ! socket g1 by a little ord9>y res9\s cem5t1 m fusible ?an %ell-lac1 appli$ at mm 9 su* a way z to give suffici5t /r5g? & r5d] ! app>atus air-tight !re1 yet leave z mu* z possible ( ! l[] "p ( ! %ell-lac /em unt\*$1 z an insulation betwe5 ! ball h & ! surr\nd+ sph]e a1 a4 ,! ball h has a small ap]ture at n1 s t :5 ! app>atus is exhau/$ ( "o gas & fill$ ) ano!r1 ! ball h may itself also be exhau/$ & fill$1 t no v>iation ( ! gas 9 ! int]val o may occur dur+ ! c\rse ( an exp]im5t4 #aahi4 ,x w be unnecess>y to give ! dim5sions ( all ! p>ts1 s9ce ! draw+ is to a scale ( "o-half3 ! inn] ball has a diamet] #b4cc in*es1 & ! surr\nd+ sph]e an int]nal diamet] ( #c4eg in*es4 ,h5ce ! wid? ( ! int]v5+ space1 ?r\gh :i* ! induction is to take place1 is #j4fb ( an in*2 & ! ext5t ( ?is place or plate1 i4e4 ! surface ( a m$ium sph]e1 may be tak5 z tw5ty-sev5 squ>e in*es1 a quantity consid]$ z suffici5tly l>ge = ! comp>ison ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 9 f9i%+ well ! induc+ surfaces ( ! ball h & sph]e a1 a2 & no v>ni% or lacqu] 0 appli$ to !m1 or to any "p ( ! metal ( ! app>atus4 #aaij4 ,! atta*m5t & adju/m5t ( ! %ell-lac /em 0 a matt] requir+ consid]able c>e1 especially z1 9 consequ5ce ( its crack+1 x _h frequ5tly to be r5ew$4 ,! be/ lac 0 *os5 & appli$ to ! wire i1 s z to be 9 good contact ) x ev]y:]e1 & 9 p]fect cont9uity ?r\gh\t its own mass4 ,x 0 n small] ?an is giv5 by scale 9 ! draw+1 = :5 less x frequ5tly crack$ )9 a few h\rs aft] x 0 cold4 ,i ?9k t v sl[ cool+ or anneal+ improv$ its quality 9 ?is respect4 ,! coll> g 0 made z ?9 z c\ld be1 t ! lac might be z wide !re z possible4 ,9 ord] t at e re-atta*m5t ( ! /em to ! upp] hemisph]e ! ball h might h ! same relative position1 a gauge p 7fig4 #aje47 0 made ( wood1 & ?is be+ appli$ to ! ball & hemisph]e :il/ ! cem5t at m 0 /ill s(t1 ! be>+s ( ! ball at qq1 & ! hemisph]e at rr1 7 =c$ home1 & ! :ole left until cold4 ,?us all difficulty 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! ball 9 ! sph]e 0 avoid$4 #aaia4 ,i _h occasion at fir/ to atta* ! /em to ! socket by o!r means1 z a b& ( pap] or a plugg+ ( :ite silk ?read2 b ^! 7 v inf]ior to ! cem5t1 int]f]+ mu* ) ! insulat+ p[] ( ! app>atus4 #aaib4 ,! ret5tive p[] ( ?is app>atus 01 :5 9 good condition1 bett] ?an t ( ! electromet] 7#aahf471 i4e4 ! proportion ( loss ( p[] 0 less4 ,?us :5 ! app>atus 0 electrifi$1 & also ! balls 9 ! electromet]1 to su* a degree1 t aft] ! inn] ball _h be5 9 contact ) ! top k ( ! ball ( ! app>atus1 x caus$ a repulsion indicat$ by #fjj ( torsion =ce1 !n 9 fall+ f #fjj to #djj ! av]age loss 0 #h4f p] m9ute2 f #djj to #cjj ! av]age loss 0 #b4f p] m9ute2 f #cjj to #bjj x 0 #a4g p] m9ute2 f #bjj to #agj x 0 #a p] m9ute4 ,?is 0 aft] ! app>atus _h be5 *>g$ = a %ort "t2 at ! fir/ in/ant ( *>g+ !re is an app>5t loss ( electricity1 :i* c only be compreh5d$ h]eaft] 7#abjg4 #abej474 #aaic4 ,:5 ! app>atus loses its insulat+ p[] sudd5ly1 x is almo/ always f a crack ne> to or )9 ! brass socket4 ,^! cracks are usually transv]se to ! /em4 ,if !y occur at ! "p atta*$ by common cem5t to ! socket1 ! air _c ent]1 & ?us con/itut+ vacua1 !y conduct away ! electricity & l[] ! *>ge1 z fa/ almo/ z if a piece ( metal _h be5 introduc$ !re4 ,occasionally /ems 9 ?is /ate1 be+ tak5 out & cle>$ f ! common cem5t1 may1 by ! c>eful application ( ! heat ( a _s-lamp1 be s f> s(t5$ & melt$ z to re/ore ! p]fect cont9uity ( ! p>ts2 b if t does n succe$ 9 replac+ ?+s 9 a good condition1 ! rem$y is a new %ell-lac /em4 #aaid4 ,! app>atus :5 9 ord] c\ld easily be exhau/$ ( air & fill$ ) any giv5 gas2 b :5 t gas 0 acid or alkal9e1 x c\ld n prop]ly be remov$ by ! air-pump1 & yet requir$ to be p]fectly cle>$ away4 ,9 su* cases ! app>atus 0 op5$ & empti$ ( gas2 & ) respect to ! inn] ball h1 x 0 wa%$ out two or ?ree times ) di/ill$ wat] introduc$ at ! screw-hole1 & !n be+ heat$ above #bab1 air 0 bl[n ?r\gh to r5d] ! int]ior p]fectly dry4 #aaie4 ,! inductive app>atus describ$ is evid5tly a ,leyd5 phial1 ) ! advantage1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ ! dielectric or insulat+ m$ium *ang$ at pleasure4 ,! balls h & ,b1 ) ! connect+ wire i1 con/itute ! *>g$ conductor1 ^u ! surface ( :i* all ! electric =ce is resid5t by virtue ( induction 7#aagh474 ,n[ ?\gh ! l>ge/ portion ( ?is induction is betwe5 ! ball h & ! surr\nd+ sph]e aa1 yet ! wire i & ! ball ,b det]m9e a "p ( ! induction f _! surfaces t[>ds ! ext]nal surr\nd+ conductors4 ,/ill1 z all ?+s 9 t respect rema9 ! same1 :il/ ! m$ium )9 at oo1 may be v>i$1 any *anges exhibit$ by ! :ole app>atus w 9 su* cases dep5d ^u ! v>iations made 9 ! int]ior2 & ^! 7 ! *anges ,i 0 9 se>* (1 ! negation or e/abli%m5t ( su* diff]5ces be+ ! great object ( my inquiry4 ,i consid]$ t ^! diff]5ces1 if !y exi/$1 w\ld be mo/ di/9ctly set =? by hav+ two app>atus ( ! k9d describ$1 precisely simil> 9 e respect2 & !n1 diff]5t insulat+ m$ia be+ )91 to *>ge "o & measure x1 & aft] divid+ ! *>ge ) ! o!r1 to obs]ve :at ! ultimate conditions ( bo? 74 ,if insulat+ m$ia really _h any specific diff]5ces 9 fav\r+ or oppos+ inductive action ?r\gh !m1 su* diff]5ces1 ,i conceiv$1 c\ld n fail ( be+ develop$ by su* a process4 #aaif4 ,i w w9d up ?is description ( ! app>atus1 & expla9 ! precautions necess>y to _! use1 by describ+ ! =m & ord] ( ! exp]im5ts made to prove _! equality :5 bo? conta9$ common air4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ref]5ce ,i w di/+ui% ! two by ! t]ms ,app4 i4 & ,app4 ii4 #aaig4 ,! electromet] is fir/ to be adju/$ & exam9$ 7#aahd471 & ! app4 i4 & ii4 are to be p]fectly dis*>g$4 ,a ,leyd5 phial is to be *>g$ to su* a degree t x w\ld give a sp>k ( ab\t "o-sixte5? or "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g? betwe5 two balls ( half an in* diamet]2 & ! c>ri] ball ( ! electromet] be+ *>g$ by ?is phial1 is to be introduc$ into ! electromet]1 & ! lev] ball br\ght by ! motion ( ! torsion index aga9/ x2 ! *>ge is ?us divid$ betwe5 ! balls1 & repulsion ensues4 ,x is useful !n to br+ ! repell$ ball to ! /&>d di/ance ( #cj by ! motion ( ! torsion index1 & obs]ve ! =ce 9 degrees requir$ = ?is purpose2 ?is =ce w 9 future exp]im5ts be call$ repulsion ( ! balls4 #aaih4 ,"o ( ! inductive app>atus1 z1 = in/ance1 app4 i41 is n[ to be *>g$ f ! ,leyd5 phial1 ! latt] be+ 9 ! /ate x 0 9 :5 us$ to *>ge ! balls2 ! c>ri] ball is to be br\ght into contact ) ! top ( its upp] ball 7k1 fig4 #ajd471 !n introduc$ into ! electromet]1 & ! repulsive =ce 7at ! di/ance ( #cj7 measur$4 ,aga91 ! c>ri] %\ld be appli$ to ! app4 i4 & ! measurem5t repeat$2 ! app>atus i4 & ii4 are !n to be jo9$1 s z to divide ! *>ge1 & aft]w>ds ! =ce ( ea* measur$ by ! c>ri] ball1 appli$ z be=e1 & ! results c>efully not$4 ,aft] ?is bo? i4 & ii4 are to be dis*>g$2 !n app4 ii4 *>g$1 measur$1 divid$ ) app4 i41 & ! =ce ( ea* aga9 measur$ & not$4 ,if 9 ea* case ! half *>ges ( app4 i4 & ii4 are equal1 & are toge!r equal to ! :ole *>ge be=e division1 !n x may be consid]$ z prov$ t ! two app>atus are precisely equal 9 p[]1 & fit to be us$ 9 cases ( comp>ison betwe5 diff]5t insulat+ m$ia or dielectrics4 #aaii4 ,b ! precautions necess>y to obta9 accurate results are num]\s4 ,! app>atus i4 & ii4 mu/ always be plac$ on a ?or\ghly un9sulat+ m$ium4 ,a mahogany table1 = in/ance1 is f> f satisfactory 9 ?is respect1 & !re=e a %eet ( t9foil1 connect$ ) an ext5sive dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib471 is :at ,i h us$4 ,!y mu/ be s plac$ also z n to be too ne> ea* o!r1 & yet equally expos$ to ! inductive influ5ce ( surr\nd+ objects2 & ^! objects1 aga91 %\ld n be di/urb$ 9 _! position dur+ an exp]im5t1 or else v>iations ( induction ^u ! ext]nal ball ,b ( ! app>atus may occur1 & s errors be introduc$ into ! results4 ,! c>ri] ball1 :5 receiv+ its portion ( electricity f ! app>atus1 %\ld always be appli$ at ! same "p ( ! ball1 z1 = in/ance1 ! summit k1 & always 9 ! same way2 v>iable induction f ! vic9ity ( ! head1 h&s1 c4 be+ avoid$1 & ! ball aft] contact be+ )drawn upw>ds 9 a regul> & con/ant mann]4 #abjj4 ,z ! /em _h occasionally to be *ang$ 7#aaij471 & ! *ange might occasion slight v>iations 9 ! position ( ! ball )91 ,i made su* a v>iation purposely1 to ! am\nt ( an eigh? ( an in* 7:i* is f> m ?an ev] c\ld occur 9 practice71 b did n f9d t x s5sibly alt]$ ! relation ( ! app>atus1 or its inductive condition z a :ole4 ,ano!r trial ( ! app>atus 0 made z to ! effect ( dampness 9 ! air1 "o be+ fill$ ) v dry air1 & ! o!r ) air f ov] wat]4 ,?\gh ?is produc$ no *ange 9 ! result1 except an occasional t5d5cy to m rapid dissipation1 yet ! precaution 0 always tak5 :5 work+ ) gases 7#abij47 to dry !m p]fectly4 #abja4 ,x is ess5tial t ! int]ior ( ! app>atus %\ld be p]fectly free f du/ or small loose p>ticles1 = ^! v rapidly l[] ! *>ge & int]f]e on occasions :5 _! pres5ce & action w\ld h>dly be expect$4 ,to brea! on ! int]ior ( ! app>atus & wipe x out quietly ) a clean silk h&k]*ief1 is an effectual way ( remov+ !m2 b !n ! intrusion ( o!r p>ticles %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 & a du/y atmosph]e %\ld = ?is & sev]al o!r reasons be avoid$4 #abjb4 ,! %ell-lac /em requires occasionally to be well-wip$1 to remove1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! film ( wax & adh]+ matt] :i* is ^u x2 & aft]w>ds to displace dirt & du/ :i* w gradually atta* to x 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts4 ,i h f\nd mu* to dep5d ^u ?is precaution1 & a silk h&k]*ief is ! be/ wip]4 #abjc4 ,b wip+ & "s o!r circum/ances t5d to give a *>ge to ! surface ( ! %ell-lac /em4 ,?is %\ld be remov$1 =1 if all[$ to rema91 x v s]i\sly affects ! degree ( *>ge giv5 to ! c>ri] ball by ! app>atus 7#abcb474 ,?is condition ( ! /em is be/ obs]v$ by dis*>g+ ! app>atus1 apply+ ! c>ri] ball to ! /em1 t\*+ x ) ! f+]1 insulat+ & remov+ x1 & exam9+ :e!r x has receiv$ any *>ge 7by induction7 f ! /em2 if x has1 ! /em itself is 9 a *>g$ /ate4 ,! be/ me?od ( remov+ ! *>ge ,i h f\nd to be1 to cov] ! f+] ) a s+le fold ( a silk h&k]*ief1 & brea?+ on ! /em1 to wipe x imm$iately aft] ) ! f+]2 ! ball ,b & its connect$ wire1 c4 be+ at ! same "t un9sulat$3 ! wip+ place ( ! silk mu/ n be *ang$2 x !n becomes suffici5tly damp n to excite ! /em1 & is yet dry en\gh to leave x 9 a clean & excell5t insulat+ condition4 ,if ! air be du/y1 x w be f\nd t a s+le *>ge ( ! app>atus w br+ on an electric /ate ( ! outside ( ! /em1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! p>ticles ( du/2 :]eas 9 ! morn+1 & 9 a room :i* has be5 left quiet1 sev]al exp]im5ts c be made 9 succession )\t ! /em assum+ ! lea/ degree ( *>ge4 #abjd4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld n be made by c&le or lamp light except ) mu* c>e1 = flames h great & yet un/eady p[]s ( affect+ & dissipat+ electrical *>ges4 #abje4 ,z a f9al obs]vation on ! /ate ( ! app>atus1 !y %\ld reta9 _! *>ges well & uni=mly1 & alike = bo?1 & at ! same "t all[ ( a p]fect & in/antane\s dis*>ge1 giv+ aft]w>ds no *>ge to ! c>ri] ball1 :atev] "p ( ! ball ,b x may be appli$ to 7#abah474 #abjf4 ,) respect to ! balance electromet]1 all ! precautions t ne$ be m5tion$1 are1 t ! c>ri] ball is to be pres]v$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( an exp]im5t 9 its electrifi$ /ate1 ! loss ( electricity :i* w\ld foll[ ^u its dis*>ge be+ avoid$2 & t 9 introduc+ x into ! electromet] ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! glass plate above1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x d n t\*1 or ev5 come ne> to1 ! edge ( ! glass4 #abjg4 ,:5 ! :ole *>ge 9 "o app>atus is divid$ betwe5 ! two1 ! gradual fall1 app>5tly f dissipation1 9 ! app>atus :i* has receiv$ ! half *>ge is great] ?an 9 ! "o orig9ally *>g$4 ,?is is due to a peculi> effect to be describ$ h]eaft] 7#abej4 #abea471 ! int]f]+ influ5ce ( :i* may be avoid$ to a great ext5t by go+ ?r\gh ! /eps ( ! process regul>ly & quickly2 !re=e1 aft] ! orig9al *>ge has be5 measur$1 9 app4 i4 = in/ance1 i4 & ii4 are to be symmetrically jo9$ by _! balls ,b1 ! c>ri] t\*+ "o ( ^! balls at ! same "t2 x is fir/ to be remov$1 & !n ! app>atus sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 app4 ii4 is next quickly to be measur$ by ! c>ri]1 !n app4 i42 la/ly1 ii4 is to be dis*>g$1 & ! dis*>g$ c>ri] appli$ to x to asc]ta9 :e!r any residual effect is pres5t 7#abje471 & app4 i4 be+ dis*>g$ is also to be exam9$ 9 ! same mann] & = ! same purpose4 #abjh4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! division ( a *>ge by ! two app>atus1 air be+ ! dielectric 9 bo? ( !m4 ,! obs]vations are set d[n "o "u ! o!r 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 tak51 ! left-h& numb]s repres5t+ ! obs]vations made on app4 i41 & ! "r-h& numb]s ^? on app4 ii4 ,app4 i4 is t :i* 0 orig9ally *>g$1 & aft] two measurem5ts1 ! *>ge 0 divid$ ) app4 ii4 ,app4 i4 ,app4 ii4 ,balls #afj 4 4 4 4 #j #bed 4 4 4 4 #bej 4 4 4 4 divid$ & in/antly tak5 4 4 4 4 #abb #abd 4 4 4 4 #a 4 4 4 4 aft] be+ dis*>g$4 4 4 4 4 #b aft] be+ dis*>g$4 #abji4 ,)\t endeav\r+ to all[ = ! loss :i* mu/ h be5 gradually go+ on dur+ ! "t ( ! exp]im5t1 let u obs]ve ! results ( ! numb]s z !y /&4 ,z #a rema9$ 9 app4 i4 9 an undis*>geable /ate1 #bdi may be tak5 z ! utmo/ am\nt ( ! transf]able or divisible *>ge1 ! half ( :i* is #abd4e4 ,z app4 ii4 0 free ( *>ge 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & imm$iately aft] ! division 0 f\nd ) #abb1 ?is am\nt at lea/ may be tak5 z :at x _h receiv$4 ,on ! o!r h& #abd m9us #a1 or #abc1 may be tak5 z ! half ( ! transf]able *>ge reta9$ by app4 i4 ,n[ ^! d n diff] mu* f ea* o!r1 or f #abd4e1 ! half ( ! full am\nt ( transf]able *>ge2 & :5 ! gradual loss ( *>ge evid5t 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #bed & #bej ( app4 i4 is also tak5 into acc\nt1 !re is e reason to admit ! result z %[+ an equal division ( *>ge1 unatt5d$ by any disappe>ance ( p[] except t due to dissipation4 #abaj4 ,i w give ano!r result1 9 :i* app4 ii4 0 fir/ *>g$1 & :]e ! residual action ( t app>atus 0 great] ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,app4 i4 ,app4 ii4 ,balls #aej 4 4 4 4 #aeb 4 4 4 4 #adh divid$ & in/antly tak5 #gj 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gh 4 4 4 4 #e imm$iately aft] dis*>ge4 #j 4 4 4 4 imm$iately aft] dis*>ge4 #abaa4 ,! transf]able *>ge be+ #adh - #e1 its half is #ga4e1 :i* is n f> remov$ f #gj1 ! half *>ge ( i42 or f #gc1 ! half *>ge ( ii43 ^! half *>ges aga9 mak+ up ! sum ( #adc1 or j ! am\nt ( ! :ole transf]able *>ge4 ,consid]+ ! errors ( exp]im5t1 !re=e1 ^! results may aga9 be receiv$ z %[+ t ! app>atus 7 equal 9 inductive capacity1 or 9 _! p[]s ( receiv+ *>ges4 #abab4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) *>ges ( negative electricity ) ! same g5]al results4 #abac4 ,t ,i might be sure ( ! s5sibility & action ( ! app>atus1 ,i made su* a *ange 9 "o z ought ^u pr9ciple to increase its inductive =ce1 i4e4 ,i put a metallic l9+ into ! l[] hemisph]e ( app4 i41 s z to dim9i% ! ?ickness ( ! int]v5+ air 9 t "p1 f #j4fb to #j4dce ( an in*3 ?is l9+ 0 c>efully %ap$ & r\nd$ s t x %\ld n pres5t a sudd5 projection )9 at its edge1 b a gradual transition f ! r$uc$ int]val 9 ! l[] "p ( ! sph]e to ! l>g] "o 9 ! upp]4 #abad4 ,?is *ange imm$iately caus$ app4 i4 to produce effects indicat+ t x _h a great] aptness or capacity = induction ?an app4 ii4 ,?us1 :5 a transf]able *>ge 9 app4 ii4 ( #dfi 0 divid$ ) app4 i41 ! =m] reta9$ a *>ge ( #bbe1 :il/ ! latt] %[$ "o ( #bbg1 i4e4 ! =m] _h lo/ #bdd 9 communicat+ #bbg to ! latt]3 on ! o!r h&1 :5 app4 i4 _h a transf]able *>ge 9 x ( #cha divid$ by contact ) app4 ii41 x lo/ #aha only1 :il/ x gave to app4 ii4 z _m z #aid3--! sum ( ! divid$ =ces be+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance less1 & 9 ! second in/ance great] ?an ! orig9al undivid$ *>ge4 ,^! results are ! m /rik+1 z only "o-half ( ! int]ior ( app4 i4 0 modifi$1 & !y %[ t ! in/rum5ts are capable ( br++ out diff]5ces 9 inductive =ce f among/ ! errors ( exp]im5t1 :5 ^! diff]5ces are mu* less ?an t produc$ by ! alt]ation made 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 iv4 ,induction 9 curv$ l9es4 #abae4 ,among/ ^? results d$uc$ f ! molecul> view ( induction 7#aaff471 :i*1 be+ ( a peculi> nature1 are ! be/ te/s ( ! tru? or error ( ! !ory1 ! expect$ action 9 curv$ l9es is1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ important at pres5t2 =1 if %[n to take place 9 an unexceptionable mann]1 ,i d n see h[ ! old !ory ( action at a di/ance & 9 /raight l9es c /&1 or h[ ! conclusion t ord9>y induction is an action ( contigu\s p>ticles c be resi/$4 #abaf4 ,!re are _m =ms ( old exp]im5ts :i* might be quot$ z fav\rable to1 & consi/5t ) ! view ,i h adopt$4 ,su* are mo/ cases ( electro-*emical decomposition1 electrical bru%es1 auras1 sp>ks1 c42 b z ^! might be consid]$ equivocal evid5ce1 inasmu* z !y include a curr5t & dis*>ge1 7?\gh !y h long be5 to me indications ( prior molecul> action 7#abcj477 ,i endeav\r$ to devise su* exp]im5ts = fir/ pro(s z %\ld n include transf]1 b relate altoge!r to ! pure simple inductive action ( /atical electricity4 #abag4 ,x 0 also ( importance to make ^! exp]im5ts 9 ! simple/ possible mann]1 us+ n m ?an "o insulat+ m$ium or dielectric at a "t1 le/ diff]5ces ( sl[ conduction %\ld produce effects :i* might errone\sly be suppos$ to result f induction 9 curv$ l9es4 ,x w be unnecess>y to describe ! /eps ( ! inve/igation m9utely2 ,i w at once proce$ to ! simple/ mode ( prov+ ! facts1 fir/ 9 air & !n 9 o!r insulat+ m$ia4 #abah4 ,a cyl9d] ( solid %ell-lac1 #j4i ( an in* 9 diamet] & sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 0 fix$ upright 9 a wood5 foot 7fig4 #ajf473 x 0 made concave or cupp$ at its upp] extremity s t a brass ball or o!r small arrangem5t c\ld /& ^u x4 ,! upp] half ( ! /em hav+ be5 excit$ negatively by friction ) w>m flannel1 a brass ball1 ,b1 #a in* 9 diamet]1 0 plac$ on ! top1 & !n ! :ole arrangem5t exam9$ by ! c>ri] ball & ,c\lomb's electromet] 7#aahj4 c474 ,= ?is purpose ! balls ( ! electromet] 7 *>g$ positively to ab\t #cfj1 & !n ! c>ri] be+ appli$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! ball ,b1 ! two 7 un9sulat$ :il/ 9 contact or 9 position1 !n insulat$,a1 sep>at$1 & ! *>ge ( ! c>ri] exam9$ z to its nature & =ce4 ,its electricity 0 always positive1 & its =ce at ! diff]5t positions a1 b1 c1 d1 c4 7figs4 #ajf4 & #ajg47 obs]v$ 9 succession1 0 z foll[s3 at a above #ajjj b x 0 #adi c #bgj d #eab b #acj ,a ,x c h>dly be necess>y = me to say "h1 t :atev] g5]al /ate ! c>ri] ball acquir$ 9 any place :]e x 0 un9sulat$ & !n insulat$1 x reta9$ on removal f t place1 not)/&+ t x might pass ?r\gh o!r places t w\ld h giv5 to x1 if un9sulat$1 a diff]5t condition4 #abai4 ,to compreh5d ! full =ce ( ^! results1 x mu/ fir/ be und]/ood1 t all ! *>ges ( ! ball ,b & ! c>ri] are *>ges by induction1 f ! action ( ! excit$ surface ( ! %ell-lac cyl9d]2 = :atev] electricity ! ball ,b receiv$ by communication f ! %ell-lac1 ei!r 9 ! fir/ in/ance or aft]w>ds1 0 remov$ by ! un9sulat+ contacts1 only t due to induction rema9+2 & ?is is %[n by ! *>ges tak5 f ! ball 9 ?is its un9sulat$ /ate be+ always positive1 or ( ! contr>y "* to ! electricity ( ! %ell-lac4 ,9 ! next place1 ! *>ges at a1 c1 & d 7 ( su* a nature z might be expect$ f an inductive action 9 /raight l9es1 b t obta9$ at b is n s3 x is cle>ly a *>ge by induction1 b induction 9 a curv$ l9e2 = ! c>ri] ball :il/ appli$ to b1 & aft] its removal to a di/ance ( six in*es or m f ,b1 c\ld n1 9 consequ5ce ( ! size ( ,b1 be connect$ by a /raight l9e ) any "p ( ! excit$ & induc+ %ell-lac4 #abbj4 ,to suppose t ! upp] "p ( ! un9sulat$ ball ,b1 %\ld 9 "s way be reta9$ 9 an electrifi$ /ate by t portion ( ! surface ( ! ball :i* is 9 sight ( ! %ell-lac1 w\ld be 9 opposition to :at we "k already ( ! subject4 ,electricity is reta9$ ^u ! surface ( conductors only by induction 7#aagh472 & ?\gh "s p]sons may n be prep>$ z yet to admit ?is ) respect to insulat$ conductors1 all w z reg>ds un9sulat$ conductors l ! ball ,b2 & to decide ! matt] we h only to place ! c>ri] ball at e 7fig4 #ajg471 s t x %all n come 9 contact ) ,b1 un9sulate x by a metallic rod desc5d+ p]p5dicul>ly1 insulate x1 remove x1 & exam9e its /ate2 x w be f\nd *>g$ ) ! same k9d ( electricity z1 & ev5 to a high] degree 7#abbd47 ?an1 if x _h be5 9 contact ) ! summit ( ,b4 #abba4 ,to suppose1 aga91 t induction acts 9 "s way ?r\gh or across ! metal ( ! ball1 is negativ$ by ! simple/ consid]ations2 b a fact 9 pro( w be bett]4 ,if in/ead ( ! ball ,b a small disc ( metal be us$1 ! c>ri] may be *>g$ at1 or above ! middle ( its upp] surface3 b if ! plate be enl>g$ to ab\t #a-a_/b or #b in*es 9 diamet]1 ,c 7fig4 #ajh471 !n no *>ge w be giv5 to ! c>ri] at f1 ?\gh :5 appli$ ne>] to ! edge at g1 or ev5 above ! middle at h1 a *>ge w be obta9$2 & ?is is true ?\gh ! plate may be a m]e ?9 film ( gold-leaf4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! induction is n ?r\gh ! metal1 b ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ air or dielectric1 & t 9 curv$ l9es4 #abbb4 ,i _h ano!r arrangem5t1 9 :i* a wire pass+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! middle ( ! %ell-lac cyl9d] to ! e>?1 0 connect$ ) ! ball ,b 7fig4 #aji47 s z to keep x 9 a con/antly un9sulat$ /ate4 ,?is 0 a v conv5i5t =m ( app>atus1 & ! results ) x 7 ! same z ^? j describ$4 #abbc4 ,9 ano!r case ! ball ,b 0 support$ by a %ell-lac /em1 indep5d5tly ( ! excit$ cyl9d] ( %ell-lac1 & at half an in* di/ance f x2 b ! effects 7 ! same4 ,!n ! brass ball ( a *>g$ ,leyd5 j> 0 us$ 9 place ( ! excit$ %ell-lac to produce induction2 b ?is caus$ no alt]ation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,bo? positive & negative induc+ *>ges 7 tri$ ) ! same g5]al results4 ,f9ally1 ! arrangem5t 0 inv]t$ 9 ! air = ! purpose ( remov+ e possible objection to ! conclusions1 b !y came out exactly ! same4 #abbd4 ,"s results obta9$ ) a brass hemisph]e in/ead ( ! ball ,b 7 exce$+ly int]e/+1 ,x 0 #a4cf ( an in* 9 diamet]1 7fig4 #aaj471 & be+ plac$ on ! top ( ! excit$ %ell-lac cyl9d]1 ! c>ri] ball 0 appli$1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts 7#abah471 at ! respective positions del9eat$ 9 ! figure4 ,at i ! =ce 0 #aab1 at k #ajh1 at l #fe1 at m #ce2 ! inductive =ce gradually dim9i%+1 z might h be5 expect$1 to ?is po9t4 ,b on rais+ ! c>ri] to ! position n1 ! *>ge increas$ to #hg2 & on rais+ x /ill high] to o1 ! *>ge /ill fur!r increas$ to #aje3 at a high] po9t /ill1 p1 ! *>ge tak5 0 small] 9 am\nt1 be+ #ih1 & cont9u$ to dim9i% = m elevat$ positions4 ,"h ! induction fairly turn$ a corn]4 ,no?+1 9 fact1 c bett] %[ bo? ! curv$ l9es or c\rses ( ! inductive action1 di/urb$ z !y are f _! rectil9eal =m by ! %ape1 position1 & condition ( ! metallic hemisph]e2 & also a lat]al t5sion1 s to speak1 ( ^! l9es on "o ano!r3--all dep5d+1 z ,i conceive1 on induction be+ an action ( ! contigu\s p>ticles ( ! dielectric1 :i* be+ ?r[n into a /ate ( pol>ity & t5sion1 are 9 mutual relation by _! =ces 9 all directions4 #abbe4 ,z ano!r pro( t ! :ole ( ^! actions 7 inductive ,i may /ate a result :i* 0 exactly :at might be expect$1 namely1 t if un9sulat$ conduct+ matt] 0 br\ght r\nd & ne> to ! excit$ %ell-lac /em1 !n ! inductive =ce 0 direct$ t[>ds x1 & c\ld n be f\nd on ! top ( ! hemisph]e4 ,remov+ ?is matt] ! l9es ( =ce resum$ _! =m] direction4 ,! exp]im5t af=ds pro(s ( ! lat]al t5sion ( ^! l9es1 & supplies a w>n+ to remove su* matt] 9 repeat+ ! above inve/igation4 #abbf4 ,aft] ^! results on curv$ inductive action 9 air ,i ext5d$ ! exp]im5ts to o!r gases1 us+ fir/ c>bonic acid & !n hydrog53 ! ph5om5a 7 precisely ^? already describ$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ,i f\nd t if ! gases 7 conf9$ 9 vessels !y requir$ to be v l>ge1 = :e!r ( glass or e>!nw>e1 ! conduct+ p[] ( su* mat]ials is s great t ! induction ( ! excit$ %ell-lac cyl9d] t[>ds !m is z mu* z if !y 7 metal2 & if ! vessels be small1 s great a portion ( ! inductive =ce is det]m9$ t[>ds !m t ! lat]al t5sion or mutual repulsion ( ! l9es ( =ce be=e spok5 (1 7#abbd47 by :i* _! inflexion is caus$1 is s mu* reliev$ 9 o!r directions1 t no inductive *>ge w be giv5 to ! c>ri] ball 9 ! positions k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 p 7fig4 #aaj474 ,a v good mode ( mak+ ! exp]im5t is to let l>ge curr5ts ( ! gases asc5d or desc5d ?r\gh ! air1 & c>ry on ! exp]im5ts 9 ^! curr5ts4 #abbg4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 !n v>i$ by ! sub/itution ( a liquid dielectric1 namely1 oil ( turp5t9e1 9 place ( air & gases4 ,a di% ( ?9 glass well-cov]$ ) a film ( %ell-lac 7#abgb471 :i* 0 f\nd by trial to insulate well1 _h "s highly rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e put into x to ! dep? ( half an in*1 & be+ !n plac$ ^u ! top ( ! brass hemisph]e 7fig4 #aaj471 obs]vations 7 made ) ! c>ri] ball z be=e 7#abbd474 ,! results 7 ! same1 & ! circum/ance ( "s ( ! positions be+ )9 ! fluid & "s )\t1 made no s5sible diff]5ce4 #abbh4 ,la/ly1 ,i us$ a few solid dielectrics = ! same purpose1 & ) ! same results4 ,^! 7 %ell-lac1 sulphur1 fus$ & ca/ borate ( lead1 fl9t glass well-cov]$ ) a film ( lac1 & sp]maceti4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! =m ( exp]im5t ) sulphur1 & all 7 ( ! same k9d4 ,a squ>e plate ( ! sub/ance1 two in*es 9 ext5t & #j4f ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 0 ca/ ) a small hole or depression 9 ! middle ( "o surface to receive ! c>ri] ball4 ,?is 0 plac$ ^u ! surface ( ! metal hemisph]e 7fig4 #aab47 arrang$ on ! excit$ lac z 9 =m] cases1 & obs]vations 7 made at n1 o1 p1 & q4 ,great c>e 0 requir$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts to free ! sulphur or o!r solid sub/ance f any *>ge x might previ\sly h receiv$4 ,?is 0 done by brea?+ & wip+ 7#abjc471 & ! sub/ance be+ f\nd free f all electrical excitem5t1 0 !n us$ 9 ! exp]im5t2 aft] :i* x 0 remov$ & aga9 exam9$1 to asc]ta9 t x _h receiv$ no *>ge1 b _h act$ really z a dielectric4 ,) all ^! precautions ! results 7 ! same3 & x is ?us v satisfactory to obta9 ! curv$ inductive action ?r\gh solid bodies1 z any possible effect f ! translation ( *>g$ p>ticles 9 fluids or gases1 :i* "s p]sons might imag9e to be ! case1 is "h entirely negativ$4 #abbi4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ) solid dielectrics1 ! degree ( *>ge assum$ by ! c>ri] ball at ! situations n1 o1 p 7fig4 #aab471 0 decid$ly great] ?an t giv5 to ! ball at ! same places :5 air only int]v5$ betwe5 x & ! metal hemisph]e4 ,?is effect is consi/5t ) :at w h]eaft] be f\nd to be ! respective relations ( ^! bodies1 z to _! p[] ( facilitat+ induction ?r\gh !m 7#abfi4 #abgc4 #abgg474 #abcj4 ,i might quote _m o!r =ms ( exp]im5t1 "s old & "s new1 9 :i* induction 9 curv$ or contort$ l9es takes place1 b ?9k x unnecess>y aft] ! prec$+ results2 ,i %all !re=e m5tion b two4 ,if a conductor ,a1 7fig4 #aaa47 be electrifi$1 & an un9sulat$ metallic ball ,b1 or ev5 a plate1 provid$ ! edges be n too ?91 be held be=e x1 a small electromet] at c or at d1 un9sulat$1 w give signs ( electricity1 opposite 9 its nature to t ( ,a1 & !re=e caus$ by induction1 al?\gh ! influ5c+ & influ5c$ bodies _c be jo9$ by a "r l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,or if1 ! electromet]s be+ remov$1 a po9t be fix$ at ! back ( ! ball 9 its un9sulat$ /ate z at ,c1 ?is po9t w become lum9\s & dis*>ge ! conductor ,a4 ,! latt] exp]im5t is describ$ by ,ni*olson,a1 :o1 h[ev]1 reasons errone\sly ^u x4 ,z to its introduction "h1 ?\gh x is a case ( dis*>ge1 ! dis*>ge is prec$$ by induction1 & t induction mu/ be 9 curv$ l9es4 ,a ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ejd4 #abca4 ,z argum5t aga9/ ! receiv$ !ory ( induction & 9 fav\r ( t :i* ,i h v5tur$ to put =?1 ,i _c see h[ ! prec$+ results c be avoid$4 ,! effects are cle>ly inductive effects produc$ by electricity1 n 9 curr5ts b 9 its /atical /ate1 & ?is induction is ex]t$ 9 l9es ( =ce :i*1 ?\gh 9 _m exp]im5ts !y may be /raight1 are "h curv$ m or less accord+ to circum/ances4 ,i use ! t]m l9e ( inductive =ce m]ely z a tempor>y conv5tional mode ( express+ ! direction ( ! p[] 9 cases ( induction2 & 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! hemisph]e 7#abbd471 x is curi\s to see h[1 :5 c]ta9 l9es h t]m9at$ on ! "u surface & edge ( ! metal1 ^? :i* 7 be=e lat]al to !m exp& & op5 out f ea* o!r1 "s b5d+ r\nd & t]m9at+ _! action on ! upp] surface ( ! hemisph]e1 & o!rs meet+1 z x 71 above 9 _! progress outw>ds1 unit+ _! =ces to give an increas$ *>ge to ! c>ri] ball1 at an increas$ di/ance f ! s\rce ( p[]1 & influ5c+ ea* o!r s z to cause a second flexure 9 ! contr>y direction f ! fir/ "o4 ,all ?is appe>s to me to prove t ! :ole action is "o ( contigu\s p>ticles1 relat$ to ea* o!r1 n m]ely 9 ! l9es :i* !y may be conceiv$ to =m ?r\gh ! dielectric1 betwe5 ! inductric & ! inducte\s surfaces 7#adhc471 b 9 o!r lat]al directions also4 ,x is ?is :i* gives an effect equival5t to a lat]al repulsion or expansion 9 ! l9es ( =ce ,i h spok5 (1 & enables induction to turn a corn] 7#acjd474 ,! p[]1 in/ead ( be+ l t ( gravity1 :i* causes p>ticles to act on ea* o!r ?r\gh /raight l9es1 :atev] o!r p>ticles may be betwe5 !m1 is m analog\s to t ( a s]ies ( magnetic ne$les1 or to ! condition ( ! p>ticles consid]$ z =m+ ! :ole ( a /raight or a curv$ magnet4 ,s t 9 :atev] way ,i view x1 & ) great suspicion ( ! influ5ce ( fav\rite notions ov] myself1 ,i _c p]ceive h[ ! ord9>y !ory appli$ to expla9 induction c be a correct repres5tation ( t great natural pr9ciple ( electrical action4 #abcb4 ,i h _h occasion 9 describ+ ! precautions necess>y 9 ! use ( ! inductive app>atus1 to ref] to "o f\nd$ on induction 9 curv$ l9es 7#abjc472 & aft] ! exp]im5ts already describ$1 x w easily be se5 h[ great an influ5ce ! %ell-lac /em may ex]t ^u ! *>ge ( ! c>ri] ball :5 appli$ to ! app>atus 7#abah471 unless t precaution be att5d$ to4 #abcc4 ,i ?9k x exp$i5t1 next 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5tal rese>*es1 to describe "s effects due to conduction1 obta9$ ) su* bodies z glass1 lac1 sulphur1 c41 :i* _h n be5 anticipat$4 ,be+ und]/ood1 !y w make u acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 precautions necess>y 9 inve/igat+ ! great "q ( specific inductive capacity4 #abcd4 ,"o ( ! inductive app>atus already describ$ 7#aahg1 c47 _h a hemisph]ical cup ( %ell-lac introduc$1 :i* be+ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! inn] bull & ! l[] hemisph]e1 ne>ly occupi$ ! space !re2 consequ5tly :5 ! app>atus 0 *>g$1 ! lac 0 ! dielectric or insulat+ m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! induction took place 9 t "p4 ,:5 ?is app>atus 0 fir/ *>g$ ) electricity 7#aaih47 up to a c]ta9 int5sity1 z #djj1 measur$ by ! ,,c\lomb',s electromet] 7#aahj471 x sank mu* fa/] f t degree ?an if x _h be5 previ\sly *>g$ to a high] po9t1 & _h gradually fall5 to #djj2 or ?an x w\ld d if ! *>ge 71 by a second application1 rais$ up aga9 to #djj2 all o!r ?+s rema9+ ! same4 ,aga91 if aft] hav+ be5 *>g$ = "s "t1 z fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 x 0 sudd5ly & p]fectly dis*>g$1 ev5 ! /em hav+ all electricity remov$ f x 7#abjc471 !n ! app>atus be+ left to itself1 w\ld gradually recov] a *>ge1 :i* 9 n9e or t5 m9utes w\ld rise up to #ej or #fj1 & 9 "o in/ance to #hj4 #abce4 ,! electricity1 :i* 9 ^! cases return$ f an app>5tly lat5t to a s5sible /ate1 0 always ( ! same k9d z t :i* _h be5 giv5 by ! *>ge4 ,! return took place at bo? ! induc+ surfaces2 = if aft] ! p]fect dis*>ge ( ! app>atus ! :ole 0 insulat$1 z ! inn] ball resum$ a positive /ate ! out] sph]e acquir$ a negative condition4 #abcf4 ,?is effect 0 at once di/+ui%$ f t produc$ by ! excit$ /em act+ 9 curv$ l9es ( induction 7#abjc4 #abcb471 by ! circum/ance t all ! return$ electricity c\ld be p]fectly & in/antly dis*>g$4 ,x appe>$ to dep5d ^u ! %ell-lac )91 & to be1 9 "s way1 due to electricity evolv$ f x 9 consequ5ce ( a previ\s condition into :i* x _h be5 br\ght by ! *>ge ( ! metallic coat+s or balls4 #abcg4 ,to exam9e ?is /ate m accurately1 ! app>atus1 ) ! hemisph]ical cup ( %ell-lac 9 x1 0 *>g$ = ab\t =ty-five m9utes to above #fjj ) positive electricity at ! balls h & ,b4 7fig4 #ajd47 above & )94 ,x 0 !n dis*>g$1 op5$1 ! %ell-lac tak5 out1 & its /ate exam9$2 ?is 0 done by br++ ! c>ri] ball ne> ! %ell-lac1 un9sulat+ x1 insulat+ x1 & !n obs]v+ :at *>ge x _h acquir$4 ,z x w\ld be a *>ge by induction1 ! /ate ( ! ball w\ld indicate ! opposite /ate ( electricity 9 t surface ( ! %ell-lac :i* _h produc$ x4 ,at fir/ ! lac appe>$ q free f any *>ge2 b gradually its two surfaces assum$ opposite /ates ( electricity1 ! concave surface1 :i* _h be5 next ! inn] & positive ball2 assum+ a positive /ate1 & ! convex surface1 :i* _h be5 9 contact ) ! negative coat+1 acquir+ a negative /ate2 ^! /ates gradually increas$ 9 int5sity = "s "t4 #abch4 ,z ! return action 0 evid5tly greate/ in/antly aft] ! dis*>ge1 ,i aga9 put ! app>atus toge!r1 & *>g$ x = fifte5 m9utes z be=e1 ! inn] ball positively4 ,i !n dis*>g$ x1 in/antly remov+ ! upp] hemisph]e ) ! int]ior ball1 &1 leav+ ! %ell-lac cup 9 ! l[] un9sulat$ hemisph]e1 exam9$ its inn] surface by ! c>ri] ball z be=e 7#abcg474 ,9 ?is way ,i f\nd ! surface ( ! %ell-lac actually negative1 or 9 ! rev]se /ate to ! ball :i* _h be5 9 x2 ?is /ate quickly disappe>$1 & 0 succe$$ by a positive condition1 gradually increas+ 9 int5sity = "s "t1 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,! fir/ negative condition ( ! surface opposite ! positive *>g+ ball is a natural consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( ?+s1 ! *>g+ ball be+ 9 contact ) ! %ell-lac only 9 a few po9ts4 ,x does n int]f]e ) ! g5]al result & peculi> /ate n[ "u consid]ation1 except t x assi/s 9 illu/rat+ 9 a v m>k$ mann] ! ultimate assumption by ! surfaces ( ! %ell-lac ( an electrifi$ condition1 simil> to t ( ! metallic surfaces oppos$ to or aga9/ !m4 #abci4 ,glass 0 !n exam9$ ) respect to its p[] ( assum+ ?is peculi> /ate4 ,i _h a ?ick fl9t-glass hemisph]ical cup =m$1 :i* w\ld fit easily into ! space o ( ! l[] hemisph]e 7#aahh4 #aahi472 x _h be5 heat$ & v>ni%$ ) a solution ( %ell-lac 9 alcohol1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! conduct+ p[] ( ! vitre\s surface 7#abed474 ,be+ !n well-w>m$ & exp]im5t$ )1 ,i f\nd x c\ld also assume ! same /ate1 b n app>5tly to ! same degree1 ! return action am\nt+ 9 diff]5t cases to quantities f #f to #ah4 #abdj4 ,sp]maceti exp]im5t$ ) 9 ! same mann] gave /rik+ results4 ,:5 ! orig9al *>ge _h be5 su/a9$ = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes at ab\t #ejj1 ! return *>ge 0 equal to #ie or #ajj1 & 0 ab\t f\rte5 m9utes arriv+ at ! maximum effect4 ,a *>ge cont9u$ = n m ?an two or ?ree seconds 0 "h succe$$ by a return *>ge ( #ej or #fj4 ,! obs]vations =m]ly made 7#abcd47 held good ) ?is sub/ance4 ,sp]maceti1 ?\gh x w insulate a l[ *>ge = "s "t1 is a bett] conductor ?an %ell-lac1 glass1 & sulphur2 & ?is conduct+ p[] is connect$ ) ! read9ess ) :i* x exhibits ! p>ticul> effect "u consid]ation4 #abda4 ,sulphur4--,i 0 anxi\s to obta9 ! am\nt ( effect ) ?is sub/ance1 fir/1 because x is an excell5t insulator1 & 9 t respect w\ld illu/rate ! relation ( ! effect to ! degree ( conduct+ p[] possess$ by ! dielectric 7#abdg472 & 9 ! next place1 t ,i might obta9 t body giv+ ! smalle/ degree ( ! effect n[ "u consid]ation = ! inve/igation ( ! "q ( specific inductive capacity 7#abgg474 #abdb4 ,) a good hemisph]ical cup ( sulphur ca/ solid & s\nd1 ,i obta9$ ! return *>ge1 b only to an am\nt ( #ag or #ah4 ,?us glass & sulphur1 :i* are bodily v bad conductors ( electricity1 & inde$ almo/ p]fect insulators1 gave v little ( ?is return *>ge4 #abdc4 ,i tri$ ! same exp]im5t hav+ air only 9 ! inductive app>atus4 ,aft] a cont9u$ high *>ge = "s "t ,i c\ld obta9 a little effect ( return action1 b x 0 ultimately trac$ to ! %ell-lac ( ! /em4 #abdd4 ,i s\ght to produce some?+ l ?is /ate ) "o electric p[] & )\t induction2 = ^u ! !ory ( an electric fluid or fluids1 t did n seem impossible1 & !n ,i %\ld h obta9$ an absolute *>ge 7#aafi4 #aagg471 or some?+ equival5t to x4 ,9 ?is ,i c\ld n succe$4 ,i excit$ ! outside ( a cyl9d] ( %ell-lac v highly = "s "t1 & !n quickly dis*>g+ x 7#abjc471 wait$ & wat*$ :e!r any return *>ge w\ld appe>1 b su* 0 n ! case4 ,?is is ano!r fact 9 fav\r ( ! insep>ability ( ! two electric =ces 7#aagg471 & ano!r argum5t = ! view t induction & its concomitant ph5om5a dep5d ^u a pol>ity ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 #abde4 ,al?\gh incl9$ at fir/ to ref] ^! effects to a peculi> mask$ condition ( a c]ta9 portion ( ! =ces1 ,i ?9k ,i h s9ce correctly trac$ !m to kn[n pr9ciples ( electrical action4 ,! effects appe> to be due to an actual p5etration ( ! *>ge to "s di/ance )9 ! electric1 at ea* ( its two surfaces1 by :at we call conduction2 s t1 to use ! ord9>y phrase1 ! electric =ces su/a9+ ! induction are n ^u ! metallic surfaces only1 b ^u & )9 ! dielectric also1 ext5d+ to a great] or small] dep? f ! metal l9+s4 ,let c 7fig4 #aac47 be ! section ( a plate ( any dielectric1 a & b be+ ! metallic coat+s2 let b be un9sulat$1 & a be *>g$ positively2 aft] t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 if a & b be dis*>g$1 insulat$1 & imm$iately exam9$1 no electricity w appe> 9 !m2 b 9 a %ort "t1 ^u a second exam9ation1 !y w appe> *>g$ 9 ! same way1 ?\gh n to ! same degree1 z !y 7 at fir/4 ,n[ suppose t a portion ( ! positive =ce has1 "u ! co]c+ influ5ce ( all ! =ces conc]n$1 p5etrat$ ! dielectric & tak5 up its place at ! l9e p1 a correspond+ portion ( ! negative =ce hav+ also assum$ its position at ! l9e n2 t 9 fact ! electric at ^! two p>ts has become *>g$ positive & negative2 !n x is cle> t ! induction ( ^! two =ces w be mu* great] "o t[>ds ! o!r1 & less 9 an ext]nal direction1 n[ t !y are at ! small di/ance np f ea* o!r1 ?an :5 !y 7 at ! l>g] int]val ab4 ,!n let a & b be dis*>g$2 ! dis*>ge de/roys or neutralizes all ext]nal induction1 & ! coat+s are !re=e f\nd by ! c>ri] ball unelectrifi$2 b x also removes almo/ ! :ole ( ! =ces by :i* ! electric *>ge 0 driv5 into ! dielectric1 & ?\gh probably a "p ( t *>ge goes =w>d 9 its passage & t]m9ates 9 :at we call dis*>ge1 ! great] portion returns on its c\rse to ! surfaces ( c1 & consequ5tly to ! conductors a & b1 & con/itutes ! re*>ge obs]v$4 #abdf4 ,! foll[+ is ! exp]im5t on :i* ,i re/ = ! tru? ( ?is view4 ,two plates ( sp]maceti1 d &1 f 7fig4 #aad471 7 put toge!r to =m ! dielectric1 a & b be+ ! metallic coat+s ( ?is comp\nd plate1 z be=e4 ,! sy/em 0 *>g$1 !n dis*>g$1 insulat$1 exam9$1 & f\nd to give no indications ( electricity to ! c>ri] ball4 ,! plates d & f7 !n sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & in/antly a ) d 0 f\nd 9 a positive /ate1 & b ) f 9 a negative /ate1 ne>ly all ! electricity be+ 9 ! l9+s a & b4 ,h5ce x is cle> t1 ( ! =ces s\ght =1 ! positive 0 9 "o-half ( ! comp\nd plate & ! negative 9 ! o!r half2 = :5 remov$ bodily ) ! plates f ea* o!r's inductive influ5ce1 !y appe>$ 9 sep>ate places1 & resum$ ( necessity _! p[] ( act+ by induction on ! electricity ( surr\nd+ bodies4 ,_h ! effect dep5d$ ^u a peculi> relation ( ! contigu\s p>ticles ( matt] only1 !n ea* half-plate1 d & f1 %\ld h %[n positive =ce on "o surface & negative on ! o!r4 #abdg4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ! be/ solid insulators1 su* z %ell-lac1 glass1 & sulphur1 h conductive prop]ties to su* an ext5t1 t electricity c p5etrate !m bodily1 ?\gh always subject to ! ov]rul+ condition ( induction 7#aagh474 ,z to ! dep? to :i* ! =ces p5etrate 9 ?is =m ( *>ge ( ! p>ticles1 !oretically1 x %\ld be ?r\gh\t ! mass1 = :at ! *>ge ( ! metal does = ! portion ( dielectric next to x1 %\ld be close by ! *>g$ dielectric = ! portion next beyond x aga92 b probably 9 ! be/ insulators ! s5sible *>ge is to a v small dep? only 9 ! dielectric1 = o!rwise m w\ld disappe> 9 ! fir/ in/ance :il/ ! orig9al *>ge is su/a9$1 less "t w\ld be requir$ = ! assumption ( ! p>ticul> /ate1 & m electricity w\ld re-appe> z return *>ge4 #abdh4 ,! condition ( "t requir$ = ?is p5etration ( ! *>ge is important1 bo? z respects ! g5]al relation ( ! cases to conduction1 & also ! removal ( an objection t might o!rwise prop]ly be rais$ to c]ta9 results respect+ specific inductive capacities1 h]eaft] to be giv5 7#abfi4 #abgg47 #abdi4 ,x is ! assumption = a "t ( ?is *>g$ /ate ( ! glass betwe5 ! coat+s 9 ! ,leyd5 j>1 :i* gives orig9 to a well-kn[n ph5om5on1 usually ref]r$ to ! diffusion ( electricity ov] ! uncoat$ portion ( ! glass1 namely1 ! residual *>ge4 ,! ext5t ( *>ge :i* c spontane\sly be recov]$ by a l>ge batt]y1 aft] p]fect un9sulation ( bo? surfaces1 is v consid]able1 & by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ?is is due to ! return ( electricity 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,a plate ( %ell-lac six in*es squ>e1 & half an in* ?ick1 or a simil> plate ( sp]maceti an in* ?ick1 be+ coat$ on ! sides ) t9foil z a ,leyd5 arrangem5t1 w %[ ?is effect exce$+ly well4 99 99 99 99 99 #abej4 ,! peculi> condition ( dielectrics :i* has n[ be5 describ$1 is evid5tly capable ( produc+ an effect int]f]+ ) ! results & conclusions drawn f ! use ( ! two inductive app>atus1 :5 %ell-lac1 glass1 c4 is us$ 9 "o or bo? ( !m 7#aaib4 #abjg471 = ^u divid+ ! *>ge 9 su* cases accord+ to ! me?od describ$ 7#aaih4 #abjg471 x is evid5t t ! app>atus j receiv+ its half *>ge mu/ fall fa/] 9 its t5sion ?an ! o!r4 ,= suppose app4 i4 fir/ *>g$1 & app4 ii4 us$ to divide ) x2 ?\gh bo? may actually lose alike1 yet app4 i41 :i* has be5 dim9i%$ "o-half1 w be su/a9$ by a c]ta9 degree ( return action or *>ge 7#abcd471 :il/ app4 ii4 w s9k ! m rapidly f ! com+ on ( ! p>ticul> /ate4 ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid ?is int]f]5ce by p]=m+ ! :ole process ( comp>ison z quickly z possible1 & tak+ ! =ce ( app4 ii4 imm$iately aft] ! division1 be=e any s5sible dim9ution ( ! t5sion aris+ f ! assumption ( ! peculi> /ate c\ld be produc$2 & ,i h assum$ t z ab\t ?ree m9utes pass betwe5 ! fir/ *>ge ( app4 i4 & ! division1 & ?ree m9utes betwe5 ! division & dis*>ge1 :5 ! =ce ( ! non-transf]able electricity is measur$1 ! contr>y t5d5cies = ^? p]iods w\ld keep t app>atus 9 a mod]ately /eady & uni=m condition = ! latt] portion ( "t4 #abea4 ,! p>ticul> action describ$ occurs 9 ! %ell-lac ( ! /ems1 z well z 9 ! dielectric us$ )9 ! app>atus4 ,x !re=e con/itutes a cause by :i* ! outside ( ! /ems may 9 "s op]ations become *>g$ ) electricity1 indep5d5t ( ! action ( du/ or c>ry+ p>ticles 7#abjc474 v4 ,on specific induction1 or specific inductive capacity4 #abeb4 ,i n[ proce$ to exam9e ! great "q ( specific inductive capacity1 i4e4 :e!r diff]5t dielectric bodies actually d possess any influ5ce ov] ! degree ( induction :i* takes place ?r\gh !m4 ,if any su* diff]5ce %\ld exi/1 x appe>$ to me n only ( high importance 9 ! fur!r compreh5sion ( ! laws & results ( induction1 b an additional & v p[]ful argum5t = ! !ory ,i h v5tur$ to put =?1 t ! :ole dep5ds ^u a molecul> action1 9 contradi/9ction to "o at s5sible di/ances4 ,! "q may be /at$ ?us3 suppose ,a an electrifi$ plate ( metal susp5d$ 9 ! air1 & ,b & ,c two exactly simil> plates1 plac$ p>allel to & on ea* side ( ,a at equal di/ances & un9sulat$2 ,a w !n induce equally t[>ds ,b & ,c4 ,if 9 ?is position ( ! plates "s o!r dielectric ?an air1 z %ell-lac1 be introduc$ betwe5 ,a & ,c1 w ! induction betwe5 !m rema9 ! same8 ,w ! relation ( ,c & ,b to ,a be unalt]$1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce ( ! dielectrics int]pos$ betwe5 !m8,a ,a ,ref] = ! practical illu/ration ( ?is /atem5t to ! supplem5t>y note comm5c+ #acjg1 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #abec4 ,z f> z ,i recollect1 x is assum$ t no *ange w occur "u su* v>iation ( circum/ances1 & t ! relations ( ,b f9d ,c to ,a dep5d entirely ^u _! di/ance4 ,i only rememb] "o exp]im5tal illu/ration ( ! "q1 & t is by ,c\lomb,a1 9 :i* he %[s t a wire surr\nd$ by %ell-lac took exactly ! same quantity ( electricity f a *>g$ body z ! same wire 9 air4 ,! exp]im5t (f]$ to me no pro( ( ! tru? ( ! supposition3 = x is n ! m]e films ( dielectric sub/ances surr\nd+ ! *>g$ body :i* h to be exam9$ & comp>$1 b ! :ole mass betwe5 t body & ! surr\nd+ conductors at :i* ! induction t]m9ates4 ,*>ge dep5ds ^u induction 7#aaga4 #aagh472 & if induction is relat$ to ! p>ticles ( ! surr\nd+ dielectric1 !n x is relat$ to all ! p>ticles ( t dielectric inclos$ by ! surr\nd+ conductors1 & n m]ely to ! few situat$ next to ! *>g$ body4 ,:e!r ! diff]5ce ,i s\ght = exi/$ or n1 ,i soon f\nd reason to d\bt ! conclusion t might be drawn f ,c\lomb's result2 & !re=e _h ! app>atus made1 :i*1 ) its use1 has be5 already describ$ 7#aahg1 c471 & :i* appe>s to me well-suit$ = ! inve/igation ( ! "q4 ,a ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #aghg1 pp4 #deb1 #dec4 #abed4 ,glass1 & _m bodies :i* might at fir/ be consid]$ z v fit to te/ ! pr9ciple1 prov$ exce$+ly unfit = t purpose4 ,glass1 pr9cipally 9 consequ5ce ( ! alkali x conta9s1 h[ev] well-w>m$ & dri$ x may be1 has a c]ta9 degree ( conduct+ p[] ^u its surface1 dep5d5t ^u ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* r5d]s x unfit = a te/ exp]im5t4 ,res91 wax1 naph?a1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & _m o!r sub/ances 7 9 turn reject$1 because ( a slight degree ( conduct+ p[] possess$ by !m2 & ultimately %ell-lac & sulphur 7 *os51 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 z ! dielectrics be/ fitt$ = ! inve/igation4 ,no difficulty c arise 9 p]ceiv+ h[ ! possession ( a feeble degree ( conduct+ p[] t5ds to make a body produce effects1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t x _h a great] capability ( all[+ induction ?r\gh x ?an ano!r body p]fect 9 its insulation4 ,?is s\rce ( error has be5 t :i* ,i h f\nd mo/ difficult to obviate 9 ! prov+ exp]im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 #abee4 ,induction ?r\gh %ell-lac4--,z a prep>atory exp]im5t1 ,i fir/ asc]ta9$ g5]ally t :5 a "p ( ! surface ( a ?ick plate ( %ell-lac 0 excit$ or *>g$1 !re 0 no s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! induction su/a9$ by t *>g$ "p1 :e!r ex]t$ ?r\gh ! air 9 ! "o direction1 or ?r\gh ! %ell-lac ( ! plate 9 ! o!r2 provid$ ! second surface ( ! plate _h n1 by contact ) conductors1 ! action ( du/1 or any o!r means1 become *>g$ 7#abjc474 ,its solid condition enabl$ x to reta9 ! excit$ p>ticles 9 a p]man5t position1 b t appe>$ to be all2 = ^! p>ticles act$ j z freely ?r\gh ! %ell-lac on "o side z ?r\gh ! air on ! o!r4 ,! same g5]al exp]im5t 0 made by atta*+ a disc ( t9foil to "o side ( ! %ell-lac plate1 & electrify+ x1 & ! results 7 ! same4 ,sc>cely any o!r solid sub/ance ?an %ell-lac & sulphur1 & no liquid sub/ance t ,i h tri$1 w be> ?is exam9ation4 ,glass 9 its ord9>y /ate utt]ly fails2 yet x 0 ess5tially necess>y to obta9 ?is prior degree ( p]fection 9 ! dielectric us$1 be=e any fur!r progress c\ld be made 9 ! pr9cipal inve/igation4 #abef4 ,%ell-lac & air 7 comp>$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,= ?is purpose a ?ick hemisph]ical cup ( %ell-lac 0 introduc$ into ! l[] hemisph]e ( "o ( ! inductive app>atus 7#aahg1 c471 s z ne>ly to fill ! l[] half ( ! space o1 o 7fig4 #ajd47 betwe5 x & ! inn] ball2 & !n *>ges 7 divid$ 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7#aaih4 #abjg471 ea* app>atus be+ us$ 9 turn to receive ! fir/ *>ge be=e its division by ! o!r4 ,z ! app>atus 7 kn[n to h equal inductive p[] :5 air 0 9 bo? 7#abji4 #abaa471 any diff]5ces result+ f ! introduction ( ! %ell-lac w\ld %[ a peculi> action 9 x1 & if unequivocally ref]able to a specific inductive influ5ce1 w\ld e/abli% ! po9t s\ght to be su/a9$4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! precautions necess>y 9 mak+ ! exp]im5ts 7#aaii1 c472 & ) respect to ! error :i* might be introduc$ by ! assumption ( ! peculi> /ate1 x 0 gu>d$ aga9/1 z f> z possible1 9 ! fir/ place1 by op]at+ quickly 7#abdh72 &1 aft]w>ds1 by us+ t dielectric z glass or sulphur1 :i* assum$ ! peculi> /ate mo/ sl[ly1 & 9 ! lea/ degree 7#abci4 #abda474 #abeg4 ,! %ell-lac hemisph]e 0 put into app4 i41 & app4 ii4 left fill$ ) air4 ,! results ( an exp]im5t 9 :i* ! *>ge ?r\gh air 0 divid$ & r$uc$ by ! %ell-lac app4 7 z foll[s3 ,app4 i4 ,lac4 ,app4 ii4 ,air4 ,balls #bee4 #j 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cjd 4 4 4 4 #big ,*>ge divid$4 #aac 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aba #j 4 4 4 4 aft] be+ dis*>g$4 4 4 4 4 #g aft] be+ dis*>g$4 #abeh4 ,"h #big1 m9us #g1 or #bij1 may be tak5 z ! divisible *>ge ( app4 ii4 7! #g be+ fix$ /em action 7#abjc4 #abcb4771 ( :i* #ade is ! half4 ,! lac app4 i4 gave #aac z ! p[] or t5sion x _h acquir$ aft] division2 & ! air app4 ii4 gave #aba1 m9us #g1 or #aad1 z ! =ce x possess$ f :at x reta9$ ( ! divisible *>ge ( #bij4 ,^! two numb]s %\ld evid5tly be alike1 & !y are v ne>ly s1 inde$ f> )9 ! errors ( exp]im5t & obs]vation1 b ^! numb]s diff] v mu* f #ade1 or ! =ce :i* ! half *>ge w\ld h _h if app4 i4 _h conta9$ air in/ead ( %ell-lac2 & x appe>s t :il/ 9 ! division ! induction ?r\gh ! air has lo/ #agf ( =ce1 t ?r\gh ! lac has only ga9$ #aac4 #abei4 ,if ?is diff]5ce be assum$ z dep5d+ entirely on ! great] facility possess$ by %ell-lac ( all[+ or caus+ inductive action ?r\gh its sub/ance ?an t possess$ by air1 !n ?is capacity = electric induction w\ld be inv]sely z ! respective loss & ga9 indicat$ above2 & assum+ ! capacity ( ! air app>atus z #a1 t ( ! %ell-lac app>atus w\ld be #agf_/aac or #a4ee4 #abfj4 ,?is extraord9>y diff]5ce 0 s unexpect$ 9 its am\nt1 z to excite ! greate/ suspicion ( ! g5]al accuracy ( ! exp]im5t1 ?\gh ! p]fect dis*>ge ( app4 i4 aft] ! division1 %[$ t ! #aac _h be5 tak5 & giv5 up readily4 ,x 0 evid5t t1 if x really exi/$1 x ought to produce correspond+ effects 9 ! rev]se ord]2 & t :5 induction ?r\gh %ell-lac 0 conv]t$ into induction ?r\gh air1 ! =ce or t5sion ( ! :ole ought to be increas$4 ,! app4 i4 0 !re=e *>g$ 9 ! fir/ place1 & its =ce divid$ ) app4 ii4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! results3 ,app4 i4 ,lac4 ,app4 ii4 ,air4 4 4 4 4 #j #bae 4 4 4 4 #bjd 4 4 4 4 ,*>ge divid$4 4 4 4 4 #aah #aah 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j aft] be+ dis*>g$4 #j 4 4 4 4 aft] be+ dis*>g$4 #abfa4 ,"h #bjd mu/ be ! utmo/ ( ! divisible *>ge4 ,! app4 i4 & app4 ii4 pres5t #aah z _! respective =ces2 bo? n[ mu* above ! half ( ! fir/ =ce1 or #ajb1 :]eas 9 ! =m] case !y 7 bel[ x4 ,! lac app4 i4 has lo/ only #hf1 yet x has giv5 to ! air app4 ii4 #aah1 s t ! lac /ill appe>s mu* to surpass ! air1 ! capacity ( ! lac app4 i4 to ! air app4 ii4 be+ z #a4cg to #a4 #abfb4 ,! diff]5ce ( #a4ee & #a4cg z ! expression ( ! capacity = ! induction ( %ell-lac seems consid]able1 b is 9 reality v admissible "u ! circum/ances1 = bo? are 9 error 9 contr>y directions4 ,?us 9 ! la/ exp]im5t ! *>ge fell f #bae to #bjd by ! jo9t effects ( dissipation & absorption 7#aaib4 #abej471 dur+ ! "t :i* elaps$ 9 ! electromet] op]ations1 betwe5 ! applications ( ! c>ri] ball requir$ to give ^? two results4 ,ne>ly an equal "t mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! application ( ! c>ri] :i* gave ! #bjd result1 & ! division ( ! *>ge betwe5 ! two app>atus2 & z ! fall 9 =ce progressively decreases 9 am\nt 7#aaib471 if 9 ?is case x be tak5 at #f only1 x w r$uce ! :ole transf]able *>ge at ! "t ( division to #aih in/ead ( #bjd2 ?is dim9i%es ! loss ( ! %ell-lac *>ge to #hj in/ead ( #hf2 & !n ! expression ( specific capacity = x is increas$1 &1 in/ead ( #a4cg1 is #a4dg times t ( air4 #abfc4 ,apply+ ! same correction to ! =m] exp]im5t 9 :i* air 0 fir/ *>g$1 ! result is ( ! contr>y k9d4 ,no %ell-lac hemisph]e 0 !n 9 ! app>atus1 & !re=e ! loss w\ld be pr9cipally f dissipation1 & n f absorption3 h5ce x w\ld be ne>] to ! degree ( loss %[n by ! numb]s #cjd & #big1 & be+ assum$ z #f w\ld r$uce ! divisible *>ge to #bhd4 ,9 t case ! air w\ld h lo/ #agj1 & communicat$ only #aac to ! %ell-lac2 & ! relative specific capacity ( ! latt] w\ld appe> to be #a4ej1 :i* is v little inde$ remov$ f #a4dg1 ! expression giv5 by ! second exp]im5t :5 correct$ 9 ! same way4 #abfd4 ,! %ell-lac 0 !n remov$ f app4 i4 & put into app4 ii4 & ! exp]im5ts ( division aga9 made4 ,i give ! results1 because ,i ?9k ! importance ( ! po9t ju/ifies & ev5 requires !m4 ,app4 i4 ,air4 ,app4 ii4 ,lac4 ,balls #bjj4 4 4 4 4 #j4 #bhf 4 4 4 4 #bhc 4 4 4 4 ,*>ge divid$4 4 4 4 4 #aaj #aji 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j4be aft] dis*>ge4 ,trace 4 4 4 4 aft] dis*>ge4 ,"h app4 i4 reta9$ #aji1 hav+ lo/ #agd 9 communicat+ #aaj to app4 ii42 & ! capacity ( ! air app4 is to ! lac app41 !re=e1 z #a to #a4eh4 ,if ! divid$ *>ge be correct$ = an assum$ loss ( only #c1 be+ ! am\nt ( previ\s loss 9 ! same "t1 x w make ! capacity ( ! %ell-lac app4 #a4ee only4 #abfe4 ,!n app4 ii4 0 *>g$1 & ! *>ge divid$ ?us3 ,app4 i4 ,air4 ,app4 ii4 ,lac1 #j 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bej 4 4 4 4 #bea ,*>ge divid$4 #adf 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adi a little 4 4 4 4 aft] dis*>ge4 4 4 4 4 a little aft] dis*>ge4 ,"h app4 i4 acquir$ a *>ge ( #adf1 :ile app4 ii4 lo/ only #ajb 9 communicat+ t am\nt ( =ce2 ! capacities be+1 !re=e1 to ea* o!r z #a to #a4dc4 ,if ! :ole transf]able *>ge be correct$ = a loss ( #d previ\s to division1 x gives ! expression ( l4#di = ! capacity ( ! %ell-lac app>atus4 #abff4 ,^! f\r expressions ( #a4dg1 #a4ej1 #a4ee1 & #a4di = ! p[] ( ! %ell-lac app>atus1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t v>iations ( ! exp]im5t1 are v ne> to ea* o!r2 ! av]age is close ^u #a4e1 :i* may h]eaft] be us$ z ! expression ( ! result4 ,x is a v important result2 &1 %[+ = ?is p>ticul> piece ( %ell-lac a decid$ sup]iority ov] air 9 all[+ or caus+ ! act ( induction1 x prov$ ! gr[+ necessity ( a m close & rigid exam9ation ( ! :ole "q4 #abfg4 ,! %ell-lac 0 ( ! be/ quality1 & _h be5 c>efully select$ & clean$2 b z ! action ( any conduct+ p>ticles 9 x w\ld t5d1 virtually1 to dim9i% ! quantity or ?ickness ( ! dielectric us$1 & produce effects z if ! two induc+ surfaces ( ! conductors 9 t app>atus 7 ne>] toge!r ?an 9 ! "o ) air only1 ,i prep>$ ano!r %ell-lac hemisph]e1 ( :i* ! mat]ial _h be5 dissolv$ 9 /rong _s ( w9e1 ! solution filt]$1 & !n c>efully evaporat$4 ,?is is n an easy op]ation1 = x is difficult to drive (f ! la/ portions ( alcohol )\t injur+ ! lac by ! heat appli$2 & unless !y be dissipat$1 ! sub/ance left conducts too well to be us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,i prep>$ two hemisph]es ?is way1 "o ( !m unexceptionable2 & ) x ,i repeat$ ! =m] exp]im5ts ) all precautions4 ,! results 7 exactly ( ! same k9d2 ! foll[+ expressions = ! capacity ( ! %ell-lac app>atus1 :e!r x 7 app4 i4 or ii41 be+ giv5 directly by ! exp]im5ts1 #a4df1 #a4ej1 #a4eb1 #a4ea2 ! av]age ( ^! & sev]al o!rs be+ v ne>ly #a4e4 #abfh4 ,z a f9al *eck ^u ! g5]al conclusion1 ,i !n actually br\ght ! surfaces ( ! air app>atus1 correspond+ to ! place ( ! %ell-lac 9 its app>atus1 ne>] toge!r1 by putt+ a metallic l9+ into ! l[] hemisph]e ( ! "o n conta9+ ! lac 7#abac474 ,! di/ance ( ! metal surface f ! c>ri] ball 0 9 ?is way dim9i%$ f #j4fb ( an in* to #j4dce ( an in*1 :il/ ! int]val occupi$ by ! lac 9 ! o!r app>atus rema9$ ,o4#fb ( an in* z be=e4 ,not)/&+ ?is *ange1 ! lac app>atus %[$ its =m] sup]iority2 & :e!r x or ! air app>atus 0 *>g$ fir/1 ! capacity ( ! lac app>atus to ! air app>atus 0 by ! exp]im5tal results z #a4de to #a4 #abfi4 ,f all ! exp]im5ts ,i h made1 & _! con/ant results1 ,i _c resi/ ! conclusion t %ell-lac does exhibit a case ( specific inductive capacity4 ,i h tri$ to *eck ! trials 9 e way1 & if n remove1 at lea/ e/imate1 e s\rce ( error4 ,t ! f9al result is n due to common conduction is %[n by ! capability ( ! app>atus to reta9 ! communicat$ *>ge2 t x is n due to ! conductive p[] ( inclos$ small p>ticles1 by :i* !y c\ld acquire a pol>iz$ condition z conductors1 is %[n by ! effects ( ! %ell-lac purifi$ by alcohol2 &1 t x is n due to any influ5ce ( ! *>g$ /ate1 =m]ly describ$ 7#abej471 fir/ absorb+ & !n evolv+ electricity1 is indicat$ by ! in/antane\s assumption & dis*>ge ( ^? portions ( ! p[] :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a1 t in/antane\s effect occurr+ 9 ^! cases1 z 9 all o!rs ( ord9>y induction1 by *>g$ conductors4 ,! latt] argum5t is ! m /rik+ 9 ! case :]e ! air app>atus is employ$ to divide ! *>ge ) ! lac app>atus1 = x obta9s its portion ( electricity 9 an in/ant1 & yet is *>g$ f> above ! mean4 #abgj4 ,admitt+ = ! pres5t ! g5]al fact s\ght to be prov$2 !n #a4e1 ?\gh x expresses ! capacity ( ! app>atus conta9+ ! hemisph]e ( %ell-lac1 by no means expresses ! relation ( lac to air4 ,! lac only occupies "o-half ( ! space o1 o1 ( ! app>atus conta9+ x1 ?r\gh :i* ! induction is su/a9$2 ! re/ is fill$ ) air1 z 9 ! o!r app>atus2 & if ! effect ( ! two upp] halves ( ! globes be ab/ract$1 !n ! comp>ison ( ! %ell-lac p[]s 9 ! l[] half ( ! "o1 ) ! p[] ( ! air 9 ! l[] half ( ! o!r1 w be z #b3a2 & ev5 ?is mu/ be less ?an ! tru?1 = ! induction ( ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus1 i4e4 ( ! wire & ball ,b4 7fig4 #ajd47 to ext]nal objects1 mu/ be ! same 9 bo?1 & consid]ably dim9i% ! diff]5ce dep5d5t ^u1 & really producible by1 ! influ5ce ( ! %ell-lac )94 99 99 99 99 99 #abga4 ,glass4--,i next work$ ) glass z ! dielectric4 ,x involv$ ! possibility ( conduction on its surface1 b x exclud$ ! idea ( conduct+ p>ticles )9 its sub/ance 7#abfg47 o!r ?an ^? ( its own mass4 ,besides ?is x does n assume ! *>g$ /ate 7#abci47 s readily1 or to su* an ext5t1 z %ell-lac4 #abgb4 ,a ?9 hemisph]ical cup ( glass be+ made hot 0 cov]$ ) a coat ( %ell-lac dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & aft] be+ dri$ = _m h\rs 9 a hot place1 0 put into ! app>atus & exp]im5t$ )4 ,x exhibit$ effects s slight1 t1 ?\gh !y 7 9 ! direction indicat+ a sup]iority ( glass ov] air1 !y 7 all[$ to pass z possible errors ( exp]im5t2 & ! glass 0 consid]$ z produc+ no s5sible effect4 #abgc4 ,i !n procur$ a ?ick hemisph]ical fl9t glass cup resembl+ t ( %ell-lac 7#abci471 b n fill+ up ! space o1 o1 s well4 ,its av]age ?ickness 0 #j4d ( an in*1 !re be+ an additional ?ickness ( air1 av]ag+ #j4bb ( an in*1 to make up ! :ole space ( #j4fb ( an in* betwe5 ! inductive metallic surfaces4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) a film ( %ell-lac z ! =m] 01 7#abgb47 & be+ made v w>m1 0 introduc$ into ! app>atus1 also w>m$1 & exp]im5ts made ) x z 9 ! =m] in/ances 7#abeg4 c474 ,! g5]al results 7 ! same z ) %ell-lac1 i4e4 glass surpass$ air 9 its p[] ( fav\r+ induction ?r\gh x4 ,! two be/ results z respect$ ! /ate ( ! app>atus = ret5tion ( *>ge1 c41 gave1 :5 ! air app>atus 0 *>g$ fir/ #a4ccf1 & :5 ! glass app>atus 0 *>g$ fir/ #a4de1 z ! specific inductive capacity = glass1 bo? be+ )\t correction4 ,! av]age ( n9e results1 f\r ) ! glass app>atus fir/ *>g$1 & five ) ! air app>atus fir/ *>g$1 gave #a4ch z ! p[] ( ! glass app>atus2 #a4bb & #a4df be+ ! m9imum & maximum numb]s ) all ! errors ( exp]im5t ^u !m4 ,9 all ! exp]im5ts ! glass app>atus took up its inductive *>ge in/antly1 & lo/ x z readily 7#abfi472 & dur+ ! %ort "t ( ea* exp]im5t1 acquir$ ! peculi> /ate 9 a small degree only1 s t ! influ5ce ( ?is /ate1 & also ( conduction ^u ! results1 mu/ h be5 small4 #abgd4 ,all[+ specific inductive capacity to be prov$ & active 9 ?is case1 & #a4ch z ! expression = ! glass app>atus1 !n ! specific inductive capacity ( fl9t glass w be above #a4gf1 n =gett+ t ?is expression is = a piece ( glass ( su* ?ickness z to occupy n q two-?irds ( ! space ?r\gh :i* ! induction is su/a9$ 7#abec4 #abgc474 99 99 99 99 99 #abge4 ,sulphur4--,! same hemisph]e ( ?is sub/ance 0 us$ 9 app4 ii4 z 0 =m]ly ref]r$ to 7#abdb474 ,! exp]im5ts 7 well made1 i4e4 ! sulphur itself 0 free f *>ge bo? be=e & aft] ea* exp]im5t1 & no action f ! /em appe>$ 7#abjc4 #abcb471 s t no correction 0 requir$ on t acc\nt4 ,! foll[+ are ! results :5 ! air app>atus 0 fir/ *>g$ & divid$3 ,app4 i4 ,air1 ,app4 ii4 ,sulphur4 ,balls #bhj4 #j 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j #dch 4 4 4 4 #dcd 4 4 4 4 ,*>ge divid$4 4 4 4 4 #afb #afd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afj #afb 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #j aft] dis*>ge4 #j 4 4 4 4 aft] dis*>ge4 ,"h app4 i4 reta9$ #afd1 hav+ lo/ #bgf 9 communicat+ #afb to app4 ii41 & ! capacity ( ! air app>atus is to t ( ! sulphur app>atus z #a to #a4ff4 #abgf4 ,!n ! sulphur app>atus 0 *>g$ fir/1 ?us3 4 4 4 4 #j #j 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cie 4 4 4 4 #chh ,*>ge divid$4 #bcg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bch #j 4 4 4 4 aft] dis*>ge4 4 4 4 4 #j aft] dis*>ge4 ,"h app4 ii4 reta9$ #bch1 & gave up #aej 9 communicat+ a *>ge ( #bcg to app4 i41 & ! capacity ( ! air app>atus is to t ( ! sulphur app>atus z #a to #a4eh4 ,^! results are v ne> to ea* o!r1 & we may take ! mean #a4fb z repres5t+ ! specific inductive capacity ( ! sulphur app>atus2 9 :i* case ! specific inductive capacity ( sulphur itself z comp>$ to air #a 7#abgj47 w be ab\t or above #b4bd4 #abgg4 ,?is result ) sulphur ,i consid] z "o ( ! mo/ unexceptionable4 ,! sub/ance :5 fus$ 0 p]fectly cle>1 pellucid1 & free f p>ticles ( dirt 7#abfg471 s t no int]f]5ce ( small conduct+ bodies confus$ ! result4 ,! sub/ance :5 solid is an excell5t insulator1 & by exp]im5t 0 f\nd to take up1 ) great sl[ness1 t /ate 7#abdd4 #abdb47 :i* alone seem$ likely to di/urb ! conclusion4 ,! exp]im5ts !mselves1 also1 7 free f any ne$ ( correction4 ,yet not)/&+ ^! circum/ances1 s fav\rable to ! exclusion ( error1 ! result is a high] specific inductive capacity = sulphur ?an = any o!r body z yet tri$2 & ?\gh ?is may 9 "p be clue to ! sulphur be+ 9 a bett] %ape1 i4e4 fill+ up m completely ! space o1 o1 7fig4 #ajd47 ?an ! cups ( %ell-lac & glass1 /ill ,i feel satisfi$ t ! exp]im5ts altoge!r fully prove ! exi/5ce ( a diff]5ce betwe5 dielectrics z to _! p[] ( fav\r+ an inductive action ?r\gh !m2 :i* diff]5ce may1 = ! pres5t1 be express$ by ! t]m specific inductive capacity4 #abgh4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! po9t 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases t ,i c\ld anticipate1 ,i proce$$ to exam9e o!r bodies among/ solids1 liquids1 & gases4 ,^! results ,i %all give ) all conv5i5t brevity4 99 99 99 99 99 #abgi4 ,sp]maceti4--,a good hemisph]e ( sp]maceti be+ tri$ z to conduct+ p[] :il/ its two surfaces 7 /ill 9 contact ) ! t9foil m\lds us$ 9 =m+ x1 0 f\nd to conduct s5sibly ev5 :il/ w>m4 ,on remov+ x f ! m\lds & us+ x 9 "o ( ! app>atus1 x gave results indicat+ a specific inductive capacity betwe5 #a4c & #a4f = ! app>atus conta9+ x4 ,b z ! only mode ( op]ation 0 to *>ge ! air app>atus1 & !n aft] a quick contact ) ! sp]maceti app>atus1 asc]ta9 :at 0 left 9 ! =m] 7#abha471 no great confid5ce c be plac$ 9 ! results4 ,!y are n 9 opposition to ! g5]al conclusion1 b _c be br\ght =w>d z argum5t 9 fav\r ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 #abhj4 ,i endeav\r$ to f9d "s liquids :i* w\ld insulate well1 & c\ld be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 native naph?a rectifi$1 & ! cond5s$ oil gas fluid1 appe>$ by common exp]im5ts to promise be/ z to insulation4 ,be+ left 9 contact ) fus$ c>bonate ( potassa1 *loride ( lime1 & quick lime = "s days & !n filt]$1 !y 7 f\nd mu* injur$ 9 insulat+ p[]2 b aft] di/illation acquir$ _! be/ /ate1 ?\gh ev5 !n !y prov$ to be conductors :5 ext5sive metallic contact 0 made ) !m4 #abha4 ,oil ( turp5t9e rectifi$4--,i fill$ ! l[] half ( app4 i4 ) ! fluid3 & z x w\ld n hold a *>ge suffici5tly to enable me fir/ to measure & !n divide x1 ,i *>g$ app4 ii4 conta9+ air1 & divid+ its *>ge ) app4 i4 by a quick contact1 measur$ t rema9+ 9 app4 ii43 =1 !oretically1 if a quick contact w\ld divide up to equal t5sion betwe5 ! two app>atus1 yet )\t s5sible loss f ! conduct+ p[] ( app4 i42 & app4 ii4 7 left *>g$ to a degree ( t5sion above half ! orig9al *>ge1 x w\ld indicate t oil ( turp5t9e _h less specific inductive capacity ?an air2 or1 if left *>g$ bel[ t mean /ate ( t5sion1 x w\ld imply t ! fluid _h ! great] inductive capacity4 ,9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 app4 ii4 gave z its *>ge #cij be=e division ) app4 i41 & #age aft]w>ds1 :i* is less ?an ! half ( #cij4 ,aga91 be+ at #agf be=e division1 x 0 #gi aft]1 :i* is also less ?an half ! divid$ *>ge4 ,be+ at #gi1 x 0 a ?ird "t divid$1 & !n fell to #cf1 less ?an ! half ( #gi4 ,su* are ! be/ results ,i c\ld obta92 !y are n inconsi/5t ) ! belief t oil ( turp5t9e has a great] specific capacity ?an air1 b !y d n prove ! fact1 s9ce ! disappe>ance ( m ?an half ! *>ge may be due to ! conduct+ p[] m]ely ( ! fluid4 #abhb4 ,naph?a4--,?is liquid gave results simil> 9 _! nature & direction to ^? ) oil ( turp5t9e4 99 99 99 99 99 #abhc4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ class ( sub/ances1 9 relation to specific inductive capacity1 n[ came "u review1 namely1 ! gases or ari=m bodies4 ,^! are s peculi>ly con/itut$1 & are b\nd toge!r by s _m /rik+ physical & *emical relations1 t ,i expect$ "s rem>kable results f !m3 air 9 v>i\s /ates 0 select$ = ! fir/ exp]im5ts4 #abhd4 ,air1 r>e & d5se4--,"s exp]im5ts ( division 7#abjh47 seem$ to %[ t d5se & r>e air 7 alike 9 ! prop]ty "u exam9ation4 ,a simple & bett] process 0 to atta* "o ( ! app>atus to an air-pump1 to *>ge x1 & !n exam9e ! t5sion ( ! *>ge :5 ! air )9 0 m or less r>efi$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 f\nd1 t comm5c+ ) a c]ta9 *>ge1 t *>ge did n *ange 9 its t5sion or =ce z ! air 0 r>efi$1 until ! r>efaction 0 su* t dis*>ge across ! space o1 o 7fig4 #ajd47 occurr$4 ,?is dis*>ge 0 proportionate to ! r>efaction2 b hav+ tak5 place1 & l[]$ ! t5sion to a c]ta9 degree1 t degree 0 n at all affect$ by re/or+ ! pressure & d5sity ( ! air to _! fir/ quantities4 in*es ( m]cury4 ,?us at a pressure ( #cj ! *>ge 0 #hh ,aga9 #cj ! *>ge 0 #hh ,aga9 #cj ! *>ge 0 #hg ,r$uc$ to #aa ! *>ge 0 #hg ,rais$ aga9 to #cj ! *>ge 0 #hf ,be+ n[ r$uc$ to #c4d ! *>ge fell to #ha ,rais$ aga9 to #cj ! *>ge 0 /ill #ha #abhe4 ,! *>ges 7 l[ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 fir/ t !y might n pass (f at l[ pressure1 & next t little loss by dissipation might occur4 ,i n[ r$uc$ !m /ill l[]1 t ,i might r>efy fur!r1 & = ?is purpose 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t us$ a measur+ int]val 9 ! electromet] ( only #ae 7#aahe474 ,! pressure ( air )9 ! app>atus be+ r$uc$ to #a4i in*es ( m]cury1 ! *>ge 0 f\nd to be #bi2 !n lett+ 9 air till ! pressure 0 #cj in*es1 ! *>ge 0 /ill #bi4 #abhf4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ) pure oxyg5 ) ! same consequ5ces4 #abhg4 ,?is result ( no v>iation 9 ! electric t5sion be+ produc$ by v>iation 9 ! d5sity or pressure ( ! air1 agrees p]fectly ) ^? obta9$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris,a1 & describ$ 9 8 beautiful & important inve/igations conta9$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions2 namely t induction is ! same 9 r>e & d5se air1 & t ! div]g5ce ( an electromet] "u su* v>iations ( ! air cont9ues ! same1 provid$ no electricity pass away f x4 ,! effect is "o entirely indep5d5t ( t p[] :i* d5se air has ( caus+ a high] *>ge to be reta9$ ^u ! surface ( conductors 9 x ?an c be reta9$ by ! same conductors 9 r>e air2 a po9t ,i propose consid]+ h]eaft]4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bcg1 #bdd4 #abhh4 ,i !n comp>$ hot & cold air toge!r1 by rais+ ! temp]ature ( "o ( ! inductive app>atus z high z x c\ld be )\t injury1 & !n divid+ *>ges betwe5 x & ! o!r app>atus conta9+ cold air4 ,! temp]atures 7 ab\t #ej & #bjj1 ,/ill ! p[] or capacity appe>$ to be un*ang$2 & :5 ,i endeav\r$ to v>y ! exp]im5t1 by *>g+ a cold app>atus & !n w>m+ x by a _s lamp1 ,i c\ld obta9 no pro( t ! inductive capacity und]w5t any alt]ation4 #abhi4 ,i comp>$ damp & dry air toge!r1 b c\ld f9d no diff]5ce 9 ! results4 99 99 99 99 99 #abij4 ,gases4--,a v long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 !n und]tak5 = ! purpose ( comp>+ diff]5t gases "o ) ano!r4 ,!y 7 all f\nd to insulate well1 except su* z act$ on ! %ell-lac ( ! support+ /em2 ^! 7 *lor9e1 ammonia1 & muriatic acid4 ,!y 7 all dri$ by appropriate means be=e be+ introduc$ into ! app>atus4 ,x w\ld h be5 suffici5t to h comp>$ ea* ) air2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rik+ result :i* came out1 namely1 t all _h ! same p[] ( or capacity =1 su/a9+ induction ?r\gh !m1 7:i* p]haps might h be5 expect$ aft] x 0 f\nd t no v>iation ( d5sity or pressure produc$ any effect17 ,i 0 induc$ to comp>e !m1 exp]im5tally1 two & two 9 v>i\s ways1 t no diff]5ce might escape me1 & t ! sam5ess ( result might /& 9 full opposition to ! contra/ ( prop]ty1 composition1 & condition :i* ! gases !mselves pres5t$4 #abia4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ^u ! foll[+ pairs ( gases4 #a4 ,nitrog5 & ,oxyg54 #b4 ,oxyg5 ,air4 #c4 ,hydrog5 ,air4 #d4 ,muriatic acid gas ,air4 #e4 ,oxyg5 ,hydrog54 #e4 ,oxyg5 ,c>bonic acid4 #g4 ,oxyg5 ,olefiant gas4 #h4 ,oxyg5 ,nitr\s gas4 #i4 ,oxyg5 ,sulphur\s acid4 #aj4 ,oxyg5 ,ammonia4 #aa4 ,hydrog5 ,c>bonic acid4 #ab ,hydrog5 ,olefiant gas4 #ac4 ,hydrog5 ,sulphur\s acid4 #ad4 ,hydrog5 ,fluo-silicic acid4 #ae4 ,hydrog5 ,ammonia4 #af1 ,hydrog5 ,ars5iurett$ hydrog54 #ag4 ,hydrog5 ,sulphurett$ hydrog54 #ah1 ,nitrog5 ,olefiant gas4 #ai4 ,nitrog5 ,nitr\s gas4 #bj4 ,nitrog5 ,nitr\s oxide4 #ba4 ,nitrog5 ,ammonia4 #bb4 ,c>bonic oxide ,c>bonic acid4 #bc4 ,c>bonic oxide ,olefiant gas4 #bd4 ,nitr\s oxide ,nitr\s gas4 #be4 ,ammonia ,sulphur\s acid4 #abib4 ,not)/&+ ! /rik+ contra/s ( all k9ds :i* ^! gases pres5t ( prop]ty1 ( d5sity1 :e!r simple or comp\nd1 anions or cations 7#ffe471 ( high or l[ pressure 7#abhd4 #abhf471 hot or cold 7#abhh471 n ! lea/ diff]5ce 9 _! capacity to fav\r or admit electrical induction ?r\gh !m c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,consid]+ ! po9t e/abli%$1 t 9 all ^! gases induction takes place by an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 ?is is ! m important1 & adds "o to ! _m /rik+ relations :i* hold betwe5 bodies hav+ ! gase\s condition & =m4 ,ano!r equally important electrical relation1 :i* w be exam9$ 9 ! next pap],a1 is t :i* ! diff]5t gases h to ea* o!r at ! same pressure ( caus+ ! ret5tion ( ! same or diff]5t degrees ( *>ge ^u conductors 9 !m4 ,^! two results appe> to be> importantly ^u ! subject ( electro*emical excitation & decomposition2 = z all ^! ph5om5a1 diff]5t z !y seem to be1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! electrical =ces ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 ! v di/ance at :i* !y seem to /& f ea* o!r w d mu*1 if prop]ly consid]$1 to illu/rate ! pr9ciple by :i* !y are held 9 "o common bond1 & subject1 z !y mu/ be1 to "o common law4 ,a ,see 9 relation to ?is po9t #achb4 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #abic4 ,x is j possible t ! gases may diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! specific inductive capacity1 & yet by quantities s small z n to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! app>atus ,i h us$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! gase\s exp]im5ts ! gases occupy all ! space o1 o1 7fig4 #ajd47 betwe5 ! inn] & ! out] ball1 except ! small portion fill$ by ! /em2 & ! results1 !re=e1 are twice z delicate z ^? ) solid dielectrics4 #abid4 ,! insulation 0 good 9 all ! exp]im5ts record$1 except ,nos4 #aj1 #ae1 #ba1 & #be1 be+ ^? 9 :i* ammonia 0 comp>$ ) o!r gases4 ,:5 %ell-lac is put into ammoniacal gas its surface gradually acquires conduct+ p[]1 & 9 ?is way ! lac "p ( ! /em )9 0 s alt]$1 t ! ammonia app>atus c\ld n reta9 a *>ge ) suffici5t /ead9ess to all[ ( division4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 ! o!r app>atus 0 *>g$2 its *>ge measur$ & divid$ ) ! ammonia app>atus by a quick contact1 & :at rema9$ untak5 away by ! division aga9 measur$ 7#abha474 ,x 0 s ne>ly "o-half ( ! orig9al *>ge1 z to au?orize1 ) ?is res]vation1 ! ins]tion ( ammoniacal gas among/ ! o!r gases1 z hav+ equal p[] ) !m4 vi4 ,g5]al results z to induction4 #abie4 ,?us induction appe>s to be ess5tially an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( :i* ! electric =ce1 orig9at+ or appe>+ at a c]ta9 place1 is propagat$ to or su/a9$ at a di/ance1 appe>+ !re z a =ce ( ! same k9d exactly equal 9 am\nt1 b opposite 9 its direction & t5d5cies 7#aafd474 ,induction requires no s5sible ?ickness 9 ! conductors :i* may be us$ to limit its ext5t2 an un9sulat$ leaf ( gold may be made v highly positive on "o surface1 & z highly negative on ! o!r1 )\t ! lea/ int]f]5ce ( ! two /ates :il/ ! inductions cont9ue4 ,nor is x affect$ by ! nature ( ! limit+ conductors1 provid$ "t be all[$1 9 ! case ( ^? :i* conduct sl[ly1 = !m to assume _! f9al /ate 7#aagj474 #abif4 ,b ) reg>d to ! dielectrics or insulat+ m$ia1 matt]s are v diff]5t 7#aafg474 ,_! ?ickness has an imm$iate & important influ5ce on ! degree ( induction4 ,z to _! quality1 ?\gh all gases & vap\rs are alike1 :atev] _! /ate2 yet among/ solid bodies1 & betwe5 !m & gases1 !re are diff]5ces :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( specific inductive capacities1 ^! diff]5ces be+ 9 "s cases v great4 #abig4 ,! direct inductive =ce1 :i* may be conceiv$ to be ex]t$ 9 l9es betwe5 ! two limit+ & *>g$ conduct+ surfaces1 is accompani$ by a lat]al or transv]se =ce equival5t to a dilatation or repulsion ( ^! repres5tative l9es 7#abbd472 or ! attractive =ce :i* exi/s among/ ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric 9 ! direction ( ! induction is accompani$ by a repulsive or a div]g+ =ce 9 ! transv]se direction 7#acjd474 #abih4 ,induction appe>s to consi/ 9 a c]ta9 pol>iz$ /ate ( ! p>ticles1 into :i* !y are ?r[n by ! electrifi$ body su/a9+ ! action1 ! p>ticles assum+ positive & negative po9ts or p>ts1 :i* are symmetrically arrang$ ) respect to ea* o!r & ! induct+ surfaces or p>ticles,a4 ,! /ate mu/ be a =c$ "o1 = x is orig9at$ & su/a9$ only by =ce1 & s9ks to ! normal or quiesc5t /ate :5 t =ce is remov$4 ,x c be cont9u$ only 9 insulators by ! same portion ( electricity1 because !y only c reta9 ?is /ate ( ! p>ticles 7#acjd74 ,a ,! !ory ( induction :i* ,i am /at+ does n pret5d to decide :e!r electricity be a fluid or fluids1 or a m]e p[] or condition ( recogniz$ matt]4 ,t is a "q :i* ,i may be induc$ to consid] 9 ! next or foll[+ s]ies ( ^! rese>*es4 #abii4 ,! pr9ciple ( induction is ( ! utmo/ g5]ality 9 electric action4 ,x con/itutes *>ge 9 e ord9>y case1 & probably 9 e case2 x appe>s to be ! cause ( all excitem5t1 & to prec$e e curr5t4 ,! degree to :i* ! p>ticles are affect$ 9 ?is _! =c$ /ate1 be=e dis*>ge ( "o k9d or ano!r sup]v5es1 appe>s to con/itute :at we call int5sity4 #acjj4 ,:5 a ,leyd5 j> is *>g$1 ! p>ticles ( ! glass are =c$ into ?is pol>iz$ & con/ra9$ condition by ! electricity ( ! *>g+ app>atus4 ,dis*>ge is ! return ( ^! p>ticles to _! natural /ate f _! /ate ( t5sion1 :5ev] ! two electric =ces are all[$ to be dispos$ ( 9 "s o!r direction4 #acja4 ,all *>ge ( conductors is on _! surface1 because be+ ess5tially inductive1 x is !re only t ! m$ium capable ( su/a9+ ! necess>y inductive /ate beg9s4 ,if ! conductors are holl[ & conta9 air or any o!r dielectric1 /ill no *>ge c appe> ^u t int]nal surface1 because ! dielectric !re _c assume ! pol>iz$ /ate ?r\gh\t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! oppos+ actions 9 diff]5t directions4 #acjb4 ,! kn[n influ5ce ( =m is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! corpuscul> view ( induction set =?4 ,an electrifi$ cyl9d] is m affect$ by ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ conductors 7:i* complete ! condition ( *>ge7 at ! ends ?an at ! middle1 because ! ends are expos$ to a great] sum ( inductive =ces ?an ! middle2 & a po9t is br\ght to a high] condition ?an a ball1 because by relation to ! conductors ar\nd1 m inductive =ce t]m9ates on its surface ?an on an equal surface ( ! ball ) :i* x is comp>$4 ,"h too1 especially1 c be p]ceiv$ ! influ5ce ( ! lat]al or transv]se =ce 7#abig471 :i*1 be+ a p[] ( ! nature ( or equival5t to repulsion1 causes su* a disposition ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce 9 _! c\rse across ! dielectric1 t !y mu/ accumulate ^u ! po9t1 ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 or any project+ "p4 #acjc4 ,! influ5ce ( di/ance is also 9 h>mony ) ! same view4 ,!re is p]haps no di/ance s great t induction _c take place ?r\gh x,a2 b ) ! same con/ra9+ =ce 7#abih47 x takes place ! m easily1 accord+ z ! ext5t ( dielectric ?r\gh :i* x is ex]t$ is less5$4 ,& z x is assum$ by ! !ory t ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric1 ?\gh t5d+ to rema9 9 a normal /ate1 are ?r[n into a =c$ condition dur+ ! induction2 s x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! few] !re are ( ^! int]v5+ p>ticles oppos+ _! t5d5cy to ! assumption ( ! new /ate1 ! great] degree ( *ange w !y suff]1 i4e4 ! high] w be ! condition !y assume1 & ! l>g] ! am\nt ( inductive action ex]t$ ?r\gh !m4 ,a ,i h trac$ x exp]im5tally f a ball plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! l>ge cube =m]ly describ$ 7#aagc47 to ! sides ( ! cube six feet di/ant1 & also f ! same ball plac$ 9 ! middle ( our l>ge lecture-room to ! walls ( ! room at tw5ty-six feet di/ance1 ! *>ge su/a9$ ^u ! ball 9 ^! cases be+ solely due to induction ?r\gh ^! di/ances4 #acjd4 ,i h us$ ! phrases l9es ( inductive =ce & curv$ l9es ( =ce 7#abca4 #abig4 #abih4 #acjb47 9 a g5]al s5se only1 j z we speak ( ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,! l9es are imag9>y1 & ! =ce 9 any "p ( !m is ( c\rse ! resultant ( comp\nd =ces1 e molecule be+ relat$ to e o!r molecule 9 all directions by ! t5sion & reaction ( ^? :i* are contigu\s4 ,! transv]se =ce is m]ely ?is relation consid]$ 9 a direction oblique to ! l9es ( inductive =ce1 & at pres5t ,i mean no m ?an t by ! phrase4 ,) respect to ! t]m pol>ity also1 ,i mean at pres5t only a disposition ( =ce by :i* ! same molecule acquires opposite p[]s on diff]5t p>ts4 ,! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ?is disposition is made w come into consid]ation h]eaft]1 & probably v>ies 9 diff]5t bodies1 & s produces v>iety ( electrical relation,a4 ,all ,i am anxi\s ab\t at pres5t is1 t a m p>ticul> mean+ %\ld n be atta*$ to ! expressions us$ ?an ,i contemplate4 ,fur!r inquiry1 ,i tru/1 w enable u by degrees to re/rict ! s5se m & m1 & s r5d] ! explanation ( electrical ph5om5a day by day m & m def9ite4 ,a ,see n[ #afhe4 c4--,dec4 #ahch4 #acje4 ,z a te/ ( ! probable accuracy ( my views1 ,i h ?r\gh\t ?is exp]im5tal exam9ation comp>$ !m ) ! conclusions drawn by ,m4 ,poisson f 8 beautiful ma!matical inquiries,a4 ,i am q unfit to =m a judgm5t ( ^! admirable pap]s2 b z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 ! !ory ,i h set =? & ! results ,i h obta9$ are n 9 opposition to su* ( ^? conclusions z repres5t ! f9al disposition & /ate ( ! =ces 9 ! limit$ numb] ( cases be has consid]$4 ,8 !ory assumes a v diff]5t mode ( action 9 induction to t :i* ,i h v5tur$ to support1 & w\ld probably f9d its ma!matical te/ 9 ! endeav\r to apply x to cases ( induction 9 curv$ l9es4 ,to my feel+ x is insuffici5t 9 acc\nt+ = ! ret5tion ( electricity ^u ! surface ( conductors by ! pressure ( ! air1 an effect :i* ,i hope to %[ is simple & consi/5t accord+ to ! pres5t view,b2 & x does n t\* voltaic electricity1 or 9 any way associate x & :at is call$ ord9>y electricity "u "o common pr9ciple4 ,a ,mmoires de ,l',in/itut1 #ahaa1 tom4 xii4 ! fir/ page #a1 & ! second pag+ #afc4 ,b ,ref] to #acgg1 #acgh1 #acgi1 #acih4--;,dec4 #ahch4 ,i h also look$ ) "s anxiety to ! results :i* t indefatigable philosoph] ,h>ris has obta9$ 9 8 inve/igation ( ! laws ( induction,a1 kn[+ t !y 7 exp]im5tal1 & hav+ a full conviction ( _! exactness2 b ,i am happy 9 p]ceiv+ no collision at pres5t betwe5 !m & ! views ,i h tak54 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bac4 #acjf4 ,f9ally1 ,i beg to say t ,i put =? my p>ticul> view ) d\bt & fe>1 le/ x %\ld n be> ! te/ ( g5]al exam9ation1 = unless true x w only emb>rass ! progress ( electrical sci5ce4 ,x has long be5 on my m9d1 b ,i hesitat$ to publi% x until ! increas+ p]suasion ( its accordance ) all kn[n facts1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x l9k$ toge!r effects app>5tly v diff]5t 9 k9d1 urg$ me to write ! pres5t pap]4 ,i z yet see no inconsi/5cy betwe5 x & nature1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?9k ,i p]ceive mu* new light ?r[n by x on h] op]ations2 & my next pap]s w be devot$ to a review ( ! ph5om5a ( conduction1 electrolyzation1 curr5t1 magnetism1 ret5tion1 dis*>ge1 & "s o!r po9ts1 ) an application ( ! !ory to ^! effects1 & an exam9ation ( x by !m4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahcg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,supplem5t>y ,note to ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity4 ,elev5? ,s]ies4 ,receiv$ ,m>* #bi1 #ahch4 #acjg4 ,i h rec5tly put into an exp]im5tal =m t g5]al /atem5t ( ! "q ( specific inductive capacity :i* is giv5 at ,no4 #abeb ( ,s]ies ,,xi41 & ! result is su* z to lead me to hope ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society w au?orize its addition to ! pap] 9 ! =m ( a supplem5t>y note4 ,?ree circul> brass plates1 ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]1 7 m\nt$ side by side ^u insulat+ pill>s2 ! middle "o1 ,a1 0 a fixture1 b ! out] plates ,b & ,c 7 moveable on slides1 s t all ?ree c\ld be br\ght ) _! sides almo/ into contact1 or sep>at$ to any requir$ di/ance4 ,two gold leaves 7 susp5d$ 9 a glass j> f insulat$ wires2 "o ( ! out] plates ,b 0 connect$ ) "o ( ! gold leaves1 & ! o!r out] plate ) ! o!r leaf4 ,! out] plates ,b & ,c 7 adju/$ at ! di/ance ( an in* & a qu>t] f ! middle plate ,a1 & ! gold leaves 7 fix$ at two in*es ap>t2 ,a 0 !n slightly *>g$ ) electricity1 & ! plates ,b & ,c1 ) _! gold leaves1 ?r[n out ( insulation at ! same "t1 & !n left insulat$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ,a 0 *>g$ positive inductrically1 & ,b & ,c negative inducte\sly2 ! same dielectric1 air1 be+ 9 ! two int]vals1 & ! gold leaves hang+1 ( c\rse1 p>allel to ea* o!r 9 a relatively unelectrifi$ /ate4 #acjh4 ,a plate ( %ell-lac ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & f\r in*es squ>e1 susp5d$ by clean :ite silk ?read1 0 v c>efully depriv$ ( all *>ge 7#abjc47 7s t x produc$ no effect on ! gold leaves if ,a 7 un*>g$7 & !n introduc$ betwe5 plates ,a & ,b2 ! electric relation ( ! ?ree plates 0 imm$iately alt]$1 & ! gold leaves attract$ ea* o!r4 ,on remov+ ! %ell-lac ?is attraction ceas$2 on introduc+ x betwe5 ,a & ,c x 0 r5ew$2 on remov+ x ! attraction aga9 ceas$2 & ! %ell-lac :5 exam9$ by a delicate ,c\lomb electromet] 0 /ill )\t *>ge4 #acji4 ,z ,a 0 positive1 ,b & ,c 7 ( c\rse negative2 b z ! specific inductive capacity ( %ell-lac is ab\t twice t ( air 7#abgj471 x 0 expect$ t :5 ! lac 0 introduc$ betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ,a w\ld induce m t[>ds ,b ?an t[>ds ,c2 t !re=e ,b w\ld become m negative ?an be=e t[>ds ,a1 & consequ5tly1 because ( its insulat$ condition1 be positive ext]nally1 z at its back or at ! gold leaves2 :il/ ,c w\ld be less negative t[>ds ,a1 & !re=e negative outw>ds or at ! gold leaves4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case2 = on :i*ev] side ( ,a ! %ell-lac 0 introduc$ ! ext]nal plate at t side 0 positive1 & ! ext]nal plate on ! o!r side negative t[>ds ea* o!r1 & also to un9sulat$ ext]nal bodies4 #acaj4 ,on employ+ a plate ( sulphur in/ead ( %ell-lac1 ! same results 7 obta9$2 consi/5t ) ! conclusions drawn reg>d+ ! high specific inductive capacity ( t body already giv5 7#abgf474 #acaa4 ,^! effects ( specific inductive capacity c be exalt$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & x is ?is capability :i* makes ! great value ( ! app>atus4 ,?us ,i introduc$ ! %ell-lac betwe5 ,a & ,b1 & !n = a mom5t connect$ ,b & ,c1 un9sulat$ !m1 & f9ally left !m 9 ! insulat$ /ate2 ! gold leaves 7 ( c\rse hang+ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,on remov+ ! %ell-lac ! gold leaves attract$ ea* o!r2 on introduc+ ! %ell-lac betwe5 ,a & ,c ?is attraction 0 increas$1 7z _h be5 anticipat$ f !ory17 & ! leaves came toge!r1 ?\gh n m ?an f\r in*es long1 & hang+ ?ree in*es ap>t4 #acab4 ,by simply br++ ! gold leaves ne>] to ea* o!r ,i 0 able to %[ ! diff]5ce ( specific inductive capacity :5 only ?9 plates ( %ell-lac 7 us$1 ! re/ ( ! dielectric space be+ fill$ ) air4 ,by br++ ,b & ,c ne>] to ,a ano!r great increase ( s5sibility 0 made4 ,by enl>g+ ! size ( ! plates /ill fur!r p[] 0 ga9$4 ,by dim9i%+ ! ext5t ( ! wires1 c4 connect$ ) ! gold leaves1 ano!r improvem5t result$4 ,s t 9 fact ! gold leaves became1 9 ?is mann]1 z delicate a te/ ( specific inductive action z !y are1 9 ,b5net's & ,s+]'s electromet]s1 ( ord9>y electrical *>ge4 #acac4 ,x is evid5t t by mak+ ! ?ree plates ! sides ( cells1 ) prop] precautions z reg>ds insulation1 c41 ?is app>atus may be us$ 9 ! exam9ation ( gases1 ) f> m effect ?an ! =m] app>atus 7#aahg4 #abij71 & may1 p]haps1 br+ out diff]5ces :i* h z yet escap$ me 7#abib4 #abic47 #acad4 ,x is also evid5t t two metal plates are q suffici5t to =m ! in/rum5t2 ! /ate ( ! s+le inducte\s plate :5 ! dielectric is *ang$1 be+ exam9$ ei!r by br++ a body excit$ 9 a kn[n mann] t[>ds its gold leaves1 or1 :at ,i ?9k w be bett]1 employ+ a c>ri] ball 9 place ( ! leaf1 & exam9+ t ball by ! ,c\lomb electromet] 7#aahj474 ,! inductive & inducte\s surfaces may ev5 be balls2 ! latt] be+ itself ! c>ri] ball ( ! ,c\lomb's electromet] 7#aaha4 #abbi474 #acae4 ,to increase ! effect1 a small cond5s] may be us$ ) great advantage4 ,?us if1 :5 two inducte\s plates are us$1 a little cond5s] 7 put 9 ! place ( ! gold leaves1 ,i h no d\bt ! ?ree pr9cipal plates might be r$uc$ to an in* or ev5 half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ev5 ! gold leaves act to ea* o!r = ! "t z ! plates ( a cond5s]4 ,if only two plates 7 us$1 by ! prop] application ( ! cond5s] ! same r$uction might take place4 ,?is expectation is fully ju/ifi$ by an effect already obs]v$ & describ$ 7#abbi474 #acaf4 ,9 t case ! application ( ! in/rum5t to v ext5sive rese>* is evid5t4 ,comp>atively small masses ( dielectrics c\ld be exam9$1 z diamonds & cry/als4 ,an expectation1 t ! specific inductive capacity ( cry/als w v>y 9 diff]5t directions1 accord+ z ! l9es ( inductive =ce 7#acjd47 are p>allel to1 or 9 o!r positions 9 relation to ! axes ( ! cry/als1 c be te/$,a3 ,i purpose t ^! & _m o!r ?\ghts :i* arise respect+ specific inductive action & ! pol>ity ( ! p>ticles ( dielectric matt]1 %all be put to ! pro( z soon z ,i c f9d "t4 ,a ,ref] = ?is inve/igation to #afhj-afih4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #acag4 ,hop+ t ?is app>atus w =m an in/rum5t ( consid]able use1 ,i beg to propose = x 7at ! sugge/ion ( a fri5d7 ! "n ( ,diff]5tial ,inductomet]4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahch4 ,,twelf? ,,s]ies4 #ah4 ,on ,induction 7cont9u$74 vii4 ,conduction1 or conductive dis*>ge4 viii4 ,electrolytic dis*>ge4 ix4 ,disruptive dis*>ge--,insulation--,sp>k--,bru%--,dif f]5ce ( dis*>ge at ! positive & negative surfaces ( conductors4 ,receiv$ ,janu>y #aa1--,read ,febru>y #h1 #ahch4 #acah4 ,i ,proce$ n[1 accord+ to my promise1 to exam9e1 by ! great facts ( electrical sci5ce1 t !ory ( induction :i* ,i h v5tur$ to put =? 7#aafe4 #abie4 c474 ,! pr9ciple ( induction is s univ]sal t x p]vades all electrical ph5om5a2 b ! g5]al case :i* ,i purpose at pres5t to g into consi/s ( insulation trac$ into & t]m9at+ ) dis*>ge1 ) ! accompany+ effects4 ,?is case includes ! v>i\s modes ( dis*>ge1 & also ! condition & *>act]s ( a curr5t2 ! elem5ts ( magnetic action be+ among/ ! latt]4 ,i %all necess>ily h occasion to speak !oretically1 & ev5 hypo!tically2 & ?\gh ^! pap]s pr(ess to be exp]im5tal rese>*es1 ,i hope t1 consid]+ ! facts & inve/igations conta9$ 9 ! la/ s]ies 9 support ( ! p>ticul> view advanc$1 ,i %all n be consid]$ z tak+ too mu* lib]ty on ! pres5t occasion1 or z dep>t+ too f> f ! "* :i* !y ought to h1 especially z ,i %all use e opportunity :i* pres5ts itself ( return+ to t /rong te/ ( tru?1 exp]im5t4 #acai4 ,induction has z yet be5 consid]$ 9 ^! pap]s only 9 cases ( insulation2 oppos$ to insulation is dis*>ge4 ,! action or effect :i* may be express$ by ! g5]al t]m dis*>ge1 may take place1 z f> z we are aw>e at pres5t1 9 sev]al modes4 ,?us1 t :i* is call$ simply conduction involves no *emical action1 & app>5tly no displacem5t ( ! p>ticles conc]n$4 ,a second mode may be call$ electrolytic dis*>ge2 9 x *emical action does occur1 & p>ticles mu/1 to a c]ta9 degree1 be displac$4 ,a ?ird mode1 namely1 t by sp>ks or bru%es1 may1 because ( its viol5t displacem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric 9 its c\rse1 be call$ ! disruptive dis*>ge2 & a f\r? may1 p]haps1 be conv5i5tly di/+ui%$ = a "t by ! words convection1 or c>ry+ dis*>ge1 be+ t 9 :i* dis*>ge is effect$ ei!r by ! c>ry+ p[] ( solid p>ticles1 or ^? ( gases & liquids4 ,h]eaft]1 p]haps1 all ^! modes may appe> z ! result ( "o common pr9ciple1 b at pres5t !y require to be consid]$ ap>t2 & ,i w n[ speak ( ! fir/ mode1 = among/ all ! =ms ( dis*>ge1 t :i* we express by ! t]m conduction appe>s ! mo/ simple & ! mo/ directly 9 contra/ ) insulation4 vii4 ,conduction1 or conductive dis*>ge4 #acbj4 ,?\gh assum$ to be ess5tially diff]5t1 yet nei!r ,cav5di% nor ,poisson attempt to expla9 by1 or ev5 /ate 91 _! !ories1 :at ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 insulation & conduction is4 ,nor h ,i any?+1 p]haps1 to (f] 9 ?is respect1 except t1 accord+ to my view ( induction1 insulation & conduction dep5d ^u ! same molecul> action ( ! dielectrics conc]n$2 are only extreme degrees ( "o common condition or effect2 & 9 any suffici5t ma!matical !ory ( electricity mu/ be tak5 z cases ( ! same k9d4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! endeav\r to %[ ! connection betwe5 !m "u my !ory ( ! electrical relations ( contigu\s p>ticles4 #acba4 ,?\gh ! action ( ! insulat+ dielectric 9 ! *>g$ ,leyd5 j>1 & t ( ! wire 9 dis*>g+ x1 may seem v diff]5t1 !y may be associat$ by num]\s int]m$iate l9ks1 :i* c>ry u on f "o to ! o!r1 leav+1 ,i ?9k1 no necess>y connection unsuppli$4 ,we may obs]ve "s ( ^! 9 succession = in=mation respect+ ! :ole case4 #acbb4 ,sp]mnceti has be5 exam9$ & f\nd to be a dielectric1 ?r\gh :i* induction c take place 7#abdj4 #abdf471 its specific inductive capacity be+ ab\t or above #a4h 7#abgi471 & ! inductive action has be5 consid]$ 9 x1 z 9 all o!r sub/ances1 an action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 #acbc4 ,b sp]maceti is also a conductor1 ?\gh 9 s l[ a degree t we c trace ! process ( conduction1 z x 71 /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! mass 7#abdg472 & ev5 :5 ! electric =ce has travell$ ?r\gh x to a c]ta9 di/ance1 we c1 by remov+ ! co]citive 7:i* is at ! same "t ! inductive7 =ce1 cause x to return ^u its pa? & reappe> 9 its fir/ place 7#abde4 #abdf474 ,"h induction appe>s to be a necess>y prelim9>y to conduction4 ,x ( itself br+s ! contigu\s p>ticles ( ! dielectric into a c]ta9 condition1 :i*1 if reta9$ by !m1 con/itutes insulation1 b if l[]$ by ! communication ( p[] f "o p>ticle to ano!r1 con/itutes conduction4 #acbd4 ,if glass or %ell-lac be ! sub/ances "u consid]ation1 ! same capabilities ( suff]+ ei!r induction or conduction ?r\gh !m appe> 7#abcc4 #abci4 #abdg471 b n 9 ! same degree4 ,! conduction almo/ disappe>s 7#abci4 #abdb472 ! induction !re=e is su/a9$1 i4e4 ! pol>iz$ /ate into :i* ! inductive =ce has br\ght ! contigu\s p>ticles is reta9$1 !re be+ little dis*>ge action betwe5 !m1 & !re=e ! insulation cont9ues4 ,b1 :at dis*>ge !re is1 appe>s to be consequ5t ^u t condition ( ! p>ticles into :i* ! induction ?r[s !m2 & ?us x is t ord9>y insulation & conduction are closely associat$ toge!r or r are extreme cases ( "o common condition4 #acbe4 ,9 ice or wat] we h a bett] conductor ?an sp]maceti1 & ! ph5om5a ( induction & insulation !re=e rapidly disappe>1 because conduction quickly foll[s ^u ! assumption ( ! inductive /ate4 ,b let a plate ( cold ice h metallic coat+s on its sides1 & connect "o ( ^! ) a good electrical ma*9e 9 "w1 & ! o!r ) ! gr\nd1 & x !n becomes easy to obs]ve ! ph5om5a ( induction ?r\gh ! ice1 by ! electrical t5sion :i* c be obta9$ & cont9u$ on bo? ! coat+s 7#dai4 #dbf474 ,= al?\gh t portion ( p[] :i* at "o mom5t gave ! inductive condition to ! p>ticles is at ! next l[]$ by ! consequ5t dis*>ge due to ! conductive act1 x is succe$$ by ano!r portion ( =ce f ! ma*9e to re/ore ! inductive /ate4 ,if ! ice be conv]t$ into wat] ! same succession ( actions c be j z easily prov$1 provid$ ! wat] be di/ill$1 & 7if ! ma*9e be n p[]ful en\gh7 a voltaic batt]y be employ$4 #acbf4 ,all ^! consid]ations impress my m9d /rongly ) ! conviction1 t insulation & ord9>y conduction _c be prop]ly sep>at$ :5 we are exam9+ into _! nature2 t is1 into ! g5]al law or laws "u :i* _! ph5om5a are produc$4 ,!y appe> to me to consi/ 9 an action ( contigu\s p>ticles dep5d5t on ! =ces develop$ 9 electrical excitem5t2 ^! =ces br+ ! p>ticles into a /ate ( t5sion or pol>ity1 :i* con/itutes bo? induction & insulation2 & be+ 9 ?is /ate1 ! cont9u\s p>ticles h a p[] or capability ( communicat+ _! =ces "o to ! o!r1 by :i* !y are l[]$1 & dis*>ge occurs4 ,e body appe>s to dis*>ge 7#ddd4 #ihg472 b ! possession ( ?is capability 9 a great] or small] degree 9 diff]5t bodies1 makes !m bett] or worse conductors1 worse or bett] insulators2 & bo? induction & conduction appe> to be ! same 9 _! pr9ciple & action 7#acbj471 except t 9 ! latt] an effect common to bo? is rais$ to ! highe/ degree1 :]eas 9 ! =m] x occurs 9 ! be/ cases1 9 only an almo/ ins5sible quantity4 #acbg4 ,t 9 our attempts to p5etrate into ! nature ( electrical action1 & to d$uce laws m g5]al ?an ^? we are at pres5t acqua9t$ )1 we %\ld endeav\r to br+ app>5tly opposite effects to /& side by side 9 h>moni\s arrangem5t1 is an op9ion ( long /&+1 & sanction$ by ! able/ philosoph]s4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 ,i may be excus$ ! attempt to look at ! highe/ cases ( conduction z analog\s to1 or ev5 ! same 9 k9d )1 ^? ( induction & insulation4 #acbh4 ,if we consid] ! slight p5etration ( sulphur 7#abda4 #abdb47 or %ell-lac 7#abcd47 by electricity1 or ! feebl] insulation su/a9$ by sp]maceti 7#abgi4 #abdj471 z ess5tial consequ5ces & indications ( _! conduct+ p[]1 !n may we look on ! resi/ance ( metallic wires to ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh !m z insulat+ p[]4 ,( ! num]\s well-kn[n cases fitt$ to %[ ?is resi/ance 9 :at are call$ ! p]fect conductors1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one be/ s]ve my pres5t purpose1 s9ce !y 7 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t z to %[ t "t ent]$ z an elem5t into ! conditions ( conduction,a ev5 9 metals4 ,:5 dis*>ge 0 made ?r\gh a copp] wire #bfdj feet 9 l5g?1 & #a_/ae? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 s t ! lum9\s sp>ks at ea* end ( ! wire1 & at ! middle1 c\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! same place1 ! latt] 0 f\nd to be s5sibly beh9d ! two =m] 9 "t1 !y be+ by ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t simultane\s4 ,h5ce a pro( ( ret>dation2 & :at reason c be giv5 :y ?is ret>dation %\ld n be ( ! same k9d z t 9 sp]maceti1 or 9 lac1 or sulphur8 ,b z1 9 !m1 ret>dation is insulation1 & insulation is induction1 :y %\ld we refuse ! same relation to ! same exhibitions ( =ce 9 ! metals8 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #ehc4 #acbi4 ,we le>n f ! exp]im5t1 t if "t be all[$ ! ret>dation is gradually ov]come2 & ! same ?+ obta9s = ! sp]maceti1 ! lac1 & glass 7#abdh472 give b "t 9 proportion to ! ret>dation1 & ! latt] is at la/ vanqui%$4 ,b if t be ! case1 & all ! results are alike 9 k9d1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! l5g? ( "t1 :y %\ld we refuse to metals ! previ\s inductive action1 :i* is admitt$ to occur 9 ! o!r bodies8 ,! dim9ution ( "t is no negation ( ! action2 nor is ! l[] degree ( t5sion requisite to cause ! =ces to trav]se ! metal1 z comp>$ to t necess>y 9 ! cases ( wat]1 sp]maceti1 or lac4 ,^! diff]5ces w\ld only po9t to ! conclusion1 t 9 metals ! p>ticles "u induction c transf] _! =ces :5 at a l[] degree ( t5sion or pol>ity1 & ) great] facility ?an 9 ! in/ances ( ! o!r bodies4 #accj4 ,let u look at ,mr4 ,:eat/one's beautiful exp]im5t 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 ,if1 leav+ ! arrangem5t at ! middle & two ends ( ! long copp] wire unalt]$1 we remove ! two int]v5+ portions & replace !m by wires ( iron or plat9a1 we %all h a mu* great] ret>dation ( ! middle sp>k ?an be=e4 ,if1 remov+ ! iron1 we 7 to sub/itute = x only five or six feet ( wat] 9 a cyl9d] ( ! same diamet] z ! metal1 we %\ld h /ill great] ret>dation4 ,if f wat] we pass$ to sp]maceti1 ei!r directly or by gradual /eps ?r\gh o!r bodies1 7ev5 ?\gh we might va/ly enl>ge ! bulk1 = ! purpose ( evad+ ! occurr5ce ( a sp>k else:]e 7#acca47 ?an at ! ?ree prop] int]vals17 we %\ld h /ill great] ret>dation1 until at la/ we might arrive1 by degrees s small z to be insep>able f ea* o!r1 at actual & p]man5t insulation4 ,:at1 !n1 is to sep>ate ! pr9ciple ( ^! two extremes1 p]fect conduction & p]fect insulation1 f ea* o!r2 s9ce ! mom5t we leave 9 ! smalle/ degree p]fection at ei!r extremity1 we involve ! elem5t ( p]fection at ! opposite end8 ,especially too1 z we h n 9 nature ! case ( p]fection ei!r at "o extremity or ! o!r1 ei!r ( insulation or conduction4 #acca4 ,aga91 to return to ?is beautiful exp]im5t 9 ! v>i\s =ms :i* may be giv5 to x3 ! =ces are n all 9 ! wire 7aft] !y h left ! ,leyd5 j>7 dur+ ! :ole "t 7#acbh47 occupi$ by ! dis*>ge2 !y are dispos$ 9 "p ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ dielectric "u ! well-kn[n =m ( induction2 & if t dielectric be air1 induction takes place f ! wire ?r\gh ! air to surr\nd+ conductors1 until ! ends ( ! wire are electrically relat$ ?r\gh its l5g?1 & dis*>ge has occurr$1 i4e4 = ! "t dur+ :i* ! middle sp>k is ret>d$ beyond ! o!rs4 ,?is is well %[n by ! old exp]im5t1 9 :i* a long wire is s b5t t two p>ts 7,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #aae471 a1 b1 ne> its extremities %all approa* )9 a %ort di/ance1 z a qu>t] ( an in*1 ( ea* o!r 9 ! air4 ,if ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 *>g$ to a suffici5t degree1 be s5t ?r\gh su* a wire1 by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! electricity w pass z a sp>k across ! air at ! int]val1 & n by ! metal4 ,does n ! middle "p ( ! wire1 !re=e1 act "h z an insulat+ m$ium1 ?\gh x be ( metal8 & is n ! sp>k ?r\gh ! air an indication ( ! t5sion 7simultane\s ) induction7 ( ! electricity 9 ! ends ( ?is s+le wire8 ,:y %\ld n ! wire & ! air bo? be reg>d$ z dielectrics2 & ! action at its comm5cem5t1 & :il/ !re is t5sion1 z an inductive action8 ,if x acts ?r\gh ! contort$ l9es ( ! wire1 s x also does 9 curv$ & contort$ l9es ?r\gh air 7#abai1 #abbd1 #abca471 & o!r insulat+ dielectrics 7#abbh72 & we c app>5tly g s f> 9 ! analogy1 :il/ limit+ ! case to ! inductive action only1 z to %[ t among/ insulat+ dielectrics "s lead away ! l9es ( =ce f o!rs 7#abbi471 z ! wire w d f worse conductors1 ?\gh 9 x ! pr9cipal effect is no d\bt due to ! ready dis*>ge betwe5 ! p>ticles :il/ 9 a l[ /ate ( t5sion4 ,! ret>dation is = ! "t insulation2 & x seems to me we may j z fairly comp>e ! air at ! int]val a1 b 7fig4 #aae47 & ! wire 9 ! circuit1 z two bodies ( ! same k9d & act+ ^u ! same pr9ciples1 z f> z ! fir/ inductive ph5om5a are conc]n$1 not)/&+ ! diff]5t =ms ( dis*>ge :i* ultimately foll[,a1 z we may comp>e1 accord+ to ,c\lomb's inve/igations,b diff]5t l5g?s ( diff]5t insulat+ bodies requir$ to produce ! same am\nt ( insulat+ effect4 ,a ,^! w be exam9$ h]eaft] 7#acdh4 c474 ,b ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #aghe1 p4 #fab4 or ,ency4 ,britann4 ,fir/ ,supp4 vol4 i4 p4 #fad4 #accb4 ,?is comp>ison is /ill m /rik+ :5 we take into consid]ation ! exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 :i* he /ret*$ a f9e wire across a glass globe1 ! air )9 be+ r>efi$,a4 ,on s5d+ a *>ge ?r\gh ! jo9t arrangem5t ( metal & r>e air1 z mu*1 if n m1 electricity pass$ by ! latt] z by ! =m]4 ,9 ! air1 r>efi$ z x 01 !re c be no d\bt ! dis*>ge 0 prec$$ by induction 7#abhd472 & to my m9d all ! circum/ances indicate t ! same 0 ! case ) ! metal2 t1 9 fact1 bo? sub/ances are dielectrics1 exhibit+ ! same effects 9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( ! same causes1 ! only v>iation be+ "o ( degree 9 ! diff]5t sub/ances employ$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p1 #bab4 #accc4 ,judg+ on ^! pr9ciples1 velocity ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! same wire may be v>i$ greatly by att5d+ to ! circum/ances :i* cause v>iations ( dis*>ge ?r\gh sp]maceti or sulphur4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x mu/ v>y ) ! t5sion or int5sity ( ! fir/ urg+ =ce 7#abcd4 #abdj471 :i* t5sion is *>ge & induction4 ,s if ! two ends ( ! wire1 9 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's exp]im5t1 7 imm$iately connect$ ) two l>ge insulat$ metallic surfaces expos$ to ! air1 s t ! prim>y act ( induction1 aft] mak+ ! contact = dis*>ge1 might be 9 "p remov$ f ! int]nal portion ( ! wire at ! fir/ in/ant1 & dispos$ = ! mom5t on its surface jo9tly ) ! air & surr\nd+ conductors1 !n ,i v5ture to anticipate t ! middle sp>k w\ld be m ret>d$ ?an be=e2 & if ^! two plates 7 ! inn] & out] coat+ ( a l>ge j> or a ,leyd5 batt]y1 !n ! ret>dation ( t sp>k w\ld be /ill great]4 #accd4 ,cav5di% 0 p]haps ! fir/ to %[ di/9ctly t dis*>ge 0 n always by "o *annel,a1 b1 if sev]al are pres5t1 by _m at once4 ,we may make ^! diff]5t *annels ( diff]5t bodies1 & by proportion+ _! ?icknesses & l5g?s1 may include su* sub/ances z air1 lac1 sp]maceti1 wat]1 protoxide ( iron1 iron & silv]1 & by "o dis*>ge make ea* convey its proportion ( ! electric =ce4 ,p]haps ! air ought to be except$1 z its dis*>ge by conduction is que/ionable at pres5t 7#accf472 b ! o!rs may all be limit$ 9 _! mode ( dis*>ge to pure conduction4 ,yet sev]al ( !m suff] previ\s induction1 precisely l ! induction ?r\gh ! air1 x be+ a necess>y prelim9>y to _! dis*>g+ action4 ,h[ c we !re=e sep>ate any "o ( ^! bodies f ! o!rs1 z to ! pr9ciples & mode ( insulat+ & conduct+1 except by m]e degree8 ,all seem to me to be dielectrics act+ alike1 & "u ! same common laws4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #aggf1 p4 #aig4 #acce4 ,i might draw ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5]al sam5ess1 9 nature & action1 ( good & bad conductors 7& all ! bodies ,i ref] to are conductors m or less71 f ! p]fect equipoise 9 action ( v diff]5t bodies :5 oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 magneto-electric inductive action1 z =m]ly describ$ 7#bac471 b am anxi\s to be z brief z is consi/5t ) ! cle> exam9ation ( ! probable tru? ( my views4 #accf4 ,) reg>d to ! possession by ! gases ( any conduct+ p[] ( ! simple k9d n[ "u consid]ation1 ! "q is a v difficult "o to det]m9e at pres5t4 ,exp]im5ts seem to indicate t !y d insulate c]ta9 l[ degrees ( t5sion p]fectly1 & t ! effects :i* may h appe>$ to be occasion$ by conduction h be5 ! result ( ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! *>g$ p>ticles1 ei!r ( ! air or ( du/1 9 x4 ,x is equally c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ) high] degrees ( t5sion or *>ge ! p>ticles dis*>ge to "o ano!r1 & t is conduction4 ,if ! gases possess ! p[] ( insulat+ a c]ta9 l[ degree ( t5sion cont9u\sly & p]fectly1 su* a result may be due to _! peculi> physical /ate1 & ! condition ( sep>ation "u :i* _! p>ticles are plac$4 ,b 9 t1 or 9 any case1 we mu/ n =get ! f9e exp]im5ts ( ,cagni>d de la ,t\r,a1 9 :i* he has %[n t liquids & _! vap\rs c be made to pass gradually into ea* o!r1 to ! entire removal ( any m>k$ di/9ction ( ! two /ates4 ,?us1 hot dry /eam & cold wat] pass by ins5sible gradations into ea* o!r2 yet ! "o is among/ ! gases z an insulator1 & ! o!r a comp>atively good conductor4 ,z to conduct+ p[]1 !re=e1 ! transition f metals ev5 up to gases is gradual2 sub/ances make b "o s]ies 9 ?is respect1 & ! v>i\s cases mu/ come "u "o condition & law 7#ddd474 ,! specific diff]5ces ( bodies z to conduct+ p[] only s]ves to /r5g!n ! g5]al argum5t1 t conduction1 l insulation1 is a result ( induction1 & is an action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ,a ,annales de ,*imie1 xxi4 pp4 #abg1 #agh1 or ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 xv4 #ade4 #accg4 ,i might g on n[ to consid] induction & its concomitant1 conduction1 ?r\gh mix$ dielectrics1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a *>g$ body1 in/ead ( act+ across air to a di/ant un9sulat$ conductor1 acts jo9tly ?r\gh x & an int]pos$ insulat$ conductor4 ,9 su* a case1 ! air & ! conduct+ body are ! mix$ dielectrics2 & ! latt] assumes a pol>iz$ condition z a mass1 l t :i* my !ory assumes ea* p>ticle ( ! air to possess at ! same "t 7#afgi74 ,b ,i fe> to be t$i\s 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! subject1 & ha/5 to ! consid]ation ( o!r matt]4 #acch4 ,to sum up1 9 "s degree1 :at has be5 said1 ,i look ^u ! fir/ effect ( an excit$ body ^u neighb\r+ matt]s to be ! production ( a pol>iz$ /ate ( _! p>ticles1 :i* con/itutes induction2 & ?is arises f its action ^u ! p>ticles 9 imm$iate contact ) x1 :i* aga9 act ^u ^? contigu\s to !m1 & ?us ! =ces are transf]r$ to a di/ance4 ,if ! induction rema9 undim9i%$1 !n p]fect insulation is ! consequ5ce2 & ! high] ! pol>iz$ condition :i* ! p>ticles c acquire or ma9ta91 ! high] is ! int5sity :i* may be giv5 to ! act+ =ces4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! contigu\s p>ticles1 ^u acquir+ ! pol>iz$ /ate1 h ! p[] to communicate _! =ces1 !n conduction occurs1 & ! t5sion is l[]$1 conduction be+ a di/9ct act ( dis*>ge betwe5 neighb\r+ p>ticles4 ,! l[] ! /ate ( t5sion at :i* ?is dis*>ge betwe5 ! p>ticles ( a body takes place1 ! bett] conductor is t body4 ,9 ?is view1 insulators may be said to be bodies ^: p>ticles c reta9 ! pol>iz$ /ate2 :il/ conductors are ^? ^: p>ticles _c be p]man5tly pol>iz$4 ,if ,i be "r 9 my view ( induction1 !n ,i consid] ! r$uction ( ^! two effects 7:i* h be5 s long held di/9ct7 to an action ( contigu\s p>ticles ob$i5t to "o common law1 z a v important result2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! id5tity ( "* :i* ! two acquire :5 view$ by ! !ory 7#acbf471 is additional presumptive pro( 9 fav\r ( ! correctness ( ! latt]4 99 99 99 99 99 #acci4 ,t heat has great influ5ce ov] simple conduction is well kn[n 7#dde471 its effect be+1 9 "s cases1 almo/ an entire *ange ( ! *>act]s ( ! body 7#dcb4 #acdj474 ,h>ris has1 h[ev]1 %[n t x 9 no respect affects gase\s bodies1 or at lea/ air,a2 & ,davy has taught u t1 z a class1 metals h _! conduct+ p[] dim9i%$ by x,b4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bcj ,b ,ibid4 #ahba1 p4 #dca4 #acdj4 ,i =m]ly describ$ a sub/ance1 sulphuret ( silv]1 ^: conduct+ p[] 0 increas$ by heat 7#dcc4 #dcg4 #dch472 & ,i h s9ce !n met ) ano!r z /rongly affect$ 9 ! same way3 ?is is fluoride ( lead4 ,:5 a piece ( t sub/ance1 :i* _h be5 fus$ & cool$1 0 introduc$ into ! circuit ( a voltaic batt]y1 x /opp$ ! curr5t4 ,be+ heat$1 x acquir$ conduct+ p[]s be=e x 0 visibly r$-hot 9 daylight2 & ev5 sp>ks c\ld be tak5 aga9/ x :il/ /ill solid4 ,! curr5t alone !n rais$ its temp]ature 7z 9 ! case ( sulphuret ( silv]7 until x fus$1 aft] :i* x seem$ to conduct z well z ! metallic vessel conta9+ x2 = :e!r ! wire us$ to complete ! circuit t\*$ ! fus$ fluoride only1 or 0 9 contact ) ! plat9a on :i* x 0 support$1 no s5sible diff]5ce 9 ! =ce ( ! curr5t 0 obs]v$4 ,dur+ all ! "t !re 0 sc>cely a trace ( decompos+ action ( ! fluoride1 & :at did occur1 seem$ ref]able to ! air & moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 & n to electrolytic action4 #acda4 ,i h n[ v little d\bt t p]iodide ( m]cury 7#dad4 #ddh4 #fia47 is a case ( ! same k9d1 & also corrosive sublimate 7#fib474 ,i am also incl9$ to ?9k1 s9ce mak+ ! above exp]im5ts1 t ! anomal\s action ( ! protoxide ( antimony1 =m]ly obs]v$ & describ$ 7#fic4 #hja471 may be ref]r$ 9 "p to ! same cause4 #acdb4 ,i h no int5tion at pres5t ( go+ into ! p>ticul> relation ( heat & electricity1 b we may hope h]eaft] to discov] by exp]im5t ! law :i* probably holds toge!r all ! above effects ) ^? ( ! evolution & ! disappe>ance ( heat by ! curr5t1 & ! /rik+ & beautiful results ( !rmo-electricity1 9 "o common bond4 viii4 ,electrolytic dis*>ge4 #acdc4 ,i h already express$ 9 a =m] pap] 7#aafd471 ! view by :i* ,i hope to associate ord9>y induction & electrolyzation4 ,"u t view1 ! dis*>ge ( electric =ces by electrolyzation is r an effect sup]add$1 9 a c]ta9 class ( bodies1 to ^? already describ$ z con/itut+ induction & insulation1 ?an "o indep5d5t ( & di/9ct f ^! ph5om5a4 #acdd4 ,electrolytes1 z respects _! insulat+ & conduct+ =ces1 belong to ! g5]al category ( bodies 7#acbj4 #accd472 & if !y are 9 ! solid /ate 7z ne>ly all c assume t /ate71 !y reta9 _! place1 pres5t+ !n no new ph5om5on 7#dbf4 c472 or if "o occur1 be+ 9 s small a proportion z to be almo/ unimportant4 ,:5 liquefi$1 !y also belong to ! same li/ :il/ ! electric int5sity is bel[ a c]ta9 degree2 b at a giv5 int5sity 7#iaj4 #iab4 #ajjg471 fix$ = ea*1 & v l[ 9 all kn[n cases1 !y play a new "p1 caus+ dis*>ge 9 proportion 7#ghc47 to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 *emical effects ( comb9ation & decomposition2 & at ?is po9t1 move out f ! g5]al class ( insulators & conductors1 to =m a di/9ct "o by !mselves4 ,! =m] ph5om5a h be5 consid]$ 7#acbj4 #acch472 x is ! latt] :i* h n[ to be revis$1 & us$ z a te/ ( ! propos$ !ory ( induction4 #acde4 ,! !ory assumes1 t ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric 7n[ an electrolyte7 are 9 ! fir/ in/ance br\ght1 by ord9>y inductive action1 into a pol>iz$ /ate1 & rais$ to a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion or int5sity be=e dis*>ge comm5ces2 ! inductive /ate be+1 9 fact1 a necess>y prelim9>y to dis*>ge4 ,by tak+ advantage ( ^? circum/ances :i* be> ^u ! po9t1 x is n difficult to increase ! t5sion indicative ( ?is /ate ( induction1 & s make ! /ate itself m evid5t4 ,?us1 if di/ill$ wat] be employ$1 & a long n>r[ portion ( x plac$ betwe5 ! electrodes ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y1 we h at once indications ( ! int5sity :i* c be su/a9$ at ^! electrodes by ! inductive action ?r\gh ! wat] z a dielectric1 = sp>ks may be obta9$1 gold leaves div]g$1 & ,leyd5 bottles *>g$ at _! wires4 ,! wat] is 9 ! condition ( ! sp]maceti 7#acbb4 #acbc47 a bad conductor & a bad insulator2 b :at x does insulate is by virtue ( inductive action1 & t induction is ! prep>ation = & precursor ( dis*>ge 7#acch474 #acdf4 ,! induction & t5sion :i* appe> at ! limits ( ! portion ( wat] 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 are only ! sums ( ! induction & t5sion ( ! contigu\s p>ticles betwe5 ^? limits2 & ! limitation ( ! inductive t5sion1 to a c]ta9 degree %[s 7"t ent]+ 9 ea* case z an important elem5t ( ! result71 t :5 ! p>ticles h acquir$ a c]ta9 relative /ate1 dis*>ge1 or a transf] ( =ces equival5t to ord9>y conduction1 takes place4 #acdg4 ,9 ! inductive condition assum$ by wat] be=e dis*>ge comes on1 ! p>ticles pol>iz$ are ! p>ticles ( ! wat] t be+ ! dielectric us$,a2 b ! dis*>ge betwe5 p>ticle & p>ticle is n1 z be=e1 a m]e int]*ange ( _! p[]s or =ces at ! pol> p>ts1 b an actual sep>ation ( !m into _! two elem5t>y p>ticles1 ! oxyg5 travell+ 9 "o direction1 & c>ry+ ) x its am\nt ( ! =ce x _h acquir$ dur+ ! pol>ization1 & ! hydrog5 do+ ! same ?+ 9 ! o!r direction1 until !y ea* meet ! next approa*+ p>ticle1 :i* is 9 ! same electrical /ate ) t !y h left1 & by association ( _! =ces ) x1 produce :at con/itutes dis*>ge4 ,?is "p ( ! action may be reg>d$ z a c>ry+ "o 7#acai4 #aegb4 #afbb471 p]=m$ by ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( ! dielectric4 ,! latt] is always a comp\nd body 7#ffd4 #hbc472 & by ^? :o h consid]$ ! subject & are acqua9t$ ) ! philosophical view ( transf] :i* 0 fir/ put =? by ,grot?uss,b1 its p>ticles may easily be comp>$ to a s]ies ( metallic conductors "u inductive action1 :i*1 :il/ 9 t /ate1 are divisible into ^! elem5t>y moveable halves4 ,a ,see #afii-agjh4--;,dec4 #ahch ,b ,annales de ,*imie1 lviii4 #fj4 & lxiii1 #bj4 #acdh4 ,electrolytic dis*>ge dep5ds1 ( necessity1 ^u ! non-conduction ( ! dielectric z a :ole1 & !re are two /eps or acts 9 ! process3 fir/ a pol>ization ( ! molecules ( ! sub/ance & !n a l[]+ ( ! =ces by ! sep>ation1 advance 9 opposite directions1 & recomb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( ! molecules1 ^! be+1 z x 71 ! halves ( ! orig9ally pol>iz$ conductors or p>ticles4 #acdi4 ,^! views ( ! decomposition ( electrolytes & ! consequ5t effect ( dis*>ge1 :i*1 z to ! p>ticul> case1 are ! same ) ^? ( ,grot?uss 7#dha47 & ,davy 7#dhb471 ?\gh !y diff] f ^? ( ,biot 7#dhg471 ,de la ,rive 7#dij471 & o!rs1 seem to me to be fully 9 accordance n m]ely ) ! !ory ,i h giv5 ( induction g5]ally 7#aafe471 b ) all ! kn[n facts ( common induction1 conduction1 & electrolytic dis*>ge2 & 9 t respect help to confirm 9 my m9d ! tru? ( ! !ory set =?4 ,! new mode ( dis*>ge :i* electrolyzation pres5ts mu/ surely be an evid5ce ( ! action ( contigu\s p>ticles2 & z ?is appe>s to dep5d directly ^u a previ\s inductive /ate1 :i* is ! same ) common induction1 x greatly /r5g!ns ! argum5t :i* ref]s induction 9 all cases to an action ( contigu\s p>ticles also 7#abie1 c474 #acej4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! condition ( ! pol>iz$ p>ticles 9 a dielectric "u induction1 ,i may describe an exp]im5t4 ,put into a glass vessel "s cle> rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 & introduce two wires pass+ ?r\gh glass tubes :]e !y co9cide ) ! surface ( ! fluid1 & t]m9at+ ei!r 9 balls or po9ts4 ,cut "s v clean dry :ite silk into small p>ticles1 & put ^! also into ! liquid3 !n electrify "o ( ! wires by an ord9>y ma*9e & dis*>ge by ! o!r4 ,! silk w imm$iately ga!r f all p>ts ( ! liquid1 & =m a b& ( p>ticles rea*+ f wire to wire1 & if t\*$ by a glass rod w %[ consid]able t5acity2 yet ! mom5t ! supply ( electricity ceases1 ! b& w fall away & disappe> by ! disp]sion ( its p>ts4 ,! conduction by ! silk is 9 ?is case v small2 & aft] ! be/ exam9ation ,i c\ld give to ! effects1 ! impression on my m9d is1 t ! adhesion ( ! :ole is due to ! pol>ity :i* ea* filam5t acquires1 exactly z ! p>ticles ( iron betwe5 ! poles ( a horse-%oe magnet are held toge!r 9 "o mass by a simil> disposition ( =ces4 ,! p>ticles ( silk !re=e repres5t to me ! condition ( ! molecules ( ! dielectric itself1 :i* ,i assume to be pol>1 j z t ( ! silk is4 ,9 all cases ( conductive dis*>ge ! contigu\s pol>iz$ p>ticles ( ! body are able to effect a neutralization ( _! =ces ) great] or less facility1 z ! silk does also 9 a v slight degree4 ,fur!r we are n able to c>ry ! p>allel1 except 9 imag9ation2 b if we c\ld divide ea* p>ticle ( silk into two halves1 & let ea* half travel until x met & unit$ ) ! next half 9 an opposite /ate1 x w\ld !n ex]t its c>ry+ p[] 7#acdg471 & s f> repres5t electrolytic dis*>ge4 #acea4 ,admitt+ t electrolytic dis*>ge is a consequ5ce ( previ\s induction1 !n h[ evid5tly d its num]\s cases po9t to induction 9 curv$ l9es 7#eba4 #abaf471 & to ! div]g5ce or lat]al action ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce 7#abca471 & s /r5g!n t "p ( ! g5]al argum5t 9 ! =m] pap]6 ,if two balls ( plat9a1 =m+ ! electrodes ( a voltaic batt]y1 are put into a l>ge vessel ( dilute sulphuric acid1 ! :ole ( ! surfaces are cov]$ ) ! respective gases 9 beautifully regulat$ proportions1 & ! m9d has no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! direction ( ! curv$ l9es ( dis*>ge1 & ev5 ! int5sity ( =ce ( ! diff]5t l9es1 by ! quantity ( gas evolv$ ^u ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface4 ,f ?is condition ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce arise ! g5]al effects ( diffusion2 ! appe>ance ( ! anions or ca?ions r\nd ! edges & on ! fur!r side ( ! electrodes :5 9 ! =m ( plates2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! curr5t or dis*>ge w foll[ all ! =ms ( ! electrolyte1 h[ev] contort$4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! effects :i* ,nobili has s well exam9$ & describ$,a 9 8 pap]s on ! di/ribution ( curr5ts 9 conduct+ masses4 ,all ^! effects indicate ! curv$ direction ( ! curr5ts or dis*>ges :i* occur 9 & ?r\gh ! dielectrics1 & ^! are 9 e case prec$$ by equival5t inductive actions ( ! contigu\s p>ticles4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahce1 lix4 #bfc4 #daf4 #aceb4 ,h5ce also ! advantage1 :5 ! excit+ =ces are weak or require assi/ance1 ( enl>g+ ! mass ( ! electrolyte2 ( increas+ ! size ( ! electrodes2 ( mak+ ! copp]s surr\nd ! z9cs3--all is 9 h>mony ) ! view ( induction :i* ,i am endeav\r+ to exam9e2 ,i d n p]ceive z yet "o fact aga9/ x4 #acec4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( electrolytic dis*>ge :i* ultimately w require to be v closely consid]$1 ?\gh ,i c b slightly t\* ^u !m4 ,x is n t1 z f> z ,i h inve/igat$ !m1 !y pres5t any contradiction to ! view tak5 7= ,i h c>efully1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 s\ght = su* cases71 b simply want ( "t z yet to pursue ! inquiry1 :i* prev5ts me f ent]+ ^u !m "h4 #aced4 ,"o po9t is1 t diff]5t electrolytes or dielectrics require diff]5t initial int5sities = _! decomposition 7#iab474 ,?is may dep5d ^u ! degree ( pol>ization :i* ! p>ticles require be=e electrolytic dis*>ge comm5ces4 ,x is 9 direct relation to ! *emical aff9ity ( ! sub/ances conc]n$2 & w probably be f\nd to h a relation or analogy to ! specific inductive capacity ( diff]5t bodies 7#abeb4 #abif474 ,x ?us promises to assi/ 9 caus+ ! great tru?s ( ^? ext5sive sci5ces1 :i* are occupi$ 9 consid]+ ! =ces ( ! p>ticles ( matt]1 to fall into mu* clos] ord] & arrangem5t ?an !y h h]et(ore pres5t$4 #acee4 ,ano!r po9t is ! facilitation ( electrolytic conduct+ p[] or dis*>ge by ! addition ( sub/ances to ! dielectric employ$4 ,?is effect is /rik+ly %[n :]e wat] is ! body ^: qualities are improv$1 b1 z yet1 no g5]al law gov]n+ all ! ph5om5a has be5 detect$4 ,?us "s acids1 z ! sulphuric1 phosphoric1 oxalic1 & nitric1 increase ! p[] ( wat] enorm\sly2 :il/ o!rs1 z ! t>t>ic & citric acids1 give b little p[]2 & o!rs1 aga91 z ! acetic & boracic acids1 d n produce a *ange s5sible to ! voltamet] 7#gci474 ,ammonia produces no effect1 b its c>bonate does4 ,! cau/ic alkalies & _! c>bonates produce a fair effect4 ,sulphate ( soda1 nitre 7#gec471 & _m soluble salts produce mu* effect4 ,p]cyanide ( m]cury & corrosive sublimate produce no effect2 nor does iod9e1 gum1 or sug>1 ! te/ be+ a voltamet]4 ,9 _m cases ! add$ sub/ance is act$ on ei!r directly or indirectly1 & !n ! ph5om5a are m complicat$2 su* sub/ances are muriatic acid 7#geh471 ! soluble proto*lorides 7#gff471 & iodides 7#gfi471 nitric acid 7#geb471 c4 ,9 o!r cases ! sub/ance add$ is n1 :5 alone1 subject to or a conductor ( ! p[]s ( ! voltaic batt]y1 & yet bo? gives & receives p[] :5 associat$ ) wat]4 ,m4 de la ,rive has po9t$ ?is result out 9 sulphur\s acid,a1 iod9e & brom9e,b2 ! *loride ( ars5ic produces ! same effect4 ,a f> m /rik+ case1 h[ev]1 is pres5t$ by t v influ5tial body sulphuric acid 7#fha473 & probably phosphoric acid also is 9 ! same peculi> relation4 ,a ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 xxvii4 #djg4 or ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 xl4 #bje4 ,kemp says sulphur\s acid is a v good conductor1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 #ahca1 p4 #fac4 ,b ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 xxiv1 #dfe4 or ,annales de ,*imie1 xxxv4 #afa4 #acef4 ,x w\ld seem 9 ! cases ( ^? bodies :i* suff] no *ange !mselves1 z sulphuric acid 7& p]haps 9 all71 t !y affect wat] 9 its conduct+ p[] only z an electrolyte2 = :e!r little or mu* improv$1 ! decomposition is proportionate to ! quantity ( electricity pass+ 7#gbg4 #gcj471 & ! transf] is !re=e due to electrolytic dis*>ge4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! fact already /at$ z reg>ds wat] 7#ihd471 t ! conduct+ p[] is n improv$ = electricity ( =ce bel[ ! electrolytic int5sity ( ! sub/ance act+ z ! dielectric2 b bo? facts 7& "s o!rs7 are aga9/ ! op9ion :i* ,i =m]ly gave1 t ! p[] ( salts1 c4 might dep5d ^u _! assumption ( ! liquid /ate by solution 9 ! wat] employ$ 7#daj474 ,x occurs to me t ! effect may p]haps be relat$ to1 & h its explanation 9 diff]5ces ( specific inductive capacities4 #aceg4 ,i h describ$ 9 ! la/ pap]1 cases1 :]e %ell-lac 0 r5d]$ a conductor by absorption ( ammonia 7#abid474 ,! same effect happ5s ) muriatic acid2 yet bo? ^! sub/ances1 :5 gase\s1 are non-conductors2 & ! ammonia1 also :5 9 /rong solution 7#gah474 ,mr4 ,h>ris has m5tion$ in/ances,a 9 :i* ! conduct+ p[] ( metals is s]i\sly alt]$ by a v little alloy4 ,^! may h no relation to ! =m] cases1 b nev]!less %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 ! g5]al inve/igation :i* ! :ole "q requires4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbg1 p4 #bb4 #aceh4 ,no?+ is p]haps m /rik+ 9 t class ( dielectrics :i* we call electrolytes1 ?an ! extraord9>y & almo/ complete susp5sion ( _! peculi> mode ( effect+ dis*>ge :5 !y are r5d]$ solid 7#chj1 c471 ev5 ?\gh ! int5sity ( ! induction act+ ?r\gh !m may be increas$ a hundr$fold or m 7#dai474 ,x n only e/abli%es a v g5]al relation betwe5 ! physical prop]ties ( ^! bodies & electricity act+ by induction ?r\gh !m1 b draws bo? _! physical & *emical relations s ne> toge!r1 z to make u hope we %all %ortly arrive at ! full compreh5sion ( ! influ5ce !y mutually possess ov] ea* o!r4 ix4 ,disruptive dis*>ge & insulation4 #acei4 ,! next =m ( dis*>ge has be5 di/+ui%$ by ! adjective disruptive 7#acai471 z x 9 e case displaces m or less ! p>ticles among/ & across :i* x sudd5ly breaks4 ,i include "u x1 dis*>ge 9 ! =m ( sp>ks1 bru%es1 & gl[ 7#adje471 b exclude ! cases ( curr5ts ( air1 fluids1 c41 :i*1 ?\gh frequ5tly accompany+ ! =m]1 are ess5tially di/9ct 9 _! nature4 #acfj4 ,! conditions requisite = ! production ( an electric sp>k 9 its simple/ =m are well-kn[n4 ,an insulat+ dielectric mu/ be int]pos$ betwe5 two conduct+ surfaces 9 opposite /ates ( electricity1 & !n if ! actions be cont9ually increas$ 9 /r5g?1 or o!rwise fav\r$1 ei!r by exalt+ ! electric /ate ( ! two conductors1 or br++ !m ne>] to ea* o!r1 or dim9i%+ ! d5sity ( ! dielectric1 a sp>k at la/ appe>s1 & ! two =ces are = ! "t annihilat$1 = dis*>ge has occurr$4 #acfa4 ,! conductors 7:i* may be consid]$ z ! t]m9i ( ! inductive action7 are 9 ord9>y cases mo/ g5]ally metals1 :il/ ! dielectrics usually employ$ are common air & glass4 ,9 my view ( induction1 h[ev]1 e dielectric becomes ( importance1 = z ! results are consid]$ ess5tially dep5d5t on ^! bodies1 x 0 to be expect$ t diff]5ces ( action nev] be=e suspect$ w\ld be evid5t ^u close exam9ation1 & s at once give fre% confirmation ( ! !ory1 & op5 new doors ( discov]y into ! ext5sive & v>i$ fields ( our sci5ce4 ,?is hope 0 especially ent]ta9$ ) respect to ! gases1 because ( _! high degree ( insulation1 _! uni=mity 9 physical condition1 & great diff]5ce 9 *emical prop]ties4 #acfb4 ,all ! effects prior to ! dis*>ge are inductive2 & ! degree ( t5sion :i* x is necess>y to atta9 be=e ! sp>k passes is !re=e1 9 ! exam9ation ,i am n[ mak+ ( ! new view ( induction1 a v important po9t4 ,x is ! limit ( ! influ5ce :i* ! dielectric ex]ts 9 resi/+ dis*>ge2 x is a measure1 consequ5tly1 ( ! cons]vative p[] ( ! dielectric1 :i* 9 its turn may be consid]$ z becom+ a measure1 & !re=e a repres5tative ( ! int5sity ( ! electric =ces 9 activity4 #acfc4 ,_m philosoph]s h exam9$ ! circum/ances ( ?is limit+ action 9 air1 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 none h come ne> ,mr4 ,h>ris z to ! accuracy )1 & ! ext5t to1 :i* he has c>ri$ on 8 inve/igations,a4 ,"s ( 8 results ,i mu/ v briefly notice1 premis+ t !y are all obta9$ ) ! use ( air z ! dielectric betwe5 ! conduct+ surfaces4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bbe4 #acfd4 ,fir/ z to ! di/ance betwe5 ! two balls us$1 or 9 o!r words1 ! ?ickness ( ! dielectric across :i* ! induction 0 su/a9$4 ,! quantity ( electricity1 measur$ by a unit j>1 or o!rwise on ! same pr9ciple ) ! unit j>1 9 ! *>g$ or inductive ball1 necess>y to produce sp>k dis*>ge1 0 f\nd to v>y exactly ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! balls1 or betwe5 ! dis*>g+ po9ts1 & t "u v v>i$ & exact =ms ( exp]im5t,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bbe4 #acfe4 ,!n ) respect to v>iation 9 ! pressure or d5sity ( ! air4 ,! quantities ( electricity requir$ to produce dis*>ge across a con/ant int]val v>i$ exactly ) v>iations ( ! d5sity2 ! quantity ( electricity & d5sity ( ! air be+ 9 ! same simple ratio4 ,or1 if ! quantity 0 reta9$ ! same1 :il/ ! int]val & d5sity ( ! air 7 v>i$1 !n ^! 7 f\nd 9 ! inv]se simple ratio ( ea* o!r1 ! same quantity pass+ across twice ! di/ance ) air r>efi$ to "o-half,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4#bbi4 #acff4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! effects take place )\t any v>iation ( ! inductive =ce by cond5sation or r>efaction ( ! air4 ,t =ce rema9s ! same 9 air,a1 & 9 all gases 7#abhd4 #abib471 :atev] _! r>efaction may be4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bcg1 #bdd4 #acfg4 ,v>iation ( ! temp]ature ( ! air produc$ no v>iation ( ! quantity ( electricity requir$ to cause dis*>ge across a giv5 int]val,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bcj ,su* are ! g5]al results1 :i* ,i h occasion = at pres5t1 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 & !y appe> to me to be unexceptionable4 #acfh4 ,9 ! !ory ( induction f\nd$ ^u a molecul> action ( ! dielectric1 we h to look to ! /ate ( t body pr9cipally = ! cause & det]m9ation ( ! above effects4 ,:il/ ! induction cont9ues1 x is assum$ t ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric are 9 a c]ta9 pol>iz$ /ate1 ! t5sion ( ?is /ate ris+ high] 9 ea* p>ticle z ! induction is rais$ to a high] degree1 ei!r by approximation ( ! induc+ surfaces1 v>iation ( =m1 increase ( ! orig9al =ce1 or o!r means2 until at la/1 ! t5sion ( ! p>ticles hav+ rea*$ ! utmo/ degree :i* !y c su/a9 )\t subv]sion ( ! :ole arrangem5t1 dis*>ge imm$iately aft] takes place4 #acfi4 ,! !ory does n assume1 h[ev]1 t all ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric subject to ! inductive action are affect$ to ! same am\nt1 or acquire ! same t5sion4 ,:at has be5 call$ ! lat]al action ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce 7#abca4 #abig471 & ! div]g+ & occasionally curv$ =m ( ^! l9es1 is aga9/ su* a notion4 ,! idea is1 t any section tak5 ?r\gh ! dielectric across ! l9es ( inductive =ce1 & includ+ all ( !m1 w\ld be equal1 9 ! sum ( ! =ces1 to ! sum ( ! =ces 9 any o!r section2 & t1 !re=e1 ! :ole am\nt ( t5sion = ea* su* section w\ld be ! same4 #acgj4 ,dis*>ge probably occurs1 n :5 all ! p>ticles h atta9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion1 b :5 t p>ticle :i* is mo/ affect$ has be5 exalt$ to ! subv]t+ or turn+ po9t 7#adaj474 ,= ?\gh all ! p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( induction resi/ *>ge1 & are associat$ 9 _! actions s z to give a sum ( resi/+ =ce1 yet :5 any "o is br\ght up to ! ov]turn+ po9t1 all mu/ give way 9 ! case ( a sp>k betwe5 ball & ball4 ,! break+ d[n ( t "o mu/ ( necessity cause ! :ole b>ri] to be ov]turn$1 = x 0 at its utmo/ degree ( resi/ance :5 x possess$ ! aid+ p[] ( t "o p>ticle1 9 addition to ! p[] ( ! re/1 & ! p[] ( t "o is n[ lo/4 ,h5ce t5sion or int5sity,a may1 accord+ to ! !ory1 be consid]$ z repres5t$ by ! p>ticul> condition ( ! p>ticles1 or ! am\nt 9 !m ( =c$ v>iation f _! normal /ate 7#abih4 #acfh474 ,a ,see ,h>ris on propos$ p>ticul> mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bbb4 #acga4 ,! :ole effect produc$ by a *>g$ conductor on a di/ant conductor1 insulat$ or n1 is by my !ory assum$ to be due to an action propagat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! int]v5+ & insulat+ dielectric1 all ! p>ticles be+ consid]$ z ?r[n = ! "t into a =c$ condition1 f :i* !y endeav\r to return to _! normal or natural /ate4 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 seems to supply an easy explanation ( ! influ5ce ( di/ance 9 affect+ induction 7#acjc4 #acfd474 ,z ! di/ance is dim9i%$ induction increases2 = !re are !n few] p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( inductive =ce to oppose _! unit$ resi/ance to ! assumption ( ! =c$ or pol>iz$ /ate1 & vice v]sa4 ,aga91 z ! di/ance dim9i%es1 dis*>ge across happ5s ) a l[] *>ge ( electricity2 = if1 z 9 ,h>ris's exp]im5ts 7#acfd71 ! int]val be dim9i%$ to "o-half1 !n half ! electricity requir$ to dis*>ge across ! fir/ int]val is suffici5t to /rike across ! second2 & x is evid5t1 also1 t at t "t !re are only half ! numb] ( int]pos$ molecules unit+ _! =ces to resi/ ! dis*>ge4 #acgb4 ,! effect ( enl>g+ ! conduct+ surfaces :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ! act ( induction1 is1 if ! electricity be limit$ 9 its supply1 to l[] ! int5sity ( action2 & ?is foll[s z a v natural consequ5ce f ! increas$ area ( ! dielectric across :i* ! induction is effect$4 ,= by diffus+ ! inductive action1 :i* at fir/ 0 ex]t$ ?r\gh "o squ>e in* ( sectional area ( ! dielectric1 ov] two or ?ree squ>e in*es ( su* area1 twice or ?ree times ! numb] ( molecules ( ! dielectric are br\ght into ! pol>iz$ condition1 & employ$ 9 su/a9+ ! inductive action1 & consequ5tly ! t5sion belong+ to ! small] numb] on :i* ! limit$ =ce 0 orig9ally accumulat$1 mu/ fall 9 a proportionate degree4 #acgc4 ,= ! same reason dim9i%+ ^! oppos+ surfaces mu/ increase ! int5sity1 & ! effect w increase until ! surfaces become po9ts4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! t5sion ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric next ! po9ts is high] ?an t ( p>ticles midway1 because ( ! lat]al action & consequ5t bulg+1 z x 71 ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce at ! middle di/ance 7#acfi474 #acgd4 ,! m exalt$ effects ( induction on a po9t p1 or any small surface1 z ! r\nd$ end ( a rod1 :5 x is oppos$ to a l>ge surface1 z t ( a ball or plate1 r ?an to ano!r po9t or end1 ! di/ance be+ 9 bo? cases ! same1 fall into h>moni\s relation ) my !ory 7#acjb474 ,= 9 ! latt] case1 ! small surface p is affect$ only by ^? p>ticles :i* are br\ght into ! inductive condition by ! equally small surface ( ! oppos$ conductor1 :]eas :5 t is a ball or plate ! l9es ( inductive =ce f ! latt] are conc5trat$1 z x 71 ^u ! end p4 ,n[ ?\gh ! molecules ( ! dielectric aga9/ ! l>ge surface may h a mu* l[] /ate ( t5sion ?an ^? aga9/ ! correspond+ small] surface1 yet !y are also f> m num]\s1 &1 z ! l9es ( inductive =ce conv]ge t[>ds a po9t1 are able to communicate to ! p>ticles conta9$ 9 any cross section 7#acfi47 ne>] ! small surface an am\nt ( t5sion equal to _! own1 & consequ5tly mu* high] = ea* individual p>ticle2 s t1 at ! surface ( ! small] conductor1 ! t5sion ( a p>ticle rises mu*1 & if t conductor 7 to t]m9ate 9 a po9t1 ! t5sion w\ld rise to an inf9ite degree1 except t x is limit$1 z be=e 7#acfh471 by dis*>ge4 ,! nature ( ! dis*>ge f small surfaces & po9ts "u induction w be resum$ h]eaft] 7#adbe4 c47 #acge4 ,r>efaction ( ! air does n alt] ! int5sity ( inductive action 7#abhd4 #abhg472 nor is !re any reason1 z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 :y x %\ld4 ,if ! quantity ( electricity & ! di/ance rema9 ! same1 & ! air be r>efi$ "o-half1 !n1 ?\gh "o-half ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric are remov$1 ! o!r half assume a d\ble degree ( t5sion 9 _! pol>ity1 & !re=e ! inductive =ces are balanc$1 & ! result rema9s unalt]$ z long z ! induction & insulation are su/a9$4 ,b ! case ( dis*>ge is v diff]5t2 = z !re are only half ! numb] ( dielectric p>ticles 9 ! r>efi$ atmosph]e1 s ^! are br\ght up to ! dis*>g+ int5sity by half ! =m] quantity ( electricity2 dis*>ge1 !re=e1 ensues1 & su* a consequ5ce ( ! !ory is 9 p]fect accordance ) ,mr4 ,h>ris's results 7#acfe474 #acgf4 ,! increase ( electricity requir$ to cause dis*>ge ov] ! same di/ance1 :5 ! pressure ( ! air or its d5sity is increas$1 fl[s 9 a simil> mann]1 & on ! same pr9ciple 7#acge471 f ! molecul> !ory4 #acgg4 ,"h ,i ?9k my view ( induction has a decid$ advantage ov] o!rs1 especially ov] t :i* ref]s ! ret5tion ( electricity on ! surface ( conductors 9 air to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#acje474 ,! latt] is ! view :i*1 be+ adopt$ by ,poisson & ,biot,a1 is also1 ,i believe1 t g5]ally receiv$2 & x associates two su* dissimil> ?+s1 z ! pond]\s air & ! subtile & ev5 hypo!tical fluid or fluids ( electricity1 by gross me*anical relations2 by ! bonds ( m]e /atic pressure4 ,my !ory1 on ! contr>y1 sets out at once by connect+ ! electric =ces ) ! p>ticles ( matt]2 x d]ives all its pro(s1 & ev5 its orig9 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f exp]im5t2 & !n1 )\t any fur!r assumption1 seems to (f] at once a full explanation ( ^! & _m o!r s+ul>1 peculi>1 &1 ,i ?9k1 h]et(ore unconnect$ effects4 ,a ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,supplem5t1 vol4 iv4 ,article ,electricity1 pp4 #gf1 #ha4 c4 #acgh4 ,an important assi/+ exp]im5tal argum5t may "h be adduc$1 d]iv$ f ! diff]5ce ( specific inductive capacity ( diff]5t dielectrics 7#abfi4 #abgd4 #abgh474 ,consid] an insulat$ sph]e electrifi$ positively & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r & l>g] sph]e un9sulat$1 a uni=m dielectric1 z air1 int]v5+4 ,! case is really t ( my app>atus 7#aahg471 & also1 9 effect1 t ( any ball electrifi$ 9 a room & remov$ to "s di/ance f irregul>ly-=m$ conductors4 ,:il/ ?+s rema9 9 ?is /ate ! electricity is di/ribut$ 7s to speak7 uni=mly ov] ! surface ( ! electrifi$ sph]e4 ,b introduce su* a dielectric z sulphur or lac1 into ! space betwe5 ! two conductors on "o side only1 or opposite "o "p ( ! inn] sph]e1 & imm$iately ! electricity on ! latt] is diffus$ unequally 7#abbi4 #abgj4 #acji471 al?\gh ! =m ( ! conduct+ surfaces1 _! di/ances1 & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e rema9 p]fectly un*ang$4 #acgi4 ,fus9i]i took a diff]5t view f t ( ,poisson1 ,biot1 & o!rs1 ( ! reason :y r>efaction ( air caus$ easy diffusion ( electricity4 ,he consid]$ ! effect z due to ! removal ( ! ob/acle :i* ! air pres5t$ to ! expansion ( ! sub/ances f :i* ! electricity pass$,a4 ,b plat9a balls %[ ! ph5om5a 9 vacuo z well z volatile metals & o!r sub/ances2 besides :i*1 :5 ! r>efaction is v consid]able1 ! electricity passes ) sc>cely any resi/ance1 & ! production ( no s5sible heat2 s t ,i ?9k ,fus9i]i's view ( ! matt] is likely to ga9 b few ass5ts4 ,a ,bib4 ,univ4 #ahca1 xlviii4 #cge4 #achj4 ,i h no ne$ to rem>k ^u ! dis*>g+ or collect+ p[] ( flame or hot air4 ,i believe1 ) ,h>ris1 t ! m]e heat does no?+ 7#acfg471 ! r>efaction only be+ influ5tial4 ,! effect ( r>efaction has be5 already consid]$ g5]ally 7#acge472 & t caus$ by ! heat ( a burn+ light1 ) ! po9t$ =m ( ! wick1 & ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! c>bonace\s p>ticles :i* = ! "t are associat$ ) x1 are fully suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! effects4 #acha4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! important "q1 h[ w ! inductive t5sion requisite = insulation & disruptive dis*>ge be su/a9$ 9 gases1 :i*1 hav+ ! same physical /ate & also ! same pressure & ! same temp]ature z air1 diff] f x 9 specific gravity1 9 *emical qualities1 & x may be 9 peculi> relations1 :i* n be+ z yet recogniz$1 are purely electrical 7#acfa478 #achb4 ,into ?is "q ,i c ent] n[ only z f> z is ess5tial = ! pres5t argum5t1 namely1 t insulation & inductive t5sion d n dep5d m]ely ^u ! *>g$ conductors employ$1 b also1 & ess5tially1 ^u ! int]pos$ dielectric1 9 consequ5ce ( ! molecul> action ( its p>ticles 7#abib474 #achc4 ,a glass vessel a 7fig4 #abg47;,a 0 gr\nd at ! top & bottom s z to be clos$ by two gr\nd brass plates1 b & c2 b c>ri$ a /uff+-box1 ) a slid+ rod d t]m9at$ by a brass ball s bel[1 & a r+ above4 ,! l[] plate 0 connect$ ) a foot1 /op-cock1 & socket1 e1 f & g2 & also ) a brass ball l1 :i* by means ( a /em atta*$ to x & ent]+ ! socket g1 c\ld be fix$ at v>i\s heights4 ,! metallic p>ts ( ?is app>atus 7 n v>ni%$1 b ! glass 0 well-cov]$ ) a coat ( %ell-lac previ\sly dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,on exhau/+ ! vessel at ! air-pump x c\ld be fill$ ) any o!r gas ?an air1 &1 9 su* cases1 ! gas s pass$ 9 0 dri$ :il/ ent]+ by fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,a ,! draw+ is to a scale ( #a_/f4 #achd4 ,! o!r "p ( ! app>atus consi/$ ( two insulat+ pill>s1 h & i1 to :i* 7 fix$ two brass balls1 & ?r\gh ^! pass$ two slid+ rods1 k & m1 t]m9at$ at ea* end by brass balls2 n is ! end ( an insulat$ conductor1 :i* c\ld be r5d]$ ei!r positive or negative f an electrical ma*9e2 o & p are wires connect+ x ) ! two p>ts previ\sly describ$1 & q is a wire :i*1 connect+ ! two opposite sides ( ! collat]al arrangem5ts1 also communicates ) a good dis*>g+ tra9 r 7#bib474 #ache4 ,x is evid5t t ! dis*>ge f ! ma*9e electricity may pass ei!r betwe5 s & l1 or ,s & ,l4 ,! regulation adopt$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts 0 to keep s & l ) _! di/ance un*ang$1 b to introduce fir/ "o gas & !n ano!r into ! vessel a1 & !n balance ! dis*>ge at ! "o place aga9/ t at ! o!r2 = by mak+ ! int]val at a suffici5tly small1 all ! dis*>ge w\ld pass !re1 or mak+ x suffici5tly l>ge x w\ld all occur at ! int]val v 9 ! receiv]4 ,on pr9ciple x seem$ evid5t1 t 9 ?is way ! v>y+ int]val u might be tak5 z a measure1 or r indication ( ! resi/ance to dis*>ge ?r\gh ! gas at ! con/ant int]val v4 ,! foll[+ are ! con/ant dim5sions4 ,ball s #j4ic ( an in*4 ,ball ,s #j4if ( an in*4 ,ball l #b4jb ( an in*4 ,ball ,l #j4fb ( an in*4 ,int]val v #j4fb ( an in*4 #achf4 ,on proce$+ to exp]im5t x 0 f\nd t :5 air or any gas 0 9 ! receiv] a1 ! int]val u 0 n a fix$ "o2 x might be alt]$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 range ( di/ance1 & yet sp>ks pass ei!r !re or at v 9 ! receiv]4 ,! extremes 7 !re=e not$1 i4e4 ! greate/ di/ance %ort ( t at :i* ! dis*>ge always took place at v 9 ! gas1 & ! lea/ di/ance %ort ( t at :i* x always took place at u 9 ! air4 ,?us1 ) air 9 ! receiv]1 ! extremes at u 7 #j4ef & #j4gi ( an in*1 ! range ( #j4bc betwe5 ^! di/ances includ+ int]vals at :i* sp>ks pass$ occasionally ei!r at "o place or ! o!r4 #achg4 ,! small balls s & ,s c\ld be r5d]$ ei!r positive or negative f ! ma*9e1 & z gases 7 expect$ & 7 f\nd to diff] f ea* o!r 9 relation to ?is *ange 7#acii471 ! results obta9$ "u ^! diff]5ces ( *>ge 7 also not$4 #achh4 ,! foll[+ is a ,table ( results2 ! gas nam$ is t 9 ! vessel a4 ,! smalle/1 greate/1 & mean int]val at u 9 air is express$ 9 p>ts ( an in*1 ! int]val v be+ con/antly #j4fb ( an in*4 ,smalle/4 ,greate/4 ,mean4 ,air1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4fj #j4gi #j4fie ,air1 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4ei #j4fh #j4fce ,oxyg51 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4da #j4fj #j4eje ,oxyg51 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4ej #j4eb #j4eaj ,nitrog51 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4ee #j4fh #j4fae ,nitrog51 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4ei #j4gj #j4fde ,hydrog51 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4cj #j4dd #j4cgj ,hydrog51 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4be #j4cj #j4bge ,c>bonic acid1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4ef #j4gb #j4fdj ,c>bonic acid1 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4eh #j4fj #j4eij ,olefiant gas1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4fd #j4hf #j4gej ,olefiant gas1 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4fi #j4gg #j4gcj ,coal gas1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4cg #j4fa #j4dij ,coal gas1 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4dg #j4eh #j4ebe ,muriatic acid gas1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4hi #a4cb #a4aje ,muriatic acid gas1 s & ,s1 neg4 #j4fg #j4ge #j4gaj #achi4 ,! above results 7 all obta9$ at "o "t4 ,on o!r occasions o!r exp]im5ts 7 made1 :i* gave g5]ally ! same results z to ord]1 ?\gh n z to numb]s4 ,?us3 ,hydrog51 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4bc #j4eg #j4djj ,c>bonic acid1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4ea #a4je #j4ghj ,olefiant gas1 s & ,s1 pos4 #j4ff #a4bg #j4ife ,i did n notice ! diff]5ce ( ! b>omet] on ! days ( exp]im5t,a4 ,a ,simil> exp]im5ts 9 diff]5t gases are describ$ at #aejg4 #aejh4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #acij4 ,"o w\ld h expect$ only two di/ances1 "o = ea* int]val1 = :i* ! dis*>ge might happ5 ei!r at "o or ! o!r2 & t ! lea/ alt]ation ( ei!r w\ld imm$iately cause "o to pr$om9ate con/antly ov] ! o!r4 ,b t "u common circum/ances is n ! case4 ,) air 9 ! receiv]1 ! v>iation am\nt$ to #j4b ( an in* ne>ly on ! small] int]val ( #j4f1 & ) muriatic acid gas1 ! v>iation 0 above #j4d on ! small] int]val ( #j4i4 ,:y is x t :5 a fix$ int]val 7! "o 9 ! receiv]7 w pass a sp>k t _c g across #j4f ( air at "o "t1 x w imm$iately aft]1 & app>5tly "u exactly simil> circum/ances1 n pass a sp>k t c g across #j4h ( air8 #acia4 ,x is probable t "p ( ?is v>iation w be trac$ to p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! air drawn into & ab\t ! circuit 7#aefh474 ,i believe also t "p dep5ds ^u a v>iable *>g$ condition ( ! surface ( ! glass vessel a4 ,t ! :ole ( ! effect is n traceable to ! influ5ce ( circum/ances 9 ! vessel a1 may be d$uc$ f ! fact1 t :5 sp>ks occur betwe5 balls 9 free air !y frequ5tly are n /raight1 & (t5 pass o!rwise ?an by ! %orte/ di/ance4 ,^! v>iations 9 air itself1 & at diff]5t p>ts ( ! v same balls1 %[ ! pres5ce & influ5ce ( circum/ances :i* are calculat$ to produce effects ( ! k9d n[ "u consid]ation4 #acib4 ,:5 a sp>k _h pass$ at ei!r int]val1 !n1 g5]ally1 m t5d$ to appe> at ! same int]val1 z if a prep>ation _h be5 made = ! pass+ ( ! latt] sp>ks4 ,s also on cont9u+ to "w ! ma*9e quickly ! sp>ks g5]ally foll[$ at ! same place4 ,?is effect is probably due 9 "p to ! w>m? ( ! air heat$ by ! prec$+ sp>k1 9 "p to du/1 & ,i suspect 9 "p1 to some?+ unp]ceiv$ z yet 9 ! circum/ances ( dis*>ge4 #acic4 ,a v rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* is con/ant 9 its direction1 occurs :5 ! electricity communicat$ to ! balls s & ,s is *ang$ f positive to negative1 or 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,x is t ! range ( v>iation is always great] :5 ! small bulls are positive ?an :5 !y are negative4 ,?is is exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ ,table1 drawn f ! =m] exp]im5ts4 ,pos4 ,neg4 ,9 ,air ! range 0 #j4ai #j4ji ,oxyg5 #j4ai #j4jb ,nitrog5 #j4ah #j4aa ,hydrog5 #j4ad #j4je ,c>bonic acid #j4af #j4jb ,olefiant gas #j4bb #j4jh ,coal gas #j4bd #j4ab ,muriatic acid #j4dc #j4jh ,i h no d\bt ^! numb]s require consid]able correction1 b ! g5]al result is /rik+1 & ! diff]5ces 9 sev]al cases v great4 99 99 99 99 99 #acid4 ,?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iation ( ! /rik+ di/ance 7#achf471 ! int]val 9 air fails to be a measure1 z yet1 ( ! insulat+ or resi/+ p[] ( ! gas 9 ! vessel1 yet we may = pres5t purposes take ! mean int]val z repres5t+ 9 "s degree t p[]4 ,on exam9+ ^! mean int]vals z !y are giv5 9 ! ?ird column 7#achh471 x w be v evid5t1 t gases1 :5 employ$ z dielectrics1 h peculi> electrical relations to insulation1 & !re=e to induction1 v di/9ct f su* z might be suppos$ to dep5d ^u _! m]e physical qualities ( specific gravity or pressure4 #acie4 ,fir/1 x is cle> t at ! same pressure !y are n alike1 ! diff]5ce be+ z great z #cg & #aaj4 ,:5 ! small balls are *>g$ positively1 & ) ! same surfaces & ! same pressure1 muriatic acid gas has ?ree times ! insulat+ or re/ra9+ p[] 7#acfb47 ( hydrog5 gas1 & ne>ly twice t ( oxyg51 nitrog51 or air4 #acif4 ,yet x is evid5t t ! diff]5ce is n due to specific gravity1 = ?\gh hydrog5 is ! l[e/1 & !re=e l[] ?an oxyg51 oxyg5 is mu* b5ea? nitrog51 or olefiant gas2 & c>bonic acid gas1 ?\gh consid]ably heavi] ?an olefiant gas or muriatic acid gas1 is l[] ?an ei!r4 ,oxyg5 z a heavy1 & olefiant z a light gas1 are 9 /rong contra/ ) ea* o!r2 & if we may reason ( olefiant gas f ,h>ris's results ) air 7#acfe471 !n x might be r>efi$ to two-?irds its usual d5sity1 or to a specific gravity ( #i4c 7hydrog5 be+ #a71 & hav+ nei!r ! same d5sity nor pressure z oxyg51 w\ld h equal insulat+ p[]s ) x1 or equal t5d5cy to resi/ dis*>ge4 #acig4 ,exp]im5ts h already be5 describ$ 7#abia4 #abib47 :i* %[ t ! gases are s5sibly alike 9 _! inductive capacity4 ,?is result is n 9 contradiction ) ! exi/5ce ( great diff]5ces 9 _! re/ra9+ p[]4 ,! same po9t has be5 obs]v$ already 9 reg>d to d5se & r>e air 7#acge474 #acih4 ,h5ce arises a new argum5t prov+ t x _c be m]e pressure ( ! atmosph]e :i* prev5ts or gov]ns dis*>ge 7#acgg4 #acgh471 b a specific electric quality or relation ( ! gase\s m$ium4 ,h5ce also additional argum5t = ! !ory ( molecul> inductive action4 #acii4 ,o!r specific diff]5ces among/ ! gases may be drawn f ! prec$+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 r\gh & ha/y z !y are4 ,?us ! positive & negative s]ies ( mean int]vals d n give ! same diff]5ces4 ,x has be5 already notic$ t ! negative numb]s are l[] ?an ! positive 7#acic471 b1 besides t1 ! ord] ( ! positive & negative results is n ! same4 ,?us1 on comp>+ ! mean numb]s 7:i* repres5t = ! pres5t insulat+ t5sion17 x appe>s t 9 air1 hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 olefiant gas & muriatic acid1 ! t5sion rose high] :5 ! small] ball 0 made positive ?an :5 r5d]$ negative1 :il/ 9 oxyg51 nitrog51 & coal gas1 ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,n[ ?\gh ! numb]s _c be tru/$ z exact1 & ?\gh air1 oxyg51 & nitrog5 %\ld probably be on ! same side1 yet "s ( ! results1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ) muriatic acid1 fully %[ a peculi> relation & diff]5ce among/ gases 9 ?is respect4 ,?is 0 fur!r prov$ by mak+ ! int]val 9 air #j4h ( an in* :il/ muriatic acid gas 0 9 ! vessel a2 = on *>g+ ! small balls s & ,s positively1 all ! dis*>ge took place ?r\gh ! air2 b on *>g+ !m negatively1 all ! dis*>ge took place ?r\gh ! muriatic acid gas4 #adjj4 ,s also1 :5 ! conductor n 0 connect$ only ) ! muriatic acid gas app>atus1 x 0 f\nd t ! dis*>ge 0 m facile :5 ! small ball s 0 negative ?an :5 positive2 = 9 ! latt] case1 mu* ( ! electricity pass$ (f z bru% dis*>ge ?r\gh ! air f ! connect+ wire p b 9 ! =m] case1 x all seem$ to g ?r\gh ! muriatic acid4 #adja4 ,! consid]ation1 h[ev]1 ( positive & negative dis*>ge across air & o!r gases w be resum$ 9 ! fur!r "p ( ?is1 or 9 ! next pap] 7#adfe4 #aebe474 #adjb4 ,"h = ! pres5t ,i mu/ leave ?is "p ( ! subject1 :i* _h = its object only to obs]ve h[ f> gases agre$ or diff]$ z to _! p[] ( reta9+ a *>ge on bodies act+ by induction ?r\gh !m4 ,all ! results conspire to %[ t ,induction is an action ( contigu\s molecules 7#abie4 c472 b besides confirm+ ?is1 ! fir/ pr9ciple plac$ = pro( 9 ! pres5t inquiry1 !y greatly assi/ 9 develop+ ! specific prop]ties ( ea* gase\s dielectric1 at ! same "t %[+ t fur!r & ext5sive exp]im5tal inve/igation is necess>y1 & hold+ out ! promise ( new discov]y z ! rew>d ( ! lab\r requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 #adjc4 ,:5 we pass f ! consid]ation ( dielectrics l ! gases to t ( bodies hav+ ! liquid & solid condition1 !n our reason+s 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! subject assume mu* m ( ! "* ( m]e supposition4 ,/ill ,i d n p]ceive any?+ adv]se to ! !ory1 9 ! ph5om5a :i* su* bodies pres5t4 ,if we take ?ree insulat+ dielectrics1 z air1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & %ell-lac1 & use ! same balls or conductors at ! same int]vals 9 ^! ?ree sub/ances1 increas+ ! int5sity ( ! induction until dis*>ge take place1 we %all f9d t x mu/ be rais$ mu* high] 9 ! fluid ?an = ! gas1 & high] /ill 9 ! solid ?an = ! fluid4 ,nor is ?is inconsi/5t ) ! !ory2 = ) ! liquid1 ?\gh its molecules are free to move almo/ z easily z ^? ( ! gas1 !re are _m m p>ticles introduc$ into ! giv5 int]val2 & su* is also ! case :5 ! solid body is employ$4 ,besides t ) ! solid1 ! cohesive =ce ( ! body us$ w produce "s effect2 = ?\gh ! production ( ! pol>iz$ /ates 9 ! p>ticle ( a solid may n be ob/ruct$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 may 9 "s cases be ev5 fav\r$ 7#aafd4 #acdd47 by its solidity or o!r circum/ances1 yet solidity may well ex]t an influ5ce on ! po9t ( f9al subv]sion1 7j z x prev5ts dis*>ge 9 an electrolyte17 & s enable inductive int5sity to rise to a mu* high] degree4 #adjd4 ,9 ! cases ( solids & liquids too1 bodies may1 & mo/ probably d1 possess specific diff]5ces z to _! ability ( assum+ ! pol>iz$ /ate1 & also z to ! ext5t to :i* t pol>ity mu/ rise be=e dis*>ge occurs4 ,an analog\s diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! specific inductive capacities already po9t$ out 9 a few sub/ances 7#abgh47 9 ! la/ pap]4 ,su* a diff]5ce might ev5 acc\nt = ! v>i\s degrees ( insulat+ & conduct+ p[] possess$ by diff]5t bodies1 &1 if x %\ld be f\nd to exi/1 w\ld add fur!r /r5g? to ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! molecul> !ory ( inductive action4 99 99 99 99 99 #adje4 ,hav+ consid]$ ^! v>i\s cases ( su/a9$ insulation 9 non-conduct+ dielectrics up to ! highe/ po9t :i* !y c atta91 we f9d t !y t]m9ate at la/ 9 disruptive dis*>ge2 ! peculi> condition ( ! molecules ( ! dielectric :i* 0 necess>y to ! cont9u\s induction1 be+ equally ess5tial to ! occurr5ce ( t effect :i* closes all ! ph5om5a4 ,?is dis*>ge is n only 9 its appe>ance & condition diff]5t to ! =m] modes by :i* ! l[]+ ( ! p[]s 0 effect$ 7#acbj4 #acdc471 b1 :il/ really ! same 9 pr9ciple1 v>ies mu* f itself 9 c]ta9 *>act]s1 & ?us pres5ts u ) ! =ms ( sp>k1 bru%1 & gl[ 7#acei474 ,i w fir/ consid] ! sp>k1 limit+ x = ! pres5t to ! case ( dis*>ge betwe5 two oppositely electrifi$ conduct+ surfaces4 ,! electric sp>k or fla%4 #adjf4 ,! sp>k is consequ5t ^u a dis*>ge or l[]+ ( ! pol>iz$ inductive /ate ( _m dielectric p>ticles1 by a p>ticul> action ( a few ( ! p>ticles occupy+ a v small & limit$ space2 all ! previ\sly pol>iz$ p>ticles return+ to _! fir/ or normal condition 9 ! inv]se ord] 9 :i* !y left x1 & unit+ _! p[]s mean:ile to produce1 or r to cont9ue1 7#adag4--adcf47 ! dis*>ge effect 9 ! place :]e ! subv]sion ( =ce fir/ occurr$4 ,my impression is1 t ! few p>ticles situat$ :]e dis*>ge occurs are n m]ely pu%$ ap>t1 b assume a peculi> /ate1 a highly exult$ condition = ! "t1 i4e4 h ?r[n ^u !m all ! surr\nd+ =ces 9 succession1 & ris+ up to a proportionate int5sity ( condition1 p]haps equal to t ( *emically comb9+ atoms1 dis*>ge ! p[]s1 possibly 9 ! same mann] z !y d !irs1 by "s op]ation at pres5t unkn[n to u2 & s ! end ( ! :ole4 ,! ultimate effect is exactly z if a metallic wire _h be5 put into ! place ( ! dis*>g+ p>ticles2 & x does n seem impossible t ! pr9ciples ( action 9 bo? cases1 may1 h]eaft]1 prove to be ! same4 #adjg4 ,! pa? ( ! sp>k1 or ( ! dis*>ge1 dep5ds on ! degree ( t5sion acquir$ by ! p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( dis*>ge1 circum/ances1 :i* 9 e common case are v evid5t & by ! !ory easy to und]/&1 r5d]+ x high] 9 !m ?an 9 _! neighb\rs1 &1 by exalt+ !m fir/ to ! requisite condition1 caus+ !m to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! dis*>ge4 ,h5ce ! selection ( ! pa?1 & ! solution ( ! wond] :i* ,h>ris has s well describ$,a z exi/+ "u ! old !ory4 ,all is prep>$ among/ ! molecules be=eh&1 by ! prior induction1 = ! pa? ei!r ( ! electric sp>k or ( lightn+ itself4 ,a ,nautical ,magaz9e1 #ahcd1 p #bbi4 #adjh4 ,! same difficulty is express$ z a pr9ciple by ,nobili = voltaic electricity1 almo/ 9 ,mr4 ,h>ris's words1 namely,a1 electricity directs itself t[>ds ! po9t :]e x c mo/ easily dis*>ge itself1 & ! results ( ?is z a pr9ciple he has well wr\ght out = ! case ( voltaic curr5ts4 ,b ! solution ( ! difficulty1 or ! proximate cause ( ! effects1 is ! same2 induction br+s ! p>ticles up to or t[>ds a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion 7#acgj472 & by ^? :i* fir/ atta9 x1 is ! dis*>ge fir/ & mo/ effici5tly p]=m$4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahce1 lix4 #bge4 #adji4 ,! mom5t ( dis*>ge is probably det]m9$ by t molecule ( ! dielectric :i*1 f ! circum/ances1 has its t5sion mo/ quickly rais$ up to ! maximum int5sity4 ,9 all cases :]e ! dis*>ge passes f conductor to conductor ?is molecule mu/ be on ! surface ( "o ( !m2 b :5 x passes betwe5 a conductor & a nonconductor1 x is1 p]haps1 n always s 7#adec474 ,:5 ?is p>ticle has acquir$ its maximum t5sion1 !n ! :ole b>ri] ( resi/ance is brok5 d[n 9 ! l9e or l9es ( inductive action orig9at+ at x1 & disruptive dis*>ge occurs 7#acgj473 & su* an inf]5ce1 drawn z x is f ! !ory1 seems to me 9 accordance ) ,mr4 ,h>ris's facts & conclusions respect+ ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e1 namely1 t x is n really great] at any "o dis*>g+ di/ance ?an ano!r,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbi4 #adaj4 ,x seems probable1 t ! t5sion ( a p>ticle ( ! same dielectric1 z air1 :i* is requisite to produce dis*>ge1 is a con/ant quantity1 :atev] ! %ape ( ! "p ( ! conductor ) :i* x is 9 contact1 :e!r ball or po9t2 :atev] ! ?ickness or dep? ( dielectric ?r\gh\t :i* induction is ex]t$2 p]haps1 ev51 :atev] ! /ate1 z to r>efaction or cond5sation ( ! dielectric2 & :atev] ! nature ( ! conductor1 good or bad1 ) :i* ! p>ticle is = ! mom5t associat$4 ,9 say+ s mu*1 ,i d n mean to exclude small diff]5ces :i* may be caus$ by ! reaction ( neighb\r+ p>ticles on ! decid+ p>ticle1 & inde$1 x is evid5t t ! int5sity requir$ 9 a p>ticle mu/ be relat$ to ! condition ( ^? :i* are contigu\s4 ,b if ! expectation %\ld be f\nd to approximate to tru?1 :at a g5]ality ( "* x pres5ts6 &1 9 ! def9it5ess ( ! p[] possess$ by a p>ticul> molecule1 may we n hope to f9d an imm$iate relation to ! =ce :i*1 be+ electrical1 is equally def9ite & con/itutes *emical aff9ity8 #adaa4 ,!oretically x w\ld seem t1 at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge by ! sp>k 9 "o l9e ( inductive =ce1 n m]ely w\ld all ! o!r l9es ?r[ _! =ces into ?is "o 7#adjf471 b ! lat]al effect1 equival5t to a repulsion ( ^! l9es 7#abbd4 #abig471 w\ld be reliev$ &1 p]haps1 foll[$ by a contr>y action1 am\nt+ to a collapse or attraction ( ^! p>ts4 ,hav+ long s\ght = "s transv]se =ce 9 /atical electricity1 :i* %\ld be ! equival5t to magnetism or ! transv]se =ce ( curr5t electricity1 & conceiv+ t x might be connect$ ) ! transv]se action ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce1 already describ$ 7#abig471 ,i 0 desir\s1 by v>i\s exp]im5ts1 ( br++ out ! effect ( su* a =ce1 & mak+ x tell ^u ! ph5om5a ( electro-magnetism & magneto-electricity,a4 ,a ,see fur!r inve/igations ( ?is subject1 #afeh-afff4 #agji-agce4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #adab4 ,among/ o!r results1 ,i expect$ & s\ght = ! mutual affection1 or ev5 ! lat]al coalition ( two simil> sp>ks1 if !y c\ld be obta9$ simultane\sly side by side1 & suffici5tly ne> to ea* o!r4 ,= ?is purpose1 two simil> ,leyd5 j>s 7 suppli$ ) rods ( copp] project+ f _! balls 9 a horizontal direction1 ! rods be+ ab\t #j4b ( an in* ?ick1 & r\nd$ at ! ends4 ,! j>s 7 plac$ ^u a %eet ( t9foil1 & s adju/$ t _! rods1 a & b1 7 ne> toge!r1 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 plan at fig4 #aaf3 c & d 7 two brass balls connect$ by a brass rod & insulat$3 e 0 also a brass ball connect$1 by a wire1 ) ! gr\nd & ) ! t9foil ^u :i* ! ,leyd5 j>s 7 plac$4 ,by lay+ an insulat$ metal rod across f a to b1 *>g+ ! j>s1 & remov+ ! rod1 bo? ! j>s c\ld be br\ght up to ! same int5sity ( *>ge 7#acgj474 ,!n1 mak+ ! ball e approa* ! ball d1 at ! mom5t ! sp>k pass$ !re1 two sp>ks pass$ betwe5 ! rods n1 o1 & ! ball c2 & z f> z ! eye c\ld judge1 or ! conditions det]m9e1 !y 7 simultane\s4 #adac4 ,"u ^! circum/ances two modes ( dis*>ge took place2 ei!r ea* end _h its own p>ticul> sp>k to ! ball1 or else "o end only 0 associat$ by a sp>k ) ! ball1 b 0 at ! same "t relat$ to ! o!r end by a sp>k betwe5 ! two4 #adad4 ,:5 ! ball c 0 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 ! ends n & o1 ab\t half an in* f x1 & ab\t #j4d ( an in* f ea* o!r1 ! two sp>ks to ! ball c\ld be obta9$4 ,:5 = ! purpose ( br++ ! sp>ks ne>] toge!r1 ! ends1 n & o1 7 br\ght clos] to ea* o!r1 !n1 unless v c>efully adju/$1 only "o end _h a sp>k ) ! ball1 ! o!r hav+ a sp>k to x2 & ! lea/ v>iation ( position w\ld cause ei!r n or o to be ! end :i*1 giv+ ! direct sp>k to ! ball1 0 also ! "o ?r\gh1 or by means ( :i*1 ! o!r dis*>g$ its electricity4 #adae4 ,on mak+ ! ball c small]1 ,i f\nd t !n x 0 ne$ful to make ! int]val betwe5 ! ends n & o l>g] 9 proportion to ! di/ance betwe5 !m & ! ball c4 ,on mak+ c l>g]1 ,i f\nd ,i c\ld dim9i% ! int]val1 & s br+ ! two simultane\s sep>ate sp>ks clos] toge!r1 until1 at la/1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m 0 n m at ! wide/ "p ?an #j4f ( _! :ole l5g?4 #adaf4 ,num]\s sp>ks 7 !n pass$ & c>efully obs]v$4 ,!y 7 v r>ely /raight1 b ei!r curv$ or b5t irregul>ly4 ,9 ! av]age ( cases !y 71 ,i ?9k1 decid$ly convex t[>ds ea* o!r2 p]haps two-?irds pres5t$ m or less ( ?is effect1 ! re/ bulg+ m or less outw>ds4 ,i 0 nev] able1 h[ev]1 to obta9 sp>ks :i*1 sep>ately leav+ ! ends ( ! wires n & o1 conjo9$ into "o sp>k be=e !y rea*$ or communicat$ ) ! ball c4 ,at pres5t1 !re=e1 ?\gh ,i ?9k ,i saw a t5d5cy 9 ! sp>ks to unite1 ,i _c ass]t x z a fact4 #adag4 ,b !re is "o v int]e/+ effect "h1 analog\s to1 & x may be 9 "p ! same )1 t ,i 0 se>*+ =3 ,i mean ! increas$ facility ( dis*>ge :]e ! sp>k passes4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! cases :]e "o end1 z n1 dis*>g$ ! electricity ( bo? ends to ! ball c1 fig4 #aaf1 ! electricity ( ! o!r end o1 _h to pass ?r\gh an int]val ( air #a4e times z great z t :i* x might h tak51 by its direct passage betwe5 ! end & ! ball itself4 ,9 su* cases1 ! eye c\ld n di/+ui%1 ev5 by ! use ( ,:eat/one's means,a1 t ! sp>k f ! end n1 :i* conta9$ bo? portions ( electricity1 0 a d\ble sp>k4 ,x c\ld n h consi/$ ( two sp>ks tak+ sep>ate c\rses1 = su* an effect w\ld h be5 visible to ! eye2 b x is j possible1 t ! sp>k ( ! fir/ end n & its j>1 pass+ at ! smalle/ int]val ( "t be=e t ( ! o!r o _h heat$ & exp&$ ! air 9 its c\rse1 & made x s mu* m fav\rable to dis*>ge1 t ! electricity ( ! end o pref]r$ leap+ across to x & tak+ a v circuit\s r\te1 r ?an ! m direct "o to ! ball4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$1 9 answ] to ?is supposition1 t ! "o sp>k betwe5 d & e w\ld1 by its influ5ce1 t5d to produce simultane\s dis*>ges at n & o1 & c]ta9ly did s1 :5 no prepond]ance 0 giv5 to "o wire ov] ! o!r1 z to ! previ\s inductive effect 7#adad474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 pp4 #ehd1 #ehe4 #adah4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is1 t disruptive dis*>ge is fav\rable to itself4 ,x is at ! outset a case ( tott]+ equilibrium3 & if "t be an elem5t 9 dis*>ge1 9 h[ev] m9ute a proportion 7#adcf471 !n ! comm5cem5t ( ! act at any po9t fav\rs its cont9uance & increase !re1 & portions ( p[] w be dis*>g$ by a c\rse :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise h tak54 #adai4 ,! m]e heat+ & expansion ( ! air itself by ! fir/ portion ( electricity :i* passes1 mu/ h a great influ5ce 9 produc+ ?is result4 #adbj4 ,z to ! result itself1 we see its effect 9 e electric sp>k2 = x is n ! :ole quantity :i* passes t det]m9es ! dis*>ge1 b m]ely t small portion ( =ce :i* br+s ! decid+ molecule 7#acgj47 up to its maximum t5sion2 !n1 :5 its =ces are subv]t$ & dis*>ge beg9s1 all ! re/ passes by ! same c\rse1 f ! influ5ce ( ! fav\r+ circum/ances j ref]r$ to2 & :e!r x be ! electricity on a squ>e in*1 or a ?\s& squ>e in*es ( *>g$ glass1 ! dis*>ge is complete4 ,h]eaft] we %all f9d ! influ5ce ( ?is effect 9 ! =mation ( bru%es 7#adce472 & x is n impossible t we may trace x produc+ ! jagg$ sp>k & ! =k$ lightn+4 99 99 99 99 99 #adba4 ,! *>act]s ( ! electric sp>k 9 diff]5t gases v>y1 & ! v>iation may be due simply to ! effect ( ! heat evolv$ at ! mom5t4 ,b x may also be due to t specific relation ( ! p>ticles & ! electric =ces :i* ,i h assum$ z ! basis ( a !ory ( induction2 ! facts d n oppose su* a view2 & 9 t view ! v>iation /r5g!ns ! argum5t = molecul> action1 z x w\ld seem to %[ ! influ5ce ( ! latt] 9 e "p ( ! electrical effect 7#adbc4 #aded474 #adbb4 ,! appe>ances ( ! sp>ks 9 diff]5t gases h (t5 be5 obs]v$ & record$,a1 b ,i ?9k x n out ( place to notice briefly ! foll[+ results2 !y 7 obta9$ ) balls ( brass1 7plat9a surfaces w\ld h be5 bett]17 & at common pressures4 ,9 air1 ! sp>ks h t int5se light & blui% col\r :i* are s well kn[n1 & (t5 h fa9t or d>k p>ts 9 _! c\rse1 :5 ! quantity ( electricity pass+ is n great4 ,9 nitrog51 !y are v beautiful1 hav+ ! same g5]al appe>ance z 9 air1 b h decid$ly m col\r ( a blui% or purple "*1 & ,i ?\ght 7 rem>kably sonor\s4 ,9 oxyg51 ! sp>ks 7 :it] ?an 9 air or nitrog51 & ,i ?9k n s brilliant4 ,9 hydrog51 !y _h a v f9e crimson col\r1 n due to its r>ity1 = ! "* pass$ away z ! atmosph]e 0 r>efi$ 7#adei47;,b4 ,v little s\nd 0 produc$ 9 ?is gas2 b t is a consequ5ce ( its physical condition,c4 ,9 c>bonic acid gas1 ! col\r 0 simil> to t ( ! sp>k 9 air1 b ) a little gre5 9 x3 ! sp>ks 7 rem>kably irregul> 9 =m1 m s ?an 9 common air3 !y c\ld also1 "u simil> circum/ances z to size ( ball1 c41 be obta9$ mu* long] ?an 9 air1 ! gas %[+ a s+ul> read9ess to cause ! dis*>ge 9 ! =m ( sp>k4 ,9 muriatic acid gas1 ! sp>k 0 ne>ly :ite3 x 0 always bright ?r\gh\t1 nev] pres5t+ ^? d>k p>ts :i* happ5 9 air1 nitrog51 & "s o!r gases4 ,! gas 0 dry1 & dur+ ! :ole exp]im5t ! surface ( ! glass globe )9 rema9$ q dry & bright4 ,9 coal gas1 ! sp>k 0 sometimes gre51 sometimes r$1 & occasionally "o "p 0 gre5 & ano!r r$3 black p>ts also occur v sudd5ly 9 ! l9e ( ! sp>k1 i4e4 !y are n connect$ by any dull "p ) bright portions1 b ! two seem to jo9 directly "o ) ! o!r4 ,a ,see ,van ,m>um's description ( ! ,teyl]ian ma*9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #aab1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #aif2 also ,ency4 ,britan41 vol4 vi41 ,article ,electricity1 pp4 #eje1 #ejg4 ,b ,van ,m>um says !y are ab\t f\r times z l>ge 9 hydrog5 z 9 air4 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 ,c ,leslie4 ,cambridge ,phil4 ,transactions1 #bfg4 #adbc4 ,^! v>ieties ( "* impress my m9d ) a feel+1 t !y are due to a direct relation ( ! electric p[]s to ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge occurs1 & are n ! m]e results ( a casual ignition or a second>y k9d ( action ( ! electricity1 ^u ! p>ticles :i* x f9ds 9 its c\rse & ?ru/s aside 9 its passage 7#aded474 #adbd4 ,! sp>k may be obta9$ 9 m$ia :i* are f> d5s] ?an air1 z 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 olive oil1 res91 glass1 c43 x may also be obta9$ 9 bodies :i* be+ d5s] likewise approximate to ! condition ( conductors1 z sp]maceti1 wat]1 c4 ,b 9 ^! cases1 no?+ occurs :i*1 z f> z ,i c p]ceive1 is at all ho/ile to ! g5]al views ,i h endeav\r$ to advocate4 ,! electrical bru%4 #adbe4 ,! bru% is ! next =m ( disruptive dis*>ge :i* ,i %all consid]4 ,!re are _m ways ( obta9+ x1 or r ( exalt+ its *>act]s2 & all ^! ways illu/rate ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is produc$4 ,if an insulat$ conductor1 connect$ ) ! positive conductor ( an electrical ma*9e1 h a metal rod #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet] project+ f x outw>ds f ! ma*9e1 & t]m9at+ by a r\nd$ end or a small ball1 x w g5]ally give good bru%es2 or1 if ! ma*9e be n 9 good action1 !n _m ways ( assi/+ ! =mation ( ! bru% c be resort$ to2 ?us1 ! h& or any l>ge conduct+ surface may be approa*$ t[>ds ! t]m9ation to increase inductive =ce 7#acgd473 or ! t]m9ation may be small] & ( badly conduct+ matt]1 z wood3 or sp>ks may be tak5 betwe5 ! prime conductor ( ! ma*9e & ! second>y conductor to :i* ! t]m9ation giv+ bru%es belongs3 or1 :i* gives to ! bru%es exce$+ly f9e *>act]s & great magnitude1 ! air ar\nd ! t]m9ation may be r>efi$ m or less1 ei!r by heat or ! air-pump2 ! =m] fav\rable circum/ances be+ also cont9u$4 #adbf4 ,! bru% :5 obta9$ by a p[]ful ma*9e on a ball ab\t #j4g ( an in* 9 diamet]1 at ! end ( a long brass rod atta*$ to ! positive prime conductor1 _h ! g5]al appe>ance z to =m repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aag3 a %ort conical bright "p or root appe>$ at ! middle "p ( ! ball project+ directly f x1 :i*1 at a little di/ance f ! ball1 broke out sudd5ly into a wide bru% ( pale ramifications hav+ a quiv]+ motion1 & be+ accompani$ at ! same "t ) a l[ dull *att]+ s\nd4 #adbg4 ,at fir/ ! bru% seems cont9u\s1 b ,pr(essor ,:eat/one has %[n t ! :ole ph5om5on consi/s ( successive int]mitt+ dis*>ges,a4 ,if ! eye be pass$ rapidly1 n by a motion ( ! head1 b ( ! eyeball itself1 across ! direction ( ! bru%1 by fir/ look+ /eadfa/ly ab\t #aj or #ae above1 & !n in/antly z mu* bel[ x1 ! g5]al bru% w be resolv$ into a numb] ( individual bru%es1 /&+ 9 a r[ ^u ! l9e :i* ! eye pass$ ov]2 ea* elem5t>y bru% be+ ! result ( a s+le dis*>ge1 & ! space betwe5 !m repres5t+ bo? ! "t dur+ :i* ! eye 0 pass+ ov] t space1 & t :i* elaps$ betwe5 "o dis*>ge & ano!r4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #ehf4 #adbh4 ,! s+le bru%es c\ld easily be sep>at$ to eight or t5 times _! own wid?1 b 7 n at ! same "t ext5d$1 i4e4 !y did n become m indef9ite 9 %ape1 b1 on ! contr>y1 less s1 ea* be+ m di/9ct 9 =m1 ramification1 & "*1 because ( its sep>ation f ! o!rs1 9 its effects ^u ! eye4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 0 in/antane\s 9 its exi/5ce 7#adcf474 ,ea* _h ! conical root complete 7#adbf474 #adbi4 ,on us+ a small] ball1 ! g5]al bru% 0 small]1 & ! s\nd1 ?\gh weak]1 m cont9u\s4 ,on resolv+ ! bru% into its elem5t>y p>ts1 z be=e1 ^! 7 f\nd to occur at mu* %ort] int]vals ( "t ?an 9 ! =m] case1 b /ill ! dis*>ge 0 int]mitt+4 #adcj4 ,employ+ a wire ) a r\nd end1 ! bru% 0 /ill small]1 b1 z be=e1 sep>able into successive dis*>ges4 ,! s\nd1 ?\gh feebl]1 0 high] 9 pit*1 be+ a di/9ct musical note4 #adca4 ,! s\nd is1 9 fact1 due to ! recurr5ce ( ! noise ( ea* sep>ate dis*>ge1 & ^!1 happ5+ at int]vals ne>ly equal "u ord9>y circum/ances1 cause a def9ite note to be he>d1 :i*1 ris+ 9 pit* ) ! increas$ rapidity & regul>ity ( ! int]mitt+ dis*>ges1 gives a ready & accurate measure ( ! int]vals1 & s may be us$ 9 any case :5 ! dis*>ge is he>d1 ev5 ?\gh ! appe>ances may n be se51 to det]m9e ! elem5t ( "t4 ,s :51 by br++ ! h& t[>ds a project+ rod or ball1 ! pit* ( ! tone produc$ by a bru%y dis*>ge increases1 ! effect in=ms u t we h increas$ ! induction 7#acgd471 & by t means increas$ ! rapidity ( ! alt]nations ( *>ge & dis*>ge4 #adcb4 ,by us+ wires ) f9] t]m9ations1 small] bru%es 7 obta9$1 until !y c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ z bru%es2 b z long z s\nd 0 he>d1 ! dis*>ge c\ld be asc]ta9$ by ! eye to be int]mitt+2 & :5 ! s\nd ceas$1 ! light became cont9u\s z a gl[ 7#acei4 #adje4 #aebf-aedc474 #adcc4 ,to ^? n accu/om$ to use ! eye 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 or1 9 cases :]e ! recurr5ce is too quick = any unassi/$ eye1 ! beautiful revolv+ mirror ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one,a w be useful = su* developm5ts ( condition z ^? m5tion$ above4 ,ano!r excell5t process is to produce ! bru% or o!r lum9\s ph5om5on on ! end ( a rod held 9 ! h& opposite to a *>g$ positive or negative conductor1 & !n move ! rod rapidly f side to side :il/ ! eye rema9s /ill4 ,! successive dis*>ges occur ( c\rse 9 diff]5t places1 & ! /ate ( ?+s be=e1 at1 & aft] a s+le coruscation or bru% c be exce$+ly well sep>at$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 pp4 #eha1 #ehe4 #adcd4 ,! bru% is 9 reality a dis*>ge betwe5 a bad or a non-conductor & ei!r a conductor or ano!r non-conductor4 ,"u common circum/ances1 ! bru% is a dis*>ge betwe5 a conductor & air1 & ,i conceive x to take place 9 some?+ l ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ! end ( an electrifi$ rod projects into ! middle ( a room1 induction takes place betwe5 x & ! walls ( ! room1 across ! dielectric1 air2 & ! l9es ( inductive =ce accumulate ^u ! end 9 great] quantity ?an else:]e1 or ! p>ticles ( air at ! end ( ! rod are m highly pol>iz$ ?an ^? at any o!r "p ( ! rod1 = ! reasons already giv5 7#acgd474 ,! p>ticles ( air situat$ 9 sections across ^! l9es ( =ce are lea/ pol>iz$ 9 ! sections t[>ds ! walls & mo/ pol>iz$ 9 ^? ne>] to ! end ( ! wires 7#acfi473 ?us1 x may well happ51 t a p>ticle at ! end ( ! wire is at a t5sion t w imm$iately t]m9ate 9 dis*>ge1 :il/ 9 ^? ev5 only a few in*es (f1 ! t5sion is /ill b5ea? t po9t4 ,b suppose ! rod to be *>g$ positively1 a p>ticle ( air ,a1 fig4 #aah1 next x1 be+ pol>iz$1 & hav+ ( c\rse its negative =ce direct$ t[>ds ! rod & its positive =ce outw>ds2 ! in/ant t dis*>ge takes place betwe5 ! positive =ce ( ! p>ticle ( ! rod opposite ! air & ! negative =ce ( ! p>ticle ( air t[>ds ! rod1 ! :ole p>ticle ( air becomes positively electrifi$2 & :51 ! next in/ant1 ! dis*>g$ "p ( ! rod resumes its positive /ate by conduction f ! surface ( metal beh9d1 x n only acts on ! p>ticles beyond ,a1 by ?r[+ ,a into a pol>iz$ /ate aga91 b ,a itself1 because ( its *>g$ /ate1 ex]ts a di/9ct inductive act t[>ds ^! fur!r p>ticles1 & ! t5sion is consequ5tly s mu* exalt$ betwe5 ,a & ,b1 t dis*>ge takes place !re also1 z well z aga9 betwe5 ! metal & ,a4 #adce4 ,9 addition to ?is effect1 x has be5 %[n1 t1 ! act ( dis*>ge hav+ once comm5c$1 ! :ole op]ation1 l a case ( un/able equilibrium1 is ha/5$ to a conclusion 7#acgj4 #adah471 ! re/ ( ! act be+ facilitat$ 9 its occurr5ce1 & o!r electricity ?an t :i* caus$ ! fir/ necess>y t5sion hurry+ to ! spot4 ,:51 !re=e1 disruptive dis*>ge has once comm5c$ at ! root ( a bru%1 ! electric =ce :i* has be5 accumulat+ 9 ! conductor atta*$ to ! rod1 f9ds a m ready dis*>ge !re ?an else:]e1 & w at once foll[ ! c\rse m>k$ out z x 7 = x1 ?us leav+ ! conductor 9 a p>tially dis*>g$ /ate1 & ! air ab\t ! end ( ! wire 9 a *>g$ condition2 & ! "t necess>y = re/or+ ! full *>ge ( ! conductor1 & ! disp]sion ( ! *>g$ air 9 a great] or small] degree1 by ! jo9t =ces ( repulsion f ! conductor & attraction t[>ds ! walls ( ! room1 to :i* its inductive action is direct$1 is j t "t :i* =ms ! int]val betwe5 bru% & bru% 7#adbj4 #adbg4 #adca4 #addg474 #adcf4 ,! words ( ?is description are long1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! act or ! =ces on :i* x dep5ds to prev5t ! dis*>ge be+ in/antane\s1 z f> z we c e/imate & measure x4 ,! consid]ation ( "t is1 h[ev]1 important 9 sev]al po9ts ( view 7#adah471 & 9 ref]5ce to disruptive dis*>ge1 x seem$ f !ory f> m probable t x might be detect$ 9 a bru% ?an 9 a sp>k2 = 9 a bru%1 ! p>ticles 9 ! l9e ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge passes are 9 v diff]5t /ates z to int5sity1 & ! dis*>ge is already complete 9 its act at ! root ( ! bru%1 be=e ! p>ticles at ! extremity ( ! ramifications h yet atta9$ _! maximum int5sity4 #adcg4 ,i consid] bru% dis*>ge z probably a successive effect 9 ?is way4 ,dis*>ge beg9s at ! root 7#adbf4 #aeec471 &1 ext5d+ itself 9 succession to all p>ts ( ! s+le bru%1 cont9ues to g on at ! root & ! previ\sly =m$ p>ts until ! :ole bru% is complete2 !n1 by ! fall 9 int5sity & p[] at ! conductor1 x ceases at once 9 all p>ts1 to be r5ew$1 :5 t p[] has ris5 aga9 to a suffici5t degree4 ,b 9 a sp>k1 ! p>ticles 9 ! l9e ( dis*>ge be+1 f ! circum/ances1 ne>ly alike 9 _! int5sity ( pol>ization1 suff] dis*>ge s ne>ly at ! same mom5t z to make ! "t q ins5sible to u4 #adch4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one has already made exp]im5ts :i* fully illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,he f\nd t ! bru% g5]ally _h a s5sible duration1 b t ) 8 highe/ capabilities he c\ld n detect any su* effect 9 ! sp>k,a4 ,i repeat$ 8 exp]im5t on ! bru%1 ?\gh ) m imp]fect means1 to asc]ta9 :e!r ,i c\ld di/+ui% a long] duration 9 ! /em or root ( ! bru% ?an 9 ! extremities1 & ! appe>ances 7 su* z to make me ?9k an effect ( ?is k9d 0 produc$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcf1 pp4 #ehf1 #eij4 #adci4 ,t ! dis*>ge breaks into sev]al ramifications1 & by !m passes ?r\gh portions ( air alike1 or ne>ly alike1 z to pol>ization & ! degree ( t5sion ! p>ticles !re h acquir$1 is a v natural result ( ! previ\s /ate ( ?+s1 & r to be expect$ ?an t ! dis*>ge %\ld cont9ue to g /raight out into space 9 a s+le l9e among/ ^? p>ticles :i*1 be+ at a di/ance f ! end ( ! rod1 are 9 a l[] /ate ( t5sion ?an ^? :i* are ne>3 & :il/ we _c b conclude1 t ^? p>ts :]e ! bran*es ( a s+le bru% appe>1 are m fav\rably circum/anc$ = dis*>ge ?an ! d>k] p>ts betwe5 ! ramifications1 we may also conclude1 t 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! light ( concomitant dis*>ge is equal1 !re ! circum/ances are ne>ly equal also4 ,! s+le successive bru%es are by no means ( ! same p>ticul> %ape ev5 :5 !y are obs]v$ )\t displacem5t ( ! rod or surr\nd+ objects 7#adbg4 #adcc471 & ! successive dis*>ges may be consid]$ z tak+ place into ! mass ( air ar\nd1 ?r\gh diff]5t roads at ea* bru%1 accord+ z m9ute circum/ances1 su* z du/1 c4 7#acia4 #acib471 may h fav\r$ ! c\rse by "o set ( p>ticles r ?an ano!r4 #addj4 ,bru% dis*>ge does n ess5tially require any curr5t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! bru% appe>s3 ! curr5t almo/ always occurs1 b is a consequ5ce ( ! bru%1 & w be consid]$ h]eaft] 7#aefb-afaj474 ,on hold+ a blunt po9t positively *>g$ t[>ds un9sulat$ wat]1 a /> or gl[ appe>$ on ! po9t1 a curr5t ( air pass$ f x1 & ! surface ( ! wat] 0 depress$2 b on br++ ! po9t s ne> t sonor\s bru%es pass$1 !n ! curr5t ( air in/antly ceas$1 & ! surface ( ! wat] became level4 #adda4 ,! dis*>ge by a bru% is n to all ! p>ticles ( air t are ne> ! electrifi$ conductor f :i* ! bru% issues2 only ^? p>ts :]e ! ramifications pass are electrifi$3 ! air 9 ! c5tral d>k p>ts betwe5 !m receives no *>ge1 &1 9 fact1 at ! "t ( dis*>ge1 has its electric & inductive t5sion consid]ably l[]$4 ,= consid] fig4 #abh to repres5t a s+le positive bru%2--! induction be=e ! dis*>ge is f ! end ( ! rod outw>ds1 9 div]g+ l9es t[>ds ! di/ant conductors1 z ! walls ( ! room1 c41 & a p>ticle at a has pol>ity ( a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion1 & t5ds ) a c]ta9 =ce to become *>g$2 b at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge1 ! air 9 ! ramifications b & d1 acquir+ also a positive /ate1 opposes its influ5ce to t ( ! positive conductor on a1 & ! t5sion ( ! p>ticle at a is !re=e dim9i%$ r ?an increas$4 ,! *>g$ p>ticles at b & d are n[ inductive bodies1 b _! l9es ( inductive action are /ill outw>ds t[>ds ! walls ( ! room2 ! direction ( ! pol>ity & ! t5d5cy ( o!r p>ticles to *>ge f ^!1 be+ gov]n$ by1 or 9 con=mity )1 ^! l9es ( =ce4 #addb4 ,! p>ticles t are *>g$ are probably v highly *>g$1 b1 ! m$ium be+ a non-conductor1 !y _c communicate t /ate to _! neighb\rs4 ,!y travel1 !re=e1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! repulsive & attractive =ces1 f ! *>g$ conductor t[>ds ! ne>e/ un9sulat$ conductor1 or ! ne>e/ body 9 a diff]5t /ate to !mselves1 j z *>g$ p>ticles ( du/ w\ld travel1 & are !n dis*>g$2 ea* p>ticle act+1 9 its c\rse1 z a c5tre ( inductive =ce ^u any bodies ne> :i* x may come4 ,! travell+ ( ^! *>g$ p>ticles :5 !y are num]\s1 causes w9d & curr5ts1 b ^! w come into consid]ation "u c>ry+ dis*>ge 7#acai4 #aefb4 c474 #addc4 ,:5 air is said to be electrifi$1 & x frequ5tly assumes ?is /ate ne> electrical ma*9es1 x consi/s1 accord+ to my view1 ( a mixture ( electrifi$ & unelectrifi$ p>ticles1 ! latt] be+ 9 v l>ge proportion to ! =m]4 ,:5 we ga!r electricity f air1 by a flame or by wires1 x is ei!r by ! actual dis*>ge ( ^! p>ticles1 or by effects dep5d5t on _! inductive action1 a case ( ei!r k9d be+ produceable at pleasure4 ,t ! law ( equality betwe5 ! two =ces or =ms ( =ce 9 inductive action is z /rictly pres]v$ 9 ^! z 9 o!r cases1 is fully %[n by ! fact1 =m]ly /at$ 7#aagc4 #aagd471 t1 h[ev] /rongly air 9 a vessel might be *>g$ positively1 !re 0 an exactly equal am\nt ( negative =ce on ! inn] surface ( ! vessel itself1 = no residual portion ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r electricity c\ld be obta9$4 #addd4 ,i h n[h]e said1 nor does x foll[1 t ! air is *>g$ only :]e ! lum9\s bru% appe>s4 ,! *>g+ may ext5d beyond ^? p>ts :i* are visible1 i4e4 p>ticles to ! "r or left ( ! l9es ( light may receive electricity1 ! p>ts :i* are lum9\s be+ s only because mu* electricity is pass+ by !m to o!r p>ts 7#adcg472 j z 9 a sp>k dis*>ge ! light is great] z m electricity passes1 ?\gh x has no necess>y relation to ! quantity requir$ to comm5ce dis*>ge 7#acgj4 #adbj474 ,h5ce ! =m we see 9 a bru% may by no means repres5t ! :ole quantity ( air electrifi$2 = an invisible portion1 clo?+ ! visible =m to a c]ta9 dep?1 may1 at ! same "t1 receive its *>ge 7#aeeb474 #adde4 ,sev]al effects :i* ,i h met ) 9 muriatic acid gas t5d to make me believe1 t t gase\s body all[s ( a d>k dis*>ge4 ,at ! same "t1 x is q cle> f !ory1 t 9 "s gases1 ! rev]se ( ?is may occur1 i4e4 t ! *>g+ ( ! air may n ext5d ev5 s f> z ! light4 ,we d n "k z yet en\gh ( ! electric light to be able to /ate on :at x dep5ds1 & x is v possible t1 :5 electricity bur/s =? into air1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* are 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 light may be evolv$ by su* z1 be+ v ne> to1 are n (1 ^? :i* actually receive a *>ge at ! "t4 #addf4 ,! fur!r a bru% ext5ds 9 a gas1 ! fur!r no d\bt is ! *>ge or dis*>ge c>ri$ =w>d2 b ?is may v>y betwe5 diff]5t gases1 & yet ! int5sity requir$ = ! fir/ mom5t ( dis*>ge n v>y 9 ! same1 b 9 "s o!r proportion4 ,?us ) respect to nitrog5 & muriatic acid gases1 ! =m]1 z f> z my exp]im5ts h proce$$1 produces f> f9] & l>g] bru%es ?an ! latt] 7#adeh4 #adfb471 b ! int5sity requir$ to comm5ce dis*>ge is mu* high] = ! muriatic acid ?an ! nitrog5 7#acie474 ,"h aga91 !re=e1 z 9 _m o!r qualities1 specific diff]5ces are pres5t$ by diff]5t gase\s dielectrics1 & s prove ! special relation ( ! latt] to ! act & ! ph5om5a ( induction4 #addg4 ,to sum up ^! consid]ations respect+ ! "* & condition ( ! bru%1 ,i may /ate t x is a sp>k to air2 a diffusion ( electric =ce to matt]1 n by conduction1 b disruptive dis*>ge1 a dilute sp>k :i*1 pass+ to v badly conduct+ matt]1 frequ5tly dis*>ges b a small portion ( ! p[] /or$ up 9 ! conductor2 = z ! air *>g$ reacts on ! conductor1 :il/ ! conductor1 by loss ( electricity1 s9ks 9 its =ce 7#adce471 ! dis*>ge quickly ceases1 until by ! disp]sion ( ! *>g$ air & ! r5ewal ( ! excit$ conditions ( ! conductor1 circum/ances h ris5 up to _! fir/ effective condition1 aga9 to cause dis*>ge1 & aga9 to fall & rise1 #addh4 ,! bru% & sp>k gradually pass into "o ano!r1 ,mak+ a small ball positive by a good electrical ma*9e ) a l>ge prime conductor1 & approa*+ a l>ge un9sulat$ dis*>g+ ball t[>ds x1 v beautiful v>iations f ! sp>k to ! bru% may be obta9$4 ,! draw+s ( long & p[]ful sp>ks1 giv5 by ,van ,m>um,a1 ,h>ris,b1 & o!rs1 also indicate ! same ph5om5a4 ,z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 :5ev] ! sp>k has be5 bru%y 9 air ( common pressures1 ! :ole ( ! electricity has n be5 dis*>g$1 b only portions ( x1 m or less accord+ to circum/ances2 :]eas1 :5ev] ! effect has be5 a di/9ct sp>k ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its c\rse1 ! dis*>ge has be5 p]fect1 provid$ no int]ruption _h be5 made to x else:]e1 9 ! dis*>g+ circuit1 ?an :]e ! sp>k occurr$4 ,a ,description ( ! ,teyl]ian ma*9e1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bh4 #cb42 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbf1 c4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #bac4 #addi4 ,:5 an electrical bru% f an in* to six in*es 9 l5g? or m is issu+ into free air1 x has ! =m giv51 fig4 #aag4 ,b if ! h&1 a ball1 ( any knobb$ conductor be br\ght ne>1 ! extremities ( ! coruscations turn t[>ds x & ea* o!r1 & ! :ole assumes v>i\s =ms accord+ to circum/ances1 z 9 figs4 #aai1 #abj1 & #aba4 ,! influ5ce ( ! circum/ances 9 ea* case is easily trac$1 & ,i might describe x "h1 b t ,i %\ld be a%am$ to occupy ! "t ( ! ,society 9 ?+s s evid5t4 ,b h[ beautifully does ! curvature ( ! ramifications illu/rate ! curv$ =m ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce exi/+ previ\s to ! dis*>ge6 = ! =m] are consequ5ces ( ! latt]1 & take _! c\rse1 9 ea* dis*>ge1 :]e ! previ\s inductive t5sion _h be5 rais$ to ! prop] degree4 ,!y repres5t ^! curves j z well z iron fil+s repres5t magnetic curves1 ! visible effects 9 bo? cases be+ ! consequ5ces ( ! action ( ! =ces 9 ! places :]e ! effects appe>4 ,! ph5om5a1 !re=e1 con/itute additional & p[]ful te/imony 7#abaf4 #abcj47 to t already giv5 9 fav\r bo? ( induction ?r\gh dielectrics 9 curv$ l9es 7#abca471 & ( ! lat]al relation ( ^! l9es1 by an effect equival5t to a repulsion produc+ div]g5ce1 or1 z 9 ! cases figur$1 ! bulg+ =m4 #adej4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! !ory ( molecul> inductive action1 ,i may also add1 ! pro( d$ucible f ! long bru%y ramify+ sp>k :i*1 may be obta9$ betwe5 a small ball on ! positive conductor ( an electrical ma*9e1 & a l>g] "o at a di/ance 7#addh4 #aejd474 ,:at a f9e illu/ration t sp>k af=ds ( ! previ\s condition ( all ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric betwe5 ! surfaces ( dis*>ge1 & h[ unlike ! appe>ances are to any :i* w\ld be d$uc$ f ! !ory :i* assumes inductive action to be action at a di/ance1 9 /raight l9es only2 & *>ge1 z be+ electricity reta9$ ^u ! surface ( conductors by ! m]e pressure ( ! atmosph]e6 99 99 99 99 99 #adea4 ,:5 ! bru% is obta9$ 9 r>efi$ air1 ! appe>ances v>y greatly1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,sometimes a bru% may be =m$ ( only six or sev5 bran*es1 ^! be+ broad & highly lum9\s1 ( a purple col\r1 & 9 "s p>ts an in* or m ap>t3 by a sp>k dis*>ge at ! prime conductor 7#adee47 s+le bru%es may be obta9$ at pleasure4 ,dis*>ge 9 ! =m ( a bru% is fav\r$ by r>efaction ( ! air1 9 ! same mann] & = ! same reason z dis*>ge 9 ! =m ( a sp>k 7#acge472 b 9 e case !re is previ\s induction & *>ge ?r\gh ! dielectric1 & pol>ity ( its p>ticles 7#adcg471 ! induction be+1 z 9 any o!r in/ance1 alt]nately rais$ by ! ma*9e & l[]$ by ! dis*>ge4 ,9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts ! r>efaction 0 increas$ to ! utmo/ degree1 & ! oppos$ conduct+ surfaces br\ght z ne> toge!r z possible )\t produc+ gl[ 7#aebi473 ! bru%es !n contract$ 9 _! lat]al dim5sions1 & recurr$ s rapidly z to =m an app>5tly cont9u\s arc ( light f metal to metal4 ,/ill ! dis*>ge c\ld be obs]v$ to int]mit 7#adbg471 s t ev5 "u ^! high conditions1 induction prec$$ ea* s+le bru%1 & ! t5se pol>iz$ condition ( ! contigu\s p>ticles 0 a necess>y prep>ation = ! dis*>ge itself4 #adeb4 ,! bru% =m ( disruptive dis*>ge may be obta9$ n only 9 air & gases1 b also 9 mu* d5s] m$ia4 ,i procur$ x 9 oil ( turp5t9e f ! end ( a wire go+ ?r\gh a glass tube into ! fluid conta9$ 9 a metal vessel4 ,! bru% 0 small & v difficult to obta92 ! ramifications 7 simple1 & /ret*$ out f ea* o!r1 div]g+ v mu*4 ,! light 0 exce$+ly feeble1 a p]fectly d>k room be+ requir$ = its obs]vation4 ,:5 a few solid p>ticles1 z ( du/ or silk1 7 9 ! liquid1 ! bru% 0 produc$ ) mu* great] facility4 #adec4 ,! runn+ toge!r or coalesc5ce ( diff]5t l9es ( dis*>ge 7#adab47 is v beautifully %[n 9 ! bru% 9 air4 ,?is po9t may pres5t a little difficulty to ^? :o are n accu/om$ to see 9 e dis*>ge an equal ex]tion ( p[] 9 opposite directions1 a positive bru% be+ consid]$ by su* 7p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! common phrase direction ( a curr5t7 z indicat+ a break+ =? 9 diff]5t directions ( ! orig9al =ce1 r ?an a t5d5cy to conv]g5ce & union 9 "o l9e ( passage4 ,b ! ord9>y case ( ! bru% may be comp>$1 = its illu/ration1 ) t 9 :i*1 by hold+ ! knuckle opposite to highly excit$ glass1 a dis*>ge occurs1 ! ramifications ( a bru% !n lead+ f ! glass & conv]g+ into a sp>k on ! knuckle4 ,?\gh a difficult exp]im5t to make1 x is possible to obta9 dis*>ge betwe5 highly excit$ %ell-lac & ! excit$ glass ( a ma*9e3 :5 ! dis*>ge passes1 x is1 f ! nature ( ! *>g$ bodies1 bru% at ea* end & sp>k 9 ! middle1 beautifully illu/rat+ t t5d5cy ( dis*>ge to facilitate l action1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 a =m] page 7#adah474 #aded4 ,! bru% has specific *>act]s 9 diff]5t gases1 indicat+ a relation to ! p>ticles ( ^! bodies ev5 9 a /rong] degree ?an ! sp>k 7#adbb4 #adbc474 ,?is effect is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! non-v>iation caus$ by ! use ( diff]5t sub/ances z conductors f :i* ! bru%es are to orig9ate4 ,?us1 us+ su* bodies z wood1 c>d1 *>coal1 nitre1 citric acid1 oxalic acid1 oxide ( lead1 *loride ( lead1 c>bonate ( potassa1 potassa fusa1 /rong solution ( pota%1 oil ( vitriol1 sulphur1 sulphuret ( antimony1 & hmatite1 no v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! bru%es 0 obta9$1 except t 7dep5d5t ^u _! effect z bett] or worse conductors7 ( caus+ dis*>ge ) m or less read9ess & quickness f ! ma*9e,a4 ,a ,exception mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made ( ^? cases :]e ! root ( ! bru%1 becom+ a sp>k1 causes a little diffusion or ev5 decomposition ( ! matt] !re1 & s ga9s m or less ( a p>ticul> col\r at t "p4 #adee4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! effects ,i obs]v$ 9 diff]5t gasses at ! positively *>g$ surfaces1 & ) atmosph]es v>y+ 9 _! pressure4 ,! g5]al effect ( r>efaction 0 ! same = all ! gases3 at fir/1 sp>ks pass$2 ^! gradually 7 conv]t$ into bru%es1 :i* became l>g] & m di/9ct 9 _! ramifications1 until1 ^u fur!r r>efaction1 ! latt] began to collapse & draw 9 ^u ea* o!r1 till !y =m$ a /ream across f conductor to conductor3 !n a few lat]al /reams %ot out t[>ds ! glass ( ! vessel f ! conductors2 ^! became ?ick & s(t 9 appe>ance1 & 7 succe$$ by ! full con/ant gl[ :i* cov]$ ! dis*>g+ wire4 ,! ph5om5a v>i$ ) ! size ( ! vessel 7#adgg471 ! degree ( r>efaction1 & ! dis*>ge ( electricity f ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 9 successive sp>ks1 !y 7 mo/ beautiful1 ! effect ( a sp>k f a small ma*9e be+ equal to1 & (t5 surpass+1 t produc$ by ! con/ant dis*>ge ( a f> m p[]ful "o4 #adef4 ,air4--,f9e positive bru%es are easily obta9$ 9 air at common pressures1 & possess ! well-kn[n purpli% light4 ,:5 ! air is r>efi$1 ! ramifications are v long1 fill+ ! globe 7#adgg472 ! light is greatly increas$1 & is ( a beautiful purple col\r1 ) an occasional rose t9t 9 x4 #adeg4 ,oxyg54--,at common pressures1 ! bru% is v close & compress$1 & ( a dull :iti% col\r4 ,9 r>efi$ oxyg51 ! =m & appe>ance are bett]1 ! col\r some:at purpli%1 b all ! *>act]s v poor comp>$ to ^? 9 air4 #adeh4 ,nitrog5 gives bru%es ) great facility at ! positive surface1 f> beyond any o!r gas ,i h tri$3 !y are almo/ always f9e 9 =m1 light1 & col\r1 & 9 r>efi$ nitrog51 are magnific5t4 ,!y surpass ! dis*>ges 9 any o!r gas z to ! quantity ( light evolv$4 #adei4 ,hydrog51 at common pressures1 gave a bett] bru% ?an oxyg51 b did n equal nitrog52 ! col\r 0 gre5i% gray4 ,9 r>efi$ hydrog51 ! ramifications 7 v f9e 9 =m & di/9ctness1 b pale 9 col\r1 ) a s(t & velvety appe>ance1 & n at all equal to ^? 9 nitrog54 ,9 ! r>e/ /ate ( ! gas1 ! col\r ( ! light 0 a pale gray gre54 #adfj4 ,coal gas4--,! bru%es 7 r difficult to produce1 ! contra/ ) nitrog5 be+ great 9 ?is respect4 ,!y 7 %ort & /rong1 g5]ally ( a gre5i% col\r1 & possess+ mu* ( ! sp>k "*3 =1 occurr+ on bo? ! positive & negative t]m9ations1 (t5 :5 !re 0 a d>k int]val ( "s l5g? betwe5 ! two bru%es1 /ill ! quick1 %>p s\nd ( ! sp>k 0 produc$1 z if ! dis*>ge _h be5 sudd5 ?r\gh ?is gas1 & p>tak+1 9 t respect1 ( ! "* ( a sp>k4 ,9 r>e coal gas1 ! bru% =ms 7 bett]1 b ! light v poor & ! col\r gray4 #adfa4 ,c>bonic acid gas produces a v poor bru% at common pressures1 z reg>ds ei!r size1 light1 or col\r2 & ?is is probably connect$ ) ! t5d5cy :i* ?is gas has to dis*>ge ! electricity z a sp>k 7#adbb474 ,9 r>efi$ c>bonic acid1 ! bru% is bett] 9 =m1 b weak z to light1 be+ ( a dull gre5i% or purpli% l9e1 v>y+ ) ! pressure & o!r circum/ances4 #adfb4 ,muriatic acid gas4--,x is v difficult to obta9 ! bru% 9 ?is gas at common pressures4 ,on gradually increas+ ! di/ance ( ! r\nd$ ends1 ! sp>ks sudd5ly ceas$ :5 ! int]val 0 ab\t an in*1 & ! dis*>ge1 :i* 0 /ill ?r\gh ! gas 9 ! globe1 0 sil5t & d>k4 ,occasionally a v %ort bru% c\ld = a few mom5ts be obta9$1 b x quickly disappe>$4 ,ev5 :5 ! int]mitt+ sp>k curr5t 7#adee47 f ! ma*9e 0 us$1 /ill ,i c\ld only ) difficulty obta9 a bru%1 & t v %ort1 ?\gh ,i us$ rods ) r\nd$ t]m9ations 7ab\t #j4be ( an in* 9 diamet]7 :i* _h be=e giv5 !m mo/ freely 9 air & nitrog54 ,dur+ ! "t ( ?is difficulty ) ! muriatic gas1 magnific5t bru%es 7 pass+ (f f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e into ! surr\nd+ air4 ,on r>efy+ ! gas1 ! =mation ( ! bru% 0 facilitat$1 b x 0 g5]ally ( a l[ squat =m1 v poor 9 light1 & v simil> on bo? ! positive & negative surfaces4 ,on r>efy+ ! gas /ill m1 a few l>ge ramifications 7 obta9$ ( a pale blui% col\r1 utt]ly unlike ^? 9 nitrog54 99 99 99 99 99 #adfc4 ,9 all ! gases1 ! diff]5t =ms ( disruptive dis*>ge may be l9k$ toge!r & gradually trac$ f "o extreme to ! o!r1 i4e4 f ! sp>k to ! gl[ 7#adje4 #aebf471 or1 x may be1 to a /ill fur!r condition to be call$ d>k dis*>ge 7#aedd-aefj472 b x is1 nev]!less1 v surpris+ to see :at a specific "* ea* keeps :il/ "u ! pr$om9ance ( ! g5]al law4 ,?us1 9 muriatic acid1 ! bru% is v difficult to obta91 & !re comes 9 its place almo/ a d>k dis*>ge1 p>tak+ ( ! read9ess ( ! sp>k action4 ,moreov]1 9 muriatic acid1 ,i h nev] obs]v$ ! sp>k ) any d>k int]val 9 x4 ,9 nitrog51 ! sp>k readily *anges its "* into t ( bru%4 ,9 c>bonic acid gas1 !re seems to be a facility to occasion sp>k dis*>ge1 :il/ yet t gas is unlike nitrog5 9 ! facility ( ! latt] to =m bru%es1 & unlike muriatic acid 9 its own facility to cont9ue ! sp>k4 ,^! diff]5ces add fur!r =ce1 fir/ to ! obs]vations already made respect+ ! sp>k 9 v>i\s gases 7#adbb4 #adbc471 & !n1 to ! pro(s d$ucible f x1 ( ! relation ( ! electrical =ces to ! p>ticles ( matt]4 #adfd4 ,! peculi> *>act]s ( nitrog5 9 relation to ! electric dis*>ge 7#adbb4 #adeh47 mu/1 evid5tly1 h an important influ5ce ov] ! =m & ev5 ! occurr5ce ( lightn+4 ,be+ t gas :i* mo/ readily produces coruscations1 &1 by !m1 ext5ds dis*>ge to a great] di/ance ?an any o!r gas tri$1 x is also t :i* con/itutes f\r-fif?s ( our atmosph]e2 & z1 9 atmosph]ic electrical ph5om5a1 "o1 & sometimes bo? ! inductive =ces are resid5t on ! p>ticles ( ! air1 :i*1 ?\gh probably affect$ z to conduct+ p[] by ! aque\s p>ticles 9 x1 _c be consid]$ z a good conductor2 s ! peculi> p[] possess$ by nitrog51 to orig9ate & effect dis*>ge 9 ! =m ( a bru% or ( ramifications1 has1 probably1 an important relation to its electrical s]vice 9 nature1 z x mo/ s]i\sly affects ! "* & condition ( ! dis*>ge :5 made4 ,! :ole subject ( dis*>ge f & ?r\gh gases is ( great int]e/1 &1 if only 9 ref]5ce to atmosph]ic electricity1 des]ves ext5sive & close exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,diff]5ce ( dis*>ge at ! positive & negative conduct+ surfaces4 #adfe4 ,i h avoid$ speak+ ( ?is well-kn[n ph5om5on m ?an 0 q necess>y1 t ,i might br+ toge!r "h :at ,i h to say on ! subject4 ,:5 ! bru% dis*>ge is obs]v$ 9 air at ! positive & negative surfaces1 !re is a v rem>kable diff]5ce1 ! true & full compreh5sion ( :i* w\ld1 no d\bt1 be ( ! utmo/ importance to ! physics ( electricity2 x w\ld ?r[ great light on our pres5t subject1 i4e4 ! molecul> action ( dielectrics "u induction1 & its consequ5ces2 & seems v op5 to1 & accessible by1 exp]im5tal inquiry4 #adff4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "q us$ to be express$ 9 =m] times by say+1 t a po9t *>g$ positively gave bru%es into ! air1 :il/ ! same po9t *>g$ negatively gave a />4 ,?is is true only ( bad conductors1 or ( metallic conductors *>g$ int]mitt+ly1 or o!rwise controll$ by collat]al induction4 ,if metallic po9ts project freely into ! air1 ! positive & negative light ^u !m diff] v little 9 appe>ance1 & ! diff]5ce c be obs]v$ only ^u close exam9ation4 #adfg4 ,! effect v>ies exce$+ly "u diff]5t circum/ances1 b1 z we mu/ set out f "s position1 may p]haps be /at$ ?us3 if a metallic wire ) a r\nd$ t]m9ation 9 free air be us$ to produce ! bru%y dis*>ge1 !n ! bru%es obta9$ :5 ! wire is *>g$ negatively are v poor & small1 by comp>ison ) ^? produc$ :5 ! *>ge is positive4 ,or if a l>ge metal ball connect$ ) ! electrical ma*9e be *>g$ positively1 & a f9e un9sulat$ po9t be gradually br\ght t[>ds x1 a /> appe>s on ! po9t :5 at a consid]able di/ance1 :i*1 ?\gh x becomes bright]1 does n *ange its =m ( a /> until x is close up to ! ball3 :]eas1 if ! ball be *>g$ negatively1 ! po9t at a consid]able di/ance has a /> on x z be=e2 b :5 br\ght ne>]1 79 my case to ! di/ance ( #a-a_/b in*17 a bru% =m$ on x1 ext5d+ to ! negative ball2 & :5 /ill ne>]1 7at #a_/h ( an in* di/ance17 ! bru% ceas$1 & bright sp>ks pass$4 ,^! v>iations1 ,i believe1 include ! :ole s]ies ( diff]5ces1 & !y seem to %[ at once1 t ! negative surface t5ds to reta9 its dis*>g+ "* un*ang$1 :il/ ! positive surface1 "u simil> circum/ances1 p]mits ( great v>iation4 #adfh4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts 9 ! "* ( ! negative dis*>ge to air :i* x is important to obs]ve4 ,a metal rod1 #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) a r\nd$ end project+ into ! air1 0 *>g$ negatively1 & gave a %ort noisy bru% 7fig4 #abb474 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ bo? by sight 7#adbg4 #adcc47 & s\nd 7#adca471 t ! successive dis*>ges 7 v rapid 9 _! recurr5ce1 be+ sev5 or eight times m num]\s 9 ! same p]iod1 ?an ^? produc$ :5 ! rod 0 *>g$ positively to an equal degree4 ,:5 ! rod 0 positive1 x 0 easy1 by work+ ! ma*9e a little quick]1 to replace ! bru% by a gl[ 7#adje4 #adfc471 b :5 x 0 negative no ef=ts c\ld produce ?is *ange4 ,ev5 by br++ ! h& opposite ! wire1 ! only effect 0 to increase ! numb] ( bru% dis*>ges 9 a giv5 p]iod1 rais+ at ! same "t ! s\nd to a high] pit*4 #adfi4 ,a po9t opposite ! negative bru% exhibit$ a />1 & z x 0 approximat$ caus$ ! size & s\nd ( ! negative bru% to dim9i%1 &1 at la/1 to cease1 leav+ ! negative end sil5t & d>k1 yet effective z to dis*>ge4 #adgj4 ,:5 ! r\nd end ( a small] wire 7fig4 #abc47 0 advanc$ t[>ds ! negative bru%1 x 7becom+ positive by induction7 exhibit$ ! quiet gl[ at #h in*es di/ance1 ! negative bru% cont9u+4 ,:5 ne>]1 ! pit* ( ! s\nd ( ! negative bru% rose1 indicat+ quick] int]mitt5ces 7#adca472 /ill ne>]1 ! positive end ?rew (f ramifications & di/9ct bru%es2 at ! same "t1 ! negative bru% contract$ 9 its lat]al directions & collect$ toge!r1 giv+ a peculi> n>r[ longi% bru%1 9 %ape l a hair p5cil1 ! two bru%es exi/+ at once1 b v diff]5t 9 _! =m & appe>ance1 & especially 9 ! m rapid recurr5ce ( ! negative dis*>ges ?an ( ! positive4 ,on us+ a small] positive wire = ! same exp]im5t1 ! gl[ fir/ appe>$ on x1 & !n ! bru%1 ! negative bru% be+ affect$ at ! same "t2 & ! two at "o di/ance became exce$+ly alike 9 appe>ance1 & ! s\nds1 ,i ?\ght1 7 9 unison2 at all ev5ts !y 7 9 h>mony1 s t ! int]missions ( dis*>ge 7 ei!r iso*ron\s1 or a simple ratio exi/$ betwe5 ! int]vals4 ,) a high] action ( ! ma*9e1 ! wires be+ reta9$ unalt]$1 ! negative surface became d>k & sil5t1 & a gl[ appe>$ on ! positive "o4 ,a /ill high] action *ang$ ! latt] into a sp>k4 ,f9] positive wires gave o!r v>iations ( ^! effects1 ! description ( :i* ,i mu/ n all[ myself to g into "h4 #adga4 ,a ?9n] rod 0 n[ connect$ ) ! negative conductor 9 place ( ! l>g] "o 7#adfh471 its t]m9ation be+ gradually dim9i%$ to a blunt po9t1 z 9 fig4 #abd2 & x 0 beautiful to obs]ve t1 not)/&+ ! v>iation ( ! bru%1 ! same g5]al ord] ( effects 0 produc$4 ,! end gave a small sonor\s negative bru%1 :i* ! approa* ( ! h& or a l>ge conduct+ surface did n alt]1 until x 0 s ne> z to produce a sp>k4 ,a f9e po9t opposite to x 0 lum9\s at a di/ance2 be+ ne>] x did n de/roy ! light & s\nd ( ! negative bru%1 b only t5d$ to h a bru% produc$ on itself1 :i*1 at a /ill less di/ance1 pass$ into a sp>k jo9+ ! two surfaces4 #adgb4 ,:5 ! di/9ct negative & positive bru%es are produc$ simultane\sly 9 relation to ea* o!r 9 air1 ! =m] almo/ always has a contract$ =m1 z 9 fig4 #abe1 v mu* inde$ resembl+ ! figure :i* ! positive bru% itself has :5 influ5c$ by ! lat]al vic9ity ( positive p>ts act+ by induction4 ,?us a bru% issu+ f a po9t 9 ! re-ent]+ angle ( a positive conductor has ! same compress$ =m 7fig4 #abf474 #adgc4 ,! "* ( ! negative bru% is n affect$ by ! *emical nature ( ! sub/ances ( ! conductors 7#aded471 b only by _! possession ( ! conduct+ p[] 9 a great] or small] degree4 #adgd4 ,r>efaction ( common air ab\t a negative ball or blunt po9t facilitat$ ! developm5t ( ! negative bru%1 ! effect be+1 ,i ?9k1 great] ?an on a positive bru%1 ?\gh great on bo?4 ,ext5sive ramifications c\ld be obta9$ f a ball or end electrifi$ negatively to ! plate ( ! air-pump on :i* ! j> conta9+ x /ood4 #adge4 ,a v important v>iation ( ! relative =ms & conditions ( ! positive & negative bru% takes place on v>y+ ! dielectric 9 :i* !y are produc$4 ,! diff]5ce is s v great t x po9ts to a specific relation ( ?is =m ( dis*>ge to ! p>ticul> gas 9 :i* x takes place1 & opposes ! idea t gases are b ob/ructions to ! dis*>ge1 act+ "o l ano!r & m]ely 9 proportion to _! pressure 7#acgg474 #adgf4 ,9 air1 ! sup]iority ( ! positive bru% is well kn[n 7#adfg4 #adgb474 ,9 nitrog51 x is z great or ev5 great] ?an 9 air 7#adeh474 ,9 hydrog51 ! positive bru% loses a "p ( its sup]iority1 n be+ s good z 9 nitrog5 or air2 :il/ ! negative bru% does n seem injur$ 7#adei474 ,9 oxyg51 ! positive bru% is compress$ & poor 7#adeg72 :il/ ! negative did n become less3 ! two 7 s alike t ! eye frequ5tly c\ld n tell "o f ! o!r1 & ?is simil>ity cont9u$ :5 ! oxyg5 0 gradually r>efi$4 ,9 coal gas1 ! bru%es are difficult ( production z comp>$ to nitrog5 7#adfj471 & ! positive n mu* sup]ior to ! negative 9 its "*1 ei!r at common or l[ pressures4 ,9 c>bonic acid gas1 ?is approximation ( "* also occurr$4 ,9 muriatic acid gas1 ! positive bru% 0 v little bett] ?an ! negative1 & bo? difficult to produce 7#adfb47 z comp>$ ) ! facility 9 nitrog5 or air4 #adgg4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made ) rods ( brass ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick hav+ r\nd$ ends1 ^! be+ oppos$ 9 a glass globe #g in*es 9 diamet]1 conta9+ ! gas to be exp]im5t$ )4 ,! electric ma*9e 0 us$ to communicate directly1 sometimes ! positive1 & sometimes ! negative /ate1 to ! rod 9 connection ) x4 #adgh4 ,?us we see t1 not)/&+ !re is a g5]al diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! sup]iority ( ! positive bru% ov] ! negative1 t diff]5ce is at its maximum 9 nitrog5 & air2 :il/ 9 c>bonic acid1 muriatic acid1 coal gas1 & oxyg51 x dim9i%es1 & at la/ almo/ disappe>s4 ,s t 9 ?is p>ticul> effect1 z 9 all o!rs yet exam9$1 ! evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( t view :i* ref]s ! results to a direct relation ( ! electric =ces ) ! molecules ( ! matt] conc]n$ 9 ! action 7#adba4 #adbc4 #adfc474 ,ev5 :5 special ph5om5a arise "u ! op]ation ( ! g5]al law1 ! !ory adopt$ seems fully compet5t to meet ! case4 #adgi4 ,be=e ,i proce$ fur!r 9 trac+ ! probable cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! positive & negative bru% dis*>ge1 ,i wi% to "k ! results ( a few exp]im5ts :i* are 9 c\rse ( prep>ation3 & ?9k+ ?is ,s]ies ( ,rese>*es long en\gh1 ,i %all "h close x ) ! expectation ( be+ able 9 a few weeks to r5ew ! inquiry1 & entirely r$eem my pl$ge 7#acjf474 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,dec4 #bcrd1 #ahcg4 ,,?irte5? ,,s]ies4 #ah4 ,on ,induction 7cont9u$74 ix4 ,disruptive dis*>ge 7cont9u$7--,peculi>ities ( positive & negative dis*>ge ei!r z sp>k or bru%--,gl[ dis*>ge--,d>k dis*>ge4 x4 ,convection1 or c>ry+ dis*>ge4 xi4 ,relation ( a vacuum to electrical ph5om5a4 #ai4 ,nature ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,receiv$ ,febru>y #bb1--,read ,m>* #ae1 #ahch4 ix4 ,disruptive dis*>ge 7cont9u$74 #adhj4 ,let u n[ direct our att5tion to ! g5]al diff]5ce ( ! positive & negative disruptive dis*>ge1 ) ! object ( trac+1 z f> z possible1 ! cause ( t diff]5ce1 & :e!r x dep5ds on ! *>g$ conductors pr9cipally1 or on ! int]pos$ dielectric2 & z x appe>s to be great 9 air & nitrog5 7#adgf471 let u obs]ve ! ph5om5a 9 air fir/4 #adha4 ,! g5]al case is be/ und]/ood by a ref]5ce to surfaces ( consid]able size r ?an to po9ts1 :i* involve 7z a second>y effect7 ! =mation ( curr5ts 7#aefb74 ,my inve/igation1 !re=e1 0 c>ri$ on ) balls & t]m9ations ( diff]5t diamet]s1 & ! foll[+ are "s ( ! pr9cipal results4 #adhb4 ,if two balls ( v diff]5t dim5sions1 z = in/ance "o-half an in*1 & ! o!r ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 be arrang$ at ! ends ( rods s t ei!r c be electrifi$ by a ma*9e & made to dis*>ge by sp>ks to ! o!r1 :i* is at ! same "t un9sulat$2 !n1 z is well kn[n1 f> long] sp>ks are obta9$ :5 ! small ball is positive & ! l>ge ball negative1 ?an :5 ! small ball is negative & ! l>ge ball positive4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! sp>ks are #aj or #ab in*es 9 l5g?2 9 ! latt]1 an in* or an in* & a half only4 99 99 99 99 99 #adhc4 ,b previ\s to ! description ( fur!r exp]im5ts1 ,i w m5tion two words1 = :i* ) _m o!rs ,i am indebt$ to a fri5d1 & :i* ,i ?9k x w\ld be exp$i5t to introduce & use4 ,x is important 9 ord9>y inductive action1 to di/+ui% at :i* *>g$ surface ! induction orig9ates & is su/a9$3 i4e4 if two or m metallic balls1 or o!r masses ( matt]1 are 9 inductive relation1 to express :i* are *>g$ orig9ally1 & :i* are br\ght by !m into ! opposite electrical condition4 ,i propose to call ^? bodies :i* are orig9ally *>g$1 inductric bodies2 & ^? :i* assume ! opposite /ate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! induction1 inducte\s bodies4 ,?is di/9ction is n ne$ful because !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 ! sums ( ! inductric & ! inducte\s =ces2 b pr9cipally because1 :5 a ball ,a is inductric1 x n m]ely br+s a ball ,b1 :i* is opposite to x1 into an inducte\s /ate1 b also _m o!r surr\nd+ conductors1 ?\gh "s ( !m may be a consid]able di/ance (f1 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! balls d n be> ! same precise relation to ea* o!r :51 fir/ "o1 & !n ! o!r1 is made ! inductric ball2 ?\gh1 9 ea* case1 ! same ball be made to assume ! same /ate4 #adhd1 ,ano!r lib]ty :i* ,i may also occasionally take 9 language ,i w expla9 & limit4 ,x is t ( call+ a p>ticul> sp>k or bru%1 positive or negative1 accord+ z x may be consid]$ z orig9at+ at a positive or a negative surface4 ,we speak ( ! bru% z positive or negative :5 x %oots out f surfaces previ\sly 9 ^? /ates2 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,:eat/one g to prove t x really beg9s at ! *>g$ surface1 & f !nce ext5ds into ! air 7#adcg4 #adch47 or o!r dielectric4 ,accord+ to my view1 sp>ks also orig9ate or are det]m9$ at "o p>ticul> spot 7#acgj471 namely1 t :]e ! t5sion fir/ rises up to ! maximum degree2 & :5 ?is c be det]m9$1 z 9 ! simultane\s use ( l>ge & small balls1 9 :i* case ! dis*>ge beg9s or is det]m9$ by ! latt]1 ,i w\ld call t dis*>ge :i* passes at once1 a positive sp>k1 if x 0 at ! positive surface t ! maximum int5sity 0 fir/ obta9$2 or a negative sp>k1 if t necess>y int5sity 0 fir/ obta9$ at ! negative surface4 99 99 99 99 99 #adhe4 ,an app>atus 0 arrang$1 z 9 fig4 #abi4 7,plate ,,viii473 ,a & ,b 7 brass balls ( v diff]5t diamet]s atta*$ to metal rods1 mov+ ?r\gh sockets on insulat+ pill>s1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! balls c\ld be v>i$ at pleasure4 ,! l>ge ball ,a1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 0 connect$ ) an insulat$ brass conductor1 :i* c\ld be r5d]$ positive or negative directly f a cyl9d] ma*9e3 ! small ball ,b1 #j4be ( an in* 9 diamet]1 0 connect$ ) a dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib47 & p]fectly un9sulat$4 ,! brass rods su/a9+ ! balls 7 #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 #adhf4 ,:5 ! l>ge ball 0 positive & inductric 7#adhc471 negative sp>ks occurr$ until ! int]val 0 #j4di ( an in*2 !n mix$ bru% & sp>k betwe5 t & #j4ea2 & f #j4eb & upw>ds1 negative bru% alone4 ,:5 ! l>ge ball 0 made negative & inductric1 !n positive sp>k alone occurr$ until ! int]val 0 z great z #a4ae in*es2 sp>k & bru% f t up to #a4ee2 & to h ! positive bru% alone1 x requir$ an int]val ( at lea/ #a4fe in*es4 #adhg4 ,! balls ,a & ,b 7 n[ *ang$ = ea* o!r4 ,!n mak+ ! small ball ,b inductric positively1 ! positive sp>ks alone cont9u$ only up to #j4fg2 sp>k & bru% occurr$ f #j4fh up to #j4gb2 & positive bru% alone f #j4gd & upw>ds4 ,r5d]+ ! small ball ,b inductric & negative1 negative sp>ks alone occurr$ up to #j4dj2 !n sp>k & bru% at #j4db2 :il/ f #j4dd & upw>ds ! noisy negative bru% alone took place4 #adhh4 ,we ?us f9d a great diff]5ce z ! balls are r5d]$ inductric or inducte\s2 ! small ball r5d]$ positive inducte\sly giv+ a sp>k ne>ly twice z long z t produc$ :5 x 0 *>g$ positive inductrically1 & a correspond+ diff]5ce1 ?\gh n1 "u ! circum/ances1 to ! same ext5t1 0 manife/1 :5 x 0 r5d]$ negative,a4 ,a ,= simil> exp]im5ts on diff]5t gases1 see #aeah4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #adhi4 ,o!r results are1 t ! small ball r5d]$ positive gives a mu* long] sp>k ?an :5 x is r5d]$ negative1 & t ! small ball r5d]$ negative gives a bru% m readily ?an :5 positive1 9 relation to ! effect produc$ by increas+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two balls4 #adij4 ,:5 ! int]val 0 bel[ #j4d ( an in*1 s t ! small ball %\ld give sp>ks1 :e!r positive or negative1 ,i c\ld n obs]ve t !re 0 any con/ant diff]5ce1 ei!r 9 _! ready occurr5ce or ! numb] :i* pass$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,b :5 ! int]val 0 su* t ! small ball :5 negative gave a bru%1 !n ! dis*>ges f x1 z sep>ate negative bru%es1 7 f> m num]\s ?an ! correspond+ dis*>ges f x :5 r5d]$ positive1 :e!r ^? positive dis*>ges 7 z sp>ks or bru%es4 #adia4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t1 :5 a ball is dis*>g+ electricity 9 ! =m ( bru%es1 ! bru%es are f> m num]\s1 & ea* conta9s or c>ries (f f> less electric =ce :5 ! electricity s dis*>g$ is negative1 ?an :5 x is positive4 #adib4 ,9 all su* exp]im5ts z ^? describ$1 ! po9t ( *ange f sp>k to bru% is v mu* gov]n$ by ! work+ /ate ( ! electrical ma*9e & ! size ( ! conductor connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ ball4 ,if ! ma*9e be 9 /rong action & ! conductor l>ge1 s t mu* p[] is accumulat$ quickly = ea* dis*>ge1 !n ! int]val is great] at :i* ! sp>ks are replac$ by bru%es2 b ! g5]al effect is ! same,a4 ,a ,= simil> exp]im5ts 9 diff]5t gases1 see #aeaj-aeag4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #adic4 ,^! results1 ?\gh indicative ( v /rik+ & peculi> relations ( ! electric =ce or =ces1 d n %[ ! relative degrees ( *>ge :i* ! small ball acquires be=e dis*>ge occurs1 i4e4 !y d n tell :e!r x acquires a high] condition 9 ! negative1 or 9 ! positive /ate1 imm$iately prec$+ t dis*>ge4 ,to illu/rate ?is important po9t ,i arrang$ two places ( dis*>ge z repres5t$1 fig #acj4 ,a & ,d are brass balls #b in*es diamet]1 ,b & ,c are small] brass balls #j4be ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! =ks ,l & ,r support+ !m 7 ( brass wire #j4b ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! space betwe5 ! l>ge & small ball on ! same =k 0 #e in*es1 t ! two places ( dis*>ge n & o might be suffici5tly remov$ f ea* o!r's influ5ce4 ,! =k ,l 0 connect$ ) a project+ cyl9drical conductor1 :i* c\ld be r5d]$ positive or negative at pleasure1 by an electrical ma*9e1 & ! =k ,r 0 atta*$ to ano!r conductor1 b ?r[n into an un9sulat$ /ate by connection ) a dis*>g+ tra9 7#bib474 ,! two int]vals or places ( dis*>ge n & o c\ld be v>i$ at pleasure1 _! ext5t be+ measur$ by ! occasional introduction ( a diagonal scale4 ,x is evid5t1 t1 z ! balls ,a & ,b connect$ ) ! same conductor are always *>g$ at once1 & t dis*>ge may take place to ei!r ( ! balls connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 ! int]vals ( dis*>ge n & o may be prop]ly comp>$ to ea* o!r1 z respects ! influ5ce ( l>ge & small balls :5 *>g$ positively & negatively 9 air4 #adid4 ,:5 ! int]vals n & o 7 ea* made #j4i ( an in*1 & ! balls ,a & ,b inductric positively1 ! dis*>ge 0 all at n f ! small ball ( ! conductor to ! l>ge ball ( ! dis*>g+ tra91 & mo/ly by positive bru%1 ?\gh once by a sp>k4 ,:5 ! balls ,a & ,b 7 made inductric negatively1 ! dis*>ge 0 /ill f ! same small ball1 at n1 by a con/ant negative bru%4 #adie4 ,i dim9i%$ ! int]vals n & o to #j4f ( an in*4 ,:5 ,a & ,b 7 inductric positively1 all ! dis*>ge 0 at n z a positive bru%3 :5 ,a & ,b 7 inductric negatively1 /ill all ! dis*>ge 0 at n1 z a negative bru%4 #adif4 ,! facility ( dis*>ge at ! positive & negative small balls1 !re=e1 did n appe> to be v diff]5t4 ,if a diff]5ce _h exi/$1 !re 7 always two small balls1 "o 9 ea* /ate1 t ! dis*>ge might happ5 at t mo/ fav\rable to ! effect4 ,! only diff]5ce 01 t "o 0 9 ! inductric1 & ! o!r 9 ! inducte\s /ate1 b :i*soev] happ5$ = ! "t to be 9 t /ate1 :e!r positive or negative1 _h ! advantage4 #adig4 ,to c\nt]act ?is int]f]+ influ5ce1 ,i made ! int]val n #j4gi & int]val o #j4eh ( an in*4 ,!n1 :5 ! balls ,a & ,b 7 inductric positive1 ! dis*>ge 0 ab\t equal at bo? int]vals4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! balls ,a & ,b 7 inductric negative1 !re 0 dis*>ge1 /ill at bo?1 b mo/ at n1 z if ! small ball negative c\ld dis*>ge a little easi] ?an ! same ball positive4 #adih4 ,! small balls & t]m9ations us$ 9 ^! & simil> exp]im5ts may v correctly be comp>$1 9 _! action1 to ! same balls & ends :5 electrifi$ 9 free air at a mu* great] di/ance f conductors1 ?an !y 7 9 ^? cases f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! dis*>ge1 ev5 :5 z a sp>k1 is1 accord+ to my view1 det]m9$1 &1 s to speak1 beg9s at a spot on ! surface ( ! small ball 7#acgd471 occurr+ :5 ! int5sity !re has ris5 up to a c]ta9 maximum degree 7#acgj472 ?is det]m9ation ( dis*>ge at a p>ticul> spot fir/1 be+ easily trac$ f ! sp>k into ! bru%1 by increas+ ! di/ance1 s z1 at la/1 ev5 to r5d] ! "t evid5t :i* is necess>y = ! production ( ! effect 7#adcf4 #adch474 ,9 ! next place1 ! l>ge balls :i* ,i h us$ might be replac$ by l>g] balls at a /ill great] di/ance1 & s1 by successive degrees1 may be consid]$ z pass+ into ! sides ( ! rooms2 ^! be+ "u g5]al circum/ances ! inducte\s bodies1 :il/ ! small ball r5d]$ ei!r positive or negative is ! inductric body4 #adii4 ,b1 z has long be5 recognis$1 ! small ball is only a blunt end1 &1 electrically speak+1 a po9t only a small ball2 s t :5 a po9t or blunt end is ?r[+ out its bru%es into ! air1 x is act+ exactly z ! small balls h act$ 9 ! exp]im5ts already describ$1 & by virtue ( ! same prop]ties & relations4 #aejj4 ,x may v prop]ly be said ) respect to ! exp]im5ts1 t ! l>ge negative ball is z ess5tial to ! dis*>ge z ! small positive ball1 & also t ! l>ge negative ball %[s z mu* sup]iority ov] ! l>ge positive ball 7:i* is ineffici5t 9 caus+ a sp>k f its oppos$ small negative ball7 z ! small positive ball does ov] ! small negative ball2 & probably :5 we und]/& ! real cause ( ! diff]5ce1 & ref] x r to ! condition ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric ?an to ! sizes ( ! conduct+ balls1 we may f9d mu* importance 9 su* an obs]vation4 ,b = ! pres5t1 & :il/ engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! po9t1 we may admit1 :at is ! fact1 t ! =ces are ( high] int5sity at ! surfaces ( ! small] balls ?an at ^? ( ! l>g] 7#acgb4 #acgd472 t ! =m]1 !re=e1 det]m9e ! dis*>ge1 by fir/ ris+ up to t exalt$ condition :i* is necess>y = x2 & t1 :e!r br\ght to ?is condition by induction t[>ds ! walls ( a room or ! l>ge balls ,i h us$1 ^! may fairly be comp>$ "o ) ! o!r 9 _! influ5ce & actions4 #aeja4 ,! conclusions ,i arrive at are3 fir/1 t :5 two equal small conduct+ surfaces equally plac$ 9 air are electrifi$1 "o positively & ! o!r negatively1 t :i* is negative c dis*>ge to ! air at a t5sion a little l[] ?an t requir$ = ! positive ball3 second1 t :5 dis*>ge does take place1 mu* m passes at ea* "t f ! positive ?an f ! negative surface 7#adia474 ,! la/ conclusion is v abundantly prov$ by ! optical analysis ( ! positive & negative bru%es already describ$ 7#adfh471 ! latt] set ( dis*>ges be+ f\nd to recur five or six times (t5] ?an ! =m],a4 ,a ,a v excell5t mode ( exam9+ ! relation ( small positive & negative surfaces w\ld be by ! use ( drops ( gum wat]1 solutions1 or o!r liquids4 ,see onw>ds 7#aeha4 #aeic474 #aejb4 ,if1 n[1 a small ball be made to give bru%es or bru%y sp>ks by a p[]ful ma*9e1 we c1 9 "s measure1 und]/& & relate ! diff]5ce p]ceiv$ :5 x is r5d]$ positive or negative4 ,x is kn[n to give :5 positive a mu* l>g] & m p[]ful sp>k ?an :5 negative1 & ) great] facility 7#adhb473 9 fact1 ! sp>k1 al?\gh x takes away s mu* m electricity at once1 comm5ces at a t5sion high] only 9 a small degree1 if at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if r5d]$ negative1 ?\gh dis*>ge may comm5ce at a l[] degree1 x cont9ues b = a v %ort p]iod1 v little electricity pass+ away ea* "t4 ,^! circum/ances are directly relat$2 = ! ext5t to :i* ! positive sp>k c rea*1 & ! size & ext5t ( ! positive bru%1 are consequ5ces ( ! capability :i* exi/s ( mu* electricity pass+ (f at "o dis*>ge f ! positive surface 7#adfh4 #aeja474 #aejc4 ,b to ref] ^! effects only to ! =m & size ( ! conductor1 w\ld1 accord+ to my notion ( induction1 be a v imp]fect mode ( view+ ! :ole "q 7#aebc4 #afjj474 ,i appreh5d t ! effects are due altoge!r to ! mode 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( ! int]pos$ dielectric pol>ize1 & ,i h already giv5 "s exp]im5tal indications ( ! diff]5ces pres5t$ by diff]5t electrics 9 ?is respect 7#adge4 #adgf474 ,! modes ( pol>ization1 z ,i %all h occasion h]eaft] to %[1 may be v div]se 9 diff]5t dielectrics4 ,) respect to common air1 :at seems to be ! consequ5ce ( a sup]iority 9 ! positive =ce at ! surface ( ! small ball1 may be due to ! m exalt$ condition ( ! negative pol>ity ( ! p>ticles ( air1 or ( ! nitrog5 9 x 7! negative "p be+1 p]haps1 m compress$1 :il/ ! positive "p is m diffuse1 or vice v]sa 7#afhg4 c4772 = su* a condition c\ld det]m9e c]ta9 effects at ! positive ball :i* w\ld n take place to ! same degree at ! negative ball1 j z well z if ! positive ball _h possess$ "s special & indep5d5t p[] ( its own4 #aejd4 ,! op9ion1 t ! effects are m likely to be dep5d5t ^u ! dielectric ?an ! ball1 is support$ by ! "* ( ! two dis*>ges4 ,if a small positive ball be ?r[+ (f bru%es ) ramifications t5 in*es long1 h[ c ! ball affect t "p ( a ramification :i* is five in*es f x8 ,yet ! portion beyond t place has ! same "* z t prec$+ x1 & no d\bt has t "* impress$ by ! same g5]al pr9ciple & law4 ,look+ ^u ! action ( ! contigu\s p>ticles ( a dielectric z fully prov$1 ,i see1 9 su* a ramification1 a propagation ( dis*>ge f p>ticle to p>ticle1 ea* do+ = ! "o next x :at 0 done = x by ! prec$+ p>ticle1 & :at 0 done = ! fir/ p>ticle by ! *>g$ metal aga9/ :i* x 0 situat$4 #aeje4 ,) respect to ! g5]al condition & relations ( ! positive & negative bru%es 9 d5se or r>e air1 or 9 o!r m$ia & gases1 if !y are produc$ at diff]5t times & places !y are ( c\rse indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,b :5 !y are produc$ f oppos$ ends or balls at ! same "t1 9 ! same vessel ( gas 7#adgj4 #adgg471 !y are frequ5tly relat$2 & circum/ances may be s arrang$ t !y %all be iso*ron\s1 occurr+ 9 equal numb]s 9 equal times2 or %all occur 9 multiples1 i4e4 ) two or ?ree negatives to "o positive2 or %all alt]nate1 or be q irregul>4 ,all ^! v>iations ,i h witness$2 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! air 9 ! vessel1 & also ! glass ( ! vessel1 c take a mom5t>y *>ge1 x is easy to compreh5d _! g5]al nature & cause4 99 99 99 99 99 #aejf4 ,simil> exp]im5ts to ^? 9 air 7#adhe4 #adic47 7 made 9 diff]5t gases1 ! results ( :i* ,i w describe z briefly z possible4 ,! app>atus is repres5t$ fig4 #aca1 consi/+ ( a bell-glass elev5 in*es 9 diamet] at ! wide/ "p1 & t5 & a half in*es high up to ! bottom ( ! neck4 ,! balls are lett]$1 z 9 fig4 #acj1 & are 9 ! same relation to ea* o!r2 b ,a & ,b 7 on sep>ate slid+ wires1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 g5]ally jo9$ by a cross wire1 w1 above1 & t connect$ ) ! brass conductor1 :i* receiv$ its positive or negative *>ge f ! ma*9e4 ,! rods ( ,a & ,b 7 graduat$ at ! "p mov+ ?r\gh ! /uff+-box1 s t ! application ( a diagonal scale appli$ !re1 told :at 0 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! balls & ^? b5ea? !m4 ,z to ! position ( ! balls 9 ! j>1 & _! relation to ea* o!r1 ,c & ,d 7 ?ree & a qu>t] in*es ap>t1 _! height above ! pump plate five in*es1 & ! di/ance betwe5 any ( ! balls & ! glass ( ! j> "o in* & ?ree qu>t]s at lea/1 & g5]ally m4 ,! balls ,a & ,d 7 two in*es 9 diamet]1 z be=e 7#adic472 ! balls ,b & ,c only #j4ae ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ano!r app>atus 0 occasionally us$ 9 connection ) t j describ$1 be+ an op5 dis*>g] 7fig4 #acb471 by :i* a comp>ison ( ! dis*>ge 9 air & t 9 gases c\ld be obta9$4 ,! balls ,e & ,f1 ea* #j4f ( an in* 9 diamet]1 7 connect$ ) slid+ rods & o!r balls1 & 7 insulat$4 ,:5 us$ = comp>ison1 ! brass conductor 0 associat$ at ! same "t ) ! balls ,a & ,b ( figure #aca & ball ,e ( ?is app>atus 7fig4 #acb472 :il/ ! balls ,c1 ,d & ,f 7 connect$ ) ! dis*>g+ tra94 #aejg4 ,i w fir/ tabulate ! results z to ! re/ra9+ p[] ( ! gases ov] dis*>ge4 ,! balls ,a & ,c 7fig4 #aca47 7 ?r[n out ( action by di/ance1 & ! effects at ,b & ,d1 or ! int]val n 9 ! gas1 comp>$ ) ^? at ! int]val p 9 ! air1 betwe5 ,e & ,f 7fig4 #acb474 ,! ,table suffici5tly expla9s itself4 ,x w be und]/ood t all dis*>ge 0 9 ! air1 :5 ! int]val !re 0 less ?an t express$ 9 ! fir/ or ?ird columns ( figures2 & all ! dis*>ge 9 ! gas1 :5 ! int]val 9 air 0 great] ?an t 9 ! second or f\r? column ( figures4 ,at int]m$iate di/ances ! dis*>ge 0 occasionally at bo? places1 i4e4 sometimes 9 ! air1 sometimes 9 ! gas4 ,int]val p 9 p>ts ( an in* ,:5 ! small ball ,b ,:5 ! small ball ,b ,con/ant int]- 0 inductric & 0 inductric & val n betwe5 positive ! negative ! ,b & ,d #a dis*>ge 0 all dis*>ge 0 all in* at p 9 at n 9 at p 9 at n 9 air be=e ! gas air be=e ! gas aft] aft] p p p p ,9 ,air #j4aj #j4ej #j4bh #j4cc ,9 ,nitrog5 #j4cj #j4fe #j4ca #j4dj ,9 ,oxyg5 #j4cc #j4eb #j4bg #j4cj ,9 ,hydrog5 #j4bj #j4aj #j4bb #j4bd ,9 ,coal ,gas #j4bj #j4ij #j4bj #j4bg ,9 ,c>bonic ,acid #j4fa #a4cj #j4cj #j4ae #aejh4 ,^! results are ! same g5]ally1 z f> z !y g1 z ^? ( ! l nature 9 ! la/ s]ies 7#achh471 & confirm ! conclusion t diff]5t gases re/ra9 dis*>ge 9 v diff]5t proportions4 ,!y are probably n s good z ! =m] ones1 = ! glass j> n be+ v>ni%$1 act$ irregul>ly1 sometimes tak+ a c]ta9 degree ( *>ge z a non-conductor1 & at o!r times act+ z a conductor 9 ! conveyance & d]angem5t ( t *>ge4 ,ano!r cause ( diff]5ce 9 ! ratios is1 no d\bt1 ! relative sizes ( ! dis*>ge balls 9 air2 9 ! =m] case !y 7 ( v diff]5t size1 "h !y 7 alike4 #aeji4 ,9 future exp]im5ts int5d$ to h ! "* ( accuracy1 ! influ5ce ( ^! circum/ances ought to be asc]ta9$1 &1 above all ?+s1 ! gases !mselves ought to be conta9$ 9 vessels ( metal1 & n ( glass4 99 99 99 99 99 #aeaj4 ,! next set ( results are ^? obta9$ :5 ! int]vals n & o 7fig4 #aca47 7 made equal to ea* o!r1 & relate to ! great] facility ( dis*>ge at ! small ball1 :5 r5d]$ positive or negative 7#adic474 #aeaa4 ,9 air1 ) ! int]vals #j4d ( an in*1 ,a & ,b be+ inductric & positive1 dis*>ge 0 ne>ly equal at n & o2 :5 ,a & ,b 7 inductric & negative1 ! dis*>ge 0 mo/ly at n by negative bru%4 ,:5 ! int]vals 7 #j4h ( an in*1 ) ,a & ,b inductric positively1 all dis*>ge 0 at n by positive bru%2 ) ,a & ,b inductric negatively1 all ! dis*>ge 0 at n by a negative bru%4 ,x is d\btful1 !re=e1 f ^! results1 :e!r ! negative ball has any great] facility ?an ! positive4 #aeab4 ,nitrog54--,int]vals n & o #j4d ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge at bo? int]vals1 mo/ at n1 by positive sp>ks2 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge equal at n & o4 ,! int]vals made #j4h ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge all at n by positive bru%2 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge mo/ at o by positive bru%4 ,9 ?is gas1 !re=e1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce is n decisive1 x w\ld seem t ! positive small ball caus$ ! mo/ ready dis*>ge4 #aeac4 ,oxyg54--,int]vals n & o #j4d ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge ne>ly equal2 inductric negative1 dis*>ge mo/ly at n by negative bru%4 ,made ! int]vals #j4h ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge bo? at n & o2 inductric negative1 dis*>ge all at o by negative bru%4 ,s "h ! negative small ball seems to give ! mo/ ready dis*>ge4 #aead4 ,hydrog54--,int]vals n & o #j4d ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge ne>ly equal3 inductric negative1 dis*>ge mo/ly at o4 ,int]vals #j4h ( an in*3 ,a & ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge mo/ly at n1 z positive bru%2 inductric negative1 dis*>ge mo/ly at o1 z positive bru%4 ,"h ! positive dis*>ge seems mo/ facile4 #aeae4 ,coal gas4--n & o #j4d ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge ne>ly all at o by negative sp>k3 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge ne>ly all at n by negative sp>k4 ,int]vals #j4h ( an in*1 & ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge mo/ly at o by negative bru%3 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge all at n by negative bru%4 ,"h ! negative dis*>ge mo/ facile4 #aeaf4 ,c>bonic acid gas4--n & o #j4a ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge ne>ly all at o1 or negative3 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge ne>ly all at n1 or negative4 ,int]vals #j4h ( an in*3 ,a1 ,b inductric positive1 dis*>ge mo/ly at o1 or negative4 ,a1 ,b inductric negative1 dis*>ge all at n1 or negative4 ,9 ?is case ! negative _h a decid$ advantage 9 facility ( dis*>ge4 #aeag4 ,?us1 if we may tru/ ?is =m ( exp]im5t1 ! negative small ball has a decid$ advantage 9 facilitat+ disruptive dis*>ge ov] ! positive small ball 9 "s gases1 z 9 c>bonic acid gas & coal gas 7#acii471 :il/ 9 o!rs t conclusion seems m d\btful2 & 9 o!rs1 aga91 !re seems a probability t ! positive small ball may be sup]ior4 ,all ^! results 7 obta9$ at v ne>ly ! same pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 99 99 99 99 99 #aeah4 ,i made "s exp]im5ts 9 ^! gases :il/ 9 ! air j> 7fig4 #aca471 z to ! *ange f sp>k to bru%1 analog\s to ^? 9 ! op5 air already describ$ 7#adhf4 #adhg474 ,i w give1 9 a ,table1 ! results z to :5 bru% began to appe> m+l$ ) ! sp>k2 b ! aft] results 7 s v>i$1 & ! nature ( ! dis*>ge 9 diff]5t gases s diff]5t1 t to ins]t ! results obta9$ )\t fur!r inve/igation1 w\ld be ( little use4 ,at int]vals less ?an ^? express$ ! dis*>ge 0 always by sp>k4 ,dis*>ge betwe5 ,dis*>ge betwe5 balls ,b & ,d4 balls ,a & ,c4 ,small ball ,small ball ,l>ge ball ,l>ge ball ,b inductric ,b inductric ,a inductric ,a inductric pos4 neg4 pos4 neg4 ,air #j4ee #j4cj #j4dj #j4ge ,nitrog5 #j4cj #j4dj #j4eb #j4da ,oxyg5 #j4gj #j4cj #j4de #j4hb ,hydrog5 #j4bj #j4aj ,coal gas #j4ac #j4cj #j4cj #j4dd ,c>bonic acid #j4hb #j4dc #a4fj above #a4hj2 _h n space47 #aeai4 ,x is to be und]/ood t sp>ks occurr$ at mu* high] int]vals ?an ^!2 ! table only expresses t di/ance b5ea? :i* all dis*>ge 0 z sp>k4 ,"s curi\s relations ( ! diff]5t gases to dis*>ge are already disc]nible1 b x w\ld be useless to consid] !m until illu/rat$ by fur!r exp]im5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 #aebj4 ,i ought n to omit notic+ "h1 t ,pr(essor ,belli ( ,milan has publi%$ a v valuable set ( exp]im5ts on ! relative dissipation ( positive & negative electricity 9 ! air,a2 he f9ds ! latt] f> m ready1 9 ?is respect1 ?an ! =m]4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcf1 ,septemb]1 p4 #aeb4 #aeba4 ,i made "s exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d1 b ) su/a9$ high *>ges2 ! results 7 less /rik+ ?an ^? ( ,signore ,belli1 & ,i did n consid] !m z satisfactory4 ,i may be all[$ to m5tion1 9 connexion ) ! subject1 an int]f]+ effect :i* emb>rass$ me = a long "t4 ,:5 ,i ?rew positive electricity f a giv5 po9t into ! air1 a c]ta9 int5sity 0 indicat$ by an electromet] on ! conductor connect$ ) ! po9t1 b z ! op]ation cont9u$ ?is int5sity rose sev]al degrees2 !n mak+ ! conductor negative ) ! same po9t atta*$ to x1 & all o!r ?+s rema9+ ! same1 a c]ta9 degree ( t5sion 0 obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :i* also gradually rose z ! op]ation proce$$4 ,return+ ! conductor to ! positive /ate1 ! t5sion 0 at fir/ l[1 b rose z be=e2 & s also :5 aga9 made negative4 #aebb4 ,?is result appe>$ to indicate t ! po9t :i* _h be5 giv+ (f "o electricity1 01 by t1 m fitt$ = a %ort "t to give (f ! o!r4 ,b on clos] exam9ation ,i f\nd ! :ole dep5d$ ^u ! inductive reaction ( t air1 :i* be+ *>g$ by ! po9t1 & gradually increas+ 9 quantity be=e x1 z ! positive or negative issue 0 cont9u$1 div]t$ & remov$ a "p ( ! inductive action ( ! surr\nd+ wall1 & ?us app>5tly affect$ ! p[]s ( ! po9t1 :il/ really x 0 ! dielectric itself t 0 caus+ ! *ange ( t5sion4 99 99 99 99 99 #aebc4 ,! results connect$ ) ! diff]5t conditions ( positive & negative dis*>ge w h a f> great] influ5ce on ! philosophy ( electrical sci5ce ?an we at pres5t imag9e1 especially if1 z ,i believe1 !y dep5d on ! peculi>ity & degree ( pol>iz$ condition :i* ! molecules ( ! dielectrics conc]n$ acquire 7#aejc4 #afjj474 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! relation ( our atmosph]e & ! e>? )9 x1 to ! occurr5ce ( sp>k or bru%1 mu/ be especial & n accid5tal 7#adfd474 ,x w\ld n else consi/ ) o!r meteorological ph5om5a1 also ( c\rse dep5d5t on ! special prop]ties ( ! air1 & :i* be+ !mselves 9 h>mony ! mo/ p]fect ) ! functions ( animal & vegetable life1 are yet re/rict$ 9 _! actions1 n by loose regulations1 b by laws ! mo/ precise4 #aebd4 ,ev5 9 ! passage ?r\gh air ( ! voltaic curr5t we see ! peculi>ities ( positive & negative dis*>ge at ! two *>coal po9ts2 & if ^! dis*>ges are made to take place simultane\sly to m]cury1 ! di/9ction is /ill m rem>kable1 bo? z to ! s\nd & ! quantity ( vap\r produc$4 #aebe4 ,x seems v possible t ! rem>kable diff]5ce rec5tly obs]v$ & describ$ by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,daniell,a1 namely1 t :5 a z9c & a copp] ball1 ! same 9 size1 7 plac$ respectively 9 copp] & z9c sph]es1 also ! same 9 size1 & excit$ by electrolytes or dielectrics ( ! same /r5g? & nature1 ! z9c ball f> surpass$ ! z9c sph]e 9 action1 may also be connect$ ) ^! ph5om5a2 = x is n difficult to conceive h[ ! pol>ity ( ! p>ticles %all be affect$ by ! circum/ance ( ! positive surface1 namely ! z9c1 be+ ! l>g] or ! small] ( ! two inclos+ ! electrolyte4 ,x is ev5 possible1 t ) diff]5t electrolytes or dielectrics ! ratio may be consid]ably v>i$1 or 9 "s cases ev5 inv]t$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahch1 p4 #dg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gl[ dis*>ge4 #aebf4 ,t =m ( disruptive dis*>ge :i* appe>s z a gl[ 7#acei4 #adje471 is v peculi> & beautiful3 x seems to dep5d on a quick & almo/ cont9u\s *>g+ ( ! air close to1 & 9 contact )1 ! conductor4 #aebg4 ,dim9ution ( ! *>g+ surface w produce x4 ,?us1 :5 a rod #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) a r\nd$ t]m9ation1 0 r5d]$ positive 9 free air1 x gave f9e bru%es f ! extremity1 b occasionally ^! disappe>$1 & a quiet phosphoresc5t cont9u\s gl[ took _! place1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! end ( ! wire1 & ext5d+ a v small di/ance f ! metal into ! air4 ,) a rod #j4b ( an in* 9 diamet] ! gl[ 0 m readily produc$4 ,) /ill small] rods1 & also ) blunt conical po9ts1 x occurr$ /ill m readily2 & ) a f9e po9t ,i c\ld n obta9 ! bru% 9 free air1 b only ?is gl[4 ,! positive gl[ & ! positive /> are1 9 fact1 ! same4 #aebh4 ,increase ( p[] 9 ! ma*9e t5ds to produce ! gl[2 = r\nd$ t]m9ations :i* w give only bru%es :5 ! ma*9e is 9 weak action1 w readily give ! gl[ :5 x is 9 good ord]4 #aebi4 ,r>efaction ( ! air wond]fully fav\rs ! gl[ ph5om5a4 ,a brass ball1 two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 be+ made positively inductric 9 an air-pump receiv]1 became cov]$ ) gl[ ov] an area ( two in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 ! pressure 0 r$uc$ to #d4d in*es ( m]cury4 ,by a little adju/m5t ! ball c\ld be cov]$ all ov] ) ?is light4 ,us+ a brass ball #a4be in*es 9 diamet]1 & mak+ x inducte\sly positive by an inductric negative po9t1 ! ph5om5a1 at high degrees ( r>efaction1 7 exce$+ly beautiful4 ,! gl[ came ov] ! positive ball1 & gradually increas$ 9 brightness1 until x 0 at la/ v lum9\s2 & x also /ood up l a l[ flame1 half an in* or m 9 height4 ,on t\*+ ! sides ( ! glass j> ?is lamb5t flame 0 affect$1 assum$ a r+ =m1 l a cr[n on ! top ( ! ball1 appe>$ flexible1 & revolv$ ) a comp>atively sl[ motion1 i4e4 ab\t f\r or five times 9 a second4 ,?is r+-%ape & revolution are beautifully connect$ ) ! me*anical curr5ts 7#aegf47 tak+ place )9 ! receiv]4 ,^! gl[s 9 r>efi$ air are (t5 highly exalt$ 9 beauty by a sp>k dis*>ge at ! conductor 7#aeea4 ,note474 #aecj4 ,to obta9 a negative gl[ 9 air at common pressures is difficult4 ,i did n procure x on ! rod #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet] by my ma*9e1 nor on mu* small] rods2 & x is que/ionable z yet1 :e!r1 ev5 on f9e po9ts1 :at is call$ ! negative /> is a v r$uc$ & m9ute1 b /ill int]mitt+ bru%1 or a gl[ simil> to t obta9$ on a positive po9t4 #aeca4 ,9 r>efi$ air ! negative gl[ c easily be obta9$4 ,if ! r\nd$ ends ( two metal rods1 ab\t ,o4#b ( an in* 9 diamet]1 are introduc$ into a globe or j> 7! air )9 be+ r>efi$71 & be+ opposite to ea* o!r1 are ab\t f\r in*es ap>t1 ! gl[ c be obta9$ on bo? rods1 cov]+ n only ! ends1 b an in* or two ( ! "p beh9d4 ,on us+ balls 9 ! air-pump j>1 & adju/+ ! di/ance & exhau/ion1 ! negative ball c\ld be cov]$ ) gl[1 :e!r x 7 ! inductric or ! inducte\s surface4 #aecb4 ,:5 rods are us$ x is necess>y to be aw>e t1 if plac$ conc5trically 9 ! j> or globe1 ! light on "o rod is (t5 reflect$ by ! sides ( ! vessel on to ! o!r rod1 & makes x app>5tly lum9\s1 :5 really x is n s4 ,?is effect may be detect$ by %ift+ ! eye at ! "t ( obs]vation1 or avoid$ by us+ black5$ rods4 #aecc4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! relation ( gl[1 bru%1 & sp>k to ea* o!r1 z produc$ by positive or negative surfaces2 ?us1 beg9n+ ) sp>k dis*>ge1 x passes into bru% mu* soon] :5 ! surface at :i* ! dis*>ge comm5ces 7#adhd47 is negative1 ?an x does :5 positive2 b proce$+ onw>ds 9 ! ord] ( *ange1 we f9d t ! positive bru% passes into gl[ long be=e ! negative bru% does4 ,s t1 ?\gh ea* pres5ts ! ?ree conditions 9 ! same g5]al ord]1 ! s]ies are n precisely ! same4 ,x is probable1 t1 :5 ^! po9ts are m9utely exam9$1 z !y mu/ be %ortly1 we %all f9d t ea* diff]5t gas or dielectric pres5ts its own peculi> results1 dep5d5t ^u ! mode 9 :i* its p>ticles assume pol> electric condition4 #aecd4 ,! gl[ occurs 9 all gases 9 :i* ,i h look$ = x4 ,^! are air1 nitrog51 oxyg51 hydrog51 coal gas1 c>bonic acid1 muriatic acid1 sulphur\s acid & ammonia4 ,i ?\ght also t ,i obta9$ x 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 b if s x 0 v dull & small4 #aece4 ,! gl[ is always accompani$ by a w9d proce$+ ei!r directly out f ! gl[+ "p1 or directly t[>ds x2 ! =m] be+ ! mo/ g5]al case4 ,?is takes place ev5 :5 ! gl[ occurs ^u a ball ( consid]able size3 & if matt]s be s arrang$ t ! ready & regul> access ( air to a "p exhibit+ ! gl[ be int]f]$ ) or prev5t$1 ! gl[ !n disappe>s4 #aecf4 ,i h nev] be5 able to analyse or sep>ate ! gl[ into visible elem5t>y int]mitt+ dis*>ges 7#adbg4 #adcc471 nor to obta9 ! o!r evid5ce ( int]mitt+ action1 namely an audible s\nd 7#adca474 ,! want ( success1 z respects trials made by ocul> means1 may dep5d ^u ! l>ge size ( ! gl[ prev5t+ ! sep>ation ( ! visible images3 &1 inde$1 if x does int]mit1 x is n likely t all p>ts int]mit at once ) a simultane\s regul>ity4 #aecg4 ,all ! effects t5d to %[1 t gl[ is due to a cont9u\s *>ge or dis*>ge ( air2 9 ! =m] case be+ accompani$ by a curr5t f1 & 9 ! latt] by "o to1 ! place ( ! gl[4 ,z ! surr\nd+ air comes up to ! *>g$ conductor1 on atta9+ t spot at :i* ! t5sion ( ! p>ticles is rais$ to ! suffici5t degree 7#acgj4 #adaj471 x becomes *>g$1 & !n moves (f1 by ! jo9t action ( ! =ces to :i* x is subject2 &1 at ! same "t t x makes way = o!r p>ticles to come & be *>g$ 9 turn1 actually helps to =m t curr5t by :i* !y are br\ght into ! necess>y position4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! regul>ity ( ! =ces1 a con/ant & quiet result is produc$2 & t result is1 ! *>g+ ( successive portions ( air1 ! production ( a curr5t1 & ( a cont9u\s gl[4 #aech4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 able to make ! t]m9ation ( a rod1 :i*1 :5 left to itself1 w\ld produce a bru%1 produce 9 pref]5ce a gl[1 simply by aid+ ! =mation ( a curr5t ( air at its extremity2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n at all difficult to conv]t ! gl[ into bru%es1 by affect+ ! curr5t ( air 7#aegd4 #aegi47 or ! inductive action ne> x4 #aeci4 ,! transition f gl[1 on ! "o h&1 to bru% & sp>k1 on ! o!r1 &1 !re=e1 _! connexion1 may be e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,^? circum/ances :i* t5d to facilitate ! *>ge ( ! air by ! excit$ conductor1 & also ^? :i* t5d to keep ! t5sion at ! same degree not)/&+ ! dis*>ge1 assi/ 9 produc+ ! gl[2 :]eas ^? :i* t5d to resi/ ! *>ge ( ! air or o!r dielectric1 & ^? :i* fav\r ! accumulation ( electric =ce prior to dis*>ge1 :i*1 s9k+ by t act1 has to be exalt$ be=e ! t5sion c aga9 acquire ! requisite degree1 fav\r int]mitt+ dis*>ge1 &1 !re=e1 ! production ( bru% or sp>k4 ,?us1 r>efaction ( ! air1 ! removal ( l>ge conduct+ surfaces f ! neighb\rhood ( ! gl[+ t]m9ation1 ! pres5tation ( a %>p po9t t[>ds x1 help to su/a9 or produce ! gl[3 b ! cond5sation ( ! air1 ! pres5tation ( ! h& or o!r l>ge surface1 ! gradual approximation ( a dis*>g+ ball1 t5d to conv]t ! gl[ into bru% or ev5 sp>k4 ,all ^! circum/ances may be trac$ & r$uc$1 9 a mann] easily compreh5sible1 to _! relative p[] ( assi/+ to produce1 ei!r a cont9u\s dis*>ge to ! air1 :i* gives ! gl[2 or an int]rupt$ "o1 :i* produces ! bru%1 &1 9 a m exalt$ condition1 ! sp>k4 #aedj4 ,! r\nd$ end ( a brass rod1 #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet]1 0 cov]$ ) a positive gl[ by ! work+ ( an electrical ma*9e3 on /opp+ ! ma*9e1 s t ! *>ge ( ! connect$ conductor %\ld fall1 ! gl[ *ang$ = a mom5t into bru%es j be=e ! dis*>ge ceas$ altoge!r1 illu/rat+ ! necessity = a c]ta9 high cont9u\s *>ge1 = a c]ta9 siz$ t]m9ation4 ,work+ ! ma*9e s t ! int5sity %\ld be j l[ en\gh to give cont9ual bru%es f ! end 9 free air1 ! approa* ( a f9e po9t *ang$ ^! bru%es into a gl[4 ,work+ ! ma*9e s t ! t]m9ation pres5t$ a cont9ual gl[ 9 free air1 ! gradual approa* ( ! h& caus$ ! gl[ to contract at ! v end ( ! wire1 !n to ?r[ out a lum9\s po9t1 :i*1 becom+ a foot /alk 7#adbf471 f9ally produc$ bru%es ) l>ge ramifications4 ,all ^! results are 9 accordance ) :at is /at$ above 7#aeci474 #aeda4 ,greas+ ! end ( a r\nd$ wire w imm$iately make x produce bru%es in/ead ( gl[4 ,a ball hav+ a blunt po9t :i* c be made to project m or less beyond its surface1 at pleasure1 c be made to produce e gradation f gl[1 ?r\gh bru%1 to sp>k4 #aedb4 ,x is also v int]e/+ & in/ructive to trace ! transition f sp>k to gl[1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate condition ( /ream1 betwe5 ends 9 a vessel conta9+ air m or less r>efi$2 b ,i fe> to be prolix4 #aedc4 ,all ! effects %[1 t ! gl[ is 9 its nature exactly ! same z ! lum9\s "p ( a bru% or ramification1 namely a *>g+ ( air2 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t ! gl[ has a cont9u\s appe>ance f ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! same action 9 ! same place1 :]eas ! ramification is due to a mom5t>y1 indep5d5t & int]mitt+ action ( ! same k9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d>k dis*>ge4 #aedd4 ,i w n[ notice a v rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! lum9\s dis*>ge accompani$ by negative gl[1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be correctly trac$ h]eaft] into dis*>ges ( mu* high] int5sity4 ,two brass rods1 #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ent]+ a glass globe on opposite sides1 _h _! ends br\ght into contact1 & ! air ab\t !m v mu* r>efi$4 ,a dis*>ge ( electricity f ! ma*9e 0 !n made ?r\gh !m1 & :il/ t 0 cont9u$ ! ends 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,at ! mom5t ( sep>ation a cont9u\s gl[ came ov] ! end ( ! negative rod1 ! positive t]m9ation rema9+ q d>k4 ,z ! di/ance 0 increas$1 a purple /ream or haze appe>$ on ! end ( ! positive rod1 & proce$$ directly outw>ds t[>ds ! negative rod2 elongat+ z ! int]val 0 enl>g$1 b nev] jo9+ ! negative gl[1 !re be+ always a %ort d>k space betwe54 ,?is space1 ( ab\t #a_/af? or #a_/bj? ( an in*1 0 app>5tly inv>iable 9 its ext5t & its position1 relative to ! negative rod2 nor did ! negative gl[ v>y4 ,:e!r ! negative end 7 inductric or inducte\s1 ! same effect 0 produc$4 ,x 0 /range to see ! positive purple haze dim9i% or l5g!n z ! ends 7 sep>at$1 & yet ?is d>k space & ! negative gl[ rema9 unalt]$ 7fig4 #acc74 #aede4 ,two balls 7 !n us$ 9 a l>ge air-pump receiv]1 & ! air r>efi$4 ,! usual transitions 9 ! "* ( ! dis*>ge took place2 b :5ev] ! lum9\s /ream1 :i* appe>s aft] ! sp>k & ! bru% h ceas$1 0 itself *ang$ into gl[ at ! balls1 ! d>k space occurr$1 & t :e!r ! "o or ! o!r ball 0 made inductric1 or positive1 or negative4 #aedf4 ,sometimes :5 ! negative ball 0 l>ge1 ! ma*9e 9 p[]ful action1 & ! r>efaction high1 ! ball w\ld be cov]$ ov] half its surface ) gl[1 & !n1 ^u a ha/y obs]vation1 w\ld seem to exhibit no d>k space3 b ?is 0 a deception1 aris+ f ! ov]lapp+ ( ! convex t]m9ation ( ! negative gl[ & ! concave t]m9ation ( ! positive /ream4 ,m c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t h conv9c$ me1 t :5 ! negative gl[ occurs1 x nev] visibly t\*es ! lum9\s "p ( ! positive dis*>ge1 b t ! d>k space is always !re4 #aedg4 ,?is s+ul> sep>ation ( ! positive & negative dis*>ge1 z f> z conc]ns _! lum9\s "*1 "u circum/ances :i* "o w\ld h ?\ght v fav\rable to _! coalesc5ce1 is probably connect$ ) _! diff]5ces :5 9 ! =m ( bru%1 & is p]haps ev5 dep5d5t on ! same cause4 ,fur!r1 !re is e likelihood t ! d>k p>ts :i* occur 9 feeble sp>ks are also connect$ ) ^! ph5om5a,a4 ,to und]/& !m w\ld be v important1 = x is q cle> t 9 _m ( ! exp]im5ts1 inde$ 9 all t ,i h quot$1 dis*>ge is tak+ place across ! d>k "p ( ! dielectric to an ext5t q equal to :at occurs 9 ! lum9\s "p4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! result w\ld seem to imply a di/9ction 9 ! modes by :i* ! two electric =ces are br\ght into equilibrium 9 ! respective p>ts2 & look+ ^u all ! ph5om5a z giv+ additional pro(s1 t x is to ! condition ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric we mu/ ref] = ! pr9ciples ( induction & dis*>ge1 s x w\ld be ( great importance if we c\ld "k accurately 9 :at ! diff]5ce ( action 9 ! d>k & ! lum9\s p>ts consi/$4 ,a ,see ,pr(essor ,johnson's exp]im5ts4 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 xxv4 p4 #eg4 #aedh4 ,! d>k dis*>ge ?r\gh air 7#aeeb471 :i* 9 ! case m5tion$ is v evid5t 7#aedd471 leads to ! inquiry1 :e!r ! p>ticles ( air are g5]ally capable ( effect+ dis*>ge f "o to ano!r )\t becom+ lum9\s2 & ! inquiry is important1 because x is connect$ ) t degree ( t5sion :i* is necess>y to orig9ate dis*>ge 7#acfh4 #acgj474 ,dis*>ge betwe5 air & conductors )\t lum9\s appe>ances are v common2 & non-lum9\s dis*>ges by c>ry+ curr5ts ( air & o!r fluids 7#aefb4 #aeie47 are also common en\gh3 b ^! are n cases 9 po9t1 = !y are n dis*>ges betwe5 insulat+ p>ticles4 #aedi4 ,an arrangem5t 0 made = dis*>ge betwe5 two balls 7#adhe47 7fig4 #abi47 b1 9 place ( connect+ ! inducte\s ball directly ) ! dis*>g+ tra91 x 0 put 9 communication ) ! inside coat+ ( a ,leyd5 j>1 & ! dis*>g+ tra9 ) ! outside coat+4 ,!n work+ ! ma*9e1 x 0 f\nd t :5ev] sonor\s & lum9\s dis*>ge occurr$ at ! balls ,a ,b1 ! j> became *>g$2 b t :5 ^! did n occur1 ! j> acquir$ no *>ge3 & su* 0 ! case :5 small r\nd$ t]m9ations 7 us$ 9 place ( ! balls1 & also 9 :atev] mann] !y 7 arrang$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re=e1 dis*>ge ev5 betwe5 ! air & conductors 0 always lum9\s4 #aeej4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 ! ph5om5a are su* z to make x almo/ c]ta91 t d>k dis*>ge c take place across air4 ,if ! r\nd$ end ( a metal rod1 #j4ae ( an in* 9 diamet]1 be made to give a good negative bru%1 ! approa* ( a small] end or a blunt po9t opposite to x w1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 cause a dim9ution ( ! bru%1 & a gl[ w appe> on ! positive inducte\s wire1 accompani$ by a curr5t ( air pass+ f x4 ,n[1 z ! air is be+ *>g$ bo? at ! positive & negative surfaces1 x seems a reasonable conclusion1 t ! *>g$ portions meet some:]e 9 ! int]val1 & !re dis*>ge to ea* o!r1 )\t produc+ any lum9\s ph5om5a4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! air electrifi$ positively at ! gl[+ end may travel on t[>ds ! negative surface1 & actually =m t atmosph]e into :i* ! visible negative bru%es d>t1 9 :i* case d>k dis*>ge ne$ n1 ( necessity1 occur4 ,b ,i incl9e to ! =m] op9ion1 & ?9k1 t ! dim9ution 9 size ( ! negative bru%1 z ! positive gl[ comes on to ! end ( ! oppos$ wire1 is 9 fav\r ( t view4 #aeea4 ,us+ r>efi$ air z ! dielectric1 x is v easy to obta9 lum9\s ph5om5a z bru%es1 or gl[1 ^u bo? conduct+ balls or t]m9ations1 :il/ ! int]val is d>k1 & t1 :5 ! action is s mom5t>y t ,i ?9k we _c consid] curr5ts z effect+ dis*>ge across ! d>k "p4 ,?us if two balls1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & #d or m in*es ap>t1 h ! air r>efi$ ab\t !m1 & are !n int]pos$ 9 ! c\rse ( dis*>ge1 an int]rupt$ or sp>k curr5t be+ produc$ at ! ma*9e,a1 ea* t]m9ation may be made to %[ lum9\s ph5om5a1 :il/ m or less ( ! int]val is q d>k4 ,! dis*>ge w pass z sudd5ly z a ret>d$ sp>k 7#bie4 #ccd471 i4e4 9 an int]val ( "t almo/ inappreciably small1 & 9 su* a case1 ,i ?9k x mu/ h pass$ across ! d>k "p z true disruptive dis*>ge1 & n by convection4 ,a ,by sp>k curr5t ,i mean "o pass+ 9 a s]ies ( sp>k betwe5 ! conductor ( ! ma*9e & ! app>atus3 by a cont9u\s curr5t "o t passes ?r\gh metallic conductors1 & 9 t respect )\t int]ruption at ! same place4 #aeeb4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t d>k disruptive dis*>ge may occur 7#aedg4 #aeej472 & also1 t1 9 ! lum9\s bru%1 ! visible ramifications may n %[ ! full ext5t ( ! disruptive dis*>ge 7#addd4 #adeb471 b t ea* may h a d>k outside1 envelop+1 z x 71 e "p ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge ext5ds4 ,x is probable1 ev51 t !re are su* ?+s z d>k dis*>ges analog\s 9 =m to ! bru% & ! sp>k1 b n lum9\s 9 any "p 7#adde474 #aeec4 ,! occurr5ce ( d>k dis*>ge 9 any case %[s at h[ l[ a t5sion disruptive dis*>ge may occur 7#aedh171 & indicates t ! light ( ! ultimate bru% or sp>k is 9 no relation to ! int5sity requir$ 7#acfh4 #acgj474 ,s to speak1 ! dis*>ge beg9s 9 d>kness1 & ! light is a m]e consequ5ce ( ! quantity :i*1 aft] dis*>ge has comm5c$1 fl[s to t spot & !re f9ds its mo/ facile passage 7#adah4 #adce474 ,z an illu/ration ( ! gr[? g5]ally ( dis*>ge1 ,i may rem>k t1 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! transition 9 oxyg5 ( ! dis*>ge f sp>k to bru% 7#aeah471 e sp>k 0 imm$iately prec$$ by a %ort bru%4 #aeed4 ,! ph5om5a relative to d>k dis*>ge 9 o!r gases1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 c]ta9 *>act]s f ^? 9 air1 confirm ! conclusions drawn above4 ,! two r\nd$ t]m9ations 7#aedd47 7fig4 #acc471 7 plac$ 9 muriatic acid gas 7#adde4 #adfc47 at ! pressure ( #f4e in*es ( m]cury1 & a cont9u\s ma*9e curr5t ( electricity s5t ?r\gh ! app>atus3 bright sp>ks occurr$ until ! int]val 0 ab\t or above an in*1 :5 !y 7 replac$ by squat bru%y int]mitt+ gl[s ^u bo? t]m9ations1 ) a d>k "p betwe54 ,:5 ! curr5t at ! ma*9e 0 9 sp>k1 !n ea* sp>k caus$ a dis*>ge across ! muriatic acid gas1 :i*1 ) a c]ta9 int]val1 0 bright2 ) a l>g] int]val1 0 /raight across & flamy1 l a v exhau/$ & sudd51 b n a d5se %>p sp>k2 & ) a /ill l>g] int]val1 produc$ a feeble bru% on ! inductric positive end1 & a gl[ on ! inducte\s negative end1 ! d>k "p be+ betwe5 7#aedd472 & at su* times1 ! sp>k at ! conductor1 in/ead ( be+ sudd5 & sonor\s1 0 dull & quiet 7#ccd474 #aeee4 ,on introduc+ m muriatic acid gas1 until ! pressure 0 #bi4ig in*es1 ! same t]m9ations gave bright sp>ks )9 at small di/ances2 b :5 !y 7 ab\t an in* or m ap>t1 ! dis*>ge 0 g5]ally ) v small bru%es & gl[1 & frequ5tly ) no light at all1 ?\gh electricity _h pass$ ?r\gh ! gas4 ,:5ev] ! bright sp>k did pass ?r\gh ! muriatic acid gas at ?is pressure1 x 0 bright ?r\gh\t1 pres5t+ no d>k or dull space4 #aeef4 ,9 coal gas1 at common pressures1 :5 ! di/ance 0 ab\t an in*1 ! dis*>ge 0 accompani$ by %ort bru%es on ! ends1 & a d>k int]val ( half an in* or m betwe5 !m1 not)/&+ ! dis*>ge _h ! %>p quick s\nd ( a dull sp>k1 & c\ld n h dep5d$ 9 ! d>k "p on convection 7#aefb474 #aeeg4 ,?is gas pres5ts sev]al curi\s po9ts 9 relation to ! bright & d>k p>ts ( sp>k dis*>ge4 ,:5 bright sp>ks pass$ betwe5 ! rod ends #j4c ( an in* 9 diamet] 7#aedd471 v sudd5 d>k p>ts w\ld occur next to ! brighte/ portions ( ! sp>k4 ,aga9 ) ^! ends & also ) balls 7#adbb471 ! bright sp>ks w\ld be sometimes r$1 sometimes gre51 & occasionally gre5 & r$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same sp>k4 ,aga91 9 ! exp]im5ts describ$ 7#aeah471 at c]ta9 int]vals a v peculi> pale1 dull1 yet sudd5 dis*>ge w\ld pass1 :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly weak1 0 v direct 9 its c\rse1 & accompani$ by a %>p snapp+ noise1 z if quick 9 its occurr5ce4 #aeeh4 ,hydrog5 frequ5tly gave peculi> sp>ks1 "o "p be+ bright r$1 :il/ ! o!r 0 a dull pale gray1 or else ! :ole sp>k 0 dull & peculi>4 #aeei4 ,nitrog5 pres5ts a v rem>kable dis*>ge1 betwe5 two balls ( ! respective diamet]s ( #j4ae & #b in*es 7#aejf4 #aeah471 ! small] "o be+ r5d]$ negative ei!r directly inducte\sly4 ,! peculi> dis*>ge occurs at int]vals betwe5 #j4db & #j4fh1 & ev5 at #a4d in*es :5 ! l>ge ball 0 inductric positively2 x consi/$ ( a little bru%y "p on ! small negative ball1 !n a d>k space1 & la/ly a dull /raight l9e on ! l>ge positive ball 7fig4 #acd474 ,! position ( ! d>k space 0 v con/ant1 & is probably 9 direct relation to ! d>k space describ$ :5 negative gl[ 0 produc$ 7#aedd474 ,:5 by any circum/ance a bright sp>k 0 det]m9$1 ! contra/ ) ! peculi> sp>k describ$ 0 v /rik+2 = x always _h a fa9t purple "p1 b ! place ( ?is "p 0 con/antly ne> ! positive ball4 #aefj4 ,?us d>k dis*>ge appe>s to be decid$ly e/abli%$4 ,b its e/abli%m5t is accompani$ by pro(s t x occurs 9 diff]5t degrees & modes 9 diff]5t gases4 ,h5ce !n ano!r specific action1 add$ to ! _m 7#abif4 #acih4 #acii4 #adbc4 #aded4 #aejc47 by :i* ! electrical relations ( insulat+ dielectrics are di/+ui%$ & e/abli%$1 & ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( t molecul> !ory ( induction1 :i* is at pres5t "u exam9ation,a4 ,a ,i _c resi/ ref]r+ "h by a note to ,biot's philosophical view ( ! nature ( ! light ( ! electric dis*>ge1 ,annales de ,*imie1 liii4 p4 #cba4 99 99 99 99 99 #aefa4 ,:at ,i h _h to say reg>d+ disruptive dis*>ge has ext5d$ to "s l5g?1 b ,i hope w be excus$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! importance ( ! subject4 ,be=e conclud+ my rem>ks1 ,i w aga9 intimate 9 ! =m ( a qu]y1 :e!r we h n reason to consid] ! t5sion or ret5tion & aft] dis*>ge 9 air or o!r insulat+ dielectrics1 z ! same ?+ ) ret>dation & dis*>ge 9 a metal wire1 diff]+ only1 b almo/ inf9itely1 9 degree 7#accd4 #accf474 ,9 o!r words1 c we n1 by a gradual *a9 ( association1 c>ry up dis*>ge f its occurr5ce 9 air1 ?r\gh sp]maceti & wat]1 to solutions1 & !n on to *lorides1 oxides & metals1 )\t any ess5tial *ange 9 its "*2 &1 at ! same "t1 connect+ ! ins5sible conduction ( air1 ?r\gh muriatic acid gas & ! d>k dis*>ge1 ) ! bett] conduction ( sp]maceti1 wat]1 & ! all b p]fect conduction ( ! metals1 associate ! ph5om5a at bo? extremes8 & may x n be1 t ! ret>dation & ignition ( a wire are effects exactly correspond5t 9 _! nature to ! ret5tion ( *>ge & sp>k 9 air8 ,if s1 "h aga9 ! two extremes 9 prop]ty among/ dielectrics w be f\nd to be 9 intimate relation1 ! :ole diff]5ce probably dep5d+ ^u ! mode & degree 9 :i* _! p>ticles pol>ize "u ! influ5ce ( inductive actions 7#acch4 #afjc4 #afaj474 99 99 99 99 99 x4 ,convection1 or c>ry+ dis*>ge4 #aefb4 ,! la/ k9d ( dis*>ge :i* ,i h to consid] is t effect$ by ! motion ( *>g$ p>ticles f place to place4 ,x is app>5tly v diff]5t 9 its nature to any ( ! =m] modes ( dis*>ge 7#acai471 b1 z ! result is ! same1 may be ( great importance 9 illu/rat+1 n m]ely ! nature ( dis*>ge itself1 b also ( :at we call ! electric curr5t4 ,x (t51 z be=e obs]v$1 9 cases ( bru% & gl[ 7#addj4 #aece471 jo9s its effect to t ( disruptive dis*>ge1 to complete ! act ( neutralization among/ ! electric =ces4 #aefc4 ,! p>ticles :i* be+ *>g$1 !n travel1 may be ei!r ( insulat+ or conduct+ matt]1 l>ge or small4 ,! consid]ation 9 ! fir/ place ( a l>ge p>ticle ( conduct+ matt] may p]haps help our conceptions4 #aefd4 ,a copp] boil] #c feet 9 diamet] 0 insulat$ & electrifi$1 b s feebly1 t dissipation by bru%es or disruptive dis*>ge did n occur at its edges or project+ p>ts 9 a s5sible degree4 ,a brass ball1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 susp5d$ by a clean :ite silk ?read1 0 br\ght t[>ds x1 & x 0 f\nd t1 if ! ball 0 held = a second or two ne> any "p ( ! *>g$ surface ( ! boil]1 at su* di/ance 7two in*es m or less7 z n to receive any direct *>ge f x1 x became itself *>g$1 al?\gh insulat$ ! :ole "t2 & its electricity 0 ! rev]se ( t ( ! boil]4 #aefe4 ,?is effect 0 ! /ronge/ opposite ! edges & project+ p>ts ( ! boil]1 & weak] opposite ! sides1 or ^? ext5d$ portions ( ! surface :i*1 accord+ to ,c\lomb's results1 h ! weake/ *>ge4 ,x 0 v /rong opposite a rod project+ a little way f ! boil]4 ,x occurr$ :5 ! copp] 0 *>g$ negatively z well z positively3 x 0 produc$ also ) small balls d[n to #j4b ( an in* & less 9 diamet]1 & also ) small] *>g$ conductors ?an ! copp]4 ,x is1 inde$1 h>dly possible 9 "s cases to c>ry an insulat$ ball )9 an in* or two ( a *>g$ plane or convex surface )\t its receiv+ a *>ge ( ! contr>y k9d to t ( ! surface4 #aeff4 ,?is effect is "o ( induction betwe5 ! bodies1 n ( communication4 ,! ball1 :5 relat$ to ! positive *>g$ surface by ! int]v5+ dielectric1 has its opposite sides br\ght into contr>y /ates1 t side t[>ds ! boil] be+ negative & ! out] side positive4 ,m inductric action is direct$ t[>ds x ?an w\ld h pass$ across ! same place if ! ball _h n be5 !re1 = sev]al reasons2 among/ o!rs1 because1 be+ a conductor1 ! resi/ance ( ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 !re1 is remov$ 7#abih472 & also1 because ! react+ positive surface ( ! ball be+ project$ fur!r out f ! boil] ?an :5 !re is no introduction ( conduct+ matt]1 is m free !re=e to act ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! dielectric t[>ds surr\nd+ conductors1 & s fav\rs ! exaltation ( t inductric pol>ity :i* is direct$ 9 its c\rse4 ,x is1 z to ! exaltation ( =ce ^u its out] surface beyond t ^u ! inductric surface ( ! boil]1 z if ! latt] 7 itself protub]ant 9 t direction4 ,?us x acquires a /ate l1 b high] ?an1 t ( ! surface ( ! boil] :i* causes x2 & suffici5tly exalt$ to dis*>ge at its positive surface to ! air1 or to affect small p>ticles1 z x is itself affect$ by ! boil]1 & !y fly+ to x1 take a *>ge & pass (f2 & s ! ball1 z a :ole1 is br\ght into ! contr>y inducte\s /ate4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t1 if free to move1 its t5d5cy1 "u ! influ5ce ( all ! =ces1 to approa* ! boil] is increas$1 :il/ x at ! same "t becomes m & m exalt$ 9 its condition1 bo? ( pol>ity & *>ge1 until1 at a c]ta9 di/ance1 dis*>ge takes place1 x acquires ! same /ate z ! boil]1 is repell$1 & pass+ to t conductor mo/ fav\rably circum/anc$ to dis*>ge x1 !re resumes its fir/ indiff]5t condition4 #aefg4 ,x seems to me1 t ! mann] 9 :i* inductric bodies affect un*>g$ float+ or moveable conductors ne> !m1 is v frequ5tly ( ?is nature1 & g5]ally s :5 x ends 9 a c>ry+ op]ation 7#aefb4 #afjb474 ,! mann] 9 :i*1 :il/ ! dom9ant inductric body _c give (f its electricity to ! air1 ! inducte\s body c effect ! dis*>ge ( ! same k9d ( =ce1 is curi\s1 &1 9 ! case ( elongat$ or irregul>ly %ap$ conductors1 su* z filam5ts or p>ticles ( du/1 ! effect w (t5 be v ready1 & ! consequ5t attraction imm$iate4 #aefh4 ,! effect describ$ is also probably influ5tial 9 caus+ ^? v>iations 9 sp>k dis*>ge ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ s]ies 7#achf4 #acij4 #acia473 = if a p>ticle ( du/ 7 drawn t[>ds ! axis ( induction betwe5 ! balls1 x w\ld t5d1 :il/ at "s di/ance f t axis1 to comm5ce dis*>ge at itself1 9 ! mann] describ$ 7#aeff471 & t comm5cem5t might s f> facilitate ! act 7#adag4 #adbj47 z to make ! complete dis*>ge1 z sp>k1 pass ?r\gh ! p>ticle1 ?\gh x might n be ! %orte/ c\rse f ball to ball4 ,s also1 ) equal balls at equal di/ances1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts ( comp>ison already describ$ 7#adic4 #aejf471 a p>ticle be+ betwe5 "o pair ( balls w\ld cause dis*>ge !re 9 pref]5ce2 or ev5 if a p>ticle 7 betwe5 ea*1 diff]5ce ( size or %ape w\ld give "o = ! "t a pr$om9ance ov] ! o!r4 #aefi4 ,! p[] ( p>ticles ( du/ to c>ry (f electricity 9 cases ( high t5sion is well kn[n1 & ,i h already m5tion$ "s in/ances ( ! k9d 9 ! use ( ! inductive app>atus 7#abja474 ,! g5]al op]ation is v well %[n by l>ge light objects1 z ! toy call$ ! electrical spid]2 or1 if small] ones are want$ = philosophical inve/igation1 by ! smoke ( a gl[+ gre5 wax tap]1 :i*1 pres5t+ a successive /ream ( su* p>ticles1 makes _! c\rse visible4 #aegj4 ,on us+ oil ( turp5t9e z ! dielectric1 ! action & c\rse ( small conduct+ c>ry+ p>ticles 9 x c be well obs]v$4 ,a few %ort pieces ( ?read w supply ! place ( c>ri]s1 & _! progressive action is exce$+ly int]e/+4 #aega4 ,a v /rik+ effect 0 produc$ on oil ( turp5t9e1 :i*1 :e!r x 0 due to ! c>ry+ p[] ( ! p>ticles 9 x1 or to any o!r action ( !m1 is p]haps z yet d\btful4 ,a portion ( t fluid 9 a glass vessel _h a l>ge un9sulat$ silv] di% at ! bottom1 & an electrifi$ metal rod ) a r\nd t]m9ation dipp+ into x at ! top4 ,! insulation 0 v good1 & ! attraction & o!r ph5om5a /rik+4 ,! rod end1 ) a drop ( gum wat] atta*$ to x1 0 !n electrifi$ 9 ! fluid2 ! gum wat] soon spun (f 9 f9e ?reads1 & 0 quickly dissipat$ ?r\gh ! oil ( turp5t9e4 ,by ! "t t f\r drops _h 9 ?is way be5 comm+l$ ) a p9t ( ! dielectric1 ! latt] _h lo/ by f> ! greate/ portion ( its insulat+ p[]2 no sp>ks c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! fluid2 & all ! ph5om5a dep5d5t ^u insulation _h sunk to a l[ degree4 ,! fluid 0 v slightly turbid4 ,^u be+ filt]$ ?r\gh pap] only1 x resum$ its fir/ cle>ness1 & n[ insulat$ z well z be=e4 ,! wat]1 !re=e1 0 m]ely diffus$ ?r\gh ! oil ( turp5t9e1 n comb9$ ) or dissolv$ 9 x3 b :e!r ! m9ute p>ticles act$ z c>ri]s1 or :e!r !y 7 n r ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! l9e ( highe/ inductive t5sion 7#acej471 & !re1 be+ drawn into elongat$ =ms by ! electric =ces1 comb9$ _! effects to produce a b& ( matt] hav+ consid]able conduct+ p[]1 z comp>$ ) ! oil ( turp5t9e1 is z yet que/ionable4 #aegb4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! action ( solid conduct+ c>ry+ p>ticles & t ( ! *>g$ p>ticles ( fluid insulat+ sub/ances1 act+ z dielectrics1 is v evid5t & simple2 b 9 ! latt] case ! result is1 necess>ily1 curr5ts 9 ! mobile m$ia4 ,p>ticles are br\ght by inductric action into a pol> /ate2 & ! latt]1 aft] ris+ to a c]ta9 t5sion 7#acgj471 is foll[$ by ! communication ( a "p ( ! =ce orig9ally on ! conductor2 ! p>ticles consequ5tly become *>g$1 & !n1 "u ! jo9t influ5ce ( ! repell5t & attractive =ces1 are urg$ t[>ds a dis*>g+ place1 or to t spot :]e ^! inductric =ces are mo/ easily comp5sat$ by ! contr>y inducte\s =ces4 #aegc4 ,:y a po9t %\ld be s exce$+ly fav\rable to ! production ( curr5ts 9 a fluid insulat+ dielectric1 z air1 is v evid5t4 ,x is at ! extremity ( ! po9t t ! int5sity necess>y to *>ge ! air is fir/ acquir$ 7#acgd472 x is f !nce t ! *>g$ p>ticle rec$es2 & ! me*anical =ce :i* x impresses on ! air to =m a curr5t is 9 e way fav\r$ by ! %ape & position ( ! rod1 ( :i* ! po9t =ms ! t]m9ation4 ,at ! same "t1 ! po9t1 hav+ become ! orig9 ( an active me*anical =ce1 does1 by ! v act ( caus+ t =ce1 namely1 by dis*>ge1 prev5t any o!r "p ( ! rod f acquir+ ! same necess>y condition1 & s pres]ves & su/a9s its own pr$om9ance4 #aegd4 ,! v v>i$ & beautiful ph5om5a produc$ by %elt]+ or enclos+ ! po9t1 illu/rate ! production ( ! curr5t exce$+ly well1 & ju/ify ! same conclusions2 x be+ rememb]$ t 9 su* cases ! effect ^u ! dis*>ge is ( two k9ds4 ,= ! curr5t may be int]f]$ ) by /opp+ ! access ( fre% un*>g$ air1 or ret>d+ ! removal ( t :i* has be5 *>g$1 z :5 a po9t is electrifi$ 9 a tube ( insulat+ matt] clos$ at "o extremity2 or ! electric condition ( ! po9t itself may be alt]$ by ! relation ( o!r p>ts 9 its neighb\rhood1 also r5d]$ electric1 z :5 ! po9t is 9 a metal tube1 by ! metal itself1 or :5 x is 9 ! glass tube1 by a simil> action ( ! *>g$ p>ts ( ! glass1 or ev5 by ! surr\nd+ air :i* has be5 *>g$1 & :i* _c escape4 #aege4 ,:5ev] x is int5d$ to obs]ve su* inductive ph5om5a 9 a fluid dielectric z h a direct relation to1 & dep5d5ce ^u1 ! fluidity ( ! m$ium1 su*1 = in/ance1 z dis*>ge f po9ts1 or attractions & repulsions1 c41 !n ! mass ( ! fluid %\ld be great1 & 9 su* proportion to ! di/ance betwe5 ! inductric & inducte\s surfaces z to include all ! l9es ( inductive =ce 7#acfi47 betwe5 !m2 o!rwise1 ! effects ( curr5ts1 attraction1 c41 :i* are ! resultants ( all ^! =ces1 _c be obta9$4 ,! ph5om5a1 :i* occur 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 ! middle ( a globe fill$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 w n take place 9 ! same m$ia if conf9$ 9 tubes ( glass1 %ell-lac1 sulphur1 or o!r su* sub/ances1 ?\gh !y be excell5t insulat+ dielectrics2 nor c !y be expect$3 = 9 su* cases1 ! pol> =ces1 in/ead ( be+ all disp]s$ among/ fluid p>ticles1 :i* t5d to move "u _! influ5ce1 are n[ associat$ 9 _m p>ts ) p>ticles t1 not)/&+ _! t5d5cy to motion1 are con/ra9$ by _! solidity to rema9 quiesc5t4 #aegf4 ,! v>i$ circum/ances "u :i*1 ) conductors diff]5tly =m$ & con/itut$1 curr5ts c occur1 all illu/rate ! same simplicity ( production4 ,a ball1 if ! int5sity be rais$ suffici5tly on its surface1 & t int5sity be greate/ on a "p consi/5t ) ! production ( a curr5t ( air up to & (f f x1 w produce ! effect l a po9t 7#aecg72 su* is ! case :5ev] ! gl[ occurs ^u a ball1 ! curr5t be+ ess5tial to t ph5om5on4 ,if z l>ge a sph]e z c well be employ$ ) ! production ( gl[ be us$1 ! gl[ w appe> at ! place :]e ! curr5t leaves ! ball1 & t w be ! "p directly opposite to ! connection ( ! ball & rod :i* supports x2 b by increas+ ! t5sion else:]e1 s z to raise x above ! t5sion ^u t spot1 :i* c easily be effect$ inductively1 !n ! place ( ! gl[ & ! direction ( ! curr5t w also *ange1 & pass to t spot :i* = ! "t is mo/ fav\rable = _! production 7#aeia474 #aegg4 ,= in/ance1 approa*+ ! h& t[>ds ! ball w t5d to cause bru% 7#aeci471 b by increas+ ! supply ( electricity ! condition ( gl[ may be pres]v$2 !n on mov+ ! h& ab\t f side to side ! position ( ! gl[ w v evid5tly move ) x4 #aegh4 ,a po9t br\ght t[>ds a gl[+ ball w\ld at twelve or f\rte5 in*es di/ance make ! gl[ break into bru%1 b :5 /ill ne>]1 gl[ 0 reproduc$1 probably dep5d5t ^u ! dis*>ge ( w9d or air pass+ f ! po9t to ! ball1 & ?is gl[ 0 v ob$i5t to ! motion ( ! po9t1 foll[+ x 9 e direction4 #aegi4 ,ev5 a curr5t ( w9d c\ld affect ! place ( ! gl[2 = a v>ni%$ glass tube be+ direct$ sideways t[>ds ! ball1 air 0 sometimes bl[n ?r\gh x at ! ball & sometimes n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! place ( ! gl[ 0 *ang$ a little1 z if x 7 bl[n away by ! curr5t1 & ?is is j ! result :i* might h be5 anticipat$4 ,all ^! effects illu/rate beautifully ! g5]al causes & relations1 bo? ( ! gl[ & ! curr5t ( air accompany+ x 7#aegd474 #aehj4 ,flame facilitates ! production ( a curr5t 9 ! dielectric surr\nd+ x4 ,?us1 if a ball :i* w\ld n occasion a curr5t 9 ! air h a flame1 :e!r l>ge or small1 =m$ on its surface1 ! curr5t is produc$ ) ! greate/ ease2 b n ! lea/ difficulty c occur 9 compreh5d+ ! effective action ( ! flame 9 ?is case1 if its relation1 z "p ( ! surr\nd+ dielectric1 to ! electrifi$ ball1 be b = a mom5t consid]$ 7#acge4 #achj474 #aeha4 ,conduct+ fluid t]m9ations1 in/ead ( rigid po9ts1 illu/rate 9 a v beautiful mann] ! =mation ( ! curr5ts1 ) _! effects & influ5ce 9 exalt+ ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 comm5c$4 ,let ! r\nd$ end ( a brass rod1 #j4c ( an in* or !reab\ts 9 diamet]1 po9t d[nw>ds 9 free air2 let x be amalgamat$1 & h a drop ( m]cury susp5d$ f x2 & !n let x be p[]fully electriz$4 ,! m]cury w pres5t ! ph5om5on ( gl[2 a curr5t ( air w ru% along ! rod1 & set (f f ! m]cury directly d[nw>ds2 & ! =m ( ! metallic drop w be slightly affect$1 ! convexity at a small "p ne> ! middle & l[] "p becom+ great]1 :il/ x dim9i%es all r\nd at places a little remov$ f ?is spot4 ,! *ange is f ! =m ( a 7fig4 #ace47 to t ( b1 & is due almo/1 if n entirely1 to ! me*anical =ce ( ! curr5t ( air sweep+ ov] its surface4 #aehb4 ,z a comp>ative obs]vation1 let x be notic$1 t a ball gradually br\ght t[>ds x conv]ts ! gl[ into bru%es1 & ultimately sp>ks pass f ! mo/ project+ "p ( ! m]cury4 ,a po9t does ! same1 b at mu* small] di/ances4 #aehc4 ,take next a drop ( /rong solution ( muriate ( lime2 be+ electrifi$1 a "p w probably be dissipat$1 b a consid]able portion1 if ! electricity be n too p[]ful1 w rema91 =m+ a conical drop 7fig4 #acf471 accompani$ by a /rong curr5t4 ,if gl[ be produc$1 ! drop w be smoo? on ! surface4 ,if a %ort l[ bru% is =m$1 a m9ute tremul\s motion ( ! liquid w be visible2 b bo? effects co9cide ) ! pr9cipal "o to be obs]v$1 namely1 ! regul> & successive *>ge ( air1 ! =mation ( a w9d or curr5t1 & ! =m giv5 by t curr5t to ! fluid drop1 if a dis*>ge ball be gradually br\ght t[>d ! cone1 sp>ks w at la/ pass1 & ^! w be f ! apex ( ! cone to ! approa*$ ball1 indicat+ a consid]able degree ( conduct+ p[] 9 ?is fluid4 #aehd4 ,) a drop ( wat]1 ! effects 7 ( ! same k9d1 & 7 be/ obta9$ :5 a portion ( gum wat] or ( syrup hung f a ball 7fig4 #acg474 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 work$ sl[ly1 a f9e l>ge quiet conical drop1 ) concave lat]al outl9e1 & a small r\nd$ end1 0 produc$1 on :i* ! gl[ appe>$1 :il/ a /eady w9d issu$1 9 a direction f ! po9t ( ! cone1 ( suffici5t =ce to depress ! surface ( un9sulat$ wat] held opposite to ! t]m9ation4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 work$ m rapidly "s ( ! wat] 0 driv5 (f2 ! small] po9t$ portion left 0 r\ghi% on ! surface1 & ! s\nd ( successive bru% dis*>ges 0 he>d4 ,) /ill m electricity1 m wat] 0 disp]s$2 t :i* rema9$ 0 elongat$ & contract$1 ) an alt]nat+ motion2 a /rong] bru% dis*>ge 0 he>d1 & ! vibrations ( ! wat] & ! successive dis*>ges ( ! individual bru%es 7 simultane\s4 ,:5 wat] f b5ea? 0 br\ght t[>ds ! drop1 x did n indicate ! same regul> /rong contract$ curr5t ( air z be=e2 & :5 ! di/ance 0 su* t sp>ks pass$1 ! wat] b5ea? 0 attract$ r ?an driv5 away1 & ! curr5t ( air ceas$4 #aehe4 ,:5 ! dis*>g+ ball 0 br\ght ne> ! drop 9 its fir/ quiet gl[+ /ate 7#aehb471 x conv]t$ t gl[ into bru%es1 & caus$ ! vibrat+ motion ( ! drop4 ,:5 /ill ne>]1 sp>ks pass$1 b !y 7 always f ! metal ( ! rod1 ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 to ! po9t1 & !n across ! air to ! ball4 ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( ! defici5t conduct+ p[] ( ! fluid 7#aehd4 #aehe474 #aehf4 ,:y ! drop vibrat$1 *ang+ its =m betwe5 ! p]iods ( dis*>g+ bru%es1 s z to be m or less acute at p>ticul> in/ants1 to be mo/ acute :5 ! bru% issu$ =?1 & to be iso*ron\s 9 its action1 & h[ ! quiet gl[+ liquid drop1 on assum+ ! conical =m1 facilitat$1 z x 71 ! fir/ action1 are po9ts1 z to !ory1 s evid5t1 t ,i w n /op to speak ( !m4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ to obs]ve at pres5t is1 ! =mation ( ! c>ry+ curr5t ( air1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x exhibits its exi/5ce & influ5ce by giv+ =m to ! drop4 #aehg4 ,t ! drop1 :5 ( wat]1 or a bett] conductor ?an wat]1 is =m$ into a cone pr9cipally by ! curr5t ( air1 is %[n among/ o!r ways 7#aeid47 ?us4 ,a %>p po9t be+ held opposite ! conical drop1 ! latt] soon lo/ its po9t$ =m2 0 retrac$ & became r\nd2 ! curr5t ( air f x ceas$1 & 0 replac$ by "o f ! po9t b5ea?1 :i*1 if ! latt] 7 held ne> en\gh to ! drop1 actually blew x aside1 & r5d]$ x concave 9 =m4 #aehh4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say :at happ5$ ) /ill worse conductors ?an wat]1 z oil1 or oil ( turp5t9e2 ! fluid itself 0 !n spun out into ?reads & c>ri$ (f1 n only because ! air ru%+ ov] its surface help$ to sweep x away1 b also because its insulat+ p>ticles assum$ ! same *>g$ /ate z ! p>ticles ( air1 &1 n be+ able to dis*>ge to !m 9 a mu* great] decree ?an ! air p>ticles !mselves c\ld d1 7 c>ri$ (f by ! same causes :i* urg$ ^? 9 _! c\rse4 ,a simil> effect ) melt$ seal+-wax on a metal po9t =ms an old & well-kn[n exp]im5t4 #aehi4 ,a drop ( gum wat] 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( ! air-pump 0 n s5sibly affect$ 9 its =m :5 electrifi$4 ,:5 air 0 let 91 x begun to %[ *ange ( %ape :5 ! pressure 0 t5 in*es ( m]cury4 ,at ! pressure ( f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es ! *ange 0 m s5sible1 & z ! air increas$ 9 d5sity ! effects increas$1 until !y 7 ! same z ^? 9 ! op5 atmosph]e4 ,! dim9i%$ effect 9 ! r>e air ,i ref] to ! relative dim9i%$ en]gy ( its curr5t2 t dim9ution dep5d+1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! l[] electric condition ( ! electrifi$ ball 9 ! r>efi$ m$ium1 & 9 ! next1 on ! att5uat$ condition ( ! dielectric1 ! cohesive =ce ( wat] 9 relation to r>efi$ air be+ some?+ l t ( m]cury to d5se air 7#aeha471 :il/ t ( wat] 9 d5se air may be comp>$ to t ( m]cury 9 oil ( turp5t9e 7#aeig474 #aeij4 ,:5 a ball is cov]$ ) a ?ick conduct+ fluid1 z treacle or syrup1 x is easy by inductive action to det]m9e ! w9d f almo/ any "p ( x 7#aegg472 ! exp]im5t1 :i* be=e 0 ( r difficult p]=mance1 be+ r5d]$ facile 9 consequ5ce ( ! fluid enabl+ t "p1 :i* at fir/ 0 feeble 9 its action1 to rise into an exalt$ condition by assum+ a po9t$ =m4 #aeia4 ,to produce ! curr5t1 ! electric int5sity mu/ rise & cont9ue at "o spot1 namely1 at ! orig9 ( ! curr5t1 high] ?an else:]e1 & !n1 air hav+ a uni=m & ready access1 ! curr5t is produc$4 ,if no curr5t be all[$ 7#aegd471 !n dis*>ge may take place by bru% or sp>k4 ,b :e!r x be by bru% or sp>k1 or w9d1 x seems v probable t ! initial int5sity or t5sion at :i* a p>ticle ( a giv5 gase\s dielectric *>ges1 or comm5ces dis*>ge1 is1 "u ! conditions be=e express$1 always ! same 7#adaj474 #aeib4 ,x is n suppos$ t all ! air :i* ent]s into motion is electrifi$2 on ! contr>y1 mu* t is n *>g$ is c>ri$ on into ! /ream4 ,! "p :i* is really *>g$ may be b a small proportion ( t :i* is ultimately set 9 motion 7#addb474 #aeic4 ,:5 a drop ( gum wat] 7#aehd47 is made negative1 x pres5ts a l>g] cone ?an :5 made positive2 less ( ! fluid is ?r[n (f1 & yet1 :5 a ball is approa*$1 sp>ks c h>dly be obta9$1 s po9t$ is ! cone1 & s free ! dis*>ge4 ,a po9t held opposite to x did n cause ! retraction ( ! cone to su* an ext5t z :5 x 0 positive4 ,all ! effects are s diff]5t f ^? pres5t$ by ! positive cone1 t ,i h no d\bt su* drops w\ld pres5t a v in/ructive me?od ( inve/igat+ ! diff]5ce ( positive & negative dis*>ge 9 air & o!r dielectrics 7#adhj4 #aeja474 #aeid4 ,t ,i may n be misund]/ood 7#aehg471 ,i mu/ obs]ve "h t ,i d n consid] ! cones produc$ z ! result only ( ! curr5t ( air or o!r insulat+ dielectric ov] _! surface4 ,:5 ! drop is ( badly conduct+ matt]1 a "p ( ! effect is due to ! electrifi$ /ate ( ! p>ticles1 & ?is "p con/itutes almo/ ! :ole :5 ! matt] is melt$ seal+-wax1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & simil> insulat+ bodies 7#aehh474 ,b ev5 :5 ! drop is ( good conduct+ matt]1 z wat]1 solutions1 or m]cury1 ?\gh ! effect above spok5 ( w !n be ins5sible 7#afjg471 /ill x is n ! m]e curr5t ( air or o!r dielectric :i* produces all ! *ange ( =m2 = a "p is due to ^? attractive =ces by :i* ! *>g$ drop1 if free to move1 w\ld travel along ! l9e ( /ronge/ induction1 & n be+ free to move1 has its =m elongat$ until ! sum ( ! diff]5t =ces t5d+ to produce ?is =m is balanc$ by ! cohesive attraction ( ! fluid4 ,! effect ( ! attractive =ces are well %[n :5 treacle1 gum wat]1 or syrup is us$2 = ! long ?reads :i* sp9 out1 at ! same "t t !y =m ! axes ( ! curr5ts ( air1 :i* may /ill be consid]$ z det]m9$ at _! po9ts1 are l flexible conductors1 & %[ by _! directions 9 :at way ! attractive =ces draw !m4 #aeie4 ,:5 ! ph5om5a ( curr5ts are obs]v$ 9 d5se insulat+ dielectrics1 !y pres5t u ) extraord9>y degrees ( me*anical =ce4 ,?us1 if a p9t ( well-rectifi$ & filt]$ 7#aega47 oil ( turp5t9e be put into a glass vessel1 & two wires be dipp$ into x 9 diff]5t places1 "o lead+ to ! electrical ma*9e1 & ! o!r to ! dis*>g+ tra91 on work+ ! ma*9e ! fluid w be ?r[n into viol5t motion ?r\gh\t its :ole mass1 :il/ at ! same "t x w rise two1 ?ree or f\r in*es up ! ma*9e wire1 & d>t (f jets f x into ! air4 #aeif4 ,if v clean un9sulat$ m]cury be at ! bottom ( ! fluid1 & ! wire f ! ma*9e be t]m9at$ ei!r by a ball or a po9t1 & also pass ?r\gh a glass tube ext5d+ bo? above & bel[ ! surface ( ! oil ( turp5t9e1 ! curr5ts c be bett] obs]v$1 & w be se5 to ru% d[n ! wire1 proce$+ directly f x t[>ds ! m]cury1 & !re1 div]g+ 9 all directions1 w ripple its surface /rongly1 & m\nt+ up at ! sides ( ! vessel1 w return to re-ent] ^u _! c\rse4 #aeig4 ,a drop ( m]cury be+ susp5d$ f an amalgamat$ brass ball1 pres]v$ its =m almo/ un*ang$ 9 air 7#aeha472 b :5 imm]s$ 9 ! oil ( turp5t9e x became v po9t$1 & ev5 p>ticles ( ! metal c\ld be spun out & c>ri$ (f by ! curr5ts ( ! dielectric4 ,! =m ( ! liquid metal 0 j l t ( ! syrup 9 air 7#aehd471 ! po9t ( ! cone be+ q z f9e1 ?\gh n s long4 ,by br++ a %>p un9sulat$ po9t t[>ds x1 x c\ld also be effect$ 9 ! same mann] z ! syrup drop 9 air 7#aehg471 ?\gh n s readily1 because ( ! d5sity & limit$ quantity ( ! dielectric4 #aeih4 ,if ! m]cury at ! bottom ( ! fluid be connect$ ) ! electrical ma*9e1 :il/ a rod is held 9 ! h& t]m9at+ 9 a ball ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 less or m1 9 diamet]1 & ! ball be dipp$ into ! electrifi$ fluid1 v /rik+ appe>ances ensue4 ,:5 ! ball is rais$ aga9 s z to be at a level ne>ly out ( ! fluid1 l>ge portions ( ! latt] w seem to cl+ to x 7fig4 #ach474 ,if x be rais$ high]1 a column ( ! oil ( turp5t9e w /ill connect x ) t 9 ! bas9 bel[ 7fig4 #aci474 ,if ! ma*9e be excit$ into m p[]ful action1 ?is w become m bulky1 & may !n also be rais$ high]1 assum+ ! =m 7fig4 #adj72 & all ! "t t ^! effects cont9ue1 curr5ts & c\nt]-curr5ts1 sometimes runn+ v close toge!r1 may be obs]v$ 9 ! rais$ column ( fluid4 #aeii4 ,x is v difficult to decide by sight ! direction ( ! curr5ts 9 su* exp]im5ts z ^!4 ,if p>ticles ( silk are introduc$ !y cl+ ab\t ! conductors2 b us+ drops ( wat] & m]cury ! c\rse ( ! fluid dielectric seems well indicat$4 ,?us1 if a drop ( wat] be plac$ at ! end ( a rod 7#aega47 ov] ! un9sulat$ m]cury1 x is soon swept away 9 p>ticles /ream+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! m]cury4 ,if ano!r drop be plac$ on ! m]cury b5ea? ! end ( ! rod1 x is quickly disp]s$ 9 all directions 9 ! =m ( /ream+ p>ticles1 ! attractive =ces draw+ x into elongat$ portions1 & ! curr5ts c>ry+ !m away4 ,if a drop ( m]cury be hung f a ball us$ to raise a column ( ! fluid 7#aeih471 !n ! %ape ( ! drop seems to %[ curr5ts travell+ 9 ! fluid 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s 7fig4 #ada474 #afjj4 ,a v rem>kable effect is produc$ on ^! ph5om5a1 connect$ ) positive & negative *>ge & dis*>ge1 namely1 t a ball *>g$ positively raises a mu* high] & l>g] column ( ! oil ( turp5t9e ?an :5 *>g$ negatively4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is is connect$ ) ! diff]5ce ( positive & negative action already spok5 ( 7#adhj4 #aebe471 & t5ds mu* to /r5g!n ! idea t su* diff]5ce is ref]able to ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric r ?an to ! *>g$ conductors1 & is dep5d5t ^u ! mode 9 :i* ^! p>ticles pol>ize 7#aejc4 #aebc474 #afja4 ,:5ev] curr5ts travel 9 insulat+ dielectrics !y really effect dis*>ge2 & x is important to obs]ve1 ?\gh a v natural result1 t x is indiff]5t :i* way ! curr5t or p>ticles travel1 z ) rev]s$ direction _! /ate is rev]s$4 ,! *ange is easily made1 ei!r 9 air or oil ( turp5t9e1 betwe5 two oppos$ rods1 = an insulat$ ball be+ plac$ 9 connexion ) ei!r rod & br\ght ne> its extremity1 w cause ! curr5t to set t[>ds x f ! opposite end4 #afjb4 ,! two curr5ts (t5 occur at once1 z :5 bo? t]m9ations pres5t bru%es1 & frequ5tly :5 !y exhibit ! gl[ 7#aeca474 ,9 su* cases1 ! *>g$ p>ticles1 or _m ( !m1 meet & mutually dis*>ge ea* o!r 7#aeah4 #afab474 ,if a smok+ wax tap] be held at ! end ( an insulat+ rod t[>ds a *>g$ prime conductor1 x w v (t5 happ5 t two curr5ts w =m1 & be r5d]$ visible by its vap\r1 "o pass+ z a f9e filam5t ( smoky p>ticles directly to ! *>g$ conductor1 & ! o!r pass+ z directly f ! same tap] wick outw>ds1 & f ! conductor3 ! pr9ciples ( inductric action & *>ge1 :i* 7 ref]r$ to 9 consid]+ ! relation ( a c>ri] ball & a conductor 7#aeff471 be+ "h also call$ into play4 99 99 99 99 99 #afjc4 ,! g5]al analogy &1 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 id5tity ( action f\nd to exi/ z to insulation & conduction 7#acch4 #aefa47 :5 bodies1 ! be/ & ! wor/ 9 ! classes ( insulators or conductors1 7 comp>$1 l$ me to believe t ! ph5om5a ( convection 9 badly conduct+ m$ia 7 n )\t _! p>allel among/ ! be/ conductors1 su* ev5 z ! metals4 ,^u consid]ation1 ! cones produc$ by ,davy,a 9 fluid metals1 z m]cury & t91 seem$ to be cases 9 po9t1 & probably also ! elongation ( ! metallic m$ium ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( electricity 0 pass+1 describ$ by ,ampre 7#aaac7;,b2 = x is n difficult to conceive1 t ! dim9ution ( convective effect1 consequ5t ^u ! high conduct+ p[] ( ! metallic m$ia us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 might be fully comp5sat$ = by ! enorm\s quantity ( electricity pass+4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible n to expect "s effect1 :e!r s5sible or n1 ( ! k9d 9 "q1 :5 su* a curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh a fluid (f]+ a s5sible resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electricity1 &1 !reby1 giv+ pro( ( a c]ta9 degree ( insulat+ p[] 7#acbh474 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbc1 p4 #aee4 ,b ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 xxi1 #dag4 #afjd4 ,i endeav\r$ to connect ! convective curr5ts 9 air1 oil ( turp5t9e1 c4 & ^? 9 metals1 by int]m$iate cases1 b f\nd ?is n easy to d4 ,on tak+ bodies1 = in/ance1 :i*1 l wat]1 adds1 solutions1 fus$ salts or *lorides1 c41 h int]m$iate conduct+ p[]s1 ! m9ute quantity ( electricity :i* ! common ma*9e c supply 7#cga4 #hfa47 is exhau/$ in/antly1 s t ! cause ( ! ph5om5on is kept ei!r v l[ 9 int5sity1 or ! in/ant ( "t dur+ :i* ! effect la/s is s small1 t "o _c hope to obs]ve ! result s\ght =4 ,if a voltaic batt]y be us$1 ^! bodies are all electrolytes1 & ! evolution ( gas1 or ! production ( o!r *anges1 int]f]es & prev5ts obs]vation ( ! effect requir$4 #afje4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 "s exp]im5ts :i* illu/rate ! connection4 ,two plat9a wires1 =m+ ! electrodes ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y1 7 plac$ side by side1 ne> ea* o!r1 9 di/ill$ wat]1 h]metically seal$ up 9 a /rong glass tube1 "s m9ute vegetable fibres be+ pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,:51 f ! evolution ( gas & ! consequ5t increas$ pressure1 ! bubbles =m$ on ! electrodes 7 s small z to produce b feebly asc5d+ curr5ts1 !n x c\ld be obs]v$ t ! filam5ts pres5t 7 attract$ & repell$ betwe5 ! two wires1 z !y w\ld h be5 betwe5 two oppositely *>g$ surfaces 9 air or oil ( turp5t9e1 mov+ s quickly z to displace & di/urb ! bubbles & ! curr5ts :i* ^! t5d$ to =m4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x _c be d\bt$1 t "u simil> circum/ances1 & ) an abundant supply ( electricity1 ( suffici5t t5sion also1 convective curr5ts might h be5 =m$2 ! attractions & repulsions ( ! filam5ts 71 9 fact1 ! elem5ts ( su* curr5ts 7#aegb471 & !re=e wat]1 ?\gh almo/ inf9itely above air or oil ( turp5t9e z a conductor1 is a m$ium 9 :i* simil> curr5ts c take place4 #afjf4 ,i _h an app>atus made 7fig4 #adb47 9 :i* a is a plate ( %ell-lac1 b a f9e plat9a wire pass+ ?r\gh x1 & hav+ only ! section ( ! wire expos$ above2 c a r+ ( bibul\s pap] re/+ on ! %ell-lac1 & d di/ill$ wat] reta9$ by ! pap] 9 its place1 & j suffici5t 9 quantity to cov] ! end ( ! wire b2 ano!r wire1 e1 t\*$ a piece ( t9foil ly+ 9 ! wat]1 & 0 also connect$ ) a dis*>g+ tra92 9 ?is way x 0 easy1 by r5d]+ b ei!r positive or negative1 to s5d a curr5t ( electricity by its extremity into ! fluid1 & s away by ! wire e4 #afjg4 ,on connect+ b ) ! conductor ( a p[]ful electrical ma*9e1 n ! lea/ di/urbance ( ! level ( ! fluid ov] ! end ( ! wire dur+ ! work+ ( ! ma*9e c\ld be obs]v$2 b at ! same "t !re 0 n ! smalle/ indication ( electrical *>ge ab\t ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 s complete 0 ! dis*>ge4 ,i conclude t ! quantity ( electricity pass$ 9 a giv5 "t _h be5 too small1 :5 comp>$ ) ! conduct+ p[] ( ! fluid to produce ! desir$ effect4 #afjh4 ,i !n *>g$ a l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y 7#bia471 & dis*>g$ x ?r\gh ! wire b1 int]pos+1 h[ev]1 a wet ?read1 two feet long1 to prev5t a sp>k 9 ! wat]1 & to r$uce :at w\ld else h be5 a sudd5 viol5t dis*>ge into "o ( m mod]ate "*1 endur+ = a s5sible l5g? ( "t 7#ccd474 ,i n[ did obta9 a v brief elevation ( ! wat] ov] ! end ( ! wire2 & ?\gh a few m9ute bubbles ( gas 7 at ! same "t =m$ !re1 s z to prev5t me f ass]t+ t ! effect 0 unequivocally ! same z t obta9$ by ,,davy 9 ! metals1 yet1 accord+ to my be/ judgem5t1 x 0 p>tly1 & ,i believe pr9cipally1 ( t nature4 #afji4 ,i employ$ a voltaic batt]y ( #ajj pair ( f\r-in* plates = exp]im5ts ( a simil> nature ) electrolytes4 ,9 ^! cases ! %ell-lac 0 cupp$1 & ! wire b #j4b ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,sometimes ,i us$ a positive amalgamat$ z9c wire 9 contact ) dilute sulphuric acid2 at o!rs1 a negative copp] wire 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]2 b1 because ( ! evolution ( gas1 ! precipitation ( copp]1 c41 ,i 0 n able to obta9 decid$ results4 ,x is b "r to m5tion1 t :5 ,i made use ( m]cury1 endeav\r+ to repeat ,,davy's exp]im5t1 ! batt]y ( #ajj pair 0 n suffici5t to produce ! elevations,a4 ,a ,9 ! exp]im5ts at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy us$1 ,i ?9k1 #ejj or #fjj pairs ( plates4 ,^? at ! ,london ,in/itution 7 made ) ! app>atus ( ,mr4 ,pepys 7consi/+ ( an enorm\s s+le pair ( plates71 describ$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahcb1 p4 #ahg4 #afaj4 ,! latt] exp]im5ts 7#afji47 may !re=e be consid]$ z fail+ to give ! hop$-= pro(1 b ,i h mu* confid5ce 9 ! =m] 7#afje4 #afjh471 & 9 ! consid]ations 7#afjc47 connect$ ) !m4 ,if ,i h rightly view$ !m1 & we may be all[$ to comp>e ! curr5ts at po9ts & surfaces 9 su* extremely diff]5t bodies z air & ! metals1 & admit t !y are effects ( ! same k9d1 diff]+ only 9 degree & 9 proportion to ! insulat+ or conduct+ p[] ( ! dielectric us$1 :at great additional argum5t we obta9 9 fav\r ( t !ory1 :i* 9 ! ph5om5a ( insulation & conduction also1 z 9 ^!1 w\ld l9k ! same app>5tly dissimil> sub/ances toge!r 7#accf4 #aefa472 & h[ completely ! g5]al view1 :i* ref]s all ! ph5om5a to ! direct action ( ! molecules ( matt]1 seems to embrace ! v>i\s isolat$ ph5om5a z !y successively come "u consid]ation6 99 99 99 99 99 #afaa4 ,! connection ( ?is convective or c>ry+ effect1 :i* dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 degree ( insulation1 ) conduction2 i4e4 ! occurr5ce ( bo? 9 s _m ( ! sub/ances ref]r$ to1 z1 = in/ance1 ! metals1 wat]1 air1 c41 w\ld lead to _m v curi\s !oretical g5]alizations1 :i* ,i mu/ n indulge 9 "h4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i %all v5ture to ref] to4 ,conduction appe>s to be ess5tially an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 & ! consid]ations j /at$1 toge!r ) o!rs =m]ly express$ 7#acbf1 #accf1 c471 lead to ! conclusion1 t all bodies conduct1 & by ! same process1 air z well z metals2 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! necess>y degree ( =ce or t5sion betwe5 ! p>ticles :i* mu/ exi/ be=e ! act ( conduction or transf] f "o p>ticle to ano!r c take place4 #afab4 ,! "q !n arises1 :at is ?is limit+ condition :i* sep>ates1 z x 71 conduction & insulation f ea* o!r8 ,does x consi/ 9 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two contigu\s p>ticles1 or ! contigu\s poles ( ^! p>ticles1 9 ! nature & am\nt ( positive & negative =ce1 no communication or dis*>ge occurr+ unless t diff]5ce rises up to a c]ta9 degree1 v>iable = diff]5t bodies1 b always ! same = ! same body8 ,or is x true t1 h[ev] small ! diff]5ce betwe5 two su* p>ticles1 if "t be all[$1 equalization ( =ce w take place1 ev5 ) ! p>ticles ( su* bodies z air1 sulphur or lac8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 insulat+ p[] 9 any p>ticul> body w\ld be proportionate to ! degree ( ! assum$ necess>y diff]5ce ( =ce2 9 ! second1 to ! "t requir$ to equalize equal degrees ( diff]5ce 9 diff]5t bodies4 ,) reg>d to airs1 "o is almo/ l$ to expect a p]man5t diff]5ce ( =ce2 b 9 all o!r bodies1 "t seems to be q suffici5t to ensure1 ultimately1 complete conduction4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! modes by :i* insulation may be su/a9$1 or conduction effect$1 is n a m]e fanciful po9t1 b "o ( great importance1 z be+ ess5tially connect$ ) ! molecul> !ory ( induction1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( bodies assume & reta9 _! pol>iz$ /ate4 99 99 99 99 99 xi4 ,relation ( a vacuum to electrical ph5om5a4 #afac4 ,x w\ld seem /range1 if a !ory :i* ref]s all ! ph5om5a ( insulation & conduction1 i4e4 all electrical ph5om5a1 to ! action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 7 to omit to notice ! assum$ possible case ( a vacuum4 ,admitt+ t a vacuum c be produc$1 x w\ld be a v curi\s matt] inde$ to "k :at its relation to electrical ph5om5a w\ld be2 & z %ell-lac & metal are directly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 :e!r a vacuum w\ld be oppos$ to !m bo?1 & all[ nei!r ( induction or conduction across x4 ,mr4 ,morgan,a has said t a vacuum does n conduct4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy conclud$ f 8 inve/igations1 t z p]fect a vacuum z c\ld be made,b did conduct1 b does n consid] ! prep>$ spaces :i* he us$ z absolute vacua4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts ,i ?9k ,i h obs]v$ ! lum9\s dis*>ge to be pr9cipally on ! inn] surface ( ! glass2 & x does n appe> at all unlikely1 t1 if ! vacuum refus$ to conduct1 /ill ! surface ( glass next x might c>ry on t action4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #aghe1 p4 #bgb ,b ,ibid4 #ahbb1 p4 #fd4 #afad4 ,at "o "t1 :5 ,i ?\ght inductive =ce 0 ex]t$ 9 "r l9es1 ,i hop$ to illu/rate ?is important "q by mak+ exp]im5ts on induction ) metallic mirrors 7us$ only z conduct+ vessels7 expos$ t[>ds a v cle> sky at night "t1 & ( su* concavity t no?+ b ! firmam5t c\ld be visible f ! l[e/ "p ( ! concave n1 fig4 #adc4 ,su* mirrors1 :5 electrifi$1 z by connexion ) a ,leyd5 j>1 & exam9$ by a c>ri] ball1 readily gave electricity at ! l[e/ "p ( _! concavity if 9 a room2 b ,i 0 9 hopes ( f9d+ t1 circum/anc$ z be=e /at$1 !y w\ld give little or none at ! same spot1 if ! atmosph]e above really t]m9at$ 9 a vacuum4 ,i 0 disappo9t$ 9 ! conclusion1 = ,i obta9$ z mu* electricity !re z be=e2 b on discov]+ ! action ( induction 9 curv$ l9es 7#abca471 f\nd a full & satisfactory explanation ( ! result4 #afae4 ,my !ory1 z f> z ,i h v5tur$ x1 does n pret5d to decide ^u ! consequ5ces ( a vacuum4 ,x is n at pres5t limit$ suffici5tly1 or r5d]$ precise en\gh1 ei!r by exp]im5ts relat+ to spaces void ( matt]1 or ^? ( o!r k9ds1 to indicate :at w\ld happ5 9 ! vacuum case4 ,i h only z yet endeav\r$ to e/abli%1 :at all ! facts seem to prove1 t :5 electrical ph5om5a1 z ^? ( induction1 conduction1 insulation & dis*>ge occur1 !y dep5d on1 & are produc$ by ! action ( contigu\s p>ticles ( matt]1 ! next exi/+ p>ticle be+ consid]$ z ! contigu\s "o2 & ,i h fur!r assum$1 t ^! p>ticles are pol>iz$2 t ea* exhibits ! two =ces1 or ! =ce 9 two directions 7#abie4 #abih472 & t !y act at a di/ance1 only by act+ on ! contigu\s & int]m$iate p>ticles4 #afaf4 ,b assum+ t a p]fect vacuum 7 to int]v5e 9 ! c\rse ( ! l9es ( inductive action 7#acjd471 x does n foll[ f ?is !ory1 t ! p>ticles on opposite sides ( su* a vacuum c\ld n act on ea* o!r4 ,suppose x possible = a positively electrifi$ p>ticle to be 9 ! c5tre ( a vacuum an in* 9 diamet]1 no?+ 9 my pres5t views =bids t ! p>ticle %\ld act at ! di/ance ( half an in* on all ! p>ticles =m+ ! inn] sup]ficies ( ! b\nd+ sph]e1 & ) a =ce consi/5t ) ! well-kn[n law ( ! squ>es ( ! di/ance4 ,b suppose ! sph]e ( an in* 7 full ( insulat+ matt]1 ! electrifi$ p>ticle w\ld n !n1 accord+ to my notion1 act directly on ! di/ant p>ticles1 b on ^? 9 imm$iate association ) x1 employ+ all its p[] 9 pol>iz+ !m2 produc+ 9 !m negative =ce equal 9 am\nt to its own positive =ce & direct$ t[>ds ! latt]1 & positive =ce ( equal am\nt direct$ outw>ds & act+ 9 ! same mann] ^u ! lay] ( p>ticles next 9 succession4 ,s t ultimately1 ^? p>ticles 9 ! surface ( a sph]e ( half an in* radius1 :i* 7 act$ on directly :5 t sph]e 0 a vacuum1 w n[ be act$ on indirectly z respects ! c5tral p>ticle or s\rce ( action1 i4e4 !y w be pol>iz$ 9 ! same way1 & ) ! same am\nt ( =ce4 #ai4 ,nature ( ! electric curr5t4 #afag4 ,! ^w curr5t is s expressive 9 common language1 t :5 appli$ 9 ! consid]ation ( electrical ph5om5a we c h>dly dive/ x suffici5tly ( its mean+1 or prev5t our m9ds f be+ prejudic$ by x 7#bhc4 #eaa474 ,i %all use x 9 its common electrical s5se1 namely1 to express g5]ally a c]ta9 condition & relation ( electrical =ces suppos$ to be 9 progression4 #afah4 ,a curr5t is produc$ bo? by excitem5t & dis*>ge2 & :atsoev] ! v>iation ( ! two g5]al causes may be1 ! effect rema9s ! same4 ,?us excitem5t may occur 9 _m ways1 z by friction1 *emical action1 influ5ce ( heat1 *ange ( condition1 induction1 c42 & dis*>ge has ! =ms ( conduction1 electrolyzation1 disruptive dis*>ge1 & convection2 yet ! curr5t connect$ ) ^! actions1 :5 x occurs1 appe>s 9 all cases to be ! same4 ,?is con/ancy 9 ! "* ( ! curr5t1 not)/&+ ! p>ticul> & great v>iations :i* may be made 9 ! mode ( its occurr5ce1 is exce$+ly /rik+ & important2 & its inve/igation & developm5t promise to supply ! mo/ op5 & advantage\s road to a true & intimate und]/&+ ( ! nature ( electrical =ces4 #afai4 ,z yet ! ph5om5a ( ! curr5t h pres5t$ no?+ 9 opposition to ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! nature ( induction z an action ( contigu\s p>ticles4 ,i h endeav\r$ to dive/ myself ( prejudices & to look = contradictions1 b ,i h n p]ceiv$ any 9 conductive1 electrolytic1 convective1 or disruptive dis*>ge4 #afbj4 ,look+ at ! curr5t z a cause1 x ex]ts v extraord9>y & div]se p[]s1 n only 9 its c\rse & on ! bodies 9 :i* x exi/s1 b collat]ally1 z 9 inductive or magnetic ph5om5a4 #afba4 ,electrolytic action4--,"o ( its direct actions is ! ex]tion ( pure *emical =ce1 ?is be+ a result :i* has n[ be5 exam9$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! effect is f\nd to be con/ant & def9ite = ! quantity ( electric =ce dis*>g$ 7#ghc4 c472 & beyond t1 ! int5sity requir$ is 9 relation to ! int5sity ( ! aff9ity or =ces to be ov]come 7#ijd4 #ijf4 #iaa474 ,! curr5t & its consequ5ces are "h proportionate2 ! "o may be employ$ to repres5t ! o!r2 no "p ( ! effect ( ei!r is lo/ or ga9$2 s t ! case is a /rict "o1 & yet x is ! v case :i* mo/ /rik+ly illu/rates ! doctr9e t induction is an action ( contigu\s p>ticles 7#aafd4 #acdc474 #afbb4 ,! process ( electrolytic dis*>ge appe>s to me to be 9 close analogy1 & p]haps 9 its nature id5tical ) ano!r process ( dis*>ge1 :i* at fir/ seems v diff]5t f x1 ,i mean convection 7#acdg4 #aegb474 ,9 ! latt] case ! p>ticles may travel = y>ds across a *amb]2 !y may produce /rong w9ds 9 ! air1 s z to move ma*9]y2 & 9 fluids1 z oil ( turp5t9e1 may ev5 %ake ! h&1 & c>ry heavy metallic bodies ab\t,a2 & yet ,i d n see t ! =ce1 ei!r 9 k9d or action1 is at all diff]5t to t by :i* a p>ticle ( hydrog5 leaves "o p>ticle ( oxyg5 to g to ano!r1 or by :i* a p>ticle ( oxyg5 travels 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,a ,if a metallic vessel ?ree or f\r in*es deep1 conta9+ oil ( turp5t9e1 be insulat$ & electrifi$1 & a rod ) a ball 7an in* or m 9 diamet]7 at ! end h ! ball imm]s$ 9 ! fluid :il/ ! end is held 9 ! h&1 ! me*anical =ce g5]at$ :5 ! ball is mov$ to & f ! sides ( ! vessel w soon be evid5t to ! exp]im5t]4 #afbc4 ,travell+ p>ticles ( ! air c effect *emical *anges j z well z ! contact ( a fix$ plat9a electrode1 or t ( a comb9+ electrode1 or ! ions ( a decompos+ electrolyte 7#dec4 #dga472 & 9 ! exp]im5t =m]ly describ$1 :]e eight places ( decomposition 7 r5d]$ active by "o curr5t 7#dfi471 & :]e *>g$ p>ticles ( air 9 motion 7 ! only electrical means ( connect+ ^! p>ts ( ! curr5t1 x seems to me t ! action ( ! p>ticles ( ! electrolyte & ( ! air 7 ess5tially ! same4 ,a p>ticle ( air 0 r5d]$ positive2 x travell$ 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate direction1 & com+ to an electrolyte1 communicat$ its p[]s2 an equal am\nt ( positive =ce 0 accord+ly acquir$ by ano!r p>ticle 7! hydrog571 & ! latt]1 s *>g$1 travell$ z ! =m] did1 & 9 ! same direction1 until x came to ano!r p>ticle1 & transf]r$ its p[] & motion1 mak+ t o!r p>ticle active4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! p>ticle ( air travell$ ov] a visible & occasionally a l>ge space1 :il/ ! p>ticle ( ! electrolyte mov$ ov] an exce$+ly small "o2 ?\gh ! air p>ticle might be oxyg51 nitrog51 or hydrog51 receiv+ its *>ge f =ce ( high int5sity1 :il/ ! electrolytic p>ticle ( hydrog5 _h a natural aptness to receive ! positive condition ) extreme facility2 ?\gh ! air p>ticle might be *>g$ ) v little electricity at a v high int5sity by "o process1 :il/ ! hydrog5 p>ticle might be *>g$ ) mu* electricity at a v l[ int5sity by ano!r process2 ^! are n diff]5ces ( k9d1 z relates to ! f9al dis*>g+ action ( ^! p>ticles1 b only ( degree2 n ess5tial diff]5ces :i* make ?+s unlike1 b su* diff]5ces z give to ?+s1 simil> 9 _! nature1 t great v>iety :i* fits !m = _! (fice 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 #afbd4 ,s :5 a p>ticle ( air1 or ( du/ 9 x1 electrifi$ at a negative po9t1 moves on ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! inductive =ces 7#aegb47 to ! next positive surface1 & aft] dis*>ge passes away1 x seems to me to repres5t exactly t p>ticle ( oxyg5 :i*1 hav+ be5 r5d]$ negative 9 ! electrolyte1 is urg$ by ! same disposition ( inductive =ces1 & go+ to ! positive plat9a electrode1 is !re dis*>g$1 & !n passes away1 z ! air or du/ did be=e x4 #afbe4 ,heat is ano!r direct effect ( ! curr5t ^u sub/ances 9 :i* x occurs1 & x becomes a v important "q1 z to ! relation ( ! electric & heat+ =ces1 :e!r ! latt] is always def9ite 9 am\nt,a4 ,!re are _m cases1 ev5 among/ bodies :i* conduct )\t *ange1 t at pres5t are irreconcileable ) ! assumption t x is,b2 b !re are also _m :i* indicate t1 :5 prop] limitations are appli$1 ! heat produc$ is def9ite4 ,h>ris has %[n ?is = a giv5 l5g? ( curr5t 9 a metallic wire1 us+ common electricity,c2 & ,de la ,rive has prov$ ! same po9t = voltaic electricity by 8 beautiful application ( ,breguet's !rmomet],d4 ,a ,see ,de la ,rive's ,rese>*es1 ,bib4 ,univ]selle1 #ahbi1 xl4 p4 #dj4 ,b ,among/ o!rs1 ,davy1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahba1 p4 #dch4 ,pelleti]'s important results1 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahcd1 lvi4 p4 #cga4 & ,becqu]el's non-heat+ curr5t1 ,bib4 ,univ]selle1 #ahce1 lx4 #bah4 ,c ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbd1 pp4 #bbe4 #bbh4 ,d ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahcf1 lxii4 #agg4 #afbf4 ,:5 ! production ( heat is obs]v$ 9 electrolytes "u decomposition1 ! results are /ill m complicat$4 ,b important /eps h be5 tak5 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is bran* ( ! subject by ,de la ,rive,a & o!rs2 & x is m ?an probable t1 :5 ! "r limitations are appli$1 con/ant & def9ite results w "h also be obta9$4 ,a ,bib4 ,univ]selle1 #ahbi1 xl4 #di2 & ,rit*ie1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahcb4 p4 #bif4 99 99 99 99 99 #afbg4 ,x is a mo/ important "p ( ! "* ( ! curr5t1 & ess5tially connect$ ) its v nature1 t x is always ! same4 ,! two =ces are ev]y:]e 9 x4 ,!re is nev] "o curr5t ( =ce or "o fluid only4 ,any "o "p ( ! curr5t may1 z respects ! pres5ce ( ! two =ces !re1 be consid]$ z precisely ! same ) any o!r "p2 & ! num]\s exp]im5ts :i* imply _! possible sep>ation1 z well z ! !oretical expressions :i*1 be+ us$ daily1 assume x1 are1 ,i ?9k1 9 contradiction ) facts 7#eaa1 c474 ,x appe>s to me to be z impossible to assume a curr5t ( positive or a curr5t ( negative =ce alone1 or ( ! two at once ) any pr$om9ance ( "o ov] ! o!r1 z x is to give an absolute *>ge to matt] 7#eaf4 #aafi4 #aagg474 #afbh4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is tru?1 if1 z ,i ?9k1 x be a tru?1 or on ! o!r h& ! dispro( ( x1 is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce4 ,if1 z a fir/ pr9ciple1 we c e/abli%1 t ! c5tres ( ! two =ces1 or elem5ts ( =ce1 nev] c be sep>at$ to any s5sible di/ance1 or at all ev5ts n fur!r ?an ! space betwe5 two contigu\s p>ticles 7#afae471 or if we c e/abli% ! contr>y conclusion1 h[ mu* m cle> is our view ( :at lies be=e u1 & h[ mu* less emb>rass$ ! gr\nd ov] :i* we h to pass 9 atta9+ to x1 ?an if we rema9 halt+ betwe5 two op9ions6 ,& if1 ) t feel+1 we rigidly te/ e exp]im5t :i* be>s ^u ! po9t1 z f> z our prejudices w let u 7#aafa471 in/ead ( p]mitt+ !m ) a !oretical expression to pass too easily away1 are we n mu* m likely to atta9 ! real tru?1 & f t proce$ ) safety to :at is at pres5t unkn[n8 #afbi4 ,i say ^! ?+s1 n1 ,i hope1 to advance a p>ticul> view1 b to draw ! /rict att5tion ( ^? :o are able to inve/igate & judge ( ! matt]1 to :at mu/ be a turn+ po9t 9 ! !ory ( electricity2 to a sep>ation ( two roads1 "o only ( :i* c be "r3 & ,i hope ,i may be all[$ to g a little fur!r into ! facts :i* h driv5 me to ! view ,i h j giv54 #afcj4 ,:5 a wire 9 ! voltaic circuit is heat$1 ! temp]ature frequ5tly rises fir/1 or mo/ at "o end4 ,if ?is effect 7 due to any relation ( positive or negative z respects ! curr5t1 x w\ld be exce$+ly important4 ,i !re=e exam9$ sev]al su* cases2 b :51 keep+ ! contacts ( ! wire & its position to neighb\r+ ?+s un*ang$1 ,i alt]$ ! direction ( ! curr5t1 ,i f\nd t ! effect rema9$ unalt]$1 %[+ t x dep5d$1 n ^u ! direction ( ! curr5t1 b on o!r circum/ances4 ,s !re is "h no evid5ce ( a diff]5ce betwe5 "o "p ( ! circuit & ano!r4 #afca4 ,! same po9t1 i4e4 uni=mity 9 e "p1 may be illu/rat$ by :at may be consid]$ z ! inexhau/ible nature ( ! curr5t :5 produc+ p>ticul> effects2 = ^! effects dep5d ^u transf] only1 & d n consume ! p[]4 ,?us a curr5t :i* w heat "o in* ( plat9a wire w heat a hundr$ in*es 7#hec4 note74 ,if a curr5t be su/a9$ 9 a con/ant /ate1 x w decompose ! fluid 9 "o voltamet] only1 or 9 tw5ty o!rs if !y be plac$ 9 ! circuit1 9 ea* to an am\nt equal to t 9 ! s+le "o4 #afcb4 ,aga91 9 cases ( disruptive dis*>ge1 z 9 ! sp>k1 !re is frequ5tly a d>k "p 7#adbb47 :i*1 by ,pr(essor ,johnson1 has be5 call$ ! neutral po9t,a2 & ?is has giv5 rise to ! use ( expressions imply+ t !re are two electricities exi/+ sep>ately1 :i*1 pass+ to t spot1 !re comb9e & neutralize ea* o!r,b4 ,b if su* expressions are und]/ood z correctly indicat+ t positive electricity alone is mov+ betwe5 ! positive ball & t spot1 & negative electricity only betwe5 ! negative ball & t spot1 !n :at /range conditions ^! p>ts mu/ be 92 conditions1 :i* to my m9d are e way unlike ^? :i* really occur6 ,9 su* a case1 "o "p ( a curr5t w\ld consi/ ( positive electricity only1 & t mov+ 9 "o direction2 ano!r "p w\ld consi/ ( negative electricity only1 & t mov+ 9 ! o!r direction2 & a ?ird "p w\ld consi/ ( an accumulation ( ! two electricities1 n mov+ 9 ei!r direction1 b mix+ up toge!r6 & be+ 9 a relation to ea* o!r utt]ly unlike any relation :i* c\ld be suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! two =m] portions ( ! dis*>ge4 ,?is does n seem to me to be natural4 ,9 a curr5t1 :atev] =m ! dis*>ge may take1 or :atev] "p ( ! circuit or curr5t is ref]r$ to1 z mu* positive =ce z is !re ex]t$ 9 "o direction1 s mu* negative =ce is !re ex]t$ 9 ! o!r4 ,if x 7 n s we %\ld h bodies electrifi$ n m]ely positive & negative1 b on occasions 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 "o be+ *>g$ ) five1 t51 or tw5ty times z mu* ( bo? positive & negative electricity 9 equal quantities z ano!r4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 !re is no kn[n fact indicat+ su* /ates4 ,a ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #ahcd1 xxv4 p4 #eg4 ,b ,?omson on ,heat & ,electricity1 p4 #aga4 #afcc4 ,ev5 9 cases ( convection1 or c>ry+ dis*>ge1 ! /atem5t t ! curr5t is ev]y:]e ! same mu/ 9 effect be true 7#afbg472 = h[1 o!rwise1 c\ld ! results =m]ly describ$ occur8 ,:5 curr5ts ( air con/itut$ ! mode ( dis*>ge betwe5 ! portions ( pap] moi/5$ ) iodide ( potassium or sulphate ( soda 7#dfe4 #dfi471 decomposition occurr$2 & ,i h s9ce asc]ta9$ t1 :e!r a curr5t ( positive air issu$ f a spot1 or "o ( negative air pass$ t[>ds x1 ! effect ( ! evolution ( iod9e or ( acid 0 ! same1 :il/ ! rev]s$ curr5ts produc$ alkali4 ,s also 9 ! magnetic exp]im5ts 7#cjg47 :e!r ! dis*>ge 0 effect$ by ! introduction ( a wire1 or ! occurr5ce ( a sp>k1 or ! passage ( convective curr5ts ei!r "o way or ! o!r 7dep5d+ on ! electrifi$ /ate ( ! p>ticles71 ! result 0 ! same1 be+ 9 all cases dep5d5t ^u ! p]fect curr5t4 #afcd4 ,h5ce1 ! section ( a curr5t comp>$ ) o!r sections ( ! same curr5t mu/ be a con/ant quantity1 if ! actions ex]t$ be ( ! same k9d2 or if ( diff]5t k9ds1 !n ! =ms "u :i* ! effects are produc$ are equival5t to ea* o!r1 & exp]im5tally conv]tible at pleasure4 ,x is 9 sections1 !re=e1 we mu/ look = id5tity ( electrical =ce1 ev5 to ! sections ( sp>ks & c>ry+ actions1 z well z ^? ( wires & electrolytes4 #afce4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! utility & importance ( e/abli%+ t :i* may be ! true pr9ciple1 ,i w ref] to a few cases4 ,! doctr9e ( unipol>ity1 z =m]ly /at$1 & ,i ?9k g5]ally und]/ood,a1 is evid5tly inconsi/5t ) my view ( a curr5t 7#afbg472 & ! lat] s+ul> ph5om5a ( poles & flames describ$ by ,erman & o!rs,b p>take ( ! same inconsi/5cy ( "*4 ,if a unipol> body c\ld exi/1 i4e4 "o t c\ld conduct ! "o electricity & n ! o!r1 :at v new *>act]s we %\ld h a "r to expect 9 ! curr5ts ( s+le electricities pass+ ?r\gh !m1 & h[ greatly ought !y to diff]1 n only f ! common curr5t :i* is suppos$ to h bo? electricities travell+ 9 opposite directions 9 equal am\nt at ! same "t1 b also f ea* o!r6 ,! facts1 :i* are excell5t1 h1 h[ev]1 gradually be5 m correctly expla9$ by ,becqu]el,c1 ,&rews,d1 & o!rs2 & ,i und]/& t ,pr(essor ,ohms,e has p]fect$ ! "w1 9 8 close exam9ation ( all ! ph5om5a2 & aft] %[+ t simil> ph5om5a c take place ) good conductors1 proves t ) soap1 c4 _m ( ! effects are ! m]e consequ5ces ( ! bodies evolv$ by electrolytic action4 ,a ,erman1 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahjg4 lxi4 p4 #aae4 ,davy's ,elem5ts1 p4 #afh4 ,biot1 ,ency4 ,brit4 ,supp1 iv4 p4 #ddd4 ,becqu]el1 ,trait1 i4 p4 #afg4 ,de la ,rive1 ,bib4 ,univ4 #ahcg4 vii4 #cib4 ,b ,erman1 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahbd4 xxv4 #bgh4 ,becqu]el1 ,ibid4 xxxvi4 p4 #cbi ,c ,becqu]el1 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahca4 xlvi4 p4 #bhc4 ,d ,&rews1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahcf4 ix4 #ahb4 ,e ,s*weigg]'s ,jahrbu* de ,*imie1 c4 #ahcj4 ,heft #h4 ,n und]/&+ ,g]man1 x is ) extreme regret ,i confess ,i h n access1 & _c d ju/ice1 to ! _m mo/ valuable pap]s 9 exp]im5tal electricity publi%$ 9 t language4 ,i take ?is opportunity also ( /at+ ano!r circum/ance :i* occasions me great tr\ble1 &1 z ,i f9d by exp]i5ce1 may make1 me seem+ly reg>dless ( ! lab\rs ( o!rs3--x is a gradual loss ( memory = "s ye>s pa/2 & n[1 (t5 :5 ,i read a memoir1 ,i rememb] t ,i h se5 x be=e1 & w\ld h rejoic$ if at ! "r "t ,i c\ld h recollect$ & ref]r$ to x 9 ! progress ( my own pap]s4--,m4,f4 #afcf4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t ! facts ^u :i* ! doctr9e ( unipol>ity 0 f\nd$ are n adv]se to t unity & indivisibility ( "* :i* ,i h /at$ ! curr5t to possess1 any m ?an ! ph5om5a ( ! pile itself 7:i* might well be> comp>ison ) ^? ( unipol> bodies17 are oppos$ to x4 ,probably ! effects :i* h be5 call$ effects ( unipol>ity1 & ! peculi> diff]5ces ( ! positive & negative surface :5 dis*>g+ into air1 gases1 or o!r dielectrics 7#adhj4 #aebe47 :i* h be5 already ref]r$ to1 may h consid]able relation to ea* o!r,a4 ,a ,see also ,h>e 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #ahcc4 xxiv4 #bdf4 99 99 99 99 99 #afcg4 ,m4 de la ,rive has rec5tly describ$ a peculi> & rem>kable effect ( heat on a curr5t :5 pass+ betwe5 electrodes & a fluid,a4 ,x is1 t if plat9a electrodes dip into acidulat$ wat]1 no *ange is produc$ 9 ! pass+ curr5t by mak+ ! positive electrode hott] or cold]2 :]eas mak+ ! negative electrode hott] increas$ ! deflexion ( a galvanomet] affect$ by ! curr5t1 f #ab to #cj & ev5 #de1 :il/ mak+ x cold] dim9i%$ ! curr5t 9 ! same high proportions4 ,a ,biblio?que ,univ]selle1 #ahcg1 vii4 #chh4 #afch4 ,t "o electrode %\ld h ?is /rik+ relation to heat :il/ ! o!r rema9$ absolutely )\t1 seem to me z incompatible ) :at ,i conceiv$ to be ! "* ( a curr5t z unipol>ity 7#afbg4 #afce471 & x 0 !re=e ) "s anxiety t ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t4 ,! electrodes :i* ,i us$ 7 plat9a2 ! electrolyte1 wat] conta9+ ab\t "o six? ( sulphuric acid by weight3 ! voltaic batt]y consi/$ ( two pairs ( amalgamat$ z9c & plat9a plates 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! galvanomet] 9 ! circuit 0 "o ) two ne$les1 & gave :5 ! arrangem5t 0 complete a deflexion ( #aj or #ab4 #afci4 ,"u ^! circum/ances heat+ ei!r electrode increas$ ! curr5t2 heat+ bo? produc$ /ill m effect4 ,:5 bo? 7 heat$1 if ei!r 7 cool$1 ! effect on ! curr5t fell 9 proportion4 ,! proportion ( effect due to heat+ ?is or t electrode v>i$1 b on ! :ole heat+ ! negative seem$ to fav\r ! passage ( ! curr5t some:at m ?an heat+ ! positive4 ,:e!r ! application ( heat 7 by a flame appli$ und]nea?1 or "o direct$ by a bl[pipe f above1 or by a hot iron or coal1 ! effect 0 ! same4 #afdj4 ,hav+ ?us remov$ ! difficulty out ( ! way ( my views reg>d+ a curr5t1 ,i did n pursue ?is curi\s exp]im5t fur!r4 ,x is probable1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 my results & ^? ( ,m4 de la ,rive may dep5d ^u ! relative values ( ! curr5ts us$2 = ,i employ$ only a weak "o result+ f two pairs ( plates two in*es long & half an in* wide1 :il/ ,m4 de la ,rive us$ f\r pairs ( plates ( sixte5 squ>e in*es 9 surface4 99 99 99 99 99 #afda4 ,electric dis*>ges 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( balls ( fire h occasionally be5 describ$4 ,su* ph5om5a appe> to me to be incompatible ) all t we "k ( electricity & its modes ( dis*>ge4 ,z "t is an elem5t 9 ! effect 7#adah4 #adcf47 x is possible p]haps t an electric dis*>ge might really pass z a ball f place to place2 b z e ?+ %[s t its velocity mu/ be almo/ inf9ite1 & ! "t ( its duration exce$+ly small1 x is impossible t ! eye %\ld p]ceive x z any?+ else ?an a l9e ( light4 ,t ph5om5a ( balls ( fire may appe> 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,i d n mean to d5y2 b t !y h any?+ to d ) ! dis*>ge ( ord9>y electricity1 or are at all relat$ to lightn+ or atmosph]ic electricity1 is mu* m ?an d\btful4 99 99 99 99 99 #afdb4 ,all ^! consid]ations1 & _m o!rs1 help to confirm ! conclusion1 drawn ov] & ov] aga91 t ! curr5t is an indivisible ?+2 an axis ( p[]1 9 e "p ( :i* bo? electric =ces are pres5t 9 equal am\nt,a 7#eag4 #afbg474 ,) conduction & electrolyzation1 & ev5 dis*>ge by sp>k1 su* a view w h>monize )\t hurt+ any ( our preconceiv$ notions2 b z relates to convection1 a m />tl+ result appe>s1 :i* mu/ !re=e be consid]$4 ,a ,i am glad to ref] "h to ! results obta9$ by ,mr4 ,*ri/ie ) magneto-electricity1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcc1 p4 #aac note4 ,z reg>ds ! curr5t 9 a wire1 !y confirm ev]y?+ t ,i am cont5d+ =4 #afdc4 ,if two balls ,a & ,b be electrifi$ 9 opposite /ates & held )9 ea* o!r's influ5ce1 ! mom5t !y move t[>ds ea* o!r1 a curr5t1 or ^? effects :i* are und]/ood by ! ^w curr5t1 w be produc$4 ,:e!r ,a move t[>ds ,b1 or ,b move 9 ! opposite direction t[>ds ,a1 a curr5t1 & 9 bo? cases hav+ ! same direction1 w result4 ,if ,a & ,b move f ea* o!r1 !n a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction1 or equival5t effects1 w be produc$4 #afdd4 ,or1 z *>ge exi/s only by induction 7#aagh4 #abii471 & a body :5 electrifi$ is necess>ily 9 relation to o!r bodies 9 ! opposite /ate2 s1 if a ball be electrifi$ positively 9 ! middle ( a room & be !n mov$ 9 any direction1 effects w be produc$1 z curr5t 9 ! same direction 7to use ! conv5tional mode ( expression7 _h exi/$3 or1 if ! ball be negatively electrifi$1 & !n mov$1 effects z if a curr5t 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! motion _h be5 =m$1 w be produc$4 #afde4 ,i am say+ ( a s+le p>ticle or ( two :at ,i h be=e said1 9 effect1 ( _m 7#afcc474 ,if ! =m] acc\nt ( curr5ts be true1 !n t j /at$ mu/ be a necess>y result4 ,&1 ?\gh ! /atem5t may seem />tl+ at fir/1 x is to be consid]$ t1 accord+ to my !ory ( induction1 ! *>g$ conductor or p>ticle is relat$ to ! di/ant conductor 9 ! opposite /ate1 or t :i* t]m9ates ! ext5t ( ! induction1 by all ! int]m$iate p>ticles 7#aafe1 #abie471 ^! becom+ pol>iz$ exactly z ! p>ticles ( a solid electrolyte d :5 int]pos$ betwe5 ! two electrodes4 ,h5ce ! conclusion reg>d+ ! unity & id5tity ( ! curr5t 9 ! case ( convection1 jo9tly ) ! =m] cases1 is n s /range z x might at fir/ appe>4 99 99 99 99 99 #afdf4 ,!re is a v rem>kable ph5om5on or effect ( ! electrolytic dis*>ge1 fir/ po9t$ out1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,porrett1 ( ! accumulation ( fluid "u decompos+ action 9 ! curr5t on "o side ( an int]pos$ diaphragm,a4 ,x is a me*anical result2 & z ! liquid passes f ! positive t[>ds ! negative electrode 9 all ! kn[n cases1 x seems to e/abli% a relation to ! pol> condition ( ! dielectric 9 :i* ! curr5t exi/s 7#aafd4 #aebe474 ,x has n z yet be5 suffici5tly inve/igat$ by exp]im5t2 = ,de la ,rive says,b1 x requires t ! wat] %\ld be a bad conductor1 z1 = in/ance1 di/ill$ wat]1 ! effect n happ5+ ) /rong solutions2 :]eas1 ,dutro*et says,c ! contr>y is ! case1 & t1 ! effect is n directly due to ! electric curr5t4 ,a ,annals ( ,philosophy1 #ahaf4 viii4 p4 #ge4 ,b ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahce4 xxviii4 p4 #aif4 ,c ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahcb1 xlix4 p4 #dbc4 #afdg4 ,becqu]el1 9 8 ,trait de l',electricit1 has br\ght toge!r ! consid]ations :i* arise = & aga9/ ! op9ion1 t ! effect g5]ally is an electric effect,a4 ,?\gh ,i h no decisive fact to quote at pres5t1 ,i _c refra9 f v5tur+ an op9ion1 t ! effect is analog\s bo? to comb9ation & convection 7#afbc471 be+ a case ( c>ry+ due to ! relation ( ! diaphragm & ! fluid 9 contact ) x1 ?r\gh :i* ! electric dis*>ge is jo9tly effect$2 & fur!r1 t ! peculi> relation ( positive & negative small & l>ge surfaces already ref]r$ to 7#adhb4 #aejc4 #aebe471 may be ! direct cause ( ! fluid & ! diaphragm travell+ 9 contr>y b det]m9ate directions4 ,a v valuable exp]im5t has be5 made by ,m4 ,becqu]el ) p>ticles ( clay,b1 :i* w probably be> importantly on ?is po9t4 ,a ,vol4 iv4 p4 #aib1 #aig4 ,b ,trait de l',electricit1 i4 p4 #bhe4 99 99 99 99 99 #afdh4 ,z long z ! t]ms curr5t & electro-dynamic are us$ to express ^? relations ( ! electric =ces 9 :i* progression ( ei!r fluids or effects are suppos$ to occur 7#bhc471 s long w ! idea ( velocity be associat$ ) !m2 & ?is w1 p]haps1 be m especially ! case if ! hypo!sis ( a fluid or fluids be adopt$4 #afdi4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! desire ( e/imat+ ?is velocity ei!r directly or by "s effect dep5d5t on x2 & among/ ! endeav\rs to d ?is correctly1 may be m5tion$ especially ^? ( ,dr4 ,watson,a 9 #agdh1 & ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one,b 9 #ahcd2 ! electricity 9 ! e>ly trials be+ suppos$ to travel f end to end ( ! arrangem5t1 b 9 ! lat] inve/igations a di/9ction occasionally appe>+ to be made betwe5 ! transmission ( ! effect & ( ! suppos$ fluid by ! motion ( ^: p>ticles t effect is produc$4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #agdh4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahcd1 p4 #ehc4 #afej4 ,electrolytic action has a rem>kable be>+ ^u ?is "q ( ! velocity ( ! curr5t1 especially z connect$ ) ! !ory ( an electric fluid or fluids4 ,9 x !re is an evid5t transf] ( p[] ) ! transf] ( ea* p>ticle ( ! anion or ca?ion pres5t1 to ! next p>ticles ( ! ca?ion or anion2 & z ! am\nt ( p[] is def9ite1 we h 9 ?is way a means ( localiz+ z x 7 ! =ce1 id5tify+ x by ! p>ticle & deal+ x out 9 successive portions1 :i* leads1 ,i ?9k1 to v /rik+ results4 #afea4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t wat] is und]go+ decomposition by ! p[]s ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,ea* p>ticle ( hydrog5 z x moves "o way1 or ( oxyg5 z x moves 9 ! o!r direction1 w transf] a c]ta9 am\nt ( electrical =ce associat$ ) x 9 ! =m ( *emical aff9ity 7#hbb4 #heb4 #iah47 onw>ds ?r\gh a di/ance1 :i* is equal to t ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticle itself has mov$4 ,?is transf] w be accompani$ by a correspond+ movem5t 9 ! electrical =ces ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! circuit =m$ 7#afbg4 #afcd471 & its effects may be e/imat$1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! heat+ ( a wire 7#hec47 at any p>ticul> section ( ! curr5t h[ev] di/ant4 ,if ! wat] be a cube ( an in* 9 ! side1 ! electrodes t\*+1 ea* by a surface ( "o squ>e in*1 & be+ an in* ap>t1 !n1 by ! "t t a t5? ( x1 or #be4be grs41 is decompos$1 ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 ?r\gh\t ! mass may be consid]$ z hav+ mov$ relatively to ea* o!r 9 opposite directions1 to ! am\nt ( ! t5? ( an in*2 i4e4 t two p>ticles at fir/ 9 comb9ation w aft] ! motion be ! t5? ( an in* ap>t4 ,o!r motions :i* occur 9 ! fluid w n at all int]f]e ) ?is result2 = !y h no p[] ( accel]at+ or ret>d+ ! electric dis*>ge1 & possess 9 fact no relation to x4 #afeb4 ,! quantity ( electricity 9 #be4be gra9s ( wat] is1 accord+ to an e/imate ( ! =ce :i* ,i =m]ly made 7#hfa471 equal to above #bd millions ( *>ges ( a l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y2 or x w\ld h kept any l5g? ( a plat9a wire #a_/ajd ( an in* 9 diamet] r$-hot = an h\r & a half 7#hec474 ,?is result1 ?\gh giv5 only z an approximation1 ,i h se5 no reason z yet to alt]1 & x is confirm$ g5]ally by ! exp]im5ts & results ( ,m4 ,p\illet,a4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts1 ! influ5ce or effects ( ! curr5t w\ld appe> at a di/ance ( #egf1jjj miles 9 a second,b4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ?is view ( ! matt]1 on ! "o h&1 an enorm\s quantity ( p[] equal to a mo/ de/ructive ?und]-/orm appe>+ in/antly at ! di/ance ( #egf1jjj miles f its s\rce1 & on ! o!r1 a quiet effect1 9 produc+ :i* ! p[] _h tak5 an h\r & a half to travel ?r\gh ! t5? ( an in*3 yet ^! are ! equival5ts to ea* o!r1 be+ effects obs]v$ at ! sections ( "o & ! same curr5t 7#afcd474 ,a ,becqu]el1 ,trait de l',electricit1 v4 p4 #bgh4 ,b ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcd1 p4 #ehi4 99 99 99 99 99 #afec4 ,x is "t t ,i %\ld call att5tion to ! lat]al or transv]se =ces ( ! curr5t4 ,! great ?+s :i* h be5 a*iev$ by ,o]/$1 ,arago1 ,ampre1 ,davy1 ,de la ,rive1 & o!rs1 & ! high degree ( simplification :i* has be5 introduc$ into _! arrangem5t by ! !ory ( ,ampre1 h n only done _! full s]vice 9 advanc+ mo/ rapidly ?is bran* ( k1 b h secur$ to x su* att5tion t !re is no necessity = urg+ on its pursuit4 ,i ref] ( c\rse to magnetic action & its relations2 b ?\gh ?is is ! only recognis$ lat]al action ( ! curr5t1 !re is great reason = believ+ t o!rs exi/ & w\ld by _! discov]y rew>d a close se>* = !m 7#iea474 #afed4 ,! magnetic or transv]se action ( ! curr5t seems to be 9 a mo/ extraord9>y degree indep5d5t ( ^? v>iations or modes ( action :i* x pres5ts directly 9 its c\rse2 x consequ5tly is ( ! m value to u1 z x gives u a high] relation ( ! p[] ?an any t might h v>i$ ) ea* mode ( dis*>ge4 ,?is dis*>ge1 :e!r x be by conduction ?r\gh a wire ) inf9ite velocity 7#afeb471 or by electrolyzation ) its correspond+ & exce$+ sl[ motion 7#afea471 or by sp>k1 & probably ev5 by convection1 produces a transv]se magnetic action always ! same 9 k9d & direction4 #afee4 ,x has be5 %[n by sev]al exp]im5t]s1 t :il/ ! dis*>ge is ( ! same k9d ! am\nt ( lat]al or magnetic =ce is v con/ant 7#baf4 #cff4 #cfg4 #cfh4 #cgf474 ,b :5 we wi% to comp>e dis*>ge ( diff]5t k9ds1 = ! important purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! same am\nt ( curr5t w 9 its diff]5t =ms produce ! same am\nt ( transv]se action1 we f9d ! data v imp]fect4 ,davy notic$1 t :5 ! electric curr5t 0 pass+ ?r\gh an aque\s solution x affect$ a magnetic ne$le,a1 & ,dr4 ,rit*ie says1 t ! curr5t 9 ! electrolyte is z magnetic z t 9 a metallic wire,b1 & has caus$ wat] to revolve r\nd a magnet z a wire c>ry+ ! curr5t w\ld revolve4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahba1 p4 #dbf4 ,b ,ibid4 #ahcb1 p4 #bid4 #afef4 ,disruptive dis*>ge produces its magnetic effects3 a /rong sp>k1 pass$ transv]sely to a /eel ne$le1 w magnetise x z well z if ! electricity ( ! sp>k 7 conduct$ by a metallic wire occupy+ ! l9e ( dis*>ge2 & ,sir ,h4 ,davy has %[n t ! dis*>ge ( a voltaic batt]y 9 vacuo is affect$ & has motion giv5 to x by approximat$ magnets,a4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahba1 p4 #dbg4 #afeg4 ,?us ! ?ree v diff]5t modes ( dis*>ge1 namely1 conduction1 electrolyzation1 & disruptive dis*>ge1 agree 9 produc+ ! important transv]se ph5om5on ( magnetism4 ,:e!r convection or c>ry+ dis*>ge w produce ! same ph5om5on has n be5 det]m9$1 & ! few exp]im5ts ,i h z yet _h "t to make d n enable me to answ] 9 ! affirmative4 99 99 99 99 99 #afeh4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is po9t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! curr5t & 9 ! endeav\r to apply its ph5om5a z te/s ( ! tru? or fallacy ( ! !ory ( induction :i* ,i h v5tur$ to set =?1 ,i am n[ v mu* tempt$ to indulge 9 a few speculations respect+ its lat]al action & its possible connexion ) ! transv]se condition ( ! l9es ( ord9>y induction 7#aafe1 #acjd47;,a4 ,i h long s\ght & /ill seek = an effect or condition :i* %all be to /atical electricity :at magnetic =ce is to curr5t electricity 7#adaa472 = z ! l9es ( dis*>ge are associat$ ) a c]ta9 transv]se effect1 s x appe>$ to me impossible b t ! l9es ( t5sion or ( inductive action1 :i* ( necessity prec$e t dis*>ge1 %\ld also h _! correspond5t transv]se condition or effect 7#iea474 ,a ,ref] = fur!r inve/igations to #agji4--agcf4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #afei4 ,accord+ to ! beautiful !ory ( ,ampre1 ! transv]se =ce ( a curr5t may be repres5t$ by its attraction = a simil> curr5t & its repulsion ( a contr>y curr5t4 ,may n !n ! equival5t transv]se =ce ( /atic electricity be repres5t$ by t lat]al t5sion or repulsion :i* ! l9es ( inductive action appe> to possess 7#acjd478 ,!n aga91 :5 curr5t or dis*>ge occurs betwe5 two bodies1 previ\sly "u inductrical relations to ea* o!r1 ! l9es ( inductive =ce w weak5 & fade away1 &1 z _! lat]al repulsive t5sion dim9i%es1 w contract & ultimately disappe> 9 ! l9e ( dis*>ge4 ,may n ?is be an effect id5tical ) ! attractions ( simil> curr5ts8 i4e4 may n ! passage ( /atic electricity into curr5t electricity1 & t ( ! lat]al t5sion ( ! l9es ( inductive =ce into ! lat]al attraction ( l9es ( simil> dis*>ge1 h ! same relation & dep5d5ces1 & run p>allel to ea* o!r8 #affj4 ,! ph5om5a ( induction among/ curr5ts :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to discov] "s ye>s ago 7#f4 c4 #ajdh47 may p]*ance "h =m a connect+ l9k 9 ! s]ies ( effects4 ,:5 a curr5t is fir/ =m$1 x t5ds to produce a curr5t 9 ! contr>y direction 9 all ! matt] ar\nd x2 & if t matt] h conduct+ prop]ties & be fitly circum/anc$1 su* a curr5t is produc$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! orig9al curr5t is /opp$1 "o 9 ! same direction t5ds to =m all ar\nd x1 &1 9 conduct+ matt] prop]ly arrang$1 w be excit$4 #affa4 ,n[ ?\gh we p]ceive ! effects only 9 t portion ( matt] :i*1 be+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 has conduct+ prop]ties1 yet hypo!tically x is probable1 t ! nonconduct+ matt] has also its relations to1 & is affect$ by1 ! di/urb+ cause1 ?\gh we h n yet discov]$ !m4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! relation ( conductors & non-conductors has be5 %[n to be "o n ( opposition 9 k9d1 b only ( degree 7#accd1 #afjc472 &1 !re=e1 = ?is1 z well z = o!r reasons1 x is probable1 t :at w affect a conductor w affect an insulator also2 produc+ p]haps :at may des]ve ! t]m ( ! electrotonic /ate 7#fj4 #bdb4 #aaad474 #affb4 ,x is ! feel+ ( ! necessity ( "s lat]al connexion betwe5 ! l9es ( electric =ce 7#aaad472 ( "s l9k 9 ! *a9 ( effects z yet unrecognis$1 t urges me to ! expression ( ^! speculations4 ,! same feel+ has l$ me to make _m exp]im5ts on ! introduction ( insulat+ dielectrics hav+ diff]5t inductive capacities 7#abgj4 #abgg47 betwe5 magnetic poles & wires c>ry+ curr5ts1 s z to pass across ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,i h employ$ su* bodies bo? at re/ & 9 motion1 )\t1 z yet1 be+ able to detect any influ5ce produc$ by !m2 b ,i d by no means consid] ! exp]im5ts z suffici5tly delicate1 & int5d1 v %ortly1 to r5d] !m m decisive,a4 ,a ,see onw>ds #agaa4--agbf4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #affc4 ,i ?9k ! hypo!tical "q may at pres5t be put ?us3 c su* consid]ations z ^? already g5]ally express$ 7#afeh47 acc\nt = ! transv]se effects ( electrical curr5ts8 are two su* curr5ts 9 relation to ea* o!r m]ely by ! inductive condition ( ! p>ticles ( matt] betwe5 !m1 or are !y 9 relation by "s high] quality & condition 7#afed471 :i*1 act+ at a di/ance & n by ! int]m$iate p>ticles1 has1 l ! =ce ( gravity1 no relation to !m8 #affd4 ,if ! latt] be ! case1 !n1 :5 electricity is act+ ^u & 9 matt]1 its direct & its transv]se action are ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! nature2 = ! =m]1 if ,i am correct1 w dep5d ^u ! contigu\s p>ticles1 & ! latt] w n4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 ?is may be s1 & ,i incl9e to t view at pres5t2 b ,i am desir\s ( sugge/+ consid]ations :y x may n1 t ! "q may be ?or\ghly sift$4 #affe4 ,! transv]se p[] has a "* ( pol>ity impress$ ^u x4 ,9 ! simple/ =ms x appe>s z attraction or repulsion1 accord+ z ! curr5ts are 9 ! same or diff]5t directions3 9 ! curr5t & ! magnet x takes up ! condition ( tang5tial =ces2 & 9 magnets & _! p>ticles produces poles4 ,s9ce ! exp]im5ts h be5 made :i* h p]suad$ me t ! pol> =ces ( electricity1 z 9 induction & electrolytic action 7#abih4 #acdc471 %[ effects at a di/ance only by means ( ! pol>iz$ contigu\s & int]v5+ p>ticles1 ,i h be5 l$ to expect t all pol> =ces act 9 ! same g5]al mann]2 & ! o!r k9ds ( ph5om5a :i* "o c br+ to be> ^u ! subject seem fitt$ to /r5g!n t expectation4 ,?us 9 cry/allizations ! effect is transmitt$ f p>ticle to p>ticle2 & 9 ?is mann]1 9 acetic acid or freez+ wat] a cry/al a few in*es or ev5 a c\ple ( feet 9 l5g? w =m 9 less ?an a second1 b progressively & by a transmission ( p[] f p>ticle to p>ticle4 ,&1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 no case ( pol> action1 or p>tak+ ( pol> action1 except ! "o "u discussion1 c be f\nd :i* does n act by contigu\s p>ticles,a4 ,x is app>5tly ( ! nature ( pol> =ces t su* %\ld be ! case1 = ! "o =ce ei!r f9ds or develop$ ! contr>y =ce ne> to x1 & has1 !re=e1 no occasion to seek = x at a di/ance4 ,a ,i mean by contigu\s p>ticles ^? :i* are next to ea* o!r1 n t !re is no space betwe5 !m4 ,see 7#afaf474 #afff4 ,b leav+ ^! hypo!tical notions respect+ ! nature ( ! lat]al action out ( sight1 & return+ to ! direct effects1 ,i ?9k t ! ph5om5a exam9$ & reason+ employ$ 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ pap]s t5d to confirm ! view fir/ tak5 7#adfd471 namely1 t ord9>y inductive action & ! effects dep5d5t ^u x are due to an action ( ! contigu\s p>ticles ( ! dielectric int]pos$ betwe5 ! *>g$ surfaces or p>ts :i* con/itute1 z x 71 ! t]m9ations ( ! effect4 ,! great po9t ( di/9ction & p[] 7if x h any7 9 ! !ory is1 ! mak+ ! dielectric ( ess5tial & specific importance1 in/ead ( leav+ x z x 7 a m]e accid5tal circum/ance or ! simple repres5tative ( space1 hav+ no m influ5ce ov] ! ph5om5a ?an ! space occupi$ by x4 ,i h /ill c]ta9 o!r results & views respect+ ! nature ( ! electrical =ces & excitation1 :i* are connect$ ) ! pres5t !ory2 &1 unless ^u fur!r consid]ation !y s9k 9 my e/imation1 ,i %all v %ortly put !m into =m z ano!r s]ies ( ^! electrical rese>*es4 ,royal ,in/itution4 ,febru>y #ad?1 #ahch4 ,,f\rte5? ,,s]ies4 #bj4 ,nature ( ! electric =ce or =ces4 #ba4 ,relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces4 #bb4 ,note on electrical excitation4 ,receiv$ ,june #ba1 #ahch4--,read ,june #ba1 #ahch4 #bj4 ,nature ( ! electric =ce or =ces4 #affg4 ,! !ory ( induction set =? & illu/rat$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ s]ies ( exp]im5tal rese>*es does n assume any?+ new z to ! nature ( ! electric =ce or =ces1 b only z to _! di/ribution4 ,! effects may dep5d ^u ! association ( "o electric fluid ) ! p>ticles ( matt]1 z 9 ! !ory ( ,frankl91 ,ep9us1 ,cav5di%1 & ,mossotti2 or !y may dep5d ^u ! association ( two electric fluids1 z 9 ! !ory ( ,dufay & ,poisson2 or !y may n dep5d ^u any?+ :i* c prop]ly be call$ ! electric fluid1 b on vibrations or o!r affections ( ! matt] 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,! !ory is unaffect$ by su* diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( view+ ! nature ( ! =ces2 & ?\gh x pr(esses to p]=m ! important (fice ( /at+ h[ ! p[]s are arrang$ 7at lea/ 9 inductive ph5om5a71 x does n1 z f> z ,i c yet p]ceive1 supply a s+le exp]im5t :i* c be consid]$ z a di/+ui%+ te/ ( ! tru? ( any "o ( ^! v>i\s views1 #affh4 ,b1 to asc]ta9 h[ ! =ces are arrang$1 to trace !m 9 _! v>i\s relations to ! p>ticles ( matt]1 to det]m9e _! g5]al laws1 & also ! specific diff]5ces :i* occur "u ^! laws1 is z important z1 if n m s ?an1 to "k :e!r ! =ces reside 9 a fluid or n2 & ) ! hope ( assi/+ 9 ?is rese>*1 ,i %all (f] "s fur!r developm5ts1 !oretical & exp]im5tal1 ( ! conditions "u :i* ,i suppose ! p>ticles ( matt] are plac$ :5 exhibit+ inductive ph5om5a4 #affi4 ,! !ory assumes t all ! p>ticles1 :e!r ( insulat+ or conduct+ matt]1 are z :oles conductors4 #afgj4 ,t n be+ pol> 9 _! normal /ate1 !y c become s by ! influ5ce ( neighb\r+ *>g$ p>ticles1 ! pol> /ate be+ develop$ at ! in/ant1 exactly z 9 an insulat$ conduct+ mass consi/+ ( _m p>ticles4 #afga4 ,t ! p>ticles :5 pol>iz$ are 9 a =c$ /ate1 & t5d to return to _! normal or natural condition4 #afgb4 ,t be+ z :oles conductors1 !y c readily be *>g$1 ei!r bodily or pol>ly4 #afgc4 ,t p>ticles :i* be+ contigu\s,a are also 9 ! l9e ( inductive action c communicate or transf] _! pol> =ces "o to ano!r m or less readily4 ,a ,see note to #aafd4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #afgd4 ,t ^? do+ s less readily require ! pol> =ces to be rais$ to a high] degree be=e ?is transf]5ce or communication takes place4 #afge4 ,t ! ready communication ( =ces betwe5 contigu\s p>ticles con/itutes conduction1 & ! difficult communication insulation2 conductors & insulators be+ bodies ^: p>ticles naturally possess ! prop]ty ( communicat+ _! respective =ces easily or ) difficulty2 hav+ ^! diff]5ces j z !y h diff]5ces ( any o!r natural prop]ty4 #afgf4 ,t ord9>y induction is ! effect result+ f ! action ( matt] *>g$ ) excit$ or free electricity ^u insulat+ matt]1 t5d+ to produce 9 x an equal am\nt ( ! contr>y /ate4 #afgg4 ,t x c d ?is only by pol>iz+ ! p>ticles contigu\s to x1 :i* p]=m ! same (fice to ! next1 & ^! aga9 to ^? beyond2 & t ?us ! action is propagat$ f ! excit$ body to ! next conduct+ mass1 & !re r5d]s ! contr>y =ce evid5t 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect ( communication :i* sup]v5es 9 ! conduct+ mass ^u ! pol>ization ( ! p>ticles ( t body 7#afge474 #afgh4 ,t !re=e induction c only take place ?r\gh or across insulators2 t induction is insulation1 x be+ ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( ! p>ticles & ! mode 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( electrical =ces is transf]r$ or transmitt$ ?r\gh or across su* insulat+ m$ia4 #afgi4 ,! p>ticles ( an insulat+ dielectric :il/ "u induction may be comp>$ to a s]ies ( small magnetic ne$les1 or m correctly /ill to a s]ies ( small insulat$ conductors4 ,if ! space r\nd a *>g$ globe 7 fill$ ) a mixture ( an insulat+ dielectric1 z oil ( turp5t9e or air1 & small globul> conductors1 z %ot1 ! latt] be+ at a little di/ance f ea* o!r s z to be insulat$1 !n ^! w\ld 9 _! condition & action exactly resemble :at ,i consid] to be ! condition & action ( ! p>ticles ( ! insulat+ dielectric itself 7#accg474 ,if ! globe 7 *>g$1 ^! little conductors w\ld all be pol>2 if ! globe 7 dis*>g$1 !y w\ld all return to _! normal /ate1 to be pol>iz$ aga9 ^u ! re*>g+ ( ! globe4 ,! /ate develop$ by induction ?r\gh su* p>ticles on a mass ( conduct+ mutt] at a di/ance w\ld be ( ! contr>y k9d1 & exactly equal 9 am\nt to ! =ce 9 ! inductric globe4 ,!re w\ld be a lat]al diffusion ( =ce 7#abbd4 #abig471 because ea* pol>iz$ sph]e w\ld be 9 an active or t5se relation to all ^? contigu\s to x1 j z "o magnet c affect two or m magnetic ne$les ne> x1 & ^! aga9 a /ill great] numb] beyond !m4 ,h5ce w\ld result ! production ( curv$ l9es ( inductive =ce if ! inducte\s body 9 su* a mix$ dielectric 7 an un9sulat$ metallic ball 7#abai4 c47 or o!r prop]ly %ap$ mass4 ,su* curv$ l9es are ! consequ5ces ( ! two electric =ces arrang$ z ,i h assum$ !m to be3 &1 t ! inductive =ce c be direct$ 9 su* curv$ l9es is ! /ronge/ pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ! two p[]s & ! pol> condition ( ! dielectric p>ticles4 #afhj4 ,i ?9k x is evid5t1 t 9 ! case /at$1 action at a di/ance c only result ?r\gh an action ( ! contigu\s conduct+ p>ticles4 ,!re is no reason :y ! inductive body %\ld pol>ize or affect di/ant conductors & leave ^? ne> x1 namely ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric1 unaffect$3 & ev]y?+ 9 ! =m ( fact & exp]im5t ) conduct+ masses or p>ticles ( a s5sible size contradicts su* a supposition4 #afha4 ,a /rik+ "* ( ! electric p[] is t x is limit$ & exclusive1 & t ! two =ces be+ always pres5t are exactly equal 9 am\nt4 ,! =ces are relat$ 9 "o ( two ways1 ei!r z 9 ! natural normal condition ( an un*>g$ insulat$ conductor2 or z 9 ! *>g$ /ate1 ! latt] be+ a case ( induction4 #afhb4 ,cases ( induction are easily arrang$ s t ! two =ces be+ limit$ 9 _! direction %all pres5t no ph5om5a or indications ext]nal to ! app>atus employ$1 ,?us1 if a ,leyd5 j>1 hav+ its ext]nal coat+ a little high] ?an ! int]nal1 be *>g$ & !n its *>g+ ball & rod remov$1 su* j> w pres5t no electrical appe>ances s long z its outside is un9sulat$4 ,! two =ces :i* may be said to be 9 ! coat+s1 or 9 ! p>ticles ( ! dielectric contigu\s to !m1 are entirely engag$ to ea* o!r by induction ?r\gh ! glass2 & a c>ri] ball 7#aaha47 appli$ ei!r to ! inside or outside ( ! j> w %[ no signs ( electricity4 ,b if ! j> be insulat$1 & ! *>g+ ball & rod1 9 an un*>g$ /ate & susp5d$ by an insulat+ ?read ( :ite silk1 be re/or$ to _! place1 !n ! "p project+ above ! j> w give electrical indications & *>ge ! c>ri]1 & at ! same "t ! outside coat+ ( ! j> w be f\nd 9 ! opposite /ate & inductric t[>ds ext]nal surr\nd+ objects4 #afhc4 ,^! are simple consequ5ces ( ! !ory4 ,:il/ ! *>ge ( ! inn] coat+ c\ld induce only ?r\gh ! glass t[>ds ! out] coat+1 & ! latt] conta9$ no m ( ! contr>y =ce ?an 0 equival5t to x1 no induction ext]nal to ! j> c\ld be p]ceiv$2 b :5 ! inn] coat+ 0 ext5d$ by ! rod & ball s t x c\ld induce ?r\gh ! air t[>ds ext]nal objects1 !n ! t5sion ( ! pol>iz$ glass molecules w\ld1 by _! t5d5cy to return to ! normal /ate1 fall a little1 & a portion ( ! *>ge pass+ to ! surface ( ?is new "p ( ! inn] conductor1 w\ld produce inductive action ?r\gh ! air t[>ds di/ant objects1 :il/ at ! same "t a "p ( ! =ce 9 ! out] coat+ previ\sly direct$ inw>ds w\ld n[ be at lib]ty1 & inde$ be con/ra9$ to induct outw>ds ?r\gh ! air1 produc+ 9 t out] coat+ :at is sometimes call$1 ?\gh ,i ?9k v improp]ly1 free *>ge4 ,if a small ,leyd5 j> be conv]t$ into t =m ( app>atus usually kn[n by ! "n ( ! electric well1 x w illu/rate ?is action v completely4 #afhd4 ,! t]ms free *>ge & dissimulat$ electricity convey !re=e errone\s notions if !y are meant to imply any diff]5ce z to ! mode or k9d ( action4 ,! *>ge ^u an insulat$ conductor 9 ! middle ( a room is 9 ! same relation to ! walls ( t room z ! *>ge ^u ! inn] coat+ ( a ,leyd5 j> is to ! out] coat+ ( ! same j>4 ,! "o is n m free or m dissimulat$ ?an ! o!r2 & :5 sometimes we make electricity appe> :]e x 0 n evid5t be=e1 z ^u ! outside ( a *>g$ j>1 :51 aft] insulat+ x1 we t\* ! inn] coat+1 x is only because we div]t m or less ( ! inductive =ce f "o direction into ano!r2 = n ! slighte/ *ange is 9 su* circum/ances impress$ ^u ! "* or action ( ! =ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #afhe4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is g5]al !oretical view1 ,i w n[ notice p>ticul> po9ts relat+ to ! nature ( ! assum$ electric pol>ity ( ! insulat+ dielectric p>ticles4 #afhf4 ,! pol> /ate may be consid]$ 9 common induction z a =c$ /ate1 ! p>ticles t5d+ to return to _! normal condition4 ,x may probably be rais$ to a v high degree by approximation ( ! inductric & inducte\s bodies or by o!r circum/ances2 & ! ph5om5a ( electrolyzation 7#hfa4 #afeb4 #agif47 seem to imply t ! quantity ( p[] :i* c ?us be accumulat$ on a s+le p>ticle is enorm\s4 ,h]eaft] we may be able to comp>e corpuscul> =ces1 z ^? ( gravity1 cohesion1 electricity1 & *emical aff9ity1 & 9 "s way or o!r f _! effects d$uce _! relative equival5ts2 at pres5t we are n able to d s1 b !re seems no reason to d\bt t _! electrical1 :i* are at ! same "t _! *emical =ces 7#hia4 #iah471 w be by f> ! mo/ en]getic4 #afhg4 ,i d n consid] ! p[]s :5 develop$ by ! pol>ization z limit$ to two di/9ct po9ts or spots on ! surface ( ea* p>ticle to be consid]$ z ! poles ( an axis1 b z resid5t on l>ge portions ( t surface1 z !y are ^u ! surface ( a conductor ( s5sible size :5 x is ?r[n into a pol> /ate4 ,b x is v probable1 not)/&+1 t ! p>ticles ( diff]5t bodies may pres5t specific diff]5ces 9 ?is respect1 ! p[]s n be+ equally diffus$ ?\gh equal 9 quantity2 o!r circum/ances also1 z =m & quality1 giv+ to ea* a peculi> pol> relation4 ,x is p]haps to ! exi/5ce ( "s su* diff]5ces z ^! t we may attribute ! specific actions ( ! diff]5t dielectrics 9 relation to dis*>ge7#acid4 #aejh474 ,?us ) respect to oxyg5 & nitrog5 s+ul> contra/s 7 pres5t$ :5 sp>k & bru% dis*>ge 7 made to take place 9 ^! gases1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! ,table 9 p>agraph #aeah ( ! ,?irte5? ,s]ies2 = ) nitrog51 :5 ! small1 negative or ! l>ge positive ball 0 r5d]$ inductric1 ! effects correspond$ ) ^? :i* 9 oxyg5 7 produc$ :5 ! small positive or ! l>ge negative ball 0 r5d]$ inductric4 #afhh4 ,9 su* solid bodies z glass1 lac1 sulphur1 c41 ! p>ticles appe> to be able to become pol>iz$ 9 all directions1 = a mass :5 exp]im5t$ ^u s z to asc]ta9 its inductive capacity 9 ?ree or m directions 7#afij471 gives no indication ( a diff]5ce4 ,n[ z ! p>ticles are fix$ 9 ! mass1 & z ! direction ( ! induction ?r\gh !m mu/ *ange ) its *ange relative to ! mass1 ! con/ant effect indicates t !y c be pol>iz$ electrically 9 any direction4 ,?is accords ) ! view already tak5 ( ea* p>ticle z a :ole be+ a conductor 7#affi471 &1 z an exp]im5tal fact1 helps to confirm t view4 #afhi4 ,b ?\gh p>ticles may ?us be pol>iz$ 9 any direction "u ! influ5ce ( p[]s :i* are probably ( extreme en]gy 7#afhf471 x does n foll[ t ea* p>ticle may n t5d to pol>ize to a great] degree1 or ) m facility1 9 "o direction ?an ano!r2 or t diff]5t k9ds may n h specific diff]5ces 9 ?is respect1 z !y h diff]5ces ( conduct+ & o!r p[]s 7#abif4 #acbf4 #acie474 ,i s\ght ) great anxiety = a relation ( ?is nature2 & select+ cry/all9e bodies z ^? 9 :i* all ! p>ticles are symmetrically plac$1 & !re=e be/ fitt$ to indicate any result :i* might dep5d ^u v>iation ( ! direction ( ! =ces to ! direction ( ! p>ticles 9 :i* !y 7 develop$1 exp]im5t$ v c>efully ) !m4 ,i 0 ! m /rongly /imulat$ to ?is inquiry by ! beautiful electrical condition ( ! cry/all9e bodies t\rmal9e & boracite1 & hop$ also to discov] a relation betwe5 electric pol>ity & t ( cry/allization1 or ev5 ( cohesion itself 7#acaf474 ,my exp]im5ts h n e/abli%$ any connexion ( ! k9d s\ght =4 ,b z ,i ?9k x ( equal importance to %[ ei!r t !re is or is n su* a relation1 ,i %all briefly describe ! results4 #afij4 ,! =m ( exp]im5t 0 z foll[s4 ,a brass ball #j4gc ( an in* 9 diamet]1 fix$ at ! end ( a horizontal brass rod1 & t at ! end ( a brass cyl9d]1 0 by means ( ! latt] connect$ ) a l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y 7#bia47 by p]fect metallic communications1 ! object be+ to keep t ball1 by its connexion ) ! *>g$ batt]y 9 an electrifi$ /ate1 v ne>ly uni=m1 = half an h\r at a "t4 ,?is 0 ! inductric ball4 ,! inducte\s ball 0 ! c>ri] ( ! torsion electromet] 7#abbi4 #acad472 & ! dielectric betwe5 !m 0 a cube cut f a cry/al1 s t two ( its faces %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! optical axis1 :il/ ! o!r f\r 7 p>allel to x4 ,a small project+ piece ( %ell-lac 0 fix$ on ! inductric ball at t "p opposite to ! atta*m5t ( ! brass rod1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ actual contact betwe5 ! ball & ! cry/al cube4 ,a coat ( %ell-lac 0 also atta*$ to t side ( ! c>ri] ball :i* 0 to be t[>ds ! cube1 be+ also t side :i* 0 fur!/ f ! repell$ ball 9 ! electromet] :5 plac$ 9 its position 9 t in/rum5t4 ,! cube 0 cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( %ell-lac dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 to prev5t ! deposition ( damp ^u its surface f ! air4 ,x 0 support$ ^u a small table ( %ell-lac fix$ on ! top ( a /em ( ! same sub/ance1 ! latt] be+ ( suffici5t /r5g? to su/a9 ! cube1 & yet flexible en\gh f its l5g? to act z a spr+1 & all[ ! cube to be>1 :5 9 its place1 aga9/ ! %ell-lac on ! inductric ball4 ,illu/ration3 #afia4 ,?us x 0 easy to br+ ! inducte\s ball always to ! same di/ance f ! inductric bull1 & to un9sulate & insulate x aga9 9 its place2 & !n1 aft] measur+ ! =ce 9 ! electromet] 7#aaha471 to return x to its place opposite to ! inductric ball = a second obs]vation4 ,or x 0 easy by revolv+ ! /& :i* support$ ! cube to br+ f\r ( its faces 9 succession t[>ds ! inductric ball1 & s obs]ve ! =ce :5 ! l9es ( inductive action 7#acjd47 co9cid$ )1 or 7 transv]se to1 ! direction ( ! optical axis ( ! cry/al4 ,g5]ally f tw5ty to tw5ty-eight obs]vations 7 made 9 succession ^u ! f\r v]tical faces ( a cube1 & !n an av]age expression ( ! inductive =ce 0 obta9$1 & comp>$ ) simil> av]ages obta9$ at o!r times1 e precaution be+ tak5 to secure accurate results4 #afib4 ,! fir/ cube us$ 0 ( rock cry/al2 x 0 #j4g ( an in* 9 ! side4 ,x pres5t$ a rem>kable & con/ant diff]5ce1 ! av]age ( n less ?an #aig obs]vations1 giv+ #ajj = ! specific inductive capacity 9 ! direction co9cid+ ) ! optical axis ( ! cube1 :il/ #ic4ei & #ic4ca 7 ! expressions = ! two transv]se directions4 #afic4 ,b ) a second cube ( rock cry/al correspond+ results 7 n obta9$4 ,x 0 #j4gg ( an in* 9 ! side4 ,! av]age ( _m exp]im5ts gave #ajj = ! specific inductive capacity co9cid+ ) ! direction ( ! optical axis1 & #ih4f & #ii4ib = ! two o!r directions4 #afid4 ,"l ,a%ley1 :om ,i h f\nd ev] ready to advance ! cause ( sci5ce1 obta9$ = me ! loan ( ?ree globes ( rock cry/al belong+ to ,h] ,grace ! ,du*ess ( ,su!rl& = ! purposes ( ?is inve/igation4 ,two _h su* fissures z to r5d] !m unfit = ! exp]im5ts 7#aaic4 #afih474 ,! ?ird1 :i* 0 v sup]ior1 gave me no indications ( any diff]5ce 9 ! inductive =ce = diff]5t directions4 #afie4 ,i !n us$ cubes ( ,icel& sp>4 ,"o #j4e ( an in* 9 diamet] gave #ajj = ! axial direction1 & #ih4ff & #ie4gd = ! two cross directions4 ,! o!r1 #j4h ( an in* 9 ! side1 gave #ajj = ! axial direction1 :il/ #aja4gc & #aja4hf 7 ! numb]s = ! cross direction4 #afif4 ,besides ^! diff]5ces !re 7 o!rs1 :i* ,i d n ?9k x ne$ful to /ate1 s9ce ! ma9 po9t is n confirm$4 ,= ?\gh ! exp]im5ts ) ! fir/ cube rais$ great expectation1 !y h n be5 g5]aliz$ by ^? :i* foll[$4 ,i h no d\bt ( ! results z to t cube1 b !y _c z yet be ref]r$ to cry/allization4 ,!re are 9 ! cube "s fa9tly col\r$ lay]s p>allel to ! optical axis1 & ! matt] :i* col\rs !m may h an influ5ce2 b !n ! lay]s are also ne>ly p>allel to a cross direction1 & if at all influ5tial %\ld %[ "s effect 9 t direction also1 :i* !y did n4 #afig4 ,9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts "o half or "o "p ( a cube %[$ a sup]iority to ano!r "p1 & ?is ,i c\ld n trace to any *>ge ! diff]5t p>ts _h receiv$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! v>ni%+ ( ! cubes prev5t$ any communication ( *>ge to !m1 except 79 a few exp]im5ts7 a small degree ( ! negative /ate1 or t :i* 0 contr>y to ! /ate ( ! inductric ball 7#aefd4 #aeff474 #afih4 ,i ?9k x "r to say t1 z f> z ,i c\ld p]ceive1 ! insulat+ "* ( ! cubes us$ 0 p]fect1 or at lea/ s ne>ly p]fect1 z to be> a comp>ison ) %ell-lac1 glass1 c4 7#abee74 ,z to ! cause ( ! diff]5ces1 o!r ?an regul> cry/all9e /ructure1 !re may be sev]al4 ,?us m9ute fissures 9 ! cry/al ins5sible to ! eye may be s dispos$ z to produce a s5sible electrical diff]5ce 7#aaic474 ,or ! cry/allization may be irregul>2 or ! sub/ance may n be q pure2 & if we consid] h[ m9ute a quantity ( matt] w alt] greatly ! conduct+ p[] ( wat]1 x w seem n unlikely t a little extrane\s matt] diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole or "p ( a cube1 may produce effects suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! irregul>ities ( action t h be5 obs]v$4 #afii4 ,an important inquiry reg>d+ ! electrical pol>ity ( ! p>ticles ( an insulat+ dielectric1 is1 :e!r x be ! molecules ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance act$ on1 or ! compon5t or ultimate p>ticles1 :i* ?us act ! "p ( insulat$ conduct+ pol>iz+ portions 7#affi474 #agjj4 ,! conclusion ,i h arriv$ at is1 t x is ! molecules ( ! sub/ance :i* pol>ize z :oles 7#acdg472 & t h[ev] complicat$ ! composition ( a body may be1 all ^? p>ticles or atoms :i* are held toge!r by *emical aff9ity to =m "o molecule ( ! result+ body act z "o conduct+ mass or p>ticle :5 inductive ph5om5a & pol>ization are produc$ 9 ! sub/ance ( :i* x is a "p4 #agja4 ,?is conclusion is f\nd$ on sev]al consid]ations4 ,?us if we obs]ve ! insulat+ & conduct+ p[] ( elem5ts :5 !y are us$ z dielectrics1 we f9d "s1 z sulphur1 phosphorus1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 c41 ^: p>ticles insulate1 & !re=e pol>ize 9 a high degree2 :]eas o!rs1 z ! metals1 give sc>cely any indication ( possess+ a s5sible proportion ( ?is p[] 7#acbh471 _! p>ticles freely conduct+ "o to ano!r4 ,yet :5 ^! ent] into comb9ation !y =m sub/ances hav+ no direct relation app>5tly1 9 ?is respect1 to _! elem5ts2 = wat]1 sulphuric acid1 & su* comp\nds =m$ ( insulat+ elem5ts1 conduct by comp>ison freely2 :il/ oxide ( lead1 fl9t glass1 borate ( lead1 & o!r metallic comp\nds conta9+ v high proportions ( conduct+ matt]1 insulate excell5tly well4 ,tak+ oxide ( lead !re=e z ! illu/ration1 ,i conceive t x is n ! p>ticles ( oxyg5 & lead :i* pol>ize sep>ately "u ! act ( induction1 b ! molecules ( oxide ( lead :i* exhibit ?is effect1 all ! elem5ts ( "o p>ticle ( ! result+ body1 be+ held toge!r z p>ts ( "o conduct+ individual by ! bonds ( *emical aff9ity2 :i* is b ano!r t]m = electrical =ce 7#iah474 #agjb4 ,9 bodies :i* are electrolytes we h /ill fur!r reason = believ+ 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,?us :5 wat]1 *loride ( t91 iodide ( lead1 c4 9 ! solid /ate are betwe5 ! electrodes ( ! voltaic batt]y1 _! p>ticles pol>ize z ^? ( any o!r insulat+ dielectric d 7#aafd472 b :5 ! liquid /ate is conf]r$ on ^! sub/ances1 ! pol>iz$ p>ticles divide1 ! two halves1 ea* 9 a highly *>g$ /ate1 travell+ onw>ds until !y meet o!r p>ticles 9 an opposite & equally *>g$ /ate1 ) :i* !y comb9e1 to ! neutralization ( _! *emical1 i4e4 _! electrical =ces1 & ! reproduction ( comp\nd p>ticles1 :i* c aga9 pol>ize z :oles1 & aga9 divide to repeat ! same s]ies ( actions 7#acdg474 #agjc4 ,b ?\gh electrolytic p>ticles pol>ize z :oles1 x w\ld appe> v evid5t t 9 !m x is n a matt] ( entire indiff]5ce h[ ! p>ticle pol>izes 7#afhi471 s9ce1 :5 free to move 7#chj1 c47 ! pol>ities are ultimately di/ribut$ 9 ref]5ce to ! elem5ts2 & sums ( =ce equival5t to ! pol>ities1 & v def9ite 9 k9d & am\nt1 sep>ate1 z x 71 f ea* o!r1 & travel onw>ds ) ! elem5t>y p>ticles4 ,& ?\gh ,i d n pret5d to "k :at an atom is1 or h[ x is associat$ or end[$ ) electrical =ce1 or h[ ?is =ce is arrang$ 9 ! cases ( comb9ation & decomposition1 yet ! /rong belief ,i h 9 ! electrical pol>ity ( p>ticles :5 "u inductive action1 & ! he>+ ( su* an op9ion on ! g5]al effects ( induction1 :e!r ord9>y or electrolytic1 w be my excuse1 ,i tru/1 = a few hypo!tical consid]ations4 #agjd ,9 electrolyzation x appe>s t ! pol>iz$ p>ticles w\ld 7because ( ! gradual *ange :i* has be5 induc$ ^u ! *emical1 i4e4 ! electrical =ces ( _! elem5ts 7#iah477 r divide ?an dis*>ge to ea* o!r )\t division 7#acdh472 = if _! division1 i4e4 _! decomposition & recomb9ation1 be prev5t$ by giv+ !m ! solid /ate1 !n !y w insulate electricity p]haps a hundr$fold m int5se ?an t necess>y = _! electrolyzation 7#dai1 c474 ,h5ce ! t5sion necess>y = direct conduction 9 su* bodies appe>s to be mu* high] ?an t = decomposition 7#dai4 #aafd4 #acdd474 #agje4 ,! rem>kable /oppage ( electrolytic conduction by solidification 7#chj4 #aceh471 is q consi/5t ) ^! views ( ! dep5d5ce ( t process on ! pol>ity :i* is common to all insulat+ matt] :5 "u induction1 ?\gh att5d$ by su* peculi> electro-*emical results 9 ! case ( electrolytes4 ,?us x may be expect$ t ! fir/ effect ( induction is s to pol>ize & arrange ! p>ticles ( wat] t ! positive or hydrog5 pole ( ea* %all be f ! positive electrode & t[>ds ! negative electrode1 :il/ ! negative or oxyg5 pole ( ea* %all be 9 ! contr>y direction2 & ?us :5 ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( a p>ticle ( wat] h sep>at$1 pass+ to & comb9+ ) o!r hydrog5 & oxyg5 p>ticles1 unless ^! new p>ticles ( wat] c\ld turn r\nd !y c\ld n take up t position necess>y = _! successful electrolytic pol>ization4 ,n[ solidification1 by fix+ ! wat] p>ticles & prev5t+ !m f assum+ t ess5tial prelim9>y position1 prev5ts also _! electrolysis 7#dac472 & s ! transf] ( =ces 9 t mann] be+ prev5t$ 7#acdg4 #agjc471 ! sub/ance acts z an ord9>y insulat+ dielectric 7= x is evid5t by =m] exp]im5ts 7#dai4 #agjd47 t ! insulat+ t5sion is high] ?an ! electrolytic t5sion71 induction ?r\gh x rises to a high] degree1 & ! pol> condition ( ! molecules z :oles1 ?\gh greatly exalt$1 is /ill securely ma9ta9$4 #agjf4 ,:5 decomposition happ5s 9 a fluid electrolyte1 ,i d n suppose t all ! molecules 9 ! same sectional plane 7#afcd47 "p ) & transf] _! electrifi$ p>ticles or elem5ts at once4 ,probably ! dis*>ge =ce = t plane is summ$ up on "o or a few p>ticles1 :i* decompos+1 travell+ & recomb9+1 re/ore ! balance ( =ces1 mu* z 9 ! case ( sp>k disruptive dis*>ge 7#adjf472 = z ^? molecules result+ f p>ticles :i* h j transf]r$ p[] mu/ by _! position 7#agje47 be less fav\rably circum/anc$ ?an o!rs1 s !re mu/ be "s :i* are mo/ fav\rably dispos$1 & ^!1 by giv+ way fir/1 w = ! "t l[] ! t5sion & produce dis*>ge4 #agjg4 ,9 =m] inve/igations ( ! action ( electricity 7#hba1 c47 x 0 %[n1 f _m satisfactory cases1 t ! quantity ( electric p[] transf]r$ onw>ds 0 9 proportion to & 0 def9ite = a giv5 quantity ( matt] mov+ z anion or ca?ion onw>ds 9 ! electrolytic l9e ( action2 & !re 0 /rong reason to believe t ea* ( ! p>ticles ( matt] !n dealt )1 _h associat$ ) x a def9ite am\nt ( electrical =ce1 con/itut+ its =ce ( *emical aff9ity1 ! *emical equival5ts & ! electro-*emical equival5ts be+ ! same 7#hcf474 ,x 0 also f\nd ) few1 & ,i may n[ p]haps say ) no exceptions 7#acda471 t only ^? comp\nds conta9+ elem5ts 9 s+le proportions c\ld exhibit ! *>act]s & ph5om5a ( electrolytes 7#fig472 oxides1 *lorides1 & o!r bodies conta9+ m ?an "o proportion ( ! electro-negative elem5t refus+ to decompose "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t4 #agjh4 ,probable reasons = ^! conditions & limitations arise out ( ! molecul> !ory ( induction4 ,?us :5 a liquid dielectric1 z *loride ( t91 consi/s ( molecules1 ea* compos$ ( a s+le p>ticle ( ea* ( ! elem5ts1 !n z ^! c convey equival5t opposite =ces by _! sep>ation 9 opposite directions1 bo? decomposition & transf] c result4 ,b :5 ! molecules1 z 9 ! bi*loride ( t91 consi/ ( "o p>ticle or atom ( "o elem5t1 & two ( ! o!r1 !n ! simplicity ) :i* ! p>ticles may be suppos$ to be arrang$ & to act1 is de/roy$4 ,&1 ?\gh x may be conceiv$ t :5 ! molecules ( bi*loride ( t9 are pol>iz$ z :oles by ! induction across !m1 ! positive pol> =ce might accumulate on ! "o p>ticle ( t9 :il/ ! negative pol> =ce accumulat$ on ! two p>ticles ( *lor9e associat$ ) x1 & t ^! might respectively travel "r & left to unite ) o!r two ( *lor9e & "o ( t91 9 analogy ) :at happ5s 9 cases ( comp\nds consi/+ ( s+le proportions1 yet ?is is n altoge!r s evid5t or probable4 ,= :5 a p>ticle ( t9 comb9es ) two ( *lor9e1 x is difficult to conceive t !re %\ld n be "s relation ( ! ?ree 9 ! result+ molecule analog\s to fix$ position1 ! "o p>ticle ( metal be+ p]haps symmetrically plac$ 9 relation to ! two ( *lor9e3 &1 x is n difficult to conceive ( su* p>ticles t !y c\ld n assume t position dep5d5t bo? on _! pol>ity & ! relation ( _! elem5ts1 :i* appe>s to be ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( electrolyzation 7#acde4 #agje474 #ba4 ,relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces4 #agji4 ,i h already v5tur$ a few speculations respect+ ! probable relation ( magnetism1 z ! transv]se =ce ( ! curr5t1 to ! div]g5t or transv]se =ce ( ! l9es ( inductive action belong+ to /atic electricity 7#afeh1 c474 #agaj4 ,9 ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is subject x appe>$ to me to be ( ! utmo/ importance to asc]ta91 if possible1 :e!r ?is lat]al action :i* we call magnetism1 or sometimes ! induction ( electrical curr5ts 7#bf4 #ajdh1 c471 is ext5d$ to a di/ance by ! action ( ! int]m$iate p>ticles 9 analogy ) ! induction ( /atic electricity1 or ! v>i\s effects1 su* z conduction1 dis*>ge1 c41 :i* are dep5d5t on t induction2 or1 :e!r its influ5ce at a di/ance is altoge!r indep5d5t ( su* int]m$iate p>ticles 7#affb474 #agaa4 ,i arrang$ two magneto-electric helices ) iron cores end to end1 b ) an int]val ( an in* & ?ree qu>t]s betwe5 !m1 9 :i* int]val 0 plac$ ! end or pole ( a b> magnet4 ,x is evid5t1 t on mov+ ! magnetic pole f "o core t[>ds ! o!r1 a curr5t w\ld t5d to =m 9 bo? helices1 9 ! "o because ( ! l[]+1 & 9 ! o!r because ( ! /r5g!n+ ( ! magnetism induc$ 9 ! respective s(t iron cores4 ,! helices 7 connect$ toge!r1 & also ) a galvanomet]1 s t ^! two curr5ts %\ld co9cide 9 direction1 & t5d by _! jo9t =ce to deflect ! ne$le ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! :ole arrangem5t 0 s effective & delicate1 t mov+ ! magnetic pole ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* to & fro two or ?ree times1 9 p]iods equal to ^? requir$ = ! vibrations ( ! galvanomet] ne$le1 0 suffici5t to cause consid]able vibration 9 ! latt]2 ?us %[+ readily ! consequ5ce ( /r5g!n+ ! influ5ce ( ! magnet on ! "o core & helix1 & dim9i%+ x on ! o!r4 #agab4 ,!n )\t di/urb+ ! di/ances ( ! magnet & cores1 plates ( sub/ances 7 int]pos$4 ,?us call+ ! two cores ,a & ,b1 a plate ( %ell-lac 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! magnetic pole & ,a = ! "t occupi$ by ! ne$le 9 sw++ "o way2 !n x 0 )drawn = ! "t occupi$ 9 ! return sw+2 introduc$ aga9 = ano!r equal portion ( "t2 )drawn = ano!r portion1 & s on eight or n9e times2 b n ! lea/ effect 0 obs]v$ on ! ne$le4 ,9 o!r cases ! plate 0 alt]nat$1 i4e4 x 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! magnet & ,a = "o p]iod ( "t1 )drawn & introduc$ betwe5 ! magnet & ,b = ! second p]iod1 )drawn & re/or$ to its fir/ place = ! ?ird p]iod1 & s on1 b ) no effect on ! ne$le4 #agac4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts %ell-lac 9 plates #j4i ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 sulphur 9 a plate #j4i ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & copp] 9 a plate #j4g ( an in* 9 ?ickness 7 us$ )\t any effect4 ,& ,i conclude t bodies1 contra/$ by ! extremes ( conduct+ & insulat+ p[]1 & oppos$ to ea* o!r z /rongly z metals1 air1 & sulphur1 %[ no diff]5ce ) respect to magnetic =ces :5 plac$ 9 _! l9es ( action1 at lea/ "u ! circum/ances describ$4 #agad4 ,) a plate ( iron1 or ev5 a small piece ( t metal1 z ! head ( a nail1 a v diff]5t effect 0 produc$1 = !n ! galvanomet] imm$iately %[$ its s5sibility1 & ! p]fection ( ! g5]al arrangem5t4 #agae4 ,i arrang$ matt]s s t a plate ( copp] #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 %\ld h ! "p ne> ! edge int]pos$ betwe5 ! magnet & ! core1 9 :i* situation x 0 fir/ rotat$ rapidly1 & !n held quiesc5t alt]nately1 = p]iods accord+ ) t requir$ = ! sw++ ( ! ne$le2 b n ! lea/ effect ^u ! galvanomet] 0 produc$4 #agaf4 ,a plate ( %ell-lac #j4f ( an in* 9 ?ickness 0 appli$ 9 ! same mann]1 b :e!r rotat+ or n x produc$ no effect4 #agag4 ,occasionally ! plane ( rotation 0 directly across ! magnetic curve3 at o!r times x 0 made z oblique z possible2 ! direction ( ! rotation be+ also *ang$ 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts1 b n ! lea/ effect 0 produc$4 #agah4 ,i n[ remov$ ! helices ) _! s(t iron cores1 & replac$ !m by two flat helices w\nd ^u c>d bo>d1 ea* conta9+ =ty-two feet ( silk$ copp] wire1 & hav+ no associat$ iron4 ,o!rwise ! arrangem5t 0 z be=e1 & exce$+ly s5sible2 = a v slight motion ( ! magnet betwe5 ! helices produc$ an abundant vibration ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 #agai4 ,! introduction ( plates ( %ell-lac1 sulphur1 or copp] into ! int]vals betwe5 ! magnet & ^! helices 7#agac471 produc$ n ! lea/ effect1 :e!r ! =m] 7 quiesc5t or 9 rapid revolution 7#agae474 ,s "h no evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! int]m$iate p>ticles c\ld be obta9$ 7#agaj474 #agbj4 ,! magnet 0 !n remov$ & replac$ by a flat helix1 correspond+ to ! two =m]1 ! ?ree be+ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! middle helix 0 s arrang$ t a voltaic curr5t c\ld be s5t ?r\gh x at pleasure4 ,! =m] galvanomet] 0 remov$1 & "o ) a d\ble coil employ$1 "o ( ! lat]al helices be+ connect$ ) "o coil1 & ! o!r helix ) ! o!r coil1 9 su* mann] t :5 a voltaic curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh ! middle helix its inductive action 7#bf47 on ! lat]al helices %\ld cause curr5ts 9 !m1 hav+ contr>y directions 9 ! coils ( ! galvanomet]4 ,by a little adju/m5t ( ! di/ances ^! induc$ curr5ts 7 r5d]$ exactly equal1 & ! galvanomet] ne$le rema9$ /ation>y not)/&+ _! frequ5t production 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,i w call ! middle coil ,c1 & ! ext]nal coils ,a & ,b4 #agba4 ,a plate ( copp] #j4g ( an in* ?ick & six in*es squ>e1 0 plac$ betwe5 coils ,c & ,b1 _! respective di/ances rema9+ un*ang$2 & !n a voltaic curr5t f tw5ty pairs ( #d in* plates 0 s5t ?r\gh ! coil ,c1 & int]mitt$1 9 p]iods fitt$ to produce an effect on ! galvanomet] 7#agab474 if any diff]5ce _h be5 produc$ 9 ! effect ( ,c on ,a & ,b4 ,b not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( air 9 "o int]val & copp] 9 ! o!r1 ! inductive effect 0 exactly alike on ! two coils1 & z if air _h occupi$ bo? int]vals4 ,s t not)/&+ ! facility ) :i* any induc$ curr5ts might =m 9 ! ?ick copp] plate1 ! coil outside ( x 0 j z mu* affect$ by ! c5tral helix ,c z if no su* conductor z ! copp] _h be5 !re 7#fe474 #agbb4 ,!n1 = ! copp] plate 0 sub/itut$ "o ( sulphur #j4i ( an in* ?ick2 /ill ! results 7 exactly ! same1 i4e4 !re 0 no action at ! galvanomet]4 #agbc4 ,?us x appe>s t :5 a voltaic curr5t 9 "o wire is ex]t+ its inductive action to produce a contr>y or a simil> curr5t 9 a neighb\r+ wire1 accord+ z ! prim>y curr5t is comm5c+ or ceas+1 x makes n ! lea/ diff]5ce :e!r ! int]v5+ space is occupi$ by su* insulat+ bodies z air1 sulphur & %ell-lac1 or su* conduct+ bodies z copp]1 & ! o!r non-magnetic metals4 #agbd4 ,a correspond5t effect 0 obta9$ ) ! l =ces :5 resid5t 9 a magnet ?us4 ,a s+le flat helix 7#agah47 0 connect$ ) a galvanomet]1 & a magnetic pole plac$ ne> to x2 !n by mov+ ! magnet to & f ! helix1 or ! helix to & f ! magnet1 curr5ts 7 produc$ indicat$ by ! galvanomet]4 #agbe4 ,! ?ick copp] plate 7#agba47 0 aft]w>ds int]pos$ betwe5 ! magnetic pole & ! helix2 nev]!less on mov+ ^! to & fro1 effects1 exactly ! same 9 direction & am\nt1 7 obta9$ z if ! copp] _h n be5 !re4 ,s also on introduc+ a plate ( sulphur into ! int]val1 n ! lea/ influ5ce on ! curr5ts produc$ by motion ( ! magnet or coils c\ld be obta9$4 #agbf4 ,^! results1 ) _m o!rs :i* ,i h n ?\ght x ne$ful to describe1 w\ld lead to ! conclusion t 7judg+ by ! am\nt ( effect produc$ at a di/ance by =ces transv]se to ! electric curr5t1 i4e4 magnetic =ces17 ! int]v5+ matt]1 & !re=e ! int]v5+ p>ticles1 h no?+ to d ) ! ph5om5a2 or 9 o!r words1 t ?\gh ! inductive =ce ( /atic electricity is transmitt$ to a di/ance by ! action ( ! int]m$iate p>ticles 7#aafd4 #afff471 ! transv]se inductive =ce ( curr5ts1 :i* c also act at a di/ance1 is n transmitt$ by ! int]m$iate p>ticles 9 a simil> way4 #agbg4 ,x is h[ev] v evid5t t su* a conclusion _c be consid]$ z prov$4 ,?us :5 ! metal copp] is betwe5 ! pole & ! helix 7#agae4 #agai4 #agbe47 or betwe5 ! two helices 7#agba47 we "k t its p>ticles are affect$1 & c by prop] arrangem5ts make _! peculi> /ate = ! "t v evid5t by ! production ( ei!r electrical or magnetical effects4 ,x seems impossible to consid] ?is effect on ! p>ticles ( ! int]v5+ matt] z indep5d5t ( t produc$ by ! inductric coil or magnet ,c1 on ! inducte\s coil or core ,a 7#agae4 #agba472 = s9ce ! inducte\s body is equally affect$ by ! inductric body :e!r ^! int]v5+ & affect$ p>ticles ( copp] are pres5t or n 7#agbc4 #agbe471 su* a supposition w\ld imply t ! p>ticles s affect$ _h no reaction back on ! orig9al inductric =ces4 ,! m reasonable conclusion1 z x appe>s to me1 is1 to consid] ^! affect$ p>ticles z effici5t 9 cont9u+ ! action onw>ds f ! inductric to ! inducte\s body1 & by ?is v communication produc+ ! effect ( no loss ( induc$ p[] at ! latt]4 #agbh4 ,b !n x may be ask$ :at is ! relation ( ! p>ticles ( insulat+ bodies1 su* z air1 sulphur1 or lac1 :5 !y int]v5e 9 ! l9e ( magnetic action8 ,! answ] to ?is is at pres5t m]ely conjectural4 ,i h long ?\ght !re mu/ be a p>ticul> condition ( su* bodies correspond+ to ! /ate :i* causes curr5ts 9 metals & o!r conductors 7#bf4 #ec4 #aia4 #bja4 #bac472 & consid]+ t ! bodies are insulators "o w\ld expect t /ate to be "o ( t5sion4 ,i h by rotat+ non-conduct+ bodies ne> magnetic poles & poles ne> !m1 & also by caus+ p[]ful electric curr5ts to be sudd5ly =m$ & to cease ar\nd & ab\t insulators 9 v>i\s directions1 endeav\r$ to make "s su* /ate s5sible1 b h n succe$$4 ,nev]!less1 z any su* /ate mu/ be ( exce$+ly l[ int5sity1 because ( ! feeble int5sity ( ! curr5ts :i* are us$ to induce x1 x may well be t ! /ate may exi/1 & may be discov]able by "s m exp]t exp]im5tali/1 ?\gh ,i h n be5 able to make x s5sible4 #agbi4 ,x appe>s to me possible1 !re=e1 & ev5 probable1 t magnetic action may be communicat$ to a di/ance by ! action ( ! int]v5+ p>ticles1 9 a mann] hav+ a relation to ! way 9 :i* ! inductive =ces ( /atic electricity are transf]r$ to a di/ance 7#afgg472 ! int]v5+ p>ticles assum+ = ! "t m or less ( a peculi> condition1 :i* 7?\gh ) a v imp]fect idea7 ,i h sev]al times express$ by ! t]m electro-tonic /ate 7#fj4 #bdb4 #aaad4 #affa474 ,i hope x w n be und]/ood t ,i hold ! settl$ op9ion t su* is ! case4 ,i w\ld r 9 fact h prov$ ! contr>y1 namely1 t magnetic =ces are q indep5d5t ( ! matt] int]v5+ betwe5 ! inductric & ! inductions bodies2 b ,i _c get ov] ! difficulty pres5t$ by su* sub/ances z copp]1 silv]1 lead1 gold1 c>bon1 & ev5 aque\s solutions 7#bja4 #bac471 :i* ?\gh !y are kn[n to assume a peculi> /ate :il/ int]v5+ betwe5 ! bodies act+ & act$ ^u 7#agbg471 no m int]f]e ) ! f9al result ?an ^? :i* h z yet _h no peculi>ity ( condition discov]$ 9 !m4 #agcj4 ,a rem>k important to ! :ole ( ?is inve/igation ought to be made "h4 ,al?\gh ,i ?9k ! galvanomet] us$ z ,i h describ$ x 7#agaa4 #agbj47 is q suffici5t to prove t ! f9al am\nt ( action on ea* ( ! two coils or ! two cores ,a & ,b 7#agac4 #agai47 is equal1 yet !re is an effect :i* may be consequ5t on ! diff]5ce ( action ( two int]pos$ bodies :i* x w\ld n %[4 ,z "t ent]s z an elem5t into ^! actions,a 7#abe471 x is v possible t ! induc$ actions on ! helices or cores ,a1 ,b1 ?\gh !y rise to ! same degree :5 air & copp]1 or air & lac are contra/$ z int]v5+ sub/ances1 d n d s 9 ! same "t2 & yet1 because ( ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by a vibration ( ! ne$le1 ?is diff]5ce may n be visible1 bo? effects ris+ to _! maximum 9 p]iods s %ort z to make no s5sible portion ( t requir$ = a vibration ( ! ne$le1 & s ex]t no visible influ5ce ^u x4 ,a ,see ,annnles de ,*imie1 #ahcc1 tom4 li4 pp4 #dbb1 #dbh4 99 99 99 99 99 #agca4 ,if ! lat]al or transv]se =ce ( electrical curr5ts1 or :at appe>s to be ! same ?+1 magnetic p[]1 c\ld be prov$ to be influ5tial at a di/ance indep5d5tly ( ! int]v5+ contigu\s p>ticles1 !n1 z x appe>s to me1 a real di/9ction ( a high & important k9d1 w\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! natures ( ^! two =ces 7#afed4 #affd474 ,i d n mean t ! p[]s are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & might be r5d]$ sep>ately active1 on ! contr>y !y are probably ess5tially associat$ 7#afed471 b x by no means foll[s t !y are ( ! same nature4 ,9 common /atical induction1 9 conduction1 & 9 electrolyzation1 ! =ces at ! opposite extremities ( ! p>ticles :i* co9cide ) ! l9es ( action & h commonly be5 di/+ui%$ by ! t]m electric1 are pol>1 & 9 ! cases ( contigu\s p>ticles act only to ins5sible di/ances2 :il/ ^? :i* are transv]se to ! direction ( ^! l9es1 & are call$ magnetic1 are circumf]5tial1 act at a di/ance1 & if n ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! int]v5+ p>ticles1 h _! relations to ord9>y matt] entirely unlike ^? ( ! electrical =ces ) :i* !y are associat$4 #agcb4 ,to decide ?is "q ( ! id5tity or di/9ction ( ! two k9ds ( p[]1 & e/abli% _! true relation1 w\ld be exce$+ly important4 ,! "q seems fully )9 ! rea* ( exp]im5t1 & (f]s a high rew>d to him :o w attempt its settlem5t4 #agcc4 ,i h already express$ a hope ( f9d+ an effect or condition :i* %all be to /atical electricity :at magnetic =ce is to curr5t electricity 7#afeh474 ,if ,i c\ld h prov$ to my own satisfaction t magnetic =ces ext5d$ _! influ5ce to a di/ance by ! conjo9$ action ( ! int]v5+ p>ticles 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( electrical =ces1 !n ,i %\ld h ?\ght t ! natural t5sion ( ! l9es ( inductive action 7#afei471 or t /ate s (t5 h9t$ at z ! electro-tonic /ate 7#affa4 #affb471 0 ?is relat$ condition ( /atical electricity4 #agcd4 ,x may be said t ! /ate ( no lat]al action is to /atic or inductive =ce ! equival5t ( magnetism to curr5t =ce2 b t c only be ^u ! view t electric & magnetic action are 9 _! nature ess5tially diff]5t 7#affd474 ,if !y are ! same p[]1 ! :ole diff]5ce 9 ! results be+ ! consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( direction1 !n ! normal or undevelop$ /ate ( electric =ce w correspond ) ! /ate ( no lat]al action ( ! magnetic /ate ( ! =ce2 ! electric curr5t w correspond ) ! lat]al effects commonly call$ magnetism2 b ! /ate ( /atic induction :i* is betwe5 ! normal condition & ! curr5t w /ill require a correspond+ lat]al condition 9 ! magnetic s]ies1 pres5t+ its own peculi> ph5om5a2 = x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! normal electric1 & ! inductive or pol>iz$ electric1 condition1 c bo? h ! same lat]al relation4 ,if magnetism be a sep>ate & a high] relation ( ! p[]s develop$1 !n p]haps ! argum5t :i* presses = ?is ?ird condition ( t =ce w\ld n be s /rong4 #agce4 ,i _c conclude ^! g5]al rem>ks ^u ! relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces )\t express+ my surprise at ! results obta9$ ) ! copp] plate 7#agbd4 #agbe474 ,! exp]im5ts ) ! flat helices repres5t "o ( ! simple/ cases ( ! induction ( electrical curr5ts 7#agbj472 ! effect1 z is well kn[n1 consi/+ 9 ! production ( a mom5t>y curr5t 9 a wire at ! in/ant :5 a curr5t 9 ! contr>y direction beg9s to pass ?r\gh a neighb\r+ p>allel wire1 & ! production ( an equally brief curr5t 9 ! rev]se direction :5 ! det]m9+ curr5t is /opp$ 7#bf474 ,su* be+ ! case1 x seems v extraord9>y t ?is induc$ curr5t :i* takes place 9 ! helix ,a :5 !re is only air betwe5 ,a & ,c 7#agbj474 %\ld be equally /rong :5 t air is replac$ by an enorm\s mass ( t excell5tly conduct+ metal copp] 7#agba474 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t ?is mass w\ld h all[$ ( ! =mation & dis*>ge ( almo/ any quantity ( curr5ts 9 x1 :i* ! helix ,c 0 compet5t to induce1 & s 9 "s degree h dim9i%$ if n altoge!r prev5t$ ! effect 9 ,a3 in/ead ( :i*1 ?\gh we c h>dly d\bt t an inf9ity ( curr5ts are =m$ at ! mom5t 9 ! copp] plate1 /ill n ! smalle/ dim9ution or alt]ation ( ! effect 9 ,a appe>s 7#fe474 ,almo/ ! only way ( reconcil+ ?is effect ) g5]ally receiv$ notions is1 z x appe>s to me1 to admit t magnetic action is communicat$ by ! action ( ! int]v5+ p>ticles 7#agbi4 #agcc474 #agcf4 ,?is condition ( ?+s1 :i* is v rem>kable1 accords p]fectly ) ! effects obs]v$ 9 solid helices :]e wires are coil$ ov] wires to ! am\nt ( five or six or m lay]s 9 succession1 no dim9ution ( effect on ! out] ones be+ occasion$ by ^? )94 #bb4 ,note on electrical excitation4 #agcg4 ,t ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* electrical excitem5t takes place w "s day or o!r be r$uc$ "u "o common law c h>dly be d\bt$1 ?\gh = ! pres5t we are b\nd to admit di/9ctions4 ,x w be a great po9t ga9$ :5 ^! di/9ctions are1 n remov$1 b und]/ood4 #agch4 ,! /rict relation ( ! electrical & *emical p[]s r5d]s ! *emical mode ( excitem5t ! mo/ in/ructive ( all1 & ! case ( two isolat$ comb9+ p>ticles is probably ! simple/ t we possess4 ,"h h[ev] ! action is local1 & we /ill want su* a te/ ( electricity z %all apply to x1 to cases ( curr5t electricity1 & also to ^? ( /atic induction4 ,:5ev] by virtue ( ! previ\sly comb9$ condition ( "s ( ! act+ p>ticles 7#ibc47 we are enabl$1 z 9 ! voltaic pile1 to exp& or conv]t ! local action into a curr5t1 !n *emical action c be trac$ ?r\gh its v>iations to ! production ( all ! ph5om5a ( t5sion & ! /atic /ate1 ^! be+ 9 e respect ! same z if ! electric =ces produc+ !m _h be5 develop$ by friction4 #agci4 ,x 0 ,b]zelius1 ,i believe1 :o fir/ spoke ( ! aptness ( c]ta9 p>ticles to assume opposite /ates :5 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r 7#iei474 ,hypo!tically we may suppose ^! /ates to increase 9 int5sity by increas$ approximation1 or by heat1 c4 until at a c]ta9 po9t comb9ation occurs1 accompani$ by su* an arrangem5t ( ! =ces ( ! two p>ticles betwe5 !mselves z is equival5t to a dis*>ge1 produc+ at ! same "t a p>ticle :i* is ?r\gh\t a conductor 7#agjj474 #agdj4 ,?is aptness to assume an excit$ electrical /ate 7:i* is probably pol> 9 ^? =m+ non-conduct+ matt]7 appe>s to be a prim>y fact1 & to p>take ( ! nature ( induction 7#aafb471 = ! p>ticles d n seem capable ( reta9+ _! p>ticul> /ate indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r 7#aagg47 or ( matt] 9 ! opposite /ate4 ,:at appe>s to be def9ite ab\t ! p>ticles ( matt] is _! assumption ( a p>ticul> /ate1 z ! positive or negative1 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & n ( ei!r "o or o!r indiff]5tly2 & also ! acquirem5t ( =ce up to a c]ta9 am\nt4 #agda4 ,x is easily conceivable t ! same =ce :i* causes local action betwe5 two free p>ticles %all produce curr5t =ce if "o ( ! p>ticles is previ\sly 9 comb9ation1 =m+ "p ( an electrolyte 7#ibc4 #agch474 ,?us a p>ticle ( z9c1 & "o ( oxyg51 :5 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 ex]t _! inductive =ces 7#agdj471 & ^! at la/ rise up to ! po9t ( comb9ation4 ,if ! oxyg5 be previ\sly 9 union ) hydrog51 x is held s comb9$ by an analog\s ex]tion & arrangem5t ( ! =ces2 & z ! =ces ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 are = ! "t ( comb9ation mutually engag$ & relat$1 s :5 ! sup]ior relation ( ! =ces betwe5 ! oxyg5 & z9c come into play1 ! induction ( ! =m] or oxyg5 t[>ds ! metal _c be br\ght on & increas$ )\t a correspond+ defici5cy 9 its induction t[>ds ! hydrog5 ) :i* x is 9 comb9ation 7= ! am\nt ( =ce 9 a p>ticle is consid]$ z def9ite71 & ! latt] !re=e has its =ce turn$ t[>ds ! oxyg5 ( ! next p>ticle ( wat]2 ?us ! effect may be consid]$ z ext5d$ to s5sible di/ances1 & ?r[n into ! condition ( /atic induction1 :i* be+ dis*>g$ & !n remov$ by ! action ( o!r p>ticles produces curr5ts4 #agdb4 ,9 ! common voltaic batt]y1 ! curr5t is occasion$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! z9c to take ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] f ! hydrog51 ! effective action be+ at ! place :]e ! oxyg5 leaves ! previ\sly exi/+ electrolyte4 ,b ,s*o5be9 has arrang$ a batt]y 9 :i* ! effective action is at ! o!r extremity ( ?is ess5tial "p ( ! arrangem5t1 namely1 :]e oxyg5 goes to ! electrolyte,a4 ,! fir/ may be consid]$ z a case :]e ! curr5t is put into motion by ! ab/raction ( oxyg5 f hydrog51 ! latt] by t ( hydrog5 f oxyg54 ,! direction ( ! electric curr5t is 9 bo? cases ! same1 :5 ref]r$ to ! direction 9 :i* ! elem5t>y p>ticles ( ! electrolyte are mov+ 7#ibc4 #ifb471 & bo? are equally 9 accordance ) ! hypo!tical view ( ! inductive action ( ! p>ticles j describ$ 7#agdj474 ,a ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahch1 xii4 #bbe1 #cae4 also ,de la ,rive's results ) p]oxide ( manganese4 ,annales de ,*imie1 #ahcf1 lxi4 p4 #dj4--;,dec4 #ahch4 #agdc4 ,9 su* a view ( voltaic excitem5t1 ! action ( ! p>ticles may be divid$ into two p>ts1 t :i* occurs :il/ ! =ce 9 a p>ticle ( oxyg5 is ris+ t[>ds a p>ticle ( z9c act+ on x1 & fall+ t[>ds ! p>ticle ( hydrog5 ) :i* x is associat$ 7?is be+ ! progressive p]iod ( ! inductive action71 & t :i* occurs :5 ! *ange ( association takes place1 & ! p>ticle ( oxyg5 leaves ! hydrog5 & comb9es ) ! z9c4 ,! =m] appe>s to be t :i* produces ! curr5t1 or if !re be no curr5t1 produces ! /ate ( t5sion at ! t]m9ation ( ! batt]y2 :il/ ! latt]1 by t]m9at+ = ! "t ! influ5ce ( ! p>ticles :i* h be5 active1 all[s ( o!rs com+ into play1 & s ! effect ( curr5t is cont9u$4 #agdd4 ,x seems highly probable1 t excitem5t by friction may v frequ5tly be ( ! same "*4 ,wolla/on endeav\r$ to ref] su* excitem5t to *emical action,a2 b if by *emical action ultimate union ( ! act+ p>ticles is int5d$1 !n !re are pl5ty ( cases :i* are oppos$ to su* a view4 ,davy m5tions "s su*1 & = my own "p ,i feel no difficulty 9 admitt+ o!r means ( electrical excitem5t ?an *emical action1 especially if by *emical action is meant a f9al comb9ation ( ! p>ticles4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahja1 p4 #dbg4 #agde4 ,davy ref]s exp]im5tally to ! opposite /ates :i* two p>ticles hav+ opposite *emical relations c assume :5 !y are br\ght into ! close vic9ity ( ea* o!r1 b n all[$ to comb9e,a4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! fir/ "p ( ! action already describ$ 7#agdc472 b 9 my op9ion x _c give rise to a cont9u\s curr5t unless comb9ation take place1 s z to all[ o!r p>ticles to act successively 9 ! same mann]1 & n ev5 !n unless "o set ( ! p>ticles be pres5t z an elem5t ( an electrolyte 7#ibc4 #ifc472 i4e4 m]e quiesc5t contact alone )\t *emical action does n 9 su* cases produce a curr5t4 ,a ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahjg1 p4 #ca4 #agdf4 ,/ill x seems v possible t su* a relation may produce a high *>ge1 & ?us give rise to excitem5t by friction4 ,:5 two bodies are rubb$ toge!r to produce electricity 9 ! usual way1 "o at lea/ mu/ be an insulator4 ,dur+ ! act ( rubb+1 ! p>ticles ( opposite k9ds mu/ be br\ght m or less closely toge!r1 ! few :i* are mo/ fav\rably circum/anc$ be+ 9 su* close contact z to be %ort only ( t :i* is consequ5t ^u *emical comb9ation4 ,at su* mom5ts !y may acquire by _! mutual induction 7#agdj47 & p>tial dis*>ge to ea* o!r1 v exalt$ opposite /ates1 & :51 ! mom5t aft]1 !y are by ! progress ( ! rub remov$ f ea* o!r's vic9ity1 !y w reta9 ?is /ate if bo? bodies be insulators1 & exhibit !m ^u _! complete sep>ation4 #agdg4 ,all ! circum/ances att5d+ friction seem to me to fav\r su* a view4 ,! irregul>ities ( =m & pressure w cause t ! p>ticles ( ! two rubb+ surfaces w be at v v>iable di/ances1 only a few at once be+ 9 t v close relation :i* is probably necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! =ces2 fur!r1 ^? :i* are ne>e/ at "o "t w be fur!r remov$ at ano!r1 & o!rs w become ! ne>e/1 & s by cont9u+ ! friction _m w 9 succession be excit$4 ,f9ally1 ! lat]al direction ( ! sep>ation 9 rubb+ seems to me ! be/ fitt$ to br+ _m pairs ( p>ticles1 fir/ ( all into t close vic9ity necess>y = _! assum+ ! opposite /ates by relation to ea* o!r1 & !n to remove !m f ea* o!r's influ5ce :il/ !y reta9 t /ate4 #agdh4 ,x w\ld be easy1 on ! same view1 to expla9 hypo!tically1 h[1 if "o ( ! rubb+ bodies be a conductor1 z ! amalgam ( an electrical ma*9e1 ! /ate ( ! o!r :5 x comes f "u ! friction is 7z a mass7 exalt$2 b x w\ld be folly to g f> into su* speculation be=e t already advanc$ has be5 confirm$ or correct$ by fit exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,i d n wi% x to be suppos$ t ,i ?9k all excitem5t by friction is ( ?is k9d2 on ! contr>y1 c]ta9 exp]im5ts lead me to believe1 t 9 _m cases1 & p]haps 9 all1 effects ( a !rmo-electric nature conduce to ! ultimate effect2 & !re are v probably o!r causes ( electric di/urbance influ5tial at ! same "t1 :i* we h n z yet di/+ui%$4 ,royal ,in/itution4 ,june1 #ahch4 ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4,b4 ,a da% rule repres5ts ! italics imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,! ref]5ces are sometimes to ! individual p>agraph1 & sometimes to t 9 conjunction ) ^? :i* foll[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,absolute *>ge ( matt]1 #aafi4 ---- quantity ( electricity 9 matt]1 #heb1 #hfa1 #hgc4 ,acetate ( potassa1 its electrolysis1 #gdi4 ,acetates1 _! electrolysis1 #ggd4 ,acetic acid1 its electrolysis1 #ggc4 ,acid1 nitric1 =m$ 9 air by a sp>k1 #cbd4 ----1 or alkali1 alike 9 excit+ ! pile1 #icb4 ----1 transf]5ce (1 #ebe4 ---- = batt]y1 its nature & /r5g?1 #aabh1 #aacg4 ---- ----1 nitric1 ! be/1 #aach4 ---- ----1 effect ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 #aaci4 ---- 9 voltaic pile1 does n evolve ! electricity1 #ibe1 #icc4 ---- ----1 its use1 #ibe4 ,acids & bases1 _! relation 9 ! voltaic pile1 #ibg1 #icc4 ,active batt]y1 g5]al rem>ks on1 #ajcd1 #aacf4 ,adhesion ( fluids to metals1 #ajch4 ,advantages ( a new voltaic batt]y1 #aacb4 ,aff9ities1 *emical1 oppos$ voltaically1 #hia1 #ijd1 #iaj4 ----1 _! relation 9 ! active pile1 #idi4 ,air1 its attraction by surfaces1 #fbb4 ----1 *>ge (1 #aagc4 ----1 ----1 by bru%1 #adcd1 #adda4 ----1 ----1 by gl[1 #aecg1 #aedc4 ----1 convective curr5ts 91 #aegb1 #aegf1 #aeha4 ----1 d>k dis*>ge 91 #aedh4 ----1 disruptive dis*>ge 91 #acei1 #adjf1 #adbe1 #aebf4 ----1 induction 91 #abjh1 #abae1 #abhd1 #acfb4 ----1 its insulat+ & conduct+ p[]1 #daa1 #accb1 #accf1 #acfb4 ----1 its r>efaction facilitates dis*>ge1 #acge4 ----1 electrifi$1 #addc4 ----1 electro-*emical decompositions 91 #ded1 #afbc4 ----1 hot1 dis*>ges voltaic batt]y1 #bga1 #bgd4 ----1 poles (1 #dee1 #dfa1 #eei4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adfg1 #adgb1 #adgf4 ----1 ---- gl[ 91 #aebf1 #aecj4 ----1 ---- sp>k 91 #adhe4 ----1 r>efi$1 bru% 91 #adea1 #adef4 ----1 ret5tion ( electricity on conductors by1 #acgg1 #acih4 ----1 specific inductive capacity (1 #abhd4 ----1 ----1 n v>i$ by temp]ature or pressure1 #abhg1 #abhh4 ,alkali has /rong excit+ p[] 9 voltaic pile1 #hhd1 #ica1 #ida4 ----1 transf]5ce (1 #ebe4 ,amalgamat$ z9c1 its condition1 #ajjj4 ----1 h[ prep>$1 #hfc4 ----1 its valuable use1 #hfc1 #iii4 ---- batt]y1 #ajja4 ,ammonia1 nature ( its electrolysis1 #gdh4 ----1 solution (1 a bad conductor1 #eed1 #gdh4 ,ampre's inductive results1 #gh1 #bee1 #cgi note4 ,anions def9$1 #ffe1 #hbd4 ----1 table (1 #hdg4 ---- relat$ ?r\gh ! entire circuit1 #ifc4 ----1 _! action 9 ! voltaic pile1 #ibd4 ----1 _! direction ( transf]1 #ifb1 ,anode def9$1 #ffc4 ,antimony1 its relation to magneto-electric induction1 #aci4 ----1 *loride (1 n an electrolyte1 #fij1 #gif4 ----1 oxide (1 h[ affect$ by ! electric curr5t1 #hja4 ---- suppos$ new protoxide1 #fic4 ---- ----1 sulphuret1 #fid4 ,animal electricity1 its g5]al *>act]s consid]$1 #cea4 ---- is id5tical ) o!r electricities1 #ced1 #cfj4 ----1 its *emical =ce1 #cee4 ----1 enorm\s am\nt1 #cei4 ----1 evolution ( heat1 #cec1 ----1 magnetic =ce1 #cea4 ----1 physiological effects1 #ceg4 ----1 sp>k1 #ceh4 ----1 t5sion1 #ceb4 ,app>atus1 inductive1 #aahg4 ,see ,inductive app>atus4 ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a1 _! nature1 #ha1 #abj4 ----1 reason :y no effect if no motion1 #abf1 ----1 direction ( motion acc\nt$ =1 #aba4 ----1 due to induc$ electric curr5ts1 #aai1 #bdh4 ----1 l electro-magnetic rotations 9 pr9ciple1 #aba4 ----1 n due to direct induction ( magnetism1 #abh1 #ach1 #bae1 #bdc1 #bdh4 ----1 obta9$ ) electro-magnets1 #abi4 ----1 produc$ by conductors only1 #acj1 #bae4 ----1 "t an elem5t 91 #abd4 ----1 ,babbage & ,h]%el's results expla9$1 #abg4 ,arago's exp]im5t1 ,/urgeon's =m (1 #bai4 ,associat$ voltaic circles1 #ihi4 ,atmosph]ic balls ( fire1 #afaa4 ----1 electricity1 its *emical action1 #ccf4 ,atomic numb] judg$ ( f electro*emical equival5t1 #hea4 ,atoms ( matt]1 #hfi1 #agjc4 ----1 _! electric p[]1 #hef1 #hfj4 ,attraction ( p>ticles1 its influ5ce 9 ,db]e9]'s ph5om5a1 #fai4 ,attractions1 electric1 _! =ce1 #ajbb note4 ----1 *emic1 produce curr5t =ce1 #heb1 #iah1 #idg1 #iif1 #agda4 ----1 ---- local =ce1 #heb1 #iba1 #idg1 #iei1 #agci4 ----1 hygrometric1 #fba4 ,aurora borealis ref]r$ to magneto-electric induction1 #aib4 ,axis ( p[]1 ! electric curr5t on1 #eag1 #afbg1 #afdb4 ,balls ( fire1 atmosph]ic1 #afaa4 ,b>l['s revolv+ globe1 magnetic effects expla9$1 #acg1 #afj4 ,b>ry1 decompos$ bodies by atmosph]ic electricity1 #cch4 ,bases & acids1 _! relation 9 ! pile1 #ibg4 ,batt]y1 ,leyd51 t g5]ally us$1 #bia4 ,batt]y1 voltaic1 its nature1 #hef1 #ihi4 ----1 orig9 ( its p[]1 #hgh1 #ihi4 ----1 ---- n 9 contact1 #hhg1 #iae1 ----1 ---- *emical1 #hgi1 #iaf1 #iai1 #agda4 ----1 ----1 oxidation ( ! z9c1 #iai1 #idd4 ----1 its circulat+ =ce1 #heh1 #aabj4 ----1 its local =ce1 #aabj4 ----1 quantity ( electricity circulat+1 #iij4 ----1 int5sity ( electricity circulat+1 #iij1 #iic4 ----1 int5sity ( its curr5t1 #iji1 #iid4 ----1 ---- increas$1 #ije1 #ihi4 ----1 its dim9ution 9 p[]1 #ajce4 ----1 ---- f adhesion ( fluid1 #ajjc1 #aacf4 ----1 ---- ---- peculi> /ate ( metal1 #ajdj4 ----1 ---- ---- exhau/ion ( *>ge1 #ajdb4 ----1 ---- ---- irregul>ity ( plates1 #ajde1 #aadf4 ----1 use ( metallic contact 91 #hic1 #hif4 ----1 electrolytes ess5tial to x1 #iba4 ----1 ----1 :y1 #heh1 #ibc4 ----1 /ate ( metal & electrolyte be=e contact1 #iaf4 ----1 conspir+ action ( associat$ aff9ities1 #ihi4 ----1 purity ( its z9c1 #aadd4 ----1 use ( amalgamat$ z9c 91 #iii4 ----1 plates1 _! numb]1 #aaea4 ----1 ---- size1 #aaed4 ----1 ---- vic9ity1 #aadh4 ----1 ---- imm]sion1 #aaej4 ----1 ---- relative age1 #aadf4 ----1 ---- f\lness1 #aade4 ----1 excit$ by acid1 #hhj1 #ibf1 #aacg4 ----1 ---- alkali1 #ica1 #icd1 #ida4 ----1 ---- sulphurett$ solutions1 #idc4 ----1 ! acid1 its use1 #ibe1 ----1 acid =1 #aabh1 #aacg4 ----1 nitric acid be/ =1 #aacg4 ----1 con/ruction (1 #ihi1 #ajja1 #aaba4 ----1 ) num]\s alt]nations1 #ihi4 ----1 ,h>e's1 #aabc4 ----1 g5]al rem>ks on1 #ajca4 #aacf4 ----1 simultane\s decompositions )1 #aaef4 ----1 practical results )1 #aacf4 ----1 improv$1 #ajja1 #ajjf1 #aabj4 ----1 ----1 its con/ruction1 #aabd4 ----1 ----1 p[]1 #aabe1 #aabh4 ----1 ----1 advantages1 #aacb4 ----1 ----1 disadvantages1 #aacb4 ,batt]ies1 voltaic1 comp>$1 #aabf4 ,becqu]el1 8 important second>y results1 #gde1 #ghd4 ,b]zelius1 8 view ( combu/ion1 #hgj1 #iei4 ,biot's !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dhf4 ,bismu?1 its relation to magneto-electric induction1 #aci4 ,bodies class$ 9 relation to ! electric curr5t1 #hbc4 ---- class$ 9 relation to magnetism1 #bee4 ,bodies electrolyzable1 #hbd4 ,bonijol decompos$ sub/ances by atmosph]ic electricity1 #ccf4 ,boracic acid a bad conductor1 #djh4 ,bru%1 electric1 #adbe4 ----1 produc$1 #adbe4 ----1 n affect$ by nature ( conductors1 #aded1 #adgc4 ----1 is affect$ by ! dielectrics1 #adee1 #adfc1 #adge4 ----1 n dep5d5t on curr5t ( air1 #addj4 ----1 proves molecul> action ( dielectric1 #addi1 #adej4 ----1 its analysis1 #adbg1 #adcc4 ----1 nature1 #adcd1 #adda1 #addg4 ----1 =m1 #adbh1 #addi1 #adea4 ----1 ramifications1 #adci4 ---- ----1 _! coalesc5ce1 #adec4 ----1 s\nd1 #adbf1 #adca4 ----1 requisite int5sity =1 #addf4 ---- has s5sible duration1 #adcg4 ---- is int]mitt+1 #adbg1 #adca1 #adea4 ----1 light (1 #addd1 #adde1 #adea4 ----1 ----1 9 diff]5t gases1 #addf1 #aded4 ----1 d>k8 #addd1 #aeeb4 ----1 passes into sp>k1 #addh4 ----1 sp>k & gl[ relation (1 #aecc1 #aeci1 #aedb4 ----1 9 gases1 #aded1 #adfc1 #adgf4 ----1 oxyg51 #adeg1 #adgf4 ----1 nitrog51 #adeh1 #adgf4 ----1 hydrog51 #adei1 #adgf4 ----1 coal-gas1 #adfj1 #adgf4 ----1 c>bonic acid gas1 #adfa1 #adgf4 ----1 muriatic acid gas1 #adfb1 #adgf4 ----1 r>e air1 #adea1 #adee1 #adgd4 ----1 oil ( turp5t9e1 #adeb4 ----1 positive1 #adee1 #adfg1 #adhd4 ----1 negative1 #adfh1 #adgb1 #adhd4 ----1 ----1 ( rapid recurr5ce1 #adfh1 #adia4 ----1 positive & negative 9 diff]5t gases1 #adee1 #adge1 #aejf4 ,capacity1 specific inductive1 #abeb4 ----4 ,see ,specific inductive capacity4 ,c>bonic acid gas facilitates =mation ( sp>k1 #adfc4 ----1 bru% 91 #adfa1 #adgf4 ----1 gl[ 91 #aecd4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf4 ----1 ---- dis*>ge 91 #aedf4 ----1 non-int]f]5ce (1 #fde1 #feb4 ,c>bonic oxide gas1 int]f]5ce (1 #fde1 #feb4 ,c>ry+ dis*>ge1 #aefb4 ----4 ,see ,dis*>ge convective4 ,ca?ode describ$1 #ffc1 #hbd4 ,cations1 or ca?ions1 describ$1 #ffe1 #hbd4 ----1 table (1 #hag4 ----1 direction ( _! transf]1 #ifb4 ,cations1 are 9 relation ?r\gh ! entire circuit1 #ifc4 ,*>act]s ( electricity1 table (1 #cfj4 ---- ! electric curr5t1 con/ant1 #afah1 #afbg4 ---- voltaic electricity1 #bfh4 ---- ord9>y electricity1 #bhd4 ---- magneto-electricity1 #cdc4 ---- !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- animal electricity1 #cea4 ,*>ge1 free1 #afhd4 ---- is always induction1 #aaga1 #aagg1 #acjj1 #afhb4 ---- on surface ( conductors3 :y1 #acja4 ----4 influ5ce ( =m on1 #acjb4 ----1 ---- di/ance on1 #acjc4 ----1 loss (1 by convection1 #aefi4 ----1 remov$ f good insulators1 #abjc4 ---- ( matt]1 absolute1 #aafi4 ---- ( air1 #aagc4 ---- ---- by bru%1 #adcd1 #adda4 ---- ---- by gl[1 #aebf1 #aecg1 #aedc4 ---- ( p>ticles 9 air1 #aefd4 ---- ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #aagb4 ---- ( inductive app>atus divid$1 #abjh4 ----1 residual1 ( a ,leyd5 j>1 #abdi4 ----1 *emical1 = batt]y1 good1 #aacg4 -----1 ----1 weak & exhau/$1 #ajdb1 #aadc4 ,*emical action1 !1 excit+ ! pile is oxidation1 #iba4 ---- sup]9duc$ by metals1 #efd4 ---- ---- plat9a1 #efd1 #fag1 #fcj4 ---- te/$ by iodide ( potassium1 #cae4 ,*emical actions1 di/ant1 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 #hia1 #iaj1 #ajjg4 ,*emical aff9ity influ5c$ by me*anical =ces1 #fef4 ---- transf]able ?r\gh metals1 #iah4 ---- /atical or local1 #heb1 #iba1 #iag1 #iei4 ---- curr5t1 #heb1 #iah1 #idg1 #iif4 ,*emical decomposition by voltaic electricity1 #bgh1 #dej1 #ffa4 ---- common electricity1 #cji1 #dec4 ---- magneto-electricity1 #cdf4 ---- !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- animal electricity1 #cee4 ----4 ,see ,decomposition electro-*emical4 ,*emical & electrical =ces id5tical1 #hgg1 #iah1 #idg1 #ifj1 #ife1 #ajca4 ,*loride ( antimony n an electrolyte1 #fij4 ---- lead1 its electrolysis1 #gid1 #hae4 ---- ----1 electrolytic int5sity =1 #igh4 ---- silv]1 its electrolysis1 #eda1 #hac1 #ijb4 ---- ----1 electrolytic int5sity =1 #igi4 ---- t91 its electrolysis1 #ghi1 #hai4 ,*lorides 9 solution1 _! electrolysis1 #gff4 ---- fusion1 _! electrolysis1 #ghi1 #hac4 ,circle ( anions & ca?ions1 #ifc4 ,circles1 simple voltaic1 #hge4 ----1 associat$ voltaic1 #ihi4 ,circuit1 voltaic1 relation ( bodies 91 #ifb4 ,classification ( bodies 9 relation to magnetism1 #bee4 ---- ! electric curr5t1 #hbc1 #hag4 ,cleanl9ess ( metals & o!r solids1 #fcc4 ,clean plat9a1 its *>act]s1 #fcc1 #gag4 ----1 its p[] ( effect+ comb9ation1 #eij1 #fje1 #fag1 #fcb4 ----1 ----4 ,see ,plates ( plat9a4 ,coal gas1 bru% 91 #adfj4 ----1 d>k dis*>ge 91 #aeef4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf4 ----1 positive & negative dis*>ge 91 #aeae4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adbb4 ,colladon on magnetic =ce ( common electricity1 #bhi4 ,collectors1 magneto-electric1 #hf4 ,comb9ation effect$ by metals1 #efd1 #fjh4 ---- solids1 #efd1 #fah4 ---- poles ( plat9a1 #eff4 ---- plat9a1 #efd1 #efh1 #ega1 #eij1 #fcj4 ---- ----1 z plates1 #efi4 ---- ----1 z sponge1 #fji1 #fcf4 ---- ----1 cause (1 #eij1 #faf1 #fbe1 #fef4 ---- ----1 h[1 #fcj4 ---- ----1 int]f]5ces )1 #fch1 #feb1 #fee4 ---- ---- ret>d$ by olefiant gas1 #fdj4 ---- ---- ---- c>bonic oxide1 #fde1 #feb4 ---- ---- ---- sulphuret ( c>bon1 #fej4 ---- ---- ---- e!r1 #fea4 ---- ---- ---- o!r sub/ances1 #fdi1 #fec1 #fed4 ,comp>ison ( voltaic batt]ies1 #aabf1 #aadf4 ,conditions1 g5]al1 ( voltaic decomposition1 #ffi4 ----1 new1 ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dec4 ,conduct+ p[] measur$ by a magnet1 #baf4 ---- ( solid electrolytes1 #dai4 ---- ( wat]1 con/ant1 #ihd4 ,conduction1 #dah1 #acbj4 ----1 its nature1 #acbj1 #acbf1 #afaa4 ----1 ( two k9ds1 #ihg4 ----1 prec$$ by induction1 #acbi1 #accb1 #acch4 ---- & insulation1 cases ( ! same k9d1 #acbj1 #acbf1 #accf1 #acch1 #aefa4 ----1 its relation to ! int5sity ( ! curr5t conduct$1 #dai4 ---- common to all bodies1 #ddd1 #ddi4 ---- by a vacuum1 #afac4 ---- by lac1 #abcd1 #acbd4 ---- by sulphur1 #abda1 #acbh4 ---- by glass1 #abci1 #acbd4 ---- by sp]maceti1 #abdj1 #acbc4 ---- by gases1 #accf4 ----1 sl[1 #abcc1 #abde1 #acbh4 ---- affect$ by temp]ature1 #dde1 #acci4 ---- by metals dim9i%$ by heat1 #dcb1 #dde4 ---- increas$ by heat1 #dcb1 #dda1 #dde4 ---- ( electricity & heat1 relation (1 #daf4 ----1 simple1 c occur 9 electrolytes1 #ifg1 #ihc4 ----1 ---- ) v feeble curr5ts1 #igj4 ---- by electrolytes )\t decomposition1 #ifh1 #ajag1 #ajcb4 ---- & decomposition associat$ 9 electrolytes1 #dac1 #fgf1 #hed4 ---- facilitat$ 9 electrolytes1 #acee4 ---- by wat] bad1 #aaei4 ---- ---- improv$ by dissolv$ bodies1 #ihd1 #acee4 ----1 electrolytic1 /opp$1 #chj1 #aceh1 #agje4 ---- ( curr5ts /opp$ by ice1 #cha4 ---- conf]r$ by liquefaction1 #cid1 #daj4 ---- tak5 away by solidification1 #cid1 #agje4 ---- ---- :y1 #iaj1 #agje4 ----1 new law (1 #chj1 #cid1 #daj4 ----1 ----1 suppos$ exception to1 #fia1 #acdj4 ----1 g5]al results z to1 #ddc4 ,conductive dis*>ge1 #acbj4 ,conductors1 electrolytic1 #dgd4 ----1 magneto-electric1 #hf4 ----1 _! nature does n affect ! electric bru%1 #aded4 ----1 size (1 affects dis*>ge1 #acgb4 ----1 =m (1 affects dis*>ge1 #acgd1 #adbe4 ----1 di/ribution ( electricity on1 #acfh4 ----1 ----1 affect$ by =m1 #acgd4 ----1 ----1 ---- di/ance1 #acfd1 #acga4 ----1 ----1 ---- air pressure1 #acge4 ----1 ----1 irregul> ) equal pressure1 #acgh4 ,con/ancy ( electric curr5t1 #afah4 ,con/itution ( electrolytes z to proportions1 #fgi1 #fig1 #hcj1 #agjh4 ---- liquidity1 #cid1 #hbc4 ,contact ( metals n necess>y = electrolyzation1 #hgi4 ----1 its use 9 ! voltaic batt]y1 #hic4 ---- n necess>y = sp>k1 #iae1 #ief4 ,contigu\s p>ticles1 _! relation to induction1 #aafe1 #afgi4 ---- active 9 electrolysis1 #acdi1 #agjc4 ,convection1 #aefb1 #afdb4 ---- or convective dis*>ge4 ,see ,dis*>ge convective4 ,copp]1 iron1 & sulphur circle1 #idc4 ,coruscations ( lightn+1 #adfd4 ,c\lomb's electromet]1 #aahj4 ----1 precautions 9 its use1 #aahb1 #aahf1 #abjf4 ,cry/als1 induction ?r\gh1 #afhi4 ,cube1 l>ge1 electrifi$1 #aagc4 ,cubes ( cry/als1 induction ?r\gh1 #afib1 #afie4 ,curr5t *emical aff9ity1 #heb1 #iah1 #idg1 #iif4 ,curr5t1 voltaic1 )\t metallic contact1 #hgi1 #hhg4 ,curr5t1 electric1 #afag4 ----1 def9$1 #bhb1 #eaa4 ----1 nature (1 #eaa1 #ffg1 #afag1 #afbg4 ----1 v>i\sly produc$1 #afah4 ----1 produc$ by *emical action1 #hgi1 #iaf1 #agda4 ----1 ---- animals1 #cea4 ----1 ---- friction1 #cja1 #cjg1 #caa4 ----1 ---- heat1 #cdi1 ----1 ---- dis*>ge ( /atic electricity1 #bif1 #cjg1 #cfc4 ----1 ---- induction by o!r curr5ts1 #f1 #ajhi4 ----1 ---- ---- magnets1 #cj1 #hh1 #cdd4 ----1 evolv$ 9 ! mov+ e>?1 #aha4 ----1 9 ! e>?1 #ahg4 ----1 natural /&>d ( direction1 #ffc4 ----1 none ( "o electricity1 #afbg1 #afcb1 #afce4 ----1 two =ces ev]y:]e 9 x1 #afbg1 #afcb1 #afce1 #afdb4 ----1 "o1 & indivisible1 #afbg4 ----1 an axis ( p[]1 #eag1 #afdb4 ----1 con/ant 9 its *>act]s1 #afah1 #afbg4 ----1 inexhau/ibility (1 #afca4 ----1 its velocity 9 conduction1 #afdh4 ----1 ---- electrolyzation1 #afea4 ----1 regulat$ by a f9e wire1 #hec1 note4 ----1 affect$ by heat1 #afcg4 ----1 /opp$ by solidification1 #cha4 ----1 its section1 #dih1 #ejd1 #afcd4 ----1 ---- pres5ts a con/ant =ce1 #afcd4 ----1 produces *emical ph5om5a1 #afba4 ----1 ---- heat1 #afbe4 ----1 its heat+ p[] uni=m1 #afcj4 ----1 produces magnetism1 #afec4 ----1 ,porrett's effects produc$ by1 #afdf4 ----1 induction (1 #a1 #f1 #bcb1 #bda1 #aaja1 #ajdh4 ----1 ----1 on itself1 #ajdh4 ----1 ----4 ,see ,induction ( electric curr5t4 ----1 its inductive =ce lat]al1 #aajh4 ----1 induc$ 9 diff]5t metals1 #aic1 #bac1 #bja1 #baa4 ----1 its transv]se effects1 #afec4 ----1 ---- con/ant1 #afee4 ----1 its transv]se =ces1 #afeh4 ----1 ---- are 9 relation to contigu\s p>ticles1 #affd4 ----1 ---- _! pol>ity ( "*1 #affe4 ---- & magnet1 _! relation rememb]$1 #ch1 note4 ,curr5ts 9 air by convection1 #aegb1 #aeha4 ----1 metals by convection1 #afjc4 ----1 oil ( turp5t9e by convection1 #aeie1 #aeih4 ,curv$ l9es1 induction 91 #abae4 ,curves1 magnetic1 _! relation to dynamic induction1 #bag1 #bcb4 ,daniell on ! size ( ! voltaic metals1 #aebe4 ,d>k dis*>ge1#addd1 #aedd4 ----4 ,see ,dis*>ge1 d>k4 ,dates ( "s facts & publications1 #aci1 note aft]4 ,davy's !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dhb1 #ejj4 ---- electro-*emical views1 #ife4 ---- m]curial cones1 convective ph5om5a1 #afjc4 ,decompos+ =ce alike 9 e section ( ! curr5t1 #eja1 #eje4 ----1 v>iation (1 on ea* p>ticle1 #ejc4 ,decomposition & conduction associat$ 9 electrolytes1 #dac1 #hed4 ----1 prim>y & second>y results (1 #gdb1 #ggg4 ---- by common electricity1 #cji1 #ded4 ---- ----1 precautions1 #cbb4 ,decomposition1 electro-*emical1 #dej1 #ffi4 ----1 nom5clature (1 #ffa4 ----1 new t]ms relat+ to1 #ffb4 ----1 its di/+ui%+ "*1 #cji4 ----1 by common electricity1 #cji1 #ded4 ----1 by a s+le pair ( plates1 #hfb1 #hig1 #ijd1 #ica4 ----1 by ! electric curr5t1 #afba4 ----1 )\t metallic contact1 #hhj1 #hhb4 ----1 its cause1 #hia1 #ijd1 #iaj4 ----1 n due to direct attraction or repulsion ( poles1 #dic1 #dig1 #ecf1 #edb1 #edfj4 ----1 dep5d5t on previ\s induction1 #acde4 ----1 ---- ! electric curr5t1 #dic1 #eaj1 #ebd1 #hed4 ----1 ---- int5sity ( curr5t1 #ije4 ----1 ---- *emical aff9ity ( p>ticles1 #eai1 #ebe1 #eai4 ----1 resi/ance to1 #hia1 #iaj1 #ajjg4 ----1 int5sity requisite =1 #iff1 #aced4 ----1 /opp$ by solidification1 #chj1 #aceh1 #agje4 ----1 ret>d$ by int]positions1 #ajjg4 ----1 assi/$ by dissolv$ bodies1 #acee4 ----1 division ( ! electrolyte1 #acdg1 #afbc1 #agja4 ----1 transf]5ce1 #eai1 #ebe1 #ech1 #eej1 #acdg1 #agjf4 ----1 :y elem5ts appe> at ! poles1 #ece4 ----1 uncomb9$ bodies d n travel1 #edd1 #edf4 ----1 circul> s]ies ( effects1 #efb1 #ifb4 ----1 simultane\s1 #aaef1 ----1 def9ite1 #cbi1 #cgb1 #cgg1 #ejd1 #gjd1 #gad1 #gbb1 #gbf1 #gcb1 #gfd1 #ghc1 #hjg1 #hba1 #ifj4 ----1 ---- indep5d5t ( v>iations ( electrodes1 #gad1 #gbb1 #hjg1 #hcb4 ----1 necess>y int5sity ( curr5t1 #iaa1 #iff1 #acde1 #aced4 ----1 influ5ce ( wat] 91 #dgb4 ----1 9 air1 #dea1 #dfa1 #dfi4 ----1 "s g5]al conditions (1 #ffi4 ----1 new conditions (1 #dec4 ----1 prim>y results1 #gdb4 ----1 second>y results1 #gjb1 #gdb1 #gdh1 #ggg4 ----1 ( acetates1 #ggd4 ----1 acetic acid1 #ggc4 ----1 ammonia1 #gdh4 ----1 *loride ( antimony1 #fij1 #gif4 ----1 ---- lead1 #gid1 #hae4 ----1 ---- silv]1 #eda1 #hac1 #igi4 ----1 *lorides 9 solution1 #gff4 ----1 ---- fusion1 #ghi1 #iac4 ----1 fus$ electrolytes1 #ghi4 ----1 hydriodic acid & iodides1 #gfg1 #ghg4 ----1 hydrocyanic acid & cyanides1 #gga4 ----1 hydr(luoric acid & fluorides1 #ggj4 ----1 iodide ( lead1 #hjb1 #hah4 ----1 ---- potassium1 #hje4 ----1 muriatic acid1 #geh1 #ghj4 ----1 nitre1 #gec4 ----1 nitric acid1 #geb4 ----1 oxide antimony1 #hja4 ----1 ---- lead1 #gig4 ----1 proto*loride ( t91 #ghi1 #hai4 ----1 protiodide ( t91 #hjd4 ----1 sug>1 gum1 c41 #ggf4 ----1 ( sulphate ( magnesia1 #die4 ----1 sulphuric acid1 #geg4 ----1 sulphur\s acid1 #gee4 ----1 t>t>ic acid1 #gge4 ----1 wat]1 #gjd1 #ghe1 #hjg4 ----1 !ory (1 #dgg1 #acde4 ----1 ----1 by ,a4 de la ,rive1 #dhi1 #ejg1 #ead1 #edc4 ----1 ----1 ,biot1 #dhf4 ----1 ----1 ,davy1 #dhb1 #ejj4 ----1 ----1 ,grot?uss1 #dha1 #dii1 #eae4 ----1 ----1 ,ha*ette1 #dia1 #eac1 ----1 ----1 ,riffault & ,*ompr1 #dhe1 #ejg1 #eab4 ----1 au?or's !ory1 #eah1 #ebd1 #acde1 #afbc1 #agjc1 #agff4 ,def9ite decompos+ action ( electricity1 #cbi1 #cgb1 #cgg1 #ejd1 #gjd1 #ghc1 #hba4 ----1 magnetic action ( electricity1 #baf1 #cfb1 #cfg1 #cgg4 ----1 electro-*emical action1 #hbb1 #hfi1 #ifj4 ----1 ----1 g5]al pr9ciples (1 #hbb1 #hfb4 ----1 ----1 9 *loride ( lead1 #hae4 ----1 ----1 ---- silv]1 #hac4 ----1 ----1 9 hydriodic acid1 #gfg1 #ghg4 ----1 ----1 iodide ( lead1 #hjb1 #hah4 ----1 ----1 muriatic acid1 #geh1 #ghf1 ----1 ----1 proto*loride ( t91 #hai4 ----1 ----1 wat]1 #gcb1 #ghe1 #hjg4 ,degree 9 measur+ electricity1 proposal =1 #gcf4 ,de la ,rive on heat at ! electrodes1 #afcg4 ----1 8 !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dhi1 #ejg1 #ead1 #edc4 ,dielectrics1 :at1 #aafh4 ----1 _! importance 9 electrical actions1 #afff4 ----1 _! relation to /atic induction1 #abif4 ----1 _! condition "u induction1 #acfi1 #afgi4 ----1 _! nature affects ! bru%1 #adee4 ----1 _! specific electric actions1 #abif1 #acih1 #adbc1 #aded1 #aejc1 #aefj4 ,diff]5ce ( positive & negative dis*>ge1 #adfe1 #adhj1 #adhe4 ,diff]5tial inductomet]1 #acjg4 ,direction ( ions 9 ! circuit1 #ifb4 ----1 ! electric curr5t1 #efc4 ----1 ! magneto-electric curr5t1 #aad1 #aaf4 ----1 ! induc$ volta-electric curr5t1 #ai1 #bf1 #ajia4 ,disruptive dis*>ge1 #acei1 #adje4 ,see ,dis*>ge1 disruptive4 ,dis*>ge1 electric1 z balls ( fire1 #afda4 ----1 ( ,leyd5 j>1 #acjj4 ----1 ( voltaic batt]y by hot air1 #bga1 #bgd4 ----1 ---- po9ts1 #bgb4 ----1 velocity (1 9 metal1 v>i$1 #accc4 ----1 v>ieties (1 #acai4 ----1 bru%1 #adbe4 ,see ,bru%4 ----1 c>ry+1 #aefb4 ,see ,dis*>ge1 convective4 ----1 conductive1 #acbj4 ,see ,conduction4 ----1 d>k1 #addd1 #aedd4 ----1 disruptive1 #acei1 #adje4 ----1 electrolytic1 #acdc1 #afbb1 #agjd4 ----1 gl[1 #aebf4 ,see ,gl[4 ----1 positive & negative1 #adfe4 ----1 sp>k1 #adjf4 ,see ,sp>k1 electric4 ,dis*>ge1 connective1 #addb1 #aefb1 #afja1 #afbc1 #afcc1 #afdb4 ----1 9 insulat+ m$ia1 #aefb1 #aegb4 ----1 9 good conductors1 #afjc4 ----1 ) fluid t]m9ations 9 air1 #aeha1 #aehi4 ----1 ---- liquids1 #aeig4 ----1 f a ball1 #aegf1 #aeij4 ----1 influ5ce ( po9ts 91 #aegc4 ----1 affect$ by me*anical causes1 #aegi4 ----1 ---- flame1 #aehj4 ----1 ) gl[1 #aegf4 ----1 *>ge ( a p>ticle 9 air1 #aefd4 ----1 ---- oil ( turp5t9e1 #aegj4 ----1 *>ge ( air by1 #addb1 #aeib4 ----1 curr5ts produc$ 9 air1 #aegb1 #aeha1 #aeia4 ----1 ---- oil ( turp5t9e1 #aeie1 #aeih4 ----1 direction ( ! curr5ts1 #aeii1 #afde4 ----1 ,porrett's effects1 #afdf1 ----1 positive & negative1 #aeic1 #afjj1 #afdc4 ----1 relat$ to electrolytic dis*>ge1 #afbb1 #afcc4 ,dis*>ge1 d>k1 #addd1 #aedd1 #aefj4 ----1 ) negative gl[1 #aedd4 ----1 betwe5 positive & negative gl[1 #aedg4 ----1 9 air1 #aedh4 ----1 muriatic acid gas1 #aeed4 ----1 coal gas1 #aeef4 ----1 hydrog51 #aeeh4 ----1 nitrog51 #aeei4 ,dis*>ge1 disruptive1 #adje4 ----1 prec$$ by induction1 #acfb4 ----1 det]m9$ by "o p>ticle1 #acgj1 #adji4 ----1 necess>y int5sity1 #adji1 #aeec4 ----1 det]m9+ int5sity con/ant1 #adaj4 ----1 relat$ to p>ticul> dielectric1 #aejc4 ----1 facilitates l action1 #adag1 #adce1 #adec1 #aeec4 ----1 its "t1 #adah1 #adcf1 #adih1 #afda4 ----1 v>i$ by =m ( conductors1 #acjb1 #acgb1 #acgd4 ----1 ---- *ange 9 ! dielectric1 #acie1 #adbb1aded4 ----1 ---- r>efaction ( air1 #acfe1 #acge1 #adea4 ----1 ---- temp]ature1 #acfg1 #achj4 ----1 ---- di/ance ( conductors1 #acjc1 #acfd1 #acga4 ----1 ---- size ( conductors1 #acgb4 ----1 9 liquids & solids1 #adjc4 ----1 9 diff]5t gases1 #acha1 #achh1 #adba4 ----1 ---- n alike1 #acie4 ----1 ---- specific diff]5ces1 #acii1 #adbb1 #afhg4 ----1 positive & negative1 #acic1 #acii1 #adfe1 #aebd4 ----1 ----1 di/9ctions1 #adfg1 #adge1 #adhb4 ----1 ----1 diff]5ces1 #adhe1 #aeja4 ----1 ----1 relative facility1 #adif1 #aebj4 ----1 ----1 dep5d5t on ! dielectric1 #aejc4 ----1 ----1 9 diff]5t gases1 #aejf1 #aeaj1 #aeah1 #afhg4 ----1 ----1 ( voltaic curr5t1 #aebd4 ----1 bru%1 #adbe4 ----1 collat]al1 #adab4 ----1 d>k1 #addd1 #aedd1 #aefj4 ----1 gl[1 #aebf4 ----1 sp>k1 #adjf4 ----1 !ory (1 #acjh1 #adjf1 #adcd4 ,dis*>ge1 electrolytic1 #aafd1 #acdc1 #afba1 #agjc1 #agjf4 ----1 previ\s induction1 #acde1 #acea4 ----1 necess>y int5sity1 #iab1 #iff1 #acdf1 #aced4 ----1 division ( ! electrolyte1 #acdg1 #agjd4 ----1 /opp$ by solidify+ ! electrolyte1 #chj1 #aceh1 #agje4 ----1 facilitat$ by add$ bodies1 #acee4 ----1 9 curv$ l9es1 #eba1 #abaf1 #acea4 ----1 proves action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 #acdi4 ----1 positive & negative1 #aebe4 ----1 velocity ( electric curr5t 91 #afej4 ----1 relat$ to convective dis*>ge1 #afbb4 ----1 !ory (1 #acdd1 #afbb1 #agjd4 ,dis*>g+ tra9 g5]ally us$1 #bib4 ,disruptive dis*>ge1 #adje4 ,see ,dis*>ge1 disruptive4 ,dissimulat$ electricity1 #afhd4 ,di/ance1 its influ5ce 9 induction1 #acjc1 #acfd1acga4 ---- ov] disruptive dis*>ge1 #acfd1 #acga4 ,di/ant *emical actions1 connect$ & oppos$1 #hia1 #iji4 ,di/9ction ( magnetic & magneto-electric action1 #ach1 #bae1 #bdc1 #bec4 ,division ( a *>ge by inductive app>atus1 #abjh4 ,db]e9] on comb9ation effect$ by plat9a1 #fji1 #faj4 ,dulong & ,!n>d on comb9ation by plat9a & solids1 #fji1 #faa4 ,du/1 *>ge ( its p>ticles1 #aefg4 ,e>?1 natural magneto-electric induction 91 #aha1 #aij1 #aib4 ,ela/icity ( gases1 #fbf4 ---- gase\s p>ticles1 #feh4 ,electric bru%1 #adbe4 ,see ,bru%1 electric4 ---- condition ( p>ticles ( matt]1 #hfb1 #affi4 ---- conduction1 #acbj4 ,see ,conduction4 ---- curr5t def9$1 #bhc1 #eaa4 ---- ----1 nature (1 #eaa1 #afag1 #afbg4 ---- ----4 ,see ,curr5t1 electric4 ---- ----1 induction (1 #f1 #bcb1 #bda1 #ajdh1 #aaja4 ,see ,induction ( electric curr5t4 ---- ----1 ----1 on itself1 #ajdh4 ---- dis*>ge1 #acai4 ,see ,dis*>ge4 ---- =ce1 nature (1 #affg4 ,see ,=ces4 ---- induction1 #aafb4 ,see ,induction4 ---- inductive capacity1 #abeb4 ,see ,specific inductive capacity4 ---- pol>ity1 #afhe4 ,see ,pol>ity1 electric4 ---- sp>k1 #adjf4 ,see ,sp>k1 electric4 ---- & magnetic =ces1 _! relation1 #aah1 #adaa1 #afec1 #afeh1 #agji1 #agca4 ,electrics1 *>ge (1 #aaga1 #abdg4 ,electrical excitation1 #agcg4 ,see ,excitation4 ---- ma*9e g5]ally us$1 #bij4 ---- batt]y g5]ally us$1 #bia4 ---- & *emical =ces id5tical1 #hgg1 #iag1 #idg1 #ifj1 #ife1 #ajca4 ,electricities1 _! id5tity1 h[ev] excit$1 #bfe1 #cfj4 ----1 "o or two1 #eaf1 #affg4 ----1 two1 #aafc4 ----1 ----1 _! indep5d5t exi/5ce1 #aafh4 ----1 ----1 _! insep>ability1 #aafh1 #aagg1 #abdd4 ----1 ----1 nev] sep>at$ 9 ! curr5t1 #afbh4 ,electricity1 quantity (1 9 matt]1 #heb1 #hfa4 ----1 its di/ribution on conductors1 #acfh4 ----1 ---- influ5c$ by =m1 #acjb1 #acgd4 ----1 ---- ---- di/ance1 #acjc1 #acfd1 #acga4 ----1 ---- ---- air's pressure1 #acge4 ----1 relation ( a vacuum to1 #afac4 ----1 dissimulat$1 #afhd4 ----1 common & voltaic1 measur$1 #cfa1 #hfj4 ----1 its def9ite decompos+ action1 #cbi1 #cgg1 #ghc1 #afba4 ----1 ---- heat+ action1 #afbe4 ----1 ---- magnetic action1 #baf1 #cff4 ----1 animal1 its *>act]s1 #cea4 ----1 magneto-1 its *>act]s1 #cdc4 ----1 ord9>y1 its *>act]s1 #bhd4 ----1 !rmo-1 its *>act]s1 #cdi4 ----1 voltaic1 its *>act]s1 #bfh4 ,electricity f magnetism1 #bg1 #cf1 #eg1 #hc1 #ace1 #adj4 ----1 on magnetisation ( s(t iron by curr5ts1 #bg1 #cd1 #eg1 #aac4 ---- ---- magnets1 #cf1 #dd4 ----1 employ+ p]man5t magnets1 #ci1 #hd1 #aab4 ----1 ---- t]re/rial magnetic =ce1 #adj1 #aej1 #afa4 ----1 ---- mov+ conductors1 #ee1 #hc1 #acb1 #aci1 #adi1 #afa1 #aga4 ----1 ---- ---- ess5tial condition1 #bag4 ---- by revolv+ plate1 #hc1 #adi1 #bdj4 ---- ---- a con/ant s\rce ( electricity1 #hi1 #ij1 #aed4 ---- ----1 law ( evolution1 #aad4 ---- ----1 direction ( ! curr5t evolv$1 #ia1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #aag4 ---- ----1 c\rse ( ! curr5ts 9 ! plate1 #abc1 #aej4 ---- by a revolv+ globe1 #acg1 #afj4 ---- by plates1 #id1 #aja4 ---- by a wire1 #di1 #ee1 #aji1 #aab1 #acg4 ----1 conductors & magnet may move toge!r1 #bah4 ----1 curr5t produc$ 9 a s+le wire1 #di1 #ee1 #agj4 ----1 ---- a ready s\rce ( electricity1 #df1 note4 ----1 ---- mom5t>y1 #bh1 #cj1 #dg4 ----1 ---- p]man5t1 #hi1 #aed4 ----1 ---- deflects galvanomet]1 #cj1 #ci1 #df4 ----1 ---- makes magnets1 #cd4 ----1 ----1 %ock (1 #ef4 ----1 ----1 sp>k (1 #cb4 ----1 ---- trav]ses fluids1 #bc1 #cc4 ----1 ----1 its direction1 #cj1 #ch1 #da1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #gh1 #ia1 #ii1 #aad1 #adb1 #aff1 #bbj1 #bbb4 ----1 effect ( approximation & recession1 #ah1 #ci1 #ej4 ----1 ! ess5tial condition1 #bag4 ----1 g5]al expression ( ! effects1 #bef4 ----1 f magnets alone1 #bbj4 ,electricity ( ! voltaic pile1 #hge4 ---- its s\rce1 #hge4 ---- ---- n metallic contact1 #hhg1 #iae4 ---- ---- is 9 *emical action1 #hgi1 #iaf1 #iai1 #agch1 #agda4 ,electro-*emical decomposition1 #dej1 #ffa4 ----1 nom5clature1 #ffa4 ----1 g5]al conditions (1 #ffi4 ----1 new conditions (1 #dec1 ----1 influ5ce ( wat] 91 #dgb4 ----1 prim>y & second>y results1 #gdb4 ----1 def9ite1 #gcb1 #ghc4 ----1 !ory (1 #dgg4 ----4 ,see also ,decomposition1 electro*emical4 ,electro-*emical equival5ts1 #hbd1 #hcc1 #hce1 #hee4 ----1 table (1 #hdg4 ----1 h[ asc]ta9$1 #hcg4 ---- always consi/5t1 #hce4 ---- same z *emical equival5ts1 #hcf1 #hci4 ---- able to det]m9e atomic numb]1 #hea4 ,electro-*emical excitation1 #hgh1 #iai1 #agch4 ,electrode def9$1 #ffb4 ,electrodes affect$ by heat1 #afcg4 ----1 v>i$ 9 size1 #gad1 #gbb4 ----1 ---- nature1 #hjg4 ----4 ,see ,poles4 ,electrolysis1 resi/ance to1 #ajjg4 ,electrolyte def9$1 #ffd4 ---- excit+1 solution ( acid1 #hha1 #ibe4 ---- ---- alkali1 #ica1 #ida4 ---- excit+1 wat]1 #idd1 #ide4 ---- ---- sulphurett$ solution1 #idc4 ,electrolytes1 _! necess>y con/itution1 #ffi1 #hbc1 #hbi1 #heh1 #iba1 #acdg1 #agjh4 ---- consi/ ( s+le proportionals ( elem5ts1 #fgi1 #fig1 #hcj1 #agjg4 ---- ess5tial to voltaic pile1 #iba4 ---- ----1 :y1 #heh1 #ibc4 ---- conduct & decompose simultane\sly1 #dac4 ---- c conduct feeble curr5ts )\t decomposition1 #ifg4 ----1 z ord9>y conductors1 #igj1 #ihc1 #acdd4 ----1 solid1 _! insulat+ & conduct+ p[]1 #dai4 ----1 real conductive p[] n affect$ by dissolv$ matt]s1 #acef4 ----1 ne$ful conduct+ p[]1 #aaeh4 ---- are good conductors :5 fluid1 #cid1 #hbc4 ,electrolytes non-conductors :5 solid #cha1 #cid4 ----1 :y1 #iaj1 #agje4 ----1 ! exception1 #ajcb4 ,electrolytes1 _! p>ticles pol>ize z :oles1 #agjj4 ----1 pol>iz$ light s5t across1 #iea4 ----1 relation ( _! mov+ elem5ts to ! pass+ curr5t1 #ibc1 #agjd4 ----1 _! resi/ance to decomposition1 #hia1 #ajjg1 #agje4 ----1 & metal1 _! /ates 9 ! voltaic pile1 #idf4 ----1 salts consid]$ z1 #fih4 ----1 acids n ( ?is class1 #fha4 ,electrolytic action ( ! curr5t1 #dgh1 #eah1 #afbj4 ---- conductors1 #dgd4 ---- dis*>ge1 #acdc4 ,see ,dis*>ge1 electrolytic4 ---- induction1 #aafd1 #acdc4 ---- int5sity1 #iaa1 #iff1 #ihc4 ---- ---- v>ies = diff]5t bodies1 #iab1 #ihf1 #aced4 ---- ---- ( *loride ( lead1 #igh4 ---- ---- *loride ( silv]1 #igi4 ---- ---- sulphate ( soda1 #ige4 ---- ---- wat]1 #ifh1 #iha4 ---- ---- its natural relation1 #ihg4 ,electrolyzation1 #dej1 #ffa1 #aafd1 #acdg1 #agjd4 ,see ,decomposition electro-*emical4 ---- def9$1 #ffd4 ---- facilitat$1 #cid1 #dag1 #edi1 #acee4 ---- 9 a s+le circuit1 #hfc1 #hgi4 ----1 int5sity ne$ful =1 #iai1 #iff1 ---- ( *loride ( silv]1 #eda1 #igi4 ---- sulphate ( magnesia1 #die4 ---- & conduction associat$1 #dac1 #fgf4 ,electro-magnet1 inductive effects 91 #ajfj4 ,electro-magnetic induction def9ite1 #baf1 #cff4 ,electromet]1 ,c\lomb's1 describ$1 #aahj4 ----1 h[ us$1 #aahc4 ,electro-tonic /ate1 #fj1 #bca1 #bdb1 #aaad1 #affa1 #agbi4 ---- consid]$ common to all metals1 #ff4 ---- ---- conductors1 #gf4 ---- is a /ate ( t5sion1 #ga4 ---- is dep5d5t on p>ticles1 #gc4 ,elem5t>y bodies probably ions1 #hdi4 ,elem5ts evolv$ by =ce ( ! curr5t1 #dic1 #ebj1 #ebd4 ---- at ! poles1 :y1 #ece4 ---- det]m9$ to ei!r pole1 #eeb1 #fha1 #geg4 ----1 transf]5ce (1 #ded1 #ech4 ----1 if n comb9$1 d n travel1 #edd1 #edf4 ,equival5ts1 electro-*emical1 #hbd1 #hcc1 #hee4 ----1 *emical & electro-*emical1 ! same1 #hcf1 #hci4 ,e!r1 int]f]5ce (1 #fea4 ,evolution ( electricity1 #aafb1 #agcg4 ---- ( "o electric =ce impossible1 #aage4 ---- ( elem5ts at ! poles1 :y1 #ece4 ,excitation1 electrical1 #agcg4 ---- by *emical action1 #hgh1 #iaf1 #agci4 ---- by friction1 #agdd4 ,exclusive induction1 #afha4 ,flame fav\rs convectivc dis*>ge1 #aehj4 ,fl[+ wat]1 electric curr5ts 91 #aij4 ,fluid t]m9ations = convection1 #aeha4 ,fluids1 _! adhesion to metals1 #ajch4 ,fluoride ( lead1 hot1 conducts well1 #acdj4 ,=ce1 *emical1 local1 #idg1 #iei1 #agci4 ----1 circulat+1 #iag1 #idg1 #iif1 #aabj4 ,=ce1 electric1 nature (1 #aafc1 #affg4 ----1 inductive1 ( curr5ts1 its nature1 #fj1 #aaac1 #agce4 ,=ces1 electric1 two1 #aafc4 ----1 insep>able1 #aafc1 #aagg1 #abdd1 #afbg4 ---- & *emical1 are ! same1 #hgg1 #iaf4 ---- & magnetic1 relation (1 #adaa1 #afec1 #afeh1 #agji4 ---- ----1 are !y ess5tially diff]5t8 #affc1 #agca4 ,=ces1 excit+1 ( voltaic app>atus1 #hhg1 #iaf4 ----1 exalt$1 #ije1 #iid1 #aach1 #aadh4 ,=ces1 pol>1 #affe4 ---- ( ! curr5t1 direct1 #afbj4 ---- ----1 lat]al or transv]se1 #afec1 #agji4 ,=m1 its influ5ce on induction1 #acjb1 #acgd4 ---- dis*>ge1 #acgb1 #acgd4 ,fox1 8 t]re/rial electric curr5ts1 #ahg4 ,friction electricity1 its *>act]s1 #bhd4 ----1 excitem5t by1 #agdd4 ,fusion1 conduction consequ5t ^u1 #cid1 #djb4 ,fus9i]i1 on comb9ation effect$ by plat9a1 #fac4 ,galvanomet]1 affect$ by common electricity1 #bhi1 #cff4 ----1 a correct measure ( electricity1 #cfg1 note4 ,gases1 _! ela/icity1 #fbf1 #feg4 ----1 conduct+ p[]1 #accf4 ----1 insulat+ p[]1 #acha1 #aejg4 ----1 ---- n alike1 #acie1 #aejh4 ----1 specific inductive capacity1 #abhc1 #abij4 ----1 ---- alike 9 all1 #abib4 ----1 specific influ5ce on bru% & sp>k1 #adfc1 #afhg4 ----1 dis*>ge1 disruptive1 ?r\gh1 #acha4 ----1 bru% 91 #aded4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adba4 ----1 positive & negative bru%es 91 #adge4 ----1 ----1 _! diff]5ces1 #adgf4 ----1 positive & negative dis*>ge 91 #acic1 #aejf1 #afhg4 ----1 solubility (1 9 cases ( electrolyzation1 #gag1 #gbh4 ----1 f wat]1 spontane\s recomb9ation (1 #eff4 ----1 mixtures (1 affect$ by plat9a plates1 #ega4 ----1 mix$1 relation ( _! p>ticles1 #fbe4 ,g5]al pr9ciples ( def9ite electrolytic action1 #hbb4 ---- rem>ks on voltaic batt]ies1 #ajca1 #aacf4 ---- results z to conduction1 #ddc4 ---- ---- induction1 #abie4 ,glass1 its conduct+ p[]1 #abci4 ----1 its specific inductive capacity1 #abga4 ----1 its attraction = air1 #fbb4 ----1 ---- wat]1 #abea4 ,globe1 revolv+ ( ,b>l[1 effects expla9$1 #acg1 #afj4 ----1 is magnetic1 #afd4 ,gl[1 #adje1 #aebe4 ----1 produc$1 #aebg4 ----1 positive1 #aebg4 ----1 negative1 #aecj4 ----1 fav\r$ by r>efaction ( air1 #aebi4 ----1 is a cont9u\s *>ge ( air1 #aebf1 #aecg1 #aedc4 ----1 occurs 9 all gases1 #aecd4 ----1 accompani$ by a w9d1 #aece4 ----1 its nature1 #aedc1 ----1 dis*>ge1 #aebf4 ----1 bru% & sp>k relation (1 #aecc1 #aech1 #aeci1 #aedb4 ,grot?uss' !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dha1 #dii1 #eae4 ,gr[? ( a bru%1 #adcg4 ---- sp>k1 #aeec4 ,ha*ette's view ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dia4 ,h>e's voltaic tr\gh1 #aabc1 #aacb4 ,h>ris on induction 9 air1 #acfc4 ,heat affects ! two electrodes1 #afcg4 ---- increases ! conduct+ p[] ( "s bodies1 #dcb1 #dch1 #acdj4 ----1 its conduction relat$ to t ( electricity1 #daf4 ----1 z a result ( ! electric curr5t1 #hec1 note1 #afbe1 #afcj4 ---- evolv$ by animal electricity1 #cec4 ---- ---- common electricity1 #bhg4 ---- ---- magneto-electricity1 #cdd4 ---- ---- !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- ---- voltaic electricity1 #bgf4 ,helix1 inductive effects 91 #ajfa1 #ajid4 ,hydriodic acid1 its electrolyses1 #gfg1 #ghg4 ,hydrocyanic acid1 its electrolyses1 #gga1 #ghh4 ,hydr(luoric acid1 n electrolysable1 #ggj4 ,hydrog51 bru% 91 #adei4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf4 ----1 ---- dis*>ge 91 #aead4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 comb9$ by plat9a plates1 #egj1 #fje4 ---- spongy plat9a1 #fji4 ,ice1 its conduct+ p[]1 #dai4 ---- a non-conductor ( voltaic curr5ts1 #cha4 ,icel& cry/al1 induction across1 #afie4 ,id5tity1 ( electricities1 #bfe1 #cfj4 ---- ( *emical & electrical =ces1 #hgg1 #iag1 #idg1 #ifa1 #ajca4 ,ignition ( wire by electric curr5t1 #hec1 note1 #afcj4 ,improv$ voltaic batt]y1 #ajjf1 #aabj4 ,increase ( cells 9 voltaic batt]y1 effect (1 #iij4 ,inducte\s surfaces1 #adhc4 ,induction app>atus1 #aahg4 ----1 fix+ ! /em1 #aaij1 #aaic1 #abjj4 ----1 precautions1 #aaid1 #aaii1 #abac1 #abcb1 #abej4 ----1 removal ( *>ge1 #abjc4 ----1 ret5tion ( *>ge1 #abje1 #abjg4 ----1 a *>ge divid$1 #abjh4 ----1 peculi> effects )1 #abcc4 ,induction1 /atic1 #aafa4 ----1 an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 #aafe1 #abca1 #abec1 #abie1 #adej1 #affh1 #afgi4 ----1 consi/s 9 a pol>ity ( p>ticles1 #abih1 #afgj1 #afgi4 ----1 cont9ues only 9 insulators1 #abih1 #acbd1 #acch4 ----1 int5sity (1 su/a9$1 #acfb4 ----1 influ5c$ by ! =m ( conductors1 #acjb4 ----1 ---- di/ance ( conductors1 #acjc4 ----1 ---- relation ( ! b\nd+ surfaces1 #adhc4 ----1 *>ge1 a case (1 #aaga1 #aagg1 #acjj4 ----1 exclusive action1 #afha4 ----1 t[>ds space1 #afad4 ----1 across a vacuum1 #afad4 ---- ?r\gh air1 #abag1 #abhd4 ---- ---- diff]5t gases1 #acha1 #acie4 ---- ---- cry/als1 #afhi1 ---- ---- lac1 #abbh1 #abee1 #acjh4 ---- ---- metals1 #acbi1 #accb4 ---- ---- all bodies1 #acca1 #accd4 ----1 its relation to o!r electrical actions1 #aafe1 #aagh4 ----1 ---- insulation1 #acbd1 #acfjb1 #acfh1 #afgh4 ----1 ---- conduction1 #acbj4 ----1 ---- dis*>ge1 #acai1 #acbc1 #acfb4 ----1 ---- electrolyzation1 #aafd1 #acdc4 ----1 ---- int5sity1 #aagh1 #acfb4 ----1 ---- excitation1 #aagh1 #agdj4 ----1 its relation to *>ge1 #aagg1 #abii4 ---- an ess5tial g5]al electric function1 #aagh1 #abii4 ----1 g5]al results z to1 #abie4 ----1 !ory (1 #aafe1 #abca1 #abie1 #affg1 #affi4 ---- 9 curv$ l9es1 #aaff1 #abae1 #afgi4 ---- ----1 ?r\gh air1 #abah1 #addi4 ---- ----1 ---- o!r gases1 #abbf4 ---- ----1 ---- lac1 #abbh4 ---- ----1 ---- sulphur1 #abbh4 ---- ----1 ---- oil ( turp5t9e1 #abbg4 induction1 specific1 #aafg1 #abeb1 #acjg4 ----1 ! problem /at$1 #abeb4 ----1 ---- solv$1 #acjg4 ----1 ( air1 #abhd4 ----1 ----1 inv>iable1 #abhg1 #abhh4 ----1 ( gases1 #abhc1 #abij4 ----1 ---- alike 9 all1 #abib4 ----1 ( %ell-lac1 #abef1 #abfi4 ----1 glass1 #abga4 ----1 sulphur1 #abge4 ----1 sp]maceti1 #abgi4 ----1 c]ta9 fluid insulators1 #abhj4 ,induction ( electric curr5ts1 #f1 #cd1 #bcb1 #bda1 #ajdh1 #ajhi1 #aaja1 #affj1 #agah4 ----1 on aim+ ! pr9cipal curr5t1 #aj1 #bch1 #aaja4 ----1 on /opp+ ! pr9cipal curr5t1 #aj1 #ag1 #bch1 #ajhg1 #aajj4 ---- by approximation1 #ah1 #bcf4 ---- by increas+ di/ance1 #ai1 #bcg4 ---- effective ?r\gh conductors1 #agai1 #agba1 #agce4 ---- ---- insulators1 #agai1 #agbb1 #agce4 ---- 9 diff]5t metals1 #aic1 #bjb1 #baa1 #bac4 ---- 9 ! mov+ e>?1 #aha4 ---- 9 fl[+ wat]1 #aij4 ---- 9 revolv+ plates1 #he1 #bdj4 ----1 ! induc$ curr5t1 its direction1 #bf1 #bcb4 ----1 ---- duration1 #ai1 #dg1 #hi4 ----1 ----1 trav]ses fluids1 #bj1 #bc4 ----1 ----1 its int5sity 9 diff]5t conductors1 #ahc1 #aic1 #bja1 #baa1 #bac4 ----1 ----1 n obta9$ by ,leyd5 dis*>ge1 #bd4 ----1 ,ampre's results1 #gh1 #bee1 #cgi1 note4 ,induction ( a curr5t on itself1 #ajdh1 #aaji4 ----1 app>atus us$1 #ajeb4 ----1 9 a long wire1 #ajfd1 #ajfh1 #ajib1 #aaah4 ----1 ---- d\bl$ wire1 #ajif4 ----1 ---- helix1 #ajec1 #ajfa4 ---- 9 d\bl$ helices1 #ajif4 ---- 9 an electro-magnet1 #ajef1 #ajfj4 ----1 wire & helix comp>$1 #ajfe4 ----1 %ort wire1 effects )1 #ajfg4 ----1 action mom5t>y1 #ajgj1 #ajia1 #aajj4 ----1 causes no p]man5t *ange 9 ! curr5t1 #ajga4 ----1 n due to mom5tum1 #ajgg4 ----1 induc$ curr5t sep>at$1 #ajgh1 #ajhi4 ----1 effect at break+ contact1 #ajfj1 #ajha1 #ajhd1 #ajhg4 ----1 ---- mak+ contact1 #aaja1 #aajf4 ----1 effects produc$1 %ock1 #ajfj1 #ajfd1 #ajgi4 ----1 ---- sp>k1 #ajfj1 #ajfd1 #ajhj4 ----1 ---- *emical decomposition1 #ajhd4 ----1 ---- ignition ( wire1 #ajha1 #aajd4 ----1 cause is 9 ! conductor1 #ajei1 #ajgj4 ----1 g5]al pr9ciples ( ! action1 #ajic1 #aajg4 ----1 direction ( ! =ces lat]al1 #aajh4 induction1 magnetic1 #bee1 #afeh1 #agaj4 ----1 by int]m$iate p>ticles1 #affc1 #agaj1 #agbi1 #agce4 ----1 ?r\gh quiesc5t bodies1 #agab1 #agai1 #agbj1 #agce4 ----1 ---- mov+ bodies1 #agae1 #agaf1 #agai4 ---- & magneto-electric1 di/+ui%$1 #ach1 #bae1 #bdc1 #bec4 ,induction1 magneto-electric1 #bg1 #eh1 #ha1 #adj1 #aic1 #agji4 ,see ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a4 ----1 magnelectric1 #eh4 ----1 electrolytic1 #aafd1 #acde1 #agjb1 #agdj4 ----1 volta-electric1 #bf4 ,inductive capacity1 specific1 #aafg1 #abeb4 ,inductive =ce ( curr5ts lat]al1 #bf1 #aajh4 ----1 its nature1 #aaac1 #affj1 #affc1 #agji4 ,inductive =ce1 l9es (1 #abca1 #abig1 #acjd4 ----1 (t5 curv$1 #abai1 #abbd1 #abcj4 ----1 exhibit$ by ! bru%1 #addi4 ----1 _! lat]al relation1 #abca1 #abig1 #acjd4 ----1 _! relation to magnetism1 #adaa1 #afeh1 #agji4 ,inductomet]1 diff]5tial1 #acjg1 #acag4 ,inductric surfaces1 #adhc4 ,inexhau/ible nature ( ! electric curr5t1 #afca4 ,insep>ability ( ! two electric =ces1 #aafc1 #aagg1 #abdd1 #afbh4 ,insulat+ p[] ( diff]5t gases1 #achh1 #acie1 #aejg4 ,insulation1 #acbj1 #acei1 #acfa4 ----1 its nature1 #acba4 ---- is su/a9$ induction1 #acbd4 ----1 degree ( induction su/a9$1 #acfb4 ---- dep5d5t on ! dielectrics1 #acfh4 ---- ---- di/ance 9 air1 #acjc1 #acfd1 #acga4 ---- ---- d5sity ( air1 #acfe1 #acge4 ---- ---- induction1 #acfh4 ---- ---- =m ( conductors1 #acjb1 #acgd4 ----1 z affect$ by temp]ature ( air1 #acfg1 #achj4 ---- 9 diff]5t gases1 #acha1 #achh4 ---- ---- diff]s1 #acie4 ---- 9 liquids & solids1 #adjc4 ---- 9 metals1 #acbh1 #acca1 #accb4 ---- & conduction n ess5tially diff]5t1 #acbj1 #acbf1 #accf1 #acch1 #aefa4 ----1 its relation to induction1 #acbd1 #acfb1 #acfh1 #afgh4 ,insulators1 liquid1 good1 #aagb4 ----1 solid1 good1 #abed4 ----1 ! be/ conduct1 #abcc1 #abda1 #abde1 #abdg1 #abed4 ---- te/$ z to conduction1 #abee4 ---- & conductors1 relation (1 #acbh1 #accd1 #acch4 ,int5sity1 its influ5ce 9 conduction1 #dai4 ----1 inductive1 h[ repres5t$1 #acgj4 ----1 relative1 ( magneto-electric curr5ts1 #ahc1 #aic1 #baa1 #bac4 ---- ( disruptive dis*>ge con/ant1 #adaj4 ----1 electrolytic1 #iab1 #iff1 #ihc1 #aced4 ---- necess>y = electrolyzation1 #iaa1 #iff4 ---- ( ! curr5t ( s+le circles1 #ijd4 ---- ---- increas$1 #ijf4 ---- ( electricity 9 ! voltaic batt]y1 #iij1 #iic4 ---- ( voltaic curr5t increas$1 #ijf1 #iij4 ,int]f]5ce ) comb9+ p[] ( plat9a1 #fch1 #fee4 ---- by olefiant gas1 #fdj4 ---- c>bonic oxide1 #fde4 ---- sulphuret ( c>bon1 #fej4 ---- e!r1 #fea4 ,int]positions1 _! ret>d+ effects1 #ajah4 ,iodides 9 solution1 _! electrolysis1 #gfi4 ---- fusion1 _! electrolysis1 #hjb1 #hac4 ,iodide ( lead1 electrolys$1 #hjb1 #hah4 ---- ( potassium1 te/ ( *emical action1 #caf4 ,ions1 :at1 #ffe1 #hbd1 #hcc1 #hcd1 #hdi4 ---- n transf]able alone1 #edb1 #edg1 #hbf4 ----1 table (1 #hdg4 ,iron1 bo? magnetic & magneto-electric at once1 #ach1 #bed4 ----1 copp] & sulphur circles1 #idc4 ,j5k91 8 %ock by "o pair ( plates1 #ajdi4 ,kemp1 8 amalgam ( z9c1 #iii4 ,knight1 ,dr4 ,g[91 8 magnet1 #dd4 ,lac1 *>ge remov$ f1 #abjc4 ----1 induction ?r\gh1 #abee4 ----1 specific inductive capacity (1 #abef1 #abfi4 ----1 effects ( its conduct+ p[]1 #abcd4 ----1 its relation to conduction & insulation1 #acbd4 ,lat]al direction ( inductive =ces ( curr5ts1 #bf1 #aajh4 ---- =ces ( ! curr5t1 #afec1 #agji4 ,law ( conduction1 new1 #chj1 #cid1 #daj4 ---- magneto-electric induction1 #aad4 ---- volta-electric induction1 #bf4 ,lead1 *loride (1 electrolys$1 #gid1 #hae4 ----1 fluoride (1 conducts well :5 heat$1 #acdj4 ----1 iodide (1 electrolys$1 #hjb1 #hah4 ----1 oxide (1 electrolys$1 #gig4 ,leyd5 j>1 condition ( its *>ge1 #afhb4 ----1 its *>ge1 nature (1 #acjj4 ----1 its dis*>ge1 #acjj4 ----1 its residual *>ge1 #abdi4 ,light1 pol>iz$1 pass$ across electrolytes1 #iea4 ----1 electric1 #adje1 #adde1 #aefj1 note4 ----1 ----1 sp>k1 #adjf1 #aeec4 ----1 ----1 bru%1 #adbe1 #addd1 #adde4 ----1 ----1 gl[1 #aebf4 ,lightn+1 #adbj1 #adjd1 #afda4 ,l9es ( inductive =ce1 #abca1 #acjd1 ---- (t5 curv$1 #abai1 #abbd1 #abcj4 ----1 z %[n by ! bru%1 #addi4 ----1 _! lat]al relation1 #abca1 #abig1 #acjd4 ----1 _! relation to magnetism1 #adaa1 #afeh1 #agji4 ,liquefaction1 conduction consequ5t ^u1 #chj1 #cid1 #daj4 ,liquid bodies :i* are non-conductors1 #dje4 ,local *emical aff9ity1 #idg1 #iei1 #ifa1 #agci4 ,ma*9e1 electric1 evolution ( electricity by1 #agdh4 ------1 magneto-electric1 #ace1 #aed1 #aeh1 #aaah4 ,magnelectric induction1 #eh4 ----1 collectors or conductors1 #hf4 ,magnesia1 sulphate1 decompos$ aga9/ wat]1 #did1 #ecc4 ----1 transf]5ce (1 #die4 ,magnet1 a measure ( conduct+ p[]1 #baf4 ---- & curr5t1 _! relation rememb]$1 #ch1 note4 ---- ---- plate revolv$ toge!r1 #bah4 ---- ---- cyl9d] revolv$ toge!r1 #bai4 ---- revolv$ alone1 #bbj1 #bbc4 ---- & mov+ conductors1 _! g5]al relation1 #bef4 ---- made by induc$ curr5t1 #ac1 #ad4 ----1 electricity f1 #cf1 #bbj1 #bbc4 ,magnetic bodies1 b few1 #bee4 ----1 curves1 _! inductive relation1 #bag1 #bcb4 ---- effects ( voltaic electricity1 #bgg4 ---- ---- common electricity1 #bhh1 #cfg4 ---- ---- magneto-electricity1 #bg1 #hc1 #cde4 ---- ---- !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- ---- animal electricity1 #ced4 ---- & electric =ces1 _! relation1 #aah1 #adaa1 #afec1 #afeh1 #agji1 #agca4 ---- =ces active ?r\gh int]m$iate p>ticles1 #affc1 #agaj1 #agbi1 #agce4 ---- =ces ( ! curr5t1 #afec4 ---- ---- v con/ant1 #afed4 ---- deflection by common electricity1 #bhi1 #bif4 ---- ph5om5a ( ,arago expla9$1 #ha4 ---- induction4 ,see ,induction1 magnetic4 ---- induction ?r\gh quiesc5t bodies1 #agab1 #agai1 #agbj1 #agce4 ---- ---- mov+ bodies1 #agae1 #agai4 ---- & magneto-electric action di/+ui%$1 #ach1 #bae1 #bdc1 #bec4 ,magnetism1 electricity evolv$ by1 #bg4 ----1 its relation to ! l9es ( inductive =ce1 #adaa1 #afeh1 #agji4 ---- bodies class$ 9 relation to1 #bee4 ,magneto-electric curr5ts1 _! int5sity1 #ahc1 #aic1 #baa1 #bac4 ----1 _! direction1 #aad1 #aaj4 ---- trav]se fluids1 #cc4 ---- mom5t>y1 #cj4 ---- p]man5t1 #hi4 ---- 9 all conductors1 #aic1 #bac4 ,magneto-electric induction1 #bg1 #eh4 ----1 t]re/rial1 #aaj1 #aha4 ----1 law (1 #aad4 ----4 ,see ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a4 ,magneto-electric ma*9es1 #ace1 #aed1 #aeh4 ----1 inductive effects 9 _! wires1 #aaah1 ,magneto-electricity1 its g5]al *>act]s consid]$1 #cdc1 c4 ---- id5tical ) o!r electricities1 #cfj4 ----1 its t5sion1 #cdc4 ----1 evolution ( heat1 #cdd4 ----1 magnetic =ce1 #cde4 ----1 *emical =ce1 #cdf4 ----1 sp>k1 #cdh4 ----1 physiological effects1 #cdg4 ----4 ,see ,induction1 magnetic4 ,matt]1 atoms (1 #hfi1 #agjc4 ----1 new condition (1 #fj1 #bca1 #bdb1 #aaad1 #affa1 #agbi4 ----1 quantity ( electricity 91 #heb1 #hfa1 #hgc1 #afeb4 ----1 absolute *>ge (1 #aafi4 ,measures ( electricity1 galvanomet]1 #cfg1 note4 ----1 voltamet]1 #gjd1 #gcf1 #gci4 ----1 metal precipitat$1 #gdj1 #hdb4 ,measure ( specific inductive capacity1 #acjg1 #afjj4 ,measurem5t ( common & voltaic electricities1 #cfa1 #hfj1 #afeb4 ---- electricity1 degree1 #gcf1 #gch4 ---- ---- by voltamet]1 #gjd1 #gcf1 #gci4 ---- ---- by galvanomet]1 #cfg1 note4 ---- ---- by metal precipitat$1 #gdj1 #hdb4 ,me*anical =ces affect *emical aff9ity1 #fef4 ,m]curial t]m9ations = convection1 #aeha4 ,m]cury1 p]iodide (1 an exception to ! law ( conduction8 #fia1 #acda4 ----1 p]*loride (1 #fib1 #acda4 ,metallic contact n necess>y = electrolyzation1 #hgi4 ---- n ess5tial to ! voltaic curr5t1 #hgi1 #hhg1 #iae4 ---- its use 9 ! pile1 #hic1 #hif4 ,metallic poles1 #eeg4 ,metal & electrolyte1 _! /ate1 #idf4 ,metals1 adhesion ( fluids to1 #ajch4 ----1 _! p[] ( induc+ comb9ation #efd1 #fjh4 ----1 ---- int]f]$ )1 #fch4 ----1 /atic induction 91 #acbi1 #accb4 ----1 diff]5t1 curr5ts induc$ 91 #aic1 #baa4 ----1 g5]ally second>y results ( electrolysis1 #gdf4 ---- transf] *emical =ce1 #iah4 ----1 transf]5ce (1 #eci1 #ede4 ---- insulate 9 a c]ta9 degree1 #acbh4 ----1 convective curr5ts 91 #afjc4 ----1 b few magnetic1 #bee4 ,model ( relation ( magnetism & electricity1 #aaf4 ,molecul> inductive action1 #aafd1 #affi4 ,motion ess5tial to magneto-electric induction1 #ci1 #bag1 #bef4 ---- across magnetic curves1 #bag4 ---- ( conductor & magnet1 relative1 #aad4 ---- ---- n necess>y1 #bah4 ,mov+ magnet is electric1 #bbj4 ,muriatic acid gas1 its high insulat+ p[]1 #acie4 ----1 bru% 91 #adfb4 ----1 d>k dis*>ge 91 #aeed4 ----1 gl[ 91 #aecd4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 ----1 has no d>k int]val1 #adfc1 #aeee4 ,muriatic acid decompos$ by common electricity1 #cad4 ----1 its electrolysis 7prim>y71 #geh1 #ghf4 ,nasc5t /ate1 its relation to comb9ation1 #feh1 #gag4 ,natural /&>d ( direction = curr5t1 #ffc4 ---- relation ( electrolytic int5sity1 #ihg4 ,nature ( ! electric curr5t1 #afag4 ---- =ce or =ces1 #affg4 ,negative curr5t1 none1 #afbg1 #afcb4 ---- dis*>ge1 #adfe1 #adhd4 ---- ----1 z ,sp>k1 #adfg1 #adhb4 ---- ----1 z bru%1 #adff1 #aejb4 ---- sp>k or bru%1 #adhd1 #aejb4 ,negative & positive dis*>ge1 #adfe1 #adhb1 #aebe ---- 9 diff]5t gases1 #acic4 ,new electrical condition ( matt]1 #fj1 #bca1 #bdb1 #aaad1 #affa1 #agbi4 ---- law ( conduction1 #chj1 #cid1 #daj4 ,nitric acid =m$ by sp>k 9 air1 #cbd4 ---- fav\rs excitation ( curr5t1 #ijf1 #aach ---- ---- transmission ( curr5t1 #ajbj4 ---- is be/ = excitation ( batt]y1 #aacg4 ----1 nature ( its electrolysis1 #geb4 ,nitrog5 det]m9$ to ei!r pole1 #eed1 #gdh1 #geb4 ---- a second>y result ( electrolysis1 #gdf1 #gdh4 ----1 bru% 91 #adeh4 ----1 d>k dis*>ge 91 #aeei4 ----1 gl[ 91 #aecd4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf4 ----1 ---- dis*>ge 91 #aeab4 ----1 its influ5ce on lightn+1 #adfd4 ,nom5clature1 #ffb1 #adhc4 ,nonconduction by solid electrolytes1 #cha1 #aceh1 #agje4 ,note on electrical excitation1 #agcg4 ,nuclei1 _! action1 #fbc1 #feg4 ,olefiant gas1 int]f]5ce (1 #faj1 #feb4 ,ord9>y electricity1 its t5sion1 #bhe4 ---- evolution ( heat1 #bhg4 ---- magnetic =ce1 #bhh1 #cfb4 ---- *emical =ce1 #cji1 #ded4 ---- ----1 precautions1 #cbb4 ---- sp>k1 #ccc4 ---- physiological effect1 #ccb4 ---- g5]al *>act]s consid]$1 #bhd4 ----1 id5tity ) o!r electricities1 #cfj4 ,orig9 ( ! =ce ( ! voltaic pile1 #hgh1 #iaj1 #iai4 ,oxidation ! orig9 ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! voltaic pile1 #iai1 #icj4 ,oxide ( lead electrolys$1 #gig4 ,oxyg51 bru% 91 #adeg4 ----1 positive & negative bru% 91 #adgf1 ----1 ---- dis*>ge 91 #aeac4 ----1 solubility (1 9 cases ( electrolyzation1 #gag1 #gbh4 ----1 sp>k 91 #adbb4 ---- & hydrog5 comb9$ by plat9a plates1 #egj1 #fje1 #fcj4 ---- ---- spongy plat9a1 #fji1 #fcf4 ---- ---- o!r metals1 #fjh4 ,p>ticles1 _! nasc5t /ate1 #feh4 ---- 9 air1 h[ *>g$1 #aefd4 ----1 neighb\r+1 _! relation to ea* o!r1 #fai1 #fbd1 #feg4 ----1 contigu\s1 active 9 induction1 #aafe1 #afgg4 ---- ( a dielectric1 _! inductive condition1 #acfi1 #adaj1 #affi4 ----1 pol>ity (1 :5 "u induction1 #abih1 #afgf4 ----1 h[ pol>is$1 #affi1 #afgi4 ----1 ----1 9 any direction1 #afhi4 ----1 ----1 z :oles or elem5ts1 #afii4 ----1 ----1 9 electrolytes1 #agjb4 ----1 cry/all9e1 #afhi4 ----1 contigu\s1 active 9 electrolysis1 #acdi1 #agjb4 ----1 _! action 9 electrolyzation1 #ebj1 #acdc1 #agjc4 ----1 ---- local *emical action1 #ifa1 #agci4 ----1 ---- relation to electric action1 #gc4 ----1 ---- electric action1 #affi1 #afgi1 #agdj4 ,pa? ( ! electric sp>k1 #aajg4 ,phosphoric acid n an electrolyte1 #fhb4 ,physiological effects ( voltaic-electricity1 #bgi4 ---- common electricity1 #ccb4 ---- magneto-electricity1 #ef1 #cdg4 ---- !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- animal electricity1 #ceg4 ,pile1 voltaic1 electricity (1 #hge4 ----4 ,see ,batt]y1 voltaic4 ,plates ( plat9a effect comb9ation1 #efh1 #ega1 #eij1 #fcj4 ---- prep>$ by electricity1 #egj1 #ehe1 #ehh4 ---- ---- friction1 #eia4 ---- ---- heat1 #eie4 ---- ---- *emical cleans+1 #eii1 #fje1 ----1 clean1 _! g5]al prop]ties1 #fcc1 #gag4 ----1 _! p[] pres]v$1 #egf4 ----1 ---- 9 wat]1 #ehj4 ----1 _! p[] dim9i%$ by action1 #eha4 ----1 ---- exposure to air1 #fcf4 ----1 _! p[] affect$ by wa%+ 9 wat]1 #ehb4 ----1 ---- heat1 #ehd1 #eig4 ----1 ---- pres5ce ( c]ta9 gases1 #fch1 #fee4 ----1 _! p[]1 cause (1 #eij1 #faf1 #fcj4 ----1 !ory ( _! action1 ,db]e9]'s1 #faj4 ----1 ----1 ,dulong & ,!n>d's1 #faa4 ----1 ----1 ,fus9i]i's1 #fac4 ----1 ----1 au?or's1 #fai1 #fbf1 #fcj1 #fef4 ,plates ( voltaic batt]y f\l1 #aade4 ----1 new & old1 #aaaf4 ----1 vic9ity (1 #aadh4 ----1 imm]sion (1 #ajjc1 #aaej4 ----1 numb] (1 #ihi1 #aaea4 ----1 l>ge or small1 #aaed4 ,plat9a1 clean1 its *>act]s1 #fcc1 #gag4 ---- attracts matt] f ! air1 #fcd4 ----1 spongy1 its /ate1 #fcg4 ----1 clean1 its p[] ( effect+ comb9ation1 #efd1 #eij1 #fje1 #fag1 #fcj4 ----1 ---- int]f]$ )1 #fch4 ----1 its action ret>d$ by olefiant gas1 #fdj1 #feb4 ----1 ----1 c>bonic oxide1 #fde1 #feb4 ----4 ,see ,comb9ation1 ,plates ( plat9a1 & ,int]f]5ce4 ---- poles1 recomb9ation effect$ by1 #efg1 #ehh4 ,plumbago poles = *lorides1 #gid4 ,poisson's !ory ( electric induction1 #acje4 ,po9ts1 fav\r convective dis*>ge1 #aegc4 ----1 fluid = convection1 #aeha4 ,pol> =ces1 _! "*1 #affe4 ---- decomposition by common electricity1 #cab1 #cba1 #dfi4 ,pol>ity1 mean+ int5d$1 #acjd1 #afhe4 ---- ( p>ticles "u induction1 #abih1 #afgf4 ----1 electric1 #ajgj1 #ajhe4 ----1 ----1 its direction1 #afhh1 #agjc1 ----1 ----1 its v>iation1 #afhg4 ----1 ----1 its degree1 #afhf4 ----1 ----1 9 cry/als1 #afhi4 ----1 ----1 9 molecules or atoms1 #afii4 ----1 ----1 9 electrolytes1 #agjb4 ,pol>iz$ light across electrolytes1 #iea4 ,poles1 electric1 _! nature1 #dfa1 #dih1 #eef1 #ffb4 ----1 appe>ance ( evolv$ bodies at1 acc\nt$ =1 #ece4 ---- "o elem5t to ei!r8 #eeb1 #fha1 #geg4 ----1 ( air1 #dee1 #dfa1 #eei4 ----1 ( wat]1 #dia1 #eeh4 ----1 ( metal1 #eeg4 ----1 ( plat9a1 recomb9ation effect$ by1 #efg1 #ehh4 ----1 ( plumbago1 #gid4 ,poles1 magnetic1 di/+ui%$1 #dd1 note4 ,porrett's peculi> effects1 #afdf4 ,positive curr5t none1 #afbg1 #afcb4 ---- dis*>ge1 #adfe1 #adhj4 ---- ----1 z sp>k1 #adfg1 #adhb4 ---- ----1 z bru%1 #adfg1 #adgf4 ---- sp>k or bru%1 #adhd1 #aejb4 ---- & negative1 convective dis*>ge1 #afjj4 ---- ---- disruptive dis*>ge1 #adfe1 #adhb1 #adhe1 #aebe4 ---- ---- ---- 9 diff]5t gases1 #acic4 ---- ---- voltaic dis*>ge1 #aebd4 ---- ---- electrolytic dis*>ge1 #aebe4 ,potassa acetate1 nature ( its electrolysis1 #gdi4 ,potassium1 iodide (1 electrolys$1 #hje4 ,p[] ( voltaic batt]ies e/imat$1 #aabf4 ,p[]s1 _! /ate ( t5sion 9 ! pile1 #idi4 ,practical results ) ! voltaic batt]y1 #aacf4 ,pressure ( air reta9s electricity1 expla9$1 #acgg1 #acih4 ,prim>y electrolytical results1 #gdb4 ,pr9ciples1 g5]al1 ( def9ite electrolytic action1 #hbb4 ,proportionals 9 electrolytes1 s+le1 #fgi1 #fig4 ,quantity ( electricity 9 matt]1 #heb1 #hfa1 #hgc1 #afeb4 ---- voltaic batt]y1 #iij4 ,r>efaction ( air facilitates dis*>ge1 :y1 #acge4 ,recomb9ation1 spontane\s1 ( gases f wat]1 #eff4 ,relation1 by measure1 ( electricities1 #cfa4 ---- ( magnets & mov+ conductors1 #bef4 ---- ( magnetic induction to int]v5+ bodies1 #affb1 #agbh4 ---- ( a curr5t & magnet1 to rememb]1 #ch1 note4 ---- ( electric & magnetic =ces1 #aah1 #adaa1 #afec1 #afeh1agji1 #agca4 ---- ( conductors & insulators1 #acba1 #acbf1 #accd1 #acch4 ---- ( conduction & induction1 #acbj1 #accg4 ---- ( induction & disruptive dis*>ge1 #acfb4 ---- ---- electrolyzation1 #aafd1 #acdc4 ---- ---- excitation1 #aagh1 #agdj4 ---- ---- *>ge1 #aaga1 #aagg1 #acjj4 ---- ( insulation & induction1 #acbd1 #acfb1 #acfh1 #afgh4 ----1 lat]al1 ( l9es ( inductive =ce1 #abca1 #abig1 #acjd4 ---- ( a vacuum to electricity1 #afac4 ---- ( sp>k1 bru%1 & gl[1 #aecc1 #aeci1 #aedb4 ---- ( gases to positive & negative dis*>ge1 #aeaj4 ---- ( neighb\r+ p>ticles to ea* o!r1 #fai1 #fbd4 ---- ( elem5ts 9 decompos+ electrolytes1 #ibc1 #agjb4 ---- ---- excit+ electrolytes1 #iba4 ---- ( acids & bases voltaically1 #ibg1 #icc4 ,rem>ks on ! active batt]y1 #ajcd1 #aacf4 ,residual *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 #abdi4 ,resi/ance to electrolysis1 #hia1 #ijd1 #iaa1 #ajjg4 ---- ( an electrolyte to decomposition1 #ajjg4 ,results ( electrolysis1 prim>y or second>y1 #gdb1 #ggg4 ----1 practical1 ) ! voltaic batt]y1 #aacf4 ----1 g5]al1 z to induction1 #abie1 #affi4 ,ret5tion ( electricity by pressure ( ! atmosph]e expla9$1 #acgg1 #acih4 ,revolv+ plate4 ,see ,arago's ph5om5a4 ---- globe1 ,b>l['s1 effect expla9$1 #acg1 #afj1 #afi4 ---- ----1 magnetic1 #afd4 ---- ----1 direction ( curr5ts 91 #afa1 #aff4 ,riffault's & ,*ompr's !ory ( electro-*emical decomposition1 #dhe1 #ejg1 #eab4 ,rock cry/al1 induction across1 #afib4 ,room1 insulat$ & electrifi$1 #aagc4 ,rotation ( ! e>? a cause ( magneto-electric induction1 #aha4 ,salts consid]$ z electrolytes1 #fih4 ,scale ( electrolytic int5sities1 #iab4 ,second>y electrolytical results1 #gjb1 #gdb1 #gdh1 #ggg4 ---- become measures ( ! electric curr5t1 #hdc4 ,sections ( ! curr5t1 #dih1 #afcd4 ----1 decompos+ =ce alike 9 all1 #eja1 #afba4 ,sections ( l9es ( inductive action1 #acfi4 ----1 am\nt ( =ce con/ant1 #acfi4 ,%ock1 /rong1 ) "o voltaic pair1 #ajdi4 ,silv]1 *loride (1 its electrolyzation1 #eda1 #hac1 #ijb4 ----1 electrolytic int5sity =1 #igi4 ,silv]1 sulphuret (1 hot1 conducts well1 #dcc4 ,simple voltaic circles1 #hge4 ----1 decomposition effect$ by1 #hig1 #ijd1 #ica4 ,s+le & _m pairs ( plates1 relation (1 #iij4 ,s+le voltaic circuits1 #hge4 ---- )\t metallic contact1 #hgi4 ---- ) metallic contact1 #hic4 ---- _! =ce exalt$1 #ijf4 ---- give /rong %ocks1 #ajdi4 ---- ---- a bright sp>k1 #ajej4 ,solid electrolytes are non-conductors1 #cid1 #djb1 #aceh4 ----1 :y1 #iaj1 #agje4 ,solids1 _! p[] ( induc+ comb9ation1 #efd1 #fah4 ---- int]f]$ )1 #fch4 ,solubility ( gases 9 cases ( electrolyzation1 #gag1 #gbh4 ,s\rce ( electricity 9 ! voltaic pile1 #hge4 ---- is *emical action1 #hgi1 #iaf1 #iai1 #agda4 ,sp>k1 #acfj1 #adjf4 ,sp>k1 electric1 its conditions1 #acfj1 #adjf1 #aeec4 ---- pa?1 #adjg4 ---- light1 #aeec4 ---- ins5sible duration or "t1 #adch4 ---- accompany+ d>k p>ts1 #aedg1 #afcb4 ---- det]m9ation1 #acgj4 #adji4 ,sp>k is affect$ by ! dielectrics1 #acie1 #adba4 ---- size ( conductor1 #acgb4 ---- =m ( conductor1 #acjb1 #acgd4 ---- r>efaction ( air1 #acge4 ,sp>k1 atmosph]ic or lightn+1 #adfd1 #afda4 ----1 negative1 #acic1 #adfg1 #adhb1 #adhd1 #aejb4 ----1 positive1 #acic1 #addh1 #adfg1 #adhb1 #adhd1 #aejb4 ----1 ragg$1 #adbj1 #addh4 ----1 :5 n /raight1 :y1 #aefh4 ----1 v>iation 9 its l5g?1 #acha4 ----1 t5d5cy to its repetition1 #acib4 ----1 facilitates dis*>ge1 #adag1 #aeec4 ----1 passes into bru%1 #addh4 ----1 prec$$ by induction1 #acfb4 ----1 =ms nitric acid 9 air1 #cbd4 ----1 9 gases1 #achc1 #adba4 ----1 9 air1 #adbb4 ----1 9 nitrog51 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 9 oxyg51 #adbb4 ----1 9 hydrog51 #adbb4 ----1 9 c>bonic acid1 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 9 muriatic acid gas1 #adbb1 #adfc4 ----1 9 coal-gas1 #adbb4 ----1 9 liquids1 #adbd4 ----1 precautions1 #ieh1 #ajgd4 ----1 voltaic1 )\t metallic contact1 #iae1 #ief4 ---- f s+le voltaic pair1 #ajej4 ---- f common & voltaic electricity assimilat$1 #ccd4 ----1 fir/ magneto-electric1 #cb4 ---- ( voltaic electricity1 #bhj4 ---- ( common electricity1 #ccc4 ---- ( magneto-electricity1 #cdh4 ---- ( !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- ( animal electricity1 #ceh4 ----1 bru% & gl[ relat$1 #aecc1 #aeci1 #aedb4 ,sp>ks1 _! expect$ coalition1 #adab4 ,specific induction4 ,see ,induction1 specific1 #abeb4 ,specific inductive capacity1 #abeb4 ----1 app>atus =1 #aahg4 ---- ( lac1 #abef1 #abgj1 #acjh4 ---- ( sulphur1 #abge1 #acaj4 ---- ( air1 #abhd4 ---- ( gases1 #abhc1 #abij4 ---- ( glass1 #abga4 ,sp]maceti1 its conduct+ p[]1 #abdj1 #acbc4 ----1 its relation to conduction & insulation1 #acbb4 ,/&>d ( direction 9 ! curr5t1 #ffc4 ,/ate1 electrotonic1 #fj1 #bca1 #bdb1 #aaad1 #affa1 #agbi4 ,/atic induction4 ,see ,induction1 /atic4 ,/urgeon1 8 =m ( ,arago's exp]im5t1 #bdi4 ----1 use ( amalgamat$ z9c by1 #hfc1 #iii4 ,sulphate ( soda1 decompos$ by common electricity1 #cag4 ----1 electrolytic int5sity =1 #ige4 ,sulphur det]m9$ to ei!r pole1 #eeb1 #fha1 #geg4 ----1 its conduct+ p[]1 #abda1 #abde4 ----1 its specific inductive capacity1 #abge4 ----1 copp] & iron1 circle1 #idc4 ,sulphuret ( c>bon1 int]f]5ce (1 #fej4 ---- silv]1 hot1 conducts well1 #dcc4 ,sulphurett$ solution excites ! pile1 #idc4 ,sulphuric acid1 conduction by1 #dji1 #fha4 ----1 magneto-electric induction on1 #bjj1 #bac4 ---- 9 voltaic pile1 its use1 #ibe4 ---- n an electrolyte1 #fha4 ----1 its transf]5ce1 #ebe4 ----1 its decomposition1 #fha1 #geg4 ,sulphur\s acid1 its decomposition1 #gee4 ,summ>y ( conditions ( conduction1 #ddc4 ---- molecul> inductive !ory1 #affi4 ,table ( dis*>ge 9 gases1 #achh4 ---- electric effects1 #cfj4 ---- electro-*emical equival5ts1 #hdg4 ---- electrolytes affect$ by fusion1 #djb4 ---- insulation 9 gases1 #achh4 ---- ions1 anions1 & ca?ions1 #hdg4 ,t>t>ic acid1 nature ( its electrolysis1 #gge4 ,t5sion1 inductive1 h[ repres5t$1 #acgj4 ---- ( voltaic electricity1 #bfh4 ---- ( common electricity1 #bhe4 ---- ( !rmo-electricity1 #cdi4 ---- ( magneto-electricity1 #cdc4 ---- ( animal electricity1 #ceb4 ---- ( z9c & electrolyte 9 ! voltaic pile1 #idi4 ,t]re/rial electric curr5ts1 #ahg4 ,t]re/rial magneto-electric induction1 #adj4 ---- cause ( aurora borealis1 #aib4 ----1 electric curr5ts produc$ by1 #ada1 #aej4 ----1 ----1 9 helices alone1 #adh4 ----1 ----1 ---- ) iron1 #ada1 #adf4 ----1 ----1 ---- ) a magnet1 #adg4 ----1 ---- a s+le wire1 #agj4 ----1 ---- a revolv+ plate1 #adi4 ----1 ---- a revolv+ ball1 #afj4 ----1 ---- ! e>?1 #agc4 ,te/ betwe5 magnetic & magneto-electric action1 #bae1 #bdc4 ,!ory ( comb9ation ( gases by clean plat9a1 #fai1 #fbf1 #fcj1 #fef4 ---- electro-*emical decomposition1 #dgg1 #ffa1 #afbc1 #agjd4 ---- ! voltaic app>atus1 #hge1 #agda4 ---- /atic induction1 #aafe1 #abca1 #abie1 #afff1 #affg4 ---- disruptive dis*>ge1 #acfh1 #adjf1 #adcd4 ---- ,arago's ph5om5a1 #abj4 ,!rmo-electricity1 its g5]al *>act]s1 #cdi4 ---- id5tical ) o!r electricities1 #cfj4 ----1 its evolution ( heat1 #cdi4 ----1 magnetic1 =ce1 #cdi4 ----1 physiological effects1 #cdi4 ----1 sp>k1 #cdi4 ,"t1 #ei1 #fh1 #abd1 #abdh1 #acbh1 #acdf1 #adah1 #adca1 #adcf1 #adci1 #afab1 #afda1 #agcj4 ,t91 iodide (1 electrolys$1 #hjd4 ----1 proto*loride1 electrolysis (1 def9ite1 #ghi1 #hai4 ,torp$o1 nature ( its electric dis*>ge1 #cei4 ----1 its enorm\s am\nt ( electric =ce1 #cei4 ,transf] ( elem5ts & ! curr5t1 _! relation1 #ibc1 #ifb4 ,transf]5ce is simultane\s 9 opposite directions1 #edb1 #hbh4 ----1 uncomb9$ bodies d n travel1 #edd1 #edf1 #hbf4 ---- ( elem5ts1 #ded1 #ejg1 #eci1 #eej1 #hbf4 ---- ---- across great int]vals1 #dee1 #dfh4 ---- ----1 its nature1 #eai1 #ebe1 #ech1 #edi4 ---- ( *emical =ce1 #iah4 ,transv]se =ces ( ! curr5t1 #afec1 #agji4 ,travell+ ( *>g$ p>ticles1 #aefc4 ,tr\gh1 voltaic4 ,see ,batt]y1 voltaic4 ,turp5t9e1 oil (1 a good fluid insulator1 #aagb4 ----1 its insulat+ p[] de/roy$1 #aega4 ---- *>g$1 #aagb4 ----1 bru% 91 #adeb1 ----1 electric motions 91 #aehh1 #aeie1 ----1 convective curr5ts 91 #aeie1 #aeih4 ,unipol>ity1 #afce4 ,vacuum1 its relation to electricity1 #afac4 ,vaporization1 #feg4 ,velocity ( conduction 9 metals v>i$1 #accc4 ---- ! electric dis*>ge1 #afda1 #afdi4 ---- conductive & electrolytic dis*>ge1 diff]5ce (1 #afej4 ,vic9ity ( plates 9 voltaic batt]y1 #aadh4 ,volta-electric induction1 #bf4 ,volta-electromet]1 #gjd1 #gcf4 ----1 fluid decompos$ 9 x1 wat]1 #gjf1 #gbh1 #gcb4 ----1 =ms (1 #gjg1 #gcd4 ---- te/$ = v>iation ( electrodes1 #gad1 #gbb4 ---- ---- fluid )91 #gbg4 ---- ---- int5sity1 #gbc4 ----1 /r5g? ( acid us$ 91 #gbh1gcc4 ----1 its indications by oxyg5 & hydrog51 #gcf4 ----1 ---- hydrog51 #gcd4 ----1 ---- oxyg51 #gce4 ----1 h[ us$1 #gcg4 ,voltamet]1 #gjd4 ,voltaic batt]y1 its nature1 #hge1 #ihi4 ----1 rem>ks on1 #ajcd1 #aacf4 ----1 improv$1 #ajja1 #aaai4 ----1 practical results )1 #aacf4 ----4 ,see ,batt]y1 voltaic4 ,voltaic circles1 simple1 #hge4 ----1 decomposition by1 #hig4 ,voltaic circles associat$1 or batt]y1 #ihi4 ,voltaic circuit1 relation ( bodies 91 #ifb4 ----1 def9$1 #bhb1 #eaa4 ----1 orig9 (1 #iaf1 #agda4 ----1 its direction1 #ffc1 #ibe1 ----1 int5sity increas$1 #ije1 #iij4 ----1 produc$ by oxidation ( z9c1 #iai1 #icj4 ---- n due to comb9ation ( oxide & acid1 #ibe1 #icc4 ----1 its relation to ! comb9+ oxyg51 #iba1 #ifb4 ----1 ---- comb9+ sulphur1 #idc4 ----1 ---- ! transf]r$ elem5ts1 #ibc1 #ifb4 ----1 relation ( bodies 91 #ifb4 ,voltaic curr5t1 #afag4 ,see ,curr5t1 electric4 ,voltaic dis*>ge1 positive & negative1 #aebd4 ,voltaic decomposition1 #dej1 #fjj4 ,see ,decomposition1 electro-*emical4 ,voltaic electricity1 id5tical ) electricity1 o!rwise evolv$1 #bfh1 #cfj4 ----1 dis*>g$ by po9ts1 #bgb4 ----1 ---- hot air1 #bga1 #bgd4 ----1 its t5sion1 #bfh1 #bge4 ----1 evolution ( heat by1 #bgf4 ----1 its magnetic =ce1 #bgg4 ----1 its *emical =ce1 #bgh4 ----1 its sp>k1 #bhj4 ----1 its physiological effects1 #bgi4 ----1 its g5]al *>act]s consid]$1 #bfh4 ,voltaic pile di/+ui%$1 #hef1 note4 ----1 electricity (1 #hge4 ----1 dep5ds on *emical action1 #hgb4 ----1 relation ( acid & bases 9 !1 #ibg4 ----4 ,see ,batt]y1 voltaic4 ,voltaic sp>k )\t contact1 #iae1 #ief4 ----1 precautions1 #ieh1 #ajgd4 ,voltaic tr\gh1 #ihi4 ,see ,batt]y1 voltaic4 ,wat]1 fl[+1 electric curr5ts 91 #aij4 ----1 ret>dation ( curr5t by1 #aaei4 ----1 its direct conduct+ p[]1 #ajag1 #aaei1 #acee4 ----1 ---- con/ant1 #ihd4 ----1 electro-*emical decomposition aga9/1 #did1 #ecb4 ----1 poles (1 #did1 #ecc1 #eeh4 ----1 its influ5ce 9 electro-*emical decomposition1 #dgb4 ---- is ! great electrolyte1 #ibd4 ----1 ! excit+ electrolyte :5 pure1 #idd4 ----1 ---- acidulat$1 #hhj1 #ibf1 #aacg4 ----1 ---- alkaliz$1 #ica1 #icd1 #ida4 ----1 electrolytic int5sity =1 #ifh1 #iha1 #ajag4 ---- electrolyz$ 9 a s+le circuit1 #hfb4 ----1 its electrolysis def9ite1 #gcb1 #ghe1 #hjg4 ----1 decomposition ( by f9e wires1 #cbg4 ----1 quantity ( electricity 9 its elem5ts1 #hec1 #hfa4 ----1 det]m9$ to ei!r pole1 #eec4 ,:eat/one's analysis ( ! electric bru%1 #adbg4 ---- measurem5t ( conductive velocity 9 metals1 #acbh4 ,wire1 ignition (1 by ! electric curr5t1 #hec1 note1 #afca4 ---- is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 #afcj4 ,wire a regulator ( ! electric curr5t1 #hec1 note4 ----1 velocity ( conduction 91 v>i$1 #accc4 ----1 s+le1 a curr5t induc$ 91 #agj4 ----1 long1 inductive effects 91 #ajfd1 #aaah4 ,wolla/on on decomposition by common electricity1 #cji4 ---- decomposition ( wat] by po9ts1 #cbg4 ,z9c1 amalgamat$1 its condition1 #hfc1 #ajjj4 ----1 us$ 9 pile1 #iii4 ,z9c1 h[ amalgamat$1 #hfc4 ----1 ( tr\ghs1 its purity1 #aadd4 ----1 its relation to ! electrolyte1 #idi4 ----1 its oxidation is ! s\rce ( p[] 9 ! pile1 #iai4 ---- plates ( tr\ghs1 f\l1 #aade4 ---- ----1 new & old1 #aadf4 ----1 wa/e (1 9 voltaic batt]ies1 #iig4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,& ,,john ,e4 ,,taylor4 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,& ,,john ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s ,,& ,,publi%]s ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet4 ,daub5y on ,active & ,ext9ct ,volcanos1 ,e>?quakes1 & ,!rmal ,spr+s2 ) ,rem>ks on _! ,causes1 ,products1 & influ5ce on ! condition ( ! ,globe4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,*>les ,,daub5y1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition1 greatly enl>g$4 #bas4 clo?1 ) #ab ,maps & ,plates4 ,! ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl9 ,philosophical ,magaz9e & ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 be+ a cont9uation ( ,tillo*'s ',philosophical ,magaz9e1' ,ni*olson's ',j\rnal1' & ,?omson's ',annals ( ,philosophy1' conduct$ by ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 ,k4,r4 ,,ll4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4,e4 c4 ,,ri*>d ,,taylor1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,l4,s4 ,g4,s4 ,a/r4 ,s4 c4 ,,ri*>d ,,phillips1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l4,e4 ,f4,g4,s4 c4 ,,sir ,,rob]t ,,kane1 ,m4,d4 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,9 ,mon?ly ,numb]s1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,second ,s]ies1 9 elev5 volumes1 ) a g5]al ,index2 & ! ,?ird or pres5t ,s]ies1 9 ?irty-"o volumes 7) a g5]al ,index to ! fir/ twelve71 may be _h2 also a complete set at a r$uc$ price1 f #agih to ,june #ahdh1 9 "o hundr$ & elev5 volumes4 ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 includ+ ,zoology1 ,botany1 & ,geology2 be+ a cont9uation ( ! ',annals' comb9$ ) ,messrs4 ,london & ,*>leswor?'s ',magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1' conduct$ by ,,sir ,w4 ,,j>d9e1 ,,b>t41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,p4,j4 ,,selby1 ,,esq41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,dr4 ,,john/on4 ,,*>les ,c4 ,,bab+ton1 ,esq1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,dr4 ,,balf\r1 ,pr(4 ,bot4 ,ed9b41 & ,,ri*>d ,,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,new ,s]ies4--,9 ,mon?ly ,numb]s1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,! ,fir/ ,s]ies may be _h at r$uc$ prices3 viz4 ,vol4 ,i4 to ,x41 #c #es4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 to ,,xx41 #d #aes4 ,or ! :ole ,set ( #bj ,volumes = #g4 ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 select$ f ! ,transactions ( ,=eign ,academies ( ,sci5ce1 & ,le>n$ ,societies1 end f ,=eign ,j\rnals2 edit$ by ,,ri*>d ,,taylor1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,f4,g4,s4 c4 c4 ,9 p>ts1 price #fs4 ea*1 ,! ,*emical ,gazette2 or ,j\rnal ( ,practical ,*emi/ry1 9 all its applications to ,,ph>macy1 ,,arts & ,,manufactures4 ,conduct$ by ,,william ,,francis1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,s41 c4--,publi%$ on ! #a/ & #ac? ( ea* ,mon?1 price ,sixp5ce 7,/amp$1 ,sev5 p5ce74 ,five volumes publi%$4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ads42 ,vols4 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 #abs4 ea*4 ,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity4 ,vol4 ,i4 ) #ac plates1 clo?1 #ahs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ) #e plates1 clo?1 #is4 ,! ,catalogue ( ,/>s ( ! ,briti% ,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce2 conta9+ ! ,mean ,"r ,asc5sions & ,nor? ,,pol> ,,di/ances ( ,,eight ,,?\s& ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sev5ty-,,sev5 ,,fix$ ,,/>s1 r$uc$ to ,janu>y #a1 #ahej3 toge!r ) _! ,annual ,precessions1 ,secul> ,v>iations1 & ,prop] ,motions1 z well z ! ,log>i?mic ,con/ants = comput+ ,precession1 ,ab]ration & ,nutation3 ) a ,preface explanatory ( _! ,con/ruction & ,application4 ,by ! late ,,francis ,,baily1 ,esq41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,ox=d & ,dubl92 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,a/r4 ,soc4 c4 c4 c4--,price ,?ree ,gu9eas4 ,a ,catalogue ( #dg1cij ,/>s1 = ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahjj1 f ! obs]vations ( ,lal&e1 9 ! ,,hi/oire ,,cele/e ,,fran,,aise4 ,r$uc$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ( ! late ,,francis ,,baily1 ,esq4 ,pr9t$ at ! exp5se ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t4--,price #a #as4 ,a ,catalogue ( #igff ,/>s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 = ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #agej1 f ! ,obs]vations ( ! ,,abbe ,,de ,,lacaille1 made at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 ! ye>s #agea & #ageb4 ,r$uc$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ( ! late ,pr(essor ,,h5d]son1 ,director ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,ed9burgh4 ,& pr9t$ at ! exp5se ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 "u ! direction ( ! late ,,francis ,,baily1 ,esq4 ,) a ,preface by ,sir ,j4,f4,w4 ,,h]s*el1 ,b>t41 ,h4,k41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4--,price #es4 ,hygrometrical ,tables1 to be us$ )1 & ,description ( ! ,,dry- & ,,wet-,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 ,by ,,james ,,glai%]1 ,esq41 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,royal #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,griffi?'s ,practical ,manual on ,ur9e1 c41 conta9+ a ,description ( ! ,,g5]al1 ,,*emical & ,,microscopical ,,*>act]s ( ! ,,ur9e & its ,,deposits1 bo? 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,by ,,john ,,william ,,griffi?1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4 c4 ,) two ,plates1 price #cs4 clo?4 ,griffi?'s ,practical ,manual on ,blood1 c41 conta9+ a ,description ( ! ,,g5]al1 ,,*emical & ,,microscopical ,,*>act]s ( ! o!r ,,fluids ( ! ,body1 viz4 ! ,blood1 ,*yle1 ,lymph1 ,ga/ric ,juice1 ,bile1 c42 ) ! be/ me?ods ( analys+ !m qualitatively z well its quantitatively4 ,by ,,john ,,william ,,griffi?1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4 c4 ,) two ,plates1 price #es4 clo?4 ,! ,botanical ,gazette4 ,edit$ by ,ar?ur ,h5frey1 ,esq4 ,f4,l4,s4 c4 ,publi%$ on ! fir/ ( ea* mon?4 ,price #as4