,m4 ,,tulli ,,cic]onis  ,,cato ,,maior  
,,de ,,s5ectute  ,,) ,,introduction ,,& 
,,notes  ,,by ,,james ,s4 ,,reid1 ,m4,l4
  ,am]ican ,edition ,revis$  ,,by       
,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey  ,,univ]sity ,,( 
,,mi*igan  ,copyright1 #ahhb  ,,preface4
  ,?ree ye>s ago ,mr4 ,james ,s4 ,reid1 
( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1          
,cambridge1 prep>$ = ! ,syndics ( !     
,univ]sity ,press editions ( ,cic]o's   
,cato ,maior de ,s5ectute & ,laelius de 
,amicitia4 ,! ?or\gh & accurate s*ol>%ip
 display$1 especially 9 ! elucidation ( 
! ,lat9ity1 imm$iately won = ! books a  
cordial reception2 & s9ce !n !y h ga9$ a
 p]man5t place 9 ! e/eem ( ,engli%      
s*ol>s4  ,! pres5t volume has ! full    
au?orization ( ,mr4 ,reid1 & 0 prep>$ ) 
! design ( pres5t+ to ,am]ican /ud5ts1 9
 a =m be/ adapt$ to _! use1 ! results ( 
8 "w4 ,! ,text rema9s sub/antially t (  
,mr4 ,reid2 :ile m5tion is made 9 !     
notes ( ! mo/ important v>iations 9     
read+s & or?ography f o!r editions4 ,!  
,introductions h be5 reca/1 ) "s        

enl>gem5t2 ! analyses ( ! subject-matt] 
9 p>ticul> h be5 entirely remodell$4 ,! 
,notes h be5 9 "s in/ances r$uc$1 9 o!rs
 amplifi$1--especially by ! addition (  
ref]5ces to ! /&>d treatises on gramm>1 
hi/ory1 & philosophy4 ,x 0 at fir/ !    
int5tion ( ! ,am]ican editor to indicate
 by "s m>k ! matt] due to himself2 b z  
?is c\ld h>dly be done )\t m>r+ !       
appe>ance ( ! page1 & ?us introduc+ a   
s\rce ( confusion to ! /ud5t1 x 0 n     
attempt$4 ,9 ! "w ( revision free use ( 
! pr9cipal ,g]man & ,engli% editions has
 be5 made4  ,to "s ! notes ( ! pres5t   
edition may appe> too copi\s4 ,! aim    
?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 has be5 n simply to give
 aid on difficult po9ts1 b to call      
att5tion to ! f9] usages ( ! ,lat91 & to
 add also :atev] explanation seem$      
necess>y to a cle> und]/&+ ( !          
subject-matt]4 ,lat9 s*ol>%ip :i* %all  
be at ! same "t broad & accurate1       
includ+ n only a ma/]y ( ! language b   
also a compreh5sive view ( ! v>i\s      
phases ( ,roman life & ?\ght1 w1 x is   

believ$1 be be/ assur$ by ! sl[ & c>eful
 read+ ( "s portions ( ! lit]ature & by 
! rapid survey ( o!rs4 ,c]ta9ly ( !     
%ort] ,lat9 classics few w\ld m fully   
repay close & c>eful /udy ( bo? language
 & ?\ght ?an ^! *>m+ colloquies on ,old 
,age & ,fri5d%ip4 ,:ile almo/ faultless 
9 expression1 !y embody 9 a rem>kable   
degree t univ]sal elem5t :i* *>act]izes 
! lit]>y ma/]piece1 & makes x ! valu$   
possession n m]ely ( an age or a nation1
 b ( all "t4  ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey    
,,lake ,,=e/1 ,,ill41 ,may1 #ahhb4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,introduction4  ,i4 ,,cic]o ,,z ,a     
,,writ] ,,on ,,philosophy4  7i47 ,,/ate 
,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,cic]o',s ,,"t4   
,9 ,philosophy ! ,romans orig9at$ no?+4 
,_! en]gies 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! /ate 7   
:olly absorb$ 9 organization & conque/4 
,re/+ 9 a /]n & simple cre$1 !y _h      
little speculative int]e/ 9 matt]s      
outside ! h>d r\t9e ( _! daily life4 ,b 
) ! close ( ! ,p]iod ( ,conque/ came a  
*ange4 ,! influx ( weal? f conqu]$      

prov9ces1 ! =mation ( l>ge l&$ e/ates1 !
 excessive employm5t ( slave labor1 & ! 
consequ5t rise ( a new ari/ocracy1      
prep>$ ! way = a great revolution4 ,!   
old religion lo/ its hold on ! high]    
classes2 some?+ 0 ne$$ to take its      
place4 ,) weal? & luxury came           
opportunity & desire = culture4 ,greece1
 ) ,art1 ,lit]ature1 & ,philosophy fully
 develop$ & highly p]fect$1 /ood ready  
to in/ruct h] rude conqu]or4#a  ,9      
,cic]o's "t ! productive era ( ,greek   
,philosophy _h well-nigh pass$4 ,its    
t5d5cy 0 less speculative1 m e?ical &   
practical ?an 9 ! e>li] "t4 ,!re 7 f\r  
prom95t s*ools1 ! ,new ,academy1 !      
,p]ipatetic1 ! ,/oic1 & ! ,epicurean4 ,!
 support]s ( ! la/-nam$ advocat$ 9      
,sci5ce ! doctr9e ( ! atom1 9 ,e?ics !  
pursuit ( pleasure1 9 ,religion !       
complete inactivity ( ! gods4  ,! ,/oics
 & ,p]ipatetics 7 divid$ by comp>atively
 unimportant diff]5ces4 ,9 ,e?ics1      
consid]$ by !m z almo/ ! :ole (         
,philosophy1 :i* 0 itself def9$ z '! art

 ( liv+'1 ! ma9 "q betwe5 ! two s*ools 0
 ! am\nt ( importance to be attribut$ to
 ,virtue1--! ,/oics decl>+ t 9 comp>ison
 ) ,virtue all o!r ?+s s9k into absolute
 insignificance1 :ile ! ,p]ipatetics    
ma9ta9$ t ^! h a c]ta9 ?\gh             
inf9itesimally small significance4 ,!   
,new ,academy taught at ?is "t no       
complete philosophical sy/em4 ,x simply 
proclaim$ ! view t 9 ! field ( k c]ta9ty
 is unatta9able1 & t all ! inquir] has  
to d is to balance probabilities "o     
aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! ,new ,academic1 !re=e1 0
 free to accept any op9ions :i* seem$ to
 him to h ! weight ( probability on _!  
side1 b he 0 b\nd to be ready to ab&on  
!m :5 any?+ appe>$ :i* alt]$ 8 views ( !
 probabilities4 ,he n only might be1 b  
he c\ld n help be+1 eclectic2 t is1 he  
*ose su* views promulgat$ by o!r s*ools 
z seem$ to him at ! mom5t to be mo/     
reasonable or probable4 ,cic]o call$    
himself an adh]5t ( ?is s*ool4 ,on mo/  
po9ts h[ev]1 al?\gh eclectic1 he agre$ )
 ! ,p]ipatetics1 b ) a decid$ lean+ t[>d

 ! ,/oic e?ical sy/em4 ,! ,/oic op9ion t
 x is ! duty ( ! wise man to ab/a9 f    
public life1 :i* ! ,p]ipatetics conte/$1
 ,cic]o decisively reject$4 ,) !        
,epicureans he _h absolutely no sympa?y4
 ,up to ?is "t ^! s*ools & _! tea*+s 7  
kn[n to ! ,romans only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !
 ,greek4 ,! only ,lat9 philosophical    
lit]ature 0 ,epicurean1 &1 except+ !    
poem ( ,lucretius 7,de ,r]um ,natura71  
sc>cely fam\s z yet1 consi/$ entirely ( 
books rudely writt51 al?\gh consid]ably 
read4  7ii47 ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,cic]o  
,,9 ,,philosophy4  ,cic]o made no claim 
to orig9ality z a philosoph]1 nor ev5 to
 complete acqua9tance ) e detail ( !    
,greek sy/ems4#b ,9 e>ly life he _h     
/udi$ ) en?usiasm & success all ! le>n+ 
( ! ,greeks1 b especially 9 ! two       
dep>tm5ts ( ,rhetoric & ,philosophy1 !n 
closely connect$1 or r h>dly di/+ui%$4  
,he n only s\ght ! society ( le>n$      
,greeks1 b sp5t consid]able "t 9 /udy at
 ,rhodes & ,a!ns1 :i* _h become n m]ely 
! 's*ool ( ,greece'1 z ,?ucydides makes 

,p]icles call h]1 b ! s*ool ( ! civiliz$
 _w4#c ,:51 by reason ( political       
tr\bles1 he 0 =c$ to retire to private  
life1 he began to c>ry out a great plan 
= int]pret+ ! be/ philosophical writ+s (
 ! ,greeks to 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,= ?is  
"w 8 lib]al views z a ,new ,academic    
peculi>ly fitt$ him4 ,8 usual me?od 0 to
 take "o or two lead+ ,greek works on ! 
subject ) :i* he 0 deal+1 & to repres5t 
freely 9 8 own language _!              
subject-matt]1 introduc+ episodes &     
illu/rations ( 8 own4 ,he ?us pres5t$ to
 ! ,romans 9 _! own tongue ! mo/        
significant portions ( ! ,greek         
,philosophy2 & 9 8 writ+s !re has come  
d[n to u mu*1 especially ( !            
,po/-,ari/otelian ,philosophy1 t 0 doom$
 to oblivion 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,b     
fur!r ?an ?is1 to ,cic]o m ?an to any   
o!r ,roman is due ! =mation ( a ,lat9   
philosophical vocabul>y1 by :i* !       
language 0 enri*$ & fitt$ = ! "p x has  
s9ce tak5 z ! ,language ( ! ,le>n$4     
,:ile on _m po9ts ,cic]o's own views c  

h>dly be det]m9$ ) p]fect exactness1 !  
exalt$ s5tim5ts & ! exquisite lit]>y    
f9i% ( 8 philosophical writ+s h always  
won admiration2 & ?r\gh !m he has ex]t$ 
no small influ5ce on ! lit]ature & life 
( mod]n times4#d  7iii47 ,,!            
,,philosophical ,,writ+s ,,( ,,cic]o4   
,dur+ ! :ole ( an exceptionally busy    
public life ,cic]o devot$ 8 sp>e mom5ts 
to read+ & to ! society ( ! le>n$4 ,aft]
 8 exile 9 #eh & #eg ,b4,c4 8 political 
c>e]1 except = a brief p]iod j be=e 8   
dea?1 0 ov]1 & x is at ?is "t t 8 p]iod 
( great lit]>y activity beg9s1 ,9 #ee he
 produc$ ! "w ,de ,oratore1 9 #ed ! ,de 
,re ,publica1 & 9 #eb ! ,de ,legibus1   
all ?ree works1 accord+ to anci5t ideas1
 entitl$ to rank z philosophical4#e  ,f 
#ea to #df ,b4,c41 ow+ fir/ to 8 abs5ce 
9 ,cilicia1 !n to ! civil tr\bles1      
,cic]o almo/ ceas$ to write4 ,b 9 !     
latt] ye> he 0 reconcil$ ) ,caes>1 & z !
 ,s5ate & law c\rts 7 clos$ aga9/ him on
 8 refusal to compromise 8 political    
pr9ciples1 he betook himself ) great]   

devotion ?an ev] to lit]ature4 ,! fir/  
"w writt5 9 #df 0 ! ,hort5sius1 or ,de  
,philosophia1 n[ lo/4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on a   
lo/ dialogue ( ,ari/otle1 & set =? !    
advantages ( /udy+ ,philosophy4 ,dur+ ! 
same ye> ,cic]o complet$ sev]al         
oratorical works1 ! ,p>titiones         
,oratoriae1 ! ,brutus1 or ,de ,cl>is    
,oratoribus1 & ! ,orator1 all ( :i* are 
extant4  ,e>ly 9 #de ,cic]o lo/ 8 belov$
 daught] ,tullia4 ,he pass$ ! :ole ye> 9
 retirem5t1 try+ to soo! 8 grief by     
incessant writ+4 ,9 quick succession    
appe>$  ,de ,consolatione1 an attempt to
 apply philosophy to ! mitigation ( 8   
own sorr[ & t ( o!rs2  ,academica1 an   
exposition ( ! ,new ,academic           
,philosophy1 advocat+ probability r ?an 
c]ta9ty z ! f\ndation ( philosophy2  ,de
 ,f9ibus ,bonorum et ,malorum1 a "w     
criticis+ ! mo/ prom95t views ent]ta9$  
conc]n+ ,e?ics2  ,disputationes         
,tusculanae1 treat+ ( c]ta9 conditions  
ess5tial to morality & happ9ess2  ,de   
,natura ,deorum1 an exam9ation ( !      

pr9cipal !ories reg>d+ ! nature & p[] ( 
! gods2  ,cato ,maior1 on old age2      
,laelius1 on fri5d%ip2  ,de ,fato1      
discuss+ ,fate & ,free ,w2  ,p>adoxa1 a 
book sett+ =? c]ta9 rem>kable views ( ! 
,/oics2  ,de ,(ficiis1 a treatise on    
practical e?ics1 ! application ( moral  
pr9ciples to ! que/ions & difficulties (
 ord9>y life4  ,^! works1 writt5 mo/ly 9
 #de & #dd1 are1 except ! ,de ,cons41   
/ill extant4 ,to ! li/ may be add$ also 
o!r works ( a rhetorical nature1 su* z !
 ,topica & ,de ,optima ,g5]e ,dic5di1 & 
"s lo/ philosophical books1 su* z ,de   
,gloria4  ,ev5 ?\gh all[ance be made = !
 fact t ,cic]o 0 giv+ 9 ,lat9 ! sub/ance
 ( ,greek books ) :i* he _h be5 famili> 
f boyhood1 ! m5tal vigor & lit]>y p[]   
exhibit$ by ?is s]ies ( works appe>     
prodigi\s :5 we consid] _! great compass
 & v>iety & ! g5]ally high f9i% ( _!    
/yle4  ,ref]5ces4--,= a full] acc\nt (  
,cic]o's philosophical views & writ+s   
consult ,ritt]1 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t      
,philosophy'1 ,vol4 #d1 ,*4 #b2         

,maurice1 ',moral & ,metaphysical       
,philosophy'1 ,*4 #g1  #e2 ,t5nemann &  
,morell1 ',hi/ory ( ,philosophy'1 ,*4   
#c2 ,ueb]weg1 ',hi/ory ( ,philosophy'1  
,vol ,i1  #fa2 ,j4,b4 ,mayor1 ',sket* ( 
,anci5t ,philosophy'1 pp4 #bbc-bdd2     
,teuffel1 ',hi/ory ( ,roman ,lit]ature'1
 ,vol4 i1  #agb et seq4 ,cruttwell1     
',hi/ory ( ,roman ,lit]ature'1 ,bk4     
,,ii4 ,"p #a1 ,*4 #b2 ',cic]o'1 by      
,coll9s1 9 ,anci5t ,classics = ,engli%  
,read]s1 ,*4 #aj1 et seq42 also !       
,introduction to ,reid's edition ( !    
,academica1 & ! acc\nt ( ,cic]o by ,pr(4
 ,ramsay 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y (         
,biography & ,my?ology4 ,! mo/          
attractive biography ( ,cic]o 9 ,engli% 
is t by ,=sy?4 ,t by ,trollope is able b
 q p>tisan4 ,on ! philosophy1 consult   
also ,zell]'s ',eclectics4'  ,,ii4 ,,!  
,,cato ,,maior4  7i47 ,,orig9 ,,&       
,,scope4  #a4 ,date & ,circum/ances (   
,composition4  ,! date at :i* ! ,cato   
,maior 0 writt5 c be det]m9$ ) almo/    
p]fect exactness4 ,a m5tion 9 ,cic]o's  

"w entitl$ ,de ,div9atione#f %[s t !    
,cato ,maior prec$$ t "w by a %ort "t4  
,! ,de ,div9atione 0 writt5 aft] !      
assass9ation ( ,caes>1 t is1 aft] ! #ae?
 ( ,m>* 9 ! ye> #dd4g ,aga91 ! ,cato    
,maior is m5tion$ z a rec5t "w 9 ?ree   
lett]s address$ by ,cic]o to ,atticus4#h
 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! lett]s 0 writt5 on or   
ab\t ! #ab? ( ,may1 #dd4i ,we %all h>dly
 err1 !re=e1 if we assume t ,cic]o      
compos$ ! ,cato ,maior 9 ,april ( ! ye> 
#dd4aj ,?is agrees also ) slight        
indications 9 ! "w itself4 ,9 !         
d$icatory introduction ,cic]o speaks (  
tr\bles weigh+ heavily on himself &     
,atticus4#aa ,any "o :o reads ! lett]s  
to ,atticus despat*$ 9 ,april1 #dd1 w h 
little d\bt t ! tr\bles h9t$ at are !   
appreh5sions z to ! c\rse ( ,antonius1 f
 :om ,cic]o _h p]sonally some?+ to fe>4 
,atticus 0 us+ all ! influ5ce he c\ld   
br+ to be> on ,antonius 9 ord] to secure
 ,cic]o's safety2 h5ce ,cic]o's c>e to  
avoid 9 ! d$ication all b ! vague/      
possible allusions to politics4 ,_h t   

introduction be5 writt5 be=e ,caes>'s   
dea?1 we %\ld h _h pla9 allusions 7z 9 !
 prooemia ( ! ,academica1 ! ,de ,f9ibus1
 ! ,tusculan ,disputations1 & ! ,de     
,natura ,deorum7 to ,caes>'s            
dictator%ip4#ab  ,! "t 0 "o ( desp]ate  
gloom = ,cic]o4 ,! d[nfall ( ! old      
con/itution _h ov]:elm$ him ) sorr[1 & 8
 brief outbur/ ( joy ov] ,caes>'s dea?  
_h be5 quickly succe$$ by disgu/ & al>m 
at ! proce$+s ( ,antonius4 ,! deep w\nd 
caus$ by 8 daught]'s dea?#ac 0 /ill     
unheal$4 ,x is easy to cat* 9 ! ,cato   
,maior "s e*oes ( 8 grief = h]4 ,:5 x is
 said t ( all ,cato's titles to         
admiration none is high] ?an ! =titude  
he %[$ 9 be>+ ! dea? ( 8 son1#ad ! writ]
 is ?9k+ ( ! /ruggle he himself _h be5  
wag+ aga9/ a l sorr[ = m ?an a ye> pa/2 
& :5 ,cato expresses 8 firm conviction t
 he w meet 8 *ild beyond ! grave1#ae we 
c see ,cic]o's own ye>n+ = reunion ) 8  
deeply lov$ ,tullia4  #b4 ,greek        
,s\rces4  ,all ,cic]o's philosophical & 
rhetorical writ+s 7 confess$ly f\nd$ m  

or less on ,greek orig9als4#af ,! /ores 
f :i* he pr9cipally drew 9 writ+ ! ,cato
 ,maior are cle>ly indicat$ 9 sev]al    
p>ts ( ! "w4 ,passages f ,x5ophon's     
,oeconomicus are translat$ 9 ,*apt]s #ag
 & #bb4 ,9 ,*apt]s #b & #c !re is a     
close imitation ( ! conv]sation betwe5  
,socrates & ,cephalus at ! beg9n+ (     
,plato's ,republic1 :ile 9 ,*apt] #ba is
 reproduc$ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ portions ( !
 ,pha$o1 #gb ,e-#gc ,b1 #gh-hj4ag ,!    
view ( ! div9e orig9 & de/9y ( ! human  
s\l conta9$ 9 ! passage f ! ,pha$o is   
r5d]$ by ,cic]o 9 _m ( 8 works1#ah & 0  
held by him ) q a religi\s f]vor &      
s9c]ity4  ,besides ^! in/ances ( special
 indebt$ness ,cic]o1 9 compos+ ! ,cato  
,maior1 0 no d\bt "u obligations ( a m  
g5]al k9d to ! ,greeks4 ,! =m ( !       
dialogue is ,greek1 & ,ari/otelian r ?an
 ,platonic4#ai ,b fur!r1 x is highly    
probable t ,cic]o ow$ to "s p>ticul>    
,greek dialogue on ,old ,age ! g5]al    
outl9e ( ! argum5ts he !re br+s =w>d4   
,_m ( ! ,greek illu/rative allusions may

 h _h ! same orig91 ?\gh 9 _m cases     
,roman illu/rations mu/ h be5 sub/itut$ 
= ,greek4 ,:e!r ! dialogue by ,ari/o    
,cius1 cursorily m5tion$ 9 ! ,cato      
,maior1#bj 0 at all us$ by ,cic]o or n x
 is impossible to det]m9e4#ba  #c4      
,purpose4  ,! ,cato ,maior is a popul>  
essay 9 ,e?ics1 apply+ ! pr9ciples (    
philosophy to ! alleviation ( "o (      
life's *ief burd5s1 old age4 ,9 anci5t  
times1 :5 philosophy =m$ ! real & only  
religion ( ! educat$ class1 !mes l ?is 7
 deem$ to af=d a wor?y employm5t = ! p5s
 ev5 ( ! greate/ philosoph]s4 ,su*      
essays =m$ ! only sub/itute ! anci5ts _h
 = our ,s]mons4 ,!re c be no d\bt (     
,cic]o's s9c]ity :5 he says t ! argum5ts
 he sets =? 9 ! treatise _h giv5 him    
real com=t1#bb & ! op5+ words ( !       
d$ication %[ t he meant & hop$ to       
adm9i/] ! same com=t to 8 fri5d         
,atticus1 :o inde$ ackn[l$g$ ! b5efit he
 d]iv$ f ! "w4#bc ,:5 ,cic]o wrote !    
treatise he 0 himself sixty-two ye>s (  
age1 :ile 8 fri5d 0 ?ree ye>s old]4 ,he 

speaks1 !re=e1 r euphemi/ically :5 he   
says t 8 purpose is to light5 ! tr\ble (
 an old age :i* is already close at h&1 
or at all ev5ts approa*+4#bd  ,b 9      
addition to ! ma9 e?ical purpose1 !re 01
 z 9 _m ( ,cic]o's works1 a di/9ct      
political purpose4 ,he desir$ to        
/imulate 9 8 read]s an admiration = :at 
he reg>d$ z ! gold5 age ( ,roman        
politics1 ! era ( ! ,punic w>s1 & to d  
?is by mak+ ! contra/ betwe5 t age & 8  
own appe> z /rik+ z possible4 ,a l d\ble
 purpose is app>5t ?r\gh\t ! ,de ,re    
,publica1 :]e ,africanus ! y\ng] is !   
*ief p]sonage1 & 9 ! treatise on        
,fri5d%ip1 :]e ,laelius is ! c5tral     
figure4 ,= ! dialogue on ,old ,age ,m4  
,porcius ,cato ! ,c5sor is select$ z !  
pr9cipal speak] = two reasons3 fir/1    
because he 0 r5[n$ = ! vigor ( m9d &    
body he display$ 9 advanc$ life2#be &   
secondly1 because 9 him 7 conspicu\sly  
exhibit$ ! s]i\s simplicity1 ! unsw]v+  
adh]5ce to pr9ciple1 & ! self-sacrific+ 
patriotism :i* 7 ! ideal ,roman virtues1

 & :i* ,cic]o c\ld n f9d among !        
politicians ( 8 "t4  #d4 ,=m &          
,language4  ,! ,cato ,maior1 l mo/ (    
,cic]o's philosophical writ+s1 is ca/ 9 
! =m ( a dialogue4 ,among ! anci5ts !   
dialogue 0 a common rhetorical device1  
especially 9 ! pres5tation ( ab/ruse    
subjects4 ,! introduction ( *>act]s to  
conduct ! discussion gave vividness &   
cle>ness to ! unfold+ ( ! argum5t1 z    
well z a k9d ( dramatic int]e/ to !     
production4 ,9 ! ,cato ,maior#bf & !    
,laelius1 z g5]ally1 ,cic]o foll[$ !    
plan ( ,ari/otle's dialogues 7n[ lo/7 r 
?an t ( ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,9 ! =m]  
!re 0 m ( exposition & less ( discussion
 ?an 9 ! latt]2 "o p]son /at$ 8 views on
 "s "q1 & ! company 9 att5dance only    
made occasional rem>ks )\t attempt+ to  
debate ! "q4 ,9 ! latt]1 al?\gh "o      
p]son1 ,socrates1 is ev]y:]e prom95t1   
o!rs are cont9ually drawn into !        
discussions1 & !re is a quick int]*ange 
( "q & answ]4 ,! ,ari/otelian =m 0 bett]
 adapt$ to ,cic]o's purposes ?an !      

,platonic2 ! progress ( ! argum5t 0 less
 int]rupt$1 & ?us bett] opportunity = a 
symmetrical developm5t ( ! !me 0 af=d$4 
,!n1 too1 ! =m] 0 m popul>4 ,! /yle (   
,ari/otle#bg _h be5 imitat$ by          
,!ophra/us & _m o!r writ]s d[n to       
,cic]o's "t1 :ile t ( ,plato _h f\nd    
h>dly any imitators4  ,! editors ( !    
,cato ,maior h g5]ally assum$ t ,cic]o  
attempt$ to give an antique color+ to ! 
diction ( ! dialogue 9 ord] to rem9d    
read]s ( ,cato's own /yle4 ,x is only   
necess>y to read a page or two ( ,cato's
 ,de ,re ,ru/ica to h ?is illusion      
dispell$4 ,! only ?+s actually alleg$ to
 be ar*aisms are 7#a7 ! use ( depon5t   
p>ticiples z passives 9  #d1 #ei1 #gd1 a
 ?+ common en\gh 9 ,cic]o2 7#b7 !       
occurr5ce ( quasi  quem ad modum 9  #ga2
 7#c7 ( audacit]  audact] 9  #gb2 7#d7 (
 tu]5tur = intu]5tur 9  #gg2 7#e7 (     
neutiquam 9  #db2 7#f7 ( ! nom9ative ( !
 g]undive gov]n+ an accusative case 9   
#f4 ,9 e in/ance ! notes w supply a     
refutation ( ! allegation4 ,t ,cic]o    

%\ld attempt to write 9 any /yle b 8 own
 is exce$+ly improbable4  #e4           
,p]sonages4  ,! conv]sation is suppos$  
to take place betwe5 ,cato1 ,scipio     
,africanus ! y\ng]1 & ,laelius1 9 ! ye> 
be=e ,cato's dea?1 i4e4 #aej ,b4,c41 :5 
he 0 9 8 eighty-f\r? ye>1#bh ,scipio be+
 ab\t #ce & ,laelius a few ye>s old]4   
7#a47 ,cato4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato 0 born 9
 #bcd ,b4,c4#bi at ! anci5t ,lat9 t[n ( 
,tusculum4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 family   
except t x 0 plebeian1 & possess$ a     
small patrimony 9 ! t]ritory ( !        
,sab9es1 close to ! f>m ( ,m'4 ,curius  
,d5tatus1 "o ( ,cato's great h]oes &    
models4 ,! heads ( ! family1 s f> z     
memory ext5d$1 _h di/+ui%$ !mselves z   
t\gh w>riors & h>dy f>m]s4 ,among !     
,sab9es1 :o ev5 d[n to ! times ( !      
,empire 7 fam$ = simplicity ( mann]s & !
 practice ( all ! /]n] virtues1 ,cato   
pass$ ^? portions ( 8 life :i* 7 n      
occupi$ ) bus9ess ( /ate4 ,f 8 e>lie/   
days he toil$ 9 8 own fields1 & cont5t$ 
himself ) ! h>de/ ru/ic life4#cj ,yet   

ev5 9 8 boyhood ,cato mu/ h pass$       
int]vals at ,rome1 & se5 some?+ ( !     
great /atesm5 & g5]als ( ! "t4#ca ,he   
seems to h receiv$ :5 "y z ?or\gh an    
education z 0 possible )\t le>n+ ,greek1
 su* an education z 0 to be obta9$ only 
9 ! capital4 ,he grew up to manhood 9 ! 
comp>atively quiet p]iod betwe5 ! fir/ &
 ! second ,punic w>s2 ! mo/ excit+ ev5t 
( 8 y\ng] ye>s mu/ h be5 ! de/ruction at
 ,cla/idium ( ! va/ hordes ( ,celts :o  
_h swept ov] ! nor!rn half ( ,italy1    
almo/ )9 rea* ( ,rome4  ,cato 0 ( ! age 
= milit>y s]vice ab\t ! "t ( ! battle ( 
,lake ,trasim5us1 & ent]$ ! army !n z a 
common soldi]4#cb ,! fir/ exp$ition 9   
:i* he is def9itely said to h tak5 "p is
 t ( ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator    
aga9/ ,hannibal 9 ,campania1 9 #bad4cc  
,?is ,roman comm&] 0 a man entirely aft]
 ,cato's he>t1 & became "o ( 8 models 9 
public life4  ,be=e & dur+ ! e>ly ye>s (
 8 soldi]'s life1 ,cato succe$$ 9 w9n+  
"s reputation z an orator1 hav+ practis$
 fir/ 9 ! prov9cial c\rts ne> 8 home1 & 

aft]w>ds at ,rome4#cd ,?is reputation z 
well z 8 great =ce ( "* procur$ = him a 
p[]ful life-long fri5d & patron1 ,m4    
,val]ius ,flaccus1 a /atesman ( ! old   
,roman cons]vative-democratic s*ool (   
politics1 ! lead] ( :i* 0 ,fabius       
,cunctator4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce (         
,flaccus1 possibly ) ! aid ( ,fabius1   
,cato became milit>y tribune1 & s]v$ ) t
 rank "u ,m>cellus 9 ,sicily1 "u ,fabius
 aga9 at ! capture ( ,t>5tum 9 #bji1ce &
 "u ,c4 ,claudius ,n]o at ! battle ( !  
,metaurus1 :]e he contribut$ mat]ially  
to t great victory4  ,9 #bjd ,cato began
 8 political c>e] ) ! quae/or%ip4#cf ,z 
he 0 a novus homo & a man ( small       
private means1 x 0 no small di/9ction t 
he _h =c$ 8 way to (fice 9 8 ?irtie?    
ye>4 ,! lot assign$ him z quae/or to    
,scipio1 !n 9 ,sicily & ab\t to cross   
ov] into ,africa4 ,! *ance 0 mo/        
un=tunate1 if = no o!r reason1 because  
,cato 0 intimately connect$ ) ! p>ty 9 !
 s5ate oppos$ to ,scipio1 :i* _h be5    
attempt+ to br+ him to trial = !        

atrocities committ$ by ! ,roman army 9  
s\!rn ,italy4 ,b 9 addition ! two m5 7 s
 utt]ly diff]5t t !re 0 no possibility (
 ! quae/or /&+ 9 t filial relation to 8 
consul1 :i* old ,roman cu/om requir$4 ,z
 f9ancial (fic]1 ,cato compla9$ ( !     
luxury & extravagance :i* ,scipio all[$ 
n only to himself b to 8 army4 ,yet !   
compla9t 0 made n s mu* on economic z on
 moral gr\nds2 x seem$ to ,cato t ! old 
,roman discipl9e & p[] to endure h>d%ips
 7 be+ swept away4 ,! dispute 0 end$ by 
,scipio all[+ ,cato to return to ,rome1 
"s au?orities say f ,sicily1 o!rs f     
,africa4 ,accord+ to "o writ]1#cg he    
came home by way ( ,s>d9ia & br\ght !nce
 ) him ,ennius ! poet4#ch  ,9 #aii ,cato
 0 plebeian a$ile1 & ex]cis$ ) sev]ity !
 police jurisdiction p]ta9+ to t (fice1 
yet s z to w9 popul> approval1 s9ce he 0
 *os5 praetor = #aih )\t ! usual        
int]val4 ,! prov9ce ( ,s>d9ia 0 entru/$ 
to him1 & he /ra9$ e n]ve to make 8     
gov]nm5t pres5t z /rong a contra/ z     
possible ) ! lax & corrupt adm9i/ration 

( ! nobles :o took ,scipio = _! patt]n4 
,! troops 7 /]nly discipl9$1 &          
law-break]s ( e k9d sev]ely dealt )2 9  
money matt]s ! /ricte/ economy prevail$2
 all gifts f prov9cials to ,roman (fic]s
 7 =bidd54 ,! praetor1 ! great          
repres5tative ( ,roman p[]1 pass$ f t[n 
to t[n att5d$ by a s+le s]vant4  ,9 #aif
 ,cato 0 occupi$ ) 8 canvass = !        
consul%ip ( ! ye> #aie1 to :i* he 0     
elect$ 9 company ) 8 fri5d ,flaccus4    
,cato 0 ! fir/ novus homo elect$ s9ce   
,c4 ,flam9ius1 ! consul ( #bag4 ,x is   
probable1 ?\gh n c]ta91 t he pav$ ! way 
to 8 election by c>ry+ ! fir/ ( ! leges 
,porciae1 re/rict+ ! "r ( puni%+ ,roman 
citiz5s4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( 8 c>e] ,cato %[$
 a high s5se ( ! importance ( !         
individual civis ,romanus4  ,"o ( ! fir/
 (ficial acts ( ! new consul 0 to deliv]
 a set spee* to ! p aga9/ a proposal to 
repeal ! ,oppian law1 pass$ tw5ty ye>s  
be=e1 ! object ( :i* 0 to prev5t lavi%  
exp5diture on dress & adornm5ts1        
p>ticul>ly by wom54 ,we h a lively      

report ( ,cato's spee* f ,livy's p51    
p>tly f\nd$ on ! spee* z publi%$ by     
,cato himself4#ci ,! e>ne/ plead+ 9     
favor ( simple mann]s & economy fail$1  
aft] hav+ almo/ caus$ an op5            
insurrection on ! "p ( ! wom54#dj  ,!   
two new prov9ces 9 ,spa91 ,hispania     
,cit]ior & ,ult]ior1 7 /ill 9 a v       
unsettl$ /ate4 ,! ne>] prov9ce 0 made a 
consul> prov9ce & assign$ to ,cato2 !   
praetor :o gov]n$ ! f>!r prov9ce 0 also 
plac$ "u ,cato's jurisdiction4 ,be=e    
leav+ ,rome ,cato c>ri$ a law = protect+
 ! prov9cials f extortion4 ,dur+ ! :ole 
( 8 ye> ( (fice he practis$ ) ! utmo/   
exactness 8 pr9ciples ( purity1         
simplicity1 & economy 9 public affairs4 
,he is said to h />t$ f 8 h\se on !     
j\rney to ,spa9 ) only ?ree s]vants1 b  
:5 he got z f> z ! =um1 x /ruck him t   
su* an att5dance 0 sc>cely wor?y ( a    
,roman consul2 s he pur*as$ two m slaves
 on ! spot6 ,9 ! same _s1 be=e return+  
he sold 8 horse t ! /ate might n be at !
 exp5se ( transport+ x to ,italy4 ,cato 

0 no less c>eful ( ! rev5ue ?an ( !     
exp5diture4 ,he l>gely increas$ !       
productiv5ess ( ! m9es & o!r prop]ty    
belong+ to ! /ate1 & all goods captur$ f
 ! enemy 7 sold = ! b5efit ( ! ex*equ]4 
,on leav+ ! prov9ce ,cato made an       
unusually l>ge gift to ea* soldi]1 say+ 
t x 0 bett] = all to br+ home silv] ?an 
= a few to br+ home gold4 ,! prov9cials 
7 ?or\ghly cont5t ) _! rul] & ev] aft]  
look$ on him z _! be/ fri5d4 ,! army 0  
kept 9 ! /ricte/ discipl9e4 ,"s         
disord]ly conduct ( ! equites 0 rebuk$  
by ,cato 9 a bitt] h>angue :i* he       
aft]w>ds publi%$4 ,p>tly by craft1 p>tly
 by good lead]%ip 9 ! field1 ,cato broke
 ! /r5g? ( ! turbul5t natives & return$ 
to enjoy a well-e>n$ triumph4#da ,9 !   
same ye> 7#aid7 a brilliant triumph 0   
celebrat$ by ,flam99us4  ,scipio1       
probably uneasy at ! great reputations  
quickly won by ,flam99us & ,cato1 secur$
 8 second consul%ip = ! ye> #aid1 b     
fail$ to a*ieve any?+ rem>kable4 ,cato  
probably sp5t ! ?ree ye>s aft] 8 return 

= ! mo/ "p at 8 ,sab9e f>m4 ,:5 ! w>    
aga9/ ,antio*us broke out1 he took      
s]vice along ) 8 fri5d ,flaccus on !    
/aff ( ! consul ,glabrio1#db & by a     
difficult m>* ov] ! m\nta9s broke 9 on !
 k+'s re>1 & s 0 *iefly in/rum5tal 9    
w9n+ ! great battle ( ,!rmopylae1 by :i*
 ,antio*us 0 driv5 out ( ,greece4       
,imm$iately aft] ! battle ,cato return$ 
home ) despat*es4 ,we h dim & unc]ta9   
in=mation t he took ! field once or     
twice aga91 b 8 c>e] z a soldi] 0       
practically end$4  ,f ?is "t to 8 dea?1 
=ty ye>s lat]1 ,cato 0 ! lead+ figure on
 ! /age ( ,roman politics4 ,9 season &  
out ( season he attack$ abuses or       
innovations 9 spee*es address$ to !     
s5ate1 ! p1 or ! c\rts4 ,soon aft] 8    
return f ,!ssaly he /ruck a heavy bl[ at
 ! unrepublican honor-hunt+ among !     
magi/rates1 ( :i* ! example _h be5 set  
by ,p4 ,scipio ,africanus4 ,mo/         
prov9cial gov]nors drove _! subjects    
into w>1 s5t ly+ despat*es home ab\t _! 
victories1 & claim$ a triumph4 ,9 #aij  

,cato attack$ ) success ! proposal to   
grant a triumph to ,q4 ,m9ucius ,!rmus1 
:o _h already triumph$ ov] ! ,spani>ds z
 praetor1 & aft] 8 consul%ip 9 #aic _h  
f\ght aga9/ ! ,ligurians4 ,cato's next  
victim 0 8 =m] comm&] ,m'4 ,acilius     
,glabrio1 :o came =w>d at ! same "t )   
,cato1 ,m>cellus 7a son ( ! captor (    
,syracuse71 ,l4 ,cornelius ,scipio      
,nasica1 ,t4 ,qu9ctius ,flam99us 7!     
conqu]or ( ,mac$onia7 & ,cato's fri5d   
,l4 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 z c&idate = !    
c5sor%ip ( #ahi4 ,cato by 8 viol5t      
spee*es procur$ ! trial ( ,glabrio =    
appropriat+ ! plund] captur$ 9 ,!ssaly1 
& himself gave evid5ce conc]n+ "s       
prop]ty :i* _h disappe>$4 ,glabrio      
d5\nc$ ,cato z a p]jur]1 b yet retir$ f 
8 c&idature4 ,on ?is occasion ,cato &   
,flaccus fail$1 ,m>cellus be+ elect$ z  
plebeian & ,flam99us z patrician c5sor4 
,9 ! next ye> 7#ahh7 ,cato act$ 9 !     
s5ate ) ! p>ty :i* tri$ unsuccessfully  
to refuse ! triumph to ! two consuls (  
#ahi1 ,m4 ,fulvius ,nobilior & ,cn4     

,manlius ,vulso1 ! =m] ( :om _h ga9$    
none b trifl+ advantages ov] !          
,aetolians1 :ile ! latt] _h disgrac$ !  
,roman "n by mak+ w> )\t au?orization ^u
 ! ,gauls ( ,asia ,m9or1 & _h also      
suff]$ a humiliat+ defeat f "s ,?racian 
robb] b&s on 8 homew>d m>*4 ,n di%e>t5$ 
by ill success1 ,cato & 8 fri5ds det]m9$
 to /rike at high] game4 ,l4 ,scipio    
,asiaticus 7or ,asiag5us71 ! bro!r (    
,africanus1 0 ass]t$ 9 ! s5ate to h     
appropriat$ #cjjj tal5ts ( public money 
:5 9 comm& aga9/ ,antio*us4 ,legal      
proce$+s 7 tak5 n only aga9/ ,asiaticus1
 b aga9/ ,africanus1 :o behav$ ) great  
viol5ce & arrogance4 ,9 ! end ,africanus
 )drew to 8 c\ntry e/ate1 :ile 8 bro!r 0
 condemn$ to pay a heavy f9e4 ,a        
dea?-/roke _h be5 giv5 to ! almo/ k+ly  
au?ority ( ,africanus1 :o nev] aga9 %[$ 
8 face 9 ,rome4 ,! proce$+s aga9/ !     
,scipios seem to h begun 9 #ahg & n to h
 be5 complet$ be=e #ahe4  ,ne>ly tw5ty  
ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! conflict betwe5    
,cato & ,scipio began1 & n[ x _h end$ 9 

a complete triumph = ,cato4#dc ,b ! new 
modes ( :i* ,scipio 0 ! *ief patron 7   
too /rong to be conqu]$1 & ,cato sp5t ! 
re/ ( 8 life 9 fight+ a hopeless battle 
aga9/ !m1 ?\gh he f\ght = a "t ) !      
/ronge/ weapons t ! con/itution suppli$4
 ,9 #ahd he 0 c5sor along ) ,flaccus1 :o
 seems to h all[$ 8 colleague full      
lib]ty ( action4 ,e portion ( ! c5sor's 
duty 0 c>ri$ out on ! mo/ sev]e & 'old  
,roman' pr9ciples4 ,sev5 s5ators 7      
degrad$1 among !m ,l4 ,flam99us1 an     
ex-consul & bro!r ( ! 'lib]ator ( !     
,hell5es1' = s]i\s misconduct1#dd also  
,manilius1 an ex-praetor1 = no worse    
(f5ce ?an t ( hav+ kiss$ 8 wife 9       
pres5ce ( 8 daught]4 ,m4 ,furius        
,purpurio1 :o _h actually compet$ )     
,cato = ! c5sor%ip1 0 puni%$ = div]t+ a 
public aqu$uct = 8 private advantage4   
,flaccus 0 nam$ lead] ( ! s5ate 9 !     
place ( ,scipio ,africanus1 n[ dead4    
,on review+ ! equites1 ,cato remov$ f t 
body ,l4 ,scipio & _m o!rs on v>i\s     
*>ges3 ?is "o _h all[$ himself to gr[   

too fat = horseman%ip2 t _h fail$ to    
groom 8 horse prop]ly2 ano!r _h neglect$
 8 f>m2 ano!r aga9 _h made an untimely  
je/ on ! occasion ( ! review itself4 ,) 
! ord9>y citiz5s ,cato dealt j z h>%ly4 
,9 8 c5sorian edict he %>ply reprov$ !  
extravagance preval5t at private fea/s4 
,all articles ( luxury1 su* z slaves    
pur*as$ at fancy prices1 luxuri\s clo?+1
 c>riages1 /atues1 & pictures 7 r5d]$   
liable to heavy taxation4 ,9 ?is way    
,cato rev5g$ himself = ! repeal ( !     
,oppian law4  ,9 look+ aft] ! prop]ty & 
income ( ! /ate ,cato foll[$ ! same     
pr9ciples he _h act$ on 9 ,spa94 ,he    
r$uc$ ! exp5diture on public works z f> 
z possible1 & took c>e to sell at ! full
 price ! "r to collect ! rev5ue4        
,encroa*m5ts on ! prop]ty ( ! nation 7  
sev]ely puni%$4  ,n by acts only1 b by  
con/ant spee*es1 full at once ( grimness
 & humor1 did ,cato /ruggle aga9/ !     
deg5]acy ( 8 "t#de4 ,he conclud$ 8 p]iod
 ( (fice ) a self-laudatory h>angue1 &  
assum$ ! title ,c5sorius1 :ile 8 /atue 0

 plac$ 9 ! temple ( ! goddess ,salus )  
an inscription affirm+ t he _h re=m$ !  
,roman nation4  ,b 9 a v brief "t all   
trace ( ,cato's activity z c5sor 0 swept
 away1 except t af=d$ by ! num]\s       
life-long qu>rels 9 :i* he _h involv$   
himself#df4 ,9 less ?an two ye>s "o ( 8 
victims1 ,purpurio1 0 employ$ by ! s5ate
 on a high political mission1 :ile      
ano!r1 ,l4 ,flam99us1 sat among !       
s5ators at ! games 9 defiance ( ,cato's 
s5t5ce4 ,yet ,cato rema9$ by f> ! mo/   
p[]ful memb] ( ! s5ate4 ,titus          
,flam99us1 8 only important rival1      
quickly pass$ out ( notice4 ,s f> z !re 
0 any democratic opposition to !        
s5atorial olig>*y1 ,cato 0 ! lead] ( t  
opposition = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,b at t
 p]iod no great political movem5ts      
agitat$ ! /ate )92 ne>ly ! :ole int]e/ (
 ! "t 0 c5tr$ 9 ! =eign relations (     
,rome4 ,on matt]s ( =eign policy ,cato  
(f]$ b little opposition to ! prevail+  
t5d5cies ( ! age1 ?\gh on p>ticul>      
occasions he ex]cis$ great influ5ce4 ,b 

8 voice 0 at all times l\dly he>d on all
 que/ions ( morality & public ord]4 ,he 
support$ ! lex ,furia & ! lex ,voconia1 
! object ( :i* 0 to prev5t ! dissipation
 ( family prop]ty1 & ! lex ,or*ia1      
direct$ aga9/ extravagant exp5diture on 
fea/s1 also ! lex ,baebia de ambitu1 !  
fir/ s]i\s attempt to *eck brib]y4 ,we  
he> also t ,cato bitt]ly attack$        
,lepidus1 c5sor 9 #ahj1 = erect+ a      
p]man5t !atre 9 place ( ! movable boo?s 
be=e us$4 ,! build+ 0 actually pull$    
d[n4 ,we are told t f "t to "t he d5\nc$
 ! misdo+s ( prov9cial gov]nors4 ,9 #aga
 he 0 "o ( a commission ( five = br++ to
 ju/ice ?ree ex-praetors :o _h practis$ 
all mann] ( corruption 9 ,spa94 ,almo/ !
 la/ act ( 8 life 0 to prosecute ,galba 
= cruel misgov]nm5t ( ! ,lusitanians4 ,!
 titles ( ,cato's spee*es %[ t he play$ 
a great "p 9 ! delib]ations ( ! s5ate   
conc]n+ =eign affairs1 b z 8 fight+ days
 7 ov] & he 0 unfitt$ = diplomacy1 we h 
little explicit evid5ce ( 8 activity 9  
?is direction4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird       

,mac$onian w> he successfully oppos$ !  
annexation ( ,mac$onia4 ,he also sav$ f 
de/ruction ! ,rhodians1 :o dur+ ! w> _h 
pla9ly desir$ ! victory ( ,p]seus1 & 9 !
 e>ly days1 :5 ! ,roman comm&]s _h ill  
success1 _h deeply w\nd$ ! :ole ,roman  
nation by an (f] to m$iate betwe5 !m & !
 k+ ( ,mac$on4  ,cato _h all 8 life     
reta9$ 8 feel+ ( enmity to !            
,c>?ag9ians1 :om ,scipio1 he ?\ght1 _h  
treat$ too t5d]ly4 ,9 #aej he 0 "o ( an 
embassy s5t to ,c>?age1 & came back     
fill$ ) al>m at ! prosp]ity ( ! city4 ,x
 is said t :atev] 0 ! subject on :i* he 
0 ask$ = 8 op9ion 9 ! s5ate1 he always  
end$ 8 spee* ) 'cet]um c5seo del5dam    
esse ,c>?ag9em' ,p4 ,scipio ,nasica1 !  
son-9-law ( ,africanus1 & !             
repres5tative ( 8 policy1 always %\t$   
out ! opposite op9ion1 ?9k+ t ! fe> (   
,c>?age _h a salut>y effect on ! ,roman 
populace at l>ge4 ,b ! ideas ( ,cato    
prevail$1 & a cruel policy1 c>ri$ out ) 
ne$less brutality1 l$ to ! ext9ction (  
,rome's greate/ rival4 ,cato did n live 

to see ! conclusion ( ! w>2 he di$ 9    
#adi1 at ! age ( #hd or #he ye>s1 hav+  
reta9$ 8 m5tal & physical vigor to !    
la/4 ,he _h two sons1 "o by 8 fir/ wife1
 & "o by 8 second wife1 born :5 ,cato 0 
#hj ye>s ( age4 ,! eld] son1 to :om _m (
 ,cato's works 7 address$1 di$ z        
praetor-elect1 be=e 8 fa!r#dg4 ,! o!r 0 
gr&fa!r ( ,cato ,utic5sis4  ,! lit]>y   
activity ( ! old c5sor 0 great1 ?\gh 8  
leisure 0 small4#dh ,9 ,cic]o's "t a    
collection ( #aej spee*es 0 /ill extant4
 ,! titles ( ab\t #ij are /ill kn[n to  
u1 & ( "s we possess a few fragm5ts4    
,cato's greate/ "w1 h[ev]1 0 8 ,orig9es1
 ! fir/ real hi/orical "w writt5 9      
,lat94 ,8 pr$ecessors _h be5 m]ely      
compil]s ( *ronicles4 ,! "w 0 f\nd$ on  
labori\s inve/igations1 & compris$ !    
hi/ory ( ,rome f ! e>lie/ times p]haps  
d[n to #aej ,b4,c4#di1 z well z notices 
( ! hi/ory ( o!r important ,italian     
/ates4 ,fur!r1 ,cato wrote (            
,agriculture1 to :i* he 0 en?usia/ically
 devot$4 ,we /ill h 8 ,de ,re ,ru/ica1 a

 collection ( maxims loosely /rung      
toge!r4 ,he also compos$ works on law2 a
 sort ( educational encyclopa$ia = 8    
son2 & a collection ( witty say+s1 1    
drawn f ,greek z well z f ,roman s\rces4
  ,plut>* seems to h kn[n a collect$    
edition ( ! pung5t & prov]bial utt]ances
 = :i* ! c5sor 0 fam\s1 & = :i* 7n = any
 k ( philosophy#ej7 he receiv$ ! title (
 sapi5s 7'%rewd'7 :i* he bore at ! end (
 8 life4 ,?is edition1 h[ev]1 0 n       
compil$ by ,cato himself4  ,9 view (    
,cic]o's treatise1 ! ,cato ,maior1 x is 
necess>y to say some?+ ( ,cato's        
relations ) ! ,greeks & ,greek          
lit]ature4 ,! anci5ts give u m]ely vague
 /atem5ts t he only began to le>n ,greek
 '9 8 old age4' ,! expression mu/ be    
lib]ally int]pret$ if1 z seems cle>1 !  
:ole ( 8 writ+s %[$ ! influ5ce ( ,greek 
lit]ature4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t he     
?or\ghly dete/$ ! ,greek nation4 ,?is   
hatr$ 0 %[n 9 acts m ?an once4 ,no d\bt 
,cato 0 at lea/ a cons5t+ p>ty to !     
expulsion f ,rome ( ,greek tea*]s 9 #afa

 ,b4,c4 ,:5 9 #aee ! fam\s embassy came 
f ,a!ns consi/+ ( ,c>neades ! ,academic1
 ,critolaus ! ,p]ipatetic & ,diog5es !  
,/oic1 ,cato 0 a prime mov] ( ! decree  
by :i* !y 7 remov$ f ! city4 ,socrates 0
 "o ( ,cato's favorite m>ks = je/s4 ,&  
?is is ! man into ^: m\? ,cic]o puts !  
utt]ances1 b slightly veil$1 ( ,greek   
wisdom6  7#b47 ,scipio4 ,p4 ,cornelius  
,scipio ,africanus1 ! y\ng]1 0 no blood 
relation ( ! conqu]or ( ,hannibal1 b !  
adopt$ son ( 8 son4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 
h[ev]1 t adoption 0 mu* m =mal & b9d+1 &
 produc$ mu* clos] ties 9 anci5t ?an 9  
mod]n times4#ea ,! eld] ,africanus 0    
un=tunate 9 8 sons4 ,! y\ng] ( ^! atta9$
 to ! praetor%ip 9 #agd1 b 0 imm$iately 
driv5 f ! s5ate by ! c5sors ( t ye> on  
acc\nt ( 8 disreputable life4 ,! eld] 0 
an invalid1 :o nev] held any (fice      
except t ( augur1 & di$ at an e>ly age4 
,he adopt$ ! son ( ,l4 ,aemilius        
,paulus1 ! victor ( ,pydna2 ! adopt$ son
 bore ! "n ,aemilianus 9 memory ( 8     
orig94 ,cato's son m>ri$ a daught] (    

,paulus1 s t ! c5sor 0 br\ght into      
relation%ip ) ! ,cornelii1 ^: mo/       
illu/ri\s repres5tative he _h hat$ &    
attack$4  ,! "y ,scipio 0 born ab\t     
#ahe1 & :5 sc>ce #ag ye>s old f\ght )   
d>+ brav]y at ,pydna4 ,:ile /ill v "y he
 %[$ a great devotion to /udy1 :i* he   
reta9$ ?r\gh life4 ,he 0 a ?or\gh       
p>tisan ( ! new ,greek le>n+1 & gr\p$   
ar\nd him 9 fri5d%ip all ! lead]s ( !   
,hell5i/ic movem5t4 ,among 8 de>e/      
fri5ds 7 ,polybius1 ! ,greek /atesman & 
hi/orian1 & lat] ,panaetius1 ! ,/oic4 ,9
 #aea ,b4,c4 :5 ! consuls f\nd x        
difficult to enli/ (fic]s & m5 = s]vice 
9 ,spa91 :]e great defeats _h be5       
suff]$1 ,scipio volunte]$1 & s]v$ )     
great di/9ction z milit>y tribune4 ,:5 !
 w> ) ,c>?age broke out he held ! same  
rank1 & %one by comp>ison ) 8 blund]+   
sup]ior (fic]s4 ,com+ to ,rome 9 #adh he
 /ood = ! a$ile%ip1 b 0 elect$ consul = 
! ye> #adg1 & aga9 = #adf1 :5 he f9i%$ !
 w>4 ,he is said to h griev$ ov] ! fate 
( ,c>?age1 & to h dread$ any fur!r      

increase ( ! ,roman t]ritory4 ,9 #adb   
,scipio 0 c5sor1 & act$ ) almo/         
,catonian sev]ity4 ,9 #acd1 ?\gh n a    
c&idate1 he 0 elect$ to ! consul%ip &   
put 9 comm& ( ! ,roman army !n besieg+ !
 city ( ,numantia 9 ,spa94 ,! w>1 ( :i* 
?is siege =m$ a "p1 _h be5 go+ on = "s  
ye>s mo/ disa/r\sly = ! ,romans1 b      
,scipio spe$ily br\ght x to a conclusion
 9 #acc4 ,:ile be=e ,numantia he receiv$
 news ( ! murd] ( ,ti4 ,grac*us1 ^: si/]
 he _h m>ri$ & ^: c\s9 he _h become by  
adoption1 b ^: policy he _h on ! :ole   
oppos$1 ?\gh he _h occasionally coquett$
 ) ! democrats4 ,?is c\rse co/ him !    
favor ( ! p1 & :5 9 #aca he desir$ to   
conduct ! w> aga9/ ,ari/onicus1 only two
 ( ! ?irty-five tribes vot$ = 8         
appo9tm5t4 ,9 #abi1 aft] a viol5t sc5e 9
 ! s5ate1 :]e he _h oppos$ ! c>ry+ out (
 ,ti4 ,grac*us' agr>ian law1 he 0       
triumphantly escort$ home by a cr[d1    
compos$ *iefly ( ,italians ^: int]e/s _h
 be5 ?reat5$ by ! law4 ,next morn+ he 0 
f\nd dead 9 8 b$4 ,op9ion z to ! cause (

 8 dea? 0 divid$ at ! "t & s rema9$4 ,9 
! ,laelius ! dea? is assum$ to h be5 f  
natural causes4#eb ,else:]e1 h[ev]1     
,cic]o adopts ! view ( _m ( ,scipio's   
fri5ds t he 0 murd]$ by ,c>bo4#ec ,c>bo 
aft]w>ds l5t color to ! suspicions by   
putt+ himself to dea?1 9 ord]1 z 0      
suppos$1 to avoid a direct prosecution4 
,9 anci5t times ev5 ,c4 ,grac*us 0      
suspect$ ( hav+ ?us av5g$ 8 bro!r's     
dea?1 b no mod]n s*ol> ( any rank has   
c\nt5anc$ ! suspicion4  ,:e!r ! degree (
 intimacy betwe5 ,cato & ,scipio1 :i*   
,cic]o assumes1 ev] exi/$ or n1 _c be   
det]m9$4#ed ,!re 0 mu* 9 ,scipio t w\ld 
attract ,cato4 ,unlike ! eld]           
,africanus1 he 0 sev]e & simple 9 8     
outw>d life1 & ?\gh a lov] ( ,greek &   
,greeks1 yet atta*$ to all t 0 be/ 9 !  
old ,roman "* & polity4 ,?\gh an oppon5t
 ( revolution1 he 0 f> f be+ a p>tisan (
 ! olig>*y4 ,altoge!r1 ( all ,romans1 he
 mo/ ne>ly des]v$ ! description1 '   1' 
'a man f\r-squ>e )\t reproa*4' ,9 8 ,de 
,re ,publica1 ,cic]o po9ts to ,scipio z 

! ideal /atesman1 & (t5 else:]e         
eulogizes him z an almo/ p]fect ,roman4 
7#c47 ,laelius4 ,gaius ,laelius1 born   
ab\t #ahf1 0 ,scipio's mo/ di/+ui%$     
(fic] be=e ,c>?age1 & 8 mo/ intimate    
fri5d ?r\gh\t life4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ! two 
0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s 9 antiquity1 & is    
celebrat$ 9 ! ,laelius4 ,laelius 0 an   
able speak]1 writ] & soldi]1 & devot$ to
 ,greek le>n+1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,/oic    
philosophy4 ,he is ) ,cic]o ! type ( a  
man ( culture4#ee ,he1 too1 is "o ( !   
int]locutors 9 ! ,de ,re ,publica4      
7ii47 ,,subject-,,matt]4  #a4 ,g5]al    
,view4  ,! ,cato ,maior falls naturally 
into ?ree p>ts3--    ,prelim9>y1        
d$ication to ,atticus1  #a-c2           
,introductory ,conv]sation1 #d-i2       
,cato's ,def5ce ( ,old ,age1 #aj-he4    
,aft]  #i ,cato cont9ues to express 8   
views on old age )\t int]ruption to !   
end1 & ! dialogue ?us becomes really a  
monologue4  #b4 ,analysis4              
,,prelim9>y  #a-c4  ,cic]o1 address+    
,atticus1 /ates 8 purpose 9 writ+ ! book

 & ! effect ( ! "w on himself 7#a1 #b71 
! reasons = putt+ ! s5tim5ts on old age 
into ! m\? ( ,cato1 & ! circum/ances ( !
 suppos$ conv]sation 7#c74              
,,introductory ,,conv]sation    #d-i4   
,scipio decl>es 8 admiration ( ,cato's  
vigor\s & happy old age4 ,cato replies t
 ! secret lies 9 foll[+ ! guidance (    
,nature 7#d1 #e74 ,laelius !n asks ,cato
 to po9t out ! road to su* an old age z 
8 own 7#f74 ,?is ! old man promises to  
d1 b fir/ rem>ks t ! faults *>g$ aga9/  
old age are g5]ally due to defects ( "* 
7#g74 ,laelius sugge/s t prosp]ity makes
 ,cato's decl9+ ye>s pleasant4 ,cato    
admits t !re may be "s tru? 9 ?is1 b    
ma9ta9s t "r "* alone c make old age    
tol]able 7#h1 #i74    ,,cato',s ,,def5ce
 ,,( ,,old ,,age    #aj-he4  ,a4        
,introductory argum5t f fact4 ,acc\nt ( 
celebrat$ old m5 ^: lives till dea? 7   
useful & happy #aj-ad    7a74 ,fabius   
,maximus                                
#aj-ab   7b74 ,plato2 7c74 ,isocrates2  
7d74 ,gorgias                #ac   7e74 

,ennius                                 
#ad  ,b4 ,refutation ( *>ges made aga9/ 
old age #ae-he  ,/atem5t ( ! f\r *>ges  
commonly made aga9/ old age3 x )draws m5
 f active life1 x weak5s ! physical     
p[]s1 x takes away capacity = enjoym5t1 
& x involves ! anticipation ( dea? #ae  
,a4 ,refutation ( ! fir/ *>ge1 t old age
 )draws f active life4    7a74 ,!re are 
employm5ts suit$ to old age :i*         
are z necess>y to ! well-be+ ( society z
       ^? :i* require great] physical   
p[]s          #ae-bj    7b74 ,! special 
objection t old m5 h weak       memories
 is answ]$ by %[+ t ?is is       due    
ei!r to an orig9al defect or to         
insuffici5t       ex]cise               
#ba-bb     7c74 ,argum5t f fact3        
in/ances ( old m5 9       public & 9    
private life :o till dea? 7             
actively at "w                          
#bc-bf  ,b4 ,rebuttal ( ! second *>ge1 t
 old age weak5s ! physical p[]s4    7a74
 ,old age does n desire nor require !   
/r5g?       ( y\?1 because x may ex]t   

influ5ce       ?r\gh o!r means4         
,in/ances cit$ to %[       ?is          
#bg-cb    7b74 ,temp]ate habits w reta9 
a good measure       ( /r5g? till old   
age 7#cc1 #cd72 _m in/ances       (     
weakness 9 old age may be attribut$ to  
ill-heal?1 :i* is common to all p]iods (
       life 7#ce72 prop] c>e w greatly  
ret>d decay     #cc-ch  ,c4 ,refutation 
( ! ?ird *>ge1 t old age takes away !   
capacity = enjoym5t    7a74 ,! pleasures
 9 :i* y\? f9ds its ke5e/       enjoym5t
 are 9 !mselves bad1 & old age       is 
b5efic5t 9 free+ f _! allurem5ts        
#ci-dd    7b74 ,old age has pleasures f>
 m ref9$ & satisfy+       ?an ^? ( s5se 
#de-fd       ,su* z1 ^? ( conv]sation & 
lit]ature       7#de-ej72 especially ^? 
( agriculture 7#ea-fa72       & la/ly1 !
 ex]cise ( influ5ce1 :i* old       age w
 always possess if a rightly sp5t y\?   
has prec$$ 7#fb-fd74    7c74 ,! special 
objection t old m5's temp]s       spoil 
_! enjoym5ts is met by ! /atem5t       t
 ?is is ! fault ( "*1 n ( age           

#fe  ,d4 ,refutation ( ! f\r? *>ge1 t   
old age is unhappy because x involves ! 
anticipation ( dea?4    7a74 ,s9ce ! "r 
aim ( life is to live n long       b    
well1 dea? ought n to be dread$ at any  
age                                     
#ff-fi     7b74 ,old m51 especially ^? (
 le>n+ & culture1       ought n to fe>  
dea?                                    
#gj-gf       ,because1 t :i* is accord+ 
to nature is       good1 & x is natural 
= old m5 to die 7#gj-gc72       !       
process ( dy+ is brief & almo/ pa9less  
7#gd72 ev5 "y m5 & ^? )\t le>n+         
(t5 set ! example ( despis+ dea?        
7#ge72 & old age1 j z ! o!r p]iods      
( life1 has f9ally its season ( rip5ess 
&       satiety 7#gf74    7c74 ,dea? is 
probably ! gateway to a happy           
immortality     #gg-he       ,t5d+ t[>ds
 pro( ( ?is are ! argum5ts       /at$ 9 
,plato2 viz4 ! rapidity ( !       m9d's 
action1 its p[]s ( memory & inv5tion1   
its self-activity1 indivisible nature & 
pre-exi/5ce       7#gh72 also !         

argum5ts1 attribut$       to ,cyrus1    
bas$ ^u ! s\l's immat]iality1       !   
po/hum\s fame ( great m5 & !            
lik5ess ( dea? to sleep 7#gi-ha72 !     
in/9ctive       belief 9 immortality1 s 
/rong z ev5 to       =m an inc5tive =   
action 7#hb72 &1 f9ally1       !        
speak]'s own long+ aft] immortality &   
hope ( union ) ^? :om he once knew      
& lov$ 7#hc-he74         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,cato ,,maior    
,,de ,,s5ectute         99       99     
99       99       99  ,m4 ,,tulli       
,,cic]onis  ,,cato ,,maior  ,,de        
,,s5ectute4         99       99       99
       99       99  #a     ,o ,tite1 si 
quid ego adiu]o curamve levasso   quae  
nunc te coquit et v]sat 9 pectore fixa1 
ecquid erit praemi8  ,licet enim mihi   
v]sibus isdem aff>i te1 ,attice1 quibus 
affatur ,flam99um    ille vir haud magna
 cum re1 s$ pl5us fidei1  quamquam c]to 
scio non1 ut ,flam99um1    sollicit>i   
te1 ,tite1 sic noctesque diesque1  novi 
enim mod]ationem animi tui et           

aequitatem1 teque non cognom5 solum     
,a!nis deportasse1 s$ humanitatem et    
prud5tiam intellego4 ,et tam5 te        
suspicor isdem rebus quibus me ipsum    
int]dum gravius commov]i1 qu>um         
consolatio et maior e/ et 9 aliud tempus
 diff]5da4 ,nunc autem visum e/ mihi de 
s5ectute aliquid ad te conscrib]e4 #b   
,hoc enim on]e1 quod mihi commune tecum 
e/1 aut iam urg5tis aut c]te adv5tantis 
s5ectutis et te et me ipsum lev>i volo3 
etsi te quidem id modice ac sapi5t]1    
sicut omnia1 et f]re et laturum esse    
c]to scio4 ,s$ mihi1 cum de s5ectute    
vellem aliquid scrib]e1 tu occurrebas   
dignus eo mun]e1 quo ut]que no/rum      
communit] ut]etur4 ,mihi quidem ita     
iucunda huius libri confectio fuit1 ut  
non modo omnis ab/]s]it s5ectutis       
mole/ias1 s$ effec]it mollem etiam et   
iucundam s5ectutem4 ,numquam igitur     
laud>i satis digne philosophia pot]it   
cui qui p>eat omne tempus aetatis s9e   
mole/ia possit deg]e4 #c ,s$ de cet]is  
et diximus multa et saepe dicemus3 hunc 

librum ad te de s5ectute misimus4 ,omnem
 autem s]monem tribuimus non ,ti?ono1 ut
 ,ari/o ,cius1 p>um enim esset          
auctoritatis 9 fabula1 s$ ,m4 ,catoni   
s5i1 quo maiorem auctoritatem hab]et    
oratio3 apud quem ,laelium et ,scipionem
 facimus admirantis1 quod is tam facile 
s5ectutem f]at1 eisque eum respond5tem1 
qui si eruditius videbitur disput>e quam
 consuevit ipse 9 suis libris1          
attribuito litt]is ,graecis1 qu>um      
con/at eum p]/udiosum fuisse 9 s5ectute4
 ,s$ quid opus e/ plura8 ,iam enim      
ipsius ,catonis s]mo explicabit no/ram  
omnem de s5ectute s5t5tiam4  ,,ii4 #d   
,,scipio4 ,saepe num]o admir>i soleo cum
 hoc ,c4 ,laelio cum cet]>um r]um tuam  
excell5tem1 ,m4 ,cato1 p]fectamque      
sapi5tiam1 tum vel maxime quod numquam  
tibi s5ectutem gravem esse s5s]im1 quae 
pl]isque s5ibus sic odiosa e/1 ut onus  
se ,aetna gravius dicant su/9]e4        
,,cato4 ,rem haud sane1 ,scipio et      
,laeli1 difficilem admir>i videm9i4     
,quibus enim nihil e/ 9 ipsis opis ad   

b5e beateque viv5dum1 eis omnis aetas   
gravis e/3 qui autem omnia bona a se    
ipsi petunt1 eis nihil pote/ malum vid]i
 quod naturae necessitas aff]at4 ,quo 9 
g5]e e/ 9 primis s5ectus1 quam ut       
adipiscantur omnes optant1 e&em accusant
 adeptam3 tanta e/ /ultitiae incon/antia
 atque p]v]sitas4 ,obrep]e aiunt eam    
citius quam putass5t4 ,primum quis      
coegit eos falsum put>e8 ,qui enim      
citius adulesc5tiae s5ectus quam        
pu]itiae adulesc5tia obrepit8 ,de9de qui
 m9us gravis esset eis s5ectus1 si      
oct+5tesimum annum ag]5t1 quam si       
octogesimum8 ,praet]ita enim aetas      
quamvis longa1 cum effluxisset1 nulla   
consolatione p]mulc]e posset /ultam     
s5ectutem4 #e ,quocirca si sapi5tiam    
meam admir>i soletis1 quae ut9am digna  
esset op9ione ve/ra no/roque cognom9e1 9
 hoc sumus sapi5tes1 quod naturam       
optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur     
eique p>emus3 a qua non v]i simile e/1  
cum cet]ae p>tes aetatis b5e descriptae 
s9t1 extremum actum tamquam ab in]ti    

poeta esse neglectum4 ,s$ tam5 necesse  
fuit esse aliquid extremum et1 tamquam 9
 arborum bacis t]raeque fructibus1      
maturitate tempe/iva quasi vietum et    
caducum1 quod f]undum e/ mollit]        
sapi5ti4 ,quid e/ enim aliud ,gigantum  
modo bell>e cum dis nisi naturae        
repugn>e8  #f ,,laelius4 ,atqui1 ,cato1 
gratissimum nobis1 ut etiam pro         
,scipione pollice>1 fec]is1 si1 quoniam 
sp]amus1 volumus quidem c]te1 s5es fi]i1
 multo ante a te didic]imus quibus      
facillime rationibus +ravesc5tem aetatem
 f]re possimus4  ,,cato4 ,faciam v]o1   
,laeli1 praes]tim si utrique ve/rum1 ut 
dicis1 gratum futurum e/4  ,,laelius4   
,volumus sane1 nisi mole/um e/1 ,cato1  
tamquam longam aliquam viam confec]is1  
quam nobis quoque +r$iundum sit1 i/uc1  
quo p]v5i/i1 vid]e quale sit4  ,,iii4 #g
 ,,cato4 ,faciam ut pot]o1 ,laeli4      
,saepe enim int]fui qu]ellis aequalium  
meorum1 p>es autem vet]e prov]bio cum   
p>ibus facillime congregantur1 quae ,c4 
,sal9ator1 quae ,sp4 ,alb9us1 hom9es    

consul>es1 no/ri f]e aequales1 deplor>e 
solebant1 tum quod voluptatibus c>]5t1  
s9e quibus vitam nullam put>5t1 tum quod
 sp]n]5tur ab eis1 a quibus ess5t coli  
soliti2 qui mihi non id videbantur      
accus>e1 quod esset accus&um4 ,nam si id
 culpa s5ectutis accid]et1 eadem mihi   
usu v5ir5t reliquisque omnibus maioribus
 natu1 quorum ego multorum cognovi      
s5ectutem s9e qu]ella1 qui se et        
libid9um v9culis laxatos esse non mole/e
 f]r5t nec a suis despic]5tur4 ,s$      
omnium i/ius modi qu]ell>um 9 moribus e/
 culpa1 non 9 aetate4 ,mod]ati enim et  
nec difficiles nec inhumani s5es        
tol]abilem s5ectutem agunt1 importunitas
 autem et inhumanitas omni aetati mole/a
 e/4  #h ,,laelius4 ,e/1 ut dicis1      
,cato2 s$ =tasse dix]it quispiam tibi   
propt] opes et copias et dignitatem tuam
 tol]abiliorem s5ectutem vid]i1 id autem
 non posse multis cont+]e4  ,,cato4 ,e/ 
i/uc quidem1 ,laeli1 aliquid1 s$        
nequaquam 9 i/o sunt omnia2 ut          
,!mi/ocles f]tur ,s]iphio cuidam 9      

iurgio respondisse1 cum ille dixisset   
non eum sua1 s$ patriae gloria spl5dorem
 assecutum3 'nec h]cule'1 inquit1 'si   
ego ,s]iphius essem1 nec tu1 si         
,a!ni5sis1 cl>us umquam fuisses'4 ,quod 
eodem modo de s5ectute dici pote/2 nec  
enim 9 summa inopia levis esse s5ectus  
pote/1 ne sapi5ti quidem1 nec insipi5ti 
etiam 9 summa copia non gravis4 #i      
,aptissima omn9o sunt1 ,scipio et       
,laeli1 arma s5ectutis artes            
ex]citationesque virtutum1 quae 9 omni  
aetate cultae1 cum diu multumque vix]is1
 mirificos ecf]unt fructus1 non solum   
quia numquam des]unt1 ne extremo quidem 
tempore aetatis1 quamquam id quidem     
maximum e/1 v]um etiam quia consci5tia  
b5e actae vitae multorumque b5e factorum
 recordatio iucundissima e/4  ,,iv4 #aj 
,ego ,q4 ,maximum1 eum qui ,t>5tum      
recepit1 s5em adulesc5s ita dilexi1 ut  
aequalem4 ,erat enim 9 illo viro        
comitate condita gravitas1 nec s5ectus  
mores mutav]at4 ,quamquam eum col]e     
coepi non admodum gr&em natu1 s$ tam5   

iam aetate provectum4 ,anno enim po/    
consul primum fu]at quam ego natus sum1 
cumque eo qu>tum consule adulesc5tulus  
miles ad ,capuam pr(ectus sum qu9toque  
anno po/ ad ,t>5tum4 ,quae/or de9de     
quadri5nio po/ factus sum1 quem         
magi/ratum gessi consulibus ,tuditano et
 ,ce!go1 cum quidem ille admodum s5ex   
suasor legis ,c9ciae de donis et        
mun]ibus fuit4 ,hic et bella g]ebat ut  
adulesc5s1 cum plane gr&is esset1 et    
,hannibalem iuv5ilit] exsultantem       
pati5tia sua molliebat2 de quo praecl>e 
famili>is no/] ,ennius3    unus homo    
nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem2   no5um     
rumores ponebat ante salutem2   ergo    
plusque magisque viri nunc gloria cl>et4
  #aa ,t>5tum v]o qua vigilantia1 quo   
consilio recepit6 ,cum quidem me audi5te
 ,sal9atori1 qui amisso oppido fug]at 9 
arcem1 glorianti atque ita dic5ti1 'mea 
op]a1 ,q4 ,fabi1 ,t>5tum recepi/i'1     
'c]te'1 inquit rid5s1 'nam nisi tu      
amisisses1 numquam recepissem'4 ,nec v]o
 9 armis prae/antior quam 9 toga2 qui   

consul it]um1 ,sp4 ,c>vilio collega     
quiesc5te1 ,c4 ,flam9io tribuno plebis1 
quoad potuit1 re/itit agrum ,pic5tem et 
,gallicum viritim contra s5atus         
auctoritatem divid5ti1 augurque cum     
esset1 dic]e ausus e/ optimis auspiciis 
ea g]i1 quae pro rei publicae salute    
g]]5tur2 quae contra rem publicam       
f]r5tur1 contra auspicia f]ri4 #ab      
,multa 9 eo viro praecl>a cognovi1 s$   
nihil admirabilius quam quo modo ille   
mortem fili tulit1 cl>i viri et         
consul>is4 ,e/ 9 manibus laudatio1 quam 
cum legimus1 quem philosophum non       
contemnimus8 ,nec v]o ille 9 luce modo  
atque 9 oculis civium magnus1 s$ intus  
domique prae/antior4 ,qui s]mo1 quae    
praecepta6 ,quanta notitia antiquitatis1
 sci5tia iuris auguri6 ,multae etiam1 ut
 9 hom9e ,romano1 litt]ae3 omnia memoria
 t5ebat non dome/ica solum1 s$ etiam    
ext]na bella4 ,cuius s]mone ita tum     
cupide frueb>1 quasi iam div9>em1 id    
quod ev5it1 illo ex/9cto =e unde disc]em
 nem9em4  ,v4 #ac ,quorsus igitur haec  

tam multa de ,maximo8 ,quia pr(ecto     
videtis nefas esse dictu mis]am fuisse  
talem s5ectutem4 ,nec tam5 omnes possunt
 esse ,scipiones aut ,maximi1 ut urbium 
expugnationes1 ut p$e/ris navalisve     
pugnas1 ut bella a se ge/a1 ut triumphos
 record5tur4 ,e/ etiam quiete et pure   
atque elegant] actae aetatis placida ac 
l5is s5ectus1 qualem accepimus          
,platonis1 qui uno et octogesimo anno   
scrib5s e/ mortuus1 qualem ,isocrati1   
qui eum librum1 qui ,pana!naicus        
inscribitur1 qu>to nonagesimo anno      
scripsisse dicit vixitque qu9qu5nium    
po/ea2 cuius magi/] ,leont9us ,gorgias  
c5tum et septem complevit annos1 neque  
umquam 9 suo /udio atque op]e cessavit4 
,qui1 cum ex eo qua]]etur cur tam diu   
vellet esse 9 vita1 'nihil habeo1'      
inquit1 'quod accusem s5ectutem'4       
,praecl>um responsum et docto hom9e     
dignum6 #ad ,sua enim vitia insipi5tes  
et suam culpam 9 s5ectutem conf]unt1    
quod non faciebat is1 cuius modo        
m5tionem feci1 ,ennius3    sic ut =tis  

ecus1 spatio qui saepe supremo   vicit  
,olumpia1 nunc s5io confectus quiescit4 
,equi =tis et victoris s5ectuti comp>at 
suam2 quem quidem probe mem9isse        
pote/is2 anno enim undevicesimo po/ eius
 mortem hi consules1 ,t4 ,flam99us et   
,m'4 ,acilius1 facti sunt2 ille autem   
,caepione et ,philippo it]um consulibus 
mortuus e/1 cum ego qu9que et sexag9ta  
annos natus legem ,voconiam magna voce  
et bonis lat]ibus suasissem4 ,annos     
septuag9ta natus1 tot enim vixit        
,ennius1 ita f]ebat duo quae maxima     
putantur1 on]a1 paup]tatem et s5ectutem1
 ut eis pa5e delect>i vid]etur4  #ae    
,et5im1 cum complector animo1 quattuor  
rep]io causas cur s5ectus mis]a         
videatur3 unam1 quod avocet a rebus     
g]5dis2 alt]am1 quod corpus faciat      
infirmius2 t]tiam1 quod privet omnibus  
f]e voluptatibus2 qu>tam1 quod haud     
procul absit a morte4 ,e>um1 si placet1 
caus>um quanta quamque sit iu/a una     
quaeque videamus4  ,,vi4 ,a rebus g]5dis
 s5ectus ab/rahit4 ,quibus8 ,an eis1    

quae iuv5tute g]untur et viribus8       
,nulla5e igitur res sunt s5iles1 quae   
vel infirmis corporibus animo tam5      
adm9i/r5tur8 ,nihil ergo agebat ,q4     
,maximus1 nihil ,l4 ,paulus1 pat] tuus1 
soc] optimi viri fili mei8 ,cet]i s5es1 
,fabricii ,curii ,coruncanii1 cum rem   
publicam consilio et auctoritate        
def5debant1 nihil agebant8 #af ,ad ,appi
 ,claudi s5ectutem acc$ebat etiam ut    
caecus esset2 tam5 is1 cum s5t5tia      
s5atus incl9>et ad pacem cum ,pyrrho    
fo$usque faci5dum1 non dubitavit dic]e  
illa1 quae v]sibus p]secutus e/ ,ennius3
    quo vobis m5tes1 rectae quae />e    
solebant   antehac1 dem5tis sese flex]e 
viai8  cet]aque gravissime1 notum enim  
vobis c>m5 e/1 et tam5 ipsius ,appi     
ex/at oratio4 ,atque haec ille egit     
septemdecim annis po/ alt]um consulatum1
 cum int] duos consulatus anni decem    
int]fuiss5t c5sorque ante sup]iorem     
consulatum fuisset1 ex quo intellegitur 
,pyrrhi bello gr&em sane fuisse1 et tam5
 sic a patribus accepimus4 #ag ,nihil   

igitur aff]unt qui 9 re g]5da v]s>i     
s5ectutem negant1 similesque sunt ut si 
qui gub]natorem 9 navig&o nihil ag]e    
dicant1 cum alii malos sc&ant1 alii p]  
=os curs5t1 alii s5t9am exhauriant1 ille
 clavum t55s quietus s$eat 9 puppi1 non 
faciat ea1 quae iuv5es4 ,at v]o multo   
maiora et meliora facit4 ,non viribus   
aut velocitate aut cel]itate corporum   
res magnae g]untur1 s$ consilio         
auctoritate s5t5tia1 quibus non modo non
 orb>i1 s$ etiam aug]i s5ectus solet2   
#ah nisi =te ego vobis1 qui et miles et 
tribunus et legatus et consul v]satus   
sum 9 v>io g5]e bellorum1 cess>e nunc   
videor1 cum bella non g]o4 ,at s5atui   
quae s9t g]5da praescribo et quo modo2  
,c>?ag9i male iam diu cogitanti bellum  
multo ante d5untio1 de qua v]]i non ante
 des9am quam illam exscisam esse        
cognov]o4 #ai ,quam palmam ut9am di     
immortales1 ,scipio1 tibi res]v5t1 ut   
avi relliquias p]sequ>e1 cuius a morte  
t]tius hic et tricesimus annus e/1 s$   
memoriam illius viri omnes excipi5t anni

 consequ5tes4 ,anno ante me c5sorem     
mortuus e/1 novem annis po/ meum        
consulatum1 cum consul it]um me consule 
creatus esset4 ,num igitur1 si ad       
c5tesimum annum vixisset1 s5ectutis eum 
suae pa5it]et8 ,nec enim excursione nec 
saltu1 nec em9us ha/is aut comm9us      
gladiis ut]etur1 s$ consilio ratione    
s5t5tia1 quae nisi ess5t 9 s5ibus1 non  
summum consilium maiores no/ri          
appellass5t s5atum4 #bj ,apud           
,lac$aemonios quidem ei1 qui amplissimum
 magi/ratum g]unt1 ut sunt1 sic etiam   
nom9antur s5es4 ,quod si leg]e aut      
audire voletis ext]na1 maximas res      
publicas ab adulesc5tibus labefactatas1 
a s5ibus su/5tatas et re/itutas         
rep]ietis4    ,c$o qui ve/ram rem       
publicam tantam amisi/is tam cito8  sic 
enim p]contantur 9 ,naevi poetae ,ludo4 
,respond5tur et alia et hoc 9 primis3   
prov5iebant oratores novi1 /ulti        
adulesc5tuli4  ,tem]itas e/ videlicet   
flor5tis aetatis1 prud5tia s5esc5tis4   
,,vii4 #ba ,at memoria m9uitur4 ,cr$o1  

nisi eam ex]ceas1 aut etiam si sis      
natura t>dior4 ,!mi/ocles omnium civium 
p]cep]at nom9a2 num igitur c5setis eum1 
cum aetate processisset1 qui ,ari/ides  
esset ,lysima*um salut>e solitum8       
,equidem non modo eos novi qui sunt1 s$ 
eorum patres etiam et avos1 nec sepulcra
 leg5s v]eor1 quod aiunt1 ne memoriam   
p]dam2 8 enim ipsis leg5dis 9 memoriam  
r$eo mortuorum4 ,nec v]o quemquam s5em  
audivi oblitum1 quo loco !saurum        
obruisset4 ,omnia quae curant mem9]unt1 
vadimonia con/ituta1 quis sibi1 cui ipsi
 debeant4 #bb ,quid iuris consulti1 quid
 pontifices1 quid augures1 quid         
philosophi s5es8 ,quam multa mem9]unt6  
,man5t +5ia s5ibus1 modo p]maneat /udium
 et indu/ria1 neque ea solum cl>is et   
honoratis viris1 s$ 9 vita etiam privata
 et quieta4 ,sophocles ad summam        
s5ectutem trago$ias fecit2 quod propt]  
/udium cum rem negleg]e famili>em       
vid]etur1 a filiis 9 iudicium vocatus   
e/1 ut1 quem ad modum no/ro m male rem  
g]5tibus patribus bonis int]dici solet1 

sic illum quasi desipi5tem a re famili>i
 remov]5t iudices4 ,tum s5ex dicitur eam
 fabulam quam 9 manibus habebat et      
proxime scrips]at1 ,o$ipum ,coloneum1   
recitasse iudicibus quaesisseque num    
illud c>m5 desipi5tis vid]etur1 quo     
recitato s5t5tiis iudicum e/ lib]atus4  
#bc ,num igitur hunc1 num ,hom]um       
,hesiodum ,simonid5 ,/esi*orum1 num quos
 ante dixi ,isocrat5 ,gorgian1 num      
philosophorum pr9cipes1 ,py?agoran      
,democritum1 num ,platonem ,x5ocrat51   
num po/ea ,z5onem ,clean!n1 aut eum1    
quem vos etiam vidi/is ,romae1 ,diog55  
,/oicum coegit 9 suis /udiis obmutisc]e 
s5ectus8 ,an 9 omnibus /udiorum agitatio
 vitae aequalis fuit8 #bd ,age1 ut i/a  
div9a /udia omittamus1 possum nom9>e ex 
agro ,sab9o ru/icos ,romanos1 vic9os et 
famili>is meos1 quibus abs5tibus numquam
 f]e ulla 9 agro maiora op]a fiunt1 non 
s]5dis1 non p]cipi5dis1 non cond5dis    
fructibus4 ,quamquam 9 aliis m9us hoc   
mirum e/1 nemo enim e/ tam s5ex qui se  
annum non putet posse viv]e2 s$ idem 9  

eis elaborant1 quae sciunt nihil ad se  
omn9o p]t9]e3    s]it arbores1 quae     
alt]i saeclo pros9t1  ut ait ,/atius    
no/] 9 ,synephebis4 #be ,nec v]o dubitat
 agricola1 quamvis sit s5ex1 qua]5ti cui
 s]at respond]e3 'dis immortalibus1 qui 
me non accip]e modo haec a maioribus    
volu]unt1 s$ etiam po/]is prod]e'4      
,,viii4 ,et melius ,caecilius de s5e    
alt]i saeculo prospici5te1 quam illud   
idem3    edepol1 s5ectus1 si nil        
quicquam aliud viti   adportes tecum1   
cum adv5is1 unum id sat e/1   quod diu  
viv5do multa quae non volt videt4  ,et  
multa =tasse quae volt1 atque 9 ea1 quae
 non volt1 saepe etiam adulesc5tia      
incurrit4 ,illud v]o idem ,caecilius    
vitiosius3    tum equidem 9 s5ecta hoc  
deputo mis]rimum1   s5tire ea aetate    
eumpse esse odiosum alt]i4  #bf         
,iucundum potius quam odiosum6 ,ut enim 
adulesc5tibus bona indole pra$itis      
sapi5tes s5es delectantur1 leviorque fit
 s5ectus eorum qui a iuv5tute coluntur  
et diliguntur1 sic adulesc5tes s5um     

praeceptis gaud5t1 quibus ad virtutum   
/udia ducuntur1 nec m9us intellego me   
vobis quam mihi vos esse iucundos4 ,s$  
videtis1 ut s5ectus non modo languida   
atque in]s non sit1 v]um etiam sit      
op]osa et semp] ag5s aliquid et moli5s1 
tale scilicet1 quale cuiusque /udium 9  
sup]iore vita fuit4 ,quid1 qui etiam    
addiscunt aliquid1 ut et ,solonem       
v]sibus gloriantem videmus1 qui se      
cotidie aliquid addisc5tem dicit s5em   
fi]i1 et ego feci1 qui litt]as ,graecas 
s5ex didici1 quas quidem sic avide      
arripui quasi diuturnam sitim expl]e    
cupi5s1 ut ea ipsa mihi nota ess5t1     
quibus me nunc exemplis uti videtis4    
,quod cum fecisse ,socrat5 9 fidibus    
audirem1 vellem equidem etiam illud1    
discebant enim fidibus antiqui1 s$ 9    
litt]is c]te elaboravi4  ,,ix4 #bg ,ne  
nunc quidem viris desid]o adulesc5tis1  
is enim erat locus alt] de vitiis       
s5ectutis1 non plus quam adulesc5s tauri
 aut elephanti desid]abam4 ,quod e/1 eo 
decet uti et quidquid agas ag]e pro     

viribus4 ,quae enim vox pote/ esse      
contemptior quam ,milonis ,crotoniatae8 
,qui cum iam s5ex esset a?letasque se   
ex]c5tis 9 curriculo vid]et1 aspexisse  
lac]tos suos dicitur illacrimansque     
dixisse1 'at hi quidem mortui iam sunt'4
 ,non v]o tam i/i1 quam tu ipse1        
nugator1 neque enim ex te umquam es     
nobilitatus1 s$ ex lat]ibus et lac]tis  
tuis4 ,nihil ,sex4 ,aelius tale1 nihil  
multis annis ante ,ti4 ,coruncanius1    
nihil modo ,p4 ,crassus1 a quibus iura  
civibus praescribebantur1 quorum usque  
ad extremum spiritum e/ provecta        
prud5tia4 #bh ,orator metuo ne          
languescat s5ectute3 e/ enim munus eius 
non +5i solum1 s$ lat]um etiam et       
virium4 ,omn9o canorum illud 9 voce     
spl5descit etiam nescio quo pacto 9     
s5ectute1 quod equidem adhuc non amisi1 
et videtis annos4 ,s$ tam5 e/ decorus   
s5i s]mo quietus et remissus1 facitque  
p]saepe ipsa sibi audi5tiam dis]ti s5is 
composita et mitis oratio1 quam si ipse 
exsequi nequeas1 possis tam5 ,scipioni  

praecip]e et ,laelio4 ,quid enim e/     
iucundius s5ectute /ipata /udiis        
iuv5tutis8 #bi ,an ne illas quidem viris
 s5ectuti rel9quimus1 ut adulesc5tis    
doceat1 in/ituat1 ad omne (fici munus   
in/ruat8 ,quo quidem op]e quid pote/    
esse praecl>ius8 ,mihi v]o et ,cn4 et   
,p4 ,scipiones et avi tui duo ,l4       
,aemilius et ,p4 ,africanus comitatu    
nobilium iuv5um =tunati videbantur1 nec 
ulli bon>um artium magi/ri non beati    
put&i1 quamvis cons5u]9t vires atque    
defec]9t4 ,etsi ipsa i/a defectio virium
 adulesc5tiae vitiis efficitur saepius  
quam s5ectute2 libid9osa enim et        
intemp]ans adulesc5tia effetum corpus   
tradit s5ectuti4 #cj ,cyrus quidem apud 
,x5ophontem eo s]mone1 quem mori5s      
habuit1 cum admodum s5ex esset1 negat se
 umquam s5sisse s5ectutem suam          
imbecilliorem factam quam adulesc5tia   
fuisset4 ,ego ,l4 ,metellum mem9i pu]1  
qui1 cum quadri5nio po/ alt]um          
consulatum pontifex maximus factus      
esset1 vig9ti et duos annos ei sac]dotio

 praefuit1 ita bonis esse viribus       
extremo tempore aetatis1 ut adulesc5tiam
 non requir]et4 ,nihil necesse e/ mihi  
de me ipso dic]e1 quamquam e/ id quidem 
s5ile aetatique no/rae conc$itur4 ,x4   
#ca ,videtisne1 ut apud ,hom]um         
saepissime ,ne/or de virtutibus suis    
pra$icet8 ,t]tiam enim aetatem hom9um   
videbat1 nec erat ei v]5dum ne v]a      
pra$icans de se nimis vid]etur aut      
insol5s aut loquax4 ,et5im1 ut ait      
,hom]us1 ex eius l+ua melle dulcior     
fluebat oratio2 quam ad suavitatem      
nullis egebat corporis viribus4 ,et tam5
 dux ille ,graeciae nusquam optat ut    
,aiacis similis habeat decem1 s$ ut     
,ne/oris1 quod si sibi accid]it1 non    
dubitat qu9 brevi sit ,troia p]itura4   
#cb ,s$ r$eo ad me4 ,qu>tum ago annum et
 octogesimum3 vellem equidem idem posse 
glori>i quod ,cyrus1 s$ tam5 hoc queo   
dic]e1 non me quidem eis esse viribus1  
quibus aut miles bello ,punico aut      
quae/or eodem bello aut consul 9        
,hispania fu]im aut quadri5nio po/1 cum 

tribunus milit>is depugnavi apud        
,!rmopylas ,m'4 ,glabrione consule2 s$  
tam51 ut vos videtis1 non plane me      
en]vavit1 non afflixit s5ectus3 non     
curia viris meas desid]at1 non ro/ra1   
non amici1 non cli5tes1 non hospites4   
,nec enim umquam sum ass5sus vet]i illi 
laudatoque prov]bio1 quod monet mature  
fi]i s5em1 si diu velis s5ex esse4 ,ego 
v]o me m9us diu s5em esse mallem quam   
esse s5em ante quam essem4 ,itaque nemo 
adhuc conv5ire me voluit cui fu]im      
occupatus4 #cc ,at m9us habeo virium    
quam ve/rum ut]vis4 ,ne vos quidem ,t4  
,ponti c5turionis viris habetis3 num    
idcirco e/ ille prae/antior8 ,mod]atio  
modo virium adsit et tantum quantum     
pote/ quisque nitatur1 ne ille non magno
 desid]io t5ebitur virium4 ,olympiae p] 
/adium +ressus esse ,milo dicitur1 cum  
um]is su/9]et bovem3 utrum igitur has   
corporis an ,py?agorae tibi malis viris 
+5i d>i8 ,d5ique i/o bono ut>e1 dum     
adsit1 cum absit1 ne requiras3 nisi =te 
adulesc5tes pu]itiam1 paulum aetate     

progressi adulesc5tiam deb5t requir]e4  
,cursus e/ c]tus aetatis et una via     
naturae eaque simplex1 suaque cuique    
p>ti aetatis tempe/ivitas e/ data1 ut et
 infirmitas pu]orum et f]ocitas iuv5um  
et gravitas iam con/antis aetatis et    
s5ectutis maturitas naturale quiddam    
habet1 quod suo tempore p]cipi debeat4  
#cd ,audire te arbitror1 ,scipio1 hospes
 tuus avitus ,mas9issa quae faciat hodie
 nonag9ta natus annos3 cum +ressus it]  
p$ibus sit1 9 equum omn9o non asc5d]e2  
cum autem equo1 ex equo non desc5d]e2   
nullo imbri1 nullo frigore adduci ut    
capite op]to sit2 summam esse 9 eo      
corporis siccitatem1 itaque omnia       
exsequi regis (ficia et mun]a4 ,pote/   
igitur ex]citatio et temp]antia etiam 9 
s5ectute cons]v>e aliquid pri/9i        
roboris4  ,,xi4 ,ne s9t 9 s5ectute      
vires3 ne po/ulantur quidem vires a     
s5ectute4 ,ergo et legibus et in/itutis 
vacat aetas no/ra mun]ibus eis quae non 
possunt s9e viribus su/9]i4 ,itaque non 
modo quod non possumus1 s$ ne quantum   

possumus quidem cogimur4 #ce ,at multi  
ita sunt imbecilli s5es1 ut nullum (fici
 aut omn9o vitae munus exsequi poss9t4  
,at id quidem non proprium s5ectutis    
vitium e/1 s$ commune valetud9is4 ,quam 
fuit imbecillus ,p4 ,africani filius1 is
 qui te adoptavit1 quam t5ui aut nulla  
potius valetud9e6 ,quod ni ita fuisset1 
alt]um illud ex/itisset lum5 civitatis2 
ad pat]nam enim magnitud9em animi       
doctr9a ub]ior access]at4 ,quid mirum   
igitur 9 s5ibus1 si infirmi sunt        
aliqu&o1 cum id ne adulesc5tes quidem   
effug]e poss9t8 ,resi/5dum1 ,laeli et   
,scipio1 s5ectuti e/1 eiusque vitia     
dilig5tia comp5s&a sunt1 pugn&um tamquam
 contra morbum sic contra s5ectutem1 #cf
 hab5da ratio valetud9is1 ut5dum        
ex]citationibus modicis1 tantum cibi et 
potionis adhib5dum1 ut reficiantur      
vires1 non opprimantur4 ,nec v]o corpori
 solum subv5i5dum e/1 s$ m5ti atque     
animo multo magis4 ,nam haec quoque1    
nisi tamquam lum9i oleum in/illes1      
ex/+uuntur s5ectute4 ,et corpora quidem 

ex]citationum defetigatione +ravescunt1 
animi autem ex]cit&o levantur4 ,nam quos
 ait ,caecilius 'comicos /ultos s5es1'  
hos significat cr$ulos obliviosos       
dissolutos1 quae vitia sunt non         
s5ectutis1 s$ in]tis ignavae            
somniculosae s5ectutis4 ,ut petulantia1 
ut libido magis e/ adulesc5tium quam    
s5um1 nec tam5 omnium adulesc5tium1 s$  
non proborum1 sic i/a s5ilis /ultitia1  
quae deliratio appell>i solet1 s5um     
levium e/1 non omnium4 #cg ,quattuor    
robu/os filios1 qu9que filias1 tantam   
domum1 tantas cli5telas ,appius regebat 
et caecus et s5ex2 int5tum enim animum  
tamquam arcum habebat nec languesc5s    
succumbebat s5ectuti4 ,t5ebat non modo  
auctoritatem1 s$ etiam imp]ium 9 suos3  
metuebant s]vi1 v]ebantur lib]i1 c>um   
omnes habebant2 vigebat 9 illo animus   
patrius et discipl9a4 #ch ,ita enim     
s5ectus hone/a e/1 si se ipsa def5dit1  
si ius suum ret9et1 si nem9i emancipata 
e/1 si usque ad ultimum spiritum        
dom9atur 9 suos4 ,ut enim adulesc5tem 9 

quo e/ s5ile aliquid1 sic s5em 9 quo e/ 
aliquid adulesc5tis probo1 quod qui     
sequitur1 corpore s5ex esse pot]it1     
animo numquam erit4 ,septimus mihi lib] 
,orig9um e/ 9 manibus2 ommia            
antiquitatis monum5ta colligo2 caus>um  
illu/rium1 quascunque def5di1 nunc cum  
maxime conficio orationes2 ius augurium 
pontificium civile tracto2 multum etiam 
,graecis litt]is utor1 ,py?agoriorumque 
m1 ex]c5dae memoriae gratia1 quid quoque
 die dix]im audi]im eg]im commemoro     
vesp]i4 ,hae sunt ex]citationes +5i1    
haec curricula m5tis2 9 8 desudans atque
 elaborans corporis viris non magno op]e
 desid]o4 ,adsum amicis1 v5io 9 s5atum  
frequ5s ultroque aff]o res multum et diu
 cogitatas easque tueor animi1 non      
corporis viribus4 ,quas si exsequi      
nequirem1 tam5 me lectulus meus         
oblect>et ea ipsa cogitantem1 quae iam  
ag]e non possem2 s$ ut possim facit acta
 vita4 ,semp] enim 9 8 /udiis           
laboribusque viv5ti non intellegitur    
qu&o obrepat s5ectus3 ita s5sim s9e s5su

 aetas s5escit nec subito frangitur1 s$ 
diuturnitate ex/+uitur4  ,,xii4 #ci     
,sequitur t]tia vitup]atio s5ectutis1   
quod eam c>]e dicunt voluptatibus4 ,o   
praecl>um munus aetatis1 si quidem id   
auf]t a nobis1 quod e/ 9 adulesc5tia    
vitiosissimum6 ,accipite enim1 optimi   
adulesc5tes1 vet]em orationem ,ar*ytae  
,t>5t9i1 magni 9 primis et praecl>i     
viri1 quae mihi tradita e/ cum essem    
adulesc5s ,t>5ti cum ,q4 ,maximo4       
,nullam capitaliorem pe/em quam         
voluptatem corporis hom9ibus dicebat a  
natura datam1 cuius voluptatis avidae   
libid9es tem]e et ecfr5ate ad poti5dum  
incit>5tur4 ,h9c patriae proditiones1   
#dj h9c r]um public>um ev]siones1 h9c   
cum ho/ibus cl&e/9a colloquia nasci2    
nullum d5ique scelus1 nullum malum      
fac9us esse ad quod suscipi5dum non     
libido voluptatis impell]et2 /upra v]o  
et adult]ia et omne tale flagitium      
nullis excit>i aliis illecebris nisi    
voluptatis2 cumque hom9i sive natura    
sive quis deus nihil m5te prae/abilius  

d$isset1 huic div9o mun]i ac dono nihil 
tam esse inimicum quam voluptatem4 #da  
,nec enim libid9e dom9ante temp]antiae  
locum esse1 neque omn9o 9 voluptatis    
regno virtutem posse consi/]e4 ,quod quo
 magis intellegi posset1 f+]e animo     
iubebat tanta incitatum aliquem         
voluptate corporis1 quanta p]cipi posset
 maxima3 nem9i c5sebat =e dubium qu9 tam
 diu1 dum ita gaud]et1 nihil agit>e     
m5te1 nihil ratione1 nihil cogitatione  
consequi posset4 ,quocirca nihil esse   
tam dete/abile tamque pe/if]um quam     
voluptatem1 si quidem ea1 cum maior     
esset atque longior1 omne animi lum5    
ex/+u]et4 ,haec cum ,c4 ,pontio         
,samnite1 patre eius1 a quo ,caud9o     
proelio ,sp4 ,po/umius ,t4 ,veturius    
consules sup]ati sunt1 locutum ,ar*ytam 
,ne>*us ,t>5t9us hospes no/]1 qui 9     
amicitia populi ,romani p]mans]at1 se a 
maioribus natu accepisse dicebat1 cum   
quidem ei s]moni int]fuisset ,plato     
,a!ni5sis1 quem ,t>5tum v5isse ,l4      
,camillo ,ap4 ,claudio consulibus       

rep]io4 #db ,quorsus hoc8 ,ut           
intelleg]etis1 si voluptatem asp]n>i    
ratione et sapi5tia non possemus1 magnam
 esse hab5dam s5ectuti gratiam1 quae    
effic]et ut id non lib]et quod non      
oport]et4 ,imp$it enim consilium        
voluptas1 rationi inimica e/1 m5tis ut  
ita dicam prae/r+it oculos1 nec habet   
ullum cum virtute comm]cium4 ,invitus   
feci ut =tissimi viri ,t4 ,flam99i      
fratrem ,l4 ,flam99um e s5atu eic]em    
septem annis po/ quam consul fuisset1 s$
 not&am putavi libid9em4 ,ille enim cum 
esset consul 9 ,gallia exoratus 9       
convivio a scorto e/ ut securi f]iret   
aliquem eorum qui 9 v9culis ess5t1      
damnati rei capitalis4 ,hic ,tito fratre
 suo c5sore1 qui proximus ante me fu]at1
 elapsus e/1 mihi v]o et ,flacco        
neutiquam prob>i potuit tam flagitiosa  
et tam p]dita libido1 quae cum probro   
privato coniung]et imp]i d$ecus4        
,,xiii4 #dc ,saepe audivi e maioribus   
natu1 qui se porro pu]os a s5ibus       
audisse dicebant1 mir>i solitum ,c4     

,fabricium quod1 cum apud regem ,pyrrhum
 legatus esset1 audisset a ,!ssalo ,c9ea
 esse qu5dam ,a!nis qui se sapi5tem     
pr(it]etur1 eumque dic]e omnia quae     
fac]emus ad voluptatem esse ref]5da4    
,quod ex eo audi5tis ,m'4 ,curium et    
,ti4 ,coruncanium opt>e solitos ut id   
,samnitibus ipsique ,pyrrho p]suad]etur1
 quo facilius v9ci poss5t cum se        
voluptatibus d$iss5t4 ,vix]at ,m'4      
,curius cum ,p4 ,decio1 qui qu9qu5nio   
ante eum consulem se pro re publica     
qu>to consulatu devov]at3 norat eundem  
,fabricius1 norat ,coruncanius1 qui cum 
ex sua vita tum ex eius quem dico4 ,deci
 facto iudicabant esse pr(ecto aliquid  
natura pul*rum atque praecl>um1 quod sua
 sponte expet]etur quodque spreta et    
contempta voluptate optimus quisque     
sequ]etur4 #dd ,quorsum igitur tam multa
 de voluptate8 ,quia non modo vitup]atio
 nulla1 s$ etiam summa laus s5ectutis   
e/1 quod ea voluptates nullas magno op]e
 desid]at4 ,c>et epulis ex/ructisque    
m5sis et frequ5tibus poculis4 ,c>et ergo

 etiam v9ul5tia et cruditate et         
insomniis4 ,s$ si aliquid d&um e/       
voluptati1 quoniam eius bl&itiis non    
facile obsi/imus1 div9e enim ,plato     
escam malorum appellat voluptatem quod  
ea videlicet hom9es capiantur ut pisces1
 quamquam immod]atis epulis c>et        
s5ectus1 modicis tam5 conviviis delect>i
 pote/4 ,c4 ,duellium ,m4 ,f41 qui      
,po5os classe primus devic]at1 r$euntem 
a c5a s5em saepe videbam pu]2           
delectabatur c]eo funali et tibic9e1    
quae sibi nullo exemplo privatus        
sumps]at3 tantum lic5tiae dabat gloria4 
#de ,s$ quid ego alios8 ,ad me ipsum iam
 rev]t>4 ,primum habui semp]            
sodalis--sodalitates autem me quae/ore  
con/itutae sunt sacris ,idaeis ,magnae  
,matris acceptis--epulab> igitur cum    
sodalibus1 omn9o modice1 s$ erat quidam 
f]vor aetatis1 qua progr$i5te omnia     
fiunt 9 dies mitiora4 ,neque enim       
ipsorum conviviorum delectationem       
voluptatibus corporis magis quam coetu  
amicorum et s]monibus metieb>2 b5e enim 

maiores accubitionem epul>em amicorum1  
quia vitae coniunctionem hab]et1        
convivium nom9av]unt1 melius quam       
,graeci1 qui hoc idem tum compotationem1
 tum conc5ationem vocant1 ut1 quod 9 eo 
g5]e m9imum e/1 id maxime prob>e        
videantur4  ,,xiv4 #df ,ego v]o propt]  
s]monis delectationem tempe/ivis quoque 
conviviis delector1 nec cum aequalibus  
solum1 qui pauci admodum re/ant1 s$ cum 
ve/ra etiam aetate atque vobiscum1      
habeoque s5ectuti magnam gratiam1 quae  
mihi s]monis aviditatem auxit1 potionis 
et cibi su/ulit4 ,quod si quem etiam i/a
 delectant1 ne omn9o bellum indixisse   
vide> voluptati1 cuius e/ =tasse quidam 
naturalis modus1 non intellego ne 9 i/is
 quidem ipsis voluptatibus c>]e s5su    
s5ectutem4 ,me v]o et magi/]ia delectant
 a maioribus in/ituta et is s]mo1 qui m 
maiorum a summo adhibetur 9 poculo1 et  
pocula sicut 9 ,symposio ,x5ophontis e/1
 m9uta atque rorantia1 et refrig]atio   
ae/ate et vicissim aut sol aut ignis    
hib]nus4 ,quae quidem etiam 9 ,sab9is   

p]sequi soleo conviviumque vic9orum     
cotidie compleo1 quod ad multam noctem  
quam maxime possumus v>io s]mone        
producimus4 #dg ,at non e/ voluptatum   
tanta quasi titillatio 9 s5ibus4 ,cr$o1 
s$ ne desid]atio quidem2 nihil autem e/ 
mole/um quod non desid]es4 ,b5e         
,sophocles1 cum ex eo quidam iam affecto
 aetate qua]]et1 ut]eturne rebus v5]iis1
 'di meliora6' inquit2 'ego v]o i/9c    
sicut a dom9o agre/i ac furioso pr(ugi4'
 ,cupidis enim r]um talium odiosum      
=tasse et mole/um e/ c>]e1 satiatis v]o 
et expletis iucundius e/ c>]e quam frui2
 quamquam non c>et is1 qui non desid]at2
 ergo hoc non desid]>e dico esse        
iucundius4 #dh ,quod si i/is ipsis      
voluptatibus bona aetas fruitur         
lib5tius1 primum p>vulis fruitur rebus1 
ut diximus1 de9de eis1 quibus s5ectus1  
etiam si non abunde potitur1 non omn9o  
c>et4 ,ut ,turpione ,ambivio magis      
delectatur qui 9 prima cavea spectat1   
delectatur tam5 etiam qui 9 ultima1 sic 
adulesc5tia voluptates propt] intu5s    

magis =tasse laetatur1 s$ delectatur    
etiam s5ectus1 procul eas spectans1     
tantum quantum sat e/4 #di ,at illa     
quanti sunt1 animum tamquam em]itis     
/ip5diis libid9is ambitionis1           
cont5tionum inimiciti>um1 cupiditatum   
omnium secum esse secumque1 ut dicitur1 
viv]e6 ,si v]o habet aliquod tamquam    
pabulum /udi atque doctr9ae1 nihil e/   
otiosa s5ectute iucundius4 ,videbamus 9 
/udio dimeti5di pa5e caeli atque t]rae  
,gallum famili>em patris tui1 ,scipio4  
,quoti5s ilium lux noctu aliquid        
describ]e +ressum1 quoti5s nox oppressit
 cum mane coepisset6 ,quam delectabat   
eum defectiones solis et lunae multo    
ante nobis pra$ic]e6 #ej ,quid 9        
levioribus /udiis1 s$ tam5 acutis8 ,quam
 gaudebat ,bello suo ,punico ,naevius1  
quam ,trucul5to ,plautus1 quam          
,pseudolo6 ,vidi etiam s5em ,livium1    
qui1 cum sex annis ante quam ego natus  
sum fabulam docuisset ,c5tone           
,tuditanoque consulibus1 usque ad       
adulesc5tiam meam processit aetate4     

,quid de ,p4 ,lic9i ,crassi et pontifici
 et civilis iuris /udio loqu> aut de    
huius ,p4 ,scipionis1 qui 8 paucis      
diebus pontifex maximus factus e/8      
,atque eos omnis1 quos commemoravi1 8   
/udiis flagrantis s5es vidimus4 ,m4 v]o 
,ce!gum1 quem recte suadae m$ullam dixit
 ,ennius1 quanto /udio ex]c]i 9 dic5do  
videbamus etiam s5em6 ,quae sunt igitur 
epul>um aut ludorum aut scortorum       
voluptates cum 8 voluptatibus comp>&ae8 
,atque haec quidem /udia doctr9ae1 quae 
quidem prud5tibus et b5e in/itutis p>it]
 cum aetate crescunt1 ut hone/um illud  
,solonis sit1 quod ait v]siculo quodam1 
ut ante dixi1 s5esc]e se multa 9 dies   
addisc5tem1 qua voluptate animi nulla   
c]te pote/ esse maior4  ,,xv4 #ea ,v5io 
nunc ad voluptates agricol>um1 quibus   
ego incr$ibilit] delector1 quae nec ulla
 imp$iuntur s5ectute et mihi ad sapi5tis
 vitam proxime vid5tur acc$]e4 ,hab5t   
enim rationem cum t]ra1 quae numquam    
recusat imp]ium nec umquam s9e usura    
r$dit quod accepit1 s$ alias m9ore1     

pl]umque maiore cum fa5ore2 quamquam me 
quidem non fructus modo1 s$ etiam ipsius
 t]rae vis ac natura delectat4 ,quae cum
 gremio mollito ac subacto sp>sum sem5  
excepit1 primum id occaecatum cohibet1  
ex quo occatio quae hoc efficit nom9ata 
e/2 de9de tepefactum vapore et compressu
 suo diffundit et elicit h]besc5tem ex  
eo viriditatem1 quae nixa fibris /irpium
 s5sim adolescit culmoque erecta        
g5iculato vag9is iam quasi pubesc5s     
includitur2 e quibus cum em]sit1 fundit 
frugem spici ord9e /ructam et contra    
avium m9orum morsus munitur vallo       
ari/>um4 #eb ,quid ego vitium ortus     
satus increm5ta commemorem8 ,sati>i     
delectatione non possum1 ut meae        
s5ectutis requietem oblectam5tumque     
noscatis4 ,omitto enim vim ipsam omnium 
quae g5]antur e t]ra1 quae ex fici      
tantulo grano aut ex ac9i v9aceo aut ex 
cet]>um frugum aut /irpium m9utissimis  
sem9ibus tantos truncos ramosque        
procreet2 malleoli plantae s>m5ta       
viviradices propag9es nonne efficiunt ut

 quemvis cum admiratione delect5t8      
,vitis quidem quae natura caduca e/ et1 
nisi fulta e/1 f]tur ad t]ram1 eadem1 ut
 se erigat1 claviculis suis quasi       
manibus quidquid e/ nacta complectitur1 
quam s]p5tem multiplici lapsu et        
erratico1 f]ro amputans co]cet ars      
agricol>um1 ne silvescat s>m5tis et 9   
omnis p>tis nimia fundatur4 #ec ,itaque 
ineunte v]e 9 eis quae relicta sunt     
exsi/it tamquam ad articulos s>m5torum  
ea quae gemma dicitur1 a qua ori5s uva  
se o/5dit1 quae et suco t]rae et calore 
solis augesc5s primo e/ p]ac]ba gu/atu1 
de9 maturata dulcescit ve/itaque pamp9is
 nec modico tepore c>et et nimios solis 
def5dit ardores3 qua quid pote/ esse cum
 fructu laetius1 tum aspectu pul*rius8  
,cuius quidem non utilitas me solum1 ut 
ante dixi1 s$ etiam cultura et natura   
ipsa delectat3 adm9iculorum ord9es1     
capitum iugatio1 religatio et propagatio
 vitium1 s>m5torum ea1 quam dixi1       
aliorum amputatio1 aliorum immissio4    
,quid ego irrigationes1 quid fossiones  

agri repa/9ationesque pr(]am quibus fit 
multo t]ra fecundior8 #ed ,quid de      
utilitate loqu> /]cor&i8 ,dixi 9 eo     
libro1 quem de rebus ru/icis scripsi4   
,de qua doctus ,hesiodus ne v]bum quidem
 fecit1 cum de cultura agri scrib]et4   
,at ,hom]us1 qui multis1 ut mihi        
videtur1 ante saeculis fuit1 ,la]t5     
l5i5tem desid]ium1 quod capiebat e      
filio1 col5tem agrum et eum /]corantem  
facit4 ,nec v]o segetibus solum et      
pratis et v9eis et arbu/is res ru/icae  
laetae sunt1 s$ hortis etiam et pom>iis1
 tum pecudum pa/u1 apium exam9ibus1     
florum omnium v>ietate4 ,nec consitiones
 modo delectant1 s$ etiam insitiones1   
quibus nihil inv5it agri cultura        
soll]tius4  ,,xvi4 #ee ,possum p]sequi  
p]multa oblectam5ta r]um ru/ic>um1 s$ ea
 ipsa quae dixi s5tio fuisse longiora4  
,ignoscetis autem1 nam et /udio r]um    
ru/ic>um provectus sum1 et s5ectus e/   
natura loquacior1 ne ab omnibus eam     
vitiis vide> v9dic>e4 ,ergo 9 hac vita  
,m'4 ,curius1 cum de ,samnitibus1 de    

,sab9is1 de ,pyrrho triumphavisset1     
consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis2     
cuius quidem ego villam contemplans1    
abe/ enim non longe a me1 admir>i satis 
non possum vel hom9is ipsius cont95tiam 
vel temporum discipl9am4 ,curio ad focum
 s$5ti magnum auri pondus ,samnites cum 
attuliss5t1 repudiati sunt2 non enim    
aurum hab]e praecl>um sibi vid]i dixit1 
s$ eis qui hab]5t aurum imp]>e4 #ef     
,pot]atne tantus animus effic]e non     
iucundam s5ectutem8 ,s$ v5io ad         
agricolas1 ne a me ipso rec$am4 ,9 agris
 erant tum s5atores1 id e/ s5es1 si     
quidem aranti ,l4 ,qu9ctio ,c9c9nato    
nuntiatum e/ eum dictatorem esse factum1
 cuius dictatoris iussu magi/] equitum  
,c4 ,s]vilius ,ahala ,sp4 ,maelium      
regnum appet5tem occupatum int]emit4 ,a 
villa 9 s5atum arcessebatur et ,curius  
et cet]i s5es1 ex quo qui eos           
arcessebant viatores nom9ati sunt4 ,num 
igitur horum s5ectus mis]abilis fuit1   
qui se agri cultione oblectabant8 ,mea  
quidem s5t5tia haud scio an nulla       

beatior possit esse1 neque solum (ficio1
 quod hom9um g5]i univ]so cultura       
agrorum e/ salut>is1 s$ et delectatione 
quam dixi1 et saturitate copiaque r]um  
omnium1 quae ad victum hom9um1 ad cultum
 etiam deorum p]t95t1 ut1 quoniam haec  
quidam desid]ant1 9 gratiam iam cum     
voluptate r$eamus4 ,semp] enim boni     
assiduique dom9i ref]ta cella v9>ia1    
ole>ia1 etiam p5>ia e/1 villaque tota   
locuples e/1 abundat porco ha$o agno    
gall9a1 lacte caseo melle4 ,iam hortum  
ipsi agricolae succidiam alt]am         
appellant4 ,conditiora facit haec       
sup]vacaneis etiam op]is aucupium atque 
v5atio4 #eg ,quid de pratorum viriditate
 aut arborum ord9ibus aut v9e>um        
olivetorumve specie plura dicam8 ,brevi 
praecidam4 ,agro b5e culto nihil pote/  
esse nec usu ub]ius nec specie ornatius1
 ad quem fru5dum non modo non ret>dat1  
v]um etiam invitat atque allectat       
s5ectus4 ,ubi enim pote/ illa aetas aut 
calesc]e vel apricatione melius vel     
igni1 aut vicissim umbris aquisve       

refrig]>i salubrius8 #eh ,sibi habeant  
igitur arma1 sibi equos1 sibi ha/as1    
sibi clavam et pilam1 sibi v5ationes    
atque cursus1 nobis s5ibus ex lusionibus
 multis talos rel9quant et tess]as2 id  
ipsum ut lubebit1 quoniam s9e eis beata 
esse s5ectus pote/4  ,,xvii4 #ei ,multas
 ad res p]utiles ,x5ophontis libri sunt1
 quos legite quaeso /udiose1 ut facitis4
 ,quam copiose ab eo agri cultura       
laudatur 9 eo libro1 qui e/ de tu5da re 
famili>i1 qui ,oeconomicus inscribitur6 
,atque ut intellegatis nihil ei tam     
regale vid]i quam /udium agri col5di1   
,socrates 9 eo libro loquitur cum       
,critobulo ,cyrum m9orem ,p]s>um regem1 
prae/antem +5io atque imp]i gloria1 cum 
,lys&] ,lac$aemonius1 vir summae        
virtutis1 v5isset ad eum ,s>dis eique   
dona a sociis attulisset1 et cet]is 9   
rebus communem erga ,lys&rum atque      
humanum fuisse et ei qu5dam consaeptum  
agrum dilig5t] consitum o/5disse4 ,cum  
autem admir>etur ,lys&] et proc]itates  
arborum et directos 9 qu9cuncem ord9es  

et humum subactam atque puram et        
suavitatem odorum qui affl>5tur ex      
floribus1 tum eum dixisse mir>i se non  
modo dilig5tiam s$ etiam soll]tiam eius 
a quo ess5t illa dim5sa atque discripta2
 et ,cyrum respondisse 'atqui ego i/a   
sum omnia dim5sus1 mei sunt ord9es1 mea 
discriptio2 multae etiam i/>um arborum  
mea manu sunt satae4' ,tum ,lys&rum1    
intu5tem purpuram eius et nitorem       
corporis ornatumque ,p]sicum multo auro 
multisque gemmis1 dixisse 'recte v]o te1
 ,cyre1 beatum f]unt1 quoniam virtuti   
tuae =tuna coniuncta e/6' #fj ,hac      
igitur =tuna frui licet s5ibus1 nec     
aetas imp$it quo m9us et cet]>um r]um et
 9 primis agri col5di /udia t5eamus     
usque ad ultimum tempus s5ectutis4 ,m4  
quidem ,val]ium ,corv9um accepimus ad   
c5tesimum annum p]duxisse1 cum esset    
acta iam aetate 9 agris eosque col]et1  
cuius int] primum et sextum consulatum  
sex et quadrag9ta anni int]fu]unt4 ,ita 
quantum spatium aetatis maiores ad      
s5ectutis initium esse volu]unt1 tantus 

illi cursus honorum fuit2 atque huius   
extrema aetas hoc beatior quam m$ia1    
quod auctoritatis habebat plus1 laboris 
m9us2 apex e/ autem s5ectutis           
auctoritas4 #fa ,quanta fuit 9 ,l4      
,caecilio ,metello1 quanta 9 ,a4 ,atilio
 ,calat9o6 ,9 quem illud elogium3       
hunc unum plurimae cons5tiunt g5tes     
populi prim>ium fuisse virum4  ,notum e/
 totum c>m5 incisum 9 sepulcro4 ,iure   
igitur gravis1 cuius de laudibus omnium 
esset fama cons5ti5s4 ,quem virum nup]  
,p4 ,crassum1 pontificem maximum1 quem  
po/ea ,m4 ,lepidum eodem sac]dotio      
pra$itum vidimus6 ,quid de ,paulo aut   
,africano loqu>1 aut1 ut iam ante1 de   
,maximo8 ,quorum non 9 s5t5tia solum1 s$
 etiam 9 nutu residebat auctoritas4     
,habet s5ectus1 honorata praes]tim1     
tantam auctoritatem1 ut ea pluris sit   
quam omnes adulesc5tiae voluptates4     
,,xviii4 #fb ,s$ 9 omni oratione        
mem5tote eam me s5ectutem laud>e1 quae  
fundam5tis adulesc5tiae con/ituta sit4  
,ex quo efficitur id1 quod ego magno    

quondam cum ass5su omnium dixi1 mis]am  
esse s5ectutem quae se oratione         
def5d]et4 ,non cani nec rugae rep5te    
auctoritatem arrip]e possunt1 s$ hone/e 
acta sup]ior aetas fructus capit        
auctoritatis extremos4 #fc ,haec enim   
ipsa sunt honorabilia1 quae vid5tur     
levia atque communia1 salut>i appeti    
dec$i assurgi d$uci r$uci consuli1 quae 
et apud nos et 9 aliis civitatibus1 ut  
quaeque optime morata e/1 ita           
dilig5tissime obs]vantur4 ,lys&rum      
,lac$aemonium1 cuius modo feci m5tionem1
 dic]e aiunt solitum ,lac$aemonem esse  
hone/issimum domicilium s5ectutis2      
nusquam enim tantum tribuitur aetati1   
nusquam e/ s5ectus honoratior4 ,qu9     
etiam memoriae proditum e/1 cum ,a!nis  
ludis quidam 9 !atrum gr&is natu        
v5isset1 magno consessu locum nusquam ei
 datum a suis civibus1 cum autem ad     
,lac$aemonios accessisset1 qui1 legati  
cum ess5t c]to 9 loco consid]ant1       
consurrexisse omnes illi dicuntur et    
s5em sessum recepisse2 #fd quibus cum a 

cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex 
datus1 dixisse ex eis qu5dam ,a!ni5sis  
scire quae recta ess5t1 s$ fac]e nolle4 
,multa 9 no/ro collegio praecl>a1 s$ hoc
 de quo agimus1 9 primis1 quod1 ut      
quisque aetate antec$it1 ita s5t5tiae   
pr9cipatum t5et1 neque solum honore     
antec$5tibus1 s$ eis etiam1 qui cum     
imp]io sunt1 maiores natu augures       
anteponuntur4 ,quae sunt igitur         
voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis    
praemiis comp>&ae8 ,quibus qui spl5dide 
usi sunt1 ei mihi vid5tur fabulam       
aetatis p]egisse nec tamquam inex]citati
 hi/riones 9 extremo actu corruisse4    
#fe ,at sunt morosi et anxii et iracundi
 et difficiles s5es4 ,si qua]imus1 etiam
 av>i2 s$ haec morum vitia sunt1 non    
s5ectutis4 ,ac morositas tam5 et ea     
vitia1 quae dixi1 hab5t aliquid         
excusationis1 non illius quidem iu/ae1  
s$ quae prob>i posse videatur3 contemni 
se putant1 despici1 illudi2 praet]ea 9  
fragili corpore odiosa omnis (f5sio e/2 
quae tam5 omnia dulciora fiunt et       

moribus bonis et artibus1 idque cum 9   
vita tum 9 sca5a intellegi pote/ ex eis 
fratribus qui 9 ,adelphis sunt4 ,quanta 
9 alt]o diritas1 9 alt]o comitas6 ,sic  
se res habet3 ut enim non omne v9um1 sic
 non omnis natura vetu/ate coacescit4   
,sev]itatem 9 s5ectute probo1 s$ eam1   
sicut alia1 modicam2 ac]bitatem nullo   
modo2 #ff av>itia v]o s5ilis quid sibi  
velit1 non intellego4 ,pote/ enim       
quicquam esse absurdius quam1 quo viae  
m9us re/et1 eo plus viatici qua]]e8     
,,xix4 ,qu>ta re/at causa1 quae maxime  
ang]e atque sollicitam hab]e no/ram     
aetatem videtur1 approp9quatio mortis1  
quae c]te a s5ectute non pote/ esse     
longe4 ,o mis]um s5em1 qui mortem       
contemn5dam esse 9 tam longa aetate non 
vid]it6 ,quae aut plane negleg5da e/1 si
 omn9o ex/+uit animum1 aut etiam opt&a1 
si aliquo eum d$ucit ubi sit futurus    
aet]nus4 ,atqui t]tium c]te nihil       
inv5iri pote/4 #fg ,quid igitur timeam1 
si aut non mis] po/ mortem1 aut beatus  
etiam futurus sum8 ,quamquam quis e/ tam

 /ultus1 quamvis sit adulesc5s1 cui sit 
exploratum se ad vesp]um esse victurum8 
,qu9 etiam aetas illa multo pluris quam 
no/ra casus mortis habet3 facilius 9    
morbos incidunt adulesc5tes1 gravius    
aegrotant1 tri/ius curantur4 ,itaque    
pauci v5iunt ad s5ectutem2 quod ni ita  
accid]et1 melius et prud5tius viv]etur4 
,m5s enim et ratio et consilium 9 s5ibus
 e/1 qui si nulli fuiss5t1 nullae omn9o 
civitates fuiss5t4 ,s$ r$eo ad mortem   
imp5d5tem4 ,quod e/ i/ud crim5          
s5ectutis1 cum id ei videatis cum       
adulesc5tia esse commune8 #fh ,s5si ego 
9 optimo filio1 tu 9 exspectatis ad     
amplissimam dignitatem fratribus1       
,scipio1 mortem omni aetati esse        
communem4 ,at sp]at adulesc5s diu se    
victurum1 quod sp]>e idem s5ex non      
pote/4 ,insipi5t] sp]at2 quid enim      
/ultius quam inc]ta pro c]tis hab]e1    
falsa pro v]is8 ,at s5ex ne quod sp]et  
quidem habet4 ,at e/ eo meliore         
condicione quam adulesc5s1 quoniam id   
quod ille sp]at hic consecutus e/3 ille 

volt diu viv]e1 hic diu vixit4 #fi      
,quamquam1 o di boni1 quid e/ 9 hom9is  
natura diu8 ,da enim supremum tempus1   
exspectemus ,t>tessiorum regis aetatem3 
fuit enim1 ut scriptum video1           
,argan?onius quidam ,gadibus1 qui       
octog9ta regnav]at annos1 c5tum vig9ti  
vix]at4  ,s$ mihi ne diuturnum quidem   
quicquam videtur1 9 quo e/ aliquid      
extremum2 cum enim id adv5it1 tum illud 
quod praet]iit1 effluxit2 tantum        
remanet1 quod virtute et recte factis   
consecutus sis4 ,horae quidem c$unt et  
dies et m5ses et anni1 nec praet]itum   
tempus umquam rev]titur nec quid        
sequatur sciri pote/4 ,quod cuique      
temporis ad viv5dum datur1 eo debet esse
 cont5tus4 #gj ,neque enim hi/rioni1 ut 
placeat1 p]ag5da fabula e/1 modo 9      
quocunque fu]it actu probetur2 neque    
sapi5tibus usque ad 'plaudite' v5i5dum  
e/1 breve enim tempus aetatis satis     
longum e/ ad b5e hone/eque viv5dum2 s9  
process]it longius1 non magis dol5dum   
e/1 quam agricolae dol5t praet]ita v]ni 

temporis suavitate ae/atem autumnumque  
v5isse4 ,v] enim tamquam adulesc5tia    
significat o/5ditque fructus futuros2   
reliqua autem tempora demet5dis         
fructibus et p]cipi5dis accommodata     
sunt4 #ga ,fructus autem s5ectutis e/1  
ut saepe dixi1 ante p>torum bonorum     
memoria et copia4 ,omnia autem1 quae    
secundum naturam fiunt1 sunt hab5da 9   
bonis2 quid e/ autem tam secundum       
naturam quam s5ibus emori8 ,quod idem   
cont+it adulesc5tibus adv]sante et      
repugnante natura4 ,itaque adulesc5tes  
mihi mori sic vid5tur1 ut cum aquae     
multitud9e flammae vis opprimitur1 s5es 
autem sic1 ut cum sua sponte1 nulla     
adhibita vi1 consumptus ignis ex/+uitur1
 et quasi poma ex arboribus1 cruda si   
sunt1 vix evelluntur1 si matura et      
cocta1 decidunt1 sic vitam adulesc5tibus
 vis auf]t1 s5ibus maturitas2 quae      
quidem mihi tam iucunda e/1 ut1 quo     
propius ad mortem acc$am1 quasi t]ram   
vid]e vide> aliqu&oque 9 portum ex longa
 navigatione esse v5turus4  ,,xx4 #gb   

,s5ectutis autem nullus e/ c]tus t]m9us1
 recteque 9 ea vivitur1 quoad munus     
(fici exsequi et tu]i possit mortemque  
contemn]e1 ex quo fit ut animosior etiam
 s5ectus sit quam adulesc5tia et =tior4 
,hoc illud e/1 quod ,pisi/rato tyranno a
 ,solone responsum e/1 cum illi qua]5ti 
qua t&em re fretus sibi tam audacit]    
obsi/]et respondisse dicitur 's5ectute4'
 ,s$ viv5di e/ f9is optimus1 cum integra
 m5te c]tisque s5sibus opus ipsa suum   
eadem quae coagm5tavit natura dissolvit4
 ,ut navem1 ut a$ificium idem de/ruit   
facillime qui con/ruxit1 sic hom9em     
eadem optime quae conglut9avit natura   
dissolvit4 ,iam omnis conglut9atio rec5s
 aegre1 invet]ata facile divellitur4    
,ita fit ut illud breve vitae reliquum  
nec avide appet5dum s5ibus nec s9e causa
 des]5dum sit2 vetatque ,py?agoras      
iniussu imp]atoris1 id e/ dei1 de       
praesidio et /atione vitae dec$]e4 #gc  
,solonis quidem sapi5tis e/ elogium1 quo
 se negat velle suam mortem dolore      
amicorum et lam5tis vac>e4 ,volt1 cr$o1 

se esse c>um suis4 ,s$ haud scio an     
melius ,ennius3    nemo me lacrumis     
decoret1 neque fun]a fletu   faxit  #gd 
,non c5set lug5dam esse mortem1 quam    
immortalitas consequatur4 ,iam s5sus    
mori5di aliquis esse pote/1 isque ad    
exiguum tempus1 praes]tim s5i3 po/      
mortem quidem s5sus aut opt&us aut      
nullus e/4 ,s$ hoc m$itatum ab          
adulesc5tia debet esse1 mortem ut       
neglegamus2 s9e qua m$itatione          
tranquillo animo esse nemo pote/4       
,mori5dum enim c]te e/1 et inc]tum an   
hoc ipso die4 ,mortem igitur omnibus    
horis imp5d5tem tim5s qui pot]it animo  
consi/]e8 #ge ,de qua non ita longa     
disputatione opus esse videtur1 cum     
record] non ,l4 ,brutum1 qui 9 lib]&a   
patria e/ int]fectus1 non duos ,decios1 
qui ad volunt>iam mortem cursum equorum 
incitav]unt1 non ,m4 ,atilium1 qui ad   
supplicium e/ pr(ectus ut fidem ho/i    
datam cons]v>et non duos ,scipiones1 qui
 it] ,po5is vel corporibus suis ob/ru]e 
volu]unt1 non avum tuum ,l4 ,paulum1 qui

 morte luit collegae 9 ,cann5si ignom9ia
 tem]itatem1 non ,m4 ,m>cellum1 cuius   
int]itum ne crudelissimus quidem ho/is  
honore sepulturae c>]e passus e/1 s$    
legiones no/ras1 quod scripsi 9         
,orig9ibus1 9 eum locum saepe pr(ectas  
alacri animo et erecto1 unde se r$ituras
 numquam arbitr>5tur4 ,quod igitur      
adulesc5tes1 et ei quidem non solum     
indocti s$ etiam ru/ici contemnunt1 id  
docti s5es extimesc5t8 #gf ,omn9o1 ut   
mihi quidem videtur1 r]um omnium        
satietas vitae facit satietatem4 ,sunt  
pu]itiae /udia c]ta3 num igitur ea      
desid]ant adulesc5tes8 ,sunt ineuntis   
adulesc5tiae3 num ea con/ans iam        
requirit aetas1 quae m$ia dicitur8 ,sunt
 etiam eius aetatis3 ne ea quidem       
qua]untur 9 s5ectute4 ,sunt extrema     
qua$am /udia s5ectutis3 ergo1 ut        
sup]iorum aetatum /udia occidunt1 sic   
occidunt etiam s5ectutis2 quod cum      
ev5it1 satietas vitae tempus maturum    
mortis aff]t4  ,,xxi4 #gg ,non enim     
video1 cur1 quid ipse s5tiam de morte1  

non audeam vobis dic]e1 quod eo c]n]e   
mihi melius videor1 quo ab ea propius   
absum4 ,ego ve/ros patres1 ,p4 ,scipio  
tuque1 ,c4 ,laeli1 viros cl>issimos     
mihique amicissimos1 viv]e arbitror et  
eam quidem vitam1 quae e/ sola vita     
nom9&a4 ,nam dum sumus inclusi 9 8      
compagibus corporis1 mun]e quodam       
necessitatis et gravi op]e p]fungimur2  
e/ enim animus caele/is ex altissimo    
domicilio depressus et quasi dem]sus 9  
t]ram1 locum div9ae naturae et]nitatique
 contr>ium4 ,s$ cr$o deos immortalis    
sp>sisse animos 9 corpora humana1 ut    
ess5t qui t]ras tu]5tur quique caele/ium
 ord9em contemplantes imit>5tur eum     
vitae modo atque con/antia4 ,nec me     
solum ratio ac disputatio impulit ut ita
 cr$]em1 s$ nobilitas etiam summorum    
philosophorum et auctoritas4  #gh       
,audiebam ,py?agoran ,py?agoriosque1    
incolas pa5e no/ros1 qui ess5t ,italici 
philosophi quondam nom9ati numquam      
dubitasse qu9 ex univ]sa m5te div9a     
delibatos animos hab]emus4              

,demon/rabantur mihi praet]ea quae      
,socrates supremo vitae die de          
immortalitate animorum diss]uisset1 is  
qui esset omnium sapi5tissimus oraculo  
,apoll9is iudicatus4 ,quid multa8 ,sic  
mihi p]suasi1 sic s5tio1 cum tanta      
cel]itas animorum sit1 tanta memoria    
praet]itorum futurorumque prud5tia1 tot 
artes tantae sci5tiae1 tot inv5ta1 non  
posse eam naturam1 quae res eas         
cont9eat1 esse mortalem2 cumque semp]   
agitetur animus nec pr9cipium motus     
habeat1 quia se ipse moveat1 ne f9em    
quidem habiturum esse motus1 quia       
numquam se ipse sit relicturus2 et cum  
simplex animi natura esset neque hab]et 
9 se quicquam admixtum disp> sui atque  
dissimile1 non posse eum dividi1 quod si
 non posset1 non posse int]ire2 magnoque
 esse argum5to hom9es scire pl]aque ante
 quam nati s9t1 quod iam pu]i1 cum artis
 difficilis discant1 ita cel]it] res    
innum]abilis arripiant1 ut eas non tum  
primum accip]e videantur1 s$ rem9isci et
 record>i4 ,haec ,platonis f]e4 ,,xxii4 

#gi ,apud ,x5ophontem autem mori5s      
,cyrus maior haec dicit3 'nolite        
arbitr>i1 o mihi c>issimi filii1 me1 cum
 a vobis discess]o1 nusquam aut nullum  
=e4 ,nec enim1 dum eram vobiscum1 animum
 meum videbatis1 s$ eum esse 9 hoc      
corpora ex eis rebus quas g]ebam        
intellegebatis4 ,eundem igitur esse     
cr$itote1 etiam si nullum videbitis4 #hj
 ,nec v]o cl>orum virorum po/ mortem    
honores p]man]5t1 si nihil eorum ipsorum
 animi effic]5t1 quo diutius memoriam   
sui t5]emus4 ,mihi quidem numquam       
p]suad]i potuit animos dum 9 corporibus 
ess5t mortalibus viv]e1 cum excessiss5t 
ex eis emori2 nec v]o tum animum esse   
insipi5tem cum ex insipi5ti corpore     
evasisset1 s$ cum omni admixtione       
corporis lib]atus purus et integ] esse  
coepisset1 tum esse sapi5tem4 ,atque    
etiam1 cum hom9is natura morte          
dissolvitur1 cet]>um r]um p]spicuum e/  
quo quaeque disc$at1 abeunt enim illuc  
omnia1 unde orta sunt2 animus autem     
solus nec cum ade/ nec cum discessit    

app>et4 ,iam v]o videtis nihil esse     
morti tam simile quam somnum4 #ha ,atqui
 dormi5tium animi maxime decl>ant       
div9itatem suam2 multa enim1 cum remissi
 et lib]i sunt1 futura prospiciunt2 ex  
quo intellegitur quales futuri s9t1 cum 
se plane corporis v9culis relaxav]9t4   
,qua re1 si haec ita sunt1 sic me       
colitote1' inquit1 'ut deum1 s9 una e/  
int]iturus animus cum corpore1 vos tam51
 deos v]5tes1 qui hanc omnem            
pul*ritud9em tu5tur et regunt1 memoriam 
no/ri pie inviolateque s]vabitis4'      
,,xxiii4 #hb ,cyrus quidem haec mori5s2 
nos1 si placet1 no/ra videamus4 ,nemo   
umquam mihi1 ,scipio1 p]suadebit aut    
patrem tuum ,paulum1 aut duos avos      
,paulum et ,africanum1 aut ,africani    
patrem aut patruum1 aut multos          
prae/antis viros1 quos enum]>e non e/   
necesse1 tanta esse conatos quae ad     
po/]itatis memoriam p]t9]5t1 nisi animo 
c]n]5t po/]itatem ad ipsos p]t9]e4 ,anne
 c5ses1 ut de me ipse aliquid m s5um    
glori]1 me tantos labores diurnos       

nocturnosque domi militiaeque           
suscepturum fuisse1 si isdem f9ibus     
gloriam meam quibus vitam essem         
t]m9aturus8 ,nonne melius multo fuisset 
otiosam et quietam aetatem s9e ullo     
labore et cont5tione traduc]e8 ,s$      
nescio quo modo animus erig5s se        
po/]itatem ita semp] prospiciebat1      
quasi1 cum excessisset e vita1 tum      
d5ique victurus esset4 ,quod quidem ni  
ita se hab]et ut animi immortales ess5t1
 haud optimi cuiusque animus maxime ad  
immortalitatis gloriam nit]etur4 #hc    
,quid quod sapi5tissimus quisque        
aequissimo animo moritur1 /ultissimus   
iniquissimo1 nonne vobis videtur is     
animus1 qui plus c]nat et longius1 vid]e
 se ad meliora pr(icisci1 ille autem1   
cuius obtusior sit acies1 non vid]e8    
,equidem eff]or /udio patres ve/ros quos
 colui et dilexi vid5di1 neque v]o eos  
solum conv5ire aveo1 quos ipse cognovi1 
s$ illos etiam1 de quibus audivi et legi
 et ipse conscripsi2 quo quidem me      
pr(icisc5tem haud sane quid facile      

retrax]it1 nec tamquam ,pelian recox]it4
 ,et si quis deus mihi l>giatur ut ex   
hac aetate repu]ascam et 9 cunis vagiam1
 valde recusem1 nec v]o velim quasi     
decurso spatio ad c>c]es a calce        
revoc>i4 #hd ,quid habet enim vita      
commodi8 ,quid non potius laboris8 ,s$  
habeat sane2 habet c]te tam5 aut        
satietatem aut modum4 ,non libet enim   
mihi deplor>e vitam1 quod multi et ei   
docti saepe fec]unt1 neque me vixisse   
pa5itet1 quoniam ita vixi1 ut non fru/ra
 me natum exi/imem1 et ex vita ita      
disc$o tamquam ex hospitio1 non tamquam 
e domo2 commor&i enim natura divorsorium
 nobis1 non habit&i d$it4 ,o praecl>um  
diem cum 9 illud div9um animorum        
concilium coetumque pr(icisc> cumque ex 
hac turba et colluvione disc$am6        
,pr(icisc> enim non ad eos solum viros1 
de quibus ante dixi1 v]um etiam ad      
,catonem meum1 quo nemo vir melior natus
 e/1 nemo pietate prae/antior1 cuius a  
me corpus e/ crematum1 quod contra      
decuit ab illo meum1 animus v]o non me  

des]5s s$ respectans1 9 ea pr(ecto loca 
discessit quo mihi ipsi c]nebat esse    
v5i5dum4 ,quem ego meum casum =tit] f]re
 visus sum1 non quo aequo animo f]rem1  
s$ me ipse consolab> exi/imans non      
long9quum int] nos digressum et         
discessum =e4  #he ,8 mihi rebus1       
,scipio1 id enim te cum ,laelio admir>i 
sol]e dixi/i1 levis e/ s5ectus1 nec     
solum non mole/a1 s$ etiam iucunda4     
,quod si 9 hoc erro1 qui animos hom9um  
immortalis esse cr$am1 lib5t] erro nec  
mihi hunc errorem1 quo delector1 dum    
vivo1 extorqu]i volo2 s9 mortuus1 ut    
quidam m9uti philosophi c5s5t1 nihil    
s5tiam1 non v]eor ne hunc errorem meum  
philosophi mortui irrideant4 ,quod si   
non sumus immortales futuri1 tam5 ex/+ui
 hom9i suo tempore optabile e/4 ,nam    
habet natura1 ut ali>um omnium r]um1 sic
 viv5di modum4 ,s5ectus autem aetatis e/
 p]actio tamquam fabulae1 cuius         
defetigationem fug]e debemus1 praes]tim 
adiuncta satietate4  ,haec habui de     
s5ectute quae dic]em1 ad quam ut9am     

v5iatis1 ut ea1 quae ex me audi/is1 re  
exp]ti prob>e possitis6         99      
99       99       99       99  ,,notes  
,,to ,,cato ,,maior4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,,cato     
,,maior ,,de ,,s5ectute 7,,cato ,,!     
,,eld] ,,on ,,old ,,age74 ,,cato ,,maior
 0 probably int5d$ by ,cic]o z !        
pr9cipal title4 ,he twice gives ! "w ?is
 "n1 9 ,laelius #d & ,att4 #ad1 #ba1 #a4
 ,9 ! =m] passage he adds ! descriptive 
words1 address$ to ,atticus1 qui e/     
scriptus ad te de s5ectute4 ,9 a ?ird   
notice1 ,de ,div4 #b1 #c1 he gives !    
description )\t ! title1 lib] is quem ad
 no/rum ,atticum de s5ectute misimus4 ,x
 is likely t ,cic]o int5d$ ! essay to be
 kn[n z ! ,,cato ,,maior ,,de           
,,s5ectute1 ! full title correspond+ )  
,,laelius ,,de ,,amicitia4 ,! ^w maior 0
 necess>y to di/+ui% ! book f ,cic]o's  
eulogy ( ! y\ng] ,cato 7,utic5sis71 :i* 
seems to h gone by ! "n ( ,,cato simply4
  ,p4 #a4 -- #a4 ,o ,,tite etc43 ! l9es 
are a quotation f ! ,annales ( ,q4      

,ennius 7born at ,rudiae 9 ,calabria    
#bci ,b4,c41 di$ #afi71 an epic poem 9  
hexamet] v]se1 ! fir/ great ,lat9 poem 9
 t metre1 celebrat+ ! a*ievem5ts ( !    
,roman nation f ! "t ( ,a5eas to !      
poet's own days4 ,! incid5t allud$ to 9 
,ennius' v]ses is evid5tly ! same z t   
n>rat$ by ,livy #cb1 cc4 #i1 #aj4 ,titus
 ,qu9ctius ,flam99us1 :o comm&$ 9 #aih  
,b4,c4 ! ,roman army oppos$ to ,philip (
 ,mac$on1 f\nd ! k+ /rongly po/$ on !   
m\nta9s betwe5 ,epirus & ,!ssaly4 ,= =ty
 days ,flam99us l+]$1 hop+ to f9d "s pa?
 :i* w\ld give him access to ! enemy's  
qu>t]s4 ,a %eph]d :o knew e nook ( !    
m\nta9s came be=e ! g5]al1 & promis$ to 
lead ! ,roman soldi]s to ! gr\nd above  
,philip's camp4 ,?is 0 done1 & ,flam99us
 drove ! ,mac$onians into ,!ssaly4 ,x is
 ! %eph]d :o 9 ! fir/ l9e addresses     
,flam99us by 8 fir/ "n ,titus4 ,cic]o "h
 clev]ly applies ! l9es to 8 life-long  
fri5d ,titus ,pomponius ,atticus4 ,he   
sev]al times takes ! two words ',o      
,tite' to designate ! :ole treatise2 cf4

 ,att4 #af1 #aa1 #c ',o ,tite' tibi     
prodesse laetor4 -- ,,quid3 accusative (
 respect or ext5t2 s nihil 9 #cj1       
aliquid 9 #hb4 ,a4#ef #bdj1 a2 ,g4 #cca1
 #c2 ,h4 #cgh1 #b4 -- ,,adi7,u,,ero3 =  
adiuv]o1 ! long v[el hav+ become %ort   
aft] ! fall+ out ( ! v betwe5 ! two     
v[els4 ,catullus #ff1 #ah has i7uer9t at
 ! end ( a p5tamet] v]se1 & ! same      
scann+ is f\nd 9 ,plautus & ,t]5ce4 ,a4 
#abh1 a2 ,g4 #aea1 #a2 ,h4 #bce4 --     
,,levasso3 a =m ( levav]o1 :i* 0        
orig9ally levaveso4 ,= ! =mation ( ?is  
class ( future-p]fects see ,peile1      
,introduction to ,greek & ,lat9         
,etymology1 p4 #bie1 ed4 #c2 also ,roby1
 ,gram4 #a1 p4 #aii1 :o has a li/ (     
examples2 he supports a diff]5t view f t
 giv5 above2 cf4 ,a4 #abh1 e1 #c2 ,g4   
#aia1 #e2 ,h4 #bdj1 #d4 -- ,,coquit3    
'vexes4' ,?is metaphorical use ( coqu]e 
occurs 9 poetry & late prose2 cf4       
,plaut4 ,tr94 #bbe egomet me coquo et   
mac]o et defetigo2 ,v]g4 ,a54 #g1 #cde  
quam 444 fem9eae ard5tem curaeque       

iraeque coquebant2 ,qu9t4 #ab1 #aj1 #gg 
sollititudo oratorem mac]at et coquit4  
-- ,,v]s,a,t3 we h "h ! orig9al quantity
 ( ! v[el pres]v$1 z 9 ponebat bel[1    
#aj2 ! a 9 v]sat 0 orig9ally z long z ! 
a 9 v]sas4 ,plautus has "s p>allels to  
?is scann+ 7see ,corss51 ,ausspra*e #aa1
 #dhh71 b x is r>ely imitat$ by poets ( 
! be/ p]iod4 ,horace1 h[ev]1 has arat1  
,odes #c1 #af1 #bf4 ,a4 #cge1 g1 #e2 ,h4
 #ehj1 ,,iii n4 #b4 -- ,,praemi3 !      
g5itive 9 - f n\ns 9 ium only began to  
come into use at ! end ( ! ,republic4   
,a4 #dj1 b2 ,g4 #bi1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ea1 
#e4 -- ,,isdem3 ,cic]o may h writt5     
isdem or eisdem 7two syllables71 b he   
probably did n write ! =m mo/ commonly  
f\nd 9 our texts1 iisdem4 ,h4 p4 #gd1   
foot-note #b4 -- ,,flam99um3 ,t4        
,qu9ctius ,flam9nus fir/ s]v$ aga9/     
,hannibal dur+ ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,he
 0 pres5t at ! capture ( ,t>5tum 9 #bji 
,b4 c41 & 9 #bjh 0 milit>y tribune "u   
,m>cellus4 ,aft] be+ employ$ on m9or    
bus9ess ( /ate1 he became quae/or 9     

#aii1 &1 imm$iately aft] 8 ye> ( (fice1 
consul1 pass+ ov] ! a$ile%ip &          
praetor%ip1 & atta9+ ! consul%ip at !   
extraord9>ily e>ly age ( #cj4 ,9 #aig he
 won ! victory ( ,cynoscephalae ov] !   
,mac$onians1 :i* end$ ! w>4 ,at !       
,i/hmian games 9 ! spr+ ( #aif ,flam99us
 made 8 fam\s proclamation ( fre$om to  
all ! ,greeks4 ,he return$ to ,rome 9   
#aid to enjoy a spl5did triumph4 ,= !   
re/ ( 8 life 0 employ$ *iefly on        
diplomatic bus9ess conc]n+ ,greece & !  
,ea/4 ,"o ( 8 embassies 0 to ,prusias1  
k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 call on him to surr5d]   
,hannibal1 :o 0 liv+ at 8 c\rt 9 advanc$
 old age2 ?is l$ to ,hannibal's suicide4
 ,flam99us 0 c5sor 9 #ahi 7see bel[1    
#db71 & liv$ on till "s "t aft] #afg1 9 
:i* ye> he became augur2 b ! date ( 8   
dea? is unkn[n4 ,he 0 a man ( brilliant 
ability bo? z g5]al & z diplomat1 & also
 possess$ mu* culture & 0 a great admir]
 ( ,greek lit]ature4 -- ,,ille ,,vir    
etc43 i4e4 ! %eph]d m5tion$ 9 n4 on l9e 
#a4 ,livy #cb1 ,,ii1 #d says t ,flam99us

 s5t to ! ma/] ( ! %eph]d1 ,*>opus1 an  
,epirote pr9ce1 to ask h[ f> he might be
 tru/$4 ,*>opus repli$ t ,flam99us might
 tru/ him1 b _h bett] keep a close wat* 
on ! op]ations himself4 -- ,,haud       
,,magna ,,cum ,,re3 '( no great         
prop]ty'2 re  re famili>i1 z is (t5 !   
case else:]e 9 bo? v]se & prose4 ,cf4   
pro ,caelio #gh hom9em s9e re4 ,cum is  
lit]ally 'att5d$ by'2 x is almo/        
sup]flu\s "h1 s9ce vir haud magna re    
w\ld h _h j ! same mean+4 ,madvig1      
,gram4  #beh has simil> examples4 --    
,,pl5us3 f9al s 0 s lightly pron\nc$ t !
 old] poets felt ju/ifi$ 9 neglect+ x 9 
_! scann+4 ,x 0 probably sc>cely        
pron\nc$ at all by ! less educat$       
,romans1 s9ce x is (t5 :olly omitt$ 9   
inscriptions1 & has be5 lo/ 9 mod]n     
,italian4 ,cic]o1 ,orator #afa1 says t !
 neglect to pron\nce f9al s is 'some:at 
boori%' 7subru/icum71 ?\gh =m]ly ?\ght  
'v ref9$' 7politius74 ,ev5 ,lucretius   
sometimes disreg>ds x 9 8 scann+4 ,9 !  
ord9>y lit]>y ,lat9 a l>ge numb] ( words

 has lo/ an orig9al s2 e4g4 all ! n\ns (
 ! -a decl5sion4 ,a4 #cge1 a2 ,g4 #gbb2 
,h4 #fjh1 #a1 n4 #c4 -- ,,fid,i3 ?is =m 
( ! g5itive ( fides is f\nd also 9      
,plautus1 ,aulul>ia #ege1 & ,lucretius  
#e1 #ajb4 ,fidi z g5itive seems only to 
occur 9 late poets1 b z dative x is f\nd
 9 a fragm5t ( ,ennius4 ,fid z g5itive  
occurs 9 ,horace & ,ovid4 ,h4 #ehe1     
,,iii4 #a2 ,roby1 #ceg1 7c74 --         
,,quamquam3 see n4 on #b etsi4 --       
,,sollicit>i etc43 ,cic]o probably has n
 quot$ ! l9e z ,ennius wrote x4 ,! ^w   
sic1 at lea/1 is evid5tly ins]t$ on     
purpose to correspond ) ut be=e         
,flam99um1 -- ,,noctesque ,,diesque3 !  
use ( que 444 que = et 444 et is almo/  
entirely poetical1 ,sallu/ be+ ! only   
prose writ] ( ! be/ p]iod 9 ^: works !  
usage is beyond d\bt4 ,noctes is put    
be=e dies "h1 z 9 noctes diesque 7,v]r4 
#e1 #aab71 noctes et dies 7,brut4 #cjh  
etc471 nodes ac dies 7,ar*4 #bi72 cf4   
also ,v]g4 ,a54 #f1 #abg2 &     9 ,iliad
 #e1 #dij2 b ! collocations dies        

noctesque1 dies et noctes are f> common]
 9 ,cic]o4 ,madvig 7,em5d4 ,liv4 p4 #dhg
 n41 ed #b7 says t 9 writ]s ( ,livy's "t
 & e>li]1 :5 an action is m5tion$ :i*   
cont9ues ?r\gh\t a numb] ( days &       
nights1 ei!r dies et noctes & ! l       
phrases are us$1 or die et nocte & ! l1 
b n diem noctemque or diem et noctem1   
:i* expression1 he says1 w\ld imply t ! 
action cont9u$ only ?r\gh\t "o day & "o 
night4 ,b ,madvig has ov]look$ ,de ,or4 
#b1 #afb e&em incu dem diem noctemque   
tund5tibus2 also ?ree passages ( ,caes>3
 viz ,bell4 ,gall4 #g1 #db1 #f & #g1    
#gg1 #aa2 ,bell4 ,civ4 #a1 #fb1 #a2 to  
:i* add a passage 9 ! ,bell4 ,hisp4 #ch4
 ,?\gh diem noctemque does (t5 mean     
'?r\gh\t "o day & "o night' 7z e4g4 9   
,nep4 ,!m4 #h1 #g71 yet x w\ld seem t ! 
o!r s5se _c be exclud$4 -- ,,mod]ationem
 444 ,,aequitatem3 '! self-control & ev5
 balance ( y\r m9d'4 ,mod]atio is 9     
,cic4 a common translation ( 4 ,aequitas
 is n us$ "h 9 its commone/ s5se (      
'reasonabl5ess' or 'equity'1 b z ! n\n  

correspond+ to aequus 9 ! ord9>y phrase 
aequus animus 7,horace1 'aequam mem5to  
rebus 9 arduis s]v>e m5tem'71 cf4 ,tusc4
 #a1 #ig hanc maximi animi aequitatem 9 
ipsa morte4 said ( ,!ram5es' undi/urb$  
composure be=e 8 execution4 -- ,,animi  
,,tui3 = ! position ( ^! words betwe5   
mod]ationem & aequitatem1 to bo? ( :i*  
n\ns !y ref] 7a =m ( spee* call$ by !   
,lat9 gramm>ians coniunctio71 see note  
on ,laelius #h cum summi viri tum       
amicissimi4 -- ,,cognom53 i4e4 ! "n     
,atticus1 :i* ,cic]o's fri5d did n      
inh]it1 b adopt$4 ,= ! ^w cognom5 cf4 n4
 on #e4 -- ,,deportasse3 x %\ld be not$ 
t ! v]b deport>e is ne>ly always 9 ! be/
 writ]s us$ ( br++ ?+s f ! prov9ces to  
,italy or ,rome1 & n vice v]sa1 !       
,romans us+ 'd[n' 7de7 ( motion t[>ds ! 
capital4 ,italia deport>e occurs 9      
,tacitus & late writ]s1 b only 9 ! s5se 
( bani%+ a p]son 7cf4 ,ann #ad1 #de74 ,s
 dec$]e de prov9cia is common1 b n ,roma
 dec$]e4 ,z to ! =m deportasse1 x may be
 rem>k$ t ,cic4 9 ! va/ majority (      

in/ances uses ! contract$ & n ! full =ms
 ( ! inf9itives correspond+ to p]fects 9
 -avi4 ,s putass5t 9 #d4 ,an ext5sive   
collection ( examples ( ?is & simil>    
contractions may be f\nd 9 ,frohwe91    
,die ,p]fectbildung5 auf -vi bei ,cic]o2
 ,g]a1 #ahgd4 -- ,,humanitatem3         
'culture'1 i4e4 le>n+ result+ 9 g5tl5ess
 & ref9em5t ( "*4 -- ,,prud5tiam3  or   
practical wisdom4 ,corn4 ,nepos 7or 8   
imitator7 9 8 life ( ,atticus #ag1 #c   
says ( him pr9cipum philosophorum ita   
p]cepta habuit praecepta ut 8 ad vitam  
ag5dam non ad o/5tationem ut]etur4 --   
,,isdem ,,rebus3 i4e4 ! /ate ( public   
affairs at ! "t1 see ,introd4 --        
,,quibus ,,me ,,ipsum3 /rictly speak+ ! 
con/ruction is inaccurate1 s9ce suspicor
 commov]i mu/ be suppli$1 & ,cic]o does 
n really mean to say t he m]ely         
conjectures himself to be s]i\sly       
affect$ by ! /ate ( public affairs2 ego 
ipse commoveor w\ld h accurately        
express$ 8 mean+4 ,! accusative is due  
to ! attraction ( te above4 -- ,,maior3 

difficilior z (t52 e4g4 ,lael4 #bi quod 
maius e/4 -- ,,visum ,,e/ ,,mihi        
,,conscrib]e3  placuit mihi1 ',i h      
det]m9$ to write'4 ,! be/ writ]s r>ely  
use ! imp]sonal videtur etc4 foll[$ by  
an inf9itive4 ,:5 ! usage occurs videtur
 mihi etc4 g5]ally h ! mean+ 7z "h7 (   
444  ',i h made up my m9d'4 ,cf4 ,tusc4 
#e1 #ab ,non mihi videtur ad beate      
viv5dum satis posse virtutem2 ib4 #e1   
#bb 7a curi\s passage7 mihi enim non    
videbatur quisquam esse beatus posse cum
 esset 9 malis2 9 malis autem sapi5tem  
esse posse2 ,(f4 #c1 #ga malitia quae   
volt illa quidem vid]i se esse prud5tiam
 7'craft :i* desires t p %\ld believe x 
to be wisdom'72 ,liv4 #a1 #aj1 #g dis   
visum nec irritam conditoris templi     
vocem esse 444 7'! gods decid$ t ! ^w ( 
! f\nd] ( ! %r9e %\ld n rema9 ( no      
effect'74 ,x w\ld be difficult1 if n    
impossible1 to f9d a passage 9 a writ]  
be=e silv] ,lat9 times :]e ! be/ texts  
/ill exhibit any?+ l videtur eum fac]e =
 is videtur fac]e4 ,h #ecd1 #a1 n4 #a2  

,roby1 #acec4 -- ,,aliquid ,,ad ,,te3   
'"s "w d$icat$ to y'2 s bel[1 #c2 cf4   
also ,lael4 #d ut de amicitia scrib]em  
aliquid2 ib4 ,catone maiore qui e/      
scriptus ad te de s5ectute2 ,div4 #b1 #c
 lib] is quem ad no/rum ,atticum de     
s5ectute misimus4  #b4 ,,aut 444 ,,aut  
,,c]te3 s (t5 9 ,cic42 c]te1 'at any    
rate'4 -- ,,s5ectutis3 at ! "t ! words 7
 writt5 ,cic4 0 #fb ye>s old1 ,atticus  
?ree ye>s old]4 ,= ! mean+ ( s5ectus see
 n4 on #d4 -- ,,lev>i ,,volo3 ! be/     
,lat9 writ]s frequ5tly use ! passive    
inf9itive aft] v]bs express+ desire1 :]e
 mod]ns w\ld incl9e to ! active2 "h     
,cic4 in/ead ( say+ ',i wi% to relieve  
y\rself & me ( ! burd5' says ',i wi%    
y\rself & me to be reliev$'4 -- ,,etsi3 
'& yet'4 ,?is use ( etsi to introduce a 
clause correct+ ! prec$+ clause1 ?\gh n 
uncommon 7e4g4 bel[ #bi2 ,tusc4 #a1 #ii2
 #c1 #ag2 #d1 #fc2 #e1 #ee71 is f> less 
common ?an t ( quamquam1 :i* we h 9 #a1 
#i1 #aj1 #bd1 #dg1 #fg1 #fi4 -- ,,te    
,,quidem3 'y at all ev5ts'1 'y = "o'4 --

 ,,modice ,,ac ,,sapi5t]3 modice recalls
 mod]ationem above 7modice & mod]ate are
 us$ ) exactly ! same s5se by ,cic471   
:ile sapi5t] recalls aequitatem1 s9ce   
sapi5tia produces /ability & an ev5     
balance ( ! m9d4 ,9 ,de ,or4 #a1 #acb we
 h modice et sci5t]4 -- ,,sicut ,,omnia3
 cf4 ,f94 #a1 #g facete is quidem sicut 
alia2 also bel[1 #fe sicut alia4 -- ,,et
 ,,f]re ,,et ,,laturum ,,esse3 ,tis*]   
rightly rem>ks t :5 a v]b is repeat$ ?us
 ) a v>iation ( t5se ,cic4 v ne>ly      
always uses et 444 et1 & n a s+le et    
m]ely4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two t5ses is 
?us made m po9t$4 ,cf4 #c et diximus et 
dicemus4 -- ,,c]to ,,scio3 "o ( ! be/   
,,mss41 foll[$ by "s editors1 has "h    
c]te scio4 ,! latt] phrase w\ld mean ',i
 am sure t ,i "k' 7a s5se :i* seems out 
( place "h72 ! =m] ',i h c]ta9 or sure  
k'4 ,obs]ve t c]te may be us$ ) all     
v]bs1 :ile c]to is only us$ ) scire4 ,a4
 #aea1 c4 -- ,,s$3 ! idea impli$ is1 'b 
?\gh ,i well "k y d n ne$ su*           
consolation1 ,i h yet resolv$ to address

 my book to y'4 -- ,,occurrebas         
,,dignus3 a cond5s$ con/ruction =       
occurrebat te digmim esse4  ,p4 #b4 --  
,,mun]e 444 ,,ut]etur3 'a gift su* z we 
bo? might make use ( 9 company'4 --     
,,mihi ,,quidem3 ?is =ms a correction ^u
 ut]que no/rum above3 ':atev] y may ?9k 
( ! "w1 ,i at lea/ h f\nd ! writ+ ( x   
pleasant'4 -- ,,confectio3              
'composition'2 'completion'2 a ^w       
sc>cely f\nd 9 ! classical ,lat9 except 
9 ,cic]o's writ+s4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #b1 #eb
 annalium confectio2 pro4 ,font4 #c     
confectio tabul>um 7'acc\nt-books'74 -- 
,,fuit ,,ut ,,ab/]s]it3 ! sequ5ce (     
t5ses fuit ut ab/]g]et w\ld h be5       
equally admissible1 b ! mean+ w\ld h be5
 slightly diff]5t4 ,) ! p]fect ! s5se is
 '0 s pleasant t x has wip$ away'2 ) !  
imp]fect '0 s pleasant t x did 7:ile ,i 
0 writ+7 wipe away'4 ,! metaphor 9      
ab/]s]it is common3 e4g4 ,tusc4 #c1 #dc 
luctum omnem ab/]s]is4 ,) ?is /atem5t ( 
,cic]o's conc]n+ ! effect ! "w _h on    
himself contra/ ,att4 #ad1 #ba1 #c      

leg5dus mihi saepius e/ ,cato maior ad  
te missus4 ,am>iorem enim me s5ectus    
facit4 ,/oma*or omnia4 -- ,,omnis3 acc4 
pl4 ,a4 #ee1 c2 ,g4 #fj1 #a2 ,h4 #fg4 --
 ,,effec]it ,,mollem3 s #ef pot]atne    
tantus animus effic]e non iucundam      
s5ectutem2 b #ef conditiora facit haec  
aucupium4 ,efficio gives m emphatically 
?an facio ! idea ( ! completion ( !     
action4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #gc effic]e aliquem 
consulem1 'to c>ry ?r\gh a man's        
election z consul'2 fac]e aliquem       
consulem be+ m]ely 'to vote = a man's   
election to ! consul%ip'4 -- ,,satis    
,,digne3 'z %e des]ves'1 lit4 '9 a      
suffici5tly wor?y mann]4' ,"s editors h 
?\ght digne sup]flu\s & wi%$ to ca/ x   
out b we h satis digne else:]e1 z 9     
,v]r4 ,act4 ,,ii4 #a1 #hb2 cf4 also     
,sex4 ,rosc4 #cc pro dignitate laud>e   
satis commode4 -- ,,qui ,,p>eat 444     
,,deg]e3 a conditional s5t5ce ( irregul>
 =m 7qui  siquis2 cui simply connective1
  et ei74 ,cf4 ,div4 #a1 #abg qui enim  
t5eat causas r]um futur>um1 idem necesse

 e/ omnia t5eat quae futura s9t2 also ! 
examples 9 ,roby's ,gramm>1 #aeeh4 ,a4  
#caj1 a1 #cjg1 b2 ,g4 #eid1 #a1 #eih2   
,h4 #ejg1 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 #b4 ,"s1 h[ev]1
 make possit a subjunctive ( *>act]i/ic 
or ( cause ) cui1 & p>eat a subjunctive 
by attraction4 -- ,,omne ,,tempus       
,,aetatis3 'e season ( life'2 s 9 #ee   
extremum tempus aetatis2 #gj breve      
tempus aetatis4 ,! opposite phrase aetas
 temporis is v r>e2 x occurs 9          
,prop]tius #a1 #d1 #g4  #c4 ,,cet]is3   
neut] adjective us$ z a n\n1 equival5t  
to cet]is rebus '! o!r matt]s'2 i4e4 !  
political tr\bles h9t$ at above4 ,! be/ 
writ]s d n (t5 use ! neut] adjective z  
n\n 9 ! oblique cases unless !re is     
some?+ 9 ! context to %[ ! g5d] cle>ly1 
z 9 #bd aliis 444 eis quae2 we h1 h[ev]1
 bel[ 9 #h1 i/o  i/a re2 #gb1 reliquum2 
#gg1 caele/ium  r]um caele/ium2 & 9 #gh1
 praet]itorum futurorumque2 see o!r     
in/ances 9 n4 on ,lael4 #ej similium4 ,!
 proleptic or anticipatory use ( cet]is 
%\ld also be notic$2 its s5se is n fully

 se5 till we come to hunc librum2 ! same
 use occurs bel[ 9 #d1 #e1 #ei1 #fj2 s  
aliis 9 #bd2 cf4 also n4 on ,lael4 #g   
reliqua4 -- ,,diximus 444 ,,dicemus3 :5 
a clause or phrase consi/s ( f\r p>ts1  
:i* g 9 pairs 7z "h diximus1 dicemus on 
"o side1 & multa1 saepe on ! o!r71 !    
,lat9s frequ5tly arrange ! words s z to 
put "o pair betwe5 ! two memb]s ( ! o!r 
pair1 z "h4 ,?is usage is call$ by      
gramm>ians *iasmus4 ,?us if we d5ote !  
f\r p>ts by ,,aa' ,,bb'1 *iasmus        
requires ! ord] ,,abb',a' or ,,baa',b'4 
,see examples 9 #h1 #bj1 #bb1 #ch1 #dd1 
#ga4 ,= ! m complicat$ =ms ( *iasmus    
consult ,ngelsba*1 ,/il4  #afg1 #afi4   
,a4 #cdd1 f2 ,g4 #fhd2 ,h4 #efb4 --     
,,librum 444 ,,misimus3 obs]ve !        
omission ( a p>ticle at ! beg9n+ ( !    
clause2 ! contra/ betwe5 cet]is & hunc  
librum is made /rong] by ! omission4 ,= 
?is asyndeton adv]sativum see n4 on     
,lael4 #e ,laelium 444 putes4 ,= t5se ( 
misimus1 ',i s5d' see ,a4 #bhb2 ,g4     
#bdd1 ,h4 #dgb1 #a4 -- ,,omnem3 see n4  

on #fb4 -- ,,tribuimus3 p]fect t5se l   
misimus4 -- ,,ti?ono 444 ,,ari/o3 see   
,introd4 -- ,,cius3 ,greek  7a native ( 
,ceos71 n to be confus$ )  7a native (  
,*ios71 or  7a native ( ,cos74 ,cic]o   
g5]ally d5otes ! ,greek diph?ong  by i n
 e4 ,?is ,ari/o 0 a ,p]ipatetic4 --     
,,p>um 444 ,,auctoritatis3 obs]ve h[ (t5
 ,cic]o takes tr\ble to sep>ate words   
:i* are1 grammatically1 closely         
connect$4 ,s above1 omnis 444 mole/ias2 
#g multorum 444 s5ectutem2 #i mirificos 
444 fructus2 #ba civium 444 nom9a2 #cc  
m9us 444 virium2 #ec multo 444          
fecundior2 etc4 etc4 ,see also n4 on #ae
 quam sit iu/a4 ,a4 #cdd1 c1 d1 e2 ,h4  
#efa1 ,,iii4 -- ,,esset3 condition      
omitt$4 ,a4 #caa2 ,g4 #fjb2 ,h4 #eaj4 --
 ,,maiorem ,,auctoritatem3 cf4 ,lael4   
#d4 -- ,,apud ,,quem3 'at ^: h\se'2 s   
#ee a me1 'f my h\se'4 ,a4 #aec2 ,g4    
#dag2 ,h4 #ddf1 n4 #d4 -- ,,laelium 444 
,,scipionem3 see ,introd4 -- ,,facimus  
,,admirantis3 'we repres5t z express+   
a/oni%m5t'4 ,= fac]e1 9 ?is s5se1 ,cic4 

m (t5 uses induc]e 'to br+ on ! /age'1 z
 9 ,lael4 #d ,catonem induxi s5em       
disputantem4 ,cf4 h[ev] #ed ,hom]us     
,la]t5 col5tem agrum facit2 also ,brut4 
#bah2 ,orat4 #he4 ,in/ead ( facimus we  
might h expect$ ei!r fecimus to         
correspond ) misimus & tribuimus above1 
or faciemus to correspond ) videbitur   
bel[4 ,on ! use ( ! p>ticiple see ,a4   
#bib1 q2 ,g4 #ecf2 ,h #ece1 ,i4 #d4 --  
,,eruditius ,,disput>e3 ,cic4 n         
infrequ5tly 9 8 dialogues makes p talk )
 m le>n+ ?an !y really possess$4 ,he    
sev]al times confesses ?is z reg>ds     
,lucullus & ,catulus 9 ! ,academica1 & z
 reg>ds ,antonius 9 ! ,de ,oratore4 --  
,,f]at3 subjunctive because embody+ !   
s5tim5t ( ,laelius & ,scipio4 ,roby1    
#agdd2 ,madvig1 #ceg2 ,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 --
 ,,suis ,,libris etc43 = ! allusions "h 
to ,cato's life1 works1 & op9ions see   
,introd4 -- ,,quid ,,opus ,,e/ ,,plura8 
sc4 dic]e4 cf4 ! elliptic phrases quid  
multa8 sc4 dicam 9 #gh2 also bel[1 #aj  
praecl>e4 ,a #bjf1 c2 ,h4 #cfh1 #c1 n4  

#b4  #d4 ,,saepe ,,num]o ,,soleo3 'x is 
my frequ5t cu/om'4 ,num]o is lit]ally   
'by ! c\nt or reckon+'1 & 9 saepe num]o 
_h orig9ally ! same =ce z 9 quadrag9ta  
num]o & ! l2 b ! phrase came to be us$  
m]ely z a slight /r5g!n+ ( saepe4 --    
,,cum ,,hoc 444 ,,cum ,,cet]>um3 ! use (
 cum 9 diff]5t s5ses 9 ! same clause1   
:i* seems awkw>d1 is n uncommon2 cf4    
bel[1 #fg4 ,! spell+ quum 0 c]ta9ly n   
us$ by ,cic]o1 & probably by no o!r     
,lat9 writ] ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,h4 #caa1    
foot-note #d4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t cum ! 
conjunction & cum ! preposition1 ?\gh   
spelt alike1 are by orig9 q di/9ct4 ,!  
=m] is d]iv$ f ! pronom9al /em ka or    
kva1 & is cognate ) qui2 ! latt] comes f
 ! root sak 'to foll['1 & is cognate )  
,gk4 1 ,lat sequor1 etc4 ,see ,vanicek1 
,etymologis*es ,wort]bu*1 pp4 #if1 #ihd4
 -- ,,r]um 444 ,,sapi5tiam3 'wisdom 9   
affairs'2 ! objective g5itive --        
,,excell5tem3 9 s5se mu* /rong] ?an our 
'excell5t'2 excell5tem p]fectamque      
'pre-em95t & inde$ faultless'4 -- ,,quod

 444 ,,s5s]im3 ?is clause takes ! place 
( an object to admir>i4 ,! subjunctive  
is us$ because ! speak] reports 8 own   
reason = ! wond]1 =m]ly felt1 z if      
accord+ to ! views ( ano!r p]son1 & )\t 
affirm+ 8 hold+ ! same view at ! "t (   
speak+4 ,madvig1 #ceg1 a1 ,obs4 #a4 ,a  
#cda1 d1 ,rem4 -- ,,odiosa3 ?is ^w is n 
s /rong z our 'hateful'1 b r means      
'we>isome'1 'annoy+'4 ,9 ,plautus !     
frequ5t expression odiosus es means1 9  
colloquial ,engli%1 'y bore me'4 ,cf4   
#dg odiosum et mole/um2 #fe odiosa      
(f5sio4 -- ,,onus ,,aetna ,,gravius3 a  
prov]bial expression ) an allusion to   
,enceladus1 :o1 aft] ! defeat ( !       
,giants by ,juppit]1 0 said to h be5    
imprison$ "u ,mt4 ,aetna4 ,cf4 ,eurip4  
,h]cules ,fur5s1 #fcg2 also ,longfell['s
 poem1 ,enceladus4 -- ,,haud ,,sane     
,,difficilem3 'surely f> f difficult'2  
cf4 #hc haud sane facile4 -- ,,quibus3 a
 dativus commodi1 '^? = :om !re is no   
aid 9 !mselves'4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #gi quibus 
9 ipsis4 -- ,,b5e ,,beateque ,,viv5dum3 

'a virtu\s & happy life'2 'virtue &     
happ9ess'2 s b5e hone/eque bel[1 #gj4 --
 ,,qui 444 ,,petunt3 ^! are ! 1 m5      
suffici5t = !mselves1 '9 se toti t]etes 
atque rotundi'4 ,we h "h a rem9isc5ce ( 
! ,/oic doctr9e ab\t ! wise man1 ^:     
happ9ess is q indep5d5t ( ev]y?+ outside
 himself1 & is caus$ solely by 8 own    
virtue4 ,cic]o repres5ts ! same ,/oic   
!ory 9 ,lael4 #g4 ,cf4 ,juv4 ,sat4 #aj1 
#ceg-cfb2 also ,s5eca1 ,de ,cons4 ,sap4 
,,viii1 ,de ,prov4 ,i4 #e4 -- ,a ,,se   
,,ipsi3 '!mselves f !mselves1' s 9 #gh  
se ipse moveat 444 se ipse relucturus   
sit2 #hd me ipse consolab>4 ,expressions
 l a se ipsis are q uncommon 9 ,cic]o4  
,cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #e te ipse cognosces2 
also see bel[1 #ch se ipsa #gh se ipse4 
-- ,,naturae ,,necessitas3 '! inevitable
 conditions ( nature4' ,cf4 #ga quid e/ 
tam secundum naturam quam s5ibus emori8 
-- ,,aff]at3 subjunctive because nihil  
quod  nihil tale ut4 ,a #cbj1 a2 ,g4    
#fcc1 #fcd2 ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 -- ,,quo ,,9  
,,g5]e3 sc4 r]um2 ) ?is phrase ! def9+  

g5itive is commonly omitt$ by ,cic]o4 ,s
 bel[1 #de 9 eo g5]e4 -- ,,ut 444       
,,adeptam3 notice ! *iasmus4 -- ,,e&em3 
idem is us$ 9 ! same way1 to m>k an     
emphatic contra/ 9 #bd1 #eb1 #fh1 #ga4  
-- ,,adeptam3 ?is is probably ! only    
example 9 ,cic]o ( ! passive use (      
adeptus1 :i* occurs 9 ,sallu/1 ,ovid1   
,tacitus1 etc42 & 9 ?is passage ! use _c
 be look$ on z c]ta91 s9ce "o ( ! v be/ 
& sev]al ( ! inf]ior ,,mss4 read adepti4
 ,cic]o1 h[ev]1 uses a good _m depon5t  
p>ticiples 9 a passive s5se 7cf4 bel[1  
#ei dim5sa2 #gd m$itatum2 see also a    
li/1 ,roby1 #gcd71 & "s ( !m occur v    
r>ely4 ,?us p]iclitatus1 arbitratus1    
depa/us z passives are f\nd ea* 9 only  
"o passage4 -- ,,incon/antia3           
'in/ability'1 'inconsi/5cy'4 ,con/antia1
 unwav]+ firmness & consi/5cy1 is !     
*>act]i/ic ( ! wise man2 cf4 ,acad4 #b1 
#bc sapi5tia 444 quae ex sese habeat    
con/antiam2 also ,lael4 #h & #fd4  ,p4  
#c4 -- ,,aiunt3 sc4 /ulti4 --           
,,putass5t3 ! subjunctive is due to !   

indirect disc\rse4 ,:]e we say ',i %\ld 
n h ?\ght1' ! ,lat9s say1 9 direct      
n>ration1 'non put>am1' i4e4 ',i nev] _h
 ?\ght' 7s ,(f4 #a1 #ha & (t5 9 ,cic]o's
 lett]s74 ,translate1 'm quickly ?an !y 
_h ev] expect$'4 ,cf4 ,att4 #f1 #a1 #f  
accipiam equidem dolorem mihi ilium     
irasci s$ multo maiorem non esse eum    
talem qualem putassem4 ,see ,zumpt1     
,gram41 #eah4 -- ,,falsum ,,put>e3 'to  
=m a mi/ak5 judgm5t'4 ,= falsum z n\n   
equival5t to 1 cf4 #f gratissimum2 also 
n4 on #c cet]is4 -- ,,qui ,,citius3 lit4
 '9 :at way quick]'2 cf4 ,tusc4 #e1 #hi 
qui melius4 ,h4 #ahh1 ,,ii4 #b4 --      
,,adulesc5tia 444 ,,s5ectus 444         
,,pu]itia3 babyhood 0 g5]ally at ,rome  
suppos$ to la/ till ! #ag? ye> 7! "t =  
assum+ ! toga virilis & = beg9n+ milit>y
 s]vice74 ,iuv5tus is usually ! age f   
#ag to #de1 dur+ :i* m5 7 liable to be  
call$ on = active s]vice4 ,ord9>ily1 9  
colloquial language1 adulesc5tia is !   
e>li] portion ( iuv5tus1 say ! ye>s f   
#ag to #cj 7cf4 #cc71 b ,cic]o seems "h 

to make adulesc5tia co-ext5sive )       
iuv5tus4 ,f #de to #fj is ! aetas       
s5iorum1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* citiz5s 9 e>ly
 ,rome might be call$ out = ! def5ce ( !
 city1 b n = active s]vice4 ,s5ectus 0  
commonly reckon$ z beg9n+ at #fj2 b 9   
#fj ,cic]o includes 9 s5ectus ! aetas   
s5iorum1 & probably int5d$ to include x 
"h4 ,9 ,tusc4 #a1 #cd ,cic4 reckons ?ree
 ages pu]itia adulesc5tia s5ectus z "h2 
bel[ 9 #gd1 f\r p]iods1 or five4 --     
,,quamvis3  quantumvis4 --              
,,effluxisset3 subjunctive because !    
mood ( posset1 to :i* x /&s 9 subord9ate
 relation ,cum "h is purely temporal4   
,see ,roby1 #aggh2 ,a4 #cdb2 ,g4 #fff2  
,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 -- ,,posset3 see n4 on  
esset above1 #c4  #e4 ,,si 444 ,,soletis
 444 ,,sumus3 ! apodosis & protasis d n 
exactly correspond2 ! s5se really       
requir$ is 'if t wisdom = :i* y admire  
me does exi/1 x lies 9 ?is'1 etc4 --    
,,ut9am 444 ,,esset3 esset "h gives a   
great] appe>ance ( mode/y ?an w\ld be5  
express$ by sit3 'w\ld x 71 z x c]ta9ly 

is n'4 ,a4 #bfg2 ,g4 #bec2 ,h4 #dhc1 #b4
 -- ,,cognom9e3 ,cato bore ! title      
sapi5s1 ev5 9 8 lifetime2 see ,introd4  
,cognom5 is us$ 9 good ,lat9 to d5ote   
bo? ! family "n & ! acquir$ by-"n2 9    
late ,lat9 ?is latt] is d5ot$ by agnom54
 -- ,,9 ,,hoc ,,sapi5tes3 b above1 #d   
r]um sapi5tiam1 n 9 rebus4 ,! g5itive   
con/ruction is n f\nd ) sapi5s us$ z n\n
 or adjective till late ,lat9 times4 -- 
,,naturam ,,ducem etc43 ,cato's claim to
 ! title ( sapi5s does n re/ on any deep
 k ( philosophy1 b on practical wisdom  
or common s5se & exp]i5ce 9 affairs4    
,cf4 ,lael4 #f & #ai4 ,9 ?is passage    
,cic]o has put into ,cato's m\? phrases 
borr[$ f ! ,/oic philosophy1 :i* decl>$ 
! life ( virtue to be life 9 accordance 
) nature 7naturae conv5i5t] viv]e or    
74 ,cf4 #ga1 n4 on secundum naturam4 -- 
,,tamquam ,,deum3 obs]ve deum n deam1   
because nature is comp>$ )1 & n id5tifi$
 )1 a div9e be+4 ,cf4 ,f94 #e1 #dc eam  
7rationem7 quasi deum ducem subsequ5s4  
-- ,,aetatis3 "h  vitae1 life z a :ole4 

,cf4 #b omne tempus aetatis & n42 also  
#ac aetatis 444 s5ectus2 #cc1 #fd1 #hb4 
-- ,,descriptae3 'compos$'2 lit]ally    
'writt5 out'4 ,! read+ discriptae1 :i*  
_m editions give1 does n s well suit !  
passage4 ,discrib]e is to map out1 plan1
 arrange1 put 9 ord] 7see #ei discripta 
& discriptio72 ! po9t "h lies1 h[ev]1 n 
9 ! due arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t sc5es ( a
 play1 b 9 ! c>eful work+ out ( ea*     
sc5e4 ,ab ea mu/ be suppli$ aft]        
descriptae f a qua above4 -- ,,actum3 ! 
common comp>ison ( life ) a drama is    
also f\nd 9 #fd1 #gj1 #he4 -- ,,in]ti3 !
 s5se ( 'ignorant' 'in>ti/ic' 791 ars71 
has be5 giv5 to ?is by "s editors 7cf4  
,hor4 ,ep4 #b1 #b1 #abf praetul]im      
scriptor delirus in]sque vid]i1 & ,cic4 
,f94 #b1 #aae artes1 quibus qui c>ebant1
 in]tes a maioribus nom9abantur71 b !   
mean+ 'inactive'1 'lazy'1 'slov5ly'     
seems to suit neglectum bett]4 --       
,,poeta3 nature is "h ! dramati/1 !     
drama is life1 ! actors are human be+s4 
-- ,,s$ ,,tam5 etc43 'b = all t x 0     

inevitable t !re %\ld be some?+ ) !     
nature ( an end'4 ,s #fi 9 quo e/       
aliquid extremum1 #dc aliquid pul*rum4  
-- ,,arborum ,,bacis3 ! ^w baca 7!      
spell+ bacca has little or no au?ority7 
is appli$ to all fruits gr[+ on bu%es or
 trees1 cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #ca arbores s]et 
dilig5s agricola1 qu>um aspiciet bacam  
ipse numquam -- ,,t]raeque ,,fructibus3 
"h  c]eals1 roots1 vegetables & small   
fruits4 ,no %>p di/9ction c be drawn    
betwe5 fruges & fructus 7e4g4 9 ,div4   
#a1 #aaf we h fruges t]rae bacasve      
arborum7 ?\gh fructus z commonly us$ is 
! m g5]al ^w ( ! two4 -- ,,maturitate   
,,caducum3 'a "t ( s5ility1 s to speak &
 read9ess to drop1 t comes ( a          
seasonable rip5ess'4 ,vietus is lit]ally
 'twi/$' or b5t'1 be+ orig9ally !       
passive p>ticiple ( vi]e4 ,! comp>ison (
 old age ) ! rip5ess ( fruit recurs 9   
#ga4 ,cf4 ,pl94 ,ep4 #e1 #ad1 #e non tam
 aetatis maturitate quam vitae4 --      
,,f]undum3 ! =m 9 undus is ar*aic1 &    
g5]ally us$ by ,cic4 9 quot+ or imitat+ 

passages ( laws1 sacr$ =mulae1 & ! l4   
,h4 #bci4 -- ,,mollit]3 "h 'g5tly'1 ')  
resignation'1 ?\gh mollit] f]re (t5 has 
ano!r mean+1 viz4 to be> pa9 or tr\ble 9
 an unmanly fa%ion4 ,cf4 facillime f]re 
bel[4 -- ,,quid ,,e/ ,,aliud etc4 ,!    
words p]haps imply ! rationali/ic       
explanation ( my?s :i* ! ,greeks _h     
begun to tea* to ! ,romans dur+ ,cato's 
lifetime4 ,trans ':at else b resi/ance  
to nature is equival5t to w>r+ aga9/ !  
gods1 & n ':at else does w>r+ ) ! gods  
mean b to resi/ nature4' ,9 comp>isons (
 ?is sort ! ,lat9s g5]ally put ! ?+s    
comp>$ 9 a diff]5t ord] f t requir$ by  
,engli% idiom4 ,?us 9 ,div4 #b1 #gh quid
 e/ aliud nolle mon]i a ,iove nisi      
effic]e ut aut ne fi]i possit auspicium 
aut1 si fiat1 vid]i1 ,s4 ,rosc4 #ed quid
 e/ aliud iudicio ac legibus ac maie/ate
 ve/ra abuti ad quae/um ac libid9em nisi
 hoc modo accus>e4 ,phil4 #a1 #bb1 #b1  
#g1 #e1 #e1 #aj1 #e4 -- ,,gigantum      
,,modo3 see n4 on #d ,aetna gravius --  
,,dis3 = ! =m dis see n4 on #be4  #f4   

,,atqui3 9 ! be/ ,lat9 atqui does n     
introduce a /atem5t contradict+ ! prec$+
 /atem5t1 b "o t supplem5ts x4 ,"h x may
 be translat$ ',true1 b'4 ,cf4 #ff1 #ha4
 -- ,,gratissimum3 equival5t to rem     
gratissimam4 ,) ! ?\ght cf4 ,rep4 #a1   
#cd gratum fec]is si explic>is4 ,lael4  
#af p]gratum fec]is si disput>is -- ,,ut
 ,,pollice>3 s ,acad4 #a1 #cc nos v]o   
volumus ut pro ,attico respondeam4      
,brut4 #abb nobis v]o placet1 ut pro    
,bruto etiam respondeam2 ,lael4 #cb tu  
v]o p]ge1 pro hoc enim respondeo ,a     
#cag1 c1 ,h #dii1 #b1 n4 -- ,,s5es      
,,fi]i3 if ! inf9itive _h dep5d$ on     
sp]amus alone & volumus _h n int]v5$1   
,cic]o w\ld probably h writt5 nos       
futuros esse s5es4 -- ,,multo ,,ante3   
sc4 quam id factum erit s ,balb4 #da re 
d5ique multo ante 7sc4 quam factum e/7  
audita1 & v (t5 9 ,cic]o4 --            
,,didic]imus3 z ?is corresponds )       
fec]is1x w\ld h be5 =mally correct to   
write "h nos docu]is -- ,,quibus        
,,possimus3 ':at consid]ations w enable 

u mo/ easily to support ! gr[+ burd5 (  
age'4 -- ,,futurum ,,e/3    ?is =m ( !  
future is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! simple    
erit because x is desir$ to repres5t !  
ev5t z on ! v po9t ( fulfilm5t1 & !re=e 
sure ( fulfilm5t4 ,erit w\ld h impli$   
mu* less c]ta9ty4 ,trans4 ',i w d s if  
my action is go+ to give y pleasure'    
,cf4 #fg beatus futurus sum1 also #ha1  
#he4 ,see ,roby1 #adid4 -- ,,nisi       
,,mole/um ,,e/3#c a common expression ( 
c\rtesy1 l #ae nisi ali5um putas1 si    
placet1 cf4 ,hor4 ,sat4 #b1 #h1 #d si   
grave non e/4 -- ,,tamquam ,,longam     
,,viam3 ,cic]o "h puts into ,laelius'   
m\? almo/ ! v words address$ by         
,socrates to ! ag$ ,cephalus 9 !        
introduction to ,plato's ,republic1 #cbh
 ,e4 ,obs]ve ! succession ( simil> s\nds
 9 tamquam1 aliquam1 longam1 viam4 --   
,,viam ,,confec]is3 s pro ,qu9t4 #gi    
confic]e ,,dcc milia passuum1 confic]e  
it] a common phrase4 ,= mood see ,a     
#cab1 ,g #fjd1 ,h #eac1 ,,ii4 -- ,,quam 
444 ,,+r$iundum ,,sit3 ?is con/ruction1 

! neut] ( ! g]undive ) e/ foll[$ by an  
accusative case1 is exce$+ly r>e except+
 9 two writ]s1 ,lucretius & ,v>ro4 ,see 
! full li/ ( examples giv5 by ,roby1    
,gram41 ,pref4 to vol4 #b1 p4 ,,lxxii4  
,a #bid1 c1 ,h #cga1 ,i4 #b1 #b1 n4 ,!  
be/ texts ( ,cic]o n[ give only "o      
example ( a con/ruction at all resembl+ 
?is1 viz4 pro ,scauro #ac oblivisc5dum  
vobis putatis matrum 9 lib]os1 virorum 9
 uxores scel]a8 ,! supposition ( "s     
s*ol>s1 t 9 ?is passage ,cic4 us$ !     
con/ruction 9 imitation ( ! ar*aic /yle 
( ,cato1 is n likely to be true1 see+ t 
9 ,cato's extant works ! con/ruction    
does n once occur4 ,= ! =m undum see n4 
on #e f]undum4 -- ,,i/uc n adv]b1 b     
neut] pron\n1 z 9 #h4 ,! k9d (          
con/ruction1 i/uc vid]e quale sit =     
vid]e quale i/uc sit1 is especially     
common 9 ,cic]o4  #g4 ,,faciam ,,ut     
,,pot]o3 ',i w d x z well z ,i c4'      
,obs]ve ! future pot]o :]e ,engli% idiom
 w\ld require a pres5t4 ,s ,rep4 #a1 #ch
 hic ,scipio1 faciam quod voltis1 ut    

pot]o4 -- ,,saepe ,,enim3 enim          
introduces a reason1 n = ! words ut     
pot]o1 b = faciam -- ',i w grant y\r    
reque/ because ,i h (t5 he>d compla9ts  
ab\t old age & !re=e h ?\ght ( ! matt]'4
 -- ,,p>es ,,autem etc43 p>5!tical4 --  
,,vet]e ,,prov]bio3 ! say+ is z old z   
,hom]1 ,od4 #ag1 #bah z         2 cf4   
also ,plat41 ,rep4 #cbi ,a1 ,symp4 #aie 
,b1 ,pha$r4 #bdj ,c4  ,p4 #d4 --        
,,facillime3 'mo/ *e]fully'1 'mo/       
eag]ly'2 a common mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ,cic41 
e4g4 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #b 9 m>itimis       
facillime sum1 i4e4 ',i f9d mo/ pleasure
 9 /ay+ by ! sea'4 -- ,,quae3 a k9d (   
explanation ( qu]ellis3 -- 'lam5tations1
 viz4 su* utt]ances z' etc42 see n4 on  
,lael4 #ad quae2 cf4 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #b   
s]monibus de re publica 444 quae nec    
possunt scribi nec scrib5da sunt4 ,a4   
#aii1 b2 ,g4 #faf1 #c1 ,i42 ,h4 #dde1   
#e4 -- ,c4 ,,sal9ator3 probably ,c4     
,livius ,sal9ator1 praetor 9 #aia ,b4,c4
 7,livy #ce1 #bd71 :o 0 entru/$ ) !     
equipm5t ( ! ,roman fleets dur+ ! w>    

aga9/ ,antio*us4 ,he 0 born ab\t #bcj1 &
 0 !re=e a little y\ng] ?an ,cato2 cf4  
f]e aequales bel[4 ,sal9ator 0 consul 9 
#ahh1 & di$ 9 #agj4 ,= ! "n ,sal9ator   
cf4 n4 on #aa4 -- ,,sp4 ,,alb9us3 ,sp4  
,po/umius ,alb9us 0 consul 9 #ahf1 & 0 )
 8 colleague appo9t$ to inve/igate !    
great ,bac*analian conspiracy ( t ye>   
7,livy #ci1 ,,cc4 #a seq474 ,alb9us di$ 
9 #ahj4 ,he 0 probably a little y\ng]   
?an ,sal9ator4 ,he c sc>cely h be5 fifty
 ye>s ( age at 8 dea?4 -- ,,tum 444     
,,tum3 'n[ 444 aga9'2 s 9 #de4 --       
,,c>]5t3 see n4 on #c f]at4 -- ,,vitam  
,,nullam ,,put>5t3 '!y consid]$ life to 
be n life at all'4 ,= vitam nullam cf4  
,lael4 #hf s9e amicitia vitam esse      
nullam2 also ! ,greek phrase  2 & bel[1 
#gg vitam quae e/ sola vita nom9&a2 also
 #hb4 ,a4 #bci2 ,h4 #cgc1 #a1 n4 #b4    
,put>5t  '?\ght1 z !y said'4 -- ,,id    
,,quod ,,esset ,,accus&um3 ! subjunctive
 esset is us$ because a class ( ?+s is  
ref]r$ to1 'no?+ ( a nature to des]ve   
compla9t'2 id quod erat1 etc4 w\ld h    

meant m]ely 't "o ?+ :i* 0 matt] =      
compla9t'4 ,a4 #cbj2 ,g4 #fcd1 ,rem4 #a2
 ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 -- ,,usu ,,v5ir5t3 !     
phrase usu v5ire diff]s v little 9 mean+
 f accid]e4 ,usu is commonly expla9$ z  
an ablative 7'9 practice'1 '9           
exp]i5ce'71 b is q z likely to be a     
dative ( ! sort g5]ally call$ pr$icative
 7'to come z matt] ( exp]i5ce'72 cf4    
,v]g4 ,a54 #a1 #bb v5ire excidio2 ,pl94 
,n4,h4 #bh1 #ajf odio2 ,caes4 ,b4,g4 #e1
 #bg subsidio4 -- ,,quorum 444          
,,multorum3 ! fir/ g5itive is dep5d5t on
 ! second1 s t quorum  e quibus4 ,notice
 ! sep>ation ( quorum f multorum & (    
multorum f s5ectutem4 -- ,,s9e          
,,qu]ella3 attribute ( s5ectutem4 ,a4   
#bag1 ,rem42 ,h4 #cei1 n4 #a1 #d71 & n4 
#c4 ,?is =m ( attributive phrase1       
consi/+ ( a preposition ) a n\n1 is     
common2 cf4 #bd ex agro ,sab9o ru/icos  
,romanos2 #dj cum ho/ibus cl&e/9a       
colloquia4 ,qu]ella is bett] spell+ ?an 
qu]ela4 ,see ,roby1 #agg1 #b4 -- ,,qui3 
'm5 ( su* nature z to 444'4 -- ,,et 444 

,,nec3 ,roby #bbda4 ,! reason = !       
dep>ture f ! ord9>y sequ5ce ( p>ticles  
lies 9 ! words non mole/e4 ,nec 444et   
is common2 see #ea1 #ec4 -- ,,libid9um  
,,v9culis etc43 ,cic4 is "h ?9k+ ( !    
conv]sation betwe5 ,socrates & ,cephalus
 9 ,plato1 ,rep4 #cbi ,d1 = :i* see     
,introd4 -- ,,mod]ati3 'self-controll$'2
 cf4 n4 on #a mod]ationem2 difficiles1  
'peevi%'2 inhumani1 'unk9dly'2          
importunitas1 'p]v]sity'4 ,importunitas 
seems to be us$ z ! sub/antive          
correspond+ 9 s5se ) ! adjective        
difficilis4 ,difficultas1 9 ! s5se (    
'peevi%ness'1 probably occurs only 9    
,mur4 #ai4  #h4 ,,dix]it ,,quispiam3 '"s
 "o w say pres5tly'2 a g5tle way (      
introduc+ "o's own objection4 ,! mood ( 
dix]it is probably indicative1 n        
subjunctive2 see ! ?or\gh discussion 9  
,roby1 ,gram41 ,vol4 #b1 ,pref41 p4     
,,civ4 et seq4 -- ,,opes ,,et ,,copias3 
'res\rces & means'4 ,opes has a wid]    
mean+ ?an copias 7m]e mat]ial weal?7 &  
includes all s\rces ( p[]1 influ5ce1 &  

au?ority z well z weal?4 ,?us 9 ,lael4  
#bb ! end ( divitiae is said to be      
enjoym5t2 ( opes1 wor%ip 7opes ut       
col>e74 ,dignitas is social position4 --
 ,,id3 rem>k ! s+ul> pron\n1 :i*        
indicates t ! prec$+ clause is n[ tak5 z
 convey+ "o idea4 ,trans4 'su* =tune'4  
-- ,,cont+]e3 'to fall to "o's lot' is !
 phrase 9 ,engli% :i* mo/ closely       
repres5ts cont+]e4 ,?is v]b is n1 z is  
(t5 assum$1 us$ m]ely ( good =tune2 x   
implies 9 itself no?+ conc]n+ ! "* (    
ev5ts1 :e!r !y be good or bad1 b simply 
t ! ev5ts take place naturally & 7 to be
 expect$4 ,see n4 on ,lael4 #h1 :]e ! ^w
 is di/9ctly us$ 9 connection ) bad     
=tune1 z x is1 /rik+ly1 9 #ga bel[4 --  
,,e/ 444 ,,omnia3 'y\r /atem5t inde$    
am\nts to some?+1 b x by no means       
comprises e consid]ation'4 ,! phrase    
esse aliquid1 'to be ( "s importance'1  
is (t5 us$ by ,cic4 bo? ( ?+s & (       
p]sons2 cf4 ,tusc4 #e1 #ajd eos aliquid 
esse1 also n4 on #ag nihil aff]unt4 ,s  
esse aliquis ( p]sons1 z 9 ! well-kn[n  

passage ( ,iuv5al1 #a1 #gb aude aliquid 
brevibus ,gy>is et c>c]e dignum si vis  
esse aliquis4 ,= ! g5]al s5se cf4 ,tusc4
 #c1 #eb e/ id quidem magnum1 s$ non    
sunt 9 hoc omnia2 s ,de ,or4 #b1 #bae2  
ib4 #c1 #bba2 ,leg4 #b1 #bd 9 quo sunt  
omnia4 -- ,,i/o3 ! use ( ! neut] pron\n 
9 ! oblique case z sub/antive is        
noticeable4 -- ,,!mi/ocles ,,etc43      
,cic]o borr[s ! /ory f ,plato 7,rep4    
#cbi ,e et seq471 b x 0 fir/ told by    
,h]odotus1 #h1 #abe :o gave a some:at   
diff]5t v]sion4 ,!mi/ocles _h receiv$   
great honors at ,sp>ta :5 ,a!nian       
ambassador !re2 an envi\s man decl>+ t !
 honors 7 paid really to ,a!ns & n to   
,!mi/ocles1 ! /atesman answ]$   1       
7i4e4 an inhabitant ( ! small isl& (    
,belb9a ly+ to ! ,s4 ( ,cape ,sunium7   
1   1 1  4 -- ,,s]iphio3 ,s]iphus is a  
small isl& belong+ to ! ,cyclad gr\p &  
ly+ almo/ due ,n4 ( ,melos1 & due ,e4 ( 
! ,scyllaean promontory4 ,s]iphus is (t5
 tak5 by anci5t writ]s z a specim5 ( an 
insignificant community 7e4g4 ,ari/oph4 

,a*>n4 #edb2 ,cic4 ,n4,d4 #a1 #hh71 b x 
_h ! honor ( be+ "o ( ! ?ree isl& /ates 
:i* refus$ to give e>? & wat] to !      
,p]sian envoys1 ! o!r two be+ ! adjac5t 
isl&s ( ,melos & ,siphnus 7,h]odotus1   
#h1 #df74 -- ,,iurgio3 iurgium is a     
qu>rel :i* does n g beyond words2 rixa a
 qu>rel :]e ! disputants come to bl[s4  
-- ,,si ,,ego3 b fur!r on1 tu si4 ,!    
contra/ w\ld c]ta9ly be m p]fect if ego 
si 7 read1 z has be5 propos$1 9 place ( 
si ego4 -- ,,quod ,,eodem ,,modo 444    
,,dici3 ,cic4 commonly says quod ita    
dic5dum & ! l2 see n4 on #ce quod ni ita
 fuisset4 ,cato means t j z ,!mi/ocles' 
success 0 due to two ?+s1 8 own "* & 8  
good =tune1 s two ?+s are necess>y to   
make old age endurable1 viz4 mod]ate    
=tune & wisdom4 ,he !n 9 #i insi/s t (  
^! two conditions wisdom is f> ! m      
important4 -- ,,nec 444 ,,levis 444     
,,nec 444 ,,non ,,gravis3 notice !      
*iasmus4  #i4 ,,omn9o3 "h   'und\bt$ly'1
 9 a /rongly affirmative s5se1 z 9 #gf2 
b 9 #bh 7:]e see n47 x is concessive4 --

 ,,cum ,,diu ,,multumque ,,vix]is3      
lit]ally ':5 y h liv$ long & mu*'1 i4e4 
:5 y h n only _h a long life b h done a 
great deal 9 ! c\rse ( x4 ,! phrases diu
 multumque1 multum et diu are common 9  
,cic41 z bel[1 #ch2 ,acad4 #a1 #d2 ,div4
 #b1 #a2 ,(f #a1 #aah2 ,leg4 ,agr4 #b1  
#hh2 ,de ,or4 #a1 #aeb4 ,= mood see ,a4 
#cji1 a2 ,h4 #eah1 #b4 -- ,,ecf]unt3    
ecf]unt = eff]unt 7ec  ex  ecs2 s     7 
0 old-fa%ion$ 9 ,cic]o's "t1 b =ms ( !  
sort1 z bel[1 #ci ecfr5ate1 accord+ to !
 evid5ce ( ! be/ ,,mss41 occur 9 a good 
_m passages4 ,see ,neue1 ,=m5lehre1     
,vol4 #b1 pp4 #gff seq41 ed4 #b4 --     
,,numquam ,,des]unt3 ! omission ( !     
object aft] des]unt is n common4 ,) !   
g5]al s5se ( ?is passage cf4 ,ar*4 #af  
litt]>um /udia adulesc5tiam alunt1      
s5ectutem oblectant1 secundas res       
ornant1 adv]sis p]fugium ac sol>ium     
praeb5t1 delectant domi1 non imp$iunt   
=is1 p]noctant nobiscum1 p]egr9antur1   
ru/icantur4  ,p4 #e4 -- #aj4 ,q4        
,,maximum3 ! fam\s ,q4 ,fabius ,maximus 

,v]rucosus ,ovicula ,cunctator1 h]o ( ! 
,second ,punic ,w>4 -- ,,eum 444        
,,recepit3 ?is clause has (t5 be5       
suspect$ to be an ins]tion ( ! writ]s ( 
,,mss4 ,b 7#a7 ! capture ( ,t>5tum 9    
#bji ,b4,c4 0 ,fabius' cr[n+ a*ievem5t1 
& 'captor ( ,t>5tum' 0 (t5 add$ to 8 "n 
z a title ( honor2 see ,de ,orat4 #b1   
#bgc2 & 7#b7 !re 7 sev]al o!r p]sons (  
di/9ction be>+ ! "n ,q4 ,maximus ab\t ! 
same "t1 s t "s special m>k 0 want$ = ! 
sake ( cle>ness4 ,notice recepit        
'recov]$'1 ,t>5tum hav+ be5 lo/ by !    
,romans to ,hannibal 9 #bab ,b4,c4 --   
,,s5em ,,adulesc5s3 obs]ve ! emphasis   
giv5 by plac+ close toge!r ! two words (
 opposite mean+4 -- ,,erat 444          
,,gravitas3 't h]o possess$ dignity     
temp]$ by c\rtesy'4 ,expressions l erat 
9 illo gravitas are common 9 ,cic]o2    
e4g4 ,mur4 #eh erat 9 ,cotta summa      
eloqu5tia4 ,! metaphor 9 condta1        
'season$'1 is also common2 cf4 ,lael4   
#ff condim5tum amicitiae4 -- ,,quamquam3
 '?\gh inde$'1 introduc+ a necess>y     

correction ( ! la/ words nec s5ectus    
mores mutav]at4 ,= ?is corrective       
quamquam cf4 n4 on #b4 -- ,,consul      
,,primum3 ,b4,c4 #bcc4 -- ,,gr&em       
,,natu3 al?\gh ! phrases maior1 maximus1
 p>vus1 m9or1 m9imus natu are ( frequ5t 
occurr5ce1 yet magnus natu is n ,lat91  
gr&is natu be+ always us$ in/ead4 ,!    
hi/orians sometimes use magno natu esse 
or 9 magno natu esse4 -- ,,anno ,,po/3 !
 ^w unus is n usually atta*$ to annus   
except :]e !re is a /rong contra/ betwe5
 "o & a l>g] numb] ( ye>s4 ,anno po/ mu/
 n be translat$ 'dur+ ! ye> aft]'2 b    
ei!r 'a ye> aft]'1 anno be+ reg>d$ z !  
ablative ( measure or excess1 lit]ally  
'lat] by a ye>'1 or 'at ! end ( a ye>'1 
! ablative be+ "o ( limitation1 & fu]at 
be+ equival5t to factus erat '_h be5    
elect$'4 ,s qu9to anno bel[1 'at ! end (
 ! fif? ye>'1 i4e4 'five ye>s aft]'4 -- 
,,adulesc5tulus ,,miles3 ,see n4 on #ba 
quemquam s5em4 ,translate ':5 q a y\? ,i
 m>*$ ) him to ,capua z a private       
soldi]'4 ,g4 #cbd2 ,h4 #cfc1 #c1 #b74   

,miles "h  greg>ius miles4 -- ,,quem    
,,magi/ratum3 sc4 quae/uram1 to be      
und]/ood f quae/or ,cf4 ,mur4 #ah       
quae/uram una petiit et sum ego factus  
7sc4 quae/or7 prior4 -- ,,tuditano ,,et 
,,ce!go3 :5 ! pra5om9a ( ! consuls are  
giv5 ! names g5]ally /& side by side )\t
 et2 :5 !y are omitt$ et is g5]ally     
ins]t$4 ,cf4 n4 on #ej ,c5tone          
,tuditanoque1 etc4 -- ,,cum ,,quidem3 ! 
quidem simply adds a slight emphasis to 
cum2 'at ! v "t :5'1  4 -- ,,suasor3    
suasor legis 0 any p]son :o publicly    
7i4e4 be=e ! s5ate or p 9 contio        
assembl$7 spoke 9 favor ( a measure1    
dissuasor any "o :o spoke aga9/ x4 ,cf4 
#ad suasissem4 -- ,,legis ,,c9ciae3 a   
law pass$ 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 by ,m4 ,c9cius  
,alim5tus1 a plebeian tribune1 :]eby    
advocates 7 =bidd5 to take fees f _!    
cli5ts1 & c]ta9 limitations 7 plac$ on  
gifts ( prop]ty by private p]sons4 --   
,,cum 444 ,,esset3 '?\gh he 0'2 s bel[  
#aa1 #cj1 etc4 -- ,,gr&is3  gr&is natu4 
-- ,,iuv5ilit]3 ,hannibal 0 #bi ye>s (  

age :5 he ent]$ ,italy 9 #bah4 --       
,,exsultantem3 'wildly roam+'4 ,! ^w 9  
its lit]al s5se is us$ ( a horse gallop+
 at its own w ov] a pla94 ,!            
metaphorical use is common 9 ,cic]o2 cf4
 ,acad4 #b1 #aab cum sit campus 9 quo   
exsult>e possit oratio1 cur eam tantas 9
 angu/ias compellimus8 -- ,,pati5tia3   
'endurance'1 'p]si/5ce'2 x is n         
equival5t to our 'pati5ce'4 --          
,,praecl>e3 sc4 dicit2 cf4 n4 on #c4 -- 
,,famili>is3 see ,introd4 -- ,,unus     
,,homo etc43 ^! l9es 7 fam\s1 & 7 n only
 (t5 quot$ ) ! "n ( ,ennius atta*$ 7z 9 
,(f4 #a1 #hd2 ,livy #cj1 #bf71 b also   
imitat$ or adapt$ )\t m5tion ( 8 "n1 z1 
be+ too famili> to ne$ x2 cf4 ,att4 #b1 
#ai1 #b2 ,ovid1 ,fa/4 #b1 #bda2 ,v]g4   
,a54 #f1 #hdf2 ,suet4 ,tib4 #ba4 --     
,,cunct&o3 ,cf4 ,polybius #c1 #aje1 #h4 
,on ,fabius' milit>y policy consult     
,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4  
#e4 -- ,,rem3 "h  rem publicam4 --      
,,no5um3 ! old] =m f :i* non is an      
abbreviation2  ne-o9om1 n-o9om1 lit]ally

 'n "o ?+'2 cf4 nihil  ne-hilum 'n a    
:it'1 also ! r>e ^w n+ulus  ne o9culus1 
'n ev5 a little "o'4 -- ,,rumores3      
'fame'1 'public op9ion'4 -- ,,poneb,a,t3
 = ! long v[el cf4 n4 on #a1 l4 #b      
v]sat4 -- ,,plusque3 ,,mss4 po/que2     
plusqueis ! em5dation ( ,b]nays4        
,plusque magisque is a v>iation ^u !    
ord9>y phrases plus plusque1 magis      
magisque4  #aa4 ,,sal9atori3 !re c be no
 d\bt t ,cic]o is guilty ( a blund] "h1 
& 9 ,de ,or4 #b1 #bgc :]e ! /ory also   
occurs4 ,livy 7#bg1 #cd1 #g7 gives ,m4  
,livius ,macatus z ! "n ( ! ,roman      
comm&] :o held ! citadel ( ,t>5tum :ile 
,hannibal 0 9 possession ( ! t[n4 ,cic]o
 probably f\nd ! comm&] describ$ by !   
annali/s m]ely z ,m4 ,livius 7s 9 ,livy 
#bd1 #bj1 #ac2 #bf1 #ci1 #a71 & !n jump$
 to tne conclusion t he 0 ! fam\s ,m4   
,livius ,sal9ator4 ,?is man1 ! fa!r ( ! 
,sal9ator m5tion$ 9 #g1 0 consul 9 #bai 
& subdu$ ! ,illyrians1 b 0 condemn$ =   
misappropriation ( public moneys & w5t  
into exile4 ,9 #baj he 0 induc$ to      

return by ! desire ( ! s5ate4 ,9 #bjg he
 became consul ) ,c4 ,claudius ,n]o1 &  
defeat$ ,hasdrubal 9 ! great battle ( ! 
,metaurus4 ,9 #bjd ,livius 0 c5sor )    
,n]o z 8 colleague1 & won 8 "n ,sal9ator
 by impos+ a tax on salt4 ,! title 0    
be/[$ 9 ridicule1 b clung to ! family4  
,sal9ator 0 a relative ( ,m4 ,livius    
,macatus4 ,see ,liv #bg1 #cd1 #g4 --    
,,ita ,,dic5ti etc43 ! anecdote is told 
by ,livy1 #bg1 #be1 #e & ,plut>*1 ,fab4 
#bc4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 ref] ! /ory n to ! "t 
at :i* ,t>5tum 0 tak51 b to ! ye> aft]1 
:5 alt]cations ab\t x took place 9 !    
s5ate4 -- ,,toga3 "h put = 'civil life'1
 ! toga be+ replac$ 9 "t ( w> by !      
sagum4 ,cf4 9 ,pisonem #gc pacis e/     
insigne et oti toga1 contra autem arma  
tumultus atque belli2 ,de ,or4 #c1 #afg 
'togam'1 pro 'pace'1 'arma'1 ac 'tela'1 
pro 'bello'4 ,we h ! same contra/ betwe5
 arma & toga 9 ,cic]o's own mu*-d]id$   
v]se1 c$ant arma togae1 conc$at laurea  
laudi1 :i* is def5d$ by him1 9 ,pis4 #gc
 & ,(f4 #a1 #gg4 -- ,,consul ,,it]um    

etc43 z ! second consul%ip ( ,fabius 0 9
 #bbh ,b4,c41 :ile ! law ( ,flam9ius 0  
pass$ 9 #bcb 7accord+ to ,polybius71 x  
is v difficult to und]/& ! /atem5t "h   
made4 ,x is possible t ,flam9ius 0 "o ( 
! commission]s = execut+ 8 own law1 & t 
its execution la/$ ov] ! "t ( ,fabius'  
second consul%ip4 ,! ,flam9ius "h       
m5tion$ is ! same :o fell z consul 9    
#bag at ! battle ( lake ,trasim5us4 ,he 
held l>ge & /atesman-l views on ! policy
 ( secur+ ,italy by plant+ ,romans &    
,lat9s 9 ! t]ritory !n rec5tly tak5 f ! 
,gauls1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,arim9um4    
,?is p>ticul> measure 0 c>ri$ aga9/ ! w 
( ! s5ate1 & 0 ! fir/ law pass$1 s9ce ! 
lex ,hort5sia ( #bhg1 9 defiance ( its  
wi%es4 ,x 0 also ! fir/ agr>ian law s9ce
 ! ,lic9io-,sextian law ( #cfg4         
,polybius dates ! decl9e ( ! ,roman     
con/itution f ! pass+ ( ! lex ,flam9ia4 
,cf4',rhe9is*es ,museum'1 #ahdc1 p4     
#egc4 -- ,,sp4 ,,c>vilio ,,quiesc5te3   
?is ,sp4 ,c>vilius 0 consul 9 #bcd :5 he
 conqu]$ ! ,corsicans & ,s>d9ians4 ,9   

#bbh he 0 aga9 consul1 & di$ z augur 9  
#bab4 ,he is said1 b errone\sly1 to h   
be5 ! fir/ ,roman :o divorc$ 8 wife4 ,9 
#baf1 j aft] ! battle ( ,cannae1 he made
 a mo/ rem>kable proposal1 to fill up ! 
gaps :i* t battle _h made 9 ! numb]s ( !
 s5ate by select+ two memb]s f ea* ( !  
,lat9 communities4 ,x 0 almo/ ! only    
occasion 9 ! c\rse ( ,roman hi/ory :5   
any?+ l mod]n repres5tative gov]nm5t 0  
advocat$4 ,c>vilius 0 n sprung f "o ( ! 
noble families1 :o = ! mo/ "p monopoliz$
 ! high] (fices ( /ate1 x is !re=e n    
surpris+ t he %\ld h sympa?iz$ )        
,flam9ius4 -- ,,contra ,,s5atus         
,,auctoritatem3 'aga9/ ! express$ wi% ( 
! s5ate' ,s5atus auctoritas is1 /rictly 
speak+1 an op9ion ( ! s5ate n =mally    
embodi$ 9 a decree1 s5atus consultum4   
,cic]o1 9 ,inv5t4 #b1 #eb says ,flam9ius
 c>ri$ 8 law contra voluntatem omnium   
optimatium4 -- ,,divid5ti3 ':5 he tri$  
to divide'4 ,! p>ticiple is "h equival5t
 to cum ) ! imp]fect indicative         
7dividebat74 ,s 9 #ed l5i5tem ,a4 #bij1 

a2 ,g #ffh2 ,h #edi1 #a4  ,p4 #f4 --    
,,cum ,,esset3 '?\gh he 0'4 ,:at ,fabius
 decl>$ 0 reaily t ! auspicia 7 a       
political in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( !          
ari/ocrats1 r ?an a "p ( religion4      
,fabius1 accord+ to ,liv4 #cj1 #bf1 #g1 
0 augur = #fb ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 & _h no 
d\bt _h a l>ge exp]i5ce 9 ! manipulation
 ( ! auspicia = political purposes4     
,comp>e ,hom]1 ,iliad1 #ab1 #bdc1 also  
,cic4 ,phil4 #aa1 #bh ,iuppit] ipse     
sanxit ut omnia quae rei publicae       
salut>ia ess5t legitima et iu/a         
hab]5tur4 ,consult ,momms51 ,hi/ (      
,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 ,*4 #ab4  #ab4        
,,admirabilius3 'm amaz+'4 ,! ,lat9 ^w  
has a mu* /rong] mean+ ?an ! ,engli% ^w 
d]iv$ f x4 -- ,,quo ,,modo ,,tulit3  eum
 modum quo tulit1 s t ! clause is n     
really dep5d5t on cognovi1 nor tulit    
irregul>ly put = tul]it4 ,9 ,lael4 #i   
,laelius exclaims1 ( ,cato himself1 quo 
modo1 ut alia omittam1 mortem fili      
tulit4 ,& no d\bt ,cic4 meant "h to make
 ,cato allude to 8 loss1 describ$ 9 #hd4

 -- ,,fili3 see n4 on #a praemi4 --     
,,consul>is3 ! son ( ,fabius 0 consul 9 
#bac ) ,ti4 ,sempronius ,grac*us -- ,,e/
 ,,9 ,,manibus3 'is 9 e "o's h&s'1 'is  
commonly read'4 ,! expression is common 
en\gh 9 ?is s5se2 e4g4 ,lael4 #if 9     
manibus e/ oratio4 -- ,,laudatio3 sc4   
funebris1 ! fun]al spee*4 ,?is          
composition 0 read 9 ,cic]o's "t 7see   
,tusc4 #c1 #gj2 ,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a7 &     
exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,plut>*4 ,see ,plut>*'s  
life ( ,fab4 #bd4 -- ,,quem             
,,philosophum3 _m ( ! anci5t philosoph]s
 wrote popul> treatises 9 :i* !         
pr9ciples ( philosophy 7 appli$ to !    
alleviation ( sorr[4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 9
 ,cic]o's "t 0 ,crantor's  1 :i* ,cic]o 
us$ l>gely 9 writ+ 8 ,tusculan          
,disputations1 & also 9 8 ,de           
,consolatione on ! dea? ( 8 daught]4 -- 
,,9 ,,luce 444 ,,civium3 '9 public & "u 
! gaze ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5'4 ,d n        
translate 9 oculis by ! ,engli% phrase  
'9 ! eyes ('1 :i* has ano!r s5se4 ,!    
metaphor 9 lux is (t5 us$ by ,cic]o1 z  

,qu4 ,fr4 #a1 #a1 #g 9 luce ,asiae1 9   
oculis prov9ciae4 -- ,,notitia3 notitia 
is g5]al k1 (t5 m]ely ! result (        
sup]ficial obs]vation2 sci5tia is ?or\gh
 k1 ! result ( elaboration &            
g5]alization4 -- ,,multae ,,litt]ae3    
'great lit]>y atta9m5ts4' ,9 ?is s5se   
magnae c\ld n be us$ to repres5t        
'great'4 ,note ! ellipsis ( erant4 --   
,,ut ,,9 ,,hom9e ,,romano3 'consid]+ t  
he 0 a ,roman'1 or '= a ,roman'4 ,on !  
backw>dness ( ! ,romans 9 lit]>y        
pursuits see ,teuffel1 ,hi/4 ( ,rom4    
,lit1  #b2 cf4 also ,ritt]1 ,hi/4 (     
,anci5t ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4    
#a-ac1 ,eng4 ed4 ,9 p>5!tic clauses l   
?is1 ! introductory ut may convey two v 
diff]5t mean+s accord+ to ! context4    
,?us 9 ,acad4 #b1 #ih homo acutus1 ut   
,po5us is 'a ke5 witt$ man1 z might be  
expect$ ( a ,c>?ag9ian' 7cf ,colum #a1  
#c1 #h acutissimam g5tem ,po5os7 :ile   
,nepos1 ,epam4 #e1 #b ex]citatum 9      
dic5do ut ,!banum implies t oratory 0 n 
to be expect$ ( a ,!ban4 -- ,,dome/ica  

444 ,,ext]na ,,bella3 "h ! dome/ica     
bella are ^? w>s :i* belong to ! hi/ory 
( ,rome1 ! ext]na bella ^? w>s :i*      
belong to ! hi/ory ( o!r /ates2 b       
usually dome/ica bella are civil w>s1   
ext]na =eign w>s 9 :i* ,rome is engag$2 
e4g4 ,leg4 agr4 #b1 #ij omnibus         
dome/icis ext]nisque bellis2 9 ,catil   
#b1 #aa omnia sunt ext]na unius virtute 
pacata2 dome/icum bellum manet1 intus   
insidiae sunt4 ,! practice ( read+      
milit>y hi/ory 0 common among ,roman    
comm&]s2 see = in/ance ,acad4 #b1 #c (  
,lucullus2 ! practice is ridicul$ by    
,m>ius 9 ,sall4 ,iug4 #he4 -- ,,ita3 ita
 does n qualify cupide1 & has n ! s5se (
 tam1 x means r '9 ?is /ate'1 '"u ^!    
conditions'2 ! words f quasi to ! end ( 
! s5t5ce really =m an explanation ( ita4
 ,?is mode ( expression is (t5 f\nd1 ita
 & sic frequ5tly look on to clauses     
introduc$ by quasi1 si1 ut1 cum etc4 ,cf
 bel[ #bf sic quasi1 cupi5s 7:]e see    
n472 ,sall4 ,iug4 #he1 #ai ita aetatem  
agunt quasi ve/ros honores contemnunt1  

ita hos petunt quasi hone/e vix]9t4 --  
,,div9>em3 see ref]5ces on #f confec]is4
 -- ,,illo ,,ex/9cto3 ,fabius di$ 9 #bjc
 ,b4,c4 -- ,,=e ,,unde ,,disc]em        
,,nem9em3 cf4 ,acad4 #a1 #h quae nemo   
adhuc docu]at nec erat unde /udiosi     
scire poss5t4 ,unde ( p]sons 7"h  a     
quo72 is common 9 bo? v]se & prose 7s  &
 1 vid4 ,liddell & ,scott 9 vv472 cf4   
,horace #a1 #ab1 #ag unde nil maius     
g5]atur ipso2 #a1 #bh1 #bh2 ,cic4 de    
,or4 #a1 #fg ille ipse unde cognorit2   
ib4 #b1 #bhe4 ,s ubi  apud quem 9 ,v]r4 
#d1 #bi2 quo  ad quos bel[1 #hc1 & 9    
,v]r4 #d #ch2 cf4 also n4 on i/9c 9 #dg4
 ,= mood ( disc]em see ,a4 #cbj2 ,g4    
#fcd2 ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4  #ac4 ,,quorsus     
,,igitur ,,haec3 sc4 dixi4 -- ,,tam     
,,multa3 ?is takes ! place ( tot1 :i*1 l
 quot1 _c be us$ z a sub/antive4 --     
,,scipiones3 'm5 l ,scipio'1 i4e4 ! eld]
 ,africanus2 s #ae ,fabricii ,curii     
,coruncanii4 ,cic]o has "h put 8 own    
op9ion ( ,scipio into ! m\? ( ,cato1 :o1
 dur+ a l>ge "p ( 8 life1 0 a /aun* &   

ev5 bitt] oppon5t ( ,scipio1 & !re=e n  
likely to c\ple him ) ,fabius4 ,cf4     
,introd4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,record5tur3 !    
repetition ( ut ) ea* clause = ! sake ( 
effect may be comp>$ ) ! repetition (   
nihil 9 #ae1 #bg1 #da2 ( non 9 #cb2 (   
h9c 9 #dj2 ( sibi 9 #eh4 -- ,,p$e/ris3 =
 t]re/ris2 ! usage is v common2 s 9     
,greek  & 1  &  are (t5 contra/$ 7see   
,liddell & ,scott74 ,x is n record$ by  
hi/orians t ei!r ,scipio or ,fabius took
 "p p]sonally 9 naval w>f>e4 --         
,,record5tur3 ?is v]b implies ! habitual
 dwell+ ( ! memory ^u ! pa/4 -- ,,quiete
 ,,et ,,pure ,,atque ,,elegant]3 !      
enum]ation consi/s ( two bran*es        
connect$ by et1 ! second bran* be+      
subdivid$ into two memb]s connect$ by   
atque4 ,_h ea* ( ! adv]bs be5 int5d$ to 
/& on exactly ! same foot+ ,cic4 w\ld h 
writt5 et in/ead ( atque1 or else w\ld h
 omitt$ ! copula altoge!r2 see n4 on #ec
 capitum iugatio4 ,9 enum]ations ( ! =m 
,a  7,bl  ,b#b71 !  outside ! bracket is
 express$ by et1 !  inside ! bracket    

g5]ally be+ express$ by ac1 = :i* atque 
is sub/itut$ :5 ! foll[+ ^w 7i4e4 ,b#b7 
beg9s ) a v[el1 a guttural 7c1 q1 g7 or 
h1 be=e :i* ac 0 v seldom writt54 --    
,,pure ,,atque ,,elegant]3 's9lessly &  
g5tly'4 ,pure implies moral /a9lessness1
 elegant]1 lit]ally '9 *oice fa%ion'1   
implies da9t9ess comb9$ ) simplicity 9  
reg>d to ! ext]nal conditions ( life4 ,!
 same ideas are put toge!r 9 ,sull4 #gi 
cum summa elegantia atque integritate   
vixi/is4 -- ,,aetatis3 see n4 on #e4 -- 
,,placida ,,ac ,,l5is3 'quiet & mild'2  
placida ref]s to ! ext]nal surr\nd+s1   
l5is to ! temp] & "*4 -- ,,accepimus3   
sc4 fuisse2 = ! ellipsis ( ! inf9itive  
cf4 n4 on #bb vid]etur4 -- ,,uno ,,et   
,,octogesimo3 b bel[ qu>to 7n quattuor7 
nonagesimo4 ,9 ! comp\nd ord9al numb]s  
correspond+ to ^? c>d9al numb]s :i* are 
made up ( "o & a multiple ( t51 ! ,lat9s
 use unus (t5] ?an primus1 :i* w\ld be  
/rictly correct2 s 9 ,engli% '"o &      
eightie?' = 'eighty-fir/'4 ,! ord9>y    
,gramm> rule 7,roby1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddc  

'! ord9al n ! c>d9al is us$ 9 giv+ !    
date'7 requires slight correction4 ,= ! 
position ( ! words see ,g4 #id1 #c2 ,h4 
#agd1 footnote #c4 -- ,,scrib5s ,,e/    
,,mortuus3 'di$ :ile /ill engag$ ^u 8   
works'2 cf4 #bc num ,platonem 444 coegit
 9 suis /udiis obmutisc]e s5ectus8      
,diog4 ,la]t4 #c1 #b quot+ ,h]mippus 7a 
,greek writ] ( biography :o liv$ ab\t ! 
"t ( ! ,second ,punic w>71 says t ,plato
 di$ 9 ! middle ( a m>riage-fea/ at :i* 
he 0 a gue/4 ,val4 ,max4 #h1 #g1 #c     
gives a slightly diff]5t acc\nt4 --     
,,isocrati3 ?is =m ( ! g5itive ( ,greek 
prop] names 9 -es 0 probably us$ by     
,cic]o r ?an ! =m 9 -is2 see ,madvig on 
,f94 #a1 #ad2 ,neue1 ,=m5lehre1 #a #ccb4
 ,isocrates1 ! greate/ tea*] ( rhetoric 
( 8 "t1 liv$ f #dcf to #cch1 :5 he di$  
by volunt>y />vation ow+ to 8 grief at !
 loss ( ,greek fre$om ?r\gh ! battle (  
,*a]onea4 ,milton1 ,sonnet ,x4 ',t      
di%one/ victory ,at ,*a]onea1 fatal to  
lib]ty1 ,kill'd ) report t old man      
eloqu5t'4 -- ,,eum 444 ,,inscribitur3 ! 

p]iphrasis is common1 & ! v]b inscrib]e 
is ne>ly always 9 ! pres5t t5se 79 lat] 
prose z well z 9 ,cic]o7 z 9 #ei4 ,?is  
is sometimes ! case ev5 :]e ! neighbor+ 
v]bs are 9 pa/ t5ses1 z 9 ,acad4 #a1 #ab
 nec se t5uit qu9 contra suum doctorem  
librum etiam ed]et qui ,sosus           
inscribitur4 ,! pres5t seems to mean t !
 "n m5tion$ is cont9ually giv5 to ea*   
copy ( ! book z produc$2 :]e ! cont9u+  
multiplication ( copies is n look$ to1  
we h ! p]fect1 z ,att4 #h1 #e1 #b tu    
fasciculum 7bundle ( lett]s7 qui e/     
inscriptus 'des ,m'4 ,curio'1 velim     
cures ad eum p]f]5dum4 ,cf4 also ,de    
,or4 #b1 #fa deceptus indicibus librorum
 qui sunt f]e inscripti 7'to :i* !      
au?ors--once = all--h giv5 ! titles'7 de
 virtute1 de iu/itia1 etc42 s ,div4 #b1 
#a eo libro qui inscriptus ,hort5sius4  
-- ,,dicit3 ! ',pana!naicus'1 an        
encomium ( ,a!ns writt5 = recitation at 
! great fe/ival ( ! ,pana!naea1 is among
 ! works ( ,isocrates :i* we /ill       
possess4 ,9 c4 #a ,isocrates says     1 

4 -- ,,vixitque3 '& yet he liv$'4 ,! que
 "h has a slight adv]sative =ce1 z is   
(t5 ! case ) et4 ,cf4 n4 on #bh1 #dc1   
#gc4 -- ,,gorgias3 ! greate/ ( !        
sophi/s1 born at ,leont9i 9 ,sicily ab\t
 #dhe ,b4,c42 8 dea? took place1 accord+
 to ! v>y+ acc\nts1 9 #chj1 #cgh1 or    
#cgg4 ,9 8 old age he liv$ 9 ,!ssaly :]e
 ,isocrates /udi$ ) him2 see ,or4 #agf2 
,f94 #b1 #a4 ,= ! adjective ,leont9us   
plac$ be=e ! "n r ?an aft] cf4 #dc      
,!ssalo ,c9ea4 -- ,,c5tum ,,et ,,septem 
,,annos3 ,k5n$y1 ,gram41  #cd1 vii1 c1  
says1 '9 comp\nd numb]s above #ajj !    
l>g] numb]1 ) or )\t et1 g5]ally prec$es
 ! small]'2 cf4 ,roby1 ,vol4 #a p4 #ddc4
 -- ,,cesso3 does n correspond 9 mean+ )
 our 'cease'1 i4e4 'to come to a        
/&/ill'2 cesso is ',i am 9 a /ate (     
re/'1 ',i am idle'4 -- ,,qua]]etur3 !   
pa/ t5se1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal v]b inquit1 is
 9 ! pres5t1 because ! pres5t is !      
hi/orical pres5t & s equival5t to a pa/ 
t5se4 ,cf4 ,roby1 #aeaa-aead2 ,k5n$y    
#bbi1 #b4 ,a4 #bhg1 e2 ,g4 #eaa1 ,rem4  

#a2 ,h4 #die1 ,,ii4 ,! idiom by :i* !   
imp]fect /&s :]e we %\ld expect a t5se (
 complet$ action1 %\ld be notic$2 cf4   
,tusc4 #b1 #fj quem cum rog>et1         
respondit4 ,! explanation ( ! imp]fect 9
 su* cases is t x m>ks out1 m cle>ly ?an
 ! plup]fect w\ld1 ! fact t ! action ( !
 pr9cipal v]b & ! action ( ! dep5d5t v]b
 are practically contemporane\s4 ,9 our 
passage if quaesitum esset _h be5 writt5
 x w\ld h indicat$ m]ely t at "s q      
indef9ite "t aft] ! "q 0 put ! answ] 0  
giv54 ,cf4 ,n4,d4 #a1 #fj auctore 444   
obscurior4 -- ,,cur 444 ,,vita3 a h9t at
 suicide1 :i* ! anci5ts ?\ght a         
ju/ifiable mode ( escape f tr\bles1     
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ill heal? or old age4   
,see n4 on #gc vetat ,py?agoras4 ,esse 9
 vita is /rong] ?an viv]e2 cf4 ,qu4 ,fr4
 #a1 #c1 #e4 -- ,,nihil ,,habeo ,,quod  
,,accusem3 ',i h no reason to reproa*'4 
,cf4 ! common phrase quid e/ quod 4448  
,quod1 adv]bial acc4 ,a4 #bdj1 a2 ,g4   
#cca1 ,r4 #c2 ,h4 #cgh1 #b4 ,= mood (   
accusem see ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 n4 #b1 &      

ref]5ces on #ab disc]em4 -- ,,praecl>um 
,,responsum3 e/ is n requir$1 because   
responsum is 9 apposition to ! la/ "p ( 
! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,simil> appositions    
occur 9 ,laelius1 #fg1 #ga1 #gi4 --     
,,docto3 appli$ especially to           
philosoph]s1 b also to poets4 ,! ^w     
implies cultivation z well z m]e k2 'a  
le>n$ man'1 m]ely z su*1 is 'homo       
litt]atus'2 cf4 n4 on #ed4  ,p4 #g4 --  
#ad4 ,,cuius 444 ,,feci3 '! a=esaid' is 
9 good ,lat9 always express$ by a       
p>5!sis l ?is & n by a p>ticiple 9      
agreem5t ) ! n\n4 ,! phrases 'ante      
dictus'1 'supra dictus'1 belong to silv]
 ,lat91 :]e !y are common4 ,cf4 #bc quos
 ante dixi4 -- ,,sic ,,ut etc43 ! l9es  
are f ! ,annals ( ,ennius1 = :i* see n4 
on #a4 -- ,,ecus3 ,ennius did n write   
uu1 nor mo/ likely did ,cic]o2 ! =m] may
 h writt5 ei!r ecus1 equos1 or equs4 ,! 
la/ =m ,vahl5 pr9ts 9 8 edition (       
,ennius4 -- ,,spatio ,,supremo3 'at !   
end ( ! race-c\rse'1 'at ! goal'1 or x  
may be 'at ! la/ turn r\nd ! c\rse'1 !  

race requir+ ! c\rse to be run r\nd     
sev]al times2 cf4 ,hom]'s   9 ,iliad    
#bc1 #gfh4 ,s #hc decurso spatio2 ,v]g4 
,a54 #e1 #cbg iamque f]e spatio extreme 
fessique sub ipsam f9em adv5tabant4 --  
,,vicit ,,olumpia3 a direct imitation ( 
! ,greek phrase  1 to w9 a victory at an
 ,olympic conte/4 ,s ,horace ,ep4 #a1   
#a1 #ej has coron>i ,olympia   4 ,!     
editors pr9t ,olympia1 b ! use ( y to   
repres5t ,greek  did n come 9 till long 
aft] ! "t ( ,ennius4 -- ,,s5io3 diff]s f
 s5ectute 9 imply+ n m]ely old age1 b ! 
weakness :i* usually accompanies x4 --  
,,confectus3 = ! disreg>d ( ! f9al s 9  
scann+ cf4 n4 on #a1 l4 #f4 -- ,,equi   
,,victoris3 = ! almo/ adjectival use ( !
 sub/antive victor1 cf4 ,v]g4 ,a54 #g1  
#fef victores equos2 ib4 #ab1 #gea      
v5ator canis2 ib4 #aj1 #hia2 #aa1 #hi1 &
 ,georg4 #b1 #ade bellator equus1 9     
,!ocritus #ae1 #ea  4 ,! fem99e n\ns 9  
-trix are freely us$ z adjectives bo? 9 
v]se & 9 prose4 ,a4 #hh1 c2 ,h4 #dda1   
#c4 -- ,,quem ,,quidem3 ! same =m (     

transition is us$ 9 #bf1 #bi1 #df1 #ec4 
,! :ole ( ?is passage to suasissem is an
 exhibition ( antiqu>ian le>n+ q        
unnatural & inappropriate 9 a dialogue4 
-- ,,probe ,,mem9isse ,,pote/is3 cf4 ,de
 ,or4 #c1 #aid quem tu probe mem9i/i2   
,f94 #b1 #fc ,l4 ,?orius quem mem9isse  
tu non potes4 ,mem9i c take a p]sonal   
accusative only :5 ! p]son :o rememb]s 0
 a contempor>y ( ! p]son rememb]$2      
o!rwise ! g54 foll[s4 ,cf4 ,roby1 #accc2
 ,a4 #bai1 ,rem42 ,h4 #djg1 n4 #a4 --   
,,hi ,,consules3 '! pres5t consuls'4 -- 
,t4 ,,flam99us3 commonly said to be !   
son ( ! great ,flam99us 7#a1 l4 #a74 ,he
 0 altoge!r undi/+ui%$1 z also 7 !      
,acilius & ! ,caepio "h m5tion$4 ,?is   
passage gives ! imag9$ date ( ! dialogue
 z #aej ,b4,c4 -- ,,philippo3 ?is 0 ,q4 
,m>cius ,philippus1 :o 0 consul 9 #ahf &
 took "p 9 ! suppression ( ! great      
,bac*analian conspiracy ( t ye>4 ,= !   
next #ag ye>s he 0 a lead+ s5ator & mu* 
engag$ 9 diplomacy 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 #afi he 
0 aga9 consul & comm&$ aga9/ ,p]seus 9 !

 e>ly "p ( ! w>4 -- ,,cum 444 ,,legem   
,,voconiam 444 ,,suasissem3 'aft] ,i _h 
spok5 publicly 9 favor ( ! law o        
,voconius'4 ,= suasissem cf4 #aj suasor 
) n4 ,! ,lex ,voconia de muli]um        
h]$itatibus aim$ at secur+ ! cont9uance 
( prop]ty 9 families4 ,by its provisions
 no man :o possess$ prop]ty valu$ 9 !   
c5sors' li/s at #ajj1jjj se/]ces or m1  
c\ld appo9t a woman or wom5 z 8 h]es or 
h]$es2 fur!r1 no p]son or p]sons1 male  
or female1 c\ld receive "u ! w legacies 
am\nt+ 9 all to a l>g] sum ?an t receiv$
 by ! pr9cipal heir or heirs4 ,e ,roman 
w nam$ a h]es or h]$es1 on :om devolv$  
all ! privileges & duties ( ! deceas$1 )
 su* duties z 7 enjo9$ by ! w2          
p>ticul>ly ! duty ( pay+ ! legacies left
 to ^? :o 7 n h]$es4 ,see ,ma9e1 ,anci5t
 ,law1 ,*4 #f2 also ,hunt]1 ,introd4 to 
,roman ,law1 ,*4 #e4 -- ,,magna3 9 ,lat9
 ! ^w magnus is ! only equival5t ( our  
'l\d'4 -- ,,lat]ibus3 'lungs'4 ,cic4 & !
 be/ writ]s r>ely use pulmones =        
'lungs'2 ! few passages 9 :i* x occurs  

ei!r ref] to victims sacrific$ at !     
alt>1 or are m$ical or physiological    
descriptions4 ',good lungs' is always   
'bona lat]a' nev] pulmones4 -- ,,duo 444
 ,,s5ectutem3 ,ennius is said to h kept 
a s*ool 9 8 lat] days1 & to h liv$ 9 a  
cottage ) "o s]vant only4  #ae4 ,,et5im3
 ?is ^w g5]ally introduces ei!r an      
explanation or a pro( ( a prec$+        
/atem5t4 ,"h ! words are elliptic1 & !  
real connection ) :at prec$es c only be 
made cle> by a p>aphrase4 ',ennius seem$
 to delight 9 old age4 ,& no wond]1 s9ce
 !re are f\r causes :i* make m5 ?9k old 
age wret*$1 & no "o ( ^! w be>          
exam9ation'4 ,et5im may g5]ally be      
translat$ 'inde$'1 or '9 fact'4 -- ,,cum
 ,,complector ,,animo3 ':5 ,i grasp !m 9
 my ?\ghts'4 ,! object ( complector is  
to be suppli$ f causas4 -- ,,avocet3 sc4
 s5es4 ,! subjunctives d5ote t ^! are ! 
?\ghts n ( ! speak]1 b ( ! p]sons :o d  
?9k old age a wret*$ ?+4 ,see n4 on #c  
f]at2 b cf4 ,k5n$y1 ,gramm>1 pref41 p4  
#cj4 -- ,,alt]am 444 ,,t]tiam3 9        

enum]ations ( m ?an two ?+s unus & alt] 
g5]ally take ! place ( primus1 &        
secundus3 9 ,cic4 ^! latt] r>ely occur  
"u su* circum/ances4 ,cf4 ,att4 #c1 #ae1
 #a2 ,f94 #e1 #i2 ,(f4 #a1 #aeb2 ,clu5t4
 #agh4 -- ,,infirmius3 sc4 auam antea   
erat4 -- ,,quam ,,sit ,,iu/a3 ,cic]o    
g5]ally sep>ates f ! words !y qualify   
quam1 tam1 ita1 tantus1 quantus1 (t51 z 
"h1 by "o small ^w4 ,cf4 bel[1 #ce quam 
fuit imbecillus2 #dj tam esse inimicum4 
-- ,,quibus3 ! preposition a is (t5     
omitt$2 cf4 9 ,pis4 #ia ,ars9o5 444     
,naupactum fat]is ab ho/ibus esse       
captas4 ,quibus ho/ibus8 ,nempe eis     
etc42 ,tusc4 #c1 #cg s$ traducis        
cogitationes meas ad voluptates4 ,quas8 
,ev5 :5 relative & antec$5t are 9 ! same
 s5t5ce ! preposition is n (t5 repeat$2 
e4g4 ,f94 #e1 #fh eodem 9 g5]e quo illa4
 -- ,,an ,,eis3 an always introduces a  
"q :i* is n indep5d5t1 b foll[s ^u a    
previ\s "q ei!r express$ or impli$4 ,"h 
quibus implies omnibusne4 ,cf4 div4 9   
,caec4 #eb quid enim dices8 ,an id quod 

dictitas 444 :]e quid implies nihilne3  
also bel[1 #bc1 #bi anne4 ,a #baa1 b2   
,g4 #dei2 ,h4 #cec1 #b1 n4 #d4 --       
,,iuv5tute ,,et ,,viribus3 commonly     
expla9$ z a h5diadys1 i4e4 z put =      
iuv5tutis viribus2 b ,cic4 no m meant   
?is ?an we mean '! /r5g? ( y\?' :5 we   
speak ( 'y\? & /r5g?'4 ,real in/ances ( 
h5diadys are mu* r>] ?an is g5]ally     
suppos$4 -- ,,quae3  tales ut4 -- ,l4   
,,paulus3 ?is is ,l4 ,aemilius ,paulus  
,mac$onicus1 consul 9 #ahb ,b4,c41 &    
aga9 9 #afh :5 he f9i%$ ! ?ird          
,mac$onian w> by utt]ly defeat+ ,p]seus 
at ,pydna4 ,= 8 connection ) ,scipio &  
,cato see ,introd4 -- ,,pat] ,,tuus3    
i4e4 ,scipio2 s 9 #bi avi tui1 & 9 #ge  
avum tuum1 )\t m5tion ( "y ,scipio's "n1
 b 9 #di patris tui1 ,scipio2 s #gg4 -- 
,,fabricii etc43 = ! plurals see n4 on  
#ac4 ,c4 ,fabricius ,lusc9us1 consul 9  
#bhb1 #bgh1 & #bgc ,b4,c41 c5sor 9 #bge1
 held ! comm& aga9/ ,pyrrhus4 ,! ,roman 
writ]s1 ,cic]o especially1 are nev] tir$
 ( eulogiz+ him z a patt]n ( old-fa%ion$

 ,roman virtue4 ,manius ,curius         
,d5tatus1 consul 9 #bij1 #bge1 & #bgd   
practically1 if n =mally1 end$ ! ?ird   
,samnite w>1 & also comm&$ aga9/        
,pyrrhus2 see #ee4 ,he 0 fam$ = 8 /urdy 
,roman simplicity & frugality4 ,tib]ius 
,coruncanius z consul 9 #bhj cru%$ an   
,etruscan insurrection4 ,9 #beb he      
became ! fir/ plebeian pontifex maximus4
 ,^! ?ree m5 are v frequ5tly m5tion$    
toge!r by ,cic]o2 cf4 bel[1 #dc1 ,lael4 
#ah4 -- ,,nihil ,,agebant3 obs]ve t     
nihil agebat is put at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/
 s5t5ce1 nihil agebant at ! end ( !     
second2 *iasmus4  #af4 ,a4 ,,claudi3    
,appius ,claudius1 ! head ( ! mo/       
/rongly ari/ocratic family 9 ,rome1 0   
c5sor 9 #caa ,b4,c41 :5 he con/ruct$ !  
via ,appia1 & consul 9 #cjg & #bif4 ,he 
_h to be c>ri$ into ! s5ate-h\se 9 ord] 
to oppose ! peace ) ,pyrrhus --         
,,acc$ebat ,,ut3 acc$it is f> (t5]      
foll[$ by a clause ) quod & indicative  
?an by a clause ) ut & subjunctive4 ,:5 
! quod clause foll[s1 x conta9s a fact  

look$ at m]ely z a fact & no?+ m1 b ! ut
 clause views ! fact z consequ5t ^u1 or 
dep5d5t on "s o!r fact4 ,"h ! bl9dness  
is reg>d$ z be+ ! consequ5ce ( old age1 
?\gh ,livy #i1 #bi1 #aa & o!r au?ors    
attribute x to ! ang] ( ! gods1 because 
z c5sor ,appius _h tak5 ! adm9i/ration (
 ! wor%ip ( ,h]cules away f ! anci5t    
family ( ! ,potitii1 & _h plac$ x 9 !   
h&s ( public slaves4 ,! m5tal vigor (   
,appius 9 8 old age is m5tion$ by ,cic4 
9 ,tusc4 #e1 #aab4  ,p4 #h4 -- ,,cum    
,,pyrrho3 note ! position ( ! words     
betwe5 pacem & fo$us1 ) bo? ( :i* !y g4 
,?is usage is call$ by ! gramm>ians     
coniunctio2 cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #h cum     
summi viri tum amicissimi1 also above1  
quae iuv5tute g]untur et viribus1 bel[  
#ah quae sunt g]5da praescribo et quo   
modo4 -- ,,fo$us3 ?is seems oppos$ to   
pacem z a =mal engagem5t is to a m]e    
ab/5tion f ho/ilities4 -- ,,non         
,,dubitavit ,,dic]e3 :5 dubit>e means   
'to hesitate' 7ab\t a c\rse ( action71 &
 ! s5t5ce is negative1 or an            

int]rogative s5t5ce assum+ a negative   
answ]1 ! inf9itive con/ruction g5]ally  
foll[s1 z "h2 b ! inf9itive is r>e 9 a  
positive s5t5ce4 ,:5 dubit>e means to   
'be 9 d\bt' 7z to :e!r c]ta9 /atem5ts   
are true or n71 ! regul> con/ruction is 
ei!r qu9 ) subj4 or "s =m ( indirect    
int]rogative clause4 ,cf4 bel[1 #be4 -- 
,,quo ,,vobis3 f ! ,annales4 ,9 m5tis   
dem5tis we h oxymoron 7an int5tional    
contradiction 9 t]ms7 z 9 #ch s5sum s9e 
s5su2 #ci munus 444 auf]t4 ,on ! case ( 
vobis1 see ,roby1 #aaed1 ,a4 #bce1 a1   
,h4 #chd1 #d1 n4 #b4 -- ,,antehac3      
always a dissyllable 9 v]se1 & probably 
s pron\nc$ 9 prose -- ,,viai3 ! old     
g5itive4 ,a4 #cf a1 ,g4 #bg1 ,rem4 #a1  
,h4 #di1 #b4 ,! read+ is n q c]ta91 if  
viai be read x is n altoge!r c]ta9 :e!r 
x dep5ds on quo or on sese flex]e4 ,9 ! 
=m] con/ruction we h a p>titive g5 ) an 
adv2 ,a4 #baf1 a1 #d1 ,g4 #cga1 ,rem4   
#d1 ,h4 #cig1 #d1 9 ! latt]1 a di/9ct   
,graecism l des9e qu]ell>um 7,hor ,od   
#b1 #i1 #ag7 & ! l2 ,a4 #bdc ,rem41 ,g4 

#cgc ,rem4 #f1 ,h4 #daj ,v #d4 -- ,,et  
,,tam53 ! s5se is incompletely express$1
 9 full x is '& yet !re is no ne$ = me  
to ref] to ,appius' spee* z giv5 by     
,ennius1 s9ce ! spee* itself is 9       
exi/5ce4' ,exactly simil> ellipses are  
f\nd ) et tam5 9 ,f9 #a1 #aa & #ae2 #b1 
#ae1 #ba1 #fd & #he1 ,att4 #g1 #c1 #aj1 
,lucretius #e1 #aagg4 ,9 ,munro's note  
on ! la/ passage a collection ( examples
 w be f\nd4 -- ,,appi 444 ,,oratio3 !   
spee* 0 kn[n to ,cic]o1 & 0 "o ( ! olde/
 monum5ts ( prose composition 9 ,lat9   
extant 9 8 "t1 see ,brut4 #fa4 ,plut>*1 
,pyrrhus #ai1 gives an acc\nt ( ,appius'
 spee*1 :i* may f\nd$ on ! orig9al1 he  
m5tions x also 9 8 tract commonly call$ 
'an s5i sit g]5da res publica'1 c4 #ba4 
,ihne 7,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4    
#eba1 ,eng4 ed47 d\bts :e!r ! spee*1 z  
,cic4 knew x1 0 committ$ to writ+ by    
,appius himself4 -- ,,haec ,,ille       
,,egit3 'he made ?is spee*'4 --         
,,septemdecim ,,annis3 z ! second       
7alt]um7 consul%ip 0 9 #bif1 & ! spee* 9

 #bhj1 bo? ^! ye>s are includ$ 9 !      
reckon+ by a usage v common 9 ,lat94 ,= 
! ablative cf4 #ai4 -- ,,c5sor 444      
,,ante ,,consulatum3 ?is 0 unusual1 &   
!re=e to ,claudius' honor4 -- ,,gr&em   
,,sane3 'und\bt$ly old'4 -- ,,et ,,tam5 
,,sic3 i4e4 eum tum gr&em fuisse        
,lahmey] wrongly says t sic po9ts to !  
words atque haec ille egit4 ,x may be   
not$ t sic takes ! place ( an object    
aft] accipimus1 cf4 #gg ita cr$]em2 #gh 
sic mihi p]suasi1 also #ah male         
cogitanti4  #ag4 ,,nihil ,,aff]unt3 '!y 
br+ =w>d no?+'1 i4e4 :at !y br+ =w>d is 
wor?less1 s 9 ,greek  1 ! opposite ( :i*
 is  4 ,cf4 #h e/ i/uc aliquid4 --      
,,similes ,,ut ,,si3 a v r>e            
con/ruction4 ,equally unusual is similes
 tamquam si 9 ,div4 #b1 #aca4 ,9 ,tusc4 
#d1 #da & ,(f4 #a1 #hg we f9d similit]  
ut si 9 ,f94 #b1 #ba & #d1 #ca similit] 
or similis et si1 9 ,n4,d4 #c1 #h       
similit] ac si1 also 9 ,liv4 #e1 #e1 #ab
 dissimilia ac si1 9 #ce1 #db1 #aj idem 
ac si4 ,z reg>ds ! ut aft] similes1 we  

may comp>e a few passages 9 :i* simul ut
 appe>s = simul ac1 see ,reid's n4 on   
,academ #b1 #ea4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible !re
 are expressions l similes sunt ut si   
qui dicant1 '!y are l z if "s m5 %\ld   
say4' -- ,,sc&ant3 'cum is us$ ) !      
subjunctive :5 x expresses a k9d (      
comp>ison1 & especially a contra/1      
betwe5 ! cont5ts ( a lead+ proposition &
 a subord9ate 7:]eas1 etc47' ,madvig1   
#ceh1 ,obs4 #c4 ,! und]ly+ idea 9 ?is   
use is g5]ally cause1 sometimes         
concession4 -- ,,p] ,,=os 'ov] ! deck'4 
-- ,,ille3 = ! omission ( s$ or autem   
7asyndeton adv]sativum7 see n4 on #c    
librum1 etc4 -- ,,clavum3 'till]'4 ,)   
?is passage ,lahmey] well comp>es :at   
,cic]o says ( himself 9 ,fam4 #i1 #ae1  
#c s$ebamus 9 puppi et clavum t5ebamus2 
nunc autem vix e/ 9 s5t9a locus4 --     
,,velocitate3 velocitas & cel]itas diff]
 v slightly2 ! =m] means r spe$ (       
movem5t 9 "o l9e ! latt] r p[] ( rapid  
motion ) frequ5t *ange ( direction4 ,!  
emphatic ^w 9 ?is clause is corporum4   

,cf4 ,(f4 #a1 #gi hone/um 444 animi     
efficitur non corporis viribus4 --      
,,consilio 444 ,,s5t5tia3 consilio1     
advice2 auctoritate1 weight ( influ5ce2 
s5t5tia1 an op9ion or vote =mally giv54 
-- ,,quibus3 9 tw(old relation2 ) orb>i1
 abl4 ( sep>ation1 ) aug]i (            
specification4  #ah4 ,,nisi ,,=te3      
ironical1 us$ to introduce a possible1 b
 absurd objection to some?+ :i* has gone
 be=e4 ,! v]b t foll[s is always 9 !    
indicative4 -- ,,miles etc43 'z common  
soldi]'2 see n4 on #aj4 -- ,,9 ,,v>io   
,,g5]e3 we use ! plural1 '9 diff]5t     
k9ds'4 ,cf4 ,acad4 #b1 #c 9 omni g5]e   
belli2 ,deiot4 #ab 9 omni g5]e bellorum4
 -- ,,cess>e3 cf4 n4 on #ac4 -- ,,at    
,,s5atui etc43 exactly ! same ideas are 
express$1 ) ! same m5tion ( ,cato's     
activity 9 ,(f4 #a1 #gi4 -- ,,male      
,,cogitanti3 ':i* has n[ = a long "t be5
 plott+ mis*ief'2 ,a4 #bij1 a2 ,g4 #fga1
 #bba2 ,h4 #edi1 #d2 #dfg1 ,,iii4 #b4   
,cf4 pro ,sulla #gj nef>ie cogit>e2 = ! 
use ( ! adv]b see n4 on #af sic4 ,on    

,cato's attitude t[>d ,c>?age see       
,introd4 -- ,,v]]i3 ! con/ruction is    
unusual4 ,v]eor regul>ly takes aft] x an
 accusative1 or else a clause ) ne or   
ut4 ,a passage mu* resembl+ ?is is ,rab4
 ,po/4 #aj omnes qui aliquid de se      
v]ebantur2 cf4 also ,att4 #aj1 #d1 #f de
 vita sua metu]e2 ,v]g4 ,a54 #i1 #bjg de
 te nil tale v]eb>2 9 all ^! examples ! 
ablative ) de d5otes ! qu>t] ?reat5$1 n1
 z "h1 ! qu>t] f :i* ! ?reat comes4 --  
,,exscisam3 f exsc9do2 mo/ edd4 excisam1
 b to raze a city is urbem exsc9d]e n   
excid]e2 e4g4 ,rep4 #f1 #aa ,numantiam  
exsc9des4  #ai4 ,,quam ,,palmam etc43 a 
prophecy aft] ! ev5t1 l t 9 ,rep4 #f1   
#aa avi relliquias1 ! f9i%+ up ( !      
,punic w>s4 ,= ! use ( relliquias cf4   
,v]g4 ,a54 #aa1 #cj ,troas relliquias   
,danaum atque immitis ,a*illi2 ib4 #eih2
 ib4 #c1 #hg4 -- ,,t]tius3 s all our    
,,mss4 ,?is places ! eld] ,scipio's dea?
 9 #ahc1 :i* agrees ) ,livy's acc\nt 9  
#ci1 #ej1 #aj4 ,b ! ye> be=e ,cato's    
c5sor%ip 0 #ahe n #ahc1 h5ce "s edd4    

read qu9tus & "s sextus 9 place (       
t]tius4  ,p4 #i4 -- ,,novem ,,annis3 z  
,cato's consul%ip 0 9 #aie ^! words also
 app>5tly disagree ) t]tius above4      
,novem annis po/ means n9e full ye>s    
aft]1 i4e4 #ahe n #ahf2 cf4 #db septem  
annis po/4 -- ,,enim3 implies t ! answ] 
'no' has be5 giv5 to ! "q & proce$s to  
acc\nt = t answ]4 -- ,,excursione3 a    
milit>y t]m  'skirmi%+'2 ,cf4 ,div4 #b1 
#bf prima orationis excursio4 --        
,,ha/is3 loosely us$ = pilis4 ,! long   
old ,roman ha/a1 :5ce ! "n ha/ati1 _h   
long be=e ,cato's "t be5 disc>d$ = !    
pilum or %ort javel91 :i* 0 ?r[n at !   
enemy f a di/ance be=e ! troops clos$ & 
us$ ! sword4 -- ,,consilium3 !          
repetition ( consilium 9 a diff]5t s5se 
f t :i* x _h 9 ! s5t5ce be=e seems to u 
awkw>d2 b _m su* repetitions are f\nd 9 
,cic]o4 ,consilium corresponds to bo?   
'c\nsel' & 'c\ncil'2 ! s5ate 0 orig9ally
 regium consilium1 ! k+'s body (        
advis]s4 ,"h translate summum consilium 
'! supreme delib]ative body'4 --        

,,s5atum3 'assembly ( eld]s'4 ,cf4 #ef  
s5atores1 id e/ s5es4 ,s5atus implies a 
lo/ v]b s5a-re1 to be or gr[ old f ! /em
 ( :i* bo? s5a-tus & s5a-tor are d]iv$4 
,?is /em aga9 implies a lo/ n\n or      
adjective s5us1 old4 ,! ^w s5atus 0     
collective1 l comitatus1 a body (       
companions1 ex]citus1 a tra9$ b& etc4   
#bj4 ,,amplissimum3 'mo/ honorable'4 -- 
,,ut ,,sunt 444 ,,s5es3 ! ,sp>tan 1 z x 
is commonly call$1 consi/$ ( #bh memb]s1
 all ov] #fj ye>s ( age4 ,h]odotus uses 
! t]m  7s5es7 = ?is assembly2 ,x5ophon 4
 ,9 ! ,laconian dialect  0 its "n2 we   
also f9d  'to be a s5ator'4 ,= ut 444   
sic cf4 ,academ4 #b1 #ad1 similit] vos  
cum p]turb>e1 ut illi rem publicam1 sic 
vos philosophiam velitis2 also ,lael4   
#ai4 -- ,,audire3 l 1 us$ especially (  
hi/orical matt]s1 s9ce in/ruction 9 !m 0
 almo/ entirely oral4 ,cf4   'ignorant (
 hi/ory'4 -- ,,voletis3 see note on #g  
faciam ut pot]o2 cf4 ,roby1 #adfd1 a2   
,madvig1 #cci1 ,obs4 #a2 ,a4 #bgh1 b2   
,g4 #bcd1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #dgj1 #b4 --    

,,adulesc5tibus3 ,cic41 :5 he wrote ?is1
 0 possibly ?9k+ ( ,a!ns & ,alcibiades4 
-- ,,labefactatas3 ! v]b labefacio is   
=eign to good prose1 9 :i* labefacto is 
us$4 -- ,,su/5tatas3 ,cic4 does n use   
su/5tus4 ,9 ,mur4 #c su/95da is foll[$  
by su/5tata 9 ! same s5t5ce4 -- ,,c$o   
444 ,,cito3 ! l9e is ( ! k9d call$      
tetramet] iambic acatalectic 7or        
octon>ius71 & is scann$ ?us3 --    v v  
-'  - -  - -'  v -  - -'  - -  - -'  v  
-4  ,9 all k9ds ( iambic v]se ! old     
,romans freely introduc$ spondees :]e ! 
,greeks us$ iambi2 s 9 hexamet]s        
spondees = dactyls4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ad  
,pis4 #bed et seq4 -- ,,c$o3  dic2 f ce1
 ! enclitic p>ticle involv$ 9 hic       
7hi-ce7 etc4 & da1 ! root ( d4 ,s cette 
ce-d7ate  c$te1 !n cette by assimilation
 ( d to t4 ,! orig9al mean+ w\ld ?us be 
'give "h'1 & 9 ?is s5se ! ^w is (t5 us$4
 ,see ,lex4 ,d>e is commonly put =      
dic]e1 z accip]e is = audire4 -- ,,qui3 
'h['4 -- ,,tantam3   4 -- ,,naevi3      
,naevius liv$ ab\t #bfd-aid ,b4,c4 ,8   

great "w 0 a hi/ory ( ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>
 writt5 9 ,saturnian v]se1 ! rude       
indig5\s metre ( e>ly ,roman poetry4 ,he
 wrote also plays1--trag$ies & com$ies1 
bo? palliatae & praetextae4 ,= an acc\nt
 ( him see ,cruttwell1 ,hi/ory ( ,roman 
,lit]ature2 also1 ,sell>1 ,roman ,poets 
( ! ,republic1 ,*4 #c4 ,if ,ludo be     
read1 x may be ei!r f ! ,lat9 ludus     
7,naevius entitl$ a com$y ,ludius7 or f 
1 ,lydian4 -- ,,poetae3 ,naevius seems  
to h be5 9 ! habit ( add+ poeta to 8 "n4
 ,x appe>s 9 ! well-kn[n epitaph said to
 h be5 writt5 by himself1 also 9 ! l9es 
writt5 aga9/ him by ! family poet ( !   
,metelli3 'malum dabunt ,metelli ,naevio
 poetae'4 ,! "n poeta 0 new 9 ,naevius' 
"t & 0 j displac+ ! old ,lat9 "n vates2 
see ,munro on ,lucr4 #a1 #ajb4 --       
,,prov5iebant etc43 ! same metre z      
above1 divid$ ?us by ,lahmey]3 --       
provni  ebant  ort  ores  nov  /ult adu 
lescn _/ iuli4  ,! :ole l9e has ! look (
 be+ translat$ f ! ,greek3  7  7   1  4 
,lr4 takes prov5ire 9 ! s5se ( 'to gr[  

up'1 comp>+ ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #ac1 #a      
magnum prov5tum 7'crop'7 poet>um annus  
hic attulit2 ,sall4 ,cat4 #h1 #c prov5]e
 ibi scriptorum magna +5ia4 --          
,,videlicet3 'y see'4  #ba4 ,,at3   2   
us$1 z 9 #cb1 #ce1 #dg1 #fe1 & #fh1 to  
introduce ! suppos$ objection ( an      
oppon5t4 -- ,,cr$o3 '( c\rse'4 ,cf4 #dg 
:]e cr$o foll[s at z "h4 -- ,,ex]ceas3 !
 subject is ! indef9ite 'y' equival5t to
 '"o'1 3 'unless "o 7 to practise x'4 ,s
 #bh nequeas2 #cc requiras4 ,cf4 also   
,pl94 ,ep4 #h1 #ad1 #c difficile e/ t5]e
 quae accep]is1 nisi ex]ceas4 ,= ! mood 
see ,a4 #cji1 a2 ,g4 #eih1 #eig1 ,rem4  
#c2 ,h4 #ejh1 #e1 #b74 -- ,,t>dior3     
'unusually dull'2 cf4 ,academ4 #b1 #ig  
,epicurus quem i/i t>dum putant4 --     
,,!mi/ocles3 fam$ = 8 memory4 --        
,,civium3 'fell[-c\ntrym5'2 p]cep]at3   
'_h grasp$' or 'ma/]$'4 -- ,,qui 444    
,,solitum3 't he (t5 address$ z         
,lysima*us "s "o :o = all t 0           
,ari/ides'4 ,! direct object ( salut>e  
is omitt$4 ,= qui  tametsi is cf4 ,att4 

#a1 #ac1 #c nosmet ipsi1 qui ,lycurgei  
fuissemus1 cotidie demitigamur2 also ,de
 ,or4 #a1 #hb4 -- ,,esset3 ,a4#cdb2     
,g4#fca2 ,h4#ebi1 ,,ii4 & n4 #a1 #a74 --
 ,,lysima*um3 = ut ,l4 or pro ,lysima*o4
 ,s ,ar*4 #ai ,hom]um ,*ii suum v9dicant
 7 ut suum or pro suo74 ,lysima*us 0 !  
fa!r ( ,ari/ides4 -- ,,sunt3  vivunt1 z 
(t52 s 9 #cb esse  viv]e2 #ed fuit      
vixit2 #ef1 #fj1 #fi4 -- ,,sepulcra     
,,leg5s3 ,cato 0 a great antiqu>ian2 cf4
 #ch ,orig9um4 -- ,,9 ,,memoriam ,,r$eo 
,,mortuorum3 ! g5itive z ) mem9i1       
record>i etc4 ,= ! phrase cf4 ,v]r4 #a1 
#abj r$ite 9 memoriam1 iudices1 quae    
libido i/ius fu]it2 also bel[1 #ei 9    
gratiam r$ire cum voluptate4 ,"h        
translate ',i refre% my memory ( !      
dead'4 -- ,,quemquam ,,s5em3 ! be/      
writ]s d n use quisquam z an adjective1 
b !re is no ne$ to alt] s5em into s5um z
 "s editors d1 s9ce s5em is a sub/itute 
= a clause cum s5ex esset2 ',i nev] he>d
 t anybody because he 0 an old man 444'4
 ,s5es mu/ be s tak5 9 #bb1 s9ce        

pontifices etc4 _c /& z adjectives4 ,cf4
 n4 on #aj adulesc5tulus miles4 --      
,,vadimonia3 '_! appo9tm5ts to appe> 9  
c\rt1 ! debts due to !m & ! debts !y    
owe'4 ,:5 ! he>+ ( a suit _h to be      
adj\rn$1 ! def5dant 0 b\nd ov] ei!r on 8
 own recognizance m]ely 7pure7 or along 
) sureties 7vades7 to appe> 9 c\rt on ! 
day appo9t$ = ! next he>+1 a sum or sums
 ( money be+ =feit$ 9 case ( 8          
non-appe>ance4 ,! engagem5t to appe> 0  
te*nically call$ vadimonium2 :5 !       
def5dant ent]$ into ! engagem5t he 0    
said vadimonium promitt]e2 if he kept ! 
engagem5t1 v4 obire or si/]e2 if he     
fail$ 9 x1 v4 des]]e4 ,! plural         
vadimonia is "h us$ because a numb] (   
suits is meant2 ! ^w con/ituta is *os5 z
 a m g5]al t]m ?an promissa1 & z ref]r+ 
to ! circum/ances ( bo? pla9tiff &      
def5dant4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is !       
presid+ judge :o vadimonia con/ituit4   
,on ?is acc\nt vadimonia con/ituta %\ld 
be translat$ z above 'appo9tm5ts'1 & n  
'bonds' or 'engagem5ts' to appe> 9 c\rt4

  ,p4 #aj4 -- #bb4 ,,quid 444 ,,s5es3   
sc4 tibi vid5tur2 ':at d y ?9k ( old m5 
z lawy]s1 etc48' ,s )\t ellipsis1 ,fam4 
#i1 #ba1 #a quid tibi ego 9 epi/ulis    
videor8 -- ,,+5ia3  suum cuique +5ium2  
'old m5 reta9 _! wits'4 -- ,,p]maneat3  
,a4 #bff1 d2 ,g4 #ege2 ,h4 #eac1 ,i4 -- 
,,/udium ,,et ,,indu/ria3 'e>ne/ness &  
activity'2 n a case ( h5diadys1 z "s    
editors make x4 ,cf4 n4 on #ae iuv5tute 
et viribus4 -- ,,neque ,,ea ,,solum3    
1 '& t n only'4 -- ,,honoratis3 ?is does
 n correspond to our 'honor$'1 b implies
 t ! p]sons h held high (fices          
7honores72 cf4 #fa s5ectus honorata     
praes]tim4 ,"h translate '/atesm5'4 --  
,,9 ,,vita 444 ,,quieta3 '9 an un(ficial
 & retir$ life'4 ,!re is *iasmus "h1    
s9ce privata is contra/$ ) honoratis &  
quieta ) cl>is4 -- ,,summam ,,s5ectutem3
 ,sophocles di$ at ! age ( #ij 9 #dje   
,b4,c4 -- ,,quod ,,propt] ,,/udium3 'f 8
 devotion to ?is occupation'4 --        
,,filiis3 except ,plut>*1 :o probably   
foll[s ,cic]o's words1 all ! au?orities 

tell ! /ory ( ! poet's elde/ son ,iophon
 only4 ,! tale is full (                
improbabilities4 -- ,,rem3  rem         
famili>em z 9 #a4 -- ,,patribus ,,bonis 
,,int]dici ,,solet3 'fa!rs are (t5      
prev5t$ f manag+ _! prop]ty'4 ,= !      
con/ruction cf4 ! expression int]dic]e  
alicui aqua et igni3 int]dici is "h us$ 
imp]sonally ) patribus 9 ! dat42 ,a4    
#bcj2 ,h4 #chd1 #e2 bonis is abl4 (     
sep>ation 7deprivation74 ,! fragm5t ( ! 
,,xii tables "h ref]r$ to is ?us giv5 9 
,dirks5's edition3 sei f\riosos aut     
prodicos 7prodigus7 escit 7erit7        
ad5atorum c5tiliomque 7g5tiliumque7 eius
 pote/as e/od1 i4e4 ! agnates 7male     
relatives ^: k9%ip ) ! furiosus is d]iv$
 ?r\gh males7 & memb]s ( 8 g5s are to   
adm9i/] 8 prop]ty4 ,we h pres]v$ ! =m 9 
:i* ! judgm5t 0 made by ! praetor       
urbanus 7,paulus1 ,s5t4 #c1 #d;a1 #g73  
'qu&o tibi tua bona pat]na avitaque     
nequitia tua disp]dis lib]osque tuos ad 
ege/atem p]ducis1 ob eam rem tibi ea re 
comm]cioque int]dico'4 -- ,,quasi       

,,desipi5tem3 ' ' says ! au?or ( !      
anonym\s life ( ,sophocles4 ,cf4        
,x5ophon1 ,mem4 #a1 #b1 #di4 -- ,,9     
,,manibus ,,habebat3 '_h on h&' i4e4 9  
prep>ation4 ,e/ 9 manibus 9 #ab has a   
diff]5t mean+4 -- ,,scrips]at3 he _h    
writt5 x b n f9ally correct$ x4 --      
,,recitasse3 ! common v]sion ( ! /ory   
/ates t n ! :ole play 0 read b only !   
f9e *orus beg9n+ 1 1  4 -- ,,vid]etur3  
sc4 esse2 ! inf9itive is (t5 omitt$ ?us 
aft] v]bs ( desir+1 ?9k+ etc41 also v]bs
 ( speak+ & he>+2 cf4 ,lael4 #ah eam    
sapi5tiam int]pretantur2 ib4 #bi quam   
natam volunt2 ib4 #fd hom9es ex maxime  
r>o g5]e iudic>e2 ,acad4 #b1 #ab        
vid]5turne ea ,philonis4  #bc4          
,,hesiodum3 see n4 on #ed4 -- ,simonid53
 ,simonides ( ,ceos 7n ,s4 ( ,amorgos71 
"o ( ! greate/ ,greek lyric poets1 liv$ 
f #eef to ab\t #dfi ,b4,c4 --           
,,/esi*orum3 ( ,him]a 9 ,sicily1 also a 
lyric poet2 liv$ f ab\t #fcj to ab\t    
#eef ,b4,c4 -- ,,isocrat5 ,,gorgian3 nn4
 on #ac4 -- ,,philosophorum ,,pr9cipes3 

'9 ! fir/ rank ( philosoph]s'4 --       
,,py?agoran3 nei!r ! date ( 8 bir? nor t
 ( 8 dea? c be det]m9$2 he 'fl\ri%$'    
ab\t #ecj4 ,he liv$ mo/ly 9 ! ,greek    
settlem5ts ( l[] ,italy1 :]e 8 s*ool    
exi/$ = "s c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 --     
,,democritum3 ( ,abd]a1 "o ( !          
orig9ators ( ! !ory ( atoms2 said to h  
liv$ f #dfj to #cfa or #ceg ,b4,c4 --   
,,x5ocrat5 aft] ,plato1 ,speusippus 0 ! 
fir/ head ( ! ,academic ,s*ool2         
,x5ocrates succe$$ him4 ,he liv$ f #cig 
to #cae or #cac4 -- ,,z5onem3 ( ,citium 
9 ,cyprus1 f\nd] ( ,/oicism1 born ab\t  
#ceg1 is said to h liv$ to ! age ( #ih4 
-- ,,clean!n3 he foll[$ ,z5o 9 !        
presid5cy ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,8 age at    
dea? is v>i\sly giv5 z #ii & z #hj ye>s4
 -- ,,quem ,,vidi/is3 see ,introd4 ,x is
 r curi\s t ,cic4 %\ld make ,cato speak 
) admiration ( ,diog5es1 to :om he _h   
%[n great ho/ility4 -- ,,diog553 ,cic4  
probably wrote 9 -an1 -en1 n 9 -am1 -em 
! accusatives ( ,greek prop] names 9 -z1
 -es4 -- ,,/oicum3 to di/+ui% him f     

,diog5es ! ,cynic4 -- ,,agitatio3 ,cic4 
uses agitatio & actio almo/             
int]*angeably2 cf4 agitatio r]um 9 ,de  
,or4 #c1 #hh ) actio r]um 9 ,acad4 #b1  
#fb & else:]e4 ,actus 9 ?is s5se occurs 
only 9 silv] ,lat94  #bd4 ,,age3 a      
common =m ( transition to a new subject2
 brief = 'hoc age'1 'd ?is'1 i4e4 'att5d
 to ?is t ,i am go+ to say'4 ,! common  
use (  9 ,greek is exactly simil>4 --   
,,ut 444 ,,omittamus3 ,cf4 n4 on #eb ut4
 -- ,,possum ,,nom9>e3 ',i am able to   
"n'2 9 colloquial ,engli% ',i might "n'4
 ,! ,lat9s occasionally use also a      
hypo!tical =m1 :]e possim or possem /&s 
9 ! apodosis ( a conditional s5t5ce1 !  
protasis ( :i* is n express$2 b ! miss+ 
protasis is g5]ally easily suppli$ & 0  
di/9ctly pres5t to ! writ]'s m9d4 ,e4g4 
9 ,tusc4 #a1 #hh we h dici hoc 9 te non 
pote/2 posset 9 ,t>qu9io2 at 9 mortuo ne
 intellegi quidem 7pote/71 :]e ! reason 
= ! *ange f pote/ to posset is q evid5t4
 ,9 translat+ f ,engli% into ,lat9 x is 
f> saf] to use ! indicative4 ,cf4 #ee   

possum p]sequi4 ,a4 #caa1 c2 ,g4 #eii1  
,rem4 #c2 ,h4 #eaa1 #a1 n4 #c1 #dgf1 #d4
 -- ,,ex ,,agro 444 ,,romanos3          
'c\ntry-br$ ,romans 7i4e4 ,roman        
citiz5s7 belong+ to ! ,sab9e di/rict'4  
,! words ex agro ,sab9o =m an           
attributive phrase qualify+ ,romanos j z
 ru/icos does4 -- ,,numquam ,,f]e3      
'sc>cely ev]'4 -- ,,maiora ,,op]a3 'f>m 
"w ( any importance'4 ,?is use ( op]a is
 common 9 ,v]gil's ,georgics4 -- ,,non3 
! repetition ( ! negative aft] numquam  
is common 9 ,lat92 9 ,engli% nev] 444 n 
is f\nd 9 dialects only4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #dh
 non tantum 444 non plus quam4 --       
,,s]5dis3 ablative ( respect1 'z reg>ds 
s[+'4 ,see ,roby #abaj2 ,k5n$y1 #adi4 --
 ,,p]cipi5dis3 s #gj2 cf4 ,n4,d4 #b1    
#aef neque enim s]5di neque col5di1 nec 
tempe/ive demet5di p]cipi5di que        
fructus1 neque cond5di nec repon5di ulla
 pecudum sci5tia e/4 -- ,,9 ,,aliis3 see
 n4 on #c cet]is4 ,notice ! proleptic   
use4 -- ,,idem3 a bett] =m ( ! plural   
?an iidem1 commonly f\nd 9 our texts4 ,=

 ! use "h cf4 n4 on #d e&em4 --         
,,p]t9]e3 pres5t = future4 -- ,,s5t 444 
,,pros9t3 ! l9e is giv5 z ,ribbeck pr9ts
 x4 ,he scans x z a 'bac*ius'1 consi/+ (
 f\r feet1 ) ! measurem5t  v - - 1 ! la/
 syllable ( saeclo seem+ to be %ort5$4  
,cic]o quotes ! same l9e 9 ,tusc4 #a1   
#ca add+ ut ait 7,/atius7 9 ,synephebis1
 quid spectans nisi etiam po/]a saecla  
ad se p]t9]e8 ,saeclo  'g5]ation'4 ,=   
mood ( pros9t see ,a #cag2 ,g4 #fcb1 ,h4
 #dig1 ,i4 -- ,,/atius ,,no/]3 'our     
fell[-c\ntryman ,/atius'4 ,s ,ar*4 #bb  
,ennius no/]4 ,caecilius ,/atius1 born  
among ! ,insubres1 wrote ,lat9 com$ies  
:i* 7 l>gely borr[$ f ! ,greek ( ,m5&]4 
,! orig9al ( ! ,synephebi 0 ,m5&]'s     
'"y comrades'4 ,see ,sell>1 ,rom4 ,poets
 ( ! ,rep41 ,*4 #g4  ,p4 #aa4 -- #be4   
,,dis3 ! spell+s diis1 dii :i* _m rec5t 
editors /ill keep1 are probably         
incorrect1 at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t !  
nom9ative & ablative plural ( deus =m$  
monosyllables1 except occasionally 9    
poetry1 :]e dei1 deis 7 us$4 ,ev5 ^!    

dissyllabic =ms sc>cely occur be=e      
,ovid4 -- ,,et3 emphatic at ! beg9n+ ( a
 s5t5ce3 'aye1 &'4 -- ,,melius3 sc4     
dixit4 -- ,,illud3 '! foll[+' ,a4 #ajb1 
b1 ,g4 #bib1 #d2 ,h4 #dej1 #c4 --       
,,idem3 dem1 n dem4 -- ,,edepol3        
lit]ally1 'ah1 god ,pollux'1 e be+ an   
int]jection1 de a %ort5$ =m ( ! vocative
 ( deus1 pol abbreviat$ f ,pollux4 ,!   
assev]ation is mo/ly conf9$ to com$y4 ,!
 l9es come f a play by ,/atius call$    
,plocium 7 'necklace'71 copi$ f "o by   
,m5&] ) ! same title2 see ,ribbeck's    
',fragm5ta' ,! v]ses are iambic trimet]s
 ,a4 #cfe2 ,g4 #ged1 ,h4 #fbb4 -- ,,nil 
,,quicquam3 see n4 on #ba quemquam s5em1
 cf4 ! common expression nemo homo1 #hd 
nemo vir1 etc4 :]e two sub/antival words
 are plac$ side by side4 -- ,,viti3 see 
n4 on #a1 l #c praemi ,viti "h  mali2   
cf4 ,t]4 ,&r4 #gc ei v]eor ne quid ,&ria
 adportet mali4 -- ,,sat ,,e/3 sat =    
satis 9 ,cic]o's "t 0 old-fa%ion$ &     
poetical4 -- ,,quod ,,diu3 ^! words mu/ 
be scann$ z a spondee4 ,! i 9 diu "h    

probably _h ! s\nd ( our y4 ,a4 #cdg1 c1
 ,g4 #gag2 ,h4 #fjh1 ,,iii4 n4 #b4 ,all5
 well comp>es a l9e ( ,publilius ,syrus 
heu quam multa pa5it5da incurrunt viv5do
 diu4 -- ,,volt3 indef9ite subject4 --  
,,videt3 ,tis*] quotes ,h]od4 #a1 #cb   
7spee* ( ,solon to ,croesus7         1  
1    4 -- ,,tum ,,equidem etc43 ^! l9es1
 z well z ^? above1 occurr$ 9 a play (  
,/atius call$ ',ephesio' see ,ribbeck's 
',fragm5ta'4 -- ,,s5ecta3 n us$ by prose
 writ]s be=e ! "t ( silv] ,lat94 --     
,,deputo3 ?is comp\nd is us$ by !       
dramati/s & !n does n occur aga9 till   
late ,lat9 times4 -- ,,eumpse3 l ipse & 
reapse 7= :i* see n4 on ,lael4 #dg7 ?is 
^w conta9s ! enclitic p>ticle pe        
7probably ano!r =m ( que71 f\nd 9 nem   
pe1 quis-p-iam etc41 along ) se1 :i*    
belongs to an old demon/rative pron\n   
once decl9$ sos1 sa1 sum1 ! masc4 & fem4
 ( :i* are se5 9 1 4 ,! =m 0 no d\bt    
orig9ally eumpsum1 l ipsom 7ipsum71 b   
has pass$ into its pres5t =m j z ipsos  
7nom47 became ipso1 !n ipse4 ,! only    

diff]5ce 9 s5se betwe5 eumpse & ! simple
 eum is t ! =m] is m emphatic4 ,! pron\n
 eumpse is ! subject ( ! inf9itive      
s5tire1 b ! sub/antive1 s5ex1 to :i* !  
pron\n ref]s1 is n express$4 --         
,,odiosum3 cf4 n4 on #d4  #bf4          
,,iucundum 444 ,,odiosum3 elliptic1     
'iucundum' potius quam 'odiosum' s5em   
esse dic5dum e/4 -- ,,ut 444            
,,delectantur3 cf4 ,lael4 #aja2 also    
bel[1 #bi4 -- ,,sapi5tes ,,s5es3 nei!r (
 ^! words is us$ z an adjective "h2 !   
:ole expression  sapi5tes1 cum facti    
sunt s5es4 -- ,,levior3 cf4 ! fragm4 (  
,callima*us3  '    1   4 -- ,,coluntur  
,,et ,,diliguntur3 col]e r implies !    
ext]nal m>ks ( respect 7cf4 coli 9 #g71 
dilig]e ! inn] feel+ ( affection4 --    
,,praeceptis etc43 cf4 ,(f4 #a1 #abb    
ineuntis enim aetatis inscitia s5um     
con/itu5da et reg5da prud5tia e/4 --    
,,me 444 ,,iucundos3 put = me iucundum  
esse quam vos mihi e/is iucundi4 ,!     
attraction ( a f9ite v]b into !         
inf9itive aft] quam is n uncommon2 cf4  

n4 on #a quibus me ipsum 7,roby1 #aghd1 
b2 ,a4 #ccf1 b1 ,rem42 ,h4 #ebd1 #a1    
#b74 ,m9us1 be x obs]v$1 does n qualify 
intellego1 b iucundos4 -- ,,s$3 "h      
analeptic1 i4e4 x introduces a return to
 ! subject prop] aft] a digression1 s 9 
#ca4 -- ,,videtis1 ,,ut 444 ,,sit3 "h ut
  quo modo2 'h['4 -- ,,s5ectus 444      
,,cuiusque3 ! ab/ract s5ectus is put =  
s5es z 9 #cd2 h5ce cuiusque1 sc4 s5is4  
,s above adulesc5tia  adulesc5tes4 --   
,,ag5s ,,aliquid3 ?is phrase diff]s f   
agat 9 t :ile ! subjunctive w\ld express
 ! fact ( action1 ! p>ticipial phrase   
expresses r ! con/ant t5d5cy to act4    
,ag5s aliquid =ms a sort ( attribute to 
s5ectus1 p>allel ) op]osa4 ,moliri      
diff]s f ag]e 9 t x implies ! br++ into 
exi/5ce ( "s object4 ,cf4 ,(f4 #c1 #ajb 
ag]e aliquid et moliri volunt2 ,acad4   
#b1 #bb ut moliatur aliquid et faciat2  
,n4,d4 #a1 #b utrum di nihil agant1     
nihil moliantur2 ,mur4 #hb et agant et  
moliantur4 -- ,,quid 444 ,,aliquid3 = ! 
ellipsis 9 quid qui cf4 n4 on #bb quid  

444 ,addiscunt    le>n on & on1 g on    
le>n+4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,videmus3 put1 z    
,all5 obs]ves1 = ut ,solon fecit1 quem  
videmus4 -- ,,solonem3 see also #ej4 ,! 
l9e 7v]sibus "h is an exagg]ation2 9 #ej
 x is v]siculus7 is pres]v$ by ,plato 9 
8 ,timaeus & by ,plut>*1 ,sol4 #ca  '   
4 ,! age ( ,solon at 8 dea? is v>i\sly  
giv5 z #hj or #ajj ye>s4 -- ,,videmus3 !
 ,lat9s frequ5tly use 'we see' = 'we    
read'4 ,see n4 on ,lael4 #ci1 also bel[1
 #fi ut scriptum video4 -- ,,gloriantem3
 ,a4 #bib1 e2 ,g4 #ecf1 #ebg1 ,rem4 #a2 
,h4 #ece1 ,i4 #d4 ,notice ! *ange to !  
inf9itive 9 uti bel[4 -- ,,s5ex3 i4e4   
cum s5ex essem2 s #bg adulesc5s         
desid]abam2 #cj mem9i pu]4 ,plut>*      
7,cato #b7 gives an acc\nt ( ,cato's    
/udy ( ,greek 9 8 old age4 -- ,,sic3 ?is
 ^w does n qualify avide1 b ref]s on to 
quasi1 s t sic 444 quasi cupi5s  '?us1  
viz4 l "o desir+'4 ,cf4 n4 on #ab ita   
cupide frueb> quasi2 also #ce tamquam   
444 sic4 ,quasi s]ves to s(t5 ! metaphor
 9 sitim2 cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #c4 --       

,,cupi5s3 aft] quasi a f9ite v]b        
7cup]em7 w\ld h be5 m usual1 z 9 #ab ita
 444 quasi div9>em4 ,cf4 h[ev] #bb quasi
 desipi5tem4 -- ,,ea ,,ipsa ,,mihi3 = ! 
juxtaposition ( pron\ns1 :i* is r s\ght 
aft] 9 ,lat91 cf4 #gb ipsa suum eadem   
quae4 -- ,,exemplis3  pro exemplis1 or  
exemplorum loco 7cf4 n4 on #ba          
,lysima*um71 s t ^? editors are wrong :o
 say t we h "h an example ( ! antec$5t  
?ru/ into ! relative clause1 z ?\gh ea  
ipsa quibus exemplis 7 put = ea ipsa    
exempla quibus4 -- ,,quod3  ut cum iam  
s5ex esset disc]et4 -- ,,socrat53 ,cic4 
probably le>n$ ?is fact f ,plato's      
,m5ex5us #bce ,e & ,eu?ydemus #bgb ,c   
:]e ,connus is nam$ z ! tea*] (         
,socrates 9 music4 ,9 ! ,eu?ydemus      
,socrates says t ! boys att5d+ ,connus' 
lessons laugh$ at him & call$ ,connus 4 
,cf4 also ,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #c ,socrat5    
fidibus docuit nobilissimus fidic52 is  
,connus vocitatus e/2 ,val4 ,max4 #h1   
#g1 #h4 -- ,,9 ,,fidibus3 '9 ! case ( ! 
lyre'4 ,tck+ quotes ,qu9tilian #i1 #b1  

#e quod 9 fidibus fi]i vidimus4 ,!      
,greek ^w ci?>a is n us$ by ,cic]o &    
does n become common 9 ,lat9 prose till 
long aft] ,cic]o's "t1 ?\gh he sev]al   
times uses ! words ci?>o$us1 ci?>i/a1 :5
 ref]r+ to ,greek pr(essional play]s4 ,!
 ^w lyra too is r>e 9 e>ly prose2 x     
occurs 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #d 9 connection ) a 
,greek1 :]e 9 ! same s5t5ce fides is us$
 z an equival5t4 -- ,,audirem3 = audire 
leg5do cognosc]e see n4 on #bj4 --      
,,vellem3 sc4 si possem4 -- ,,discebant 
444 ,,antiqui3 d\bts h be5 felt z to !  
g5u95ess ( ! clause4 ,9 ,tusc4 #d1 #c a 
passage ( ,cato is quot$ :i* ref]s to ! 
use ( ! tibia among ! anci5t ,romans2   
imm$iately aft]w>ds ! antiquity (       
practice on ! fides at ,rome is m5tion$1
 ?\gh n expressly on ,cato's au?ority4  
,! words _c be said to be unsuit$ ei!r  
to ! p]son or to ! occasion4 --         
,,discebant 444 ,,fidibus3 ! v]b can]e1 
:i* means 'to play' z well z 'to s+'1   
mu/ be suppli$2 fidibus is !n an        
ablative ( ! means or in/rum5t4 ,!re is 

! same ellipsis ( can]e 9 ! phrases     
doc]e fidibus 7,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #c7 &     
scire fidibus 7,t]5ce1 ,eunu*us #acc74  
,cf4 ,roby1 #abag4  ,p4 #ab4 -- #bg4    
,,ne 444 ,,quidem3 ^! two words toge!r  
correspond to ! ,greek  7  ne1          
quidem71 & are be/ translat$ "h by 'nor'
 r ?an by 'n ev5'4 ,! r5d]+ 'n ev5'1    
?\gh requir$ by "s passages1 w (t5      
misrepres5t ! ,lat94 -- ,,locus3 locus  
7l  9 ,greek7 is a rhetorical t]m ) a   
te*nical mean+4 ,! plead] is to         
anticipate ! argum5ts he may f9d x      
necess>y to use 9 diff]5t cases1 & is to
 arrange !m "u c]ta9 heads2 ea* head is 
call$ a  or locus1 mean+ lit]ally !     
place :]e a plead] is to look = an      
argum5t :5 want$4 ,h5ce locus came to   
mean 'a cut-&-dri$ argum5t' or1 z "h1 a 
'commonplace'4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 ,cic]o's
 rhetorical writ+s4 -- ,,non ,,plus     
,,quam3 'any m ?an'4 ,aft] ! negative ne
 above x is incorrect to translate non  
by a negative 9 ,engli%1 ?\gh !         
repetition ( ! negative is common en\gh 

9 ,lat91 z 9 "s ,engli% dialects4 ,cf4  
n4 on #bd4 ,plus "h  magis4 -- ,,quod   
,,e/3 sc4 tibi1 ':at y h'1 s ,p>adoxa   
#ah & #eb satis esse1 quod e/4 --       
,,agas3 quisquis is g5]ally accompani$  
by ! indicative1 z 9 ,v]g4 ,a54 #b1 #di 
quidquid id e/ etc42 see ,roby1 #afig2  
,a4 #cji1 c2 ,g4 #bdf1 #d2 ,h4 #dgf1 #c4
 ,! subjunctive is "h us$1 ) ! imag9>y  
second p]son1 to r5d] prom95t !         
hypo!tical & indef9ite "* ( ! v]b       
/atem5t4 ,roby1 #aedd-aedf2 ,madvig1    
#cgj1 #did1 ,obs4 #e1 7#f74 -- ,,vox3   
'utt]ance'2 ! ^w is us$ only ( spee*es 9
 "s way specially rem>kable4 --         
,,contemptior3 'm despicable'4 ,!       
passive p>ticiple ( contemno has ! s5se 
( an adjective 9 -bilis1 l invictus & _m
 o!rs4 -- ,,milonis3 ! mo/ fam\s ( !    
,greek a?letes4 ,he liv$ at ! end ( !   
six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ! praises ( 8     
victories 7 sung by ,simonides4 ,x 0 "u 
8 lead]%ip t 8 native city ,croton1 9   
,magna ,graecia1 attack$ & de/roy$      
,syb>is4 ,_m /ories are told by !       

anci5ts ab\t 8 feats ( /r5g? 7see #cc71 
& ab\t 8 p[] ( consum+ food4 ,he is said
 to h be5 a prom95t disciple (          
,py?agoras4 -- ,,illacrimans3 bew>e (   
spell+ lacrima ) ei!r * = c or y = i2 ^!
 spell+s are )\t ju/ification4 ,! y re/s
 on ! absurd assumption t ! ,lat9s      
borr[$ _! ^w lacrima /raight f ! ,greek 
4 -- ,,dixisse3 comb9ations l dicitur   
dixisse are exce$+ly r>e 9 good ,lat94  
,cic]o ne>ly always uses two diff]5t    
v]bs2 i4e4 he says aiunt dic]e & ! l4 --
 ,,at3 !re is an ellipsis "h su* z '^?  
"y m5's muscles are p[]ful b 444'4 ,?is 
elliptic use ( at is common 9 sudd5     
exclamations ( grief1 annoyance1        
surprise etc4 -- ,,v]o3 ?is is common 9 
emphatic replies1 :e!r ! reply convey   
ass5t1 or1 z "h1 a retort4 ,! usage is  
well illu/rat$ 9 ,ngelsba*'s ,/ili/ik1  
#aig1 #b4 -- ,,tam3 sc4 mortui sunt4 -- 
,,nugator3 nug>i  1 'to trifle'4 -- ,,ex
 ,,te3 ,cato "h id5tifies a man's p]son 
) 8 s\l & intellect1 ! body be+ reg>d$ z
 a m]e dress2 cf4 ,rep4 #f1 #bf m5s     

cuiusque is e/ quisque4 ,ex te1         
lit]ally1 'out ( y\rself'1 i4e4 'f y\r  
real self's res\rces'4 -- ,,lat]ibus3   
see n4 on #ad4 -- ,,aelius3 8 cognom5 0 
,paetus2 he 0 consul 9 #aih1 & c5sor 9  
#aid ,b4,c4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/   
fam\s writ]s on ,roman ,law4 ,8 great   
comm5t>y on ! ,,xii tables is (t5 ref]r$
 to by ,cic]o1 :o sev]al times quotes   
,ennius' l9e ab\t him4 -- egregie       
cordatus homo catus ,aelius ,sextus4 -- 
,,tale3 sc4 dixit4 -- ,,coruncanius3 n4 
on #ae4 -- ,p4 ,,crassus3 consul 9 #bje 
,b4,c4 ) ! eld] ,africanus2 pontifex    
maximus f #bab to 8 dea? 9 #ahc4 ,he 0  
fam\s bo? z a lawy] 7see bel[1 #ej2 also
 ,liv4 #cj1 #a1 #e iuris pontifici      
p]itissimus7 & z a /atesman 7see #fa74  
,modo !re=e cov]s a space ( at lea/ #cc 
ye>s1 s t x _c well be translat$ by our 
'lately'2 say r 'ne>] our "t'4 ,! am\nt 
( "t impli$ by modo & nup] dep5ds       
entirely on ! context2 = modo see ,lael4
 #f ) note1 = nup] bel[1 n4 on #fa1 :]e 
x is us$ ( ,crassus z modo is "h4 --    

,,praescribebantur3 ! mean+ is t ^!     
lawy]s practis$ 9 old age z             
jurisconsults1 i4e4 accord+ to old      
,roman cu/om1 !y gave audi5ce 9 ! e>ly  
h\rs ( ! day to all :o *ose to consult  
!m ab\t legal difficulties4 -- ,,e/     
,,provecta3 lit]ally '0 c>ri$ =w>d'1    
i4e4 'cont9u$'1 'rema9$'4 ,"s wrongly   
take ! phrase to mean 'made progress'1  
'increas$'1 a s5se :i* w\ld require !   
imp]fect1 provehebatur4 -- ,,prud5tia3  
"h1 z (t51 'legal skill'4  #bh4         
,,orator3 emphatic position4 --         
,,s5ectute3 causal ablative2 n '9 age'1 
b 'ow+ to age'4 -- ,,omn9o -- ,,s$      
,,tam53 'no d\bt -- b /ill'4 ,omn9o     
7lit]ally1 'altoge!r'7 has two almo/    
exactly opposite uses -- 7#a7 !         
affirmative1 cf4 #i2 7#b7 ! concessive1 
:i* we h "h & 9 #de4 ,! circum/ance :i* 
is contra/$ ) ! admitt$ circum/ance is  
usually introduc$ by s$ tam5 or s$ z 9  
#de1 b 9 ,lael4 #ih by ! less emphatic  
autem1 :ile 9 ,lael4 #fi !re is no      
introductory p>ticle4 -- ,,canorum 444  

,,s5ectute3 canorum implies ! comb9ation
 ( p[] ) cle>ness 9 a voice4 ,= !       
mixture ( metaphors 9 canorum spl5descit
 edd4 quote ,soph4 ,phil4 #ahi  2 ,cic4 
,de ,or4 #b1 #fj illorum tactu orationem
 meam quasi color>i4 -- ,,nescio ,,quo  
,,pacto3 lit]ally1 ',i "k n on :at      
t]ms'2 q int]*angeable ) nescio quo     
modo2 cf4 #hb4 ,a4 #ccd1 e2 ,g4 #dfi1   
,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #ebi1 #e1 #c74 -- ,,adhuc 
,,non3 purposely put = nondum1 because m
 emphasis is ?us ?r[n bo? on ! "t-^w &  
on ! negation4 ,! common view t nondum 0
 avoid$ because x w\ld h impli$ t ,cato 
expect$ to lose ! canorum is c]ta9ly    
wrong4 -- ,,et ,,videtis3 '?\gh y see my
 ye>s'4 ,! adv]sative use ( et = autem  
or tam5 aft] ! negative is n v uncommon 
9 ,cic]o1 b !re are few examples ( !    
usage 9 ! spee*es4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #bf et   
quidquid2 s sometimes que z above1 #ac2 
also ,lael4 #cj ut nullo egeat suaque   
omnia 9 se posita iudicet4 -- ,,s5i3    
,madvig's em4 = s5is4 ,9 ,leg4 #a1 #aa  
allusion is made to ! great *ange :i*   

advanc+ ye>s _h wr\ght 9 ,cic]o's own   
impassion$ oratory4 ,he 0 no d\bt ?9k+ (
 t *ange :5 he wrote ! words we h "h4 --
 ,,s]mo3 '/yle ( speak+'2 a ^w ( wid]   
mean+ ?an oratio1 :i* only d5otes public
 speak+4 -- ,,quietus ,,et ,,remissus3  
'subdu$ & g5tle'4 ,! metaphor 9 remissus
 7:i* occurs also 9 #ha7 ref]s to !     
loos5+ ( a tight-/ret*$ /r+2 cf4 int5tum
 etc4 9 #cg ) n4 ,) ! :ole passage cf4  
,pl94 ,ep4 #c1 #a1 #b nam iuv5es confusa
 adhuc qua$am et quasi turbata non      
indec5t2 s5ibus placida omnia et ord9ata
 conv5iunt4 -- ,,facit ,,audi5tiam3     
'procures ( itself a he>+ = x'4 ,9 !    
words p] se ipsa !re is no d\bt an      
allusion to ! cu/om at l>ge meet+s 9    
anci5t times :]eby ! praeco or  call$ on
 ! p to li/5 to ! speak]s4 ,cf4 ,liv4   
#dc1 #af1 #h praeconem audi5tiam fac]e  
iussit4 ,note t ?is is ! only classical 
use ( ! ^w audi5tia2 x has n ! mean+ (  
our 'audi5ce' ei!r 9 ! s5se ( a body (  
li/5]s1 or z us$ 9 ! expression 'to give
 audi5ce'4 -- ,,composita ,,et ,,mitis3 

'unimpassion$ & smoo?'4 ,cf4 ,qu9til4   
#f1 #b1 #i affectus igitur hos          
concitatos1 illos mitis atque compositos
 esse dix]unt4 -- ,,quam 444 ,,nequeas3 
'& if y _c practise oratory y\rself'4   
,evid5tly quam ref]s to oratio 9 ! wide/
 s5se1 n to ! special /yle ( oratory    
m5tion$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,) si nequeas   
cf4 nisi ex]ceas 9 #ba ) n4 --          
,,scipioni ,,et ,,laelio3 'a ,scipio & a
 ,laelius'2 i4e4 '"y fri5ds su* z       
,scipio & ,laelius are to me'4 --       
,,praecip]e3 "h absolute1  praecepta    
d>e2 usually an accusative foll[s4 --   
,,/udiis ,,iuv5tutis3 '! zeal ( y\?'4   
,/udiis does n imply "h ! def]5ce ( y\? 
to age2 ! /udia meant are ! virtutum    
/udia ( #bf4  #bi4 ,,ne 444 ,,in/ruat3  
doc]e is to imp>t k1 in/itu]e 7lit]ally 
'to gr\nd' or 'e/abli%'7 is to =m !     
intellect & "* by means ( k1 in/ru]e1 to
 tea* ! pupil h[ he may br+ 8           
acquirem5ts to be> 9 practical life4 -- 
,,(fici ,,munus3 'p]=mance ( duty'2 cf4 
#ce1 #gb2 ,fam4 #f1 #ad4 ,9 scores (    

passages 9 ,cic]o we f9d (ficium et     
munus1 'duty & function'1 z 9 #cd4 --   
,,cn4 ,,et ,p4 ,,scipiones3 9 ,cic4 !   
plural is always us$ :]e two m5 ( ! same
 family are m5tion$ & _! names connect$ 
by et4 ,9 o!r writ]s ! plural is regul>1
 ! s+ul> exceptional1 z 9 ,sall4 ,iug4  
#db1 #a ,ti4 et ,c4 ,grac*us2 ,liv4 #f1 
#bb ,sp4 et ,l4 ,papirius4 ,ev5 ) o!r   
n\ns ! plural is regul>2 e4g4 ,cic4     
,phil4 #b1 #aja arationes ,campana et   
,leont9a1 ?\gh a little above we h m5se 
,aprili atque ,maio4 ,see ,draeg]1 ,hi/4
 ,synt4 #a1 p4 #a4 ,gnaeus 7n ,cnaeus --
 see n4 on ,lael4 #c7 ,cornelius ,scipio
 0 consul 9 #bbb ,b4,c4 & 0 s5t to ,spa9
 at ! outbreak ( ! ,second ,punic w> to 
comm& aga9/ ,hasdrubal4 ,publius 0      
consul 9 #bah1 & aft] be+ defeat$ by    
,hannibal at ! ,tic9us1 jo9$ 8 bro!r 9  
,spa94 ,at fir/ !y won important        
successes1 b 9 #bab !y 7 hemm$ 9 &      
kill$1 aft] a cru%+ defeat4 -- ,l4      
,,aemilius3 ! fa!r ( ,mac$onicus4 ,he 0 
consul 9 #bai & defeat$ ! ,illyrii2 b :5

 consul aga9 9 #baf 0 defeat$ & kill$ at
 ,cannae4 ,see #ge4 ,= avi duo cf4 #hb4 
-- ,,cons5u]9t 444 ,,defec]9t3          
coniunctio1 = :i* see n4 on #af4 ,= !   
mood see ,a4 #cac1 a2 ,g4 #fjh2 ,h4     
#eae1 ,,iii4 & n4 #c4 -- ,,etsi3 see n4 
on #b4 -- ,,s5ectute3 ,,mss4 & edd4 h   
s5ectutis1 b ! s5se requires ! abl4  ,p4
 #ac4 -- #cj4 ,,cyrus3 ! eld]4 -- ,,apud
 ,,x5ophontem3 '9 ,x5ophon'2 s 9 #gi :]e
 see n42 also #ca apud ,hom]um4 ,see    
,cyropa$ia1 #h1 #g1 #f4 -- ,,cum 444    
,,esset3 '?\gh he 0 v old'1 ! clause    
dep5ds on ! foll[+ words1 n on ! prec$+4
 -- ,,negat3 9 ,lat9 z 9 ,engli% !      
pres5t t5se is us$ 9 quotations f books4
 -- ,,metellum3 0 consul 9 #bea ,b4,c4 &
 won a great victory ov] ! ,c>?ag9ians  
at ,panormus 7,pal]mo72 consul aga9 9   
#bdg4 ,see bel[1 #fa4 -- ,,mem9i 444    
,,esse3 = ! con/ruction ( mem9i ) !     
pres5t or p]fect inf9itive1 see n4 on   
,lael4 #b2 also ,a4 #bhh1 b2 ,g4 #bgg1  
,rem42 ,h4 #ecg1 #a4 -- ,,pu]3 !        
expression is peculi>1 be+ abbreviat$ f 

quod pu] vidi or some?+ ( ! k9d4        
,qu9til4 #h1 #c1 #ca has mem9i iuv5is4  
,9 ,rep4 #a1 #bc ,cic]o says mem9i me   
admodum adulesc5tulo4 -- ,,vig9ti ,,et  
,,duos3 ! common] ord] ( ! words is duos
 et vig9ti2 see n4 on #ac c5tum 444     
annos4 -- ,,ei ,,sac]dotio3 't sacr$    
college'2 i4e4 ! pontifical college     
consi/+ ( ! pontifex maximus & ! inf]ior
 pontifices4 -- ,,requir]et3 see n4 on  
#ac qua]]etur4 -- ,,nihil3 n4 on #a1 l4 
#a quid4 -- ,,mihi3 dat4 = acc4 to      
emphasize ! p]son4 -- ,,id3 'su* a      
c\rse'2 cf4 #hb ut de me ipse aliquid m 
s5um glori]4  #ca4 ,,videtisne ,,ut3 "h 
ne is ! equival5t ( nonne1 z x (t5 is 9 
! ,lat9 ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 & 9 !      
colloquial ,lat9 ( ! classical p]iod4 ,=
 ut aft] videtis see n4 on #bf4 --      
,,ne/or3 e4g4 9 ,iliad #a1 #bfj et seq4 
#aa1 #ffh et seq4 -- ,,t]tiam ,,aetatem3
 cf4 ,iliad #a1 #bej2 ,odyssey #c1 #bde4
 -- ,,v]a 444 ,,se3 'if he told ! tru?  
ab\t himself'4 -- ,,nimis3 'to any great
 ext5t'4 ,insol5s does n correspond to  

our 'insol5t'2 x is almo/ ! equival5t ( 
ineptus1 & has no h>%] mean+ ?an 'odd'1 
'/range'1 '9 bad ta/e'4 -- ,,melle      
,,dulcior3 ,hom]1 ,il4 #a1 #bdi        4
 ,9 ,or4 #cb ,cic4 says ( ,x5ophon 7:om 
! ,greeks call$  7 t 8 oratio 0 melle   
dulcior4 -- ,,suavitatem3 notice ! *ange
 f dulcior1 :i* seems to be made = ! m]e
 sake ( v>iety1 s9ce else:]e 7,de ,or4  
#c1 #afa7 ,cic]o writes dulcitudo       
orationis4 -- ,,et ,,tam53 see n4 on    
#af4 -- ,,dux ,,ille3 ,agamemnon2 see   
,iliad #b1 #cgj et seq4 -- ,,nusquam3   
i4e4 n[h]e 9 ,hom]4 -- ,,aiacis3 i4e4   
,aiax ,telamonius1 :o 0 ! greate/ ,greek
 w>rior :ile ,a*illes sulk$ 7,iliad #b1 
#gfh74 ,! g5itive aft] similis is ! rule
 9 ,cic]o1 ?\gh _m examples ( ! dative  
are f\nd ev5 ) names ( p]sons2 see      
,madv4 on ,f94 #e1 #ab4  #cb4 ,,s$3 see 
n4 on #bf4 -- ,,r$eo ,,ad ,,me3 s #de2  
,lael4 #if1 ,div4 #a1 #ig ad no/ra iam  
r$eo2 also bel[1 #fg s$ r$eo ad mortem  
imp5d5tem4 -- ,,vellem3 see n4 on4 #bf4 
-- ,,idem3 ,a4 #bch2 ,g4 #cca1 ,rem4 #b2

 ,h4 #cga1 #b4 -- ,,quod ,,cyrus3 see   
#cj4 -- ,,queo3 ! v]b queo is r>ely f\nd
 )\t a negative1 possum be+ us$ 9       
positive s5t5ces2 cf4 h[ev] ,lael4 #ga  
queant1 :]e see n4 -- ,,miles etc43 see 
#aj above4 -- ,,fu]im 444 ,,depugnavi3  
,a4 #ccf1 b2 ,g4 #fcj1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4    
#ebd1 #b1 #b4 ,depugnavi  'f\ght ! w>   
out'1 or 'to ! end'2 cf4 #ch1 desudans2 
#dd devic]at4 -- ,,en]vavit3 en]v>e is  
lit]ally 'to take out ! s9ews'2 cf4 !   
expressions n]vos elid]e 7,tusc4 #b1    
#bg7 & n]vos incid]e 7,academ4 #a1 #ce7 
bo? ( :i* are us$ 9 a second>y or       
metaphorical s5se4 -- ,,curia3  s5atus4 
-- ,,ro/ra3 cf4 n4 on #dd devic]at4 --  
,,fi]i3 ,a4 #cca1 a2 ,g4 #edf1 ,rem4 #a2
 ,h4 #dih1 ,i4 n4 -- ,,esse3 emphatic1  
viv]e2 see n4 on #ba4 -- ,,ego ,,v]o    
etc43 ',i h[ev] w\ld r t my old age %\ld
 be %ort] ?an t ,i %\ld be old be=e my  
"t'4 -- ,,mallem3 see n4 on #bf vellem4 
,p4 #ad4 -- ,,nemo ,,cui ,,fu]im3 cf4   
,plaut4 ,m]cator #b1 #b1 #ag quamquam   
negotium e/1 numquam sum occupatus amico

 op]am d>e4  #cc4 ,,at3 z 9 #ba1 :]e see
 n4 -- ,t4 ,,ponti ,,c5turionis3 !      
c5turions 7 g5]ally m5 ( p[]ful frame2  
cf4 ,veget4 #b1 #ad c5turio eleg5dus e/1
 qui sit magnis viribus et proc]a       
/atura2 ,philipp4 #h1 #bf c5turiones    
pugnaces et lac]tosos2 ,horat4 ,sat4 #a1
 #f1 #gb4 -- ,,mod]atio3 'a "r          
application'2 lit]ally 'a gov]n+'4 --   
,,tantum 444 ,,nitatur3 cf4 #bg quidquid
 agas ag]e pro viribus1 also #dcd       
quantum possumus4 -- ,,ne3 ! affirmative
 ne1 (t5 wrongly writt5 nae on ! absurd 
assumption t ! ^w pass$ into ,lat9 f !  
,greek 1 is 9 ,cic]o always & 9 o!r     
writ]s ne>ly always foll[$ by a pron\n4 
,= ! =m ( ! s5t5ce "h cf4 ,fam4 #g1 #a1 
#c ne 444 no/rum2 ,tusc4 #c1 #h ne i/a  
etc42 ,f94 #c1 #aa 7almo/ ! same words74
 -- ,,p] ,,/adium3 'ov] ! c\rse'2 cf4   
,a!naeus #aj4 #d1 p4 #dab ,e2 ,lucian1  
,*>on1 #h2 ,qu9t4 #a1 #i1 #e ,milo quem 
vitulum assuev]at f]re1 taurum f]ebat4  
,z to ,milo see n4 on #bg4 ,= cum       
su/9]et a mod]n w\ld h be5 incl9$ to use

 a p>ticiple1 :i* 0 p]haps avoid$ "h    
because ( ! close proximity ( ano!r     
p>ticiple1 +ressus4 -- ,,um]is3 ?is     
spell+ is bett] ?an hum]is1 :i* is n[   
ab&on$ by ! be/ s*ol>s4 ,!re is no s\nd 
correspond+ to ! h 9 words ( ! same     
orig9 9 cognate languages 7see ,curtius1
 ,greek ,etym4 #a1 #dbc ( ! ,eng4       
,trans471 & al?\gh und\bt$ly h 0 wrongly
 atta*$ to "s ,lat9 words1 !re is no    
evid5ce to %[ t ?is happ5$ to um]us4 -- 
,,has3 i4e4 ,milonis1 correspond+ to    
,py?agorae4 -- ,,py?agorae3 *os5 no d\bt
 because tradition made ,milo a         
,py?agorean2 see n4 on #bg4 -- ,,malis3 
i4e4 si opt&um sit 7cf4 ,plaut4 ,miles  
#agj74 ,= ! ellipsis see n4 on #bf4 --  
,,d5ique3 '9 %ort'4 -- ,,ut>e3 ! second 
p]son ( ! pres5t subjunctive hortative  
is v r>e1 except+ :51 z "h1 ! comm& is  
g5]al4 ,_h ! comm& be5 address$ to a    
p>ticul> p]son1 ,cic]o might h writt5 ne
 requisi]is4 ,cf4 ,madvig1 ,opusc4 #b1  
#aje2 ,roby1 #aeif2 ,a4 #bff1 a1 b2 ,g4 
#bef1 #b2 ,h4 #dhd1 #d1 n4 #b4 -- ,,dum 

,,adsit1 ,,cum ,,absit3 z bo? dum & cum 
evid5tly h "h a temporal s5se1 !        
subjunctives seem due to ! influ5ce ( ! 
o!r subjunctives ut>e & requiras4 ,a4   
#cdb2 ,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 & n4 #a1
 #a74 -- ,,nisi ,,=te3 see n4 on #ah4 --
 ,,cursus3 = ! metaphor cf4 n4 on #hc2  
also ,fam4 #h1 #ac1 #a 7a lett] (       
,coelius7 aetate iam sunt decursa2 pro  
,qu9t4 #ii acta aetas decursaque4 ,=    
c]tus cf4 bel[1 #gb s5ectutis c]tus     
t]m9us4 -- ,,aetatis3 "h  vitae2 see n4 
on #e4 -- ,,eaque3 ?is is a common way (
 introduc+ ) emphasis a fre% epi!t or   
pr$icate4 ,(t5 idque 7 7 occurs1 !      
pron\n be+ !n adv]bially us$1 & n 9     
agreem5t ) ! subject4 ,cf4 n4 on #fe    
illius quidem2 also neque ea 9 #bb4 --  
,,simplex3 life is comp>$ to a race1 9  
:i* ea* man has to run once & only once 
ar\nd ! c\rse4 -- ,,tempe/ivitas3       
'seasonabl5ess'2 cf4 #e maturitate      
tempe/iva1 ) n4 -- ,,infirmitas3 !      
context %[s t n physical b intellectual 
weakness is meant2 s 9 ,acad4 #b1 #i    

infirmissimo tempore aetatis2 ,f94 #e1  
#dc aetas infirma4 -- ,,f]ocitas3       
'exultation'1 'high _s'4 -- ,,iam       
,,con/antis ,,aetatis3 i4e4 middle age1 
! *>act]i/ic ( :i* is /ability2 cf4 #gf 
con/ans aetas quae m$ia dicitur2 also   
#fj2 ,tac4 ,a4 #f1 #df composita aetas4 
,= iam cf4 ,suet4 ,galb4 #d aetate      
nondum con/anti2 pro ,caelio #da aetas  
iam corroborata2 ,fam4 #aj1 #c1 #b aetas
 iam confirmata4 -- ,,maturitas3        
'rip5ess'1 i4e4 ( intellect or judgm5t4 
-- ,,suo3 ,g4 #bie1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ddi1 
#b4  #cd4 ,,audire ,,te ,,arbitror3 ',i 
?9k t news rea*es y'4 -- ,,hospes3 see  
n4 on #bh orator4 -- ,,avitus3 !re 0 a  
/rong fri5d%ip betwe5 ! eld] ,africanus 
& ,mas9issa1 k+ ( ,numidia1 :o 9 #bjf   
,b4,c4 pass$ ov] f ! ,c>?ag9ian alliance
 to t ( ! ,romans4 ,he 0 ri*ly rew>d$ by
 ,scipio1 & rema9$ loyal to ,rome till 8
 dea?4 ,he liv$ to welcome ! y\ng]      
,scipio 9 ,africa dur+ ! la/ ,punic w>1 
& to see ! utt] ru9 ( ,c>?age4 ,see     
,sall4 ,iug4 #e1 #d4 ,= ! expression    

hospes tuus avitus cf4 ,plautus1 ,miles 
#ace pat]num suom hospitem4 -- ,,cum    
,,+ressus etc43 i4e4 protract$ ex]cise (
 "o k9d did n we>y him4 -- ,,cum 444    
,,equo3 ?\gh ,cic4 says 9 equo vehi1    
esse1 s$]e etc4 ! preposition "h is left
 out because a m]e ablative ( mann] or  
means is requir$ to suit ! simil>       
ablative p$ibus4 ,s ,div4 #b1 #adj equus
 9 quo veheb>1 '! horse on :i* ,i rode'2
 b ib4 #a1 #eh equo advectus ad ripam1  
'br\ght to ! bank by ! aid ( a horse'4  
-- ,,siccitatem3 'wir9ess'1 lit]ally    
'dryness' or fre$om f excessive         
p]spiration1 colds & ! l2 cf4 ,tusc4 #e1
 #ii siccitatem quae consequitur        
cont95tiam 9 victu2 ,catull4 #bc1 #ab   
corpora sicciora cornu4 -- ,,regis3 "h  
regia4 -- ,,(ficia ,,et ,,mun]a3 see n4 
on #bi4 -- ,,ne ,,s9t3 'grant t age has 
no /r5g?'4 ,?is =mula ( concession =    
argum5t's sake is frequ5t 9 ,cic]o1 :o  
(t5 atta*es to x sane4 ,a4 #bff1 d2 ,g4 
#faj2 ,h4 #eae1 ,,iii4 -- ,,s5ectute    
s5ibus3 see n4 on #bf4 -- ,,legibus ,,et

 ,,in/itutis3 'by /atute & prec$5t'4 -- 
,,mun]ibus ,,eis etc43 *iefly milit>y   
s]vice4 -- ,,non ,,modo 444 ,,s$ ,,ne   
,,quidem3 :5 a negative foll[s non modo 
^! words h ! =ce ( non modo non1 a      
negative be+ borr[$ f ! negative 9 !    
subsequ5t clause4 ,b (t5 non modo non is
 writt52 ! negative aft] modo is !n m   
emphatic1 be+ indep5d5t4 ,"h non modo   
non quod non w\ld h _h a h>% s\nd4 ,a4  
#adi1 e2 ,g4 #dhd1 #c & ,rem4 #a42 ,h4  
#eeb1 #b4 -- ,,quod3 adv4 acc4 7see n4  
on #a quid74 ,cf4 ,liv4 #f1 #ae s$ vos  
id cog5di e/is4  #ce4 ,,at3 z 9 #ba1 :]e
 see n4 ,9 8 reply ,cato adopts ! same  
=m z t 9 :i* ! objection is urg$1 at id 
quidem etc4 ,s 9 #fh at s5ex 444 at e/  
444  ,p4 #ae4 -- ,,commune ,,valetud9is3
 'common to weak heal?'1 i4e4 to all 9 a
 weak /ate ( heal?4 ,valetudo means 9   
itself nei!r good nor bad heal?2 ! ^w   
takes its color+ f ! context4 --        
,,filius ,,is ,,qui3 a pause mu/ be made
 at filius2 ! s5se is n 't son (        
,africanus :o adopt$ y'1 b '! son (     

,africanus1 ,i mean ! man :o adopt$ y'4 
-- ,,quod ,,ni ,,ita ,,fuisset3 'n[ if  
?is _h n be5 s'2 a phrase l quod cum ita
 sit & hoc ita dici4 ,cf4 also #fg quod 
ni ita accid]et2 #hb quod ni ita se     
hab]et4 -- ,,alt]um 444 ,,civitatis3    
illud is put = ille1 by attraction to   
lum54 ,roby1 #ajfh4 ,a4 #aie1 d2 ,g4    
#bjb1 ,rem4 #e2 ,h4 #dde1 #d4 ,cf4 ,f94 
#b1 #gj ,epicurus1 hoc enim ve/rum lum5 
e/1 ',epicurus1 = he is y\r %9+ light'4 
-- ,,vitia3 'defects'4 -- ,,dilig5tia3  
sc>cely corresponds to our 'dilig5ce'2 x
 r implies m9ute1 pati5t att5tion2      
'pa9/ak+'4  #cf4 ,,hab5da 444           
,,valetud9is3 'att5tion mu/ be paid to  
heal?'2 s valetud9i consul]e 7,fam4 #af1
 #d1 #c7 op]am d>e 7,de ,or4 ,i1 #bfe7  
indulg]e 7,fam4 #af1 #ah1 #a7 valetud9em
 cur>e (t52 cf4 also ,fam4 #aj1 #ce1 #b2
 ,f94 #b1 #fd4 -- ,,tantum3 re/rictive1 
'only s mu*'2 s 9 #fi1 & (t54 --        
,,potionis3 cibus et potio is ! regul>  
,lat9 equival5t = our 'food & dr9k'2 see
 bel[1 #df2 also ,tusc4 #e1 #ajj2 ,f94  

#a1 #cg2 ,v>ro de ,re ,ru/4 #a1 #a1 #e4 
-- ,,adhib5dum3 adhib]e has "h m]ely !  
s5se ( 'to employ' or 'to use'4 ,cf4    
,f94 #b1 #fd4 -- ,,non3 we %\ld say '&  
n' or 'b n'2 ! ,lat9s1 h[ev]1 are fond (
 asyndeton1 call$ adv]sativum1 :5 two   
clauses are contra/$4 -- ,,m5ti 444     
,,animo3 prop]ly m5s is ! intellect1    
/rictly s call$1 animus intellect &     
feel+ comb9$1 b ! words are (t5 v       
loosely us$4 ,!y (t5 occur toge!r 9     
,lat92 ,lucretius has ev5 m5s animi4 -- 
,,in/illes3 see n4 on #ba ex]ceas4 --   
,,et3 'moreov]'4 -- ,,ex]cit&o3 9 good  
,lat9 ! v]b ex]cit>e is r>e except 9    
ex]citatus1 :i* /&s z p>ticiple to      
ex]ceo1 ex]citus be+ unus$4 ,! ^w seems 
to h be5 *os5 "h z suit+ ex]citationibus
 bett] ?an ex]c5do w\ld4 ,s 9 #dg       
desid]atio is *os5 r ?an desid]ium1 to  
correspond ) ! neighbor+ titillatio4 -- 
,,ait3 sc4 esse2 ! omission ) aio is    
r>e1 ?\gh common ) dico1 appello etc42  
see n4 on #bb4 -- ,,comicos3 n 'comic' 9
 our s5se1 b  9 como$iis1 'repres5t$ 9  

com$y'4 ,s ,rosc4 ,am4 #dg comicum      
adulesc5tem1 '! "y man ( com$y'4 ,!     
passage ( ,caecilius 7see n4 on #bd     
,/atius7 is m fully quot$ 9 ,lael4 #ii4 
-- ,,cr$ulos3 9 almo/ e ,lat9 com$y !re 
is "s old man :o is *eat$ by a cunn+    
slave4 -- ,,somniculosae3 ! adj4 conta9s
 a dim9utive n\n /em 7somniculo-74 --   
,,petulantia3 'wayw>dness'4 -- ,,non    
,,proborum3 ,cic4 avoids improborum z   
be+ too h>%2 ) exactly simil> feel+     
,prop]tius #c1 #bj1 #eb 7ed4 ,paley7    
says nec proba ,pasiphae = et improba   
,p4 ,cf4 ,(f4 #c1 #cf error hom9um non  
proborum4 -- ,,i/a3 imply+ contempt4 ,a4
 #ajb1 c2 ,g4 #bia1 ,rem42 ,h4 #dej1 #a4
 n4 & foot-note #d4 -- ,,deliratio3     
'dotage'2 a r>e ^w1 us$ by ,cic4 only "h
 & 9 ,div4 #b1 #ij4  #cg4 ,,robu/os3    
'/urdy'2 imply+ t ! sons 7 gr[n up4 --  
,,tantam3 sc4 quantam habuit2 only a    
little m emphatic ?an magnam w\ld h be52
 see n4 on #eb4 -- ,,appius3 see n4 on  
#af4 -- ,,regebat3 ! pat] familias 9    
e>ly ,roman times 0 an almo/            

irresponsible rul] ov] 8 *ildr5 &       
h\sehold4 ,= a full discussion ( !      
patria pote/as see ,c\langes1 ,anci5t   
,city1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 ,*4 #h2 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t
 ,law1 ,*4 #e2 ,hadley1 ,introd4 to     
,roman ,law1 ,*apt]s #e & #f4 -- ,,et   
444 ,,s5ex3 '?\gh bo? bl9d & old'4 --   
,,int5tum3 commonly us$ ( animus1 l !   
opposite remissus 7#bh74 -- ,,t5ebat    
etc43 ! patria pote/as is (t5 d5ot$ by !
 ^w imp]ium2 cf4 ,de ,inv5t4 #b1 #adj   
imp]ium dome/icum4 -- ,,vigebat etc43 '9
 him ance/ral _s & pr9ciples 7 /rong'4  
,:ile animus patrius "h evid5tly means !
 /rong w = :i* ! patrician ,claudii 7   
prov]bial 7z e4g4 9 ,rosc4 ,am4 #df     
intelleg]e qui animus patrius sit 9     
lib]os7 x indicates ! feel+ ( a p>ticul>
 fa!r = 8 *ildr54  ,p4 #af4 -- #ch4     
,,ita3  ea lege 'on ^! conditions1 viz4 
444'1 ! clause ) si be+ an explanation (
 ita4 ,?is correspond5ce ( ita 444 si is
 common 9 ,cic]o2 see n4 on #ab ita 444 
quasi4 ,"h translate 'age c only be 9   
honor if x fights = itself'4 -- ,,se    

,,ipsa3 cf4 ,cic4 ,acad4 #b1 #cf v]itas 
se ipsa def5det2 see also ! n4 on #d4 --
 ,,si 444 ,,e/3 'if x has pass$ into    
bondage to nobody'4 ,mancipium is a     
piece ( prop]ty2 emancip>e is to pass a 
piece ( prop]ty out ( its own]'s h&s4 ,!
 ^w acquir$ two exactly opposite mean+s4
 ,:5 us$ ( a slave1 or ( a son 9 patria 
pote/ate1 :o 0 legally subject to _m ( !
 same ord9ances z a slave1 x means 'to  
set free'1 unless1 z 9 ,f94 ,i1 #bd     
filium 9 adoptionem ,d4 ,silano         
emancipav]at1 "s p]son is m5tion$ to :om
 ! orig9al own] makes ov] 8 rights4 ,b 9
 ,plaut4 ,bac*id4 #a1 #a1 #ij muli]1    
tibi me emancupo ! s5se is ',i enslave  
myself to y'1 i4e4 ',i pass myself out (
 my own p[] into y\rs'4 ,s 9 ! well-kn[n
 passage ( ,horace1 ,epod4 #i1 #ab 7(   
,antony7 emancipatus fem9ae 'enslav$ to 
a woman'2 cf ,cic4 ,phil4 #b1 #ea       
v5ditum atque emancipatum tribunatum4 --
 ,,s5ile ,,aliquid 444 ,,aliquid        
,,adulesc5tis3 *iasmus4 ,= ! s5se cf4   
#cc f]ocitas iuv5um 444 s5ectutis       

maturitas4 -- ,,quod ,,qui ,,sequitur3  
'& he :o /rives aft] ?is'1 i4e4 to      
comb9e ! virtues ( age & y\?4 ,cf4      
,aes*4 ,sept4 #fbb     '   -- ,,mihi 444
 ,,e/ ,,9 ,,manibus3 ',i h on h&'1 'am  
busy )'4 ,cf4 n4 on #bb4 -- ,,orig9um3 z
 to ,cato's lit]>y labors see ,introd4  
-- ,,omnia ,,colligo3 ref]r+ to !       
mat]ials ,cato 0 collect+ = 8           
',orig9es'4 -- ,,quascunque ,,def5di3 'z
 _m z ,i h conduct$'4 ,def5d]e causam "h
 is simply to act z c\nsel 9 a case1    
:e!r ! cli5t be def5dant or pla9tiff4 ,s
 9 ,lael4 #if & (t54 -- ,,nunc ,,cum    
,,maxime3 'n[ m ?an ev]'1  4 ,! phrase  
is elliptic2 9 full x w\ld be 'cum      
maxime conficio orationes1 nunc         
conficio'1 ':5 ,i mo/ ( all compose     
spee*es1 ,i n[ compose !m'2 i4e4 '! "t  
:5 ,i mo/ ( all compose is n['4 ,! words
 cum maxime g5]ally foll[ tum or nunc & 
add emphasis to ^? words1 b are         
sometimes us$ alone to express ! ideas  
'!n' & 'n[' m emphatically ?an tum &    
nunc w\ld4 ,cf4 ,v]4 #d1 #hb2 ,tac4     

,ann4 #d1 #bg4 ,! orators 7 9 ! habit ( 
work+ ov] _! spee*es c>efully =         
publication & pres]vation4 -- ,,ius     
,,augurium etc43 '! law p]ta9+ to !     
augurs & pontifices'2 i4e4 ! pr9ciples  
appli$ by !m 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4  
,! pontifices _h ! g5]al ov]sight (     
religi\s obs]vances4 ,see ,dict4 (      
,antiq4 -- ,,civile3 ! mean+ ( ius      
civile v>ies accord+ to ! context4 ,"h x
 is ! secul> law z oppos$ to ! sacr$    
law1 z 9 #ej2 sometimes x is ! :ole body
 ( ,roman law z oppos$ to ! law ( o!r   
/ates2 (t51 aga91 x is ! old] portion ( 
! ,roman law z oppos$ to ! new] or      
'equity' portion4 -- ,,commemoro3 ',i   
say ov] to myself'4 ,9 ,cic]o commemoro 
is a v]b ( speak+1 & nev] has ! mean+ ( 
recordor or mem9i4 -- ,,curricula3 see  
nn4 on #cc4 -- ,,magno ,,op]e3 bett] s  
writt5 ?an 9 "o ^w magnop]e2 s maximo1  
m9imo1 nimio op]e4 -- ,,adsum ,,amicis3 
',i act z c\nsel to my fri5ds'4 ,?is    
legal s5se ( adesse is common4 --       
,,frequ5s3 lit]ally ! ^w means 'cr[d$'  

7connect$ ) f>cire 'to cram' or 'to cr[d
 toge!r'71 h5ce frequ5s s5atus & ! l    
phrases4 ,!n frequ5s comes to be us$ (  
actions or ev5ts t (t5 recur2 e4g4      
,orat4 #ae ,demo/h5es frequ5s ,platonis 
auditor2 ,de ,or4 #a1 #bdc frequ5s te   
audivi4 ,on ! use ( ! adj4 "h see ,a4   
#aia2 ,g4 #cbd1 ,rem4 #f2 ,h4 #ddc4 --  
,,ultro3 'unask$'1 '( my own motion'1 a 
ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n /ory t1 :atev]   
subject 0 discuss$1 ,cato gave z 8      
op9ion 'del5da e/ ,c>?ago'4 ,see        
,introd4 -- ,,tueor3 'advocate'1        
'support'4 -- ,,lectulus3 a c\* usually 
/ood 9 ! ,roman /udy1 on :i* ! /ud5t    
recl9$ :ile read+1 compos+ or dictat+1  
or ev5 writ+4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #c1 #ag1 9  
eam ex$ram v5isse 9 qua ,crassus lectulo
 posito recubuisset1 cumque eum 9       
cogitatione defixum esse s5sisset1 /atim
 recessisse 4442 ,suet4 ,aug4 #gh       
lecticula lucubratoria4 -- ,,ea ,,ipsa  
,,cogitantem3  de eis ipsis cog43 s     
,acad4 #b1 #abg cogitantes sup]a atque  
caele/ia1 & (t54 -- ,,acta ,,vita3 '!   

life ,i h l$'2 cf4 #fb hone/e acta      
sup]ior aetas2 s ,tusc4 #a1 #aji2 ,fam4 
#d1 #ac1 #d4 -- ,,viv5ti3 dative (      
ref]5ce4 ,a4 #bce2 ,g4 #ced2 ,h4 #chd1  
#d1 n4 #c4 ',z reg>ds "o :o lives amid  
^! pursuits & tasks'4 -- ,,ita ,,s5sim  
etc43 s5sim s9e s5su 7obs]ve !          
allit]ation7 is l m5tes dem5tis 9 #af1  
:]e see n4 ,s5sim mu/ h meant at "o "t  
'p]ceptibly'1 !n 'only j p]ceptibly'1 !n
 'gradually' & almo/ 'imp]ceptibly'4    
#ci4 ,,quod 444 ,,dicunt3 n /rictly     
logical1 be+ put = quod c>eat1 ut       
dicunt4 ,9 cases l ?is ! v]b ( say+ is  
usually 9 ! subjunctive4 ,cf4 ,roby1    
#agdf2 ,a4 #cda1 ,rem42 ,g4 #eda1 ,rem4 
#b2 ,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! indicative "h
 is m vivid & =cible4 -- ,,munus 444    
,,auf]t3 to say t a gift robs "o ( any?+
 is ( c\rse an oxymoron2 cf4 n4 on #af  
m5tes dem5tis4 -- ,,aetatis3 almo/      
s5ectutis3 cf4 n4 on #de4 -- ,,id ,,quod
 ,,e/ etc43 '! greate/ fault ( y\?'2    
i4e4 ! love ( pleasure4 ,9 ?is passage  
voluptas indicates pleasure ( a s5sual  

k9d1 its ord9>y s5se1 delectatio1       
oblectatio etc4 be+ us$ ( ! high]       
pleasures4 ,9 #ea1 h[ev]1 we h          
voluptates agricol>um4 -- ,,accipite3   
'he>'2 s d>e (t5 means 'to tell'4 ,)    
accip]e 9 ?is s5se cf4 ! simil> use ( 4 
-- ,,ar*ytae3 ,ar*ytas 7! subject (     
,horace's well-kn[n ode1 #a1 #bh7 0 a   
contempor>y & fri5d ( ,plato1 & a foll[]
 ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy4 ,he wrote  
philosophical works1 & 0 also fam\s z a 
ma!matician & a/ronom]1 besides be+ !   
lead+ /atesman & g5]al ( ! commonweal? (
 ,t>5tum4 ,= ano!r say+ ( ,ar*ytas1 cf4 
,lael4 #hh4 -- ,,tradita ,,e/3 '0 imp>t$
 to me'1 i4e4 by ^w ( m\?4 -- ,,cum 444 
,,t>5ti3 ':5 z a "y man ,i /ay$ at      
,t>5tum'4 ,= adulesc5s cf4 n4 on #bf    
s5es4 -- ,,nullam 444 ,,pe/em etc43 cf4 
,lael4 #cd pe/em 444 cupiditatem2 ,(f4  
#b1 #i consuetudo 444 hone/atem ab      
utilitate sec]n5s1 qua nulla p]nicies   
maior hom9um vitae potuit aff]ri4 --    
,,capitaliorem3 'm deadly'2 caput 0 (t5 
equival5t to vita1 s t capitalis comes  

to mean 'affect+ ! life'4  ,p4 #ag4 --  
#dj4 ,,h9c etc43 cf4 ,cic4 ,hort5sius   
fragm4 quod turpe damnum1 quod d$ecus e/
 quod non evocetur atque eliciatur      
voluptate8 ,obs]ve ! s+ul> patriae      
foll[$ by ! plural r]um public>um2 !    
plural ( patria is r>e4 ,on !           
significance ( ?is passage see ,lecky1  
,hi/4 ( ,european ,morals1 ,i4 p4 #baa1 
n4 7,am4 ed474 -- ,,cum ,,ho/ibus etc43 
attributive phrase2 cf4 ,phil4 #ab1 #bg 
colloquia cum ac]rimis ho/ibus4 --      
,,scelus3 ?is ^w looks *iefly to !      
crim9al int5tion1 :e!r x be c>ri$ into  
action or n1 malum1 fac9us to ! complet$
 crime2 flagitium is s9 r ?an crime1    
,fac9us 9 s5se is (t5 r n>r[] & light]  
?an scelus2 cf4 ,v]r4 #e1 #agj fac9us e/
 v9cire civem ,romanum1 scelus v]b]>e1  
prope p>ricidium nec>e4 -- ,,impell]et3 
sc4 hom9es2 s nos is omitt$ aft] iubebat
 bel[4 -- ,,excit>i3 '/irr$ up'4 ,9 #ci 
& #da we h ! v]b 9-cit>e2 = ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! two v]bs cf4 ,qu4 ,fr4 #a1 #a1 
#de haec non eo dicuntur1 ut te oratio  

mea dormi5tem excitasse1 s$ potius ut   
curr5tem incitasse videatur4 -- ,,hom9i 
444 ,,d$isset3 cf4 ,acad4 #a1 #g nec    
ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis   
datum munus hom9i4 ,notice hom9i 'man'1 
9 ! same s5se z hom9ibus1 above4 --     
,,mun]i ,,ac ,,dono3 ! two words munus &
 donum are (t5 f\nd toge!r2 ! diff]5ce 9
 mean+ is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,donum      
implies ! fact ( giv+1 munus ! g5]osity 
( ! giv]4 -- ,,tam 444 ,,inimicum3      
notice ! sep>ation ( tam f inimicum4    
#da4 ,,libid9e3  2 temp]antia  4 ,dom9>i
 is a v /rong ^w1 'to tyrannize'2       
dom9atio  4 ,= locum cf4 ,lael4 #eb 9   
tyranni vita nullus locus e/ amicitiae4 
-- ,,consi/]e3 'f9d a foo?old'4 ,cf4    
,f94 #d1 #fi sapi5tia p$em ubi pon]et   
non habebat4 -- ,,f+]e ,,animo3 'to     
imag9e'4 -- ,,tanta 444 ,,quanta 444    
,,maxima3 '! greate/ t c\ld possibly be 
enjoy$'4 ,! =m ( expression is common1  
e4g4 ,lael4 #gd tanta quanta maxima     
pote/ esse di/antia4 -- ,,tam ,,diu     
,,dum3 ?is is n exactly equival5t to !  

ord9>y tam diu quam1 b !re is ellipsis  
-- 's long z ?is1 ,i mean :ile1 etc4'4  
,cf4 ,cat4 #c1 #af tam diu1 dum urbis   
mo5ibus cont9ebatur2 ,(f4 #a1 #b tam diu
 444 quoad 444 -- ,,m5te 444 ,,ratione  
444 ,,cogitatione3 'by ?\ght1 by        
reason+1 by imag9ation'4 ,cogitatio l   
has (t5 ! s5se ( 'imag9ation'4 ,! close 
juxtaposition ( words ne>ly synonym\s is
 q *>act]i/ic ( ,cic]o's ,lat94 --      
,,quidem3 concessive1 z 9 #cb & (t54 -- 
,,maior ,,atque ,,longior3 'v int5se &  
protract$'4 ,sup]latives might h be5    
expect$1 9 view ( quanta p]cipi posset  
maxima above4 ,longus 9 ! s5se (        
'long-cont9u$' is r>e 9 ,cic]onian      
,lat91 except+ :51 z 9 #ff longa aetate1
 x is jo9$ ) a ^w di/9ctly ref]r+ to "t4
 ,= ! g5]al drift ( ! passage cf4 ,cic4 
,hort5sius 7fragm5t7 congru]e cum       
cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non 
pote/2 quis enim1 cum utatur voluptate  
ea qua nulla possit maior esse1 att5d]e 
animum1 inire rationes1 cogit>e omn9o   
quidquam pote/8 -- ,,animi ,,lum53 a    

common metaphor2 e4g4 ,cic4 ,rep4 #f1   
#ab tu1 ,africane1 o/5das oportebit     
patriae lum5 animi tui4 ,cf4 #cf haec   
444 ex/+uuntur2 also bel[1 #db m5tis    
oculos4 -- ,c4 ,,pontio3 ,c4 ,pontius   
,h]5nius1 ! fa!r ( ,c4 ,pontius         
,teles9us :o defeat$ ! ,romans at !     
,caud9e ,=ks dur+ ! ,second ,samnite w>1
 9 #cba ,b4,c4 ,! fa!r is sev]al times  
m5tion$ by ,livy #i1 cc4 #a & #c2 cf4   
especially #a1  #b ,c4 ,pontium1 patre  
longe prud5tissimo natum4 -- ,,ne>*us3  
m5tion$ by ,plut>*1 ,cato #b1 z a       
,py?agorean & fri5d ( ,cato4 --         
,,p]mans]at3 i4e4 dur+ ! siege (        
,t>5tum4 -- ,,int]fuisset3 n 9          
accordance ) ,engli% idiom2 cf4 n4 on #d
 putass5t2 also #dd devic]at4 -- ,,plato
 etc43 al?\gh ,plato made two j\rneys to
 ,italy & ,sicily 7or1 z "s au?orities  
say1 ?ree7 x is sc>cely likely t he 0   
pres5t at ,t>5tum 9 ! ye> m5tion$1 #cdi 
,b4,c41 two ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :5 he 0 ( 
advanc$ age4 ,! late/ date assign$ by   
o!r au?orities = ,plato's la/ visit to !

 ,we/ is #cfa ,b4,c4 -- ,,rep]io3 sc4 9 
annalibus2 s 9 #ae2 cf4 videmus 9 #bf4  
#db4 ,,effic]et3 effic]et1 lib]et1 &    
oport]et c be prop]ly r5d]$ into ,engli%
 only by ! pres5t t5se4 ,al?\gh ^! v]bs 
express circum/ances :i* cont9ue1 s9ce !
 g5]al effect ( old age is be+ describ$1
 !y are ?r[n into ! pa/ to suit ! pa/   
t5se dicebam or dixi :i*1 ?\gh n        
express$1 is really ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,cf4
 bel[1 #fb1 #gh4 -- ,,consilium3        
'delib]ation'4  ,p4 #ah4 -- ,,ut ,,ita  
,,dicam3 ?is s(t5s ! metaphor1 z quasi  
or quasi quidam (t5 does1 & z 1  d 9    
,greek b n   1 :i* is (t5 wrongly said  
to be ! equival5t ( ut ita dicam2 see n4
 on ,lael4 #b4 ,! phrase m5tis or animi 
aciem prae/r+]e (t5 occurs )\t any?+ to 
s(t5 ! metaphor2 e4g4 ,f94 #d1 #cg4 --  
,,nec ,,habet etc3 '& has no relations )
 virtue'4 ,! use ( comm]cium 9 !        
metaphorical s5se is common4 --         
,,invitus3 see ref4 on #ch frequ5s4 --  
,,feci ,,ut3 a p]iphrasis n unusual4 ,a4
 #ccb1 e2 ,g4 #eeg2 ,h4 #dih1 ,,ii4 n4  

#b4 -- ,t4 ,,flam99i3 see n4 on #a1 l4  
#a4 -- ,l4 ,,flam99um3 z prtor he comm&$
 ! fleet "u 8 bro!r ,titus dur+ !       
,mac$onian w>2 9 #aib ,b4,c4 he 0       
consul4 ,septem annis d5otes sev5       
complete ye>s 7cf4 n4 on #ai71 z ,cato 0
 c5sor 9 #ahd4 ,a ref]5ce to ,livy #ci1 
#dc1 #b w %[ t ,cic]o borr[s 8 acc\nt ( 
,flam99us' crime f ! old annali/        
,val]ius ,antias4 ,livy also quotes     
7#ci1 #db1 #g7 an acc\nt ( ! matt] giv5 
by ,cato himself 9 a spee*1 :i* is ev5 m
 disgraceful to ,flam99us4 -- ,,eic]em3 
! phrase commonly us$ is n eic]e1 b     
mov]e1 aliquem s5atu4 ,not>e & nota     
7c5soria7 are te*nically us$ (          
degradation or disfran*isem5t inflict$  
by ! c5sors4 ,= ! spell+ see ,roby1     
#add1 #b2 ,a4 #aj1 d2 ,h4 #cf1 #d &     
footnote #a4 -- ,,fuisset3 = ! mood see 
,a4 #cdb2 ,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 & n4
 #a1 #a72 = ! t5se see ,roby1 #adia2 ,a4
 #cbd1 a2 ,g4 #bcc1 #b2 ,h4 #dga1 #d4 --
 ,,cum 444 ,,gallia3 n ':5 he 0 consul 9
 ,gaul' b ':5 he 0 9 ,gaul dur+ 8       

consul%ip'4 ,cum ) ! imp]fect or        
plup]fect subjunctive (t5 has a s5se    
diff]+ v little f t ( cum ) ! imp]fect  
or plup]fect indicative4 ,no d\bt :5 !  
usage orig9ally arose1 ! clause ) cum 0 
reg>d$ z express+ ! cause ( ! action or 
ev5t d5ot$ by ! pr9cipal v]b2 "h !      
pres5ce ( ,f4 9 ,gaul might be reg>d$ z 
a cause ( ! crime4 ,x is m ?an d\btful1 
h[ev]1 :e!r 9 actual use ! subjunctive 9
 ^! phrases cont9u$ to c>ry ) x to ,lat9
 read]s any idea ( cause4 ,see ,roby1   
#agbj1 ,k5n$y1 #baa2 also ,a4 #cbe1 #cbc
 & footnote #a2 ,g4 #ehf ) ,rem42 ,h4   
#eba1 ,,ii4 #b & footnote #a4 --        
,,exoratus ,,e/3 '0 p]suad$'2 cf4 ,liv4 
#ci1 #dc4 -- ,,securi ,,f]iret3 ! /ory 0
 t ,l4 ,flam99us himself act$ z         
execution]4 -- ,,eorum ,,qui 444        
,,ess5t3 ! subjunctive because ( !      
class-notion1 '( su* p]sons z 7'4 --    
,,tito ,,c5sore3 i4e4 9 #ahi ,b4,c42 see
 n4 on #a4 -- ,,flacco3 ,l4 ,val]ius    
,flaccus 0 ! life-long fri5d ( ,cato1 & 
8 colleague 9 ! consul%ip & 9 !         

c5sor%ip4 ,he entirely favor$ ,cato's   
political views4 ,see ,introd4 --       
,,imp]i ,,d$ecus3 ,flam99us 0 at ! "t   
,roman gov]nor ( ! di/rict4  #dc4       
,,audivi ,e3 ,cic4 uses audire ex1 ab1 &
 de aliquo1 almo/ indiff]5tly4 --       
,,porro3 '9 turn'2 lit]ally 'f>!r on'1  
"h  'f>!r back'2 cf4 ,livy #bg1 #ea4 -- 
,c4 ,,fabricium3 see n4 on #ae4 --      
,,c9ea3 ! fam\s diplomati/1 m9i/] (     
,pyrrhus4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,demo/h5es &  
himself "o ( ! mo/ fam\s orators ( 8 "t4
 ,c9eas 0 ! ambassador :o tri$ to       
negotiate peace on ! occasion m5tion$ 9 
#af4 -- ,,se ,,sapi5tem ,,pr(it]etur3 ! 
omission ( esse is common 9 su* phrases2
 e4g4 ,f94 #e1 #ac ,/rato physicum se   
voluit4 ,epicurus1 :o is "h meant 7born 
#cdb ,b4,c41 di$ #bgj71 0 blam$ = call+ 
himself  or sapi5s4 ,o!rs1 says ,cic]o1 
:o _h borne ! title _h wait$ = ! public 
to conf] x on !m 7,f94 #b1 #g74 --      
,,eumque3 '& yet he'2 cf4 n4 on #ac     
vixitque4 -- ,,fac]emus3 = ! t5se cf4 n4
 on #db effic]et2 also expet]etur bel[4 

-- ,,ad 444 ,,ref]5da3 'ought to be     
judg$ by ! /&>d ( pleasure'1 i4e4 any?+ 
:i* br+s pleasure may be reg>d$ z good1 
& its opposite bad4 ,s 9 ,greek    4 ,on
 ! moral tea*+s ( ,epicurus consult     
,zell]1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 &          
,sceptics1 ,*4 #ai2 ,ueb]weg1 ,hi/ory ( 
,philosophy1  #ei2 ,guyan1 ,la morale   
d'picure et ses rapports avec les       
doctr9es contempora9es4 -- ,,curium 444 
,,coruncanium3 see n4 on #ae4 -- ,,id   
444 ,,p]suad]etur3 intransitive v]bs are
 us$ 9 ! passive only imp]sonally       
7,roby1 #adbb2 ,a4 #bcj2 ,g4 #aii1 ,rem4
 #a2 ,h4 #cja1 #a72 :5 s us$ ! dative   
may foll[ z 9 ! active 7see ,madvig1    
#bdd1 b2 ,g4 #bjh2 ,h4 #chd1 #e74 ,a    
neut] pron\n 9 ! s+ul> sometimes1 z "h1 
accompanies ! passive1 & may be reg>d$ z
 an adv]bial accusative ( respect or    
ext5t1 or z a nom9ative qualify+ !      
imp]sonal subject4 ,! =m] is probably ! 
real con/ruction4 ,cf4 ,roby1 #adbc1 &  
,madvig1 #bbi1 b1 ,obs4 #a4 --          
,,samnitibus3 !n 9 alliance ) ,pyrrhus4 

-- ,,vix]at 444 ,,cum3 n to be tak5     
lit]ally ( liv+ 9 ! same h\se2 ! phrase 
m]ely indicates close fri5d%ip4 ,9      
,acad4 #b1 #aae ,cic4 writes ,diodoto   
qui mecum vivit tot annos1 qui habitat  
apud me1 cle>ly %[+ t ! phrases viv]e   
cum aliquo & habit>e apud aliquem are n 
equival5t4 -- ,p4 ,,decio3 ?is is ,p4   
,decius ,mus1 :o at ! battle ( ,s5t9um 9
 #bie gave 8 life z a propitiatory (f]+ 
to ! p[]s ( ! unse5 _w1 9 ord] to br+   
victory to ! ,roman arms4 ,8 fa!r _h    
sacrific$ himself 9 ! same way at !     
battle ( ,ves]is 7close to ,vesuvius7 9 
#cdj1 f\ght aga9/ ! ,lat9s &            
,campanians4 -- ,,devov]at3 ,liv4 #aj1  
#bh1 #ac 7spee* ( ,decius7 datum hoc3   
no/ro g5]i e/ ut lu5dis p]iculis        
publicis piacula simus2 iam ego mecum   
ho/ium legiones mact&as ,telluri et dis 
,manibus dabo4 -- ,,aliquid etc43 '"s   
pr9ciple'2 9 8 philosophical works      
,cic]o (t5 conf\nds ! ,epicureans by    
quot+ ! action ( ! ,decii & o!rs l x1 z 
%[+ t pleasure is n ! end ( exi/5ce4    

,cf4 especially ,f94 #b1 #fa ,p4 ,decius
 cum se devov]at et equo admisso 9 m$iam
 aciem ,lat9orum irruebat1 aliquid de   
voluptatibus suis cogitabat8 ,cf4 also  
bel[1 #ge4 ,) reg>d to natura see n4 on 
#e4 -- ,,sua ,,sponte3 '= its own sake'2
 'on its own acc\nt'4 ,cf4 ,leg4 #a1 #de
 v]a et falsa sua sponte non ali5a      
iudicantur1 :]e a few l9es lat] sua     
natura occurs z equival5t to sua sponte4
 -- ,,ex ,,pet]etur3 em4 = pet]etur 9 ! 
,,mss4 ,! words expet]e1 expet5dum are  
te*nically us$ 9 ,cic]o's philosophical 
works to express ! ,greek 1  z appli$ to
 ! f9is or 1 ! supreme aim ( moral      
action4 ,pul*rum above is a translation 
( ! ,greek 1 a t]m con/antly appli$ to !
 1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,/oics4 -- ,,spreta  
,,et ,,contempta3 ! fir/ ^w is mu* !    
/rong] ( ! two2 sp]n]e is 1 'to scorn'2 
contemn]e 1 'to make light ('1 'hold (  
no acc\nt'4 ,contemn]e is (t5 no /rong] 
9 s5se ?an omitt]e1 'to pass by1        
neglect'4 ,cf4 #fe contemni1 despici4 --
 ,,optimus ,,quisque3 see ,a4 #ic1 c2   

,g4 #cje2 ,h4 #deh1 #a4  ,p4 #ai4 --    
#dd4 ,,cruditate3 'indige/ion'4 --      
,,insomniis3 'sleeplessness'2 ! s+ul>   
insomnium occurs only once 9 prose      
7,tac4 ,ann4 #aa1 #d74 ,insomnia1 ae is 
f\nd only 9 poetry & late prose4 --     
,,div9e3 ?is ^w 9 ,cic4 (t5 means no?+ m
 ?an 'spl5didly'1 'extraord9>ily'4 --   
,,escam ,,malorum3 'an enticem5t to     
evil' 7esca  ed-ca1 f ! root ( edo74    
,plato 9 ! ,timaeus #fi ,d 7a dialogue  
translat$ into ,lat9 by ,cic]o1 a       
fragm5t ( ^: translation is /ill        
pres]v$7 has    4 ,cf4 also ,cic4       
,hort5sius fr4 #gf 7ed4 ,halm7          
voluptates corporis quae v]e et gravit] 
a ,platone dictae sunt illecebrae esse  
atque escae malorum4 -- ,,modicis3 = !  
sake ( v>iety ,cic4 *ooses ?is1 n       
mod]atis1 z ! opposite ( immod]atis4    
,trans4 'a mod]ate am\nt (              
goodfell[%ip'4 -- ,m4,f4  ,m>ci filium4 
-- ,,devic]at3 plup]fect :]e a mod]n    
w\ld incl9e to use a p]fect4 ,! battle  
ref]r$ to is t ( ,mylae1 f\ght 9 #bfj2  

its memory 0 p]petuat$ by ! deck+ ( !   
=um ) ! ro/ra ( ! captur$ %ips2 !       
columna ro/rata bore a long inscription1
 a re/or$ v]sion ( :i* /ill exi/s4 --   
,,c5a3 s be/ spelt2 "s good texts /ill  
pr9t ca5a1 b co5a is decid$ly wrong1 be+
 bas$ on ! fiction t ! ,lat9 borr[$ !   
,greek ^w  & turn$ x into co5a4 --      
,,c]eo ,,funali3 '! tor*-light'2 c]eo1 !
 em4 ( ,momms5 = crebro2 ! funale 0 a   
tor* compos$ ( )s or twigs twi/$ into a 
rope 7funis7 & dipp$ 9 pit* or oil4 --  
,,sibi 444 ,,sumps]at3 ,cic4 seems to   
?9k t ,duillius assum$ ^! honors on 8   
own au?ority4 ,?is 0 probably n ! case2 
!y 7 mo/ likely conf]r$ on him by a vote
 ( ! comitia tributa4 ,cf4 ,liv4 epit4  
#ag ,c4 ,duillius primus omnium         
,romanorum ducum navalis victoriae duxit
 triumphum1 ob quam causam ei p]petuus  
quoque honos habitus e/1 ut rev]t5ti a  
c5a tibic9e can5te funale praef]retur4  
,no o!r in/ance is kn[n :]e ^! p>ticul> 
di/9ctions 7 decre$2 ! ne>e/ p>allel    
lies 9 ! "r accord$ to ,paulus          

,mac$onicus & to ,pompeius to we> !     
triumphal toga picta = life on ea*      
occasion ( ! ludi4 ,x may be conjectur$ 
t ! music & ! tor* 7 "p ( ! c]emony on !
 ev5+ ( a triumph :5 ! triumphator 0    
escort$ home4 ,cf4 ,florus #a1 #ah1 #aj1
 ed4 ,halm4 -- ,,nullo ,,exemplo3 ')\t  
any prec$5t'4 -- ,,privatus3 any p]son  
is privatus :o is n actually 9 (fice at 
! mom5t ref]r$ to1 :e!r he has l$ a     
public life or n4 -- ,,lic5tiae3 a /rong
 ^w is us$ to m>k ! he9\sness (         
,duillius' suppos$ (f5ce aga9/ ance/ral 
cu/om4  #de4 ,,alios3 sc4 nom9o4 --     
,,primum3 ! correspond+ de9de is omitt$1
 z (t54 -- ,,sodalis3 ! sodalitates or  
sodalitia1 bro!rhoods = ! p]petuation ( 
c]ta9 rites accompani$ ) fea/+1 7       
immemorial in/itutions at ,rome4 ,!     
clause sodalitates 444 acceptis mu/ n be
 tak5 to mean t ,cic]o suppos$ ^!       
bro!rhoods to h be5 fir/ in/itut$ 9 ! "t
 ( ,cato2 x is only introduc$ to %[ t   
,cato1 s f> f be+ av]se to good liv+1   
assi/$ (ficially 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( new   

clubs4 ,mo/ ( ! sodalitates 7 closely   
connect$ ) ! g5s2 all memb]s ( a g5s 7  
sodales & met toge!r to keep up ! old   
sacra1 b 9 hi/orical times fictiti\s    
k9%ip l>gely took ! place ( real k9%ip1 
& fea/+ became almo/ ! sole raison d'tre
 ( ^! clubs4 ,see ,momms5's treatise ,de
 collegiis et sodaliciis ,romanis ,!    
p>allel ( ! ,london ,city ,companies    
readily sugge/s itself4 ,! national     
sodalitates or prie/hoods su* z ^? ( !  
,sodales ,titii1 ,lup]ci1 ,augu/ales    
etc4 7 some:at diff]5t4 -- ,,autem3 = ! 
=m ( ! p>5!sis cf4 #g4 -- ,,magnae      
,,matris3 ! image ( ,cybele 0 br\ght to 
,rome 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 f ,pess9us 9        
,phrygia4 ,see ,liv4 #bi1 #aj4 ,! ,sacra
 are call$ ,idaea f ,m\nt ,ida 9        
,phrygia1 :i* 0 a great c5tre ( ! wor%ip
 ( ,cybele4 ,acceptis1 sc4 9 civitatem2 
! wor%ip ( /range gods 0 9 pr9ciple     
illegal at ,rome unless expressly       
au?oriz$ by ! ,/ate4 -- ,,igitur3 !     
con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce is brok5 by !    
introduction ( ! p>5!sis1 & a fre% />t  

is made ) epulab> igitur4 ,igitur is (t5
 ?us us$1 l our 'well !n'1 to pick up ! 
brok5 ?read ( a s5t5ce4 ,s (t5 s$ or    
ergo4 -- ,,f]vor3 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 #a1   
#af1 #bb me quoque pectoris temptavit 9 
dulci iuv5ta f]vor4 -- ,,aetatis1 ,,qua 
,,progr$i5te3 'belong+ to t "t ( life1 b
 z life advances'4 ,! ^w aetas has      
really two s5ses "h2 9 ! fir/ place x is
 bona aetas or iuv5tus 7cf4 #ci :]e     
aetas  s5ectus71 9 ! second place vita  
7= :i* see n4 on #e74 -- ,,neque ,,enim3
 ! enim ref]s to modice4 -- ,,coetu 444 
,,s]monibus3 = ! ord] ( ! words see n4  
on #a animi tui4 -- ,,metieb>3 cf4 n4 on
 #dc ref]5da4 -- ,,accubitionem3 a vox  
,cic]oniana1 r>ely f\nd 9 o!r au?ors4 --
 ,,vitae ,,coniunctionem3 'a common     
enjoym5t ( life'4 -- ,,tum 444 ,,tum3 "h
 purely temporal1 'sometimes 444        
sometimes'2 (t5 h[ev]  'bo? 444 &'2 cf4 
#g4 -- ,,compotationem etc43 cf4 ,epi/4 
ad ,fam4 #i1 #bd1 #c4 ,compotatio  2    
conc5atio  4 -- ,,9 ,,eo ,,g5]e3 see n4 
on #d4 -- ,,id3 i4e4 eat+ & dr9k+4  #df4

 ,,tempe/ivis 444 ,,conviviis3 'ev5 9   
protract$ banquets'4 ,^? banquets :i*   
began e>ly 9 ord] t !y might la/ long 7 
naturally 9 bad repute1 s t ! phrase    
tempe/ivum convivium (t5 has almo/ !    
s5se ( 'a debau*'4 ,?us 9 ,att4 #i1 #a1 
#c ,cic]o describes himself z be+ evil  
spok5 ( 9 tempe/ivis conviviis1 i4e4 9  
dissolute society4 ,cf4 pro ,ar*4 #ac4  
,! cu/om>y d9n] h\r at ,rome 0 ab\t ?ree
 o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! ^w tempe/ivus1
 :i* 9 #e means 'at ! "r "t'1 "h means  
'be=e ! "r "t'4 ,s 9 ,engli% '9 good "t'
 (t5 means 'too e>ly'4 ,see ,beck]'s    
,gallus1 p4 #dea et seq4 -- ,,qui       
,,pauci3 ! sub/itution ( ! nom9ative ( !
 relative = ! p>titive g5itive 7quorum7 
is n uncommon4 ,a4 #baf1 e2 ,g4 #cfh1   
,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #cig1 #b1 n4 -- ,,pauci   
,,admodum3 ,cic4 usually says admodum   
pauci r ?an pauci admodum4 -- ,,ve/ra   
,,aetate3  eis qui sunt ve/ra aetate4   
,cf4 n4 on #bf s5ectus4 -- ,,s]monis 444
 ,,su/ulit3 notice ! indicatives auxit1 
su/ulit1 ! relative clauses be+         

attributive1 ?\gh !y might fairly h be5 
expect$ "h to be causal4 ,g4 #fbg2 ,h4  
#eag1 #b4 ,9 ?is passage ,cic4 imitates 
,plato1 ,rep4 #cbh ,d4 -- ,,bellum      
,,indic]e3 common 9 ! metaphorical s5se2
 e4g4 ,de ,or4 #b1 #aee miror cur       
philosophiae prope bellum indix]is2     
,hor4 ,sat4 #a1 #e1 #g v5tri indico     
bellum4 -- ,,cuius ,,e/ etc43 i4e4      
nature sanctions a c]ta9 am\nt (        
pleasure4 ,?is is ! ,p]ipatetic notion (
 ! mean1 to :i* ,cic]o (t5 gives        
expression1 z bel[1 #gg2 also 9 ,acad4  
#a1 #ci2 #b1 #aci2 & 9 ,de ,(f42 s ,hor4
 ,sat4 #a1 #a1 #ajf sunt c]ti d5ique    
f9es quos ultra citraque nequit consi/]e
 rectum2 cf4 ,od4 #b1 #aj4 -- ,,non     
,,intellego ,,ne3 = ! negatives cf4 nn4 
on #bd1 #bg4  ,p4 #bj4 -- ,,magi/]ia3   
g5]ally expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! practice (
 appo9t+ at ea* d9n] a 'ma/] ( ! fea/'1 
arbit] bib5di or 4 ,?is explanation is n
 q correct4 ,momms5 %[s 9 8 "w 'de      
collegiis' t ea* "o ( ! collegia or     
sodalicia annually appo9t$ a magi/]     

c5>um ^: duty x 0 to att5d to !         
club-d9n]s dur+ 8 ye> ( (fice & no d\bt 
to preside at !m4 ,t "s (fice is meant m
 important ?an t ( ! arbit] bib5di      
appo9t$ = a p>ticul> fea/ is %[n by !   
words a maioribus in/ituta4 ,x is       
sc>cely likely t ,cic]o 0 ignorant ( !  
,greek orig9 ( ! cu/om ( appo9t+ an     
arbit] bib5di4 -- ,,et ,,is ,,s]mo etc43
 '& ! k9d ( talk 9 :i* foll[+ ! fa%ion (
 our fa!rs we engage1 beg9n+ at ! upp]  
table1 z ! cup goes r\nd'4 ,! cup       
circulat$ f left to "r1 n1 z ) u1 f "r  
to left4 ,! gue/s at a ,roman d9n]      
recl9$ on ?ree c\*es1 plac$ at ?ree     
tables2 two ( ! c\*es 7lecti7 7 p>allel1
 & ! ?ird 0 at "r angles to ! o!r two4  
,! lectus at :i* ! cup began to         
circulate 0 summus1 ! next m$ius1 ! la/ 
imus4 ,= a summo cf4 da 7sc4 bib]e7 a   
summo 9 ,plaut4 ,as94 #e1 #b1 #da4 ,see 
,beck]'s ,gallus1 p4 #dga et seq4 --    
,,sicut 444 ,,e/3 'z we f9d'2 s ,(f4 #a1
 #cb ut 9 fabulis e/1 & (t54 -- ,,9     
,,symposio3 #b1 #bf4 -- ,,m9uta3 see n4 

on #eb4 -- ,,rorantia3 "h ) an active   
s5se1 'bespr9kl+'1 repres5t+  9         
,x5ophon2 (t5 h[ev] n diff]5t 9 s5se f  
'roscida'4 -- ,,refrig]atio 444         
,,hib]nus3 cf4 closely #eg ubi et seq4  
,note ! *anges ( expression 9 pass+ f   
refrig]atio to sol 7apricatio w\ld h m  
exactly correspond$ ) refrig]atio7 & f  
ae/ate to hib]nus 7= hieme74 -- ,,9     
,,sab9is3 ':5 ) ! ,sab9es'1 :o 7        
celebrat$ = _! simplicity ( life4 ,cato 
_h an e/ate 9 ! ,sab9e di/rict4 --      
,,convivium ,,vic9orum ,,compleo3 ',i   
make up 7i4e4 to ! prop] numb]7 a       
company ( my neighbors'4 -- ,,quod 444  
,,producimus3 '& we cont9ue our         
companion%ip to z late an h\r z we c1 ) 
*ang+ talk'4 ,! phrases multa nocte or  
de nocte 'late 9 ! night'1 multo die    
'late 9 ! day'1 are common2 cf4 also    
,att4 #ac1 #i1 #a multus s]mo ad multum 
diem2 ,rep4 #f1 #aj s]monem 9 multam    
noctem produximus4  #dg4 ,,at3 s 9 #ba1 
:]e see n4 -- ,,quasi ,,titillatio3 !   
quasi1 z (t5 9 ,cic]o's writ+s1 m>ks a  

translation f ! ,greek4 ,"h ! ,epicurean
 ^w  is ref]r$ to2 x is (t5 9 ,cic4     
repres5t$ by titillatio2 cf4 ,n4,d4 #a1 
#aac2 ,f94 #a1 #ci2 ,tusc4 #c1 #dg4 --  
,,b5e3 sc4 dixit4 -- ,,affecto ,,aetate3
 'wr\ght on by age'4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1  
#bjj 9 eius infirmissima valetud9e      
affectaque iam aetate4 -- ,,ut]eturne   
etc43 ':e!r he /ill took pleasure 9     
love'2 uti  frui4 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,met4 #d1 
#bei dem5t] amoribus uti ) ,cic4 ,tusc4 
#d1 #fh v5]eis voluptatibus frui4 --    
,,di ,,meliora3 sc4 du9t2 ?is ar*aic =m 
usually occurs :5 ! phrase is giv5 9    
full4 ,! /ory ( ,sophocles is tak5 by   
,cic]o f ,plato 7,rep4 #cbi ,b7 :o has 4
 -- ,,i/9c etc43 cf4 ! passage 9 ,plato1
 ,rep4 #a1 #cbi ,c4 ,= i/9c us$ o!rwise 
?an ( place cf4 unde 9 #ab ) n4 --      
,,agre/i3 'boori%'2 ru/icus d5otes      
simply an ord9>y c\ntryman4 --          
,,quamquam 444 ,,ergo3 ^! words may be  
scann$ z a hexamet] l9e1 b ! pause be=e 
ergo w\ld prev5t !m f be+ tak5 z a v]se4
 -- ,,hoc ,,non ,,desid]>e3 '?is abs5ce 

( regret'2 ! words =m ! subject ( e/4 ,s
 hoc non dol]e 9 ,f94 #b1 #ah4 ,= !     
pron\n 9 agreem5t ) ! inf9itive treat$ z
 n\n cf4 ,p]sius #a1 #i i/ud viv]e2 #a1 
#abb hoc rid]e meum4 ,h4 #ech1 #c4  #dh4
 ,,si3 'ev5 if'1 'grant+ t'4 -- ,,bona  
,,aetas3 '! good "t ( life'1 i4e4 y\?4  
,tis*] qu4 ,v>ro de ,re ,ru/ica #b1 #f1 
#b m>es fem9aeque bona aetate  '"y'4 ,= 
bona aetas  hom9es bona aetate cf4 n4 on
 #bf s5ectus4 -- ,,ut ,,diximus3 n      
expressly1 b ! op9ion is impli$ 9 #dd1  
#de4 -- ,,turpione ,,ambivio3 ,l4       
,ambivius ,turpio 0 ! mo/ fam\s actor ( 
,cato's "t1 & appe>$ especially 9       
,t]5ce's plays4 ,9 old ,lat9 commonly1  
occasionally 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! be/ p]iod1 & 
(t5 9 ,tacitus1 ! cognom5 is plac$ be=e 
! nom5 :5 ! pra5om5 is n m5tion$4 ,cf4  
,att4 #aa1 #ab1 #a ,balbo ,cornelio4 ,! 
usage is m common 9 ,cic]o's writ+s ?an 
9 ^? ( 8 contempor>ies4 -- ,,prima      
,,cavea3 '! l[] ti]'4 ,! lat] ,roman    
!atres consi/$ ( semicircul> or elliptic
 gall]ies1 ) ris+ ti]s ( seats2 ! level 

space p>tially enclos$ by ! curve 0 !   
or*e/ra1 :i* 0 b\nd$ by ! /age 9 front4 
,!re c be little d\bt t ,cic]o is guilty
 ( an ana*ronism "h2 8 words d n suit ! 
circum/ances ( ,cato's "t4 ,till ne>ly !
 end ( ! ,republic ! !atres 7 rude      
/ructures ( wood1 put up tempor>ily2 x  
is ev5 d\btful :e!r !y conta9$ seats = !
 audi5ce4 ,cato himself fru/rat$ an     
attempt to e/abli% a p]man5t !atre4 --  
,,propt]3 'close by'4 ,! adv]bial use ( 
propt] 7r>ely1 if ev]1 met ) outside (  
,cic]o7 is d5i$ by "s s*ol>s1 b is well 
atte/$ by ,,mss4 "h & else:]e4 --       
,,tantum 444 ,,e/3 ^! words qualify     
delectatur4  #di4 ,,illa3 put = illud1 z
 9 ,greek  &  are (t5 put =  & 4 ,!     
words f animum to ! end ( ! s5t5ce are  
explanatory ( illa4 -- ,,quanti3 'h[    
valuable6' b ! ^w may h exactly !       
opposite mean+ if ! context require x2  
?us 9 ,n4,d4 #a1 #ee & ,rep4 #f1 #be !  
s5se is 'h[ wor?less6' -- ,,/ip5diis3   
'campaigns'4 ,! f\r words f libid9is to 
inimiciti>um are to be tak5 9 pairs1    

:ile cupiditatum sums !m up & is 9      
apposition to all4 -- ,,secum ,,esse3   
cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #ge2 ,p]s4 #d1 #eb tecum 
habita4 -- ,,si 444 ,,aliquod3 ! s5se is
 sc>cely diff]5t f t ( si 444 quod2 !   
di/9ction is z slight z t 9 ,engli%     
betwe5 'if' foll[$ by '"s'1 & 'if'      
foll[$ by 'any'4 ,cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #bd  
si qu&o aliquid4 -- ,,pabulum3 = !      
metaphorical s5se r5d]$ less h>% by     
tamquam1 cf4 ,acad4 #b1 #abg2 ,tusc4 #e1
 #ff pa/us animorum4 -- ,,/udi3 an      
explanatory g5itive dep5d5t on pabulum4 
-- ,,otiosa ,,s5ectute3 'leisur$ age'2  
otium 9 ! ,lat9 ( ,cic]o does n imply   
idl5ess1 b fre$om f public bus9ess &    
opportunity = ! indulg5ce ( lit]>y &    
sci5tific ta/es4 -- ,,videbamus3 = !    
t5se cf4 ,lael4 #cg ,grac*um rem        
publicam vexantem ab amicis d]elictum   
videbamus1 i4e4 'we saw ov] a           
consid]able p]iod'4 ,see also #ej1 #gi4 
-- ,,9 ,,/udio etc43 'busi$ ) ! task (  
almo/ measur+ bit by bit 7di-meti5di7 ! 
heav5s & ! e>?'4 ,= ! s5se cf4 ,hor4    

,od4 #a1 #bh 7( ,ar*ytas74 -- ,,gallum3 
consul 9 #aeg ,b4,c41 fam\s z an        
a/ronom] & z ! fir/ ,roman :o pr$ict$ an
 eclipse be=e ! battle ( ,pydna4 ,see   
,liv4 #dd1 #cg4  ,p4 #ba4 --            
,,describ]e3 te*nically us$ ( ! draw+ ( 
ma!matical figures4 ,+r$ior (t5 has an  
inf9itive dep5d5t on x ev5 9 ! be/      
,lat92 e4g4 ,cic4 ,top4 #a nos maiores  
res scrib]e +ressos4  #ej4 ,,acutis3    
requir+ ke5ness ( intellect4 --         
,,naevius3 see n4 on #bj4 -- ,,trucul5to
 444 ,,pseudolo3 ^! plays ( ,plautus    
7liv$ f #bed to #ahd ,b4,c47 we /ill    
possess4 ,! ,trucul5tus is s nam$ f "o (
 ! *>act]s1 a slave ( savage disposition
 :o is :e$l$2 ! ,pseudolus f a *eat+    
slave4 ,! latt] "n is commonly suppos$  
to be a transcription f a ,greek ^w 1   
:i* h[ev] n[h]e occurs2 & z ! *ange f   
,greek  to ,lat9 o is n f\nd be=e l1    
,corss5 assumes  z ! orig9al ^w4 ,! =m  
,pseudulus ( ! "n is probably lat] ?an  
,pseudolus4 -- ,,livium3 ,livius        
,&ronicus1 ! f\nd] ( ,lat9 lit]ature    

7liv$ f ab\t #bhe to #bjd ,b4,c471 :o   
translat$ ! ,odyssey1 also _m ,greek    
trag$ies4 ,livius 0 a ,greek captur$ by 
,livius ,sal9ator at ,t>5tum 9 #bge     
,b4,c42 = a "t he 0 ! slave ( ,livius1  
&1 accord+ to cu/om1 took 8 "n :5 set   
free4 ,= an acc\nt ( 8 writ+s see       
,cruttwell's ,hi/4 ( ,roman ,lit]ature1 
,*4 #c2 ,sell>1 ,roman ,poets ( ! ,rep41
 ,*4 #c4 -- ,,docuisset3 '_h br\ght on  
to ! /age'4 ,doc]e 7l  9 ,greek1 :i* has
 ! same use7 meant orig9ally to in/ruct 
! p]=m]s 9 ! play4 -- ,,c5tone          
,,tuditanoque ,,consulibus3 i4e4 9 #bdj 
,b4,c4 ,! use ( que "h is noticeable2 :5
 a date is giv5 by ref]5ce to ! consuls 
( ! ye> x is usual to ins]t et 7n que or
 atque1 :i* r>ely occur7 betwe5 ! two   
names1 if only ! cognom9a 7z "h7 be     
giv54 ,if ! full names be giv51 !n !y   
are put side by side )\t et4 ,cf4 n4 on 
#aj4 -- ,,crassi3 see n4 on #bg4 --     
,,pontifici ,,et ,,civilis ,,iuris3 !   
ius pontificium reg>d$ ma9ly ! prop]    
modes ( conduct+ religi\s c]emonial4    

,ius civile1 :i* is (t5 us$ to d5ote !  
:ole body ( ,roman ,law1 "h includes    
only ! secul> portion ( t ,law4 ,cf4 n4 
on #ch4 -- ,,huius ,p4 ,,scipionis3 '!  
pres5t ,p4 ,scipio'4 ,s 9 #ad hi        
consules '! pres5t consuls'2 ,rep4 #a1  
#ad ,africanus hic1 ,pauli filius1 &    
(t54 ,! ,p4 ,scipio :o is meant "h is n 
,africanus1 b ,nasica ,corculum4 --     
,,flagrantis3 'all agl['2 s ard]e /udio 
9 ,acad4 #b1 #fe4 -- ,,s5es3  cum s5es  
ess5t1 s s5em bel[4 -- ,,suadae         
,,m$ullam3 '! ess5ce 7lit4 m>r[7 (      
p]suasiv5ess'4 ,! l9es ( ,ennius are    
pres]v$ by ,cic]o1 ,brut4 #eh4 ,suada is
 a translation ( 1 :i* ! ,greek         
rhetoricians decl>$ to be ! end & aim ( 
oratory4 ,?is ,ce!gus 0 consul 9 #bjd & 
9 #bjc defeat$ ,mago 9 ! ,n4 ( ,italy4  
-- ,,ex]c]i3 "h reflexive 9 mean+4 ,a4  
#aaa1 n4 #a2 ,g4 #bji2 ,h4 #dfe4 --     
,,videbamus3 see n4 on #di4 --          
,,comp>&ae3 = ! idea ( possibility :i* !
 g]undive sometimes has 7b only 9       
negative s5t5ces or int]rogative s5t5ces

 imply+ a negative answ]1 & 9           
conditional clauses7 see ,madvig1 #dbj1 
,obs42 ,roby1 #adjc4 -- ,,haec ,,quidem3
 a %ort summ>y ( ! prec$+ argum5ts1     
prep>atory to a transition to a new     
subject1 introduc$ by v5io nunc ad4 ,!  
succession ( two clauses bo? conta9+    
quidem seems awkw>d1 b occurs 9 ,f94 #e1
 #hj & else:]e4 -- ,,hone/um ,,sit3     
'does him honor'4 -- ,,ut ,,ante ,,dixi3
 9 #bf1 :]e see ! notes4 -- ,,pote/     
,,esse3 ,meissn] 7n4 on #bg7 says t     
,cic]o's rule is to say pote/ esse1     
debet esse & ! l1 n esse pote/ & ! l4 ,x
 is true t esse 9 su* cases is v seldom 
sep>at$ f ! ^w on :i* x dep5ds1 b esse  
pote/ is j z common z pote/ esse2 !     
diff]5ce to ! s5se is "o ( emphasis     
only1 ! esse hav+ m emphasis ?r[n on x 9
 ! latt] case4  #ea4 ,,mihi 444         
,,vid5tur3 see ,introd4 -- ,,hab5t      
,,rationem ,,cum '!y h _! reckon+s )'1  
'_! deal+s )'2 a phrase ( book-keep+4 --
 ,,imp]ium3 s ,v]g4 ,georg4 #a1 #ii     
ex]cetque frequ5s tellurem atque imp]at 

agris2 ib4 #b1 #cfi dura ex]ce imp]ia et
 ramos compesce flu5tes2 ,tac4 ,g]m4 #bf
 sola t]rae seges imp]atur4 -- ,,s$     
,,alias 444 ,,fa5ore3 put = s$ semp] cum
 fa5ore1 alias m9ore1 pl]umque maiore4  
-- ,,vis ,,ac ,,natura3 'p[]s &         
con/itution'4 ,^! two words are v (t5   
us$ by ,cic4 toge!r1 z 9 ,f94 #a1 #ej   
vis ac natura r]um4 -- ,,gremio3 s      
,lucret4 #a1 #bej p]eunt imbres ubi eos 
pat] ae!r ,9 gremium matris t]rai       
praecipitavit1 imitat$ by ,v]g4 ,georg4 
#b1 #cbe4 -- ,,mollito ,,ac ,,subacto3  
i4e4 by ! pl\gh4 ,subig]e1 'subdue'1 is 
a te*nical ^w ( agriculture2 s ,v]g4    
,georg4 #b1 #ej scrobibus subactis2 see 
also bel[1 #ei4  ,p4 #bb4 --            
,,occaecatum3 'hidd5'4 ,caecus has !    
s5se ( 'unse5' z well z t ( 'unsee+' or 
'bl9d'4 -- ,,occatio3 ,cic]o's          
d]ivation1 z well z ,v>ro's 7,de ,re    
,ru/4 #a1 #ca1 #a7 f occid]e1 because ! 
e>? is cut up1 is uns\nd4 ,occa is      
ra/rum1 probably f its %>p po9ts 7root  
ak-72 occatio !re=e is 'h>r[+'4 --      

,,vapore3 'heat'4 ,?is ^w has n 9 ! be/ 
,lat9 ! mean+ ( our 'vapor'4 --         
,,compressu3 a ^w f\nd only "h 9        
,cic]o's writ+s & else:]e 9 ,lat9 only 9
 ! ablative case1 l s _m o!r n\ns ^: /em
 ends 9 -u4 -- ,,diffundit ,,et         
,,elicit3 'exp&s & lures =?'4 --        
,,h]besc5tem3 ?is ^w occurs n[h]e else 9
 ,lat94 -- ,,nixa3 ,a4 #bed1 b2 ,g4     
#djc1 ,rem4 #c2 ,h4 #dbe1 #a1 #a71 n4 --
 ,,fibris ,,/irpium3 s ,tusc4 #c1 #ac   
radicum fibras4 -- ,,g5iculato3         
'knott$'4 ,! v]b g5iculo1 f g5u1 sc>cely
 occurs except+ 9 ! passive p>ticiple1  
:i* is always us$1 z "h1 ( plants4 ,s   
,pl94 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #af1 #aeh g5iculata   
cet]a gracilitas nodisque di/9cta1      
speak+ ( ! h>undo4 -- ,,spici3 besides  
spica1 ! =ms spicum & spicus are        
occasionally f\nd4 ,spici "h is         
explanatory frugem4 -- ,,vallo3 = !     
metaphor comp>e ,n4,d4 #b1 #adc munitae 
sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum2   
,lucr4 #b1 #ecg4  #eb4 ,,quid ,,ego 444 
,,commemorem3 ?is & simil> =mulae =     

pass+ to a new subject are common2 cf4  
#ec quid ego 444 pr(]am etc42 (t5 nam   
prec$es ! quid1 z 9 ,lael4 #ajd4 ,! ego 
has a slight emphasis4 ,cato implies t 8
 own devotion to grape-culture 0 s well 
kn[n z n to ne$ description4 -- ,,ortus 
,,satus ,,increm5ta3 'orig91            
cultivation1 & gr[?'4 ,= ! omission ( ! 
copula see n4 on #ec4 -- ,,ut3 f9al1 &  
slightly elliptic 7',i say ?is t etc4'72
 s 9 #f 7:]e see n471 #bd1 #ef1 #ei1    
#hb4 -- ,,requietem3 ! be/ ,,mss4 (     
,cic4 sometimes give ! o!r =m requiem1 z
 9 ,ar*4 #ac4 -- ,,vim ,,ipsam3 '!      
inh]5t en]gy'4 -- ,,omnium 444 ,,t]ra3 a
 common p]iphrasis = 'all plants'2 cf4  
e4g4 ,n4,d4 #b1 #abj4 ,! ,lat9 has no "o
 ^w to compreh5d all vegetable products4
 -- ,,quae 444 ,,procreet3 'able to     
g5]ate'4 -- ,,tantulo3 /rictly elliptic1
 imply+ quantulum re v]a e/4 ,9 su* uses
 tantus & tantulus diff] slightly f     
magnus & p>vus2 !y are m emphatic4 --   
,,ac9i ,,v9aceo3 'a grape-/one'4 --     
,,m9utissimis3 us$ "h = m9imis4 ,/rictly

 speak+ m9utus ought to be us$ ( ?+s :i*
 are fragm5ts ( l>g] ?+s1 m9utus be+    
really ! p>ticiple passive ( m9uo4 ,9 a 
well-kn[n passage 7,orat4 #id7 ,cic4    
himself calls att5tion to ! !oretical   
incorrectness ( ! use1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is   
f\nd ?r\gh\t ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,cf4 #df  
pocula m9uta2 also bel[1 #he m9uti      
philosophi4 -- ,,malleoli3 v9e-cutt+s2 s
 call$ because a portion ( ! p>5t /em 0 
cut away ) ! new %oot1 leav+ ! cutt+ 9 !
 %ape ( a mallet4 -- ,,plantae3         
'suck]s'1 %oots spr++ out ( ! trunk4 -- 
,,s>m5ta3 'scions'1 %oots cut f bran*es 
n f ! trunk4 -- ,,viviradices3          
'quicksets'1 new plants =m$ by divid+ ! 
roots ( ! "m plant4 -- ,,propag9es3     
'lay]s'1 new plants =m$ by root+ a %oot 
9 ! e>? )\t sev]+ x f ! p>5t plant2     
,v]g4 ,georg4 #b1 #bf4 -- ,,eadem3 n4 on
 #d e&em4 -- ,,claviculis3 cf4 ,n4,d4   
#b1 #abj vites sic claviculis4 -- ,,ars 
,,agricol>um3 agricolae arte freti1 a   
/rong in/ance ( ! ab/ract put = !       
concrete4  #ec4 ,,eis3 sc4 s>m5tis1 ^?  

:i* h n be5 prun$ away by ! knife4 --   
,,exsi/it3 'spr+s up'4 ,exsi/]e 9 good  
,lat9 nev] has ! mean+ ( our 'exi/'1    
i4e4 'to be 9 exi/5ce'1 b always means  
'to come into exi/5ce'4 -- ,,articulos3 
'jo9ts'2 cf4 #ea culmo g5iculato4 ,! ^w 
tamquam s(t5s ! metaphor 9 articuli1 :i*
 w\ld prop]ly be us$ only ( ! jo9ts 9 ! 
limbs ( animals4 -- ,,gemma3 ,cic]o took
 ! mean+ 'gem' or 'jewel' to be ! prim>y
 s5se ( gemma & consid]$ t ! application
 to a bud 0 metaphorical4 ,see !        
well-kn[n passages1 ,orat4 #ha & ,de    
,or4 #c1 #aee4 -- ,,ve/ita ,,pamp9is3   
'array$ 9 ! "y foliage'4 -- ,,fructu 444
 ,,aspectu3 ablatives ( respect1 l      
gu/atu above4 -- ,,capitum ,,iugatio3 '!
 l9k+ toge!r ( _! tops'2 i4e4 ! unit+ ( 
! tops ( ! /akes by cross-/akes4 ,s !   
editors2 b ,con+ton on ,v]g4 ,georg4 #b1
 #cee seems to take capita ( !          
top-foliage ( ! v9es1 an int]petation   
:i* is q possible4 ,^? editors are      
c]ta9ly wrong :o remove ! comma aft]    
iugatio & place x aft] religatio1 z ?\gh

 et 7 omitt$ betwe5 ! two words4 ,9     
enum]ations ( m ?an two ?+s ,cic4 ei!r  
omits ! copula altoge!r or ins]ts x be=e
 ea* ^w aft] ! fir/2 b 9 enum]at+ two   
?+s et _c be omitt$1 except :]e !re are 
sev]al sets or pairs ( ?+s4 ,cf4 n4 on  
#ac4 -- ,,religatio3 i4e4 ! ty+ d[n (   
%oots s z to cause !m to take root 9 !  
e>?4 ,religatio seems to occur only "h4 
,p4 #bc4 -- ,,aliorum ,,immissio3 '!    
grant+ ( free scope to o!rs'4 ,immissio 
sc>cely occurs else:]e 9 good ,lat94 ,! 
metaphor is f lett+ loose ! re9s 9      
driv+2 cf4 ,v]g4 ,georg4 #b1 #cfd2 ,pl94
 ,n4,h4 #af1 #ada cupressus immittitur 9
 p]ticas ass]esque amputatione ramorum2 
,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 #a1 #ca1 #a vitis         
immittitur ad uvas p>i5das4 ,"s1 ref]r+ 
to ,columella de ,arbor1 c4 #g1 take !  
^w to mean ! sett+ 9 ! e>? ( a %oot 9   
ord] t x may take root be=e be+ sep>at$ 
f ! p>5t /em4 ,! context1 h[ev]1 is     
aga9/ ?is int]pretation4 --             
,,irrigationes etc43 ! plurals d5ote m  
prom95tly ?an s+ul>s w\ld ! repetition (

 ! actions express$ by ^! words4 --     
,,repa/9ationes3 'repeat$ hoe+s'4 ,!    
pa/9um 0 a k9d ( pit*=k1 us$ = turn+ ov]
 ! gr\nd r\nd ab\t ! v9es1 p>ticul>ly :5
 ! "y plants 7 be+ put 94 -- ,,multo    
,,t]ra ,,fecundior3 see n4 on #c p>um   
444 auctoritatis4  #ed4 ,,9 ,,eo        
,,libro3 see ,introd4 -- ,,doctus3 (t5  
us$ ( poets1 n only by ,cic]o b by mo/  
o!r ,lat9 writ]s1 m p>ticul>ly by !     
elegiac poets2 see also n4 on #ac4 --   
,,hesiodus3 ! olde/ ,greek poet aft]    
,hom]4 ,! poem ref]r$ to "h is !    :i* 
we /ill possess1 along ) ! ,!ogony & !  
,%ield ( ,h]acles4 -- ,,cum3 concessive4
 -- ,,saeculis3 'g5]ations'1 z 9 #bd4 --
 ,,fuit3  vixit4 -- ,,la]t53 ! passage  
ref]r$ to is no d\bt ! t\*+ sc5e 9      
,odyss4 #bd1 #bbf1 :]e ,odysseus1 aft]  
kill+ ! suitors1 f9ds 8 unhappy old fa!r
 toil+ 9 8 g>d54 ,9 t passage no?+ is   
said ( manur+4 -- ,,l5i5tem3 see n4 on  
#aa divid5ti4 -- ,,col5tem etc43 !      
introduction ( ano!r p>ticiple to expla9
 l5i5tem is f> f elegant4 ,cultione agri

 or some?+ ( ! k9d might h be5 expect$4 
,! collocation ( appet5tem ) occupatum 9
 #ef is no less awkw>d4 -- ,,facit3 n4  
on #c facimus4 -- ,,res ,,ru/icae       
,,laetae ,,sunt3 '! f>m]'s life is      
gladd5$'4 -- ,,apium3 ?is =m is (t5]    
f\nd 9 ! be/ ,,mss41 ( prose writ]s at  
lea/1 ?an ! o!r =m apum1 :i* probably 0 
n us$ by ,cic4 -- ,,omnium3  omnis      
g5]is4 -- ,,consitiones 444             
,,insitiones3 'plant+ 444 graft+'4 ,on !
 v>ieties ( graft+ & ! skill requir$ = x
 see ,v]g4 ,georg4 #b1 #gc seq4  #ee4   
,,possum3 see n4 on #bd4 --             
,,ignoscetis3 'y w excuse 7me7'4 --     
,,provectus ,,sum3 ',i h be5 c>ri$      
away'4 ,cic]o (t5 uses prolabi 9 ! same 
s5se4 -- ,,9 ,,hac 444 ,,consumpsit3    
,cic4 probably nev]1 z lat] writ]s did1 
us$ consum]e ) a simple ablative4 --    
,,curius3 see n4 on #ae4 -- ,a ,,me3  a 
mea villa2 cf4 n4 on #c apud quem4 --   
,,admir>i ,,satis ,,non ,,possum3 a     
favorite =m ( expression ) ,cic]o2 e4g4 
,de ,or4 #a1 #afe4 -- ,,discipl9am3     

'morals'2 lit]ally 'tea*+'4  #ef4       
,,curio3 ,plut>*1 ,cat4 #b1 says !      
ambassadors f\nd him cook+ a d9n] (     
h]bs1 & t ,curius s5t !m away ) ! rem>k 
t a man :o d9$ 9 t way _h no ne$ ( gold4
 ,! pres5t 0 n br\ght z a bribe1 s9ce ! 
incid5t took place aft] ! w>4 ,curius _h
 become patronus ( ! ,samnites1 & !y 7  
br++ ! cu/om>y (f]+ ( cli5tes2 see ,rep4
 #c1 #dj4 -- ,,ne3 "h  num1 a r>e use2 s
 ,f94 #c1 #dd2 ,acad4 #b1 #aaf4 -- ,,s$ 
,,v5io ,,ad3 s 9 #ea v5io nunc ad4 ,r$eo
 ad 7see n4 on #cb7 might h be5 expect$ 
"h4 -- ,,9 ,,agris ,,erant3 'liv$ on _! 
f>ms'4 ,= erant cf4 n4 on #ba sunt4 --  
,,id ,,e/ ,,s5es3 cf4 #ai n4 on s5atum4 
-- ,,si ,,quidem3 (t5 writt5 z "o ^w    
siquidem  4 -- ,,aranti3 emphatic       
position4 -- ,,c9c9nato3 ,l4 ,qu9ctius  
,c9c9natus is said to h be5 dictator    
twice2 9 #deh ,b4,c41 :5 he sav$ !      
,roman army1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by !        
,aequians1 & end$ ! w> 9 sixte5 days f 8
 appo9tm5t2 9 #dci1 :5 ,maelius 0 kill$ 
& ,c9c9natus 0 eighty ye>s old4 ,9 our  

passage ,cic4 seems to assume only "o   
dictator%ip4 ,! /ory ( ,c9c9natus at !  
pl\gh is told 9 ,livy #c1 #bf4 --       
,,factum3 ! te*nical t]m 0 dic]e        
dictatorem1 s9ce he 0 nom9at$ by !      
consul on ! advice ( ! s5ate4 --        
,,dictatoris3 9 apposition ) cuius4  ,p4
 #bd4 -- ,,maelium3 a ri* plebeian1 :o  
di/ribut$ corn 9 "t ( fam9e & 0 *>g$ )  
c\rt+ ! p 9 ord] to make himself a k+4  
,ahala summon$ him be=e ! dictator1 &   
because he did n imm$iately obey1 kill$ 
him ) 8 own h&4 ,= ?is1 ,ahala became "o
 ( ! h]oes ( 8 nation4 ,see ,liv4 #d1   
#ac4 ,cic]o (t5 m5tions him ) praise4   
,cf4 9 ,catil4 ,i4 #c2 p4 ,se/io #adc1  
etc4 -- ,,appet5tem3  quia appetebat2 s 
occupatum  cum occupasset4 --           
,,viatores3 lit]ally 'travell]s'1 s     
'mess5g]s'4 ,!y =m$ a regul>ly organiz$ 
corporation at ,rome & 7 9 att5dance on 
_m ( ! magi/rates4 ,^? (fic]s :o _h !   
fasces _h also lictors1 :o1 h[ev]1      
g5]ally rema9$ 9 close att5dance & 7 n  
despat*$ on di/ant err&s4 ,! /atem5t (  

,cic4 9 ! text is repeat$ almo/ v]batim 
by ,pl94 ,n4,h4 #ah1 #ba4 --            
,,mis]abilis3 'to be piti$'4 ,! ^w does 
n q answ] to our 'mis]able'4 -- ,,agri  
,,cultione3 a r>e expression1 f\nd      
else:]e only 9 ,v]r4 #c1 #bbf2 !n n aga9
 till ! ',fa!rs'4 -- ,,haud ,,scio ,,an 
,,nulla3 s9ce haud scio an is           
affirmative 9 ,cic]o1 n negative z 9 "s 
lat] writ]s1 nulla mu/ be read "h1 n    
ulla4 ,cf4 #gc haud scio an melius      
,ennius1 'probably ,ennius speaks       
bett]'2 also #gd inc]tium an hoc ipso   
die1 'possibly to-day'4 ,roby1 #bbef2   
,g4 #dei1 ,rem42 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 #c1    
#bj1 n4 #b4 -- ,,quam ,,dixi3  de qua   
dixi1 z 9 #ec4 -- ,,saturitate3 ! ^w is 
said to occur n[h]e else 9 ,lat94 --    
,,quidam3 i4e4 ! au?ors ( ! t]tia       
vitup]atio s5ectutis1 :om ,cato refutes 
9 #ci1 #ei4 -- ,,porco 444 ,,gall9a3 ^! 
words are us$ collectively1 z rosa (t5  
is2 s ,f94 #b1 #fe potantem 9 rosa      
,?orium4 -- ,,iam3 'fur!r'4 --          
,,succidiam ,,alt]am3 'a second         

meat-supply'4 ,! ^w seems to be connect$
 ) ca$o1 & probably orig9ally meant     
'slaught]'4 ,9 a fragm5t ( ,cato pres]v$
 by ,gellius #ac1 #bd1 #ab 79 "s        
editions #ac1 #be1 #ab7 we f9d succidias
 humanas fac]e4 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 #b1 #ad   
has ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( 'meat'4 --          
,,conditiora ,,facit3 'adds a ze/ to'2  
cf4 condita 9 #aj4 -- ,,sup]vacaneis    
,,op]is3 'by ! use ( sp>e "t'2 lit]ally 
'by means ( toils t are left ov]'1 i4e4 
aft] complet+ ! ord9>y "w ( ! f>m4  #eg4
 ,,ord9ibus3 cf4 #ei ord9es4 -- ,,brevi 
,,praecidam3 ',i w cut ! matt] %ort'1 = 
praecidam 7sc4 rem or s]monem7 cf4      
,acad4 #b1 #acc praecide 7sc4 s]monem72 
= brevi 7 '9 brief'1  7 cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1
 #cd ne plura consect] compreh5dam      
brevi4 -- ,,usu ,,ub]ius3 cf4 #ec fructu
 laetius 444 aspectu pul*rius4 -- ,,ad  
,,quem 444 ,,ret>dat3 "s h ?\ght t !re  
is zeugma "h1 suppos+ ad to be suit$    
only to invitat1 n to ret>dat4 ,t ?is is
 n ! case is cle> f su* passages z      
,caes4 ,b4,g4 #g1 #bf1 #b palus ,romanos

 ad insequ5dum t>dabat 7 t>dos          
faciebat72 ,cic4 ,sull4 #di nullius     
amicitia ad p]icula propuls&a imp$imur4 
,on fru5dum see ,madvig1 #dba1 a1 ,obs4 
#b & #bfe1 ,obs4 #b2 ,g4 #dbh1 ,rem4 #c1
 exc42 ,h4 #edd1 #b1 n4 #e4 -- ,,invitat
 ,,atque ,,allectat3 "o ( ! 'd\blets' ( 
:i* ,cic]o is s fond2 cf4 ,lael4 #ii    
allectant et invitant4  #eh4 ,,sibi     
,,habeant3 sc4 iuv5es2 contemptu\s1 z 9 
,lael4 #ah sibi habeant sapi5tiae nom5  
,sull4 #bf sibi hab]5t honores1 sibi    
imp]ia etc42 cf4 ! =mula ( ,roman       
divorce1 tu tuas res tibi habeto4 --    
,,ha/as3 9 practis+1 ! po9t 0 cov]$ by a
 button1 pila2 cf4 ,liv4 #bf1 #ea       
praepilatis missilibus iaculati sunt4 --
 ,,clavam3 cf4 ,vegetius de ,re ,mil4   
#a1 #aa clavas ligneas pro gladiis      
tironibus dabant1 eoque modo ex]cebantur
 ad palos2 ,iuv4 #f1 #bdf4 ,! palus is  
call$ /ipes by ,m>tial #g1 #cb4 --      
,,pilam 444 ,,v5ationes 444 ,,cursus3   
all national amusem5ts1 well kn[n to    
read]s ( ,horace2 see ,beck]'s ,gallus4 

,v5ationes1 em4 = nataliones4 -- ,,talos
 444 ,,tess]as3 tali1 'knucklebones'1 7 
oblong1 & r\nd$ at ! two ends2 ! sides 7
 numb]$ #a & #f 7#a be+ opposite to #f71
 #c & #d4 ,f\r tali 7 us$ at a "t & !y1 
l ! tess]ae1 7 g5]ally ?r[n f a box1    
fritillus4 ,! tess]ae1 ( :i* ?ree 7 us$ 
at a "t1 7 cubes1 ) ! sides numb]$ f #a 
to #f 9 su* a way t ! numb]s on two     
opposite sides tak5 toge!r always made  
#g4 ,a sep>ate "n 0 us$ by dic]s = almo/
 e possible ?r[ ( ! tess]ae & tali4 ,!  
two be/ kn[n are canis1 :5 all ! dice   
turn$ up ) ! same numb] upp]mo/2 & v5us1
 :5 !y all %[$ diff]5t numb]s4 ,! ^w    
alea 0 g5]al & applicable to games (    
*ance ( e k9d4 ,^! games1 :i* 7 =bidd5  
by _m ineffectual laws 7'vetita legibus 
alea'7 7 held to be p]missible = old m52
 see ,mayor on ,iuv4 #ad1 #d4 -- ,,id   
,,ipsum3 sc4 faciunt2 ! omission ( fac]e
 is n uncommon4 ,roby1 #adda2 ,h4 #cfh1 
#c1 n4 #a4 -- ,,ut3 em4 = ord9>y read+s 
unum & utrum4  #ei4 ,,legite3 'cont9ue  
to read'4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1 #cd p]gite1 

ut facitis1 adulesc5tes4 ,9 ,tusc4 #b1  
#fb x is /at$ t ,africanus 0 a great    
read] ( ,x5ophon4  ,p4 #be4 -- ,,libro  
,,qui ,,e/ ,,de3 s 9 ,fat4 #a libris qui
 sunt de natura deorum1 & simil>ly      
else:]e2 b ! p]iphrasis is (t5 avoid$1 z
 9 ,(f4 #b1 #af ,dicae>*i lib] de       
int]itu hom9um4 -- ,,qui3 quique might h
 be5 expect$1 b ! words above1 qui 444  
famili>i1 are reg>d$ z p>5!tical4 --    
,,oeconomicus3 ,cic]o translates f ?is  
"w c4 #d1 #bj-be4 -- ,,inscribitur3 see 
n4 on #ac4 -- ,,regale3 'wor?y ( a k+'2 
diff]5t f regium1 :i* w\ld mean         
'actually *>act]i/ic ( k+s'4 ,yet ,cic4 
sometimes int]*anges ! words2 ?us       
regalis pote/as 9 ,h>4 ,resp4 #ed is !  
same z regia pote/as 9 ,phil4 #a1 #c4 --
 ,,loquitur ,,cum ,,critobulo etc43     
'disc\rses ) ,critobulus ( h[ ,cyrus    
etc4'4 ,! con/ruction ( loqui ) acc4 &  
inf4 belongs to colloquial ,lat91 z does
 ! con/ruction loqui aliquam rem = de   
aliqua re2 cf4 ,att4 #a1 #e1 #f mecum   
,tadius locutus e/ te ita scripsisse2   

ib4 #i1 #ac1 #a m]a scel]a loquuntur4 --
 ,,cyrum ,,m9orem3 ,cyrus ! y\ng] 7cf4  
#gi ,cyrus maior71 well kn[n f          
,x5ophon's ,anabasis4 ,z ,cyrus nev]    
arriv$ at ! ?rone 7hav+ be5 kill$ at    
,cunaxa 9 #dja 9 8 attempt to ou/ 8     
bro!r ! k+ ) ! help ( ! #aj1jjj ,greeks7
 regem is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 'pr9ce'1 z 9   
,v]r4 #d1 #fa & else:]e2  is us$ 9      
exactly ! same way 9 a passage ( !      
,oeconomicus :i* comes a little be=e !  
"o ,cic4 is "h r5d]+ 7#d1 #af74 --      
,,lys&]3 ! great comm&] :o 9 #dje ,b4,c4
 won ! battle ( ,aegospotamos aga9/ !   
,a!nians4 -- ,,s>dis3 acc4 pl42 -is     
repres5ts ,gk4 -4 -- ,,consaeptum       
,,agrum3 'p>k'2 ! phrase is a           
translation ( ,x5ophon's 2 ?is w acc\nt 
= ! omission ( et be=e dilig5t]         
consitum4 -- ,,dilig5t]3 'c>efully'4 -- 
,,proc]itates3 ! plural probably        
indicates ! height ( ea* k9d ( tree4 -- 
,,qu9cuncem3 ?us3333333 ,?is 0 ! ord] ( 
battle 9 ! ,roman army dur+ a great "p (
 its hi/ory4 ,! cause = ?is application 

( ! t]m is r difficult to see2 x        
orig9ally meant five-twelf?s ( an uncia2
 possibly x 0 ?us appli$ because by     
draw+ l9es betwe5 ! po9ts ! lett] ,v    
7five7 might be produc$4 ,z reg>ds its  
application to trees1 see ,v]g4 ,georg4 
#b1 #bgg-bhd4 -- ,,puram3 s ! f>m]s talk
 ( 'clean+' ! l&4 -- ,,dim5sa3 notice ! 
passive use ( ?is p>ticiple1 orig9ally  
depon5t2 cf4 n4 on #d adeptam4 --       
,,discripta3 'arrang$'2 s discriptio a  
little f>!r on4 ,cf4 n4 on #e           
descriptae4 -- ,,ornatum3 'co/ume'1 us$ 
by ,lat9 writ]s ( any dress a little    
unfamili>4 ,s 9 ,plaut4 ,miles #d1 #d1  
#da 7#aagg ,r7 ornatus naucl]icus4  #fj4
 ,,imp$it3 sc4 nos2 ) ?is con/ruction ! 
pron\n is always omitt$4 -- ,,val]ium3  
:5 a "y man1 9 #cdi ,b4,c41 he engag$ 9 
combat ) a ,gaul1 9 sight ( ! ,roman &  
,gallic armies1 & came (f victor by !   
aid ( a rav51 corvus2 h5ce ! "n ,corv9us
 7,liv4 #g1 #bf74 ,8 fir/ consul%ip 0 9 
#cdh1 8 la/ 9 #bii2 ,cic4 has           
miscalculat$4 ,val]ius 0 also twice     

dictator & is said to h held altoge!r   
#ba t]ms ( curule (fices4 --            
,,p]duxisse3 sc4 agri col5di /udia4 ,cf4
 ,lael4 #cc quod -- p]duxiss5t4 --      
,,esset3 cf4 n4 on #ba4 -- ,,aetate3 "h 
! vigor\s p]iod ( life2 cf4 bona aetas 9
 #dh4 -- ,,cursus ,,honorum3 '(ficial   
c>e]'4 -- ,,huius3 ille & hic are n (t5 
f\nd 9 ! same s5t5ce ref]r+ to ! same   
p]son4 ,eius w\ld h be5 m regul> "h4 -- 
,,m$ia3 cf4 n4 on #cc con/antis aetatis4
  ,p4 #bf4 -- ,,apex3 '! cr[n'1 '!      
highe/ glory'4 ,! ^w meant orig9ally    
'knot'1 be+ connect$ ) ap-tus ap-isci   
ap-ere & o!r words conta9+ ! idea ( b9d+
 fa/ or grasp+4 ,x 0 prop]ly appli$ to !
 olive-twig b\nd r\nd ) wool1 :i* 0 /uck
 9 ! cap worn by ! flam9es & salii4 ,x  
is sometimes employ$ to translate  7a ^w
 orig9ally ( simil> mean+71 ! royal     
insigne1 z 9 ,horace1 ,odes1 #c1 #ba1   
#bj regum apices1 ) :i* cf4 ,odes1 #a1  
#cd1 #ad4 ,! ^w is sc>cely f\nd else:]e 
9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,our passage is  
imitat$ by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7a great

 imitator ( ,cic]o7 #bg1 #g1 #b ,ruf9us 
velut apicem honoratae s5ectutis        
praet5d5s4  #fa4 ,,metello3 see n4 on   
#cj4 -- ,a4 ,,atilio ,,calat9o3 consul 9
 #beh ,b4,c4 & aga9 9 #bed2 dictator 9  
#bdi1 c5sor 9 #bdg4 ,cic]o class$ him ) 
old h]oes l ,curius & ,fabricius        
7,planc4 #fj74 ,8 tomb 0 on ! via ,appia
 outside ! ,porta ,cap5a1 close to !    
well-kn[n tomb ( ! ,scipios 7see ,tusc4 
#a1 #ac74 -- ,,9 ,,quem 444 ,,elogium3  
'9 ^: honor !re is ! inscription'4 ,) 9 
quem  de quo cf4 ! occasional occurr5ce 
(   9 ! s5se (  4 -- ,,elogium3 ,greek  
7s ,curtius73 = ! repres5tation (  by o 
cf4 oliva ) 1 & ,plautus' lopadas = 4 ,b
 cf4 ,roby1 #ibi1 d4 -- ,,hunc etc43 !  
inscription 7:i* is quot$ by ,cic]o also
 9 ,f94 #b1 #aaf7 is /rik+ly l t on !   
tomb ( ,scipio ,b>batus :i* has actually
 come d[n to u1 & ?us beg9s 7,rits*l's  
rec5sion73    honc o9o ploirime         
cos5tiont ,romai   duonoro optumo fuise 
viro viroro  i4e4 hunc unum plurimi     
cons5tiunt ,romae bonorum optimum fuisse

 virum virorum4 ,rits*l ?us completes ! 
elogium ( ,atilus1 by comp>ison ) o!rs  
/ill pres]v$3 dictator 7end+ ! second   
l9e71 ,consul1 c5sor1 a$ilis hic fuit   
apud vos4 ,b ,cic]o's words 7nolum 444  
sepulcro7 seem to imply a long]         
inscription ?an "o ( ?ree l9es2 !       
analogy ( ! ,scipionic inscriptions     
po9ts ! same way4 ,! old] monum5tal     
inscriptions ( ,rome 7 writt5 9 !       
,saturnian metre1 :i* dep5d$ p>tly on   
acc5t4 ,! normal l9e ran ?us3    v -' v 
- v -' v'  -' v - v -' v'  b !re 7 _m   
deviations4 -- ,,unum3 int5sifies       
prim>ium1 '! v fir/'2 cf4 ! common use (
 unus ) a sup]lative adjective1 = :i*   
see n4 on ,lael4 #a unum etc4 -- ,,esset
 ,,cons5ti5s3 cf4 n4 on #bf ag5s        
aliquid4 -- ,,nup]3 l modo 7see n4 on   
#bg7 nup] is loosely us$1 & has its     
mean+ def9$ by ! context4 ,cf4 n4 on    
,lael4 #ac4 ,9 ,pl94 ,ep4 #a1 #b1 #b !  
orator ,calvus1 a y\ng] contempor>y (   
,cic]o1 is said to h exi/$ nup]4 --     
,,lepidum3 pontifex maximus f #ahj      

,b4,c41 consul 9 #ahg & 9 #age2 c5sor 9 
#agi2 he is said to h be5 *os5 pr9ceps  
s5atus by six sets ( c5sors 9           
succession4 ,he di$ 9 #aeb4 -- ,,paulo3 
see #bi ,l4 ,aemilius ) n4 -- ,,maximo3 
see #aj et seq4 -- ,,s5t5tia3 i4e4 a set
 spee* 9 ! s5ate4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1 #ch 
is non accurata orationis copia1 s$ nutu
 atque v]bo lib]t9os 9 urbanas tribus   
tran/ulit4 -- ,,honorata3 see n4 on #bb4
  #fb4 ,,9 ,,omni ,,oratione3 'ev]y:]e  
?r\gh\t my spee*'4 ,tota oratione w\ld h
 meant 'my spee* view$ z a :ole'4 --    
,,def5d]et3 ! t5se is accommodat$ to t (
 dixi1 accord+ to ,lat9 cu/om2 see n4 on
 #db effic]et4 -- ,,cani3 sc4 capilli2 !
 same ellipsis is f\nd 9 ,ovid4 ,cf4    
calda 7sc4 aqua71 laurea 7sc4 corona71  
natalis 7sc4 dies71 ,lat9ae 7sc4 f]iae71
 etc42 also c]eo 9 #dd4 -- ,,fructus 444
 ,,extremos3 'receives ! rew>d (        
influ5ce at ! la/'4  #fc4 ,,appeti3 'to 
be c\rt$'2 dec$i3 'to take prec$5ce'1   
lit]ally 't !re %\ld be a yield+ ( !    
way'4 -- ,,assurgi3 '! honor %[n by     

ris+'4 ,cf4 ,iuv4 #ac1 #ed cr$ebant gr&e
 nefas et morte pi&um si iuv5is vetulo  
non assurrex]at1 :]e see ,mayor's note4 
-- ,,d$uci ,,r$uci3 '! escort f home & !
 att5dance homew>d'4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 
^! two words1 :i* has (t5 be5           
misund]/ood1 is %[n by ,val4 ,max4 #b1  
#a1 #i iuv5es s5atus die utique aliquem 
ex patribus conscriptis ad curiam       
d$ucebant1 affixique valvis exspectabant
 donec r$uc5di etiam (ficio fung]5tur4  
-- ,,consuli3 probably ref]s to private 
legal consultations z well z to !       
delib]ations ( ! s5ate4 -- ,,ut         
,,quaeque ,,optime3 ,cic4 (t5 uses ut   
quisque ) sup]latives1 ita foll[+2 see  
n4 on ,lael4 #ai4 ,translate ut 444 ita 
'9 proportion z 444 s'4 -- ,,morata3 f  
mos4 -- ,,modo3 9 #ei4 -- ,,memoriae    
,,proditum ,,e/3 9 ,v]r4 #e1 #cf ,cic4  
uses ad memoriam in/ead ( ! dative4 ,!  
be/ writ]s h memoriae prod]e & prodi1 '=
 ! recollection ( po/]ity'1 memoria     
prodi1 'to be h&$ d[n by tradition'2 b n
 memoria prod]e4 -- ,,ludis3 sc4        

,pana!naicis1 abl4 ( "t4 ,! ,pana!naea 0
 ! greate/ ( ! ,a!nian fe/ivals & 0     
celebrat$ 9 honor ( ,a!ne1 patron       
goddess ( ! city1 once 9 f\r ye>s4 ,!   
/ory t foll[s is told 9 almo/ ! same    
words by ,val4 ,max4 #d1 #e1 ext4 #b4   
,p4 #bg4 -- ,,qui3 at ?is po9t ! oratio 
obliqua is brok5 (f1 b x is resum$ 9 !  
next s5t5ce1 dixisse be+ dep5d5t on     
proditum e/4 -- ,,legati ,,cum ,,ess5t3 
'be+ ambassadors'4 -- ,,illi3 '9 8      
honor'4 -- ,,sessum ,,recepisse3 ,val4  
,max4 uses ! same phrase2 cf4 ,fam4 #aj1
 #cb1 #b sessum d$uc]e2 ,n4,d4 #c1 #gd  
sessum ire4  #fd4 ,,plausus ,,multiplex3
 cf4 ,v]g4 ,a54 #a1 #gdg +em9ant plausu4
 ,cic4 g5]ally says plausus maximus4 -- 
,,fac]e ,,nolle3 cf4 ! well-kn[n say+ ( 
,demo/h5es1 ,olyn?4 #c1  #c             
1    4 -- ,,collegio3 ! college or bo>d 
( augurs to :i* ,cato belong$4 ,9 8 "t  
!re 7 n9e memb]s2 lat] ! numb] 0        
increas$4 -- ,,antec$it3 sc4 alios4 --  
,,s5t5tiae ,,pr9cipatum3 'prec$5ce 9    
debate'4 ,meissn] quotes ,v]r4 #d1 #adb 

ut quisque aetate et honore antec$it1   
ita primus solet sua sponte dic]e itaque
 a cet]is ei conc$itur4 -- ,,honore3    
i4e4 z reg>ds (fice1 pa/ or pres5t4 --  
,,qui 444 ,,sunt3 actual praetors or    
consuls4 -- ,,comp>&ae3 n4 on #ej4 --   
,,fabulam ,,aetatis3 cf4 #e1 #gj1 #he4  
,! comp>ison ( life to a play1 & mank9d 
to ! play]s1 is common 9 all lit]ature2 
e4g4 ',all ! _w's a /age1 etc4'4 ,:5    
,augu/us 0 on 8 dea?b$ he ask$ 8 fri5ds 
ecquid eis vid]etur mimum vitae commode 
transegisse 7,suet4 ,aug4 #ii72 cf4     
,gay's epitaph1 ',life's a je/1 etc4'4  
-- ,,corruisse3 i4e4 ?r\gh fatigue2 cf4 
defetigationem 9 #he4  #fe4 ,,at3 see n4
 on #ba4 -- ,,morum3 cf4 #g 9 moribus e/
 culpa1 non 9 aetate4 -- ,,ea ,,vitia3  
i4e4 ea alia vitia4 -- ,,hab5t etc43 cf4
 ,?ucyd4 #c1 #dd   4 -- ,,non 444       
,,videatur3 'n well gr\nd$ inde$1 b su* 
z x may seem possible to all['4 ,ille is
 (t5 us$ ) quidem 9 mak+ concessions :]e
 ! ,engli% idiom requires no pron\n4    
,roby1 #bbei2 ,madvig1 #dhi1 b2 ,k5n$y1 

#fe1 n4 #b2 ,a4 #aea1 e2 ,g4 #bib1 ,rem4
 #d2 ,h4 #dej1 #d1 n4 #b4 -- ,,contemni 
444 ,,despici3 see n4 on #dc spreta et  
contempta4 -- ,,moribus ,,bonis ,,et    
,,artibus3 = ! ord] ( ! words cf4 n4 on 
#a animi tui4 -- ,,9 ,,vita3 '9 ev]yday 
life' -- ,,adelphis3 ,adelphi  1 ,!     
,bro!rs2 ?is play ( ,t]5ce is /ill      
extant4 -- ,,diritas3 'h>%ness ( temp]'2
 b ,suet4 ,tib4 #ba has diritas morum1 &
 ,v>ro sc5a quem s5em ,lat9a vidit      
dirissimum4 ,bo? dirus & diritas are r>e
 9 ,cic]o2 ! =m] ^w does n once occur 9 
! :ole range ( ! spee*es1 ! latt]       
sc>cely except+ "h & 9 ,vat4 #i2 9      
,tusc4 #c1 #bi ,cic4 uses x 9 translat+ 
f ,euripides4  ,p4 #bh4 -- #ff4         
,,sollicitam ,,hab]e3 'to keep 9        
tr\ble'4 ,sollicitus is1 lit]ally1      
':olly 9 motion'1 f sollus1 :i* has !   
same root ) 1 & citus2 cf4 ! r>e words  
sollifides1 sollif]reus4 ,! p]fect      
p>ticiple ) habeo emphasizes !          
cont9uance ( ! effect produc$4 ,zumpt1  
#fcd2 ,a4 #bib1 c2 ,g4 #bcj2 ,h4 #chh1  

#a1 n4 -- ,,no/ram ,,aetatem3 cf4 n4 on 
#bf s5ectus4 -- ,,esse ,,longe3 m       
usually abesse4 -- ,o ,,mis]um3 ',o1    
wret*$ is t old man'4 ,cic]o (t5] jo9s  
,o ) ! accusative ?an ) ! nom9ative3 he 
r>ely1 if ev]1 uses ! int]jection ) !   
vocative 9 direct address to p]sons4 -- 
,,ext+uit ,,animum3 ! doctr9e ( !       
annihilation ( ! s\l aft] dea? 0 held by
 _m ( ,cic]o's contempor>ies1 pr(ess$ly 
by ! ,epicureans 7e4g4 ,lucretius1 ,de  
,r]um ,nat4 #c1 #dag et seq42 cf4 also  
,caes>'s argum5t at ! trial ( !         
,catil9ian conspirators1 ,sall4 ,bell4  
,catil4 c4 #ea1 ,cic4 9 ,catil4 #c1 c4  
#d71 practically by ! ,/oics1 :o taught 
t !re is a future exi/5ce ( limit$ ?\gh 
indef9ite l5g?4 -- ,,d$ucit3 cf4 n4 on  
#fc4 -- ,,atqui3 see n4 on #f4 --       
,,t]tium 444 ,,pote/3 'no?+ c be f\nd z 
a ?ird alt]native'3 s 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #hb  
quoniam nihil t]tium e/4  #fg4 ,,quid   
,,timeam etc43 s ,tusc4 #a1 #be quo modo
 igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi vid]i 
dicis8 quae aut beatas nos efficiet1    

animis man5tibus1 aut non mis]os1 s5su  
c>5tis2 ib4 #a1 #aah ut aut 9 aet]nam   
domum remigremus aut omni s5su c>eamus4 
,= mood see ,a4 #bfh2 ,g4 #bea2 ,h #dhf1
 ,,ii4 -- ,,aut ,,non ,,mis] 444 ,,aut  
,,beatus3 a dilemma1 b uns\nd & n       
conclusive2 = non mis] is us$ ) ref]5ce 
to annihilation1 & ! s\l may exi/ aft]  
dea? 9 a /ate ( unhapp9ess4 -- ,,futurus
 ,,sum3 see n4 on #f futurum e/4 --     
,,quamvis ,,sit3 prose writ]s ( !       
,republican p]iod use quamvis ) !       
subjunctive only2 see ,roby1 #afbd1     
#afbg2 ,a4 #cac1;a1 g2 ,g4 #fjh2 ,h4    
#eae1 ,,iii4 & n4 #c4 -- ,,cui3 see n4  
on #ch viv5ti4 -- ,,ad ,,vesp]um ,,esse 
,,victurum3 't he w be alive :5 ev5+    
comes'1 n 't he w live till ! ev5+'4 ,) 
! prepositions ad1 sub1 9 ! =m vesp] is 
g5]ally us$1 n vesp]a4 ,) ?is passage   
cf4 ,f94 #b1 #ib an id exploratum       
cuiquam pote/ esse quo modo sese        
habiturum sit corpus4 non dico ad annum1
 s$ ad vesp]um8 ,also cf4 ! title ( "o (
 ,v>ro's ,m5ippean ,satires1 nescis quid

 vesp] s]us vehat1 probably a prov]b4 --
 ,,aetas ,,illa 444 ,,adulesc5tes3 "s   
suppose t ?is s5t5ce 0 borr[$ f         
,hippocrates4 -- ,,tri/ius3 'sev]ioribus
 rem$iis'4 ,manutius4 ,s ,(f4 #a1 #hc   
levit] aegrotantis l5it] curant1        
gravioribus autem morbis p]iculosas     
curationes et ancipites adhib]e         
coguntur4 ,! adv]b tri/ius1 :i* has 9   
prose a sup]lative b no positive1 occurs
 9 ,fam4 #d1 #ac1 #e4 -- ,,m5s 444      
,,ratio 444 ,,consilium3 cf4 n4 on #da4 
-- ,,qui 444 ,,nulli3 cf4 n4 on #df qui 
pauci2 b nulli "h almo/  non4 --        
,,nullae 444 ,,fuiss5t3 i4e4 ! "y m5    
w\ld h br\ght e c\ntry to ru92 see #bj4 
-- ,,cum 444 ,,cum3 see n4 on #d4  #fh4 
,,9 ,,filio 444 ,,9 ,,fratribus3 cf4    
,lael4 #i4 ,z to ,cato's son cf4 #ae1   
#hd4 -- ,,tu3 sc4 s5si/i4 --            
,,exspectatis ,,ad3 a r>e con/ruction1  
p]haps )\t p>allel2 exspectatis is an   
adjective & takes ! con/ruction ( aptus1
 idoneus etc41 '( :om hopes 7 ent]ta9$ z
 reg>ds honor'4 -- ,,fratribus3 ! sons (

 ,paulus ,mac$onicus1 two ( !m di$ )9   
sev5 days 7,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a71 "o j be=e 
& "o j aft] ,paulus' great triumph 9    
#afg ,b4,c4 -- ,,idem3 see n4 on #d     
e&em4 -- ,,insipi5t]3 adv]sative        
asyndeton4 -- ,,inc]ta 444 ,,v]is3      
*iasmus avoid$4 ,) ! ?\ght cf4 ,(f4 #a1 
#ah4 -- ,,at 444 ,,at3 ! objection & its
 answ] are bo? introduc$ by at1 z "h1 9 
#ce4 -- ,,at 444 ,,adulesc5s3 ^! words  
look back to ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 to :i* !y 
are an answ]4 -- ,,ille 444 ,,hic3 "h   
hic d5otes ! p]son :o is m important1   
ille ! p]son :o is less important = !   
matt] 9 h&2 ! =m] may !re=e be reg>d$ z 
ne>] to ! speak]1 ! latt] z m remote4   
,a4 #ajb1 a2 ,g4 #bib1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4    
#dej1 #b1 n4  #fi4 ,,quamquam3 see n4 on
 #b etsi4 -- ,,quid ,,e/ 444 ,,diu3 cf4 
,tusc4 #a1 #id quae v]o aetas longa e/1 
aut quid omn9o hom9i longum8 444 quia   
ultra nihil habemus1 hoc longum dicimus4
 ,= e/ see n4 on #gb4 -- ,,t>tessiorum  
444 ,,gadibus3 ! :ole ( ! s\? coa/ (    
,spa9 bore ! "n ,t>tessus1 b ! "n is (t5

 conf9$ to ,gades1 ! *ief city4 --      
,,fuit3  vixit4 -- ,,scriptum ,,video3 s
 9 ,acad4 #b1 #abi2 ,div4 #a1 #ca2 cf4  
also ,n4,d4 #a1 #gb ut videmus 9        
scriptis2 ,(f4 #b1 #be ut scriptum      
legimus2 also cf4 n4 on #bf videmus4 -- 
,,argan?onius3 ! /ory is f ,h]odotus #a1
 #afc4  ,p4 #bi4 -- ,,aliquid           
,,extremum3 see n4 on #e2 cf4 pro       
,m>cello #bg -- ,,effluxit3 /rongly     
aori/ic 9 s5se 'at once is gone'4 --    
,,tantum3 -- 'only s mu*'4 --           
,,consecutus ,,sis3 'y may h obta9$'4 ,!
 subjunctive is "h us$ 9 ! indef9ite    
second p]son to give a hypo!tical "* to 
! /atem5t ( ! v]b4 ,! indicative might h
 be5 expect$2 ! expression almo/        
consecuti sumus1 consecutus aliquis e/4 
,roby1 #aedf2 ,g4 #beb1 ,rem4 #c2 ,h4   
#dhf1 ,,iii4 -- ,,virtute ,,et ,,recte  
,,factis3 ! same op9ion is en=c$ 9      
,tusc4 #a1 #aji4 -- ,,quid ,,sequatur3  
'! future'2 cf4 ,lucr4 #a1 #dei         
transactum quid sit 9 aevo1 ,tum quae   
res in/et1 quid porro de9de sequatur4 --

 ,,quod 444 ,,cont5tus3 ?is passage ) ! 
:ole context resembles ,lucretius #c1   
#ica-igg2 cf4 especially #ich cur non ut
 pl5us vitae conviva rec$is2 #ifj satur 
ac pl5us disc$]e r]um4 ,cf4 also ,hor4  
,sat4 #a1 #a1 #aag-aah4  #gj4 ,,ut      
,,placeat3 '9 ord] to secure approval'4 
-- ,,p]ag5da3 cf4 n4 on #ej comp>&ae4 --
 ,,plaudite3 ! ,lat9 plays ne>ly always 
end$ ) ?is ^w1 address$ by ! actor to ! 
audi5ce2 cf4 ,hor4 ,a4,p4 #aec si       
plausoris eges aulaea man5tis et usque  
,sessuri donec cantor 'vos plaudite'    
dicat4 -- ,,breve ,,tempus etc43 "o ( ! 
poets has said t '9 small measures lives
 may p]fect be'4 ,cf4 also ,tusc4 #a1   
#aji nemo p>um diu vixit qui virtutis   
p]fectae p]fecto functus e/ mun]e2      
,s5eca1 ,ep4 #gg quo modo fabula1 sic   
vita3 non quam diu1 s$ quam b5e acta sit
 ref]t4 -- ,,process]it3 probably !     
subject is sapi5s1 9 :i* case aetate mu/
 also be suppli$ f aetatis2 ! subject   
may h[ev] be aetas4 -- ,,o/5dit3 'gives 
promise ('2 cf4 ,fam4 #i1 #h1 #a etsi   

munus 7gladiatorial %[7 flagit>e quamvis
 quis o/5d]it1 ne populus quidem solet  
nisi concitatus4 ,) ! :ole passage cf4  
pro ,cael4 #gf4  #ga4 ,,ut 444 ,,dixi3 9
 #i1 #fj1 #fb4 -- ,,secundum ,,naturam3 
a ,/oic phrase2 cf4 n4 on #e naturam    
optimam ducem4 -- ,,s5ibus3 dative (    
ref]5ce2 emori /&s z subject to an      
impli$ e/4 -- ,,cont+it3 see n4 on #h4  
-- ,,ex/+uitur3 !re is ! same contra/   
betwe5 opprim]e & ex/+u]e 9 ,lael4 #gh4 
-- ,,quasi 444 ,,evelluntur3 x is r>e to
 f9d 9 ,cic4 or ! o!r prose writ]s ( !  
be/ p]iod a v]b 9 ! indicative mood     
imm$iately dep5d5t on quasi1 9 ! s5se ( 
sicut or quem ad modum4 ,:5 two ?+s are 
comp>$ by quasi 444 ita1 ! indicative   
v]b is ne>ly always put 9 ! second      
clause1 & may be suppli$ 9 ! clause )   
quasi2 v r>ely are !re two diff]5t v]bs 
= ! two clauses4 ,cf4 h[ev] ,plautus1   
,/i*4 #eci fuit olim1 quasi nunc ego sum
 s5ex2 ,lucr4 #c1 #dib ag5s animam      
spumat quasi 444 f]vescunt undae4 --    
,,si 444 ,,si3 = ! m usual si 444 s94 --

 ,,acc$am3 see ,a4 #cdb2 ,g4 #fff2 ,h4  
#ebi1 ,,ii4 -- ,,9 ,,portum3 speak+ (   
dea?1 ,cic4 says 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #aah      
portum potius p>atum nobis et p]fugium  
putemus3 quo ut9am velis passis p]vehi  
liceat6 ,s9 reflantibus v5tis reiciemur 
tam5 eodem paulo t>dius ref]amur necesse
 e/2 cf4 also ib4 #a1 #ajg4  ,p4 #cj4 --
 #gb4 ,,munus ,,(fici3 see n4 on #bi4 --
 ,,tu]i3 'uphold'4 -- ,,possit3 subject 
indef9ite4 -- ,,ex ,,quo ,,fit etc43 !  
argum5t seems to be t y\? kn[s h[ long x
 has to la/ & is !re=e less spirit$ ?an 
age1 :i* kn[s n :5 x w end4 --          
,,animosior 444 ,,=tior3 ,horace1 ,odes 
#b1 #aj1 #ba rebus angu/is animosus     
atque =tis app>e2 ! two words are jo9$  
also 9 ,cic4 ,mil4 #ib3 animosus1       
'spirit$'4 -- ,,hoc ,,illud ,,e/ etc43  
'?is is ! mean+ ( ! answ] made by ,solon
 etc'4 ,cf4 ,div4 #a1 #abb hoc nimirum  
illud e/ quod de ,socrate accepimus1    
also ! ,greek phrase  ' 4 ,e/  valet z 9
 #fi4 -- ,,pisi/ratus3 ! despot ( ,a!ns1
 :o seiz$ ! p[] 9 #efj ,b4,c4 ,plut>*1  

:o tells ! /ory1 ',an ,s5i ,sit ,g]5da  
,respublica' c4 #ba1 makes ,solon speak 
to ! fri5ds ( ,pisi/ratus1 n to ,p4     
himself4 -- ,,qua]5ti3 see n4 on #aa    
divid5ti4 -- ,,audacit]3 ,qu9til4 #a1   
#f1 #ag condemns ^? :o us$ audacit] =   
audact]1 :i* latt] =m1 he says1 _h be5  
us$ by 'all orators'4 ,yet ! =m audacit]
 is pretty well atte/$ by ,,mss4 "h &   
else:]e 9 ,cic]o4 ,see ,neue1 ,=m5lehre1
 #a #ffb4 ,= ! two =ms cf4 difficilit]1 
difficult]4 ,audacit] is ( importance z 
%[+ t c be=e i mu/ h be5 pron\nc$ j l c 
9 any o!r position1 n z 9 mod]n         
,italian4 -- ,,c]tis ,,s5sibus3 ,acad4  
#b1 #ai integris incorruptisque s5sibus4
 -- ,,ipsa 444 ,,quae3 see n4 on #bf4   
,h4 #efi1 ,i4 #b4 -- ,,coagm5tavit3     
,cic4 is fond ( su* metaphors2 cf4      
,orat4 #gg v]ba v]bis quasi coagm5t>i2  
,phil4 #g1 #ba docebo ne coagm5t>i      
quidem pacem posse 7't no pat*$-up peace
 c be made'74 -- ,,conglut9avit3 a /ill 
m favorite metaphor ?an coagm5t>e4 ,cic4
 has conglut9>e rem  7,or4 #a1 #ahh72   

amicitias 7,lael4 #cb & ,att4 #g1 #h1   
#a72 voluntates 7,fam4 #aa1 #bg1 #b72   
concordiam4 7,att4 #a1 #ag1 #aj72 9     
,phil4 #c1 #bh ,cic4 says ( ,antony t he
 is totus ex vitiis conglut9atus4 --    
,,iam3 'fur!r'1 s bel[4 --              
,,conglut9atio3 ! n\n occurs only "h &  
,orat4 #gh c4 v]borum4 -- ,,reliquum3 n 
infrequ5tly1 z "h1 us$ sub/antively ) an
 adjective modifi]4 -- ,,s9e ,,causa3   
')\t suffici5t reason'4  #gc4 ,,vetat   
,,py?agoras etc43 ! passage is f ,plato1
 ,pha$o #fa ,a-#fb ,c4 ,plato makes     
,socrates !re pr(ess to quote           
,philolaus1 ! ,py?agorean2 ,cic4 !re=e  
ref]s ! doctr9e to ,py?agoras ,cf4      
,tusc4 #a1 #gd2 ,rep4 #f1 #ae4 ,! ,/oics
 held ! same view ab\t suicide1 :i* !y  
au?oriz$ 9 extreme cases1 b mu* less    
freely ?an is commonly suppos$2 cf4 ,s54
 ,ep4 #aag1 #bb nihil mihi videtur      
turpius quam opt>e mortem4 ,see ,zell]1 
,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 ,*4   
#ab1 ,c 7#b72 cf4 also ,lecky1 ,hi/4 (  
,european ,morals1 ,i4 p4 #bbh et seq4  

7,am4 ed47 -- ,,imp]atoris 444          
,,praesidio3 "h ,cic4 seems to und]/&   
,plato's  z ref]r+ to w>f>e2 9 ,tusc4 & 
,rep4 he und]/&s x ( a prison4 --       
,,sapi5tis3 ,solon 0 "o ( ! ',sev5      
,sages ( ,greece'4 -- ,,elogium3 ! di/i*
 is pres]v$ by ,plut>*1 & runs ?us3     
1       4 ,cic4 ?us translates x 9      
,tusc4 #a1 #aag ,mors mea ne c>eat      
lacrimis1 l9quamus amicis ,ma]orem1 ut  
celebr5t fun]a cum gemitu4 ,! epitaph ( 
,ennius is also quot$ !re & is decl>$ to
 be bett] ?an t ( ,solon 7cf4 ,tusc4 #a1
 #cd74 -- ,,volt ,,se ,,esse ,,c>um3 'he
 wi%es to make out t he is belov$'2 volt
 esse c>us w\ld h _h q a diff]5t s5se4  
,cf4 ,f94 #e1 #ac ,/rato physicum se    
volt1 ) ,madvig's n4 -- ,,haud ,,scio   
,,an3 see n4 on #ef4 -- ,,faxit3 !      
subject is quisquam und]/ood f nemo4 ,= 
! =m see ,a4 #adb1 #abh1 e1 #c2 ,g4     
#aia1 #e2 ,h4 #bdj1 #d4 ,! end ( !      
epitaph is omitt$ "h z 9 ,tusc4 #a1     
#aag1 b is giv5 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #cd cur8   
volito vivas p] ora virum4 ,notice !    

allit]ation4  #gd4 ,,isque3 cf4 n4 on   
#ac vixitque4 -- ,,aut ,,opt&us ,,aut   
,,nullus3 cf4 #ff aut negleg5da 444 aut 
opt&a2 nullus almo/  non z 9 #fg1 b only
 9 ! ,lett]s does ,cic4 7imitat+        
,plautus & ! o!r dramati/s7 atta* nullus
 9 ?is s5se to ! "n ( a p>ticul> p]son2 
e4g4 ,att4 #aa1 #bd1 #d ,philotimus     
nullus v5it4 -- ,,s$ 444 ,,esse3 'b we  
mu/ con ?is lesson f our y\? up'4 ,= !  
passive s5se ( m$itatum cf4 n4 on #d    
adeptam4 ,9 ,tusc4 #a1 #gd ,cic41       
imitat+ ,plato1 says tota philosophorum 
vita comm5tatio mortis e/4 ,s ,s5eca1   
tota vita disc5dum e/ mori4 -- ,,s9e    
,,qua 444 ,,nemo ,,pote/3 ^! words br+ !
 position ( ,cic]o ) reg>d to dea?      
wond]fully ne> t ( ,lucretius3 ! latt]  
argues t = peace ( m9d "o mu/ believe   
'nullum esse s5sum po/ mortem'2 ! =m]'s 
lesson is 'aut nullum esse s5sum aut    
opt&um'4 -- ,,tim5s3  si quis timet2 !  
subject ( pot]it is ! indef9ite quis    
involv$ 9 tim5s4 ,a4 #caj1 a2 ,g4 #fgj2 
,h4 #edi1 #b4 -- ,,qui3  quo modo1 z 9  

#d4 -- ,,animo ,,consi/]e3 s 9 pro      
,qu9t4 #gg2 also m5te consi/]e 9 ,phil4 
#b1 #fh2 ,div4 #b1 #adi2 ,q4 ,fr4 #b1   
#c1 #b neque m5te neque l+ua neque ore  
consi/]e4 ,! ^w is1 lit]ally1 'to /&    
firm'1 'to get a firm foo?old'4  ,p4    
#ca4 -- #ge4 ,l4 ,,brutum3 fell 9 s+le  
combat ) ,aruns1 son ( ! exil$ ,t>qu92  
see ,liv4 #b1 #f4 ,! accusatives ,brutum
 etc4 are n ! objects ( record] b !     
subjects ( inf9itives to be suppli$ f   
pr(ectas4 -- ,,duos ,,decios3 see n4 on 
#dc4 -- ,,cursum ,,equorum3 ! ^w equos  
w\ld h be5 suffici5t2 b ?is k9d (       
pleonasm is common 9 ,lat92 see n4 on   
,lael4 #cj causae dilig5di4 --          
,,atilius3 i4e4 ,regulus1 ^: /ory is too
 well kn[n to ne$ rec\nt+4 ,!re are _m  
contradictions & improbabilities ab\t x4
 -- ,,scipiones3 see n4 on #bi4 ,9      
,p>adoxa #a1 #ab ,cic4 says ( !m        
,c>?ag9i5sium adv5tum corporibus suis   
int]clud5dum putav]unt4 -- ,,po5is3 on !
 dat4 see ,a4 #bce1 a2 ,h4 #chd1 #d1 n4 
#b4 -- ,,paulum3 n4 on #bi ,l4          

,aemilius4 -- ,,collegae3 ,m4 ,t]5tius  
,v>ro4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t he
 0 a worse g5]al ?an _m o!r ,romans :o  
met ,hannibal & 7 beat52 ! e>ly         
hi/orians1 be+ all ari/ocrats1 fix$ !   
disgrace ( ,cannae on ! democratic      
consul4 ,v>ro's contempor>ies 7 m j to  
him4 ,f> f reproa*+ him1 ! ,s5ate       
comm5d$ 8 _s1 & sev]al times aft]w>ds   
entru/$ him ) important bus9ess4 --     
,,m>cellum3 ! captor ( ,syracuse 9 #bab 
,b4,c4 ,he fell into an ambu% 9 #bjh & 0
 kill$2 ,hannibal buri$ him ) milit>y   
honors4 -- ,,cuius ,,int]itum3 ab/ract =
 concrete  quem1 po/ int]itum4 --       
,,crudelissimus ,,ho/is3 ?is1 !         
traditional ,roman view ( ,hannibal1 is 
! rev]se ( ! tru?1 s f> z extant        
te/imony goes4 ,see ,momms51 ,hi/4 (    
,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 ,*4 #d2 ,ihne1 ,hi/4 
( ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 -- ,,s$ 444         
,,arbitr>5tur3 ^! words are almo/       
exactly repeat$ 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #hi & #aja4
 -- ,,ru/ici3 cf4 ,ar*4 #bd no/ri illi  
=tes viri s$ ru/ici ac milites2 also    

above1 #bd4  #gf4 ,,omn9o3 see n4 on #i4
 -- ,,num ,,igitur etc43 cf4 #cc nisi   
=te et seq4 -- ,,con/ans3 cf4 n4 on #cc4
 -- ,,ne 444 ,,quidem3 see n4 on #bg4 --
 ,,satietas ,,vitae3 cf4 #he s5ectus    
autem et seq41 & satietas viv5di 9 pro  
,m>c4 #bg2 also ,tusc4 #a1 #aji vita    
acta p]ficiat ut satis sup]que vixisse  
videamur4  #gg4 ,,c]n]e3 ( ! m9d also 9 
#hb4 ,) ! context cf4 ,div4 #a1 #fc     
animus approp9quante morte multo e/     
div9ior2 facilius ev5it approp9quante   
morte ut animi futura augur5tur4 --     
,,ve/ros ,,patres3 n4 on #ae4 ,! eld]   
,laelius 0 prom95t bo? z g5]al & z      
/atesman4 ,he comm&$ ! fleet :i*        
co-op]at$ ) ,scipio ,africanus 9 ,spa9 &
 aft]w>ds s]v$ ) honor 9 ,africa4 ,he 0 
an intimate fri5d ( ,cato4 ,see ,liv4   
#bf1 #db et seq4 -- ,,tuque3 s 9 ,lael4 
#ajj ,c4 ,fanni et tu1 ,q4 ,muci2 b     
above1 #d & #i simply ,scipio et ,laeli4
 -- ,,quae ,,e/ ,,sola ,,vita3 cf4 n4 on
 vitam nullam 9 #g4 -- ,,nam ,,dum      
,,sumus etc43 ! :ole ( ?is doctr9e is   

,platonic2 cf4 ,lael4 #ac4 -- ,,mun]e   
,,necessitatis ,,et 444 ,,op]e3         
'function & task allott$ z by fate'4    
,p4 #cb4 -- ,,immortalis3 ,cic]o r>ely  
m5tions ! gods )\t ?is epi!t4 --        
,,sp>sisse3 ,horace calls ! s\l div9ae  
p>ticulam aurae4 -- ,,tu]5tur3 rule1 or 
gu>d1 or c>e =4 ,mo/ editors wrongly    
take tu]5tur to be = intu]5tur1 'to look
 ^u'1 & reg>d x z an int5tional ar*aism4
 ,b cf4 ,rep4 #f1 #ae 7:]e no ar*aism c 
be int5d$73 hom9es sunt hac lege g5]ati1
 qui tu]5tur illum globum quae t]ra     
vocatur2 also tu5tur bel[ 9 #hb4 --     
,,contemplantes ,,imit>5tur3 p]haps m   
,/oic ?an ,platonic2 ! ,/oics laid great
 /ress on ! e?ical value ( a            
contemplation & imitation ( ! ord] ( !  
univ]se4 ,cf4 ,n4,d4 #b1 #cg ipse homo  
ortus e/ ad mundum contempl&um et       
imit&um2 ,s54 ,dial4 #h1 #e1 #a ,natura 
nos ad utrumque g5uit1 et contemplationi
 r]um et actioni4 -- ,,modo3 "h modus   
seems to be ! ,platonic  1 or p]haps a  
rem9isc5ce ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! 

mean 7n4 on #df74 ,translate '9         
mod]ation & consi/5cy ( life'2 & cf4    
,(f4 #a1 #ic r]um modus 'mod]ation 9 all
 ?+s'4 ,= con/antia see n4 on #d4 --    
,,ita3 cf4 n4 on #af et tam5 sic4  #gh4 
,,py?agoran3 see n4 to #bc4 ,no anci5t  
philosoph] held m firmiy ?an ,py?agoras 
to belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 x =m$
 a "p ( 8 doctr9e ( ,metempsy*osis4 ,he 
0 also not$ = 8 num]ical speculations 9 
,a/ronomy & ,music4 ,) him is said to h 
orig9at$ ! doctr9e ( ! 'h>mony ( !      
sph]es'4 -- ,,qui ,,ess5t3 'inasmu* z !y
 7'4 ,cic]o (t5 tries to make out a     
connection betwe5 ,py?agoras & ! e>ly   
,romans2 cf4 ,tusc4 #d1 #b2 also ,liv4  
#a1 #ah4 -- ,,ex ,,univ]sa ,,m5te3 !    
_w-s\l4 ,diog4 ,la]t #h gives z         
,py?agorean ! doctr9e       4 ,simil>   
doctr9es occur 9 ,plato & ! ,/oics2 cf4 
,div4 #a1 #aaj a qua 7i4e4 a natura     
deorum7 ut doctissimis sapi5tissimisque 
placuit1 hau/os animos et libatos       
habemus2 ,tusc4 #e1 #ch humanus animus  
dec]ptus ex m5te div9a2 ,s54 ,dial4 #ab1

 #f1 #g4 -- ,,hab]emus3 imp]fect :]e !  
,engli% requires ! pres5t4 ,a4 #bhg1 d2 
,h4 #die1 ,v4 -- ,,socrates3 9 ,plato's 
,pha$o4 -- ,,immortalitate ,,animorum3  
?is is common] ?an immortalitas animi1 =
 '! immortality ( ! s\l'2 s ,lael4 #ad2 
,tusc4 #a1 #hj aet]nitas animorum4 --   
,,diss]uisset3 subjunctive because      
involv+ ! /atem5ts ( "s o!r p]son ?an ! 
speak]4 ,a4 #cda1 c2 ,g4 #fcj2 ,h4 #ebh1
 #a4 -- ,,is ,,qui ,,esset etc43 'a man 
great en\gh to h be5 decl>$ wise/'4 ,see
 n4 on ,lael4 #g ,apoll9is 444          
iudicatum4 -- ,,sic3 cf4 ita above4 --  
,,cel]itas ,,animorum3 ! anci5ts pictur$
 to !mselves ! m9d z a sub/ance capable 
( exce$+ly rapid movem5t2 cf4 ,tusc4 #a1
 #dc nulla e/ cel]itas quae possit cum  
animi cel]itate cont5d]e4 -- ,,tantae   
,,sci5tiae3 z ! plural ( sci5tia is     
almo/ unkn[n 9 classical ,lat91 rec5t   
editors take sci5tiae "h z g5itive1 's  
_m arts requir+ s mu* k'4 ,9 favor ( ?is
 int]pretation are su* passages z ,acad4
 #b1 #adf artem s9e sci5tia esse non    

posse2 ,f94 #e1 #bf ut omnes artes 9    
aliqua sci5tia v]s5tur4 ,yet 9 ,de ,or4 
#a1 #fa physica i/a et ma!matica et quae
 paulo ante cet]>um artium propria      
posui/i1 sci5tiae sunt eorum qui illa   
pr(it5tur x is v awkw>d to take sci5tiae
 z g5itive4 -- ,,cumque ,,semp] etc43   
?is argum5t is copi$ v closely f        
,plato's ,pha$rus1 #bde ,c4 --          
,,pr9cipium ,,motus3   9 ,plato4 -- ,,se
 ,,ipse3 cf4 n4 on #d a se ipsi4 --     
,,cum ,,simplex etc3 f ,plato's ,pha$o1 
#gh-hj4 ,! g5]al drift ( ! argum5t is   
?is3 mat]ial ?+s decay because !y are   
comp\nd$ ( p>ts t fall asund]2 !re is   
no?+ to %[ t ! s\l is s comp\nd$2 !re=e 
no reason to believe t x w s decay4     
,notice ! imp]fects esset 444 hab]et 444
 posset accommodat$ to ! t5se ( p]suasi 
above1 al?\gh ! o!r subjunctives 9 !    
s5t5ce are n2 cf4 n4 on #db effic]et4 --
 ,,neque 444 ,,dissimile3 9 mod]n       
phraseology ! :ole ( ?is clause w\ld be 
briefly express$ ?us1 -- '& 0           
homog5e\s'4 -- ,,posset3 quod si ':]eas 

if'1 ! subject ( posset be+ animus1 &   
dividi be+ und]/ood4 -- ,,magno         
,,argum5to3   9 ,pl4 ,pha$4 #gb ,a4     
,belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l         
naturally foll[s ! acceptance ( !       
doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce4 -- ,,hom9es      
,,scire etc43 ,see ,plato1 ,pha$o1 #gb  
,e-#gc ,b4 ,! notion t ! s\ls ( m5 exi/$
 be=e ! bodies ) :i* !y are connect$ has
 be5 held 9 all ages & has (t5 f\nd     
expression 9 lit]ature4 ,! ,engli% poets
 h n infrequ5tly allud$ to x4 ,see      
,wordswor?'s ,ode on ! ,intimations (   
,immortality f ! ,recollections ( ,e>ly 
,*ildhood1 ',our bir? is b a sleep & a  
=gett+' etc42 also1 9 ,t5nyson's ,two   
,voices ! passage beg9n+1 --    ',yet h[
 %\ld ,i = c]ta9 hold1   ,because my    
memory is s cold1   ,t ,i fir/ 0 9 human
 m\ld8'  ,,rem9isci ,,et ,,record>i3 a  
d\ble translation ( ,plato's 1 q 9      
,cic]o's fa%ion2 ! =m] ^w implies a     
mom5t>y act1 ! latt] "o ( "s duration4  
-- ,,haec ,,platonis ,,f]e3 's f>       
,plato'4  #gi4 ,,apud ,,x5ophontem3     

,cyropa$ia1 #h1 #g1 #ag2 = apud cf4 #cj2
 :5 ,cic4 says t a passage is '9' a     
c]ta9 au?or 7n nam+ ! book7 he uses     
apud1 n 94 -- ,,maior3 '! eld]'2 cf4 #ei
 ,cyrum m9orem4 -- ,,nolite ,,arbitr>i3 
a common p]iphrasis4 ,a4 #bfi1 a1 #b2   
,g4 #bfd1 ,,ii42 ,h4 #dhi1 ,i4 -- ,,dum 
,,eram3 ! imp]fect ) dum is n common2   
see ,roby1 #adeh1 c2 ,a4 #bgf1 e1 n42   
,g4 #egb1 #ega2 ,h4 #eai1 ,i41 #dfg1 #d 
) n4  ,p4 #cc4 -- #hj4 ,,nec 444        
,,t5]emus3 ! s\ls ( ! dead cont9ue to   
ex]t an influ5ce on ! liv+1 or else _!  
fame w\ld n rema92 a weak argum5t4 --   
,,mihi 444 ,,potuit3 cf4 #hb nemo 444   
p]suadebit4 -- ,,viv]e 444 ,,emori3     
adv]sative asyndeton4 -- ,,insipi5tem3 9
 ,x54 1 i4e4 )\t p[] ( ?9k+4 -- ,,s$3 'b
 r t 444'4 -- ,,hom9is ,,natura3 a      
p]iphrasis = homo2 cf4 ,f94 #e1 #cc     
intellegant1 si qu&o naturam hom9is     
dicam1 hom9em dic]e me2 nihil enim hoc  
diff]t4 -- ,,nihil 444 ,,somnum3 poets &
 arti/s f ,hom] 7,il4 #af1 #fhb7 onw>ds 
h pictur$ dea? z sleep's bro!r4 ,cf4    

,less+1 ,h[ ! ,anci5ts ,repres5t$ ,dea?4
  #ha4 ,,atqui3 see n4 on #f4 --        
,,dormi5tium ,,animi etc43 see ,div4 #a1
 #fj :]e a passage ( simil> import is   
translat$ f ,plato's ,republic ,,ix2 ib4
 #aae4 -- ,,remissi ,,et ,,lib]i3 cf4   
,div4 #a1 #aac animus solutus ac vacuus2
 ,de ,or4 #b1 #aic animo l5i ac remisso4
 -- ,,corporis3 ! s+ul>1 ?\gh animi     
prec$es2 s 9 ,lael4 #ac2 ,tusc4 #b1 #ab1
 etc4 -- ,,pul*ritud9em3 2 ,cic4        
translates x by ornatus 9 ,acad4 #b1    
#aai :]e hic ornatus corresponds to hic 
mundus a little e>li]4 -- ,,tu5tur3 see 
n4 on #gg tu]5tur4 -- ,,s]vabitis3      
future = imp]ative4 ,a4 #bfi1 f2 ,g4    
#bfe1 #a2 ,h4 #dhg1 #d4  #hb4 ,,cyrus   
etc43 see n4 on #gh4 -- ,,si ,,placet3  
cf4 n4 on #f nisi mole/um e/4 --        
,,no/ra3  ,romana  dome/ica 9 #ab4 --   
,,nemo etc43 ?is l9e ( argum5t is (t5   
repeat$ 9 ,cic42 see ,tusc4 #a1 #cb et  
seq42 ,ar*4 #bi4 -- ,,duos ,,avos 444   
,,patruum3 see nn4 on #bi4 -- ,,multos3 
sc4 alios4 -- ,,esse ,,conatos3 loosely 

put = fuisse conaturos1 z bel[1         
suscepturum fuisse4 ,s 9 ! direct       
n>ration we might h1 ?\gh exceptionally1
 non conabantur nisi c]n]5t = non conati
 ess5t nisi vidiss5t4 -- ,,c]n]5t3 see  
n4 on #ac qua]]etur4 -- ,,ut 444        
,,glori]3 9 ,ar*4 #cj ,cic4 makes ! same
 reflections 9 almo/ ! same words ab\t 8
 own a*ievem5ts4 -- ,,aliquid3 see n4 on
 #a quid4  ,p4 #cd4 -- ,,si ,,isdem     
etc43 cf4 ,ar*4 #bi si nihil animus     
praes5tiret 444 dimic>et4 -- ,,aetatem3 
vitam4 -- ,,traduc]e3 cf4 ,tusc4 #c1 #be
 volumus hoc quod datum e/ vitae        
tranquille placideque traduc]e4 --      
,,nescio ,,quo ,,modo3 ,a4 #baj1 f1     
,rem42 ,g4 #dfi1 ,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #ebi1 #e1
 #c74 -- ,,erig5s ,,se3 ,acad4 #b1 #abg 
erigimur1 elatiores fi]i videmur4 --    
,,haud 444 ,,nit]etur3 9 ,cic]o's       
spee*es haud sc>cely occurs except be=e 
adv]bs & ! v]b scio2 9 ! philosophical  
writ+s & 9 ! ,lett]s be=e _m o!r v]bs4  
-- ,,immortalitatis ,,gloriam3 s ,balb4 
#af sempit]ni nom9is gloriam4 ,cf4 also 

,ar*4 #bf trahimur omnes /udio laudis et
 optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur4 
#hc4 ,,non ,,vid]e3 ei!r non vid]e or   
non item 0 to be expect$1 z ,cic]o does 
n (t5 end s5t5ces or clauses ) non4 --  
,,colui ,,et ,,dilexi3 s #bf coluntur et
 diliguntur4 -- ,,vid5di3 ,cic4 = ! mo/ 
"p avoids ! g5itive plural ( ! g]undive 
9 agreem5t ) a n\n1 & uses ! g]und z "h4
 ,meissn] notes t ,lat9 has no v]b ) !  
s5se 'to see aga9'1 :i* a mod]n w\ld use
 "h4 -- ,,conscripsi3 9 ! ,orig9es4 --  
,,quo3  ad quos2 see n4 on #ab =e unde4 
-- ,,pelian3 a mi/ake ( ,cic]o's4 ,x 0 n
 ,pelias b 8 half-bro!r ,aeson1 fa!r (  
,iason1 :om ,m$ea made "y aga9 by cutt+ 
him to pieces & boil+ him 9 h] en*ant$  
cauldron4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 induc$ ! daught]s 
( ,pelias to try ! same exp]im5t ) _!   
fa!r2 ! issue1 ( c\rse1 0 v diff]5t4    
,plautus1 ,pseud4 #c1 #b1 #hj seems to  
make ! same mi/ake4 -- ,,si ,,quis      
,,deus3 ! pres5t subjunctive is         
noticeable2 /rictly1 an impossible      
condition %\ld require ! pa/ t5se1 b 9  

vivid passages an impossible condition  
is mom5t>ily treat$ z possible4 ,s ,cic4
 g5]ally says si reviviscat aliquis1 n  
revivisc]et4 -- ,,decurso ,,spatio3 ':5 
,i h run my race'4 ,see n4 on #ad4      
,lucretius #c1 #ajdb oddly has decurso  
lum9e vitae4 -- ,,ad ,,c>c]es ,a        
,,calce3 c>c]es 7 ! b>ri]s beh9d :i* !  
horses & c>s /ood wait+ = ! race2 calx  
771 lit]ally 'a *alk$ l9e'1 0 :at we    
%\ld call '! w9n+ po/'4 ,cf4 ,lael4     
#aja2 ,tusc4 #a1 #ae nunc video calcem  
ad quam cum sit decursum1 nihil sit     
praet]ea extimesc5dum4  #hd4 ,,habeat3  
concessive4 ,a4 #bff1 c2 ,g4 #beg2 ,h4  
#dhd1 #c4 -- ,,multi ,,et ,,ei ,,docti3 
z ,ngelsba*1 ,/ili/ik  #be1 #e1 rem>ks1 
,cic4 always uses ?is phrase & n multi  
docti4 ,"o ( ! books ,cic4 has 9 view is
 no d\bt t ( ,hegesias1 a ,cyr5aic      
philosoph]1 m5tion$ 9 ,tusc4 #a1 #hd4 --
 ,,commor&i 444 ,,divorsorium3 'a       
ho/elry :]e9 to soj\rn'4 ,! idea has be5
 express$ 9 lit]ature 9 a ?\s& ways4    
,cf4 ,lucr4 #c1 #ich cur non ut pl5us   

vitae conviva rec$is2 ,hor4 ,sat4 #a1   
#a1 #aah vita c$at uti conviva satur4   
,cic]o (t5 insi/s t heav5 is ! v]a      
aet]naque domus ( ! s\l 7cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 
#aah74 ,cf4 ,epi/4 to ! ,hebrews1 #ac1  
#ad ',"h h we no cont9u+ city1 b we seek
 "o to come'4 -- ,,concilium            
,,coetumque3 s 9 ,rep4 #f1 #ac concilia 
coetusque hom9um quae civitates         
vocantur4 ,! words "h seem to imply t ! 
real civitas is above2 :at seems to m5 a
 civitas is m]ely a disorganiz$ cr[d4   
,p4 #ce4 -- ,,catonem ,,meum3 see #ae1  
#fh2 s ,cic]o 9 8 lett]s (t5 calls 8 own
 son meus ,cic]o4 -- ,,nemo ,,vir3 see  
n4 on #ba quemquam s5em4 -- ,,quod      
,,contra3   1 ':]eas on ! contr>y'2 cf4 
n4 on ,lael4 #ij :]e1 z well z "h1 _m ( 
! editors make ! mi/ake ( tak+ quod to  
be ! accusative gov]n$ by contra out (  
place4 -- ,,meum3 sc4 corpus crem>i4 -- 
,,quo3 put = ad quae1 z (t54 -- ,,visus 
,,sum3 'p ?\ght ,i bore up bravely'4 -- 
,,non ,,quo 444 ,,s$3 a relative clause 
p>allel ) a categorically affirmative   

clause4 ,! usage is n uncommon1 ?\gh    
,cic4 (t5 has non quo 444 s$ quia4 ,=   
mood ( f]rem see ,a4 #cda1 d1 ,rem42 ,g4
 #eda1 ,rem4 #a42 ,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 #b4   
#he4 ,,dixi/i3 9 #d4 -- ,,qui3 "h  cum  
ego1 's9ce ,i 444'4 -- ,,extorqu]i      
,,volo3 n4 on #b lev>i volo4 -- ,,m9uti 
,,philosophi3 = ! ^w m9utus cf4 n4 on   
#df2 ,cic4 has m9uti philosophi 9 ,acad4
 #b1 #ge2 ,div4 #a1 #fb2 9 ,f94 #a1 #fa 
m9uti et angu/i 7hom9es72 9 ,brut4 #bfe 
m4 imp]atores2 cf4 ,suet4 ,aug4 #hc m4  
pu]i4 -- ,,s5tiam3 future indicative4 --
 ,,p]actio3 ! n\n is said to occur only 
"h 9 ,cic42 cf4 h[ev] #fd p]ag]e2 #gj4  
-- ,,haec 444 ,,dic]em3 ! same words    
occur at ! end ( ! ,laelius2 = habeo    
quod dicam ,cic4 (t5 says habeo dic]e1 z
 9 ,balb4 #cd4  #a ,horace1 ,ep4 #b1 #a1
 #aef3--    ,graecia capta f]um victorem
 cepit1 et artes   ,intulit agre/i      
,latio4  #b ,de ,(f4 #a1 #a #b3         
philosoph&i sci5tiam conc$5s multis etc4
  #c ,to judge rightly ( ,cic]o x mu/ be
 rememb]$ t he 0 a politician only by   

accid5t3 8 :ole natural b5t 0 t[>ds     
lit]ature4  #d ,to see ! tru? ( ?is x is
 only necess>y to ref] = example to !   
weight giv5 to ! op9ions ( ,cic]o 9 !   
heat$ political discussions ( ! sixte5? 
& sev5te5? c5turies4  #e ,almo/ e bran* 
( le>n+ 0 rank$ "u ! head ( ,philosophy4
 ,/rabo ev5 claim$ t "o bran* (         
,philosophy 0 ,geography4  #f #b1 #c    
int]iectus e/ nup] lib] is quem ad      
no/rum ,atticum de s5ectute misimus4 ,no
 argum5t c be f\nd$ on ! words          
int]iectus e/1 ov] :i* ! editors h wa/$ 
mu* +5uity4 ,!y simply mean '!re 0      
ins]t$ 9 ! s]ies ( my works'4  #g ,see  
#b1 #bc4  #h #ad1 #ba1 #c2 #af1 #c1 #a2 
#af1 #aa1 #c4  #i ,see ,att4 #ad1 #ba1  
#a4  #aj ,x 0 c]ta9ly n writt51 z       
,somm]brodt assumes1 9 ! int]vals (     
compos+ ! ,de ,div9atione4 ,! words 9   
#b1 #g ( t "w--quoniam de re publica    
consuli coepti sumus etc4--po9t to ! end
 ( ,septemb] or beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 #dd1  
:5 ,cic]o return$ to ,rome & began to   
compose 8 ,philippic orations4  #aa  #a4

  #ab ,x is p]haps n a m]e accid5t t !  
pr[ess ( ,l4 ,brutus 9 lib]&a patria is 
m5tion$ 9  #ge4 ,!re may be a ref]5ce to
 ! late/ ,brutus :o _h fre$ 8 c\ntry4   
#ac ,9 ,m>*1 #de4  #ad  #ab4  #ae  #hd4 
#af ,see p4 iii4 above4  #ag ,9 ! notes 
exact ref]5ces w be giv5 to ! places 9 !
 orig9al :]e ! o!r passages m5tion$ may 
be f\nd4  #ah ,p>ticul>ly ! fir/ book ( 
! ,tusculan ,disputations1 ! ,de        
,republica1 & ! ,laelius4  #ai ,see #d1 
bel[4  #bj  #c4  #ba ,works on ,old ,age
 are said to h be5 writt5 by ,!ophra/us 
& ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 ei!r or bo? (   
:i* ,cic]o might h us$4 ,"o passage 9   
#fg1 facilius 9 morbos 444 tri/ius      
curantur1 is suppos$ by _m to h be5     
imitat$ f ,hippocrates2 b ! resemblance 
is probably accid5tal4 ,cf4 ,de ,(f4 #a1
 #bd1 #hc4  #bb ,see  #b4  #bc ,see     
,att4 #af1 #aa1 #c2 #af1 #c1 #a2 #ad1   
#ba1 #c4  #bd  #b4  #be ,z ,cic]o's     
int5tion 0 to set old age 9 a favorable 
light1 he slights ,ari/o ,cius = giv+ to
 ,ti?onus ! *ief "p 9 a dialogue on old 

age4 ,see  #c2 cf4 also ,laelius1  #d4  
#bf ,see bel[ 7ii471 #a4  #bg ,on ! :ole
 subject ( ,ari/otle's dialogues see    
,b]nays' monograph1 ,die ,dialoge des   
,ari/oteles4  #bh  #cb qu>tum ago annum 
et octogesimum4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #aa mem9i   
,catonem ante quam e/ mortuus mecum et  
cum ,scipione diss]]e etc4  #bi ,cic]o  
always indicates ?is date2 cf4  #ad4 ,"s
 o!r writ]s1 z ,livy1 give1 probably    
wrongly1 an e>li] date4  #cj ,he himself
 says 7,fe/us1 p4#bhl7 ego iam a        
pr9cipio 9 p>simonia atque 9 duritia    
atque indu/ria omnem adulesc5tiam1      
ab/9ui agro col5do1 saxis ,sab9is       
silicibus repa/9&is atque cons]5dis4    
,cf4 ,gell4 ,noct4 ,att4 #ac1 #bc4  #ca 
,see ,cat4 ,m4 #dd4  #cb ,plut4 ,c4 #a2 
,cat4 ,m4  #ah1 #cb3 ,cato himself ap4  
,fe/4 s4v4 ord9>ius says quid mihi fi]et
 si non ego /ip5dia 9 ord9e omnia       
ord9>ius m]uissem semp]8  #cc  #aj4  #cd
 ,if ,plut>* may be tru/$1 ,cato at !   
age ( #cj _h won = himself ! title ( '! 
,roman ,demo/h5es'4  #ce  #aj4  #cf ,9  

#aj ,cic]o makes ! quae/or%ip fall 9    
#bje1 b he ref]s to ! election1 n to !  
actual ye> ( (fice4  #cg ,nepos 7or     
pseudo-,nepos71 ,cat4 #a4  #ch ,cato    
aft]w>ds made x a *>ge aga9/ ,m4        
,fulvius ,nobilior t he _h tak5 ,ennius 
) him on a campaign 7,tusc4 #a1 #c74 ,b 
,cato us$ ,ennius z soldi] :ile         
,nobilior employ$ him z poet4  #ci ,x is
 difficult1 h[ev]1 to fix ! date ( ?is  
enactm5t4 ,"s au?orities place x aft]   
,cato's return f ,spa94  #dj ,livy #cd1 
cc4 #a-h4  #da ,see ,livy1 #cd1 #ah4    
#db i4e4 he 0 legatus consul>is4 ,x 0 at
 ! "t a common ?+ = ex-consuls to take  
s]vice "u _! successors4 ,s ,liv4 #cf1  
#ag1 #a1 b ,cic4 ,cat4 ,m4 c #aj says   
tribunus milit>is4  #dc ,cic]o's        
/atem5ts ?r\gh\t ! treatise conc]n+ !   
relations betwe5 ,cato & ,africanus !   
eld]1 p>ticul>ly 9  #gg :]e ,cato calls 
8 enemy amicissimus1 are audaci\sly     
inexact4  #dd ,see ,cato ,m4  #db4  #de 
,we possess ! titles ( #bf spee*es      
deliv]$ dur+ or conc]n+ 8 c5sor%ip4  #df

 ,he is said to h und]gone #dd          
prosecutions1 & to h be5 prosecutor z   
(t54  #dg ,see ,lael4 #i2 ,cat4 ,m4 #ab 
& #hd4  #dh ,cf4 ,livy1 #ci1 #dj4  #di  
,! common view is t ,cato said no?+ (   
,roman hi/ory f #eji-bff ,b4,c4  #ej    
,cf4 ,cic4 pro ,ar*4 #g1 #af4  #ea ,see 
,c\langes1 ',anci5t ,city'1 ,bk4 ,,ii4  
,*4 #d4  #eb ,see  #ab1 #da etc4  #ec   
,de ,or4 #b1 #agj2 ,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #c2   
,qu4 ,fr4 #b1 #c1 #c4  #ed ,9 ,de ,re   
,publica #b1 #a ,cic]o makes ,scipio    
talk extravagantly ( ,cato4  #ee ,see   
,introduction to ! ,laelius1 pp4 vi1    
vii4  #ef ,a4  ,all5 & ,gre5\gh's       
,gramm>1 ,revis$ ,ed42 ,g4              
,gild]sleeve's ,gramm>2 ,h4  ,h>kness's 
,gramm>1 ,rev4 ,ed4 ( #ahha4 ,9 quot+ f 
! works ( ,cic]o ref]5ce is made to     
sections1 n to *apt]s4