,m4 ,,tulli ,,ciceronis  ,,cato ,,maior 
,,de ,,senectute  ,,with ,,introduction 
,,and ,,notes  ,,by ,,james ,s4 ,,reid1 
,m4,l4  ,american ,edition ,revised     
,,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey             
,,university ,,of ,,michigan            
,copyright1 #ahhb  ,,preface4  ,three   
years ago ,mr4 ,james ,s4 ,reid1 of     
,gonville and ,caius ,college1          
,cambridge1 prepared for the ,syndics of
 the ,university ,press editions of     
,cicero's ,cato ,maior de ,senectute and
 ,laelius de ,amicitia4 ,the thorough   
and accurate scholarship displayed1     
especially in the elucidation of the    
,latinity1 immediately won for the books
 a cordial reception2 and since then    
they have gained a permanent place in   
the esteem of ,english scholars4  ,the  
present volume has the full             
authorization of ,mr4 ,reid1 and was    
prepared with the design of presenting  
to ,american students1 in a form best   
adapted to their use1 the results of his
 work4 ,the ,text remains substantially 

that of ,mr4 ,reid2 while mention is    
made in the notes of the most important 
variations in readings and orthography  
from other editions4 ,the ,introductions
 have been recast1 with some            
enlargement2 the analyses of the        
subject-matter in particular have been  
entirely remodelled4 ,the ,notes have   
been in some instances reduced1 in      
others amplified1--especially by the    
addition of references to the standard  
treatises on grammar1 history1 and      
philosophy4 ,it was at first the        
intention of the ,american editor to    
indicate by some mark the matter due to 
himself2 but as this could hardly be    
done without marring the appearance of  
the page1 and thus introducing a source 
of confusion to the student1 it was not 
attempted4 ,in the work of revision free
 use of the principal ,german and       
,english editions has been made4  ,to   
some the notes of the present edition   
may appear too copious4 ,the aim        
throughout1 however1 has been not simply

 to give aid on difficult points1 but to
 call attention to the finer usages of  
the ,latin1 and to add also whatever    
explanation seemed necessary to a clear 
understanding of the subject-matter4    
,latin scholarship which shall be at the
 same time broad and accurate1 including
 not only a mastery of the language but 
also a comprehensive view of the various
 phases of ,roman life and thought1     
will1 it is believed1 be best assured by
 the slow and careful reading of some   
portions of the literature and by the   
rapid survey of others4 ,certainly of   
the shorter ,latin classics few would   
more fully repay close and careful study
 of both language and thought than these
 charming colloquies on ,old ,age and   
,friendship4 ,while almost faultless in 
expression1 they embody in a remarkable 
degree that universal element which     
characterizes the literary masterpiece1 
and makes it the valued possession not  
merely of an age or a nation1 but of all
 time4  ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey  ,,lake  

,,forest1 ,,ill41 ,may1 #ahhb4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,introduction4  ,i4 ,,cicero ,,as ,a   
,,writer ,,on ,,philosophy4  7i47       
,,state ,,of ,,philosophy ,,in          
,,cicero',s ,,time4  ,in ,philosophy the
 ,romans originated nothing4 ,their     
energies in the earlier years of the    
state were wholly absorbed in           
organization and conquest4 ,resting in a
 stern and simple creed1 they had little
 speculative interest in matters outside
 the hard routine of their daily life4  
,but with the close of the ,period of   
,conquest came a change4 ,the influx of 
wealth from conquered provinces1 the    
formation of large landed estates1 the  
excessive employment of slave labor1 and
 the consequent rise of a new           
aristocracy1 prepared the way for a     
great revolution4 ,the old religion lost
 its hold on the higher classes2        
something was needed to take its place4 
,with wealth and luxury came opportunity
 and desire for culture4 ,greece1 with  

,art1 ,literature1 and ,philosophy fully
 developed and highly perfected1 stood  
ready to instruct her rude conqueror4#a 
,in ,cicero's time the productive era of
 ,greek ,philosophy had well-nigh       
passed4 ,its tendency was less          
speculative1 more ethical and practical 
than in the earlier time4 ,there were   
four prominent schools1 the ,new        
,academy1 the ,peripatetic1 the ,stoic1 
and the ,epicurean4 ,the supporters of  
the last-named advocated in ,science the
 doctrine of the atom1 in ,ethics the   
pursuit of pleasure1 in ,religion the   
complete inactivity of the gods4  ,the  
,stoics and ,peripatetics were divided  
by comparatively unimportant            
differences4 ,in ,ethics1 considered by 
them as almost the whole of ,philosophy1
 which was itself defined as 'the art of
 living'1 the main question between the 
two schools was the amount of importance
 to be attributed to ,virtue1--the      
,stoics declaring that in comparison    
with ,virtue all other things sink into 

absolute insignificance1 while the      
,peripatetics maintained that these have
 a certain though infinitesimally small 
significance4 ,the ,new ,academy taught 
at this time no complete philosophical  
system4 ,it simply proclaimed the view  
that in the field of knowledge certainty
 is unattainable1 and that all the      
inquirer has to do is to balance        
probabilities one against the other4    
,the ,new ,academic1 therefore1 was free
 to accept any opinions which seemed to 
him to have the weight of probability on
 their side1 but he was bound to be     
ready to abandon them when anything     
appeared which altered his views of the 
probabilities4 ,he not only might be1   
but he could not help being1 eclectic2  
that is1 he chose such views promulgated
 by other schools as seemed to him at   
the moment to be most reasonable or     
probable4 ,cicero called himself an     
adherent of this school4 ,on most points
 however1 although eclectic1 he agreed  
with the ,peripatetics1 but with a      

decided leaning toward the ,stoic       
ethical system4 ,the ,stoic opinion that
 it is the duty of the wise man to      
abstain from public life1 which the     
,peripatetics contested1 ,cicero        
decisively rejected4 ,with the          
,epicureans he had absolutely no        
sympathy4 ,up to this time these schools
 and their teachings were known to the  
,romans only through the medium of the  
,greek4 ,the only ,latin philosophical  
literature was ,epicurean1 and1         
excepting the poem of ,lucretius 7,de   
,rerum ,natura71 scarcely famous as yet1
 consisted entirely of books rudely     
written1 although considerably read4    
7ii47 ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,cicero ,,in
 ,,philosophy4  ,cicero made no claim to
 originality as a philosopher1 nor even 
to complete acquaintance with every     
detail of the ,greek systems4#b ,in     
early life he had studied with          
enthusiasm and success all the learning 
of the ,greeks1 but especially in the   
two departments of ,rhetoric and        

,philosophy1 then closely connected1 or 
rather hardly distinguished4 ,he not    
only sought the society of learned      
,greeks1 but spent considerable time in 
study at ,rhodes and ,athens1 which had 
become not merely the 'school of        
,greece'1 as ,thucydides makes ,pericles
 call her1 but the school of the        
civilized world4#c ,when1 by reason of  
political troubles1 he was forced to    
retire to private life1 he began to     
carry out a great plan for interpreting 
the best philosophical writings of the  
,greeks to his fellow-countrymen4 ,for  
this work his liberal views as a ,new   
,academic peculiarly fitted him4 ,his   
usual method was to take one or two     
leading ,greek works on the subject with
 which he was dealing1 and to represent 
freely in his own language their        
subject-matter1 introducing episodes and
 illustrations of his own4 ,he thus     
presented to the ,romans in their own   
tongue the most significant portions of 
the ,greek ,philosophy2 and in his      

writings there has come down to us much1
 especially of the ,post-,aristotelian  
,philosophy1 that was doomed to oblivion
 in the original ,greek4 ,but further   
than this1 to ,cicero more than to any  
other ,roman is due the formation of a  
,latin philosophical vocabulary1 by     
which the language was enriched and     
fitted for the part it has since taken  
as the ,language of the ,learned4 ,while
 on many points ,cicero's own views can 
hardly be determined with perfect       
exactness1 the exalted sentiments and   
the exquisite literary finish of his    
philosophical writings have always won  
admiration2 and through them he has     
exerted no small influence on the       
literature and life of modern times4#d  
7iii47 ,,the ,,philosophical ,,writings 
,,of ,,cicero4  ,during the whole of an 
exceptionally busy public life ,cicero  
devoted his spare moments to reading and
 to the society of the learned4 ,after  
his exile in #eh and #eg ,b4,c4 his     
political career1 except for a brief    

period just before his death1 was over1 
and it is at this time that his period  
of great literary activity begins1 ,in  
#ee he produced the work ,de ,oratore1  
in #ed the ,de ,re ,publica1 and in #eb 
the ,de ,legibus1 all three works1      
according to ancient ideas1 entitled to 
rank as philosophical4#e  ,from #ea to  
#df ,b4,c41 owing first to his absence  
in ,cilicia1 then to the civil troubles1
 ,cicero almost ceased to write4 ,but in
 the latter year he was reconciled with 
,caesar1 and as the ,senate and law     
courts were closed against him on his   
refusal to compromise his political     
principles1 he betook himself with      
greater devotion than ever to           
literature4 ,the first work written in  
#df was the ,hortensius1 or ,de         
,philosophia1 now lost4 ,it was founded 
on a lost dialogue of ,aristotle1 and   
set forth the advantages of studying    
,philosophy4 ,during the same year      
,cicero completed several oratorical    
works1 the ,partitiones ,oratoriae1 the 

,brutus1 or ,de ,claris ,oratoribus1 and
 the ,orator1 all of which are extant4  
,early in #de ,cicero lost his beloved  
daughter ,tullia4 ,he passed the whole  
year in retirement1 trying to soothe his
 grief by incessant writing4 ,in quick  
succession appeared  ,de ,consolatione1 
an attempt to apply philosophy to the   
mitigation of his own sorrow and that of
 others2  ,academica1 an exposition of  
the ,new ,academic ,philosophy1         
advocating probability rather than      
certainty as the foundation of          
philosophy2  ,de ,finibus ,bonorum et   
,malorum1 a work criticising the most   
prominent views entertained concerning  
,ethics2  ,disputationes ,tusculanae1   
treating of certain conditions essential
 to morality and happiness2  ,de ,natura
 ,deorum1 an examination of the         
principal theories regarding the nature 
and power of the gods2  ,cato ,maior1 on
 old age2 ,laelius1 on friendship2  ,de 
,fato1 discussing ,fate and ,free ,will2
  ,paradoxa1 a book setting forth       

certain remarkable views of the ,stoics2
  ,de ,officiis1 a treatise on practical
 ethics1 the application of moral       
principles to the questions and         
difficulties of ordinary life4  ,these  
works1 written mostly in #de and #dd1   
are1 except the ,de ,cons41 still       
extant4 ,to the list may be added also  
other works of a rhetorical nature1 such
 as the ,topica and ,de ,optima ,genere 
,dicendi1 and some lost philosophical   
books1 such as ,de ,gloria4  ,even      
though allowance be made for the fact   
that ,cicero was giving in ,latin the   
substance of ,greek books with which he 
had been familiar from boyhood1 the     
mental vigor and literary power         
exhibited by this series of works appear
 prodigious when we consider their great
 compass and variety and the generally  
high finish of their style4             
,references4--,for a fuller account of  
,cicero's philosophical views and       
writings consult ,ritter1 ',history of  
,ancient ,philosophy'1 ,vol4 #d1 ,ch4   

#b2 ,maurice1 ',moral and ,metaphysical 
,philosophy'1 ,ch4 #g1  #e2 ,tennemann  
and ,morell1 ',history of ,philosophy'1 
,ch4 #c2 ,ueberweg1 ',history of        
,philosophy'1 ,vol ,i1  #fa2 ,j4,b4     
,mayor1 ',sketch of ,ancient            
,philosophy'1 pp4 #bbc-bdd2 ,teuffel1   
',history of ,roman ,literature'1 ,vol4 
i1  #agb et seq4 ,cruttwell1 ',history  
of ,roman ,literature'1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 ,part
 #a1 ,ch4 #b2 ',cicero'1 by ,collins1 in
 ,ancient ,classics for ,english        
,readers1 ,ch4 #aj1 et seq42 also the   
,introduction to ,reid's edition of the 
,academica1 and the account of ,cicero  
by ,prof4 ,ramsay in ,smith's           
,dictionary of ,biography and           
,mythology4 ,the most attractive        
biography of ,cicero in ,english is that
 by ,forsyth4 ,that by ,trollope is able
 but quite partisan4 ,on the philosophy1
 consult also ,zeller's ',eclectics4'   
,,ii4 ,,the ,,cato ,,maior4  7i47       
,,origin ,,and ,,scope4  #a4 ,date and  
,circumstances of ,composition4  ,the   

date at which the ,cato ,maior was      
written can be determined with almost   
perfect exactness4 ,a mention in        
,cicero's work entitled ,de             
,divinatione#f shows that the ,cato     
,maior preceded that work by a short    
time4 ,the ,de ,divinatione was written 
after the assassination of ,caesar1 that
 is1 after the #aeth of ,march in the   
year #dd4g ,again1 the ,cato ,maior is  
mentioned as a recent work in three     
letters addressed by ,cicero to         
,atticus4#h ,the earliest of these      
letters was written on or about the     
#abth of ,may1 #dd4i ,we shall hardly   
err1 therefore1 if we assume that       
,cicero composed the ,cato ,maior in    
,april of the year #dd4aj ,this agrees  
also with slight indications in the work
 itself4 ,in the dedicatory introduction
 ,cicero speaks of troubles weighing    
heavily on himself and ,atticus4#aa ,any
 one who reads the letters to ,atticus  
despatched in ,april1 #dd1 will have    
little doubt that the troubles hinted at

 are the apprehensions as to the course 
of ,antonius1 from whom ,cicero had     
personally something to fear4 ,atticus  
was using all the influence he could    
bring to bear on ,antonius in order to  
secure ,cicero's safety2 hence ,cicero's
 care to avoid in the dedication all but
 the vaguest possible allusions to      
politics4 ,had that introduction been   
written before ,caesar's death1 we      
should have had plain allusions 7as in  
the prooemia of the ,academica1 the ,de 
,finibus1 the ,tusculan ,disputations1  
and the ,de ,natura ,deorum7 to         
,caesar's dictatorship4#ab  ,the time   
was one of desperate gloom for ,cicero4 
,the downfall of the old constitution   
had overwhelmed him with sorrow1 and his
 brief outburst of joy over ,caesar's   
death had been quickly succeeded by     
disgust and alarm at the proceedings of 
,antonius4 ,the deep wound caused by his
 daughter's death#ac was still unhealed4
 ,it is easy to catch in the ,cato      
,maior some echoes of his grief for her4

 ,when it is said that of all ,cato's   
titles to admiration none is higher than
 the fortitude he showed in bearing the 
death of his son1#ad the writer is      
thinking of the struggle he himself had 
been waging against a like sorrow for   
more than a year past2 and when ,cato   
expresses his firm conviction that he   
will meet his child beyond the grave1#ae
 we can see ,cicero's own yearning for  
reunion with his deeply loved ,tullia4  
#b4 ,greek ,sources4  ,all ,cicero's    
philosophical and rhetorical writings   
were confessedly founded more or less on
 ,greek originals4#af ,the stores from  
which he principally drew in writing the
 ,cato ,maior are clearly indicated in  
several parts of the work4 ,passages    
from ,xenophon's ,oeconomicus are       
translated in ,chapters #ag and #bb4 ,in
 ,chapters #b and #c there is a close   
imitation of the conversation between   
,socrates and ,cephalus at the beginning
 of ,plato's ,republic1 while in        
,chapter #ba is reproduced one of the   

most striking portions of the ,phaedo1  
#gb ,e-#gc ,b1 #gh-hj4ag ,the view of   
the divine origin and destiny of the    
human soul contained in the passage from
 the ,phaedo is rendered by ,cicero in  
many of his works1#ah and was held by   
him with quite a religious fervor and   
sincerity4  ,besides these instances of 
special indebtedness ,cicero1 in        
composing the ,cato ,maior1 was no doubt
 under obligations of a more general    
kind to the ,greeks4 ,the form of the   
dialogue is ,greek1 and ,aristotelian   
rather than ,platonic4#ai ,but further1 
it is highly probable that ,cicero owed 
to some particular ,greek dialogue on   
,old ,age the general outline of the    
arguments he there brings forward4 ,many
 of the ,greek illustrative allusions   
may have had the same origin1 though in 
many cases ,roman illustrations must    
have been substituted for ,greek4       
,whether the dialogue by ,aristo ,cius1 
cursorily mentioned in the ,cato        
,maior1#bj was at all used by ,cicero or

 not it is impossible to determine4#ba  
#c4 ,purpose4  ,the ,cato ,maior is a   
popular essay in ,ethics1 applying the  
principles of philosophy to the         
alleviation of one of life's chief      
burdens1 old age4 ,in ancient times1    
when philosophy formed the real and only
 religion of the educated class1 themes 
like this were deemed to afford a worthy
 employment for the pens even of the    
greatest philosophers4 ,such essays     
formed the only substitute the ancients 
had for our ,sermons4 ,there can be no  
doubt of ,cicero's sincerity when he    
says that the arguments he sets forth in
 the treatise had given him real        
comfort1#bb and the opening words of the
 dedication show that he meant and hoped
 to administer the same comfort to his  
friend ,atticus1 who indeed acknowledged
 the benefit he derived from the        
work4#bc ,when ,cicero wrote the        
treatise he was himself sixty-two years 
of age1 while his friend was three years
 older4 ,he speaks1 therefore1 rather   

euphemistically when he says that his   
purpose is to lighten the trouble of an 
old age which is already close at hand1 
or at all events approaching4#bd  ,but  
in addition to the main ethical purpose1
 there was1 as in many of ,cicero's     
works1 a distinct political purpose4 ,he
 desired to stimulate in his readers an 
admiration for what he regarded as the  
golden age of ,roman politics1 the era  
of the ,punic wars1 and to do this by   
making the contrast between that age and
 his own appear as striking as possible4
 ,a like double purpose is apparent     
throughout the ,de ,re ,publica1 where  
,africanus the younger is the chief     
personage1 and in the treatise on       
,friendship1 where ,laelius is the      
central figure4 ,for the dialogue on    
,old ,age ,m4 ,porcius ,cato the ,censor
 is selected as the principal speaker   
for two reasons3 first1 because he was  
renowned for the vigor of mind and body 
he displayed in advanced life2#be and   
secondly1 because in him were           

conspicuously exhibited the serious     
simplicity1 the unswerving adherence to 
principle1 and the self-sacrificing     
patriotism which were the ideal ,roman  
virtues1 and which ,cicero could not    
find among the politicians of his time4 
#d4 ,form and ,language4  ,the ,cato    
,maior1 like most of ,cicero's          
philosophical writings1 is cast in the  
form of a dialogue4 ,among the ancients 
the dialogue was a common rhetorical    
device1 especially in the presentation  
of abstruse subjects4 ,the introduction 
of characters to conduct the discussion 
gave vividness and clearness to the     
unfolding of the argument1 as well as a 
kind of dramatic interest to the        
production4 ,in the ,cato ,maior#bf and 
the ,laelius1 as generally1 ,cicero     
followed the plan of ,aristotle's       
dialogues 7now lost7 rather than that of
 the dialogues of ,plato4 ,in the former
 there was more of exposition and less  
of discussion than in the latter2 one   
person stated his views on some         

question1 and the company in attendance 
only made occasional remarks without    
attempting to debate the question4 ,in  
the latter1 although one person1        
,socrates1 is everywhere prominent1     
others are continually drawn into the   
discussions1 and there is a quick       
interchange of question and answer4 ,the
 ,aristotelian form was better adapted  
to ,cicero's purposes than the          
,platonic2 the progress of the argument 
was less interrupted1 and thus better   
opportunity for a symmetrical           
development of the theme was afforded4  
,then1 too1 the former was more popular4
 ,the style of ,aristotle#bg had been   
imitated by ,theophrastus and many other
 writers down to ,cicero's time1 while  
that of ,plato had found hardly any     
imitators4  ,the editors of the ,cato   
,maior have generally assumed that      
,cicero attempted to give an antique    
coloring to the diction of the dialogue 
in order to remind readers of ,cato's   
own style4 ,it is only necessary to read

 a page or two of ,cato's ,de ,re       
,rustica to have this illusion          
dispelled4 ,the only things actually    
alleged to be archaisms are 7#a7 the use
 of deponent participles as passives in 
#d1 #ei1 #gd1 a thing common enough in  
,cicero2 7#b7 the occurrence of quasi   
quem ad modum in  #ga2 7#c7 of audaciter
  audacter in  #gb2 7#d7 of tuerentur   
for intuerentur in  #gg2 7#e7 of        
neutiquam in  #db2 7#f7 of the          
nominative of the gerundive governing an
 accusative case in  #f4 ,in every      
instance the notes will supply a        
refutation of the allegation4 ,that     
,cicero should attempt to write in any  
style but his own is exceedingly        
improbable4  #e4 ,personages4  ,the     
conversation is supposed to take place  
between ,cato1 ,scipio ,africanus the   
younger1 and ,laelius1 in the year      
before ,cato's death1 i4e4 #aej ,b4,c41 
when he was in his eighty-fourth        
year1#bh ,scipio being about #ce and    
,laelius a few years older4  7#a47      

,cato4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato was born in   
#bcd ,b4,c4#bi at the ancient ,latin    
town of ,tusculum4 ,little is known of  
his family except that it was plebeian1 
and possessed a small patrimony in the  
territory of the ,sabines1 close to the 
farm of ,m'4 ,curius ,dentatus1 one of  
,cato's great heroes and models4 ,the   
heads of the family1 so far as memory   
extended1 had distinguished themselves  
as tough warriors and hardy farmers4    
,among the ,sabines1 who even down to   
the times of the ,empire were famed for 
simplicity of manners and the practice  
of all the sterner virtues1 ,cato passed
 those portions of his life which were  
not occupied with business of state4    
,from his earliest days he toiled in his
 own fields1 and contented himself with 
the hardest rustic life4#cj ,yet even in
 his boyhood ,cato must have passed     
intervals at ,rome1 and seen something  
of the great statesmen and generals of  
the time4#ca ,he seems to have received 
when young as thorough an education as  

was possible without learning ,greek1   
such an education as was to be obtained 
only in the capital4 ,he grew up to     
manhood in the comparatively quiet      
period between the first and the second 
,punic wars2 the most exciting event of 
his younger years must have been the    
destruction at ,clastidium of the vast  
hordes of ,celts who had swept over the 
northern half of ,italy1 almost within  
reach of ,rome4  ,cato was of the age   
for military service about the time of  
the battle of ,lake ,trasimenus1 and    
entered the army then as a common       
soldier4#cb ,the first expedition in    
which he is definitely said to have     
taken part is that of ,q4 ,fabius       
,maximus ,cunctator against ,hannibal in
 ,campania1 in #bad4cc ,this ,roman     
commander was a man entirely after      
,cato's heart1 and became one of his    
models in public life4  ,before and     
during the early years of his soldier's 
life1 ,cato succeeded in winning some   
reputation as an orator1 having         

practised first in the provincial courts
 near his home1 and afterwards at       
,rome4#cd ,this reputation as well as   
his great force of character procured   
for him a powerful life-long friend and 
patron1 ,m4 ,valerius ,flaccus1 a       
statesman of the old ,roman             
conservative-democratic school of       
politics1 the leader of which was       
,fabius ,cunctator4 ,through the        
influence of ,flaccus1 possibly with the
 aid of ,fabius1 ,cato became military  
tribune1 and served with that rank under
 ,marcellus in ,sicily1 under ,fabius   
again at the capture of ,tarentum in    
#bji1ce and under ,c4 ,claudius ,nero at
 the battle of the ,metaurus1 where he  
contributed materially to that great    
victory4  ,in #bjd ,cato began his      
political career with the               
quaestorship4#cf ,as he was a novus homo
 and a man of small private means1 it   
was no small distinction that he had    
forced his way to office in his         
thirtieth year4 ,the lot assigned him as

 quaestor to ,scipio1 then in ,sicily   
and about to cross over into ,africa4   
,the chance was most unfortunate1 if for
 no other reason1 because ,cato was     
intimately connected with the party in  
the senate opposed to ,scipio1 which had
 been attempting to bring him to trial  
for the atrocities committed by the     
,roman army in southern ,italy4 ,but in 
addition the two men were so utterly    
different that there was no possibility 
of the quaestor standing in that filial 
relation to his consul1 which old ,roman
 custom required4 ,as financial officer1
 ,cato complained of the luxury and     
extravagance which ,scipio allowed not  
only to himself but to his army4 ,yet   
the complaint was made not so much on   
economic as on moral grounds2 it seemed 
to ,cato that the old ,roman discipline 
and power to endure hardships were being
 swept away4 ,the dispute was ended by  
,scipio allowing ,cato to return to     
,rome1 some authorities say from        
,sicily1 others from ,africa4 ,according

 to one writer1#cg he came home by way  
of ,sardinia and brought thence with him
 ,ennius the poet4#ch  ,in #aii ,cato   
was plebeian aedile1 and exercised with 
severity the police jurisdiction        
pertaining to that office1 yet so as to 
win popular approval1 since he was      
chosen praetor for #aih without the     
usual interval4 ,the province of        
,sardinia was entrusted to him1 and he  
strained every nerve to make his        
government present as strong a contrast 
as possible with the lax and corrupt    
administration of the nobles who took   
,scipio for their pattern4 ,the troops  
were sternly disciplined1 and           
law-breakers of every kind severely     
dealt with2 in money matters the        
strictest economy prevailed2 all gifts  
from provincials to ,roman officers were
 forbidden4 ,the praetor1 the great     
representative of ,roman power1 passed  
from town to town attended by a single  
servant4  ,in #aif ,cato was occupied   
with his canvass for the consulship of  

the year #aie1 to which he was elected  
in company with his friend ,flaccus4    
,cato was the first novus homo elected  
since ,c4 ,flaminius1 the consul of     
#bag4 ,it is probable1 though not       
certain1 that he paved the way to his   
election by carrying the first of the   
leges ,porciae1 restricting the right of
 punishing ,roman citizens4 ,during the 
whole of his career ,cato showed a high 
sense of the importance of the          
individual civis ,romanus4  ,one of the 
first official acts of the new consul   
was to deliver a set speech to the      
people against a proposal to repeal the 
,oppian law1 passed twenty years before1
 the object of which was to prevent     
lavish expenditure on dress and         
adornments1 particularly by women4 ,we  
have a lively report of ,cato's speech  
from ,livy's pen1 partly founded on the 
speech as published by ,cato himself4#ci
 ,the earnest pleading in favor of      
simple manners and economy failed1 after
 having almost caused an open           

insurrection on the part of the         
women4#dj  ,the two new provinces in    
,spain1 ,hispania ,citerior and         
,ulterior1 were still in a very         
unsettled state4 ,the nearer province   
was made a consular province and        
assigned to ,cato2 the praetor who      
governed the farther province was also  
placed under ,cato's jurisdiction4      
,before leaving ,rome ,cato carried a   
law for protecting the provincials from 
extortion4 ,during the whole of his year
 of office he practised with the utmost 
exactness his principles of purity1     
simplicity1 and economy in public       
affairs4 ,he is said to have started    
from his house on the journey to ,spain 
with only three servants1 but when he   
got as far as the forum1 it struck him  
that such an attendance was scarcely    
worthy of a ,roman consul2 so he        
purchased two more slaves on the spot6  
,in the same spirit1 before returning he
 sold his horse that the state might not
 be at the expense of transporting it to

 ,italy4 ,cato was no less careful of   
the revenue than of the expenditure4 ,he
 largely increased the productiveness of
 the mines and other property belonging 
to the state1 and all goods captured    
from the enemy were sold for the benefit
 of the exchequer4 ,on leaving the      
province ,cato made an unusually large  
gift to each soldier1 saying that it was
 better for all to bring home silver    
than for a few to bring home gold4 ,the 
provincials were thoroughly content with
 their ruler and ever after looked on   
him as their best friend4 ,the army was 
kept in the strictest discipline4 ,some 
disorderly conduct of the equites was   
rebuked by ,cato in a bitter harangue   
which he afterwards published4 ,partly  
by craft1 partly by good leadership in  
the field1 ,cato broke the strength of  
the turbulent natives and returned to   
enjoy a well-earned triumph4#da ,in the 
same year 7#aid7 a brilliant triumph was
 celebrated by ,flamininus4  ,scipio1   
probably uneasy at the great reputations

 quickly won by ,flamininus and ,cato1  
secured his second consulship for the   
year #aid1 but failed to achieve        
anything remarkable4 ,cato probably     
spent the three years after his return  
for the most part at his ,sabine farm4  
,when the war against ,antiochus broke  
out1 he took service along with his     
friend ,flaccus on the staff of the     
consul ,glabrio1#db and by a difficult  
march over the mountains broke in on the
 king's rear1 and so was chiefly        
instrumental in winning the great battle
 of ,thermopylae1 by which ,antiochus   
was driven out of ,greece4 ,immediately 
after the battle ,cato returned home    
with despatches4 ,we have dim and       
uncertain information that he took the  
field once or twice again1 but his      
career as a soldier was practically     
ended4  ,from this time to his death1   
forty years later1 ,cato was the leading
 figure on the stage of ,roman politics4
 ,in season and out of season he        
attacked abuses or innovations in       

speeches addressed to the senate1 the   
people1 or the courts4 ,soon after his  
return from ,thessaly he struck a heavy 
blow at the unrepublican honor-hunting  
among the magistrates1 of which the     
example had been set by ,p4 ,scipio     
,africanus4 ,most provincial governors  
drove their subjects into war1 sent     
lying despatches home about their       
victories1 and claimed a triumph4 ,in   
#aij ,cato attacked with success the    
proposal to grant a triumph to ,q4      
,minucius ,thermus1 who had already     
triumphed over the ,spaniards as        
praetor1 and after his consulship in    
#aic had fought against the ,ligurians4 
,cato's next victim was his former      
commander ,m'4 ,acilius ,glabrio1 who   
came forward at the same time with      
,cato1 ,marcellus 7a son of the captor  
of ,syracuse71 ,l4 ,cornelius ,scipio   
,nasica1 ,t4 ,quinctius ,flamininus 7the
 conqueror of ,macedonia7 and ,cato's   
friend ,l4 ,valerius ,flaccus1 as       
candidate for the censorship of #ahi4   

,cato by his violent speeches procured  
the trial of ,glabrio for appropriating 
the plunder captured in ,thessaly1 and  
himself gave evidence concerning some   
property which had disappeared4 ,glabrio
 denounced ,cato as a perjurer1 but yet 
retired from his candidature4 ,on this  
occasion ,cato and ,flaccus failed1     
,marcellus being elected as plebeian and
 ,flamininus as patrician censor4  ,in  
the next year 7#ahh7 ,cato acted in the 
senate with the party which tried       
unsuccessfully to refuse the triumph to 
the two consuls of #ahi1 ,m4 ,fulvius   
,nobilior and ,cn4 ,manlius ,vulso1 the 
former of whom had gained none but      
trifling advantages over the ,aetolians1
 while the latter had disgraced the     
,roman name by making war without       
authorization upon the ,gauls of ,asia  
,minor1 and had also suffered a         
humiliating defeat from some ,thracian  
robber bands on his homeward march4 ,not
 disheartened by ill success1 ,cato and 
his friends determined to strike at     

higher game4 ,l4 ,scipio ,asiaticus 7or 
,asiagenus71 the brother of ,africanus1 
was asserted in the senate to have      
appropriated #cjjj talents of public    
money when in command against           
,antiochus4 ,legal proceedings were     
taken not only against ,asiaticus1 but  
against ,africanus1 who behaved with    
great violence and arrogance4 ,in the   
end ,africanus withdrew to his country  
estate1 while his brother was condemned 
to pay a heavy fine4 ,a death-stroke had
 been given to the almost kingly        
authority of ,africanus1 who never again
 showed his face in ,rome4 ,the         
proceedings against the ,scipios seem to
 have begun in #ahg and not to have been
 completed before #ahe4  ,nearly twenty 
years had passed since the conflict     
between ,cato and ,scipio began1 and now
 it had ended in a complete triumph for 
,cato4#dc ,but the new modes of which   
,scipio was the chief patron were too   
strong to be conquered1 and ,cato spent 
the rest of his life in fighting a      

hopeless battle against them1 though he 
fought for a time with the strongest    
weapons that the constitution supplied4 
,in #ahd he was censor along with       
,flaccus1 who seems to have allowed his 
colleague full liberty of action4 ,every
 portion of the censor's duty was       
carried out on the most severe and 'old 
,roman' principles4 ,seven senators were
 degraded1 among them ,l4 ,flamininus1  
an ex-consul and brother of the         
'liberator of the ,hellenes1' for       
serious misconduct1#dd also ,manilius1  
an ex-praetor1 for no worse offence than
 that of having kissed his wife in      
presence of his daughter4 ,m4 ,furius   
,purpurio1 who had actually competed    
with ,cato for the censorship1 was      
punished for diverting a public aqueduct
 for his private advantage4 ,flaccus was
 named leader of the senate in the place
 of ,scipio ,africanus1 now dead4  ,on  
reviewing the equites1 ,cato removed    
from that body ,l4 ,scipio and many     
others on various charges3 this one had 

allowed himself to grow too fat for     
horsemanship2 that had failed to groom  
his horse properly2 another had         
neglected his farm2 another again had   
made an untimely jest on the occasion of
 the review itself4 ,with the ordinary  
citizens ,cato dealt just as harshly4   
,in his censorian edict he sharply      
reproved the extravagance prevalent at  
private feasts4 ,all articles of luxury1
 such as slaves purchased at fancy      
prices1 luxurious clothing1 carriages1  
statues1 and pictures were rendered     
liable to heavy taxation4 ,in this way  
,cato revenged himself for the repeal of
 the ,oppian law4  ,in looking after the
 property and income of the state ,cato 
followed the same principles he had     
acted on in ,spain4 ,he reduced the     
expenditure on public works as far as   
possible1 and took care to sell at the  
full price the right to collect the     
revenue4 ,encroachments on the property 
of the nation were severely punished4   
,not by acts only1 but by constant      

speeches1 full at once of grimness and  
humor1 did ,cato struggle against the   
degeneracy of his time#de4 ,he concluded
 his period of office with a            
self-laudatory harangue1 and assumed the
 title ,censorius1 while his statue was 
placed in the temple of the goddess     
,salus with an inscription affirming    
that he had reformed the ,roman nation4 
,but in a very brief time all trace of  
,cato's activity as censor was swept    
away1 except that afforded by the       
numerous life-long quarrels in which he 
had involved himself#df4 ,in less than  
two years one of his victims1 ,purpurio1
 was employed by the senate on a high   
political mission1 while another1 ,l4   
,flamininus1 sat among the senators at  
the games in defiance of ,cato's        
sentence4 ,yet ,cato remained by far the
 most powerful member of the senate4    
,titus ,flamininus1 his only important  
rival1 quickly passed out of notice4 ,so
 far as there was any democratic        
opposition to the senatorial oligarchy1 

,cato was the leader of that opposition 
for the remainder of his life4 ,but at  
that period no great political movements
 agitated the state within2 nearly the  
whole interest of the time was centred  
in the foreign relations of ,rome4 ,on  
matters of foreign policy ,cato offered 
but little opposition to the prevailing 
tendencies of the age1 though on        
particular occasions he exercised great 
influence4 ,but his voice was at all    
times loudly heard on all questions of  
morality and public order4 ,he supported
 the lex ,furia and the lex ,voconia1   
the object of which was to prevent the  
dissipation of family property1 and the 
lex ,orchia1 directed against           
extravagant expenditure on feasts1 also 
the lex ,baebia de ambitu1 the first    
serious attempt to check bribery4 ,we   
hear also that ,cato bitterly attacked  
,lepidus1 censor in #ahj1 for erecting a
 permanent theatre in place of the      
movable booths before used4 ,the        
building was actually pulled down4 ,we  

are told that from time to time he      
denounced the misdoings of provincial   
governors4 ,in #aga he was one of a     
commission of five for bringing to      
justice three ex-praetors who had       
practised all manner of corruption in   
,spain4 ,almost the last act of his life
 was to prosecute ,galba for cruel      
misgovernment of the ,lusitanians4 ,the 
titles of ,cato's speeches show that he 
played a great part in the deliberations
 of the senate concerning foreign       
affairs1 but as his fighting days were  
over and he was unfitted for diplomacy1 
we have little explicit evidence of his 
activity in this direction4 ,at the end 
of the third ,macedonian war he         
successfully opposed the annexation of  
,macedonia4 ,he also saved from         
destruction the ,rhodians1 who during   
the war had plainly desired the victory 
of ,perseus1 and in the early days1 when
 the ,roman commanders had ill success1 
had deeply wounded the whole ,roman     
nation by an offer to mediate between   

them and the king of ,macedon4  ,cato   
had all his life retained his feeling of
 enmity to the ,carthaginians1 whom     
,scipio1 he thought1 had treated too    
tenderly4 ,in #aej he was one of an     
embassy sent to ,carthage1 and came back
 filled with alarm at the prosperity of 
the city4 ,it is said that whatever was 
the subject on which he was asked for   
his opinion in the senate1 he always    
ended his speech with 'ceterum censeo   
delendam esse ,carthaginem' ,p4 ,scipio 
,nasica1 the son-in-law of ,africanus1  
and the representative of his policy1   
always shouted out the opposite opinion1
 thinking that the fear of ,carthage had
 a salutary effect on the ,roman        
populace at large4 ,but the ideas of    
,cato prevailed1 and a cruel policy1    
carried out with needless brutality1 led
 to the extinction of ,rome's greatest  
rival4 ,cato did not live to see the    
conclusion of the war2 he died in #adi1 
at the age of #hd or #he years1 having  
retained his mental and physical vigor  

to the last4 ,he had two sons1 one by   
his first wife1 and one by his second   
wife1 born when ,cato was #hj years of  
age4 ,the elder son1 to whom many of    
,cato's works were addressed1 died as   
praetor-elect1 before his father#dg4    
,the other was grandfather of ,cato     
,uticensis4  ,the literary activity of  
the old censor was great1 though his    
leisure was small4#dh ,in ,cicero's time
 a collection of #aej speeches was still
 extant4 ,the titles of about #ij are   
still known to us1 and of some we       
possess a few fragments4 ,cato's        
greatest work1 however1 was his         
,origines1 the first real historical    
work written in ,latin4 ,his            
predecessors had been merely compilers  
of chronicles4 ,the work was founded on 
laborious investigations1 and comprised 
the history of ,rome from the earliest  
times perhaps down to #aej ,b4,c4#di1 as
 well as notices of the history of other
 important ,italian states4 ,further1   
,cato wrote of ,agriculture1 to which he

 was enthusiastically devoted4 ,we still
 have his ,de ,re ,rustica1 a collection
 of maxims loosely strung together4 ,he 
also composed works on law2 a sort of   
educational encyclopaedia for his son2  
and a collection of witty sayings1 1    
drawn from ,greek as well as from ,roman
 sources4  ,plutarch seems to have known
 a collected edition of the pungent and 
proverbial utterances for which the     
censor was famous1 and for which 7not   
for any knowledge of philosophy#ej7 he  
received the title of sapiens 7'shrewd'7
 which he bore at the end of his life4  
,this edition1 however1 was not compiled
 by ,cato himself4  ,in view of         
,cicero's treatise1 the ,cato ,maior1 it
 is necessary to say something of       
,cato's relations with the ,greeks and  
,greek literature4 ,the ancients give us
 merely vague statements that he only   
began to learn ,greek 'in his old age4' 
,the expression must be liberally       
interpreted if1 as seems clear1 the     
whole of his writings showed the        

influence of ,greek literature4 ,it is  
certain1 however1 that he thoroughly    
detested the ,greek nation4 ,this hatred
 was shown in acts more than once4 ,no  
doubt ,cato was at least a consenting   
party to the expulsion from ,rome of    
,greek teachers in #afa ,b4,c4 ,when in 
#aee the famous embassy came from       
,athens consisting of ,carneades the    
,academic1 ,critolaus the ,peripatetic  
and ,diogenes the ,stoic1 ,cato was a   
prime mover of the decree by which they 
were removed from the city4 ,socrates   
was one of ,cato's favorite marks for   
jests4 ,and this is the man into whose  
mouth ,cicero puts the utterances1 but  
slightly veiled1 of ,greek wisdom6      
7#b47 ,scipio4 ,p4 ,cornelius ,scipio   
,africanus1 the younger1 was no blood   
relation of the conqueror of ,hannibal1 
but the adopted son of his son4 ,it must
 be remembered1 however1 that adoption  
was much more formal and binding1 and   
produced much closer ties in ancient    
than in modern times4#ea ,the elder     

,africanus was unfortunate in his sons4 
,the younger of these attained to the   
praetorship in #agd1 but was immediately
 driven from the senate by the censors  
of that year on account of his          
disreputable life4 ,the elder was an    
invalid1 who never held any office      
except that of augur1 and died at an    
early age4 ,he adopted the son of ,l4   
,aemilius ,paulus1 the victor of ,pydna2
 the adopted son bore the name          
,aemilianus in memory of his origin4    
,cato's son married a daughter of       
,paulus1 so that the censor was brought 
into relationship with the ,cornelii1   
whose most illustrious representative he
 had hated and attacked4  ,the young    
,scipio was born about #ahe1 and when   
scarce #ag years old fought with daring 
bravery at ,pydna4 ,while still very    
young he showed a great devotion to     
study1 which he retained through life4  
,he was a thorough partisan of the new  
,greek learning1 and grouped around him 
in friendship all the leaders of the    

,hellenistic movement4 ,among his       
dearest friends were ,polybius1 the     
,greek statesman and historian1 and     
later ,panaetius1 the ,stoic4 ,in #aea  
,b4,c4 when the consuls found it        
difficult to enlist officers and men for
 service in ,spain1 where great defeats 
had been suffered1 ,scipio volunteered1 
and served with great distinction as    
military tribune4 ,when the war with    
,carthage broke out he held the same    
rank1 and shone by comparison with his  
blundering superior officers4 ,coming to
 ,rome in #adh he stood for the         
aedileship1 but was elected consul for  
the year #adg1 and again for #adf1 when 
he finished the war4 ,he is said to have
 grieved over the fate of ,carthage1 and
 to have dreaded any further increase of
 the ,roman territory4 ,in #adb ,scipio 
was censor1 and acted with almost       
,catonian severity4 ,in #acd1 though not
 a candidate1 he was elected to the     
consulship and put in command of the    
,roman army then besieging the city of  

,numantia in ,spain4 ,the war1 of which 
this siege formed a part1 had been going
 on for some years most disastrously for
 the ,romans1 but ,scipio speedily      
brought it to a conclusion in #acc4     
,while before ,numantia he received news
 of the murder of ,ti4 ,gracchus1 whose 
sister he had married and whose cousin  
he had become by adoption1 but whose    
policy he had on the whole opposed1     
though he had occasionally coquetted    
with the democrats4 ,this course cost   
him the favor of the people1 and when in
 #aca he desired to conduct the war     
against ,aristonicus1 only two of the   
thirty-five tribes voted for his        
appointment4 ,in #abi1 after a violent  
scene in the senate1 where he had       
opposed the carrying out of ,ti4        
,gracchus' agrarian law1 he was         
triumphantly escorted home by a crowd1  
composed chiefly of ,italians whose     
interests had been threatened by the    
law4 ,next morning he was found dead in 
his bed4 ,opinion as to the cause of his

 death was divided at the time and so   
remained4 ,in the ,laelius the death is 
assumed to have been from natural       
causes4#eb ,elsewhere1 however1 ,cicero 
adopts the view of many of ,scipio's    
friends that he was murdered by         
,carbo4#ec ,carbo afterwards lent color 
to the suspicions by putting himself to 
death1 in order1 as was supposed1 to    
avoid a direct prosecution4 ,in ancient 
times even ,c4 ,gracchus was suspected  
of having thus avenged his brother's    
death1 but no modern scholar of any rank
 has countenanced the suspicion4        
,whether the degree of intimacy between 
,cato and ,scipio1 which ,cicero        
assumes1 ever existed or not1 cannot be 
determined4#ed ,there was much in       
,scipio that would attract ,cato4       
,unlike the elder ,africanus1 he was    
severe and simple in his outward life1  
and though a lover of ,greek and        
,greeks1 yet attached to all that was   
best in the old ,roman character and    
polity4 ,though an opponent of          

revolution1 he was far from being a     
partisan of the oligarchy4 ,altogether1 
of all ,romans1 he most nearly deserved 
the description1 '   1' 'a man          
four-square without reproach4' ,in his  
,de ,re ,publica1 ,cicero points to     
,scipio as the ideal statesman1 and     
often elsewhere eulogizes him as an     
almost perfect ,roman4  7#c47 ,laelius4 
,gaius ,laelius1 born about #ahf1 was   
,scipio's most distinguished officer    
before ,carthage1 and his most intimate 
friend throughout life4 ,the friendship 
of the two was one of the most famous in
 antiquity1 and is celebrated in the    
,laelius4 ,laelius was an able speaker1 
writer and soldier1 and devoted to      
,greek learning1 particularly to the    
,stoic philosophy4 ,he is with ,cicero  
the type of a man of culture4#ee ,he1   
too1 is one of the interlocutors in the 
,de ,re ,publica4  7ii47                
,,subject-,,matter4  #a4 ,general ,view4
  ,the ,cato ,maior falls naturally into
 three parts3--    ,preliminary1        

dedication to ,atticus1  #a-c2          
,introductory ,conversation1 #d-i2      
,cato's ,defence of ,old ,age1 #aj-he4  
,after  #i ,cato continues to express   
his views on old age without            
interruption to the end1 and the        
dialogue thus becomes really a          
monologue4  #b4 ,analysis4              
,,preliminary  #a-c4  ,cicero1          
addressing ,atticus1 states his purpose 
in writing the book and the effect of   
the work on himself 7#a1 #b71 the       
reasons for putting the sentiments on   
old age into the mouth of ,cato1 and the
 circumstances of the supposed          
conversation 7#c74    ,,introductory    
,,conversation    #d-i4  ,scipio        
declares his admiration of ,cato's      
vigorous and happy old age4 ,cato       
replies that the secret lies in         
following the guidance of ,nature 7#d1  
#e74 ,laelius then asks ,cato to point  
out the road to such an old age as his  
own 7#f74 ,this the old man promises to 
do1 but first remarks that the faults   

charged against old age are generally   
due to defects of character 7#g74       
,laelius suggests that prosperity makes 
,cato's declining years pleasant4 ,cato 
admits that there may be some truth in  
this1 but maintains that right character
 alone can make old age tolerable 7#h1  
#i74    ,,cato',s ,,defence ,,of ,,old  
,,age    #aj-he4  ,a4 ,introductory     
argument from fact4 ,account of         
celebrated old men whose lives till     
death were useful and happy #aj-ad      
7a74 ,fabius ,maximus                   
#aj-ab   7b74 ,plato2 7c74 ,isocrates2  
7d74 ,gorgias                #ac   7e74 
,ennius                                 
#ad  ,b4 ,refutation of charges made    
against old age #ae-he  ,statement of   
the four charges commonly made against  
old age3 it withdraws men from active   
life1 it weakens the physical powers1 it
 takes away capacity for enjoyment1 and 
it involves the anticipation of death   
#ae  ,a4 ,refutation of the first       
charge1 that old age withdraws from     

active life4    7a74 ,there are         
employments suited to old age which     
are as necessary to the well-being of   
society as       those which require    
greater physical powers          #ae-bj 
7b74 ,the special objection that old men
 have weak       memories is answered by
 showing that this is       due either  
to an original defect or to insufficient
       exercise                         
#ba-bb     7c74 ,argument from fact3    
instances of old men in       public and
 in private life who till death were    
actively at work                        
#bc-bf  ,b4 ,rebuttal of the second     
charge1 that old age weakens the        
physical powers4    7a74 ,old age does  
not desire nor require the strength     
of youth1 because it may exert influence
       through other means4 ,instances  
cited to show       this                
#bg-cb    7b74 ,temperate habits will   
retain a good measure       of strength 
till old age 7#cc1 #cd72 many instances 
of weakness in old age may be attributed

 to       ill-health1 which is common to
 all periods of       life 7#ce72 proper
 care will greatly  retard decay        
#cc-ch  ,c4 ,refutation of the third    
charge1 that old age takes away the     
capacity for enjoyment    7a74 ,the     
pleasures in which youth finds its      
keenest       enjoyment are in          
themselves bad1 and old age       is    
beneficent in freeing from their        
allurements       #ci-dd    7b74 ,old   
age has pleasures far more refined and  
satisfying       than those of sense    
#de-fd       ,such as1 those of         
conversation and literature             
7#de-ej72 especially those of           
agriculture 7#ea-fa72       and lastly1 
the exercise of influence1 which old    
age will always possess if a rightly    
spent youth       has preceded 7#fb-fd74
    7c74 ,the special objection that old
 men's tempers       spoil their        
enjoyments is met by the statement      
that this is the fault of character1 not
 of age          #fe  ,d4 ,refutation of

 the fourth charge1 that old age is     
unhappy because it involves the         
anticipation of death4    7a74 ,since   
the right aim of life is to live not    
long       but well1 death ought not to 
be dreaded at any       age             
#ff-fi     7b74 ,old men1 especially    
those of learning and culture1          
ought not to fear death                 
#gj-gf       ,because1 that which is    
according to nature is       good1 and  
it is natural for old men to die        
7#gj-gc72       the process of dying is 
brief and almost painless       7#gd72  
even young men and those without        
learning       often set the example of 
despising death       7#ge72 and old    
age1 just as the other periods       of 
life1 has finally its season of ripeness
 and       satiety 7#gf74    7c74 ,death
 is probably the gateway to a happy     
immortality     #gg-he       ,tending   
towards proof of this are the arguments 
stated in ,plato2 viz4 the rapidity of  
the       mind's action1 its powers of  

memory and invention1       its         
self-activity1 indivisible nature and   
pre-existence       7#gh72 also the     
arguments1 attributed       to ,cyrus1  
based upon the soul's immateriality1    
the posthumous fame of great men and the
       likeness of death to sleep       
7#gi-ha72 the instinctive       belief  
in immortality1 so strong as even to    
form an incentive for action 7#hb72 and1
 finally1       the speaker's own       
longing after immortality and       hope
 of union with those whom he once knew  
and loved 7#hc-he74         99       99 
99       99       99  ,,cato ,,maior    
,,de ,,senectute         99       99    
99       99       99  ,m4 ,,tulli       
,,ciceronis  ,,cato ,,maior  ,,de       
,,senectute4         99       99        
99       99       99  #a     ,o ,tite1  
si quid ego adiuero curamve levasso     
quae nunc te coquit et versat in pectore
 fixa1   ecquid erit praemi8  ,licet    
enim mihi versibus isdem affari te1     
,attice1 quibus affatur ,flamininum     

ille vir haud magna cum re1 sed plenus  
fidei1  quamquam certo scio non1 ut     
,flamininum1    sollicitari te1 ,tite1  
sic noctesque diesque1  novi enim       
moderationem animi tui et aequitatem1   
teque non cognomen solum ,athenis       
deportasse1 sed humanitatem et          
prudentiam intellego4 ,et tamen te      
suspicor isdem rebus quibus me ipsum    
interdum gravius commoveri1 quarum      
consolatio et maior est et in aliud     
tempus differenda4 ,nunc autem visum est
 mihi de senectute aliquid ad te        
conscribere4 #b ,hoc enim onere1 quod   
mihi commune tecum est1 aut iam urgentis
 aut certe adventantis senectutis et te 
et me ipsum levari volo3 etsi te quidem 
id modice ac sapienter1 sicut omnia1 et 
ferre et laturum esse certo scio4 ,sed  
mihi1 cum de senectute vellem aliquid   
scribere1 tu occurrebas dignus eo       
munere1 quo uterque nostrum communiter  
uteretur4 ,mihi quidem ita iucunda huius
 libri confectio fuit1 ut non modo omnis
 absterserit senectutis molestias1 sed  

effecerit mollem etiam et iucundam      
senectutem4 ,numquam igitur laudari     
satis digne philosophia poterit cui qui 
pareat omne tempus aetatis sine molestia
 possit degere4 #c ,sed de ceteris et   
diximus multa et saepe dicemus3 hunc    
librum ad te de senectute misimus4      
,omnem autem sermonem tribuimus non     
,tithono1 ut ,aristo ,cius1 parum enim  
esset auctoritatis in fabula1 sed ,m4   
,catoni seni1 quo maiorem auctoritatem  
haberet oratio3 apud quem ,laelium et   
,scipionem facimus admirantis1 quod is  
tam facile senectutem ferat1 eisque eum 
respondentem1 qui si eruditius videbitur
 disputare quam consuevit ipse in suis  
libris1 attribuito litteris ,graecis1   
quarum constat eum perstudiosum fuisse  
in senectute4 ,sed quid opus est plura8 
,iam enim ipsius ,catonis sermo         
explicabit nostram omnem de senectute   
sententiam4  ,,ii4 #d ,,scipio4 ,saepe  
numero admirari soleo cum hoc ,c4       
,laelio cum ceterarum rerum tuam        
excellentem1 ,m4 ,cato1 perfectamque    

sapientiam1 tum vel maxime quod numquam 
tibi senectutem gravem esse senserim1   
quae plerisque senibus sic odiosa est1  
ut onus se ,aetna gravius dicant        
sustinere4  ,,cato4 ,rem haud sane1     
,scipio et ,laeli1 difficilem admirari  
videmini4 ,quibus enim nihil est in     
ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum1   
eis omnis aetas gravis est3 qui autem   
omnia bona a se ipsi petunt1 eis nihil  
potest malum videri quod naturae        
necessitas afferat4 ,quo in genere est  
in primis senectus1 quam ut adipiscantur
 omnes optant1 eandem accusant adeptam3 
tanta est stultitiae inconstantia atque 
perversitas4 ,obrepere aiunt eam citius 
quam putassent4 ,primum quis coegit eos 
falsum putare8 ,qui enim citius         
adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae   
adulescentia obrepit8 ,deinde qui minus 
gravis esset eis senectus1 si           
octingentesimum annum agerent1 quam si  
octogesimum8 ,praeterita enim aetas     
quamvis longa1 cum effluxisset1 nulla   
consolatione permulcere posset stultam  

senectutem4 #e ,quocirca si sapientiam  
meam admirari soletis1 quae utinam digna
 esset opinione vestra nostroque        
cognomine1 in hoc sumus sapientes1 quod 
naturam optimam ducem tamquam deum      
sequimur eique paremus3 a qua non veri  
simile est1 cum ceterae partes aetatis  
bene descriptae sint1 extremum actum    
tamquam ab inerti poeta esse neglectum4 
,sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid    
extremum et1 tamquam in arborum bacis   
terraeque fructibus1 maturitate         
tempestiva quasi vietum et caducum1 quod
 ferundum est molliter sapienti4 ,quid  
est enim aliud ,gigantum modo bellare   
cum dis nisi naturae repugnare8  #f     
,,laelius4 ,atqui1 ,cato1 gratissimum   
nobis1 ut etiam pro ,scipione pollicear1
 feceris1 si1 quoniam speramus1 volumus 
quidem certe1 senes fieri1 multo ante a 
te didicerimus quibus facillime         
rationibus ingravescentem aetatem ferre 
possimus4  ,,cato4 ,faciam vero1 ,laeli1
 praesertim si utrique vestrum1 ut      
dicis1 gratum futurum est4  ,,laelius4  

,volumus sane1 nisi molestum est1 ,cato1
 tamquam longam aliquam viam confeceris1
 quam nobis quoque ingrediundum sit1    
istuc1 quo pervenisti1 videre quale sit4
  ,,iii4 #g ,,cato4 ,faciam ut potero1  
,laeli4 ,saepe enim interfui querellis  
aequalium meorum1 pares autem vetere    
proverbio cum paribus facillime         
congregantur1 quae ,c4 ,salinator1 quae 
,sp4 ,albinus1 homines consulares1      
nostri fere aequales1 deplorare         
solebant1 tum quod voluptatibus         
carerent1 sine quibus vitam nullam      
putarent1 tum quod spernerentur ab eis1 
a quibus essent coli soliti2 qui mihi   
non id videbantur accusare1 quod esset  
accusandum4 ,nam si id culpa senectutis 
accideret1 eadem mihi usu venirent      
reliquisque omnibus maioribus natu1     
quorum ego multorum cognovi senectutem  
sine querella1 qui se et libidinum      
vinculis laxatos esse non moleste       
ferrent nec a suis despicerentur4 ,sed  
omnium istius modi querellarum in       
moribus est culpa1 non in aetate4       

,moderati enim et nec difficiles nec    
inhumani senes tolerabilem senectutem   
agunt1 importunitas autem et inhumanitas
 omni aetati molesta est4  #h ,,laelius4
 ,est1 ut dicis1 ,cato2 sed fortasse    
dixerit quispiam tibi propter opes et   
copias et dignitatem tuam tolerabiliorem
 senectutem videri1 id autem non posse  
multis contingere4  ,,cato4 ,est istuc  
quidem1 ,laeli1 aliquid1 sed nequaquam  
in isto sunt omnia2 ut ,themistocles    
fertur ,seriphio cuidam in iurgio       
respondisse1 cum ille dixisset non eum  
sua1 sed patriae gloria splendorem      
assecutum3 'nec hercule'1 inquit1 'si   
ego ,seriphius essem1 nec tu1 si        
,atheniensis1 clarus umquam fuisses'4   
,quod eodem modo de senectute dici      
potest2 nec enim in summa inopia levis  
esse senectus potest1 ne sapienti       
quidem1 nec insipienti etiam in summa   
copia non gravis4 #i ,aptissima omnino  
sunt1 ,scipio et ,laeli1 arma senectutis
 artes exercitationesque virtutum1 quae 
in omni aetate cultae1 cum diu multumque

 vixeris1 mirificos ecferunt fructus1   
non solum quia numquam deserunt1 ne     
extremo quidem tempore aetatis1 quamquam
 id quidem maximum est1 verum etiam quia
 conscientia bene actae vitae           
multorumque bene factorum recordatio    
iucundissima est4  ,,iv4 #aj ,ego ,q4   
,maximum1 eum qui ,tarentum recepit1    
senem adulescens ita dilexi1 ut         
aequalem4 ,erat enim in illo viro       
comitate condita gravitas1 nec senectus 
mores mutaverat4 ,quamquam eum colere   
coepi non admodum grandem natu1 sed     
tamen iam aetate provectum4 ,anno enim  
post consul primum fuerat quam ego natus
 sum1 cumque eo quartum consule         
adulescentulus miles ad ,capuam         
profectus sum quintoque anno post ad    
,tarentum4 ,quaestor deinde quadriennio 
post factus sum1 quem magistratum gessi 
consulibus ,tuditano et ,cethego1 cum   
quidem ille admodum senex suasor legis  
,cinciae de donis et muneribus fuit4    
,hic et bella gerebat ut adulescens1 cum
 plane grandis esset1 et ,hannibalem    

iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua   
molliebat2 de quo praeclare familiaris  
noster ,ennius3    unus homo nobis      
cunctando restituit rem2   noenum       
rumores ponebat ante salutem2   ergo    
plusque magisque viri nunc gloria       
claret4  #aa ,tarentum vero qua         
vigilantia1 quo consilio recepit6 ,cum  
quidem me audiente ,salinatori1 qui     
amisso oppido fugerat in arcem1         
glorianti atque ita dicenti1 'mea opera1
 ,q4 ,fabi1 ,tarentum recepisti'1       
'certe'1 inquit ridens1 'nam nisi tu    
amisisses1 numquam recepissem'4 ,nec    
vero in armis praestantior quam in toga2
 qui consul iterum1 ,sp4 ,carvilio      
collega quiescente1 ,c4 ,flaminio       
tribuno plebis1 quoad potuit1 restitit  
agrum ,picentem et ,gallicum viritim    
contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti1  
augurque cum esset1 dicere ausus est    
optimis auspiciis ea geri1 quae pro rei 
publicae salute gererentur2 quae contra 
rem publicam ferrentur1 contra auspicia 
ferri4 #ab ,multa in eo viro praeclara  

cognovi1 sed nihil admirabilius quam quo
 modo ille mortem fili tulit1 clari viri
 et consularis4 ,est in manibus         
laudatio1 quam cum legimus1 quem        
philosophum non contemnimus8 ,nec vero  
ille in luce modo atque in oculis civium
 magnus1 sed intus domique praestantior4
 ,qui sermo1 quae praecepta6 ,quanta    
notitia antiquitatis1 scientia iuris    
auguri6 ,multae etiam1 ut in homine     
,romano1 litterae3 omnia memoria tenebat
 non domestica solum1 sed etiam externa 
bella4 ,cuius sermone ita tum cupide    
fruebar1 quasi iam divinarem1 id quod   
evenit1 illo exstincto fore unde        
discerem neminem4  ,v4 #ac ,quorsus     
igitur haec tam multa de ,maximo8 ,quia 
profecto videtis nefas esse dictu       
miseram fuisse talem senectutem4 ,nec   
tamen omnes possunt esse ,scipiones aut 
,maximi1 ut urbium expugnationes1 ut    
pedestris navalisve pugnas1 ut bella a  
se gesta1 ut triumphos recordentur4 ,est
 etiam quiete et pure atque eleganter   
actae aetatis placida ac lenis senectus1

 qualem accepimus ,platonis1 qui uno et 
octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus1   
qualem ,isocrati1 qui eum librum1 qui   
,panathenaicus inscribitur1 quarto      
nonagesimo anno scripsisse dicit        
vixitque quinquennium postea2 cuius     
magister ,leontinus ,gorgias centum et  
septem complevit annos1 neque umquam in 
suo studio atque opere cessavit4 ,qui1  
cum ex eo quaereretur cur tam diu vellet
 esse in vita1 'nihil habeo1' inquit1   
'quod accusem senectutem'4 ,praeclarum  
responsum et docto homine dignum6 #ad   
,sua enim vitia insipientes et suam     
culpam in senectutem conferunt1 quod non
 faciebat is1 cuius modo mentionem feci1
 ,ennius3    sic ut fortis ecus1 spatio 
qui saepe supremo   vicit ,olumpia1 nunc
 senio confectus quiescit4  ,equi fortis
 et victoris senectuti comparat suam2   
quem quidem probe meminisse potestis2   
anno enim undevicesimo post eius mortem 
hi consules1 ,t4 ,flamininus et ,m'4    
,acilius1 facti sunt2 ille autem        
,caepione et ,philippo iterum consulibus

 mortuus est1 cum ego quinque et        
sexaginta annos natus legem ,voconiam   
magna voce et bonis lateribus suasissem4
 ,annos septuaginta natus1 tot enim     
vixit ,ennius1 ita ferebat duo quae     
maxima putantur1 onera1 paupertatem et  
senectutem1 ut eis paene delectari      
videretur4  #ae ,etenim1 cum complector 
animo1 quattuor reperio causas cur      
senectus misera videatur3 unam1 quod    
avocet a rebus gerendis2 alteram1 quod  
corpus faciat infirmius2 tertiam1 quod  
privet omnibus fere voluptatibus2       
quartam1 quod haud procul absit a morte4
 ,earum1 si placet1 causarum quanta     
quamque sit iusta una quaeque videamus4 
,,vi4 ,a rebus gerendis senectus        
abstrahit4 ,quibus8 ,an eis1 quae       
iuventute geruntur et viribus8 ,nullaene
 igitur res sunt seniles1 quae vel      
infirmis corporibus animo tamen         
administrentur8 ,nihil ergo agebat ,q4  
,maximus1 nihil ,l4 ,paulus1 pater tuus1
 socer optimi viri fili mei8 ,ceteri    
senes1 ,fabricii ,curii ,coruncanii1 cum

 rem publicam consilio et auctoritate   
defendebant1 nihil agebant8 #af ,ad     
,appi ,claudi senectutem accedebat etiam
 ut caecus esset2 tamen is1 cum         
sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem   
cum ,pyrrho foedusque faciendum1 non    
dubitavit dicere illa1 quae versibus    
persecutus est ,ennius3    quo vobis    
mentes1 rectae quae stare solebant      
antehac1 dementis sese flexere viai8    
ceteraque gravissime1 notum enim vobis  
carmen est1 et tamen ipsius ,appi exstat
 oratio4 ,atque haec ille egit          
septemdecim annis post alterum          
consulatum1 cum inter duos consulatus   
anni decem interfuissent censorque ante 
superiorem consulatum fuisset1 ex quo   
intellegitur ,pyrrhi bello grandem sane 
fuisse1 et tamen sic a patribus         
accepimus4 #ag ,nihil igitur afferunt   
qui in re gerenda versari senectutem    
negant1 similesque sunt ut si qui       
gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere   
dicant1 cum alii malos scandant1 alii   
per foros cursent1 alii sentinam        

exhauriant1 ille clavum tenens quietus  
sedeat in puppi1 non faciat ea1 quae    
iuvenes4 ,at vero multo maiora et       
meliora facit4 ,non viribus aut         
velocitate aut celeritate corporum res  
magnae geruntur1 sed consilio           
auctoritate sententia1 quibus non modo  
non orbari1 sed etiam augeri senectus   
solet2 #ah nisi forte ego vobis1 qui et 
miles et tribunus et legatus et consul  
versatus sum in vario genere bellorum1  
cessare nunc videor1 cum bella non gero4
 ,at senatui quae sint gerenda          
praescribo et quo modo2 ,carthagini male
 iam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante    
denuntio1 de qua vereri non ante desinam
 quam illam exscisam esse cognovero4 #ai
 ,quam palmam utinam di immortales1     
,scipio1 tibi reservent1 ut avi         
relliquias persequare1 cuius a morte    
tertius hic et tricesimus annus est1 sed
 memoriam illius viri omnes excipient   
anni consequentes4 ,anno ante me        
censorem mortuus est1 novem annis post  
meum consulatum1 cum consul iterum me   

consule creatus esset4 ,num igitur1 si  
ad centesimum annum vixisset1 senectutis
 eum suae paeniteret8 ,nec enim         
excursione nec saltu1 nec eminus hastis 
aut comminus gladiis uteretur1 sed      
consilio ratione sententia1 quae nisi   
essent in senibus1 non summum consilium 
maiores nostri appellassent senatum4 #bj
 ,apud ,lacedaemonios quidem ei1 qui    
amplissimum magistratum gerunt1 ut sunt1
 sic etiam nominantur senes4 ,quod si   
legere aut audire voletis externa1      
maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus  
labefactatas1 a senibus sustentatas et  
restitutas reperietis4    ,cedo qui     
vestram rem publicam tantam amisistis   
tam cito8  sic enim percontantur in     
,naevi poetae ,ludo4 ,respondentur et   
alia et hoc in primis3    proveniebant  
oratores novi1 stulti adulescentuli4    
,temeritas est videlicet florentis      
aetatis1 prudentia senescentis4  ,,vii4 
#ba ,at memoria minuitur4 ,credo1 nisi  
eam exerceas1 aut etiam si sis natura   
tardior4 ,themistocles omnium civium    

perceperat nomina2 num igitur censetis  
eum1 cum aetate processisset1 qui       
,aristides esset ,lysimachum salutare   
solitum8 ,equidem non modo eos novi qui 
sunt1 sed eorum patres etiam et avos1   
nec sepulcra legens vereor1 quod aiunt1 
ne memoriam perdam2 his enim ipsis      
legendis in memoriam redeo mortuorum4   
,nec vero quemquam senem audivi oblitum1
 quo loco thesaurum obruisset4 ,omnia   
quae curant meminerunt1 vadimonia       
constituta1 quis sibi1 cui ipsi debeant4
 #bb ,quid iuris consulti1 quid         
pontifices1 quid augures1 quid          
philosophi senes8 ,quam multa           
meminerunt6 ,manent ingenia senibus1    
modo permaneat studium et industria1    
neque ea solum claris et honoratis      
viris1 sed in vita etiam privata et     
quieta4 ,sophocles ad summam senectutem 
tragoedias fecit2 quod propter studium  
cum rem neglegere familiarem videretur1 
a filiis in iudicium vocatus est1 ut1   
quem ad modum nostro more male rem      
gerentibus patribus bonis interdici     

solet1 sic illum quasi desipientem a re 
familiari removerent iudices4 ,tum senex
 dicitur eam fabulam quam in manibus    
habebat et proxime scripserat1 ,oedipum 
,coloneum1 recitasse iudicibus          
quaesisseque num illud carmen           
desipientis videretur1 quo recitato     
sententiis iudicum est liberatus4 #bc   
,num igitur hunc1 num ,homerum ,hesiodum
 ,simoniden ,stesichorum1 num quos ante 
dixi ,isocraten ,gorgian1 num           
philosophorum principes1 ,pythagoran    
,democritum1 num ,platonem ,xenocraten1 
num postea ,zenonem ,cleanthen1 aut eum1
 quem vos etiam vidistis ,romae1        
,diogenen ,stoicum coegit in suis       
studiis obmutiscere senectus8 ,an in    
omnibus studiorum agitatio vitae        
aequalis fuit8 #bd ,age1 ut ista divina 
studia omittamus1 possum nominare ex    
agro ,sabino rusticos ,romanos1 vicinos 
et familiaris meos1 quibus absentibus   
numquam fere ulla in agro maiora opera  
fiunt1 non serendis1 non percipiendis1  
non condendis fructibus4 ,quamquam in   

aliis minus hoc mirum est1 nemo enim est
 tam senex qui se annum non putet posse 
vivere2 sed idem in eis elaborant1 quae 
sciunt nihil ad se omnino pertinere3    
serit arbores1 quae alteri saeclo       
prosint1  ut ait ,statius noster in     
,synephebis4 #be ,nec vero dubitat      
agricola1 quamvis sit senex1 quaerenti  
cui serat respondere3 'dis immortalibus1
 qui me non accipere modo haec a        
maioribus voluerunt1 sed etiam posteris 
prodere'4  ,,viii4 ,et melius ,caecilius
 de sene alteri saeculo prospiciente1   
quam illud idem3    edepol1 senectus1 si
 nil quicquam aliud viti   adportes     
tecum1 cum advenis1 unum id sat est1    
quod diu vivendo multa quae non volt    
videt4  ,et multa fortasse quae volt1   
atque in ea1 quae non volt1 saepe etiam 
adulescentia incurrit4 ,illud vero idem 
,caecilius vitiosius3    tum equidem in 
senecta hoc deputo miserrimum1   sentire
 ea aetate eumpse esse odiosum alteri4  
#bf ,iucundum potius quam odiosum6 ,ut  
enim adulescentibus bona indole         

praeditis sapientes senes delectantur1  
leviorque fit senectus eorum qui a      
iuventute coluntur et diliguntur1 sic   
adulescentes senum praeceptis gaudent1  
quibus ad virtutum studia ducuntur1 nec 
minus intellego me vobis quam mihi vos  
esse iucundos4 ,sed videtis1 ut senectus
 non modo languida atque iners non sit1 
verum etiam sit operosa et semper agens 
aliquid et moliens1 tale scilicet1 quale
 cuiusque studium in superiore vita     
fuit4 ,quid1 qui etiam addiscunt        
aliquid1 ut et ,solonem versibus        
gloriantem videmus1 qui se cotidie      
aliquid addiscentem dicit senem fieri1  
et ego feci1 qui litteras ,graecas senex
 didici1 quas quidem sic avide arripui  
quasi diuturnam sitim explere cupiens1  
ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent1 quibus me  
nunc exemplis uti videtis4 ,quod cum    
fecisse ,socraten in fidibus audirem1   
vellem equidem etiam illud1 discebant   
enim fidibus antiqui1 sed in litteris   
certe elaboravi4  ,,ix4 #bg ,ne nunc    
quidem viris desidero adulescentis1 is  

enim erat locus alter de vitiis         
senectutis1 non plus quam adulescens    
tauri aut elephanti desiderabam4 ,quod  
est1 eo decet uti et quidquid agas agere
 pro viribus4 ,quae enim vox potest esse
 contemptior quam ,milonis ,crotoniatae8
 ,qui cum iam senex esset athletasque se
 exercentis in curriculo videret1       
aspexisse lacertos suos dicitur         
illacrimansque dixisse1 'at hi quidem   
mortui iam sunt'4 ,non vero tam isti1   
quam tu ipse1 nugator1 neque enim ex te 
umquam es nobilitatus1 sed ex lateribus 
et lacertis tuis4 ,nihil ,sex4 ,aelius  
tale1 nihil multis annis ante ,ti4      
,coruncanius1 nihil modo ,p4 ,crassus1 a
 quibus iura civibus praescribebantur1  
quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est   
provecta prudentia4 #bh ,orator metuo ne
 languescat senectute3 est enim munus   
eius non ingeni solum1 sed laterum etiam
 et virium4 ,omnino canorum illud in    
voce splendescit etiam nescio quo pacto 
in senectute1 quod equidem adhuc non    
amisi1 et videtis annos4 ,sed tamen est 

decorus seni sermo quietus et remissus1 
facitque persaepe ipsa sibi audientiam  
diserti senis composita et mitis oratio1
 quam si ipse exsequi nequeas1 possis   
tamen ,scipioni praecipere et ,laelio4  
,quid enim est iucundius senectute      
stipata studiis iuventutis8 #bi ,an ne  
illas quidem viris senectuti            
relinquimus1 ut adulescentis doceat1    
instituat1 ad omne offici munus         
instruat8 ,quo quidem opere quid potest 
esse praeclarius8 ,mihi vero et ,cn4 et 
,p4 ,scipiones et avi tui duo ,l4       
,aemilius et ,p4 ,africanus comitatu    
nobilium iuvenum fortunati videbantur1  
nec ulli bonarum artium magistri non    
beati putandi1 quamvis consenuerint     
vires atque defecerint4 ,etsi ipsa ista 
defectio virium adulescentiae vitiis    
efficitur saepius quam senectute2       
libidinosa enim et intemperans          
adulescentia effetum corpus tradit      
senectuti4 #cj ,cyrus quidem apud       
,xenophontem eo sermone1 quem moriens   
habuit1 cum admodum senex esset1 negat  

se umquam sensisse senectutem suam      
imbecilliorem factam quam adulescentia  
fuisset4 ,ego ,l4 ,metellum memini puer1
 qui1 cum quadriennio post alterum      
consulatum pontifex maximus factus      
esset1 viginti et duos annos ei         
sacerdotio praefuit1 ita bonis esse     
viribus extremo tempore aetatis1 ut     
adulescentiam non requireret4 ,nihil    
necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere1     
quamquam est id quidem senile aetatique 
nostrae conceditur4 ,x4 #ca ,videtisne1 
ut apud ,homerum saepissime ,nestor de  
virtutibus suis praedicet8 ,tertiam enim
 aetatem hominum videbat1 nec erat ei   
verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis 
videretur aut insolens aut loquax4      
,etenim1 ut ait ,homerus1 ex eius lingua
 melle dulcior fluebat oratio2 quam ad  
suavitatem nullis egebat corporis       
viribus4 ,et tamen dux ille ,graeciae   
nusquam optat ut ,aiacis similis habeat 
decem1 sed ut ,nestoris1 quod si sibi   
acciderit1 non dubitat quin brevi sit   
,troia peritura4 #cb ,sed redeo ad me4  

,quartum ago annum et octogesimum3      
vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod 
,cyrus1 sed tamen hoc queo dicere1 non  
me quidem eis esse viribus1 quibus aut  
miles bello ,punico aut quaestor eodem  
bello aut consul in ,hispania fuerim aut
 quadriennio post1 cum tribunus         
militaris depugnavi apud ,thermopylas   
,m'4 ,glabrione consule2 sed tamen1 ut  
vos videtis1 non plane me enervavit1 non
 afflixit senectus3 non curia viris meas
 desiderat1 non rostra1 non amici1 non  
clientes1 non hospites4 ,nec enim umquam
 sum assensus veteri illi laudatoque    
proverbio1 quod monet mature fieri      
senem1 si diu velis senex esse4 ,ego    
vero me minus diu senem esse mallem quam
 esse senem ante quam essem4 ,itaque    
nemo adhuc convenire me voluit cui      
fuerim occupatus4 #cc ,at minus habeo   
virium quam vestrum utervis4 ,ne vos    
quidem ,t4 ,ponti centurionis viris     
habetis3 num idcirco est ille           
praestantior8 ,moderatio modo virium    
adsit et tantum quantum potest quisque  

nitatur1 ne ille non magno desiderio    
tenebitur virium4 ,olympiae per stadium 
ingressus esse ,milo dicitur1 cum umeris
 sustineret bovem3 utrum igitur has     
corporis an ,pythagorae tibi malis viris
 ingeni dari8 ,denique isto bono utare1 
dum adsit1 cum absit1 ne requiras3 nisi 
forte adulescentes pueritiam1 paulum    
aetate progressi adulescentiam debent   
requirere4 ,cursus est certus aetatis et
 una via naturae eaque simplex1 suaque  
cuique parti aetatis tempestivitas est  
data1 ut et infirmitas puerorum et      
ferocitas iuvenum et gravitas iam       
constantis aetatis et senectutis        
maturitas naturale quiddam habet1 quod  
suo tempore percipi debeat4 #cd ,audire 
te arbitror1 ,scipio1 hospes tuus avitus
 ,masinissa quae faciat hodie nonaginta 
natus annos3 cum ingressus iter pedibus 
sit1 in equum omnino non ascendere2 cum 
autem equo1 ex equo non descendere2     
nullo imbri1 nullo frigore adduci ut    
capite operto sit2 summam esse in eo    
corporis siccitatem1 itaque omnia       

exsequi regis officia et munera4 ,potest
 igitur exercitatio et temperantia etiam
 in senectute conservare aliquid        
pristini roboris4  ,,xi4 ,ne sint in    
senectute vires3 ne postulantur quidem  
vires a senectute4 ,ergo et legibus et  
institutis vacat aetas nostra muneribus 
eis quae non possunt sine viribus       
sustineri4 ,itaque non modo quod non    
possumus1 sed ne quantum possumus quidem
 cogimur4 #ce ,at multi ita sunt        
imbecilli senes1 ut nullum offici aut   
omnino vitae munus exsequi possint4 ,at 
id quidem non proprium senectutis vitium
 est1 sed commune valetudinis4 ,quam    
fuit imbecillus ,p4 ,africani filius1 is
 qui te adoptavit1 quam tenui aut nulla 
potius valetudine6 ,quod ni ita fuisset1
 alterum illud exstitisset lumen        
civitatis2 ad paternam enim magnitudinem
 animi doctrina uberior accesserat4     
,quid mirum igitur in senibus1 si       
infirmi sunt aliquando1 cum id ne       
adulescentes quidem effugere possint8   
,resistendum1 ,laeli et ,scipio1        

senectuti est1 eiusque vitia diligentia 
compensanda sunt1 pugnandum tamquam     
contra morbum sic contra senectutem1 #cf
 habenda ratio valetudinis1 utendum     
exercitationibus modicis1 tantum cibi et
 potionis adhibendum1 ut reficiantur    
vires1 non opprimantur4 ,nec vero       
corpori solum subveniendum est1 sed     
menti atque animo multo magis4 ,nam haec
 quoque1 nisi tamquam lumini oleum      
instilles1 exstinguuntur senectute4 ,et 
corpora quidem exercitationum           
defetigatione ingravescunt1 animi autem 
exercitando levantur4 ,nam quos ait     
,caecilius 'comicos stultos senes1' hos 
significat credulos obliviosos          
dissolutos1 quae vitia sunt non         
senectutis1 sed inertis ignavae         
somniculosae senectutis4 ,ut petulantia1
 ut libido magis est adulescentium quam 
senum1 nec tamen omnium adulescentium1  
sed non proborum1 sic ista senilis      
stultitia1 quae deliratio appellari     
solet1 senum levium est1 non omnium4 #cg
 ,quattuor robustos filios1 quinque     

filias1 tantam domum1 tantas clientelas 
,appius regebat et caecus et senex2     
intentum enim animum tamquam arcum      
habebat nec languescens succumbebat     
senectuti4 ,tenebat non modo            
auctoritatem1 sed etiam imperium in     
suos3 metuebant servi1 verebantur       
liberi1 carum omnes habebant2 vigebat in
 illo animus patrius et disciplina4 #ch 
,ita enim senectus honesta est1 si se   
ipsa defendit1 si ius suum retinet1 si  
nemini emancipata est1 si usque ad      
ultimum spiritum dominatur in suos4 ,ut 
enim adulescentem in quo est senile     
aliquid1 sic senem in quo est aliquid   
adulescentis probo1 quod qui sequitur1  
corpore senex esse poterit1 animo       
numquam erit4 ,septimus mihi liber      
,originum est in manibus2 ommia         
antiquitatis monumenta colligo2 causarum
 illustrium1 quascunque defendi1 nunc   
cum maxime conficio orationes2 ius      
augurium pontificium civile tracto2     
multum etiam ,graecis litteris utor1    
,pythagoriorumque more1 exercendae      

memoriae gratia1 quid quoque die dixerim
 audierim egerim commemoro vesperi4 ,hae
 sunt exercitationes ingeni1 haec       
curricula mentis2 in his desudans atque 
elaborans corporis viris non magno opere
 desidero4 ,adsum amicis1 venio in      
senatum frequens ultroque affero res    
multum et diu cogitatas easque tueor    
animi1 non corporis viribus4 ,quas si   
exsequi nequirem1 tamen me lectulus meus
 oblectaret ea ipsa cogitantem1 quae iam
 agere non possem2 sed ut possim facit  
acta vita4 ,semper enim in his studiis  
laboribusque viventi non intellegitur   
quando obrepat senectus3 ita sensim sine
 sensu aetas senescit nec subito        
frangitur1 sed diuturnitate             
exstinguitur4  ,,xii4 #ci ,sequitur     
tertia vituperatio senectutis1 quod eam 
carere dicunt voluptatibus4 ,o          
praeclarum munus aetatis1 si quidem id  
aufert a nobis1 quod est in adulescentia
 vitiosissimum6 ,accipite enim1 optimi  
adulescentes1 veterem orationem         
,archytae ,tarentini1 magni in primis et

 praeclari viri1 quae mihi tradita est  
cum essem adulescens ,tarenti cum ,q4   
,maximo4 ,nullam capitaliorem pestem    
quam voluptatem corporis hominibus      
dicebat a natura datam1 cuius voluptatis
 avidae libidines temere et ecfrenate ad
 potiendum incitarentur4 ,hinc patriae  
proditiones1 #dj hinc rerum publicarum  
eversiones1 hinc cum hostibus           
clandestina colloquia nasci2 nullum     
denique scelus1 nullum malum facinus    
esse ad quod suscipiendum non libido    
voluptatis impelleret2 stupra vero et   
adulteria et omne tale flagitium nullis 
excitari aliis illecebris nisi          
voluptatis2 cumque homini sive natura   
sive quis deus nihil mente praestabilius
 dedisset1 huic divino muneri ac dono   
nihil tam esse inimicum quam voluptatem4
 #da ,nec enim libidine dominante       
temperantiae locum esse1 neque omnino in
 voluptatis regno virtutem posse        
consistere4 ,quod quo magis intellegi   
posset1 fingere animo iubebat tanta     
incitatum aliquem voluptate corporis1   

quanta percipi posset maxima3 nemini    
censebat fore dubium quin tam diu1 dum  
ita gauderet1 nihil agitare mente1 nihil
 ratione1 nihil cogitatione consequi    
posset4 ,quocirca nihil esse tam        
detestabile tamque pestiferum quam      
voluptatem1 si quidem ea1 cum maior     
esset atque longior1 omne animi lumen   
exstingueret4 ,haec cum ,c4 ,pontio     
,samnite1 patre eius1 a quo ,caudino    
proelio ,sp4 ,postumius ,t4 ,veturius   
consules superati sunt1 locutum         
,archytam ,nearchus ,tarentinus hospes  
noster1 qui in amicitia populi ,romani  
permanserat1 se a maioribus natu        
accepisse dicebat1 cum quidem ei sermoni
 interfuisset ,plato ,atheniensis1 quem 
,tarentum venisse ,l4 ,camillo ,ap4     
,claudio consulibus reperio4 #db        
,quorsus hoc8 ,ut intellegeretis1 si    
voluptatem aspernari ratione et         
sapientia non possemus1 magnam esse     
habendam senectuti gratiam1 quae        
efficeret ut id non liberet quod non    
oporteret4 ,impedit enim consilium      

voluptas1 rationi inimica est1 mentis ut
 ita dicam praestringit oculos1 nec     
habet ullum cum virtute commercium4     
,invitus feci ut fortissimi viri ,t4    
,flaminini fratrem ,l4 ,flamininum e    
senatu eicerem septem annis post quam   
consul fuisset1 sed notandam putavi     
libidinem4 ,ille enim cum esset consul  
in ,gallia exoratus in convivio a scorto
 est ut securi feriret aliquem eorum qui
 in vinculis essent1 damnati rei        
capitalis4 ,hic ,tito fratre suo        
censore1 qui proximus ante me fuerat1   
elapsus est1 mihi vero et ,flacco       
neutiquam probari potuit tam flagitiosa 
et tam perdita libido1 quae cum probro  
privato coniungeret imperi dedecus4     
,,xiii4 #dc ,saepe audivi e maioribus   
natu1 qui se porro pueros a senibus     
audisse dicebant1 mirari solitum ,c4    
,fabricium quod1 cum apud regem ,pyrrhum
 legatus esset1 audisset a ,thessalo    
,cinea esse quendam ,athenis qui se     
sapientem profiteretur1 eumque dicere   
omnia quae faceremus ad voluptatem esse 

referenda4 ,quod ex eo audientis ,m'4   
,curium et ,ti4 ,coruncanium optare     
solitos ut id ,samnitibus ipsique       
,pyrrho persuaderetur1 quo facilius     
vinci possent cum se voluptatibus       
dedissent4 ,vixerat ,m'4 ,curius cum ,p4
 ,decio1 qui quinquennio ante eum       
consulem se pro re publica quarto       
consulatu devoverat3 norat eundem       
,fabricius1 norat ,coruncanius1 qui cum 
ex sua vita tum ex eius quem dico4 ,deci
 facto iudicabant esse profecto aliquid 
natura pulchrum atque praeclarum1 quod  
sua sponte expeteretur quodque spreta et
 contempta voluptate optimus quisque    
sequeretur4 #dd ,quorsum igitur tam     
multa de voluptate8 ,quia non modo      
vituperatio nulla1 sed etiam summa laus 
senectutis est1 quod ea voluptates      
nullas magno opere desiderat4 ,caret    
epulis exstructisque mensis et          
frequentibus poculis4 ,caret ergo etiam 
vinulentia et cruditate et insomniis4   
,sed si aliquid dandum est voluptati1   
quoniam eius blanditiis non facile      

obsistimus1 divine enim ,plato escam    
malorum appellat voluptatem quod ea     
videlicet homines capiantur ut pisces1  
quamquam immoderatis epulis caret       
senectus1 modicis tamen conviviis       
delectari potest4 ,c4 ,duellium ,m4 ,f41
 qui ,poenos classe primus devicerat1   
redeuntem a cena senem saepe videbam    
puer2 delectabatur cereo funali et      
tibicine1 quae sibi nullo exemplo       
privatus sumpserat3 tantum licentiae    
dabat gloria4 #de ,sed quid ego alios8  
,ad me ipsum iam revertar4 ,primum habui
 semper sodalis--sodalitates autem me   
quaestore constitutae sunt sacris       
,idaeis ,magnae ,matris                 
acceptis--epulabar igitur cum sodalibus1
 omnino modice1 sed erat quidam fervor  
aetatis1 qua progrediente omnia fiunt in
 dies mitiora4 ,neque enim ipsorum      
conviviorum delectationem voluptatibus  
corporis magis quam coetu amicorum et   
sermonibus metiebar2 bene enim maiores  
accubitionem epularem amicorum1 quia    
vitae coniunctionem haberet1 convivium  

nominaverunt1 melius quam ,graeci1 qui  
hoc idem tum compotationem1 tum         
concenationem vocant1 ut1 quod in eo    
genere minimum est1 id maxime probare   
videantur4  ,,xiv4 #df ,ego vero propter
 sermonis delectationem tempestivis     
quoque conviviis delector1 nec cum      
aequalibus solum1 qui pauci admodum     
restant1 sed cum vestra etiam aetate    
atque vobiscum1 habeoque senectuti      
magnam gratiam1 quae mihi sermonis      
aviditatem auxit1 potionis et cibi      
sustulit4 ,quod si quem etiam ista      
delectant1 ne omnino bellum indixisse   
videar voluptati1 cuius est fortasse    
quidam naturalis modus1 non intellego ne
 in istis quidem ipsis voluptatibus     
carere sensu senectutem4 ,me vero et    
magisteria delectant a maioribus        
instituta et is sermo1 qui more maiorum 
a summo adhibetur in poculo1 et pocula  
sicut in ,symposio ,xenophontis est1    
minuta atque rorantia1 et refrigeratio  
aestate et vicissim aut sol aut ignis   
hibernus4 ,quae quidem etiam in ,sabinis

 persequi soleo conviviumque vicinorum  
cotidie compleo1 quod ad multam noctem  
quam maxime possumus vario sermone      
producimus4 #dg ,at non est voluptatum  
tanta quasi titillatio in senibus4      
,credo1 sed ne desideratio quidem2 nihil
 autem est molestum quod non desideres4 
,bene ,sophocles1 cum ex eo quidam iam  
affecto aetate quaereret1 utereturne    
rebus veneriis1 'di meliora6' inquit2   
'ego vero istinc sicut a domino agresti 
ac furioso profugi4' ,cupidis enim rerum
 talium odiosum fortasse et molestum est
 carere1 satiatis vero et expletis      
iucundius est carere quam frui2 quamquam
 non caret is1 qui non desiderat2 ergo  
hoc non desiderare dico esse iucundius4 
#dh ,quod si istis ipsis voluptatibus   
bona aetas fruitur libentius1 primum    
parvulis fruitur rebus1 ut diximus1     
deinde eis1 quibus senectus1 etiam si   
non abunde potitur1 non omnino caret4   
,ut ,turpione ,ambivio magis delectatur 
qui in prima cavea spectat1 delectatur  
tamen etiam qui in ultima1 sic          

adulescentia voluptates propter intuens 
magis fortasse laetatur1 sed delectatur 
etiam senectus1 procul eas spectans1    
tantum quantum sat est4 #di ,at illa    
quanti sunt1 animum tamquam emeritis    
stipendiis libidinis ambitionis1        
contentionum inimicitiarum1 cupiditatum 
omnium secum esse secumque1 ut dicitur1 
vivere6 ,si vero habet aliquod tamquam  
pabulum studi atque doctrinae1 nihil est
 otiosa senectute iucundius4 ,videbamus 
in studio dimetiendi paene caeli atque  
terrae ,gallum familiarem patris tui1   
,scipio4 ,quotiens ilium lux noctu      
aliquid describere ingressum1 quotiens  
nox oppressit cum mane coepisset6 ,quam 
delectabat eum defectiones solis et     
lunae multo ante nobis praedicere6 #ej  
,quid in levioribus studiis1 sed tamen  
acutis8 ,quam gaudebat ,bello suo       
,punico ,naevius1 quam ,truculento      
,plautus1 quam ,pseudolo6 ,vidi etiam   
senem ,livium1 qui1 cum sex annis ante  
quam ego natus sum fabulam docuisset    
,centone ,tuditanoque consulibus1 usque 

ad adulescentiam meam processit aetate4 
,quid de ,p4 ,licini ,crassi et         
pontifici et civilis iuris studio loquar
 aut de huius ,p4 ,scipionis1 qui his   
paucis diebus pontifex maximus factus   
est8 ,atque eos omnis1 quos commemoravi1
 his studiis flagrantis senes vidimus4  
,m4 vero ,cethegum1 quem recte suadae   
medullam dixit ,ennius1 quanto studio   
exerceri in dicendo videbamus etiam     
senem6 ,quae sunt igitur epularum aut   
ludorum aut scortorum voluptates cum his
 voluptatibus comparandae8 ,atque haec  
quidem studia doctrinae1 quae quidem    
prudentibus et bene institutis pariter  
cum aetate crescunt1 ut honestum illud  
,solonis sit1 quod ait versiculo quodam1
 ut ante dixi1 senescere se multa in    
dies addiscentem1 qua voluptate animi   
nulla certe potest esse maior4  ,,xv4   
#ea ,venio nunc ad voluptates           
agricolarum1 quibus ego incredibiliter  
delector1 quae nec ulla impediuntur     
senectute et mihi ad sapientis vitam    
proxime videntur accedere4 ,habent enim 

rationem cum terra1 quae numquam recusat
 imperium nec umquam sine usura reddit  
quod accepit1 sed alias minore1         
plerumque maiore cum faenore2 quamquam  
me quidem non fructus modo1 sed etiam   
ipsius terrae vis ac natura delectat4   
,quae cum gremio mollito ac subacto     
sparsum semen excepit1 primum id        
occaecatum cohibet1 ex quo occatio quae 
hoc efficit nominata est2 deinde        
tepefactum vapore et compressu suo      
diffundit et elicit herbescentem ex eo  
viriditatem1 quae nixa fibris stirpium  
sensim adolescit culmoque erecta        
geniculato vaginis iam quasi pubescens  
includitur2 e quibus cum emersit1 fundit
 frugem spici ordine structam et contra 
avium minorum morsus munitur vallo      
aristarum4 #eb ,quid ego vitium ortus   
satus incrementa commemorem8 ,satiari   
delectatione non possum1 ut meae        
senectutis requietem oblectamentumque   
noscatis4 ,omitto enim vim ipsam omnium 
quae generantur e terra1 quae ex fici   
tantulo grano aut ex acini vinaceo aut  

ex ceterarum frugum aut stirpium        
minutissimis seminibus tantos truncos   
ramosque procreet2 malleoli plantae     
sarmenta viviradices propagines nonne   
efficiunt ut quemvis cum admiratione    
delectent8 ,vitis quidem quae natura    
caduca est et1 nisi fulta est1 fertur ad
 terram1 eadem1 ut se erigat1 claviculis
 suis quasi manibus quidquid est nacta  
complectitur1 quam serpentem multiplici 
lapsu et erratico1 ferro amputans       
coercet ars agricolarum1 ne silvescat   
sarmentis et in omnis partis nimia      
fundatur4 #ec ,itaque ineunte vere in   
eis quae relicta sunt exsistit tamquam  
ad articulos sarmentorum ea quae gemma  
dicitur1 a qua oriens uva se ostendit1  
quae et suco terrae et calore solis     
augescens primo est peracerba gustatu1  
dein maturata dulcescit vestitaque      
pampinis nec modico tepore caret et     
nimios solis defendit ardores3 qua quid 
potest esse cum fructu laetius1 tum     
aspectu pulchrius8 ,cuius quidem non    
utilitas me solum1 ut ante dixi1 sed    

etiam cultura et natura ipsa delectat3  
adminiculorum ordines1 capitum iugatio1 
religatio et propagatio vitium1         
sarmentorum ea1 quam dixi1 aliorum      
amputatio1 aliorum immissio4 ,quid ego  
irrigationes1 quid fossiones agri       
repastinationesque proferam quibus fit  
multo terra fecundior8 #ed ,quid de     
utilitate loquar stercorandi8 ,dixi in  
eo libro1 quem de rebus rusticis        
scripsi4 ,de qua doctus ,hesiodus ne    
verbum quidem fecit1 cum de cultura agri
 scriberet4 ,at ,homerus1 qui multis1 ut
 mihi videtur1 ante saeculis fuit1      
,laerten lenientem desiderium1 quod     
capiebat e filio1 colentem agrum et eum 
stercorantem facit4 ,nec vero segetibus 
solum et pratis et vineis et arbustis   
res rusticae laetae sunt1 sed hortis    
etiam et pomariis1 tum pecudum pastu1   
apium examinibus1 florum omnium         
varietate4 ,nec consitiones modo        
delectant1 sed etiam insitiones1 quibus 
nihil invenit agri cultura sollertius4  
,,xvi4 #ee ,possum persequi permulta    

oblectamenta rerum rusticarum1 sed ea   
ipsa quae dixi sentio fuisse longiora4  
,ignoscetis autem1 nam et studio rerum  
rusticarum provectus sum1 et senectus   
est natura loquacior1 ne ab omnibus eam 
vitiis videar vindicare4 ,ergo in hac   
vita ,m'4 ,curius1 cum de ,samnitibus1  
de ,sabinis1 de ,pyrrho triumphavisset1 
consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis2     
cuius quidem ego villam contemplans1    
abest enim non longe a me1 admirari     
satis non possum vel hominis ipsius     
continentiam vel temporum disciplinam4  
,curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri     
pondus ,samnites cum attulissent1       
repudiati sunt2 non enim aurum habere   
praeclarum sibi videri dixit1 sed eis   
qui haberent aurum imperare4 #ef        
,poteratne tantus animus efficere non   
iucundam senectutem8 ,sed venio ad      
agricolas1 ne a me ipso recedam4 ,in    
agris erant tum senatores1 id est senes1
 si quidem aranti ,l4 ,quinctio         
,cincinnato nuntiatum est eum dictatorem
 esse factum1 cuius dictatoris iussu    

magister equitum ,c4 ,servilius ,ahala  
,sp4 ,maelium regnum appetentem         
occupatum interemit4 ,a villa in senatum
 arcessebatur et ,curius et ceteri      
senes1 ex quo qui eos arcessebant       
viatores nominati sunt4 ,num igitur     
horum senectus miserabilis fuit1 qui se 
agri cultione oblectabant8 ,mea quidem  
sententia haud scio an nulla beatior    
possit esse1 neque solum officio1 quod  
hominum generi universo cultura agrorum 
est salutaris1 sed et delectatione quam 
dixi1 et saturitate copiaque rerum      
omnium1 quae ad victum hominum1 ad      
cultum etiam deorum pertinent1 ut1      
quoniam haec quidam desiderant1 in      
gratiam iam cum voluptate redeamus4     
,semper enim boni assiduique domini     
referta cella vinaria1 olearia1 etiam   
penaria est1 villaque tota locuples est1
 abundat porco haedo agno gallina1 lacte
 caseo melle4 ,iam hortum ipsi agricolae
 succidiam alteram appellant4           
,conditiora facit haec supervacaneis    
etiam operis aucupium atque venatio4 #eg

 ,quid de pratorum viriditate aut       
arborum ordinibus aut vinearum          
olivetorumve specie plura dicam8 ,brevi 
praecidam4 ,agro bene culto nihil potest
 esse nec usu uberius nec specie        
ornatius1 ad quem fruendum non modo non 
retardat1 verum etiam invitat atque     
allectat senectus4 ,ubi enim potest illa
 aetas aut calescere vel apricatione    
melius vel igni1 aut vicissim umbris    
aquisve refrigerari salubrius8 #eh ,sibi
 habeant igitur arma1 sibi equos1 sibi  
hastas1 sibi clavam et pilam1 sibi      
venationes atque cursus1 nobis senibus  
ex lusionibus multis talos relinquant et
 tesseras2 id ipsum ut lubebit1 quoniam 
sine eis beata esse senectus potest4    
,,xvii4 #ei ,multas ad res perutiles    
,xenophontis libri sunt1 quos legite    
quaeso studiose1 ut facitis4 ,quam      
copiose ab eo agri cultura laudatur in  
eo libro1 qui est de tuenda re          
familiari1 qui ,oeconomicus inscribitur6
 ,atque ut intellegatis nihil ei tam    
regale videri quam studium agri colendi1

 ,socrates in eo libro loquitur cum     
,critobulo ,cyrum minorem ,persarum     
regem1 praestantem ingenio atque imperi 
gloria1 cum ,lysander ,lacedaemonius1   
vir summae virtutis1 venisset ad eum    
,sardis eique dona a sociis attulisset1 
et ceteris in rebus communem erga       
,lysandrum atque humanum fuisse et ei   
quendam consaeptum agrum diligenter     
consitum ostendisse4 ,cum autem         
admiraretur ,lysander et proceritates   
arborum et directos in quincuncem       
ordines et humum subactam atque puram et
 suavitatem odorum qui afflarentur ex   
floribus1 tum eum dixisse mirari se non 
modo diligentiam sed etiam sollertiam   
eius a quo essent illa dimensa atque    
discripta2 et ,cyrum respondisse 'atqui 
ego ista sum omnia dimensus1 mei sunt   
ordines1 mea discriptio2 multae etiam   
istarum arborum mea manu sunt satae4'   
,tum ,lysandrum1 intuentem purpuram eius
 et nitorem corporis ornatumque         
,persicum multo auro multisque gemmis1  
dixisse 'recte vero te1 ,cyre1 beatum   

ferunt1 quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna    
coniuncta est6' #fj ,hac igitur fortuna 
frui licet senibus1 nec aetas impedit   
quo minus et ceterarum rerum et in      
primis agri colendi studia teneamus     
usque ad ultimum tempus senectutis4 ,m4 
quidem ,valerium ,corvinum accepimus ad 
centesimum annum perduxisse1 cum esset  
acta iam aetate in agris eosque coleret1
 cuius inter primum et sextum consulatum
 sex et quadraginta anni interfuerunt4  
,ita quantum spatium aetatis maiores ad 
senectutis initium esse voluerunt1      
tantus illi cursus honorum fuit2 atque  
huius extrema aetas hoc beatior quam    
media1 quod auctoritatis habebat plus1  
laboris minus2 apex est autem senectutis
 auctoritas4 #fa ,quanta fuit in ,l4    
,caecilio ,metello1 quanta in ,a4       
,atilio ,calatino6 ,in quem illud       
elogium3    hunc unum plurimae          
consentiunt gentes   populi primarium   
fuisse virum4  ,notum est totum carmen  
incisum in sepulcro4 ,iure igitur       
gravis1 cuius de laudibus omnium esset  

fama consentiens4 ,quem virum nuper ,p4 
,crassum1 pontificem maximum1 quem      
postea ,m4 ,lepidum eodem sacerdotio    
praeditum vidimus6 ,quid de ,paulo aut  
,africano loquar1 aut1 ut iam ante1 de  
,maximo8 ,quorum non in sententia solum1
 sed etiam in nutu residebat auctoritas4
 ,habet senectus1 honorata praesertim1  
tantam auctoritatem1 ut ea pluris sit   
quam omnes adulescentiae voluptates4    
,,xviii4 #fb ,sed in omni oratione      
mementote eam me senectutem laudare1    
quae fundamentis adulescentiae          
constituta sit4 ,ex quo efficitur id1   
quod ego magno quondam cum assensu      
omnium dixi1 miseram esse senectutem    
quae se oratione defenderet4 ,non cani  
nec rugae repente auctoritatem arripere 
possunt1 sed honeste acta superior aetas
 fructus capit auctoritatis extremos4   
#fc ,haec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia1   
quae videntur levia atque communia1     
salutari appeti decedi assurgi deduci   
reduci consuli1 quae et apud nos et in  
aliis civitatibus1 ut quaeque optime    

morata est1 ita diligentissime          
observantur4 ,lysandrum ,lacedaemonium1 
cuius modo feci mentionem1 dicere aiunt 
solitum ,lacedaemonem esse honestissimum
 domicilium senectutis2 nusquam enim    
tantum tribuitur aetati1 nusquam est    
senectus honoratior4 ,quin etiam        
memoriae proditum est1 cum ,athenis     
ludis quidam in theatrum grandis natu   
venisset1 magno consessu locum nusquam  
ei datum a suis civibus1 cum autem ad   
,lacedaemonios accessisset1 qui1 legati 
cum essent certo in loco considerant1   
consurrexisse omnes illi dicuntur et    
senem sessum recepisse2 #fd quibus cum a
 cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex
 datus1 dixisse ex eis quendam          
,atheniensis scire quae recta essent1   
sed facere nolle4 ,multa in nostro      
collegio praeclara1 sed hoc de quo      
agimus1 in primis1 quod1 ut quisque     
aetate antecedit1 ita sententiae        
principatum tenet1 neque solum honore   
antecedentibus1 sed eis etiam1 qui cum  
imperio sunt1 maiores natu augures      

anteponuntur4 ,quae sunt igitur         
voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis    
praemiis comparandae8 ,quibus qui       
splendide usi sunt1 ei mihi videntur    
fabulam aetatis peregisse nec tamquam   
inexercitati histriones in extremo actu 
corruisse4  #fe ,at sunt morosi et anxii
 et iracundi et difficiles senes4 ,si   
quaerimus1 etiam avari2 sed haec morum  
vitia sunt1 non senectutis4 ,ac         
morositas tamen et ea vitia1 quae dixi1 
habent aliquid excusationis1 non illius 
quidem iustae1 sed quae probari posse   
videatur3 contemni se putant1 despici1  
illudi2 praeterea in fragili corpore    
odiosa omnis offensio est2 quae tamen   
omnia dulciora fiunt et moribus bonis et
 artibus1 idque cum in vita tum in      
scaena intellegi potest ex eis fratribus
 qui in ,adelphis sunt4 ,quanta in      
altero diritas1 in altero comitas6 ,sic 
se res habet3 ut enim non omne vinum1   
sic non omnis natura vetustate          
coacescit4 ,severitatem in senectute    
probo1 sed eam1 sicut alia1 modicam2    

acerbitatem nullo modo2 #ff avaritia    
vero senilis quid sibi velit1 non       
intellego4 ,potest enim quicquam esse   
absurdius quam1 quo viae minus restet1  
eo plus viatici quaerere8  ,,xix4       
,quarta restat causa1 quae maxime angere
 atque sollicitam habere nostram aetatem
 videtur1 appropinquatio mortis1 quae   
certe a senectute non potest esse longe4
 ,o miserum senem1 qui mortem           
contemnendam esse in tam longa aetate   
non viderit6 ,quae aut plane neglegenda 
est1 si omnino exstinguit animum1 aut   
etiam optanda1 si aliquo eum deducit ubi
 sit futurus aeternus4 ,atqui tertium   
certe nihil inveniri potest4 #fg ,quid  
igitur timeam1 si aut non miser post    
mortem1 aut beatus etiam futurus sum8   
,quamquam quis est tam stultus1 quamvis 
sit adulescens1 cui sit exploratum se ad
 vesperum esse victurum8 ,quin etiam    
aetas illa multo pluris quam nostra     
casus mortis habet3 facilius in morbos  
incidunt adulescentes1 gravius          
aegrotant1 tristius curantur4 ,itaque   

pauci veniunt ad senectutem2 quod ni ita
 accideret1 melius et prudentius        
viveretur4 ,mens enim et ratio et       
consilium in senibus est1 qui si nulli  
fuissent1 nullae omnino civitates       
fuissent4 ,sed redeo ad mortem          
impendentem4 ,quod est istud crimen     
senectutis1 cum id ei videatis cum      
adulescentia esse commune8 #fh ,sensi   
ego in optimo filio1 tu in exspectatis  
ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus1    
,scipio1 mortem omni aetati esse        
communem4 ,at sperat adulescens diu se  
victurum1 quod sperare idem senex non   
potest4 ,insipienter sperat2 quid enim  
stultius quam incerta pro certis habere1
 falsa pro veris8 ,at senex ne quod     
speret quidem habet4 ,at est eo meliore 
condicione quam adulescens1 quoniam id  
quod ille sperat hic consecutus est3    
ille volt diu vivere1 hic diu vixit4 #fi
 ,quamquam1 o di boni1 quid est in      
hominis natura diu8 ,da enim supremum   
tempus1 exspectemus ,tartessiorum regis 
aetatem3 fuit enim1 ut scriptum video1  

,arganthonius quidam ,gadibus1 qui      
octoginta regnaverat annos1 centum      
viginti vixerat4  ,sed mihi ne diuturnum
 quidem quicquam videtur1 in quo est    
aliquid extremum2 cum enim id advenit1  
tum illud quod praeteriit1 effluxit2    
tantum remanet1 quod virtute et recte   
factis consecutus sis4 ,horae quidem    
cedunt et dies et menses et anni1 nec   
praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur nec
 quid sequatur sciri potest4 ,quod      
cuique temporis ad vivendum datur1 eo   
debet esse contentus4 #gj ,neque enim   
histrioni1 ut placeat1 peragenda fabula 
est1 modo in quocunque fuerit actu      
probetur2 neque sapientibus usque ad    
'plaudite' veniendum est1 breve enim    
tempus aetatis satis longum est ad bene 
honesteque vivendum2 sin processerit    
longius1 non magis dolendum est1 quam   
agricolae dolent praeterita verni       
temporis suavitate aestatem autumnumque 
venisse4 ,ver enim tamquam adulescentia 
significat ostenditque fructus futuros2 
reliqua autem tempora demetendis        

fructibus et percipiendis accommodata   
sunt4 #ga ,fructus autem senectutis est1
 ut saepe dixi1 ante partorum bonorum   
memoria et copia4 ,omnia autem1 quae    
secundum naturam fiunt1 sunt habenda in 
bonis2 quid est autem tam secundum      
naturam quam senibus emori8 ,quod idem  
contingit adulescentibus adversante et  
repugnante natura4 ,itaque adulescentes 
mihi mori sic videntur1 ut cum aquae    
multitudine flammae vis opprimitur1     
senes autem sic1 ut cum sua sponte1     
nulla adhibita vi1 consumptus ignis     
exstinguitur1 et quasi poma ex          
arboribus1 cruda si sunt1 vix           
evelluntur1 si matura et cocta1         
decidunt1 sic vitam adulescentibus vis  
aufert1 senibus maturitas2 quae quidem  
mihi tam iucunda est1 ut1 quo propius ad
 mortem accedam1 quasi terram videre    
videar aliquandoque in portum ex longa  
navigatione esse venturus4  ,,xx4 #gb   
,senectutis autem nullus est certus     
terminus1 recteque in ea vivitur1 quoad 
munus offici exsequi et tueri possit    

mortemque contemnere1 ex quo fit ut     
animosior etiam senectus sit quam       
adulescentia et fortior4 ,hoc illud est1
 quod ,pisistrato tyranno a ,solone     
responsum est1 cum illi quaerenti qua   
tandem re fretus sibi tam audaciter     
obsisteret respondisse dicitur          
'senectute4' ,sed vivendi est finis     
optimus1 cum integra mente certisque    
sensibus opus ipsa suum eadem quae      
coagmentavit natura dissolvit4 ,ut      
navem1 ut aedificium idem destruit      
facillime qui construxit1 sic hominem   
eadem optime quae conglutinavit natura  
dissolvit4 ,iam omnis conglutinatio     
recens aegre1 inveterata facile         
divellitur4 ,ita fit ut illud breve     
vitae reliquum nec avide appetendum     
senibus nec sine causa deserendum sit2  
vetatque ,pythagoras iniussu            
imperatoris1 id est dei1 de praesidio et
 statione vitae decedere4 #gc ,solonis  
quidem sapientis est elogium1 quo se    
negat velle suam mortem dolore amicorum 
et lamentis vacare4 ,volt1 credo1 se    

esse carum suis4 ,sed haud scio an      
melius ,ennius3    nemo me lacrumis     
decoret1 neque funera fletu   faxit  #gd
 ,non censet lugendam esse mortem1 quam 
immortalitas consequatur4 ,iam sensus   
moriendi aliquis esse potest1 isque ad  
exiguum tempus1 praesertim seni3 post   
mortem quidem sensus aut optandus aut   
nullus est4 ,sed hoc meditatum ab       
adulescentia debet esse1 mortem ut      
neglegamus2 sine qua meditatione        
tranquillo animo esse nemo potest4      
,moriendum enim certe est1 et incertum  
an hoc ipso die4 ,mortem igitur omnibus 
horis impendentem timens qui poterit    
animo consistere8 #ge ,de qua non ita   
longa disputatione opus esse videtur1   
cum recorder non ,l4 ,brutum1 qui in    
liberanda patria est interfectus1 non   
duos ,decios1 qui ad voluntariam mortem 
cursum equorum incitaverunt1 non ,m4    
,atilium1 qui ad supplicium est         
profectus ut fidem hosti datam          
conservaret non duos ,scipiones1 qui    
iter ,poenis vel corporibus suis        

obstruere voluerunt1 non avum tuum ,l4  
,paulum1 qui morte luit collegae in     
,cannensi ignominia temeritatem1 non ,m4
 ,marcellum1 cuius interitum ne         
crudelissimus quidem hostis honore      
sepulturae carere passus est1 sed       
legiones nostras1 quod scripsi in       
,originibus1 in eum locum saepe         
profectas alacri animo et erecto1 unde  
se redituras numquam arbitrarentur4     
,quod igitur adulescentes1 et ei quidem 
non solum indocti sed etiam rustici     
contemnunt1 id docti senes extimescent8 
#gf ,omnino1 ut mihi quidem videtur1    
rerum omnium satietas vitae facit       
satietatem4 ,sunt pueritiae studia      
certa3 num igitur ea desiderant         
adulescentes8 ,sunt ineuntis            
adulescentiae3 num ea constans iam      
requirit aetas1 quae media dicitur8     
,sunt etiam eius aetatis3 ne ea quidem  
quaeruntur in senectute4 ,sunt extrema  
quaedam studia senectutis3 ergo1 ut     
superiorum aetatum studia occidunt1 sic 
occidunt etiam senectutis2 quod cum     

evenit1 satietas vitae tempus maturum   
mortis affert4  ,,xxi4 #gg ,non enim    
video1 cur1 quid ipse sentiam de morte1 
non audeam vobis dicere1 quod eo cernere
 mihi melius videor1 quo ab ea propius  
absum4 ,ego vestros patres1 ,p4 ,scipio 
tuque1 ,c4 ,laeli1 viros clarissimos    
mihique amicissimos1 vivere arbitror et 
eam quidem vitam1 quae est sola vita    
nominanda4 ,nam dum sumus inclusi in his
 compagibus corporis1 munere quodam     
necessitatis et gravi opere perfungimur2
 est enim animus caelestis ex altissimo 
domicilio depressus et quasi demersus in
 terram1 locum divinae naturae          
eternitatique contrarium4 ,sed credo    
deos immortalis sparsisse animos in     
corpora humana1 ut essent qui terras    
tuerentur quique caelestium ordinem     
contemplantes imitarentur eum vitae modo
 atque constantia4 ,nec me solum ratio  
ac disputatio impulit ut ita crederem1  
sed nobilitas etiam summorum            
philosophorum et auctoritas4  #gh       
,audiebam ,pythagoran ,pythagoriosque1  

incolas paene nostros1 qui essent       
,italici philosophi quondam nominati    
numquam dubitasse quin ex universa mente
 divina delibatos animos haberemus4     
,demonstrabantur mihi praeterea quae    
,socrates supremo vitae die de          
immortalitate animorum disseruisset1 is 
qui esset omnium sapientissimus oraculo 
,apollinis iudicatus4 ,quid multa8 ,sic 
mihi persuasi1 sic sentio1 cum tanta    
celeritas animorum sit1 tanta memoria   
praeteritorum futurorumque prudentia1   
tot artes tantae scientiae1 tot inventa1
 non posse eam naturam1 quae res eas    
contineat1 esse mortalem2 cumque semper 
agitetur animus nec principium motus    
habeat1 quia se ipse moveat1 ne finem   
quidem habiturum esse motus1 quia       
numquam se ipse sit relicturus2 et cum  
simplex animi natura esset neque haberet
 in se quicquam admixtum dispar sui     
atque dissimile1 non posse eum dividi1  
quod si non posset1 non posse interire2 
magnoque esse argumento homines scire   
pleraque ante quam nati sint1 quod iam  

pueri1 cum artis difficilis discant1 ita
 celeriter res innumerabilis arripiant1 
ut eas non tum primum accipere          
videantur1 sed reminisci et recordari4  
,haec ,platonis fere4 ,,xxii4 #gi ,apud 
,xenophontem autem moriens ,cyrus maior 
haec dicit3 'nolite arbitrari1 o mihi   
carissimi filii1 me1 cum a vobis        
discessero1 nusquam aut nullum fore4    
,nec enim1 dum eram vobiscum1 animum    
meum videbatis1 sed eum esse in hoc     
corpora ex eis rebus quas gerebam       
intellegebatis4 ,eundem igitur esse     
creditote1 etiam si nullum videbitis4   
#hj ,nec vero clarorum virorum post     
mortem honores permanerent1 si nihil    
eorum ipsorum animi efficerent1 quo     
diutius memoriam sui teneremus4 ,mihi   
quidem numquam persuaderi potuit animos 
dum in corporibus essent mortalibus     
vivere1 cum excessissent ex eis emori2  
nec vero tum animum esse insipientem cum
 ex insipienti corpore evasisset1 sed   
cum omni admixtione corporis liberatus  
purus et integer esse coepisset1 tum    

esse sapientem4 ,atque etiam1 cum       
hominis natura morte dissolvitur1       
ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo      
quaeque discedat1 abeunt enim illuc     
omnia1 unde orta sunt2 animus autem     
solus nec cum adest nec cum discessit   
apparet4 ,iam vero videtis nihil esse   
morti tam simile quam somnum4 #ha ,atqui
 dormientium animi maxime declarant     
divinitatem suam2 multa enim1 cum       
remissi et liberi sunt1 futura          
prospiciunt2 ex quo intellegitur quales 
futuri sint1 cum se plane corporis      
vinculis relaxaverint4 ,qua re1 si haec 
ita sunt1 sic me colitote1' inquit1 'ut 
deum1 sin una est interiturus animus cum
 corpore1 vos tamen1 deos verentes1 qui 
hanc omnem pulchritudinem tuentur et    
regunt1 memoriam nostri pie inviolateque
 servabitis4'  ,,xxiii4 #hb ,cyrus      
quidem haec moriens2 nos1 si placet1    
nostra videamus4 ,nemo umquam mihi1     
,scipio1 persuadebit aut patrem tuum    
,paulum1 aut duos avos ,paulum et       
,africanum1 aut ,africani patrem aut    

patruum1 aut multos praestantis viros1  
quos enumerare non est necesse1 tanta   
esse conatos quae ad posteritatis       
memoriam pertinerent1 nisi animo        
cernerent posteritatem ad ipsos         
pertinere4 ,anne censes1 ut de me ipse  
aliquid more senum glorier1 me tantos   
labores diurnos nocturnosque domi       
militiaeque suscepturum fuisse1 si isdem
 finibus gloriam meam quibus vitam essem
 terminaturus8 ,nonne melius multo      
fuisset otiosam et quietam aetatem sine 
ullo labore et contentione traducere8   
,sed nescio quo modo animus erigens se  
posteritatem ita semper prospiciebat1   
quasi1 cum excessisset e vita1 tum      
denique victurus esset4 ,quod quidem ni 
ita se haberet ut animi immortales      
essent1 haud optimi cuiusque animus     
maxime ad immortalitatis gloriam        
niteretur4 #hc ,quid quod sapientissimus
 quisque aequissimo animo moritur1      
stultissimus iniquissimo1 nonne vobis   
videtur is animus1 qui plus cernat et   
longius1 videre se ad meliora           

proficisci1 ille autem1 cuius obtusior  
sit acies1 non videre8 ,equidem efferor 
studio patres vestros quos colui et     
dilexi videndi1 neque vero eos solum    
convenire aveo1 quos ipse cognovi1 sed  
illos etiam1 de quibus audivi et legi et
 ipse conscripsi2 quo quidem me         
proficiscentem haud sane quid facile    
retraxerit1 nec tamquam ,pelian         
recoxerit4 ,et si quis deus mihi        
largiatur ut ex hac aetate repuerascam  
et in cunis vagiam1 valde recusem1 nec  
vero velim quasi decurso spatio ad      
carceres a calce revocari4 #hd ,quid    
habet enim vita commodi8 ,quid non      
potius laboris8 ,sed habeat sane2 habet 
certe tamen aut satietatem aut modum4   
,non libet enim mihi deplorare vitam1   
quod multi et ei docti saepe fecerunt1  
neque me vixisse paenitet1 quoniam ita  
vixi1 ut non frustra me natum existimem1
 et ex vita ita discedo tamquam ex      
hospitio1 non tamquam e domo2 commorandi
 enim natura divorsorium nobis1 non     
habitandi dedit4 ,o praeclarum diem cum 

in illud divinum animorum concilium     
coetumque proficiscar cumque ex hac     
turba et colluvione discedam6           
,proficiscar enim non ad eos solum      
viros1 de quibus ante dixi1 verum etiam 
ad ,catonem meum1 quo nemo vir melior   
natus est1 nemo pietate praestantior1   
cuius a me corpus est crematum1 quod    
contra decuit ab illo meum1 animus vero 
non me deserens sed respectans1 in ea   
profecto loca discessit quo mihi ipsi   
cernebat esse veniendum4 ,quem ego meum 
casum fortiter ferre visus sum1 non quo 
aequo animo ferrem1 sed me ipse         
consolabar existimans non longinquum    
inter nos digressum et discessum fore4  
#he ,his mihi rebus1 ,scipio1 id enim te
 cum ,laelio admirari solere dixisti1   
levis est senectus1 nec solum non       
molesta1 sed etiam iucunda4 ,quod si in 
hoc erro1 qui animos hominum immortalis 
esse credam1 libenter erro nec mihi hunc
 errorem1 quo delector1 dum vivo1       
extorqueri volo2 sin mortuus1 ut quidam 
minuti philosophi censent1 nihil        

sentiam1 non vereor ne hunc errorem meum
 philosophi mortui irrideant4 ,quod si  
non sumus immortales futuri1 tamen      
exstingui homini suo tempore optabile   
est4 ,nam habet natura1 ut aliarum      
omnium rerum1 sic vivendi modum4        
,senectus autem aetatis est peractio    
tamquam fabulae1 cuius defetigationem   
fugere debemus1 praesertim adiuncta     
satietate4  ,haec habui de senectute    
quae dicerem1 ad quam utinam veniatis1  
ut ea1 quae ex me audistis1 re experti  
probare possitis6         99       99   
99       99       99  ,,notes ,,to      
,,cato ,,maior4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,,cato ,,maior    
,,de ,,senectute 7,,cato ,,the ,,elder  
,,on ,,old ,,age74 ,,cato ,,maior was   
probably intended by ,cicero as the     
principal title4 ,he twice gives the    
work this name1 in ,laelius #d and ,att4
 #ad1 #ba1 #a4 ,in the former passage he
 adds the descriptive words1 addressed  
to ,atticus1 qui est scriptus ad te de  
senectute4 ,in a third notice1 ,de ,div4

 #b1 #c1 he gives the description       
without the title1 liber is quem ad     
nostrum ,atticum de senectute misimus4  
,it is likely that ,cicero intended the 
essay to be known as the ,,cato ,,maior 
,,de ,,senectute1 the full title        
corresponding with ,,laelius ,,de       
,,amicitia4 ,the word maior was         
necessary to distinguish the book from  
,cicero's eulogy of the younger ,cato   
7,uticensis71 which seems to have gone  
by the name of ,,cato simply4  ,p4 #a4  
-- #a4 ,o ,,tite etc43 the lines are a  
quotation from the ,annales of ,q4      
,ennius 7born at ,rudiae in ,calabria   
#bci ,b4,c41 died #afi71 an epic poem in
 hexameter verse1 the first great ,latin
 poem in that metre1 celebrating the    
achievements of the ,roman nation from  
the time of ,aeneas to the poet's own   
days4 ,the incident alluded to in       
,ennius' verses is evidently the same as
 that narrated by ,livy #cb1 cc4 #i1    
#aj4 ,titus ,quinctius ,flamininus1 who 
commanded in #aih ,b4,c4 the ,roman army

 opposed to ,philip of ,macedon1 found  
the king strongly posted on the         
mountains between ,epirus and ,thessaly4
 ,for forty days ,flamininus lingered1  
hoping to find some path which would    
give him access to the enemy's quarters4
 ,a shepherd who knew every nook of the 
mountains came before the general1 and  
promised to lead the ,roman soldiers to 
the ground above ,philip's camp4 ,this  
was done1 and ,flamininus drove the     
,macedonians into ,thessaly4 ,it is the 
shepherd who in the first line addresses
 ,flamininus by his first name ,titus4  
,cicero here cleverly applies the lines 
to his life-long friend ,titus          
,pomponius ,atticus4 ,he several times  
takes the two words ',o ,tite' to       
designate the whole treatise2 cf4 ,att4 
#af1 #aa1 #c ',o ,tite' tibi prodesse   
laetor4 -- ,,quid3 accusative of respect
 or extent2 so nihil in #cj1 aliquid in 
#hb4 ,a4#ef #bdj1 a2 ,g4 #cca1 #c2 ,h4  
#cgh1 #b4 -- ,,adi7,u,,ero3 for         
adiuvero1 the long vowel having become  

short after the falling out of the v    
between the two vowels4 ,catullus #ff1  
#ah has i7uerint at the end of a        
pentameter verse1 and the same scanning 
is found in ,plautus and ,terence4 ,a4  
#abh1 a2 ,g4 #aea1 #a2 ,h4 #bce4 --     
,,levasso3 a form of levavero1 which was
 originally levaveso4 ,for the formation
 of this class of future-perfects see   
,peile1 ,introduction to ,greek and     
,latin ,etymology1 p4 #bie1 ed4 #c2 also
 ,roby1 ,gram4 #a1 p4 #aii1 who has a   
list of examples2 he supports a         
different view from that given above2   
cf4 ,a4 #abh1 e1 #c2 ,g4 #aia1 #e2 ,h4  
#bdj1 #d4 -- ,,coquit3 'vexes4' ,this   
metaphorical use of coquere occurs in   
poetry and late prose2 cf4 ,plaut4      
,trin4 #bbe egomet me coquo et macero et
 defetigo2 ,verg4 ,aen4 #g1 #cde quam   
444 femineae ardentem curaeque iraeque  
coquebant2 ,quint4 #ab1 #aj1 #gg        
sollititudo oratorem macerat et coquit4 
-- ,,vers,a,t3 we have here the original
 quantity of the vowel preserved1 as in 

ponebat below1 #aj2 the a in versat was 
originally as long as the a in versas4  
,plautus has some parallels to this     
scanning 7see ,corssen1 ,aussprache #aa1
 #dhh71 but it is rarely imitated by    
poets of the best period4 ,horace1      
however1 has arat1 ,odes #c1 #af1 #bf4  
,a4 #cge1 g1 #e2 ,h4 #ehj1 ,,iii n4 #b4 
-- ,,praemi3 the genitive in - from     
nouns in ium only began to come into use
 at the end of the ,republic4 ,a4 #dj1  
b2 ,g4 #bi1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ea1 #e4 --   
,,isdem3 ,cicero may have written isdem 
or eisdem 7two syllables71 but he       
probably did not write the form most    
commonly found in our texts1 iisdem4 ,h4
 p4 #gd1 foot-note #b4 -- ,,flamininum3 
,t4 ,quinctius ,flaminnus first served  
against ,hannibal during the ,second    
,punic ,war4 ,he was present at the     
capture of ,tarentum in #bji ,b4 c41 and
 in #bjh was military tribune under     
,marcellus4 ,after being employed on    
minor business of state1 he became      
quaestor in #aii1 and1 immediately after

 his year of office1 consul1 passing    
over the aedileship and praetorship1 and
 attaining the consulship at the        
extraordinarily early age of #cj4 ,in   
#aig he won the victory of              
,cynoscephalae over the ,macedonians1   
which ended the war4 ,at the ,isthmian  
games in the spring of #aif ,flamininus 
made his famous proclamation of freedom 
to all the ,greeks4 ,he returned to     
,rome in #aid to enjoy a splendid       
triumph4 ,for the rest of his life was  
employed chiefly on diplomatic business 
concerning ,greece and the ,east4 ,one  
of his embassies was to ,prusias1 king  
of ,bithynia1 call on him to surrender  
,hannibal1 who was living at his court  
in advanced old age2 this led to        
,hannibal's suicide4 ,flamininus was    
censor in #ahi 7see below1 #db71 and    
lived on till some time after #afg1 in  
which year he became augur2 but the date
 of his death is unknown4 ,he was a man 
of brilliant ability both as general and
 as diplomat1 and also possessed much   

culture and was a great admirer of      
,greek literature4 -- ,,ille ,,vir etc43
 i4e4 the shepherd mentioned in n4 on   
line #a4 ,livy #cb1 ,,ii1 #d says that  
,flamininus sent to the master of the   
shepherd1 ,charopus1 an ,epirote prince1
 to ask how far he might be trusted4    
,charopus replied that ,flamininus might
 trust him1 but had better keep a close 
watch on the operations himself4 --     
,,haud ,,magna ,,cum ,,re3 'of no great 
property'2 re  re familiari1 as is often
 the case elsewhere in both verse and   
prose4 ,cf4 pro ,caelio #gh hominem sine
 re4 ,cum is literally 'attended by'2 it
 is almost superfluous here1 since vir  
haud magna re would have had just the   
same meaning4 ,madvig1 ,gram4  #beh has 
similar examples4 -- ,,plenus3 final s  
was so lightly pronounced that the older
 poets felt justified in neglecting it  
in their scanning4 ,it was probably     
scarcely pronounced at all by the less  
educated ,romans1 since it is often     
wholly omitted in inscriptions1 and has 

been lost in modern ,italian4 ,cicero1  
,orator #afa1 says that the neglect to  
pronounce final s is 'somewhat boorish' 
7subrusticum71 though formerly thought  
'very refined' 7politius74 ,even        
,lucretius sometimes disregards it in   
his scanning4 ,in the ordinary literary 
,latin a large number of words has lost 
an original s2 e4g4 all the nouns of the
 -a declension4 ,a4 #cge1 a2 ,g4 #gbb2  
,h4 #fjh1 #a1 n4 #c4 -- ,,fid,i3 this   
form of the genitive of fides is found  
also in ,plautus1 ,aulularia #ege1 and  
,lucretius #e1 #ajb4 ,fidi as genitive  
seems only to occur in late poets1 but  
as dative it is found in a fragment of  
,ennius4 ,fid as genitive occurs in     
,horace and ,ovid4 ,h4 #ehe1 ,,iii4 #a2 
,roby1 #ceg1 7c74 -- ,,quamquam3 see n4 
on #b etsi4 -- ,,sollicitari etc43      
,cicero probably has not quoted the line
 as ,ennius wrote it4 ,the word sic1 at 
least1 is evidently inserted on purpose 
to correspond with ut before            
,flamininum1 -- ,,noctesque ,,diesque3  

the use of que 444 que for et 444 et is 
almost entirely poetical1 ,sallust being
 the only prose writer of the best      
period in whose works the usage is      
beyond doubt4 ,noctes is put before dies
 here1 as in noctes diesque 7,verr4 #e1 
#aab71 noctes et dies 7,brut4 #cjh      
etc471 nodes ac dies 7,arch4 #bi72 cf4  
also ,verg4 ,aen4 #f1 #abg2 and     in  
,iliad #e1 #dij2 but the collocations   
dies noctesque1 dies et noctes are far  
commoner in ,cicero4 ,madvig 7,emend4   
,liv4 p4 #dhg n41 ed #b7 says that in   
writers of ,livy's time and earlier1    
when an action is mentioned which       
continues throughout a number of days   
and nights1 either dies et noctes and   
the like phrases are used1 or die et    
nocte and the like1 but not diem        
noctemque or diem et noctem1 which      
expression1 he says1 would imply that   
the action continued only throughout one
 day and one night4 ,but ,madvig has    
overlooked ,de ,or4 #b1 #afb eandem incu
 dem diem noctemque tundentibus2 also   

three passages of ,caesar3 viz ,bell4   
,gall4 #g1 #db1 #f and #g1 #gg1 #aa2    
,bell4 ,civ4 #a1 #fb1 #a2 to which add a
 passage in the ,bell4 ,hisp4 #ch4      
,though diem noctemque does often mean  
'throughout one day and one night' 7as  
e4g4 in ,nep4 ,them4 #h1 #g71 yet it    
would seem that the other sense cannot  
be excluded4 -- ,,moderationem 444      
,,aequitatem3 'the self-control and even
 balance of your mind'4 ,moderatio is in
 ,cic4 a common translation of 4        
,aequitas is not used here in its       
commonest sense of 'reasonableness' or  
'equity'1 but as the noun corresponding 
to aequus in the ordinary phrase aequus 
animus 7,horace1 'aequam memento rebus  
in arduis servare mentem'71 cf4 ,tusc4  
#a1 #ig hanc maximi animi aequitatem in 
ipsa morte4 said of ,theramenes'        
undisturbed composure before his        
execution4 -- ,,animi ,,tui3 for the    
position of these words between         
moderationem and aequitatem1 to both of 
which nouns they refer 7a form of speech

 called by the ,latin grammarians       
coniunctio71 see note on ,laelius #h cum
 summi viri tum amicissimi4 --          
,,cognomen3 i4e4 the name ,atticus1     
which ,cicero's friend did not inherit1 
but adopted4 ,for the word cognomen cf4 
n4 on #e4 -- ,,deportasse3 it should be 
noted that the verb deportare is nearly 
always in the best writers used of      
bringing things from the provinces to   
,italy or ,rome1 and not vice versa1 the
 ,romans using 'down' 7de7 of motion    
towards the capital4 ,italia deportare  
occurs in ,tacitus and late writers1 but
 only in the sense of banishing a person
 7cf4 ,ann #ad1 #de74 ,so decedere de   
provincia is common1 but not ,roma      
decedere4 ,as to the form deportasse1 it
 may be remarked that ,cic4 in the vast 
majority of instances uses the          
contracted and not the full forms of the
 infinitives corresponding to perfects  
in -avi4 ,so putassent in #d4 ,an       
extensive collection of examples of this
 and similar contractions may be found  

in ,frohwein1 ,die ,perfectbildungen auf
 -vi bei ,cicero2 ,gera1 #ahgd4 --      
,,humanitatem3 'culture'1 i4e4 learning 
resulting in gentleness and refinement  
of character4 -- ,,prudentiam3  or      
practical wisdom4 ,corn4 ,nepos 7or his 
imitator7 in his life of ,atticus #ag1  
#c says of him principum philosophorum  
ita percepta habuit praecepta ut his ad 
vitam agendam non ad ostentationem      
uteretur4 -- ,,isdem ,,rebus3 i4e4 the  
state of public affairs at the time1 see
 ,introd4 -- ,,quibus ,,me ,,ipsum3     
strictly speaking the construction is   
inaccurate1 since suspicor commoveri    
must be supplied1 and ,cicero does not  
really mean to say that he merely       
conjectures himself to be seriously     
affected by the state of public affairs2
 ego ipse commoveor would have          
accurately expressed his meaning4 ,the  
accusative is due to the attraction of  
te above4 -- ,,maior3  difficilior as   
often2 e4g4 ,lael4 #bi quod maius est4  
-- ,,visum ,,est ,,mihi ,,conscribere3  

placuit mihi1 ',i have determined to    
write'4 ,the best writers rarely use the
 impersonal videtur etc4 followed by an 
infinitive4 ,when the usage occurs      
videtur mihi etc4 generally have the    
meaning 7as here7 of   444  ',i have    
made up my mind'4 ,cf4 ,tusc4 #e1 #ab   
,non mihi videtur ad beate vivendum     
satis posse virtutem2 ib4 #e1 #bb 7a    
curious passage7 mihi enim non videbatur
 quisquam esse beatus posse cum esset in
 malis2 in malis autem sapientem esse   
posse2 ,off4 #c1 #ga malitia quae volt  
illa quidem videri se esse prudentiam   
7'craft which desires that people should
 believe it to be wisdom'72 ,liv4 #a1   
#aj1 #g dis visum nec irritam conditoris
 templi vocem esse 444 7'the gods       
decided that the word of the founder of 
the shrine should not remain of no      
effect'74 ,it would be difficult1 if not
 impossible1 to find a passage in a     
writer before silver ,latin times where 
the best texts still exhibit anything   
like videtur eum facere for is videtur  

facere4 ,h #ecd1 #a1 n4 #a2 ,roby1      
#acec4 -- ,,aliquid ,,ad ,,te3 'some    
work dedicated to you'2 so below1 #c2   
cf4 also ,lael4 #d ut de amicitia       
scriberem aliquid2 ib4 ,catone maiore   
qui est scriptus ad te de senectute2    
,div4 #b1 #c liber is quem ad nostrum   
,atticum de senectute misimus4  #b4     
,,aut 444 ,,aut ,,certe3 so often in    
,cic42 certe1 'at any rate'4 --         
,,senectutis3 at the time the words were
 written ,cic4 was #fb years old1       
,atticus three years older4 ,for the    
meaning of senectus see n4 on #d4 --    
,,levari ,,volo3 the best ,latin writers
 frequently use the passive infinitive  
after verbs expressing desire1 where    
moderns would incline to the active2    
here ,cic4 instead of saying ',i wish to
 relieve yourself and me of the burden' 
says ',i wish yourself and me to be     
relieved'4 -- ,,etsi3   'and yet'4 ,this
 use of etsi to introduce a clause      
correcting the preceding clause1 though 
not uncommon 7e4g4 below #bi2 ,tusc4 #a1

 #ii2 #c1 #ag2 #d1 #fc2 #e1 #ee71 is far
 less common than that of quamquam1     
which we have in #a1 #i1 #aj1 #bd1 #dg1 
#fg1 #fi4 -- ,,te ,,quidem3 'you at all 
events'1 'you for one'4 -- ,,modice ,,ac
 ,,sapienter3 modice recalls            
moderationem above 7modice and moderate 
are used with exactly the same sense by 
,cic471 while sapienter recalls         
aequitatem1 since sapientia produces    
stability and an even balance of the    
mind4 ,in ,de ,or4 #a1 #acb we have     
modice et scienter4 -- ,,sicut ,,omnia3 
cf4 ,fin4 #a1 #g facete is quidem sicut 
alia2 also below1 #fe sicut alia4 --    
,,et ,,ferre ,,et ,,laturum ,,esse3     
,tischer rightly remarks that when a    
verb is repeated thus with a variation  
of tense ,cic4 very nearly always uses  
et 444 et1 and not a single et merely4  
,the contrast between the two tenses is 
thus made more pointed4 ,cf4 #c et      
diximus et dicemus4 -- ,,certo ,,scio3  
one of the best ,,mss41 followed by some
 editors1 has here certe scio4 ,the     

latter phrase would mean ',i am sure    
that ,i know' 7a sense which seems out  
of place here72 the former ',i have     
certain or sure knowledge'4 ,observe    
that certe may be used with all verbs1  
while certo is only used with scire4 ,a4
 #aea1 c4 -- ,,sed3 the idea implied is1
 'but though ,i well know you do not    
need such consolation1 ,i have yet      
resolved to address my book to you'4 -- 
,,occurrebas ,,dignus3 a condensed      
construction for occurrebat te digmim   
esse4  ,p4 #b4 -- ,,munere 444          
,,uteretur3 'a gift such as we both     
might make use of in company'4 -- ,,mihi
 ,,quidem3 this forms a correction upon 
uterque nostrum above3 'whatever you may
 think of the work1 ,i at least have    
found the writing of it pleasant'4 --   
,,confectio3 'composition'2             
'completion'2 a word scarcely found in  
the classical ,latin except in ,cicero's
 writings4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #b1 #eb        
annalium confectio2 pro4 ,font4 #c      
confectio tabularum 7'account-books'74  

-- ,,fuit ,,ut ,,absterserit3 the       
sequence of tenses fuit ut abstergeret  
would have been equally admissible1 but 
the meaning would have been slightly    
different4 ,with the perfect the sense  
is 'was so pleasant that it has wiped   
away'2 with the imperfect 'was so       
pleasant that it did 7while ,i was      
writing7 wipe away'4 ,the metaphor in   
absterserit is common3 e4g4 ,tusc4 #c1  
#dc luctum omnem absterseris4 ,with this
 statement of ,cicero's concerning the  
effect the work had on himself contrast 
,att4 #ad1 #ba1 #c legendus mihi saepius
 est ,cato maior ad te missus4          
,amariorem enim me senectus facit4      
,stomachor omnia4 -- ,,omnis3 acc4 pl4  
,a4 #ee1 c2 ,g4 #fj1 #a2 ,h4 #fg4 --    
,,effecerit ,,mollem3 so #ef poteratne  
tantus animus efficere non iucundam     
senectutem2 but #ef conditiora facit    
haec aucupium4 ,efficio gives more      
emphatically than facio the idea of the 
completion of the action4 ,cf4 ,lael4   
#gc efficere aliquem consulem1 'to carry

 through a man's election as consul'2   
facere aliquem consulem being merely 'to
 vote for a man's election to the       
consulship'4 -- ,,satis ,,digne3 'as she
 deserves'1 lit4 'in a sufficiently     
worthy manner4' ,some editors have      
thought digne superfluous and wished to 
cast it out but we have satis digne     
elsewhere1 as in ,verr4 ,act4 ,,ii4 #a1 
#hb2 cf4 also ,sex4 ,rosc4 #cc pro      
dignitate laudare satis commode4 --     
,,qui ,,pareat 444 ,,degere3 a          
conditional sentence of irregular form  
7qui  siquis2 cui simply connective1  et
 ei74 ,cf4 ,div4 #a1 #abg qui enim      
teneat causas rerum futurarum1 idem     
necesse est omnia teneat quae futura    
sint2 also the examples in ,roby's      
,grammar1 #aeeh4 ,a4 #caj1 a1 #cjg1 b2  
,g4 #eid1 #a1 #eih2 ,h4 #ejg1 ,,ii4 and 
,,iii4 #b4 ,some1 however1 make possit a
 subjunctive of characteristic or of    
cause with cui1 and pareat a subjunctive
 by attraction4 -- ,,omne ,,tempus      
,,aetatis3 'every season of life'2 so in

 #ee extremum tempus aetatis2 #gj breve 
tempus aetatis4 ,the opposite phrase    
aetas temporis is very rare2 it occurs  
in ,propertius #a1 #d1 #g4  #c4         
,,ceteris3 neuter adjective used as a   
noun1 equivalent to ceteris rebus 'the  
other matters'2 i4e4 the political      
troubles hinted at above4 ,the best     
writers do not often use the neuter     
adjective as noun in the oblique cases  
unless there is something in the context
 to show the gender clearly1 as in #bd  
aliis 444 eis quae2 we have1 however1   
below in #h1 isto  ista re2 #gb1        
reliquum2 #gg1 caelestium  rerum        
caelestium2 and in #gh1 praeteritorum   
futurorumque2 see other instances in n4 
on ,lael4 #ej similium4 ,the proleptic  
or anticipatory use of ceteris should   
also be noticed2 its sense is not fully 
seen till we come to hunc librum2 the   
same use occurs below in #d1 #e1 #ei1   
#fj2 so aliis in #bd2 cf4 also n4 on    
,lael4 #g reliqua4 -- ,,diximus 444     
,,dicemus3 when a clause or phrase      

consists of four parts1 which go in     
pairs 7as here diximus1 dicemus on one  
side1 and multa1 saepe on the other71   
the ,latins frequently arrange the words
 so as to put one pair between the two  
members of the other pair1 as here4     
,this usage is called by grammarians    
chiasmus4 ,thus if we denote the four   
parts by ,,aa' ,,bb'1 chiasmus requires 
the order ,,abb',a' or ,,baa',b'4 ,see  
examples in #h1 #bj1 #bb1 #ch1 #dd1 #ga4
 ,for the more complicated forms of     
chiasmus consult ,ngelsbach1 ,stil4     
#afg1 #afi4 ,a4 #cdd1 f2 ,g4 #fhd2 ,h4  
#efb4 -- ,,librum 444 ,,misimus3 observe
 the omission of a particle at the      
beginning of the clause2 the contrast   
between ceteris and hunc librum is made 
stronger by the omission4 ,for this     
asyndeton adversativum see n4 on ,lael4 
#e ,laelium 444 putes4 ,for tense of    
misimus1 ',i send' see ,a4 #bhb2 ,g4    
#bdd1 ,h4 #dgb1 #a4 -- ,,omnem3 see n4  
on #fb4 -- ,,tribuimus3 perfect tense   
like misimus4 -- ,,tithono 444 ,,aristo3

 see ,introd4 -- ,,cius3 ,greek  7a     
native of ,ceos71 not to be confused    
with  7a native of ,chios71 or  7a      
native of ,cos74 ,cicero generally      
denotes the ,greek diphthong  by i not  
e4 ,this ,aristo was a ,peripatetic4 -- 
,,parum 444 ,,auctoritatis3 observe how 
often ,cicero takes trouble to separate 
words which are1 grammatically1 closely 
connected4 ,so above1 omnis 444         
molestias2 #g multorum 444 senectutem2  
#i mirificos 444 fructus2 #ba civium 444
 nomina2 #cc minus 444 virium2 #ec multo
 444 fecundior2 etc4 etc4 ,see also n4  
on #ae quam sit iusta4 ,a4 #cdd1 c1 d1  
e2 ,h4 #efa1 ,,iii4 -- ,,esset3         
condition omitted4 ,a4 #caa2 ,g4 #fjb2  
,h4 #eaj4 -- ,,maiorem ,,auctoritatem3  
cf4 ,lael4 #d4 -- ,,apud ,,quem3 'at    
whose house'2 so #ee a me1 'from my     
house'4 ,a4 #aec2 ,g4 #dag2 ,h4 #ddf1 n4
 #d4 -- ,,laelium 444 ,,scipionem3 see  
,introd4 -- ,,facimus ,,admirantis3 'we 
represent as expressing astonishment'4  
,for facere1 in this sense1 ,cic4 more  

often uses inducere 'to bring on the    
stage'1 as in ,lael4 #d ,catonem induxi 
senem disputantem4 ,cf4 however #ed     
,homerus ,laerten colentem agrum facit2 
also ,brut4 #bah2 ,orat4 #he4 ,instead  
of facimus we might have expected either
 fecimus to correspond with misimus and 
tribuimus above1 or faciemus to         
correspond with videbitur below4 ,on the
 use of the participle see ,a4 #bib1 q2 
,g4 #ecf2 ,h #ece1 ,i4 #d4 --           
,,eruditius ,,disputare3 ,cic4 not      
infrequently in his dialogues makes     
people talk with more learning than they
 really possessed4 ,he several times    
confesses this as regards ,lucullus and 
,catulus in the ,academica1 and as      
regards ,antonius in the ,de ,oratore4  
-- ,,ferat3 subjunctive because         
embodying the sentiment of ,laelius and 
,scipio4 ,roby1 #agdd2 ,madvig1 #ceg2   
,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 -- ,,suis ,,libris etc43
 for the allusions here to ,cato's life1
 works1 and opinions see ,introd4 --    
,,quid ,,opus ,,est ,,plura8 sc4 dicere4

 cf4 the elliptic phrases quid multa8   
sc4 dicam in #gh2 also below1 #aj       
praeclare4 ,a #bjf1 c2 ,h4 #cfh1 #c1 n4 
#b4  #d4 ,,saepe ,,numero ,,soleo3 'it  
is my frequent custom'4 ,numero is      
literally 'by the count or reckoning'1  
and in saepe numero had originally the  
same force as in quadraginta numero and 
the like2 but the phrase came to be used
 merely as a slight strengthening of    
saepe4 -- ,,cum ,,hoc 444 ,,cum         
,,ceterarum3 the use of cum in different
 senses in the same clause1 which seems 
awkward1 is not uncommon2 cf4 below1    
#fg4 ,the spelling quum was certainly   
not used by ,cicero1 and probably by no 
other ,latin writer of the best period4 
,h4 #caa1 foot-note #d4 ,it is worth    
remarking that cum the conjunction and  
cum the preposition1 though spelt alike1
 are by origin quite distinct4 ,the     
former is derived from the pronominal   
stem ka or kva1 and is cognate with qui2
 the latter comes from the root sak 'to 
follow'1 and is cognate with ,gk4 1 ,lat

 sequor1 etc4 ,see ,vanicek1            
,etymologisches ,worterbuch1 pp4 #if1   
#ihd4 -- ,,rerum 444 ,,sapientiam3      
'wisdom in affairs'2 the objective      
genitive -- ,,excellentem3 in sense much
 stronger than our 'excellent'2         
excellentem perfectamque 'pre-eminent   
and indeed faultless'4 -- ,,quod 444    
,,senserim3 this clause takes the place 
of an object to admirari4 ,the          
subjunctive is used because the speaker 
reports his own reason for the wonder1  
formerly felt1 as if according to the   
views of another person1 and without    
affirming his holding the same view at  
the time of speaking4 ,madvig1 #ceg1 a1 
,obs4 #a4 ,a #cda1 d1 ,rem4 -- ,,odiosa3
 this word is not so strong as our      
'hateful'1 but rather means 'wearisome'1
 'annoying'4 ,in ,plautus the frequent  
expression odiosus es means1 in         
colloquial ,english1 'you bore me'4 ,cf4
 #dg odiosum et molestum2 #fe odiosa    
offensio4 -- ,,onus ,,aetna ,,gravius3 a
 proverbial expression with an allusion 

to ,enceladus1 who1 after the defeat of 
the ,giants by ,juppiter1 was said to   
have been imprisoned under ,mt4 ,aetna4 
,cf4 ,eurip4 ,hercules ,furens1 #fcg2   
also ,longfellow's poem1 ,enceladus4 -- 
,,haud ,,sane ,,difficilem3 'surely far 
from difficult'2 cf4 #hc haud sane      
facile4 -- ,,quibus3 a dativus commodi1 
'those for whom there is no aid in      
themselves'4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #gi quibus in  
ipsis4 -- ,,bene ,,beateque ,,vivendum3 
'a virtuous and happy life'2 'virtue and
 happiness'2 so bene honesteque below1  
#gj4 -- ,,qui 444 ,,petunt3 these are   
the 1 men sufficient for themselves1 'in
 se toti teretes atque rotundi'4 ,we    
have here a reminiscence of the ,stoic  
doctrine about the wise man1 whose      
happiness is quite independent of       
everything outside himself1 and is      
caused solely by his own virtue4 ,cicero
 represents the same ,stoic theory in   
,lael4 #g4 ,cf4 ,juv4 ,sat4 #aj1        
#ceg-cfb2 also ,seneca1 ,de ,cons4 ,sap4
 ,,viii1 ,de ,prov4 ,i4 #e4 -- ,a ,,se  

,,ipsi3 'themselves from themselves1' so
 in #gh se ipse moveat 444 se ipse      
relucturus sit2 #hd me ipse consolabar4 
,expressions like a se ipsis are quite  
uncommon in ,cicero4 ,cf4 n4 on ,lael4  
#e te ipse cognosces2 also see below1   
#ch se ipsa #gh se ipse4 -- ,,naturae   
,,necessitas3 'the inevitable conditions
 of nature4' ,cf4 #ga quid est tam      
secundum naturam quam senibus emori8 -- 
,,afferat3 subjunctive because nihil    
quod  nihil tale ut4 ,a #cbj1 a2 ,g4    
#fcc1 #fcd2 ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 -- ,,quo ,,in 
,,genere3 sc4 rerum2 with this phrase   
the defining genitive is commonly       
omitted by ,cicero4 ,so below1 #de in eo
 genere4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,adeptam3 notice  
the chiasmus4 -- ,,eandem3 idem is used 
in the same way1 to mark an emphatic    
contrast in #bd1 #eb1 #fh1 #ga4 --      
,,adeptam3 this is probably the only    
example in ,cicero of the passive use of
 adeptus1 which occurs in ,sallust1     
,ovid1 ,tacitus1 etc42 and in this      
passage the use cannot be looked on as  

certain1 since one of the very best and 
several of the inferior ,,mss4 read     
adepti4 ,cicero1 however1 uses a good   
many deponent participles in a passive  
sense 7cf4 below1 #ei dimensa2 #gd      
meditatum2 see also a list1 ,roby1      
#gcd71 and some of them occur very      
rarely4 ,thus periclitatus1 arbitratus1 
depastus as passives are found each in  
only one passage4 -- ,,inconstantia3    
'instability'1 'inconsistency'4         
,constantia1 unwavering firmness and    
consistency1 is the characteristic of   
the wise man2 cf4 ,acad4 #b1 #bc        
sapientia 444 quae ex sese habeat       
constantiam2 also ,lael4 #h and #fd4    
,p4 #c4 -- ,,aiunt3 sc4 stulti4 --      
,,putassent3 the subjunctive is due to  
the indirect discourse4 ,where we say   
',i should not have thought1' the       
,latins say1 in direct narration1 'non  
putaram1' i4e4 ',i never had thought'   
7so ,off4 #a1 #ha and often in ,cicero's
 letters74 ,translate1 'more quickly    
than they had ever expected'4 ,cf4 ,att4

 #f1 #a1 #f accipiam equidem dolorem    
mihi ilium irasci sed multo maiorem non 
esse eum talem qualem putassem4 ,see    
,zumpt1 ,gram41 #eah4 -- ,,falsum       
,,putare3 'to form a mistaken judgment'4
 ,for falsum as noun equivalent to 1 cf4
 #f gratissimum2 also n4 on #c ceteris4 
-- ,,qui ,,citius3 lit4 'in what way    
quicker'2 cf4 ,tusc4 #e1 #hi qui melius4
 ,h4 #ahh1 ,,ii4 #b4 -- ,,adulescentia  
444 ,,senectus 444 ,,pueritia3 babyhood 
was generally at ,rome supposed to last 
till the #agth year 7the time for       
assuming the toga virilis and for       
beginning military service74 ,iuventus  
is usually the age from #ag to #de1     
during which men were liable to be      
called on for active service4           
,ordinarily1 in colloquial language1    
adulescentia is the earlier portion of  
iuventus1 say the years from #ag to #cj 
7cf4 #cc71 but ,cicero seems here to    
make adulescentia co-extensive with     
iuventus4 ,from #de to #fj is the aetas 
seniorum1 the period during which       

citizens in early ,rome might be called 
out for the defence of the city1 but not
 for active service4 ,senectus was      
commonly reckoned as beginning at #fj2  
but in  #fj ,cicero includes in senectus
 the aetas seniorum1 and probably       
intended to include it here4 ,in ,tusc4 
#a1 #cd ,cic4 reckons three ages        
pueritia adulescentia senectus as here2 
below in #gd1 four periods1 or five4 -- 
,,quamvis3  quantumvis4 --              
,,effluxisset3 subjunctive because the  
mood of posset1 to which it stands in   
subordinate relation ,cum here is purely
 temporal4 ,see ,roby1 #aggh2 ,a4 #cdb2 
,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 -- ,,posset3  
see n4 on esset above1 #c4  #e4 ,,si 444
 ,,soletis 444 ,,sumus3 the apodosis and
 protasis do not exactly correspond2 the
 sense really required is 'if that      
wisdom for which you admire me does     
exist1 it lies in this'1 etc4 --        
,,utinam 444 ,,esset3 esset here gives a
 greater appearance of modesty than     
would been expressed by sit3 'would it  

were1 as it certainly is not'4 ,a4 #bfg2
 ,g4 #bec2 ,h4 #dhc1 #b4 -- ,,cognomine3
 ,cato bore the title sapiens1 even in  
his lifetime2 see ,introd4 ,cognomen is 
used in good ,latin to denote both the  
family name and the acquired by-name2 in
 late ,latin this latter is denoted by  
agnomen4 -- ,,in ,,hoc ,,sapientes3 but 
above1 #d rerum sapientiam1 not in      
rebus4 ,the genitive construction is not
 found with sapiens used as noun or     
adjective till late ,latin times4 --    
,,naturam ,,ducem etc43 ,cato's claim to
 the title of sapiens does not rest on  
any deep knowledge of philosophy1 but on
 practical wisdom or common sense and   
experience in affairs4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #f   
and #ai4 ,in this passage ,cicero has   
put into ,cato's mouth phrases borrowed 
from the ,stoic philosophy1 which       
declared the life of virtue to be life  
in accordance with nature 7naturae      
convenienter vivere or    74 ,cf4 #ga1  
n4 on secundum naturam4 -- ,,tamquam    
,,deum3 observe deum not deam1 because  

nature is compared with1 and not        
identified with1 a divine being4 ,cf4   
,fin4 #e1 #dc eam 7rationem7 quasi deum 
ducem subsequens4 -- ,,aetatis3 here    
vitae1 life as a whole4 ,cf4 #b omne    
tempus aetatis and n42 also #ac aetatis 
444 senectus2 #cc1 #fd1 #hb4 --         
,,descriptae3 'composed'2 literally     
'written out'4 ,the reading discriptae1 
which many editions give1 does not so   
well suit the passage4 ,discribere is to
 map out1 plan1 arrange1 put in order   
7see #ei discripta and discriptio72 the 
point here lies1 however1 not in the due
 arrangement of the different scenes of 
a play1 but in the careful working out  
of each scene4 ,ab ea must be supplied  
after descriptae from a qua above4 --   
,,actum3 the common comparison of life  
with a drama is also found in #fd1 #gj1 
#he4 -- ,,inerti3 the sense of          
'ignorant' 'inartistic' 7in1 ars71 has  
been given to this by some editors 7cf4 
,hor4 ,ep4 #b1 #b1 #abf praetulerim     
scriptor delirus inersque videri1 and   

,cic4 ,fin4 #b1 #aae artes1 quibus qui  
carebant1 inertes a maioribus           
nominabantur71 but the meaning          
'inactive'1 'lazy'1 'slovenly' seems to 
suit neglectum better4 -- ,,poeta3      
nature is here the dramatist1 the drama 
is life1 the actors are human beings4 --
 ,,sed ,,tamen etc43 'but for all that  
it was inevitable that there should be  
something with the nature of an end'4   
,so #fi in quo est aliquid extremum1 #dc
 aliquid pulchrum4 -- ,,arborum ,,bacis3
 the word baca 7the spelling bacca has  
little or no authority7 is applied to   
all fruits growing on bushes or trees1  
cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #ca arbores seret        
diligens agricola1 quarum aspiciet bacam
 ipse numquam -- ,,terraeque            
,,fructibus3 here  cereals1 roots1      
vegetables and small fruits4 ,no sharp  
distinction can be drawn between fruges 
and fructus 7e4g4 in ,div4 #a1 #aaf we  
have fruges terrae bacasve arborum7     
though fructus as commonly used is the  
more general word of the two4 --        

,,maturitate ,,caducum3 'a time of      
senility1 so to speak and readiness to  
drop1 that comes of a seasonable        
ripeness'4 ,vietus is literally         
'twisted' or bent'1 being originally the
 passive participle of viere4 ,the      
comparison of old age with the ripeness 
of fruit recurs in #ga4 ,cf4 ,plin4 ,ep4
 #e1 #ad1 #e non tam aetatis maturitate 
quam vitae4 -- ,,ferundum3 the form in  
undus is archaic1 and generally used by 
,cic4 in quoting or imitating passages  
of laws1 sacred formulae1 and the like4 
,h4 #bci4 -- ,,molliter3 here 'gently'1 
'with resignation'1 though molliter     
ferre often has another meaning1 viz4 to
 bear pain or trouble in an unmanly     
fashion4 ,cf4 facillime ferre below4 -- 
,,quid ,,est ,,aliud etc4 ,the words    
perhaps imply the rationalistic         
explanation of myths which the ,greeks  
had begun to teach to the ,romans during
 ,cato's lifetime4 ,trans 'what else but
 resistance to nature is equivalent to  
warring against the gods1 and not 'what 

else does warring with the gods mean but
 to resist nature4' ,in comparisons of  
this sort the ,latins generally put the 
things compared in a different order    
from that required by ,english idiom4   
,thus in ,div4 #b1 #gh quid est aliud   
nolle moneri a ,iove nisi efficere ut   
aut ne fieri possit auspicium aut1 si   
fiat1 videri1 ,s4 ,rosc4 #ed quid est   
aliud iudicio ac legibus ac maiestate   
vestra abuti ad quaestum ac libidinem   
nisi hoc modo accusare4 ,phil4 #a1 #bb1 
#b1 #g1 #e1 #e1 #aj1 #e4 -- ,,gigantum  
,,modo3 see n4 on #d ,aetna gravius --  
,,dis3 for the form dis see n4 on #be4  
#f4 ,,atqui3 in the best ,latin atqui   
does not introduce a statement          
contradicting the preceding statement1  
but one that supplements it4 ,here it   
may be translated ',true1 but'4 ,cf4    
#ff1 #ha4 -- ,,gratissimum3 equivalent  
to rem gratissimam4 ,with the thought   
cf4 ,rep4 #a1 #cd gratum feceris si     
explicaris4 ,lael4 #af pergratum feceris
 si disputaris -- ,,ut ,,pollicear3 so  

,acad4 #a1 #cc nos vero volumus ut pro  
,attico respondeam4 ,brut4 #abb nobis   
vero placet1 ut pro ,bruto etiam        
respondeam2 ,lael4 #cb tu vero perge1   
pro hoc enim respondeo ,a #cag1 c1 ,h   
#dii1 #b1 n4 -- ,,senes ,,fieri3 if the 
infinitive had depended on speramus     
alone and volumus had not intervened1   
,cicero would probably have written nos 
futuros esse senes4 -- ,,multo ,,ante3  
sc4 quam id factum erit so ,balb4 #da re
 denique multo ante 7sc4 quam factum    
est7 audita1 and very often in ,cicero4 
-- ,,didicerimus3 as this corresponds   
with feceris1it would have been formally
 correct to write here nos docueris --  
,,quibus ,,possimus3 'what              
considerations will enable us most      
easily to support the growing burden of 
age'4 -- ,,futurum ,,est3    this form  
of the future is used in preference to  
the simple erit because it is desired to
 represent the event as on the very     
point of fulfilment1 and therefore sure 
of fulfilment4 ,erit would have implied 

much less certainty4 ,trans4 ',i will do
 so if my action is going to give you   
pleasure' ,cf4 #fg beatus futurus sum1  
also #ha1 #he4 ,see ,roby1 #adid4 --    
,,nisi ,,molestum ,,est3#c a common     
expression of courtesy1 like #ae nisi   
alienum putas1 si placet1 cf4 ,hor4     
,sat4 #b1 #h1 #d si grave non est4 --   
,,tamquam ,,longam ,,viam3 ,cicero here 
puts into ,laelius' mouth almost the    
very words addressed by ,socrates to the
 aged ,cephalus in the introduction to  
,plato's ,republic1 #cbh ,e4 ,observe   
the succession of similar sounds in     
tamquam1 aliquam1 longam1 viam4 --      
,,viam ,,confeceris3 so pro ,quint4 #gi 
conficere ,,dcc milia passuum1 conficere
 iter a common phrase4 ,for mood see ,a 
#cab1 ,g #fjd1 ,h #eac1 ,,ii4 -- ,,quam 
444 ,,ingrediundum ,,sit3 this          
construction1 the neuter of the         
gerundive with est followed by an       
accusative case1 is exceedingly rare    
excepting in two writers1 ,lucretius and
 ,varro4 ,see the full list of examples 

given by ,roby1 ,gram41 ,pref4 to vol4  
#b1 p4 ,,lxxii4 ,a #bid1 c1 ,h #cga1 ,i4
 #b1 #b1 n4 ,the best texts of ,cicero  
now give only one example of a          
construction at all resembling this1    
viz4 pro ,scauro #ac obliviscendum vobis
 putatis matrum in liberos1 virorum in  
uxores scelera8 ,the supposition of some
 scholars1 that in this passage ,cic4   
used the construction in imitation of   
the archaic style of ,cato1 is not      
likely to be true1 seeing that in       
,cato's extant works the construction   
does not once occur4 ,for the form undum
 see n4 on #e ferundum4 -- ,,istuc not  
adverb1 but neuter pronoun1 as in #h4   
,the kind of construction1 istuc videre 
quale sit for videre quale istuc sit1 is
 especially common in ,cicero4  #g4     
,,faciam ,,ut ,,potero3 ',i will do it  
as well as ,i can4' ,observe the future 
potero where ,english idiom would       
require a present4 ,so ,rep4 #a1 #ch hic
 ,scipio1 faciam quod voltis1 ut potero4
 -- ,,saepe ,,enim3 enim introduces a   

reason1 not for the words ut potero1 but
 for faciam -- ',i will grant your      
request because ,i have often heard     
complaints about old age and therefore  
have thought of the matter'4 -- ,,pares 
,,autem etc43 parenthetical4 -- ,,vetere
 ,,proverbio3 the saying is as old as   
,homer1 ,od4 #ag1 #bah as         2 cf4 
also ,plat41 ,rep4 #cbi ,a1 ,symp4 #aie 
,b1 ,phaedr4 #bdj ,c4  ,p4 #d4 --       
,,facillime3 'most cheerfully'1 'most   
eagerly'2 a common meaning of the word  
in ,cic41 e4g4 ,fam4 #b1 #af1 #b in     
maritimis facillime sum1 i4e4 ',i find  
most pleasure in staying by the sea'4 --
 ,,quae3 a kind of explanation of       
querellis3 -- 'lamentations1 viz4 such  
utterances as' etc42 see n4 on ,lael4   
#ad quae2 cf4 ,fam4 #b1 #h1 #b          
sermonibus de re publica 444 quae nec   
possunt scribi nec scribenda sunt4 ,a4  
#aii1 b2 ,g4 #faf1 #c1 ,i42 ,h4 #dde1   
#e4 -- ,c4 ,,salinator3 probably ,c4    
,livius ,salinator1 praetor in #aia     
,b4,c4 7,livy #ce1 #bd71 who was        

entrusted with the equipment of the     
,roman fleets during the war against    
,antiochus4 ,he was born about #bcj1 and
 was therefore a little younger than    
,cato2 cf4 fere aequales below4         
,salinator was consul in #ahh1 and died 
in #agj4 ,for the name ,salinator cf4 n4
 on #aa4 -- ,,sp4 ,,albinus3 ,sp4       
,postumius ,albinus was consul in #ahf1 
and was with his colleague appointed to 
investigate the great ,bacchanalian     
conspiracy of that year 7,livy #ci1     
,,cc4 #a seq474 ,albinus died in #ahj4  
,he was probably a little younger than  
,salinator4 ,he can scarcely have been  
fifty years of age at his death4 --     
,,tum 444 ,,tum3 'now 444 again'2 so in 
#de4 -- ,,carerent3 see n4 on #c ferat4 
-- ,,vitam ,,nullam ,,putarent3 'they   
considered life to be not life at all'4 
,for vitam nullam cf4 ,lael4 #hf sine   
amicitia vitam esse nullam2 also the    
,greek phrase  2 and below1 #gg vitam   
quae est sola vita nominanda2 also #hb4 
,a4 #bci2 ,h4 #cgc1 #a1 n4 #b4 ,putarent

  'thought1 as they said'4 -- ,,id      
,,quod ,,esset ,,accusandum3 the        
subjunctive esset is used because a     
class of things is referred to1 'nothing
 of a nature to deserve complaint'2 id  
quod erat1 etc4 would have meant merely 
'that one thing which was matter for    
complaint'4 ,a4 #cbj2 ,g4 #fcd1 ,rem4   
#a2 ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 -- ,,usu ,,venirent3  
the phrase usu venire differs very      
little in meaning from accidere4 ,usu is
 commonly explained as an ablative 7'in 
practice'1 'in experience'71 but is     
quite as likely to be a dative of the   
sort generally called predicative 7'to  
come as matter of experience'72 cf4     
,verg4 ,aen4 #a1 #bb venire excidio2    
,plin4 ,n4,h4 #bh1 #ajf odio2 ,caes4    
,b4,g4 #e1 #bg subsidio4 -- ,,quorum 444
 ,,multorum3 the first genitive is      
dependent on the second1 so that quorum 
e quibus4 ,notice the separation of     
quorum from multorum and of multorum    
from senectutem4 -- ,,sine ,,querella3  
attribute of senectutem4 ,a4 #bag1      

,rem42 ,h4 #cei1 n4 #a1 #d71 and n4 #c4 
,this form of attributive phrase1       
consisting of a preposition with a noun1
 is common2 cf4 #bd ex agro ,sabino     
rusticos ,romanos2 #dj cum hostibus     
clandestina colloquia4 ,querella is     
better spelling than querela4 ,see      
,roby1 #agg1 #b4 -- ,,qui3 'men of such 
nature as to 444'4 -- ,,et 444 ,,nec3   
,roby #bbda4 ,the reason for the        
departure from the ordinary sequence of 
particles lies in the words non moleste4
 ,nec 444et  is common2 see #ea1 #ec4 --
 ,,libidinum ,,vinculis etc43 ,cic4 is  
here thinking of the conversation       
between ,socrates and ,cephalus in      
,plato1 ,rep4 #cbi ,d1 for which see    
,introd4 -- ,,moderati3                 
'self-controlled'2 cf4 n4 on #a         
moderationem2 difficiles1 'peevish'2    
inhumani1 'unkindly'2 importunitas1     
'perversity'4 ,importunitas seems to be 
used as the substantive corresponding in
 sense with the adjective difficilis4   
,difficultas1 in the sense of           

'peevishness'1 probably occurs only in  
,mur4 #ai4  #h4 ,,dixerit ,,quispiam3   
'some one will say presently'2 a gentle 
way of introducing one's own objection4 
,the mood of dixerit is probably        
indicative1 not subjunctive2 see the    
thorough discussion in ,roby1 ,gram41   
,vol4 #b1 ,pref41 p4 ,,civ4 et seq4 --  
,,opes ,,et ,,copias3 'resources and    
means'4 ,opes has a wider meaning than  
copias 7mere material wealth7 and       
includes all sources of power1          
influence1 and authority as well as     
wealth4 ,thus in ,lael4 #bb the end of  
divitiae is said to be enjoyment2 of    
opes1 worship 7opes ut colare74         
,dignitas is social position4 -- ,,id3  
remark the singular pronoun1 which      
indicates that the preceding clause is  
now taken as conveying one idea4 ,trans4
 'such fortune'4 -- ,,contingere3 'to   
fall to one's lot' is the phrase in     
,english which most closely represents  
contingere4 ,this verb is not1 as is    
often assumed1 used merely of good      

fortune2 it implies in itself nothing   
concerning the character of events1     
whether they be good or bad1 but simply 
that the events take place naturally and
 were to be expected4 ,see n4 on ,lael4 
#h1 where the word is distinctly used in
 connection with bad fortune1 as it is1 
strikingly1 in #ga below4 -- ,,est 444  
,,omnia3 'your statement indeed amounts 
to something1 but it by no means        
comprises every consideration'4 ,the    
phrase esse aliquid1 'to be of some     
importance'1 is often used by ,cic4 both
 of things and of persons2 cf4 ,tusc4   
#e1 #ajd eos aliquid esse1 also n4 on   
#ag nihil afferunt4 ,so esse aliquis of 
persons1 as in the well-known passage of
 ,iuvenal1 #a1 #gb aude aliquid brevibus
 ,gyaris et carcere dignum si vis esse  
aliquis4 ,for the general sense cf4     
,tusc4 #c1 #eb est id quidem magnum1 sed
 non sunt in hoc omnia2 so ,de ,or4 #b1 
#bae2 ib4 #c1 #bba2 ,leg4 #b1 #bd in quo
 sunt omnia4 -- ,,isto3 the use of the  
neuter pronoun in the oblique case as   

substantive is noticeable4 --           
,,themistocles ,,etc43 ,cicero borrows  
the story from ,plato 7,rep4 #cbi ,e et 
seq471 but it was first told by         
,herodotus1 #h1 #abe who gave a somewhat
 different version4 ,themistocles had   
received great honors at ,sparta when   
,athenian ambassador there2 an envious  
man declaring that the honors were paid 
really to ,athens and not to            
,themistocles1 the statesman answered   
1   7i4e4 an inhabitant of the small    
island of ,belbina lying to the ,s4 of  
,cape ,sunium7    1   1 1  4 --         
,,seriphio3 ,seriphus is a small island 
belonging to the ,cyclad group and lying
 almost due ,n4 of ,melos1 and due ,e4  
of the ,scyllaean promontory4 ,seriphus 
is often taken by ancient writers as a  
specimen of an insignificant community  
7e4g4 ,aristoph4 ,acharn4 #edb2 ,cic4   
,n4,d4 #a1 #hh71 but it had the honor of
 being one of the three island states   
which refused to give earth and water to
 the ,persian envoys1 the other two     

being the adjacent islands of ,melos and
 ,siphnus 7,herodotus1 #h1 #df74 --     
,,iurgio3 iurgium is a quarrel which    
does not go beyond words2 rixa a quarrel
 where the disputants come to blows4 -- 
,,si ,,ego3 but further on1 tu si4 ,the 
contrast would certainly be more perfect
 if ego si were read1 as has been       
proposed1 in place of si ego4 -- ,,quod 
,,eodem ,,modo 444 ,,dici3 ,cic4        
commonly says quod ita dicendum and the 
like2 see n4 on #ce quod ni ita fuisset4
 ,cato means that just as ,themistocles'
 success was due to two things1 his own 
character and his good fortune1 so two  
things are necessary to make old age    
endurable1 viz4 moderate fortune and    
wisdom4 ,he then in #i insists that of  
these two conditions wisdom is far the  
more important4 -- ,,nec 444 ,,levis 444
 ,,nec 444 ,,non ,,gravis3 notice the   
chiasmus4  #i4 ,,omnino3 here           
'undoubtedly'1 in a strongly affirmative
 sense1 as in #gf2 but in #bh 7where see
 n47 it is concessive4 -- ,,cum ,,diu   

,,multumque ,,vixeris3 literally 'when  
you have lived long and much'1 i4e4 when
 you have not only had a long life but  
have done a great deal in the course of 
it4 ,the phrases diu multumque1 multum  
et diu are common in ,cic41 as below1   
#ch2 ,acad4 #a1 #d2 ,div4 #b1 #a2 ,off  
#a1 #aah2 ,leg4 ,agr4 #b1 #hh2 ,de ,or4 
#a1 #aeb4 ,for mood see ,a4 #cji1 a2 ,h4
 #eah1 #b4 -- ,,ecferunt3 ecferunt for  
efferunt 7ec  ex  ecs2 so     7 was     
old-fashioned in ,cicero's time1 but    
forms of the sort1 as below1 #ci        
ecfrenate1 according to the evidence of 
the best ,,mss41 occur in a good many   
passages4 ,see ,neue1 ,formenlehre1     
,vol4 #b1 pp4 #gff seq41 ed4 #b4 --     
,,numquam ,,deserunt3 the omission of   
the object after deserunt is not common4
 ,with the general sense of this passage
 cf4 ,arch4 #af litterarum studia       
adulescentiam alunt1 senectutem         
oblectant1 secundas res ornant1 adversis
 perfugium ac solarium praebent1        
delectant domi1 non impediunt foris1    

pernoctant nobiscum1 peregrinantur1     
rusticantur4  ,p4 #e4 -- #aj4 ,q4       
,,maximum3 the famous ,q4 ,fabius       
,maximus ,verrucosus ,ovicula           
,cunctator1 hero of the ,second ,punic  
,war4 -- ,,eum 444 ,,recepit3 this      
clause has often been suspected to be an
 insertion of the writers of ,,mss4 ,but
 7#a7 the capture of ,tarentum in #bji  
,b4,c4 was ,fabius' crowning            
achievement1 and 'captor of ,tarentum'  
was often added to his name as a title  
of honor2 see ,de ,orat4 #b1 #bgc2 and  
7#b7 there were several other persons of
 distinction bearing the name ,q4       
,maximus about the same time1 so that   
some special mark was wanted for the    
sake of clearness4 ,notice recepit      
'recovered'1 ,tarentum having been lost 
by the ,romans to ,hannibal in #bab     
,b4,c4 -- ,,senem ,,adulescens3 observe 
the emphasis given by placing close     
together the two words of opposite      
meaning4 -- ,,erat 444 ,,gravitas3 'that
 hero possessed dignity tempered by     

courtesy'4 ,expressions like erat in    
illo gravitas are common in ,cicero2    
e4g4 ,mur4 #eh erat in ,cotta summa     
eloquentia4 ,the metaphor in condta1    
'seasoned'1 is also common2 cf4 ,lael4  
#ff condimentum amicitiae4 --           
,,quamquam3 'though indeed'1 introducing
 a necessary correction of the last     
words nec senectus mores mutaverat4 ,for
 this corrective quamquam cf4 n4 on #b4 
-- ,,consul ,,primum3 ,b4,c4 #bcc4 --   
,,grandem ,,natu3 although the phrases  
maior1 maximus1 parvus1 minor1 minimus  
natu are of frequent occurrence1 yet    
magnus natu is not ,latin1 grandis natu 
being always used instead4 ,the         
historians sometimes use magno natu esse
 or in magno natu esse4 -- ,,anno       
,,post3 the word unus is not usually    
attached to annus except where there is 
a strong contrast between one and a     
larger number of years4 ,anno post must 
not be translated 'during the year      
after'2 but either 'a year after'1 anno 
being regarded as the ablative of       

measure or excess1 literally 'later by a
 year'1 or 'at the end of a year'1 the  
ablative being one of limitation1 and   
fuerat being equivalent to factus erat  
'had been elected'4 ,so quinto anno     
below1 'at the end of the fifth year'1  
i4e4 'five years after'4 --             
,,adulescentulus ,,miles3 ,see n4 on #ba
 quemquam senem4 ,translate 'when quite 
a youth ,i marched with him to ,capua as
 a private soldier'4 ,g4 #cbd2 ,h4 #cfc1
 #c1 #b74 ,miles here  gregarius miles4 
-- ,,quem ,,magistratum3 sc4 quaesturam1
 to be understood from quaestor ,cf4    
,mur4 #ah quaesturam una petiit et sum  
ego factus 7sc4 quaestor7 prior4 --     
,,tuditano ,,et ,,cethego3 when the     
praenomina of the consuls are given the 
names generally stand side by side      
without et2 when they are omitted et is 
generally inserted4 ,cf4 n4 on #ej      
,centone ,tuditanoque1 etc4 -- ,,cum    
,,quidem3 the quidem simply adds a      
slight emphasis to cum2 'at the very    
time when'1  4 -- ,,suasor3 suasor legis

 was any person who publicly 7i4e4      
before the senate or people in contio   
assembled7 spoke in favor of a measure1 
dissuasor any one who spoke against it4 
,cf4 #ad suasissem4 -- ,,legis          
,,cinciae3 a law passed in #bjd ,b4,c4  
by ,m4 ,cincius ,alimentus1 a plebeian  
tribune1 whereby advocates were         
forbidden to take fees from their       
clients1 and certain limitations were   
placed on gifts of property by private  
persons4 -- ,,cum 444 ,,esset3 'though  
he was'2 so below #aa1 #cj1 etc4 --     
,,grandis3  grandis natu4 --            
,,iuveniliter3 ,hannibal was #bi years  
of age when he entered ,italy in #bah4  
-- ,,exsultantem3 'wildly roaming'4 ,the
 word in its literal sense is used of a 
horse galloping at its own will over a  
plain4 ,the metaphorical use is common  
in ,cicero2 cf4 ,acad4 #b1 #aab cum sit 
campus in quo exsultare possit oratio1  
cur eam tantas in angustias compellimus8
 -- ,,patientia3 'endurance'1           
'persistence'2 it is not equivalent to  

our 'patience'4 -- ,,praeclare3 sc4     
dicit2 cf4 n4 on #c4 -- ,,familiaris3   
see ,introd4 -- ,,unus ,,homo etc43     
these lines were famous1 and were not   
only often quoted with the name of      
,ennius attached 7as in ,off4 #a1 #hd2  
,livy #cj1 #bf71 but also imitated or   
adapted without mention of his name1 as1
 being too familiar to need it2 cf4     
,att4 #b1 #ai1 #b2 ,ovid1 ,fast4 #b1    
#bda2 ,verg4 ,aen4 #f1 #hdf2 ,suet4     
,tib4 #ba4 -- ,,cunctando3 ,cf4         
,polybius #c1 #aje1 #h4 ,on ,fabius'    
military policy consult ,mommsen1 ,hist4
 of ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 ch4 #e4 -- ,,rem3
 here  rem publicam4 -- ,,noenum3 the   
older form from which non is an         
abbreviation2  ne-oinom1 n-oinom1       
literally 'not one thing'2 cf4 nihil    
ne-hilum 'not a whit'1 also the rare    
word ningulus  ne oinculus1 'not even a 
little one'4 -- ,,rumores3 'fame'1      
'public opinion'4 -- ,,poneb,a,t3 for   
the long vowel cf4 n4 on #a1 l4 #b      
versat4 -- ,,plusque3 ,,mss4 postque2   

plusqueis the emendation of ,bernays4   
,plusque magisque is a variation upon   
the ordinary phrases plus plusque1 magis
 magisque4  #aa4 ,,salinatori3 there can
 be no doubt that ,cicero is guilty of a
 blunder here1 and in ,de ,or4 #b1 #bgc 
where the story also occurs4 ,livy 7#bg1
 #cd1 #g7 gives ,m4 ,livius ,macatus as 
the name of the ,roman commander who    
held the citadel of ,tarentum while     
,hannibal was in possession of the town4
 ,cicero probably found the commander   
described by the annalists merely as ,m4
 ,livius 7so in ,livy #bd1 #bj1 #ac2    
#bf1 #ci1 #a71 and then jumped to tne   
conclusion that he was the famous ,m4   
,livius ,salinator4 ,this man1 the      
father of the ,salinator mentioned in   
#g1 was consul in #bai and subdued the  
,illyrians1 but was condemned for       
misappropriation of public moneys and   
went into exile4 ,in #baj he was induced
 to return by the desire of the senate4 
,in #bjg he became consul with ,c4      
,claudius ,nero1 and defeated ,hasdrubal

 in the great battle of the ,metaurus4  
,in #bjd ,livius was censor with ,nero  
as his colleague1 and won his name      
,salinator by imposing a tax on salt4   
,the title was bestowed in ridicule1 but
 clung to the family4 ,salinator was a  
relative of ,m4 ,livius ,macatus4 ,see  
,liv #bg1 #cd1 #g4 -- ,,ita ,,dicenti   
etc43 the anecdote is told by ,livy1    
#bg1 #be1 #e and ,plutarch1 ,fab4 #bc4  
,both1 however1 refer the story not to  
the time at which ,tarentum was taken1  
but to the year after1 when altercations
 about it took place in the senate4 --  
,,toga3 here put for 'civil life'1 the  
toga being replaced in time of war by   
the sagum4 ,cf4 in ,pisonem #gc pacis   
est insigne et oti toga1 contra autem   
arma tumultus atque belli2 ,de ,or4 #c1 
#afg 'togam'1 pro 'pace'1 'arma'1 ac    
'tela'1 pro 'bello'4 ,we have the same  
contrast between arma and toga in       
,cicero's own much-derided verse1 cedant
 arma togae1 concedat laurea laudi1     
which is defended by him1 in ,pis4 #gc  

and ,off4 #a1 #gg4 -- ,,consul ,,iterum 
etc43 as the second consulship of       
,fabius was in #bbh ,b4,c41 while the   
law of ,flaminius was passed in #bcb    
7according to ,polybius71 it is very    
difficult to understand the statement   
here made4 ,it is possible that         
,flaminius was one of the commissioners 
for executing his own law1 and that its 
execution lasted over the time of       
,fabius' second consulship4 ,the        
,flaminius here mentioned is the same   
who fell as consul in #bag at the battle
 of lake ,trasimenus4 ,he held large and
 statesman-like views on the policy of  
securing ,italy by planting ,romans and 
,latins in the territory then recently  
taken from the ,gauls1 in the           
neighborhood of ,ariminum4 ,this        
particular measure was carried against  
the will of the senate1 and was the     
first law passed1 since the lex         
,hortensia of #bhg1 in defiance of its  
wishes4 ,it was also the first agrarian 
law since the ,licinio-,sextian law of  

#cfg4 ,polybius dates the decline of the
 ,roman constitution from the passing of
 the lex ,flaminia4 ,cf4',rheinisches   
,museum'1 #ahdc1 p4 #egc4 -- ,,sp4      
,,carvilio ,,quiescente3 this ,sp4      
,carvilius was consul in #bcd when he   
conquered the ,corsicans and            
,sardinians4 ,in #bbh he was again      
consul1 and died as augur in #bab4 ,he  
is said1 but erroneously1 to have been  
the first ,roman who divorced his wife4 
,in #baf1 just after the battle of      
,cannae1 he made a most remarkable      
proposal1 to fill up the gaps which that
 battle had made in the numbers of the  
senate by selecting two members from    
each of the ,latin communities4 ,it was 
almost the only occasion in the course  
of ,roman history when anything like    
modern representative government was    
advocated4 ,carvilius was not sprung    
from one of the noble families1 who for 
the most part monopolized the higher    
offices of state1 it is therefore not   
surprising that he should have          

sympathized with ,flaminius4 -- ,,contra
 ,,senatus ,,auctoritatem3 'against the 
expressed wish of the senate' ,senatus  
auctoritas is1 strictly speaking1 an    
opinion of the senate not formally      
embodied in a decree1 senatus consultum4
 ,cicero1 in ,invent4 #b1 #eb says      
,flaminius carried his law contra       
voluntatem omnium optimatium4 --        
,,dividenti3 'when he tried to divide'4 
,the participle is here equivalent to   
cum with the imperfect indicative       
7dividebat74 ,so in #ed lenientem ,a4   
#bij1 a2 ,g #ffh2 ,h #edi1 #a4  ,p4 #f4 
-- ,,cum ,,esset3 'though he was'4 ,what
 ,fabius declared was reaily that the   
auspicia were a political instrument in 
the hands of the aristocrats1 rather    
than a part of religion4 ,fabius1       
according to ,liv4 #cj1 #bf1 #g1 was    
augur for #fb years before his death1   
and had no doubt had a large experience 
in the manipulation of the auspicia for 
political purposes4 ,compare ,homer1    
,iliad1 #ab1 #bdc1 also ,cic4 ,phil4    

#aa1 #bh ,iuppiter ipse sanxit ut omnia 
quae rei publicae salutaria essent      
legitima et iusta haberentur4 ,consult  
,mommsen1 ,hist of ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iv4    
,ch4 #ab4  #ab4 ,,admirabilius3 'more   
amazing'4 ,the ,latin word has a much   
stronger meaning than the ,english word 
derived from it4 -- ,,quo ,,modo        
,,tulit3  eum modum quo tulit1 so that  
the clause is not really dependent on   
cognovi1 nor tulit irregularly put for  
tulerit4 ,in ,lael4 #i ,laelius         
exclaims1 of ,cato himself1 quo modo1 ut
 alia omittam1 mortem fili tulit4 ,and  
no doubt ,cic4 meant here to make ,cato 
allude to his loss1 described in #hd4 --
 ,,fili3 see n4 on #a praemi4 --        
,,consularis3 the son of ,fabius was    
consul in #bac with ,ti4 ,sempronius    
,gracchus -- ,,est ,,in ,,manibus3 'is  
in every one's hands'1 'is commonly     
read'4 ,the expression is common enough 
in this sense2 e4g4 ,lael4 #if in       
manibus est oratio4 -- ,,laudatio3 sc4  
funebris1 the funeral speech4 ,this     

composition was read in ,cicero's time  
7see ,tusc4 #c1 #gj2 ,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a7  
and existed in the time of ,plutarch4   
,see ,plutarch's life of ,fab4 #bd4 --  
,,quem ,,philosophum3 many of the       
ancient philosophers wrote popular      
treatises in which the principles of    
philosophy were applied to the          
alleviation of sorrow4 ,the most famous 
of these in ,cicero's time was          
,crantor's  1 which ,cicero used largely
 in writing his ,tusculan ,disputations1
 and also in his ,de ,consolatione on   
the death of his daughter4 -- ,,in      
,,luce 444 ,,civium3 'in public and     
under the gaze of his                   
fellow-countrymen'4 ,do not translate in
 oculis by the ,english phrase 'in the  
eyes of'1 which has another sense4 ,the 
metaphor in lux is often used by        
,cicero1 as ,qu4 ,fr4 #a1 #a1 #g in luce
 ,asiae1 in oculis provinciae4 --       
,,notitia3 notitia is general knowledge1
 often merely the result of superficial 
observation2 scientia is thorough       

knowledge1 the result of elaboration and
 generalization4 -- ,,multae ,,litterae3
 'great literary attainments4' ,in this 
sense magnae could not be used to       
represent 'great'4 ,note the ellipsis of
 erant4 -- ,,ut ,,in ,,homine ,,romano3 
'considering that he was a ,roman'1 or  
'for a ,roman'4 ,on the backwardness of 
the ,romans in literary pursuits see    
,teuffel1 ,hist4 of ,rom4 ,lit1  #b2 cf4
 also ,ritter1 ,hist4 of ,ancient       
,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #a-ac1     
,eng4 ed4 ,in parenthetic clauses like  
this1 the introductory ut may convey two
 very different meanings according to   
the context4 ,thus in ,acad4 #b1 #ih    
homo acutus1 ut ,poenus is 'a keen      
witted man1 as might be expected of a   
,carthaginian' 7cf ,colum #a1 #c1 #h    
acutissimam gentem ,poenos7 while       
,nepos1 ,epam4 #e1 #b exercitatum in    
dicendo ut ,thebanum implies that       
oratory was not to be expected of a     
,theban4 -- ,,domestica 444 ,,externa   
,,bella3 here the domestica bella are   

those wars which belong to the history  
of ,rome1 the externa bella those wars  
which belong to the history of other    
states2 but usually domestica bella are 
civil wars1 externa foreign wars in     
which ,rome is engaged2 e4g4 ,leg4 agr4 
#b1 #ij omnibus domesticis externisque  
bellis2 in ,catil #b1 #aa omnia sunt    
externa unius virtute pacata2 domesticum
 bellum manet1 intus insidiae sunt4 ,the
 practice of reading military history   
was common among ,roman commanders2 see 
for instance ,acad4 #b1 #c of ,lucullus2
 the practice is ridiculed by ,marius in
 ,sall4 ,iug4 #he4 -- ,,ita3 ita does   
not qualify cupide1 and has not the     
sense of tam1 it means rather 'in this  
state'1 'under these conditions'2 the   
words from quasi to the end of the      
sentence really form an explanation of  
ita4 ,this mode of expression is often  
found1 ita and sic frequently look on to
 clauses introduced by quasi1 si1 ut1   
cum etc4 ,cf below #bf sic quasi1       
cupiens 7where see n472 ,sall4 ,iug4    

#he1 #ai ita aetatem agunt quasi vestros
 honores contemnunt1 ita hos petunt     
quasi honeste vixerint4 -- ,,divinarem3 
see references on #f confeceris4 --     
,,illo ,,exstincto3 ,fabius died in #bjc
 ,b4,c4 -- ,,fore ,,unde ,,discerem     
,,neminem3 cf4 ,acad4 #a1 #h quae nemo  
adhuc docuerat nec erat unde studiosi   
scire possent4 ,unde of persons 7here  a
 quo72 is common in both verse and prose
 7so  and 1 vid4 ,liddell and ,scott in 
vv472 cf4 ,horace #a1 #ab1 #ag unde nil 
maius generatur ipso2 #a1 #bh1 #bh2     
,cic4 de ,or4 #a1 #fg ille ipse unde    
cognorit2 ib4 #b1 #bhe4 ,so ubi  apud   
quem in ,verr4 #d1 #bi2 quo  ad quos    
below1 #hc1 and in ,verr4 #d #ch2 cf4   
also n4 on istinc in #dg4 ,for mood of  
discerem see ,a4 #cbj2 ,g4 #fcd2 ,h4    
#ejc1 ,i4  #ac4 ,,quorsus ,,igitur      
,,haec3 sc4 dixi4 -- ,,tam ,,multa3 this
 takes the place of tot1 which1 like    
quot1 cannot be used as a substantive4  
-- ,,scipiones3 'men like ,scipio'1 i4e4
 the elder ,africanus2 so #ae ,fabricii 

,curii ,coruncanii4 ,cicero has here put
 his own opinion of ,scipio into the    
mouth of ,cato1 who1 during a large part
 of his life1 was a staunch and even    
bitter opponent of ,scipio1 and         
therefore not likely to couple him with 
,fabius4 ,cf4 ,introd4 -- ,,ut 444      
,,recordentur3 the repetition of ut with
 each clause for the sake of effect may 
be compared with the repetition of nihil
 in #ae1 #bg1 #da2 of non in #cb2 of    
hinc in #dj2 of sibi in #eh4 --         
,,pedestris3 for terrestris2 the usage  
is very common2 so in ,greek  and 1  and
  are often contrasted 7see ,liddell and
 ,scott74 ,it is not recorded by        
historians that either ,scipio or       
,fabius took part personally in naval   
warfare4 -- ,,recordentur3 this verb    
implies the habitual dwelling of the    
memory upon the past4 -- ,,quiete ,,et  
,,pure ,,atque ,,eleganter3 the         
enumeration consists of two branches    
connected by et1 the second branch being
 subdivided into two members connected  

by atque4 ,had each of the adverbs been 
intended to stand on exactly the same   
footing ,cic4 would have written et     
instead of atque1 or else would have    
omitted the copula altogether2 see n4 on
 #ec capitum iugatio4 ,in enumerations  
of the form ,a  7,bl  ,b#b71 the        
outside the bracket is expressed by et1 
the  inside the bracket generally being 
expressed by ac1 for which atque is     
substituted when the following word     
7i4e4 ,b#b7 begins with a vowel1 a      
guttural 7c1 q1 g7 or h1 before which ac
 was very seldom written4 -- ,,pure     
,,atque ,,eleganter3 'sinlessly and     
gently'4 ,pure implies moral            
stainlessness1 eleganter1 literally 'in 
choice fashion'1 implies daintiness     
combined with simplicity in regard to   
the external conditions of life4 ,the   
same ideas are put together in ,sull4   
#gi cum summa elegantia atque           
integritate vixistis4 -- ,,aetatis3 see 
n4 on #e4 -- ,,placida ,,ac ,,lenis3    
'quiet and mild'2 placida refers to the 

external surroundings1 lenis to the     
temper and character4 -- ,,accepimus3   
sc4 fuisse2 for the ellipsis of the     
infinitive cf4 n4 on #bb videretur4 --  
,,uno ,,et ,,octogesimo3 but below      
quarto 7not quattuor7 nonagesimo4 ,in   
the compound ordinal numbers            
corresponding to those cardinal numbers 
which are made up of one and a multiple 
of ten1 the ,latins use unus oftener    
than primus1 which would be strictly    
correct2 so in ,english 'one and        
eightieth' for 'eighty-first'4 ,the     
ordinary ,grammar rule 7,roby1 ,vol4 ,i1
 p4 #ddc 'the ordinal not the cardinal  
is used in giving the date'7 requires   
slight correction4 ,for the position of 
the words see ,g4 #id1 #c2 ,h4 #agd1    
footnote #c4 -- ,,scribens ,,est        
,,mortuus3 'died while still engaged    
upon his works'2 cf4 #bc num ,platonem  
444 coegit in suis studiis obmutiscere  
senectus8 ,diog4 ,laert4 #c1 #b quoting 
,hermippus 7a ,greek writer of biography
 who lived about the time of the ,second

 ,punic war71 says that ,plato died in  
the middle of a marriage-feast at which 
he was a guest4 ,val4 ,max4 #h1 #g1 #c  
gives a slightly different account4 --  
,,isocrati3 this form of the genitive of
 ,greek proper names in -es was probably
 used by ,cicero rather than the form in
 -is2 see ,madvig on ,fin4 #a1 #ad2     
,neue1 ,formenlehre1 #a #ccb4           
,isocrates1 the greatest teacher of     
rhetoric of his time1 lived from #dcf to
 #cch1 when he died by voluntary        
starvation owing to his grief at the    
loss of ,greek freedom through the      
battle of ,chaeronea4 ,milton1 ,sonnet  
,x4 ',that dishonest victory ,at        
,chaeronea1 fatal to liberty1 ,kill'd   
with report that old man eloquent'4 --  
,,eum 444 ,,inscribitur3 the periphrasis
 is common1 and the verb inscribere is  
nearly always in the present tense 7in  
later prose as well as in ,cicero7 as in
 #ei4 ,this is sometimes the case even  
where the neighboring verbs are in past 
tenses1 as in ,acad4 #a1 #ab nec se     

tenuit quin contra suum doctorem librum 
etiam ederet qui ,sosus inscribitur4    
,the present seems to mean that the name
 mentioned is continually given to each 
copy of the book as produced2 where the 
continuing multiplication of copies is  
not looked to1 we have the perfect1 as  
,att4 #h1 #e1 #b tu fasciculum 7bundle  
of letters7 qui est inscriptus 'des ,m'4
 ,curio'1 velim cures ad eum            
perferendum4 ,cf4 also ,de ,or4 #b1 #fa 
deceptus indicibus librorum qui sunt    
fere inscripti 7'to which the           
authors--once for all--have given the   
titles'7 de virtute1 de iustitia1 etc42 
so ,div4 #b1 #a eo libro qui inscriptus 
,hortensius4 -- ,,dicit3 the            
',panathenaicus'1 an encomium of ,athens
 written for recitation at the great    
festival of the ,panathenaea1 is among  
the works of ,isocrates which we still  
possess4 ,in c4 #a ,isocrates says     1
    4 -- ,,vixitque3 'and yet he lived'4
 ,the que here has a slight adversative 
force1 as is often the case with et4    

,cf4 n4 on #bh1 #dc1 #gc4 -- ,,gorgias3 
the greatest of the sophists1 born at   
,leontini in ,sicily about #dhe ,b4,c42 
his death took place1 according to the  
varying accounts1 in #chj1 #cgh1 or     
#cgg4 ,in his old age he lived in       
,thessaly where ,isocrates studied with 
him2 see ,or4 #agf2 ,fin4 #b1 #a4 ,for  
the adjective ,leontinus placed before  
the name rather than after cf4 #dc      
,thessalo ,cinea4 -- ,,centum ,,et      
,,septem ,,annos3 ,kennedy1 ,gram41     
#cd1 vii1 c1 says1 'in compound numbers 
above #ajj the larger number1 with or   
without et1 generally precedes the      
smaller'2 cf4 ,roby1 ,vol4 #a p4 #ddc4  
-- ,,cesso3 does not correspond in      
meaning with our 'cease'1 i4e4 'to come 
to a standstill'2 cesso is ',i am in a  
state of rest'1 ',i am idle'4 --        
,,quaereretur3 the past tense1 though   
the principal verb inquit1 is in the    
present1 because the present is the     
historical present and so equivalent to 
a past tense4 ,cf4 ,roby1 #aeaa-aead2   

,kennedy #bbi1 #b4 ,a4 #bhg1 e2 ,g4     
#eaa1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #die1 ,,ii4 ,the    
idiom by which the imperfect stands     
where we should expect a tense of       
completed action1 should be noticed2 cf4
 ,tusc4 #b1 #fj quem cum rogaret1       
respondit4 ,the explanation of the      
imperfect in such cases is that it marks
 out1 more clearly than the pluperfect  
would1 the fact that the action of the  
principal verb and the action of the    
dependent verb are practically          
contemporaneous4 ,in our passage if     
quaesitum esset had been written it     
would have indicated merely that at some
 quite indefinite time after the        
question was put the answer was given4  
,cf4 ,n4,d4 #a1 #fj auctore 444         
obscurior4 -- ,,cur 444 ,,vita3 a hint  
at suicide1 which the ancients thought a
 justifiable mode of escape from        
troubles1 particularly those of ill     
health or old age4 ,see n4 on #gc vetat 
,pythagoras4 ,esse in vita is stronger  
than vivere2 cf4 ,qu4 ,fr4 #a1 #c1 #e4  

-- ,,nihil ,,habeo ,,quod ,,accusem3 ',i
 have no reason to reproach'4 ,cf4 the  
common phrase quid est quod 4448 ,quod1 
adverbial acc4 ,a4 #bdj1 a2 ,g4 #cca1   
,r4 #c2 ,h4 #cgh1 #b4 ,for mood of      
accusem see ,h4 #ejc1 ,i4 n4 #b1 and    
references on #ab discerem4 --          
,,praeclarum ,,responsum3 est is not    
required1 because responsum is in       
apposition to the last part of the      
preceding sentence4 ,similar appositions
 occur in ,laelius1 #fg1 #ga1 #gi4 --   
,,docto3 applied especially to          
philosophers1 but also to poets4 ,the   
word implies cultivation as well as mere
 knowledge2 'a learned man'1 merely as  
such1 is 'homo litteratus'2 cf4 n4 on   
#ed4  ,p4 #g4 -- #ad4 ,,cuius 444       
,,feci3 'the aforesaid' is in good      
,latin always expressed by a parenthesis
 like this and not by a participle in   
agreement with the noun4 ,the phrases   
'ante dictus'1 'supra dictus'1 belong to
 silver ,latin1 where they are common4  
,cf4 #bc quos ante dixi4 -- ,,sic ,,ut  

etc43 the lines are from the ,annals of 
,ennius1 for which see n4 on #a4 --     
,,ecus3 ,ennius did not write uu1 nor   
most likely did ,cicero2 the former may 
have written either ecus1 equos1 or     
equs4 ,the last form ,vahlen prints in  
his edition of ,ennius4 -- ,,spatio     
,,supremo3 'at the end of the           
race-course'1 'at the goal'1 or it may  
be 'at the last turn round the course'1 
the race requiring the course to be run 
round several times2 cf4 ,homer's   in  
,iliad #bc1 #gfh4 ,so #hc decurso       
spatio2 ,verg4 ,aen4 #e1 #cbg iamque    
fere spatio extreme fessique sub ipsam  
finem adventabant4 -- ,,vicit ,,olumpia3
 a direct imitation of the ,greek phrase
  1 to win a victory at an ,olympic     
contest4 ,so ,horace ,ep4 #a1 #a1 #ej   
has coronari ,olympia   4 ,the editors  
print ,olympia1 but the use of y to     
represent ,greek  did not come in till  
long after the time of ,ennius4 --      
,,senio3 differs from senectute in      
implying not merely old age1 but the    

weakness which usually accompanies it4  
-- ,,confectus3 for the disregard of the
 final s in scanning cf4 n4 on #a1 l4   
#f4 -- ,,equi ,,victoris3 for the almost
 adjectival use of the substantive      
victor1 cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4 #g1 #fef       
victores equos2 ib4 #ab1 #gea venator   
canis2 ib4 #aj1 #hia2 #aa1 #hi1 and     
,georg4 #b1 #ade bellator equus1 in     
,theocritus #ae1 #ea  4 ,the feminine   
nouns in -trix are freely used as       
adjectives both in verse and in prose4  
,a4 #hh1 c2 ,h4 #dda1 #c4 -- ,,quem     
,,quidem3 the same form of transition is
 used in #bf1 #bi1 #df1 #ec4 ,the whole 
of this passage to suasissem is an      
exhibition of antiquarian learning quite
 unnatural and inappropriate in a       
dialogue4 -- ,,probe ,,meminisse        
,,potestis3 cf4 ,de ,or4 #c1 #aid quem  
tu probe meministi2 ,fin4 #b1 #fc ,l4   
,thorius quem meminisse tu non potes4   
,memini can take a personal accusative  
only when the person who remembers was a
 contemporary of the person remembered2 

otherwise the gen4 follows4 ,cf4 ,roby1 
#accc2 ,a4 #bai1 ,rem42 ,h4 #djg1 n4 #a4
 -- ,,hi ,,consules3 'the present       
consuls'4 -- ,t4 ,,flamininus3 commonly 
said to be the son of the great         
,flamininus 7#a1 l4 #a74 ,he was        
altogether undistinguished1 as also were
 the ,acilius and the ,caepio here      
mentioned4 ,this passage gives the      
imagined date of the dialogue as #aej   
,b4,c4 -- ,,philippo3 this was ,q4      
,marcius ,philippus1 who was consul in  
#ahf and took part in the suppression of
 the great ,bacchanalian conspiracy of  
that year4 ,for the next #ag years he   
was a leading senator and much engaged  
in diplomacy in the ,east4 ,in #afi he  
was again consul and commanded against  
,perseus in the early part of the war4  
-- ,,cum 444 ,,legem ,,voconiam 444     
,,suasissem3 'after ,i had spoken       
publicly in favor of the law o          
,voconius'4 ,for suasissem cf4 #aj      
suasor with n4 ,the ,lex ,voconia de    
mulierum hereditatibus aimed at securing

 the continuance of property in         
families4 ,by its provisions no man who 
possessed property valued in the        
censors' lists at #ajj1jjj sesterces or 
more1 could appoint a woman or women as 
his heres or heredes2 further1 no person
 or persons1 male or female1 could      
receive under the will legacies         
amounting in all to a larger sum than   
that received by the principal heir or  
heirs4 ,every ,roman will named a heres 
or heredes1 on whom devolved all the    
privileges and duties of the deceased1  
with such duties as were enjoined by the
 will2 particularly the duty of paying  
the legacies left to those who were not 
heredes4 ,see ,maine1 ,ancient ,law1    
,ch4 #f2 also ,hunter1 ,introd4 to      
,roman ,law1 ,ch4 #e4 -- ,,magna3 in    
,latin the word magnus is the only      
equivalent of our 'loud'4 --            
,,lateribus3 'lungs'4 ,cic4 and the best
 writers rarely use pulmones for        
'lungs'2 the few passages in which it   
occurs either refer to victims          

sacrificed at the altar1 or are medical 
or physiological descriptions4 ',good   
lungs' is always 'bona latera' never    
pulmones4 -- ,,duo 444 ,,senectutem3    
,ennius is said to have kept a school in
 his later days1 and to have lived in a 
cottage with one servant only4  #ae4    
,,etenim3 this word generally introduces
 either an explanation or a proof of a  
preceding statement4 ,here the words are
 elliptic1 and the real connection with 
what precedes can only be made clear by 
a paraphrase4 ',ennius seemed to delight
 in old age4 ,and no wonder1 since there
 are four causes which make men think   
old age wretched1 and no one of these   
will bear examination'4 ,etenim may     
generally be translated 'indeed'1 or 'in
 fact'4 -- ,,cum ,,complector ,,animo3  
'when ,i grasp them in my thoughts'4    
,the object of complector is to be      
supplied from causas4 -- ,,avocet3 sc4  
senes4 ,the subjunctives denote that    
these are the thoughts not of the       
speaker1 but of the persons who do think

 old age a wretched thing4 ,see n4 on #c
 ferat2 but cf4 ,kennedy1 ,grammar1     
pref41 p4 #cj4 -- ,,alteram 444         
,,tertiam3 in enumerations of more than 
two things unus and alter generally take
 the place of primus1 and secundus3 in  
,cic4 these latter rarely occur under   
such circumstances4 ,cf4 ,att4 #c1 #ae1 
#a2 ,fin4 #e1 #i2 ,off4 #a1 #aeb2       
,cluent4 #agh4 -- ,,infirmius3 sc4 auam 
antea erat4 -- ,,quam ,,sit ,,iusta3    
,cicero generally separates from the    
words they qualify quam1 tam1 ita1      
tantus1 quantus1 often1 as here1 by one 
small word4 ,cf4 below1 #ce quam fuit   
imbecillus2 #dj tam esse inimicum4 --   
,,quibus3 the preposition a is often    
omitted2 cf4 in ,pis4 #ia ,arsinoen 444 
,naupactum fateris ab hostibus esse     
captas4 ,quibus hostibus8 ,nempe eis    
etc42 ,tusc4 #c1 #cg sed traducis       
cogitationes meas ad voluptates4 ,quas8 
,even when relative and antecedent are  
in the same sentence the preposition is 
not often repeated2 e4g4 ,fin4 #e1 #fh  

eodem in genere quo illa4 -- ,,an ,,eis3
 an always introduces a question which  
is not independent1 but follows upon a  
previous question either expressed or   
implied4 ,here quibus implies omnibusne4
 ,cf4 div4 in ,caec4 #eb quid enim      
dices8 ,an id quod dictitas 444 where   
quid implies nihilne3 also below1 #bc1  
#bi anne4 ,a #baa1 b2 ,g4 #dei2 ,h4     
#cec1 #b1 n4 #d4 -- ,,iuventute ,,et    
,,viribus3 commonly explained as a      
hendiadys1 i4e4 as put for iuventutis   
viribus2 but ,cic4 no more meant this   
than we mean 'the strength of youth'    
when we speak of 'youth and strength'4  
,real instances of hendiadys are much   
rarer than is generally supposed4 --    
,,quae3  tales ut4 -- ,l4 ,,paulus3 this
 is ,l4 ,aemilius ,paulus ,macedonicus1 
consul in #ahb ,b4,c41 and again in #afh
 when he finished the third ,macedonian 
war by utterly defeating ,perseus at    
,pydna4 ,for his connection with ,scipio
 and ,cato see ,introd4 -- ,,pater      
,,tuus3 i4e4 ,scipio2 so in #bi avi tui1

 and in #ge avum tuum1 without mention  
of young ,scipio's name1 but in #di     
patris tui1 ,scipio2 so #gg4 --         
,,fabricii etc43 for the plurals see n4 
on #ac4 ,c4 ,fabricius ,luscinus1 consul
 in #bhb1 #bgh1 and #bgc ,b4,c41 censor 
in #bge1 held the command against       
,pyrrhus4 ,the ,roman writers1 ,cicero  
especially1 are never tired of          
eulogizing him as a pattern of          
old-fashioned ,roman virtue4 ,manius    
,curius ,dentatus1 consul in #bij1 #bge1
 and #bgd practically1 if not formally1 
ended the third ,samnite war1 and also  
commanded against ,pyrrhus2 see #ee4 ,he
 was famed for his sturdy ,roman        
simplicity and frugality4 ,tiberius     
,coruncanius as consul in #bhj crushed  
an ,etruscan insurrection4 ,in #beb he  
became the first plebeian pontifex      
maximus4 ,these three men are very      
frequently mentioned together by        
,cicero2 cf4 below1 #dc1 ,lael4 #ah4 -- 
,,nihil ,,agebant3 observe that nihil   
agebat is put at the beginning of the   

first sentence1 nihil agebant at the end
 of the second2 chiasmus4  #af4 ,a4     
,,claudi3 ,appius ,claudius1 the head of
 the most strongly aristocratic family  
in ,rome1 was censor in #caa ,b4,c41    
when he constructed the via ,appia1 and 
consul in #cjg and #bif4 ,he had to be  
carried into the senate-house in order  
to oppose the peace with ,pyrrhus --    
,,accedebat ,,ut3 accedit is far oftener
 followed by a clause with quod and     
indicative than by a clause with ut and 
subjunctive4 ,when the quod clause      
follows1 it contains a fact looked at   
merely as a fact and nothing more1 but  
the ut clause views the fact as         
consequent upon1 or dependent on some   
other fact4 ,here the blindness is      
regarded as being the consequence of old
 age1 though ,livy #i1 #bi1 #aa and     
other authors attribute it to the anger 
of the gods1 because as censor ,appius  
had taken the administration of the     
worship of ,hercules away from the      
ancient family of the ,potitii1 and had 

placed it in the hands of public slaves4
 ,the mental vigor of ,appius in his old
 age is mentioned by ,cic4 in ,tusc4 #e1
 #aab4  ,p4 #h4 -- ,,cum ,,pyrrho3 note 
the position of the words between pacem 
and foedus1 with both of which they go4 
,this usage is called by the grammarians
 coniunctio2 cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #h cum    
summi viri tum amicissimi1 also above1  
quae iuventute geruntur et viribus1     
below #ah quae sunt gerenda praescribo  
et quo modo4 -- ,,foedus3 this seems    
opposed to pacem as a formal engagement 
is to a mere abstention from            
hostilities4 -- ,,non ,,dubitavit       
,,dicere3 when dubitare means 'to       
hesitate' 7about a course of action71   
and the sentence is negative1 or an     
interrogative sentence assuming a       
negative answer1 the infinitive         
construction generally follows1 as here2
 but the infinitive is rare in a        
positive sentence4 ,when dubitare means 
to 'be in doubt' 7as to whether certain 
statements are true or not71 the regular

 construction is either quin with subj4 
or some form of indirect interrogative  
clause4 ,cf4 below1 #be4 -- ,,quo       
,,vobis3 from the ,annales4 ,in mentis  
dementis we have oxymoron 7an           
intentional contradiction in terms7 as  
in #ch sensum sine sensu2 #ci munus 444 
aufert4 ,on the case of vobis1 see      
,roby1 #aaed1 ,a4 #bce1 a1 ,h4 #chd1 #d1
 n4 #b4 -- ,,antehac3 always a          
dissyllable in verse1 and probably so   
pronounced in prose -- ,,viai3 the old  
genitive4 ,a4 #cf a1 ,g4 #bg1 ,rem4 #a1 
,h4 #di1 #b4 ,the reading is not quite  
certain1 if viai be read it is not      
altogether certain whether it depends on
 quo or on sese flexere4 ,in the former 
construction we have a partitive gen    
with an adv2 ,a4 #baf1 a1 #d1 ,g4 #cga1 
,rem4 #d1 ,h4 #cig1 #d1 in the latter1 a
 distinct ,graecism like desine         
querellarum 7,hor ,od #b1 #i1 #ag7 and  
the like2 ,a4 #bdc ,rem41 ,g4 #cgc ,rem4
 #f1 ,h4 #daj ,v #d4 -- ,,et ,,tamen3   
the sense is incompletely expressed1 in 

full it is 'and yet there is no need for
 me to refer to ,appius' speech as given
 by ,ennius1 since the speech itself is 
in existence4' ,exactly similar ellipses
 are found with et tamen in ,fin #a1 #aa
 and #ae2 #b1  #ae1 #ba1 #fd and #he1   
,att4 #g1 #c1 #aj1 ,lucretius #e1 #aagg4
 ,in ,munro's note on the last passage a
 collection of examples will be found4  
-- ,,appi 444 ,,oratio3 the speech was  
known to ,cicero1 and was one of the    
oldest monuments of prose composition in
 ,latin extant in his time1 see ,brut4  
#fa4 ,plutarch1 ,pyrrhus #ai1 gives an  
account of ,appius' speech1 which may   
founded on the original1 he mentions it 
also in his tract commonly called 'an   
seni sit gerenda res publica'1 c4 #ba4  
,ihne 7,history of ,rome1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4  
#eba1 ,eng4 ed47 doubts whether the     
speech1 as ,cic4 knew it1 was committed 
to writing by ,appius himself4 -- ,,haec
 ,,ille ,,egit3 'he made this speech'4  
-- ,,septemdecim ,,annis3 as the second 
7alterum7 consulship was in #bif1 and   

the speech in #bhj1 both these years are
 included in the reckoning by a usage   
very common in ,latin4 ,for the ablative
 cf4 #ai4 -- ,,censor 444 ,,ante        
,,consulatum3 this was unusual1 and     
therefore to ,claudius' honor4 --       
,,grandem ,,sane3 'undoubtedly old'4 -- 
,,et ,,tamen ,,sic3 i4e4 eum tum grandem
 fuisse ,lahmeyer wrongly says that sic 
points to the words atque haec ille     
egit4 ,it may be noted that sic takes   
the place of an object after accipimus1 
cf4 #gg ita crederem2 #gh sic mihi      
persuasi1 also #ah male cogitanti4  #ag4
 ,,nihil ,,afferunt3 'they bring forward
 nothing'1 i4e4 what they bring forward 
is worthless1 so in ,greek  1 the       
opposite of which is  4 ,cf4 #h est     
istuc aliquid4 -- ,,similes ,,ut ,,si3 a
 very rare construction4 ,equally       
unusual is similes tamquam si in ,div4  
#b1 #aca4 ,in ,tusc4 #d1 #da and ,off4  
#a1 #hg we find similiter ut si in ,fin4
 #b1 #ba and #d1 #ca similiter or       
similis et si1 in ,n4,d4 #c1 #h         

similiter ac si1 also in ,liv4 #e1 #e1  
#ab dissimilia ac si1 in #ce1 #db1 #aj  
idem ac si4 ,as regards the ut after    
similes1 we may compare a few passages  
in which simul ut appears for simul ac1 
see ,reid's n4 on ,academ #b1 #ea4 ,in  
the ,english ,bible there are           
expressions like similes sunt ut si qui 
dicant1 'they are like as if some men   
should say4' -- ,,scandant3 'cum is used
 with the subjunctive when it expresses 
a kind of comparison1 and especially a  
contrast1 between the contents of a     
leading proposition and a subordinate   
7whereas1 etc47' ,madvig1 #ceh1 ,obs4   
#c4 ,the underlying idea in this use is 
generally cause1 sometimes concession4  
-- ,,per ,,foros 'over the deck'4 --    
,,ille3 for the omission of sed or autem
 7asyndeton adversativum7 see n4 on #c  
librum1 etc4 -- ,,clavum3 'tiller'4     
,with this passage ,lahmeyer well       
compares what ,cicero says of himself in
 ,fam4 #i1 #ae1 #c sedebamus in puppi et
 clavum tenebamus2 nunc autem vix est in

 sentina locus4 -- ,,velocitate3        
velocitas and celeritas differ very     
slightly2 the former means rather speed 
of movement in one line the latter      
rather power of rapid motion with       
frequent change of direction4 ,the      
emphatic word in this clause is         
corporum4 ,cf4 ,off4 #a1 #gi honestum   
444 animi efficitur non corporis        
viribus4 -- ,,consilio 444 ,,sententia3 
consilio1 advice2 auctoritate1 weight of
 influence2 sententia1 an opinion or    
vote formally given4 -- ,,quibus3 in    
twofold relation2 with orbari1 abl4 of  
separation1 with augeri of              
specification4  #ah4 ,,nisi ,,forte3    
ironical1 used to introduce a possible1 
but absurd objection to something which 
has gone before4 ,the verb that follows 
is always in the indicative4 -- ,,miles 
etc43 'as common soldier'2 see n4 on    
#aj4 -- ,,in ,,vario ,,genere3 we use   
the plural1 'in different kinds'4 ,cf4  
,acad4 #b1 #c in omni genere belli2     
,deiot4 #ab in omni genere bellorum4 -- 

,,cessare3 cf4 n4 on #ac4 -- ,,at       
,,senatui etc43 exactly the same ideas  
are expressed1 with the same mention of 
,cato's activity in ,off4 #a1 #gi4 --   
,,male ,,cogitanti3 'which has now for a
 long time been plotting mischief'2 ,a4 
#bij1 a2 ,g4 #fga1 #bba2 ,h4 #edi1 #d2  
#dfg1 ,,iii4 #b4 ,cf4 pro ,sulla #gj    
nefarie cogitare2 for the use of the    
adverb see n4 on #af sic4 ,on ,cato's   
attitude toward ,carthage see ,introd4  
-- ,,vereri3 the construction is        
unusual4 ,vereor regularly takes after  
it an accusative1 or else a clause with 
ne or ut4 ,a passage much resembling    
this is ,rab4 ,post4 #aj omnes qui      
aliquid de se verebantur2 cf4 also ,att4
 #aj1 #d1 #f de vita sua metuere2 ,verg4
 ,aen4 #i1 #bjg de te nil tale verebar2 
in all these examples the ablative with 
de denotes the quarter threatened1 not1 
as here1 the quarter from which the     
threat comes4 -- ,,exscisam3 from       
exscindo2 most edd4 excisam1 but to raze
 a city is urbem exscindere not         

excidere2 e4g4 ,rep4 #f1 #aa ,numantiam 
exscindes4  #ai4 ,,quam ,,palmam etc43 a
 prophecy after the event1 like that in 
,rep4 #f1 #aa avi relliquias1 the       
finishing up of the ,punic wars4 ,for   
the use of relliquias cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4  
#aa1 #cj ,troas relliquias ,danaum atque
 immitis ,achilli2 ib4 #eih2 ib4 #c1    
#hg4 -- ,,tertius3 so all our ,,mss4    
,this places the elder ,scipio's death  
in #ahc1 which agrees with ,livy's      
account in #ci1 #ej1 #aj4 ,but the year 
before ,cato's censorship was #ahe not  
#ahc1 hence some edd4 read quintus and  
some sextus in place of tertius4  ,p4   
#i4 -- ,,novem ,,annis3 as ,cato's      
consulship was in #aie these words also 
apparently disagree with tertius above4 
,novem annis post means nine full years 
after1 i4e4 #ahe not #ahf2 cf4 #db      
septem annis post4 -- ,,enim3 implies   
that the answer 'no' has been given to  
the question and proceeds to account for
 that answer4 -- ,,excursione3 a        
military term  'skirmishing'2 ,cf4 ,div4

 #b1 #bf prima orationis excursio4 --   
,,hastis3 loosely used for pilis4 ,the  
long old ,roman hasta1 whence the name  
hastati1 had long before ,cato's time   
been discarded for the pilum or short   
javelin1 which was thrown at the enemy  
from a distance before the troops closed
 and used the sword4 -- ,,consilium3 the
 repetition of consilium in a different 
sense from that which it had in the     
sentence before seems to us awkward2 but
 many such repetitions are found in     
,cicero4 ,consilium corresponds to both 
'counsel' and 'council'2 the senate was 
originally regium consilium1 the king's 
body of advisers4 ,here translate summum
 consilium 'the supreme deliberative    
body'4 -- ,,senatum3 'assembly of       
elders'4 ,cf4 #ef senatores1 id est     
senes4 ,senatus implies a lost verb     
sena-re1 to be or grow old from the stem
 of which both sena-tus and sena-tor are
 derived4 ,this stem again implies a    
lost noun or adjective senus1 old4 ,the 
word senatus was collective1 like       

comitatus1 a body of companions1        
exercitus1 a trained band etc4  #bj4    
,,amplissimum3 'most honorable'4 -- ,,ut
 ,,sunt 444 ,,senes3 the ,spartan 1 as  
it is commonly called1 consisted of #bh 
members1 all over #fj years of age4     
,herodotus uses the term  7senes7 for   
this assembly2 ,xenophon 4 ,in the      
,laconian dialect  was its name2 we also
 find  'to be a senator'4 ,for ut 444   
sic cf4 ,academ4 #b1 #ad1 similiter vos 
cum perturbare1 ut illi rem publicam1   
sic vos philosophiam velitis2 also      
,lael4 #ai4 -- ,,audire3 like 1 used    
especially of historical matters1 since 
instruction in them was almost entirely 
oral4 ,cf4   'ignorant of history'4 --  
,,voletis3 see note on #g faciam ut     
potero2 cf4 ,roby1 #adfd1 a2 ,madvig1   
#cci1 ,obs4 #a2 ,a4 #bgh1 b2 ,g4 #bcd1  
,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #dgj1 #b4 --              
,,adulescentibus3 ,cic41 when he wrote  
this1 was possibly thinking of ,athens  
and ,alcibiades4 -- ,,labefactatas3 the 
verb labefacio is foreign to good prose1

 in which labefacto is used4 --         
,,sustentatas3 ,cic4 does not use       
sustentus4 ,in ,mur4 #c sustinenda is   
followed by sustentata in the same      
sentence4 -- ,,cedo 444 ,,cito3 the line
 is of the kind called tetrameter iambic
 acatalectic 7or octonarius71 and is    
scanned thus3 --    v v -'  - -  - -'  v
 -  - -'  - -  - -'  v -4  ,in all kinds
 of iambic verse the old ,romans freely 
introduced spondees where the ,greeks   
used iambi2 so in hexameters spondees   
for dactyls4 ,cf4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ad ,pis4   
#bed et seq4 -- ,,cedo3  dic2 from ce1  
the enclitic particle involved in hic   
7hi-ce7 etc4 and da1 the root of do4 ,so
 cette  ce-d7ate  cedte1 then cette by  
assimilation of d to t4 ,the original   
meaning would thus be 'give here'1 and  
in this sense the word is often used4   
,see ,lex4 ,dare is commonly put for    
dicere1 as accipere is for audire4 --   
,,qui3 'how'4 -- ,,tantam3   4 --       
,,naevi3 ,naevius lived about #bfd-aid  
,b4,c4 ,his great work was a history of 

the ,first ,punic ,war written in       
,saturnian verse1 the rude indigenous   
metre of early ,roman poetry4 ,he wrote 
also plays1--tragedies and comedies1    
both palliatae and praetextae4 ,for an  
account of him see ,cruttwell1 ,history 
of ,roman ,literature2 also1 ,sellar1   
,roman ,poets of the ,republic1 ,ch4 #c4
 ,if ,ludo be read1 it may be either    
from the ,latin ludus 7,naevius entitled
 a comedy ,ludius7 or from 1 ,lydian4 --
 ,,poetae3 ,naevius seems to have been  
in the habit of adding poeta to his     
name4 ,it appears in the well-known     
epitaph said to have been written by    
himself1 also in the lines written      
against him by the family poet of the   
,metelli3 'malum dabunt ,metelli ,naevio
 poetae'4 ,the name poeta was new in    
,naevius' time and was just displacing  
the old ,latin name vates2 see ,munro on
 ,lucr4 #a1 #ajb4 -- ,,proveniebant     
etc43 the same metre as above1 divided  
thus by ,lahmeyer3 --    provni  ebant  
ort  ores  nov  stult adu  lescn _/     

iuli4  ,the whole line has the look of  
being translated from the ,greek3  7  7 
1  4 ,lr4 takes provenire in the sense  
of 'to grow up'1 comparing ,plin4 ,ep4  
#a1 #ac1 #a magnum proventum 7'crop'7   
poetarum annus hic attulit2 ,sall4 ,cat4
 #h1 #c provenere ibi scriptorum magna  
ingenia4 -- ,,videlicet3 'you see'4     
#ba4 ,,at3   2 used1 as in #cb1 #ce1    
#dg1 #fe1 and #fh1 to introduce the     
supposed objection of an opponent4 --   
,,credo3 'of course'4 ,cf4 #dg where    
credo follows at as here4 -- ,,exerceas3
 the subject is the indefinite 'you'    
equivalent to 'one'1 3 'unless one were 
to practise it'4 ,so #bh nequeas2 #cc   
requiras4 ,cf4 also ,plin4 ,ep4 #h1 #ad1
 #c difficile est tenere quae acceperis1
 nisi exerceas4 ,for the mood see ,a4   
#cji1 a2 ,g4 #eih1 #eig1 ,rem4 #c2 ,h4  
#ejh1 #e1 #b74 -- ,,tardior3 'unusually 
dull'2 cf4 ,academ4 #b1 #ig ,epicurus   
quem isti tardum putant4 --             
,,themistocles3 famed for his memory4 --
 ,,civium3 'fellow-countrymen'2         

perceperat3 'had grasped' or 'mastered'4
 -- ,,qui 444 ,,solitum3 'that he often 
addressed as ,lysimachus some one who   
for all that was ,aristides'4 ,the      
direct object of salutare is omitted4   
,for qui  tametsi is cf4 ,att4 #a1 #ac1 
#c nosmet ipsi1 qui ,lycurgei fuissemus1
 cotidie demitigamur2 also ,de ,or4 #a1 
#hb4 -- ,,esset3 ,a4#cdb2 ,g4#fca2      
,h4#ebi1 ,,ii4 and n4 #a1 #a74 --       
,,lysimachum3 for ut ,l4 or pro         
,lysimacho4 ,so ,arch4 #ai ,homerum     
,chii suum vindicant 7 ut suum or pro   
suo74 ,lysimachus was the father of     
,aristides4 -- ,,sunt3  vivunt1 as      
often2 so in #cb esse  vivere2 #ed fuit 
vixit2 #ef1 #fj1 #fi4 -- ,,sepulcra     
,,legens3 ,cato was a great antiquarian2
 cf4 #ch ,originum4 -- ,,in ,,memoriam  
,,redeo ,,mortuorum3 the genitive as    
with memini1 recordari etc4 ,for the    
phrase cf4 ,verr4 #a1 #abj redite in    
memoriam1 iudices1 quae libido istius   
fuerit2 also below1 #ei in gratiam      
redire cum voluptate4 ,here translate   

',i refresh my memory of the dead'4 --  
,,quemquam ,,senem3 the best writers do 
not use quisquam as an adjective1 but   
there is no need to alter senem into    
senum as some editors do1 since senem is
 a substitute for a clause cum senex    
esset2 ',i never heard that anybody     
because he was an old man 444'4 ,senes  
must be so taken in #bb1 since          
pontifices etc4 cannot stand as         
adjectives4 ,cf4 n4 on #aj              
adulescentulus miles4 -- ,,vadimonia3   
'their appointments to appear in court1 
the debts due to them and the debts they
 owe'4 ,when the hearing of a suit had  
to be adjourned1 the defendant was bound
 over either on his own recognizance    
merely 7pure7 or along with sureties    
7vades7 to appear in court on the day   
appointed for the next hearing1 a sum or
 sums of money being forfeited in case  
of his non-appearance4 ,the engagement  
to appear was technically called        
vadimonium2 when the defendant entered  
into the engagement he was said         

vadimonium promittere2 if he kept the   
engagement1 v4 obire or sistere2 if he  
failed in it1 v4 deserere4 ,the plural  
vadimonia is here used because a number 
of suits is meant2 the word constituta  
is chosen as a more general term than   
promissa1 and as referring to the       
circumstances of both plaintiff and     
defendant4 ,strictly speaking1 it is the
 presiding judge who vadimonia          
constituit4 ,on this account vadimonia  
constituta should be translated as above
 'appointments'1 and not 'bonds' or     
'engagements' to appear in court4  ,p4  
#aj4 -- #bb4 ,,quid 444 ,,senes3 sc4    
tibi videntur2 'what do you think of old
 men as lawyers1 etc48' ,so without     
ellipsis1 ,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #a quid tibi   
ego in epistulis videor8 -- ,,ingenia3  
suum cuique ingenium2 'old men retain   
their wits'4 -- ,,permaneat3 ,a4 #bff1  
d2 ,g4 #ege2 ,h4 #eac1 ,i4 -- ,,studium 
,,et ,,industria3 'earnestness and      
activity'2 not a case of hendiadys1 as  
some editors make it4 ,cf4 n4 on #ae    

iuventute et viribus4 -- ,,neque ,,ea   
,,solum3    1 'and that not only'4 --   
,,honoratis3 this does not correspond to
 our 'honored'1 but implies that the    
persons have held high offices          
7honores72 cf4 #fa senectus honorata    
praesertim4 ,here translate 'statesmen'4
 -- ,,in ,,vita 444 ,,quieta3 'in an    
unofficial and retired life'4 ,there is 
chiasmus here1 since privata is         
contrasted with honoratis and quieta    
with claris4 -- ,,summam ,,senectutem3  
,sophocles died at the age of #ij in    
#dje ,b4,c4 -- ,,quod ,,propter         
,,studium3 'from his devotion to this   
occupation'4 -- ,,filiis3 except        
,plutarch1 who probably follows         
,cicero's words1 all the authorities    
tell the story of the poet's eldest son 
,iophon only4 ,the tale is full of      
improbabilities4 -- ,,rem3  rem         
familiarem as in #a4 -- ,,patribus      
,,bonis ,,interdici ,,solet3 'fathers   
are often prevented from managing their 
property'4 ,for the construction cf4 the

 expression interdicere alicui aqua et  
igni3 interdici is here used            
impersonally with patribus in the dat42 
,a4 #bcj2 ,h4 #chd1 #e2 bonis is abl4 of
 separation 7deprivation74 ,the fragment
 of the ,,xii tables here referred to is
 thus given in ,dirksen's edition3 sei  
fouriosos aut prodicos 7prodigus7 escit 
7erit7 adenatorum centiliomque          
7gentiliumque7 eius potestas estod1 i4e4
 the agnates 7male relatives whose      
kinship with the furiosus is derived    
through males7 and members of his gens  
are to administer his property4 ,we have
 preserved the form in which the        
judgment was made by the praetor urbanus
 7,paulus1 ,sent4 #c1 #d;a1 #g73 'quando
 tibi tua bona paterna avitaque nequitia
 tua disperdis liberosque tuos ad       
egestatem perducis1 ob eam rem tibi ea  
re commercioque interdico'4 -- ,,quasi  
,,desipientem3 ' ' says the author of   
the anonymous life of ,sophocles4 ,cf4  
,xenophon1 ,mem4 #a1 #b1 #di4 -- ,,in   
,,manibus ,,habebat3 'had on hand' i4e4 

in preparation4 ,est in manibus in #ab  
has a different meaning4 --             
,,scripserat3 he had written it but not 
finally corrected it4 -- ,,recitasse3   
the common version of the story states  
that not the whole play was read but    
only the fine chorus beginning 1 1  4 --
 ,,videretur3 sc4 esse2 the infinitive  
is often omitted thus after verbs of    
desiring1 thinking etc41 also verbs of  
speaking and hearing2 cf4 ,lael4 #ah eam
 sapientiam interpretantur2 ib4 #bi quam
 natam volunt2 ib4 #fd homines ex maxime
 raro genere iudicare2 ,acad4 #b1 #ab   
viderenturne ea ,philonis4  #bc4        
,,hesiodum3 see n4 on #ed4 --           
,simoniden3 ,simonides of ,ceos 7not ,s4
 of ,amorgos71 one of the greatest      
,greek lyric poets1 lived from #eef to  
about #dfi ,b4,c4 -- ,,stesichorum3 of  
,himera in ,sicily1 also a lyric poet2  
lived from about #fcj to about #eef     
,b4,c4 -- ,,isocraten ,,gorgian3 nn4 on 
#ac4 -- ,,philosophorum ,,principes3 'in
 the first rank of philosophers'4 --    

,,pythagoran3 neither the date of his   
birth nor that of his death can be      
determined2 he 'flourished' about #ecj4 
,he lived mostly in the ,greek          
settlements of lower ,italy1 where his  
school existed for some centuries after 
his death4 -- ,,democritum3 of ,abdera1 
one of the originators of the theory of 
atoms2 said to have lived from #dfj to  
#cfa or #ceg ,b4,c4 -- ,,xenocraten     
after ,plato1 ,speusippus was the first 
head of the ,academic ,school2          
,xenocrates succeeded him4 ,he lived    
from #cig to #cae or #cac4 -- ,,zenonem3
 of ,citium in ,cyprus1 founder of      
,stoicism1 born about #ceg1 is said to  
have lived to the age of #ih4 --        
,,cleanthen3 he followed ,zeno in the   
presidency of the ,stoic school4 ,his   
age at death is variously given as #ii  
and as #hj years4 -- ,,quem ,,vidistis3 
see ,introd4 ,it is rather curious that 
,cic4 should make ,cato speak with      
admiration of ,diogenes1 to whom he had 
shown great hostility4 -- ,,diogenen3   

,cic4 probably wrote in -an1 -en1 not in
 -am1 -em the accusatives of ,greek     
proper names in -as1 -es4 -- ,,stoicum3 
to distinguish him from ,diogenes the   
,cynic4 -- ,,agitatio3 ,cic4 uses       
agitatio and actio almost               
interchangeably2 cf4 agitatio rerum in  
,de ,or4 #c1 #hh with actio rerum in    
,acad4 #b1 #fb and elsewhere4 ,actus in 
this sense occurs only in silver ,latin4
  #bd4 ,,age3 a common form of          
transition to a new subject2 brief for  
'hoc age'1 'do this'1 i4e4 'attend to   
this that ,i am going to say'4 ,the     
common use of  in ,greek is exactly     
similar4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,omittamus3 ,cf4  
n4 on #eb ut4 -- ,,possum ,,nominare3   
',i am able to name'2 in colloquial     
,english ',i might name'4 ,the ,latins  
occasionally use also a hypothetical    
form1 where possim or possem stands in  
the apodosis of a conditional sentence1 
the protasis of which is not expressed2 
but the missing protasis is generally   
easily supplied and was distinctly      

present to the writer's mind4 ,e4g4 in  
,tusc4 #a1 #hh we have dici hoc in te   
non potest2 posset in ,tarquinio2 at in 
mortuo ne intellegi quidem 7potest71    
where the reason for the change from    
potest to posset is quite evident4 ,in  
translating from ,english into ,latin it
 is far safer to use the indicative4    
,cf4 #ee possum persequi4 ,a4 #caa1 c2  
,g4 #eii1 ,rem4 #c2 ,h4 #eaa1 #a1 n4 #c1
 #dgf1 #d4 -- ,,ex ,,agro 444 ,,romanos3
 'country-bred ,romans 7i4e4 ,roman     
citizens7 belonging to the ,sabine      
district'4 ,the words ex agro ,sabino   
form an attributive phrase qualifying   
,romanos just as rusticos does4 --      
,,numquam ,,fere3 'scarcely ever'4 --   
,,maiora ,,opera3 'farm work of any     
importance'4 ,this use of opera is      
common in ,vergil's ,georgics4 -- ,,non3
 the repetition of the negative after   
numquam is common in ,latin2 in ,english
 never 444 not is found in dialects     
only4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #dh non tantum 444 non
 plus quam4 -- ,,serendis3 ablative of  

respect1 'as regards sowing'4 ,see ,roby
 #abaj2 ,kennedy1 #adi4 --              
,,percipiendis3 so #gj2 cf4 ,n4,d4 #b1  
#aef neque enim serendi neque colendi1  
nec tempestive demetendi percipiendi que
 fructus1 neque condendi nec reponendi  
ulla pecudum scientia est4 -- ,,in      
,,aliis3 see n4 on #c ceteris4 ,notice  
the proleptic use4 -- ,,idem3 a better  
form of the plural than iidem1 commonly 
found in our texts4 ,for the use here   
cf4 n4 on #d eandem4 -- ,,pertinere3    
present for future4 -- ,,sent 444       
,,prosint3 the line is given as ,ribbeck
 prints it4 ,he scans it as a           
'bacchius'1 consisting of four feet1    
with the measurement  v - - 1 the last  
syllable of saeclo seeming to be        
shortened4 ,cicero quotes the same line 
in ,tusc4 #a1 #ca adding ut ait         
7,statius7 in ,synephebis1 quid spectans
 nisi etiam postera saecla ad se        
pertinere8 ,saeclo  'generation'4 ,for  
mood of prosint see ,a #cag2 ,g4 #fcb1  
,h4 #dig1 ,i4 -- ,,statius ,,noster3    

'our fellow-countryman ,statius'4 ,so   
,arch4 #bb ,ennius noster4 ,caecilius   
,statius1 born among the ,insubres1     
wrote ,latin comedies which were largely
 borrowed from the ,greek of ,menander4 
,the original of the ,synephebi was     
,menander's   'young comrades'4 ,see    
,sellar1 ,rom4 ,poets of the ,rep41 ,ch4
 #g4  ,p4 #aa4 -- #be4 ,,dis3 the       
spellings diis1 dii which many recent   
editors still keep1 are probably        
incorrect1 at all events it is certain  
that the nominative and ablative plural 
of deus formed monosyllables1 except    
occasionally in poetry1 where dei1 deis 
were used4 ,even these dissyllabic forms
 scarcely occur before ,ovid4 -- ,,et3  
emphatic at the beginning of a sentence3
 'aye1 and'4 -- ,,melius3 sc4 dixit4 -- 
,,illud3 'the following' ,a4 #ajb1 b1   
,g4 #bib1 #d2 ,h4 #dej1 #c4 -- ,,idem3  
dem1 not dem4 -- ,,edepol3 literally1   
'ah1 god ,pollux'1 e being an           
interjection1 de a shortened form of the
 vocative of deus1 pol abbreviated from 

,pollux4 ,the asseveration is mostly    
confined to comedy4 ,the lines come from
 a play by ,statius called ,plocium 7   
'necklace'71 copied from one by         
,menander with the same title2 see      
,ribbeck's ',fragmenta' ,the verses are 
iambic trimeters ,a4 #cfe2 ,g4 #ged1 ,h4
 #fbb4 -- ,,nil ,,quicquam3 see n4 on   
#ba quemquam senem1 cf4 the common      
expression nemo homo1 #hd nemo vir1 etc4
 where two substantival words are placed
 side by side4 -- ,,viti3 see n4 on #a1 
l #c praemi ,viti here  mali2 cf4 ,ter4 
,andr4 #gc ei vereor ne quid ,andria    
adportet mali4 -- ,,sat ,,est3 sat for  
satis in ,cicero's time was             
old-fashioned and poetical4 -- ,,quod   
,,diu3 these words must be scanned as a 
spondee4 ,the i in diu here probably had
 the sound of our y4 ,a4 #cdg1 c1 ,g4   
#gag2 ,h4 #fjh1 ,,iii4 n4 #b4 ,allen    
well compares a line of ,publilius      
,syrus heu quam multa paenitenda        
incurrunt vivendo diu4 -- ,,volt3       
indefinite subject4 -- ,,videt3 ,tischer

 quotes ,herod4 #a1 #cb 7speech of      
,solon to ,croesus7         1    1    4 
-- ,,tum ,,equidem etc43 these lines1 as
 well as those above1 occurred in a play
 of ,statius called ',ephesio' see      
,ribbeck's ',fragmenta'4 -- ,,senecta3  
not used by prose writers before the    
time of silver ,latin4 -- ,,deputo3 this
 compound is used by the dramatists and 
then does not occur again till late     
,latin times4 -- ,,eumpse3 like ipse and
 reapse 7for which see n4 on ,lael4 #dg7
 this word contains the enclitic        
particle pe 7probably another form of   
que71 found in nem pe1 quis-p-iam etc41 
along with se1 which belongs to an old  
demonstrative pronoun once declined sos1
 sa1 sum1 the masc4 and fem4 of which   
are seen in 1 4 ,the form was no doubt  
originally eumpsum1 like ipsom 7ipsum71 
but has passed into its present form    
just as ipsos 7nom47 became ipso1 then  
ipse4 ,the only difference in sense     
between eumpse and the simple eum is    
that the former is more emphatic4 ,the  

pronoun eumpse is the subject of the    
infinitive sentire1 but the substantive1
 senex1 to which the pronoun refers1 is 
not expressed4 -- ,,odiosum3 cf4 n4 on  
#d4  #bf4 ,,iucundum 444 ,,odiosum3     
elliptic1  'iucundum' potius quam       
'odiosum' senem esse dicendum est4 --   
,,ut 444 ,,delectantur3 cf4 ,lael4 #aja2
 also below1 #bi4 -- ,,sapientes        
,,senes3 neither of these words is used 
as an adjective here2 the whole         
expression  sapientes1 cum facti sunt   
senes4 -- ,,levior3 cf4 the fragm4 of   
,callimachus3  '    1   4 -- ,,coluntur 
,,et ,,diliguntur3 colere rather implies
 the external marks of respect 7cf4 coli
 in #g71 diligere the inner feeling of  
affection4 -- ,,praeceptis etc43 cf4    
,off4 #a1 #abb ineuntis enim aetatis    
inscitia senum constituenda et regenda  
prudentia est4 -- ,,me 444 ,,iucundos3  
put for me iucundum esse quam vos mihi  
estis iucundi4 ,the attraction of a     
finite verb into the infinitive after   
quam is not uncommon2 cf4 n4 on #a      

quibus me ipsum 7,roby1 #aghd1 b2 ,a4   
#ccf1 b1 ,rem42 ,h4 #ebd1 #a1 #b74      
,minus1 be it observed1 does not qualify
 intellego1 but iucundos4 -- ,,sed3 here
 analeptic1 i4e4 it introduces a return 
to the subject proper after a           
digression1 so in #ca4 -- ,,videtis1    
,,ut 444 ,,sit3 here ut  quo modo2      
'how'4 -- ,,senectus 444 ,,cuiusque3 the
 abstract senectus is put for senes as  
in #cd2 hence cuiusque1 sc4 senis4 ,so  
above adulescentia  adulescentes4 --    
,,agens ,,aliquid3 this phrase differs  
from agat in that while the subjunctive 
would express the fact of action1 the   
participial phrase expresses rather the 
constant tendency to act4 ,agens aliquid
 forms a sort of attribute to senectus1 
parallel with operosa4 ,moliri differs  
from agere in that it implies the       
bringing into existence of some object4 
,cf4 ,off4 #c1 #ajb agere aliquid et    
moliri volunt2 ,acad4 #b1 #bb ut        
moliatur aliquid et faciat2 ,n4,d4 #a1  
#b utrum di nihil agant1 nihil          

moliantur2 ,mur4 #hb et agant et        
moliantur4 -- ,,quid 444 ,,aliquid3 for 
the ellipsis in quid qui cf4 n4 on #bb  
quid 444 ,addiscunt    learn on and on1 
go on learning4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,videmus3  
put1 as ,allen observes1 for ut ,solon  
fecit1 quem videmus4 -- ,,solonem3 see  
also #ej4 ,the line 7versibus here is an
 exaggeration2 in #ej it is versiculus7 
is preserved by ,plato in his ,timaeus  
and by ,plutarch1 ,sol4 #ca  '   4 ,the 
age of ,solon at his death is variously 
given as #hj or #ajj years4 --          
,,videmus3 the ,latins frequently use   
'we see' for 'we read'4 ,see n4 on      
,lael4 #ci1 also below1 #fi ut scriptum 
video4 -- ,,gloriantem3 ,a4 #bib1 e2 ,g4
 #ecf1 #ebg1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ece1 ,i4 #d4
 ,notice the change to the infinitive in
 uti below4 -- ,,senex3 i4e4 cum senex  
essem2 so #bg adulescens desiderabam2   
#cj memini puer4 ,plutarch 7,cato #b7   
gives an account of ,cato's study of    
,greek in his old age4 -- ,,sic3 this   
word does not qualify avide1 but refers 

on to quasi1 so that sic 444 quasi      
cupiens  'thus1 viz4 like one desiring'4
 ,cf4 n4 on #ab ita cupide fruebar      
quasi2 also #ce tamquam 444 sic4 ,quasi 
serves to soften the metaphor in sitim2 
cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #c4 -- ,,cupiens3 after
 quasi a finite verb 7cuperem7 would    
have been more usual1 as in #ab ita 444 
quasi divinarem4 ,cf4 however #bb quasi 
desipientem4 -- ,,ea ,,ipsa ,,mihi3 for 
the juxtaposition of pronouns1 which is 
rather sought after in ,latin1 cf4 #gb  
ipsa suum eadem quae4 -- ,,exemplis3    
pro exemplis1 or exemplorum loco 7cf4 n4
 on #ba ,lysimachum71 so that those     
editors are wrong who say that we have  
here an example of the antecedent thrust
 into the relative clause1 as though ea 
ipsa quibus exemplis were put for ea    
ipsa exempla quibus4 -- ,,quod3  ut cum 
iam senex esset disceret4 -- ,,socraten3
 ,cic4 probably learned this fact from  
,plato's ,menexenus #bce ,e and         
,euthydemus #bgb ,c where ,connus is    
named as the teacher of ,socrates in    

music4 ,in the ,euthydemus ,socrates    
says that the boys attending ,connus'   
lessons laughed at him and called       
,connus 4 ,cf4 also ,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #c   
,socraten fidibus docuit nobilissimus   
fidicen2 is ,connus vocitatus est2 ,val4
 ,max4 #h1 #g1 #h4 -- ,,in ,,fidibus3   
'in the case of the lyre'4 ,tcking      
quotes ,quintilian #i1 #b1 #e quod in   
fidibus fieri vidimus4 ,the ,greek word 
cithara is not used by ,cicero and does 
not become common in ,latin prose till  
long after ,cicero's time1 though he    
several times uses the words            
citharoedus1 citharista1 when referring 
to ,greek professional players4 ,the    
word lyra too is rare in early prose2 it
 occurs in ,tusc4 #a1 #d in connection  
with a ,greek1 where in the same        
sentence fides is used as an equivalent4
 -- ,,audirem3 for audire  legendo      
cognoscere see n4 on #bj4 -- ,,vellem3  
sc4 si possem4 -- ,,discebant 444       
,,antiqui3 doubts have been felt as to  
the genuineness of the clause4 ,in      

,tusc4 #d1 #c a passage of ,cato is     
quoted which refers to the use of the   
tibia among the ancient ,romans2        
immediately afterwards the antiquity of 
practice on the fides at ,rome is       
mentioned1 though not expressly on      
,cato's authority4 ,the words cannot be 
said to be unsuited either to the person
 or to the occasion4 -- ,,discebant 444 
,,fidibus3 the verb canere1 which means 
'to play' as well as 'to sing'1 must be 
supplied2 fidibus is then an ablative of
 the means or instrument4 ,there is the 
same ellipsis of canere in the phrases  
docere fidibus 7,fam4 #i1 #bb1 #c7 and  
scire fidibus 7,terence1 ,eunuchus      
#acc74 ,cf4 ,roby1 #abag4  ,p4 #ab4 --  
#bg4 ,,ne 444 ,,quidem3 these two words 
together correspond to the ,greek  7    
ne1   quidem71 and are best translated  
here by 'nor' rather than by 'not even'4
 ,the rendering 'not even'1 though      
required by some passages1 will often   
misrepresent the ,latin4 -- ,,locus3    
locus 7like  in ,greek7 is a rhetorical 

term with a technical meaning4 ,the     
pleader is to anticipate the arguments  
he may find it necessary to use in      
different cases1 and is to arrange them 
under certain heads2 each head is called
 a  or locus1 meaning literally the     
place where a pleader is to look for an 
argument when wanted4 ,hence locus came 
to mean 'a cut-and-dried argument' or1  
as here1 a 'commonplace'4 ,it is often  
found in ,cicero's rhetorical writings4 
-- ,,non ,,plus ,,quam3 'any more than'4
 ,after the negative ne above it is     
incorrect to translate non by a negative
 in ,english1 though the repetition of  
the negative is common enough in ,latin1
 as in some ,english dialects4 ,cf4 n4  
on #bd4 ,plus here  magis4 -- ,,quod    
,,est3 sc4 tibi1 'what you have'1 so    
,paradoxa #ah and #eb satis esse1 quod  
est4 -- ,,agas3 quisquis is generally   
accompanied by the indicative1 as in    
,verg4 ,aen4 #b1 #di quidquid id est    
etc42 see ,roby1 #afig2 ,a4 #cji1 c2 ,g4
 #bdf1 #d2 ,h4 #dgf1 #c4 ,the           

subjunctive is here used1 with the      
imaginary second person1 to render      
prominent the hypothetical and          
indefinite character of the verb        
statement4 ,roby1 #aedd-aedf2 ,madvig1  
#cgj1 #did1 ,obs4 #e1 7#f74 -- ,,vox3   
'utterance'2 the word is used only of   
speeches in some way specially          
remarkable4 -- ,,contemptior3 'more     
despicable'4 ,the passive participle of 
contemno has the sense of an adjective  
in -bilis1 like invictus and many       
others4 -- ,,milonis3 the most famous of
 the ,greek athletes4 ,he lived at the  
end of the sixth century ,b4,c41 and the
 praises of his victories were sung by  
,simonides4 ,it was under his leadership
 that his native city ,croton1 in ,magna
 ,graecia1 attacked and destroyed       
,sybaris4 ,many stories are told by the 
ancients about his feats of strength    
7see #cc71 and about his power of       
consuming food4 ,he is said to have been
 a prominent disciple of ,pythagoras4 --
 ,,illacrimans3 beware of spelling      

lacrima with either ch for c or y for i2
 these spellings are without            
justification4 ,the y rests on the      
absurd assumption that the ,latins      
borrowed their word lacrima straight    
from the ,greek 4 -- ,,dixisse3         
combinations like dicitur dixisse are   
exceedingly rare in good ,latin4 ,cicero
 nearly always uses two different verbs2
 i4e4 he says aiunt dicere and the like4
 -- ,,at3 there is an ellipsis here such
 as 'those young men's muscles are      
powerful but 444'4 ,this elliptic use of
 at is common in sudden exclamations of 
grief1 annoyance1 surprise etc4 --      
,,vero3 this is common in emphatic      
replies1 whether the reply convey       
assent1 or1 as here1 a retort4 ,the     
usage is well illustrated in            
,ngelsbach's ,stilistik1  #aig1 #b4 --  
,,tam3 sc4 mortui sunt4 -- ,,nugator3   
nugari  1 'to trifle'4 -- ,,ex ,,te3    
,cato here identifies a man's person    
with his soul and intellect1 the body   
being regarded as a mere dress2 cf4     

,rep4 #f1 #bf mens cuiusque is est      
quisque4 ,ex te1 literally1 'out of     
yourself'1 i4e4 'from your real self's  
resources'4 -- ,,lateribus3 see n4 on   
#ad4 -- ,,aelius3 his cognomen was      
,paetus2 he was consul in #aih1 and     
censor in #aid ,b4,c4 ,he was one of the
 earliest and most famous writers on    
,roman ,law4 ,his great commentary on   
the ,,xii tables is often referred to by
 ,cicero1 who several times quotes      
,ennius' line about him4 -- egregie     
cordatus homo catus ,aelius ,sextus4 -- 
,,tale3 sc4 dixit4 -- ,,coruncanius3 n4 
on #ae4 -- ,p4 ,,crassus3 consul in #bje
 ,b4,c4 with the elder ,africanus2      
pontifex maximus from #bab to his death 
in #ahc4 ,he was famous both as a lawyer
 7see below1 #ej2 also ,liv4 #cj1 #a1 #e
 iuris pontifici peritissimus7 and as a 
statesman 7see #fa74 ,modo therefore    
covers a space of at least #cc years1 so
 that it cannot well be translated by   
our 'lately'2 say rather 'nearer our    
time'4 ,the amount of time implied by   

modo and nuper depends entirely on the  
context2 for modo see ,lael4 #f with    
note1 for nuper below1 n4 on #fa1 where 
it is used of ,crassus as modo is here4 
-- ,,praescribebantur3 the meaning is   
that these lawyers practised in old age 
as jurisconsults1 i4e4 according to old 
,roman custom1 they gave audience in the
 early hours of the day to all who chose
 to consult them about legal            
difficulties4 -- ,,est ,,provecta3      
literally 'was carried forward'1 i4e4   
'continued'1 'remained'4 ,some wrongly  
take the phrase to mean 'made progress'1
 'increased'1 a sense which would       
require the imperfect1 provehebatur4 -- 
,,prudentia3 here1 as often1 'legal     
skill'4  #bh4 ,,orator3 emphatic        
position4 -- ,,senectute3 causal        
ablative2 not 'in age'1 but 'owing to   
age'4 -- ,,omnino -- ,,sed ,,tamen3 'no 
doubt -- but still'4 ,omnino 7literally1
 'altogether'7 has two almost exactly   
opposite uses -- 7#a7 the affirmative1  
cf4 #i2 7#b7 the concessive1 which we   

have here and in #de4 ,the circumstance 
which is contrasted with the admitted   
circumstance is usually introduced by   
sed tamen or sed as in #de1 but in      
,lael4 #ih by the less emphatic autem1  
while in ,lael4 #fi there is no         
introductory particle4 -- ,,canorum 444 
,,senectute3 canorum implies the        
combination of power with clearness in a
 voice4 ,for the mixture of metaphors in
 canorum splendescit edd4 quote ,soph4  
,phil4 #ahi  2 ,cic4 ,de ,or4 #b1 #fj   
illorum tactu orationem meam quasi      
colorari4 -- ,,nescio ,,quo ,,pacto3    
literally1 ',i know not on what terms'2 
quite interchangeable with nescio quo   
modo2 cf4 #hb4 ,a4 #ccd1 e2 ,g4 #dfi1   
,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #ebi1 #e1 #c74 -- ,,adhuc 
,,non3 purposely put for nondum1 because
 more emphasis is thus thrown both on   
the time-word and on the negation4 ,the 
common view that nondum was avoided     
because it would have implied that ,cato
 expected to lose the canorum is        
certainly wrong4 -- ,,et ,,videtis3     

'though you see my years'4 ,the         
adversative use of et for autem or tamen
 after the negative is not very uncommon
 in ,cicero1 but there are few examples 
of the usage in the speeches4 ,cf4      
,lael4 #bf et quidquid2 so sometimes que
 as above1 #ac2 also ,lael4 #cj ut nullo
 egeat suaque omnia in se posita        
iudicet4 -- ,,seni3 ,madvig's em4 for   
senis4 ,in ,leg4 #a1 #aa allusion is    
made to the great change which advancing
 years had wrought in ,cicero's own     
impassioned oratory4 ,he was no doubt   
thinking of that change when he wrote   
the words we have here4 -- ,,sermo3     
'style of speaking'2 a word of wider    
meaning than oratio1 which only denotes 
public speaking4 -- ,,quietus ,,et      
,,remissus3 'subdued and gentle'4 ,the  
metaphor in remissus 7which occurs also 
in #ha7 refers to the loosening of a    
tight-stretched string2 cf4 intentum    
etc4 in #cg with n4 ,with the whole     
passage cf4 ,plin4 ,ep4 #c1 #a1 #b nam  
iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam et quasi  

turbata non indecent2 senibus placida   
omnia et ordinata conveniunt4 -- ,,facit
 ,,audientiam3 'procures of itself a    
hearing for it'4 ,in the words per se   
ipsa there is no doubt an allusion to   
the custom at large meetings in ancient 
times whereby the praeco or  called on  
the people to listen to the speakers4   
,cf4 ,liv4 #dc1 #af1 #h praeconem       
audientiam facere iussit4 ,note that    
this is the only classical use of the   
word audientia2 it has not the meaning  
of our 'audience' either in the sense of
 a body of listeners1 or as used in the 
expression 'to give audience'4 --       
,,composita ,,et ,,mitis3 'unimpassioned
 and smooth'4 ,cf4 ,quintil4 #f1 #b1 #i 
affectus igitur hos concitatos1 illos   
mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt4 --
 ,,quam 444 ,,nequeas3 'and if you      
cannot practise oratory yourself'4      
,evidently quam refers to oratio in the 
widest sense1 not to the special style  
of oratory mentioned in the last        
sentence4 ,with si nequeas cf4 nisi     

exerceas in #ba with n4 -- ,,scipioni   
,,et ,,laelio3 'a ,scipio and a         
,laelius'2 i4e4 'young friends such as  
,scipio and ,laelius are to me'4 --     
,,praecipere3 here absolute1  praecepta 
dare2 usually an accusative follows4 -- 
,,studiis ,,iuventutis3 'the zeal of    
youth'4 ,studiis does not imply here the
 deference of youth to age2 the studia  
meant are the virtutum studia of #bf4   
#bi4 ,,ne 444 ,,instruat3 docere is to  
impart knowledge1 instituere 7literally 
'to ground' or 'establish'7 is to form  
the intellect and character by means of 
knowledge1 instruere1 to teach the pupil
 how he may bring his acquirements to   
bear in practical life4 -- ,,offici     
,,munus3 'performance of duty'2 cf4 #ce1
 #gb2 ,fam4 #f1 #ad4 ,in scores of      
passages in ,cicero we find officium et 
munus1 'duty and function'1 as in #cd4  
-- ,,cn4 ,,et ,p4 ,,scipiones3 in ,cic4 
the plural is always used where two men 
of the same family are mentioned and    
their names connected by et4 ,in other  

writers the plural is regular1 the      
singular exceptional1 as in ,sall4 ,iug4
 #db1 #a ,ti4 et ,c4 ,gracchus2 ,liv4   
#f1 #bb ,sp4 et ,l4 ,papirius4 ,even    
with other nouns the plural is regular2 
e4g4 ,cic4 ,phil4 #b1 #aja arationes    
,campana et ,leontina1 though a little  
above we have mense ,aprili atque ,maio4
 ,see ,draeger1 ,hist4 ,synt4 #a1 p4 #a4
 ,gnaeus 7not ,cnaeus -- see n4 on      
,lael4 #c7 ,cornelius ,scipio was consul
 in #bbb ,b4,c4 and was sent to ,spain  
at the outbreak of the ,second ,punic   
war to command against ,hasdrubal4      
,publius was consul in #bah1 and after  
being defeated by ,hannibal at the      
,ticinus1 joined his brother in ,spain4 
,at first they won important successes1 
but in #bab they were hemmed in and     
killed1 after a crushing defeat4 -- ,l4 
,,aemilius3 the father of ,macedonicus4 
,he was consul in #bai and defeated the 
,illyrii2 but when consul again in #baf 
was defeated and killed at ,cannae4 ,see
 #ge4 ,for avi duo cf4 #hb4 --          

,,consenuerint 444 ,,defecerint3        
coniunctio1 for which see n4 on #af4    
,for the mood see ,a4 #cac1 a2 ,g4 #fjh2
 ,h4 #eae1 ,,iii4 and n4 #c4 -- ,,etsi3 
see n4 on #b4 -- ,,senectute3 ,,mss4 and
 edd4 have senectutis1 but the sense    
requires the abl4  ,p4 #ac4 -- #cj4     
,,cyrus3 the elder4 -- ,,apud           
,,xenophontem3 'in ,xenophon'2 so in #gi
 where see n42 also #ca apud ,homerum4  
,see ,cyropaedia1 #h1 #g1 #f4 -- ,,cum  
444 ,,esset3 'though he was very old'1  
the clause depends on the following     
words1 not on the preceding4 -- ,,negat3
 in ,latin as in ,english the present   
tense is used in quotations from books4 
-- ,,metellum3 was consul in #bea ,b4,c4
 and won a great victory over the       
,carthaginians at ,panormus 7,palermo72 
consul again in #bdg4 ,see below1 #fa4  
-- ,,memini 444 ,,esse3 for the         
construction of memini with the present 
or perfect infinitive1 see n4 on ,lael4 
#b2 also ,a4 #bhh1 b2 ,g4 #bgg1 ,rem42  
,h4 #ecg1 #a4 -- ,,puer3 the expression 

is peculiar1 being abbreviated from quod
 puer vidi or something of the kind4    
,quintil4 #h1 #c1 #ca has memini        
iuvenis4 ,in ,rep4 #a1 #bc ,cicero says 
memini me admodum adulescentulo4 --     
,,viginti ,,et ,,duos3 the commoner     
order of the words is duos et viginti2  
see n4 on #ac centum 444 annos4 -- ,,ei 
,,sacerdotio3 'that sacred college'2    
i4e4 the pontifical college consisting  
of the pontifex maximus and the inferior
 pontifices4 -- ,,requireret3 see n4 on 
#ac quaereretur4 -- ,,nihil3 n4 on #a1  
l4 #a quid4 -- ,,mihi3 dat4 for acc4 to 
emphasize the person4 -- ,,id3 'such a  
course'2 cf4 #hb ut de me ipse aliquid  
more senum glorier4  #ca4 ,,videtisne   
,,ut3 here ne is the equivalent of      
nonne1 as it often is in the ,latin of  
,plautus and ,terence1 and in the       
colloquial ,latin of the classical      
period4 ,for ut after videtis see n4 on 
#bf4 -- ,,nestor3 e4g4 in ,iliad #a1    
#bfj et seq4 #aa1 #ffh et seq4 --       
,,tertiam ,,aetatem3 cf4 ,iliad #a1     

#bej2 ,odyssey #c1 #bde4 -- ,,vera 444  
,,se3 'if he told the truth about       
himself'4 -- ,,nimis3 'to any great     
extent'4 ,insolens does not correspond  
to our 'insolent'2 it is almost the     
equivalent of ineptus1 and has no       
harsher meaning than 'odd'1 'strange'1  
'in bad taste'4 -- ,,melle ,,dulcior3   
,homer1 ,il4 #a1 #bdi        4 ,in ,or4 
#cb ,cic4 says of ,xenophon 7whom the   
,greeks called  7 that his oratio was   
melle dulcior4 -- ,,suavitatem3 notice  
the change from dulcior1 which seems to 
be made for the mere sake of variety1   
since elsewhere 7,de ,or4 #c1 #afa7     
,cicero writes dulcitudo orationis4 --  
,,et ,,tamen3 see n4 on #af4 -- ,,dux   
,,ille3 ,agamemnon2 see ,iliad #b1 #cgj 
et seq4 -- ,,nusquam3 i4e4 nowhere in   
,homer4 -- ,,aiacis3 i4e4 ,aiax         
,telamonius1 who was the greatest ,greek
 warrior while ,achilles sulked 7,iliad 
#b1 #gfh74 ,the genitive after similis  
is the rule in ,cicero1 though many     
examples of the dative are found even   

with names of persons2 see ,madv4 on    
,fin4 #e1 #ab4  #cb4 ,,sed3 see n4 on   
#bf4 -- ,,redeo ,,ad ,,me3 so #de2      
,lael4 #if1 ,div4 #a1 #ig ad nostra iam 
redeo2 also below1 #fg sed redeo ad     
mortem impendentem4 -- ,,vellem3 see n4 
on4 #bf4 -- ,,idem3 ,a4 #bch2 ,g4 #cca1 
,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #cga1 #b4 -- ,,quod       
,,cyrus3 see #cj4 -- ,,queo3 the verb   
queo is rarely found without a negative1
 possum being used in positive          
sentences2 cf4 however ,lael4 #ga       
queant1 where see n4 -- ,,miles etc43   
see #aj above4 -- ,,fuerim 444          
,,depugnavi3 ,a4 #ccf1 b2 ,g4 #fcj1     
,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ebd1 #b1 #b4 ,depugnavi  
'fought the war out'1 or 'to the end'2  
cf4 #ch1 desudans2 #dd devicerat4 --    
,,enervavit3 enervare is literally 'to  
take out the sinews'2 cf4 the           
expressions nervos elidere 7,tusc4 #b1  
#bg7 and nervos incidere 7,academ4 #a1  
#ce7 both of which are used in a        
secondary or metaphorical sense4 --     
,,curia3  senatus4 -- ,,rostra3 cf4 n4  

on #dd devicerat4 -- ,,fieri3 ,a4 #cca1 
a2 ,g4 #edf1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #dih1 ,i4 n4 
-- ,,esse3 emphatic1  vivere2 see n4 on 
#ba4 -- ,,ego ,,vero etc43 ',i however  
would rather that my old age should be  
shorter than that ,i should be old      
before my time'4 -- ,,mallem3 see n4 on 
#bf vellem4  ,p4 #ad4 -- ,,nemo ,,cui   
,,fuerim3 cf4 ,plaut4 ,mercator #b1 #b1 
#ag quamquam negotium est1 numquam sum  
occupatus amico operam dare4  #cc4 ,,at3
 as in #ba1 where see n4 -- ,t4 ,,ponti 
,,centurionis3 the centurions were      
generally men of powerful frame2 cf4    
,veget4 #b1 #ad centurio elegendus est1 
qui sit magnis viribus et procera       
statura2 ,philipp4 #h1 #bf centuriones  
pugnaces et lacertosos2 ,horat4 ,sat4   
#a1 #f1 #gb4 -- ,,moderatio3 'a right   
application'2 literally 'a governing'4  
-- ,,tantum 444 ,,nitatur3 cf4 #bg      
quidquid agas agere pro viribus1 also   
#dcd quantum possumus4 -- ,,ne3 the     
affirmative ne1 often wrongly written   
nae on the absurd assumption that the   

word passed into ,latin from the ,greek 
1 is in ,cicero always and in other     
writers nearly always followed by a     
pronoun4 ,for the form of the sentence  
here cf4 ,fam4 #g1 #a1 #c ne 444        
nostrum2 ,tusc4 #c1 #h ne ista etc42    
,fin4 #c1 #aa 7almost the same words74  
-- ,,per ,,stadium3 'over the course'2  
cf4 ,athenaeus #aj4 #d1 p4 #dab ,e2     
,lucian1 ,charon1 #h2 ,quint4 #a1 #i1 #e
 ,milo quem vitulum assueverat ferre1   
taurum ferebat4 ,as to ,milo see n4 on  
#bg4 ,for cum sustineret a modern would 
have been inclined to use a participle1 
which was perhaps avoided here because  
of the close proximity of another       
participle1 ingressus4 -- ,,umeris3 this
 spelling is better than humeris1 which 
is now abandoned by the best scholars4  
,there is no sound corresponding to the 
h in words of the same origin in cognate
 languages 7see ,curtius1 ,greek ,etym4 
#a1 #dbc of the ,eng4 ,trans471 and     
although undoubtedly h was wrongly      
attached to some ,latin words1 there is 

no evidence to show that this happened  
to umerus4 -- ,,has3 i4e4 ,milonis1     
corresponding to ,pythagorae4 --        
,,pythagorae3 chosen no doubt because   
tradition made ,milo a ,pythagorean2 see
 n4 on #bg4 -- ,,malis3 i4e4 si optandum
 sit 7cf4 ,plaut4 ,miles #agj74 ,for the
 ellipsis see n4 on #bf4 -- ,,denique3  
'in short'4 -- ,,utare3 the second      
person of the present subjunctive       
hortative is very rare1 excepting when1 
as here1 the command is general4 ,had   
the command been addressed to a         
particular person1 ,cicero might have   
written ne requisieris4 ,cf4 ,madvig1   
,opusc4 #b1 #aje2 ,roby1 #aeif2 ,a4     
#bff1 a1 b2 ,g4 #bef1 #b2 ,h4 #dhd1 #d1 
n4 #b4 -- ,,dum ,,adsit1 ,,cum ,,absit3 
as both dum and cum evidently have here 
a temporal sense1 the subjunctives seem 
due to the influence of the other       
subjunctives utare and requiras4 ,a4    
#cdb2 ,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 and n4  
#a1 #a74 -- ,,nisi ,,forte3 see n4 on   
#ah4 -- ,,cursus3 for the metaphor cf4  

n4 on #hc2 also ,fam4 #h1 #ac1 #a 7a    
letter of ,coelius7 aetate iam sunt     
decursa2 pro ,quint4 #ii acta aetas     
decursaque4 ,for certus cf4 below1 #gb  
senectutis certus terminus4 --          
,,aetatis3 here  vitae2 see n4 on #e4 --
 ,,eaque3 this is a common way of       
introducing with emphasis a fresh       
epithet or predicate4 ,often idque 7 7  
occurs1 the pronoun being then          
adverbially used1 and not in agreement  
with the subject4 ,cf4 n4 on #fe illius 
quidem2 also neque ea in #bb4 --        
,,simplex3 life is compared to a race1  
in which each man has to run once and   
only once around the course4 --         
,,tempestivitas3 'seasonableness'2 cf4  
#e maturitate tempestiva1 with n4 --    
,,infirmitas3 the context shows that not
 physical but intellectual weakness is  
meant2 so in ,acad4 #b1 #i infirmissimo 
tempore aetatis2 ,fin4 #e1 #dc aetas    
infirma4 -- ,,ferocitas3 'exultation'1  
'high spirit'4 -- ,,iam ,,constantis    
,,aetatis3 i4e4 middle age1 the         

characteristic of which is stability2   
cf4 #gf constans aetas quae media       
dicitur2 also #fj2 ,tac4 ,a4 #f1 #df    
composita aetas4 ,for iam cf4 ,suet4    
,galb4 #d aetate nondum constanti2 pro  
,caelio #da aetas iam corroborata2 ,fam4
 #aj1 #c1 #b aetas iam confirmata4 --   
,,maturitas3 'ripeness'1 i4e4 of        
intellect or judgment4 -- ,,suo3 ,g4    
#bie1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #ddi1 #b4  #cd4     
,,audire ,,te ,,arbitror3 ',i think that
 news reaches you'4 -- ,,hospes3 see n4 
on #bh orator4 -- ,,avitus3 there was a 
strong friendship between the elder     
,africanus and ,masinissa1 king of      
,numidia1 who in #bjf ,b4,c4 passed over
 from the ,carthaginian alliance to that
 of the ,romans4 ,he was richly rewarded
 by ,scipio1 and remained loyal to ,rome
 till his death4 ,he lived to welcome   
the younger ,scipio in ,africa during   
the last ,punic war1 and to see the     
utter ruin of ,carthage4 ,see ,sall4    
,iug4 #e1 #d4 ,for the expression hospes
 tuus avitus cf4 ,plautus1 ,miles #ace  

paternum suom hospitem4 -- ,,cum        
,,ingressus etc43 i4e4 protracted       
exercise of one kind did not weary him4 
-- ,,cum 444 ,,equo3 though ,cic4 says  
in equo vehi1 esse1 sedere etc4 the     
preposition here is left out because a  
mere ablative of manner or means is     
required to suit the similar ablative   
pedibus4 ,so ,div4 #b1 #adj equus in quo
 vehebar1 'the horse on which ,i rode'2 
but ib4 #a1 #eh equo advectus ad ripam1 
'brought to the bank by the aid of a    
horse'4 -- ,,siccitatem3 'wiriness'1    
literally 'dryness' or freedom from     
excessive perspiration1 colds and the   
like2 cf4 ,tusc4 #e1 #ii siccitatem quae
 consequitur continentiam in victu2     
,catull4 #bc1 #ab corpora sicciora      
cornu4 -- ,,regis3 here  regia4 --      
,,officia ,,et ,,munera3 see n4 on #bi4 
-- ,,ne ,,sint3 'grant that age has no  
strength'4 ,this formula of concession  
for argument's sake is frequent in      
,cicero1 who often attaches to it sane4 
,a4 #bff1 d2 ,g4 #faj2 ,h4 #eae1 ,,iii4 

-- ,,senectute  senibus3 see n4 on #bf4 
-- ,,legibus ,,et ,,institutis3 'by     
statute and precedent'4 -- ,,muneribus  
,,eis etc43 chiefly military service4 --
 ,,non ,,modo 444 ,,sed ,,ne ,,quidem3  
when a negative follows non modo these  
words have the force of non modo non1 a 
negative being borrowed from the        
negative in the subsequent clause4 ,but 
often non modo non is written2 the      
negative after modo is then more        
emphatic1 being independent4 ,here non  
modo non quod non would have had a harsh
 sound4 ,a4 #adi1 e2 ,g4 #dhd1 #c and   
,rem4 #a42 ,h4 #eeb1 #b4 -- ,,quod3 adv4
 acc4 7see n4 on #a quid74 ,cf4 ,liv4   
#f1 #ae sed vos id cogendi estis4  #ce4 
,,at3 as in #ba1 where see n4 ,in his   
reply ,cato adopts the same form as that
 in which the objection is urged1 at id 
quidem etc4 ,so in #fh at senex 444 at  
est 444  ,p4 #ae4 -- ,,commune          
,,valetudinis3 'common to weak health'1 
i4e4 to all in a weak state of health4  
,valetudo means in itself neither good  

nor bad health2 the word takes its      
coloring from the context4 -- ,,filius  
,,is ,,qui3 a pause must be made at     
filius2 the sense is not 'that son of   
,africanus who adopted you'1 but 'the   
son of ,africanus1 ,i mean the man who  
adopted you'4 -- ,,quod ,,ni ,,ita      
,,fuisset3 'now if this had not been    
so'2 a phrase like quod cum ita sit and 
hoc ita dici4 ,cf4 also #fg quod ni ita 
accideret2 #hb quod ni ita se haberet4  
-- ,,alterum 444 ,,civitatis3 illud is  
put for ille1 by attraction to lumen4   
,roby1 #ajfh4 ,a4 #aie1 d2 ,g4 #bjb1    
,rem4 #e2 ,h4 #dde1 #d4 ,cf4 ,fin4 #b1  
#gj ,epicurus1 hoc enim vestrum lumen   
est1 ',epicurus1 for he is your shining 
light'4 -- ,,vitia3 'defects'4 --       
,,diligentia3 scarcely corresponds to   
our 'diligence'2 it rather implies      
minute1 patient attention2              
'painstaking'4  #cf4 ,,habenda 444      
,,valetudinis3 'attention must be paid  
to health'2 so valetudini consulere     
7,fam4 #af1 #d1 #c7 operam dare 7,de    

,or4 ,i1 #bfe7 indulgere 7,fam4 #af1    
#ah1 #a7 valetudinem curare often2 cf4  
also ,fam4 #aj1 #ce1 #b2 ,fin4 #b1 #fd4 
-- ,,tantum3 restrictive1  'only so     
much'2 so in #fi1 and often4 --         
,,potionis3 cibus et potio is the       
regular ,latin equivalent for our 'food 
and drink'2 see below1 #df2 also ,tusc4 
#e1 #ajj2 ,fin4 #a1 #cg2 ,varro de ,re  
,rust4 #a1 #a1 #e4 -- ,,adhibendum3     
adhibere has here merely the sense of   
'to employ' or 'to use'4 ,cf4 ,fin4 #b1 
#fd4 -- ,,non3 we should say 'and not'  
or 'but not'2 the ,latins1 however1 are 
fond of asyndeton1 called adversativum1 
when two clauses are contrasted4 --     
,,menti 444 ,,animo3 properly mens is   
the intellect1 strictly so called1      
animus intellect and feeling combined1  
but the words are often very loosely    
used4 ,they often occur together in     
,latin2 ,lucretius has even mens animi4 
-- ,,instilles3 see n4 on #ba exerceas4 
-- ,,et3 'moreover'4 -- ,,exercitando3  
in good ,latin the verb exercitare is   

rare except in exercitatus1 which stands
 as participle to exerceo1 exercitus    
being unused4 ,the word seems to have   
been chosen here as suiting             
exercitationibus better than exercendo  
would4 ,so in #dg desideratio is chosen 
rather than desiderium1 to correspond   
with the neighboring titillatio4 --     
,,ait3 sc4 esse2 the omission with aio  
is rare1 though common with dico1       
appello etc42 see n4 on #bb4 --         
,,comicos3 not 'comic' in our sense1 but
  in comoediis1 'represented in comedy'4
 ,so ,rosc4 ,am4 #dg comicum            
adulescentem1 'the young man of comedy'4
 ,the passage of ,caecilius 7see n4 on  
#bd ,statius7 is more fully quoted in   
,lael4 #ii4 -- ,,credulos3 in almost    
every ,latin comedy there is some old   
man who is cheated by a cunning slave4  
-- ,,somniculosae3 the adj4 contains a  
diminutive noun stem 7somniculo-74 --   
,,petulantia3 'waywardness'4 -- ,,non   
,,proborum3 ,cic4 avoids improborum as  
being too harsh2 with exactly similar   

feeling ,propertius #c1 #bj1 #eb 7ed4   
,paley7 says nec proba ,pasiphae for et 
improba ,p4 ,cf4 ,off4 #c1 #cf error    
hominum non proborum4 -- ,,ista3        
implying contempt4 ,a4 #ajb1 c2 ,g4     
#bia1 ,rem42 ,h4 #dej1 #a4 n4 and       
foot-note #d4 -- ,,deliratio3 'dotage'2 
a rare word1 used by ,cic4 only here and
 in ,div4 #b1 #ij4  #cg4 ,,robustos3    
'sturdy'2 implying that the sons were   
grown up4 -- ,,tantam3 sc4 quantam      
habuit2 only a little more emphatic than
 magnam would have been2 see n4 on #eb4 
-- ,,appius3 see n4 on #af4 --          
,,regebat3 the pater familias in early  
,roman times was an almost irresponsible
 ruler over his children and household4 
,for a full discussion of the patria    
potestas see ,coulanges1 ,ancient ,city1
 ,bk4 ,,ii4 ,ch4 #h2 ,maine1 ,ancient   
,law1 ,ch4 #e2 ,hadley1 ,introd4 to     
,roman ,law1 ,chapters #e and #f4 --    
,,et 444 ,,senex3 'though both blind and
 old'4 -- ,,intentum3 commonly used of  
animus1 like the opposite remissus      

7#bh74 -- ,,tenebat etc43 the patria    
potestas is often denoted by the word   
imperium2 cf4 ,de ,invent4 #b1 #adj     
imperium domesticum4 -- ,,vigebat etc43 
'in him ancestral spirit and principles 
were strong'4 ,while animus patrius here
 evidently means the strong will for    
which the patrician ,claudii were       
proverbial 7as e4g4 in ,rosc4 ,am4 #df  
intellegere qui animus patrius sit in   
liberos7 it indicates the feeling of a  
particular father for his children4  ,p4
 #af4 -- #ch4 ,,ita3  ea lege 'on these 
conditions1 viz4 444'1 the clause with  
si being an explanation of ita4 ,this   
correspondence of ita 444 si is common  
in ,cicero2 see n4 on #ab ita 444 quasi4
 ,here translate 'age can only be in    
honor if it fights for itself'4 -- ,,se 
,,ipsa3 cf4 ,cic4 ,acad4 #b1 #cf veritas
 se ipsa defendet2 see also the n4 on   
#d4 -- ,,si 444 ,,est3 'if it has passed
 into bondage to nobody'4 ,mancipium is 
a piece of property2 emancipare is to   
pass a piece of property out of its     

owner's hands4 ,the word acquired two   
exactly opposite meanings4 ,when used of
 a slave1 or of a son in patria         
potestate1 who was legally subject to   
many of the same ordinances as a slave1 
it means 'to set free'1 unless1 as in   
,fin4 ,i1 #bd filium in adoptionem ,d4  
,silano emancipaverat1 some person is   
mentioned to whom the original owner    
makes over his rights4 ,but in ,plaut4  
,bacchid4 #a1 #a1 #ij mulier1 tibi me   
emancupo the sense is ',i enslave myself
 to you'1 i4e4 ',i pass myself out of my
 own power into yours'4 ,so in the      
well-known passage of ,horace1 ,epod4   
#i1 #ab 7of ,antony7 emancipatus feminae
 'enslaved to a woman'2 cf ,cic4 ,phil4 
#b1 #ea venditum atque emancipatum      
tribunatum4 -- ,,senile ,,aliquid 444   
,,aliquid ,,adulescentis3 chiasmus4 ,for
 the sense cf4 #cc ferocitas iuvenum 444
 senectutis maturitas4 -- ,,quod ,,qui  
,,sequitur3 'and he who strives after   
this'1 i4e4 to combine the virtues of   
age and youth4 ,cf4 ,aesch4 ,sept4 #fbb 

'   -- ,,mihi 444 ,,est ,,in ,,manibus3 
',i have on hand'1 'am busy with'4 ,cf4 
n4 on #bb4 -- ,,originum3 as to ,cato's 
literary labors see ,introd4 -- ,,omnia 
,,colligo3 referring to the materials   
,cato was collecting for his            
',origines'4 -- ,,quascunque ,,defendi3 
'as many as ,i have conducted'4         
,defendere causam here is simply to act 
as counsel in a case1 whether the client
 be defendant or plaintiff4 ,so in      
,lael4 #if and often4 -- ,,nunc ,,cum   
,,maxime3 'now more than ever'1  4 ,the 
phrase is elliptic2 in full it would be 
'cum maxime conficio orationes1 nunc    
conficio'1 'when ,i most of all compose 
speeches1 ,i now compose them'2 i4e4    
'the time when ,i most of all compose is
 now'4 ,the words cum maxime generally  
follow tum or nunc and add emphasis to  
those words1 but are sometimes used     
alone to express the ideas 'then' and   
'now' more emphatically than tum and    
nunc would4 ,cf4 ,ver4 #d1 #hb2 ,tac4   
,ann4 #d1 #bg4 ,the orators were in the 

habit of working over their speeches    
carefully for publication and           
preservation4 -- ,,ius ,,augurium etc43 
'the law pertaining to the augurs and   
pontifices'2 i4e4 the principles applied
 by them in the performance of their    
duties4 ,the pontifices had the general 
oversight of religious observances4 ,see
 ,dict4 of ,antiq4 -- ,,civile3 the     
meaning of ius civile varies according  
to the context4 ,here it is the secular 
law as opposed to the sacred law1 as in 
#ej2 sometimes it is the whole body of  
,roman law as opposed to the law of     
other states2 often1 again1 it is the   
older portion of the ,roman law as      
opposed to the newer or 'equity'        
portion4 -- ,,commemoro3 ',i say over to
 myself'4 ,in ,cicero commemoro is a    
verb of speaking1 and never has the     
meaning of recordor or memini4 --       
,,curricula3 see nn4 on #cc4 -- ,,magno 
,,opere3 better so written than in one  
word magnopere2 so maximo1 minimo1 nimio
 opere4 -- ,,adsum ,,amicis3 ',i act as 

counsel to my friends'4 ,this legal     
sense of adesse is common4 --           
,,frequens3 literally the word means    
'crowded' 7connected with farcire 'to   
cram' or 'to crowd together'71 hence    
frequens senatus and the like phrases4  
,then frequens comes to be used of      
actions or events that often recur2 e4g4
 ,orat4 #ae ,demosthenes frequens       
,platonis auditor2 ,de ,or4 #a1 #bdc    
frequens te audivi4 ,on the use of the  
adj4 here see ,a4 #aia2 ,g4 #cbd1 ,rem4 
#f2 ,h4 #ddc4 -- ,,ultro3 'unasked'1 'of
 my own motion'1 a reference to the     
well-known story that1 whatever subject 
was discussed1 ,cato gave as his opinion
 'delenda est ,carthago'4 ,see ,introd4 
-- ,,tueor3 'advocate'1 'support'4 --   
,,lectulus3 a couch usually stood in the
 ,roman study1 on which the student     
reclined while reading1 composing or    
dictating1 or even writing4 ,cf4 ,de    
,or4 #c1 #ag1 in eam exedram venisse in 
qua ,crassus lectulo posito recubuisset1
 cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse 

sensisset1 statim recessisse 4442 ,suet4
 ,aug4 #gh lecticula lucubratoria4 --   
,,ea ,,ipsa ,,cogitantem3  de eis ipsis 
cog43 so ,acad4 #b1 #abg cogitantes     
supera atque caelestia1 and often4 --   
,,acta ,,vita3 'the life ,i have led'2  
cf4 #fb honeste acta superior aetas2 so 
,tusc4 #a1 #aji2 ,fam4 #d1 #ac1 #d4 --  
,,viventi3 dative of reference4 ,a4     
#bce2 ,g4 #ced2 ,h4 #chd1 #d1 n4 #c4    
',as regards one who lives amid these   
pursuits and tasks'4 -- ,,ita ,,sensim  
etc43 sensim sine sensu 7observe the    
alliteration7 is like mentes dementis in
 #af1 where see n4 ,sensim must have    
meant at one time 'perceptibly'1 then   
'only just perceptibly'1 then           
'gradually' and almost 'imperceptibly'4 
#ci4 ,,quod 444 ,,dicunt3 not strictly  
logical1 being put for quod careat1 ut  
dicunt4 ,in cases like this the verb of 
saying is usually in the subjunctive4   
,cf4 ,roby1 #agdf2 ,a4 #cda1 ,rem42 ,g4 
#eda1 ,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the
 indicative here is more vivid and      

forcible4 -- ,,munus 444 ,,aufert3 to   
say that a gift robs one of anything is 
of course an oxymoron2 cf4 n4 on #af    
mentes dementis4 -- ,,aetatis3 almost   
senectutis3 cf4 n4 on #de4 -- ,,id      
,,quod ,,est etc43 'the greatest fault  
of youth'2 i4e4 the love of pleasure4   
,in this passage voluptas indicates     
pleasure of a sensual kind1 its ordinary
 sense1 delectatio1 oblectatio etc4     
being used of the higher pleasures4 ,in 
#ea1 however1 we have voluptates        
agricolarum4 -- ,,accipite3 'hear'2 so  
dare often means 'to tell'4 ,with       
accipere in this sense cf4 the similar  
use of 4 -- ,,archytae3 ,archytas 7the  
subject of ,horace's well-known ode1 #a1
 #bh7 was a contemporary and friend of  
,plato1 and a follower of the           
,pythagorean philosophy4 ,he wrote      
philosophical works1 and was also famous
 as a mathematician and astronomer1     
besides being the leading statesman and 
general of the commonwealth of          
,tarentum4 ,for another saying of       

,archytas1 cf4 ,lael4 #hh4 -- ,,tradita 
,,est3 'was imparted to me'1 i4e4 by    
word of mouth4 -- ,,cum 444 ,,tarenti3  
'when as a young man ,i stayed at       
,tarentum'4 ,for adulescens cf4 n4 on   
#bf senes4 -- ,,nullam 444 ,,pestem     
etc43 cf4 ,lael4 #cd pestem 444         
cupiditatem2 ,off4 #b1 #i consuetudo 444
 honestatem ab utilitate secernens1 qua 
nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae     
potuit afferri4 -- ,,capitaliorem3 'more
 deadly'2 caput was often equivalent to 
vita1 so that capitalis comes to mean   
'affecting the life'4  ,p4 #ag4 -- #dj4 
,,hinc etc43 cf4 ,cic4 ,hortensius      
fragm4 quod turpe damnum1 quod dedecus  
est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur   
voluptate8 ,observe the singular patriae
 followed by the plural rerum           
publicarum2 the plural of patria is     
rare4 ,on the significance of this      
passage see ,lecky1 ,hist4 of ,european 
,morals1 ,i4 p4 #baa1 n4 7,am4 ed474 -- 
,,cum ,,hostibus etc43 attributive      
phrase2 cf4 ,phil4 #ab1 #bg colloquia   

cum acerrimis hostibus4 -- ,,scelus3    
this word looks chiefly to the criminal 
intention1 whether it be carried into   
action or not1 malum1 facinus to the    
completed crime2 flagitium is sin rather
 than crime1 ,facinus in sense is often 
rather narrower and lighter than scelus2
 cf4 ,verr4 #e1 #agj facinus est vincire
 civem ,romanum1 scelus verberare1 prope
 parricidium necare4 -- ,,impelleret3   
sc4 homines2 so nos is omitted after    
iubebat below4 -- ,,excitari3 'stirred  
up'4 ,in #ci and #da we have the verb   
in-citare2 for the difference between   
the two verbs cf4 ,qu4 ,fr4 #a1 #a1 #de 
haec non eo dicuntur1 ut te oratio mea  
dormientem excitasse1 sed potius ut     
currentem incitasse videatur4 --        
,,homini 444 ,,dedisset3 cf4 ,acad4 #a1 
#g nec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a
 dis datum munus homini4 ,notice homini 
'man'1 in the same sense as hominibus1  
above4 -- ,,muneri ,,ac ,,dono3 the two 
words munus and donum are often found   
together2 the difference in meaning is  

hardly perceptible4 ,donum implies the  
fact of giving1 munus the generosity of 
the giver4 -- ,,tam 444 ,,inimicum3     
notice the separation of tam from       
inimicum4  #da4 ,,libidine3  2          
temperantia  4 ,dominari is a very      
strong word1 'to tyrannize'2 dominatio  
4 ,for locum cf4 ,lael4 #eb in tyranni  
vita nullus locus est amicitiae4 --     
,,consistere3 'find a foothold'4 ,cf4   
,fin4 #d1 #fi sapientia pedem ubi       
poneret non habebat4 -- ,,fingere       
,,animo3 'to imagine'4 -- ,,tanta 444   
,,quanta 444 ,,maxima3 'the greatest    
that could possibly be enjoyed'4 ,the   
form of expression is common1 e4g4      
,lael4 #gd tanta quanta maxima potest   
esse distantia4 -- ,,tam ,,diu ,,dum3   
this is not exactly equivalent to the   
ordinary tam diu quam1 but there is     
ellipsis -- 'so long as this1 ,i mean   
while1 etc4'4 ,cf4 ,cat4 #c1 #af tam    
diu1 dum urbis moenibus continebatur2   
,off4 #a1 #b tam diu 444 quoad 444 --   
,,mente 444 ,,ratione 444 ,,cogitatione3

 'by thought1 by reasoning1 by          
imagination'4 ,cogitatio like  has often
 the sense of 'imagination'4 ,the close 
juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous
 is quite characteristic of ,cicero's   
,latin4 -- ,,quidem3 concessive1 as in  
#cb and often4 -- ,,maior ,,atque       
,,longior3 'very intense and            
protracted'4 ,superlatives might have   
been expected1 in view of quanta percipi
 posset maxima above4 ,longus in the    
sense of 'long-continued' is rare in    
,ciceronian ,latin1 excepting when1 as  
in #ff longa aetate1 it is joined with a
 word distinctly referring to time4 ,for
 the general drift of the passage cf4   
,cic4 ,hortensius 7fragment7 congruere  
cum cogitatione magna voluptas corporis 
non potest2 quis enim1 cum utatur       
voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior     
esse1 attendere animum1 inire rationes1 
cogitare omnino quidquam potest8 --     
,,animi ,,lumen3 a common metaphor2 e4g4
 ,cic4 ,rep4 #f1 #ab tu1 ,africane1     
ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi  

tui4 ,cf4 #cf haec 444 exstinguuntur2   
also below1 #db mentis oculos4 -- ,c4   
,,pontio3 ,c4 ,pontius ,herennius1 the  
father of ,c4 ,pontius ,telesinus who   
defeated the ,romans at the ,caudine    
,forks during the ,second ,samnite war1 
in #cba ,b4,c4 ,the father is several   
times mentioned by ,livy #i1 cc4 #a and 
#c2 cf4 especially #a1  #b ,c4 ,pontium1
 patre longe prudentissimo natum4 --    
,,nearchus3 mentioned by ,plutarch1     
,cato #b1 as a ,pythagorean and friend  
of ,cato4 -- ,,permanserat3 i4e4 during 
the siege of ,tarentum4 --              
,,interfuisset3 not in accordance with  
,english idiom2 cf4 n4 on #d putassent2 
also #dd devicerat4 -- ,,plato etc43    
although ,plato made two journeys to    
,italy and ,sicily 7or1 as some         
authorities say1 three7 it is scarcely  
likely that he was present at ,tarentum 
in the year mentioned1 #cdi ,b4,c41 two 
years before his death1 when he was of  
advanced age4 ,the latest date assigned 
by other authorities for ,plato's last  

visit to the ,west is #cfa ,b4,c4 --    
,,reperio3 sc4 in annalibus2 so in #ae2 
cf4 videmus in #bf4  #db4 ,,efficeret3  
efficeret1 liberet1 and oporteret can be
 properly rendered into ,english only by
 the present tense4 ,although these     
verbs express circumstances which       
continue1 since the general effect of   
old age is being described1 they are    
thrown into the past to suit the past   
tense dicebam or dixi which1 though not 
expressed1 is really the principal verb4
 ,cf4 below1 #fb1 #gh4 -- ,,consilium3  
'deliberation'4  ,p4 #ah4 -- ,,ut ,,ita 
,,dicam3 this softens the metaphor1 as  
quasi or quasi quidam often does1 and as
 1  do in ,greek but not   1 which is   
often wrongly said to be the equivalent 
of ut ita dicam2 see n4 on ,lael4 #b4   
,the phrase mentis or animi aciem       
praestringere often occurs without      
anything to soften the metaphor2 e4g4   
,fin4 #d1 #cg4 -- ,,nec ,,habet etc3    
'and has no relations with virtue'4 ,the
 use of commercium in the metaphorical  

sense is common4 -- ,,invitus3 see ref4 
on #ch frequens4 -- ,,feci ,,ut3 a      
periphrasis not unusual4 ,a4 #ccb1 e2   
,g4 #eeg2 ,h4 #dih1 ,,ii4 n4 #b4 -- ,t4 
,,flaminini3 see n4 on #a1 l4 #a4 -- ,l4
 ,,flamininum3 as prtor he commanded the
 fleet under his brother ,titus during  
the ,macedonian war2 in #aib ,b4,c4 he  
was consul4 ,septem annis denotes seven 
complete years 7cf4 n4 on #ai71 as ,cato
 was censor in #ahd4 ,a reference to    
,livy #ci1 #dc1 #b will show that       
,cicero borrows his account of          
,flamininus' crime from the old annalist
 ,valerius ,antias4 ,livy also quotes   
7#ci1 #db1 #g7 an account of the matter 
given by ,cato himself in a speech1     
which is even more disgraceful to       
,flamininus4 -- ,,eicerem3 the phrase   
commonly used is not eicere1 but movere1
 aliquem senatu4 ,notare and nota       
7censoria7 are technically used of      
degradation or disfranchisement         
inflicted by the censors4 ,for the      
spelling see ,roby1 #add1 #b2 ,a4 #aj1  

d2 ,h4 #cf1 #d and footnote #a4 --      
,,fuisset3 for the mood see ,a4 #cdb2   
,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 and n4 #a1    
#a72 for the tense see ,roby1 #adia2 ,a4
 #cbd1 a2 ,g4 #bcc1 #b2 ,h4 #dga1 #d4 --
 ,,cum 444 ,,gallia3 not 'when he was   
consul in ,gaul' but 'when he was in    
,gaul during his consulship'4 ,cum with 
the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive 
often has a sense differing very little 
from that of cum with the imperfect or  
pluperfect indicative4 ,no doubt when   
the usage originally arose1 the clause  
with cum was regarded as expressing the 
cause of the action or event denoted by 
the principal verb2 here the presence of
 ,f4 in ,gaul might be regarded as a    
cause of the crime4 ,it is more than    
doubtful1 however1 whether in actual use
 the subjunctive in these phrases       
continued to carry with it to ,latin    
readers any idea of cause4 ,see ,roby1  
#agbj1 ,kennedy1 #baa2 also ,a4 #cbe1   
#cbc and footnote #a2 ,g4 #ehf with     
,rem42 ,h4 #eba1 ,,ii4 #b and footnote  

#a4 -- ,,exoratus ,,est3 'was           
persuaded'2 cf4 ,liv4 #ci1 #dc4 --      
,,securi ,,feriret3 the story was that  
,l4 ,flamininus himself acted as        
executioner4 -- ,,eorum ,,qui 444       
,,essent3 the subjunctive because of the
 class-notion1 'of such persons as      
were'4 -- ,,tito ,,censore3 i4e4 in #ahi
 ,b4,c42 see n4 on #a4 -- ,,flacco3 ,l4 
,valerius ,flaccus was the life-long    
friend of ,cato1 and his colleague in   
the consulship and in the censorship4   
,he entirely favored ,cato's political  
views4 ,see ,introd4 -- ,,imperi        
,,dedecus3 ,flamininus was at the time  
,roman governor of the district4  #dc4  
,,audivi ,e3 ,cic4 uses audire ex1 ab1  
and de aliquo1 almost indifferently4 -- 
,,porro3 'in turn'2 literally 'farther  
on'1 here  'farther back'2 cf4 ,livy    
#bg1 #ea4 -- ,c4 ,,fabricium3 see n4 on 
#ae4 -- ,,cinea3 the famous diplomatist1
 minister of ,pyrrhus4 ,he was a pupil  
of ,demosthenes and himself one of the  
most famous orators of his time4 ,cineas

 was the ambassador who tried to        
negotiate peace on the occasion         
mentioned in #af4 -- ,,se ,,sapientem   
,,profiteretur3 the omission of esse is 
common in such phrases2 e4g4 ,fin4 #e1  
#ac ,strato physicum se voluit4         
,epicurus1 who is here meant 7born #cdb 
,b4,c41 died #bgj71 was blamed for      
calling himself  or sapiens4 ,others1   
says ,cicero1 who had borne the title   
had waited for the public to confer it  
on them 7,fin4 #b1 #g74 -- ,,eumque3    
'and yet he'2 cf4 n4 on #ac vixitque4 --
 ,,faceremus3 for the tense cf4 n4 on   
#db efficeret2 also expeteretur below4  
-- ,,ad 444 ,,referenda3 'ought to be   
judged by the standard of pleasure'1    
i4e4 anything which brings pleasure may 
be regarded as good1 and its opposite   
bad4 ,so in ,greek    4 ,on the moral   
teachings of ,epicurus consult ,zeller1 
,stoics1 ,epicureans1 and ,sceptics1    
,ch4 #ai2 ,ueberweg1 ,history of        
,philosophy1  #ei2 ,guyan1 ,la morale   
d'picure et ses rapports avec les       

doctrines contemporaines4 -- ,,curium   
444 ,,coruncanium3 see n4 on #ae4 --    
,,id 444 ,,persuaderetur3 intransitive  
verbs are used in the passive only      
impersonally 7,roby1 #adbb2 ,a4 #bcj2   
,g4 #aii1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #cja1 #a72 when 
so used the dative may follow as in the 
active 7see ,madvig1 #bdd1 b2 ,g4 #bjh2 
,h4 #chd1 #e74 ,a neuter pronoun in the 
singular sometimes1 as here1 accompanies
 the passive1 and may be regarded as an 
adverbial accusative of respect or      
extent1 or as a nominative qualifying   
the impersonal subject4 ,the former is  
probably the real construction4 ,cf4    
,roby1 #adbc1 and ,madvig1 #bbi1 b1     
,obs4 #a4 -- ,,samnitibus3 then in      
alliance with ,pyrrhus4 -- ,,vixerat 444
 ,,cum3 not to be taken literally of    
living in the same house2 the phrase    
merely indicates close friendship4 ,in  
,acad4 #b1 #aae ,cic4 writes ,diodoto   
qui mecum vivit tot annos1 qui habitat  
apud me1 clearly showing that the       
phrases vivere cum aliquo and habitare  

apud aliquem are not equivalent4 -- ,p4 
,,decio3 this is ,p4 ,decius ,mus1 who  
at the battle of ,sentinum in #bie gave 
his life as a propitiatory offering to  
the powers of the unseen world1 in order
 to bring victory to the ,roman arms4   
,his father had sacrificed himself in   
the same way at the battle of ,veseris  
7close to ,vesuvius7 in #cdj1 fought    
against the ,latins and ,campanians4 -- 
,,devoverat3 ,liv4 #aj1 #bh1 #ac 7speech
 of ,decius7 datum hoc3 nostro generi   
est ut luendis periculis publicis       
piacula simus2 iam ego mecum hostium    
legiones mactandas ,telluri et dis      
,manibus dabo4 -- ,,aliquid etc43 'some 
principle'2 in his philosophical works  
,cicero often confounds the ,epicureans 
by quoting the action of the ,decii and 
others like it1 as showing that pleasure
 is not the end of existence4 ,cf4      
especially ,fin4 #b1 #fa ,p4 ,decius cum
 se devoverat et equo admisso in mediam 
aciem ,latinorum irruebat1 aliquid de   
voluptatibus suis cogitabat8 ,cf4 also  

below1 #ge4 ,with regard to natura see  
n4 on #e4 -- ,,sua ,,sponte3 'for its   
own sake'2 'on its own account'4 ,cf4   
,leg4 #a1 #de vera et falsa sua sponte  
non aliena iudicantur1 where a few lines
 later sua natura occurs as equivalent  
to sua sponte4 -- ,,ex ,,peteretur3 em4 
for peteretur in the ,,mss4 ,the words  
expetere1 expetendum are technically    
used in ,cicero's philosophical works to
 express the ,greek 1  as applied to the
 finis or 1 the supreme aim of moral    
action4 ,pulchrum above is a translation
 of the ,greek 1 a term constantly      
applied to the 1 particularly by the    
,stoics4 -- ,,spreta ,,et ,,contempta3  
the first word is much the stronger of  
the two2 spernere is 1 'to scorn'2      
contemnere 1 'to make light of'1 'hold  
of no account'4 ,contemnere is often no 
stronger in sense than omittere1 'to    
pass by1 neglect'4 ,cf4 #fe contemni1   
despici4 -- ,,optimus ,,quisque3 see ,a4
 #ic1 c2 ,g4 #cje2 ,h4 #deh1 #a4  ,p4   
#ai4 -- #dd4 ,,cruditate3 'indigestion'4

 -- ,,insomniis3 'sleeplessness'2 the   
singular insomnium occurs only once in  
prose 7,tac4 ,ann4 #aa1 #d74 ,insomnia1 
ae is found only in poetry and late     
prose4 -- ,,divine3 this word in ,cic4  
often means nothing more than           
'splendidly'1 'extraordinarily'4 --     
,,escam ,,malorum3 'an enticement to    
evil' 7esca  ed-ca1 from the root of    
edo74 ,plato in the ,timaeus #fi ,d 7a  
dialogue translated into ,latin by      
,cicero1 a fragment of whose translation
 is still preserved7 has    4 ,cf4 also 
,cic4 ,hortensius fr4 #gf 7ed4 ,halm7   
voluptates corporis quae vere et        
graviter a ,platone dictae sunt         
illecebrae esse atque escae malorum4 -- 
,,modicis3 for the sake of variety ,cic4
 chooses this1 not moderatis1 as the    
opposite of immoderatis4 ,trans4 'a     
moderate amount of goodfellowship'4 --  
,m4,f4  ,marci filium4 -- ,,devicerat3  
pluperfect where a modern would incline 
to use a perfect4 ,the battle referred  
to is that of ,mylae1 fought in #bfj2   

its memory was perpetuated by the       
decking of the forum with the rostra of 
the captured ships2 the columna rostrata
 bore a long inscription1 a restored    
version of which still exists4 --       
,,cena3 so best spelt2 some good texts  
still print caena1 but coena is         
decidedly wrong1 being based on the     
fiction that the ,latin borrowed the    
,greek word  and turned it into coena4  
-- ,,cereo ,,funali3 'the torch-light'2 
cereo1 the em4 of ,mommsen for crebro2  
the funale was a torch composed of withs
 or twigs twisted into a rope 7funis7   
and dipped in pitch or oil4 -- ,,sibi   
444 ,,sumpserat3 ,cic4 seems to think   
that ,duillius assumed these honors on  
his own authority4 ,this was probably   
not the case2 they were most likely     
conferred on him by a vote of the       
comitia tributa4 ,cf4 ,liv4 epit4 #ag   
,c4 ,duillius primus omnium ,romanorum  
ducum navalis victoriae duxit triumphum1
 ob quam causam ei perpetuus quoque     
honos habitus est1 ut revertenti a cena 

tibicine canente funale praeferretur4   
,no other instance is known where these 
particular distinctions were decreed2   
the nearest parallel lies in the right  
accorded to ,paulus ,macedonicus and to 
,pompeius to wear the triumphal toga    
picta for life on each occasion of the  
ludi4 ,it may be conjectured that the   
music and the torch were part of the    
ceremony on the evening of a triumph    
when the triumphator was escorted home4 
,cf4 ,florus #a1 #ah1 #aj1 ed4 ,halm4 --
 ,,nullo ,,exemplo3 'without any        
precedent'4 -- ,,privatus3 any person is
 privatus who is not actually in office 
at the moment referred to1 whether he   
has led a public life or not4 --        
,,licentiae3 a strong word is used to   
mark the heinousness of ,duillius'      
supposed offence against ancestral      
custom4  #de4 ,,alios3 sc4 nomino4 --   
,,primum3 the corresponding deinde is   
omitted1 as often4 -- ,,sodalis3 the    
sodalitates or sodalitia1 brotherhoods  
for the perpetuation of certain rites   

accompanied with feasting1 were         
immemorial institutions at ,rome4 ,the  
clause sodalitates 444 acceptis must not
 be taken to mean that ,cicero supposed 
these brotherhoods to have been first   
instituted in the time of ,cato2 it is  
only introduced to show that ,cato1 so  
far from being averse to good living1   
assisted officially in the establishment
 of new clubs4 ,most of the sodalitates 
were closely connected with the gens2   
all members of a gens were sodales and  
met together to keep up the old sacra1  
but in historical times fictitious      
kinship largely took the place of real  
kinship1 and feasting became almost the 
sole raison d'tre of these clubs4 ,see  
,mommsen's treatise ,de collegiis et    
sodaliciis ,romanis ,the parallel of the
 ,london ,city ,companies readily       
suggests itself4 ,the national          
sodalitates or priesthoods such as those
 of the ,sodales ,titii1 ,luperci1      
,augustales etc4 were somewhat          
different4 -- ,,autem3 for the form of  

the parenthesis cf4 #g4 -- ,,magnae     
,,matris3 the image of ,cybele was      
brought to ,rome in #bjd ,b4,c4 from    
,pessinus in ,phrygia4 ,see ,liv4 #bi1  
#aj4 ,the ,sacra are called ,idaea from 
,mount ,ida in ,phrygia1 which was a    
great centre of the worship of ,cybele4 
,acceptis1 sc4 in civitatem2 the worship
 of strange gods was in principle       
illegal at ,rome unless expressly       
authorized by the ,state4 -- ,,igitur3  
the construction of the sentence is     
broken by the introduction of the       
parenthesis1 and a fresh start is made  
with epulabar igitur4 ,igitur is often  
thus used1 like our 'well then'1 to pick
 up the broken thread of a sentence4 ,so
 often sed or ergo4 -- ,,fervor3 ,cf4   
,hor4 ,od4 #a1 #af1 #bb me quoque       
pectoris temptavit in dulci iuventa     
fervor4 -- ,,aetatis1 ,,qua             
,,progrediente3 'belonging to that time 
of life1 but as life advances'4 ,the    
word aetas has really two senses here2  
in the first place it is bona aetas or  

iuventus 7cf4 #ci where aetas           
senectus71 in the second place vita 7for
 which see n4 on #e74 -- ,,neque ,,enim3
 the enim refers to modice4 -- ,,coetu  
444 ,,sermonibus3 for the order of the  
words see n4 on #a animi tui4 --        
,,metiebar3 cf4 n4 on #dc referenda4 -- 
,,accubitionem3 a vox ,ciceroniana1     
rarely found in other authors4 --       
,,vitae ,,coniunctionem3 'a common      
enjoyment of life'4 -- ,,tum 444 ,,tum3 
here purely temporal1 'sometimes 444    
sometimes'2 often however  'both 444    
and'2 cf4 #g4 -- ,,compotationem etc43  
cf4 ,epist4 ad ,fam4 #i1 #bd1 #c4       
,compotatio  2 concenatio  4 -- ,,in    
,,eo ,,genere3 see n4 on #d4 -- ,,id3   
i4e4 eating and drinking4  #df4         
,,tempestivis 444 ,,conviviis3 'even in 
protracted banquets'4 ,those banquets   
which began early in order that they    
might last long were naturally in bad   
repute1 so that the phrase tempestivum  
convivium often has almost the sense of 
'a debauch'4 ,thus in ,att4 #i1 #a1 #c  

,cicero describes himself as being evil 
spoken of in tempestivis conviviis1 i4e4
 in dissolute society4 ,cf4 pro ,arch4  
#ac4 ,the customary dinner hour at ,rome
 was about three o'clock in the         
afternoon4 ,the word tempestivus1 which 
in #e means 'at the right time'1 here   
means 'before the right time'4 ,so in   
,english 'in good time' often means 'too
 early'4 ,see ,becker's ,gallus1 p4 #dea
 et seq4 -- ,,qui ,,pauci3 the          
substitution of the nominative of the   
relative for the partitive genitive     
7quorum7 is not uncommon4 ,a4 #baf1 e2  
,g4 #cfh1 ,rem4 #b2 ,h4 #cig1 #b1 n4 -- 
,,pauci ,,admodum3 ,cic4 usually says   
admodum pauci rather than pauci admodum4
 -- ,,vestra ,,aetate3  eis qui sunt    
vestra aetate4 ,cf4 n4 on #bf senectus4 
-- ,,sermonis 444 ,,sustulit3 notice the
 indicatives auxit1 sustulit1 the       
relative clauses being attributive1     
though they might fairly have been      
expected here to be causal4 ,g4 #fbg2   
,h4 #eag1 #b4 ,in this passage ,cic4    

imitates ,plato1 ,rep4 #cbh ,d4 --      
,,bellum ,,indicere3 common in the      
metaphorical sense2 e4g4 ,de ,or4 #b1   
#aee miror cur philosophiae prope bellum
 indixeris2 ,hor4 ,sat4 #a1 #e1 #g      
ventri indico bellum4 -- ,,cuius ,,est  
etc43 i4e4 nature sanctions a certain   
amount of pleasure4 ,this is the        
,peripatetic notion of the mean1 to     
which ,cicero often gives expression1 as
 below1 #gg2 also in ,acad4 #a1 #ci2 #b1
 #aci2 and in ,de ,off42 so ,hor4 ,sat4 
#a1 #a1 #ajf sunt certi denique fines   
quos ultra citraque nequit consistere   
rectum2 cf4 ,od4 #b1 #aj4 -- ,,non      
,,intellego ,,ne3 for the negatives cf4 
nn4 on #bd1 #bg4  ,p4 #bj4 --           
,,magisteria3 generally explained as    
referring to the practice of appointing 
at each dinner a 'master of the feast'1 
arbiter bibendi or 4 ,this explanation  
is not quite correct4 ,mommsen shows in 
his work 'de collegiis' that each one of
 the collegia or sodalicia annually     
appointed a magister cenarum whose duty 

it was to attend to the club-dinners    
during his year of office and no doubt  
to preside at them4 ,that some office is
 meant more important than that of the  
arbiter bibendi appointed for a         
particular feast is shown by the words a
 maioribus instituta4 ,it is scarcely   
likely that ,cicero was ignorant of the 
,greek origin of the custom of          
appointing an arbiter bibendi4 -- ,,et  
,,is ,,sermo etc43 'and the kind of talk
 in which following the fashion of our  
fathers we engage1 beginning at the     
upper table1 as the cup goes round'4    
,the cup circulated from left to right1 
not1 as with us1 from right to left4    
,the guests at a ,roman dinner reclined 
on three couches1 placed at three       
tables2 two of the couches 7lecti7 were 
parallel1 and the third was at right    
angles to the other two4 ,the lectus at 
which the cup began to circulate was    
summus1 the next medius1 the last imus4 
,for a summo cf4 da 7sc4 bibere7 a summo
 in ,plaut4 ,asin4 #e1 #b1 #da4 ,see    

,becker's ,gallus1 p4 #dga et seq4 --   
,,sicut 444 ,,est3 'as we find'2 so     
,off4 #a1 #cb ut in fabulis est1 and    
often4 -- ,,in ,,symposio3 #b1 #bf4 --  
,,minuta3 see n4 on #eb4 -- ,,rorantia3 
here with an active sense1              
'besprinkling'1 representing  in        
,xenophon2 often however not different  
in sense from 'roscida'4 --             
,,refrigeratio 444 ,,hibernus3 cf4      
closely #eg ubi et seq4 ,note the       
changes of expression in passing from   
refrigeratio to sol 7apricatio would    
have more exactly corresponded with     
refrigeratio7 and from aestate to       
hibernus 7for hieme74 -- ,,in ,,sabinis3
 'when with the ,sabines'1 who were     
celebrated for their simplicity of life4
 ,cato had an estate in the ,sabine     
district4 -- ,,convivium ,,vicinorum    
,,compleo3 ',i make up 7i4e4 to the     
proper number7 a company of my          
neighbors'4 -- ,,quod 444 ,,producimus3 
'and we continue our companionship to as
 late an hour as we can1 with changing  

talk'4 ,the phrases multa nocte or de   
nocte 'late in the night'1 multo die    
'late in the day'1 are common2 cf4 also 
,att4 #ac1 #i1 #a multus sermo ad multum
 diem2 ,rep4 #f1 #aj sermonem in multam 
noctem produximus4  #dg4 ,,at3 so in    
#ba1 where see n4 -- ,,quasi            
,,titillatio3 the quasi1 as often in    
,cicero's writings1 marks a translation 
from the ,greek4 ,here the ,epicurean   
word  is referred to2 it is often in    
,cic4 represented by titillatio2 cf4    
,n4,d4 #a1 #aac2 ,fin4 #a1 #ci2 ,tusc4  
#c1 #dg4 -- ,,bene3 sc4 dixit4 --       
,,affecto ,,aetate3 'wrought on by age'4
 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1 #bjj in eius         
infirmissima valetudine affectaque iam  
aetate4 -- ,,utereturne etc43 'whether  
he still took pleasure in love'2 uti    
frui4 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,met4 #d1 #bei        
dementer amoribus uti with ,cic4 ,tusc4 
#d1 #fh venereis voluptatibus frui4 --  
,,di ,,meliora3 sc4 duint2 this archaic 
form usually occurs when the phrase is  
given in full4 ,the story of ,sophocles 

is taken by ,cicero from ,plato 7,rep4  
#cbi ,b7 who has 4 -- ,,istinc etc43 cf4
 the passage in ,plato1 ,rep4 #a1 #cbi  
,c4 ,for istinc used otherwise than of  
place cf4 unde in #ab with n4 --        
,,agresti3 'boorish'2 rusticus denotes  
simply an ordinary countryman4 --       
,,quamquam 444 ,,ergo3 these words may  
be scanned as a hexameter line1 but the 
pause before ergo would prevent them    
from being taken as a verse4 -- ,,hoc   
,,non ,,desiderare3 'this absence of    
regret'2 the words form the subject of  
est4 ,so hoc non dolere in ,fin4 #b1    
#ah4 ,for the pronoun in agreement with 
the infinitive treated as noun cf4      
,persius #a1 #i istud vivere2 #a1 #abb  
hoc ridere meum4 ,h4 #ech1 #c4  #dh4    
,,si3 'even if'1 'granting that'4 --    
,,bona ,,aetas3 'the good time of life'1
 i4e4 youth4 ,tischer qu4 ,varro de ,re 
,rustica #b1 #f1 #b mares feminaeque    
bona aetate  'young'4 ,for bona aetas   
homines bona aetate cf4 n4 on #bf       
senectus4 -- ,,ut ,,diximus3 not        

expressly1 but the opinion is implied in
 #dd1 #de4 -- ,,turpione ,,ambivio3 ,l4 
,ambivius ,turpio was the most famous   
actor of ,cato's time1 and appeared     
especially in ,terence's plays4 ,in old 
,latin commonly1 occasionally in the    
,latin of the best period1 and often in 
,tacitus1 the cognomen is placed before 
the nomen when the praenomen is not     
mentioned4 ,cf4 ,att4 #aa1 #ab1 #a      
,balbo ,cornelio4 ,the usage is more    
common in ,cicero's writings than in    
those of his contemporaries4 -- ,,prima 
,,cavea3 'the lower tier'4 ,the later   
,roman theatres consisted of            
semicircular or elliptic galleries1 with
 rising tiers of seats2 the level space 
partially enclosed by the curve was the 
orchestra1 which was bounded by the     
stage in front4 ,there can be little    
doubt that ,cicero is guilty of an      
anachronism here2 his words do not suit 
the circumstances of ,cato's time4 ,till
 nearly the end of the ,republic the    
theatres were rude structures of wood1  

put up temporarily2 it is even doubtful 
whether they contained seats for the    
audience4 ,cato himself frustrated an   
attempt to establish a permanent        
theatre4 -- ,,propter3 'close by'4 ,the 
adverbial use of propter 7rarely1 if    
ever1 met with outside of ,cicero7 is   
denied by some scholars1 but is well    
attested by ,,mss4 here and elsewhere4  
-- ,,tantum 444 ,,est3 these words      
qualify delectatur4  #di4 ,,illa3 put   
for illud1 as in ,greek  and  are often 
put for  and 4 ,the words from animum to
 the end of the sentence are explanatory
 of illa4 -- ,,quanti3 'how valuable6'  
but the word may have exactly the       
opposite meaning if the context require 
it2 thus in ,n4,d4 #a1 #ee and ,rep4 #f1
 #be the sense is 'how worthless6' --   
,,stipendiis3 'campaigns'4 ,the four    
words from libidinis to inimicitiarum   
are to be taken in pairs1 while         
cupiditatum sums them up and is in      
apposition to all4 -- ,,secum ,,esse3   
cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #ge2 ,pers4 #d1 #eb tecum

 habita4 -- ,,si 444 ,,aliquod3 the     
sense is scarcely different from that of
 si 444 quod2 the distinction is as     
slight as that in ,english between 'if' 
followed by 'some'1 and 'if' followed by
 'any'4 ,cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #bd si quando 
aliquid4 -- ,,pabulum3 for the          
metaphorical sense rendered less harsh  
by tamquam1 cf4 ,acad4 #b1 #abg2 ,tusc4 
#e1 #ff pastus animorum4 -- ,,studi3 an 
explanatory genitive dependent on       
pabulum4 -- ,,otiosa ,,senectute3       
'leisured age'2 otium in the ,latin of  
,cicero does not imply idleness1 but    
freedom from public business and        
opportunity for the indulgence of       
literary and scientific tastes4 --      
,,videbamus3 for the tense cf4 ,lael4   
#cg ,gracchum rem publicam vexantem ab  
amicis derelictum videbamus1 i4e4 'we   
saw over a considerable period'4 ,see   
also #ej1 #gi4 -- ,,in ,,studio etc43   
'busied with the task of almost         
measuring bit by bit 7di-metiendi7 the  
heavens and the earth'4 ,for the sense  

cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 #a1 #bh 7of ,archytas74  
-- ,,gallum3 consul in #aeg ,b4,c41     
famous as an astronomer and as the first
 ,roman who predicted an eclipse before 
the battle of ,pydna4 ,see ,liv4 #dd1   
#cg4  ,p4 #ba4 -- ,,describere3         
technically used of the drawing of      
mathematical figures4 ,ingredior often  
has an infinitive dependent on it even  
in the best ,latin2 e4g4 ,cic4 ,top4 #a 
nos maiores res scribere ingressos4     
#ej4 ,,acutis3 requiring keenness of    
intellect4 -- ,,naevius3 see n4 on #bj4 
-- ,,truculento 444 ,,pseudolo3 these   
plays of ,plautus 7lived from #bed to   
#ahd ,b4,c47 we still possess4 ,the     
,truculentus is so named from one of the
 characters1 a slave of savage          
disposition who is wheedled2 the        
,pseudolus from a cheating slave4 ,the  
latter name is commonly supposed to be a
 transcription from a ,greek word 1     
which however nowhere occurs2 and as the
 change from ,greek  to ,latin o is not 
found before l1 ,corssen assumes  as the

 original word4 ,the form ,pseudulus of 
the name is probably later than         
,pseudolus4 -- ,,livium3 ,livius        
,andronicus1 the founder of ,latin      
literature 7lived from about #bhe to    
#bjd ,b4,c471 who translated the        
,odyssey1 also many ,greek tragedies4   
,livius was a ,greek captured by ,livius
 ,salinator at ,tarentum in #bge ,b4,c42
 for a time he was the slave of ,livius1
 and1 according to custom1 took his name
 when set free4 ,for an account of his  
writings see ,cruttwell's ,hist4 of     
,roman ,literature1 ,ch4 #c2 ,sellar1   
,roman ,poets of the ,rep41 ,ch4 #c4 -- 
,,docuisset3 'had brought on to the     
stage'4 ,docere 7like  in ,greek1 which 
has the same use7 meant originally to   
instruct the performers in the play4 -- 
,,centone ,,tuditanoque ,,consulibus3   
i4e4 in #bdj ,b4,c4 ,the use of que here
 is noticeable2 when a date is given by 
reference to the consuls of the year it 
is usual to insert et 7not que or atque1
 which rarely occur7 between the two    

names1 if only the cognomina 7as here7  
be given4 ,if the full names be given1  
then they are put side by side without  
et4 ,cf4 n4 on #aj4 -- ,,crassi3 see n4 
on #bg4 -- ,,pontifici ,,et ,,civilis   
,,iuris3 the ius pontificium regarded   
mainly the proper modes of conducting   
religious ceremonial4 ,ius civile1 which
 is often used to denote the whole body 
of ,roman ,law1 here includes only the  
secular portion of that ,law4 ,cf4 n4 on
 #ch4 -- ,,huius ,p4 ,,scipionis3 'the  
present ,p4 ,scipio'4 ,so in #ad hi     
consules 'the present consuls'2 ,rep4   
#a1 #ad ,africanus hic1 ,pauli filius1  
and often4 ,the ,p4 ,scipio who is meant
 here is not ,africanus1 but ,nasica    
,corculum4 -- ,,flagrantis3 'all aglow'2
 so ardere studio in ,acad4 #b1 #fe4 -- 
,,senes3  cum senes essent1 so senem    
below4 -- ,,suadae ,,medullam3 'the     
essence 7lit4 marrow7 of                
persuasiveness'4 ,the lines of ,ennius  
are preserved by ,cicero1 ,brut4 #eh4   
,suada is a translation of 1 which the  

,greek rhetoricians declared to be the  
end and aim of oratory4 ,this ,cethegus 
was consul in #bjd and in #bjc defeated 
,mago in the ,n4 of ,italy4 --          
,,exerceri3 here reflexive in meaning4  
,a4 #aaa1 n4 #a2 ,g4 #bji2 ,h4 #dfe4 -- 
,,videbamus3 see n4 on #di4 --          
,,comparandae3 for the idea of          
possibility which the gerundive         
sometimes has 7but only in negative     
sentences or interrogative sentences    
implying a negative answer1 and in      
conditional clauses7 see ,madvig1 #dbj1 
,obs42 ,roby1 #adjc4 -- ,,haec ,,quidem3
 a short summary of the preceding       
arguments1 preparatory to a transition  
to a new subject1 introduced by venio   
nunc ad4 ,the succession of two clauses 
both containing quidem seems awkward1   
but occurs in ,fin4 #e1 #hj and         
elsewhere4 -- ,,honestum ,,sit3 'does   
him honor'4 -- ,,ut ,,ante ,,dixi3 in   
#bf1 where see the notes4 -- ,,potest   
,,esse3 ,meissner 7n4 on #bg7 says that 
,cicero's rule is to say potest esse1   

debet esse and the like1 not esse potest
 and the like4 ,it is true that esse in 
such cases is very seldom separated from
 the word on which it depends1 but esse 
potest is just as common as potest esse2
 the difference to the sense is one of  
emphasis only1 the esse having more     
emphasis thrown on it in the latter     
case4  #ea4 ,,mihi 444 ,,videntur3 see  
,introd4 -- ,,habent ,,rationem ,,cum   
'they have their reckonings with'1      
'their dealings with'2 a phrase of      
book-keeping4 -- ,,imperium3 so ,verg4  
,georg4 #a1 #ii exercetque frequens     
tellurem atque imperat agris2 ib4 #b1   
#cfi dura exerce imperia et ramos       
compesce fluentes2 ,tac4 ,germ4 #bf sola
 terrae seges imperatur4 -- ,,sed       
,,alias 444 ,,faenore3 put for sed      
semper cum faenore1 alias minore1       
plerumque maiore4 -- ,,vis ,,ac         
,,natura3 'powers and constitution'4    
,these two words are very often used by 
,cic4 together1 as in ,fin4 #a1 #ej vis 
ac natura rerum4 -- ,,gremio3 so        

,lucret4 #a1 #bej pereunt imbres ubi eos
 pater aether ,in gremium matris terrai 
praecipitavit1 imitated by ,verg4       
,georg4 #b1 #cbe4 -- ,,mollito ,,ac     
,,subacto3 i4e4 by the plough4          
,subigere1 'subdue'1 is a technical word
 of agriculture2 so ,verg4 ,georg4 #b1  
#ej scrobibus subactis2 see also below1 
#ei4  ,p4 #bb4 -- ,,occaecatum3         
'hidden'4 ,caecus has the sense of      
'unseen' as well as that of 'unseeing'  
or 'blind'4 -- ,,occatio3 ,cicero's     
derivation1 as well as ,varro's 7,de ,re
 ,rust4 #a1 #ca1 #a7 from occidere1     
because the earth is cut up1 is unsound4
 ,occa is rastrum1 probably from its    
sharp points 7root ak-72 occatio        
therefore is 'harrowing'4 -- ,,vapore3  
'heat'4 ,this word has not in the best  
,latin the meaning of our 'vapor'4 --   
,,compressu3 a word found only here in  
,cicero's writings and elsewhere in     
,latin only in the ablative case1 like  
so many other nouns whose stem ends in  
-u4 -- ,,diffundit ,,et ,,elicit3       

'expands and lures forth'4 --           
,,herbescentem3 this word occurs nowhere
 else in ,latin4 -- ,,nixa3 ,a4 #bed1 b2
 ,g4 #djc1 ,rem4 #c2 ,h4 #dbe1 #a1 #a71 
n4 -- ,,fibris ,,stirpium3 so ,tusc4 #c1
 #ac radicum fibras4 -- ,,geniculato3   
'knotted'4 ,the verb geniculo1 from     
genu1 scarcely occurs excepting in the  
passive participle1 which is always     
used1 as here1 of plants4 ,so ,plin4    
,nat4 ,hist4 #af1 #aeh geniculata cetera
 gracilitas nodisque distincta1 speaking
 of the harundo4 -- ,,spici3 besides    
spica1 the forms spicum and spicus are  
occasionally found4 ,spici here is      
explanatory frugem4 -- ,,vallo3 for the 
metaphor compare ,n4,d4 #b1 #adc munitae
 sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum2  
,lucr4 #b1 #ecg4  #eb4 ,,quid ,,ego 444 
,,commemorem3 this and similar formulae 
for passing to a new subject are common2
 cf4 #ec quid ego 444 proferam etc42    
often nam precedes the quid1 as in      
,lael4 #ajd4 ,the ego has a slight      
emphasis4 ,cato implies that his own    

devotion to grape-culture was so well   
known as not to need description4 --    
,,ortus ,,satus ,,incrementa3 'origin1  
cultivation1 and growth'4 ,for the      
omission of the copula see n4 on #ec4 --
 ,,ut3 final1 and slightly elliptic 7',i
 say this that etc4'72 so in #f 7where  
see n471 #bd1 #ef1 #ei1 #hb4 --         
,,requietem3 the best ,,mss4 of ,cic4   
sometimes give the other form requiem1  
as in ,arch4 #ac4 -- ,,vim ,,ipsam3 'the
 inherent energy'4 -- ,,omnium 444      
,,terra3 a common periphrasis for 'all  
plants'2 cf4 e4g4 ,n4,d4 #b1 #abj4 ,the 
,latin has no one word to comprehend all
 vegetable products4 -- ,,quae 444      
,,procreet3 'able to generate'4 --      
,,tantulo3 strictly elliptic1 implying  
quantulum re vera est4 ,in such uses    
tantus and tantulus differ slightly from
 magnus and parvus2 they are more       
emphatic4 -- ,,acini ,,vinaceo3 'a      
grape-stone'4 -- ,,minutissimis3 used   
here for minimis4 ,strictly speaking    
minutus ought to be used of things which

 are fragments of larger things1 minutus
 being really the participle passive of 
minuo4 ,in a well-known passage 7,orat4 
#id7 ,cic4 himself calls attention to   
the theoretical incorrectness of the    
use1 which1 however1 is found throughout
 ,latin literature4 ,cf4 #df pocula     
minuta2 also below1 #he minuti          
philosophi4 -- ,,malleoli3              
vine-cuttings2 so called because a      
portion of the parent stem was cut away 
with the new shoot1 leaving the cutting 
in the shape of a mallet4 -- ,,plantae3 
'suckers'1 shoots springing out of the  
trunk4 -- ,,sarmenta3 'scions'1 shoots  
cut from branches not from the trunk4 --
 ,,viviradices3 'quicksets'1 new plants 
formed by dividing the roots of the     
mother plant4 -- ,,propagines3 'layers'1
 new plants formed by rooting a shoot in
 the earth without severing it from the 
parent plant2 ,verg4 ,georg4 #b1 #bf4 --
 ,,eadem3 n4 on #d eandem4 --           
,,claviculis3 cf4 ,n4,d4 #b1 #abj vites 
sic claviculis4 -- ,,ars ,,agricolarum3 

agricolae arte freti1 a strong instance 
of the abstract put for the concrete4   
#ec4 ,,eis3 sc4 sarmentis1 those which  
have not been pruned away by the knife4 
-- ,,exsistit3 'springs up'4 ,exsistere 
in good ,latin never has the meaning of 
our 'exist'1 i4e4 'to be in existence'1 
but always means 'to come into          
existence'4 -- ,,articulos3 'joints'2   
cf4 #ea culmo geniculato4 ,the word     
tamquam softens the metaphor in         
articuli1 which would properly be used  
only of the joints in the limbs of      
animals4 -- ,,gemma3 ,cicero took the   
meaning 'gem' or 'jewel' to be the      
primary sense of gemma and considered   
that the application to a bud was       
metaphorical4 ,see the well-known       
passages1 ,orat4 #ha and ,de ,or4 #c1   
#aee4 -- ,,vestita ,,pampinis3 'arrayed 
in the young foliage'4 -- ,,fructu 444  
,,aspectu3 ablatives of respect1 like   
gustatu above4 -- ,,capitum ,,iugatio3  
'the linking together of their tops'2   
i4e4 the uniting of the tops of the     

stakes by cross-stakes4 ,so the editors2
 but ,conington on ,verg4 ,georg4 #b1   
#cee seems to take capita of the        
top-foliage of the vines1 an            
interpetation which is quite possible4  
,those editors are certainly wrong who  
remove the comma after iugatio and place
 it after religatio1 as though et were  
omitted between the two words4 ,in      
enumerations of more than two things    
,cic4 either omits the copula altogether
 or inserts it before each word after   
the first2 but in enumerating two things
 et cannot be omitted1 except where     
there are several sets or pairs of      
things4 ,cf4 n4 on #ac4 -- ,,religatio3 
i4e4 the tying down of shoots so as to  
cause them to take root in the earth4   
,religatio seems to occur only here4    
,p4 #bc4 -- ,,aliorum ,,immissio3 'the  
granting of free scope to others'4      
,immissio scarcely occurs elsewhere in  
good ,latin4 ,the metaphor is from      
letting loose the reins in driving2 cf4 
,verg4 ,georg4 #b1 #cfd2 ,plin4 ,n4,h4  

#af1 #ada cupressus immittitur in       
perticas asseresque amputatione ramorum2
 ,varro1 ,r4,r4 #a1 #ca1 #a vitis       
immittitur ad uvas pariendas4 ,some1    
referring to ,columella de ,arbor1 c4   
#g1 take the word to mean the setting in
 the earth of a shoot in order that it  
may take root before being separated    
from the parent stem4 ,the context1     
however1 is against this interpretation4
 -- ,,irrigationes etc43 the plurals    
denote more prominently than singulars  
would the repetition of the actions     
expressed by these words4 --            
,,repastinationes3 'repeated hoeings'4  
,the pastinum was a kind of pitchfork1  
used for turning over the ground round  
about the vines1 particularly when the  
young plants were being put in4 --      
,,multo ,,terra ,,fecundior3 see n4 on  
#c parum 444 auctoritatis4  #ed4 ,,in   
,,eo ,,libro3 see ,introd4 -- ,,doctus3 
often used of poets1 not only by ,cicero
 but by most other ,latin writers1 more 
particularly by the elegiac poets2 see  

also n4 on #ac4 -- ,,hesiodus3 the      
oldest ,greek poet after ,homer4 ,the   
poem referred to here is the    which we
 still possess1 along with the ,theogony
 and the ,shield of ,heracles4 -- ,,cum3
 concessive4 -- ,,saeculis3             
'generations'1 as in #bd4 -- ,,fuit3    
vixit4 -- ,,laerten3 the passage        
referred to is no doubt the touching    
scene in ,odyss4 #bd1 #bbf1 where       
,odysseus1 after killing the suitors1   
finds his unhappy old father toiling in 
his garden4 ,in that passage nothing is 
said of manuring4 -- ,,lenientem3 see n4
 on #aa dividenti4 -- ,,colentem etc43  
the introduction of another participle  
to explain lenientem is far from        
elegant4 ,cultione agri or something of 
the kind might have been expected4 ,the 
collocation of appetentem with occupatum
 in #ef is no less awkward4 -- ,,facit3 
n4 on #c facimus4 -- ,,res ,,rusticae   
,,laetae ,,sunt3 'the farmer's life is  
gladdened'4 -- ,,apium3 this form is    
oftener found in the best ,,mss41 of    

prose writers at least1 than the other  
form apum1 which probably was not used  
by ,cic4 -- ,,omnium3  omnis generis4 --
 ,,consitiones 444 ,,insitiones3        
'planting 444 grafting'4 ,on the        
varieties of grafting and the skill     
required for it see ,verg4 ,georg4 #b1  
#gc seq4  #ee4 ,,possum3 see n4 on #bd4 
-- ,,ignoscetis3 'you will excuse 7me7'4
 -- ,,provectus ,,sum3 ',i have been    
carried away'4 ,cicero often uses       
prolabi in the same sense4 -- ,,in ,,hac
 444 ,,consumpsit3 ,cic4 probably never1
 as later writers did1 used consumere   
with a simple ablative4 -- ,,curius3 see
 n4 on #ae4 -- ,a ,,me3  a mea villa2   
cf4 n4 on #c apud quem4 -- ,,admirari   
,,satis ,,non ,,possum3 a favorite form 
of expression with ,cicero2 e4g4 ,de    
,or4 #a1 #afe4 -- ,,disciplinam3        
'morals'2 literally 'teaching'4  #ef4   
,,curio3 ,plutarch1 ,cat4 #b1 says the  
ambassadors found him cooking a dinner  
of herbs1 and that ,curius sent them    
away with the remark that a man who     

dined in that way had no need of gold4  
,the present was not brought as a bribe1
 since the incident took place after the
 war4 ,curius had become patronus of the
 ,samnites1 and they were bringing the  
customary offering of clientes2 see     
,rep4 #c1 #dj4 -- ,,ne3 here  num1 a    
rare use2 so ,fin4 #c1 #dd2 ,acad4 #b1  
#aaf4 -- ,,sed ,,venio ,,ad3 so in #ea  
venio nunc ad4 ,redeo ad 7see n4 on #cb7
 might have been expected here4 -- ,,in 
,,agris ,,erant3 'lived on their farms'4
 ,for erant cf4 n4 on #ba sunt4 -- ,,id 
,,est ,,senes3 cf4 #ai n4 on senatum4 --
 ,,si ,,quidem3 often written as one    
word siquidem  4 -- ,,aranti3 emphatic  
position4 -- ,,cincinnato3 ,l4          
,quinctius ,cincinnatus is said to have 
been dictator twice2 in #deh ,b4,c41    
when he saved the ,roman army1 which was
 surrounded by the ,aequians1 and ended 
the war in sixteen days from his        
appointment2 in #dci1 when ,maelius was 
killed and ,cincinnatus was eighty years
 old4 ,in our passage ,cic4 seems to    

assume only one dictatorship4 ,the story
 of ,cincinnatus at the plough is told  
in ,livy #c1 #bf4 -- ,,factum3 the      
technical term was dicere dictatorem1   
since he was nominated by the consul on 
the advice of the senate4 --            
,,dictatoris3 in apposition with cuius4 
,p4 #bd4 -- ,,maelium3 a rich plebeian1 
who distributed corn in time of famine  
and was charged with courting the people
 in order to make himself a king4 ,ahala
 summoned him before the dictator1 and  
because he did not immediately obey1    
killed him with his own hand4 ,for this1
 ,ahala became one of the heroes of his 
nation4 ,see ,liv4 #d1 #ac4 ,cicero     
often mentions him with praise4 ,cf4 in 
,catil4 ,i4 #c2 p4 ,sestio #adc1 etc4 --
 ,,appetentem3  quia appetebat2 so      
occupatum  cum occupasset4 --           
,,viatores3 literally 'travellers'1 so  
'messengers'4 ,they formed a regularly  
organized corporation at ,rome and were 
in attendance on many of the            
magistrates4 ,those officers who had the

 fasces had also lictors1 who1 however1 
generally remained in close attendance  
and were not despatched on distant      
errands4 ,the statement of ,cic4 in the 
text is repeated almost verbatim by     
,plin4 ,n4,h4 #ah1 #ba4 --              
,,miserabilis3 'to be pitied'4 ,the word
 does not quite answer to our           
'miserable'4 -- ,,agri ,,cultione3 a    
rare expression1 found elsewhere only in
 ,verr4 #c1 #bbf2 then not again till   
the ',fathers'4 -- ,,haud ,,scio ,,an   
,,nulla3 since haud scio an is          
affirmative in ,cicero1 not negative as 
in some later writers1 nulla must be    
read here1 not ulla4 ,cf4 #gc haud scio 
an melius ,ennius1 'probably ,ennius    
speaks better'2 also #gd incertium an   
hoc ipso die1 'possibly to-day'4 ,roby1 
#bbef2 ,g4 #dei1 ,rem42 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 
#c1 #bj1 n4 #b4 -- ,,quam ,,dixi3  de   
qua dixi1 as in #ec4 -- ,,saturitate3   
the word is said to occur nowhere else  
in ,latin4 -- ,,quidam3 i4e4 the authors
 of the tertia vituperatio senectutis1  

whom ,cato refutes in #ci1 #ei4 --      
,,porco 444 ,,gallina3 these words are  
used collectively1 as rosa often is2 so 
,fin4 #b1 #fe potantem in rosa ,thorium4
 -- ,,iam3 'further'4 -- ,,succidiam    
,,alteram3 'a second meat-supply'4 ,the 
word seems to be connected with caedo1  
and probably originally meant           
'slaughter'4 ,in a fragment of ,cato    
preserved by ,gellius #ac1 #bd1 #ab 7in 
some editions #ac1 #be1 #ab7 we find    
succidias humanas facere4 ,varro1 ,r4,r4
 #b1 #ad has the word in the sense of   
'meat'4 -- ,,conditiora ,,facit3 'adds a
 zest to'2 cf4 condita in #aj4 --       
,,supervacaneis ,,operis3 'by the use of
 spare time'2 literally 'by means of    
toils that are left over'1 i4e4 after   
completing the ordinary work of the     
farm4  #eg4 ,,ordinibus3 cf4 #ei        
ordines4 -- ,,brevi ,,praecidam3 ',i    
will cut the matter short'1 for         
praecidam 7sc4 rem or sermonem7 cf4     
,acad4 #b1 #acc praecide 7sc4 sermonem72
 for brevi 7 'in brief'1  7 cf4 ,de ,or4

 #a1 #cd ne plura consecter comprehendam
 brevi4 -- ,,usu ,,uberius3 cf4 #ec     
fructu laetius 444 aspectu pulchrius4 --
 ,,ad ,,quem 444 ,,retardat3 some have  
thought that there is zeugma here1      
supposing ad to be suited only to       
invitat1 not to retardat4 ,that this is 
not the case is clear from such passages
 as ,caes4 ,b4,g4 #g1 #bf1 #b palus     
,romanos ad insequendum tardabat 7      
tardos faciebat72 ,cic4 ,sull4 #di      
nullius amicitia ad pericula propulsanda
 impedimur4 ,on fruendum see ,madvig1   
#dba1 a1 ,obs4 #b and #bfe1 ,obs4 #b2   
,g4 #dbh1 ,rem4 #c1 exc42 ,h4 #edd1 #b1 
n4 #e4 -- ,,invitat ,,atque ,,allectat3 
one of the 'doublets' of which ,cicero  
is so fond2 cf4 ,lael4 #ii allectant et 
invitant4  #eh4 ,,sibi ,,habeant3 sc4   
iuvenes2 contemptuous1 as in ,lael4 #ah 
sibi habeant sapientiae nomen ,sull4 #bf
 sibi haberent honores1 sibi imperia    
etc42 cf4 the formula of ,roman divorce1
 tu tuas res tibi habeto4 -- ,,hastas3  
in practising1 the point was covered by 

a button1 pila2 cf4 ,liv4 #bf1 #ea      
praepilatis missilibus iaculati sunt4 --
 ,,clavam3 cf4 ,vegetius de ,re ,mil4   
#a1 #aa clavas ligneas pro gladiis      
tironibus dabant1 eoque modo            
exercebantur ad palos2 ,iuv4 #f1 #bdf4  
,the palus is called stipes by ,martial 
#g1 #cb4 -- ,,pilam 444 ,,venationes 444
 ,,cursus3 all national amusements1 well
 known to readers of ,horace2 see       
,becker's ,gallus4 ,venationes1 em4 for 
nataliones4 -- ,,talos 444 ,,tesseras3  
tali1 'knucklebones'1 were oblong1 and  
rounded at the two ends2 the sides were 
numbered #a and #f 7#a being opposite to
 #f71 #c and #d4 ,four tali were used at
 a time and they1 like the tesserae1    
were generally thrown from a box1       
fritillus4 ,the tesserae1 of which three
 were used at a time1 were cubes1 with  
the sides numbered from #a to #f in such
 a way that the numbers on two opposite 
sides taken together always made #g4 ,a 
separate name was used by dicers for    
almost every possible throw of the      

tesserae and tali4 ,the two best known  
are canis1 when all the dice turned up  
with the same number uppermost2 and     
venus1 when they all showed different   
numbers4 ,the word alea was general and 
applicable to games of chance of every  
kind4 ,these games1 which were forbidden
 by many ineffectual laws 7'vetita      
legibus alea'7 were held to be          
permissible for old men2 see ,mayor on  
,iuv4 #ad1 #d4 -- ,,id ,,ipsum3 sc4     
faciunt2 the omission of facere is not  
uncommon4 ,roby1 #adda2 ,h4 #cfh1 #c1 n4
 #a4 -- ,,ut3 em4 for ordinary readings 
unum and utrum4  #ei4 ,,legite3         
'continue to read'4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1   
#cd pergite1 ut facitis1 adulescentes4  
,in ,tusc4 #b1 #fb it is stated that    
,africanus was a great reader of        
,xenophon4  ,p4 #be4 -- ,,libro ,,qui   
,,est ,,de3 so in ,fat4 #a libris qui   
sunt de natura deorum1 and similarly    
elsewhere2 but the periphrasis is often 
avoided1 as in ,off4 #b1 #af ,dicaearchi
 liber de interitu hominum4 -- ,,qui3   

quique might have been expected1 but the
 words above1 qui 444 familiari1 are    
regarded as parenthetical4 --           
,,oeconomicus3 ,cicero translates from  
this work c4 #d1 #bj-be4 --             
,,inscribitur3 see n4 on #ac4 --        
,,regale3 'worthy of a king'2 different 
from regium1 which would mean 'actually 
characteristic of kings'4 ,yet ,cic4    
sometimes interchanges the words2 thus  
regalis potestas in ,har4 ,resp4 #ed is 
the same as regia potestas in ,phil4 #a1
 #c4 -- ,,loquitur ,,cum ,,critobulo    
etc43 'discourses with ,critobulus of   
how ,cyrus etc4'4 ,the construction of  
loqui with acc4 and inf4 belongs to     
colloquial ,latin1 as does the          
construction loqui aliquam rem for de   
aliqua re2 cf4 ,att4 #a1 #e1 #f mecum   
,tadius locutus est te ita scripsisse2  
ib4 #i1 #ac1 #a mera scelera loquuntur4 
-- ,,cyrum ,,minorem3 ,cyrus the younger
 7cf4 #gi ,cyrus maior71 well known from
 ,xenophon's ,anabasis4 ,as ,cyrus never
 arrived at the throne 7having been     

killed at ,cunaxa in #dja in his attempt
 to oust his brother the king with the  
help of the #aj1jjj ,greeks7 regem is   
used in the sense of 'prince'1 as in    
,verr4 #d1 #fa and elsewhere2  is used  
in exactly the same way in a passage of 
the ,oeconomicus which comes a little   
before the one ,cic4 is here rendering  
7#d1 #af74 -- ,,lysander3 the great     
commander who in #dje ,b4,c4 won the    
battle of ,aegospotamos against the     
,athenians4 -- ,,sardis3 acc4 pl42 -is  
represents ,gk4 -4 -- ,,consaeptum      
,,agrum3 'park'2 the phrase is a        
translation of ,xenophon's 2 this will  
account for the omission of et before   
diligenter consitum4 -- ,,diligenter3   
'carefully'4 -- ,,proceritates3 the     
plural probably indicates the height of 
each kind of tree4 -- ,,quincuncem3     
thus3333333 ,this was the order of      
battle in the ,roman army during a great
 part of its history4 ,the cause for    
this application of the term is rather  
difficult to see2 it originally meant   

five-twelfths of an uncia2 possibly it  
was thus applied because by drawing     
lines between the points the letter ,v  
7five7 might be produced4 ,as regards   
its application to trees1 see ,verg4    
,georg4 #b1 #bgg-bhd4 -- ,,puram3 so the
 farmers talk of 'cleaning' the land4 --
 ,,dimensa3 notice the passive use of   
this participle1 originally deponent2   
cf4 n4 on #d adeptam4 -- ,,discripta3   
'arranged'2 so discriptio a little      
farther on4 ,cf4 n4 on #e descriptae4 --
 ,,ornatum3 'costume'1 used by ,latin   
writers of any dress a little           
unfamiliar4 ,so in ,plaut4 ,miles #d1   
#d1 #da 7#aagg ,r7 ornatus nauclericus4 
#fj4 ,,impedit3 sc4 nos2 with this      
construction the pronoun is always      
omitted4 -- ,,valerium3 when a young    
man1 in #cdi ,b4,c41 he engaged in      
combat with a ,gaul1 in sight of the    
,roman and ,gallic armies1 and came off 
victor by the aid of a raven1 corvus2   
hence the name ,corvinus 7,liv4 #g1     
#bf74 ,his first consulship was in #cdh1

 his last in #bii2 ,cic4 has            
miscalculated4 ,valerius was also twice 
dictator and is said to have held       
altogether #ba terms of curule offices4 
-- ,,perduxisse3 sc4 agri colendi       
studia4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #cc quod --         
perduxissent4 -- ,,esset3 cf4 n4 on #ba4
 -- ,,aetate3 here  the vigorous period 
of life2 cf4 bona aetas in #dh4 --      
,,cursus ,,honorum3 'official career'4  
-- ,,huius3 ille and hic are not often  
found in the same sentence referring to 
the same person4 ,eius would have been  
more regular here4 -- ,,media3 cf4 n4 on
 #cc constantis aetatis4  ,p4 #bf4 --   
,,apex3 'the crown'1 'the highest       
glory'4 ,the word meant originally      
'knot'1 being connected with ap-tus     
ap-isci ap-ere and other words          
containing the idea of binding fast or  
grasping4 ,it was properly applied to   
the olive-twig bound round with wool1   
which was stuck in the cap worn by the  
flamines and salii4 ,it is sometimes    
employed to translate  7a word          

originally of similar meaning71 the     
royal insigne1 as in ,horace1 ,odes1 #c1
 #ba1 #bj regum apices1 with which cf4  
,odes1 #a1 #cd1 #ad4 ,the word is       
scarcely found elsewhere in a           
metaphorical sense4 ,our passage is     
imitated by ,ammianus ,marcellinus 7a   
great imitator of ,cicero7 #bg1 #g1 #b  
,rufinus velut apicem honoratae         
senectutis praetendens4  #fa4 ,,metello3
 see n4 on #cj4 -- ,a4 ,,atilio         
,,calatino3 consul in #beh ,b4,c4 and   
again in #bed2 dictator in #bdi1 censor 
in #bdg4 ,cicero classed him with old   
heroes like ,curius and ,fabricius      
7,planc4 #fj74 ,his tomb was on the via 
,appia outside the ,porta ,capena1 close
 to the well-known tomb of the ,scipios 
7see ,tusc4 #a1 #ac74 -- ,,in ,,quem 444
 ,,elogium3 'in whose honor there is the
 inscription'4 ,with in quem  de quo cf4
 the occasional occurrence of   in the  
sense of  4 -- ,,elogium3 ,greek  7so   
,curtius73 for the representation of  by
 o cf4 oliva with 1 and ,plautus'       

lopadas for 4 ,but cf4 ,roby1 #ibi1 d4  
-- ,,hunc etc43 the inscription 7which  
is quoted by ,cicero also in ,fin4 #b1  
#aaf7 is strikingly like that on the    
tomb of ,scipio ,barbatus which has     
actually come down to us1 and thus      
begins 7,ritschl's recension73    honc  
oino ploirime cosentiont ,romai         
duonoro optumo fuise viro viroro  i4e4  
hunc unum plurimi consentiunt ,romae    
bonorum optimum fuisse virum virorum4   
,ritschl thus completes the elogium of  
,atilus1 by comparison with others still
 preserved3 dictator 7ending the second 
line71 ,consul1 censor1 aedilis hic fuit
 apud vos4 ,but ,cicero's words 7nolum  
444 sepulcro7 seem to imply a longer    
inscription than one of three lines2 the
 analogy of the ,scipionic inscriptions 
points the same way4 ,the older         
monumental inscriptions of ,rome were   
written in the ,saturnian metre1 which  
depended partly on accent4 ,the normal  
line ran thus3    v -' v - v -' v'  -' v
 - v -' v'  but there were many         

deviations4 -- ,,unum3 intensifies      
primarium1 'the very first'2 cf4 the    
common use of unus with a superlative   
adjective1 for which see n4 on ,lael4 #a
 unum etc4 -- ,,esset ,,consentiens3 cf4
 n4 on #bf agens aliquid4 -- ,,nuper3   
like modo 7see n4 on #bg7 nuper is      
loosely used1 and has its meaning       
defined by the context4 ,cf4 n4 on      
,lael4 #ac4 ,in ,plin4 ,ep4 #a1 #b1 #b  
the orator ,calvus1 a younger           
contemporary of ,cicero1 is said to have
 existed nuper4 -- ,,lepidum3 pontifex  
maximus from #ahj ,b4,c41 consul in #ahg
 and in #age2 censor in #agi2 he is said
 to have been chosen princeps senatus by
 six sets of censors in succession4 ,he 
died in #aeb4 -- ,,paulo3 see #bi ,l4   
,aemilius with n4 -- ,,maximo3 see #aj  
et seq4 -- ,,sententia3 i4e4 a set      
speech in the senate4 ,cf4 ,de ,or4 #a1 
#ch is non accurata orationis copia1 sed
 nutu atque verbo libertinos in urbanas 
tribus transtulit4 -- ,,honorata3 see n4
 on #bb4  #fb4 ,,in ,,omni ,,oratione3  

'everywhere throughout my speech'4 ,tota
 oratione would have meant 'my speech   
viewed as a whole'4 -- ,,defenderet3 the
 tense is accommodated to that of dixi1 
according to ,latin custom2 see n4 on   
#db efficeret4 -- ,,cani3 sc4 capilli2  
the same ellipsis is found in ,ovid4    
,cf4 calda 7sc4 aqua71 laurea 7sc4      
corona71 natalis 7sc4 dies71 ,latinae   
7sc4 feriae71 etc42 also cereo in #dd4  
-- ,,fructus 444 ,,extremos3 'receives  
the reward of influence at the last'4   
#fc4 ,,appeti3 'to be courted'2 decedi3 
'to take precedence'1 literally 'that   
there should be a yielding of the way'4 
-- ,,assurgi3 'the honor shown by       
rising'4 ,cf4 ,iuv4 #ac1 #ed credebant  
grande nefas et morte piandum si iuvenis
 vetulo non assurrexerat1 where see     
,mayor's note4 -- ,,deduci ,,reduci3    
'the escort from home and the attendance
 homeward'4 ,the difference between     
these two words1 which has often been   
misunderstood1 is shown by ,val4 ,max4  
#b1 #a1 #i iuvenes senatus die utique   

aliquem ex patribus conscriptis ad      
curiam deducebant1 affixique valvis     
exspectabant donec reducendi etiam      
officio fungerentur4 -- ,,consuli3      
probably refers to private legal        
consultations as well as to the         
deliberations of the senate4 -- ,,ut    
,,quaeque ,,optime3 ,cic4 often uses ut 
quisque with superlatives1 ita          
following2 see n4 on ,lael4 #ai4        
,translate ut 444 ita 'in proportion as 
444 so'4 -- ,,morata3 from mos4 --      
,,modo3 in #ei4 -- ,,memoriae ,,proditum
 ,,est3 in ,verr4 #e1 #cf ,cic4 uses ad 
memoriam instead of the dative4 ,the    
best writers have memoriae prodere and  
prodi1 'for the recollection of         
posterity'1 memoria prodi1 'to be handed
 down by tradition'2 but not memoria    
prodere4 -- ,,ludis3 sc4 ,panathenaicis1
 abl4 of time4 ,the ,panathenaea was the
 greatest of the ,athenian festivals and
 was celebrated in honor of ,athene1    
patron goddess of the city1 once in four
 years4 ,the story that follows is told 

in almost the same words by ,val4 ,max4 
#d1 #e1 ext4 #b4  ,p4 #bg4 -- ,,qui3 at 
this point the oratio obliqua is broken 
off1 but it is resumed in the next      
sentence1 dixisse being dependent on    
proditum est4 -- ,,legati ,,cum         
,,essent3 'being ambassadors'4 --       
,,illi3 'in his honor'4 -- ,,sessum     
,,recepisse3 ,val4 ,max4 uses the same  
phrase2 cf4 ,fam4 #aj1 #cb1 #b sessum   
deducere2 ,n4,d4 #c1 #gd sessum ire4    
#fd4 ,,plausus ,,multiplex3 cf4 ,verg4  
,aen4 #a1 #gdg ingeminant plausu4 ,cic4 
generally says plausus maximus4 --      
,,facere ,,nolle3 cf4 the well-known    
saying of ,demosthenes1 ,olynth4 #c1  #c
              1    4 -- ,,collegio3 the 
college or board of augurs to which     
,cato belonged4 ,in his time there were 
nine members2 later the number was      
increased4 -- ,,antecedit3 sc4 alios4 --
 ,,sententiae ,,principatum3 'precedence
 in debate'4 ,meissner quotes ,verr4 #d1
 #adb ut quisque aetate et honore       
antecedit1 ita primus solet sua sponte  

dicere itaque a ceteris ei conceditur4  
-- ,,honore3 i4e4 as regards office1    
past or present4 -- ,,qui 444 ,,sunt3   
actual praetors or consuls4 --          
,,comparandae3 n4 on #ej4 -- ,,fabulam  
,,aetatis3 cf4 #e1 #gj1 #he4 ,the       
comparison of life to a play1 and       
mankind to the players1 is common in all
 literature2 e4g4 ',all the world's a   
stage1 etc4'4 ,when ,augustus was on his
 deathbed he asked his friends ecquid   
eis videretur mimum vitae commode       
transegisse 7,suet4 ,aug4 #ii72 cf4     
,gay's epitaph1 ',life's a jest1 etc4'4 
-- ,,corruisse3 i4e4 through fatigue2   
cf4 defetigationem in #he4  #fe4 ,,at3  
see n4 on #ba4 -- ,,morum3 cf4 #g in    
moribus est culpa1 non in aetate4 --    
,,ea ,,vitia3 i4e4 ea alia vitia4 --    
,,habent etc43 cf4 ,thucyd4 #c1 #dd   4 
-- ,,non 444 ,,videatur3 'not well      
grounded indeed1 but such as it may seem
 possible to allow'4 ,ille is often used
 with quidem in making concessions where
 the ,english idiom requires no pronoun4

 ,roby1 #bbei2 ,madvig1 #dhi1 b2        
,kennedy1 #fe1 n4 #b2 ,a4 #aea1 e2 ,g4  
#bib1 ,rem4 #d2 ,h4 #dej1 #d1 n4 #b4 -- 
,,contemni 444 ,,despici3 see n4 on #dc 
spreta et contempta4 -- ,,moribus       
,,bonis ,,et ,,artibus3 for the order of
 the words cf4 n4 on #a animi tui4 --   
,,in ,,vita3 'in everyday life' --      
,,adelphis3 ,adelphi  1 ,the ,brothers2 
this play of ,terence is still extant4  
-- ,,diritas3 'harshness of temper'2 but
 ,suet4 ,tib4 #ba has diritas morum1 and
 ,varro scena quem senem ,latina vidit  
dirissimum4 ,both dirus and diritas are 
rare in ,cicero2 the former word does   
not once occur in the whole range of the
 speeches1 the latter scarcely excepting
 here and in ,vat4 #i2 in ,tusc4 #c1 #bi
 ,cic4 uses it in translating from      
,euripides4  ,p4 #bh4 -- #ff4           
,,sollicitam ,,habere3 'to keep in      
trouble'4 ,sollicitus is1 literally1    
'wholly in motion'1 from sollus1 which  
has the same root with 1 and citus2 cf4 
the rare words sollifides1 solliferreus4

 ,the perfect participle with habeo     
emphasizes the continuance of the effect
 produced4 ,zumpt1 #fcd2 ,a4 #bib1 c2   
,g4 #bcj2 ,h4 #chh1 #a1 n4 -- ,,nostram 
,,aetatem3 cf4 n4 on #bf senectus4 --   
,,esse ,,longe3 more usually abesse4 -- 
,o ,,miserum3 ',o1 wretched is that old 
man'4 ,cicero oftener joins ,o with the 
accusative than with the nominative3 he 
rarely1 if ever1 uses the interjection  
with the vocative in direct address to  
persons4 -- ,,extinguit ,,animum3 the   
doctrine of the annihilation of the soul
 after death was held by many of        
,cicero's contemporaries1 professedly by
 the ,epicureans 7e4g4 ,lucretius1 ,de  
,rerum ,nat4 #c1 #dag et seq42 cf4 also 
,caesar's argument at the trial of the  
,catilinian conspirators1 ,sall4 ,bell4 
,catil4 c4 #ea1 ,cic4 in ,catil4 #c1 c4 
#d71 practically by the ,stoics1 who    
taught that there is a future existence 
of limited though indefinite length4 -- 
,,deducit3 cf4 n4 on #fc4 -- ,,atqui3   
see n4 on #f4 -- ,,tertium 444 ,,potest3

 'nothing can be found as a third       
alternative'3 so in ,tusc4 #a1 #hb      
quoniam nihil tertium est4  #fg4 ,,quid 
,,timeam etc43 so ,tusc4 #a1 #be quo    
modo igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi   
videri dicis8 quae aut beatas nos       
efficiet1 animis manentibus1 aut non    
miseros1 sensu carentis2 ib4 #a1 #aah ut
 aut in aeternam domum remigremus aut   
omni sensu careamus4 ,for mood see ,a4  
#bfh2 ,g4 #bea2 ,h #dhf1 ,,ii4 -- ,,aut 
,,non ,,miser 444 ,,aut ,,beatus3 a     
dilemma1 but unsound and not conclusive2
 for non miser is used with reference to
 annihilation1 and the soul may exist   
after death in a state of unhappiness4  
-- ,,futurus ,,sum3 see n4 on #f futurum
 est4 -- ,,quamvis ,,sit3 prose writers 
of the ,republican period use quamvis   
with the subjunctive only2 see ,roby1   
#afbd1 #afbg2 ,a4 #cac1;a1 g2 ,g4 #fjh2 
,h4 #eae1 ,,iii4 and n4 #c4 -- ,,cui3   
see n4 on #ch viventi4 -- ,,ad          
,,vesperum ,,esse ,,victurum3 'that he  
will be alive when evening comes'1 not  

'that he will live till the evening'4   
,with the prepositions ad1 sub1 in the  
form vesper is generally used1 not      
vespera4 ,with this passage cf4 ,fin4   
#b1 #ib an id exploratum cuiquam potest 
esse quo modo sese habiturum sit corpus4
 non dico ad annum1 sed ad vesperum8    
,also cf4 the title of one of ,varro's  
,menippean ,satires1 nescis quid vesper 
serus vehat1 probably a proverb4 --     
,,aetas ,,illa 444 ,,adulescentes3 some 
suppose that this sentence was borrowed 
from ,hippocrates4 -- ,,tristius3       
'severioribus remediis'4 ,manutius4 ,so 
,off4 #a1 #hc leviter aegrotantis       
leniter curant1 gravioribus autem morbis
 periculosas curationes et ancipites    
adhibere coguntur4 ,the adverb tristius1
 which has in prose a superlative but no
 positive1 occurs in ,fam4 #d1 #ac1 #e4 
-- ,,mens 444 ,,ratio 444 ,,consilium3  
cf4 n4 on #da4 -- ,,qui 444 ,,nulli3 cf4
 n4 on #df qui pauci2 but nulli here    
almost  non4 -- ,,nullae 444 ,,fuissent3
 i4e4 the young men would have brought  

every country to ruin2 see #bj4 -- ,,cum
 444 ,,cum3 see n4 on #d4  #fh4 ,,in    
,,filio 444 ,,in ,,fratribus3 cf4 ,lael4
 #i4 ,as to ,cato's son cf4 #ae1 #hd4 --
 ,,tu3 sc4 sensisti4 -- ,,exspectatis   
,,ad3 a rare construction1 perhaps      
without parallel2 exspectatis is an     
adjective and takes the construction of 
aptus1 idoneus etc41 'of whom hopes were
 entertained as regards honor'4 --      
,,fratribus3 the sons of ,paulus        
,macedonicus1 two of them died within   
seven days 7,fam4 #d1 #f1 #a71 one just 
before and one just after ,paulus' great
 triumph in #afg ,b4,c4 -- ,,idem3 see  
n4 on #d eandem4 -- ,,insipienter3      
adversative asyndeton4 -- ,,incerta 444 
,,veris3 chiasmus avoided4 ,with the    
thought cf4 ,off4 #a1 #ah4 -- ,,at 444  
,,at3 the objection and its answer are  
both introduced by at1 as here1 in #ce4 
-- ,,at 444 ,,adulescens3 these words   
look back to the preceding sentence1 to 
which they are an answer4 -- ,,ille 444 
,,hic3 here hic denotes the person who  

is more important1 ille the person who  
is less important for the matter in     
hand2 the former may therefore be       
regarded as nearer to the speaker1 the  
latter as more remote4 ,a4 #ajb1 a2 ,g4 
#bib1 ,rem4 #a2 ,h4 #dej1 #b1 n4  #fi4  
,,quamquam3 see n4 on #b etsi4 -- ,,quid
 ,,est 444 ,,diu3 cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #id    
quae vero aetas longa est1 aut quid     
omnino homini longum8 444 quia ultra    
nihil habemus1 hoc longum dicimus4 ,for 
est see n4 on #gb4 -- ,,tartessiorum 444
 ,,gadibus3 the whole of the south coast
 of ,spain bore the name ,tartessus1 but
 the name is often confined to ,gades1  
the chief city4 -- ,,fuit3  vixit4 --   
,,scriptum ,,video3 so in ,acad4 #b1    
#abi2 ,div4 #a1 #ca2 cf4 also ,n4,d4 #a1
 #gb ut videmus in scriptis2 ,off4 #b1  
#be ut scriptum legimus2 also cf4 n4 on 
#bf videmus4 -- ,,arganthonius3 the     
story is from ,herodotus #a1 #afc4  ,p4 
#bi4 -- ,,aliquid ,,extremum3 see n4 on 
#e2 cf4 pro ,marcello #bg -- ,,effluxit3
 strongly aoristic in sense 'at once is 

gone'4 -- ,,tantum3 -- 'only so much'4  
-- ,,consecutus ,,sis3 'you may have    
obtained'4 ,the subjunctive is here used
 in the indefinite second person to give
 a hypothetical character to the        
statement of the verb4 ,the indicative  
might have been expected2 the expression
 almost  consecuti sumus1 consecutus    
aliquis est4 ,roby1 #aedf2 ,g4 #beb1    
,rem4 #c2 ,h4 #dhf1 ,,iii4 -- ,,virtute 
,,et ,,recte ,,factis3 the same opinion 
is enforced in ,tusc4 #a1 #aji4 --      
,,quid ,,sequatur3 'the future'2 cf4    
,lucr4 #a1 #dei transactum quid sit in  
aevo1 ,tum quae res instet1 quid porro  
deinde sequatur4 -- ,,quod 444          
,,contentus3 this passage with the whole
 context resembles ,lucretius #c1       
#ica-igg2 cf4 especially #ich cur non ut
 plenus vitae conviva recedis2 #ifj     
satur ac plenus discedere rerum4 ,cf4   
also ,hor4 ,sat4 #a1 #a1 #aag-aah4  #gj4
 ,,ut ,,placeat3 'in order to secure    
approval'4 -- ,,peragenda3 cf4 n4 on #ej
 comparandae4 -- ,,plaudite3 the ,latin 

plays nearly always ended with this     
word1 addressed by the actor to the     
audience2 cf4 ,hor4 ,a4,p4 #aec si      
plausoris eges aulaea manentis et usque 
,sessuri donec cantor 'vos plaudite'    
dicat4 -- ,,breve ,,tempus etc43 one of 
the poets has said that 'in small       
measures lives may perfect be'4 ,cf4    
also ,tusc4 #a1 #aji nemo parum diu     
vixit qui virtutis perfectae perfecto   
functus est munere2 ,seneca1 ,ep4 #gg   
quo modo fabula1 sic vita3 non quam diu1
 sed quam bene acta sit refert4 --      
,,processerit3 probably the subject is  
sapiens1 in which case aetate must also 
be supplied from aetatis2 the subject   
may however be aetas4 -- ,,ostendit3    
'gives promise of'2 cf4 ,fam4 #i1 #h1 #a
 etsi munus 7gladiatorial show7         
flagitare quamvis quis ostenderit1 ne   
populus quidem solet nisi concitatus4   
,with the whole passage cf4 pro ,cael4  
#gf4  #ga4 ,,ut 444 ,,dixi3 in #i1 #fj1 
#fb4 -- ,,secundum ,,naturam3    a      
,stoic phrase2 cf4 n4 on #e naturam     

optimam ducem4 -- ,,senibus3 dative of  
reference2 emori stands as subject to an
 implied est4 -- ,,contingit3 see n4 on 
#h4 -- ,,exstinguitur3 there is the same
 contrast between opprimere and         
exstinguere in ,lael4 #gh4 -- ,,quasi   
444 ,,evelluntur3 it is rare to find in 
,cic4 or the other prose writers of the 
best period a verb in the indicative    
mood immediately dependent on quasi1 in 
the sense of sicut or quem ad modum4    
,when two things are compared by quasi  
444 ita1 the indicative verb is nearly  
always put in the second clause1 and may
 be supplied in the clause with quasi2  
very rarely are there two different     
verbs for the two clauses4 ,cf4 however 
,plautus1 ,stich4 #eci fuit olim1 quasi 
nunc ego sum senex2 ,lucr4 #c1 #dib     
agens animam spumat quasi 444 fervescunt
 undae4 -- ,,si 444 ,,si3 for the more  
usual si 444 sin4 -- ,,accedam3 see ,a4 
#cdb2 ,g4 #fff2 ,h4 #ebi1 ,,ii4 -- ,,in 
,,portum3 speaking of death1 ,cic4 says 
in ,tusc4 #a1 #aah portum potius paratum

 nobis et perfugium putemus3 quo utinam 
velis passis pervehi liceat6 ,sin       
reflantibus ventis reiciemur tamen eodem
 paulo tardius referamur necesse est2   
cf4 also ib4 #a1 #ajg4  ,p4 #cj4 -- #gb4
 ,,munus ,,offici3 see n4 on #bi4 --    
,,tueri3 'uphold'4 -- ,,possit3 subject 
indefinite4 -- ,,ex ,,quo ,,fit etc43   
the argument seems to be that youth     
knows how long it has to last and is    
therefore less spirited than age1 which 
knows not when it will end4 --          
,,animosior 444 ,,fortior3 ,horace1     
,odes #b1 #aj1 #ba rebus angustis       
animosus atque fortis appare2 the two   
words are joined also in ,cic4 ,mil4    
#ib3 animosus1 'spirited'4 -- ,,hoc     
,,illud ,,est etc43 'this is the meaning
 of the answer made by ,solon etc'4 ,cf4
 ,div4 #a1 #abb hoc nimirum illud est   
quod de ,socrate accepimus1 also the    
,greek phrase  ' 4 ,est  valet as in    
#fi4 -- ,,pisistratus3 the despot of    
,athens1 who seized the power in #efj   
,b4,c4 ,plutarch1 who tells the story1  

',an ,seni ,sit ,gerenda ,respublica' c4
 #ba1 makes ,solon speak to the friends 
of ,pisistratus1 not to ,p4 himself4 -- 
,,quaerenti3 see n4 on #aa dividenti4 --
 ,,audaciter3 ,quintil4 #a1 #f1 #ag     
condemns those who used audaciter for   
audacter1 which latter form1 he says1   
had been used by 'all orators'4 ,yet the
 form audaciter is pretty well attested 
by ,,mss4 here and elsewhere in ,cicero4
 ,see ,neue1 ,formenlehre1 #a #ffb4 ,for
 the two forms cf4 difficiliter1        
difficulter4 ,audaciter is of importance
 as showing that c before i must have   
been pronounced just like c in any other
 position1 not as in modern ,italian4 --
 ,,certis ,,sensibus3 ,acad4 #b1 #ai    
integris incorruptisque sensibus4 --    
,,ipsa 444 ,,quae3 see n4 on #bf4 ,h4   
#efi1 ,i4 #b4 -- ,,coagmentavit3 ,cic4  
is fond of such metaphors2 cf4 ,orat4   
#gg verba verbis quasi coagmentari2     
,phil4 #g1 #ba docebo ne coagmentari    
quidem pacem posse 7'that no patched-up 
peace can be made'74 -- ,,conglutinavit3

 a still more favorite metaphor than    
coagmentare4 ,cic4 has conglutinare rem 
7,or4 #a1 #ahh72 amicitias 7,lael4 #cb  
and ,att4 #g1 #h1 #a72 voluntates 7,fam4
 #aa1 #bg1 #b72 concordiam4 7,att4 #a1  
#ag1 #aj72 in ,phil4 #c1 #bh ,cic4 says 
of ,antony that he is totus ex vitiis   
conglutinatus4 -- ,,iam3 'further'1 so  
below4 -- ,,conglutinatio3 the noun     
occurs only here and ,orat4 #gh c4      
verborum4 -- ,,reliquum3 not            
infrequently1 as here1 used             
substantively with an adjective         
modifier4 -- ,,sine ,,causa3 'without   
sufficient reason'4  #gc4 ,,vetat       
,,pythagoras etc43 the passage is from  
,plato1 ,phaedo #fa ,a-#fb ,c4 ,plato   
makes ,socrates there profess to quote  
,philolaus1 the ,pythagorean2 ,cic4     
therefore refers the doctrine to        
,pythagoras ,cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #gd2 ,rep4  
#f1 #ae4 ,the ,stoics held the same view
 about suicide1 which they authorized in
 extreme cases1 but much less freely    
than is commonly supposed2 cf4 ,sen4    

,ep4 #aag1 #bb nihil mihi videtur       
turpius quam optare mortem4 ,see        
,zeller1 ,stoics1 ,epicureans1 and      
,sceptics1 ,ch4 #ab1 ,c 7#b72 cf4 also  
,lecky1 ,hist4 of ,european ,morals1 ,i4
 p4 #bbh et seq4 7,am4 ed47 --          
,,imperatoris 444 ,,praesidio3 here     
,cic4 seems to understand ,plato's  as  
referring to warfare2 in ,tusc4 and     
,rep4 he understands it of a prison4 -- 
,,sapientis3 ,solon was one of the      
',seven ,sages of ,greece'4 --          
,,elogium3 the distich is preserved by  
,plutarch1 and runs thus3     1       4 
,cic4 thus translates it in ,tusc4 #a1  
#aag ,mors mea ne careat lacrimis1      
linquamus amicis ,maerorem1 ut celebrent
 funera cum gemitu4 ,the epitaph of     
,ennius is also quoted there and is     
declared to be better than that of      
,solon 7cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #cd74 -- ,,volt  
,,se ,,esse ,,carum3 'he wishes to make 
out that he is beloved'2 volt esse carus
 would have had quite a different sense4
 ,cf4 ,fin4 #e1 #ac ,strato physicum se 

volt1 with ,madvig's n4 -- ,,haud ,,scio
 ,,an3 see n4 on #ef4 -- ,,faxit3 the   
subject is quisquam understood from     
nemo4 ,for the form see ,a4 #adb1 #abh1 
e1 #c2 ,g4 #aia1 #e2 ,h4 #bdj1 #d4 ,the 
end of the epitaph is omitted here as in
 ,tusc4 #a1 #aag1 but is given in ,tusc4
 #a1 #cd cur8 volito vivas per ora      
virum4 ,notice the alliteration4  #gd4  
,,isque3 cf4 n4 on #ac vixitque4 --     
,,aut ,,optandus ,,aut ,,nullus3 cf4 #ff
 aut neglegenda 444 aut optanda2 nullus 
almost  non as in #fg1 but only in the  
,letters does ,cic4 7imitating ,plautus 
and the other dramatists7 attach nullus 
in this sense to the name of a          
particular person2 e4g4 ,att4 #aa1 #bd1 
#d ,philotimus nullus venit4 -- ,,sed   
444 ,,esse3 'but we must con this lesson
 from our youth up'4 ,for the passive   
sense of meditatum cf4 n4 on #d adeptam4
 ,in ,tusc4 #a1 #gd ,cic41 imitating    
,plato1 says tota philosophorum vita    
commentatio mortis est4 ,so ,seneca1    
tota vita discendum est mori4 -- ,,sine 

,,qua 444 ,,nemo ,,potest3 these words  
bring the position of ,cicero with      
regard to death wonderfully near that of
 ,lucretius3 the latter argues that for 
peace of mind one must believe 'nullum  
esse sensum post mortem'2 the former's  
lesson is 'aut nullum esse sensum aut   
optandum'4 -- ,,timens3  si quis timet2 
the subject of poterit is the indefinite
 quis involved in timens4 ,a4 #caj1 a2  
,g4 #fgj2 ,h4 #edi1 #b4 -- ,,qui3  quo  
modo1 as in #d4 -- ,,animo ,,consistere3
 so in pro ,quint4 #gg2 also mente      
consistere in ,phil4 #b1 #fh2 ,div4 #b1 
#adi2 ,q4 ,fr4 #b1 #c1 #b neque mente   
neque lingua neque ore consistere4 ,the 
word is1 literally1 'to stand firm'1 'to
 get a firm foothold'4  ,p4 #ca4 -- #ge4
 ,l4 ,,brutum3 fell in single combat    
with ,aruns1 son of the exiled ,tarquin2
 see ,liv4 #b1 #f4 ,the accusatives     
,brutum etc4 are not the objects of     
recorder but the subjects of infinitives
 to be supplied from profectas4 --      
,,duos ,,decios3 see n4 on #dc4 --      

,,cursum ,,equorum3 the word equos would
 have been sufficient2 but this kind of 
pleonasm is common in ,latin2 see n4 on 
,lael4 #cj causae diligendi4 --         
,,atilius3 i4e4 ,regulus1 whose story is
 too well known to need recounting4     
,there are many contradictions and      
improbabilities about it4 --            
,,scipiones3 see n4 on #bi4 ,in         
,paradoxa #a1 #ab ,cic4 says of them    
,carthaginiensium adventum corporibus   
suis intercludendum putaverunt4 --      
,,poenis3 on the dat4 see ,a4 #bce1 a2  
,h4 #chd1 #d1 n4 #b4 -- ,,paulum3 n4 on 
#bi ,l4 ,aemilius4 -- ,,collegae3 ,m4   
,terentius ,varro4 ,there is no reason  
to suppose that he was a worse general  
than many other ,romans who met         
,hannibal and were beaten2 the early    
historians1 being all aristocrats1 fixed
 the disgrace of ,cannae on the         
democratic consul4 ,varro's             
contemporaries were more just to him4   
,far from reproaching him1 the ,senate  
commended his spirit1 and several times 

afterwards entrusted him with important 
business4 -- ,,marcellum3 the captor of 
,syracuse in #bab ,b4,c4 ,he fell into  
an ambush in #bjh and was killed2       
,hannibal buried him with military      
honors4 -- ,,cuius ,,interitum3 abstract
 for concrete  quem1 post interitum4 -- 
,,crudelissimus ,,hostis3 this1 the     
traditional ,roman view of ,hannibal1 is
 the reverse of the truth1 so far as    
extant testimony goes4 ,see ,mommsen1   
,hist4 of ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 ,ch4 #d2   
,ihne1 ,hist4 of ,rome1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 --   
,,sed 444 ,,arbitrarentur3 these words  
are almost exactly repeated in ,tusc4   
#a1 #hi and #aja4 -- ,,rustici3 cf4     
,arch4 #bd nostri illi fortes viri sed  
rustici ac milites2 also above1 #bd4    
#gf4 ,,omnino3 see n4 on #i4 -- ,,num   
,,igitur etc43 cf4 #cc nisi forte et    
seq4 -- ,,constans3 cf4 n4 on #cc4 --   
,,ne 444 ,,quidem3 see n4 on #bg4 --    
,,satietas ,,vitae3 cf4 #he senectus    
autem et seq41 and satietas vivendi in  
pro ,marc4 #bg2 also ,tusc4 #a1 #aji    

vita acta perficiat ut satis superque   
vixisse videamur4  #gg4 ,,cernere3 of   
the mind also in #hb4 ,with the context 
cf4 ,div4 #a1 #fc animus appropinquante 
morte multo est divinior2 facilius      
evenit appropinquante morte ut animi    
futura augurentur4 -- ,,vestros         
,,patres3 n4 on #ae4 ,the elder ,laelius
 was prominent both as general and as   
statesman4 ,he commanded the fleet which
 co-operated with ,scipio ,africanus in 
,spain and afterwards served with honor 
in ,africa4 ,he was an intimate friend  
of ,cato4 ,see ,liv4 #bf1 #db et seq4 --
 ,,tuque3 so in ,lael4 #ajj ,c4 ,fanni  
et tu1 ,q4 ,muci2 but above1 #d and #i  
simply ,scipio et ,laeli4 -- ,,quae     
,,est ,,sola ,,vita3 cf4 n4 on vitam    
nullam in #g4 -- ,,nam ,,dum ,,sumus    
etc43 the whole of this doctrine is     
,platonic2 cf4 ,lael4 #ac4 -- ,,munere  
,,necessitatis ,,et 444 ,,opere3        
'function and task allotted as by fate'4
  ,p4 #cb4 -- ,,immortalis3 ,cicero     
rarely mentions the gods without this   

epithet4 -- ,,sparsisse3 ,horace calls  
the soul divinae particulam aurae4 --   
,,tuerentur3 rule1 or guard1 or care    
for4 ,most editors wrongly take         
tuerentur to be for intuerentur1 'to    
look upon'1 and regard it as an         
intentional archaism4 ,but cf4 ,rep4 #f1
 #ae 7where no archaism can be          
intended73 homines sunt hac lege        
generati1 qui tuerentur illum globum    
quae terra vocatur2 also tuentur below  
in #hb4 -- ,,contemplantes              
,,imitarentur3 perhaps more ,stoic than 
,platonic2 the ,stoics laid great stress
 on the ethical value of a contemplation
 and imitation of the order of the      
universe4 ,cf4 ,n4,d4 #b1 #cg ipse homo 
ortus est ad mundum contemplandum et    
imitandum2 ,sen4 ,dial4 #h1 #e1 #a      
,natura nos ad utrumque genuit1 et      
contemplationi rerum et actioni4 --     
,,modo3 here modus seems to be the      
,platonic  1 or perhaps a reminiscence  
of the ,aristotelian doctrine of the    
mean 7n4 on #df74 ,translate 'in        

moderation and consistency of life'2 and
 cf4 ,off4 #a1 #ic rerum modus          
'moderation in all things'4 ,for        
constantia see n4 on #d4 -- ,,ita3 cf4  
n4 on #af et tamen sic4  #gh4           
,,pythagoran3 see n4 to #bc4 ,no ancient
 philosopher held more firmiy than      
,pythagoras to belief in the immortality
 of the soul2 it formed a part of his   
doctrine of ,metempsychosis4 ,he was    
also noted for his numerical            
speculations in ,astronomy and ,music4  
,with him is said to have originated the
 doctrine of the 'harmony of the        
spheres'4 -- ,,qui ,,essent3 'inasmuch  
as they were'4 ,cicero often tries to   
make out a connection between           
,pythagoras and the early ,romans2 cf4  
,tusc4 #d1 #b2 also ,liv4 #a1 #ah4 --   
,,ex ,,universa ,,mente3 the world-soul4
 ,diog4 ,laert #h gives as ,pythagorean 
the doctrine       4 ,similar doctrines 
occur in ,plato and the ,stoics2 cf4    
,div4 #a1 #aaj a qua 7i4e4 a natura     
deorum7 ut doctissimis sapientissimisque

 placuit1 haustos animos et libatos     
habemus2 ,tusc4 #e1 #ch humanus animus  
decerptus ex mente divina2 ,sen4 ,dial4 
#ab1 #f1 #g4 -- ,,haberemus3 imperfect  
where the ,english requires the present4
 ,a4 #bhg1 d2 ,h4 #die1 ,v4 --          
,,socrates3 in ,plato's ,phaedo4 --     
,,immortalitate ,,animorum3 this is     
commoner than immortalitas animi1 for   
'the immortality of the soul'2 so ,lael4
 #ad2 ,tusc4 #a1 #hj aeternitas         
animorum4 -- ,,disseruisset3 subjunctive
 because involving the statements of    
some other person than the speaker4 ,a4 
#cda1 c2 ,g4 #fcj2 ,h4 #ebh1 #a4 -- ,,is
 ,,qui ,,esset etc43 'a man great enough
 to have been declared wisest'4 ,see n4 
on ,lael4 #g ,apollinis 444 iudicatum4  
-- ,,sic3 cf4 ita above4 -- ,,celeritas 
,,animorum3 the ancients pictured to    
themselves the mind as a substance      
capable of exceedingly rapid movement2  
cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #dc nulla est celeritas  
quae possit cum animi celeritate        
contendere4 -- ,,tantae ,,scientiae3 as 

the plural of scientia is almost unknown
 in classical ,latin1 recent editors    
take scientiae here as genitive1 'so    
many arts requiring so much knowledge'4 
,in favor of this interpretation are    
such passages as ,acad4 #b1 #adf artem  
sine scientia esse non posse2 ,fin4 #e1 
#bf ut omnes artes in aliqua scientia   
versentur4 ,yet in ,de ,or4 #a1 #fa     
physica ista et mathematica et quae     
paulo ante ceterarum artium propria     
posuisti1 scientiae sunt eorum qui illa 
profitentur it is very awkward to take  
scientiae as genitive4 -- ,,cumque      
,,semper etc43 this argument is copied  
very closely from ,plato's ,phaedrus1   
#bde ,c4 -- ,,principium ,,motus3   in  
,plato4 -- ,,se ,,ipse3 cf4 n4 on #d a  
se ipsi4 -- ,,cum ,,simplex etc3 from   
,plato's ,phaedo1 #gh-hj4 ,the general  
drift of the argument is this3 material 
things decay because they are compounded
 of parts that fall asunder2 there is   
nothing to show that the soul is so     
compounded2 therefore no reason to      

believe that it will so decay4 ,notice  
the imperfects esset 444 haberet 444    
posset accommodated to the tense of     
persuasi above1 although the other      
subjunctives in the sentence are not2   
cf4 n4 on #db efficeret4 -- ,,neque 444 
,,dissimile3 in modern phraseology the  
whole of this clause would be briefly   
expressed thus1 -- 'and was             
homogeneous'4 -- ,,posset3 quod si      
'whereas if'1 the subject of posset     
being animus1 and dividi being          
understood4 -- ,,magno ,,argumento3   in
 ,pl4 ,phaed4 #gb ,a4 ,belief in the    
immortality of the soul naturally       
follows the acceptance of the doctrine  
of pre-existence4 -- ,,homines ,,scire  
etc43 ,see ,plato1 ,phaedo1 #gb ,e-#gc  
,b4 ,the notion that the souls of men   
existed before the bodies with which    
they are connected has been held in all 
ages and has often found expression in  
literature4 ,the ,english poets have not
 infrequently alluded to it4 ,see       
,wordsworth's ,ode on the ,intimations  

of ,immortality from the ,recollections 
of ,early ,childhood1 ',our birth is but
 a sleep and a forgetting' etc42 also1  
in ,tennyson's ,two ,voices the passage 
beginning1 --    ',yet how should ,i for
 certain hold1   ,because my memory is  
so cold1   ,that ,i first was in human  
mould8'  ,,reminisci ,,et ,,recordari3 a
 double translation of ,plato's 1 quite 
in ,cicero's fashion2 the former word   
implies a momentary act1 the latter one 
of some duration4 -- ,,haec ,,platonis  
,,fere3 'so far ,plato'4  #gi4 ,,apud   
,,xenophontem3 ,cyropaedia1 #h1 #g1 #ag2
 for apud cf4 #cj2 when ,cic4 says that 
a passage is 'in' a certain author 7not 
naming the book7 he uses apud1 not in4  
-- ,,maior3 'the elder'2 cf4 #ei ,cyrum 
minorem4 -- ,,nolite ,,arbitrari3 a     
common periphrasis4 ,a4 #bfi1 a1 #b2 ,g4
 #bfd1 ,,ii42 ,h4 #dhi1 ,i4 -- ,,dum    
,,eram3 the imperfect with dum is not   
common2 see ,roby1 #adeh1 c2 ,a4 #bgf1  
e1 n42 ,g4 #egb1 #ega2 ,h4 #eai1 ,i41   
#dfg1 #d with n4  ,p4 #cc4 -- #hj4 ,,nec

 444 ,,teneremus3 the souls of the dead 
continue to exert an influence on the   
living1 or else their fame would not    
remain2 a weak argument4 -- ,,mihi 444  
,,potuit3 cf4 #hb nemo 444 persuadebit4 
-- ,,vivere 444 ,,emori3 adversative    
asyndeton4 -- ,,insipientem3 in ,xen4 1 
i4e4 without power of thinking4 --      
,,sed3 'but rather that 444'4 --        
,,hominis ,,natura3 a periphrasis for   
homo2 cf4 ,fin4 #e1 #cc intellegant1 si 
quando naturam hominis dicam1 hominem   
dicere me2 nihil enim hoc differt4 --   
,,nihil 444 ,,somnum3 poets and artists 
from ,homer 7,il4 #af1 #fhb7 onwards    
have pictured death as sleep's brother4 
,cf4 ,lessing1 ,how the ,ancients       
,represented ,death4  #ha4 ,,atqui3 see 
n4 on #f4 -- ,,dormientium ,,animi etc43
 see ,div4 #a1 #fj where a passage of   
similar import is translated from       
,plato's ,republic ,,ix2 ib4 #aae4 --   
,,remissi ,,et ,,liberi3 cf4 ,div4 #a1  
#aac animus solutus ac vacuus2 ,de ,or4 
#b1 #aic animo leni ac remisso4 --      

,,corporis3 the singular1 though animi  
precedes2 so in ,lael4 #ac2 ,tusc4 #b1  
#ab1 etc4 -- ,,pulchritudinem3 2 ,cic4  
translates it by ornatus in ,acad4 #b1  
#aai where hic ornatus corresponds to   
hic mundus a little earlier4 --         
,,tuentur3 see n4 on #gg tuerentur4 --  
,,servabitis3 future for imperative4 ,a4
 #bfi1 f2 ,g4 #bfe1 #a2 ,h4 #dhg1 #d4   
#hb4 ,,cyrus etc43 see n4 on #gh4 --    
,,si ,,placet3 cf4 n4 on #f nisi        
molestum est4 -- ,,nostra3  ,romana     
domestica in #ab4 -- ,,nemo etc43 this  
line of argument is often repeated in   
,cic42 see ,tusc4 #a1 #cb et seq42      
,arch4 #bi4 -- ,,duos ,,avos 444        
,,patruum3 see nn4 on #bi4 -- ,,multos3 
sc4 alios4 -- ,,esse ,,conatos3 loosely 
put for fuisse conaturos1 as below1     
suscepturum fuisse4 ,so in the direct   
narration we might have1 though         
exceptionally1 non conabantur nisi      
cernerent for non conati essent nisi    
vidissent4 -- ,,cernerent3 see n4 on #ac
 quaereretur4 -- ,,ut 444 ,,glorier3 in 

,arch4 #cj ,cic4 makes the same         
reflections in almost the same words    
about his own achievements4 --          
,,aliquid3 see n4 on #a quid4  ,p4 #cd4 
-- ,,si ,,isdem etc43 cf4 ,arch4 #bi si 
nihil animus praesentiret 444 dimicaret4
 -- ,,aetatem3  vitam4 -- ,,traducere3  
cf4 ,tusc4 #c1 #be volumus hoc quod     
datum est vitae tranquille placideque   
traducere4 -- ,,nescio ,,quo ,,modo3 ,a4
 #baj1 f1 ,rem42 ,g4 #dfi1 ,rem4 #b2 ,h4
 #ebi1 #e1 #c74 -- ,,erigens ,,se3      
,acad4 #b1 #abg erigimur1 elatiores     
fieri videmur4 -- ,,haud 444            
,,niteretur3 in ,cicero's speeches haud 
scarcely occurs except before adverbs   
and the verb scio2 in the philosophical 
writings and in the ,letters before many
 other verbs4 -- ,,immortalitatis       
,,gloriam3 so ,balb4 #af sempiterni     
nominis gloriam4 ,cf4 also ,arch4 #bf   
trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus 
quisque maxime gloria ducitur4  #hc4    
,,non ,,videre3 either non videre or non
 item was to be expected1 as ,cicero    

does not often end sentences or clauses 
with non4 -- ,,colui ,,et ,,dilexi3 so  
#bf coluntur et diliguntur4 --          
,,videndi3 ,cic4 for the most part      
avoids the genitive plural of the       
gerundive in agreement with a noun1 and 
uses the gerund as here4 ,meissner notes
 that ,latin has no verb with the sense 
'to see again'1 which a modern would use
 here4 -- ,,conscripsi3 in the          
,origines4 -- ,,quo3  ad quos2 see n4 on
 #ab fore unde4 -- ,,pelian3 a mistake  
of ,cicero's4 ,it was not ,pelias but   
his half-brother ,aeson1 father of      
,iason1 whom ,medea made young again by 
cutting him to pieces and boiling him in
 her enchanted cauldron4 ,she1 however1 
induced the daughters of ,pelias to try 
the same experiment with their father2  
the issue1 of course1 was very          
different4 ,plautus1 ,pseud4 #c1 #b1 #hj
 seems to make the same mistake4 -- ,,si
 ,,quis ,,deus3 the present subjunctive 
is noticeable2 strictly1 an impossible  
condition should require the past tense1

 but in vivid passages an impossible    
condition is momentarily treated as     
possible4 ,so ,cic4 generally says si   
reviviscat aliquis1 not revivisceret4 --
 ,,decurso ,,spatio3 'when ,i have run  
my race'4 ,see n4 on #ad4 ,lucretius #c1
 #ajdb oddly has decurso lumine vitae4  
-- ,,ad ,,carceres ,a ,,calce3 carceres 
were the barriers behind which the      
horses and cars stood waiting for the   
race2 calx 771 literally 'a chalked     
line'1 was what we should call 'the     
winning post'4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #aja2 ,tusc4 
#a1 #ae nunc video calcem ad quam cum   
sit decursum1 nihil sit praeterea       
extimescendum4  #hd4 ,,habeat3          
concessive4 ,a4 #bff1 c2 ,g4 #beg2 ,h4  
#dhd1 #c4 -- ,,multi ,,et ,,ei ,,docti3 
as ,ngelsbach1 ,stilistik  #be1 #e1     
remarks1 ,cic4 always uses this phrase  
and not multi docti4 ,one of the books  
,cic4 has in view is no doubt that of   
,hegesias1 a ,cyrenaic philosopher1     
mentioned in ,tusc4 #a1 #hd4 --         
,,commorandi 444 ,,divorsorium3 'a      

hostelry wherein to sojourn'4 ,the idea 
has been expressed in literature in a   
thousand ways4 ,cf4 ,lucr4 #c1 #ich cur 
non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis2    
,hor4 ,sat4 #a1 #a1 #aah vita cedat uti 
conviva satur4 ,cicero often insists    
that heaven is the vera aeternaque domus
 of the soul 7cf4 ,tusc4 #a1 #aah74 ,cf4
 ,epist4 to the ,hebrews1 #ac1 #ad      
',here have we no continuing city1 but  
we seek one to come'4 -- ,,concilium    
,,coetumque3 so in ,rep4 #f1 #ac        
concilia coetusque hominum quae         
civitates vocantur4 ,the words here seem
 to imply that the real civitas is      
above2 what seems to men a civitas is   
merely a disorganized crowd4  ,p4 #ce4  
-- ,,catonem ,,meum3 see #ae1 #fh2 so   
,cicero in his letters often calls his  
own son meus ,cicero4 -- ,,nemo ,,vir3  
see n4 on #ba quemquam senem4 -- ,,quod 
,,contra3   1 'whereas on the contrary'2
 cf4 n4 on ,lael4 #ij where1 as well as 
here1 many of the editors make the      
mistake of taking quod to be the        

accusative governed by contra out of    
place4 -- ,,meum3 sc4 corpus cremari4 --
 ,,quo3 put for ad quae1 as often4 --   
,,visus ,,sum3 'people thought ,i bore  
up bravely'4 -- ,,non ,,quo 444 ,,sed3 a
 relative clause parallel with a        
categorically affirmative clause4 ,the  
usage is not uncommon1 though ,cic4     
often has non quo 444 sed quia4 ,for    
mood of ferrem see ,a4 #cda1 d1 ,rem42  
,g4 #eda1 ,rem4 #a42 ,h4 #eaf1 ,,ii4 #b4
  #he4 ,,dixisti3 in #d4 -- ,,qui3 here 
cum ego1 'since ,i 444'4 -- ,,extorqueri
 ,,volo3 n4 on #b levari volo4 --       
,,minuti ,,philosophi3 for the word     
minutus cf4 n4 on #df2 ,cic4 has minuti 
philosophi in ,acad4 #b1 #ge2 ,div4 #a1 
#fb2 in ,fin4 #a1 #fa minuti et angusti 
7homines72 in ,brut4 #bfe m4            
imperatores2 cf4 ,suet4 ,aug4 #hc m4    
pueri4 -- ,,sentiam3 future indicative4 
-- ,,peractio3 the noun is said to occur
 only here in ,cic42 cf4 however #fd    
peragere2 #gj4 -- ,,haec 444 ,,dicerem3 
the same words occur at the end of the  

,laelius2 for habeo quod dicam ,cic4    
often says habeo dicere1 as in ,balb4   
#cd4  #a ,horace1 ,ep4 #b1 #a1 #aef3--  
,graecia capta ferum victorem cepit1 et 
artes   ,intulit agresti ,latio4  #b ,de
 ,off4 #a1 #a #b3 philosophandi         
scientiam concedens multis etc4  #c ,to 
judge rightly of ,cicero it must be     
remembered that he was a politician only
 by accident3 his whole natural bent was
 towards literature4  #d ,to see the    
truth of this it is only necessary to   
refer for example to the weight given to
 the opinions of ,cicero in the heated  
political discussions of the sixteenth  
and seventeenth centuries4  #e ,almost  
every branch of learning was ranked     
under the head of ,philosophy4 ,strabo  
even claimed that one branch of         
,philosophy was ,geography4  #f #b1 #c  
interiectus est nuper liber is quem ad  
nostrum ,atticum de senectute misimus4  
,no argument can be founded on the words
 interiectus est1 over which the editors
 have wasted much ingenuity4 ,they      

simply mean 'there was inserted in the  
series of my works'4  #g ,see #b1 #bc4  
#h #ad1 #ba1 #c2 #af1 #c1 #a2 #af1 #aa1 
#c4  #i ,see ,att4 #ad1 #ba1 #a4  #aj   
,it was certainly not written1 as       
,sommerbrodt assumes1 in the intervals  
of composing the ,de ,divinatione4 ,the 
words in #b1 #g of that work--quoniam de
 re publica consuli coepti sumus        
etc4--point to the end of ,september or 
beginning of ,october1 #dd1 when ,cicero
 returned to ,rome and began to compose 
his ,philippic orations4  #aa  #a4  #ab 
,it is perhaps not a mere accident that 
the prowess of ,l4 ,brutus in liberanda 
patria is mentioned in  #ge4 ,there may 
be a reference to the latest ,brutus who
 had freed his country4  #ac ,in ,march1
 #de4  #ad  #ab4  #ae  #hd4  #af ,see p4
 iii4 above4  #ag ,in the notes exact   
references will be given to the places  
in the original where the other passages
 mentioned may be found4  #ah           
,particularly the first book of the     
,tusculan ,disputations1 the ,de        

,republica1 and the ,laelius4  #ai ,see 
#d1 below4  #bj  #c4  #ba ,works on ,old
 ,age are said to have been written by  
,theophrastus and ,demetrius ,phalereus1
 either or both of which ,cicero might  
have used4 ,one passage in  #fg1        
facilius in morbos 444 tristius         
curantur1 is supposed by many to have   
been imitated from ,hippocrates2 but the
 resemblance is probably accidental4    
,cf4 ,de ,off4 #a1 #bd1 #hc4  #bb ,see  
#b4  #bc ,see ,att4 #af1 #aa1 #c2 #af1  
#c1 #a2 #ad1 #ba1 #c4  #bd  #b4  #be ,as
 ,cicero's intention was to set old age 
in a favorable light1 he slights ,aristo
 ,cius for giving to ,tithonus the chief
 part in a dialogue on old age4 ,see    
#c2 cf4 also ,laelius1  #d4  #bf ,see   
below 7ii471 #a4  #bg ,on the whole     
subject of ,aristotle's dialogues see   
,bernays' monograph1 ,die ,dialoge des  
,aristoteles4  #bh  #cb quartum ago     
annum et octogesimum4 ,cf4 ,lael4 #aa   
memini ,catonem ante quam est mortuus   
mecum et cum ,scipione disserere etc4   

#bi ,cicero always indicates this date2 
cf4  #ad4 ,some other writers1 as ,livy1
 give1 probably wrongly1 an earlier     
date4  #cj ,he himself says 7,festus1   
p4#bhl7 ego iam a principio in          
parsimonia atque in duritia atque       
industria omnem adulescentiam1 abstinui 
agro colendo1 saxis ,sabinis silicibus  
repastinandis atque conserendis4 ,cf4   
,gell4 ,noct4 ,att4 #ac1 #bc4  #ca ,see 
,cat4 ,m4 #dd4  #cb ,plut4 ,c4 #a2 ,cat4
 ,m4  #ah1 #cb3 ,cato himself ap4 ,fest4
 s4v4 ordinarius says quid mihi fieret  
si non ego stipendia in ordine omnia    
ordinarius meruissem semper8  #cc  #aj4 
#cd ,if ,plutarch may be trusted1 ,cato 
at the age of #cj had won for himself   
the title of 'the ,roman ,demosthenes'4 
#ce  #aj4  #cf ,in  #aj ,cicero makes   
the quaestorship fall in #bje1 but he   
refers to the election1 not to the      
actual year of office4  #cg ,nepos 7or  
pseudo-,nepos71 ,cat4 #a4  #ch ,cato    
afterwards made it a charge against ,m4 
,fulvius ,nobilior that he had taken    

,ennius with him on a campaign 7,tusc4  
#a1 #c74 ,but ,cato used ,ennius as     
soldier while ,nobilior employed him as 
poet4  #ci ,it is difficult1 however1 to
 fix the date of this enactment4 ,some  
authorities place it after ,cato's      
return from ,spain4  #dj ,livy #cd1 cc4 
#a-h4  #da ,see ,livy1 #cd1 #ah4  #db   
i4e4 he was legatus consularis4 ,it was 
at the time a common thing for          
ex-consuls to take service under their  
successors4 ,so ,liv4 #cf1 #ag1 #a1 but 
,cic4 ,cat4 ,m4 c #aj says tribunus     
militaris4  #dc ,cicero's statements    
throughout the treatise concerning the  
relations between ,cato and ,africanus  
the elder1 particularly in  #gg where   
,cato calls his enemy amicissimus1 are  
audaciously inexact4  #dd ,see ,cato ,m4
  #db4  #de ,we possess the titles of   
#bf speeches delivered during or        
concerning his censorship4  #df ,he is  
said to have undergone #dd prosecutions1
 and to have been prosecutor as often4  
#dg ,see ,lael4 #i2 ,cat4 ,m4 #ab and   

#hd4  #dh ,cf4 ,livy1 #ci1 #dj4  #di    
,the common view is that ,cato said     
nothing of ,roman history from #eji-bff 
,b4,c4  #ej ,cf4 ,cic4 pro ,arch4 #g1   
#af4  #ea ,see ,coulanges1 ',ancient    
,city'1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 ,ch4 #d4  #eb ,see   
#ab1 #da etc4  #ec ,de ,or4 #b1 #agj2   
,fam4 #i1 #ba1 #c2 ,qu4 ,fr4 #b1 #c1 #c4
  #ed ,in ,de ,re ,publica #b1 #a       
,cicero makes ,scipio talk extravagantly
 of ,cato4  #ee ,see ,introduction to   
the ,laelius1 pp4 vi1 vii4  #ef ,a4     
,allen and ,greenough's ,grammar1       
,revised ,ed42 ,g4  ,gildersleeve's     
,grammar2 ,h4  ,harkness's ,grammar1    
,rev4 ,ed4 of #ahha4 ,in quoting from   
the works of ,cicero reference is made  
to sections1 not to chapters4