,,! ,,academica ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,,! ,,text ,,revis$ ,,& ,,expla9$ ,,by ,,james ,s4 ,,reid1 ,m4,l4 ,,camb4 ,m4,a4 7,,lond47 ,,assi/ant ,,tutor ,,& ,,late ,,fell[1 ,,*ri/',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge2 ,,assi/ant ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,classics ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahgd ,all ,rights res]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,^? ,,( ,,8 ,,pupils ,,:o ,,h ,,read ,,) ,,him ,,! ,,academica1 ,,?is ,,edition ,,is ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,editor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,s9ce ! "w ( ,davies appe>$ 9 #agbe1 no ,engli% s*ol> has edit$ ! ,academica4 ,9 ,g]many ! la/ edition ) explanatory notes is t ( ,go]5z1 publi%$ 9 #ahaj4 ,to ! pov]ty & untru/wor?9ess ( ,go]5z's le>n+ ,madvig's pages be> /rong evid5ce2 :ile ! "w ( ,davies1 ?\gh 9 e way f> sup]ior to t ( ,go]5z1 is v defici5t :5 judg$ by ! criticism ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?is edition has gr[n out ( a c\rse ( ,int]collegiate lectures giv5 by me at ,*ri/'s ,college sev]al ye>s ago4 ,i tru/ t ! "w 9 its pres5t %ape w be ( use to und]graduate /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sities1 & also to pupils & tea*]s alike 9 all s*ools :]e ! philosophical works ( ,cic]o are /udi$1 b especially 9 ^? :]e an attempt is made to imp>t su* in/ruction 9 ! ,anci5t ,philosophy z w prep>e ! way = ! complet] k n[ requir$ 9 ! f9al ,classical ,exam9ations = ,hon\rs bo? at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,my notes h be5 writt5 ?r\gh\t ) a practical ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( junior /ud5ts4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s ,i h read ! ,academica ) a l>ge numb] ( intellig5t pupils1 & !re is sc>cely a note ( m9e :i* has n be5 sugge/$ by "s difficulty or want ( !irs4 ,my plan has be51 fir/1 to embody 9 an ,introduction su* in=mation conc]n+ ,cic]o's philosophical views & ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,academica z c\ld n be readily got f exi/+ books2 next1 to provide a good text2 !n to aid ! /ud5t 9 obta9+ a high] k ( ,cic]onian ,lat9ity1 & la/ly1 to put x 9 8 p[] to le>n ?or\ghly ! philosophy ) :i* ,cic]o deals4 ,my text may be said to be f\nd$ on t ( ,halm :i* appe>$ 9 ! edition ( ,cic]o's philosophical works publi%$ 9 #ahfa "u ! editor%ip ( ,bait] & ,halm z a cont9uation ( ,orelli's second edition ( ,cic]o's works1 :i* 0 int]rupt$ by ! dea? ( t editor4 ,i h nev] h[ev] all[$ "o ( ,halm's read+s to pass )\t c>efully weigh+ ! evid5ce he pres5ts2 & ,i h also /udi$ all orig9al criticisms ^u ! text to :i* ,i c\ld obta9 access4 ,! result is a text :i* lies consid]ably ne>] ! ,,mss4 ?an t ( ,halm4 ,my obligations o!r ?an ^? to ,halm are suffici5tly ackn[l$g$ 9 my notes2 ! *ief are to ,madvig's little book entitl$ ,em5dationes ad ,cic]onis libros ,philosophicos1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe at ,cop5hag51 b nev]1 ,i believe1 repr9t$1 & to ,bait]'s text 9 ! edition ( ,cic]o's works by himself & ,kays]4 ,9 a v few passages ,i h introduc$ em5dations ( my own1 & t only :]e ! conjecttires ( o!r ,editors seem$ to me to dep>t too widely f ! ,,mss4 ,if any apology be ne$$ = discuss+1 ev5 sp>+ly1 9 ! notes1 que/ions ( textual criticism1 ,i may say t ,i h done s f a conviction t ! v excell5ce ( ! texts n[ 9 use is depriv+ a ,classical tra9+ ( a great deal ( its old educational value4 ,! judgm5t 0 bett] cultivat$ :5 ! /ud5t _h to fight 8 way ?r\gh bad texts to ! au?or's mean+ & to a ma/]y ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,! acceptance ( results )\t a k ( ! processes by :i* !y are obta9$ is wor?less = ! purposes ( education1 :i* is ?us made to re/ on memory alone4 ,i h !re=e done my be/ to place be=e ! read] ! argum5ts = & aga9/ diff]5t read+s 9 ! mo/ important places :]e ! text is d\btful4 ,my exp]i5ce z a tea*] & exam9] has prov$ to me t ! /ud5ts = :om ?is edition is int5d$ h a f> small] acqua9tance ?an !y ought to h ) ! peculi>ities & niceties ( language :i* ! be/ ,lat9 writ]s display4 ,i h /riv5 to guide !m to ! be/ tea*+ ( ,madvig1 on ^: f\ndation e succe$+ editor ( ,cic]o mu/ build4 ,8 edition ( ! ,de ,f9ibus conta9s m valuable mat]ial = illu/rat+1 n m]ely ! language1 b also ! subject-matt] ( ! ,academica1 ?an all ! pr(ess$ editions ( ! latt] "w 9 exi/5ce4 ,yet1 ev5 aft] ,madvig's lab\rs1 a great deal rema9s to be done 9 po9t+ out :at is1 & :at is n1 ,cic]onian ,lat94 ,i h !re=e add$ v _m ref]5ces f my own read+1 & f o!r s\rces4 ,:]ev] a quotation w\ld n h be5 giv5 b = its appe>ance 9 "s o!r "w1 ,i h po9t$ out ! au?ority f :om x 0 tak54 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i d n expect or int5d read]s to look out all ! ref]5ces giv54 ,x 0 necess>y to provide mat]ial by means ( :i* ! /ud5t might illu/rate = himself a ,lat9 usage1 if x 7 new to him1 & might solve any l+ui/ic difficulty t occurr$4 ,want ( space has compell$ me (t5 to sub/itute a m]e ref]5ce = an actual quotation4 ,z !re is no important doctr9e ( ,anci5t ,philosophy :i* is n t\*$ ^u some:]e 9 ! ,academica1 x is evid5tly impossible = an editor to give in=mation :i* w\ld be complete = a read] :o is /udy+ t subject = ! fir/ "t4 ,i h !re=e tri$ to enable read]s to f9d easily = !mselves ! in=mation !y require1 & h only dwelt 9 my own language ^u su* philosophical difficulties z 7 9 "s special way b\nd up ) ! ,academica4 ,! two books *iefly ref]r$ to 9 my notes are ! ,engli% translation ( ,zell]'s ,/oics1 ,epicureans & ,sceptics 7:5ev] ,zell] is quot$ )\t any fur!r description ?is book is meant71 & ! ,hi/oria ,philosophiae ( ,ritt] & ,prell]4 ,! pages1 n ! sections1 ( ! f\r? edition ( ?is "w are quot$4 ,^! books1 ) ,madvig's ,de ,f9ibus1 all tea*]s ought to place 9 ! h&s ( pupils :o are /udy+ a philosophical "w ( ,cic]o4 ,/ud5ts at ! ,univ]sities ought to h con/antly at h& ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,/obaeus1 & ,sextus ,empiricus1 all ( :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 *eap & conv5i5t =ms4 ,al?\gh ?is edition is prim>ily int5d$ = junior /ud5ts1 x is hop$ t x may n be )\t int]e/ = matur] s*ol>s1 z br++ toge!r mu* scatt]$ in=mation illu/rative ( ! ,academica1 :i* 0 be=e difficult ( access4 ,! pres5t "w w1 ,i hope1 prep>e ! way = an exhau/ive edition ei!r f my own or "s m compet5t h&4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z an exp]im5t1 = no ,engli% s*ol> ( rec5t times has treat$ any portion ( ,cic]o's philosophical works ) q ! purpose :i* ,i h kept 9 view & h expla9$ above4 ,%\ld ?is attempt meet ) fav\r1 ,i propose to edit aft] ! same plan "s o!rs ( ! less kn[n & less edit$ portions ( ,cic]o's writ+s4 ,9 deal+ ) a subject s unusually difficult & s r>ely edit$ ,i _c hope to h escap$ errors1 b aft] submitt+ my views to repeat$ revision dur+ f\r ye>s1 x seems bett] to publi% !m ?an to )hold f /ud5ts help !y s greatly ne$4 ,moreov]1 x is a great ga91 ev5 at ! co/ ( "s errors1 to ?r[ (f t intellectual disease ( ov]-fa/idi\sness :i* is s preval5t 9 ?is ,univ]sity1 & causes m ?an any?+ else ! unproductiv5ess ( ,engli% s*ol>%ip z comp>$ ) t ( ,g]many1 ,i h only to add t ,i %all be ?ankful = notices ( errors & omissions f any :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,,james ,s4 ,,reid4 ,,*ri/',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 ,decemb]1 #ahgc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,li/ ,,( ,,abbreviations ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w4 ,cic4 ,cic]o2 ,ac41 ,acad4 ,academica2 ,ac41 ,acad4 ,po/4 ,academica ,po/]iora2 ,d4,f4 ,de ,f9ibus2 ,t4,d4 ,tusculan ,disputations2 ,n4,d4 ,de ,natura ,deorum2 ,de ,div4 ,de ,div9atione2 ,p>ad4 ,p>adoxa2 ,luc4 ,lucullus2 ,hort5s4 ,hort5sius2 ,de ,(f4 ,de ,(ficiis2 ,tim4 ,timaeus2 ,cat4 ,mai4 ,cato ,maior2 ,lael4 ,laelius2 ,de ,leg4 ,de ,legibus2 ,de ,rep4 ,de ,republica2 ,somn4 ,scip4 ,somnium ,scipionis2 ,de ,or4 ,de ,oratore2 ,orat4 ,orator2 ,de ,inv4 ,de ,inv5tione2 ,brut4 ,brutus2 ,ad ,att4 ,ad ,atticum2 ,ad ,fam4 ,ad ,famili>es2 ,ad ,qu4 ,frat4 ,ad ,qu9tum ,fratrem2 ,9 ,v]r41 ,v]r4 ,9 ,v]rem2 ,div4 94 ,qu4 ,caec4 ,div9atio 9 ,qu9tum ,caecilium2 ,9 ,cat4 ,9 ,catil9am4 ,plat4 ,plato3 ,rep4 ,republic2 ,tim4 ,timaeus2 ,apol4 ,apologia ,socratis2 ,gorg4 ,gorgias2 ,!aet4 ,!aetetus4 ,ari/4 ,ari/otle2 ,nic4 ,e?4 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics2 ,mag4 ,mor4 ,magna ,moralia2 ,de ,g54 ,an4 ,de ,g5]atione ,animalium2 ,de ,g54 et ,corr4 ,de ,g5]atione et ,corruptione2 ,anal4 ,po/4 ,analytica ,po/]iora2 ,met4 ,metaphysica2 ,phys4 ,physica4 ,plut4 ,plut>*2 ,de ,plac4 ,phil4 ,de ,placitis ,philosophorum2 ,/o4 ,rep4 ,de ,/oicis ,repugnantiis4 ,sext4 ,sextus2 ,sext4 ,emp4 ,sextus ,empiricus2 ,adv4 ,ma?4 or ,a4,m4 ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos2 ,pyrrh4 ,hypotyp4 or ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 or ,p4,h4 ,pyrrhonen ,hypotyposen ,syntagmata4 ,diog4 or ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,/ob4 ,/obaeus2 ,phys4 ,physica2 ,e?4 ,e?ica4 ,gal52 ,de ,decr4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 ,de ,decretis ,hippocratis et ,platonis4 ,euseb4 ,eusebius2 ,pr4 ,ev4 ,praep>atio ,evangelii4 ,aug4 or ,augu/4 ,augu/9e2 ,contra ,ac4 or ,c4 ,ac4 ,contra ,academicos2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,de ,civitate ,dei4 ,qu9til4 ,qu9tilian2 ,in/4 ,or4 ,in/itutiones ,oratoriae4 ,s5eca2 ,ep4 ,epi/les2 ,consol4 ad ,helv4 ,consolatio ad ,helvidium4 ,epic4 ,epicurus2 ,democr4 ,democritus4 ,madv4 ,madvig2 ,m4,d4,f4 ,madvig's edition ( ! ,de ,f9ibus2 ,opusc4 ,opuscula2 ,em4 ,em5dationes ad ,cic]onis libros ,philosophicos2 ,em4 ,liv4 ,em5dationes ,livianae2 ,gram4 ,gramm>4 ,b5tl4 ,b5tley2 ,bait4 ,bait]2 ,dav4 ,davies2 ,ern4 ,erne/i2 ,=c4 ,=cell9i2 ,go]4 ,go]5z2 ,h]m4 ,h]mann2 ,lamb4 ,lamb9us2 ,man4 or ,manut4 ,manutius2 ,turn4 ,turnebus2 ,wes4 or ,wes5b4 ,wes5b]g4 ,corss4 ,corss52 ,ausspr4 ,ausspra*e1 ,vokalismus und ,betonung4 ,curt4 ,curtius2 ,grundz4 ,grundzge d] ,grie*is*5 ,etymologie4 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um4 ,dict4 ,biogr4 ,diction>y ( ,classical ,biography4 ,cf4 comp>e2 conj4 'conjecture' or 'conjectures'2 conjug4 conjugation2 con/r4 con/ruction2 ed4 edition2 edd4 editors2 em4 em5dation2 ex4 example2 exx4 examples2 exc4 except2 esp4 especially2 fragm4 fragm5t or fragm5ts2 ,gr4 & ,gk4 ,greek2 ,introd4 ,introduction2 ,lat4 ,lat92 n4 note2 nn4 notes2 om4 omit1 omits1 or omission2 prep4 preposition2 qu4 quotes or quot$ by2 subj4 subjunctive4 ,r4 & ,p4 ,ritt] & ,prell]'s ,hi/oria ,philosophiae ex fontium locis contexta4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,academica ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,cic]o z a ,/ud5t ( ,philosophy & ,man ( ,lett]s3 #ij--de ,b4,c4 ,x w\ld seem t ,cic]o's love = lit]ature 0 inh]it$ f 8 fa!r1 :o1 be+ ( infirm heal?1 liv$ con/antly at ,arp9um1 & sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 /udy4#a ,f him 0 probably d]iv$ t /rong love = ! old ,lat9 dramatic & epic poetry :i* 8 son ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s displays4 ,he too1 we may conjecture1 l$ ! "y ,cic]o to feel ! importance ( a /udy ( philosophy to s]ve z a corrective = ! some:at n>r[ rhetorical discipl9e ( ! "t4#b ,cic]o's fir/ sy/ematic lessons 9 philosophy 7 giv5 him by ! ,epicurean ,pha$rus1 !n at ,rome because ( ! unsettl$ /ate ( ,a!ns1 ^: lectures he att5d$ at a v e>ly age1 ev5 be=e he _h assum$ ! toga virilis4 ,! pupil seems to h be5 conv]t$ at once to ! t5ets ( ! ma/]4#c ,pha$rus rema9$ to ! end ( 8 life a fri5d ( ,cic]o1 :o speaks w>mly 9 praise ( 8 tea*]'s amiable disposition & ref9$ /yle4 ,he is ! only ,epicurean1 )1 p]haps1 ! exception ( ,lucretius1 :om ! orator ev] all[s to possess any lit]>y p[]4#d ,cic]o soon ab&on$ ,epicureanism1 b 8 s*oolfell[1 ,t4 ,pomponius ,atticus1 receiv$ m la/+ impressions f ! tea*+ ( ,pha$rus4 ,x 0 probably at ?is p]iod ( _! lives t ,atticus & 8 fri5d became acqua9t$ ) ,patro1 :o succe$$ ,z5o ( ,sidon z head ( ! ,epicurean s*ool4#e ,at ?is "t 7i4e4 be=e #hh ,b4,c47 ,cic]o also he>d ! lectures ( ,diodotus ! ,/oic1 ) :om he /udi$ *iefly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 ! art ( dialectic4#f ,?is art1 :i* ,cic]o deems s important to ! orator t he calls x abbreviat$ eloqu5ce1 0 !n ! monopoly ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,= "s "t ,cic]o sp5t all 8 days ) ,diodotus 9 ! sev]e/ /udy1 b he seems nev] to h be5 mu* attract$ by ! g5]al ,/oic tea*+4 ,/ill1 ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two la/$ till ! dea? ( ,diodotus1 :o1 accord+ to a fa%ion set by ! ,roman ,/oic circle ( ! "t ( ,scipio & ,laelius1 became an inmate ( ,cic]o's h\se1 :]e he di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #ei1 leav+ 8 pupil heir to a n inconsid]able prop]ty4#g ,he seems to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ m5 ( 8 "t1 & ,cic]o's feel+s t[>ds him 7 ^? ( gratitude1 e/eem1 & admiration4#h ,9 ! ye> #hh ,b4,c4 ! celebrat$ ,philo ( ,l>issa1 !n head ( ! ,academic s*ool1 came to ,rome1 "o ( a numb] ( em95t ,greeks :o fl$ f ,a!ns on ! approa* ( its siege dur+ ! ,mi?ridatic w>4 ,philo1 l ,diodotus1 0 a man ( v]satile g5ius3 unlike ! ,/oic philosoph]1 he 0 a p]fect ma/] bo? ( ! !ory & ! practice ( oratory4 ,cic]o _h sc>cely he>d him be=e all incl9ation = ,epicureanism 0 swept f 8 m9d1 & he surr5d]$ himself :olly1 z he tells u1 to ! brilliant ,academic4#i ,smitt5 ) a m>vell\s en?usiasm he ab&on$ all o!r /udies = philosophy4 ,8 zeal 0 quick5$ by ! conviction t ! old judicial sy/em ( ,rome 0 ov]?r[n = ev]1 & t ! great c>e] once op5 to an orator 0 n[ b>r$4#aj ,we ?us see t be=e ,cic]o 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 he _h be5 br\ght into intimate connection ) at lea/ ?ree ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s ( ! age1 :o repres5t$ ! ?ree mo/ vigor\s & important ,greek s*ools4 ,x is fair to conclude t he mu/ h become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) _! _s1 & ) ! ma9 t5ets ( ea*4 ,8 own /atem5ts1 aft] e d$uction necessitat$ by 8 egotism has be5 made1 leave no d\bt ab\t 8 dilig5ce z a /ud5t4 ,9 8 lat] works he (t5 dwells on 8 y\?ful devotion to philosophy4#aa ,x w\ld be unwise to lay too mu* /ress on ! intimate connection :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! rhetorical & ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,greeks2 b !re c be little d\bt t f ! great rhetorician ,molo1 !n ,rhodian ambassador at ,rome1 ,cic]o ga9$ valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! e?ical "p ( ,greek philosophy4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #hh--ha ,b4,c41 ,cic]o employ$ himself incessantly ) ! /udy ( philosophy1 law1 rhetoric1 & belles lettres4 ,_m ambiti\s works 9 ! la/ two dep>tm5ts m5tion$ 7 writt5 by him at ?is p]iod4 ,on ,sulla's return to ! city aft] 8 conque/ ( ! ,m>ian p>ty 9 ,italy1 judicial affairs once m took _! regul> c\rse1 & ,cic]o appe>$ z a plead] 9 ! c\rts1 ! "o philosophic orator ( ,rome1 z he n unju/ly boa/s#ab4 ,= two ye>s he 0 busily engag$1 & !n sudd5ly left ,rome = a t\r 9 ,ea/]n ,hellas4 ,x is usually suppos$ t he came into collision ) ,sulla ?r\gh ! fre$man ,*rysogonus1 :o 0 implicat$ 9 ! case ( ,roscius4 ,! sil5ce ( ,cic]o is en\gh to condemn ?is !ory1 :i* re/s on no bett] evid5ce ?an t ( ,plut>*4 ,cic]o himself1 ev5 :5 m5tion+ 8 spee* 9 def5ce ( ,roscius1 nev] assigns any o!r cause = 8 dep>ture ?an 8 heal?1 :i* 0 be+ und]m9$ by 8 passionate /yle ( oratory#ac4 ,! :ole two ye>s #gi--gg ,b4,c4 7 sp5t 9 ! society ( ,greek philosoph]s & rhetoricians4 ,! fir/ six mon?s pass$ at ,a!ns1 & 7 almo/ entirely devot$ to philosophy1 s9ce1 ) ! exception ( ,demetrius ,syrus1 !re 7 no em95t rhetorical tea*]s at t "t resid5t 9 ! city#ad4 ,by ! advice ( ,philo himself#ae1 ,cic]o att5d$ ! lectures ( t cle> ?9k] & writ]1 z ,diog5es calls him#af1 ,z5o ( ,sidon1 n[ ! head ( ! ,epicurean s*ool4 ,9 ,cic]o's lat] works !re are sev]al ref]5ces to 8 tea*+4 ,he 0 bit+ & s>ca/ic 9 spee*1 & spiteful 9 _s1 h5ce 9 /rik+ contra/ to ,patro & ,pha$rus#ag4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t ,z5o is numb]$ by ,cic]o among ^? pupils & admir]s ( ,c>neades :om he _h kn[n#ah4 ,pha$rus 0 n[ at ,a!ns1 & along ) ,atticus :o lov$ him beyond all o!r philosoph]s#ai1 ,cic]o sp5t mu* "t 9 li/5+ to 8 in/ruction1 :i* 0 eag]ly discuss$ by ! two pupils#bj4 ,patro 0 probably 9 ,a!ns at ! same "t1 b ?is is n[h]e explicitly /at$4 ,cic]o mu/ at ?is "t h atta9$ an almo/ complete famili>ity ) ! ,epicurean doctr9es4 ,!re seem to h be5 no em95t repres5tatives ( ! ,/oic s*ool !n at ,a!ns4 ,nor is any m5tion made ( a ,p]ipatetic tea*] ^: lectures ,cic]o might h att5d$1 ?\gh ,m4 ,pupius ,piso1 a pr(ess$ ,p]ipatetic1 0 "o ( 8 companions 9 ?is soj\rn at ,a!ns#ba4 ,only ?ree notable ,p]ipatetics 7 at ?is "t liv+4 ,( ^! ,/aseas ( ,naples1 :o liv$ "s "t 9 ,piso's h\se1 0 n !n at ,a!ns#bb2 x is probable1 h[ev]1 f a m5tion ( him 9 ! ,de ,oratore1 t ,cic]o knew himm ?r\gh ,piso4 ,diodorus1 ! pupil ( ,critolaus1 is frequ5tly nam$ by ,cic]o1 b nev] z an acqua9tance4 ,cratippus 0 at ?is "t unkn[n to him4 ,! philosoph] f ^: lessons ,cic]o c]ta9ly le>n$ mo/ at ?is p]iod 0 ,antio*us ( ,ascalon1 n[ ! repres5tative ( a ,/oicis$ ,academic s*ool4 ,( ?is tea*]1 h[ev]1 ,i %all h to treat lat]1 :5 ,i %all attempt to e/imate ! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] our au?or4 ,x is suffici5t "h to say t on ! ma9 po9t :i* 0 9 controv]sy betwe5 ,philo & ,antio*us1 ,cic]o /ill cont9u$ to ?9k ) 8 e>li] tea*]4 ,8 lat] works1 h[ev]1 make x evid5t t he set a high value on ! abilities & ! le>n+ ( ,antio*us1 especially 9 dialectic1 :i* 0 taught aft] ,/oic pr9ciples4 ,cic]o speaks ( him z em95t among ! philosoph]s ( ! "t1 bo? = tal5t & acquirem5t #bc2 z a man ( acute intellect#bd2 z possess$ ( a po9t$ /yle#be2 9 f9e1 z ! mo/ cultivat$ & ke5e/ ( ! philosoph]s ( ! age#bf4 ,a consid]able fri5d%ip sprang up betwe5 ,antio*us & ,cic]o#bg1 :i* 0 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t _m fri5ds ( ! latt]1 su* z ,piso1 ,v>ro1 ,lucullus & ,brutus1 m or less adh]$ to ! views ( ,antio*us4 ,x is improbable t ,cic]o at ?is "t became acqua9t$ ) ,ari/us ! bro!r ( ,antio*us1 s9ce 9 ! ,academica#bh he is m5tion$ 9 su* a way z to %[ t he 0 unkn[n to ,cic]o 9 ,b4,c4 #fb4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ,cic]o :ile at ,a!ns _h be5 to le>n philosophy2 9 ,asia & at ,rhodes he devot$ himself *iefly to rhetoric1 "u ! guidance ( ! mo/ not$ ,greek tea*]s1 *ief ( :om1 0 8 old fri5d ,molo1 ! coryphaeus ( ! ,rhodian s*ool#bi4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 =m$ :ile at ,rhodes "o fri5d%ip :i* l>gely influ5c$ 8 views ( philosophy1 t ) ,posidonius ! pupil ( ,panaetius1 ! mo/ fam\s ,/oic ( ! age4 ,to him ,cic]o makes ref]5ce 9 8 works (t5] ?an to any o!r in/ructor4 ,he speaks ( him z ! greate/ ( ! ,/oics#cj2 z a mo/ notable philosoph]1 to visit :om ,pompey1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 ea/]n campaigns1 put himself to mu* tr\ble#ca2 z a m9ute inquir]#cb4 ,he is sc>cely ev] m5tion$ )\t "s expression ( affection1 & ,cic]o tells u t he read 8 works m ?an ^? ( any o!r au?or#cc4 ,posidonius 0 at a lat] "t resid5t at ,rome1 & /ay$ 9 ,cic]o's h\se4 ,hecato ! ,rhodian1 ano!r pupil ( ,panaetius1 may h be5 at ,rhodes at ?is "t4 ,mnes>*us & ,d>danus1 also he>]s ( ,panaetius1 belong$ to an e>li] "t1 & al?\gh ,cic]o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! =m]1 he does n seem to h kn[n ei!r p]sonally4 ,f ! ye> #gg to ! ye> #fh ,b4,c41 :5 ! s]ies ( lett]s beg9s1 ,cic]o 0 d\btless too busily engag$ ) legal & political affairs to sp5d mu* "t 9 sy/ematic /udy4 ,t 8 oratory ow$ mu* to philosophy f ! fir/ he repeat$ly insi/s2 & we "k f 8 lett]s t x 0 8 lat] practice to refre% 8 /yle by mu* /udy ( ! ,greek writ]s1 & especially ! philosoph]s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod !n1 ab\t :i* we h little or no in=mation1 we may believe t he kept up 8 old k by conv]se ) 8 _m ,roman fri5ds :o _h a b5t t[>ds philosophy1 z well z ) ! ,greeks :o f "t to "t came to ,rome & frequ5t$ ! h\ses ( ! ,optimates2 to ?is he add$ su* read+ z 8 leisure w\ld all[4 ,! lett]s conta9$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ^? address$ to ,atticus1 :i* range ov] ! ye>s #fh--fb ,b4,c41 af=d _m pro(s ( ! abid+ /r5g? ( 8 passion = lit]>y employm5t4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is "t we f9d him entreat+ ,atticus to let him h a libr>y :i* 0 !n = sale2 express+ at ! same "t 9 ! /ronge/ language 8 loa?+ = public affairs1 & 8 love = books1 to :i* he looks z ! support ( 8 old age#cd4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 busie/ political occupations1 :5 he 0 work+ 8 h>de/ = ! consul%ip1 8 he>t 0 giv5 to ! adornm5t ( 8 ,tusculan villa 9 a way suit$ to 8 lit]>y & philosophic ta/es4 ,?is may be tak5 z a specim5 ( 8 _s ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,he 0 be=e all ?+s a man ( lett]s2 comp>$ ) lit]ature1 politics & oratory held q a second>y place 9 8 affections4 ,public bus9ess employ$ 8 intellect1 b nev] 8 he>t4 ,! ye> #fb releas$ him f ! consul%ip & enabl$ him to indulge 8 lit]>y ta/es4 ,to ?is ye> belong ! publication ( 8 spee*es1 :i* 7 cr[d$1 he says1 ) ! maxims ( philosophy#ce2 ! hi/ory ( 8 consul%ip1 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ! ,greek v]sion :i* he s5t to ,posidonius be+ modell$ on ,isocrates & ,ari/otle2 & ! poem on 8 consul%ip1 ( :i* "s fragm5ts rema94 ,a ye> or two lat] we f9d him read+ ) en?usiasm ! works ( ,dicae>*us1 & keep+ up 8 acqua9tance ) liv+ ,greek philosoph]s#cf4 ,8 long lack ( leisure seems to h caus$ an almo/ unqu5*able ?ir/ = read+ at ?is "t4 ,8 fri5d ,paetus _h inh]it$ a valuable libr>y1 :i* he pres5t$ to ,cic]o4 ,x 0 9 ,greece at ! "t1 & ,cic]o ?us writes to ,atticus3 ,if y love me & feel sure ( my love = y1 use all ! endeav\rs ( y\r fri5ds1 cli5ts1 acqua9tances1 fre$m51 & ev5 slaves to prev5t a s+le leaf f be+ lo/4444 ,e day ,i f9d great] satisfaction 9 /udy1 s f> z my =5sic lab\rs p]mit#cg4 ,at ?is p]iod ( 8 life ,cic]o sp5t mu* "t 9 /udy at 8 e/ates ne> ,tusculum1 ,antium1 ,=miae1 & else:]e4 ,i dwell ) great] emphasis on ^! facts1 because ( ! idea n[ spread abroad t ,cic]o 0 a m]e dabbl] 9 lit]ature1 & t 8 works 7 extempore p>aphrases ( ,greek books half und]/ood4 ,9 tru?1 8 appetite = e k9d ( lit]ature 0 insatiable1 & 8 atta9m5ts 9 ea* dep>tm5t consid]able4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ le>n$ ,roman ( 8 age1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,v>ro4 ,"o ( 8 lett]s to ,atticus#ch w give a fair picture ( 8 life at ?is "t4 ,he especially /udi$ ! political writ+s ( ! ,greeks1 su* z ,!ophra/us & ,dicae>*us#ci4 ,he also wrote hi/orical memoirs aft] ! fa%ion1 ( ,!opompus#dj4 ,! ye>s f #ei--eg ,b4,c4 7 ye>s 9 :i* ,cic]o's private c>es ov]:elm$ all ?\ght ( o!r occupation4 ,soon aft] 8 return f exile1 9 ! ye> #ef1 he describes himself z dev\r+ lit]ature ) a m>vell\s man nam$ ,dionysius#da1 & laugh+ly pron\nc+ t no?+ is sweet] ?an univ]sal k4 ,he sp5t great "p ( ! ye> #ee at ,cumae or ,naples fe$+ ^u ! libr>y ( ,fau/us ,sulla1 ! son ( ! ,dictator#db4 ,lit]ature =m$ !n1 he tells u1 8 solace & support1 & he w\ld r sit 9 a g>d5 seat :i* ,atticus _h1 b5ea? a bu/ ( ,ari/otle1 ?an 9 ! ivory *air ( (fice4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>1 he 0 busily engag$ on ! ,de ,oratore1 a "w :i* cle>ly proves 8 cont9u$ famili>ity ) ,greek philosophy#dc4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ed7 he writes t politics mu/ cease = him1 & t he !re=e returns unres]v$ly to ! life mo/ 9 accordance ) nature1 t ( ! /ud5t#dd4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he 0 aga9 = ! mo/ "p at ^? ( 8 c\ntry villas :]e 8 be/ collections ( books 74 ,at ?is "t 0 writt5 ! ,de ,republica1 a "w to :i* ,i may appeal = evid5ce t 8 old philosophical /udies _h by no means be5 all[$ to drop#de4 ,ari/otle is especially m5tion$ z "o ( ! au?ors read at ?is "t#df4 ,9 ! ye> #eb ,b4,c4 came ! ,de ,legibus1 writt5 amid _m di/ract+ occupations2 a "w pr(ess$ly modell$ on ,plato & ! old] philosoph]s ( ! ,socratic s*ools4 ,9 ! ye> #ea ,cic]o1 !n on 8 way to ,cilicia1 revisit$ ,a!ns1 mu* to 8 own pleasure & t ( ! ,a!nians4 ,he /ay$ 9 ! h\se ( ,ari/us1 ! bro!r ( ,antio*us & tea*] ( ,brutus4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ?is philosoph] 0 la/+1 if we may judge f ! affectionate m5tion 9 ! ,brutus#dg4 ,cic]o also speaks 9 k9dly t]ms ( ,x5o1 an ,epicurean fri5d ( ,atticus1 :o 0 !n ) ,patro at ,a!ns4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,cic]o int]f]$ to prev5t ,memmius1 ! pupil ( ! great ,roman ,epicurean ,lucretius1 f de/roy+ ! h\se 9 :i* ,epicurus _h liv$#dh4 ,cic]o seems to h be5 some:at disappo9t$ ) ! /ate ( philosophy at ,a!ns1 ,ari/us be+ ! only man ( m]it !n resid5t !re#di4 ,on ! j\rney f ,a!ns to 8 prov9ce1 he made ! acqua9tance ( ,cratippus1 :o aft]w>ds taught at ,a!ns z head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool#ej4 ,at ?is "t he 0 resid5t at ,mityl5e1 :]e ,cic]o seems to h pass$ "s "t 9 8 society#ea4 ,he 0 by f> ! greate/1 ,cic]o said1 ( all ! ,p]ipatetics he _h himself he>d1 & inde$ equal 9 m]it to ! mo/ em95t ( t s*ool#eb4 ,! c>e ( t disord]$ prov9ce ,cilicia en\gh to employ ,cic]o's ?\ghts till ! end ( #ej4 ,yet he ye>n$ = ,a!ns & philosophy4 ,he wi%$ to leave "s memorial ( himself at ! beautiful city1 & anxi\sly ask$ ,atticus :e!r x w\ld look fooli% to build a at ! ,academia1 z ,appius1 8 pr$ecessor1 _h done at ,eleusis#ec4 ,x seems ! ,a!nians ( ! "t 7 9 ! habit ( adapt+ _! anci5t /atues to suit ! noble ,romans ( ! day1 & ( plac+ on !m fulsome inscriptions4 ,( ?is practice ,cic]o speaks ) loa?+4 ,9 "o lett] ( ?is date he c>efully discusses ! errors ,atticus _h po9t$ out 9 ! books ,de ,republica#ed4 ,8 wi%es ) reg>d to ,a!ns /ill kept _! hold ^u 8 m9d1 & on 8 way home f ,cilicia he spoke ( conf]r+ on ! city "s signal fav\r#ee4 ,cic]o 0 anxi\s to %[ ,rhodes1 ) its s*ool ( eloqu5ce1 to ! two boys ,m>cus & ,qu9tus1 :o accompani$ him1 & !y probably t\*$ !re = a few days#ef4 ,f !nce !y w5t to ,a!ns1 :]e ,cic]o aga9 /ay$ ) ,ari/us#eg1 & r5ew$ 8 fri5d%ip ) o!r philosoph]s1 among !m ,x5o ! fri5d ( ,atticus#eh4 ,on ,cic]o's return to ,italy public affairs 7 9 a v critical condition1 & left little room = ?\ghts ab\t lit]ature4 ,! lett]s :i* belong to ?is "t are v pa!tic4 ,cic]o sev]al times contra/s ! /atesm5 ( ! "t ) ! ,scipio he _h himself drawn 9 ! ,de ,republica#ei2 :5 he ?9ks ( ,caes>1 ,plato's description ( ! tyrant is pres5t to 8 m9d#fj2 :51 he delib]ates ab\t ! c\rse he is himself to take1 he naturally recals ! example ( ,socrates1 :o refus$ to leave ,a!ns amid ! misrule ( ! ?irty tyrants#fa4 ,x is curi\s to f9d ,cic]o1 9 ! v mid/ ( civil w>1 por+ ov] ! book ( ,demetrius ! ,magnesian conc]n+ concord#fb2 or employ+ 8 days 9 argu+ ) himself a /r+ ( ab/ract philosophical propositions ab\t tyranny#fc4 ,no?+ c\ld m cle>ly %[ t he 0 really a man ( books2 by no?+ b accid5t a politician4 ,9 ^! evil days1 h[ev]1 no?+ 0 long to 8 ta/e2 books1 lett]s1 /udy1 all 9 _! turn became unpleasant#fd4 ,z soon z ,cic]o _h become fully reconcil$ to ,caes> 9 ! ye> #df he return$ ) desp]ate en]gy to 8 old lit]>y pursuits4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ,v>ro 9 t ye>#fe1 he says ,i assure y ,i _h no soon] return$ to ,rome ?an ,i r5ew$ my intimacy ) my old fri5ds1 my books4 ,^! gave him real com=t1 & 8 /udies seem$ to be> ri*] fruit ?an 9 8 days ( prosp]ity#ff4 ,! t5or ( all 8 lett]s at ?is "t is ! same3 see especially ! rema9+ lett]s to ,v>ro & also to ,sulpicius#fg4 ,! ,p>titiones ,oratoriae1 ! ,p>adoxa1 ! ,orator1 & ! ,laudatio ,catonis1 to :i* ,caes> repli$ by 8 ,anticato1 7 all f9i%$ )9 ! ye>4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> ! ,hort5sius & ! ,de ,f9ibus _h probably bo? be5 plann$ & comm5c$4 ,e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,academica1 ! hi/ory ( :i* ,i %all trace else:]e1 0 writt54 ,i h n[ f9i%$ ! fir/ portion ( my task2 ,i h %[n ,cic]o z ! man ( lett]s & ! /ud5t ( philosophy dur+ t portion ( 8 life :i* prec$$ ! writ+ ( ! ,academica4 ,ev5 ! evid5ce ,i h produc$1 :i* does n include su* indirect indications ( philosophical /udy z might be obta9$ f ! actual philosophical works ( ,cic]o1 is suffici5t to ju/ify 8 boa/ t at no "t _h he be5 divorc$ f philosophy#fh4 ,he 0 entitl$ to repel ! *>ge made by "s p on ! publication ( 8 fir/ book ( ! lat] p]iod--! ,hort5sius--t he 0 a m]e tiro 9 philosophy1 by ! ass]tion t on ! contr>y no?+ _h m occupi$ 8 ?\ghts ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( a wond]fully en]getic life#fi4 ,did ! scope ( ?is edition all[ x1 ,i %\ld h little difficulty 9 %[+ f a m9ute survey ( 8 works1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) anci5t au?orities1 t 8 k ( ,greek philosophy 0 ne>ly z accurate z x 0 ext5sive4 ,s f> z ! ,academica is conc]n$1 ,i h _h 9 my notes an opportunity ( def5d+ ,cic]o's sub/antial accuracy2 ( ! success ( ! def5ce ,i mu/ leave ! read] to judge4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is "w ,i %all h to expose ! gr\ndlessness ( _m feel+s & judgm5ts n[ curr5t :i* h contribut$ to produce a l[ e/imate ( ,cic]o's philosophical atta9m5ts1 b !re is "o piece ( unfairness :i* ,i %all h no bett] opportunity ( m5tion+ ?an ! pres5t4 ,x is ?is4 ,cic]o1 ! philosoph]1 is made to suff] = ! %ortcom+s ( ,cic]o ! politician4 ,s*ol>s :o h le>n$ to despise 8 political weakness1 vanity1 & irresolution1 make ha/e to depreciate 8 a*ievem5ts 9 philosophy1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves to inquire too closely into _! intr9sic value4 ,i am sorry to be oblig$ to in/ance ! illu/ri\s ,momms51 :o speaks ( ! ,de ,legibus z an oasis 9 ! des]t ( ?is dre>y & volum9\s writ]4 ,f political p>tizan%ip1 & prejudices bas$ on facts irrelevant to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i beg all /ud5ts to free !mselves 9 read+ ! ,academica4 ,,ii4 ,! ,philosophical ,op9ions ( ,cic]o4 ,9 ord] to def9e ) cle>ness ! position ( ,cic]o z a /ud5t ( philosophy1 x w\ld be indisp5sable to ent] into a detail$ hi/orical exam9ation ( ! lat] ,greek s*ools--! ,/oic1 ,p]ipatetic1 ,epicurean & new ,academic4 ,^! x w\ld be necess>y to "k1 n m]ely z !y came f ! h&s ( _! f\nd]s1 b z !y exi/$ 9 ,cic]o's age2 ,/oicism n z ,z5o und]/ood x1 b z ,posidonius & ! o!r pupils ( ,panaetius prop\nd$ x2 n m]ely ! ,epicureanism ( ,epicurus1 b t ( ,z5o1 ,pha$rus1 ,patro1 & ,x5o2 ! doctr9es taught 9 ! ,lyceum by ,cratippus2 ! new ,academicism ( ,philo z well z t ( ,arcesilas & ,c>neades2 ! m$ley ( ,academicism1 ,p]ipateticism1 & ,/oicism put =w>d by ,antio*us 9 ! "n ( ! ,old ,academy4 ,a sy/ematic attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] =ms ( doctr9e held by ^! s*ools is /ill a great desid]atum4 ,cic]o's /atem5ts conc]n+ any p>ticul> s*ool are g5]ally te/$ by comp>+ !m ) ! ass]tions made by anci5t au?orities ab\t ! e>li] repres5tatives ( ! s*ool4 ,%\ld any discrepancy appe>1 x is at once conclud$ t ,cic]o is 9 gross error1 :]eas1 9 all probability1 he is utt]+ op9ions :i* w\ld h be5 recognis$ z g5u9e by ^? :o 7 at ! head ( ! s*ool 9 8 day4 ,! criticism ( ,madvig ev5 is n free f ?is error1 z w be se5 f my notes on sev]al passages ( ! ,academica#gj4 ,z my space =bids me to attempt ! ?or\gh inquiry ,i h indicat$ z desirable1 ,i c b describe 9 r\gh outl9e ! relation 9 :i* ,cic]o /&s to ! *ief s*ools4 ,! two ma9 tasks ( ! lat] ,greek philosophy 71 z ,cic]o (t5 insi/s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a crit]ion su* z w\ld suffice to di/+ui% ! true f ! false1 & ! det]m9ation ( an e?ical /&>d#ga4 ,we h 9 ! ,academica ,cic]o's view ( ! fir/ problem3 t ! atta9m5t ( any infallible crit]ion 0 impossible4 ,to g m into detail "h w\ld be to anticipate ! text ( ! ,lucullus z well z my notes4 ,)\t fur!r ref9em5ts1 ,i may say t ,cic]o 9 ?is respect 0 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! ,new ,academic s*ool1 & 9 opposition to all o!r s*ools4 ,z he himself says1 ! doctr9e t absolute k is impossible 0 ! "o ,academic t5et aga9/ :i* all ! o!r s*ools 7 comb9$#gb4 ,9 t :i* 0 mo/ di/9ctively ,new ,academic1 ,cic]o foll[$ ! ,new ,academy4 ,x is easy to see :at !re 0 9 su* a t5et to attract ,cic]o4 ,no?+ 0 m repulsive to 8 m9d ?an dogmatism4 ,z an orator1 he 0 accu/om$ to he> argum5ts put =w>d ) equal p]suasiv5ess on bo? sides ( a case4 ,x seem$ to him arrogant to make any proposition ) a conviction ( its absolute1 inde/ructible & irrefragable tru?4 ,"o requisite ( a philosophy ) him 0 t x %\ld avoid ?is arrogance#gc4 ,philosoph]s ( ! highe/ respectability _h held ! mo/ opposite op9ions on ! same subjects4 ,to )hold absolute ass5t f all doctr9es1 :ile giv+ a qualifi$ ass5t to ^? :i* seem$ mo/ probable1 0 ! only prud5t c\rse#gd4 ,cic]o's temp]am5t also1 ap>t f 8 exp]i5ce z an orator1 incl9$ him to *>ity & tol]ation1 & repell$ him f ! fury ( dogmatism4 ,he repeat$ly insi/s t ! div]sities ( op9ion :i* ! mo/ fam\s intellects display1 ought to lead m5 to tea* "o ano!r ) all g5tl5ess & meekness#ge4 ,9 positiv5ess ( ass]tion !re seem$ to be some?+ reckless & disgraceful1 unwor?y ( a self-controll$ "*#gf4 ,"h we h a t\* ( feel+ ?or\ghly ,roman4 ,cic]o fur!r urges argum5ts simil> to "s put =w>d by a long s]ies ( ,engli% ?9k]s f ,milton to ,mill1 to %[ t ! free conflict ( op9ion is necess>y to ! progress ( philosophy1 :i* 0 by t v fre$om br\ght rapidly to maturity 9 ,greece#gg4 ,:]ev] au?ority has l\dly rais$ its voice1 says ,cic]o1 !re philosophy has p9$4 ,py?agoras#gh is quot$ z a w>n+ example1 & ! baneful effects ( au?ority are (t5 depict$#gi4 ,! true philosophic _s requires u to f9d out :at c be said = e view4 ,x is a positive duty to discuss all aspects ( e "q1 aft] ! example ( ! ,old ,academy & ,ari/otle#hj4 ,^? :o dem& a dogmatic /atem5t ( belief are m]e busybodies#ha4 ,! ,academics glory 9 _! fre$om ( judgm5t4 ,!y are n compell$ to def5d an op9ion :e!r !y w or no1 m]ely because "o ( _! pr$ecessors has laid x d[n#hb4 ,s f> does ,cic]o c>ry ?is fre$om1 t 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,tusculan ,disputations1 he ma9ta9s a view entirely at v>iance ) ! :ole ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,de ,f9ibus1 & :5 ! discrepancy is po9t$ out1 refuses to be b\nd by 8 =m] /atem5ts1 on ! score t he is an ,academic & a freeman#hc4 ,modo hoc1 modo illud probabilius videtur#hd4 ,! ,academic sips ! be/ ( e s*ool#he4 ,he roams 9 ! wide field ( philosophy1 :ile ! ,/oic d>es n /ir a foot's bread? away f ,*rysippus#hf4 ,! ,academic is only anxi\s t p %\ld combat 8 op9ions2 = he makes x 8 sole aim1 ) ,socrates1 to rid himself & o!rs ( ! mi/s ( error#hg4 ,?is _s is ev5 f\nd 9 ,lucullus ! ,antio*ean#hh4 ,:ile pr(ess+1 h[ev]1 ?is philosophic bohemianism1 ,cic]o indignantly repels ! *>ge t ! ,academy1 ?\gh claim+ to seek = ! tru?1 has no tru? to foll[#hi4 ,! probable is = x ! true4 ,ano!r consid]ation :i* attract$ ,cic]o to ^! t5ets 0 _! evid5t adaptability to ! purposes ( oratory1 & ! fact t eloqu5ce 01 z he puts x1 ! *ild ( ! ,academy#ij4 ,orators1 politicians1 & /yli/s _h ev] f\nd _! be/ n\ri%m5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,academic & ,p]ipatetic ma/]s#ia4 ,! ,/oics & ,epicureans c>$ no?+ = p[] ( expression4 ,aga91 ! ,academic t5ets 7 ^? ) :i* ! common s5se ( ! _w c\ld h mo/ sympa?y#ib4 ,! ,academy also 0 ! s*ool :i* _h ! mo/ respectable p$igree4 ,comp>$ ) its sy/em1 all o!r philosophies 7 plebeian#ic4 ,! philosoph] :o be/ pres]v$ ! ,socratic tradition 0 mo/ e/imable1 cet]is p>ibus1 & t man 0 ,c>neades#id4 ,9 look+ at ! second great problem1 t ( ! e?ical /&>d1 we mu/ nev] =get t x 0 consid]$ by ne>ly all ! lat] philosoph]s z ( ov]:elm+ importance comp>$ ) ! fir/4 ,philosophy 0 emphatically def9$ z ! art ( conduct 7ars viv5di74 ,all speculative & non-e?ical doctr9es 7 m]ely e/imable z supply+ a basis on :i* ?is practical art c\ld be re>$4 ,?is is equally true ( ! ,pyrrhonian scepticism & ( ! dogmatism ( ,z5o & ,epicurus4 ,_! logical & physical doctr9es 7 m]e outworks or ramp>ts )9 :i* ! ord9>y life ( ! s*ool 0 c>ri$ on4 ,^! 7 useful *iefly 9 case ( attack by ! enemy2 9 "t ( peace e?ics held ! supremacy4 ,9 ?is fact we %all f9d a key to unlock _m difficulties 9 ,cic]o's philosophical writ+s4 ,i may in/ance "o passage 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,academica ,po/]iora#ie1 :i* has giv5 mu* tr\ble to editors4 ,cic]o is !re *>g$ by ,v>ro ) hav+ des]t$ ! ,old ,academy = ! ,new1 & admits ! *>ge4 ,h[ is ?is to be reconcil$ ) 8 own (t-repeat$ /atem5ts t he nev] recant$ ! doctr9es ,philo _h taught him8 ,simply ?us4 ,arcesilas1 ,c>neades1 & ,philo _h be5 too busy ) _! polemic aga9/ ,z5o & 8 foll[]s1 ma9ta9$ on logical gr\nds1 to deal mu* ) e?ics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! works :i* ,cic]o _h writt5 & publi%$ be=e ! ,academica1 :]ev] he _h t\*$ philosophy1 x _h be5 on its e?ical side4 ,! works !mselves1 moreov]1 7 direct imitations ( e>ly ,academic & ,p]ipatetic writ]s1 :o1 9 ! r\gh popul> view :i* reg>d$ e?ics ma9ly or solely1 really compos$ a s+le s*ool1 d5ot$ by ! phrase ,vetus ,academia4 ,g5]al read]s1 !re=e1 :o consid]$ e?ical resemblance z ( f> great] mom5t ?an dialectical diff]5ce1 w\ld naturally look ^u ,cic]o z a support] ( _! ,vetus ,academia1 s long z he kept cle> ( dialectic2 :5 he br\ght dialectic to ! front1 & pron\nc$ boldly = ,c>neades1 !y w\ld naturally reg>d him z a des]t] f ! ,old ,academy to ! ,new4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! fact t = _m ye>s be=e ,cic]o wrote1 ! ,academic dialectic _h f\nd no em95t expositor4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case1 t :5 ,cic]o wrote ! ,academica he 0 *>g$ ) con/itut+ himself ! *ampion ( an explod$ & discr$it$ s*ool#if4 ,cic]o's e?ics1 !n1 /& q ap>t f 8 dialectic4 ,9 ! sph]e ( morals he felt ! dang] ( ! pr9ciple ( d\bt4 ,ev5 9 ! ,de ,legibus :5 ! dialogue turns on a moral "q1 he begs ! ,new ,academy1 :i* has introduc$ confusion into ^! subjects1 to be sil5t#ig4 ,aga91 ,antio*us1 :o 9 ! dialectical dialogue is reject$1 is 9 ! ,de ,legibus spok5 ( ) consid]able fav\r#ih4 ,all e?ical sy/ems :i* seem$ to af=d /ability to moral pr9ciples _h an attraction = ,cic]o4 ,he 0 fasc9at$ by ! ,/oics almo/ beyond ! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,9 respect ( _! e?ical & religi\s ideas he calls !m great & fam\s philosoph]s#ii1 & he frequ5tly speaks ) some?+ l %ame ( ! treatm5t !y _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,arcesilas & ,c>neades4 ,once he gives expression to a fe> le/ !y %\ld be ! only true philosoph]s aft] all#ajj4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( magnific5ce ab\t ! ,/oic utt]ances on morality1 m suit$ to a sup]human ?an a human _w1 :i* allur$ ,cic]o m ?an ! b>r5ness ( ! ,/oic dialectic repell$ him#aja4 ,on moral que/ions1 !re=e1 we (t5 f9d him go+ f>!r 9 ! direction ( ,/oicism ?an ev5 8 tea*] ,antio*us4 ,"o great "q :i* divid$ ! philosoph]s ( ! "t 01 :e!r happ9ess 0 capable ( degrees4 ,! ,/oics ma9ta9$ t x 0 n1 & 9 a rem>kable passage ,cic]o agrees ) !m1 explicitly reject+ ! position ( ,antio*us1 t a life enri*$ by virtue1 b unatt5d$ by o!r advantages1 might be happy1 b c\ld n be ! happie/ possible#ajb4 ,he begs ! ,academic & ,p]ipatetic s*ools to cease f giv+ an unc]ta9 s\nd 7balbutire7 & to all[ t ! happ9ess ( ! wise man w\ld rema9 unimpair$ ev5 if he 7 ?ru/ into ! bull ( ,phal>is#ajc4 ,9 ano!r place he admits ! purely ,/oic doctr9e t virtue is "o & indivisible#ajd4 ,^! op9ions1 h[ev]1 he w n all[ to be di/9ctively ,/oic1 b appeals to ,socrates z 8 au?ority = !m#aje4 ,z5o1 :o is m]ely an ignoble craftsman ( words1 /ole !m f ! ,old ,academy4 ,?is is ,cic]o's g5]al feel+ ) reg>d to ,z5o1 & !re c be no d\bt t he caught x f ,antio*us :o1 9 /eal+ ! doctr9es ( ,z5o1 ev] /\tly ma9ta9$ t ,z5o _h /ol5 !m be=e4 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ *iefly ! e?ics ( ,z5o ) ?is feel+1 :ile ,antio*us s reg>d$ *iefly ! dialectic4 ,x is j 9 ?is t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,antio*us & ,cic]o lies4 ,to ! =m] ,z5o's dialectic 0 true & ,socratic1 :ile ! latt] treat$ x z un-,socratic1 look+ ^u ,socrates z ! apo/le ( d\bt#ajf4 ,on ! :ole ,cic]o 0 m 9 accord ) ,/oic e?ics ?an ,antio*us4 ,n 9 all po9ts1 h[ev]3 = :ile ,antio*us accept$ )\t res]ve ! ,/oic p>adoxes1 ,cic]o hesitat+ly foll[$ !m1 al?\gh he conc$$ t !y 7 ,socratic#ajg4 ,aga91 ,antio*us subscrib$ to ! ,/oic !ory t all emotion 0 s9ful2 ,cic]o1 :o 0 v human 9 8 joys & sorr[s1 refus$ x ) horror#ajh4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t on "s po9ts ,cic]o 0 inconsi/5t4 ,9 ! ,de ,f9ibus he argu$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,p]ipatetic & ,/oic e?ics 0 m]ely "o ( t]ms2 9 ! ,tusculan ,disputations he held x to be real4 ,! mo/ ,/oic 9 tone ( all 8 works are ! ,tusculan ,disputations & ! ,de ,(ficiis4 ,) reg>d to physics1 ,i may rem>k at ! outset t a comp>atively small importance 0 9 ,cic]o's "t atta*$ to ?is bran* ( philosophy4 ,its *ief importance lay 9 ! fact t anci5t !ology 01 z all natural !ology mu/ be1 an app5dage ( physical sci5ce4 ,! religi\s elem5t 9 ,cic]o's nature incl9$ him v /rongly to sympa?ize ) ! ,/oic views ab\t ! gr& univ]sal op]ation ( div9e p[]4 ,piety1 sanctity1 & moral good1 7 impossible 9 any =m1 he ?\ght1 if ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se 7 d5i$#aji4 ,x w5t to ,cic]o's he>t t ,c>neades %\ld h f\nd x necess>y to oppose ! beautiful ,/oic !ology1 & he def5ds ! great sceptic by ! plea t 8 "o aim 0 to ar\se m5 to ! inve/igation ( ! tru?#aaj4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile really foll[+ ! ,/oics 9 physics1 ,cic]o (t5 believ$ himself to be foll[+ ,ari/otle4 ,?is p>tly arose f ! actual adoption by ! late ,p]ipatetics ( _m ,/oic doctr9es1 :i* !y gave out z ,ari/otelian4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! spuri\s & ! g5u9e ,ari/otelian views pass$ undetect$1 ow+ to ! /range oblivion into :i* ! mo/ important works ( ,ari/otle _h fall5#aaa4 ,/ill1 ,cic]o contrives to correct _m ( ! extravagances ( ! ,/oic physics by a /udy ( ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,= a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( 8 notions ab\t physics1 ! ,timaeus ( ,plato1 :i* he knew well & translat$1 is especially important4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 also1 t ! ,/oic physics 7 9 ! ma9 ,ari/otelian1 & t ,cic]o 0 well aw>e ( ! fact4 ,v few words are necess>y 9 ord] to *>act]ize ,cic]o's e/imate ( ! ,p]ipatetic & ,epicurean s*ools4 ,! =m] 0 n v p[]fully repres5t$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! philosophical desc5dants ( ! au?or ( ! ,organon 7 notori\s = _! ignorance ( logic#aab1 & 9 e?ics _h approximat$ consid]ably to ! ,/oic tea*+4 ,:ile n mu* influ5c$ by ! s*ool1 ,cic]o g5]ally treats x t5d]ly = ! sake ( its great pa/1 deem+ x a wor?y bran* ( ! true ,socratic family4 ,) ! ,epicureans ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,9 physics !y /ood absolutely alone1 _! sy/em 0 grossly un9tellectual1 & !y disc>d$ ma!matics4 ,_! e?ical doctr9es excit$ 9 ,cic]o no?+ b loa?+1 dialectic !y did n use1 & !y cr[n$ all _! errors by a s9 :i* ! orator c\ld nev] p>don1 = !y 7 completely indiff]5t to e adornm5t & beauty ( language4 ,,iii4 ,! aim ( ,cic]o 9 writ+ 8 philosophical works4 ,x is usual to *>ge ,cic]o ) a want ( orig9ality z a philosoph]1 & on t score to depreciate 8 works4 ,! *>ge is true1 b /ill absurd1 = x re/s on a misconception1 n m]ely ( ,cic]o's purpose 9 writ+1 b ( ! :ole _s ( ! lat] ,greek speculation4 ,! conclusion drawn f ! *>ge is also q unw>rant$4 ,if ! lat] philosophy ( ! ,greeks is ( any value1 ,cic]o's works are ( equal value1 = x is only f !m t we get any full or cle> view ( x4 ,any "o :o attempts to reconcile ! contradictions ( ,/obaeus1 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,plut>* & o!r au?orities1 w p]haps feel little incl9ation to cry out aga9/ ! confusion ( ,cic]os ideas4 ,su* outcry1 n[ s common1 is due l>gely to ! want1 :i* ,i h already notic$1 ( any cle> exposition ( ! v>iations 9 doctr9e :i* ! late ,greek s*ools exhibit$ dur+ ! la/ two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,b to return to ! *>ge ( want ( orig9ality4 ,?is is a virtue :i* ,cic]o nev] claims4 ,!re is sc>cely "o ( 8 works 7if we except ! ?ird book ( ! ,de ,(ficiis71 :i* he does n freely confess to be tak5 :olly f ,greek s\rces4 ,inde$ at ! "t :5 he wrote1 orig9ality w\ld h be5 look$ ^u z a fault r ?an an excell5ce4 ,= two c5turies1 if we omit ,c>neades1 no "o _h prop\nd$ any?+ sub/antially novel 9 philosophy3 !re _h be5 simply "o eclectic comb9ation aft] ano!r ( pre-exi/+ t5ets4 ,x w\ld be ha/y to conclude t ! writ]s ( ^! two c5turies are !re=e undes]v+ ( our /udy1 = ! _s1 if n ! sub/ance ( ! doctr9es _h und]gone a mom5t\s *ange1 :i* ultimately ex]cis$ no unimportant influ5ce on society & on ! ,*ri/ian religion itself4 ,:5 ,cic]o began to write1 ! ,lat9 language may be said to h be5 de/itute ( a philosophical lit]ature4 ,philosophy 0 a seal$ /udy to ^? :o did n "k ,greek4 ,x 0 8 aim1 by putt+ ! be/ ,greek speculation into ! mo/ elegant ,lat9 =m1 to ext5d ! education ( 8 c\ntrym51 & to enri* _! lit]ature4 ,he wi%$ at ! same "t to /rike a bl[ at ! asc5d5cy ( ,epicureanism ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,! doctr9es ( ,epicurus _h alone appe>$ 9 ,lat9 9 a %ape suit$ to cat* ! popul> ta/e4 ,!re seems to h be5 a v l>ge ,epicurean lit]ature 9 ,lat91 ( :i* all b a few scanty traces is n[ lo/4 ,c4 ,amaf9ius1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,academica#aac1 0 ! fir/ to write1 & 8 books seem to h _h an enorm\s circulation#aad4 ,he _h a l>ge numb] ( imitators1 :o obta9$ su* a fav\rable reception1 t1 9 ,cic]o's /rong language1 !y took possession ( ! :ole ( ,italy#aae4 ,rabirius & ,catius ! ,insubrian1 possibly ! epicure & fri5d ( ,horace1 7 two ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! writ]s4 ,cic]o assigns v>i\s reasons = _! extreme popul>ity3 ! easy nature ( ! ,epicurean physics1 ! fact t !re 0 no o!r philosophy = ,lat9 read]s1 & ! voluptu\s bl&i%m5ts ( pleasure4 ,?is la/ cause1 z inde$ he 9 "o passage seems to all[1 mu/ h be5 ( little real importance4 ,x is exce$+ly rem>kable t ! :ole ( ! ,roman ,epicurean lit]ature dealt 9 an ov]:elm+ly great] degree ) ! physics ?an ) ! e?ics ( ,epicurus4 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ,italian races _h z yet a /rong practical basis = morality 9 ! legal & social con/itution ( ! family1 & did n mu* feel ! ne$ ( any speculative sy/em2 :ile ! g5]al decay among ! educat$ classes ( a belief 9 ! sup]natural1 accompani$ z x 0 by an increase ( sup]/ition among ! masses1 prep>$ ! way = ! acceptance ( a purely me*anical explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,b ( ?is subject1 int]e/+ & important z x is 9 itself1 & neglect$ ?\gh x has be51 ,i c treat no f>!r4 ,^! ,roman ,epicureans are cont9ually reproa*$ by ,cic]o = _! unc\? /yle ( writ+#aaf4 ,he inde$ confesses t he _h n read !m1 b 8 e/imate ( !m 0 probably correct4 ,a curi\s "q arises1 :i* ,i _c "h discuss1 z to ! reasons ,cic]o _h = omitt+ all m5tion ( ,lucretius :5 speak+ ( ^! ,roman ,epicureans4 ,! mo/ probable elucidation is1 t he f\nd x impossible to include ! great poet 9 8 sweep+ condemnation1 & be+ unwill+ to all[ t any?+ good c\ld come f ! s*ool ( ,epicurus1 pref]r$ to keep sil5ce1 :i* no?+ compell$ him to break1 s9ce ,lucretius 0 an obscure man & only sl[ly won 8 way to fav\r ) ! public4 ,9 addition to 8 desire to und]m9e ,epicureanism 9 ,italy1 ,cic]o _h a patriotic wi% to remove f ! lit]ature ( 8 c\ntry ! reproa* t x 0 completely de/itute :]e ,greek 0 ri*e/4 ,he (t5 tries by ! mo/ f>-fet*$ argum5ts to %[ t philosophy _h left its m>k on ! e>ly ,italian peoples#aag4 ,to ^? :o object$ t philosophy 0 be/ left to ! ,greek language1 he replies ) indignation1 accus+ !m ( be+ untrue to _! c\ntry#aah4 ,x w\ld be a glori\s ?+1 he ?9ks1 if ,romans 7 no long] absolutely compell$ to resort to ,greeks#aai4 ,he w n ev5 conc$e t ! ,greek is a ri*] tongue ?an ! ,lat9#abj4 ,z = ! alleg$ incapacity ( ! ,roman intellect to deal ) philosophical enquiries1 he w n he> ( x4 ,x is only1 he says1 because ! en]gy ( ! nation has be5 div]t$ into o!r *annels t s little progress has be5 made4 ,! hi/ory ( ,roman oratory is ref]r$ to 9 support ( ?is op9ion#aba4 ,if only an impulse 7 giv5 at ,rome to ! pursuit ( philosophy1 already on ! wane 9 ,greece1 ,cic]o ?\ght x w\ld fl\ri% & take ! place ( oratory1 :i* he believ$ to be expir+ amid ! d9 ( civil w>#abb4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,cic]o 0 p5etrat$ by ! belief t he c\ld ?us d 8 c\ntry a real s]vice4 ,9 8 en=c$ political inaction1 & amid ! disorganisation ( ! law-c\rts1 x 0 ! "o s]vice he c\ld r5d]#abc4 ,he is )9 8 "r :5 he claims praise = n ab&on+ himself to idl5ess or worse1 z did s _m ( ! mo/ prom95t m5 ( ! "t#abd4 ,= ,cic]o idl5ess 0 mis]y1 & 9 ^? evil times he 0 spurr$ on to ex]tion by ! deepe/ sorr[#abe4 ,philosophy took ! place ( =5sic oratory1 public h>angues1 & politics#abf4 ,x is /range to f9d ,cic]o mak+ su* elaborate apologies z he does = devot+ himself to philosophy1 & a c>eless read] might set !m d[n to egotism4 ,b x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t at ,rome su* /udies 7 m]ely ! amusem5t ( ! weal?y2 ! total devotion ( a life to !m seem$ well en\gh = ,greeks1 b = ,romans unmanly1 unpractical & un/atesmanlike#abg4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( ,romans :o 7 ready to condemn su* pursuits altoge!r1 & to reg>d any fre% importation f ,greece mu* 9 ! _s ) :i* ?+s ,fr5* 7 receiv$ by ,engli% patriots imm$iately aft] ! great w>4 ,o!rs1 l ! ,neoptolemus ( ,ennius1 ?\ght a little le>n+ 9 philosophy 0 good1 b a great deal 0 a dang]\s ?+#abh4 ,"s few pref]r$ t ,cic]o %\ld write on o!r subjects#abi4 ,to ^! he replies by urg+ ! press+ necessity !re 0 = works on philosophy 9 ,lat94 ,/ill1 amid mu* depreciation1 suffici5t int]e/ & sympa?y 7 r\s$ by 8 fir/ philosophical works to enc\rage ,cic]o to proce$4 ,! eld] g5]ation1 = ^: approbation he mo/ c>$1 prais$ ! books1 & _m 7 incit$ bo? to read & to write philosophy#acj4 ,cic]o n[ ext5d$ 8 design1 :i* seems to h be5 at fir/ indef9ite1 s z to br+ )9 its scope e topic :i* ,greek philosoph]s 7 accu/om$ to treat#aca4 ,individual que/ions 9 philosophy c\ld n be ?or\ghly und]/ood till ! :ole subject _h be5 ma/]$#acb4 ,?is design !n1 :i* is n explicitly /at$ 9 ! two e>lie/ works :i* we possess1 ! ,academica & ! ,de ,f9ibus1 requir$ ! composition ( a sort ( philosophical encyclopa$ia4 ,cic]o nev] claim$ to be m ?an an int]pret] ( ,greek philosophy to ! ,romans4 ,he nev] pret5d$ to pres5t new views ( philosophy1 or ev5 orig9al criticisms on its hi/ory4 ,! only ?+ he proclaims to be 8 own is 8 /yle4 ,look$ at 9 ?is1 ! true light1 8 "w _c be judg$ a failure4 ,^? :o contrive to pron\nce ?is judgm5t mu/ ei!r insi/ ^u try+ ! "w by a /&>d to :i* x does n appeal1 or fail to und]/& ! ,greek philosophy x copies1 or p]haps make ,cic]o suff] = ! suppos$ wor?lessness ( ! philosophy ( 8 age4 ,9 accordance ) ,greek prec$5t1 ,cic]o claims to h 8 oratorical & political writ+s1 all or ne>ly all publi%$ be=e ! ,hort5sius1 includ$ 9 8 philosophical encyclopa$ia#acc4 ,! only two works /rictly philosophical1 ev5 9 ! anci5t view1 :i* prec$$ ! ,academica1 7 ! ,de ,consolatione1 f\nd$ on ,crantor's book1 1 & ! ,hort5sius1 :i* 0 introductory to philosophy1 or1 z x 0 !n call$1 protreptic4 ,= a li/ ( ! philosophical works ( ,cic]o1 & ! dates ( _! composition1 ! /ud5t mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,dict4 ( ,biography1 ,art4 ,cic]o4 ,,iv4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,academica4 ,on ! dea? ( ,tullia1 :i* happ5$ at ,tusculum 9 ,febru>y1 #de ,b4,c41 ,cic]o took refuge 9 ! solitude ( 8 villa at ,a/ura1 :i* 0 pleasantly situat$ on ! ,lat9 coa/ betwe5 ,antium & ,circeii#acd4 ,"h he s\ght to s(t5 8 deep grief by incessant toil4 ,fir/ ! book ,de ,consolatione 0 writt54 ,he f\nd ! me*anic ex]cise ( composition ! be/ solace = 8 pa91 & wrote = :ole days toge!r#ace4 ,at o!r times he w\ld plunge at e>ly morn+ into ! d5se woods ne> 8 villa1 & rema9 !re absorb$ 9 /udy till nightfall#acf4 ,(t5 ex]tion fail$ to br+ relief2 yet he repell$ ! entreaties ( ,atticus t he w\ld return to ! =um & ! s5ate4 ,a grief1 :i* books & solitude c\ld sc>cely enable him to endure1 w\ld cru% him1 he felt1 9 ! busy city#acg4 ,x 0 amid su* surr\nd+s t ! ,academica 0 writt54 ,! fir/ trace ( an int5tion to write ! treatise is f\nd 9 a lett] ( ,cic]o to ,atticus1 :i* seems to belong to ! fir/ few weeks ( 8 b]eavem5t#ach4 ,x 0 8 wont to dep5d on ,atticus v mu* = hi/orical & biographical details1 & 9 ! lett] 9 "q he asks = j ! k9d ( in=mation :i* w\ld be ne$$ 9 writ+ ! ,academica4 ,! words ) :i* he introduces 8 reque/ imply t he _h det]m9$ on "s new "w to :i* our ,academica w\ld correspond#aci4 ,he asks :at reason br\ght to ,rome ! embassy :i* ,c>neades accompani$2 :o 0 at t "t ! lead] ( ! ,epicurean s*ool2 :o 7 !n ! mo/ not$ at ,a!ns4 ,! mean+ ( ! la/ "q is made cle> by a passage 9 ! ,de ,oratore#adj1 :]e ,cic]o speaks ( ! comb9$ ,academic & ,p]ipatetic s*ools "u t "n4 ,x may be ) ref]5ce to ! progress ( ! ,academica t 9 a lat] lett] he expresses himself satisfi$ ) ! advance he has made 9 8 lit]>y und]tak+s#ada4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! rema9d] ( 8 soj\rn at ,a/ura he cont9u$ to be actively employ$2 b al?\gh he speaks ( v>i\s o!r lit]>y projects1 we f9d no express m5tion 9 8 lett]s to ,atticus ( ! ,academica#adb4 ,he decl>es t h[ev] mu* 8 detractors at ,rome may reproa* him ) inaction1 !y c\ld n read ! num]\s difficult works on :i* he has be5 engag$ )9 ! same space ( "t t he has tak5 to write !m#adc4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june ,cic]o sp5t a few days at 8 villa ne> ,antium#add1 :]e he wrote a treatise address$ to ,caes>1 :i* he aft]w>ds suppress$#ade4 ,f ! same place he wrote to ,atticus ( 8 int5tion to proce$ to ,tusculum or ,rome by way ( ,lanuvium ab\t ! middle ( ,june#adf4 ,he _h 9 ! "t imm$iately foll[+ ,tullia's dea? ent]ta9$ an av]sion = ,tusculum1 :]e %e di$4 ,?is he felt n[ compell$ to conqu]1 o!rwise he mu/ ei!r ab&on ,tusculum altoge!r1 or1 if he return$ at all1 a delay ( ev5 t5 ye>s w\ld make ! ef=t no less pa9ful#adg4 ,be=e sett+ out = ,antium ,cic]o wrote to ,atticus t he _h f9i%$ :ile at ,a/ura duo magna 1 words :i* h giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy#adh4 ,_m s*ol>s1 includ+ ,madvig1 h und]/ood t ! fir/ edition ( ! ,academica1 along ) ! ,de ,f9ibus1 is int5d$4 ,aga9/ ?is view ! reasons adduc$ by ,kris*e are conv9c+#adi4 ,x is cle> f ! lett]s to ,atticus t ! ,de ,f9ibus 0 be+ work$ out book by book long aft] ! fir/ edition ( ! ,academica _h be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,atticus4 ,! ,de ,f9ibus 0 inde$ begun at ,a/ura#aej1 b x 0 /ill 9 an unf9i%$ /ate :5 ,cic]o began to revise ! ,academica#aea4 ,! f9al arrangem5t ( ! *>act]s 9 ! ,de ,f9ibus is ann\nc$ lat] /ill#aeb2 & ev5 at a lat] date ,cic]o compla9s t ,balbus _h manag$ to obta9 surreptiti\sly a copy ( ! fif? book be=e x 0 prop]ly correct$1 ! irrepressible ,ca]ellia hav+ copi$ ! :ole five books :ile 9 t /ate#aec4 ,a passage 9 ! ,de ,div9atione#aed af=ds almo/ direct evid5ce t ! ,academica 0 publi%$ be=e ! ,de ,f9ibus4 ,on all ^! gr\nds ,i hold t ^! two works _c be ^? :i* ,cic]o describes z hav+ be5 f9i%$ simultane\sly at ,a/ura4 ,ano!r view ( ! 9 "q is t !y are simply ! two books1 entitl$ ,catulus & ,lucullus1 ( ! ,priora ,academica4 ,9 my op9ion ! ^w 1 ! use ( :i* to d5ote a portion ( a "w ,madvig suspects#aee1 ?us obta9s its natural mean+4 ,cic]o uses ! ^w ( ! :ole "w#aef1 :ile #aeg1 & #aeh1 designate def9ite portions or divisions ( a "w4 ,i %\ld be q cont5t1 !n1 to ref] ! words ( ,cic]o to ! ,catulus & ,lucullus4 ,kris*e1 h[ev]1 )\t giv+ reasons1 decides t ?is view is unsatisfactory1 & pref]s to hold t ! ,hort5sius 7or de ,philosophia7 & ! ,priora ,academica are ! compositions 9 "q4 ,if ?is conjecture is correct1 we h 9 ! disput$ passage ! only ref]5ce to ! ,hort5sius :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! lett]s ( ,cic]o4 ,we are q c]ta9 t ! book 0 writt5 at ,a/ura1 & publi%$ be=e ! ,academica4 ,?is w\ld be cle> f ! m5tion 9 ! ,academica ,po/]iora alone#aei1 b ! words ( ,cic]o 9 ! ,de ,f9ibus#afj place x beyond all d\bt1 %[+ z !y d t ! ,hort5sius _h be5 publi%$ a suffici5tly long "t be=e ! ,de ,f9ibus1 to h become kn[n to a tol]ably l>ge circle ( read]s4 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,tusculan ,disputations & ! ,de ,div9atione#afa ! ,hort5sius & ! ,academica are m5tion$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to %[ t ! =m] 0 f9i%$ & giv5 to ! _w be=e ! latt]4 ,no?+ !re=e /&s 9 ! way ( ,kris*e's conjecture1 except ! d\bt ,i h express$ z to ! use ( ! ^w 1 :i* equally affects ! old view ma9ta9$ by ,madvig4 ,:atev] be ! tru? on ?is po9t1 x _c be disput$ t ! ,hort5sius & ! ,academica mu/ h be5 m closely connect$1 9 /yle & tone1 ?an any two works ( ,cic]o1 except+ p]haps ! ,academica & ! ,de ,f9ibus4 ,! int]locutors 9 ! ,hort5sius 7 exactly ! same z 9 ! ,academica ,priora1 = ! introduction ( ,balbus into "s editions ( ! fragm5ts ( ! ,hort5sius is an error#afb4 ,! discussion 9 ! ,academica ,priora is c>ri$ on at ,hort5sius' villa ne> ,bauli2 9 ! ,hort5sius at ! villa ( ,lucullus ne> ,cumae4 ,x is r surpris+ t "u ^! circum/ances !re %\ld be b "o direct ref]5ce to ! ,hort5sius 9 ! ,lucullus#afc4 ,:ile at 8 ,tusculan villa1 soon aft] ! middle ( ,june1 ,b4,c4 #de1 ,cic]o s5t ,atticus ! ,torquatus1 z he calls ! fir/ book ( ! ,de ,f9ibus#afd4 ,he _h already s5t ! fir/ edition ( ! ,academica to ,rome#afe4 ,we h a m5tion t new prooemia _h be5 add$ to ! ,catulus & ,lucullus1 9 :i* ! public *>act]s f :om ! books took _! names 7 extoll$4 ,9 all probability ! extant prooemium ( ! ,lucullus is ! "o :i* 0 !n affix$4 ,atticus1 :o visit$ ,cic]o at ,tusculum1 _h d\btless po9t$ out ! incongruity betwe5 ! kn[n atta9m5ts ( ,catulus & ,lucullus1 & ! p>ts !y 7 made to take 9 difficult philosophical discussions4 ,x is n un*>act]i/ic ( ,cic]o t 8 fir/ plan = heal+ ! incongruity %\ld be a delib]ate attempt to impose ^u 8 read]s a set ( /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ability & culture ( ^! two noble ,romans :i* he knew1 & 9 8 own lett]s to ,atticus admitt$1 to be false4 ,i may note1 z ( "s int]e/ 9 connection ) ! ,academica1 ! fact t among ! unpleasant visits receiv$ by ,cic]o at ,tusculum 0 "o f ,v>ro#aff4 ,on ! #bcrd ,july1 ,cic]o left ,home = ,arp9um1 9 ord]1 z he says1 to arrange "s bus9ess matt]s1 & to avoid ! emb>rass+ att5tions ( ,brutus#afg4 ,be=e leav+ ,a/ura1 h[ev]1 x _h be5 8 int5tion to g on to ,arp9um#afh4 ,he seems to h be5 /ill unsatisfi$ ) 8 *oice ( int]locutors = ! ,academica1 = ! fir/ ?+ he did on 8 arrival 0 to transf] ! p>ts ( ,catulus & ,lucullus to ,cato & ,brutus#afi4 ,?is plan 0 spe$ily ca/ aside on ! receipt ( a lett] f ,atticus1 /rongly urg+ t ! :ole "w %\ld be d$icat$ to ,v>ro1 or if n ! ,academica1 ! ,de ,f9ibus#agj4 ,cic]o _h nev] be5 v intimate ) ,v>ro3 _! acqua9tance seems to h be5 *iefly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ,atticus1 :o 0 at all times anxi\s to draw !m m closely toge!r4 ,n9e ye>s be=e he _h press$ ,cic]o to f9d room 9 8 works = "s m5tion ( ,v>ro#aga4 ,! nature ( ! works on :i* our au?or 0 !n engag$ _h made x difficult to comply ) ! reque/#agb4 ,v>ro _h promis$ on 8 side1 full two ye>s be=e ! ,academica 0 writt51 to d$icate to ,cic]o 8 great "w ,de ,l+ua ,lat9o4 ,9 answ] to ! lat] entreaty ( ,atticus1 ,cic]o decl>$ himself v mu* dissatisfi$ ) ,v>ro's failure to fulfil 8 promise4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ,cic]o knew no?+ ( ! scope or magnitude ( t "w4 ,8 compla9t t ,v>ro _h be5 writ+ = two ye>s )\t mak+ any progress#agc1 %[s t !re c\ld h be5 little ( any?+ l fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,ap>t f ^! causes = grumbl+1 ,cic]o ?\ght ! sugge/ion ( ,atticus a gods5d#agd4 ,s9ce ! ,de ,f9ibus 0 already betro!d to ,brutus1 he promis$ to transf] to ,v>ro ! ,academica1 all[+ t ,catulus & ,lucullus1 ?\gh ( noble bir?1 _h no claim to le>n+#age4 ,s little ( x did !y possess t !y c\ld nev] ev5 h dream$ ( ! doctr9es !y _h be5 made 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,academica to ma9ta9#agf4 ,= !m ano!r place 0 to be f\nd1 & ! rem>k 0 made t ! ,academica w\ld j suit ,v>ro1 :o 0 a foll[] ( ,antio*us1 & ! fitte/ p]son to exp\nd ! op9ions ( t philosoph]#agg4 ,x happ5$ t cont9ual ra9 fell dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ,cic]o's /ay at ,arp9um1 s he employ$ 8 :ole "t 9 edit+ once m 8 ,academica1 :i* he n[ divid$ into f\r books in/ead ( two1 mak+ ! int]locutors himself1 ,v>ro & ,atticus#agh4 ,! position occupi$ by ,atticus 9 ! dialogue 0 q an inf]ior "o1 b he 0 s pleas$ ) x t ,cic]o det]m9$ to conf] ^u him (t5 9 ! future su* m9or p>ts#agi4 ,a sugge/ion ( ,atticus t ,cotta %\ld also be introduc$ 0 f\nd impracticable#ahj4 ,al?\gh ! "w ( re-edit+ 0 vigor\sly pu%$ on1 ,cic]o _h con/ant d\bts ab\t ! exp$i5cy ( d$icat+ ! "w to ,v>ro4 ,he frequ5tly ?r[s ! :ole responsibility = ! decision ^u ,atticus1 b = ^: importunities he w\ld probably aga9 h *ang$ 8 plans4 ,ne>ly e lett] writt5 to ,atticus dur+ ! progress ( ! "w conta9s entreaties t he w\ld consid] ! matt] ov] & ov] aga9 be=e he f9ally decid$#aha4 ,z no reasons _h be5 giv5 = ^! solicitations1 ,atticus naturally grew impati5t1 & ,cic]o 0 oblig$ to assure him t !re 7 reasons1 :i* he c\ld n disclose 9 a lett]#ahb4 ,! true reasons1 h[ev]1 did appe> 9 "s lat] lett]s4 ,9 "o ,cic]o said3 ,i am 9 fav\r ( ,v>ro1 & ! m s because he wi%es x1 b y "k he is 1 4 ,s !re (t5 flits be=e me a vision ( 8 face1 z he grumbles1 x may be1 t my "p 9 ! treatise is m lib]ally su/a9$ ?an 82 a *>ge :i* y w p]ceive to be untrue#ahc4 ,cic]o1 !n1 fe>$ ,v>ro's temp]1 & p]haps 8 k & real critical fa/idi\sness4 ,be=e ^! explanations ,atticus _h conclud$ t ,cic]o 0 afraid ( ! effect ! "w might produce on ! public4 ,?is notion ,cic]o assur$ him to be wrong2 ! only cause = 8 vacillation 0 8 d\bt z to h[ ,v>ro w\ld receive ! d$ication#ahd4 ,atticus w\ld seem to h repeat$ly communicat$ ) ,v>ro1 & to h assur$ ,cic]o t !re 0 no cause = fe>2 b ! latt] refus$ to take a g5]al assurance1 & anxi\sly ask$ = a detail$ acc\nt ( ! reasons f :i* x proce$$#ahe4 ,9 ord] to /imulate 8 fri5d1 ,atticus affirm$ t ,v>ro 0 jeal\s ( "s to :om ,cic]o _h %[n m fav\r#ahf4 ,we f9d ,cic]o eag]ly ask+ = m in=mation1 on ?is po9t3 0 x ,brutus ( :om ,v>ro 0 jeal\s8 ,x seems /range t ,cic]o %\ld n h ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,v>ro himself4 ,etiquette seems to h requir$ t ! recipi5t ( a d$ication %\ld be assum$ ignorant ( ! int5tions ( ! donor till !y 7 on ! po9t ( be+ actually c>ri$ out4 ,?us al?\gh ,cic]o saw ,brutus frequ5tly :ile at ,tusculum1 he app>5tly did n speak to him ab\t ! ,de ,f9ibus1 b employ$ ,atticus to asc]ta9 8 feel+ ab\t ! d$ication#ahg4 ,cic]o's own judgm5t ab\t ! complet$ second edition ( ! ,academica is (t5 giv5 9 ! lett]s4 ,he tells u t x ext5d$1 on ! :ole1 to great] l5g? ?an ! fir/1 ?\gh mu* _h be5 omitt$2 he adds1 ,unless human self love deceives me1 ! books h be5 s f9i%$ t ! ,greeks !mselves h no?+ 9 ! same dep>tm5t ( lit]ature to approa* !m4444 ,?is edition w be m brilliant1 m t]se1 & altoge!r bett] ?an ! la/#ahh4 ,aga93 ,! ,antio*ean portion has all ! po9t ( ,antio*us comb9$ ) any poli% my /yle may possess#ahi4 ,also3 ,i h f9i%$ ! book ) ,i "k n :at success1 b ) a c>e :i* no?+ c\ld surpass#aij4 ,! b9d+ & adornm5t ( ! pres5tation copy = ,v>ro receiv$ great att5tion1 & ! lett] accompany+ x 0 c>efully elaborat$#aia4 ,yet aft] ev]y?+ _h be5 done & ! book _h be5 s5t to ,atticus at ,rome1 ,cic]o 0 /ill uneasy z to ! reception x w\ld meet ) f ,v>ro4 ,he wrote ?us to ,atticus3 ,i tell y aga9 & aga9 t ! pres5tation w be at y\r own risk4 ,s if y beg9 to hesitate1 let u des]t to ,brutus1 :o is also a foll[] ( ,antio*us4 #j ,academy1 on ! w+ z ?\ w]t ev] wont1 flitt+ n[ hi!r1 n[ ?i!r6 ,atticus on 8 "p %udd]$ at ! idea ( tak+ ! responsibility#aib4 ,aft] ! "w _h pass$ into 8 h&s1 ,cic]o begg$ him to take all precautions to prev5t x f gett+ into circulation until !y c\ld meet "o ano!r 9 ,rome#aic4 ,?is w>n+ 0 necess>y1 because ,balbus & ,ca]ellia _h j manag$ to get access to ! ,de ,f9ibus#aid4 ,9 a lett]1 dat$ app>5tly a day or two lat]1 ,cic]o decl>$ 8 int5tion to meet ,atticus at ,rome & s5d ! "w to ,v>ro1 %\ld x be judg$ advisable to d s1 aft] a consultation#aie4 ,! meet+ ultimately did n take place1 b ,cic]o left ! f\r books 9 ,atticus' p[]1 promis+ to approve any c\rse t might be tak5#aif4 ,atticus wrote to say t z soon z ,v>ro came to ,rome ! books w\ld be s5t to him4 ,by ?is "t1 !n1 says ,cic]o1 :5 he gets ! lett]1 y h tak5 ! fatal /ep2 oh de>6 if y only knew at :at p]il to y\rself6 ,p]haps my lett] /opp$ y1 al?\gh y _h n read x :5 y wrote4 ,i long to he> h[ ! matt] /&s#aig4 ,aga91 a little lat]3 ,y h be5 bold en\gh1 !n1 to give ,v>ro ! books8 ,i await 8 judgm5t ^u !m1 b :5 w he read !m8 ,v>ro probably receiv$ ! books 9 ! fir/ =tnight ( ,augu/1 #de ,b4,c41 :5 ,cic]o 0 h>d at "w on ! ,tusculan ,disputations#aih4 ,a copy ( ! fir/ edition _h already got into ,v>ro's h&s1 z we le>n f a lett]1 9 :i* ,cic]o begs ,atticus to ask ,v>ro to make "s alt]ations 9 8 copy ( ! ,academica1 at a "t :5 ! fate ( ! second edition 0 /ill undecid$#aii4 ,f ?is fact we may conclude t ,cic]o _h giv5 up all hope ( suppress+ ! fir/ edition4 ,if he consoles ,atticus = ! uselessness ( 8 copies ( ! fir/ edition1 x does n contradict my supposition1 = ,cic]o ( c\rse assumes t ,atticus1 :atev] may be ! feel+ ( o!r p1 wi%es to h ! ,spl5didiora1 breviora1 meliora4 ,/ill1 on e occasion :i* (f]$1 ! au?or s\ght to po9t out z 8 au?oris$ edition ! "o 9 f\r books4 ,he did s 9 a passage writt5 imm$iately aft] ! ,academica ,po/]iora 0 complet$#bjj1 & (t5 subsequ5tly1 :5 he mo/ m>k$ly m5tion$ ! numb] ( ! books z f\r#bja4 ,t he wi%$ ! "w to be> ! title ,academica is cle>#bjb4 ,! expressions ,academica quae/io1 1 & ,academia1 are m]ely descriptive#bjc2 s also is ! frequ5t appellation ,academici libri#bjd4 ,! title ,academicae ,quae/iones1 f\nd 9 _m editions1 is m]ely an imitation ( ! ,tusculanae ,quae/iones1 :i* 0 support$ by ! false notion1 f\nd z e>ly z ,pl9y#bje1 t ,cic]o _h a villa call$ ,academia1 at :i* ! book 0 writt54 ,he _h inde$ a ,gymnasium at 8 ,tusculan villa1 :i* he call$ 8 ,academia1 b we are c]ta9 f ! lett]s to ,atticus t ! "w 0 writt5 entirely at ,a/ura1 ,antium1 & ,arp9um4 ,qu9tilian seems to h kn[n ! fir/ edition v well#bjf1 b ! second edition is ! "o :i* is mo/ frequ5tly quot$4 ,! f\r books are expressly ref]r$ to by ,nonius1 ,diom$es1 & ,lactantius1 "u ! title ,academica4 ,augu/9e speaks ( !m only z ,academici libri1 & 8 ref]5ces %[ t he knew ! second edition only4 ,lactantius also uses ?is "n occasionally1 ?\gh he g5]ally speaks ( ! ,academica4 ,plut>* %[s only a k ( ! fir/ edition#bjg4 ,i h ?\ght x advisable to set =? 9 pla9 t]ms ! hi/ory ( ! g5esis ( ! book1 z ga!r$ f ,cic]o's lett]s to ,atticus4 ,t x 0 n unnecess>y to d s may be se5 f ! a/\nd+ !ories :i* old s*ol>s ( great repute put =w>d conc]n+ ! two editions4 ,a fair summ>y ( !m may be se5 9 ! preface ( ,go]5z4 ,i n[ proce$ to exam9e into ! con/itution & arrangem5t ( ! two editions4 a4 ,! lo/ dialogue ,catulus4 ,! :ole ( ! *>act]s 9 ?is dialogue & ! ,lucullus are among ^? g5u9e ,optimates & adh]5ts ( ! s5atorial p>ty :om ,cic]o s loves to hon\r4 ,! ,catulus f :om ! lo/ dialogue 0 nam$ 0 son ( ! illu/ri\s colleague ( ,m>ius4 ,) ! political c>e] ( fa!r & son we %all h little to d4 ,i m]ely inquire :at 0 _! position ) respect to ! philosophy ( ! "t1 & ! nature ( _! connection ) ,cic]o4 ,catulus ! y\ng] ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,x is cle> f ! ,lucullus#bjh t he did little m ?an put =w>d op9ions he _h receiv$ f 8 fa!r4 ,cic]o w\ld1 d\btless1 h pref]r$ to introduce ! eld] man z speak+ = himself1 b 9 t case1 z 9 ! ,de ,oratore1 ! au?or w\ld h be5 compell$ to exclude himself f ! conv]sation#bji4 ,! son1 !re=e1 is m]ely ! m\?piece ( ! fa!r1 j z ,lucullus1 9 ! dialogue :i* be>s 8 "n1 does no?+ b r5d] lit]ally a spee* ( ,antio*us1 :i* he pr(esses to h he>d#baj4 ,= ! arrangem5t 9 ! case ( bo? a reason is to be f\nd 9 _! ) respect to philosophy#baa4 ,?is did n am\nt to 1 or else ,cic]o c\ld n h made ,catulus ! y\ng] ! advocate ( philosophy 9 ! ,hort5sius#bab4 ,?\gh ,cic]o sometimes classes ! fa!r & son toge!r z m5 ( lit]>y culture & p]fect ma/]s ( ,lat9 /yle1 x is v evid5t on a comp>ison ( all ! passages :]e ! two are m5tion$1 t no v high value 0 plac$ on ! le>n+ ( ! son#bac4 ,b h[ev] slight 7 ! claims ( ,catulus ! y\ng] to be consid]$ a philosoph]1 he 0 closely l9k$ to ,cic]o by o!r ties4 ,dur+ all ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,cic]o's life1 ,catulus 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ,optimates ( ,rome1 & 8 "*1 life1 & influ5ce are (t5 depict$ 9 ev5 extravagant language by ! orator#bad4 ,he is "o ( ! pill>s ( ! /ate#bae1 ,cic]o cries1 & des]ves to be class$ ) ! anci5t wor?ies ( ,rome#baf4 ,:5 he opposes ! ,manilian law1 & asks ! p on :om !y w\ld rely if ,pompey1 ) su* gigantic p[] conc5trat$ 9 8 h&s1 7 to die1 ! p answ] ) "o voice ,on y#bag4 ,he alone 0 bold en\gh to rebuke ! follies1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! mob1 on ! o!r1 ( ! s5ate#bah4 ,9 him no /orm ( dang]1 no fav\r+ breeze ( =tune1 c\ld ev] inspire ei!r fe> or hope1 or cause to sw]ve f 8 own c\rse#bai4 ,8 influ5ce1 ?\gh he be dead1 w ev] live among 8 c\ntrym5#bbj4 ,he 0 n only glori\s 9 8 life1 b =tunate 9 8 dea?#bba4 ,ap>t f ,cic]o's g5]al agreem5t ) ,catulus 9 politics1 !re 7 special causes = 8 en?usiasm4 ,catulus 0 "o ( ! viri consul>es :o _h giv5 _! unres]v$ approval to ! measures tak5 = ! suppression ( ! ,catil9>ian conspiracy1 & 0 ! fir/ to conf] on ,cic]o ! greate/ glory ( 8 life1 ! title ,fa!r ( 8 c\ntry#bbb4 ,s closely did ,cic]o suppose himself to be alli$ to ,catulus1 t a fri5d tri$ to console him = ! dea? ( ,tullia1 by bidd+ him rememb] ,catulus & ! old5 times#bbc4 ,! /atem5t ( ,catulus1 (t5 ref]r$ to by ,cic]o1 t ,rome _h nev] be5 s un=tunate z to h two bad consuls 9 ! same ye>1 except :5 ,c9na held ! (fice1 may h be5 int5d$ to po9t a contra/ betwe5 ! zeal ( ,cic]o & ! lukew>mness ( 8 colleague ,antonius#bbd4 ,ar*ias1 :o wrote 9 hon\r ( ,cic]o's consul%ip1 liv$ 9 ! h\se ( ! two ,catuli#bbe4 ,we h se5 t :5 ,cic]o f\nd x too late to )draw ! fir/ edition ( ! ,academica f circulation1 he affix$ a prooemium to ea* book1 ,catulus be+ laud$ 9 ! fir/1 ,lucullus 9 ! second4 ,f ! passages above quot$1 & f our k ( ,cic]o's habit 9 su* matt]s1 we c h no difficulty 9 conjectur+ at lea/ a portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! lo/ prooemium to ! ,catulus4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ! eld] ,catulus 7 probably extoll$1 z well z ^? ( 8 son4 ,! philosophical k ( ! eld] man 0 made to ca/ its lu/re on ! y\ng]4 ,cic]o's glori\s consul%ip 0 once m laud$1 & great /ress 0 laid ^u ! patronage x receiv$ f s fam\s a man z ! y\ng] ,catulus1 ^: praises 7 sung 9 ! f]vid language :i* ,cic]o lavi%es on ! same !me else:]e4 ,"s allusion mo/ likely 0 made to ! connection ( ,ar*ias ) ! ,catuli1 & to ! poem he _h writt5 9 ,cic]o's hon\r4 ,!n ! occasion ( ! dialogue1 its suppos$ date1 & ! place :]e x 0 held1 7 indicat$4 ,! place 0 ! ,cuman villa ( ,catulus#bbf4 ,! feign$ date mu/ fall betwe5 ! ye> #fj ,b4,c4 9 :i* ,catulus di$1 & #fc1 ! ye> ( ,cic]o's consul%ip1 :i* is allud$ to 9 ! ,lucullus#bbg4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 dialogues ,cic]o took e precaution aga9/ ana*ronisms4 ,! prooemium end$1 ! dialogue comm5c$4 ,allusion 0 und\bt$ly made to ! ,hort5sius1 9 :i* ! same speak]s _h be5 engag$2 & aft] m complim5ts _h be5 b&i$ ab\t1 mo/ ( :i* w\ld fall to ,cic]o's %>e1 a proposal 0 made to discuss ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! dogmatic & sceptic s*ools4 ,catulus (f]$ to give 8 fa!r's views1 at ! same "t comm5d+ 8 fa!r's k ( philosophy4 ,be=e we proce$ to con/ruct 9 outl9e ! spee* ( ,catulus f indications (f]$ by ! ,lucullus1 x is necess>y to speak ( ! "* & philosophical op9ions ( ,catulus ! eld]4 ,9 ! _m passages :]e ,cic]o speaks ( him1 he seldom omits to m5tion 8 sapi5tia1 :i* implies a c]ta9 k ( philosophy4 ,he 01 says ,cic]o1 ! k9de/1 ! mo/ upright1 ! wise/1 ! holie/ ( m5#bbh4 ,he 0 a man ( univ]sal m]it1 ( surpass+ wor?1 a second ,laelius#bbi4 ,x is easy to ga!r f ! ,de ,oratore1 9 :i* he appe>s z an int]locutor1 a m detail$ view ( 8 accompli%m5ts4 ,?r\gh\t ! second & ?ird books he is treat$ z ! lett]$ man1 p> excell5ce1 ( ! company#bcj4 ,appeal is made to him :5 any "q is />t$ :i* t\*es on ,greek lit]ature & philosophy4 ,we are especially told t ev5 ) ,greeks 8 acqua9tance ) ,greek1 & 8 /yle ( speak+ x1 won admiration#bca4 ,he def5ds ! ,greeks f ! attacks ( ,crassus#bcb4 ,he contemptu\sly contra/s ! ,lat9 hi/orians ) ! ,greek#bcc4 ,he depreciates ! lat] ,greek rhetorical tea*+1 :ile he be/[s high comm5dation on ! e>ly sophi/s#bcd4 ,! sy/ematic rhetoric ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us is mo/ to 8 m9d#bce4 ,an acc\nt is giv5 by him ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek speculation 9 ,italy#bcf4 ,! undefil$ purity ( 8 ,lat9 /yle made him seem to _m ! only speak] ( ! language#bcg4 ,he _h writt5 a hi/ory ( 8 own de$s1 9 ! /yle ( ,x5ophon1 :i* ,cic]o _h imitat$#bch1 & 0 well kn[n z a wit & writ] ( epigrams#bci4 ,al?\gh s mu* is said ( 8 g5]al culture1 x is only f ! ,academica t we le>n def9itely 8 philosophical op9ions4 ,9 ! ,de ,oratore1 :5 he speaks ( ! visit ( ,c>neades to ,rome#bdj1 he does n decl>e himself a foll[] ( t philosoph]1 nor does ,crassus1 9 8 long spee* ab\t ,greek philosophy1 connect ,catulus ) any p>ticul> tea*]4 ,! only ,greek especially m5tion$ z a fri5d ( 81 is ! poet ,antipat] ( ,sidon#bda4 ,/ill x might h be5 conclud$ t he 0 an adh]5t ei!r ( ! ,academic or ,p]ipatetic ,s*ools4 ,cic]o repeat$ly ass]ts t f no o!r s*ools c ! orator spr+1 & ! :ole tone ( ! ,de ,oratore %[s t ,catulus c\ld h _h no lean+ t[>ds ! ,/oics or ,epicureans#bdb4 ,! probability is t he _h nev] plac$ himself "u ! in/ruction ( ,greek tea*]s = any l5g? ( "t1 b _h r ga9$ 8 in=mation f books & especially f ! writ+s ( ,clitoma*us4 ,if he _h ev] be5 9 actual communication ) any ( ! prom95t ,academics1 ,cic]o w\ld n h fail$ to tell u1 z he does 9 ! case ( ,antonius#bdc1 & ,crassus#bdd4 ,x is sc>cely possible t any direct int]c\rse betwe5 ,philo & ,catulus c h tak5 place1 al?\gh "o passage 9 ! ,lucullus seems to imply x#bde4 ,/ill ,philo _h a brilliant reputation dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,catulus1 & no "o at all conv]sant ) ,greek lit]ature or society c\ld fail to be well acqua9t$ ) 8 op9ions#bdf4 ,no foll[] ( ,c>neades & ,clitoma*us1 su* z ,catulus und\bt$ly 0#bdg1 c\ld view ) indiff]5ce ! late/ developm5t ( ,academic doctr9e4 ,! fam\s books ( ,philo 7 probably n kn[n to ,catulus#bdh4 ,i n[ proce$ to draw out f ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,lucullus ! *ief features ( ! spee* ( ,catulus ! y\ng]4 ,x 0 probably introduc$ by a m5tion ( ,philo's books#bdi4 ,"s consid]able portion ( ! spee* mu/ h be5 direct$ aga9/ ! innovations made by ,philo ^u ! g5u9e ,c>neadean doctr9e4 ,^! ! eld] ,catulus _h repudiat$ ) great w>m?1 ev5 *>g+ ,philo ) wilful misrepres5tation ( ! old] ,academics#bej4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! spee*1 h[ev]1 mu/ h consi/$ ( a def5ce ( ,c>neades & ,arcesilas aga9/ ! dogmatic s*ools#bea4 ,catulus evid5tly conc]n$ himself m ) ! sy/em ( ! lat] ?an ) t ( ! e>li] sceptic4 ,x is also exce$+ly probable t he t\*$ only v lightly on ! negative ,academic argum5ts1 :ile he develop$ fully t positive tea*+ ab\t ! :i* 0 s di/9ctive ( ,c>neades4 ,all ! c\nt] argum5ts ( ,lucullus :i* conc]n ! de/ructive side ( ,academic tea*+ appe> to be di/9ctly aim$ at ,cic]o1 :o mu/ h repres5t$ x 9 ! disc\rse ( ! day be=e#beb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? p>ts ( ,lucullus' spee* :i* deal ) ! con/ructive "p ( ,academicism#bec seem to be int5d$ = ,catulus1 to :om ! ma9t5ance ( ! g5u9e ,c>neadean di/9ction betwe5 & w\ld be a peculi>ly cong5ial task4 ,?us ! comm5dation be/[$ by ,lucullus on ! way 9 :i* ! probabile _h be5 h&l$ app]ta9s to ,catulus4 ,! exposition ( ! sceptical criticism w\ld naturally be res]v$ = ! mo/ brilliant & incisive orator ( ! p>ty--,cic]o himself4 ,^! conjectures h ! advantage ( e/abli%+ an intimate connection betwe5 ! prooemium1 ! spee* ( ,catulus1 & ! succe$+ "o ( ,hort5sius4 ,9 ! prooemium ! innovations ( ,philo 7 m5tion$2 ,catulus !n %[$ t ! only object aim$ at by !m1 a satisfactory basis = 1 0 already atta9$ by ! ,c>neadean !ory ( ! 2 :]eupon ,hort5sius %[$1 aft] ! pr9ciples ( ,antio*us1 t su* a basis 0 provid$ by ! old] philosophy1 :i* bo? ,c>neades & ,philo _h wrongly ab&on$4 ,?us ,philo becomes ! c5tral po9t or pivot ( ! discussion4 ,) ?is arrangem5t none ( ! indications 9 ! ,lucullus cla%4 ,ev5 ! dem& made by ,hort5sius ^u ,catulus#bed ne$ only imply su* a b>e /atem5t on ! "p ( ! latt] ( ! negative ,arcesilaean doctr9es z w\ld cle> ! gr\nd = ! ,c>neadean 4 ,"o important op9ion ma9ta9$ by ,catulus aft] ,c>neades1 t ! wise man w\ld op9e#bee 7 71 seems ano!r indication ( ! g5]ally con/ructive "* ( 8 exposition4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t ?is "p ( ! dialogue 0 ma9ly drawn by ,cic]o f ! writ+s ( ,clitoma*us4 ,catulus 0 foll[$ by ,hort5sius1 :o 9 "s way spoke 9 fav\r ( ,antio*ean op9ions1 b to :at ext5t is unc]ta9#bef4 ,i ?9k x extremely probable t he gave a rsum ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 correspond+ to ! spee* ( ,v>ro 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,academica ,po/]iora4 ,"o ma9 reason 9 fav\r ( ?is view is ! difficulty ( und]/&+ to :om1 if n to ,hort5sius1 ! sub/ance ( ! spee* c\ld h be5 assign$ 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,9 ! ,academica ,po/]iora x 0 necess>y to make ,v>ro speak fir/ & n second z ,hort5sius did2 ?is acc\nts = ! disappe>ance 9 ! second edition ( ! polemical argum5t ( ,hort5sius#beg1 :i* w\ld be appropriate only 9 ! m\? ( "o :o 0 answ]+ a spee* already made4 ,on ! view ,i h tak51 !re w\ld be little difficulty 9 ! fact t ,hort5sius n[ advocates a dogmatic philosophy1 ?\gh 9 ! lo/ dialogue :i* bore 8 "n he _h argu$ aga9/ philosophy altoge!r#beh1 & d5i$ t philosophy & wisdom 7 at all ! same ?+#bei4 ,su* a hi/orical rsum z ,i h suppos$ ,hort5sius to give w\ld be )9 ! rea* ( any cultivat$ man ( ! "t1 & w\ld only be put =w>d to %[ t ! ,new ,academic revolt aga9/ ! suppos$ old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool 0 unju/ifiable4 ,!re is actual w>rant = /at+ t 8 exposition ( ,antio*us 0 m]ely sup]ficial#bfj4 ,we are ?us reliev$ f ! necessity ( =c+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w commov]is#bfa1 f :i* ,kris*e inf]s t ! dialogue1 entitl$ ,hort5sius1 _h end$ 9 a conv]sion to philosophy ( ! orator f :om x 0 nam$4 ,to any su* conv]sion we h n[h]e else any allusion4 ,! relation 9 :i* ,hort5sius /ood to ,cic]o1 also 8 "* & atta9m5ts1 are too well kn[n to ne$ m5tion "h4 ,he seems to h be5 z ne>ly innoc5t ( any acqua9tance ) philosophy z x 0 possible = an educat$ man to be4 ,cic]o's mat]ials = ! spee* ( ,hort5sius 71 d\btless1 drawn f ! publi%$ works & oral tea*+ ( ,antio*us4 ,! spee* ( ,hort5sius 0 answ]$ by ,cic]o himself4 ,if my view ( ! prec$+ spee* is correct1 x foll[s t ,cic]o 9 8 reply pursu$ ! same c\rse :i* he takes 9 8 answ] to ,v>ro1 "p ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,academica ,po/]iora#bfb4 ,he ju/ifi$ ! ,new ,academy by %[+ t x 0 9 ess5tial h>mony ) ! ,old1 & also ) ^? anci5t philosoph]s :o prec$$ ,plato4 ,lucullus1 !re=e1 reproves him z a rebel 9 philosophy1 :o appeals to great & anci5t names l a s$iti\s tribune#bfc4 ,unfair use _h be5 made1 accord+ to ,lucullus1 ( ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,x5ophanes1 ,plato1 & ,socrates#bfd4 ,b ,cic]o did n m]ely give a hi/orical summ>y4 ,he mu/ h dealt ) ! !ory ( & 7:i* ?\gh really ,/oic _h be5 adopt$ by ,antio*us71 s9ce he f\nd x necess>y to manufacture 7fabric>i7 ,lat9 t]ms to repres5t ! ,greek#bfe4 ,he probably also comm5t$ on ! headlong ra%ness ) :i* ! dogmati/s gave _! ass5t to ! tru? ( ph5om5a4 ,to ?is a retort is made by ,lucullus#bff4 ,t ,cic]o's criticism ( ! dogmatic s*ools 0 incomplete may be se5 by ! fact t he _h n _h occasion to ,lat9ize ! t]ms 7i4e4 9 ! ab/ract1 z oppos$ to ! individual 71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ne>ly all important t]ms 9 ! ,/oic1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! ,antio*ean sy/em1 all ( :i* ,lucullus is oblig$ to translate = himself#bfg4 ,! m ! matt] is exam9$ ! m cle>ly does x appe> t ! ma9 purpose ( ,cic]o 9 ?is spee* 0 to ju/ify f ! hi/ory ( philosophy ! position ( ! ,new ,academy1 & n to advance sceptical argum5ts aga9/ exp]i5ce1 :i* 7 res]v$ = 8 answ] to ,lucullus4 ,9 8 lat] spee*1 he expressly tells u t su* sceptical p>adoxes z 7 advanc$ by him 9 ! fir/ day's disc\rse 7 really out ( place1 & 7 m]ely introduc$ 9 ord] to dis>m ,lucullus1 :o 0 to speak next#bfh4 ,yet ^! argum5ts mu/ h occupi$ "s consid]able space 9 ,cic]o's spee*1 al?\gh =eign to its ma9 int5tion#bfi4 ,he probably gave a summ>y classification ( ! s5sations1 ) ! reasons = refus+ to ass5t to ! tru? ( ea* class#bgj4 ,! :ole con/itution & t5or ( ! elaborate spee* ( ,cic]o 9 ! ,lucullus proves t no g5]al or m9ute demon/ration ( ! impossibility ( 9 ! dogmatic s5se _h be5 attempt$ 9 8 /atem5t ( ! day be=e4 ,cic]o's argum5t 9 ! ,catulus 0 all[$ by ,lucullus to h consid]ably damag$ ! cause ( ,antio*us#bga4 ,! ?ree spee*es ( ,catulus1 ,hort5sius1 & ,cic]o _h gone ov] ne>ly ! :ole gr\nd m>k$ out = ! discussion#bgb1 b only cursorily1 s t !re 0 pl5ty ( room = a m m9ute exam9ation 9 ! ,lucullus4 ,"o "q rema9s3 h[ f> did ,cic]o def5d ,philo aga9/ ! attack ( ,catulus8 ,kris*e believes t ! argum5t ( ,catulus 0 answ]$ po9t by po9t4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,i _c concur4 ,cic]o nev] appe>s else:]e z ! def5d] ( ,philo's reaction>y doctr9es#bgc4 ,! expressions ( ,lucullus seem to imply t ?is "p ( 8 tea*+ _h be5 dismiss$ by all ! disputants#bgd4 ,x foll[s t :5 ,cic]o1 9 8 lett] ( d$ication to ,v>ro1 describes 8 own "p z t ( ,philo 7p>tes mihi sumpsi ,philonis#bge71 he m]ely atta*es ,philo's "n to ^? g5]al ,new ,academic doctr9es :i* _h be5 s brilliantly support$ by ! pupil ( ,clitoma*us 9 8 e>li] days4 ,! two *ief s\rces = ,cic]o's spee* 9 ! ,catulus 71 d\btless1 ,philo himself & ,clitoma*us4 ,9 t int]m$iate =m ( ! ,academica1 :]e ,cato & ,brutus appe>$ 9 ! place ( ,hort5sius & ,lucullus1 !re c be no d\bt t ,brutus occupi$ a m prom95t position ?an ,cato4 ,consequ5tly ,cato mu/ h tak5 ! comp>atively inf]ior "p ( ,hort5sius1 :ile ,brutus took t ( ,lucullus4 ,x may p]haps seem /range t a ,/oic ( ! ,/oics l ,cato %\ld be *os5 to repres5t ,antio*us1 h[ev] mu* t philosoph] may h borr[$ f ,z5o4 ,! rle giv5 to ,hort5sius1 h[ev]1 0 9 my view su* z any cultivat$ man might su/a9 :o _h n def9itely committ$ himself to sceptical pr9ciples4 ,s em95t an ,antio*ean z ,brutus _c h be5 r$uc$ to ! comp>atively second>y position assign$ to ,hort5sius 9 ! ,academica ,priora4 ,he w\ld naturally occupy ! place giv5 to ,v>ro 9 ! second edition#bgf4 ,if ?is be true1 ,brutus w\ld n speak at l5g? 9 ! fir/ half ( ! "w4 ,cato is n closely en\gh connect$ ) ! ,academica to r5d] x necess>y to treat ( him f>!r4 b4 ,! ,lucullus4 ,! day aft] ! discussion n>rat$ 9 ! ,catulus1 dur+ :i* ,lucullus _h be5 m]ely a look]-on1 ! :ole p>ty left ! ,cuman villa ( ,catulus e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & came to t ( ,hort5sius at ,bauli#bgg4 ,9 ! ev5+1 if ! w9d fav\r$1 ,lucullus 0 to leave = 8 villa at ,neapolis1 ,cic]o = 8 at ,pompeii#bgh4 ,bauli 0 a little place on ! gulf ( ,baiae1 close to ,cimm]ium1 r\nd :i* s _m leg5ds l+]$#bgi4 ,! sc5]y 9 view 0 magnific5t#bhj4 ,z ! p>ty 7 seat$ 9 ! xy/us ) its poli%$ floor & l9es ( /atues1 ! waves rippl$ at _! feet1 & ! sea away to ! horizon gli/5$ & quiv]$ "u ! bright sun1 & *ang$ col\r "u ! fre%5+ breeze4 ,)9 sight lay ! ,cuman %ore & ,puteoli1 ?irty /adia di/ant#bha4 ,cic]o /rove to give vividness to ! dialogue & to keep x p]fectly free f ana*ronisms4 ,diodotus is spok5 ( z /ill liv+1 al?\gh :5 ! words 7 writt5 he _h be5 dead = _m ye>s#bhb4 ,! surprise ( ,hort5sius1 :o is b a le>n] 9 philosophy1 at ! wisdom ( ,lucullus1 is v dramatic#bhc4 ,! _m political & private tr\bles :i* 7 press+ ^u ,cic]o :5 he wrote ! "w are kept c>efully out ( sight4 ,/ill we c cat* "h & !re traces ( ?\ghts & plans :i* 7 actively employ+ ! au?or's m9d at ,a/ura4 ,8 int5tion to visit ,tusculum has left its m>k on ! la/ section ( ! book1 :ile 9 ! la/ b "o ! ,de ,f9ibus1 ! ,de ,natura ,deorum & o!r works are %ad[$ =?#bhd4 ,9 ano!r passage ! design ( ! ,tusculan ,disputations1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ! ,academica & ,de ,f9ibus1 is cle>ly to be se5#bhe4 ,hort5sius & ,catulus n[ s9k to a second>y position 9 ! conv]sation1 :i* is resum$ by ,lucullus4 ,8 spee* is especially ackn[l$g$ by ,cic]o to be drawn f ! works ( ,antio*us#bhf4 ,ne>ly all t is kn[n ( ! le>n+ ( ,lucullus is told 9 ,cic]o's dialogue1 & ! passages already quot$ f ! lett]s4 ,he seems at lea/ to h dalli$ ) culture1 al?\gh 8 *ief en]gy1 z a private citiz51 0 direct$ to ! c>e ( 8 fi%-ponds#bhg4 ,9 8 tra9 :5 he w5t to ,sicily 0 ! poet ,ar*ias1 & dur+ ! :ole ( 8 resid5ce 9 ! ,ea/ he s\ght to atta* le>n$ m5 to 8 p]son4 ,at ,alex&ria he 0 f\nd 9 ! company ( ,antio*us1 ,ari/us1 ,h]aclitus ,tyrius1 ,tetrilius ,rogus & ! ,selii1 all m5 ( philosophic ta/es#bhh4 ,he is sev]al times m5tion$ by ,pl9y 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory z ! patron ( ,greek arti/s4 ,yet1 z we h already se51 ,cic]o ackn[l$g$ 9 8 lett]s to ,atticus t ,lucullus 0 no philosoph]4 ,he has to be propp$ up1 l ,catulus1 by ! au?ority ( ano!r p]son4 ,all 8 argum5ts are explicitly /at$ to be d]iv$ f a discussion 9 :i* he _h he>d ,antio*us engage4 ,! spee* ( ,lucullus 01 z ,i h said1 ma9ly a reply to t ( ,cic]o 9 ! ,catulus4 ,any clos] exam9ation ( its cont5ts mu/ be po/pon$ till ,i come to annotate its actual text4 ,! same may be said ( ,cic]o's answ]4 ,9 ! int]m$iate =m ( ! ,academica1 ! spee* ( ,lucullus 0 no d\bt transf]r$ to ,brutus1 b z he has only su* a slight connection ) ! "w1 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to d mu* m ?an call att5tion to ! fact4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 notice ! close relation%ip 9 :i* ,brutus /ood to ! o!r p]sons ) :om we h _h to deal4 ,he 0 nephew ( ,cato1 ^: half-si/] ,s]vilia 0 wife ( ,lucullus#bhi4 ,cato 0 tutor to ,lucullus' son1 ) ,cic]o = a sort ( advis]3 :ile ,hort5sius _h m>ri$ a divorc$ wife ( ,cato4 ,all ( !m 7 ( ! ,s5atorial p>ty1 & ,cato & ,brutus liv$ to be pres5t1 ) ,cic]o1 dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,pompey & ,caes>4 ,brutus & ,cic]o 7 bo? fri5ds ( ,antio*us & ,ari/us1 ^: pupil ,brutus 0#bij4 c4 ,! ,second ,edition4 ,:5 ,cic]o d$icat$ ! ,academica to ,v>ro1 v slight alt]ations 7 necess>y 9 ! sc5]y & o!r accessories ( ! piece4 ,cic]o _h a villa close to ! ,cuman villa ( ,catulus & almo/ )9 sight ( ,hort5sius' villa at ,bauli#bia4 ,v>ro's villa1 at :i* ! sc5e 0 n[ laid1 0 close to ! ,lucr9e lake#bib4 ,) reg>d to ! feign$ date ( ! disc\rse1 we may obs]ve t at ! v outset ( ! "w x is %[n to be n f> di/ant f ! actual "t ( composition#bic4 ,_m allusions are made to rec5t ev5ts1 su* z ! utt] ov]?r[ ( ! ,pompeian p>ty1 ! dea? ( ,tullia#bid1 & ! publication ( ! ,hort5sius#bie4 ,betwe5 ! date ( ,tullia's dea? & ! writ+ ( ! ,academica1 x c be %[n t ,v>ro1 ,cic]o & ,atticus c\ld n h met toge!r at ,cumae4 ,cic]o !re=e = once admits into 8 works an impossibility 9 fact4 ,?is impossibility w\ld at once occur to ,v>ro1 & ,cic]o anticipates 8 wond] 9 ! lett] ( d$ication#bif4 ,= ! ma9 facts ( ,v>ro's life ! /ud5t mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 8 life & t ( ,cic]o1 ) a few words ab\t 8 philosophical op9ions1 are alone ne$$ "h4 ,! fir/ m5tion we h ( ,v>ro 9 any ( ,cic]o's writ+s is 9 itself suffici5t to %[ 8 "* & ! impossibility ( any?+ l fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two4 ,v>ro _h done ! orator "s s]vice 9 ! try+ "t :i* came be=e ! exile4 ,9 writ+ to ,atticus ,cic]o _h eulogis$ ,v>ro2 & 9 ! lett] to :i* ,i ref] he begs ,atticus to s5d ,v>ro ! eulogy to read1 add+ ,mirabilit] moratus e/1 sicut no/i1 #big4 ,all ! ref]5ces to ,v>ro 9 ! lett]s to ,atticus are 9 ! same /ra94 ,cic]o _h to be press$ to write ,v>ro a lett] ( ?anks = suppos$ ex]tions 9 8 behalf1 dur+ 8 exile#bih4 ,sev]al passages %[ t ,cic]o refus$ to believe 9 ,v>ro's zeal1 z report$ by ,atticus#bii4 ,on ,cic]o's return f exile1 he & ,v>ro rema9$ 9 ! same semi-fri5dly /ate4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ed ,b4,c41 z we h already se51 ,atticus 9 va9 urg$ 8 fri5d to d$icate "s "w to ! great polyma?4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,pompeian cause1 ,cic]o & ,v>ro d seem to h be5 drawn a little clos] toge!r4 ,eight lett]s1 writt5 mo/ly 9 ! ye> be=e ! ,academica 0 publi%$1 te/ify to ?is approximation#cjj4 ,/ill !y are all cold1 =c$ & artificial2 v diff]5t f ! lett]s ,cic]o address$ to 8 real intimates1 su* = in/ance z ,sulpicius1 ,caelius1 ,paetus1 ,plancus1 & ,trebatius4 ,!y all %[ a fe> ( giv+ (f5ce to ! h>% temp] ( ,v>ro1 & a humility 9 pres5ce ( 8 va/ le>n+ :i* is by no means natural to ,cic]o4 ,! negotiations betwe5 ,atticus & ,cic]o ) respect to ! d$ication ( ! second edition1 z detail$ already1 %[ suffici5tly t ?is slight increase 9 cordiality did n lead to fri5d%ip#cja4 ,! philosophical views ( ,v>ro c be ga!r$ ) tol]able accuracy f ,augu/9e1 :o quotes consid]ably f1 ! "w ( ,v>ro ,de ,philosophia#cjb4 ,beyond d\bt he 0 a foll[] ( ,antio*us & ! s-call$ ,old ,academy4 ,h[ he select$ ?is s*ool f1 among ! #bhh philosophies :i* he consid]$ possible1 by an elaborate & p$antic process ( exhau/ion1 may be read by ! curi\s 9 ,augu/9e4 ,my notes on ! ,academica ,po/]iora w %[ t !re is no reason = accus+ ,cic]o ( hav+ mi/ak5 ,v>ro's philosophical views4 ,?is supposition owes its curr5cy to ,mll]1 :o1 f ,/oic phrases 9 ! ,de ,l+ua ,lat9a1 conclud$ t ,v>ro _h pass$ ov] to ! ,/oics be=e t "w 0 writt54 ,all t 0 ,/oic 9 ,v>ro came f ,antio*us#cjc4 ,! exact specification ( ! *anges 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! subject-matt]1 necessitat$ by ! d$ication to ,v>ro1 w be m conv5i5tly def]r$ till we come to ! fragm5ts ( ! second edition pres]v$ by ,nonius & o!rs4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! foll[+ 7 ! cont5ts ( ! f\r books4 ,book ,i43 ! hi/orico-philosophical exposition ( ,antio*us' views1 =m]ly giv5 by ,hort5sius1 n[ by ,v>ro2 !n ! hi/orical ju/ification ( ! ,philonian position1 :i* ,cic]o _h giv5 9 ! fir/ edition z an answ] to ,hort5sius#cjd4 ,book ,,ii43 an exposition by ,cic]o ( ,c>neades' positive tea*+1 practically ! same z t giv5 by ,catulus 9 ed4 ,i42 to ?is 0 app5d$1 probably1 t =eta/e ( ! negative argum5ts aga9/ dogmatism1 :i* 9 ed4 #a4 _h =m$ "p ( ! answ] made by ,cic]o to ,hort5sius4 ,book ,,iii43 a spee* ( ,v>ro 9 reply to ,cic]o1 closely correspond+ to t ( ,lucullus 9 ed4 #a4 ,book ,,iv43 ,cic]o's answ]1 sub/antially ! same z 9 ed4 #a4 ,atticus mu/ h be5 almo/ a 4 ,i may "h notice a fact :i* might puzzle ! /ud5t4 ,9 "s old editions ! ,lucullus is m>k$ ?r\gh\t z ,academicorum lib] ,,iv4 ,?is is an entire mi/ake1 :i* arose f a wrong view ( ,nonius' quotations1 :i* are always f ! second edition1 & c tell u no?+ ab\t ! con/itution ( ! fir/4 ,"o o!r ?+ is wor? rem>k4 ,halm 7z _m be=e him _h done7 places ! ,academica ,priora be=e ! ,po/]iora4 ,?is seems to me an unnatural arrangem5t2 ! subject-matt] ( ! ,v>ro is c]ta9ly prior1 logically1 to t ( ! ,lucullus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,,tullii ,,cic]onis ,,academicorum ,,po/]iorum ,,lib] ,,primus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 #a4 ,9 ,cumano nup] cum mecum ,atticus no/] esset1 nuntiatum e/ nobis a ,m4 ,v>rone1 v5isse eum ,roma pridie vesp]i et1 nisi de via fessus esset1 cont9uo ad nos v5turum fuisse4 ,quod cum audissemus1 nullam moram int]pon5dam putavimus qu9 vid]emus hom9em nobiscum et /udiis isdem et vetu/ate amicitiae coniunctum4 ,itaque confe/im ad eum ire p]reximus1 paulumque cum ab eius villa abessemus1 ipsum ad nos v5i5tem vidimus3 atque ilium complexi1 ut mos amicorum e/1 satis eum longo int]vallo ad suam villam r$uximus4 #b4 ,hic pauca primo1 atque ea p]contantibus nobis1 ecquid =te ,roma novi1 ,atticus3 ,omitte i/a1 quae nec p]cont>i nec audire s9e mole/ia possumus1 quaeso1 inquit1 et qua]e potius ecquid ipse novi4 ,sil5t enim diutius ,musae ,v>ronis quam solebant1 nec tam5 i/um cess>e1 s$ cel>e quae scribat exi/imo4 ,m9ime v]o1 inquit ille3 intemp]antis enim arbitror esse scrib]e quod occult>i velit3 s$ habeo opus magnum 9 manibus1 idque iam pridem3 ad hunc enim ipsum--me autem dicebat--qua$am in/itui1 quae et sunt magna sane et limantur a me politius4 #c4 ,et ego3 ,i/a quidem1 inquam1 ,v>ro1 iam diu exspectans1 non audeo tam5 flagit>e3 audivi enim e ,libone no/ro1 cuius no/i /udium--nihil enim eius modi cel>e possumus--non te ea int]mitt]e1 s$ accuratius tract>e nec de manibus umquam depon]e4 ,illud autem mihi ante hoc tempus numquam 9 m5tem v5it a te requir]e3 s$ nunc1 po/ea quam sum +ressus res eas1 quas tecum simul didici1 m&>e monum5tis philosophiamque vet]em illam a ,socrate ortam ,lat9is litt]is illu/r>e1 qua]o quid sit cur1 cum multa scribas1 g5us hoc praet]mittas1 praes]tim cum et ipse 9 eo excellas et id /udium totaque ea res longe cet]is et /udiis et artibus antec$at4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,tum ille3 ,rem a me saepe delib]atam et multum agitatam requiris4 ,itaque non haesitans respondebo1 s$ ea dicam1 quae mihi sunt 9 promptu1 quod i/a ipsa de re multum1 ut dixi1 et diu cogitavi4 ,nam cum philosophiam vid]em dilig5tissime ,graecis litt]is explicatam1 exi/imavi1 si qui de no/ris eius /udio t5]5tur1 si ess5t ,graecis doctr9is eruditi1 ,graeca potius quam no/ra lecturos3 s9 a ,graecorum artibus et discipl9is abhorr]5t1 ne haec quidem curaturos1 quae s9e eruditione ,graeca intellegi non possunt3 itaque ea nolui scrib]e1 quae nec indocti intelleg]e poss5t nec docti leg]e cur>5t4 #e4 ,vides autem--eadem enim ipse didici/i--non posse nos ,amaf9ii aut ,rabirii similis esse1 qui nulla arte adhibita de rebus ante oculos positis volg>i s]mone disputant1 nihil def9iunt1 nihil p>tiuntur1 nihil apta int]rogatione concludunt1 nullam d5ique artem esse nec dic5di nec diss]5di putant4 ,nos autem praeceptis dialecticorum et oratorum etiam1 quoniam utramque vim virtutem esse no/ri putant1 sic p>5tes1 ut legibus1 v]bis quoque novis cogimur uti1 quae docti1 ut dixi1 a ,graecis pet]e mal5t1 indocti ne a nobis quidem accipi5t1 ut fru/ra omnis suscipiatur labor4 #f4 ,iam v]o physica1 si ,epicurum1 id e/1 si ,democritum prob>em1 possem scrib]e ita plane1 ut ,amaf9ius4 ,quid e/ enim magnum1 cum causas r]um effici5tium su/ul]is1 de corpusculorum--ita enim appellat atomos--concursione =tuita loqui8 ,no/ra tu physica no/i1 quae cum cont9eantur ex effectione et ex mat]ia ea1 quam f+it et =mat effectio1 adhib5da etiam geometria e/1 quam quibusnam quisquam enunti>e v]bis aut quem ad intelleg5dum pot]it adduc]e8 ,quid1 haec ipsa de vita et moribus1 et de expet5dis fugi5disque rebus8 ,illi enim simplicit] pecudis et hom9is idem bonum esse c5s5t3 apud no/ros autem non ignoras quae sit et quanta subtilitas4 #g4 ,sive enim ,z5onem sequ>e1 magnum e/ effic]e ut quis intelligat quid sit illud v]um et simplex bonum1 quod non possit ab hone/ate seiungi3 quod bonum quale sit negat omn9o ,epicurus s9e voluptatibus s5sum mov5tibus ne suspic>i quidem4 ,si v]o ,academiam vet]em p]sequamur1 quam nos1 ut scis1 probamus1 quam erit illa acute explic&a nobis6 quam argute1 quam obscure etiam contra ,/oicos diss]5dum6 ,totum igitur illud philosophiae /udium mihi quidem ipse sumo et ad vitae con/antiam quantum possum et ad delectationem animi1 nec ullum arbitror1 ut apud ,platonem e/1 maius aut melius a dis datum munus hom9i4 #h4 ,s$ meos amicos1 9 quibus e/ /udium1 9 ,graeciam mitto1 id e/1 ad ,graecos ire iubeo1 ut ea a fontibus potius hauriant quam rivulos consect5tur4 ,quae autem nemo adhuc docu]at nec erat unde /udiosi scire poss5t1 ea1 quantum potui--nihil enim magno op]e meorum miror--feci ut ess5t nota no/ris4 ,a ,graecis enim peti non pot]ant ac po/ ,l4 ,aelii no/ri occasum ne a ,lat9is quidem4 ,et tam5 9 illis vet]ibus no/ris1 quae ,m5ippum imitati1 non int]pretati1 quadam hil>itate consp]simus1 multa admixta ex intima philosophia1 multa dicta dialectice quae quo facilius m9us docti intellig]5t1 iucunditate quadam ad leg5dum invitati1 9 laudationibus1 9 8 ipsis antiquitatum prooemiis philosophe scrib]e voluimus1 si modo consecuti sumus4 ,,iii4 #i4 ,tum1 ego4 ,sunt1 inquam1 i/a1 ,v>ro4 ,nam nos 9 no/ra urbe p]egr9antis errantisque tamquam hospites tui libri quasi domum d$ux]unt1 ut possemus aliqu&o qui et ubi essemus agnosc]e4 ,tu aetatem patriae1 tu descriptiones temporum1 tu sacrorum iura1 tu sac]dotum1 tu dome/icam1 tu bellicam discipl9am1 tu s$em regionum locorum1 tu omnium div9>um human>umque r]um nom9a1 g5]a1 (ficia1 causas ap]ui/i1 plurimumque poetis no/ris omn9oque ,lat9is et litt]is lum9is et v]bis attuli/i1 atque ipse v>ium et elegans omni f]e num]o poema feci/i philosophiamque multis locis incoha/i1 ad impell5dum satis1 ad edoc5dum p>um4 #aj4 ,causam autem probabilem tu quidem adf]s2 aut enim ,graeca leg]e mal5t qui erunt eruditi aut ne haec quidem qui illa nesciunt4 ,s$ da mihi nunc3 satisne probas8 ,immo v]o et haec qui illa non pot]unt et qui ,graeca pot]unt non contemn5t sua4 ,quid enim causae e/ cur poetas ,lat9os ,graecis litt]is eruditi legant1 philosophos non legant8 an quia delectat ,ennius1 ,pacuvius1 ,attius1 multi alii1 qui non v]ba1 s$ vim ,graecorum express]unt poet>um8 ,quanto magis philosophi delectabunt1 si1 ut illi ,aes*ylum1 ,sophoclem1 ,euripidem1 sic hi ,platonem imit5tur1 ,ari/otelem1 ,!ophra/um8 ,oratores quidem laud>i video1 si qui e no/ris ,hyp]idem s9t aut ,demo/h5em imitati4 #aa4 ,ego autem--dicam enim1 ut res e/--dum me ambitio1 dum honores1 dum causae1 dum rei publicae non solum cura1 s$ qua$am etiam procuratio multis (ficiis implicatum et con/rictum t5ebat1 haec inclusa habebam et1 ne obsolesc]5t1 r5ovabam1 cum licebat1 leg5do4 ,nunc v]o et =tunae gravissimo p]cussus voln]e et adm9i/ratione rei publicae lib]atus1 doloris m$ic9am a philosophia peto et otii oblectationem hanc hone/issimam iudico4 ,aut enim huic aetati hoc maxime aptum e/ aut iis rebus1 si quas dignas laude gessimus1 hoc 9 primis cons5taneum aut etiam ad no/ros civis erudi5dos nihil utilius aut1 si haec ita non sunt1 nihil aliud video quod ag]e possimus4 #ab4 ,brutus quidem no/]1 excell5s omni g5]e laudis1 sic philosophiam ,lat9is litt]is p]sequitur1 nihil ut iisdem de rebus ,graecia desid]et1 et e&em quidem s5t5tiam sequitur quam tu4 ,nam ,ari/um ,a!nis audivit aliquam diu1 cuius tu fratrem ,antio*um4 ,quam ob rem da1 quaeso1 te huic etiam g5]i litt]>um4 ,,iv4 #ac4 ,tum1 ille4 ,i/uc quidem consid]abo1 nec v]o s9e te4 ,s$ de te ipso quid e/1 inquit1 quod audio8 ,quanam1 inquam1 de re8 ,relictam a te vet]em illam1 inquit1 tract>i autem novam4 ,quid8 ergo1 inquam1 ,antio*o id magis licu]it1 no/ro famili>i1 remigr>e 9 domum vet]em e nova quam nobis 9 novam e vet]e8 c]te enim rec5tissima quaeque sunt correcta et em5data maxime4 ,quamquam ,antio*i magi/] ,philo1 magnus vir1 ut tu exi/imas ipse1 negat 9 libris1 quod coram etiam ex ipso audiebamus1 duas ,academias esse erroremque eorum1 qui ita put>unt1 co>guit4 ,e/1 inquit1 ut dicis3 s$ ignor>e te non arbitror1 quae contra ea ,philonis ,antio*us scrips]it4 #ad4 ,immo v]o et i/a et totam vet]em ,academiam1 a qua absum iam diu1 r5ov>i a te1 nisi mole/um e/1 velim1 et simul1 adsidamus1 inquam1 si videtur4 ,sane i/ud quidem1 inquit3 sum enim admodum infirmus4 ,s$ videamus idemne ,attico placeat fi]i a me1 quod te velle video4 ,mihi v]o1 ille3 quid e/ enim quod malim quam ex ,antio*o iam pridem audita record>i8 et simul vid]e satisne ea commode dici possit ,lat9e8 ,quae cum ess5t dicta1 9 conspectu cons$imus omnes4 #ae4 ,tum ,v>ro ita exorsus e/3 ,socrates mihi videtur1 id quod con/at int] omnis1 primus a rebus occultis et ab ipsa natura involutis1 9 quibus omnes ante eum philosophi occupati fu]unt1 avocavisse philosophiam et ad vitam communem adduxisse1 ut de virtutibus et vitiis omn9oque de bonis rebus et malis qua]]et1 caele/ia autem vel procul esse a no/ra cognitione c5s]et vel1 si maxime cognita ess5t1 nihil tam5 ad b5e viv5dum val]e4 #af4 ,hic 9 omnibus f]e s]monibus1 qui ab iis qui illum audi]unt p]scripti v>ie et copiose sunt1 ita disputat ut nihil adfirmet ipse1 refellat alios3 nihil se scire dicat nisi id ipsum1 eoque prae/>e cet]is1 quod illi quae nesciant scire se put5t1 ipse se nihil scire1 id unum sciat1 ob eamque rem se arbitr>i ab ,apoll9e omnium sapi5tissimum esse dictum1 quod haec esset una omnis sapi5tia non arbitr>i sese scire quod nesciat4 ,quae cum dic]et con/ant] et 9 ea s5t5tia p]man]et1 omnis eius oratio tam5 9 virtute laud&a et 9 hom9ibus ad virtutis /udium cohort&is consumebatur1 ut e ,socraticorum libris1 maximeque ,platonis1 intellegi pote/4 #ag4 ,platonis autem auctoritate1 qui v>ius et multiplex et copiosus fuit1 una et cons5ti5s duobus vocabulis philosophiae =ma in/ituta e/1 ,academicorum et ,p]ipateticorum3 qui rebus congru5tes nom9ibus diff]ebant4 ,nam cum ,speusippum1 sororis filium1 ,plato philosophiae quasi h]$em reliquisset1 duos autem prae/antissimo /udio atque doctr9a1 ,x5ocratem ,*alc$onium et ,ari/otelem ,/agiritem1 qui erant cum ,ari/otele1 ,p]ipatetici dicti sunt1 quia disputabant inambulantes 9 ,lycio1 illi autem1 qui ,platonis in/ituto 9 ,academia1 quod e/ alt]um gymnasium1 coetus erant et s]mones hab]e soliti1 e loci vocabulo nom5 habu]unt4 ,s$ utrique ,platonis ub]tate completi c]tam qu&am discipl9ae =mulam composu]unt et eam quidem pl5am ac ref]tam1 illam autem ,socraticam dubitationem de omnibus rebus et nulla adfirmatione adhibita consuetud9em diss]5di reliqu]unt4 ,ita facta e/1 quod m9ime ,socrates probabat1 ars qua$am philosophiae et r]um ordo et descriptio discipl9ae4 #ah4 ,quae quidem erat primo duobus1 ut dixi1 nom9ibus una3 nihil enim int] ,p]ipateticos et illam vet]em ,academiam diff]ebat4 ,abundantia quadam +5i prae/abat1 ut mihi quidem videtur1 ,ari/oteles1 s$ idem fons erat utrisque et eadem r]um expet5d>um fugi5d>umque p>titio4 ,v4 ,s$ quid ago8 inquit1 aut sumne sanus1 qui haec vos doceo8 nam etsi non sus ,m9]vam1 ut aiunt1 tam5 inepte quisquis ,m9]vam docet4 ,tum ,atticus3 ,tu v]o1 inquit1 p]ge1 ,v>ro3 valde enim amo no/ra atque no/ros1 meque i/a delectant1 cum ,lat9e dicuntur1 et i/o modo4 ,quid me1 inquam1 putas1 qui philosophiam iam pr(essus sim populo no/ro exhibiturum8 ,p]gamus igitur1 inquit1 quoniam placet4 #ai4 ,fuit ergo iam accepta a ,platone philosoph&i ratio triplex3 una de vita et moribus1 alt]a de natura et rebus occultis1 t]tia de diss]5do et quid v]um sit1 quid falsum1 quid rectum 9 oratione pravumve1 quid cons5ti5s1 quid repugnans iudic&o4 ,ac primum p>tem illam b5e viv5di a natura petebant eique p>5dum esse dicebant1 neque ulla alia 9 re nisi 9 natura qua]5dum esse illud summum bonum quo omnia ref]r5tur1 con/ituebantque extremum esse r]um expet5d>um et f9em bonorum adeptum esse omnia e natura et animo et corpore et vita4 ,corporis autem alia ponebant esse 9 toto1 alia 9 p>tibus3 valetud9em1 viris pul*ritud9em 9 toto1 9 p>tibus autem s5sus integros et prae/antiam aliquam p>tium s+ul>um1 ut 9 p$ibus cel]itatem1 vim 9 manibus1 cl>itatem 9 voce1 9 l+ua etiam explanatam vocum impressionem3 #bj4 animi autem1 quae ess5t ad compreh5d5dam +5iis virtutem idonea1 eaque ab iis 9 naturam et mores dividebantur4 ,naturae cel]itatem ad disc5dum et memoriam dabant3 quorum utrumque m5tis esset proprium et +5i4 ,morum autem putabant /udia esse et quasi consuetud9em3 quam p>tim ex]citationis adsiduitate1 p>tim ratione =mabant1 9 quibus erat philosophia ipsa4 ,9 qua quod incohatum e/ neque absolutum1 progressio qua$am ad virtutem appellatur3 quod autem absolutum1 id e/ virtus1 quasi p]fectio naturae omniumque r]um1 quas 9 animis ponunt1 una res optima4 ,ergo haec animorum4 #ba4 ,vitae autem--id enim erat t]tium--adiuncta esse dicebant1 quae ad virtutis usum val]5t4 ,nam virtus animi bonis et corporis c]nitur1 et 9 quibusdam quae non tam naturae quam beatae vitae adiuncta sunt4 ,hom9em esse c5sebant quasi p>tem qu&am civitatis et univ]si g5]is humani1 eumque esse coniunctum cum hom9ibus humana quadam societate4 ,ac de summo quidem atque naturali bono sic agunt3 cet]a autem p]t9]e ad id putant aut adaug5dum aut tu5dum1 ut divitias1 ut opes1 ut gloriam1 ut gratiam4 ,ita trip>tita ab iis inducitur ratio bonorum4 ,,vi4 #bb4 ,atque haec illa sunt tria g5]a1 quae putant pl]ique ,p]ipateticos dic]e4 ,id quidem non falso3 e/ enim haec p>titio illorum3 illud imprud5t]1 si alios esse ,academicos1 qui tum appell>5tur1 alios ,p]ipateticos arbitrantur4 ,communis haec ratio et utrisque hic bonorum f9is videbatur1 adipisci quae ess5t prima natura quaeque ipsa p] sese expet5da1 aut omnia aut maxima4 ,ea sunt autem maxima1 quae 9 ipso animo atque 9 ipsa virtute v]santur4 ,itaque omnis illa antiqua philosophia s5sit 9 una virtute esse positam beatam vitam1 nec tam5 beatissimam1 nisi adiung]5tur et corporis et cet]a1 quae supra dicta sunt1 ad virtutis usum idonea4 #bc4 ,ex hac descriptione ag5di quoque aliquid 9 vita et (ficii ipsius initium rep]iebatur3 quod erat 9 cons]vatione e>um r]um1 quas natura praescrib]et4 ,h9c gignebatur fuga desidiae voluptatumque contemptio3 ex quo laborum dolorumque susceptio multorum magnorumque recti hone/ique causa et e>um r]um1 quae erant congru5tes cum descriptione naturae1 unde et amicitia exsi/ebat et iu/itia atque aequitas3 eaeque voluptatibus et multis vitae commodis anteponebantur4 ,haec quidem fuit apud eos morum in/itutio et eius p>tis1 quam primam posui1 =ma atque descriptio4 #bd4 ,de natura autem--id enim sequebatur--ita dicebant1 ut eam divid]5t 9 res duas1 ut alt]a esset effici5s1 alt]a autem quasi huic se praeb5s1 ea quae effic]etur aliquid4 ,9 eo1 quod effic]et1 vim esse c5sebant1 9 eo autem1 quod effic]etur1 mat]iam qu&am3 9 utroque tam5 utrumque3 neque enim mat]iam ipsam coha]]e potuisse1 si nulla vi cont9]etur1 neque vim s9e aliqua mat]ia4 ,nihil e/ enim quod non alicubi esse cogatur4 ,s$ quod ex utroque1 id iam corpus et quasi qualitatem qu&am nom9abant3 dabitis enim pr(ecto1 ut 9 rebus inusitatis1 quod ,graeci ipsi faciunt1 a quibus haec iam diu tractantur1 utamur v]bis int]dum inauditis4 ,,vii4 #be4 ,nos v]o1 inquit ,atticus3 qu9 etiam ,graecis licebit ut>e1 cum voles1 si te ,lat9a =te defici5t4 ,b5e sane facis3 s$ enit> ut ,lat9e loqu>1 nisi 9 huiusce modi v]bis1 ut philosophiam aut rhetoricam aut physicam aut dialecticam appellem1 quibus1 ut aliis multis1 consuetudo iam utitur pro ,lat9is4 ,qualitates igitur appellavi1 quas ,graeci vocant1 quod ipsum apud ,graecos non e/ vulgi v]bum1 s$ philosophorum1 atque id 9 multis4 ,dialecticorum v]o v]ba nulla sunt publica3 suis utuntur4 ,et id quidem commune omnium f]e e/ artium4 ,aut enim nova sunt r]um nov>um faci5da nom9a aut ex aliis transf]5da4 ,quod si ,graeci faciunt1 qui 9 8 rebus tot iam saecula v]santur1 quanto id magis nobis conc$5dum e/1 qui haec nunc primum tract>e conamur8 #bf4 ,tu v]o1 inquam1 ,v>ro1 b5e etiam m]iturus mihi vid]is de tuis civibus1 si eos non modo copia r]um aux]is1 uti feci/i1 s$ etiam v]borum4 ,audebimus ergo1 inquit1 novis v]bis uti te auctore1 si necesse erit4 ,e>um igitur qualitatum sunt aliae pr9cipes1 aliae ex 8 ortae4 ,pr9cipes sunt unius modi et simplices3 ex 8 autem ortae v>iae sunt et quasi multi=mes4 ,itaque ar--utimur enim pro ,lat9o--et ignis et aqua et t]ra prima sunt3 ex 8 autem ortae animantium =mae e>umque r]um1 quae gignuntur e t]ra4 ,ergo illa initia et1 ut e ,graeco v]tam1 elem5ta dicuntur3 e quibus ar et ignis mov5di vim hab5t et effici5di1 reliquae p>tes accipi5di et quasi pati5di1 aquam dico et t]ram4 ,qu9tum g5us1 e quo ess5t a/ra m5tesque1 s+ul>e eorumque quattuor1 quae supra dixi1 dissimile ,ari/oteles quoddam esse rebatur4 #bg4 ,s$ subiectam putant omnibus s9e ulla specie atque c>5tem omni illa qualitate--faciamus enim tract&o usitatius hoc v]bum et tritius--mat]iam qu&am1 ex qua omnia expressa atque efficta s9t3 quae tota omnia accip]e possit omnibusque modis mut>i atque ex omni p>te1 eoque etiam int]ire non 9 nihilum1 s$ 9 suas p>tis1 quae inf9ite sec>i ac dividi poss9t1 cum sit nihil omn9o 9 r]um natura m9imum quod dividi nequeat3 quae autem moveantur1 omnia int]vallis mov]i1 quae int]valla item inf9ite dividi poss9t4 #bh4 ,et cum ita moveatur illa vis1 quam qualitatem esse diximus1 et cum sic ultro citroque v]setur1 mat]iam ipsam totam p5itus commut>i putant et illa effici1 quae appellant qualia1 e quibus 9 omni natura coha]5te et cont9uata cum omnibus suis p>tibus effectum esse mundum1 extra quem nulla p>s mat]iae sit nullumque corpus1 p>tis autem esse mundi omnia1 quae ins9t 9 eo1 quae natura s5ti5te t5eantur1 9 qua ratio p]fecta insit1 quae sit eadem sempit]na3 nihil enim val5tius esse a quo int]eat3 #bi4 quam vim animum esse dicunt mundi e&emque esse m5tem sapi5tiamque p]fectam1 quem deum appellant1 omniumque r]um1 quae sunt ei subiectae1 quasi prud5tiam qu&am1 procurantem caele/ia maxime1 de9de 9 t]ris ea1 quae p]t95t ad hom9es3 quam int]dum e&em necessitatem appellant1 quia nihil alit] possit atque ab ea con/itutum sit1 int] quasi fatalem et immutabilem cont9uationem ord9is sempit]ni3 non numquam e&em =tunam1 quod efficiat multa improvisa ac necop9ata nobis propt] obscuritatem ignorationemque caus>um4 ,,viii4 #cj4 ,t]tia de9de philosophiae p>s1 quae erat 9 ratione et 9 diss]5do1 sic tractabatur ab utrisque4 ,quamquam oriretur a s5sibus1 tam5 non esse iudicium v]itatis 9 s5sibus4 ,m5tem volebant r]um esse iudicem3 solam c5sebant idoneam cui cr$]etur1 quia sola c]n]et id1 quod semp] esset simplex et unius modi et tale quale esset4 ,hanc illi appellabant1 iam a ,platone ita nom9atam1 nos recte speciem possumus dic]e4 #ca4 ,s5sus autem omnis hebetes et t>dos esse arbitrabantur1 nec p]cip]e ullo modo res eas1 quae subiectae s5sibus vid]5tur1 quae ess5t aut ita p>vae1 ut sub s5sum cad]e non poss5t1 aut ita mobiles et concitatae1 ut nihil umquam unum esset con/ans1 ne idem quidem1 quia cont95t] lab]5tur et flu]5t omnia4 ,itaque hanc omnem p>tem r]um op9abilem appellabant4 #cb4 ,sci5tiam autem nusquam esse c5sebant nisi 9 animi notionibus atque rationibus3 qua de causa def9itiones r]um probabant1 et has ad omnia1 de quibus disceptabatur1 adhibebant4 ,v]borum etiam explicatio probabatur1 id e/1 qua de causa quaeque ess5t ita nom9ata1 quam appellabant3 po/ argum5tis et quasi r]um notis ducibus utebantur ad prob&um et ad conclud5dum id1 quod explan>i volebant3 itaque tradebatur omnis dialecticae discipl9a1 id e/1 orationis ratione conclusae4 ,huic quasi ex alt]a p>te oratoria vis dic5di adhibebatur1 explicatrix orationis p]petuae ad p]suad5dum accommodatae4 #cc4 ,haec erat illis discipl9a a ,platone tradita3 cuius quas accep]im mutationes1 si voltis1 exponam4 ,nos v]o volumus1 inquam1 ut pro ,attico etiam respondeam4 ,,ix4 ,et recte1 inquit1 respondes3 praecl>e enim explicatur ,p]ipateticorum et ,academiae vet]is auctoritas4 ,ari/oteles primus species1 quas paulo ante dixi1 labefactavit3 quas mirifice ,plato erat amplexatus1 ut 9 iis quiddam div9um esse dic]et4 ,!ophra/us autem1 vir et oratione suavis et ita moratus1 ut prae se probitatem qu&am et +5uitatem f]at1 vehem5tius etiam fregit quodam modo auctoritatem vet]is discipl9ae3 spoliavit enim virtutem suo decore imbecillamque r$didit1 quod negavit 9 ea sola positum esse beate viv]e4 #cd4 ,nam ,/rato1 eius auditor1 quamquam fuit acri +5io1 tam5 ab ea discipl9a omn9o semov5dus e/3 qui cum maxime necess>iam p>tem philosophiae1 quae posita e/ 9 virtute et moribus1 reliquisset totumque se ad inve/igationem naturae contulisset1 9 ea ipsa plurimum diss$it a suis4 ,speusippus autem et ,x5ocrates1 qui primi ,platonis rationem auctoritatemque suscep]ant1 et po/ eos ,polemo et ,crates unaque ,crantor1 9 ,academia congregati1 dilig5t] ea1 quae a sup]ioribus accep]ant1 tuebantur4 ,iam ,polemonem audiv]ant adsidue ,z5o et ,arcesilas4 #ce4 ,s$ ,z5o cum ,arcesilam anteiret aetate valdeque subtilit] diss]]et et p]acute mov]etur1 corrig]e conatus e/ discipl9am4 ,eam quoque1 si videtur1 correctionem explicabo1 sicut solebat ,antio*us4 ,mihi v]o1 inquam1 videtur1 quod vides idem signific>e ,pomponium4 ,x4 ,z5o igitur nullo modo is erat1 qui1 ut ,!ophra/us1 n]vos virtutis incid]it1 s$ contra1 qui omnia quae ad beatam vitam p]t9]5t 9 una virtute pon]et nec quicquam aliud num]>et 9 bonis1 idque appell>et hone/um1 quod esset simplex quoddam et solum et unum bonum4 #cf4 ,cet]a autem etsi nec bona nec mala ess5t1 tam5 alia secundum naturam dicebat1 alia naturae esse contr>ia4 ,8 ipsis alia int]iecta et m$ia num]abat4 ,quae autem secundum naturam ess5t1 ea sum5da et quadam ae/imatione dign&a docebat1 contraque contr>ia3 neutra autem 9 m$iis rel9quebat1 9 quibus ponebat nihil omn9o esse mom5ti4 #cg4 ,s$ quae ess5t sum5da1 ex iis alia pluris esse ae/im&a1 alia m9oris4 ,quae pluris1 ea praeposita appellabat1 reiecta autem quae m9oris4 ,atque ut haec non tam rebus quam vocabulis commutav]at1 sic int] recte factum atque peccatum1 (ficium et contra (ficium m$ia locabat qua$am3 recte facta sola 9 bonis actionibus pon5s1 prave1 id e/ peccata1 9 malis3 (ficia autem s]vata praet]missaque m$ia putabat1 ut dixi4 #ch4 ,cumque sup]iores non omnem virtutem 9 ratione esse dic]5t1 s$ quasdam virtutes natura aut m p]fectas1 hic omnis 9 ratione ponebat1 cumque illi ea g5]a virtutum1 quae supra dixi1 seiungi posse arbitr>5tur1 hic nec id ullo modo fi]i posse diss]ebat nec virtutis usum modo1 ut sup]iores1 s$ ipsum habitum p] se esse praecl>um1 nec tam5 virtutem cuiquam adesse qu9 ea semp] ut]etur4 ,cumque p]turbationem animi illi ex hom9e non toll]5t1 naturaque et condolesc]e et concupisc]e et extimesc]e et eff]ri laetitia dic]5t1 s$ eas contrah]5t 9 angu/umque d$uc]5t1 hic omnibus 8 quasi morbis voluit c>]e sapi5tem4 #ci4 ,cumque eas p]turbationes antiqui naturalis esse dic]5t et rationis exp]tis aliaque 9 p>te animi cupiditatem1 alia rationem colloc>5t1 ne 8 quidem ads5tiebatur4 ,nam et p]turbationes volunt>ias esse putabat op9ionisque iudicio suscipi et omnium p]turbationum arbitrabatur matrem esse immod]atam quamdam intemp]antiam4 ,haec f]e de moribus4 ,,xi4 ,de naturis autem sic s5tiebat1 primum1 ut quattuor initiis r]um illis qu9tam hanc naturam1 ex qua sup]iores s5sus et m5tem effici rebantur1 non adhib]et4 ,/atuebat enim ignem esse ipsam naturam1 quae quidque gign]et1 et m5tem atque s5sus4 ,discrepabat etiam ab isdem quod nullo modo arbitrabatur quicquam effici posse ab ea1 quae exp]s esset corporis1 cuius g5]is ,x5ocrates et sup]iores etiam animum esse dix]ant1 nec v]o aut quod effic]et aliquid aut quod effic]etur posse esse non corpus4 #dj4 ,plurima autem 9 illa t]tia philosophiae p>te mutavit4 ,9 qua primum de s5sibus ipsis qua$am dixit nova1 quos iunctos esse c5suit e quadam quasi impulsione oblata extr9secus1 quam ille 1 nos visum appellemus licet1 et t5eamus hoc v]bum quidem3 erit enim ut5dum 9 reliquo s]mone saepius4 ,s$ ad haec1 quae visa sunt et quasi accepta s5sibus1 ads5sionem adiungit animorum1 quam esse volt 9 nobis positam et volunt>iam4 #da4 ,visis non omnibus adiungebat fidem1 s$ iis solum1 quae propriam qu&am hab]5t decl>ationem e>um r]um1 quae vid]5tur3 id autem visum1 cum ipsum p] se c]n]etur1 compreh5dibile--f]etis hoc8 ,nos v]o1 inquit4 ,quonam enim modo dic]es8--,s$1 cum acceptum iam et approbatum esset1 compreh5sionem appellabat1 similem iis rebus1 quae manu preh5d]5tur3 ex quo etiam nom5 hoc dux]at1 cum eo v]bo antea nemo tali 9 re usus esset1 plurimisque idem novis v]bis--nova enim dicebat--usus e/4 ,quod autem erat s5su compreh5sum1 id ipsum s5sum appellabat1 et si ita erat compreh5sum1 ut convelli ratione non posset1 sci5tiam3 s9 alit]1 insci5tiam nom9abat3 ex qua exsi/]et etiam op9io1 quae esset imbecilla et cum falso incognitoque communis4 #db4 ,s$ int] sci5tiam et insci5tiam compreh5sionem illam1 quam dixi1 collocabat1 eamque neque 9 rectis neque 9 pravis num]abat1 s$ soli cr$5dum esse dicebat4 ,e quo s5sibus etiam fidem tribuebat1 quod1 ut supra dixi1 compreh5sio facta s5sibus et v]a esse illi et fidelis videbatur1 non quod omnia1 quae ess5t 9 re1 compreh5d]et1 s$ quia nihil quod cad]e 9 eam posset rel9qu]et quodque natura quasi normam sci5tiae et pr9cipium sui d$isset1 unde po/ea notiones r]um 9 animis imprim]5tur1 e quibus non pr9cipia solum1 s$ latiores qua$am ad rationem inv5i5dam viae rep]iuntur4 ,errorem autem et tem]itatem et ignorantiam et op9ationem et suspicionem et uno nom9e omnia1 quae ess5t ali5a firmae et con/antis ads5sionis1 a virtute sapi5tiaque removebat4 ,atque 9 8 f]e commutatio con/itit omnis diss5sioque ,z5onis a sup]ioribus4 ,,xii4 #dc4 ,quae cum dixisset3 ,brevit] sane m9imeque obscure exposita e/1 inquam1 a te1 ,v>ro1 et vet]is ,academiae ratio et ,/oicorum3 v]um esse autem arbitror1 ut ,antio*o1 no/ro famili>i1 placebat1 correctionem vet]is ,academiae potius quam aliquam novam discipl9am put&am4 ,tunc ,v>ro3 ,tuae sunt nunc p>tes1 inquit1 qui ab antiquorum ratione desciscis et ea1 quae ab ,arcesila novata sunt1 probas1 doc]e quod et qua de causa discidium factum sit1 ut videamus satisne i/a sit iu/a defectio4 #dd4 ,tum ego3 ,cum ,z5one1 inquam1 ut accepimus1 ,arcesilas sibi omne c]tam5 in/ituit1 non p]t9acia aut /udio v9c5di1 ut mihi quidem videtur1 s$ e>um r]um obscuritate1 quae ad confessionem ignorationis addux]ant ,socratem et iam ante ,socratem ,democritum1 ,anaxagoram1 ,emp$oclem1 omnis pa5e vet]es3 qui nihil cognosci1 nihil p]cipi1 nihil sciri posse dix]unt3 angu/os s5sus1 imbecillos animos1 brevia curricula vitae et1 ut ,democritus1 9 pr(undo v]itatem esse dem]sam1 op9ionibus et in/itutis omnia t5]i1 nihil v]itati rel9qui1 de9ceps omnia t5ebris circumfusa esse dix]unt4 #de4 ,itaque ,arcesilas negabat esse quicquam quod sciri posset1 ne illud quidem ipsum1 quod ,socrates sibi reliquisset3 sic omnia lat]e c5sebat 9 occulto3 neque esse quicquam quod c]ni aut intellegi posset3 quibus de causis nihil oport]e neque pr(it]i neque adfirm>e quemquam neque ads5sione approb>e1 cohib]eque semp] et ab omni lapsu cont9]e tem]itatem1 quae tum esset insignis1 cum aut falsa aut incognita res approb>etur1 neque hoc quicquam esse turpius quam cognitioni et p]ceptioni ads5sionem approbationemque praecurr]e4 ,huic rationi quod erat cons5taneum faciebat1 ut contra omnium s5t5tias dic5s 9 eam pl]osque d$uc]et1 ut cum 9 eadem re p>ia contr>iis 9 p>tibus mom5ta rationum inv5ir5tur1 facilius ab utraque p>te ads5sio su/9]etur4 #df4 ,hanc ,academiam novam appellant1 quae mihi vetus videtur1 si quidem ,platonem ex illa vet]e num]amus1 cuius 9 libris nihil adfirmatur et 9 utramque p>tem multa diss]untur1 de omnibus qua]itur1 nihil c]ti dicitur3 s$ tam5 illa1 quam exposui/i1 vetus1 haec nova nom9etur3 quae usque ad ,c>neadem p]ducta1 qui qu>tus ab ,arcesila fuit1 9 eadem ,arcesilae ratione p]mansit4 ,c>neades autem nullius philosophiae p>tis ign>us et1 ut cognovi ex iis1 qui illum audi]ant1 maximeque ex ,epicureo ,z5one1 qui cum ab eo plurimum diss5tiret1 unum tam5 praet] cet]os mirabatur1 incr$ibili quadam fuit facultate4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,,academicorum ,,po/]iorum ,,fragm5ta4 ,,ex ,,libro ,i4 #a4 ,nonius p4 #fe ,m]c4 ,digladi>i dictum e/ diss5tire et dissid]e1 dictum a gladiis4 ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,i43 quid autem /oma*atur ,m5es>*us8 quid ,antipat] digladiatur cum ,c>neade tot volum9ibus8 #b4 ,nonius s4v4 conc9n>e p4 #dc4 ,idem 9 ,academicis lib4 ,i43 qui cum similitud9e v]bi conc9]e maxime sibi vid]etur4 ,,ex ,,libro ,,ii4 #c4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,aequor ab aequo et plano ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii4 vocabulum accepisse confirmat3 quid tam planum videtur quam m>e8 e quo etiam aequor illud poetae vocant4 #d4 ,nonius p4 #fi4 ,adam>e ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 qui enim s]ius honores adamav]unt vix admittuntur ad eos nec satis comm5dati multitud9i possunt esse4 #e4 ,nonius p4 #ajd4 ,expon]e pro exempla boni o/5t>e4 ,cic]o ,academicis lib4 ,,ii43 frang]e av>itiam1 scel]a pon]e1 vitam suam expon]e ad imit&um iuv5tuti4 #f4 ,nonius p4 #aba4 ,hebes positum pro obscuro aut obtuso4 ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 quid8 lunae quae l9iam5ta s9t potesne dic]e8 cuius et nasc5tis et s5esc5tis alias hebetiora1 alias acutiora vid5tur cornua4 #g4 ,nonius p4 #afb4 ,purpurascit4 ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 quid8 m>e nonne ca]uleum8 at eius unda1 cum e/ pulsa remis1 purpurascit3 et quidem aquae t9ctum quodam modo et infectum4444 #h4 ,nonius p4 #afb4 ,p]p5diculi et normae4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 atqui si id cr$]emus1 non eg]emus p]p5diculis1 non normis1 non regulis4 #i4 ,nonius p4 #cid4 ,siccum dicitur aridum et s9e humore 444 ,siccum dicitur et sobrium1 non madidum 444 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 alius 7color7 adultis1 alius adulesc5tibus1 alius aegris1 alius sanis1 alius siccis1 alius v9ul5tis 444 #aj4 ,nonius p4 #dgd4 ,ur9antur4 ,cic4 9 ,academicis lib4 ,,ii43 si qu&o enim nos dem]simus1 ut qui ur9antur1 aut nihil sup]um aut obscure admodum c]nimus4 #aa4 ,nonius p4 #ede4 ,alaba/]4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 quibus etiam alaba/] pl5us ungu5ti put] esse videtur4 ,,ex ,,libro ,,iii4 ,cic]o ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #f4 #d4 ,de gloria librum ad te misi3 at 9 eo prooemium id e/1 quod 9 ,academico t]tio4 #ab4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,digladi>i 444 idem t]tio3 digladi>i autem semp]1 depugn>e cum fac9orosis et audacibus1 quis non cum mis]rimum1 tum etiam /ultissimum dix]it8 #ac4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,exult>e dictum e/ exilire4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 et ut nos nunc s$emus ad ,lucr9um pisciculosque exultantes videmus 444 #ad4 ,nonius p4 #abc4 ,+5]>etur ut innasc]etur4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 9 tanta animantium v>ietate1 hom9i ut soli cupiditas +5]>etur cognitionis et sci5tiae4 #ae4 ,nonius p4 #dai4 ,v9dic>e1 trah]e1 lib]>e 444 ,cic]o ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 aliqua pote/as sit1 v9dicet se 9 lib]tatem4 #af4 ,lactantius ,in/4 div4 ,,vi4 #bd4 ,cic]o 444 cuius haec 9 ,academico t]tio v]ba sunt3 quod si lic]et1 ut iis qui 9 it9]e de]raviss5t1 sic vitam deviam secutis corrig]e errorem pa5it5do1 facilior esset em5datio tem]itatis4 #ag4 ,diom$es p4 #cgc1 ed4 ,puts*43 p4 #cgg1 ed4 ,keil4 ,v>ro ad ,cic]onem t]tio fixum et ,cic]o ,academicorum t]tio 7 ,lucullus #bg73 mal*o 9 op]a adfixa4 #ah4 ,nonius p4 #aci4 ,mordicibus et mordicus pro morsu1 pro morsibus 444 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 p]spicuitatem1 quam mordicus t5]e debemus1 abesse dicemus4 ,lucullus #ea4 #ai4 ,nonius p4 #aag4 ,gall9as4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 qui gall9as al]e p]multas quae/us causa sol]5t3 ii cum ovum inspex]ant1 quae gall9a pep]isset dic]e solebant4 ,lucullus #eg4 ,,ex ,,libro ,,iiii4 #bj4 ,nonius p4 #fi1 ,ad/ipul>i positum e/ ads5tiri4 ,cic4 9 ,academicis lib4 ,,iiii43 falsum esse4444 ,antio*us4 ,lucullus #fg4 #ba4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,ma5iana ab inv5tore eorum ,ma5io dicta sunt2 unde et columna ,ma5ia4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 item ille cum ae/u>et1 vet]um ut ,ma5ianorum1 sic ,academicorum viam secutus e/4 ,lucullus #gj4 #bb4 ,nonius p4 #ii4 ,dolitum1 quod dolatum usu dicitur1 quod e/ p]caesum vel abrasum vel effossum 444 ,cic]o dolatum ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 non enim e/ e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus4 ,lucullus #ajj4 #bc4 ,nonius p4 #afd4 ,ravum fulvum4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 quia nobismet ipsis tum ca]uleum1 tum ravum videtur1 quodque nunc a sole conlucet4444 ,lucullus #aje4 #bd4 ,nonius p4 #ajg4 ,exancl>e e/ p]peti vel sup]>e4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 cr$oque ,clitoma*o ita scrib5ti ut ,h]culi qu5dam laborem exanclatum4 ,lucullus #ajh4 #be4 ,nonius p4 #afc4 ,p+ue positum pro imp$ito et inepto4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 quod ipsi 444 contr>ium4 ,lucullus #aji4 #bf4 ,nonius p4 #abb4 ,inf9itatem4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 at hoc ,anaxim&ro inf9itatem4 ,lucullus #aah4 #bg4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,natrices dicuntur angues natantes ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 sic enim voltis 444 fec]it4 ,lucullus #abj4 #bh4 ,nonius p4 #ahi4 ,unc9atum ab unco4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 nec ut ille qui asp]is et hamatis unc9atisque corpusculis concreta haec esse dicat4 ,lucullus #aba4 #bi4 ,m>tianus ,capella ,v4 #eag1 p4 #ddd1 ed4 ,kopp4 ,cic]o 444 9 ,academicis3 lat5t i/a omnia1 ,v>ro1 magnis obscurata et circumfusa t5ebris4 ,lucullus #abb4 #cj4 ,nonius p4 #ajb4 ,e regione positum e/ ex adv]so4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 nec ego non ita 444 vos etiam dicitis e regione nobis 9 contr>ia p>te t]rae qui adv]sis ve/igiis /5t contra no/ra ve/igia4 ,lucullus #abc4 #ca4 ,nonius p4 #hj4 ,balbuttire e/ cum quadam l+uae haesitatione et confusione trepid>e1 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 plane1 ut supra dictus1 ,/oicus p]pauca balbutti5s4 ,lucullus #ace4 ,ex ,,libris ,,inc]tis4 #cb4 ,lactantius ,in/4 div4 ,,iii4 #ad4 ,haec tua v]ba sunt 7sc4 ,cic]o673 mihi autem non modo ad sapi5tiam caeci videmur1 s$ ad ea ipsa quae aliqua ex p>te c]ni videantur1 hebetes et obtusi4 #cc4 ,augu/4 contra ,academicos ,,ii4 #bf43 id probabile vel v]i simile ,academici vacant1 quod nos ad ag5dum s9e ads5sione pot5t invit>e4 444 ,talia1 inquit ,academicus1 mihi vid5tur omnia quae probabilia vel v]i similia putavi nom9&a3 quae tu si alio nom9e vis voc>e1 nihil repugno4 ,satis enim mihi e/ te iam b5e accepisse quid dicam1 id e/1 quibus rebus haec nom9a imponam2 non enim vocabulorum opificem1 s$ r]um inquisitorem decet esse sapi5tem4 ,proximis po/ hunc locum v]bis p]spicue assev]at ,augu/9us haec ipsius esse ,cic]onis v]ba4 #cd4 ,augu/94 c4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,e/ 9 libris ,cic]onis quae 9 huius causae 7i4e4 ,academicorum7 patroc9ium scripsit1 locus quidam4444 ,academico sapi5ti ab omnibus cet]>um sect>um1 qui sibi sapi5tes vid5tur1 secundas p>tes d>i2 cum primas sibi quemque v9dic>e necesse sit2 ex quo posse probabilit] confici eum recte primum esse iudicio suo1 qui omnium cet]orum judicio sit secundus4 #ce4 ,augu/94 c4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 #dc4 ,ait enim ,cic]o illis 7i4e4 ,academicis7 morem fuisse occult&i s5t5tiam suam nec eam cuiquam1 nisi qui secum ad s5ectutem usque vixiss5t1 ap]ire consuesse4 #cf4 ,augu/94 ,de ,civit4 ,dei ,,vi4 #b4 ,d5ique et ipse ,tullius huic 7i4e4 ,m4,t4 ,v>roni7 tale te/imonium p]hibet1 ut 9 libris ,academicis eam quae ibi v]satur disputationem se habuisse cum ,m4 ,v>rone1 hom9e1 inquit1 omnium facile acutissimo et s9e ulla dubitatione doctissimo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,academicorum ,,priorum ,,lib] ,,ii4 ,i4 #a4 ,magnum +5ium ,luci ,luculli magnumque optim>um artium /udium1 tum omnis lib]alis et digna hom9e nobili ab eo p]cepta doctr9a1 quibus temporibus flor]e 9 =o maxime potuit1 c>uit omn9o rebus urbanis4 ,ut enim admodum adolesc5s cum fratre p>i pietate et indu/ria pra$ito pat]nas inimicitias magna cum gloria e/ p]secutus1 9 ,asiam quae/or pr(ectus1 ibi p]multos annos admirabili quadam laude prov9ciae praefuit2 de9de abs5s factus a$ilis1 cont9uo praetor--licebat enim cel]ius legis praemio--1 po/ 9 ,africam1 inde ad consulatum1 quem ita gessit ut dilig5tiam admir>5tur omnes1 +5ium cognosc]5t4 ,po/ ad ,mi?ridaticum bellum missus a s5atu non modo op9ionem vicit omnium1 quae de virtute eius erat1 s$ etiam gloriam sup]iorum4 #b4 ,idque eo fuit mirabilius1 quod ab eo laus imp]atoria non admodum exspectabatur1 qui adolesc5tiam 9 =5si op]a1 quae/urae diuturnum tempus ,mur5a bellum 9 ,ponto g]5te 9 ,asia pace consumps]at4 ,s$ incr$ibilis qua$am +5i magnitudo non desid]avit indocilem usus discipl9am4 ,itaque cum totum it] et navigationem consumpsisset p>tim 9 p]cont&o a p]itis1 p>tim 9 rebus ge/is leg5dis1 9 ,asiam factus imp]ator v5it1 cum esset ,roma pr(ectus rei milit>is rudis4 ,habuit enim div9am qu&am memoriam r]um1 v]borum maiorem ,hort5sius1 s$ quo plus 9 negotiis g]5dis res quam v]ba prosunt1 hoc erat memoria illa prae/antior1 quam fuisse 9 ,!mi/ocle1 quem facile ,graeciae pr9cipem ponimus1 s+ul>em f]unt3 qui quidem etiam pollic5ti cuidam se artem ei memoriae1 quae tum primum pr(]ebatur1 traditurum respondisse dicitur oblivisci se malle disc]e1 cr$o1 quod ha]ebant 9 memoria quaecumque audi]at et vid]at4 ,tali +5io pra$itus ,lucullus adiunx]at etiam illam1 quam ,!mi/ocles sprev]at1 discipl9am4 ,itaque ut litt]is consignamus quae monum5tis m&>e volumus1 sic ille 9 animo res insculptas habebat4 #c4 ,tantus ergo imp]ator 9 omni g5]e belli fuit1 proeliis1 oppugnationibus1 navalibus pugnis totiusque belli in/rum5to et app>atu1 ut ille rex po/ ,alex&rum maximus hunc a se maiorem ducem cognitum quam quemquam eorum1 quos legisset1 fat]etur4 ,9 eodem tanta prud5tia fuit 9 con/itu5dis temp]&isque civitatibus1 tanta aequitas1 ut hodie /et ,asia ,luculli in/itutis s]v&is et quasi ve/igiis p]sequ5dis4 ,s$ etsi magna cum utilitate rei publicae1 tam5 diutius quam vellem tanta vis virtutis atque +5i p]egr9ata afuit ab oculis et =i et curiae4 ,qu9 etiam1 cum victor a ,mi?ridatico bello rev]tisset1 inimicorum calumnia tri5nio t>dius quam debu]at triumphavit4 ,nos enim consules introduximus pa5e 9 urbem currum cl>issimi viri3 cuius mihi consilium et auctoritas quid tum 9 maximis rebus pr(uisset dic]em1 nisi de me ipso dic5dum esset3 quod hoc tempore non e/ necesse4 ,itaque privabo illum potius debito te/imonio quam id cum mea laude communicem4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,s$ quae popul>i gloria decor>i 9 ,lucullo debu]unt1 ea f]e sunt et ,graecis litt]is celebrata et ,lat9is4 ,nos autem illa ext]na cum multis1 haec int]iora cum paucis ex ipso saepe cognovimus4 ,maiore enim /udio ,lucullus cum omni litt]>um g5]i tum philosophiae d$itus fuit quam qui illum ignorabant arbitrabantur1 nec v]o ineunte aetate solum1 s$ et pro quae/ore aliquot annos et 9 ipso bello1 9 quo ita magna rei milit>is esse occupatio solet1 ut non multum imp]atori sub ipsis pellibus otii rel9quatur4 ,cum autem e philosophis +5io sci5tiaque put>etur ,antio*us1 ,philonis auditor1 excell]e1 eum secum et quae/or habuit et po/ aliquot annos imp]ator1 cumque esset ea memoria1 quam ante dixi1 ea saepe audi5do facile cognovit1 quae vel semel audita mem9isse potuisset4 ,delectabatur autem mirifice lectione librorum1 de quibus audiebat4 #e4 ,ac v]eor int]dum ne talium p]son>um cum amplific>e velim1 m9uam etiam gloriam4 ,sunt enim multi qui omn9o ,graecas non am5t litt]as1 plures qui philosophiam1 reliqui1 etiam si haec non improb5t1 tam5 e>um r]um disputationem pr9cipibus civitatis non ita decoram putant4 ,ego autem1 cum ,graecas litt]as ,m4 ,catonem 9 s5ectute didicisse accep]im1 ,p4 autem ,africani hi/oriae loquantur 9 legatione illa nobili1 quam ante c5suram obiit1 ,panaetium unum omn9o comitem fuisse1 nec litt]>um ,graec>um nec philosophiae iam ullum auctorem requiro4 #f4 ,re/at ut iis respondeam1 qui s]monibus eius modi nol9t p]sonas tam gravis illig>i4 ,quasi v]o cl>orum virorum aut tacitos congressus esse oporteat aut ludicros s]mones aut r]um colloquia leviorum6 ,et5im1 si quodam 9 libro v]e e/ a nobis philosophia laudata1 pr(ecto eius tractatio optimo atque amplissimo quoque dignissima e/1 nec quicquam aliud vid5dum e/ nobis1 quos populus ,romanus hoc 9 gradu collocavit1 nisi ne quid privatis /udiis de op]a publica detrahamus4 ,quod si1 cum fungi mun]e debebamus1 non modo op]am no/ram numquam a popul>i coetu removimus1 s$ ne litt]am quidem ullam fecimus nisi =5sem1 quis repreh5det no/rum otium1 qui 9 eo non modo nosmet ipsos hebesc]e et langu]e nolumus1 s$ etiam ut plurimis prosimus enitimur8 ,gloriam v]o non modo non m9ui1 s$ etiam aug]i arbitramur eorum1 quorum ad popul>is illu/risque laudes has etiam m9us notas m9usque p]volgatas adiungimus4 #g4 ,sunt etiam qui neg5t 9 iis1 qui 9 no/ris libris disput5t1 fuisse e>um r]um1 de quibus disputatur1 sci5tiam3 qui mihi vid5tur non solum vivis1 s$ etiam mortuis invid]e4 ,,iii4 ,re/at unum g5us repreh5sorum1 quibus ,academiae ratio non probatur4 ,quod gravius f]remus1 si quisquam ullam discipl9am philosophiae prob>et praet] eam1 quam ipse sequ]etur4 ,nos autem1 quoniam contra omnis dic]e quae vid5tur solemus1 non possumus qu9 alii a nobis diss5tiant recus>e3 quamquam no/ra quidem causa facilis e/1 qui v]um inv5ire s9e ulla cont5tione volumus1 idque summa cura /udioque conquirimus4 ,etsi enim omnis cognitio multis e/ ob/ructa difficultatibus eaque e/ et 9 ipsis rebus obscuritas et 9 iudiciis no/ris infirmitas1 ut non s9e causa antiquissimi et doctissimi inv5ire se posse quod cup]5t diffisi s9t1 tam5 nec illi defec]unt neque nos /udium exquir5di defetigati rel9quemus1 neque no/rae disputationes quicquam aliud agunt nisi ut 9 utramque p>tem dic5do eliciant et tamquam exprimant aliquid1 quod aut v]um sit aut ad id quam proxime acc$at4 #h4 ,neque int] nos et eos1 qui se scire arbitrantur1 quicquam int]e/1 nisi quod illi non dubitant qu9 ea v]a s9t1 quae def5dunt3 nos probabilia multa habemus1 quae sequi facile1 adfirm>e vix possumus4 ,hoc autem lib]iores et solutiores sumus1 quod integra nobis e/ iudic&i pote/as1 nec ut omnia1 quae praescripta et quasi imp]ata s9t1 def5damus necessitate ulla cogimur4 ,nam cet]i primum ante t55tur ad/ricti quam quid esset optimum iudic>e potu]unt3 de9de infirmissimo tempore aetatis aut obsecuti amico cuidam aut una alicuius1 quem primum audi]unt1 oratione capti de rebus incognitis iudicant et1 ad quamcumque sunt discipl9am quasi tempe/ate delati1 ad eam tamquam ad saxum adha]escunt4 #i4 ,nam1 quod dicunt omn9o se cr$]e ei1 quem iudic5t fuisse sapi5tem1 prob>em1 si id ipsum rudes et indocti iudic>e potuiss5t--/atu]e enim qui sit sapi5s vel maxime videtur esse sapi5tis--1 s$ ut potu]9t1 potu]unt omnibus rebus auditis1 cognitis etiam reliquorum s5t5tiis1 iudicav]unt autem re semel audita atque ad unius se auctoritatem contul]unt4 ,s$ nescio quo modo pl]ique err>e malunt eamque s5t5tiam1 quam adamav]unt1 pugnacissime def5d]e quam s9e p]t9acia quid con/antissime dicatur exquir]e4 ,quibus de rebus et alias saepe multa quaesita et disputata sunt et quondam 9 ,hort5sii villa1 quae e/ ad ,baulos1 cum eo ,catulus et ,lucullus nosque ipsi po/ridie v5issemus1 quam apud ,catulum fuissemus4 ,quo quidem etiam maturius v5imus1 quod erat con/itutum1 si v5tus esset1 ,lucullo 9 ,neapolitanum1 mihi 9 ,pompeianum navig>e4 ,cum igitur pauca 9 xy/o locuti essemus1 tum eodem 9 spatio cons$imus4 ,,iv4 #aj4 ,hic ,catulus3 ,etsi h]i1 inquit1 id1 quod qua]ebatur1 pa5e explicatum e/1 ut tota f]e quae/io tractata videatur1 tam5 exspecto ea1 quae te pollicitus es1 ,luculle1 ab ,antio*o audita dicturum4 ,equidem1 inquit ,hort5sius1 feci plus quam vellem3 totam enim rem ,lucullo integram s]vatam oportuit4 ,et tam5 =tasse s]vata e/3 a me enim ea1 quae 9 promptu erant1 dicta sunt1 a ,lucullo autem reconditiora desid]o4 ,tum ille3 ,non sane1 inquit1 ,hort5si1 conturbat me exspectatio tua1 etsi nihil e/ iis1 qui plac]e volunt1 tam adv]s>ium1 s$ quia non laboro quam valde ea1 quae dico1 probaturus sim1 eo m9us conturbor4 ,dicam enim nec mea nec ea1 9 quibus1 si non fu]9t1 non v9ci me malim quam v9c]e4 ,s$ meh]cule1 ut quidem nunc se causa habet1 etsi he/]no s]mone labefactata e/1 mihi tam5 videtur esse v]issima4 ,agam igitur1 sicut ,antio*us agebat3 nota enim mihi res e/4 ,nam et vacuo animo illum audiebam et magno /udio1 eadem de re etiam saepius1 ut etiam maiorem exspectationem mei faciam quam modo fecit ,hort5sius4 ,cum ita esset exorsus1 ad audi5dum animos ereximus4 #aa4 ,at ille3 ,cum ,alex&riae pro quae/ore1 inquit1 essem1 fuit ,antio*us mecum et erat iam antea ,alex&riae famili>is ,antio*i ,h]aclitus ,tyrius1 qui et ,clitoma*um multos annos et ,philonem audi]at1 homo sane 9 i/a philosophia1 quae nunc prope dimissa revocatur1 probatus et nobilis3 cum quo ,antio*um saepe disputantem audiebam1 s$ utrumque l5it]4 ,et quidem i/i libri duo ,philonis1 de quibus h]i dictum a ,catulo e/1 tum erant adlati ,alex&riam tumque primum 9 ,antio*i manus v5]ant3 et homo natura l5issimus--nihil enim pot]at fi]i illo mitius--/oma*>i tam5 coepit4 ,mirab>3 nec enim umquam ante vid]am4 ,at ille1 ,h]acliti memoriam implorans1 qua]]e ex eo vid]5turne illa ,philonis aut ea num vel e ,philone vel ex ullo ,academico audivisset aliqu&o8 ,negabat4 ,philonis tam5 scriptum agnoscebat3 nec id quidem dubit>i pot]at3 nam ad]ant mei famili>es1 docti hom9es1 ,p4 et ,c4 ,selii et ,tetrilius ,rogus1 qui se illa audivisse ,romae de ,philone et ab eo ipso illos duos libros dic]5t descripsisse4 #ab4 ,tum et illa dixit ,antio*us1 quae h]i ,catulus commemoravit a patre suo dicta ,philoni1 et alia plura1 nec se t5uit qu9 contra suum doctorem librum etiam ed]et1 qui ,sosus inscribitur4 ,tum igitur et cum ,h]aclitum /udiose audirem contra ,antio*um diss]5tem et item ,antio*um contra ,academicos1 d$i ,antio*o op]am dilig5tius1 ut causam ex eo totam cognosc]em4 ,itaque compluris dies adhibito ,h]aclito doctisque compluribus et 9 iis ,antio*i fratre1 ,ari/o1 et praet]ea ,ari/one et ,dione1 quibus ille secundum fratrem plurimum tribuebat1 multum temporis 9 i/a una disputatione consumpsimus4 ,s$ ea p>s1 quae contra ,philonem erat1 praet]mitt5da e/3 m9us enim ac] e/ adv]s>ius is1 qui i/a1 quae sunt h]i def5sa1 negat ,academicos omn9o dic]e4 ,etsi enim m5titur1 tam5 e/ adv]s>ius l5ior4 ,ad ,arcesilam ,c>neademque v5iamus4 ,v4 #ac4 ,quae cum dixisset1 sic rursus exorsus e/3 ,primum mihi videm9i--me autem nom9e appellabat1 cum vet]es physicos nom9atis1 fac]e idem1 quod s$itiosi cives sol5t1 cum aliquos ex antiquis cl>os viros pr(]unt1 quos dicant fuisse popul>is1 ut eorum ipsi similes esse videantur4 ,repetunt ii a ,p4 ,val]io1 qui exactis regibus primo anno consul fuit1 commemorant reliquos1 qui leges popul>is de provocationibus tul]9t1 cum consules ess5t2 tum ad hos notiores1 ,c4 ,flam9ium1 qui legem agr>iam aliquot annis ante secundum ,punicum bellum tribunus plebis tul]it invito s5atu et po/ea bis consul factus sit1 ,l4 ,cassium1 ,q4 ,pompeium3 illi quidem etiam ,p4 ,africanum ref]re 9 eundem num]um sol5t4 ,duos v]o sapi5tissimos et cl>issimos fratres1 ,p4 ,crassum et ,p4 ,scaevolam1 aiunt ,ti4 ,grac*o auctores legum fuisse1 alt]um quidem1 ut videmus1 palam1 alt]um1 ut suspicantur1 obscurius4 ,addunt etiam ,c4 ,m>ium4 ,et de hoc quidem nihil m5tiuntur4 ,horum nom9ibus tot virorum atque tantorum expositis eorum se in/itutum sequi dicunt4 #ad4 ,similit] vos1 cum p]turb>e1 ut illi rem publicam1 sic vos philosophiam b5e iam con/itutam velitis1 ,emp$oclem1 ,anaxagoram1 ,democritum1 ,p>m5idem1 ,x5ophanem1 ,platonem etiam et ,socratem pr(]tis4 ,s$ neque ,saturn9us1 ut no/rum inimicum potissimum nom9em1 simile quicquam habuit vet]um illorum nec ,arcesilae calumnia conf]5da e/ cum ,democriti v]ecundia4 ,et tam5 i/i physici r>o admodum1 cum ha]5t aliquo loco1 exclamant quasi m5te incitati1 ,emp$ocles quidem1 ut int]dum mihi fur]e videatur1 ab/rusa esse omnia1 nihil nos s5tire1 nihil c]n]e1 nihil omn9o quale sit posse rep]ire3 maiorem autem p>tem mihi quidem omnes i/i vid5tur nimis etiam qua$am adfirm>e plusque pr(it]i se scire quam sciant4 #ae4 ,quod si illi tum 9 novis rebus quasi modo nasc5tes haesitav]unt1 nihilne tot saeculis1 summis +5iis1 maximis /udiis explicatum putamus8 nonne1 cum iam philosophorum discipl9ae gravissimae con/itiss5t1 tum exortus e/ ut 9 optima re publica ,ti4 ,grac*us qui otium p]turb>et1 sic ,arcesilas qui con/itutam philosophiam ev]t]et et 9 eorum auctoritate delitisc]et1 qui negaviss5t quicquam sciri aut p]cipi posse8 quorum e num]o toll5dus e/ et ,plato et ,socrates3 alt]1 quia reliquit p]fectissimam discipl9am1 ,p]ipateticos et ,academicos1 nom9ibus diff]5tis1 re congru5tis1 a quibus ,/oici ipsi v]bis magis quam s5t5tiis diss5s]unt4 ,socrates autem de se ipse detrah5s 9 disputatione plus tribuebat iis1 quos volebat refell]e4 ,ita1 cum aliud agnosc]et atque s5tiret1 lib5t] uti solitus e/ ea dissimulatione1 quam ,graeci vocant3 quam ait etiam 9 ,africano fuisse ,fannius1 idque propt]ea vitiosum 9 illo non put&um1 quod idem fu]it 9 ,socrate4 ,,vi4 #af4 ,s$ fu]9t illa vet]ibus1 si voltis1 incognita4 ,nihilne e/ igitur actum1 quod inve/igata sunt1 po/ea quam ,arcesilas ,z5oni1 ut putatur1 obtrectans nihil novi rep]i5ti1 s$ em5danti sup]iores immutatione v]borum1 dum huius def9itiones labefact>e volt1 conatus e/ cl>issimis rebus t5ebras obduc]e8 ,cuius primo non admodum probata ratio1 quamquam floruit cum acum9e +5i tum admirabili quodam lepore dic5di1 proxime a ,lacyde solo ret5ta e/3 po/ autem confecta a ,c>neade1 qui e/ qu>tus ab ,arcesila3 audivit enim ,heges9um1 qui ,eu&rum audi]at1 ,lacydi discipulum1 cum ,arcesilae ,lacydes fuisset4 ,s$ ipse ,c>neades diu t5uit3 nam nonag9ta vixit annos1 et qui illum audi]ant1 admodum floru]unt3 e quibus indu/riae plurimum 9 ,clitoma*o fuit--decl>at multitudo librorum--+5i non m9us 9 ,aes*9e1 9 ,*>mada eloqu5tiae1 9 ,melan?io ,rhodio suavitatis4 ,b5e autem nosse ,c>neadem ,/ratoniceus ,metrodorus putabatur4 #ag4 ,iam ,clitoma*o ,philo ve/] op]am multos annos d$it4 ,philone autem vivo patroc9ium ,academiae non defuit4 ,s$1 quod nos fac]e nunc +r$imur1 ut contra ,academicos diss]amus1 id quidam e philosophis et ii quidem non m$iocres faci5dum omn9o non putabant3 nec v]o esse ullam rationem disput>e cum iis1 qui nihil prob>5t1 ,antipatrumque ,/oicum1 qui multus 9 eo fuisset1 repreh5debant1 nec def9iri aiebant necesse esse quid esset cognitio aut p]ceptio aut1 si v]bum e v]bo volumus1 compreh5sio1 quam illi vocant1 eosque1 qui p]suad]e vell5t1 esse aliquid quod compreh5di et p]cipi posset1 insci5t] fac]e dicebant1 propt]ea quod nihil esset cl>ius 1 ut ,graeci3 p]spicuitatem aut evid5tiam nos1 si placet1 nom9emus fabricemurque1 si opus erit1 v]ba1 ne hic sibi--me appellabat iocans--hoc lic]e putet soli3 s$ tam5 orationem nullam putabant illu/riorem ipsa evid5tia rep]iri posse nec ea1 quae tam cl>a ess5t1 def9i5da c5sebant4 ,alii autem negabant se pro hac evid5tia quicquam priores fuisse dicturos1 s$ ad ea1 quae contra dic]5tur1 dici oport]e putabant1 ne qui fall]5tur4 #ah4 ,pl]ique tam5 et def9itiones ips>um etiam evid5tium r]um non improbant et rem idoneam1 de qua qua]atur1 et hom9es dignos1 quibuscum diss]atur1 putant4 ,philo autem1 dum nova qua$am commovet1 quod ea su/9]e vix pot]at1 quae contra ,academicorum p]t9aciam dicebantur1 et ap]te m5titur1 ut e/ repreh5sus a patre ,catulo1 et1 ut docuit ,antio*us1 9 id ipsum se induit1 quod timebat4 ,cum enim ita neg>et1 quicquam esse1 quod compreh5di posset--id enim volumus esse --1 si illud esset1 sicut ,z5o def9iret1 tale visum--iam enim hoc pro v]bum satis he/]no s]mone trivimus--visum igitur impressum effictumque ex eo1 unde esset1 quale esse non posset1 ex eo1 unde non esset1 id nos a ,z5one def9itum rectissime dicimus3 qui enim pote/ quicquam compreh5di1 ut plane confidas p]ceptum id cognitumque esse1 quod e/ tale1 quale vel falsum esse possit8 hoc cum infirmat tollitque ,philo1 iudicium tollit incogniti et cogniti3 ex quo efficitur nihil posse compreh5di4 ,ita imprud5s eo1 quo m9ime volt1 revolvitur4 ,qua re omnis oratio contra ,academiam suscipitur a nobis1 ut ret9eamus eam def9itionem1 quam ,philo voluit ev]t]e4 ,quam nisi obt9emus1 p]cipi nihil posse conc$imus4 ,,vii4 #ai4 ,ordiamur igitur a s5sibus3 quorum ita cl>a iudicia et c]ta sunt1 ut1 si optio naturae no/rae detur1 et ab ea deus aliqui requirat cont5tane sit suis integris incorruptisque s5sibus an po/ulet melius aliquid1 non videam quid qua]at amplius4 ,nec v]o hoc loco exspect&um e/1 dum de remo inflexo aut de collo columbae respondeam3 non enim is sum1 qui quidquid videtur tale dicam esse quale videatur4 ,epicurus hoc vid]it et alia multa4 ,meo autem iudicio ita e/ maxima 9 s5sibus v]itas1 si et sani sunt ac val5tes et omnia remov5tur1 quae ob/ant et imp$iunt4 ,itaque et lum5 mut>i saepe volumus et situs e>um r]um1 quas intuemur1 et int]valla aut contrahimus aut diducimus1 multaque facimus usque eo1 dum adspectus ipse fidem faciat sui iudicii4 ,quod idem fit 9 vocibus1 9 odore1 9 sapore1 ut nemo sit no/rum qui 9 s5sibus sui cuiusque g5]is iudicium requirat acrius4 #bj4 ,adhibita v]o ex]citatione et arte1 ut oculi pictura t5eantur1 aures cantibus1 quis e/ qu9 c]nat quanta vis sit 9 s5sibus8 ,quam multa vid5t pictores 9 umbris et 9 em95tia1 quae nos non videmus6 quam multa1 quae nos fugiunt 9 cantu1 exaudiunt 9 eo g5]e ex]citati6 qui primo inflatu tibic9is ,antiopam esse aiunt aut ,&roma*am1 quum id nos ne suspicemur quidem4 ,nihil necesse e/ de gu/atu et odoratu loqui1 9 quibus intelleg5tia1 etsi vitiosa1 e/ qua$am tam54 ,quid de tactu1 et eo quidem1 quem philosophi int]iorem vocant1 aut doloris aut voluptatis8 9 quo ,cyr5aici solo putant v]i esse iudicium1 quia s5tiatur3--pote/ne igitur quisquam dic]e int] eum1 qui doleat1 et int] eum1 qui 9 voluptate sit1 nihil int]esse8 aut1 ita qui s5tiet non ap]tissime insaniat8 #ba4 ,atqui qualia sunt haec1 quae s5sibus p]cipi dicimus1 talia secuntur ea1 quae non s5sibus ipsis p]cipi dicuntur1 s$ quodam modo s5sibus1 ut haec3 'illud e/ album1 hoc dulce1 canorum illud1 hoc b5e ol5s1 hoc asp]um4' ,animo iam haec t5emus compreh5sa1 non s5sibus4 ',ille' de9ceps 'equus e/1 ille canis4' ,cet]a s]ies de9de sequitur1 maiora nect5s1 ut haec1 quae quasi expletam r]um compreh5sionem amplectuntur3 'si homo e/1 animal e/ mortale1 rationis p>ticeps4' ,quo e g5]e nobis notitiae r]um imprimuntur1 s9e quibus nec intellegi quicquam nec qua]i disput>ive pote/4 #bb4 ,quod si ess5t falsae notitiae-- enim notitias appell>e tu videb>e--1 si igitur ess5t hae falsae aut eius modi visis impressae1 qualia visa a falsis disc]ni non poss5t1 quo t&em 8 modo ut]emur8 quo modo autem quid cuique rei cons5taneum esset1 quid repugn>et vid]emus8 ,memoriae quidem c]te1 quae non modo philosophiam1 s$ omnis vitae usus omnisque artis una maxime cont9et1 nihil omn9o loci rel9quitur4 ,quae pote/ enim esse memoria falsorum8 aut quid quisquam mem9it1 quod non animo compreh5dit et t5et8 ,ars v]o quae pote/ esse nisi quae non ex una aut duabus1 s$ ex multis animi p]ceptionibus con/at8 ,quam si subtrax]is1 qui di/+ues artificem ab inscio8 ,non enim =tuito hunc artificem dicemus esse1 illum negabimus1 s$ cum alt]um p]cepta et compreh5sa t5]e videmus1 alt]um non item4 ,cumque artium aliud eius modi g5us sit1 ut tantum modo animo rem c]nat1 aliud1 ut moliatur aliquid et faciat1 quo modo aut geometres c]n]e ea pote/1 quae aut nulla sunt aut int]nosci a falsis non possunt1 aut is1 qui fidibus utitur1 expl]e num]os et confic]e v]sus8 ,quod idem 9 similibus quoque artibus cont+et1 qu>um omne opus e/ 9 faci5do atque ag5do4 ,quid enim e/ quod arte effici possit1 nisi is1 qui artem tractabit1 multa p]cep]it8 ,,viii4 #bc4 ,maxime v]o virtutum cognitio confirmat p]cipi et compreh5di multa posse4 ,9 quibus solis inesse etiam sci5tiam dicimus1 quam nos non compreh5sionem modo r]um1 s$ eam /abilem quoque et immutabilem esse c5semus1 itemque sapi5tiam1 artem viv5di1 quae ipsa ex sese habeat con/antiam4 ,ea autem con/antia si nihil habeat p]cepti et cogniti1 qua]o unde nata sit aut quo modo8 ,qua]o etiam1 ille vir bonus1 qui /atuit omnem cruciatum p]f]re1 intol]abili dolore lac]>i potius quam aut (ficium prodat aut fidem1 cur has igitur sibi tam gravis leges imposu]it1 cum quam ob rem ita oport]et nihil hab]et compreh5si1 p]cepti1 cogniti1 con/ituti8 ,nullo igitur modo fi]i pote/ ut quisquam tanti ae/imet aequitatem et fidem1 ut eius cons]v&ae causa nullum supplicium recuset1 nisi iis rebus ads5sus sit1 quae falsae esse non poss9t4 #bd4 ,ipsa v]o sapi5tia1 si se ignorabit sapi5tia sit necne1 quo modo primum obt9ebit nom5 sapi5tiae8 de9de quo modo suscip]e aliquam rem aut ag]e fid5t] audebit1 cum c]ti nihil erit quod sequatur8 cum v]o dubitabit quid sit extremum et ultimum bonorum1 ignorans quo omnia ref]antur1 qui pot]it esse sapi5tia8 ,atque etiam illud p]spicuum e/1 con/itui necesse esse initium1 quod sapi5tia1 cum quid ag]e incipiat1 sequatur1 idque initium esse naturae accommodatum4 ,nam alit] appetitio--eam enim volumus esse --1 qua ad ag5dum impellimur1 et id appetimus1 quod e/ visum1 mov]i non pote/4 #be4 ,illud autem1 quod movet1 prius oportet vid]i eique cr$i3 quod fi]i non pote/1 si id1 quod visum erit1 disc]ni non pot]it a falso4 ,quo modo autem mov]i animus ad appet5dum pote/1 si id1 quod videtur1 non p]cipitur accommodatumne naturae sit an ali5um8 ,itemque1 si quid (fici sui sit non occurrit animo1 nihil umquam omn9o aget1 ad nullam rem umquam impelletur1 numquam movebitur4 ,quod si aliquid aliqu&o acturus e/1 necesse e/ id ei v]um1 quod occurrit1 vid]i4 #bf4 ,quid quod1 si i/a v]a sunt1 ratio omnis tollitur1 quasi qua$am lux lum5que vitae1 tam5ne 9 i/a pravitate p]/abitis8 ,nam qua]5di initium ratio attulit1 quae p]fecit virtutem1 cum esset ipsa ratio confirmata qua]5do4 ,quae/io autem e/ appetitio cognitionis quae/ionisque f9is inv5tio4 ,at nemo inv5it falsa1 nec ea1 quae inc]ta p]man5t1 inv5ta esse possunt1 s$1 cum ea1 quae quasi involuta fu]unt1 ap]ta sunt1 tum inv5ta dicuntur4 ,sic et initium qua]5di et exitus p]cipi5di et compreh5d5di t5etur4 ,itaque argum5ti conclusio1 quae e/ ,graece 1 ita def9itur3 'ratio1 quae ex rebus p]ceptis ad id1 quod non p]cipiebatur1 adducit4' ,,ix4 #bg4 ,quod si omnia visa eius modi ess5t1 qualia i/i dicunt1 ut ea vel falsa esse poss5t1 neque ea posset ulla notio disc]n]e1 quo modo quemquam aut conclusisse aliquid aut inv5isse dic]emus aut quae esset conclusi argum5ti fides8 ,ipsa autem philosophia1 quae rationibus progr$i debet1 quem habebit exitum8 ,sapi5tiae v]o quid futurum e/8 quae neque de se ipsa dubit>e debet neque de suis decretis1 quae philosophi vocant 1 quorum nullum s9e scel]e prodi pot]it4 ,cum enim decretum proditur1 lex v]i rectique proditur1 quo e vitio et amiciti>um proditiones et r]um public>um nasci sol5t4 ,non pote/ igitur dubit>i qu9 decretum nullum falsum possit esse sapi5tique satis non sit non esse falsum1 s$ etiam /abile1 fixum1 ratum esse debeat1 quod mov]e nulla ratio queat4 ,talia autem neque esse neque vid]i possunt eorum ratione1 qui illa visa1 e quibus omnia decreta sunt nata1 negant quicquam a falsis int]esse4 #bh4 ,ex hoc illud e/ natum1 quod po/ulabat ,hort5sius1 ut id ipsum saltem p]ceptum a sapi5te dic]etis1 nihil posse p]cipi4 ,s$ ,antipatro hoc idem po/ulanti1 cum dic]et ei1 qui adfirm>et nihil posse p]cipi1 cons5taneum esse unum tam5 illud dic]e p]cipi posse1 ut alia non poss5t1 ,c>neades acutius resi/ebat4 ,nam tantum abesse dicebat1 ut id cons5taneum esset1 ut maxime etiam repugn>et4 ,qui enim neg>et quicquam esse quod p]cip]etur1 eum nihil excip]e3 ita necesse esse1 ne id ipsum quidem1 quod exceptum non esset1 compreh5di et p]cipi ullo modo posse4 #bi4 ,antio*us ad i/um locum pressius videbatur acc$]e4 ,quoniam enim id hab]5t ,academici decretum1--s5titis enim iam hoc me dic]e--1 nihil posse p]cipi1 non deb]e eos 9 suo decreto1 sicut 9 cet]is rebus1 fluctu>e1 praes]tim cum 9 eo summa consi/]et3 hanc enim esse regulam totius philosophiae1 con/itutionem v]i falsi1 cogniti incogniti3 quam rationem quoniam suscip]5t doc]eque vell5t quae visa accipi oport]et et quae repudi>i1 c]te hoc ipsum1 ex quo omne v]i falsique iudicium esset1 p]cip]e eos debuisse3 et5im duo esse haec maxima 9 philosophia1 iudicium v]i et f9em bonorum1 nec sapi5tem posse esse1 qui aut cognosc5di esse initium ignoret aut extremum expet5di1 ut aut unde pr(iciscatur aut quo p]v5i5dum sit nesciat3 haec autem hab]e dubia neque iis ita confid]e1 ut mov]i non poss9t1 abhorr]e a sapi5tia plurimum4 ,hoc igitur modo potius erat ab 8 po/ul&um1 ut hoc unum saltem1 p]cipi nihil posse1 p]ceptum esse dic]5t4 ,s$ de incon/antia totius illorum s5t5tiae1 si ulla s5t5tia cuiusquam esse pote/ nihil approbantis1 sit1 ut op9or1 dictum satis4 ,x4 #cj4 ,sequitur disputatio copiosa illa quidem1 s$ paulo ab/rusior--habet enim aliquantum a physicis--1 ut v]e> ne maiorem l>gi> ei1 qui contra dicturus e/1 lib]tatem et lic5tiam4 ,nam quid eum facturum putem de abditis rebus et obscuris1 qui lucem erip]e conetur8 ,s$ disput>i pot]at subtilit]1 quanto quasi artificio natura fabricata esset primum animal omne1 de9de hom9em maxime1 quae vis esset 9 s5sibus1 quem ad modum primum visa nos pell]5t1 de9de appetitio ab 8 pulsa sequ]etur1 tum ut s5sus ad res p]cipi5das int5d]emus4 ,m5s enim ipsa1 quae s5suum fons e/ atque etiam ipsa s5sus e/1 naturalem vim habet1 quam int5dit ad ea1 quibus movetur4 ,itaque alia visa sic adripit1 ut iis /atim utatur1 alia quasi recondit1 e quibus memoria oritur4 ,cet]a autem similitud9ibus con/ruit1 ex quibus efficiuntur notitiae r]um1 quas ,graeci tum 1 tum vocant4 ,eo cum accessit ratio argum5tique conclusio r]umque innum]abilium multitudo1 tum et p]ceptio eorum omnium app>et et eadem ratio p]fecta 8 gradibus ad sapi5tiam p]v5it4 #ca4 ,ad r]um igitur sci5tiam vitaeque con/antiam aptissima cum sit m5s hom9is1 amplectitur maxime cognitionem1 et i/am 1 quam1 ut dixi1 v]bum e v]bo exprim5tes compreh5sionem dicemus1 cum ipsam p] se amat--nihil e/ enim ei v]itatis luce dulcius--tum etiam propt] usum4 ,quocirca et s5sibus utitur et artis efficit1 quasi s5sus alt]os1 et usque eo philosophiam ipsam corroborat1 ut virtutem efficiat1 ex qua re una vita omnis apta sit4 ,ergo ii1 qui negant quicquam posse compreh5di1 haec ipsa eripiunt vel in/rum5ta vel ornam5ta vitae vel potius etiam totam vitam ev]tunt funditus ipsumque animal orbant animo1 ut difficile sit de tem]itate eorum1 p]9de ut causa po/ulat1 dic]e4 #cb4 ,nec v]o satis con/itu]e possum quod sit eorum consilium aut quid vel9t4 ,int]dum enim cum adhibemus ad eos orationem eius modi3 ',si ea1 quae disput5tur1 v]a s9t1 tum omnia =e inc]ta1' respond5t3 ',quid ergo i/ud ad nos8 num no/ra culpa e/8 naturam accusa1 quae 9 pr(undo v]itatem1 ut ait ,democritus1 p5itus ab/rus]it4' ,alii autem elegantius1 qui etiam qu]untur1 quod eos insimulemus omnia inc]ta dic]e1 quantumque int]sit int] inc]tum et id1 quod p]cipi non possit1 doc]e conantur eaque di/+u]e4 ,cum 8 igitur agamus1 qui haec di/+uunt3 illos1 qui omnia sic inc]ta dicunt1 ut /ell>um num]us p> an imp> sit1 quasi desp]atos aliquos rel9quamus4 ,volunt enim--et hoc quidem vel maxime vos animadv]tebam mov]i--probabile aliquid esse et quasi v]i simile1 eaque se uti regula et 9 ag5da vita et 9 qua]5do ac diss]5do4 ,,xi4 #cc4 ,quae i/a regula e/ v]i et falsi1 si notionem v]i et falsi1 propt]ea quod ea non possunt int]nosci1 nullam habemus8 ,nam si habemus1 int]esse oportet ut int] rectum et pravum1 sic int] v]um et falsum4 ,si nihil int]e/1 nulla regula e/ nec pote/ is1 cui e/ visio v]i falsique communis1 ullum hab]e iudicium aut ullam omn9o v]itatis notam4 ,nam cum dicunt hoc se unum toll]e1 ut quicquam possit ita vid]i1 ut non eodem modo falsum etiam possit vid]i1 cet]a autem conc$]e1 faciunt pu]ilit]4 ,quo enim omnia iudicantur sublato reliqua se negant toll]e3 ut si quis quem oculis privav]it1 dicat ea1 quae c]ni poss5t1 se ei non ademisse4 ,ut enim illa oculis modo agnoscuntur1 sic reliqua visis1 s$ propria v]i1 non communi v]i et falsi nota4 ,quam ob rem1 sive tu probabilem visionem sive probabilem et quae non imp$iatur1 ut ,c>neades volebat1 sive aliud quid pr(]es quod sequ>e1 ad visum illud1 de quo agimus1 tibi erit rev]t5dum4 #cd4 ,9 eo autem1 si erit communitas cum falso1 nullum erit iudicium1 quia proprium 9 communi signo not>i non pote/4 ,s9 autem commune nihil erit1 habeo quod volo3 id enim qua]o1 quod ita mihi videatur v]um1 ut non possit item falsum vid]i4 ,simili 9 errore v]santur1 cum convicio v]itatis coacti p]spicua a p]ceptis volunt di/+u]e et conantur o/5d]e esse aliquid p]spicui1 v]um illud quidem impressum 9 animo atque m5te1 neque tam5 id p]cipi atque compreh5di posse4 ,quo enim modo p]spicue dix]is album esse aliquid1 cum possit accid]e ut id1 quod nigrum sit1 album esse videatur8 aut quo modo i/a aut p]spicua dicemus aut impressa subtilit]1 cum sit inc]tum v]e inanit]ne moveatur8 ,ita neque color neque corpus nec v]itas nec argum5tum nec s5sus neque p]spicuum ullum rel9quitur4 #ce4 ,ex hoc illud iis usu v5ire solet1 ut1 quidquid dix]9t1 a quibusdam int]rog5tur3 ',ergo i/uc quidem p]cipis8' ,s$ qui ita int]rogant1 ab iis irrid5tur4 ,non enim urgu5t1 ut co>guant nem9em ulla de re posse cont5d]e neque adsev]>e s9e aliqua eius rei1 quam sibi quisque plac]e dicit1 c]ta et propria nota4 ,quod e/ igitur i/uc ve/rum probabile8 ,nam si1 quod cuique occurrit et primo quasi adspectu probabile videtur1 id confirmatur1 quid eo levius8 #cf4 ,s9 ex circumspectione aliqua et accurata consid]atione1 quod visum sit1 id se dic5t sequi1 tam5 exitum non habebunt3 primum quia iis visis1 int] quae nihil int]e/1 aequalit] omnibus abrogatur fides3 de9de1 cum dicant posse accid]e sapi5ti ut1 cum omnia fec]it dilig5tissimeque circumspex]it1 exsi/at aliquid quod et v]i simile videatur et absit longissime a v]o1 ne si magnam p>tem quidem1 ut sol5t dic]e1 ad v]um ipsum aut quam proxime acc$ant1 confid]e sibi pot]unt4 ,ut enim confidant1 notum iis esse debebit insigne v]i1 quo obscurato et oppresso quod t&em v]um sibi videbuntur att+]e8 ,quid autem tam absurde dici pote/ quam cum ita locuntur3 ',e/ hoc quidem illius rei signum aut argum5tum et ea re id sequor1 s$ fi]i pote/ ut id1 quod significatur1 aut falsum sit aut nihil sit omn9o4' ,s$ de p]ceptione hact5us4 ,si quis enim ea1 quae dicta sunt1 labefact>e volet1 facile etiam abs5tibus nobis v]itas se ipsa def5det4 ,,xii4 #cg4 ,8 satis cognitis1 quae iam explicata sunt1 nunc de ads5sione atque approbatione1 quam ,graeci vocant1 pauca dicemus1 non quo non latus locus sit1 s$ paulo ante iacta sunt fundam5ta4 ,nam cum vim1 quae esset 9 s5sibus1 explicabamus1 simul illud ap]iebatur1 compreh5di multa et p]cipi s5sibus1 quod fi]i s9e ads5sione non pote/4 ,de9de cum int] inanimum et animal hoc maxime int]sit1 quod animal agit aliquid--nihil enim ag5s ne cogit>i quidem pote/ quale sit--1 aut ei s5sus adim5dus e/ aut ea1 quae e/ 9 no/ra pote/ate sita1 r$d5da ads5sio4 #ch4 ,at v]o animus quodam modo eripitur iis1 quos neque s5tire neque ads5tiri volunt4 ,ut enim necesse e/ lancem 9 libra pond]ibus impositis deprimi1 sic animum p]spicuis c$]e4 ,nam quo modo non pote/ animal ullum non appet]e id1 quod accommodatum ad naturam app>eat--,graeci id appellant--1 sic non pote/ obiectam rem p]spicuam non approb>e4 ,quamquam1 si illa1 de quibus disputatum e/1 v]a sunt1 nihil att9et de ads5sione omn9o loqui4 ,qui enim quid p]cipit1 ads5titur /atim4 ,s$ haec etiam secuntur1 nec memoriam s9e ads5sione posse con/>e nec notitias r]um nec artis1 idque1 quod maximum e/1 ut sit aliquid 9 no/ra pote/ate1 9 eo1 qui rei nulli ads5tietur1 non erit4 #ci4 ,ubi igitur virtus1 si nihil situm e/ 9 ipsis nobis8 ,maxime autem absurdum vitia 9 ipsorum esse pote/ate neque pecc>e quemquam nisi ads5sione3 hoc idem 9 virtute non esse1 cuius omnis con/antia et firmitas ex iis rebus con/at1 quibus ads5sa e/ et quas approbavit1 omn9oque ante vid]i aliquid quam agamus necesse e/1 eique1 quod visum sit1 ads5tiatur4 ,qua re qui aut visum aut ads5sum tollit1 is omnem actionem tollit e vita4 ,,xiii4 #dj4 ,nunc ea videamus1 quae contra ab 8 disput>i sol5t4 ,s$ prius pote/is totius eorum rationis quasi fundam5ta cognosc]e4 ,componunt igitur primum artem qu&am de iis1 quae visa dicimus1 eorumque et vim et g5]a def9iunt1 9 81 quale sit id1 quod p]cipi et compreh5di possit1 totidem v]bis quot ,/oici4 ,de9de illa exponunt duo1 quae quasi cont9eant omnem hanc quae/ionem3 quae ita videantur1 ut etiam alia eodem modo vid]i poss9t nec 9 iis quicquam int]sit1 non posse eorum alia p]cipi1 alia non p]cipi3 nihil int]esse autem1 non modo si omni ex p>te eiusdem modi s9t1 s$ etiam si disc]ni non poss9t4 ,quibus positis unius argum5ti conclusione tota ab 8 causa compreh5ditur4 ,composita ea conclusio sic e/3 ',eorum1 quae vid5tur1 alia v]a sunt1 alia falsa1 et quod falsum e/1 id p]cipi non pote/3 quod autem v]um visum e/1 id omne tale e/1 ut eiusdem modi etiam falsum possit vid]i4' ,et1 'quae visa s9t eius modi1 ut 9 iis nihil int]sit1 non posse accid]e ut eorum alia p]cipi poss9t1 alia non poss9t4 #da4 ,nullum igitur e/ visum quod p]cipi possit4' ,quae autem sumunt1 ut concludant id1 quod volunt1 ex 8 duo sibi putant conc$i3 neque enim quisquam repugnat4 ,ea sunt haec3 ',quae visa falsa s9t1 ea p]cipi non posse1' et alt]um3 ',int] quae visa nihil int]sit1 ex iis non posse alia talia esse1 ut p]cipi poss9t1 alia ut non poss9t3' reliqua v]o multa et v>ia oratione def5dunt1 quae sunt item duo1 unum3 'quae videantur1 eorum alia v]a esse1 alia falsa1' alt]um3 'omne visum1 quod sit a v]o1 tale esse1 quale etiam a falso possit esse4' #db4 ,haec duo proposita non praet]volant1 s$ ita dilatant1 ut non m$iocrem curam adhibeant et dilig5tiam4 ,dividunt enim 9 p>tis et eas quidem magnas3 primum 9 s5sus1 de9de 9 ea1 quae ducuntur a s5sibus et ab omni consuetud9e1 quam obscur>i volunt4 ,tum p]v5iunt ad eam p>tem1 ut ne ratione quidem et coniectura ulla res p]cipi possit4 ,haec autem univ]sa concidunt etiam m9utius4 ,ut enim de s5sibus he/]no s]mone vidi/is1 item faciunt de reliquis1 9 s+ulisque rebus1 quas 9 m9ima disp]tiunt1 volunt effic]e iis omnibus1 quae visa s9t1 v]is adiuncta esse falsa1 quae a v]is nihil diff]ant3 ea cum talia s9t1 non posse compreh5di4 ,,xiv4 #dc4 ,hanc ego subtilitatem philosophia quidem dignissimam iudico1 s$ ab eorum causa1 qui ita diss]unt1 remotissimam4 ,def9itiones enim et p>titiones et horum lum9ibus ut5s oratio1 tum similitud9es dissimilitud9esque et e>um t5uis et acuta di/9ctio fid5tium e/ hom9um illa v]a et firma et c]ta esse quae tut5tur1 non eorum qui clam5t nihilo magis v]a illa esse quam falsa4 ,quid enim agant1 si1 cum aliquid def9i]9t1 roget eos quispiam1 num illa def9itio possit 9 aliam rem transf]ri quamlubet8 ,si posse dix]9t1 quid dic]e habeant cur illa v]a def9itio sit8 sin negav]9t1 fat5dum sit1 quoniam vel illa v]a def9itio transf]ri non possit 9 falsum1 quod ea def9itione explicetur1 id p]cipi posse3 quod m9ime illi volunt4 ,eadem dici pot]unt 9 omnibus p>tibus4 #dd4 ,si enim dic5t ea1 de quibus diss]5t1 se dilucide p]spic]e nec ulla communione visorum imp$iri1 compreh5d]e ea se fatebuntur4 ,s9 autem negabunt v]a visa a falsis posse di/+ui1 qui pot]unt longius progr$i8 ,occurretur enim1 sicut occursum e/4 ,nam concludi argum5tum non pote/ nisi iis1 quae ad conclud5dum sumpta erunt1 ita probatis1 ut falsa eiusdem modi nulla poss9t esse4 ,ergo si rebus compreh5sis et p]ceptis nisa et progressa ratio hoc efficiet1 nihil posse compreh5di1 quid pote/ rep]iri quod ipsum sibi repugnet magis8 cumque ipsa natura accuratae orationis hoc pr(iteatur1 se aliquid patefacturam quod non app>eat et1 quo id facilius adsequatur1 adhibituram et s5sus et ea1 quae p]spicua s9t1 qualis e/ i/orum oratio1 qui omnia non tam esse quam vid]i volunt8 ,maxime autem conv9cuntur1 cum haec duo pro congru5tibus sumunt tam vehem5t] repugnantia3 primum esse qua$am falsa visa3 quod cum volunt1 decl>ant qua$am esse v]a3 de9de ibidem1 int] falsa visa et v]a nihil int]esse4 ,at primum sumps]as1 tamquam int]esset3 ita priori po/]ius1 po/]iori sup]ius non iungitur4 #de4 ,s$ progr$iamur longius et ita agamus1 ut nihil nobis ads5tati esse videamur1 quaeque ab iis dicuntur1 sic p]sequamur1 ut nihil 9 praet]itis rel9quamus4 ,primum igitur p]spicuitas illa1 quam diximus1 satis magnam habet vim1 ut ipsa p] sese ea1 quae s9t1 nobis ita ut s9t indicet4 ,s$ tam51 ut maneamus 9 p]spicuis firmius et con/antius1 maiore quadam opus e/ vel arte vel dilig5tia1 ne ab iis1 quae cl>a s9t ipsa p] sese1 quasi prae/igiis quibusdam et captionibus depellamur4 ,nam qui voluit subv5ire erroribus ,epicurus iis1 qui vid5tur conturb>e v]i cognitionem1 dixitque sapi5tis esse op9ionem a p]spicuitate seiung]e1 nihil pr(ecit3 ipsius enim op9ionis errorem nullo modo su/ulit4 ,,xv4 #df4 ,quam ob rem cum duae causae p]spicuis et evid5tibus rebus adv]s5tur1 auxilia totidem sunt contra comp>&a4 ,adv]satur enim primum1 quod p>um defigunt animos et int5dunt 9 ea1 quae p]spicua sunt1 ut quanta luce ea circumfusa s9t poss9t agnosc]e2 alt]um e/1 quod fallacibus et captiosis int]rogationibus circumscripti atque decepti quidam1 cum eas dissolv]e non possunt1 desciscunt a v]itate4 ,oportet igitur et ea1 quae pro p]spicuitate respond]i possunt1 9 promptu hab]e1 de quibus iam diximus1 et esse armatos1 ut occurr]e possimus int]rogationibus eorum captionesque discut]e3 quod de9ceps fac]e con/itui4 #dg4 ,exponam igitur g5]atim argum5ta eorum1 quoniam ipsi etiam illi sol5t non confuse loqui4 ,primum conantur o/5d]e multa posse vid]i esse1 quae omn9o nulla s9t1 cum animi inanit] moveantur eodem modo rebus iis1 quae nullae s9t1 ut iis1 quae s9t4 ,nam cum dicatis1 inquiunt1 visa qua$am mitti a deo1 velut ea1 quae 9 somnis videantur quaeque oraculis1 auspiciis1 extis decl>5tur--haec enim aiunt prob>i ,/oicis1 quos contra disputant--1 qua]unt quonam modo1 falsa visa quae s9t1 ea deus effic]e possit probabilia3 quae autem plane proxime ad v]um acc$ant1 effic]e non possit8 aut1 si ea quoque possit1 cur illa non possit1 quae p]difficilit]1 int]noscantur tam58 et1 si haec1 cur non int] quae nihil sit omn9o8 #dh4 ,de9de1 cum m5s moveatur ipsa p] sese1 ut et ea decl>ant1 quae cogitatione dep+imus1 et ea1 quae vel dormi5tibus vel furiosis vid5tur non numquam1 v]i simile e/ sic etiam m5tem mov]i1 ut non modo non int]noscat v]a visa illa s9t anne falsa1 s$ ut 9 iis nihil int]sit omn9o3 ut si qui trem]5t et exalbesc]5t vel ipsi p] se motu m5tis aliquo vel obiecta t]ribili re extr9secus1 nihil ut esset1 qui di/+u]etur tremor ille et pallor1 neque ut quicquam int]esset int] inte/9um et oblatum4 ,po/remo si nulla visa sunt probabilia1 quae falsa s9t1 alia ratio e/4 ,s9 autem sunt1 cur non etiam quae non facile int]noscantur8 cur non ut plane nihil int]sit8 praes]tim cum ipsi dicatis sapi5tem 9 furore su/9]e se ab omni ads5su1 quia nulla 9 visis di/9ctio app>eat4 ,,xvi4 #di4 ,ad has omnis visiones inanis ,antio*us quidem et p]multa dicebat et erat de hac una re unius diei disputatio4 ,mihi autem non idem faci5dum puto1 s$ ipsa capita dic5da4 ,et primum quidem hoc repreh5d5dum1 quod captiosissimo g5]e int]rogationis utuntur1 quod g5us m9ime 9 philosophia prob>i solet1 cum aliquid m9utatim et gradatim additur aut demitur4 ,soritas hoc vocant1 quia ac]vum efficiunt uno addito grano4 ,vitiosum sane et captiosum g5us6 ,sic enim adsc5ditis3 ,si tale visum obiectum e/ a deo dormi5ti1 ut probabile sit1 cur non etiam ut valde v]i simile8 cur de9de non ut difficilit] a v]o int]noscatur8 de9de ut ne int]noscatur quidem8 po/remo ut nihil int] hoc et illud int]sit8 ,huc si p]v5]is1 me tibi primum quidque conc$5te1 meum vitium fu]it3 s9 ipse tua sponte process]is1 tuum4 #ej4 ,quis enim tibi d$]it aut omnia deum posse aut ita facturum esse1 si possit8 quo modo autem sumis1 ut1 si quid cui simile esse possit1 sequatur ut etiam difficilit] int]nosci possit8 de9de ut ne int]nosci quidem8 po/remo ut eadem s9t8 ut1 si lupi canibus similes sunt1 eosdem dices ad extremum4 ,et quidem hone/is similia sunt qua$am non hone/a et bonis non bona et artificiosis m9ime artificiosa3 quid dubitamus igitur adfirm>e nihil int] haec int]esse8 ,ne repugnantia quidem videmus8 ,nihil e/ enim quod de suo g5]e 9 aliud g5us transf]ri possit4 ,at si effic]etur1 ut int] visa diff]5tium g5]um nihil int]esset1 rep]ir5tur quae et 9 suo g5]e ess5t et 9 ali5o4 #ea4 ,quod fi]i qui pote/8 ,omnium de9de inanium visorum una depulsio e/1 sive illa cogitatione in=mantur1 quod fi]i sol]e conc$imus1 sive 9 quiete sive p] v9um sive p] insaniam4 ,nam ab omnibus eiusdem modi visis p]spicuitatem1 quam mordicus t5]e debemus1 abesse dicemus4 ,quis enim1 cum sibi f+it aliquid et cogitatione dep+it1 non simul ac se ipse commovit atque ad se revocavit1 s5tit quid int]sit int] p]spicua et inania8 ,eadem ratio e/ somniorum4 ,num c5ses ,ennium1 cum 9 hortis cum ,s]4 ,galba vic9o suo ambulavisset1 dixisse3 ',visus sum mihi cum ,galba ambul>e8' ,at1 cum somniavit1 ita n>ravit3 'visus ,hom]us adesse poeta4' ,idemque 9 ,epi*>mo3 ',nam videb> somni>e m$ ego esse mortuum4' ,itaque1 simul ut exp]recti sumus1 visa illa contemnimus neque ita habemus1 ut ea1 quae 9 =o gessimus4 ,,xvii4 #eb4 ,at enim dum vid5tur1 eadem e/ 9 somnis species eorumque1 quae vigilantes videmus6 ,primum int]e/3 s$ id omittamus4 ,illud enim dicimus1 non e&em esse vim neque integritatem dormi5tium et vigilantium nec m5te nec s5su4 ,ne v9ol5ti quidem quae faciunt1 eadem approbatione faciunt qua sobrii3 dubitant1 haesitant1 revocant se int]dum iisque1 quae vid5tur1 imbecillius ads5tiuntur1 cumque edormiv]unt1 illa visa quam levia fu]9t intellegunt4 ,quod idem cont+it insanis1 ut et incipi5tes fur]e s5tiant et dicant aliquid1 quod non sit1 id vid]i sibi1 et1 cum relax5tur1 s5tiant atque illa dicant ,alcmaeonis3 ',s$ mihi ne utiquam cor cons5tit cum oculorum adspectu' 444 #ec4 ,at enim ipse sapi5s su/9et se 9 furore1 ne approbet falsa pro v]is4 ,et alias quidem saepe1 si aut 9 s5sibus ipsius e/ aliqua =te gravitas aut t>ditas aut obscuriora sunt quae vid5tur aut a p]spici5do temporis brevitate excluditur4 ,quamquam totum hoc1 sapi5tem aliqu&o su/9]e ads5sionem1 contra vos e/4 ,si enim int] visa nihil int]esset1 aut semp] su/9]et aut numquam4 ,s$ ex hoc g5]e toto p]spici pote/ levitas orationis eorum1 qui omnia cupiunt confund]e4 ,qua]imus gravitatis1 con/antiae1 firmitatis1 sapi5tiae iudicium3 utimur exemplis somniantium1 furiosorum1 ebriosorum4 ,illud att5dimus 9 hoc omni g5]e quam incon/ant] loquamur8 ,non enim pr(]remus v9o aut somno oppressos aut m5te captos tam absurde1 ut tum dic]emus int]esse int] vigilantium visa et sobriorum et sanorum et eorum1 qui ess5t alit] adfecti1 tum nihil int]esse4 #ed4 ,ne hoc quidem c]nunt1 omnia se r$d]e inc]ta1 quod nolunt1 ea dico inc]ta1 quae ,graeci4 ,si enim res se ita habeant1 ut nihil int]sit1 utrum ita cui videatur1 ut insano1 an sano1 cui possit exploratum esse de sua sanitate8 quod velle effic]e non m$iocris insaniae e/4 ,similitud9es v]o aut gem9orum aut signorum anulis impressorum pu]ilit] consectantur4 ,quis enim no/rum similitud9es negat esse1 cum eae plurimis 9 rebus app>eant8 ,s$1 si satis e/ ad toll5dam cognitionem similia esse multa multorum1 cur eo non e/is cont5ti1 praes]tim conc$5tibus nobis8 et cur id potius cont5ditis1 quod r]um natura non patitur1 ut non suo quidque g5]e sit tale1 quale e/1 nec sit 9 duobus aut pluribus nulla re diff]5s ulla communitas8 ut sibi s9t et ova ovorum et apes apium simillimae3 quid pugnas igitur8 aut quid tibi vis 9 gem9is8 ,conc$itur enim similis esse1 quo cont5tus esse potu]as3 tu autem vis eosdem plane esse1 non similis3 quod fi]i nullo modo pote/4 #ee4 ,de9 confugis ad physicos eos1 qui maxime 9 ,academia irrid5tur1 a quibus ne tu quidem iam te ab/9ebis1 et ais ,democritum dic]e innum]abilis esse mundos et quidem sic quosdam int] sese non solum similis1 s$ undique p]fecte et absolute ita p>es1 ut int] eos nihil prorsus int]sit et eos quidem innum]abiles1 itemque hom9es4 ,de9de po/ulas1 ut1 si mundus ita sit p> alt]i mundo1 ut int] eos ne m9imum quidem int]sit1 conc$atur tibi ut 9 hoc quoque no/ro mundo aliquid alicui sic sit p>1 ut nihil diff]at1 nihil int]sit4 ,cur enim1 inquies1 ex illis individuis1 unde omnia ,democritus gigni adfirmat1 9 reliquis mundis et 9 iis quidem innum]abilibus innum]abiles ,q4 ,lutatii ,catuli non modo poss9t esse1 s$ etiam s9t1 9 hoc tanto mundo ,catulus alt] non possit effici8 ,,xviii4 #ef4 ,primum quidem me ad ,democritum vocas1 cui non ads5tior potiusque refello propt] id1 quod dilucide docetur a politioribus physicis s+ul>um r]um s+ulas proprietates esse4 ,fac enim antiquos illos ,s]vilios1 qui gem9i fu]unt1 tam similis quam dicuntur1 num c5ses etiam eosdem fuisse8 ,non cognoscebantur =is1 at domi3 non ab ali5is1 at a suis4 ,an non videmus hoc usu v5ire1 ut1 quos numquam putassemus a nobis int]nosci posse1 eos consuetud9e adhibita tam facile int]nosc]emus1 uti ne m9imum quidem similes vid]5tur8 #eg4 ,hic1 pugnes licet1 non repugnabo3 qu9 etiam conc$am illum ipsum sapi5tem1 de quo omnis hic s]mo e/1 cum ei res similes occurrant1 quas non habeat d9otatas1 ret5turum ads5sum nec umquam ulli viso ads5surum1 nisi quod tale fu]it1 quale falsum esse non possit4 ,s$ et ad cet]as res habet qu&am artem1 qua v]a a falsis possit di/+u]e1 et ad similitud9es i/as usus adhib5dus e/4 ,ut mat] gem9os int]noscit consuetud9e oculorum1 sic tu int]nosces1 si adsuev]is4 ,videsne ut 9 prov]bio sit ovorum int] se similitudo8 ,tam5 hoc accepimus1 ,deli fuisse compluris salvis rebus illis1 qui gall9as al]e p]multas quae/us causa sol]5t3 ii cum ovum inspex]ant1 quae id gall9a pep]isset dic]e solebant4 #eh4 ,neque id e/ contra nos3 nam nobis satis e/ ova illa non int]nosc]e3 nihil enim magis ads5tiri p> e/1 hoc illud esse1 quasi int] illa omn9o nihil int]esset3 habeo enim regulam1 ut talia visa v]a iudicem1 qualia falsa esse non poss9t3 ab hac mihi non licet transv]sum1 ut aiunt1 digitum disc$]e1 ne confundam omnia4 ,v]i enim et falsi non modo cognitio1 s$ etiam natura tolletur1 si nihil erit quod int]sit3 ut etiam illud absurdum sit1 quod int]dum soletis dic]e1 cum visa 9 animos imprimantur1 non vos id dic]e1 int] ipsas impressiones nihil int]esse1 s$ int] species et quasdam =mas eorum4 ,quasi v]o non specie visa iudic5tur6 quae fidem nullam habebunt sublata v]i et falsi nota4 #ei4 ,illud v]o p]absurdum1 quod dicitis1 probabilia vos sequi1 si re nulla imp$iam9i4 ,primum qui pote/is non imp$iri1 cum a v]is falsa non di/5t8 de9de quod iudicium e/ v]i1 cum sit commune falsi8 ,ex 8 illa necess>io nata e/ 1 id e/ ads5sionis ret5tio1 9 qua melius sibi con/itit ,arcesilas1 si v]a sunt quae de ,c>neade non nulli exi/imant4 ,si enim p]cipi nihil pote/1 quod utrique visum e/1 toll5dus ads5sus e/4 ,quid enim e/ tam futile quam quicquam approb>e non cognitum8 ,c>neadem autem etiam h]i audiebamus solitum esse eo delabi int]dum1 ut dic]et op9aturum1 id e/ peccaturum esse sapi5tem4 ,mihi porro non tam c]tum e/ esse aliquid1 quod compreh5di possit1 de quo iam nimium etiam diu disputo1 quam sapi5tem nihil op9>i1 id e/1 numquam ads5tiri rei vel falsae vel incognitae4 #fj4 ,re/at illud1 quod dicunt1 v]i inv5i5di causa contra omnia dici oport]e et pro omnibus4 ,volo igitur vid]e quid inv5]9t4 ,non solemus1 inquit1 o/5d]e4 ,quae sunt t&em i/a my/]ia8 aut cur celatis1 quasi turpe aliquid1 s5t5tiam ve/ram8 ,ut1 qui audi5t1 inquit1 ratione potius quam auctoritate ducantur4 ,quid1 si utroque8 num peius e/8 ,unum tam5 illud non celant1 nihil esse quod p]cipi possit4 ,an 9 eo auctoritas nihil obe/8 ,mihi quidem videtur vel plurimum4 ,quis enim i/a tam ap]te p]spicueque et p]v]sa et falsa secutus esset1 nisi tanta 9 ,arcesila1 multo etiam maior 9 ,c>neade et copia r]um et dic5di vis fuisset8 ,,xix4 #fa4 ,haec ,antio*us f]e et ,alex&reae tum et multis annis po/1 multo etiam adsev]antius1 9 ,syria cum esset mecum1 paulo ante quam e/ mortuus4 ,s$ iam confirmata causa te1 hom9em amicissimum--me autem appellabat--et aliquot annis m9orem natu1 non dubitabo mon]e3 ,tune1 cum tantis laudibus philosophiam extul]is ,hort5siumque no/rum diss5ti5tem commov]is1 eam philosophiam sequ]e quae confundit v]a cum falsis1 spoliat nos iudicio1 privat approbatione1 omnibus orbat s5sibus8 ,et ,cimm]iis quidem1 quibus adspectum solis sive deus aliquis sive natura adem]at sive eius loci1 quem incolebant1 situs1 ignes tam5 ad]ant1 quorum illis uti lum9e licebat1 i/i autem1 quos tu probas1 tantis (fusis t5ebris ne sc9tillam quidem ullam nobis ad dispici5dum reliqu]unt3 quos si sequamur1 iis v9culis simus ad/ricti1 ut nos commov]e nequeamus4 #fb4 ,sublata enim ads5sione omnem et motum animorum et actionem r]um su/ul]unt3 quod non modo recte fi]i1 s$ omn9o fi]i non pote/4 ,provide etiam ne uni tibi i/am s5t5tiam m9ime liceat def5d]e4 ,an tu1 cum res occultissimas ap]u]is 9 lucemque protul]is iuratusque dix]is ea te comp]isse1 quod mihi quoque licebat1 qui ex te illa cognov]am1 negabis esse rem ullam quae cognosci1 compreh5di1 p]cipi possit8 ,vide1 quaeso1 etiam atque etiam ne ill>um quoque r]um pul*]rim>um a te ipso m9uatur auctoritas4 ,quae cum dixisset ille1 f9em fecit4 #fc4 ,hort5sius autem vehem5t] admirans1 quod quidem p]petuo ,lucullo loqu5te fec]at1 ut etiam manus saepe toll]et1 nec mirum3 nam numquam arbitror contra ,academiam dictum esse subtilius1 me quoque1 iocansne an ita s5ti5s--non enim satis intellegebam--1 coepit hort>i1 ut s5t5tia desi/]em4 ,tum mihi ,catulus3 ,si te1 inquit1 ,luculli oratio flexit1 quae e/ habita memorit]1 accurate1 copiose1 taceo neque te quo m9us1 si tibi ita videatur1 s5t5tiam mutes det]r5dum puto4 ,illud v]o non c5su]im1 ut eius auctoritate move>e4 ,tantum enim non te modo monuit1 inquit adrid5s1 ut cav]es ne quis improbus tribunus plebis1 quorum vides quanta copia semp] futura sit1 adrip]et te et 9 contione qua]]et qui tibi con/>es1 cum idem neg>es quicquam c]ti posse rep]iri1 idem te comp]isse dixisses4 ,hoc1 quaeso1 cave ne te t]reat4 ,de causa autem ipsa malim quidem te ab hoc diss5tire4 ,s9 cess]is1 non magno op]e mirabor4 ,mem9i enim ,antio*um ipsum1 cum annos multos alia s5sisset1 simul ac visum sit1 s5t5tia de/itisse4 ,haec cum dixisset ,catulus1 me omnes intu]i4 ,,xx4 #fd4 ,tum ego non m9us commotus quam soleo 9 causis maioribus1 huius modi quadam oratione sum exorsus3 ,me1 ,catule1 oratio ,luculli de ipsa re ita movit1 ut docti hom9is et copiosi et p>ati et nihil praet]euntis eorum1 quae pro illa causa dici poss5t1 non tam5 ut ei respond]e posse diffid]em4 ,auctoritas autem tanta plane me movebat1 nisi tu opposuisses non m9orem tuam4 ,adgr$i> igitur1 si pauca ante quasi de fama mea dix]o4 #fe4 ,ego enim si aut o/5tatione aliqua adductus aut /udio c]t&i ad hanc potissimum philosophiam me applicavi1 non modo /ultitiam meam1 s$ etiam mores et naturam condemn&am puto4 ,nam1 si 9 m9imis rebus p]t9acia repreh5ditur1 calumnia etiam co]cetur1 ego de omni /atu consilioque totius vitae aut c]t>e cum aliis pugnacit] aut fru/r>i cum alios tum etiam me ipsum velim8 ,itaque1 nisi ineptum put>em 9 tali disputatione id fac]e1 quod1 cum de re publica disceptatur1 fi]i int]dum solet1 iur>em p] ,iovem deosque p5ates me et ard]e /udio v]i rep]i5di et ea s5tire1 quae dic]em4 #ff4 ,qui enim possum non cup]e v]um inv5ire1 cum gaudeam1 si simile v]i quid inv5]im8 ,s$1 ut hoc pul*]rimum esse iudico1 v]a vid]e1 sic pro v]is prob>e falsa turpissimum e/4 ,nec tam5 ego is sum1 qui nihil umquam falsi approbem1 qui numquam ads5ti>1 qui nihil op9]1 s$ qua]imus de sapi5te4 ,ego v]o ipse et magnus quidem sum op9ator--non enim sum sapi5s--et meas cogitationes sic dirigo1 non ad illam p>vulam ,cynosuram1 ',qua fidunt duce nocturna ,pho5ices 9 alto1' ut ait ,aratus1 eoque directius gub]nant1 quod eam t55t1 ',quae cursu int]iore1 brevi conv]titur orbe1' s$ ,helic5 et cl>issimos ,septemtriones1 id e/1 rationes has latiore specie1 non ad t5ue elimatas4 ,eo fit ut errem et vag] latius4 ,s$ non de me1 ut dixi1 s$ de sapi5te qua]itur4 ,visa enim i/a cum acrit] m5tem s5sumve pepul]unt1 accipio iisque int]dum etiam ads5tior1 nec p]cipio tam52 nihil enim arbitror posse p]cipi4 ,non sum sapi5s2 itaque visis c$o nec possum resi/]e4 ,sapi5tis autem hanc c5set ,arcesilas vim esse maximam1 ,z5oni ads5ti5s1 cav]e ne capiatur1 ne fallatur vid]e4 ,nihil e/ enim ab ea cogitatione1 quam habemus de gravitate sapi5tis1 errore1 levitate1 tem]itate diiunctius4 ,quid igitur loqu> de firmitate sapi5tis8 quem quidem nihil op9>i tu quoque1 ,luculle1 conc$is4 ,quod quoniam a te probatur--ut praepo/]e tecum agam1 mox ref]am me ad ord9em--haec primum conclusio quam habeat vim consid]a4 ,,xxi4 #fg4 ,si ulli rei sapi5s ads5tietur umquam1 aliqu&o etiam op9abitur3 numquam autem op9abitur3 nulli igitur rei ads5tietur4 ,hanc conclusionem ,arcesilas probabat3 confirmabat enim et primum et secundum4 ,c>neades non numquam secundum illud dabat3 ads5tiri aliqu&o4 ,ita sequebatur etiam op9>i1 quod tu non vis et recte1 ut mihi vid]is4 ,s$ illud primum1 sapi5tem1 si ads5surus esset1 etiam op9aturum1 falsum esse et ,/oici dicunt et eorum ad/ipulator ,antio*us3 posse enim eum falsa a v]is et quae non poss9t p]cipi ab iis1 quae poss9t1 di/+u]e4 #fh4 ,nobis autem primum1 etiam si quid p]cipi possit1 tam5 ipsa consuetudo ads5ti5di p]iculosa esse videtur et lubrica4 ,quam ob rem cum tam vitiosum esse con/et ads5tiri quicquam aut falsum aut incognitum1 su/95da e/ potius omnis ads5sio1 ne praecipitet1 si tem]e process]it4 ,ita enim f9itima sunt falsa v]is1 eaque1 quae p]cipi non possunt1 iis quae possunt--si modo ea sunt qua$am3 iam enim videbimus--1 ut tam 9 praecipitem locum non debeat se sapi5s committ]e4 ,s9 autem omn9o nihil esse quod p]cipi possit a me sumps]o et1 quod tu mihi das1 accep]o1 sapi5tem nihil op9>i1 effectum illud erit1 sapi5tem ads5sus omnes cohibiturum1 ut vid5dum tibi sit1 idne malis an aliquid op9aturum esse sapi5tem4 ,neutrum1 inquies1 illorum4 ,nitamur igitur1 nihil posse p]cipi3 et5im de eo omnis e/ controv]sia4 ,,xxii4 #fi4 ,s$ prius pauca cum ,antio*o1 qui haec ipsa1 quae a me def5duntur1 et didicit apud ,philonem tam diu1 ut con/>et diutius didicisse nem9em1 et scripsit de 8 rebus acutissime1 et idem haec non acrius accusavit 9 s5ectute quam antea def5sitav]at4 ,quamvis igitur fu]it acutus1 ut fuit1 tam5 incon/antia levatur auctoritas4 ,quis enim i/e dies illux]it qua]o1 qui illi o/5d]it eam1 quam multos annos esse negitavisset1 v]i et falsi notam4 ,excogitavit aliquid8 ,eadem dicit quae ,/oici4 ,po5ituit illa s5sisse8 ,cur non se tran/ulit ad alios et maxime ad ,/oicos8 eorum enim erat propria i/a diss5sio4 ,quid8 eum ,mnes>*i po5itebat8 quid8 ,d>dani8 qui erant ,a!nis tum pr9cipes ,/oicorum4 ,numquam a ,philone discessit1 nisi po/ea quam ipse coepit qui se audir5t hab]e4 #gj4 ,unde autem subito vetus ,academia revocata e/8 ,nom9is dignitatem videtur1 cum a re ipsa descisc]et1 ret9]e voluisse1 quod erant qui illum gloriae causa fac]e dic]5t1 sp]>e etiam =e ut ii1 qui se sequ]5tur1 ,antio*ii voc>5tur4 ,mihi autem magis videtur non potuisse su/9]e concursum omnium philosophorum4 ,et5im de cet]is sunt int] illos non nulla communia3 haec ,academicorum e/ una s5t5tia1 quam reliquorum philosophorum nemo probet4 ,itaque cessit1 et ut ii1 qui sub ,novis solem non f]unt1 item ille1 cum ae/u>et1 vet]um1 ut ,ma5ianorum1 sic ,academicorum umbram secutus e/4 #ga4 ,quoque solebat uti argum5to tum1 cum ei placebat nihil posse p]cipi1 cum qua]]et1 ,dionysius ille ,h]acleotes utrum compreh5disset c]ta illa nota1 qua ads5tiri dicitis oport]e1 illudne1 quod multos annos t5uisset ,z5onique magi/ro cr$idisset1 hone/um quod esset1 id bonum solum esse1 an quod po/ea def5sitavisset1 hone/i inane nom5 esse1 voluptatem esse summum bonum3 qui ex illius commutata s5t5tia doc]e vellet nihil ita sign>i 9 animis no/ris a v]o posse1 quod non eodem modo possit a falso1 is curavit ut quod argum5tum ex ,dionysio ipse sumpsisset1 ex eo cet]i sum]5t4 ,s$ cum hoc alio loco plura1 nunc ad ea1 quae a te1 ,luculle1 dicta sunt4 ,,xxiii4 #gb4 ,et primum quod initio dixi/i videamus quale sit3 similit] a nobis de antiquis philosophis commemor>i atque s$itiosi sol]5t cl>os viros1 s$ tam5 popul>is aliquos nom9>e4 ,illi cum res non bonas tract5t1 similes bonorum vid]i volunt4 ,nos autem dicimus ea nobis vid]i1 quae vosmet ipsi nobilissimis philosophis placuisse conc$itis4 ,anaxagoras nivem nigram dixit esse4 ,f]res me1 si ego idem dic]em8 ,tu1 ne si dubit>em quidem4 ,at quis e/8 num hic sophi/es8--sic enim appellabantur ii1 qui o/5tationis aut quae/us causa philosophabantur--3 maxima fuit et gravitatis et +5i gloria4 #gc4 ,quid loqu> de ,democrito8 ,quem cum eo conf]re possumus non modo +5i magnitud9e1 s$ etiam animi8 qui ita sit ausus ordiri3 ',haec loquor de univ]sis4' ,nihil excipit de quo non pr(iteatur4 ,quid enim esse pote/ extra univ]sa8 quis hunc philosophum non anteponit ,clean?i1 ,*rysippo1 reliquis inf]ioris aetatis8 qui mihi cum illo collati qu9tae classis vid5tur4 ,atque is non hoc dicit1 quod nos1 qui v]i esse aliquid non negamus1 p]cipi posse negamus2 ille v]um plane negat esse3 s5sus quidem non obscuros dicit1 s$ t5ebricosos3 sic enim appellat eos4 ,is1 qui hunc maxime e/ admiratus1 ,*ius ,metrodorus initio libri1 qui e/ de natura3 ',nego1' inquit1 'scire nos sciamusne aliquid an nihil sciamus1 ne id ipsum quidem1 nescire aut scire1 scire nos1 nec omn9o sitne aliquid an nihil sit4' #gd4 ,fur]e tibi ,emp$ocles videtur3 at mihi dignissimum rebus iis1 de quibus loquitur1 sonum fund]e4 ,num ergo is excaecat nos aut orbat s5sibus1 si p>um magnam vim c5set 9 iis esse ad ea1 quae sub eos subiecta sunt1 iudic&a8 ,p>m5ides1 ,x5ophanes1 m9us bonis quamquam v]sibus1 s$ tam5 illi v]sibus increpant eorum adrogantiam quasi irati1 qui1 cum sciri nihil possit1 audeant se scire dic]e4 ,et ab iis aiebas remov5dum ,socratem et ,platonem4 ,cur8 an de ullis c]tius possum dic]e8 ,vixisse cum iis equidem videor3 ita multi s]mones p]scripti sunt1 e quibus dubit>i non possit qu9 ,socrati nihil sit visum sciri posse4 ,excepit unum tantum1 'scire se nihil se scire1' nihil amplius4 ,quid dicam de ,platone8 qui c]te tam multis libris haec p]secutus non esset1 nisi probavisset4 ,ironiam enim alt]ius1 p]petuam praes]tim1 nulla fuit ratio p]sequi4 ,,xxiv4 #ge4 ,videorne tibi1 non ut ,saturn9us1 nom9>e modo illu/ris hom9es1 s$ imit>i numquam nisi cl>um1 nisi nobilem8 ,atqui habebam mole/os vobis1 s$ m9utos1 ,/ilponem1 ,diodorum1 ,alex9um1 quorum sunt contorta et aculeata qua$am 2 sic enim appellantur fallaces conclusiunculae4 ,s$ quid eos colligam1 cum habeam ,*rysippum1 qui fulcire putatur porticum ,/oicorum8 ,quam multa ille contra s5sus1 quam multa contra omnia1 quae 9 consuetud9e probantur6 ,at dissolvit idem4 ,mihi quidem non videtur3 s$ dissolv]it sane4 ,c]te tam multa non collegisset1 quae nos fall]5t probabilitate magna1 nisi vid]et iis resi/i non facile posse4 #gf4 ,quid ,cyr5aici tibi vid5tur1 m9ime contempti philosophi8 ,qui negant esse quicquam quod p]cipi possit extr9secus3 ea se sola p]cip]e1 quae tactu intimo s5tiant1 ut dolorem1 ut voluptatem3 neque se quo quid colore aut quo sono sit scire1 s$ tantum s5tire adfici se quodam modo4 ,satis multa de auctoribus4 ,quamquam ex me quaesi]as nonne put>em po/ illos vet]es tot saeculis inv5iri v]um potuisse tot +5iis tantisque /udiis qua]5tibus4 ,quid inv5tum sit paulo po/ vid]o1 te ipso quidem iudice4 ,arcesilam v]o non obtrect&i causa cum ,z5one pugnavisse1 s$ v]um inv5ire voluisse sic intellegitur4 #gg4 ,nemo1 inquam1 sup]iorum non modo express]at1 s$ ne dix]at quidem posse hom9em nihil op9>i1 nec solum posse1 s$ ita necesse esse sapi5ti4 ,visa e/ ,arcesilae cum v]a s5t5tia tum hone/a et digna sapi5te4 ,quaesivit de ,z5one =tasse quid futurum esset1 si nec p]cip]e quicquam posset sapi5s nec op9>i sapi5tis esset4 ,ille1 cr$o1 nihil op9aturum1 quoniam esset1 quod p]cipi posset4 ,quid ergo id esset8 ,visum1 cr$o4 ,quale igitur visum8 tum illum ita def9isse1 ex eo1 quod esset1 sicut esset1 impressum et signatum et effictum4 ,po/ requisitum etiamne1 si eiusdem modi esset visum v]um1 quale vel falsum4 ,hic ,z5onem vidisse acute nullum esse visum quod p]cipi posset1 si id tale esset ab eo1 quod e/1 ut eiusdem modi ab eo1 quod non e/1 posset esse4 ,recte cons5sit ,arcesilas2 ad def9itionem additum3 neque enim falsum p]cipi posse neque v]um1 si esset tale1 quale vel falsum4 ,incubuit autem 9 eas disputationes1 ut doc]et nullum tale esse visum a v]o1 ut non eiusdem modi etiam a falso possit esse4 #gh4 ,haec e/ una cont5tio1 quae adhuc p]mans]it4 ,nam illud1 nulli rei ads5surum esse sapi5tem1 nihil ad hanc controv]siam p]t9ebat4 ,licebat enim nihil p]cip]e et tam5 op9>i1 quod a ,c>neade dicitur probatum3 equidem ,clitoma*o plus quam ,philoni aut ,metrodoro cr$5s1 hoc magis ab eo disputatum quam probatum puto4 ,s$ id omittamus4 ,illud c]te op9atione et p]ceptione sublata sequitur1 omnium ads5sionum ret5tio1 ut1 si o/5d]o nihil posse p]cipi1 tu conc$as numquam ads5surum esse4 ,,xxv4 #gi4 ,quid ergo e/ quod p]cipi possit1 si ne s5sus quidem v]a nuntiant8 quos tu1 ,luculle1 communi loco def5dis3 quod ne id fac]e posses1 idcirco h]i non necess>io loco contra s5sus tam multa dix]am4 ,tu autem te negas infracto remo neque columbae collo commov]i4 ,primum cur8 ,nam et 9 remo s5tio non esse id1 quod videatur1 et 9 columba pluris vid]i colores nec esse plus uno4 ,de9de nihilne praet]ea diximus8--,man5t illa omnia1 iacet i/a causa3 v]acis suos esse s5sus dicit4--,igitur semp] auctorem habes eum1 qui magno suo p]iculo causam agat6 ,eo enim rem demittit ,epicurus1 si unus s5sus semel 9 vita m5titus sit1 nulli umquam esse cr$5dum4 #hj4 ,hoc e/ v]um esse1 confid]e suis te/ibus et importune insi/]e6 ,itaque ,timagoras ,epicureus negat sibi umquam1 cum oculum torsisset1 duas ex luc]na flammulas esse visas3 op9ionis enim esse m5dacium1 non oculorum4 ,quasi qua]atur quid sit1 non quid videatur4 ,s$ hic quidem maiorum similis3 tu v]o1 qui visa s5sibus alia v]a dicas esse1 alia falsa1 qui ea di/+uis8 ,des9e1 quaeso1 communibus locis3 domi nobis i/a nascuntur4 ,si1 inquis1 deus te int]roget3 ,sanis modo et integris s5sibus1 num amplius quid desid]as8 quid respondeas8--,ut9am quidem roget8 ,audiret quam nobiscum male ag]et4 ,ut enim v]a videamus1 quam longe videmus8 ,ego ,catuli ,cumanum ex hoc loco video1 ,pompeianum non c]no1 neque quicquam int]iectum e/ quod ob/et1 s$ int5di acies longius non pote/4 ,o praecl>um prospectum6 ,puteolos videmus3 at famili>em no/rum ,c4 ,avianium1 =tasse 9 porticu ,neptuni ambulantem1 non videmus4 #ha4 ,at ille nescio qui1 qui 9 s*olis nom9>i solet1 mille et oct+5ta /adia quod abesset videbat3 qua$am volucres longius4 ,respond]em igitur audact] i/i ve/ro deo me plane 8 oculis non esse cont5tum4 ,dicet me acrius vid]e quam illos pisces =tasse qui neque vid5tur a nobis et nunc quidem sub oculis sunt neque ipsi nos suspic]e possunt4 ,ergo ut illis aqua1 sic nobis ar crassus (funditur4 ,at amplius non desid]amus4 ,quid8 talpam num desid]>e lum5 putas8 ,neque tam qu]]] cum deo1 quod p>um longe quam quod falsum vid]em4 ,videsne navem illam8 ,/>e nobis videtur3 at iis1 qui 9 nave sunt1 mov]i haec villa4 ,qua]e rationem cur ita videatur3 quam ut maxime inv5]is1 quod haud scio an non possis1 non tu v]um te/em hab]e1 s$ eum non s9e causa falsum te/imonium dic]e o/5d]is4 ,,xxvi4 #hb4 ,quid ego de nave8 ,vidi enim a te remum contemni4 ,maiora =tasse qua]is4 ,quid pote/ esse sole maius8 quem ma!matici amplius duodevig9ti p>tibus confirmant maiorem esse quam t]ram4 ,quantulus nobis videtur6 ,mihi quidem quasi p$alis4 ,epicurus autem posse putat etiam m9orem esse eum quam videatur1 s$ non multo3 ne maiorem quidem multo putat esse vel tantum esse1 quantus videatur1 ut oculi aut nihil m5tiantur aut non multum4 ,ubi igitur illud e/ semel8 ,s$ ab hoc cr$ulo1 qui numquam s5sus m5tiri putat1 disc$amus3 qui ne nunc quidem1 cum ille sol1 qui tanta incitatione f]tur1 ut cel]itas eius quanta sit ne cogit>i quidem possit1 tam5 nobis />e videatur4 #hc4 ,s$1 ut m9uam controv]siam1 videte1 quaeso1 quam 9 p>vo lis sit4 ,quattuor sunt capita1 quae concludant nihil esse quod nosci1 p]cipi1 compreh5di possit1 de quo haec tota quae/io e/4 ,e quibus primum e/ esse aliquod visum falsum1 secundum non posse id p]cipi1 t]tium1 int] quae visa nihil int]sit1 fi]i non posse ut eorum alia p]cipi poss9t1 alia non poss9t1 qu>tum nullum esse visum v]um a s5su pr(ectum1 cui non appositum sit visum aliud1 quod ab eo nihil int]sit quodque p]cipi non possit4 ,horum quattuor capitum secundum et t]tium omnes conc$unt4 ,primum ,epicurus non dat2 vos1 quibuscum res e/1 id quoque conc$itis4 ,omnis pugna de qu>to e/4 #hd4 ,qui igitur ,p4 ,s]vilium ,gem9um videbat1 si ,qu9tum se vid]e putabat1 incidebat 9 eius modi visum1 quod p]cipi non posset1 quia nulla nota v]um di/+uebatur a falso3 qua di/9ctione sublata quam hab]et 9 ,c4 ,cotta1 qui bis cum ,gem9o consul fuit1 agnosc5do eius modi notam1 quae falsa esse non posset8 ,negas tantam similitud9em 9 r]um natura esse4 ,pugnas omn9o1 s$ cum adv]s>io facili4 ,ne sit sane3 vid]i c]te pote/4 ,fallet igitur s5sum1 et si una fefell]it similitudo1 dubia omnia r$did]it4 ,sublato enim iudicio illo1 quo oportet agnosci1 etiam si ipse erit1 quem vid]is1 qui tibi videbitur1 tam5 non ea nota iudicabis1 qua dicis oport]e1 ut non possit esse eiusdem modi falsa4 #he4 ,qu&o igitur pote/ tibi ,p4 ,gem9us ,qu9tus vid]i1 quid habes explorati cur non possit tibi ,cotta vid]i qui non sit1 quoniam aliquid videtur esse1 quod non e/8 ,omnia dicis sui g5]is esse1 nihil esse idem1 quod sit aliud4 ,/oicum e/ quidem nec admodum cr$ibile 'nullum esse pilum omnibus rebus talem1 qualis sit pilus alius1 nullum granum4' ,haec refelli possunt1 s$ pugn>e nolo4 ,ad id enim1 quod agitur1 nihil int]e/ omnibusne p>tibus visa res nihil diff]at an int]nosci non possit1 etiam si diff]at4 ,s$1 si hom9um similitudo tanta esse non pote/1 ne signorum quidem8 ,dic mihi1 ,lysippus eodem a]e1 eadem temp]atione1 eodem caelo atque cet]is omnibus1 c5tum ,alex&ros eiusdem modi fac]e non posset8 ,qua igitur notione disc]n]es8 #hf4 ,quid8 si 9 eiusdem modi c]a c5tum sigilla hoc anulo impress]o1 ecquae pot]it 9 agnosc5do esse di/9ctio8 an tibi erit qua]5dus anul>ius aliqui1 quoniam gall9>ium inv5i/i ,deliacum illum1 qui ova cognosc]et8 ,,xxvii4 ,s$ adhibes artem advocatam etiam s5sibus4 ,pictor videt quae nos non videmus et1 simul inflavit tibic51 a p]ito c>m5 agnoscitur4 ,quid8 hoc nonne videtur contra te val]e1 si s9e magnis artificiis1 ad quae pauci acc$unt1 no/ri quidem g5]is admodum1 nec vid]e nec audire possimus8 ,iam illa praecl>a1 quanto artificio esset s5sus no/ros m5temque et totam con/ructionem hom9is fabricata natura6 #hg4 ,cur non extimescam op9&i tem]itatem8 ,etiamne hoc adfirm>e potes1 ,luculle1 esse aliquam vim1 cum prud5tia et consilio scilicet1 quae f9x]it vel1 ut tuo v]bo ut>1 quae fabricata sit hom9em8 ,qualis i/a fabrica e/8 ubi adhibita8 qu&o8 cur8 quo modo8 ,tractantur i/a +5iose3 disputantur etiam elegant]4 ,d5ique videantur sane1 ne adfirm5tur modo4 ,s$ de physicis mox et quidem ob eam causam1 ne tu1 qui idem me facturum paulo ante dix]is1 vide>e m5titus4 ,s$ ut ad ea1 quae cl>iora sunt1 v5iam1 res iam univ]sas pr(undam1 de quibus volum9a impleta sunt non a no/ris solum1 s$ etiam a ,*rysippo3--de quo qu]i sol5t ,/oici1 dum /udiose omnia conquisi]it contra s5sus et p]spicuitatem contraque omnem consuetud9em contraque rationem1 ipsum sibi respond5tem inf]iorem fuisse1 itaque ab eo armatum esse ,c>neadem4--#hh4 ,ea sunt eius modi1 quae a te dilig5tissime tractata sunt4 ,dormi5tium et v9ol5torum et furiosorum visa imbecilliora esse dicebas quam vigilantium1 siccorum1 sanorum4 ,quo modo8 quia1 cum exp]rectus esset ,ennius1 non dic]et 'se vidisse ,hom]um1 s$ visum esse1' ,alcmaeo autem3 ',s$ mihi ne utiquam cor cons5tit 444' ,similia de v9ol5tis4 ,quasi quisquam neget et qui exp]rectus sit1 eum somnia reri et cuius furor cons$]it1 put>e non fuisse ea v]a1 quae ess5t sibi visa 9 furore4 ,s$ non id agitur3 tum1 cum videbantur1 quo modo vid]5tur1 id qua]itur4 ,nisi v]o ,ennium non putamus ita totum illud audivisse1 ',o pietas animi 444'1 si modo id somniavit1 ut si vigilans audiret4 ,exp]rectus enim potuit illa visa put>e1 ut erant1 somnia3 dormi5ti v]o aeque ac vigilanti probabantur4 ,quid8 ,iliona somno illo3 ',mat]1 te appello 444' nonne ita cr$it filium locutum1 ut exp]recta etiam cr$]et8 ,unde enim illa3 ',age ad/a3 mane1 audi3 it]&um eadem i/aec mihi6' num videtur m9orem hab]e visis quam vigilantes fidem8 ,,xxviii4 #hi4 ,quid loqu> de insanis8 qualis t&em fuit adf9is tuus1 ,catule1 ,tuditanus8 quisquam sanissimus tam c]ta putat quae videt quam is putabat quae videbantur8 ,quid ille1 qui3 ',video1 video te4 ,vive1 ,ulixes1 dum licet1' nonne etiam bis exclamavit se vid]e1 cum omn9o non vid]et8 ,quid8 apud ,euripidem ,h]cules1 cum1 ut ,eury/hei filios1 ita suos configebat sagittis1 cum uxorem int]emebat1 cum conabatur etiam patrem1 non p]9de movebatur falsis1 ut v]is mov]etur8 ,quid8 ipse ,alcmaeo tuus1 qui negat 'cor sibi cum oculis cons5tire1' nonne ibidem incitato furore3 'unde haec flamma oritur8' et illa de9ceps3 ',inc$unt1 inc$unt3 adsunt1 adsunt1 me expetunt3' ,quid8 cum virg9is fidem implorat3 ',f] mi auxilium1 pe/em abige a me1 flammif]am hanc vim1 quae me excruciat6 ,ca]ulea inc9ctae angui inc$unt1 circum/ant cum ard5tibus ta$is4' ,num dubitas qu9 sibi haec vid]e videatur8 ,itemque cet]a3 ',int5dit cr9itus ,apollo arcum auratum1 luna innixus3 ,diana facem iacit a laeva4' #ij4 ,qui magis haec cr$]et1 si ess5t1 quam cr$ebat1 quia videbantur8 ,app>et enim iam 'cor cum oculis cons5tire4' ,omnia autem haec pr(]untur1 ut illud efficiatur1 quo c]tius nihil pote/ esse1 int] visa v]a et falsa ad animi ads5sum nihil int]esse4 ,vos autem nihil agitis1 cum illa falsa vel furiosorum vel somniantium recordatione ipsorum refellitis4 ,non enim id qua]itur1 qualis recordatio fi]i soleat eorum1 qui exp]recti s9t1 aut eorum1 qui fur]e de/it]9t1 s$ qualis visio fu]it aut fur5tium aut somniantium tum cum movebantur4 ,s$ abeo a s5sibus4 #ia4 ,quid e/ quod ratione p]cipi possit8 ,dialecticam inv5tam esse dicitis1 v]i et falsi quasi disceptatricem et iudicem4 ,cuius v]i et falsi8 et 9 qua re8 ,9 geometriane quid sit v]um aut falsum dialecticus iudicabit an 9 litt]is an 9 musicis8 ,at ea non novit4 ,9 philosophia igitur4 ,sol quantus sit quid ad illum8 ,quod sit summum bonum quid habet ut queat iudic>e8 ,quid igitur iudicabit8 quae coniunctio1 quae diiunctio v]a sit1 quid ambigue dictum sit1 quid sequatur quamque rem1 quid repugnet8 ,si haec et horum similia iudicat1 de se ipsa iudicat4 ,plus autem pollicebatur4 ,nam haec quidem iudic>e ad cet]as res1 quae sunt 9 philosophia multae atque magnae1 non e/ satis4 #ib4 ,s$ quoniam tantum 9 ea arte ponitis1 videte ne contra vos tota nata sit3 quae primo progressu fe/ive tradit elem5ta loqu5di et ambiguorum intelleg5tiam conclud5dique rationem1 tum paucis additis v5it ad soritas1 lubricum sane et p]iculosum locum1 quod tu modo dicebas esse vitiosum int]rog&i g5us4 ,,xxix4 ,quid ergo8 i/ius vitii num no/ra culpa e/8 ,r]um natura nullam nobis d$it cognitionem f9ium1 ut ulla 9 re /atu]e possimus quat5us4 ,nec hoc 9 ac]vo tritici solum1 unde nom5 e/1 s$ nulla omn9o 9 re m9utatim int]rogati1 dives paup]1 cl>us obscurus sit1 multa pauca1 magna p>va1 longa brevia1 lata angu/a1 quanto aut addito aut dempto c]tum respondeamus non habemus4--#ic4 ,at vitiosi sunt soritae4--,frangite igitur eos1 si pote/is1 ne mole/i s9t4 ,erunt enim1 nisi cavetis4 ,cautum e/1 inquit4 ,placet enim ,*rysippo1 cum gradatim int]rogetur1 v]bi causa1 tria pauca s9t anne multa1 aliquanto prius quam ad multa p]v5iat quiesc]e1 id e/1 quod ab 8 dicitur1 4 ,p] me vel /]tas licet1 inquit ,c>neades1 non modo quiescas4 ,s$ quid pr(icit8 ,sequitur enim1 qui te ex somno excitet et eodem modo int]roget4 ,quo 9 num]o conticui/i1 si ad eum num]um unum addid]o1 multane erunt8 ,progr$i]e rursus1 quoad videbitur4 ,quid plura8 hoc enim fat]is1 neque ultimum te paucorum neque primum multorum respond]e posse4 ,cuius g5]is error ita manat1 ut non videam quo non possit acc$]e4 #id4 ,nihil me la$it1 inquit3 ego enim1 ut agitator callidus1 prius quam ad f9em v5iam1 equos su/9ebo1 eoque magis1 si locus is1 quo f]5tur equi1 praeceps erit4 ,sic me1 inquit1 ante su/9eo nec diutius captiose int]roganti respondeo4 ,si habes quod liqueat neque respondes1 sup]bus es3 si non habes1 ne tu quidem p]cipis4 ,si1 quia obscura1 conc$o4 ,s$ negas te usque ad obscura progr$i4 ,illu/ribus igitur rebus insi/is4 ,si id tantum modo1 ut taceas1 nihil adsequ]is4 ,quid enim ad illum1 qui te capt>e volt1 utrum tac5tem irretiat te an loqu5tem8 ,s9 autem usque ad novem1 v]bi gratia1 s9e dubitatione respondes pauca esse1 9 decimo insi/is3 etiam a c]tis et illu/rioribus cohibes ads5sum4 ,hoc idem me 9 obscuris fac]e non s9is4 ,nihil igitur te contra soritas ars i/a adiuvat1 quae nec aug5tis nec m9u5tis quid aut primum sit aut po/remum docet4 #ie4 ,quid8 quod eadem illa ars1 quasi ,p5elope telam retex5s1 tollit ad extremum sup]iora4 ,utrum ea ve/ra an no/ra culpa e/8 ,nempe fundam5tum dialecticae e/1 quidquid enuntietur--id autem appellant 1 quod e/ quasi effatum--1 aut v]um esse aut falsum4 ,quid igitur8 haec v]a an falsa sunt8 ,si te m5tiri dicis idque v]um dicis1 m5tiris an v]um dicis8 ,haec scilicet inexplicabilia esse dicitis4 ,quod e/ odiosius quam illa1 quae nos non compreh5sa et non p]cepta dicimus4 ,,xxx4 ,s$ hoc omitto4 ,illud qua]o1 si i/a explic>i non possunt1 nec eorum ullum iudicium inv5itur1 ut respond]e possitis v]ane an falsa s9t1 ubi e/ illa def9itio3 'effatum esse id1 quod aut v]um aut falsum sit'8 ,rebus sumptis adiungam ex 8 sequ5das esse alias1 alias improb&as1 quae s9t 9 g5]e contr>io4 #if4 ,quo modo igitur hoc conclusum esse iudicas8 ',si dicis nunc luc]e et v]um dicis1 lucet2 dicis autem nunc luc]e et v]um dicis3 lucet igitur4' ,probatis c]te g5us et rectissime conclusum dicitis4 ,itaque 9 doc5do eum primum conclud5di modum traditis4 ,aut quidquid igitur eodem modo concluditur probabitis aut ars i/a nulla e/4 ,vide ergo hanc conclusionem probaturusne sis3 ',si dicis te m5tiri v]umque dicis1 m5tiris2 dicis autem te m5tiri v]umque dicis1 m5tiris igitur4' ,qui potes hanc non prob>e1 cum probav]is eiusdem g5]is sup]iorem8 ,haec ,*rysippea sunt1 ne ab ipso quidem dissoluta4 ,quid enim fac]et huic conclusioni8 ',si lucet1 lucet2 lucet autem3 lucet igitur4' ,c$]et scilicet4 ,ipsa enim ratio conexi1 cum concess]is sup]ius1 cogit inf]ius conc$]e4 ,quid ergo haec ab illa conclusione diff]t8 ',si m5tiris1 m5tiris3 m5tiris autem3 m5tiris igitur4' ,hoc negas te posse nec approb>e nec improb>e4 #ig4 ,qui igitur magis illud8 ,si ars1 si ratio1 si via1 si vis d5ique conclusionis valet1 eadem e/ 9 utroque4 ,s$ hoc extremum eorum e/3 po/ulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia4 ,tribunum aliquem c5seo adeant3 a me i/am exceptionem numquam impetrabunt4 ,et5im cum ab ,epicuro1 qui totam dialecticam et contemnit et irridet1 non impetr5t ut v]um esse conc$at quod ita effabimur1 'aut vivet cras ,h]m>*us aut non vivet' cum dialectici sic /atuant1 omne1 quod ita diiunctum sit1 quasi 'aut etiam aut non1' non modo v]um esse1 s$ etiam necess>ium3 vide quam sit catus is1 quem i/i t>dum putant4 ,si enim1 inquit1 alt]utrum concess]o necess>ium esse1 necesse erit cras ,h]m>*um aut viv]e aut non viv]e2 nulla autem e/ 9 natura r]um talis necessitas4 ,cum hoc igitur dialectici pugn5t1 id e/1 ,antio*us et ,/oici3 totam enim ev]tit dialecticam4 ,nam si e contr>iis diiunctio--contr>ia autem ea dico1 cum alt]um aiat1 alt]um neget1 si talis diiunctio falsa pote/ esse1 nulla v]a e/4 #ih4 ,mecum v]o quid hab5t litium1 qui ipsorum discipl9am sequor8 ,cum aliquid huius modi incid]at1 sic lud]e ,c>neades solebat3 ',si recte conclusi1 t5eo3 s9 vitiose1 m9am ,diog5es r$det4' ,ab eo enim ,/oico dialecticam didic]at3 haec autem m]ces erat dialecticorum4 ,sequor igitur eas vias1 quas didici ab ,antio*o1 nec rep]io quo modo iudicem 'si lucet1 lucet1' v]um esse ob eam causam1 quod ita didici1 omne1 quod ipsum ex se conexum sit1 v]um esse1 non iudicem 'si m5tiris1 m5tiris1' eodem modo esse conexum4 ,aut igitur hoc et illud aut1 nisi hoc1 ne illud quidem iudicabo4 ,,xxxi4 ,s$1 ut omnes i/os aculeos et totum tortuosum g5us disput&i rel9quamus o/5damusque qui simus1 iam explicata tota ,c>neadis s5t5tia ,antio*ea i/a corru5t univ]sa4 ,nec v]o quicquam ita dicam1 ut quisquam id f+i suspicetur3 a ,clitoma*o sumam1 qui usque ad s5ectutem cum ,c>neade fuit1 homo et acutus1 ut ,po5us1 et valde /udiosus ac dilig5s4 ,et quattuor eius libri sunt de su/95dis ads5sionibus4 ,haec autem1 quae iam dicam1 sunt sumpta de primo4 #ii4 ,duo placet esse ,c>neadi g5]a visorum1 9 uno hanc divisionem3 'alia visa esse quae p]cipi poss9t1 alia quae non poss9t1' 9 alt]o autem3 'alia visa esse probabilia2 alia non probabilia4' ,itaque1 quae contra s5sus contraque p]spicuitatem dicantur1 ea p]t9]e ad sup]iorem divisionem3 contra po/]iorem nihil dici oport]e3 qua re ita plac]e3 tale visum nullum esse1 ut p]ceptio consequ]etur1 ut autem probatio1 multa4 ,et5im contra naturam esset1 si probabile nihil esset4 ,et sequitur omnis vitae ea1 quam tu1 ,luculle1 commemorabas1 ev]sio4 ,itaque et s5sibus prob&a multa sunt1 t5eatur modo illud1 non inesse 9 iis quicquam tale1 quale non etiam falsum nihil ab eo diff]5s esse possit4 ,sic1 quidquid accid]it specie probabile1 si nihil se (f]et quod sit probabilitati illi contr>ium1 utetur eo sapi5s ac sic omnis ratio vitae gub]nabitur4 ,et5im is quoque1 qui a vobis sapi5s inducitur1 multa sequitur probabilia1 non compreh5sa neque p]cepta neque ads5sa1 s$ similia v]i3 quae nisi probet1 omnis vita tollatur4 #ajj4 ,quid enim8 consc5d5s navem sapi5s num compreh5sum animo habet atque p]ceptum se ex s5t5tia navigaturum8 ,qui pote/8 ,s$ si iam ex hoc loco pr(iciscatur ,puteolos /adia trig9ta1 probo navigio1 bono gub]natore1 hac tranquillitate1 probabile videatur se illuc v5turum esse salvum4 ,huius modi igitur visis consilia capiet et ag5di et non ag5di1 faciliorque erit1 ut albam esse nivem probet1 quam erat ,anaxagoras1 qui id non modo ita esse negabat1 s$ sibi1 quia sciret aquam nigram esse1 unde illa concreta esset1 albam ipsam esse1 ne vid]i quidem4 #aja4 ,et quaecumque res eum sic att+et1 ut sit visum illud probabile neque ulla re imp$itum1 movebitur4 ,non enim e/ e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus1 habet corpus1 habet animum1 movetur m5te1 movetur s5sibus1 ut ei multa v]a videantur1 neque tam5 hab]e insignem illam et propriam p]cipi5di notam3 eoque sapi5tem non ads5tiri1 quia possit eiusdem modi exsi/]e falsum aliquod1 cuius modi hoc v]um4 ,neque nos contra s5sus alit] dicimus ac ,/oici1 qui multa falsa esse dicunt1 longeque alit] se hab]e ac s5sibus videantur4 ,,xxxii4 ,hoc autem si ita sit1 ut unum modo s5sibus falsum videatur1 prae/o e/ qui neget rem ullam p]cipi posse s5sibus4 ,ita nobis tac5tibus ex uno ,epicuri capite1 alt]o ve/ro p]ceptio et compreh5sio tollitur4 ,quod e/ caput ,epicuri8 ',si ullum s5sus visum falsum e/1 nihil p]cipi pote/4' ,quod ve/rum8 ',sunt falsa s5sus visa4' ,quid sequitur8 ut taceam1 conclusio ipsa loquitur3 'nihil posse p]cipi4' ,non conc$o1 inquit1 ,epicuro4 ,c]ta igitur cum illo1 qui a te totus div]sus e/3 noli mecum1 qui hoc quidem c]te1 falsi esse aliquid 9 s5sibus1 tibi ads5tior4 #ajb4 ,quamquam nihil mihi tam mirum videtur quam i/a dici1 ab ,antio*o quidem maxime1 cui erant ea1 quae paulo ante dixi1 notissima4 ,licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo repreh5dat1 quod negemus rem ullam p]cipi posse1 c]te levior repreh5sio e/3 quod tam5 dicimus esse qua$am probabilia1 non videtur hoc satis esse vobis4 ,ne sit3 illa c]te debemus effug]e1 quae a te vel maxime agitata sunt3 'nihil igitur c]nis8 nihil audis8 nihil tibi e/ p]spicuum8' ,explicavi paulo ante ,clitoma*o auctore quo modo i/a ,c>neades dic]et4 ,accipe quem ad modum eadem dicantur a ,clitoma*o 9 eo libro1 quem ad ,c4 ,lucilium scripsit potam1 cum scripsisset isdem de rebus ad ,l4 ,c5sor9um1 eum1 qui consul cum ,m4 ,manilio fuit4 ,scripsit igitur 8 f]e v]bis--sunt enim mihi nota1 propt]ea quod e>um ips>um r]um1 de quibus agimus1 prima in/itutio et quasi discipl9a illo libro cont9etur--1 s$ scriptum e/ ita3 #ajc4 ',academicis plac]e esse r]um eius modi dissimilitud9es1 ut aliae probabiles videantur1 aliae contra3 id autem non esse satis cur alia posse p]cipi dicas1 alia non posse1 propt]ea quod multa falsa probabilia s9t1 nihil autem falsi p]ceptum et cognitum possit esse4' ,itaque ait vehem5t] err>e eos1 qui dicant ab ,academia s5sus eripi1 a quibus numquam dictum sit aut colorem aut saporem aut sonum nullum esse1 illud sit disputatum1 non inesse 9 8 propriam1 quae nusquam alibi esset1 v]i et c]ti notam4 #ajd4 ,quae cum exposuisset1 adiungit duplicit] dici ads5sus su/9]e sapi5tem3 uno modo1 cum hoc intelligatur1 omn9o eum rei nulli ads5tiri3 alt]o1 cum se a respond5do1 ut aut approbet quid aut improbet1 su/9eat1 ut neque neget aliquid neque aiat4 ,id cum ita sit1 alt]um plac]e1 ut numquam ads5tiatur1 alt]um t5]e1 ut sequ5s probabilitatem1 ubicumque haec aut occurrat aut deficiat1 aut 'etiam' aut 'non' respond]e possit4 ,nec1 ut placeat1 eum1 qui de omnibus rebus cont9eat se ab ads5ti5do1 mov]i tam5 et ag]e aliquid1 reliquit eius modi visa1 quibus ad actionem excitemur3 item ea1 quae int]rogati 9 utramque p>tem respond]e possimus1 sequ5tes tantum modo1 quod ita visum sit1 dum s9e ads5su3 neque tam5 omnia eius modi visa approb>i1 s$ ea1 quae nulla re imp$ir5tur4 #aje4 ,haec si vobis non probamus1 s9t falsa sane1 invidiosa c]te non sunt4 ,non enim lucem eripimus1 s$ ea1 quae vos p]cipi compreh5dique1 eadem nos1 si modo probabilia s9t1 vid]i dicimus4 ,,xxxiii4 ,sic igitur inducto et con/ituto probabili1 et eo quidem exp$ito1 soluto1 lib]o1 nulla re implicato1 vides pr(ecto1 ,luculle1 iac]e iam illud tuum p]spicuitatis patroc9ium4 ,isdem enim hic sapi5s1 de quo loquor1 oculis quibus i/e ve/] caelum1 t]ram1 m>e intuebitur1 isdem s5sibus reliqua1 quae sub quemque s5sum cadunt1 s5tiet4 ,m>e illud1 quod nunc ,favonio nasc5te purpureum videtur1 idem huic no/ro videbitur1 nec tam5 ads5tietur1 quia nobismet ipsis modo ca]uleum videbatur1 mane ravum1 quodque nunc1 qua a sole collucet1 albescit et vibrat dissimileque e/ proximo et cont95ti1 ut1 etiam si possis rationem r$d]e cur id ev5iat1 tam5 non possis id v]um esse1 quod videbatur oculis1 def5d]e4 #ajf4 ,unde memoria1 si nihil p]cipimus8 ,sic enim qua]ebas4 ,quid8 mem9isse visa nisi compreh5sa non possumus8 ,quid8 ,polya5us1 qui magnus ma!maticus fuisse dicitur1 is po/ea quam ,epicuro ads5ti5s totam geometriam falsam esse cr$idit1 num illa etiam1 quae sciebat1 oblitus e/8 ,atqui1 falsum quod e/1 id p]cipi non pote/1 ut vobismet ipsis placet4 ,si igitur memoria p]cept>um compreh5s>umque r]um e/1 omnia1 quae quisque mem9it1 habet ea compreh5sa atque p]cepta4 ,falsi autem compreh5di nihil pote/1 et omnia mem9it ,siron ,epicuri dogmata4 ,v]a igitur illa sunt nunc omnia4 ,hoc p] me licet3 s$ tibi aut conc$5dum e/ ita esse1 quod m9ime vis1 aut memoriam mihi remittas oportet et fate>e esse ei locum1 etiam si compreh5sio p]ceptioque nulla sit4 #ajg4 ,quid fiet artibus8 ,quibus8 ,iisne1 quae ipsae fat5tur coniectura se plus uti quam sci5tia1 an iis1 quae tantum id1 quod videtur1 secuntur nec hab5t i/am artem ve/ram1 qua v]a et falsa diiudic5t8 ,s$ illa sunt lum9a duo1 quae maxime causam i/am cont95t4 ,primum enim negatis fi]i posse ut quisquam nulli rei ads5tiatur4 ,at id quidem p]spicuum e/4 ,cum ,panaetius1 pr9ceps prope meo quidem iudicio ,/oicorum1 ea de re dubit>e se dicat1 quam omnes praet] eum ,/oici c]tissimam putant1 v]a esse h>uspicum responsa1 auspicia1 oracula1 somnia1 vatic9ationes1 seque ab ads5su su/9eat3 quod is pote/ fac]e vel de iis rebus1 quas illi1 a quibus ipse didicit1 c]tas habu]9t1 cur id sapi5s de reliquis rebus fac]e non possit8 ,an e/ aliquid1 quod positum vel improb>e vel approb>e possit1 dubit>e non possit8 an tu 9 soritis pot]is hoc1 cum voles3 ille 9 reliquis rebus non pot]it eodem modo insi/]e1 praes]tim cum possit s9e ads5sione ipsam v]i similitud9em non imp$itam sequi8 #ajh4 ,alt]um e/1 quod negatis actionem ullius rei posse 9 eo esse1 qui nullam rem ads5su suo comprobet4 ,primum enim vid]i oportet 9 quo sit etiam ads5sus4 ,dicunt enim ,/oici s5sus ipsos ads5sus esse1 quos quoniam appetitio consequatur1 actionem sequi3 tolli autem omnia1 si visa tollantur4 ,,xxxiv4 ,hac de re 9 utramque p>tem et dicta sunt et scripta multa1 s$ brevi res pote/ tota confici4 ,ego enim etsi maximam actionem puto repugn>e visis1 obsi/]e op9ionibus1 ads5sus lubricos su/9]e1 cr$oque ,clitoma*o ita scrib5ti1 ,h]culi qu5dam laborem exanclatum a ,c>neade1 quod1 ut f]am et immanem beluam1 sic ex animis no/ris ads5sionem1 id e/1 op9ationem et tem]itatem extraxisset1 tam51 ut ea p>s def5sionis rel9quatur1 quid imp$iet actionem eius1 qui probabilia sequitur1 nulla re imp$i5te8 #aji4 ,hoc1 inquit1 ipsum imp$iet1 quod /atuet1 ne id quidem1 quod probet1 posse p]cipi4 ,iam i/uc te quoque imp$iet 9 navig&o1 9 cons]5do1 9 uxore duc5da1 9 lib]is procre&is plurimisque 9 rebus1 9 quibus nihil sequ]e praet] probabile4 ,et tam5 illud usitatum et saepe repudiatum ref]s1 non ut ,antipat]1 s$1 ut ais1 'pressius4' ,nam ,antipatrum repreh5sum1 quod dic]et cons5taneum esse ei1 qui adfirm>et nihil posse compreh5di1 id ipsum saltem dic]e posse compreh5di1 quod ipsi ,antio*o p+ue videbatur et sibi ipsum contr>ium4 ,non enim pote/ conv5i5t] dici nihil compreh5di posse1 si quicquam compreh5di posse dicatur4 ,illo modo potius putat urgu5dum fuisse ,c>neadem3 cum sapi5tis nullum decretum esse possit nisi compreh5sum1 p]ceptum1 cognitum1 ut hoc ipsum decretum1 quod sapi5tis esset1 nihil posse p]cipi1 fat]etur esse p]ceptum4 ,pro9de quasi nullum sapi5s aliud decretum habeat et s9e decretis vitam ag]e possit6 #aaj4 ,s$ ut illa habet probabilia non p]cepta1 sic hoc ipsum1 nihil posse p]cipi4 ,nam si 9 hoc hab]et cognitionis notam1 eadem ut]etur 9 cet]is4 ,quam quoniam non habet1 utitur probabilibus4 ,itaque non metuit ne confund]e omnia videatur et inc]ta r$d]e4 ,non enim1 quem ad modum1 si quaesitum ex eo sit1 /ell>um num]us p> an imp> sit1 item1 si de (ficio multisque aliis de rebus1 9 quibus v]satus ex]citatusque sit1 nescire se dicat4 ,9 inc]tis enim nihil probabile e/1 9 quibus autem e/1 9 iis non de]it sapi5ti nec quid faciat nec quid respondeat4 #aaa4 ,ne illam quidem praet]misi/i1 ,luculle1 repreh5sionem ,antio*i--nec mirum3 9 primis enim e/ nobilis--1 qua solebat dic]e ,antio*us ,philonem maxime p]turbatum4 ,cum enim sum]etur1 unum1 esse qua$am falsa visa1 alt]um nihil ea diff]re a v]is1 non adt5d]e1 sup]ius illud ea re a se esse concessum1 quod vid]etur esse qua$am 9 vivis diff]5tia1 eam tolli alt]o1 quo neget visa a falsis v]a diff]re2 nihil tam repugn>e4 ,id ita esset1 si nos v]um omn9o toll]emus4 ,non facimus4 ,nam tam v]a quam falsa c]nimus4 ,s$ prob&i species e/3 p]cipi5di signum nullum habemus4 ,,xxxv4 #aab4 ,ac mihi videor nimis etiam nunc ag]e ieiune4 ,cum sit enim campus 9 quo exsult>e possit oratio1 cur eam tantas 9 angu/ias et 9 ,/oicorum dumeta compellimus8 si enim mihi cum ,p]ipatetico res esset1 qui id p]cipi posse dic]et1 'quod impressum esset e v]o1' neque adhib]et illam magnam accessionem1 'quo modo imprimi non posset a falso1' cum simplici hom9e simplicit] ag]em nec magno op]e cont5d]em atque etiam1 si1 cum ego nihil dic]em posse compreh5di1 dic]et ille sapi5tem int]dum op9>i1 non repugn>em1 praes]tim ne ,c>neade quidem huic loco valde repugnante3 nunc quid fac]e possum8 #aac4 ,qua]o enim quid sit quod compreh5di possit4 ,respondet mihi non ,ari/oteles aut ,!ophra/us1 ne ,x5ocrates quidem aut ,polemo1 s$ qui 8 m9or e/3 'tale v]um quale falsum esse non possit4' ,nihil eius modo inv5io4 ,itaque incognito nimirum ads5ti>1 id e/1 op9abor4 ,hoc mihi et ,p]ipatetici et vetus ,academia conc$it3 vos negatis1 ,antio*us 9 primis1 qui me valde movet1 vel quod amavi hom9em1 sicut ille me1 vel quod ita iudico1 politissimum et acutissimum omnium no/rae memoriae philosophorum4 ,a quo primum qua]o quo t&em modo sit eius ,academiae1 cuius esse se pr(iteatur8 ,ut omittam alia1 haec duo1 de quibus agitur1 quis umquam dixit aut vet]is ,academiae aut ,p]ipateticorum1 vel id solum p]cipi posse1 quod esset v]um tale1 quale falsum esse non posset1 vel sapi5tem nihil op9>i8 ,c]te nemo4 ,horum neutrum ante ,z5onem magno op]e def5sum e/4 ,ego tam5 utrumque v]um puto1 nec dico temporis causa1 s$ ita plane probo4 ,,xxxvi4 #aad4 ,illud f]re non possum4 ,tu cum me incognito ads5tiri vetes idque turpissimum esse dicas et pl5issimum tem]itatis1 tantum tibi adroges1 ut exponas discipl9am sapi5tiae1 naturam r]um omnium evolvas1 mores f+as1 f9is bonorum malorumque con/ituas1 (ficia describas1 quam vitam +r$i> def9ias1 idemque etiam disput&i et intelleg5di iudicium dicas te et artificium traditurum1 p]ficies ut ego i/a innum]abilia complect5s nusquam lab>1 nihil op9]8 ,quae t&em ea e/ discipl9a1 ad quam me d$ucas1 si ab hac ab/rax]is8 ,v]eor ne subadrogant] facias1 si dix]is tuam4 ,atqui ita dicas necesse e/4 #aae4 ,neque v]o tu solus1 s$ ad suam quisque rapiet4 ,age1 re/it]o ,p]ipateticis1 qui sibi cum oratoribus cognationem esse1 qui cl>os viros a se in/ructos dicant rem publicam saepe rexisse1 su/9u]o ,epicureos1 tot meos famili>is1 tam bonos1 tam int] se amantis viros1 ,diodoto quid faciam ,/oico1 quem a pu]o audivi8 qui mecum vivit tot annos8 qui habitat apud me8 quem et admiror et diligo8 qui i/a ,antio*ea contemnit8 ,no/ra1 inquies1 sola v]a sunt4 ,c]te sola1 si v]a3 plura enim v]a discrepantia esse non possunt4 ,utrum igitur nos impud5tes1 qui labi nolumus1 an illi adrogantes1 qui sibi p]suas]9t scire se solos omnia8 ,non me quidem1 inquit1 s$ sapi5tem dico scire4 ,optime3 nempe i/a scire1 quae sunt 9 tua discipl9a4 ,hoc primum quale e/1 a non sapi5te explic>i sapi5tiam8 ,s$ disc$amus a nobismet ipsis1 de sapi5te loquamur1 de quo1 ut saepe iam dixi1 omnis haec quae/io e/4 #aaf4 ,9 tres igitur p>tis et a pl]isque et a vobismet ipsis di/ributa sapi5tia e/4 ,primum ergo1 si placet1 quae de natura r]um s9t quaesita1 videamus3 at illud ante4 ,e/ne quisquam tanto inflatus errore1 ut sibi se illa scire p]suas]it8 ,non qua]o rationes eas1 quae ex coniectura p5d5t1 quae disputationibus huc et illuc trahuntur1 nullam adhib5t p]suad5di necessitatem4 ,geometrae provideant1 qui se pr(it5tur non p]suad]e1 s$ cog]e1 et qui omnia vobis1 quae describunt1 probant4 ,non qua]o ex 8 illa initia ma!maticorum1 quibus non concessis digitum progr$i non possunt4 ,punctum esse quod magnitud9em nullam habeat3 extremitatem et quasi libram5tum 9 quo nulla omn9o crassitudo sit3 l9iam5tum s9e ulla latitud9e c>5tem4 ,haec cum v]a esse concess]o1 si adigam ius iur&um sapi5tem1 nec prius quam ,ar*im$es eo inspectante rationes omnis descrips]it eas1 quibus efficitur multis p>tibus solem maiorem esse quam t]ram1 iuraturum putas8 ,si fec]it1 solem ipsum1 quem deum c5set esse1 contemps]it4 #aag4 ,quod si geometricis rationibus non e/ cr$iturus1 quae vim adf]unt 9 doc5do1 vos ipsi ut dicitis1 ne ille longe ab]it ut argum5tis cr$at philosophorum1 aut1 si e/ cr$iturus1 quorum potissimum8 ,omnia enim physicorum licet explic>e2 s$ longum e/3 qua]o tam5 quem sequatur4 ,f+e aliquem nunc fi]i sapi5tem1 nondum esse1 quam potissimum s5t5tiam eliget et discipl9am8 ,etsi quamcumque eliget1 insipi5s eliget4 ,s$ sit +5io div9o1 quem unum e physicis potissimum probabit8 ,nec plus uno pot]it4 ,non p]sequor quae/iones inf9itas3 tantum de pr9cipiis r]um1 e quibus omnia con/ant1 videamus quem probet3 e/ enim int] magnos hom9es summa diss5sio4 ,,xxxvii4 #aah4 ,pr9ceps ,?ales1 unus e septem1 cui sex reliquos concessisse primas f]unt1 ex aqua dixit con/>e omnia4 ,at hoc ,anaxim&ro1 popul>i et sodali suo1 non p]suasit3 is enim inf9itatem naturae dixit esse1 e qua omnia gign]5tur4 ,po/ eius auditor ,anaxim5es inf9itum ara1 s$ ea1 quae ex eo orir5tur1 def9ita3 gigni autem t]ram1 aquam1 ignem1 tum ex 8 omnia4 ,anaxagoras mat]iam inf9itam1 s$ ex ea p>ticulas1 similis int] se1 m9utas1 eas primum confusas1 po/ea 9 ord9em adductas a m5te div9a4 ,x5ophanes1 paulo etiam antiquior1 unum esse omnia neque id esse mutabile et id esse deum neque natum umquam et sempit]num1 conglobata figura3 ,p>m5ides ignem1 qui moveat t]ram1 quae ab eo =metur3 ,leucippus1 pl5um et inane3 ,democritus huic 9 hoc similis1 ub]ior 9 cet]is3 ,emp$ocles haec p]volgata et nota quattuor3 ,h]aclitus ignem3 ,melissus hoc1 quod esset inf9itum et immutabile1 et fuisse semp] et =e4 ,plato ex mat]ia 9 se omnia recipi5te mundum factum esse c5set a deo sempit]num4 ,py?agorei ex num]is et ma!maticorum initiis pr(icisci volunt omnia4 ,ex 8 eliget ve/] sapi5s unum aliquem1 cr$o1 quem sequatur3 cet]i tot viri et tanti repudiati ab eo condemnatique disc$5t4 #aai4 ,quamcumque v]o s5t5tiam probav]it1 eam sic animo compreh5sam habebit1 ut ea1 quae s5sibus1 nec magis approbabit nunc luc]e1 quam1 quoniam ,/oicus e/1 hunc mundum esse sapi5tem1 hab]e m5tem1 quae et se et ipsum fabricata sit et omnia mod]etur1 moveat1 regat4 ,erit ei p]suasum etiam solem1 lunam1 /ellas omnis1 t]ram1 m>e deos esse1 quod qua$am animalis intelleg5tia p] omnia ea p]manet et transeat1 =e tam5 aliqu&o ut omnis hic mundus ardore deflagret4 ,,xxxviii4 ,s9t i/a v]a--vides enim iam me fat]i aliquid esse v]i--1 compreh5di ea tam5 et p]cipi nego4 ,cum enim tuus i/e ,/oicus sapi5s syllabatim tibi i/a dix]it1 v5iet flum5 orationis aureum fund5s ,ari/oteles1 qui illum desip]e dicat3 neque enim ortum esse umquam mundum1 quod nulla fu]it novo consilio inito tam praecl>i op]is inceptio1 et ita esse eum undique aptum1 ut nulla vis tantos queat motus mutationemque moliri1 nulla s5ectus diuturnitate temporum exsi/]e1 ut hic ornatus umquam dilapsus occidat4 ,tibi hoc repudi>e1 illud autem sup]ius sicut caput et famam tuam def5d]e necesse erit1 cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem rel9quatur4 #abj4 ,ut omittam levitatem tem]e ads5ti5tium1 quanti lib]tas ipsa ae/im&a e/ non mihi necesse esse quod tibi e/8 ,cur deus1 omnia no/ra causa cum fac]et--sic enim voltis--1 tantam vim natricum vip]>umque fec]it8 cur mortif]a tam multa ac p]niciosa t]ra m>ique disp]s]it8 ,negatis haec tam polite tamque subtilit] effici potuisse s9e div9a aliqua soll]tia4 ,cuius quidem vos maie/atem d$ucitis usque ad apium =mic>umque p]fectionem1 ut etiam int] deos ,myrmecides aliquis m9utorum opusculorum fabricator fuisse videatur4 #aba4 ,negas s9e deo posse quicquam4 ,ecce tibi e transv]so ,lampsac5us ,/rato1 qui det i/i deo immunitatem magni quidem mun]is3 s$ cum sac]dotes deorum vacationem habeant1 quanto e/ aequius hab]e ipsos deos6 ,negat op]a deorum se uti ad fabric&um mundum4 ,quaecumque s9t1 docet omnia effecta esse natura1 nec1 ut ille1 qui asp]is et levibus et hamatis unc9atisque corporibus concreta haec esse dicat int]iecto inani4 ,somnia c5set haec esse ,democriti non doc5tis1 s$ optantis4 ,ipse autem s+ulas mundi p>tis p]sequ5s1 quidquid aut sit aut fiat1 naturalibus fi]i aut factum esse docet pond]ibus et motibus4 ,ne ille et deum op]e magno lib]at et me timore4 ,quis enim pote/1 cum exi/imet cur>i se a deo1 non et dies et noctes div9um num5 horr]e et1 si quid adv]si accid]it--quod cui non accidit8--extimesc]e ne id iure ev5]it8 ,nec ,/ratoni tam5 ads5tior1 nec v]o tibi4 ,modo hoc1 modo illud probabilius videtur4 ,,xxxix4 #abb4 ,lat5t i/a omnia1 ,luculle1 crassis occultata et circumfusa t5ebris1 ut nulla acies humani +5i tanta sit1 quae p5etr>e 9 caelum1 t]ram intr>e possit3 corpora no/ra non novimus3 qui s9t situs p>tium1 quam vim quaeque p>s habeat ignoramus4 ,itaque m$ici ipsi1 quorum int]]at ea nosse1 ap]u]unt1 ut vid]5tur4 ,nec eo tam5 aiunt empirici notiora esse illa1 quia possit fi]i ut patefacta et detecta mut5tur4 ,s$ ecquid nos eodem modo r]um naturas p]sec>e1 ap]ire1 divid]e possumus1 ut videamus t]ra p5itusne defixa sit et quasi radicibus suis ha]eat an m$ia p5deat8 #abc4 ,habit>i ait ,x5ophanes 9 luna eamque esse t]ram mult>um urbium et montium4 ,port5ta vid5tur1 s$ tam5 neque ille1 qui dixit1 iur>e posset1 ita se rem hab]e1 neque ego non ita4 ,vos etiam dicitis esse e regione nobis1 e contr>ia p>te t]rae1 qui adv]sis ve/igiis /5t contra no/ra ve/igia1 quos vocatis3 cur mihi magis susc5setis1 qui i/a non asp]nor1 quam iis1 qui1 cum audiunt1 desip]e vos arbitrantur8 ,hicetas ,syracusius1 ut ait ,!ophra/us1 caelum1 solem1 lunam1 /ellas1 sup]a d5ique omnia />e c5set neque praet] t]ram rem ullam 9 mundo mov]i3 quae cum circum axem se summa cel]itate conv]tat et torqueat1 eadem effici omnia1 quae1 si /ante t]ra caelum mov]etur4 ,atque hoc etiam ,platonem 9 ,timaeo dic]e quidam arbitrantur1 s$ paulo obscurius4 ,quid tu1 ,epicure8 loqu]e4 ,putas solem esse tantulum8 ,egone8 ne bis quidem tantum6 ,et vos ab illo irridem9i et ipsi illum vicissim eluditis4 ,lib] igitur a tali irrisione ,socrates1 lib] ,ari/o ,*ius1 qui nihil i/orum sciri putat posse4 #abd4 ,s$ r$eo ad animum et corpus4 ,satisne t&em ea nota sunt nobis1 quae n]vorum natura sit1 quae v5>um8 t5emusne quid sit animus1 ubi sit8 d5ique sitne an1 ut ,dicae>*o visum e/1 ne sit quidem ullus8 ,si e/1 tresne p>tis habeat1 ut ,platoni placuit1 rationis1 irae1 cupiditatis1 an simplex unusque sit8 si simplex1 utrum sit ignis an anima an sanguis an1 ut ,x5ocrates1 num]us nullo corpore--quod intellegi quale sit vix pote/--et1 quidquid e/1 mortale sit an aet]num8 nam utramque 9 p>tem multa dicuntur4 ,horum aliquid ve/ro sapi5ti c]tum videtur1 no/ro ne quid maxime quidem probabile sit occurrit3 ita sunt 9 pl]isque contr>i>um rationum p>ia mom5ta4 ,,xl4 #abe4 ,s9 agis v]ecundius et me accusas1 non quod tuis rationibus non ads5ti>1 s$ quod nullis1 v9cam animum cuique ads5ti> deligam 444 quem potissimum8 quem8 ,democritum3 semp] enim1 ut scitis1 /udiosus nobilitatis fui4 ,urguebor iam omnium ve/rum convicio4 ,tune aut inane quicquam putes esse1 cum ita completa et conf]ta s9t omnia1 ut et quod movebitur corporum c$at et qua quidque cess]it aliud ilico subsequatur8 aut atomos ullas1 e quibus quidquid efficiatur1 ill>um sit dissimillimum8 aut s9e aliqua m5te rem ullam effici posse praecl>am8 et cum 9 uno mundo ornatus hic tam sit mirabilis1 innum]abilis supra infra1 dextra s9i/ra1 ante po/1 alios dissimilis1 alios eiusdem modi mundos esse8 et1 ut nos nunc simus ad ,baulos ,puteolosque videamus1 sic innum]abilis p>ibus 9 locis isdem esse nom9ibus1 honoribus1 rebus ge/is1 +5iis1 =mis1 aetatibus1 isdem de rebus disputantis8 et1 si nunc aut si etiam dormi5tes aliquid animo vid]e videamur1 imag9es extr9secus 9 animos no/ros p] corpus irrump]e8 ,tu v]o i/a ne asciv]is neve fu]is comm5ticiis rebus ads5sus4 ,nihil s5tire e/ melius quam tam prava s5tire4 #abf4 ,non ergo id agitur1 ut aliquid ads5su meo comprobem2 quae tu1 vide ne impud5t] etiam po/ules1 non solum adrogant]1 praes]tim cum i/a tua mihi ne probabilia quidem videantur4 ,nec enim div9ationem1 quam probatis1 ullam esse arbitror1 fatumque illud1 quo omnia cont9]i dicitis1 contemno4 ,ne exa$ificatum quidem hunc mundum div9o consilio exi/imo1 atque haud scio an ita sit4 ,,xli4 ,s$ cur rapior 9 invidiam8 licetne p] vos nescire quod nescio8 an ,/oicis ipsis int] se discept>e1 cum 8 non licebit8 ,z5oni et reliquis f]e ,/oicis ae!r videtur summus deus1 m5te pra$itus1 qua omnia regantur4 ,clean!s1 qui quasi maiorum e/ g5tium ,/oicus1 ,z5onis auditor1 solem dom9>i et r]um potiri putat4 ,ita cogimur diss5sione sapi5tium dom9um no/rum ignor>e1 quippe qui nesciamus soli an ae!ri s]viamus4 ,solis autem magnitud9em--ipse enim hic radiatus me intu]i videtur ac monet ut crebro faciam m5tionem sui--vos ergo huius magnitud9em quasi decemp$a p]m5si ref]tis3 huic me quasi malis ar*itectis m5surae ve/rae nego cr$]e4 ,ergo dubium e/ ut] no/rum sit1 l5it] ut dicam1 v]ecundior8 #abg4 ,neque tam5 i/as quae/iones physicorum ext]m9&as puto4 ,e/ enim animorum +5iorumque naturale quoddam quasi pabulum consid]atio contemplatioque naturae4 ,erigimur1 elatiores fi]i videmur1 humana despicimus1 cogitantesque sup]a atque caele/ia haec no/ra ut exigua et m9ima contemnimus4 ,indagatio ipsa r]um cum maxim>um tum etiam occultissim>um habet oblectationem4 ,si v]o aliquid occurrit1 quod v]i simile videatur1 humanissima completur animus voluptate4 #abh4 ,qua]et igitur haec et ve/] sapi5s et hic no/]1 s$ ve/]1 ut ads5tiatur1 cr$at1 adfirmet1 no/]1 ut v]eatur tem]e op9>i praecl>eque agi secum putet1 si 9 eius modi rebus v]i simile quod sit inv5]it4 ,v5iamus nunc ad bonorum malorumque notionem3 at paulum ante dic5dum e/4 ,non mihi vid5tur consid]>e1 cum physica i/a valde adfirmant1 e>um etiam r]um auctoritatem1 si quae illu/riores videantur1 amitt]e4 ,non enim magis ads5tiuntur neque approbant luc]e nunc1 quam1 cum cornix cec9]it1 tum aliquid eam aut iub]e aut vet>e1 nec magis adfirmabunt signum illud1 si erunt m5si1 sex p$um esse quam solem1 quem metiri non possunt1 plus quam duodevig9ti p>tibus maiorem esse quam t]ram4 ,ex quo illa conclusio nascitur3 si sol quantus sit p]cipi non pote/1 qui cet]as res eodem modo quo magnitud9em solis approbat1 is eas res non p]cipit4 ,magnitudo autem solis p]cipi non pote/4 ,qui igitur id approbat1 quasi p]cipiat1 nullam rem p]cipit4 ,respond]9t posse p]cipi quantus sol sit4 ,non repugnabo1 dum modo eodem pacto cet]a p]cipi compreh5dique dicant4 ,nec enim possunt dic]e aliud alio magis m9usve compreh5di1 quoniam omnium r]um una e/ def9itio compreh5d5di4 ,,xlii4 #abi4 ,s$ quod coep]am3 ,quid habemus 9 rebus bonis et malis explorati8 nempe f9es con/itu5di sunt ad quos et bonorum et malorum summa ref]atur3 qua de re e/ igitur int] summos viros maior diss5sio8 ,omitto illa1 quae relicta iam vid5tur1 ut ,h]illum1 qui 9 cognitione et sci5tia summum bonum ponit3 qui cum ,z5onis auditor esset1 vides quantum ab eo diss5s]it et quam non multum a ,platone4 ,meg>icorum fuit nobilis discipl9a1 cuius1 ut scriptum video1 pr9ceps ,x5ophanes1 quem modo nom9avi1 de9de eum secuti ,p>m5ides et ,z5o1 itaque ab 8 ,eleatici philosophi nom9abantur4 ,po/ ,euclides1 ,socratis discipulus1 ,meg>eus1 a quo iidem illi ,meg>ici dicti1 qui id bonum solum esse dicebant1 quod esset unum et simile et idem semp]4 ,hic quoque multa a ,platone4 ,a ,m5$emo autem1 quod is ,eretria fuit1 ,eretriaci appellati1 quorum omne bonum 9 m5te positum et m5tis acie1 qua v]um c]n]etur1 ,h]illi similia1 s$1 op9or1 explicata ub]ius et ornatius4 #acj4 ,hos si contemnimus et iam abiectos putamus1 illos c]te m9us despic]e debemus1 ,ari/onem1 qui cum ,z5onis fuisset auditor1 re probavit ea quae ille v]bis1 nihil esse bonum nisi virtutem1 nec malum nisi quod virtuti esset contr>ium3 9 m$iis ea mom5ta1 quae ,z5o voluit1 nulla esse c5suit4 ,huic summum bonum e/ 9 8 rebus neutram 9 p>tem mov]i1 quae ab ipso dicitur4 ,pyrrho autem ea ne s5tire quidem sapi5tem1 quae nom9atur4 ,has igitur tot s5t5tias ut omittamus1 haec nunc videamus1 quae diu multumque def5sa sunt4 #aca4 ,alii voluptatem f9em esse volu]unt3 quorum pr9ceps ,ari/ippus1 qui ,socratem audi]at1 unde ,cyr5aici4 ,po/ ,epicurus1 cuius e/ discipl9a nunc notior1 neque tam5 cum ,cyr5aicis de ipsa voluptate cons5ti5s4 ,voluptatem autem et hone/atem f9em esse ,callipho c5suit3 vac>e omni mole/ia ,hi]onymus3 hoc idem cum hone/ate ,diodorus3 ambo hi ,p]ipatetici4 ,hone/e autem viv]e fru5tem rebus iis1 quas primas hom9i natura conciliet1 et vetus ,academia c5suit1 ut indicant scripta ,polemonis1 quem ,antio*us probat maxime1 et ,ari/oteles eiusque amici nunc proxime vid5tur acc$]e4 ,introducebat etiam ,c>neades1 non quo prob>et1 s$ ut oppon]et ,/oicis1 summum bonum esse frui rebus iis1 quas primas natura conciliavisset4 ,hone/e autem viv]e1 quod ducatur a conciliatione naturae1 ,z5o /atuit f9em esse bonorum1 qui inv5tor et pr9ceps ,/oicorum fuit4 ,,xliii4 #acb4 ,iam illud p]spicuum e/1 omnibus iis f9ibus bonorum1 quos exposui1 malorum f9is esse contr>ios4 ,ad vos nunc ref]o quem sequ>3 modo ne quis illud tam in]uditum absurdumque respondeat3 ',quemlibet1 modo aliquem4' ,nihil pote/ dici inconsid]atius4 ,cupio sequi ,/oicos4 ,licetne--omitto p] ,ari/otelem1 meo iudicio 9 philosophia prope s+ul>em--p] ipsum ,antio*um8 qui appellabatur ,academicus1 erat quidem1 si p]pauca mutavisset1 g]manissimus ,/oicus4 ,erit igitur res iam 9 discrim9e4 ,nam aut ,/oicus con/ituatur sapi5s aut vet]is ,academiae4 ,utrumque non pote/4 ,e/ enim int] eos non de t]m9is1 s$ de tota possessione cont5tio4 ,nam omnis ratio vitae def9itione summi boni cont9etur1 de qua qui dissid5t1 de omni vitae ratione dissid5t4 ,non pote/ igitur ut]que sapi5s esse1 quoniam tanto op]e diss5tiunt1 s$ alt]4 ,si ,polemoneus1 peccat ,/oicus1 rei falsae ads5ti5s--nam vos quidem nihil esse dicitis a sapi5te tam ali5um--3 s9 v]a sunt ,z5onis1 eadem 9 vet]es ,academicos et ,p]ipateticos dic5da4 ,hic igitur neutri ads5tietur8 ,s91 inquam1 ut] e/ prud5tior8 #acc4 ,quid8 cum ipse ,antio*us diss5tit quibusdam 9 rebus ab 81 quos amat1 ,/oicis1 nonne indicat non posse illa prob&a esse sapi5ti8 ,placet ,/oicis omnia peccata esse p>ia4 ,at hoc ,antio*o vehem5tissime displicet4 ,liceat t&em mihi consid]>e utram s5t5tiam sequ>4 ,praecide1 inquit3 /atue aliqu&o quidlibet4 ,quid1 quod quae dicuntur et acuta mihi vid5tur 9 utramque p>tem et p>ia8 nonne caveam ne scelus faciam8 ,scelus enim dicebas esse1 ,luculle1 dogma prod]e4 ,cont9eo igitur me1 ne incognito ass5ti>3 quod mihi tecum e/ dogma commune4 #acd4 ,ecce multo maior etiam diss5sio4 ,z5o 9 una virtute positam beatam vitam putat4 ,quid ,antio*us8 ,etiam1 inquit1 beatam1 s$ non beatissimam4 ,deus ille1 qui nihil c5suit deesse virtuti1 homuncio hic1 qui multa putat praet] virtutem hom9i p>tim c>a esse1 p>tim etiam necess>ia4 ,s$ ille v]eor ne virtuti plus tribuat quam natura patiatur1 praes]tim ,!ophra/o multa dis]te copioseque dic5te4 ,et hic metuo ne vix sibi con/et1 qui cum dicat esse qua$am et corporis et =tunae mala1 tam5 eum1 qui 9 8 omnibus sit1 beatum =e c5seat1 si sapi5s sit4 ,di/rahor3 tum hoc mihi probabilius1 tum illud videtur1 et tam51 nisi alt]utrum sit1 virtutem iac]e plane puto4 ,v]um 9 8 discrepant4 ,,xliv4 #ace4 ,quid8 illa1 9 quibus cons5tiunt1 num pro v]is prob>e possumus8 ,sapi5tis animum numquam nec cupiditate mov]i nec laetitia eff]ri4 ,age1 haec probabilia sane s9t3 num etiam illa1 numquam tim]e1 numquam dol]e8 ,sapi5sne non timeat1 si patria deleatur8 non doleat1 si deleta sit8 ,durum1 s$ ,z5oni necess>ium1 cui praet] hone/um nihil e/ 9 bonis1 tibi v]o1 ,antio*e1 m9ime1 cui praet] hone/atem multa bona1 praet] turpitud9em multa mala vid5tur1 quae et v5i5tia metuat sapi5s necesse e/ et v5isse doleat4 ,s$ qua]o qu&o i/a fu]9t ab ,academia vet]e decreta1 ut animum sapi5tis commov]i et conturb>i neg>5t8 ,m$iocritates illi probabant et 9 omni p]motione naturalem volebant esse qu5dam modum4 ,legimus omnes ,crantoris vet]is ,academici de luctu4 ,e/ enim non magnus1 v]um aureolus et1 ut ,tub]oni ,panaetius praecipit1 ad v]bum edisc5dus libellus4 ,atque illi quidem etiam utilit] a natura dicebant p]motiones i/as animis no/ris datas3 metum cav5di causa1 mis]icordiam aegritud9emque clem5tiae1 ipsam iracundiam =titud9is quasi cotem esse dicebant1 recte secusne alias vid]imus4 #acf4 ,atrocitas quidem i/a tua quo modo 9 vet]em ,academiam irrup]it nescio3 illa v]o f]re non possum1 non quo mihi displiceant3 sunt enim ,socratica pl]aque mirabilia ,/oicorum1 quae nom9antur1 s$ ubi ,x5ocrates1 ubi ,ari/oteles i/a tetigit8 hos enim quasi eosdem esse voltis4 ,illi umquam dic]5t sapi5tis solos reges1 solos divites1 solos =mosos8 omnia1 quae ubique ess5t1 sapi5tis esse8 nem9em consulem1 praetorem1 imp]atorem1 nescio an ne qu9quevirum quidem quemquam nisi sapi5tem8 po/remo1 solum civem1 solum lib]um8 insipi5tis omnis p]egr9os1 exsules1 s]vos1 furiosos8 d5ique scripta ,lycurgi1 ,solonis1 duodecim tabulas no/ras non esse leges8 ne urbis quidem aut civitatis1 nisi quae ess5t sapi5tium8 #acg4 ,haec tibi1 ,luculle1 si es ads5sus ,antio*o1 famili>i tuo1 tam sunt def5d5da quam mo5ia3 mihi autem bono modo1 tantum quantum videbitur4 ,,xlv4 ,legi apud ,clitoma*um1 cum ,c>neades et ,/oicus ,diog5es ad s5atum 9 ,capitolio />5t1 ,a4 ,alb9um1 qui tum ,p4 ,scipione et ,m4 ,m>cello coss4 praetor esset1 eum1 qui cum avo tuo1 ,luculle1 consul fuit1 doctum sane hom9em1 ut indicat ipsius hi/oria scripta ,graece1 iocantem dixisse ,c>neadi3 ',ego tibi1 ,c>neade1 praetor esse non videor1 quia sapi5s non sum3 nec haec urbs nec 9 ea civitas4' ,tum ille3 ',huic ,/oico non vid]is4' ,ari/oteles aut ,x5ocrates1 quos ,antio*us sequi volebat1 non dubitavisset qu9 et praetor ille esset et ,roma urbs et eam civitas incol]et4 ,s$ ille no/] e/ plane1 ut supra dixi1 ,/oicus1 p]pauca balbuti5s4 #ach4 ,vos autem mihi v]em9i ne lab> ad op9ionem et aliquid asciscam et comprobem incognitum1 quod m9ime voltis4 ,quid consilii datis8 ,te/atur saepe ,*rysippus tres solas esse s5t5tias1 quae def5di poss9t1 de f9ibus bonorum3 circumcidit et amputat multitud9em3 aut enim hone/atem esse f9em aut voluptatem aut utrumque3 nam qui summum bonum dicant id esse1 si vacemus omni mole/ia1 eos invidiosum nom5 voluptatis fug]e1 s$ 9 vic9itate v]s>i1 quod fac]e eos etiam1 qui illud idem cum hone/ate coniung]5t1 nec multo secus eos1 qui ad hone/atem prima naturae commoda adiung]5t3 ita tres rel9quit s5t5tias1 quas putat probabilit] posse def5di4 #aci4 ,sit sane ita--quamquam a ,polemonis et ,p]ipateticorum et ,antio*i f9ibus non facile divellor1 nec quicquam habeo adhuc probabilius--1 v]um tam5 video quam suavit] voluptas s5sibus no/ris bl&iatur4 ,labor eo1 ut ads5ti> ,epicuro aut ,ari/ippo4 ,revocat virtus vel potius repreh5dit manu3 pecudum illos motus esse dicit1 hom9em iungit deo4 ,possum esse m$ius1 ut1 quoniam ,ari/ippus1 quasi animum nullum habeamus1 corpus solum tuetur1 ,z5o1 quasi corporis simus exp]tes1 animum solum complectitur1 ut ,calliphontem sequ>1 cuius quidem s5t5tiam ,c>neades ita /udiose def5sitabat1 ut eam prob>e etiam vid]etur4 ,quamquam ,clitoma*us adfirmabat numquam se intelleg]e potuisse quid ,c>neadi prob>etur4 ,s$1 si i/um f9em velim sequi1 nonne ipsa v]itas et gravis et recta ratio mihi obv]setur8 ,tu1 cum hone/as 9 voluptate contemn5da consi/at1 hone/atem cum voluptate tamquam hom9em cum belua copulabis8 ,,xlvi4 #adj4 ,unum igitur p> quod depugnet reliquum e/1 voluptas cum hone/ate4 ,de quo ,*rysippo fuit1 quantum ego s5tio1 non magna cont5tio4 ,alt]am si sequ>e1 multa ruunt et maxime communitas cum hom9um g5]e1 c>itas1 amicitia1 iu/itia1 reliquae virtutes3 qu>um esse nulla pote/1 nisi erit gratuita4 ,nam quae voluptate quasi m]c$e aliqua ad (ficium impellitur1 ea non e/ virtus1 s$ fallax imitatio simulatioque virtutis4 ,audi contra illos1 qui nom5 hone/atis a se ne intellegi quidem dicant1 nisi =te1 quod gloriosum sit 9 volgus1 id hone/um velimus dic]e3 fontem omnium bonorum 9 corpore esse1 hanc normam1 hanc regulam1 hanc praescriptionem esse naturae1 a qua qui ab]ravisset1 eum numquam quid 9 vita sequ]etur habiturum4 #ada4 ,nihil igitur me putatis1 haec et alia innum]abilia cum audiam1 mov]i8 ,tam moveor quam tu1 ,luculle1 neque me m9us hom9em quam te putav]is4 ,tantum int]e/1 quod tu1 cum es commotus1 adquiescis1 ads5tiris1 approbas1 v]um illud c]tum1 compreh5sum1 p]ceptum1 ratum1 firmum1 fixum esse vis1 deque eo nulla ratione neque pelli neque mov]i potes3 ego nihil eius modi esse arbitror1 cui si ads5sus sim1 non ads5ti> saepe falso1 quoniam v]a a falsis nullo discrim9e sep>antur1 praes]tim cum iudicia i/a dialecticae nulla s9t4 #adb4 ,v5io enim iam ad t]tiam p>tem philosophiae4 ,aliud iudicium ,protagorae e/1 qui putet id cuique v]um esse1 quod cuique videatur3 aliud ,cyr5aicorum1 qui praet] p]motiones intimas nihil putant esse iudicii3 aliud ,epicuri1 qui omne iudicium 9 s5sibus et 9 r]um notitiis et 9 voluptate con/ituit4 ,plato autem omne iudicium v]itatis v]itatemque ipsam abductam ab op9ionibus et a s5sibus cogitationis ipsius et m5tis esse voluit4 #adc4 ,num quid horum probat no/] ,antio*us8 ,ille v]o ne maiorum quidem suorum4 ,ubi enim aut ,x5ocratem sequitur1 cuius libri sunt de ratione loqu5di multi et multum probati1 aut ipsum ,ari/otelem1 quo pr(ecto nihil e/ acutius1 nihil politius8 ,a ,*rysippo p$em nusquam4 ,,xlvii4 ,quid ergo ,academici appellamur8 an abutimur gloria nom9is8 aut cur cogimur eos sequi1 qui int] se dissid5t8 ,9 hoc ipso1 quod 9 elem5tis dialectici doc5t1 quo modo iudic>e oporteat v]um falsumne sit1 si quid ita conexum e/1 ut hoc1 'si dies e/1 lucet1' quanta cont5tio e/6 ,alit] ,diodoro1 alit] ,philoni1 ,*rysippo alit] placet4 ,quid8 cum ,clean! doctore suo quam multis rebus ,*rysippus dissidet6 quid8 duo vel pr9cipes dialecticorum1 ,antipat] et ,ar*idemus1 op9iosissimi hom9es1 nonne multis 9 rebus diss5tiunt8 #add4 ,quid me igitur1 ,luculle1 9 invidiam et tamquam 9 contionem vocas8 et quidem1 ut s$itiosi tribuni sol5t1 occludi tab]nas iubes8 quo enim spectat illud1 cum artificia tolli qu]]is a nobis1 nisi ut opifices concit5tur8 qui si undique omnes conv5]9t1 facile contra vos incitabuntur4 ,expromam primum illa invidiosa1 quod eos omnis1 qui 9 contione /abunt1 exsules1 s]vos1 insanos esse dicatis3 de9de ad illa v5iam1 quae iam non ad multitud9em1 s$ ad vosmet ipsos1 qui ade/is1 p]t95t4 ,negat enim vos ,z5o1 negat ,antio*us scire quicquam4 ,quo modo8 inquies3 nos enim def5dimus etiam insipi5tem multa compreh5d]e4 #ade4 ,at scire negatis quemquam rem ullam nisi sapi5tem4 ,et hoc quidem ,z5o ge/u conficiebat4 ,nam1 cum ext5sis digitis adv]sam manum o/5d]at1 'visum1' inquiebat1 'huius modi e/4' ,de9de1 cum paulum digitos contrax]at1 'ads5sus huius modi4' ,tum cum plane compress]at pugnumque fec]at1 compreh5sionem illam esse dicebat3 qua ex similitud9e etiam nom5 ei rei1 quod ante non fu]at1 imposuit4 ,cum autem laevam manum adv]t]at et illum pugnum arte vehem5t]que compress]at1 sci5tiam talem esse dicebat1 cuius compotem nisi sapi5tem esse nem9em4 ,s$ qui sapi5tes s9t aut fu]9t ne ipsi quidem sol5t dic]e4 ,ita tu nunc1 ,catule1 luc]e nescis nec tu1 ,hort5si1 9 tua villa nos esse4 #adf4 ,num m9us haec invidiose dicuntur8 nec tam5 nimis elegant]3 illa subtilius4 ,s$ quo modo tu1 si nihil compreh5di posset1 artificia concid]e dicebas neque mihi dabas id1 quod probabile esset1 satis magnam vim hab]e ad artis1 sic ego nunc tibi ref]o artem s9e sci5tia esse non posse4 ,an pat]etur hoc ,zeuxis aut ,phidias aut ,polyclitus1 nihil se scire1 cum 9 iis esset tanta soll]tia8 ,quod si eos docuisset aliquis quam vim hab]e dic]etur sci5tia1 des9]5t irasci3 ne nobis quidem susc5s]5t1 cum didiciss5t id toll]e nos1 quod nusquam esset1 quod autem satis esset ipsis rel9qu]e4 ,quam rationem maiorum etiam comprobat dilig5tia1 qui primum iur>e 'ex sui animi s5t5tia' quemque volu]unt1 de9de ita t5]i 'si sci5s fall]et1' quod insci5tia multa v]s>etur 9 vita1 tum1 qui te/imonium dic]et1 ut 'arbitr>i' se dic]et etiam quod ipse vidisset1 quaeque iurati iudices cognoviss5t1 ea non ut esse facta1 s$ ut 'vid]i' pronunti>5tur4 ,,xlviii4 #adg4 ,v]um1 quoniam non solum nauta significat1 s$ etiam ,favonius ipse insusurrat navig&i nobis1 ,luculle1 tempus esse et quoniam satis multa dixi1 e/ mihi p]or&um4 ,po/hac tam51 cum haec qua]emus1 potius de diss5sionibus tantis summorum virorum diss]amus1 de obscuritate naturae deque errore tot philosophorum1 qui de bonis contr>iisque rebus tanto op]e discrepant1 ut1 cum plus uno v]um esse non possit1 iac]e necesse sit tot tam nobilis discipl9as1 quam de oculorum s5suumque reliquorum m5daciis et de sorite aut pseudom5o1 quas plagas ipsi contra se ,/oici texu]unt4 #adh4 ,tum ,lucullus3 ,non mole/e1 inquit1 f]o nos haec contulisse4 ,saepius enim congr$i5tes nos1 et maxime 9 ,tusculanis no/ris1 si quae videbuntur1 requiremus4 ,optime1 inquam1 s$ quid ,catulus s5tit8 quid ,hort5sius8 ,tum ,catulus3 ,egone8 inquit1 ad patris revolvor s5t5tiam1 quam quidem ille ,c>neadeam esse dicebat1 ut p]cipi nihil putem posse1 ads5surum autem non p]cepto1 id e/1 op9aturum sapi5tem exi/imem1 s$ ita1 ut intellegat se op9>i sciatque nihil esse quod compreh5di et p]cipi possit3 qua re illam omnium r]um non probans1 illi alt]i s5t5tiae1 nihil esse quod p]cipi possit1 vehem5t] ads5tior4 ,habeo1 inquam1 s5t5tiam tuam nec eam admodum asp]nor4 ,s$ tibi quid t&em videtur1 ,hort5si8 ,tum ille rid5s3 ,toll5dum4 ,t5eo te1 inquam3 nam i/a ,academiae e/ propria s5t5tia4 ,ita s]mone confecto ,catulus remansit3 nos ad naviculas no/ras desc5dimus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes4 ,,book ,i4 #a--ad4 ,summ>y4 ,cic41 ,v>ro & ,atticus meet at ,cumae 7#a74 ,cic41 aft] adroitly rem9d+ ,v>ro t ! promis$ d$ication ( ! ,de ,l+ua ,lat9a is too long delay$1 turns ! conv]sation t[>ds philosophy1 by ask+ ,v>ro :y he leaves ?is subject unt\*$ 7#b1 #c74 ,v>ro ?9ks philosophy writt5 9 ,lat9 c s]ve no useful purpose1 & po9ts to ! failures ( ! ,roman ,epicureans 7#d--f74 ,he greatly believes 9 philosophy1 b pref]s to s5d 8 fri5ds to ,greece = x1 :ile he devotes himself to subjects :i* ! ,greeks h n treat$ 7#g1 #h74 ,cic4 lauds ?is devotion1 b demurs to ! !ory t philosophy writt5 9 ,lat9 is useless4 ,lat9s may surely imitate ,greek philosoph]s z well z ,greek poets & orators4 ,he gives reasons :y he %\ld himself make ! attempt1 & in/anc+ ! success ( ,brutus1 aga9 begs ,v>ro to write on philosophy 7#i--ab74 ,v>ro putt+ ! reque/ on "o side *>ges ,cic4 ) des]t+ ! ,old ,academy = ! ,new4 ,cic4 def5ds himself1 & appeals to ,philo = ! /atem5t t ! ,new ,academy is 9 h>mony ) ! ,old4 ,v>ro ref]s to ,antio*us z an au?ority on ! o!r side4 ,?is leads to a proposal on ! "p ( ,cic4 to discuss ?or\ghly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,antio*us & ,philo4 ,v>ro agrees1 & promises an exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( ,antio*us 7#ac1 #ad74 #a4 ,no/]3 our common fri5d4 ,v>ro 0 mu* m ! fri5d ( ,atticus ?an ( ,cic41 see ,introd4 p4 #cg4 ,nuntiatum3 ! spell+ nunciatum is a mi/ake1 cf4 ,corss51 ,ausspr4 ,i4 p4 #ea4 ,a ,m4 ,v>rone3 f ,m4 ,v>ro's h\se news came4 ,audissemus3 ,cic4 uses ! contract$ =ms ( su* subjunctives1 z well z ! full =ms1 b n int]m$iate =ms l audiissemus4 ,confe/im3 note h[ artfully ,cic4 uses ! dramatic =m ( ! dialogue 9 ord] to magnify 8 atta*m5t = ,v>ro4 ,ab eius villa3 ! prep is abs5t f ! ,,mss41 b ,wes5b]g 7,em4 ,m4,t4 ,cic4 ,epi/ol>um1 p4 #fb7 %[s t x mu/ be ins]t$4 ,cic4 writes abesse ,roma 7,ad ,fam4 ,v4 #ae1 #d71 patria 7,t4,d4 ,v4 #ajf7 etc41 b n abesse (ficio 7,de ,(f4 ,i4 #dc1 :]e ,wes4 alt]s x7 or ! l4 ,satis eum longo int]vallo3 s all ! ,,mss42 b ,halm1 aft] ,davies1 reads se vis5tum = satis eum1 quot+ ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #d1 ,madv4 tum = eum 7,bait] & ,halm's ed4 ( #ahfa1 p4 #hed74 ,! text is s\nd2 ! repetition ( pron\ns 7illum1 eum7 is q ,cic]onian4 ,! emphatic ille is (t5 repeat$ by ! unemphatic is1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ga1 & ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #bb4 ,i may note t ! sep>ation ( satis f longo by ! ^w eum is q 9 ,cic]o's /yle 7see my note on #be quanta id magis74 ,"s editors /umble 7,go]5z mis]ably7 by tak+ int]vallo ( di/ance 9 space1 in/ead ( duration 9 "t1 :ile o!rs wrongly press satis1 :i* only means tol]ably1 to mean suffici5tly4 ,! words satis longo int]vallo simply aft] a tol]ably long halt4 ,= ! clause ut mos1 etc41 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #ac4 #b4 ,hic pauca primo3 = ! omission ( locuti1 cf4 ! v simil> passages 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad1 ,,iii4 #h1 also my note on #ad4 ,atque ea3 ,halm brackets ea1 q ne$lessly1 = its ins]tion is l ,cic4 ,ecquid =te ,roma novi3 ,roma is ! ablative1 & "s v]b l attulisset is omitt$4 7,s ,turnebus47 ,to take x z nom41 und]/&+ faciat1 is cle>ly wrong4 ,p]cont>i3 ! spell+ p]cunct>i re/s on false d]ivation 7,corss4 ,i4 #cf74 ,ecquid ipse novi3 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,! ,,mss4 h et si quid1 bad ,lat9 alt]$ by ,manutius4 ,i/um3 "s edd4 ipsum1 b ,cic4 (t5 makes a speak] use i/e ( a p]son :o is pres5t4 ,go]4 qu4 ,brut4 #abe1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bbh4 ,velit3 ,walk] reads velis ) ,/ ,j]ome4 ,= quod velit quod quis velit1 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #cj4 ,9 manibus3 s (t51 cf4 ,cat4 ,mai4 #ch4 ,idque3 ,,mss4 h 9 ! place ( ?is quod ) v>iants que1 quae1 qui1 quo4 ,dav4 gave quia1 :i* 0 ! vulgate read+ d[n to ,halm1 :o reads idque1 aft] ,*ri/4 ,ad hunc enim ipsum3 ,,mss4 h eum = enim 7exc4 ,halm's ,g74 ,su* a comb9ation ( pron\ns is va9ly def5d$ by ,go]42 = expressions l me illum ipsum 7,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #a1 #aa7 are n 9 po9t4 ,( c\rse if quia be read above1 eum mu/ be eject$ altoge!r4 ,qua$am in/itui3 ! ,de ,l+ua ,lat9a2 see ,ad4 ,att ,,xiii4 #ab4 #c4 ,e ,libone3 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,sext4 ,pompeius2 see ,cs> ,b4 ,civ4 ,,iii4 #e1 #af1 #bd4 ,nihil enim eius modi aga9 all ,,mss4 except ,halm's ,g4 h eum = enim4 ,*ri/ conj4 enim eum2 s ,bait]4 ,illud 444 requir]e3 i4e4 ! "q :i* foll[s2 cf4 requiris 9 #d4 ,tecum simul3 ,halm's ,g om4 tecum2 b cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ccj4 ,m&>e monum5tis--lett]is illu/r>e3 common phrases 9 ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #a1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,monum5tis3 ?is1 & n monim5tis 7,halm7 or monem5tis1 is probably ! "r spell+2 cf4 ,corss4 ,,ii4 #cad4 ,ortam a3 ,cic4 always writes ! prep4 aft] ortus2 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fi4 ,g5us3 regul>ly us$ by ,cic4 z opus by ,qu9tilian to mean dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,ea res3 "o ( ,halm's ,,mss4 foll[$ by ,bait] has ars2 on ! o!r h& ,b5tley 7if ! amicus s (t5 quot$ 9 ,davies' notes be really he7 reads artibus = rebus bel[4 ,! slight v>iation1 h[ev]1 f res to artibus is su* z ,cic4 loves4 ,cet]is3 ! spell+ caet]is 7,klotz7 is absolutely wrong1 cf4 ,corss4 ,i4 #cbe4 ,antec$at3 "s ,,mss4 give antecellat4 a frequ5t v>iant1 cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #aje #d4 ,delib]atam--agitatam3 ,cic4 z usual exagg]ates ! k possess$ by ! p]sonae ( ! dialogue2 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #ch1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,9 promptu3 s ,,ii4 #aj4 ,quod i/a ipsa 444 cogitavi3 ,go]41 :o half a page back _h made m]ry ov] ! gloss hunt]s1 "h himself sc5t$ a mis]able gloss2 ,s*utz1 ,go]5z's e*o expels ! words4 ,yet !y are ?or\ghly l ,cic4 7cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a1 ,cat4 ,mai4 #ch71 & moreov] no?+ is m ,cic]onian ?an ! repetition ( words & clauses 9 slightly alt]$ =ms4 ,! reason "h is p>tly ! int5se desire to flatt] ,v>ro4 ,si qui 444 si ess5t3 ! fir/ si has really no conditional =ce1 si qui l m]ely means all :o1 = a /rong in/ance see ,ad ,fam4 ,i4 #i1 #ac1 ed ,nobbe1 si accus&i sunt1 si qui p]timu]unt4 ,ea nolui scrib]e1 etc43 v simil> expressions occur 9 ! prologue to ,d4,f4 ,i41 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ?is prologue ?r\gh\t4 #e4 ,vides 444 didici/i3 ,,mss4 h vides autem eadem ipse didici/i enim4 ,my read+ is t ( ,dav4 foll[$ by ,bait]4 ,halm1 aft] ,*ri/1 has vides autem ipse--didici/i enim eadem--non posse1 etc4 ,similis3 ,halm1 9 def]5ce to ,,mss41 makes ,cic4 write i & e indiscrim9ately 9 ! acc4 plur4 ( i /ems4 ,i %all write i ev]y:]e1 we %all ?us1 ,i believe1 be f> ne>] ,cic]o's real writ+4 ,?\gh ,i d n presume to say t 8 usage did n v>y1 he mu/ 9 ! va/ majority ( in/ances h writt5 i1 see ,corss4 ,i4 #gch--gdd4 ,amaf9ii aut ,rabirii3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #bf4 ,def9iunt 444 p>tiuntur3 n4 on #cb4 ,int]rogatione3 ,fab] saw ?is to be "r1 b a numb] ( lat] s*ol>s alt] x1 e4g4 ,b5tl4 argum5tatione1 ,erne/i ratione4 ,b ! ^w z x /&s has exactly ! mean+ ^! alt]ations are int5d$ to secure4 ,int]rogatio is m]ely ! conclusio or syllogism put z a s]ies ( que/ions4 ,cf4 ,p>adoxa #b1 ) ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #db :i* w %[ t int]rogatiuncula & conclusiuncula are almo/ conv]tible t]ms4 ,see also ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ci4 ,nec dic5di nec diss]5di3 ,cic4's con/ant mode ( d5ot+ ! ,greek & 2 note on #cb4 ,et oratorum etiam3 ,man41 ,lamb4 om4 etiam1 ne$lessly4 ,9 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #be1 #c1 ! two words ev5 occur )\t any o!r ^w to sep>ate !m4 ,= oratorum ,pe>ce conj4 rhetorum4 ,rhetor1 h[ev] is n ?us us$ 9 ,cic4's phil4 works4 ,utramque vim virtutem3 /range t ,bait] 7esp4 aft] ,halm's note7 %\ld take ,manutius' f>-fet*$ conj4 unam = virtutem4 ,any p[] or faculty 7vis1 7 may be call$ 9 ,gk4 1 9 ,lat virtus4 ,two passages1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gb1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fe1 w remove all suspicion f ! text4 ,v]bis quoque novis3 ,,mss4 h quanquam :i* h[ev] is impossible 9 su* a place 9 ,cic4 7cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fh74 ,ne a nobis quidem3 s all ! ,,mss41 b ,orelli 7aft] ,erne/i7 ?9k+ ! phrase arrogantius dictum places quidem aft] accipi5t4 ,! text is q "r1 ne quidem1 z ,halm rem>ks1 implies no m ?an ! ,g]m4 au* ni*t1 cf4 also ,gk4 4 ,suscipiatur labor3 ,,mss4 om4 ! n\n1 b x is add$ by a lat] h& 9 ,g4 #f4 ,epicurum1 id e/ si ,democritum3 = ! *>ge see ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ag1 ,,iv4 #ac1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gc4 ,id e/ (t5 introduces 9 ,cic4 a clause :i* int5sifies & does n m]ely expla9 ! fir/ clause1 exx4 9 ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #cc4 ,cum causas r]um effici5tium su/ul]is3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ah1 ! same *>ge is br\ght by ,ari/otle aga9/ ! ,atomi/s1 ,met4 ,a1 #b4 ,_m editors f ,lamb4 to ,halm & ,bait] read effici5tis1 :i* w\ld !n gov]n r]um 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ha1 ,de ,fato1 #cc1 also ,gk4 74 ,b ! g5itive is m]ely "o ( def9ition1 ! causae are ! res effici5tes1 = :i* cf4 #bd & ,topica1 #eh1 proximus locus e/ r]um effici5tium1 quae causae appellantur4 ,s ,fab]1 ?\gh less fully4 ,appellat3 i4e4 ,amaf9ius1 :o fir/ s translat$ 4 ,quae cum cont9eantur3 ?is read+ has f> ! be/ ,,mss4 au?ority1 x mu/ be kept1 & adhib5da etiam beg9s ! apodosis4 ,madvig 7,em5dationes ad ,cic]onis ,libros ,philosophicos1 ,hauniae1 #ahbe1 p4 #ajh7 tacitly reads cont95tur )\t cum1 s ,orelli & ,klotz4 ,go]4 absurdly tries to prop up ! subj4 )\t cum4 ,quam quibusnam3 ,dur&'s em4 = quoniam quibusnam ( ! ,,mss41 giv5 by ,halm & also ,bait]4 ,madv4 7,em4 p4 #ajh7 made a =c$ def5ce ( quoniam1 z m>k+ a rapid transition f "o subject to ano!r 7"h f physics to e?ics7 l ! ,gk4 1 only "o p>allel in/ance1 h[ev]1 0 adduc$ 7,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ad7 & ! usage probably is n ,lat94 ,adduc]e83 ,! note ( int]rogation is ,halm's2 ?us ! :ole s5t5ce1 s f>1 expla9s ! difficulty ( sett+ =? ! true sy/em ( physics4 ,if quoniam is read & no break made at adduc]e1 all aft] quoniam w ref] to e?ics1 9 t case !re w be a /range *ange ( subject 9 pass+ f quisquam to haec ipsa1 bo? :i* expressions w be nom9atives to pot]it1 fur!r1 !re w be ! almo/ impossible ellipse ( ars1 sci5tia1 or some?+ ( ! k9d aft] haec ipsa4 ,on e gr\nd ! read+ ( ,madv4 is insupportable4 ,quid1 haec ipsa3 ,i h add$ quid to fill up ! lacuna left by ,halm1 :o supposes mu* m to h fall5 out4 ,! te*nical philosophical t]ms conta9$ 9 ?is section w be elucidat$ lat]4 ,= ! ,epicurean ignorance ( geometry see note on ,,ii4 #abc ,illi enim simplicit]3 frankly1 cf4 ,ad ,fam4 ,,viii4 #f1 #a ,pecudis et hom9is3 note on ,,ii4 #aci4 #g4 ,sive sequ>e 444 magnum e/3 = ! con/r4 cf4 ,,ii4 #adj4 ,magnum e/3 cf4 quid e/ magnum1 #f4 ,v]um et simplex bonum3 cf4 #ce4 ,quod bonum 444 ne suspic>i quidem an op9ion (t5 d5\nc$ by ,cic41 see esp ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #da1 :]e ,cic4's ,lat9 agrees v closely ) ! ,greek pres]v$ by ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,x4 #f 7qu4 ,zell]1 #dea71 & less accurately by ,a!naeus1 ,,vii4 #bgi 7qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #cec74 ,ne suspic>i quidem3 = ?is ,,mss4 give nec suspic>i1 b ,madv4 7,d4,f41 ,excursus ,,iii47 has conclusively %[n t nec = ne 444 quidem is po/ ,augu/an ,lat94 ,*ri/ supposes "s ?+ l s5tire to h fall5 out be=e nec suspic>i2 t ?is is wrong is cle> f ! fact t 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bj1 #cj1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #df1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aaa1 :]e ! same op9ion ( ,epicurus is dealt )1 we h ei!r ne suspic>i quidem or ne intelleg]e quidem 7cf4 also ,9 ,pisonem #fi74 ,fur!r1 ne 444 quidem is esp frequ5t ) suspic>i 7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bj71 & v]bs ( ! k9d 7cogit>i ,,ii4 #hb71 & especially1 z ,dur& rem>k$1 at ! end ( s5t5ces eg ,v]r4 ,,ii4 #a1 #aee4 ,notice negat 444 ne suspic>i quidem )\t se1 :i* h[ev] ,bait] ins]ts1 9 spite ( ! num]\s passages produc$ f ,cic4 by ,madv4 7,em4 #aaa71 9 :i* n only se1 b me1 nos1 & o!r accusatives ( pron\ns are omitt$ be=e ! inf9itive1 aft] v]bs l negat4 ,cf4 also ! omission ( sibi 9 ,p>adoxa #dj4 ,si v]o3 ?is1 foll[+ sive enim above1 is a dep>ture f ,cic4's rule :i* is to write sive--sive or si--s91 b n si--sive or sive--si4 ,?is & two or ?ree o!r simil> passages 9 ,cic4 are expla9$ z anacolu?a by ,madv4 9 a mo/ important & exhau/ive excursus to 8 ,d4,f4 7p4 #ghe1 ed4 #b71 & are connect$ ) o!r in/ances ( brok5 sequ5ce4 ,!re is no ne$ !re=e to read sive "h1 z did ,turn4 ,lamb4 ,dav4 & o!rs4 ,quam nos 444 probamus3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #fb4 ,erit explic&a3 = ! sep>ation ( ^! words by o!r words int]pos$1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,cic41 see #aa1 #ag4 ,i am surpris$ t ,halm & ,bait] bo? foll[ ,erne/i 9 8 hyp]critical objection to ! phrase explic>e ,academiam1 & read erunt aga9/ ! ,,mss41 mak+ illa plural4 ,if erunt is read1 erit mu/ be suppli$ f x to g ) diss]5dum1 :i* is h>%4 ,quam argute1 quam obscure3 at fir/ sight an oxymoron1 b argute ne$ n only imply cle>ness1 x means m]ely acutely4 ,quantum possum3 "s ,,mss4 h quantam1 :i* is sc>cely ,lat91 s9ce 9 ,cic4 an accusative only foll[s nequeo1 volo1 malo1 possum1 & su* v]bs :5 an inf9itive c be readily suppli$ to gov]n x4 ,= velle see a good in/ance 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #fh1 :]e consult ,madv4 ,con/antiam3 ! notions ( firmness1 consi/5cy1 & cle>ness ( m9d are b\nd up 9 ?is ^w1 cf4 ,,ii4 #ec4 ,apud ,platonem3 ,timaeus1 #dg ,b1 (t5 quot$ or imitat$ by ,cic41 cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #eh1 ,laelius #bj1 #dg1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #fd4 #h4 ,id e/ 444 jubeo3 ^! words h be5 naturally suppos$ a gloss4 ,b ,cic]o is no?+ if n tautological2 he is fond ( plac+ slight v>iations 9 phrase side by side4 ,see "s rem>kable in/ances ( slightly v>i$ phrases connect$ by id e/ 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #gb1 ,,ii4 #f1 #ij4 ,i !re=e hold ,halm & ,bait] to be wrong 9 bracket+ ! words4 ,ea a3 ,lamb41 object+ to ! s\nd 7:i* is inde$ n l ,cic471 w\ld read e = a1 :i* ,halm w\ld also pref]4 ,de1 ab1 & ex foll[ haurire indiff]5tly 9 ,cic4 ,rivulos consect5tur3 s ,wordswor?1 to hunt ! wat]falls4 ,! metaphor involv$ 9 fontibus--rivulos is (t5 appli$ by ,cic4 to philosophy1 see esp4 a s>ca/ic passage ab\t ,epicurus 9 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #abj4 ,nihil enim magno op]e3 magno op]e %\ld be writt5 9 two words1 n z magnop]e1 cf4 ! phrases maximo op]e1 nimio op]e1 ! same holds good ( tanto op]e1 quanto op]e4 ,l4 ,aelii3 ,,mss4 ,laelii4 ,! p]son meant is ,l4 ,aelius ,/ilo or ,praecon9us1 ! ma/] ( ,v>ro1 & ! e>lie/ sy/ematic gramm>ian ( ,rome4 ,see ,qu9til4 ,in/4 ,or4 ,x4 #a1 #ii1 ,gellius ,x4 #ba1 ,sueton4 ,gramm4 #c4 ,occasum3 an unusual metaphor4 ,m5ippum3 a ,cynic satiri/1 see ,dict4 ,biogr4 ,consid]able fragm5ts ( ,v>ro's ,m5ippean ,satires rema91 & h (t5 be5 edit$--mo/ rec5tly by ,riese 7publi%$ by ,teubn]74 ,imitati non int]pretati3 ,cic4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #g1 gives 8 op9ion z to ! "r use to be made ( ,greek models4 ,quae quo3 ^! words are evid5tly wrong4 ,halm aft] ,fab] ejects quae1 & is foll[$ by ,bait]4 ,v>ro is ?us made to say t he /at$ _m ?+s dialectically1 9 ord] t ! populace might be entic$ to read4 ,to my m9d ! fault lies 9 ! ^w quo1 = :i* ,i %\ld pref] to read cum 7quom1 :i* w\ld be writt5 qu 9 ! ,,mss47 ,! g5]al s5se w\ld !n be ,hav+ introduc$ philosophy into t k9d ( lit]ature :i* ! unle>n$ read1 ,i proce$$ to introduce x into t :i* ! le>n$ read4 ,laudationibus3 1 cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #dh :]e ,v>ro's are m5tion$4 ,philosophe scrib]e3 ! ,,mss4 all give philosophie4 ,klotz has philosophiam1 :i* is demon/rably wrong1 physica1 musica etc4 scrib]e may be said1 b n physicam1 musicam etc4 scrib]e4 ,! "o passage =m]ly quot$ to ju/ify ! phrase philosophiam scrib]e is n[ alt]$ 9 ! be/ texts 7,t4,d4 ,v4 #aba1 :]e see ,tis*]74 ,go]4 reads philosophiae scrib]e2 8 explanation is1 z ,orelli g5tly says1 vix ,lat9a4 ,i c sc>cely ?9k ,halm's philosophe to be "r1 ! ^w occurs n[h]e else1 & ,cic4 almo/ condemns x by 8 use ( ! ,greek 7,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bj74 ,9 old] ,greek ! adv]b does n appe>1 nor is us$ z an adjective mu*1 yet ,cic4 uses philosophus adjectivally 9 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aba1 ,cat4 ,mai4 #bb1 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #bc1 j z he uses tyrannus 7,de ,rep4 ,,iii4 #de71 & anapae/us 7,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #eg7 ,might we n read philosophis1 9 ! dative1 :i* only requires ! alt]ation ( a s+le lett] f ! ,,mss4 read+8 ,! mean+ w\ld !n be to write = philosoph]s1 :i* w\ld agree ) my em5dation cum = quo above4 ,philosophice w\ld be a tempt+ alt]ation1 b t ! ^w is n ,greek1 nor d philosophicus1 philosophice occur till v late ,lat9 times4 ,si modo id consecuti sumus3 cf4 ,brut4 #caf4 #i4 ,sunt i/a3 1 s (t51 e4g4 ,lael4 #f4 ,"s edd4 h s9t1 :i* is unlikely to be "r4 ,nos 9 no/ra3 ,augu/9e 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,vi4 #b7 quotes ?is ) ! read+ r$ux]unt = d$ux]unt1 :i* is tak5 by ,bait] & by ,halm2 :o quotes ) approval ,dur&'s rem>k1 d$ucimus honoris causa s$ errantes r$ucimus humanitatis4 ,! words1 h[ev]1 are almo/ conv]tible2 see ,cat4 ,mai4 #fc4 ,9 ,lael4 #ab1 ,brut4 #hf1 we h r$uc]e1 :]e ,dur&'s rule requires d$uc]e1 on ! o!r h& cf4 ,ad ,h]5nium ,,iv4 #fd1 hospites domum d$uc]e4 ,aetatem patriae etc41 ,augu/4 7,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,vi4 #c7 describes ,v>ro's ,libri ,antiquitatum 7ref]r$ to 9 #h71 9 :i* mo/ ( ! subjects "h m5tion$ 7 treat$ (4 ,descriptiones temporum3 li/s ( dates1 s is te*nically us$ = dates1 ,?uc4 ,v4 #bj1 etc4 ,tu sac]dotum3 aft] ?is ,lamb4 ins]ts mun]a to keep ! balance ( ! clauses4 ,cic4 h[ev] is q z fond ( v>iety z ( =mal accuracy4 ,dome/icam--bellicam3 oppos$ l domi bellique1 cf4 ,brut4 #di1 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #gd4 ,augu/9e's read+ publicam %[s him to h be5 quot+ f memory4 ,s$em3 s ! be/ ,,mss4 ( ,aug41 "s edd4 "h give s$ium4 ,! argum5t = s$em is ! awkw>dness ( mak+ ! ?ree g5itives1 s$ium1 regionum1 locorum1 dep5d5t on ! accusatives1 nom9a1 g5]a1 (ficia1 causas4 ,cic4 is fond ( us+ s$es1 locus1 regio toge!r1 see ,pro ,mur5a1 #he1 ,pro ,clu5tio1 #aga1 quot$ by ,go]4 ,omnium div9>um human>umque r]um3 f ! frequ5t ref]5ces ( ,aug4 x appe>s t ! ,libri ,antiquitatum 7 divid$ into two p>ts1 "o treat+ ( res humanae1 ! o!r ( res div9ae 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,iv4 #a1 #bg1 ,,vi4 #c74 ,et litt]is lum9is3 = lum9is1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #e4 ,et v]bis3 ,manut4 reads rebus f #bf4 ,v>ro's rese>*es into ! ,lat9 tongue are meant4 ,multis locis incoha/i3 ,v>ro's book ,de ,philosophia _h app>5tly n yet be5 writt54 #aj4 ,causa3 4 ,probabilem3 speci\s4 ,nesciunt3 ,halm ) 8 "o ,,ms4 ,g1 :i* is ! "w ( a clev] em5dator1 gives nesci5t to suit mal5t above1 & is foll[$ by ,bait]4 ,x is n necess>y to =ce on ,cic4 ?is =mally accurate sequ5ce ( t5ses1 :i* ,halm himself all[s to be brok5 9 two simil> passages1 ,,ii4 #bj1 #aje4 ,s$ da mihi nunc1 satisne probas83 ,s all ,,mss4 except ,g1 :i* has ! evid5t conj4 s$ ea 7eam7 mihi non sane probas4 ,?is la/ ,bait] gives1 :ile ,halm aft] ,dur& reads s$ eam mihi non satis probas1 :i* is too f> f ! ,,mss4 to please me4 ,! text z x /&s is n intol]able1 ?\gh da mihi = dic mihi is c]ta9ly poetic4 ,da te mihi 7,manut41 ,go]41 ,orelli7 is f> too /rong = ! passage1 & _c be support$ by #ab1 ,brut4 #cjf1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ii4 #h1 or su* l passages4 ,attius3 ! old spell+ ,accius is wrong4 ,si qui 444 imitati3 note ! collocation1 & cf4 #ag4 ,halm ne$lessly writes s9t = ,,mss4 sunt4 ,= ?is section ?r\gh\t cf4 ! prologues to ,d4,f4 ,i41 ,t4,d4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #aa4 ,procuratio3 = ! prop] mean+ ( procurator & procuratio see ,jordan on ,pro ,caec9a #ee4 ,implacatum et con/rictum3 ! conjunction introduces ! int5s] ^w1 z usual2 cf4 #ag pl5am ac ref]tam1 ,,ii4 #abg exigua et m9ima1 s 9 ,greek4 ,inclusa habebam3 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #a4 ,obsolesc]5t1 us$ ( individual memory1 is notewor?y4 ,p]cussus voln]e3 _m edd4 give ! frequ5t v>iant p]culsus4 ,! volnus1 :i* ,go]4 f9ds s my/]i\s1 is ! dea? ( ,tullia1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #i1 ,de ,consolatione1 fragm5t #g1 ed4 ,nobbe1 & ,introd4 p4 #cb4 ,aut 444 aut 444 aut 444 aut3 ,?is ca/+ ab\t = an excuse %[s h[ l[ philosophy /ood 9 public e/imation at ,rome4 ,see ,introd4 p4 #bi4 ,! same elaborate apologies (t5 recur1 cf4 esp ! exordium ( ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab4 ,brutus3 ! same praise (t5 recurs 9 ,d4,f4 & ! ,brutus ,graecia desid]et s all ,halm's ,,mss41 except ,g1 :i* has ,graeca4 ,halm 7& aft] him ,bait]7 adopts ! conj4 ( ,aldus ! y\ng]1 ,graeca desid]es4 ,a review] ( ,halm1 9 ,s*neidew9's ,philologus ,,xxiv4 #dhc1 approves ! read+ on ! curi\s gr\nd t ,brutus 0 n anxi\s to satisfy ,greek requirem5ts1 b r to r5d] x unnecess>y = ,romans to h rec\rse to ,greece = philosophy4 ,i keep ! ,,mss4 read+1 = ,greece ) ,cic]o is ! supreme arbit] ( p]=mance 9 philosophy1 if %e is satisfi$ ! philosophic _w is tranquil4 ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #bj1 #f1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #h1 ,ad ,qu4 ,fr4 ,,ii4 #af1 #e4 ,i j note ! em4 ( ,turnebus1 a ,graecia desid]es1 & t ( ,dav4 ,graecia desid]etur4 ,e&em s5t5tiam3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #ef4 ,ari/um3 cf4 ,,ii4 #aa1 & ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #h4 #ac4 ,s9e te3 4 ,relictam3 ,cic4 v r>ely omits esse1 see note on ,,ii4 #gg1 = ,cic]o's suppos$ conv]sion see ,introd4 p4 #bj4 ,vet]em illam3 ,,mss4 h iam = illam4 ,! position ( iam w\ld be /range1 9 ! passage :i* us$ to be comp>$1 ,pro ,clu5tio #af1 ,class5 & ,bait] n[ om4 ! ^w4 ,fur!r1 vetus & nova c sc>cely be s b>ely us$ to d5ote ! ,old & ! ,new ,academy4 ,! read+ illam is f ,madv4 7,em4 #aae71 & is support$ by illam vet]em 7#ah71 illa antiqua 7#bb71 i/ius vet]is 7,d4,f4 ,v4 #h71 & simil> uses4 ,b5tl4 7foll[$ by ,halm & ,bait47 ?9ks iam comprises ! la/ two syllables ( ,academiam1 :i* he reads4 ,correcta et em5data3 a f9e s5tim5t to come f a cons]vative l ,cic4 ,! words (t5 occur toge!r & illu/rate ,cic4's love = small div]sities ( expression1 cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,,iii4 #cj1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ba1 also ,tac4 ,hi/4 ,i4 #cg4 ,negat3 ,,mss4 h neg>et1 b ,cic4 nev] writes ! subj4 aft] quamquam 9 oratio recta1 z ,tac4 does1 unless !re is "s conditional or pot5tial =ce 9 ! s5t5ce2 see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gj4 ,no?+ is common] 9 ! ,,mss4 ?an ! sub/itution ( ! imp4 subj4 = ! pres4 ind4 ( v]bs ( ! fir/ conjug4 & vice v]sa4 ,9 libris3 see ,,ii4 #aa4 ,duas ,academias3 = ! v>i\s modes ( divid+ ! ,academy ref] to ,r4 & ,p4 #djd4 ,contra ea ,philonis3 ,,mss4 h contra ,philonis m]ely1 exc4 ,halm's ,v41 :i* gives ,philonem1 z does ! ed4 ,rom4 7#adga74 ,i h add$ ea4 ,orelli quotes ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #bc1 #b1 ex ,apollodori4 ,possibly ! ,,mss4 may be "r1 & libros may be suppli$ f libris above1 s 9 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #cb1 #b1 ,dicae>*i utrosque1 ! ^w libros has to be suppli$ f ! prec$+ lett]1 cf4 a simil> ellipse ( bona 9 #ai1 #bb4 ,madvig's ,philonia is improbable f its non-appe>ance else:]e1 :ile ! companion adjective ,antio*ius is frequ5t4 ,halm ins]ts s5t5tiam1 a h]oic rem$y4 ,to make contra an adv4 & con/rue ,philonis ,antio*us toge!r1 supply+ auditor1 z is done by "s unkn[n comm5tators :o probably only exi/ 9 ,go]5z's note1 is wild1 & _c be ju/ifi$ by ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ac4 #ad4 ,a qua absum iam diu3 ,,mss4 h /rangely aqua absumtam diu1 *ang$ by ,manut4 ,r5ov>i3 ! vulg4 revoc>i is a curi\s in/ance ( ov]sight4 ,x crept into ! text ( ,go]4 by mi/ake1 = 9 8 note he gave r5ov>i4 ,orelli--:o speaks ( ,go]5z's prae/antissima rec5sio1 & f\nds 8 own text ^u x two ye>s aft] ,madvig's cru%+ exposure 9 8 ,em4 (t5 quot$ by me--n only reads revoc>i1 b quotes r5ov>i z an em4 ( ! ed4 ,victoriana ( #aecf4 ,f ,orelli1 ,klotz1 ^: text has no indep5d5t value1 took x4 ,r5ov>e 9 ,cic4 (t5 means to refre% ! memory1 e4g4 #aa1 ,brut4 #cae4 ,nisi mole/um e/3 l nisi ali5um putas1 a v>iation on ! common si placet1 si videtur4 ,adsidamus3 "s ,,mss4 h adsideamus1 :i* w\ld be wrong "h4 ,sane i/ud3 ,halm i/uc f ,g4 ,inquit3 = ! late position ( ?is ^w1 :i* is (t5 caus$ by its aff9ity = quoniam1 quidem1 etc41 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bj ,quae cum ess5t dicta1 9 conspectu cons$imus 7omnes73 mo/ edd4 s9ce ,gulielmus pr9t ?is )\t ess5t z a hexamet]1 & suppose x a quotation4 ,b fir/ly1 a v]se s commonplace1 if famili>1 w\ld occur else:]e 9 ,cic4 z o!rs d1 if n famili>1 w\ld n be giv5 )\t ! "n ( its au?or4 ,secondly1 mo/ ,,mss4 h s9t or ess5t be=e dicta4 ,x is m probable !re=e t omnes 0 add$ f an involunt>y desire to make up ! hexamet] rhy?m4 ,phrases l quae cum ess5t dicta cons$imus (t5 occur 9 simil> places 9 ,cic4's dialogues cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aej1 & ,augu/9e1 ! imitator ( ,cic41 ,contra ,academicos1 ,i4 #be1 also cons$imus at ! end ( a clause 9 ,brut4 #bd1 & considitur 9 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,mihi v]o3 ! omission ( inquit1 :i* is /range to ,go]41 is well illu/rat$ 9 ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #i4 ,!re is an odd ellipse ( lauda/i 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ha4 #ae--db4 ,antio*us' view ( ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,fir/ "p ( ,v>ro's ,exposition1 #ae--ah4 ,summ>y4 ,socrates reject$ physics & made e?ics supreme 9 philosophy 7#ae74 ,he _h no fix$ t5ets1 8 "o doctr9e be+ t wisdom consi/s 9 a consci\sness ( ignorance4 ,moral exhortation 0 8 task 7#af74 ,plato add$ to & enri*$ ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/]1 f him sprang two s*ools :i* ab&on$ ! negative position ( ,socrates & adopt$ def9ite t5ets1 yet rema9$ 9 ess5tial agreem5t ) "o ano!r--! ,p]ipatetic & ! ,academic 7#ag1 #ah74 #ae4 ,a rebus 444 involutis3 physical ph5om5a are (t5 spok5 ( 9 ^! words by ,cic41 cf4 #ai1 ,timaeus c4 #a1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fd1 ,,iv4 #ah1 ,v4 #aj1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #di4 ,urs9us reject$ ab "h1 b ! ins]tion or omission ( ab aft] ! passive v]b dep5ds on ! degree to :i* natura is p]sonifi$1 if #bh be comp>$ ) ,tim4 c4 #a1 ?is w be cle>4 ,involutis veil$2 cf4 involucrum4 ,cic4 %[s 8 feel+ ( ! metaphor by add+ quasi 9 ,,ii4 #bf1 & (t54 ,avocavisse philosophiam3 ?is1 ! ,x5ophontic view ( ,socrates1 0 ! popul> "o 9 ,cic]o's "t1 cf4 ,,ii4 #abc1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aj1 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #hg1 #hh1 also ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,viii4 #c4 ,objections to x1 h[ev] occurr$ to ,cic41 & 7 curi\sly answ]$ 9 ,de ,rep4 ,i4 #af 7cf4 also ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,viii4 #d74 ,! same view is suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 see ! passages quot$ by ,r4 & ,p4 #ada4 ,to =m an op9ion on ?is difficult "q ! /ud5t %\ld read ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,essay on ! ,wor? ( ,socrates z a ,philosoph] 7trans4 by ,?irlwall71 & ,zell]'s ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 ,eng4 ,trans41 pp4 #aab--aaf ,i diss5t f 8 view ( ,ari/otle's evid5ce1 also ,s*wegl]'s ,h&book1 s f> z x relates to ,socrates & ,plato4 ,nihil tam5 ad b5e viv5dum val]e3 val]e is abs5t f ,,mss41 & is ins]t$ by ,halm1 its use 9 #ba makes x m probable ?an conf]re1 :i* is 9 ed4 ,rom4 7#adga74 ,gronovius va9ly tries to ju/ify ! ,,mss4 read+ by su* passages z ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ci1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #gj4 ,! /range/ ellipse ) nihil ad else:]e 9 ,cic4 is 9 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #f4 #af4 ,hic 444 illum3 = ?is repetition ( pron\ns see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #dc4 ,v>ie et copiose3 ,,mss4 omit et1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,cic4 w\ld let two adv]bs /& toge!r )\t et1 ?\gh ?ree may 7cf4 ,,ii4 #fc71 & ?\gh ) pairs ( n\ns & adjectives1 et (t5 is left out1 z 9 ! passages quot$ "h by ,manut4 ,ad ,att4 ,,iv4 #c1 #c1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #bd1 ,,xiii4 #bh1 cf4 also ! le>n$ note ( ,wes5b]g1 repr9t$ 9 ,bait] & ,halm's edition1 ( ,cic4's philosophical works 7#ahfa71 on ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #f4 ,v>ie et copiose is also 9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bdj4 ,cf4 ! omission ( que 9 #bc1 also ,,ii4 #fc4 ,p]scripti3 ,cic4 l ,ari/otle (t5 speaks ( ,plato's dialogues z ?\gh !y 7 au!ntic reports ( ,socratic conv]sations1 cf4 ,,ii4 #gd4 ,nihil adfirmet3 s ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ii4 ,eoque prae/>e cet]is ?is is evid5tly f ,plato ,apol4 p4 #ba1 z to ! prop] und]/&+ ( :i* see note on ,,ii4 #gd4 ,ab ,apoll9e1 ,plato ,apol4 #ba ,a1 ,omnium3 ,dav4 conj4 hom9um ne$lessly4 ,dictum3 ,lamb41 foll[$ by ,s*utz1 reads iudicatum1 x is rem>kable t 9 f\r passages :]e ,cic4 speaks ( ?is v oracle 7,cato ,mai4 #gh1 ,lael4 #g1 #i1 #ac7 he uses ! v]b iudic>e4 ,una omnis3 ,lamb4 hom9is1 ,bait] also4 ,omnis eius oratio tam53 not)/&+ 8 negative dialectic he gave positive tea*+ 9 morals4 ,tam53 = ,,mss4 tam or tum is due to ,grut]1 ,halm has tantum4 ,tam1 tum & tam5 are (t5 confus$ 9 ,,mss41 e4g4 ,9 ,v]i 7,act ,,ii47 ,i4 #c1 #fe1 ,,ii4 #ee1 #aab1 ,v4 #gh1 :]e see ,zumpt4 ,go]4 abuses edd4 = n kn[+ t tum 444 et1 tum 444 que1 et 444 tum1 correspond 9 ,cic4 l tum 444 cum1 tum 444 tum4 ,8 pro(s ( ?is new ,lat9 may be sampl$ by ,ac4 ,,ii4 #a1 #dc4 ,ad virtutis /udium cohort&is3 ?is broad ass]tion is di/9ctly untrue2 see ,zell]'s ,socrates #hh1 ) footnote4 #ag4 ,v>ius et multiplex1 et copiosus3 ^! *>act]i/ics are nam$ to acc\nt = ! bran*+ (f f ,plato ( ! lat] s*ools4 ,= multiplex _m sid$1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4 ,una et cons5ti5s3 ?is is an op9ion ( ,antio*us (t5 adopt$ by ,cic4 9 8 own p]son1 z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ch1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fg4 ,five anci5t philosoph]s are g5]ally includ$ 9 ?is suppos$ h>moni\s ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool1 viz4 ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 ,polemo 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #b71 sometimes ,crantor is add$4 ,! h>mony 0 suppos$ to h be5 fir/ brok5 by ,polemo's pupils2 s ,v>ro says 7f ,antio*us7 9 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xix4 #a1 cf4 also #cd4 ,antio*us d\btless re/$ 8 !ory almo/ entirely on ! e?ical resemblances ( ! two s*ools4 ,9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ba1 :i* is tak5 direct f ,antio*us1 ?is appe>s1 z also 9 ,v>ro 79 ,aug4 z above7 :o (t5 spoke z ?\gh e?ics 7 ! :ole ( philosophy 7cf4 also ,de ,(f4 ,,iii4 #bj74 ,antio*us probably made light ( su* dialectical controv]sies betwe5 ! two s*ools z t ab\t 1 :i* _h long ceas$4 ,kris*e ,ub] ,cic]o's ,akademika p4 #ea1 has "s good rem>ks4 ,nom9ibus3 ! same z vocabulis above4 ,cic4 does n obs]ve ,v>ro's di/9ction 7,de ,l4 ,l4 ,,ix4 #a7 :i* conf9es nom5 to prop] n\ns1 vocabulum to common n\ns1 ?\gh he w\ld n use vocabulum z ,tac4 does1 = ! "n ( a p]son 7,annals ,,xii4 #ff1 etc474 ,quasi h]$em 444 duos autem3 ! conj4 ( ,ciaconus ex asse h]$em1 secundos autem is z acute z x is absurd4 ,duos3 x is difficult to decide :e!r ?is or duo is "r 9 ,cic41 he c sc>cely h be5 s inconsi/5t z ! ,,mss4 & edd4 make him 7cf4 ,bait] & ,halm's ed41 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aa1 #ac ) ,de ,div4 ,i4 #f74 ,! old] inscr4 9 ! ,corpus vol4 ,i4 h duo1 b only 9 duoviros1 two ne> ! "t ( ,cic4 7,c4,i4 vol4 ,i4 nos4 #ega & #ajjg7 give duos1 :i* ,cic4 probably wrote4 ,duo is 9 old ,lat9 poets & ,virgil4 ,*alc$onium3 n ,cal*$onium z ,klotz1 cf4 ,gk4 4 ,prae/antissimos3 ,halm wrongly1 cf4 ,brut4 #abe4 ,/agiritem3 n ,/agiritam z ,lamb41 = ,cic41 exc4 9 a few n\ns l ,p]sa1 pirata1 etc41 :i* came d[n f antiquity1 did n make ,greek n\ns 9 - into ,lat9 n\ns 9 -a4 ,see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #id4 ,coetus 444 soliti3 cf4 #aj4 ,platonis ub]tate3 cf4 ,qu9tilian's illa ,livii lactea ub]tas4 ,pl5um ac ref]tam3 n4 on #aa4 ,dubitationem3 ,halm ) "o ,,ms41 ,g1 gives dubitantem1 ,bait] dubitant]1 ,:y alt]8 ,ars qua$am philosophiae3 be=e ^! words all ,halm's ,,mss41 exc ,g1 ins]t diss]5di1 probably f ! l9e above1 ,lipsius keeps x & ejects philosophiae1 :ile ,lamb41 ,day read philosophia 9 ! nom4 ,v>ro1 h[ev]1 w\ld nev] say t philosophy became entirely dialectical 9 ! h&s ( ! old ,academics & ,p]ipatetics4 ,ars 1 a set ( def9ite rules1 s ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 7z above7 speaks ( ! c]ta dogmata ( ?is old s*ool z oppos$ to ! inc]titude ( ! ,new ,academy4 ,descriptio3 s ,halm "h1 b (t5 discriptio4 ,! ,corp4 ,inscr41 vol4 ,i4 nos4 #aih & #bjj1 has ?rice discriptos or discriptum1 ! o!r spell+ nev]4 #ah4 ,ut mihi quidem videtur3 ,,mss4 transpose quidem & videtur1 z 9 #dd4 ,quidem1 h[ev] ne>ly always comes closely aft] ! pron\n1 see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #dc1 cf4 also ,i4 #ga1 ,,iii4 #bh1 ,opusc4 ,i4 #djf4 ,expet5d>um fugi5d>umque3 1 ab\t :i* m 9 n4 on #cf4 ,! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian e?ics h inde$ an ext]nal resemblance1 b ! ultimate bases ( ! two are q diff]5t4 ,9 reject+ ! ,idea ( ! ,good1 ,ari/otle did away ) :at ,plato w\ld h consid]$ mo/ valuable 9 8 sy/em4 ,! ideal !ory1 h[ev]1 0 practically defunct 9 ! "t ( ,antio*us1 s t ! simil>ity betwe5 ! two s*ools seem$ mu* great] ?an x 04 ,non sus ,m9]vam3 a ,greek prov]b1 cf4 ,!ocr4 ,id4 ,v4 #bc1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bcc1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #ah1 #c4 ,b9d]1 9 8 ,g]man translation ( ! ,academica1 also quotes ,plut>* ,prc4 ,polit4 #g4 ,inepte 444 docet3 elliptic = inepte docet1 quisquis docet4 ,no/ra atque no/ros3 few ( ! editors h und]/ood ?is4 ,atticus affects ev]y?+ ,a!nian1 & speaks z ?\gh he 7 "o ( !m2 9 ,cic4's lett]s to him ! words tui cives1 mean+ ! ,a!nians1 (t5 occur4 ,quid me putas3 i4e4 velle4 ,exhibiturum3 ,halm ins]ts me be=e ?is f 8 "o ,,ms4 ,g1 evid5tly em5d$ "h by its copyi/4 ,= ! omission ( me1 cf4 note on #g4 #ai--bc4 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ,v>ro's ,exposition3 ,antio*us' ,e?ics4 ,summ>y4 ,! ?reefold division ( philosophy into 1 1 4 ,goodness means ob$i5ce to nature1 happ9ess ! acquisition ( natural advantages4 ,^! are ( ?ree k9ds1 m5tal1 bodily1 & ext]nal4 ,! bodily are describ$ 7#ai72 !n ! m5tal1 :i* fall into two classes1 cong5ital & acquir$1 virtue be+ ! *ief ( ! acquir$ 7#bj71 !n ! ext]nal1 :i* =m ) ! bodily advantages a k9d ( ex]cise-gr\nd = virtue 7#ba74 ,! e?ical /&>d is !n succ9ctly /at$1 9 :i* virtue has *ief "p1 & is capable 9 itself ( produc+ happ9ess1 ?\gh n ! greate/ happ9ess possible1 :i* requires ! possession ( all ?ree classes ( advantages 7#bb74 ,) ?is e?ical /&>d1 x is possible to give an intellig5t acc\nt ( action & duty 7#bc74 #ai4 ,ratio triplex3 ,plato has n ?is division1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ?\gh x 0 g5]ally attribut$ to him 9 ,cic]o's "t1 s by ,v>ro himself 7f ,antio*us7 9 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,viii4 #d1 & by ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,iii4 #ef 7see ,r4 & ,p41 p4 #aie74 ,! division itself _c be trac$ f>!r back ?an ,x5ocrates & ! po/-,ari/otelian ,p]ipatetics1 to :om x is assign$ by ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #af4 ,x 0 probably fir/ br\ght into /rong prom95ce by ! ,/oics1 :om x enabl$ m %>ply & decisively to subord9ate to ,e?ics all else 9 philosophy4 ,cf4 esp4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #c4 ,quid v]um 444 repugnans iudic&o3 ,,mss4 exc4 ,g h et be=e quid falsum1 :5ce ,klotz conj4 sit 9 ord] to obviate ! awkw>dness ( repugnet :i* ,,mss4 h = repugnans4 ,kris*e wi%es to read consequ5s = cons5ti5s1 comp>+ ,orator #aae1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #fh1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aej1 to :i* add ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ba ,on ! o!r h& cf4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #ia4 ,notice ! d\ble translations ( ! ,greek t]ms1 de vita et moribus = 1 etc4 ,?is is v *>act]i/ic ( ,cic41 z we %all see lat]4 ,ac primum3 _m ,,mss4 & edd4 primam1 cf4 #bc1 #cj4 ,a natura petebant3 h[ ,antio*us c\ld h f\nd ?is 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle is difficult to see2 t he did s1 h[ev]1 is indubitable2 see ,d4,f4 ,v4 #bd--bg1 :i* %\ld be closely comp>$ ) our passage1 & ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,! root ( ,plato's sy/em is ! ( ! ,good1 :ile s f> is ,ari/otle f f\nd+ 8 sy/em on ! ab/ract 1 t he sc>cely appeals ev5 incid5tally to 9 8 e?ical works4 ,! ab/ract conception ( nature 9 relation to e?ics is fir/ /rongly app>5t 9 ,polemo1 f :om x pass$ into ,/oic h&s & !n into ^? ( ,antio*us4 ,adeptum esse omnia3 put r diff]5tly 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #bd1 #bf1 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cc1 #cd1 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aca4 ,et animo et corpore et vita3 ?is is ! or 1 :i* belongs 9 ?is =m to late ,p]ipateticism 7cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dc71 ! ?ird division is a developm5t f ! ( ,ari/otle4 ,! 9 ?is di/9ct %ape is =eign bo? to ,plato & ,ari/1 ?\gh ,/obaeus1 ,e?ica ,,ii4 #f1 #d1 tries h>d to po9t x out 9 ,plato2 ,v>ro seems to m]ge ! two la/ divisions into "o 9 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xix #c4 ,?is agrees bett] ) ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cd--cf1 cf4 also ,aug4 ,,viii4 #h4 ,on ! ,antio*ean f9is see m 9 note on #bb4 ,corporis alia3 = ellipse ( bona1 see n4 on #ac4 ,ponebant esse3 n4 on #cf4 ,9 toto 9 p>tibus3 ! same di/9ction is 9 ,/ob4 ,e?4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g2 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ce4 ,pul*ritud9em3 ,cic4 ,orator #afj1 puts ! spell+ pul*] beyond a d\bt2 x (t5 appe>s 9 inscr4 ( ! ,republic4 ,on ! o!r h& only pulcrai1 pulcrum1 etc41 occur 9 inscr41 exc4 pul*re1 :i* is f\nd once 7,corp4 ,inscr4 ,i4 no #ajai74 ,sepul*rum1 h[ev]1 is frequ5t at an e>ly "t4 ,on ! t5d5cy to aspirate ev5 native ,lat9 words see ,bos*] 9 ,curtius' ,/udi5 ,,ii4 #a1 p4 #ade4 ,9 ! case ( pul*] ! false d]ivation f may h aid$ ! corruption4 ,simil>ly 9 mod]n times ,j4,c4 ,scalig] d]iv$ x f 7,curtius' ,grundz ed4 #c1 p4 #h7 ,= valetud9em viris pul*ritud9em1 cf4 ! ( ,/ob4 ,e?4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g1 & ,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4 ,s5sus integros 9 ,/ob41 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf 79 s5sibus e/ sua cuiusque virtus74 ,cel]itatem3 s 9 ,/ob41 b5e curr]e 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,cl>itatem 9 voce3 cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #acc4 ,impressionem3 al4 expressionem4 ,= ! =m] cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ahe1 :i* w %[ ! mean+ to be ! di/9ct m>k+ ( ea* s\nd2 = ! latt] ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #da1 :i* w disprove ,klotz's rem>k imprimit l+ua voces1 non exprimit4 ,see also ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #acc4 ,"o old ed4 has pressionem1 :i*1 ?\gh n itself ,cic]onian1 recalls presse loqui1 & ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #adi4 ,pl9y1 ,panegyric1 c4 #fd1 has expressit explanavitque v]ba2 he & ,qu9tilian (t5 s use exprim]e4 #bj4 ,+5iis3 reject$ by _m 7s ,halm71 b cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #b1 & animis bel[ & 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #eh4 ,9 naturam et mores3 = 9 ea quae natura et moribus fiunt4 ,a simil> inaccuracy ( expression is f\nd 9 ,,ii4 #db4 ,! division is practically ,ari/otle's1 :o sev]s into & 7,nic4 ,e?4 ,i4 c4 #ac1 ,magna ,mor4 ,i4 c4 #e74 ,9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ch ! are call$ non volunt>iae1 ! volunt>iae4 ,cel]itatem ad disc5dum et memoriam3 cf4 ! 1 ( ,ari/4 7:o adds 71 & ! docilitas1 memoria ( ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf4 ,quasi consuetud9em3 ! quasi m>ks a translation f ! ,greek1 z frequ5tly1 "h probably ( 7,nic4 ,e?4 ,,ii4 c4 #a74 ,p>tim ratione =mabant3 ! relation :i* reason be>s to virtue is set =? 9 ,nic4 ,e?4 ,,vi4 c4 #b4 ,9 quibus3 i4e4 9 moribus4 ,all ! late s*ools held t e?ics =m$ ! sole ultimate aim ( philosophy4 ,erat3 note ! *ange f oratio obliqua to recta1 & cf4 ! opposite *ange 9 ,,ii4 #dj4 ,progressio3 ?is1 l ! :ole ( ! s5t5ce 9 :i* x /&s1 is int5sely ,/oic4 ,= ! ,/oic 1 1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #fd1 #ff1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cib1 sq41 ,zell]1 ,/oics #beh1 #bgf4 ,! phrases are sometimes said to be ,p]ipatetic1 if s1 !y mu/ belong only to ! late ,/oicis$ ,p]ipateticism ( :i* we f9d s mu* 9 ,/obaeus4 ,p]fectio naturae3 cf4 esp4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #be4 ,m ,/oic /ill is ! def9ition ( virtue z ! p]fection ( ! reason1 cf4 ,,ii4 #bf1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ce1 ,v4 #ch1 & ,madvig's note on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #hh4 ,fab] quotes ,gal5 ,de ,decr4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4 c4 #e1 4 ,una res optima3 ! supremacy ( virtue is also ass]t$ by ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c1 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf1 #ch4 #ba4 ,virtutis usum3 s ! ,/oics speak ( _! z ! practis+ gr\nd = virtue 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej71 cf4 virtutis usum 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,nam virtus3 mo/ ,,mss4 h iam1 :i* is out ( place "h4 ,animi bonis et corporis c]nitur et 9 quibusdam3 ,,mss4 omit et betwe5 c]nitur & 91 exc4 ,halm's ,g :i* has 9 be=e animi & also be=e corporis4 ,^! la/ ins]tions are n necess>y1 z may be se5 f ,topica #hj1 causa c]tis p]sonis locis temporibus actionibus negotiis c]nitur aut 9 omnibus aut 9 pl]isque1 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4 ,9 ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #h1 ! ( ! ,p]ipatetics is /at$ to be ' 1 "h quibusdam quae etc41 d5ote ! or 1 ! ?ird class 9 #ai4 ,hom9em 444 societate3 all ?is is /rongly ,/oic1 ?\gh also attribut$ to ! ,p]ipatetics by ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g 7 71 etc41 d\btless ! humanit>ianism ( ! ,/oics readily unit$ ) ! !ory ( ,ari/otle4 ,= ,cic4 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ff1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #bc1 = ! ,/oics1 ,zell] #bic--bif4 ,! repetitions hom9em1 humani1 hom9ibus1 humana are /rik+4 ,= ! la/1 ,b5tley 7i4e4 ,davies' anonym\s fri5d7 propos$ mundana f ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ajh1 ,v>ro1 h[ev]1 has humana societas 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,cet]a autem3 :at are ^! cet]a8 ,!y =m portion ( ! 1 & al?\gh n /rictly conta9$ )9 ! summum bonum are necess>y to enri* x & pres]ve x4 ,( ! ?+s enum]at$ 9 ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #h1 #ac1 1 w\ld belong to ! qua$am ( ,cic]o1 :ile w\ld be includ$ 9 cet]a4 ,! same di/9ction is drawn 9 ,aug4 ,,viii4 #h4 ,tu5dum3 mo/ ,,mss4 t55dum1 b tu5dum corresponds be/ ) ! division ( into & 1 ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #ac4 ,= ! ^w p]t9]e see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ed4 #bb4 ,pl]ique3 ,antio*us believes x also ,academic4 ,qui tum appell>5tur3 ,,mss4 dum1 ! subj4 is /range1 & 0 felt to be s by ! writ] ( ,halm's ,g1 :i* has appellantur4 ,videbatur3 ,go]4 & ,orelli /umble ov] ?is1 n p]ceiv+ t x has ! /rong mean+ ( ! ,gr4 1 x 0 _! dogma1 s (t54 ,adipisci3 cf4 adeptum esse1 #ai4 ,quae ess5t prima natura3 ,,mss4 h 9 natura4 ,= ! v>i\s modes ( d5ot+ ! 9 ,lat9 see ,madvig's ,f\r? ,excursus to ! ,d4,f41 :i* ! /ud5t ( ,cic4's philosophy ought to "k by he>t4 ,! phrase prima natura 7abl47 c\ld n /& alone1 = is "o ( ,go]5z's num]\s =g]ies4 ,! ablative is always condition$ by "s v]b1 see ,madv4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is /atem5t ( ! e?ical f9is ) t 9 #ai & ! passages quot$ 9 my note !re1 w %[ t ,cic4 drew little di/9ction betwe5 ! ,/oic & ! ,p]ipatetic 4 ,t ?is is hi/orically absurd ,madvig %[s 9 8 ,excursus1 b he does n suffici5tly recognise ! fact t ,cic]o has p]fectly correctly report$ ,antio*us4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,v>ro's report 7,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xix4 #c7 co9cides ) ,cic4's 9 e p>ticul>4 ,ev5 ! inexplicabilis p]v]sitas ( :i* ,madv4 compla9s 7p4 #hba7 is traceable to ,antio*us1 :o1 z w be se5 f ,augu/9e ,,xix4 #a1 #c1 includ$ ev5 virtus among ! prima naturae4 ,a little reflection w %[ t 9 no o!r way c\ld ,antio*us h ma9ta9$ ! practical id5tity ( ! ,/oic & ,p]ipatetic views ( ! f9is4 ,i regret t my space does n all[ me to pursue ?is difficult subject f>!r4 ,= ! ,/oic see ,zell]1 *ap ,,xi4 ,ipsa p] sese expet5da3 ,gk4 1 :i* is appli$ to all ?+s conta9$ )9 ! summum bonum4 ,z ! ,/oic f9is 0 only1 t alone to !m 0 1 _! 7 n 1 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba74 ,antio*us' prima naturae 7 to him1 cf4 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c1 prima illa naturae propt] se ipsa exi/imat expet5da s ,/ob41 ,,ii4 #f1 #g1 demon/rates ea* bran* ( ! to be ' 4 ,aut omnia aut maxima3 s frequ5tly 9 ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bg1 s ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #h1 4 ,ea sunt maxima3 s ,/ob41 ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 passim4 ,s5sit3 mu* misund]/ood by edd41 "h iudicavit n animadv]tit cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,rep]iebatur3 = *ange ( con/r4 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bf ,nec tam5 beatissimam3 ! "q :e!r 0 0 "o ( ! mo/ important to ! late ,greek philosophy4 ,z to ,antio*us1 consult ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fg4 #bc4 ,ag5di aliquid3 ,gk4 1 ! usual translation1 cf4 ,,ii4 #bd1 #cg4 ,(ficii ipsius initium3 1 ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g4 ,?is s5t5ce is cov]tly aim$ at ! ,new ,academics1 ^: scepticism1 accord+ to ! dogmati/s1 cut away ! gr\nd f action & duty1 see ,,ii4 #bd4 ,recti hone/ique3 ^! words are r$ol5t ( ! ,/oa4 ,e>um r]um3 ,halm ?9ks some?+ l appetitio has fall5 out1 susceptio h[ev]1 above1 is q en\gh = bo? clauses2 a simil> use ( x is f\nd 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cb4 ,descriptione naturae3 ,halm ) "o ,,ms4 7,g7 gives praescriptione1 :i* is 9 ,,ii4 #adj1 cf4 also praescrib]et above4 ,! phrase is ,antio*ean2 cf4 prima con/itutio naturae 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ae4 ,aequitas3 n 9 ! ,roman legal s5se1 b z a translation ( 4 ,eaeque3 s ,halm = ,,mss4 haeque1 haecque4 ,( c\rse haecque1 l hicque1 sicque1 w\ld be un-,cic]onian4 ,voluptatibus3 a side bl[ at ! ,epicureans4 ,=ma see n4 on #cc4 #bd--bi4 ,"p ,,iii ( ,v>ro's ,exposition4 ,antio*us' ,physics4 ,summ>y4 ,all t is consi/s ( =ce & matt]1 :i* are nev] actually f\nd ap>t1 ?\gh !y are ?\ght ( z sep>ate4 ,:5 =ce impresses =m on ! =mless matt]1 x becomes a =m$ entity 7 or quale7--7#bd74 ,^! =m$ entities are ei!r prim>y or second>y4 ,air1 fire1 wat]1 e>? are prim>y1 ! two fir/ hav+ an active1 ! two la/ a passive function4 ,ari/otle add$ a fif? 7#bf74 ,und]ly+ all =m$ entities is ! =mless matt]1 matt] & space are inf9itely subdivisible 7#bg74 ,=ce or =m acts on ! =mless matt] & s produces ! ord]$ univ]se1 outside :i* no matt] exi/s4 ,reason p]meates ! univ]se & makes x et]nal4 ,?is ,reason has v>i\s names--,s\l ( ! ,univ]se1 ,m9d1 ,wisdom1 ,provid5ce1 ,fate1 ,=tune are only diff]5t titles = ! same ?+ 7#bh1 #bi74 #bd4 ,natura3 ?is ^w1 x is important to obs]ve1 has to s]ve z a translation bo? ( & 4 ,"h x is 9 ! broade/ s5se1 all t exi/s4 ,9 res duas3 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,=ce & ,matt]1 ! active & passive ag5cies 9 ! univ]se1 is ( c\rse ,ari/otelian & ,platonic4 ,antio*us h[ev] probably appreh5d$ ! di/9ction z modifi$ by ! ,/oics1 = ?is read c>efully ,zell]1 #ace sq41 ) ! footnotes4 ,! cle>e/ view ( ,ari/otle's doctr9e is to be got f ,s*wegl]1 ,h&book1 pp #ii--aje4 ,r4 & ,p4 #bgc sq4 %\ld be consult$ = ! important co9cid5ce ( ,=ce ) logical g5us 771 & ( ,matt] 77 ) logical diff]5tia 774 ,= ! duae res1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ah4 ,effici5s 444 huic se praeb5s3 an attempt to translate & ( ! ,!aetetus1 & ( ! ,timaeus 7#ej ,d74 ,cic4 9 ,tim4 has effic]e & pati1 ,lucretius ,i4 #ddj fac]e & fungi4 ,ea quae3 s ,grut]1 ,halm = ,,mss4 eaque4 ,! mean+ is ?is2 passive matt] :5 work$ ^u by an active g5]ative =m results 9 an aliquid1 a z ,ari/otle calls x4 ,passive matt] is only pot5tially 1 pass+ into actual 1 :5 affect$ by ! =m4 7,cf4 1 1 ,plato ,tim4 #di ,e1 #ej ,a1 also ,ari/4 ,metaph ,h1 #a1 ,r4 & ,p4 #bgj--bgd74 ,a figurative description ( ! process is giv5 9 ,timaeus1 #ej ,d4 ,9 eo quod effic]et 444 mat]iam qu&am3 ,cic4 is hamp]$ by ! patrii s]monis ege/as1 :i* compels him to r5d] simple ,greek t]ms by lab\r$ p]iphrases4 ,id quod efficit is n di/9ct f1 b equival5t to vis1 id quod efficitur to mat]ia4 ,mat]iam qu&am3 x is extraord9>y h[ edd4 7esp ,go]47 c\ld h s /umbl$ ov] qu&am & quasi us$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,bo? words 7:i* are jo9$ bel[7 simply m>k ! unfamili>ity ( ! ,lat9 ^w 9 its philosophical use1 9 ! ,greek ! /rang5ess _h _h "t to we> (f4 ,9 utroque3 = 9 eo quod ex utroque 7sc4 vi et mat]ia7 fit1 ! mean+ is cle>ly giv5 by ! next clause1 viz4 t ,=ce & ,matt] _c actually exi/ ap>t1 b only 9 ! comp\nd ( ! two1 ! =m$ entity1 :i* doctr9e is q ,ari/otelian4 ,see ! reff4 giv5 above4 ,nihil enim e/ quod non alicubi esse cogatur3 ! mean+ ( ?is is cle>1 t no?+ c exi/ except 9 space 7alicubi71 x is m difficult to see :y x %\ld be introduc$ "h4 ,unless e/ be tak5 ( m]ely ph5om5al exi/5ce 7! only exi/5ce ! ,/oics & ,antio*us w\ld all[71 ! s5t5ce does n repres5t ! belief ( ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,! = in/ance1 ?\gh to ,plato 9 ! highe/ s5se exi/5t1 d n exi/ 9 space4 7,ari/otle explicitly says ?is1 ,phys4 ,,iii4 #d74 ,ari/otle also recognis$ mu* z exi/5t :i* did n exi/ 9 space1 z 9 ,phys4 ,,iv4 #e 7qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #bhi74 ,cic4 p]haps translates "h f ,tim4 #eb ,b1 4 ,= anci5t !ories ab\t space ! /ud5t mu/ be ref]r$ to ! hi/ories ( philosophy4 ,a fair summ>y is giv5 by ,/ob4 ,phys4 1 *4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,corpus et quasi qualitatem3 note t corpus is =m$1 z contra/$ ) mat]ia1 un=m$ matt]4 ,qualitas is "h wrongly us$ = quale2 x ought to be us$ ( ,=ce only1 n ( ! product ( ,=ce & ,matt]1 cf4 #bh4 ,! ,greeks !mselves sometimes confuse & 1 ! confusion is aid$ by ! ambiguity ( ! phrase 9 ,greek1 :i* may ei!r d5ote ! z 1 or ! ,=ce :i* makes x 1 h5ce ,ari/4 calls "o ( 8 categories & indiff]5tly ,= ! ,/oic view ( 1 see ,zell]1 #if--ajc1 ) footnotes4 #be4 ,b5e facis3 passim 9 com$y1 :5ce ,cic4 takes x2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #af1 a passage 9 o!r respects exce$+ly l ?is4 ,rhetoricam3 ,hlsemann conj4 e?icam1 :i* h[ev] is n ,lat94 ,! words h no philosophical significance "h1 b are simply specim5s ( words once =eign1 n[ naturalis$4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e is v simil>4 ,cic4's words make x cle> t ^! n\ns ought to be treat$ z ,lat9 fir/ decl5sion n\ns2 ! ,,mss4 (t5 give1 h[ev]1 a ,gk4 accus4 9 en4 ,non e/ vulgi v]bum3 x fir/ appe>s 9 ,!aet4 #ahb ,a1 :]e x is call$ 4 ,nova 444 faci5da3 impon5da 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e4 ,suis utuntur3 s ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,transf]5da3 transf]re 1 :i* is te*nically us$ z e>ly z ,isocrates4 ,see ,cic4 on metaphor1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aec sq41 :]e necessitas is assign$ z "o cause ( x 7#aei7 j z "h2 cf4 also ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #adi4 ,saecula3 ! spell+ secula is wrong2 ,corss4 ,i4 #cbe1 #cgg4 ,! diph?ong b>s ! old d]ivations f sec>e1 & sequi4 ,quanto id magis3 ,cic4 is exce$+ly fond ( sep>at+ tam quam ita tantus quantus1 etc41 f ! words ) :i* !y are syntactically connect$1 by j "o small ^w1 e4g4 ,lael4 #ec quam id recte1 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #abe tam sit mirabilis1 ,,ii4 #fh tam 9 praecipitem2 also ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e quanto id nobis magis e/ conc$5dum qui ea nunc primum audemus att+]e4 #bf4 ,non modo r]um s$ v]borum3 cf4 #i4 ,igitur picks up ! brok5 ?read ( ! exposition2 s #ce1 & frequ5tly4 ,pr9cipes 444 ex 8 ortae3 ! ,greek t]ms are & 1 see ,ari/4 ,de ,coelo1 ,i4 #b 7,r4 & ,p4 #bid74 ,! di/9ction puzzl$ ,plut>* 7quot$ 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #chb74 ,x 0 bo? ,ari/otelian & ,/oic4 ,! ,/oics 7,zell]1 #ahg sq47 foll[$ p>tly ,h]aclitus1 & ca/ aside _m ref9em5ts ( ,ari/otle :i* w be f\nd 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #big4 ,quasi multi=mes3 evid5tly a trans4 ( 1 :i* is oppos$ to 9 ,plat4 ,pha$r4 #bch ,a1 & (t54 ,plato uses also = unius modi2 cf4 ,cic4 ,tim4 *4 ,,vii41 a transl4 ( ,plat4 ,tim4 #ce ,a4 ,prima sunt3 primae 7sc4 qualitates7 is ! ne$less em4 ( ,walk]1 foll[$ by ,halm4 ,=mae g5]a1 4 ,! ^w is appli$ to ! f\r elem5ts !mselves1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ai2 cf4 also qu9tum g5us bel[1 & ,topica1 #aa--ac4 ,a good view ( ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts may be ga9$ f ! section ( ,/ob4 ,phys41 entitl$ 4 ,x w be !re se5 t ,cic4 is wrong 9 mak+ initia & elem5ta "h & 9 #ci 7 & 7 conv]tible t]ms4 ,! ,greeks w\ld call ! f\r elem5ts b n 1 :i* t]m w\ld be res]v$ = ! prim>y ,matt] & ,=ce4 ,ar et ignis3 ?is is ,/oic b n ,ari/otelian4 ,ari/ot41 />t+ ) ! f\r necess>y prop]ties ( matt]1 viz4 heat1 cold1 dryness1 moi/ure1 m>ks ! two =m] z active1 ! two latt] z passive4 ,he !n assigns two ( ^! prop]ties1 "o active & "o passive1 to ea* ( ! f\r elem5ts2 ea* !re=e is to him bo? active & passive4 ,! ,/oics assign only "o prop]ty to ea* elem5t2 heat to fire1 cold to air 7cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bf71 moi/ure to wat]1 dryness to e>?4 ,! doctr9e ( ! text foll[s at once4 ,cf4 ,zell]1 pp4 #aee1 #ahg sq41 ) footnotes1 ,r4 & ,p4 #big sq4 ,accipi5di 444 pati5di3 (t5 comes 9 ,plat4 ,tim4 ,qu9tum g5us3 ! note on ?is1 ref]r$ to 9 ,introd4 p4 #af1 is po/pon$ to #ci4 ,dissimile 444 quoddam3 s ,,mss42 "o w\ld expect quiddam1 :i* ,orelli gives4 ,rebatur3 an old poetical ^w reviv$ by ,cic4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aec2 cf4 ,qu9til4 ,in/4 ,or4 ,,viii4 #c1 #bf4 #bg4 ,subiectam 444 mat]iam3 ! ( ,ari/otle1 f :i* our ^w subject-matt] is desc5d$4 ,s9e ulla specie3 species "h =ma above1 ! or ( ,ari/4 ,omnibus )\t rebus is r>e4 ,! ambiguity is sometimes avoid$ by ! imm$iate succession ( a neut] relative pron\n1 z 9 #ba 9 quibusdam1 quae4 ,expressa3 *isell$ z by a sculptor 7cf4 expressa effigies ,de ,(f4 ,,iii4 #fi72 efficta1 m\ld$ z by a pott] 7see ,,ii4 #gg72 ! ^w 0 giv5 by ,turnebus = ,,mss4 effecta4 ,s ,matt] is call$ an 9 ,plat4 ,tim4 ,quae tota omnia3 ^! words h giv5 rise to ne$less d\bts2 ,b5tl41 ,dav41 ,halm suspect !m4 ,tota is fem99e s+42 cf4 mat]iam totam ipsam 9 #bh2 :i* matt] ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t c suff] all *anges4 ,= ! ^w omnia cf4 ,,ii4 #aah1 & ,plat4 ,tim4 #ej ,b 7 71 #ea ,a 7 74 ,! ^w is also quot$ f ,okellus 9 ,/ob4 ,i4 #bj1 #c4 ,b9d] is c]ta9ly wrong 9 tak+ tota & omnia bo? z neut4--alles und j$es4 ,cic4 knew ! ,tim4 well & imitat$ x "h4 ,! /ud5t %\ld read ,grote's comm5ts on ! passages ref]r$ to4 ,i _c "h po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato's & t ( ,ari/otle4 ,eoque int]ire3 s ,,mss42 ,halm aft] ,dav4 eaque4 ,fab] 0 "r 9 suppos+ t ,cic4 has said loosely ( ! mat]ia :at he ought to h said ( ! qualia4 ,( c\rse ! 1 :e!r ,platonic or ,ari/otelian1 is imp]i%able 7cf4 ,tim4 #eb ,a4 74 ,non 9 nihilum3 ?is is aim$ at ! ,atomi/s1 :o ma9ta9$ t inf9ite subdivision logically l$ to ! pass+ ( ?+s into no?+ & _! rep>ation out ( no?+ aga94 ,see ,lucr4 ,i4 #bae--bfd1 & else:]e4 ,inf9ite sec>i3 ?r\gh ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 ! doctr9e ( ! inf9ite subdivisibility ( matt] _h become s ?or\ghly ! or?odox "o t ! ,atom 0 sc\t$ z a silly absurdity4 ,cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj ne illud quidem physici cr$]e esse m9imum1 ,ari/4 ,physica1 ,i4 #a 4 ,! hi/ory ( anci5t op9ion on ?is subject is important1 b does n lie close en\gh to our au?or = comm5t4 ,! /ud5t %\ld at lea/ le>n ,plato's op9ions f ,tim4 #ce ,a sq4 ,x is notable t ,x5ocrates1 tripp+ ov] ! old ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 d5i$ 7,r4 & ,p4 #bde74 ,*rysippus foll[$ ,ari/otle v closely 7,r4 & ,p4 #cgg1 #cgh74 ,int]vallis mov]i3 ?is is ! !ory ( motion )\t void :i* ,lucr4 ,i4 #cgj sq4 disproves1 :]e see ,munro4 ,cf4 also ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bad4 ,ari/otle d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( void ei!r )9 or )\t ! univ]se1 ,/rato all[$ its possibility )91 :ile d5y+ its exi/5ce )\t 7,/ob4 ,i4 #ah1 #a71 ! ,/oics did ! exact opposite affirm+ its exi/5ce )\t1 & d5y+ x )9 ! univ]se 7,zell] #ahf1 ) footnotes74 ,quae int]valla 444 poss9t3 !re is no ultimate space atom1 j z !re is no matt] atom4 ,z reg>ds space1 ! ,/oics & ,antio*us closely foll[$ ,ari/otle1 ^: ideas may be ga!r$ f ,r4 & ,p4 #bhh1 #i1 & especially f ,m4 ,sa9t ,hilaire's explanation ( ! ,physica4 #bh4 ,ultro citroque3 ?is is ! common read+1 b ,i d\bt its correctness4 ,,mss4 h ultro introque1 :5ce ed4 ,rom4 7#adga7 has ultro 9 utroque4 ,i ?9k t 9 utroque1 simply1 0 ! read+1 & t ultro is a dittographia f utro4 ,! mean+ w\ld be s9ce =ce plays ?is "p 9 ! comp\nd1 utroque be+ z 9 #bd = eo quod ex utroque fit4 ,if ! vulg4 is kept1 translate s9ce =ce has ?is motion & is ev] ?us on ! move4 ,ultro citroque is an odd expression to apply to univ]sal ,=ce1 ,cic4 w\ld h qualifi$ x ) a quasi4 ,inde$ if x is kept ,i sugge/ quasi = cum sic4 ,! use ( v]setur is also /range4 ,e quibus 9 omni natura3 mo/ edd4 s9ce ,dav4 7,halm includ$7 eject 94 ,x is p]fectly s\nd if natura be tak5 z exi/5ce sub/ance4 ,! mean+ is out ( :i* qualia1 !mselves exi/+ 9 7be+ co-ext5sive )7 univ]sal sub/ance 7cf4 totam commut>i above71 :i* is coh]5t & cont9u\s1 ! _w 0 =m$4 ,= ! 9 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ce1 9 omni natura necesse e/ absolvi aliquid1 also a simil> use ib4 ,,ii4 #hj1 & ,ac4 ,,ii4 #db4 ,if 9 utroque be read above1 9 omni natura w =m an exact contra/1 sub/ance z a :ole be+ oppos$ to ! individual quale4 ,coha]5te et cont9uata3 ! ,/oics made ! univ]se mu* m ( a unity ?an any o!r s*ool1 ! expressions "h & ! /rik+ p>allels 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ai1 #hd1 #aai1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #cc1 ,de ,leg4 fragm4 #a4 7at ! end ( ,bait4 & ,halm's ed47 all come ultimately f ,/oic s\rces1 ev5 if !y be got at second h& ?r\gh ,antio*us4 ,cf4 ,zell] #acg1 ,/ob4 ,i4 #bb1 #c4 ,! p>tes mundi are spok5 ( 9 mo/ ( ! passages j quot$1 also 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb1 #ge1 #hf1 #aae1 #aaf1 all f ,/oic s\rces4 ,effectum esse mundum3 ,halm adds unum f 8 fav\rite ,,ms4 7,g74 ,natura s5ti5te3 a clumsy trans4 ( sub/ance :i* c affect ! s5ses4 ,! same expression is 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t to ! ,/oics ! univ]se 0 itself s5ti5t1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #dg1 #hg4 ,t5eantur3 = cont9eantur2 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bi ) ,,ii4 #ca ,9 qua ratio p]fecta insit3 ?is is ?or\gh go+ ,/oicism4 ,reason1 ,god1 ,matt]1 ,univ]se1 are int]*angeable t]ms ) ! ,/oics4 ,see ,zell] #ade--aej ,by an inevitable inconsi/5cy1 :ile believ+ t ,reason is ! ,univ]se1 !y sometimes speak ( x z be+ 9 ! ,univ]se1 z "h 7cf4 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #ach1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #cd7 ,9 a curi\s passage 7,n4,d4 ,i4 #cc71 ,cic4 *>ges ,ari/otle ) ! same inconsi/5cy4 ,= ! ,pan!i/ic idea cf4 ,pope lives ?r\gh all life1 ext5ds ?r\gh all ext5t4 ,sempit]na3 ,ari/otle held ?is3 see ,,ii4 #aai & ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #aah1 ,/ob4 ,i4 #ba1 #f4 ,! ,/oics :ile believ+ t our _w w\ld be de/roy$ by fire 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #ada1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cgh1 ,/ob4 ,i4 #bj1 #a7 reg>d$ ! de/ruction z m]ely an absorption into ! ,univ]sal ,_w ,god1 :o w recreate ! _w out ( himself1 s9ce he is beyond ! rea* ( h>m 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #adg1 ,r4 & ,p4 #chf1 ,zell] #aei7 ,"s ,/oics h[ev] d5i$ ! 4 ,nihil enim val5tius3 ?is is an argum5t (t5 urg$1 z 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ca 7quid pote/ esse mundo val5tius871 ,boe?us quot$ 9 ,zell] #aei4 ,a quo int]eat3 int]ire "h replaces ! passive ( p]d]e cf4 1 4 #bi4 ,quam vim animum3 !re is no ne$ to read animam1 z "s edd4 d4 ,! ,/oics give _! ,_w ,god1 accord+ to 8 diff]5t attributes1 ! names ,god1 ,s\l1 ,reason1 ,provid5ce1 ,fate1 ,=tune1 ,univ]sal ,sub/ance1 ,fire1 ,e!r1 ,all p]vad+ ,air-,curr5t1 etc4 ,see ,zell]1 *4 ,,vi4 passim4 ,ne>ly all ^! names occur 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 ,! :ole ( ?is section is undilut$ly ,/oic1 "o c only m>vel h[ ,antio*us contriv$ to fit x all 9 ) ! kn[n op9ions ( old ,academics & ,p]ipatetics4 ,sapi5tiam3 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #cf ) ,,iii4 #bc1 9 :i* latt] passage ! ,/oic op9ion is sev]ely criticis$4 ,deum3 ,cic4 9 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #cj rem>ks t ,plato 9 8 ,timaeus _h already made ! mundus a ,god4 ,quasi prud5tium qu&am3 ! ,greek is translat$ bo? by prud5tia & provid5tia 9 ! same passage1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #eh1 also 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #gg--hj4 ,procurantem 444 quae p]t95t ad hom9es3 ! ,_w ,god is p]fectly b5efic5t1 see ,ac4 ,,ii4 #abj1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #bc1 ,,ii4 #afj 7:]e !re is a qua9t je/ on ! subject71 ,zell] #afg sq4 ,necessitatem3 1 :i* is 1 caus>um s]ies sempit]na 7,de ,fato #bj1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ee1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #abe1 #abg1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #adi1 & ,zell] z be=e74 ,?is is m]ely ! ,_w ,god appreh5d$ z regulat+ ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( cause ^u cause4 ,:5 ! ,_w ,god is call$ ,=tune1 all t is express$ is human inability to see ?is ord]ly sequ5ce4 !re=e is def9$ z 7,/ob4 ,i4 #g1 #i1 :]e ! same def9ition is ascrib$ to ,anaxagoras--see also ,topica1 #eh--ff74 ,?is id5tification ( ,fate ) ,=tune 7:i* sadly puzzles ,fab] & excites 8 wra?7 seems to h fir/ be5 br\ght prom95tly =w>d by ,h]aclitus1 if we may tru/ ,/ob4 ,i4 #e1 #ae4 ,nihil alit] possit3 on posse = posse fi]i see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #dh1 also ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aba4 ,= ! s5se ( ,clean!s' hymn to ,zeus 7i4e4 ! ,/oic ,_w-,god71 4 ,int] quasi fatalem3 a trans4 ( ! ,gk4 4 ,i see no reason = suspect+ int]1 z ,halm does4 ,ignorationemque caus>um3 ! same words 9 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #di2 cf4 also ,augu/4 ,contra ,academicos ,i4 #a4 ,9 addition to /udy+ ! reff4 giv5 above1 ! /ud5t might ) advantage read ,ari/otle's ,physica ,,ii4 *4 #d--f1 ) ,m4 ,sa9t ,hilaire's explanation1 = ! views ( ,ari/otle ab\t & 1 also *4 #h--i = 4 ,plato's doctr9e ( 1 :i* is diametrically oppos$ to t ( ! ,/oics1 is to be f\nd 9 ,timaeus p4 #dg1 #dh1 ,grote's ,plato1 ,,iii4 #bdi--ei4 #cj--cb4 ,"p iv4 ( ,v>ro's ,exposition3 ,antio*us' ,e?ics4 ,summ>y4 ,al?\gh ! old ,academics & ,p]ipatetics bas$ k on ! s5ses1 !y did n make ! s5ses ! crit]ion ( tru?1 b ! m9d1 because x alone saw ! p]man5tly real & true 7#cj74 ,! s5ses !y ?\ght heavy & clogg$ & unable to ga9 k ( su* ?+s z 7 ei!r too small to come into ! doma9 ( s5se1 or s *ang+ & fleet+ t no "p ( _! be+ rema9$ con/ant or ev5 ! same1 see+ t all p>ts 7 9 a cont9u\s flux4 ,k bas$ only on s5se 0 !re=e m]e op9ion 7#ca74 ,real k only came ?r\gh ! reason+s ( ! m9d1 h5ce !y def9$ ev]y?+ ab\t :i* !y argu$1 & also us$ v]bal explanations1 f :i* !y drew pro(s4 ,9 ^! two processes consi/$ _! dialectic1 to :i* !y add$ p]suasive rhetoric 7#cb74 #cj4 ,quae erat3 ! ,platonic 1 01 z we said4 ,9 ratione et diss]5do3 an in/ance ( ,cic]o's fondness = tautology1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bb qua]5di ac diss]5di4 ,quamquam oriretur3 ! s5t5ce is inexact1 x is k :i* takes its rise 9 ! s5ses1 n ! crit]ion ( tru?1 :i* is ! m9d itself2 cf4 h[ev] ,,ii4 #cj & n4 ,iudicium3 ! con/ant translation ( 1 a ^w =eign to ! old] philosophy4 ,m5tem volebant r]um esse iudicem3 ,halm ) 8 pet ,,ms4 writes esse r]um1 ?us giv+ an almo/ p]fect iambic1 /rongly /opp$ (f be=e & aft]1 s t !re is no possibility ( avoid+ x 9 read+4 ,i v5ture to say t no real p>allel c be f\nd to ?is 9 ,cic41 x /&s 9 gl>+ contradiction to 8 own rules ab\t admitt+ metre 9 prose1 ,orator #aid sq41 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ahb sq4 ,solam c5sebant 444 tale quale esset3 probably f ,plato's ,tim4 #ce ,a ?us translat$ by ,cic41 ,tim4 c4 #g ex ea mat]ia quae individua e/ et unius modi 7 cf4 #bh ,a4 7 et sui simile1 cf4 also ,t4,d4 ,i4 #eh id solum esse quod semp] tale sit quale sit1 quam appellat ille1 nos speciem1 & ,ac4 ,,ii4 #abi4 ,illi 1 etc43 !re is m ?an "o difficulty "h4 ,! words iam a ,platone ita nom seem to exclude ,plato f ! suppos$ old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,?is may be an ov]sight1 b to say fir/ t ! s*ool 7illi1 cf4 sic tractabatur ab utrisque7 :i* includ$ ,ari/otle held ! doctr9e ( 1 & next1 9 #cc1 t ,ari/otle cru%$ ! same doctr9e1 appe>s v absurd4 ,we may reflect1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato's & ,ari/otle's w\ld naturally seem microscopic to ,antio*us4 ,bo? !ories 7 practically z dead 9 8 "t z ^? ( ,?ales or ,anaxagoras4 ,! confusion mu/ n be laid at ,cic]o's door1 = ,antio*us 9 reconcil+ 8 own dialectics ) ,plato's mu/ h be5 driv5 to desp]ate %ifts4 ,cic]o's v k ( ,plato has1 h[ev]1 probably l$ him to int5sify :at inconsi/5cy !re 0 9 ,antio*us1 :o w\ld h glid$ ov] ,plato's op9ions ) a mu* m cauti\s /ep4 #ca4 ,s5sus omnis hebetes3 ?is /&s 9 contradiction to ! :ole ,antio*ean view z giv5 9 ,,ii4 #ab--fd1 cf4 esp4 #ai s5sibus quorum ita cl>a et c]ta iudicia sunt1 etc43 ,antio*us w\ld probably def5d 8 agreem5t ) ,plato by ass]t+ t ?\gh s5se is naturally dull1 reason may sift out ! c]ta9 f ! unc]ta94 ,res eas 444 quae ess5t aut ita3 ,halm by foll[+ 8 pet ,,ms4 )\t reg>d to ! mean+ ( ,cic4 has greatly increas$ ! difficulty ( ! passage4 ,he reads res ullas 444 quod aut ita ess5t2 ?us mak+ ,antio*us ass]t t no true in=mation c be got f s5sation1 :]eas1 z we %all see 9 ! ,lucullus1 he really divid$ s5sations into true & false4 ,i believe t we h a mixture "h ( ,antio*us' real view ) ,cic]o's rem9isc5ces ( ! ,!aetetus & ( ,x5ocrates2 see bel[4 ,nec p]cip]e3 = ?is see ,lucullus passim4 ,*ri/'s conj4 p]cipi1 quod p]ceptio sit m5tis non s5suum1 :i* ,halm seems to approve1 is a wanton corruption ( ! text1 cf4 ,,ii4 #aja neget rem ullam p]cipi posse s5sibus1 s #ba1 #aai 7j l ratione p]cipi #ia71 also ,i4 #da s5su compreh5sum4 ,subiectae s5sibus3 cf4 ,,ii4 #gd & ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #i1 4 ,aut ita mobiles1 etc43 ?is /rongly rem9ds "o ( ! ,!aetetus1 esp4 #afj ,d sq4 ,= con/ans cf4 1 :i* s (t5 occurs !re & 9 ! ,sophi/es4 ,ne idem3 ,manut4 = ,,mss4 eidem4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus1 ,h]aclitus' !ory ( flux is c>ri$ to su* an ext5t z to de/roy ! self-id5tity ( ?+s2 ev5 ! ^w is /at$ to be an absurdity1 s9ce x implies a p]man5t subject1 :]eas ! subject is *ang+ f mom5t to mom5t2 ! expression !re=e ought to be 4 ,cont95t]3 2 cf4 ,simplicius quot$ 9 ,grote's ,plato1 ,i4 p4 #cg1 ab\t ,h]aclitus1 4 ,lab]5tur et flu]5t3 cf4 ! phrases 1 1 1 etc41 :i* are scatt]$ ?ickly ov] ! ,!aet4 & ! anci5t texts ab\t ,h]aclitus2 also a v simil> passage 9 ,orator #aj4 ,op9abilem3 1 s op9abile 9 ,cic4 ,tim *4 ,,ii4 ,! t]m 0 l>gely us$ by ,x5ocrates 7,r4 & ,p4 #bdc--bdg71 ,ari/4 too di/+ui%es betwe5 ! & ! 1 e4g ,analyt4 ,po/4 ,i4 #cc 7qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #bfd74 #cb4 ,= ?is cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #h--aj4 ,notionibus3 s "o ,,ms4 = motionibus :i* ! re/ h4 ,notio is ,cic]o's regul> translation = 1 :i* is ,/oic4 ,?is /atem5t might h be5 made bo? by ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ?\gh ea* w\ld put a sep>ate mean+ on ! ^w notio4 9 ,plato is ( ! only1 :ile 9 ,ari/otle x is 2 cf4 ,anal4 ,po/4 ,i4 #cc 7,r4 & ,p4 #bfd71 4 ,def9itiones r]um3 ^! mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ fiom def9itiones nom9um1 see ! di/9ction drawn aft] ,ari/otle 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #bfe1 note b4 ,! def9itio rei really involves ! :ole ( philosophy ) ,plato & ,ari/otle 7"o might almo/ add1 ) mod]ns too74 ,its importance to ,plato may be se5 f ! ,politicus & ,sophi/es1 to ,ari/otle f ! passages quot$ 9 ,r4 & ,p4 pp4 #bfe1 #bga1 ^: notes w make ! subject z cle> z x c be made to any "o :o has n a k ( ! :ole ( ,ari/otle's philosophy4 ,v]borum explicatio3 ?is is q a diff]5t ?+ f ^? def9itiones nom9um j ref]r$ to2 x is d]ivation1 :i* does n necessitate def9ition4 3 ?is is almo/ entirely ,/oic4 ,! ^w is =eign to ! ,classic ,greek ,prose1 z are & all its d]ivatives4 7 means etymologically 9 ! ,de ,mundo1 :i* h[ev] is n ,ari/otle's74 ,! ^w is itself n frequ5t 9 ! old] ,/oics1 :o use r 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #hc71 ! title ( _! books on ! subject pres]v$ by ,diog4 is g5]ally ,! sy/ematic pursuit ( etymology 0 n e>li] ?an ,*rysippus1 :5 x became di/9ctive ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 ?\gh ,z5o & ,clean!s _h giv5 ! fir/ impulse 7,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #fc74 ,specim5s ( ,/oic etymology are giv5 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 & ridicul$ 9 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 7cf4 esp4 #fb 9 enod&is nom9ibus quod mis]&um sit laboratis74 ,po/ argum5tis et quasi r]um notis ducibus3 ! use ( etymology 9 rhetoric 9 ord] to prove some?+ ab\t ! ?+ d5ot$ by ! ^w is well illu/rat$ 9 ,topica #aj1 #ce4 ,9 ?is rhetorical s5se ,cic4 rejects ! translation v]iloquium ( & adopts notatio1 ! r]um nota 7,greek 7 be+ ! "n s expla9$ 7,top4 #ce74 ,v>ro translat$ by orig9atio 7,qu9til4 ,i4 #f1 #bh74 ,ari/otle _h already laid d[n rules = ?is rhetorical use ( etymology1 & ,plato also incid5tally adopts x1 s x may speci\sly be said to belong to ! old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( au?orities w\ld h l$ ,halm to retract 8 bad em4 notationibus = notas ducibus1 ! ^w notatio is us$ = ! :ole sci5ce ( etymology1 & n = p>ticul> d]ivations1 :ile ,cic4 9 num]\s passages 7e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gd7 describes v]ba or nom9a z r]um notae4 ,b]kley's nodis = notis has no support1 7enodatio nom9um 9 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #fb is q diff]5t74 ,"o m rem>k1 & ,i conclude ?is we>isome note4 ,! quasi m>ks r]um nota z an unfamili> trans4 ( 4 ,davies !re=e ought n to h plac$ x be=e ducibus1 :i* ^w1 /rong z ! metaphor is1 requires no qualification1 see a good in/ance 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bg4 ,itaque tradebatur3 s ,halm improves on ,madvig's ita = 9 qua ( ! ,,mss41 :i* _c be def5d$4 ,orelli's ref]5ce to #cj p>s = an antec$5t to qua 79 ea p>te 9 qua7 is viol5t1 :ile ,go]5z's resort to p>tem r]um op9abilem is simply silly4 ,manut4 conj4 9 quo1 ,cic4 does (t5 use ! neut4 pron\n1 z 9 ,orator #c1 b n q ?us4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t ,cic4 wrote haec1 inquam 7cf4 huic bel[74 ,dialecticae3 z _h n be5 ,lat9is$1 ,cic4 is oblig$ to use ?is ^w to d5ote 1 ( :i* is really "o subdivision ) ! ,/oics & ,antio*us1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! next s5t5ce be+ ! o!r2 see ,zell] #fi1 #gj4 ,orationis ratione conclusae3 spee* drawn up 9 a syllogi/ic =m :i* becomes oratio p]petua "u ! influ5ce ( 4 ,quasi ex alt]a p>te3 a trans4 ( ,ari/otle's 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rhetoric4 ,oratoria3 ,halm brackets ?is ^w2 cf4 h[ev] a close p>allel 9 ,brut4 #bfa oratorio ornam5ta dic5di4 ,! con/ruction is simply a v>iation ( ,cic4's fav\rite d\ble g5itive 7,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ci71 oratoria be+ put = oratoris4 ,ad p]suad5dum3 is ) ,ari/4 & all anci5t au?orities ! "o aim ( 4 #cc--db4 ,"p v4 ( ,v>ro's exposition3 ! dep>tures f ! old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,summ>y4 ,ari/4 cru%$ ! ( ,plato1 ,!ophra/us weak5$ ! p[] ( virtue 7#cc74 ,/rato ab&on$ e?ics = physics1 ,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 ,polemo1 ,crates1 ,crantor fai?fully kept ! old tradition1 to :i* ,z5o & ,arcesilas1 pupils ( ,polemo1 7 bo? disloyal 7#cd74 ,z5o ma9ta9$ t no?+ b virtue c\ld influ5ce happ9ess1 & w\ld all[ ! "n good to no?+ else 7#ce74 ,all o!r ?+s he divid$ into ?ree classes1 "s 7 9 accordance ) nature1 "s at discord ) nature1 & "s 7 neutral4 ,to ! fir/ class he assign$ a positive value1 & call$ !m pref]r$ to ! second a negative value & call$ !m reject$1 to ! ?ird no value :atev]--m]e v]bal alt]ations on ! old s*eme 7#cf1 #cg74 ,?\gh ! t]ms "r action & s9 belong only to virtue & vice1 he ?\ght !re 0 an appropriate action 7(ficium7 & an inappropriate1 :i* conc]n$ ?+s pref]r$ & ?+s reject$ 7#cg74 ,he made all virtue reside 9 ! reason1 & consid]$ n ! practice b ! m]e possession ( virtue to be ! important ?+1 al?\gh ! possession c\ld n b lead to ! practice 7#ch74 ,all emotion he reg>d$ z unnatural & immoral 7#ch1 #ci74 ,9 physics he disc>d$ ! fif? elem5t1 & believ$ fire to be ! univ]sal sub/ance1 :ile he w\ld n all[ ! exi/5ce ( any?+ incorporeal 7#ci74 ,9 dialectic he analys$ s5sation into two p>ts1 an impulse f )\t1 & a succe$+ judgm5t ( ! m9d1 9 pass+ :i* ! w 0 entirely free 7#dj74 ,s5sations 7visa7 he divid$ into ! true & ! untrue2 if ! exam9ation gone ?r\gh by ! m9d prov$ irrefragably ! tru? ( a s5sation he call$ x ,k1 if o!rwise1 ,ignorance 7#da74 ,p]ception1 ?us def9$1 he reg>d$ z morally nei!r "r nor wrong b z ! sole ultimate basis ( tru?4 ,ra%ness 9 giv+ ass5t to ph5om5a1 & all o!r defects 9 ! application to !m ( ! reason he ?\ght c\ld n coexi/ ) virtue & p]fect wisdom 7#db74 #cc4 ,haec erat illis =ma3 s ,madv4 ,em4 #aah = ,,mss4 prima1 comp>+ =mulam 9 #ag1 also ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ai1 ,v4 #i1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ch1 to :i* add ,ac4 ,i4 #bc4 ,see o!r em4 9 ,halm4 ,go]4 proposes to keep ! ,,mss4 read+ & supply p>s1 z usual4 ,8 p[] ( supply+ is unlimit$4 ,!re is a curi\s simil>ity betwe5 ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! ,,mss4 read+s 9 #f1 #ae1 #cb & "h4 ,immutationes3 s ,dav4 = disputationes1 approv$ by ,madv4 ,em4 #aai :o rem>ks t ! phrase disputationes philosophiae w\ld n be ,lat94 ,! em4 is r5d]$ almo/ c]ta9 by mutavit 9 #dj1 commutatio 9 #db1 & ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ch4 ,halm's odd em4 dissupationes1 s mu* admir$ by 8 review] 9 ,s*neidew9's ,philologus1 ne$s support1 :i* x c]ta9ly does n receive f ! "o passage ,halm quotes1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #bjg4 ,et recte3 = ! et cf4 et m]ito1 :i* beg9s "o ( ,prop]tius' elegies4 ,auctoritas3 sy/em4 ,inquit3 sc4 ,atticus ( c\rse4 ,go]41 on acc\nt ( ! omission ( igitur aft] ,ari/oteles1 supposes ,v>ro's spee* to beg9 "h4 ,to ! objection t ,v>ro 7:o 9 #h says nihil enim meorum magno op]e miror7 w\ld n eulogise himself q s unblu%+ly1 ,go]4 feebly replies t ! eulogy is meant = ,antio*us1 :om ,v>ro is copy+4 ,ari/oteles3 aft] ?is ! copyi/ ( ,halm's ,g4 alone1 & evid5tly on 8 own conjecture1 ins]ts igitur1 :i* ,h4 adopts4 ,v>ro's resumption ( 8 exposition is c]ta9ly abrupt1 b if *apt] ,,ix4 ought to beg9 "h1 z ,halm supposes1 a read] w\ld n be mu* incommod$4 ,labefactavit1 t ,antio*us /ill cont9u$ to include ,ari/otle 9 ! suppos$ old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool c only be expla9$ by ! fact t he consid]$ e?ical resemblances z ( supreme importance1 cf4 ! /rong /atem5t ( ,v>ro 9 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #a nulla e/ causa philosoph&i nisi f9is boni4 ,div9um3 see ,r4 & ,p4 #baj = a full exam9ation ( ! relation 9 :i* ,plato's /& to 8 notion ( ! deity4 ,suavis3 8 con/ant epi!t1 see ,gellius qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #cbg4 ,8 real "n 0 n ,!ophra/us1 he 0 call$ s f 8 /yle 7cf4 loqu5di nitor ille div9us1 ,qu9t4 ,x4 #a1 #hc74 ,= suavis ( /yle cf4 ,orat4 #afa1 ,brut4 #abj4 ,negavit3 = 8 v>i\s (f5ces see ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ab sq41 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #be1 #he4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t he dep>t$ v widely f ! ,ari/otelian e?ics2 we h "h a ,/oic view ( him transmitt$ ?r\gh ,antio*us4 ,9 ,,ii4 #acd ,cic4 speaks v diff]5tly ( him4 ,betwe5 ! p>ticul> t5et "h m5tion$ & t ( ,antio*us 9 #bb ! diff]5ce is m]ely v]bal4 ,beate viv]e3 ! only translation ( 4 ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ie sugge/s beatitas & beatitudo b does n else:]e employ !m4 #cd4 ,/rato3 see ,,ii4 #aba4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! text is n q true = ,diog4 ,v4 #eh1 #ei pres]ves ! titles ( at lea/ sev5 e?ical works1 :ile ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #d quotes 8 def9ition ( ! 4 ,dilig5t] 444 tuebantur3 f> f true z x /&s1 ,polemo 0 an in*oate ,/oic1 cf4 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,iv4 #ah1 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aca1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cd1 & ,r4 & ,p4 ,congregati3 all 9 ! ,academic fold1 cf4 ,lael4 #fi1 9 no/ro1 ut ita dicam1 grege4 ,( ,crates & ,crantor little is kn[n4 ,polemonem 444 ,z5o et ,arcesilas3 sc>cely true1 = ,polemo 0 m]ely "o ( ,z5o's _m tea*]s 7,diog4 ,,vii4 #b1 #c71 :ile he is n m5tion$ by ,diog4 at all among ! tea*]s ( ,arcesilas4 ,! fact is t we h a m]e !ory1 :i* acc\nts = ! split ( ,/oicism f ,academicism by ! rivalry ( two fell[ pupils4 ,cf4 ,num5ius 9 ,euseb4 ,praep4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #e1 4 ,dates are aga9/ ! !ory1 see ,zell] #ejj4 #ce4 ,anteiret aetate3 ,arcesilas 0 born ab\t #cae1 ,z5o ab\t #cej1 ?\gh ! dates are unc]ta94 ,diss]]et3 0 a deep reason]4 ,b5tl4 miss+ ! mean+ conj4 def9iret4 ,p]acute mov]etur3 ,b5tl4 p>tiretur2 ?is ) def9iret above well illu/rates 8 lic5ce 9 em5dations4 ,halm ought n to h d\bt$ ! s\ndness ( ! text1 ! words ref] n to ! emotional1 b to ! intellectual side ( ,z5o's nature4 ,! v expression occurs ,ad ,fam4 ,,xv4 #ba1 #d1 see o!r close p>allels 9 n4 on ,,ii4 #cg4 ,n]vos 444 incid]it3 same metaphor 9 ,philipp4 ,,xii4 #h1 cf4 also ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #bg n]vos virtutis elid]e1 ,,iii4 #hc /irpis aegritud9is elid]e4 7,9 bo? ^! passages ,madv4 ,em4 ,liv4 #ace reads eleg]e = elid]e1 ,i _c believe t he is "r74 ,plato uses metaphorically4 ,notice incid]it b pon]et4 ,!re is no ne$ to alt] 7z ,manut41 ,lamb41 ,dav47 = ! sequ5ce is n uncommon 9 ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cc4 ,omnia1 quae3 ,,mss4 quaeque1 :i* edd4 us$ to take = quaecunque4 ,cf4 ,go]5z's /atem5t neg>i omn9o nequit hac vi saepius pronom5 illud rep]iri ) ,madvig's utt] refutation 9 ! six? ,excursus to 8 ,d4,f4 ,solum et unum bonum3 = ! ,/oic e?ics ! /ud5t mu/ 9 g5]al consult ,r4 & ,p4 & ,zell] = himself4 ,i c only treat su* po9ts z are involv$ 9 ! special difficulties ( ! ,academica4 #cf4 ,cet]a3 ,/oic 1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* _c affect happ9ess4 ,! ,/oics l\dly prote/$ aga9/ _! be+ call$ ei!r bona or mala1 & ?is "q 0 "o ( ! great battle gr\nds ( ! lat] ,greek philosophy4 ,secundum naturam 444 contr>ia3 ,gr4 1 4 ,8 ipsis 444 num]abat3 ,i see no reason = plac+ ?is s5t5ce aft] ! words quae m9oris bel[ 7) ,*ri/7 or = suspect+ its g5u95ess 7) ,halm74 ,! ^w m$ia is ! ,gk4 1 :i* ^w h[ev] is n usually appli$ to ?+s1 b to actions4 ,sum5da3 ,gk4 4 ,ae/imatione3 1 positive value4 ,contraque contr>ia3 ,cic4 "h z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej feels ! ne$ ( a ^w to express 7negative value74 7,madv4 9 8 note on t passage co9s ! ^w inae/imatio47 ,ponebat esse3 cf4 #ai1 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #gc4 #cg4 ,to cope ?or\ghly ) ! extraord9>y difficulties ( ?is section ! /ud5t mu/ read ! :ole ( ! *apt]s on ,/oic e?ics 9 ,zell] & ,ritt] & ,prell]4 ,!re is no royal road to ! k1 :i* x w\ld be absurd to attempt to convey 9 ^! notes4 ,assum+ a g5]al acqua9tance ) ,/oic e?ics1 ,i set out ! difficulties ?us3 ,cic4 appe>s at fir/ sight to h made ! a subdivision ( ! 7sum5da71 ! two be+ utt]ly diff]5t4 ,i admit1 ) ,madv4 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej71 t !re is no reason = suspect+ ! text to be corrupt1 ! h]oic rem$y ( ,dav41 !re=e1 :o reads m$ia 9 ! place ( sum5da1 mu/ be reject$4 ,nor c any?+ be said = ,go]5z's plan1 :o di/orts ! ,/oic philosophy 9 ord] to save ,cic]o's consi/5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n believe t ,cic4 c\ld s utt]ly misund]/& "o ( ! c>d9al & be/ kn[n doctr9es ( ,/oicism1 z to ?9k ev5 = a mom5t t ! =m$ a bran* ( ! 4 ,?is view ( ,madvig's is /rongly oppos$ to ! fact t ,cic4 9 #cf _h expla9$ ) p]fect correctness ! ,/oic !ory ( ! 1 nor is !re any:]e 9 ! num]\s passages :]e he t\*es on ! !ory any trace ( ! same error4 ,my explanation is t ,cic4 began ) ! int5tion to speak ( ! sum5da only & !n rapidly ext5d$ 8 ?\ght s z to embrace ! :ole class ( 1 :i* he accord+ly dealt ) 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same s5t5ce & 9 ! succe$+ s5t5ce4 7,! rema9d] has its own difficulties1 :i* ,i def] = ! pres5t47 ,cic4 !re=e is *>geable n ) ignorance ( ,/oicism b ) c>eless writ+4 ,a /rik+ p>allel occurs 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #eb1 quae secundum locum obt95t1 id e/ producta nom95tur1 quae vel ita appellemus1 vel promota et remota4 ,if ?is language be closely press$1 ! are made ( a subdivision ( ! 1 ?\gh no s5sible read] w\ld suppose ,cic4 to h _h t int5tion4 ,s if 8 words 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ij be press$1 ! sum5da are made to include bo? producta & r$ucta1 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #af appet]5t includes fug]5t1 ibid4 ,,ii4 #hf ! opposite ( beata vita is abruptly introduc$4 ,s ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #hh frui dolore mu/ be con/ru$ toge!r1 & ibid4 ,,ii4 #gc pudor mode/ia pudicitia are said co]c]i1 ! writ]'s ?\ghts hav+ drift$ on rapidly to ! vices :i* are opposite to ^! virtues4 ,i n[ pass on to a second class ( difficulties4 ,suppos+ t by ex iis ,cic4 means m$iis1 & n sum5dis1 ab\t :i* he _h int5d$ to talk :5 he began ! s5t5ce2 ,i believe t pluris ae/im&a & m9oris ae/im&a simply indicate ! & ( ! ,greek1 n diff]5t degrees ( 7positive value74 ,t m9or ae/imatio %\ld mean ne$ n surprise u :5 we reflect 7#a7 on ! excessive difficulty !re 0 9 express+ ?is or negative value 9 ,lat91 a difficulty ,i h already obs]v$ on #cf2 7#b7 on ! /rong negative mean+ :i* m9or be>s 9 ,lat91 e4g4 s9 m9us 9 ,cic4 means b if n4 ,ev5 ! ,greeks fall victims to ! task ( express+ 4 ,/obaeus1 9 a passage closely resembl+ ours makes equival5t to 7,,ii4 #f1 #f71 :ile ,sext4 ,emp4 aft] rightly def9+ z 7,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,xi4 #fb--fd7 aga9 speaks ( !m z 7,pyrrhon4 ,hypot4 ,,iii4 #aia7 words :i* usually h an opposite mean+4 ,n[ ,i cont5d t ,cic]o's words m9oris ae/im&a be> q z /rong a negative mean+ z ! phrase ( ,sextus1 4 ,i !re=e conclude t ,cic]o has /riv51 s f> z ! ,lat9 language all[$1 to express ! ,/oic doctr9e t1 ( ! 1 "s h :ile o!rs h 4 ,he may fairly claim to h appli$ to 8 words ! rule re intellecta 9 v]borum usu faciles esse debemus 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #eb74 ,!re is q z good gr\nd = accus+ ,sextus & ,/obaeus ( misund]/&+ ! ,/oics z !re is = accus+ ,cic]o4 ,!re are difficulties connect$ ) ! t]ms & :i* are n satisfactorily treat$ 9 ! ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation2 ,i regret t my space =bids me to attempt ! elucidation ( !m4 ,! /ud5t w f9d valuable aid 9 ! notes ( ,madv4 on ! passages ( ! ,d4,f4 quot$ 9 ?is note4 ,non tam rebus quam vocabulis3 ,cic4 frequ5tly repeats ?is ass]tion ( ,antio*us1 :o1 hav+ /ol5 ! clo!s ( ! ,/oics1 proce$$ to prove t !y _h nev] prop]ly belong$ to ! ,/oics at all4 ,int] recte factum atque peccatum3 ,/ob4 speaks ,,ii4 #f1 #f ( 4 7,?is does n contradict 8 words a little e>li]1 ,,ii4 #f1 #e1 1 :i* h reg>d to divisions ( m51 n ( actions4 ,diog4 ,la]t41 h[ev]1 ,,vii4 #abg1 di/9ctly contradicts ,cic4 & ,/ob41 see ,r4 & ,p4 #cic47 ,recte factum 1 peccatum 1 (ficium 7cf4 ,r4 & ,p4 #chh--cid1 ,zell] #bch--bdh1 #bfh--bgb74 ,s]vata praet]missaque3 ,,mss4 h et be=e s]vata1 :i* all edd4 s9ce ,lamb4 eject4 ,:]e et & que correspond 9 ,cic41 ! que is always an aft]?\ght1 add$ 9 oblivion ( ! et4 ,) two n\ns1 adjectives1 adv]bs1 or p>ticiples1 ?is oblivion is b>ely possible1 b :5 ! conjunctions g ) sep>ate clauses x is possible4 ,cf4 #dc & ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fd4 #ch4 ,s$ quasdam virtutes3 see #bj4 ,?is passage requires c>eful con/ru+3 aft] quasdam virtutes n ! :ole phrase 9 ratione esse dic]5t mu/ be repeat$ b dic]5t m]ely1 s9ce only ! virtutes natura p]fectae1 ! ( ,ari/41 c\ld be said to belong to ! reason1 :ile ! virtutes m p]fectae are ,ari/otle's 4 ,trans4 b spoke ( c]ta9 excell5ces z p]fect$ by ! reason1 or 7z ! case might be7 by habit4 ,ea g5]a virtutum3 bo? ,plato & ,ari/4 r\ghly divid$ ! nature ( man into two p>ts1 ! intellectual & ! emotional1 ! =m] be+ made to gov]n1 ! latt] to obey 7cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #dg1 & ,ari/4 1 72 ,z5o h[ev] ass]t$ ! nature ( man to be "o & indivisible & to consi/ solely ( ,reason1 to :i* he gave ! "n 7,zell] #bjc sq474 ,virtue also became = him "o & indivisible 7,zell] #bdh1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 passim74 ,:5 ! 0 9 a p]fect /ate1 !re 0 virtue1 :5 x became disord]$ !re 0 vice or emotion4 ,! battle betwe5 virtue & vice !re=e did n resemble a w> betwe5 two sep>ate p[]s1 z 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 b a civil w> c>ri$ on 9 "o & ! same c\ntry4 ,virtutis usum3 cf4 ! description ( ,ari/otle's f9is 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,ipsum habitum3 ! m]e possession4 ,s ,plato1 ,!aetet4 #aig ,b1 uses ! ^w 1 a use :i* mu/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! lat] s5se f\nd 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,ari/4 ,9 ?is s5se virtue is n a 1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 b a 7,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #e1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #hi2 yet ,diog4 sometimes speaks ( virtue loosely z a 1 ,,vii4 #ib1 #ic2 cf4 ,zell] #bdi1 ) footnotes74 ,nec virtutem cuiquam adesse 444 ut]etur3 cf4 ,/ob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #f 1 1 1 4 ,p]turbationem3 ,i am surpris$ t ,halm aft] ! f9e note ( ,wes5b]g1 pr9t$ on p4 #cbd ( ! same volume 9 :i* ,halm's text ( ! ,acad4 appe>s1 %\ld read ! plural p]turbationes1 a conj4 ( ,walk]4 ,p]turbationem means emotion 9 ! ab/ract2 p]turbationes bel[1 p>ticul> emotions4 ,!re is exactly ! same transition 9 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #bc1 #bd1 ,,iv4 #ei1 #fe1 ,v4 #dc1 :ile p]turbatio is us$1 9 ! same s5se z "h1 9 at lea/ five o!r passages ( ! ,t4,d41 i4e4 ,,iv4 #h1 #aa1 #bd1 #eg1 #hb4 ,quasi mortis3 a trans4 ( ,/oic 1 :i* ,cic4 rejects 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ce4 ,voluit c>]e sapi5tem3 emotion be+ a di/urbance ( equilibrium 9 ! reason1 & p]fect reason be+ virtue 7#bj71 x foll[s t ! ,/oic sapi5s mu/ be emotionless 7,zell] #bbh sq474 ,all emotions are reasonless2 or laetitia = in/ance is 4 7,t4,d4 ,books ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 treat l>gely ( ! ,/oic view ( emotions47 ,wes5b]g1 ,em4 to ! ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 p4 #h1 says ,cic4 always uses eff]ri laetitia b f]ri libid9e4 #ci4 ,aliaque 9 p>te3 s ,plato1 ,tim4 #fi ,c1 ,rep4 #dcf1 #dda1 ,ari/4 ,de ,anima ,,ii4 #c1 etc42 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bj4 ,volunt>ias3 ! :ole aim ( ! ,/oic !ory ( ! emotions 0 to br+ !m "u ! pr$om9ance ( ! w4 ,h[ ! moral fre$om ( ! w 0 reconcil$ ) ! g5]al ,/oic fatalism we are n told4 ,op9ionisque iudicio suscipi3 all emotion arose1 said ! ,/oics1 f a false judgm5t ab\t "s ext]nal object2 cf4 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #aaa4 4 ,in/ances ( ea* 9 ,zell] #bcc4 ,= iudicio cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ce1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #fa1 ,,iv4 #ad1 #ae1 #ah4 ,intemp]antiam3 ! same 9 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #bb1 ,gk4 1 see ,zell] #bcb4 ,qu9tam naturam3 ! or ( ,ari/otle1 :o proves its exi/5ce 9 ,de ,coelo ,i4 #b1 9 a curi\s & recondite fa%ion4 ,cic4 is c]ta9ly wrong 9 /at+ t ,ari/4 d]iv$ m9d f ?is fif? elem5t1 ?\gh ! f9e/ & highe/ ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,he always gu>ds himself f assign+ a mat]ial orig9 to m9d4 ,cic4 repeats ! error 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bb1 #da1 #fe1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ab4 ,on ?is la/ passage ,madv4 has an important note1 b he fails to recognise ! ess5tial fact1 :i* is cle> f ,/ob4 ,i4 #da1 #cc1 t ! ,p]ipatetics ( ! "t 7 9 ! habit ( d]iv+ ! m9d f 1 :i* is ! v "n t ,ari/otle gives to ! fif? elem5t 7 9 ! ,de ,coelo71 & ( giv+ ?is out to be ,ari/otle's op9ion4 ,! error once made1 no "o c\ld correct x1 = !re 7 a hundr$ influ5ces at "w to confirm x1 :ile ! works ( ,ari/otle _h fall5 into a /range oblivion4 ,i _c "h give an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ^! influ5ces1 b w m5tion a few4 ,/oicism _h at ! "t succe$$ 9 p[]fully influ5c+ e o!r sect1 & x plac$ 7see ,plut>*1 qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #cge74 ,x _h de/roy$ ! belief 9 immat]ial exi/5ce ,! notion t or came f 0 also fo/]$ by ! language ( ,plato4 ,he _h spok5 ( ! s\l z 9 passages :i* 7 well kn[n to ,cic4 & _h tak5 great hold on 8 m9d ,"o f ! ,pha$rus #bde ,c is translat$ twice1 9 ,somnium ,scipionis 7,de ,rep4 ,,vi471 & ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ec sq4 ,n[ ! only ?+ ) ,ari/otle :i* is 9 et]nal p]fect circul> motion 7= to ! anci5ts circul> motion is alone p]fect & et]nal71 is ! or 1 t fi]y ext]nal rim ( ! univ]se ( :i* ! />s are m]e nodes1 & ) :i* !y revolve4 ,h[ natural !n1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,ari/otle's works1 to conclude t ! ( ,plato came f ! ( ,ari/otle6 ,ari/4 _h gu>d$ himself by say+ t ! s\l z an mu/ be 1 b ,cic4 _h no means ( kn[+ ?is 7see ,/ob4 ,i4 #da1 #cf74 ,aga91 ,plato _h (t5 spok5 ( s\ls at dea? fly+ away to ! out] circle ( ! univ]se1 z ?\gh to _! natural home1 j :]e ,ari/4 plac$ 8 ,any "o :o w comp>e ,t4,d4 ,i4 #dc ) ! ,somn4 ,scipionis w see :at p[] ?is _h ov] ,cic]o4 ,fur!r1 ,cic4 w\ld naturally l9k ! m9d 9 its orig9 ) ! />s :i* bo? ,plato & ,ari/4 look$ on z div9e 7cf4 ,somn4 ,scip4 #ae7 ,^! consid]ations w be en\gh to %[ t nei!r ,cic4 nor ,antio*us1 :om ,madv4 consid]s responsible = ! error1 c\ld h escap$ x 9 any way n sup]human except by ! recov]y ( ,ari/otle's lo/ works1 :i* did n happ5 till too late4 ,s5sus3 we seem "h to h a remnant ( ! di/9ction drawn by ,ari/4 betwe5 animal heat & o!r heat1 ! =m] be+ 7,de ,g54 ,an4 ,,ii4 #c1 qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #bii74 ,ignem3 ! ,/oics made no diff]5ce1 except "o ( degree1 betwe5 & 1 see ,zell] #ahi1 #aij4 ,ipsam naturam3 is ' 7,/ob4 ,i4 #aj1 #af71 & is ! fir/ ?+ g5]at$ f ! 2 f x comes air1 f air wat]1 f wat] e>? 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #acf1 #acg7 ,! fire is 1 f x comes ! ( man1 :i* comprises )9 x all p[]s ( s5sation & ?\ght4 ,^! notions came f ,h]aclitus :o 0 a great h]o ( ! ,/oics 7,zell] *4 ,,viii4 ) notes7 ,= 8 view ( s5sation & ?\ght see ,sextus ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #abg--abi1 qu4 by ,r4 & ,p4 #ba4 ,! ,/oics probably misund]/ood him2 cf4 ,r4 & ,p4 ,h]aclitus1 & ,grote's ,plato ,i4 #cd sq4 ,exp]s corporis3 = ,/oic mat]ialism see ,zell]1 pp4 #abj sq4 ,! necessity ( a connection betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ m9d & ! ?+s p]ceiv$ foll[$ f old physical pr9ciples su* z t ( ,democritus 7 ' 1 qu4 f ,ari/4 ,de ,g54 et ,corr4 ,i4 #g1 by ,r4 & ,p4 #dc71 ! same is affirm$ loosely ( all ! old 1 7,sextus ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #aaf71 & by ,emp$ocles 9 8 l9es 1 etc4 ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus fo/]s ! same notion1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! ,/oics simply foll[$ out boldly t l9e ( ?\ght4 ,x5ocrates3 see ,,ii4 #abd1 n4 ,sup]iores3 m]ely ! suppos$ old ,academico-,p]ipatetic s*ool4 ,posse esse non corpus3 !re is no ultimate diff]5ce betwe5 ,=ce & ,matt] 9 ! ,/oic s*eme1 see ,zell]1 pp4 #acd1 #ace4 #dj4 ,iunctos3 h[ c any?+ be a comp\nd ( "o ?+8 ,! notion t iunctos c\ld mean aptos 7,r4 & ,p4 #cff7 is unt5able4 ,i entirely agree ) ,madv4 7fir/ ,excursus to 8 ,d4,f47 t we h "h an anacolu?on4 ,cic4 meant to say iunctos e quadam impulsione et ex ass5su animorum1 b hav+ to expla9 0 oblig$ to break (f & resume at s$ ad haec4 ,! explanation ( a ,greek t]m causes a v simil> anacolu?on 9 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #aec4 ,s*uppe1 ,de ,anacolu?is ,cic]onianis p4 #i1 agrees ) ,madv4 ,= ! expression cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd e duplici g5]e voluptatis coniunctus ,erne/i em4 cunctos1 ,dav4 punctos1 +5iose ille quidem says ,halm1 pessime ,i %\ld say4 3 a full & cle> acc\nt ( ,/oic !ories ( s5sation is giv5 by ,zell]1 *4 ,v41 ,r4 & ,p4 #cfe sq4 ,nos appellemus licet3 ! same turn ( expression occurs ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 ,,iv4 #gd4 ,hoc v]bum quidem hoc quidem probably ought to be read1 see #ah4 ,ads5sionem 4 ,9 nobis positam3 ! usual expression = fre$om ( ! w1 cf4 ,,ii4 #cg1 ,de ,fato1 #db1 #dc 7a v important passage74 ,! actual s5sation is involunt>y 7 ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #cig74 ,tironum causa ,i note t ! ,/oics sometimes speak ( ! ass5t ( ! m9d z involunt>y1 :ile ! compels ass5t 7see ,,ii4 #ch74 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only true ( ! heal?y reason1 ! unheal?y may refuse ass5t4 #da4 ,visis non omnibus3 :ile ,epicurus def5d$ ! tru? ( all s5sations1 ,z5o ab&on$ ! weak positions to ! sceptic & retir$ to ! inn] citadel ( ! 4 ,decl>ationem3 1 a t]m alike ,/oic1 ,epicurean1 & ,academic1 see n4 on ,,ii4 #ag4 ,e>um r]um3 only ?is class ( s5sations gives correct in=mation ( ! ?+s ly+ beh9d4 ,ipsum p] se3 i4e4 its :ole tru? lies 9 its own 1 :i* requires no corroboration f )\t4 ,compreh5dibile3 ?is =m has bett] ,,mss4 au?ority ?an ! vulg compreh5sibile4 ,go]5z's note on ^! words is wor? read+ z a philological curiosity ,nos v]o1 inquit3 ,halm ) ,manut4 writes inquam4 ,:y *ange8 ,atticus answ]s z 9 #ad1 #be1 #cc4 3 /rictly ! ?+ :i* emits ! visum is said to be 1 b1 z we %all see 9 ! ,lucullus1 ! s5sation & ! ?+ f :i* x proce$s are (t5 confus$4 ,compreh5sionem3 ?is ^w prop]ly d5otes ! process ( p]ception 9 ! ab/ract1 n ! individual p]ception4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 !mselves use = v (t54 ,quae manu preh5d]5tur3 see ,,ii4 #ade4 ,nova enim dicebat3 an admission n (t5 made by ,cic41 :o usually cont5ds1 ) ,antio*us1 t ,z5o m]ely r5am$ old doctr9es 7cf4 #dc74 ,s5sum3 s ,/ob41 ,i4 #da1 #be applies ! t]m to ! 4 ,sci5tiam3 ! ^w is us$ 9 two ways by ! ,/oics1 7#a7 to d5ote a numb] ( coord9at$ or sy/ematis$ p]ceptions 7 or 7 sometimes also call$ 7cf4 ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 #ahh 72 7#b7 to d5ote a s+le p]ception1 :i* use is copi$ by ,cic4 & may be se5 9 sev]al passages quot$ by ,zell] #hj4 ,ut convelli ratione non posset3 "h is a trace ( lat] ,/oicism4 ,to ,z5o all 7 1 4 ,lat] ,/oics1 h[ev]1 all[$ t "s ( !m 7 n imp]vi\s to logical te/s2 see ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bec1 qu4 ,zell] #hh4 ,?us e 1 in/ead ( c>ry+ ) x its own evid5ce1 _h to pass ?r\gh ! fire ( sceptical criticism be=e x c\ld be believ$4 ,?is 01 z ,zell] rem>ks1 equival5t to giv+ up all t 0 valuable 9 ! ,/oic !ory4 ,insci5tiam3 ex qua exsi/]et3 ,i "k no?+ l ?is 9 ! ,/oic texts2 is v seldom talk$ ( !re4 ,op9io3 1 see ,zell] & cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #eb1 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb1 ,,iv4 #ae1 #bf4 #db4 ,int] sci5tiam3 s ,sextus ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #aea speaks ( 4 ,soli3 ,halm1 ,i "k n :y1 suspects ?is & ,*ri/ gives solum ei4 ,non quod omnia3 ! mean+ is t ! reason mu/ g5]alize on sep>ate s5sations & comb9e !m be=e we c "k ?or\ghly any "o ?+4 ,?is w appe> if ! :ole s5t5ce be read uno hau/u2 ,zell] p4 #gh seems to take ! same view1 b ,i h n come across any?+ exactly l ?is 9 ! ,greek4 ,quasi3 ?is po9ts out normam z a trans4 ( "s ,gk4 ^w1 p]haps1 or or 4 ,notiones r]um3 ,/oic 2 ,zell] #ha--hd1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cfg1 #cfh4 ,quodque natura3 ! omission ( eam is /range2 ,fab] supplies x4 ,imprim]5tur3 ! t]ms 1 1 occur con/antly1 b g5]ally 9 relation to 1 n to 4 ,non pr9cipia solum3 !re seems to be a ref4 to ^? ( ,ari/4 :i*1 induc$ f exp]i5ce & incapable ( pro(1 are ! bases ( all pro(4 7,see ,grote's ,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,k1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,ba9's ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 n[ re-publi%$ 9 ,grote's ,ari/otle47 ,z5o's 7 all ?is & m4 ,rep]iuntur3 two ?+s vex ! edd4 7#a7 ! *ange f oratio obliqua to recta1 :i* h[ev] has repeat$ly tak5 place dur+ ,v>ro's exposition1 & = :i* see ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #cj1 ,,iii4 #di2 7#b7 ! phrase rep]ire viam1 :i* seems to me s\nd en\gh4 ,dav41 ,halm give ap]ir5tur4 ,!re is no ,,mss4 v>iant4 ,ali5a3 cf4 ali5atos ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,a virtute sapi5tiaque removebat3 cf4 sapi5s numquam fallitur 9 iudic&o ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ei4 ,! firma ads5sia is oppos$ to imbecilla #da4 ,= ! ads5sio ( ! sapi5s see ,zell] #hg4 ,m in=mation on ! subject-matt] ( ?is section w be f\nd 9 my notes on ! fir/ "p ( ! ,lucullus4 ,9 8 con/itit3 cf4 ,,ii4 #acd4 #dc--;,,end4 ,cic]o's hi/orical ju/ification ( ! ,new ,academy4 ,summ>y4 ,arcesilas' philosophy 0 due to no m]e passion = victory 9 argum5t1 b to ! obscurity ( ph5om5a1 :i* _h l$ ! anci5ts to despair ( k 7#dd74 ,he ev5 ab&on$ ! "o t5et held by ,socrates to be c]ta92 & ma9ta9$ t s9ce argum5ts ( equal /r5g? c\ld be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! tru? or falsehood ( ph5om5a1 ! prop] c\rse to take 0 to susp5d judgm5t entirely 7#de74 ,8 views 7 really 9 h>mony ) ^? ( ,plato1 & 7 c>ri$ on by ,c>neades 7#df74 #dc4 ,brevit]3 ,,mss4 et brevit]2 see #cg4 ,tunc3 r>e be=e a consonant2 see ,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #acj4 ,v]um esse autem arbitror3 9 def]5ce to ,halm ,i bracket autem1 b ,i /ill ?9k ! ,,mss4 read+ def5sible1 if v]um be tak5 z ! neut4 adj4 & n z mean+ b4 ,translate3 ,yet ,i ?9k ! tru? to be 444 t x is to be ?\ght1 etc4 ,! edd4 seem to h ?\ght t esse 0 ne$$ to g ) put&am4 ,?is is a total mi/ake2 cf4 ait 444 put&am1 )\t esse ,,ii4 #ae1 aiebas remov5dum ,,ii4 #gd2 a hundr$ o!r passages might be quot$ f ,cic4 #dd4 ,non p]t9acia aut /udio v9c5di3 = ^! words see n4 on ,,ii4 #ad4 ,! s9c]ity ( ,arcesilas is def5d$ also 9 ,,ii4 #gf4 ,obscuritate3 a side-bl[ at decl>atio #da4 ,confessionem ignorationis3 see #af4 ,socrates 0 f> f be+ a sceptic1 z ,cic4 supposes2 see note on ,,ii4 #gd4 ,et iam ante ,socratem3 ,,mss4 veluti amantes ,socratem2 ,democritus 7#dfj--ceg ,b4,c47 0 really v little old] ?an ,socrates 7#dfh--cii7 :o di$ ne>ly sixty ye>s be=e him4 ,omnis pa5e vet]es3 ! /atem5t is audaci\sly inexact1 & is criticis$ ,,ii4 #ad4 ,none ( ^! 7 sceptics2 = ,democritus see my note on ,,ii4 #gc1 = ,emp$ocles on ,,ii4 #gd1 = ,anaxagoras on ,,ii4 #gb4 ,nihil cognosci1 nihil p5ipi1 nihil sciri3 ! v]bs are all equival5t2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ae equidem soleo etiam quod uno ,graeci 444 idem pluribus v]bis expon]e4 ,angu/os s5sus3 ,cic4 is ?9k+ ( ! fam\s l9es ( ,emp$ocles 444 ,r4 & ,p4 #ajg4 ,brevia curricula vitae3 cf4 ,emp$ocles' 4 ,is !re an allusion 9 curricula to ,lucretius' lampada vitai tradunt1 etc48 ,9 pr(undo3 ,dem4 1 cf4 ,,ii4 #cb4 ,! common trans4 well is weak1 abyss w\ld suit bett]4 ,in/itutis3 ( ,democritus1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #ej4 ,go]5z's note "h is an extraord9>y display ( ignorance4 ,de9ceps omnia3 !re is no ne$ to read d5ique = de9ceps z ,b5tl41 ,halm4 ,circumfusa t5ebris3 an allusion to ! ( ,democr41 see ,,ii4 #gc4 ,dix]unt3 ,halm brackets ?is because ( dix]unt above1 p>ts ( ! v]b dic]e are h[ev] (t5 ?us repeat$ by ,cic4 #de4 ,ne illud quidem3 cf4 #af4 ,lat]e c5sebat ,go]4 omitt$ c5sebat ?\gh 9 mo/ ,,mss4 ,orelli & ,klotz foll[$ z usual4 ,= ! s5se ,,ii4 #abb4 ,cohib]eque3 ,gk4 1 :i* we %all h to expla9 9 ! ,lucullus4 ,tem]itatem 444 turpius3 = ^! expressions1 see ,,ii4 #ff1 note4 ,praecurr]e3 z 0 ! case ) ! dogmati/s4 ,p>ia mom5ta3 ?is is undilut$ scepticism1 & excludes ev5 ! possibility ( ! probabile :i* ,c>neades put =w>d4 ,= ! doctr9e cf4 ,,ii4 #abd1 = ! expression ,euseb4 ,praep4 ,evan4 ,,xiv4 c4 #d 7f ,num5ius7 ( ,arcesilas1 1 ,sextus ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,ix4 #bjg 2 9 ! latt] writ] ! ^w v frequ5tly occurs 9 ! same s5se1 e g ,pyrrhon4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #h 7add ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj1 rationis mom5ta7 #df4 ,platonem3 to 8 works bo? dogmati/s & sceptics appeal$1 ,sextus ,pyrrhon4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bba 1 1 1 4 ,/obaeus ,,ii4 #f1 #d neatly slips out ( ! difficulty2 1 4 ,exposui/i3 ,dur&'s necess>y em41 approv$ by ,kris*e1 ,halm1 etc4 = ,,mss4 exposui4 ,z5one3 see ,introd4 p4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,fragm5ts4 ,,book ,i4 #a4 ,mnes>*us3 see ,,ii4 #fi1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #de1 & ,dict4 ,biogr4 ',antipat]'2 cf4 ,,ii4 #adc1 ,de ,(f4 ,,iii4 #ej4 ,evid5tly ?is fragm5t belongs to t hi/orical ju/ification ( ! ,new ,academy ) :i* ,i suppose ,cic]o to h conclud$ ! fir/ book4 #b4 ,! ^w conc9]e occurs ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #fj1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #af1 9 bo? :i* places x is us$ ( ! ,/oics1 :o are said re conc9]e1 v]bis discrep>e ) ! o!r s*ools4 ,?is op9ion ( ,antio*us ,cic4 _h already m5tion$ #dc1 & probably repeat$ 9 ?is fragm5t4 ,kris*e rem>ks t ,augu/9e1 ,cont4 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #ad1 #ae1 seems to h imitat$ t "p ( ,cic]o's exposition to :i* ?is fragm5t belongs4 ,if s ,cic4 mu/ h condemn$ ! unw>rantable v]bal innovations ( ,z5o 9 ord] to excuse ! extreme scepticism ( ,arcesilas 7,kris*e1 p4 #eh74 ,,book ,,ii4 #c4 ,?is fragm4 cle>ly =ms "p ( ^? anticipatory sceptical argum5ts :i* ,cic4 9 ! fir/ edition _h includ$ 9 8 answ] to ,hort5sius1 see ,introd4 p4 #ee4 ,! argum5t probably ran ?us3 ,:at seems s level z ! sea8 ,yet x is easy to prove t x is really n level4 #d4 ,on ?is ,i h no?+ to rem>k4 #e4 ,!re is no?+ di/9ctive ab\t ?is :i* might enable u to det]m9e its connection ) ! dialogue4 ,probably ,z5o is ! p]son :o s]ius adamavit honores4 #f4 ,! *ang+ aspects ( ! same ?+ are po9t$ to "h z invalidat+ ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 #g4 ,?is passage has ! same aim z ! la/ & closely resembles ,lucullus #aje4 #h4 ,! fact t ! eye & h& ne$ su* guides %[s h[ untru/wor?y ! s5ses are4 ,a simil> argum5t occurs 9 ,luc4 #hf4 ,p]p5diculum is a plumb l9e1 norma a mason's squ>e1 ! ^w be+ probably a corruption ( ! ,greek 7,curt4 ,grundz p4 #afi1 ed4 #c71 regula1 a rule4 #i4 ,! diff]5t col\rs :i* ! same p]sons %[ 9 diff]5t conditions1 :5 "y & :5 old1 :5 sick & :5 heal?y1 :5 sob] & :5 drunk51 are br\ght =w>d to prove h[ little ( p]man5ce !re is ev5 9 ! lea/ fleet+ ( ! objects ( s5se4 #aj4 ,ur9>i is to dive2 = ! d]ivation see ,curt4 ,grundz p4 #cbf4 ,a div] w\ld be 9 exactly ! position ( ! fi% notic$ 9 ,luc4 #ha1 :i* are unable to see t :i* lies imm$iately above !m & s illu/rate ! n>r[ limits ( ! p[] ( vision4 #aa4 ,evid5tly an attempt to prove ! s5se ( smell untru/wor?y4 ,diff]5t p pass diff]5t judgm5ts on "o & ! same od\r4 ,! /ud5t w obs]ve t ! above extracts =m$ "p ( an argum5t int5d$ to %[ ! deceptive "* ( ! s5ses4 ,to ^! %\ld probably be add$ fragm4 #cb4 ,fr4 #ai %[s t ! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ eggs "o f ano!r1 :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,catulus1 0 all[$ to /& 9 ! second edition1 o!r difficulties ( ! k9d1 su* z ^? connect$ ) ! b5t o>1 ! pigeon's neck1 ! tw9s1 ! impressions ( seals 7,luc4 #ai1 #ed71 w\ld also appe> 9 bo? editions4 ,! result ( ^! assaults on ! s5ses mu/ h be5 summ$ up 9 ! phrase cuncta dubit&a esse :i* ,augu/9e quotes f ! ,academica ,po/]iora 7see fragm4 #cf74 ,,book ,,iii4 #ab4 ,?is =ms "p ( ,v>ro's answ] to ,cic]o1 :i* correspond$ 9 sub/ance to ,lucullus' spee* 9 ! ,academica ,priora ,! drift ( ?is extract 0 mo/ likely ?is3 j z !re is a limit beyond :i* ! battle aga9/ crim9als _c be ma9ta9$1 s aft] a c]ta9 po9t we mu/ cease to fight aga9/ p]v]se sceptics & let !m take _! own way4 ,see ano!r view 9 ,kris*e1 p4 #fb4 #ac4 ,kris*e believes t ?is fragm5t =m$ "p ( an attempt to %[ t ! s5ses 7 tru/wor?y1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! cle>ness ) :i* ! fi%es 7 se5 leap+ f ! wat] 0 br\ght up z evid5ce4 7,9 ,luc4 #ha1 on ! o!r h&1 ,cic4 drew an argum5t ho/ile to ! s5ses f ! consid]ation ( ! fi%47 ,! explanation seems to me v improbable4 ,! words be> su* a /rik+ resemblance to ^? 9 ,luc4 #abe 7ut nos nunc simus ad ,baulos ,puteolosque videmus1 sic innum]abilis p>ibus 9 locis esse isdem de rebus disputantis7 t ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! ref]5ce 9 ,nonius ought to be to ,book ,,iv4 & n ,book ,,iii41 & t ,cic41 :5 he *ang$ ! sc5e f ,bauli to ! ,lucr9e lake1 also *ang$ ,puteolosque into pisciculosque exultantes = ! suffici5t reason t ,puteoli 0 n visible f ,v>ro's villa on ! ,lucr9e4 #ad4 ,! passion = k 9 ! human he>t 0 d\btless us$ by ,v>ro z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( assum+ absolute k to be atta9able4 ,! same l9e is tak5 9 ,luc4 #ca1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ag1 & else:]e4 #ae4 ,x is s mu* easi] to f9d p>allels to ?is 9 ,cic]o's spee* ?an 9 t ( ,lucullus 9 ! ,academica ,priora t ,i ?9k ! ref]5ce 9 ,nonius mu/ be wrong4 ,! talk ab\t fre$om suits a sceptic bett] ?an a dogmati/ 7see ,luc4 #aje1 #abj1 & ,cic4's words 9 #h ( ! same74 ,if my conjecture is "r ?is fragm5t belongs to ,book ,,iv4 ,kris*e gives a diff]5t op9ion1 b v hesitat+ly1 p4 #fc4 #af4 ,?is may well h =m$ "p ( ,v>ro's explanation ( ! 1 tem]itas be+ z mu* deprecat$ by ! ,antio*eans & ,/oics z by ! ,academics cf4 ,i4 #db4 #ag4 ,i conjecture malleo 7a hamm]7 = ! corrupt mal*o1 & ?9k t 9 ! second ed4 "s comp>ison f build+ op]ations to illu/rate ! fixity ( k ga9$ ?r\gh ! 0 add$ to a passage :i* w\ld correspond 9 sub/ance ) #bg ( ! ,lucullus4 ,i note 9 ,vitruvius1 quot$ by ,=c4 s4v4 malleolus1 a simil> expression 7naves malleolis confixae7 & 9 ,pl9y ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xxxiv4 #ad navis fixa malleo4 ,adfixa !re=e 9 ?is passage mu/ h agre$ ) "s lo/ n\n ei!r 9 ! neut4 plur4 or fem4 s+4 #ah4 ,?is & fragm4 #ai evid5tly hang v closely toge!r4 ,z ,kris*e notes1 ! ,/oic _h evid5tly be5 translat$ e>li] 9 ! book by p]spicuitas z 9 ,luc4 #ag4 #ai4 ,see on ,luc4 #eg4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,fur!r in=mation on all ^! passages w be f\nd 9 my notes on ! p>allel passages ( ! ,lucullus4 #ba4 ,viam evid5tly a mi/ake = ! umbram ( ,luc4 #gj4 #bc4 ,! be/ ,,ms4 ( ,nonius po9ts to flavum = ravum 7,luc4 #aje74 ,mo/ likely an alt]ation 0 made 9 ! second edition1 z ,kris*e supposes1 p4 #fd4 #bh4 ,corpusculis3 ,luc4 #aba has corporibus4 ,kris*e's op9ion t ?is latt] ^w 0 9 ! second edition *ang$ into ! =m] may be support$ f ,i4 #f1 :i* he does n notice4 ,! conj4 is confirm$ by ,aug4 ,contr4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bc4 #bi4 ,magnis obscurata3 9 ,luc4 #abb x is crassis occultata1 s t we h ano!r alt]ation1 see ,kris*e1 p4 #fd4 #cj4 ,only slight diff]5ces appe> 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,luc4 #abc1 viz4 contr>ia1 = 9 c41 ad ve/igia = contra v4 #ca4 ,luc4 #acg has dixi = dictus4 ,z ,cic4 does n (t5 leave out e/ ) ! passive v]b1 ,nonius has probably quot$ wrongly4 ,x w be not$ t ! fragm5ts ( ,book ,,iii4 correspond to ! fir/ half ( ! ,luc41 ^? ( ,book ,,iv4 to ! second half4 ,cic4 !re=e divid$ ! ,luc4 into two portions at or ab\t #fc4 ,,unc]ta9 ,,books4 #cb4 ,i h already said t ?is mo/ likely belong$ to ! prelim9>y assault on ! s5ses made by ,cic4 9 ! second book4 #cc4 ,9 ! ,introd4 p4 #ee ,i h giv5 my op9ion t ! sub/ance ( ,catulus' spee* :i* unfold$ ! doctr9e ( ! probabile 0 incorporat$ ) ,cic]o's spee* 9 ! second book ( ?is edition4 ,to t "p ?is fragm5t mu/ probably be ref]r$4 #cd4 ,?is important fragm5t cle>ly belongs to ,book ,,ii41 & is a jocul> application ( ! ,c>neadean probabile1 z may be se5 f ! words probabilit] posse confici4 #ce4 ,kris*e assigns ?is to ! end ( ,v>ro's spee* 9 ! ?ird ,book4 ,) ?is op9ion ,i f9d x q impossible to agree4 ,a passage 9 ! ,lucullus 7#fj7 proves to demon/ration t 9 ! fir/ edition ?is allusion to ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ! ,academy c\ld only h occurr$ ei!r 9 ! spee* ( ,catulus or 9 t ( ,cic]o4 ,z no reason :atev] appe>s to acc\nt = its transf]5ce to ,v>ro ,i pref] to reg>d x z belong+ to ,cic4's exposition ( ! positive side ( ,academic doctr9e 9 ! second book4 ,cic4 repeat$ly insi/s t ! ,academic s*ool mu/ n be suppos$ to h no tru?s to ma9ta91 see ,luc4 #aai1 also #ff & ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab4 ,also ,aug4 ,contra4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #bi4 #cf4 ,x is difficult to see :]e ?is passage c\ld h be5 includ$ if n 9 t prooemium to ! ?ird book :i* is m5tion$ ,ad4 ,att4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 ,i may "h add t ,kris*e seems to me wrong 9 hold+ t ! :ole f\r books =m$ "o discussion1 f9i%$ )9 ! limits ( a s+le day4 ,:y int]rupt ! discussion by ! ins]tion ( a prologue ( s g5]al a nature z to be tak5 f a /ock :i* ,cic4 kept on h& ready made8 7,cf4 ,ad ,att4 z above47 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! actual fragm5ts ( ! second edition1 _m indications ( its cont5ts are pres]v$ 9 ! "w ( ,augu/9e entitl$ ,contra ,academicos1 :i*1 ?\gh writt5 9 support ( dogmatic op9ions1 imitat$ ?r\gh\t ! second edition ( ! ,academica ( ,cic4 ,no writ+s ( ! ,classical p]iod _h s great an influ5ce on ! culture & op9ions ( ,augu/9e z ! ,academica & ! lo/ ,hort5sius4 ,i give1 p>tly f ,kris*e1 ! scatt]$ indications ( ! cont5ts ( ! =m] :i* are to be ga!r$ f ! bi%op's works4 ,9 ,aug4 ,contr4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ad1 #ae1 we h :at appe>s to be a summ>y ( ! lo/ "p ( ,book ,i4 to ! foll[+ effect4 ,! ,new ,academy mu/ n be reg>d$ z hav+ revolt$ aga9/ ! ,old1 all t x did 0 to discuss t new doctr9e ( advanc$ by ,z5o4 ,! doctr9e ( ?\gh pres5t to ! m9ds ( ! anci5ts _h nev] tak5 di/9ct %ape1 because x _h met ) no opposition4 ,! ,old ,academy 0 r enri*$ ?an attack$ by ! ,new4 ,antio*us1 9 adopt+ ,/oicism "u ! "n ( ! ,old ,academy1 made x appe> t !re 0 a /rife betwe5 x & ! ,new4 ,) ,antio*us ! hi/orical exposition ( ,cic4 mu/ h end$4 ,f ?is portion ( ! fir/ book1 ,aug4 d]iv$ 8 op9ion 7,contra4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #a7 t ,new ,academicism 0 excusable f ! necessities ( ! age 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,indications ( ,book ,,ii4 9 ,aug4 are sc>ce1 b to x ,i ref] ,contra4 ,ac4 ,i4 #g placuit ,cic]oni no/ro beatum esse qui v]um inve/igat etiam si ad eius inv5tionem non valeat p]v5ire1 also ibid4 ,,iii4 #aj illis 7,academicis7 placuit esse posse hom9em sapi5tem1 et tam5 9 hom9em sci5tiam cad]e non posse4 ,^! ,i ref] to ,cic]o's developm5t ( ! probabile 9 ,book ,,ii41 al?\gh ,i ought to say t ,kris*e1 p4 #fe1 ma9ta9s t ! sub/ance ( ,catulus' exposition 9 ! ,ac4 ,priora transf]r$ to ,book ,,iv4 ( ! ,ac4 ,po/]iora4 ,z ?is w\ld leave v meagre mat]ial = ,book ,,ii41 no?+ inde$ except+ ! provisional pro( ( ! deceptiv5ess ( ! s5ses1 ,i _c acc$e to 8 arrangem5t2 m9e1 ,i may rem>k1 involves a mu* small] dep>ture f ! fir/ edition4 ,allusions 9 ,aug4 to ! attack on ! s5ses by ,cic4 9 ,book ,,ii4 are difficult to fix1 z !y apply equally well to ! lat] attack 9 ,book ,,iv4 ,z to ,books ,,iii4 & ,,iv41 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y "h to prove f ,aug4 ! po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 !m & ! ,lucullus1 :i* w f9d a bett] place 9 my notes on ! latt]1 b m]ely give ! div]g5ces :i* appe> f o!r s\rces4 ,^! are ! translation ( by cavillationes 9 ,luc4 #ge 7,s5eca ,ep4 ,,iii471 & ! ins]tion 9 #aah ( ess5tia z a translation ( 4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,entitl$ ,,lucullus4 #a--ab4 ,summ>y4 ,lucullus1 ?\gh an able & cultivat$ man1 0 abs5t f ,rome on public s]vice too long dur+ 8 e>li] ye>s to atta9 to glory 9 ! =um 7#a74 ,he unexpect$ly prov$ a great g5]al4 ,?is 0 due to 8 untir+ /udy & 8 m>vell\s memory 7#b74 ,he _h to wait long = ! rew>d ( 8 m]its z a comm&] & civil adm9i/rator1 & 0 all[$ no triumph till j be=e my consul%ip4 ,:at ,i ow$ to him 9 ^? tr\bl\s times ,i _c n[ tell 7#c74 ,he 0 n m]ely a g5]al2 he 0 also a philosoph]1 hav+ le>n$ mu* f ,antio*us & read mu* = himself 7#d74 ,^? enemies ( ,greek culture :o ?9k a ,roman noble ought n to "k philosophy1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! examples ( ,cato & ,africanus 7#e74 ,o!rs ?9k t fam\s m5 %\ld n be introduc$ into dialogues ( ! k9d4 ,are !y !n1 :5 !y meet1 to be sil5t or to talk ab\t trifles8 ,i1 9 apply+ myself to philosophy1 h neglect$ no public duty1 nor d ,i ?9k ! fame ( illu/ri\s citiz5s dim9i%$1 b enri*$1 by a reputation = philosophical k 7#f74 ,^? :o hold t ! int]locutors 9 ^! dialogues _h no su* k %[ t !y c make _! envy rea* beyond ! grave4 ,"s critics d n approve ! p>ticul> philosophy :i* ,i foll[--! ,academic4 ,?is is natural1 b !y mu/ "k t ,academicism puts no /op to inquiry 7#g74 ,my s*ool is free f ! fett]s ( dogma2 o!r s*ools are enslav$ to au?ority 7#h74 ,! dogmati/s say !y b[ to ! au?ority ( ! wise man4 ,h[ c !y f9d out ! wise man )\t he>+ all op9ions8 ,?is subject 0 discuss$ by myself1 ,catulus1 ,lucullus1 & ,hort5sius1 ! day aft] ! discussion report$ 9 ! ,catulus 7#i74 ,catulus call$ on ,lucullus to def5d ! doctr9es ( ,antio*us4 ,?is ,lucullus believ$ himself able to d1 al?\gh ! doctr9es _h suff]$ 9 ! discussion ( ! day be=e 7#aj74 ,he spoke ?us3 ,at ,alex&ria ,i he>d discussions betwe5 ,h]aclitus ,tyrius ! pupil ( ,clitoma*us & ,philo1 & ,antio*us4 ,at t v "t ! books m5tion$ by ,catulus ye/]day came into ! h&s ( ,antio*us1 :o 0 s angry t he wrote a book aga9/ 8 old tea*] 7#aa & #ab74 ,i w n[ give ! sub/ance ( ! disputes betwe5 ,h]aclitus & ,antio*us1 omitt+ ! rem>ks made by ! latt] aga9/ ,philo 7#ab74 #a4 ,luculli3 see ,introd4 p4 #eh1 & ,dict4 ,biog4 ,digna hom9i nobili3 a good deal ( le>n+ w\ld h be5 consid]$ unwor?y ( a man l ,lucullus1 see ,introd4 p4 #cj4 ,p]cepta3 ga9$1 won2 cf4 p]cip]e fruges1 to reap1 ,cat4 ,mai4 #bd4 ,c>uit3 0 cut (f f2 c>]e comes f a root sk> mean+ to divide1 see ,corss4 ,i4 #djc4 ,= ! ?ree n\ns ) a s+ul> v]b see ,madv4 ,gram4 #bac ,a1 :o conf9es ! usage to n\ns d5ot+ ?+s & imp]sonal ideas4 ,if ! common read+ diss5sit 9 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fh is "r1 ! re/riction does n hold4 ,admodum3 to a degree4 ,fratre3 ?is bro!r 0 adopt$ by a ,m4 ,t]5tius ,v>ro1 & 0 a man ( di/9ction also2 see ,dict4 ,biog4 ,magna cum gloria3 a ref4 to ,dict4 ,biog4 w %[ t ! :ole affair 0 discr$itable to ! fa!r2 to our notions1 ! sons w\ld h ga9$ great] glory by lett+ x drop4 ,quae/or3 to ,sulla1 :o employ$ him *iefly 9 ! civil adm9i/ration ( ,asia4 ,cont9uo3 )\t any int]val4 ,legis praemio3 ?is seems to mean by ! fav\r ( a special law1 pass$ ( c\rse by ,sulla1 :o _h re/or$ ! old lex annalis 9 all its rig\r1 & yet except$ 8 own (fic]s f its op]ation4 ,prooemio1 :i* has be5 propos$1 w\ld n be ,lat91 see ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #af4 ,consulatum3 he seems to h be5 abs5t dur+ ! ye>s #hd--gd1 9 ! ,ea/4 ,sup]iorum3 sc>cely t ( ,sulla4 #b4 ,laus3 m]it1 z (t51 s praemium1 ,virg4 ,a54 ,,xii4 #dcg1 means a de$ wor?y ( rew>d4 ,non admodum exspectabatur3 ,cic4 =gets t ,luc4 _h s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,social ,w> & ! fir/ ,mi?ridatic w>4 ,9 ,asia pace3 ?ree good ,,mss4 h ,asiae2 ,bait] ejects ,asia2 ,guilelmus read 9 ,asia 9 pace 7:i* ,davies conjectures1 ?\gh he pr9ts ,asiae74 ,consum]e foll[$ by an ablative )\t 9 is excessively r>e 9 ,cic4 ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ec d5ies ! use altoge!r4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to our passage1 ,i note hoc loco consumitur 9 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #bc1 :]e ,bait]'s two texts 7#ahfa & #ahfc7 give no v>iants4 ,pace "h p]haps ought to be tak5 adv]bially1 l tranqullo4 ,indocilem3 ?is is simply passive1 untaught1 z 9 ,prop4 ,i4 #b1 #ab1 ,ov4 ,fa/4 ,,iii4 #aai 7! la/ qu4 by ,dav474 ,=c4 s4v4 is wrong 9 mak+ x active4 ,factus3 p]fectus2 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #e1 #cc homo factus ad unguem1 ,cic4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ahd1 ,9 ,v]r4 ,,iv4 #abf4 ,s effectus 9 silv] ,lat94 ,rebus ge/is3 milit>y hi/ory1 s (t54 ,div9am qu&am memoriam3 ! same phrase 9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #cfj4 ,r]um1 v]borum3 same di/9ction 9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #cei4 ,oblivisci se malle3 ! same /ory is told ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajd1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bii4 ,! anci5t art ( memory 0 begun by ,simonides 7:o is ! p]son d5ot$ "h by cuidam7 & complet$ by ,metrodorus ( ,scepsis1 = :om see ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #cfj4 ,consignamus3 cf4 consignatae 9 animis notiones 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #eg4 litt]is mu/ be an ablative ( ! in/rum5t4 ,m&>e monum43 cf4 ,i4 #c4 ,insculptas3 r>e 9 ! metaphorical use1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #de4 #c4 ,g5]e3 dep>tm5t cf4 ,i4 #c4 ,navalibus pugnis3 4 ,in/rum5to et adp>atu3 4 ,rex3 ,mi?ridates4 ,quos legisset3 de quibus l42 cf4 ! use ( ! passive v]b s common 9 ,ovid1 e4g4 ,tri/4 ,,iv4 #d1 #ad4 ,i take ( c\rse rex to be nom4 to legisset1 ! sugge/ion ( a fri5d t ,lucullus is nom4 & t quos legisset quorum comm5t>ios legisset ,i ?9k improbable4 ,hodie3 ,drak5bor* on ,livy ,v4 #bg wants to read hodieque1 :i* h[ev]1 is n ,cic]onian4 ,9 passages l ,de ,or4 ,i4 #ajc & ,v]r4 ,v4 #fd1 ! que connects clauses & does n modify hodie4 ,on ?is subject see ,madv4 ,opuscula ,i4 #cij4 ,etsi3 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fh1 %[s t 9 ,cic4 a p>5!tic clause ) etsi always has a common v]b ) its pr9cipal clause2 a rule n obs]v$ by ! silv] writ]s4 ,! same holds ( quamquam1 see n4 on ,i4 #e4 ,calumnia3 prop]ly a fraudul5t use ( litigation1 4 ,! *ief enemy 0 ! infam\s ,memmius :o prosecut$ him4 ,9 urbem3 until 8 triumph ,luc4 w\ld rema9 outside ! city4 ,pr(uisset3 ?is ought prop]ly to be pr(u]it1 b ! conditional dic]em *anges x4 ,potius 444 quam 444 communicem3 n4 on #bc4 #d4 ,sunt 444 celebrata3 cf4 ,i4 #aa1 #ag = ! collocation ( ! words4 ,ext]na 444 int]iora3 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abd s$ haec quoque 9 promptu1 nunc int]iora videamus4 ,pro quae/ore3 = ?is ,fab] wrote quae/or1 argu+ t z ,luc4 0 ,sulla's quae/or & ,sulla s5t him to ,egypt1 he c\ld n be pro quae/or4 ,b surely aft] ! fir/ ye> he w\ld be pro quae/or4 ,dav4 reads quae/or "h & #aa1 say+ vet]em lectionem iugulavit ,fab]4 ,ea memoria 444 quam3 ,b5tl41 ,halm1 ,bait] give qua1 ,halm ref]s to ,b5tl4 on ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #f1 #ae4 ,a passage l ours is ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bi1 i/a sis aequitate1 quam o/5dis1 :]e "o ,,ms4 has qua4 ,read ,madvig's lucid note !re4 ,de quibus audiebat3 ,madv4 ,em4 #aba makes ?is equival5t to de eis rebus de quibus1 ! necessity ( :i* explanation1 ?\gh approv$ by ,halm1 ,i fail to see4 ,! =m ( expression is v common 9 ,cic41 & ! relative always ref]s to an actually express$ antec$5t1 cf4 e4g4 ,cat4 ,mai4 #hc4 ,i take quibus z simply libris4 #e4 ,ac3 /rong1 z (t51 4 ,p]son>um3 public *>act]s1 7,ad4 ,fam4 ,,xv4 #ag1 #b71 s p]sonas #f4 ,multi 444 plures3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #cj4 ,reliqui3 _m ,,mss4 ins]t qui by dittographia1 z ,i ?9k1 ?\gh ,halm1 z well z ,bait41 reta9s x4 ,on ! ret5tion or omission ( ?is qui w dep5d ! *oice ( putant or put5t bel[4 ,e>um r]um disputationem3 = disp4 foll[$ by g5itive see n4 on ,i4 #cc4 ,non ita decoram3 = ?is feel+ see ,introd4 p4 #cj4 ,= non ita cf4 ! ,l[l& ,scotti% no j sae4 ,hi/oriae loquantur3 hi/4 means 9 ,cic4 r memoirs ?an hi/ory1 :i* is bett] express$ by res ge/ae4 ,note t ! v]b loqui n dic]e is us$1 & cf4 n4 on #aja4 ,legatione3 to ! k+s 9 ,egypt & ! ,ea/ 9 alliance ) ,rome4 ,! c5sor%ip 0 9 #aii ,b4,c4 ,ab\t ! embassy see ,dict4 ,biogr4 art4 ',panactius'4 ,auctorem3 "o w\ld ?9k ?is simple & s\nd en\gh1 ,b5tl4 h[ev] read fautorem1 ,dav4 auditorem4 #f4 ,illig>i3 entangl$ z ?\gh 9 some?+ bad4 ,= ?is use ,=c4 qu4 ,liv4 ,,xxxiii4 #ba1 ,tac4 ,ann4 ,,xiii4 #dj4 ,aut ludicros s]mones3 aut cl>4 vir4 s]m4 ludic4 esse oporteat4 ,r]um leviorum3 a simil> argum5t 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ab4 ,quodam 9 libro3 ! ,hort5sius4 ,gradu3 s ! ^w degree 0 once us$1 e4g4 a squire ( l[ degree 9 ! ballad4 ,de op]a publica detrahamus3 ! dative (t5 foll[s ?is v]b1 z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #g nihil op]ae reipublicae detrah5s1 a passage (t5 wrongly tak54 ,op]ae is ! dat4 aft] ! v]b1 n ! g54 aft] nihil1 reip4 ! g54 aft] op]ae1 l op]a publica "h1 n ! dat4 aft] detrah5s4 ,nisi =5sem3 ! e>ly oratorical works may fairly be said to h ?is "*2 sc>cely1 h[ev]1 ! ,de ,republica or ! ,de ,leg4 bo? ( :i* fall )9 ! p]iod spok5 (4 ,ut plurimis prosimus3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #bi4 ,non modo non m9ui1 s$3 notice non modo 444 s$ ?rice ov] 9 two s5t5ces4 #g4 ,sunt 444 qui neg5t3 & truly1 see ,introd4 p4 #ch4 ,9 ,cat4 ,mai4 #c ,cic4 actually apologises = mak+ ,cato m le>n$ ?an he really 04 ,mortuis3 ,catulus di$ 9 #fj1 ,lucullus ab\t #eg1 ,hort5sius #ej4 ,contra omnis dic]e quae vid5tur3 ,,mss4 mo/ly ins]t qui betwe5 dic]e & quae1 "o ( ! be/ h[ev] has dic]e quae aliis z a correction1 :ile ano!r has ! m>g9al read+ qui scire sibi vid5tur4 ,! omission ( qui1 :i* ,i conjectur$1 b n[ see occurs 9 a ,,ms4 7,pal4 #b7 ref]r$ to by ,halm1 gives admirable s5se4 ,v]um inv5ire3 cf4 #fj4 ,cont5tione3 z usual4 ,9 444 rebus obscuritas3 cf4 ,i4 #dd r]um obscuritate4 ,infirmitas3 cf4 ,i4 #dd imbecillos animos4 ,antiquissimi et doctissimi3 on ! o!r h& rec5tissima quaeque sunt correcta et em5data maxime ,i4 #ac4 ,diffisi3 "o ( ! be/ ,,mss4 has diffissi1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! spell+ divisssiones1 ass]t$ to be ,cic]onian 9 ,qu9t4 ,in/4 ,or4 ,i4 #g1 #bj4 ,9 utramque p>tem3 ' 1 cf4 ,i4 #de4 ,exprimant3 embody1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ai4 #h4 ,probabilia3 1 = :i* see #cc4 ,sequi3 act ^u1 cf4 #ii-aja4 ,lib]iores et solutiores3 ^! two words frequ5tly occur toge!r 9 ,cic4 & illu/rate 8 love = petty v>iations2 see #aje1 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #dc1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #d1 ,de ,rep4 ,,iv4 #d1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ef1 ,orat4 #fd4 ,integra3 untrammell$1 cf4 ! phrase non mihi integrum e/--,i h committ$ my self4 ,et quasi3 ,,mss4 h et quibus et quasi4 ,cogimur3 = ?is ,academic fre$om see ,introd4 p4 #ah4 ,amico cuidam3 ,orelli aft] ,lamb4 cuipiam2 = ! diff]5ce see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dic b1 c4 #i4 ,ut potu]9t1 potu]unt3 ?us ,lamb4 correct$ ! ,,mss4 read+ :i* 0 simply ut potu]unt1 grant+ t !y _h ! ability1 !y ga9$ x by he>+ all ?+s1 n[ z a matt] ( fact !y did decide on a s+le he>+1 etc4 ,iudicav]unt autem3 s ,lamb4 = ,,mss4 aut4 ,muretus1 by :at ,dav4 calls an arguta h>iolatio1 read an = aut & put a note ( int]rogation at contul]unt4 ,c4,f4 ,h]mann 7,s*neidew9's ,philologus ,,vii4 #dff7 introduces by conj4 a sad confusion into ! text1 b no o!r good critic s9ce ,madvig's rem>ks 9 ,em4 #abe has impugn$ ,lamb9us' read+4 ,go]5z inde$1 foll[$ by ! fai?ful ,s*utz1 kept ! ,,mss4 read+ ) ! ins]tion ( aut betwe5 s$ & ut at ! beg9n+2 ( ?is ,madv4 says non solum ,lat9a non e/1 s$ sanae m5ti repugnat4 ,= ! proce$+ :i* ,cic4 deprecates1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #cf4 ,quam adamav]unt3 :i* !y h le>n$ to love2 ! ad has ! same =ce z 9 1 :i* means to le>n on & on1 to le>n by degrees 7cf4 71 n1 z ! lexica absurdly say1 to le>n be=eh&1 i4e4 to le>n ?or\ghly4 ,con/antissime3 mo/ consi/5tly4 ,quae e/ ad ,baulos3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #eg4 ,9 spatio3 ?is xy/us 0 a colonnade ) "o side op5 to ! sea1 call$ f its poli%$ floor & pill>s4 ,cons$imus3 n4 on ,i4 #ad4 #aj4 ,s]vatam oportuit3 a con/ruction v *>act]i/ic ( ,t]5ce1 f\nd1 b r>ely1 9 ,cic4 & ,livy4 ,9 promptu 444 reconditiora3 cf4 9 promptu 444 int]iora 9 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abd1 also ,ac4 ,i4 #d4 ,quae dico3 ,go]4 is exce$+ly tr\bl$ by ! pres4 t5se & wi%es to read dix]o4 ,b ! sub/itution ( ! pres4 = ! future is common en\gh 9 all languages cf4 ,iuv4 ,,iv4 #acj ) ,mayor's copi\s note4 ,si non fu]9t3 s all ,halm's be/ ,,mss4 ,two1 h[ev]1 ( ,davies' h si v]a etc4 ,9 support ( ! text1 see ,i4 #i 7sunt i/a7 & note4 ,labefactata3 ?is is only f\nd z an alt]ation 9 ! be/ ,,mss4 & 9 ,ed4 ,rom4 7#adga72 ! o!rs h labefacta4 ,orelli's /atem5t 7note to 8 sep>ate text ( ! ,academica #ahbg7 t ,cic4 commonly uses ! p]fect labefeci & ! "p1 labefactus is q wrong4 ,! =m] is inde$ ! vulg4 read+ 9 ,pro ,se/io #aja1 ! latt] 9 ,de ,h>uspicum ,responsis #fj1 b ! la/ ( ^! two passages is d\btful4 ,cic4 z a rule pref]s long =ms l su/5tatus1 :i* occurs ) labefactatus 9 ,cat4 ,mai4 #bj4 ,= ! p]fect labefactavit cf4 ,i4 #cc4 ,agam igitur3 ,cic4 r ov]does ! attempt to =ce on 8 read]s a belief 9 ! le>n+ ( ,lucullus4 #aa4 ,pro quae/ore3 cf4 #d4 ,essem3 ,,mss4 issem1 :5ce ,go]4 conj4 ,alex&riam issem4 ,h]aclitus ,tyrius3 sc>cely kn[n except f ?is passage4 ,clitoma*um3 = ?is philosoph] see ,zell] #ecb4 ,quae nunc prope dimissa revocatur3 sc4 a ,cic]one4 ,philo's only notable pupils _h comb9$ to =m ! s call$ ,old ,academy1 & :5 ,cic4 wrote ! ,academica ! ,new ,academic dialectic _h be5 )\t a repres5tative = _m ye>s4 ,cf4 ,introd4 p4 #ba4 ,libri duo3 cf4 ,i4 #ac4 ,h]i = ?is indication ( ! cont5ts ( ! lo/ ,catulus1 see ,introd4 p4 #ej4 ,implorans3 appeal+ to1 ! true mean+ be+ to appeal to ) te>s1 see ,corss4 ,i4 #cfa4 ,philonis3 sc4 esse4 ,scriptum agnoscebat3 i4e4 x 0 an actual "w ( ,ph4 ,tetrilius3 "s ,,mss4 are said to h ,tetr9ius1 & ! "n ,t]t9ius is f\nd on ,inscr4 ,"o good ,,ms4 has ,tretilius1 :i* may be a mi/ake = ,t]tilius1 a "n =m$ l ,pompilius1 ,qu9tilius1 ,sextilius4 ,qy1 %\ld ,petrilius1 a d]ivative f ! ^w = f\r1 be read8 ,petrilius & ,pompilius w\ld !n agree l ,petronius & ,pomponius1 ,petreius & ,pompeius4 ,= ! =mation ( ^! names see ,corss4 ,i4 #aaf4 ,rogus3 an ill om5$ & unkn[n "n4 ,rocus1 z ,urs9us po9t$ out1 occurs on d5>ii ( ! g5s ,crep]ia4 ,de ,philone 444 ab eo ipso3 note ! *ange ( prep4 f ,philo's lips1 f 8 copy4 ,de & ex are common 9 ,cic4 aft] audire1 :ile ab is r r>]4 ,see ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ci1 & = describ]e ab aliquo cf4 a te 9 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bb1 #c4 #ab4 ,dicta ,philoni3 = ?is see ,introd4 p4 #ej4 ,x _c mean :at ,go]4 makes x mean1 coram ,philone4 ,i ?9k x probable t ,philoni is a m>g9al explanation foi/$ on ! text4 ,z to ! /atem5ts ( ,catulus ! eld]1 !y are made cle> by #ah4 ,academicos3 i4e4 novos1 :o are "h treat$ z ! true ,academics1 ?\gh ,antio*us himself claim$ ! title4 ,ari/o3 see ,introd4 p4 #aa4 ,ari/one3 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #afd m5tions an ,ari/o ( ,alex&ria1 a ,p]ipatetic1 :o may be ! same4 ,dio seems unkn[n4 ,negat3 see n4 on #ah4 ,l5ior3 "s ,,mss4 levior1 z is usual ) ^! two words4 ,9 #aa "o ( ! e>lie/ editions has levit] = l5it]4 #ac--ah4 ,summ>y4 ,cic]o seems to me to h act$ l a s$iti\s tribune1 9 appeal+ to fam\s old philosoph]s z support]s ( scepticism 7#ac71 ,^? v philosoph]s1 ) ! exception ( ,emp$ocles1 seem to me1 if any?+1 too dogmatic 7#ad74 ,ev5 if !y 7 (t5 9 d\bt1 d y suppose t no advance has be5 made dur+ s _m c5turies by ! inve/igations ( s _m m5 ( ability8 ,arcesilas 0 a rebel aga9/ a good philosophy1 j z ,ti4 ,grac*us 0 a rebel aga9/ a good gov]nm5t 7#ae74 ,has no?+ really be5 le>n$ s9ce ! "t ( ,arcesilas8 ,8 op9ions h _h scanty1 ?\gh brilliant support 7#af74 ,n[ _m dogmati/s ?9k t no argum5t ought to be held ) a sceptic1 s9ce argum5t c add no?+ to ! innate cle>ness ( true s5sations 7#ag74 ,mo/ h[ev] d all[ ( discussion ) sceptics4 ,philo 9 8 innovations 0 induc$ to /ate falsehoods1 & incurr$ all ! evils he wi%$ to avoid1 8 rejection ( ,z5o's def9ition ( ! really l$ him back to t utt] scepticism f :i* he 0 flee+4 ,we !n mu/ ei!r ma9ta9 ,z5o's def9ition or give 9 to ! sceptics 7#ah74 #ac4 ,rursus exorsus e/3 cf4 exorsus 9 #aj4 ,popul>is3 4 ,ii a3 s ,dav4 = ,,mss4 iam4 ,tum ad hos3 s ,,mss41 ,dav4 aut hos4 ,! omission ( ! v]b v5ire is v common 9 ,cic4's lett]s4 ,c4 ,flam9ium3 ! g5]al at lake ,trasim5e4 ,aliquot annis3 "o good ,,ms4 has annos1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #d1 :]e all ! be/ ,,mss4 h annos4 ,! ablative is always us$ to express po9t ( "t1 & inde$ x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! be/ writ]s ev] use any accusative 9 t s5se1 ?\gh !y d occasionally use ! ablative to express duration 7cf4 ,prop4 ,i4 #f1 #g & ,madv4 ,gram4 #bce1 #b74 ,l4 ,cassium3 ?is is ,l4 ,cassius ,long9us ,ravilla1 a man ( good family1 :o c>ri$ a ballot bill 7,de ,leg4 ,,iii4 #ce71 he 0 ! au?or ( ! cui bono pr9ciple & s sev]e a judge z to be call$ scopulus reorum4 ,pompeium3 app>5tly ! man :o made ! disgraceful treaty ) ,numantia repudiat$ by home 9 #aci ,b4,c4 ,p4 ,africanum3 i4e4 ! y\ng]1 :o support$ ! ballot bill ( ,cassius1 b seems to h done no?+ else = ! democrats4 ,fratres3 ,lamb4 viros1 b cf4 ,brut4 #ih4 ,p4 ,scaevolam3 ! pontifex1 consul 9 ! ye> ,tib4 ,grac*us 0 kill$1 :5 he refus$ to use viol5ce aga9/ ! tribunes4 ,! only connection ^! bro!rs _h ) ! s*emes ( ,grac*us seems to be t !y 7 consult$ by him z lawy]s1 ab\t ! legal effect ! bills w\ld h4 ,ut videmus 444 ut suspicantur3 ,halm ) ,grut] brackets ^! words on ! gr\nd t ! /atem5t ab\t ,m>ius implies t ! demagogues lie ab\t all b him4 ,^? words ne$ n imply s mu*1 & if !y did1 ,cic4 may be all[$ ! inconsi/5cy4 #ad4 ,similit]3 x is noticeable t five ,,mss4 ( ,halm h simile4 ,x5ophanem3 s ,victorius = ! ,,mss4 ,x5oplatonem4 ,ed4 ,rom4 7#adga7 has ,c5onem1 :i* w\ld po9t to ,z5onem1 b ,cic4 does n (t5 "n ,z5o ( ,elea4 ,saturn9us3 ( ! "q :y he 0 an enemy ( ,lucullus1 ,go]4 says fru/ra qua]itur4 ,saturn9us 0 ! p]si/5t enemy ( ,metellus ,numidicus1 :o 0 ! uncle ( ,lucullus by m>riage4 ,arcesilae calumnia3 ?is 0 a common *>ge1 cf4 ,academicorum calumnia 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bj & calumnia 9 #ah & #fe ( ?is book4 ,s ,augu/4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,ii4 #a speaks ( ,academicorum vel calumnia vel p]t9acia vel p]icacia4 ,democriti v]ecundia3 ,cic4 always has a k9d ( t5d]ness = ,democritus1 z ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj rem>ks1 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #cj :]e ,democr4 is made an exception to ! g5]al arrogantia ( ! physici4 ,emp$ocles quidem 444 videatur3 cf4 #gd4 ,! exordium ( 8 poem is meant1 ?\gh !re is no?+ 9 x s /rong z ! words ( ! text1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #ajh4 ,quale sit3 ! emphasis is on sit1 ! sceptic reg>ds only ph5om5al1 n ess5tial exi/5ce4 ,quasi modo nasc5tes3 ,ciacconus ?\ght ?is spuri\s1 cf4 h[ev] ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e ut oratorum laus 444 s5escat 444 1 philosophia nascatur4 #ae4 haesitav]unt3 ,go]4 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #dj4 ,con/itutam3 s 9 #ad4 ,delitisc]et3 ?is is ! "r spell+1 n delitesc]et1 :i* "o good ,,ms4 has "h1 see ,corss5 ,,ii4 #bhe4 ,negaviss5t3 _h d5i$1 z !y said4 ,toll5dus e/3 a /atem5t :i* is criticis$ 9 #gd4 ,nom9ibus diff]5tis 444 diss5s]unt3 g5u9e ,antio*ean op9ions1 see ! ,academica ,po/]iora #ag1 #dc4 ,de se ipse3 v frequ5t 9 ,cic4 7cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhg b74 ,dic]et3 ?is is omitt$ by ! ,,mss41 b "o has agnosc]et on ! m>g92 see n4 on #hh4 ,fannius3 9 8 ,annals4 ,! same /atem5t is quot$ 9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bgj1 ,brutus #bii4 ,brutus _h writt5 an epitome ( ?is "w ( ,fannius 7,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #e1 #c74 #af4 ,vet]ibus3 ,b5tley's em4 ( ,,mss4 vet]a3 ,c4,f4 ,h]mann 7,s*neid ,philol4 ,,vii4 #deg71 ?9k+ ! dep>ture f ! ,,mss4 too great1 keeps vet]a & *anges incognita into incondita1 comp>+ ,de ,or4 ,i4 #aig1 ,,iii4 #agc4 ,a glance1 h[ev]1 at ! exx4 9 ,=c4 w %[ t ! ^w always means m]ely disord]$1 confus$ 9 ,cic4 ,! diff]5ce "h is n "o betwe5 ord] & no ord]1 b betwe5 k & no k1 s t incognita is f> bett]4 ,i am n at all c]ta9 t ! ,,mss4 read+ ne$s alt]ation4 ,if kept ! s5se w\ld be3 b let u suppose1 = sake ( argum5t1 t ! doctr9es ( ! anci5ts 7 n k1 b m]e op9ion4 ,! conj4 ( ,kays] v]i nota = vet]a 7cf4 #gf7 & inve/igatum bel[1 is fanciful & improbable4 ,quod inve/igata sunt3 9 t an inve/igation 0 made4 ,h]m4 aga9 di/urbs ! text :i* s9ce ,madv4 ,em4 #abg support$ x 7quot+ ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ae1 ,liv4 ,,xxxv4 #af7 _h be5 settl$4 ,hold+ t illa 9 ! =m] s5t5ce _c be ! subj4 ( ! v]b1 he ra%ly ejects nihilne e/ igitur actum z a dittographia 767 f #ae nihilne explicatum1 & reads quot = quod ) ,b5tl4 ,= ! mean+ cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #fi & ,ari/4 on ! progress ( philosophy z !re quot$4 ,arcesilas ,z5oni 444 obtrectans3 see n4 on ,i4 #cd4 ,^! *>ges 7 br\ght by ea* s*ool aga9/ ! o!r4 ,9 ,plut>* ,adv4 ,colotem p4 #aaba ,f1 want ( novelty is *>g$ aga9/ ,arcesilas1 & ! *>ge is at once joyfully accept$ by ,plut4 ,! scepticism ( ,arcesilas 0 (t5 excus$ by ! provocation ,z5o gave1 see ,aug4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,ii4 #ad1 #ae & notes on fragm4 #b & #ce ( ! ,academica ,po/]iora4 ,immutatione v]borum3 n4 on ,i4 #cc4 ,?is phrase has also te*nical mean+s2 x translates ! ,greek 7,brut4 #fi7 & 9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bfa1 :]e an ex4 is giv54 ,def9itiones3 n4 on #ah4 ,t5ebras obduc]e3 su* expressions ab\nd 9 ,cic4 :]e ! ,new ,academy is m5tion$1 cf4 #cj 7lucem erip]e71 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f 7noctem obfund]e7 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ad 7quasdam nebulas obfund]e71 also ! joke ( ,aug4 ,,ii4 #bi t5ebrae quae patronae ,academicorum sol5t esse4 ,non admodum probata3 cf4 ! passage ( ,polybius qu4 by ,zell] #ecc4 ,lacyde3 ! mo/ important passages 9 anci5t au?orities conc]n+ him are quot$ by ,zell] #ejf4 ,x is important to note t ,arcesilas left no writ+s s t ,lacydes became ! s\rce ( in=mation ab\t 8 tea*]'s doctr9es4 ,t5uit3 cf4 ! use ( obt9]e 9 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #de4 ,9 ,aes*9e3 s ,dav4 = ! confus$ ,,mss4 read+4 ,= ?is philosoph] see ,zell] #ecc4 ,z two ,,mss4 h hac nonne ,*ri/ conj4 ,hagnone :i* ,halm1 z well z ,bait] takes2 ,zell] #ecc seems to adopt ?is & at once confuses ! suppos$ philosoph] ) "o ,agnon j m5tion$ 9 ,qu9t4 ,,ii4 #ag1 #ae4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = ?is1 ,agnon & ,hagnon be+ kn[n1 if kn[n at all1 f ^! two passages only4 #ag4 ,patroc9ium3 = ! ^w cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 ,non defuit3 su* patronage 0 want+ 9 ! "t ( ,arcesilas 7#af74 ,faci5dum omn9o non putabant3 ,epictetus 7,arrian1 ,diss4 ,i4 #bg1 #ae7 quietly suppresses a sceptic by say+ 7,zell] #he1 n474 ,9 ano!r passage 7,arrian1 ,i4 #e7 ,epict4 says x is no m use argu+ ) a sceptic ?an ) a corpse4 ,ullam rationem disput>e3 ! same con/r4 occurs 9 #gd & ,pro ,caec9a #ae1 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,i4 #bd4 ,antipatrum3 cf4 fragm4 #a ( ,book ,i4 ,v]bum e v]bo3 s #ca1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ae1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #g1 n v]bum de v]bo1 :i* ,go]4 ass]ts to be ! usual =m4 ,compreh5sio3 cf4 ,i4 #da4 ,ut ,graeci3 = ! ellipse ( ! v]b cf4 ,i4 #dd ut ,democritus4 ,evid5tiam3 o!r translations propos$ by ,cic4 7 illu/ratio 7,qu9t4 ,,vi4 #b1 #cb7 & p]spici5tia 7,de ,(f4 ,i4 #ae74 ,fabricemur3 cf4 #hg1 #aai1 #aba4 ,me appellabat3 ,cic4 0 ! great advocate = ! ,lat9isation ( ,greek t]ms 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ae74 ,s$ tam53 ?is (t5 resumes ! int]rupt$ n>rative1 see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 ,ipsa evid5tia3 note t ! v]b evid]e is n ,lat94 #ah4 ,su/9]e3 cf4 #gj4 ,p]t9aciam3 ! exact mean+ ( ?is may be se5 f ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajg1 ,,iii4 #a4 ,x d5otes ! "* :i* _c recognise a defeat 9 argum5t & refuses to see ! =ce ( an oppon5t's reason+4 ,= ! application ( ! t]m to ! ,academics1 cf4 n4 on #ad1 #ff1 also ,i4 #dd & ,d4,f4 ,v4 #id1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ac1 9 ! la/ ( :i* passages ! ,academy is call$ procax4 ,m5titur3 cf4 #ab4 ,ita neg>et3 ?is ita corresponds to si bel[1--a common sequ5ce ( p>ticles 9 ,cic41 cf4 #ai4 3 ! conj4 ( ,turnebus is unnecess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! negative conta9$ 9 neg>et4 ,visum3 cf4 ,i4 #dj4 ,trivimus3 cf4 ,i4 #bg4 ,visum igitur3 ! ,greek ( ?is def9ition w be f\nd 9 ,zell] #hf4 ,! words impressum effictumque are equival5t to 9 ! ,gk4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,/oics held a s5sation to be a real alt]ation 77 ( ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! action ( "s ext]nal ?+1 :i* impresses its image on ! s\l z a seal does on wax1 cf4 ,zell] #gf & #gg ) footnotes4 ,ex eo unde esset 444 unde non esset3 ?is translation corresponds closely to ! def9ition giv5 by ,sextus 9 f\r out ( ! six passages ref]r$ to by ,zell] 79 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #hf ,pyrrh4 ,hypotyp4 ,,iii4 #bdb1 ! def9ition is clipt71 & 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #ej 79 #df he gives a clipt =m l t ( ,sextus 9 ! two passages j ref]r$ to74 ,x is wor? rem>k+ 7z ,petrus ,val5tia did1 p4 #bij ( ,orelli's repr9t ( 8 ,academica7 t ,cic4 omits to repres5t ! words ' 4 ,sextus ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bdi consid]s !m ess5tial to ! def9ition & in/ances ,ore/es :o look+ at ,electra1 mi/ook h] = an ,er9ys4 ,! !re=e :i* he _h al?\gh 7proce$+ f an actually exi/5t ?+7 0 n 1 i4e4 did n truly repres5t t exi/5t ?+4 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #aa quotes ,cic]o's def9ition & cond5ses x ?us2 8 signis v]um posse compreh5di quae signa non pote/ hab]e quod falsum e/4 ,iudicium3 1 a te/ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! unkn[n & ! kn[n4 ,eo1 quo m9ime volt3 sev]al ?+s are cle>1 7#a7 t ,philo head$ a reaction t[>ds dogmatism1 7#b7 t he bas$ ! possibility ( k on a gr\nd q diff]5t f ! 1 :i* he pron\nc$ impossible1 7#c7 t he di/ort$ ! views ( ,c>neades to suit 8 own4 ,z to 7#a7 all anci5t te/imony is cle>1 cf4 #aa1 ,sextus ,pyrr4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bce1 :o tells u t :ile ! ,c>neadeans believ$ all ?+s to be 1 ,philo held !m to be 1 & ,num5ius 9 ,euseb4 ,praep4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #h1 p4 #gci1 :o treats him ?r\gh\t 8 notice z a r5egade4 7#b7 is evid5t f ! ,academica & f ,sextus z quot$ above4 ,! f\ndation = k :i* he sub/itut$ is m difficult to compreh5d4 ,sextus inde$ tells u t he held ?+s to be 9 _! own nature 7 474 ,b ,arcesilas & ,c>neades w\ld n h attempt$ to disprove ?is2 !y nev] tri$ to %[ t ?+s 9 !mselves 7 incognisable1 b t human faculties d n avail to give in=mation ab\t !m4 ,unless !re=e ,philo delud$ himself ) words1 !re 0 no?+ new to him ab\t su* a doctr9e4 ,! ,/oics by _! pr(ess$ to be able to get at ! ?+ 9 itself1 9 its real be+1 if !n ,philo did away ) ! 4 4 & sub/itut$ no o!r mode ( cur+ ! defects alleg$ by ,arcesilas & ,c>neades to reside 9 s5se1 he 0 fairly op5 to ! retort ( ,antio*us giv5 9 ! text4 ,num5ius treats 8 polemic aga9/ ! 4 4 z a m]e fe9t int5d$ to cov] 8 retreat t[>ds dogmatism4 ,a glimpse ( 8 position is af=d$ 9 #aab ( ?is book1 :]e we may suppose ,cic4 to be express+ ! views ( ,philo1 & n ^? ( ,clitoma*us z he usually does4 ,x w\ld seem f t passage t he def9$ ! cognisable to be quod impressum esset e v]o 7 71 refus+ to add quo modo imprimi non posset a falso 7 71 cf4 my n4 on ! passage4 ,?us def9$1 he mo/ likely tri$ to %[ t ! cognisable 0 equival5t to ! or ( ,c>neades1 h5ce he eag]ly press$ ! d\btful /atem5t ( ! latt] t ! wise man w\ld op9e1 t is1 w\ld pron\nce def9ite judgm5ts on ph5om5a4 7,see #gh ( ?is book47 ,! sc>city ( ref]5ces to ,philo 9 anci5t au?orities does n all[ ( a m exact view ( 8 doctr9e4 ,mod]n inquiry has be5 able to add little or no?+ to ! elucidation giv5 9 #aeif by ,petrus ,val5tia 9 8 book entitl$ ,academica 7pp4 #cac--caf ( ! repr9t by ,orelli74 ,) reg>d to 7#c71 x x n difficult to see :]e9 ,philo's lie consi/$4 ,he d5i$ ! popul> view ( ,arcesilas & ,c>neades1 t !y 7 apo/les ( d\bt1 to be correct 7#ab74 ,i may add t f ! m5tion ( ,philo's e?ical works at ! outset ( ,/obaeus' ,e?ica1 he w\ld appe> to h aft]w>ds left dialectic & devot$ himself to e?ics4 ,:at is important = u is1 t ,cic4 nev] seems to h made himself ! def5d] ( ! new ,philonian dialectic4 ,by him ! dialectic ( ,c>neades is treat$ z g5u9ely ,academic4 ,revolvitur3 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ac1 also #adh ( ?is book4 ,eam def9itionem3 x is notewor?y t ! :ole w> betwe5 ! sceptics & ! dogmati/s 0 wag$ ov] ! def9ition ( ! s+le s5sation4 ,k1 x 0 ?\ght1 0 a homog5e\s comp\nd ( ^! s5se atoms1 if ,i may s call !m1 on all h&s x 0 all[$ t all k ultimately re/s on s5se2 !re=e its possibility dep5ds on ! tru? ( ! individual p]ception ( s5se4 #ai--bi4 ,summ>y4 ,if ! s5ses are heal?y & unimpair$1 !y give p]fectly true in=mation ab\t ext]nal ?+s4 ,n t ,i ma9ta9 ! tru? ( e s5sation1 ,epicurus mu/ see to t4 ,?+s :i* imp$e ! action ( ! s5ses mu/ always be remov$1 9 practice we always d remove !m :]e we c 7#ai74 ,:at p[] ! cultivat$ s5ses ( pa9t]s & musicians h6 ,h[ ke5 is ! s5se ( t\*6 7#bj74 ,aft] ! p]ceptions ( s5se come ! equally cle> p]ceptions ( ! m9d1 :i* are 9 a c]ta9 way p]ceptions ( s5se1 s9ce !y come ?r\gh s5se1 ^! rise 9 complexity till we arrive at def9itions & ideas 7#ba74 ,if ^! ideas may possibly be false1 logic memory1 & all k9ds ( arts are at once r5d]$ impossible 7#bb74 ,t true p]ception is possible1 is se5 f moral action4 ,:o w\ld act1 if ! ?+s on :i* he takes action might prove to be false8 7#bc7 ,h[ c wisdom be wisdom if %e has no?+ c]ta9 to guide h]8 ,!re mu/ he "s gr\nd on :i* action c proce$ 7#bd74 ,cr$5ce mu/ be giv5 to ! ?+ :i* impels u to action1 o!rwise action is impossible 7#be74 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,new ,academy w\ld put an end to all processes ( reason+4 ,! fleet+ & unc]ta9 c nev] be discov]$4 ,rational pro( requires t some?+1 once veil$1 %\ld be br\ght to light 7#bf74 ,syllogisms are r5d]$ useless1 philosophy too _c exi/ unless h] dogmas h a sure basis 7#bg74 ,h5ce ! ,academics h be5 urg$ to all[ _! dogma t p]ception is impossible1 to be a c]ta9 p]ception ( _! m9ds4 ,?is1 ,c>neades said1 w\ld be inconsi/5t1 s9ce ! v dogma excludes ! supposition t !re c be any true p]ception 7#bh74 ,antio*us decl>$ t ! ,academics c\ld n be held to be philosoph]s if !y _h n ev5 confid5ce 9 _! "o dogma 7#bi74 #ai4 ,s5sibus3 x is important to obs]ve t ! ^w s5sus l means two ?+s1 7#a7 "o ( ! five s5ses1 7#b7 an individual act ( s5sation4 ,deus3 = ! suppos$ god cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fg4 ,non videam3 ?is /rong /atem5t is ridicul$ 9 #hj4 ,de remo inflexo et de collo columbae3 cf4 #gi1 #hb4 ,! & are frequ5tly m5tion$1 along ) num]\s o!r in/ances ( ! deceptiv5ess ( s5se1 by ,sext4 ,emp41 e4g4 ,pyrrhon4 ,hypot4 ,i4 #aai-aba1 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bdd1 #dad4 ,cic]o1 9 8 spee* ( ! day be=e1 _h probably add$ o!r examples1 cf4 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bg4 ,epicurus hoc vid]it3 see #gi1 #hj4 ,epic4 held all s5sation1 p] se1 to be infallible4 ,! *ief au?orities = ?is are giv5 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #cdc1 #cdd1 ,zell] #djc1 footnote4 ,lum5 mut>i3 cf4 ,brut4 #bfa4 ,int]valla 444 diducimus3 = ?is cf4 ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,i4 #aah 7i4e4 ! #e? sceptic = %[+ s5se to be untru/wor?y7 7situs7 7int]valla7 4 ,multaque facimus usque eo3 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #beh 4 ,sui iudicii3 see = ! g54 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg2 !re is an extraord9>y in/ance 9 ,plaut4 ,p]sa ,v4 #b1 #h1 quot$ by ,go]4 ,sui cuiusque3 = ?is use ( suus quisque z a s+le ^w see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #df4 #bj4 ,ut oculi 444 cantibus3 ,halm aft] ,dav4 treats ?is z a gloss3 on ! o!r h& ,i ?9k x appropriate & almo/ necess>y4 ,quis e/ qu9 c]nat3 read ,madvig's /rong rem>ks on ,go]5z's note "h 7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg74 ,umbris 444 em95tia3 ,pl9y 7see ,=c47 (t5 uses umbra & lum51 to d5ote backgr\nd & =egr\nd1 s 9 ,gk4 & are oppos$ to 2 cf4 also 1 adumbr>e1 & ,aes*4 ,agam4 #acbh4 ,cic4 (t5 applies metaphorically to oratory ! two words "h us$1 e4g4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aja1 & aft] him ,qu9tilian1 e4g4 ,,ii4 #ag1 #ba4 ,inflatu3 cf4 #hf 7:]e an answ] is giv57 & 4 ,antiopam3 ( ,pacuvius4 ,&roma*am3 ( ,ennius1 (t5 quot$ by ,cic41 z ,de ,div4 ,i4 #bc4 ,int]iorem3 see ,r4 & ,p4 #afe & ,zell]'s ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 #bif4 ,quia s5tiatur3 be+ _! only 4 ,madv4 7)\t necessity1 z a /udy ( ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ,r4 & ,p4 & ,zell] w %[7 conj4 cui ads5tiatur1 comp>+ #ci1 #eh2 cf4 also #gf4 ,int] eum 444 et int]3 = ! repetition ( int] cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #cb & ,madv4 ,gram4 #dgj4 ,nihil int]esse3 if ! doctr9e ( ! ,academics 7 true1 a man might really be 9 pa9 :5 he fanci$ himself 9 pleasure1 & vice v]sa2 ?us ! di/9ction betwe5 pleasure & pa9 w\ld be obscur$4 ,s5tiet 444 insaniat3 ,= ! sequ5ce cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fb & ,wes5b]g's f9e note on ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ajb4 #ba4 ,illud e/ album3 ^! are 1 judgm5ts ( ! m9d1 9 :i* alone tru? & falsehood reside2 see ,zell] #ajg sq4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #cdd1 #cde :i* closely resembles ours2 x is too long to quote entire3 7:i* resides only 9 ! 7 4 444 444 4 444 4 ,ille de9ceps3 de9ceps is really out ( place2 cf4 #bd quomodo primum = pr4 quom4 ,ille equus e/3 ,cic4 seems to consid] t ! 1 :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( an ab/ract quality1 is prior to t :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( a concrete individual4 ,i c quote no p>allel to ?is f ! ,greek texts4 ,expletam compreh5sionem3 full k4 ,"h we rise to a def9ition4 ,?is "o (t5 appe>s 9 ,sextus3 e4g4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 1 4 ,! ,/oic 1 & ?is among !m1 are amus+ly ridicul$1 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,ii4 #bjh--baa4 ,notitiae3 ?is ,cic4 uses z a translation bo? ( & 1 = :i* see ,zell] #gi1 #hi4 ,9 ,i4 #dj notiones r]um is giv54 ,s9e quibus3 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #db4 #bb4 ,igitur3 = ! anacolu?ia cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 ,cons5taneum3 s ,sextus con/antly uses 4 ,repugn>et3 cf4 ,i4 #ai & n4 ,memoriae c]te3 n4 on #ajf4 ,cont9et3 cf4 cont9eant 9 #dj4 ,quae pote/ esse3 ,cic4 ne>ly always writes putat esse1 pote/ esse & ! l1 n esse putat etc41 :i* =m is especially r>e at ! end ( a clause4 ,memoria falsorum3 ?is difficulty is discuss$ 9 ,plato ,sophi/4 #bch--bci4 ,ex multis animi p]ceptionibus3 ! same def9ition ( an art occurs 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #adh1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ah 7see ,madv471 ,qu9t1 ,,ii4 #ag1 #da1 ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 #ahh ib4 ,,iii4 #bej4 ,quam3 = ! *ange f plural to s+ul> 7p]ceptio 9 univ]sum7 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ch1 ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #fa1 ,em4 #aci4 ,qui di/+ues3 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #bhj 4 ,sextus (t5 comm5ts on simil> compla9ts ( ! ,/oics4 ,aliud eiusmodi g5us sit3 ?is di/9ction is z old z ,plato & ,ari/41 & is ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ! late philosophy4 ,cf4 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,xi4 #aig :o adds a ?ird class ( call$ to ! usual & 1 also ,qu9t4 ,,ii4 #ah1 #a & #b1 :]e corresponds to ! 4 ( ,sext4 ,cont+et3 w be ! natural consequ5ce4 ,! notion t ! v]b cont+it d5otes necess>ily good =tune is q unf\nd$2 see ,tis*] on ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,tractabit3 4 #bc4 ,cognitio3 l ,g]m4 lehre1 ! bran* ( le>n+ :i* conc]ns ! virtues4 ,go]4 is q wrong 9 tak+ x to be a trans4 ( "h4 ,9 quibus3 ! antec$5t is n virtutum1 z ,petrus ,val5tia 7p4 #bib ed4 ,orelli7 supposes & gets into difficulty !reby1 b multa4 ,?is is %[n by etiam2 n m]ely ! virtues b also all dep5ds on 2 cf4 ,i4 #dj1 #da1 ) notes1 ,zell] #hh1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cfg4 ,/abilem3 4 ,artem viv5di3 tralaticium hoc apud omnes philosophos ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #db4 ,sextus con/antly talks ab\t 7,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 #bej7 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he disproves to 8 own satisfaction 7,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,xi4 #afh sq74 ,ille vir bonus3 9 all anci5t sy/ems1 ev5 ! ,epicurean1 ! happ9ess ( ! sapi5s mu/ be pro( aga9/ ! rack2 cf4 esp4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bi1 #ge1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gc1 ,zell] #dej1 & ! simil> description ( ! 9 ,plato's ,gorgias4 ,potius quam aut3 ,lamb4 ut2 b ,i ?9k ,c4,f4 ,h]mann is "r 9 ass]t+ aft] ,wopk5s t ,cic4 nev] ins]ts ut aft] potius quam ) ! subj4 ,tis*] on ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb affirms t ut is frequ5tly f\nd1 b gives no exx4 ,= ! mean+ cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #hf1 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab :o says ! sapi5s ( ! ,academy mu/ be des]tor (ficiorum omnium4 ,compreh5si 444 con/ituti3 cf4 ! fam\s abiit1 evasit1 excessit1 crupit4 ,iis rebus3 note ! assumption t ! s5sation corresponds to ! ?+ :i* causes x4 ,ads5sus sit 444 poss9t3 ne>ly all edd4 be=e ,halm read possunt1 b ! subj4 expresses ! possibility z pres5t to ! m9d ( ! suppos$ vir bonus4 ,cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #cfh4 #bd4 ,primum3 out ( place1 see on #ba4 ,ag]e3 ! dogmati/ always held t ! sceptic mu/1 if consi/5t1 be 7,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bc74 ,extremum3 simil> attempts to translate are made 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #aa1 #bi1 ,v4 #ag4 ,cum quid ag]e3 cf4 ,i4 #bc = ! phrase ,naturae accommodatum4 a purely ,/oic expression1 2 cf4 #ch & ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ag1 also ,,iii4 #af1 ,zell] #bbg1 footnote1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cij4 ,impellimur3 1 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #cia1 z (t54 #be4 ,oportet vid]i3 ought to be se54 ,= ?is use cf4 #ci1 #ha & #abb ( ?is book4 ,vid]i at ! end ( ?is section has ! weak s5se1 to seem4 ,lucretius (t5 passes rapidly f ! "o use to ! o!r2 cf4 ,i4 #bfb ) ,i4 #bgj1 & ,munro's n41 also ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #eb1 ,em4 ,liv4 p4 #db4 ,non pot]it3 z ! ,academics allege4 ,naturae 444 ali5um3 ,cic4 uses ?is adjective ) ! dat1 & also ) ! ablative prec$$ by ab2 ,i d\bt :e!r ! phrase maie/ate ali5um 7)\t ! preposition7 c be "r 9 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajb1 :]e ! be/ texts /ill keep x4 ,non occurrit 444 aget3 occurrit is probably ! p]fect4 ,cf4 n4 on #abg4 #bf4 ,quid quod si3 ,go]41 outrage\sly reads quid quod si1 si4 ,tollitur3 ! v]b toll]e occurs z frequ5tly 9 ?is s5se z does 9 ,sextus4 ,lux lum5que3 ,b5tl4 dux ,! expression dux vitae is ( c\rse frequ5t 7cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #dj1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e & ,lucretius71 b !re is no ne$ to alt]4 ,lux is prop]ly natural light1 lum5 artificial1 cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #ac1 #a4 lum9a dimis]amus1 nec satis lucebat1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #de solis luce 444 lum5 luc]nae4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5 & 1 ! latt] is us$ = ! =m] 7 7 j z lum5 is = lux 7si te secundo lum9e 8 (f5d]e--,ad ,att4 ,,vii4 #bf1 #a7 b n (t5 vice v]sa4 ,trans4 ! lum9>y & ! lamp ( life1 & cf4 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bfi :]e ! is call$ 4 ,f9is3 s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nicom4 ,e?4 ,ari/ot4 assumes t ! actual exi/5ce ( human ex]tion is a suffici5t pro( t !re is a 4 ,ap]ta3 a rem9isc5ce ( ! frequ5tly recurr+ ,greek t]ms 1 etc41 cf4 ,sextus passim1 & ,d4,f4 ,i4 #cj4 ,initium 444 exitus 444 4 ,t5etur3 ,,mss4 t5et1 ! nom4 to :i* ,guietus ?\ght to be ratio above4 3 cf4 ! def9ition v (t5 giv5 by ,sext4 e4g4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,ii4 #adc ' 7premisses7 7conclusion7 1 also ,diog4 ,,vii4 #de1 7if ! read+ be "r74 #bg4 ,notio3 ano!r trans4 ( 4 ,conclusisse3 al?\gh ! ,greeks us$ in/ead ( sometimes = ! conclusion ( ! syllogism1 !y did n use ! v]b :i* has be5 suppos$ to correspond to conclud]e4 ,x is m likely to be a trans4 ( 1 & conclusum argum5tum ( 1 :i* t]ms are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,rationibus progr$i3 to a simil> "q ,sextus answ]s1 7! dogmati/s7 1 7,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #cfg74 ,sapi5tiae 444 futurum e/3 = ! dat4 ) facio & fio see ,madv4 ,gram4 #bda1 obs4 #e1 ,opusc4 ,i4 #cgj1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #gi1 & cf4 #if ( ?is book4 ,lex v]i rectique3 cf4 #bi2 ! con/itutio v]i & ! det]m9ation ( :at is rectum 9 morals are ! two ma9 tasks ( philosophy4 ,sapi5tique satis non sit3 s ,manut4 = ! sapi5tisque sit ( ! ,,mss4 ,halm aft] ,dav4 reads sapi5tis1 neque satis sit1 :i* ,i ?9k is wrong1 = if ! ellipse be suppli$ ! con/ruction w run neque dubit>i pote/ qu9 satis sit1 :i* gives ! exact opposite ( ! s5se requir$4 ,ratum3 cf4 #ada4 #bh4 ,p]ceptum3 ?or\ghly kn[n & grasp$4 ,simil> argum5ts are v frequ5t 9 ,sextus1 e4g4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,viii4 #bha1 :]e ! dogmati/ argues t if pro( be impossible1 z ! sceptic says1 !re mu/ be a pro( to %[ x impossible2 ! sceptic doctr9e mu/ be provable4 ,cf4 #aji ( ?is book4 ,po/ulanti3 mak+ x a necessity = ! discussion2 cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ba4 ,cons5taneum esse3 4 ,ut alia3 al?\gh o!rs4 ,tantum abe/ ut--ut3 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #ddj a4 #bi4 ,pressius3 cf4 ,de ,fato #ca1 #cc1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bj1 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ad1 ,hort5sius fragm4 #df ed4 ,nobbe4 ,! ^w is mock$ 9 #aji4 ,decretum3 ( c\rse ! ,academics w\ld say !y did n hold ?is z /abile fixum ratum b only z probabile4 ,sextus h[ev] ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bbf 7& else:]e7 accuses !m ( mak+ x 9 reality :at 9 words !y pr(ess$ x n to be1 a fix$ dogma4 ,s5titis enim3 cf4 s5tis 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bf4 ,fluctu>e3 to be at sea1 ,halm fluctu>i1 b ! depon5t v]b is n else:]e f\nd 9 ,cic4 ,summa3 cf4 summa philosophiae ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #hf4 ,v]i falsi3 cf4 n4 on #ib4 ,quae visa3 s ,halm = ,,mss4 quaevis1 :i* edd4 _h *ang$ to quae a quovis4 ,repudi>i3 ! selection dep5d$ on ! probabile ( c\rse1 ) ! ,academics4 ,v]i falsique3 ^! words 7 us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses by ! dogmati/ & ! sceptic1 ! =m] meant by !m ! unde/ructibly true & false4 ,?is be+ s1 ! /atem5ts 9 ! text are 9 no s5se argum5ts1 !y are m]e ass]tions1 z ,sext4 says1 7,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #cae71 7ib4 #ccg74 ,cognosc5di initium3 cf4 #bf1 ,?is ,i h1 ! ,academic w\ld reply1 9 my probabile4 ,extremum expet5di3 a r unusual phrase = ! e?ical f9is4 ,ut mov]i non poss9t3 s is p]petually us$ 9 ,sext4 ,e/ ut op9or3 s ,halm aft] ,erne/i = sit ( ! ,,mss4 ,i ?9k x v likely t ! ,,mss4 read+ is "r1 & t ! :ole expression is an imitation ( ! ,greek & ! l4 ,! subj4 is support$ by ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bj1 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #h1 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ad1 #c1 :]e ut op9or is ?r[n 9 z "h1 & by ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ag1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 #bd1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aji1 :]e si placet is app5d$ 9 a simil> way4 #cj--cf4 ,summ>y4 ,) respect to physical sci5ce1 we might urge t nature has con/ruct$ man ) great art4 ,8 m9d is naturally =m$ = ! atta9m5t ( k 7#cj74 ,= ?is purpose ! m9d uses ! s5ses1 & s gradually arrives at virtue1 :i* is ! p]fection ( ! reason4 ,^? !n :o d5y t any c]ta9ty c be atta9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ?r[ ! :ole ( life into confusion 7#ca74 ,"s sceptics say we _c help x4 ,o!rs di/+ui% betwe5 ! absolute abs5ce ( c]ta9ty1 & ! d5ial ( its absolute pres5ce4 ,let u deal ) ^! r ?an ) ! =m] 7#cb74 ,n[ !y on ! "o h& pr(ess to di/+ui% betwe5 true & false1 & on ! o!r hold t no absolutely c]ta9 me?od = di/+ui%+ betwe5 true & false is possible 7#cc74 ,?is is absurd1 a ?+ _c be kn[n at all unless by su* m>ks z c app]ta9 to no o!r ?+4 ,h[ c a ?+ be said to be evid5tly :ite1 if ! possibility rema9s t x may be really black8 ,aga91 h[ c a ?+ be evid5t at all if x may be aft] all a m]e phantom 7#cd78 ,!re is no def9ite m>k1 say ! sceptics1 by :i* a ?+ may be kn[n4 ,_! probability !n is m]e r&om guess "w 7#ce74 ,ev5 if !y only pr(ess to decide aft] c>eful pond]+ ( ! circum/ances1 we reply t a decision :i* is /ill possibly false is useless 7#cf74 #cj4 ,physicis3 neut] n masc42 cf4 ,i4 #f4 ,lib]tatem et lic5tiam3 et & ev54 ,lib]tas z (t5 9 ,tacitus4 ,abditis rebus et obscuris3 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ae1 & ! ^w ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bf4 ,lucem erip]e3 l toll]e 7n4 on #bf71 cf4 #ch1 #ajc & ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 ,= ! s5se see n4 on #af1 also #fa4 ,artificio3 ?is ^w is us$ 9 ,cic4 z equival5t to ars 9 all its s5ses1 cf4 #aad & ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #hc4 ,fabricata esset3 ! expression is sne]$ at 9 #hg4 ,quem ad modum primum3 s ,halm rightly = ,,mss4 prima or primo1 :i* latt] is n (t5 foll[$ by de9de 9 ,cic]o4 ,primum is out ( position1 z 9 #bd4 ,appetitio pulsa3 mota1 set 9 motion4 ,= see #bd4 ,int5d]emus3 z 9 ! exx4 giv5 9 #bj4 ,fons3 res]voir1 r ?an s\rce "h4 ,x w be not$ t mu/ take place be=e ! is r\s$4 ,ipse s5sus e/3 an approa* to ?is !ory is made 9 ,plat4 ,!aet4 #ahe1 #aia4 ,cf4 especially ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #cej 1 1 444 4 ,all p[]s ( s5sation ) ! ,/oics1 :o are p]haps imitat$ "h1 7 includ$ 9 ! 1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ch4 ,alia quasi3 s ,fab] = aliqua4 ,9 v]a et ap]ta p>titione nec ,cic]o nec alius quisquam aliquis--alius dixit1 multo m9us alius--aliquis1 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #fc4 ,go]4 on ! o!r h& says he c produce #ej exx4 ( ! usage1 he =be>s h[ev]1 to produce !m4 ,recondit3 s ! are call$ 7,plut4 ,de ,/o4 ,repug4 p4 #ajeg a74 ,9 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #cgc is call$ 4 ,similitud9ibus3 ' ,sext4 ,pyrr4 ,hyp4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,cic4 uses ?is ^w z includ+ all processes by :i* ! m9d gets to "k ?+s n imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cc x receives its prop] mean+1 = :i* see ,madv4 !re1 & ! passages he quotes1 analogies w "h be/ translate ! ^w1 :i*1 is us$ 9 ! same wide s5se 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb #ch4 ,con/ruit3 s ,,mss4 ,orelli gave con/ituit4 ,notitiae3 cf4 #bb4 ,cic4 fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ! or :i* are ! 1 & ^? :i* are ! consci\s product ( ! reason1 9 ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 ,v4 #fj1 = ?is & o!r inaccuracies ( ,cic4 9 treat+ ( ! same subject1 also ,zell] #gi4 ,r]umque3 facts4 ,p]fecta3 sapi5tia1 virtus1 p]fecta ratio1 are almo/ conv]tible t]ms 9 ! expositions ( ,antio*eanism f\nd 9 ,cic4 ,cf4 ,i4 #bj4 #ca4 ,vitaeque con/antiam3 :i* philosophy br+s1 see #bc4 ,cognitionem3 4 ,cognitio is us$ to translate 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #af1 ,,iii4 #ag1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #da4 ,ut dixi 444 dicemus3 ,= ! repetition cf4 #ace1 #adf1 & ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #da4 ,! future t5se is odd & unlike ,cic4 ,lamb4 wrote dicimus1 ,i w\ld r read dicamus2 cf4 n4 on #bi4 ,p] se3 ' 1 !re is no ne$ to read propt]1 z ,lamb4 ,ut virtutem efficiat3 note t virtue is ?r\gh\t ?is exposition treat$ z ! result ( ! ex]cise ( ! reason4 ,ev]tunt3 cf4 ev]sio 9 #ii4 ,animal 444 animo3 ,cic4 all[s animus to all animals1 n m]ely anima2 see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ch4 ,! rule giv5 by ,=c4 s4v4 animans is !re=e wrong4 ,tem]itate3 1 :i* occurs passim 9 ,sext4 ,! ^w1 :i* is con/antly hurl$ at ! dogmati/s by ! sceptics1 is "h put by way ( retort4 ,s 9 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,ma?4 ,,vii4 #bfj1 ! sceptic is call$ = reject+ ! 4 #cb4 ,inc]ta3 4 ,democritus3 cf4 ,i4 #dd4 ,quae 444 ab/rus]it3 because %e has hidd54 ,alii autem3 note ! ellipse ( ! v]b1 & cf4 ,i4 #b4 ,etiam qu]untur3 actually compla92 g s f> z to compla94 ,int] inc]tum3 cf4 ,num5ius 9 ,euseb4 ,pr4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #g1 #ab1 1 7quot$ z f ,c>neades71 also #ed ( ?is book4 ,doc]e3 to prove1 cf4 n4 on #aba4 ,qui haec di/+uunt3 ! foll[]s ( ,c>neades r ?an ^? ( ,arcesilas2 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #de4 ,/ell>um num]us3 ?is typical unc]ta9ty is con/antly ref]r$ to 9 ,sext4 e4g4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #ij1 #ih1 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bdc1 ,,viii4 #adg1 #cag2 :]e x is reckon$ among ?+s 4 ,s 9 ! ,psalms1 ,god only telle? ! numb] ( ! />s2 cf4 #aaj4 ,aliquos3 contemptu\s2 4 ,cf4 ,p>ad4 #cc agre/is aliquos4 ,mov]i3 ?is probably ref]s to ! spee* ( ,catulus2 see ,introd4 p4 #ea4 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ae ref]s to ?is passage1 :i* mu/ h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! second edition4 #cc4 ,v]i et falsi3 ^! words ,lamb4 consid]$ spuri\s 9 ! fir/ clause1 & ,halm brackets2 b surely _! repetition is po9t$ & appropriate4 ,y talk ab\t a rule = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! true & ! false :ile y d away ) ! notion ( true & false altoge!r4 ,! discussion "h really turns on ! use ( t]ms4 ,if x is fair to use ! t]m true to d5ote ! probably true1 ! ,academics are n op5 to ! criticism "h attempt$2 cf4 #aaa tam v]a quam falsa c]nimus4 ,ut int] rectum et pravum3 ! sceptic w\ld no m all[ ! absolute c]ta9ty ( ?is di/9ction ?an ( ! o!r4 ,communis3 ! ( ,sextus2 9 ^: vision true & false are confus$4 ,cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #afd 7,r4 & ,p4 #daj71 also #age4 ,notam3 ! ( ,sextus2 cf4 esp4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #ig sq4 ,eodem modo falsum3 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #afd 7,r4 & ,p4 #daj7 4 ,ut si quis3 ,madv4 9 an important n4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #cj expla9s ?is ?us2 i/a ratione si quis 444 privav]it1 possit dic]e4 ,i d n ?9k our passage at all analog\s to ^? he quotes1 & /ill pref] to con/rue quem z a /rong relative1 mak+ a pause betwe5 quis & quem4 ,visionem3 ,simply ano!r trans4 ( 4 ,ut ,c>neades3 see ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aff 7,r4 & ,p4 #daa74 ,z ! trans4 ( ! latt] phrase 9 ,zell] #ebd probable undisput$ & te/$ is imp]fect1 ,i w give ,sextus' own explanation4 ,! m]ely is t s5sation :i* at fir/ sight1 )\t any fur!r inquiry1 seems probably true 7,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #afg--age74 ,n[ no s5sation is p]ceiv$ alone2 ! p]cipi5t subject has always o!r syn*ron\s s5sations :i* are able to turn him aside 71 7 f ! "o :i* is ! imm$iate object ( 8 att5tion4 ,?is la/ is only call$ :5 exam9ation has %[n all ! concomitant s5sations to be 9 h>mony ) x4 7,sext4 z above #age--aha47 ,! ^w undisput$1 !re=e1 is a mislead+ trans4 ( ! t]m4 ,! 7?or\ghly explor$7 requires m ?an a m]e app>5t agreem5t ( ! concomitant s5sations ) ! pr9cipal "o4 ,circum/ances q ext]nal to ! s5sations !mselves mu/ be exam9$2 ! "t at :i* !y occur1 or dur+ :i* !y cont9ue2 ! condition ( ! space )9 :i* !y occur1 & ! app>5t int]vals betwe5 ! p]son & ! objects2 ! /ate ( ! air2 ! disposition ( ! p]son's m9d1 & ! s\ndness or uns\ndness ( 8 eyes 7,sext4 #aha--ahi74 #cd4 ,communitas3 or 2 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #djc1 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #abg4 ,proprium3 s ,sext4 (t5 uses 1 e4g4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,ix4 #daj4 ,signo not>i3 signo = nota1 m]ely f love ( v>iety4 ,! 9 be=e communi1 ?\gh bracket$ by ,halm aft] ,manut41 ,lamb4 is p]fectly s\nd2 x means )9 ! limits (1 & is s us$ aft] not>e 9 ,de ,or41 ,,iii4 #ahf4 ,convicio3 s ,madv4 ,em4 #adc correct$ ! corrupt ,,mss4 read+s1 comp>+ ,orator #afj1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,xv4 #ah4 ,a4,w4 ,zumpt on ,pro ,mur5a #ac rightly def9es ! ,cic]onian use ( ! ^w1 ,non unum mal$ictum appellatur convicium s$ multorum v]borum quasi vocif]atio4 ,he is wrong h[ev] 9 ?9k+ t ,cic4 only uses ! ^w once 9 ! plural 7,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #ah1 #a71 = x occurs ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bj1 & else:]e4 ,p]spicua3 1 a t]m us$ ) v>y+ signification by all ! lat] ,greek s*ools4 ,v]um illud quidem3 :i* is inde$ :at !y call 'true'4 ,impressum3 n4 on #ah4 ,p]cipi atque compreh5di3 ,halm reta9s ! b>b>\s ac ( ! ,,mss4 be=e ! guttural4 ,x is q impossible t ,cic4 c\ld h writt5 x4 ,! two v]bs are bo? trans4 ( 2 ,cic4 proce$s z usual on ! pr9ciple ?us describ$ 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ad erit notius quale sit1 pluribus notatum vocabulis idem decl>antibus4 ,subtilit]3 ,cic4's con/ant trans4 ( or ' 7passim 9 ,sext4 e4g4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #abc74 ,inanit]ne moveatur3 ,,mss4 agree 9 ve = ne1 on :i* see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gf4 ,inanit] 4 ,cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ce1 also ,,ii4 #dg1 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #c 7inanit] mov]i71 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ac1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abj1 #abf1 #adj 7p] se mov]i71 ,greek 7,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #di71 7 inanis motus1 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #ahd71 7ib4 ,,viii4 #ced71 7ib4 ,,vii4 #bda71 7ib4 ,,viii4 #fg71 & ! frequ5t phrase 4 ,= ! mean+ see n4 on #dg4 ,rel9quitur3 s 9 ,sext4 is con/antly us$ z ! opposite ( 7toll]e74 #ce4 ,nem9em etc43 !y are cont5t to make /rong /atem5ts )\t any m>k ( c]ta9ty4 ,primo quasi adspectu3 ! m]ely is "h meant2 see #cc4 #cf4 ,ex circumspectione1 etc43 ! 2 see n4 on #cc4 ,primum quia 444 de9de3 = ! slight anacolu?ia1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #gif4 ,iis visis1 etc43 i4e4 if y h a numb] ( ?+s1 emitt+ a numb] ( appe>ances1 & y _c be sure ( unit+ ea* appe>ance to ! ?+ f :i* x proce$s1 !n y c h no fai? 9 any appe>ance ev5 if y h gone ?r\gh ! process requir$ by ,c>neades' rules4 ,ad v]um ipsum3 cf4 #dj4 ,quam proxime3 cf4 #dg1 & also #g4 ,insigne3 1 ! same z nota & signum above4 ,quo obscurato3 s ,lamb4 = ,,mss4 obscuro :i* ,halm keeps4 ,cf4 quam obscur>i volunt 9 #db & quo sublato 9 #cc4 ,argum5tum3 ,cic4 seems to be ?9k+ ( ! ^w 1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ,/oics h>dly use4 ,id quod significatur3 9 ,sext4 #cg--dj4 ,summ>y ,! di/9ction ( an animal is to act4 ,y mu/ ei!r !re=e deprive x ( s5sation1 or all[ x to ass5t to ph5om5a 7#cg74 ,m9d1 memory1 ! arts & virtue itself1 require a firm ass5t to be giv5 to "s ph5om5a1 he !re=e :o does away ) ass5t does away ) all action 9 life 7#ch1 #ci74 #cg4 ,explicabamus3 #ai--ba & #cj 7quae vis esset 9 s5sibus74 ,inanimum3 n inanimatum1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #cf4 ,agit aliquid3 ,i4 #bc4 ,quae e/ 9 no/ra3 ,walk]'s ins]tion ( non be=e e/ is ne$less1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #dj4 ,x is ! impact ( ! s5sation f )\t1 n ! ass5t giv5 to x1 t is involunt>y 7,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #cig 74 ,= 9 pote/ate cf4 ,de ,fato #i1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #fi #ch4 ,eripitur3 cf4 #cj4 ,neque s5tire3 ,*ri/ om4 neque2 b ! sceptics ?r\gh\t are suppos$ to rob p ( _! s5ses4 ,c$]e3 cf4 1 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #aic1 #bcj1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #ea1 2 also #ff ( ?is book4 3 cf4 #cd4 ,ads5titur /atim3 ?is really contradicts a good deal t has gone be=e1 esp4 #bj4 ,memoriam3 cf4 #bb4 ,9 no/ra pote/ate3 ?is may ?r[ light on fragm4 #ae ( ! ,ac4 ,po/41 :i* see4 #ci4 ,virtus3 ev5 ! ,/oics1 :o 7 fatali/s z a rule1 made moral action dep5d on ! fre$om ( ! w2 see n4 on ,i4 #dj4 ,ante vid]i aliquid = ! doctr9e cf4 #be1 = ! passive use ( vid]i1 n4 on #be4 ,ads5tiatur3 ! passive use is illu/rat$ by ,madv4 ,em4 #aca1 ! *ange ( con/ruction f inf94 to subj4 aft] necesse e/ on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #be4 ,tollit e vita3 s ,de ,fato #bi4 #dj--db4 ,summ>y4 ,! ,academics h a regul> me?od4 ,!y fir/ give a g5]al def9ition ( s5sation1 & !n lay d[n ! diff]5t classes ( s5sations4 ,!n !y put =w>d _! two /rong argum5ts1 7#a7 ?+s :i* produce s5sations su* z might h be5 produc$ 9 ! same =m by o!r ?+s1 _c be p>tly capable ( be+ p]ceiv$1 p>tly n capable1 7#b7 s5sations mu/ be assum$ to be ( ! same =m if our faculties d n enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,!n !y proce$4 ,s5sations are p>tly true1 p>tly false1 ! false _c ( c\rse be real p]ceptions1 :ile ! true are always ( a =m :i* ! false may assume4 ,n[ s5sations :i* are indi/+ui%able f false _c be p>tly p]ceptions1 p>tly n4 ,!re is !re=e no s5sation :i* is also a p]ception 7#dj74 ,two admissions1 !y say1 are univ]sally made1 7#a7 false s5sations _c be p]ceptions1 7#b7 s5sations :i* are indi/+ui%able f false1 _c be p>tly p]ceptions1 p>tly n4 ,! foll[+ two ass]tions !y /rive to prove1 7#a7 s5sations are p>tly true1 p>tly false1 7#b7 e s5sation :i* proce$s f a reality1 has a =m :i* x might h if x proce$$ f an unreality 7#da74 ,to prove ^! propositions1 !y divide p]ceptions into ^? :i* are s5sations1 & ^? :i* are d$uc$ f s5sations2 aft] :i* !y %[ t cr$it _c be giv5 to ei!r class 7#db74 ,! ^w p]ception is us$ to mean a c]ta9ly kn[n s5sation4 #dj4 ,quasi fundam5ta3 a trans4 probably ( or ! l2 cf4 9 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,v4 #ej4 ,artem3 me?od1 l 1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #d1 ,mayor on ,iuv4 ,,vii4 #agg4 ,vim3 ! g5]al "* :i* atta*es to all 2 g5]a ! diff]5t classes ( 4 ,totidem v]bis3 ( c\rse ) a view to %[+ t no?+ really correspond$ to ! def9ition4 ,c>neades l>gely us$ ! r$uctio ad absurdum me?od4 ,cont9eant 444 quae/ionem3 cf4 #bb & ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #fe una res videtur causam cont9]e4 ,quae ita3 x is ess5tial ?r\gh\t ?is passage to di/+ui% cle>ly ! s5sation 7visum7 f ! ?+ :i* causes x4 ,"h ! ?+s are meant2 two ?+s are suppos$ to cause two s5sations s simil> t ! p]son :o has "o ( ! s5sations _c tell f :i* ( ! two ?+s x comes4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! sceptics urge t x is absurd to divide ?+s into ^? :i* c be p]ceiv$ 7kn[n ) c]ta9ty7 & ^? :i* _c4 ,nihil int]esse autem3 ! sceptic is n conc]n$ to prove ! absolute simil>ity ( ! two s5sations :i* come f ! two dissimil> ?+s1 x is en\gh if he c %[ t human faculties are n p]fect en\gh to disc]n :atev] diff]5ce may exi/1 cf4 #he4 ,alia v]a sunt3 ,num5ius 9 ,euseb4 ,pr4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #h1 #d says ,c>neades all[$ t tru? & falsehood 7or reality & unreality7 c\ld be affirm$ ( ?+s1 ?\gh n ( s5sations4 ,if we c\ld only pi]ce ?r\gh a s5sation & arrive at its s\rce1 we %\ld be able to tell :e!r to believe ! s5sation or n4 ,z we _c d ?is1 x is wrong to assume t s5sation & ?+ correspond4 ,cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #bb 7i4e4 ! ?+ f :i* ! appe>ance proce$s7 1 4 ,nei!r ,c>neades nor ,arcesilas ev] d5i$1 z "s mod]n sceptics h done1 ! actual exi/5ce ( ?+s :i* cause s5sations1 !y simply ma9ta9$ t1 grant+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+s1 our s5sations d n give u correct in=mation ab\t !m4 ,eiusdem modi3 cf4 #cc eodem modo4 ,non posse accid]e3 ?is is a v rem>kable1 &1 z ,madv4 7,d4,f4 ,i4 #cj7 ?9ks1 impossible1 *ange f recta oratio to obliqua4 ,halm ) ,manut4 reads pote/4 ,cf4 #aja4 #da4 ,neque enim3 a rem>k ( ,lucullus' m]ely4 ,quod sit a v]o3 cf4 ,munio on ,lucr4 ,,ii4 #ea fulgor ab auro4 ,possit3 = ! om4 ( esse cf4 n4 on ,i4 #bi4 #db4 ,proposita3 cf4 passim 9 ,sext4 ,9 s5sus3 9 ea1 quae ad s5sus p]t95t cf4 ,i4 #bj4 ,omni consuetud9e3 g5]al exp]i5ce 1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #hc4 ,quam obscur>i volunt3 cf4 ,i4 #cc4 quod explan>i volebant2 ! em4 ( ,dav4 obscur>e is aga9/ ,cic4's usage1 t ( ,*ri/ quam obs]v>i nolunt is wanton )\t be+ +5i\s4 ,de reliquis3 i4e4 iis quae a s5sibus ducuntur4 ,9 s+ulisque rebus3 ! ^w rebus mu/ mean subjects1 n ?+s1 to :i* ! words 9 m9ima disp]tiunt w\ld h>dly apply4 ,adiuncta3 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #afd 7,r4 & ,p4 #daj7 1 also ,,vii4 #dch1 etc4 #dc--de4 ,summ>y4 ,! sceptics ought n to def9e1 = 7#a7 a def9ition _c be a def9ition ( two ?+s1 7#b7 if ! def9ition is applicable only to "o ?+1 t ?+ mu/ be capable ( be+ ?or\ghly kn[n & di/+ui%$ f o!rs 7#dc74 ,= ! purposes ( reason+ _! probabile is n en\gh4 ,reason+ c only proce$ ^u c]ta9 premisses4 ,aga9 to say t !re are false s5sations is to say t !re are true ones2 y ackn[l$ge !re=e a diff]5ce1 !n y contradict y\rselves & say !re is none 7#dd74 ,let u discuss ! matt] f>!r4 ,! innate cle>ness ( visa1 aid$ by reason1 c lead to k 7#de74 #dc4 ,horum3 ,lamb4 h>um2 ! text h[ev] is q "r1 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #bad b4 ,lum9ibus3 cf4 #aja4 ,nihilo magis3 1 :i* 0 con/antly 9 ! m\?s ( sceptics1 see e4g4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #ad4 ,num illa def9itio 444 transf]ri3 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t ! ( ! ,academics 0 m]ely f\nd$ on probability1 j z _! tru? 0 7cf4 n4 on #bi74 ,an ,academic w\ld say 9 reply to ! "q1 probably x _c1 b ,i w n affirm x4 ,vel illa v]a3 ^! words seem to me g5u9e1 ?\gh ne>ly all editors attack !m4 ,vel ev5 i4e4 if ev5 ! def9ition is firmly kn[n1 ! ?+1 :i* is m important1 mu/ also be kn[n4 ,9 illa v]a we h a po9t$ mock+ repetition l t ( v]i et falsi 9 #cc4 ,9 falsum3 note t falsum aliam rem above4 ,= ! s5se cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bji 1 & ! s*oolm5's maxim def9itio non debet latior esse def9ito suo4 ,m9ime volunt3 cf4 #ah4 ,p>tibus3 ,orelli aft] ,go]4 eject$ ?is1 b omnibus h>dly ev] /&s = omn4 rebus1 !re=e ,c4,f4 ,h]mann reads p>it] rebus = p>tibus4 ,a little clos] att5tion to ! subject matt] w\ld h %[n em5dation to be unnecess>y1 cf4 #db dividunt 9 p>tis1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #bd1 :]e g5us division1 p>s subdivision4 #dd4 ,imp$iri 444 fatebuntur3 ess5tially ! same argum5t z 9 #cc at ! end4 ,occurretur3 n an imitation ( z ,go]4 says1 b ( 1 :i* occurs v frequ5tly 9 ,sext4 ,sumpta3 ! two premisses are 9 ,gk4 call$ toge!r 1 sep>ately & 7sumptio et adsumptio ,de ,div ,,ii4 #ajh74 ,orationis3 z ,fab] po9ts out1 ,cic4 does sometimes use ?is ^w l ratio 771 cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #dh conclusa oratio4 ,fab4 ref]s to ,gell4 ,,xv4 #bf4 ,pr(iteatur3 s is (t5 us$ by ,sext4 e4g4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #bhc4 ,patefacturum3 n4 on #bf1 1 1 7! la/ 9 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #bgg7 (t5 recur 9 ,greek4 ,primum esse 444 nihil int]esse3 !re is no inconsi/5cy4 ,c>neades all[$ t visa1 9 !mselves1 might be true or false1 b affirm$ t human faculties 7 incapable ( di/+ui%+ ^? visa :i* proce$ f real ?+s & give a correct repres5tation ( ! ?+s1 f ^? :i* ei!r are m]e phantoms or1 hav+ a real s\rce1 d n correctly repres5t x4 ,lucullus confuses ess5tial ) app>5t diff]5ce4 ,non iungitur3 a suppos$ case ( 1 :i* is oppos$ to & expla9$ 9 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #dcj4 #de4 ,ass5tati3 "h simply ass5si4 ,praet]itis3 "h us$ 9 ! /rong p>ticipial s5se1 9 ! class ( ?+s pass$ ov]1 cf4 9 remissis ,orat4 #ei4 ,primum igitur 444 s$ tam53 = ! slight anacolu?ia cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 ,iis qui vid5tur3 ,go]4 is qui videtur1 :i* is sev]ely criticis$ by ,madv4 ,em4 #aej4 ,= ,epicurus' view ( s5sation see n4 on #gi1 #hj4 #df--dh4 ,summ>y4 ,! refusal ( p to ass5t to ! innate cle>ness ( "s ph5om5a 77 is due to two causes1 7#a7 !y d n make a s]i\s endeav\r to see ! light by :i* ^! ph5om5a are surr\nd$1 7#b7 _! fai? is %ak5 by sceptic p>adoxes 7#df74 ,! sceptics argue ?us3 y all[ t m]e phantom s5sations are (t5 se5 9 dreams1 :y !n d y n all[ :at is easi]1 t two s5sations caus$ by two really exi/+ ?+s may be mi/ak5 ! "o = ! o!r8 7#dg74 ,fur!r1 !y urge t a phantom s5sation produces v (t5 ! same effect z a real "o4 ,! dogmati/s say !y admit t m]e phantom s5sations d comm& ass5t4 ,:y %\ld !y n admit t !y comm& ass5t :5 !y s closely resemble real ones z to be indi/+ui%able f !m8 7#dh7 #df4 ,circumfusa s9t3 ,go]4 reta9s ! ,,mss4 sunt on ! gr\nd t ! clause quanta s9t is ins]t$ 6 ,orelli actually foll[s him4 ,= ! phrase cf4 #abb circumfusa t5ebris4 ,int]rogationibus3 cf4 ,i4 #e :]e ,i %[$ t ! words int]rogatio & conclusio are conv]tible4 ,i may add t 9 ,sextus pure syllogisms are v frequ5tly call$ 1 & t he (t5 introduces a new argum5t by 1 :5 !re is no?+ int]rogatory ab\t ! argum5t at all4 ,dissolv]e3 9 ,sext4 ,occurr]e3 cf4 #dd4 #dg4 ,confuse loqui3 ! m>k ( a bad dialectician1 affirm$ ( ,epicurus 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,nulla sunt3 on ! use ( nullus = non 9 ,cic4 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dee obs4 #e4 ,! usage is mo/ly colloquial & is v common 9 ,plaut4 & ,t]5ce1 :ile 9 ,cic4 x occurs mo/ly 9 ! ,lett]s4 ,inanit]3 cf4 #cd4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a s5sation may be false1 7#a7 x may come f "o really exi/5t ?+1 b be suppos$ by ! p]son :o feels x to be caus$ by a totally diff]5t ?+1 7#b7 x may be a m]e or 1 a phantom beh9d :i* !re is no reality at all4 ,quae 9 somnis videantur3 = ! support giv5 by ,/oics to all =ms ( div9ation see ,zell] #aff1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #g1 etc4 ,qua]unt3 a slight anacolu?on f dicatis above4 ,quonam modo 444 nihil sit omn9o3 ?is difficult passage c only be prop]ly expla9$ 9 connection ) #ej & ) ! g5]al plan ( ! ,academics exp\nd$ 9 #da4 ,aft] long consid]ation ,i elucidate x z foll[s4 ,! :ole is an attempt to prove ! proposition ann\nc$ 9 #da & #db viz4 omnibus v]is visis adiuncta esse falsa4 ,! criticism 9 #ej %[s t ! argum5t is meant to be bas$ on ! assumption kn[n to be ,/oic1 omnia deum posse4 ,if ! god c manufacture 7effic]e7 s5sations :i* are false1 b probable 7z ! ,/oics say he does 9 dreams71 :y c he n manufacture false s5sations :i* are s probable z to closely resemble true ones1 or to be only ) difficulty di/+ui%able f ! true1 or f9ally to be utt]ly indi/+ui%able f ! true 7?is mean+ ( int] quae nihil sit omn9o is fix$ by #dj1 :]e see n478 ,probabilia1 !n1 d5otes false s5sations su* z h only a slight degree ( resemblance to ! true1 by ! ?ree succe$+ /ages ! resemblance is made complete4 ,! ^w probabilia is a sort ( t]ti>y pr$icate aft] effic]e 7to manufacture s z to be probable74 ,x mu/ n be repeat$ aft] ! second effic]e1 or ! :ole s5se w be inv]t$ & ?is section plac$ out ( h>mony ) #ej4 ,plane proxime3 quam proxime ( #cf4 #dh4 ,ipsa p] sese3 simply inanit] z 9 #cd1 #dg1 i4e4 )\t ! approa* ( any ext]nal object4 ,cogitatione3 ! only ^w 9 ,lat91 z is 9 ,greek1 to express our imag9ation4 ,non numquam3 s ,madv4 = ,,mss4 non inquam4 ,go]4 aft] ,manut4 wrote non inquiunt ) an int]rogation at omn9o4 ,v]i simile e/3 s ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #eh = sit4 ,! argum5t has ! same purpose z t 9 ! la/ section1 viz to %[ t phantom s5sations may produce ! same effect on ! m9d z ^? :i* proce$ f realities4 ,ut si qui3 ! ut "h is m]ely z1 = in/ance1 cf4 n4 on #cc4 ,nihil ut esset3 ! ut "h is a repetition ( ! ut us$ sev]al times 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! s5t5ce1 all ( !m alike dep5d on sic4 ,lamb4 expung$ ut be=e esset & be=e quicquam4 ,inte/9um et oblatum3 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bda 1 & ! two classes ( falsa visa m5tion$ 9 n4 on #dg4 ,s9 autem sunt1 etc43 if !re are false s5sations :i* are probable 7z ! ,/oics all[71 :y %\ld !re n be false s5sations s probable z to be ) difficulty di/+ui%able f ! true8 ,! re/ exactly z 9 #dg4 #di--ec4 ,antio*us attack$ ^! argum5ts z soritae1 & !re=e faulty 7#di74 ,! admission ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( simil>ity betwe5 true & false s5sations does n logically lead to ! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! true & ! false 7#ej74 ,we cont5d t ^! phantom s5sations lack t self evid5ce :i* we require be=e giv+ ass5t4 ,:5 we h wak5$ f ! dream1 we make light ( ! s5sations we _h :ile 9 x 7#ea74 ,b1 say our oppon5ts1 :ile !y la/ our dream+ s5sations are z vivid z our wak+ ones4 ,?is we d5y 7#eb74 ,b1 say !y1 y all[ t ! wise man 9 madness )holds 8 ass5t4 ,?is proves no?+1 = he w d s 9 _m o!r circum/ances 9 life4 ,all ?is talk ab\t dream]s1 madm5 & drunk>ds is unwor?y our att5tion 7#ec74 #di4 ,antio*us3 ,sext4 (t5 quotes him 9 ! discussion ( ?is & simil> subjects4 ,ipsa capita3 4 ,int]rogationis3 ! sorites 0 always 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( que/ions1 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aa 7:]e ,cic4 says ! ,greek ^w 0 already naturalis$1 s t 8 propos$ trans4 ac]valis is unnecess>y71 ,hort5s4 fragm4 #dg1 & n4 on #ib4 ,hoc vocant3 i4e4 hoc g5us1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gj ex eo g5]e1 quae prosunt4 ,vitiosum3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ej ille sorites1 quo nihil putatis 7,/oici7 vitiosius4 ,mo/ edd4 read hos1 :i* inde$ 9 #acf is a necess>y em4 = ,,mss4 hoc4 ,tale visum3 i4e4 falsum4 ,dormi5ti3 sc4 4 ,ut probabile sit1 etc43 cf4 #dg1 #dh & notes4 ,primum quidque3 n quodque z ,klotz2 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #aje1 to ^: exx4 add ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aab1 & an in/ance ( proximus quisque 9 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,vitium3 cf4 vitiosum above4 #ej4 ,omnia deum posse3 ?is 0 a pr9ciple g5]ally admitt$ among ,/oics at lea/1 see ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #hf4 ,= ! l9e ( argum5t "h cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajf fac d>e deos1 quod absurdum e/4 ,eadem3 ?is does n mean t ! two s5sations are m]g$ into "o1 b m]ely t :5 "o ( !m is pres5t1 x _c be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r2 see n4 on #dj4 ,similes3 aft] ?is sunt 0 add$ by ,madv4 ,9 suo g5]e ess5t3 sub/itute esse vid]5tur = ess5t1 & y get ! real view ( ! ,academic1 :o w\ld all[ t ?+s 9 _! ess5ce are divisible into %>ply-def9$ g5]a1 b w\ld d5y t ! s5sations :i* proce$ f or are caus$ by ! ?+s1 are s divisible4 #ea4 ,una depulsio3 cf4 #abh 7omnium r]um una e/ def9itio compreh5d5di71 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #acf 7omnium somniorum una ratio e/74 ,9 quiete3 9 somno1 a r poetical usage4 ,n>ravit3 ,go]41 ,orelli1 ,klotz alt] into n>rat1 mo/ wantonly4 ,visus ,hom]us1 etc43 ?is fam\s dream ( ,ennius1 record$ 9 8 ,annals1 is ref]r$ to by ,lucr4 ,i4 #abd1 ,cic4 ,de ,rep4 ,,vi4 #aj 7,somn4 ,scip4 c4 #a71 ,hor4 ,epi/4 ,,ii4 #a1 #ej4 ,simul ut3 r>e 9 ,cic41 see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cc1 :o1 h[ev]1 unduly re/ricts ! usage4 ,9 ?ree out ( ! five passages :]e he all[s x to /&1 ! ut prec$es a v[el2 ,cic4 !re=e us$ x to avoid writ+ ac be=e a v[el1 s t 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cc ut %\ld probably be writt5 7) ,manut4 & o!rs7 = et :i* ,madv4 ejects4 #eb4 ,eorumque3 ,,mss4 om4 que4 ,dav4 wrote ac be=e eorum1 ?is h[ev] is z impossible 9 ,cic4 z ! c be=e a guttural condemn$ 9 n4 on #cd4 ,= ! argum5t see n4 on #hj quasi v]o qua]atur quid sit non quid videatur4 ,primum int]e/3 = om4 ( de9de cf4 #de1 #df4 ,imbecillius3 cf4 ,i4 #da4 ,edormiv]unt3 h slept (f ! effects1 cf4 9 ,hom]4 ,relax5tur3 cf4 ,ari/oph4 ,ran4 #gjj1 relax>e is us$ 9 ! neut4 s5se 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #id4 ,alcmaeonis3 ! ,alcmaeon ( ,ennius is (t5 quot$ by ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #fb4 #ec4 ,su/9et3 2 see on #id4 ,aliqu&o su/9]e3 ! po9t ( ! ,academic rem>k lay 9 ! fact t 9 ! /ate ( madness ! ( ! sapi5s becomes habitual2 he gives up ! attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 true & false visa4 ,lucullus answ]s t1 did no di/9ction exi/1 he w\ld give up ! attempt to draw x1 ev5 9 ! sane condition4 ,confund]e3 s #eh1 #aaj1 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #ef 7 71 ib4 ,,viii4 #aeg 7 71 ,,viii4 #cgb 7 71 ,plut4 ,de ,communi ,notit4 adv4 ,/oicos p4 #ajgg 7 74 ,utimur3 we h to put up )1 s is us$ 9 ,gk4 ,ebriosorum3 habitual drunk>ds1 m invidi\s ?an v9ol5ti above4 ,illud att5dimus3 ,go]41 & ,orelli write num illud1 b ! emphatic ille is (t5 ?us introduc$ by itself 9 que/ions1 a good ex4 occurs 9 #acf4 ,pr(]remus3 ?is mu/ app>5tly be add$ to ! exx4 qu4 by ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce ( ! subj4 us$ to d5ote non id quod fi]et factumve esset1 s$ quod fi]i debu]it4 ,z su* passages are (t5 misund]/ood1 ,i note t !y c be mo/ rationally expla9$ z elliptic con/ructions 9 :i* a condition is express$ )\t its consequ5ce4 ,we h an exact p>allel 9 ,engli%1 e4g4 tu dictis ,albane man]es may fairly be translat$1 had/ ?\ b kept to ?y ^w1 ,alban6 ,"h ! condition if ?\ had/ kept1 etc4 /&s )\t ! consequ5ce ?\ w\ld/ n h di$1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,su* a condition may be express$ )\t si1 j z 9 ,eng4 )\t if1 cf4 ,iuv4 ,,iii4 #gh & ,mayor's n4 ,! use ( ! ,greek optative to express a wi% 7) 1 etc41 & ev5 )\t 7 is susceptible ( ! same explanation4 ,! ,lat9 subj4 has _m su* po9ts ( simil>ity ) ! ,gk4 optative1 hav+ absorb$ mo/ ( ! functions ( ! lo/ ,lat4 optative4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce seems to imply t he pref]s ! hypo!sis ( a suppress$ protasis1 b z 9 8 ,gram4 #cea b1 obs4 #d he attempts no elucidation1 ,i _c be c]ta94 #ed--fc4 ,summ>y4 ,! ,academics fail to see t su* doctr9es d away ) all probability ev54 ,_! talk ab\t tw9s & seals is *ildi% 7#ed74 ,!y press into _! s]vice ! old physical philosoph]s1 ?\gh ord9>ily none are s mu* ridicul$ by !m 7#ee74 ,democritus may say t innum]able worlds exi/ 9 e p>ticul> simil> to ours1 b ,i appeal to m cultivat$ physici/s1 :o ma9ta9 t ea* ?+ has its own peculi> m>ks 7#ee1 #ef74 ,! ,s]vilii 7 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by _! fri5ds1 & ,delian bre$]s ( f[ls c\ld tell f ! appe>ance ( an egg :i* h5 _h laid x 7#ef1 #eg74 ,we h[ev]1 d n mu* c>e :e!r we are able to di/+ui% eggs f "o ano!r or n4 ,ano!r ?+ t !y say is absurd1 viz4 t !re may be di/9ction betwe5 individual s5sations1 b n betwe5 classes ( s5sations 7#eh74 ,equally absurd are ^? probable & undi/urb$ s5sations !y pr(ess to foll[4 ,! doctr9e t true & false s5sations are indi/+ui%able logically leads to ! unqualifi$ ( ,arcesilas 7#ei74 ,:at nons5se !y talk ab\t inquir+ aft] ! tru?1 & ab\t ! bad influ5ce ( au?ority6 7#fj74 ,c y1 ,cic]o1 ! panegyri/ ( philosophy1 plunge u into m ?an ,cimm]ian d>kness8 7#fa7 ,by hold+ t k is impossible y weak5 ! =ce ( y\r fam\s oa? t y knew all ab\t ,catil9e4 ,?us end$ ,lucullus1 amid ! cont9u$ wond] ( ,hort5sius 7#fb1 #fc74 ,!n ,catulus said t he %\ld n be surpris$ if ! spee* ( ,lucullus 7 to induce me to *ange my view 7#fc74 #ed4 ,ne hoc quidem3 ! common trans4 n ev5 = ne quidem is (t5 inappropriate4 ,trans4 "h !y d n see ?is ei!r1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #e4 ,habeant3 ! slight alt]ation habeat introduc$ by ,go]4 & ,orelli q de/roys ! po9t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,quod nolunt3 cf4 #dd4 ,an sano3 ,lamb4 an ut sano1 :i* ,halm approves1 & ,bait] reads4 ,similitud9es3 cf4 #hd--hf4 ,! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 tw9s1 eggs1 ! impressions ( seals1 etc4 0 a fav\rite !me ) ! sceptics1 :ile ! ,/oics cont5d$ t no two ?+s 7 absolutely alike4 ,ari/o ! ,*ian1 :o ma9ta9$ ! ,/oic view1 0 practically refut$ by 8 fell[ pupil ,p]saeus1 :o took two tw9s1 & made "o deposit money ) ,ari/o1 :ile ! o!r aft] a "t ask$ = ! money back & receiv$ x4 ,on ?is subject cf4 ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #djh--daj4 ,negat esse3 9 phrases l ?is ,cic4 ne>ly always places esse second1 especially at ! end ( a clause4 ,cur eo non e/is cont5ti3 ,lucullus "h ignores ! "q at issue1 :i* conc]n$ ! am\nt ( simil>ity4 ,! dogmati/s ma9ta9$ t ! simil>ity betwe5 two ph5om5a c\ld nev] be great en\gh to r5d] x impossible to gu>d aga9/ mi/ak+ ! "o = ! o!r1 ! sceptics argu$ t x c\ld4 ,quod r]um natura non patitur3 aga9 ,lucullus conf\nds ess5tial ) ph5om5al diff]5ce1 & s misses 8 m>k2 cf4 n4 on #ej4 ,nulla re diff]5s3 cf4 ! nihil diff]5s ( #ii1 ! sub/itution ( :i* "h w\ld p]haps make ! s5t5ce cle>]4 ,! words are a trans4 ( ! common ,gk4 t]m 7,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #beb1 etc474 ,ulla communitas3 ,i am a/oni%$ to f9d ,bait4 return+ to ! read+ ( ,lamb4 nulla aft] ! f9e note ( ,madv4 7,em4 #aed71 approv$ by ,halm & o!r rec5t edd4 ,! op9ion ma9ta9$ by ! ,/oics may be /at$ ?us suo quidque g5]e e/ tale1 quale e/1 nec e/ 9 duobus aut pluribus nulla re diff]5s ulla communitas 7 74 ,?is op9ion is negativ$ by non patitur ut & x w be evid5t at a glance t ! only *ange requir$ is to put ! two v]bs 7e/7 into ! subjunctive4 ,! *ange ( ulla into nulla is 9 no way ne$$4 ,ut sibi s9t3 sibi is cle>ly wrong "h4 ,madv41 9 a note communicat$ privately to ,halm & pr9t$ by ! latt] on p4 #hed ( ,bait4 & ,halm's ed ( ! philosophical works1 propos$ to read nulla re diff]5s communitas visi8 ,s9t et ova etc4 omitt+ ulla & ut & *ang+ visi into sibi 7cf4 ,fab]'s em4 novas = bonas 9 #gb74 ,?is +5i\s b1 z ,i ?9k1 improbable conj4 ,madv4 has j repeat$ 9 ! second vol4 ( 8 ,adv]s>ia4 ,lamb4 reads at tibi s9t1 ,dav4 at si vis1 s9t1 ,*ri/ ut tibi s9t1 ,bait4 ut si s9t aft] ,c4,f4,w4 ,mull]1 ,i %\ld pref] sui = sibi 7,,svi = ,,sibi74 ,b is v frequ5tly writt5 = ,v 9 ! ,,mss41 & ,i w\ld easily slip 94 ,eosdem3 once m we h ,lucullus' *ronic & p]haps int5tional misconception ( ! sceptic position2 see n4 on #ej4 ,be=e leav+ ?is section1 ,i may po9t out t ! or supplies ,sext4 ) "o ( ! sceptic 1 see ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #abd4 #ee4 ,irrid5tur3 ! contradictions ( physical philosoph]s 7 ! con/ant sport ( ! sceptics1 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,absolute ita p>is3 ,halm z well z ,bait4 aft] ,*ri/1 brackets ita2 if any *ange be ne$$1 x w\ld be bett] to place x be=e undique4 ,= ?is op9ion ( ,democr4 see ,r4 & ,p4 #de4 ,et eo quidem innum]abilis3 ?is is ! q unt5able read+ ( ! ,,mss41 = :i* no satisfactory em4 has yet be5 propos$1 cf4 #abe4 ,nihil diff]at1 nihil int]sit3 ^! two v]bs (t5 appe> toge!r 9 ,cic41 e4g4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #be4 #ef4 ,potiusque3 ?is adv]sative use ( que is common ) potius1 e4g4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ea4 ,cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #ee +emesc]e nonnum quam viro concessum e/1 idque r>o1 also ac potius1 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #aj1 etc4 ,proprietates3 ! or ( ,sextus1 ! doctr9e ( c\rse involves ! :ole "q at issue betwe5 dogmatism & scepticism4 ,cognoscebantur3 ,dav4 dignoscebantur1 ,walk] int]noscebantur4 ,! ,,mss4 read+ is "r1 cf4 #hf4 ,consuetud9e3 cf4 #db1 exp]i5ce4 ,m9imum3 an adv]b l summum4 #eg4 ,d9otatas3 s ! ,,mss41 probably correctly1 ?\gh ,=c4 does n recognise ! ^w4 ,mo/ edd4 *ange x into d5otatas4 ,artem3 1 a set ( rules4 ,9 prov]bio3 s v5ire 9 prov]bium1 9 prov]bii usum v5ire1 prov]bii locum obt9]e1 prov]bii loco dici are all us$4 ,salvis rebus3 n an uncommon phrase1 e4g4 ,ad ,fam4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,gall9as3 cf4 fragm4 #ai ( ! ,acad4 ,po/4 ,! simil>ity ( eggs 0 discuss$ ad nauseam by ! sceptics & dogmati/s4 ,h]magoras ! ,/oic actually wrote a book entitl$1 7egg inve/igation7 1 m5tion$ by ,suidas4 #eh4 ,contra nos3 ! s5se requires nos1 b all ,halm's ,,mss4 except "o read vos4 ,non int]nosc]e3 ?is is ! read+ ( all ! ,,mss41 & is correct1 ?\gh ,orelli omits non4 ,! s5se is1 we are q cont5t n to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! eggs1 we %all n on t acc\nt be l$ into a mi/ake = our rule w prev5t u f mak+ any positive ass]tion ab\t ! eggs4 ,ads5tiri3 = ! passive use ( ?is v]b cf4 #ci4 ,p> e/3 s ,dav4 = p]1 :i* mo/ ,,mss4 h4 ,! old] edd4 & ,orelli h pote/1 ) "o ,,ms4 ,quasi3 ! em4 ( ,madv4 = ! quam si ( ! ,,mss4 ,transv]sum digitum3 cf4 #aaf4 ,ne confundam omnia3 cf4 #ec1 #aaj4 ,natura tolletur3 ?is ( c\rse ! sceptics w\ld d5y4 ,!y refus$ to discuss ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 & kept to ph5om5a4 ,int]sit3 i4e4 int] visa4 ,9 animos3 ,orelli ) "o ,,ms4 reads animis2 if ! ,,mss4 are correct ! ass]tion ( ,krebs & ,allgay] 7,antib>b>us1 ed4 #d7 imprim]e wird klas sis* v]bund5 9 aliqua re1 ni*t 9 aliquam rem1 w require modification4 ,species et quasdam =mas3 1 quasdam m>ks ! fact t =mas is a trans4 ,i h met ) no o!r passage :]e any su* doctr9e is assign$ to a sceptic4 ,z x /&s 9 ! text ! doctr9e is absurd1 = surely x mu/ always be easi] to di/+ui% betwe5 two g5]a ?an betwe5 two individuals4 ,if ! non be=e vos 7 remov$ a bett] s5se w\ld be giv54 ,x has (t5 be5 ins]t$ by copyi/s :5 s$1 tam51 or "s su* ^w1 comes 9 ! foll[+ clause1 z 9 ! fam\s passage ( ,cic ,ad ,qu9tum ,fratrem1 ,,ii4 #aa1 discuss$ by ,munro1 ,lucr4 p4 #cac1 ed4 #c4 #ei4 ,illud v]o p]absurdum3 note ! omission ( e/1 :i* (t5 takes place aft] ! emphatic pron\n4 ,imp$iam9i3 cf4 n4 on #cc4 ,a v]is3 if visis be suppli$ ! /atem5t corresponds tol]ably ) ! ,academic belief1 if rebus be meant1 x is wide ( ! m>k4 ,id e/ 444 ret5tio3 suppos$ to be a gloss by ,man41 ,lamb41 see h[ev] nn4 on ,i4 #f1 #h4 ,con/itit3 f con/o1 n f consi/o cf4 #fc qui tibi con/>es4 ,si v]a sunt3 cf4 #fg1 #gh1 #aab1 #adh4 ,! nonnulli are ,philo & ,metrodorus1 see #gh4 ,toll5dus e/ ads5sus3 i4e4 ev5 t qualifi$ ass5t :i* ! ,academics gave to probable ph5om5a4 ,adprob>e3 ?is ^w is ambigu\s1 mean+ ei!r qualifi$ or unqualifi$ ass5t4 ,cf4 n4 on #ajd4 ,id e/ peccaturum3 :i* is equival5t to s9n+1 cf4 ,i4 #db4 ,iam nimium etiam3 note iam & etiam 9 ! same clause4 #fj4 ,pro omnibus3 note omnibus = omnibus rebus4 ,i/a my/]ia3 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #cg1 #ch speaks ( v>i\s doctr9es1 :i* 7 s]vata et pro my/]iis cu/odita by ! ,new ,academics4 ,! notion t ! ,academic scepticism 0 m]ely ext]nal & polemically us$1 :ile !y _h an esot]ic dogmatic doctr9e1 mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! reaction>y p]iod ( ,metrodorus 7( ,/ratonice71 ,philo1 & ,antio*us1 & may p]haps f a passage ( ,augu/9e1 ,c4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #da 7^: au?ority mu/ h be5 ,cic]o71 be attribut$ to ! fir/ ( ! ?ree 7cf4 ,zell] #ecd1 n474 ,! idea is ridicul$ by ,petrus ,val5tia 7,orelli's repr9t1 p4 #bgi71 & all succe$+ inquir]s4 ,auctoritate3 cf4 #h1 #i4 ,utroque3 ?is neut]1 ref]r+ to two fem4 n\ns1 is noticeable1 see exx4 9 ,madv4 ,gram4 #bad c4 #fa4 ,amicissimum3 because y are my de> fri5d4 ,commov]is3 a milit>y t]m1 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #bf & ,=c41 also ,introd4 p4 #ec4 ,sequ]e3 ei!r ?is is future1 z 9 #aji1 or sequ]is1 ! con/ant =m 9 ,cic4 ( ! pres41 mu/ be read4 ,approbatione omni3 ! ^w omni is emphatic1 & includes bo? qualifi$ & unqualifi$ ass5t1 cf4 #ei4 ,orbat s5sibus3 cf4 #gd1 & ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fd1 :]e ,madv4 is wrong 9 reprov+ ,torquatus = us+ ! phrase s5sus tolli1 on ! gr\nd t ! ,academics swept away n s5sus b iudicium s5suum ,cimm]iis4 ,go]4 qu4 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 ,,iii4 #e1 ,sil4 ,ital4 ,,xii4 #aca1 ,fe/us1 s4v4 ,cimm]ii1 to %[ t ! t[n or village ( ,cimm]ium lay close to ,bauli1 & probably induc$ ?is m5tion ( ! leg5d>y p4 ,deus aliquis3 s ! be/ edd4 )\t comm5t1 al?\gh !y write deus aliqui 9 #ai4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 aliquis & aliqui1 nescio quis & nescio qui1 si quis & si qui 7= ! latt] see n4 on #ha74 ,z aliquis is sub/antival1 aliqui adjectival1 aliquis mu/ n be writt5 ) imp]sonal n\ns l t]ror 7,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ce1 ,v4 #fb71 dolor 7,t4,d4 ,i4 #hb1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,vii4 #a1 #a71 casus 7,de ,(f4 ,,iii4 #cc74 ,9 ! case ( p]sonal n\ns ! be/ edd4 v>y1 e4g4 deus aliqui 7,t4,d4 ,i4 #bc1 ,,iv4 #ce71 deus aliquis 7,lael4 #hg1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiv4 #g1 #a71 anul>ius aliqui 7#hf ( ?is book71 magi/ratus aliquis 7,9 ,v]r4 ,,iv4 #adf74 ,) a prop] "n belong+ to a real p]son aliquis ought to be writt5 7,myrmecides 9 #abj1 see my n474 ,dispici5dum3 n despici5dum1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ig1 ,,iv4 #fd1 also ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ha1 v]um dispic]e4 ,iis v9culis1 etc4 ?is may ?r[ light on fragm4 #ae ( ! ,acad4 ,po/41 :i* see4 #fb4 ,motum animorum3 n4 on #cd4 ,actio r]um3 "h actio is a pure v]bal n\n l 1 cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #hc1 & expressions l actio vitae 7,n4,d4 ,i4 #b71 actio ullius rei 7#ajh ( ?is book71 & ! simil> use ( actus 9 ,qu9tilian 7,in/4 ,or4 ,x4 #a1 #ca1 ) ,mayor's n47 ,iuratusque3 ,bait4 possibly by a m]e mispr9t reads iratus4 ,comp]isse3 ?is expression ( ,cic41 us$ 9 ! s5ate 9 ref]5ce to ,catil9e's conspiracy1 _h become a cant phrase at ,rome1 ) :i* ,cic4 0 (t5 taunt$4 ,see ,ad ,fam4 ,v4 #e1 #b1 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #ad1 #e4 ,licebat3 ?is is ! read+ ( ! be/ ,,mss41 n liquebat1 :i* ,go]41 ,kl41 ,or4 h4 ,= ! support accord$ by ,lucullus to ,cic4 dur+ ! conspiracy see #c1 & ! passages quot$ 9 ,introd4 p4 #df ) respect to ,catulus1 9 mo/ ( :i* ,lucullus is also m5tion$4 #fc4 ,quod 444 fec]at1 ut3 diff]5t f ! con/r4 treat$ by ,madv4 ,gram4 #dha b4 ,quod ref]s simply to ! fact ( ,lucullus' admiration1 :i* ! clause introduc$ by ut def9es1 :i* admiration he _h %[n 444 to su* an ext5t t1 etc4 ,iocansne an3 ?is use ( ne 444 an implies1 ,madv4 says 7on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #hg71 m d\bt ?an ! use ( ne alone z 9 v]o falsone4 ,memorit]3 ne>ly all edd4 be=e ,madv4 make ?is mean e memoria z oppos$ to de scripto2 he says1 laudem habet bonae et copiosae memoriae 7on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #cd74 ,see ,krebs & ,allgay] 9 ! ,antib>b>us1 ed4 #d4 ,c5su]im3 m mode/ ?an c5seo1 see ,madv4 ,gram4 #chj4 ,tantum enim non te modo monuit3 edd4 be=e ,madv41 see+ no way ( tak+ modo exc4 ) non1 eject$ x4 ,madv4 7,em4 #afj7 reta9s x1 mak+ x mean paulo ante4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,halm aft] ,*ri/ ass]ts t tantum non occurs n[h]e else 9 ,cic4 ,bait4 !re=e ejects non1 tak+ tantum z hoc tantum1 nihil praet]ea4 ,livy c]ta9ly has ! suspect$ use ( tantum non4 ,tribunus3 a retort comes 9 #ig1 #add4 ,antio*um3 cf4 ,i4 #ac4 ,de/itisse3 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 mem9i foll[$ by ! pres4 & by ! p]f4 inf4 consult ,madv4 ,gram4 #djh b1 obs4 #b4 #fd--ga4 ,summ>y4 ,cic4 mu* mov$ ?us beg9s4 ,! /r5g? ( ,lucullus argum5t has affect$ me mu*1 yet ,i feel t x c be answ]$4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ speak some?+ t conc]ns my "* 7#fd74 ,i prote/ my entire s9c]ity 9 all t ,i say1 & w\ld confirm x by an oa?1 7 t prop] 7#fe74 ,i am a passionate inquir] aft] tru?1 & on t v acc\nt hold x disgraceful to ass5t to :at is false4 ,i d n d5y t ,i make slips1 b we mu/ deal ) ! sapi5s1 ^: *>act]i/ic x is nev] to err 9 giv+ 8 ass5t 7#ff74 ,he> ,arcesilas' argum5t3 if ! sapi5s ev] gives 8 ass5t he w be oblig$ to op9e1 b he nev] w op9e !re=e he nev] w give 8 ass5t4 ,! ,/oics & ,antio*us d5y ! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts1 on ! gr\nd t x is possible to di/+ui% betwe5 true & false 7#fg74 ,ev5 if x be s ! m]e habit ( ass5t+ is full ( p]il4 ,/ill1 our :ole argum5t mu/ t5d to %[ t p]ception 9 ! ,/oic s5se is impossible 7#fh74 ,h[ev]1 a few words fir/ ) ,antio*us4 ,:5 he 0 conv]t$1 :at pro( _h he ( ! doctr9e he _h s long d5i$8 7#fi7 ,"s ?9k he wi%$ to f\nd a s*ool call$ by 8 own "n4 ,x is m probable t he c\ld no long] be> ! opposition ( all o!r s*ools to ! ,academy 7#gj74 ,8 conv]sion gave a spl5did op5+ = an argum5tum ad hom9em 7#ga74 #fd4 ,quadam oratione3 s ,halm1 also ,bait4 aft] ! be/ ,,mss41 n qu&am orationem z ,lamb41 ,orelli4 ,de ipsa re3 cf4 de causa ipsa above4 ,respond]e posse3 = ! om4 ( me be=e ! inf91 :i* has wrongly caus$ _m edd4 ei!r to read respond]e 7z ,dav41 ,bait47 or to ins]t me 7z ,lamb471 see n4 on ,i4 #g4 #fe4 ,/udio c]t&i3 4 ,p]t9acia 444 calumnia3 n4 on #ad4 ,iur>em3 ,cic4 0 ?9k+ ( 8 own fam\s oa? at ! end ( 8 consul%ip4 #ff4 ,turpissimum3 cf4 ,i4 #de1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #a4 ,op9]3 op9io or is judgm5t bas$ on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,s$ qua]imus de sapi5te3 cf4 #aae1 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ee1 #ei also ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ge non quid ego s$ quid orator4 ,magnus 444 op9ator3 ,aug4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,iii4 #ca qu4 ?is passage wrongly z f ! ,hort5sius4 ,he imitates x1 ibid4 ,i4 #ae magnus def9itor4 ,qua fidunt1 etc43 ^! l9es are "p ( ,cic4's ,aratea1 & are quot$ 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #aje1 #ajf4 ,pho5ices3 ! same fact is m5tion$ by ,ovid1 ,fa/i ,,iii4 #ajg1 ,tri/ia ,,iv4 #c1 #a4 ,s$ ,helic53 ! be/ ,,mss4 om4 ad1 :i* ,orelli places be=e ,helic54 ,elimatas3 ! ,,mss4 are divid$ betwe5 ?is & limatas4 ,elim>e1 ?\gh a v r>e ^w occurs ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #g1 #c4 ,visis c$o3 cf4 n4 on #ch4 ,vim maximam3 s summum munus is appli$ to ! same c\rse ( action 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ca4 ,cogitatione3 idea4 ,tem]itate3 cf4 ,i4 #db1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #g1 & ! *>ge ( con/antly br\ght aga9/ ! dogmati/s by ,sext4 ,praepo/]e3 9 a disord]ly fa%ion1 tak+ ! wrong ?+ fir/4 #fg4 ,aliqu&o 444 op9abitur3 ?is ( c\rse is only true if y grant ! ,academic doctr9e1 nihil posse p]cipi4 ,secundum illud 444 etiam op9>i3 x seems at fir/ sight z ?\gh ads5tiri & op9>i ought to *ange places 9 ?is passage1 z ,manut4 proposes4 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! words secundum illud1 :i*1 x has be5 suppos$1 mu/ ref] back to ! second premiss ( ,arcesilas' argum5t4 ,b if ! passage be translat$ ?us1 ,c>neades sometimes grant$ z a second premiss ! foll[+ /atem5t1 t ! wise man sometimes does op9e ! difficulty vani%es4 ,! argum5t ( ,c>neades w\ld !n run ?us1 7#a7 ,si ulli rei1 etc4 z above1 7#b7 ads5tietur autem aliqu&o1 7#c7 op9abitur igitur4 #fh4 ,ads5tiri quicquam3 only ) neut] pron\ns l ?is c\ld ads5tiri be foll[$ by an accusative case4 ,su/95da e/3 4 ,iis quae possunt3 ^! words ,,mss4 om4 ,tam 9 praecipiti3 = ! position ( 9 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #be4 ,! be/ ,,mss4 h "h tam5 94 ,madv4 alt]$ tam5 to tam 9 n4 on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #bf4 ,! two words are (t5 confus$1 z 9 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #g1 cf4 also n4 on ,i4 #af4 ,s9 autem1 etc43 cf4 ! passage ( ,lactantius ,de ,falsa ,sapi5tia ,,iii4 #c1 qu4 by ,p4 ,val5tia 7p4 #bgh ( ,orelli's repr9t7 si neque sciri quicquam pote/1 ut ,socrates docuit1 neque op9>i1 oportet1 ut ,z5o1 tota philosophia sublata e/4 ,nitamur 444 p]cipi3 let u /ruggle to prove ! proposition1 etc4 ,! con/ruction is1 ,i believe1 unexampl$ s t ,i suspect hoc1 or "s su* ^w1 to h fall5 out betwe5 igitur & nihil4 #fi4 ,non acrius3 "o ( ! e>ly editions omits non :ile ,go]4 reads acutius & puts a note ( int]rogation at def5sitav]at4 ,m4 ,em4 #afa po9ts out ! absurdity ( mak+ ,cic4 say t ! old argum5ts ( ,antio*us 9 fav\r ( ,academicism 7 weak] ?an 8 new argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,quis enim3 s ,lamb4 = ,,mss4 quisquam enim4 ,excogitavit3 on int]rogations n introduc$ by a p>ticle ( any k9d see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dej4 ,eadem dicit3 on ! subject 9 h&1 ( c\rse4 ,tak5 )\t ?is limitation ! proposition is n /rictly true1 see n4 on #acb4 ,s5sisse3 iudicasse1 n4 on ,i4 #bb4 ,mnes>*i 444 ,d>dani3 see ,dict4 ,biogr4 #gj4 ,revocata e/3 ,manut4 "h wi%$ to read r5ovata1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ad4 ,nom9is dignitatem1 etc43 h5ce ,aug4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,iii4 #da calls him fo5eus ille ,platonicus ,antio*us 7t tul*an ,platoni/74 ,gloriae causa3 cf4 ,aug4 ibid4 ,,ii4 #ae ,antio*us gloriae cupidior quam v]itatis4 ,fac]e dic]5t3 s ,cam]>ius = ! ,,mss4 fac]5t4 ,su/9]e3 cf4 #aae su/9u]o ,epicureos4 ,sub ,novis3 ,fab]'s brilliant em4 = ! ,,mss4 sub nubes4 ,! ,novae ,tab]nae 7 9 ! =um1 & are (t5 m5tion$ by ,cic4 & ,livy4 ,9 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bff a /ory is told ( ,caes>1 :o1 :ile speak+ sub ,vet]ibus1 po9ts to a tabula :i* hangs sub ,novis4 ,! excell5ce ( ,fab]'s em4 may be felt by comp>+ t ( ,manut4 sub nube1 & t ( ,lamb4 nisi sub nube4 ,i h be=e rem>k$ t b is frequ5tly writt5 9 ,,mss4 = v4 ,ma5ianorum3 project+ eaves1 accord+ to ,fe/us s4v4 ,!y 7 probably nam$ f _! inv5tor l ,vitelliana1 ,vat9ia etc4 #ga4 ,quoque 444 argum5to3 ! s5t5ce is anacolu?ic1 ! brok5 ?read is pick$ up by quod argum5tum ne> ! end4 ,utrum3 ! neut] pron\n1 n ! s call$ conjunction1 ! two alt]natives are m>k$ by ne & an4 ,! same usage is f\nd 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #fj1 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #i1 & mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! use ( utrum 444 ne 444 an1 :i* occurs n unfrequ5tly 9 ,cic41 e g ,de ,inv5t4 ,,ii4 #aae utrum copiane sit agri an p5uria consid]atur4 ,on ?is po9t cf4 ,m4 ,em4 #afc1 ,gram4 #deb1 obs4 #a1 #b1 ,zumpt on ,cic4 ,v]r4 ,,iv4 #gc4 ,hone/i inane nom5 esse3 a mod]n w\ld be incl9$ to write hone/um1 9 apposition to nom51 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ah voluptatis alii putant primum appetitum4 ,voluptatem etc43 = ! conv]sion ( ,dionysius 7call$ 7 f ,/oicism to ,epicureanism cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fj1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vii4 #aff--g4 ,a v]o3 com+ f a reality1 cf4 #da1 n4 ,is curavit3 ,go]4 reads 81 solet ,v4 ,d4 9 hoc pronom5 saevire1 says ,madv4 ,! scribes (t5 prefix h to p>ts ( ! pron\n is1 & ,go]4 g5]ally patronises _! vulg> error4 #gb--gh4 ,summ>y4 ,y accuse me ( appeal+ to anci5t names l a revolutioni/1 yet ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 & ,metrodorus1 philosoph]s ( ! highe/ position1 prote/ aga9/ ! tru? ( s5se k1 & d5y ! possibility ( k altoge!r 7#gb1 #gc74 ,emp$ocles1 ,x5ophanes1 & ,p>m5ides all declaim aga9/ s5se k4 ,y said t ,socrates & ,plato mu/ n be class$ ) ^!4 ,:y8 ,socrates said he knew no?+ b 8 own ignorance1 :ile ,plato pursu$ ! same !me 9 all 8 works 7#gd74 ,n[ d y see t ,i d n m]ely "n1 b take = my models fam\s m58 ,ev5 ,*rysippus /at$ _m difficulties conc]n+ ! s5ses & g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,y say he solv$ !m1 ev5 if he did1 :i* ,i d n believe1 he admitt$ t x 0 n easy to escape be+ ensn>$ by !m 7#ge74 ,! ,cyr5aics too held t !y knew no?+ ab\t ?+s ext]nal to !mselves4 ,! s9c]ity ( ,arcesilas may be se5 ?us 7#gf74 ,z5o held /rongly t ! wise man ought to keep cle> f op9ion4 ,arcesilas agre$ b ?is )\t k 0 impossible4 ,k consi/s ( p]ceptions4 ,arcesilas !re=e dem&$ a def9ition ( p]ception4 ,?is def9ition ,arcesilas combat$4 ,?is is ! controv]sy :i* has la/$ to our "t4 ,d away ) op9ion & p]ception1 & ! ( ,arcesilas foll[s at once 7#gg1 #gh74 #gb4 ,de antiquis philosophis3 on acc\nt ( ! some:at awkw>d con/r4 ,lamb4 read antiquos philosophos4 ,popul>is3 cf4 #ac4 ,res non bonas3 ,,mss4 om4 non1 :i* ,or4 add$ ) two v e>ly editions4 ,fab] +5i\sly suppos$ ! true read+ to be novas1 :i* w\ld be writt5 nobas1 & !n pass into bonas4 ,nivem nigram3 ?is deliv]ance ( ,anaxagoras is v (t5 ref]r$ to by ,sextus4 ,9 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #cc he quotes x z an in/ance ( ! refutation ( by means ( 1 1 4 ,!re is an obscure joke on ?is 9 ,ad ,qu4 ,fratrem ,,ii4 #ac1 #a risi nivem atram 444 teque hil>i animo esse et prompto ad ioc&um valde me iuvat4 ,sophi/es3 "h treat$ z ! demagogue ( philosophy4 ,o/5tationis3 4 #gc4 ,democrito3 ,cic41 z ,madv4 rem>ks on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj1 always exagg]ates ! m]its ( ,democr4 9 ord] to depreciate ! ,epicureans1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bb1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #e1 ,,ii4 #aci1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #abj1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #db4 ,qu9tae classis3 a metaphor f ! ,roman milit>y ord]4 ,qui v]i esse aliquid1 etc43 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab non enim sumus ii quibus nihil v]um esse videatur1 s$ ii qui omnibus v]is falsa qua$am adiuncta dicamus4 ,non obscuros s$ t5ebricosos3 n m]ely dim b d>k5$4 ,!re is a ref]5ce "h to ! ( ,democr41 by :i* he meant t k :i* /ops at ! sup]ficial appe>ances ( ?+s z %[n by s5se4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 by no means a sceptic1 = he also held a 1 deal+ ) ! realities ( mat]ial exi/5ce1 ! atoms & ! void1 :i* exi/ & n m]ely z appe>ances d4 ,see ,r4 & ,p4 #ea4 #gd4 ,fur]e3 cf4 #ad4 ,orbat s5sibus3 cf4 #fa1 & = ! belief ( ,emp$ocles ab\t ! possibility ( see ! rem>ks ( ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #abc--d qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #ajg1 :o say patet err>e eos qui scepticis adnum]&um ,emp$oclem putabant4 ,sonum fund]e3 simil> expressions occur 9 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #db1 ,v4 #gc1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dh4 ,p>m5ides1 ,x5ophanes3 ^! are ! la/ m5 :o ought to be *>g$ ) scepticism4 ,!y advanc$ inde$ argum5ts aga9/ s5se-k1 b held t real k 0 atta9able by ! reason4 ,cf4 ,grote1 ,plato ,i4 #ed1 ,zell] #eja1 ,r4 & ,p4 on ,x5ophanes & ,p>m5ides4 ,m9us bonis3 ,dav4 qu4 ,plut4 ,de ,audit4 #de ,a1 ' 4 ,quamquam3 on ! prop] use ( quamquam 9 clauses :]e ! v]b is n express$ see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fh & cf4 ,i4 #e4 ,quasi irati3 = ! use ( quasi almo/ cf4 ,9 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,i4 #bb1 ,orat4 #da4 ,aiebas remov5dum3 = om4 ( esse see n4 on ,i4 #dc4 ,p]scripti sunt3 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #af4 ,scire se nihil se scire3 cf4 ,i4 #af1 #dd4 ,! words ref]r$ to are 9 ,plat4 ,apol4 #ba 1 1 a v diff]5t /atem5t f ! nihil sciri posse by :i* ,cic4 int]prets x 7cf4 ,r4 & ,p4 #adh74 ,t 9 ! /rict s5se is impossible1 is a doctr9e :i* ,socrates w\ld h left to ! ,sophi/s4 ,de ,platone3 ! doctr9e above m5tion$ is an absurd "o to foi/ ^u ,plato4 ,! dialogues ( se>* z !y are call$1 :ile expos+ %am k1 all assume t ! real is atta9able4 ,ironiam3 ! ^w 0 giv5 9 its ,greek =m 9 #ae4 ,nulla fuit ratio p]sequi3 n4 on #ag4 #ge4 ,videorne3 nonne videor1 z videsne nonne vides4 ,imit>i numquam nisi3 a /range expression = :i* ,manut4 conj4 imit>i8 num quem1 etc41 ,halm nullum unquam 9 place ( numquam4 ,bait4 pr9ts ! read+ ( ,man41 :i* ,i ?9k h>%] ?an t ( ! ,,mss4 ,m9utos3 = ! ^w cf4 ,orat4 #id1 also ,de ,div4 ,i4 #fb m9uti philosophi1 ,brut4 #bef m9uti imp]atores4 ,/ilponem1 etc43 ,meg>ians1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #agg--ahb4 3 ,cic4 9 ! second edition probably introduc$ "h ! translation cavillationes1 to :i* ,s5eca ,ep4 #aaf ref]s1 cf4 ,kris*e1 p4 #fe4 ,fulcire porticum3 to be ! pill> ( ! ,/oic por*4 ,cf4 ! anonym\s l9e 1 4 ,quae 9 consuetud9e probantur3 n4 on #hg4 ,nisi vid]et3 = ! t5se ( ! v]b1 see ,madv4 ,gram4 #cdg b1 obs4 #b4 #gf4 ,quid 444 philosophi3 my read+ is t ( ,dur& approv$ by ,madv4 & foll[$ by ,bait4 ,x is /range t ,halm does n m5tion ?is read+1 :i* only requires ! alt]ation ( ,cyr5aei into ,cyr5aici 7n[ made by all edd4 on ! gr\nd t ,cyr5aeus is a citiz5 ( ,cyr5o1 ,cyr5aicus a foll[] ( ,ari/ippus7 & ! ins]tion ( tibi4 ,i see no difficulty 9 ! qui be=e negant1 at :i* s _m edd4 take (f5ce4 ,tactu intimo3 ! ^w ,i believe does n occur 9 anci5t au?orities z a t]m ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool2 _! great ^w 0 4 ,f #adc 7p]motiones intimas7 x might appe> t ,cic4 is translat+ ei!r or 4 ,= a cle> acc\nt ( ! s*ool see ,zell]'s ,socrates1 = ! illu/ration ( ! pres5t passage pp #bic--cjj ) ! footnotes4 ,cf4 also ,r4 & ,p4 #afb sq4 ,quo quid colore3 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aia 7qu4 ,zell] ,socrates #big1 ,r4 & ,p4 #afe74 ,adfici se3 4 ,quaesi]as3 note ! plup4 :]e ,eng4 idiom requires ! p]fect or aori/4 ,tot saeculis3 cf4 ! same words 9 #ae4 ,tot +5iis tantisque /udiis3 cf4 summis +5iis1 maximis /udiis 9 #ae4 ,obtrect&i3 ?is invidi\s ^w _h be5 us$ by ,lucullus 9 #af2 cf4 also ,i4 #dd4 #gg4 ,express]at3 _h put into di/9ct %ape4 ,cf4 #g & ,i4 #ai4 ,exprim]e & dic]e are always %>ply di/+ui%$ by ,cic41 ! latt] m]ely imply+ ! me*anic ex]cise ( utt]ance1 ! =m] ! m\ld+ & %ap+ ( ! utt]ance by consci\s ef=t2 cf4 esp4 ,orat4 #c1 #fi1 & ,ad ,att4 ,,viii4 #aa1 #a2 also ,de ,or4 ,i4 #cb1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #gi1 qu4 by ,krebs & ,allgay]4 ,! conj4 ( ,dav4 exposu]at is !re=e ne$less4 ,=tasse3 we may suppose4 ,nec p]cip]e1 etc43 cf4 #fh1 n4 ,tum illum3 a *ange f ille1 cr$o 7sc4 respondit71 ! cr$o be+ n[ repeat$ to gov]n ! inf94 ,= ! con/r4 aft] ita def9isse cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ac 7:o quotes exx472 also ! con/ruction ) ita iudico 9 #aac4 ,ex eo1 quod esset3 cf4 #ah1 n4 ,effictum3 s ,manut4 = ,,mss4 effectum1 cf4 #ah4 ,ab eo1 quod non e/3 ! words non e/ include ! two mean+s is non exi/5t1 & is diff]5t f :at x seems to be--! two mean+s ( falsum inde$1 see n4 on #dg4 ,eiusdem modi3 cf4 #dj1 #hd4 ,,mss4 h eius modi1 alt]$ by ,dav4 ,recte 444 additum3 ! semicolon at ,arcesilas 0 add$ by ,manutius1 :o is foll[$ by all edd4 ,?is involves tak+ additum additum e/1 an ellipse ( excessive r>ity 9 ,cic41 see ,madv4 ,opusc4 ,i4 #ddh1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1 ,gram4 #dgi a4 ,i ?9k x q possible t recte cons5sit additum %\ld be con/ru$ toge!r1 agre$ t ! addition _h be5 rightly made4 ,= ! omission ( esse 9 t case cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #djf1 & su* expressions z dic]e solebat p]turbatum 9 #aaa1 also ita scrib5ti exanclatum 9 #ajh4 ,recte1 :i* ) ! ord9>y /opp+ expresses ,cic4's ne$less approval ( ,arcesilas' conduct w\ld ?us ga9 9 po9t4 ,qy1 %\ld concessit be read1 z 9 #aah concessisse is n[ read = ,,mss4 cons5sisse8 ,a v]o3 cf4 #da4 #gh4 ,quae adhuc p]mans]it3 note ! subj41 :i* is ( su* a nature z to h la/$4 ,nam illud 444 p]t9ebat3 by illud is meant ! argum5t 9 def5ce ( giv5 9 #fg2 by nihil 444 p]t9ebat no?+ m is int5d$ ?an t !re 0 no imm$iate or close connection4 ,cf4 ! use ( p]t9]e 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ee4 ,clitoma*o3 cf4 n4 on #ei4 #gi--ij4 ,summ>y ,y are wrong1 ,lucullus1 9 uphold+ y\r cause 9 spite ( my argum5ts ye/]day aga9/ ! s5ses4 ,y are ?us act+ l ! ,epicureans1 :o say t ! inf]5ce only f ! s5sation c be false1 n ! s5sation itself 7#gi1 #hj74 ,i wi% ! god ( :om y spoke w\ld ask me :e!r ,i want$ any?+ m ?an s\nd s5ses4 ,he w\ld h a bad "t ) me4 ,= ev5 grant+ t our vision is correct h[ m>vell\sly circumscrib$ x is6 ,b say y1 we desire no m4 ,no ,i answ]1 y are l ! mole :o desires n ! light because he is bl9d4 ,yet ,i w\ld n s mu* reproa* ! god because my vision is n>r[1 z because x deceives me 7#hj1 #ha74 ,if y want some?+ great] ?an ! b5t o>1 :at c be great] ?an ! sun8 ,/ill he seems to u a foot broad1 & ,epicurus ?9ks he may be a little broad] or n>r[] ?an he seems4 ,) all 8 enorm\s spe$1 too1 he appe>s to u to /& /ill 7#hb74 ,! :ole "q lies 9 a nut%ell2 ( f\r propositions :i* prove my po9t only "o is disput$ viz4 t e true s5sation has side by side ) x a false "o indi/+ui%able f x 7#hc74 ,a man :o has mi/ak5 ,p4 = ,q4 ,gem9us c\ld h no infallible mode ( recognis+ ,cotta4 ,y say t no su* indi/+ui%able resemblances exi/4 ,nev] m9d1 !y seem to exi/ & t is en\gh4 ,"o mi/ak5 s5sation w ?r[ all ! o!rs into unc]ta9ty 7#hd74 ,y say ev]y?+ belongs to its own g5us ?is ,i w n conte/4 ,i am n conc]n$ to %[ t two s5sations are absolutely simil>1 x is en\gh t human faculties _c di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,h[ ab\t ! impressions ( signet r+s8 7#he7 ,c y f9d a r+ m]*ant to rival y\r *ick5 re>] ( ,delos8 ,b1 y say1 art aids ! s5ses4 ,s we _c see or he> )\t art1 :i* s few c h6 ,:at an idea ?is gives u ( ! art ) :i* nature has con/ruct$ ! s5ses6 7#hf7 ,b ab\t physics ,i w speak aft]w>ds4 ,i am go+ n[ to advance aga9/ ! s5ses argum5ts drawn f ,*rysippus himself 7#hg74 ,y said t ! s5sations ( dream]s1 drunk>ds & madm5 7 feebl] ?an ^? ( ! wak+1 ! sob] & ! sane4 ,! cases ( ,ennius & 8 ,alcmaeon1 ( y\r own relative ,tuditanus1 ( ! ,h]cules ( ,euripides disprove y\r po9t 7#hh1 #hi74 ,9 _! case at lea/ 'm9d & eyes agre$4 ,x is no good to talk ab\t ! san] mom5ts ( su* p2 ! "q is1 :at 0 ! nature ( _! s5sations at ! "t !y 7 affect$8 7#ij7 #gi4 ,communi loco3 1 t ( bl9k+ facts :i* _c be disprov$1 see #ai4 ,quod ne id3 ,i h bracket$ id ) mo/ edd4 s9ce ,manut4 ,if1 h[ev]1 quod be tak5 z ! conjunction1 & n z ! pron\n1 id is n altoge!r insupportable4 ,h]i3 cf4 ,introd4 #ee4 ,infracto remo3 n4 on #ai4 ,t5nyson seems to allude to ?is 9 8 ,high] ,pan!ism--all we h p[] to see is a /raight /aff b5t 9 a pool4 ,man5t illa omnia1 iacet3 ?is is my correction ( ! read+ ( mo/ ,,mss4 maneant 444 lac]at4 ,madv4 ,em4 #agf 9 combat+ ! conj4 ( ,go]4 si maneant 444 lac]atis i/am causam1 approves maneant 444 iaceat1 a read+ ) "s ,,mss4 support1 adopt$ by ,orelli4 ,i ?9k ! :ole confusion ( ! passage arises f ! mania ( ! copyi/s = turn+ indicatives into subjunctives1 ( :i* 9 critical editions ( ,cic4 exx4 occur e few pages4 ,if iacet 7 by error turn$ into iac]et ! read+ lac]at w\ld arise at once4 ,! nom4 to dicit is1 ,i may obs]ve1 n ,epicurus1 z ,orelli takes x1 b ,lucullus4 ,trans4 all my argum5ts rema9 unt\*$2 y\r case is ov]?r[n1 yet 8 s5ses are true quo?a6 7,= ?is use ( dicit cf4 inquit 9 #aja1 #aji1 #aae74 ,h]mann approves ! odd read+ ( ! ed4 ,crat&riana ( #aebh latrat4 ,dav4 conjectur$ comically blat]at i/e tam5 et1 ,halm lac]a e/ i/a causa4 ,habes3 z two good ,,mss4 h habes et eum1 ,madv4 ,em4 #agf conj4 habet4 ,! *ange ( p]son1 h[ev]1 7f dicit to habes7 occurs also 9 #aja4 ,epicurus3 n4 on #ai4 #hj4 ,hoc e/ v]um esse3 ,madv4 ,em4 #agg took v]um z mean+ fair1 c&id1 9 ?is explanation ,i concur4 ,madv41 h[ev]1 9 8 critical epi/le to ,orelli p4 #aci ab&on$ x & propos$ virum esse1 a v /range em4 ,halm's conj4 c]tum esse is weak & improbable4 ,importune3 ?is is 9 "o good ,,ms4 b ! re/ h importata1 a good em4 is ne$$1 z importune does n suit ! s5se ( ! passage4 ,negat 444 torsisset3 = ! t5ses cf4 #ajd exposuisset1 adiungit4 ,cum oculum torsisset3 i4e4 by plac+ ! f+] b5ea? ! eye & press+ upw>ds or sideways4 ,cf4 ,ari/ot4 ,e?4 ,eud4 ,,vii4 #ac 7qu4 by ,dav47 4 ,fab] qu4 ,ari/4 ,problemata ,,xvii4 #ca 787 4 ,also ib4 ,,xxxi4 #c inquir+ ! reason :y drunk>ds see d\ble he says 4 ,sextus ref]s to ! same ?+ ,p4,h4 ,i4 #dg1 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aib 7 7 s ,cic4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abj4 ,lucretius gives ! same answ] z ,timagoras1 propt] op9atus animi 7,,iv4 #dfe71 z does ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #baj on behalf ( ,epicurus4 ,s$ hic3 ,bait4 sit hic4 ,maiorum3 cf4 #adc4 ,quasi qua]atur3 ,c>neades refus$ to discuss ab\t ?+s 9 !mselves b m]ely dealt ) ! appe>ances !y pres5t1 7,num5 9 ,euseb4 ,pr4 ,eu4 ,,xiv4 #h74 ,cf4 also ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #gh1 #hg1 #add1 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,domi nascuntur3 a prov]b us$ l ' ' & coals to ,newca/le1 see ,lor5z on ,plaut4 ,miles ,,ii4 #b1 #ch1 & cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,x4 #ad1 #b1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #c4 ,deus3 cf4 #ai4 ,audiret 444 ag]et3 ,,mss4 h audies 444 ag]5t4 ,z ! ins]tion ( n 9 ! imp4 subj4 is s common 9 ,,mss4 ,i read ag]et & alt] audies to suit x4 ,halm has audiret 444 ag]etur ) ,dav41 ,bait4 audiet1 eg]it4 ,ex hoc loco video 444 c]no3 ,,mss4 h loco c]no regionem video ,pompeianum non c]no :5ce ,lipsius conj4 ex hoc loco e regione video4 ,halm ejects ! words regionem video1 ,i pref] to eject c]no regionem4 ,we are ?us left ) ! slight *ange f video to c]no1 :i* is v (t5 f\nd 9 ,cic41 e4g4 ,orat4 #ah4 ,cic4 sometimes h[ev] jo9s ! two v]bs z 9 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #afa4 ,o praecl>um prospectum3 ! view 0 a fav\rite "o ) ,cic41 see ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #ac1 #e4 #ha4 ,nescio qui3 ,go]4 is q wrong 9 say+ t nescio quis implies contempt1 :ile nescio qui does n1 cf4 ,div4 9 qu4 ,caec4 #dg1 :]e nescio qui w\ld contradict 8 rule4 ,x is z difficult to def9e ! uses ( ! two expressions z to def9e ^? ( aliquis & aliqui1 on :i* see #fa n4 ,9 ,p>adoxa #ab ! be/ ,,mss4 h si qui & si quis almo/ 9 ! same l9e ) id5tically ! same mean+ ,dav4 quotes ,sol9us & ,pl94 ,n4,h4 ,,vii4 #ba1 to %[ t ! man m5tion$ "h 0 call$ ,/rabo--a misnom] surely4 ,oct+5ta3 s ! be/ ,,mss41 n octog9ta1 :i* h[ev] agrees bett] ) ,pl9y4 ,quod abesset3 :atev] might be #ahjj /adia di/ant1 ab]at w\ld h impli$ t ,cic4 _h "s p>ticul> ?+ 9 m9d1 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #cfd1 obs4 #a4 ,acrius3 1 ,lamb4 )\t ne$ read acutius z ,go]4 did 9 #fi4 ,illos pisces3 s "s ,,mss41 b ! be/ h ullos1 :5ce ,klotz conj4 multos1 ,orelli multos illos1 omitt+ pisces4 ,= ! allusion to ! fi%1 cf4 ,acad4 ,po/4 fragm4 #ac4 ,vid5tur3 n4 on #be4 ,amplius3 cf4 #ai non video cur qua]at amplius4 ,desid]amus3 ,halm1 fail+ to und]/& ! passage1 foll[s ,*ri/ 9 read+ desid]ant 7i4e4 pisces74 ,to p>aphrase ! s5se is ?is ,b say my oppon5ts1 ! ,/oics & ,antio*eans1 we desire no bett] s5ses ?an we h4 ,well y are l ! mole1 :i* does n ye>n = ! light because x does n "k :at light is4 ,( c\rse all ! anci5ts ?\ght ! mole bl9d4 ,a glance w %[ ! insipidity ( ! s5se giv5 by ,halm's read+4 ,qu]]] cum deo3 w\ld ent] into an alt]cation ) ! god4 ,! phrase1 l z oppos$ to implies mutual recrim9ation1 cf4 ,pro ,deiot>o #i qu]ellae cum ,deiot>o4 ,! read+ tam qu]]] = ! tam5 qua]]etur ( ! ,,mss4 is due to ,manut4 ,navem3 ,sextus (t5 uses ! same illu/ration1 z 9 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #ajg1 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dad4 ,non tu v]um te/em1 etc43 cf4 #aje4 ,= ! om4 ( te be=e hab]e1 :i* has /rangely tr\bl$ edd4 & induc$ !m to alt] ! text1 see n4 on ,i4 #f4 #hb4 ,quid ego3 ,bait4 has s$ quid aft] ,erne/i4 ,nave3 s ! be/ ,,mss41 n navi1 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #db4 ,duodevig9ti3 s 9 #abh4 ,go]4 & ,roep] qu4 by ,halm wi%$ to read duodetrig9ta4 ,! reff4 ( ,go]4 at lea/ d n prove 8 po9t t ! anci5ts commonly e/imat$ ! sun at #bh times ! size ( ! e>?4 ,quasi p$alis3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj p$alis =tasse4 ,= quasi circit] cf4 note on #gd4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj quotes ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,x4 #ia1 :o pres]ves ! v words ( ,epicurus1 9 :i* h[ev] no m5tion ( a foot occurs1 also ,lucr4 ,v4 #eij1 :o copies ,epicurus1 & ,s5eca ,quae/4 ,nat4 ,i4 #c1 #aj 7solem sapi5tes viri p$alem esse cont5d]unt74 ,madv4 po9ts out f ,plut4 ,de ,plac4 ,phil4 ,,ii4 #ba1 p4 #hij ,e1 t ,h]aclitus ass]t$ ! sun to be a foot wide1 he does n h[ev] quote ,/ob4 ,phys4 ,i4 #bd1 #a 1 :i* is affirm$ to be ! op9ion ( ,h]aclitus & ,hecataeus4 ,ne maiorem quidem3 s ! ,,mss41 b ,go]4 & ,orelli read nec = ne1 incurr+ ! repreh5sion ( ,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4 #had1 ed #b4 ,nihil aut non multum3 s 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ei1 ! correction ( ,orelli1 !re=e1 aut non multum m5tiantur aut nihil1 is ra%4 ,semel3 see #gi4 ,qui ne nunc quidem3 sc4 m5tiri s5sus putat4 ,halm pr9ts qu91 & is foll[$ by ,bait]1 nei!r has obs]v$ t qu9 ne 444 quidem is bad ,lat9 7see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #ef74 ,nor c qu9 ne g toge!r ev5 )\t quidem1 cf4 ,krebs & ,allgay]1 ,antib>b>us ed4 #d on qu94 #hc4 ,9 p>vo lis sit3 ,dur&'s em4 = ! 9 p>vulis sitis ( ! ,,mss41 :i* ,go]4 alone def5ds4 ,quattuor capita3 ^! 7 giv5 9 #dj by ,lucullus1 cf4 also #gg4 ,epicurus3 z above 9 #ai1 #gi etc4 #hd4 ,gem9um3 cf4 #ef4 ,nota3 cf4 #eh & ! spee* ( ,lucullus passim4 ,ne sit 444 pote/3 cf4 #hj quasi qua]atur quid sit1 non quid videatur4 ,si ipse erit = ipse app>5tly is ipse cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ic4 #he4 ,quod non e/3 qu4 n4 e4 id quod esse videtur4 ,sui g5]is3 cf4 #ej1 #ed1 #ef4 ,nullum esse pilum1 etc43 a /rong expression ( ?is belief is f\nd 9 ,s5eca ,ep44 #aac1 #ac1 qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #chj4 ,note ! ^w ,/oicum2 ,lucullus is ( c\rse n ,/oic1 b ,antio*ean4 ,nihil int]e/3 ! same op9ion is express$ 9 #dj1 :]e see my note4 ,visa res3 ,halm writes res a re1 x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 ei!r 9 ,gk4 or ,lat4 to express bo? ( two relat$ ?+s :5 a ^w is ins]t$ l diff]at "h1 :i* %[s t !y are relat$4 ,cf4 ! elliptic con/ructions 9 ,gk4 ) 1 1 1 & su* words4 ,eodem caelo atque3 a difficult passage4 ,,mss4 h aqua1 an error easy1 z ,halm notes1 to a scribe :o und]/ood caelum to be ! heav51 & n 1 a grav+ tool4 ,fab] & o!r old edd4 def5d ! ,,mss4 read+1 adduc+ passages to %[ t sky & wat] 7 important 9 ! mak+ ( /atues4 ,= aqua ,orelli conj4 acu s*raffirnadel1 ,c4,f4 ,h]mann caelatura1 :i* does n seem to be a ,cic]onian ^w4 ,halm's aeque introduces a con/ruction ) cet]is omnibus :i* is n only n ,cic]onian1 b n ,lat9 at all4 ,i read atque1 tak+ cet]is omnibus to be ! abl4 neut4 all ! o!r implem5ts4 ,=m]ly ,i conj4 ascra1 or atque 91 :i* la/ lead+ w\ld make omnibus om4 /atuis4 ,alex&ros3 ,lysippus alone 0 privileg$ to make /atues ( ,alex&]1 z ,apelles alone 0 all[$ to pa9t ! conqu]or1 cf4 ,ad ,fam4 ,v4 #ab1 #g4 #hf4 ,anulo3 cf4 #ed4 ,aliqui3 n4 on #fa4 ,gall9>ium3 cf4 #eg4 ,adhibes artem3 cf4 #bj adhibita arte4 ,pictor 444 tibic53 s 9 #bj4 ,simul inflavit3 note simul = simul atque1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ab4 ,no/ri quidem3 i4e4 ,romani4 ,admodum3 i4e4 adm4 pauci cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,,iii4 #cb pauci enim atque admodum pauci4 ,praecl>a3 evid5tly a fem4 adj4 agree+ ) natura4 ,dav4 & ,ern4 made ! adj4 neut]1 & und]/&+ sunt int]pret$ ^! argum5ts ,i am go+ to urge are gr&1 viz4 quanto art4 etc4 #hg4 ,scilicet3 ,g]m4 natrli*4 ,fabricata sit3 cf4 #cj1 #aai1 #aba & ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ai4 ,ne modo3 = modo ne1 a noticeable use4 ,physicis3 probably neut4 ,contra s5sus3 he wrote bo? = & aga9/ 2 cf4 ,r4 & ,p4 #cfj & #cfh4 ,c>neadem3 ,plut4 ,/o4 ,rep4 #ajcf ,b relates t ,c>neades 9 read+ ! argum5ts ( ,*rysippus aga9/ ! s5ses1 quot$ ! address ( ,&roma*e to ,hector3 4 ,f ,diog4 ,,iv4 #fb we le>n t he ?us p>odi$ ! l9e qu4 9 n4 on #ge1 4 #hh4 ,dilig5tissime3 9 #dh--ec4 ,dicebas3 9 #eb imbecillius ads5tiuntur4 ,siccorum3 cf4 ,cic4 ,contra ,rullum ,i4 #a consilia siccorum4 ,mad]e is common ) ! mean+ to be drunk1 z 9 ,plaut4 ,mo/ell>ia ,i4 #d1 #f4 ,non dic]et3 ,orelli 0 induc$ by ,go]4 to omit ! v]b1 ) "o ,,ms41 cf4 #ae & ,i4 #ac4 ,! omission ( a v]b 9 ! subjunctive is1 ,madv4 says on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #i1 impossible2 = o!r ellipses ( ! v]b see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fc4 ,alcmaeo autem3 i4e4 ,ennius' own ,alcmaeon2 cf4 #eb4 ,somnia r]i3 ! be/ ,,mss4 h somni>e4 ,go]4 reads somnia1 supply+ non fuisse v]a4 ,i h already rem>k$ on 8 extraord9>y p[] ( supply+4 ,halm conj4 somnia reprob>e1 =gett+ t ! v]b reprob>e belongs to ?ird c5tury ,lat9ity1 also sua visa put>e1 :i* ,bait4 adopts4 ,?9k+ ?is too l>ge a dep>ture f ! ,,mss41 ,i read r]i1 :i* v]b occurr$ 9 ,i4 #bf1 #ci4 ,possibly put>e1 a little f>!r on1 has got misplac$4 ,non id agitur3 ^! difficulties supply ,sextus ) "o ( 8 1 i4e4 2 cf4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #ajj1 also = ! treatm5t ( dreams1 ib4 ,i4 #ajd4 ,si modo1 etc43 if only he dream$ x1 i4e4 m]ely because he dream$ x4 ,aeque ac vigilanti3 aeque ac si vigil>et4 ,dav4 miss+ ! s5se1 & po9t+ out t :5 awake ,ennius did n ass5t to 8 s5sations at all1 conj4 vigilantis4 ,two p>ticiples us$ 9 v diff]5t ways n unfrequ5tly occur toge!r1 see ,madv4 ,em4 ,liv4 p4 #ddb4 ,ita cr$it3 ,,mss4 h illa1 :i* ,dav4 alt]$4 ,halm w\ld pref] cr$idit4 ,it]a dum1 etc43 f ! ,iliona ( ,pacuvius2 a fav\rite quotation ) ,cic42 see ,ad ,att4 ,,xiv4 #ad1 & ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #dd4 #hi4 ,quisquam3 = ! use ( ?is pron\n 9 int]rogative s5t5ces cf4 ,virg4 ,a54 ,i4 #dh ) ! ,notes ( ,wagn] & ,con+ton4 ,tam c]ta putat3 s ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #fa po9ts out t ,protagoras mu/ 9 accordance ) 8 doctr9e hold t ! is ! 4 ,video1 video te3 evid5tly f a trag$y ^: subject 0 1 see ,ribbeck ,trag4 ,lat4 rel4 p4 #bje4 ,cic4 9 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #afb ?us cont9ues ! quotation1 oculis po/remum lum5 radiatum rape4 ,s 9 ,soph4 ,aiax #ajj ! h]o1 aft] kill+1 z he ?9ks1 ! ,atridae1 keeps ,odysseus alive a:ile 9 ord] to torture him4 ,h]cules3 cf4 ,eur4 ,h]c4 ,fur4 #iba--ajae4 ,! mad visions ( ?is h]o1 l ^? ( ,ore/es1 are (t5 ref]r$ to = a simil> purpose by ,sext41 e4g4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dje 1 4 1 4 ,cf4 also ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bdi4 ,mov]etur3 imp]f4 = plup4 z 9 #ij4 ,alcmaeo tuus3 cf4 #eb4 ,incitato furore3 ,dav4 reads incitatus4 ,halm qu4 f ,wes5b]g ,obs]v4 ,crit4 ad ,or4 p4 ,se/io p4 #ea ?is explanation1 cum furor eius initio remissior paulatim incitatior et vehem5tior factus esset1 he also ref]s to ,wopk5s ,lect4 ,tull4 p4 #ee ed4 ,h&4 ,inc$unt etc43 ! ,,mss4 h inc$e1 :i* ,lamb4 correct$4 ,! subject ( ! v]b is evid5tly ,furiae4 ,adsunt3 is only giv5 once by ,,mss41 :ile ,ribbeck repeats x ?rice1 on ,halm's sugge/ion ,i h writt5 x twice4 ,ca]ulea 444 angui3 anguis fem is n uncommon 9 ! old poetry4 ,,mss4 "h h igni4 ,cr9itus3 1 nev] %orn1 z ,milton translates x4 ,luna innixus3 ! sep>ate m5tion 9 ! next l9e ( ,diana1 usually id5tifi$ ) ! moon1 has l$ edd4 to em5d ?is l9e4 ,"s old edd4 h lunat1 :ile ,lamb4 reads g5u = luna1 cf4 ,ov4 ,am4 ,i4 #a1 #be 7qu4 by ,go]47 lunavitque g5u s9uosum =tit] arcum4 ,wakefield on ,lucr4 ,,iii4 #ajac puts a /op at auratum1 & goes on ) ,luna innixans4 ,tab] /rangely expla9s luna z arcu ipso lunato1 ,dav4 says we ought n to expect ! passage to make s5se1 z x is ! utt]ance ( a maniac4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n see :y ! poet %\ld n reg>d luna & ,diana z di/9ct4 #ij4 ,illa falsa3 sc4 visa1 :i* gov]ns ! two g5itives4 ,go]4 p]v]sely insi/s on tak+ somniantium recordatione ipsorum closely toge!r4 ,non enim id qua]itur3 cf4 #hj n4 ,sext4 v (t5 uses v simil> language1 z 9 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #bb1 qu4 9 n4 on #dj4 ,tum cum movebantur3 s ,halm = ,,mss4 tum commovebantur1 ! em4 is support$ by #hh4 #ia--ih4 ,summ>y3 ,dialectic _c lead to /able k1 its processes are n applicable to a l>ge numb] ( philosophical que/ions 7#ia74 ,y value ! art1 b rememb] t x gave rise to fallacies l ! sorites1 :i* y say is faulty 7#ib74 ,if x is s1 refute x4 ,! plan ( ,*rysippus to refra9 f answ]+1 w avail y no?+ 7#ic74 ,if y refra9 because y _c answ]1 y\r k fails y1 if y c answ] & yet refra91 y are unfair 7#id74 ,! art y admire really undoes itself1 z ,p5elope did h] web1 witness ! ,m5ti5s1 7#ie74 ,y ass5t to argum5ts :i* are id5tical 9 =m ) ! ,m5ti5s1 & yet refuse to ass5t to x ,:y s8 7#if7 ,y dem& t ^! sophisms %\ld be made exceptions to ! rules ( ,dialectic4 ,y mu/ g to a tribune = t exception4 ,i j rem9d y t ,epicurus w\ld n all[ ! v fir/ po/ulate ( y\r ,dialectic 7#ig74 ,9 my op9ion1 & ,i le>n$ ,dialectic f ,antio*us1 ! ,m5ti5s & ! argum5ts id5tical ) x 9 =m mu/ /& or fall toge!r 7#ih74 #ia4 ,inv5tam esse3 cf4 #bf1 #bg4 ,9 geometriane3 ) ?is inquiry into ! special function ( ,dialectic cf4 ! inquiry ab\t ,rhetoric 9 ,plato ,gorg4 #dec ,d1 #ded ,c4 ,sol quantus sit3 ?is ( c\rse is a problem = 1 n = 4 ,quod sit summum bonum3 n b mu/ decide ?is4 ,quae coniunctio3 etc4 s ,sext4 (t5 opposes or to 1 cf4 esp ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bja1 & ,zell] #aji sq4 ) footnotes4 ,an in/ance ( a coniunctio 7hypo!tical judgm5t7 is si lucet1 lucet bel[1 ( a disiunctio 7disjunctive judgm5t7 aut vivet cras ,h]m>*us aut non vivet4 ,ambigue dictum3 1 on :i* see ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bef1 ,diog ,,vii4 #fb4 ,quid sequatur3 1 cf4 ,i4 #ai n4 ,quid repugnet3 cf4 ,i4 #ai1 n4 ,de se ipsa3 ! ipsa1 accord+ to ,cic4's usage1 is nom4 & n abl4 ,petrus ,val5tia 7p4 #cja1 ed ,orelli7 ju/ly rem>ks t an art is n to be condemn$ z useless m]ely because x is unable to solve e problem pres5t$ to x4 ,he quotes ,plato's rem>ks 79 ,rep4 ,,ii47 t ! ,exp]t is ! man :o kn[s exactly :at 8 art c d & :at x _c4 ,v simil> argum5ts to ?is ( ,cic4 occur 9 ,sext41 cf4 esp4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #age & ! words 4 ,= ! mode 9 :i* ,c>neades dealt ) ,dialectic cf4 ,zell] #eaj1 #eaa4 ,! true gr\nd ( attack is t ,logic always assumes ! tru? ( ph5om5a1 & _c prove x4 ,?is 0 cle>ly se5 by ,ari/otle alone ( ! anci5ts2 see ,grote's essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,k1 n[ repr9t$ 9 ,vol ,,ii4 ( 8 ,ari/otle4 #ib4 ,nata sit3 cf4 #bh1 #ei4 ,loqu5di3 ! ,/oic 1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 includ$ 4 ,conclud5di3 or 4 ,locum3 9 ! philosophical s5se4 ,vitiosum3 #di1 n4 ,num no/ra culpa e/3 cf4 #cb4 ,f9ium3 absolute limits2 ! fallacy ( ! sorites & o!r su* sophisms lies entirely 9 ! treatm5t ( purely relative t]ms z ?\gh !y 7 absolute4 ,quat5us3 ! same ellipse occurs 9 ,orator #gc4 ,9 ac]vo tritici3 ?is is ! false sorites1 :i* may be briefly describ$ ?us3 ,a asks ,b :e!r "o gra9 makes a heap1 ,b answ]s ,no4 ,a goes on ask+ :e!r two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc4 gra9s make a heap4 ,b _c always reply ,no4 ,:5 he beg9s to answ] ,yes1 !re w be a diff]5ce ( "o gra9 betwe5 heap & no heap4 ,"o gra9 !re=e does make a heap4 ,! true sorites or *a9 inf]5ce is /ill treat$ 9 books on logic1 cf4 ,?omson's ,laws ( ,?\ght1 pp #bja--bjc1 ed #h4 ,m9utatim3 cf4 ,he9dorf's note on 9 ,sophi/es #bag ,d4 ,int]rogati3 cf4 #ajd4 ,9 #id we h int]roganti1 :i* "s edd4 read "h4 ,dives paup]1 etc43 x w be easily se5 t ! process ( que/ion+ above describ$ c be appli$ to any relative t]m su* z ^! are4 ,= ! omission ( any connect+ p>ticle betwe5 ! memb]s ( ea* pair1 cf4 #bi1 #abe1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #fd1 ,v4 #gc1 #aad1 ,zumpt ,gram4 #ghb4 ,quanto addito aut dempto3 aft] ?is !re is a /range ellipse ( "s su* words z id efficiatur1 quod int]rogatur4 ,non habemus3 ,i bracket non 9 def]5ce to ,halm1 ,madv4 h[ev] 7,opusc4 ,i4 #ejh7 treats x z a sup]abundance ( negation aris+ f a sort ( anacolu?on1 comp>+ ,9 ,vat94 #c1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,xii4 #bd4 ,! scribes ins]t & omit negatives v recklessly1 s t ! po9t may rema9 d\btful4 #ic4 ,frangite3 9 lat] ,gk4 g5]ally 4 ,erunt 444 cavetis3 ?is =m ( ! conditional s5t5ce is illu/rat$ 9 ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gj1 ,em4 ,liv4 p4 #dbb1 ,gram4 #cdj1 obs4 #a4 ,go]4 qu4 ,t]5ce ,heaut4 ,v4 #a1 #ei quot incommoda tibi 9 hac re capies nisi caves1 cf4 also #abg1 #adj ( ?is book4 ,! pres5t is ( c\rse requir$ by ! in/antane\s nature ( ! action4 ,*rysippo3 he sp5t s mu* "t 9 try+ to solve ! sophism t x is call$ peculi>ly 8 by ,p]sius ,,vi4 #hj4 inv5tus1 ,*rysippe1 tui f9itor ac]vi4 ,! titles ( num]\s di/9ct works ( 8 on ! ,sorites & ,m5ti5s are giv5 by ,diog4 ,tria pauca s9t3 cf4 ! in/ances 9 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dah 1 1 also ,diog4 ,,vii4 #hb ! advice is quot$ 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bec 7 71 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #daf 7 74 ,! same t]ms seem to h be5 us$ by ! ,cynics1 see ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bdd1 ,,iii4 #ff4 ,/]tas3 imitat$ by ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #be t] t]na novem esse 444 vel g5]e humano /]t5te v]um sit1 also ib4 ,,iii4 #bb4 ,pr(icit3 ,dav4 pr(icis1 b ,madv4 rightly und]/&s 7,em4 #ahd71 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #eh4 ,ultimum 444 respond]e3 to put 9 z y\r answ] cf4 ! use ( def5d]e ) an accus4 to put 9 z a plea4 ,kays] sugge/s paucorum quid sit4 #id4 ,ut agitator3 see ! amus+ lett] to ,atticus ,,xiii4 #ba1 9 :i* ,cic4 discusses diff]5t translations = ! ^w 1 & quotes a l9e ( ,lucilius su/9eat currum ut bonu' saepe agitator equosque1 add+ semp]que ,c>neades pugilis et ret5tionem aurigae similem facit 4 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 trans4 by refr5atio cf4 also ,lael4 #fc4 ,sup]bus es3 ,i h ?us correct$ ! ,,mss4 responde sup]be2 ,halm writes facis sup]be1 ,orelli sup]bis1 :i* v]b is h>dly f\nd 9 prose4 ,! phrase sup]be resi/]e 9 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ad may be a rem9isc5ce4 ,illu/ribus3 ,bait4 ) "s probability adds 91 comp>+ 9 decimo bel[1 & #ajg1 cf4 h[ev] ,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #dbj4 ,irretiat3 p>allel expressions occur 9 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gf1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #dc1 ,de ,fato #g4 ,fac]e non s9is3 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bec po9ts ! moral 9 ! same way4 ,aug5tis nec m9u5tis3 s ,halm = ,,mss4 aug5di nec m9u5di1 :i* ,bait4 reta9s4 ,i _c believe ! phrase primum aug5di to be ,lat94 #ie4 ,tollit 444 sup]iora3 cf4 ,hort5sius fragm4 #ai 7,orelli7 s$ ad extremum pollicetur prolaturum qui se ipse come/ quod efficit dialecticorum ratio4 ,ve/ra an no/ra3 ,bait4 aft] ,*ri/ ne$lessly writes no/ra an ve/ra4 3 a judgm5t express$ 9 language2 cf4 ,zell] #ajg1 :o gives ! ,/oic ref9em5ts on ?is subject4 ,effatum3 ,halm gives ! spell+ ecfatum4 ,x is probable t ?is spell+ 0 antique 9 ,cic4's "t & only us$ 9 connection ) religi\s & legal =mulae z 9 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #ha1 ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #bj1 see ,corss4 ,ausspr4 ,i4 #aee ,= ! ^w cf4 ,s54 ,ep4 #aag enuntiativum quiddam de corpore quod alii effatum vocant1 alii enuntiatum1 alii edictum1 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ad pronuntiatum is f\nd1 9 ,de ,fato #bf pronuntiatio1 9 ,gellius ,,xvi4 #h 7f ,v>ro7 prologium4 ,aut v]um esse aut falsum3 ! con/ant ,/oic def9ition ( 1 see ,diog4 ,,vii4 #fe & o!r passages 9 ,zell] #ajg4 ,m5tiris an v]um dicis3 ! an 0 add$ by ,s*utz on a comp>ison ( ,gellius ,,xviii4 #aj cum m5tior et m5tiri me dico1 m5tior an v]um dico8 ,! sophism is giv5 9 a m =mally complete %ape 9 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aa :]e ! foll[+ words are add$1 dicis autem te m5tiri v]umque dicis1 m5tiris igitur4 ,! fallacy is ?us hit by ,petrus ,val5tia 7p4 #cja1 ed ,orelli71 quis unquam dixit ego m5tior quum hoc ipsum pronuntiatum falsum vellet decl>>e8 ,inexplicabilia3 9 ! ,greek writ]s4 ,odiosius3 ?is adj4 has n ! /rong mean+ ( ! ,eng4 hateful1 b simply means tiresome1 annoy+4 ,non compreh5sa3 z 9 #ii1 ! opposite ( compreh5dibilia ,,iii4 #a1 #da4 ,! pa/ p>tic4 9 ,cic4 (t5 has ! same mean+ z an adj4 9 -bilis4 ,fab] po9ts out t 9 ! ,timaeus ,cic4 translates by indissolutus & indissolubilis indiff]5tly4 ,imp]ceptus1 :i* "o w\ld expect1 is f\nd 9 ,ovid4 #if4 ,si dicis3 etc4 ! words 9 italics are ne$$1 & 7 giv5 by ,manut4 ) ! exception ( nunc :i* 0 add$ by ,dav4 ,! idea ( ,orelli1 t ,cic4 clipp$ ^! trite sophisms z he does v]ses f ! comic writ]s is unt5able4 ,9 doc5do3 doc]e is n to exp\nd b to prove1 cf4 n4 on #aba4 ,primum 444 modum3 ! ^w modus is te*nical 9 ?is s5se cf4 ,top4 #eg4 ,! ( ! ,/oic logic ran ?us 1 444 7,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #aeg1 & o!r passages qu4 ,zell] #aad74 ,?is be>s a semblance ( inf]5ce & is n s utt]ly tautological z ,cic4's translation1 :i* m]ges & into "o ^w1 or t ( ,zell] 7#aad1 note74 ,^! argum5ts are call$ 7involv+ only "o premise7 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #aeb1 #aei1 ,,ii4 #afg4 ,si dicis te m5tiri1 etc43 x is absurd to assume1 z ?is sophism does1 t :5 a man truly /ates t he has told a lie1 he e/abli%es aga9/ himself n m]ely t he has told a lie1 b also t he is tell+ a lie at ! mom5t :5 he makes ! true /atem5t4 ,! root ( ! sophism lies 9 ! confusion ( pa/ & pres5t "t 9 ! "o inf9itive m5tiri4 ,eiusdem g5]is3 ! phrase te m5tiri _h be5 sub/itut$ = nunc luc]e4 ,*rysippea3 n4 on #ic4 ,conclusioni3 on fac]e ) ! dat4 see n4 on #bg4 ,c$]et3 "s edd4 cr$]et1 b ! ^w is a trans4 ( ,gk4 2 n4 on #ff4 ,conexi3 1 cf4 ,zell] #aji4 ,?is 0 ! prop] t]m = ! hypo!tical judgm5t4 ,sup]ius3 ! consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! hypo!tical "p & ! affirmative--call$ 9 ,greek & 2 if "o is admitt$ ! o!r foll[s ( c\rse4 #ig4 ,excipiantur3 ! legal =mula ( ! ,romans g5]ally direct$ ! iudex to condemn ! def5dant if c]ta9 facts 7 prov$1 unless c]ta9 o!r facts 7 prov$2 ! latt] portion w5t by ! "n ( exceptio4 ,see ,dict4 ,ant4 ,tribunum 444 adeant3 a retort ^u ,lucullus2 cf4 #ac4 ,! ,,mss4 h videant or adeant2 ,halm conj4 adhibeant1 comp>+ #hf & ,pro ,rabirio #bj4 ,contemnit3 ! usual trans4 to despise = contemn]e is too /rong2 x means1 l 1 m]ely to neglect or pass by4 ,effabimur2 cf4 effatum above4 ,h]m>*us3 n ,h]ma*us1 z mo/ edd42 see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #if4 ,diiunctum3 1 = :i* see ,zell] #aab4 ,necess>ium3 ! reason :y ,epicurus refus$ to admit ?is is giv5 9 ,de ,fato #ba ,epicurus v]etur ne si hoc concess]it1 conc$5dum sit fato fi]i quaecumque fiant4 ,! context ( t passage %\ld be c>efully read1 along ) ,n4,d4 ,i4 #fi1 #gj4 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bi lays great /ress on ! necess>y tru? ( disjunctive propositions4 ,catus3 s ,lamb4 = ,,mss4 cautus4 ,t>dum3 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajc ,epicurum quem hebetem et rudem dic]e sol5t ,/oici2 cf4 also ib4 ,,ii4 #aaf1 & ! frequ5t use ( 9 ,sext41 e4g4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #cbe4 ,cum hoc igitur3 ! ^w igitur1 z usual1 picks up ! brok5 ?read ( ! s5t5ce4 ,id e/3 n4 on ,i4 #h4 ,ev]tit3 = ! ,epicurean view ( ,dialectic see ,r4 & ,p4 #cdc4 ,zell] #cii sq41 ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #bb4 ,e contr>iis diiunctio3 4 #ih4 ,sequor3 z 9 #ie1 #if1 :]e ! ,dialectici refus$ to all[ ! consequ5ces ( _! own pr9ciples1 accord+ to ,cic4 ,lud]e3 ?is rem9ds "o ( ! fam\s controv]sy betwe5 ,corax & ,tisias1 = :i* see ,cope 9 ! old ,j\rnal ( ,philology4 ,no4 #g4 ,iudicem 444 non iudicem3 ?is con/ruction1 :i* 9 ,greek w\ld be m>k$ by & 1 has be5 a great crux ( edd42 ,dav4 "h wi%$ to ins]t cum be=e iudicem1 b is conclusively refut$ by ,madv4 ,em4 #ca4 ,! same con/ruction occurs 9 #ajc4 ,esse conexum3 ) great probability ,*ri/ supposes ! inf9itive to be an addition ( ! copyi/s4 #ih--aje4 ,summ>y4 ,9 ord] to ov]?r[ at once ! case ( ,antio*us1 ,i proce$ to expla91 aft] ,clitoma*us1 ! :ole ( ,c>neades' sy/em 7#ih74 ,c>neades laid d[n two divisions ( visa1 "o into ^? capable ( be+ p]ceiv$ & ^? n s capable1 ! o!r into probable & improbable4 ,argum5ts aim$ at ! s5ses conc]n ! fir/ division only2 ! sapi5s w foll[ probability1 z 9 _m in/ances ! ,/oic sapi5s confess$ly does 7#ii1 #ajj74 ,our sapi5s is n made ( /one2 _m ?+s seem to him true2 yet he always feels t !re is a possibility ( _! be+ false4 ,! ,/oics !mselves admit t ! s5ses are (t5 deceiv$4 ,put ?is admission toge!r ) ! t5et ( ,epicurus1 & p]ception becomes impossible 7#aja74 ,x is /range t our ,probables d n seem suffici5t to y4 ,he> ! acc\nt giv5 by ,clitoma*us 7#ajb74 ,he condemns ^? :o say t s5sation is swept away by ! ,academy2 no?+ is swept away b its necess>y c]ta9ty 7#ajc74 ,!re are two modes ( )hold+ ass5t2 )hold+ x absolutely & )hold+ x m]ely s f> z to d5y ! c]ta9ty ( ph5om5a4 ,! latt] mode leaves all t is requir$ = ord9>y life 7#ajd74 #ih4 ,tortuosum3 simil> expressions are 9 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #db1 ,,iii4 #bb1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #g4 ,ut ,po5us3 z might be expect$ f a ,c>?ag9ian2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ef1 tuus ille ,po5ulus1 homo acutus4 ,a diff]5t mean+ is giv5 by ! ut 9 passages l ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #cj ,democritus non inscite nugatur1 ut physicus1 quo g5]e nihil arrogantius2 = a physical philosoph]4 #ii4 ,g5]a3 "h classifications (1 modes ( divid+ visa4 ,?is way ( tak+ ! passage w def5d ,cic4 aga9/ ! /rong c5sure ( ,madv4 7,pref4 to ,d4,f4 p4 lxiii47 :o holds him convict$ ( ignorance1 = repres5t+ ,c>neades z divid+ visa into ^? :i* c be p]ceiv$ & ^? :i* _c4 ,is x possible t any "o %\ld read ! ,academica up to ?is po9t1 & /ill believe t ,cic4 is capable ( suppos+1 ev5 = a mom5t1 t ,c>neades 9 any way upheld 8 ,dicantur3 i4e4 ab ,academicis4 ,si probabile3 ! si is n 9 ,,mss4 ,halm & also ,bait4 foll[ ,*ri/ 9 read+ e/1 probabile nihil esse4 ,commemorabas3 9 #ec1 #eh4 ,ev]sio3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej 7! same words71 ,plat4 ,gorg4 #dha ,c 1 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #aeg 4 ,et s5sibus3 no second et corresponds to ?is2 sic bel[ replaces x4 ,see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4 #gij1 ed4 #b4 ,quicquam tale etc43 cf4 #dj1 #da4 ,nihil ab eo diff]5s3 n4 on #ed4 ,non compreh5sa3 n4 on #if4 #ajj4 ,si iam3 if1 = example2 s iam is (t5 us$ 9 ,lucretius4 ,probo 444 bono3 x w\ld h seem$ m natural to transpose ^! epi!ts4 ,facilior 444 ut probet3 ! usual con/ruction is ) ad & ! g]und2 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajg1 ,brut4 #ahj4 ,anaxagoras3 he made no ( sn[1 b only ( wat]1 :i*1 :5 pure & deep1 is d>k 9 col\r4 ,concreta3 s ,manut4 = ,,mss4 congregata4 ,9 #aba ! ,,mss4 give concreta )\t v>iation1 z 9 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #aja1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #acj1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ff1 #ga4 #aja4 ,imp$itum3 cf4 #cc1 n4 ,movebitur3 cf4 mov]i 9 #bd4 ,non enim e/3 ,cic4 9 ! va/ majority ( cases writes e/ enim1 ! two words fall+ "u "o acc5t l s$ enim1 et enim 7cf4 ,corss4 ,ausspr4 ,,ii4 #hea72 ,bei] on ,de ,(f4 ,i4 p4 #aeg 7qu4 by ,halm7 wi%es !re=e to read e/ enim1 b ! ,,mss4 bo? ( ! ,lucullus & ( ,nonius agree 9 ! o!r =m1 :i* ,madv4 all[s to /& 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1 & _m o!r places 7see 8 note74 ,cf4 fragm4 #bb ( ! ,acad4 ,po/4 ,e robore3 s ,nonius1 b ! ,,mss4 ( ,cic4 give "h ebore4 ,dolatus3 an evid5t imitation ( ,hom4 ,od4 ,t #afc ' 4 ,neque tam5 hab]e3 i4e4 se putat4 ,= ! sudd5 *ange f oratio recta to obliqua cf4 #dj ) n4 ,p]cipi5di notam3 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #aia4 ,= ! use ( ! g]und cf4 n4 on #bf1 ) ,madv4 ,gram4 #dah1 ,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #cac2 = propriam #cd4 ,exsi/]e4 cf4 #cf4 ,qui neget3 see #gi4 ,caput3 a legal t]m4 ,conclusio loquitur3 cf4 hi/oriae loquantur 7#e71 consuetudo loquitur 7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dh71 hom9is in/itutio si loqu]etur 7ib4 ,,iv4 #da71 vites si loqui poss9t 7ib4 ,v4 #ci71 patria loquitur 7,9 ,cat4 ,i4 #ah1 #bg72 ! la/ use ,cic4 condemns himself 9 ,orat4 #he4 ,inquit3 quo?a1 indef9itely1 z 9 #aji1 #aae2 cf4 also dicit 9 #gi4 #ajb4 ,repreh5sio e/ 444 satis esse vobis3 ,bait4 foll[s ,madv4 9 plac+ a comma aft] e/1 & a full /op at probabilia4 ,tam5 ought 9 t case to foll[ dicimus1 & x is notewor?y t 9 8 communication to ,halm 7pr9t$ on p4 #hed ( ,bait41 & ,hahn's ed4 ( ! philosophical works1 #ahfa7 ,madv4 omits ! ^w tam5 altoge!r1 nor does ,bait4 9 adopt+ ! sugge/ion notice ! omission4 ,i/a dic]et3 /at$ ! op9ions y ask$ =4 ,poetam3 ?is bo? ,halm & ,bait4 treat z a gloss4 #ajc4 ,= ?is section cf4 ,lucullus' spee*1 passim1 & ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #bbg sq4 ,academia 444 quibus3 a numb] ( exx4 ( ?is *ange f s+4 to plural are giv5 by ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #af4 ,nullum3 on ! fav\rite ,cic]onian use ( nullus = non see #dg1 #ada1 & ,madv4 ,gram4 #dee1 obs4 #e4 ,illud sit disputatum3 = ! con/ruction cf4 #ih2 autem is omitt$ ) ! same con/r4 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gi1 #hj4 ,nusquam alibi3 cf4 #ej4 #ajd4 ,exposuisset adiungit3 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #fg notices a c]ta9 loos5ess 9 ! use ( t5ses1 :i* ,cic4 displays 9 n>rat+ ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 b no ex4 s /rong z ?is is produc$4 ,ut aut approbet quid aut improbet3 ?is ,halm rejects4 ,i h notic$ among rec5t editors ( ,cic4 a /rong t5d5cy to reject explanatory clauses introduc$ by ut4 ,halm brackets a simil> clause 9 #bj1 & is foll[$ 9 bo? in/ances by ,bait4 ,kays]1 :o is p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive bracket] ( mod]n times1 rejects v _m clauses ( ! k9d 9 ! ,oratorical works4 ,9 our passage1 ! difficulty vani%es :5 we reflect t approb>e & improb>e may mean ei!r to r5d] an absolute approval or disapproval1 or to r5d] an approval or disapproval m]ely bas$ on probability4 ,= example1 9 #bi ! words h ! fir/ mean+1 9 #ff ! second4 ,! same is ! case ) nego & aio4 ,i trace ! :ole difficulty ( ! passage to ! abs5ce ( t]ms to express di/9ctly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ass5t4 ,! g5]al s5se w be z foll[s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( 1 "o :i* prev5ts a man f express+ any ass5t or disagreem5t 79 ei!r ( ! two s5ses above notic$71 ano!r :i* does n prev5t him f giv+ an answ] to que/ions1 provid$ 8 answ] be n tak5 to imply absolute approval or absolute disapproval2 ! result ( :i* w be t he w nei!r absolutely d5y nor absolutely affirm any?+1 b w m]ely give a qualifi$ 'yes' or 'no1' dep5d5t on probability4 ,my def5ce ( ! clause impugn$ is sub/antially ! same z t ( ,h]mann 9 ! ,philologus 7vol4 ,,vii471 :i* ,i _h n read :5 ?is note 0 fir/ writt54 ,alt]um plac]e 444 alt]um t5]e3 ! "o is 8 =mal dogma1 ! o!r is 8 actual practice4 ,= ! =ce ( ?is see my note on non probans 9 #adh1 :i* passage is v simil> to ?is4 ,neget 444 aiat3 cf4 #ig4 ,nec ut placeat3 ?is1 ! ,,mss4 read+1 gives exactly ! wrong s5se1 = ,clitoma*us did all[ su* visa to /& z 7 suffici5t to s]ve z a basis = action4 ,h]mann's neu cui lab\rs "u ! same defect4 ,v>i\s em5dations are nam cum 7,lamb41 accept$ by ,zell] #ebb71 hic ut 7,manut471 et cum 7,dav4 foll[$ by ,bait471 s$ cum 7,halm74 ,! mo/ probable ( ^! seems to me t ( ,manut4 ,i %\ld pref] sic ut1 tak+ ut 9 ! s5se ( al?\gh4 ,respond]e3 to put 9 z an answ]1 z 9 #ic & (t54 ,approb>i3 sc4 putavit4 ,su* *anges ( con/ruction are common 9 ,cic41 & ,i _c foll[ ,halm 9 alt]+ ! read+ to approbavit4 #aje4 ,lucem eripimus3 cf4 #cj4 #aje--aaa4 ,summ>y4 ,y mu/ see1 ,lucullus1 by ?is "t1 t y\r def5ce ( dogmatism is ov]?r[n 7#aje74 ,y ask$ h[ memory 0 possible on my pr9ciples4 ,:y1 did n ,siron rememb] ! dogmas ( ,epicurus8 ,if no?+ c be rememb]$ :i* is n absolutely true1 !n ^! w be true 7#ajf74 ,probability is q suffici5t basis = ! arts4 ,"o /rong po9t ( y\rs is t nature compels u to ass5t4 ,b ,panaetius d\bt$ ev5 "s ( ! ,/oic dogmas1 & y y\rself refuse ass5t to ! sorites1 :y !n %\ld n ! ,academic d\bt ab\t o!r ?+s8 7#ajg7 ,y\r o!r /rong po9t is t )\t ass5t action is impossible 7#ajh74 ,b surely _m actions ( ! dogmati/ proce$ ^u m]e probability4 ,nor d y ga9 by ! use ( ! hackney$ argum5t ( ,antio*us 7#aji74 ,:]e probability is1 !re ! ,academic has all ! k he wants 7#aaj74 ,! argum5t ( ,antio*us t ! ,academics fir/ admit t !re are true & false visa & !n contradict !mselves by d5y+ t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 true & false1 is absurd4 ,we d n d5y t ! diff]5ce exi/s2 we d d5y t human faculties are capable ( p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ce 7#aaa74 #aje4 ,inducto 444 prob43 s ,aug4 ,cont ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab ,soluto1 lib]o3 cf4 n4 on #h4 ,implicato3 imp$ito cf4 #aja4 ,iac]e3 cf4 #gi4 ,isdem oculis3 an answ] to ! "q nihil c]nis8 9 #ajb4 ,purpureum3 cf4 fragm4 #g ( ! ,acad4 ,po/4 ,modo ca]uleum 444 sole3 ,nonius 7cf4 fragm4 #bc7 quotes tum ca]uleum tum lavum 7! ,,mss4 9 our passage h flavum7 videtur1 quodque nunc a sole4 ,c4,f4 ,h]mann w\ld place mane ravum aft] quodque & take quod z a prop] relative pron\n1 n z because4 ,?is transposition c]ta9ly gives increas$ cle>ness4 ,h]mann fur!r wi%es to remove a1 quot+ exx4 ( colluc]e )\t ! prep41 :i* are n at all p>allel1 i4e4 ,v]r4 ,i4 #eh1 ,,iv4 #ga4 ,vibrat3 ) ! ( ,aes*ylus4 ,dissimileque3 ,halm1 foll[$ by ,bait41 om4 que4 ,proximo et3 ,,mss4 h ei1 rightly alt]$ by ,lamb41 cf4 e4g4 ,de ,fato #dd4 ,non possis 444 def5d]e3 a simil> l9e is tak5 9 #ha4 #ajf4 ,memoria3 cf4 #bb4 ,polya5us3 nam$ ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj1 ,diog4 ,x4 #ah1 z "o ( ! *ief fri5ds ( ,epicurus4 ,falsum quod e/3 ,greek & ,lat9 d n di/+ui% accurately betwe5 ! true & ! exi/5t1 ! false & ! non exi/5t1 h5ce ! pres5t difficulty2 9 ,plato ! confusion is frequ5t1 notably 9 ! ,sophi/es & ,!aetetus4 ,si igitur3 if !n recollection is recollection only ( ?+s p]ceiv$ & kn[n4 ,! dogmati/ !ory ( & is dealt ) 9 exactly ! same way by ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #e1 #aj & else:]e1 cf4 also ,plat ,!aet4 #aia sq4 ,siron3 ?us ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #aai writes ! "n1 n ,sciron1 z ,halm4 ,fate>e3 ! em4 ( ,dav4 = facile1 fac]e1 facias ( ,,mss4 ,*ri/ def5ds fac]e1 ?9k+ t ! con/r4 is v>i$ f ! subj4 to ! inf4 aft] oportet1 z aft] necesse e/ 9 #ci4 ,= fac]e foll[$ by an inf4 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #h4 ,nulla3 = non1 cf4 #dg1 #ajc4 #ajg4 ,fiet artibus3 n4 on #bg = ! con/r41 = ! matt] see #bb4 ,lum9a3 /rong po9ts4 ,b5tl4 boldly read colum9a1 :ile ,dav4 propos$ vim9a or v9cula4 ,t an em4 is n ne$$ may be se5 f ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #gj4 negat ,epicurus 7hoc enim ve/rum lum5 e/7 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gi1 & #dc ( ?is book4 ,responsa3 add$ by ,erne/i4 ,fab] supplies h>uspicia1 ,orelli aft] ,ern4 h>uspic9am1 b1 z ,halm says1 "s n\n 9 ! plur4 is ne$$4 ,quod is non pote/3 ?is is ! ,,mss4 read+1 b mo/ edd4 read si is1 to cure a wrong punctuation1 by :i* a colon is plac$ at p]spicuum e/ above1 & a full /op at su/9eat4 ,halm re/or$ ! passage4 ,habu]9t3 ! subj4 seems due to ! attraction ex]cis$ by su/9eat4 ,bait4 aft] ,kays] has habu]unt4 ,positum3 :5 laid d[n or assum$4 #ajh4 ,alt]um e/ quod3 ?is is sub/itut$ = de9de1 :i* ought to correspond to primum above4 ,actio ullius rei3 n4 on actio r]um 9 #fb1 cf4 also #adh4 ,ads5su comprobet3 almo/ ! same phrase (t5 occurs 9 ,livy1 ,sueton41 etc4 see ,=c4 ,sit etiam3 ! etiam is a little /range & 0 ?\ght spuri\s by ,erne/i4 ,x seems to h ! =ce ( ,eng4 inde$1 9 :at inde$ ass5t consi/s4 ,s5sus ipsos ads5sus3 s 9 ,i4 #da s5sus is def9$ to be id quod e/ s5su compreh5sum1 i4e4 1 cf4 also ,/obaeus ,i4 #da1 #be 4 ,appetitio3 = all ?is cf4 #cj4 ,et dicta 444 multa3 ,manut4 eject$ ^! words z a gloss1 aft] multa ! ,,mss4 curi\sly add vide sup]iora4 ,lubricos su/9]e3 cf4 #fh & #id4 ,ita scrib5ti 444 exanclatum3 = ! om4 ( esse cf4 #gg1 #aac ) notes4 ,h]culi3 = ?is =m ( ! g54 cf4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad1 :o d\bts :e!r ,cic4 ev] wrote -is 9 ! g54 ( ! ,greek names 9 -es4 ,:5 we consid] h[ difficult x 0 = copyi/s n to *ange ! r>] =m into ! common]1 also t ev5 ,priscian 7see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #ab7 made gross blund]s ab\t !m1 ! supposition ( ,madv4 becomes almo/ irresi/ible4 ,tem]itatem3 1 4 #aji4 ,9 navig&o3 cf4 #ajj4 ,9 cons]5do3 ,guretus int]prets 1 & is foll[$ by mo/ comm5tators1 ?\gh x seems at lea/ possible t manum is to be und]/ood4 ,= ! suppress$ accus4 agrum cf4 n4 on toll5dum 9 #adh4 ,sequ]e3 ! fut4 n ! pres4 ind41 cf4 #fa4 ,pressius3 cf4 #bh4 ,repreh5sum3 sc4 n>ra/i4 ,id ipsum3 nihil posse compreh5di4 ,saltem3 s 9 #bi4 ,p+ue3 cf4 ,pro ,ar*ia #aj4 ,sibi ipsum3 note t ,cic4 does n g5]ally make ipse agree 9 case ) ! reflexive1 b writes se ipse1 etc4 ,conv5i5t]3 consi/5tly4 ,esse possit3 ,bait4 posset on ! sugge/ion ( ,halm1 b ,cic4 /ates ! doctr9e z a liv+ "o1 n ?r[+ x back to ,antio*us "t & to ?is p>ticul> spee* ( ,ant4 ,ut hoc ipsum3 ! ut foll[s on illo modo urgu5dum above4 ,decretum quod3 ,halm foll[$ by ,bait4 gives quo1 ref]r+ to alt]o quo neget 9 #aaa1 :i* h[ev] does n ju/ify ! read+4 ,! be/ ,,mss4 h qui4 ,et s9e decretis3 ,lamb4 gave nec = et1 b ,dav4 correctly expla9s1 multa decreta hab5t ,academici1 non tam5 p]cepta s$ tantum probabilia4 #aaj4 ,ut illa3 i4e4 ! decreta impli$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,"s ,,mss4 h ille1 :ile ,dav4 )\t necessity gives alia4 ,sic hoc ipsum3 ,sext4 !n is wrong is say+ 7,p4,h4 ,i4 #bbf7 t ! ,academics 1 i4e4 /ate ! doctr9e dogmatically1 :ile ! sceptics d n4 ,cognitionis notam3 l nota p]cipi5di1 v]i et falsi1 etc4 :i* we h already _h4 ,ne confund]e omnia3 a mock+ repetition ( ,lucullus phrase1 cf4 #eh4 ,inc]ta r$d]e3 cf4 #ed4 ,/ell>um num]us3 ano!r e*o ( ,lucullus2 see #cb4 ,quem ad modum 444 item3 see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dh1 :o quotes an exact p>allel f ,topica #df1 & sicut 444 item f ,n4,d4 ,i4 #c1 not+ at ! same "t t 9 su* exx4 nei!r ita nor idem1 :i* ,,mss4 sometimes give = item1 is correct4 #aaa4 ,dic]e 444 p]turbatum3 = om4 ( esse cf4 #ajh1 etc4 ,antio*us3 ?is ,bait4 brackets4 ,unum 444 alt]um3 cf4 #dd4 ,esse qua$am 9 visis3 x 0 n ! esse b ! vid]i1 n ! actual exi/5ce ( a diff]5ce1 b ! possibility ( t diff]5ce be+ infallibly p]ceiv$ by human s5se1 t ! ,academic d5i$4 ,c]nimus3 i4e4 ! probably true & false4 ,prob&i species3 a ph5om5al appe>ance :i* belongs to1 or prop]ly leads to qualifi$ approval4 #aab--aae4 ,summ>y4 ,if ,i _h to deal ) a ,p]ipatetic1 ^: def9itions are n s exact+1 my c\rse w\ld be easi]2 ,i %\ld n mu* oppose him ev5 if he ma9ta9$ t ! wise man sometimes op9es 7#aab74 ,! def9itions ( ! real ,old ,academy are m reasonable ?an ^? ( ,antio*us4 ,h[1 hold+ ! op9ions he does1 c he pr(ess to belong to ! ,old ,academy8 7#aac7 ,i _c tol]ate y\r assumption t x is possible to keep an elaborate dogmatic sy/em l y\rs free f mi/akes 7#aad74 ,y wi% me to jo9 y\r s*ool4 ,:at am ,i to d !n ) my de> fri5d ,diodotus1 :o ?9ks s poorly ( ,antio*us8 ,let u consid] h[ev] :at sy/em n ,i1 b ! sapi5s is to adopt 7#aae74 #aab4 ,campis 444 exsult>e 444 oratio3 expressions l ?is are common 9 ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ed1 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #fa1 ,orat4 #bf2 cf4 also ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #e ne 9 quae/ionis campis tua eqit>et oratio4 ,cum ,p]ipatetico3 no?+ t ,cic4 /ates "h is at discord ) :at is kn[n ( ! t5ets ( ! lat] ,p]ipatetics2 cf4 esp4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #baf--bbf4 ,all t ,cic4 says is t he c\ld accept ! ,p]ipatetic =mula1 putt+ ^u x 8 own mean+ ( c\rse4 ,d\btless a ,p]ipatetic w\ld h wond]$ h[ a sceptic c\ld accept 8 =mulae2 b ! spectacle ( m5 ( ! mo/ irreconcilable op9ions cl++ on to ! same =mulae is common en\gh to prev5t u f be+ surpris$ at ,cic]o's acceptance4 ,i h already sugge/$ 7n4 on #ah7 t we h "h a trace ( ,philo's tea*+1 z di/9ct f t ( ,c>neades4 ,i see absolutely no reason = ! v sev]e rem>ks ( ,madvig on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gf1 a passage :i* v closely resembles ours4 ,dumeta3 same use 9 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #fh1 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #f2 ! sp9ae ( ! ,/oics are (t5 m5tion$1 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #f4 ,e v]o 444 a falso3 note ! *ange ( prep4 ,adhib]et3 ! ,,mss4 are confus$ "h1 & g ,halm reads add]et1 & ,bait4 foll[s1 :ile ,kays] proposes adha]]et1 :i* is inde$ ne>] ! ,,mss42 cf4 h[ev] ,i4 #ci adhib]et4 ,accessionem3 = ?is cf4 #ah & #gg4 ,simplicit]3 ! opposite ( subtilit]2 cf4 simplicit]--subtilitas 9 ,i4 #f4 ,ne ,c>neade quidem3 cf4 #ei1 #fg1 #gh1 #adh4 #aac4 ,s$ qui 8 m9or e/3 giv5 by ,halm z ! em4 ( ,io4 ,cl]icus = ,,mss4 s$ mihi m9ores4 ,guietus gave s$ 8 m9ores1 ,dur& s$ m9utior1 :ile ,halm sugge/s s$ m9utiores4 ,i conj4 nimio m9>es1 :i* w\ld be mu* ne>] ! ,,mss42 cf4 ,lucr4 ,i4 #gcd inf]iores p>tibus egregie multis multoque m9ores4 ,tale v]um3 visum omitt$ z 9 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gf4 ,incognito3 cf4 #acc4 ,amavi hom9em3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #f4 ,ita iudico1 politissimum2 x is a mi/ake to suppose ?is s5t5ce incomplete1 l ,halm1 :o wi%es to add eum esse1 or l ,bait41 :o ) ,kays] pr9ts esse aft] politissimum4 ,cf4 #ajh ita scrib5ti1 exanclatum1 & ! examples giv5 f ,cic4 by ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,horum neutrum3 cf4 #gg nemo4 ,utrumque v]um3 ,cic4 ( c\rse only accepts ! propositions z ,arcesilas did2 see #gg4 #aad4 ,illud f]re3 cf4 #acf4 ,con/ituas3 ?is v]b is (t5 us$ 9 connection ) ! e?ical f9is2 cf4 #abi & ,i4 #ai4 ,idemque etiam3 ,krebs & ,allgay] 7,antib>b>us1 ed4 #d7 d5y t ! expression idem etiam is ,lat94 ,"o good ,,ms4 "h has atque etiam1 :i* ,dav4 reads2 cf4 h[ev] ,orat4 #aag4 ,artificium3 ars1 z 9 #cj4 ,nusquam lab>3 cf4 #ach ne lab>4 ,subadrogant]3 cf4 #abf4 #aae4 ,qui sibi cum oratoribus 444 rexisse3 s ,cic4 v>y (t5 speaks ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e1 ,v4 #g4 ,su/9u]o3 cf4 #gj4 ,tam bonos3 ,cic4 (t5 speaks ( !m & ( ,epicurus 9 ?is patronis+ way2 see e4g4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #dd1 ,,iii4 #ej1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #be1 ,,ii4 #ha4 ,= ! ,epicurean fri5d%ips cf4 esp4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fe4 ,diodoto3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #b4 ,nolumus3 ,halm & ,bait41 give nolimus2 s f9e a l9e divides ! subjunctive f ! indicative 9 clauses l ^! t ! *oice (t5 dep5ds on m]e individual ta/e4 ,de sapi5te loquamur3 n4 on #ff4 #aaf--abh4 ,summ>y4 ,( ! ?ree p>ts ( philosophy take ,physics fir/4 ,w\ld y\r sapi5s swe> to ! tru? ( any geometrical result :atev]8 7#aaf7 ,let u see :i* "o ( actual physical sy/ems ! sapi5s we are seek+ w select 7#aag74 ,he mu/ *oose "o tea*] f among ! conflict+ s*ools ( ,?ales1 ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxim5os1 ,anaxagoras1 ,x5ophanes1 ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 ,emp$ocles1 ,h]aclitus1 ,melissus1 ,plato & ,py?agoras4 ,! rema9+ tea*]s1 great m5 ?\gh !y be1 he mu/ reject 7#aah74 ,:atev] sy/em he selects he mu/ "k absolutely2 if ! ,/oic1 he mu/ believe z /rongly 9 ! ,/oic !ology z he does 9 ! sunlight4 ,if he holds ?is1 ,ari/otle w pron\nce him mad2 y1 h[ev]1 ,lucullus1 mu/ def5d ! ,/oics & spurn ,ari/otle f y1 :ile y w n all[ me ev5 to d\bt 7#aai74 ,h[ mu* bett] to be free1 z ,i am & n compell$ to f9d an answ] to all ! riddles ( ! univ]se6 7#abj7 ,no?+ c exi/1 say y1 ap>t f ! deity4 ,/rato1 h[ev]1 says he does n ne$ ! deity to con/ruct ! univ]se4 ,8 mode ( con/ruction aga9 diff]s f t ( ,democritus4 ,i see "s good 9 ,/rato1 yet ,i w n ass5t absolutely ei!r to 8 sy/em or to y\rs 7#aba74 ,all ^! matt]s lie f> beyond our k54 ,we "k no?+ ( our bodies1 :i* we c dissect1 :ile we h n ! advantage ( be+ able to dissect ! con/itution ( ?+s or ( ! e>? to see :e!r %e is firmly fix$ or hov]s 9 mid air 7#abb74 ,x5ophanes1 ,hicetas1 ,plato & ,epicurus tell /range ?+s ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,h[ mu* bett] to side ) ,socrates & ,ari/o1 :o hold t no?+ c be kn[n ab\t !m6 7#abc7 ,:o kn[s ! nature ( m9d8 ,numb]less op9ions cla%1 z d ^? ( ,dicae>*us1 ,plato & ,x5ocrates4 ,our sapi5s w be unable to decide 7#abd74 ,if y say x is bett] to *oose any sy/em r ?an none1 ,i *oose ,democritus4 ,y at once upbraid me = believ+ su* mon/r\s falsehoods 7#abe74 ,! ,/oics diff] among !mselves ab\t physical subjects1 :y w !y n all[ me to diff] f !m8 7#abf7 ,n t ,i deprecate ! /udy ( ,physics1 = moral good results f x 7#abg74 ,our sapi5s w be delight$ if he atta9s to any?+ :i* seems to resemble tru?4 ,be=e ,i proce$ to ,e?ics1 ,i note y\r weakness 9 plac+ all p]ceptions on ! same level4 ,y mu/ be prep>$ to assev]ate no less /rongly t ! sun is eighte5 times z l>ge z ! e>?1 ?an t yon /atue is six feet high4 ,:5 y admit t all ?+s c be p]ceiv$ no m & no less cle>ly ?an ! size ( ! sun1 ,i am almo/ cont5t 7#abh74 #aaf4 ,tres p>tes3 cf4 ,i4 #ai4 ,et a vobismet3 & especially by y4 ,! ?reefold division 0 peculi>ly ,/oic1 ?\gh us$ by o!r s*ools1 cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #ac 7on ! same subject7 4 ,= o!r modes ( divid+ philosophy see ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #b4 ,at illud ante3 ?is is my em4 = ! ,,mss4 velut illud ante1 :i* probably arose f a m>g9al v>iant vel ut tak+ ! place ( at2 cf4 a simil> break 9 #dj s$ prius1 also 9 #abh at paulum ante4 ,su* breaks (t5 occur 9 ,cic41 z 9 ,orator #hg s$ nunc aliud1 also ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #dg rep5am =tasse1 s$ illud ante4 ,= velut ,halm writes vel 7:i* ,bait4 takes71 ,dav4 v]um4 ,inflatus tumore3 cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #ia inflati op9ionibus4 ,b5tl4 read errore4 ,cog]e3 ?is ^w l & (t5 means simply to argue irresi/ibly4 ,initia3 z 9 #aah1 bases ( pro(1 !mselves naturally incapable ( pro(1 s 9 ,gk4 ,digitum3 cf4 #eh1 #adc4 ,punctum esse etc43 7,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #ci71 7,a4,m4 ,,ix4 #bhc1 #cgg74 ,extremitatem3 4 ,libram5tum3 s ?is ^w is us$ by ,pl9y 7see ,=c47 = ! slope ( a hill4 ,nulla crassitudo3 9 ,sext4 ! is usually describ$ n negatively z "h1 b positively z 7,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #ci71 7extremitas7 1 7,a4,m4 ,,iii4 #gg74 ,l9iam5tum 444 c>5tem3 a difficult passage4 ,note 7#a7 t ! l9e is def9$ 9 ,greek z 4 7,sext4 z above71 7#b7 t ,cic4 has by pref]5ce describ$ ! po9t & surface negatively4 ,?is latt] fact seems to me /rong aga9/ ! introduction ( longitud9em :i* ,urs9us1 ,dav41 ,orelli1 ,bait] & o!rs propose by conjecture4 ,if any?+ is to be introduc$1 ,i w\ld r add et crassitud9e be=e c>5tem1 comp>+ ,i4 #bg s9e ulla specie et c>5tem omni illa qualitate4 ,i h m]ely bracket$ c>5tem1 ?\gh ,i feel ,halm's rem>k t a v]b is want$ 9 ?is clause z 9 ! o!r two1 he sugge/s quod sit s9e4 ,h]mann takes esse aft] punctum z /rongly pr$icative 7!re is a po9t1 etc471 !n adds similit] aft] l9iam5tum & ejects s9e ulla4 ,obs]ve ! awkw>dness ( hav+ ! l9e treat$ ( aft] ! sup]ficies1 :i* has induc$ "s edd4 to transpose4 ,= l9iam5tum l9eam cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #ahg4 ,si adigam3 ! f9e em4 ( ,manut4 = si adiiciamus ( ,,mss4 ,! con/ruction adig]e aliquem ius iur&um w be f\nd 9 ,caes4 ,bell4 ,civ4 ,i4 #gf1 ,,ii4 #ah1 qu4 by ,dav41 cf4 also ,virg4 ,a54 ,,iii4 #ef quid non mortalia pectora cogis auri sacra fames8 ,sapi5tem nec prius3 ?is is ! egregia lectio ( ?ree ( ,halm's ,,mss4 ,be=e ,halm sapi5temne 0 read1 ?us 0 de/roy$ ! :ole po9t ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* is n t ! sapi5s w swe> to ! size ( ! sun aft] he has se5 ,ar*im$es g ?r\gh 8 calculations1 b t ! sapi5s1 h[ev] true he admits ! bases ( pro( to be :i* ,ar*im$es uses1 w n swe> to ! tru? ( ! elaborate conclusions :i* t geomet] re>s ^u !m4 ,cic]o is argu+ z 9 #abh aga9/ ! absurdity ( atta*+ "o & ! same degree ( c]ta9ty to ! simple/ & ! mo/ complex tru?s1 & tries to condemn ! ,/oic sapi5s out ( 8 own m\?1 cf4 esp4 nec ille iur>e posset 9 #abc4 ,multis p>tibus3 = ?is expression see ,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #gcd1 = ! s5se cf4 #hb1 #abc1 #abf1 #abh4 ,deum3 see #abf4 #aag4 ,vim3 1 cf4 cog]e 9 #aaf4 ,ne ille3 ?is assev]ative ne is ?us always closely jo9$ ) pron\ns 9 ,cic4 ,s5t5tiam eliget et3 ,,mss4 h 7by dittographia ( m1 eli7 add$ melius aft] s5t5tiam1 & h also dropp$ et4 ,dav4 wi%$ to read eleg]it1 comp>+ ! beg9n+ ( #aai4 ,insipi5s eliget3 cf4 #aae quale e/ a non sapi5te explic>i sapi5tiam8 & #i /atu]e qui sit sapi5s vel maxime videtur esse sapi5tis4 ,inf9itae quae/iones3 1 g5]al propositions1 oppos$ to f9itae quae/iones1 limit$ propositions1 ,gk4 4 ,qu9tal ,,iii4 #e1 #e gives z an ex4 ( ! =m] ,an uxor duc5da1 ( ! latt] ,an ,catoni duc5da4 ,^! quae/iones are v (t5 allud$ to by ,cic4 z 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ab1 ,,iv4 #f1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #ach1 ,,ii4 #fe--fg1 ,topica #gi1 ,orat4 #df1 cf4 also ,qu9t4 ,x4 #e1 ,,ii4 ,e quibus omnia con/ant3 ?is s\nds l ,lucretius1 omnia 4 #aah4 ,= ^! physici ! /ud5t mu/ 9 g5]al be ref]r$ to ,r4 & ,p41 ,s*wegl]1 & ,grote's ,plato ,vol4 ,i4 ,a m complete enum]ation ( s*ools w be f\nd 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #cj sq4 ,our passage is imitat$ by ,aug ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xviii4 #cg4 ,concessisse primas3 ,cic4 always consid]s ,?ales to be sapi5tissimus e septem 7,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #bf74 ,h5ce ,m>kl& on ,cic4 ,ad ,brutum ,,ii4 #ae1 #c argu$ t t lett] _c be g5u9e1 s9ce 9 x ! supremacy among ! sev5 is assign$ to ,solon4 ,inf9itatem naturae3 1 naturae "h 4 ,def9ita3 ?is is oppos$ to inf9ita 9 ,topica #gi1 s def9ire is us$ = f9ire 9 ,orat4 #fe1 :]e ,jahn qu4 ,v]r4 ,,iv4 #aae4 ,similis int] se3 an attempt to translate 4 ,eas primum1 etc43 cf4 ! exordium ( ,anaxagoras giv5 f ,diog4 ,,ii4 #f 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #bi 4 ,x5ophanes 444 deum3 ,eleaticism 0 9 ! h&s ( ,x5oph4 ma9ly !ological4 ,neque natum unquam3 cf4 neque ortum unquam 9 #aai4 ,p>m5ides ignem3 cf4 ,ari/4 ,met4 ,a4 #e qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #id4 ,he only hypo!tically all[$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5al _w1 aft] :i* he made two 1 1 4 ,h]aclitus3 n4 on ,i4 #ci4 ,melissus3 see ,simplicius qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #aja1 & esp4 4 ,plato3 n4 on ,i4 #bg4 ,disc$5t3 a ^w (t5 us$ ( ^? vanqui%$ 9 a fight1 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #g1 #ag4 #aai4 ,sic animo 444 s5sibus3 k accord+ to ! ,/oics 0 homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 no "o ?+ c\ld be m or less kn[n ?an ano!r4 ,nunc luc]e3 cf4 #ih1 also #abh non enim magis ads5tiuntur1 etc4 ,mundum sapi5tem3 = ?is ,/oic doctr9e see ,n4,d4 ,i4 #hd1 ,,ii4 #cb1 etc4 ,fabricata sit3 see #hg n4 ,solem3 #abf4 ,animalis intelleg5tia3 reason is ! ess5ce ( ! univ]se ) ! ,/oics1 cf4 ,zell] #ach--i1 also #bh1 #bi ( ,book ,i4 ,p]manet3 ! deity is to ! ,/oic 7,plut4 ,de ,plac4 ,phil4 ,i4 #g qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #cge71 spiritus p] omnia maxima ac m9ima aequali int5tione diffusus4 7,s5eca1 ,consol4 ad ,helvid4 #h1 #c qu4 ,zell] #adg74 ,deflagret3 ! ,/oics consid]$ ! 1 cf4 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #ada1 ,zell] #aef--g4 ,fat]i3 cf4 tam v]a quam falsa c]nimus 9 #aaa4 ,flum5 aureum3 ,plut4 ,vita ,cic4 #bd alludes to ?is 7 74 ,?is is ! con/ant judgm5t ( ,cic4 ab\t ,ari/otle's /yle4 ,grote1 ,ari/ot4 ,vol ,i4 p4 #dc1 quotes ,topica #c1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #di1 ,brut4 #aba1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ic1 ,de ,inv4 ,,ii4 #f1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad1 ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #a1 & discusses ! difficulty ( apply+ ?is criticism to ! works ( ,ari/otle :i* we possess4 ,nulla vis3 cf4 ,i4 #bh4 ,exsi/]e3 ,walk] conj4 effic]e1 recte ut videtur says ,halm4 ,bait4 adopts x4 ,ornatus3 4 #abj4 ,lib]tas 444 non esse3 a rem>kable con/ruction4 ,= ! ,academic lib]ty see ,introd4 p4 #ah4 ,quod tibi e/3 aft] ^! words ,halm puts m]ely a comma1 & ins]t+ respond]e makes cur deus1 etc4 "p ( ! same s5t5ce4 ,bait4 foll[s4 ,no/ra causa3 ,cic4 always writes mea1 tua1 ve/ra1 no/ra causa1 n mei1 tui1 no/ri1 ve/ri1 j z he writes sua sponte1 b n sponte alicuius4 ,= ! ,/oic op9ion t m5 are ! *ief c>e ( ,provid5ce1 see ,n4,d4 ,i4 #bc1 ,,ii4 #cg1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #fg1 ,ac4 ,i4 #bi etc41 also ,zell]4 ,! difficulties surr\nd+ ! op9ion are treat$ ( 9 ,zell] #age1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ia--abg4 ,!y supply 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #cb1 ,,iii4 #i--ab an example ( ! refutation ( by means ( 4 ,tam multa ac3 ,,mss4 om4 ac1 :i* ,i ins]t4 ,lactantius qu4 ! passage )\t p]niciosa4 ,myrmecides3 an actual ,a!nian arti/1 fam$ = m9ute "w 9 ivory1 & especially = a *>iot :i* a fly cov]$ ) its w+s1 & a %ip :i* ! w+s ( a bee conceal$4 ,see ,pl94 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,vii4 #ba1 ,,xxxvi4 #e4 #aba4 ,posse3 n4 on ,i4 #bi4 ,/rato3 ,r4 & ,p4 #cca4 ,s$ cum3 s$ (t5 m>ks a v slight contra/1 !re is no ne$ to read et1 z ,halm4 ,asp]is 444 corporibus3 cf4 fragm4 #bh ( ! ,ac4 ,po/41 also ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ff4 ,somnia3 s ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ah miracula non diss]5tium philosophorum s$ somniantium1 ib4 ,i4 #db non philosophorum iudicia s$ delirantium somnia1 also ib4 ,i4 #ff flagitia ,democriti4 ,doc5tis3 giv+ pro(4 ,optantis3 ,guietus humor\sly conj4 potantis1 ,dur& oscitantis 7cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gb71 o!rs op9antis4 ,t ! text is s\nd h[ev] may be se5 f ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #cj opt>e hoc quidem e/ non doc]e1 ,de ,fato #df1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ai optata magis quam inv5ta1 ib4 ,,iii4 #ab doceas oportet nec pr(]as2 cf4 also ,orat4 #ei vocis bonitas opt&a e/1 non e/ enim 9 nobis1 i4e4 a good voice is a ?+ to be pray$ =1 & n to be got by ex]tion4 ,!re is a simil> ,greek prov]b1 1 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,viii4 #cec4 ,magno op]e3 ,h]mann wi%es to read on]e4 ,! phrase magnum onus is inde$ common 7cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #aaf71 b magnum opus1 9 ! s5se ( a great task1 is equally s1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gi1 #hd1 ,orat4 #ge4 ,modo hoc modo illud3 #acd4 #abb4 ,lat5t i/a3 see n4 on fragm4 #bi ( ! ,ac4 ,po/42 = lat5t cf4 ,i4 #de4 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab1 ,,iii4 #a imitates ?is passage4 ,circumfusa3 cf4 ,i4 #dd1 & #df ( ?is book4 ,m$ici3 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #df ,vid]5tur3 a g5u9e passive1 cf4 #be1 #ci1 #ha4 ,empirici3 a s*ool ( physicians s call$4 ,ut 444 mut5tur3 exactly ! same answ] 0 made rec5tly to ,pr(4 ,huxley's speculations on protoplasm2 he 0 said to h assum$ t ! liv+ protoplasm w\ld h ! same prop]ties z ! dead4 ,m$ia p5deat3 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ih1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #agh4 #abc4 ,habit>i ait3 = ?is edd4 qu4 ,lactant4 ,in/4 ,,iii4 #bc1 #ab4 ,port5ta3 mon/rosities ^!1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gj4 ,iur>e3 cf4 #aaf4 ,neque ego1 etc43 see fragm4 #cj ( ,ac4 ,po/4 3 ?is doctr9e appe>s 9 ,philolaus 7see ,plut4 ,plac4 ,phil4 ,,iii4 #aa qu4 ,r4 & ,p4 #ge71 :o give ! "n ( to ! opposite side ( ! _w4 ,diog4 ,,viii4 #bf 7) :i* passage cf4 ,/ob4 ,phys4 ,,xv4 #g7 m5tions ! !ory z ,py?agorean1 b 9 ano!r passage 7,,iii4 #bd7 says t ,plato fir/ inv5t$ ! "n4 ,! ^w seems to occur fir/ 9 ,plat4 ,tim4 #fc ,a4 ,! exi/5ce ( 2 0 ( c\rse b\nd up ) ! doctr9e t ! univ]se or ! _w is a globe 7:i* is held by ,plat4 9 ! ,tim4 & by ! ,/oics1 see ,/ob4 ,phys4 ,,xv4 #f1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #adj71 h5ce ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s attack ! two ideas toge!r z unscriptural4 ,cf4 esp ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xvi4 #i4 ,hicetas3 he 0 foll[$ by ,h]aclides ,ponticus & "s ,py?agoreans4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,x4 #agd speaks ( ! foll[]s ( ,ari/>*us ! ma!matician z hold+ ! same doctr9e4 ,x seems also to be f\nd 9 ,philolaus1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #ge4 ,!ophra/us3 :o wrote mu* on ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #cbh4 ,platonem3 ! words ( ,plato 7,tim4 #dj ,b7 are 1 4 ,quid tu1 ,epicure3 ! connection is t ,cic41 hav+ giv5 ! crot*ets ( o!r philosoph]s ab\t 1 proce$s to give ! peculi> crot*et ( ,epic4 ,putas solem 444 tantum3 a h>d passage4 ,egone8 ne bis is ! em4 ( ,lamb4 = ,,mss4 egone vobis1 & is approv$ by ,madv41 :o ?us expla9s x 7,em4 #ahe7 cum int]rogatum esset num tantulum 7quasi p$alem #hb7 solem esse put>et1 ,epic4 non praecise def9it 7tantum enim esse c5sebat quantus vid]etur vel paulo aut maiorem aut m9orem7 s$ latius circumscribit1 ne bis quidem tantum esse1 s$ int] p$alem magnitud9em et bip$alem4 7,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj7 ,?is explanation ?\gh n q satisfactory is ! be/ yet giv54 ,epicurus' absurdity is by ,cic4 br\ght into /rong relief by /at+ ! outside limit to :i* ,epic4 0 prep>$ to g 9 e/imat+ ! sun's size1 i4e4 twice ! app>5t size4 ,ne 444 quidem may possibly appe> /range1 cf4 h[ev] ne maiorem quidem 9 #hb4 ,ari/o ,*ius3 = ?is doctr9e ( 8 see ,r4 & ,p4 #ceh4 #abd4 ,quid sit animus3 an enum]ation ( ! diff]5t anci5t !ories is giv5 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ah--bb1 & by ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aac1 :o also speaks 9 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #ca ( ! conc]n+ ! s\l4 ,9 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #eg he says 4 ,dicae>*o3 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ba4 ,tres p>tis3 9 ,plato's ,republic4 ,ignis3 ,z5o's op9ion1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ai4 ,animam3 ib4 ,i4 #ai4 ,sanguis3 ,empodocles1 z 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ai :]e 8 fam\s l9e is translat$1 see ,r4 & ,p4 #abd4 ,ut ,x5ocrates3 "s edd4 read ,x5ocrati1 b cf4 ,i4 #dd1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gf4 ,num]us3 s ,b5tl4 = m5s ( ,,mss41 cf4 ,i4 #ci1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bj1 #da4 ,an explanation ( ?is ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ,x5ocrates is giv5 9 ,r4 & ,p4 #bdd4 ,quod intellegi etc43 s 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #da quod subtilit] magis quam dilucide dicitur4 ,mom5ta n4 on ,i4 #de4 #abe4 ,v]ecundius3 cf4 #aad subadrogant]4 ,v9cam animum3 a common phrase 9 ,cic41 cf4 ,philipp4 ,,xii4 #ba4 ,qu]u potissimum8 quem83 ,9 repeat$ que/ions ( ?is k9d ,cic4 usually puts ! correspond+ case ( quisnam1 n quis1 9 ! second "q1 z 9 ,v]r4 ,,iv4 #e4 ,! mutation ( ,augu/9e ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #cc makes x probable t quemnam 0 ! orig9al read+ "h4 ,zumpt on ,v]r4 qu4 ,qu9t4 ,,ix4 #b1 #fa1 ,pl94 ,epi/4 ,i4 #bj1 :o bo? m5tion ?is trick ( /yle1 & laud x = its lik5ess to impromptu4 ,nobilitatis3 ?is is to be expla9$ by ref]r+ to #gc--ge 7imit>i numquam nisi cl>um1 nisi nobilem71 :]e ,cic4 prote/s aga9/ be+ comp>$ to a demagogue1 & claims to foll[ ! ari/ocracy ( philosophy4 ,! attempts ( ! comm5tators to %[ t ,democr4 0 lit]ally an ari/ocrat h fail$4 ,convicio3 cf4 #cd4 ,completa et conf]ta3 n4 on ,i4 #bg4 ,quod movebitur 444 c$at3 ?is is ! !ory ( motion disprov$ by ,lucr4 ,i4 #cgj sq41 cf4 also ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #hc4 ,halm writes quo quid = quod 7) ,*ri/71 & ins]ts corpus be=e c$at1 ,bait] foll[+ him4 ,! text is s\nd4 ,trans4 :atev] body is pu%$1 gives way4 ,tam sit mirabilis3 n4 on ,i4 #be4 ,innum]abilis3 #ee4 ,supra infra3 n4 on #ib4 ,ut nos nunc simus1 etc43 n4 on fragm4 #ac ( ,ac4 ,po/4 ,disputantis3 #ee4 ,animo vid]e3 cf4 #bb4 ,imag9es3 1 :i* ,catius translat$ 7,ad ,fam4 ,,xv4 #af7 by spectra1 ,zell] #dcb4 ,tu v]o3 etc4 ?is is all "p ( ! p]sonal convicium suppos$ to be directly address$ to ,cic4 by ! ,antio*eans1 & beg9n+ at ,tune aut inane above4 ,comm5ticiis3 a fav\rite ^w ( ,cic41 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aac4 #abf4 ,quae tu3 elliptic = ut comprobem quae tu comprobas cf4 #abe4 ,impud5t]3 #aae4 ,atque haud scio3 atque "h 1 & yet1 n4 on #e ac v]eor4 ,invidiam3 cf4 #add4 ,cum 83 i4e4 aliis cum 84 ,summus deus3 ! highe/ =m ( ! deity :o 0 ( c\rse "o 9 ! ,/oic sy/em4 ,e!r is ! f9e/ fire1 & is "o ( ! def9itions ( ! ,/oic deity1 cf4 ,i4 #bi1 ,zell] #afa sq4 ,solem3 z ( c\rse be+ ! *ief seat ( fire4 ,solis autem 444 nego cr$]e3 ,fab] fir/ gave ac monet = ,,mss4 admon5s1 :i* ,halm reta9s1 ,manut4 !n re/or$ to its place p]m5si ref]tis1 :i* ,,mss4 h aft] nego4 ,hic1 :i* ,,mss4 h aft] decemp$a1 ,madv4 turns into hunc1 :ile hoc1 :i* /&s imm$iately aft] nego1 he ejects 7,em4 #ahg74 ,ergo aft] vos is ( c\rse analeptic4 ,halm dep>ts some:at f ?is arrangem5t4 ,l5it]3 ,halm & ,h]mann levit]2 ! =m] reads inv]ecundior aft] ,morg5/]n1 = :at reason x is difficult to see4 #abg4 ,pabulum3 simil> language 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #df4 ,consid]atio contemplatioque3 ,cic4 is fond ( ?is comb9ation1 z ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #aec2 cf4 ,wes5b]g on ,t4,d4 ,v4 #i1 :o qu4 simil> comb9ations f ,d4,f4 ,v4 #aa1 #eh4 ,elatiores3 ,,mss4 mo/ly h latiores4 ,halm ) ,lamb4 reads altiores1 9 support ( :i* read+ ,dav4 qu4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ea1 ,val4 ,flaccus ,argon4 ,,ii4 #edg1 add ,virg4 ,a54 ,,vi4 #di1 ,cic4 ,orat4 #aai4 ,exigua et m9ima3 4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gh notes t except "h ,cic4 always writes exigua et pa5e m9ima or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,occultissim>um3 n4 on ,i4 #ae4 ,occurit 444 completur3 ,,mss4 h occuret mo/ly1 if t is reta9$ complebitur mu/ be read4 ,madv4 ,opusc4 ,,ii4 #bhb takes occurit1 expla9+ x z a p]fect1 & giv+ num]\s exx4 ( ?is sequ5ce ( t5ses1 cf4 also ,wes5b4 on ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ce4 #abh4 ,agi secum3 cf4 nobiscum ag]et 9 #hj4 ,simile v]i3 cf4 #ff4 ,notionem3 cognitionem1 4 ,at paulum3 ,,mss4 et ,halm s$42 cf4 at illud ante 9 #aaf4 ,si quae3 ,halm & _m edd4 h se1 quae4 ,b ! se comes 9 v awkw>dly1 & is n ne$$ be=e ! inf9itive4 ,madv4 inde$ 7,em4 #aad71 aft] produc+ _m exx4 ( ! reflexive pron\n omitt$1 says t he d\bts ab\t ?is passage because consid]o does n belong to ! class ( v]bs ) :i* ?is usage is f\nd1 b he produces _m in/ances ) puto1 :i* surely /&s on ! same level4 ,non magis3 s 9 #aai nec magis approbabit nunc luc]e1 etc4 ,! sunlight 0 ! /ock example ( a mo/ completely cognisable ph5om5on2 h5ce ! ,academics %[$ _! ho/ility to absolute k by refus+ 7,gal5 ,de ,opt4 ,g54 ,dic5di #dig ,b qu4 ,p4 ,val5tia #cjd ed4 ,or474 ,cornix3 = ! ,/oic belief 9 div9ation see ,zell] #cdi--ceh4 ,signum illud3 ! xy/us 7#i7 0 adorn$ ) /atues2 edd4 qu4 ,pl94 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xxxiv4 #h4 ,duodevig9ti3 #hb1 ,i j note t octodecim is n us$ by ,cic4 ,sol quantus sit3 #ia4 ,omnium r]um 444 compreh5d5di3 n a case ( a plural n\n ) a s+ul> g]und l spe r]um poti5di1 etc41 b ( two g5itives dep5d+ 9 diff]5t ways on ! same ^w 7def9itio74 ,m4 ,em4 #aig qu4 ,plat4 ,leg4 #fdh ,e 1 ,brut4 #afc ,scaevolae dic5di elegantia1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aef4 ,o!r exx4 9 ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad4 ,= ! turn ( expression cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #fb omnium philosophorum una e/ ratio m$5di1 ,lael4 #gh omnium horum vitiorum una cautio e/1 also #ea ( ?is book4 #abi--ada4 ,summ>y4 ,:at cont5tion is !re among philosoph]s ab\t ! e?ical /&>d6 ,i pass by _m ab&on$ sy/ems l t ( ,h]illus b consid] ! discrepancies betwe5 ,x5ophanes1 ,p>m5ides1 ,z5o ( ,elea1 ,euclides1 ,m5$emus1 ,ari/o1 ,pyrrho1 ,ari/ippus1 ,epicurus1 ,callipho1 ,hi]onymus1 ,diodorus1 ,polemo1 ,antio*us1 ,c>neades 7#abi-aca74 ,if ,i desire to foll[ ! ,/oics1 ,antio*us w n all[ me1 :ile if ,i foll[ ,polemo1 ! ,/oics are irate 7#acb74 ,i mu/ be c>eful n to ass5t to ! unkn[n1 :i* is a dogma common to bo? y1 ,lucullus1 & myself 7#acc74 ,z5o ?9ks virtue gives happ9ess4 ,yes1 says ,antio*us1 b n ! greate/ possible4 ,h[ am ,i to *oose among su* conflict+ !ories8 7#acd7 ,nor c ,i accept ^? po9ts 9 :i* ,antio*us & ,z5o agree4 ,= in/ance1 !y reg>d emotion z h>mful1 :i* ! anci5ts ?\ght natural & useful 7#ace74 ,h[ absurd are ! ,/oic ,p>adoxes6 7#acf7 ,alb9us jok+ said to ,c>neades ,y d n ?9k me a praetor because ,i am n a sapi5s4 ,t1 said ,c>neades1 is ,diog5es' view1 n m9e 7#acg74 ,*rysippus ?9ks only ?ree e?ical sy/ems c ) plausibility be def5d$ 7#ach74 ,i gravitate !n t[>ds "o ( !m1 t ( pleasure4 ,virtue calls me back1 nor w %e ev5 all[ me to jo9 pleasure to h]self 7#aci74 ,:5 ,i he> ! sev]al plead+s ( pleasure & virtue1 ,i _c avoid be+ mov$ by bo?1 & s ,i f9d x impossible to *oose 7#ada1 #adb74 #abi4 ,quod coep]am3 9 #abh at v5iamus nunc ad boni maique notionem4 ,con/itu5di3 n4 on #aad4 ,bonorum summa3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ba & ,madv4 ,e/ igitur3 s 9 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #h1 igitur comes f\r? ^w 9 ! clause2 ?is is n uncommon 9 ,cic41 z 9 ,lucretius4 ,omitto3 ,,mss4 et omitto1 b cf4 ,madv4 ,em4 #bja c]te contra ,cic]onis usum e/ 'et omitto' pro simplici 'omitto1' 9 initio huius modi orationis ubi univ]sae s5t5tiae exempla subiciuntur p] figuram omissionis4 ,relicta3 cf4 #acj abiectos4 ,cic4 g5]ally classes ,h]illus 7or ,erillus z ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce spells ! "n71 ,pyrrho & ,ari/o toge!r z au?ors ( explod$ sy/ems1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dc1 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #f1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #he4 ,ut ,h]illum4 ,,mss4 h ei!r ,erillum or et illum1 "o w\ld expect ut ,h]illi4 ,cognitione et sci5tia3 d\ble translation ( 4 ,= ! f9is ( ,h]illus see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dc4 ,meg>icorum3 ,x5ophanes4 ,cic consid]s ! ,eleatic & ,meg>ian s*ools to be s closely relat$ z to h1 l ! s*ools ( ,democritus & ,epicurus1 a cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,! ,meg>ian sy/em 0 inde$ an e?ical developm5t ( ,eleatic doctr9e4 ,zell]1 ,socrates #baa4 ,unum et simile3 = ?is see ,zell4 ,socr4 #bbb sq1 ) footnotes1 ,r4 & ,p4 #agd sq4 ,simile ought p]haps to be sui simile z 9 ,tim4 c4 #g1 already quot$ on ,i4 #cj1 see my note !re & cf4 ,i4 #ce4 ,m5$emo3 see ,zell] ,socr4 #bch1 ,r4 & ,p4 #ahb4 ,! ,erctrian s*ool 0 closely connect$ ) ! ,meg>ian4 ,fuit3 natus e/1 z (t54 ,h]illi3 s ,madv4 = ulli ( ,,mss4 #acj4 ,ari/onem3 ?is is ,ari/o ( ,*ios1 n ,ari/o ( ,ceos1 :o 0 a ,p]ipatetic2 = ! diff]5ce see ,r4 & ,p4 #ccb1 & = ! doctr9es ( ,ari/o ! ,*ian ib4 #ceh1 ,zell] #eh sq4 ,9 m$iis3 cf4 ,i4 #cf1 #cg4 ,mom5ta ae/imationes1 9 #cf1 :]e mom5ti is us$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,pyrrho autem3 "o w\ld expect ,pyrrhoni z ,dav4 conj41 b 9 #abd !re is j ! same *ange f ,pyrrhoni to ,x5ocrates4 3 ,diog4 ,,ix4 #ajh affirms ?is z well z to be a "n = ! sceptic 1 b ! "n sc>cely occurs if at all 9 ,sext4 :o g5]ally uses 1 b occasionally 2 cf4 ,zell] #dif1 ,r4 & ,p4 #cch4 0 also a ,/oic t]m4 ,diu multumque3 n4 on ,i4 #d4 #aca4 ,nec tam5 cons5ti5s3 cf4 ,r4 & ,p4 #ceb :]e ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two s*ools are cle>ly drawn out1 also ,zell] #ddg1 #ddh4 ,callipho3 z ! g5itive is ,calliphontis1 ,cic4 ought accord+ to rule to write ,calliphon 9 ! nom2 = ?is see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai1 :o also gives ! *ief au?orities conc]n+ ?is philosoph]4 ,hi]onymus3 m5tion$ ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai1 #ce1 #da1 ,v4 #ad1 9 :i* la/ place ,cic4 says ( him quem iam cur ,p]ipateticum appellem nescio4 ,diodorus3 see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,hone/e viv]e1 etc43 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ad ! f9is ( ,polemo is /at$ to be secundum naturam viv]e1 & ?ree ,/oic int]pretations ( x are giv51 ! la/ ( :i* resembles ! pres5t passage--omnibus aut maximis rebus iis quae secundum naturam s9t fru5tem viv]e4 ,?is int]pretation ,antio*us adopt$1 & f him x is attribut$ to ! vetus ,academia 9 ,i4 #bb1 :]e ! words aut omnia aut maxima1 seem to correspond to words us$ by ,polemo2 cf4 ,clem5s ,alex4 qu4 by ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ae4 ,see n4 bel[ on ,c>neades4 ,antio*us probat3 ! g]ms ( _m ,/oic & ,antio*ean doctr9es 7 to be f\nd 9 ,polemo2 see ,i4 #cd1 n4 ,eiusque amici3 ,b5tl4 aemuli1 b ,halm ref]s to ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd4 ,! lat] ,p]ipatetics 7 to a great degree ,/oicis$4 ,nunc3 ,halm huc aft] ,jo4 ,scala4 ,c>neades3 ?is f9is is giv5 9 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce 7frui pr9cipiis naturalibus71 ,,ii4 #db 7,c>neadeum illud quod is non tam ut prob>et protulit1 quam ut ,/oicis quibuscum bellum g]ebat oppon]et71 ,v4 #bj 7fru5di rebus iis1 quas primas secundum naturam esse diximus1 ,c>neades non ille quidem auctor s$ def5sor diss]5di causa fuit71 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hd 7naturae primus aut omnibus aut maximis frui1 ut ,c>neades contra ,/oicos diss]ebat74 ,! f9is !re=e1 ?us /at$1 is n diff]5t f t ( ,polemo1 b x is cle> t ,c>neades int5d$ x to be diff]5t1 z he did n include virtus 9 x 7see ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ch1 #db1 ,v4 #bb7 :ile ,polemo did 7,i4 #bb74 ,see m on #aci4 ,z5o3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ae ,inv5tor et pr9ceps3 same expression 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #dh1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #ia1 ,de ,inv4 ,,ii4 #f2 inv4 4 #acb4 ,quemlibet3 cf4 #abe1 #abf4 ,prope s+ul>em3 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bb ,ari/oteles longe omnibus--,platonem semp] excipio--prae/ans2 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #g1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ae4 ,p] ipsum ,antio*um3 a simil> l9e ( argum5t is tak5 9 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #hh1 ,,ii4 #cb1 etc4 ,t]m9is 444 possessione3 !re is a simil> play on ! legal words f9is t]m9us possessio 9 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ee1 #ef1 a notewor?y passage4 ,omnis ratio etc43 ?is is ! con/ant language ( ! lat] ,greek philosophy2 cf4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xix4 #a neque enim exi/imat 7,v>ro7 ullam philosophiae sectam esse dic5dam1 quae non eo di/at a cet]is1 quod div]sos habeat f9es bonorum et malorum1 etc4 ,si ,polemoneus3 i4e4 sapi5s fu]it4 ,peccat3 a ,/oic t]m turn$ on ! ,/oics1 see ,i4 #cg4 ,academicos et3 ,,mss4 om4 et z 9 ,i4 #af1 & que 9 #eb ( ?is book4 ,dic5da3 = ! omission ( ! v]b ) ! g]undive 7:i* occurs *iefly 9 emphatic clauses7 cf4 ,i4 #g1 & ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1 :o h[ ev] unduly limits ! usage4 ,hic igitur 444 prud5tior3 ,,mss4 g5]ally h ass5ti5s1 b "o good "o 7,halm's ,e7 has ass5ti5tes4 ,i v5ture to read ads5tietur1 ?9k+ t ! la/ two lett]s 7 fir/ dropt1 z 9 #bf 7t5etur7 & t !n ads5tiet1 "u ! attraction ( ! s foll[+1 pass$ into ads5ti5s1 z 9 #adg intellegat se pass$ into intellig5tes4 ,n1 ,i may rem>k1 is frequ5tly ins]t$ 9 ,,mss4 7z 9 ,i4 #g appellant1 #af disputant1 #bd effic]5tur71 & all ! *anges involv$ 9 my conj4 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,i also read s91 inquam 7sc4 ads5tietur7 = si numquam ( ,,mss4 ,! "q ut] e/ prud5tior is int5d$ to press home ! dilemma 9 :i* ,cic]o has plac$ ! suppos$ sapi5s4 ,all ! o!r em5dations ,i h se5 are too unsatisfactory to be enum]at$4 #acc4 ,non posse 444 esse3 ?is seems to me s\nd2 ,bait4 h[ev] reads non esse illa prob&a sap4 aft] ,lamb41 :o also conj4 non posse illa probata esse4 ,p>ia3 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dh1 ,p>adoxa #bj sq41 ,zell] #bej4 ,praecide3 or 1 cf4 ,cat4 ,mai4 #eg1 ,ad ,att4 ,,viii4 #d1 ,x4 #af4 ,inquit3 n4 on #gi4 ,quid quod quae3 s ,guietus ) ! approval ( ,madv4 7,em4 #bjc7 reads = ,,mss4 quid quae or quid quaeque1 ,halm & ,bait41 foll[ ,mos] 9 writ+ ,quid8 si quae remov+ ! /op at p>ia1 & make 9 utramque p>tem foll[ dicantur1 on ,orelli's sugge/ion4 ,:5 sev]al relative pron\ns come toge!r ! ,,mss4 (t5 omit "o4 ,dicebas3 9 #bg4 ,incognito3 #acc4 #acd4 ,etiam3 yes1 ,madv4 ,gram4 #ded4 ,non beatissimam3 ,i4 #bb1 n4 ,deus ille3 i4e4 m ?an man 7( ,ari/otle's 71 if he c d )\t o!r advantages4 ,= ! omission ( e/ aft] ! emphatic ille cf4 #ei1 n4 ,!ophra/o1 etc43 n4 on ,i4 #cc1 #ce4 ,dic5te3 be=e ?is ,halm aft] ,lamb41 foll[$ by ,bait41 ins]ts contra1 ! ne$ = :i* ,i fail to see4 ,et hic3 i4e4 ,antio*us4 ,ne sibi con/et3 ,cic4 argues 9 ,t4,d4 ,v4 t !re _c be degrees 9 happ9ess4 ,tum hoc 444 tum illud3 cf4 #aba4 ,iac]e3 #gi4 ,9 8 discrepant3 ,i4 #db 9 8 con/itit4 #ace4 ,mov]i3 1 #bi4 ,laetitia eff]ri3 ,i4 #ch4 ,probabilia3 ! removal ( passion & delight is easi] ?an t ( fe> & pa94 ,sapi5sne 444 deleta sit3 see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4 #hjf1 ed4 #b1 :o is sev]e ^u ! read+ ( ,orelli 7/ill kept by ,klotz71 non timeat8 nec si patria deleatur8 non doleat8 nec1 si deleta sit8 :i* involves ! use ( nec = ne 444 quidem4 ,i h foll[$ ! read+ ( ,madv4 9 8 ,em41 n ! "o he gives 7aft] ,davies7 9 ,d4,f4 ne patria deleatur1 :i* ,halm takes1 z does ,bait]4 ,m9e is r ne>] ! ,,mss4 ,decreta3 "s ,,mss4 durata2 ,halm conj4 dictata4 ,m$iocritates3 1 z 9 ,ari/otle2 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aa1 #bb1 #gd4 ,p]motione3 4 ,naturalem 444 modum3 s ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gd4 ,crantoris3 sc4 librum1 = ! omission ( :i* see n4 on ,i4 #ac2 add ,qu9t4 ,,ix4 #d1 #ah1 :]e ,spald+ wi%$ to read 9 ,h]odoti1 supply+ libro4 ,aureolus 444 libellus3 x is n (t5 t two dim9utives come toge!r 9 ,cic41 & ! usage is r colloquial2 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #b1 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #dc1 also = aureolus #aai flum5 aureum4 ,panaetius3 he _h address$ to ,tub]o a "w de dolore2 see ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bc4 ,cotem3 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #dc1 #dh1 ,s5eca ,de ,ira ,,iii4 #c1 :]e ! say+ is attribut$ to ,ari/otle 7iram calc> esse virtutis74 ,dicebant3 = ! repetition ( ?is ^w cf4 #adf1 ,i4 #cc4 #acf4 ,sunt enim ,socratica3 ! ,socratic orig9 ( ! ,/oic p>adoxes is affirm$ 9 ,p>ad4 #d1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aj4 ,mirabilia3 ,cic4 g5]ally translates by admirabilia z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gd1 or admir&a1 "u :i* title he seems to h publi%$ a "w diff]5t f ! ,p>adoxa1 :i* we possess3 see ,bait41 & ,halm's ed4 ( ! ,phil4 works 7#ahfa71 p4 #iid4 ,quasi3 almo/1 4 ,voltis3 cf4 ! ,antio*ean op9ion 9 ,i4 #ah1 #bb4 ,solos reges3 = all ?is see ,zell] #bec sq4 ,solos divites3 1 ,p>ad4 ,,vi4 ,lib]um3 ,p>ad4 ,v4 4 ,furiosus3 ,p>ad4 ,,iv4 4 #acg4 ,tam sunt def5d5da3 cf4 #h1 #abj4 ,bono modo3 a colloquial & ,plaut9e expression2 see ,=c4 ,ad s5atum />5t3 7 9 wait+ on ! s5ate2 cf4 su* phrases z />e ad cya?um1 etc4 ,c>neade3 ! vocative is ,c>neades 9 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #bc4 ,huic ,/oico3 i4e4 ,diog5i2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bd4 ,halm brackets ,/oico1 & aft] him ,bait4 ,sequi volebat3 pr(ess$ to foll[2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ac ,/rato physicum se voluit gave himself out to be a physical philosoph]3 also ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajb4 ,ille no/]3 ,dav4 ve/]1 z 9 #adc no/] ,antio*us4 ,b 9 bo? places ,cic4 speaks z a fri5d ( ,antio*us2 cf4 #aac4 ,balbuti5s3 giv+ an unc]ta9 s\nd2 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #e1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ge4 #ach4 ,mihi v]em9i3 cf4 ,caes4 ,bell4 ,gall4 ,v4 #i v]itus navibus4 ,halm & ,bait4 foll[ ,*ri/'s conj4 v]5ti1 remov+ ! /op at voltis4 ,op9ationem3 ! ( ,sext41 e4g4 ,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #bhj4 ,quod m9ime voltis3 cf4 ,i4 #ah4 ,de f9ibus3 n conc]n+1 b f among ! diff]5t f9es2 o!rwise f9e w\ld h be5 writt54 ,cf4 ,i4 #d si qui de no/ris4 ,circumcidit et amputat3 ^! two v]bs (t5 come toge!r1 z 9 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dd2 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ca4 ,si vacemus omni mole/ia3 :i* ,epicurus held to be ! highe/ pleasure4 ,cum hone/ate3 ,callipho 9 #aca4 ,prima naturae commoda3 ,cic4 "h z 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ei1 ,v4 #eh confuses ! ,/oic ) ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 = :i* see ,i4 #ai4 ,m on ! subject 9 ,madvig's f\r? ,excursus to ! ,d4,f4 ,rel9quit3 ,orelli rel9qui aga9/ ! ,,mss4 #aci4 ,polemonis 444 f9ibus3 all ^! 7 composite f9es4 ,adhuc3 ,i ne$ sc>cely po9t out t ?is goes ) habeo & n ) probabilius2 adhuc = etiam ) ! comp>ative does n occur till ! silv] writ]s4 ,labor eo3 cf4 ,horace's nunc 9 ,ari/ippi furtim praecepta relabor1 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #f rapior illuc3 revocat autem ,antio*us4 ,repreh5dit manu3 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,pecudum3 ,i4 #f1 ,p>ad4 #ad voluptatem esse summum bonum1 quae mihi vox pecudum videtur esse non hom9um2 simil> expressions occur ) a ref]5ce to ,epicurus 9 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #aje1 ,lael4 #bj1 #cb4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gc1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah2 cf4 also ,ari/oph4 ,plut4 #ibb & 9 ,ari/otle4 ,! mean+ ( pecus is well %[n 9 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #fi4 ,iungit deo3 ,zell] #agf sq4 ,animum solum3 ! same criticism is appli$ to ,z5o's f9is 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ag1 #be4 ,ut 444 sequ>3 = ! repeat$ ut see ,d4,f4 ,v4 #aj1 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj1 obs4 #b4 ,bait4 brackets ! second ut ) ,lamb4 ,c>neades 444 def5sitabat3 ?is is q a diff]5t view f t 9 #aca2 yet ano!r ( ,c>neades is giv5 9 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hc4 ,i/um f9em3 ,,mss4 ipsum2 ! two words are (t5 confus$1 z 9 ,i4 #b4 ,ipsa v]itas3 ,,mss4 sev]itas1 a frequ5t error2 cf4 ,9 ,v]r4 ,act4 ,i4 #c1 ,,iii4 #afb1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #d1 also ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ee4 ,obv]setur3 ,halm takes ! conj4 ( ,lamb41 adv]setur4 ,! ,,mss4 read+ gives excell5t s5se2 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb obv]s5tur hone/ae species viro4 ,bait4 foll[s ,halm4 ,tu 444 copulabis3 ?is is ! feign$ expo/ulation ( v]itas 7cf4 #cd convicio v]itatis71 = :i* /yle see #abe4 #adj4 ,voluptas cum hone/ate3 ?is :ole expression is 9 apposition to p>1 s t cum mu/ n be tak5 closely ) depugnet2 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #g1 #ai ,rupili et ,p]si p> pugnat uti non compositum melius 7sc4 p>7 cum ,bi?o ,bac*ius4 ,si sequ>e1 ruunt3 = con/r4 cf4 ,i4 #g4 ,communitas3 = ,/oic philan?ropy see ,zell] #big4 ,nulla pote/ nisi erit3 ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gj 9 hac coniunctione--hoc fi]i non pote/ nisi--f]e semp] coniunctivus subicitur praes5tis--futuri et p]fecti indicativus ponitur4 ,gratuita3 dis9t]e/$4 ,ne intellegi quidem3 n4 on ,i4 #g1 cf4 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gc1 #aai4 ,gloriosum 9 vulgus3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd populus cum illis facit 7i4e4 ,epicureis74 ,normam 444 regulam3 n4 on ,ac4 ,po/4 fragm4 #h4 ,praescriptionem3 ,i4 #bc1 n4 #ada4 ,adquiescis3 ,,mss4 are confus$ "h1 ,halm reads adsciscis1 comp>+ #ach4 ,add ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bc 7sciscat et probet71 ,,iii4 #ag 7adscisc5das esse71 ,,iii4 #gj 7adscisci et prob>i7 ,bait4 foll[s ,halm4 ,ratum 444 fixum3 cf4 #bg & n4 on ,ac4 ,po/4 fragm4 #ag4 ,falso3 l incognito 9 #acc4 ,nullo discrim9e3 = ?is see ! explanation ( nihil int]esse 9 #dj1 n4 ,iudicia3 z usual4 #adb--adf4 ,summ>y4 ,to pass to ,dialectic1 note h[ ,protagoras1 ! ,cyr5aics1 ,epicurus1 & ,plato disagree 7#adb74 ,does ,antio*us foll[ any ( ^!8 ,:y1 he nev] ev5 foll[s ! vetus ,academia1 & nev] /irs a /ep f ,*rysippus4 ,dialecticians !mselves _c agree ab\t ! v elem5ts ( _! art 7#adc74 ,:y !n1 ,lucullus1 d y r\se ! mob aga9/ me l a s$iti\s tribune by tell+ !m ,i d away ) ! arts altoge!r8 ,:5 y h got ! cr[d toge!r1 ,i w po9t out to !m t accord+ to ,z5o all ( !m are slaves1 exiles1 & lunatics1 & t y y\rself1 n be+ sapi5s1 "k no?+ :atev] 7#add74 ,?is la/ po9t ,z5o us$ to illu/rate by action ,yet 8 :ole s*ool _c po9t to any actual sapi5s 7#ade74 ,n[ z !re is no k !re c be no art4 ,h[ w\ld ,zeuxis & ,polycletus l ?is conclusion8 ,!y w\ld pref] m9e1 to :i* our ance/ors be> te/imony4 #adb4 ,v5io iam3 ,dialectic _h be5 already dealt ) 9 #ia--ih "h x is m]ely consid]$ ) a view to ! *oice ( ! suppos$ sapi5s1 z 0 ,e?ical ,sci5ce 9 #abi--ada & ,physics 9 #aaf--abh4 ,) ! enum]ation ( conflict+ s*ools "h giv5 comp>e ! "o ,sextus gives 9 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dh sq4 ,protagorae3 ,r4 & ,p4 #acb sq4 ,qui putet3 s ,,mss41 ,halm & ,bait4 putat aft] ,lamb4 ,trans4 inasmu* z he ?9ks4 ,p]motiones intimas3 cf4 #bj tactus int]ior1 also #gf4 ,epicuri3 nn4 on #ai1 #gi1 #hj4 ,iudicium3 z usual4 ,r]um notitiis3 1 ,zell] #djc sq4 ,con/ituit3 note ! con/r4 ) 91 l pon]e 94 ,cogitationis3 cf4 ,i4 #cj4 ,sev]al ,,mss4 h cognitionis1 ! two words are frequ5tly confus$4 ,see ,wes5b]g ,fm4 to ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 p4 #ag1 :o says1 multo tam5 saepius cogitatio pro cognitio sub/ituitur quam contra1 also ,m4,d4,f ,,iii4 #ba4 #adc4 ,ne maiorum quidem suorum3 sc4 aliquid probat4 ,= maiorum cf4 #hj4 ,"h ,plato is almo/ exclud$ f ! s-call$ vetus ,academia1 cf4 ,i4 #cc4 ,libri3 titles ( "s are pres]v$ 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,iv4 #aa--ad4 ,nihil politius3 cf4 #aai1 n4 ,p$em nusquam3 = ! ellipse cf4 #eh1 #aaf1 ,pro ,deiot4 #db & p$em latum 9 ,plaut4 ,abutimur3 ?is v]b 9 ! rhetorical writ]s means to use words 9 metaphorical or unnatural s5ses1 see ,qu9t4 ,x4 #a1 #ab4 ,?is is probably ! mean+ "h2 d we use ! "n ,academic 9 a non natural fa%ion8 ,si dies e/ lucet3 a bett] trans ( 1 ?an 0 giv5 9 #if1 :]e see n4 ,alit] ,philoni3 n ,philo ( ,l>issa1 b a not$ dialectician1 pupil ( ,diodorus ! ,meg>ian1 m5tion$ also 9 #ge4 ,! dispute betwe5 ,diodorus & ,philo is m5tion$ 9 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #aae--aag ) ! same purpose z "h1 see also ,zell] #ci4 ,antipat]3 ! ,/oic ( ,t>sus1 :o succe$$ ,diog5es ,babylonius 9 ! head%ip ( ! s*ool4 ,ar*idemus3 sev]al times m5tion$ ) ,antipat] 9 ,diog41 z ,,vii4 #fh1 #hd4 ,op9iosissimi3 s ! ,,mss4 ,i _c ?9k t ! ^w is wrong1 ?\gh all edd4 condemn x4 ,halm is c]ta9ly mi/ak5 9 say+ t a laudatory epi!t su* z +5iosissimi is necess>y4 ,i believe t ! ^w op9iosissimi 7an adj4 n else:]e us$ by ,cic47 0 manufactur$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 9 ord] to ridicule ^! two philosoph]s1 :o are playfully describ$ z m5 full ( op9io or --j ! imputation :i*1 z ,/oics1 !y w\ld mo/ repel4 ,h]mann's sp9osissimi is +5i\s1 & if an em4 7 ne$$1 w\ld n be s utt]ly improbable z ,halm ?9ks4 #add4 ,9 contionem vocas3 a retort1 hav+ ref]5ce to #ad1 cf4 also #fc1 #gb4 ,= ^! contiones see ,lange1 ,romis*e ,alt]?um] ,,ii4 #ffc1 ed #b4 ,!y 7 call$ by & held "u ! presid5cy ( magi/rates1 all ( :om _h ! "r to summon !m1 ! "r ( ! tribune be+ "u few] re/rictions ?an ! "r ( ! o!rs4 ,occludi tab]nas 9 ord] ( c\rse t ! artisans might all be at ! meet+1 = ?is see ,liv4 ,,iii4 #bg1 ,,iv4 #ca1 ,,ix4 #g1 & comp>e ! cry to y\r t5ts1 ,o ,israel 9 ! ,bible4 ,artificia3 n4 on #cj4 ,tolli3 n4 on #bf4 ,ut opifices concit5tur3 cf4 ,pro ,flacc4 #ah opifices et tab]n>ios quid neqoti e/ concit>e8 ,expromam3 ,cic4 0 probably ?9k+ ( ! use to :i* he himself _h put ^! ,/oic p>adoxes 9 ,pro ,mur5a #fa1 a use ( :i* he half confesses himself a%am$ 9 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gd4 ,exsules etc43 #acf4 #ade4 ,scire negatis3 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aec1 :o says t ev5 :5 x arises 9 ! m9d ( a is m]e & n 2 also ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #hc1 :]e x is said t ! is capable ( b n ( 1 :i* ! alone has4 ,visum 444 ads5sus3 ! ,/oics z we saw 7,,ii4 #ch1 etc47 analys$ s5sations into two p>ts2 ) ! ,academic & o!r s*ools ea* s5sation 0 an ultimate unanalysable unit1 a 4 ,= ?is symbolic action ( ,z5o cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah1 ,orat4 #aac1 ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,ii4 #g1 ,qu9t4 ,,ii4 #bj1 #g1 ,zell] #hd4 ,contrax]at3 s ,halm :o qu4 ,pl94 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xi4 #bf1 #id digitum contrah5s aut remitt5s2 ,orelli con/rux]at2 ,,mss4 mo/ly contex]at4 ,quod ante non fu]at3 h[ev] is frequ5t 9 ,plato 9 ! s5se to seize firmly ) ! m9d4 ,adv]t]at3 ! be/ ,,mss4 give m]ely adv]at1 b on ! m>g9 admov]at :i* ,halm takes1 & aft] him ,bait42 "o good ,,ms4 has adv]t]at4 ,ne ipsi quidem3 ev5 ,socrates1 ,anti/h5es & ,diog5es 7 n accord+ to ! ,/oics1 b m]ely 7 2 see ,diog4 ,,vii4 #ia1 ,zell] #beg1 & cf4 ,plut4 ,/o4 ,rep4 #ajef 7qu4 by ,p4 ,val5tia p4 #bie1 ed ,orelli7 7i4e4 7 4 ,nec tu3 sc4 scis2 ,go]4 has a /range note "h4 #adf4 ,illa3 cf4 illa invidiosa above 7#add74 ,dicebas3 9 #bb4 ,ref]o3 retort1 z 9 ,ovid4 ,metam4 ,i4 #geh pudet haec opprobria nobis ,et dici potuisse et non potuisse ref]ri2 cf4 also p> p>i ref]re dicto4 ,ne nobis quidem3 nor w\ld !y be angry2 cf4 n4 on4 ,i4 #e4 ,arbitr>i3 ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is 0 to be a by/&]1 or to be an eye-witness1 see ,corss5 ,i4 #bch4 ,ea non ut3 ,,mss4 h ut ea non aut4 ,halm reads ut ea non m]ely1 b ,i pref] ! read+ ,i h giv5 because ( ,cic]o's fondness = mak+ ! ut foll[ closely on ! negative3 = ?is see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dfe b1 obs4 #adg4 ,obscuritate3 cf4 ,i4 #dd1 n4 on ,i4 #ae4 ,plus uno3 #aae4 ,iac]e3 cf4 #gi4 ,plagas3 cf4 n4 on #aab4 #adh4 ,ad patris revolvor s5t5tiam3 = ?is see ,introd4 #ej1 & = ! expression #ah4 ,op9aturum3 see #ei1 #fg1 #gh1 #aab4 ,intellegat se3 ,,mss4 intelleg5tes1 cf4 n4 on #acb4 ,qua re3 s ,manut4 = p] ( ,,mss4 illam omnium r]um3 an odd expression2 cf4 actio r]um 9 #fb4 ,non probans3 s ,madv4 ,em4 #bjd = ,,mss4 comprobans4 ,dav4 conj4 improbans & is foll[$ by ,bait4 ,i am n sure t ! ,,mss4 read+ is wrong4 ,! difficulty is ess5tially ! same z t involv$ 9 #ajd1 :i* %\ld be closely comp>$4 ,a contra/ is drawn betwe5 a !oretical dogma & a practical belief4 ,! dogma is t ass5t 7mean+ absolute ass5t7 is n to be giv5 to ph5om5a4 ,?is dogma ,catulus might well describe himself z =mally approv+ 7comprobans74 ,! practice is to give ass5t 7mean+ modifi$ ass5t74 ,!re is ! same contra/ 9 #ajd betwe5 plac]e & t5]e4 ,i may note t ! ^w alt]i 7cf4 alt]o 9 #ajd7 ne$ n imply t ! dogma & ! practice are irreconcilable2 a misconception on ?is po9t has consid]ably confirm$ edd4 9 _! introduction ( ! negative4 ,nec eam admodum3 cf4 non repugn>em 9 #aab4 ,toll5dum3 _m edd4 h gone f> a/ray 9 int]pret+ ?is passage4 ,! ^w is us$ ) a d\ble ref]5ce to ads5sus & ancora2 9 ! fir/ way we h _h toll]e us$ a score ( times 9 ?is book2 ) reg>d to ! second mean+1 cf4 ,caes4 ,bell4 ,gall4 ,,iv4 #bc1 ,bell4 ,civ4 ,i4 #ca1 :]e toll]e is us$ ( weigh+ an*or1 & ,v>ro ,de ,re ,ru/4 ,,iii4 #ag1 #a1 :]e x occurs 9 ! s5se to get on1 to proce$1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! sea4 7,! exx4 are f ,=c47 ,?is passage ,i believe & ?is alone is ref]r$ to 9 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #c4 ,if my conjecture is correct1 ,cic4 tri$ at fir/ to manage a joke by us+ ! ^w inhib5dum1 :i* _h also a nautical signification1 b f9d+ t he _h mi/ak5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 sub/itut$ toll5dum4 #a ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #c4 #b ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #a ) ,,ii4 #e4 #c ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a1 ,pha$rus nobis1444 cum pu]i essemus1 valde ut philosophus probabatur4 #d ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ic1 ,pha$ro nihil elegantius1 nihil humanius4 #e ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a4 #f ,brutus1 #cji4 #g ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #bj1 #f4 #h ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #af4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aac4 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #aae4 #i ,brutus1 #cjf4 #aj ,ibid4 #aa ,rep4 ,i4 #g4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e4 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #c1d4 ,de ,fato1 #b4 #ab ,cf4 ,brutus1 #cab1 #cbb4 #ac ,cf4 ,brutus1 #cab1 #cad1 #caf4 #ad ,brutus1 #cae4 #ae ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ei4 #af ,,vii4 ,i4 #ce4 #ag ,cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ic ) ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a1 #a4 #ah ,ac4 ,i4 #df4 #ai ,d4,f4 ,v4 #c4 #bj ,d4,f4 ,i4 #af4 #ba ,d4,f4 ,v4 #f1 etc4 #bb ,d4,f4 ,v4 #h4 #bc ,ac4 ,,ii4 #d4 #bd ,ib4 #fi4 #be ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #e4 #bf ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aac4 #bg ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aac4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ed4 #bh ,,ii4 #ab4 #bi ,brutus1 #caf4 #cj ,hort5sius1 fragm4 #ah1 ed4 ,nobbe4 #ca ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fa4 #cb ,de ,div4 ,i4 #acj4 #cc ,d4,f4 ,i4 #f4 #cd ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #aj & #aa4 #ce ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #a1 #c4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 #cf ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #b4 #cg ,ibid4 ,i4 #bj4 ,cf4 ,,ii4 #a1 #ab4 #ch ,,ii4 #f4 #ci ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #g & #af4 #dj ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #f1 #b4 #da ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,iv4 #aa ) ,,iv4 #h a4 #db ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #aj4 #dc ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af1 #b4 #dd ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af c1 #aj1 ed4 ,nobbe4 #de ,ad ,qu4 ,fr4 ,,ii4 #ad4 #df ,ad ,qu4 ,fr4 ,,iii4 #e & #f4 #dg #ccb4 #dh ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,ad ,att4 ,v4 #aa1 #f4 #di ,ad ,att4 ,v4 #aj1 #e4 #ej ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #a4 #ea ,tim4 c4 #a4 #eb ,cf4 ,tim4 c4 #a ) ,de ,div4 ,i4 #e4 ,brutus1 #bej4 #ec ,ad ,att4 ,,vi4 #a1 #bf4 #ed ,ibid4 ,,vi4 #b1 #c4 #ee ,ibid4 ,,vi4 #f1 #b4 #ef ,ibid4 ,,vi4 #g1 #b4 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ii4 #ag1 #a4 #eg ,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4 #eh ,ad ,att4 ,,vii4 #a1 #a4 #ei ,ibid4 ,,vii4 #c1 ,,viii4 #aa4 #fj ,ad ,att4 ,x4 #h1 #f4 #fa ,ibid4 ,,viii4 #b1 #d4 #fb 1 ,ad ,att4 ,,ix4 #i1 #b1 etc4 #fc ,ibid4 ,,ix4 #d1 #b2 #i1 #a4 #fd ,ibid4 ,,ix4 #aj1 #b4 #fe ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #a4 #ff ,ibid4 ,,ix4 #c4 #fg ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #c & #d4 #fh ,de ,rep4 ,i4 #g4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e1 etc4 #fi ,cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 #gj ,esp4 ,i4 #bf1 #cg4 #ga ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #bi4 #gb ,ac4 ,,ii4 #gj4 #gc ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,ac4 ,i4 #de1 etc4 #gd ,n4,d4 ,i4 #a4 #ge ,cf4 esp4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #e4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e4 #gf ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #g1 etc4 #gg ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d4 #gh ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj4 #gi ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #h4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj1 #ff4 #hj ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #i4 #ha ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj4 #hb ,ibid4 ,i4 #ag4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #abj1 #acg4 #hc ,t4,d4 ,v4 #cc4 #hd ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aba4 #he ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hb1 libas ex omnibus4 #hf ,ac4 ,,ii4 #adc4 #hg ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4 #hh ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aj4 #hi ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab4 #ij ,p>ad4 #b4 ,de ,fato1 #c4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #g4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #c4 #ia ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e4 #ib ,p>adoxa1 #b4 #ic ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ee4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #fb4 #id ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #a & #b1 etc4 #ie #ac4 #if ,cf4 esp4 ,n4,d4 i4 #f4 ,ac4 ii4 #aa & #ag4 #ig ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ci4 #ih ,ibid4 ,i4 #ee1 #ef4 #ii ,n4,d4 ,i4 #d4 #ajj ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ec4 #aja ,cf4 ,de ,(f4 ,,iii4 #bj4 #ajb ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ba-ca1 esp4 #bc4 #ajc ,ibid4 ,v4 #ge4 #ajd ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #ce4 #aje ,t4,d4 ,v4 #cd4 #ajf ,ac4 ,i4 #af4 #ajg ,p>adoxa1 #d4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #acf1 #acg4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aj4 #ajh ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ace4 #aji ,see esp4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #c1 #d4 #aaj ,ibid41 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hc4 #aaa ,grote's ,ari/otle1 vol4 ,i4 *4 #aa4 #aab ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #i4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #da4 #aac ,i4 #f4 #aad ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #g4 #aae ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #g4 ,cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd1 populus cum illis facit4 #aaf ,ac4 ,i4 #f4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #f1 #g2 ,,ii4 #g2 ,,iii4 #cc4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dj4 #aag ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #c4 #aah ,d4,f4 ,i4 #d-f4 ,ac4 ,i4 #aj4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e4 #aai ,de ,div4 ,i4 #d1 #e4 #abj ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #h4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aj1 #af4 #aba ,t4,d4 ,i4 #e4 #abb ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e4 #abc ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #d4 #abd ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #b4 #abe ,see esp4 ,de ,consolatione1 fragm4 #g1 ed4 ,nobbe4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e4 ,ac4 ,i4 #aa4 #abf ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 #abg ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #a1 #d4 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a4 #abh ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a1 #c4 #abi ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a1 #aa4 #acj ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #e4 ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #a4 #aca ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #d4 #acb ,n4,d4 ,i4 #i4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #a4 #acc ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #d4 #acd ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #ai1 #a4 #ace ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #ad1 #c4 #acf ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #ae1 #af4 #acg ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #ba1 #e4 #ach ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #bc1 #b4 #aci ,ut scias me ita dol]e ut non iaceam4 #adj ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aji4 #ada ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #bh1 #b4 #adb ,cf4 esp4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #b ) #ch1 #c4 #adc ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #b4 #add ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #e4 #ade ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #bf4 #adf ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #da1 #a1 also #db1 #dc2 ,,xiii4 #bf4 #adg ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #df4 #adh ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #de1 #a4 #adi b] ,cic]o's ,akademika1 p4 #d4 #aej ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #ab1 #b1 :]e !re is a di/9ct m5tion ( ! fir/ two books4 #aea ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 #aeb ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4 #aec ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #d1 #e2 #bb1 #c4 #aed ,,ii4 #b4 #aee ,de ,f94 ,praef4 p4 lvii4 ed4 #b4 #aef ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c2 #af1 #a4 #aeg ,ibid4 ,,xvi4 #c1 #a4 #aeh ,ibid4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 #aei ,ac4 ,,ii4 #fa4 #afj ,d4,f4 ,i4 #b4 #afa ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 #afb ,cf4 ,kris*e1 p4 #e4 #afc ,ac4 ,,ii4 #fa4 #afd ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #e1 #a4 #afe ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #cb1 #c4 #aff ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #cc1 #d4 #afg ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 ,,ii4 #a4 #afh ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #db4 #afi ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #af1 #a4 #agj ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 #aga ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af;a1 #b4 #agb ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c2 also ,,iv4 #af;a1 #b4 #agc ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 #agd ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4 #age ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 #agf ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4 #agg ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c2 #ai1 #d2 #af1 #a4 #agh ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4 #agi ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bb1 #a4 #ahj ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #e4 #aha ,cf4 ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ad1 #c2 #af1 #b2 #ah2 #ai1 #e4 #ahb ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #e4 #ahc ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4 #ahd ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bd4 #ahe ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ah4 #ahf ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ah2 #ai1 #d4 #ahg ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 ,i may "h rem>k on ! absurdity ( ! dates ,s*tz assigns to ^! lett]s4 ,he makes ,cic]o execute ! second edition ( ! ,academica 9 a s+le day4 ,cf4 ,,xiii4 #ab ) #ac4 #ahh ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a4 #ahi ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #e4 #aij ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4 #aia ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4 #aib ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4 #aic ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #d4 #aid ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #e4 #aie ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bb1 #c4 #aif ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #bd4 #aig ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ce1 #cf1 #b4 #aih ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ch1 #a4 #aii ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #c1 #d4 #bjj ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,cf4 ,qu9til4 ,in/4 ,or4 ,,iii4 #f1 #fd4 #bja ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aa4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 #bjb ,de ,(f4 ,,ii4 #h1 ,timu1 c4 #a4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ai1 #e4 #bjc ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ab2 #af2 #ac2 #ai4 #bjd ,ibid4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aa4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 #bje ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xxxi4 c4 #b4 #bjf ,in/4 ,or4 ,,iii4 #f1 #fd4 #bjg ,plut4 ,lucullus1 c4 #db4 #bjh #ab1 #ah1 #adh4 #bji ,cf4 ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4 #baj ,lucullus1 #ab4 #baa ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #af1 #a4 #bab ,lactant4 ,in/4 ,,vi #b4 #bac ,cf4 esp4 ,de ,(f4 ,i4 #acc ) ,brutus1 #acc1 #acd4 #bad ,esp4 ,pro ,lege ,manilia1 #ea4 #bae ,brutus1 #bbb4 #baf ,9 ,v]rem1 ,,ii4 #c1 #baj4 #bag ,pro ,lege ,manilia1 #ei4 #bah ,pro ,se/io1 #abb4 #bai ,pro ,se/io1 #aja4 #bbj ,philipp4 ,,ii4 #ab4 #bba ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #bd1 #d4 #bbb ,pis4 #f4 ,pro ,se/io1 #aba4 ,pro ,domo1 #aac4 ,po/ ,r$itum 9 ,s5atu1 #i4 ,philipp4 ,,ii4 #ab4 #bbc ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #ae1 #c4 #bbd ,cf4 ,po/ ,r$itum 9 ,s5atu1 #i4 ,pro ,domo1 #aac4 #bbe ,pro ,ar*ia1 #f1 #bh4 #bbf ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #i ) #hj4 #bbg #fb4 #bbh ,pro ,plancio1 #ab4 ,pro ,mur5a1 #cf4 ,pro ,rabirio1 #bf4 ,pro ,cornelia ,,ii4 fragm4 #d1 ed4 ,nobbe4 #bbi ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ef4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #i4 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #hj4 #bcj ,cf4 esp4 ,,iii4 #agc4 #bca ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #bh4 #bcb ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #ac1 #bj1 #ba4 #bcc ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #ea4 #bcd ,cf4 ibid4 ,,ii4 #gd ) ,,iii4 #abg4 #bce ,cf4 ,,ii4 #aeb ) ,,iii4 #ahg4 #bcf ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #aed4 #bcg ,brutus1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #bei4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #bi4 #bch ,brutus1 #acb4 #bci ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bdd4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gi4 ,cf4 ,gellius1 ,,xix4 #i4 #bdj ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #aee4 #bda ,ibid4 ,,iii4 #aid4 #bdb ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #fh ) ,,iii4 #ahb1 #ahg4 #bdc ,de ,or4 ,i4 #hb sq42 ,,ii4 #cfj4 #bdd ,ibid4 ,i4 #de2 ,,ii4 #cfe2 ,,iii4 #fh1 #ge4 #bde #ab1 commemoravit a patre suo dicta ,philoni4 #bdf ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aaj4 #bdg ,ac4 ,,ii4 #adh4 #bdh ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aa4 #bdi ,ibid4 #bej ,ibid4 #ab1 #ah1 ) my notes4 #bea ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab3 i/a quae h]i def5sa sunt comp>$ ) ! words ad ,arcesilam ,c>neademque v5iamus4 #beb ,see bel[4 #bec ,ac4 ,,ii4 #cc--cf inclusive2 #ed4 #bed ,ac4 ,,ii4 #bh4 #bee ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ei1 #fg1 #gh1 #aab1 #adh1 ) my notes4 #bef ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #aj4 #beg ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #bh4 #beh ,cf4 ,,ii4 #fa ) ! fragm5ts ( ! ,hort5sius2 also ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d2 ,,iii4 #f2 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #b4 #bei ,lactant4 ,,iii4 #af4 #bfj ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aj4 #bfa ,ib4 ,,ii4 #fa4 #bfb #dd--df4 #bfc #ac4 #bfd ,cf4 ,,ii4 #ad ) ,i4 #dd1 & ,,ii4 #ee1 #ef4 #bfe ,,ii4 #ag1 #ah1 #bb4 #bff ,cf4 ,,ii4 #ca ) ,i4 #de4 #bfg ,,ii4 #ag1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #ch1 #ed1 #ei4 #bfh ,,ii4 #gi4 #bfi ,cf4 ! words tam multa 9 ,,ii4 #gi4 #bgj ,see ,,ii4 #db1 :]e !re is a ref]5ce to ! he/]nus s]mo4 #bga ,,ii4 #aj4 #bgb ,cf4 ,,ii4 #aj3 id quod qua]ebatur pa5e explicatum e/1 ut tota f]e quae/io tractata videatur4 #bgc ,:at ^! 7 w appe> f my notes on ! ,lucullus4 #bgd ,,ii4 #ab4 #bge ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #h4 #bgf ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c3 ,ad ,brutum transeamus4 #bgg ,?is is n1 z ,kris*e supposes1 ! villa ,cic]o wi%$ to buy aft] ,hort5sius' dea?4 ,t lay at ,puteoli3 see ,ad ,att4 ,,vii4 #c1 #i4 #bgh ,,ii4 #i4 #bgi ,cf4 ,,ii4 #fa4 #bhj ,,ii4 #hj3 ,o praecl>um prospectum6 #bha ,cf4 ,,ii4 #i ) #abh 7signum illud71 also #hj1 #ha1 #ajj1 #aje1 #abe4 #bhb ,,ii4 #aae4 #bhc ,,ii4 #fc4 #bhd ,,ii4 #adg1 #adh4 #bhe ,,ii4 #ace4 #bhf ,cf4 ,,ii4 #aa1 #ab ) ! words quae erant contra praecl>e collecta ab ,antio*o3 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4 #bhg ,v>ro1 ,de ,re ,ru/4 ,,iii4 #ag4 #bhh ,,ii4 #aa4 #bhi ,p>adoxa1 #a4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #h4 ,brutus1 #aai4 #bij ,ac4 ,i4 #ab4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #h4 #bia ,cf4 ,,ii4 #hj4 #bib ,cf4 ,aug4 ,adv4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 #ce4 ,nonius1 sub v4 exult>e4 #bic ,cf4 ! ^w nup] 9 #a4 #bid #aa4 #bie #c1 #ah4 #bif ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #h1 #a4 #big ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #be1 #a4 #bih ,ibid4 ,,iii4 #h1 #c4 #bii ,ibid4 ,,iii4 #ae1 #c2 #ah1 #a4 #cjj ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #a--h4 ,!y are ! only lett]s f ,cic]o to ,v>ro pres]v$ 9 our collections4 #cja ,above1 pp4 xxxvii--xlii4 #cjb ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,xix4 cc4 #a--c4 #cjc ,see ,madvig1 ,de ,f94 ed4 #b1 p4 #hbd2 also ,kris*e1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 ,brckn]1 ,leb5 des ,cic]o1 ,i4 p4 #fee1 foll[s ,mll]4 #cjd ,cf4 ,kris*e1 p4 #eh4