,,the  ,,academica ,,of ,,cicero4  ,,the
 ,,text ,,revised ,,and ,,explained     
,,by  ,,james ,s4 ,,reid1  ,m4,l4       
,,camb4 ,m4,a4 7,,lond47 ,,assistant    
,,tutor ,,and ,,late ,,fellow1          
,,christ',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge2     
,,assistant ,,examiner ,,in ,,classics  
,,to ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,london4  
,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co4 #ahgd 
,all ,rights reserved4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,,to     
,,those ,,of ,,his ,,pupils ,,who ,,have
 ,,read ,,with ,,him ,,the ,,academica1 
,,this ,,edition ,,is ,,affectionately  
,,dedicated ,,by ,,the ,,editor4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,preface4  ,since the work of ,davies  
appeared in #agbe1 no ,english scholar  
has edited the ,academica4 ,in ,germany 
the last edition with explanatory notes 
is that of ,goerenz1 published in #ahaj4
 ,to the poverty and untrustworthiness  
of ,goerenz's learning ,madvig's pages  
bear strong evidence2 while the work of 
,davies1 though in every way far        

superior to that of ,goerenz1 is very   
deficient when judged by the criticism  
of the present time4  ,this edition has 
grown out of a course of                
,intercollegiate lectures given by me at
 ,christ's ,college several years ago4  
,i trust that the work in its present   
shape will be of use to undergraduate   
students of the ,universities1 and also 
to pupils and teachers alike in all     
schools where the philosophical works of
 ,cicero are studied1 but especially in 
those where an attempt is made to impart
 such instruction in the ,ancient       
,philosophy as will prepare the way for 
the completer knowledge now required in 
the final ,classical ,examinations for  
,honours both at ,oxford and ,cambridge4
 ,my notes have been written throughout 
with a practical reference to the needs 
of junior students4 ,during the last    
three or four years ,i have read the    
,academica with a large number of       
intelligent pupils1 and there is        
scarcely a note of mine which has not   

been suggested by some difficulty or    
want of theirs4 ,my plan has been1      
first1 to embody in an ,introduction    
such information concerning ,cicero's   
philosophical views and the literary    
history of the ,academica as could not  
be readily got from existing books2     
next1 to provide a good text2 then to   
aid the student in obtaining a higher   
knowledge of ,ciceronian ,latinity1 and 
lastly1 to put it in his power to learn 
thoroughly the philosophy with which    
,cicero deals4  ,my text may be said to 
be founded on that of ,halm which       
appeared in the edition of ,cicero's    
philosophical works published in #ahfa  
under the editorship of ,baiter and     
,halm as a continuation of ,orelli's    
second edition of ,cicero's works1 which
 was interrupted by the death of that   
editor4 ,i have never however allowed   
one of ,halm's readings to pass without 
carefully weighing the evidence he      
presents2 and ,i have also studied all  
original criticisms upon the text to    

which ,i could obtain access4 ,the      
result is a text which lies considerably
 nearer the ,,mss4 than that of ,halm4  
,my obligations other than those to     
,halm are sufficiently acknowledged in  
my notes2 the chief are to ,madvig's    
little book entitled ,emendationes ad   
,ciceronis libros ,philosophicos1       
published in #ahbe at ,copenhagen1 but  
never1 ,i believe1 reprinted1 and to    
,baiter's text in the edition of        
,cicero's works by himself and ,kayser4 
,in a very few passages ,i have         
introduced emendations of my own1 and   
that only where the conjecttires of     
other ,editors seemed to me to depart   
too widely from the ,,mss4 ,if any      
apology be needed for discussing1 even  
sparingly1 in the notes1 questions of   
textual criticism1 ,i may say that ,i   
have done so from a conviction that the 
very excellence of the texts now in use 
is depriving a ,classical training of a 
great deal of its old educational value4
 ,the judgment was better cultivated    

when the student had to fight his way   
through bad texts to the author's       
meaning and to a mastery of the ,latin  
tongue4 ,the acceptance of results      
without a knowledge of the processes by 
which they are obtained is worthless for
 the purposes of education1 which is    
thus made to rest on memory alone4 ,i   
have therefore done my best to place    
before the reader the arguments for and 
against different readings in the most  
important places where the text is      
doubtful4  ,my experience as a teacher  
and examiner has proved to me that the  
students for whom this edition is       
intended have a far smaller acquaintance
 than they ought to have with the       
peculiarities and niceties of language  
which the best ,latin writers display4  
,i have striven to guide them to the    
best teaching of ,madvig1 on whose      
foundation every succeeding editor of   
,cicero must build4 ,his edition of the 
,de ,finibus contains more valuable     
material for illustrating1 not merely   

the language1 but also the              
subject-matter of the ,academica1 than  
all the professed editions of the latter
 work in existence4 ,yet1 even after    
,madvig's labours1 a great deal remains 
to be done in pointing out what is1 and 
what is not1 ,ciceronian ,latin4 ,i have
 therefore added very many references   
from my own reading1 and from other     
sources4 ,wherever a quotation would not
 have been given but for its appearance 
in some other work1 ,i have pointed out 
the authority from whom it was taken4 ,i
 need hardly say that ,i do not expect  
or intend readers to look out all the   
references given4 ,it was necessary to  
provide material by means of which the  
student might illustrate for himself a  
,latin usage1 if it were new to him1 and
 might solve any linguistic difficulty  
that occurred4 ,want of space has       
compelled me often to substitute a mere 
reference for an actual quotation4  ,as 
there is no important doctrine of       
,ancient ,philosophy which is not       

touched upon somewhere in the           
,academica1 it is evidently impossible  
for an editor to give information which 
would be complete for a reader who is   
studying that subject for the first     
time4 ,i have therefore tried to enable 
readers to find easily for themselves   
the information they require1 and have  
only dwelt in my own language upon such 
philosophical difficulties as were in   
some special way bound up with the      
,academica4 ,the two books chiefly      
referred to in my notes are the ,english
 translation of ,zeller's ,stoics1      
,epicureans and ,sceptics 7whenever     
,zeller is quoted without any further   
description this book is meant71 and the
 ,historia ,philosophiae of ,ritter and 
,preller4 ,the pages1 not the sections1 
of the fourth edition of this work are  
quoted4 ,these books1 with ,madvig's ,de
 ,finibus1 all teachers ought to place  
in the hands of pupils who are studying 
a philosophical work of ,cicero4        
,students at the ,universities ought to 

have constantly at hand ,diogenes       
,laertius1 ,stobaeus1 and ,sextus       
,empiricus1 all of which have been      
published in cheap and convenient forms4
  ,although this edition is primarily   
intended for junior students1 it is     
hoped that it may not be without        
interest for maturer scholars1 as       
bringing together much scattered        
information illustrative of the         
,academica1 which was before difficult  
of access4 ,the present work will1 ,i   
hope1 prepare the way for an exhaustive 
edition either from my own or some more 
competent hand4 ,it must be regarded as 
an experiment1 for no ,english scholar  
of recent times has treated any portion 
of ,cicero's philosophical works with   
quite the purpose which ,i have kept in 
view and have explained above4 ,should  
this attempt meet with favour1 ,i       
propose to edit after the same plan some
 others of the less known and less      
edited portions of ,cicero's writings4  
,in dealing with a subject so unusually 

difficult and so rarely edited ,i cannot
 hope to have escaped errors1 but after 
submitting my views to repeated revision
 during four years1 it seems better to  
publish them than to withhold from      
students help they so greatly need4     
,moreover1 it is a great gain1 even at  
the cost of some errors1 to throw off   
that intellectual disease of            
over-fastidiousness which is so         
prevalent in this ,university1 and      
causes more than anything else the      
unproductiveness of ,english scholarship
 as compared with that of ,germany1  ,i 
have only to add that ,i shall be       
thankful for notices of errors and      
omissions from any who are interested in
 the subject4  ,,james ,s4 ,,reid4      
,,christ',s ,,college1 ,,cambridge1     
,december1 #ahgc4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,,list ,,of       
,,abbreviations ,,used ,,in ,,this      
,,work4  ,cic4  ,cicero2 ,ac41 ,acad4   
,academica2 ,ac41 ,acad4 ,post4         
,academica ,posteriora2 ,d4,f4  ,de     

,finibus2 ,t4,d4  ,tusculan             
,disputations2 ,n4,d4  ,de ,natura      
,deorum2 ,de ,div4  ,de ,divinatione2   
,parad4  ,paradoxa2 ,luc4  ,lucullus2   
,hortens4  ,hortensius2 ,de ,off4  ,de  
,officiis2 ,tim4  ,timaeus2 ,cat4 ,mai4 
,cato ,maior2 ,lael4  ,laelius2 ,de     
,leg4  ,de ,legibus2 ,de ,rep4  ,de     
,republica2 ,somn4 ,scip4  ,somnium     
,scipionis2 ,de ,or4  ,de ,oratore2     
,orat4  ,orator2 ,de ,inv4  ,de         
,inventione2 ,brut4  ,brutus2 ,ad ,att4 
,ad ,atticum2 ,ad ,fam4  ,ad            
,familiares2 ,ad ,qu4 ,frat4  ,ad       
,quintum ,fratrem2 ,in ,verr41 ,verr4   
,in ,verrem2 ,div4 in4 ,qu4 ,caec4      
,divinatio in ,quintum ,caecilium2 ,in  
,cat4  ,in ,catilinam4  ,plat4  ,plato3 
,rep4  ,republic2 ,tim4  ,timaeus2      
,apol4  ,apologia ,socratis2 ,gorg4     
,gorgias2 ,theaet4  ,theaetetus4        
,arist4  ,aristotle2 ,nic4 ,eth4        
,nicomachean ,ethics2 ,mag4 ,mor4       
,magna ,moralia2 ,de ,gen4 ,an4  ,de    
,generatione ,animalium2 ,de ,gen4 et   

,corr4  ,de ,generatione et             
,corruptione2 ,anal4 ,post4  ,analytica 
,posteriora2 ,met4  ,metaphysica2 ,phys4
  ,physica4  ,plut4  ,plutarch2 ,de     
,plac4 ,phil4  ,de ,placitis            
,philosophorum2 ,sto4 ,rep4  ,de        
,stoicis ,repugnantiis4  ,sext4         
,sextus2 ,sext4 ,emp4  ,sextus          
,empiricus2 ,adv4 ,math4 or ,a4,m4      
,adversus ,mathematicos2 ,pyrrh4        
,hypotyp4 or ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 or ,p4,h4    
,pyrrhonen ,hypotyposen ,syntagmata4    
,diog4 or ,diog4 ,laert4  ,diogenes     
,laertius4  ,stob4  ,stobaeus2 ,phys4   
,physica2 ,eth4  ,ethica4  ,galen2 ,de  
,decr4 ,hipp4 et ,plat4  ,de ,decretis  
,hippocratis et ,platonis4  ,euseb4     
,eusebius2 ,pr4 ,ev4  ,praeparatio      
,evangelii4  ,aug4 or ,august4          
,augustine2 ,contra ,ac4 or ,c4 ,ac4    
,contra ,academicos2 ,de ,civ4 ,dei  ,de
 ,civitate ,dei4  ,quintil4             
,quintilian2 ,inst4 ,or4  ,institutiones
 ,oratoriae4  ,seneca2 ,ep4  ,epistles2 
,consol4 ad ,helv4  ,consolatio ad      

,helvidium4  ,epic4  ,epicurus2 ,democr4
  ,democritus4  ,madv4  ,madvig2        
,m4,d4,f4  ,madvig's edition of the ,de 
,finibus2 ,opusc4  ,opuscula2 ,em4      
,emendationes ad ,ciceronis libros      
,philosophicos2 ,em4 ,liv4              
,emendationes ,livianae2 ,gram4         
,grammar4  ,bentl4  ,bentley2 ,bait4    
,baiter2 ,dav4  ,davies2 ,ern4          
,ernesti2 ,forc4  ,forcellini2 ,goer4   
,goerenz2 ,herm4  ,hermann2 ,lamb4      
,lambinus2 ,man4 or ,manut4  ,manutius2 
,turn4  ,turnebus2 ,wes4 or ,wesenb4    
,wesenberg4  ,corss4  ,corssen2 ,ausspr4
  ,aussprache1 ,vokalismus und          
,betonung4  ,curt4  ,curtius2 ,grundz4  
,grundzge der ,griechischen ,etymologie4
  ,corp4 ,inscr4  ,corpus ,inscriptionum
 ,latinarum4  ,dict4 ,biogr4            
,dictionary of ,classical ,biography4   
,cf4  compare2 conj4  'conjecture' or   
'conjectures'2 conjug4  conjugation2    
constr4  construction2 ed4  edition2    
edd4  editors2 em4  emendation2 ex4     
example2 exx4  examples2 exc4  except2  

esp4  especially2 fragm4  fragment or   
fragments2 ,gr4 and ,gk4  ,greek2       
,introd4  ,introduction2 ,lat4  ,latin2 
n4  note2 nn4  notes2 om4  omit1 omits1 
or omission2 prep4  preposition2 qu4    
quotes or quoted by2 subj4  subjunctive4
  ,r4 and ,p4  ,ritter and ,preller's   
,historia ,philosophiae ex fontium locis
 contexta4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,the ,,academica ,,of     
,,cicero4  ,,introduction4  ,i4 ,cicero 
as a ,student of ,philosophy and ,man of
 ,letters3 #ij--de ,b4,c4  ,it would    
seem that ,cicero's love for literature 
was inherited from his father1 who1     
being of infirm health1 lived constantly
 at ,arpinum1 and spent the greater part
 of his time in study4#a ,from him was  
probably derived that strong love for   
the old ,latin dramatic and epic poetry 
which his son throughout his writings   
displays4 ,he too1 we may conjecture1   
led the young ,cicero to feel the       
importance of a study of philosophy to  
serve as a corrective for the somewhat  

narrow rhetorical discipline of the     
time4#b  ,cicero's first systematic     
lessons in philosophy were given him by 
the ,epicurean ,phaedrus1 then at ,rome 
because of the unsettled state of       
,athens1 whose lectures he attended at a
 very early age1 even before he had     
assumed the toga virilis4 ,the pupil    
seems to have been converted at once to 
the tenets of the master4#c ,phaedrus   
remained to the end of his life a friend
 of ,cicero1 who speaks warmly in praise
 of his teacher's amiable disposition   
and refined style4 ,he is the only      
,epicurean1 with1 perhaps1 the exception
 of ,lucretius1 whom the orator ever    
allows to possess any literary power4#d 
,cicero soon abandoned ,epicureanism1   
but his schoolfellow1 ,t4 ,pomponius    
,atticus1 received more lasting         
impressions from the teaching of        
,phaedrus4 ,it was probably at this     
period of their lives that ,atticus and 
his friend became acquainted with       
,patro1 who succeeded ,zeno of ,sidon as

 head of the ,epicurean school4#e  ,at  
this time 7i4e4 before #hh ,b4,c47      
,cicero also heard the lectures of      
,diodotus the ,stoic1 with whom he      
studied chiefly1 though not exclusively1
 the art of dialectic4#f ,this art1     
which ,cicero deems so important to the 
orator that he calls it abbreviated     
eloquence1 was then the monopoly of the 
,stoic school4 ,for some time ,cicero   
spent all his days with ,diodotus in the
 severest study1 but he seems never to  
have been much attracted by the general 
,stoic teaching4 ,still1 the friendship 
between the two lasted till the death of
 ,diodotus1 who1 according to a fashion 
set by the ,roman ,stoic circle of the  
time of ,scipio and ,laelius1 became an 
inmate of ,cicero's house1 where he died
 in ,b4,c4 #ei1 leaving his pupil heir  
to a not inconsiderable property4#g ,he 
seems to have been one of the most      
accomplished men of his time1 and       
,cicero's feelings towards him were     
those of gratitude1 esteem1 and         

admiration4#h  ,in the year #hh ,b4,c4  
the celebrated ,philo of ,larissa1 then 
head of the ,academic school1 came to   
,rome1 one of a number of eminent       
,greeks who fled from ,athens on the    
approach of its siege during the        
,mithridatic war4 ,philo1 like          
,diodotus1 was a man of versatile       
genius3 unlike the ,stoic philosopher1  
he was a perfect master both of the     
theory and the practice of oratory4     
,cicero had scarcely heard him before   
all inclination for ,epicureanism was   
swept from his mind1 and he surrendered 
himself wholly1 as he tells us1 to the  
brilliant ,academic4#i ,smitten with a  
marvellous enthusiasm he abandoned all  
other studies for philosophy4 ,his zeal 
was quickened by the conviction that the
 old judicial system of ,rome was       
overthrown for ever1 and that the great 
career once open to an orator was now   
barred4#aj  ,we thus see that before    
,cicero was twenty years of age1 he had 
been brought into intimate connection   

with at least three of the most eminent 
philosophers of the age1 who represented
 the three most vigorous and important  
,greek schools4 ,it is fair to conclude 
that he must have become thoroughly     
acquainted with their spirit1 and with  
the main tenets of each4 ,his own       
statements1 after every deduction       
necessitated by his egotism has been    
made1 leave no doubt about his diligence
 as a student4 ,in his later works he   
often dwells on his youthful devotion to
 philosophy4#aa ,it would be unwise to  
lay too much stress on the intimate     
connection which subsisted between the  
rhetorical and the ethical teaching of  
the ,greeks2 but there can be little    
doubt that from the great rhetorician   
,molo1 then ,rhodian ambassador at      
,rome1 ,cicero gained valuable          
information concerning the ethical part 
of ,greek philosophy4  ,during the years
 #hh--ha ,b4,c41 ,cicero employed       
himself incessantly with the study of   
philosophy1 law1 rhetoric1 and belles   

lettres4 ,many ambitious works in the   
last two departments mentioned were     
written by him at this period4 ,on      
,sulla's return to the city after his   
conquest of the ,marian party in ,italy1
 judicial affairs once more took their  
regular course1 and ,cicero appeared as 
a pleader in the courts1 the one        
philosophic orator of ,rome1 as he not  
unjustly boasts#ab4 ,for two years he   
was busily engaged1 and then suddenly   
left ,rome for a tour in ,eastern       
,hellas4 ,it is usually supposed that he
 came into collision with ,sulla through
 the freedman ,chrysogonus1 who was     
implicated in the case of ,roscius4 ,the
 silence of ,cicero is enough to condemn
 this theory1 which rests on no better  
evidence than that of ,plutarch4 ,cicero
 himself1 even when mentioning his      
speech in defence of ,roscius1 never    
assigns any other cause for his         
departure than his health1 which was    
being undermined by his passionate style
 of oratory#ac4  ,the whole two years   

#gi--gg ,b4,c4 were spent in the society
 of ,greek philosophers and             
rhetoricians4 ,the first six months     
passed at ,athens1 and were almost      
entirely devoted to philosophy1 since1  
with the exception of ,demetrius ,syrus1
 there were no eminent rhetorical       
teachers at that time resident in the   
city#ad4 ,by the advice of ,philo       
himself#ae1 ,cicero attended the        
lectures of that clear thinker and      
writer1 as ,diogenes calls him#af1 ,zeno
 of ,sidon1 now the head of the         
,epicurean school4 ,in ,cicero's later  
works there are several references to   
his teaching4 ,he was biting and        
sarcastic in speech1 and spiteful in    
spirit1 hence in striking contrast to   
,patro and ,phaedrus#ag4 ,it is curious 
to find that ,zeno is numbered by       
,cicero among those pupils and admirers 
of ,carneades whom he had known#ah4     
,phaedrus was now at ,athens1 and along 
with ,atticus who loved him beyond all  
other philosophers#ai1 ,cicero spent    

much time in listening to his           
instruction1 which was eagerly discussed
 by the two pupils#bj4 ,patro was       
probably in ,athens at the same time1   
but this is nowhere explicitly stated4  
,cicero must at this time have attained 
an almost complete familiarity with the 
,epicurean doctrines4  ,there seem to   
have been no eminent representatives of 
the ,stoic school then at ,athens4 ,nor 
is any mention made of a ,peripatetic   
teacher whose lectures ,cicero might    
have attended1 though ,m4 ,pupius ,piso1
 a professed ,peripatetic1 was one of   
his companions in this sojourn at       
,athens#ba4 ,only three notable         
,peripatetics were at this time living4 
,of these ,staseas of ,naples1 who lived
 some time in ,piso's house1 was not    
then at ,athens#bb2 it is probable1     
however1 from a mention of him in the   
,de ,oratore1 that ,cicero knew himm    
through ,piso4 ,diodorus1 the pupil of  
,critolaus1 is frequently named by      
,cicero1 but never as an acquaintance4  

,cratippus was at this time unknown to  
him4  ,the philosopher from whose       
lessons ,cicero certainly learned most  
at this period was ,antiochus of        
,ascalon1 now the representative of a   
,stoicised ,academic school4 ,of this   
teacher1 however1 ,i shall have to treat
 later1 when ,i shall attempt to        
estimate the influence he exercised over
 our author4 ,it is sufficient here to  
say that on the main point which was in 
controversy between ,philo and          
,antiochus1 ,cicero still continued to  
think with his earlier teacher4 ,his    
later works1 however1 make it evident   
that he set a high value on the         
abilities and the learning of           
,antiochus1 especially in dialectic1    
which was taught after ,stoic           
principles4 ,cicero speaks of him as    
eminent among the philosophers of the   
time1 both for talent and acquirement   
#bc2 as a man of acute intellect#bd2 as 
possessed of a pointed style#be2 in     
fine1 as the most cultivated and keenest

 of the philosophers of the age#bf4 ,a  
considerable friendship sprang up       
between ,antiochus and ,cicero#bg1 which
 was strengthened by the fact that many 
friends of the latter1 such as ,piso1   
,varro1 ,lucullus and ,brutus1 more or  
less adhered to the views of ,antiochus4
 ,it is improbable that ,cicero at this 
time became acquainted with ,aristus the
 brother of ,antiochus1 since in the    
,academica#bh he is mentioned in such a 
way as to show that he was unknown to   
,cicero in ,b4,c4 #fb4  ,the main       
purpose of ,cicero while at ,athens had 
been to learn philosophy2 in ,asia and  
at ,rhodes he devoted himself chiefly to
 rhetoric1 under the guidance of the    
most noted ,greek teachers1 chief of    
whom1 was his old friend ,molo1 the     
coryphaeus of the ,rhodian school#bi4   
,cicero1 however1 formed while at       
,rhodes one friendship which largely    
influenced his views of philosophy1 that
 with ,posidonius the pupil of          
,panaetius1 the most famous ,stoic of   

the age4 ,to him ,cicero makes reference
 in his works oftener than to any other 
instructor4 ,he speaks of him as the    
greatest of the ,stoics#cj2 as a most   
notable philosopher1 to visit whom      
,pompey1 in the midst of his eastern    
campaigns1 put himself to much          
trouble#ca2 as a minute inquirer#cb4 ,he
 is scarcely ever mentioned without some
 expression of affection1 and ,cicero   
tells us that he read his works more    
than those of any other author#cc4      
,posidonius was at a later time resident
 at ,rome1 and stayed in ,cicero's      
house4 ,hecato the ,rhodian1 another    
pupil of ,panaetius1 may have been at   
,rhodes at this time4 ,mnesarchus and   
,dardanus1 also hearers of ,panaetius1  
belonged to an earlier time1 and        
although ,cicero was well acquainted    
with the works of the former1 he does   
not seem to have known either           
personally4  ,from the year #gg to the  
year #fh ,b4,c41 when the series of     
letters begins1 ,cicero was doubtless   

too busily engaged with legal and       
political affairs to spend much time in 
systematic study4 ,that his oratory owed
 much to philosophy from the first he   
repeatedly insists2 and we know from his
 letters that it was his later practice 
to refresh his style by much study of   
the ,greek writers1 and especially the  
philosophers4 ,during the period then1  
about which we have little or no        
information1 we may believe that he kept
 up his old knowledge by converse with  
his many ,roman friends who had a bent  
towards philosophy1 as well as with the 
,greeks who from time to time came to   
,rome and frequented the houses of the  
,optimates2 to this he added such       
reading as his leisure would allow4 ,the
 letters contained in the first book of 
those addressed to ,atticus1 which range
 over the years #fh--fb ,b4,c41 afford  
many proofs of the abiding strength of  
his passion for literary employment4 ,in
 the earlier part of this time we find  
him entreating ,atticus to let him have 

a library which was then for sale2      
expressing at the same time in the      
strongest language his loathing for     
public affairs1 and his love for books1 
to which he looks as the support of his 
old age#cd4 ,in the midst of his busiest
 political occupations1 when he was     
working his hardest for the consulship1 
his heart was given to the adornment of 
his ,tusculan villa in a way suited to  
his literary and philosophic tastes4    
,this may be taken as a specimen of his 
spirit throughout his life4 ,he was     
before all things a man of letters2     
compared with literature1 politics and  
oratory held quite a secondary place in 
his affections4 ,public business        
employed his intellect1 but never his   
heart4  ,the year #fb released him from 
the consulship and enabled him to       
indulge his literary tastes4 ,to this   
year belong the publication of his      
speeches1 which were crowded1 he says1  
with the maxims of philosophy#ce2 the   
history of his consulship1 in ,latin and

 ,greek1 the ,greek version which he    
sent to ,posidonius being modelled on   
,isocrates and ,aristotle2 and the poem 
on his consulship1 of which some        
fragments remain4 ,a year or two later  
we find him reading with enthusiasm the 
works of ,dicaearchus1 and keeping up   
his acquaintance with living ,greek     
philosophers#cf4 ,his long lack of      
leisure seems to have caused an almost  
unquenchable thirst for reading at this 
time4 ,his friend ,paetus had inherited 
a valuable library1 which he presented  
to ,cicero4 ,it was in ,greece at the   
time1 and ,cicero thus writes to        
,atticus3 ,if you love me and feel sure 
of my love for you1 use all the         
endeavours of your friends1 clients1    
acquaintances1 freedmen1 and even slaves
 to prevent a single leaf from being    
lost4444 ,every day ,i find greater     
satisfaction in study1 so far as my     
forensic labours permit#cg4 ,at this    
period of his life ,cicero spent much   
time in study at his estates near       

,tusculum1 ,antium1 ,formiae1 and       
elsewhere4 ,i dwell with greater        
emphasis on these facts1 because of the 
idea now spread abroad that ,cicero was 
a mere dabbler in literature1 and that  
his works were extempore paraphrases of 
,greek books half understood4 ,in truth1
 his appetite for every kind of         
literature was insatiable1 and his      
attainments in each department          
considerable4 ,he was certainly the most
 learned ,roman of his age1 with the    
single exception of ,varro4 ,one of his 
letters to ,atticus#ch will give a fair 
picture of his life at this time4 ,he   
especially studied the political        
writings of the ,greeks1 such as        
,theophrastus and ,dicaearchus#ci4 ,he  
also wrote historical memoirs after the 
fashion1 of ,theopompus#dj4  ,the years 
from #ei--eg ,b4,c4 were years in which 
,cicero's private cares overwhelmed all 
thought of other occupation4 ,soon after
 his return from exile1 in the year #ef1
 he describes himself as devouring      

literature with a marvellous man named  
,dionysius#da1 and laughingly           
pronouncing that nothing is sweeter than
 universal knowledge4 ,he spent great   
part of the year #ee at ,cumae or       
,naples feeding upon the library of     
,faustus ,sulla1 the son of the         
,dictator#db4 ,literature formed then1  
he tells us1 his solace and support1 and
 he would rather sit in a garden seat   
which ,atticus had1 beneath a bust of   
,aristotle1 than in the ivory chair of  
office4 ,towards the end of the year1 he
 was busily engaged on the ,de ,oratore1
 a work which clearly proves his        
continued familiarity with ,greek       
philosophy#dc4 ,in the following year   
7#ed7 he writes that politics must cease
 for him1 and that he therefore returns 
unreservedly to the life most in        
accordance with nature1 that of the     
student#dd4 ,during this year he was    
again for the most part at those of his 
country villas where his best           
collections of books were4 ,at this time

 was written the ,de ,republica1 a work 
to which ,i may appeal for evidence that
 his old philosophical studies had by no
 means been allowed to drop#de4         
,aristotle is especially mentioned as   
one of the authors read at this time#df4
 ,in the year #eb ,b4,c4 came the ,de   
,legibus1 written amid many distracting 
occupations2 a work professedly modelled
 on ,plato and the older philosophers of
 the ,socratic schools4  ,in the year   
#ea ,cicero1 then on his way to         
,cilicia1 revisited ,athens1 much to his
 own pleasure and that of the           
,athenians4 ,he stayed in the house of  
,aristus1 the brother of ,antiochus and 
teacher of ,brutus4 ,his acquaintance   
with this philosopher was lasting1 if we
 may judge from the affectionate mention
 in the ,brutus#dg4 ,cicero also speaks 
in kindly terms of ,xeno1 an ,epicurean 
friend of ,atticus1 who was then with   
,patro at ,athens4 ,it was at this time 
that ,cicero interfered to prevent      
,memmius1 the pupil of the great ,roman 

,epicurean ,lucretius1 from destroying  
the house in which ,epicurus had        
lived#dh4 ,cicero seems to have been    
somewhat disappointed with the state of 
philosophy at ,athens1 ,aristus being   
the only man of merit then resident     
there#di4 ,on the journey from ,athens  
to his province1 he made the            
acquaintance of ,cratippus1 who         
afterwards taught at ,athens as head of 
the ,peripatetic school#ej4 ,at this    
time he was resident at ,mitylene1 where
 ,cicero seems to have passed some time 
in his society#ea4 ,he was by far the   
greatest1 ,cicero said1 of all the      
,peripatetics he had himself heard1 and 
indeed equal in merit to the most       
eminent of that school#eb4  ,the care of
 that disordered province ,cilicia      
enough to employ ,cicero's thoughts till
 the end of #ej4 ,yet he yearned for    
,athens and philosophy4 ,he wished to   
leave some memorial of himself at the   
beautiful city1 and anxiously asked     
,atticus whether it would look foolish  

to build a  at the ,academia1 as        
,appius1 his predecessor1 had done at   
,eleusis#ec4 ,it seems the ,athenians of
 the time were in the habit of adapting 
their ancient statues to suit the noble 
,romans of the day1 and of placing on   
them fulsome inscriptions4 ,of this     
practice ,cicero speaks with loathing4  
,in one letter of this date he carefully
 discusses the errors ,atticus had      
pointed out in the books ,de            
,republica#ed4 ,his wishes with regard  
to ,athens still kept their hold upon   
his mind1 and on his way home from      
,cilicia he spoke of conferring on the  
city some signal favour#ee4 ,cicero was 
anxious to show ,rhodes1 with its school
 of eloquence1 to the two boys ,marcus  
and ,quintus1 who accompanied him1 and  
they probably touched there for a few   
days#ef4 ,from thence they went to      
,athens1 where ,cicero again stayed with
 ,aristus#eg1 and renewed his friendship
 with other philosophers1 among them    
,xeno the friend of ,atticus#eh4  ,on   

,cicero's return to ,italy public       
affairs were in a very critical         
condition1 and left little room for     
thoughts about literature4 ,the letters 
which belong to this time are very      
pathetic4 ,cicero several times         
contrasts the statesmen of the time with
 the ,scipio he had himself drawn in the
 ,de ,republica#ei2 when he thinks of   
,caesar1 ,plato's description of the    
tyrant is present to his mind#fj2 when1 
he deliberates about the course he is   
himself to take1 he naturally recals the
 example of ,socrates1 who refused to   
leave ,athens amid the misrule of the   
thirty tyrants#fa4 ,it is curious to    
find ,cicero1 in the very midst of civil
 war1 poring over the book of ,demetrius
 the ,magnesian concerning concord#fb2  
or employing his days in arguing with   
himself a string of abstract            
philosophical propositions about        
tyranny#fc4 ,nothing could more clearly 
show that he was really a man of books2 
by nothing but accident a politician4   

,in these evil days1 however1 nothing   
was long to his taste2 books1 letters1  
study1 all in their turn became         
unpleasant#fd4  ,as soon as ,cicero had 
become fully reconciled to ,caesar in   
the year #df he returned with desperate 
energy to his old literary pursuits4 ,in
 a letter written to ,varro in that     
year#fe1 he says ,i assure you ,i had no
 sooner returned to ,rome than ,i       
renewed my intimacy with my old friends1
 my books4 ,these gave him real comfort1
 and his studies seemed to bear richer  
fruit than in his days of prosperity#ff4
 ,the tenor of all his letters at this  
time is the same3 see especially the    
remaining letters to ,varro and also to 
,sulpicius#fg4 ,the ,partitiones        
,oratoriae1 the ,paradoxa1 the ,orator1 
and the ,laudatio ,catonis1 to which    
,caesar replied by his ,anticato1 were  
all finished within the year4 ,before   
the end of the year the ,hortensius and 
the ,de ,finibus had probably both been 
planned and commenced4 ,early in the    

following year the ,academica1 the      
history of which ,i shall trace         
elsewhere1 was written4  ,i have now    
finished the first portion of my task2  
,i have shown ,cicero as the man of     
letters and the student of philosophy   
during that portion of his life which   
preceded the writing of the ,academica4 
,even the evidence ,i have produced1    
which does not include such indirect    
indications of philosophical study as   
might be obtained from the actual       
philosophical works of ,cicero1 is      
sufficient to justify his boast that at 
no time had he been divorced from       
philosophy#fh4 ,he was entitled to repel
 the charge made by some people on the  
publication of his first book of the    
later period--the ,hortensius--that he  
was a mere tiro in philosophy1 by the   
assertion that on the contrary nothing  
had more occupied his thoughts          
throughout the whole of a wonderfully   
energetic life#fi4 ,did the scope of    
this edition allow it1 ,i should have   

little difficulty in showing from a     
minute survey of his works1 and a       
comparison of them with ancient         
authorities1 that his knowledge of      
,greek philosophy was nearly as accurate
 as it was extensive4 ,so far as the    
,academica is concerned1 ,i have had in 
my notes an opportunity of defending    
,cicero's substantial accuracy2 of the  
success of the defence ,i must leave the
 reader to judge4 ,during the progress  
of this work ,i shall have to expose the
 groundlessness of many feelings and    
judgments now current which have        
contributed to produce a low estimate of
 ,cicero's philosophical attainments1   
but there is one piece of unfairness    
which ,i shall have no better           
opportunity of mentioning than the      
present4 ,it is this4 ,cicero1 the      
philosopher1 is made to suffer for the  
shortcomings of ,cicero the politician4 
,scholars who have learned to despise   
his political weakness1 vanity1 and     
irresolution1 make haste to depreciate  

his achievements in philosophy1 without 
troubling themselves to inquire too     
closely into their intrinsic value4 ,i  
am sorry to be obliged to instance the  
illustrious ,mommsen1 who speaks of the 
,de ,legibus as an oasis in the desert  
of this dreary and voluminous writer4   
,from political partizanship1 and       
prejudices based on facts irrelevant to 
the matter in hand1 ,i beg all students 
to free themselves in reading the       
,academica4  ,,ii4 ,the ,philosophical  
,opinions of ,cicero4  ,in order to     
define with clearness the position of   
,cicero as a student of philosophy1 it  
would be indispensable to enter into a  
detailed historical examination of the  
later ,greek schools--the ,stoic1       
,peripatetic1 ,epicurean and new        
,academic4 ,these it would be necessary 
to know1 not merely as they came from   
the hands of their founders1 but as they
 existed in ,cicero's age2 ,stoicism not
 as ,zeno understood it1 but as         
,posidonius and the other pupils of     

,panaetius propounded it2 not merely the
 ,epicureanism of ,epicurus1 but that of
 ,zeno1 ,phaedrus1 ,patro1 and ,xeno2   
the doctrines taught in the ,lyceum by  
,cratippus2 the new ,academicism of     
,philo as well as that of ,arcesilas and
 ,carneades2 the medley of ,academicism1
 ,peripateticism1 and ,stoicism put     
forward by ,antiochus in the name of the
 ,old ,academy4 ,a systematic attempt to
 distinguish between the earlier and    
later forms of doctrine held by these   
schools is still a great desideratum4   
,cicero's statements concerning any     
particular school are generally tested  
by comparing them with the assertions   
made by ancient authorities about the   
earlier representatives of the school4  
,should any discrepancy appear1 it is at
 once concluded that ,cicero is in gross
 error1 whereas1 in all probability1 he 
is uttering opinions which would have   
been recognised as genuine by those who 
were at the head of the school in his   
day4 ,the criticism of ,madvig even is  

not free from this error1 as will be    
seen from my notes on several passages  
of the ,academica#gj4 ,as my space      
forbids me to attempt the thorough      
inquiry ,i have indicated as desirable1 
,i can but describe in rough outline the
 relation in which ,cicero stands to the
 chief schools4  ,the two main tasks of 
the later ,greek philosophy were1 as    
,cicero often insists1 the establishment
 of a criterion such as would suffice to
 distinguish the true from the false1   
and the determination of an ethical     
standard#ga4 ,we have in the ,academica 
,cicero's view of the first problem3    
that the attainment of any infallible   
criterion was impossible4 ,to go more   
into detail here would be to anticipate 
the text of the ,lucullus as well as my 
notes4 ,without further refinements1 ,i 
may say that ,cicero in this respect was
 in substantial agreement with the ,new 
,academic school1 and in opposition to  
all other schools4 ,as he himself says1 
the doctrine that absolute knowledge is 

impossible was the one ,academic tenet  
against which all the other schools were
 combined#gb4 ,in that which was most   
distinctively ,new ,academic1 ,cicero   
followed the ,new ,academy4  ,it is easy
 to see what there was in such a tenet  
to attract ,cicero4 ,nothing was more   
repulsive to his mind than dogmatism4   
,as an orator1 he was accustomed to hear
 arguments put forward with equal       
persuasiveness on both sides of a case4 
,it seemed to him arrogant to make any  
proposition with a conviction of its    
absolute1 indestructible and            
irrefragable truth4 ,one requisite of a 
philosophy with him was that it should  
avoid this arrogance#gc4 ,philosophers  
of the highest respectability had held  
the most opposite opinions on the same  
subjects4 ,to withhold absolute assent  
from all doctrines1 while giving a      
qualified assent to those which seemed  
most probable1 was the only prudent     
course#gd4 ,cicero's temperament also1  
apart from his experience as an orator1 

inclined him to charity and toleration1 
and repelled him from the fury of       
dogmatism4 ,he repeatedly insists that  
the diversities of opinion which the    
most famous intellects display1 ought to
 lead men to teach one another with all 
gentleness and meekness#ge4 ,in         
positiveness of assertion there seemed  
to be something reckless and            
disgraceful1 unworthy of a              
self-controlled character#gf4 ,here we  
have a touch of feeling thoroughly      
,roman4 ,cicero further urges arguments 
similar to some put forward by a long   
series of ,english thinkers from ,milton
 to ,mill1 to show that the free        
conflict of opinion is necessary to the 
progress of philosophy1 which was by    
that very freedom brought rapidly to    
maturity in ,greece#gg4 ,wherever       
authority has loudly raised its voice1  
says ,cicero1 there philosophy has      
pined4 ,pythagoras#gh is quoted as a    
warning example1 and the baneful effects
 of authority are often depicted#gi4    

,the true philosophic spirit requires us
 to find out what can be said for every 
view4 ,it is a positive duty to discuss 
all aspects of every question1 after the
 example of the ,old ,academy and       
,aristotle#hj4 ,those who demand a      
dogmatic statement of belief are mere   
busybodies#ha4 ,the ,academics glory in 
their freedom of judgment4 ,they are not
 compelled to defend an opinion whether 
they will or no1 merely because one of  
their predecessors has laid it down#hb4 
,so far does ,cicero carry this freedom1
 that in the fifth book of the ,tusculan
 ,disputations1 he maintains a view     
entirely at variance with the whole of  
the fourth book of the ,de ,finibus1 and
 when the discrepancy is pointed out1   
refuses to be bound by his former       
statements1 on the score that he is an  
,academic and a freeman#hc4 ,modo hoc1  
modo illud probabilius videtur#hd4 ,the 
,academic sips the best of every        
school#he4 ,he roams in the wide field  
of philosophy1 while the ,stoic dares   

not stir a foot's breadth away from     
,chrysippus#hf4 ,the ,academic is only  
anxious that people should combat his   
opinions2 for he makes it his sole aim1 
with ,socrates1 to rid himself and      
others of the mists of error#hg4 ,this  
spirit is even found in ,lucullus the   
,antiochean#hh4 ,while professing1      
however1 this philosophic bohemianism1  
,cicero indignantly repels the charge   
that the ,academy1 though claiming to   
seek for the truth1 has no truth to     
follow#hi4 ,the probable is for it the  
true4  ,another consideration which     
attracted ,cicero to these tenets was   
their evident adaptability to the       
purposes of oratory1 and the fact that  
eloquence was1 as he puts it1 the child 
of the ,academy#ij4 ,orators1           
politicians1 and stylists had ever found
 their best nourishment in the teaching 
of the ,academic and ,peripatetic       
masters#ia4 ,the ,stoics and ,epicureans
 cared nothing for power of expression4 
,again1 the ,academic tenets were those 

with which the common sense of the world
 could have most sympathy#ib4 ,the      
,academy also was the school which had  
the most respectable pedigree4 ,compared
 with its system1 all other philosophies
 were plebeian#ic4 ,the philosopher who 
best preserved the ,socratic tradition  
was most estimable1 ceteris paribus1 and
 that man was ,carneades#id4  ,in       
looking at the second great problem1    
that of the ethical standard1 we must   
never forget that it was considered by  
nearly all the later philosophers as of 
overwhelming importance compared with   
the first4 ,philosophy was emphatically 
defined as the art of conduct 7ars      
vivendi74 ,all speculative and          
non-ethical doctrines were merely       
estimable as supplying a basis on which 
this practical art could be reared4     
,this is equally true of the ,pyrrhonian
 scepticism and of the dogmatism of     
,zeno and ,epicurus4 ,their logical and 
physical doctrines were mere outworks or
 ramparts within which the ordinary life

 of the school was carried on4 ,these   
were useful chiefly in case of attack by
 the enemy2 in time of peace ethics held
 the supremacy4 ,in this fact we shall  
find a key to unlock many difficulties  
in ,cicero's philosophical writings4 ,i 
may instance one passage in the         
beginning of the ,academica             
,posteriora#ie1 which has given much    
trouble to editors4 ,cicero is there    
charged by ,varro with having deserted  
the ,old ,academy for the ,new1 and     
admits the charge4 ,how is this to be   
reconciled with his own oft-repeated    
statements that he never recanted the   
doctrines ,philo had taught him8 ,simply
 thus4 ,arcesilas1 ,carneades1 and      
,philo had been too busy with their     
polemic against ,zeno and his followers1
 maintained on logical grounds1 to deal 
much with ethics4 ,on the other hand1 in
 the works which ,cicero had written and
 published before the ,academica1       
wherever he had touched philosophy1 it  
had been on its ethical side4 ,the works

 themselves1 moreover1 were direct      
imitations of early ,academic and       
,peripatetic writers1 who1 in the rough 
popular view which regarded ethics      
mainly or solely1 really composed a     
single school1 denoted by the phrase    
,vetus ,academia4 ,general readers1     
therefore1 who considered ethical       
resemblance as of far greater moment    
than dialectical difference1 would      
naturally look upon ,cicero as a        
supporter of their ,vetus ,academia1 so 
long as he kept clear of dialectic2 when
 he brought dialectic to the front1 and 
pronounced boldly for ,carneades1 they  
would naturally regard him as a deserter
 from the ,old ,academy to the ,new4    
,this view is confirmed by the fact that
 for many years before ,cicero wrote1   
the ,academic dialectic had found no    
eminent expositor4 ,so much was this the
 case1 that when ,cicero wrote the      
,academica he was charged with          
constituting himself the champion of an 
exploded and discredited school#if4     

,cicero's ethics1 then1 stand quite     
apart from his dialectic4 ,in the sphere
 of morals he felt the danger of the    
principle of doubt4 ,even in the ,de    
,legibus when the dialogue turns on a   
moral question1 he begs the ,new        
,academy1 which has introduced confusion
 into these subjects1 to be silent#ig4  
,again1 ,antiochus1 who in the          
dialectical dialogue is rejected1 is in 
the ,de ,legibus spoken of with         
considerable favour#ih4 ,all ethical    
systems which seemed to afford stability
 to moral principles had an attraction  
for ,cicero4 ,he was fascinated by the  
,stoics almost beyond the power of      
resistance4 ,in respect of their ethical
 and religious ideas he calls them great
 and famous philosophers#ii1 and he     
frequently speaks with something like   
shame of the treatment they had received
 at the hands of ,arcesilas and         
,carneades4 ,once he gives expression to
 a fear lest they should be the only    
true philosophers after all#ajj4 ,there 

was a kind of magnificence about the    
,stoic utterances on morality1 more     
suited to a superhuman than a human     
world1 which allured ,cicero more than  
the barrenness of the ,stoic dialectic  
repelled him#aja4 ,on moral questions1  
therefore1 we often find him going      
farther in the direction of ,stoicism   
than even his teacher ,antiochus4 ,one  
great question which divided the        
philosophers of the time was1 whether   
happiness was capable of degrees4 ,the  
,stoics maintained that it was not1 and 
in a remarkable passage ,cicero agrees  
with them1 explicitly rejecting the     
position of ,antiochus1 that a life     
enriched by virtue1 but unattended by   
other advantages1 might be happy1 but   
could not be the happiest possible#ajb4 
,he begs the ,academic and ,peripatetic 
schools to cease from giving an         
uncertain sound 7balbutire7 and to allow
 that the happiness of the wise man     
would remain unimpaired even if he were 
thrust into the bull of ,phalaris#ajc4  

,in another place he admits the purely  
,stoic doctrine that virtue is one and  
indivisible#ajd4 ,these opinions1       
however1 he will not allow to be        
distinctively ,stoic1 but appeals to    
,socrates as his authority for them#aje4
 ,zeno1 who is merely an ignoble        
craftsman of words1 stole them from the 
,old ,academy4 ,this is ,cicero's       
general feeling with regard to ,zeno1   
and there can be no doubt that he caught
 it from ,antiochus who1 in stealing the
 doctrines of ,zeno1 ever stoutly       
maintained that ,zeno had stolen them   
before4 ,cicero1 however1 regarded      
chiefly the ethics of ,zeno with this   
feeling1 while ,antiochus so regarded   
chiefly the dialectic4 ,it is just in   
this that the difference between        
,antiochus and ,cicero lies4 ,to the    
former ,zeno's dialectic was true and   
,socratic1 while the latter treated it  
as un-,socratic1 looking upon ,socrates 
as the apostle of doubt#ajf4 ,on the    
whole ,cicero was more in accord with   

,stoic ethics than ,antiochus4 ,not in  
all points1 however3 for while          
,antiochus accepted without reserve the 
,stoic paradoxes1 ,cicero hesitatingly  
followed them1 although he conceded that
 they were ,socratic#ajg4 ,again1       
,antiochus subscribed to the ,stoic     
theory that all emotion was sinful2     
,cicero1 who was very human in his joys 
and sorrows1 refused it with horror#ajh4
 ,it must be admitted that on some      
points ,cicero was inconsistent4 ,in the
 ,de ,finibus he argued that the        
difference between the ,peripatetic and 
,stoic ethics was merely one of terms2  
in the ,tusculan ,disputations he held  
it to be real4 ,the most ,stoic in tone 
of all his works are the ,tusculan      
,disputations and the ,de ,officiis4    
,with regard to physics1 ,i may remark  
at the outset that a comparatively small
 importance was in ,cicero's time       
attached to this branch of philosophy4  
,its chief importance lay in the fact   
that ancient theology was1 as all       

natural theology must be1 an appendage  
of physical science4 ,the religious     
element in ,cicero's nature inclined him
 very strongly to sympathize with the   
,stoic views about the grand universal  
operation of divine power4 ,piety1      
sanctity1 and moral good1 were          
impossible in any form1 he thought1 if  
the divine government of the universe   
were denied#aji4 ,it went to ,cicero's  
heart that ,carneades should have found 
it necessary to oppose the beautiful    
,stoic theology1 and he defends the     
great sceptic by the plea that his one  
aim was to arouse men to the            
investigation of the truth#aaj4 ,at the 
same time1 while really following the   
,stoics in physics1 ,cicero often       
believed himself to be following        
,aristotle4 ,this partly arose from the 
actual adoption by the late             
,peripatetics of many ,stoic doctrines1 
which they gave out as ,aristotelian4   
,the discrepancy between the spurious   
and the genuine ,aristotelian views     

passed undetected1 owing to the strange 
oblivion into which the most important  
works of ,aristotle had fallen#aaa4     
,still1 ,cicero contrives to correct    
many of the extravagances of the ,stoic 
physics by a study of ,aristotle and    
,plato4 ,for a thorough understanding of
 his notions about physics1 the ,timaeus
 of ,plato1 which he knew well and      
translated1 is especially important4 ,it
 must not be forgotten1 also1 that the  
,stoic physics were in the main         
,aristotelian1 and that ,cicero was well
 aware of the fact4  ,very few words are
 necessary in order to characterize     
,cicero's estimate of the ,peripatetic  
and ,epicurean schools4 ,the former was 
not very powerfully represented during  
his lifetime4 ,the philosophical        
descendants of the author of the        
,organon were notorious for their       
ignorance of logic#aab1 and in ethics   
had approximated considerably to the    
,stoic teaching4 ,while not much        
influenced by the school1 ,cicero       

generally treats it tenderly for the    
sake of its great past1 deeming it a    
worthy branch of the true ,socratic     
family4 ,with the ,epicureans the case  
was different4 ,in physics they stood   
absolutely alone1 their system was      
grossly unintellectual1 and they        
discarded mathematics4 ,their ethical   
doctrines excited in ,cicero nothing but
 loathing1 dialectic they did not use1  
and they crowned all their errors by a  
sin which the orator could never pardon1
 for they were completely indifferent to
 every adornment and beauty of language4
  ,,iii4 ,the aim of ,cicero in writing 
his philosophical works4  ,it is usual  
to charge ,cicero with a want of        
originality as a philosopher1 and on    
that score to depreciate his works4 ,the
 charge is true1 but still absurd1 for  
it rests on a misconception1 not merely 
of ,cicero's purpose in writing1 but of 
the whole spirit of the later ,greek    
speculation4 ,the conclusion drawn from 
the charge is also quite unwarranted4   

,if the later philosophy of the ,greeks 
is of any value1 ,cicero's works are of 
equal value1 for it is only from them   
that we get any full or clear view of   
it4 ,any one who attempts to reconcile  
the contradictions of ,stobaeus1        
,diogenes ,laertius1 ,sextus ,empiricus1
 ,plutarch and other authorities1 will  
perhaps feel little inclination to cry  
out against the confusion of ,ciceros   
ideas4 ,such outcry1 now so common1 is  
due largely to the want1 which ,i have  
already noticed1 of any clear exposition
 of the variations in doctrine which the
 late ,greek schools exhibited during   
the last two centuries before the       
,christian era4 ,but to return to the   
charge of want of originality4 ,this is 
a virtue which ,cicero never claims4    
,there is scarcely one of his works 7if 
we except the third book of the ,de     
,officiis71 which he does not freely    
confess to be taken wholly from ,greek  
sources4 ,indeed at the time when he    
wrote1 originality would have been      

looked upon as a fault rather than an   
excellence4 ,for two centuries1 if we   
omit ,carneades1 no one had propounded  
anything substantially novel in         
philosophy3 there had been simply one   
eclectic combination after another of   
pre-existing tenets4 ,it would be hasty 
to conclude that the writers of these   
two centuries are therefore undeserving 
of our study1 for the spirit1 if not the
 substance of the doctrines had         
undergone a momentous change1 which     
ultimately exercised no unimportant     
influence on society and on the         
,christian religion itself4  ,when      
,cicero began to write1 the ,latin      
language may be said to have been       
destitute of a philosophical literature4
 ,philosophy was a sealed study to those
 who did not know ,greek4 ,it was his   
aim1 by putting the best ,greek         
speculation into the most elegant ,latin
 form1 to extend the education of his   
countrymen1 and to enrich their         
literature4 ,he wished at the same time 

to strike a blow at the ascendency of   
,epicureanism throughout ,italy4 ,the   
doctrines of ,epicurus had alone        
appeared in ,latin in a shape suited to 
catch the popular taste4 ,there seems to
 have been a very large ,epicurean      
literature in ,latin1 of which all but a
 few scanty traces is now lost4 ,c4     
,amafinius1 mentioned in the            
,academica#aac1 was the first to write1 
and his books seem to have had an       
enormous circulation#aad4 ,he had a     
large number of imitators1 who obtained 
such a favourable reception1 that1 in   
,cicero's strong language1 they took    
possession of the whole of ,italy#aae4  
,rabirius and ,catius the ,insubrian1   
possibly the epicure and friend of      
,horace1 were two of the most noted of  
these writers4 ,cicero assigns various  
reasons for their extreme popularity3   
the easy nature of the ,epicurean       
physics1 the fact that there was no     
other philosophy for ,latin readers1 and
 the voluptuous blandishments of        

pleasure4 ,this last cause1 as indeed he
 in one passage seems to allow1 must    
have been of little real importance4 ,it
 is exceedingly remarkable that the     
whole of the ,roman ,epicurean          
literature dealt in an overwhelmingly   
greater degree with the physics than    
with the ethics of ,epicurus4 ,the      
explanation is to be found in the fact  
that the ,italian races had as yet a    
strong practical basis for morality in  
the legal and social constitution of the
 family1 and did not much feel the need 
of any speculative system2 while the    
general decay among the educated classes
 of a belief in the supernatural1       
accompanied as it was by an increase of 
superstition among the masses1 prepared 
the way for the acceptance of a purely  
mechanical explanation of the universe4 
,but of this subject1 interesting and   
important as it is in itself1 and       
neglected though it has been1 ,i can    
treat no farther4  ,these ,roman        
,epicureans are continually reproached  

by ,cicero for their uncouth style of   
writing#aaf4 ,he indeed confesses that  
he had not read them1 but his estimate  
of them was probably correct4 ,a curious
 question arises1 which ,i cannot here  
discuss1 as to the reasons ,cicero had  
for omitting all mention of ,lucretius  
when speaking of these ,roman           
,epicureans4 ,the most probable         
elucidation is1 that he found it        
impossible to include the great poet in 
his sweeping condemnation1 and being    
unwilling to allow that anything good   
could come from the school of ,epicurus1
 preferred to keep silence1 which       
nothing compelled him to break1 since   
,lucretius was an obscure man and only  
slowly won his way to favour with the   
public4  ,in addition to his desire to  
undermine ,epicureanism in ,italy1      
,cicero had a patriotic wish to remove  
from the literature of his country the  
reproach that it was completely         
destitute where ,greek was richest4 ,he 
often tries by the most far-fetched     

arguments to show that philosophy had   
left its mark on the early ,italian     
peoples#aag4 ,to those who objected that
 philosophy was best left to the ,greek 
language1 he replies with indignation1  
accusing them of being untrue to their  
country#aah4 ,it would be a glorious    
thing1 he thinks1 if ,romans were no    
longer absolutely compelled to resort to
 ,greeks#aai4 ,he will not even concede 
that the ,greek is a richer tongue than 
the ,latin#abj4 ,as for the alleged     
incapacity of the ,roman intellect to   
deal with philosophical enquiries1 he   
will not hear of it4 ,it is only1 he    
says1 because the energy of the nation  
has been diverted into other channels   
that so little progress has been made4  
,the history of ,roman oratory is       
referred to in support of this          
opinion#aba4 ,if only an impulse were   
given at ,rome to the pursuit of        
philosophy1 already on the wane in      
,greece1 ,cicero thought it would       
flourish and take the place of oratory1 

which he believed to be expiring amid   
the din of civil war#abb4  ,there can be
 no doubt that ,cicero was penetrated by
 the belief that he could thus do his   
country a real service4 ,in his enforced
 political inaction1 and amid the       
disorganisation of the law-courts1 it   
was the one service he could render#abc4
 ,he is within his right when he claims 
praise for not abandoning himself to    
idleness or worse1 as did so many of the
 most prominent men of the time#abd4    
,for ,cicero idleness was misery1 and in
 those evil times he was spurred on to  
exertion by the deepest sorrow#abe4     
,philosophy took the place of forensic  
oratory1 public harangues1 and          
politics#abf4 ,it is strange to find    
,cicero making such elaborate apologies 
as he does for devoting himself to      
philosophy1 and a careless reader might 
set them down to egotism4 ,but it must  
never be forgotten that at ,rome such   
studies were merely the amusement of the
 wealthy2 the total devotion of a life  

to them seemed well enough for ,greeks1 
but for ,romans unmanly1 unpractical and
 unstatesmanlike#abg4 ,there were plenty
 of ,romans who were ready to condemn   
such pursuits altogether1 and to regard 
any fresh importation from ,greece much 
in the spirit with which things ,french 
were received by ,english patriots      
immediately after the great war4        
,others1 like the ,neoptolemus of       
,ennius1 thought a little learning in   
philosophy was good1 but a great deal   
was a dangerous thing#abh4 ,some few    
preferred that ,cicero should write on  
other subjects#abi4 ,to these he replies
 by urging the pressing necessity there 
was for works on philosophy in ,latin4  
,still1 amid much depreciation1         
sufficient interest and sympathy were   
roused by his first philosophical works 
to encourage ,cicero to proceed4 ,the   
elder generation1 for whose approbation 
he most cared1 praised the books1 and   
many were incited both to read and to   
write philosophy#acj4 ,cicero now       

extended his design1 which seems to have
 been at first indefinite1 so as to     
bring within its scope every topic which
 ,greek philosophers were accustomed to 
treat#aca4 ,individual questions in     
philosophy could not be thoroughly      
understood till the whole subject had   
been mastered#acb4 ,this design then1   
which is not explicitly stated in the   
two earliest works which we possess1 the
 ,academica and the ,de ,finibus1       
required the composition of a sort of   
philosophical encyclopaedia4 ,cicero    
never claimed to be more than an        
interpreter of ,greek philosophy to the 
,romans4 ,he never pretended to present 
new views of philosophy1 or even        
original criticisms on its history4 ,the
 only thing he proclaims to be his own  
is his style4 ,looked at in this1 the   
true light1 his work cannot be judged a 
failure4 ,those who contrive to         
pronounce this judgment must either     
insist upon trying the work by a        
standard to which it does not appeal1 or

 fail to understand the ,greek          
philosophy it copies1 or perhaps make   
,cicero suffer for the supposed         
worthlessness of the philosophy of his  
age4  ,in accordance with ,greek        
precedent1 ,cicero claims to have his   
oratorical and political writings1 all  
or nearly all published before the      
,hortensius1 included in his            
philosophical encyclopaedia#acc4 ,the   
only two works strictly philosophical1  
even in the ancient view1 which preceded
 the ,academica1 were the ,de           
,consolatione1 founded on ,crantor's    
book1  1 and the ,hortensius1 which was 
introductory to philosophy1 or1 as it   
was then called1 protreptic4  ,for a    
list of the philosophical works of      
,cicero1 and the dates of their         
composition1 the student must be        
referred to the ,dict4 of ,biography1   
,art4 ,cicero4  ,,iv4 ,history of the   
,academica4  ,on the death of ,tullia1  
which happened at ,tusculum in          
,february1 #de ,b4,c41 ,cicero took     

refuge in the solitude of his villa at  
,astura1 which was pleasantly situated  
on the ,latin coast between ,antium and 
,circeii#acd4 ,here he sought to soften 
his deep grief by incessant toil4 ,first
 the book ,de ,consolatione was written4
 ,he found the mechanic exercise of     
composition the best solace for his     
pain1 and wrote for whole days          
together#ace4 ,at other times he would  
plunge at early morning into the dense  
woods near his villa1 and remain there  
absorbed in study till nightfall#acf4   
,often exertion failed to bring relief2 
yet he repelled the entreaties of       
,atticus that he would return to the    
forum and the senate4 ,a grief1 which   
books and solitude could scarcely enable
 him to endure1 would crush him1 he     
felt1 in the busy city#acg4  ,it was    
amid such surroundings that the         
,academica was written4 ,the first trace
 of an intention to write the treatise  
is found in a letter of ,cicero to      
,atticus1 which seems to belong to the  

first few weeks of his bereavement#ach4 
,it was his wont to depend on ,atticus  
very much for historical and            
biographical details1 and in the letter 
in question he asks for just the kind of
 information which would be needed in   
writing the ,academica4 ,the words with 
which he introduces his request imply   
that he had determined on some new work 
to which our ,academica would           
correspond#aci4 ,he asks what reason    
brought to ,rome the embassy which      
,carneades accompanied2 who was at that 
time the leader of the ,epicurean       
school2 who were then the most noted  at
 ,athens4 ,the meaning of the last      
question is made clear by a passage in  
the ,de ,oratore#adj1 where ,cicero     
speaks of the combined ,academic and    
,peripatetic schools under that name4   
,it may be with reference to the        
progress of the ,academica that in a    
later letter he expresses himself       
satisfied with the advance he has made  
in his literary undertakings#ada4       

,during the whole of the remainder of   
his sojourn at ,astura he continued to  
be actively employed2 but although he   
speaks of various other literary        
projects1 we find no express mention in 
his letters to ,atticus of the          
,academica#adb4 ,he declares that       
however much his detractors at ,rome may
 reproach him with inaction1 they could 
not read the numerous difficult works on
 which he has been engaged within the   
same space of time that he has taken to 
write them#adc4  ,in the beginning of   
,june ,cicero spent a few days at his   
villa near ,antium#add1 where he wrote a
 treatise addressed to ,caesar1 which he
 afterwards suppressed#ade4 ,from the   
same place he wrote to ,atticus of his  
intention to proceed to ,tusculum or    
,rome by way of ,lanuvium about the     
middle of ,june#adf4 ,he had in the time
 immediately following ,tullia's death  
entertained an aversion for ,tusculum1  
where she died4 ,this he felt now       
compelled to conquer1 otherwise he must 

either abandon ,tusculum altogether1 or1
 if he returned at all1 a delay of even 
ten years would make the effort no less 
painful#adg4 ,before setting out for    
,antium ,cicero wrote to ,atticus that  
he had finished while at ,astura duo    
magna 1 words which have given rise to  
much controversy#adh4 ,many scholars1   
including ,madvig1 have understood that 
the first edition of the ,academica1    
along with the ,de ,finibus1 is         
intended4 ,against this view the reasons
 adduced by ,krische are convincing#adi4
 ,it is clear from the letters to       
,atticus that the ,de ,finibus was being
 worked out book by book long after the 
first edition of the ,academica had been
 placed in the hands of ,atticus4 ,the  
,de ,finibus was indeed begun at        
,astura#aej1 but it was still in an     
unfinished state when ,cicero began to  
revise the ,academica#aea4 ,the final   
arrangement of the characters in the ,de
 ,finibus is announced later still#aeb2 
and even at a later date ,cicero        

complains that ,balbus had managed to   
obtain surreptitiously a copy of the    
fifth book before it was properly       
corrected1 the irrepressible ,caerellia 
having copied the whole five books while
 in that state#aec4 ,a passage in the   
,de ,divinatione#aed affords almost     
direct evidence that the ,academica was 
published before the ,de ,finibus4 ,on  
all these grounds ,i hold that these two
 works cannot be those which ,cicero    
describes as having been finished       
simultaneously at ,astura4  ,another    
view of the  in question is that they   
are simply the two books1 entitled      
,catulus and ,lucullus1 of the ,priora  
,academica4 ,in my opinion the word 1   
the use of which to denote a portion of 
a work ,madvig suspects#aee1 thus       
obtains its natural meaning4 ,cicero    
uses the word  of the whole work#aef1   
while #aeg1 and #aeh1 designate definite
 portions or divisions of a work4 ,i    
should be quite content1 then1 to refer 
the words of ,cicero to the ,catulus and

 ,lucullus4 ,krische1 however1 without  
giving reasons1 decides that this view  
is unsatisfactory1 and prefers to hold  
that the ,hortensius 7or de             
,philosophia7 and the ,priora ,academica
 are the compositions in question4 ,if  
this conjecture is correct1 we have in  
the disputed passage the only reference 
to the ,hortensius which is to be found 
in the letters of ,cicero4 ,we are quite
 certain that the book was written at   
,astura1 and published before the       
,academica4 ,this would be clear from   
the mention in the ,academica           
,posteriora alone#aei1 but the words of 
,cicero in the ,de ,finibus#afj place it
 beyond all doubt1 showing as they do   
that the ,hortensius had been published 
a sufficiently long time before the ,de 
,finibus1 to have become known to a     
tolerably large circle of readers4      
,further1 in the ,tusculan ,disputations
 and the ,de ,divinatione#afa the       
,hortensius and the ,academica are      
mentioned together in such a way as to  

show that the former was finished and   
given to the world before the latter4   
,nothing therefore stands in the way of 
,krische's conjecture1 except the doubt 
,i have expressed as to the use of the  
word 1 which equally affects the old    
view maintained by ,madvig4  ,whatever  
be the truth on this point1 it cannot be
 disputed that the ,hortensius and the  
,academica must have been more closely  
connected1 in style and tone1 than any  
two works of ,cicero1 excepting perhaps 
the ,academica and the ,de ,finibus4    
,the interlocutors in the ,hortensius   
were exactly the same as in the         
,academica ,priora1 for the introduction
 of ,balbus into some editions of the   
fragments of the ,hortensius is an      
error#afb4 ,the discussion in the       
,academica ,priora is carried on at     
,hortensius' villa near ,bauli2 in the  
,hortensius at the villa of ,lucullus   
near ,cumae4 ,it is rather surprising   
that under these circumstances there    
should be but one direct reference to   

the ,hortensius in the ,lucullus#afc4   
,while at his ,tusculan villa1 soon     
after the middle of ,june1 ,b4,c4 #de1  
,cicero sent ,atticus the ,torquatus1 as
 he calls the first book of the ,de     
,finibus#afd4 ,he had already sent the  
first edition of the ,academica to      
,rome#afe4 ,we have a mention that new  
prooemia had been added to the ,catulus 
and ,lucullus1 in which the public      
characters from whom the books took     
their names were extolled4 ,in all      
probability the extant prooemium of the 
,lucullus is the one which was then     
affixed4 ,atticus1 who visited ,cicero  
at ,tusculum1 had doubtless pointed out 
the incongruity between the known       
attainments of ,catulus and ,lucullus1  
and the parts they were made to take in 
difficult philosophical discussions4 ,it
 is not uncharacteristic of ,cicero that
 his first plan for healing the         
incongruity should be a deliberate      
attempt to impose upon his readers a set
 of statements concerning the ability   

and culture of these two noble ,romans  
which he knew1 and in his own letters to
 ,atticus admitted1 to be false4 ,i may 
note1 as of some interest in connection 
with the ,academica1 the fact that among
 the unpleasant visits received by      
,cicero at ,tusculum was one from       
,varro#aff4  ,on the #bcrd ,july1       
,cicero left ,home for ,arpinum1 in     
order1 as he says1 to arrange some      
business matters1 and to avoid the      
embarrassing attentions of ,brutus#afg4 
,before leaving ,astura1 however1 it had
 been his intention to go on to         
,arpinum#afh4 ,he seems to have been    
still unsatisfied with his choice of    
interlocutors for the ,academica1 for   
the first thing he did on his arrival   
was to transfer the parts of ,catulus   
and ,lucullus to ,cato and ,brutus#afi4 
,this plan was speedily cast aside on   
the receipt of a letter from ,atticus1  
strongly urging that the whole work     
should be dedicated to ,varro1 or if not
 the ,academica1 the ,de ,finibus#agj4  

,cicero had never been very intimate    
with ,varro3 their acquaintance seems to
 have been chiefly maintained through   
,atticus1 who was at all times anxious  
to draw them more closely together4     
,nine years before he had pressed       
,cicero to find room in his works for   
some mention of ,varro#aga4 ,the nature 
of the works on which our author was    
then engaged had made it difficult to   
comply with the request#agb4 ,varro had 
promised on his side1 full two years    
before the ,academica was written1 to   
dedicate to ,cicero his great work ,de  
,lingua ,latino4 ,in answer to the later
 entreaty of ,atticus1 ,cicero declared 
himself very much dissatisfied with     
,varro's failure to fulfil his promise4 
,from this it is evident that ,cicero   
knew nothing of the scope or magnitude  
of that work4 ,his complaint that ,varro
 had been writing for two years without 
making any progress#agc1 shows that     
there could have been little of anything
 like friendship between the two4 ,apart

 from these causes for grumbling1       
,cicero thought the suggestion of       
,atticus a godsend#agd4 ,since the ,de  
,finibus was already betrothed to       
,brutus1 he promised to transfer to     
,varro the ,academica1 allowing that    
,catulus and ,lucullus1 though of noble 
birth1 had no claim to learning#age4 ,so
 little of it did they possess that they
 could never even have dreamed of the   
doctrines they had been made in the     
first edition of the ,academica to      
maintain#agf4 ,for them another place   
was to be found1 and the remark was made
 that the ,academica would just suit    
,varro1 who was a follower of           
,antiochus1 and the fittest person to   
expound the opinions of that            
philosopher#agg4 ,it happened that      
continual rain fell during the first few
 days of ,cicero's stay at ,arpinum1 so 
he employed his whole time in editing   
once more his ,academica1 which he now  
divided into four books instead of two1 
making the interlocutors himself1 ,varro

 and ,atticus#agh4 ,the position        
occupied by ,atticus in the dialogue was
 quite an inferior one1 but he was so   
pleased with it that ,cicero determined 
to confer upon him often in the future  
such minor parts#agi4 ,a suggestion of  
,atticus that ,cotta should also be     
introduced was found impracticable#ahj4 
,although the work of re-editing was    
vigorously pushed on1 ,cicero had       
constant doubts about the expediency of 
dedicating the work to ,varro4 ,he      
frequently throws the whole             
responsibility for the decision upon    
,atticus1 but for whose importunities he
 would probably again have changed his  
plans4 ,nearly every letter written to  
,atticus during the progress of the work
 contains entreaties that he would      
consider the matter over and over again 
before he finally decided#aha4 ,as no   
reasons had been given for these        
solicitations1 ,atticus naturally grew  
impatient1 and ,cicero was obliged to   
assure him that there were reasons1     

which he could not disclose in a        
letter#ahb4 ,the true reasons1 however1 
did appear in some later letters4 ,in   
one ,cicero said3 ,i am in favour of    
,varro1 and the more so because he      
wishes it1 but you know he is     1     
4  ,so there often flits before me a    
vision of his face1 as he grumbles1 it  
may be1 that my part in the treatise is 
more liberally sustained than his2 a    
charge which you will perceive to be    
untrue#ahc4 ,cicero1 then1 feared       
,varro's temper1 and perhaps his        
knowledge and real critical             
fastidiousness4 ,before these           
explanations ,atticus had concluded that
 ,cicero was afraid of the effect the   
work might produce on the public4 ,this 
notion ,cicero assured him to be wrong2 
the only cause for his vacillation was  
his doubt as to how ,varro would receive
 the dedication#ahd4 ,atticus would seem
 to have repeatedly communicated with   
,varro1 and to have assured ,cicero that
 there was no cause for fear2 but the   

latter refused to take a general        
assurance1 and anxiously asked for a    
detailed account of the reasons from    
which it proceeded#ahe4 ,in order to    
stimulate his friend1 ,atticus affirmed 
that ,varro was jealous of some to whom 
,cicero had shown more favour#ahf4 ,we  
find ,cicero eagerly asking for more    
information1 on this point3 was it      
,brutus of whom ,varro was jealous8 ,it 
seems strange that ,cicero should not   
have entered into correspondence with   
,varro himself4 ,etiquette seems to have
 required that the recipient of a       
dedication should be assumed ignorant of
 the intentions of the donor till they  
were on the point of being actually     
carried out4 ,thus although ,cicero saw 
,brutus frequently while at ,tusculum1  
he apparently did not speak to him about
 the ,de ,finibus1 but employed ,atticus
 to ascertain his feeling about the     
dedication#ahg4  ,cicero's own judgment 
about the completed second edition of   
the ,academica is often given in the    

letters4 ,he tells us that it extended1 
on the whole1 to greater length than the
 first1 though much had been omitted2 he
 adds1 ,unless human self love deceives 
me1 the books have been so finished that
 the ,greeks themselves have nothing in 
the same department of literature to    
approach them4444 ,this edition will be 
more brilliant1 more terse1 and         
altogether better than the last#ahh4    
,again3 ,the ,antiochean portion has all
 the point of ,antiochus combined with  
any polish my style may possess#ahi4    
,also3 ,i have finished the book with ,i
 know not what success1 but with a care 
which nothing could surpass#aij4 ,the   
binding and adornment of the            
presentation copy for ,varro received   
great attention1 and the letter         
accompanying it was carefully           
elaborated#aia4 ,yet after everything   
had been done and the book had been sent
 to ,atticus at ,rome1 ,cicero was still
 uneasy as to the reception it would    
meet with from ,varro4 ,he wrote thus to

 ,atticus3 ,i tell you again and again  
that the presentation will be at your   
own risk4 ,so if you begin to hesitate1 
let us desert to ,brutus1 who is also a 
follower of ,antiochus4 #j ,academy1 on 
the wing as thou wert ever wont1        
flitting now hither1 now thither6       
,atticus on his part shuddered at the   
idea of taking the responsibility#aib4  
,after the work had passed into his     
hands1 ,cicero begged him to take all   
precautions to prevent it from getting  
into circulation until they could meet  
one another in ,rome#aic4 ,this warning 
was necessary1 because ,balbus and      
,caerellia had just managed to get      
access to the ,de ,finibus#aid4 ,in a   
letter1 dated apparently a day or two   
later1 ,cicero declared his intention to
 meet ,atticus at ,rome and send the    
work to ,varro1 should it be judged     
advisable to do so1 after a             
consultation#aie4 ,the meeting          
ultimately did not take place1 but      
,cicero left the four books in ,atticus'

 power1 promising to approve any course 
that might be taken#aif4 ,atticus wrote 
to say that as soon as ,varro came to   
,rome the books would be sent to him4   
,by this time1 then1 says ,cicero1 when 
he gets the letter1 you have taken the  
fatal step2 oh dear6 if you only knew at
 what peril to yourself6 ,perhaps my    
letter stopped you1 although you had not
 read it when you wrote4 ,i long to hear
 how the matter stands#aig4 ,again1 a   
little later3 ,you have been bold       
enough1 then1 to give ,varro the books8 
,i await his judgment upon them1 but    
when will he read them8 ,varro probably 
received the books in the first         
fortnight of ,august1 #de ,b4,c41 when  
,cicero was hard at work on the         
,tusculan ,disputations#aih4 ,a copy of 
the first edition had already got into  
,varro's hands1 as we learn from a      
letter1 in which ,cicero begs ,atticus  
to ask ,varro to make some alterations  
in his copy of the ,academica1 at a time
 when the fate of the second edition was

 still undecided#aii4 ,from this fact we
 may conclude that ,cicero had given up 
all hope of suppressing the first       
edition4 ,if he consoles ,atticus for   
the uselessness of his copies of the    
first edition1 it does not contradict my
 supposition1 for ,cicero of course     
assumes that ,atticus1 whatever may be  
the feeling of other people1 wishes to  
have the ,splendidiora1 breviora1       
meliora4 ,still1 on every occasion which
 offered1 the author sought to point out
 as his authorised edition the one in   
four books4 ,he did so in a passage     
written immediately after the ,academica
 ,posteriora was completed#bjj1 and     
often subsequently1 when he most        
markedly mentioned the number of the    
books as four#bja4 ,that he wished the  
work to bear the title ,academica is    
clear#bjb4 ,the expressions ,academica  
quaestio1  1 and ,academia1 are merely  
descriptive#bjc2 so also is the frequent
 appellation ,academici libri#bjd4 ,the 
title ,academicae ,quaestiones1 found in

 many editions1 is merely an imitation  
of the ,tusculanae ,quaestiones1 which  
was supported by the false notion1 found
 as early as ,pliny#bje1 that ,cicero   
had a villa called ,academia1 at which  
the book was written4 ,he had indeed a  
,gymnasium at his ,tusculan villa1 which
 he called his ,academia1 but we are    
certain from the letters to ,atticus    
that the work was written entirely at   
,astura1 ,antium1 and ,arpinum4         
,quintilian seems to have known the     
first edition very well#bjf1 but the    
second edition is the one which is most 
frequently quoted4 ,the four books are  
expressly referred to by ,nonius1       
,diomedes1 and ,lactantius1 under the   
title ,academica4 ,augustine speaks of  
them only as ,academici libri1 and his  
references show that he knew the second 
edition only4 ,lactantius also uses this
 name occasionally1 though he generally 
speaks of the ,academica4 ,plutarch     
shows only a knowledge of the first     
edition#bjg4  ,i have thought it        

advisable to set forth in plain terms   
the history of the genesis of the book1 
as gathered from ,cicero's letters to   
,atticus4 ,that it was not unnecessary  
to do so may be seen from the astounding
 theories which old scholars of great   
repute put forward concerning the two   
editions4 ,a fair summary of them may be
 seen in the preface of ,goerenz4 ,i now
 proceed to examine into the            
constitution and arrangement of the two 
editions4  a4 ,the lost dialogue        
,catulus4  ,the whole of the characters 
in this dialogue and the ,lucullus are  
among those genuine ,optimates and      
adherents of the senatorial party whom  
,cicero so loves to honour4 ,the        
,catulus from whom the lost dialogue was
 named was son of the illustrious       
colleague of ,marius4 ,with the         
political career of father and son we   
shall have little to do4 ,i merely      
inquire what was their position with    
respect to the philosophy of the time1  
and the nature of their connection with 

,cicero4  ,catulus the younger need not 
detain us long4 ,it is clear from the   
,lucullus#bjh that he did little more   
than put forward opinions he had        
received from his father4 ,cicero would1
 doubtless1 have preferred to introduce 
the elder man as speaking for himself1  
but in that case1 as in the ,de         
,oratore1 the author would have been    
compelled to exclude himself from the   
conversation#bji4 ,the son1 therefore1  
is merely the mouthpiece of the father1 
just as ,lucullus1 in the dialogue which
 bears his name1 does nothing but render
 literally a speech of ,antiochus1 which
 he professes to have heard#baj4 ,for   
the arrangement in the case of both a   
reason is to be found in their  with    
respect to philosophy#baa4 ,this  did   
not amount to 1 or else ,cicero could   
not have made ,catulus the younger the  
advocate of philosophy in the           
,hortensius#bab4 ,though ,cicero        
sometimes classes the father and son    
together as men of literary culture and 

perfect masters of ,latin style1 it is  
very evident on a comparison of all the 
passages where the two are mentioned1   
that no very high value was placed on   
the learning of the son#bac4 ,but       
however slight were the claims of       
,catulus the younger to be considered a 
philosopher1 he was closely linked to   
,cicero by other ties4 ,during all the  
most brilliant period of ,cicero's life1
 ,catulus was one of the foremost       
,optimates of ,rome1 and his character1 
life1 and influence are often depicted  
in even extravagant language by the     
orator#bad4 ,he is one of the pillars of
 the state#bae1 ,cicero cries1 and      
deserves to be classed with the ancient 
worthies of ,rome#baf4 ,when he opposes 
the ,manilian law1 and asks the people  
on whom they would rely if ,pompey1 with
 such gigantic power concentrated in his
 hands1 were to die1 the people answer  
with one voice ,on you#bag4 ,he alone   
was bold enough to rebuke the follies1  
on the one hand1 of the mob1 on the     

other1 of the senate#bah4 ,in him no    
storm of danger1 no favouring breeze of 
fortune1 could ever inspire either fear 
or hope1 or cause to swerve from his own
 course#bai4 ,his influence1 though he  
be dead1 will ever live among his       
countrymen#bbj4 ,he was not only        
glorious in his life1 but fortunate in  
his death#bba4  ,apart from ,cicero's   
general agreement with ,catulus in      
politics1 there were special causes for 
his enthusiasm4 ,catulus was one of the 
viri consulares who had given their     
unreserved approval to the measures     
taken for the suppression of the        
,catilinarian conspiracy1 and was the   
first to confer on ,cicero the greatest 
glory of his life1 the title ,father of 
his country#bbb4 ,so closely did ,cicero
 suppose himself to be allied to        
,catulus1 that a friend tried to console
 him for the death of ,tullia1 by       
bidding him remember ,catulus and the   
olden times#bbc4 ,the statement of      
,catulus1 often referred to by ,cicero1 

that ,rome had never been so unfortunate
 as to have two bad consuls in the same 
year1 except when ,cinna held the       
office1 may have been intended to point 
a contrast between the zeal of ,cicero  
and the lukewarmness of his colleague   
,antonius#bbd4 ,archias1 who wrote in   
honour of ,cicero's consulship1 lived in
 the house of the two ,catuli#bbe4  ,we 
have seen that when ,cicero found it too
 late to withdraw the first edition of  
the ,academica from circulation1 he     
affixed a prooemium to each book1       
,catulus being lauded in the first1     
,lucullus in the second4 ,from the      
passages above quoted1 and from our     
knowledge of ,cicero's habit in such    
matters1 we can have no difficulty in   
conjecturing at least a portion of the  
contents of the lost prooemium to the   
,catulus4 ,the achievements of the elder
 ,catulus were probably extolled1 as    
well as those of his son4 ,the          
philosophical knowledge of the elder man
 was made to cast its lustre on the     

younger4 ,cicero's glorious consulship  
was once more lauded1 and great stress  
was laid upon the patronage it received 
from so famous a man as the younger     
,catulus1 whose praises were sung in the
 fervid language which ,cicero lavishes 
on the same theme elsewhere4 ,some      
allusion most likely was made to the    
connection of ,archias with the ,catuli1
 and to the poem he had written in      
,cicero's honour4 ,then the occasion of 
the dialogue1 its supposed date1 and the
 place where it was held1 were          
indicated4 ,the place was the ,cuman    
villa of ,catulus#bbf4 ,the feigned date
 must fall between the year #fj ,b4,c4  
in which ,catulus died1 and #fc1 the    
year of ,cicero's consulship1 which is  
alluded to in the ,lucullus#bbg4 ,it is 
well known that in the arrangement of   
his dialogues ,cicero took every        
precaution against anachronisms4  ,the  
prooemium ended1 the dialogue commenced4
 ,allusion was undoubtedly made to the  
,hortensius1 in which the same speakers 

had been engaged2 and after more        
compliments had been bandied about1 most
 of which would fall to ,cicero's share1
 a proposal was made to discuss the     
great difference between the dogmatic   
and sceptic schools4 ,catulus offered to
 give his father's views1 at the same   
time commending his father's knowledge  
of philosophy4 ,before we proceed to    
construct in outline the speech of      
,catulus from indications offered by the
 ,lucullus1 it is necessary to speak of 
the character and philosophical opinions
 of ,catulus the elder4  ,in the many   
passages where ,cicero speaks of him1 he
 seldom omits to mention his sapientia1 
which implies a certain knowledge of    
philosophy4 ,he was1 says ,cicero1 the  
kindest1 the most upright1 the wisest1  
the holiest of men#bbh4 ,he was a man of
 universal merit1 of surpassing worth1 a
 second ,laelius#bbi4 ,it is easy to    
gather from the ,de ,oratore1 in which  
he appears as an interlocutor1 a more   
detailed view of his accomplishments4   

,throughout the second and third books  
he is treated as the lettered man1 par  
excellence1 of the company#bcj4 ,appeal 
is made to him when any question is     
started which touches on ,greek         
literature and philosophy4 ,we are      
especially told that even with ,greeks  
his acquaintance with ,greek1 and his   
style of speaking it1 won               
admiration#bca4 ,he defends the ,greeks 
from the attacks of ,crassus#bcb4 ,he   
contemptuously contrasts the ,latin     
historians with the ,greek#bcc4 ,he     
depreciates the later ,greek rhetorical 
teaching1 while he bestows high         
commendation on the early sophists#bcd4 
,the systematic rhetoric of ,aristotle  
and ,theophrastus is most to his        
mind#bce4 ,an account is given by him of
 the history of ,greek speculation in   
,italy#bcf4 ,the undefiled purity of his
 ,latin style made him seem to many the 
only speaker of the language#bcg4 ,he   
had written a history of his own deeds1 
in the style of ,xenophon1 which ,cicero

 had imitated#bch1 and was well known as
 a wit and writer of epigrams#bci4      
,although so much is said of his general
 culture1 it is only from the ,academica
 that we learn definitely his           
philosophical opinions4 ,in the ,de     
,oratore1 when he speaks of the visit of
 ,carneades to ,rome#bdj1 he does not   
declare himself a follower of that      
philosopher1 nor does ,crassus1 in his  
long speech about ,greek philosophy1    
connect ,catulus with any particular    
teacher4 ,the only ,greek especially    
mentioned as a friend of his1 is the    
poet ,antipater of ,sidon#bda4 ,still it
 might have been concluded that he was  
an adherent either of the ,academic or  
,peripatetic ,schools4 ,cicero          
repeatedly asserts that from no other   
schools can the orator spring1 and the  
whole tone of the ,de ,oratore shows    
that ,catulus could have had no leaning 
towards the ,stoics or ,epicureans#bdb4 
,the probability is that he had never   
placed himself under the instruction of 

,greek teachers for any length of time1 
but had rather gained his information   
from books and especially from the      
writings of ,clitomachus4 ,if he had    
ever been in actual communication with  
any of the prominent ,academics1 ,cicero
 would not have failed to tell us1 as he
 does in the case of ,antonius#bdc1 and 
,crassus#bdd4 ,it is scarcely possible  
that any direct intercourse between     
,philo and ,catulus can have taken      
place1 although one passage in the      
,lucullus seems to imply it#bde4 ,still 
,philo had a brilliant reputation during
 the later years of ,catulus1 and no one
 at all conversant with ,greek          
literature or society could fail to be  
well acquainted with his opinions#bdf4  
,no follower of ,carneades and          
,clitomachus1 such as ,catulus          
undoubtedly was#bdg1 could view with    
indifference the latest development of  
,academic doctrine4 ,the famous books of
 ,philo were probably not known to      
,catulus#bdh4  ,i now proceed to draw   

out from the references in the ,lucullus
 the chief features of the speech of    
,catulus the younger4 ,it was probably  
introduced by a mention of ,philo's     
books#bdi4 ,some considerable portion of
 the speech must have been directed     
against the innovations made by ,philo  
upon the genuine ,carneadean doctrine4  
,these the elder ,catulus had repudiated
 with great warmth1 even charging ,philo
 with wilful misrepresentation of the   
older ,academics#bej4 ,the most         
important part of the speech1 however1  
must have consisted of a defence of     
,carneades and ,arcesilas against the   
dogmatic schools#bea4 ,catulus evidently
 concerned himself more with the system 
of the later than with that of the      
earlier sceptic4 ,it is also exceedingly
 probable that he touched only very     
lightly on the negative ,academic       
arguments1 while he developed fully that
 positive teaching about the  which was 
so distinctive of ,carneades4 ,all the  
counter arguments of ,lucullus which    

concern the destructive side of         
,academic teaching appear to be         
distinctly aimed at ,cicero1 who must   
have represented it in the discourse of 
the day before#beb4 ,on the other hand1 
those parts of ,lucullus' speech which  
deal with the constructive part of      
,academicism#bec seem to be intended for
 ,catulus1 to whom the maintenance of   
the genuine ,carneadean distinction     
between  and  would be a peculiarly     
congenial task4 ,thus the commendation  
bestowed by ,lucullus on the way in     
which the probabile had been handled    
appertains to ,catulus4 ,the exposition 
of the sceptical criticism would        
naturally be reserved for the most      
brilliant and incisive orator of the    
party--,cicero himself4 ,these          
conjectures have the advantage of       
establishing an intimate connection     
between the prooemium1 the speech of    
,catulus1 and the succeeding one of     
,hortensius4 ,in the prooemium the      
innovations of ,philo were mentioned2   

,catulus then showed that the only      
object aimed at by them1 a satisfactory 
basis for 1 was already attained by the 
,carneadean theory of the 2 whereupon   
,hortensius showed1 after the principles
 of ,antiochus1 that such a basis was   
provided by the older philosophy1 which 
both ,carneades and ,philo had wrongly  
abandoned4 ,thus ,philo becomes the     
central point or pivot of the           
discussion4 ,with this arrangement none 
of the indications in the ,lucullus     
clash4 ,even the demand made by         
,hortensius upon ,catulus#bed need only 
imply such a bare statement on the part 
of the latter of the negative           
,arcesilaean doctrines as would clear   
the ground for the ,carneadean 4 ,one   
important opinion maintained by ,catulus
 after ,carneades1 that the wise man    
would opine#bee 7  71 seems another     
indication of the generally constructive
 character of his exposition4           
,everything points to the conclusion    
that this part of the dialogue was      

mainly drawn by ,cicero from the        
writings of ,clitomachus4  ,catulus was 
followed by ,hortensius1 who in some way
 spoke in favour of ,antiochean         
opinions1 but to what extent is         
uncertain#bef4 ,i think it extremely    
probable that he gave a rsum of the     
history of philosophy1 corresponding to 
the speech of ,varro in the beginning of
 the ,academica ,posteriora4 ,one main  
reason in favour of this view is the    
difficulty of understanding to whom1 if 
not to ,hortensius1 the substance of the
 speech could have been assigned in the 
first edition4 ,in the ,academica       
,posteriora it was necessary to make    
,varro speak first and not second as    
,hortensius did2 this accounts for the  
disappearance in the second edition of  
the polemical argument of               
,hortensius#beg1 which would be         
appropriate only in the mouth of one who
 was answering a speech already made4   
,on the view ,i have taken1 there would 
be little difficulty in the fact that   

,hortensius now advocates a dogmatic    
philosophy1 though in the lost dialogue 
which bore his name he had argued       
against philosophy altogether#beh1 and  
denied that philosophy and wisdom were  
at all the same thing#bei4 ,such a      
historical rsum as ,i have supposed     
,hortensius to give would be within the 
reach of any cultivated man of the time1
 and would only be put forward to show  
that the ,new ,academic revolt against  
the supposed old ,academico-,peripatetic
 school was unjustifiable4 ,there is    
actual warrant for stating that his     
exposition of ,antiochus was merely     
superficial#bfj4 ,we are thus relieved  
from the necessity of forcing the       
meaning of the word commoveris#bfa1 from
 which ,krische infers that the         
dialogue1 entitled ,hortensius1 had     
ended in a conversion to philosophy of  
the orator from whom it was named4 ,to  
any such conversion we have nowhere else
 any allusion4  ,the relation in which  
,hortensius stood to ,cicero1 also his  

character and attainments1 are too well 
known to need mention here4 ,he seems to
 have been as nearly innocent of any    
acquaintance with philosophy as it was  
possible for an educated man to be4     
,cicero's materials for the speech of   
,hortensius were1 doubtless1 drawn from 
the published works and oral teaching of
 ,antiochus4  ,the speech of ,hortensius
 was answered by ,cicero himself4 ,if my
 view of the preceding speech is        
correct1 it follows that ,cicero in his 
reply pursued the same course which he  
takes in his answer to ,varro1 part of  
which is preserved in the ,academica    
,posteriora#bfb4 ,he justified the ,new 
,academy by showing that it was in      
essential harmony with the ,old1 and    
also with those ancient philosophers who
 preceded ,plato4 ,lucullus1 therefore1 
reproves him as a rebel in philosophy1  
who appeals to great and ancient names  
like a seditious tribune#bfc4 ,unfair   
use had been made1 according to         
,lucullus1 of ,empedocles1 ,anaxagoras1 

,democritus1 ,parmenides1 ,xenophanes1  
,plato1 and ,socrates#bfd4 ,but ,cicero 
did not merely give a historical        
summary4 ,he must have dealt with the   
theory of   and  7which though really   
,stoic had been adopted by ,antiochus71 
since he found it necessary to          
manufacture 7fabricari7 ,latin terms to 
represent the ,greek#bfe4 ,he probably  
also commented on the headlong rashness 
with which the dogmatists gave their    
assent to the truth of phenomena4 ,to   
this a retort is made by ,lucullus#bff4 
,that ,cicero's criticism of the        
dogmatic schools was incomplete may be  
seen by the fact that he had not had    
occasion to ,latinize the terms  7i4e4  
in the abstract1 as opposed to the      
individual  71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nearly all 
important terms in the ,stoic1 and to   
some extent in the ,antiochean system1  
all of which ,lucullus is obliged to    
translate for himself#bfg4 ,the more the
 matter is examined the more clearly    
does it appear that the main purpose of 

,cicero in this speech was to justify   
from the history of philosophy the      
position of the ,new ,academy1 and not  
to advance sceptical arguments against  
experience1 which were reserved for his 
answer to ,lucullus4 ,in his later      
speech1 he expressly tells us that such 
sceptical paradoxes as were advanced by 
him in the first day's discourse were   
really out of place1 and were merely    
introduced in order to disarm ,lucullus1
 who was to speak next#bfh4 ,yet these  
arguments must have occupied some       
considerable space in ,cicero's speech1 
although foreign to its main            
intention#bfi4 ,he probably gave a      
summary classification of the           
sensations1 with the reasons for        
refusing to assent to the truth of each 
class#bgj4 ,the whole constitution and  
tenor of the elaborate speech of ,cicero
 in the ,lucullus proves that no general
 or minute demonstration of the         
impossibility of  in the dogmatic sense 
had been attempted in his statement of  

the day before4 ,cicero's argument in   
the ,catulus was allowed by ,lucullus to
 have considerably damaged the cause of 
,antiochus#bga4 ,the three speeches of  
,catulus1 ,hortensius1 and ,cicero had  
gone over nearly the whole ground marked
 out for the discussion#bgb1 but only   
cursorily1 so that there was plenty of  
room for a more minute examination in   
the ,lucullus4  ,one question remains3  
how far did ,cicero defend ,philo       
against the attack of ,catulus8 ,krische
 believes that the argument of ,catulus 
was answered point by point4 ,in this   
opinion ,i cannot concur4 ,cicero never 
appears elsewhere as the defender of    
,philo's reactionary doctrines#bgc4 ,the
 expressions of ,lucullus seem to imply 
that this part of his teaching had been 
dismissed by all the disputants#bgd4 ,it
 follows that when ,cicero1 in his      
letter of dedication to ,varro1         
describes his own part as that of ,philo
 7partes mihi sumpsi ,philonis#bge71 he 
merely attaches ,philo's name to those  

general ,new ,academic doctrines which  
had been so brilliantly supported by the
 pupil of ,clitomachus in his earlier   
days4 ,the two chief sources for        
,cicero's speech in the ,catulus were1  
doubtless1 ,philo himself and           
,clitomachus4  ,in that intermediate    
form of the ,academica1 where ,cato and 
,brutus appeared in the place of        
,hortensius and ,lucullus1 there can be 
no doubt that ,brutus occupied a more   
prominent position than ,cato4          
,consequently ,cato must have taken the 
comparatively inferior part of          
,hortensius1 while ,brutus took that of 
,lucullus4 ,it may perhaps seem strange 
that a ,stoic of the ,stoics like ,cato 
should be chosen to represent           
,antiochus1 however much that           
philosopher may have borrowed from      
,zeno4 ,the rle given to ,hortensius1   
however1 was in my view such as any     
cultivated man might sustain who had not
 definitely committed himself to        
sceptical principles4 ,so eminent an    

,antiochean as ,brutus cannot have been 
reduced to the comparatively secondary  
position assigned to ,hortensius in the 
,academica ,priora4 ,he would naturally 
occupy the place given to ,varro in the 
second edition#bgf4 ,if this be true1   
,brutus would not speak at length in the
 first half of the work4 ,cato is not   
closely enough connected with the       
,academica to render it necessary to    
treat of him farther4  b4 ,the          
,lucullus4  ,the day after the          
discussion narrated in the ,catulus1    
during which ,lucullus had been merely a
 looker-on1 the whole party left the    
,cuman villa of ,catulus early in the   
morning1 and came to that of ,hortensius
 at ,bauli#bgg4 ,in the evening1 if the 
wind favoured1 ,lucullus was to leave   
for his villa at ,neapolis1 ,cicero for 
his at ,pompeii#bgh4 ,bauli was a little
 place on the gulf of ,baiae1 close to  
,cimmerium1 round which so many legends 
lingered#bgi4 ,the scenery in view was  
magnificent#bhj4 ,as the party were     

seated in the xystus with its polished  
floor and lines of statues1 the waves   
rippled at their feet1 and the sea away 
to the horizon glistened and quivered   
under the bright sun1 and changed colour
 under the freshening breeze4 ,within   
sight lay the ,cuman shore and ,puteoli1
 thirty stadia distant#bha4  ,cicero    
strove to give vividness to the dialogue
 and to keep it perfectly free from     
anachronisms4 ,diodotus is spoken of as 
still living1 although when the words   
were written he had been dead for many  
years#bhb4 ,the surprise of ,hortensius1
 who is but a learner in philosophy1 at 
the wisdom of ,lucullus1 is very        
dramatic#bhc4 ,the many political and   
private troubles which were pressing    
upon ,cicero when he wrote the work are 
kept carefully out of sight4 ,still we  
can catch here and there traces of      
thoughts and plans which were actively  
employing the author's mind at ,astura4 
,his intention to visit ,tusculum has   
left its mark on the last section of the

 book1 while in the last but one the ,de
 ,finibus1 the ,de ,natura ,deorum and  
other works are shadowed forth#bhd4 ,in 
another passage the design of the       
,tusculan ,disputations1 which was      
carried out immediately after the       
publication of the ,academica and ,de   
,finibus1 is clearly to be seen#bhe4    
,hortensius and ,catulus now sink to a  
secondary position in the conversation1 
which is resumed by ,lucullus4 ,his     
speech is especially acknowledged by    
,cicero to be drawn from the works of   
,antiochus#bhf4 ,nearly all that is     
known of the learning of ,lucullus is   
told in ,cicero's dialogue1 and the     
passages already quoted from the        
letters4 ,he seems at least to have     
dallied with culture1 although his chief
 energy1 as a private citizen1 was      
directed to the care of his             
fish-ponds#bhg4 ,in his train when he   
went to ,sicily was the poet ,archias1  
and during the whole of his residence in
 the ,east he sought to attach learned  

men to his person4 ,at ,alexandria he   
was found in the company of ,antiochus1 
,aristus1 ,heraclitus ,tyrius1          
,tetrilius ,rogus and the ,selii1 all   
men of philosophic tastes#bhh4 ,he is   
several times mentioned by ,pliny in the
 ,natural ,history as the patron of     
,greek artists4 ,yet1 as we have already
 seen1 ,cicero acknowledged in his      
letters to ,atticus that ,lucullus was  
no philosopher4 ,he has to be propped   
up1 like ,catulus1 by the authority of  
another person4 ,all his arguments are  
explicitly stated to be derived from a  
discussion in which he had heard        
,antiochus engage4 ,the speech of       
,lucullus was1 as ,i have said1 mainly a
 reply to that of ,cicero in the        
,catulus4 ,any closer examination of its
 contents must be postponed till ,i come
 to annotate its actual text4 ,the same 
may be said of ,cicero's answer4  ,in   
the intermediate form of the ,academica1
 the speech of ,lucullus was no doubt   
transferred to ,brutus1 but as he has   

only such a slight connection with the  
work1 ,i do not think it necessary to do
 much more than call attention to the   
fact4 ,i may1 however1 notice the close 
relationship in which ,brutus stood to  
the other persons with whom we have had 
to deal4 ,he was nephew of ,cato1 whose 
half-sister ,servilia was wife of       
,lucullus#bhi4 ,cato was tutor to       
,lucullus' son1 with ,cicero for a sort 
of adviser3 while ,hortensius had       
married a divorced wife of ,cato4 ,all  
of them were of the ,senatorial party1  
and ,cato and ,brutus lived to be       
present1 with ,cicero1 during the war   
between ,pompey and ,caesar4 ,brutus and
 ,cicero were both friends of ,antiochus
 and ,aristus1 whose pupil ,brutus      
was#bij4  c4 ,the ,second ,edition4     
,when ,cicero dedicated the ,academica  
to ,varro1 very slight alterations were 
necessary in the scenery and other      
accessories of the piece4 ,cicero had a 
villa close to the ,cuman villa of      
,catulus and almost within sight of     

,hortensius' villa at ,bauli#bia4       
,varro's villa1 at which the scene was  
now laid1 was close to the ,lucrine     
lake#bib4 ,with regard to the feigned   
date of the discourse1 we may observe   
that at the very outset of the work it  
is shown to be not far distant from the 
actual time of composition#bic4 ,many   
allusions are made to recent events1    
such as the utter overthrow of the      
,pompeian party1 the death of           
,tullia#bid1 and the publication of the 
,hortensius#bie4 ,between the date of   
,tullia's death and the writing of the  
,academica1 it can be shown that ,varro1
 ,cicero and ,atticus could not have met
 together at ,cumae4 ,cicero therefore  
for once admits into his works an       
impossibility in fact4 ,this            
impossibility would at once occur to    
,varro1 and ,cicero anticipates his     
wonder in the letter of dedication#bif4 
,for the main facts of ,varro's life the
 student must be referred to the        
ordinary sources of information4 ,a     

short account of the points of contact  
between his life and that of ,cicero1   
with a few words about his philosophical
 opinions1 are alone needed here4 ,the  
first mention we have of ,varro in any  
of ,cicero's writings is in itself      
sufficient to show his character and the
 impossibility of anything like         
friendship between the two4 ,varro had  
done the orator some service in the     
trying time which came before the exile4
 ,in writing to ,atticus ,cicero had    
eulogised ,varro2 and in the letter to  
which ,i refer he begs ,atticus to send 
,varro the eulogy to read1 adding       
,mirabiliter moratus est1 sicut nosti1  
#big4 ,all the references to ,varro in  
the letters to ,atticus are in the same 
strain4 ,cicero had to be pressed to    
write ,varro a letter of thanks for     
supposed exertions in his behalf1 during
 his exile#bih4 ,several passages show  
that ,cicero refused to believe in      
,varro's zeal1 as reported by           
,atticus#bii4 ,on ,cicero's return from 

exile1 he and ,varro remained in the    
same semi-friendly state4 ,about the    
year #ed ,b4,c41 as we have already     
seen1 ,atticus in vain urged his friend 
to dedicate some work to the great      
polymath4 ,after the fall of the        
,pompeian cause1 ,cicero and ,varro do  
seem to have been drawn a little closer 
together4 ,eight letters1 written mostly
 in the year before the ,academica was  
published1 testify to this              
approximation#cjj4 ,still they are all  
cold1 forced and artificial2 very       
different from the letters ,cicero      
addressed to his real intimates1 such   
for instance as ,sulpicius1 ,caelius1   
,paetus1 ,plancus1 and ,trebatius4 ,they
 all show a fear of giving offence to   
the harsh temper of ,varro1 and a       
humility in presence of his vast        
learning which is by no means natural to
 ,cicero4 ,the negotiations between     
,atticus and ,cicero with respect to the
 dedication of the second edition1 as   
detailed already1 show sufficiently that

 this slight increase in cordiality did 
not lead to friendship#cja4  ,the       
philosophical views of ,varro can be    
gathered with tolerable accuracy from   
,augustine1 who quotes considerably     
from1 the work of ,varro ,de            
,philosophia#cjb4 ,beyond doubt he was a
 follower of ,antiochus and the         
so-called ,old ,academy4 ,how he        
selected this school from1 among the    
#bhh philosophies which he considered   
possible1 by an elaborate and pedantic  
process of exhaustion1 may be read by   
the curious in ,augustine4 ,my notes on 
the ,academica ,posteriora will show    
that there is no reason for accusing    
,cicero of having mistaken ,varro's     
philosophical views4 ,this supposition  
owes its currency to ,mller1 who1 from  
,stoic phrases in the ,de ,lingua       
,latina1 concluded that ,varro had      
passed over to the ,stoics before that  
work was written4 ,all that was ,stoic  
in ,varro came from ,antiochus#cjc4     
,the exact specification of the changes 

in the arrangement of the               
subject-matter1 necessitated by the     
dedication to ,varro1 will be more      
conveniently deferred till we come to   
the fragments of the second edition     
preserved by ,nonius and others4        
,roughly speaking1 the following were   
the contents of the four books4 ,book   
,i43 the historico-philosophical        
exposition of ,antiochus' views1        
formerly given by ,hortensius1 now by   
,varro2 then the historical             
justification of the ,philonian         
position1 which ,cicero had given in the
 first edition as an answer to          
,hortensius#cjd4 ,book ,,ii43 an        
exposition by ,cicero of ,carneades'    
positive teaching1 practically the same 
as that given by ,catulus in ed4 ,i42 to
 this was appended1 probably1 that      
foretaste of the negative arguments     
against dogmatism1 which in ed4 #a4 had 
formed part of the answer made by       
,cicero to ,hortensius4 ,book ,,iii43 a 
speech of ,varro in reply to ,cicero1   

closely corresponding to that of        
,lucullus in ed4 #a4 ,book ,,iv43       
,cicero's answer1 substantially the same
 as in ed4 #a4 ,atticus must have been  
almost a  4  ,i may here notice a fact  
which might puzzle the student4 ,in some
 old editions the ,lucullus is marked   
throughout as ,academicorum liber ,,iv4 
,this is an entire mistake1 which arose 
from a wrong view of ,nonius'           
quotations1 which are always from the   
second edition1 and can tell us nothing 
about the constitution of the first4    
,one other thing is worth remark4 ,halm 
7as many before him had done7 places the
 ,academica ,priora before the          
,posteriora4 ,this seems to me an       
unnatural arrangement2 the              
subject-matter of the ,varro is         
certainly prior1 logically1 to that of  
the ,lucullus4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,m4 ,,tullii      
,,ciceronis  ,,academicorum             
,,posteriorum  ,,liber ,,primus4        
99       99       99       99       99  

,i4 #a4 ,in ,cumano nuper cum mecum     
,atticus noster esset1 nuntiatum est    
nobis a ,m4 ,varrone1 venisse eum ,roma 
pridie vesperi et1 nisi de via fessus   
esset1 continuo ad nos venturum fuisse4 
,quod cum audissemus1 nullam moram      
interponendam putavimus quin videremus  
hominem nobiscum et studiis isdem et    
vetustate amicitiae coniunctum4 ,itaque 
confestim ad eum ire perreximus1        
paulumque cum ab eius villa abessemus1  
ipsum ad nos venientem vidimus3 atque   
ilium complexi1 ut mos amicorum est1    
satis eum longo intervallo ad suam      
villam reduximus4 #b4 ,hic pauca primo1 
atque ea percontantibus nobis1 ecquid   
forte ,roma novi1 ,atticus3 ,omitte     
ista1 quae nec percontari nec audire    
sine molestia possumus1 quaeso1 inquit1 
et quaere potius ecquid ipse novi4      
,silent enim diutius ,musae ,varronis   
quam solebant1 nec tamen istum cessare1 
sed celare quae scribat existimo4       
,minime vero1 inquit ille3 intemperantis
 enim arbitror esse scribere quod       

occultari velit3 sed habeo opus magnum  
in manibus1 idque iam pridem3 ad hunc   
enim ipsum--me autem dicebat--quaedam   
institui1 quae et sunt magna sane et    
limantur a me politius4 #c4 ,et ego3    
,ista quidem1 inquam1 ,varro1 iam diu   
exspectans1 non audeo tamen flagitare3  
audivi enim e ,libone nostro1 cuius     
nosti studium--nihil enim eius modi     
celare possumus--non te ea intermittere1
 sed accuratius tractare nec de manibus 
umquam deponere4 ,illud autem mihi ante 
hoc tempus numquam in mentem venit a te 
requirere3 sed nunc1 postea quam sum    
ingressus res eas1 quas tecum simul     
didici1 mandare monumentis              
philosophiamque veterem illam a ,socrate
 ortam ,latinis litteris illustrare1    
quaero quid sit cur1 cum multa scribas1 
genus hoc praetermittas1 praesertim cum 
et ipse in eo excellas et id studium    
totaque ea res longe ceteris et studiis 
et artibus antecedat4  ,,ii4 #d4 ,tum   
ille3 ,rem a me saepe deliberatam et    
multum agitatam requiris4 ,itaque non   

haesitans respondebo1 sed ea dicam1 quae
 mihi sunt in promptu1 quod ista ipsa de
 re multum1 ut dixi1 et diu cogitavi4   
,nam cum philosophiam viderem           
diligentissime ,graecis litteris        
explicatam1 existimavi1 si qui de       
nostris eius studio tenerentur1 si      
essent ,graecis doctrinis eruditi1      
,graeca potius quam nostra lecturos3 sin
 a ,graecorum artibus et disciplinis    
abhorrerent1 ne haec quidem curaturos1  
quae sine eruditione ,graeca intellegi  
non possunt3 itaque ea nolui scribere1  
quae nec indocti intellegere possent nec
 docti legere curarent4 #e4 ,vides      
autem--eadem enim ipse didicisti--non   
posse nos ,amafinii aut ,rabirii similis
 esse1 qui nulla arte adhibita de rebus 
ante oculos positis volgari sermone     
disputant1 nihil definiunt1 nihil       
partiuntur1 nihil apta interrogatione   
concludunt1 nullam denique artem esse   
nec dicendi nec disserendi putant4 ,nos 
autem praeceptis dialecticorum et       
oratorum etiam1 quoniam utramque vim    

virtutem esse nostri putant1 sic        
parentes1 ut legibus1 verbis quoque     
novis cogimur uti1 quae docti1 ut dixi1 
a ,graecis petere malent1 indocti ne a  
nobis quidem accipient1 ut frustra omnis
 suscipiatur labor4 #f4 ,iam vero       
physica1 si ,epicurum1 id est1 si       
,democritum probarem1 possem scribere   
ita plane1 ut ,amafinius4 ,quid est enim
 magnum1 cum causas rerum efficientium  
sustuleris1 de corpusculorum--ita enim  
appellat atomos--concursione fortuita   
loqui8 ,nostra tu physica nosti1 quae   
cum contineantur ex effectione et ex    
materia ea1 quam fingit et format       
effectio1 adhibenda etiam geometria est1
 quam quibusnam quisquam enuntiare      
verbis aut quem ad intellegendum poterit
 adducere8 ,quid1 haec ipsa de vita et  
moribus1 et de expetendis fugiendisque  
rebus8 ,illi enim simpliciter pecudis et
 hominis idem bonum esse censent3 apud  
nostros autem non ignoras quae sit et   
quanta subtilitas4 #g4 ,sive enim       
,zenonem sequare1 magnum est efficere ut

 quis intelligat quid sit illud verum et
 simplex bonum1 quod non possit ab      
honestate seiungi3 quod bonum quale sit 
negat omnino ,epicurus sine voluptatibus
 sensum moventibus ne suspicari quidem4 
,si vero ,academiam veterem persequamur1
 quam nos1 ut scis1 probamus1 quam erit 
illa acute explicanda nobis6 quam       
argute1 quam obscure etiam contra       
,stoicos disserendum6 ,totum igitur     
illud philosophiae studium mihi quidem  
ipse sumo et ad vitae constantiam       
quantum possum et ad delectationem      
animi1 nec ullum arbitror1 ut apud      
,platonem est1 maius aut melius a dis   
datum munus homini4 #h4 ,sed meos       
amicos1 in quibus est studium1 in       
,graeciam mitto1 id est1 ad ,graecos ire
 iubeo1 ut ea a fontibus potius hauriant
 quam rivulos consectentur4 ,quae autem 
nemo adhuc docuerat nec erat unde       
studiosi scire possent1 ea1 quantum     
potui--nihil enim magno opere meorum    
miror--feci ut essent nota nostris4 ,a  
,graecis enim peti non poterant ac post 

,l4 ,aelii nostri occasum ne a ,latinis 
quidem4 ,et tamen in illis veteribus    
nostris1 quae ,menippum imitati1 non    
interpretati1 quadam hilaritate         
conspersimus1 multa admixta ex intima   
philosophia1 multa dicta dialectice quae
 quo facilius minus docti intelligerent1
 iucunditate quadam ad legendum         
invitati1 in laudationibus1 in his ipsis
 antiquitatum prooemiis philosophe      
scribere voluimus1 si modo consecuti    
sumus4  ,,iii4 #i4 ,tum1 ego4 ,sunt1    
inquam1 ista1 ,varro4 ,nam nos in nostra
 urbe peregrinantis errantisque tamquam 
hospites tui libri quasi domum          
deduxerunt1 ut possemus aliquando qui et
 ubi essemus agnoscere4 ,tu aetatem     
patriae1 tu descriptiones temporum1 tu  
sacrorum iura1 tu sacerdotum1 tu        
domesticam1 tu bellicam disciplinam1 tu 
sedem regionum locorum1 tu omnium       
divinarum humanarumque rerum nomina1    
genera1 officia1 causas aperuisti1      
plurimumque poetis nostris omninoque    
,latinis et litteris luminis et verbis  

attulisti1 atque ipse varium et elegans 
omni fere numero poema fecisti          
philosophiamque multis locis incohasti1 
ad impellendum satis1 ad edocendum      
parum4 #aj4 ,causam autem probabilem tu 
quidem adfers2 aut enim ,graeca legere  
malent qui erunt eruditi aut ne haec    
quidem qui illa nesciunt4 ,sed da mihi  
nunc3 satisne probas8 ,immo vero et haec
 qui illa non poterunt et qui ,graeca   
poterunt non contemnent sua4 ,quid enim 
causae est cur poetas ,latinos ,graecis 
litteris eruditi legant1 philosophos non
 legant8 an quia delectat ,ennius1      
,pacuvius1 ,attius1 multi alii1 qui non 
verba1 sed vim ,graecorum expresserunt  
poetarum8 ,quanto magis philosophi      
delectabunt1 si1 ut illi ,aeschylum1    
,sophoclem1 ,euripidem1 sic hi ,platonem
 imitentur1 ,aristotelem1 ,theophrastum8
 ,oratores quidem laudari video1 si qui 
e nostris ,hyperidem sint aut           
,demosthenem imitati4 #aa4 ,ego         
autem--dicam enim1 ut res est--dum me   
ambitio1 dum honores1 dum causae1 dum   

rei publicae non solum cura1 sed quaedam
 etiam procuratio multis officiis       
implicatum et constrictum tenebat1 haec 
inclusa habebam et1 ne obsolescerent1   
renovabam1 cum licebat1 legendo4 ,nunc  
vero et fortunae gravissimo percussus   
volnere et administratione rei publicae 
liberatus1 doloris medicinam a          
philosophia peto et otii oblectationem  
hanc honestissimam iudico4 ,aut enim    
huic aetati hoc maxime aptum est aut iis
 rebus1 si quas dignas laude gessimus1  
hoc in primis consentaneum aut etiam ad 
nostros civis erudiendos nihil utilius  
aut1 si haec ita non sunt1 nihil aliud  
video quod agere possimus4 #ab4 ,brutus 
quidem noster1 excellens omni genere    
laudis1 sic philosophiam ,latinis       
litteris persequitur1 nihil ut iisdem de
 rebus ,graecia desideret1 et eandem    
quidem sententiam sequitur quam tu4 ,nam
 ,aristum ,athenis audivit aliquam diu1 
cuius tu fratrem ,antiochum4 ,quam ob   
rem da1 quaeso1 te huic etiam generi    
litterarum4  ,,iv4 #ac4 ,tum1 ille4     

,istuc quidem considerabo1 nec vero sine
 te4 ,sed de te ipso quid est1 inquit1  
quod audio8 ,quanam1 inquam1 de re8     
,relictam a te veterem illam1 inquit1   
tractari autem novam4 ,quid8 ergo1      
inquam1 ,antiocho id magis licuerit1    
nostro familiari1 remigrare in domum    
veterem e nova quam nobis in novam e    
vetere8 certe enim recentissima quaeque 
sunt correcta et emendata maxime4       
,quamquam ,antiochi magister ,philo1    
magnus vir1 ut tu existimas ipse1 negat 
in libris1 quod coram etiam ex ipso     
audiebamus1 duas ,academias esse        
erroremque eorum1 qui ita putarunt1     
coarguit4 ,est1 inquit1 ut dicis3 sed   
ignorare te non arbitror1 quae contra ea
 ,philonis ,antiochus scripserit4 #ad4  
,immo vero et ista et totam veterem     
,academiam1 a qua absum iam diu1        
renovari a te1 nisi molestum est1 velim1
 et simul1 adsidamus1 inquam1 si        
videtur4 ,sane istud quidem1 inquit3 sum
 enim admodum infirmus4 ,sed videamus   
idemne ,attico placeat fieri a me1 quod 

te velle video4 ,mihi vero1 ille3 quid  
est enim quod malim quam ex ,antiocho   
iam pridem audita recordari8 et simul   
videre satisne ea commode dici possit   
,latine8 ,quae cum essent dicta1 in     
conspectu consedimus omnes4  #ae4 ,tum  
,varro ita exorsus est3 ,socrates mihi  
videtur1 id quod constat inter omnis1   
primus a rebus occultis et ab ipsa      
natura involutis1 in quibus omnes ante  
eum philosophi occupati fuerunt1        
avocavisse philosophiam et ad vitam     
communem adduxisse1 ut de virtutibus et 
vitiis omninoque de bonis rebus et malis
 quaereret1 caelestia autem vel procul  
esse a nostra cognitione censeret vel1  
si maxime cognita essent1 nihil tamen ad
 bene vivendum valere4 #af4 ,hic in     
omnibus fere sermonibus1 qui ab iis qui 
illum audierunt perscripti varie et     
copiose sunt1 ita disputat ut nihil     
adfirmet ipse1 refellat alios3 nihil se 
scire dicat nisi id ipsum1 eoque        
praestare ceteris1 quod illi quae       
nesciant scire se putent1 ipse se nihil 

scire1 id unum sciat1 ob eamque rem se  
arbitrari ab ,apolline omnium           
sapientissimum esse dictum1 quod haec   
esset una omnis sapientia non arbitrari 
sese scire quod nesciat4 ,quae cum      
diceret constanter et in ea sententia   
permaneret1 omnis eius oratio tamen in  
virtute laudanda et in hominibus ad     
virtutis studium cohortandis            
consumebatur1 ut e ,socraticorum libris1
 maximeque ,platonis1 intellegi potest4 
#ag4 ,platonis autem auctoritate1 qui   
varius et multiplex et copiosus fuit1   
una et consentiens duobus vocabulis     
philosophiae forma instituta est1       
,academicorum et ,peripateticorum3 qui  
rebus congruentes nominibus differebant4
 ,nam cum ,speusippum1 sororis filium1  
,plato philosophiae quasi heredem       
reliquisset1 duos autem praestantissimo 
studio atque doctrina1 ,xenocratem      
,chalcedonium et ,aristotelem           
,stagiritem1 qui erant cum ,aristotele1 
,peripatetici dicti sunt1 quia          
disputabant inambulantes in ,lycio1 illi

 autem1 qui ,platonis instituto in      
,academia1 quod est alterum gymnasium1  
coetus erant et sermones habere soliti1 
e loci vocabulo nomen habuerunt4 ,sed   
utrique ,platonis ubertate completi     
certam quandam disciplinae formulam     
composuerunt et eam quidem plenam ac    
refertam1 illam autem ,socraticam       
dubitationem de omnibus rebus et nulla  
adfirmatione adhibita consuetudinem     
disserendi reliquerunt4 ,ita facta est1 
quod minime ,socrates probabat1 ars     
quaedam philosophiae et rerum ordo et   
descriptio disciplinae4 #ah4 ,quae      
quidem erat primo duobus1 ut dixi1      
nominibus una3 nihil enim inter         
,peripateticos et illam veterem         
,academiam differebat4 ,abundantia      
quadam ingeni praestabat1 ut mihi quidem
 videtur1 ,aristoteles1 sed idem fons   
erat utrisque et eadem rerum            
expetendarum fugiendarumque partitio4   
,v4 ,sed quid ago8 inquit1 aut sumne    
sanus1 qui haec vos doceo8 nam etsi non 
sus ,minervam1 ut aiunt1 tamen inepte   

quisquis ,minervam docet4 ,tum ,atticus3
 ,tu vero1 inquit1 perge1 ,varro3 valde 
enim amo nostra atque nostros1 meque    
ista delectant1 cum ,latine dicuntur1 et
 isto modo4 ,quid me1 inquam1 putas1 qui
 philosophiam iam professus sim populo  
nostro exhibiturum8 ,pergamus igitur1   
inquit1 quoniam placet4 #ai4 ,fuit ergo 
iam accepta a ,platone philosophandi    
ratio triplex3 una de vita et moribus1  
altera de natura et rebus occultis1     
tertia de disserendo et quid verum sit1 
quid falsum1 quid rectum in oratione    
pravumve1 quid consentiens1 quid        
repugnans iudicando4 ,ac primum partem  
illam bene vivendi a natura petebant    
eique parendum esse dicebant1 neque ulla
 alia in re nisi in natura quaerendum   
esse illud summum bonum quo omnia       
referrentur1 constituebantque extremum  
esse rerum expetendarum et finem bonorum
 adeptum esse omnia e natura et animo et
 corpore et vita4 ,corporis autem alia  
ponebant esse in toto1 alia in partibus3
 valetudinem1 viris pulchritudinem in   

toto1 in partibus autem sensus integros 
et praestantiam aliquam partium         
singularum1 ut in pedibus celeritatem1  
vim in manibus1 claritatem in voce1 in  
lingua etiam explanatam vocum           
impressionem3 #bj4 animi autem1 quae    
essent ad comprehendendam ingeniis      
virtutem idonea1 eaque ab iis in naturam
 et mores dividebantur4 ,naturae        
celeritatem ad discendum et memoriam    
dabant3 quorum utrumque mentis esset    
proprium et ingeni4 ,morum autem        
putabant studia esse et quasi           
consuetudinem3 quam partim              
exercitationis adsiduitate1 partim      
ratione formabant1 in quibus erat       
philosophia ipsa4 ,in qua quod incohatum
 est neque absolutum1 progressio quaedam
 ad virtutem appellatur3 quod autem     
absolutum1 id est virtus1 quasi         
perfectio naturae omniumque rerum1 quas 
in animis ponunt1 una res optima4 ,ergo 
haec animorum4 #ba4 ,vitae autem--id    
enim erat tertium--adiuncta esse        
dicebant1 quae ad virtutis usum         

valerent4 ,nam virtus animi bonis et    
corporis cernitur1 et in quibusdam quae 
non tam naturae quam beatae vitae       
adiuncta sunt4 ,hominem esse censebant  
quasi partem quandam civitatis et       
universi generis humani1 eumque esse    
coniunctum cum hominibus humana quadam  
societate4 ,ac de summo quidem atque    
naturali bono sic agunt3 cetera autem   
pertinere ad id putant aut adaugendum   
aut tuendum1 ut divitias1 ut opes1 ut   
gloriam1 ut gratiam4 ,ita tripartita ab 
iis inducitur ratio bonorum4  ,,vi4 #bb4
 ,atque haec illa sunt tria genera1 quae
 putant plerique ,peripateticos dicere4 
,id quidem non falso3 est enim haec     
partitio illorum3 illud imprudenter1 si 
alios esse ,academicos1 qui tum         
appellarentur1 alios ,peripateticos     
arbitrantur4 ,communis haec ratio et    
utrisque hic bonorum finis videbatur1   
adipisci quae essent prima natura       
quaeque ipsa per sese expetenda1 aut    
omnia aut maxima4 ,ea sunt autem maxima1
 quae in ipso animo atque in ipsa       

virtute versantur4 ,itaque omnis illa   
antiqua philosophia sensit in una       
virtute esse positam beatam vitam1 nec  
tamen beatissimam1 nisi adiungerentur et
 corporis et cetera1 quae supra dicta   
sunt1 ad virtutis usum idonea4 #bc4 ,ex 
hac descriptione agendi quoque aliquid  
in vita et officii ipsius initium       
reperiebatur3 quod erat in conservatione
 earum rerum1 quas natura praescriberet4
 ,hinc gignebatur fuga desidiae         
voluptatumque contemptio3 ex quo laborum
 dolorumque susceptio multorum          
magnorumque recti honestique causa et   
earum rerum1 quae erant congruentes cum 
descriptione naturae1 unde et amicitia  
exsistebat et iustitia atque aequitas3  
eaeque voluptatibus et multis vitae     
commodis anteponebantur4 ,haec quidem   
fuit apud eos morum institutio et eius  
partis1 quam primam posui1 forma atque  
descriptio4  #bd4 ,de natura autem--id  
enim sequebatur--ita dicebant1 ut eam   
dividerent in res duas1 ut altera esset 
efficiens1 altera autem quasi huic se   

praebens1 ea quae efficeretur aliquid4  
,in eo1 quod efficeret1 vim esse        
censebant1 in eo autem1 quod            
efficeretur1 materiam quandam3 in       
utroque tamen utrumque3 neque enim      
materiam ipsam cohaerere potuisse1 si   
nulla vi contineretur1 neque vim sine   
aliqua materia4 ,nihil est enim quod non
 alicubi esse cogatur4 ,sed quod ex     
utroque1 id iam corpus et quasi         
qualitatem quandam nominabant3 dabitis  
enim profecto1 ut in rebus inusitatis1  
quod ,graeci ipsi faciunt1 a quibus haec
 iam diu tractantur1 utamur verbis      
interdum inauditis4  ,,vii4 #be4 ,nos   
vero1 inquit ,atticus3 quin etiam       
,graecis licebit utare1 cum voles1 si te
 ,latina forte deficient4 ,bene sane    
facis3 sed enitar ut ,latine loquar1    
nisi in huiusce modi verbis1 ut         
philosophiam aut rhetoricam aut physicam
 aut dialecticam appellem1 quibus1 ut   
aliis multis1 consuetudo iam utitur pro 
,latinis4 ,qualitates igitur appellavi1 
quas  ,graeci vocant1 quod ipsum apud   

,graecos non est vulgi verbum1 sed      
philosophorum1 atque id in multis4      
,dialecticorum vero verba nulla sunt    
publica3 suis utuntur4 ,et id quidem    
commune omnium fere est artium4 ,aut    
enim nova sunt rerum novarum facienda   
nomina aut ex aliis transferenda4 ,quod 
si ,graeci faciunt1 qui in his rebus tot
 iam saecula versantur1 quanto id magis 
nobis concedendum est1 qui haec nunc    
primum tractare conamur8 #bf4 ,tu vero1 
inquam1 ,varro1 bene etiam meriturus    
mihi videris de tuis civibus1 si eos non
 modo copia rerum auxeris1 uti fecisti1 
sed etiam verborum4 ,audebimus ergo1    
inquit1 novis verbis uti te auctore1 si 
necesse erit4 ,earum igitur qualitatum  
sunt aliae principes1 aliae ex his      
ortae4 ,principes sunt unius modi et    
simplices3 ex his autem ortae variae    
sunt et quasi multiformes4 ,itaque      
ar--utimur enim pro ,latino--et ignis et
 aqua et terra prima sunt3 ex his autem 
ortae animantium formae earumque rerum1 
quae gignuntur e terra4 ,ergo illa      

initia et1 ut e ,graeco vertam1 elementa
 dicuntur3 e quibus ar et ignis movendi 
vim habent et efficiendi1 reliquae      
partes accipiendi et quasi patiendi1    
aquam dico et terram4 ,quintum genus1 e 
quo essent astra mentesque1 singulare   
eorumque quattuor1 quae supra dixi1     
dissimile ,aristoteles quoddam esse     
rebatur4 #bg4 ,sed subiectam putant     
omnibus sine ulla specie atque carentem 
omni illa qualitate--faciamus enim      
tractando usitatius hoc verbum et       
tritius--materiam quandam1 ex qua omnia 
expressa atque efficta sint3 quae tota  
omnia accipere possit omnibusque modis  
mutari atque ex omni parte1 eoque etiam 
interire non in nihilum1 sed in suas    
partis1 quae infinite secari ac dividi  
possint1 cum sit nihil omnino in rerum  
natura minimum quod dividi nequeat3 quae
 autem moveantur1 omnia intervallis     
moveri1 quae intervalla item infinite   
dividi possint4 #bh4 ,et cum ita        
moveatur illa vis1 quam qualitatem esse 
diximus1 et cum sic ultro citroque      

versetur1 materiam ipsam totam penitus  
commutari putant et illa effici1 quae   
appellant qualia1 e quibus in omni      
natura cohaerente et continuata cum     
omnibus suis partibus effectum esse     
mundum1 extra quem nulla pars materiae  
sit nullumque corpus1 partis autem esse 
mundi omnia1 quae insint in eo1 quae    
natura sentiente teneantur1 in qua ratio
 perfecta insit1 quae sit eadem         
sempiterna3 nihil enim valentius esse a 
quo intereat3 #bi4 quam vim animum esse 
dicunt mundi eandemque esse mentem      
sapientiamque perfectam1 quem deum      
appellant1 omniumque rerum1 quae sunt ei
 subiectae1 quasi prudentiam quandam1   
procurantem caelestia maxime1 deinde in 
terris ea1 quae pertinent ad homines3   
quam interdum eandem necessitatem       
appellant1 quia nihil aliter possit     
atque ab ea constitutum sit1 inter quasi
 fatalem et immutabilem continuationem  
ordinis sempiterni3 non numquam eandem  
fortunam1 quod efficiat multa improvisa 
ac necopinata nobis propter obscuritatem

 ignorationemque causarum4  ,,viii4 #cj4
 ,tertia deinde philosophiae pars1 quae 
erat in ratione et in disserendo1 sic   
tractabatur ab utrisque4 ,quamquam      
oriretur a sensibus1 tamen non esse     
iudicium veritatis in sensibus4 ,mentem 
volebant rerum esse iudicem3 solam      
censebant idoneam cui crederetur1 quia  
sola cerneret id1 quod semper esset     
simplex et unius modi et tale quale     
esset4 ,hanc illi  appellabant1 iam a   
,platone ita nominatam1 nos recte       
speciem possumus dicere4 #ca4 ,sensus   
autem omnis hebetes et tardos esse      
arbitrabantur1 nec percipere ullo modo  
res eas1 quae subiectae sensibus        
viderentur1 quae essent aut ita parvae1 
ut sub sensum cadere non possent1 aut   
ita mobiles et concitatae1 ut nihil     
umquam unum esset constans1 ne idem     
quidem1 quia continenter laberentur et  
fluerent omnia4 ,itaque hanc omnem      
partem rerum opinabilem appellabant4    
#cb4 ,scientiam autem nusquam esse      
censebant nisi in animi notionibus atque

 rationibus3 qua de causa definitiones  
rerum probabant1 et has ad omnia1 de    
quibus disceptabatur1 adhibebant4       
,verborum etiam explicatio probabatur1  
id est1 qua de causa quaeque essent ita 
nominata1 quam  appellabant3 post       
argumentis et quasi rerum notis ducibus 
utebantur ad probandum et ad            
concludendum id1 quod explanari         
volebant3 itaque tradebatur omnis       
dialecticae disciplina1 id est1         
orationis ratione conclusae4 ,huic quasi
 ex altera parte oratoria vis dicendi   
adhibebatur1 explicatrix orationis      
perpetuae ad persuadendum accommodatae4 
#cc4 ,haec erat illis disciplina a      
,platone tradita3 cuius quas acceperim  
mutationes1 si voltis1 exponam4 ,nos    
vero volumus1 inquam1 ut pro ,attico    
etiam respondeam4  ,,ix4 ,et recte1     
inquit1 respondes3 praeclare enim       
explicatur ,peripateticorum et          
,academiae veteris auctoritas4          
,aristoteles primus species1 quas paulo 
ante dixi1 labefactavit3 quas mirifice  

,plato erat amplexatus1 ut in iis       
quiddam divinum esse diceret4           
,theophrastus autem1 vir et oratione    
suavis et ita moratus1 ut prae se       
probitatem quandam et ingenuitatem      
ferat1 vehementius etiam fregit quodam  
modo auctoritatem veteris disciplinae3  
spoliavit enim virtutem suo decore      
imbecillamque reddidit1 quod negavit in 
ea sola positum esse beate vivere4 #cd4 
,nam ,strato1 eius auditor1 quamquam    
fuit acri ingenio1 tamen ab ea          
disciplina omnino semovendus est3 qui   
cum maxime necessariam partem           
philosophiae1 quae posita est in virtute
 et moribus1 reliquisset totumque se ad 
investigationem naturae contulisset1 in 
ea ipsa plurimum dissedit a suis4       
,speusippus autem et ,xenocrates1 qui   
primi ,platonis rationem auctoritatemque
 susceperant1 et post eos ,polemo et    
,crates unaque ,crantor1 in ,academia   
congregati1 diligenter ea1 quae a       
superioribus acceperant1 tuebantur4 ,iam
 ,polemonem audiverant adsidue ,zeno et 

,arcesilas4 #ce4 ,sed ,zeno cum         
,arcesilam anteiret aetate valdeque     
subtiliter dissereret et peracute       
moveretur1 corrigere conatus est        
disciplinam4 ,eam quoque1 si videtur1   
correctionem explicabo1 sicut solebat   
,antiochus4 ,mihi vero1 inquam1 videtur1
 quod vides idem significare ,pomponium4
  ,x4 ,zeno igitur nullo modo is erat1  
qui1 ut ,theophrastus1 nervos virtutis  
inciderit1 sed contra1 qui omnia quae ad
 beatam vitam pertinerent in una virtute
 poneret nec quicquam aliud numeraret in
 bonis1 idque appellaret honestum1 quod 
esset simplex quoddam et solum et unum  
bonum4 #cf4 ,cetera autem etsi nec bona 
nec mala essent1 tamen alia secundum    
naturam dicebat1 alia naturae esse      
contraria4 ,his ipsis alia interiecta et
 media numerabat4 ,quae autem secundum  
naturam essent1 ea sumenda et quadam    
aestimatione dignanda docebat1 contraque
 contraria3 neutra autem in mediis      
relinquebat1 in quibus ponebat nihil    
omnino esse momenti4 #cg4 ,sed quae     

essent sumenda1 ex iis alia pluris esse 
aestimanda1 alia minoris4 ,quae pluris1 
ea praeposita appellabat1 reiecta autem 
quae minoris4 ,atque ut haec non tam    
rebus quam vocabulis commutaverat1 sic  
inter recte factum atque peccatum1      
officium et contra officium media       
locabat quaedam3 recte facta sola in    
bonis actionibus ponens1 prave1 id est  
peccata1 in malis3 officia autem servata
 praetermissaque media putabat1 ut dixi4
 #ch4 ,cumque superiores non omnem      
virtutem in ratione esse dicerent1 sed  
quasdam virtutes natura aut more        
perfectas1 hic omnis in ratione ponebat1
 cumque illi ea genera virtutum1 quae   
supra dixi1 seiungi posse arbitrarentur1
 hic nec id ullo modo fieri posse       
disserebat nec virtutis usum modo1 ut   
superiores1 sed ipsum habitum per se    
esse praeclarum1 nec tamen virtutem     
cuiquam adesse quin ea semper uteretur4 
,cumque perturbationem animi illi ex    
homine non tollerent1 naturaque et      
condolescere et concupiscere et         

extimescere et efferri laetitia         
dicerent1 sed eas contraherent in       
angustumque deducerent1 hic omnibus his 
quasi morbis voluit carere sapientem4   
#ci4 ,cumque eas perturbationes antiqui 
naturalis esse dicerent et rationis     
expertis aliaque in parte animi         
cupiditatem1 alia rationem collocarent1 
ne his quidem adsentiebatur4 ,nam et    
perturbationes voluntarias esse putabat 
opinionisque iudicio suscipi et omnium  
perturbationum arbitrabatur matrem esse 
immoderatam quamdam intemperantiam4     
,haec fere de moribus4  ,,xi4 ,de       
naturis autem sic sentiebat1 primum1 ut 
quattuor initiis rerum illis quintam    
hanc naturam1 ex qua superiores sensus  
et mentem effici rebantur1 non          
adhiberet4 ,statuebat enim ignem esse   
ipsam naturam1 quae quidque gigneret1 et
 mentem atque sensus4 ,discrepabat etiam
 ab isdem quod nullo modo arbitrabatur  
quicquam effici posse ab ea1 quae expers
 esset corporis1 cuius generis          
,xenocrates et superiores etiam animum  

esse dixerant1 nec vero aut quod        
efficeret aliquid aut quod efficeretur  
posse esse non corpus4 #dj4 ,plurima    
autem in illa tertia philosophiae parte 
mutavit4 ,in qua primum de sensibus     
ipsis quaedam dixit nova1 quos iunctos  
esse censuit e quadam quasi impulsione  
oblata extrinsecus1 quam ille 1 nos     
visum appellemus licet1 et teneamus hoc 
verbum quidem3 erit enim utendum in     
reliquo sermone saepius4 ,sed ad haec1  
quae visa sunt et quasi accepta         
sensibus1 adsensionem adiungit animorum1
 quam esse volt in nobis positam et     
voluntariam4 #da4 ,visis non omnibus    
adiungebat fidem1 sed iis solum1 quae   
propriam quandam haberent declarationem 
earum rerum1 quae viderentur3 id autem  
visum1 cum ipsum per se cerneretur1     
comprehendibile--feretis hoc8 ,nos vero1
 inquit4 ,quonam enim modo              
diceres8--,sed1 cum acceptum iam et     
approbatum esset1 comprehensionem       
appellabat1 similem iis rebus1 quae manu
 prehenderentur3 ex quo etiam nomen hoc 

duxerat1 cum eo verbo antea nemo tali in
 re usus esset1 plurimisque idem novis  
verbis--nova enim dicebat--usus est4    
,quod autem erat sensu comprehensum1 id 
ipsum sensum appellabat1 et si ita erat 
comprehensum1 ut convelli ratione non   
posset1 scientiam3 sin aliter1          
inscientiam nominabat3 ex qua exsisteret
 etiam opinio1 quae esset imbecilla et  
cum falso incognitoque communis4 #db4   
,sed inter scientiam et inscientiam     
comprehensionem illam1 quam dixi1       
collocabat1 eamque neque in rectis neque
 in pravis numerabat1 sed soli credendum
 esse dicebat4 ,e quo sensibus etiam    
fidem tribuebat1 quod1 ut supra dixi1   
comprehensio facta sensibus et vera esse
 illi et fidelis videbatur1 non quod    
omnia1 quae essent in re1               
comprehenderet1 sed quia nihil quod     
cadere in eam posset relinqueret quodque
 natura quasi normam scientiae et       
principium sui dedisset1 unde postea    
notiones rerum in animis imprimerentur1 
e quibus non principia solum1 sed       

latiores quaedam ad rationem inveniendam
 viae reperiuntur4 ,errorem autem et    
temeritatem et ignorantiam et           
opinationem et suspicionem et uno nomine
 omnia1 quae essent aliena firmae et    
constantis adsensionis1 a virtute       
sapientiaque removebat4 ,atque in his   
fere commutatio constitit omnis         
dissensioque ,zenonis a superioribus4   
,,xii4 #dc4 ,quae cum dixisset3         
,breviter sane minimeque obscure        
exposita est1 inquam1 a te1 ,varro1 et  
veteris ,academiae ratio et ,stoicorum3 
verum esse autem arbitror1 ut ,antiocho1
 nostro familiari1 placebat1            
correctionem veteris ,academiae potius  
quam aliquam novam disciplinam putandam4
 ,tunc ,varro3 ,tuae sunt nunc partes1  
inquit1 qui ab antiquorum ratione       
desciscis et ea1 quae ab ,arcesila      
novata sunt1 probas1 docere quod et qua 
de causa discidium factum sit1 ut       
videamus satisne ista sit iusta         
defectio4 #dd4 ,tum ego3 ,cum ,zenone1  
inquam1 ut accepimus1 ,arcesilas sibi   

omne certamen instituit1 non pertinacia 
aut studio vincendi1 ut mihi quidem     
videtur1 sed earum rerum obscuritate1   
quae ad confessionem ignorationis       
adduxerant ,socratem et iam ante        
,socratem ,democritum1 ,anaxagoram1     
,empedoclem1 omnis paene veteres3 qui   
nihil cognosci1 nihil percipi1 nihil    
sciri posse dixerunt3 angustos sensus1  
imbecillos animos1 brevia curricula     
vitae et1 ut ,democritus1 in profundo   
veritatem esse demersam1 opinionibus et 
institutis omnia teneri1 nihil veritati 
relinqui1 deinceps omnia tenebris       
circumfusa esse dixerunt4 #de4 ,itaque  
,arcesilas negabat esse quicquam quod   
sciri posset1 ne illud quidem ipsum1    
quod ,socrates sibi reliquisset3 sic    
omnia latere censebat in occulto3 neque 
esse quicquam quod cerni aut intellegi  
posset3 quibus de causis nihil oportere 
neque profiteri neque adfirmare quemquam
 neque adsensione approbare1 cohibereque
 semper et ab omni lapsu continere      
temeritatem1 quae tum esset insignis1   

cum aut falsa aut incognita res         
approbaretur1 neque hoc quicquam esse   
turpius quam cognitioni et perceptioni  
adsensionem approbationemque            
praecurrere4 ,huic rationi quod erat    
consentaneum faciebat1 ut contra omnium 
sententias dicens in eam plerosque      
deduceret1 ut cum in eadem re paria     
contrariis in partibus momenta rationum 
invenirentur1 facilius ab utraque parte 
adsensio sustineretur4 #df4 ,hanc       
,academiam novam appellant1 quae mihi   
vetus videtur1 si quidem ,platonem ex   
illa vetere numeramus1 cuius in libris  
nihil adfirmatur et in utramque partem  
multa disseruntur1 de omnibus quaeritur1
 nihil certi dicitur3 sed tamen illa1   
quam exposuisti1 vetus1 haec nova       
nominetur3 quae usque ad ,carneadem     
perducta1 qui quartus ab ,arcesila fuit1
 in eadem ,arcesilae ratione permansit4 
,carneades autem nullius philosophiae   
partis ignarus et1 ut cognovi ex iis1   
qui illum audierant1 maximeque ex       
,epicureo ,zenone1 qui cum ab eo        

plurimum dissentiret1 unum tamen praeter
 ceteros mirabatur1 incredibili quadam  
fuit facultate4444         99       99  
99       99       99  ,,academicorum    
,,posteriorum ,,fragmenta4  ,,ex ,,libro
 ,i4  #a4 ,nonius p4 #fe ,merc4         
,digladiari dictum est dissentire et    
dissidere1 dictum a gladiis4 ,cicero    
,academicorum lib4 ,i43 quid autem      
stomachatur ,menesarchus8 quid          
,antipater digladiatur cum ,carneade tot
 voluminibus8  #b4 ,nonius s4v4         
concinnare p4 #dc4 ,idem in ,academicis 
lib4 ,i43 qui cum similitudine verbi    
concinere maxime sibi videretur4  ,,ex  
,,libro ,,ii4  #c4 ,nonius p4 #fe4      
,aequor ab aequo et plano ,cicero       
,academicorum lib4 ,,ii4 vocabulum      
accepisse confirmat3 quid tam planum    
videtur quam mare8 e quo etiam aequor   
illud poetae vocant4  #d4 ,nonius p4    
#fi4 ,adamare ,cicero ,academicorum lib4
 ,,ii43 qui enim serius honores         
adamaverunt vix admittuntur ad eos nec  
satis commendati multitudini possunt    

esse4  #e4 ,nonius p4 #ajd4 ,exponere   
pro exempla boni ostentare4 ,cicero     
,academicis lib4 ,,ii43 frangere        
avaritiam1 scelera ponere1 vitam suam   
exponere ad imitandum iuventuti4  #f4   
,nonius p4 #aba4 ,hebes positum pro     
obscuro aut obtuso4 ,cicero             
,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 quid8 lunae   
quae liniamenta sint potesne dicere8    
cuius et nascentis et senescentis alias 
hebetiora1 alias acutiora videntur      
cornua4  #g4 ,nonius p4 #afb4           
,purpurascit4 ,cicero ,academicorum lib4
 ,,ii43 quid8 mare nonne caeruleum8 at  
eius unda1 cum est pulsa remis1         
purpurascit3 et quidem aquae tinctum    
quodam modo et infectum4444  #h4 ,nonius
 p4 #afb4 ,perpendiculi et normae4 ,cic4
 ,academicorum lib4 ,,ii43 atqui si id  
crederemus1 non egeremus perpendiculis1 
non normis1 non regulis4  #i4 ,nonius p4
 #cid4 ,siccum dicitur aridum et sine   
humore 444 ,siccum dicitur et sobrium1  
non madidum 444 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4
 ,,ii43 alius 7color7 adultis1 alius    

adulescentibus1 alius aegris1 alius     
sanis1 alius siccis1 alius vinulentis   
444  #aj4 ,nonius p4 #dgd4 ,urinantur4  
,cic4 in ,academicis lib4 ,,ii43 si     
quando enim nos demersimus1 ut qui      
urinantur1 aut nihil superum aut obscure
 admodum cernimus4  #aa4 ,nonius p4     
#ede4 ,alabaster4 ,cic4 ,academicorum   
lib4 ,,ii43 quibus etiam alabaster      
plenus unguenti puter esse videtur4     
,,ex ,,libro ,,iii4  ,cicero ad ,att4   
,,xvi4 #f4 #d4 ,de gloria librum ad te  
misi3 at in eo prooemium id est1 quod in
 ,academico tertio4  #ab4 ,nonius p4    
#fe4 ,digladiari 444 idem tertio3       
digladiari autem semper1 depugnare cum  
facinorosis et audacibus1 quis non cum  
miserrimum1 tum etiam stultissimum      
dixerit8  #ac4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,exultare
 dictum est exilire4 ,cic4 ,academicorum
 lib4 ,,iii43 et ut nos nunc sedemus ad 
,lucrinum pisciculosque exultantes      
videmus 444  #ad4 ,nonius p4 #abc4      
,ingeneraretur ut innasceretur4 ,cic4   
,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43 in tanta     

animantium varietate1 homini ut soli    
cupiditas ingeneraretur cognitionis et  
scientiae4  #ae4 ,nonius p4 #dai4       
,vindicare1 trahere1 liberare 444       
,cicero ,academicorum lib4 ,,iii43      
aliqua potestas sit1 vindicet se in     
libertatem4  #af4 ,lactantius ,inst4    
div4 ,,vi4 #bd4 ,cicero 444 cuius haec  
in ,academico tertio verba sunt3 quod si
 liceret1 ut iis qui in itinere         
deerravissent1 sic vitam deviam secutis 
corrigere errorem paenitendo1 facilior  
esset emendatio temeritatis4  #ag4      
,diomedes p4 #cgc1 ed4 ,putsch43 p4     
#cgg1 ed4 ,keil4 ,varro ad ,ciceronem   
tertio fixum et ,cicero ,academicorum   
tertio 7 ,lucullus #bg73 malcho in opera
 adfixa4  #ah4 ,nonius p4 #aci4         
,mordicibus et mordicus pro morsu1 pro  
morsibus 444 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4   
,,iii43 perspicuitatem1 quam mordicus   
tenere debemus1 abesse dicemus4         
,lucullus #ea4  #ai4 ,nonius p4 #aag4   
,gallinas4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4     
,,iii43 qui gallinas alere permultas    

quaestus causa solerent3 ii cum ovum    
inspexerant1 quae gallina peperisset    
dicere solebant4  ,lucullus #eg4  ,,ex  
,,libro ,,iiii4  #bj4 ,nonius p4 #fi1   
,adstipulari positum est adsentiri4     
,cic4 in ,academicis lib4 ,,iiii43      
falsum esse4444 ,antiochus4  ,lucullus  
#fg4  #ba4 ,nonius p4 #fe4 ,maeniana ab 
inventore eorum ,maenio dicta sunt2 unde
 et columna ,maenia4 ,cic4 ,academicorum
 lib4 ,,iiii43 item ille cum aestuaret1 
veterum ut ,maenianorum1 sic            
,academicorum viam secutus est4         
,lucullus #gj4  #bb4 ,nonius p4 #ii4    
,dolitum1 quod dolatum usu dicitur1 quod
 est percaesum vel abrasum vel effossum 
444 ,cicero dolatum ,academicorum lib4  
,,iiii43 non enim est e saxo sculptus   
aut e robore dolatus4  ,lucullus #ajj4  
#bc4 ,nonius p4 #afd4 ,ravum fulvum4    
,cic4 ,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 quia  
nobismet ipsis tum caeruleum1 tum ravum 
videtur1 quodque nunc a sole            
conlucet4444  ,lucullus #aje4  #bd4     
,nonius p4 #ajg4 ,exanclare est perpeti 

vel superare4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4  
,,iiii43 credoque ,clitomacho ita       
scribenti ut ,herculi quendam laborem   
exanclatum4  ,lucullus #ajh4  #be4      
,nonius p4 #afc4 ,pingue positum pro    
impedito et inepto4 ,cic4 ,academicorum 
lib4 ,,iiii43 quod ipsi 444 contrarium4 
,lucullus #aji4  #bf4 ,nonius p4 #abb4  
,infinitatem4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4  
,,iiii43 at hoc ,anaximandro            
infinitatem4  ,lucullus #aah4  #bg4     
,nonius p4 #fe4 ,natrices dicuntur      
angues natantes ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4
 ,,iiii43 sic enim voltis 444 fecerit4  
,lucullus #abj4  #bh4 ,nonius p4 #ahi4  
,uncinatum ab unco4 ,cic4 ,academicorum 
lib4 ,,iiii43 nec ut ille qui asperis et
 hamatis uncinatisque corpusculis       
concreta haec esse dicat4  ,lucullus    
#aba4  #bi4 ,martianus ,capella ,v4     
#eag1 p4 #ddd1 ed4 ,kopp4 ,cicero 444 in
 ,academicis3 latent ista omnia1 ,varro1
 magnis obscurata et circumfusa         
tenebris4  ,lucullus #abb4  #cj4 ,nonius
 p4 #ajb4 ,e regione positum est ex     

adverso4 ,cic4 ,academicorum lib4       
,,iiii43 nec ego non ita 444 vos etiam  
dicitis e regione nobis in contraria    
parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis     
stent contra nostra vestigia4  ,lucullus
 #abc4  #ca4 ,nonius p4 #hj4 ,balbuttire
 est cum quadam linguae haesitatione et 
confusione trepidare1 ,cic4             
,academicorum lib4 ,,iiii43 plane1 ut   
supra dictus1 ,stoicus perpauca         
balbuttiens4  ,lucullus #ace4  ,ex      
,,libris ,,incertis4  #cb4 ,lactantius  
,inst4 div4 ,,iii4 #ad4 ,haec tua verba 
sunt 7sc4 ,cicero673 mihi autem non modo
 ad sapientiam caeci videmur1 sed ad ea 
ipsa quae aliqua ex parte cerni         
videantur1 hebetes et obtusi4  #cc4     
,august4 contra ,academicos ,,ii4 #bf43 
id probabile vel veri simile ,academici 
vacant1 quod nos ad agendum sine        
adsensione potent invitare4 444 ,talia1 
inquit ,academicus1 mihi videntur omnia 
quae probabilia vel veri similia putavi 
nominanda3 quae tu si alio nomine vis   
vocare1 nihil repugno4 ,satis enim mihi 

est te iam bene accepisse quid dicam1 id
 est1 quibus rebus haec nomina imponam2 
non enim vocabulorum opificem1 sed rerum
 inquisitorem decet esse sapientem4     
,proximis post hunc locum verbis        
perspicue asseverat ,augustinus haec    
ipsius esse ,ciceronis verba4  #cd4     
,augustin4 c4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 #ae4 ,est in
 libris ,ciceronis quae in huius causae 
7i4e4 ,academicorum7 patrocinium        
scripsit1 locus quidam4444  ,academico  
sapienti ab omnibus ceterarum sectarum1 
qui sibi sapientes videntur1 secundas   
partes dari2 cum primas sibi quemque    
vindicare necesse sit2 ex quo posse     
probabiliter confici eum recte primum   
esse iudicio suo1 qui omnium ceterorum  
judicio sit secundus4  #ce4 ,augustin4  
c4 ,acad4 ,,iii4 #dc4 ,ait enim ,cicero 
illis 7i4e4 ,academicis7 morem fuisse   
occultandi sententiam suam nec eam      
cuiquam1 nisi qui secum ad senectutem   
usque vixissent1 aperire consuesse4     
#cf4 ,augustin4 ,de ,civit4 ,dei ,,vi4  
#b4 ,denique et ipse ,tullius huic 7i4e4

 ,m4,t4 ,varroni7 tale testimonium      
perhibet1 ut in libris ,academicis eam  
quae ibi versatur disputationem se      
habuisse cum ,m4 ,varrone1 homine1      
inquit1 omnium facile acutissimo et sine
 ulla dubitatione doctissimo4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,academicorum ,,priorum  ,,liber ,,ii4 
,i4 #a4 ,magnum ingenium ,luci ,luculli 
magnumque optimarum artium studium1 tum 
omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili  
ab eo percepta doctrina1 quibus         
temporibus florere in foro maxime       
potuit1 caruit omnino rebus urbanis4 ,ut
 enim admodum adolescens cum fratre pari
 pietate et industria praedito paternas 
inimicitias magna cum gloria est        
persecutus1 in ,asiam quaestor          
profectus1 ibi permultos annos          
admirabili quadam laude provinciae      
praefuit2 deinde absens factus aedilis1 
continuo praetor--licebat enim celerius 
legis praemio--1 post in ,africam1 inde 
ad consulatum1 quem ita gessit ut       
diligentiam admirarentur omnes1 ingenium

 cognoscerent4 ,post ad ,mithridaticum  
bellum missus a senatu non modo         
opinionem vicit omnium1 quae de virtute 
eius erat1 sed etiam gloriam superiorum4
 #b4 ,idque eo fuit mirabilius1 quod ab 
eo laus imperatoria non admodum         
exspectabatur1 qui adolescentiam in     
forensi opera1 quaesturae diuturnum     
tempus ,murena bellum in ,ponto gerente 
in ,asia pace consumpserat4 ,sed        
incredibilis quaedam ingeni magnitudo   
non desideravit indocilem usus          
disciplinam4 ,itaque cum totum iter et  
navigationem consumpsisset partim in    
percontando a peritis1 partim in rebus  
gestis legendis1 in ,asiam factus       
imperator venit1 cum esset ,roma        
profectus rei militaris rudis4 ,habuit  
enim divinam quandam memoriam rerum1    
verborum maiorem ,hortensius1 sed quo   
plus in negotiis gerendis res quam verba
 prosunt1 hoc erat memoria illa         
praestantior1 quam fuisse in            
,themistocle1 quem facile ,graeciae     
principem ponimus1 singularem ferunt3   

qui quidem etiam pollicenti cuidam se   
artem ei memoriae1 quae tum primum      
proferebatur1 traditurum respondisse    
dicitur oblivisci se malle discere1     
credo1 quod haerebant in memoria        
quaecumque audierat et viderat4 ,tali   
ingenio praeditus ,lucullus adiunxerat  
etiam illam1 quam ,themistocles         
spreverat1 disciplinam4 ,itaque ut      
litteris consignamus quae monumentis    
mandare volumus1 sic ille in animo res  
insculptas habebat4 #c4 ,tantus ergo    
imperator in omni genere belli fuit1    
proeliis1 oppugnationibus1 navalibus    
pugnis totiusque belli instrumento et   
apparatu1 ut ille rex post ,alexandrum  
maximus hunc a se maiorem ducem cognitum
 quam quemquam eorum1 quos legisset1    
fateretur4 ,in eodem tanta prudentia    
fuit in constituendis temperandisque    
civitatibus1 tanta aequitas1 ut hodie   
stet ,asia ,luculli institutis servandis
 et quasi vestigiis persequendis4 ,sed  
etsi magna cum utilitate rei publicae1  
tamen diutius quam vellem tanta vis     

virtutis atque ingeni peregrinata afuit 
ab oculis et fori et curiae4 ,quin      
etiam1 cum victor a ,mithridatico bello 
revertisset1 inimicorum calumnia        
triennio tardius quam debuerat          
triumphavit4 ,nos enim consules         
introduximus paene in urbem currum      
clarissimi viri3 cuius mihi consilium et
 auctoritas quid tum in maximis rebus   
profuisset dicerem1 nisi de me ipso     
dicendum esset3 quod hoc tempore non est
 necesse4 ,itaque privabo illum potius  
debito testimonio quam id cum mea laude 
communicem4  ,,ii4 #d4 ,sed quae        
populari gloria decorari in ,lucullo    
debuerunt1 ea fere sunt et ,graecis     
litteris celebrata et ,latinis4 ,nos    
autem illa externa cum multis1 haec     
interiora cum paucis ex ipso saepe      
cognovimus4 ,maiore enim studio         
,lucullus cum omni litterarum generi tum
 philosophiae deditus fuit quam qui     
illum ignorabant arbitrabantur1 nec vero
 ineunte aetate solum1 sed et pro       
quaestore aliquot annos et in ipso      

bello1 in quo ita magna rei militaris   
esse occupatio solet1 ut non multum     
imperatori sub ipsis pellibus otii      
relinquatur4 ,cum autem e philosophis   
ingenio scientiaque putaretur           
,antiochus1 ,philonis auditor1          
excellere1 eum secum et quaestor habuit 
et post aliquot annos imperator1 cumque 
esset ea memoria1 quam ante dixi1 ea    
saepe audiendo facile cognovit1 quae vel
 semel audita meminisse potuisset4      
,delectabatur autem mirifice lectione   
librorum1 de quibus audiebat4  #e4 ,ac  
vereor interdum ne talium personarum cum
 amplificare velim1 minuam etiam        
gloriam4 ,sunt enim multi qui omnino    
,graecas non ament litteras1 plures qui 
philosophiam1 reliqui1 etiam si haec non
 improbent1 tamen earum rerum           
disputationem principibus civitatis non 
ita decoram putant4 ,ego autem1 cum     
,graecas litteras ,m4 ,catonem in       
senectute didicisse acceperim1 ,p4 autem
 ,africani historiae loquantur in       
legatione illa nobili1 quam ante        

censuram obiit1 ,panaetium unum omnino  
comitem fuisse1 nec litterarum          
,graecarum nec philosophiae iam ullum   
auctorem requiro4 #f4 ,restat ut iis    
respondeam1 qui sermonibus eius modi    
nolint personas tam gravis illigari4    
,quasi vero clarorum virorum aut tacitos
 congressus esse oporteat aut ludicros  
sermones aut rerum colloquia leviorum6  
,etenim1 si quodam in libro vere est a  
nobis philosophia laudata1 profecto eius
 tractatio optimo atque amplissimo      
quoque dignissima est1 nec quicquam     
aliud videndum est nobis1 quos populus  
,romanus hoc in gradu collocavit1 nisi  
ne quid privatis studiis de opera       
publica detrahamus4 ,quod si1 cum fungi 
munere debebamus1 non modo operam       
nostram numquam a populari coetu        
removimus1 sed ne litteram quidem ullam 
fecimus nisi forensem1 quis reprehendet 
nostrum otium1 qui in eo non modo nosmet
 ipsos hebescere et languere nolumus1   
sed etiam ut plurimis prosimus enitimur8
 ,gloriam vero non modo non minui1 sed  

etiam augeri arbitramur eorum1 quorum ad
 popularis illustrisque laudes has etiam
 minus notas minusque pervolgatas       
adiungimus4 #g4 ,sunt etiam qui negent  
in iis1 qui in nostris libris disputent1
 fuisse earum rerum1 de quibus          
disputatur1 scientiam3 qui mihi videntur
 non solum vivis1 sed etiam mortuis     
invidere4  ,,iii4 ,restat unum genus    
reprehensorum1 quibus ,academiae ratio  
non probatur4 ,quod gravius ferremus1 si
 quisquam ullam disciplinam philosophiae
 probaret praeter eam1 quam ipse        
sequeretur4 ,nos autem1 quoniam contra  
omnis dicere quae videntur solemus1 non 
possumus quin alii a nobis dissentiant  
recusare3 quamquam nostra quidem causa  
facilis est1 qui verum invenire sine    
ulla contentione volumus1 idque summa   
cura studioque conquirimus4 ,etsi enim  
omnis cognitio multis est obstructa     
difficultatibus eaque est et in ipsis   
rebus obscuritas et in iudiciis nostris 
infirmitas1 ut non sine causa           
antiquissimi et doctissimi invenire se  

posse quod cuperent diffisi sint1 tamen 
nec illi defecerunt neque nos studium   
exquirendi defetigati relinquemus1 neque
 nostrae disputationes quicquam aliud   
agunt nisi ut in utramque partem dicendo
 eliciant et tamquam exprimant aliquid1 
quod aut verum sit aut ad id quam       
proxime accedat4 #h4 ,neque inter nos et
 eos1 qui se scire arbitrantur1 quicquam
 interest1 nisi quod illi non dubitant  
quin ea vera sint1 quae defendunt3 nos  
probabilia multa habemus1 quae sequi    
facile1 adfirmare vix possumus4 ,hoc    
autem liberiores et solutiores sumus1   
quod integra nobis est iudicandi        
potestas1 nec ut omnia1 quae praescripta
 et quasi imperata sint1 defendamus     
necessitate ulla cogimur4 ,nam ceteri   
primum ante tenentur adstricti quam quid
 esset optimum iudicare potuerunt3      
deinde infirmissimo tempore aetatis aut 
obsecuti amico cuidam aut una alicuius1 
quem primum audierunt1 oratione capti de
 rebus incognitis iudicant et1 ad       
quamcumque sunt disciplinam quasi       

tempestate delati1 ad eam tamquam ad    
saxum adhaerescunt4 #i4 ,nam1 quod      
dicunt omnino se credere ei1 quem       
iudicent fuisse sapientem1 probarem1 si 
id ipsum rudes et indocti iudicare      
potuissent--statuere enim qui sit       
sapiens vel maxime videtur esse         
sapientis--1 sed ut potuerint1 potuerunt
 omnibus rebus auditis1 cognitis etiam  
reliquorum sententiis1 iudicaverunt     
autem re semel audita atque ad unius se 
auctoritatem contulerunt4 ,sed nescio   
quo modo plerique errare malunt eamque  
sententiam1 quam adamaverunt1           
pugnacissime defendere quam sine        
pertinacia quid constantissime dicatur  
exquirere4 ,quibus de rebus et alias    
saepe multa quaesita et disputata sunt  
et quondam in ,hortensii villa1 quae est
 ad ,baulos1 cum eo ,catulus et         
,lucullus nosque ipsi postridie         
venissemus1 quam apud ,catulum          
fuissemus4 ,quo quidem etiam maturius   
venimus1 quod erat constitutum1 si      
ventus esset1 ,lucullo in ,neapolitanum1

 mihi in ,pompeianum navigare4 ,cum     
igitur pauca in xysto locuti essemus1   
tum eodem in spatio consedimus4  ,,iv4  
#aj4 ,hic ,catulus3 ,etsi heri1 inquit1 
id1 quod quaerebatur1 paene explicatum  
est1 ut tota fere quaestio tractata     
videatur1 tamen exspecto ea1 quae te    
pollicitus es1 ,luculle1 ab ,antiocho   
audita dicturum4 ,equidem1 inquit       
,hortensius1 feci plus quam vellem3     
totam enim rem ,lucullo integram        
servatam oportuit4 ,et tamen fortasse   
servata est3 a me enim ea1 quae in      
promptu erant1 dicta sunt1 a ,lucullo   
autem reconditiora desidero4 ,tum ille3 
,non sane1 inquit1 ,hortensi1 conturbat 
me exspectatio tua1 etsi nihil est iis1 
qui placere volunt1 tam adversarium1 sed
 quia non laboro quam valde ea1 quae    
dico1 probaturus sim1 eo minus          
conturbor4 ,dicam enim nec mea nec ea1  
in quibus1 si non fuerint1 non vinci me 
malim quam vincere4 ,sed mehercule1 ut  
quidem nunc se causa habet1 etsi        
hesterno sermone labefactata est1 mihi  

tamen videtur esse verissima4 ,agam     
igitur1 sicut ,antiochus agebat3 nota   
enim mihi res est4 ,nam et vacuo animo  
illum audiebam et magno studio1 eadem de
 re etiam saepius1 ut etiam maiorem     
exspectationem mei faciam quam modo     
fecit ,hortensius4 ,cum ita esset       
exorsus1 ad audiendum animos ereximus4  
#aa4 ,at ille3 ,cum ,alexandriae pro    
quaestore1 inquit1 essem1 fuit          
,antiochus mecum et erat iam antea      
,alexandriae familiaris ,antiochi       
,heraclitus ,tyrius1 qui et ,clitomachum
 multos annos et ,philonem audierat1    
homo sane in ista philosophia1 quae nunc
 prope dimissa revocatur1 probatus et   
nobilis3 cum quo ,antiochum saepe       
disputantem audiebam1 sed utrumque      
leniter4 ,et quidem isti libri duo      
,philonis1 de quibus heri dictum a      
,catulo est1 tum erant adlati           
,alexandriam tumque primum in ,antiochi 
manus venerant3 et homo natura          
lenissimus--nihil enim poterat fieri    
illo mitius--stomachari tamen coepit4   

,mirabar3 nec enim umquam ante videram4 
,at ille1 ,heracliti memoriam implorans1
 quaerere ex eo viderenturne illa       
,philonis aut ea num vel e ,philone vel 
ex ullo ,academico audivisset aliquando8
 ,negabat4 ,philonis tamen scriptum     
agnoscebat3 nec id quidem dubitari      
poterat3 nam aderant mei familiares1    
docti homines1 ,p4 et ,c4 ,selii et     
,tetrilius ,rogus1 qui se illa audivisse
 ,romae de ,philone et ab eo ipso illos 
duos libros dicerent descripsisse4 #ab4 
,tum et illa dixit ,antiochus1 quae heri
 ,catulus commemoravit a patre suo dicta
 ,philoni1 et alia plura1 nec se tenuit 
quin contra suum doctorem librum etiam  
ederet1 qui ,sosus inscribitur4 ,tum    
igitur et cum ,heraclitum studiose      
audirem contra ,antiochum disserentem et
 item ,antiochum contra ,academicos1    
dedi ,antiocho operam diligentius1 ut   
causam ex eo totam cognoscerem4 ,itaque 
compluris dies adhibito ,heraclito      
doctisque compluribus et in iis         
,antiochi fratre1 ,aristo1 et praeterea 

,aristone et ,dione1 quibus ille        
secundum fratrem plurimum tribuebat1    
multum temporis in ista una disputatione
 consumpsimus4 ,sed ea pars1 quae contra
 ,philonem erat1 praetermittenda est3   
minus enim acer est adversarius is1 qui 
ista1 quae sunt heri defensa1 negat     
,academicos omnino dicere4 ,etsi enim   
mentitur1 tamen est adversarius lenior4 
,ad ,arcesilam ,carneademque veniamus4  
,v4 #ac4 ,quae cum dixisset1 sic rursus 
exorsus est3 ,primum mihi videmini--me  
autem nomine appellabat1 cum veteres    
physicos nominatis1 facere idem1 quod   
seditiosi cives solent1 cum aliquos ex  
antiquis claros viros proferunt1 quos   
dicant fuisse popularis1 ut eorum ipsi  
similes esse videantur4 ,repetunt ii a  
,p4 ,valerio1 qui exactis regibus primo 
anno consul fuit1 commemorant reliquos1 
qui leges popularis de provocationibus  
tulerint1 cum consules essent2 tum ad   
hos notiores1 ,c4 ,flaminium1 qui legem 
agrariam aliquot annis ante secundum    
,punicum bellum tribunus plebis tulerit 

invito senatu et postea bis consul      
factus sit1 ,l4 ,cassium1 ,q4 ,pompeium3
 illi quidem etiam ,p4 ,africanum       
referre in eundem numerum solent4 ,duos 
vero sapientissimos et clarissimos      
fratres1 ,p4 ,crassum et ,p4 ,scaevolam1
 aiunt ,ti4 ,graccho auctores legum     
fuisse1 alterum quidem1 ut videmus1     
palam1 alterum1 ut suspicantur1         
obscurius4 ,addunt etiam ,c4 ,marium4   
,et de hoc quidem nihil mentiuntur4     
,horum nominibus tot virorum atque      
tantorum expositis eorum se institutum  
sequi dicunt4 #ad4 ,similiter vos1 cum  
perturbare1 ut illi rem publicam1 sic   
vos philosophiam bene iam constitutam   
velitis1 ,empedoclem1 ,anaxagoram1      
,democritum1 ,parmenidem1 ,xenophanem1  
,platonem etiam et ,socratem profertis4 
,sed neque ,saturninus1 ut nostrum      
inimicum potissimum nominem1 simile     
quicquam habuit veterum illorum nec     
,arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum  
,democriti verecundia4 ,et tamen isti   
physici raro admodum1 cum haerent aliquo

 loco1 exclamant quasi mente incitati1  
,empedocles quidem1 ut interdum mihi    
furere videatur1 abstrusa esse omnia1   
nihil nos sentire1 nihil cernere1 nihil 
omnino quale sit posse reperire3 maiorem
 autem partem mihi quidem omnes isti    
videntur nimis etiam quaedam adfirmare  
plusque profiteri se scire quam sciant4 
#ae4 ,quod si illi tum in novis rebus   
quasi modo nascentes haesitaverunt1     
nihilne tot saeculis1 summis ingeniis1  
maximis studiis explicatum putamus8     
nonne1 cum iam philosophorum disciplinae
 gravissimae constitissent1 tum exortus 
est ut in optima re publica ,ti4        
,gracchus qui otium perturbaret1 sic    
,arcesilas qui constitutam philosophiam 
everteret et in eorum auctoritate       
delitisceret1 qui negavissent quicquam  
sciri aut percipi posse8 quorum e numero
 tollendus est et ,plato et ,socrates3  
alter1 quia reliquit perfectissimam     
disciplinam1 ,peripateticos et          
,academicos1 nominibus differentis1 re  
congruentis1 a quibus ,stoici ipsi      

verbis magis quam sententiis            
dissenserunt4 ,socrates autem de se ipse
 detrahens in disputatione plus         
tribuebat iis1 quos volebat refellere4  
,ita1 cum aliud agnosceret atque        
sentiret1 libenter uti solitus est ea   
dissimulatione1 quam ,graeci  vocant3   
quam ait etiam in ,africano fuisse      
,fannius1 idque propterea vitiosum in   
illo non putandum1 quod idem fuerit in  
,socrate4  ,,vi4 #af4 ,sed fuerint illa 
veteribus1 si voltis1 incognita4        
,nihilne est igitur actum1 quod         
investigata sunt1 postea quam ,arcesilas
 ,zenoni1 ut putatur1 obtrectans nihil  
novi reperienti1 sed emendanti          
superiores immutatione verborum1 dum    
huius definitiones labefactare volt1    
conatus est clarissimis rebus tenebras  
obducere8 ,cuius primo non admodum      
probata ratio1 quamquam floruit cum     
acumine ingeni tum admirabili quodam    
lepore dicendi1 proxime a ,lacyde solo  
retenta est3 post autem confecta a      
,carneade1 qui est quartus ab ,arcesila3

 audivit enim ,hegesinum1 qui ,euandrum 
audierat1 ,lacydi discipulum1 cum       
,arcesilae ,lacydes fuisset4 ,sed ipse  
,carneades diu tenuit3 nam nonaginta    
vixit annos1 et qui illum audierant1    
admodum floruerunt3 e quibus industriae 
plurimum in ,clitomacho fuit--declarat  
multitudo librorum--ingeni non minus in 
,aeschine1 in ,charmada eloquentiae1 in 
,melanthio ,rhodio suavitatis4 ,bene    
autem nosse ,carneadem ,stratoniceus    
,metrodorus putabatur4 #ag4 ,iam        
,clitomacho ,philo vester operam multos 
annos dedit4 ,philone autem vivo        
patrocinium ,academiae non defuit4 ,sed1
 quod nos facere nunc ingredimur1 ut    
contra ,academicos disseramus1 id quidam
 e philosophis et ii quidem non         
mediocres faciendum omnino non putabant3
 nec vero esse ullam rationem disputare 
cum iis1 qui nihil probarent1           
,antipatrumque ,stoicum1 qui multus in  
eo fuisset1 reprehendebant1 nec definiri
 aiebant necesse esse quid esset        
cognitio aut perceptio aut1 si verbum e 

verbo volumus1 comprehensio1 quam  illi 
vocant1 eosque1 qui persuadere vellent1 
esse aliquid quod comprehendi et percipi
 posset1 inscienter facere dicebant1    
propterea quod nihil esset clarius 1 ut 
,graeci3 perspicuitatem aut evidentiam  
nos1 si placet1 nominemus fabricemurque1
 si opus erit1 verba1 ne hic sibi--me   
appellabat iocans--hoc licere putet     
soli3 sed tamen orationem nullam        
putabant illustriorem ipsa evidentia    
reperiri posse nec ea1 quae tam clara   
essent1 definienda censebant4 ,alii     
autem negabant se pro hac evidentia     
quicquam priores fuisse dicturos1 sed ad
 ea1 quae contra dicerentur1 dici       
oportere putabant1 ne qui fallerentur4  
#ah4 ,plerique tamen et definitiones    
ipsarum etiam evidentium rerum non      
improbant et rem idoneam1 de qua        
quaeratur1 et homines dignos1 quibuscum 
disseratur1 putant4 ,philo autem1 dum   
nova quaedam commovet1 quod ea sustinere
 vix poterat1 quae contra ,academicorum 
pertinaciam dicebantur1 et aperte       

mentitur1 ut est reprehensus a patre    
,catulo1 et1 ut docuit ,antiochus1 in id
 ipsum se induit1 quod timebat4 ,cum    
enim ita negaret1 quicquam esse1 quod   
comprehendi posset--id enim volumus esse
 --1 si illud esset1 sicut ,zeno        
definiret1 tale visum--iam enim hoc pro 
verbum satis hesterno sermone           
trivimus--visum igitur impressum        
effictumque ex eo1 unde esset1 quale    
esse non posset1 ex eo1 unde non esset1 
id nos a ,zenone definitum rectissime   
dicimus3 qui enim potest quicquam       
comprehendi1 ut plane confidas perceptum
 id cognitumque esse1 quod est tale1    
quale vel falsum esse possit8 hoc cum   
infirmat tollitque ,philo1 iudicium     
tollit incogniti et cogniti3 ex quo     
efficitur nihil posse comprehendi4 ,ita 
imprudens eo1 quo minime volt1          
revolvitur4 ,qua re omnis oratio contra 
,academiam suscipitur a nobis1 ut       
retineamus eam definitionem1 quam ,philo
 voluit evertere4 ,quam nisi obtinemus1 
percipi nihil posse concedimus4  ,,vii4 

#ai4 ,ordiamur igitur a sensibus3 quorum
 ita clara iudicia et certa sunt1 ut1 si
 optio naturae nostrae detur1 et ab ea  
deus aliqui requirat contentane sit suis
 integris incorruptisque sensibus an    
postulet melius aliquid1 non videam quid
 quaerat amplius4 ,nec vero hoc loco    
exspectandum est1 dum de remo inflexo   
aut de collo columbae respondeam3 non   
enim is sum1 qui quidquid videtur tale  
dicam esse quale videatur4 ,epicurus hoc
 viderit et alia multa4 ,meo autem      
iudicio ita est maxima in sensibus      
veritas1 si et sani sunt ac valentes et 
omnia removentur1 quae obstant et       
impediunt4 ,itaque et lumen mutari saepe
 volumus et situs earum rerum1 quas     
intuemur1 et intervalla aut contrahimus 
aut diducimus1 multaque facimus usque   
eo1 dum adspectus ipse fidem faciat sui 
iudicii4 ,quod idem fit in vocibus1 in  
odore1 in sapore1 ut nemo sit nostrum   
qui in sensibus sui cuiusque generis    
iudicium requirat acrius4 #bj4 ,adhibita
 vero exercitatione et arte1 ut oculi   

pictura teneantur1 aures cantibus1 quis 
est quin cernat quanta vis sit in       
sensibus8 ,quam multa vident pictores in
 umbris et in eminentia1 quae nos non   
videmus6 quam multa1 quae nos fugiunt in
 cantu1 exaudiunt in eo genere          
exercitati6 qui primo inflatu tibicinis 
,antiopam esse aiunt aut ,andromacham1  
quum id nos ne suspicemur quidem4 ,nihil
 necesse est de gustatu et odoratu      
loqui1 in quibus intellegentia1 etsi    
vitiosa1 est quaedam tamen4 ,quid de    
tactu1 et eo quidem1 quem philosophi    
interiorem vocant1 aut doloris aut      
voluptatis8 in quo ,cyrenaici solo      
putant veri esse iudicium1 quia         
sentiatur3--potestne igitur quisquam    
dicere inter eum1 qui doleat1 et inter  
eum1 qui in voluptate sit1 nihil        
interesse8 aut1 ita qui sentiet non     
apertissime insaniat8 #ba4 ,atqui qualia
 sunt haec1 quae sensibus percipi       
dicimus1 talia secuntur ea1 quae non    
sensibus ipsis percipi dicuntur1 sed    
quodam modo sensibus1 ut haec3 'illud   

est album1 hoc dulce1 canorum illud1 hoc
 bene olens1 hoc asperum4' ,animo iam   
haec tenemus comprehensa1 non sensibus4 
',ille' deinceps 'equus est1 ille       
canis4' ,cetera series deinde sequitur1 
maiora nectens1 ut haec1 quae quasi     
expletam rerum comprehensionem          
amplectuntur3 'si homo est1 animal est  
mortale1 rationis particeps4' ,quo e    
genere nobis notitiae rerum imprimuntur1
 sine quibus nec intellegi quicquam nec 
quaeri disputarive potest4 #bb4 ,quod si
 essent falsae notitiae-- enim notitias 
appellare tu videbare--1 si igitur      
essent hae falsae aut eius modi visis   
impressae1 qualia visa a falsis discerni
 non possent1 quo tandem his modo       
uteremur8 quo modo autem quid cuique rei
 consentaneum esset1 quid repugnaret    
videremus8 ,memoriae quidem certe1 quae 
non modo philosophiam1 sed omnis vitae  
usus omnisque artis una maxime continet1
 nihil omnino loci relinquitur4 ,quae   
potest enim esse memoria falsorum8 aut  
quid quisquam meminit1 quod non animo   

comprehendit et tenet8 ,ars vero quae   
potest esse nisi quae non ex una aut    
duabus1 sed ex multis animi             
perceptionibus constat8 ,quam si        
subtraxeris1 qui distingues artificem ab
 inscio8 ,non enim fortuito hunc        
artificem dicemus esse1 illum negabimus1
 sed cum alterum percepta et comprehensa
 tenere videmus1 alterum non item4      
,cumque artium aliud eius modi genus    
sit1 ut tantum modo animo rem cernat1   
aliud1 ut moliatur aliquid et faciat1   
quo modo aut geometres cernere ea       
potest1 quae aut nulla sunt aut         
internosci a falsis non possunt1 aut is1
 qui fidibus utitur1 explere numeros et 
conficere versus8 ,quod idem in         
similibus quoque artibus continget1     
quarum omne opus est in faciendo atque  
agendo4 ,quid enim est quod arte effici 
possit1 nisi is1 qui artem tractabit1   
multa perceperit8  ,,viii4 #bc4 ,maxime 
vero virtutum cognitio confirmat percipi
 et comprehendi multa posse4 ,in quibus 
solis inesse etiam scientiam dicimus1   

quam nos non comprehensionem modo rerum1
 sed eam stabilem quoque et immutabilem 
esse censemus1 itemque sapientiam1 artem
 vivendi1 quae ipsa ex sese habeat      
constantiam4 ,ea autem constantia si    
nihil habeat percepti et cogniti1 quaero
 unde nata sit aut quo modo8 ,quaero    
etiam1 ille vir bonus1 qui statuit omnem
 cruciatum perferre1 intolerabili dolore
 lacerari potius quam aut officium      
prodat aut fidem1 cur has igitur sibi   
tam gravis leges imposuerit1 cum quam ob
 rem ita oporteret nihil haberet        
comprehensi1 percepti1 cogniti1         
constituti8 ,nullo igitur modo fieri    
potest ut quisquam tanti aestimet       
aequitatem et fidem1 ut eius            
conservandae causa nullum supplicium    
recuset1 nisi iis rebus adsensus sit1   
quae falsae esse non possint4 #bd4 ,ipsa
 vero sapientia1 si se ignorabit        
sapientia sit necne1 quo modo primum    
obtinebit nomen sapientiae8 deinde quo  
modo suscipere aliquam rem aut agere    
fidenter audebit1 cum certi nihil erit  

quod sequatur8 cum vero dubitabit quid  
sit extremum et ultimum bonorum1        
ignorans quo omnia referantur1 qui      
poterit esse sapientia8 ,atque etiam    
illud perspicuum est1 constitui necesse 
esse initium1 quod sapientia1 cum quid  
agere incipiat1 sequatur1 idque initium 
esse naturae accommodatum4 ,nam aliter  
appetitio--eam enim volumus esse --1 qua
 ad agendum impellimur1 et id appetimus1
 quod est visum1 moveri non potest4 #be4
 ,illud autem1 quod movet1 prius oportet
 videri eique credi3 quod fieri non     
potest1 si id1 quod visum erit1 discerni
 non poterit a falso4 ,quo modo autem   
moveri animus ad appetendum potest1 si  
id1 quod videtur1 non percipitur        
accommodatumne naturae sit an alienum8  
,itemque1 si quid offici sui sit non    
occurrit animo1 nihil umquam omnino     
aget1 ad nullam rem umquam impelletur1  
numquam movebitur4 ,quod si aliquid     
aliquando acturus est1 necesse est id ei
 verum1 quod occurrit1 videri4 #bf4     
,quid quod1 si ista vera sunt1 ratio    

omnis tollitur1 quasi quaedam lux       
lumenque vitae1 tamenne in ista         
pravitate perstabitis8 ,nam quaerendi   
initium ratio attulit1 quae perfecit    
virtutem1 cum esset ipsa ratio          
confirmata quaerendo4 ,quaestio autem   
est appetitio cognitionis quaestionisque
 finis inventio4 ,at nemo invenit falsa1
 nec ea1 quae incerta permanent1 inventa
 esse possunt1 sed1 cum ea1 quae quasi  
involuta fuerunt1 aperta sunt1 tum      
inventa dicuntur4 ,sic et initium       
quaerendi et exitus percipiendi et      
comprehendendi tenetur4 ,itaque         
argumenti conclusio1 quae est ,graece 1 
ita definitur3 'ratio1 quae ex rebus    
perceptis ad id1 quod non percipiebatur1
 adducit4'  ,,ix4 #bg4 ,quod si omnia   
visa eius modi essent1 qualia isti      
dicunt1 ut ea vel falsa esse possent1   
neque ea posset ulla notio discernere1  
quo modo quemquam aut conclusisse       
aliquid aut invenisse diceremus aut quae
 esset conclusi argumenti fides8 ,ipsa  
autem philosophia1 quae rationibus      

progredi debet1 quem habebit exitum8    
,sapientiae vero quid futurum est8 quae 
neque de se ipsa dubitare debet neque de
 suis decretis1 quae philosophi vocant 1
 quorum nullum sine scelere prodi       
poterit4 ,cum enim decretum proditur1   
lex veri rectique proditur1 quo e vitio 
et amicitiarum proditiones et rerum     
publicarum nasci solent4 ,non potest    
igitur dubitari quin decretum nullum    
falsum possit esse sapientique satis non
 sit non esse falsum1 sed etiam stabile1
 fixum1 ratum esse debeat1 quod movere  
nulla ratio queat4 ,talia autem neque   
esse neque videri possunt eorum ratione1
 qui illa visa1 e quibus omnia decreta  
sunt nata1 negant quicquam a falsis     
interesse4 #bh4 ,ex hoc illud est natum1
 quod postulabat ,hortensius1 ut id     
ipsum saltem perceptum a sapiente       
diceretis1 nihil posse percipi4 ,sed    
,antipatro hoc idem postulanti1 cum     
diceret ei1 qui adfirmaret nihil posse  
percipi1 consentaneum esse unum tamen   
illud dicere percipi posse1 ut alia non 

possent1 ,carneades acutius resistebat4 
,nam tantum abesse dicebat1 ut id       
consentaneum esset1 ut maxime etiam     
repugnaret4 ,qui enim negaret quicquam  
esse quod perciperetur1 eum nihil       
excipere3 ita necesse esse1 ne id ipsum 
quidem1 quod exceptum non esset1        
comprehendi et percipi ullo modo posse4 
#bi4 ,antiochus ad istum locum pressius 
videbatur accedere4 ,quoniam enim id    
haberent ,academici decretum1--sentitis 
enim iam hoc me  dicere--1 nihil posse  
percipi1 non debere eos in suo decreto1 
sicut in ceteris rebus1 fluctuare1      
praesertim cum in eo summa consisteret3 
hanc enim esse regulam totius           
philosophiae1 constitutionem veri falsi1
 cogniti incogniti3 quam rationem       
quoniam susciperent docereque vellent   
quae visa accipi oporteret et quae      
repudiari1 certe hoc ipsum1 ex quo omne 
veri falsique iudicium esset1 percipere 
eos debuisse3 etenim duo esse haec      
maxima in philosophia1 iudicium veri et 
finem bonorum1 nec sapientem posse esse1

 qui aut cognoscendi esse initium       
ignoret aut extremum expetendi1 ut aut  
unde proficiscatur aut quo perveniendum 
sit nesciat3 haec autem habere dubia    
neque iis ita confidere1 ut moveri non  
possint1 abhorrere a sapientia plurimum4
 ,hoc igitur modo potius erat ab his    
postulandum1 ut hoc unum saltem1 percipi
 nihil posse1 perceptum esse dicerent4  
,sed de inconstantia totius illorum     
sententiae1 si ulla sententia cuiusquam 
esse potest nihil approbantis1 sit1 ut  
opinor1 dictum satis4  ,x4 #cj4         
,sequitur disputatio copiosa illa       
quidem1 sed paulo abstrusior--habet enim
 aliquantum a physicis--1 ut verear ne  
maiorem largiar ei1 qui contra dicturus 
est1 libertatem et licentiam4 ,nam quid 
eum facturum putem de abditis rebus et  
obscuris1 qui lucem eripere conetur8    
,sed disputari poterat subtiliter1      
quanto quasi artificio natura fabricata 
esset primum animal omne1 deinde hominem
 maxime1 quae vis esset in sensibus1    
quem ad modum primum visa nos pellerent1

 deinde appetitio ab his pulsa          
sequeretur1 tum ut sensus ad res        
percipiendas intenderemus4 ,mens enim   
ipsa1 quae sensuum fons est atque etiam 
ipsa sensus est1 naturalem vim habet1   
quam intendit ad ea1 quibus movetur4    
,itaque alia visa sic adripit1 ut iis   
statim utatur1 alia quasi recondit1 e   
quibus memoria oritur4 ,cetera autem    
similitudinibus construit1 ex quibus    
efficiuntur notitiae rerum1 quas ,graeci
 tum 1 tum  vocant4 ,eo cum accessit    
ratio argumentique conclusio rerumque   
innumerabilium multitudo1 tum et        
perceptio eorum omnium apparet et eadem 
ratio perfecta his gradibus ad          
sapientiam pervenit4 #ca4 ,ad rerum     
igitur scientiam vitaeque constantiam   
aptissima cum sit mens hominis1         
amplectitur maxime cognitionem1 et istam
 1 quam1 ut dixi1 verbum e verbo        
exprimentes comprehensionem dicemus1 cum
 ipsam per se amat--nihil est enim ei   
veritatis luce dulcius--tum etiam       
propter usum4 ,quocirca et sensibus     

utitur et artis efficit1 quasi sensus   
alteros1 et usque eo philosophiam ipsam 
corroborat1 ut virtutem efficiat1 ex qua
 re una vita omnis apta sit4 ,ergo ii1  
qui negant quicquam posse comprehendi1  
haec ipsa eripiunt vel instrumenta vel  
ornamenta vitae vel potius etiam totam  
vitam evertunt funditus ipsumque animal 
orbant animo1 ut difficile sit de       
temeritate eorum1 perinde ut causa      
postulat1 dicere4  #cb4 ,nec vero satis 
constituere possum quod sit eorum       
consilium aut quid velint4 ,interdum    
enim cum adhibemus ad eos orationem eius
 modi3 ',si ea1 quae disputentur1 vera  
sint1 tum omnia fore incerta1'          
respondent3 ',quid ergo istud ad nos8   
num nostra culpa est8 naturam accusa1   
quae in profundo veritatem1 ut ait      
,democritus1 penitus abstruserit4' ,alii
 autem elegantius1 qui etiam queruntur1 
quod eos insimulemus omnia incerta      
dicere1 quantumque intersit inter       
incertum et id1 quod percipi non possit1
 docere conantur eaque distinguere4 ,cum

 his igitur agamus1 qui haec            
distinguunt3 illos1 qui omnia sic       
incerta dicunt1 ut stellarum numerus par
 an impar sit1 quasi desperatos aliquos 
relinquamus4 ,volunt enim--et hoc quidem
 vel maxime vos animadvertebam          
moveri--probabile aliquid esse et quasi 
veri simile1 eaque se uti regula et in  
agenda vita et in quaerendo ac          
disserendo4  ,,xi4 #cc4 ,quae ista      
regula est veri et falsi1 si notionem   
veri et falsi1 propterea quod ea non    
possunt internosci1 nullam habemus8 ,nam
 si habemus1 interesse oportet ut inter 
rectum et pravum1 sic inter verum et    
falsum4 ,si nihil interest1 nulla regula
 est nec potest is1 cui est visio veri  
falsique communis1 ullum habere iudicium
 aut ullam omnino veritatis notam4 ,nam 
cum dicunt hoc se unum tollere1 ut      
quicquam possit ita videri1 ut non eodem
 modo falsum etiam possit videri1 cetera
 autem concedere1 faciunt pueriliter4   
,quo enim omnia iudicantur sublato      
reliqua se negant tollere3 ut si quis   

quem oculis privaverit1 dicat ea1 quae  
cerni possent1 se ei non ademisse4 ,ut  
enim illa oculis modo agnoscuntur1 sic  
reliqua visis1 sed propria veri1 non    
communi veri et falsi nota4 ,quam ob    
rem1 sive tu probabilem visionem sive   
probabilem et quae non impediatur1 ut   
,carneades volebat1 sive aliud quid     
proferes quod sequare1 ad visum illud1  
de quo agimus1 tibi erit revertendum4   
#cd4 ,in eo autem1 si erit communitas   
cum falso1 nullum erit iudicium1 quia   
proprium in communi signo notari non    
potest4 ,sin autem commune nihil erit1  
habeo quod volo3 id enim quaero1 quod   
ita mihi videatur verum1 ut non possit  
item falsum videri4 ,simili in errore   
versantur1 cum convicio veritatis coacti
 perspicua a perceptis volunt           
distinguere et conantur ostendere esse  
aliquid perspicui1 verum illud quidem   
impressum in animo atque mente1 neque   
tamen id percipi atque comprehendi      
posse4 ,quo enim modo perspicue dixeris 
album esse aliquid1 cum possit accidere 

ut id1 quod nigrum sit1 album esse      
videatur8 aut quo modo ista aut         
perspicua dicemus aut impressa          
subtiliter1 cum sit incertum vere       
inaniterne moveatur8 ,ita neque color   
neque corpus nec veritas nec argumentum 
nec sensus neque perspicuum ullum       
relinquitur4 #ce4 ,ex hoc illud iis usu 
venire solet1 ut1 quidquid dixerint1 a  
quibusdam interrogentur3 ',ergo istuc   
quidem percipis8' ,sed qui ita          
interrogant1 ab iis irridentur4 ,non    
enim urguent1 ut coarguant neminem ulla 
de re posse contendere neque adseverare 
sine aliqua eius rei1 quam sibi quisque 
placere dicit1 certa et propria nota4   
,quod est igitur istuc vestrum          
probabile8 ,nam si1 quod cuique occurrit
 et primo quasi adspectu probabile      
videtur1 id confirmatur1 quid eo levius8
 #cf4 ,sin ex circumspectione aliqua et 
accurata consideratione1 quod visum sit1
 id se dicent sequi1 tamen exitum non   
habebunt3 primum quia iis visis1 inter  
quae nihil interest1 aequaliter omnibus 

abrogatur fides3 deinde1 cum dicant     
posse accidere sapienti ut1 cum omnia   
fecerit diligentissimeque               
circumspexerit1 exsistat aliquid quod et
 veri simile videatur et absit          
longissime a vero1 ne si magnam partem  
quidem1 ut solent dicere1 ad verum ipsum
 aut quam proxime accedant1 confidere   
sibi poterunt4 ,ut enim confidant1 notum
 iis esse debebit insigne veri1 quo     
obscurato et oppresso quod tandem verum 
sibi videbuntur attingere8 ,quid autem  
tam absurde dici potest quam cum ita    
locuntur3 ',est hoc quidem illius rei   
signum aut argumentum et ea re id       
sequor1 sed fieri potest ut id1 quod    
significatur1 aut falsum sit aut nihil  
sit omnino4' ,sed de perceptione        
hactenus4 ,si quis enim ea1 quae dicta  
sunt1 labefactare volet1 facile etiam   
absentibus nobis veritas se ipsa        
defendet4  ,,xii4 #cg4 ,his satis       
cognitis1 quae iam explicata sunt1 nunc 
de adsensione atque approbatione1 quam  
,graeci  vocant1 pauca dicemus1 non quo 

non latus locus sit1 sed paulo ante     
iacta sunt fundamenta4 ,nam cum vim1    
quae esset in sensibus1 explicabamus1   
simul illud aperiebatur1 comprehendi    
multa et percipi sensibus1 quod fieri   
sine adsensione non potest4 ,deinde cum 
inter inanimum et animal hoc maxime     
intersit1 quod animal agit              
aliquid--nihil enim agens ne cogitari   
quidem potest quale sit--1 aut ei sensus
 adimendus est aut ea1 quae est in      
nostra potestate sita1 reddenda         
adsensio4 #ch4 ,at vero animus quodam   
modo eripitur iis1 quos neque sentire   
neque adsentiri volunt4 ,ut enim necesse
 est lancem in libra ponderibus         
impositis deprimi1 sic animum perspicuis
 cedere4 ,nam quo modo non potest animal
 ullum non appetere id1 quod            
accommodatum ad naturam                 
appareat--,graeci id  appellant--1 sic  
non potest obiectam rem perspicuam non  
approbare4 ,quamquam1 si illa1 de quibus
 disputatum est1 vera sunt1 nihil       
attinet de adsensione omnino loqui4 ,qui

 enim quid percipit1 adsentitur statim4 
,sed haec etiam secuntur1 nec memoriam  
sine adsensione posse constare nec      
notitias rerum nec artis1 idque1 quod   
maximum est1 ut sit aliquid in nostra   
potestate1 in eo1 qui rei nulli         
adsentietur1 non erit4 #ci4 ,ubi igitur 
virtus1 si nihil situm est in ipsis     
nobis8 ,maxime autem absurdum vitia in  
ipsorum esse potestate neque peccare    
quemquam nisi adsensione3 hoc idem in   
virtute non esse1 cuius omnis constantia
 et firmitas ex iis rebus constat1      
quibus adsensa est et quas approbavit1  
omninoque ante videri aliquid quam      
agamus necesse est1 eique1 quod visum   
sit1 adsentiatur4 ,qua re qui aut visum 
aut adsensum tollit1 is omnem actionem  
tollit e vita4  ,,xiii4 #dj4 ,nunc ea   
videamus1 quae contra ab his disputari  
solent4 ,sed prius potestis totius eorum
 rationis quasi fundamenta cognoscere4  
,componunt igitur primum artem quandam  
de iis1 quae visa dicimus1 eorumque et  
vim et genera definiunt1 in his1 quale  

sit id1 quod percipi et comprehendi     
possit1 totidem verbis quot ,stoici4    
,deinde illa exponunt duo1 quae quasi   
contineant omnem hanc quaestionem3 quae 
ita videantur1 ut etiam alia eodem modo 
videri possint nec in iis quicquam      
intersit1 non posse eorum alia percipi1 
alia non percipi3 nihil interesse autem1
 non modo si omni ex parte eiusdem modi 
sint1 sed etiam si discerni non possint4
 ,quibus positis unius argumenti        
conclusione tota ab his causa           
comprehenditur4 ,composita ea conclusio 
sic est3 ',eorum1 quae videntur1 alia   
vera sunt1 alia falsa1 et quod falsum   
est1 id percipi non potest3 quod autem  
verum visum est1 id omne tale est1 ut   
eiusdem modi etiam falsum possit        
videri4' ,et1 'quae visa sint eius modi1
 ut in iis nihil intersit1 non posse    
accidere ut eorum alia percipi possint1 
alia non possint4 #da4 ,nullum igitur   
est visum quod percipi possit4' ,quae   
autem sumunt1 ut concludant id1 quod    
volunt1 ex his duo sibi putant concedi3 

neque enim quisquam repugnat4 ,ea sunt  
haec3 ',quae visa falsa sint1 ea percipi
 non posse1' et alterum3 ',inter quae   
visa nihil intersit1 ex iis non posse   
alia talia esse1 ut percipi possint1    
alia ut non possint3' reliqua vero multa
 et varia oratione defendunt1 quae sunt 
item duo1 unum3 'quae videantur1 eorum  
alia vera esse1 alia falsa1' alterum3   
'omne visum1 quod sit a vero1 tale esse1
 quale etiam a falso possit esse4' #db4 
,haec duo proposita non praetervolant1  
sed ita dilatant1 ut non mediocrem curam
 adhibeant et diligentiam4 ,dividunt    
enim in partis et eas quidem magnas3    
primum in sensus1 deinde in ea1 quae    
ducuntur a sensibus et ab omni          
consuetudine1 quam obscurari volunt4    
,tum perveniunt ad eam partem1 ut ne    
ratione quidem et coniectura ulla res   
percipi possit4 ,haec autem universa    
concidunt etiam minutius4 ,ut enim de   
sensibus hesterno sermone vidistis1 item
 faciunt de reliquis1 in singulisque    
rebus1 quas in minima dispertiunt1      

volunt efficere iis omnibus1 quae visa  
sint1 veris adiuncta esse falsa1 quae a 
veris nihil differant3 ea cum talia     
sint1 non posse comprehendi4  ,,xiv4    
#dc4 ,hanc ego subtilitatem philosophia 
quidem dignissimam iudico1 sed ab eorum 
causa1 qui ita disserunt1 remotissimam4 
,definitiones enim et partitiones et    
horum luminibus utens oratio1 tum       
similitudines dissimilitudinesque et    
earum tenuis et acuta distinctio        
fidentium est hominum illa vera et firma
 et certa esse quae tutentur1 non eorum 
qui clament nihilo magis vera illa esse 
quam falsa4 ,quid enim agant1 si1 cum   
aliquid definierint1 roget eos quispiam1
 num illa definitio possit in aliam rem 
transferri quamlubet8 ,si posse         
dixerint1 quid dicere habeant cur illa  
vera definitio sit8 sin negaverint1     
fatendum sit1 quoniam vel illa vera     
definitio transferri non possit in      
falsum1 quod ea definitione explicetur1 
id percipi posse3 quod minime illi      
volunt4 ,eadem dici poterunt in omnibus 

partibus4 #dd4 ,si enim dicent ea1 de   
quibus disserent1 se dilucide perspicere
 nec ulla communione visorum impediri1  
comprehendere ea se fatebuntur4 ,sin    
autem negabunt vera visa a falsis posse 
distingui1 qui poterunt longius         
progredi8 ,occurretur enim1 sicut       
occursum est4 ,nam concludi argumentum  
non potest nisi iis1 quae ad            
concludendum sumpta erunt1 ita probatis1
 ut falsa eiusdem modi nulla possint    
esse4 ,ergo si rebus comprehensis et    
perceptis nisa et progressa ratio hoc   
efficiet1 nihil posse comprehendi1 quid 
potest reperiri quod ipsum sibi repugnet
 magis8 cumque ipsa natura accuratae    
orationis hoc profiteatur1 se aliquid   
patefacturam quod non appareat et1 quo  
id facilius adsequatur1 adhibituram et  
sensus et ea1 quae perspicua sint1      
qualis est istorum oratio1 qui omnia non
 tam esse quam videri volunt8 ,maxime   
autem convincuntur1 cum haec duo pro    
congruentibus sumunt tam vehementer     
repugnantia3 primum esse quaedam falsa  

visa3 quod cum volunt1 declarant quaedam
 esse vera3 deinde ibidem1 inter falsa  
visa et vera nihil interesse4 ,at primum
 sumpseras1 tamquam interesset3 ita     
priori posterius1 posteriori superius   
non iungitur4  #de4 ,sed progrediamur   
longius et ita agamus1 ut nihil nobis   
adsentati esse videamur1 quaeque ab iis 
dicuntur1 sic persequamur1 ut nihil in  
praeteritis relinquamus4 ,primum igitur 
perspicuitas illa1 quam diximus1 satis  
magnam habet vim1 ut ipsa per sese ea1  
quae sint1 nobis ita ut sint indicet4   
,sed tamen1 ut maneamus in perspicuis   
firmius et constantius1 maiore quadam   
opus est vel arte vel diligentia1 ne ab 
iis1 quae clara sint ipsa per sese1     
quasi praestigiis quibusdam et          
captionibus depellamur4 ,nam qui voluit 
subvenire erroribus ,epicurus iis1 qui  
videntur conturbare veri cognitionem1   
dixitque sapientis esse opinionem a     
perspicuitate seiungere1 nihil profecit3
 ipsius enim opinionis errorem nullo    
modo sustulit4  ,,xv4 #df4 ,quam ob rem 

cum duae causae perspicuis et           
evidentibus rebus adversentur1 auxilia  
totidem sunt contra comparanda4         
,adversatur enim primum1 quod parum     
defigunt animos et intendunt in ea1 quae
 perspicua sunt1 ut quanta luce ea      
circumfusa sint possint agnoscere2      
alterum est1 quod fallacibus et         
captiosis interrogationibus             
circumscripti atque decepti quidam1 cum 
eas dissolvere non possunt1 desciscunt a
 veritate4 ,oportet igitur et ea1 quae  
pro perspicuitate responderi possunt1 in
 promptu habere1 de quibus iam diximus1 
et esse armatos1 ut occurrere possimus  
interrogationibus eorum captionesque    
discutere3 quod deinceps facere         
constitui4 #dg4 ,exponam igitur         
generatim argumenta eorum1 quoniam ipsi 
etiam illi solent non confuse loqui4    
,primum conantur ostendere multa posse  
videri esse1 quae omnino nulla sint1 cum
 animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo    
rebus iis1 quae nullae sint1 ut iis1    
quae sint4 ,nam cum dicatis1 inquiunt1  

visa quaedam mitti a deo1 velut ea1 quae
 in somnis videantur quaeque oraculis1  
auspiciis1 extis declarentur--haec enim 
aiunt probari ,stoicis1 quos contra     
disputant--1 quaerunt quonam modo1 falsa
 visa quae sint1 ea deus efficere possit
 probabilia3 quae autem plane proxime ad
 verum accedant1 efficere non possit8   
aut1 si ea quoque possit1 cur illa non  
possit1 quae perdifficiliter1           
internoscantur tamen8 et1 si haec1 cur  
non inter quae nihil sit omnino8 #dh4   
,deinde1 cum mens moveatur ipsa per     
sese1 ut et ea declarant1 quae          
cogitatione depingimus1 et ea1 quae vel 
dormientibus vel furiosis videntur non  
numquam1 veri simile est sic etiam      
mentem moveri1 ut non modo non          
internoscat vera visa illa sint anne    
falsa1 sed ut in iis nihil intersit     
omnino3 ut si qui tremerent et          
exalbescerent vel ipsi per se motu      
mentis aliquo vel obiecta terribili re  
extrinsecus1 nihil ut esset1 qui        
distingueretur tremor ille et pallor1   

neque ut quicquam interesset inter      
intestinum et oblatum4 ,postremo si     
nulla visa sunt probabilia1 quae falsa  
sint1 alia ratio est4 ,sin autem sunt1  
cur non etiam quae non facile           
internoscantur8 cur non ut plane nihil  
intersit8 praesertim cum ipsi dicatis   
sapientem in furore sustinere se ab omni
 adsensu1 quia nulla in visis distinctio
 appareat4  ,,xvi4 #di4 ,ad has omnis   
visiones inanis ,antiochus quidem et    
permulta dicebat et erat de hac una re  
unius diei disputatio4 ,mihi autem non  
idem faciendum puto1 sed ipsa capita    
dicenda4 ,et primum quidem hoc          
reprehendendum1 quod captiosissimo      
genere interrogationis utuntur1 quod    
genus minime in philosophia probari     
solet1 cum aliquid minutatim et gradatim
 additur aut demitur4 ,soritas hoc      
vocant1 quia acervum efficiunt uno      
addito grano4 ,vitiosum sane et         
captiosum genus6 ,sic enim adscenditis3 
,si tale visum obiectum est a deo       
dormienti1 ut probabile sit1 cur non    

etiam ut valde veri simile8 cur deinde  
non ut difficiliter a vero              
internoscatur8 deinde ut ne             
internoscatur quidem8 postremo ut nihil 
inter hoc et illud intersit8 ,huc si    
perveneris1 me tibi primum quidque      
concedente1 meum vitium fuerit3 sin ipse
 tua sponte processeris1 tuum4 #ej4     
,quis enim tibi dederit aut omnia deum  
posse aut ita facturum esse1 si possit8 
quo modo autem sumis1 ut1 si quid cui   
simile esse possit1 sequatur ut etiam   
difficiliter internosci possit8 deinde  
ut ne internosci quidem8 postremo ut    
eadem sint8 ut1 si lupi canibus similes 
sunt1 eosdem dices ad extremum4 ,et     
quidem honestis similia sunt quaedam non
 honesta et bonis non bona et           
artificiosis minime artificiosa3 quid   
dubitamus igitur adfirmare nihil inter  
haec interesse8 ,ne repugnantia quidem  
videmus8 ,nihil est enim quod de suo    
genere in aliud genus transferri possit4
 ,at si efficeretur1 ut inter visa      
differentium generum nihil interesset1  

reperirentur quae et in suo genere      
essent et in alieno4 #ea4 ,quod fieri   
qui potest8 ,omnium deinde inanium      
visorum una depulsio est1 sive illa     
cogitatione informantur1 quod fieri     
solere concedimus1 sive in quiete sive  
per vinum sive per insaniam4 ,nam ab    
omnibus eiusdem modi visis              
perspicuitatem1 quam mordicus tenere    
debemus1 abesse dicemus4 ,quis enim1 cum
 sibi fingit aliquid et cogitatione     
depingit1 non simul ac se ipse commovit 
atque ad se revocavit1 sentit quid      
intersit inter perspicua et inania8     
,eadem ratio est somniorum4 ,num censes 
,ennium1 cum in hortis cum ,ser4 ,galba 
vicino suo ambulavisset1 dixisse3       
',visus sum mihi cum ,galba ambulare8'  
,at1 cum somniavit1 ita narravit3       
'visus ,homerus adesse poeta4'  ,idemque
 in ,epicharmo3    ',nam videbar        
somniare med ego esse mortuum4'         
,itaque1 simul ut experrecti sumus1 visa
 illa contemnimus neque ita habemus1 ut 
ea1 quae in foro gessimus4  ,,xvii4 #eb4

 ,at enim dum videntur1 eadem est in    
somnis species eorumque1 quae vigilantes
 videmus6 ,primum interest3 sed id      
omittamus4 ,illud enim dicimus1 non     
eandem esse vim neque integritatem      
dormientium et vigilantium nec mente nec
 sensu4 ,ne vinolenti quidem quae       
faciunt1 eadem approbatione faciunt qua 
sobrii3 dubitant1 haesitant1 revocant se
 interdum iisque1 quae videntur1        
imbecillius adsentiuntur1 cumque        
edormiverunt1 illa visa quam levia      
fuerint intellegunt4 ,quod idem         
contingit insanis1 ut et incipientes    
furere sentiant et dicant aliquid1 quod 
non sit1 id videri sibi1 et1 cum        
relaxentur1 sentiant atque illa dicant  
,alcmaeonis3    ',sed mihi ne utiquam   
cor consentit cum oculorum   adspectu'  
444  #ec4 ,at enim ipse sapiens sustinet
 se in furore1 ne approbet falsa pro    
veris4 ,et alias quidem saepe1 si aut in
 sensibus ipsius est aliqua forte       
gravitas aut tarditas aut obscuriora    
sunt quae videntur aut a perspiciendo   

temporis brevitate excluditur4 ,quamquam
 totum hoc1 sapientem aliquando         
sustinere adsensionem1 contra vos est4  
,si enim inter visa nihil interesset1   
aut semper sustineret aut numquam4 ,sed 
ex hoc genere toto perspici potest      
levitas orationis eorum1 qui omnia      
cupiunt confundere4 ,quaerimus          
gravitatis1 constantiae1 firmitatis1    
sapientiae iudicium3 utimur exemplis    
somniantium1 furiosorum1 ebriosorum4    
,illud attendimus in hoc omni genere    
quam inconstanter loquamur8 ,non enim   
proferremus vino aut somno oppressos aut
 mente captos tam absurde1 ut tum       
diceremus interesse inter vigilantium   
visa et sobriorum et sanorum et eorum1  
qui essent aliter adfecti1 tum nihil    
interesse4 #ed4 ,ne hoc quidem cernunt1 
omnia se reddere incerta1 quod nolunt1  
ea dico incerta1 quae  ,graeci4 ,si enim
 res se ita habeant1 ut nihil intersit1 
utrum ita cui videatur1 ut insano1 an   
sano1 cui possit exploratum esse de sua 
sanitate8 quod velle efficere non       

mediocris insaniae est4 ,similitudines  
vero aut geminorum aut signorum anulis  
impressorum pueriliter consectantur4    
,quis enim nostrum similitudines negat  
esse1 cum eae plurimis in rebus         
appareant8 ,sed1 si satis est ad        
tollendam cognitionem similia esse multa
 multorum1 cur eo non estis contenti1   
praesertim concedentibus nobis8 et cur  
id potius contenditis1 quod rerum natura
 non patitur1 ut non suo quidque genere 
sit tale1 quale est1 nec sit in duobus  
aut pluribus nulla re differens ulla    
communitas8 ut sibi sint et ova ovorum  
et apes apium simillimae3 quid pugnas   
igitur8 aut quid tibi vis in geminis8   
,conceditur enim similis esse1 quo      
contentus esse potueras3 tu autem vis   
eosdem plane esse1 non similis3 quod    
fieri nullo modo potest4 #ee4 ,dein     
confugis ad physicos eos1 qui maxime in 
,academia irridentur1 a quibus ne tu    
quidem iam te abstinebis1 et ais        
,democritum dicere innumerabilis esse   
mundos et quidem sic quosdam inter sese 

non solum similis1 sed undique perfecte 
et absolute ita pares1 ut inter eos     
nihil prorsus intersit et eos quidem    
innumerabiles1 itemque homines4 ,deinde 
postulas1 ut1 si mundus ita sit par     
alteri mundo1 ut inter eos ne minimum   
quidem intersit1 concedatur tibi ut in  
hoc quoque nostro mundo aliquid alicui  
sic sit par1 ut nihil differat1 nihil   
intersit4 ,cur enim1 inquies1 ex illis  
individuis1 unde omnia ,democritus gigni
 adfirmat1 in reliquis mundis et in iis 
quidem innumerabilibus innumerabiles ,q4
 ,lutatii ,catuli non modo possint esse1
 sed etiam sint1 in hoc tanto mundo     
,catulus alter non possit effici8       
,,xviii4 #ef4 ,primum quidem me ad      
,democritum vocas1 cui non adsentior    
potiusque refello propter id1 quod      
dilucide docetur a politioribus physicis
 singularum rerum singulas proprietates 
esse4 ,fac enim antiquos illos          
,servilios1 qui gemini fuerunt1 tam     
similis quam dicuntur1 num censes etiam 
eosdem fuisse8 ,non cognoscebantur      

foris1 at domi3 non ab alienis1 at a    
suis4 ,an non videmus hoc usu venire1   
ut1 quos numquam putassemus a nobis     
internosci posse1 eos consuetudine      
adhibita tam facile internosceremus1 uti
 ne minimum quidem similes viderentur8  
#eg4 ,hic1 pugnes licet1 non repugnabo3 
quin etiam concedam illum ipsum         
sapientem1 de quo omnis hic sermo est1  
cum ei res similes occurrant1 quas non  
habeat dinotatas1 retenturum adsensum   
nec umquam ulli viso adsensurum1 nisi   
quod tale fuerit1 quale falsum esse non 
possit4 ,sed et ad ceteras res habet    
quandam artem1 qua vera a falsis possit 
distinguere1 et ad similitudines istas  
usus adhibendus est4 ,ut mater geminos  
internoscit consuetudine oculorum1 sic  
tu internosces1 si adsueveris4 ,videsne 
ut in proverbio sit ovorum inter se     
similitudo8 ,tamen hoc accepimus1 ,deli 
fuisse compluris salvis rebus illis1 qui
 gallinas alere permultas quaestus causa
 solerent3 ii cum ovum inspexerant1 quae
 id gallina peperisset dicere solebant4 

#eh4 ,neque id est contra nos3 nam nobis
 satis est ova illa non internoscere3   
nihil enim magis adsentiri par est1 hoc 
illud esse1 quasi inter illa omnino     
nihil interesset3 habeo enim regulam1 ut
 talia visa vera iudicem1 qualia falsa  
esse non possint3 ab hac mihi non licet 
transversum1 ut aiunt1 digitum          
discedere1 ne confundam omnia4 ,veri    
enim et falsi non modo cognitio1 sed    
etiam natura tolletur1 si nihil erit    
quod intersit3 ut etiam illud absurdum  
sit1 quod interdum soletis dicere1 cum  
visa in animos imprimantur1 non vos id  
dicere1 inter ipsas impressiones nihil  
interesse1 sed inter species et quasdam 
formas eorum4 ,quasi vero non specie    
visa iudicentur6 quae fidem nullam      
habebunt sublata veri et falsi nota4    
#ei4 ,illud vero perabsurdum1 quod      
dicitis1 probabilia vos sequi1 si re    
nulla impediamini4 ,primum qui potestis 
non impediri1 cum a veris falsa non     
distent8 deinde quod iudicium est veri1 
cum sit commune falsi8 ,ex his illa     

necessario nata est 1 id est adsensionis
 retentio1 in qua melius sibi constitit 
,arcesilas1 si vera sunt quae de        
,carneade non nulli existimant4 ,si enim
 percipi nihil potest1 quod utrique     
visum est1 tollendus adsensus est4 ,quid
 enim est tam futile quam quicquam      
approbare non cognitum8 ,carneadem autem
 etiam heri audiebamus solitum esse eo  
delabi interdum1 ut diceret opinaturum1 
id est peccaturum esse sapientem4 ,mihi 
porro non tam certum est esse aliquid1  
quod comprehendi possit1 de quo iam     
nimium etiam diu disputo1 quam sapientem
 nihil opinari1 id est1 numquam         
adsentiri rei vel falsae vel incognitae4
 #fj4 ,restat illud1 quod dicunt1 veri  
inveniendi causa contra omnia dici      
oportere et pro omnibus4 ,volo igitur   
videre quid invenerint4 ,non solemus1   
inquit1 ostendere4 ,quae sunt tandem    
ista mysteria8 aut cur celatis1 quasi   
turpe aliquid1 sententiam vestram8 ,ut1 
qui audient1 inquit1 ratione potius quam
 auctoritate ducantur4 ,quid1 si        

utroque8 num peius est8 ,unum tamen     
illud non celant1 nihil esse quod       
percipi possit4 ,an in eo auctoritas    
nihil obest8 ,mihi quidem videtur vel   
plurimum4 ,quis enim ista tam aperte    
perspicueque et perversa et falsa       
secutus esset1 nisi tanta in ,arcesila1 
multo etiam maior in ,carneade et copia 
rerum et dicendi vis fuisset8  ,,xix4   
#fa4 ,haec ,antiochus fere et           
,alexandreae tum et multis annis post1  
multo etiam adseverantius1 in ,syria cum
 esset mecum1 paulo ante quam est       
mortuus4 ,sed iam confirmata causa te1  
hominem amicissimum--me autem           
appellabat--et aliquot annis minorem    
natu1 non dubitabo monere3 ,tune1 cum   
tantis laudibus philosophiam extuleris  
,hortensiumque nostrum dissentientem    
commoveris1 eam philosophiam sequere    
quae confundit vera cum falsis1 spoliat 
nos iudicio1 privat approbatione1       
omnibus orbat sensibus8 ,et ,cimmeriis  
quidem1 quibus adspectum solis sive deus
 aliquis sive natura ademerat sive eius 

loci1 quem incolebant1 situs1 ignes     
tamen aderant1 quorum illis uti lumine  
licebat1 isti autem1 quos tu probas1    
tantis offusis tenebris ne scintillam   
quidem ullam nobis ad dispiciendum      
reliquerunt3 quos si sequamur1 iis      
vinculis simus adstricti1 ut nos        
commovere nequeamus4 #fb4 ,sublata enim 
adsensione omnem et motum animorum et   
actionem rerum sustulerunt3 quod non    
modo recte fieri1 sed omnino fieri non  
potest4 ,provide etiam ne uni tibi istam
 sententiam minime liceat defendere4 ,an
 tu1 cum res occultissimas aperueris in 
lucemque protuleris iuratusque dixeris  
ea te comperisse1 quod mihi quoque      
licebat1 qui ex te illa cognoveram1     
negabis esse rem ullam quae cognosci1   
comprehendi1 percipi possit8 ,vide1     
quaeso1 etiam atque etiam ne illarum    
quoque rerum pulcherrimarum a te ipso   
minuatur auctoritas4 ,quae cum dixisset 
ille1 finem fecit4 #fc4 ,hortensius     
autem vehementer admirans1 quod quidem  
perpetuo ,lucullo loquente fecerat1 ut  

etiam manus saepe tolleret1 nec mirum3  
nam numquam arbitror contra ,academiam  
dictum esse subtilius1 me quoque1       
iocansne an ita sentiens--non enim satis
 intellegebam--1 coepit hortari1 ut     
sententia desisterem4 ,tum mihi         
,catulus3 ,si te1 inquit1 ,luculli      
oratio flexit1 quae est habita          
memoriter1 accurate1 copiose1 taceo     
neque te quo minus1 si tibi ita         
videatur1 sententiam mutes deterrendum  
puto4 ,illud vero non censuerim1 ut eius
 auctoritate moveare4 ,tantum enim non  
te modo monuit1 inquit adridens1 ut     
caveres ne quis improbus tribunus       
plebis1 quorum vides quanta copia semper
 futura sit1 adriperet te et in contione
 quaereret qui tibi constares1 cum idem 
negares quicquam certi posse reperiri1  
idem te comperisse dixisses4 ,hoc1      
quaeso1 cave ne te terreat4 ,de causa   
autem ipsa malim quidem te ab hoc       
dissentire4 ,sin cesseris1 non magno    
opere mirabor4 ,memini enim ,antiochum  
ipsum1 cum annos multos alia sensisset1 

simul ac visum sit1 sententia           
destitisse4 ,haec cum dixisset ,catulus1
 me omnes intueri4  ,,xx4 #fd4 ,tum ego 
non minus commotus quam soleo in causis 
maioribus1 huius modi quadam oratione   
sum exorsus3 ,me1 ,catule1 oratio       
,luculli de ipsa re ita movit1 ut docti 
hominis et copiosi et parati et nihil   
praetereuntis eorum1 quae pro illa causa
 dici possent1 non tamen ut ei          
respondere posse diffiderem4 ,auctoritas
 autem tanta plane me movebat1 nisi tu  
opposuisses non minorem tuam4 ,adgrediar
 igitur1 si pauca ante quasi de fama mea
 dixero4 #fe4 ,ego enim si aut          
ostentatione aliqua adductus aut studio 
certandi ad hanc potissimum philosophiam
 me applicavi1 non modo stultitiam meam1
 sed etiam mores et naturam condemnandam
 puto4 ,nam1 si in minimis rebus        
pertinacia reprehenditur1 calumnia etiam
 coercetur1 ego de omni statu           
consilioque totius vitae aut certare cum
 aliis pugnaciter aut frustrari cum     
alios tum etiam me ipsum velim8 ,itaque1

 nisi ineptum putarem in tali           
disputatione id facere1 quod1 cum de re 
publica disceptatur1 fieri interdum     
solet1 iurarem per ,iovem deosque       
penates me et ardere studio veri        
reperiendi et ea sentire1 quae dicerem4 
#ff4 ,qui enim possum non cupere verum  
invenire1 cum gaudeam1 si simile veri   
quid invenerim8 ,sed1 ut hoc            
pulcherrimum esse iudico1 vera videre1  
sic pro veris probare falsa turpissimum 
est4 ,nec tamen ego is sum1 qui nihil   
umquam falsi approbem1 qui numquam      
adsentiar1 qui nihil opiner1 sed        
quaerimus de sapiente4 ,ego vero ipse et
 magnus quidem sum opinator--non enim   
sum sapiens--et meas cogitationes sic   
dirigo1 non ad illam parvulam           
,cynosuram1    ',qua fidunt duce        
nocturna ,phoenices in alto1'  ut ait   
,aratus1 eoque directius gubernant1 quod
 eam tenent1    ',quae cursu interiore1 
brevi convertitur orbe1'  sed ,helicen  
et clarissimos ,septemtriones1 id est1  
rationes has latiore specie1 non ad     

tenue elimatas4 ,eo fit ut errem et     
vager latius4 ,sed non de me1 ut dixi1  
sed de sapiente quaeritur4 ,visa enim   
ista cum acriter mentem sensumve        
pepulerunt1 accipio iisque interdum     
etiam adsentior1 nec percipio tamen2    
nihil enim arbitror posse percipi4 ,non 
sum sapiens2 itaque visis cedo nec      
possum resistere4 ,sapientis autem hanc 
censet ,arcesilas vim esse maximam1     
,zenoni adsentiens1 cavere ne capiatur1 
ne fallatur videre4 ,nihil est enim ab  
ea cogitatione1 quam habemus de         
gravitate sapientis1 errore1 levitate1  
temeritate diiunctius4 ,quid igitur     
loquar de firmitate sapientis8 quem     
quidem nihil opinari tu quoque1         
,luculle1 concedis4 ,quod quoniam a te  
probatur--ut praepostere tecum agam1 mox
 referam me ad ordinem--haec primum     
conclusio quam habeat vim considera4    
,,xxi4 #fg4 ,si ulli rei sapiens        
adsentietur umquam1 aliquando etiam     
opinabitur3 numquam autem opinabitur3   
nulli igitur rei adsentietur4 ,hanc     

conclusionem ,arcesilas probabat3       
confirmabat enim et primum et secundum4 
,carneades non numquam secundum illud   
dabat3 adsentiri aliquando4 ,ita        
sequebatur etiam opinari1 quod tu non   
vis et recte1 ut mihi videris4 ,sed     
illud primum1 sapientem1 si adsensurus  
esset1 etiam opinaturum1 falsum esse et 
,stoici dicunt et eorum adstipulator    
,antiochus3 posse enim eum falsa a veris
 et quae non possint percipi ab iis1    
quae possint1 distinguere4 #fh4 ,nobis  
autem primum1 etiam si quid percipi     
possit1 tamen ipsa consuetudo           
adsentiendi periculosa esse videtur et  
lubrica4 ,quam ob rem cum tam vitiosum  
esse constet adsentiri quicquam aut     
falsum aut incognitum1 sustinenda est   
potius omnis adsensio1 ne praecipitet1  
si temere processerit4 ,ita enim        
finitima sunt falsa veris1 eaque1 quae  
percipi non possunt1 iis quae           
possunt--si modo ea sunt quaedam3 iam   
enim videbimus--1 ut tam in praecipitem 
locum non debeat se sapiens committere4 

,sin autem omnino nihil esse quod       
percipi possit a me sumpsero et1 quod tu
 mihi das1 accepero1 sapientem nihil    
opinari1 effectum illud erit1 sapientem 
adsensus omnes cohibiturum1 ut videndum 
tibi sit1 idne malis an aliquid         
opinaturum esse sapientem4 ,neutrum1    
inquies1 illorum4 ,nitamur igitur1 nihil
 posse percipi3 etenim de eo omnis est  
controversia4  ,,xxii4 #fi4 ,sed prius  
pauca cum ,antiocho1 qui haec ipsa1 quae
 a me defenduntur1 et didicit apud      
,philonem tam diu1 ut constaret diutius 
didicisse neminem1 et scripsit de his   
rebus acutissime1 et idem haec non      
acrius accusavit in senectute quam antea
 defensitaverat4 ,quamvis igitur fuerit 
acutus1 ut fuit1 tamen inconstantia     
levatur auctoritas4 ,quis enim iste dies
 illuxerit quaero1 qui illi ostenderit  
eam1 quam multos annos esse             
negitavisset1 veri et falsi notam4      
,excogitavit aliquid8 ,eadem dicit quae 
,stoici4 ,poenituit illa sensisse8 ,cur 
non se transtulit ad alios et maxime ad 

,stoicos8 eorum enim erat propria ista  
dissensio4 ,quid8 eum ,mnesarchi        
poenitebat8 quid8 ,dardani8 qui erant   
,athenis tum principes ,stoicorum4      
,numquam a ,philone discessit1 nisi     
postea quam ipse coepit qui se audirent 
habere4 #gj4 ,unde autem subito vetus   
,academia revocata est8 ,nominis        
dignitatem videtur1 cum a re ipsa       
descisceret1 retinere voluisse1 quod    
erant qui illum gloriae causa facere    
dicerent1 sperare etiam fore ut ii1 qui 
se sequerentur1 ,antiochii vocarentur4  
,mihi autem magis videtur non potuisse  
sustinere concursum omnium              
philosophorum4 ,etenim de ceteris sunt  
inter illos non nulla communia3 haec    
,academicorum est una sententia1 quam   
reliquorum philosophorum nemo probet4   
,itaque cessit1 et ut ii1 qui sub ,novis
 solem non ferunt1 item ille1 cum       
aestuaret1 veterum1 ut ,maenianorum1 sic
 ,academicorum umbram secutus est4 #ga4 
,quoque solebat uti argumento tum1 cum  
ei placebat nihil posse percipi1 cum    

quaereret1 ,dionysius ille ,heracleotes 
utrum comprehendisset certa illa nota1  
qua adsentiri dicitis oportere1 illudne1
 quod multos annos tenuisset ,zenonique 
magistro credidisset1 honestum quod     
esset1 id bonum solum esse1 an quod     
postea defensitavisset1 honesti inane   
nomen esse1 voluptatem esse summum      
bonum3 qui ex illius commutata sententia
 docere vellet nihil ita signari in     
animis nostris a vero posse1 quod non   
eodem modo possit a falso1 is curavit ut
 quod argumentum ex ,dionysio ipse      
sumpsisset1 ex eo ceteri sumerent4 ,sed 
cum hoc alio loco plura1 nunc ad ea1    
quae a te1 ,luculle1 dicta sunt4        
,,xxiii4 #gb4 ,et primum quod initio    
dixisti videamus quale sit3 similiter a 
nobis de antiquis philosophis           
commemorari atque seditiosi solerent    
claros viros1 sed tamen popularis       
aliquos nominare4 ,illi cum res non     
bonas tractent1 similes bonorum videri  
volunt4 ,nos autem dicimus ea nobis     
videri1 quae vosmet ipsi nobilissimis   

philosophis placuisse conceditis4       
,anaxagoras nivem nigram dixit esse4    
,ferres me1 si ego idem dicerem8 ,tu1 ne
 si dubitarem quidem4 ,at quis est8 num 
hic sophistes8--sic enim appellabantur  
ii1 qui ostentationis aut quaestus causa
 philosophabantur--3 maxima fuit et     
gravitatis et ingeni gloria4 #gc4 ,quid 
loquar de ,democrito8 ,quem cum eo      
conferre possumus non modo ingeni       
magnitudine1 sed etiam animi8 qui ita   
sit ausus ordiri3 ',haec loquor de      
universis4' ,nihil excipit de quo non   
profiteatur4 ,quid enim esse potest     
extra universa8 quis hunc philosophum   
non anteponit ,cleanthi1 ,chrysippo1    
reliquis inferioris aetatis8 qui mihi   
cum illo collati quintae classis        
videntur4 ,atque is non hoc dicit1 quod 
nos1 qui veri esse aliquid non negamus1 
percipi posse negamus2 ille verum plane 
negat esse3 sensus quidem non obscuros  
dicit1 sed tenebricosos3 sic enim       
appellat eos4 ,is1 qui hunc maxime est  
admiratus1 ,chius ,metrodorus initio    

libri1 qui est de natura3 ',nego1'      
inquit1 'scire nos sciamusne aliquid an 
nihil sciamus1 ne id ipsum quidem1      
nescire aut scire1 scire nos1 nec omnino
 sitne aliquid an nihil sit4' #gd4      
,furere tibi ,empedocles videtur3 at    
mihi dignissimum rebus iis1 de quibus   
loquitur1 sonum fundere4 ,num ergo is   
excaecat nos aut orbat sensibus1 si     
parum magnam vim censet in iis esse ad  
ea1 quae sub eos subiecta sunt1         
iudicanda8 ,parmenides1 ,xenophanes1    
minus bonis quamquam versibus1 sed tamen
 illi versibus increpant eorum          
adrogantiam quasi irati1 qui1 cum sciri 
nihil possit1 audeant se scire dicere4  
,et ab iis aiebas removendum ,socratem  
et ,platonem4 ,cur8 an de ullis certius 
possum dicere8 ,vixisse cum iis equidem 
videor3 ita multi sermones perscripti   
sunt1 e quibus dubitari non possit quin 
,socrati nihil sit visum sciri posse4   
,excepit unum tantum1 'scire se nihil se
 scire1' nihil amplius4 ,quid dicam de  
,platone8 qui certe tam multis libris   

haec persecutus non esset1 nisi         
probavisset4 ,ironiam enim alterius1    
perpetuam praesertim1 nulla fuit ratio  
persequi4  ,,xxiv4 #ge4 ,videorne tibi1 
non ut ,saturninus1 nominare modo       
illustris homines1 sed imitari numquam  
nisi clarum1 nisi nobilem8 ,atqui       
habebam molestos vobis1 sed minutos1    
,stilponem1 ,diodorum1 ,alexinum1 quorum
 sunt contorta et aculeata quaedam 2 sic
 enim appellantur fallaces              
conclusiunculae4 ,sed quid eos colligam1
 cum habeam ,chrysippum1 qui fulcire    
putatur porticum ,stoicorum8 ,quam multa
 ille contra sensus1 quam multa contra  
omnia1 quae in consuetudine probantur6  
,at dissolvit idem4 ,mihi quidem non    
videtur3 sed dissolverit sane4 ,certe   
tam multa non collegisset1 quae nos     
fallerent probabilitate magna1 nisi     
videret iis resisti non facile posse4   
#gf4 ,quid ,cyrenaici tibi videntur1    
minime contempti philosophi8 ,qui negant
 esse quicquam quod percipi possit      
extrinsecus3 ea se sola percipere1 quae 

tactu intimo sentiant1 ut dolorem1 ut   
voluptatem3 neque se quo quid colore aut
 quo sono sit scire1 sed tantum sentire 
adfici se quodam modo4  ,satis multa de 
auctoribus4 ,quamquam ex me quaesieras  
nonne putarem post illos veteres tot    
saeculis inveniri verum potuisse tot    
ingeniis tantisque studiis quaerentibus4
 ,quid inventum sit paulo post videro1  
te ipso quidem iudice4 ,arcesilam vero  
non obtrectandi causa cum ,zenone       
pugnavisse1 sed verum invenire voluisse 
sic intellegitur4 #gg4 ,nemo1 inquam1   
superiorum non modo expresserat1 sed ne 
dixerat quidem posse hominem nihil      
opinari1 nec solum posse1 sed ita       
necesse esse sapienti4 ,visa est        
,arcesilae cum vera sententia tum       
honesta et digna sapiente4 ,quaesivit de
 ,zenone fortasse quid futurum esset1 si
 nec percipere quicquam posset sapiens  
nec opinari sapientis esset4 ,ille1     
credo1 nihil opinaturum1 quoniam esset1 
quod percipi posset4 ,quid ergo id      
esset8 ,visum1 credo4 ,quale igitur     

visum8 tum illum ita definisse1 ex eo1  
quod esset1 sicut esset1 impressum et   
signatum et effictum4 ,post requisitum  
etiamne1 si eiusdem modi esset visum    
verum1 quale vel falsum4 ,hic ,zenonem  
vidisse acute nullum esse visum quod    
percipi posset1 si id tale esset ab eo1 
quod est1 ut eiusdem modi ab eo1 quod   
non est1 posset esse4 ,recte consensit  
,arcesilas2 ad definitionem additum3    
neque enim falsum percipi posse neque   
verum1 si esset tale1 quale vel falsum4 
,incubuit autem in eas disputationes1 ut
 doceret nullum tale esse visum a vero1 
ut non eiusdem modi etiam a falso possit
 esse4 #gh4 ,haec est una contentio1    
quae adhuc permanserit4 ,nam illud1     
nulli rei adsensurum esse sapientem1    
nihil ad hanc controversiam pertinebat4 
,licebat enim nihil percipere et tamen  
opinari1 quod a ,carneade dicitur       
probatum3 equidem ,clitomacho plus quam 
,philoni aut ,metrodoro credens1 hoc    
magis ab eo disputatum quam probatum    
puto4 ,sed id omittamus4 ,illud certe   

opinatione et perceptione sublata       
sequitur1 omnium adsensionum retentio1  
ut1 si ostendero nihil posse percipi1 tu
 concedas numquam adsensurum esse4      
,,xxv4 #gi4 ,quid ergo est quod percipi 
possit1 si ne sensus quidem vera        
nuntiant8 quos tu1 ,luculle1 communi    
loco defendis3 quod ne id facere posses1
 idcirco heri non necessario loco contra
 sensus tam multa dixeram4 ,tu autem te 
negas infracto remo neque columbae collo
 commoveri4 ,primum cur8 ,nam et in remo
 sentio non esse id1 quod videatur1 et  
in columba pluris videri colores nec    
esse plus uno4 ,deinde nihilne praeterea
 diximus8--,manent illa omnia1 iacet    
ista causa3 veracis suos esse sensus    
dicit4--,igitur semper auctorem habes   
eum1 qui magno suo periculo causam agat6
 ,eo enim rem demittit ,epicurus1 si    
unus sensus semel in vita mentitus sit1 
nulli umquam esse credendum4 #hj4 ,hoc  
est verum esse1 confidere suis testibus 
et importune insistere6 ,itaque         
,timagoras ,epicureus negat sibi umquam1

 cum oculum torsisset1 duas ex lucerna  
flammulas esse visas3 opinionis enim    
esse mendacium1 non oculorum4 ,quasi    
quaeratur quid sit1 non quid videatur4  
,sed hic quidem maiorum similis3 tu     
vero1 qui visa sensibus alia vera dicas 
esse1 alia falsa1 qui ea distinguis8    
,desine1 quaeso1 communibus locis3 domi 
nobis ista nascuntur4 ,si1 inquis1 deus 
te interroget3 ,sanis modo et integris  
sensibus1 num amplius quid desideras8   
quid respondeas8--,utinam quidem roget8 
,audiret quam nobiscum male ageret4 ,ut 
enim vera videamus1 quam longe videmus8 
,ego ,catuli ,cumanum ex hoc loco video1
 ,pompeianum non cerno1 neque quicquam  
interiectum est quod obstet1 sed intendi
 acies longius non potest4 ,o praeclarum
 prospectum6 ,puteolos videmus3 at      
familiarem nostrum ,c4 ,avianium1       
fortasse in porticu ,neptuni ambulantem1
 non videmus4 #ha4 ,at ille nescio qui1 
qui in scholis nominari solet1 mille et 
octingenta stadia quod abesset videbat3 
quaedam volucres longius4 ,responderem  

igitur audacter isti vestro deo me plane
 his oculis non esse contentum4 ,dicet  
me acrius videre quam illos pisces      
fortasse qui neque videntur a nobis et  
nunc quidem sub oculis sunt neque ipsi  
nos suspicere possunt4 ,ergo ut illis   
aqua1 sic nobis ar crassus offunditur4  
,at amplius non desideramus4 ,quid8     
talpam num desiderare lumen putas8      
,neque tam quererer cum deo1 quod parum 
longe quam quod falsum viderem4 ,videsne
 navem illam8 ,stare nobis videtur3 at  
iis1 qui in nave sunt1 moveri haec      
villa4 ,quaere rationem cur ita         
videatur3 quam ut maxime inveneris1 quod
 haud scio an non possis1 non tu verum  
testem habere1 sed eum non sine causa   
falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis4   
,,xxvi4 #hb4 ,quid ego de nave8 ,vidi   
enim a te remum contemni4 ,maiora       
fortasse quaeris4 ,quid potest esse sole
 maius8 quem mathematici amplius        
duodeviginti partibus confirmant maiorem
 esse quam terram4 ,quantulus nobis     
videtur6 ,mihi quidem quasi pedalis4    

,epicurus autem posse putat etiam       
minorem esse eum quam videatur1 sed non 
multo3 ne maiorem quidem multo putat    
esse vel tantum esse1 quantus videatur1 
ut oculi aut nihil mentiantur aut non   
multum4 ,ubi igitur illud est semel8    
,sed ab hoc credulo1 qui numquam sensus 
mentiri putat1 discedamus3 qui ne nunc  
quidem1 cum ille sol1 qui tanta         
incitatione fertur1 ut celeritas eius   
quanta sit ne cogitari quidem possit1   
tamen nobis stare videatur4 #hc4 ,sed1  
ut minuam controversiam1 videte1 quaeso1
 quam in parvo lis sit4 ,quattuor sunt  
capita1 quae concludant nihil esse quod 
nosci1 percipi1 comprehendi possit1 de  
quo haec tota quaestio est4 ,e quibus   
primum est esse aliquod visum falsum1   
secundum non posse id percipi1 tertium1 
inter quae visa nihil intersit1 fieri   
non posse ut eorum alia percipi possint1
 alia non possint1 quartum nullum esse  
visum verum a sensu profectum1 cui non  
appositum sit visum aliud1 quod ab eo   
nihil intersit quodque percipi non      

possit4 ,horum quattuor capitum secundum
 et tertium omnes concedunt4 ,primum    
,epicurus non dat2 vos1 quibuscum res   
est1 id quoque conceditis4 ,omnis pugna 
de quarto est4 #hd4 ,qui igitur ,p4     
,servilium ,geminum videbat1 si ,quintum
 se videre putabat1 incidebat in eius   
modi visum1 quod percipi non posset1    
quia nulla nota verum distinguebatur a  
falso3 qua distinctione sublata quam    
haberet in ,c4 ,cotta1 qui bis cum      
,gemino consul fuit1 agnoscendo eius    
modi notam1 quae falsa esse non posset8 
,negas tantam similitudinem in rerum    
natura esse4 ,pugnas omnino1 sed cum    
adversario facili4 ,ne sit sane3 videri 
certe potest4 ,fallet igitur sensum1 et 
si una fefellerit similitudo1 dubia     
omnia reddiderit4 ,sublato enim iudicio 
illo1 quo oportet agnosci1 etiam si ipse
 erit1 quem videris1 qui tibi videbitur1
 tamen non ea nota iudicabis1 qua dicis 
oportere1 ut non possit esse eiusdem    
modi falsa4 #he4 ,quando igitur potest  
tibi ,p4 ,geminus ,quintus videri1 quid 

habes explorati cur non possit tibi     
,cotta videri qui non sit1 quoniam      
aliquid videtur esse1 quod non est8     
,omnia dicis sui generis esse1 nihil    
esse idem1 quod sit aliud4 ,stoicum est 
quidem nec admodum credibile 'nullum    
esse pilum omnibus rebus talem1 qualis  
sit pilus alius1 nullum granum4' ,haec  
refelli possunt1 sed pugnare nolo4 ,ad  
id enim1 quod agitur1 nihil interest    
omnibusne partibus visa res nihil       
differat an internosci non possit1 etiam
 si differat4 ,sed1 si hominum          
similitudo tanta esse non potest1 ne    
signorum quidem8 ,dic mihi1 ,lysippus   
eodem aere1 eadem temperatione1 eodem   
caelo atque ceteris omnibus1 centum     
,alexandros eiusdem modi facere non     
posset8 ,qua igitur notione discerneres8
 #hf4 ,quid8 si in eiusdem modi cera    
centum sigilla hoc anulo impressero1    
ecquae poterit in agnoscendo esse       
distinctio8 an tibi erit quaerendus     
anularius aliqui1 quoniam gallinarium   
invenisti ,deliacum illum1 qui ova      

cognosceret8  ,,xxvii4 ,sed adhibes     
artem advocatam etiam sensibus4 ,pictor 
videt quae nos non videmus et1 simul    
inflavit tibicen1 a perito carmen       
agnoscitur4 ,quid8 hoc nonne videtur    
contra te valere1 si sine magnis        
artificiis1 ad quae pauci accedunt1     
nostri quidem generis admodum1 nec      
videre nec audire possimus8 ,iam illa   
praeclara1 quanto artificio esset sensus
 nostros mentemque et totam             
constructionem hominis fabricata natura6
 #hg4 ,cur non extimescam opinandi      
temeritatem8 ,etiamne hoc adfirmare     
potes1 ,luculle1 esse aliquam vim1 cum  
prudentia et consilio scilicet1 quae    
finxerit vel1 ut tuo verbo utar1 quae   
fabricata sit hominem8 ,qualis ista     
fabrica est8 ubi adhibita8 quando8 cur8 
quo modo8 ,tractantur ista ingeniose3   
disputantur etiam eleganter4 ,denique   
videantur sane1 ne adfirmentur modo4    
,sed de physicis mox et quidem ob eam   
causam1 ne tu1 qui idem me facturum     
paulo ante dixeris1 videare mentitus4   

,sed ut ad ea1 quae clariora sunt1      
veniam1 res iam universas profundam1 de 
quibus volumina impleta sunt non a      
nostris solum1 sed etiam a              
,chrysippo3--de quo queri solent        
,stoici1 dum studiose omnia conquisierit
 contra sensus et perspicuitatem        
contraque omnem consuetudinem contraque 
rationem1 ipsum sibi respondentem       
inferiorem fuisse1 itaque ab eo armatum 
esse ,carneadem4--#hh4 ,ea sunt eius    
modi1 quae a te diligentissime tractata 
sunt4 ,dormientium et vinolentorum et   
furiosorum visa imbecilliora esse       
dicebas quam vigilantium1 siccorum1     
sanorum4 ,quo modo8 quia1 cum           
experrectus esset ,ennius1 non diceret  
'se vidisse ,homerum1 sed visum esse1'  
,alcmaeo autem3    ',sed mihi ne utiquam
 cor consentit 444'  ,similia de        
vinolentis4 ,quasi quisquam neget et qui
 experrectus sit1 eum somnia reri et    
cuius furor consederit1 putare non      
fuisse ea vera1 quae essent sibi visa in
 furore4 ,sed non id agitur3 tum1 cum   

videbantur1 quo modo viderentur1 id     
quaeritur4 ,nisi vero ,ennium non       
putamus ita totum illud audivisse1      
',o pietas animi 444'1  si modo id      
somniavit1 ut si vigilans audiret4      
,experrectus enim potuit illa visa      
putare1 ut erant1 somnia3 dormienti vero
 aeque ac vigilanti probabantur4 ,quid8 
,iliona somno illo3    ',mater1 te      
appello 444'  nonne ita credit filium   
locutum1 ut experrecta etiam crederet8  
,unde enim illa3  ',age adsta3 mane1    
audi3 iterandum eadem istaec mihi6' num 
videtur minorem habere visis quam       
vigilantes fidem8  ,,xxviii4 #hi4 ,quid 
loquar de insanis8 qualis tandem fuit   
adfinis tuus1 ,catule1 ,tuditanus8      
quisquam sanissimus tam certa putat quae
 videt quam is putabat quae videbantur8 
,quid ille1 qui3    ',video1 video te4  
,vive1 ,ulixes1 dum licet1'  nonne etiam
 bis exclamavit se videre1 cum omnino   
non videret8 ,quid8 apud ,euripidem     
,hercules1 cum1 ut ,eurysthei filios1   
ita suos configebat sagittis1 cum uxorem

 interemebat1 cum conabatur etiam       
patrem1 non perinde movebatur falsis1 ut
 veris moveretur8 ,quid8 ipse ,alcmaeo  
tuus1 qui negat 'cor sibi cum oculis    
consentire1' nonne ibidem incitato      
furore3    'unde haec flamma oritur8'   
et illa deinceps3    ',incedunt1        
incedunt3 adsunt1 adsunt1 me expetunt3' 
,quid8 cum virginis fidem implorat3     
',fer mi auxilium1 pestem abige a me1   
flammiferam       hanc vim1 quae me     
excruciat6   ,caerulea incinctae angui  
incedunt1 circumstant       cum         
ardentibus taedis4'  ,num dubitas quin  
sibi haec videre videatur8 ,itemque     
cetera3    ',intendit crinitus ,apollo  
arcum auratum1 luna innixus3   ,diana   
facem iacit a laeva4'  #ij4 ,qui magis  
haec crederet1 si essent1 quam credebat1
 quia videbantur8 ,apparet enim iam 'cor
 cum oculis consentire4' ,omnia autem   
haec proferuntur1 ut illud efficiatur1  
quo certius nihil potest esse1 inter    
visa vera et falsa ad animi adsensum    
nihil interesse4 ,vos autem nihil       

agitis1 cum illa falsa vel furiosorum   
vel somniantium recordatione ipsorum    
refellitis4 ,non enim id quaeritur1     
qualis recordatio fieri soleat eorum1   
qui experrecti sint1 aut eorum1 qui     
furere destiterint1 sed qualis visio    
fuerit aut furentium aut somniantium tum
 cum movebantur4 ,sed abeo a sensibus4  
#ia4 ,quid est quod ratione percipi     
possit8 ,dialecticam inventam esse      
dicitis1 veri et falsi quasi            
disceptatricem et iudicem4 ,cuius veri  
et falsi8 et in qua re8 ,in geometriane 
quid sit verum aut falsum dialecticus   
iudicabit an in litteris an in musicis8 
,at ea non novit4 ,in philosophia       
igitur4 ,sol quantus sit quid ad illum8 
,quod sit summum bonum quid habet ut    
queat iudicare8 ,quid igitur iudicabit8 
quae coniunctio1 quae diiunctio vera    
sit1 quid ambigue dictum sit1 quid      
sequatur quamque rem1 quid repugnet8 ,si
 haec et horum similia iudicat1 de se   
ipsa iudicat4 ,plus autem pollicebatur4 
,nam haec quidem iudicare ad ceteras    

res1 quae sunt in philosophia multae    
atque magnae1 non est satis4 #ib4 ,sed  
quoniam tantum in ea arte ponitis1      
videte ne contra vos tota nata sit3 quae
 primo progressu festive tradit elementa
 loquendi et ambiguorum intellegentiam  
concludendique rationem1 tum paucis     
additis venit ad soritas1 lubricum sane 
et periculosum locum1 quod tu modo      
dicebas esse vitiosum interrogandi      
genus4  ,,xxix4 ,quid ergo8 istius vitii
 num nostra culpa est8 ,rerum natura    
nullam nobis dedit cognitionem finium1  
ut ulla in re statuere possimus         
quatenus4 ,nec hoc in acervo tritici    
solum1 unde nomen est1 sed nulla omnino 
in re minutatim interrogati1 dives      
pauper1 clarus obscurus sit1 multa      
pauca1 magna parva1 longa brevia1 lata  
angusta1 quanto aut addito aut dempto   
certum respondeamus non habemus4--#ic4  
,at vitiosi sunt soritae4--,frangite    
igitur eos1 si potestis1 ne molesti     
sint4 ,erunt enim1 nisi cavetis4 ,cautum
 est1 inquit4 ,placet enim ,chrysippo1  

cum gradatim interrogetur1 verbi causa1 
tria pauca sint anne multa1 aliquanto   
prius quam ad multa perveniat quiescere1
 id est1 quod ab his dicitur1 4 ,per me 
vel stertas licet1 inquit ,carneades1   
non modo quiescas4 ,sed quid proficit8  
,sequitur enim1 qui te ex somno excitet 
et eodem modo interroget4 ,quo in numero
 conticuisti1 si ad eum numerum unum    
addidero1 multane erunt8 ,progrediere   
rursus1 quoad videbitur4 ,quid plura8   
hoc enim fateris1 neque ultimum te      
paucorum neque primum multorum          
respondere posse4 ,cuius generis error  
ita manat1 ut non videam quo non possit 
accedere4 #id4 ,nihil me laedit1 inquit3
 ego enim1 ut agitator callidus1 prius  
quam ad finem veniam1 equos sustinebo1  
eoque magis1 si locus is1 quo ferentur  
equi1 praeceps erit4 ,sic me1 inquit1   
ante sustineo nec diutius captiose      
interroganti respondeo4 ,si habes quod  
liqueat neque respondes1 superbus es3 si
 non habes1 ne tu quidem percipis4 ,si1 
quia obscura1 concedo4 ,sed negas te    

usque ad obscura progredi4 ,illustribus 
igitur rebus insistis4 ,si id tantum    
modo1 ut taceas1 nihil adsequeris4 ,quid
 enim ad illum1 qui te captare volt1    
utrum tacentem irretiat te an loquentem8
 ,sin autem usque ad novem1 verbi       
gratia1 sine dubitatione respondes pauca
 esse1 in decimo insistis3 etiam a      
certis et illustrioribus cohibes        
adsensum4 ,hoc idem me in obscuris      
facere non sinis4 ,nihil igitur te      
contra soritas ars ista adiuvat1 quae   
nec augentis nec minuentis quid aut     
primum sit aut postremum docet4 #ie4    
,quid8 quod eadem illa ars1 quasi       
,penelope telam retexens1 tollit ad     
extremum superiora4 ,utrum ea vestra an 
nostra culpa est8 ,nempe fundamentum    
dialecticae est1 quidquid enuntietur--id
 autem appellant 1 quod est quasi       
effatum--1 aut verum esse aut falsum4   
,quid igitur8 haec vera an falsa sunt8  
,si te mentiri dicis idque verum dicis1 
mentiris an verum dicis8 ,haec scilicet 
inexplicabilia esse dicitis4 ,quod est  

odiosius quam illa1 quae nos non        
comprehensa et non percepta dicimus4    
,,xxx4 ,sed hoc omitto4 ,illud quaero1  
si ista explicari non possunt1 nec eorum
 ullum iudicium invenitur1 ut respondere
 possitis verane an falsa sint1 ubi est 
illa definitio3 'effatum esse id1 quod  
aut verum aut falsum sit'8 ,rebus       
sumptis adiungam ex his sequendas esse  
alias1 alias improbandas1 quae sint in  
genere contrario4 #if4 ,quo modo igitur 
hoc conclusum esse iudicas8 ',si dicis  
nunc lucere et verum dicis1 lucet2 dicis
 autem nunc lucere et verum dicis3 lucet
 igitur4' ,probatis certe genus et      
rectissime conclusum dicitis4 ,itaque in
 docendo eum primum concludendi modum   
traditis4 ,aut quidquid igitur eodem    
modo concluditur probabitis aut ars ista
 nulla est4 ,vide ergo hanc conclusionem
 probaturusne sis3 ',si dicis te mentiri
 verumque dicis1 mentiris2 dicis autem  
te mentiri verumque dicis1 mentiris     
igitur4' ,qui potes hanc non probare1   
cum probaveris eiusdem generis          

superiorem8 ,haec ,chrysippea sunt1 ne  
ab ipso quidem dissoluta4 ,quid enim    
faceret huic conclusioni8 ',si lucet1   
lucet2 lucet autem3 lucet igitur4'      
,cederet scilicet4 ,ipsa enim ratio     
conexi1 cum concesseris superius1 cogit 
inferius concedere4 ,quid ergo haec ab  
illa conclusione differt8 ',si mentiris1
 mentiris3 mentiris autem3 mentiris     
igitur4' ,hoc negas te posse nec        
approbare nec improbare4 #ig4 ,qui      
igitur magis illud8 ,si ars1 si ratio1  
si via1 si vis denique conclusionis     
valet1 eadem est in utroque4 ,sed hoc   
extremum eorum est3 postulant ut        
excipiantur haec inexplicabilia4        
,tribunum aliquem censeo adeant3 a me   
istam exceptionem numquam impetrabunt4  
,etenim cum ab ,epicuro1 qui totam      
dialecticam et contemnit et irridet1 non
 impetrent ut verum esse concedat quod  
ita effabimur1 'aut vivet cras          
,hermarchus aut non vivet' cum          
dialectici sic statuant1 omne1 quod ita 
diiunctum sit1 quasi 'aut etiam aut     

non1' non modo verum esse1 sed etiam    
necessarium3 vide quam sit catus is1    
quem isti tardum putant4 ,si enim1      
inquit1 alterutrum concessero           
necessarium esse1 necesse erit cras     
,hermarchum aut vivere aut non vivere2  
nulla autem est in natura rerum talis   
necessitas4 ,cum hoc igitur dialectici  
pugnent1 id est1 ,antiochus et ,stoici3 
totam enim evertit dialecticam4 ,nam si 
e contrariis diiunctio--contraria autem 
ea dico1 cum alterum aiat1 alterum      
neget1 si talis diiunctio falsa potest  
esse1 nulla vera est4 #ih4 ,mecum vero  
quid habent litium1 qui ipsorum         
disciplinam sequor8 ,cum aliquid huius  
modi inciderat1 sic ludere ,carneades   
solebat3 ',si recte conclusi1 teneo3 sin
 vitiose1 minam ,diogenes reddet4' ,ab  
eo enim ,stoico dialecticam didicerat3  
haec autem merces erat dialecticorum4   
,sequor igitur eas vias1 quas didici ab 
,antiocho1 nec reperio quo modo iudicem 
'si lucet1 lucet1' verum esse ob eam    
causam1 quod ita didici1 omne1 quod     

ipsum ex se conexum sit1 verum esse1 non
 iudicem 'si mentiris1 mentiris1' eodem 
modo esse conexum4 ,aut igitur hoc et   
illud aut1 nisi hoc1 ne illud quidem    
iudicabo4  ,,xxxi4 ,sed1 ut omnes istos 
aculeos et totum tortuosum genus        
disputandi relinquamus ostendamusque qui
 simus1 iam explicata tota ,carneadis   
sententia ,antiochea ista corruent      
universa4 ,nec vero quicquam ita dicam1 
ut quisquam id fingi suspicetur3 a      
,clitomacho sumam1 qui usque ad         
senectutem cum ,carneade fuit1 homo et  
acutus1 ut ,poenus1 et valde studiosus  
ac diligens4 ,et quattuor eius libri    
sunt de sustinendis adsensionibus4 ,haec
 autem1 quae iam dicam1 sunt sumpta de  
primo4 #ii4 ,duo placet esse ,carneadi  
genera visorum1 in uno hanc divisionem3 
'alia visa esse quae percipi possint1   
alia quae non possint1' in altero autem3
 'alia visa esse probabilia2 alia non   
probabilia4' ,itaque1 quae contra sensus
 contraque perspicuitatem dicantur1 ea  
pertinere ad superiorem divisionem3     

contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere3 
qua re ita placere3 tale visum nullum   
esse1 ut perceptio consequeretur1 ut    
autem probatio1 multa4 ,etenim contra   
naturam esset1 si probabile nihil esset4
 ,et sequitur omnis vitae ea1 quam tu1  
,luculle1 commemorabas1 eversio4 ,itaque
 et sensibus probanda multa sunt1       
teneatur modo illud1 non inesse in iis  
quicquam tale1 quale non etiam falsum   
nihil ab eo differens esse possit4 ,sic1
 quidquid acciderit specie probabile1 si
 nihil se offeret quod sit probabilitati
 illi contrarium1 utetur eo sapiens ac  
sic omnis ratio vitae gubernabitur4     
,etenim is quoque1 qui a vobis sapiens  
inducitur1 multa sequitur probabilia1   
non comprehensa neque percepta neque    
adsensa1 sed similia veri3 quae nisi    
probet1 omnis vita tollatur4 #ajj4 ,quid
 enim8 conscendens navem sapiens num    
comprehensum animo habet atque perceptum
 se ex sententia navigaturum8 ,qui      
potest8 ,sed si iam ex hoc loco         
proficiscatur ,puteolos stadia triginta1

 probo navigio1 bono gubernatore1 hac   
tranquillitate1 probabile videatur se   
illuc venturum esse salvum4 ,huius modi 
igitur visis consilia capiet et agendi  
et non agendi1 faciliorque erit1 ut     
albam esse nivem probet1 quam erat      
,anaxagoras1 qui id non modo ita esse   
negabat1 sed sibi1 quia sciret aquam    
nigram esse1 unde illa concreta esset1  
albam ipsam esse1 ne videri quidem4     
#aja4 ,et quaecumque res eum sic        
attinget1 ut sit visum illud probabile  
neque ulla re impeditum1 movebitur4 ,non
 enim est e saxo sculptus aut e robore  
dolatus1 habet corpus1 habet animum1    
movetur mente1 movetur sensibus1 ut ei  
multa vera videantur1 neque tamen habere
 insignem illam et propriam percipiendi 
notam3 eoque sapientem non adsentiri1   
quia possit eiusdem modi exsistere      
falsum aliquod1 cuius modi hoc verum4   
,neque nos contra sensus aliter dicimus 
ac ,stoici1 qui multa falsa esse dicunt1
 longeque aliter se habere ac sensibus  
videantur4  ,,xxxii4 ,hoc autem si ita  

sit1 ut unum modo sensibus falsum       
videatur1 praesto est qui neget rem     
ullam percipi posse sensibus4 ,ita nobis
 tacentibus ex uno ,epicuri capite1     
altero vestro perceptio et comprehensio 
tollitur4 ,quod est caput ,epicuri8 ',si
 ullum sensus visum falsum est1 nihil   
percipi potest4' ,quod vestrum8 ',sunt  
falsa sensus visa4' ,quid sequitur8 ut  
taceam1 conclusio ipsa loquitur3 'nihil 
posse percipi4' ,non concedo1 inquit1   
,epicuro4 ,certa igitur cum illo1 qui a 
te totus diversus est3 noli mecum1 qui  
hoc quidem certe1 falsi esse aliquid in 
sensibus1 tibi adsentior4 #ajb4         
,quamquam nihil mihi tam mirum videtur  
quam ista dici1 ab ,antiocho quidem     
maxime1 cui erant ea1 quae paulo ante   
dixi1 notissima4 ,licet enim haec quivis
 arbitratu suo reprehendat1 quod negemus
 rem ullam percipi posse1 certe levior  
reprehensio est3 quod tamen dicimus esse
 quaedam probabilia1 non videtur hoc    
satis esse vobis4 ,ne sit3 illa certe   
debemus effugere1 quae a te vel maxime  

agitata sunt3 'nihil igitur cernis8     
nihil audis8 nihil tibi est perspicuum8'
 ,explicavi paulo ante ,clitomacho      
auctore quo modo ista ,carneades        
diceret4 ,accipe quem ad modum eadem    
dicantur a ,clitomacho in eo libro1 quem
 ad ,c4 ,lucilium scripsit potam1 cum   
scripsisset isdem de rebus ad ,l4       
,censorinum1 eum1 qui consul cum ,m4    
,manilio fuit4 ,scripsit igitur his fere
 verbis--sunt enim mihi nota1 propterea 
quod earum ipsarum rerum1 de quibus     
agimus1 prima institutio et quasi       
disciplina illo libro continetur--1 sed 
scriptum est ita3 #ajc4 ',academicis    
placere esse rerum eius modi            
dissimilitudines1 ut aliae probabiles   
videantur1 aliae contra3 id autem non   
esse satis cur alia posse percipi dicas1
 alia non posse1 propterea quod multa   
falsa probabilia sint1 nihil autem falsi
 perceptum et cognitum possit esse4'    
,itaque ait vehementer errare eos1 qui  
dicant ab ,academia sensus eripi1 a     
quibus numquam dictum sit aut colorem   

aut saporem aut sonum nullum esse1 illud
 sit disputatum1 non inesse in his      
propriam1 quae nusquam alibi esset1 veri
 et certi notam4 #ajd4 ,quae cum        
exposuisset1 adiungit dupliciter dici   
adsensus sustinere sapientem3 uno modo1 
cum hoc intelligatur1 omnino eum rei    
nulli adsentiri3 altero1 cum se a       
respondendo1 ut aut approbet quid aut   
improbet1 sustineat1 ut neque neget     
aliquid neque aiat4 ,id cum ita sit1    
alterum placere1 ut numquam adsentiatur1
 alterum tenere1 ut sequens             
probabilitatem1 ubicumque haec aut      
occurrat aut deficiat1 aut 'etiam' aut  
'non' respondere possit4 ,nec1 ut       
placeat1 eum1 qui de omnibus rebus      
contineat se ab adsentiendo1 moveri     
tamen et agere aliquid1 reliquit eius   
modi visa1 quibus ad actionem excitemur3
 item ea1 quae interrogati in utramque  
partem respondere possimus1 sequentes   
tantum modo1 quod ita visum sit1 dum    
sine adsensu3 neque tamen omnia eius    
modi visa approbari1 sed ea1 quae nulla 

re impedirentur4 #aje4 ,haec si vobis   
non probamus1 sint falsa sane1 invidiosa
 certe non sunt4 ,non enim lucem        
eripimus1 sed ea1 quae vos percipi      
comprehendique1 eadem nos1 si modo      
probabilia sint1 videri dicimus4        
,,xxxiii4 ,sic igitur inducto et        
constituto probabili1 et eo quidem      
expedito1 soluto1 libero1 nulla re      
implicato1 vides profecto1 ,luculle1    
iacere iam illud tuum perspicuitatis    
patrocinium4 ,isdem enim hic sapiens1 de
 quo loquor1 oculis quibus iste vester  
caelum1 terram1 mare intuebitur1 isdem  
sensibus reliqua1 quae sub quemque      
sensum cadunt1 sentiet4 ,mare illud1    
quod nunc ,favonio nascente purpureum   
videtur1 idem huic nostro videbitur1 nec
 tamen adsentietur1 quia nobismet ipsis 
modo caeruleum videbatur1 mane ravum1   
quodque nunc1 qua a sole collucet1      
albescit et vibrat dissimileque est     
proximo et continenti1 ut1 etiam si     
possis rationem reddere cur id eveniat1 
tamen non possis id verum esse1 quod    

videbatur oculis1 defendere4 #ajf4 ,unde
 memoria1 si nihil percipimus8 ,sic enim
 quaerebas4 ,quid8 meminisse visa nisi  
comprehensa non possumus8 ,quid8        
,polyaenus1 qui magnus mathematicus     
fuisse dicitur1 is postea quam ,epicuro 
adsentiens totam geometriam falsam esse 
credidit1 num illa etiam1 quae sciebat1 
oblitus est8 ,atqui1 falsum quod est1 id
 percipi non potest1 ut vobismet ipsis  
placet4 ,si igitur memoria perceptarum  
comprehensarumque rerum est1 omnia1 quae
 quisque meminit1 habet ea comprehensa  
atque percepta4 ,falsi autem comprehendi
 nihil potest1 et omnia meminit ,siron  
,epicuri dogmata4 ,vera igitur illa sunt
 nunc omnia4 ,hoc per me licet3 sed tibi
 aut concedendum est ita esse1 quod     
minime vis1 aut memoriam mihi remittas  
oportet et fateare esse ei locum1 etiam 
si comprehensio perceptioque nulla sit4 
#ajg4 ,quid fiet artibus8 ,quibus8      
,iisne1 quae ipsae fatentur coniectura  
se plus uti quam scientia1 an iis1 quae 
tantum id1 quod videtur1 secuntur nec   

habent istam artem vestram1 qua vera et 
falsa diiudicent8  ,sed illa sunt lumina
 duo1 quae maxime causam istam          
continent4 ,primum enim negatis fieri   
posse ut quisquam nulli rei adsentiatur4
 ,at id quidem perspicuum est4 ,cum     
,panaetius1 princeps prope meo quidem   
iudicio ,stoicorum1 ea de re dubitare se
 dicat1 quam omnes praeter eum ,stoici  
certissimam putant1 vera esse haruspicum
 responsa1 auspicia1 oracula1 somnia1   
vaticinationes1 seque ab adsensu        
sustineat3 quod is potest facere vel de 
iis rebus1 quas illi1 a quibus ipse     
didicit1 certas habuerint1 cur id       
sapiens de reliquis rebus facere non    
possit8 ,an est aliquid1 quod positum   
vel improbare vel approbare possit1     
dubitare non possit8 an tu in soritis   
poteris hoc1 cum voles3 ille in reliquis
 rebus non poterit eodem modo insistere1
 praesertim cum possit sine adsensione  
ipsam veri similitudinem non impeditam  
sequi8 #ajh4 ,alterum est1 quod negatis 
actionem ullius rei posse in eo esse1   

qui nullam rem adsensu suo comprobet4   
,primum enim videri oportet in quo sit  
etiam adsensus4 ,dicunt enim ,stoici    
sensus ipsos adsensus esse1 quos quoniam
 appetitio consequatur1 actionem sequi3 
tolli autem omnia1 si visa tollantur4   
,,xxxiv4 ,hac de re in utramque partem  
et dicta sunt et scripta multa1 sed     
brevi res potest tota confici4 ,ego enim
 etsi maximam actionem puto repugnare   
visis1 obsistere opinionibus1 adsensus  
lubricos sustinere1 credoque ,clitomacho
 ita scribenti1 ,herculi quendam laborem
 exanclatum a ,carneade1 quod1 ut feram 
et immanem beluam1 sic ex animis nostris
 adsensionem1 id est1 opinationem et    
temeritatem extraxisset1 tamen1 ut ea   
pars defensionis relinquatur1 quid      
impediet actionem eius1 qui probabilia  
sequitur1 nulla re impediente8 #aji4    
,hoc1 inquit1 ipsum impediet1 quod      
statuet1 ne id quidem1 quod probet1     
posse percipi4 ,iam istuc te quoque     
impediet in navigando1 in conserendo1 in
 uxore ducenda1 in liberis procreandis  

plurimisque in rebus1 in quibus nihil   
sequere praeter probabile4  ,et tamen   
illud usitatum et saepe repudiatum      
refers1 non ut ,antipater1 sed1 ut ais1 
'pressius4' ,nam ,antipatrum            
reprehensum1 quod diceret consentaneum  
esse ei1 qui adfirmaret nihil posse     
comprehendi1 id ipsum saltem dicere     
posse comprehendi1 quod ipsi ,antiocho  
pingue videbatur et sibi ipsum          
contrarium4 ,non enim potest            
convenienter dici nihil comprehendi     
posse1 si quicquam comprehendi posse    
dicatur4 ,illo modo potius putat        
urguendum fuisse ,carneadem3 cum        
sapientis nullum decretum esse possit   
nisi comprehensum1 perceptum1 cognitum1 
ut hoc ipsum decretum1 quod sapientis   
esset1 nihil posse percipi1 fateretur   
esse perceptum4 ,proinde quasi nullum   
sapiens aliud decretum habeat et sine   
decretis vitam agere possit6 #aaj4 ,sed 
ut illa habet probabilia non percepta1  
sic hoc ipsum1 nihil posse percipi4 ,nam
 si in hoc haberet cognitionis notam1   

eadem uteretur in ceteris4 ,quam quoniam
 non habet1 utitur probabilibus4 ,itaque
 non metuit ne confundere omnia videatur
 et incerta reddere4 ,non enim1 quem ad 
modum1 si quaesitum ex eo sit1 stellarum
 numerus par an impar sit1 item1 si de  
officio multisque aliis de rebus1 in    
quibus versatus exercitatusque sit1     
nescire se dicat4 ,in incertis enim     
nihil probabile est1 in quibus autem    
est1 in iis non deerit sapienti nec quid
 faciat nec quid respondeat4 #aaa4 ,ne  
illam quidem praetermisisti1 ,luculle1  
reprehensionem ,antiochi--nec mirum3 in 
primis enim est nobilis--1 qua solebat  
dicere ,antiochus ,philonem maxime      
perturbatum4 ,cum enim sumeretur1 unum1 
esse quaedam falsa visa1 alterum nihil  
ea differre a veris1 non adtendere1     
superius illud ea re a se esse          
concessum1 quod videretur esse quaedam  
in vivis differentia1 eam tolli altero1 
quo neget visa a falsis vera differre2  
nihil tam repugnare4 ,id ita esset1 si  
nos verum omnino tolleremus4 ,non       

facimus4 ,nam tam vera quam falsa       
cernimus4 ,sed probandi species est3    
percipiendi signum nullum habemus4      
,,xxxv4 #aab4 ,ac mihi videor nimis     
etiam nunc agere ieiune4 ,cum sit enim  
campus in quo exsultare possit oratio1  
cur eam tantas in angustias et in       
,stoicorum dumeta compellimus8 si enim  
mihi cum ,peripatetico res esset1 qui id
 percipi posse diceret1 'quod impressum 
esset e vero1' neque adhiberet illam    
magnam accessionem1 'quo modo imprimi   
non posset a falso1' cum simplici homine
 simpliciter agerem nec magno opere     
contenderem atque etiam1 si1 cum ego    
nihil dicerem posse comprehendi1 diceret
 ille sapientem interdum opinari1 non   
repugnarem1 praesertim ne ,carneade     
quidem huic loco valde repugnante3 nunc 
quid facere possum8 #aac4 ,quaero enim  
quid sit quod comprehendi possit4       
,respondet mihi non ,aristoteles aut    
,theophrastus1 ne ,xenocrates quidem aut
 ,polemo1 sed qui his minor est3 'tale  
verum quale falsum esse non possit4'    

,nihil eius modo invenio4 ,itaque       
incognito nimirum adsentiar1 id est1    
opinabor4 ,hoc mihi et ,peripatetici et 
vetus ,academia concedit3 vos negatis1  
,antiochus in primis1 qui me valde      
movet1 vel quod amavi hominem1 sicut    
ille me1 vel quod ita iudico1           
politissimum et acutissimum omnium      
nostrae memoriae philosophorum4 ,a quo  
primum quaero quo tandem modo sit eius  
,academiae1 cuius esse se profiteatur8  
,ut omittam alia1 haec duo1 de quibus   
agitur1 quis umquam dixit aut veteris   
,academiae aut ,peripateticorum1 vel id 
solum percipi posse1 quod esset verum   
tale1 quale falsum esse non posset1 vel 
sapientem nihil opinari8 ,certe nemo4   
,horum neutrum ante ,zenonem magno opere
 defensum est4 ,ego tamen utrumque verum
 puto1 nec dico temporis causa1 sed ita 
plane probo4  ,,xxxvi4 #aad4 ,illud     
ferre non possum4 ,tu cum me incognito  
adsentiri vetes idque turpissimum esse  
dicas et plenissimum temeritatis1 tantum
 tibi adroges1 ut exponas disciplinam   

sapientiae1 naturam rerum omnium        
evolvas1 mores fingas1 finis bonorum    
malorumque constituas1 officia          
describas1 quam vitam ingrediar         
definias1 idemque etiam disputandi et   
intellegendi iudicium dicas te et       
artificium traditurum1 perficies ut ego 
ista innumerabilia complectens nusquam  
labar1 nihil opiner8 ,quae tandem ea est
 disciplina1 ad quam me deducas1 si ab  
hac abstraxeris8 ,vereor ne             
subadroganter facias1 si dixeris tuam4  
,atqui ita dicas necesse est4 #aae4     
,neque vero tu solus1 sed ad suam       
quisque rapiet4 ,age1 restitero         
,peripateticis1 qui sibi cum oratoribus 
cognationem esse1 qui claros viros a se 
instructos dicant rem publicam saepe    
rexisse1 sustinuero ,epicureos1 tot meos
 familiaris1 tam bonos1 tam inter se    
amantis viros1 ,diodoto quid faciam     
,stoico1 quem a puero audivi8 qui mecum 
vivit tot annos8 qui habitat apud me8   
quem et admiror et diligo8 qui ista     
,antiochea contemnit8 ,nostra1 inquies1 

sola vera sunt4 ,certe sola1 si vera3   
plura enim vera discrepantia esse non   
possunt4 ,utrum igitur nos impudentes1  
qui labi nolumus1 an illi adrogantes1   
qui sibi persuaserint scire se solos    
omnia8 ,non me quidem1 inquit1 sed      
sapientem dico scire4 ,optime3 nempe    
ista scire1 quae sunt in tua disciplina4
 ,hoc primum quale est1 a non sapiente  
explicari sapientiam8 ,sed discedamus a 
nobismet ipsis1 de sapiente loquamur1 de
 quo1 ut saepe iam dixi1 omnis haec     
quaestio est4  #aaf4 ,in tres igitur    
partis et a plerisque et a vobismet     
ipsis distributa sapientia est4 ,primum 
ergo1 si placet1 quae de natura rerum   
sint quaesita1 videamus3 at illud ante4 
,estne quisquam tanto inflatus errore1  
ut sibi se illa scire persuaserit8 ,non 
quaero rationes eas1 quae ex coniectura 
pendent1 quae disputationibus huc et    
illuc trahuntur1 nullam adhibent        
persuadendi necessitatem4 ,geometrae    
provideant1 qui se profitentur non      
persuadere1 sed cogere1 et qui omnia    

vobis1 quae describunt1 probant4 ,non   
quaero ex his illa initia               
mathematicorum1 quibus non concessis    
digitum progredi non possunt4 ,punctum  
esse quod magnitudinem nullam habeat3   
extremitatem et quasi libramentum in quo
 nulla omnino crassitudo sit3           
liniamentum sine ulla latitudine        
carentem4 ,haec cum vera esse           
concessero1 si adigam ius iurandum      
sapientem1 nec prius quam ,archimedes eo
 inspectante rationes omnis descripserit
 eas1 quibus efficitur multis partibus  
solem maiorem esse quam terram1         
iuraturum putas8 ,si fecerit1 solem     
ipsum1 quem deum censet esse1           
contempserit4 #aag4 ,quod si geometricis
 rationibus non est crediturus1 quae vim
 adferunt in docendo1 vos ipsi ut       
dicitis1 ne ille longe aberit ut        
argumentis credat philosophorum1 aut1 si
 est crediturus1 quorum potissimum8     
,omnia enim physicorum licet explicare2 
sed longum est3 quaero tamen quem       
sequatur4 ,finge aliquem nunc fieri     

sapientem1 nondum esse1 quam potissimum 
sententiam eliget et disciplinam8 ,etsi 
quamcumque eliget1 insipiens eliget4    
,sed sit ingenio divino1 quem unum e    
physicis potissimum probabit8 ,nec plus 
uno poterit4 ,non persequor quaestiones 
infinitas3 tantum de principiis rerum1 e
 quibus omnia constant1 videamus quem   
probet3 est enim inter magnos homines   
summa dissensio4  ,,xxxvii4 #aah4       
,princeps ,thales1 unus e septem1 cui   
sex reliquos concessisse primas ferunt1 
ex aqua dixit constare omnia4 ,at hoc   
,anaximandro1 populari et sodali suo1   
non persuasit3 is enim infinitatem      
naturae dixit esse1 e qua omnia         
gignerentur4 ,post eius auditor         
,anaximenes infinitum ara1 sed ea1 quae 
ex eo orirentur1 definita3 gigni autem  
terram1 aquam1 ignem1 tum ex his omnia4 
,anaxagoras materiam infinitam1 sed ex  
ea particulas1 similis inter se1        
minutas1 eas primum confusas1 postea in 
ordinem adductas a mente divina4        
,xenophanes1 paulo etiam antiquior1 unum

 esse omnia neque id esse mutabile et id
 esse deum neque natum umquam et        
sempiternum1 conglobata figura3         
,parmenides ignem1 qui moveat terram1   
quae ab eo formetur3 ,leucippus1 plenum 
et inane3 ,democritus huic in hoc       
similis1 uberior in ceteris3 ,empedocles
 haec pervolgata et nota quattuor3      
,heraclitus ignem3 ,melissus hoc1 quod  
esset infinitum et immutabile1 et fuisse
 semper et fore4 ,plato ex materia in se
 omnia recipiente mundum factum esse    
censet a deo sempiternum4 ,pythagorei ex
 numeris et mathematicorum initiis      
proficisci volunt omnia4 ,ex his eliget 
vester sapiens unum aliquem1 credo1 quem
 sequatur3 ceteri tot viri et tanti     
repudiati ab eo condemnatique discedent4
 #aai4 ,quamcumque vero sententiam      
probaverit1 eam sic animo comprehensam  
habebit1 ut ea1 quae sensibus1 nec magis
 approbabit nunc lucere1 quam1 quoniam  
,stoicus est1 hunc mundum esse          
sapientem1 habere mentem1 quae et se et 
ipsum fabricata sit et omnia moderetur1 

moveat1 regat4 ,erit ei persuasum etiam 
solem1 lunam1 stellas omnis1 terram1    
mare deos esse1 quod quaedam animalis   
intellegentia per omnia ea permanet et  
transeat1 fore tamen aliquando ut omnis 
hic mundus ardore deflagret4  ,,xxxviii4
 ,sint ista vera--vides enim iam me     
fateri aliquid esse veri--1 comprehendi 
ea tamen et percipi nego4 ,cum enim tuus
 iste ,stoicus sapiens syllabatim tibi  
ista dixerit1 veniet flumen orationis   
aureum fundens ,aristoteles1 qui illum  
desipere dicat3 neque enim ortum esse   
umquam mundum1 quod nulla fuerit novo   
consilio inito tam praeclari operis     
inceptio1 et ita esse eum undique aptum1
 ut nulla vis tantos queat motus        
mutationemque moliri1 nulla senectus    
diuturnitate temporum exsistere1 ut hic 
ornatus umquam dilapsus occidat4 ,tibi  
hoc repudiare1 illud autem superius     
sicut caput et famam tuam defendere     
necesse erit1 cum mihi ne ut dubitem    
quidem relinquatur4 #abj4 ,ut omittam   
levitatem temere adsentientium1 quanti  

libertas ipsa aestimanda est non mihi   
necesse esse quod tibi est8 ,cur deus1  
omnia nostra causa cum faceret--sic enim
 voltis--1 tantam vim natricum          
viperarumque fecerit8 cur mortifera tam 
multa ac perniciosa terra marique       
disperserit8 ,negatis haec tam polite   
tamque subtiliter effici potuisse sine  
divina aliqua sollertia4 ,cuius quidem  
vos maiestatem deducitis usque ad apium 
formicarumque perfectionem1 ut etiam    
inter deos ,myrmecides aliquis minutorum
 opusculorum fabricator fuisse videatur4
 #aba4 ,negas sine deo posse quicquam4  
,ecce tibi e transverso ,lampsacenus    
,strato1 qui det isti deo immunitatem   
magni quidem muneris3 sed cum sacerdotes
 deorum vacationem habeant1 quanto est  
aequius habere ipsos deos6 ,negat opera 
deorum se uti ad fabricandum mundum4    
,quaecumque sint1 docet omnia effecta   
esse natura1 nec1 ut ille1 qui asperis  
et levibus et hamatis uncinatisque      
corporibus concreta haec esse dicat     
interiecto inani4 ,somnia censet haec   

esse ,democriti non docentis1 sed       
optantis4 ,ipse autem singulas mundi    
partis persequens1 quidquid aut sit aut 
fiat1 naturalibus fieri aut factum esse 
docet ponderibus et motibus4 ,ne ille et
 deum opere magno liberat et me timore4 
,quis enim potest1 cum existimet curari 
se a deo1 non et dies et noctes divinum 
numen horrere et1 si quid adversi       
acciderit--quod cui non                 
accidit8--extimescere ne id iure        
evenerit8 ,nec ,stratoni tamen          
adsentior1 nec vero tibi4 ,modo hoc1    
modo illud probabilius videtur4         
,,xxxix4 #abb4 ,latent ista omnia1      
,luculle1 crassis occultata et          
circumfusa tenebris1 ut nulla acies     
humani ingeni tanta sit1 quae penetrare 
in caelum1 terram intrare possit3       
corpora nostra non novimus3 qui sint    
situs partium1 quam vim quaeque pars    
habeat ignoramus4 ,itaque medici ipsi1  
quorum intererat ea nosse1 aperuerunt1  
ut viderentur4 ,nec eo tamen aiunt      
empirici notiora esse illa1 quia possit 

fieri ut patefacta et detecta mutentur4 
,sed ecquid nos eodem modo rerum naturas
 persecare1 aperire1 dividere possumus1 
ut videamus terra penitusne defixa sit  
et quasi radicibus suis haereat an media
 pendeat8 #abc4 ,habitari ait           
,xenophanes in luna eamque esse terram  
multarum urbium et montium4 ,portenta   
videntur1 sed tamen neque ille1 qui     
dixit1 iurare posset1 ita se rem habere1
 neque ego non ita4 ,vos etiam dicitis  
esse e regione nobis1 e contraria parte 
terrae1 qui adversis vestigiis stent    
contra nostra vestigia1 quos  vocatis3  
cur mihi magis suscensetis1 qui ista non
 aspernor1 quam iis1 qui1 cum audiunt1  
desipere vos arbitrantur8 ,hicetas      
,syracusius1 ut ait ,theophrastus1      
caelum1 solem1 lunam1 stellas1 supera   
denique omnia stare censet neque praeter
 terram rem ullam in mundo moveri3 quae 
cum circum axem se summa celeritate     
convertat et torqueat1 eadem effici     
omnia1 quae1 si stante terra caelum     
moveretur4 ,atque hoc etiam ,platonem in

 ,timaeo dicere quidam arbitrantur1 sed 
paulo obscurius4 ,quid tu1 ,epicure8    
loquere4 ,putas solem esse tantulum8    
,egone8 ne bis quidem tantum6 ,et vos ab
 illo irridemini et ipsi illum vicissim 
eluditis4 ,liber igitur a tali irrisione
 ,socrates1 liber ,aristo ,chius1 qui   
nihil istorum sciri putat posse4 #abd4  
,sed redeo ad animum et corpus4 ,satisne
 tandem ea nota sunt nobis1 quae        
nervorum natura sit1 quae venarum8      
tenemusne quid sit animus1 ubi sit8     
denique sitne an1 ut ,dicaearcho visum  
est1 ne sit quidem ullus8 ,si est1      
tresne partis habeat1 ut ,platoni       
placuit1 rationis1 irae1 cupiditatis1 an
 simplex unusque sit8 si simplex1 utrum 
sit ignis an anima an sanguis an1 ut    
,xenocrates1 numerus nullo corpore--quod
 intellegi quale sit vix potest--et1    
quidquid est1 mortale sit an aeternum8  
nam utramque in partem multa dicuntur4  
,horum aliquid vestro sapienti certum   
videtur1 nostro ne quid maxime quidem   
probabile sit occurrit3 ita sunt in     

plerisque contrariarum rationum paria   
momenta4  ,,xl4 #abe4 ,sin agis         
verecundius et me accusas1 non quod tuis
 rationibus non adsentiar1 sed quod     
nullis1 vincam animum cuique adsentiar  
deligam 444 quem potissimum8 quem8      
,democritum3 semper enim1 ut scitis1    
studiosus nobilitatis fui4 ,urguebor iam
 omnium vestrum convicio4 ,tune aut     
inane quicquam putes esse1 cum ita      
completa et conferta sint omnia1 ut et  
quod movebitur corporum cedat et qua    
quidque cesserit aliud ilico            
subsequatur8 aut atomos ullas1 e quibus 
quidquid efficiatur1 illarum sit        
dissimillimum8 aut sine aliqua mente rem
 ullam effici posse praeclaram8 et cum  
in uno mundo ornatus hic tam sit        
mirabilis1 innumerabilis supra infra1   
dextra sinistra1 ante post1 alios       
dissimilis1 alios eiusdem modi mundos   
esse8 et1 ut nos nunc simus ad ,baulos  
,puteolosque videamus1 sic innumerabilis
 paribus in locis isdem esse nominibus1 
honoribus1 rebus gestis1 ingeniis1      

formis1 aetatibus1 isdem de rebus       
disputantis8 et1 si nunc aut si etiam   
dormientes aliquid animo videre         
videamur1 imagines extrinsecus in animos
 nostros per corpus irrumpere8 ,tu vero 
ista ne asciveris neve fueris           
commenticiis rebus adsensus4 ,nihil     
sentire est melius quam tam prava       
sentire4 #abf4 ,non ergo id agitur1 ut  
aliquid adsensu meo comprobem2 quae tu1 
vide ne impudenter etiam postules1 non  
solum adroganter1 praesertim cum ista   
tua mihi ne probabilia quidem videantur4
 ,nec enim divinationem1 quam probatis1 
ullam esse arbitror1 fatumque illud1 quo
 omnia contineri dicitis1 contemno4 ,ne 
exaedificatum quidem hunc mundum divino 
consilio existimo1 atque haud scio an   
ita sit4  ,,xli4 ,sed cur rapior in     
invidiam8 licetne per vos nescire quod  
nescio8 an ,stoicis ipsis inter se      
disceptare1 cum his non licebit8 ,zenoni
 et reliquis fere ,stoicis aether       
videtur summus deus1 mente praeditus1   
qua omnia regantur4 ,cleanthes1 qui     

quasi maiorum est gentium ,stoicus1     
,zenonis auditor1 solem dominari et     
rerum potiri putat4 ,ita cogimur        
dissensione sapientium dominum nostrum  
ignorare1 quippe qui nesciamus soli an  
aetheri serviamus4 ,solis autem         
magnitudinem--ipse enim hic radiatus me 
intueri videtur ac monet ut crebro      
faciam mentionem sui--vos ergo huius    
magnitudinem quasi decempeda permensi   
refertis3 huic me quasi malis           
architectis mensurae vestrae nego       
credere4 ,ergo dubium est uter nostrum  
sit1 leniter ut dicam1 verecundior8     
#abg4 ,neque tamen istas quaestiones    
physicorum exterminandas puto4 ,est enim
 animorum ingeniorumque naturale quoddam
 quasi pabulum consideratio             
contemplatioque naturae4 ,erigimur1     
elatiores fieri videmur1 humana         
despicimus1 cogitantesque supera atque  
caelestia haec nostra ut exigua et      
minima contemnimus4 ,indagatio ipsa     
rerum cum maximarum tum etiam           
occultissimarum habet oblectationem4 ,si

 vero aliquid occurrit1 quod veri simile
 videatur1 humanissima completur animus 
voluptate4 #abh4 ,quaeret igitur haec et
 vester sapiens et hic noster1 sed      
vester1 ut adsentiatur1 credat1         
adfirmet1 noster1 ut vereatur temere    
opinari praeclareque agi secum putet1 si
 in eius modi rebus veri simile quod sit
 invenerit4 ,veniamus nunc ad bonorum   
malorumque notionem3 at paulum ante     
dicendum est4 ,non mihi videntur        
considerare1 cum physica ista valde     
adfirmant1 earum etiam rerum            
auctoritatem1 si quae illustriores      
videantur1 amittere4 ,non enim magis    
adsentiuntur neque approbant lucere     
nunc1 quam1 cum cornix cecinerit1 tum   
aliquid eam aut iubere aut vetare1 nec  
magis adfirmabunt signum illud1 si erunt
 mensi1 sex pedum esse quam solem1 quem 
metiri non possunt1 plus quam           
duodeviginti partibus maiorem esse quam 
terram4 ,ex quo illa conclusio nascitur3
 si sol quantus sit percipi non potest1 
qui ceteras res eodem modo quo          

magnitudinem solis approbat1 is eas res 
non percipit4 ,magnitudo autem solis    
percipi non potest4 ,qui igitur id      
approbat1 quasi percipiat1 nullam rem   
percipit4 ,responderint posse percipi   
quantus sol sit4 ,non repugnabo1 dum    
modo eodem pacto cetera percipi         
comprehendique dicant4 ,nec enim possunt
 dicere aliud alio magis minusve        
comprehendi1 quoniam omnium rerum una   
est definitio comprehendendi4  ,,xlii4  
#abi4 ,sed quod coeperam3 ,quid habemus 
in rebus bonis et malis explorati8 nempe
 fines constituendi sunt ad quos et     
bonorum et malorum summa referatur3 qua 
de re est igitur inter summos viros     
maior dissensio8 ,omitto illa1 quae     
relicta iam videntur1 ut ,herillum1 qui 
in cognitione et scientia summum bonum  
ponit3 qui cum ,zenonis auditor esset1  
vides quantum ab eo dissenserit et quam 
non multum a ,platone4 ,megaricorum fuit
 nobilis disciplina1 cuius1 ut scriptum 
video1 princeps ,xenophanes1 quem modo  
nominavi1 deinde eum secuti ,parmenides 

et ,zeno1 itaque ab his ,eleatici       
philosophi nominabantur4 ,post          
,euclides1 ,socratis discipulus1        
,megareus1 a quo iidem illi ,megarici   
dicti1 qui id bonum solum esse dicebant1
 quod esset unum et simile et idem      
semper4 ,hic quoque multa a ,platone4 ,a
 ,menedemo autem1 quod is ,eretria fuit1
 ,eretriaci appellati1 quorum omne bonum
 in mente positum et mentis acie1 qua   
verum cerneretur1 ,herilli similia1 sed1
 opinor1 explicata uberius et ornatius4 
#acj4 ,hos si contemnimus et iam        
abiectos putamus1 illos certe minus     
despicere debemus1 ,aristonem1 qui cum  
,zenonis fuisset auditor1 re probavit ea
 quae ille verbis1 nihil esse bonum nisi
 virtutem1 nec malum nisi quod virtuti  
esset contrarium3 in mediis ea momenta1 
quae ,zeno voluit1 nulla esse censuit4  
,huic summum bonum est in his rebus     
neutram in partem moveri1 quae  ab ipso 
dicitur4 ,pyrrho autem ea ne sentire    
quidem sapientem1 quae  nominatur4 ,has 
igitur tot sententias ut omittamus1 haec

 nunc videamus1 quae diu multumque      
defensa sunt4 #aca4 ,alii voluptatem    
finem esse voluerunt3 quorum princeps   
,aristippus1 qui ,socratem audierat1    
unde ,cyrenaici4 ,post ,epicurus1 cuius 
est disciplina nunc notior1 neque tamen 
cum ,cyrenaicis de ipsa voluptate       
consentiens4 ,voluptatem autem et       
honestatem finem esse ,callipho censuit3
 vacare omni molestia ,hieronymus3 hoc  
idem cum honestate ,diodorus3 ambo hi   
,peripatetici4 ,honeste autem vivere    
fruentem rebus iis1 quas primas homini  
natura conciliet1 et vetus ,academia    
censuit1 ut indicant scripta ,polemonis1
 quem ,antiochus probat maxime1 et      
,aristoteles eiusque amici nunc proxime 
videntur accedere4 ,introducebat etiam  
,carneades1 non quo probaret1 sed ut    
opponeret ,stoicis1 summum bonum esse   
frui rebus iis1 quas primas natura      
conciliavisset4 ,honeste autem vivere1  
quod ducatur a conciliatione naturae1   
,zeno statuit finem esse bonorum1 qui   
inventor et princeps ,stoicorum fuit4   

,,xliii4 #acb4 ,iam illud perspicuum    
est1 omnibus iis finibus bonorum1 quos  
exposui1 malorum finis esse contrarios4 
,ad vos nunc refero quem sequar3 modo ne
 quis illud tam ineruditum absurdumque  
respondeat3 ',quemlibet1 modo aliquem4' 
,nihil potest dici inconsideratius4     
,cupio sequi ,stoicos4 ,licetne--omitto 
per ,aristotelem1 meo iudicio in        
philosophia prope singularem--per ipsum 
,antiochum8 qui appellabatur            
,academicus1 erat quidem1 si perpauca   
mutavisset1 germanissimus ,stoicus4     
,erit igitur res iam in discrimine4 ,nam
 aut ,stoicus constituatur sapiens aut  
veteris ,academiae4 ,utrumque non       
potest4 ,est enim inter eos non de      
terminis1 sed de tota possessione       
contentio4 ,nam omnis ratio vitae       
definitione summi boni continetur1 de   
qua qui dissident1 de omni vitae ratione
 dissident4 ,non potest igitur uterque  
sapiens esse1 quoniam tanto opere       
dissentiunt1 sed alter4 ,si ,polemoneus1
 peccat ,stoicus1 rei falsae            

adsentiens--nam vos quidem nihil esse   
dicitis a sapiente tam alienum--3 sin   
vera sunt ,zenonis1 eadem in veteres    
,academicos et ,peripateticos dicenda4  
,hic igitur neutri adsentietur8 ,sin1   
inquam1 uter est prudentior8 #acc4      
,quid8 cum ipse ,antiochus dissentit    
quibusdam in rebus ab his1 quos amat1   
,stoicis1 nonne indicat non posse illa  
probanda esse sapienti8 ,placet ,stoicis
 omnia peccata esse paria4 ,at hoc      
,antiocho vehementissime displicet4     
,liceat tandem mihi considerare utram   
sententiam sequar4 ,praecide1 inquit3   
statue aliquando quidlibet4 ,quid1 quod 
quae dicuntur et acuta mihi videntur in 
utramque partem et paria8 nonne caveam  
ne scelus faciam8 ,scelus enim dicebas  
esse1 ,luculle1 dogma prodere4 ,contineo
 igitur me1 ne incognito assentiar3 quod
 mihi tecum est dogma commune4 #acd4    
,ecce multo maior etiam dissensio4 ,zeno
 in una virtute positam beatam vitam    
putat4 ,quid ,antiochus8 ,etiam1 inquit1
 beatam1 sed non beatissimam4 ,deus     

ille1 qui nihil censuit deesse virtuti1 
homuncio hic1 qui multa putat praeter   
virtutem homini partim cara esse1 partim
 etiam necessaria4 ,sed ille vereor ne  
virtuti plus tribuat quam natura        
patiatur1 praesertim ,theophrasto multa 
diserte copioseque dicente4 ,et hic     
metuo ne vix sibi constet1 qui cum dicat
 esse quaedam et corporis et fortunae   
mala1 tamen eum1 qui in his omnibus sit1
 beatum fore censeat1 si sapiens sit4   
,distrahor3 tum hoc mihi probabilius1   
tum illud videtur1 et tamen1 nisi       
alterutrum sit1 virtutem iacere plane   
puto4 ,verum in his discrepant4  ,,xliv4
 #ace4 ,quid8 illa1 in quibus           
consentiunt1 num pro veris probare      
possumus8 ,sapientis animum numquam nec 
cupiditate moveri nec laetitia efferri4 
,age1 haec probabilia sane sint3 num    
etiam illa1 numquam timere1 numquam     
dolere8 ,sapiensne non timeat1 si patria
 deleatur8 non doleat1 si deleta sit8   
,durum1 sed ,zenoni necessarium1 cui    
praeter honestum nihil est in bonis1    

tibi vero1 ,antioche1 minime1 cui       
praeter honestatem multa bona1 praeter  
turpitudinem multa mala videntur1 quae  
et venientia metuat sapiens necesse est 
et venisse doleat4 ,sed quaero quando   
ista fuerint ab ,academia vetere        
decreta1 ut animum sapientis commoveri  
et conturbari negarent8 ,mediocritates  
illi probabant et in omni permotione    
naturalem volebant esse quendam modum4  
,legimus omnes ,crantoris veteris       
,academici de luctu4 ,est enim non      
magnus1 verum aureolus et1 ut ,tuberoni 
,panaetius praecipit1 ad verbum         
ediscendus libellus4 ,atque illi quidem 
etiam utiliter a natura dicebant        
permotiones istas animis nostris datas3 
metum cavendi causa1 misericordiam      
aegritudinemque clementiae1 ipsam       
iracundiam fortitudinis quasi cotem esse
 dicebant1 recte secusne alias          
viderimus4 #acf4 ,atrocitas quidem ista 
tua quo modo in veterem ,academiam      
irruperit nescio3 illa vero ferre non   
possum1 non quo mihi displiceant3 sunt  

enim ,socratica pleraque mirabilia      
,stoicorum1 quae  nominantur1 sed ubi   
,xenocrates1 ubi ,aristoteles ista      
tetigit8 hos enim quasi eosdem esse     
voltis4 ,illi umquam dicerent sapientis 
solos reges1 solos divites1 solos       
formosos8 omnia1 quae ubique essent1    
sapientis esse8 neminem consulem1       
praetorem1 imperatorem1 nescio an ne    
quinquevirum quidem quemquam nisi       
sapientem8 postremo1 solum civem1 solum 
liberum8 insipientis omnis peregrinos1  
exsules1 servos1 furiosos8 denique      
scripta ,lycurgi1 ,solonis1 duodecim    
tabulas nostras non esse leges8 ne urbis
 quidem aut civitatis1 nisi quae essent 
sapientium8 #acg4 ,haec tibi1 ,luculle1 
si es adsensus ,antiocho1 familiari tuo1
 tam sunt defendenda quam moenia3 mihi  
autem bono modo1 tantum quantum         
videbitur4  ,,xlv4 ,legi apud           
,clitomachum1 cum ,carneades et ,stoicus
 ,diogenes ad senatum in ,capitolio     
starent1 ,a4 ,albinum1 qui tum ,p4      
,scipione et ,m4 ,marcello coss4 praetor

 esset1 eum1 qui cum avo tuo1 ,luculle1 
consul fuit1 doctum sane hominem1 ut    
indicat ipsius historia scripta ,graece1
 iocantem dixisse ,carneadi3 ',ego tibi1
 ,carneade1 praetor esse non videor1    
quia sapiens non sum3 nec haec urbs nec 
in ea civitas4' ,tum ille3 ',huic       
,stoico non videris4' ,aristoteles aut  
,xenocrates1 quos ,antiochus sequi      
volebat1 non dubitavisset quin et       
praetor ille esset et ,roma urbs et eam 
civitas incoleret4 ,sed ille noster est 
plane1 ut supra dixi1 ,stoicus1 perpauca
 balbutiens4 #ach4 ,vos autem mihi      
veremini ne labar ad opinionem et       
aliquid asciscam et comprobem           
incognitum1 quod minime voltis4 ,quid   
consilii datis8 ,testatur saepe         
,chrysippus tres solas esse sententias1 
quae defendi possint1 de finibus        
bonorum3 circumcidit et amputat         
multitudinem3 aut enim honestatem esse  
finem aut voluptatem aut utrumque3 nam  
qui summum bonum dicant id esse1 si     
vacemus omni molestia1 eos invidiosum   

nomen voluptatis fugere1 sed in         
vicinitate versari1 quod facere eos     
etiam1 qui illud idem cum honestate     
coniungerent1 nec multo secus eos1 qui  
ad honestatem prima naturae commoda     
adiungerent3 ita tres relinquit         
sententias1 quas putat probabiliter     
posse defendi4 #aci4 ,sit sane          
ita--quamquam a ,polemonis et           
,peripateticorum et ,antiochi finibus   
non facile divellor1 nec quicquam habeo 
adhuc probabilius--1 verum tamen video  
quam suaviter voluptas sensibus nostris 
blandiatur4 ,labor eo1 ut adsentiar     
,epicuro aut ,aristippo4 ,revocat virtus
 vel potius reprehendit manu3 pecudum   
illos motus esse dicit1 hominem iungit  
deo4 ,possum esse medius1 ut1 quoniam   
,aristippus1 quasi animum nullum        
habeamus1 corpus solum tuetur1 ,zeno1   
quasi corporis simus expertes1 animum   
solum complectitur1 ut ,calliphontem    
sequar1 cuius quidem sententiam         
,carneades ita studiose defensitabat1 ut
 eam probare etiam videretur4 ,quamquam 

,clitomachus adfirmabat numquam se      
intellegere potuisse quid ,carneadi     
probaretur4 ,sed1 si istum finem velim  
sequi1 nonne ipsa veritas et gravis et  
recta ratio mihi obversetur8 ,tu1 cum   
honestas in voluptate contemnenda       
consistat1 honestatem cum voluptate     
tamquam hominem cum belua copulabis8    
,,xlvi4 #adj4 ,unum igitur par quod     
depugnet reliquum est1 voluptas cum     
honestate4 ,de quo ,chrysippo fuit1     
quantum ego sentio1 non magna contentio4
 ,alteram si sequare1 multa ruunt et    
maxime communitas cum hominum genere1   
caritas1 amicitia1 iustitia1 reliquae   
virtutes3 quarum esse nulla potest1 nisi
 erit gratuita4 ,nam quae voluptate     
quasi mercede aliqua ad officium        
impellitur1 ea non est virtus1 sed      
fallax imitatio simulatioque virtutis4  
,audi contra illos1 qui nomen honestatis
 a se ne intellegi quidem dicant1 nisi  
forte1 quod gloriosum sit in volgus1 id 
honestum velimus dicere3 fontem omnium  
bonorum in corpore esse1 hanc normam1   

hanc regulam1 hanc praescriptionem esse 
naturae1 a qua qui aberravisset1 eum    
numquam quid in vita sequeretur         
habiturum4 #ada4 ,nihil igitur me       
putatis1 haec et alia innumerabilia cum 
audiam1 moveri8 ,tam moveor quam tu1    
,luculle1 neque me minus hominem quam te
 putaveris4 ,tantum interest1 quod tu1  
cum es commotus1 adquiescis1 adsentiris1
 approbas1 verum illud certum1          
comprehensum1 perceptum1 ratum1 firmum1 
fixum esse vis1 deque eo nulla ratione  
neque pelli neque moveri potes3 ego     
nihil eius modi esse arbitror1 cui si   
adsensus sim1 non adsentiar saepe falso1
 quoniam vera a falsis nullo discrimine 
separantur1 praesertim cum iudicia ista 
dialecticae nulla sint4  #adb4 ,venio   
enim iam ad tertiam partem philosophiae4
 ,aliud iudicium ,protagorae est1 qui   
putet id cuique verum esse1 quod cuique 
videatur3 aliud ,cyrenaicorum1 qui      
praeter permotiones intimas nihil putant
 esse iudicii3 aliud ,epicuri1 qui omne 
iudicium in sensibus et in rerum        

notitiis et in voluptate constituit4    
,plato autem omne iudicium veritatis    
veritatemque ipsam abductam ab          
opinionibus et a sensibus cogitationis  
ipsius et mentis esse voluit4 #adc4 ,num
 quid horum probat noster ,antiochus8   
,ille vero ne maiorum quidem suorum4    
,ubi enim aut ,xenocratem sequitur1     
cuius libri sunt de ratione loquendi    
multi et multum probati1 aut ipsum      
,aristotelem1 quo profecto nihil est    
acutius1 nihil politius8 ,a ,chrysippo  
pedem nusquam4  ,,xlvii4 ,quid ergo     
,academici appellamur8 an abutimur      
gloria nominis8 aut cur cogimur eos     
sequi1 qui inter se dissident8 ,in hoc  
ipso1 quod in elementis dialectici      
docent1 quo modo iudicare oporteat verum
 falsumne sit1 si quid ita conexum est1 
ut hoc1 'si dies est1 lucet1' quanta    
contentio est6 ,aliter ,diodoro1 aliter 
,philoni1 ,chrysippo aliter placet4     
,quid8 cum ,cleanthe doctore suo quam   
multis rebus ,chrysippus dissidet6 quid8
 duo vel principes dialecticorum1       

,antipater et ,archidemus1 opiniosissimi
 homines1 nonne multis in rebus         
dissentiunt8 #add4 ,quid me igitur1     
,luculle1 in invidiam et tamquam in     
contionem vocas8 et quidem1 ut seditiosi
 tribuni solent1 occludi tabernas iubes8
 quo enim spectat illud1 cum artificia  
tolli quereris a nobis1 nisi ut opifices
 concitentur8 qui si undique omnes      
convenerint1 facile contra vos          
incitabuntur4 ,expromam primum illa     
invidiosa1 quod eos omnis1 qui in       
contione stabunt1 exsules1 servos1      
insanos esse dicatis3 deinde ad illa    
veniam1 quae iam non ad multitudinem1   
sed ad vosmet ipsos1 qui adestis1       
pertinent4 ,negat enim vos ,zeno1 negat 
,antiochus scire quicquam4 ,quo modo8   
inquies3 nos enim defendimus etiam      
insipientem multa comprehendere4 #ade4  
,at scire negatis quemquam rem ullam    
nisi sapientem4 ,et hoc quidem ,zeno    
gestu conficiebat4 ,nam1 cum extensis   
digitis adversam manum ostenderat1      
'visum1' inquiebat1 'huius modi est4'   

,deinde1 cum paulum digitos contraxerat1
 'adsensus huius modi4' ,tum cum plane  
compresserat pugnumque fecerat1         
comprehensionem illam esse dicebat3 qua 
ex similitudine etiam nomen ei rei1 quod
 ante non fuerat1  imposuit4 ,cum autem 
laevam manum adverterat et illum pugnum 
arte vehementerque compresserat1        
scientiam talem esse dicebat1 cuius     
compotem nisi sapientem esse neminem4   
,sed qui sapientes sint aut fuerint ne  
ipsi quidem solent dicere4 ,ita tu nunc1
 ,catule1 lucere nescis nec tu1         
,hortensi1 in tua villa nos esse4 #adf4 
,num minus haec invidiose dicuntur8 nec 
tamen nimis eleganter3 illa subtilius4  
,sed quo modo tu1 si nihil comprehendi  
posset1 artificia concidere dicebas     
neque mihi dabas id1 quod probabile     
esset1 satis magnam vim habere ad artis1
 sic ego nunc tibi refero artem sine    
scientia esse non posse4 ,an pateretur  
hoc ,zeuxis aut ,phidias aut            
,polyclitus1 nihil se scire1 cum in iis 
esset tanta sollertia8 ,quod si eos     

docuisset aliquis quam vim habere       
diceretur scientia1 desinerent irasci3  
ne nobis quidem suscenserent1 cum       
didicissent id tollere nos1 quod nusquam
 esset1 quod autem satis esset ipsis    
relinquere4 ,quam rationem maiorum etiam
 comprobat diligentia1 qui primum iurare
 'ex sui animi sententia' quemque       
voluerunt1 deinde ita teneri 'si sciens 
falleret1' quod inscientia multa        
versaretur in vita1 tum1 qui testimonium
 diceret1 ut 'arbitrari' se diceret     
etiam quod ipse vidisset1 quaeque iurati
 iudices cognovissent1 ea non ut esse   
facta1 sed ut 'videri' pronuntiarentur4 
,,xlviii4 #adg4 ,verum1 quoniam non     
solum nauta significat1 sed etiam       
,favonius ipse insusurrat navigandi     
nobis1 ,luculle1 tempus esse et quoniam 
satis multa dixi1 est mihi perorandum4  
,posthac tamen1 cum haec quaeremus1     
potius de dissensionibus tantis summorum
 virorum disseramus1 de obscuritate     
naturae deque errore tot philosophorum1 
qui de bonis contrariisque rebus tanto  

opere discrepant1 ut1 cum plus uno verum
 esse non possit1 iacere necesse sit tot
 tam nobilis disciplinas1 quam de       
oculorum sensuumque reliquorum mendaciis
 et de sorite aut pseudomeno1 quas      
plagas ipsi contra se ,stoici texuerunt4
 #adh4 ,tum ,lucullus3 ,non moleste1    
inquit1 fero nos haec contulisse4       
,saepius enim congredientes nos1 et     
maxime in ,tusculanis nostris1 si quae  
videbuntur1 requiremus4 ,optime1 inquam1
 sed quid ,catulus sentit8 quid         
,hortensius8 ,tum ,catulus3 ,egone8     
inquit1 ad patris revolvor sententiam1  
quam quidem ille ,carneadeam esse       
dicebat1 ut percipi nihil putem posse1  
adsensurum autem non percepto1 id est1  
opinaturum sapientem existimem1 sed ita1
 ut intellegat se opinari sciatque nihil
 esse quod comprehendi et percipi       
possit3 qua re  illam omnium rerum non  
probans1 illi alteri sententiae1 nihil  
esse quod percipi possit1 vehementer    
adsentior4 ,habeo1 inquam1 sententiam   
tuam nec eam admodum aspernor4 ,sed tibi

 quid tandem videtur1 ,hortensi8 ,tum   
ille ridens3 ,tollendum4 ,teneo te1     
inquam3 nam ista ,academiae est propria 
sententia4 ,ita sermone confecto        
,catulus remansit3 nos ad naviculas     
nostras descendimus4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,,notes4   
,,book ,i4      #a--ad4 ,summary4 ,cic41
 ,varro and ,atticus meet at ,cumae     
7#a74 ,cic41     after adroitly         
reminding ,varro that the promised      
dedication of the ,de     ,lingua       
,latina is too long delayed1 turns the  
conversation towards     philosophy1 by 
asking ,varro why he leaves this subject
 untouched 7#b1     #c74 ,varro thinks  
philosophy written in ,latin can serve  
no useful     purpose1 and points to the
 failures of the ,roman ,epicureans     
7#d--f74 ,he     greatly believes in    
philosophy1 but prefers to send his     
friends to     ,greece for it1 while he 
devotes himself to subjects which the   
,greeks     have not treated 7#g1 #h74  
,cic4 lauds this devotion1 but demurs to

 the     theory that philosophy written 
in ,latin is useless4 ,latins may surely
     imitate ,greek philosophers as well
 as ,greek poets and orators4 ,he gives 
reasons why he should himself make the  
attempt1 and instancing the     success 
of ,brutus1 again begs ,varro to write  
on philosophy 7#i--ab74     ,varro      
putting the request on one side charges 
,cic4 with deserting the     ,old       
,academy for the ,new4 ,cic4 defends    
himself1 and appeals to ,philo for      
the statement that the ,new ,academy is 
in harmony with the ,old4 ,varro        
refers to ,antiochus as an authority on 
the other side4 ,this leads to a        
proposal on the part of ,cic4 to discuss
 thoroughly the difference     between  
,antiochus and ,philo4 ,varro agrees1   
and promises an exposition     of the   
principles of ,antiochus 7#ac1 #ad74    
#a4 ,noster3 our common friend4 ,varro  
was much more the friend of ,atticus    
than of ,cic41 see ,introd4 p4 #cg4     
,nuntiatum3 the spelling nunciatum is a 

mistake1 cf4 ,corssen1 ,ausspr4 ,i4 p4  
#ea4 ,a ,m4 ,varrone3 from ,m4 ,varro's 
house news came4 ,audissemus3 ,cic4 uses
 the contracted forms of such           
subjunctives1 as well as the full forms1
 but not intermediate forms like        
audiissemus4 ,confestim3 note how       
artfully ,cic4 uses the dramatic form of
 the dialogue in order to magnify his   
attachment for ,varro4 ,ab eius villa3  
the prep is absent from the ,,mss41 but 
,wesenberg 7,em4 ,m4,t4 ,cic4           
,epistolarum1 p4 #fb7 shows that it must
 be inserted4 ,cic4 writes abesse ,roma 
7,ad ,fam4 ,v4 #ae1 #d71 patria 7,t4,d4 
,v4 #ajf7 etc41 but not abesse officio  
7,de ,off4 ,i4 #dc1 where ,wes4 alters  
it7 or the like4 ,satis eum longo       
intervallo3 so all the ,,mss42 but      
,halm1 after ,davies1 reads se visentum 
for satis eum1 quoting ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #d1
 ,madv4 tum for eum 7,baiter and ,halm's
 ed4 of #ahfa1 p4 #hed74 ,the text is   
sound2 the repetition of pronouns       
7illum1 eum7 is quite ,ciceronian4 ,the 

emphatic ille is often repeated by the  
unemphatic is1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ga1   
and ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #bb4 ,i may note that 
the separation of satis from longo by   
the word eum is quite in ,cicero's style
 7see my note on #be quanta id magis74  
,some editors stumble 7,goerenz         
miserably7 by taking intervallo of      
distance in space1 instead of duration  
in time1 while others wrongly press     
satis1 which only means tolerably1 to   
mean sufficiently4 ,the words satis     
longo intervallo simply  after a        
tolerably long halt4 ,for the clause ut 
mos1 etc41 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #ac4  #b4 
,hic pauca primo3 for the omission of   
locuti1 cf4 the very similar passages in
 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad1 ,,iii4 #h1 also my note
 on #ad4 ,atque ea3 ,halm brackets ea1  
quite needlessly1 for its insertion is  
like ,cic4 ,ecquid forte ,roma novi3    
,roma is the ablative1 and some verb    
like attulisset is omitted4 7,so        
,turnebus47 ,to take it as nom41        
understanding faciat1 is clearly wrong4 

,percontari3 the spelling percunctari   
rests on false derivation 7,corss4 ,i4  
#cf74 ,ecquid ipse novi3 cf4 ,de ,or4   
,,ii4 #ac4 ,the ,,mss4 have et si quid1 
bad ,latin altered by ,manutius4 ,istum3
 some edd4 ipsum1 but ,cic4 often makes 
a speaker use iste of a person who is   
present4 ,goer4 qu4 ,brut4 #abe1 ,de    
,or4 ,,ii4 #bbh4 ,velit3 ,walker reads  
velis with ,st ,jerome4 ,for quod velit 
quod quis velit1 cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #cj4  
,in manibus3 so often1 cf4 ,cat4 ,mai4  
#ch4 ,idque3 ,,mss4 have in the place of
 this quod with variants que1 quae1 qui1
 quo4 ,dav4 gave quia1 which was the    
vulgate reading down to ,halm1 who reads
 idque1 after ,christ4 ,ad hunc enim    
ipsum3 ,,mss4 have eum for enim 7exc4   
,halm's ,g74 ,such a combination of     
pronouns is vainly defended by ,goer42  
for expressions like me illum ipsum 7,ad
 ,att4 ,,ii4 #a1 #aa7 are not in point4 
,of course if quia be read above1 eum   
must be ejected altogether4 ,quaedam    
institui3 the ,de ,lingua ,latina2 see  

,ad4 ,att ,,xiii4 #ab4  #c4 ,e ,libone3 
the father-in-law of ,sext4 ,pompeius2  
see ,csar ,b4 ,civ4 ,,iii4 #e1 #af1 #bd4
 ,nihil enim eius modi again all ,,mss4 
except ,halm's ,g4 have eum for enim4   
,christ conj4 enim eum2 so ,baiter4     
,illud 444 requirere3 i4e4 the question 
which follows2 cf4 requiris in #d4      
,tecum simul3 ,halm's ,g om4 tecum2 but 
cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ccj4 ,mandare      
monumentis--letteris illustrare3 common 
phrases in ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a1   
,t4,d4 ,i4 #a1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #d4      
,monumentis3 this1 and not monimentis   
7,halm7 or monementis1 is probably the  
right spelling2 cf4 ,corss4 ,,ii4 #cad4 
,ortam a3 ,cic4 always writes the prep4 
after ortus2 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fi4     
,genus3 regularly used by ,cic4 as opus 
by ,quintilian to mean department of    
literature4 ,ea res3 one of ,halm's     
,,mss4 followed by ,baiter has ars2 on  
the other hand ,bentley 7if the amicus  
so often quoted in ,davies' notes be    
really he7 reads artibus for rebus      

below4 ,the slight variation1 however1  
from res to artibus is such as ,cic4    
loves4 ,ceteris3 the spelling caeteris  
7,klotz7 is absolutely wrong1 cf4       
,corss4 ,i4 #cbe4 ,antecedat3 some      
,,mss4 give antecellat4 a frequent      
variant1 cf4 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #aje  #d4    
,deliberatam--agitatam3 ,cic4 as usual  
exaggerates the knowledge possessed by  
the personae of the dialogue2 cf4       
,introd4 p4 #ch1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,in 
promptu3 so ,,ii4 #aj4 ,quod ista ipsa  
444 cogitavi3 ,goer41 who half a page   
back had made merry over the gloss      
hunters1 here himself scented a         
miserable gloss2 ,schutz1 ,goerenz's    
echo expels the words4 ,yet they are    
thoroughly like ,cic4 7cf4 ,de ,div4    
,,ii4 #a1 ,cat4 ,mai4 #ch71 and moreover
 nothing is more ,ciceronian than the   
repetition of words and clauses in      
slightly altered forms4 ,the reason here
 is partly the intense desire to flatter
 ,varro4 ,si qui 444 si essent3 the     
first si has really no conditional      

force1 si qui like  merely means all    
who1 for a strong instance see ,ad ,fam4
 ,i4 #i1 #ac1 ed ,nobbe1 si accusandi   
sunt1 si qui pertimuerunt4 ,ea nolui    
scribere1 etc43 very similar expressions
 occur in the prologue to ,d4,f4 ,i41   
which should be compared with this      
prologue throughout4  #e4 ,vides 444    
didicisti3 ,,mss4 have vides autem eadem
 ipse didicisti enim4 ,my reading is    
that of ,dav4 followed by ,baiter4      
,halm1 after ,christ1 has vides autem   
ipse--didicisti enim eadem--non posse1  
etc4 ,similis3 ,halm1 in deference to   
,,mss41 makes ,cic4 write i and e       
indiscriminately in the acc4 plur4 of i 
stems4 ,i shall write i everywhere1 we  
shall thus1 ,i believe1 be far nearer   
,cicero's real writing4 ,though ,i do   
not presume to say that his usage did   
not vary1 he must in the vast majority  
of instances have written i1 see ,corss4
 ,i4 #gch--gdd4 ,amafinii aut ,rabirii3 
cf4 ,introd4 p4 #bf4 ,definiunt 444     
partiuntur3 n4 on #cb4 ,interrogatione3 

,faber saw this to be right1 but a      
number of later scholars alter it1 e4g4 
,bentl4 argumentatione1 ,ernesti        
ratione4 ,but the word as it stands has 
exactly the meaning these alterations   
are intended to secure4 ,interrogatio is
 merely the conclusio or syllogism put  
as a series of questions4 ,cf4 ,paradoxa
 #b1 with ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #db which will   
show that interrogatiuncula and         
conclusiuncula are almost convertible   
terms4 ,see also ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ci4 ,nec
 dicendi nec disserendi3 ,cic4's        
constant mode of denoting the ,greek    
and 2 note on #cb4 ,et oratorum etiam3  
,man41 ,lamb4 om4 etiam1 needlessly4 ,in
 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #be1 #c1 the two words 
even occur without any other word to    
separate them4 ,for oratorum ,pearce    
conj4 rhetorum4 ,rhetor1 however is not 
thus used in ,cic4's phil4 works4       
,utramque vim virtutem3 strange that    
,baiter 7esp4 after ,halm's note7 should
 take ,manutius' far-fetched conj4 unam 
for virtutem4 ,any power or faculty     

7vis1 7 may be called in ,gk4 1 in ,lat 
virtus4 ,two passages1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4    
#gb1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fe1 will remove   
all suspicion from the text4 ,verbis    
quoque novis3 ,,mss4 have quanquam which
 however is impossible in such a place  
in ,cic4 7cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fh74 ,ne a 
nobis quidem3 so all the ,,mss41 but    
,orelli 7after ,ernesti7 thinking the   
phrase arrogantius dictum places quidem 
after accipient4 ,the text is quite     
right1 ne quidem1 as ,halm remarks1     
implies no more than the ,germ4 auch    
nicht1 cf4 also ,gk4 4 ,suscipiatur     
labor3 ,,mss4 om4 the noun1 but it is   
added by a later hand in ,g4  #f4       
,epicurum1 id est si ,democritum3 for   
the charge see ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ag1 ,,iv4    
#ac1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gc4 ,id est often      
introduces in ,cic4 a clause which      
intensifies and does not merely explain 
the first clause1 exx4 in ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 
#cc4 ,cum causas rerum efficientium     
sustuleris3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ah1 the same
 charge is brought by ,aristotle against

 the ,atomists1 ,met4 ,a1 #b4 ,many     
editors from ,lamb4 to ,halm and ,baiter
 read efficientis1 which would then     
govern rerum 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ha1 ,de   
,fato1 #cc1 also ,gk4 74 ,but the       
genitive is merely one of definition1   
the causae are the res efficientes1 for 
which cf4 #bd and ,topica1 #eh1 proximus
 locus est rerum efficientium1 quae     
causae appellantur4 ,so ,faber1 though  
less fully4 ,appellat3 i4e4 ,amafinius1 
who first so translated 4 ,quae cum     
contineantur3 this reading has far the  
best ,,mss4 authority1 it must be kept1 
and adhibenda etiam begins the apodosis4
 ,madvig 7,emendationes ad ,ciceronis   
,libros ,philosophicos1 ,hauniae1 #ahbe1
 p4 #ajh7 tacitly reads continentur     
without cum1 so ,orelli and ,klotz4     
,goer4 absurdly tries to prop up the    
subj4 without cum4 ,quam quibusnam3     
,durand's em4 for quoniam quibusnam of  
the ,,mss41 given by ,halm and also     
,baiter4 ,madv4 7,em4 p4 #ajh7 made a   
forced defence of quoniam1 as marking a 

rapid transition from one subject to    
another 7here from physics to ethics7   
like the ,gk4 1 only one parallel       
instance1 however1 was adduced 7,t4,d4  
,,iii4 #ad7 and the usage probably is   
not ,latin4 ,adducere83 ,the note of    
interrogation is ,halm's2 thus the whole
 sentence1 so far1 explains the         
difficulty of setting forth the true    
system of physics4 ,if quoniam is read  
and no break made at adducere1 all after
 quoniam will refer to ethics1 in that  
case there will be a strange change of  
subject in passing from quisquam to haec
 ipsa1 both which expressions will be   
nominatives to poterit1 further1 there  
will be the almost impossible ellipse of
 ars1 scientia1 or something of the kind
 after haec ipsa4 ,on every ground the  
reading of ,madv4 is insupportable4     
,quid1 haec ipsa3 ,i have added quid to 
fill up the lacuna left by ,halm1 who   
supposes much more to have fallen out4  
,the technical philosophical terms      
contained in this section will be       

elucidated later4 ,for the ,epicurean   
ignorance of geometry see note on ,,ii4 
#abc ,illi enim simpliciter3 frankly1   
cf4 ,ad ,fam4 ,,viii4 #f1 #a ,pecudis et
 hominis3 note on ,,ii4 #aci4  #g4 ,sive
 sequare 444 magnum est3 for the constr4
 cf4 ,,ii4 #adj4 ,magnum est3 cf4 quid  
est magnum1 #f4 ,verum et simplex bonum3
 cf4 #ce4 ,quod bonum 444 ne suspicari  
quidem an opinion often denounced by    
,cic41 see esp ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #da1 where 
,cic4's ,latin agrees very closely with 
the ,greek preserved by ,diog4 ,laert4  
,x4 #f 7qu4 ,zeller1 #dea71 and less    
accurately by ,athenaeus1 ,,vii4 #bgi   
7qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #cec74 ,ne suspicari   
quidem3 for this ,,mss4 give nec        
suspicari1 but ,madv4 7,d4,f41 ,excursus
 ,,iii47 has conclusively shown that nec
 for ne 444 quidem is post ,augustan    
,latin4 ,christ supposes some thing like
 sentire to have fallen out before nec  
suspicari2 that this is wrong is clear  
from the fact that in ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bj1 
#cj1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #df1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aaa1

 where the same opinion of ,epicurus is 
dealt with1 we have either ne suspicari 
quidem or ne intellegere quidem 7cf4    
also ,in ,pisonem #fi74 ,further1 ne 444
 quidem is esp frequent with suspicari  
7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bj71 and verbs of the    
kind 7cogitari ,,ii4 #hb71 and          
especially1 as ,durand remarked1 at the 
end of sentences eg ,verr4 ,,ii4 #a1    
#aee4 ,notice negat 444 ne suspicari    
quidem without se1 which however ,baiter
 inserts1 in spite of the numerous      
passages produced from ,cic4 by ,madv4  
7,em4 #aaa71 in which not only se1 but  
me1 nos1 and other accusatives of       
pronouns are omitted before the         
infinitive1 after verbs like negat4 ,cf4
 also the omission of sibi in ,paradoxa 
#dj4 ,si vero3 this1 following sive enim
 above1 is a departure from ,cic4's rule
 which is to write sive--sive or        
si--sin1 but not si--sive or sive--si4  
,this and two or three other similar    
passages in ,cic4 are explained as      
anacolutha by ,madv4 in a most important

 and exhaustive excursus to his ,d4,f4  
7p4 #ghe1 ed4 #b71 and are connected    
with other instances of broken sequence4
 ,there is no need therefore to read    
sive here1 as did ,turn4 ,lamb4 ,dav4   
and others4 ,quam nos 444 probamus3 cf4 
,introd4 p4 #fb4 ,erit explicanda3 for  
the separation of these words by other  
words interposed1 which is              
characteristic of ,cic41 see #aa1 #ag4  
,i am surprised that ,halm and ,baiter  
both follow ,ernesti in his             
hypercritical objection to the phrase   
explicare ,academiam1 and read erunt    
against the ,,mss41 making illa plural4 
,if erunt is read1 erit must be supplied
 from it to go with disserendum1 which  
is harsh4 ,quam argute1 quam obscure3 at
 first sight an oxymoron1 but argute    
need not only imply clearness1 it means 
merely acutely4 ,quantum possum3 some   
,,mss4 have quantam1 which is scarcely  
,latin1 since in ,cic4 an accusative    
only follows nequeo1 volo1 malo1 possum1
 and such verbs when an infinitive can  

be readily supplied to govern it4 ,for  
velle see a good instance in ,d4,f4     
,,iii4 #fh1 where consult ,madv4        
,constantiam3 the notions of firmness1  
consistency1 and clearness of mind are  
bound up in this word1 cf4 ,,ii4 #ec4   
,apud ,platonem3 ,timaeus1 #dg ,b1 often
 quoted or imitated by ,cic41 cf4 ,de   
,leg4 ,i4 #eh1 ,laelius #bj1 #dg1 ,t4,d4
 ,i4 #fd4  #h4 ,id est 444 jubeo3 these 
words have been naturally supposed a    
gloss4 ,but ,cicero is nothing if not   
tautological2 he is fond of placing     
slight variations in phrase side by     
side4 ,see some remarkable instances of 
slightly varied phrases connected by id 
est in ,d4,f4 ,i4 #gb1 ,,ii4 #f1 #ij4 ,i
 therefore hold ,halm and ,baiter to be 
wrong in bracketing the words4 ,ea a3   
,lamb41 objecting to the sound 7which is
 indeed not like ,cic471 would read e   
for a1 which ,halm would also prefer4   
,de1 ab1 and ex follow haurire          
indifferently in ,cic4 ,rivulos         
consectentur3 so ,wordsworth1 to hunt   

the waterfalls4 ,the metaphor involved  
in fontibus--rivulos is often applied by
 ,cic4 to philosophy1 see esp4 a        
sarcastic passage about ,epicurus in    
,n4,d4 ,i4 #abj4 ,nihil enim magno      
opere3 magno opere should be written in 
two words1 not as magnopere1 cf4 the    
phrases maximo opere1 nimio opere1 the  
same holds good of tanto opere1 quanto  
opere4 ,l4 ,aelii3 ,,mss4 ,laelii4 ,the 
person meant is ,l4 ,aelius ,stilo or   
,praeconinus1 the master of ,varro1 and 
the earliest systematic grammarian of   
,rome4 ,see ,quintil4 ,inst4 ,or4 ,x4   
#a1 #ii1 ,gellius ,x4 #ba1 ,sueton4     
,gramm4 #c4 ,occasum3 an unusual        
metaphor4 ,menippum3 a ,cynic satirist1 
see ,dict4 ,biogr4 ,considerable        
fragments of ,varro's ,menippean        
,satires remain1 and have often been    
edited--most recently by ,riese         
7published by ,teubner74 ,imitati non   
interpretati3 ,cic4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #g1 gives
 his opinion as to the right use to be  
made of ,greek models4 ,quae quo3 these 

words are evidently wrong4 ,halm after  
,faber ejects quae1 and is followed by  
,baiter4 ,varro is thus made to say that
 he stated many things dialectically1 in
 order that the populace might be       
enticed to read4 ,to my mind the fault  
lies in the word quo1 for which ,i      
should prefer to read cum 7quom1 which  
would be written qu in the ,,mss47 ,the 
general sense would then be ,having     
introduced philosophy into that kind of 
literature which the unlearned read1 ,i 
proceeded to introduce it into that     
which the learned read4 ,laudationibus3 
1 cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #dh where       
,varro's are mentioned4 ,philosophe     
scribere3 the ,,mss4 all give           
philosophie4 ,klotz has philosophiam1   
which is demonstrably wrong1 physica1   
musica etc4 scribere may be said1 but   
not physicam1 musicam etc4 scribere4    
,the one passage formerly quoted to     
justify the phrase philosophiam scribere
 is now altered in the best texts       
7,t4,d4 ,v4 #aba1 where see ,tischer74  

,goer4 reads philosophiae scribere2 his 
explanation is1 as ,orelli gently says1 
vix ,latina4 ,i can scarcely think      
,halm's philosophe to be right1 the word
 occurs nowhere else1 and ,cic4 almost  
condemns it by his use of the ,greek    
7,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bj74 ,in older      
,greek the adverb does not appear1 nor  
is  used as an adjective much1 yet ,cic4
 uses philosophus adjectivally in ,t4,d4
 ,v4 #aba1 ,cat4 ,mai4 #bb1 ,n4,d4      
,,iii4 #bc1 just as he uses tyrannus    
7,de ,rep4 ,,iii4 #de71 and anapaestus  
7,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #eg7 ,might we not read  
philosophis1 in the dative1 which only  
requires the alteration of a single     
letter from the ,,mss4 reading8 ,the    
meaning would then be to write for      
philosophers1 which would agree with my 
emendation cum for quo above4           
,philosophice would be a tempting       
alteration1 but that the word  is not   
,greek1 nor do philosophicus1           
philosophice occur till very late ,latin
 times4 ,si modo id consecuti sumus3 cf4

 ,brut4 #caf4  #i4 ,sunt ista3   1 so   
often1 e4g4 ,lael4 #f4 ,some edd4 have  
sint1 which is unlikely to be right4    
,nos in nostra3 ,augustine 7,de ,civ4   
,dei ,,vi4 #b7 quotes this with the     
reading reduxerunt for deduxerunt1 which
 is taken by ,baiter and by ,halm2 who  
quotes with approval ,durand's remark1  
deducimus honoris causa sed errantes    
reducimus humanitatis4 ,the words1      
however1 are almost convertible2 see    
,cat4 ,mai4 #fc4 ,in ,lael4 #ab1 ,brut4 
#hf1 we have reducere1 where ,durand's  
rule requires deducere1 on the other    
hand cf4 ,ad ,herennium ,,iv4 #fd1      
hospites domum deducere4 ,aetatem       
patriae etc41 ,august4 7,de ,civ4 ,dei  
,,vi4 #c7 describes ,varro's ,libri     
,antiquitatum 7referred to in #h71 in   
which most of the subjects here         
mentioned were treated of4              
,descriptiones temporum3 lists of dates1
 so  is technically used for dates1     
,thuc4 ,v4 #bj1 etc4 ,tu sacerdotum3    
after this ,lamb4 inserts munera to keep

 the balance of the clauses4 ,cic4      
however is quite as fond of variety as  
of formal accuracy4                     
,domesticam--bellicam3 opposed like domi
 bellique1 cf4 ,brut4 #di1 ,de ,off4 ,i4
 #gd4 ,augustine's reading publicam     
shows him to have been quoting from     
memory4 ,sedem3 so the best ,,mss4 of   
,aug41 some edd4 here give sedium4 ,the 
argument for sedem is the awkwardness of
 making the three genitives1 sedium1    
regionum1 locorum1 dependent on the     
accusatives1 nomina1 genera1 officia1   
causas4 ,cic4 is fond of using sedes1   
locus1 regio together1 see ,pro ,murena1
 #he1 ,pro ,cluentio1 #aga1 quoted by   
,goer4 ,omnium divinarum humanarumque   
rerum3 from the frequent references of  
,aug4 it appears that the ,libri        
,antiquitatum were divided into two     
parts1 one treating of res humanae1 the 
other of res divinae 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1   
,,iv4 #a1 #bg1 ,,vi4 #c74 ,et litteris  
luminis3 for luminis1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #e4
 ,et verbis3 ,manut4 reads rebus from   

#bf4 ,varro's researches into the ,latin
 tongue are meant4 ,multis locis        
incohasti3 ,varro's book ,de            
,philosophia had apparently not yet been
 written4  #aj4 ,causa3  4 ,probabilem3 
specious4 ,nesciunt3 ,halm with his one 
,,ms4 ,g1 which is the work of a clever 
emendator1 gives nescient to suit malent
 above1 and is followed by ,baiter4 ,it 
is not necessary to force on ,cic4 this 
formally accurate sequence of tenses1   
which ,halm himself allows to be broken 
in two similar passages1 ,,ii4 #bj1     
#aje4 ,sed da mihi nunc1 satisne        
probas83 ,so all ,,mss4 except ,g1 which
 has the evident conj4 sed ea 7eam7 mihi
 non sane probas4 ,this last ,baiter    
gives1 while ,halm after ,durand reads  
sed eam mihi non satis probas1 which is 
too far from the ,,mss4 to please me4   
,the text as it stands is not           
intolerable1 though da mihi for dic mihi
 is certainly poetic4 ,da te mihi       
7,manut41 ,goer41 ,orelli7 is far too   
strong for the passage1 and cannot be   

supported by #ab1 ,brut4 #cjf1 ,ad ,fam4
 ,,ii4 #h1 or such like passages4       
,attius3 the old spelling ,accius is    
wrong4 ,si qui 444 imitati3 note the    
collocation1 and cf4 #ag4 ,halm         
needlessly writes sint for ,,mss4 sunt4 
,for this section throughout cf4 the    
prologues to ,d4,f4 ,i41 ,t4,d4 ,i4 and 
,,ii4  #aa4 ,procuratio3 for the proper 
meaning of procurator and procuratio see
 ,jordan on ,pro ,caecina #ee4          
,implacatum et constrictum3 the         
conjunction introduces the intenser     
word1 as usual2 cf4 #ag plenam ac       
refertam1 ,,ii4 #abg exigua et minima1  
so  in ,greek4 ,inclusa habebam3 cf4    
,t4,d4 ,i4 #a4 ,obsolescerent1 used of  
individual memory1 is noteworthy4       
,percussus volnere3 many edd4 give the  
frequent variant perculsus4 ,the volnus1
 which ,goer4 finds so mysterious1 is   
the death of ,tullia1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #i1
 ,de ,consolatione1 fragment #g1 ed4    
,nobbe1 and ,introd4 p4 #cb4 ,aut 444   
aut 444 aut 444 aut3 ,this casting about

 for an excuse shows how low philosophy 
stood in public estimation at ,rome4    
,see ,introd4 p4 #bi4 ,the same         
elaborate apologies often recur1 cf4 esp
 the exordium of ,n4,d4 ,i4  #ab4       
,brutus3 the same praise often recurs in
 ,d4,f4 and the ,brutus ,graecia        
desideret so all ,halm's ,,mss41 except 
,g1 which has ,graeca4 ,halm 7and after 
him ,baiter7 adopts the conj4 of ,aldus 
the younger1 ,graeca desideres4 ,a      
reviewer of ,halm1 in ,schneidewin's    
,philologus ,,xxiv4 #dhc1 approves the  
reading on the curious ground that      
,brutus was not anxious to satisfy      
,greek requirements1 but rather to      
render it unnecessary for ,romans to    
have recourse to ,greece for philosophy4
 ,i keep the ,,mss4 reading1 for ,greece
 with ,cicero is the supreme arbiter of 
performance in philosophy1 if she is    
satisfied the philosophic world is      
tranquil4 ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #bj1 #f1   
,d4,f4 ,i4 #h1 ,ad ,qu4 ,fr4 ,,ii4 #af1 
#e4 ,i just note the em4 of ,turnebus1 a

 ,graecia desideres1 and that of ,dav4  
,graecia desideretur4 ,eandem           
sententiam3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #ef4        
,aristum3 cf4 ,,ii4 #aa1 and ,m4,d4,f4  
,v4 #h4  #ac4 ,sine te3   4 ,relictam3  
,cic4 very rarely omits esse1 see note  
on ,,ii4 #gg1 for ,cicero's supposed    
conversion see ,introd4 p4 #bj4 ,veterem
 illam3 ,,mss4 have iam for illam4 ,the 
position of iam would be strange1 in the
 passage which used to be compared1 ,pro
 ,cluentio #af1 ,classen and ,baiter now
 om4 the word4 ,further1 vetus and nova 
can scarcely be so barely used to denote
 the ,old and the ,new ,academy4 ,the   
reading illam is from ,madv4 7,em4      
#aae71 and is supported by illam veterem
 7#ah71 illa antiqua 7#bb71 istius      
veteris 7,d4,f4 ,v4 #h71 and similar    
uses4 ,bentl4 7followed by ,halm and    
,bait47 thinks iam comprises the last   
two syllables of ,academiam1 which he   
reads4 ,correcta et emendata3 a fine    
sentiment to come from a conservative   
like ,cic4 ,the words often occur       

together and illustrate ,cic4's love for
 small diversities of expression1 cf4   
,de ,leg4 ,,iii4 #cj1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ba1 
also ,tac4 ,hist4 ,i4 #cg4 ,negat3      
,,mss4 have negaret1 but ,cic4 never    
writes the subj4 after quamquam in      
oratio recta1 as ,tac4 does1 unless     
there is some conditional or potential  
force in the sentence2 see ,m4,d4,f4    
,,iii4 #gj4 ,nothing is commoner in the 
,,mss4 than the substitution of the imp4
 subj4 for the pres4 ind4 of verbs of   
the first conjug4 and vice versa4 ,in   
libris3 see ,,ii4 #aa4 ,duas ,academias3
 for the various modes of dividing the  
,academy refer to ,r4 and ,p4 #djd4     
,contra ea ,philonis3 ,,mss4 have contra
 ,philonis merely1 exc4 ,halm's ,v41    
which gives ,philonem1 as does the ed4  
,rom4 7#adga74 ,i have added ea4 ,orelli
 quotes ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #bc1 #b1 ex    
,apollodori4 ,possibly the ,,mss4 may be
 right1 and libros may be supplied from 
libris above1 so in ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4   
#cb1 #b1 ,dicaearchi   utrosque1 the    

word libros has to be supplied from the 
preceding letter1 cf4 a similar ellipse 
of bona in #ai1 #bb4 ,madvig's ,philonia
 is improbable from its non-appearance  
elsewhere1 while the companion adjective
 ,antiochius is frequent4 ,halm inserts 
sententiam1 a heroic remedy4 ,to make   
contra an adv4 and construe ,philonis   
,antiochus together1 supplying auditor1 
as is done by some unknown commentators 
who probably only exist in ,goerenz's   
note1 is wild1 and cannot be justified  
by ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ac4  #ad4 ,a qua absum   
iam diu3 ,,mss4 have strangely aqua     
absumtam diu1 changed by ,manut4        
,renovari3 the vulg4 revocari is a      
curious instance of oversight4 ,it crept
 into the text of ,goer4 by mistake1 for
 in his note he gave renovari4          
,orelli--who speaks of ,goerenz's       
praestantissima recensio1 and founds his
 own text upon it two years after       
,madvig's crushing exposure in his ,em4 
often quoted by me--not only reads      
revocari1 but quotes renovari as an em4 

of the ed4 ,victoriana of #aecf4 ,from  
,orelli1 ,klotz1 whose text has no      
independent value1 took it4 ,renovare in
 ,cic4 often means to refresh the       
memory1 e4g4 #aa1 ,brut4 #cae4 ,nisi    
molestum est3 like nisi alienum putas1 a
 variation on the common si placet1 si  
videtur4 ,adsidamus3 some ,,mss4 have   
adsideamus1 which would be wrong here4  
,sane istud3 ,halm istuc from ,g4       
,inquit3 for the late position of this  
word1 which is often caused by its      
affinity for quoniam1 quidem1 etc41 cf4 
,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bj ,quae cum essent   
dicta1 in conspectu consedimus 7omnes73 
most edd4 since ,gulielmus print this   
without essent as a hexameter1 and      
suppose it a quotation4 ,but firstly1 a 
verse so commonplace1 if familiar1 would
 occur elsewhere in ,cic4 as others do1 
if not familiar1 would not be given     
without the name of its author4         
,secondly1 most ,,mss4 have sint or     
essent before dicta4 ,it is more        
probable therefore that omnes was added 

from an involuntary desire to make up   
the hexameter rhythm4 ,phrases like quae
 cum essent dicta consedimus often occur
 in similar places in ,cic4's dialogues 
cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aej1 and           
,augustine1 the imitator of ,cic41      
,contra ,academicos1 ,i4 #be1 also      
consedimus at the end of a clause in    
,brut4 #bd1 and considitur in ,de ,or4  
,,iii4 #ah4 ,mihi vero3 the omission of 
inquit1 which is strange to ,goer41 is  
well illustrated in ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #i4   
,there is an odd ellipse of laudasti in 
,d4,f4 ,v4 #ha4      #ae--db4           
,antiochus' view of the history of      
,philosophy4 ,first part of     ,varro's
 ,exposition1 #ae--ah4 ,summary4        
,socrates rejected physics and made     
ethics supreme in philosophy 7#ae74 ,he 
had no fixed tenets1 his one            
doctrine being that wisdom consists in a
 consciousness of ignorance4     ,moral 
exhortation was his task 7#af74 ,plato  
added to and enriched the     teaching  
of his master1 from him sprang two      

schools which abandoned the     negative
 position of ,socrates and adopted      
definite tenets1 yet remained     in    
essential agreement with one            
another--the ,peripatetic and the       
,academic 7#ag1 #ah74  #ae4 ,a rebus 444
 involutis3 physical phenomena are often
 spoken of in these words by ,cic41 cf4 
#ai1 ,timaeus c4 #a1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fd1    
,,iv4 #ah1 ,v4 #aj1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #di4     
,ursinus rejected ab here1 but the      
insertion or omission of ab after the   
passive verb depends on the degree to   
which natura is personified1 if #bh be  
compared with ,tim4 c4 #a1 this will be 
clear4 ,involutis  veiled2 cf4          
involucrum4 ,cic4 shows his feeling of  
the metaphor by adding quasi in ,,ii4   
#bf1 and often4 ,avocavisse             
philosophiam3 this1 the ,xenophontic    
view of ,socrates1 was the popular one  
in ,cicero's time1 cf4 ,,ii4 #abc1      
,t4,d4 ,v4 #aj1 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #hg1 #hh1    
also ,varro in ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1    
,,viii4 #c4 ,objections to it1 however  

occurred to ,cic41 and were curiously   
answered in ,de ,rep4 ,i4 #af 7cf4 also 
,varro in ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,viii4 
#d74 ,the same view is supposed to be   
found in ,aristotle1 see the passages   
quoted by ,r4 and ,p4 #ada4 ,to form an 
opinion on this difficult question the  
student should read ,schleiermacher's   
,essay on the ,worth of ,socrates as a  
,philosopher 7trans4 by ,thirlwall71 and
 ,zeller's ,socrates and the ,socratic  
,schools1 ,eng4 ,trans41 pp4 #aab--aaf  
,i dissent from his view of ,aristotle's
 evidence1 also ,schwegler's ,handbook1 
so far as it relates to ,socrates and   
,plato4 ,nihil tamen ad bene vivendum   
valere3 valere is absent from ,,mss41   
and is inserted by ,halm1 its use in #ba
 makes it more probable than conferre1  
which is in ed4 ,rom4 7#adga74          
,gronovius vainly tries to justify the  
,,mss4 reading by such passages as      
,d4,f4 ,i4 #ci1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #gj4 ,the    
strangest ellipse with nihil ad         
elsewhere in ,cic4 is in ,de ,leg4 ,i4  

#f4  #af4 ,hic 444 illum3 for this      
repetition of pronouns see ,m4,d4,f4    
,,iv4 #dc4 ,varie et copiose3 ,,mss4    
omit et1 but it may be doubted whether  
,cic4 would let two adverbs stand       
together without et1 though three may   
7cf4 ,,ii4 #fc71 and though with pairs  
of nouns and adjectives1 et often is    
left out1 as in the passages quoted here
 by ,manut4 ,ad ,att4 ,,iv4 #c1 #c1 ,ad 
,fam4 ,,xiii4 #bd1 ,,xiii4 #bh1 cf4 also
 the learned note of ,wesenberg1        
reprinted in ,baiter and ,halm's        
edition1 of ,cic4's philosophical works 
7#ahfa71 on ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #f4 ,varie et 
copiose is also in ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bdj4 
,cf4 the omission of que in #bc1 also   
,,ii4 #fc4 ,perscripti3 ,cic4 like      
,aristotle often speaks of ,plato's     
dialogues as though they were authentic 
reports of ,socratic conversations1 cf4 
,,ii4 #gd4 ,nihil adfirmet3 so ,t4,d4   
,i4 #ii4 ,eoque praestare ceteris this  
is evidently from ,plato ,apol4 p4 #ba1 
as to the proper understanding of which 

see note on ,,ii4 #gd4 ,ab ,apolline1   
,plato ,apol4 #ba ,a1 ,omnium3 ,dav4    
conj4 hominum needlessly4 ,dictum3      
,lamb41 followed by ,schutz1 reads      
iudicatum1 it is remarkable that in four
 passages where ,cic4 speaks of this    
very oracle 7,cato ,mai4 #gh1 ,lael4 #g1
 #i1 #ac7 he uses the verb iudicare4    
,una omnis3 ,lamb4 hominis1 ,baiter     
also4 ,omnis eius oratio tamen3         
notwithstanding his negative dialectic  
he gave positive teaching in morals4    
,tamen3 for ,,mss4 tam or tum is due to 
,gruter1 ,halm has tantum4 ,tam1 tum and
 tamen are often confused in ,,mss41    
e4g4 ,in ,veri 7,act ,,ii47 ,i4 #c1 #fe1
 ,,ii4 #ee1 #aab1 ,v4 #gh1 where see    
,zumpt4 ,goer4 abuses edd4 for not      
knowing that tum 444 et1 tum 444 que1 et
 444 tum1 correspond in ,cic4 like tum  
444 cum1 tum 444 tum4 ,his proofs of    
this new ,latin may be sampled by ,ac4  
,,ii4 #a1 #dc4 ,ad virtutis studium     
cohortandis3 this broad assertion is    
distinctly untrue2 see ,zeller's        

,socrates #hh1 with footnote4  #ag4     
,varius et multiplex1 et copiosus3 these
 characteristics are named to account   
for the branching off from ,plato of the
 later schools4 ,for multiplex many     
sided1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4 ,una et      
consentiens3 this is an opinion of      
,antiochus often adopted by ,cic4 in his
 own person1 as in ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e ,de  
,leg4 ,i4 #ch1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fg4     
,five ancient philosophers are generally
 included in this supposed harmonious   
,academico-,peripatetic school1 viz4    
,aristotle1 ,theophrastus1 ,speusippus1 
,xenocrates1 ,polemo 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4  
#b71 sometimes ,crantor is added4 ,the  
harmony was supposed to have been first 
broken by ,polemo's pupils2 so ,varro   
says 7from ,antiochus7 in ,aug4 ,de     
,civ4 ,dei ,,xix4 #a1 cf4 also #cd4     
,antiochus doubtless rested his theory  
almost entirely on the ethical          
resemblances of the two schools4 ,in    
,d4,f4 ,v4 #ba1 which is taken direct   
from ,antiochus1 this appears1 as also  

in ,varro 7in ,aug4 as above7 who often 
spoke as though ethics were the whole of
 philosophy 7cf4 also ,de ,off4 ,,iii4  
#bj74 ,antiochus probably made light of 
such dialectical controversies between  
the two schools as that about 1 which   
had long ceased4 ,krische ,uber         
,cicero's ,akademika p4 #ea1 has some   
good remarks4 ,nominibus3 the same as   
vocabulis above4 ,cic4 does not observe 
,varro's distinction 7,de ,l4 ,l4 ,,ix4 
#a7 which confines nomen to proper      
nouns1 vocabulum to common nouns1 though
 he would not use vocabulum as ,tac4    
does1 for the name of a person 7,annals 
,,xii4 #ff1 etc474 ,quasi heredem 444   
duos autem3 the conj4 of ,ciaconus ex   
asse heredem1 secundos autem is as acute
 as it is absurd4 ,duos3 it is difficult
 to decide whether this or duo is right 
in ,cic41 he can scarcely have been so  
inconsistent as the ,,mss4 and edd4 make
 him 7cf4 ,baiter and ,halm's ed41 ,ac4 
,,ii4 #aa1 #ac with ,de ,div4 ,i4 #f74  
,the older inscr4 in the ,corpus vol4   

,i4 have duo1 but only in duoviros1 two 
near the time of ,cic4 7,c4,i4 vol4 ,i4 
nos4 #ega and #ajjg7 give duos1 which   
,cic4 probably wrote4 ,duo is in old    
,latin poets and ,virgil4 ,chalcedonium3
 not ,calchedonium as ,klotz1 cf4 ,gk4 4
 ,praestantissimos3 ,halm wrongly1 cf4  
,brut4 #abe4 ,stagiritem3 not           
,stagiritam as ,lamb41 for ,cic41 exc4  
in a few nouns like ,persa1 pirata1     
etc41 which came down from antiquity1   
did not make ,greek nouns in - into     
,latin nouns in -a4 ,see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4
 #id4 ,coetus 444 soliti3 cf4 #aj4      
,platonis ubertate3 cf4 ,quintilian's   
illa ,livii lactea ubertas4 ,plenum ac  
refertam3 n4 on #aa4 ,dubitationem3     
,halm with one ,,ms41 ,g1 gives         
dubitantem1 ,baiter dubitanter1 ,why    
alter8 ,ars quaedam philosophiae3 before
 these words all ,halm's ,,mss41 exc ,g1
 insert disserendi1 probably from the   
line above1 ,lipsius keeps it and ejects
 philosophiae1 while ,lamb41 ,day read  
philosophia in the nom4 ,varro1 however1

 would never say that philosophy became 
entirely dialectical in the hands of the
 old ,academics and ,peripatetics4 ,ars 
1 a set of definite rules1 so ,varro in 
,aug4 7as above7 speaks of the certa    
dogmata of this old school as opposed to
 the incertitude of the ,new ,academy4  
,descriptio3 so ,halm here1 but often   
discriptio4 ,the ,corp4 ,inscr41 vol4   
,i4 nos4 #aih and #bjj1 has thrice      
discriptos or discriptum1 the other     
spelling never4  #ah4 ,ut mihi quidem   
videtur3 ,,mss4 transpose quidem and    
videtur1 as in #dd4 ,quidem1 however    
nearly always comes closely after the   
pronoun1 see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #dc1 cf4   
also ,i4 #ga1 ,,iii4 #bh1 ,opusc4 ,i4   
#djf4 ,expetendarum fugiendarumque3   1 
about which more in n4 on #cf4 ,the     
,platonic and ,aristotelian ethics have 
indeed an external resemblance1 but the 
ultimate bases of the two are quite     
different4 ,in rejecting the ,idea of   
the ,good1 ,aristotle did away with what
 ,plato would have considered most      

valuable in his system4 ,the ideal      
theory1 however1 was practically defunct
 in the time of ,antiochus1 so that the 
similarity between the two schools      
seemed much greater than it was4 ,non   
sus ,minervam3 a ,greek proverb1 cf4    
,theocr4 ,id4 ,v4 #bc1 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4   
#bcc1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #ah1 #c4 ,binder1 
in his ,german translation of the       
,academica1 also quotes ,plutarch ,prc4 
,polit4 #g4 ,inepte 444 docet3 elliptic 
for inepte docet1 quisquis docet4       
,nostra atque nostros3 few of the       
editors have understood this4 ,atticus  
affects everything ,athenian1 and speaks
 as though he were one of them2 in      
,cic4's letters to him the words tui    
cives1 meaning the ,athenians1 often    
occur4 ,quid me putas3 i4e4 velle4      
,exhibiturum3 ,halm inserts me before   
this from his one ,,ms4 ,g1 evidently   
emended here by its copyist4 ,for the   
omission of me1 cf4 note on #g4         
#ai--bc4 ,part ,,ii4 of ,varro's        
,exposition3 ,antiochus' ,ethics4       

,summary4     ,the threefold division of
 philosophy into 1 1 4     ,goodness    
means obedience to nature1 happiness the
 acquisition of     natural advantages4 
,these are of three kinds1 mental1      
bodily1 and     external4 ,the bodily   
are described 7#ai72 then the mental1   
which fall     into two classes1        
congenital and acquired1 virtue being   
the chief of     the acquired 7#bj71    
then the external1 which form with the  
bodily     advantages a kind of         
exercise-ground for virtue 7#ba74 ,the  
ethical     standard is then succinctly 
stated1 in which virtue has chief part1 
and     is capable in itself of         
producing happiness1 though not the     
greatest     happiness possible1 which  
requires the possession of all three    
classes     of advantages 7#bb74 ,with  
this ethical standard1 it is possible to
 give     an intelligent account of     
action and duty 7#bc74  #ai4 ,ratio     
triplex3 ,plato has not this division1  
either consciously or unconsciously1    

though it was generally attributed to   
him in ,cicero's time1 so by ,varro     
himself 7from ,antiochus7 in ,aug4 ,de  
,civ4 ,dei ,,viii4 #d1 and by ,diog4    
,laert4 ,,iii4 #ef 7see ,r4 and ,p41 p4 
#aie74 ,the division itself cannot be   
traced farther back than ,xenocrates and
 the post-,aristotelian ,peripatetics1  
to whom it is assigned by ,sext4 ,emp4  
,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #af4 ,it was        
probably first brought into strong      
prominence by the ,stoics1 whom it      
enabled more sharply and decisively to  
subordinate to ,ethics all else in      
philosophy4 ,cf4 esp4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4   
#c4 ,quid verum 444 repugnans iudicando3
 ,,mss4 exc4 ,g have et before quid     
falsum1 whence ,klotz conj4 sit in order
 to obviate the awkwardness of repugnet 
which ,,mss4 have for repugnans4        
,krische wishes to read consequens for  
consentiens1 comparing ,orator #aae1    
,t4,d4 ,v4 #fh1 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aej1 to
 which add ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ba ,on the other 
hand cf4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #ia4 ,notice the    

double translations of the ,greek terms1
 de vita et moribus for 1 etc4 ,this is 
very characteristic of ,cic41 as we     
shall see later4 ,ac primum3 many ,,mss4
 and edd4 primam1 cf4 #bc1 #cj4 ,a      
natura petebant3 how ,antiochus could   
have found this in ,plato and ,aristotle
 is difficult to see2 that he did so1   
however1 is indubitable2 see ,d4,f4 ,v4 
#bd--bg1 which should be closely        
compared with our passage1 and ,varro in
 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,the root of ,plato's 
system is the  of the ,good1 while so   
far is ,aristotle from founding his     
system on the abstract 1 that he        
scarcely appeals even incidentally to   
in his ethical works4 ,the abstract     
conception of nature in relation to     
ethics is first strongly apparent in    
,polemo1 from whom it passed into ,stoic
 hands and then into those of           
,antiochus4 ,adeptum esse omnia3 put    
rather differently in ,d4,f4 ,v4 #bd1   
#bf1 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cc1 #cd1    
,ac4 ,,ii4 #aca4 ,et animo et corpore et

 vita3 this is the  or   1 which belongs
 in this form to late ,peripateticism   
7cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dc71 the third   
division is a development from the   of 
,aristotle4 ,the  in this distinct shape
 is foreign both to ,plato and ,arist1  
though ,stobaeus1 ,ethica ,,ii4 #f1 #d1 
tries hard to point it out in ,plato2   
,varro seems to merge the two last      
divisions into one in ,aug4 ,de ,civ4   
,dei ,,xix #c4 ,this agrees better with 
,d4,f4 ,v4 #cd--cf1 cf4 also ,aug4      
,,viii4 #h4 ,on the ,antiochean finis   
see more in note on #bb4 ,corporis alia3
 for ellipse of bona1 see n4 on #ac4    
,ponebant esse3 n4 on #cf4 ,in toto in  
partibus3 the same distinction is in    
,stob4 ,eth4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g2 cf4 also     
,d4,f4 ,v4 #ce4 ,pulchritudinem3 ,cic4  
,orator #afj1 puts the spelling pulcher 
beyond a doubt2 it often appears in     
inscr4 of the ,republic4 ,on the other  
hand only pulcrai1 pulcrum1 etc41 occur 
in inscr41 exc4 pulchre1 which is found 
once 7,corp4 ,inscr4 ,i4 no #ajai74     

,sepulchrum1 however1 is frequent at an 
early time4 ,on the tendency to aspirate
 even native ,latin words see ,boscher  
in ,curtius' ,studien ,,ii4 #a1 p4 #ade4
 ,in the case of pulcher the false      
derivation from  may have aided the     
corruption4 ,similarly in modern times  
,j4,c4 ,scaliger derived it from        
7,curtius' ,grundz ed4 #c1 p4 #h7 ,for  
valetudinem viris pulchritudinem1 cf4   
the    of ,stob4 ,eth4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g1 and
 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4 ,sensus integros  in   
,stob41 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf 7in     
sensibus est sua cuiusque virtus74      
,celeritatem3 so  in ,stob41 bene       
currere in ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,claritatem 
in voce3 cf4 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #acc4        
,impressionem3 al4 expressionem4 ,for   
the former cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ahe1    
which will show the meaning to be the   
distinct marking of each sound2 for the 
latter ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #da1 which will  
disprove ,klotz's remark imprimit lingua
 voces1 non exprimit4 ,see also ,de     
,off4 ,i4 #acc4 ,one old ed4 has        

pressionem1 which1 though not itself    
,ciceronian1 recalls presse loqui1 and  
,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #adi4 ,pliny1 ,panegyric1  
c4 #fd1 has expressit explanavitque     
verba2 he and ,quintilian often so use  
exprimere4  #bj4 ,ingeniis3 rejected by 
many 7so ,halm71 but cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4  
#b1 and animis below and in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4
 #eh4 ,in naturam et mores3 for in ea   
quae natura et moribus fiunt4 ,a similar
 inaccuracy of expression is found in   
,,ii4 #db4 ,the division is practically 
,aristotle's1 who severs  into  and     
7,nic4 ,eth4 ,i4 c4 #ac1 ,magna ,mor4   
,i4 c4 #e74 ,in ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ch the  are 
called non voluntariae1 the             
voluntariae4 ,celeritatem ad discendum  
et memoriam3 cf4 the 1  of ,arist4 7who 
adds   71 and the docilitas1 memoria of 
,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf4 ,quasi consuetudinem3   
the quasi marks a translation from the  
,greek1 as frequently1 here probably of 
7,nic4 ,eth4 ,,ii4 c4 #a74 ,partim      
ratione formabant3 the relation which   
reason bears to virtue is set forth in  

,nic4 ,eth4 ,,vi4 c4 #b4 ,in quibus3    
i4e4 in moribus4 ,all the late schools  
held that ethics formed the sole        
ultimate aim of philosophy4 ,erat3 note 
the change from oratio obliqua to recta1
 and cf4 the opposite change in ,,ii4   
#dj4 ,progressio3 this1 like the whole  
of the sentence in which it stands1 is  
intensely ,stoic4 ,for the ,stoic 1   1 
cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #fd1 #ff1 ,r4 and   
,p4 #cib1 sq41 ,zeller1 ,stoics #beh1   
#bgf4 ,the phrases are sometimes said to
 be ,peripatetic1 if so1 they must      
belong only to the late ,stoicised      
,peripateticism of which we find so much
 in ,stobaeus4 ,perfectio naturae3 cf4  
esp4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #be4 ,more ,stoic    
still is the definition of virtue as the
 perfection of the reason1 cf4 ,,ii4    
#bf1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ce1 ,v4 #ch1 and     
,madvig's note on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #hh4     
,faber quotes ,galen ,de ,decr4 ,hipp4  
et ,plat4 c4 #e1       4 ,una res       
optima3 the supremacy of virtue is also 
asserted by ,varro in ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c1  

cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #cf1 #ch4  #ba4     
,virtutis usum3 so the ,stoics speak of 
their  as the practising ground for     
virtue 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej71 cf4 virtutis
 usum in ,aug4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,nam virtus3  
most ,,mss4 have iam1 which is out of   
place here4 ,animi bonis et corporis    
cernitur et in quibusdam3 ,,mss4 omit et
 between cernitur and in1 exc4 ,halm's  
,g which has in before animi and also   
before corporis4 ,these last insertions 
are not necessary1 as may be seen from  
,topica #hj1 causa certis personis locis
 temporibus actionibus negotiis cernitur
 aut in omnibus aut in plerisque1 also  
,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4 ,in ,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #h1
 the  of the ,peripatetics is stated to 
be  '          1 here quibusdam quae    
etc41 denote the  or  1 the third class 
in #ai4 ,hominem 444 societate3 all this
 is strongly ,stoic1 though also        
attributed to the ,peripatetics by      
,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #g 7 71 etc41 doubtless
 the humanitarianism of the ,stoics     
readily united with the     theory of   

,aristotle4 ,for ,cic4 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4
 #ff1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #bc1 for the        
,stoics1 ,zeller #bic--bif4 ,the        
repetitions hominem1 humani1 hominibus1 
humana are striking4 ,for the last1     
,bentley 7i4e4 ,davies' anonymous       
friend7 proposed mundana from ,t4,d4 ,v4
 #ajh1 ,varro1 however1 has humana      
societas in ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c4 ,cetera    
autem3 what are these cetera8 ,they form
 portion of the  1 and although not     
strictly contained within the summum    
bonum are necessary to enrich it and    
preserve it4 ,of the things enumerated  
in ,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #h1 #ac1 1  would   
belong to the quaedam of ,cicero1 while 
would be included in cetera4 ,the same  
distinction is drawn in ,aug4 ,,viii4   
#h4 ,tuendum3 most ,,mss4 tenendum1 but 
tuendum corresponds best with the       
division of  into  and 1 ,stob4 ,,ii4   
#f1 #ac4 ,for the word pertinere see    
,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ed4  #bb4 ,plerique3  
,antiochus believes it also ,academic4  
,qui tum appellarentur3 ,,mss4 dum1 the 

subj4 is strange1 and was felt to be so 
by the writer of ,halm's ,g1 which has  
appellantur4 ,videbatur3 ,goer4 and     
,orelli stumble over this1 not          
perceiving that it has the strong       
meaning of the ,gr4 1 it was their      
dogma1 so often4 ,adipisci3 cf4 adeptum 
esse1 #ai4 ,quae essent prima natura3   
,,mss4 have in natura4 ,for the various 
modes of denoting the    in ,latin see  
,madvig's ,fourth ,excursus to the      
,d4,f41 which the student of ,cic4's    
philosophy ought to know by heart4 ,the 
phrase prima natura 7abl47 could not    
stand alone1 for     is one of          
,goerenz's numerous forgeries4 ,the     
ablative is always conditioned by some  
verb1 see ,madv4 ,a comparison of this  
statement of the ethical finis with that
 in #ai and the passages quoted in my   
note there1 will show that ,cic4 drew   
little distinction between the ,stoic   
and the ,peripatetic 4 ,that this is    
historically absurd ,madvig shows in his
 ,excursus1 but he does not sufficiently

 recognise the fact that ,cicero has    
perfectly correctly reported ,antiochus4
 ,at all events1 ,varro's report 7,aug4 
,de ,civ4 ,dei ,,xix4 #c7 coincides with
 ,cic4's in every particular4 ,even the 
inexplicabilis perversitas of which     
,madv4 complains 7p4 #hba7 is traceable 
to ,antiochus1 who1 as will be seen from
 ,augustine ,,xix4 #a1 #c1 included even
 virtus among the prima naturae4 ,a     
little reflection will show that in no  
other way could ,antiochus have         
maintained the practical identity of the
 ,stoic and ,peripatetic views of the   
finis4 ,i regret that my space does not 
allow me to pursue this difficult       
subject farther4 ,for the ,stoic    see 
,zeller1 chap ,,xi4 ,ipsa per sese      
expetenda3 ,gk4 1 which is applied to   
all things contained within the summum  
bonum4 ,as the ,stoic finis was  only1  
that alone to them was 1 their    were  
not 1 7cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba74          
,antiochus' prima naturae were  to him1 
cf4 ,aug4 ,,xix4 #c1 prima illa naturae 

propter se ipsa existimat expetenda so  
,stob41 ,,ii4 #f1 #g1 demonstrates each 
branch of the  to be '  4 ,aut omnia aut
 maxima3 so frequently in ,cic41 e4g4   
,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bg1 so ,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1   
#h1    4 ,ea sunt maxima3 so ,stob41    
,varro in ,aug4 passim4 ,sensit3 much   
misunderstood by edd41 here  iudicavit  
not animadvertit cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #f4
 ,reperiebatur3 for change of constr4   
cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bf ,nec tamen         
beatissimam3 the question whether  was  
was one of the most important to the    
late ,greek philosophy4 ,as to          
,antiochus1 consult ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fg4  
#bc4 ,agendi aliquid3 ,gk4 1 the usual  
translation1 cf4 ,,ii4 #bd1 #cg4        
,officii ipsius initium3   1 ,stob4     
,,ii4 #f1 #g4 ,this sentence is covertly
 aimed at the ,new ,academics1 whose    
scepticism1 according to the dogmatists1
 cut away the ground from action and    
duty1 see ,,ii4 #bd4 ,recti honestique3 
these words are redolent of the ,stoa4  
,earum rerum3 ,halm thinks something    

like appetitio has fallen out1 susceptio
 however1 above1 is quite enough for    
both clauses2 a similar use of it is    
found in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cb4             
,descriptione naturae3 ,halm with one   
,,ms4 7,g7 gives praescriptione1 which  
is in ,,ii4 #adj1 cf4 also praescriberet
 above4 ,the phrase is ,antiochean2 cf4 
prima constitutio naturae in ,d4,f4     
,,iv4 #ae4 ,aequitas3 not in the ,roman 
legal sense1 but as a translation of 4  
,eaeque3 so ,halm for ,,mss4 haeque1    
haecque4 ,of course haecque1 like       
hicque1 sicque1 would be un-,ciceronian4
 ,voluptatibus3 a side blow at the      
,epicureans4 ,forma see n4 on #cc4      
#bd--bi4 ,part ,,iii of ,varro's        
,exposition4 ,antiochus' ,physics4      
,summary4 ,all that is consists of force
 and matter1 which are never            
actually found apart1 though they are   
thought of as separate4 ,when     force 
impresses form on the formless matter1  
it becomes a formed entity     7  or    
quale7--7#bd74 ,these formed entities   

are either primary     or secondary4    
,air1 fire1 water1 earth are primary1   
the two first     having an active1 the 
two last a passive function4 ,aristotle 
added a     fifth 7#bf74 ,underlying all
 formed entities is the formless matter1
     matter and space are infinitely    
subdivisible 7#bg74 ,force or form acts 
on the formless matter and so produces  
the ordered universe1 outside     which 
no matter exists4 ,reason permeates the 
universe and makes it     eternal4 ,this
 ,reason has various names--,soul of the
 ,universe1 ,mind1     ,wisdom1         
,providence1 ,fate1 ,fortune are only   
different titles for the     same thing 
7#bh1 #bi74  #bd4 ,natura3 this word1 it
 is important to observe1 has to serve  
as a translation both of  and 4 ,here it
 is  in the broadest sense1 all that    
exists4 ,in res duas3 the distinction   
between ,force and ,matter1 the active  
and passive agencies in the universe1 is
 of course ,aristotelian and ,platonic4 
,antiochus however probably apprehended 

the distinction as modified by the      
,stoics1 for this read carefully        
,zeller1 #ace sq41 with the footnotes4  
,the clearest view of ,aristotle's      
doctrine is to be got from ,schwegler1  
,handbook1 pp #ii--aje4 ,r4 and ,p4 #bgc
 sq4 should be consulted for the        
important coincidence of ,force with    
logical genus 771 and of ,matter 77 with
 logical differentia 774 ,for the duae  
res1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ah4 ,efficiens 444 
huic se praebens3 an attempt to         
translate   and   of the ,theaetetus1   
and   of the ,timaeus 7#ej ,d74 ,cic4 in
 ,tim4 has efficere and pati1 ,lucretius
 ,i4 #ddj facere and fungi4 ,ea quae3 so
 ,gruter1 ,halm for ,,mss4 eaque4 ,the  
meaning is this2 passive matter when    
worked upon by an active generative form
 results in an aliquid1 a   as          
,aristotle calls it4 ,passive matter  is
 only potentially  1 passing into actual
  1 when affected by the form4 7,cf4 1 1
 ,plato ,tim4 #di ,e1 #ej ,a1 also      
,arist4 ,metaph ,h1 #a1 ,r4 and ,p4     

#bgj--bgd74 ,a figurative description of
 the process is given in ,timaeus1 #ej  
,d4 ,in eo quod efficeret 444 materiam  
quandam3 ,cic4 is hampered by the patrii
 sermonis egestas1 which compels him to 
render simple ,greek terms by laboured  
periphrases4 ,id quod efficit is not    
distinct from1 but equivalent to vis1 id
 quod efficitur to materia4 ,materiam   
quandam3 it is extraordinary how edd4   
7esp ,goer47 could have so stumbled over
 quandam and quasi used in this fashion4
 ,both words 7which are joined below7   
simply mark the unfamiliarity of the    
,latin word in its philosophical use1 in
 the ,greek  the strangeness had had    
time to wear off4 ,in utroque3 for in eo
 quod ex utroque 7sc4 vi et materia7    
fit1 the meaning is clearly given by the
 next clause1 viz4 that ,force and      
,matter cannot actually exist apart1 but
 only in the compound of the two1 the   
formed entity1 which doctrine is quite  
,aristotelian4 ,see the reff4 given     
above4 ,nihil enim est quod non alicubi 

esse cogatur3 the meaning of this is    
clear1 that nothing can exist except in 
space 7alicubi71 it is more difficult to
 see why it should be introduced here4  
,unless est be taken of merely          
phenomenal existence 7the only existence
 the ,stoics and ,antiochus would       
allow71 the sentence does not represent 
the belief of ,aristotle and ,plato4    
,the  for instance1 though to ,plato in 
the highest sense existent1 do not exist
 in space4 7,aristotle explicitly says  
this1 ,phys4 ,,iii4 #d74 ,aristotle also
 recognised much as existent which did  
not exist in space1 as in ,phys4 ,,iv4  
#e 7qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #bhi74 ,cic4 perhaps
 translates here from ,tim4 #eb ,b1     
4 ,for ancient theories about space the 
student must be referred to the         
histories of philosophy4 ,a fair summary
 is given by ,stob4 ,phys4      1 ch4   
,,xviii4 #a4 ,corpus et quasi           
qualitatem3 note that corpus is formed1 
as contrasted with materia1 unformed    
matter4 ,qualitas is here wrongly used  

for quale2 it ought to be used of ,force
 only1 not of the product of ,force and 
,matter1 cf4 #bh4 ,the ,greeks          
themselves sometimes confuse  and 1 the 
confusion is aided by the ambiguity of  
the phrase   in ,greek1 which may either
 denote the   as 1 or the ,force which  
makes it 1 hence ,arist4 calls one of   
his categories   and  indifferently ,for
 the ,stoic view of 1 see ,zeller1      
#if--ajc1 with footnotes4  #be4 ,bene   
facis3 passim in comedy1 whence ,cic4   
takes it2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #af1 a      
passage in other respects exceedingly   
like this4 ,rhetoricam3 ,hlsemann conj4 
ethicam1 which however is not ,latin4   
,the words have no philosophical        
significance here1 but are simply       
specimens of words once foreign1 now    
naturalised4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e is very   
similar4 ,cic4's words make it clear    
that these nouns ought to be treated as 
,latin first declension nouns2 the      
,,mss4 often give1 however1 a ,gk4      
accus4 in en4 ,non est vulgi verbum3 it 

first appears in ,theaet4 #ahb ,a1 where
 it is called  4 ,nova 444 facienda3    
imponenda in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e4 ,suis    
utuntur3 so ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #d4           
,transferenda3 transferre  1 which is   
technically used as early as ,isocrates4
 ,see ,cic4 on metaphor1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4
 #aec sq41 where necessitas is assigned 
as one cause of it 7#aei7 just as here2 
cf4 also ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #adi4 ,saecula3
 the spelling secula is wrong2 ,corss4  
,i4 #cbe1 #cgg4 ,the diphthong bars the 
old derivations from secare1 and sequi4 
,quanto id magis3 ,cic4 is exceedingly  
fond of separating tam quam ita tantus  
quantus1 etc41 from the words with which
 they are syntactically connected1 by   
just one small word1 e4g4 ,lael4 #ec    
quam id recte1 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #abe tam sit
 mirabilis1 ,,ii4 #fh tam in            
praecipitem2 also ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e      
quanto id nobis magis est concedendum   
qui ea nunc primum audemus attingere4   
#bf4 ,non modo rerum sed verborum3 cf4  
#i4 ,igitur picks up the broken thread  

of the exposition2 so #ce1 and          
frequently4 ,principes 444 ex his ortae3
 the ,greek terms are  and 1 see ,arist4
 ,de ,coelo1 ,i4 #b 7,r4 and ,p4 #bid74 
,the distinction puzzled ,plutarch      
7quoted in ,r4 and ,p4 #chb74 ,it was   
both ,aristotelian and ,stoic4 ,the     
,stoics 7,zeller1 #ahg sq47 followed    
partly ,heraclitus1 and cast aside many 
refinements of ,aristotle which will be 
found in ,r4 and ,p4 #big4 ,quasi       
multiformes3 evidently a trans4 of 1    
which is opposed to  in ,plat4 ,phaedr4 
#bch ,a1 and often4 ,plato uses also    
for unius modi2 cf4 ,cic4 ,tim4 ch4     
,,vii41 a transl4 of ,plat4 ,tim4 #ce   
,a4 ,prima sunt3 primae 7sc4 qualitates7
 is the needless em4 of ,walker1        
followed by ,halm4 ,formae  genera1 4   
,the word is applied to the four        
elements themselves1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ai2 cf4
 also quintum genus below1 and ,topica1 
#aa--ac4 ,a good view of the history of 
the doctrine of the four elements may be
 gained from the section of ,stob4      

,phys41 entitled       4 ,it will be    
there seen that ,cic4 is wrong in making
 initia and elementa here and in #ci 7  
and 7 convertible terms4 ,the ,greeks   
would call the four elements  but not 1 
which term would be reserved for the    
primary ,matter and ,force4 ,ar et      
ignis3 this is ,stoic but not           
,aristotelian4 ,aristot41 starting with 
the four necessary properties of matter1
 viz4 heat1 cold1 dryness1 moisture1    
marks the two former as active1 the two 
latter as passive4 ,he then assigns two 
of these properties1 one active and one 
passive1 to each of the four elements2  
each therefore is to him both active and
 passive4 ,the ,stoics assign only one  
property to each element2 heat to fire1 
cold to air 7cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bf71     
moisture to water1 dryness to earth4    
,the doctrine of the text follows at    
once4 ,cf4 ,zeller1 pp4 #aee1 #ahg sq41 
with footnotes1 ,r4 and ,p4 #big sq4    
,accipiendi 444 patiendi3  often comes  
in ,plat4 ,tim4 ,quintum genus3 the note

 on this1 referred to in ,introd4 p4    
#af1 is postponed to #ci4 ,dissimile 444
 quoddam3 so ,,mss42 one would expect   
quiddam1 which ,orelli gives4 ,rebatur3 
an old poetical word revived by ,cic4   
,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aec2 cf4 ,quintil4     
,inst4 ,or4 ,,viii4 #c1 #bf4  #bg4      
,subiectam 444 materiam3 the   of       
,aristotle1 from which our word         
subject-matter is descended4 ,sine ulla 
specie3 species here  forma above1 the  
or  of ,arist4 ,omnibus without rebus is
 rare4 ,the ambiguity is sometimes      
avoided by the immediate succession of a
 neuter relative pronoun1 as in #ba in  
quibusdam1 quae4 ,expressa3 chiselled as
 by a sculptor 7cf4 expressa effigies   
,de ,off4 ,,iii4 #fi72 efficta1 moulded 
as by a potter 7see ,,ii4 #gg72 the word
 was given by ,turnebus for ,,mss4      
effecta4 ,so ,matter is called an  in   
,plat4 ,tim4 ,quae tota omnia3 these    
words have given rise to needless       
doubts2 ,bentl41 ,dav41 ,halm suspect   
them4 ,tota is feminine sing42 cf4      

materiam totam ipsam in #bh2 which      
matter throughout its whole extent can  
suffer all changes4 ,for the word omnia 
cf4 ,,ii4 #aah1 and ,plat4 ,tim4 #ej ,b 
7    71 #ea ,a 7 74 ,the word  is also  
quoted from ,okellus in ,stob4 ,i4 #bj1 
#c4 ,binder is certainly wrong in taking
 tota and omnia both as neut4--alles und
 jedes4 ,cic4 knew the ,tim4 well and   
imitated it here4 ,the student should   
read ,grote's comments on the passages  
referred to4 ,i cannot here point out   
the difference between ,plato's  and    
that of ,aristotle4 ,eoque interire3 so 
,,mss42 ,halm after ,dav4 eaque4 ,faber 
was right in supposing that ,cic4 has   
said loosely of the materia what he     
ought to have said of the qualia4 ,of   
course the  1 whether ,platonic or      
,aristotelian1 is imperishable 7cf4     
,tim4 #eb ,a4   74 ,non in nihilum3 this
 is aimed at the ,atomists1 who         
maintained that infinite subdivision    
logically led to the passing of things  
into nothing and their reparation out of

 nothing again4 ,see ,lucr4 ,i4         
#bae--bfd1 and elsewhere4 ,infinite     
secari3 through the authority of        
,aristotle1 the doctrine of the infinite
 subdivisibility of matter had become so
 thoroughly the orthodox one that the   
,atom was scouted as a silly absurdity4 
,cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj ne illud quidem     
physici credere esse minimum1 ,arist4   
,physica1 ,i4 #a    4 ,the history of   
ancient opinion on this subject is      
important1 but does not lie close enough
 to our author for comment4 ,the student
 should at least learn ,plato's opinions
 from ,tim4 #ce ,a sq4 ,it is notable   
that ,xenocrates1 tripping over the old 
of the ,one and the ,many1 denied       
7,r4 and ,p4 #bde74 ,chrysippus followed
 ,aristotle very closely 7,r4 and ,p4   
#cgg1 #cgh74 ,intervallis moveri3 this  
is the theory of motion without void    
which ,lucr4 ,i4 #cgj sq4 disproves1    
where see ,munro4 ,cf4 also ,sext4 ,emp4
 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #bad4 ,aristotle   
denied the existence of void either     

within or without the universe1 ,strato 
allowed its possibility within1 while   
denying its existence without 7,stob4   
,i4 #ah1 #a71 the ,stoics did the exact 
opposite affirming its existence        
without1 and denying it within the      
universe 7,zeller #ahf1 with footnotes74
 ,quae intervalla 444 possint3 there is 
no ultimate space atom1 just as there is
 no matter atom4 ,as regards space1 the 
,stoics and ,antiochus closely followed 
,aristotle1 whose ideas may be gathered 
from ,r4 and ,p4 #bhh1 #i1 and          
especially from ,m4 ,saint ,hilaire's   
explanation of the ,physica4  #bh4      
,ultro citroque3 this is the common     
reading1 but ,i doubt its correctness4  
,,mss4 have ultro introque1 whence ed4  
,rom4 7#adga7 has ultro in utroque4 ,i  
think that in utroque1 simply1 was the  
reading1 and that ultro is a            
dittographia from utro4 ,the meaning    
would be since force plays this part in 
the compound1 utroque being as in #bd   
for eo quod ex utroque fit4 ,if the     

vulg4 is kept1 translate since force has
 this motion and is ever thus on the    
move4 ,ultro citroque is an odd         
expression to apply to universal ,force1
 ,cic4 would have qualified it with a   
quasi4 ,indeed if it is kept ,i suggest 
quasi for cum sic4 ,the use of versetur 
is also strange4 ,e quibus in omni      
natura3 most edd4 since ,dav4 7,halm    
included7 eject in4 ,it is perfectly    
sound if natura be taken as   existence 
substance4 ,the meaning is out of which 
qualia1 themselves existing in 7being   
co-extensive with7 universal substance  
7cf4 totam commutari above71 which is   
coherent and continuous1 the world was  
formed4 ,for the in cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4    
#ce1 in omni natura necesse est absolvi 
aliquid1 also a similar use ib4 ,,ii4   
#hj1 and ,ac4 ,,ii4 #db4 ,if in utroque 
be read above1 in omni natura will form 
an exact contrast1 substance as a whole 
being opposed to the individual quale4  
,cohaerente et continuata3 the ,stoics  
made the universe much more of a unity  

than any other school1 the expressions  
here and the striking parallels in      
,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ai1 #hd1 #aai1 ,de ,div4  
,,ii4 #cc1 ,de ,leg4 fragm4 #a4 7at the 
end of ,bait4 and ,halm's ed47 all come 
ultimately from ,stoic sources1 even if 
they be got at second hand through      
,antiochus4 ,cf4 ,zeller #acg1 ,stob4   
,i4 #bb1 #c4 ,the partes mundi are      
spoken of in most of the passages just  
quoted1 also in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #bh1  
#cj1 #cb1 #ge1 #hf1 #aae1 #aaf1 all from
 ,stoic sources4 ,effectum esse mundum3 
,halm adds unum from his favourite ,,ms4
 7,g74 ,natura sentiente3 a clumsy      
trans4 of    substance which can affect 
the senses4 ,the same expression is in  
,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,it should not be     
forgotten1 however1 that to the ,stoics 
the universe was itself sentient1 cf4   
,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb1 #dg1 #hg4 ,teneantur3 
for contineantur2 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bi  
with ,,ii4 #ca ,in qua ratio perfecta   
insit3 this is thorough going ,stoicism4
 ,reason1 ,god1 ,matter1 ,universe1 are 

interchangeable terms with the ,stoics4 
,see ,zeller #ade--aej ,by an inevitable
 inconsistency1 while believing that    
,reason is the ,universe1 they sometimes
 speak of it as being in the ,universe1 
as here 7cf4 ,diog4 ,laert4 ,,vii4 #ach1
 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #cd7 ,in a curious passage
 7,n4,d4 ,i4 #cc71 ,cic4 charges        
,aristotle with the same inconsistency4 
,for the ,pantheistic idea cf4 ,pope    
lives through all life1 extends through 
all extent4 ,sempiterna3 ,aristotle held
 this3 see ,,ii4 #aai and ,n4,d4 ,,ii4  
#aah1 ,stob4 ,i4 #ba1 #f4 ,the ,stoics  
while believing that our world would be 
destroyed by fire 7,diog4 ,laert4 ,,vii4
 #ada1 ,r4 and ,p4 #cgh1 ,stob4 ,i4 #bj1
 #a7 regarded the destruction as merely 
an absorption into the ,universal ,world
 ,god1 who will recreate the world out  
of himself1 since he is beyond the reach
 of harm 7,diog4 ,laert4 ,,vii4 #adg1   
,r4 and ,p4 #chf1 ,zeller #aei7 ,some   
,stoics however denied the 4 ,nihil enim
 valentius3 this is an argument often   

urged1 as in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ca 7quid     
potest esse mundo valentius871 ,boethus 
quoted in ,zeller #aei4 ,a quo intereat3
 interire here replaces the passive of  
perdere cf4 1   4  #bi4 ,quam vim       
animum3 there is no need to read animam1
 as some edd4 do4 ,the ,stoics give     
their ,world ,god1 according to his     
different attributes1 the names ,god1   
,soul1 ,reason1 ,providence1 ,fate1     
,fortune1 ,universal ,substance1 ,fire1 
,ether1 ,all pervading ,air-,current1   
etc4 ,see ,zeller1 ch4 ,,vi4 passim4    
,nearly all these names occur in ,n4,d4 
,,ii4 ,the whole of this section is     
undilutedly ,stoic1 one can only marvel 
how ,antiochus contrived to fit it all  
in with the known opinions of old       
,academics and ,peripatetics4           
,sapientiam3 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #cf with  
,,iii4 #bc1 in which latter passage the 
,stoic opinion is severely criticised4  
,deum3 ,cic4 in ,n4,d4 ,i4 #cj remarks  
that ,plato in his ,timaeus had already 
made the mundus a ,god4 ,quasi          

prudentium quandam3 the ,greek  is      
translated both by prudentia and        
providentia in the same passage1 ,n4,d4 
,,ii4 #eh1 also in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #gg--hj4
 ,procurantem 444 quae pertinent ad     
homines3 the ,world ,god is perfectly   
beneficent1 see ,ac4 ,,ii4 #abj1 ,n4,d4 
,i4 #bc1 ,,ii4 #afj 7where there is a   
quaint jest on the subject71 ,zeller    
#afg sq4 ,necessitatem3 1 which is  1   
causarum series sempiterna 7,de ,fato   
#bj1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ee1 ,de ,div4 ,i4  
#abe1 #abg1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #adi1 and     
,zeller as before74 ,this is merely the 
,world ,god apprehended as regulating   
the orderly sequence of cause upon      
cause4 ,when the ,world ,god is called  
,fortune1 all that is expressed is human
 inability to see this orderly sequence4
  therefore is defined as     7,stob4   
,i4 #g1 #i1 where the same definition is
 ascribed to ,anaxagoras--see also      
,topica1 #eh--ff74 ,this identification 
of ,fate with ,fortune 7which sadly     
puzzles ,faber and excites his wrath7   

seems to have first been brought        
prominently forward by ,heraclitus1 if  
we may trust ,stob4 ,i4 #e1 #ae4 ,nihil 
aliter possit3 on posse for posse fieri 
see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #dh1 also ,ac4 ,,ii4
 #aba4 ,for the sense of ,cleanthes'    
hymn to ,zeus 7i4e4 the ,stoic          
,world-,god71         4 ,inter quasi    
fatalem3 a trans4 of the ,gk4 4 ,i see  
no reason for suspecting inter1 as ,halm
 does4 ,ignorationemque causarum3 the   
same words in ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #di2 cf4  
also ,august4 ,contra ,academicos ,i4   
#a4 ,in addition to studying the reff4  
given above1 the student might with     
advantage read ,aristotle's ,physica    
,,ii4 ch4 #d--f1 with ,m4 ,saint        
,hilaire's explanation1 for the views of
 ,aristotle about  and  1 also ch4 #h--i
 for 4 ,plato's doctrine of 1 which is  
diametrically opposed to that of the    
,stoics1 is to be found in ,timaeus p4  
#dg1 #dh1 ,grote's ,plato1 ,,iii4       
#bdi--ei4      #cj--cb4 ,part iv4 of    
,varro's ,exposition3 ,antiochus'       

,ethics4 ,summary4     ,although the old
 ,academics and ,peripatetics based     
knowledge on the     senses1 they did   
not make the senses the criterion of    
truth1 but the     mind1 because it     
alone saw the permanently real and true 
7#cj74 ,the     senses they thought     
heavy and clogged and unable to gain    
knowledge of     such things as were    
either too small to come into the domain
 of sense1     or so changing and       
fleeting that no part of their being    
remained     constant or even the same1 
seeing that all parts were in a         
continuous     flux4 ,knowledge based   
only on sense was therefore mere opinion
 7#ca74     ,real knowledge only came   
through the reasonings of the mind1     
hence they     defined everything about 
which they argued1 and also used verbal 
explanations1 from which they drew      
proofs4 ,in these two processes         
consisted their dialectic1 to which they
 added persuasive rhetoric     7#cb74   
#cj4 ,quae erat3 the ,platonic 1  was1  

as we said4 ,in ratione et disserendo3  
an instance of ,cicero's fondness for   
tautology1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bb quaerendi 
ac disserendi4 ,quamquam oriretur3 the  
sentence is inexact1 it is knowledge    
which takes its rise in the senses1 not 
the criterion of truth1 which is the    
mind itself2 cf4 however ,,ii4 #cj and  
n4 ,iudicium3 the constant translation  
of 1 a word foreign to the older        
philosophy4 ,mentem volebant rerum esse 
iudicem3 ,halm with his pet ,,ms4 writes
 esse rerum1 thus giving an almost      
perfect iambic1 strongly stopped off    
before and after1 so that there is no   
possibility of avoiding it in reading4  
,i venture to say that no real parallel 
can be found to this in ,cic41 it stands
 in glaring contradiction to his own    
rules about admitting metre in prose1   
,orator #aid sq41 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #ahb  
sq4 ,solam censebant 444 tale quale     
esset3 probably from ,plato's ,tim4 #ce 
,a thus translated by ,cic41 ,tim4 c4 #g
 ex ea materia quae individua est et    

unius modi 7    cf4 #bh ,a4    7 et sui 
simile1 cf4 also ,t4,d4 ,i4 #eh id solum
 esse quod semper tale sit quale sit1   
quam  appellat ille1 nos speciem1 and   
,ac4 ,,ii4 #abi4 ,illi 1 etc43 there is 
more than one difficulty here4 ,the     
words iam a ,platone ita nom seem to    
exclude ,plato from the supposed old    
,academico-,peripatetic school4 ,this   
may be an oversight1 but to say first   
that the school 7illi1 cf4 sic          
tractabatur ab utrisque7 which included 
,aristotle held the doctrine of 1 and   
next1 in #cc1 that ,aristotle crushed   
the same doctrine1 appears very absurd4 
,we may reflect1 however1 that the      
difference between ,plato's  and        
,aristotle's   would naturally seem     
microscopic to ,antiochus4 ,both        
theories were practically as dead in his
 time as those of ,thales or            
,anaxagoras4 ,the confusion must not be 
laid at ,cicero's door1 for ,antiochus  
in reconciling his own dialectics with  
,plato's must have been driven to       

desperate shifts4 ,cicero's very        
knowledge of ,plato has1 however1       
probably led him to intensify what      
inconsistency there was in ,antiochus1  
who would have glided over ,plato's     
opinions with a much more cautious step4
  #ca4 ,sensus omnis hebetes3 this      
stands in contradiction to the whole    
,antiochean view as given in ,,ii4      
#ab--fd1 cf4 esp4 #ai sensibus quorum   
ita clara et certa iudicia sunt1 etc43  
,antiochus would probably defend his    
agreement with ,plato by asserting that 
though sense is naturally dull1 reason  
may sift out the certain from the       
uncertain4 ,res eas 444 quae essent aut 
ita3 ,halm by following his pet ,,ms4   
without regard to the meaning of ,cic4  
has greatly increased the difficulty of 
the passage4 ,he reads res ullas 444    
quod aut ita essent2 thus making        
,antiochus assert that no true          
information can be got from sensation1  
whereas1 as we shall see in the         
,lucullus1 he really divided sensations 

into true and false4 ,i believe that we 
have a mixture here of ,antiochus' real 
view with ,cicero's reminiscences of the
 ,theaetetus and of ,xenocrates2 see    
below4 ,nec percipere3 for this see     
,lucullus passim4 ,christ's conj4       
percipi1 quod perceptio sit mentis non  
sensuum1 which ,halm seems to approve1  
is a wanton corruption of the text1 cf4 
,,ii4 #aja neget rem ullam percipi posse
 sensibus1 so #ba1 #aai 7just like      
ratione percipi #ia71 also ,i4 #da sensu
 comprehensum4 ,subiectae sensibus3 cf4 
,,ii4 #gd and ,sext4 ,emp4 ,adv4 ,math4 
,,viii4 #i1    4 ,aut ita mobiles1 etc43
 this strongly reminds one of the       
,theaetetus1 esp4 #afj ,d sq4 ,for      
constans cf4 1 which so often occurs    
there and in the ,sophistes4 ,ne idem3  
,manut4 for ,,mss4 eidem4 ,in the       
,theaetetus1 ,heraclitus' theory of flux
 is carried to such an extent as to     
destroy the self-identity of things2    
even the word  is stated to be an       
absurdity1 since it implies a permanent 

subject1 whereas the subject is changing
 from moment to moment2 the expression  
therefore ought to be  4 ,continenter3 2
 cf4 ,simplicius quoted in ,grote's     
,plato1 ,i4 p4 #cg1 about ,heraclitus1  
4 ,laberentur et fluerent3 cf4 the      
phrases 1  1     1 etc41 which are      
scattered thickly over the ,theaet4 and 
the ancient texts about ,heraclitus2    
also a very similar passage in ,orator  
#aj4 ,opinabilem3 1 so opinabile   in   
,cic4 ,tim ch4 ,,ii4 ,the term was      
largely used by ,xenocrates 7,r4 and ,p4
 #bdc--bdg71 ,arist4 too distinguishes  
between the  and the 1 e4g ,analyt4     
,post4 ,i4 #cc 7qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #bfd74  
#cb4 ,for this cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #h--aj4 
,notionibus3 so one ,,ms4 for motionibus
 which the rest have4 ,notio is         
,cicero's regular translation for 1     
which is ,stoic4 ,this statement might  
have been made both by ,aristotle and   
,plato1 though each would put a separate
 meaning on the word notio4  in ,plato  
is of the  only1 while in ,aristotle it 

is  2 cf4 ,anal4 ,post4 ,i4 #cc 7,r4 and
 ,p4 #bfd71    4 ,definitiones rerum3   
these must be carefully distinguished   
fiom definitiones nominum1 see the      
distinction drawn after ,aristotle in   
,r4 and ,p4 #bfe1 note b4 ,the definitio
 rei really involves the whole of       
philosophy with ,plato and ,aristotle   
7one might almost add1 with moderns     
too74 ,its importance to ,plato may be  
seen from the ,politicus and ,sophistes1
 to ,aristotle from the passages quoted 
in ,r4 and ,p4 pp4 #bfe1 #bga1 whose    
notes will make the subject as clear as 
it can be made to any one who has not a 
knowledge of the whole of ,aristotle's  
philosophy4 ,verborum explicatio3 this  
is quite a different thing from those   
definitiones nominum just referred to2  
it is derivation1 which does not        
necessitate definition4 3 this is almost
 entirely ,stoic4 ,the word is foreign  
to the ,classic ,greek ,prose1 as are   
and all its derivatives4 7 means        
etymologically in the ,de ,mundo1 which 

however is not ,aristotle's74 ,the word 
is itself not frequent in the older     
,stoics1 who use rather   7,diog4       
,laert4 ,,vii4 #hc71 the title of their 
books on the subject preserved by ,diog4
 is generally    ,the systematic pursuit
 of etymology was not earlier than      
,chrysippus1 when it became distinctive 
of the ,stoic school1 though ,zeno and  
,cleanthes had given the first impulse  
7,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #fc74 ,specimens of      
,stoic etymology are given in ,n4,d4    
,,ii4 and ridiculed in ,n4,d4 ,,iii4    
7cf4 esp4 #fb in enodandis nominibus    
quod miserandum sit laboratis74 ,post   
argumentis et quasi rerum notis ducibus3
 the use of etymology in rhetoric in    
order to prove something about the thing
 denoted by the word is well illustrated
 in ,topica #aj1 #ce4 ,in this          
rhetorical sense ,cic4 rejects the      
translation veriloquium of  and adopts  
notatio1 the rerum nota 7,greek 7 being 
the name so explained 7,top4 #ce74      
,varro translated  by originatio        

7,quintil4 ,i4 #f1 #bh74 ,aristotle had 
already laid down rules for this        
rhetorical use of etymology1 and ,plato 
also incidentally adopts it1 so it may  
speciously be said to belong to the old 
,academico-,peripatetic school4 ,a      
closer examination of authorities would 
have led ,halm to retract his bad em4   
notationibus for notas ducibus1 the word
 notatio is used for the whole science  
of etymology1 and not for particular    
derivations1 while ,cic4 in numerous    
passages 7e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gd7 describes
 verba or nomina as rerum notae4        
,berkley's nodis for notis has no       
support1 7enodatio nominum in ,n4,d4    
,,iii4 #fb is quite different74 ,one    
more remark1 and ,i conclude this       
wearisome note4 ,the quasi marks rerum  
nota as an unfamiliar trans4 of 4       
,davies therefore ought not to have     
placed it before ducibus1 which word1   
strong as the metaphor is1 requires no  
qualification1 see a good instance in   
,t4,d4 ,i4 #bg4 ,itaque tradebatur3 so  

,halm improves on ,madvig's ita for in  
qua of the ,,mss41 which cannot be      
defended4 ,orelli's reference to #cj    
pars for an antecedent to qua 7in ea    
parte in qua7 is violent1 while         
,goerenz's resort to partem rerum       
opinabilem is simply silly4 ,manut4     
conj4 in quo1 ,cic4 does often use the  
neut4 pronoun1 as in ,orator #c1 but not
 quite thus4 ,i have sometimes thought  
that ,cic4 wrote haec1 inquam 7cf4 huic 
below74 ,dialecticae3 as  had not been  
,latinised1 ,cic4 is obliged to use this
 word to denote 1 of which  is really   
one subdivision with the ,stoics and    
,antiochus1  which is mentioned in the  
next sentence being the other2 see      
,zeller #fi1 #gj4 ,orationis ratione    
conclusae3 speech drawn up in a         
syllogistic form which becomes oratio   
perpetua under the influence of 4 ,quasi
 ex altera parte3 a trans4 of           
,aristotle's  in the beginning of the   
,rhetoric4 ,oratoria3 ,halm brackets    
this word2 cf4 however a close parallel 

in ,brut4 #bfa oratorio ornamenta       
dicendi4 ,the construction is simply a  
variation of ,cic4's favourite double   
genitive 7,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ci71 oratoria  
being put for oratoris4 ,ad             
persuadendum3   is with ,arist4 and all 
ancient authorities the one aim of 4    
#cc--db4 ,part v4 of ,varro's           
exposition3 the departures from the old 
,academico-,peripatetic school4         
,summary4 ,arist4 crushed the  of       
,plato1 ,theophrastus weakened the power
 of virtue 7#cc74 ,strato abandoned     
ethics for physics1 ,speusippus1        
,xenocrates1 ,polemo1 ,crates1 ,crantor 
faithfully kept the old tradition1 to   
which ,zeno and ,arcesilas1 pupils      
of ,polemo1 were both disloyal 7#cd74   
,zeno maintained that nothing but       
virtue could influence happiness1 and   
would allow the name good to     nothing
 else 7#ce74 ,all other things he       
divided into three classes1 some        
were in accordance with nature1 some at 
discord with nature1 and some     were  

neutral4 ,to the first class he assigned
 a positive value1 and     called them  
preferred to the second a negative value
 and called them     rejected1 to the   
third no value whatever--mere verbal    
alterations on     the old scheme 7#cf1 
#cg74 ,though the terms right action and
 sin     belong only to virtue and vice1
 he thought there was an appropriate    
action 7officium7 and an inappropriate1 
which concerned things     preferred and
 things rejected 7#cg74 ,he made all    
virtue reside in     the reason1 and    
considered not the practice but the mere
 possession     of virtue to be the     
important thing1 although the possession
 could not     but lead to the practice 
7#ch74 ,all emotion he regarded as      
unnatural and     immoral 7#ch1 #ci74   
,in physics he discarded the fifth      
element1 and     believed fire to be the
 universal substance1 while he would not
 allow     the existence of anything    
incorporeal 7#ci74 ,in dialectic he     
analysed     sensation into two parts1  

an impulse from without1 and a          
succeeding     judgment of the mind1 in 
passing which the will was entirely free
 7#dj74     ,sensations 7visa7 he       
divided into the true and the untrue2 if
 the     examination gone through by the
 mind proved irrefragably the truth of a
     sensation he called it ,knowledge1 
if otherwise1 ,ignorance 7#da74         
,perception1 thus defined1 he regarded  
as morally neither right nor     wrong  
but as the sole ultimate basis of truth4
 ,rashness in giving     assent to      
phenomena1 and all other defects in the 
application to them     of the reason he
 thought could not coexist with virtue  
and perfect     wisdom 7#db74  #cc4     
,haec erat illis forma3 so ,madv4 ,em4  
#aah for ,,mss4 prima1 comparing        
formulam in #ag1 also ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ai1 
,v4 #i1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #ch1 to which add 
,ac4 ,i4 #bc4 ,see other em4 in ,halm4  
,goer4 proposes to keep the ,,mss4      
reading and supply pars1 as usual4 ,his 
power of supplying is unlimited4 ,there 

is a curious similarity between the     
difficulties involved in the ,,mss4     
readings in #f1 #ae1 #cb and here4      
,immutationes3 so ,dav4 for             
disputationes1 approved by ,madv4 ,em4  
#aai who remarks that the phrase        
disputationes philosophiae would not be 
,latin4 ,the em4 is rendered almost     
certain by mutavit in #dj1 commutatio in
 #db1 and ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ch4 ,halm's odd
 em4 dissupationes1 so much admired by  
his reviewer in ,schneidewin's          
,philologus1 needs support1 which it    
certainly does not receive from the one 
passage ,halm quotes1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4   
#bjg4 ,et recte3 for the et cf4 et      
merito1 which begins one of ,propertius'
 elegies4 ,auctoritas3 system4 ,inquit3 
sc4 ,atticus of course4 ,goer41 on      
account of the omission of igitur after 
,aristoteles1 supposes ,varro's speech  
to begin here4 ,to the objection that   
,varro 7who in #h says nihil enim meorum
 magno opere miror7 would not eulogise  
himself quite so unblushingly1 ,goer4   

feebly replies that the eulogy is meant 
for ,antiochus1 whom ,varro is copying4 
,aristoteles3 after this the copyist of 
,halm's ,g4 alone1 and evidently on his 
own conjecture1 inserts igitur1 which   
,h4 adopts4 ,varro's resumption of his  
exposition is certainly abrupt1 but if  
chapter ,,ix4 ought to begin here1 as   
,halm supposes1 a reader would not be   
much incommoded4 ,labefactavit1 that    
,antiochus still continued to include   
,aristotle in the supposed old          
,academico-,peripatetic school can only 
be explained by the fact that he        
considered ethical resemblances as of   
supreme importance1 cf4 the strong      
statement of ,varro in ,aug4 ,,xix4 #a  
nulla est causa philosophandi nisi finis
 boni4 ,divinum3 see ,r4 and ,p4 #baj   
for a full examination of the relation  
in which ,plato's  stand to his notion  
of the deity4 ,suavis3 his constant     
epithet1 see ,gellius qu4 ,r4 and ,p4   
#cbg4 ,his real name was not            
,theophrastus1 he was called so from his

 style 7cf4 loquendi nitor ille divinus1
 ,quint4 ,x4 #a1 #hc74 ,for suavis of   
style cf4 ,orat4 #afa1 ,brut4 #abj4     
,negavit3 for his various offences see  
,d4,f4 ,v4 #ab sq41 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #be1 #he4
 ,there is no reason to suppose that he 
departed very widely from the           
,aristotelian ethics2 we have here a    
,stoic view of him transmitted through  
,antiochus4 ,in ,,ii4 #acd ,cic4 speaks 
very differently of him4 ,between the   
particular tenet here mentioned and that
 of ,antiochus in #bb the difference is 
merely verbal4 ,beate vivere3 the only  
translation of 4 ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ie   
suggests beatitas and beatitudo but does
 not elsewhere employ them4  #cd4       
,strato3 see ,,ii4 #aba4 ,the statement 
in the text is not quite true for ,diog4
 ,v4 #eh1 #ei preserves the titles of at
 least seven ethical works1 while ,stob4
 ,,ii4 #f1 #d quotes his definition of  
the 4 ,diligenter 444 tuebantur3 far    
from true as it stands1 ,polemo was an  
inchoate ,stoic1 cf4 ,diog4 ,laert4     

,,iv4 #ah1 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aca1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4
 #cd1 and ,r4 and ,p4 ,congregati3 all  
in the ,academic fold1 cf4 ,lael4 #fi1  
in nostro1 ut ita dicam1 grege4 ,of     
,crates and ,crantor little is known4   
,polemonem 444 ,zeno et ,arcesilas3     
scarcely true1 for ,polemo was merely   
one of ,zeno's many teachers 7,diog4    
,,vii4 #b1 #c71 while he is not         
mentioned by ,diog4 at all among the    
teachers of ,arcesilas4 ,the fact is    
that we have a mere theory1 which       
accounts for the split of ,stoicism from
 ,academicism by the rivalry of two     
fellow pupils4 ,cf4 ,numenius in ,euseb4
 ,praep4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #e1     4 ,dates   
are against the theory1 see ,zeller     
#ejj4  #ce4 ,anteiret aetate3 ,arcesilas
 was born about #cae1 ,zeno about #cej1 
though the dates are uncertain4         
,dissereret3 was a deep reasoner4       
,bentl4 missing the meaning conj4       
definiret4 ,peracute moveretur3 ,bentl4 
partiretur2 this with definiret above   
well illustrates his licence in         

emendations4 ,halm ought not to have    
doubted the soundness of the text1 the  
words refer not to the emotional1 but to
 the intellectual side of ,zeno's       
nature4 ,the very expression occurs ,ad 
,fam4 ,,xv4 #ba1 #d1 see other close    
parallels in n4 on ,,ii4 #cg4 ,nervos   
444 inciderit3 same metaphor in         
,philipp4 ,,xii4 #h1 cf4 also ,t4,d4    
,,ii4 #bg nervos virtutis elidere1      
,,iii4 #hc stirpis aegritudinis elidere4
 7,in both these passages ,madv4 ,em4   
,liv4 #ace reads elegere for elidere1 ,i
 cannot believe that he is right74      
,plato uses   metaphorically4 ,notice   
inciderit but poneret4 ,there is no need
 to alter 7as ,manut41 ,lamb41 ,dav47   
for the sequence is not uncommon in     
,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cc4 ,omnia1  
quae3 ,,mss4 quaeque1 which edd4 used to
 take for quaecunque4 ,cf4 ,goerenz's   
statement negari omnino nequit hac vi   
saepius pronomen illud reperiri with    
,madvig's utter refutation in the sixth 
,excursus to his ,d4,f4 ,solum et unum  

bonum3 for the ,stoic ethics the student
 must in general consult ,r4 and ,p4 and
 ,zeller for himself4 ,i can only treat 
such points as are involved in the      
special difficulties of the ,academica4 
#cf4 ,cetera3 ,stoic 1 the presence or  
absence of which cannot affect          
happiness4 ,the ,stoics loudly protested
 against their being called either bona 
or mala1 and this question was one of   
the great battle grounds of the later   
,greek philosophy4 ,secundum naturam 444
 contraria3 ,gr4  1  4 ,his ipsis 444   
numerabat3 ,i see no reason for placing 
this sentence after the words quae      
minoris below 7with ,christ7 or for     
suspecting its genuineness 7with ,halm74
 ,the word media is the ,gk4 1 which    
word however is not usually applied to  
things1 but to actions4 ,sumenda3 ,gk4 4
 ,aestimatione3 1 positive value4       
,contraque contraria3 ,cic4 here as in  
,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej feels the need of a   
word to express  7negative value74      
7,madv4 in his note on that passage     

coins the word inaestimatio47 ,ponebat  
esse3 cf4 #ai1 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #gc4  #cg4 
,to cope thoroughly with the            
extraordinary difficulties of this      
section the student must read the whole 
of the chapters on ,stoic ethics in     
,zeller and ,ritter and ,preller4 ,there
 is no royal road to the knowledge1     
which it would be absurd to attempt to  
convey in these notes4 ,assuming a      
general acquaintance with ,stoic ethics1
 ,i set out the difficulties thus3 ,cic4
 appears at first sight to have made the
  a subdivision of the  7sumenda71 the  
two being utterly different4 ,i admit1  
with ,madv4 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej71 that   
there is no reason for suspecting the   
text to be corrupt1 the heroic remedy of
 ,dav41 therefore1 who reads media in   
the place of sumenda1 must be rejected4 
,nor can anything be said for ,goerenz's
 plan1 who distorts the ,stoic          
philosophy in order to save ,cicero's   
consistency4 ,on the other hand1 ,i do  
not believe that ,cic4 could so utterly 

misunderstand one of the cardinal and   
best known doctrines of ,stoicism1 as to
 think even for a moment that the       
formed a branch of the 4 ,this view of  
,madvig's is strongly opposed to the    
fact that ,cic4 in #cf had explained    
with perfect correctness the ,stoic     
theory of the 1 nor is there anywhere in
 the numerous passages where he touches 
on the theory any trace of the same     
error4 ,my explanation is that ,cic4    
began with the intention to speak of the
 sumenda only and then rapidly extended 
his thought so as to embrace the whole  
class of 1 which he accordingly dealt   
with in the latter part of the same     
sentence and in the succeeding sentence4
 7,the remainder has its own            
difficulties1 which ,i defer for the    
present47 ,cic4 therefore is chargeable 
not with ignorance of ,stoicism but with
 careless writing4 ,a striking parallel 
occurs in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #eb1 quae       
secundum locum obtinent1  id est        
producta nominentur1 quae vel ita       

appellemus1 vel promota et remota4 ,if  
this language be closely pressed1 the   
are made of a subdivision of the 1      
though no sensible reader would suppose 
,cic4 to have had that intention4 ,so if
 his words in ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ij be pressed1
 the sumenda are made to include both   
producta and reducta1 in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4  
#af appeterent includes fugerent1 ibid4 
,,ii4 #hf the opposite of beata vita is 
abruptly introduced4 ,so ,d4,f4 ,,ii4   
#hh frui dolore must be construed       
together1 and ibid4 ,,ii4 #gc pudor     
modestia pudicitia are said coerceri1   
the writer's thoughts having drifted on 
rapidly to the vices which are opposite 
to these virtues4  ,i now pass on to a  
second class of difficulties4 ,supposing
 that by ex iis ,cic4 means mediis1 and 
not sumendis1 about which he had        
intended to talk when he began the      
sentence2 ,i believe that pluris        
aestimanda and minoris aestimanda simply
 indicate the  and  of the ,greek1 not  
different degrees of  7positive value74 

,that minor aestimatio should mean  need
 not surprise us when we reflect 7#a7 on
 the excessive difficulty there was in  
expressing this  or negative value in   
,latin1 a difficulty ,i have already    
observed on #cf2 7#b7 on the strong     
negative meaning which minor bears in   
,latin1 e4g4 sin minus in ,cic4 means   
but if not4 ,even the ,greeks fall      
victims to the task of expressing 4     
,stobaeus1 in a passage closely         
resembling ours makes   equivalent to   
7,,ii4 #f1 #f71 while ,sext4 ,emp4 after
 rightly defining  as     7,adv4 ,math4 
,,xi4 #fb--fd7 again speaks of them as  
7,pyrrhon4 ,hypot4 ,,iii4 #aia7 words   
which usually have an opposite meaning4 
,now ,i contend that ,cicero's words    
minoris aestimanda bear quite as strong 
a negative meaning as the phrase of     
,sextus1     4 ,i therefore conclude    
that ,cicero has striven1 so far as the 
,latin language allowed1 to express the 
,stoic doctrine that1 of the 1 some have
  while others have 4 ,he may fairly    

claim to have applied to his words the  
rule re intellecta in verborum usu      
faciles esse debemus 7,d4,f4 ,,iii4     
#eb74 ,there is quite as good ground for
 accusing ,sextus and ,stobaeus of      
misunderstanding the ,stoics as there is
 for accusing ,cicero4 ,there are       
difficulties connected with the terms   
and   which are not satisfactorily      
treated in the ordinary sources of      
information2 ,i regret that my space    
forbids me to attempt the elucidation of
 them4 ,the student will find valuable  
aid in the notes of ,madv4 on the       
passages of the ,d4,f4 quoted in this   
note4 ,non tam rebus quam vocabulis3    
,cic4 frequently repeats this assertion 
of ,antiochus1 who1 having stolen the   
clothes of the ,stoics1 proceeded to    
prove that they had never properly      
belonged to the ,stoics at all4 ,inter  
recte factum atque peccatum3 ,stob4     
speaks ,,ii4 #f1 #f of     4 7,this does
 not contradict his words a little      
earlier1 ,,ii4 #f1 #e1      1 which have

 regard to divisions of men1 not of     
actions4 ,diog4 ,laert41 however1 ,,vii4
 #abg1 distinctly contradicts ,cic4 and 
,stob41 see ,r4 and ,p4 #cic47 ,recte   
factum  1 peccatum  1 officium   7cf4   
,r4 and ,p4 #chh--cid1 ,zeller          
#bch--bdh1 #bfh--bgb74 ,servata         
praetermissaque3 ,,mss4 have et before  
servata1 which all edd4 since ,lamb4    
eject4 ,where et and que correspond in  
,cic41 the que is always an             
afterthought1 added in oblivion of the  
et4 ,with two nouns1 adjectives1        
adverbs1 or participles1 this oblivion  
is barely possible1 but when the        
conjunctions go with separate clauses it
 is possible4 ,cf4 #dc and ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4
 #fd4  #ch4 ,sed quasdam virtutes3 see  
#bj4 ,this passage requires careful     
construing3 after quasdam virtutes not  
the whole phrase in ratione esse        
dicerent must be repeated but dicerent  
merely1 since only the virtutes natura  
perfectae1 the   of ,arist41 could be   
said to belong to the reason1 while the 

virtutes more perfectae are ,aristotle's
  4 ,trans4 but spoke of certain        
excellences as perfected by the reason1 
or 7as the case might be7 by habit4 ,ea 
genera virtutum3 both ,plato and ,arist4
 roughly divided the nature of man into 
two parts1 the intellectual and the     
emotional1 the former being made to     
govern1 the latter to obey 7cf4 ,t4,d4  
,,ii4 #dg1 and ,arist4     1    72 ,zeno
 however asserted the nature of man to  
be one and indivisible and to consist   
solely of ,reason1 to which he gave the 
name  7,zeller #bjc sq474 ,virtue also  
became for him one and indivisible      
7,zeller #bdh1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 passim74   
,when the  was in a perfect state1 there
 was virtue1 when it became disordered  
there was vice or emotion4 ,the battle  
between virtue and vice therefore did   
not resemble a war between two separate 
powers1 as in ,plato and ,aristotle1 but
 a civil war carried on in one and the  
same country4 ,virtutis usum3 cf4 the   
description of ,aristotle's finis in    

,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai4 ,ipsum habitum3 the   
mere possession4 ,so ,plato1 ,theaetet4 
#aig ,b1 uses the word 1 a use which    
must be clearly distinguished from the  
later sense found in the ,ethics of     
,arist4 ,in this sense virtue is not a 1
 according to the ,stoics1 but a        
7,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #e1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #hi2
 yet ,diog4 sometimes speaks of virtue  
loosely as a 1 ,,vii4 #ib1 #ic2 cf4     
,zeller #bdi1 with footnotes74 ,nec     
virtutem cuiquam adesse 444 uteretur3   
cf4 ,stob4 ,,ii4 #f1 #f         1    1  
1      4 ,perturbationem3 ,i am         
surprised that ,halm after the fine note
 of ,wesenberg1 printed on p4 #cbd of   
the same volume in which ,halm's text of
 the ,acad4 appears1 should read the    
plural perturbationes1 a conj4 of       
,walker4 ,perturbationem means emotion  
in the abstract2 perturbationes below1  
particular emotions4 ,there is exactly  
the same transition in ,t4,d4 ,,iii4    
#bc1 #bd1 ,,iv4 #ei1 #fe1 ,v4 #dc1 while
 perturbatio is used1 in the same sense 

as here1 in at least five other passages
 of the ,t4,d41 i4e4 ,,iv4 #h1 #aa1 #bd1
 #eg1 #hb4 ,quasi mortis3 a trans4 of   
,stoic 1 which ,cic4 rejects in ,d4,f4  
,,iii4 #ce4 ,voluit carere sapientem3   
emotion being a disturbance of          
equilibrium in the reason1 and perfect  
reason being virtue 7#bj71 it follows   
that the ,stoic sapiens must be         
emotionless 7,zeller #bbh sq474 ,all    
emotions are reasonless2  or laetitia   
for instance is  4 7,t4,d4 ,books ,,iii4
 and ,,iv4 treat largely of the ,stoic  
view of emotions47 ,wesenberg1 ,em4 to  
the ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 p4 #h1 says ,cic4     
always uses efferri laetitia but ferri  
libidine4  #ci4 ,aliaque in parte3 so   
,plato1 ,tim4 #fi ,c1 ,rep4 #dcf1 #dda1 
,arist4 ,de ,anima ,,ii4 #c1 etc42 cf4  
,t4,d4 ,i4 #bj4 ,voluntarias3 the whole 
aim of the ,stoic theory of the emotions
 was to bring them under the            
predominance of the will4 ,how the moral
 freedom of the will was reconciled with
 the general ,stoic fatalism we are not 

told4 ,opinionisque iudicio suscipi3 all
 emotion arose1 said the ,stoics1 from a
 false judgment about some external     
object2 cf4 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #aaa4    4    
,instances of each in ,zeller #bcc4 ,for
 iudicio cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ce1 ,t4,d4  
,,iii4 #fa1 ,,iv4 #ad1 #ae1 #ah4        
,intemperantiam3 the same in ,t4,d4     
,,iv4 #bb1 ,gk4 1 see ,zeller #bcb4     
,quintam naturam3 the   or   of         
,aristotle1 who proves its existence in 
,de ,coelo ,i4 #b1 in a curious and     
recondite fashion4 ,cic4 is certainly   
wrong in stating that ,arist4 derived   
mind from this fifth element1 though the
 finest and highest of material         
substances4 ,he always guards himself   
from assigning a material origin to     
mind4 ,cic4 repeats the error in ,t4,d4 
,i4 #bb1 #da1 #fe1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ab4 ,on
 this last passage ,madv4 has an        
important note1 but he fails to         
recognise the essential fact1 which is  
clear from ,stob4 ,i4 #da1 #cc1 that the
 ,peripatetics of the time were in the  

habit of deriving the mind from 1 which 
is the very name that ,aristotle gives  
to the fifth element 7  in the ,de      
,coelo71 and of giving this out to be   
,aristotle's opinion4 ,the error once   
made1 no one could correct it1 for there
 were a hundred influences at work to   
confirm it1 while the works of          
,aristotle had fallen into a strange    
oblivion4 ,i cannot here give an        
exhaustive account of these influences1 
but will mention a few4 ,stoicism had at
 the time succeeded in powerfully       
influencing every other sect1 and it    
placed    7see ,plutarch1 qu4 ,r4 and   
,p4 #cge74 ,it had destroyed the belief 
in immaterial existence ,the notion that
  or  came from  was also fostered by   
the language of ,plato4 ,he had spoken  
of the soul as  in passages which were  
well known to ,cic4 and had taken great 
hold on his mind ,one from the ,phaedrus
 #bde ,c is translated twice1 in        
,somnium ,scipionis 7,de ,rep4 ,,vi471  
and ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ec sq4 ,now the only    

thing with ,aristotle which is  in      
eternal perfect circular motion 7for to 
the ancients circular motion is alone   
perfect and eternal71 is the  or  1 that
 fiery external rim of the universe of  
which the stars are mere nodes1 and with
 which they revolve4 ,how natural then1 
in the absence of ,aristotle's works1 to
 conclude that the   of ,plato came from
 the   of ,aristotle6 ,arist4 had       
guarded himself by saying that the soul 
as an   must be 1 but ,cic4 had no means
 of knowing this 7see ,stob4 ,i4 #da1   
#cf74 ,again1 ,plato had often spoken of
 souls at death flying away to the outer
 circle of the universe1 as though to   
their natural home1 just where ,arist4  
placed his   ,any one who will compare  
,t4,d4 ,i4 #dc with the ,somn4          
,scipionis will see what power this had 
over ,cicero4 ,further1 ,cic4 would     
naturally link the mind in its origin   
with the stars which both ,plato and    
,arist4 looked on as divine 7cf4 ,somn4 
,scip4 #ae7 ,these considerations will  

be enough to show that neither ,cic4 nor
 ,antiochus1 whom ,madv4 considers      
responsible for the error1 could have   
escaped it in any way not superhuman    
except by the recovery of ,aristotle's  
lost works1 which did not happen till   
too late4 ,sensus3 we seem here to have 
a remnant of the distinction drawn by   
,arist4 between animal heat and other   
heat1 the former being      7,de ,gen4  
,an4 ,,ii4 #c1 qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #bii74   
,ignem3 the ,stoics made no difference1 
except one of degree1 between  and 1 see
 ,zeller #ahi1 #aij4 ,ipsam naturam3  is
 '   7,stob4 ,i4 #aj1 #af71 and is the  
first thing generated from the  2 from  
it comes air1 from air water1 from water
 earth 7,diog4 ,laert4 ,,vii4 #acf1     
#acg7 ,the fire is 1 from it comes the  
of man1 which comprises within it all   
powers of sensation and thought4 ,these 
notions came from ,heraclitus who was a 
great hero of the ,stoics 7,zeller ch4  
,,viii4 with notes7 ,for his view of    
sensation and thought see ,sextus ,adv4 

,math4 ,,vii4 #abg--abi1 qu4 by ,r4 and 
,p4 #ba4 ,the ,stoics probably          
misunderstood him2 cf4 ,r4 and ,p4      
,heraclitus1 and ,grote's ,plato ,i4 #cd
 sq4 ,expers corporis3 for ,stoic       
materialism see ,zeller1 pp4 #abj sq4   
,the necessity of a connection between  
the perceiving mind and the things      
perceived followed from old physical    
principles such as that of ,democritus 7
        ' 1 qu4 from ,arist4 ,de ,gen4  
et ,corr4 ,i4 #g1 by ,r4 and ,p4 #dc71  
the same is affirmed loosely of all the 
old 1 7,sextus ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4      
#aaf71 and by ,empedocles in his lines  
1 etc4 ,plato in the ,timaeus fosters   
the same notion1 though in a different  
way4 ,the ,stoics simply followed out   
boldly that line of thought4            
,xenocrates3 see ,,ii4 #abd1 n4         
,superiores3 merely the supposed old    
,academico-,peripatetic school4 ,posse  
esse non corpus3 there is no ultimate   
difference between ,force and ,matter in
 the ,stoic scheme1 see ,zeller1 pp4    

#acd1 #ace4  #dj4 ,iunctos3 how can     
anything be a compound of one thing8    
,the notion that iunctos could mean     
aptos 7,r4 and ,p4 #cff7 is untenable4  
,i entirely agree with ,madv4 7first    
,excursus to his ,d4,f47 that we have   
here an anacoluthon4 ,cic4 meant to say 
iunctos e quadam impulsione et ex       
assensu animorum1 but having to explain 
was obliged to break off and resume at  
sed ad haec4 ,the explanation of a      
,greek term causes a very similar       
anacoluthon in ,de ,off4 ,i4 #aec4      
,schuppe1 ,de ,anacoluthis ,ciceronianis
 p4 #i1 agrees with ,madv4 ,for the     
expression cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd e       
duplici genere voluptatis coniunctus    
,ernesti em4 cunctos1 ,dav4 punctos1    
ingeniose ille quidem says ,halm1       
pessime ,i should say4 3 a full and     
clear account of ,stoic theories of     
sensation is given by ,zeller1 ch4 ,v41 
,r4 and ,p4 #cfe sq4 ,nos appellemus    
licet3 the same turn of expression      
occurs ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 ,,iv4 #gd4    

,hoc verbum quidem hoc quidem probably  
ought to be read1 see #ah4 ,adsensionem 
4 ,in nobis positam3 the usual          
expression for freedom of the will1 cf4 
,,ii4 #cg1 ,de ,fato1 #db1 #dc 7a very  
important passage74 ,the actual         
sensation is involuntary 7 ,sext4 ,emp4 
,adv4 ,math4 ,,viii4 #cig74 ,tironum    
causa ,i note that the ,stoics sometimes
 speak of the assent of the mind as     
involuntary1 while the   compels assent 
7see ,,ii4 #ch74 ,this is1 however1 only
 true of the healthy reason1 the        
unhealthy may refuse assent4  #da4      
,visis non omnibus3 while ,epicurus     
defended the truth of all sensations1   
,zeno abandoned the weak positions to   
the sceptic and retired to the inner    
citadel of the  4 ,declarationem3 1 a   
term alike ,stoic1 ,epicurean1 and      
,academic1 see n4 on ,,ii4 #ag4 ,earum  
rerum3 only this class of sensations    
gives correct information of the things 
lying behind4 ,ipsum per se3 i4e4 its   
whole truth lies in its own 1 which     

requires no corroboration from without4 
,comprehendibile3 this form has better  
,,mss4 authority than the vulg          
comprehensibile4 ,goerenz's note on     
these words is worth reading as a       
philological curiosity ,nos vero1       
inquit3 ,halm with ,manut4 writes       
inquam4 ,why change8 ,atticus answers as
 in #ad1 #be1 #cc4 3 strictly the thing 
which emits the visum is said to be 1   
but1 as we shall see in the ,lucullus1  
the sensation and the thing from which  
it proceeds are often confused4         
,comprehensionem3 this word properly    
denotes the process of perception in the
 abstract1 not the individual           
perception4 ,the ,greeks1 however1      
themselves use  for   very often4 ,quae 
manu prehenderentur3 see ,,ii4 #ade4    
,nova enim dicebat3 an admission not    
often made by ,cic41 who usually        
contends1 with ,antiochus1 that ,zeno   
merely renamed old doctrines 7cf4 #dc74 
,sensum3 so ,stob41 ,i4 #da1 #be applies
 the term  to the 4 ,scientiam3 the word

  is used in two ways by the ,stoics1   
7#a7 to denote a number of coordinated  
or systematised perceptions 7 or  7     
sometimes also called  7cf4 ,sext4      
,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 #ahh       72 7#b7 
to denote a single perception1 which use
 is copied by ,cic4 and may be seen in  
several passages quoted by ,zeller #hj4 
,ut convelli ratione non posset3 here is
 a trace of later ,stoicism4 ,to ,zeno  
all   were 1   4 ,later ,stoics1        
however1 allowed that some of them were 
not impervious to logical tests2 see    
,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #bec1 qu4    
,zeller #hh4 ,thus every  1 instead of  
carrying with it its own evidence1 had  
to pass through the fire of sceptical   
criticism before it could be believed4  
,this was1 as ,zeller remarks1          
equivalent to giving up all that was    
valuable in the ,stoic theory4          
,inscientiam3 ex qua exsisteret3 ,i know
 nothing like this in the ,stoic texts2 
is very seldom talked of there4 ,opinio3
 1 see ,zeller and cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #eb1  

,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb1 ,,iv4 #ae1 #bf4  #db4 
,inter scientiam3 so ,sextus ,adv4      
,math4 ,,vii4 #aea speaks of         4  
,soli3 ,halm1 ,i know not why1 suspects 
this and ,christ gives solum ei4 ,non   
quod omnia3 the meaning is that the     
reason must generalize on separate      
sensations and combine them before we   
can know thoroughly any one thing4 ,this
 will appear if the whole sentence be   
read uno haustu2 ,zeller p4 #gh seems to
 take the same view1 but ,i have not    
come across anything exactly like this  
in the ,greek4 ,quasi3 this points out  
normam as a trans4 of some ,gk4 word1   
perhaps1 or  or 4 ,notiones rerum3      
,stoic 2 ,zeller #ha--hd1 ,r4 and ,p4   
#cfg1 #cfh4 ,quodque natura3 the        
omission of eam is strange2 ,faber      
supplies it4 ,imprimerentur3 the terms 1
 1  occur constantly1 but generally in  
relation to 1 not to 4 ,non principia   
solum3 there seems to be a ref4 to those
    of ,arist4 which1 induced from      
experience and incapable of proof1 are  

the bases of all proof4 7,see ,grote's  
,essay on the ,origin of ,knowledge1    
first printed in ,bain's ,mental and    
,moral ,science1 now re-published in    
,grote's ,aristotle47 ,zeno's  were all 
this and more4 ,reperiuntur3 two things 
vex the edd4 7#a7 the change from oratio
 obliqua to recta1 which however has    
repeatedly taken place during ,varro's  
exposition1 and for which see ,m4,d4,f4 
,i4 #cj1 ,,iii4 #di2 7#b7 the phrase    
reperire viam1 which seems to me sound  
enough4 ,dav41 ,halm give aperirentur4  
,there is no ,,mss4 variant4 ,aliena3   
cf4 alienatos ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,a     
virtute sapientiaque removebat3 cf4     
sapiens numquam fallitur in iudicando   
,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ei4 ,the firma adsensia  
is opposed to imbecilla #da4 ,for the   
adsensio of the sapiens see ,zeller #hg4
 ,more information on the subject-matter
 of this section will be found in my    
notes on the first part of the          
,lucullus4 ,in his constitit3 cf4 ,,ii4 
#acd4      #dc--;,,end4 ,cicero's       

historical justification of the ,new    
,academy4     ,summary4 ,arcesilas'     
philosophy was due to no mere passion   
for victory     in argument1 but to the 
obscurity of phenomena1 which had led   
the     ancients to despair of knowledge
 7#dd74 ,he even abandoned the one tenet
     held by ,socrates to be certain2   
and maintained that since arguments of  
equal strength could be urged in favour 
of the truth or falsehood of            
phenomena1 the proper course to take was
 to suspend judgment entirely     7#de74
 ,his views were really in harmony with 
those of ,plato1 and were     carried on
 by ,carneades 7#df74  #dc4 ,breviter3  
,,mss4 et breviter2 see #cg4 ,tunc3 rare
 before a consonant2 see ,munro on      
,lucr4 ,i4 #acj4 ,verum esse autem      
arbitror3 in deference to ,halm ,i      
bracket autem1 but ,i still think the   
,,mss4 reading defensible1 if verum be  
taken as the neut4 adj4 and not as      
meaning but4 ,translate3 ,yet ,i think  
the truth to be 444 that it is to be    

thought1 etc4 ,the edd4 seem to have    
thought that esse was needed to go with 
putandam4 ,this is a total mistake2 cf4 
ait 444 putandam1 without esse ,,ii4    
#ae1 aiebas removendum ,,ii4 #gd2 a     
hundred other passages might be quoted  
from ,cic4  #dd4 ,non pertinacia aut    
studio vincendi3 for these words see n4 
on ,,ii4 #ad4 ,the sincerity of         
,arcesilas is defended also in ,,ii4    
#gf4 ,obscuritate3 a side-blow at       
declaratio #da4 ,confessionem           
ignorationis3 see #af4 ,socrates was far
 from being a sceptic1 as ,cic4         
supposes2 see note on ,,ii4 #gd4 ,et iam
 ante ,socratem3 ,,mss4 veluti amantes  
,socratem2 ,democritus 7#dfj--ceg       
,b4,c47 was really very little older    
than ,socrates 7#dfh--cii7 who died     
nearly sixty years before him4 ,omnis   
paene veteres3 the statement is         
audaciously inexact1 and is criticised  
,,ii4 #ad4 ,none of these were sceptics2
 for ,democritus see my note on ,,ii4   
#gc1 for ,empedocles on ,,ii4 #gd1 for  

,anaxagoras on ,,ii4 #gb4 ,nihil        
cognosci1 nihil penipi1 nihil sciri3 the
 verbs are all equivalent2 cf4 ,d4,f4   
,,iii4 #ae equidem soleo etiam quod uno 
,graeci 444 idem pluribus verbis        
exponere4 ,angustos sensus3 ,cic4 is    
thinking of the famous lines of         
,empedocles     444 ,r4 and ,p4 #ajg4   
,brevia curricula vitae3 cf4            
,empedocles'     4 ,is there an allusion
 in curricula to ,lucretius' lampada    
vitai tradunt1 etc48 ,in profundo3 ,dem4
  1 cf4 ,,ii4 #cb4 ,the common trans4   
well is weak1 abyss would suit better4  
,institutis3  of ,democritus1 see ,r4   
and ,p4 #ej4 ,goerenz's note here is an 
extraordinary display of ignorance4     
,deinceps omnia3   there is no need to  
read denique for deinceps as ,bentl41   
,halm4 ,circumfusa tenebris3 an allusion
 to the   of ,democr41 see ,,ii4 #gc4   
,dixerunt3 ,halm brackets this because  
of dixerunt above1 parts of the verb    
dicere are however often thus repeated  
by ,cic4  #de4 ,ne illud quidem3 cf4    

#af4 ,latere censebat ,goer4 omitted    
censebat though in most ,,mss4 ,orelli  
and ,klotz followed as usual4 ,for the  
sense ,,ii4 #abb4 ,cohibereque3 ,gk4 1  
which we shall have to explain in the   
,lucullus4 ,temeritatem 444 turpius3 for
 these expressions1 see ,,ii4 #ff1 note4
 ,praecurrere3 as was the case with the 
dogmatists4 ,paria momenta3 this is     
undiluted scepticism1 and excludes even 
the possibility of the probabile which  
,carneades put forward4 ,for the        
doctrine cf4 ,,ii4 #abd1 for the        
expression ,euseb4 ,praep4 ,evan4 ,,xiv4
 c4 #d 7from ,numenius7 of ,arcesilas1  
1 ,sextus ,adv4 ,math4 ,,ix4 #bjg  2 in 
the latter writer the word  very        
frequently occurs in the same sense1 e g
 ,pyrrhon4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #h 7add ,n4,d4 ,i4 
#aj1 rationis momenta7  #df4 ,platonem3 
to his works both dogmatists and        
sceptics appealed1 ,sextus ,pyrrhon4    
,hyp4 ,i4 #bba        1    1      1    4
 ,stobaeus ,,ii4 #f1 #d neatly slips out
 of the difficulty2   1     4           

,exposuisti3 ,durand's necessary em41   
approved by ,krische1 ,halm1 etc4 for   
,,mss4 exposui4 ,zenone3 see ,introd4 p4
 #e4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,,notes ,,on ,,the         
,,fragments4  ,,book ,i4  #a4           
,mnesarchus3 see ,,ii4 #fi1 ,de ,or4 ,i4
 #de1 and ,dict4 ,biogr4 ',antipater'2  
cf4 ,,ii4 #adc1 ,de ,off4 ,,iii4 #ej4   
,evidently this fragment belongs to that
 historical justification of the ,new   
,academy with which ,i suppose ,cicero  
to have concluded the first book4  #b4  
,the word concinere occurs ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 
#fj1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #af1 in both which      
places it is used of the ,stoics1 who   
are said re concinere1 verbis discrepare
 with the other schools4 ,this opinion  
of ,antiochus ,cic4 had already         
mentioned #dc1 and probably repeated in 
this fragment4 ,krische remarks that    
,augustine1 ,cont4 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #ad1    
#ae1 seems to have imitated that part of
 ,cicero's exposition to which this     
fragment belongs4 ,if so ,cic4 must have

 condemned the unwarrantable verbal     
innovations of ,zeno in order to excuse 
the extreme scepticism of ,arcesilas    
7,krische1 p4 #eh74  ,,book ,,ii4  #c4  
,this fragm4 clearly forms part of those
 anticipatory sceptical arguments which 
,cic4 in the first edition had included 
in his answer to ,hortensius1 see       
,introd4 p4 #ee4 ,the argument probably 
ran thus3 ,what seems so level as the   
sea8 ,yet it is easy to prove that it is
 really not level4  #d4 ,on this ,i have
 nothing to remark4  #e4 ,there is      
nothing distinctive about this which    
might enable us to determine its        
connection with the dialogue4 ,probably 
,zeno is the person who serius adamavit 
honores4  #f4 ,the changing aspects of  
the same thing are pointed to here as   
invalidating the evidence of the senses4
  #g4 ,this passage has the same aim as 
the last and closely resembles ,lucullus
 #aje4  #h4 ,the fact that the eye and  
hand need such guides shows how         
untrustworthy the senses are4 ,a similar

 argument occurs in ,luc4 #hf4          
,perpendiculum is a plumb line1 norma a 
mason's square1 the word being probably 
a corruption of the ,greek  7,curt4     
,grundz p4 #afi1 ed4 #c71 regula1 a     
rule4  #i4 ,the different colours which 
the same persons show in different      
conditions1 when young and when old1    
when sick and when healthy1 when sober  
and when drunken1 are brought forward to
 prove how little of permanence there is
 even in the least fleeting of the      
objects of sense4  #aj4 ,urinari is to  
dive2 for the derivation see ,curt4     
,grundz p4 #cbf4 ,a diver would be in   
exactly the position of the fish noticed
 in ,luc4 #ha1 which are unable to see  
that which lies immediately above them  
and so illustrate the narrow limits of  
the power of vision4  #aa4 ,evidently an
 attempt to prove the sense of smell    
untrustworthy4 ,different people pass   
different judgments on one and the same 
odour4 ,the student will observe that   
the above extracts formed part of an    

argument intended to show the deceptive 
character of the senses4 ,to these      
should probably be added fragm4 #cb4    
,fr4 #ai shows that the impossibility of
 distinguishing eggs one from another1  
which had been brought forward in the   
,catulus1 was allowed to stand in the   
second edition1 other difficulties of   
the kind1 such as those connected with  
the bent oar1 the pigeon's neck1 the    
twins1 the impressions of seals 7,luc4  
#ai1 #ed71 would also appear in both    
editions4 ,the result of these assaults 
on the senses must have been summed up  
in the phrase cuncta dubitanda esse     
which ,augustine quotes from the        
,academica ,posteriora 7see fragm4 #cf74
  ,,book ,,iii4  #ab4 ,this forms part  
of ,varro's answer to ,cicero1 which    
corresponded in substance to ,lucullus' 
speech in the ,academica ,priora ,the   
drift of this extract was most likely   
this3 just as there is a limit beyond   
which the battle against criminals      
cannot be maintained1 so after a certain

 point we must cease to fight against   
perverse sceptics and let them take     
their own way4 ,see another view in     
,krische1 p4 #fb4  #ac4 ,krische        
believes that this fragment formed part 
of an attempt to show that the senses   
were trustworthy1 in the course of which
 the clearness with which the fishes    
were seen leaping from the water was    
brought up as evidence4 7,in ,luc4 #ha1 
on the other hand1 ,cic4 drew an        
argument hostile to the senses from the 
consideration of the fish47 ,the        
explanation seems to me very improbable4
 ,the words bear such a striking        
resemblance to those in ,luc4 #abe 7ut  
nos nunc simus ad ,baulos ,puteolosque  
videmus1 sic innumerabilis paribus in   
locis esse isdem de rebus disputantis7  
that ,i am inclined to think that the   
reference in ,nonius ought to be to     
,book ,,iv4 and not ,book ,,iii41 and   
that ,cic41 when he changed the scene   
from ,bauli to the ,lucrine lake1 also  
changed ,puteolosque into pisciculosque 

exultantes for the sufficient reason    
that ,puteoli was not visible from      
,varro's villa on the ,lucrine4  #ad4   
,the passion for knowledge in the human 
heart was doubtless used by ,varro as an
 argument in favour of assuming absolute
 knowledge to be attainable4 ,the same  
line is taken in ,luc4 #ca1 ,d4,f4      
,,iii4 #ag1 and elsewhere4  #ae4 ,it is 
so much easier to find parallels to this
 in ,cicero's speech than in that of    
,lucullus in the ,academica ,priora that
 ,i think the reference in ,nonius must 
be wrong4 ,the talk about freedom suits 
a sceptic better than a dogmatist 7see  
,luc4 #aje1 #abj1 and ,cic4's words in  
#h of the same74 ,if my conjecture is   
right this fragment belongs to ,book    
,,iv4 ,krische gives a different        
opinion1 but very hesitatingly1 p4 #fc4 
#af4 ,this may well have formed part of 
,varro's explanation of the 1 temeritas 
being as much deprecated by the         
,antiocheans and ,stoics as by the      
,academics cf4 ,i4 #db4  #ag4 ,i        

conjecture malleo 7a hammer7 for the    
corrupt malcho1 and think that in the   
second ed4 some comparison from building
 operations to illustrate the fixity of 
knowledge gained through the  was added 
to a passage which would correspond in  
substance with #bg of the ,lucullus4 ,i 
note in ,vitruvius1 quoted by ,forc4    
s4v4 malleolus1 a similar expression    
7naves malleolis confixae7 and in ,pliny
 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,,xxxiv4 #ad navis fixa   
malleo4 ,adfixa therefore in this       
passage must have agreed with some lost 
noun either in the neut4 plur4 or fem4  
sing4  #ah4 ,this and fragm4 #ai        
evidently hang very closely together4   
,as ,krische notes1 the ,stoic  had     
evidently been translated earlier in the
 book by perspicuitas as in ,luc4 #ag4  
#ai4 ,see on ,luc4 #eg4  ,,book ,,iv4   
,further information on all these       
passages will be found in my notes on   
the parallel passages of the ,lucullus4 
#ba4 ,viam evidently a mistake for the  
umbram of ,luc4 #gj4  #bc4 ,the best    

,,ms4 of ,nonius points to flavum for   
ravum 7,luc4 #aje74 ,most likely an     
alteration was made in the second       
edition1 as ,krische supposes1 p4 #fd4  
#bh4 ,corpusculis3 ,luc4 #aba has       
corporibus4 ,krische's opinion that this
 latter word was in the second edition  
changed into the former may be supported
 from ,i4 #f1 which he does not notice4 
,the conj4 is confirmed by ,aug4 ,contr4
 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bc4  #bi4 ,magnis         
obscurata3 in ,luc4 #abb it is crassis  
occultata1 so that we have another      
alteration1 see ,krische1 p4 #fd4  #cj4 
,only slight differences appear in the  
,,mss4 of the ,luc4 #abc1 viz4          
contraria1 for in c41 ad vestigia for   
contra v4  #ca4 ,luc4 #acg has dixi for 
dictus4 ,as ,cic4 does not often leave  
out est with the passive verb1 ,nonius  
has probably quoted wrongly4 ,it will be
 noted that the fragments of ,book      
,,iii4 correspond to the first half of  
the ,luc41 those of ,book ,,iv4 to the  
second half4 ,cic4 therefore divided the

 ,luc4 into two portions at or about    
#fc4  ,,uncertain ,,books4  #cb4 ,i have
 already said that this most likely     
belonged to the preliminary assault on  
the senses made by ,cic4 in the second  
book4  #cc4 ,in the ,introd4 p4 #ee ,i  
have given my opinion that the substance
 of ,catulus' speech which unfolded the 
doctrine of the probabile was           
incorporated with ,cicero's speech in   
the second book of this edition4 ,to    
that part this fragment must probably be
 referred4  #cd4 ,this important        
fragment clearly belongs to ,book ,,ii41
 and is a jocular application of the    
,carneadean probabile1 as may be seen   
from the words probabiliter posse       
confici4  #ce4 ,krische assigns this to 
the end of ,varro's speech in the third 
,book4 ,with this opinion ,i find it    
quite impossible to agree4 ,a passage in
 the ,lucullus 7#fj7 proves to          
demonstration that in the first edition 
this allusion to the esoteric teaching  
of the ,academy could only have occurred

 either in the speech of ,catulus or in 
that of ,cicero4 ,as no reason whatever 
appears to account for its transference 
to ,varro ,i prefer to regard it as     
belonging to ,cic4's exposition of the  
positive side of ,academic doctrine in  
the second book4 ,cic4 repeatedly       
insists that the ,academic school must  
not be supposed to have no truths to    
maintain1 see ,luc4 #aai1 also #ff and  
,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab4 ,also ,aug4 ,contra4    
,ac4 ,,ii4 #bi4  #cf4 ,it is difficult  
to see where this passage could have    
been included if not in that prooemium  
to the third book which is mentioned    
,ad4 ,att4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 ,i may here   
add that ,krische seems to me wrong in  
holding that the whole four books formed
 one discussion1 finished within the    
limits of a single day4 ,why interrupt  
the discussion by the insertion of a    
prologue of so general a nature as to be
 taken from a stock which ,cic4 kept on 
hand ready made8 7,cf4 ,ad ,att4 as     
above47         99       99       99    

99       99  ,besides the actual        
fragments of the second edition1 many   
indications of its contents are         
preserved in the work of ,augustine     
entitled ,contra ,academicos1 which1    
though written in support of dogmatic   
opinions1 imitated throughout the second
 edition of the ,academica of ,cic4 ,no 
writings of the ,classical period had so
 great an influence on the culture and  
opinions of ,augustine as the ,academica
 and the lost ,hortensius4 ,i give1     
partly from ,krische1 the scattered     
indications of the contents of the      
former which are to be gathered from the
 bishop's works4 ,in ,aug4 ,contr4 ,ac4 
,,ii4 #ad1 #ae1 we have what appears to 
be a summary of the lost part of ,book  
,i4 to the following effect4 ,the ,new  
,academy must not be regarded as having 
revolted against the ,old1 all that it  
did was to discuss that new doctrine of 
advanced by ,zeno4 ,the doctrine of     
though present to the minds of the      
ancients had never taken distinct shape1

 because it had met with no opposition4 
,the ,old ,academy was rather enriched  
than attacked by the ,new4 ,antiochus1  
in adopting ,stoicism under the name of 
the ,old ,academy1 made it appear that  
there was a strife between it and the   
,new4 ,with ,antiochus the historical   
exposition of ,cic4 must have ended4    
,from this portion of the first book1   
,aug4 derived his opinion 7,contra4 ,ac4
 ,,ii4 #a7 that ,new ,academicism was   
excusable from the necessities of the   
age in which it appeared4 ,indications  
of ,book ,,ii4 in ,aug4 are scarce1 but 
to it ,i refer ,contra4 ,ac4 ,i4 #g     
placuit ,ciceroni nostro beatum esse qui
 verum investigat etiam si ad eius      
inventionem non valeat pervenire1 also  
ibid4 ,,iii4 #aj illis 7,academicis7    
placuit esse posse hominem sapientem1 et
 tamen in hominem scientiam cadere non  
posse4 ,these ,i refer to ,cicero's     
development of the probabile in ,book   
,,ii41 although ,i ought to say that    
,krische1 p4 #fe1 maintains that the    

substance of ,catulus' exposition in the
 ,ac4 ,priora transferred to ,book ,,iv4
 of the ,ac4 ,posteriora4 ,as this would
 leave very meagre material for ,book   
,,ii41 nothing indeed excepting the     
provisional proof of the deceptiveness  
of the senses1 ,i cannot accede to his  
arrangement2 mine1 ,i may remark1       
involves a much smaller departure from  
the first edition4 ,allusions in ,aug4  
to the attack on the senses by ,cic4 in 
,book ,,ii4 are difficult to fix1 as    
they apply equally well to the later    
attack in ,book ,,iv4 ,as to ,books     
,,iii4 and ,,iv41 ,i do not think it    
necessary here to prove from ,aug4 the  
points of agreement between them and the
 ,lucullus1 which will find a better    
place in my notes on the latter1 but    
merely give the divergences which appear
 from other sources4 ,these are the     
translation of  by cavillationes in     
,luc4 #ge 7,seneca ,ep4 ,,iii471 and the
 insertion in #aah of essentia as a     
translation of 4  ,,book ,,ii4          

,,entitled ,,lucullus4      #a--ab4     
,summary4 ,lucullus1 though an able and 
cultivated man1 was     absent from     
,rome on public service too long during 
his earlier years to     attain to glory
 in the forum 7#a74 ,he unexpectedly    
proved a great     general4 ,this was   
due to his untiring study and his       
marvellous memory     7#b74 ,he had to  
wait long for the reward of his merits  
as a commander     and civil            
administrator1 and was allowed no       
triumph till just before my             
consulship4 ,what ,i owed to him in     
those troublous times ,i cannot now     
tell 7#c74 ,he was not merely a general2
 he was also a philosopher1     having  
learned much from ,antiochus and read   
much for himself 7#d74 ,those           
enemies of ,greek culture who think a   
,roman noble ought not to know          
philosophy1 must be referred to the     
examples of ,cato and ,africanus 7#e74  
,others think that famous men should not
 be introduced into dialogues of     the

 kind4 ,are they then1 when they meet1  
to be silent or to talk about           
trifles8 ,i1 in applying myself to      
philosophy1 have neglected no public    
duty1 nor do ,i think the fame of       
illustrious citizens diminished1 but    
enriched1 by a reputation for           
philosophical knowledge 7#f74 ,those who
     hold that the interlocutors in     
these dialogues had no such knowledge   
show that they can make their envy reach
 beyond the grave4 ,some critics     do 
not approve the particular philosophy   
which ,i follow--the ,academic4         
,this is natural1 but they must know    
that ,academicism puts no stop to       
inquiry 7#g74 ,my school is free from   
the fetters of dogma2 other schools     
are enslaved to authority 7#h74 ,the    
dogmatists say they bow to the          
authority of the wise man4 ,how can they
 find out the wise man without          
hearing all opinions8 ,this subject was 
discussed by myself1 ,catulus1          
,lucullus1 and ,hortensius1 the day     

after the discussion reported in the    
,catulus 7#i74 ,catulus called on       
,lucullus to defend the doctrines of    
,antiochus4 ,this ,lucullus believed    
himself able to do1 although the        
doctrines had suffered in the discussion
 of the day before 7#aj74 ,he     spoke 
thus3 ,at ,alexandria ,i heard          
discussions between ,heraclitus ,tyrius 
the pupil of ,clitomachus and ,philo1   
and ,antiochus4 ,at that very time      
the books mentioned by ,catulus         
yesterday came into the hands of        
,antiochus1 who was so angry that he    
wrote a book against his old     teacher
 7#aa and #ab74 ,i will now give the    
substance of the disputes     between   
,heraclitus and ,antiochus1 omitting the
 remarks made by the     latter against 
,philo 7#ab74  #a4 ,luculli3 see        
,introd4 p4 #eh1 and ,dict4 ,biog4      
,digna homini nobili3 a good deal of    
learning would have been considered     
unworthy of a man like ,lucullus1 see   
,introd4 p4 #cj4 ,percepta3 gained1 won2

 cf4 percipere fruges1 to reap1 ,cat4   
,mai4 #bd4 ,caruit3 was cut off from2   
carere comes from a root skar meaning to
 divide1 see ,corss4 ,i4 #djc4 ,for the 
three nouns with a singular verb see    
,madv4 ,gram4 #bac ,a1 who confines the 
usage to nouns denoting things and      
impersonal ideas4 ,if the common reading
 dissensit in ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #fh is    
right1 the restriction does not hold4   
,admodum3 to a degree4 ,fratre3 this    
brother was adopted by a ,m4 ,terentius 
,varro1 and was a man of distinction    
also2 see ,dict4 ,biog4 ,magna cum      
gloria3 a ref4 to ,dict4 ,biog4 will    
show that the whole affair was          
discreditable to the father2 to our     
notions1 the sons would have gained     
greater glory by letting it drop4       
,quaestor3 to ,sulla1 who employed him  
chiefly in the civil administration of  
,asia4 ,continuo3 without any interval4 
,legis praemio3 this seems to mean by   
the favour of a special law1 passed of  
course by ,sulla1 who had restored the  

old lex annalis in all its rigour1 and  
yet excepted his own officers from its  
operation4 ,prooemio1 which has been    
proposed1 would not be ,latin1 see ,de  
,leg4 ,,ii4 #af4 ,consulatum3 he seems  
to have been absent during the years    
#hd--gd1 in the ,east4 ,superiorum3     
scarcely that of ,sulla4  #b4 ,laus3    
merit1 as often1 so praemium1 ,virg4    
,aen4 ,,xii4 #dcg1 means a deed worthy  
of reward4 ,non admodum exspectabatur3  
,cic4 forgets that ,luc4 had served with
 distinction in the ,social ,war and the
 first ,mithridatic war4 ,in ,asia pace3
 three good ,,mss4 have ,asiae2 ,baiter 
ejects ,asia2 ,guilelmus read in ,asia  
in pace 7which ,davies conjectures1     
though he prints ,asiae74 ,consumere    
followed by an ablative without in is   
excessively rare in ,cic4 ,madv4 ,d4,f4 
,v4 #ec denies the use altogether4 ,in  
addition1 however1 to our passage1 ,i   
note hoc loco consumitur in ,t4,d4 ,,iv4
 #bc1 where ,baiter's two texts 7#ahfa  
and #ahfc7 give no variants4 ,pace here 

perhaps ought to be taken adverbially1  
like tranqullo4 ,indocilem3 this is     
simply passive1  untaught1 as in ,prop4 
,i4 #b1 #ab1 ,ov4 ,fast4 ,,iii4 #aai    
7the last qu4 by ,dav474 ,forc4 s4v4 is 
wrong in making it active4 ,factus3     
perfectus2 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #e1 #cc  
homo factus ad unguem1 ,cic4 ,de ,or4   
,,iii4 #ahd1 ,in ,verr4 ,,iv4 #abf4 ,so 
effectus in silver ,latin4 ,rebus       
gestis3 military history1 so often4     
,divinam quandam memoriam3 the same     
phrase in ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #cfj4 ,rerum1  
verborum3 same distinction in ,de ,or4  
,,ii4 #cei4 ,oblivisci se malle3 the    
same story is told ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajd1   
,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bii4 ,the ancient art of
 memory was begun by ,simonides 7who is 
the person denoted here by cuidam7 and  
completed by ,metrodorus of ,scepsis1   
for whom see ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #cfj4       
,consignamus3 cf4 consignatae in animis 
notiones in ,t4,d4 ,i4 #eg4 litteris    
must be an ablative of the instrument4  
,mandare monum43 cf4 ,i4 #c4            

,insculptas3 rare in the metaphorical   
use1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #de4  #c4 ,genere3  
department cf4 ,i4 #c4 ,navalibus       
pugnis3 4 ,instrumento et adparatu3   4 
,rex3 ,mithridates4 ,quos legisset3  de 
quibus l42 cf4 the use of the passive   
verb so common in ,ovid1 e4g4 ,trist4   
,,iv4 #d1 #ad4 ,i take of course rex to 
be nom4 to legisset1 the suggestion of a
 friend that ,lucullus is nom4 and that 
quos legisset  quorum commentarios      
legisset ,i think improbable4 ,hodie3   
,drakenborch on ,livy ,v4 #bg wants to  
read hodieque1 which however1 is not    
,ciceronian4 ,in passages like ,de ,or4 
,i4 #ajc and ,verr4 ,v4 #fd1 the que    
connects clauses and does not modify    
hodie4 ,on this subject see ,madv4      
,opuscula ,i4 #cij4 ,etsi3 ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4
 #fh1 shows that in ,cic4 a parenthetic 
clause with etsi always has a common    
verb with its principal clause2 a rule  
not observed by the silver writers4 ,the
 same holds of quamquam1 see n4 on ,i4  
#e4 ,calumnia3 properly a fraudulent use

 of litigation1 4 ,the chief enemy was  
the infamous ,memmius who prosecuted    
him4 ,in urbem3 until his triumph ,luc4 
would remain outside the city4          
,profuisset3 this ought properly to be  
profuerit1 but the conditional dicerem  
changes it4 ,potius 444 quam 444        
communicem3 n4 on #bc4  #d4 ,sunt 444   
celebrata3 cf4 ,i4 #aa1 #ag for the     
collocation of the words4 ,externa 444  
interiora3 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abd sed 
haec quoque in promptu1 nunc interiora  
videamus4 ,pro quaestore3 for this      
,faber wrote quaestor1 arguing that as  
,luc4 was ,sulla's quaestor and ,sulla  
sent him to ,egypt1 he could not be pro 
quaestor4 ,but surely after the first   
year he would be pro quaestor4 ,dav4    
reads quaestor here and #aa1 saying     
veterem lectionem iugulavit ,faber4 ,ea 
memoria 444 quam3 ,bentl41 ,halm1       
,baiter give qua1 ,halm refers to       
,bentl4 on ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #f1 #ae4 ,a  
passage like ours is ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bi1    
ista sis aequitate1 quam ostendis1 where

 one ,,ms4 has qua4 ,read ,madvig's     
lucid note there4 ,de quibus audiebat3  
,madv4 ,em4 #aba makes this equivalent  
to de eis rebus de quibus1 the necessity
 of which explanation1 though approved  
by ,halm1 ,i fail to see4 ,the form of  
expression is very common in ,cic41 and 
the relative always refers to an        
actually expressed antecedent1 cf4 e4g4 
,cat4 ,mai4 #hc4 ,i take quibus as      
simply  libris4  #e4 ,ac3 strong1 as    
often1   4 ,personarum3 public          
characters1   7,ad4 ,fam4 ,,xv4 #ag1    
#b71 so personas #f4 ,multi 444 plures3 
cf4 ,introd4 p4 #cj4 ,reliqui3 many     
,,mss4 insert qui by dittographia1 as ,i
 think1 though ,halm1 as well as ,bait41
 retains it4 ,on the retention or       
omission of this qui will depend the    
choice of putant or putent below4 ,earum
 rerum disputationem3 for disp4 followed
 by genitive see n4 on ,i4 #cc4 ,non ita
 decoram3 for this feeling see ,introd4 
p4 #cj4 ,for non ita cf4 the ,lowland   
,scottish no just sae4 ,historiae       

loquantur3 hist4 means in ,cic4 rather  
memoirs than history1 which is better   
expressed by res gestae4 ,note that the 
verb loqui not dicere is used1 and cf4  
n4 on #aja4 ,legatione3 to the kings in 
,egypt and the ,east in alliance with   
,rome4 ,the censorship was in #aii      
,b4,c4 ,about the embassy see ,dict4    
,biogr4 art4 ',panactius'4 ,auctorem3   
one would think this simple and sound   
enough1 ,bentl4 however read fautorem1  
,dav4 auditorem4  #f4 ,illigari3        
entangled as though in something bad4   
,for this use ,forc4 qu4 ,liv4 ,,xxxiii4
 #ba1 ,tac4 ,ann4 ,,xiii4 #dj4 ,aut     
ludicros sermones3  aut clar4 vir4 serm4
 ludic4 esse oporteat4 ,rerum leviorum3 
a similar argument in ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ab4   
,quodam in libro3 the ,hortensius4      
,gradu3 so the word degree was once     
used1 e4g4 a squire of low degree in the
 ballad4 ,de opera publica detrahamus3  
the dative often follows this verb1 as  
in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #g nihil operae        
reipublicae detrahens1 a passage often  

wrongly taken4 ,operae is the dat4 after
 the verb1 not the gen4 after nihil1    
reip4 the gen4 after operae1 like opera 
publica here1 not the dat4 after        
detrahens4 ,nisi forensem3 the early    
oratorical works may fairly be said to  
have this character2 scarcely1 however1 
the ,de ,republica or the ,de ,leg4 both
 of which fall within the period spoken 
of4 ,ut plurimis prosimus3 cf4 ,introd4 
p4 #bi4 ,non modo non minui1 sed3 notice
 non modo 444 sed thrice over in two    
sentences4  #g4 ,sunt 444 qui negent3   
and truly1 see ,introd4 p4 #ch4 ,in     
,cat4 ,mai4 #c ,cic4 actually apologises
 for making ,cato more learned than he  
really was4 ,mortuis3 ,catulus died in  
#fj1 ,lucullus about #eg1 ,hortensius   
#ej4 ,contra omnis dicere quae videntur3
 ,,mss4 mostly insert qui between dicere
 and quae1 one of the best however has  
dicere quae aliis as a correction1 while
 another has the marginal reading qui   
scire sibi videntur4 ,the omission of   
qui1 which ,i conjectured1 but now see  

occurs in a ,,ms4 7,pal4 #b7 referred to
 by ,halm1 gives admirable sense4 ,verum
 invenire3 cf4 #fj4 ,contentione3   as  
usual4 ,in 444 rebus obscuritas3 cf4 ,i4
 #dd rerum obscuritate4 ,infirmitas3 cf4
 ,i4 #dd imbecillos animos4             
,antiquissimi et doctissimi3 on the     
other hand recentissima quaeque sunt    
correcta et emendata maxime ,i4 #ac4    
,diffisi3 one of the best ,,mss4 has    
diffissi1 which reminds one of the      
spelling divisssiones1 asserted to be   
,ciceronian in ,quint4 ,inst4 ,or4 ,i4  
#g1 #bj4 ,in utramque partem3 ' 1 cf4   
,i4 #de4 ,exprimant3 embody1 cf4 n4 on  
,i4 #ai4  #h4 ,probabilia3 1 for which  
see #cc4 ,sequi3 act upon1 cf4 #ii-aja4 
,liberiores et solutiores3 these two    
words frequently occur together in ,cic4
 and illustrate his love for petty      
variations2 see #aje1 also ,t4,d4 ,v4   
#dc1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #d1 ,de ,rep4 ,,iv4  
#d1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ef1 ,orat4 #fd4         
,integra3 untrammelled1 cf4 the phrase  
non mihi integrum est--,i have committed

 my self4 ,et quasi3 ,,mss4 have et     
quibus et quasi4 ,cogimur3 for this     
,academic freedom see ,introd4 p4 #ah4  
,amico cuidam3 ,orelli after ,lamb4     
cuipiam2 for the difference see ,madv4  
,gram4 #dic b1 c4  #i4 ,ut potuerint1   
potuerunt3 thus ,lamb4 corrected the    
,,mss4 reading which was simply ut      
potuerunt1 granting that they had the   
ability1 they gained it by hearing all  
things1 now as a matter of fact they did
 decide on a single hearing1 etc4       
,iudicaverunt autem3 so ,lamb4 for      
,,mss4 aut4 ,muretus1 by what ,dav4     
calls an arguta hariolatio1 read an for 
aut and put a note of interrogation at  
contulerunt4 ,c4,f4 ,hermann            
7,schneidewin's ,philologus ,,vii4 #dff7
 introduces by conj4 a sad confusion    
into the text1 but no other good critic 
since ,madvig's remarks in ,em4 #abe has
 impugned ,lambinus' reading4 ,goerenz  
indeed1 followed by the faithful        
,schutz1 kept the ,,mss4 reading with   
the insertion of aut between sed and ut 

at the beginning2 of this ,madv4 says   
non solum ,latina non est1 sed sanae    
menti repugnat4 ,for the proceeding     
which ,cic4 deprecates1 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4  
#aj1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #cf4 ,quam           
adamaverunt3 which they have learned to 
love2 the ad has the same force as  in 1
 which means to learn on and on1 to     
learn by degrees 7cf4   71 not1 as the  
lexica absurdly say1 to learn           
beforehand1 i4e4 to learn thoroughly4   
,constantissime3 most consistently4     
,quae est ad ,baulos3 cf4 ,introd4 p4   
#eg4 ,in spatio3 this xystus was a      
colonnade with one side open to the sea1
 called  from its polished floor and    
pillars4 ,consedimus3 n4 on ,i4 #ad4    
#aj4 ,servatam oportuit3 a construction 
very characteristic of ,terence1 found1 
but rarely1 in ,cic4 and ,livy4 ,in     
promptu 444 reconditiora3 cf4 in promptu
 444 interiora in ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #abd1 
also ,ac4 ,i4 #d4 ,quae dico3 ,goer4 is 
exceedingly troubled by the pres4 tense 
and wishes to read dixero4 ,but the     

substitution of the pres4 for the future
 is common enough in all languages cf4  
,iuv4 ,,iv4 #acj with ,mayor's copious  
note4 ,si non fuerint3 so all ,halm's   
best ,,mss4 ,two1 however1 of ,davies'  
have si vera etc4 ,in support of the    
text1 see ,i4 #i 7sunt ista7 and note4  
,labefactata3 this is only found as an  
alteration in the best ,,mss4 and in    
,ed4 ,rom4 7#adga72 the others have     
labefacta4 ,orelli's statement 7note to 
his separate text of the ,academica     
#ahbg7 that ,cic4 commonly uses the     
perfect labefeci and the part1          
labefactus is quite wrong4 ,the former  
is indeed the vulg4 reading in ,pro     
,sestio #aja1 the latter in ,de         
,haruspicum ,responsis #fj1 but the last
 of these two passages is doubtful4     
,cic4 as a rule prefers long forms like 
sustentatus1 which occurs with          
labefactatus in ,cat4 ,mai4 #bj4 ,for   
the perfect labefactavit cf4 ,i4 #cc4   
,agam igitur3 ,cic4 rather overdoes the 
attempt to force on his readers a belief

 in the learning of ,lucullus4  #aa4    
,pro quaestore3 cf4 #d4 ,essem3 ,,mss4  
issem1 whence ,goer4 conj4 ,alexandriam 
issem4 ,heraclitus ,tyrius3 scarcely    
known except from this passage4         
,clitomachum3 for this philosopher see  
,zeller #ecb4 ,quae nunc prope dimissa  
revocatur3 sc4 a ,cicerone4 ,philo's    
only notable pupils had combined to form
 the so called ,old ,academy1 and when  
,cic4 wrote the ,academica the ,new     
,academic dialectic had been without a  
representative for many years4 ,cf4     
,introd4 p4 #ba4 ,libri duo3 cf4 ,i4    
#ac4 ,heri for this indication of the   
contents of the lost ,catulus1 see      
,introd4 p4 #ej4 ,implorans3 appealing  
to1 the true meaning being to appeal to 
with tears1 see ,corss4 ,i4 #cfa4       
,philonis3 sc4 esse4 ,scriptum          
agnoscebat3 i4e4 it was an actual work  
of ,ph4 ,tetrilius3 some ,,mss4 are said
 to have ,tetrinius1 and the name       
,tertinius is found on ,inscr4 ,one good
 ,,ms4 has ,tretilius1 which may be a   

mistake for ,tertilius1 a name formed   
like ,pompilius1 ,quintilius1           
,sextilius4 ,qy1 should ,petrilius1 a   
derivative from the word for four1 be   
read8 ,petrilius and ,pompilius would   
then agree like ,petronius and          
,pomponius1 ,petreius and ,pompeius4    
,for the formation of these names see   
,corss4 ,i4 #aaf4 ,rogus3 an ill omened 
and unknown name4 ,rocus1 as ,ursinus   
pointed out1 occurs on denarii of the   
gens ,creperia4 ,de ,philone 444 ab eo  
ipso3 note the change of prep4 from     
,philo's lips1 from his copy4 ,de and ex
 are common in ,cic4 after audire1 while
 ab is rather rarer4 ,see ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 
#ci1 and for describere ab aliquo cf4 a 
te in ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bb1 #c4  #ab4  
,dicta ,philoni3 for this see ,introd4  
p4 #ej4 ,it cannot mean what ,goer4     
makes it mean1 coram ,philone4 ,i think 
it probable that ,philoni is a marginal 
explanation foisted on the text4 ,as to 
the statements of ,catulus the elder1   
they are made clear by #ah4 ,academicos3

 i4e4 novos1 who are here treated as the
 true ,academics1 though ,antiochus     
himself claimed the title4 ,aristo3 see 
,introd4 p4 #aa4 ,aristone3 ,diog4      
,,vii4 #afd mentions an ,aristo of      
,alexandria1 a ,peripatetic1 who may be 
the same4 ,dio seems unknown4 ,negat3   
see n4 on #ah4 ,lenior3 some ,,mss4     
levior1 as is usual with these two      
words4 ,in #aa one of the earliest      
editions has leviter for leniter4       
#ac--ah4 ,summary4 ,cicero seems to me  
to have acted like a seditious          
tribune1 in appealing to famous old     
philosophers as supporters of           
scepticism 7#ac71 ,those very           
philosophers1 with the exception of     
,empedocles1 seem to me1 if anything1   
too dogmatic 7#ad74 ,even if they       
were often in doubt1 do you suppose that
 no advance has been made     during so 
many centuries by the investigations of 
so many men of     ability8 ,arcesilas  
was a rebel against a good philosophy1  
just as ,ti4     ,gracchus was a rebel  

against a good government 7#ae74 ,has   
nothing really     been learned since   
the time of ,arcesilas8 ,his opinions   
have had scanty1     though brilliant   
support 7#af74 ,now many dogmatists     
think that no     argument ought to be  
held with a sceptic1 since argument can 
add     nothing to the innate clearness 
of true sensations 7#ag74 ,most however 
do allow of discussion with sceptics4   
,philo in his innovations was           
induced to state falsehoods1 and        
incurred all the evils he wished to     
avoid1 his rejection of ,zeno's         
definition of the       really led him  
back to that utter scepticism from which
 he was fleeing4     ,we then must      
either maintain ,zeno's definition or   
give in to the     sceptics 7#ah74  #ac4
 ,rursus exorsus est3 cf4 exorsus in    
#aj4 ,popularis3 4 ,ii a3 so ,dav4 for  
,,mss4 iam4 ,tum ad hos3 so ,,mss41     
,dav4 aut hos4 ,the omission of the verb
 venire is very common in ,cic4's       
letters4 ,c4 ,flaminium3 the general at 

lake ,trasimene4 ,aliquot annis3 one    
good ,,ms4 has annos1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #d1
 where all the best ,,mss4 have annos4  
,the ablative is always used to express 
point of time1 and indeed it may be     
doubted whether the best writers ever   
use any accusative in that sense1 though
 they do occasionally use the ablative  
to express duration 7cf4 ,prop4 ,i4 #f1 
#g and ,madv4 ,gram4 #bce1 #b74 ,l4     
,cassium3 this is ,l4 ,cassius ,longinus
 ,ravilla1 a man of good family1 who    
carried a ballot bill 7,de ,leg4 ,,iii4 
#ce71 he was the author of the cui bono 
principle and so severe a judge as to be
 called scopulus reorum4 ,pompeium3     
apparently the man who made the         
disgraceful treaty with ,numantia       
repudiated by home in #aci ,b4,c4 ,p4   
,africanum3 i4e4 the younger1 who       
supported the ballot bill of ,cassius1  
but seems to have done nothing else for 
the democrats4 ,fratres3 ,lamb4 viros1  
but cf4 ,brut4 #ih4 ,p4 ,scaevolam3 the 
pontifex1 consul in the year ,tib4      

,gracchus was killed1 when he refused to
 use violence against the tribunes4 ,the
 only connection these brothers had with
 the schemes of ,gracchus seems to be   
that they were consulted by him as      
lawyers1 about the legal effect the     
bills would have4 ,ut videmus 444 ut    
suspicantur3 ,halm with ,gruter brackets
 these words on the ground that the     
statement about ,marius implies that the
 demagogues lie about all but him4      
,those words need not imply so much1 and
 if they did1 ,cic4 may be allowed the  
inconsistency4  #ad4 ,similiter3 it is  
noticeable that five ,,mss4 of ,halm    
have simile4 ,xenophanem3 so ,victorius 
for the ,,mss4 ,xenoplatonem4 ,ed4 ,rom4
 7#adga7 has ,cenonem1 which would point
 to ,zenonem1 but ,cic4 does not often  
name ,zeno of ,elea4 ,saturninus3 of the
 question why he was an enemy of        
,lucullus1 ,goer4 says frustra          
quaeritur4 ,saturninus was the          
persistent enemy of ,metellus           
,numidicus1 who was the uncle of        

,lucullus by marriage4 ,arcesilae       
calumnia3 this was a common charge1 cf4 
,academicorum calumnia in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4  
#bj and calumnia in #ah and #fe of this 
book4 ,so ,august4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,ii4 
#a speaks of ,academicorum vel calumnia 
vel pertinacia vel pericacia4 ,democriti
 verecundia3 ,cic4 always has a kind of 
tenderness for ,democritus1 as ,madv4 on
 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj remarks1 cf4 ,de ,div4  
,,ii4 #cj where ,democr4 is made an     
exception to the general arrogantia of  
the physici4 ,empedocles quidem 444     
videatur3 cf4 #gd4 ,the exordium of his 
poem is meant1 though there is nothing  
in it so strong as the words of the     
text1 see ,r4 and ,p4 #ajh4 ,quale sit3 
the emphasis is on sit1 the sceptic     
regards only phenomenal1 not essential  
existence4 ,quasi modo nascentes3       
,ciacconus thought this spurious1 cf4   
however ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e ut oratorum laus
 444 senescat 444 1 philosophia         
nascatur4  #ae4 haesitaverunt3 ,goer4   
cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #dj4 ,constitutam3 so  

in #ad4 ,delitisceret3 this is the right
 spelling1 not delitesceret1 which one  
good ,,ms4 has here1 see ,corssen ,,ii4 
#bhe4 ,negavissent3 had denied1 as they 
said4 ,tollendus est3 a statement which 
is criticised in #gd4 ,nominibus        
differentis 444 dissenserunt3 genuine   
,antiochean opinions1 see the ,academica
 ,posteriora #ag1 #dc4 ,de se ipse3 very
 frequent in ,cic4 7cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4   
#dhg b74 ,diceret3 this is omitted by   
the ,,mss41 but one has agnosceret on   
the margin2 see n4 on #hh4 ,fannius3 in 
his ,annals4 ,the same statement is     
quoted in ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bgj1 ,brutus  
#bii4 ,brutus had written an epitome of 
this work of ,fannius 7,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 
#e1 #c74  #af4 ,veteribus3 ,bentley's   
em4 of ,,mss4 vetera3 ,c4,f4 ,hermann   
7,schneid ,philol4 ,,vii4 #deg71        
thinking the departure from the ,,mss4  
too great1 keeps vetera and changes     
incognita into incondita1 comparing ,de 
,or4 ,i4 #aig1 ,,iii4 #agc4 ,a glance1  
however1 at the exx4 in ,forc4 will show

 that the word always means merely      
disordered1 confused in ,cic4 ,the      
difference here is not one between order
 and no order1 but between knowledge and
 no knowledge1 so that incognita is far 
better4 ,i am not at all certain that   
the ,,mss4 reading needs alteration4 ,if
 kept the sense would be3 but let us    
suppose1 for sake of argument1 that the 
doctrines of the ancients were not      
knowledge1 but mere opinion4 ,the conj4 
of ,kayser veri nota for vetera 7cf4    
#gf7 and investigatum below1 is fanciful
 and improbable4 ,quod investigata sunt3
 in that an investigation was made4     
,herm4 again disturbs the text which    
since ,madv4 ,em4 #abg supported it     
7quoting ,t4,d4 ,v4 #ae1 ,liv4 ,,xxxv4  
#af7 had been settled4 ,holding that    
illa in the former sentence cannot be   
the subj4 of the verb1 he rashly ejects 
nihilne est igitur actum as a           
dittographia 767 from #ae nihilne       
explicatum1 and reads quot for quod with
 ,bentl4 ,for the meaning cf4 ,t4,d4    

,,iii4 #fi and ,arist4 on the progress  
of philosophy as there quoted4          
,arcesilas ,zenoni 444 obtrectans3 see  
n4 on ,i4 #cd4 ,these charges were      
brought by each school against the      
other4 ,in ,plutarch ,adv4 ,colotem p4  
#aaba ,f1 want of novelty is charged    
against ,arcesilas1 and the charge is at
 once joyfully accepted by ,plut4 ,the  
scepticism of ,arcesilas was often      
excused by the provocation ,zeno gave1  
see ,aug4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,ii4 #ad1 #ae 
and notes on fragm4 #b and #ce of the   
,academica ,posteriora4 ,immutatione    
verborum3 n4 on ,i4 #cc4 ,this phrase   
has also technical meanings2 it         
translates the ,greek  7,brut4 #fi7 and 
in ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bfa1 where an ex4 is 
given4 ,definitiones3 n4 on #ah4        
,tenebras obducere3 such expressions    
abound in ,cic4 where the ,new ,academy 
is mentioned1 cf4 #cj 7lucem eripere71  
,n4,d4 ,i4 #f 7noctem obfundere7 ,aug4  
,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ad 7quasdam nebulas
 obfundere71 also the joke of ,aug4     

,,ii4 #bi tenebrae quae patronae        
,academicorum solent esse4 ,non admodum 
probata3 cf4 the passage of ,polybius   
qu4 by ,zeller #ecc4 ,lacyde3 the most  
important passages in ancient           
authorities concerning him are quoted by
 ,zeller #ejf4 ,it is important to note 
that ,arcesilas left no writings so that
 ,lacydes became the source of          
information about his teacher's         
doctrines4 ,tenuit3 cf4 the use of      
obtinere in ,de ,or4 ,i4 #de4 ,in       
,aeschine3 so ,dav4 for the confused    
,,mss4 reading4 ,for this philosopher   
see ,zeller #ecc4 ,as two ,,mss4 have   
hac nonne ,christ conj4 ,hagnone which  
,halm1 as well as ,baiter takes2 ,zeller
 #ecc seems to adopt this and at once   
confuses the supposed philosopher with  
one ,agnon just mentioned in ,quint4    
,,ii4 #ag1 #ae4 ,there is not the       
slightest reason for this1 ,agnon and   
,hagnon being known1 if known at all1   
from these two passages only4  #ag4     
,patrocinium3 for the word cf4 ,n4,d4   

,i4 #f4 ,non defuit3 such patronage was 
wanting in the time of ,arcesilas 7#af74
 ,faciendum omnino non putabant3        
,epictetus 7,arrian1 ,diss4 ,i4 #bg1    
#ae7 quietly suppresses a sceptic by    
saying      7,zeller #he1 n474 ,in      
another passage 7,arrian1 ,i4 #e7       
,epict4 says it is no more use arguing  
with a sceptic than with a corpse4      
,ullam rationem disputare3 the same     
constr4 occurs in #gd and ,pro ,caecina 
#ae1 ,verr4 ,act4 ,i4 #bd4 ,antipatrum3 
cf4 fragm4 #a of ,book ,i4 ,verbum e    
verbo3 so #ca1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ae1 ,t4,d4
 ,,iii4 #g1 not verbum de verbo1 which  
,goer4 asserts to be the usual form4    
,comprehensio3 cf4 ,i4 #da4 ,ut ,graeci3
 for the ellipse of the verb cf4 ,i4 #dd
 ut ,democritus4 ,evidentiam3 other     
translations proposed by ,cic4 were     
illustratio 7,quint4 ,,vi4 #b1 #cb7 and 
perspicientia 7,de ,off4 ,i4 #ae74      
,fabricemur3 cf4 #hg1 #aai1 #aba4 ,me   
appellabat3 ,cic4 was the great advocate
 for the ,latinisation of ,greek terms  

7,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ae74 ,sed tamen3 this   
often resumes the interrupted narrative1
 see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 ,ipsa          
evidentia3 note that the verb evidere is
 not ,latin4  #ah4 ,sustinere3 cf4 #gj4 
,pertinaciam3 the exact meaning of this 
may be seen from ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajg1     
,,iii4 #a4 ,it denotes the character    
which cannot recognise a defeat in      
argument and refuses to see the force of
 an opponent's reasoning4 ,for the      
application of the term to the          
,academics1 cf4 n4 on #ad1 #ff1 also ,i4
 #dd and ,d4,f4 ,v4 #id1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ac1
 in the last of which passages the      
,academy is called procax4 ,mentitur3   
cf4 #ab4 ,ita negaret3 this ita         
corresponds to si below1--a common      
sequence of particles in ,cic41 cf4 #ai4
 3 the conj4 of ,turnebus  is           
unnecessary1 on account of the negative 
contained in negaret4 ,visum3 cf4 ,i4   
#dj4 ,trivimus3 cf4 ,i4 #bg4 ,visum     
igitur3 the ,greek of this definition   
will be found in ,zeller #hf4 ,the words

 impressum effictumque are equivalent to
    in the ,gk4 ,it must not be         
forgotten that the ,stoics held a       
sensation to be a real alteration 77 of 
the material substance of the soul      
through the action of some external     
thing1 which impresses its image on the 
soul as a seal does on wax1 cf4 ,zeller 
#gf and #gg with footnotes4 ,ex eo unde 
esset 444 unde non esset3 this          
translation corresponds closely to the  
definition given by ,sextus in four out 
of the six passages referred to by      
,zeller 7in ,adv4 ,math4 ,,viii4 #hf    
,pyrrh4 ,hypotyp4 ,,iii4 #bdb1 the      
definition is clipt71 and in ,diog4     
,laert4 ,,vii4 #ej 7in #df he gives a   
clipt form like that of ,sextus in the  
two passages just referred to74 ,it is  
worth remarking 7as ,petrus ,valentia   
did1 p4 #bij of ,orelli's reprint of his
 ,academica7 that ,cic4 omits to        
represent the words '   4 ,sextus ,adv4 
,math4 ,,vii4 #bdi considers them       
essential to the definition and         

instances ,orestes who looking at       
,electra1 mistook her for an ,erinys4   
,the  therefore which he had although   
7proceeding from an actually existent   
thing7 was not   1 i4e4 did not truly   
represent that existent thing4 ,aug4    
,cont4 ,acad4 ,,ii4 #aa quotes ,cicero's
 definition and condenses it thus2 his  
signis verum posse comprehendi quae     
signa non potest habere quod falsum est4
 ,iudicium3 1 a test to distinguish     
between the unknown and the known4 ,eo1 
quo minime volt3 several things are     
clear1 7#a7 that ,philo headed a        
reaction towards dogmatism1 7#b7 that he
 based the possibility of knowledge on a
 ground quite different from the  1     
which he pronounced impossible1 7#c7    
that he distorted the views of          
,carneades to suit his own4 ,as to 7#a7 
all ancient testimony is clear1 cf4 #aa1
 ,sextus ,pyrr4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bce1 who     
tells us that while the ,carneadeans    
believed all things to be 1 ,philo held 
them to be 1 and ,numenius in ,euseb4   

,praep4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #h1 p4 #gci1 who    
treats him throughout his notice as a   
renegade4 7#b7 is evident from the      
,academica and from ,sextus as quoted   
above4 ,the foundation for knowledge    
which he substituted is more difficult  
to comprehend4 ,sextus indeed tells us  
that he held things to be in their own  
nature  7        474 ,but ,arcesilas and
 ,carneades would not have attempted to 
disprove this2 they never tried to show 
that things in themselves were          
incognisable1 but that human faculties  
do not avail to give information about  
them4 ,unless therefore ,philo deluded  
himself with words1 there was nothing   
new to him about such a doctrine4 ,the  
,stoics by their   professed to be able 
to get at the thing in itself1 in its   
real being1 if then ,philo did away with
 the 4 4 and substituted no other mode  
of curing the defects alleged by        
,arcesilas and ,carneades to reside in  
sense1 he was fairly open to the retort 
of ,antiochus given in the text4        

,numenius treats his polemic against the
 4 4 as a mere feint intended to cover  
his retreat towards dogmatism4 ,a       
glimpse of his position is afforded in  
#aab of this book1 where we may suppose 
,cic4 to be expressing the views of     
,philo1 and not those of ,clitomachus as
 he usually does4 ,it would seem from   
that passage that he defined the        
cognisable to be quod impressum esset e 
vero 7   71 refusing to add quo modo    
imprimi non posset a falso 7      71 cf4
 my n4 on the passage4 ,thus defined1 he
 most likely tried to show that the     
cognisable was equivalent to the  or  of
 ,carneades1 hence he eagerly pressed   
the doubtful statement of the latter    
that the wise man would opine1 that is1 
would pronounce definite judgments on   
phenomena4 7,see #gh of this book47 ,the
 scarcity of references to ,philo in    
ancient authorities does not allow of a 
more exact view of his doctrine4 ,modern
 inquiry has been able to add little or 
nothing to the elucidation given in     

#aeif by ,petrus ,valentia in his book  
entitled ,academica 7pp4 #cac--caf of   
the reprint by ,orelli74 ,with regard to
 7#c71 it it not difficult to see       
wherein ,philo's lie consisted4 ,he     
denied the popular view of ,arcesilas   
and ,carneades1 that they were apostles 
of doubt1 to be correct 7#ab74 ,i may   
add that from the mention of ,philo's   
ethical works at the outset of          
,stobaeus' ,ethica1 he would appear to  
have afterwards left dialectic and      
devoted himself to ethics4 ,what is     
important for us is1 that ,cic4 never   
seems to have made himself the defender 
of the new ,philonian dialectic4 ,by him
 the dialectic of ,carneades is treated 
as genuinely ,academic4 ,revolvitur3 cf4
 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ac1 also #adh of this 
book4 ,eam definitionem3 it is          
noteworthy that the whole war between   
the sceptics and the dogmatists was     
waged over the definition of the single 
sensation4 ,knowledge1 it was thought1  
was a homogeneous compound of these     

sense atoms1 if ,i may so call them1 on 
all hands it was allowed that all       
knowledge ultimately rests on sense2    
therefore its possibility depends on the
 truth of the individual perception of  
sense4      #ai--bi4 ,summary4 ,if the  
senses are healthy and unimpaired1 they 
give     perfectly true information     
about external things4 ,not that ,i     
maintain     the truth of every         
sensation1 ,epicurus must see to that4  
,things which     impede the action of  
the senses must always be removed1 in   
practice we     always do remove them   
where we can 7#ai74 ,what power the     
cultivated     senses of painters and   
musicians have6 ,how keen is the sense  
of touch6     7#bj74 ,after the         
perceptions of sense come the equally   
clear perceptions     of the mind1 which
 are in a certain way perceptions of    
sense1 since     they come through      
sense1 these rise in complexity till we 
arrive at     definitions and ideas     
7#ba74 ,if these ideas may possibly be  

false1 logic     memory1 and all kinds  
of arts are at once rendered impossible 
7#bb74     ,that true perception is     
possible1 is seen from moral action4    
,who would     act1 if the things on    
which he takes action might prove to be 
false8     7#bc7 ,how can wisdom be     
wisdom if she has nothing certain to    
guide her8     ,there must he some      
ground on which action can proceed      
7#bd74 ,credence     must be given to   
the thing which impels us to action1    
otherwise action     is impossible      
7#be74 ,the doctrines of the ,new       
,academy would put an end     to all    
processes of reasoning4 ,the fleeting   
and uncertain can never be              
discovered4 ,rational proof requires    
that something1 once veiled1 should     
be brought to light 7#bf74 ,syllogisms  
are rendered useless1 philosophy     too
 cannot exist unless her dogmas have a  
sure basis 7#bg74 ,hence the            
,academics have been urged to allow     
their dogma that perception is          

impossible1 to be a certain perception  
of their minds4 ,this1 ,carneades       
said1 would be inconsistent1 since the  
very dogma excludes the     supposition 
that there can be any true perception   
7#bh74 ,antiochus     declared that the 
,academics could not be held to be      
philosophers if     they had not even   
confidence in their one dogma 7#bi74    
#ai4 ,sensibus3 it is important to      
observe that the word sensus like  means
 two things1 7#a7 one of the five       
senses1 7#b7 an individual act of       
sensation4 ,deus3 for the supposed god  
cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fg4 ,non videam3 this 
strong statement is ridiculed in #hj4   
,de remo inflexo et de collo columbae3  
cf4 #gi1 #hb4 ,the    and   are         
frequently mentioned1 along with        
numerous other instances of the         
deceptiveness of sense1 by ,sext4 ,emp41
 e4g4 ,pyrrhon4 ,hypot4 ,i4 #aai-aba1   
,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #bdd1 #dad4 ,cicero1
 in his speech of the day before1 had   
probably added other examples1 cf4 ,aug4

 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bg4 ,epicurus hoc  
viderit3 see #gi1 #hj4 ,epic4 held all  
sensation1 per se1 to be infallible4    
,the chief authorities for this are     
given in ,r4 and ,p4 #cdc1 #cdd1 ,zeller
 #djc1 footnote4 ,lumen mutari3 cf4     
,brut4 #bfa4 ,intervalla 444 diducimus3 
for this cf4 ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,i4 #aah    
7i4e4 the #eth sceptic  for showing     
sense to be untrustworthy7     7situs7  
7intervalla7   4 ,multaque facimus usque
 eo3 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #beh    
4 ,sui iudicii3 see for the gen4        
,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg2 there is an        
extraordinary instance in ,plaut4 ,persa
 ,v4 #b1 #h1 quoted by ,goer4 ,sui      
cuiusque3 for this use of suus quisque  
as a single word see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #df4 
#bj4 ,ut oculi 444 cantibus3 ,halm after
 ,dav4 treats this as a gloss3 on the   
other hand ,i think it appropriate and  
almost necessary4 ,quis est quin cernat3
 read ,madvig's strong remarks on       
,goerenz's note here 7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg74
 ,umbris 444 eminentia3 ,pliny 7see     

,forc47 often uses umbra and lumen1 to  
denote background and foreground1 so in 
,gk4  and  are opposed to 2 cf4 also 1  
adumbrare1 and ,aesch4 ,agam4 #acbh4    
,cic4 often applies metaphorically to   
oratory the two words here used1 e4g4   
,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aja1 and after him     
,quintilian1 e4g4 ,,ii4 #ag1 #ba4       
,inflatu3 cf4 #hf 7where an answer is   
given7 and 4 ,antiopam3 of ,pacuvius4   
,andromacham3 of ,ennius1 often quoted  
by ,cic41 as ,de ,div4 ,i4 #bc4         
,interiorem3 see ,r4 and ,p4 #afe and   
,zeller's ,socrates and the ,socratic   
,schools1 #bif4 ,quia sentiatur3  being 
their only 4 ,madv4 7without necessity1 
as a study of the passages referred to  
in ,r4 and ,p4 and ,zeller will show7   
conj4 cui adsentiatur1 comparing #ci1   
#eh2 cf4 also #gf4 ,inter eum 444 et    
inter3 for the repetition of inter cf4  
,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #cb and ,madv4 ,gram4 #dgj4
 ,nihil interesse3 if the doctrine of   
the ,academics were true1 a man might   
really be in pain when he fancied       

himself in pleasure1 and vice versa2    
thus the distinction between pleasure   
and pain would be obscured4 ,sentiet 444
 insaniat3 ,for the sequence cf4 ,d4,f4 
,i4 #fb and ,wesenberg's fine note on   
,t4,d4 ,v4 #ajb4  #ba4 ,illud est album3
 these are 1 judgments of the mind1 in  
which alone truth and falsehood reside2 
see ,zeller #ajg sq4 ,there is a passage
 in ,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #cdd1    
#cde which closely resembles ours2 it is
 too long to quote entire3       7which 
resides only in the 7   4 444     444   
4           444     4 ,ille deinceps3   
deinceps is really out of place2 cf4 #bd
 quomodo primum for pr4 quom4 ,ille     
equus est3 ,cic4 seems to consider that 
the 1 which affirms the existence of an 
abstract quality1 is prior to that which
 affirms the existence of a concrete    
individual4 ,i can quote no parallel to 
this from the ,greek texts4 ,expletam   
comprehensionem3 full knowledge4 ,here  
we rise to a definition4 ,this one often
 appears in ,sextus3 e4g4 ,adv4 ,math4  

,,vii4     1    4 ,the ,stoic 1 and this
 among them1 are amusingly ridiculed1   
,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,ii4 #bjh--baa4          
,notitiae3 this ,cic4 uses as a         
translation both of  and 1 for which see
 ,zeller #gi1 #hi4 ,in ,i4 #dj notiones 
rerum is given4 ,sine quibus3           
,diog4 ,,vii4 #db4  #bb4 ,igitur3 for   
the anacoluthia cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 
,consentaneum3 so ,sextus constantly    
uses 4 ,repugnaret3 cf4 ,i4 #ai and n4  
,memoriae certe3 n4 on #ajf4 ,continet3 
cf4 contineant in #dj4 ,quae potest     
esse3 ,cic4 nearly always writes putat  
esse1 potest esse and the like1 not esse
 putat etc41 which form is especially   
rare at the end of a clause4 ,memoria   
falsorum3 this difficulty is discussed  
in ,plato ,sophist4 #bch--bci4 ,ex      
multis animi perceptionibus3 the same   
definition of an art occurs in ,n4,d4   
,,ii4 #adh1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ah 7see      
,madv471 ,quint1 ,,ii4 #ag1 #da1 ,sext4 
,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 #ahh       ib4     
,,iii4 #bej4 ,quam3 for the change from 

plural to singular 7perceptio in        
universum7 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ch1 ,madv4    
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #fa1 ,em4 #aci4 ,qui       
distingues3 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,viii4 
#bhj      4 ,sextus often comments on   
similar complaints of the ,stoics4      
,aliud eiusmodi genus sit3 this         
distinction is as old as ,plato and     
,arist41 and is of constant occurrence  
in the late philosophy4 ,cf4 ,sext4     
,adv4 ,math4 ,,xi4 #aig who adds a third
 class of  called  to the usual  and 1  
also ,quint4 ,,ii4 #ah1 #a and #b1 where
  corresponds to the 4 of ,sext4        
,continget3 will be the natural         
consequence4 ,the notion that the verb  
contingit denotes necessarily good      
fortune is quite unfounded2 see ,tischer
 on ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,tractabit3  4    
#bc4 ,cognitio3 like ,germ4 lehre1 the  
branch of learning which concerns the   
virtues4 ,goer4 is quite wrong in taking
 it to be a trans4 of  here4 ,in quibus3
 the antecedent is not virtutum1 as     
,petrus ,valentia 7p4 #bib ed4 ,orelli7 

supposes and gets into difficulty       
thereby1 but multa4 ,this is shown by   
etiam2 not merely the virtues but also  
all  depends on 2 cf4 ,i4 #dj1 #da1 with
 notes1 ,zeller #hh1 ,r4 and ,p4 #cfg4  
,stabilem3   4 ,artem vivendi3          
tralaticium hoc apud omnes philosophos  
,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #db4 ,sextus constantly   
talks about       7,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,,iii4 
#bej7 the existence of which he         
disproves to his own satisfaction 7,adv4
 ,math4 ,,xi4 #afh sq74 ,ille vir bonus3
 in all ancient systems1 even the       
,epicurean1 the happiness of the sapiens
 must be proof against the rack2 cf4    
esp4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bi1 #ge1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 
#gc1 ,zeller #dej1 and the similar      
description of the  in ,plato's         
,gorgias4 ,potius quam aut3 ,lamb4 ut2  
but ,i think ,c4,f4 ,hermann is right in
 asserting after ,wopkens that ,cic4    
never inserts ut after potius quam with 
the subj4 ,tischer on ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb  
affirms that ut is frequently found1 but
 gives no exx4 ,for the meaning cf4 ,de 

,off4 ,i4 #hf1 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4  
#ab who says the sapiens of the ,academy
 must be desertor officiorum omnium4    
,comprehensi 444 constituti3 cf4 the    
famous abiit1 evasit1 excessit1 crupit4 
,iis rebus3 note the assumption that the
 sensation corresponds to the thing     
which causes it4 ,adsensus sit 444      
possint3 nearly all edd4 before ,halm   
read possunt1 but the subj4 expresses   
the possibility as present to the mind  
of the supposed vir bonus4 ,cf4 ,madv4  
,gram4 #cfh4  #bd4 ,primum3 out of      
place1 see on #ba4 ,agere3 the dogmatist
 always held that the sceptic must1 if  
consistent1 be    7,sext4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 
,i4 #bc74 ,extremum3 similar attempts to
 translate  are made in ,d4,f4 ,i4 #aa1 
#bi1 ,v4 #ag4 ,cum quid agere3 cf4 ,i4  
#bc for the phrase ,naturae             
accommodatum4 a purely ,stoic           
expression1   2 cf4 #ch and ,d4,f4 ,v4  
#ag1 also ,,iii4 #af1 ,zeller #bbg1     
footnote1 ,r4 and ,p4 #cij4 ,impellimur3
 1 ,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #cia1 as  

often4  #be4 ,oportet videri3 ought to  
be seen4 ,for this use cf4 #ci1 #ha and 
#abb of this book4 ,videri at the end of
 this section has the weak sense1 to    
seem4 ,lucretius often passes rapidly   
from the one use to the other2 cf4 ,i4  
#bfb with ,i4 #bgj1 and ,munro's n41    
also ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #eb1 ,em4 ,liv4 p4 
#db4 ,non poterit3 as the ,academics    
allege4 ,naturae 444 alienum3 ,cic4 uses
 this adjective with the dat1 and also  
with the ablative preceded by ab2 ,i    
doubt whether the phrase maiestate      
alienum 7without the preposition7 can be
 right in ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajb1 where   
the best texts still keep it4 ,non      
occurrit 444 aget3 occurrit is probably 
the perfect4 ,cf4 n4 on #abg4  #bf4     
,quid quod si3 ,goer41 outrageously     
reads quid quod si1 si4 ,tollitur3 the  
verb tollere occurs as frequently in    
this sense as  does in ,sextus4 ,lux    
lumenque3 ,bentl4 dux ,the expression   
dux vitae is of course frequent 7cf4    
,n4,d4 ,i4 #dj1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e and       

,lucretius71 but there is no need to    
alter4 ,lux is properly natural light1  
lumen artificial1 cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4  
#ac1 #a4 lumina dimiseramus1 nec satis  
lucebat1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #de solis luce   
444 lumen lucernae4 ,there is the same  
difference between  and 1 the latter is 
used for the former 7 7 just as lumen is
 for lux 7si te secundo lumine his      
offendere--,ad ,att4 ,,vii4 #bf1 #a7 but
 not often vice versa4 ,trans4 the      
luminary and the lamp of life1 and cf4  
,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #bfi where   
the  is called 4 ,finis3 so in the      
beginning of the ,nicom4 ,eth4 ,aristot4
 assumes that the actual existence of   
human exertion is a sufficient proof    
that there is a 4 ,aperta3 a            
reminiscence of the frequently recurring
 ,greek terms 1  etc41 cf4 ,sextus      
passim1 and ,d4,f4 ,i4 #cj4 ,initium 444
 exitus   444 4 ,tenetur3 ,,mss4 tenet1 
the nom4 to which ,guietus thought to be
 ratio above4 3 cf4 the definition very 
often given by ,sext4 e4g4 ,pyrrh4 ,hyp4

 ,,ii4 #adc  '   7premisses7            
7conclusion7  1 also ,diog4 ,,vii4 #de1 
7if the reading be right74  #bg4 ,notio3
 another trans4 of 4 ,conclusisse3      
although the ,greeks used  instead of   
sometimes for the conclusion of the     
syllogism1 they did not use the verb    
which has been supposed to correspond to
 concludere4 ,it is more likely to be a 
trans4 of 1 and conclusum argumentum of 
1 which terms are of frequent           
occurrence4 ,rationibus progredi3 to a  
similar question ,sextus answers1       
7the dogmatists7  1   7,adv4 ,math4     
,,viii4 #cfg74 ,sapientiae 444 futurum  
est3 for the dat4 with facio and fio see
 ,madv4 ,gram4 #bda1 obs4 #e1 ,opusc4   
,i4 #cgj1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #gi1 and cf4 #if 
of this book4 ,lex veri rectique3 cf4   
#bi2 the constitutio veri and the       
determination of what is rectum in      
morals are the two main tasks of        
philosophy4 ,sapientique satis non sit3 
so ,manut4 for the sapientisque sit of  
the ,,mss4 ,halm after ,dav4 reads      

sapientis1 neque satis sit1 which ,i    
think is wrong1 for if the ellipse be   
supplied the construction will run neque
 dubitari potest quin satis sit1 which  
gives the exact opposite of the sense   
required4 ,ratum3 cf4 #ada4  #bh4       
,perceptum3 thoroughly known and        
grasped4 ,similar arguments are very    
frequent in ,sextus1 e4g4 ,adv4 ,math4  
,,viii4 #bha1 where the dogmatist argues
 that if proof be impossible1 as the    
sceptic says1 there must be a proof to  
show it impossible2 the sceptic doctrine
 must be provable4 ,cf4 #aji of this    
book4 ,postulanti3 making it a necessity
 for the discussion2 cf4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4  
#ba4 ,consentaneum esse3  4 ,ut alia3   
although others4 ,tantum abest ut--ut3  
cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #ddj a4  #bi4         
,pressius3 cf4 ,de ,fato #ca1 #cc1      
,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bj1 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ad1     
,hortensius fragm4 #df ed4 ,nobbe4 ,the 
word is mocked in #aji4 ,decretum3 of   
course the ,academics would say they did
 not hold this  as stabile fixum ratum  

but only as probabile4 ,sextus however  
,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #bbf 7and elsewhere7  
accuses them of making it in reality    
what in words they professed it not to  
be1 a fixed dogma4 ,sentitis enim3 cf4  
sentis in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #bf4 ,fluctuare3
 to be at sea1 ,halm fluctuari1 but the 
deponent verb is not elsewhere found in 
,cic4 ,summa3 cf4 summa philosophiae    
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #hf4 ,veri falsi3 cf4 n4 on
 #ib4 ,quae visa3 so ,halm for ,,mss4   
quaevis1 which edd4 had changed to quae 
a quovis4 ,repudiari3 the selection     
depended on the probabile of course1    
with the ,academics4 ,veri falsique3    
these words were used in different      
senses by the dogmatist and the sceptic1
 the former meant by them the           
undestructibly true and false4 ,this    
being so1 the statements in the text are
 in no sense arguments1 they are mere   
assertions1 as ,sext4 says1             
7,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #cae71     7ib4 #ccg74   
,cognoscendi initium3 cf4 #bf1 ,this ,i 
have1 the ,academic would reply1 in my  

probabile4 ,extremum expetendi3 a rather
 unusual phrase for the ethical finis4  
,ut moveri non possint3 so  is          
perpetually used in ,sext4 ,est ut      
opinor3 so ,halm after ,ernesti for sit 
of the ,,mss4 ,i think it very likely   
that the ,,mss4 reading is right1 and   
that the whole expression is an         
imitation of the ,greek   and the like4 
,the subj4 is supported by ,d4,f4 ,,iii4
 #bj1 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #h1 ,ad ,att4       
,,xiii4 #ad1 #c1 where ut opinor is     
thrown in as here1 and by ,ac4 ,,ii4    
#ag1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 #bd1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 
#aji1 where si placet is appended in a  
similar way4      #cj--cf4 ,summary4    
,with respect to physical science1 we   
might urge that     nature has          
constructed man with great art4 ,his    
mind is naturally formed     for the    
attainment of knowledge 7#cj74 ,for this
 purpose the mind uses     the senses1  
and so gradually arrives at virtue1     
which is the perfection     of the      
reason4 ,those then who deny that any   

certainty can be attained     through   
the senses1 throw the whole of life into
 confusion 7#ca74 ,some     sceptics say
 we cannot help it4 ,others distinguish 
between the     absolute absence of     
certainty1 and the denial of its        
absolute presence4     ,let us deal with
 these rather than with the former      
7#cb74 ,now they on     the one hand    
profess to distinguish between true and 
false1 and on the     other hold that no
 absolutely certain method for          
distinguishing between     true and     
false is possible 7#cc74 ,this is       
absurd1 a thing cannot be     known at  
all unless by such marks as can         
appertain to no other thing4     ,how   
can a thing be said to be evidently     
white1 if the possibility     remains   
that it may be really black8 ,again1 how
 can a thing be     evident at all if it
 may be after all a mere phantom 7#cd78 
,there is     no definite mark1 say the 
sceptics1 by which a thing may be known4
     ,their probability then is mere    

random guess work 7#ce74 ,even if they  
only profess to decide after careful    
pondering of the circumstances1 we      
reply that a decision which is still    
possibly false is useless 7#cf74  #cj4  
,physicis3 neuter not masc42 cf4 ,i4 #f4
 ,libertatem et licentiam3 et  and even4
 ,libertas   as often in ,tacitus4      
,abditis rebus et obscuris3 cf4 n4 on   
,i4 #ae1 and the word  ,sext4 ,adv4     
,math4 ,,vii4 #bf4 ,lucem eripere3 like 
tollere 7n4 on #bf71 cf4 #ch1 #ajc and  
,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4 ,for the sense see n4 on 
#af1 also #fa4 ,artificio3 this word is 
used in ,cic4 as equivalent to ars in   
all its senses1 cf4 #aad and ,de ,or4   
,,ii4 #hc4 ,fabricata esset3 the        
expression is sneered at in #hg4 ,quem  
ad modum primum3 so ,halm rightly for   
,,mss4 prima or primo1 which latter is  
not often followed by deinde in ,cicero4
 ,primum is out of position1 as in #bd4 
,appetitio pulsa3  mota1 set in motion4 
,for  see #bd4 ,intenderemus3 as in the 
exx4 given in #bj4 ,fons3 reservoir1    

rather than source here4 ,it will be    
noted that  must take place before the  
is roused4 ,ipse sensus est3 an approach
 to this theory is made in ,plat4       
,theaet4 #ahe1 #aia4 ,cf4 especially    
,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #cej       1 
1       444    4 ,all powers of         
sensation with the ,stoics1 who are     
perhaps imitated here1 were included in 
the 1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ch4 ,alia quasi3 so
 ,faber for aliqua4 ,in vera et aperta  
partitione nec ,cicero nec alius        
quisquam aliquis--alius dixit1 multo    
minus alius--aliquis1 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4  
#fc4 ,goer4 on the other hand says he   
can produce #ej exx4 of the usage1 he   
forbears however1 to produce them4      
,recondit3 so the  are called   7,plut4 
,de ,sto4 ,repug4 p4 #ajeg a74 ,in      
,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4 ,,vii4 #cgc  is     
called  4 ,similitudinibus3 '  ,sext4   
,pyrr4 ,hyp4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,cic4 uses this 
word as including all processes by which
 the mind gets to know things not       
immediately perceived by sense4 ,in     

,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #cc it receives its proper
 meaning1 for which see ,madv4 there1   
and the passages he quotes1 analogies   
will here best translate the word1      
which1 is used in the same wide sense in
 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bb #ch4 ,construit3 so   
,,mss4 ,orelli gave constituit4         
,notitiae3 cf4 #bb4 ,cic4 fails to      
distinguish between the   or  which are 
the 1 and those  which are the conscious
 product of the reason1 in the ,stoic   
system4 ,cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ba1 ,v4  
#fj1 for this and other inaccuracies of 
,cic4 in treating of the same subject1  
also ,zeller #gi4 ,rerumque3 facts4     
,perfecta3 sapientia1 virtus1 perfecta  
ratio1 are almost convertible terms in  
the expositions of ,antiocheanism found 
in ,cic4 ,cf4 ,i4 #bj4  #ca4 ,vitaeque  
constantiam3 which philosophy brings1   
see #bc4 ,cognitionem3 4 ,cognitio is   
used to translate  in ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #af1 
,,iii4 #ag1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #da4 ,ut dixi 
444 dicemus3 ,for the repetition cf4    
#ace1 #adf1 and ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #da4 ,the 

future tense is odd and unlike ,cic4    
,lamb4 wrote dicimus1 ,i would rather   
read dicamus2 cf4 n4 on #bi4 ,per se3 ' 
1 there is no need to read propter1 as  
,lamb4 ,ut virtutem efficiat3 note that 
virtue is throughout this exposition    
treated as the result of the exercise of
 the reason4 ,evertunt3 cf4 eversio in  
#ii4 ,animal 444 animo3 ,cic4 allows    
animus to all animals1 not merely anima2
 see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ch4 ,the rule   
given by ,forc4 s4v4 animans is         
therefore wrong4 ,temeritate3 1 which   
occurs passim in ,sext4 ,the word1 which
 is constantly hurled at the dogmatists 
by the sceptics1 is here put by way of  
retort4 ,so in ,sext4 ,adv4 ,math4      
,,vii4 #bfj1 the sceptic is called  for 
rejecting the  4  #cb4 ,incerta3 4      
,democritus3 cf4 ,i4 #dd4 ,quae 444     
abstruserit3 because she has hidden4    
,alii autem3 note the ellipse of the    
verb1 and cf4 ,i4 #b4 ,etiam queruntur3 
actually complain2 go so far as to      
complain4 ,inter incertum3 cf4 ,numenius

 in ,euseb4 ,pr4 ,ev4 ,,xiv4 #g1 #ab1   
1          7quoted as from ,carneades71 
also #ed of this book4 ,docere3 to      
prove1 cf4 n4 on #aba4 ,qui haec        
distinguunt3 the followers of ,carneades
 rather than those of ,arcesilas2 cf4 n4
 on ,i4 #de4 ,stellarum numerus3 this   
typical uncertainty is constantly       
referred to in ,sext4 e4g4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 
#ij1 #ih1 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bdc1 ,,viii4   
#adg1 #cag2 where it is reckoned among  
things   4 ,so in the ,psalms1 ,god only
 telleth the number of the stars2 cf4   
#aaj4 ,aliquos3 contemptuous2  4 ,cf4   
,parad4 #cc agrestis aliquos4 ,moveri3  
this probably refers to the speech of   
,catulus2 see ,introd4 p4 #ea4 ,aug4    
,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ae refers to this   
passage1 which must have been preserved 
in the second edition4  #cc4 ,veri et   
falsi3 these words ,lamb4 considered    
spurious in the first clause1 and ,halm 
brackets2 but surely their repetition is
 pointed and appropriate4 ,you talk     
about a rule for distinguishing between 

the true and the false while you do away
 with the notion of true and false      
altogether4 ,the discussion here really 
turns on the use of terms4 ,if it is    
fair to use the term true to denote the 
probably true1 the ,academics are not   
open to the criticism here attempted2   
cf4 #aaa tam vera quam falsa cernimus4  
,ut inter rectum et pravum3 the sceptic 
would no more allow the absolute        
certainty of this distinction than of   
the other4 ,communis3 the  of ,sextus2  
in whose vision true and false are      
confused4 ,cf4      ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4
 #afd 7,r4 and ,p4 #daj71 also #age4    
,notam3 the  of ,sextus2 cf4 esp4 ,p4,h4
 ,,ii4 #ig sq4 ,eodem modo falsum3      
,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #afd 7,r4 and ,p4  
#daj7         4 ,ut si quis3 ,madv4 in  
an important n4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #cj     
explains this thus2 ista ratione si quis
 444 privaverit1 possit dicere4 ,i do   
not think our passage at all analogous  
to those he quotes1 and still prefer to 
construe quem as a strong relative1     

making a pause between quis and quem4   
,visionem3 ,simply another trans4 of 4  
,ut ,carneades3 see ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4
 #aff             7,r4 and ,p4 #daa74   
,as the trans4 of the latter phrase in  
,zeller #ebd probable undisputed and    
tested is imperfect1 ,i will give       
,sextus' own explanation4 ,the merely   
is that sensation which at first sight1 
without any further inquiry1 seems      
probably true 7,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4     
#afg--age74 ,now no sensation is        
perceived alone2 the percipient subject 
has always other synchronous sensations 
which are able to turn him aside 71 7   
from the one which is the immediate     
object of his attention4 ,this last is  
only called  when examination has shown 
all the concomitant sensations to be in 
harmony with it4 7,sext4 as above       
#age--aha47 ,the word undisputed1       
therefore1 is a misleading trans4 of the
 term4 ,the  7thoroughly explored7      
requires more than a mere apparent      
agreement of the concomitant sensations 

with the principal one4 ,circumstances  
quite external to the sensations        
themselves must be examined2 the time at
 which they occur1 or during which they 
continue2 the condition of the space    
within which they occur1 and the        
apparent intervals between the person   
and the objects2 the state of the air2  
the disposition of the person's mind1   
and the soundness or unsoundness of his 
eyes 7,sext4 #aha--ahi74  #cd4          
,communitas3  or   2 ,sext4 ,a4,m4      
,,vii4 #djc1 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #abg4 ,proprium3
 so ,sext4 often uses 1 e4g4 ,a4 ,m4    
,,ix4 #daj4 ,signo notari3 signo for    
nota1 merely from love of variety4 ,the 
in before communi1 though bracketed by  
,halm after ,manut41 ,lamb4 is perfectly
 sound2 it means within the limits of1  
and is so used after notare in ,de ,or41
 ,,iii4 #ahf4 ,convicio3 so ,madv4 ,em4 
#adc corrected the corrupt ,,mss4       
readings1 comparing ,orator #afj1 ,ad   
,fam4 ,,xv4 #ah4 ,a4,w4 ,zumpt on ,pro  
,murena #ac rightly defines the         

,ciceronian use of the word1 ,non unum  
maledictum appellatur convicium sed     
multorum verborum quasi vociferatio4 ,he
 is wrong however in thinking that ,cic4
 only uses the word once in the plural  
7,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #ah1 #a71 for it occurs
 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #bj1 and elsewhere4       
,perspicua3 1 a term used with varying  
signification by all the later ,greek   
schools4 ,verum illud quidem3 which is  
indeed what they call 'true'4           
,impressum3 n4 on #ah4 ,percipi atque   
comprehendi3 ,halm retains the barbarous
 ac of the ,,mss4 before the guttural4  
,it is quite impossible that ,cic4 could
 have written it4 ,the two verbs are    
both trans4 of 2 ,cic4 proceeds as usual
 on the principle thus described in     
,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ad erit notius quale sit1
 pluribus notatum vocabulis idem        
declarantibus4 ,subtiliter3 ,cic4's     
constant trans4 of  or '  7passim in    
,sext4 e4g4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #abc74         
,inaniterne moveatur3 ,,mss4 agree in ve
 for ne1 on which see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4   

#gf4 ,inaniter    4 ,cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ce1 
also ,,ii4 #dg1 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #c 7inaniter 
moveri71 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ac1 ,de ,div4    
,,ii4 #abj1 #abf1 #adj 7per se moveri71 
,greek  7,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #di71  7   
inanis motus1 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4     
#ahd71      7ib4 ,,viii4 #ced71   7ib4  
,,vii4 #bda71   7ib4 ,,viii4 #fg71 and  
the frequent phrase   4 ,for the meaning
 see n4 on #dg4 ,relinquitur3 so in     
,sext4  is constantly used as the       
opposite of  7tollere74  #ce4 ,neminem  
etc43 they are content to make strong   
statements without any mark of          
certainty4 ,primo quasi adspectu3 the   
merely   is here meant2 see #cc4  #cf4  
,ex circumspectione1 etc43 the 2 see n4 
on #cc4 ,primum quia 444 deinde3 for the
 slight anacoluthia1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f ed4   
,,ii4 p4 #gif4 ,iis visis1 etc43 i4e4 if
 you have a number of things1 emitting a
 number of appearances1 and you cannot  
be sure of uniting each appearance to   
the thing from which it proceeds1 then  
you can have no faith in any appearance 

even if you have gone through the       
process required by ,carneades' rules4  
,ad verum ipsum3 cf4 #dj4 ,quam proxime3
 cf4 #dg1 and also #g4 ,insigne3 1 the  
same as nota and signum above4 ,quo     
obscurato3 so ,lamb4 for ,,mss4 obscuro 
which ,halm keeps4 ,cf4 quam obscurari  
volunt in #db and quo sublato in #cc4   
,argumentum3 ,cic4 seems to be thinking 
of the word 1 which1 however1 the       
,stoics hardly use4 ,id quod            
significatur3   in ,sext4      #cg--dj4 
,summary ,the distinction of an animal  
is to act4 ,you must     either         
therefore deprive it of sensation1 or   
allow it to assent to     phenomena     
7#cg74 ,mind1 memory1 the arts and      
virtue itself1 require a     firm assent
 to be given to some phenomena1 he      
therefore who does away     with assent 
does away with all action in life 7#ch1 
#ci74  #cg4 ,explicabamus3 #ai--ba and  
#cj 7quae vis esset in sensibus74       
,inanimum3 not inanimatum1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4
 ,,iv4 #cf4 ,agit aliquid3 ,i4 #bc4     

,quae est in nostra3 ,walker's insertion
 of non before est is needless1 cf4 n4  
on ,i4 #dj4 ,it is the impact of the    
sensation from without1 not the assent  
given to it1 that is involuntary 7,sext4
 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #cig      74 ,for in    
potestate cf4 ,de ,fato #i1 ,n4,d4 ,i4  
#fi  #ch4 ,eripitur3 cf4 #cj4 ,neque    
sentire3 ,christ om4 neque2 but the     
sceptics throughout are supposed to rob 
people of their senses4 ,cedere3 cf4 1  
in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #aic1 #bcj1 ,diog4 
,,vii4 #ea1          2 also #ff of this 
book4 3 cf4 #cd4 ,adsentitur statim3    
this really contradicts a good deal that
 has gone before1 esp4 #bj4 ,memoriam3  
cf4 #bb4 ,in nostra potestate3 this may 
throw light on fragm4 #ae of the ,ac4   
,post41 which see4  #ci4 ,virtus3 even  
the ,stoics1 who were fatalists as a    
rule1 made moral action depend on the   
freedom of the will2 see n4 on ,i4 #dj4 
,ante videri aliquid for the doctrine   
cf4 #be1 for the passive use of videri1 
n4 on #be4 ,adsentiatur3 the passive use

 is illustrated by ,madv4 ,em4 #aca1 the
 change of construction from infin4 to  
subj4 after necesse est on ,d4,f4 ,v4   
#be4 ,tollit e vita3 so ,de ,fato #bi4  
#dj--db4 ,summary4 ,the ,academics have 
a regular method4 ,they first give     a
 general definition of sensation1 and   
then lay down the different     classes 
of sensations4 ,then they put forward   
their two strong     arguments1 7#a7    
things which produce sensations such as 
might have     been produced in the same
 form by other things1 cannot be partly 
capable of being perceived1 partly not  
capable1 7#b7 sensations must     be    
assumed to be of the same form if our   
faculties do not enable us to           
distinguish between them4 ,then they    
proceed4 ,sensations are partly         
true1 partly false1 the false cannot of 
course be real perceptions1     while   
the true are always of a form which the 
false may assume4 ,now     sensations   
which are indistinguishable from false  
cannot be partly     perceptions1 partly

 not4 ,there is therefore no sensation  
which is also     a perception 7#dj74   
,two admissions1 they say1 are          
universally made1 7#a7     false        
sensations cannot be perceptions1 7#b7  
sensations which are                    
indistinguishable from false1 cannot be 
partly perceptions1 partly not4     ,the
 following two assertions they strive to
 prove1 7#a7 sensations are     partly  
true1 partly false1 7#b7 every sensation
 which proceeds from a     reality1 has 
a form which it might have if it        
proceeded from an     unreality 7#da74  
,to prove these propositions1 they      
divide perceptions     into those which 
are sensations1 and those which are     
deduced from     sensations2 after which
 they show that credit cannot be given  
to either     class 7#db74 ,the word    
perception is used to mean a certainly  
known     sensation4  #dj4 ,quasi       
fundamenta3 a trans4 probably of  or the
 like2 cf4   in ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,v4 #ej4  
,artem3 method1 like 1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4    

,,iii4 #d1 ,mayor on ,iuv4 ,,vii4 #agg4 
,vim3 the general character which       
attaches to all 2 genera the different  
classes of 4 ,totidem verbis3 of course 
with a view to showing that nothing     
really corresponded to the definition4  
,carneades largely used the reductio ad 
absurdum method4 ,contineant 444        
quaestionem3 cf4 #bb and ,t4,d4 ,,iv4   
#fe una res videtur causam continere4   
,quae ita3 it is essential throughout   
this passage to distinguish clearly the 
sensation 7visum7 from the thing which  
causes it4 ,here the things are meant2  
two things are supposed to cause two    
sensations so similar that the person   
who has one of the sensations cannot    
tell from which of the two things it    
comes4 ,under these circumstances the   
sceptics urge that it is absurd to      
divide things into those which can be   
perceived 7known with certainty7 and    
those which cannot4 ,nihil interesse    
autem3 the sceptic is not concerned to  
prove the absolute similarity of the two

 sensations which come from the two     
dissimilar things1 it is enough if he   
can show that human faculties are not   
perfect enough to discern whatever      
difference may exist1 cf4 #he4 ,alia    
vera sunt3 ,numenius in ,euseb4 ,pr4    
,ev4 ,,xiv4 #h1 #d says ,carneades      
allowed that truth and falsehood 7or    
reality and unreality7 could be affirmed
 of things1 though not of sensations4   
,if we could only pierce through a      
sensation and arrive at its source1 we  
should be able to tell whether to       
believe the sensation or not4 ,as we    
cannot do this1 it is wrong to assume   
that sensation and thing correspond4    
,cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #bb              
7i4e4 the thing from which the          
appearance proceeds7   1         4      
,neither ,carneades nor ,arcesilas ever 
denied1 as some modern sceptics have    
done1 the actual existence of things    
which cause sensations1 they simply     
maintained that1 granting the existence 
of the things1 our sensations do not    

give us correct information about them4 
,eiusdem modi3 cf4 #cc eodem modo4 ,non 
posse accidere3 this is a very          
remarkable1 and1 as ,madv4 7,d4,f4 ,i4  
#cj7 thinks1 impossible1 change from    
recta oratio to obliqua4 ,halm with     
,manut4 reads potest4 ,cf4 #aja4  #da4  
,neque enim3 a remark of ,lucullus'     
merely4 ,quod sit a vero3 cf4 ,munio on 
,lucr4 ,,ii4 #ea fulgor ab auro4        
,possit3 for the om4 of esse cf4 n4 on  
,i4 #bi4  #db4 ,proposita3 cf4  passim  
in ,sext4 ,in sensus3  in ea1 quae ad   
sensus pertinent cf4 ,i4 #bj4 ,omni     
consuetudine3 general experience 1 cf4  
,n4,d4 ,i4 #hc4 ,quam obscurari volunt3 
cf4 ,i4 #cc4 quod explanari volebant2   
the em4 of ,dav4 obscurare is against   
,cic4's usage1 that of ,christ quam     
observari nolunt is wanton without being
 ingenious4 ,de reliquis3 i4e4 iis quae 
a sensibus ducuntur4 ,in singulisque    
rebus3 the word rebus must mean         
subjects1 not things1 to which the words
 in minima dispertiunt would hardly     

apply4 ,adiuncta3 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4  
#afd 7,r4 and ,p4 #daj7         1 also  
,,vii4 #dch1 etc4      #dc--de4         
,summary4 ,the sceptics ought not to    
define1 for 7#a7 a     definition cannot
 be a definition of two things1 7#b7 if 
the definition     is applicable only to
 one thing1 that thing must be capable  
of being     thoroughly known and       
distinguished from others 7#dc74 ,for   
the purposes     of reasoning their     
probabile is not enough4 ,reasoning can 
only     proceed upon certain premisses4
 ,again to say that there are false     
sensations is to say that there are true
 ones2 you acknowledge     therefore a  
difference1 then you contradict         
yourselves and say there is     none    
7#dd74 ,let us discuss the matter       
farther4 ,the innate clearness of       
visa1 aided by reason1 can lead to      
knowledge 7#de74  #dc4 ,horum3 ,lamb4   
harum2 the text however is quite right1 
cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #bad b4 ,luminibus3   
cf4 #aja4 ,nihilo magis3   1 which was  

constantly in the mouths of sceptics1   
see e4g4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #ad4 ,num    
illa definitio 444 transferri3 ,i need  
hardly point out that the  of the       
,academics was merely founded on        
probability1 just as their truth was    
7cf4 n4 on #bi74 ,an ,academic would say
 in reply to the question1 probably it  
cannot1 but ,i will not affirm it4 ,vel 
illa vera3 these words seem to me       
genuine1 though nearly all editors      
attack them4 ,vel  even i4e4 if even the
 definition is firmly known1 the thing1 
which is more important1 must also be   
known4 ,in illa vera we have a pointed  
mocking repetition like that of veri et 
falsi in #cc4 ,in falsum3 note that     
falsum  aliam rem above4 ,for the sense 
cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bji           1
 and the schoolmen's maxim definitio non
 debet latior esse definito suo4 ,minime
 volunt3 cf4 #ah4 ,partibus3 ,orelli    
after ,goer4 ejected this1 but omnibus  
hardly ever stands for omn4 rebus1      
therefore ,c4,f4 ,hermann reads pariter 

rebus for partibus4 ,a little closer    
attention to the subject matter would   
have shown emendation to be unnecessary1
 cf4 #db dividunt in partis1 ,t4,d4     
,,iii4 #bd1 where genus  division1 pars 
subdivision4  #dd4 ,impediri 444        
fatebuntur3 essentially the same        
argument as in #cc at the end4          
,occurretur3 not an imitation of  as    
,goer4 says1 but of 1 which occurs very 
frequently in ,sext4 ,sumpta3 the two   
premisses are in ,gk4 called together 1 
separately  and  7sumptio et adsumptio  
,de ,div ,,ii4 #ajh74 ,orationis3 as    
,faber points out1 ,cic4 does sometimes 
use this word like ratio 771 cf4 ,de    
,leg4 ,i4 #dh conclusa oratio4 ,fab4    
refers to ,gell4 ,,xv4 #bf4             
,profiteatur3 so  is often used by      
,sext4 e4g4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #bhc4        
,patefacturum3 n4 on #bf1 1 1  7the last
 in ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #bgg7 often   
recur in ,greek4 ,primum esse 444 nihil 
interesse3 there is no inconsistency4   
,carneades allowed that visa1 in        

themselves1 might be true or false1 but 
affirmed that human faculties were      
incapable of distinguishing those visa  
which proceed from real things and give 
a correct representation of the things1 
from those which either are mere        
phantoms or1 having a real source1 do   
not correctly represent it4 ,lucullus   
confuses essential with apparent        
difference4 ,non iungitur3 a supposed   
case of 1 which is opposed to  and      
explained in ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #dcj4
  #de4 ,assentati3 here simply  assensi4
 ,praeteritis3 here used in the strong  
participial sense1 in the class of      
things passed over1 cf4 in remissis     
,orat4 #ei4 ,primum igitur 444 sed      
tamen3 for the slight anacoluthia cf4   
,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj4 ,iis qui videntur3  
,goer4 is qui videtur1 which is severely
 criticised by ,madv4 ,em4 #aej4 ,for   
,epicurus' view of sensation see n4 on  
#gi1 #hj4      #df--dh4 ,summary4 ,the  
refusal of people to assent to the      
innate     clearness of some phenomena  

77 is due to two causes1 7#a7 they      
do not make a serious endeavour to see  
the light by which these     phenomena  
are surrounded1 7#b7 their faith is     
shaken by sceptic     paradoxes 7#df74  
,the sceptics argue thus3 you allow that
 mere phantom     sensations are often  
seen in dreams1 why then do you not     
allow what is     easier1 that two      
sensations caused by two really existing
 things may be     mistaken the one for 
the other8 7#dg74 ,further1 they urge   
that a phantom     sensation produces   
very often the same effect as a real    
one4 ,the     dogmatists say they admit 
that mere phantom sensations do command 
assent4 ,why should they not admit that 
they command assent when they so        
closely resemble real ones as to be     
indistinguishable from them8 7#dh7  #df4
 ,circumfusa sint3 ,goer4 retains the   
,,mss4 sunt on the ground that the      
clause quanta sint is inserted 6 ,orelli
 actually follows him4 ,for the phrase  
cf4 #abb circumfusa tenebris4           

,interrogationibus3 cf4 ,i4 #e where ,i 
showed that the words interrogatio and  
conclusio are convertible4 ,i may add   
that in ,sextus pure syllogisms are very
 frequently called 1 and that he often  
introduces a new argument by   1 when   
there is nothing interrogatory about the
 argument at all4 ,dissolvere3  in      
,sext4 ,occurrere3 cf4 #dd4  #dg4       
,confuse loqui3 the mark of a bad       
dialectician1 affirmed of ,epicurus in  
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,nulla sunt3 on the   
use of nullus for non in ,cic4 cf4      
,madv4 ,gram4 #dee obs4 #e4 ,the usage  
is mostly colloquial and is very common 
in ,plaut4 and ,terence1 while in ,cic4 
it occurs mostly in the ,letters4       
,inaniter3 cf4 #cd4 ,there are two ways 
in which a sensation may be false1 7#a7 
it may come from one really existent    
thing1 but be supposed by the person who
 feels it to be caused by a totally     
different thing1 7#b7 it may be a mere  
or   1 a phantom behind which there is  
no reality at all4 ,quae in somnis      

videantur3 for the support given by     
,stoics to all forms of divination see  
,zeller #aff1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #g1 etc4    
,quaerunt3 a slight anacoluthon from    
dicatis above4 ,quonam modo 444 nihil   
sit omnino3 this difficult passage can  
only be properly explained in connection
 with #ej and with the general plan of  
the ,academics expounded in #da4 ,after 
long consideration ,i elucidate it as   
follows4 ,the whole is an attempt to    
prove the proposition announced in #da  
and #db viz4 omnibus veris visis        
adiuncta esse falsa4 ,the criticism in  
#ej shows that the argument is meant to 
be based on the assumption known to be  
,stoic1 omnia deum posse4 ,if the god   
can manufacture 7efficere7 sensations   
which are false1 but probable 7as the   
,stoics say he does in dreams71 why can 
he not manufacture false sensations     
which are so probable as to closely     
resemble true ones1 or to be only with  
difficulty distinguishable from the     
true1 or finally to be utterly          

indistinguishable from the true 7this   
meaning of inter quae nihil sit omnino  
is fixed by #dj1 where see n478         
,probabilia1 then1 denotes false        
sensations such as have only a slight   
degree of resemblance to the true1 by   
the three succeeding stages the         
resemblance is made complete4 ,the word 
probabilia is a sort of tertiary        
predicate after efficere 7to manufacture
 so as to be probable74 ,it must not be 
repeated after the second efficere1 or  
the whole sense will be inverted and    
this section placed out of harmony with 
#ej4 ,plane proxime3  quam proxime of   
#cf4  #dh4 ,ipsa per sese3 simply       
inaniter as in #cd1 #dg1 i4e4 without   
the approach of any external object4    
,cogitatione3 the only word in ,latin1  
as  is in ,greek1 to express our        
imagination4 ,non numquam3 so ,madv4 for
 ,,mss4 non inquam4 ,goer4 after ,manut4
 wrote non inquiunt with an             
interrogation at omnino4 ,veri simile   
est3 so ,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #eh for    

sit4 ,the argument has the same purpose 
as that in the last section1 viz to show
 that phantom sensations may produce the
 same effect on the mind as those which 
proceed from realities4 ,ut si qui3 the 
ut here is merely as1 for instance1 cf4 
n4 on #cc4 ,nihil ut esset3 the ut here 
is a repetition of the ut used several  
times in the early part of the sentence1
 all of them alike depend on sic4 ,lamb4
 expunged ut before esset and before    
quicquam4 ,intestinum et oblatum3 cf4   
,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bda        1 and  
the two classes of falsa visa mentioned 
in n4 on #dg4 ,sin autem sunt1 etc43 if 
there are false sensations which are    
probable 7as the ,stoics allow71 why    
should there not be false sensations so 
probable as to be with difficulty       
distinguishable from the true8 ,the rest
 exactly as in #dg4      #di--ec4       
,antiochus attacked these arguments as  
soritae1 and     therefore faulty 7#di74
 ,the admission of a certain amount of  
similarity     between true and false   

sensations does not logically lead to   
the     impossibility of distinguishing 
between the true and the false 7#ej74   
,we     contend that these phantom      
sensations lack that self evidence which
 we     require before giving assent4   
,when we have wakened from the dream1 we
     make light of the sensations we had
 while in it 7#ea74 ,but1 say our       
opponents1 while they last our dreaming 
sensations are as vivid as our          
waking ones4 ,this we deny 7#eb74 ,but1 
say they1 you allow that the     wise   
man in madness withholds his assent4    
,this proves nothing1 for he     will do
 so in many other circumstances in life4
 ,all this talk about     dreamers1     
madmen and drunkards is unworthy our    
attention 7#ec74  #di4 ,antiochus3      
,sext4 often quotes him in the          
discussion of this and similar subjects4
 ,ipsa capita3   4 ,interrogationis3 the
 sorites was always in the form of a    
series of questions1 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4
 #aa 7where ,cic4 says the ,greek word  

was already naturalised1 so that his    
proposed trans4 acervalis is            
unnecessary71 ,hortens4 fragm4 #dg1 and 
n4 on #ib4 ,hoc vocant3 i4e4 hoc genus1 
cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #gj ex eo genere1 quae
 prosunt4 ,vitiosum3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4   
#ej ille sorites1 quo nihil putatis     
7,stoici7 vitiosius4 ,most edd4 read    
hos1 which indeed in #acf is a necessary
 em4 for ,,mss4 hoc4 ,tale visum3 i4e4  
falsum4 ,dormienti3 sc4 4 ,ut probabile 
sit1 etc43 cf4 #dg1 #dh and notes4      
,primum quidque3 not quodque as ,klotz2 
cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #aje1 to whose exx4 
add ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aab1 and an        
instance of proximus quisque in ,de     
,off4 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,vitium3 cf4 vitiosum  
above4  #ej4 ,omnia deum posse3 this was
 a principle generally admitted among   
,stoics at least1 see ,de ,div4 ,,ii4   
#hf4 ,for the line of argument here cf4 
,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ajf fac dare deos1 quod
 absurdum est4 ,eadem3 this does not    
mean that the two sensations are merged 
into one1 but merely that when one of   

them is present1 it cannot be           
distinguished from the other2 see n4 on 
#dj4 ,similes3 after this sunt was added
 by ,madv4 ,in suo genere essent3       
substitute esse viderentur for essent1  
and you get the real view of the        
,academic1 who would allow that things  
in their essence are divisible into     
sharply-defined genera1 but would deny  
that the sensations which proceed from  
or are caused by the things1 are so     
divisible4  #ea4 ,una depulsio3 cf4 #abh
 7omnium rerum una est definitio        
comprehendendi71 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #acf   
7omnium somniorum una ratio est74 ,in   
quiete3  in somno1 a rather poetical    
usage4 ,narravit3 ,goer41 ,orelli1      
,klotz alter into narrat1 most wantonly4
 ,visus ,homerus1 etc43 this famous     
dream of ,ennius1 recorded in his       
,annals1 is referred to by ,lucr4 ,i4   
#abd1 ,cic4 ,de ,rep4 ,,vi4 #aj 7,somn4 
,scip4 c4 #a71 ,hor4 ,epist4 ,,ii4 #a1  
#ej4 ,simul ut3 rare in ,cic41 see      
,madv4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #cc1 who1 however1  

unduly restricts the usage4 ,in three   
out of the five passages where he allows
 it to stand1 the ut precedes a vowel2  
,cic4 therefore used it to avoid writing
 ac before a vowel1 so that in ,d4,f4   
,,ii4 #cc ut should probably be written 
7with ,manut4 and others7 for et which  
,madv4 ejects4  #eb4 ,eorumque3 ,,mss4  
om4 que4 ,dav4 wrote ac before eorum1   
this however is as impossible in ,cic4  
as the c before a guttural condemned in 
n4 on #cd4 ,for the argument see n4 on  
#hj quasi vero quaeratur quid sit non   
quid videatur4 ,primum interest3 for om4
 of deinde cf4 #de1 #df4 ,imbecillius3  
cf4 ,i4 #da4 ,edormiverunt3 have slept  
off the effects1 cf4  in ,homer4        
,relaxentur3 cf4    ,aristoph4 ,ran4    
#gjj1 relaxare is used in the neut4     
sense in ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #id4 ,alcmaeonis3 
the ,alcmaeon of ,ennius is often quoted
 by ,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #fb4  #ec4 
,sustinet3 2 see on #id4 ,aliquando     
sustinere3 the point of the ,academic   
remark lay in the fact that in the state

 of madness the  of the sapiens becomes 
habitual2 he gives up the attempt to    
distinguish between true and false visa4
 ,lucullus answers that1 did no         
distinction exist1 he would give up the 
attempt to draw it1 even in the sane    
condition4 ,confundere3 so #eh1 #aaj1   
,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #ef 7  71 ib4     
,,viii4 #aeg 7  71 ,,viii4 #cgb 7    71 
,plut4 ,de ,communi ,notit4 adv4        
,stoicos p4 #ajgg 7   74 ,utimur3 we    
have to put up with1 so  is used in ,gk4
 ,ebriosorum3 habitual drunkards1 more  
invidious than vinolenti above4 ,illud  
attendimus3 ,goer41 and ,orelli write   
num illud1 but the emphatic ille is     
often thus introduced by itself in      
questions1 a good ex4 occurs in #acf4   
,proferremus3 this must apparently be   
added to the exx4 qu4 by ,madv4 on      
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce of the subj4 used to   
denote non id quod fieret factumve      
esset1 sed quod fieri debuerit4 ,as such
 passages are often misunderstood1 ,i   
note that they can be most rationally   

explained as elliptic constructions in  
which a condition is expressed without  
its consequence4 ,we have an exact      
parallel in ,english1 e4g4 tu dictis    
,albane maneres may fairly be           
translated1 hadst thou but kept to thy  
word1 ,alban6 ,here the condition if    
thou hadst kept1 etc4 stands without the
 consequence thou wouldst not have died1
 or something of the kind4 ,such a      
condition may be expressed without si1  
just as in ,eng4 without if1 cf4 ,iuv4  
,,iii4 #gh and ,mayor's n4 ,the use of  
the ,greek optative to express a wish   
7with  1 etc41 and even without 7 is    
susceptible of the same explanation4    
,the ,latin subj4 has many such points  
of similarity with the ,gk4 optative1   
having absorbed most of the functions of
 the lost ,lat4 optative4 ,madv4 on     
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce seems to imply that he 
prefers the hypothesis of a suppressed  
protasis1 but as in his ,gram4 #cea b1  
obs4 #d he attempts no elucidation1 ,i  
cannot be certain4      #ed--fc4        

,summary4 ,the ,academics fail to see   
that such doctrines do     away with all
 probability even4 ,their talk about    
twins and seals is     childish 7#ed74  
,they press into their service the old  
physical     philosophers1 though       
ordinarily none are so much ridiculed by
 them     7#ee74 ,democritus may say    
that innumerable worlds exist in every  
particular similar to ours1 but ,i      
appeal to more cultivated physicists1   
who maintain that each thing has its own
 peculiar marks 7#ee1 #ef74 ,the        
,servilii were distinguished from one   
another by their friends1 and           
,delian breeders of fowls could tell    
from the appearance of an egg which     
hen had laid it 7#ef1 #eg74 ,we however1
 do not much care whether we are        
able to distinguish eggs from one       
another or not4 ,another thing that     
they say is absurd1 viz4 that there may 
be distinction between     individual   
sensations1 but not between classes of  
sensations 7#eh74     ,equally absurd   

are those probable and undisturbed      
sensations they     profess to follow4  
,the doctrine that true and false       
sensations are     indistinguishable    
logically leads to the unqualified  of  
,arcesilas     7#ei74 ,what nonsense    
they talk about inquiring after the     
truth1 and     about the bad influence  
of authority6 7#fj74 ,can you1 ,cicero1 
the     panegyrist of philosophy1 plunge
 us into more than ,cimmerian darkness8 
7#fa7 ,by holding that knowledge is     
impossible you weaken the force of      
your famous oath that you knew all about
 ,catiline4 ,thus ended     ,lucullus1  
amid the continued wonder of ,hortensius
 7#fb1 #fc74 ,then     ,catulus said    
that he should not be surprised if the  
speech of ,lucullus     were to induce  
me to change my view 7#fc74  #ed4 ,ne   
hoc quidem3 the common trans4 not even  
for ne quidem is often inappropriate4   
,trans4 here they do not see this       
either1 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #e4 ,habeant3 the 
slight alteration habeat introduced by  

,goer4 and ,orelli quite destroys the   
point of the sentence4 ,quod nolunt3 cf4
 #dd4 ,an sano3 ,lamb4 an ut sano1 which
 ,halm approves1 and ,baiter reads4     
,similitudines3 cf4 #hd--hf4 ,the       
impossibility of distinguishing between 
twins1 eggs1 the impressions of seals1  
etc4 was a favourite theme with the     
sceptics1 while the ,stoics contended   
that no two things were absolutely      
alike4 ,aristo the ,chian1 who          
maintained the ,stoic view1 was         
practically refuted by his fellow pupil 
,persaeus1 who took two twins1 and made 
one deposit money with ,aristo1 while   
the other after a time asked for the    
money back and received it4 ,on this    
subject cf4 ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4       
#djh--daj4 ,negat esse3 in phrases like 
this ,cic4 nearly always places esse    
second1 especially at the end of a      
clause4 ,cur eo non estis contenti3     
,lucullus here ignores the question at  
issue1 which concerned the amount of    
similarity4 ,the dogmatists maintained  

that the similarity between two         
phenomena could never be great enough to
 render it impossible to guard against  
mistaking the one for the other1 the    
sceptics argued that it could4 ,quod    
rerum natura non patitur3 again         
,lucullus confounds essential with      
phenomenal difference1 and so misses his
 mark2 cf4 n4 on #ej4 ,nulla re         
differens3 cf4 the nihil differens of   
#ii1 the substitution of which here     
would perhaps make the sentence clearer4
 ,the words are a trans4 of the common  
,gk4 term  7,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #beb1  
etc474 ,ulla communitas3 ,i am          
astonished to find ,bait4 returning to  
the reading of ,lamb4 nulla after the   
fine note of ,madv4 7,em4 #aed71        
approved by ,halm and other recent edd4 
,the opinion maintained by the ,stoics  
may be stated thus suo quidque genere   
est tale1 quale est1 nec est in duobus  
aut pluribus nulla re differens ulla    
communitas 7   74 ,this opinion is      
negatived by non patitur ut and it will 

be evident at a glance that the only    
change required is to put the two verbs 
7est7 into the subjunctive4 ,the change 
of ulla into nulla is in no way needed4 
,ut sibi sint3 sibi is clearly wrong    
here4 ,madv41 in a note communicated    
privately to ,halm and printed by the   
latter on p4 #hed of ,bait4 and ,halm's 
ed of the philosophical works1 proposed 
to read nulla re differens communitas   
visi8 ,sint et ova etc4 omitting ulla   
and ut and changing visi into sibi 7cf4 
,faber's em4 novas for bonas in #gb74   
,this ingenious but1 as ,i think1       
improbable conj4 ,madv4 has just        
repeated in the second vol4 of his      
,adversaria4 ,lamb4 reads at tibi sint1 
,dav4 at si vis1 sint1 ,christ ut tibi  
sint1 ,bait4 ut si sint after ,c4,f4,w4 
,muller1 ,i should prefer sui for sibi  
7,,svi for ,,sibi74 ,b is very          
frequently written for ,v in the ,,mss41
 and ,i would easily slip in4 ,eosdem3  
once more we have ,lucullus' chronic and
 perhaps intentional misconception of   

the sceptic position2 see n4 on #ej4    
,before leaving this section1 ,i may    
point out that the  or    supplies      
,sext4 with one of the sceptic 1 see    
,pyrrh4 ,hyp4 ,i4 #abd4  #ee4           
,irridentur3 the contradictions of      
physical philosophers were the constant 
sport of the sceptics1 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4
 ,,ix4 #a4 ,absolute ita paris3 ,halm as
 well as ,bait4 after ,christ1 brackets 
ita2 if any change be needed1 it would  
be better to place it before undique4   
,for this opinion of ,democr4 see ,r4   
and ,p4 #de4 ,et eo quidem              
innumerabilis3 this is the quite        
untenable reading of the ,,mss41 for    
which no satisfactory em4 has yet been  
proposed1 cf4 #abe4 ,nihil differat1    
nihil intersit3 these two verbs often   
appear together in ,cic41 e4g4,d4,f4    
,,iii4 #be4  #ef4 ,potiusque3 this      
adversative use of que is common with   
potius1 e4g4,d4,f4 ,i4 #ea4 ,cf4 ,t4,d4 
,,ii4 #ee ingemescere nonnum quam viro  
concessum est1 idque raro1 also ac      

potius1 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #aj1 etc4         
,proprietates3 the  or  of ,sextus1 the 
doctrine of course involves the whole   
question at issue between dogmatism and 
scepticism4 ,cognoscebantur3 ,dav4      
dignoscebantur1 ,walker                 
internoscebantur4 ,the ,,mss4 reading is
 right1 cf4 #hf4 ,consuetudine3 cf4 #db1
 experience4 ,minimum3 an adverb like   
summum4  #eg4 ,dinotatas3 so the ,,mss41
 probably correctly1 though ,forc4 does 
not recognise the word4 ,most edd4      
change it into denotatas4 ,artem3 1 a   
set of rules4 ,in proverbio3 so venire  
in proverbium1 in proverbii usum venire1
 proverbii locum obtinere1 proverbii    
loco dici are all used4 ,salvis rebus3  
not an uncommon phrase1 e4g4 ,ad ,fam4  
,,iv4 #a4 ,gallinas3 cf4 fragm4 #ai of  
the ,acad4 ,post4 ,the similarity of    
eggs was discussed ad nauseam by the    
sceptics and dogmatists4 ,hermagoras the
 ,stoic actually wrote a book entitled1 
7egg investigation7     1 mentioned by  
,suidas4  #eh4 ,contra nos3 the sense   

requires nos1 but all ,halm's ,,mss4    
except one read vos4 ,non internoscere3 
this is the reading of all the ,,mss41  
and is correct1 though ,orelli omits    
non4 ,the sense is1 we are quite content
 not to be able to distinguish between  
the eggs1 we shall not on that account  
be led into a mistake for our rule will 
prevent us from making any positive     
assertion about the eggs4 ,adsentiri3   
for the passive use of this verb cf4    
#ci4 ,par est3 so ,dav4 for per1 which  
most ,,mss4 have4 ,the older edd4 and   
,orelli have potest1 with one ,,ms4     
,quasi3 the em4 of ,madv4 for the quam  
si of the ,,mss4 ,transversum digitum3  
cf4 #aaf4 ,ne confundam omnia3 cf4 #ec1 
#aaj4 ,natura tolletur3 this of course  
the sceptics would deny4 ,they refused  
to discuss the nature of things in      
themselves1 and kept to phenomena4      
,intersit3 i4e4 inter visa4 ,in animos3 
,orelli with one ,,ms4 reads animis2 if 
the ,,mss4 are correct the assertion of 
,krebs and ,allgayer 7,antibarbarus1 ed4

 #d7 imprimere wird klas sisch verbunden
 in aliqua re1 nicht in aliquam rem1    
will require modification4 ,species et  
quasdam formas3   1 quasdam marks the   
fact that formas is a trans4 ,i have met
 with no other passage where any such   
doctrine is assigned to a sceptic4 ,as  
it stands in the text the doctrine is   
absurd1 for surely it must always be    
easier to distinguish between two genera
 than between two individuals4 ,if the  
non before vos were removed a better    
sense would be given4 ,it has often been
 inserted by copyists when sed1 tamen1  
or some such word1 comes in the         
following clause1 as in the famous      
passage of ,cic ,ad ,quintum ,fratrem1  
,,ii4 #aa1 discussed by ,munro1 ,lucr4  
p4 #cac1 ed4 #c4  #ei4 ,illud vero      
perabsurdum3 note the omission of est1  
which often takes place after the       
emphatic pronoun4 ,impediamini3 cf4 n4  
on #cc4 ,a veris3 if visis be supplied  
the statement corresponds tolerably with
 the ,academic belief1 if rebus be      

meant1 it is wide of the mark4 ,id est  
444 retentio3 supposed to be a gloss by 
,man41 ,lamb41 see however nn4 on ,i4   
#f1 #h4 ,constitit3 from consto1 not    
from consisto cf4 #fc qui tibi          
constares4 ,si vera sunt3 cf4 #fg1 #gh1 
#aab1 #adh4 ,the nonnulli are ,philo and
 ,metrodorus1 see #gh4 ,tollendus est   
adsensus3 i4e4 even that qualified      
assent which the ,academics gave to     
probable phenomena4 ,adprobare3 this    
word is ambiguous1 meaning either       
qualified or unqualified assent4 ,cf4 n4
 on #ajd4 ,id est peccaturum3 which is  
equivalent to sinning1 cf4 ,i4 #db4 ,iam
 nimium etiam3 note iam and etiam in the
 same clause4  #fj4 ,pro omnibus3 note  
omnibus for omnibus rebus4 ,ista        
mysteria3 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #cg1
 #ch speaks of various doctrines1 which 
were servata et pro mysteriis custodita 
by the ,new ,academics4 ,the notion that
 the ,academic scepticism was merely    
external and polemically used1 while    
they had an esoteric dogmatic doctrine1 

must have originated in the reactionary 
period of ,metrodorus 7of ,stratonice71 
,philo1 and ,antiochus1 and may perhaps 
from a passage of ,augustine1 ,c4 ,ac4  
,,iii4 #da 7whose authority must have   
been ,cicero71 be attributed to the     
first of the three 7cf4 ,zeller #ecd1   
n474 ,the idea is ridiculed by ,petrus  
,valentia 7,orelli's reprint1 p4 #bgi71 
and all succeeding inquirers4           
,auctoritate3 cf4 #h1 #i4 ,utroque3 this
 neuter1 referring to two fem4 nouns1 is
 noticeable1 see exx4 in ,madv4 ,gram4  
#bad c4  #fa4 ,amicissimum3 because you 
are my dear friend4 ,commoveris3 a      
military term1 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #bf  
and ,forc41 also ,introd4 p4 #ec4       
,sequere3 either this is future1 as in  
#aji1 or sequeris1 the constant form in 
,cic4 of the pres41 must be read4       
,approbatione omni3 the word omni is    
emphatic1 and includes both qualified   
and unqualified assent1 cf4 #ei4 ,orbat 
sensibus3 cf4 #gd1 and ,d4,f4 ,i4 #fd1  
where ,madv4 is wrong in reproving      

,torquatus for using the phrase sensus  
tolli1 on the ground that the ,academics
 swept away not sensus but iudicium     
sensuum ,cimmeriis4 ,goer4 qu4 ,plin4   
,n4,h4 ,,iii4 #e1 ,sil4 ,ital4 ,,xii4   
#aca1 ,festus1 s4v4 ,cimmerii1 to show  
that the town or village of ,cimmerium  
lay close to ,bauli1 and probably       
induced this mention of the legendary   
people4 ,deus aliquis3 so the best edd4 
without comment1 although they write    
deus aliqui in #ai4 ,it is difficult to 
distinguish between aliquis and aliqui1 
nescio quis and nescio qui1 si quis and 
si qui 7for the latter see n4 on #ha74  
,as aliquis is substantival1 aliqui     
adjectival1 aliquis must not be written 
with impersonal nouns like terror       
7,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ce1 ,v4 #fb71 dolor      
7,t4,d4 ,i4 #hb1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,vii4 #a1   
#a71 casus 7,de ,off4 ,,iii4 #cc74 ,in  
the case of personal nouns the best edd4
 vary1 e4g4 deus aliqui 7,t4,d4 ,i4 #bc1
 ,,iv4 #ce71 deus aliquis 7,lael4 #hg1  
,ad ,fam4 ,,xiv4 #g1 #a71 anularius     

aliqui 7#hf of this book71 magistratus  
aliquis 7,in ,verr4 ,,iv4 #adf74 ,with a
 proper name belonging to a real person 
aliquis ought to be written 7,myrmecides
 in #abj1 see my n474 ,dispiciendum3 not
 despiciendum1 cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ig1 
,,iv4 #fd1 also ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #ha1    
verum dispicere4 ,iis vinculis1 etc4    
this may throw light on fragm4 #ae of   
the ,acad4 ,post41 which see4  #fb4     
,motum animorum3 n4 on #cd4 ,actio      
rerum3 here actio is a pure verbal noun 
like 1 cf4 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #hc1 and       
expressions like actio vitae 7,n4,d4 ,i4
 #b71 actio ullius rei 7#ajh of this    
book71 and the similar use of actus in  
,quintilian 7,inst4 ,or4 ,x4 #a1 #ca1   
with ,mayor's n47 ,iuratusque3 ,bait4   
possibly by a mere misprint reads       
iratus4 ,comperisse3 this expression of 
,cic41 used in the senate in reference  
to ,catiline's conspiracy1 had become a 
cant phrase at ,rome1 with which ,cic4  
was often taunted4 ,see ,ad ,fam4 ,v4   
#e1 #b1 ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #ad1 #e4 ,licebat3

 this is the reading of the best ,,mss41
 not liquebat1 which ,goer41 ,kl41 ,or4 
have4 ,for the support accorded by      
,lucullus to ,cic4 during the conspiracy
 see #c1 and the passages quoted in     
,introd4 p4 #df with respect to         
,catulus1 in most of which ,lucullus is 
also mentioned4  #fc4 ,quod 444 fecerat1
 ut3 different from the constr4 treated 
by ,madv4 ,gram4 #dha b4 ,quod refers   
simply to the fact of ,lucullus'        
admiration1 which the clause introduced 
by ut defines1 which admiration he had  
shown 444 to such an extent that1 etc4  
,iocansne an3 this use of ne 444 an     
implies1 ,madv4 says 7on ,d4,f4 ,v4     
#hg71 more doubt than the use of ne     
alone as in vero falsone4 ,memoriter3   
nearly all edd4 before ,madv4 make this 
mean e memoria as opposed to de scripto2
 he says1 laudem habet bonae et copiosae
 memoriae 7on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #cd74 ,see     
,krebs and ,allgayer in the             
,antibarbarus1 ed4 #d4 ,censuerim3 more 
modest than censeo1 see ,madv4 ,gram4   

#chj4 ,tantum enim non te modo monuit3  
edd4 before ,madv41 seeing no way of    
taking modo exc4 with non1 ejected it4  
,madv4 7,em4 #afj7 retains it1 making it
 mean paulo ante4 ,on the other hand1   
,halm after ,christ asserts that tantum 
non    occurs nowhere else in ,cic4     
,bait4 therefore ejects non1 taking     
tantum as hoc tantum1 nihil praeterea4  
,livy certainly has the suspected use of
 tantum non4 ,tribunus3 a retort comes  
in #ig1 #add4 ,antiochum3 cf4 ,i4 #ac4  
,destitisse3 on the difference between  
memini followed by the pres4 and by the 
perf4 inf4 consult ,madv4 ,gram4 #djh b1
 obs4 #b4      #fd--ga4 ,summary4 ,cic4 
much moved thus begins4 ,the strength of
     ,lucullus argument has affected me 
much1 yet ,i feel that it can be        
answered4 ,first1 however1 ,i must speak
 something that concerns my             
character 7#fd74 ,i protest my entire   
sincerity in all that ,i say1 and       
would confirm it by an oath1 were that  
proper 7#fe74 ,i am a passionate        

inquirer after truth1 and on that very  
account hold it disgraceful to          
assent to what is false4 ,i do not deny 
that ,i make slips1 but we must     deal
 with the sapiens1 whose characteristic 
it is never to err in     giving his    
assent 7#ff74 ,hear ,arcesilas'         
argument3 if the sapiens ever     gives 
his assent he will be obliged to opine1 
but he never will     opine therefore he
 never will give his assent4 ,the       
,stoics and     ,antiochus deny the     
first of these statements1 on the ground
 that it is     possible to distinguish 
between true and false 7#fg74 ,even if  
it be so     the mere habit of assenting
 is full of peril4 ,still1 our whole    
argument     must tend to show that     
perception in the ,stoic sense is       
impossible     7#fh74 ,however1 a few   
words first with ,antiochus4 ,when he   
was converted1     what proof had he of 
the doctrine he had so long denied8     
7#fi7 ,some     think he wished to found
 a school called by his own name4 ,it is

 more     probable that he could no     
longer bear the opposition of all other 
schools to the ,academy 7#gj74 ,his     
conversion gave a splendid opening for  
an argumentum ad hominem 7#ga74  #fd4   
,quadam oratione3 so ,halm1 also ,bait4 
after the best ,,mss41 not quandam      
orationem as ,lamb41 ,orelli4 ,de ipsa  
re3 cf4 de causa ipsa above4 ,respondere
 posse3 for the om4 of me before the    
infin1 which has wrongly caused many    
edd4 either to read respondere 7as      
,dav41 ,bait47 or to insert me 7as      
,lamb471 see n4 on ,i4 #g4  #fe4 ,studio
 certandi3  4 ,pertinacia 444 calumnia3 
n4 on #ad4 ,iurarem3 ,cic4 was thinking 
of his own famous oath at the end of his
 consulship4  #ff4 ,turpissimum3 cf4 ,i4
 #de1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #a4 ,opiner3 opinio or 
is judgment based on insufficient       
grounds4 ,sed quaerimus de sapiente3 cf4
 #aae1 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ee1 #ei also ,de   
,or4 ,,iii4 #ge non quid ego sed quid   
orator4 ,magnus 444 opinator3 ,aug4     
,contra ,acad4 ,,iii4 #ca qu4 this      

passage wrongly as from the ,hortensius4
 ,he imitates it1 ibid4 ,i4 #ae magnus  
definitor4 ,qua fidunt1 etc43 these     
lines are part of ,cic4's ,aratea1 and  
are quoted in ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #aje1 #ajf4  
,phoenices3 the same fact is mentioned  
by ,ovid1 ,fasti ,,iii4 #ajg1 ,tristia  
,,iv4 #c1 #a4 ,sed ,helicen3 the best   
,,mss4 om4 ad1 which ,orelli places     
before ,helicen4 ,elimatas3 the ,,mss4  
are divided between this and limatas4   
,elimare1 though a very rare word occurs
 ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #g1 #c4 ,visis cedo3  
cf4 n4 on #ch4 ,vim maximam3 so summum  
munus is applied to the same course of  
action in ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ca4            
,cogitatione3 idea4 ,temeritate3 cf4 ,i4
 #db1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #g1 and the charge  
of  constantly brought against the      
dogmatists by ,sext4 ,praepostere3 in a 
disorderly fashion1 taking the wrong    
thing first4  #fg4 ,aliquando 444       
opinabitur3 this of course is only true 
if you grant the ,academic doctrine1    
nihil posse percipi4 ,secundum illud 444

 etiam opinari3 it seems at first sight 
as though adsentiri and opinari ought to
 change places in this passage1 as      
,manut4 proposes4 ,the difficulty lies  
in the words secundum illud1 which1 it  
has been supposed1 must refer back to   
the second premiss of ,arcesilas'       
argument4 ,but if the passage be        
translated thus1 ,carneades sometimes   
granted as a second premiss the         
following statement1 that the wise man  
sometimes does opine the difficulty     
vanishes4 ,the argument of ,carneades   
would then run thus1 7#a7 ,si ulli rei1 
etc4 as above1 7#b7 adsentietur autem   
aliquando1 7#c7 opinabitur igitur4  #fh4
 ,adsentiri quicquam3 only with neuter  
pronouns like this could adsentiri be   
followed by an accusative case4         
,sustinenda est3 4 ,iis quae possunt3   
these words ,,mss4 om4 ,tam in          
praecipiti3 for the position of in cf4  
n4 on ,i4 #be4 ,the best ,,mss4 have    
here tamen in4 ,madv4 altered tamen to  
tam in n4 on ,d4,f4 ,v4 #bf4 ,the two   

words are often confused1 as in ,t4,d4  
,,iv4 #g1 cf4 also n4 on ,i4 #af4 ,sin  
autem1 etc43 cf4 the passage of         
,lactantius ,de ,falsa ,sapientia ,,iii4
 #c1 qu4 by ,p4 ,valentia 7p4 #bgh of   
,orelli's reprint7 si neque sciri       
quicquam potest1 ut ,socrates docuit1   
neque opinari1 oportet1 ut ,zeno1 tota  
philosophia sublata est4 ,nitamur 444   
percipi3 let us struggle to prove the   
proposition1 etc4 ,the construction is1 
,i believe1 unexampled so that ,i       
suspect hoc1 or some such word1 to have 
fallen out between igitur and nihil4    
#fi4 ,non acrius3 one of the early      
editions omits non while ,goer4 reads   
acutius and puts a note of interrogation
 at defensitaverat4 ,m4 ,em4 #afa points
 out the absurdity of making ,cic4 say  
that the old arguments of ,antiochus in 
favour of ,academicism were weaker than 
his new arguments against it4 ,quis     
enim3 so ,lamb4 for ,,mss4 quisquam     
enim4 ,excogitavit3 on interrogations   
not introduced by a particle of any kind

 see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dej4 ,eadem dicit3  
on the subject in hand1 of course4      
,taken without this limitation the      
proposition is not strictly true1 see n4
 on #acb4 ,sensisse3  iudicasse1 n4 on  
,i4 #bb4 ,mnesarchi 444 ,dardani3 see   
,dict4 ,biogr4  #gj4 ,revocata est3     
,manut4 here wished to read renovata1   
cf4 n4 on ,i4 #ad4 ,nominis dignitatem1 
etc43 hence ,aug4 ,contra ,acad4 ,,iii4 
#da calls him foeneus ille ,platonicus  
,antiochus 7that tulchan ,platonist74   
,gloriae causa3 cf4 ,aug4 ibid4 ,,ii4   
#ae ,antiochus gloriae cupidior quam    
veritatis4 ,facere dicerent3 so         
,camerarius for the ,,mss4 facerent4    
,sustinere3 cf4 #aae sustinuero         
,epicureos4 ,sub ,novis3 ,faber's       
brilliant em4 for the ,,mss4 sub nubes4 
,the ,novae ,tabernae were in the forum1
 and are often mentioned by ,cic4 and   
,livy4 ,in ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bff a story  
is told of ,caesar1 who1 while speaking 
sub ,veteribus1 points to a tabula which
 hangs sub ,novis4 ,the excellence of   

,faber's em4 may be felt by comparing   
that of ,manut4 sub nube1 and that of   
,lamb4 nisi sub nube4 ,i have before    
remarked that b is frequently written in
 ,,mss4 for v4 ,maenianorum3 projecting 
eaves1 according to ,festus s4v4 ,they  
were probably named from their inventor 
like ,vitelliana1 ,vatinia etc4  #ga4   
,quoque 444 argumento3 the sentence is  
anacoluthic1 the broken thread is picked
 up by quod argumentum near the end4    
,utrum3 the neuter pronoun1 not the so  
called conjunction1 the two alternatives
 are marked by ne and an4 ,the same     
usage is found in ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #fj1     
,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #i1 and must be carefully  
distinguished from the use of utrum 444 
ne 444 an1 which occurs not unfrequently
 in ,cic41 e g ,de ,invent4 ,,ii4 #aae  
utrum copiane sit agri an penuria       
consideratur4 ,on this point cf4 ,m4    
,em4 #afc1 ,gram4 #deb1 obs4 #a1 #b1    
,zumpt on ,cic4 ,verr4 ,,iv4 #gc4       
,honesti inane nomen esse3 a modern     
would be inclined to write honestum1 in 

apposition to nomen1 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ah 
voluptatis alii putant primum appetitum4
 ,voluptatem etc43 for the conversion of
 ,dionysius 7called  7 from ,stoicism to
 ,epicureanism cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fj1    
,diog4 ,laert4 ,,vii4 #aff--g4 ,a vero3 
coming from a reality1 cf4 #da1 n4 ,is  
curavit3 ,goer4 reads his1 solet ,v4 ,d4
 in hoc pronomen saevire1 says ,madv4   
,the scribes often prefix h to parts of 
the pronoun is1 and ,goer4 generally    
patronises their vulgar error4          
#gb--gh4 ,summary4 ,you accuse me of    
appealing to ancient names like a       
revolutionist1 yet ,anaxagoras1         
,democritus1 and ,metrodorus1           
philosophers     of the highest         
position1 protest against the truth of  
sense knowledge1     and deny the       
possibility of knowledge altogether     
7#gb1 #gc74 ,empedocles1                
,xenophanes1 and ,parmenides all declaim
 against sense knowledge4 ,you     said 
that ,socrates and ,plato must not be   
classed with these4 ,why8     ,socrates 

said he knew nothing but his own        
ignorance1 while ,plato     pursued the 
same theme in all his works 7#gd74 ,now 
do you see that ,i do     not merely    
name1 but take for my models famous men8
 ,even ,chrysippus     stated many      
difficulties concerning the senses and  
general experience4     ,you say he     
solved them1 even if he did1 which ,i do
 not believe1 he     admitted that it   
was not easy to escape being ensnared by
 them 7#ge74     ,the ,cyrenaics too    
held that they knew nothing about things
 external to     themselves4 ,the       
sincerity of ,arcesilas may be seen thus
 7#gf74 ,zeno held     strongly that the
 wise man ought to keep clear from      
opinion4     ,arcesilas agreed but this 
without knowledge was impossible4       
,knowledge consists of perceptions4     
,arcesilas therefore demanded a         
definition of perception4 ,this         
definition ,arcesilas combated4 ,this is
     the controversy which has lasted to
 our time4 ,do away with opinion     and

 perception1 and the  of ,arcesilas     
follows at once 7#gg1 #gh74  #gb4 ,de   
antiquis philosophis3 on account of the 
somewhat awkward constr4 ,lamb4 read    
antiquos philosophos4 ,popularis3 cf4   
#ac4 ,res non bonas3 ,,mss4 om4 non1    
which ,or4 added with two very early    
editions4 ,faber ingeniously supposed   
the true reading to be novas1 which     
would be written nobas1 and then pass   
into bonas4 ,nivem nigram3 this         
deliverance of ,anaxagoras is very often
 referred to by ,sextus4 ,in ,p4,h4 ,i4 
#cc he quotes it as an instance of the  
refutation of  by means of 1      1     
4 ,there is an obscure joke on this in  
,ad ,qu4 ,fratrem ,,ii4 #ac1 #a risi    
nivem atram 444 teque hilari animo esse 
et prompto ad iocandum valde me iuvat4  
,sophistes3 here treated as the         
demagogue of philosophy4 ,ostentationis3
  4  #gc4 ,democrito3 ,cic41 as ,madv4  
remarks on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj1 always       
exaggerates the merits of ,democr4 in   
order to depreciate the ,epicureans1 cf4

 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bb1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #e1 ,,ii4
 #aci1 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #abj1 ,de ,or4 ,i4    
#db4 ,quintae classis3 a metaphor from  
the ,roman military order4 ,qui veri    
esse aliquid1 etc43 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab  
non enim sumus ii quibus nihil verum    
esse videatur1 sed ii qui omnibus veris 
falsa quaedam adiuncta dicamus4 ,non    
obscuros sed tenebricosos3 not merely   
dim but darkened4 ,there is a reference 
here to the   of ,democr41 by which he  
meant that knowledge which stops at the 
superficial appearances of things as    
shown by sense4 ,he was1 however1 by no 
means a sceptic1 for he also held a  1  
dealing with the realities of material  
existence1 the atoms and the void1 which
 exist  and not merely  as appearances  
do4 ,see ,r4 and ,p4 #ea4  #gd4 ,furere3
 cf4 #ad4 ,orbat sensibus3 cf4 #fa1 and 
for the belief of ,empedocles about the 
possibility of  see the remarks of      
,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #abc--d qu4 ,r4   
and ,p4 #ajg1 who say patet errare eos  
qui scepticis adnumerandum ,empedoclem  

putabant4 ,sonum fundere3 similar       
expressions occur in ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #db1 
,v4 #gc1 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dh4 ,parmenides1 
,xenophanes3 these are the last men who 
ought to be charged with scepticism4    
,they advanced indeed arguments against 
sense-knowledge1 but held that real     
knowledge was attainable by the reason4 
,cf4 ,grote1 ,plato ,i4 #ed1 ,zeller    
#eja1 ,r4 and ,p4 on ,xenophanes and    
,parmenides4 ,minus bonis3 ,dav4 qu4    
,plut4 ,de ,audit4 #de ,a1  '     4     
,quamquam3 on the proper use of quamquam
 in clauses where the verb is not       
expressed see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fh and cf4 
,i4 #e4 ,quasi irati3 for the use of    
quasi  almost cf4 ,in ,verr4 ,act4 ,i4  
#bb1 ,orat4 #da4 ,aiebas removendum3 for
 om4 of esse see n4 on ,i4 #dc4         
,perscripti sunt3 cf4 n4 on ,i4 #af4    
,scire se nihil se scire3 cf4 ,i4 #af1  
#dd4 ,the words referred to are in      
,plat4 ,apol4 #ba         1       1 a   
very different statement from the nihil 
sciri posse by which ,cic4 interprets it

 7cf4 ,r4 and ,p4 #adh74 ,that  in the  
strict sense is impossible1 is a        
doctrine which ,socrates would have left
 to the ,sophists4 ,de ,platone3 the    
doctrine above mentioned is an absurd   
one to foist upon ,plato4 ,the dialogues
 of search as they are called1 while    
exposing sham knowledge1 all assume that
 the real  is attainable4 ,ironiam3 the 
word was given in its ,greek form in    
#ae4 ,nulla fuit ratio persequi3 n4 on  
#ag4  #ge4 ,videorne3  nonne videor1 as 
videsne  nonne vides4 ,imitari numquam  
nisi3 a strange expression for which    
,manut4 conj4 imitari8 num quem1 etc41  
,halm nullum unquam in place of numquam4
 ,bait4 prints the reading of ,man41    
which ,i think harsher than that of the 
,,mss4 ,minutos3 for the word cf4 ,orat4
 #id1 also ,de ,div4 ,i4 #fb minuti     
philosophi1 ,brut4 #bef minuti          
imperatores4 ,stilponem1 etc43          
,megarians1 see ,r4 and ,p4 #agg--ahb4 3
 ,cic4 in the second edition probably   
introduced here the translation         

cavillationes1 to which ,seneca ,ep4    
#aaf refers1 cf4 ,krische1 p4 #fe4      
,fulcire porticum3 to be the pillar of  
the ,stoic porch4 ,cf4 the anonymous    
line     1    4 ,quae in consuetudine   
probantur3 n4 on #hg4 ,nisi videret3 for
 the tense of the verb1 see ,madv4      
,gram4 #cdg b1 obs4 #b4  #gf4 ,quid 444 
philosophi3 my reading is that of       
,durand approved by ,madv4 and followed 
by ,bait4 ,it is strange that ,halm does
 not mention this reading1 which only   
requires the alteration of ,cyrenaei    
into ,cyrenaici 7now made by all edd4 on
 the ground that ,cyrenaeus is a citizen
 of ,cyreno1 ,cyrenaicus a follower of  
,aristippus7 and the insertion of tibi4 
,i see no difficulty in the qui before  
negant1 at which so many edd4 take      
offence4 ,tactu intimo3 the word  ,i    
believe does not occur in ancient       
authorities as a term of the ,cyrenaic  
school2 their great word was 4 ,from    
#adc 7permotiones intimas7 it might     
appear that ,cic4 is translating either 

or 4 ,for a clear account of the school 
see ,zeller's ,socrates1 for the        
illustration of the present passage pp  
#bic--cjj with the footnotes4 ,cf4 also 
,r4 and ,p4 #afb sq4 ,quo quid colore3  
cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aia 7qu4      
,zeller ,socrates #big1 ,r4 and ,p4     
#afe74 ,adfici se3  4 ,quaesieras3 note 
the plup4 where ,eng4 idiom requires the
 perfect or aorist4 ,tot saeculis3 cf4  
the same words in #ae4 ,tot ingeniis    
tantisque studiis3 cf4 summis ingeniis1 
maximis studiis in #ae4 ,obtrectandi3   
this invidious word had been used by    
,lucullus in #af2 cf4 also ,i4 #dd4     
#gg4 ,expresserat3 had put into distinct
 shape4 ,cf4 #g and ,i4 #ai4 ,exprimere 
and dicere are always sharply           
distinguished by ,cic41 the latter      
merely implying the mechanic exercise of
 utterance1 the former the moulding and 
shaping of the utterance by conscious   
effort2 cf4 esp4 ,orat4 #c1 #fi1 and ,ad
 ,att4 ,,viii4 #aa1 #a2 also ,de ,or4   
,i4 #cb1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #gi1 qu4 by      

,krebs and ,allgayer4 ,the conj4 of     
,dav4 exposuerat is therefore needless4 
,fortasse3 we may suppose4 ,nec         
percipere1 etc43 cf4 #fh1 n4 ,tum illum3
 a change from ille1 credo 7sc4         
respondit71 the credo being now repeated
 to govern the infin4 ,for the constr4  
after ita definisse cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 
#ac 7who quotes exx472 also the         
construction with ita iudico in #aac4   
,ex eo1 quod esset3 cf4 #ah1 n4         
,effictum3 so ,manut4 for ,,mss4        
effectum1 cf4 #ah4 ,ab eo1 quod non est3
 the words non est include the two      
meanings is non existent1 and is        
different from what it seems to be--the 
two meanings of falsum indeed1 see n4 on
 #dg4 ,eiusdem modi3 cf4 #dj1 #hd4      
,,mss4 have eius modi1 altered by ,dav4 
,recte 444 additum3 the semicolon at    
,arcesilas was added by ,manutius1 who  
is followed by all edd4 ,this involves  
taking additum  additum est1 an ellipse 
of excessive rarity in ,cic41 see ,madv4
 ,opusc4 ,i4 #ddh1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1      

,gram4 #dgi a4 ,i think it quite        
possible that recte consensit additum   
should be construed together1 agreed    
that the addition had been rightly made4
 ,for the omission of esse in that case 
cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #djf1 and such        
expressions as dicere solebat           
perturbatum in #aaa1 also ita scribenti 
exanclatum in #ajh4 ,recte1 which with  
the ordinary stopping expresses ,cic4's 
needless approval of ,arcesilas' conduct
 would thus gain in point4 ,qy1 should  
concessit be read1 as in #aah           
concessisse is now read for ,,mss4      
consensisse8 ,a vero3 cf4 #da4  #gh4    
,quae adhuc permanserit3 note the subj41
 which is of such a nature as to have   
lasted4 ,nam illud 444 pertinebat3 by   
illud is meant the argument in defence  
of  given in #fg2 by nihil 444          
pertinebat nothing more is intended than
 that there was no immediate or close   
connection4 ,cf4 the use of pertinere in
 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ee4 ,clitomacho3 cf4 n4 
on #ei4      #gi--ij4 ,summary ,you are 

wrong1 ,lucullus1 in upholding your     
cause in     spite of my arguments      
yesterday against the senses4 ,you are  
thus acting     like the ,epicureans1   
who say that the inference only from the
 sensation     can be false1 not the    
sensation itself 7#gi1 #hj74 ,i wish the
 god of whom     you spoke would ask me 
whether ,i wanted anything more than    
sound     senses4 ,he would have a bad  
time with me4 ,for even granting that   
our     vision is correct how           
marvellously circumscribed it is6 ,but  
say you1     we desire no more4 ,no ,i  
answer1 you are like the mole who       
desires not     the light because he is 
blind4 ,yet ,i would not so much        
reproach the god     because my vision  
is narrow1 as because it deceives me    
7#hj1 #ha74 ,if you     want something  
greater than the bent oar1 what can be  
greater than the     sun8 ,still he     
seems to us a foot broad1 and ,epicurus 
thinks he may be a     little broader or
 narrower than he seems4 ,with all his  

enormous speed1     too1 he appears to  
us to stand still 7#hb74 ,the whole     
question lies in a     nutshell2 of four
 propositions which prove my point only 
one is     disputed viz4 that every true
 sensation has side by side with it a   
false one indistinguishable from it     
7#hc74 ,a man who has mistaken ,p4 for  
,q4 ,geminus could have no infallible   
mode of recognising ,cotta4 ,you say    
that no such indistinguishable          
resemblances exist4 ,never mind1 they   
seem to exist and that is enough4 ,one  
mistaken sensation will throw     all   
the others into uncertainty 7#hd74 ,you 
say everything belongs to its     own   
genus this ,i will not contest4 ,i am   
not concerned to show that     two      
sensations are absolutely similar1 it is
 enough that human     faculties cannot 
distinguish between them4 ,how about the
 impressions of     signet rings8 7#he7 
,can you find a ring merchant to rival  
your chicken     rearer of ,delos8 ,but1
 you say1 art aids the senses4 ,so we   

cannot see or     hear without art1     
which so few can have6 ,what an idea    
this gives us of     the art with which 
nature has constructed the senses6 7#hf7
 ,but about     physics ,i will speak   
afterwards4 ,i am going now to advance  
against the     senses arguments drawn  
from ,chrysippus himself 7#hg74 ,you    
said that the     sensations of         
dreamers1 drunkards and madmen were     
feebler than those of     the waking1   
the sober and the sane4 ,the cases of   
,ennius and his     ,alcmaeon1 of your  
own relative ,tuditanus1 of the         
,hercules of ,euripides     disprove    
your point 7#hh1 #hi74 ,in their case at
 least 'mind and eyes     agreed4 ,it is
 no good to talk about the saner moments
 of such people2     the question is1   
what was the nature of their sensations 
at the time     they were affected8     
7#ij7  #gi4 ,communi loco3 1 that of    
blinking facts which cannot be          
disproved1 see #ai4 ,quod ne id3 ,i have
 bracketed id with most edd4 since      

,manut4 ,if1 however1 quod be taken as  
the conjunction1 and not as the pronoun1
 id is not altogether insupportable4    
,heri3 cf4 ,introd4 #ee4 ,infracto remo3
 n4 on #ai4 ,tennyson seems to allude to
 this in his ,higher ,pantheism--all we 
have power to see is a straight staff   
bent in a pool4 ,manent illa omnia1     
iacet3 this is my correction of the     
reading of most ,,mss4 maneant 444      
lacerat4 ,madv4 ,em4 #agf in combating  
the conj4 of ,goer4 si maneant 444      
laceratis istam causam1 approves maneant
 444 iaceat1 a reading with some ,,mss4 
support1 adopted by ,orelli4 ,i think   
the whole confusion of the passage      
arises from the mania of the copyists   
for turning indicatives into            
subjunctives1 of which in critical      
editions of ,cic4 exx4 occur every few  
pages4 ,if iacet were by error turned   
into iaceret the reading lacerat would  
arise at once4 ,the nom4 to dicit is1 ,i
 may observe1 not ,epicurus1 as ,orelli 
takes it1 but ,lucullus4 ,trans4 all my 

arguments remain untouched2 your case is
 overthrown1 yet his senses are true    
quotha6 7,for this use of dicit cf4     
inquit in #aja1 #aji1 #aae74 ,hermann   
approves the odd reading of the ed4     
,cratandriana of #aebh latrat4 ,dav4    
conjectured comically blaterat iste     
tamen et1 ,halm lacera est ista causa4  
,habes3 as two good ,,mss4 have habes et
 eum1 ,madv4 ,em4 #agf conj4 habet4 ,the
 change of person1 however1 7from dicit 
to habes7 occurs also in #aja4          
,epicurus3 n4 on #ai4  #hj4 ,hoc est    
verum esse3 ,madv4 ,em4 #agg took verum 
as meaning fair1 candid1 in this        
explanation ,i concur4 ,madv41 however1 
in his critical epistle to ,orelli p4   
#aci abandoned it and proposed virum    
esse1 a very strange em4 ,halm's conj4  
certum esse is weak and improbable4     
,importune3 this is in one good ,,ms4   
but the rest have importata1 a good em4 
is needed1 as importune does not suit   
the sense of the passage4 ,negat 444    
torsisset3 for the tenses cf4 #ajd      

exposuisset1 adiungit4 ,cum oculum      
torsisset3 i4e4 by placing the finger   
beneath the eye and pressing upwards or 
sideways4 ,cf4 ,aristot4 ,eth4 ,eud4    
,,vii4 #ac 7qu4 by ,dav47       4 ,faber
 qu4 ,arist4 ,problemata ,,xvii4 #ca    
787    4 ,also ib4 ,,xxxi4 #c inquiring 
the reason why drunkards see double he  
says          4 ,sextus refers to the   
same thing ,p4,h4 ,i4 #dg1 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4
 #aib 7   7 so ,cic4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4    
#abj4 ,lucretius gives the same answer  
as ,timagoras1 propter opinatus animi   
7,,iv4 #dfe71 as does ,sext4 ,a4,m4     
,,vii4 #baj on behalf of ,epicurus4 ,sed
 hic3 ,bait4 sit hic4 ,maiorum3 cf4     
#adc4 ,quasi quaeratur3 ,carneades      
refused to discuss about things in      
themselves but merely dealt with the    
appearances they present1               
7,numen in ,euseb4 ,pr4 ,eu4 ,,xiv4 #h74
 ,cf4 also ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #gh1 #hg1  
#add1 ,,ii4 #ge4 ,domi nascuntur3 a     
proverb used like ' '  and coals to     
,newcastle1 see ,lorenz on ,plaut4      

,miles ,,ii4 #b1 #ch1 and cf4 ,ad ,att4 
,x4 #ad1 #b1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #c4 ,deus3 
cf4 #ai4 ,audiret 444 ageret3 ,,mss4    
have audies 444 agerent4 ,as the        
insertion of n in the imp4 subj4 is so  
common in ,,mss4 ,i read ageret and     
alter audies to suit it4 ,halm has      
audiret 444 ageretur with ,dav41 ,bait4 
audiet1 egerit4 ,ex hoc loco video 444  
cerno3 ,,mss4 have loco cerno regionem  
video ,pompeianum non cerno whence      
,lipsius conj4 ex hoc loco e regione    
video4 ,halm ejects the words regionem  
video1 ,i prefer to eject cerno         
regionem4 ,we are thus left with the    
slight change from video to cerno1 which
 is very often found in ,cic41 e4g4     
,orat4 #ah4 ,cic4 sometimes however     
joins the two verbs as in ,de ,or4      
,,iii4 #afa4 ,o praeclarum prospectum3  
the view was a favourite one with ,cic41
 see ,ad ,att4 ,i4 #ac1 #e4  #ha4       
,nescio qui3 ,goer4 is quite wrong in   
saying that nescio quis implies         
contempt1 while nescio qui does not1 cf4

 ,div4 in qu4 ,caec4 #dg1 where nescio  
qui would contradict his rule4 ,it is as
 difficult to define the uses of the two
 expressions as to define those of      
aliquis and aliqui1 on which see #fa n4 
,in ,paradoxa #ab the best ,,mss4 have  
si qui and si quis almost in the same   
line with identically the same meaning  
,dav4 quotes ,solinus and ,plin4 ,n4,h4 
,,vii4 #ba1 to show that the man        
mentioned here was called ,strabo--a    
misnomer surely4 ,octingenta3 so the    
best ,,mss41 not octoginta1 which       
however agrees better with ,pliny4 ,quod
 abesset3 whatever might be #ahjj stadia
 distant1 aberat would have implied that
 ,cic4 had some particular thing in     
mind1 cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #cfd1 obs4 #a4  
,acrius3 1 ,lamb4 without need read     
acutius as ,goer4 did in #fi4 ,illos    
pisces3 so some ,,mss41 but the best    
have ullos1 whence ,klotz conj4 multos1 
,orelli multos illos1 omitting pisces4  
,for the allusion to the fish1 cf4      
,acad4 ,post4 fragm4 #ac4 ,videntur3 n4 

on #be4 ,amplius3 cf4 #ai non video cur 
quaerat amplius4 ,desideramus3 ,halm1   
failing to understand the passage1      
follows ,christ in reading desiderant   
7i4e4 pisces74 ,to paraphrase the sense 
is this ,but say my opponents1 the      
,stoics and ,antiocheans1 we desire no  
better senses than we have4 ,well you   
are like the mole1 which does not yearn 
for the light because it does not know  
what light is4 ,of course all the       
ancients thought the mole blind4 ,a     
glance will show the insipidity of the  
sense given by ,halm's reading4         
,quererer cum deo3 would enter into an  
altercation with the god4 ,the phrase1  
like   as opposed to   implies mutual   
recrimination1 cf4 ,pro ,deiotaro #i    
querellae cum ,deiotaro4 ,the reading   
tam quererer for the tamen quaereretur  
of the ,,mss4 is due to ,manut4 ,navem3 
,sextus often uses the same             
illustration1 as in ,p4,h4 ,i4 #ajg1    
,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dad4 ,non tu verum       
testem1 etc43 cf4 #aje4 ,for the om4 of 

te before habere1 which has strangely   
troubled edd4 and induced them to alter 
the text1 see n4 on ,i4 #f4  #hb4 ,quid 
ego3 ,bait4 has sed quid after ,ernesti4
 ,nave3 so the best ,,mss41 not navi1   
cf4 ,madv4 ,gram4 #db4 ,duodeviginti3 so
 in #abh4 ,goer4 and ,roeper qu4 by     
,halm wished to read duodetriginta4 ,the
 reff4 of ,goer4 at least do not prove  
his point that the ancients commonly    
estimated the sun at #bh times the size 
of the earth4 ,quasi pedalis3 cf4 ,d4,f4
 ,i4 #bj pedalis fortasse4 ,for quasi   
circiter cf4 note on #gd4 ,madv4 on     
,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj quotes ,diog4 ,laert4 ,x4
 #ia1 who preserves the very words of   
,epicurus1 in which however no mention  
of a foot occurs1 also ,lucr4 ,v4 #eij1 
who copies ,epicurus1 and ,seneca       
,quaest4 ,nat4 ,i4 #c1 #aj 7solem       
sapientes viri pedalem esse             
contenderunt74 ,madv4 points out from   
,plut4 ,de ,plac4 ,phil4 ,,ii4 #ba1 p4  
#hij ,e1 that ,heraclitus asserted the  
sun to be a foot wide1 he does not      

however quote ,stob4 ,phys4 ,i4 #bd1 #a 
1 which is affirmed to be the opinion of
 ,heraclitus and ,hecataeus4 ,ne maiorem
 quidem3 so the ,,mss41 but ,goer4 and  
,orelli read nec for ne1 incurring the  
reprehension of ,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4 #had1  
ed #b4 ,nihil aut non multum3 so in     
,d4,f4 ,v4 #ei1 the correction of       
,orelli1 therefore1 aut non multum      
mentiantur aut nihil1 is rash4 ,semel3  
see #gi4 ,qui ne nunc quidem3 sc4       
mentiri sensus putat4 ,halm prints quin1
 and is followed by ,baiter1 neither has
 observed that quin ne 444 quidem is bad
 ,latin 7see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #ef74 ,nor   
can quin ne go together even without    
quidem1 cf4 ,krebs and ,allgayer1       
,antibarbarus ed4 #d on quin4  #hc4 ,in 
parvo lis sit3 ,durand's em4 for the in 
parvulis sitis of the ,,mss41 which     
,goer4 alone defends4 ,quattuor capita3 
these were given in #dj by ,lucullus1   
cf4 also #gg4 ,epicurus3 as above in    
#ai1 #gi etc4  #hd4 ,geminum3 cf4 #ef4  
,nota3 cf4 #eh and the speech of        

,lucullus passim4 ,ne sit 444 potest3   
cf4 #hj quasi quaeratur quid sit1 non   
quid videatur4 ,si ipse erit for ipse   
apparently  is ipse cf4 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 
#ic4  #he4 ,quod non est3  qu4 n4 e4 id 
quod esse videtur4 ,sui generis3 cf4    
#ej1 #ed1 #ef4 ,nullum esse pilum1 etc43
 a strong expression of this belief is  
found in ,seneca ,ep44 #aac1 #ac1 qu4   
,r4 and ,p4 #chj4 ,note the word        
,stoicum2 ,lucullus is of course not    
,stoic1 but ,antiochean4 ,nihil         
interest3 the same opinion is expressed 
in #dj1 where see my note4 ,visa res3   
,halm writes res a re1 it is not        
necessary1 however1 either in ,gk4 or   
,lat4 to express both of two related    
things when a word is inserted like     
differat here1 which shows that they are
 related4 ,cf4 the elliptic             
constructions in ,gk4 with 1 1 1 and    
such words4 ,eodem caelo atque3 a       
difficult passage4 ,,mss4 have aqua1 an 
error easy1 as ,halm notes1 to a scribe 
who understood caelum to be the heaven1 

and not 1 a graving tool4 ,faber and    
other old edd4 defend the ,,mss4        
reading1 adducing passages to show that 
sky and water were important in the     
making of statues4 ,for aqua ,orelli    
conj4 acu  schraffirnadel1 ,c4,f4       
,hermann caelatura1 which does not seem 
to be a ,ciceronian word4 ,halm's aeque 
introduces a construction with ceteris  
omnibus which is not only not           
,ciceronian1 but not ,latin at all4 ,i  
read atque1 taking ceteris omnibus to be
 the abl4 neut4 all the other           
implements4 ,formerly ,i conj4 ascra1 or
 atque in1 which last leading would make
 omnibus  om4 statuis4 ,alexandros3     
,lysippus alone was privileged to make  
statues of ,alexander1 as ,apelles alone
 was allowed to paint the conqueror1 cf4
 ,ad ,fam4 ,v4 #ab1 #g4  #hf4 ,anulo3   
cf4 #ed4 ,aliqui3 n4 on #fa4            
,gallinarium3 cf4 #eg4 ,adhibes artem3  
cf4 #bj adhibita arte4 ,pictor 444      
tibicen3 so in #bj4 ,simul inflavit3    
note simul for simul atque1 cf4 ,t4,d4  

,,iv4 #ab4 ,nostri quidem3 i4e4 ,romani4
 ,admodum3 i4e4 adm4 pauci cf4 ,de ,leg4
 ,,iii4 #cb pauci enim atque admodum    
pauci4 ,praeclara3 evidently a fem4 adj4
 agreeing with natura4 ,dav4 and ,ern4  
made the adj4 neuter1 and understanding 
sunt interpreted these arguments ,i am  
going to urge are grand1 viz4 quanto    
art4 etc4  #hg4 ,scilicet3 ,germ4       
natrlich4 ,fabricata sit3 cf4 #cj1 #aai1
 #aba and ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ai4 ,ne modo3 for 
modo ne1 a noticeable use4 ,physicis3   
probably neut4 ,contra sensus3 he wrote 
both for and against 2 cf4 ,r4 and ,p4  
#cfj and #cfh4 ,carneadem3 ,plut4 ,sto4 
,rep4 #ajcf ,b relates that ,carneades  
in reading the arguments of ,chrysippus 
against the senses1 quoted the address  
of ,andromache to ,hector3      4 ,from 
,diog4 ,,iv4 #fb we learn that he thus  
parodied the line qu4 in n4 on #ge1     
4  #hh4 ,diligentissime3 in #dh--ec4    
,dicebas3 in #eb imbecillius            
adsentiuntur4 ,siccorum3 cf4 ,cic4      
,contra ,rullum ,i4 #a consilia         

siccorum4 ,madere is common with the    
meaning to be drunk1 as in ,plaut4      
,mostellaria ,i4 #d1 #f4 ,non diceret3  
,orelli was induced by ,goer4 to omit   
the verb1 with one ,,ms41 cf4 #ae and   
,i4 #ac4 ,the omission of a verb in the 
subjunctive is1 ,madv4 says on ,d4,f4   
,i4 #i1 impossible2 for other ellipses  
of the verb see ,m4,d4,f4 ,v4 #fc4      
,alcmaeo autem3 i4e4 ,ennius' own       
,alcmaeon2 cf4 #eb4 ,somnia reri3 the   
best ,,mss4 have somniare4 ,goer4 reads 
somnia1 supplying non fuisse vera4 ,i   
have already remarked on his            
extraordinary power of supplying4 ,halm 
conj4 somnia reprobare1 forgetting that 
the verb reprobare belongs to third     
century ,latinity1 also sua visa putare1
 which ,bait4 adopts4 ,thinking this too
 large a departure from the ,,mss41 ,i  
read reri1 which verb occurred in ,i4   
#bf1 #ci4 ,possibly putare1 a little    
farther on1 has got misplaced4 ,non id  
agitur3 these difficulties supply       
,sextus with one of his 1 i4e4    2 cf4 

,p4,h4 ,i4 #ajj1 also for the treatment 
of dreams1 ib4 ,i4 #ajd4 ,si modo1 etc43
 if only he dreamed it1 i4e4 merely     
because he dreamed it4 ,aeque ac        
vigilanti3  aeque ac si vigilaret4 ,dav4
 missing the sense1 and pointing out    
that when awake ,ennius did not assent  
to his sensations at all1 conj4         
vigilantis4 ,two participles used in    
very different ways not unfrequently    
occur together1 see ,madv4 ,em4 ,liv4 p4
 #ddb4 ,ita credit3 ,,mss4 have illa1   
which ,dav4 altered4 ,halm would prefer 
credidit4 ,itera dum1 etc43 from the    
,iliona of ,pacuvius2 a favourite       
quotation with ,cic42 see ,ad ,att4     
,,xiv4 #ad1 and ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #dd4  #hi4 
,quisquam3 for the use of this pronoun  
in interrogative sentences cf4 ,virg4   
,aen4 ,i4 #dh with the ,notes of ,wagner
 and ,conington4 ,tam certa putat3 so   
,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #fa points out    
that ,protagoras must in accordance with
 his doctrine    hold that the  is the  
4 ,video1 video te3 evidently from a    

tragedy whose subject was  1 see        
,ribbeck ,trag4 ,lat4 rel4 p4 #bje4     
,cic4 in ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #afb thus      
continues the quotation1 oculis         
postremum lumen radiatum rape4 ,so in   
,soph4 ,aiax #ajj the hero1 after       
killing1 as he thinks1 the ,atridae1    
keeps ,odysseus alive awhile in order to
 torture him4 ,hercules3 cf4 ,eur4      
,herc4 ,fur4 #iba--ajae4 ,the mad       
visions of this hero1 like those of     
,orestes1 are often referred to for a   
similar purpose by ,sext41 e4g4 ,a4,m4  
,,vii4 #dje             1       4       
1   4 ,cf4 also ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #bdi4     
,moveretur3 imperf4 for plup4 as in #ij4
 ,alcmaeo tuus3 cf4 #eb4 ,incitato      
furore3 ,dav4 reads incitatus4 ,halm qu4
 from ,wesenberg ,observ4 ,crit4 ad ,or4
 p4 ,sestio p4 #ea this explanation1 cum
 furor eius initio remissior paulatim   
incitatior et vehementior factus esset1 
he also refers to ,wopkens ,lect4 ,tull4
 p4 #ee ed4 ,hand4 ,incedunt etc43 the  
,,mss4 have incede1 which ,lamb4        

corrected4 ,the subject of the verb is  
evidently ,furiae4 ,adsunt3 is only     
given once by ,,mss41 while ,ribbeck    
repeats it thrice1 on ,halm's suggestion
 ,i have written it twice4 ,caerulea 444
 angui3 anguis fem is not uncommon in   
the old poetry4 ,,mss4 here have igni4  
,crinitus3 1 never shorn1 as ,milton    
translates it4 ,luna innixus3 the       
separate mention in the next line of    
,diana1 usually identified with the     
moon1 has led edd4 to emend this line4  
,some old edd4 have lunat1 while ,lamb4 
reads genu for luna1 cf4 ,ov4 ,am4 ,i4  
#a1 #be 7qu4 by ,goer47 lunavitque genu 
sinuosum fortiter arcum4 ,wakefield on  
,lucr4 ,,iii4 #ajac puts a stop at      
auratum1 and goes on with ,luna         
innixans4 ,taber strangely explains luna
 as  arcu ipso lunato1 ,dav4 says we    
ought not to expect the passage to make 
sense1 as it is the utterance of a      
maniac4 ,for my part1 ,i do not see why 
the poet should not regard luna and     
,diana as distinct4  #ij4 ,illa falsa3  

sc4 visa1 which governs the two         
genitives4 ,goer4 perversely insists on 
taking somniantium recordatione ipsorum 
closely together4 ,non enim id          
quaeritur3 cf4 #hj n4 ,sext4 very often 
uses very similar language1 as in ,p4,h4
 ,i4 #bb1 qu4 in n4 on #dj4 ,tum cum    
movebantur3 so ,halm for ,,mss4 tum     
commovebantur1 the em4 is supported by  
#hh4      #ia--ih4 ,summary3 ,dialectic 
cannot lead to stable knowledge1 its    
processes are not applicable to a large 
number of philosophical     questions   
7#ia74 ,you value the art1 but remember 
that it gave rise to     fallacies like 
the sorites1 which you say is faulty    
7#ib74 ,if it is     so1 refute it4 ,the
 plan of ,chrysippus to refrain from    
answering1 will     avail you nothing   
7#ic74 ,if you refrain because you      
cannot answer1     your knowledge fails 
you1 if you can answer and yet refrain1 
you are     unfair 7#id74 ,the art you  
admire really undoes itself1 as         
,penelope did     her web1 witness the  

,mentiens1 7#ie74 ,you assent to        
arguments which     are identical in    
form with the ,mentiens1 and yet refuse 
to assent to     it ,why so8 7#if7 ,you 
demand that these sophisms should be    
made     exceptions to the rules of     
,dialectic4 ,you must go to a tribune   
for that     exception4 ,i just remind  
you that ,epicurus would not allow the  
very     first postulate of your        
,dialectic 7#ig74 ,in my opinion1 and ,i
 learned     ,dialectic from ,antiochus1
 the ,mentiens and the arguments        
identical     with it in form must stand
 or fall together 7#ih74  #ia4 ,inventam
 esse3 cf4 #bf1 #bg4 ,in geometriane3   
with this inquiry into the special      
function of ,dialectic cf4 the inquiry  
about ,rhetoric in ,plato ,gorg4 #dec   
,d1 #ded ,c4 ,sol quantus sit3 this of  
course is a problem for 1 not for 4     
,quod sit summum bonum3 not  but  must  
decide this4 ,quae coniunctio3 etc4 so  
,sext4 often opposes  or  to 1 cf4 esp  
,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #bja1 and ,zeller #aji sq4 

with footnotes4 ,an instance of a       
coniunctio 7hypothetical judgment7 is si
 lucet1 lucet below1 of a disiunctio    
7disjunctive judgment7 aut vivet cras   
,hermarchus aut non vivet4 ,ambigue     
dictum3 1 on which see ,p4,h4 ,,ii4     
#bef1 ,diog ,,vii4 #fb4 ,quid sequatur3 
1 cf4 ,i4 #ai n4 ,quid repugnet3 cf4 ,i4
 #ai1 n4 ,de se ipsa3 the ipsa1         
according to ,cic4's usage1 is nom4 and 
not abl4 ,petrus ,valentia 7p4 #cja1 ed 
,orelli7 justly remarks that an art is  
not to be condemned as useless merely   
because it is unable to solve every     
problem presented to it4 ,he quotes     
,plato's remarks 7in ,rep4 ,,ii47 that  
the ,expert is the man who knows exactly
 what his art can do and what it cannot4
 ,very similar arguments to this of     
,cic4 occur in ,sext41 cf4 esp4 ,p4,h4  
,,ii4 #age and the words   4 ,for the   
mode in which ,carneades dealt with     
,dialectic cf4 ,zeller #eaj1 #eaa4 ,the 
true ground of attack is that ,logic    
always assumes the truth of phenomena1  

and cannot prove it4 ,this was clearly  
seen by ,aristotle alone of the         
ancients2 see ,grote's essay on the     
,origin of ,knowledge1 now reprinted in 
,vol ,,ii4 of his ,aristotle4  #ib4     
,nata sit3 cf4 #bh1 #ei4 ,loquendi3 the 
,stoic 1 it must be remembered1 included
 4 ,concludendi3   or 4 ,locum3  in the 
philosophical sense4 ,vitiosum3 #di1 n4 
,num nostra culpa est3 cf4 #cb4 ,finium3
 absolute limits2 the fallacy of the    
sorites and other such sophisms lies    
entirely in the treatment of purely     
relative terms as though they were      
absolute4 ,quatenus3 the same ellipse   
occurs in ,orator #gc4 ,in acervo       
tritici3 this is the false sorites1     
which may be briefly described thus3 ,a 
asks ,b whether one grain makes a heap1 
,b answers ,no4 ,a goes on asking       
whether two1 three1 four1 etc4 grains   
make a heap4 ,b cannot always reply ,no4
 ,when he begins to answer ,yes1 there  
will be a difference of one grain       
between heap and no heap4 ,one grain    

therefore does make a heap4 ,the true   
sorites or chain inference is still     
treated in books on logic1 cf4          
,thomson's ,laws of ,thought1 pp        
#bja--bjc1 ed #h4 ,minutatim3 cf4       
,heindorf's note on   in ,sophistes #bag
 ,d4 ,interrogati3 cf4 #ajd4 ,in #id we 
have interroganti1 which some edd4 read 
here4 ,dives pauper1 etc43 it will be   
easily seen that the process of         
questioning above described can be      
applied to any relative term such as    
these are4 ,for the omission of any     
connecting particle between the members 
of each pair1 cf4 #bi1 #abe1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 
#fd1 ,v4 #gc1 #aad1 ,zumpt ,gram4 #ghb4 
,quanto addito aut dempto3 after this   
there is a strange ellipse of some such 
words as id efficiatur1 quod            
interrogatur4 ,non habemus3 ,i bracket  
non in deference to ,halm1 ,madv4       
however 7,opusc4 ,i4 #ejh7 treats it as 
a superabundance of negation arising    
from a sort of anacoluthon1 comparing   
,in ,vatin4 #c1 ,ad ,fam4 ,,xii4 #bd4   

,the scribes insert and omit negatives  
very recklessly1 so that the point may  
remain doubtful4  #ic4 ,frangite3 in    
later ,gk4 generally 4 ,erunt 444       
cavetis3 this form of the conditional   
sentence is illustrated in ,madv4 ,d4,f4
 ,,iii4 #gj1 ,em4 ,liv4 p4 #dbb1 ,gram4 
#cdj1 obs4 #a4 ,goer4 qu4 ,terence      
,heaut4 ,v4 #a1 #ei quot incommoda tibi 
in hac re capies nisi caves1 cf4 also   
#abg1 #adj of this book4 ,the present is
 of course required by the instantaneous
 nature of the action4 ,chrysippo3 he   
spent so much time in trying to solve   
the sophism that it is called peculiarly
 his by ,persius ,,vi4 #hj4 inventus1   
,chrysippe1 tui finitor acervi4 ,the    
titles of numerous distinct works of his
 on the ,sorites and ,mentiens are given
 by ,diog4 ,tria pauca sint3 cf4 the    
instances in ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dah  
1    1 also ,diog4 ,,vii4 #hb  the      
advice is quoted in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 
#bec 7   71 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #daf 7    74  
,the same terms seem to have been used  

by the ,cynics1 see ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 
#bdd1 ,,iii4 #ff4 ,stertas3 imitated by 
,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #be ter terna 
novem esse 444 vel genere humano        
stertente verum sit1 also ib4 ,,iii4    
#bb4 ,proficit3 ,dav4 proficis1 but     
,madv4 rightly understands   7,em4      
#ahd71 cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #eh4 ,ultimum   
444 respondere3 to put in as your answer
 cf4 the use of defendere with an accus4
 to put in as a plea4 ,kayser suggests  
paucorum quid sit4  #id4 ,ut agitator3  
see the amusing letter to ,atticus      
,,xiii4 #ba1 in which ,cic4 discusses   
different translations for the word 1   
and quotes a line of ,lucilius sustineat
 currum ut bonu' saepe agitator         
equosque1 adding semperque ,carneades   
pugilis et retentionem aurigae similem  
facit 4 ,aug4 ,contra ,ac4 trans4  by   
refrenatio cf4 also ,lael4 #fc4         
,superbus es3 ,i have thus corrected the
 ,,mss4 responde superbe2 ,halm writes  
facis superbe1 ,orelli superbis1 which  
verb is hardly found in prose4 ,the     

phrase superbe resistere in ,aug4       
,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #ad may be a        
reminiscence4 ,illustribus3 ,bait4 with 
some probability adds in1 comparing in  
decimo below1 and #ajg1 cf4 however     
,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #dbj4 ,irretiat3   
parallel expressions occur in ,t4,d4 ,v4
 #gf1 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #dc1 ,de ,fato #g4   
,facere non sinis3 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4  
#bec points the moral in the same way4  
,augentis nec minuentis3 so ,halm for   
,,mss4 augendi nec minuendi1 which      
,bait4 retains4 ,i cannot believe the   
phrase primum augendi to be ,latin4     
#ie4 ,tollit 444 superiora3 cf4         
,hortensius fragm4 #ai 7,orelli7 sed ad 
extremum pollicetur prolaturum qui se   
ipse comest quod efficit dialecticorum  
ratio4 ,vestra an nostra3 ,bait4 after  
,christ needlessly writes nostra an     
vestra4 3 a judgment expressed in       
language2 cf4 ,zeller #ajg1 who gives   
the ,stoic refinements on this subject4 
,effatum3 ,halm gives the spelling      
ecfatum4 ,it is probable that this      

spelling was antique in ,cic4's time and
 only used in connection with religious 
and legal formulae as in ,de ,div4 ,i4  
#ha1 ,de ,leg4 ,,ii4 #bj1 see ,corss4   
,ausspr4 ,i4 #aee ,for the word cf4     
,sen4 ,ep4 #aag enuntiativum quiddam de 
corpore quod alii effatum vocant1 alii  
enuntiatum1 alii edictum1 in ,t4,d4 ,i4 
#ad pronuntiatum is found1 in ,de ,fato 
#bf pronuntiatio1 in ,gellius ,,xvi4 #h 
7from ,varro7 prologium4 ,aut verum esse
 aut falsum3 the constant ,stoic        
definition of 1 see ,diog4 ,,vii4 #fe   
and other passages in ,zeller #ajg4     
,mentiris an verum dicis3 the an was    
added by ,schutz on a comparison of     
,gellius ,,xviii4 #aj cum mentior et    
mentiri me dico1 mentior an verum dico8 
,the sophism is given in a more formally
 complete shape in ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aa  
where the following words are added1    
dicis autem te mentiri verumque dicis1  
mentiris igitur4 ,the fallacy is thus   
hit by ,petrus ,valentia 7p4 #cja1 ed   
,orelli71 quis unquam dixit ego mentior 

quum hoc ipsum pronuntiatum falsum      
vellet declarare8 ,inexplicabilia3  in  
the ,greek writers4 ,odiosius3 this adj4
 has not the strong meaning of the ,eng4
 hateful1 but simply means tiresome1    
annoying4 ,non comprehensa3 as in #ii1  
the opposite of comprehendibilia ,,iii4 
#a1 #da4 ,the past partic4 in ,cic4     
often has the same meaning as an adj4 in
 -bilis4 ,faber points out that in the  
,timaeus ,cic4 translates  by           
indissolutus and indissolubilis         
indifferently4 ,imperceptus1 which one  
would expect1 is found in ,ovid4  #if4  
,si dicis3 etc4 the words in italics are
 needed1 and were given by ,manut4 with 
the exception of nunc which was added by
 ,dav4 ,the idea of ,orelli1 that ,cic4 
clipped these trite sophisms as he does 
verses from the comic writers is        
untenable4 ,in docendo3 docere is not to
 expound but to prove1 cf4 n4 on #aba4  
,primum 444 modum3 the word modus is    
technical in this sense cf4 ,top4 #eg4  
,the    of the ,stoic logic ran thus   1

   444        7,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #aeg1
 and other passages qu4 ,zeller #aad74  
,this bears a semblance of inference and
 is not so utterly tautological as      
,cic4's translation1 which merges  and  
into one word1 or that of ,zeller 7#aad1
 note74 ,these arguments are called     
7involving only one premise7 in ,sext4  
,p4,h4 ,i4 #aeb1 #aei1 ,,ii4 #afg4 ,si  
dicis te mentiri1 etc43 it is absurd to 
assume1 as this sophism does1 that when 
a man truly states that he has told a   
lie1 he establishes against himself not 
merely that he has told a lie1 but also 
that he is telling a lie at the moment  
when he makes the true statement4 ,the  
root of the sophism lies in the         
confusion of past and present time in   
the one infinitive mentiri4 ,eiusdem    
generis3 the phrase te mentiri had been 
substituted for nunc lucere4            
,chrysippea3 n4 on #ic4 ,conclusioni3 on
 facere with the dat4 see n4 on #bg4    
,cederet3 some edd4 crederet1 but the   
word is a trans4 of ,gk4 2 n4 on #ff4   

,conexi3  1 cf4 ,zeller #aji4 ,this was 
the proper term for the hypothetical    
judgment4 ,superius3 the  consists of   
two parts1 the hypothetical part and the
 affirmative--called in ,greek  and 2 if
 one is admitted the other follows of   
course4  #ig4 ,excipiantur3 the legal   
formula of the ,romans generally        
directed the iudex to condemn the       
defendant if certain facts were proved1 
unless certain other facts were proved2 
the latter portion went by the name of  
exceptio4 ,see ,dict4 ,ant4 ,tribunum   
444 adeant3 a retort upon ,lucullus2 cf4
 #ac4 ,the ,,mss4 have videant or       
adeant2 ,halm conj4 adhibeant1 comparing
 #hf and ,pro ,rabirio #bj4 ,contemnit3 
the usual trans4 to despise for         
contemnere is too strong2 it means1 like
 1 merely to neglect or pass by4        
,effabimur2 cf4 effatum above4          
,hermarchus3 not ,hermachus1 as most    
edd42 see ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #if4          
,diiunctum3 1 for which see ,zeller     
#aab4 ,necessarium3 the reason why      

,epicurus refused to admit this is given
 in ,de ,fato #ba ,epicurus veretur ne  
si hoc concesserit1 concedendum sit fato
 fieri quaecumque fiant4 ,the context of
 that passage should be carefully read1 
along with ,n4,d4 ,i4 #fi1 #gj4 ,aug4   
,contra ,ac4 ,,iii4 #bi lays great      
stress on the necessary truth of        
disjunctive propositions4 ,catus3 so    
,lamb4 for ,,mss4 cautus4 ,tardum3 ,de  
,div4 ,,ii4 #ajc ,epicurum quem hebetem 
et rudem dicere solent ,stoici2 cf4 also
 ib4 ,,ii4 #aaf1 and the frequent use of
  in ,sext41 e4g4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #cbe4   
,cum hoc igitur3 the word igitur1 as    
usual1 picks up the broken thread of the
 sentence4 ,id est3 n4 on ,i4 #h4       
,evertit3 for the ,epicurean view of    
,dialectic see ,r4 and ,p4 #cdc4 ,zeller
 #cii sq41 ,m4,d4,f4 ,i4 #bb4 ,e        
contrariis diiunctio3    4  #ih4        
,sequor3 as in #ie1 #if1 where the      
,dialectici refused to allow the        
consequences of their own principles1   
according to ,cic4 ,ludere3 this reminds

 one of the famous controversy between  
,corax and ,tisias1 for which see ,cope 
in the old ,journal of ,philology4 ,no4 
#g4 ,iudicem 444 non iudicem3 this      
construction1 which in ,greek would be  
marked by  and 1 has been a great crux  
of edd42 ,dav4 here wished to insert cum
 before iudicem1 but is conclusively    
refuted by ,madv4 ,em4 #ca4 ,the same   
construction occurs in #ajc4 ,esse      
conexum3 with great probability ,christ 
supposes the infinitive to be an        
addition of the copyists4      #ih--aje4
 ,summary4 ,in order to overthrow at    
once the case of     ,antiochus1 ,i     
proceed to explain1 after ,clitomachus1 
the whole of     ,carneades' system     
7#ih74 ,carneades laid down two         
divisions of visa1     one into those   
capable of being perceived and those not
 so capable1 the     other into probable
 and improbable4 ,arguments aimed at the
 senses     concern the first division  
only2 the sapiens will follow           
probability1     as in many instances   

the ,stoic sapiens confessedly does     
7#ii1 #ajj74 ,our     sapiens is not    
made of stone2 many things seem to him  
true2 yet he     always feels that there
 is a possibility of their being false4 
,the     ,stoics themselves admit that  
the senses are often deceived4 ,put this
     admission together with the tenet  
of ,epicurus1 and perception becomes    
impossible 7#aja74 ,it is strange that  
our ,probables do not seem              
sufficient to you4 ,hear the account    
given by ,clitomachus 7#ajb74 ,he       
condemns those who say that sensation is
 swept away by the ,academy2     nothing
 is swept away but its necessary        
certainty 7#ajc74 ,there are     two    
modes of withholding assent2 withholding
 it absolutely and     withholding it   
merely so far as to deny the certainty  
of phenomena4     ,the latter mode      
leaves all that is required for ordinary
 life 7#ajd74  #ih4 ,tortuosum3 similar 
expressions are in ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #db1    
,,iii4 #bb1 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #g4 ,ut        

,poenus3 as might be expected from a    
,carthaginian2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ef1    
tuus ille ,poenulus1 homo acutus4 ,a    
different meaning is given by the ut in 
passages like ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #cj       
,democritus non inscite nugatur1 ut     
physicus1 quo genere nihil arrogantius2 
for a physical philosopher4  #ii4       
,genera3 here  classifications of1 modes
 of dividing visa4 ,this way of taking  
the passage will defend ,cic4 against   
the strong censure of ,madv4 7,pref4 to 
,d4,f4 p4 lxiii47 who holds him         
convicted of ignorance1 for representing
 ,carneades as dividing visa into those 
which can be perceived and those which  
cannot4 ,is it possible that any one    
should read the ,academica up to this   
point1 and still believe that ,cic4 is  
capable of supposing1 even for a moment1
 that ,carneades in any way upheld 8    
,dicantur3 i4e4 ab ,academicis4 ,si     
probabile3 the si is not in ,,mss4 ,halm
 and also ,bait4 follow ,christ in      
reading est1 probabile nihil esse4      

,commemorabas3 in #ec1 #eh4 ,eversio3   
cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ej 7the same words71 
,plat4 ,gorg4 #dha ,c      1 ,sext4     
,a4,m4 ,,viii4 #aeg   4 ,et sensibus3 no
 second et corresponds to this2 sic     
below replaces it4 ,see ,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4
 #gij1 ed4 #b4 ,quicquam tale etc43 cf4 
#dj1 #da4 ,nihil ab eo differens3 n4 on 
#ed4 ,non comprehensa3 n4 on #if4  #ajj4
 ,si iam3 if1 for example2 so iam is    
often used in ,lucretius4 ,probo 444    
bono3 it would have seemed more natural 
to transpose these epithets4 ,facilior  
444 ut probet3 the usual construction is
 with ad and the gerund2 cf4 ,de ,div4  
,,ii4 #ajg1 ,brut4 #ahj4 ,anaxagoras3 he
 made no  of snow1 but only of water1   
which1 when pure and deep1 is dark in   
colour4 ,concreta3 so ,manut4 for ,,mss4
 congregata4 ,in #aba the ,,mss4 give   
concreta without variation1 as in ,n4,d4
 ,,ii4 #aja1 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #acj1 ,t4,d4 
,i4 #ff1 #ga4  #aja4 ,impeditum3 cf4    
#cc1 n4 ,movebitur3 cf4 moveri in #bd4  
,non enim est3 ,cic4 in the vast        

majority of cases writes est enim1 the  
two words falling under one accent like 
sed enim1 et enim 7cf4 ,corss4 ,ausspr4 
,,ii4 #hea72 ,beier on ,de ,off4 ,i4 p4 
#aeg 7qu4 by ,halm7 wishes therefore to 
read est enim1 but the ,,mss4 both of   
the ,lucullus and of ,nonius agree in   
the other form1 which ,madv4 allows to  
stand in ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1 and many other 
places 7see his note74 ,cf4 fragm4 #bb  
of the ,acad4 ,post4 ,e robore3 so      
,nonius1 but the ,,mss4 of ,cic4 give   
here ebore4 ,dolatus3 an evident        
imitation of ,hom4 ,od4 ,t #afc       ' 
4 ,neque tamen habere3 i4e4 se putat4   
,for the sudden change from oratio recta
 to obliqua cf4 #dj with n4 ,percipiendi
 notam3     in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #aia4  
,for the use of the gerund cf4 n4 on    
#bf1 with ,madv4 ,gram4 #dah1 ,munro on 
,lucr4 ,i4 #cac2 for propriam #cd4      
,exsistere4 cf4 #cf4 ,qui neget3 see    
#gi4 ,caput3 a legal term4 ,conclusio   
loquitur3 cf4 historiae loquantur 7#e71 
consuetudo loquitur 7,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dh71 

hominis institutio si loqueretur 7ib4   
,,iv4 #da71 vites si loqui possint 7ib4 
,v4 #ci71 patria loquitur 7,in ,cat4 ,i4
 #ah1 #bg72 the last use ,cic4 condemns 
himself in ,orat4 #he4 ,inquit3 quotha1 
indefinitely1 as in #aji1 #aae2 cf4 also
 dicit in #gi4  #ajb4 ,reprehensio est  
444 satis esse vobis3 ,bait4 follows    
,madv4 in placing a comma after est1 and
 a full stop at probabilia4 ,tamen ought
 in that case to follow dicimus1 and it 
is noteworthy that in his communication 
to ,halm 7printed on p4 #hed of ,bait41 
and ,hahn's ed4 of the philosophical    
works1 #ahfa7 ,madv4 omits the word     
tamen altogether1 nor does ,bait4 in    
adopting the suggestion notice the      
omission4 ,ista diceret3 stated the     
opinions you asked for4 ,poetam3 this   
both ,halm and ,bait4 treat as a gloss4 
#ajc4 ,for this section cf4 ,lucullus'  
speech1 passim1 and ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4   
#bbg sq4 ,academia 444 quibus3 a number 
of exx4 of this change from sing4 to    
plural are given by ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,v4

 #af4 ,nullum3 on the favourite         
,ciceronian use of nullus for non see   
#dg1 #ada1 and ,madv4 ,gram4 #dee1 obs4 
#e4 ,illud sit disputatum3 for the      
construction cf4 #ih2 autem is omitted  
with the same constr4 in ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gi1
 #hj4 ,nusquam alibi3 cf4 #ej4  #ajd4   
,exposuisset adiungit3 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 
,,iii4 #fg notices a certain looseness  
in the use of tenses1 which ,cic4       
displays in narrating the opinions of   
philosophers1 but no ex4 so strong as   
this is produced4 ,ut aut approbet quid 
aut improbet3 this ,halm rejects4 ,i    
have noticed among recent editors of    
,cic4 a strong tendency to reject       
explanatory clauses introduced by ut4   
,halm brackets a similar clause in #bj1 
and is followed in both instances by    
,bait4 ,kayser1 who is perhaps the most 
extensive bracketer of modern times1    
rejects very many clauses of the kind in
 the ,oratorical works4 ,in our passage1
 the difficulty vanishes when we reflect
 that approbare and improbare may mean  

either to render an absolute approval or
 disapproval1 or to render an approval  
or disapproval merely based on          
probability4 ,for example1 in #bi the   
words have the first meaning1 in #ff the
 second4 ,the same is the case with nego
 and aio4 ,i trace the whole difficulty 
of the passage to the absence of terms  
to express distinctly the difference    
between the two kinds of assent4 ,the   
general sense will be as follows4 ,there
 are two kinds of 1 one which prevents a
 man from expressing any assent or      
disagreement 7in either of the two      
senses above noticed71 another which    
does not prevent him from giving an     
answer to questions1 provided his answer
 be not taken to imply absolute approval
 or absolute disapproval2 the result of 
which will be that he will neither      
absolutely deny nor absolutely affirm   
anything1 but will merely give a        
qualified 'yes' or 'no1' dependent on   
probability4 ,my defence of the clause  
impugned is substantially the same as   

that of ,hermann in the ,philologus     
7vol4 ,,vii471 which ,i had not read    
when this note was first written4       
,alterum placere 444 alterum tenere3 the
 one is his formal dogma1 the other is  
his actual practice4 ,for the force of  
this see my note on non probans in #adh1
 which passage is very similar to this4 
,neget 444 aiat3 cf4 #ig4 ,nec ut       
placeat3 this1 the ,,mss4 reading1 gives
 exactly the wrong sense1 for           
,clitomachus did allow such visa to     
stand as were sufficient to serve as a  
basis for action4 ,hermann's neu cui    
labours under the same defect4 ,various 
emendations are nam cum 7,lamb41        
accepted by ,zeller #ebb71 hic ut       
7,manut471 et cum 7,dav4 followed by    
,bait471 sed cum 7,halm74 ,the most     
probable of these seems to me that of   
,manut4 ,i should prefer sic ut1 taking 
ut in the sense of although4            
,respondere3 to put in as an answer1 as 
in #ic and often4 ,approbari3 sc4       
putavit4 ,such changes of construction  

are common in ,cic41 and ,i cannot      
follow ,halm in altering the reading to 
approbavit4  #aje4 ,lucem eripimus3 cf4 
#cj4      #aje--aaa4 ,summary4 ,you must
 see1 ,lucullus1 by this time1 that your
     defence of dogmatism is overthrown 
7#aje74 ,you asked how memory was       
possible on my principles4 ,why1 did not
 ,siron remember the dogmas of          
,epicurus8 ,if nothing can be remembered
 which is not absolutely true1     then 
these will be true 7#ajf74 ,probability 
is quite sufficient basis     for the   
arts4 ,one strong point of yours is that
 nature compels us to     assent4 ,but  
,panaetius doubted even some of the     
,stoic dogmas1 and you     yourself     
refuse assent to the sorites1 why then  
should not the     ,academic doubt about
 other things8 7#ajg7 ,your other strong
 point is     that without assent action
 is impossible 7#ajh74 ,but surely many 
actions     of the dogmatist proceed    
upon mere probability4 ,nor do you gain 
by the     use of the hackneyed argument

 of ,antiochus 7#aji74 ,where           
probability is1     there the ,academic 
has all the knowledge he wants 7#aaj74  
,the argument     of ,antiochus that the
 ,academics first admit that there are  
true and     false visa and then        
contradict themselves by denying that   
there is     any difference between true
 and false1 is absurd4 ,we do not deny  
that     the difference exists2 we do   
deny that human faculties are capable of
     perceiving the difference 7#aaa74  
#aje4 ,inducto 444 prob43 so ,aug4 ,cont
 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab ,soluto1 libero3 cf4 n4 
on #h4 ,implicato3  impedito cf4 #aja4  
,iacere3 cf4 #gi4 ,isdem oculis3 an     
answer to the question nihil cernis8 in 
#ajb4 ,purpureum3 cf4 fragm4 #g of the  
,acad4 ,post4 ,modo caeruleum 444 sole3 
,nonius 7cf4 fragm4 #bc7 quotes tum     
caeruleum tum lavum 7the ,,mss4 in our  
passage have flavum7 videtur1 quodque   
nunc a sole4 ,c4,f4 ,hermann would place
 mane ravum after quodque and take quod 
as a proper relative pronoun1 not as    

because4 ,this transposition certainly  
gives increased clearness4 ,hermann     
further wishes to remove a1 quoting exx4
 of collucere without the prep41 which  
are not at all parallel1 i4e4 ,verr4 ,i4
 #eh1 ,,iv4 #ga4 ,vibrat3 with the   of 
,aeschylus4 ,dissimileque3 ,halm1       
followed by ,bait41 om4 que4 ,proximo   
et3 ,,mss4 have ei1 rightly altered by  
,lamb41 cf4 e4g4 ,de ,fato #dd4 ,non    
possis 444 defendere3 a similar line is 
taken in #ha4  #ajf4 ,memoria3 cf4 #bb4 
,polyaenus3 named ,d4,f4 ,i4 #bj1 ,diog4
 ,x4 #ah1 as one of the chief friends of
 ,epicurus4 ,falsum quod est3 ,greek and
 ,latin do not distinguish accurately   
between the true and the existent1 the  
false and the non existent1 hence the   
present difficulty2 in ,plato the       
confusion is frequent1 notably in the   
,sophistes and ,theaetetus4 ,si igitur3 
if then recollection is recollection    
only of things perceived and known4 ,the
 dogmatist theory of  and  is dealt with
 in exactly the same way by ,sext4      

,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #e1 #aj and elsewhere1 cf4 
also ,plat ,theaet4 #aia sq4 ,siron3    
thus ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #aai writes 
the name1 not ,sciron1 as ,halm4        
,fateare3 the em4 of ,dav4 for facile1  
facere1 facias of ,,mss4 ,christ defends
 facere1 thinking that the constr4 is   
varied from the subj4 to the inf4 after 
oportet1 as after necesse est in #ci4   
,for facere followed by an inf4 cf4     
,m4,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #h4 ,nulla3 for non1 cf4
 #dg1 #ajc4  #ajg4 ,fiet artibus3 n4 on 
#bg for the constr41 for the matter see 
#bb4 ,lumina3 strong points4 ,bentl4    
boldly read columina1 while ,dav4       
proposed vimina or vincula4 ,that an em4
 is not needed may be seen from ,d4,f4  
,,ii4 #gj4 negat ,epicurus 7hoc enim    
vestrum lumen est7 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #gi1 and  
#dc of this book4 ,responsa3 added by   
,ernesti4 ,faber supplies haruspicia1   
,orelli after ,ern4 haruspicinam1 but1  
as ,halm says1 some noun in the plur4 is
 needed4 ,quod is non potest3 this is   
the ,,mss4 reading1 but most edd4 read  

si is1 to cure a wrong punctuation1 by  
which a colon is placed at perspicuum   
est above1 and a full stop at sustineat4
 ,halm restored the passage4 ,habuerint3
 the subj4 seems due to the attraction  
exercised by sustineat4 ,bait4 after    
,kayser has habuerunt4 ,positum3 when   
laid down or assumed4  #ajh4 ,alterum   
est quod3 this is substituted for       
deinde1 which ought to correspond to    
primum above4 ,actio ullius rei3 n4 on  
actio rerum in #fb1 cf4 also #adh4      
,adsensu comprobet3 almost the same     
phrase often occurs in ,livy1 ,sueton41 
etc4 see ,forc4 ,sit etiam3 the etiam is
 a little strange and was thought       
spurious by ,ernesti4 ,it seems to have 
the force of ,eng4 indeed1 in what      
indeed assent consists4 ,sensus ipsos   
adsensus3 so in ,i4 #da sensus is       
defined to be id quod est sensu         
comprehensum1 i4e4 1 cf4 also ,stobaeus 
,i4 #da1 #be     4 ,appetitio3 for all  
this cf4 #cj4 ,et dicta 444 multa3      
,manut4 ejected these words as a gloss1 

after multa the ,,mss4 curiously add    
vide superiora4 ,lubricos sustinere3 cf4
 #fh and #id4 ,ita scribenti 444        
exanclatum3 for the om4 of esse cf4 #gg1
 #aac with notes4 ,herculi3 for this    
form of the gen4 cf4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4   
,i4 #ad1 who doubts whether ,cic4 ever  
wrote -is in the gen4 of the ,greek     
names in -es4 ,when we consider how     
difficult it was for copyists not to    
change the rarer form into the commoner1
 also that even ,priscian 7see ,m4,d4,f4
 ,v4 #ab7 made gross blunders about     
them1 the supposition of ,madv4 becomes 
almost irresistible4 ,temeritatem3 1 4  
#aji4 ,in navigando3 cf4 #ajj4 ,in      
conserendo3 ,guretus interprets     1   
and is followed by most commentators1   
though it seems at least possible that  
manum is to be understood4 ,for the     
suppressed accus4 agrum cf4 n4 on       
tollendum in #adh4 ,sequere3 the fut4   
not the pres4 ind41 cf4 #fa4 ,pressius3 
cf4 #bh4 ,reprehensum3 sc4 narrasti4 ,id
 ipsum3  nihil posse comprehendi4       

,saltem3 so in #bi4 ,pingue3 cf4 ,pro   
,archia #aj4 ,sibi ipsum3 note that     
,cic4 does not generally make ipse agree
 in case with the reflexive1 but writes 
se ipse1 etc4 ,convenienter3            
consistently4 ,esse possit3 ,bait4      
posset on the suggestion of ,halm1 but  
,cic4 states the doctrine as a living   
one1 not throwing it back to ,antiochus 
time and to this particular speech of   
,ant4 ,ut hoc ipsum3 the ut follows on  
illo modo urguendum above4 ,decretum    
quod3 ,halm followed by ,bait4 gives    
quo1 referring to altero quo neget in   
#aaa1 which however does not justify the
 reading4 ,the best ,,mss4 have qui4 ,et
 sine decretis3 ,lamb4 gave nec for et1 
but ,dav4 correctly explains1 multa     
decreta habent ,academici1 non tamen    
percepta sed tantum probabilia4  #aaj4  
,ut illa3 i4e4 the decreta implied in   
the last sentence4 ,some ,,mss4 have    
ille1 while ,dav4 without necessity     
gives alia4 ,sic hoc ipsum3 ,sext4 then 
is wrong is saying 7,p4,h4 ,i4 #bbf7    

that the ,academics     1 i4e4 state the
 doctrine dogmatically1 while the       
sceptics do not4 ,cognitionis notam3    
like nota percipiendi1 veri et falsi1   
etc4 which we have already had4 ,ne     
confundere omnia3 a mocking repetition  
of ,lucullus phrase1 cf4 #eh4 ,incerta  
reddere3 cf4 #ed4 ,stellarum numerus3   
another echo of ,lucullus2 see #cb4     
,quem ad modum 444 item3 see ,madv4 on  
,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dh1 who quotes an exact  
parallel from ,topica #df1 and sicut 444
 item from ,n4,d4 ,i4 #c1 noting at the 
same time that in such exx4 neither ita 
nor idem1 which ,,mss4 sometimes give   
for item1 is correct4  #aaa4 ,dicere 444
 perturbatum3 for om4 of esse cf4 #ajh1 
etc4 ,antiochus3 this ,bait4 brackets4  
,unum 444 alterum3 cf4 #dd4 ,esse       
quaedam in visis3 it was not the esse   
but the videri1 not the actual existence
 of a difference1 but the possibility of
 that difference being infallibly       
perceived by human sense1 that the      
,academic denied4 ,cernimus3 i4e4 the   

probably true and false4 ,probandi      
species3 a phenomenal appearance which  
belongs to1 or properly leads to        
qualified approval4      #aab--aae4     
,summary4 ,if ,i had to deal with a     
,peripatetic1 whose     definitions are 
not so exacting1 my course would be     
easier2 ,i should     not much oppose   
him even if he maintained that the wise 
man sometimes     opines 7#aab74 ,the   
definitions of the real ,old ,academy   
are more     reasonable than those of   
,antiochus4 ,how1 holding the opinions  
he does1     can he profess to belong to
 the ,old ,academy8 7#aac7 ,i cannot    
tolerate     your assumption that it is 
possible to keep an elaborate dogmatic  
system like yours free from mistakes    
7#aad74 ,you wish me to join your       
school4 ,what am ,i to do then with my  
dear friend ,diodotus1 who thinks     so
 poorly of ,antiochus8 ,let us consider 
however what system not ,i1 but     the 
sapiens is to adopt 7#aae74  #aab4      
,campis 444 exsultare 444 oratio3       

expressions like this are common in     
,cic41 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ed1 ,de ,off4   
,i4 #fa1 ,orat4 #bf2 cf4 also ,aug4     
,cont4 ,ac4 ,,iii4 #e ne in quaestionis 
campis tua eqitaret oratio4 ,cum        
,peripatetico3 nothing that ,cic4 states
 here is at discord with what is known  
of the tenets of the later              
,peripatetics2 cf4 esp4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4   
,,vii4 #baf--bbf4 ,all that ,cic4 says  
is that he could accept the ,peripatetic
 formula1 putting upon it his own       
meaning of course4 ,doubtless a         
,peripatetic would have wondered how a  
sceptic could accept his formulae2 but  
the spectacle of men of the most        
irreconcilable opinions clinging on to  
the same formulae is common enough to   
prevent us from being surprised at      
,cicero's acceptance4 ,i have already   
suggested 7n4 on #ah7 that we have here 
a trace of ,philo's teaching1 as        
distinct from that of ,carneades4 ,i see
 absolutely no reason for the very      
severe remarks of ,madvig on ,d4,f4 ,v4 

#gf1 a passage which very closely       
resembles ours4 ,dumeta3 same use in    
,n4,d4 ,i4 #fh1 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 
#f2 the spinae of the ,stoics are often 
mentioned1 e4g4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #f4 ,e vero
 444 a falso3 note the change of prep4  
,adhiberet3 the ,,mss4 are confused     
here1 and go ,halm reads adderet1 and   
,bait4 follows1 while ,kayser proposes  
adhaereret1 which is indeed nearer the  
,,mss42 cf4 however ,i4 #ci adhiberet4  
,accessionem3 for this cf4 #ah and #gg4 
,simpliciter3 the opposite of           
subtiliter2 cf4 simpliciter--subtilitas 
in ,i4 #f4 ,ne ,carneade quidem3 cf4    
#ei1 #fg1 #gh1 #adh4  #aac4 ,sed qui his
 minor est3 given by ,halm as the em4 of
 ,io4 ,clericus for ,,mss4 sed mihi     
minores4 ,guietus gave sed his minores1 
,durand sed minutior1 while ,halm       
suggests sed minutiores4 ,i conj4 nimio 
minares1 which would be much nearer the 
,,mss42 cf4 ,lucr4 ,i4 #gcd inferiores  
partibus egregie multis multoque        
minores4 ,tale verum3 visum omitted as  

in ,d4,f4 ,v4 #gf4 ,incognito3 cf4 #acc4
 ,amavi hominem3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #f4    
,ita iudico1 politissimum2 it is a      
mistake to suppose this sentence        
incomplete1 like ,halm1 who wishes to   
add eum esse1 or like ,bait41 who with  
,kayser prints esse after politissimum4 
,cf4 #ajh ita scribenti1 exanclatum1 and
 the examples given from ,cic4 by ,madv4
 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,horum neutrum3   
cf4 #gg nemo4 ,utrumque verum3 ,cic4 of 
course only accepts the propositions as 
,arcesilas did2 see #gg4  #aad4 ,illud  
ferre3 cf4 #acf4 ,constituas3 this verb 
is often used in connection with the    
ethical finis2 cf4 #abi and ,i4 #ai4    
,idemque etiam3 ,krebs and ,allgayer    
7,antibarbarus1 ed4 #d7 deny that the   
expression idem etiam is ,latin4 ,one   
good ,,ms4 here has atque etiam1 which  
,dav4 reads2 cf4 however ,orat4 #aag4   
,artificium3  ars1 as in #cj4 ,nusquam  
labar3 cf4 #ach ne labar4               
,subadroganter3 cf4 #abf4  #aae4 ,qui   
sibi cum oratoribus 444 rexisse3 so     

,cic4 vary often speaks of the          
,peripatetics1 as in ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e1   
,v4 #g4 ,sustinuero3 cf4 #gj4 ,tam      
bonos3 ,cic4 often speaks of them and of
 ,epicurus in this patronising way2 see 
e4g4 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #dd1 ,,iii4 #ej1      
,d4,f4 ,i4 #be1 ,,ii4 #ha4 ,for the     
,epicurean friendships cf4 esp4 ,d4,f4  
,i4 #fe4 ,diodoto3 cf4 ,introd4 p4 #b4  
,nolumus3 ,halm and ,bait41 give        
nolimus2 so fine a line divides the     
subjunctive from the indicative in      
clauses like these that the choice often
 depends on mere individual taste4 ,de  
sapiente loquamur3 n4 on #ff4           
#aaf--abh4 ,summary4 ,of the three parts
 of philosophy take ,physics     first4 
,would your sapiens swear to the truth  
of any geometrical     result whatever8 
7#aaf7 ,let us see which one of actual  
physical systems     the sapiens we are 
seeking will select 7#aag74 ,he must    
choose one     teacher from among the   
conflicting schools of ,thales1         
,anaximander1     ,anaximenos1          

,anaxagoras1 ,xenophanes1 ,leucippus1   
,democritus1 ,empedocles1               
,heraclitus1 ,melissus1 ,plato and      
,pythagoras4 ,the remaining teachers1   
great men though they be1 he must reject
 7#aah74 ,whatever system he     selects
 he must know absolutely2 if the ,stoic1
 he must believe as     strongly in the 
,stoic theology as he does in the       
sunlight4 ,if he holds     this1        
,aristotle will pronounce him mad2 you1 
however1 ,lucullus1 must     defend the 
,stoics and spurn ,aristotle from you1  
while you will not     allow me even to 
doubt 7#aai74 ,how much better to be    
free1 as ,i am and     not compelled to 
find an answer to all the riddles of the
 universe6     7#abj7 ,nothing can      
exist1 say you1 apart from the deity4   
,strato1     however1 says he does not  
need the deity to construct the         
universe4 ,his     mode of construction 
again differs from that of ,democritus4 
,i see some     good in ,strato1 yet ,i 
will not assent absolutely either to his

 system     or to yours 7#aba74 ,all    
these matters lie far beyond our ken4   
,we know     nothing of our bodies1     
which we can dissect1 while we have not 
the     advantage of being able to      
dissect the constitution of things or of
 the     earth to see whether she is    
firmly fixed or hovers in mid air       
7#abb74     ,xenophanes1 ,hicetas1      
,plato and ,epicurus tell strange things
 of the     heavenly bodies4 ,how much  
better to side with ,socrates and       
,aristo1 who     hold that nothing can  
be known about them6 7#abc7 ,who knows  
the nature     of mind8 ,numberless     
opinions clash1 as do those of          
,dicaearchus1 ,plato     and            
,xenocrates4 ,our sapiens will be unable
 to decide 7#abd74 ,if you     say it is
 better to choose any system rather than
 none1 ,i choose     ,democritus4 ,you  
at once upbraid me for believing such   
monstrous     falsehoods 7#abe74 ,the   
,stoics differ among themselves about   
physical     subjects1 why will they not

 allow me to differ from them8 7#abf7   
,not     that ,i deprecate the study of 
,physics1 for moral good results from it
     7#abg74 ,our sapiens will be       
delighted if he attains to anything     
which     seems to resemble truth4      
,before ,i proceed to ,ethics1 ,i note  
your     weakness in placing all        
perceptions on the same level4 ,you must
 be     prepared to asseverate no less  
strongly that the sun is eighteen times 
as large as the earth1 than that yon    
statue is six feet high4 ,when you      
admit that all things can be perceived  
no more and no less clearly than     the
 size of the sun1 ,i am almost content  
7#abh74  #aaf4 ,tres partes3 cf4 ,i4    
#ai4 ,et a vobismet3 and especially by  
you4 ,the threefold division was        
peculiarly ,stoic1 though used by other 
schools1 cf4 ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #ac 7on
 the same subject7     4 ,for other     
modes of dividing philosophy see ,sext4 
,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #b4 ,at illud ante3 this  
is my em4 for the ,,mss4 velut illud    

ante1 which probably arose from a       
marginal variant vel ut taking the place
 of at2 cf4 a similar break in #dj sed  
prius1 also in #abh at paulum ante4     
,such breaks often occur in ,cic41 as in
 ,orator #hg sed nunc aliud1 also ,t4,d4
 ,,iv4 #dg repenam fortasse1 sed illud  
ante4 ,for velut ,halm writes vel 7which
 ,bait4 takes71 ,dav4 verum4 ,inflatus  
tumore3 cf4 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #ia inflati   
opinionibus4 ,bentl4 read errore4       
,cogere3 this word like  and  often     
means simply to argue irresistibly4     
,initia3 as in #aah1 bases of proof1    
themselves naturally incapable of proof1
 so  in ,gk4 ,digitum3 cf4 #eh1 #adc4   
,punctum esse etc43      7,sext4 ,p4,h4 
,,iii4 #ci71     7,a4,m4 ,,ix4 #bhc1    
#cgg74 ,extremitatem3  4 ,libramentum3  
so this word is used by ,pliny 7see     
,forc47 for the slope of a hill4 ,nulla 
crassitudo3 in ,sext4 the  is usually   
described not negatively as here1 but   
positively as    7,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #ci71   
7extremitas7    1    7,a4,m4 ,,iii4     

#gg74 ,liniamentum 444 carentem3 a      
difficult passage4 ,note 7#a7 that the  
line is defined in ,greek as  4 7,sext4 
as above71 7#b7 that ,cic4 has by       
preference described the point and      
surface negatively4 ,this latter fact   
seems to me strong against the          
introduction of longitudinem which      
,ursinus1 ,dav41 ,orelli1 ,baiter and   
others propose by conjecture4 ,if       
anything is to be introduced1 ,i would  
rather add et crassitudine before       
carentem1 comparing ,i4 #bg sine ulla   
specie et carentem omni illa qualitate4 
,i have merely bracketed carentem1      
though ,i feel ,halm's remark that a    
verb is wanted in this clause as in the 
other two1 he suggests quod sit sine4   
,hermann takes esse after punctum as    
strongly predicative 7there is a point1 
etc471 then adds similiter after        
liniamentum and ejects sine ulla4       
,observe the awkwardness of having the  
line treated of after the superficies1  
which has induced some edd4 to          

transpose4 ,for liniamentum  lineam cf4 
,de ,or4 ,i4 #ahg4 ,si adigam3 the fine 
em4 of ,manut4 for si adiiciamus of     
,,mss4 ,the construction adigere aliquem
 ius iurandum will be found in ,caes4   
,bell4 ,civ4 ,i4 #gf1 ,,ii4 #ah1 qu4 by 
,dav41 cf4 also ,virg4 ,aen4 ,,iii4 #ef 
quid non mortalia pectora cogis auri    
sacra fames8 ,sapientem nec prius3 this 
is the egregia lectio of three of       
,halm's ,,mss4 ,before ,halm sapientemne
 was read1 thus was destroyed the whole 
point of the sentence1 which is not that
 the sapiens will swear to the size of  
the sun after he has seen ,archimedes go
 through his calculations1 but that the 
sapiens1 however true he admits the     
bases of proof to be which ,archimedes  
uses1 will not swear to the truth of the
 elaborate conclusions which that       
geometer rears upon them4 ,cicero is    
arguing as in #abh against the absurdity
 of attaching one and the same degree of
 certainty to the simplest and the most 
complex truths1 and tries to condemn the

 ,stoic sapiens out of his own mouth1   
cf4 esp4 nec ille iurare posset in #abc4
 ,multis partibus3 for this expression  
see ,munro on ,lucr4 ,i4 #gcd1 for the  
sense cf4 #hb1 #abc1 #abf1 #abh4 ,deum3 
see #abf4  #aag4 ,vim3  1 cf4 cogere in 
#aaf4 ,ne ille3 this asseverative ne is 
thus always closely joined with pronouns
 in ,cic4 ,sententiam eliget et3 ,,mss4 
have 7by dittographia of m1 eli7 added  
melius after sententiam1 and have also  
dropped et4 ,dav4 wished to read        
elegerit1 comparing the beginning of    
#aai4 ,insipiens eliget3 cf4 #aae quale 
est a non sapiente explicari sapientiam8
 and #i statuere qui sit sapiens vel    
maxime videtur esse sapientis4          
,infinitae quaestiones3 1 general       
propositions1 opposed to finitae        
quaestiones1 limited propositions1 ,gk4 
4 ,quintal ,,iii4 #e1 #e gives as an ex4
 of the former ,an uxor ducenda1 of the 
latter ,an ,catoni ducenda4 ,these      
quaestiones are very often alluded to by
 ,cic4 as in ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ab1 ,,iv4 #f1  

,de ,or4 ,i4 #ach1 ,,ii4 #fe--fg1       
,topica #gi1 ,orat4 #df1 cf4 also       
,quint4 ,x4 #e1 ,,ii4 ,e quibus omnia   
constant3 this sounds like ,lucretius1  
omnia   4  #aah4 ,for these physici the 
student must in general be referred to  
,r4 and ,p41 ,schwegler1 and ,grote's   
,plato ,vol4 ,i4 ,a more complete       
enumeration of schools will be found in 
,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #cj sq4 ,our       
passage is imitated by ,aug ,de ,civ4   
,dei ,,xviii4 #cg4 ,concessisse primas3 
,cic4 always considers ,thales to be    
sapientissimus e septem 7,de ,leg4 ,,ii4
 #bf74 ,hence ,markland on ,cic4 ,ad    
,brutum ,,ii4 #ae1 #c argued that that  
letter cannot be genuine1 since in it   
the supremacy among the seven is        
assigned to ,solon4 ,infinitatem        
naturae3  1 naturae here  4 ,definita3  
this is opposed to infinita in ,topica  
#gi1 so definire is used for finire in  
,orat4 #fe1 where ,jahn qu4 ,verr4 ,,iv4
 #aae4 ,similis inter se3 an attempt to 
translate 4 ,eas primum1 etc43 cf4 the  

exordium of ,anaxagoras given from      
,diog4 ,,ii4 #f in ,r4 and ,p4 #bi      
4 ,xenophanes 444 deum3 ,eleaticism was 
in the hands of ,xenoph4 mainly         
theological4 ,neque natum unquam3 cf4   
neque ortum unquam in #aai4 ,parmenides 
ignem3 cf4 ,arist4 ,met4 ,a4 #e qu4 ,r4 
and ,p4 #id4 ,he only hypothetically    
allowed the existence of the phenomenal 
world1 after which he made two 1        
1      4 ,heraclitus3 n4 on ,i4 #ci4    
,melissus3 see ,simplicius qu4 ,r4 and  
,p4 #aja1 and esp4        4 ,plato3 n4  
on ,i4 #bg4 ,discedent3 a word often    
used of those vanquished in a fight1 cf4
 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 #g1 #ag4  #aai4 ,sic   
animo 444 sensibus3 knowledge according 
to the ,stoics was homogeneous          
throughout1 no one thing could be more  
or less known than another4 ,nunc       
lucere3 cf4 #ih1 also #abh non enim     
magis adsentiuntur1 etc4 ,mundum        
sapientem3 for this ,stoic doctrine see 
,n4,d4 ,i4 #hd1 ,,ii4 #cb1 etc4         
,fabricata sit3 see #hg n4 ,solem3 #abf4

 ,animalis intellegentia3 reason is the 
essence of the universe with the        
,stoics1 cf4 ,zeller #ach--i1 also #bh1 
#bi of ,book ,i4 ,permanet3 the deity is
 to the ,stoic       7,plut4 ,de ,plac4 
,phil4 ,i4 #g qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #cge71    
spiritus per omnia maxima ac minima     
aequali intentione diffusus4 7,seneca1  
,consol4 ad ,helvid4 #h1 #c qu4 ,zeller 
#adg74 ,deflagret3 the ,stoics          
considered the  1 cf4 ,diog4 ,,vii4     
#ada1 ,zeller #aef--g4 ,fateri3 cf4 tam 
vera quam falsa cernimus in #aaa4       
,flumen aureum3 ,plut4 ,vita ,cic4 #bd  
alludes to this 7    74 ,this is the    
constant judgment of ,cic4 about        
,aristotle's style4 ,grote1 ,aristot4   
,vol ,i4 p4 #dc1 quotes ,topica #c1 ,de 
,or4 ,i4 #di1 ,brut4 #aba1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 
#ic1 ,de ,inv4 ,,ii4 #f1 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #ad1
 ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #a1 and discusses the  
difficulty of applying this criticism to
 the works of ,aristotle which we       
possess4 ,nulla vis3 cf4 ,i4 #bh4       
,exsistere3 ,walker conj4 efficere1     

recte ut videtur says ,halm4 ,bait4     
adopts it4 ,ornatus3  4  #abj4 ,libertas
 444 non esse3 a remarkable             
construction4 ,for the ,academic liberty
 see ,introd4 p4 #ah4 ,quod tibi est3   
after these words ,halm puts merely a   
comma1 and inserting respondere makes   
cur deus1 etc4 part of the same         
sentence4 ,bait4 follows4 ,nostra causa3
 ,cic4 always writes mea1 tua1 vestra1  
nostra causa1 not mei1 tui1 nostri1     
vestri1 just as he writes sua sponte1   
but not sponte alicuius4 ,for the ,stoic
 opinion that men are the chief care of 
,providence1 see ,n4,d4 ,i4 #bc1 ,,ii4  
#cg1 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #fg1 ,ac4 ,i4 #bi    
etc41 also ,zeller4 ,the difficulties   
surrounding the opinion are treated of  
in ,zeller #age1 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ia--abg4 
,they supply in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #cb1  
,,iii4 #i--ab an example of the         
refutation of  by means of 4 ,tam multa 
ac3 ,,mss4 om4 ac1 which ,i insert4     
,lactantius qu4 the passage without     
perniciosa4 ,myrmecides3 an actual      

,athenian artist1 famed for minute work 
in ivory1 and especially for a chariot  
which a fly covered with its wings1 and 
a ship which the wings of a bee         
concealed4 ,see ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4     
,,vii4 #ba1 ,,xxxvi4 #e4  #aba4 ,posse3 
n4 on ,i4 #bi4 ,strato3 ,r4 and ,p4     
#cca4 ,sed cum3 sed often marks a very  
slight contrast1 there is no need to    
read et1 as ,halm4 ,asperis 444         
corporibus3 cf4 fragm4 #bh of the ,ac4  
,post41 also ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ff4 ,somnia3 so
 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ah miracula non            
disserentium philosophorum sed          
somniantium1 ib4 ,i4 #db non            
philosophorum iudicia sed delirantium   
somnia1 also ib4 ,i4 #ff flagitia       
,democriti4 ,docentis3 giving proof4    
,optantis3 ,guietus humorously conj4    
potantis1 ,durand oscitantis 7cf4 ,n4,d4
 ,i4 #gb71 others opinantis4 ,that the  
text is sound however may be seen from  
,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #cj optare hoc quidem est  
non docere1 ,de ,fato #df1 ,n4,d4 ,i4   
#ai optata magis quam inventa1 ib4      

,,iii4 #ab doceas oportet nec proferas2 
cf4 also ,orat4 #ei vocis bonitas       
optanda est1 non est enim in nobis1 i4e4
 a good voice is a thing to be prayed   
for1 and not to be got by exertion4     
,there is a similar ,greek proverb1    1
 in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,,viii4 #cec4 ,magno  
opere3 ,hermann wishes to read onere4   
,the phrase magnum onus is indeed common
 7cf4 ,de ,or4 ,i4 #aaf71 but magnum    
opus1 in the sense of a great task1 is  
equally so1 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gi1 #hd1 
,orat4 #ge4 ,modo hoc modo illud3 #acd4 
#abb4 ,latent ista3 see n4 on fragm4 #bi
 of the ,ac4 ,post42 for latent cf4 ,i4 
#de4 ,aug4 ,cont4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab1 ,,iii4
 #a imitates this passage4 ,circumfusa3 
cf4 ,i4 #dd1 and #df of this book4      
,medici3 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #df ,viderentur3
 a genuine passive1 cf4 #be1 #ci1 #ha4  
,empirici3 a school of physicians so    
called4 ,ut 444 mutentur3 exactly the   
same answer was made recently to ,prof4 
,huxley's speculations on protoplasm2 he
 was said to have assumed that the      

living protoplasm would have the same   
properties as the dead4 ,media pendeat3 
cf4 ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #ih1 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4   
#agh4  #abc4 ,habitari ait3 for this    
edd4 qu4 ,lactant4 ,inst4 ,,iii4 #bc1   
#ab4 ,portenta3 monstrosities these1 cf4
 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gj4 ,iurare3 cf4 #aaf4   
,neque ego1 etc43 see fragm4 #cj of ,ac4
 ,post4 3 this doctrine appears in      
,philolaus 7see ,plut4 ,plac4 ,phil4    
,,iii4 #aa qu4 ,r4 and ,p4 #ge71 who    
give the name of  to the opposite side  
of the world4 ,diog4 ,,viii4 #bf 7with  
which passage cf4 ,stob4 ,phys4 ,,xv4   
#g7 mentions the theory as ,pythagorean1
 but in another passage 7,,iii4 #bd7    
says that ,plato first invented the     
name4 ,the word  seems to occur first in
 ,plat4 ,tim4 #fc ,a4 ,the existence of 
2 was of course bound up with the       
doctrine that the universe or the world 
is a globe 7which is held by ,plat4 in  
the ,tim4 and by the ,stoics1 see ,stob4
 ,phys4 ,,xv4 #f1 ,diog4 ,,vii4 #adj71  
hence the early ,christian writers      

attack the two ideas together as        
unscriptural4 ,cf4 esp ,aug4 ,de ,civ4  
,dei ,,xvi4 #i4 ,hicetas3 he was        
followed by ,heraclides ,ponticus and   
some ,pythagoreans4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,x4   
#agd speaks of the followers of         
,aristarchus the mathematician as       
holding the same doctrine4 ,it seems    
also to be found in ,philolaus1 see ,r4 
and ,p4 #ge4 ,theophrastus3 who wrote   
much on the history of philosophy1 see  
,r4 and ,p4 #cbh4 ,platonem3 the words  
of ,plato 7,tim4 #dj ,b7 are     1      
4 ,quid tu1 ,epicure3 the connection is 
that ,cic41 having given the crotchets  
of other philosophers about 1 proceeds  
to give the peculiar crotchet of ,epic4 
,putas solem 444 tantum3 a hard passage4
 ,egone8 ne bis is the em4 of ,lamb4 for
 ,,mss4 egone vobis1 and is approved by 
,madv41 who thus explains it 7,em4 #ahe7
 cum interrogatum esset num tantulum    
7quasi pedalem #hb7 solem esse putaret1 
,epic4 non praecise definit 7tantum enim
 esse censebat quantus videretur vel    

paulo aut maiorem aut minorem7 sed      
latius circumscribit1 ne bis quidem     
tantum esse1 sed inter pedalem          
magnitudinem et bipedalem4 7,d4,f4 ,i4  
#bj7 ,this explanation though not quite 
satisfactory is the best yet given4     
,epicurus' absurdity is by ,cic4 brought
 into strong relief by stating the      
outside limit to which ,epic4 was       
prepared to go in estimating the sun's  
size1 i4e4 twice the apparent size4 ,ne 
444 quidem may possibly appear strange1 
cf4 however ne maiorem quidem in #hb4   
,aristo ,chius3 for this doctrine of his
 see ,r4 and ,p4 #ceh4  #abd4 ,quid sit 
animus3 an enumeration of the different 
ancient theories is given in ,t4,d4 ,i4 
#ah--bb1 and by ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4    
#aac1 who also speaks in ,p4,h4 ,,ii4   
#ca of the     concerning the soul4 ,in 
,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #eg he says     4          
,dicaearcho3 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ba4 ,tres      
partis3 in ,plato's ,republic4 ,ignis3  
,zeno's opinion1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ai4        
,animam3 ib4 ,i4 #ai4 ,sanguis3         

,empodocles1 as in ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ai where 
his famous line       is translated1 see
 ,r4 and ,p4 #abd4 ,ut ,xenocrates3 some
 edd4 read ,xenocrati1 but cf4 ,i4 #dd1 
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah1 ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gf4    
,numerus3 so ,bentl4 for mens of ,,mss41
 cf4 ,i4 #ci1 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bj1 #da4 ,an  
explanation of this ,pythagorean        
doctrine of ,xenocrates is given in ,r4 
and ,p4 #bdd4 ,quod intellegi etc43 so  
in ,t4,d4 ,i4 #da quod subtiliter magis 
quam dilucide dicitur4 ,momenta n4 on   
,i4 #de4  #abe4 ,verecundius3 cf4 #aad  
subadroganter4 ,vincam animum3 a common 
phrase in ,cic41 cf4 ,philipp4 ,,xii4   
#ba4 ,queru potissimum8 quem83 ,in      
repeated questions of this kind ,cic4   
usually puts the corresponding case of  
quisnam1 not quis1 in the second        
question1 as in ,verr4 ,,iv4 #e4 ,the   
mutation of ,augustine ,contra ,ac4     
,,iii4 #cc makes it probable that       
quemnam was the original reading here4  
,zumpt on ,verr4 qu4 ,quint4 ,,ix4 #b1  
#fa1 ,plin4 ,epist4 ,i4 #bj1 who both   

mention this trick of style1 and laud it
 for its likeness to impromptu4         
,nobilitatis3 this is to be explained by
 referring to #gc--ge 7imitari numquam  
nisi clarum1 nisi nobilem71 where ,cic4 
protests against being compared to a    
demagogue1 and claims to follow the     
aristocracy of philosophy4 ,the attempts
 of the commentators to show that       
,democr4 was literally an aristocrat    
have failed4 ,convicio3 cf4 #cd4        
,completa et conferta3 n4 on ,i4 #bg4   
,quod movebitur 444 cedat3 this is the  
theory of motion disproved by ,lucr4 ,i4
 #cgj sq41 cf4 also ,n4,d4 ,,ii4 #hc4   
,halm writes quo quid for quod 7with    
,christ71 and inserts corpus before     
cedat1 ,baiter following him4 ,the text 
is sound4 ,trans4 whatever body is      
pushed1 gives way4 ,tam sit mirabilis3  
n4 on ,i4 #be4 ,innumerabilis3 #ee4     
,supra infra3 n4 on #ib4 ,ut nos nunc   
simus1 etc43 n4 on fragm4 #ac of ,ac4   
,post4 ,disputantis3 #ee4 ,animo videre3
 cf4 #bb4 ,imagines3 1 which ,catius    

translated 7,ad ,fam4 ,,xv4 #af7 by     
spectra1 ,zeller #dcb4 ,tu vero3 etc4   
this is all part of the personal        
convicium supposed to be directly       
addressed to ,cic4 by the ,antiocheans1 
and beginning at ,tune aut inane above4 
,commenticiis3 a favourite word of      
,cic41 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #aac4  #abf4 
,quae tu3 elliptic for ut comprobem quae
 tu comprobas cf4 #abe4 ,impudenter3    
#aae4 ,atque haud scio3 atque here  1   
and yet1 n4 on #e ac vereor4 ,invidiam3 
cf4 #add4 ,cum his3 i4e4 aliis cum his4 
,summus deus3 the highest form of the   
deity who was of course one in the      
,stoic system4 ,ether is the finest     
fire1 and   is one of the definitions of
 the ,stoic deity1 cf4 ,i4 #bi1 ,zeller 
#afa sq4 ,solem3 as of course being the 
chief seat of fire4 ,solis autem 444    
nego credere3 ,faber first gave ac monet
 for ,,mss4 admonens1 which ,halm       
retains1 ,manut4 then restored to its   
place permensi refertis1 which ,,mss4   
have after nego4 ,hic1 which ,,mss4 have

 after decempeda1 ,madv4 turns into     
hunc1 while hoc1 which stands           
immediately after nego1 he ejects 7,em4 
#ahg74 ,ergo after vos is of course     
analeptic4 ,halm departs somewhat from  
this arrangement4 ,leniter3 ,halm and   
,hermann leviter2 the former reads      
inverecundior after ,morgenstern1 for   
what reason it is difficult to see4     
#abg4 ,pabulum3 similar language in     
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #df4 ,consideratio         
contemplatioque3 ,cic4 is fond of this  
combination1 as ,de ,off4 ,i4 #aec2 cf4 
,wesenberg on ,t4,d4 ,v4 #i1 who qu4    
similar combinations from ,d4,f4 ,v4    
#aa1 #eh4 ,elatiores3 ,,mss4 mostly have
 latiores4 ,halm with ,lamb4 reads      
altiores1 in support of which reading   
,dav4 qu4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ea1 ,val4       
,flaccus ,argon4 ,,ii4 #edg1 add ,virg4 
,aen4 ,,vi4 #di1 ,cic4 ,orat4 #aai4     
,exigua et minima3   4 ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 
,v4 #gh notes that except here ,cic4    
always writes exigua et paene minima or 
something of the kind4 ,occultissimarum3

 n4 on ,i4 #ae4 ,occurit 444 completur3 
,,mss4 have occuret mostly1 if that is  
retained complebitur must be read4      
,madv4 ,opusc4 ,,ii4 #bhb takes occurit1
 explaining it as a perfect1 and giving 
numerous exx4 of this sequence of       
tenses1 cf4 also ,wesenb4 on ,t4,d4     
,,iv4 #ce4  #abh4 ,agi secum3 cf4       
nobiscum ageret in #hj4 ,simile veri3   
cf4 #ff4 ,notionem3  cognitionem1 4 ,at 
paulum3 ,,mss4 et ,halm sed42 cf4 at    
illud ante in #aaf4 ,si quae3 ,halm and 
many edd4 have se1 quae4 ,but the se    
comes in very awkwardly1 and is not     
needed before the infinitive4 ,madv4    
indeed 7,em4 #aad71 after producing many
 exx4 of the reflexive pronoun omitted1 
says that he doubts about this passage  
because considero does not belong to the
 class of verbs with which this usage is
 found1 but he produces many instances  
with puto1 which surely stands on the   
same level4 ,non magis3 so in #aai nec  
magis approbabit nunc lucere1 etc4 ,the 
sunlight was the stock example of a most

 completely cognisable phenomenon2 hence
 the ,academics showed their hostility  
to absolute knowledge by refusing       
7,galen ,de ,opt4 ,gen4 ,dicendi #dig ,b
 qu4 ,p4 ,valentia #cjd ed4 ,or474      
,cornix3 for the ,stoic belief in       
divination see ,zeller #cdi--ceh4       
,signum illud3 the xystus 7#i7 was      
adorned with statues2 edd4 qu4 ,plin4   
,nat4 ,hist4 ,,xxxiv4 #h4 ,duodeviginti3
 #hb1 ,i just note that octodecim is not
 used by ,cic4 ,sol quantus sit3 #ia4   
,omnium rerum 444 comprehendendi3 not a 
case of a plural noun with a singular   
gerund like spe rerum potiendi1 etc41   
but of two genitives depending in       
different ways on the same word         
7definitio74 ,m4 ,em4 #aig qu4 ,plat4   
,leg4 #fdh ,e       1 ,brut4 #afc       
,scaevolae dicendi elegantia1 ,de ,or4  
,,iii4 #aef4 ,other exx4 in ,m4,d4,f4   
,i4 #ad4 ,for the turn of expression cf4
 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #fb omnium philosophorum  
una est ratio medendi1 ,lael4 #gh omnium
 horum vitiorum una cautio est1 also #ea

 of this book4      #abi--ada4 ,summary4
 ,what contention is there among        
philosophers about     the ethical      
standard6 ,i pass by many abandoned     
systems like that of     ,herillus but  
consider the discrepancies between      
,xenophanes1 ,parmenides1     ,zeno of  
,elea1 ,euclides1 ,menedemus1 ,aristo1  
,pyrrho1 ,aristippus1     ,epicurus1    
,callipho1 ,hieronymus1 ,diodorus1      
,polemo1 ,antiochus1 ,carneades         
7#abi-aca74 ,if ,i desire to follow the 
,stoics1 ,antiochus will not allow      
me1 while if ,i follow ,polemo1 the     
,stoics are irate 7#acb74 ,i must be    
careful not to assent to the unknown1   
which is a dogma common to both     you1
 ,lucullus1 and myself 7#acc74 ,zeno    
thinks virtue gives happiness4     ,yes1
 says ,antiochus1 but not the greatest  
possible4 ,how am ,i to     choose among
 such conflicting theories8 7#acd7 ,nor 
can ,i accept those     points in which 
,antiochus and ,zeno agree4 ,for        
instance1 they regard     emotion as    

harmful1 which the ancients thought     
natural and useful     7#ace74 ,how     
absurd are the ,stoic ,paradoxes6 7#acf7
 ,albinus joking said to     ,carneades 
,you do not think me a praetor because  
,i am not a sapiens4     ,that1 said    
,carneades1 is ,diogenes' view1 not mine
 7#acg74 ,chrysippus     thinks only    
three ethical systems can with          
plausibility be defended     7#ach74 ,i 
gravitate then towards one of them1 that
 of pleasure4 ,virtue     calls me back1
 nor will she even allow me to join     
pleasure to herself     7#aci74 ,when ,i
 hear the several pleadings of pleasure 
and virtue1 ,i     cannot avoid being   
moved by both1 and so ,i find it        
impossible to choose     7#ada1 #adb74  
#abi4 ,quod coeperam3 in #abh at        
veniamus nunc ad boni maique notionem4  
,constituendi3 n4 on #aad4 ,bonorum     
summa3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ba and ,madv4    
,est igitur3 so in ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #h1  
igitur comes fourth word in the clause2 
this is not uncommon in ,cic41 as in    

,lucretius4 ,omitto3 ,,mss4 et omitto1  
but cf4 ,madv4 ,em4 #bja certe contra   
,ciceronis usum est 'et omitto' pro     
simplici 'omitto1' in initio huius modi 
orationis ubi universae sententiae      
exempla subiciuntur per figuram         
omissionis4 ,relicta3 cf4 #acj abiectos4
 ,cic4 generally classes ,herillus 7or  
,erillus as ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce  
spells the name71 ,pyrrho and ,aristo   
together as authors of exploded systems1
 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dc1 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #f1
 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #he4 ,ut ,herillum4 ,,mss4  
have either ,erillum or et illum1 one   
would expect ut ,herilli4 ,cognitione et
 scientia3 double translation of 4 ,for 
the finis of ,herillus see ,madv4 on    
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dc4 ,megaricorum3         
,xenophanes4 ,cic considers the ,eleatic
 and ,megarian schools to be so closely 
related as to have1 like the schools of 
,democritus and ,epicurus1 a continuous 
history4 ,the ,megarian system was      
indeed an ethical development of        
,eleatic doctrine4 ,zeller1 ,socrates   

#baa4 ,unum et simile3 for this see     
,zell4 ,socr4 #bbb sq1 with footnotes1  
,r4 and ,p4 #agd sq4 ,simile ought      
perhaps to be sui simile as in ,tim4 c4 
#g1 already quoted on ,i4 #cj1 see my   
note there and cf4 ,i4 #ce4 ,menedemo3  
see ,zeller ,socr4 #bch1 ,r4 and ,p4    
#ahb4 ,the ,erctrian school was closely 
connected with the ,megarian4 ,fuit3    
natus est1 as often4 ,herilli3 so ,madv4
 for ulli of ,,mss4  #acj4 ,aristonem3  
this is ,aristo of ,chios1 not ,aristo  
of ,ceos1 who was a ,peripatetic2 for   
the difference see ,r4 and ,p4 #ccb1 and
 for the doctrines of ,aristo the ,chian
 ib4 #ceh1 ,zeller #eh sq4 ,in mediis3  
cf4 ,i4 #cf1 #cg4 ,momenta              
aestimationes1  in #cf1 where momenti is
 used in a different way4 ,pyrrho autem3
 one would expect ,pyrrhoni as ,dav4    
conj41 but in #abd there is just the    
same change from ,pyrrhoni to           
,xenocrates4 3 ,diog4 ,,ix4 #ajh affirms
 this as well as  to be a name for the  
sceptic 1 but the name scarcely occurs  

if at all in ,sext4 who generally uses 1
 but occasionally 2 cf4 ,zeller #dif1   
,r4 and ,p4 #cch4  was also a ,stoic    
term4 ,diu multumque3 n4 on ,i4 #d4     
#aca4 ,nec tamen consentiens3 cf4 ,r4   
and ,p4 #ceb where the differences      
between the two schools are clearly     
drawn out1 also ,zeller #ddg1 #ddh4     
,callipho3 as the genitive is           
,calliphontis1 ,cic4 ought according to 
rule to write ,calliphon in the nom2 for
 this see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai1   
who also gives the chief authorities    
concerning this philosopher4            
,hieronymus3 mentioned ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ai1
 #ce1 #da1 ,v4 #ad1 in which last place 
,cic4 says of him quem iam cur          
,peripateticum appellem nescio4         
,diodorus3 see ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4   
#ai4 ,honeste vivere1 etc43 in ,d4,f4   
,,iv4 #ad the finis of ,polemo is stated
 to be secundum naturam vivere1 and     
three ,stoic interpretations of it are  
given1 the last of which resembles the  
present passage--omnibus aut maximis    

rebus iis quae secundum naturam sint    
fruentem vivere4 ,this interpretation   
,antiochus adopted1 and from him it is  
attributed to the vetus ,academia in ,i4
 #bb1 where the words aut omnia aut     
maxima1 seem to correspond to words used
 by ,polemo2 cf4 ,clemens ,alex4 qu4 by 
,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ae4 ,see n4     
below on ,carneades4 ,antiochus probat3 
the germs of many ,stoic and ,antiochean
 doctrines were to be found in ,polemo2 
see ,i4 #cd1 n4 ,eiusque amici3 ,bentl4 
aemuli1 but ,halm refers to ,d4,f4 ,,ii4
 #dd4 ,the later ,peripatetics were to a
 great degree ,stoicised4 ,nunc3 ,halm  
huc after ,jo4 ,scala4 ,carneades3 this 
finis is given in ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ce 7frui
 principiis naturalibus71 ,,ii4 #db     
7,carneadeum illud quod is non tam ut   
probaret protulit1 quam ut ,stoicis     
quibuscum bellum gerebat opponeret71 ,v4
 #bj 7fruendi rebus iis1 quas primas    
secundum naturam esse diximus1          
,carneades non ille quidem auctor sed   
defensor disserendi causa fuit71 ,t4,d4 

,v4 #hd 7naturae primus aut omnibus aut 
maximis frui1 ut ,carneades contra      
,stoicos disserebat74 ,the finis        
therefore1 thus stated1 is not different
 from that of ,polemo1 but it is clear  
that ,carneades intended it to be       
different1 as he did not include virtus 
in it 7see ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ch1 #db1 ,v4   
#bb7 while ,polemo did 7,i4 #bb74 ,see  
more on #aci4 ,zeno3 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4   
#ae ,inventor et princeps3 same         
expression in ,t4,d4 ,i4 #dh1 ,de ,or4  
,i4 #ia1 ,de ,inv4 ,,ii4 #f2 inv4  4    
#acb4 ,quemlibet3 cf4 #abe1 #abf4 ,prope
 singularem3 cf4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #bb         
,aristoteles longe omnibus--,platonem   
semper excipio--praestans2 also ,d4,f4  
,v4 #g1 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ae4 ,per ipsum   
,antiochum3 a similar line of argument  
is taken in ,sext4 ,p4,h4 ,i4 #hh1 ,,ii4
 #cb1 etc4 ,terminis 444 possessione3   
there is a similar play on the legal    
words finis terminus possessio in ,de   
,leg4 ,i4 #ee1 #ef1 a noteworthy        
passage4 ,omnis ratio etc43 this is the 

constant language of the later ,greek   
philosophy2 cf4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei    
,,xix4 #a neque enim existimat 7,varro7 
ullam philosophiae sectam esse dicendam1
 quae non eo distat a ceteris1 quod     
diversos habeat fines bonorum et        
malorum1 etc4 ,si ,polemoneus3 i4e4     
sapiens fuerit4 ,peccat3 a ,stoic term  
turned on the ,stoics1 see ,i4 #cg4     
,academicos et3 ,,mss4 om4 et as in ,i4 
#af1 and que in #eb of this book4       
,dicenda3 for the omission of the verb  
with the gerundive 7which occurs chiefly
 in emphatic clauses7 cf4 ,i4 #g1 and   
,madv4 on ,d4,f4 ,i4 #dc1 who how ever  
unduly limits the usage4 ,hic igitur 444
 prudentior3 ,,mss4 generally have      
assentiens1 but one good one 7,halm's   
,e7 has assentientes4 ,i venture to read
 adsentietur1 thinking that the last two
 letters were first dropt1 as in #bf    
7tenetur7 and that then adsentiet1 under
 the attraction of the s following1     
passed into adsentiens1 as in #adg      
intellegat se passed into intelligentes4

 ,n1 ,i may remark1 is frequently       
inserted in ,,mss4 7as in ,i4 #g        
appellant1 #af disputant1 #bd           
efficerentur71 and all the changes      
involved in my conj4 are of frequent    
occurrence4 ,i also read sin1 inquam    
7sc4 adsentietur7 for si numquam of     
,,mss4 ,the question uter est prudentior
 is intended to press home the dilemma  
in which ,cicero has placed the supposed
 sapiens4 ,all the other emendations ,i 
have seen are too unsatisfactory to be  
enumerated4  #acc4 ,non posse 444 esse3 
this seems to me sound2 ,bait4 however  
reads non esse illa probanda sap4 after 
,lamb41 who also conj4 non posse illa   
probata esse4 ,paria3 ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #dh1
 ,paradoxa #bj sq41 ,zeller #bej4       
,praecide3  or  1 cf4 ,cat4 ,mai4 #eg1  
,ad ,att4 ,,viii4 #d1 ,x4 #af4 ,inquit3 
n4 on #gi4 ,quid quod quae3 so ,guietus 
with the approval of ,madv4 7,em4 #bjc7 
reads for ,,mss4 quid quae or quid      
quaeque1 ,halm and ,bait41 follow ,moser
 in writing ,quid8 si quae removing the 

stop at paria1 and make in utramque     
partem follow dicantur1 on ,orelli's    
suggestion4 ,when several relative      
pronouns come together the ,,mss4 often 
omit one4 ,dicebas3 in #bg4 ,incognito3 
#acc4  #acd4 ,etiam3  yes1 ,madv4 ,gram4
 #ded4 ,non beatissimam3 ,i4 #bb1 n4    
,deus ille3 i4e4 more than man 7of      
,aristotle's    71 if he can do without 
other advantages4 ,for the omission of  
est after the emphatic ille cf4 #ei1 n4 
,theophrasto1 etc43 n4 on ,i4 #cc1 #ce4 
,dicente3 before this ,halm after       
,lamb41 followed by ,bait41 inserts     
contra1 the need for which ,i fail to   
see4 ,et hic3 i4e4 ,antiochus4 ,ne sibi 
constet3 ,cic4 argues in ,t4,d4 ,v4 that
 there cannot be degrees in happiness4  
,tum hoc 444 tum illud3 cf4 #aba4       
,iacere3 #gi4 ,in his discrepant3 ,i4   
#db in his constitit4  #ace4 ,moveri3 1 
#bi4 ,laetitia efferri3 ,i4 #ch4        
,probabilia3 the removal of passion and 
delight is easier than that of fear and 
pain4 ,sapiensne 444 deleta sit3 see    

,madv4 ,d4,f4 p4 #hjf1 ed4 #b1 who is   
severe upon the reading of ,orelli      
7still kept by ,klotz71 non timeat8 nec 
si patria deleatur8 non doleat8 nec1 si 
deleta sit8 which involves the use of   
nec for ne 444 quidem4 ,i have followed 
the reading of ,madv4 in his ,em41 not  
the one he gives 7after ,davies7 in     
,d4,f4 ne patria deleatur1 which ,halm  
takes1 as does ,baiter4 ,mine is rather 
nearer the ,,mss4 ,decreta3 some ,,mss4 
durata2 ,halm conj4 dictata4            
,mediocritates3 1 as in ,aristotle2 cf4 
,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aa1 #bb1 #gd4            
,permotione3 4 ,naturalem 444 modum3 so 
,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #gd4 ,crantoris3 sc4      
librum1 for the omission of which see n4
 on ,i4 #ac2 add ,quint4 ,,ix4 #d1 #ah1 
where ,spalding wished to read in       
,herodoti1 supplying libro4 ,aureolus   
444 libellus3 it is not often that two  
diminutives come together in ,cic41 and 
the usage is rather colloquial2 cf4     
,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #b1 ,n4,d4 ,,iii4 #dc1    
also for aureolus #aai flumen aureum4   

,panaetius3 he had addressed to ,tubero 
a work de dolore2 see ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #bc4 
,cotem3 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #dc1 #dh1 ,seneca  
,de ,ira ,,iii4 #c1 where the saying is 
attributed to ,aristotle 7iram calcar   
esse virtutis74 ,dicebant3 for the      
repetition of this word cf4 #adf1 ,i4   
#cc4  #acf4 ,sunt enim ,socratica3 the  
,socratic origin of the ,stoic paradoxes
 is affirmed in ,parad4 #d1 ,t4,d4      
,,iii4 #aj4 ,mirabilia3 ,cic4 generally 
translates  by admirabilia as in ,d4,f4 
,,iv4 #gd1 or admiranda1 under which    
title he seems to have published a work 
different from the ,paradoxa1 which we  
possess3 see ,bait41 and ,halm's ed4 of 
the ,phil4 works 7#ahfa71 p4 #iid4      
,quasi3  almost1   4 ,voltis3 cf4 the   
,antiochean opinion in ,i4 #ah1 #bb4    
,solos reges3 for all this see ,zeller  
#bec sq4 ,solos divites3     1 ,parad4  
,,vi4 ,liberum3 ,parad4 ,v4         4   
,furiosus3 ,parad4 ,,iv4    4  #acg4    
,tam sunt defendenda3 cf4 #h1 #abj4     
,bono modo3 a colloquial and ,plautine  

expression2 see ,forc4 ,ad senatum      
starent3 were in waiting on the senate2 
cf4 such phrases as stare ad cyathum1   
etc4 ,carneade3 the vocative is         
,carneades in ,de ,div4 ,i4 #bc4 ,huic  
,stoico3 i4e4 ,diogeni2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4
 #bd4 ,halm brackets ,stoico1 and after 
him ,bait4 ,sequi volebat3 professed to 
follow2 cf4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #ac ,strato      
physicum se voluit gave himself out to  
be a physical philosopher3 also ,madv4  
on ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ajb4 ,ille noster3     
,dav4 vester1 as in #adc noster         
,antiochus4 ,but in both places ,cic4   
speaks as a friend of ,antiochus2 cf4   
#aac4 ,balbutiens3 giving an uncertain  
sound2 cf4 ,de ,div4 ,i4 #e1 ,t4,d4 ,v4 
#ge4  #ach4 ,mihi veremini3 cf4 ,caes4  
,bell4 ,gall4 ,v4 #i veritus navibus4   
,halm and ,bait4 follow ,christ's conj4 
verenti1 removing the stop at voltis4   
,opinationem3 the  of ,sext41 e4g4      
,p4,h4 ,,iii4 #bhj4 ,quod minime voltis3
 cf4 ,i4 #ah4 ,de finibus3 not          
concerning1 but from among the different

 fines2 otherwise fine would have been  
written4 ,cf4 ,i4 #d si qui de nostris4 
,circumcidit et amputat3 these two verbs
 often come together1 as in ,d4,f4 ,i4  
#dd2 cf4 also ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #ca4 ,si    
vacemus omni molestia3 which ,epicurus  
held to be the highest pleasure4 ,cum   
honestate3 ,callipho in #aca4 ,prima    
naturae commoda3 ,cic4 here as in ,d4,f4
 ,,iv4 #ei1 ,v4 #eh confuses the ,stoic 
with        of the ,peripatetics1 for   
which see ,i4 #ai4 ,more on the subject 
in ,madvig's fourth ,excursus to the    
,d4,f4 ,relinquit3 ,orelli relinqui     
against the ,,mss4  #aci4 ,polemonis 444
 finibus3 all these were composite      
fines4 ,adhuc3 ,i need scarcely point   
out that this goes with habeo and not   
with probabilius2 adhuc for etiam with  
the comparative does not occur till the 
silver writers4 ,labor eo3 cf4 ,horace's
 nunc in ,aristippi furtim praecepta    
relabor1 also ,d4,f4 ,v4 #f rapior      
illuc3 revocat autem ,antiochus4        
,reprehendit manu3 ,m4,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #c4  

,pecudum3 ,i4 #f1 ,parad4 #ad voluptatem
 esse summum bonum1 quae mihi vox       
pecudum videtur esse non hominum2       
similar expressions occur with a        
reference to ,epicurus in ,de ,off4 ,i4 
#aje1 ,lael4 #bj1 #cb4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gc1  
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah2 cf4 also ,aristoph4   
,plut4 #ibb    and   in ,aristotle4 ,the
 meaning of pecus is well shown in      
,t4,d4 ,i4 #fi4 ,iungit deo3 ,zeller    
#agf sq4 ,animum solum3 the same        
criticism is applied to ,zeno's finis in
 ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #ag1 #be4 ,ut 444 sequar3 
for the repeated ut see ,d4,f4 ,v4 #aj1 
,madv4 ,gram4 #dhj1 obs4 #b4 ,bait4     
brackets the second ut with ,lamb4      
,carneades 444 defensitabat3 this is    
quite a different view from that in     
#aca2 yet another of ,carneades is given
 in ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hc4 ,istum finem3 ,,mss4
 ipsum2 the two words are often         
confused1 as in ,i4 #b4 ,ipsa veritas3  
,,mss4 severitas1 a frequent error2 cf4 
,in ,verr4 ,act4 ,i4 #c1 ,,iii4 #afb1   
,de ,leg4 ,i4 #d1 also ,madv4 on ,d4,f4 

,,iv4 #ee4 ,obversetur3 ,halm takes the 
conj4 of ,lamb41 adversetur4 ,the ,,mss4
 reading gives excellent sense2 cf4     
,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #eb obversentur honestae   
species viro4 ,bait4 follows ,halm4 ,tu 
444 copulabis3 this is the feigned      
expostulation of veritas 7cf4 #cd       
convicio veritatis71 for which style see
 #abe4  #adj4 ,voluptas cum honestate3  
this whole expression is in apposition  
to par1 so that cum must not be taken   
closely with depugnet2 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4  
,i4 #g1 #ai ,rupili et ,persi par pugnat
 uti non compositum melius 7sc4 par7 cum
 ,bitho ,bacchius4 ,si sequare1 ruunt3  
for constr4 cf4 ,i4 #g4 ,communitas3 for
 ,stoic philanthropy see ,zeller #big4  
,nulla potest nisi erit3 ,madv4 ,d4,f4  
,,iii4 #gj in hac coniunctione--hoc     
fieri non potest nisi--fere semper      
coniunctivus subicitur                  
praesentis--futuri et perfecti          
indicativus ponitur4 ,gratuita3         
disinterested4 ,ne intellegi quidem3 n4 
on ,i4 #g1 cf4 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #gc1     

#aai4 ,gloriosum in vulgus3 cf4 ,d4,f4  
,,ii4 #dd populus cum illis facit 7i4e4 
,epicureis74 ,normam 444 regulam3 n4 on 
,ac4 ,post4 fragm4 #h4 ,praescriptionem3
 ,i4 #bc1 n4  #ada4 ,adquiescis3 ,,mss4 
are confused here1 ,halm reads          
adsciscis1 comparing #ach4 ,add ,d4,f4  
,i4 #bc 7sciscat et probet71 ,,iii4 #ag 
7adsciscendas esse71 ,,iii4 #gj         
7adscisci et probari7 ,bait4 follows    
,halm4 ,ratum 444 fixum3 cf4 #bg and n4 
on ,ac4 ,post4 fragm4 #ag4 ,falso3 like 
incognito in #acc4 ,nullo discrimine3   
for this see the explanation of nihil   
interesse in #dj1 n4 ,iudicia3  as      
usual4      #adb--adf4 ,summary4 ,to    
pass to ,dialectic1 note how            
,protagoras1 the     ,cyrenaics1        
,epicurus1 and ,plato disagree 7#adb74  
,does ,antiochus follow     any of      
these8 ,why1 he never even follows the  
vetus ,academia1 and     never stirs a  
step from ,chrysippus4 ,dialecticians   
themselves cannot     agree about the   
very elements of their art 7#adc74 ,why 

then1 ,lucullus1     do you rouse the   
mob against me like a seditious tribune 
by telling     them ,i do away with the 
arts altogether8 ,when you have got the 
crowd     together1 ,i will point out to
 them that according to ,zeno all of    
them     are slaves1 exiles1 and        
lunatics1 and that you yourself1 not    
being     sapiens1 know nothing whatever
 7#add74 ,this last point ,zeno used to 
illustrate by action ,yet his whole     
school cannot point to any actual       
sapiens 7#ade74 ,now as there is no     
knowledge there can be no art4 ,how     
would ,zeuxis and ,polycletus like this 
conclusion8 ,they would prefer     mine1
 to which our ancestors bear testimony4 
#adb4 ,venio iam3 ,dialectic had been   
already dealt with in #ia--ih here it is
 merely considered with a view to the   
choice of the supposed sapiens1 as was  
,ethical ,science in #abi--ada and      
,physics in #aaf--abh4 ,with the        
enumeration of conflicting schools here 
given compare the one ,sextus gives in  

,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #dh sq4 ,protagorae3 ,r4  
and ,p4 #acb sq4 ,qui putet3 so ,,mss41 
,halm and ,bait4 putat after ,lamb4     
,trans4 inasmuch as he thinks4          
,permotiones intimas3 cf4 #bj tactus    
interior1 also #gf4 ,epicuri3 nn4 on    
#ai1 #gi1 #hj4 ,iudicium3  as usual4    
,rerum notitiis3 1 ,zeller #djc sq4     
,constituit3 note the constr4 with in1  
like ponere in4 ,cogitationis3 cf4 ,i4  
#cj4 ,several ,,mss4 have cognitionis1  
the two words are frequently confused4  
,see ,wesenberg ,fm4 to ,t4,d4 ,,iii4 p4
 #ag1 who says1 multo tamen saepius     
cogitatio pro cognitio substituitur quam
 contra1 also ,m4,d4,f ,,iii4 #ba4      
#adc4 ,ne maiorum quidem suorum3 sc4    
aliquid probat4 ,for maiorum cf4 #hj4   
,here ,plato is almost excluded from the
 so-called vetus ,academia1 cf4 ,i4 #cc4
 ,libri3 titles of some are preserved in
 ,diog4 ,laert4 ,,iv4 #aa--ad4 ,nihil   
politius3 cf4 #aai1 n4 ,pedem nusquam3  
for the ellipse cf4 #eh1 #aaf1 ,pro     
,deiot4 #db and pedem latum in ,plaut4  

,abutimur3 this verb in the rhetorical  
writers means to use words in           
metaphorical or unnatural senses1 see   
,quint4 ,x4 #a1 #ab4 ,this is probably  
the meaning here2 do we use the name    
,academic in a non natural fashion8 ,si 
dies est lucet3 a better trans of   1   
than was given in #if1 where see n4     
,aliter ,philoni3 not ,philo of         
,larissa1 but a noted dialectician1     
pupil of ,diodorus the ,megarian1       
mentioned also in #ge4 ,the dispute     
between ,diodorus and ,philo is         
mentioned in ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,viii4      
#aae--aag with the same purpose as here1
 see also ,zeller #ci4 ,antipater3 the  
,stoic of ,tarsus1 who succeeded        
,diogenes ,babylonius in the headship of
 the school4 ,archidemus3 several times 
mentioned with ,antipater in ,diog41 as 
,,vii4 #fh1 #hd4 ,opiniosissimi3 so the 
,,mss4 ,i cannot think that the word is 
wrong1 though all edd4 condemn it4 ,halm
 is certainly mistaken in saying that a 
laudatory epithet such as ingeniosissimi

 is necessary4 ,i believe that the word 
opiniosissimi 7an adj4 not elsewhere    
used by ,cic47 was manufactured on the  
spur of the moment1 in order to ridicule
 these two philosophers1 who are        
playfully described as men full of      
opinio or --just the imputation which1  
as ,stoics1 they would most repel4      
,hermann's spinosissimi is ingenious1   
and if an em4 were needed1 would not be 
so utterly improbable as ,halm thinks4  
#add4 ,in contionem vocas3 a retort1    
having reference to #ad1 cf4 also #fc1  
#gb4 ,for these contiones see ,lange1   
,romische ,alterthumer ,,ii4 #ffc1 ed   
#b4 ,they were called by and held under 
the presidency of magistrates1 all of   
whom had the right to summon them1 the  
right of the tribune being under fewer  
restrictions than the right of the      
others4 ,occludi tabernas in order of   
course that the artisans might all be at
 the meeting1 for this see ,liv4 ,,iii4 
#bg1 ,,iv4 #ca1 ,,ix4 #g1 and compare   
the cry to your tents1 ,o ,israel in the

 ,bible4 ,artificia3 n4 on #cj4 ,tolli3 
n4 on #bf4 ,ut opifices concitentur3 cf4
 ,pro ,flacc4 #ah opifices et           
tabernarios quid neqoti est concitare8  
,expromam3 ,cic4 was probably thinking  
of the use to which he himself had put  
these ,stoic paradoxes in ,pro ,murena  
#fa1 a use of which he half confesses   
himself ashamed in ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #gd4    
,exsules etc43 #acf4  #ade4 ,scire      
negatis3 cf4 ,sext4 ,a4,m4 ,,vii4 #aec1 
who says that even  when it arises in   
the mind of a  is mere  and not 2 also  
,p4,h4 ,,ii4 #hc1 where it is said that 
the  is capable of   but not of 1 which 
the  alone has4 ,visum 444 adsensus3 the
 ,stoics as we saw 7,,ii4 #ch1 etc47    
analysed sensations into two parts2 with
 the ,academic and other schools each   
sensation was an ultimate unanalysable  
unit1 a  4 ,for this symbolic action of 
,zeno cf4 ,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #ah1 ,orat4 #aac1
 ,sextus ,a4,m4 ,,ii4 #g1 ,quint4 ,,ii4 
#bj1 #g1 ,zeller #hd4 ,contraxerat3 so  
,halm who qu4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,,xi4 

#bf1 #id digitum contrahens aut         
remittens2 ,orelli construxerat2 ,,mss4 
mostly contexerat4 ,quod ante non       
fuerat3  however is frequent in ,plato  
in the sense to seize firmly with the   
mind4 ,adverterat3 the best ,,mss4 give 
merely adverat1 but on the margin       
admoverat which ,halm takes1 and after  
him ,bait42 one good ,,ms4 has          
adverterat4 ,ne ipsi quidem3 even       
,socrates1 ,antisthenes and ,diogenes   
were not  according to the ,stoics1 but 
merely were  2 see ,diog4 ,,vii4 #ia1   
,zeller #beg1 and cf4 ,plut4 ,sto4 ,rep4
 #ajef 7qu4 by ,p4 ,valentia p4 #bie1 ed
 ,orelli7    7i4e4  7    4 ,nec tu3 sc4 
scis2 ,goer4 has a strange note here4   
#adf4 ,illa3 cf4 illa invidiosa above   
7#add74 ,dicebas3 in #bb4 ,refero3      
retort1 as in ,ovid4 ,metam4 ,i4 #geh   
pudet haec opprobria nobis ,et dici     
potuisse et non potuisse referri2 cf4   
also par pari referre dicto4 ,ne nobis  
quidem3 nor would they be angry2 cf4 n4 
on4 ,i4 #e4 ,arbitrari3 the original    

meaning of this was to be a bystander1  
or to be an eye-witness1 see ,corssen   
,i4 #bch4 ,ea non ut3 ,,mss4 have ut ea 
non aut4 ,halm reads ut ea non merely1  
but ,i prefer the reading ,i have given 
because of ,cicero's fondness for making
 the ut follow closely on the negative3 
for this see ,madv4 ,gram4 #dfe b1 obs4 
#adg4 ,obscuritate3 cf4 ,i4 #dd1 n4 on  
,i4 #ae4 ,plus uno3 #aae4 ,iacere3 cf4  
#gi4 ,plagas3 cf4 n4 on #aab4  #adh4 ,ad
 patris revolvor sententiam3 for this   
see ,introd4 #ej1 and for the expression
 #ah4 ,opinaturum3 see #ei1 #fg1 #gh1   
#aab4 ,intellegat se3 ,,mss4            
intellegentes1 cf4 n4 on #acb4 ,qua re3 
so ,manut4 for per of ,,mss4  illam     
omnium rerum3 an odd expression2 cf4    
actio rerum in #fb4 ,non probans3 so    
,madv4 ,em4 #bjd for ,,mss4 comprobans4 
,dav4 conj4 improbans and is followed by
 ,bait4 ,i am not sure that the ,,mss4  
reading is wrong4 ,the difficulty is    
essentially the same as that involved in
 #ajd1 which should be closely compared4

 ,a contrast is drawn between a         
theoretical dogma and a practical       
belief4 ,the dogma is that assent       
7meaning absolute assent7 is not to be  
given to phenomena4 ,this dogma ,catulus
 might well describe himself as formally
 approving 7comprobans74 ,the practice  
is to give assent 7meaning modified     
assent74 ,there is the same contrast in 
#ajd between placere and tenere4 ,i may 
note that the word alteri 7cf4 altero in
 #ajd7 need not imply that the dogma and
 the practice are irreconcilable2 a     
misconception on this point has         
considerably confirmed edd4 in their    
introduction of the negative4 ,nec eam  
admodum3 cf4 non repugnarem in #aab4    
,tollendum3 many edd4 have gone far     
astray in interpreting this passage4    
,the word is used with a double         
reference to adsensus and ancora2 in the
 first way we have had tollere used a   
score of times in this book2 with regard
 to the second meaning1 cf4 ,caes4      
,bell4 ,gall4 ,,iv4 #bc1 ,bell4 ,civ4   

,i4 #ca1 where tollere is used of       
weighing anchor1 and ,varro ,de ,re     
,rust4 ,,iii4 #ag1 #a1 where it occurs  
in the sense to get on1 to proceed1     
without any reference to the sea4 7,the 
exx4 are from ,forc47 ,this passage ,i  
believe and this alone is referred to in
 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ba1 #c4 ,if my      
conjecture is correct1 ,cic4 tried at   
first to manage a joke by using the word
 inhibendum1 which had also a nautical  
signification1 but finding that he had  
mistaken the meaning of the word1       
substituted tollendum4  #a ,de ,leg4    
,,ii4 #c4  #b ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #a    
with ,,ii4 #e4  #c ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a1
 ,phaedrus nobis1444 cum pueri essemus1 
valde ut philosophus probabatur4  #d    
,n4,d4 ,i4 #ic1 ,phaedro nihil          
elegantius1 nihil humanius4  #e ,ad     
,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a4  #f ,brutus1 #cji4  #g
 ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #bj1 #f4  #h ,ad ,fam4 
,,xiii4 #af4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aac4 ,acad4    
,,ii4 #aae4  #i ,brutus1 #cjf4  #aj     
,ibid4  #aa ,rep4 ,i4 #g4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e4

 ,de ,off4 ,,ii4 #c1d4 ,de ,fato1 #b4   
#ab ,cf4 ,brutus1 #cab1 #cbb4  #ac ,cf4 
,brutus1 #cab1 #cad1 #caf4  #ad ,brutus1
 #cae4  #ae ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ei4  #af ,,vii4 
,i4 #ce4  #ag ,cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ic with  
,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a1 #a4  #ah ,ac4 ,i4 
#df4  #ai ,d4,f4 ,v4 #c4  #bj ,d4,f4 ,i4
 #af4  #ba ,d4,f4 ,v4 #f1 etc4  #bb     
,d4,f4 ,v4 #h4  #bc ,ac4 ,,ii4 #d4  #bd 
,ib4 #fi4  #be ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ai1   
#e4  #bf ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aac4  #bg ,ac4     
,,ii4 #aac4 ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ed4  #bh     
,,ii4 #ab4  #bi ,brutus1 #caf4  #cj     
,hortensius1 fragm4 #ah1 ed4 ,nobbe4    
#ca ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #fa4  #cb ,de ,div4 ,i4
 #acj4  #cc ,d4,f4 ,i4 #f4  #cd ,ad     
,att4 ,i4 #aj and #aa4  #ce ,ibid4 ,,ii4
 #a1 #c4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4  #cf ,ad ,att4  
,,ii4 #b4  #cg ,ibid4 ,i4 #bj4 ,cf4     
,,ii4 #a1 #ab4  #ch ,,ii4 #f4  #ci ,ad  
,att4 ,,ii4 #g and #af4  #dj ,ibid4     
,,ii4 #f1 #b4  #da ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 ,,iv4 
#aa with ,,iv4 #h a4  #db ,ibid4 ,,iv4  
#aj4  #dc ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af1 #b4  #dd    
,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af c1 #aj1 ed4 ,nobbe4    

#de ,ad ,qu4 ,fr4 ,,ii4 #ad4  #df ,ad   
,qu4 ,fr4 ,,iii4 #e and #f4  #dg #ccb4  
#dh ,ad ,fam4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,ad ,att4 ,v4 
#aa1 #f4  #di ,ad ,att4 ,v4 #aj1 #e4    
#ej ,de ,off4 ,i4 #a4  #ea ,tim4 c4 #a4 
#eb ,cf4 ,tim4 c4 #a with ,de ,div4 ,i4 
#e4 ,brutus1 #bej4  #ec ,ad ,att4 ,,vi4 
#a1 #bf4  #ed ,ibid4 ,,vi4 #b1 #c4  #ee 
,ibid4 ,,vi4 #f1 #b4  #ef ,ibid4 ,,vi4  
#g1 #b4 ,ad ,fam4 ,,ii4 #ag1 #a4  #eg   
,t4,d4 ,v4 #bb4  #eh ,ad ,att4 ,,vii4   
#a1 #a4  #ei ,ibid4 ,,vii4 #c1 ,,viii4  
#aa4  #fj ,ad ,att4 ,x4 #h1 #f4  #fa    
,ibid4 ,,viii4 #b1 #d4  #fb  1 ,ad ,att4
 ,,ix4 #i1 #b1 etc4  #fc ,ibid4 ,,ix4   
#d1 #b2 #i1 #a4  #fd ,ibid4 ,,ix4 #aj1  
#b4  #fe ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #a4  #ff ,ibid4
 ,,ix4 #c4  #fg ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #c and #d4 
#fh ,de ,rep4 ,i4 #g4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e1    
etc4  #fi ,cf4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4  #gj ,esp4
 ,i4 #bf1 #cg4  #ga ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #bi4
  #gb ,ac4 ,,ii4 #gj4  #gc ,de ,div4    
,,ii4 #a4 ,ac4 ,i4 #de1 etc4  #gd ,n4,d4
 ,i4 #a4  #ge ,cf4 esp4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #e4  
,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e4  #gf ,de ,div4 ,,ii4   

#a4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #g1 etc4  #gg ,t4,d4     
,,ii4 #d4  #gh ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj4  #gi ,cf4
 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #h4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aj1 #ff4    
#hj ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #i4  #ha ,n4,d4 ,i4    
#aj4  #hb ,ibid4 ,i4 #ag4 ,ac4 ,,ii4    
#abj1 #acg4  #hc ,t4,d4 ,v4 #cc4  #hd   
,ac4 ,,ii4 #aba4  #he ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hb1   
libas ex omnibus4  #hf ,ac4 ,,ii4 #adc4 
#hg ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4  #hh ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aj4
  #hi ,n4,d4 ,i4 #ab4  #ij ,parad4 #b4  
,de ,fato1 #c4 ,t4,d4 ,i4 #g4 ,de ,off4 
,i4 #c4  #ia ,d4,f4 ,,iv4 #e4  #ib      
,paradoxa1 #b4  #ic ,t4,d4 ,i4 #ee4 ,de 
,div4 ,,ii4 #fb4  #id ,t4,d4 ,v4 #aa4   
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #a and #b1 etc4  #ie #ac4  
#if ,cf4 esp4 ,n4,d4 i4 #f4 ,ac4 ii4 #aa
 and #ag4  #ig ,de ,leg4 ,i4 #ci4  #ih  
,ibid4 ,i4 #ee1 #ef4  #ii ,n4,d4 ,i4 #d4
  #ajj ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #ec4  #aja ,cf4 ,de 
,off4 ,,iii4 #bj4  #ajb ,t4,d4 ,v4      
#ba-ca1 esp4 #bc4  #ajc ,ibid4 ,v4 #ge4 
#ajd ,de ,off4 ,,ii4 #ce4  #aje ,t4,d4  
,v4 #cd4  #ajf ,ac4 ,i4 #af4  #ajg      
,paradoxa1 #d4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #acf1 #acg4   
,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aj4  #ajh ,ac4 ,,ii4     

#ace4  #aji ,see esp4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #c1 #d4
  #aaj ,ibid41 also ,t4,d4 ,v4 #hc4     
#aaa ,grote's ,aristotle1 vol4 ,i4 ch4  
#aa4  #aab ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #i4 ,d4,f4      
,,iii4 #da4  #aac ,i4 #f4  #aad ,t4,d4  
,,iv4 #g4  #aae ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #g4 ,cf4   
,d4,f4 ,,ii4 #dd1 populus cum illis     
facit4  #aaf ,ac4 ,i4 #f4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4  
#f1 #g2 ,,ii4 #g2 ,,iii4 #cc4 ,d4,f4    
,,iii4 #dj4  #aag ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #c4  #aah
 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #d-f4 ,ac4 ,i4 #aj4 ,d4,f4  
,,iii4 #e4  #aai ,de ,div4 ,i4 #d1 #e4  
#abj ,d4,f4 ,,iii4 #e4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #h4   
,t4,d4 ,,iii4 #aj1 #af4  #aba ,t4,d4 ,i4
 #e4  #abb ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #e4  #abc ,de   
,div4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,de ,off4 ,,ii4 #d4     
#abd ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #f4 ,de ,off4 ,,ii4
 #b4  #abe ,see esp4 ,de ,consolatione1 
fragm4 #g1 ed4 ,nobbe4 ,t4,d4 ,v4 #e4   
,ac4 ,i4 #aa4  #abf ,n4,d4 ,i4 #f4  #abg
 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #a1 #d4 ,de ,off4 ,,ii4   
#c4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a4  #abh ,t4,d4 ,,ii4   
#a4 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #a1 #c4  #abi ,d4,f4 ,i4 
#a1 #aa4  #acj ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #e4 ,de  
,off4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,t4,d4 ,,iv4 #a4  #aca  

,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #d4  #acb ,n4,d4 ,i4 #i4
 ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #a4  #acc ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 
#d4  #acd ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #ai1 #a4     
#ace ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #ad1 #c4  #acf ,ibid4
 ,,xii4 #ae1 #af4  #acg ,ibid4 ,,xii4   
#ba1 #e4  #ach ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #bc1 #b4   
#aci ,ut scias me ita dolere ut non     
iaceam4  #adj ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #aji4     
#ada ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #bh1 #b4  #adb    
,cf4 esp4 ,ad ,att4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #b with 
#ch1 #c4  #adc ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #b4   
#add ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #dj1 #e4  #ade ,ibid4
 ,,xiii4 #bf4  #adf ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #da1  
#a1 also #db1 #dc2 ,,xiii4 #bf4  #adg   
,ibid4 ,,xii4 #df4  #adh ,ad ,att4      
,,xii4 #de1 #a4  #adi ber ,cicero's     
,akademika1 p4 #d4  #aej ,cf4 ,ad ,att4 
,,xii4 #ab1 #b1 where there is a        
distinct mention of the first two books4
  #aea ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4  #aeb    
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4  #aec ,ibid4    
,,xiii4 #ba1 #d1 #e2 #bb1 #c4  #aed     
,,ii4 #b4  #aee ,de ,fin4 ,praef4 p4    
lvii4 ed4 #b4  #aef ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4   
#ab1 #c2 #af1 #a4  #aeg ,ibid4 ,,xvi4   

#c1 #a4  #aeh ,ibid4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4     
#aei ,ac4 ,,ii4 #fa4  #afj ,d4,f4 ,i4   
#b4  #afa ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,de ,div4    
,,ii4 #a4  #afb ,cf4 ,krische1 p4 #e4   
#afc ,ac4 ,,ii4 #fa4  #afd ,ad ,att4    
,,xiii4 #e1 #a4  #afe ,ibid4 ,,xiii4    
#cb1 #c4  #aff ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #cc1   
#d4  #afg ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 ,,ii4 #a4  #afh
 ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #db4  #afi ,ibid4 ,,xiii4
 #af1 #a4  #agj ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 
#aga ,ibid4 ,,iv4 #af;a1 #b4  #agb      
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c2 also ,,iv4      
#af;a1 #b4  #agc ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 
#c4  #agd ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4  #age 
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4  #agf ,ibid4    
,,xiii4 #ai1 #d4  #agg ,ibid4 ,,xiii4   
#ab1 #c2 #ai1 #d2 #af1 #a4  #agh ,ibid4 
,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4  #agi ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4
 #bb1 #a4  #ahj ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #e4 
#aha ,cf4 ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ad1 #c2 #af1  
#b2 #ah2 #ai1 #e4  #ahb ,ibid4 ,,xiii4  
#ai1 #e4  #ahc ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4  
#ahd ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bd4  #ahe ,ibid4
 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ah4  #ahf ,ibid4     
,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ah2 #ai1 #d4  #ahg    

,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #c4 ,i may here     
remark on the absurdity of the dates    
,schtz assigns to these letters4 ,he    
makes ,cicero execute the second edition
 of the ,academica in a single day4 ,cf4
 ,,xiii4 #ab with #ac4  #ahh ,ad ,att4  
,,xiii4 #ac1 #a4  #ahi ,ibid4 ,,xiii4   
#ai1 #e4  #aij ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4  
#aia ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4  #aib      
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c4  #aic ,ibid4    
,,xiii4 #ba1 #d4  #aid ,ibid4 ,,xiii4   
#ba1 #e4  #aie ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #bb1   
#c4  #aif ,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #bd4  #aig     
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ce1 #cf1 #b4  #aih      
,ibid4 ,,xiii4 #ch1 #a4  #aii ,ibid4    
,,xiii4 #ba1 #c1 #d4  #bjj ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 
#d4 ,cf4 ,quintil4 ,inst4 ,or4 ,,iii4   
#f1 #fd4  #bja ,ad ,att4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 
,n4,d4 ,i4 #aa4 ,de ,div4 ,,ii4 #a4     
#bjb ,de ,off4 ,,ii4 #h1 ,timus1 c4 #a4 
,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ac1 #a2 #ai1 #e4     
#bjc ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ab2 #af2 #ac2   
#ai4  #bjd ,ibid4 ,,xvi4 #f1 #d4 ,t4,d4 
,,ii4 #d4 ,n4,d4 ,i4 #aa4 ,de ,div4     
,,ii4 #a4  #bje ,nat4 ,hist4 ,,xxxi4 c4 

#b4  #bjf ,inst4 ,or4 ,,iii4 #f1 #fd4   
#bjg ,plut4 ,lucullus1 c4 #db4  #bjh    
#ab1 #ah1 #adh4  #bji ,cf4 ,att4 ,,xiii4
 #ai1 #d4  #baj ,lucullus1 #ab4  #baa   
,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #af1 #a4  #bab        
,lactant4 ,inst4 ,,vi #b4  #bac ,cf4    
esp4 ,de ,off4 ,i4 #acc with ,brutus1   
#acc1 #acd4  #bad ,esp4 ,pro ,lege      
,manilia1 #ea4  #bae ,brutus1 #bbb4     
#baf ,in ,verrem1 ,,ii4 #c1 #baj4  #bag 
,pro ,lege ,manilia1 #ei4  #bah ,pro    
,sestio1 #abb4  #bai ,pro ,sestio1 #aja4
  #bbj ,philipp4 ,,ii4 #ab4  #bba ,ad   
,att4 ,,ii4 #bd1 #d4  #bbb ,pis4 #f4    
,pro ,sestio1 #aba4 ,pro ,domo1 #aac4   
,post ,reditum in ,senatu1 #i4 ,philipp4
 ,,ii4 #ab4  #bbc ,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #ae1  
#c4  #bbd ,cf4 ,post ,reditum in        
,senatu1 #i4 ,pro ,domo1 #aac4  #bbe    
,pro ,archia1 #f1 #bh4  #bbf ,cf4 ,ac4  
,,ii4 #i with #hj4  #bbg #fb4  #bbh ,pro
 ,plancio1 #ab4 ,pro ,murena1 #cf4 ,pro 
,rabirio1 #bf4 ,pro ,cornelia ,,ii4     
fragm4 #d1 ed4 ,nobbe4  #bbi ,t4,d4 ,v4 
#ef4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #i4 ,n4,d4    

,,iii4 #hj4  #bcj ,cf4 esp4 ,,iii4 #agc4
  #bca ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #bh4  #bcb ,ibid4   
,,ii4 #ac1 #bj1 #ba4  #bcc ,ibid4 ,,ii4 
#ea4  #bcd ,cf4 ibid4 ,,ii4 #gd with    
,,iii4 #abg4  #bce ,cf4 ,,ii4 #aeb with 
,,iii4 #ahg4  #bcf ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #aed4   
#bcg ,brutus1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #bei4   
,de ,or4 ,,iii4 #bi4  #bch ,brutus1     
#acb4  #bci ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #bdd4 ,n4,d4 
,i4 #gi4 ,cf4 ,gellius1 ,,xix4 #i4  #bdj
 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4 #aee4  #bda ,ibid4      
,,iii4 #aid4  #bdb ,cf4 ,de ,or4 ,,ii4  
#fh with ,,iii4 #ahb1 #ahg4  #bdc ,de   
,or4 ,i4 #hb sq42 ,,ii4 #cfj4  #bdd     
,ibid4 ,i4 #de2 ,,ii4 #cfe2 ,,iii4 #fh1 
#ge4  #bde #ab1 commemoravit a patre suo
 dicta ,philoni4  #bdf ,cf4 ,de ,or4    
,,iii4 #aaj4  #bdg ,ac4 ,,ii4 #adh4     
#bdh ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #aa4  #bdi ,ibid4  
#bej ,ibid4 #ab1 #ah1 with my notes4    
#bea ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ab3 ista quae heri     
defensa sunt compared with the words ad 
,arcesilam ,carneademque veniamus4  #beb
 ,see below4  #bec ,ac4 ,,ii4 #cc--cf   
inclusive2 #ed4  #bed ,ac4 ,,ii4 #bh4   

#bee ,cf4 ,ac4 ,,ii4 #ei1 #fg1 #gh1     
#aab1 #adh1 with my notes4  #bef ,ibid4 
,,ii4 #aj4  #beg ,ibid4 ,,ii4 #bh4  #beh
 ,cf4 ,,ii4 #fa with the fragments of   
the ,hortensius2 also ,t4,d4 ,,ii4 #d2  
,,iii4 #f2 ,d4,f4 ,i4 #b4  #bei         
,lactant4 ,,iii4 #af4  #bfj ,cf4 ,ac4   
,,ii4 #aj4  #bfa ,ib4 ,,ii4 #fa4  #bfb  
#dd--df4  #bfc #ac4  #bfd ,cf4 ,,ii4 #ad
 with ,i4 #dd1 and ,,ii4 #ee1 #ef4  #bfe
 ,,ii4 #ag1 #ah1 #bb4  #bff ,cf4 ,,ii4  
#ca with ,i4 #de4  #bfg ,,ii4 #ag1 #bd1 
#bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #ch1 #ed1 #ei4  #bfh     
,,ii4 #gi4  #bfi ,cf4 the words tam     
multa in ,,ii4 #gi4  #bgj ,see ,,ii4    
#db1 where there is a reference to the  
hesternus sermo4  #bga ,,ii4 #aj4  #bgb 
,cf4 ,,ii4 #aj3 id quod quaerebatur     
paene explicatum est1 ut tota fere      
quaestio tractata videatur4  #bgc ,what 
these were will appear from my notes on 
the ,lucullus4  #bgd ,,ii4 #ab4  #bge   
,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #h4  #bgf ,cf4 ,ad ,att4
 ,,xiii4 #be1 #c3 ,ad ,brutum           
transeamus4  #bgg ,this is not1 as      

,krische supposes1 the villa ,cicero    
wished to buy after ,hortensius' death4 
,that lay at ,puteoli3 see ,ad ,att4    
,,vii4 #c1 #i4  #bgh ,,ii4 #i4  #bgi    
,cf4 ,,ii4 #fa4  #bhj ,,ii4 #hj3 ,o     
praeclarum prospectum6  #bha ,cf4 ,,ii4 
#i with #abh 7signum illud71 also #hj1  
#ha1 #ajj1 #aje1 #abe4  #bhb ,,ii4 #aae4
  #bhc ,,ii4 #fc4  #bhd ,,ii4 #adg1     
#adh4  #bhe ,,ii4 #ace4  #bhf ,cf4 ,,ii4
 #aa1 #ab with the words quae erant     
contra  praeclare collecta ab ,antiocho3
 ,ad ,att4 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #c4  #bhg       
,varro1 ,de ,re ,rust4 ,,iii4 #ag4  #bhh
 ,,ii4 #aa4  #bhi ,paradoxa1 #a4 ,d4,f4 
,,iii4 #h4 ,brutus1 #aai4  #bij ,ac4 ,i4
 #ab4 ,d4,f4 ,v4 #h4  #bia ,cf4 ,,ii4   
#hj4  #bib ,cf4 ,aug4 ,adv4 ,acad4      
,,iii4 #ce4 ,nonius1 sub v4 exultare4   
#bic ,cf4 the word nuper in #a4  #bid   
#aa4  #bie #c1 #ah4  #bif ,ad ,fam4     
,,ix4 #h1 #a4  #big ,ad ,att4 ,,ii4 #be1
 #a4  #bih ,ibid4 ,,iii4 #h1 #c4  #bii  
,ibid4 ,,iii4 #ae1 #c2 #ah1 #a4  #cjj   
,ad ,fam4 ,,ix4 #a--h4 ,they are the    

only letters from ,cicero to ,varro     
preserved in our collections4  #cja     
,above1 pp4 xxxvii--xlii4  #cjb ,de     
,civ4 ,dei1 ,,xix4 cc4 #a--c4  #cjc ,see
 ,madvig1 ,de ,fin4 ed4 #b1 p4 #hbd2    
also ,krische1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 ,brckner1  
,leben des ,cicero1 ,i4 p4 #fee1 follows
 ,mller4  #cjd ,cf4 ,krische1 p4 #eh4