,,! ,,p]fect ,,wagn]ite3 ,a ,,comm5t>y  
,,on ,,! ,,niblung',s ,,r+  by ,b]n>d   
,%aw     ,preface to ! ,fir/ ,g]man     
,edition  ,9 read+ ?r\gh ?is ,g]man     
v]sion ( my book 9 ! ,manuscript ( my   
fri5d ,siegfri$ ,trebits*1 ,i 0 /ruck by
 ! inadequacy ( ! m]ely negative        
explanation giv5 by me ( ! irrelevance (
 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods to ! g5]al  
philosophic s*eme ( ,! ,r+4 ,t          
explanation is correct z f> z x goes2 b1
 put z ,i put x1 x n[ seems to me to    
sugge/ t ! op]atic "* ( ,night ,falls   
,on ,! ,gods 0 ! result ( indiff]5ce or 
=getfulness produc$ by ! lapse (        
tw5ty-five ye>s betwe5 ! fir/ projection
 ( ! "w & its completion4 ,n[ x is cle> 
t 9 :atev] o!r ways ,wagn] may h *ang$1 
he nev] became c>eless & he nev] became 
indiff]5t4 ,i h !re=e ins]t$ a new      
section 9 :i* ,i %[ h[ ! revolution>y   
hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe f ! ,lib]al     
explosion ( #ahdh to ! confus$ attempt  
at a sociali/1 milit>y1 & municipal     
adm9i/ration 9 ,p>is 9 #ahga 7t is to   

say1 f ! beg9n+ ( ,! ,niblung's ,r+ by  
,wagn] to ! long-delay$ completion (    
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods71 demon/rat$ 
practically t ! pass+ away ( ! pres5t   
ord] 0 go+ to be a mu* m complicat$     
bus9ess ?an x appe>s 9 ,wagn]'s         
,siegfri$4 ,i h !re=e int]polat$ a new  
*apt] :i* w p]haps induce "s read]s ( ! 
orig9al ,engli% text to read ! book aga9
 9 ,g]man4  ,= "s "t to come1 inde$1 ,i 
%all h to ref] ,engli% read]s to ?is    
,g]man edition z ! mo/ complete 9       
exi/5ce4  ,my obligation to ,h]r        
,trebits* = mak+ me a liv+ ,g]man au?or 
in/ead ( m]ely a translat$ ,engli% "o is
 s great t ,i am b\nd to po9t out t he  
is n responsible = my views or ,wagn]'s1
 & t x is z an arti/ & a man ( lett]s1 &
 n z a propag&i/1 t he is convey+ to !  
,g]man speak+ peoples political         
criticisms :i* occasionally reflect on  
contempor>y au?orities ) a ,european    
reputation = s5sitiv5ess4 ,& z ! v      
sympa?y :i* makes 8 translations s      
excell5t may be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 let 

me ha/5 to decl>e ,i am b\nd to ,g]many 
by ! ties t hold my nature mo/ /rongly4 
,n t ,i l ! av]age ,g]man3 nobody does1 
ev5 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,b !n ! av]age man  
is n popul> any:]e2 & z no ,g]man       
consid]s himself an av]age "o1 ea* read]
 w1 z an exceptional man1 sympa?ize ) my
 dislike ( ! common h]d4 ,& if ,i _c    
love ! typical mod]n ,g]man1 ,i c at    
lea/ pity & und]/& him4 ,8 wor/ fault is
 t he _c see t x is possible to h too   
mu* ( a good ?+4 ,be+ conv9c$ t duty1   
indu/ry1 education1 loyalty1 patriotism 
& respectability are good ?+s 7& ,i am  
magnanim\s en\gh to admit t !y are n    
altoge!r bad ?+s :5 tak5 9 /rict        
mod]ation at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r place71 he
 indulges 9 !m on all occasions         
%amelessly & excessively4 ,he commits   
hide\s crimes :5 crime is pres5t$ to him
 z "p ( 8 duty2 8 craze = "w is m ru9\s 
?an ! craze = dr9k2 :5 he c af=d        
second>y education = 8 sons y f9d ?ree  
out ( e five ( !m ) _! m9ds lam$ = life 
by exam9ations :i* only a ?or\ghly wood5

 head c\ld g ?r\gh ) impunity2 & if a k+
 is patriotic & respectable 7few k+s    
are7 he puts up /atues to him & exalts  
him above ,*>lemagne & ,h5ry ! ,f[l]4 ,&
 :5 he meets a man ( g5ius1 he          
in/9ctively insults him1 />ves him1 &1  
if possible1 imprisons & kills him4  ,n[
 ,i d n pret5d to be p]fect myself4     
,heav5 kn[s ,i h to /ruggle h>d en\gh e 
day ) :at ! ,g]mans call my high]       
impulses4 ,i "k too well ! temptation to
 be moral1 to be self-sacrific+1 to be  
loyal & patriotic1 to be respectable &  
well-spok5 (4 ,b ,i wre/le ) x &--z f> z
 human fraility w all[--conqu] x1 :]eas 
! ,g]man ab&ons himself to x )\t scruple
 or reflection1 & is actually pr\d ( 8  
pi\s intemp]ance & self-indulg5ce4 ,no?+
 w cure him ( ?is mania4 ,x may end 9   
/>vation1 cru%+ taxation1 suppression ( 
all fre$om to try new social exp]im5ts &
 re=m obsolete in/itutions1 9 snobb]y1  
jobb]y1 idolatry1 & an omnipres5t       
tyranny 9 :i* 8 doctor & 8 s*oolma/]1 8 
lawy] & 8 prie/1 co]ce him worse ?an any

 (ficial or drill s]geant3 no matt]3 x  
is respectable1 says ! ,g]man1 !re=e x  
mu/ be good1 & _c be c>ri$ too f>2 &    
ev]ybody :o rebels aga9/ x mu/ be a     
rascal4 ,ev5 ! ,social-,democrats 9     
,g]many diff] f ! re/ only 9 c>ry+      
academic or?odoxy beyond human          
endurance--beyond ev5 ,g]man endurance4 
,i am a ,sociali/ & a ,democrat myself1 
! h]o ( a hundr$ plat=ms1 "o ( ! lead]s 
( ! mo/ notable ,sociali/ organizations 
9 ,engl&4 ,i am z conspicu\s 9 ,engli%  
,socialism z ,bebel is 9 ,g]man         
,socialism2 b d y suppose t ! ,g]man    
,social-,democrats tol]ate me8 ,n a bit 
( x4 ,i h begg$ aga9 & aga9 to be tak5  
to ! bosom ( my ,g]man comrades4 ,i h   
plead$ t ! ,sup]-,prolet>ians ( all l&s 
%\ld unite4 ,i h po9t$ out t ! ,g]man   
,social-,democratic p>ty has done no?+  
at its ,congresses = ! la/ t5 ye>s      
except ! ?+s ,i told !m to d t5 ye>s    
be=e1 & t its pa? is :ite ) ! bones ( ! 
,sociali/ sup]/itions ,i & my fell[     
,fabians h sla94 ,useless4 ,!y d n c>e a

 rap :e!r ,i am a ,sociali/ or n4 ,all  
!y want to "k is2 ,am ,i or?odox8 ,am ,i
 correct 9 my revolution>y views8 ,am ,i
 rev]5t to ! revolution>y au?orities8   
,because ,i am a g5u9e free-?9k] !y look
 at me z a policeman looks at a midnight
 pr[l] or z a ,b]l9 b\rgeois looks at a 
suspici\s =eign]4 ,!y ask ,d y believe t
 ,m>x 0 omnisci5t & infallible2 t       
,engels 0 8 prophet2 t ,bebel & ,s+] are
 8 inspir$ apo/les2 & t ,das ,kapital is
 ! ,bible8 ,ha/5+ 9 my innoc5ce to cle> 
myself ( :at ,i reg>d z an accusation ( 
cr$ulity & ignorance1 ,i assure !m      
e>ne/ly t ,i "k t5 times z mu* (        
economics & a hundr$ times z mu* (      
practical adm9i/ration z ,m>x did2 t ,i 
knew ,engels p]sonally & r lik$ him z a 
witty & amiable old #ahdh vet]an :o     
despis$ mod]n ,socialism2 t ,i reg>d    
,bebel & ,s+] z m5 ( l passions )       
myself1 b consid]ably less advanc$2 & t 
,i read ,das ,kapital 9 ! ye> #ahhb or  
!reab\ts1 & /ill consid] x "o ( ! mo/   
important books ( ! n9ete5? c5tury      

because ( its p[] ( *ang+ ! m9ds ( ^? :o
 read x1 9 spite ( its uns\nd capitali/ 
economics1 its p>ade ( quotations f     
books :i* ! au?or _h ei!r n read or n   
und]/ood1 its affectation ( algebraic   
=mulas1 & its g5]al attempt to disguise 
a ma/]piece ( propag&i/ j\rnalism &     
prophetic invective z a drily sci5tific 
treatise ( ! sort t us$ to impose on p 9
 #ahfj1 :5 any book t pret5d$ to be     
sci5tific 0 accept$ z a ,bible4 ,9 ^?   
days ,d>w9 & ,helmholtz 7 ! real fa!rs (
 ! ,*ur*2 & nobody w\ld li/5 to         
religion1 poetry or rhetoric2 s t ev5   
,socialism _h to call itself sci5tific1 
& pr$ict ! date ( ! revolution1 z if x 7
 a comet1 by calculations f\nd$ on      
hi/oric laws4  ,to my amazem5t ^!       
reasonable rem>ks 7 receiv$ z hide\s    
blasphemies2 none ( ! p>ty pap]s 7 all[$
 to pr9t any ^w ( m9e2 ! v ,revisioni/s 
!mselves f\nd t ! sc&al ( my h]esy      
damag$ !m m ?an my support aid$ !m2 & ,i
 f\nd myself an outca/ f ,g]man         
,social-,democracy at ! mom5t :51 ?anks 

to ,trebits*1 ! ,g]man b\rgeoisie &     
nobility began to smile on me1 s$uc$ by 
! pleasure ( play+ ) fire1 & p]haps by  
,agnes ,sorma's act+ z ,c&ida4  ,?us y  
may see t :5 a ,g]man1 by becom+ a      
,social-,democrat1 ?r[s (f all ! bonds (
 conv5tion1 & /&s free f all allegiance 
to e/abli%$ religion1 law1 ord]1        
patriotism1 & le>n+1 he promptly uses 8 
fre$om to put on a headi] set ( *a9s2   
expels anti-milit>i/s ) ! blood-?ir/ie/ 
m>tial anti-=eign ardor2 & gives !      
,kais] reason to ?ank heav5 t he 0 born 
9 ! comp>ative fre$om & ,laodicean      
tol]ance ( ,k+%ip1 & n 9 ! ,calv9i/ic   
bigotry & p$antry ( ,m>xism4  ,:y1 !n1 y
 may ask1 d ,i say t ,i am b\nd to      
,g]many by ! ties t hold my nature mo/  
/rongly8 ,v simply because ,i %\ld h    
p]i%$ ( despair 9 my y\? b = ! _w creat$
 = me by t great ,g]man dyna/y :i* began
 ) ,ba* & w p]haps n end ) ,ri*>d       
,/rauss4 ,d n suppose = a mom5t t ,i    
le>nt my art f ,engli% m5 ( lett]s4     
,true1 !y %[$ me h[ to h&le ,engli%     

words2 b if ,i _h kn[n no m ?an t1 my   
works w\ld nev] h cross$ ! ,*annel4 ,my 
ma/]s 7 ! ma/]s ( a univ]sal language3  
!y 71 to g f summit to summit1 ,ba*1    
,h&el1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 &       
,wagn]4 ,_h ! ,g]mans und]/ood any ( ^! 
m51 !y w\ld h hang$ !m4 ,=tunately !y   
did n und]/& !m1 & !re=e only neglect$  
!m until !y 7 dead1 aft] :i* !y le>nt to
 dance to _! tunes ) an easy consci5ce4 
,= _! sakes ,g]many /&s consecrat$ z !  
,holy ,l& ( ! capitali/ age1 j z ,italy1
 = its pa9t]s' sakes1 is ! ,holy ,l& ( !
 e>ly unvulg>iz$ ,r5asc5ce2 ,france1 =  
its build]s' sakes1 ( ! age ( ,*ri/ian  
*ivalry & fai?2 & ,greece1 = its        
sculptors' sakes1 ( ! ,p]iclean age4    
,^! ,holy ,l&s are my fa!rl&s3 9 !m     
alone am ,i truly at home3 all my "w is 
b to br+ ! :ole _w "u ?is               
sanctification4  ,& s1 ,o wor?y1        
respectable1 dutiful1 patriotic1 brave1 
indu/ri\s ,g]man read]1 y :o us$ to fe> 
only ,god & y\r own consci5ce1 & n[ fe> 
no?+ at all1 "h is my book = y2 &--9 all

 s9c]ity--mu* good may x d y6  ,london1 
#bcrd4 ,octob] #aijg4     ,,preface ,,to
 ,,! ,,second ,,edition  ,! prep>ation (
 a ,second ,edition ( ?is booklet is q !
 mo/ unexpect$ lit]>y task t has ev] be5
 set me4 ,:5 x fir/ appe>$ ,i 0         
ungrateful en\gh to remon/rate ) its    
publi%] = pr9t+1 z ,i ?\ght1 m copies   
?an ! mo/ sangu9e ,wagn]ite c\ld ev]    
hope to sell4 ,b ! result prov$ t       
exactly "o p]son buys a copy on e day 9 
! ye>1 includ+ ,sundays2 & s1 9 !       
process ( ! suns1 a repr9t has become   
necess>y4  ,save a few v]bal slips ( no 
importance1 ,i h f\nd no?+ to alt] 9 ?is
 edition4 ,z usual1 ! only prote/s !    
book has elicit$ are prote/s1 n aga9/ ! 
op9ions x expresses1 b aga9/ ! facts x  
records4 ,!re are p :o _c be> to be told
 t _! h]o 0 associat$ ) a fam\s ,an>*i/ 
9 a rebellion2 t he 0 proclaim$ z want$ 
by ! police2 t he wrote revolution>y    
pamphlets2 & t 8 picture ( ,niblunghome 
"u ! reign ( ,alb]ic is a poetic vision 
( unregulat$ indu/rial capitalism z x 0 

made kn[n 9 ,g]many 9 ! middle ( !      
n9ete5? c5tury by ,engels's ,condition (
 ! ,labor+ classes 9 ,engl&4 ,!y        
frantically d5y ^! facts1 & !n decl>e t 
,i h connect$ !m ) ,wagn] 9 a p>oxysm ( 
s5seless p]v]sity4 ,i am sorry ,i h hurt
 !m2 & ,i appeal to *>itable publi%]s to
 br+ out a new life ( ,wagn]1 :i* %all  
describe him z a c\rt musician (        
unque/ion$ fa%ion & or?odoxy1 & a pill> 
( ! mo/ exclusive ,dresd5 circles4 ,su* 
a "w1 w\ld1 ,i believe1 h a l>ge sale1 &
 be read ) satisfaction & reassurance by
 _m lov]s ( ,wagn]'s music4  ,z to my   
mu* demurr$-to relegation ( ,night      
,falls ,on ,! ,gods to ! category ( gr& 
op]a1 ,i h no?+ to add or )draw4 ,su* a 
classification is to me z mu* a matt] ( 
fact z ! ,dresd5 ris+ or ! police       
proclamation2 b ,i %all n pret5d t x is 
a matt] ( su* fact z ev]ybody's judgm5t 
c grapple )4 ,p :o pref] gr& op]a to    
s]i\s music-drama naturally res5t my    
plac+ a v gr& op]a bel[ a v s]i\s       
music-drama4 ,! ord9>y lov] ( ,%akespe>e

 w\ld equally demur to my plac+ 8 popul>
 cat*p5ny plays1 ( :i* ,z ,y ,l ,x is an
 av[$ type1 bel[ true ,%akespe>ean plays
 l ,measure = ,measure4 ,i _c help t4   
,popul> dramas & op]as may h ov]:elm+   
m]its z en*ant+ make-believes2 b a      
poet's s9c]e/ vision ( ! _w mu/ always  
take prec$5ce ( 8 prettie/ fool's       
p>adise4  ,z _m ,engli% ,wagn]ites seem 
to be /ill "u ! impression t ,wagn]     
compos$ ,ri5zi 9 8 y\?1 ,tannhaus] &    
,loh5gr9 9 8 middle age1 & ,! ,r+ 9 8   
lat] ye>s1 may ,i aga9 rem9d !m t ,! ,r+
 0 ! result ( a political convulsion :i*
 occurr$ :5 ,wagn] 0 only ?irty-six1 & t
 ! poem 0 complet$ :5 he 0 =ty1 ) ?irty 
m ye>s ( "w be=e him8 ,x is z mu* a fir/
 essay 9 political philosophy z ,die    
,fe5 is a fir/ essay 9 romantic op]a4 ,!
 attempt to recov] its _s tw5ty ye>s    
lat]1 :5 ! music ( ,night ,falls ,on ,! 
,gods 0 add$1 0 an attempt to revive !  
b>ricades ( ,dresd5 9 ! ,temple ( !     
,grail4 ,only ^? :o h nev] _h any       
political en?usiasms to survive c       

believe t su* an attempt c\ld succe$4   
,g4 ,b4 ,s4        ,london1 #aija       
,preface to ! ,fir/ ,edition  ,?is book 
is a comm5t>y on ,! ,r+ ( ! ,niblungs1  
,wagn]'s *ief "w4 ,i (f] x to ^?        
en?usia/ic admir]s ( ,wagn] :o are      
unable to foll[ 8 ideas1 & d n 9 ! lea/ 
und]/& ! dilemma ( ,wotan1 ?\gh !y are  
fill$ ) indignation at ! irrev]5ce ( !  
,phili/9es :o frankly av[ t !y f9d !    
rem>ks ( ! god too (t5 t$i\s &          
nons5sical4 ,n[ to be devot$ to ,wagn]  
m]ely z a dog is devot$ to 8 ma/]1 %>+ a
 few elem5t>y ideas1 appetites &        
emotions ) him1 &1 = ! re/1 rev]5c+ 8   
sup]iority )\t und]/&+ x1 is no true    
,wagn]ism4 ,yet no?+ bett] is possible  
)\t a /ock ( ideas common to ma/] &     
disciple4 ,un=tunately1 ! ideas ( !     
revolution>y ,wagn] ( #ahdh are taught  
nei!r by ! education nor ! exp]i5ce (   
,engli% & ,am]ican g5tlem5-amateurs1 :o 
are almo/ always political mugwumps1 &  
h>dly ev] associate ) revolutioni/s4 ,! 
e>li] attempts to translate 8 num]\s    

pamphlets & essays into ,engli%1 result$
 9 ludicr\s mixtures ( pure nons5se ) ! 
absurde/ di/orsions ( 8 ideas into !    
ideas ( ! translators4 ,we n[ h a       
translation :i* is a ma/]piece (        
int]pretation & an em95t addition to our
 lit]ature2 b t is n because its au?or1 
,mr4 ,a%ton ,ellis1 kn[s ! ,g]man       
diction>y bett] ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he  
is simply 9 possession ( ,wagn]'s ideas1
 :i* 7 to !m inconceivable4  ,all ,i    
pret5d to d 9 ?is book is to imp>t !    
ideas :i* are mo/ likely to be lack+ 9 !
 conv5tional ,engli%man's equipm5t4 ,i  
came by !m myself mu* z ,wagn] did1 hav+
 le>nt m ab\t music ?an ab\t any?+ else 
9 my y\?1 & s[n my political wild oats  
subsequ5tly 9 ! revolution>y s*ool4 ,?is
 comb9ation is n common 9 ,engl&2 & z ,i
 seem1 s f>1 to be ! only publicly      
articulate result ( x1 ,i v5ture to add 
my comm5t>y to :at has already be5      
writt5 by musicians :o are no           
revolutioni/s1 & revolutioni/s :o are no
 musicians4 ,g4 ,b4 ,s4                 

,prelim9>y ,enc\ragem5ts      ,! ,r+ ( !
 ,niblungs      ,! ,rh9e ,gold          
,wagn] z ,revolutioni/      ,!          
,valkyries      ,siegfri$      ,siegfri$
 z ,prote/ant      ,night ,falls ,on ,! 
,gods      ,:y ,he ,*ang$ ,8 ,m9d       
,wagn]'s ,own ,explanation      ,!      
,music ( ,! ,r+      ,! ,old & ! ,new   
,music      ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury      ,! 
,music ( ! ,future      ,bayreu?     ,,!
 ,,p]fect ,,wagn]ite     ,,prelim9>y    
,,enc\ragem5ts  ,a few ( ^! w be welcome
 to ! ord9>y citiz5 visit+ ! !atre to   
satisfy 8 curiosity1 or 8 desire to be 9
 ! fa%ion1 by witness+ a repres5tation (
 ,ri*>d ,wagn]'s fam\s ,r+ ( !          
,niblungs4  ,fir/1 ,! ,r+1 ) all its    
gods & giants & dw>fs1 its wat]-maid5s &
 ,valkyries1 its wi%+-cap1 magic r+1    
en*ant$ sword1 & miracul\s treasure1 is 
a drama ( today1 & n ( a remote &       
fabul\s antiquity4 ,x c\ld n h be5      
writt5 be=e ! second half ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 because x deals ) ev5ts :i* 7   
only !n consummat+ !mselves4 ,unless !  

spectator recognizes 9 x an image ( !   
life he is himself fight+ 8 way ?r\gh1 x
 mu/ ne$s appe> to him a mon/r\s        
developm5t ( ! ,*ri/mas pantomimes1 spun
 out "h & !re into intol]able l5g?s (   
dull conv]sation by ! pr9cipal b>itone4 
,=tunately1 ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 ,!   
,r+ is full ( extraord9>ily attractive  
episodes1 bo? or*e/ral & dramatic4 ,!   
nature music alone--music ( riv] &      
ra9b[1 fire & =e/--is en\gh to bribe p )
 any love ( ! c\ntry 9 !m to endure !   
passages ( political philosophy 9 ! sure
 hope ( a pretti] page to come4         
,ev]ybody1 too1 c enjoy ! love music1 ! 
hamm] & anvil music1 ! clump+ ( !       
giants1 ! tune ( ! "y woodsman's horn1 !
 trill+ ( ! bird1 ! dragon music &      
nightm>e music & ?und] & lightn+ music1 
! pr(usion ( simple melody1 ! s5su\s *>m
 ( ! or*e/ration3 9 %ort1 ! va/ ext5t ( 
common gr\nd betwe5 ,! ,r+ & ! ord9>y   
music we use = play & pleasure4 ,h5ce x 
is t ! f\r sep>ate music-plays ( :i* x  
is built h become popul> ?r\gh\t ,europe

 z op]as4 ,we %all pres5tly see t "o (  
!m1 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 actually
 is an op]a4  ,x is g5]ally und]/ood1   
h[ev]1 t !re is an inn] r+ ( sup]ior    
p]sons to :om ! :ole "w has a mo/ urg5t 
& se>*+ philosophic & social            
significance4 ,i pr(ess to be su* a     
sup]ior p]son2 & ,i write ?is pamphlet =
 ! assi/ance ( ^? :o wi% to be introduc$
 to ! "w on equal t]ms ) t inn] circle (
 adepts4  ,my second enc\ragem5t is     
address$ to mode/ citiz5s :o may suppose
 !mselves to be disqualifi$ f enjoy+ ,! 
,r+ by _! te*nical ignorance ( music4   
,!y may dismiss all su* misgiv+s spe$ily
 & confid5tly4 ,if ! s\nd ( music has   
any p[] to move !m1 !y w f9d t ,wagn]   
exacts no?+ fur!r4 ,!re is n a s+le b> (
 classical music 9 ,! ,r+--n a note 9 x 
t has any o!r po9t ?an ! s+le direct    
po9t ( giv+ musical expression to !     
drama4 ,9 classical music !re are1 z !  
analytical programs tell u1 fir/        
subjects & second subjects1 free        
fantasias1 recapitulations1 & codas2 !re

 are fugues1 ) c\nt]-subjects1 /rettos1 
& p$al po9ts2 !re are passacaglias on   
gr\nd basses1 canons ad hypodiap5te1 &  
o!r +5uities1 :i* h1 aft] all1 /ood or  
fall5 by _! prett9ess z mu* z ! simple/ 
folk-tune4 ,wagn] is nev] driv+ at any?+
 ( ?is sort any m ?an ,%akespe>e 9 8    
plays is driv+ at su* +5uities (        
v]se-mak+ z sonnets1 triolets1 & ! l4 ,&
 ?is is :y he is s easy = ! natural     
musician :o has _h no academic tea*+4 ,!
 pr(essors1 :5 ,wagn]'s music is play$  
to !m1 exclaim at once ,:at is ?is8 ,is 
x aria1 or recitative8 ,is !re no       
cabaletta to x--n ev5 a full close8 ,:y 
0 t discord n prep>$2 & :y does he n    
resolve x correctly8 ,h[ d>e he indulge 
9 ^? sc&al\s & illicit transitions into 
a key t has n "o note 9 common ) ! key  
he has j left8 ,li/5 to ^? false        
relations6 ,:at does he want ) six drums
 & eight horns :5 ,moz>t work$ miracles 
) two ( ea*8 ,! man is no musician4 ,!  
layman nei!r kn[s nor c>es ab\t any ( ^!
 ?+s4 ,if ,wagn] 7 to turn aside f 8    

/raight=w>d dramatic purpose to         
propitiate ! pr(essors ) correct        
ex]cises 9 sonata =m1 8 music w\ld at   
once become un9telligible to !          
unsophi/icat$ spectator1 ^u :om !       
famili> & dread$ classical s5sation w\ld
 desc5d l ! influ5za4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d ne$ 
be dread$4 ,! unskill$1 untaught        
musician may approa* ,wagn] boldly2 =   
!re is no possibility ( a misund]/&+    
betwe5 !m3 ,! ,r+ music is p]fectly s+le
 & simple4 ,x is ! adept musician ( !   
old s*ool :o has ev]y?+ to unle>n3 & him
 ,i leave1 unpiti$1 to 8 fate4     ,,!  
,,r+ ,,( ,,! ,,niblungs  ,! ,r+ consi/s 
( f\r plays1 int5d$ to be p]=m$ on f\r  
successive ev5+s1 entitl$ ,! ,rh9e ,gold
 7a prologue to ! o!r ?ree71 ,!         
,valkyries1 ,siegfri$1 & ,night ,falls  
,on ,! ,gods2 or1 9 ! orig9al ,g]man1   
,das ,rhe+old1 ,die ,walkure1 ,siegfri$1
 & ,die ,gott]damm]ung4     ,,! ,,rh9e  
,,gold  ,let me assume = a mom5t t y are
 a "y & good-look+ woman4 ,try to imag9e
 y\rself 9 t "* at ,klondyke five ye>s  

ago4 ,! place is teem+ ) gold4 ,if y are
 cont5t to leave ! gold alone1 z ! wise 
leave fl[]s )\t pluck+ !m1 enjoy+ )     
p]fect naivete its color & glitt] &     
preci\sness1 no human be+ w ev] be !    
worse = y\r k ( x2 & :il/ y rema9 9 t   
frame ( m9d ! gold5 age w endure4  ,n[  
suppose a man comes along3 a man :o has 
no s5se ( ! gold5 age1 nor any p[] (    
liv+ 9 ! pres5t3 a man ) common desires1
 cupidities1 ambitions1 j l mo/ ( ! m5 y
 "k4 ,suppose y reveal to t man ! fact t
 if he w only pluck ?is gold up1 & turn 
x into money1 millions ( m51 driv5 by ! 
invisible :ip ( hung]1 w toil und]gr\nd 
& ov]gr\nd night & day to pile up m & m 
gold = him until he is ma/] ( ! _w6 ,y w
 f9d t ! prospect w n tempt him s mu* z 
y might imag9e1 because x involves "s   
di/a/eful tr\ble to himself to />t )1 & 
because !re is some?+ else )9 8 rea*    
involv+ no di/a/eful toil1 :i* he       
desires m passionately2 & t is y\rself4 
,s long z he is preoccupi$ ) love ( y1 !
 gold1 & all t x implies1 w escape him3 

! gold5 age w endure4 ,n until he =swe>s
 love w he /ret* out 8 h& to ! gold1 &  
f\nd ! ,plutonic empire = himself4 ,b ! 
*oice betwe5 love & gold may n re/      
altoge!r ) him4 ,he may be an ugly1     
ungraci\s1 unamiable p]son1 ^:          
affections may seem m]ely ludicr\s &    
despicable to y4 ,9 t case1 y may       
repulse him1 & mo/ bitt]ly humiliate &  
disappo9t him4 ,:at is left to him !n b 
to curse ! love he c nev] w91 & turn    
remorselessly to ! gold8 ,) t1 he w make
 %ort "w ( y\r gold5 age1 & leave y     
lam5t+ its lo/ ?\ghtlessness &          
sweetness4  ,9 due "t ! gold ( ,klondyke
 w f9d its way to ! great cities ( ! _w4
 ,b ! old dilemma w keep cont9ually     
reproduc+ itself4 ,! man :o w turn 8    
back on love1 & ^u all ! fruitful x1 & w
 set himself s+le-he>t$ly to ga!r gold 9
 an exultant dream ( wield+ its         
,plutonic p[]s1 w f9d ! treasure yield+ 
quickly to 8 t\*4 ,b few m5 w make ?is  
sacrifice volunt>ily4 ,n until !        
,plutonic p[] is s /rongly set up t !   

high] human impulses are suppress$ z    
rebelli\s1 & ev5 ! m]e appetites are    
d5i$1 />v$1 & insult$ :5 !y _c pur*ase  
_! satisfaction ) gold1 are ! en]getic  
spirits driv5 to build _! lives ^u      
ri*es4 ,h[ inevitable t c\rse has become
 to u is pla9 en\gh to ^? :o h ! p[] (  
und]/&+ :at !y see z !y look at !       
plutocratic societies ( our mod]n       
capitals4  ,fir/ ,sc5e  ,"h1 !n1 is !   
subject ( ! fir/ sc5e ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold4 
,z y sit wait+ = ! curta9 to rise1 y    
sudd5ly cat* ! boom+ gr\nd-tone ( a     
mighty riv]4 ,x becomes pla9]1 cle>]3 y 
get ne>] to ! surface1 & cat* ! gre5    
light & ! flights ( bubbles4 ,!n !      
curta9 goes up & y see :at y he>d--!    
dep?s ( ! ,rh9e1 ) ?ree /range fairy    
fi%es1 half wat]-maid5s1 s++ & enjoy+   
!mselves exub]antly4 ,!y are n s++      
b>c>olles or ballads ab\t ! ,lorely & h]
 fat$ lov]s1 b simply troll+ any nons5se
 t comes into _! heads 9 "t to ! danc+ (
 ! wat] & ! rhy?m ( _! swimm+4 ,x is !  
gold5 age2 & ! attraction ( ?is spot = !

 ,rh9e maid5s is a lump ( ! ,rh9e gold1 
:i* !y value1 9 an entirely uncomm]cial 
way1 = its bodily beauty & spl5dor4 ,j  
at pres5t x is eclips$1 because ! sun is
 n /rik+ d[n ?r\gh ! wat]4  ,pres5tly   
!re comes a poor devil ( a dw>f /eal+   
along ! slipp]y rocks ( ! riv] b$1 a    
creature ) en]gy en\gh to make him /rong
 ( body & fi]ce ( passion1 b ) a bruti% 
n>r[ness ( intellig5ce & selfi%ness (   
imag9ation3 too /upid to see t 8 own    
welf>e c only be compass$ z "p ( !      
welf>e ( ! _w1 too full ( brute =ce n to
 grab vigor\sly at 8 own ga94 ,su* dw>fs
 are q common 9 ,london4 ,he comes n[ ) 
a fruitful impulse 9 him1 9 se>* ( :at  
he lacks 9 himself1 beauty1 lightness ( 
he>t1 imag9ation1 music4 ,! ,rh9e       
maid5s1 repres5t+ all ^! to him1 fill   
him ) hope & long+2 & he nev] consid]s t
 he has no?+ to (f] t !y c\ld possibly  
desire1 be+ by natural limitation       
incapable ( see+ any?+ f anyone else's  
po9t ( view4 ,) p]fect simplicity1 he   
(f]s himself z a swee!>t to !m4 ,b !y   

are ?\ghtless1 elem5tal1 only half real 
?+s1 mu* l mod]n "y ladies4 ,t ! poor   
dw>f is repulsive to _! s5se ( physical 
beauty & _! romantic conception (       
h]oism1 t he is ugly & awkw>d1 gre$y &  
ridicul\s1 disposes = !m ( 8 claim to   
live & love4 ,!y mock him atroci\sly1   
pret5d+ to fall 9 love ) him at fir/    
sight1 & !n slipp+ away & mak+ game (   
him1 heap+ ridicule & disgu/ on ! poor  
wret* until he is beside himself )      
mortification & rage4 ,!y =get him :5 ! 
wat] beg9s to glitt] 9 ! sun1 & ! gold  
to reflect its glory4 ,!y break into    
ec/atic wor%ip ( _! treasure2 & ?\gh !y 
"k ! p>able ( ,klondyke q well1 !y h no 
fe> t ! gold w be wr5*$ away by ! dw>f1 
s9ce x w yield to no "o :o has n =sworn 
love = x1 & x is 9 pursuit ( love t he  
has come to !m4 ,!y =get t !y h poison$ 
t desire 9 him by _! mock]y & d5ial ( x1
 & t he n[ kn[s t life w give him no?+ t
 he _c wre/ f x by ! ,plutonic p[]4 ,x  
is j z if "s poor1 r\gh1 vulg>1 co>se   
fell[ 7 to (f] to take 8 "p 9           

ari/ocratic society1 & be snubb$ into ! 
k t only z a millionaire c\ld he ev]    
hope to br+ t society to 8 feet & buy   
himself a beautiful & ref9$ wife4 ,8    
*oice is =c$ on him4 ,he =swe>s love z  
?\s&s ( u =swe> x e day2 & 9 a mom5t !  
gold is 9 8 grasp1 & he disappe>s 9 !   
dep?s1 leav+ ! wat]-fairies va9ly       
scream+ ,/op ?ief6 :il/ ! riv] seems to 
plunge into d>kness & s9k f u z we rise 
to ! cl\d regions above4  ,& n[1 :at    
=ces are !re 9 ! _w to resi/ ,alb]ic1   
our dw>f1 9 8 new "* ( sworn plutocrat8 
,he is soon at "w wield+ ! p[] ( ! gold4
 ,= 8 ga91 hordes ( 8 fell[-creatures   
are !nce=? condemn$ to slave mis]ably1  
ov]gr\nd & und]gr\nd1 la%$ to _! "w by !
 invisible :ip ( />vation4 ,!y nev] see 
him1 any m ?an ! victims ( our dang]\s  
trades ev] see ! %>ehold]s ^: p[] is    
nev]!less ev]y:]e1 driv+ !m to          
de/ruction4 ,! v weal? !y create ) _!   
labor becomes an additional =ce to      
impov]i% !m2 = z fa/ z !y make x x slips
 f _! h&s into ! h&s ( _! ma/]1 & makes 

him mighti] ?an ev]4 ,y c see ! process 
= y\rself 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry today1 :]e
 millions ( p toil 9 want & disease to  
heap up m weal? = our ,alb]ics1 lay+ up 
no?+ = !mselves1 except sometimes       
horrible & agoniz+ disease & ! c]ta9ty (
 premature dea?4 ,all ?is "p ( ! /ory is
 frightfully real1 frightfully pres5t1  
frightfully mod]n2 & its effects on our 
social life are s gha/ly & ru9\s t we no
 long] "k en\gh ( happ9ess to be        
discompos$ by x4 ,x is only ! poet1 ) 8 
vision ( :at life might be1 to :om ^!   
?+s are un5durable4 ,if we 7 a race (   
poets we w\ld make an end ( !m be=e !   
end ( ?is mis]able c5tury4 ,be+ a race (
 moral dw>fs in/ead1 we ?9k !m highly   
respectable1 com=table & prop]1 & all[  
!m to bre$ & multiply _! evil 9 all     
directions4 ,if !re 7 no high] p[] 9 !  
_w to "w aga9/ ,alb]ic1 ! end ( x w\ld  
be utt] de/ruction4  ,su* a =ce !re is1 
h[ev]2 & x is call$ ,godhead4 ,! my/]i\s
 ?+ we call life organizes itself into  
all liv+ %apes1 bird1 bea/1 beetle &    

fi%1 ris+ to ! human m>vel 9 cunn+ dw>fs
 & 9 labori\s muscul> giants1 capable1  
^! la/1 ( endur+ toil1 will+ to buy love
 & life1 n ) suicidal curses &          
r5unciations1 b ) pati5t manual drudg]y 
9 ! s]vice ( high] p[]s4 ,& ^! high]    
p[]s are call$ into exi/5ce by ! same   
self-organization ( life /ill m         
wond]fully into r>e p]sons :o may by    
comp>ison be call$ gods1 creatures      
capable ( ?\ght1 ^: aims ext5d f> beyond
 ! satisfaction ( _! bodily appetites & 
p]sonal affections1 s9ce !y p]ceive t x 
is only by ! e/abli%m5t ( a social ord] 
f\nd$ on common bonds ( moral fai? t !  
_w c rise f m]e savag]y4 ,b h[ is ?is   
ord] to be set up by ,godhead 9 a _w (  
/upid giants1 s9ce ^! ?\ghtless ones    
pursue only _! n>r[] p]sonal ends & c by
 no means und]/& ! aims ( a god8        
,godhead1 face to face ) ,/upidity1 mu/ 
compromise4 ,unable to en=ce on ! _w !  
pure law ( ?\ght1 x mu/ resort to a     
me*anical law ( comm&m5ts to be en=c$ by
 brute puni%m5ts & ! de/ruction ( !     

disob$i5t4 ,& h[ev] c>efully ^! laws are
 fram$ to repres5t ! highe/ ?\ghts ( !  
fram]s at ! mom5t ( _! promulgation1    
be=e a day has elaps$ t ?\ght has gr[n &
 wid5$ by ! ceaseless evolution ( life2 
& lo6 ye/]day's law already fall5 out ) 
today's ?\ght4 ,yet if ! high giv]s ( t 
law !mselves set ! example ( break+ x   
be=e x is a week old1 !y de/roy all its 
au?ority ) _! subjects1 & s break !     
weapon !y h =g$ to rule !m = _! own     
good4 ,!y mu/ !re=e ma9ta9 at all co/s !
 sanctity ( ! law1 ev5 :5 x has ceas$ to
 repres5t _! ?\ght2 s t at la/ !y get   
entangl$ 9 a network ( ord9ances :i* !y 
no long] believe 91 & yet h made s sacr$
 by cu/om & s t]rible by puni%m5t1 t !y 
_c !mselves escape f !m4 ,?us ,godhead's
 resort to law f9ally co/s x half its   
integrity--z if a spiritual k+1 to ga9  
temporal p[]1 _h pluck$ out "o ( 8      
eyes--& x f9ally beg9s secretly to long 
= ! adv5t ( "s p[] high] ?an itself :i* 
w de/roy its artificial empire ( law1 & 
e/abli% a true republic ( free ?\ght4   

,?is is by no means ! only difficulty 9 
! dom9ion ( ,law4 ,! brute =ce = its    
execution mu/ be pur*as$2 & ! mass ( its
 subjects mu/ be p]suad$ to respect !   
au?ority :i* employs ?is =ce4 ,b h[ is  
su* respect to be implant$ 9 !m if !y   
are unable to compreh5d ! ?\ght ( !     
lawgiv]8 ,cle>ly1 only by associat+ !   
legislative p[] ) su* displays ( spl5dor
 & maje/y z w impress _! s5ses & awe _! 
imag9ations4 ,! god turn$ lawgiv]1 9    
%ort1 mu/ be cr[n$ ,pontiff & ,k+4 ,s9ce
 he _c be kn[n to ! common folk z _!    
sup]ior 9 wisdom1 he mu/ be kn[n to !m z
 _! sup]ior 9 ri*es1 z ! dwell] 9       
ca/les1 ! we>] ( gold & purple1 ! eat] (
 mighty fea/s1 ! comm&] ( armies1 & !   
wield] ( p[]s ( life & dea?1 ( salvation
 & damnation aft] dea?4 ,some?+ may be  
done 9 ?is way )\t corruption :il/ !    
gold5 age /ill endures4 ,y\r gods may n 
prevail ) ! dw>fs2 b !y may g to ^!     
hone/ giants :o w give a day's "w = a   
day's pay1 & induce !m to build =       
,godhead a mighty =tress1 complete )    

hall & *apel1 t[] & bell1 = ! sake ( !  
home/eads t w gr[ up 9 security r\nd t  
*ur*-ca/le4 ,?is only1 h[ev]1 :il/ !    
gold5 age la/s4 ,! mom5t ! ,plutonic p[]
 is let loose1 & ! loveless ,alb]ic     
comes into ! field ) 8 corrupt+         
millions1 ! gods are face to face )     
de/ruction2 s9ce ,alb]ic1 able )        
invisible hung]-:ip to =ce ! labor ( !  
dw>fs & to buy ! s]vices ( ! giants1 c  
out%9e all ! temporal %[s & spl5dors ( !
 gold5 age1 & make himself ma/] ( ! _w1 
unless ! gods1 ) _! bigg] bra9s1 c      
capture 8 gold4 ,?is1 ! dilemma ( !     
,*ur* today1 is ! situation creat$ by ! 
exploit ( ,alb]ic 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,rh9e4  
,second ,sc5e  ,f ! b$ ( ! riv] we rise 
into cl\dy regions1 & f9ally come out   
into ! cle> 9 a mead[1 :]e ,wotan1 ! god
 ( gods1 & 8 consort ,fricka lie sleep+4
 ,wotan1 y w obs]ve1 has lo/ "o eye2 & y
 w pres5tly le>n t he pluck$ x out      
volunt>ily z ! price to be paid = 8     
alliance ) ,fricka1 :o 9 return has     
br\ght to him z h] d[ry all ! p[]s (    

,law4 ,! mead[ is on ! br9k ( a rav9e1  
beyond :i*1 t[]+ on di/ant heights1 /&s 
,godhome1 a mighty ca/le1 newly built z 
a h\se ( /ate = ! "o-ey$ god & 8        
all-rul+ wife4 ,wotan has n yet se5 ?is 
ca/le except 9 8 dreams3 two giants h j 
built x = him :il/ he slept2 & ! reality
 is be=e him = ! fir/ "t :5 ,fricka     
wakes him4 ,9 t maje/ic burg he is to   
rule ) h] & ?r\gh h] ov] ! humble       
giants1 :o h eyes to gape at ! glori\s  
ca/les _! own h&s h built f 8 design1 b 
no bra9s to design ca/les = !mselves1 or
 to compreh5d div9ity4 ,z a god1 he is  
to be great1 secure1 & mighty2 b he is  
also to be passionless1 affectionless1  
:olly imp>tial2 = ,godhead1 if x is to  
live ) ,law1 mu/ h no weaknesses1 no    
respect = p]sons4 ,all su* sweet        
littl5esses mu/ be left to ! humble     
/upid giants to make _! toil sweet to   
!m2 & ! god mu/1 aft] all1 pay =        
,olympian p[] ! same price ! dw>f has   
paid = ,plutonic p[]4  ,wotan has =gott5
 ?is 9 8 dreams ( greatness4 ,n s       

,fricka4 ,:at %e is ?9k+ ( is ?is price 
t ,wotan has cons5t$ to pay1 9 tok5 :]e(
 he has promis$ ?is day to h& ov] to !  
giants ,fricka's si/]1 ! goddess ,freia1
 ) h] gold5 love-apples4 ,:5 ,fricka    
reproa*es ,wotan ) hav+ selfi%ly =gott5 
?is1 %e f9ds t he1 l h]self1 is n prep>$
 to g ?r\gh ) 8 b>ga91 & t he is tru/+  
to ano!r great world=ce1 ! ,lie 7a      
,european ,p[]1 z ,lassalle said71 to   
help him to trick ! giants out ( _!     
rew>d4 ,b ?is =ce does n dwell 9 ,wotan 
himself1 b 9 ano!r1 a god ov] :om he has
 triumph$1 "o ,loki1 ! god ( ,intellect1
 ,argum5t1 ,imag9ation1 ,illusion1 &    
,reason4 ,loki has promis$ to deliv] him
 f 8 contract1 & to *eat ! giants = him2
 b he has n arriv$ to keep 8 ^w3 inde$1 
z ,fricka bitt]ly po9ts out1 :y %\ld n !
 ,lie fail ,wotan1 s9ce su* failure is !
 v ess5ce ( him8  ,! giants come soon   
en\gh2 & ,freia flies to ,wotan =       
protection aga9/ !m4 ,_! purposes are q 
hone/2 & !y h no d\bt ( ! god's fai?4   
,!re /&s _! "p ( ! contract fulfill$1   

/one on /one1 port & p9nacle all        
fai?fully f9i%$ f ,wotan's design by _! 
mighty labor4 ,!y h come und\bt+ly = _! 
agre$ wage4 ,!n !re happ5s :at is to !m 
an incr$ible1 inconceivable ?+4 ,! god  
beg9s to %uffle4 ,!re are no mom5ts 9   
life m tragic ?an ^? 9 :i* ! humble     
common man1 ! manual work]1 leav+ )     
implicit tru/ all high affairs to 8     
bett]s1 & rev]5c+ !m :olly z wor?y ( t  
tru/1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( accept+ z 8      
rightful function ! sav+ ( !m f all     
r\gh5+ & co>s5+ drudg]ies1 fir/ discov]s
 t !y are corrupt1 gre$y1 unju/ &       
trea*]\s4 ,! %ock drives a ray (        
prophetic light into "o giant's m9d1 &  
gives him a mom5t>y eloqu5ce4 ,9 t mom5t
 he rises above 8 /upid gian?ood1 &     
e>ne/ly w>ns ! ,son ( ,light t all 8 p[]
 & em95ce ( prie/hood1 godhood1 & k+%ip 
mu/ /& or fall ) ! unbe>able cold       
greatness ( ! incorruptible law-giv]4 ,b
 ,wotan1 ^: assum$ "* ( law-giv] is     
altoge!r false to 8 real passionate     
nature1 despises ! rebuke2 & ! giant's  

ray ( insight is lo/ 9 ! murk ( 8       
virtu\s indignation4  ,9 ! mid/ ( !     
wrangle1 ,loki comes at la/1 excus+     
himself = be+ late on ! gr\nd t he has  
be5 deta9$ by a matt] ( importance :i*  
he has promis$ to lay be=e ,wotan4 ,:5  
press$ to give 8 m9d to ! bus9ess       
imm$iately 9 h&1 & to extricate ,wotan f
 8 dilemma1 he has no?+ to say except t 
! giants are evid5tly altoge!r 9 ! "r4  
,! ca/le has be5 duly built3 he has tri$
 e /one ( x1 & f\nd ! "w fir/-rate3 !re 
is no?+ to be done b pay ! price agre$  
^u by h&+ ov] ,freia to ! giants4 ,!    
gods are furi\s2 & ,wotan passionately  
decl>es t he only cons5t$ to ! b>ga9 on 
,loki's promise to f9d a way = him out (
 x4 ,b ,loki says no3 he has promis$ to 
f9d a way out if any su* way exi/1 b n  
to make a way if !re is no way4 ,he has 
w&]$ ov] ! :ole e>? 9 se>* ( "s treasure
 great en\gh to buy ,freia back f !     
giants2 b 9 all ! _w he has f\nd no?+ = 
:i* ,man w give up ,woman4 ,& ?is1 by ! 
way1 rem9ds him ( ! matt] he _h promis$ 

to lay be=e ,wotan4 ,! ,rh9e maid5s h   
compla9$ to him ( ,alb]ic's !ft ( _!    
gold2 & he m5tions x z a curi\s         
exception to 8 univ]sal law ( !         
unpur*asable preci\sness ( love1 t ?is  
gold-robb] has =sworn love = ! sake ( ! 
fabul\s ri*es ( ! ,plutonic empire & !  
ma/]y ( ! _w ?r\gh its p[]4  ,no soon]  
is ! tale told ?an ! giants /oop l[] ?an
 ! dw>f4 ,alb]ic =swore love only :5 x 0
 d5i$ to him & made ! in/rum5t = cruelly
 murd]+ 8 self-respect4 ,b ! giants1 )  
love )9 _! rea*1 ) ,freia & h] gold5    
apples 9 _! h&s1 (f] to give h] up = !  
treasure ( ,alb]ic4 ,obs]ve1 x is !     
treasure alone t !y desire4 ,!y h no    
fi]ce dreams ( dom9ion ov] _! sup]iors1 
or ( m\ld+ ! _w to any conceptions ( _! 
own4 ,!y are nei!r clev] nor ambiti\s3  
!y simply covet money4 ,alb]ic's gold3 t
 is _! dem&1 or else ,freia1 z agre$ ^u1
 :om !y n[ c>ry (f z ho/age1 leav+      
,wotan to consid] _! ultimatum4  ,freia 
gone1 ! gods beg9 to )] & age3 h] gold5 
apples1 :i* !y s lightly b>ga9$ away1 !y

 n[ f9d to be a matt] ( life & dea? to  
!m2 = n ev5 ! gods c live on ,law &     
,godhead alone1 be _! ca/les ev] s      
spl5did4 ,loki alone is unaffect$3 !    
,lie1 ) all its cunn+ wond]s1 its       
gli/5+s & %ift+s & mirages1 is a m]e    
appe>ance3 x has no body & ne$s no food4
 ,:at is ,wotan to d8 ,loki sees ! answ]
 cle>ly en\gh3 he mu/ bluntly rob       
,alb]ic4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t him     
except moral scruple2 = ,alb]ic1 aft]   
all1 is a poor1 dim1 dw>f$1 cr$ul\s     
creature :om a god c outsee & a lie c   
outwit4 ,d[n1 !n1 ,wotan & ,loki plunge 
into ! m9e :]e ,alb]ic's slaves are pil+
 up weal? = him "u ! invisible :ip4     
,?ird ,sc5e  ,?is gloomy place ne$ n be 
a m9e3 x might j z well be a            
mat*-factory1 ) yell[ phosphorus1 phossy
 jaw1 a l>ge divid5d1 & pl5ty ( cl]gym5 
%>ehold]s4 ,or x might be a :itelead    
factory1 or a *emical works1 or a       
pott]y1 or a railway %unt+ y>d1 or a    
tailor+ %op1 or a little g9-sodd5       
laundry1 or a bakeh\se1 or a big %op1 or

 any o!r ( ! places :]e human life &    
welf>e are daily sacrific$ 9 ord] t "s  
gre$y fooli% creature may be able to    
hymn exultantly to 8 ,platonic idol3    
,?\ mak'/ me eat :il/ o!rs />ve1 ,& s+  
:ile o!rs d lam5t3 ,su* untome ,?y      
bless+s are1 ,z if ,i 7 ,?9e only c>e4  
,9 ! m9e1 :i* res\nds ) ! cl9k+ anvils (
 ! dw>fs toil+ mis]ably to heap up      
treasure = _! ma/]1 ,alb]ic has set 8   
bro!r ,mime--m famili>ly1 ,mimmy--to    
make him a helmet4 ,mimmy dimly sees t  
!re is "s magic 9 ?is helmet1 & tries to
 keep x2 b ,alb]ic wre/s x f him1 & %[s 
him1 to 8 co/1 t x is ! veil ( !        
invisible :ip1 & t he :o we>s x c appe> 
9 :at %ape he w1 or disappe> f view     
altoge!r4 ,?is helmet is a v common     
article 9 our /reets1 :]e x g5]ally     
takes ! =m ( a tall hat4 ,x makes a man 
invisible z a %>ehold]1 & *anges him    
into v>i\s %apes1 su* z a pi\s ,*ri/ian1
 a subscrib] to hospitals1 a b5efactor (
 ! poor1 a model husb& & fa!r1 a %rewd1 
practical indep5d5t ,engli%man1 & :at n1

 :5 he is really a pitiful p>asite on ! 
commonweal?1 consum+ a great deal1 &    
produc+ no?+1 feel+ no?+1 kn[+ no?+1    
believ+ no?+1 & do+ no?+ except :at all 
! re/ d1 & t only because he is afraid n
 to d x1 or at lea/ pret5d to d x4  ,:5 
,wotan & ,loki arrive1 ,loki claims     
,alb]ic z an old acqua9tance4 ,b ! dw>f 
has no fai? 9 ^! civil /rang]s3 ,gre$   
in/9ctively mi/ru/s ,intellect1 ev5 9 ! 
g>b ( ,poetry & ! company ( ,godhead1   
:il/ envy+ ! brilliancy ( ! "o & !      
dignity ( ! o!r4 ,alb]ic breaks out at  
!m ) a t]rible boa/ ( ! p[] n[ )9 8     
grasp4 ,he pa9ts = !m ! _w z x w be :5 8
 dom9ion ov] x is complete1 :5 ! s(t    
airs & gre5 mosses ( its valleys %all be
 *ang$ into smoke1 slag1 & fil?2 :5     
slav]y1 disease1 & squalor1 soo!d by    
drunk5ness & ma/]$ by ! policeman's     
baton1 %all become ! f\ndation (        
society2 & :5 no?+ %all escape ru9      
except su* pretty places & pretty wom5 z
 he may l to buy = ! slak+ ( 8 own lu/s4
 ,9 t k+dom ( evil he sees t !re w be no

 p[] b 8 own4 ,^! gods1 ) _! moralities 
& legalities & intellectual subtlety1 w 
g "u & be />v$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,he bids  
,wotan & ,loki bew>e ( x2 & 8 ,hab'     
,a*t6 is ho>se1 horrible1 & s9i/]4      
,wotan is revolt$ to ! v dep?s ( 8 be+3 
he _c /ifle ! execration t bur/s f him4 
,b ,loki is unaffect$3 he has no moral  
passion3 indignation is z absurd to him 
z en?usiasm4 ,he f9ds x exquisitely     
amus+--hav+ a t\* ( ! comic _s 9 him--t 
! dw>f1 9 /irr+ up ! moral f]vor (      
,wotan1 has remov$ 8 la/ moral scruple  
ab\t becom+ a ?ief4 ,wotan w n[ rob !   
dw>f )\t remorse2 = is x n positively 8 
highe/ duty to take ?is p[] out ( su*   
evil h&s & use x himself 9 ! int]e/s (  
,godhead8 ,on ! l(tie/ moral gr\nds1 he 
lets ,loki d 8 wor/4  ,a little cunn+ly 
disguis$ flatt]y makes %ort "w (        
,alb]ic4 ,loki pret5ds to be afraid (   
him2 & he swall[s t bait unhesitat+ly4  
,b h[1 enquires ,loki1 is he to gu>d    
aga9/ ! hatr$ ( 8 million slaves8 ,w !y 
n /eal f him1 :il/ he sleeps1 ! magic   

r+1 ! symbol ( 8 p[]1 :i* he has =g$ f !
 gold ( ! ,rh9e8 ,y ?9k y\rself v clev]1
 sne]s ,alb]ic1 & !n beg9s to boa/ ( !  
en*antm5ts ( ! magic helmet4 ,loki      
refuses to believe 9 su* m>vels )\t     
witness+ !m4 ,alb]ic1 only too glad to  
%[ (f 8 p[]s1 puts on ! helmet &        
trans=ms himself into a mon/r\s s]p5t4  
,loki gratifies him by pret5d+ to be    
fright5$ out ( 8 wits1 b v5tures to     
rem>k t x w\ld be bett] /ill if ! helmet
 c\ld trans=m its own] into "s t9y      
creature t c\ld hide & spy 9 ! smalle/  
cranny4 ,alb]ic promptly trans=ms       
himself into a toad4 ,9 an in/ant       
,wotan's foot is on him2 ,loki te>s away
 ! helmet2 !y p9ion him1 & drag him away
 a prison] up ?r\gh ! e>? to ! mead[ by 
! ca/le4  ,f\r? ,sc5e  ,!re1 to pay = 8 
fre$om1 he has to summon 8 slaves f !   
dep?s to place all ! treasure !y h heap$
 up = him at ! feet ( ,wotan4 ,!n he    
dem&s 8 lib]ty2 b ,wotan mu/ h ! r+ z   
well4 ,& "h ! dw>f1 l ! giant be=e him1 
feels ! v f\ndations ( ! _w %ake b5ea?  

him at ! discov]y ( 8 own base cupidity 
9 a high] p[]4 ,t evil %\ld1 9 its      
loveless desp]ation1 create malign p[]s 
:i* ,godhead c\ld n create1 seems b     
natural ju/ice to him4 ,b t ,godhead    
%\ld /eal ^? malign p[]s f evil1 & wield
 !m itself1 is a mon/r\s p]v]sion2 & 8  
appeal to ,wotan to =ego x is almo/     
t]rible 9 its conviction ( wrong4 ,x is 
( no avail4 ,wotan falls back aga9 on   
virtu\s indignation4 ,he rem9ds ,alb]ic 
t he /ole ! gold f ! ,rh9e maid5s1 &    
takes ! attitude ( ! j judge compell+ a 
re/itution ( /ol5 goods4 ,alb]ic kn[+   
p]fectly well t ! judge is tak+ ! goods 
to put !m 9 8 own pocket1 has ! r+ torn 
f 8 f+]1 & is once m z poor z he 0 :5 he
 came slipp+ & /umbl+ among ! slimy     
rocks 9 ! b$ ( ! ,rh9e4  ,?is is ! way (
 ! _w4 ,9 old] times1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian     
labor] 0 dra9$ dry by ! knightly        
sp5d?rift1 & ! sp5d?rift 0 dra9$ by !   
,jewi% usur]1 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 religion & 
law1 seiz$ on ! ,jew & dra9$ him z a    
,*ri/ian duty4 ,:5 ! =ces ( lovelessness

 & gre$ _h built up our own sordid      
capitali/ sy/ems1 driv5 by invisible    
proprietor%ip1 robb+ ! poor1 defac+ !   
e>?1 & =c+ !mselves z a univ]sal curse  
ev5 on ! g5]\s & humane1 !n religion &  
law & intellect1 :i* w\ld nev] !mselves 
h discov]$ su* sy/ems1 _! natural b5t   
be+ t[>ds welf>e1 economy1 & life in/ead
 ( t[>ds corruption1 wa/e1 & dea?1      
nev]!less did n scruple to seize by     
fraud & =ce ^! p[]s ( evil on pres5ce ( 
us+ !m = good4 ,& x inevitably happ5s t 
:5 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,law1 & all ! ,tal5ts h   
made common cause to rob ! p1 ! ,*ur* is
 f> m vitally h>m$ by t unfai?fulness to
 itself ?an its m me*anical conf$]ates2 
s t f9ally !y turn on _! discr$it$ ally 
& rob ! ,*ur*1 ) ! *e]ful co-op]ation ( 
,loki1 z 9 ,france & ,italy = in/ance4  
,! tw9 giants come back ) _! ho/age1 9  
^: pres5ce ,godhead blooms aga94 ,! gold
 is ready = !m2 b n[ t ! mom5t has come 
= p>t+ ) ,freia ! gold does n seem s    
tempt+2 & !y are sorely lo? to let h] g4
 ,n unless !re is gold en\gh to utt]ly  

hide h] f !m--n until ! heap has gr[n s 
t !y c see no?+ b gold--until money has 
come betwe5 !m & e human feel+1 w !y "p 
) h]4 ,!re is n gold en\gh to accompli% 
?is3 h[ev] cunn+ly ,loki spreads x1 !   
gl9t ( ,freia's hair is /ill visible to 
,giant ,fafnir1 & ! magic helmet mu/ g  
on ! heap to %ut x out4 ,ev5 !n         
,fafnir's bro!r1 ,fasolt1 c cat* a beam 
f h] eye ?r\gh a *9k1 & is r5d]$        
incapable !reby ( =swe>+ h]4 ,!re is    
no?+ to /op t *9k b ! r+2 & ,wotan is z 
gre$ily b5t on keep+ t z ,alb]ic himself
 02 nor c ! o!r gods p]suade him t      
,freia is wor? x1 s9ce = ! highe/ god1  
love is n ! highe/ good1 b only !       
univ]sal delight t bribes all liv+ ?+s  
to travail ) r5ew$ life4 ,life itself1 )
 its accompli%$ m>vels & its inf9ite    
pot5tialities1 is ! only =ce t ,godhead 
c wor%ip4 ,wotan does n yield until he  
is rea*$ by ! voice ( ! fruitful e>? t  
be=e he or ! dw>fs or ! giants or ! ,law
 or ! ,lie or any ( ^! ?+s 71 _h ! se$ (
 !m all 9 h] bosom1 & ! se$ p]haps (    

some?+ high] ev5 ?an himself1 t %all "o 
day sup]s$e him & cut ! tangles &       
alliances & compromises t already h co/ 
him "o ( 8 eyes4 ,:5 ,erda1 ! ,fir/ ,"m 
( life1 rises f h] sleep+-place 9 ! he>t
 ( ! e>?1 & w>ns him to yield ! r+1 he  
obeys h]2 ! r+ is add$ to ! heap ( gold2
 & all s5se ( ,freia is cut (f f !      
giants4  ,b n[ :at ,law is left to ^!   
two poor /upid labor]s :]eby "o %all    
yield to ! o!r any ( ! treasure = :i* !y
 h ea* paid ! :ole price 9 surr5d]+     
,freia8 ,!y look by m]e habit to ! god  
to judge = !m2 b he1 ) 8 he>t /irr+     
t[>ds high] =ces ?an himself1 turns )   
disgu/ f ^! l[] =ces4 ,!y settle x z two
 wolves might2 & ,fafnir batt]s 8 bro!r 
dead ) 8 /aff4 ,x is a horrible ?+ to   
see & he>1 to anyone :o kn[s h[ mu*     
blood has be5 %$ 9 ! _w 9 j t way by its
 brutaliz$ toil]s1 hone/ fell[s en\gh   
until _! bett]s betray$ !m4 ,fafnir goes
 (f ) 8 booty4 ,x is q useless to him4  
,he has nei!r ! cunn+ nor ! ambition to 
e/abli% ! ,plutonic empire ) x4 ,m]ely  

to prev5t o!rs f gett+ x is ! only      
purpose x br+s him4 ,he piles x 9 a     
cave2 trans=ms himself into a dragon by 
! helmet2 & devotes 8 life to gu>d+ x1 z
 mu* a slave to x z a jailor is to 8    
prison]4 ,he _h mu* bett] h ?r[n x all  
back into ! ,rh9e & trans=m$ himself    
into ! %orte/-liv$ animal t enjoys at   
lea/ a brief run 9 ! sun%9e4 ,8 case1   
h[ev]1 is f> too common to be surpris+4 
,! _w is ov]/ock$ ) p]sons :o sacrifice 
all _! affections1 & madly trample &    
batt] d[n _! fell[s to obta9 ri*es (    
:i*1 :5 !y get !m1 !y are unable to make
 ! smalle/ use1 & to :i* !y become ! mo/
 mis]able slaves4  ,! gods soon =get    
,fafnir 9 _! rejoic+ ov] ,freia4 ,donn]1
 ! ,?und] god1 spr+s to a rocky summit &
 calls ! cl\ds z a %eph]d calls 8       
flocks4 ,!y come at 8 summons2 & he & ! 
ca/le are hidd5 by _! black legions4    
,froh1 ! ,ra9b[ god1 ha/5s to 8 side4   
,at ! /roke ( ,donn]'s hamm] ! black    
murk is riv5 9 all directions by d>t+   
ribbons ( lightn+2 & z ! air cle>s1 !   

ca/le is se5 9 its fulle/ spl5dor1      
accessible n[ by ! ra9b[ bridge :i*     
,froh has ca/ across ! rav9e4 ,9 ! glory
 ( ?is mom5t ,wotan has a great ?\ght4  
,) all 8 aspirations to e/abli% a reign 
( noble ?\ght1 ( righte\sness1 ord]1 &  
ju/ice1 he has f\nd t day t !re is no   
race yet 9 ! _w t q spontane\sly1       
naturally1 & unconsci\sly realizes 8    
ideal4 ,he himself has f\nd h[ f> %ort  
,godhead falls ( ! ?+ x conceives4 ,he1 
! greate/ ( gods1 has be5 unable to     
control 8 fate3 he has be5 =c$ aga9/ 8 w
 to *oose betwe5 evils1 to make         
disgraceful b>ga9s1 to break !m /ill m  
disgracefully1 & ev5 !n to see ! price (
 8 disgrace slip ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,8       
consort has co/ him half 8 vision2 8    
ca/le has co/ him 8 affections2 & !     
attempt to reta9 bo? has co/ him 8      
honor4 ,on e side he is %ackl$ & b\nd1  
dep5d5t on ! laws ( ,fricka & on ! lies 
( ,loki1 =c$ to traffic ) dw>fs =       
h&icraft & ) giants = /r5g?1 & to pay !m
 bo? 9 false co94 ,aft] all1 a god is a 

pitiful ?+4 ,b ! f]tility ( ! ,fir/ ,"m 
is n yet exhau/$4 ,! life t came f h]   
has ev] climb$ up to a high] & high]    
organization4 ,f toad & s]p5t to dw>f1 f
 be> & elephant to giant1 f dw>f & giant
 to a god ) ?\ghts1 ) compreh5sion ( !  
_w1 ) ideals4 ,:y %\ld x /op !re8 ,:y   
%\ld x n rise f ! god to ! ,h]o8 to !   
creature 9 :om ! god's unavail+ ?\ght   
%all h become effective w & life1 :o    
%all make 8 way /raight to tru? &       
reality ov] ! laws ( ,fricka & ! lies ( 
,loki ) a /r5g? t ov]comes giants & a   
cunn+ t outwits dw>fs8 ,yes3 ,erda1 !   
,fir/ ,"m1 mu/ travail aga91 & bre$ him 
a race ( h]oes to deliv] ! _w & himself 
f 8 limit$ p[]s & disgraceful b>ga9s4   
,?is is ! vision t fla%es on him z he   
turns to ! ra9b[ bridge & calls 8 wife  
to come & dwell ) him 9 ,valhalla1 !    
home ( ! gods4  ,!y are all ov]come )   
,valhalla's glory except ,loki4 ,he is  
beh9d ! sc5es ( ?is jo9t reign ( !      
,div9e & ! ,legal4 ,he despises ^! gods 
) _! ideals & _! gold5 apples4 ,i am    

a%am$1 he says1 to h deal+s ) ^! futile 
creatures4 ,& s he foll[s !m to ! ra9b[ 
bridge4 ,b z !y set foot on x1 f ! riv] 
bel[ rises ! wail+ ( ! ,rh9e maid5s = _!
 lo/ gold4 ,y d[n !re 9 ! wat]1 cries   
,loki ) brutal irony3 y us$ to bask 9 ! 
glitt] ( y\r gold3 h5ce=? y %all bask 9 
! spl5dor ( ! gods4 ,& !y reply t ! tru?
 is 9 ! dep?s & ! d>kness1 & t :at      
blazes on high !re is falsehood4 ,& ) t 
! gods pass into _! glori\s /ronghold4  
,,wagn] ,,z ,,revolutioni/  ,be=e leav+ 
?is explanation ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold1 ,i mu/
 h a ^w or two ab\t x ) ! read]4 ,x is !
 lea/ popul> ( ! sections ( ,! ,r+4 ,!  
reason is t its dramatic mom5ts lie q   
outside ! consci\sness ( p ^: joys &    
sorr[s are all dome/ic & p]sonal1 & ^:  
religions & political ideas are purely  
conv5tional & sup]/iti\s4 ,to !m x is a 
/ruggle betwe5 half a doz5 fairytale    
p]sonages = a r+1 involv+ h\rs ( scold+ 
& *eat+1 & "o long sc5e 9 a d>k gruesome
 m9e1 ) gloomy1 ugly music1 & n a       
glimpse ( a h&some "y man or pretty     

woman4 ,only ^? ( wid] consci\sness c   
foll[ x brea?lessly1 see+ 9 x ! :ole    
trag$y ( human hi/ory & ! :ole horror ( 
! dilemmas f :i* ! _w is %r9k+ today4   
,at ,bayreu? ,i h se5 a p>ty ( ,engli%  
t\ri/s1 aft] endur+ agonies ( bor$om f  
,alb]ic1 rise 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird sc5e1 
& almo/ =ce _! way out ( ! d>k !atre    
into ! sunlit p9e-wood )\t4 ,& ,i h se5 
p :o 7 deeply affect$ by ! sc5e driv5   
almo/ beside !mselves by ?is di/urbance4
 ,b x 0 a v natural ?+ = ! un=tunate    
t\ri/s to d1 s9ce 9 ?is ,rh9e ,gold     
prologue !re is no int]val betwe5 ! acts
 = escape4 ,r\ghly speak+1 p :o h no    
g5]al ideas1 no t\* ( ! conc]n ( !      
philosoph] & /atesman = ! race1 _c enjoy
 ,! ,rh9e ,gold z a drama4 ,!y may f9d  
comp5sations 9 "s exce$+ly pretty music1
 at times ev5 gr& & glori\s1 :i* w      
enable !m to escape occasionally f !    
/ruggle betwe5 ,alb]ic & ,wotan2 b if _!
 capacity = music %\ld be z limit$ z _! 
compreh5sion ( ! _w1 !y _h bett] /ay    
away4  ,& n[1 att5tive ,read]1 we h     

rea*$ ! po9t at :i* "s fooli% p]son is  
sure to int]rupt u by decl>+ t ,! ,rh9e 
,gold is :at !y call a "w ( art pure &  
simple1 & t ,wagn] nev] dreamt (        
%>ehold]s1 tall hats1 :itelead          
factories1 & indu/rial & political      
que/ions look$ at f ! sociali/ic &      
humanit>ian po9ts ( view4 ,we ne$ n     
discuss ^! imp]t95ces3 x is easi] to    
sil5ce !m ) ! facts ( ,wagn]'s life4 ,9 
#ahdc he obta9$ ! position ( conductor (
 ! ,op]a at ,dresd5 at a sal>y ( ,l#bbe 
a ye>1 ) a p5sion4 ,?is 0 a fir/-rate   
p]man5t appo9tm5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,saxon 
,/ate1 c>ry+ an assur$ pr(essional      
position & livelihood ) x ,9 #ahdh1 !   
ye> ( revolutions1 ! discont5t$ middle  
class1 unable to r\se ! ,*ur*-&-,/ate   
gov]nm5ts ( ! day f _! bondage to cu/om1
 ca/e1 & law by appeals to morality or  
con/itutional agitation = ,lib]al re=ms1
 made common cause ) ! />v+ wage-work+  
class1 & resort$ to arm$ rebellion1 :i* 
rea*$ ,dresd5 9 #ahdi4 ,_h ,wagn] be5 ! 
m]e musical epicure & political mugwump 

t ! t]m arti/ seems to sugge/ to s _m   
critics & amateurs--t is1 a creature 9  
_! own lazy lik5ess--he ne$ h tak5 no m 
"p 9 ! political /ruggles ( 8 day ?an   
,bi%op took 9 ! ,engli% ,re=m agitation 
( #ahcb1 or ,/]ndale ,b5nett 9 ! ,*>ti/ 
or ,free ,trade movem5ts4 ,:at he did d 
0 fir/ to make a desp]ate appeal to !   
,k+ to ca/ (f 8 bonds & answ] ! ne$ ( ! 
"t by tak+ true ,k+%ip on himself &     
lead+ 8 p to ! r$ress ( _! intol]able   
wrongs 7fancy ! poor mon>*'s feel+s671 &
 !n1 :5 ! cra% came1 to take 8 side ) ! 
"r & ! poor aga9/ ! ri* & ! wrong4 ,:5 !
 insurrection 0 defeat$1 ?ree lead]s ( x
 7 especially m>k$ d[n = v5geance3      
,augu/ ,roeckel1 an old fri5d ( ,wagn]'s
 to :om he wrote a well-kn[n s]ies (    
lett]s2 ,mi*ael ,bakoon91 aft]w>ds a    
fam\s apo/le ( revolution>y ,an>*ism2 & 
,wagn] himself4 ,wagn] escap$ to        
,switz]l&3 ,roeckel & ,bakoon9 suff]$   
long t]ms ( imprisonm5t4 ,wagn] 0 (     
c\rse utt]ly ru9$1 pecuni>ily & socially
 7to 8 own int5se relief &              

satisfaction72 & 8 exile la/$ twelve    
ye>s4 ,8 fir/ idea 0 to get 8 ,tannhaus]
 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,) ! notion ( expla9+ 
himself to ! ,p>isians he wrote a       
pamphlet entitl$ ,art & ,revolution1 a  
glance ?r\gh :i* w %[ h[ ?or\ghly !     
sociali/ic side ( ! revolution _h 8     
sympa?y1 & h[ completely he _h got free 
f ! influ5ce ( ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*es ( 8   
day4 ,= ?ree ye>s he kept p\r+ =?       
pamphlets--"s ( !m elaborate treatises 9
 size & intellectual rank1 b /ill       
ess5tially ! pamphlets & manife/oes ( a 
born agitator--on social evolution1     
religion1 life1 art & ! influ5ce (      
ri*es4 ,9 #ahec ! poem ( ,! ,r+ 0       
privately pr9t$2 & 9 #ahed1 five ye>s   
aft] ! ,dresd5 insurrection1 ,! ,rh9e   
,gold score 0 complet$ to ! la/ drum    
tap4  ,^! facts are on (ficial record 9 
,g]many1 :]e ! proclamation summ+ up    
,wagn] z a politically dang]\s p]son may
 be consult$ to ?is day4 ,! pamphlets   
are n[ accessible to ,engli% read]s 9 ! 
translation ( ,mr4 ,a%ton ,ellis4 ,?is  

be+ s1 any p]son :o1 hav+ p]haps he>d t 
,i am a ,sociali/1 attempts to p]suade y
 t my int]pretation ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold is 
only my socialism read into ! works ( a 
dilettanti/ :o borr[$ an idle tale f an 
old saga to make an op]a book )1 may    
safely be dismiss$ f y\r consid]ation z 
an ignoramus4  ,if y are n[ satisfi$ t  
,! ,rh9e ,gold is an allegory1 d n =get 
t an allegory is nev] q consi/5t except 
:5 x is writt5 by someone )\t dramatic  
faculty1 9 :i* case x is unreadable4    
,!re is only "o way ( dramatiz+ an idea2
 & t is by putt+ on ! /age a human be+  
possess$ by t idea1 yet none ! less a   
human be+ ) all ! human impulses :i*    
make him ak9 & !re=e int]e/+ to u4      
,bunyan1 9 8 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 does 
n1 l 8 unread imitators1 attempt to     
p]sonify ,*ri/ianity & ,val\r3 he       
dramatizes = y ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian & !  
,valiant ,man4 ,j s1 ?\gh ,i h %[n t    
,wotan is ,godhead & ,k+%ip1 & ,loki    
,logic & ,imag9ation )\t liv+ ,w 7,bra9 
)\t ,he>t1 to put x vulg>ly72 yet 9 !   

drama ,wotan is a religi\sly moral man1 
& ,loki a witty1 +5i\s1 imag9ative &    
cynical "o4 ,z to ,fricka1 :o /&s =     
,/ate ,law1 %e does n assume h]         
allegorical "* 9 ,! ,rh9e ,gold at all1 
b is simply ,wotan's wife & ,freia's    
si/]3 nay1 %e contradicts h] allegorical
 self by conniv+ at all ,wotan's        
rogu]ies4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 is j :at ,/ate   
,law w\ld d2 b we mu/ n save ! cr$it ( !
 allegory by a quip4 ,n until %e        
reappe>s 9 ! next play 7,! ,valkyries7  
does h] function 9 ! allegorical s*eme  
become pla94  ,"o preconception w       
bewild] ! spectator hopelessly unless he
 has be5 w>n$ aga9/ x or is naturally   
free f x4 ,9 ! old-fa%ion$ ord]s (      
creation1 ! sup]natural p]sonages are   
inv>iably conceiv$ z great] ?an man1 =  
good or evil4 ,9 ! mod]n humanit>ian    
ord] z adopt$ by ,wagn]1 ,man is !      
highe/4 ,9 ,! ,rh9e ,gold1 x is pret5d$ 
t !re are z yet no m5 on ! e>?4 ,!re are
 dw>fs1 giants1 & gods4 ,! dang] is t y 
w jump to ! conclusion t ! gods1 at     

lea/1 are a high] ord] ?an ! human ord]4
 ,on ! contr>y1 ! _w is wait+ = ,man to 
r$eem x f ! lame & cramp$ gov]nm5t ( !  
gods4 ,once grasp t2 & ! allegory       
becomes simple en\gh4 ,really1 ( c\rse1 
! dw>fs1 giants1 & gods are             
dramatizations ( ! ?ree ma9 ord]s ( m53 
to wit1 ! in/9ctive1 pr$atory1 lu/ful1  
gre$y p2 ! pati5t1 toil+1 /upid1        
respectful1 money-wor%ipp+ p2 & !       
intellectual1 moral1 tal5t$ p :o devise 
& adm9i/] ,/ates & ,*ur*es4 ,hi/ory %[s 
u only "o ord] high] ?an ! highe/ ( ^!3 
namely1 ! ord] ( ,h]oes4  ,n[ x is q    
cle>--?\gh y h p]haps nev] ?\ght ( x--t 
if ! next g5]ation ( ,engli%m5 consi/$  
:olly ( ,julius ,caes>s1 all our        
political1 ecclesia/ical1 & moral       
in/itutions w\ld vani%1 & ! less        
p]i%able ( _! appurt5ances be class$ )  
,/oneh5ge & ! cromle*s & r\nd t[]s z    
inexplicable relics ( a bygone social   
ord]4 ,julius ,caes>s w\ld no m tr\ble  
!mselves ab\t su* contrivances z our    
codes & *ur*es ?an a fell[ ( ! ,royal   

,society w t\* 8 hat to ! squire & li/5 
to ! village curate's s]mons4 ,?is is   
precisely :at mu/ happ5 "s day if life  
cont9ues ?ru/+ t[>ds high] & high]      
organization z x has hi!rto done4 ,z mo/
 ( our ,engli% pr(essional m5 are to    
,au/ralian bu%m51 s1 we mu/ suppose1 w !
 av]age man ( "s future day be to       
,julius ,caes>4 ,let any man ( middle   
age1 pond]+ ?is prospect consid] :at has
 happ5$ )9 a s+le g5]ation to ! articles
 ( fai? 8 fa!r reg>d$ z et]nal nay1 to !
 v scepticisms & blasphemies ( 8 y\?    
7,bi%op ,col5so's criticism ( !         
,p5tateu*1 = example672 & he w beg9 to  
realize h[ mu* ( our b>b>\s ,!ology &   
,law ! man ( ! future w d )\t4 ,bakoon91
 ! ,dresd5 revolution>y lead] ) :om     
,wagn] w5t out 9 #ahdi1 put =w>d lat] on
 a program1 (t5 quot$ ) fooli% horror1 =
 ! abolition ( all in/itutions1         
religi\s1 political1 juridical1         
f9ancial1 legal1 academic1 & s on1 s z  
to leave ! w ( man free to f9d its own  
way4 ,all ! l(tie/ spirits ( t "t 7     

burn+ to raise ,man up1 to give him     
self-respect1 to %ake him out ( 8 habit 
( grovell+ be=e ! ideals creat$ by 8 own
 imag9ation1 ( attribut+ ! good t sprang
 f ! ceaseless en]gy ( ! life )9 himself
 to "s sup]ior p[] 9 ! cl\ds1 & ( mak+ a
 feti% ( self-sacrifice to ju/ify 8 own 
c[>dice4  ,f>!r on 9 ,! ,r+ we %all see 
! ,h]o arrive & make an end ( dw>fs1    
giants1 & gods4 ,mean:ile1 let u n =get 
t godhood means to ,wagn] infirmity &   
compromise1 & manhood /r5g? & integrity4
 ,above all1 we mu/ und]/&--= x is ! key
 to mu* t we are to see--t ! god1 s9ce 8
 desire is t[>d a high] & full] life1   
mu/ long 9 8 inmo/ s\l = ! adv5t ( t    
great] p[] ^: fir/ "w1 ?\gh ?is he does 
n see z yet1 mu/ be 8 own undo+4  ,9 !  
mid/ ( all ^! f>-rea*+ ideas1 x is amus+
 to f9d ,wagn] /ill full ( 8 +ra9$      
!atrical pr(essionalism1 & introduc+    
effects :i* n[ seem old-fa%ion$ & /agey 
) z mu* en]gy & e>ne/ness z if !y 7 8   
l(tie/ inspirations4 ,:5 ,wotan wre/s ! 
r+ f ,alb]ic1 ! dw>f deliv]s a lurid &  

bloodcurdl+ /age curse1 call+ d[n on its
 e future possessor c>e1 fe>1 & dea?4 ,!
 musical phrase accompany+ ?is outbur/ 0
 a v]itable h>monic & melodic bogey to  
mid-c5tury e>s1 ?\gh "t has n[ robb$ x (
 its t]rors4 ,x s\nds aga9 :5 ,fafnir   
slays ,fasolt1 & on e subsequ5t occasion
 :5 ! r+ br+s dea? to its hold]4 ,?is   
episode mu/ ju/ify itself purely z a    
piece ( /age s5sationalism4 ,on deep]   
gr\nd x is sup]flu\s & confus+1 z ! ru9 
to :i* ! pursuit ( ri*es leads ne$s no  
curse to expla9 x2 nor is !re any s5se 9
 inve/+ ,alb]ic ) provid5tial p[]s 9 !  
matt]4     ,,! ,,valkyries  ,be=e !     
curta9 rises on ! ,valkyries1 let u see 
:at has happ5$ s9ce x fell on ,! ,rh9e  
,gold4 ,! p]sons ( ! drama w tell u     
pres5tly2 b z we probably d n und]/&    
,g]man1 t may n help u4  ,wotan is /ill 
rul+ ! _w 9 glory f 8 giant-built ca/le 
) 8 wife ,fricka4 ,b he has no security 
= ! cont9uance ( 8 reign1 s9ce ,alb]ic  
may at any mom5t contrive to recov] !   
r+1 ! full p[] ( :i* he c wield because 

he has =sworn love4 ,su* =swe>+ is n    
possible to ,wotan3 love1 ?\gh n 8      
highe/ ne$1 is a high] ?an gold3 o!rwise
 he w\ld be no god4 ,besides1 z we h    
se51 8 p[] has be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! _w by & 
z a sy/em ( laws en=c$ by p5alties4 ,^! 
he mu/ cons5t to be b\nd by himself2 = a
 god :o broke 8 own laws w\ld betray !  
fact t legality & con=mity are n !      
highe/ rule ( conduct--a discov]y fatal 
to 8 supremacy z ,pontiff & ,lawgiv]4   
,h5ce he may n wre/ ! r+ unlawfully f   
,fafnir1 ev5 if he c\ld br+ himself to  
=swe> love4  ,9 ?is insecurity he has   
hit on ! idea ( =m+ a h]oic bodygu>d4   
,he has tra9$ 8 love *ildr5 z w>-maid5s 
7,valkyries7 ^: duty x is to sweep ?r\gh
 battle-fields & be> away to ,valhalla !
 s\ls ( ! brave/ :o fall !re4 ,?us      
re9=c$ by a ho/ ( w>riors1 he has       
?or\ghly indoctr9at$ !m1 ,loki help+ him
 z dialectician-9-*ief1 ) ! conv5tional 
sy/em ( law & duty1 sup]natural religion
 & self-sacrific+ idealism1 :i* !y      
believe to be ! ess5ce ( 8 godhood1 b   

:i* is really only ! ma*9]y ( ! love (  
necess>y p[] :i* is 8 mortal weakness4  
,?is process secures _! fanatical       
devotion to 8 sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 b he    
kn[s p]fectly well t su* sy/ems1 9 spite
 ( _! moral pret5sions1 s]ve selfi% &   
ambiti\s tyrants bett] ?an b5evol5t     
despots1 & t1 if once ,alb]ic gets ! r+ 
back1 he w easily out-,valhalla         
,valhalla1 if n buy x ov] z a go+       
conc]n4 ,! only *ance ( p]man5t         
security1 !n1 is ! appe>ance 9 ! _w ( a 
h]o :o1 )\t any illicit prompt+ f       
,wotan1 w de/roy ,alb]ic & wre/ ! r+ f  
,fafnir4 ,!re w !n1 he believes1 be no  
fur!r cause = anxiety1 s9ce he does n   
yet conceive ,h]oism z a =ce ho/ile to  
,godhead4 ,9 8 long+ = a rescu]1 x does 
n occur to him t :5 ! ,h]o comes1 8 fir/
 exploit mu/ be to sweep ! gods & _!    
ord9ances f ! pa? ( ! h]oic w4  ,inde$1 
he feels t 9 8 own ,godhead is ! g]m (  
su* ,h]oism1 & t f himself ! ,h]o mu/   
spr+4 ,he takes to w&]+1 mo/ly 9 se>* ( 
love1 f ,fricka & ,valhalla4 ,he seeks !

 ,fir/ ,"m2 & ?r\gh h] womb1 et]nally   
f]tile1 ! inn] true ?\ght t made him    
fir/ a god is reborn z 8 daught]1       
uncorrupt$ by 8 ambition1 unfett]$ by 8 
ma*9]y ( p[] & 8 alliances ) ,fricka &  
,loki4 ,?is daught]1 ! ,valkyrie        
,brynhild1 is 8 true w1 8 real self1 7z 
he ?9ks73 to h] he may say :at he mu/ n 
say to anyone1 s9ce 9 speak+ to h] he b 
speaks to himself4 ,0 ,ke9em 9 ,wort5   
unausgespro*51 he says to h]1 bleib es  
ewig3 mit mir nur ra?' i*1 r$' i* zu    
dir4  ,b f ,brynhild no h]o c spr+ until
 !re is a man ( ,wotan's race to bre$ ) 
h]4 ,wotan w&]s fur!r2 & a mortal woman 
be>s him tw9s3 a son & a daught]4 ,he   
sep>ates !m by lett+ ! girl fall into ! 
h&s ( a =e/ tribe :i* 9 due "t gives h] 
z a wife to a fi]ce *ief1 "o ,hund+4 ,) 
! son he himself leads ! life ( a wolf1 
& tea*es him ! only p[] a god c tea*1 ! 
p[] ( do+ )\t happ9ess4 ,:5 he has giv5 
him ?is t]rible tra9+1 he ab&ons him1 & 
goes to ! bridal fea/ ( 8 daught]       
,siegl9da & ,hund+4 ,9 ! blue cloak ( ! 

w&]]1 we>+ ! broad hat t flaps ov] !    
socket ( 8 =feit$ eye1 he appe>s 9      
,hund+'s h\se1 ! middle pill> ( :i* is a
 mighty tree4 ,into t tree1 )\t a ^w1 he
 /rikes a sword up to ! hilt1 s t only !
 might ( a h]o c )draw x4 ,!n he goes   
out z sil5tly z he came1 bl9d to ! tru? 
t no weapon f ! armory ( ,godhead c s]ve
 ! turn ( ! true ,human ,h]o4 ,nei!r    
,hund+ nor any ( 8 gue/s c move ! sword2
 & !re x /ays await+ ! de/9$ h&4 ,t is !
 hi/ory ( ! g5]ations betwe5 ,! ,rh9e   
,gold & ,! ,valkyries4  ,! ,fir/ ,act   
,?is "t1 z we sit look+ expectantly at !
 curta91 we he>1 n ! deep boom+ ( !     
,rh9e1 b ! patt] ( a =e/ d[np\r1        
accompani$ by ! mutt] ( a /orm :i* soon 
ga!rs into a ro> & culm9ates 9 cra%+    
?und]bolts4 ,z x passes (f1 ! curta9    
rises2 & !re is no mi/ak+ ^: =e/        
habitation we are 92 = ! c5tral pill> is
 a mighty tree1 & ! place fit = ! dwell+
 ( a fi]ce *ief4 ,! door op5s3 & an     
exhau/$ man reels 93 an adept f ! s*ool 
( unhapp9ess4 ,siegl9da f9ds him ly+ on 

! he>?4 ,he expla9s t he has be5 9 a    
fight2 t 8 weapons n be+ z /rong z 8    
arms1 7 brok52 & t he _h to fly4 ,he    
desires "s dr9k & a mom5t's re/2 !n he w
 g2 = he is an unlucky p]son1 & does n  
want to br+ 8 ill-luck on ! woman :o is 
succor+ him4 ,b %e1 x appe>s1 is also   
unhappy2 & a /rong sympa?y spr+s up     
betwe5 !m4 ,:5 h] husb& arrives1 he     
obs]ves n only ?is sympa?y1 b a         
resemblance betwe5 !m1 a gleam ( ! snake
 9 _! eyes4 ,!y sit d[n to table2 & !   
/rang] tells !m 8 unlucky /ory4 ,he is !
 son ( ,wotan1 :o is kn[n to him only z 
,wolf+1 ( ! race ( ! ,volsungs4 ,!      
e>lie/ ?+ he rememb]s is return+ f a    
hunt ) 8 fa!r to f9d _! home de/roy$1 8 
"m murd]$1 & 8 tw9-si/] c>ri$ (f4 ,?is 0
 ! "w ( a tribe call$ ! ,neid+s1 ^u :om 
he & ,wolf+ !nce=? wag$ implacable w>   
until ! day :5 8 fa!r disappe>$1 leav+  
no trace ( himself b an empty wolfsk94  
,! "y ,volsung 0 ?us ca/ alone ^u ! _w1 
f9d+ mo/ h&s aga9/ him1 & br++ no good  
luck ev5 to 8 fri5ds4 ,8 late/ exploit  

has be5 ! slay+ ( c]ta9 bro!rs :o 7 =c+ 
_! si/] to w$ aga9/ h] w4 ,! result has 
be5 ! slaught] ( ! woman by h] bro!rs'  
clansm51 & 8 own n>r[ escape by flight4 
,8 luck on ?is occasion is ev5 worse ?an
 he supposes2 = ,hund+1 by ^: he>? he   
has tak5 refuge1 is clansman to ! sla9  
bro!rs & is b\nd to av5ge !m4 ,he tells 
! ,volsung t 9 ! morn+1 weapons or no   
weapons1 he mu/ fight = 8 life4 ,!n he  
ord]s ! woman to b$1 & foll[s h]        
himself1 tak+ 8 spe> ) him4  ,! unlucky 
/rang]1 left brood+ by ! he>?1 has no?+ 
to console himself ) b an old promise ( 
8 fa!r's t he %all f9d a weapon to 8 h& 
:5 he mo/ ne$s "o4 ,! la/ flick] ( ! dy+
 fire /rikes on ! gold5 hilt ( ! sword t
 /icks 9 ! tree2 b he does n see x2 & ! 
emb]s s9k into blackness4 ,!n ! woman   
returns4 ,hund+ is safely asleep3 %e has
 drugg$ him4 ,%e tells ! /ory ( ! "o-ey$
 man :o appe>$ at h] =c$ m>riage1 & ( ! 
sword4 ,%e has always felt1 %e says1 t  
h] mis]ies w end 9 ! arms ( ! h]o :o    
%all succe$ 9 draw+ x =?4 ,! /rang]1    

diffid5t z he is ab\t 8 luck1 has no    
misgiv+s z to 8 /r5g? & de/9y4 ,he gives
 h] 8 affection at once1 & ab&ons       
himself to ! *>m ( ! night & ! season2 =
 x is ! beg9n+ ( ,spr+4 ,!y soon le>n f 
_! confid5ces t %e is 8 /ol5 tw9-si/]4  
,he is transport$ to f9d t ! h]oic race 
( ! ,volsungs ne$ nei!r p]i% nor be     
corrupt$ by a l[] /ra94 ,hail+ ! sword  
by ! "n ( ,no?ung 7or ,ne$$71 he plucks 
x f ! tree z h] bride-gift1 & !n1 cry+  
,bo? bride & si/] be ( ?y bro!r2 &      
blossom ! blood ( ! ,volsungs6 clasps h]
 z ! mate ! ,spr+ has br\ght him4  ,!   
,second ,act  ,s f>1 ,wotan's plan seems
 prosp]+4 ,9 ! m\nta9s he calls 8       
w>-maid5 ,brynhild1 ! *ild borne to him 
by ! ,fir/ ,"m1 & bids h] see to x t    
,hund+ %all fall 9 ! approa*+ combat4 ,b
 he is reckon+ )\t 8 consort1 ,fricka4  
,:at w %e1 ! ,law1 say to ! lawless pair
 :o h heap$ ince/ on adult]y8 ,a h]o may
 h defi$ ! law1 & put 8 own w 9 its     
place2 b c a god hold him guiltless1 :5 
! :ole p[] ( ! gods c en=ce itself only 

by law8 ,fricka1 %udd]+ ) horror1       
outrag$ 9 e in/9ct1 comes clamor+ =     
puni%m5t4 ,wotan pleads ! g5]al         
necessity ( enc\rag+ h]oism 9 ord] to   
keep up ! ,valhalla bodygu>d2 b 8       
remon/rances only br+ ^u him torr5ts (  
reproa*es = 8 own unfai?fulness to ! law
 9 roam+ ?r\gh ! _w & begett+ w>-maid5s1
 wolf cubs1 & ! l4 ,he is hopelessly    
beat5 9 ! argum5t4 ,fricka is absolutely
 "r :5 %e decl>es t ! end+ ( ! gods     
began :5 he br\ght ?is wolf-h]o into !  
_w2 & n[1 to save _! v exi/5ce1 %e      
pitilessly dem&s 8 de/ruction4 ,wotan   
has no p[] to refuse3 x is ,fricka's    
me*anical =ce1 & n 8 ?\ght1 t really    
rules ! _w4 ,he has to recall ,brynhild2
 take back 8 =m] in/ructions2 & orda9 t 
,hund+ %all slay ! ,volsung4  ,b n[     
comes ano!r difficulty4 ,brynhild is !  
inn] ?\ght & w ( ,godhead1 ! aspiration 
f ! high life to ! high] t is its div9e 
elem5t1 & only becomes sep>at$ f x :5   
its resort to k+%ip & prie/craft = !    
sake ( temporal p[] has made x false to 

itself4 ,hi!rto1 ,brynhild1 z ,valkyrie 
or h]o *oos]1 has obey$ ,wotan          
implicitly1 tak+ h] "w z ! holie/ &     
brave/ 9 8 k+dom2 & n[ he tells h] :at  
he c\ld n tell ,fricka--:at inde$ he    
c\ld n tell to ,brynhild1 7 %e n1 z %e  
says1 8 own w--! :ole /ory ( ,alb]ic & (
 t inspiration ab\t ! rais+ up ( a h]o4 
,%e ?or\ghly approves ( ! inspiration2 b
 :5 ! /ory ends 9 ! assumption t %e too 
mu/ obey ,fricka1 & help ,fricka's      
vassal1 ,hund+1 to undo ! great "w &    
/rike ! h]o d[n1 %e = ! fir/ "t         
hesitates to accept 8 comm&4 ,9 8 fury &
 despair he ov]awes h] by ! mo/ t]rible 
?reats ( 8 ang]2 & %e submits4  ,!n     
comes ! ,volsung ,siegmund1 foll[+ 8    
si/] bride1 :o has fl$ into ! m\nta9s 9 
a revulsion ( horror at hav+ all[$      
h]self to br+ h] h]o to %ame4 ,:il/ %e  
is ly+ exhau/$ & s5seless 9 8 arms1     
,brynhild appe>s to him & solemnly w>ns 
him t he mu/ pres5tly leave ! e>? ) h]4 
,he asks :i!r he mu/ foll[ h]4 ,to      
,valhalla1 to take 8 place !re among !  

h]oes4 ,he asks1 %all he f9d 8 fa!r !re8
 ,yes4 ,%all he f9d a wife !re8 ,yes3 he
 w be wait$ on by beautiful wi%maid5s4  
,%all he meet 8 si/] !re8 ,no4 ,!n1 says
 ,siegmund1 ,i w n come ) y4  ,%e tries 
to make him und]/& t he _c help himself4
 ,be+ a h]o1 he w n be s p]suad$3 he has
 8 fa!r's sword1 & does n fe> ,hund+4 ,b
 :5 %e tells him t %e comes f 8 fa!r1 & 
t ! sword ( a god w n avail 9 ! h&s ( a 
h]o1 he accepts 8 fate1 b w %ape x ) 8  
own h&1 bo? = himself & 8 si/]1 by slay+
 h]1 & !n kill+ himself ) ! la/ /roke ( 
! sword4 ,& !reaft] he w g to ,hell1 r  
?an to ,valhalla4  ,h[ n[ c ,brynhild1  
be+ :at %e is1 *oose h] side freely 9 a 
conflict betwe5 ?is h]o & ! vassal (    
,fricka8 ,by in/9ct %e at once ?r[s     
,wotan's comm& to ! w9ds1 & bids        
,siegmund n]ve himself = ! combat )     
,hund+1 9 :i* %e pl$ges him ! protection
 ( h] %ield4 ,! horn ( ,hund+ is soon   
he>d2 & ,siegmund's spirits rise to     
fight+ pit* at once4 ,! two meet2 & !   
,valkyrie's %ield is held be=e ! h]o4 ,b

 :5 he deliv]s 8 sword-/roke at 8 foe1 !
 weapon %iv]s on ! spe> ( ,wotan1 :o    
sudd5ly appe>s betwe5 !m2 & ! fir/ ( !  
race ( h]oes falls ) ! weapon ( ! ,law's
 vassal ?r\gh 8 brea/4 ,brynhild snat*es
 ! fragm5ts ( ! brok5 sword1 & flies1   
c>ry+ (f ! woman ) h] on h] w>-horse2 & 
,wotan1 9 t]rible wra?1 slays ,hund+ ) a
 wave ( 8 h&1 & />ts 9 pursuit ( 8      
disob$i5t daught]4  ,! ,?ird ,act  ,on a
 rocky peak1 f\r ( ! ,valkyries are     
wait+ = ! re/4 ,! abs5t ones soon       
arrive1 gallop+ ?r\gh ! air ) sla9      
h]oes1 ga!r$ f ! battle-field1 hang+ ov]
 _! saddles4 ,only1 ,brynhild1 :o comes 
la/1 has = h] spoil a live woman4 ,:5 h]
 eight si/]s le>n t %e has defi$ ,wotan1
 !y d>e n help h]2 & ,brynhild has to   
r\se ,siegl9da to make an ef=t to save  
h]self1 by rem9d+ h] t %e be>s 9 h] !   
se$ ( a h]o1 & mu/ face ev]y?+1 endure  
any?+1 soon] ?an let t se$ misc>ry4     
,siegl9da1 9 a transport ( exaltation1  
takes ! fragm5ts ( ! sword & flies into 
! =e/4 ,!n ,wotan comes2 ! si/]s fly 9  

t]ror at 8 comm&2 & he is left alone )  
,brynhild4  ,"h1 !n1 we h ! fir/ ( !    
inevitable mom5ts :i* ,wotan did n      
=esee4 ,godhead has n[ e/abli%$ its     
dom9ion ov] ! _w by a mighty ,*ur*1     
compell+ ob$i5ce ?r\gh its ally ! ,law1 
) its =midable ,/ate organization ( =ce 
( arms & cunn+ ( bra94 ,x has submitt$  
to ?is alliance to keep ! ,plutonic p[] 
9 *eck--built x up prim>ily = ! sake ( t
 s\l 9 itself :i* c>es only to make !   
highe/ bett] & ! be/ high]2 & n[ "h is t
 v s\l sep>at$ f x & work+ = !          
de/ruction ( its indisp5sable ally1 !   
lawgiv+ ,/ate4 ,h[ is ! rebel to be     
dis>m$8 ,sla9 x _c be by ,godhead1 s9ce 
x is /ill ,godhead's own v de>e/ s\l4 ,b
 hidd51 /ifl$1 sil5c$ x mu/ be2 or x w  
wreck ! ,/ate & leave ! ,*ur*           
def5seless4 ,n until x passes completely
 away f ,godhead1 & is reborn z ! s\l ( 
! h]o1 c x "w any?+ b ! confusion &     
de/ruction ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,h[ is ! _w  
to be protect$ aga9/ x 9 ! meantime8    
,cle>ly ,loki's help is ne$$ "h3 x is ! 

,lie t mu/1 on ! highe/ pr9ciples1 hide 
! ,tru?4 ,let ,loki surr\nd ?is m\nta9  
top ) ! appe>ance ( a consum+ fire2 & :o
 w d>e p5etrate to ,brynhild8 ,x is true
 t if any man w walk boldly into t fire1
 he w discov] x at once to be a lie1 an 
illusion1 a mirage ?r\gh :i* he might   
c>ry a sack ( gunp[d] )\t be+ a p5ny !  
worse4 ,!re=e let ! fire seem s t]rible 
t only ! h]o1 :5 9 ! fulness ( "t he    
appe>s ^u e>?1 w v5ture ?r\gh x2 & !    
problem is solv$4 ,wotan1 ) a break+    
he>t1 takes leave ( ,brynhild2 ?r[s h]  
into a deep sleep2 cov]s h] ) h] long   
w>%ield2 summons ,loki1 :o comes 9 !    
%ape ( a wall ( fire surr\nd+ ! m\nta9  
peak2 & turns 8 back on ,brynhild = ev]4
  ,! allegory "h is happily n s gl>+ly  
obvi\s to ! y\ng] g5]ations ( our       
educat$ classes z x 0 =ty ye>s ago4 ,9  
^? days1 any *ild :o express$ a d\bt z  
to ! absolute tru? ( ! ,*ur*'s tea*+1   
ev5 to ! ext5t ( ask+ :y ,jo%ua told !  
sun to /& /ill in/ead ( tell+ ! e>? to  
cease turn+1 or ( po9t+ out t a :ale's  

?roat w\ld h>dly h be5 l>ge en\gh to    
swall[ ,jonah1 0 unhesitat+ly told t if 
x h>b\r$ su* d\bts x w\ld sp5d all      
et]nity aft] its dea? 9 horrible torm5ts
 9 a lake ( burn+ brim/one4 ,x is       
difficult to write or read ?is n[adays  
)\t laugh+2 yet no d\bt millions (      
ignorant & cr$ul\s p are /ill tea*+ _!  
*ildr5 t4 ,:5 ,wagn] himself 0 a little 
*ild1 ! fact t hell 0 a fiction devis$ =
 ! intimidation & subjection ( ! masses1
 0 a well-kept secret ( ! ?9k+ & gov]n+ 
classes4 ,at t "t ! fires ( ,loki 7 a v 
real t]ror to all except p]sons (       
exceptional =ce ( "* & intrepidity (    
?\ght4 ,ev5 ?irty ye>s aft] ,wagn] _h   
pr9t$ ! v]ses ( ,! ,r+ = private        
circulation1 we f9d him excus+ himself f
 p]fectly explicit d5ial ( curr5t       
sup]/itions1 by rem9d+ 8 read]s t x w\ld
 expose him to prosecution4 ,9 ,engl&1 s
 _m ( our respectable vot]s are /ill    
grovell+ 9 a gloomy devil wor%ip1 ( :i* 
! fires ( ,loki are ! ma9 bulw>k1 t no  
,gov]nm5t has yet _h ! consci5ce or !   

c\rage to repeal our mon/r\s laws aga9/ 
blasphemy4     ,,siegfri$  ,siegl9da1 :5
 %e flies into ! =e/ ) ! h]o's son      
unborn 9 h] womb1 & ! brok5 pieces ( 8  
sword 9 h] h&1 f9ds %elt] 9 ! smi?y ( a 
dw>f1 :]e %e br+s =? h] *ild & dies4    
,?is dw>f is no o!r ?an ,mimmy1 ! bro!r 
( ,alb]ic1 ! same :o made = him ! magic 
helmet4 ,8 aim 9 life is to ga9         
possession ( ! helmet1 ! r+1 & !        
treasure1 & ?r\gh !m to obta9 t         
,plutonic ma/]y ( ! _w "u ! beg9n+s (   
:i* he himself wri!d dur+ ,alb]ic's     
brief reign4 ,mimmy is a bl9k+1 %ambl+1 
anci5t creature1 too weak & timid to    
dream ( tak+ arms himself to despoil    
,fafnir1 :o /ill1 trans=m$ to a mon/r\s 
s]p5t1 broods on ! gold 9 a hole 9 !    
rocks4 ,mimmy ne$s ! help ( a h]o = t2 &
 he has craft en\gh to "k t x is q      
possible1 & inde$ mu* 9 ! ord9>y way ( !
 _w1 = s5ile av>ice & craft to set y\? &
 brav]y to "w to w9 empire = x4 ,he kn[s
 ! p$igree ( ! *ild left on 8 h&s1 &    
nurses x to manhood ) great c>e4  ,8    

pa9s are too well rew>d$ = 8 com=t4 ,!  
boy ,siegfri$1 hav+ no god to in/ruct   
him 9 ! art ( unhapp9ess1 inh]its none (
 8 fa!r's ill luck1 & all 8 fa!r's      
h>dihood4 ,! fe> aga9/ :i* ,siegmund set
 8 face l fl9t1 & ! woe :i* he wore d[n1
 are unkn[n to ! son4 ,! fa!r 0 fai?ful 
& grateful3 ! son kn[s no law b 8 own   
humor2 dete/s ! ugly dw>f :o has nurs$  
him2 *afes furi\sly "u 8 claims = "s    
return = 8 t5d] c>e2 & is1 9 %ort1 a    
totally unmoral p]son1 a born an>*i/1 ! 
ideal ( ,bakoon91 an anticipation ( !   
ov]man ( ,nietzs*e4 ,he is enorm\sly    
/rong1 full ( life & fun1 dang]\s &     
de/ructive to :at he dislikes1 &        
affectionate to :at he likes2 s t x is  
=tunate t 8 likes & dislikes are sane & 
heal?y4 ,altoge!r an inspirit+ "y =e/]1 
a son ( ! morn+1 9 :om ! h]oic race has 
come out into ! sun%9e f ! cl\ds ( 8    
gr&fa!r's maje/ic entanglem5ts ) law1 & 
! night ( 8 fa!r's tragic /ruggle ) x4  
,! ,fir/ ,act  ,mimmy's smi?y is a cave1
 9 :i* he hides f ! light l ! eyeless   

fi% ( ! ,am]ican cav]ns4 ,be=e ! curta9 
rises ! music already tells u t we are  
grop+ 9 d>kness4 ,:5 x does rise ,mimmy 
is 9 difficulties4 ,he is try+ to make a
 sword = 8 nursl+1 :o is n[ big en\gh to
 take ! field aga9/ ,fafnir4 ,mimmy c   
make mis*iev\s swords2 b x is n ) dw>f  
made weapons t h]oic man w hew ! way ( 8
 own w ?r\gh religions & gov]nm5ts &    
plutocracies & all ! o!r devices ( !    
k+dom ( ! fe>s ( ! unh]oic4 ,z fa/ z    
,mimmy makes swords1 ,siegfri$ ,bakoon9 
sma%es !m1 & !n takes ! poor old        
swordsmi? by ! scruff ( ! neck & *a/ises
 him wra?fully4 ,! p>ticul> day on :i* !
 curta9 rises beg9s ) "o ( ^! try+      
dome/ic incid5ts4 ,mimmy has j done 8   
be/ ) a new sword ( surpass+ excell5ce4 
,siegfri$ returns home 9 r>e spirits ) a
 wild be>1 to ! extreme t]ror ( ! wret*$
 dw>f4 ,:5 ! be> is dismiss$1 ! new     
sword is produc$4 ,x is promptly sma%$1 
z usual1 )1 also1 ! usual effects on !  
temp] ( ,siegfri$1 :o is q b\ndless 9 8 
criticisms ( ! smi?'s boa/$ skill1 &    

decl>es t he w\ld sma% ! sword's mak]   
too if he 7 n too disgu/+ to be h&l$4   
,mimmy falls back on 8 /ock def5ce3 a   
/r+ ( maudl9 rem9d]s ( ! c>e ) :i* he   
has nurs$ ! little boy into manhood4    
,siegfri$ replies c&idly t ! /range/ ?+ 
ab\t all ?is c>e is t in/ead ( mak+ him 
grateful1 x inspires him ) a lively     
desire to wr+ ! dw>f's neck4 ,only1 he  
admits t he always comes back to 8      
,mimmy1 ?\gh he loa!s him m ?an any liv+
 ?+ 9 ! =e/4 ,on ?is admission ! dw>f   
attempts to build a !ory ( filial       
in/9ct4 ,he expla9s t he is ,siegfri$'s 
fa!r1 & t ?is is :y ,siegfri$ _c d )\t  
him4 ,b ,siegfri$ has le>n$ f 8 =e/     
companions1 ! birds & foxes & wolves1 t 
mo!rs z well z fa!rs g to ! mak+ (      
*ildr54 ,mimmy1 on ! desp]ate gr\nd t   
man is nei!r bird nor fox1 decl>es t he 
is ,siegfri$'s fa!r & "m bo?4 ,he is    
promptly d5\nc$ z a fil?y li>1 because !
 birds & foxes are exactly l _! p>5ts1  
:]eas ,siegfri$1 hav+ (t5 wat*$ 8 own   
image 9 ! wat]1 c te/ify t he is no m l 

,mimmy ?an a toad is l a tr\t4 ,!n1 to  
place ! conv]sation on a plane ( entire 
frankness1 he ?rottles ,mimmy until he  
is spee*less4 ,:5 ! dw>f recov]s1 he is 
s daunt$ t he tells ,siegfri$ ! tru?    
ab\t 8 bir?1 & = te/imony !re( produces 
! pieces ( ! sword t broke ^u ,wotan's  
spe>4 ,siegfri$ in/antly ord]s him to   
repair ! sword on pa9 ( an unm]ciful    
?ra%+1 & ru%es (f into ! =e/1 rejoic+ 9 
! discov]y t he is no k9 ( ,mimmy's1 &  
ne$ h no m to d ) him :5 ! sword is     
m5d$4  ,poor ,mimmy is n[ 9 a worse     
plight ?an ev]2 = he has long ago f\nd t
 ! sword utt]ly defies 8 skill3 ! /eel w
 yield nei!r to 8 hamm] nor to 8        
furnace4 ,j !n !re walks into 8 cave a  
,w&]]1 9 a blue mantle1 spe> 9 h&1 ) "o 
eye conceal$ by ! brim ( 8 wide hat4    
,mimmy1 n by nature hospitable1 tries to
 drive him away2 b ! ,w&]] ann\nces     
himself z a wise man1 :o c tell 8 ho/1 9
 em]g5cy1 :at x mo/ conc]ns him to "k4  
,mimmy1 tak+ ?is (f] 9 high dudgeon1    
because x implies t 8 visitor's wits are

 bett] ?an 8 own1 (f]s to tell ! wise "o
 some?+ t ,,he does n "k3 to wit1 ! way 
to ! door4 ,! imp]turbable ,w&]]'s reply
 is to sit d[n & *all5ge ! dw>f to a    
trial ( wit4 ,he wag]s 8 head aga9/     
,mimmy's t he w answ] any ?ree que/ions 
! dw>f c put to him4  ,n[ "h 7 ,mimmy's 
opportunity1 _h he only ! wit to ask :at
 he wants to "k1 in/ead ( pret5d+ to "k 
ev]y?+ already4 ,x is above all ?+s     
ne$ful to him at ?is mom5t to f9d out h[
 t sword c be m5d$2 & !re has j dropp$ 9
 ^u him 9 8 ne$ ! "o p]son :o c tell    
him4 ,9 su* circum/ances a wise man w\ld
 ha/5 to %[ to 8 visitor 8 ?ree deepe/  
ignorances1 & ask him to dispel !m4 ,!  
dw>f1 be+ a crafty fool1 desir+ only to 
detect ignorance 9 8 gue/1 asks him =   
in=mation on ! ?ree po9ts on :i* he is  
pr\de/ ( be+ ?or\ghly well in/ruct$     
himself4 ,8 ?ree que/ions are1 ,:o dwell
 "u ! e>?8 ,:o dwell on ! e>?8 & ,:o    
dwell 9 ! cl\dy heights above8 ,! ,w&]]1
 9 reply1 tells him ( ! dw>fs & (       
,alb]ic2 ( ! e>?1 & ! giants ,fasolt &  

,fafnir2 ( ! gods & ( ,wotan3 himself1 z
 ,mimmy n[ recognizes ) awe4  ,next1 x  
is ,mimmy's turn to face ?ree que/ions4 
,:at is t race1 de>e/ to ,wotan1 aga9/  
:i* ,wotan has nev]!less done 8 wor/8   
,mimmy c answ] t3 he kn[s ! ,volsungs1 !
 race ( h]oes born ( ,wotan's           
infidelities to ,fricka1 & c tell !     
,w&]] ! :ole /ory ( ! tw9s & _! son     
,siegfri$4 ,wotan complim5ts him on 8 k1
 & asks fur!r ) :at sword ,siegfri$ w   
slay ,fafnir8 ,mimmy c answ] t too3 he  
has ! :ole hi/ory ( ! sword at 8 f+]s'  
ends4 ,wotan hails him z ! kn[+e/ ( !   
kn[+1 & !n hurls at him ! "q he %\ld    
himself h ask$3 ,:o w m5d ! sword8      
,mimmy1 8 head =feit$1 confesses ) l\d  
lam5tations t he _c answ]4 ,! ,w&]]     
reads him an appropriate little lecture 
on ! folly ( be+ too clev] to ask :at he
 wants to "k1 & in=ms him t a smi? to   
:om fe> is unkn[n w m5d ,no?ung4 ,to ?is
 smi? he leaves ! =feit$ head ( 8 ho/1 &
 w&]s (f into ! =e/4 ,!n ,mimmy's n]ves 
give way completely4 ,he %akes l a man 9

 delirium trem5s1 & has a horrible      
nightm>e1 9 ! supreme convulsion ( :i*  
,siegfri$1 return+ f ! =e/1 pres5tly    
f9ds him4  ,a curi\s & amus+ conv]sation
 foll[s4 ,siegfri$ himself does n "k    
fe>1 & is impati5t to acquire x z an    
accompli%m5t4 ,mimmy is all fe>3 ! _w = 
him is a phantasmagoria ( t]rors4 ,x is 
n t he is afraid ( be+ eat5 by be>s 9 ! 
=e/1 or ( burn+ 8 f+]s 9 ! =ge fire4 ,a 
lively objection to be+ de/roy$ or maim$
 does n make a man a c[>d3 on ! contr>y1
 x is ! beg9n+ ( a brave man's wisdom4  
,b 9 ,mimmy1 fe> is n ! effect ( dang]3 
x is natural quality ( him :i* no       
security c allay4 ,he is l _m a poor    
newspap] editor1 :o d>es n pr9t ! tru?1 
h[ev] simple1 ev5 :5 x is obvi\s to     
himself & all 8 read]s4 ,n t any?+      
unpleasant w\ld happ5 to him if he      
did--n1 inde$ t he c\ld fail to become a
 di/+ui%$ & influ5tial lead] ( op9ion by
 fe>lessly pursu+ su* a c\rse1 b solely 
because he lives 9 a _w ( imag9>y       
t]rors1 root$ 9 a mode/ & g5tlemanly    

mi/ru/ ( 8 own /r5g? & wor?1 &          
consequ5tly ( ! value ( 8 op9ion4 ,j s  
is ,mimmy afraid ( any?+ t c d him any  
good1 especially ( ! light & ! fre% air4
 ,he is also conv9c$ t anybody :o is n  
suffici5tly /eep$ 9 fe> to be con/antly 
on 8 gu>d1 mu/ p]i% imm$iately on 8 fir/
 sally into ! _w4 ,to pres]ve ,siegfri$ 
= ! ent]prise to :i* he has de/9$ him he
 makes a grotesque attempt to tea* him  
fe>4 ,he appeals to 8 exp]i5ce ( !      
t]rors ( ! =e/1 ( its d>k places1 ( its 
?reat5+ noises its /eal?y ambu%es1 its  
s9i/] flick]+ lights its he>t-tight5+   
ec/asies ( dread4  ,all ?is has no o!r  
effect ?an to fill ,siegfri$ ) wond] &  
curiosity2 = ! =e/ is a place ( delight 
= him4 ,he is z eag] to exp]i5ce        
,mimmy's t]rors z a s*oolboy to feel :at
 an electric %ock is l4 ,!n ,mimmy has !
 happy idea ( describ+ ,fafnir to him z 
a likely p]son to give him an exempl>y  
fright4 ,siegfri$ jumps at ! idea1 &1   
s9ce ,mimmy _c m5d ! sword = him1       
proposes to set to "w !n & !re to m5d x 

= himself4 ,mimmy %akes 8 head1 & bids  
him see n[ h[ 8 y\?ful laz9ess &        
fr[>dness h f\nd him out--h[ he w\ld n  
le>n ! smi?'s craft f ,pr(essor ,mimmy1 
& !re=e does n "k h[ ev5 to beg9 m5d+ ! 
sword4 ,siegfri$ ,bakoon9's retort is   
simple & cru%+4 ,he po9ts out t ! net   
result ( ,mimmy's academic skill is t he
 c nei!r make a dec5t sword himself nor 
ev5 set "o to rights :5 x is damag$4    
,reckless ( ! remon/rances ( ! sc&aliz$ 
pr(essor1 he seizes a file1 & 9 a few   
mom5ts utt]ly de/roys ! fragm5ts ( !    
sword by rasp+ !m into a heap ( /eel    
fil+s4 ,!n he puts ! fil+s into a       
crucible2 buries x 9 ! coals2 & sets to 
at ! bell[s ) ! %\t+ exultation ( !     
an>*i/ :o de/roys only to cle> ! gr\nd =
 creation4 ,:5 ! /eel is melt$ he runs x
 into a m\ld2 & lo6 a sword-blade 9 !   
r\gh4 ,mimmy1 amaz$ at ! success ( ?is  
violation ( all ! rules ( 8 craft1 hails
 ,siegfri$ z ! mightie/ ( smi?s1 pr(ess+
 himself b>ely wor?y to be 8 cook &     
scullion2 & =?) proce$s to poison "s s\p

 = him s t he may murd] him safely :5   
,fafnir is sla94 ,mean:ile ,siegfri$    
=ges & temp]s & hamm]s & rivets1        
upro>i\sly s++ ! :ile z nons5sically z !
 ,rh9e maid5s !mselves4 ,f9ally he      
assails ! anvil on :i* ,mimmy's swords h
 be5 %att]$1 & cleaves x ) a mighty     
/roke ( ! newly =g$ ,no?ung4  ,! ,second
 ,act  ,9 ! d>ke/ h\r be=e ! dawn ( t   
night1 we f9d ourselves be=e ! cave (   
,fafnir1 & !re we f9d ,alb]ic1 :o c f9d 
no?+ bett] to d ) himself ?an to wat* ! 
haunt ( ! dragon1 & eat 8 he>t out 9 va9
 long+ = ! gold & ! r+4 ,! wret*$       
,fafnir1 once an hone/ giant1 c only    
make himself t]rible en\gh to keep 8    
gold by rema9+ a v5om\s reptile4 ,:y he 
%\ld n become an hone/ giant aga9 & cle>
 out ( 8 cav]n1 leav+ ! gold & ! r+ & ! 
re/ ( x = anyone fool en\gh to take !m  
at su* a price1 is ! fir/ "q t w\ld     
occur to anyone except a civiliz$ man1  
:o w\ld be too accu/om$ to t sort (     
mania to be at all surpris$ at x4  ,to  
,alb]ic 9 ! night comes ! ,w&]]1 :om !  

dw>f1 recogniz+ 8 despoil] ( old1 abuses
 z a %ameless ?ief1 taunt+ him ) !      
helpless way 9 :i* all 8 boa/$ p[] is   
ti$ up ) ! laws & b>ga9s record$ on !   
heft ( 8 spe>1 :i*1 says ,alb]ic truly1 
w\ld crumble l *aff 9 8 h&s if he d>$   
use x = 8 own real ends4 ,wotan1 hav+   
already _h to kill 8 own son ) x1 kn[s t
 v well2 b x tr\bles him no m2 = he is  
n[ at la/ ris+ to abhorr5ce ( 8 own     
artificial p[]1 & look+ to ! com+ h]o1 n
 = its consolidation b its de/ruction4  
,:5 ,alb]ic breaks out aga9 ) 8 /ill    
unqu5*$ hope ( "o day de/roy+ ! gods &  
rul+ ! _w ?r\gh ! r+1 ,wotan is no long]
 %ock$4 ,he tells ,alb]ic t ,bro!r ,mime
 approa*es ) a h]o :om ,godhead c nei!r 
help nor h9d]4 ,alb]ic may try 8 luck   
aga9/ him )\t di/urbance f ,valhalla4   
,p]haps1 he sugge/s1 if ,alb]ic w>ns    
,fafnir1 & (f]s to deal ) ! h]o = him1  
,fafnir1 may give him ! r+4 ,!y         
accord+ly wake up ! dragon1 :o          
condesc5ds to ent] into bell[+          
conv]sation1 b is pro( aga9/ _!         

proposition1 /rong 9 ! magic ( prop]ty4 
,i h & hold1 he says3 leave me to sleep4
 ,wotan1 ) a wise laugh1 turns to       
,alb]ic4 ,t %ot miss$1 he says3 no use  
abus+ me = x4 ,& n[ let me tell y "o ?+4
 ,all ?+s happ5 accord+ to _! nature2 & 
y c't alt] !m4 ,& s he leaves him       
,alb]ic1 rag+ ) ! s5se t 8 old enemy has
 be5 laugh+ at him1 & yet prophetically 
conv9c$ t ! la/ ^w w n be ) ! god1 hides
 himself z ! day breaks1 & 8 bro!r      
approa*es ) ,siegfri$4  ,mimmy makes a  
f9al attempt to fright5 ,siegfri$ by    
disc\rs+ ( ! dragon's t]rible jaws1     
poison\s brea?1 corrosive spittle1 &    
deadly1 /++ tail4 ,siegfri$ is n int]e/$
 9 ! tail3 he wants to "k :e!r ! dragon 
has a he>t1 be+ confid5t ( 8 ability to 
/ick ,no?ung into x if x exi/s4         
,reassur$ on ?is po9t1 he drives ,mimmy 
away1 & /ret*es himself "u ! trees1     
li/5+ to ! morn+ *att] ( ! birds4 ,"o ( 
!m has a great deal to say to him2 b he 
_c und]/& x2 & aft] va9ly try+ to c>ry  
on ! conv]sation ) a re$ :i* he cuts1 he

 takes to ent]ta9+ ! bird ) tunes on 8  
horn1 ask+ x to s5d him a lov+ mate su* 
z all ! o!r creatures ( ! =e/ h4 ,8     
tunes wake up ! dragon2 & ,siegfri$     
makes m]ry ov] ! grim mate ! bird has   
s5t him4 ,fafnir is highly sc&aliz$ by !
 irrev]5ce ( ! "y ,bakoon94 ,he loses 8 
temp]2 fights2 & is =?) sla91 to 8 own  
great a/oni%m5t4  ,9 su* conflicts "o   
le>ns to int]pret ! messages ( ,nature a
 little4 ,:5 ,siegfri$1 /ung by !       
dragon's vitriolic blood1 pops 8 f+]    
into 8 m\? & ta/es x1 he und]/&s :at !  
bird is say+ to him1 &1 in/ruct$ by x   
conc]n+ ! treasures )9 8 rea*1 goes into
 ! cave to secure ! gold1 ! r+ & ! wi%+ 
cap4 ,!n ,mimmy returns1 & is confront$ 
by ,alb]ic4 ,! two qu>rel furi\sly ov] !
 %>+ ( ! booty !y h n yet secur$1 until 
,siegfri$ comes f ! cave ) ! r+ & !     
helmet1 n mu* impress$ by ! heap ( gold1
 & disappo9t$ because he has n yet le>n$
 to fe>4  ,he has1 h[ev]1 le>nt to read 
! ?\ghts ( su* a creature z poor ,mimmy1
 :o1 int5d+ to ov]:elm him ) flatt]y &  

fondness1 only succe$s 9 mak+ su* a     
self-revelation ( murd]\s envy t        
,siegfri$ smites him ) ,no?ung & slays  
him1 to ! ke5 satisfaction ( ! hidd5    
,alb]ic4 ,c>+ no?+ = ! gold1 :i* he     
leaves to ! c>e ( ! sla92 disappo9t$ 9 8
 fancy = le>n+ fe>2 & long+ = a mate1 he
 ca/s himself we>ily d[n1 & aga9 appeals
 to 8 fri5d ! bird1 :o tells him ( a    
woman sleep+ on a m\nta9 peak )9 a      
=tress ( fire t only ! fe>less c        
p5etrate4 ,siegfri$ is up 9 a mom5t )   
all ! tumult ( spr+ 9 8 ve9s1 & foll[s !
 flight ( ! bird z x pilots him to !    
fi]y m\nta94  ,! ,?ird ,act  ,to ! root 
( ! m\nta9 comes also ! ,w&]]1 n[ ne>+ 8
 doom4 ,he calls up ! ,fir/ ,"m f !     
dep?s ( ! e>?1 & begs c\nsel f h]4 ,%e  
bids him conf] ) ! ,norns 7! ,fates74 ,b
 !y are ( no use to him3 :at he seeks is
 "s =ekn[l$ge ( ! way ( ! ,w 9 its      
p]petual /rife ) ^! helpless ,fates :o c
 only sp9 ! net ( circum/ance &         
environm5t r\nd ! feet ( m54 ,:y n1 says
 ,erda !n1 g to ! daught] ,i bore y1 &  

take c\nsel ) h]8 ,he has to expla9 h[  
he has cut himself (f f h]1 & set !     
fires ( ,loki betwe5 ! _w & h] c\nsel4  
,9 t case ! ,fir/ ,"m _c help him3 su* a
 sep>ation is "p ( ! bewild]m5t t is ev]
 ! fir/ outcome ( h] et]nal "w ( ?ru/+ !
 life en]gy ( ! _w to high] & high]     
organization4 ,%e c %[ him no way (     
escape f ! de/ruction he =esees4 ,!n f !
 inn]mo/ ( him breaks ! confession t he 
rejoices 9 8 doom1 & n[ himself exults 9
 pass+ away ) all 8 ord9ances &         
alliances1 ) ! spe>-sceptre :i* he has  
only wield$ on condition ( slay+ 8 de>e/
 *ildr5 ) x1 ) ! k+dom1 ! p[] & ! glory 
:i* w nev] aga9 boa/ !mselves z _w )\t  
end4 ,& s he dismisses ,erda to h] sleep
 9 ! he>t ( ! e>? z ! =e/ bird draws    
ne>1 pilot+ ! sla9 son's son to 8 goal4 
,n[ x is an excell5t ?+ to triumph 9 !  
victory ( ! new ord] & ! pass+ away ( ! 
old2 b if y happ5 to be "p ( ! old ord] 
y\rself1 y mu/ none ! less fight = y\r  
life4 ,x seems h>dly possible t !       
,briti% army at ! battle ( ,wat]loo did 

n include at lea/ "o ,engli%man         
intellig5t en\gh to hope1 = ! sake ( 8  
c\ntry & humanity1 t ,napoleon might    
defeat ! alli$ sov]eigns2 b su* an      
,engli%man w\ld kill a ,fr5* cuirassi] r
 ?an be kill$ by him j z en]getically z 
! sillie/ soldi]1 ev] enc\rag$ by p :o  
ought to "k bett]1 to call 8 ignorance1 
f]ocity & folly1 patriotism & duty4     
,outworn life may h become m]e error2 b 
x /ill claims ! "r to die a natural     
dea?1 & w raise its h& aga9/ ! mill5nium
 itself 9 self-def5ce if x tries to come
 by ! %ort cut ( murd]4 ,wotan f9ds ?is 
out :5 he comes face to face )          
,siegfri$1 :o is br\ght to a /&/ill at !
 foot ( ! m\nta9 by ! disappe>ance ( !  
bird4 ,meet+ ! ,w&]] !re1 he asks him ! 
way to ! m\nta9 :]e a woman sleeps      
surr\nd$ by fire4 ,! ,w&]] que/ions him1
 & extracts 8 /ory f him1 break+ into   
fa!rly delight :5 ,siegfri$1 describ+ ! 
m5d+ ( ! sword1 rem>ks t all he knew    
ab\t ! bus9ess 0 t ! brok5 bits (       
,no?ung w\ld be ( no use to him unless  

he made a new sword out ( !m "r ov] aga9
 f ! beg9n+4 ,b ! ,w&]]'s int]e/ is by  
no means reciprocat$ by ,siegfri$4 ,8   
maje/y & eld]ly dignity are ?r[n away on
 ! "y an>*i/1 :o1 unwill+ to wa/e "t    
talk+1 bluntly bids him ei!r %[ him !   
way to ! m\nta91 or else %ut 8 muzzle4  
,wotan is a little hurt4 ,pati5ce1 my   
lad1 he says3 if y 7 an old man ,i %\ld 
treat y ) respect4 ,t w\ld be a preci\s 
notion1 says ,siegfri$4 ,all my life    
long ,i 0 bo!r$ & hamp]$ by an old man  
until ,i swept him out ( my way4 ,i w   
sweep y 9 ! same fa%ion if y don't let  
me pass4 ,:y d y we> su* a big hat2 &   
:at has happ5$ to "o ( y\r eyes8 ,0 x   
knock$ out by somebody ^: way y         
ob/ruct$8 ,to :i* ,wotan replies        
allegorically t ! eye t is gone--! eye t
 8 m>riage ) ,fricka co/ him--is n[     
look+ at him out ( ,siegfri$'s head4 ,at
 ?is1 ,siegfri$ gives up ! ,w&]] z a    
lunatic1 & r5ews 8 ?reats ( p]sonal     
viol5ce4 ,!n ,wotan ?r[s (f ! mask ( !  
,w&]]2 uplifts ! _w-gov]n+ spe>2 & puts 

=? all 8 div9e awe & gr&eur z ! gu>dian 
( ! m\nta91 r\nd ! cre/ ( :i* ! fires ( 
,loki n[ break into a r$ backgr\nd = !  
maje/y ( ! god4 ,b all ?is is lo/ on    
,siegfri$ ,bakoon94 ,aha6 he cries1 z ! 
spe> is levell$ aga9/ 8 brea/3 ,i h f\nd
 my fa!r's foe2 & ! spe> falls 9 two    
pieces "u ! /roke ( ,no?ung4 ,up !n1    
says ,wotan3 ,i _c )hold y1 & disappe>s 
=ev] f ! eye ( man4 ,! fires roll d[n ! 
m\nta92 b ,siegfri$ goes at !m z        
exultantly z he w5t at ! =g+ ( ! sword  
or ! he>t ( ! dragon1 & %\ld]s 8 way    
?r\gh !m1 joy\sly s\nd+ 8 horn to !     
accompanim5t ( _! crackl+ & see?+4 ,&   
nev] a hair ( 8 head is s+$4 ,^?        
frightful flames :i* h sc>$ mank9d =    
c5turies f ! ,tru?1 h n heat en\gh 9 !m 
to make a *ild %ut its eyes4 ,!y are m]e
 phantasmagoria1 highly cr$itable to    
,loki's imag9ative /age-managem5t2 b    
no?+ ev] has p]i%$ or w p]i% et]nally 9 
!m except ! ,*ur*es :i* h be5 s poor &  
fai?less z to trade = _! p[] on ! lies (
 a romanc]4     ,,back ,,to ,,op]a      

,,aga9  ,& n[1 ,o ,nibelung5 ,spectator1
 pluck up2 = all allegories come to an  
end some:]e2 & ! h\r ( y\r release f ^! 
explanations is at h&4 ,! re/ ( :at y   
are go+ to see is op]a1 & no?+ b op]a4  
,be=e _m b>s h be5 play$1 ,siegfri$ & ! 
wak5$ ,brynhild1 newly become t5or &    
soprano1 w s+ a conc]t$ cad5za2 plunge  
on f t to a magnific5t love duet2 & end 
) a precipit\s allegro a capella1 driv5 
headlong to its end by ! impetu\s       
semiquav] triplets ( ! fam\s f9ales to !
 fir/ act ( ,don ,giovanni or ! coda to 
! ,leonore ov]ture1 ) a specifically    
contrapuntal !me1 po9ts d'orgue1 & a    
high ,c = ! soprano all complete4  ,:at 
is m1 ! "w :i* foll[s1 entitl$ ,night   
,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 is a ?or\gh gr&    
op]a4 ,9 x y %all see :at y h s f>      
miss$1 ! op]a *orus 9 full p>ade on !   
/age1 n presum+ to int]f]e ) ! prima    
donna z %e s+s h] dea? song ov] !       
footlights4 ,nay1 t *orus w h its own   
*ance :5 x fir/ appe>s1 ) a good ro>+   
/ra9 9 ,c major1 n1 aft] all1 s v       

diff]5t f1 or at all less absurd ?an !  
*oruses ( c\rti]s 9 ,la ,favorita or ,p]
 te imm5so giubilo 9 ,lucia4 ,! h>mony  
is no d\bt a little develop$1 ,wagn]    
augm5t+ 8 fif?s ) a ,g %>p :]e          
,donizetti w\ld h put 8 f+]s 9 8 e>s &  
scream$ = ,g natural4 ,b x is an op]a   
*orus all ! same2 & along ) x we h      
!atrical gr&iosities t recall ,mey]be] &
 ,v]di3 pezzi d'insieme = all !         
pr9cipals 9 a r[1 v5geful conjurations =
 trios ( !m1 romantic dea? song = !     
t5or3 9 %ort1 all mann] ( op]atic       
conv5tions4  ,n[ x is probable t "s ( u 
w h be5 s talk$ by ! m sup]/iti\s       
,bayreu? pilgrims into reg>d+ ,die      
,gott]damm]ung z ! mighty climax to a   
mighty epic1 m ,wagn]ian ?an all ! o!r  
?ree sections put toge!r1 z n to d>e    
notice ?is />tl+ atavism1 especially if 
we f9d ! trio-conjurations m exhil>at+  
?an ! metaphysical disc\rses ( ,wotan 9 
! ?ree true music dramas ( ,! ,r+4 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 no real atavism involv$4 ,die
 ,gott]damm]ung1 ?\gh ! la/ ( ,! ,r+    

dramas 9 ord] ( p]=mance1 0 ! fir/ 9    
ord] ( conception & 0 inde$ ! root f :i*
 all ! o!rs sprang4  ,! hi/ory ( ! matt]
 is z foll[s4 ,all ,wagn]'s works prior 
to ,! ,r+ are op]as4 ,! la/ ( !m1       
,loh5gr91 is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( mod]n  
op]as4 ,z p]=m$ 9 its entirety at       
,bayreu?1 x is ev5 m op]atic ?an x      
appe>s at ,cov5t ,g>d51 because x happ5s
 t its mo/ old-fa%ion$ features1 notably
 "s ( ! big set conc]t$ pieces =        
pr9cipals & *orus 7pezzi d'insieme z ,i 
h call$ !m above71 are h>d] to p]=m ?an 
! m mod]n & *>act]i/ically ,wagn]ian    
sections1 & = t reason 7 cut out 9      
prep>+ ! abbreviat$ fa%ionable v]sion4  
,?us ,loh5gr9 came ^u ! ord9>y op]atic  
/age z a m advanc$ dep>ture f curr5t    
op]atic models ?an its compos] _h made  
x4 ,/ill1 x is unmi/akably an op]a1 )   
*orus1 conc]t$ pieces1 gr& f9ales1 & a  
h]o9e :o1 if %e does n s+ florid        
v>iations ) flute obbligato1 is none !  
less a v p]ceptible prima donna4 ,9     
ev]y?+ b musical te*nique ! *ange f     

,loh5gr9 to ,! ,rh9e ,gold is q         
revolution>y4  ,! explanation is t      
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods came 9 betwe5
 !m1 al?\gh its music 0 n f9i%$ until   
tw5ty ye>s aft] t ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold1 &   
?us belongs to a lat] & m ma/]ful phase 
( ,wagn]'s h>monic /yle4 ,x fir/ came   
into ,wagn]'s head z an op]a to be      
entitl$ ,siegfri$'s ,dea?1 f\nd$ on !   
old ,niblung ,sagas1 :i* (f]$ to ,wagn] 
! same mat]ial = an effective !atrical  
trag$y z !y did to ,ibs54 ,ibs5's ,vik+s
 9 ,helgel& is1 9 k9d1 :at ,siegfri$'s  
,dea? 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be3 t is1 a 
h]oic piece = ! !atre1 )\t !            
metaphysical or allegorical             
complications ( ,! ,r+4 ,inde$1 !       
ultimate cata/rophe ( ! ,saga _c by any 
p]v]sion ( +5uity be adapt$ to !        
p]fectly cle> allegorical design ( ,!   
,rh9e ,gold1 ,! ,valkyries1 & ,siegfri$4
     ,,siegfri$ ,,z ,,prote/ant  ,!     
philosophically f]tile elem5t 9 !       
orig9al project ( ,siegfri$'s ,dea? 0 ! 
conception ( ,siegfri$ himself z a type 

( ! heal?y man rais$ to p]fect confid5ce
 9 8 own impulses by an int5se & joy\s  
vitality :i* is above fe>1 sickl9ess (  
consci5ce1 malice1 & ! make%ifts & moral
 crut*es ( law & ord] :i* accompany !m4 
,su* a "* appe>s extraord9>ily fasc9at+ 
& exhil>at+ to our guilty &             
consci5ce-ridd5 g5]ations1 h[ev] little 
!y may und]/& him4 ,! _w has always     
delight$ 9 ! man :o is deliv]$ f        
consci5ce4 ,f ,pun* & ,don ,juan d[n to 
,rob]t ,macaire1 ,j]emy ,diddl] & !     
pantomime cl[n1 he has always drawn l>ge
 audi5ces2 b hi!rto he has be5 decor\sly
 giv5 to ! devil at ! end4 ,inde$ et]nal
 puni%m5t is sometimes deem$ too high a 
complim5t to 8 nature4 ,:5 ! late ,"l   
,lytton1 9 8 ,/range ,/ory1 introduc$ a 
"* p]sonify+ ! joy\sness ( int5se       
vitality1 he felt b\nd to d5y him !     
immortal s\l :i* 0 at t "t conc$$ ev5 to
 ! humble/ *>act]s 9 fiction1 & to      
accept mis*iev\sness1 cruelty1 & utt]   
incapacity = sympa?y z ! inevitable     
consequ5ce ( 8 magnific5t bodily & m5tal

 heal?4  ,9 %ort1 ?\gh m5 felt all ! *>m
 ( ab\nd+ life & ab&onm5t to its        
impulses1 !y d>$ n1 9 _! deep           
self-mi/ru/1 conceive x o!rwise ?an z a 
=ce mak+ = evil--"o :i* mu/ lead to     
univ]sal ru9 unless *eck$ & lit]ally    
mortifi$ by self-r5unciation 9 ob$i5ce  
to sup]human guidance1 or at lea/ to "s 
reason$ sy/em ( morals4 ,:5 x became    
app>5t to ! clev]e/ ( !m t no su*       
sup]human guidance exi/$1 & t _!        
secul>i/ sy/ems _h all ! fictiti\sness (
 revelation )\t its poetry1 !re 0 no    
escap+ ! conclusion t all ! good t man  
_h done mu/ be put d[n to 8 arbitr>y w z
 well z all ! evil he _h done2 & x 0    
also obvi\s t if progress 7 a reality1 8
 b5efic5t impulses mu/ be ga9+ on 8     
de/ructive ones4 ,x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ^!
 ideas t we began to he> ab\t ! joy (   
life :]e we _h =m]ly he>d ab\t ! grace (
 ,god or ! ,age ( ,reason1 & t ! bolde/ 
spirits began to raise ! "q :e!r *ur*es 
& laws & ! l 7 n do+ a great deal m h>m 
?an good by _! action 9 limit+ ! fre$om 

( ! human w4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5   
belief 9 ,god & 9 revelation 0 g5]al    
?r\gh\t ,europe1 a simil> wave ( ?\ght  
l$ ! /ronge/-he>t$ peoples to affirm t e
 man's private judgm5t 0 a m tru/wor?y  
int]pret] ( ,god & revelation ?an !     
,*ur*4 ,?is 0 call$ ,prote/antism2 &    
?\gh ! ,prote/ants 7 n /rong en\gh = _! 
cre$1 & soon set up a ,*ur* ( _! own1   
yet ! movem5t1 on ! :ole1 has ju/ifi$ ! 
direction x took4 ,n[adays ! sup]natural
 elem5t 9 ,prote/antism has p]i%$2 & if 
e man's private judgm5t is /ill to be   
ju/ifi$ z ! mo/ tru/wor?y int]pret] ( ! 
w ( ,humanity 7:i* is n a m extreme     
proposition ?an ! old "o ab\t ! w (     
,god7 ,prote/antism mu/ take a fre% /ep 
9 advance1 & become ,an>*ism4 ,:i* x has
 accord+ly done1 ,an>*ism be+ "o ( !    
notable new cre$s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5?
 c5turies4  ,! weak place :i* exp]i5ce  
f9ds out 9 ! ,an>*i/ !ory is its        
reliance on ! progress already a*iev$ by
 ,man4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ,man 9 ! _w3 
:at we h to deal ) is a multitude ( m51 

"s ( !m great rascals1 "s ( !m great    
/atesm51 o!rs bo?1 ) a va/ majority     
capable ( manag+ _! p]sonal affairs1 b n
 ( compreh5d+ social organization1 or   
grappl+ ) ! problems creat$ by _!       
association 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,if ,man  
means ?is majority1 !n ,man has made no 
progress3 he has1 on ! contr>y1 resi/$  
x4 ,he w n ev5 pay ! co/ ( exi/+        
in/itutions3 ! requisite money has to be
 fil*$ f him by indirect taxation4 ,su* 
p1 l ,wagn]'s giants1 mu/ be gov]n$ by  
laws2 & _! ass5t to su* gov]nm5t mu/ be 
secur$ by delib]ately fill+ !m )        
prejudices & practic+ on _! imag9ations 
by pageantry & artificial em95ces &     
dignities4 ,! gov]nm5t is ( c\rse       
e/abli%$ by ! few :o are capable (      
gov]nm5t1 ?\gh its me*anism once        
complete1 x may be1 & g5]ally is1 c>ri$ 
on un9tellig5tly by p :o are incapable (
 x ! capable p repair+ x f "t to "t :5 x
 gets too f> beh9d ! cont9u\s advance or
 decay ( civilization4 ,all ^! capable p
 are ?us 9 ! position ( ,wotan1 =c$ to  

ma9ta9 z sacr$1 & !mselves submit to1   
laws :i* !y privately "k to be          
obsolesc5t make%ifts1 & to affect !     
deepe/ v5]ation = cre$s & ideals :i* !y 
ridicule among !mselves ) cynical       
scepticism4 ,no individual ,siegfri$ c  
rescue !m f ?is bondage & hypocrisy2 9  
fact1 ! individual ,siegfri$ has come   
(t5 en\gh1 only to f9d himself confront$
 ) ! alt]native ( gov]n+ ^? :o are n    
,siegfri$s or risk+ de/ruction at _!    
h&s4 ,& ?is dilemma w p]si/ until       
,wotan's inspiration comes to our       
gov]nors1 & !y see t _! bus9ess is n !  
devis+ ( laws & in/itutions to prop up !
 weaknesses ( mobs & secure ! survival (
 ! unfitte/1 b ! bre$+ ( m5 ^: wills &  
intellig5ces may be dep5d$ on to produce
 spontane\sly ! social well-be+ our     
clumsy laws n[ aim at & miss4 ,!        
majority ( m5 at pres5t 9 ,europe h no  
bus9ess to be alive2 & no s]i\s progress
 w be made until we address ourselves   
e>ne/ly & sci5tifically to ! task (     
produc+ tru/wor?y human mat]ial =       

society4 ,9 %ort1 x is necess>y to bre$ 
a race ( m5 9 :om ! life-giv+ impulses  
pr$om9ate1 be=e ! ,new ,prote/antism    
becomes politically practicable4 99     
99 ,! necessity = bre$+ ! gov]n+ class f
 a      select$ /ock has always be5     
recogniz$ by ,ari/ocrats1      h[ev]    
errone\s _! me?ods ( selection4 ,we h   
*ang$ our sy/em f ,ari/ocracy to        
,democracy )\t      consid]+ t we 7 at !
 same "t *ang+1 z      reg>ds our gov]n+
 class1 f ,selection to ,promiscuity4   
,^? :o h tak5 a practical "p 9 mod]n    
politics      be/ "k h[ f>cical ! result
 is4   ,! mo/ inevitable dramatic       
conception1 !n1 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is t
 ( a p]fectly naive h]o upsett+         
religion1 law & ord] 9 all directions1 &
 e/abli%+ 9 _! place ! unfett]$ action (
 ,humanity do+ exactly :at x likes1 &   
produc+ ord] in/ead ( confusion !reby   
because x likes to d :at is necess>y = !
 good ( ! race4 ,?is conception1 already
 incipi5t 9 ,adam ,smi?'s ,weal? (      
,nations1 0 c]ta9 at la/ to rea* "s     

great arti/1 & be embodi$ by him 9 a    
ma/]piece4 ,x 0 also c]ta9 t if t ma/]  
happ5$ to be a ,g]man1 he %\ld take     
delight 9 describ+ 8 h]o z ! ,freewill] 
( ,necessity1 !reby beyond measure      
exasp]at+ ,engli%m5 ) a cong5ital       
incapacity = metaphysics4     ,,panacea 
,,quack]y1 ,,o!rwise ,,idealism         
,un=tunately1 human enlight5m5t does n  
progress by nic] & nic] adju/m5ts1 b by 
viol5t corrective reactions :i*         
inv>iably s5d u clean ov] our saddle &  
w\ld br+ u to ! gr\nd on ! o!r side if !
 next reaction did n s5d u back aga9 )  
equally excessive zeal4 ,ecclesia/icism 
& ,con/itutionalism s5d u "o way1       
,prote/antism & ,an>*ism ! o!r2 ,ord]   
rescues u f confusion & l&s u 9         
,tyranny2 ,lib]ty !n saves ! situation &
 is pres5tly f\nd to be z great a       
nuisance z ,despotism4 ,a sci5tifically 
balanc$ application ( ^! =ces1          
!oretically possible1 is practically    
incompatible ) human passion4 ,besides1 
we h ! same weakness 9 morals z 9       

m$ic9e3 we _c be cur$ ( runn+ aft]      
panaceas1 or1 z !y are call$ 9 ! sph]e (
 morals1 ideals4 ,"o g5]ation sets up   
duty1 r5unciation1 self-sacrifice z a   
panacea4 ,! next g5]ation1 especially ! 
wom51 wake up at ! age ( =ty or !reab\ts
 to ! fact t _! lives h be5 wa/$ 9 !    
wor%ip ( ?is ideal1 &1 :at is /ill m    
aggravat+1 t ! eld]s :o impos$ x on !m  
did s 9 a fit ( satiety ) _! own        
exp]im5ts 9 ! o!r direction4 ,!n t      
defraud$ g5]ation foams at ! m\? at ! v 
m5tion ( duty1 & sets up ! alt]native   
panacea ( love1 _! deprivation ( :i*    
seems to !m to h be5 ! mo/ cruel &      
mis*iev\s feature ( _! slav]y to duty4  
,x is useless to w>n !m t ?is reaction1 
if prescrib$ z a panacea1 w prove z     
great a failure z all ! o!r reactions h 
done2 = !y d n recognize its id5tity )  
any reaction t ev] occurr$ be=e4 ,take =
 in/ance ! hackney$ hi/oric example ( ! 
au/]ity ( ! ,commonweal? be+ foll[$ by !
 lic5ce ( ! ,re/oration4 ,y _c p]suade  
any moral en?usia/ to accept ?is z a    

pure oscillation f action to reaction4  
,if he is a ,puritan he looks ^u !      
,re/oration z a national disa/]3 if he  
is an arti/ he reg>ds x z ! salvation ( 
! c\ntry f gloom1 devil wor%ip &        
/>vation ( ! affections4 ,! ,puritan is 
ready to try ! ,commonweal? aga9 ) a few
 mod]n improvem5ts3 ! ,amateur is       
equally ready to try ! ,re/oration )    
mod]n enlight5m5ts4 ,& s = ! pres5t we  
mu/ be cont5t to proce$ by reactions1   
hop+ t ea* w e/abli% "s p]man5tly       
practical & b5eficial re=m or moral     
habit t w survive ! correction ( its    
excesses by ! next reaction4            
,,dramatic ,,orig9 ,,( ,,wotan  ,we c n[
 see h[ a s+le drama 9 :i* ,wotan does n
 appe>1 & ( :i* ,siegfri$ is ! h]o1     
exp&$ itself into a great f\rfold drama 
( :i* ,wotan is ! h]o4 ,y _c dramatize a
 reaction by p]sonify+ ! react+ =ce     
only1 any m ?an ,ar*im$es c\ld lift ! _w
 )\t a fulcrum = 8 lev]4 ,y mu/ also    
p]sonify ! e/abli%$ p[] aga9/ :i* ! new 
=ce is react+2 & 9 ! conflict betwe5 !m 

y get y\r drama1 conflict be+ ! ess5tial
 +r$i5t 9 all drama4 ,siegfri$1 z ! h]o 
( ,die ,gott]damm]ung1 is only ! primo  
t5ore robu/o ( an op]a book1 def]r+ 8   
dea?1 aft] he has be5 /abb$ 9 ! la/ act1
 to s+ raptur\s love /ra9s to ! h]o9e   
exactly l ,edg>do 9 ,donizetti's ,lucia4
 ,9 ord] to make him intelligible 9 !   
wid] significance :i* 8 joy\s1 fe>less1 
consci5celess h]oism soon assum$ 9      
,wagn]'s imag9ation1 x 0 necess>y to    
provide him ) a mu* va/] dramatic       
antagoni/ ?an ! op]atic villa9 ,hag54   
,h5ce ,wagn] _h to create ,wotan z !    
anvil = ,siegfri$'s hamm]2 & s9ce !re 0 
no room = ,wotan 9 ! orig9al op]a book1 
,wagn] _h to "w back to a prelim9>y     
drama rea*+ prim>ily to ! v beg9n+s (   
human society4 ,& s9ce1 on ?is          
_w-embrac+ scale1 x 0 cle> t ,siegfri$  
mu/ come into conflict ) _m bas] &      
/upid] =ces ?an ^? l(ty ones (          
sup]natural religion & political        
con/itutionalism typifi$ by ,wotan & 8  
wife ,fricka1 ^! m9or antagoni/s _h to  

be dramatiz$ also 9 ! p]sons ( ,alb]ic1 
,mime1 ,fafnir1 ,loki1 & ! re/4 ,none ( 
^! appe> 9 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods   
save ,alb]ic1 ^: weird dream-colloquy ) 
,hag51 effective z x is1 is z purely    
!atrical z ! sc5e ( ! ,gho/ 9 ,hamlet1  
or ! /atue 9 ,don ,giovanni4 ,cut !     
conf]5ce ( ! ,norns & ! visit (         
,valtrauta to ,brynhild out ( ,night    
,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 & ! drama rema9s   
coh]5t & complete )\t !m4 ,reta9 !m1 & !
 play becomes connect$ by conv]sational 
ref]5ces ) ! ?ree music dramas2 b !     
connection e/abli%es no philosophic     
coh]5ce1 no real id5tity betwe5 !       
op]atic ,brynhild ( ! ,gibi*ung episode 
7pres5tly to be relat$7 & ! daught] (   
,wotan & ! ,fir/ ,"m4     ,,! ,,love    
,,panacea  ,we %all n[ f9d t at ! po9t  
:]e ,! ,r+ *anges f music drama into    
op]a1 x also ceases to be philosophic1 &
 becomes didactic4 ,! philosophic "p is 
a dramatic symbol ( ! _w z ,wagn] obs]v$
 x4 ,9 ! didactic "p ! philosophy       
deg5]ates into ! prescription ( a       

romantic no/rum = all human ills4       
,wagn]1 only mortal aft] all1 succumb$  
to ! panacea mania :5 8 philosophy 0    
exhau/$1 l any ( ! re/ ( u4  ,! panacea 
is by no means an orig9al "o4 ,wagn] 0  
anticipat$ 9 ! ye> #ahai by a "y c\ntry 
g5tleman f ,sussex nam$ ,%elley1 9 a "w 
( extraord9>y arti/ic p[] & spl5dor4    
,prome!us ,unb\nd is an ,engli% attempt 
at a ,r+2 & :5 x is tak5 into acc\nt t !
 au?or 0 only #bg :]eas ,wagn] 0 #dj :5 
he complet$ ! poem ( ,! ,r+1 our vulg>  
patriotism may f9d an envi\s            
satisfaction 9 insi/+ ^u ! comp>ison4   
,bo? works set =? ! same conflict betwe5
 humanity & its gods & gov]nm5ts1 issu+ 
9 ! r$emption ( man f _! tyranny by !   
gr[? ( 8 w into p]fect /r5g? &          
self-confid5ce2 & bo? f9i% by a lapse   
into panacea-mong]+ didacticism by !    
hold+ up ( ,love z ! rem$y = all evils &
 ! solv5t ( all social difficulties4  ,!
 diff]5ces betwe5 ,prome!us ,unb\nd & ,!
 ,r+ are z int]e/+ z ! lik5esses4       
,%elley1 caught 9 ! pugnacity ( 8 y\? & 

! fir/ impetuosity ( 8 prodigi\s arti/ic
 p[] by ! fir/ fi]ce attack ( ! ,new    
,re=mation1 gave no qu>t] to ! antagoni/
 ( 8 h]o4 ,8 ,wotan1 :om he calls       
,jupit]1 is ! almighty fi5d into :om !  
,engli%man's ,god _h deg5]at$ dur+ two  
c5turies ( ignorant ,bible wor%ip &     
%ameless comm]cialism4 ,he is ,alb]ic1  
,fafnir ,loki & ! ambiti\s side ( ,wotan
 all roll$ into "o melodramatic demon :o
 is f9ally torn f 8 ?rone & hurl$ %riek+
 into ! abyss by a _s repres5t+ t       
conception ( ,et]nal ,law :i* has be5   
replac$ s9ce by ! conception (          
,evolution4 ,wagn]1 an old]1 m exp]i5c$ 
man ?an ! ,%elley ( #ahai1 und]/ood     
,wotan & p>don$ him1 sep>at+ him t5d]ly 
f all ! compromis+ alliances to :i*     
,%elley fi]cely held him2 mak+ ! tru? & 
h]oism :i* ov]?r[ him ! *ildr5 ( 8 inmo/
 he>t2 & repres5t+ him z f9ally         
acquiesc+ 9 & work+ = 8 own sup]session 
& annihilation4 ,%elley1 9 8 lat] works1
 is se5 progress+ t[>ds ! same tol]ance1
 ju/ice1 & humility ( _s1 z he advanc$  

t[>ds ! middle age he nev] rea*$4 ,b !re
 is no progress f ,%elley to ,wagn] z   
reg>ds ! panacea1 except t 9 ,wagn] !re 
is a c]ta9 %ad[ ( night & dea? come on  
x3 nay1 ev5 a cle> op9ion t ! supreme   
good ( love is t x s completely         
satisfies ! desire = life1 t aft] x ! ,w
 to ,live ceases to tr\ble u1 & we are  
at la/ cont5t to a*ieve ! highe/        
happ9ess ( dea?4  ,?is r$uction ( !     
panacea to absurdity 0 n =c$ ^u ,%elley1
 because ! love :i* acts z a univ]sal   
solv5t 9 8 ,prome!us ,unb\nd is a       
s5tim5t ( affectionate b5evol5ce :i* has
 no?+ to d ) sexual passion4 ,x might1 &
 9 fact does exi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( any      
sexual int]e/ :atev]4 ,! words m]cy &   
k9dness connote x less ambigu\sly ?an ! 
^w love4 ,b ,wagn] s\ght always = "s    
po9t ( contact betwe5 8 ideas & !       
physical s5ses1 s t p might n only ?9k  
or imag9e !m 9 ! eighte5? c5tury fa%ion1
 b see !m on ! /age1 he> !m f ! or*e/ra1
 & feel !m ?r\gh ! infection (          
passionate emotion4 ,dr4 ,johnson kick+ 

! /one to confute ,b]keley is n m b5t on
 common-s5se concret5ess ?an ,wagn]3 on 
all occasions he insi/s on ! ne$ =      
s5su\s appreh5sion to give reality to   
ab/ract compreh5sion1 ma9ta9+1 9 fact1 t
 reality has no o!r mean+4 ,n[ he c\ld  
apply ?is process to poetic love only by
 foll[+ x back to its alleg$ orig9 9    
sexual passion1 ! emotional ph5om5a (   
:i* he has express$ 9 music ) a         
frankness & =cible naturalism :i* w\ld  
possibly h sc&aliz$ ,%elley4 ,! love    
duet 9 ! fir/ act ( ,! ,valkyries is    
br\ght to a po9t at :i* ! conv5tions (  
our society dem& ! precipitate fall ( ! 
curta92 :il/ ! prelude to ,tri/an &     
,isolde is su* an a/oni%+ly int5se &    
fai?ful translation into music ( !      
emotions :i* accompany ! union ( a pair 
( lov]s1 t x is que/ionable :e!r ! great
 popul>ity ( ?is piece at our or*e/ral  
conc]ts really means t our audi5ces are 
entirely ca?olic 9 _! respect = life 9  
all its b5efic5tly creative functions1  
or :e!r !y simply enjoy ! music )\t     

und]/&+ x4  ,b h[ev] (f5sive & inhuman  
may be ! sup]/ition :i* br&s su*        
exaltations ( natural passion z %ameful 
& indecor\s1 !re is at lea/ z mu* common
 s5se 9 disp>ag+ love z 9 sett+ x up z a
 panacea4 ,ev5 ! m]cy & lov+-k9dness (  
,%elley d n hold good z a univ]sal law (
 conduct3 ,%elley himself makes         
extremely %ort "w ( ,jupit]1 j z        
,siegfri$ does ( ,fafnir1 ,mime1 &      
,wotan2 & ! fact t ,prome!us is sav$ f  
do+ ! de/ructive "p ( 8 "w by !         
int]v5tion ( t v nebul\s p]sonification 
( ,et]nity call$ ,demogorgon1 does n 9 !
 lea/ save ! situation1 because1 flatly1
 !re is no su* p]son z ,demogorgon1 & if
 ,prome!us does n pull d[n ,jupit]      
himself1 no "o else w4 ,x w\ld be       
exasp]at+1 if x 7 n s funny1 to see ^!  
poets lead+ _! h]oes ?r\gh blood &      
de/ruction to ! conclusion t1 z ,br[n+'s
 ,david puts x 7,david ( all p671 ,all's
 ,love2 yet all's ,law4  ,c]ta9ly x is  
cle> en\gh t su* love z t impli$ by     
,siegfri$'s fir/ ta/e ( fe> z he cuts   

?r\gh ! mail$ coat ( ! sleep+ figure on 
! m\nta91 & discov]s t x is a woman2 by 
h] fi]ce revolt aga9/ be+ t\*$ by him :5
 8 t]ror gives way to ardor2 by 8 manly 
transports ( victory2 & by ! womanly    
mixture ( rapture & horror ) :i* %e     
ab&ons h]self to ! passion :i* has seiz$
 on !m bo?1 is an exp]i5ce :i* x is mu* 
bett]1 l ! va/ majority ( u1 nev] to h  
pass$ ?r\gh1 ?an to all[ x to play m ?an
 a recreative holiday "p 9 our lives4 ,x
 did n play a v l>ge "p 9 ,wagn]'s own  
labori\s life1 & does n occupy m ?an two
 sc5es ( ,! ,r+4 ,tri/an & ,isolde1     
:olly devot$ to x1 is a poem (          
de/ruction & dea?4 ,! ,ma/]s+]s1 a "w   
full ( heal?1 fun & happ9ess1 conta9s n 
a s+le b> ( love music t c be describ$ z
 passionate3 ! h]o ( x is a wid[] :o    
cobbles %oes1 writes v]ses1 & cont5ts   
himself ) look+ on at ! swee!>t+s ( 8   
cu/om]s4 ,p>sifal makes an end ( x      
altoge!r4 ,! tru? is t ! love panacea 9 
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods & 9 ! la/ act
 ( ,siegfri$ is a survival ( ! fir/     

crude op]atic conception ( ! /ory1      
modifi$ by an anticipation ( ,wagn]'s   
lat]1 ?\gh n late/1 conception ( love z 
! fulfill] ( our ,w to ,live &          
consequ5tly our reconcil] to night &    
dea?4     ,,n ,,love1 ,,b ,,life  ,!    
only fai? :i* any reasonable disciple c 
ga9 f ,! ,r+ is n 9 love1 b 9 life      
itself z a tireless p[] :i* is          
cont9ually driv+ onw>d & upw>d--n1      
please obs]ve1 be+ beckon$ or drawn by  
,das ,ewig ,weibli*e or any o!r ext]nal 
s5tim5tality1 b gr[+ f )91 by its own   
inexplicable en]gy1 into ev] high] &    
high] =ms ( organization1 ! /r5g?s & !  
ne$s ( :i* are cont9ually sup]s$+ !     
in/itutions :i* 7 made to fit our =m]   
requirem5ts4 ,:5 y\r ,bakoon9s call out 
= ! demolition ( all ^! v5]able         
in/itutions1 !re is no ne$ to fly into a
 panic & lock !m up 9 prison :il/ y\r   
p>liam5t is bit by bit do+ exactly :at  
!y advis$ y to d4 ,:5 y\r ,siegfri$s    
melt d[n ! old weapons into new ones1 & 
) disrespectful words *op 9 twa9 !      

antiquat$ con/able's /aves 9 ! h&s ( _! 
eld]s1 ! end ( ! _w is no ne>] ?an x 0  
be=e4 ,if human nature1 :i* is ! highe/ 
organization ( life rea*$ on ?is planet1
 is really deg5]at+1 !n human society w 
decay2 & no panic-begott5 p5al measures 
c possibly save x3 we mu/1 l ,prome!us1 
set to "w to make new m5 in/ead ( va9ly 
tortur+ old ones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !    
en]gy ( life is /ill c>ry+ human nature 
to high] & high] levels1 !n ! m "y p    
%ock _! eld]s & d]ide & disc>d _! pet   
in/itutions ! bett] = ! hopes ( ! _w1   
s9ce ! app>5t gr[? ( an>*y is only !    
measure ( ! rate ( improvem5t4 ,hi/ory1 
z f> z we are capable ( hi/ory 7:i* is n
 say+ mu* z yet71 %[s t all *anges f    
crudity ( social organization to        
complexity1 & f me*anical ag5cies 9     
gov]nm5t to liv+ ones1 seem an>*ic at   
fir/ sight4 ,no d\bt x is natural to a  
snail to ?9k t any evolution :i* ?reat5s
 to d away ) %ells w result 9 g5]al dea?
 f exposure4 ,nev]!less1 ! mo/          
elaborately h\s$ be+s today are born n  

only )\t h\ses on _! backs b )\t ev5 fur
 or fea!rs to clo! !m4     ,,an>*ism    
,,no ,,panacea  ,"o ^w ( w>n+ to ^? :o  
may f9d !mselves attract$ by ,siegfri$'s
 ,an>*ism1 or1 if !y pref] a t]m ) m    
respectable associations1 8             
neo-,prote/antism4 ,an>*ism1 z a        
panacea1 is j z hopeless z any o!r      
panacea1 & w /ill be s ev5 if we bre$ a 
race ( p]fectly b5evol5t m54 ,x is true 
t 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 ,an>*ism is an     
inevitable condition ( progressive      
evolution4 ,a nation )\t ,free?9k]s--t  
is1 )\t intellectual ,an>*i/s--w %>e !  
fate ( ,*9a4 ,x is also true t our      
crim9al law1 bas$ on a conception (     
crime & puni%m5t :i* is no?+ b our      
v9dictiv5ess & cruelty 9 a virtu\s      
disguise1 is an unmitigat$ & abom9able  
nuisance1 b\nd to be beat5 out ( u      
f9ally by ! m]e weight ( our exp]i5ce ( 
its evil & uselessness4 ,b x w n be     
replac$ by an>*y4 ,appli$ to ! indu/rial
 or political ma*9]y ( mod]n society1   
an>*y mu/ always r$uce itself spe$ily to

 absurdity4 ,ev5 ! modifi$ =m ( an>*y on
 :i* mod]n civilization is bas$3 t is1 !
 ab&onm5t ( indu/ry1 9 ! "n ( individual
 lib]ty1 to ! up%ot ( competition =     
p]sonal ga9 betwe5 private capitali/s1  
is a disa/r\s failure1 & is1 by ! m]e   
necessities ( ! case1 giv+ way to ord]$ 
,socialism4 ,= ! economic rationale (   
?is1 ,i mu/ ref] disciples ( ,siegfri$  
to a tract f my h& publi%$ by ! ,fabian 
,society & entitl$ ,! ,impossibilities (
 ,an>*ism1 :i* expla9s :y1 ow+ to !     
physical con/itution ( our globe1       
society _c effectively organize !       
production ( its food1 clo!s & h\s+1 nor
 di/ribute !m fairly & economically on  
any an>*ic plan3 nay1 t )\t conc]t+ our 
social action to a mu* high] degree ?an 
we d at pres5t we c nev] get rid ( !    
wa/eful & iniquit\s welt] ( a little    
ri*es & a deal ( pov]ty :i* curr5t      
political humbug calls our prosp]ity &  
civilization4 ,lib]ty is an excell5t ?+2
 b x _c beg9 until society has paid its 
daily debt to ,nature by fir/ e>n+ its  

liv+4 ,!re is no lib]ty be=e t except ! 
lib]ty to live at somebody else's       
exp5se1 a lib]ty mu* s\ght aft] n[adays1
 s9ce x is ! crit]ion ( g5tility1 b n   
:olesome f ! po9t ( view ( ! common     
weal4     ,,siegfri$ ,,conclud$  ,9     
return+ n[ to ! adv5tures ( ,siegfri$   
!re is little m to be describ$ except ! 
f9ale ( an op]a4 ,siegfri$1 hav+ pass$  
unh>m$ ?r\gh ! fire1 wakes ,brynhild &  
goes ?r\gh all ! fancies & ec/asies (   
love at fir/ sight 9 a duet :i* ends )  
an apo/rophe to leu*t5de ,liebe1 la*5d] 
,tod61 :i* has be5 romantically         
translat$ into ,love t illum9es1 laugh+ 
at ,dea?1 :]eas x really id5tifies      
enlight5+ love & laugh+ dea? z involv+  
ea* o!r s closely z to be usually "o & !
 same ?+4     ,,night ,,falls ,,on ,,!  
,,gods  ,,prologue  ,die ,gott]damm]ung 
beg9s ) an elaborate prologue4 ,! ?ree  
,norns sit 9 ! night on ,brynhild's     
m\nta9 top sp9n+ _! ?read ( de/9y1 &    
tell+ ! /ory ( ,wotan's sacrifice ( 8   
eye1 & ( 8 break+ (f a b\gh f ! ,_w ,a% 

to make a heft = 8 spe>1 also h[ ! tree 
)]$ aft] suff]+ t viol5ce4 ,!y h also "s
 fre%] news to discuss4 ,wotan1 on !    
break+ ( 8 spe> by ,siegfri$1 has call$ 
all 8 h]oes to cut d[n ! )]$ ,_w ,a% &  
/ack its faggots 9 a mighty pyre ab\t   
,valhalla4 ,!n1 ) 8 brok5 spe> 9 8 h&1  
he has seat$ himself 9 /ate 9 ! great   
hall1 ) ! ,gods & ,h]oes assembl$ ab\t  
him z if 9 c\ncil1 solemnly wait+ = !   
end4 ,all ?is belongs to ! old leg5d>y  
mat]ials ) :i* ,wagn] began ,! ,r+4  ,! 
tale is brok5 by ! ?read snapp+ 9 ! h&s 
( ! ?ird ,norn2 = ! h\r has arriv$ :5   
man has tak5 8 de/9y 9 8 own h&s to %ape
 x = himself1 & no long] b[s to         
circum/ance1 environm5t1 necessity 7:i* 
he n[ freely wills71 & all ! re/ ( !    
inevitables4 ,s ! ,norns recognize t !  
_w has no fur!r use = !m1 & s9k into !  
e>? to return to ! ,fir/ ,"m4 ,!n ! day 
dawns2 & ,siegfri$ & ,brynhild come1 & h
 ano!r duet4 ,he gives h] 8 r+2 & %e    
gives him h] horse4 ,away !n he goes 9  
se>* ( m adv5tures2 & %e wat*es him f h]

 crag until he disappe>s4 ,! curta9     
falls2 b we c /ill he> ! troll+ ( 8     
horn1 & ! m]ry clatt] ( 8 horse's %oes  
trott+ gaily d[n ! valley4 ,! s\nd is   
lo/ 9 ! gr&] rhy?m ( ! ,rh9e z he rea*es
 its banks4 ,we he> aga9 an e*o ( !     
lam5t ( ! ,rh9e maid5s = ! ravi%$ gold2 
& !n1 f9ally1 a new /ra91 :i* does n    
surge l ! mighty flood ( ! riv]1 b has  
an unmi/akable tramp ( h>dy m5 & a /rong
 l& flavor ab\t x4 ,& on ?is ! op]a     
curta9 at la/ goes up--= please rememb] 
t all t has gone be=e is only ! ov]ture4
  ,! ,fir/ ,act  ,we n[ und]/& ! new    
tramp+ /ra94 ,we are 9 ! ,rh9eside hall 
( ! ,gibi*ungs1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,k+       
,gun!r1 8 si/] ,gutrune1 & ,gun!r's grim
 half bro!r ,hag51 ! villa9 ( ! piece4  
,gun!r is a fool1 & has = ,hag5's       
intellig5ce ! respect a fool always has 
= ! bra9s ( a sc\ndrel4 ,feebly fi%+ =  
complim5ts1 he appeals to ,hag5 to      
pron\nce him a f9e fell[ & a glory to ! 
race ( ,gibi*4 ,hag5 decl>es t x is     
impossible to contemplate him )\t envy1 

b ?9ks x a pity t he has n yet f\nd a   
wife glori\s en\gh = him4 ,gun!r d\bts  
:e!r s extraord9>y a p]son c possibly   
exi/4 ,hag5 !n tells him ( ,brynhild &  
h] ramp>t ( fire2 also ( ,siegfri$4     
,gun!r takes ?is r 9 bad "p1 s9ce n only
 is he afraid ( ! fire1 b ,siegfri$1    
accord+ to ,hag51 is n1 & w !re=e a*ieve
 ?is desirable mat* himself4 ,b ,hag5   
po9ts out t s9ce ,siegfri$ is rid+ ab\t 
9 que/ ( adv5tures1 he w c]ta9ly pay an 
e>ly visit to ! r5[n$ *ief ( !          
,gibi*ungs4 ,!y c !n give him a philtre 
:i* w make him fall 9 love ) ,gutrune & 
=get e o!r woman he has yet se54  ,gun!r
 is transport$ ) admiration ( ,hag5's   
cunn+ :5 he takes 9 ?is plan2 & he has  
h>dly ass5t$ to x :5 ,siegfri$1 )       
op]atic opportun5ess1 drops 9 j z ,hag5 
expect$1 & is duly drugg$ into ! he>tie/
 love = ,gutrune & total oblivion (     
,brynhild & 8 own pa/4 ,:5 ,gun!r       
decl>es 8 long+ = ! bride :o lies       
inaccessible )9 a palisade ( flame1     
,siegfri$ at once (f]s to und]take !    

adv5ture = him4 ,hag5 !n expla9s to bo? 
( !m t ,siegfri$ c1 aft] brav+ ! fire1  
appe> to ,brynhild 9 ! semblance (      
,gun!r ?r\gh ! magic ( ! wi%+ cap 7or   
,t>nhelm1 z x is call$ ?r\gh\t ,! ,r+71 
! use ( :i* ,siegfri$ n[ le>ns = ! fir/ 
"t4 ,x is ( c\rse "p ( ! b>ga9 t ,gun!r 
%all give 8 si/] to ,siegfri$ 9 m>riage4
 ,on t !y swe> blood-bro!rhood2 & at ?is
 opportunity ! old op]atic leav5 breaks 
out amus+ly 9 ,wagn]4 ,) trem5d\s       
exordium ( brass1 ! t5or & b>itone g at 
x ) a w1 %[+ (f ! p[] ( _! voices1      
foll[+ ea* o!r 9 canonic imitation1 s++ 
toge!r 9 ?irds & six?s1 & f9i%+ ) a     
lurid unison1 q 9 ! mann] ( ,ruy ,gomez 
& ,ernani1 or ,o!llo & ,iago4 ,!n )\t   
fur!r ado ,siegfri$ dep>ts on 8         
exp$ition1 tak+ ,gun!r ) him to ! foot (
 ! m\nta91 & leav+ ,hag5 to gu>d ! hall 
& s+ a v f9e solo :i* has (t5 figur$ 9 !
 programs ( ! ,ri*t] conc]ts1 expla9+ t 
8 int]e/ 9 ! affair is t ,siegfri$ w br+
 back ! ,r+1 & t he1 ,hag51 w pres5tly  
contrive to possess himself ( t ,r+ &   

become ,plutonic ma/] ( ! _w4  ,& n[ x w
 be ask$ h[ does ,hag5 "k all ab\t !    
,plutonic empire2 & :y 0 he able to tell
 ,gun!r ab\t ,brynhild & ,siegfri$1 & to
 expla9 to ,siegfri$ ! trick ( !        
,t>nhelm4 ,! explanation is t ?\gh      
,hag5's "m 0 ! "m ( ,gun!r1 8 fa!r 0 n !
 illu/ri\s ,gibi*1 b no less a p]son ?an
 our old fri5d ,alb]ic1 :o1 l ,wotan1   
has begott5 a son to d = him :at he _c d
 = himself4  ,9 ! above incid5ts1 ^?    
g5tle moraliz]s :o f9d ! s]i\s          
philosophy ( ! music dramas too t]rify+ 
= !m1 may allegorize pleas+ly on !      
philtre z ! madd5+ *alice ( passion :i*1
 once ta/$1 causes ! respectable man to 
=get 8 lawfully w$d$ wife & plunge into 
adv5tures :i* ev5tually lead him        
headlong to de/ruction4  ,we n[ come ^u 
a la/ relic ( ! trag$y ( ,wotan4        
,return+ to ,brynhild's m\nta91 we f9d  
h] visit$ by h] si/] ,valkyrie          
,valtrauta1 :o has witness$ ,wotan's    
solemn prep>ations ) t]ror4 ,%e repeats 
to ,brynhild ! acc\nt already giv5 by ! 

,norns4 ,cl++ 9 angui% to ,wotan's      
knees1 %e has he>d him mutt] t 7 ! r+   
return$ to ! daught]s ( ! deep ,rh9e1   
bo? ,gods & _w w\ld be r$eem$ f t /age  
curse (f ,alb]ic's 9 ,! ,rh9e ,gold4 ,on
 ?is %e has ru%$ on h] w>horse ?r\gh !  
air to beg ,brynhild to give ! ,rh9e    
back its r+4 ,b ?is is ask+ ,woman to   
give up love = ! sake ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4  
,%e decl>es t %e w see !m bo? p]i% fir/2
 & ,valtrauta returns to ,valhalla 9    
despair4 ,:il/ ,brynhild is wat*+ !     
c\rse ( ! black ?und]cl\d t m>ks h]     
si/]'s flight1 ! fires ( ,loki aga9     
flame high r\nd ! m\nta92 & ! horn (    
,siegfri$ is he>d z he makes 8 way ?r\gh
 !m4 ,b ! man :o n[ appe>s we>s !       
,t>nhelm3 8 voice is a /range voice3 8  
figure is ! unkn[n "o ( ! k+ ( !        
,gibi*ungs4 ,he te>s ! r+ f h] f+]1 &1  
claim+ h] z 8 wife1 drives h] into !    
cave )\t pity = h] agony ( horror1 &    
sets ,no?ung betwe5 !m 9 tok5 ( 8       
loyalty to ! fri5d he is imp]sonat+4 ,no
 explanation ( ?is highway robb]y ( ! r+

 is (f]$4 ,cle>ly1 ?is ,siegfri$ is n ! 
,siegfri$ ( ! previ\s drama4  ,! ,second
 ,act  ,9 ! second act we return to !   
hall ( ,gibi*1 :]e ,hag51 9 ! la/ h\rs (
 t night1 /ill sits1 8 spe> 9 8 h&1 & 8 
%ield beside him4 ,at 8 knees cr\*es a  
dw>fi% spectre1 8 fa!r ,alb]ic1 /ill    
full ( 8 old grievances aga9/ ,wotan1 & 
urg+ 8 son 9 8 dreams to w9 back ! r+ = 
him4 ,?is ,hag5 swe>s to d2 & z !       
app>ition ( 8 fa!r vani%es1 ! sun rises 
& ,siegfri$ sudd5ly comes f ! riv] bank 
tuck+ into 8 belt ! ,t>nhelm1 :i* has   
transport$ him f ! m\nta9 l ! en*ant$   
c>pet ( ! ,arabian tales4 ,he describes 
8 adv5tures to ,gutrune until ,gun!r's  
boat is se5 approa*+1 :5 ,hag5 seizes a 
c[horn & calls ! tribesm5 to welcome _! 
*ief & 8 bride4 ,x is mo/ exhil>at+1 ?is
 colloquy ) ! />tl$ & ha/ily arm$ clan1 
end+ ) a ?und]+ *orus1 ! drums m>k+ ! "t
 ) mighty pulses f dom9ant to tonic1 mu*
 z ,ross9i w\ld h made !m d if he _h be5
 a pupil ( ,bee?ov5's4  ,a t]rible sc5e 
foll[s4 ,gun!r leads 8 captive bride    

/raight into ! pres5ce ( ,siegfri$1 :om 
%e claims z h] husb& by ! r+1 :i* %e is 
a/oni%$ to see on 8 f+]3 ,gun!r1 z %e   
supposes1 hav+ torn x f h] ! night be=e4
 ,turn+ on ,gun!r1 %e says ,s9ce y took 
t r+ f me1 & m>ri$ me ) x1 tell him (   
y\r "r to x2 & make him give x back to  
y4 ,gun!r /amm]s1 ,! r+6 ,i gave him no 
r+--er--d y "k him8 ,! rejo9d] is       
obvi\s4 ,!n :]e are y hid+ ! r+ t y _h f
 me8 ,gun!r's confusion enlight5s h]2 & 
%e calls ,siegfri$ trick/] & ?ief to 8  
face4 ,9 va9 he decl>es t he got ! r+ f 
no woman1 b f a dragon :om he slew2 = he
 is manife/ly puzzl$2 & %e1 seiz+ h]    
opportunity1 accuses him be=e ! clan (  
hav+ play$ ,gun!r false ) h]4  ,h]eupon 
we h ano!r gr&iose op]atic oa?1         
,siegfri$ atte/+ 8 innoc5ce on ,hag5's  
spe>1 & ,brynhild ru%+ to ! footlights &
 ?ru/+ him aside to atte/ 8 guilt1 :il/ 
! clansm5 call ^u _! gods to s5d d[n    
lightn+s & sil5ce ! p]jur$4 ,! gods d n 
respond2 & ,siegfri$1 aft] :isp]+ to    
,gun!r t ! ,t>nhelm seems to h be5 only 

half effectual aft] all1 laughs 8 way   
out ( ! g5]al emb>rassm5t & goes (f     
m]rily to prep>e = 8 w$d+1 ) 8 arm r\nd 
,gutrune's wai/1 foll[$ by ! clan4      
,gun!r1 ,hag5 & ,brynhild are left      
toge!r to plot op]atic v5geance4        
,brynhild1 x appe>s1 has en*ant$        
,siegfri$ 9 su* a fa%ion t no weapon c  
hurt him4 ,%e has1 h[ev]1 omitt$ to     
protect 8 back1 s9ce x is impossible t  
he %\ld ev] turn t to a foe4 ,!y agree  
accord+ly t on ! morr[ a great hunt %all
 take place1 at :i* ,hag5 %all ?ru/ 8   
spe> into ! h]o's vuln]able back4 ,!    
blame is to be laid on ! tusk ( a wild  
bo>4 ,gun!r1 be+ a fool1 is remorseful  
ab\t 8 oa? ( blood-bro!rhood & ab\t 8   
si/]'s b]eavem5t1 )\t hav+ ! /r5g? ( m9d
 to prev5t ! murd]4 ,! ?ree bur/ into a 
h]culean trio1 simil> 9 conception to t 
( ! ?ree conspirators 9 ,un ,ballo 9    
,mas*]a2 & ! act concludes ) a joy\s    
/ra9 h]ald+ ! appe>ance ( ,siegfri$'s   
w$d+ procession1 ) /rew+ ( fl[]s1       
sacrific+ to ! gods1 & c>ry+ bride &    

bridegroom 9 triumph4  ,x w be se5 t 9  
?is act we h lo/ all connection ) !     
e>li] drama4 ,brynhild is n only n !    
,brynhild ( ,! ,valkyries1 %e is !      
,hiordis ( ,ibs51 a maje/ically savage  
woman1 9 :om jeal\sy & rev5ge are       
int5sifi$ to h]oic proportions4 ,t is ! 
inevitable !atrical treatm5t ( ! murd]\s
 h]o9e ( ! ,saga4 ,ibs5's aim 9 ,!      
,vik+s 0 purely !atrical1 & n1 z 9 8    
lat] dramas1 also philosophically       
symbolic4 ,wagn]'s aim 9 ,siegfri$'s    
,dea? 0 equally !atrical1 & n1 z x      
aft]w>ds became 9 ! dramas ( :i*        
,siegfri$'s antagoni/ ,wotan is ! h]o1  
likewise philosophically symbolic4 ,!   
two ma/]-dramati/s !re=e produce        
practically ! same v]sion ( ,brynhild4  
,?us on ! second ev5+ ( ,! ,r+ we see   
,brynhild 9 ! "* ( ! tru?-div9+ in/9ct 9
 religion1 ca/ into an en*ant$ slumb] & 
surr\nd$ by ! fires ( hell le/ %e %\ld  
ov]?r[ a ,*ur* corrupt$ by its alliance 
) gov]nm5t4 ,on ! f\r? ev5+1 we f9d h]  
swe>+ a malici\s lie to gratify h]      

p]sonal jeal\sy1 & !n plott+ a trea*]\s 
murd] ) a fool & a sc\ndrel4 ,9 !       
orig9al draft ( ,siegfri$'s ,dea?1 !    
incongruity is c>ri$ /ill fur!r by !    
conclusion1 at :i* ! dead ,brynhild1    
re/or$ to h] godhead by ,wotan1 & aga9 a
 ,valkyrie1 c>ries ! sla9 ,siegfri$ to  
,valhalla to live !re happily ev] aft] )
 its pi\s h]oes4  ,z to ,siegfri$       
himself1 he talks ( wom51 bo? 9 ?is     
second act & ! next1 ) ! air ( a man ( !
 _w4 ,_! tantrums1 he says1 are soon    
ov]4 ,su* spee*es d n belong to ! novice
 ( ! prec$+ drama1 b to ! orig9al       
,siegfri$'s ,tod1 ) its lead+ *>act]s   
sket*$ on ! ord9>y romantic l9es f ! old
 ,sagas1 & n yet rem9t$ z ! orig9al     
creations ( ,wagn]'s g5ius ^:           
acqua9tance we h made on ! two previ\s  
ev5+s4 ,! v title ,siegfri$'s ,dea?     
survives z a /rong !atrical po9t 9 !    
foll[+ passage4 ,gun!r1 9 8 rage &      
despair1 cries1 ,save me1 ,hag53 save my
 honor & ?y "m's :o bore u bo?4 ,no?+ c 
save !e1 replies ,hag53 nei!r bra9 nor  

h&1 b ,,siegfri$',s ,,dea?4 ,& ,gun!r   
e*oes ) a %udd]1 ,,siegfri$',s ,,dea?6  
,a ,,wagn]ian ,,newspap] ,,controv]sy   
,! devotion :i* ,wagn]'s "w inspires has
 be5 illu/rat$ lately 9 a public        
correspond5ce on ?is v po9t4 ,a writ] 9 
,! ,daily ,telegraph hav+ comm5t$ on !  
falsehood utt]$ by ,brynhild 9 accus+   
,siegfri$ ( hav+ betray$ ,gun!r ) h]1 a 
correspond5ce 9 def5ce ( ! belov$ h]o9e 
0 op5$ 9 ,! ,daily ,*ronicle4 ,!        
imputation ( falsehood to ,brynhild 0   
/rongly res5t$ & combat$1 9 spite ( !   
unansw]able evid5ce ( ! text4 ,x 0      
cont5d$ t ,brynhild's /atem5t mu/ be    
tak5 z e/abli%+ ! fact t %e actually 0  
ravi%$ by somebody :om %e believ$ to be 
,siegfri$1 & t s9ce ?is somebody _c h   
be5 ,siegfri$1 he be+ z incapable (     
trea*]y to ,gun!r z %e ( falsehood1 x   
mu/ h be5 ,gun!r himself aft] a second  
ex*ange ( p]sonalities n m5tion$ 9 !    
text4 ,! reply to ?is--if s obvi\sly    
desp]ate a hypo!sis ne$s a reply--is t !
 text is p]fectly explicit z to         

,siegfri$1 disguis$ z ,gun!r1 pass+ !   
night ) ,brynhild ) ,no?ung divid+ !m1 &
 9 ! morn+ br++ h] d[n ! m\nta9 ,,?r\gh 
,,! ,,fire 7an impassable ob/acle to    
,gun!r7 & !re transport+ himself 9 a    
s+le brea?1 by ! ,t>nhelm's magic1 back 
to ! hall ( ! ,gibi*ungs1 leav+ ! real  
,gun!r to br+ ,brynhild d[n ! riv] aft] 
him4 ,"o controv]siali/ actually plead$ 
= ! exp$ition occupy+ two nights1 on !  
second ( :i* ! alleg$ outrage might h   
tak5 place4 ,b ! "t is acc\nt$ = to !   
la/ m9ute3 x all takes place dur+ ! s+le
 night wat* ( ,hag54 ,!re is no possible
 way out ( ! pla9 fact t ,brynhild's    
accusation is to h] own k false2 & !    
impossible ways j cit$ are only int]e/+ 
z examples ( ! fanatical wor%ip :i*     
,wagn] & 8 creations h be5 able to      
inspire 9 m9ds ( exceptional p[] &      
culture4  ,m plausible 0 ! l9e tak5 by  
^? :o admitt$ ! falsehood4 ,_! cont5tion
 0 t :5 ,wotan depriv$ ,brynhild ( h]   
,godhead1 he also depriv$ h] ( h] =m]   
high moral attributes2 s t ,siegfri$'s  

kiss awak5$ an ord9>y mortal jeal\s     
woman4 ,b a goddess c become mortal &   
jeal\s )\t plung+ at once into p]jury & 
murd]4 ,besides1 ?is explanation        
involves ! sacrifice ( ! :ole           
significance ( ! allegory1 & ! r$uction 
( ,! ,r+ to ! plane ( a *ild's          
conception ( ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty4 ,:oev] 
does n und]/& t1 9 t]ms ( ,! ,r+        
philosophy1 a *ange f godhead to        
humanity is a /ep high] & n a           
degradation1 misses ! :ole po9t ( ,!    
,r+4 ,x is precisely because !          
tru?fulness ( ,brynhild is pro( aga9/   
,wotan's spells t he has to contrive !  
fire palisade ) ,loki1 to protect !     
fictions & conv5tions ( ,valhalla aga9/ 
h]4  ,! only tol]able view is ! "o      
support$ by ! kn[n hi/ory ( ,! ,r+1 &   
also1 = musicians ( suffici5tly f9e     
judgm5t1 by ! evid5ce ( ! scores2 ( :i* 
m anon4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,wagn] began1 
z ,i h said1 ) ,siegfri$'s ,dea?4 ,!n1  
want+ to develop ! idea ( ,siegfri$ z   
neo-,prote/ant1 he w5t on to ,! ,"y     

,siegfri$4 ,z a ,prote/ant _c be        
dramatically project$ )\t a pontifical  
antagoni/4 ,! ,"y ,siegfri$ l$ to ,!    
,valkyries1 & t aga9 to its preface ,!  
,rh9e ,gold 7! preface is always writt5 
aft] ! book is f9i%$74 ,f9ally1 ( c\rse1
 ! :ole 0 revis$4 ,! revision1 if c>ri$ 
out /rictly1 w\ld h involv$ ! cutt+ out 
( ,siegfri$'s ,dea?1 n[ become          
inconsi/5t & sup]flu\s2 & t w\ld h      
involv$1 9 turn1 ! fac+ ( ! fact t ,!   
,r+ 0 no long] a ,niblung epic1 & really
 dem&$ mod]n co/umes1 tall hats =       
,t>nhelms1 factories = ,nibelheims1     
villas = ,valhallas1 & s on--9 %ort1 a  
complete confession ( ! ext5t to :i* !  
old ,niblung epic _h become ! m]e/      
pretext & "n directory 9 ! c\rse (      
,wagn]'s travail4 ,b1 z ,wagn]'s mo/    
em95t ,engli% int]pret] once put x to me
 at ,bayreu? betwe5 ! acts ( ,night     
,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 ! ma/] want$ to    
,loh5gr9ize aga9 aft] 8 long ab/5tion f 
op]a2 & ,siegfri$'s ,dea? 7fir/ sket*$ 9
 #ahdh1 ! ye> be=e ! ris+ 9 ,dresd5 & ! 

subsequ5t ev5ts :i* s deep5$ ,wagn]'s   
s5se ( life & ! s]i\sness ( art7 gave   
him exactly ! libretto he requir$ = t   
outbreak ( ! old op]atic ,adam 9 him4 ,s
 he *ang$ x into ,die ,gott]damm]ung1   
reta9+ ! traditional plot ( murd] &     
jeal\sy1 & ) x1 necess>ily1 8 orig9al   
second act1 9 spite ( ! incongruity (   
its ,siegfri$ & ,brynhild ) ! ,siegfri$ 
& ,brynhild ( ! allegory4 ,z to !       
leg5d>y matt] ab\t ! _w-a% & !          
de/ruction ( ,valhalla by ,loki1 x fitt$
 9 well en\gh2 = ?\gh1 allegorically1 ! 
bl[ by :i* ,siegfri$ breaks ! god's spe>
 is ! end ( ,wotan & ( ,valhalla1 ^? :o 
d n see ! allegory1 & take ! /ory       
lit]ally1 l *ildr51 are sure to ask :at 
becomes ( ,wotan aft] ,siegfri$ gets pa/
 him up ! m\nta92 & to ?is "q ! old tale
 told 9 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods is z 
good an answ] z ano!r4 ,! v s5selessness
 ( ! sc5es ( ! ,norns & ( ,valtrauta 9  
relation to ! ?ree =ego+ dramas1 gives  
!m a highly effective air ( my/]y2 & no 
"o v5tures to *all5ge _!                

consequ5tiality1 because we are all m   
apt to pret5d to und]/& great works (   
art ?an to confess t ! mean+ 7if any7   
has escap$ u4 ,valtrauta1 h[ev]1 betrays
 h] irrelevance by expla9+ t ! gods c be
 sav$ by ! re/oration ( ! r+ to ! ,rh9e 
maid5s4 ,?is1 consid]$ z "p ( ! previ\s 
allegory1 is nons5se2 s t ev5 ?is sc5e1 
:i* has a m plausible air ( organic     
connection ) ,! ,valkyries ?an any o!r 9
 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 is z cle>ly
 "p ( a diff]5t & e>li] conception z !  
episode :i* concludes x1 9 :i* ,siegfri$
 actually robs ,brynhild ( h] r+1 ?\gh  
he has no recollection ( hav+ giv5 x to 
h]4 ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 9 fact1 
0 n ev5 revis$ into any real coh]5ce ) !
 _w-poem :i* sprang f x2 & t is !       
au!ntic solution ( all ! controv]sies   
:i* h aris5 ov] x4  ,! ,?ird ,act  ,!   
hunt+ p>ty comes (f duly4 ,siegfri$     
/rays f x & meets ! ,rh9e maid5s1 :o    
almo/ succe$ 9 coax+ ! r+ f him4 ,he    
pret5ds to be afraid ( 8 wife2 & !y *aff
 him z to h] beat+ him & s =?2 b :5 !y  

add t ! r+ is accurs$ & w br+ dea? ^u   
him1 he discloses to !m1 z unconsci\sly 
z ,julius ,caes> disclos$ x long ago1 t 
secret ( h]oism1 nev] to let y\r life be
 %ap$ by fe> ( its end4 99 ,s he keeps !
 r+2 & !y leave him to 8 fate4 ,! hunt+ 
p>ty n[ f9ds him2 & !y all sit d[n      
toge!r to make a meal by ! riv] side1   
,siegfri$ tell+ !m mean:ile ! /ory ( 8  
adv5tures4 ,:5 he approa*es ! subject ( 
,brynhild1 z to :om 8 memory is a blank1
 ,hag5 p\rs an antidote to ! love       
philtre into 8 dr9k+ horn1 :]eupon1 8   
memory return+1 he proce$s to n>rate !  
incid5t ( ! fi]y m\nta91 to ,gun!r's    
int5se mortification4 ,hag5 !n plunges 8
 spe> into ! back ( ,siegfri$1 :o falls 
dead on 8 %ield1 b gets up aga91 aft] ! 
old op]atic cu/om1 to s+ ab\t ?irty b>s 
to 8 love be=e all[+ himself to be      
f9ally c>ri$ (f to ! /ra9s ( ! fam\s    
,trau]m>s*4       99 ,we mu/ le>n to    
die1 & to die 9 ! fulle/ s5se (      !  
^w4 ,! fe> ( ! end is ! s\rce ( all     
lovelessness2 & ?is fe> is g5]at$ only  

:5 love      beg9s to wane4 ,h[ came x t
 ?is loves ! highe/      bless$ness to  
all ?+s liv+1 0 s f> lo/ sight (      by
 ! human race t at la/ x came to ?is3   
all t      mank9d did1 ord]$1 &         
e/abli%$1 0 conceiv$ only 9      fe> ( !
 end8 ,my poem sets ?is =?4--,wagn] to  
,roeckel1 #be? ,jan4 #ahed4   ,! sc5e !n
 *anges to ! hall ( ! ,gibi*ungs by !   
,rh9e4 ,x is night2 & ,gutrune1 unable  
to sleep1 & haunt$ by all sorts ( vague 
t]rors1 is wait+ = ! return ( h] husb&1 
& wond]+ :e!r a gho/ly figure %e has se5
 glid+ d[n to ! riv] bank is ,brynhild1 
^: room is empty4 ,!n comes ! cry (     
,hag51 return+ ) ! hunt+ p>ty to ann\nce
 ! dea? ( ,siegfri$ by ! tusk ( a wild  
bo>4 ,b ,gutrune div9es ! tru?2 & ,hag5 
does n d5y x4 ,siegfri$'s body is br\ght
 92 ,gun!r claims ! r+2 ,hag5 w n suff] 
him to take x2 !y fight2 & ,gun!r is    
sla94 ,hag5 !n attempts to take x2 b !  
dead man's h& closes on x & raises      
itself ?reat5+ly4 ,!n ,brynhild comes2 &
 a fun]al pyre is rais$ :il/ %e declaims

 a prolong$ sc5e1 extremely mov+ &      
impos+1 b yield+ no?+ to resolute       
intellectual criticism except a v p[]ful
 & elevat$ exploitation ( !atrical      
pa?os1 psy*ologically id5tical ) ! sc5e 
( ,cleopatra & ! dead ,antony 9         
,%akespe>e's trag$y4 ,f9ally %e fl+s a  
tor* into ! pyre1 & rides h] w>-horse   
into ! flames4 ,! hall ( ! ,gibi*ungs   
cat*es fire1 z mo/ halls w\ld 7 a       
cremation attempt$ 9 ! middle ( ! floor 
7,i p]mit myself ?is gibe purposely to  
emphasize ! excessive artificiality ( ! 
sc5e72 b ! ,rh9e ov]fl[s its banks to   
all[ ! ?ree ,rh9e maid5s to take ! r+ f 
,siegfri$'s f+]1 incid5tally ext+ui%+ ! 
conflagration z x does s4 ,hag5 attempts
 to snat* ! r+ f ! maid5s1 :o promptly  
dr[n him2 & 9 ! di/ant heav5s ! ,gods & 
_! ca/le are se5 p]i%+ 9 ! fires ( ,loki
 z ! curta9 falls4     ,,=gott5 ,,ere   
,,f9i%$  ,9 all ?is1 x w be obs]v$1 !re 
is no?+ new4 ,! musical fabric is       
enorm\sly elaborate & gorge\s2 b y _c   
say1 z y mu/ 9 witness+ ,! ,rh9e ,gold1 

,! ,valkyries1 & ! fir/ two acts (      
,siegfri$1 t y h nev] se5 any?+ l x     
be=e1 & t ! inspiration is entirely     
orig9al4 ,n only ! action1 b mo/ ( !    
poetry1 might conceivably belong to an  
,elizabe?an drama4 ,! situation (       
,cleopatra & ,antony is unconsci\sly    
reproduc$ )\t be+ bett]$1 or ev5 equall$
 9 po9t ( maje/y & musical expression4  
,! loss ( all simplicity & dignity1 !   
impossibility ( any cr$ible sc5ic       
pres5tation ( ! incid5ts1 & ! extreme   
/ag9ess ( ! conv5tions by :i* ^!        
impossibilities are got ov]1 are no d\bt
 cov]$ f ! popul> eye by ! ov]:elm+     
pre/ige ( ,die ,gott]damm]ung z "p ( s  
great a "w z ,! ,r+1 & by ! extraord9>y 
/orm ( emotion & excitem5t :i* ! music  
keeps up4 ,b ! v qualities t intoxicate 
! novice 9 music enlight5 ! adept4 ,9   
spite ( ! fulness ( ! compos]'s te*nical
 accompli%m5t1 ! f9i%$ /yle & ef=tless  
ma/]y ( h>mony & in/rum5tation display$1
 !re is n a b> 9 ! "w :i* moves u z !   
same !mes mov$ u 9 ,! ,valkyries1 nor is

 any?+ b ext]nal spl5dor add$ to ! life 
& humor ( ,siegfri$4  ,9 ! orig9al poem1
 ,brynhild delays h] self-immolation on 
! pyre ( ,siegfri$ to read ! assembl$   
*ori/]s a homily on ! efficacy ( ! ,love
 panacea4 ,my holie/ wisdom's ho>d1 %e  
says1 n[ ,i make kn[n to ! _w4 ,i       
believe n 9 prop]ty1 nor money1 nor     
godl9ess1 nor he>? & high place1 nor    
pomp & pe]age1 nor contract & cu/om1 b 9
 ,love4 ,let t only prevail2 & ye %all  
be ble/ 9 weal or woe4 ,"h !            
repudiations /ill smack ( ,bakoon92 b ! 
savi\r is no long] ! volition ( !       
full-gr[n _s ( ,man1 ! ,free ,will] (   
,necessity1 sword 9 h&1 b simply ,love1 
& n ev5 ,%elleyan love1 b vehem5t sexual
 passion4 ,x is highly significant ( !  
ext5t to :i* ?is uxori\s commonplace lo/
 its hold ( ,wagn] 7aft] di/urb+ 8      
consci5ce1 z he confesses to ,roeckel1 =
 ye>s7 t x disappe>s 9 ! full score (   
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 :i* 0 n     
complet$ until he 0 on ! v]ge ( produc+ 
,p>sifal1 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! publication 

( ! poem4 ,he cut ! homily out1 &       
compos$ ! music ( ! f9al sc5e ) a       
flagrant recklessness ( ! old int5tion4 
,! rigor\s logic ) :i* repres5tative    
musical !mes are employ$ 9 ! e>li]      
dramas is "h ab&on$ )\t scruple2 & = !  
ma9 !me at ! conclusion he selects a    
raptur\s passage sung by ,siegl9da 9 !  
?ird act ( ,! ,valkyries :5 ,brynhild   
inspires h] ) a s5se ( h] high de/9y z !
 "m ( ! unborn h]o4 ,!re is no dramatic 
logic :atev] 9 ! recurr5ce ( ?is !me to 
express ! transport 9 :i* ,brynhild     
immolates h]self4 ,!re is ( c\rse an    
excuse = x1 inasmu* z bo? wom5 h an     
impulse ( self-sacrifice = ! sake (     
,siegfri$2 b ?is is really h>dly m ?an  
an excuse2 s9ce ! ,valhalla !me might be
 atta*$ to ,alb]ic on ! no worse gr\nd t
 bo? he & ,wotan are inspir$ by         
ambition1 & t ! ambition has ! same     
object1 ! possession ( ! r+4 ,! common  
s5se ( ! matt] is t ! only !mes :i* _h  
fully reta9$ _! significance 9 ,wagn]'s 
memory at ! p]iod ( ! composition (     

,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods are ^? :i*   
are m]e labels ( ext]nal features1 su* z
 ! ,dragon1 ! ,fire1 ! ,wat] & s on4    
,?is p>ticul> !me ( ,siegl9da's is1 9   
tru?1 ( no great musical m]it3 x might  
easily be ! pet climax ( a popul>       
s5tim5tal ballad3 9 fact1 ! gu%+ effect 
:i* is its sole valuable quality is s   
*eaply atta9$ t x is h>dly go+ too f> to
 call x ! mo/ trump]y phrase 9 ! entire 
tetralogy4 ,yet1 s9ce x und\bt$ly does  
gu% v emphatically1 ,wagn] *ose1 =      
conv5i5ce' sake1 to "w up ?is f9al sc5e 
) x r ?an ) ! m di/+ui%$1 elaborate &   
beautiful !mes connect$ ) ! love (      
,brynhild & ,siegfri$4  ,he w\ld c]ta9ly
 n h ?\ght ?is a matt] ( no consequ5ce  
_h he f9i%$ ! :ole "w t5 ye>s e>li]4 ,x 
mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ! poem ( ,! 
,r+ 0 complete & pr9t$ 9 #ahec1 &       
repres5ts ! sociological ideas :i*1 aft]
 g]m9at+ 9 ! ,european atmosph]e = _m   
ye>s1 _h be5 br\ght home to ,wagn]1 :o 0
 int5sely susceptible to su* ideas1 by !
 cra% ( #ahdi at ,dresd54 ,n[ no man ^: 

m9d is alive & active1 z ,wagn]'s 0 to !
 day ( 8 dea?1 c keep 8 political &     
spiritual op9ions1 mu* less 8           
philosophic consci\sness1 at a /&/ill = 
qu>t] ( a c5tury until he f9i%es an     
or*e/ral score4 ,:5 ,wagn] fir/ sket*$  
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods he 0 #ce4 ,:5
 he f9i%$ ! score = ! fir/ ,bayreu?     
fe/ival 9 #ahgf he _h turn$ #fj4 ,no    
wond] he _h lo/ 8 old grip ( x & left x 
beh9d him4 ,he ev5 tamp]$ ) ,! ,rh9e    
,gold = ! sake ( !atrical effect :5     
/age-manag+ x1 mak+ ,wotan pick up &    
br&i% a sword to give visible po9t to 8 
sudd5 inspiration z to ! rais+ up ( a   
h]o4 ,! sword _h fir/ to be discov]$ by 
,fafnir among ! ,niblung treasures &    
?r[n away by him z useless4 ,!re is no  
s5se 9 ?is device2 & its adoption %[s ! 
same recklessness z to ! orig9al        
int5tion :i* we f9d 9 ! music ( ! la/   
act ( ,! ,dusk ( ! ,gods4 99       99   
,die ,gott]damm]ung means lit]ally      
,godsgloam+4 ,!      ,engli% v]sions ( !
 op]a are usually call$ ,! ,dusk (      

! ,gods1 or ,! ,twilight ( ! ,gods4 ,i h
 purposely      introduc$ ! ord9>y title
 9 ! s5t5ce above = !      read]'s      
in=mation4     ,,:y ,,he ,,*ang$ ,,8    
,,m9d  ,wagn]1 h[ev]1 0 n ! man to all[ 
8 grip ( a great philosophic !me to     
slack5 ev5 9 tw5ty-five ye>s if ! !me   
/ill held good z a !ory ( actual life4  
,if ! hi/ory ( ,g]many f #ahdi to #ahgf 
_h be5 ! hi/ory ( ,siegfri$ & ,wotan    
transpos$ into ! key ( actual life      
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods w\ld h be5 ! 
logical consummation ( ,das ,rhe+old &  
,! ,valkyrie in/ead ( ! op]atic         
ana*ronism x actually is4  ,b1 z a matt]
 ( fact1 ,siegfri$ did n succe$ &       
,bism>ck did4 ,roeckel 0 a prison] ^:   
imprisonm5t made no diff]5ce2 ,bakoon9  
broke up1 n ,walhall1 b ! ,int]national1
 :i* end$ 9 an undignifi$ qu>rel betwe5 
him & ,k>l ,m>x4 ,! ,siegfri$s ( #ahdh 7
 hopeless political failures1 :]eas !   
,wotans & ,alb]ics & ,lokis 7 conspicu\s
 political successes4 ,ev5 ! ,mimes held
 _! own z aga9/ ,siegfri$4 ,) ! s+le    

exception ( ,f]d9& ,lassalle1 !re 0 no  
revolution>y lead] :o 0 n an obvi\s     
impossibili/ 9 practical politics2 &    
,lassalle got himself kill$ 9 a romantic
 & q indef5sible duel aft] wreck+ 8     
heal? 9 a titanic oratorical campaign   
:i* conv9c$ him t ! great majority ( !  
work+ classes 7 n ready to jo9 him1 & t 
! m9ority :o 7 ready did n und]/& him4  
,! ,int]national1 f\nd$ 9 #ahfa by ,k>l 
,m>x 9 ,london1 & mi/ak5 = sev]al ye>s  
by n]v\s newspap]s = a r$ spectre1 0    
really only a turnip gho/4 ,x a*iev$ "s 
beg9n+s ( ,int]national ,trade ,unionism
 by induc+ ,engli% workm5 to s5d money  
to support /rikes on ! cont95t1 &       
recall+ ,engli% work]s :o _h be5 tak5   
across ! ,nor? ,sea to defeat su*       
/rikes2 b on its revolution>y sociali/ic
 side x 0 a romantic figm5t4 ,!         
suppression ( ! ,p>is ,commune1 "o ( !  
mo/ tragic examples 9 hi/ory ( !        
pitilessness ) :i* capable practical    
adm9i/rators & soldi]s are =c$ by !     
pressure ( facts to de/roy romantic     

amateurs & !atrical dream]s1 made an end
 ( melodramatic ,socialism4 ,x 0 z easy 
= ,m>x to hold up ,?i]s z ! mo/         
execrable ( liv+ sc\ndrels & to put ^u  
,gallifet ! br& t /ill makes him        
impossible 9 ,fr5* politics z x 0 =     
,victor ,hugo to bomb>d ,napoleon ,,iii 
f 8 pap] batt]y 9 ,j]sey4 ,x 0 also easy
 to hold up ,felix ,pyat & ,delescluze z
 m5 ( mu* l(ti] ideals ?an ,?i]s &      
,gallifet2 b ! "o fact t c\ld n be d5i$ 
0 t :5 x came to actual %oot+1 x 0      
,gallifet :o got ,delescluze %ot & n    
,delescluze :o got ,gallifet %ot1 & t :5
 x came to adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( ,france1
 ,?i]s c\ld 9 "o way or ano!r get x     
done1 :il/ ,pyat c\ld nei!r d x nor /op 
talk+ & all[ somebody else to d x4      
,true1 ! p5alty ( foll[+ ,?i]s 0 to be  
exploit$ by ! l&lord & capitali/2 b !n !
 p5alty ( foll[+ ,pyat 0 to get %ot l a 
mad dog1 or at be/ get s5t to ,new      
,cal$onia1 q unnecess>ily & uselessly4  
,to put x 9 t]ms ( ,wagn]'s allegory1   
,alb]ic _h got ! r+ back aga9 & 0 m>ry+ 

into ! be/ ,walhall families ) x4 ,he _h
 ?\ght bett] ( 8 old ?reat to de?rone   
,wotan & ,loki4 ,he _h f\nd t ,nibelheim
 0 a v gloomy place & t if he want$ to  
live h&somely & safely1 he mu/ n only   
all[ ,wotan & ,loki to organize society 
= him1 b pay !m v h&somely = do+ x4 ,he 
want$ spl5dor1 milit>y glory1 loyalty1  
en?usiasm1 & patriotism2 & 8 gre$ &     
gluttony 7 :olly unable to create !m1   
:]eas ,wotan & ,loki c>ri$ !m all to a  
triumphant climax 9 ,g]many 9 #ahga1 :5 
,wagn] himself celebrat$ ! ev5t ) 8     
,kais]m>s*1 :i* s\nd$ mu* m conv9c+ ?an 
! ,m>seillaise or ! ,c>magnole4  ,h[1   
aft] ! ,kais]m>s*1 c\ld ,wagn] g back to
 8 idealization ( ,siegfri$ 9 #ahec8 ,h[
 c\ld he believe s]i\sly 9 ,siegfri$    
slay+ ! dragon & *>g+ ?r\gh ! m\nta9    
fire1 :5 ! imm$iate =egr\nd 0 occupi$ by
 ! ,hotel de ,ville ) ,felix ,pyat      
endlessly discuss+ ! pr9ciples (        
,socialism :il/ ! %ells ( ,?i]s 7       
already batt]+ ! ,arc de ,triomphe1 &   
ripp+ up ! pavem5t ( ! ,*amps ,elysees8 

,is x n cle> t ?+s _h tak5 an altoge!r  
unexpect$ turn--t al?\gh ! ,r+ may1 l ! 
fam\s ,communi/ ,manife/o ( ,m>x &      
,engels1 be an inspir$ gue/ at ! hi/oric
 laws & pr$e/9$ end ( our               
capitali/ic-!ocratic epo*1 yet ,wagn]1 l
 ,m>x1 0 too inexp]i5c$ 9 te*nical      
gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration & too           
melodramatic 9 8 h]o-contra-villa9      
conception ( ! class /ruggle1 to =esee !
 actual process by :i* 8 g5]alization   
w\ld "w out1 or ! "p to be play$ 9 x by 
! classes involv$8  ,let u g back = a   
mom5t to ! po9t at :i* ! ,niblung leg5d 
fir/ becomes irreconcilable ) ,wagn]'s  
allegory4 ,fafnir 9 ! allegory becomes a
 capitali/2 b ,fafnir 9 ! leg5d is a m]e
 ho>d]4 ,8 gold does n br+ him 9 any    
rev5ue4 ,x does n ev5 support him3 he   
has to g out & =age = food & dr9k4 ,9   
fact1 he is on ! way to 8 dr9k+-pool :5 
,siegfri$ kills him4 ,& ,siegfri$       
himself has no m use = gold ?an ,fafnir3
 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ?is respect
 is t ,siegfri$ does n wa/e 8 "t 9 wat*+

 a b>r5 treasure t is no use to him1    
:]eas ,fafnir sacrifices 8 humanity & 8 
life m]ely to prev5t anybody else gett+ 
x4 ,?is contra/ is true to human nature2
 b x %unts ,! ,r+ drama (f ! economic   
l9es ( ! allegory4 ,9 real life1 ,fafnir
 is n a mis]3 he seeks divid5ds1        
com=table life1 & admission to ! circles
 ( ,wotan & ,loki4 ,8 only means (      
procur+ ^! is to re/ore ! gold to       
,alb]ic 9 ex*ange = scrip 9 ,alb]ic's   
ent]prises4 ,?us =tifi$ ) capital1      
,alb]ic exploits 8 fell[ dw>fs z be=e1 &
 also exploits ,fafnir's fell[ giants :o
 h no capital4 ,:at is m1 ! toil1       
=e?\ght & self-control :i* !            
exploitation involves1 & ! self-respect 
& social e/eem :i* its success w9s1     
effect an improvem5t 9 ,alb]ic's own "* 
:i* nei!r ,m>x nor ,wagn] appe> to h    
=ese54 ,he discov]s t to be a dull1     
gre$y1 n>r[-m9d$ money-grubb] is n ! way
 to make money on a l>ge scale2 = ?\gh  
gre$ may suffice to turn t5s into       
hundr$s & ev5 hundr$s into ?\s&s1 to    

turn ?\s&s into hundr$s ( ?\s&s requires
 magnanimity & a w to p[] r ?an to pelf4
 ,& to turn ?\s&s into millions1 ,alb]ic
 mu/ make himself an e>?ly provid5ce =  
masses ( workm53 he mu/ create t[ns &   
gov]n m>kets4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,fafnir1   
wall[+ 9 divid5ds :i* he has done no?+  
to e>n1 may rot1 intellectually &       
morally1 f m]e disuse ( 8 en]gies & lack
 ( inc5tive to excel2 b ! m imbecile he 
becomes1 ! m dep5d5t he is ^u ,alb]ic1 &
 ! m ! responsibility ( keep+ ! _w-ma*9e
 9 work+ ord] falls ^u ,alb]ic4         
,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ,alb]ic 9 #ahej may h
 be5 m]ely ! vulg> ,man*e/]             
,factory-own] portray$ by ,engels1 9    
#ahgf he 0 well on ! way t[>ds becom+   
,krupp ( ,ess5 or ,c>negie ( ,home/ead4 
,n[1 )\t exagg]at+ ! virtues ( ^!       
g5tlem51 x w be conc$$ by ev]ybody      
except p]haps ^? vet]an ,g]man          
,social-,democrats :o h made a cult (   
obsolesc5ce "u ! "n ( ,m>xism1 t ! mod]n
 entrepr5eur is n to be displac$ &      
dismiss$ s lightly z ,alb]ic is dismiss$

 9 ,! ,r+4 ,!y are really ! ma/]s ( !   
:ole situation4 ,wotan is h>dly less    
dep5d5t on !m ?an ,fafnir2 ! ,w>-,"l    
visits _! "w1 acclaims !m 9 /irr+       
spee*es1 & ca/s d[n _! enemies2 :il/    
,loki makes comm]cial treaties = !m &   
subjects all 8 diplomacy to _! approval4
  ,! end _c come until ,siegfri$ le>ns  
,alb]ic's trade & %\ld]s ,alb]ic's      
burd54 ,n hav+ z yet done s1 he is /ill 
completely ma/]$ by ,alb]ic4 ,he does n 
ev5 rebel aga9/ him except :5 he is too 
/upid & ignorant1 or too romantically   
impracticable1 to see t ,alb]ic's "w1 l 
,wotan's "w & ,loki's "w1 is necess>y   
"w1 & t !re=e ,alb]ic c nev] be sup]s$$ 
by a w>rior1 b only by a capable man (  
bus9ess :o is prep>$ to cont9ue 8 "w )\t
 a day's int]mission4 ,ev5 ?\gh !       
prolet>ians ( all l&s 7 to become class 
consci\s1 & obey ! call ( ,m>x by unit+ 
to c>ry ! ,class /ruggle to a prolet>ian
 victory 9 :i* all capital %\ld become  
common prop]ty1 & all ,mon>*s1          
,millionaires1 ,l&lords & ,capitali/s   

become common citiz5s1 ! triumphant     
prolet>ians w\ld h ei!r to />ve 9 ,an>*y
 ! next day or else d ! political &     
indu/rial "w :i* is n[ be+ done tant bi5
 que mal by our ,roman(fs1 our          
,hoh5zoll]ns1 our ,krupps1 ,c>negies1   
,lev]s1 ,pi]pont ,morgans1 & _!         
political ret9ues4 ,& 9 ! meantime ^!   
magnates mu/ def5d _! p[] & prop]ty )   
all _! might aga9/ ! revolution>y =ces  
until ^! =ces become positive1          
executive1 adm9i/rative =ces1 in/ead ( !
 conspiracies ( prote/+1 moraliz+1      
virtu\sly indignant amateurs :o mi/ook  
,m>x = a man ( affairs & ,?i]s = a /age 
villa94 ,b all ?is repres5ts a          
developm5t ( :i* "o ga!rs no =eca/ f    
,wagn] or ,m>x4 ,bo? ( !m prophesi$ !   
end ( our epo*1 &1 s f> z "o c guess1   
prophesi$ x rightly4 ,!y also br\ght its
 indu/rial hi/ory up to ! ye> #ahdh f> m
 p5etrat+ly ?an ! academic hi/orians (  
_! "t4 ,b !y broke (f !re & left a void 
betwe5 #ahdh & ! end1 9 :i* we1 :o h to 
live 9 t p]iod1 get no guidance f !m4 ,!

 ,m>xi/s w&]$ = ye>s 9 ?is void1 /riv+1 
) fanatical sup]/ition1 to suppress !   
,revisioni/s :o1 fac+ ! fact t !        
,social-,democratic p>ty 0 lo/1 7 try+  
to f9d ! pa? by ! light ( contempor>y   
hi/ory in/ead ( va9ly consult+ ! oracle 
9 ! pages ( ,das ,kapital4 ,m>x himself 
0 too simplem9d$ a recluse & too full ( 
! validity ( 8 remot] g5]alizations1 & !
 way 9 :i* ! rapid integration ( capital
 9 ,tru/s & ,k>tels 0 confirm+ !m1 to be
 consci\s ( ! void himself4  ,wagn]1 on 
! o!r h&1 0 comp>atively a practical    
man4 ,x is possible to le>n m ( ! _w by 
produc+ a s+le op]a1 or ev5 conduct+ a  
s+le or*e/ral rehe>sal1 ?an by t5 ye>s  
read+ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4  
,wagn] mu/ h le>nt betwe5 ,das ,rhe+old 
& ! ,kais]m>s* t !re are yet sev]al     
dramas to be int]polat$ 9 ,! ,r+ aft] ,!
 ,valkyries be=e ! allegory c tell !    
:ole /ory1 & t ! fir/ ( ^! int]polat$   
dramas w be mu* m l a revis$ ,ri5zi ?an 
l ,siegfri$4 ,if anyone d\bts ! ext5t to
 :i* ,wagn]'s eyes _h be5 op5$ to !     

adm9i/rative-*ildi%ness & romantic      
conceit ( ! h]oes ( ! revolution>y      
g5]ation t s]v$ its appr5tice%ip on !   
b>ricades ( #ahdh-i1 & p]i%$ on ^? (    
#ahgj "u ,?i]s' mitrailleuses1 let him  
read ,e9e ,kapitulation1 t sc&al\s      
burlesque 9 :i* ! poet & compos] (      
,siegfri$1 ) ! levity ( a s*oolboy1     
mock$ ! ,fr5* republicans :o 7 do+ 9    
#ahga :at he himself 0 exil$ = do+ 9    
#ahdi4 ,he _h set ! en?usiasm ( !       
,dresd5 ,revolution to 8 own greate/    
music2 b he set ! en?usiasm ( tw5ty ye>s
 lat] 9 d]ision to ! music ( ,ross9i4   
,!re is no mi/ak+ ! tune he meant to    
sugge/ by 8 dogg]el ( ,republik1        
,republik1 ,republik-lik-lik4 ,!        
,ov]ture to ,william ,tell is !re z     
pla9ly z if x 7 not$ d[n 9 full score4  
,9 ! case ( su* a man z ,wagn]1 y _c    
expla9 ?is volte-face z m]e j+oism      
produc$ by ,g]many's ov]:elm+ victory 9 
! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 nor z p]sonal  
spite aga9/ ! ,p>isians = ! ,tannhaus]  
fiasco4 ,wagn] _h m cause = p]sonal     

spite aga9/ 8 own c\ntrym5 ?an he ev] _h
 aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,no d\bt 8 outbur/      
gratifi$ ! petti] feel+s :i* great m5 h 
9 common ) small ones2 b he 0 n a man to
 indulge 9 su* gratifications1 or inde$ 
to feel !m z gratifications1 if he _h n 
arriv$ at a pr(\nd philosophical        
contempt = ! inadequacy ( ! m5 :o 7 try+
 to wield ,no?ung1 & :o _h done less "w 
= ,wagn]'s own art ?an a s+le ,g]man ,k+
 & he1 too1 only a mad "o4 ,wagn] _h by 
t "t done too mu* himself n to "k t ! _w
 is rul$ by de$s1 n by good int5tions1 &
 t "o effici5t s9n] is wor? t5 futile   
sa9ts & m>tyrs4  ,i ne$ n elaborate !   
po9t fur!r 9 ^! pages4 ,l all m5 (      
g5ius1 ,wagn] _h exceptional s9c]ity1   
exceptional respect = facts1 exceptional
 fre$om f ! hypnotic influ5ce (         
s5sational popul> movem5ts1 exceptional 
s5se ( ! realities ( political p[] z    
di/+ui%$ f ! pres5ces & idolatries beh9d
 :i* ! real ma/]s ( mod]n ,/ates pull _!
 wires & tra9 _! guns4 ,:5 he scor$     
,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods1 he _h       

accept$ ! failure ( ,siegfri$ & !       
triumph ( ! ,wotan-,loki-,alb]ic-tr9ity 
z a fact4 ,he _h giv5 up dream+ ( h]oes1
 h]o9es1 & f9al solutions1 & _h conceiv$
 a new protagoni/ 9 ,p>sifal1 :om he    
ann\nc$1 n z a h]o1 b z a fool2 :o 0    
arm$1 n ) a sword :i* cut irresi/ibly1 b
 ) a spe> :i* he held only on condition 
t he did n use x2 & :o in/ead ( exult+ 9
 ! slaught] ( a dragon 0 frightfully    
a%am$ ( hav+ %ot a swan4 ,! *ange 9 !   
conception ( ! ,deliv]] c\ld h>dly be m 
complete4 ,x reflects ! *ange :i* took  
place 9 ,wagn]'s m9d betwe5 !           
composition ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold & ,night   
,falls ,on ,! ,gods2 & x expla9s :y he  
dropp$ ,! ,r+ allegory & fell back on ! 
/atus quo ante by ,loh5gr9iz+4  ,if y   
ask :y he did n ?r[ ,siegfri$ into !    
wa/e pap] basket & rewrite ,! ,r+ f ,!  
,valkyries onw>ds1 "o mu/ reply t ! "t  
_h n come = su* a feat4 ,nei!r ,wagn]   
nor anyone else !n liv+ knew en\gh to   
a*ieve x4 ,besides1 :at he _h already   
done _h rea*$ ! limit ( ev5 8 imm5se    

en]gy & p]sev]ance & s he did ! be/ he  
c\ld ) ! unf9i%$ & = ev] unf9i%able "w1 
r\nd+ x (f ) an op]a mu* z ,ross9i r\nd$
 (f "s ( 8 religi\s compositions ) a    
galop4 ,only1 ,ross9i on su* occasions  
wrote 9 8 score ,excusez du peu1 b      
,wagn] left u to f9d out ! *ange =      
ourselves1 p]haps to te/ h[ f> we _h    
really foll[$ 8 mean+4     ,,wagn]',s   
,,own ,,explanation  ,& n[1 hav+ giv5 my
 explanation ( ,! ,r+1 c ,i give        
,wagn]'s explanation ( x8 ,if ,i c\ld 7&
 ,i c7 ,i %\ld n by any means accept x z
 conclusive4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury has   
pass$ s9ce ! tetralogy 0 writt52 & 9 t  
"t ! purposes ( _m half in/9ctive acts (
 g5ius h become cle>] to ! common man   
?an !y 7 to ! do]s4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 !   
c\rse ( an explanation ( ,ibs5's plays1 
,i po9t$ out t x 0 by no means c]ta9 or 
ev5 likely t ,ibs5 0 z def9itely        
consci\s ( 8 !sis z ,i4 ,all ! /upid p1 
& "s critics :o1 ?\gh n /upid1 _h n     
!mselves writt5 :at ! ,g]mans call      
t5d5cy works1 saw no?+ 9 ?is b a        

fanta/ic affectation ( ! extravagant    
self-conceit ( kn[+ m ab\t ,ibs5 ?an    
,ibs5 himself4 ,=tunately1 9 tak+       
exactly ! same position n[ ) reg>d to   
,wagn]1 ,i c claim 8 own au?ority to    
support me4 ,h[1 he wrote to ,roeckel on
 ! #bcrd4 ,augu/ #ahef1 c an arti/      
expect t :at he has felt intuitively    
%\ld be p]fectly realiz$ by o!rs1 see+ t
 he himself feels 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 "w1 if
 x is true ,art1 t he is confront$ by a 
riddle1 ab\t :i* he1 too1 might h       
illusions1 j z ano!r might8  ,! tru? is1
 we are apt to deify m5 ( g5ius1 exactly
 z we deify ! creative =ce ( ! univ]se1 
by attribut+ to logical design :at is ! 
result ( bl9d in/9ct4 ,:at ,wagn] meant 
by true ,art is ! op]ation ( ! arti/'s  
in/9ct1 :i* is j z bl9d z any o!r       
in/9ct4 ,moz>t1 ask$ = an explanation ( 
8 works1 said frankly ,h[ d ,i "k8      
,wagn]1 be+ a philosoph] & critic z well
 z a compos]1 0 always look+ = moral    
explanations ( :at he _h creat$ & he hit
 on sev]al v /rik+ ones1 all diff]5t4 ,9

 ! same way "o c conceive ,h5ry ! ,eigh?
 speculat+ v brilliantly ab\t !         
circulation ( 8 own blood )\t gett+ z   
ne> ! tru? z ,h>vey did long aft] 8     
dea?4  ,none ! less1 ,wagn]'s own       
explanations are ( exceptional int]e/4  
,to beg9 )1 !re is a consid]able portion
 ( ,! ,r+1 especially ! portraiture (   
our capitali/ic indu/rial sy/em f !     
sociali/'s po9t ( view 9 ! slav]y ( !   
,niblungs & ! tyranny ( ,alb]ic1 :i* is 
unmi/akable1 z x dramatizes t portion ( 
human activity :i* lies well )9 !       
t]ritory cov]$ by our intellectual      
consci\sness4 ,all ?is is concrete ,home
 ,(fice bus9ess1 s to speak3 its mean+ 0
 z cle> to ,wagn] z x is to u4 ,n s t "p
 ( ! "w :i* deals ) ! de/9y ( ,wotan4 ,&
 "h1 z x happ5$1 ,wagn]'s recollection (
 :at he _h be5 driv+ at 0 completely    
upset by 8 discov]y1 soon aft] !        
completion ( ,! ,r+ poem1 ( ,s*op5haur's
 fam\s treatise ,! ,_w z ,w &           
,repres5tation4 ,s obsess$ did he become
 ) ?is ma/]piece ( philosophic art t he 

decl>$ t x conta9$ ! intellectual       
demon/ration ( ! conflict ( human =ces  
:i* he himself _h demon/rat$ arti/ically
 9 8 great poem4 ,i mu/ confess1 he     
writes to ,roeckel1 to hav+ arriv$ at a 
cle> und]/&+ ( my own works ( art ?r\gh 
! help ( ano!r1 :o has provid$ me ) !   
reason$ conceptions correspond+ to my   
intuitive pr9ciples4  ,s*op5haur1 h[ev]1
 _h done no?+ ( ! sort4 ,wagn]'s        
det]m9ation to prove t he _h be5 a      
,s*op5haurite all along )\t kn[+ x only 
%[s h[ completely ! fasc9ation ( ! great
 treatise on ,! ,w _h run away ) 8      
memory4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is happ5$4
 ,wagn] says ( himself t seldom has !re 
tak5 place 9 ! s\l ( "o & ! same man s  
pr(\nd a division & e/rangem5t betwe5 ! 
intuitive or impulsive "p ( 8 nature & 8
 consci\sly or reasonably =m$ ideas4 ,& 
s9ce ,s*op5haur's great contribution to 
mod]n ?\ght 0 to educate u into cle>    
consci\sness ( ?is di/9ction--a         
di/9ction famili>1 9 a fanciful way1 to 
! ,ages ( ,fai? & ,art be=e ! ,r5asc5ce1

 b aft]w>ds swamp$ 9 ! ,rationalism ( t 
movem5t--x 0 inevitable t ,wagn] %\ld   
jump at ,s*op5haur's metaphysiology 7,i 
use a ^w less likely to be mi/ak5 ?an   
metaphysics7 z ! v ?+ = him4 ,b         
metaphysiology is "o ?+1 political      
philosophy ano!r4 ,! political          
philosophy ( ,siegfri$ is exactly       
contr>y to ! political philosophy (     
,s*op5haur1 al?\gh ! same cle>          
metaphysiological di/9ction betwe5 !    
in/9ctive "p ( man 78 ,w7 & 8 reason+   
faculty 7dramatiz$ 9 ,! ,r+ z ,loki7 is 
insi/$ on 9 bo?4 ,! diff]5ce is t to    
,s*op5haur ! ,w is ! univ]sal torm5tor (
 man1 ! au?or ( t great evil1 ,life2    
:il/ reason is ! div9e gift t is f9ally 
to ov]come ?is life-creat+ w & lead1    
?r\gh its abnegation1 to cessation &    
peace1 annihilation & ,nirvana4 ,?is is 
! doctr9e ( ,pessimism4 ,n[ ,wagn] 01 :5
 he wrote ,! ,r+1 a mo/ sangu9e         
revolution>y ,meliori/1 contemptu\s ( ! 
reason+ faculty1 :i* he typifi$ 9 !     
%ifty1 unreal1 delusive ,loki1 & full ( 

fai? 9 ! life-giv+ ,w1 :i* he typifi$ 9 
! glori\s ,siegfri$4 ,n until he read   
,s*op5haur did he become b5t on prov+ t 
he _h always be5 a ,pessimi/ at he>t1 & 
t ,loki 0 ! mo/ s5sible & wor?y advis] (
 ,wotan 9 ,! ,rh9e ,gold4  ,sometimes he
 faces ! *ange 9 8 op9ions frankly      
en\gh4 ,my ,niblung drama1 he writes to 
,roeckel1 _h tak5 =m at a "t :5 ,i _h   
built up ) my reason an optimi/ic _w on 
,hell5ic pr9ciples1 believ+ t no?+ 0    
necess>y = ! realization ( su* a _w b t 
m5 %\ld wi% x4 ,i +5i\sly set aside-!   
problem :y !y did n wi% x4 ,i rememb] t 
x 0 ) ?is def9ite creative purpose t ,i 
conceiv$ ! p]sonality ( ,siegfri$1 ) !  
int5tion ( repres5t+ an exi/5ce free f  
pa94 ,b he appeals to 8 e>li] works to  
%[ t beh9d all ^! artificial optimi/ic  
ideas !re 0 always ) him an intuition ( 
! sublime trag$y ( r5unciation1 !       
negation ( ! w4 ,9 try+ to expla9 ?is1  
he is full ( ideas philosophically1 &   
full ( ! mo/ amus+ contradictions       
p]sonally4 ,optimism1 z an accid5tal    

excursion into ! b>r5 pa?s ( reason on 8
 own "p1 he calls ,hell5ic4 ,9 o!rs he  
d5\nces x z rank ,judaism1 ! ,jew hav+  
at t "t become = him ! :ipp+ boy = all  
mod]n humanity4 ,9 a lett] f ,london he 
exp\nds ,s*op5haur to ,roeckel )        
en?usiasm1 prea*+ ! r5unciation ( ! ,w  
to ,live z ! r$emption f all error & va9
 pursuits3 9 ! next lett] he resumes !  
subject ) unabat$ int]e/1 & f9i%es by   
m5tion+ t on leav+ ,london he w5t to    
,g5eva & und]w5t a mo/ b5eficial c\rse (
 hydropa?y4 ,sev5 mon?s be=e ?is he _h  
writt5 z foll[s3 ,believe me1 ,i too 0  
once possess$ by ! idea ( a c\ntry life4
 ,9 ord] to become a radically heal?y   
human be+1 ,i w5t two ye>s ago to a     
,hydropa?ic ,e/abli%m5t1 prep>$ to give 
up ,art & ev]y?+ if ,i c\ld once m      
become a *ild ( ,nature4 ,b1 my good    
fri5d1 ,i 0 oblig$ to laugh at my own   
naivete :5 ,i f\nd myself almo/ go+ mad4
 ,none ( u w rea* ! promis$ l&3 we %all 
all die 9 ! wild]ness4 ,intellect is1 z 
"s "o has said1 a sort ( disease3 x is  

incurable4  ,roeckel knew 8 man ( old1 &
 evid5tly press$ him = explanations ( ! 
inconsi/5cies ( ,! ,r+ ) ,night ,falls  
,on ,! ,gods4 ,wagn] def5d$ himself )   
unfail+ clev]ness & occasional          
petulances1 rang+ f su* pleas z ,i      
believe a true in/9ct has kept me f a   
too great def9it5ess2 = x has be5 borne 
9 on me t an absolute disclosure ( !    
int5tion di/urbs true insight1 to a     
volley ( explanations & comm5t>ies on ! 
explanations4 ,he gets excit$ & annoy$  
because ,roeckel w n admire ! ,brynhild 
( ,night ,falls ,on ,! ,gods2 re-inv5ts 
! ,t>nhelm sc5e2 & f9ally1 ! case be+   
desp]ate1 exclaims1 ,x is wrong ( y to  
*all5ge me to expla9 x 9 words3 y mu/   
feel t some?+ is be+ enact$ t is n to be
 express$ 9 m]e words4     ,,!          
,,pessimi/ ,,z ,,amori/  ,sometimes he  
gets v f> away f ,pessimism inde$1 &    
recomm5ds ,roeckel to solace 8          
captivity1 n by conqu]+ ! w to live at  
lib]ty1 b by ! inspir+ influ5ces ( !    
,beautiful4 ,! next mom5t he ?r[s ov]   

ev5 ,art = ,life4 ,:]e life ends1 he    
says1 v wittily1 ,art beg9s4 ,9 y\? we  
turn to ,art1 we "k n :y2 & only :5 we h
 gone ?r\gh ) ,art & come out on ! o!r  
side1 we le>n to our co/ t we h miss$   
,life itself4 ,8 only com=t is t he is  
belov$4 ,& on ! subject ( love he lets  
himself loose 9 a mann] t w\ld h r\s$ ! 
bitt]e/ scorn 9 ,s*op5haur1 ?\gh1 z we h
 se5 7,love ,panacea71 x is highly      
*>act]i/ic ( ,wagn]4 ,love 9 its mo/    
p]fect reality1 he says1 is only        
possible betwe5 ! sexes3 x is only z man
 & woman t human be+s c truly love4 ,e  
o!r manife/ation ( love c be trac$ back 
to t "o absorb+ly real feel+1 ( :i* all 
o!r affections are b an emanation1 a    
connection1 or an imitation4 ,x is an   
error to look on ?is z only "o ( ! =ms 9
 :i* love is reveal$1 z if !re 7 o!r =ms
 coequal ) x1 or ev5 sup]ior to x4 ,he  
:o aft] ! mann] ( metaphysicians pref]s 
,,unreality to ,,reality1 & d]ives !    
concrete f ! ab/ract--9 %ort1 puts ! ^w 
be=e ! fact--may be "r 9 e/eem+ ! idea (

 love z high] ?an ! expression ( love1 &
 may affirm t actual love made manife/ 9
 feel+ is no?+ b ! outw>d & visible sign
 ( a pre-exi/5t1 non-s5su\s1 ab/ract    
love2 & he w d well to despise t s5su\s 
function 9 g5]al4 ,9 any case x 7 safe  
to bet t su* a man _h nev] lov$ or be5  
lov$ z human be+s c love1 or he w\ld h  
und]/ood t 9 despis+ ?is feel+1 :at he  
condemn$ 0 its s5sual expression1 !     
outcome ( man's animal nature1 & n true 
human love4 ,! highe/ satisfaction &    
expression ( ! individual is only to be 
f\nd 9 8 complete absorption1 & t is    
only possible ?r\gh love4 ,n[ a human   
be+ is bo? ,,man & ,,woman3 x is only :5
 ^! two are unit$ t ! real human be+    
exi/s2 & ?us x is only by love t man &  
woman atta9 to ! full measure (         
humanity4 ,b :5 n[adays we talk ( a     
human be+1 su* he>tless blockheads are  
we t q involunt>ily we only ?9k ( man4  
,x is only 9 ! union ( man & woman by   
love 7s5su\s & sup]s5su\s7 t ! human be+
 exi/s2 & z ! human be+ _c rise to !    

conception ( any?+ high] ?an 8 own      
exi/5ce--8 own be+--s ! transc5d5t act (
 8 life is ?is consummation ( 8 humanity
 ?r\gh love4  ,x is cle> aft] ?is       
utt]ance f ! w\ld-be ,s*op5haurian1 t   
,wagn]'s explanations ( 8 works = ! mo/ 
"p expla9 no?+ b ! mood 9 :i* he happ5$ 
to be on ! day he advanc$ !m1 or ! tra9 
( ?\ght sugge/$ to 8 v susceptible      
imag9ation & active m9d by ! po9ts rais$
 by 8 que/ion]4 ,especially 9 8 private 
lett]s1 :]e 8 outp\r+s are modifi$ by 8 
dramatic consci\sness ( ! p]sonality ( 8
 correspond5t1 d we f9d him tak+ all    
mann] ( positions1 & putt+ =w>d all     
sorts ( cases :i* mu/ be tak5 z clev] & 
sugge/ive special plead+s1 & n z s]i\s &
 p]man5t expositions ( 8 works4 ,^!     
works mu/ speak = !mselves3 if ,! ,r+   
says "o ?+1 & a lett] writt5 aft]w>ds   
says t x said some?+ else1 ,! ,r+ mu/ be
 tak5 to confute ! lett] j z            
conclusively z if ! two _h be5 writt5 by
 diff]5t h&s4 ,h[ev]1 nobody fairly well
 acqua9t$ ) ,wagn]'s utt]ances z a :ole 

w f9d any unacc\ntable contradictions 9 
!m4 ,z 9 all m5 ( 8 type1 our manifold  
nature 0 s m>k$ 9 him t he 0 l sev]al   
diff]5t m5 roll$ into "o4 ,:5 he _h     
exhau/$ himself 9 ! "* ( ! mo/          
pugnaci\s1 aggressive1 & sangu9e (      
re=m]s1 he re/$ himself z a ,pessimi/ & 
,nirvani/4 ,9 ,! ,r+ ! quietism (       
,brynhild's ,re/1 re/1 ?\ ,god is       
sublime 9 its deep conviction2 b y h    
only to turn back ! pages to f9d !      
irrepressible bu/le ( ,siegfri$ & !     
revelry ( ! clansm5 express$ ) equal    
ze/4 ,wagn] 0 n a ,s*op5haurite e day 9 
! week1 nor ev5 a ,wagn]ite4 ,8 m9d     
*anges z (t5 z 8 mood4 ,on ,monday no?+ 
w ev] induce him to return to           
quilldriv+3 on ,tuesday he beg9s a new  
pamphlet4 ,on ,w$nesday he is impati5t (
 ! misappreh5sions ( p :o _c see h[     
impossible x is = him to preside z a    
conductor ov] plat=m p]=mances (        
fragm5ts ( 8 works1 :i* c only be       
und]/ood :5 pres5t$ /rictly accord+ to 8
 int5tion on ! /age3 on ,?ursday he gets

 up a conc]t ( ,wagn]ian selections1 &  
:5 x is ov] writes to 8 fri5ds describ+ 
h[ pr(\ndly bo? b&sm5 & audi5ce 7       
impress$4 ,on ,friday he exults 9 !     
self-ass]tion ( ,siegfri$'s w aga9/ all 
moral ord9ances1 & is full ( a          
revolution>y s5se ( ! univ]sal law (    
*ange & r5ewal3 on ,saturday he has an  
attack ( hol9ess1 & asks1 ,c y conceive 
a moral action ( :i* ! root idea is n   
r5unciation8 ,9 %ort1 ,wagn] c be quot$ 
aga9/ himself almo/ )\t limit1 mu* z    
,bee?ov5's adagios c\ld be quot$ aga9/ 8
 s*]zos if a dispute arose betwe5 two   
fools z to :e!r he 0 a melan*oly man or 
a m]ry "o4     ,,! ,,music ,,( ,,! ,,r+ 
,,! ,,repres5tative ,,!mes  ,to be able 
to foll[ ! music ( ,! ,r+1 all t is     
necess>y is to become famili> en\gh ) ! 
brief musical phrases out ( :i* x is    
built to recognize !m & atta* a c]ta9   
def9ite significance to !m1 exactly z   
any ord9>y ,engli%man recognizes &      
atta*es a def9ite significance to ! op5+
 b>s ( ,god ,save ! ,k+4 ,!re is no     

difficulty "h3 e soldi] is expect$ to   
le>n & di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t bugle     
calls & trumpet calls2 & anyone :o c d  
?is c le>n & di/+ui% betwe5 !           
repres5tative !mes or lead+ motives     
7,leitmotifs7 ( ,! ,r+4 ,!y are ! easi] 
to le>n because !y are repeat$ aga9 &   
aga92 & ! ma9 ones are s emphatically   
impress$ on ! e> :il/ ! spectator is    
look+ = ! fir/ "t at ! objects1 or      
witness+ ! fir/ /rong dramatic          
expression ( ! ideas !y d5ote1 t !      
requisite association is =m$            
unconsci\sly4 ,! !mes are nei!r long1   
nor complicat$1 nor difficult4 ,:oev] c 
pick up ! fl\ri% ( a coa*-horn1 ! note (
 a bird1 ! rhy?m ( ! po/man's knock or (
 a horse's gallop1 w be at no loss 9    
pick+ up ! !mes ( ,! ,r+4 ,no d\bt1 :5 x
 comes to =m+ ! necess>y m5tal          
association ) ! !me1 x may happ5 t !    
spectator may f9d 8 e> conqu]+ ! tune m 
easily ?an 8 m9d conqu]s ! ?\ght4 ,b = !
 mo/ "p ! !mes d n d5ote ?\ghts at all1 
b ei!r emotions ( a q simple univ]sal   

k9d1 or ! sights1 s\nds & fancies common
 en\gh to be famili> to *ildr54 ,inde$  
"s ( !m are z frankly *ildi% z any ( !  
funny little or*e/ral int]ludes :i*1 9  
,haydn's ,creation1 introduce ! horse1 !
 de]1 or ! worm4 ,we h bo? ! horse & !  
worm 9 ,! ,r+1 treat$ exactly 9 ,haydn's
 mann]1 & ) an effect n a :it less      
ridicul\s to sup]ior p :o decl9e to take
 x good-humor$ly4 ,ev5 ! complaisance ( 
good ,wagn]ites is occasionally r       
ov]/ra9$ by ! way 9 :i* ,brynhild's     
allusions to h] *>g] ,grani elicit f !  
b& a little rum-ti-tum triplet :i* by   
itself is 9 no way sugge/ive ( a horse1 
al?\gh a cont9u\s ru% ( su* triplets    
makes a v excit+ musical gallop4  ,o!r  
!mes d5ote objects :i* _c be imitatively
 sugge/$ by music3 = in/ance1 music _c  
sugge/ a r+1 & _c sugge/ gold2 yet ea* (
 ^! has a repres5tative !me :i* p]vades 
! score 9 all directions4 ,9 ! case ( ! 
gold ! association is e/abli%$ by ! v   
sali5t way 9 :i* ! or*e/ra breaks into !
 pretty !me 9 ! fir/ act ( ,! ,rh9e     

,gold at ! mom5t :5 ! sunrays /rike d[n 
?r\gh ! wat] & light up ! glitt]+       
treasure1 hi!rto invisible4 ,! ref]5ce (
 ! /range little !me ( ! wi%+ cap is    
equally manife/ f ! fir/1 s9ce !        
spectator's att5tion is :olly tak5 up ) 
! ,t>nhelm & its magic :5 ! !me is fir/ 
po9t$ly utt]$ by ! or*e/ra4 ,! sword !me
 is introduc$ at ! end ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold 
to express ,wotan's h]o inspiration2 &  
,i h already m5tion$ t ,wagn]1 unable1  
:5 x came to practical /age managem5t1  
to =ego ! appeal to ! eye z well z to ! 
?\ght1 "h made ,wotan pick up a sword & 
br&i% x1 ?\gh no su* in/ruction appe>s 9
 ! pr9t$ score4 ,:5 ?is sacrifice to    
,wagn]'s scepticism z to ! reality ( any
 appeal to an audi5ce t is n made ?r\gh 
_! bodily s5se is omitt$1 ! association 
( ! !me ) ! sword is n =m$ until t po9t 
9 ! fir/ act ( ,! ,valkyries at :i*     
,siegmund is left alone by ,hund+'s     
he>?1 weaponless1 ) ! assurance t he w h
 to fight = 8 life at dawn ) 8 ho/4 ,he 
recalls !n h[ 8 fa!r promis$ him a sword

 = 8 h\r ( ne$2 & z he does s1 a flick] 
f ! dy+ fire is caught by ! gold5 hilt (
 ! sword 9 ! tree1 :5 ! !me imm$iately  
beg9s to gleam ?r\gh ! quiv] ( s\nd f ! 
or*e/ra1 & only dies out z ! fire s9ks &
 ! sword is once m hidd5 by ! d>kness4  
,lat] on1 ?is !me1 :i* is nev] sil5t    
:il/ ,siegl9da is dwell+ on ! /ory ( !  
sword1 leaps out into ! mo/ dazzl+      
spl5dor ! b& c give x :5 ,siegmund      
triumphantly draws ! weapon f ! tree4 ,z
 x consi/s ( sev5 notes only1 ) a v m>k$
 measure1 & a melody l a simple fl\ri%  
on a trumpet or po/ horn1 nobody capable
 ( cat*+ a tune c easily miss x4  ,!    
,valhalla !me1 s\nd$ ) solemn gr&eur z !
 home ( ! gods fir/ appe>s to u & to    
,wotan at ! beg9n+ ( ! second sc5e ( ,! 
,rh9e ,gold1 also _c be mi/ak54 ,x1 too1
 has a memorable rhy?m2 & its maje/ic   
h>monies1 f> f pres5t+ ^? novel or      
curi\s problems 9 polyphony ( :i* ,wagn]
 /ill /&s suspect$ by sup]/iti\s p1 are 
j ^? ?ree simple *ords :i* fe/ive /ud5ts
 :o vamp accompanim5ts to comic songs by

 e> soon f9d suffici5t = ne>ly all !    
popul> tunes 9 ! _w4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! r+
 !me1 :5 x beg9s to hurtle ?r\gh ! ?ird 
sc5e ( ,! ,rh9e ,gold1 _c possibly be   
ref]r$ to any special feature 9 ! g5]al 
gloom & turmoil ( ! d5 ( ! dw>fs4 ,x is 
n a melody1 b m]ely ! displac$ metric   
acc5t :i* musicians call syncopation1   
rung on ! notes ( ! famili> *ord =m$ by 
pil+ ?ree m9or ?irds on top ( "o ano!r  
7te*nically1 ! *ord ( ! m9or n9?1       
ci-devant dim9i%$ sev5?74 ,"o soon picks
 x up & id5tifies x2 b x does n get     
introduc$ 9 ! unequivocally cle> fa%ion 
( ! !mes describ$ above1 or ( t         
malignant mon/rosity1 ! !me :i* d5otes !
 curse on ! gold4 ,consequ5tly x _c be  
said t ! musical design ( ! "w is       
p]fectly cle> at ! fir/ he>+ z reg>ds   
all ! !mes2 b x is s z reg>ds mo/ ( !m1 
! ma9 l9es be+ laid d[n z emphatically &
 intelligibly z ! dramatic motives 9 a  
,%akespe>ean play4 ,z to ! coy]         
subtleties ( ! score1 _! discov]y       
provides fre% int]e/ = repeat$ he>+s1   

giv+ ,! ,r+ a ,bee?ov5ian               
inexhau/ibility & t\ghness ( we>4  ,!   
!mes associat$ ) ! individual *>act]s   
get /amp$ on ! memory easily by ! simple
 association ( ! s\nd ( ! !me ) !       
appe>ance ( ! p]son indicat$4 ,its      
appropriat5ess is g5]ally pretty obvi\s4
 ,?us1 ! entry ( ! giants is made to a  
vigor\s /ump+1 tramp+ measure4 ,mimmy1  
be+ a qua9t1 weird old creature1 has a  
qua9t1 weird !me ( two ?9 *ords t creep 
d[n e]ily "o to ! o!r4 ,gutrune's !me is
 pretty & c>ess+3 ,gun!r's bold1 r\gh1 &
 commonplace4 ,x is a favorite trick (  
,wagn]'s1 :5 "o ( 8 *>act]s is kill$ on 
! /age1 to make ! !me atta*$ to t "*    
weak51 fail1 & fade away ) a brok5 e*o  
into sil5ce4     ,,! ,,*>act]ization    
,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! m]e *ild's play ( 
!me "w4 ,! m complex *>act]s1 in/ead (  
hav+ a simple musical label atta*$ to   
!m1 h _! *>act]i/ic ideas & aspirations 
id5tifi$ ) special repres5tative !mes z 
!y come into play 9 ! drama2 & ! *ief   
m]it ( ! !matic /ructure ( ,! ,r+ is !  

ma/]y ) :i* ! dramatic play ( ! ideas is
 reflect$ 9 ! contrapuntal play ( !     
!mes4 ,we d n f9d ,wotan1 l ! dragon or 
! horse1 or1 = ! matt] ( t1 l ! /age    
demon 9 ,web]'s ,freis*utz or ,mey]be]'s
 ,rob]t ! ,devil1 ) "o fix$ !me atta*$  
to him l a "n plate to an umbrella1 bl>+
 unalt]$ f ! or*e/ra :5ev] he /eps on ! 
/age4 ,sometimes we h ! ,valhalla !me   
us$ to express ! greatness ( ! gods z an
 idea ( ,wotan's4 ,aga91 we h 8 spe>1 ! 
symbol ( 8 p[]1 id5tifi$ ) ano!r !me1 on
 :i* ,wagn] f9ally ex]cises 8 favorite  
device by mak+ x break & fail1 cut      
?r\gh1 z x 71 by ! te>+ s\nd ( ! !me    
id5tifi$ ) ! sword1 :5 ,siegfri$ %iv]s !
 spe> ) ! /roke ( ,no?ung4 ,yet ano!r   
!me connect$ ) ,wotan is ! ,w&]] music  
:i* breaks ) su* a maje/ic reassurance  
on ! nightm>e t]ror ( ,mimmy :5 ,wotan  
appe>s at ! m\? ( 8 cave 9 ! sc5e ( !   
?ree riddles4 ,?us n only are !re sev]al
 ,wotan !mes1 b ea* v>ies 9 its         
inflexions & %ades ( tone color accord+ 
to its dramatic circum/ances4 ,s1 too1 !

 m]ry ham tune ( ! "y ,siegfri$ *anges  
its measure1 loads itself ) massive     
h>monies1 & becomes an exordium ( ! mo/ 
impos+ spl5dor :5 x h]alds 8 entry z    
full-fl$g$ h]o 9 ! prologue to ,night   
,falls ,on ,! ,gods4 ,ev5 ,mimmy has 8  
two or ?ree !mes3 ! weird "o already    
describ$2 ! little "o 9 triple measure  
imitat+ ! tap ( 8 hamm]1 & fi]cely mock$
 9 ! savage laugh ( ,alb]ic at 8 dea?2 &
 f9ally ! croon+ tune 9 :i* he details  
all 8 mo!rly k9dnesses to ! little      
f\ndl+ ,siegfri$4 ,besides ?is !re are  
all mann] ( little musical bl9k+s &     
%ambl+s & :9+s1 ! lea/ h9t ( :i* f !    
or*e/ra at any mom5t in/antly br+s      
,mimmy to m9d1 :e!r he is on ! /age at !
 "t or n4  ,9 tru?1 dramatic            
*>act]ization 9 music _c be c>ri$ v f>  
by ! use ( repres5tative !mes4 ,moz>t1 !
 greate/ ( all ma/]s ( ?is art1 nev]    
dreamt ( employ+ !m2 &1 ext5sively z !y 
are us$ 9 ,! ,r+1 !y d n enable ,wagn]  
to disp5se ) ! ,moz>tian me?od4 ,ap>t f 
! !mes1 ,siegfri$ & ,mimmy are /ill z   

%>ply di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! "* ( _!  
music z ,don ,giovanni f ,leporello1    
,wotan f ,gutrune z ,s>a/ro f ,papag5a4 
,x is true t ! !mes atta*$ to ! *>act]s 
h ! same musical appropriat5ess z ! re/ 
( ! music3 = example1 nei!r ! ,valhalla 
nor ! spe> !mes c\ld1 )\t ! mo/ ludicr\s
 incongruity1 be us$ = ! =e/ bird or !  
un/able1 delusive ,loki2 b = all t !    
musical *>act]ization mu/ be reg>d$ z   
indep5d5t ( ! specific !mes1 s9ce !     
entire elim9ation ( ! !matic sy/em f !  
score w\ld leave ! *>act]s z well       
di/+ui%$ musically z !y are at pres5t4  
,"o m illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! !matic
 sy/em is work$4 ,!re are two !mes      
connect$ ) ,loki4 ,"o is a rapid1 s9u\s1
 twi/+1 %ifty semiquav] figure sugge/$  
by ! unsub/antial1 elusive logic-sp9n+ (
 ! clev] "o's bra9craft4 ,! o!r is !    
fire !me4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( ,siegfri$1    
,mimmy makes 8 unavail+ attempt to      
expla9 fe> to ,siegfri$4 ,) ! horror    
fre% ^u him ( ! sort ( nightm>e into :i*
 he has fall5 aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,w&]]1

 & :i* has tak5 ! =m1 at once fanciful &
 symbolic1 ( a deliri\s dread ( light1  
he asks ,siegfri$ :e!r he has nev]1 :il/
 w&]+ 9 ! =e/1 _h 8 he>t set hamm]+ 9   
frantic dread by ! my/]i\s lights ( !   
gloam+4 ,to ?is1 ,siegfri$1 greatly     
a/oni%$1 replies t on su* occasions 8   
he>t is altoge!r heal?y & 8 s5sations   
p]fectly normal4 ,"h ,mimmy's "q is     
accompani$ by ! tremul\s s\nd+ ( ! fire 
!me ) its h>monies mo/ oppressively     
di/urb$ & tr\bl$2 :]eas ) ,siegfri$'s   
reply !y become q cle> & /raight=w>d1   
mak+ ! !me s\nd bold1 brilliant1 & s]5e4
 ,?is is a typical in/ance ( ! way 9 :i*
 ! !mes are us$4  ,! !matic sy/em gives 
symphonic int]e/1 reasonabl5ess1 & unity
 to ! music1 enabl+ ! compos] to exhau/ 
e aspect & quality ( 8 melodic mat]ial1 
&1 9 ,bee?ov5's mann]1 to "w miracles ( 
beauty1 expression & significance ) !   
briefe/ phrases4 ,z a set-(f aga9/ ?is1 
x has l$ ,wagn] to indulge 9 repetitions
 t w\ld be intol]able 9 a purely        
dramatic "w4 ,almo/ ! fir/ ?+ t a       

dramati/ has to le>n 9 con/ruct+ a play 
is t ! p]sons mu/ n come on ! /age 9 !  
second act & tell "o ano!r at great l5g?
 :at ! audi5ce has already se5 pass be=e
 its eyes 9 ! fir/ act4 ,! ext5t to :i* 
,wagn] has be5 s$uc$ into violat+ ?is   
rule by 8 affection = 8 !mes is />tl+ to
 a practic$ playwright4 ,siegfri$       
inh]its f ,wotan a mania = autobiography
 :i* leads him to inflict on e "o he    
meets ! /ory ( ,mimmy & ! dragon1 al?\gh
 ! audi5ce h sp5t a :ole ev5+ witness+ !
 ev5ts he is n>rat+4 ,hag5 tells ! /ory 
to ,gun!r2 & t same night ,alb]ic's gho/
 tells x ov] aga9 to ,hag51 :o kn[s x   
already z well z ! audi5ce4 ,siegfri$   
tells ! ,rh9e maid5s z mu* ( x z !y w   
li/5 to1 & !n keeps tell+ x to 8 hunt+  
companions until !y kill him4 ,wotan's  
autobiography on ! second ev5+ becomes 8
 biography 9 ! m\?s ( ! ,norns on !     
f\r?4 ,! little t ! ,norns add to x is  
repeat$ an h\r lat] by ,valtrauta4 ,h[  
f> all ?is repetition is tol]able is a  
matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,a good /ory w 

be> repetition2 & if x has wov5 into x  
su* pretty tunes z ! ,rh9e maid5s'      
yodel1 ,mimmy's t9kl+ anvil beat1 ! note
 ( ! =e/ bird1 ! call ( ,siegfri$'s     
horn1 & s on1 x w be> a good deal (     
rehe>+4 ,^? :o h b newly le>nt _! way   
?r\gh ,! ,r+ w n readily admit t !re is 
a b> too mu* repetition4  ,b h[ if y f9d
 "s anti-,wagn]ite rais+ ! "q :e!r !    
!matic sy/em does n enable ! compos] to 
produce a music drama ) mu* less musical
 f]tility ?an 0 requir$ f 8 pr$ecessors 
= ! composition ( op]as "u ! old sy/em6 
,su* discussions are n )9 ! scope ( ?is 
little book4 ,b z ! book is n[ f9i%$ 7= 
really no?+ m ne$ be said ab\t ,! ,r+71 
,i am q will+ to add a few pages (      
ord9>y musical criticism1 p>tly to      
please ! amateurs :o enjoy t sort (     
read+1 & p>tly = ! guidance ( ^? :o wi% 
to obta9 "s h9ts to help !m ?r\gh su*   
critical small talk ab\t ,wagn] &       
,bayreu? z may be =c$ ^u !m at ! d9n]   
table or betwe5 ! acts4     ,,! ,,old   
,,& ,,! ,,new ,,music  ,9 ! old-fa%ion$ 

op]a e sep>ate numb] involv$ !          
composition ( a fre% melody2 b x is q a 
mi/ake to suppose t ?is creative-ef=t   
ext5d$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! numb] f !   
fir/ to ! la/ b>4 ,:5 a musician        
composes accord+ to a set metrical      
patt]n1 ! selection ( ! patt]n & !      
composition ( ! fir/ /ave 7a /ave 9     
music corresponds to a l9e 9 v]se7      
g5]ally completes ! creative ef=t4 ,all 
! re/ foll[s m or less me*anically to   
fill up ! patt]n1 an air be+ v l a      
wall-pap] design 9 ?is respect4 ,?us !  
second /ave is usually a p]fectly obvi\s
 consequ5ce ( ! fir/2 & ! ?ird & f\r? an
 exact or v slightly v>i$ repetition ( !
 fir/ & second4 ,= example1 giv5 ! fir/ 
l9e ( ,pop ,goes ! ,weasel or ,yankee   
,doodle1 any musical cobbl] c\ld supply 
! rema9+ ?ree4 ,!re is v little tune    
turn+ ( ?is k9d 9 ,! ,r+2 & x is        
notewor?y t :]e x does occur1 z 9       
,siegmund's spr+ song & ,mimmy's croon1 
,e9 zull5des ,k9d1 ! effect ( !         
symmetrical /aves1 recurr+ z a m]e matt]

 ( =m1 is p]ceptibly poor & platitud9\s 
comp>$ ) ! free fl[ ( melody :i*        
prevails else:]e4  ,! o!r & h>d] way (  
compos+ is to take a /ra9 ( free melody1
 & r+ e v>iety ( *ange ( mood ^u x z if 
x 7 a ?\ght t sometimes br\ght hope1    
sometimes melan*oly1 sometimes          
exultation1 sometimes rag+ despair & s  
on4 ,to take sev]al !mes ( ?is k9d1 &   
weave !m toge!r into a ri* musical      
fabric pass+ panoramically be=e ! e> ) a
 cont9ually v>y+ fl[ ( s5tim5t1 is !    
highe/ feat ( ! musician3 x is 9 ?is way
 t we get ! fugue ( ,ba* & ! symphony ( 
,bee?ov54 ,! admitt$ly inf]ior musician 
is ! "o :o1 l ,aub] & ,(f5ba*1 n to     
m5tion our purveyors ( draw+-room       
ballads1 c produce an unlimit$ quantity 
( symmetrical tunes1 b _c weave !mes    
symphonically4  ,:5 ?is is tak5 into    
acc\nt1 x w be se5 t ! fact t !re is a  
great deal ( repetition 9 ,! ,r+ does n 
di/+ui% x f ! old-fa%ion$ op]as4 ,! real
 diff]5ce is t 9 !m ! repetition 0 us$ =
 ! me*anical completion ( conv5tional   

metric patt]ns1 :]eas 9 ,! ,r+ !        
recurr5ce ( ! !me is an intellig5t &    
int]e/+ consequ5ce ( ! recurr5ce ( !    
dramatic ph5om5on :i* x d5otes4 ,x %\ld 
be rememb]$ also t ! sub/itution (      
symphonically treat$ !mes = tunes )     
symmetrical eight-b> /aves & ! l1 has   
always be5 ! rule 9 ! highe/ =ms (      
music4 ,to describe x1 or be affect$ by 
x1 z an ab&onm5t ( melody1 is to confess
 oneself an ignoramus conv]sant only )  
dance tunes & ballads4  ,! sort ( /uff a
 purely dramatic musician produces :5 he
 hamp]s himself ) metric patt]ns 9      
composition is n unlike :at might h     
result$ 9 lit]ature if ,c>lyle 7=       
example7 _h be5 compell$ by conv5tion to
 write 8 hi/orical /ories 9 rhym$       
/anzas4 ,t is to say1 x limits 8        
f]tility to an occasional phrase1 & ?ree
 qu>t]s ( ! "t ex]cises only 8 b>r5     
+5uity 9 fitt+ rhymes & measures to x4  
,9 lit]ature ! great ma/]s ( ! art h    
long emancipat$ !mselves f metric       
patt]ns4 ,nobody claims t ! hi]>*y (    

mod]n impassion$ prose writ]s1 f ,bunyan
 to ,rusk91 %\ld be plac$ bel[ ! writ]s 
( pretty lyrics1 f ,h]rick to ,mr4 ,au/9
 ,dobson4 ,only 9 dramatic lit]ature d  
we f9d ! deva/at+ tradition ( blank v]se
 /ill l+]+1 giv+ factiti\s pre/ige to ! 
platitudes ( dull>ds1 & robb+ ! dramatic
 /yle ( ! g5u9e poet ( its full natural 
end[m5t ( v>iety1 =ce & simplicity4     
,?is /ate ( ?+s1 z we h se51 f9ds its   
p>allel 9 musical art1 s9ce music c be  
writt5 9 prose !mes or 9 v]sifi$ tunes2 
only "h nobody dreams ( disput+ ! great]
 difficulty ( ! prose =ms1 & !          
comp>ative triviality ( v]sification4   
,yet 9 dramatic music1 z 9 dramatic     
lit]ature1 ! tradition ( v]sification   
cl+s ) ! same p]nici\s results2 & !     
op]a1 l ! trag$y1 is conv5tionally made 
l a wall pap]4 ,! !atre seems doom$ to  
be 9 all ?+s ! la/ refuge ( ! hank]+    
aft] *eap prett9ess 9 art4  ,un=tunately
 ?is confusion ( ! decorative ) !       
dramatic elem5t 9 bo? lit]ature & music 
is ma9ta9$ by ! example ( great ma/]s 9 

bo? arts4 ,v t\*+ dramatic expression c 
be comb9$ ) decorative symmetry (       
v]sification :5 ! arti/ happ5s to       
possess bo? ! decorative & dramatic     
gifts1 & to h cultivat$ bo? h& 9 h&4    
,%akespe>e & ,%elley1 = in/ance1 f> f   
be+ hamp]$ by ! conv5tional obligation  
to write _! dramas 9 v]se1 f\nd x mu* ! 
easie/ & *eape/ way ( produc+ !m4 ,b if 
,%akespe>e _h be5 compell$ by cu/om to  
write entirely 9 prose1 all 8 ord9>y    
dialogue might h be5 z good z ! fir/    
sc5e ( ,z ,y ,l ,x2 & all 8 l(ty        
passages z f9e z ,:at a piece ( "w is   
,man61 ?us sp>+ u a great deal ( blank  
v]se 9 :i* ! ?\ght is commonplace1 & !  
expression1 ?\gh cat*+ly turn$1 absurdly
 pomp\s4 ,! ,c5t might ei!r h be5 a     
s]i\s drama or might nev] h be5 writt5  
at all if ,%elley _h n be5 all[$ to c>ry
 (f its unreality by ,elizabe?an        
v]sification4 ,/ill1 bo? poets h a*iev$ 
_m passages 9 :i* ! decorative &        
dramatic qualities are n only reconcil$1
 b seem to enhance "o ano!r to a pit*   

o!rwise unatta9able4  ,j s 9 music4 ,:5 
we f9d1 z 9 ! case ( ,moz>t1 a          
prodigi\sly gift$ & ardu\sly tra9$      
musician :o is also1 by a happy accid5t1
 a dramati/ comp>able to ,moli]e1 !     
obligation to compose op]as 9 v]sifi$   
numb]s n only does n emb>rass him1 b    
actually saves him tr\ble & ?\ght4 ,no  
matt] :at 8 dramatic mood may be1 he    
expresses x 9 exquisite musical v]ses m 
easily ?an a dramati/ ( ord9>y s+l5ess (
 tal5t c express x 9 prose4 ,accord+ly1 
he too1 l ,%akespe>e & ,%elley1 leaves  
v]sifi$ airs1 l ,dalla sua pace1 or     
,gluck's ,*e f>e s5za ,euridice1 or     
,web]'s ,leise1 leise1 :i* are z        
dramatic f ! fir/ note to ! la/ z !     
untrammell$ !mes ( ,! ,r+4 ,9           
consequ5ce1 x us$ to be pr(essorially   
dem&$ t all dramatic music %\ld pres5t !
 same d\ble aspect4 ,! dem& 0           
unreasonable1 s9ce symmetrical          
v]sification is no m]it 9 dramatic      
music3 "o might z well /ipulate t a d9n]
 =k %\ld be con/ruct$ s z to s]ve also z

 a tableclo?4 ,x 0 an ignorant dem& too1
 because x is n true t ! compos]s ( ^!  
exceptional examples 7 always1 or ev5   
(t51 able to comb9e dramatic expression 
) symmetrical v]sification4 ,side by    
side ) ,dalla sua pace we h ,il mio     
tesoro & ,non mi dir1 9 :i* exquisitely 
expressive op5+ phrases lead to         
decorative passages :i* are z grotesque 
f ! dramatic po9t ( view z ! music :i*  
,alb]ic s+s :5 he is slipp+ & sneez+ 9 !
 ,rh9e mud is f ! decorative po9t (     
view4 ,fur!r1 !re is to be consid]$ !   
mass ( %apeless dry recitative :i*      
sep>ates ^! symmetrical numb]s1 & :i*   
might h be5 rais$ to consid]able        
dramatic & musical importance _h x be5  
incorporat$ into a cont9u\s musical     
fabric by !matic treatm5t4 ,f9ally1     
,moz>t's mo/ dramatic f9ales & conc]t$  
numb]s are m or less 9 sonata =m1 l     
symphonic movem5ts1 & mu/ !re=e be      
class$ z musical prose4 ,& sonata =m    
dictates repetitions & recapitulations f
 :i* ! p]fectly unconv5tional =m adopt$ 

by ,wagn] is free4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is m 
scope = bo? repetition & conv5tion 9 !  
old =m ?an 9 ! new2 & ! poor] a         
compos]'s musical gift is1 ! sur] he is 
to resort to ! eighte5? c5tury patt]ns  
to eke out 8 inv5tion4     ,,! ,,n9ete5?
 ,,c5tury  ,:5 ,wagn] 0 born 9 #ahac1   
music _h newly become ! mo/ a/oni%+1 !  
mo/ fasc9at+1 ! mo/ miracul\s art 9 !   
_w4 ,moz>t's ,don ,giovanni _h made all 
musical ,europe consci\s ( ! en*antm5ts 
( ! mod]n or*e/ra & ( ! p]fect          
adaptability ( music to ! subtle/ ne$s (
 ! dramati/4 ,bee?ov5 _h %[n h[ ^?      
in>ticulate mood-poems :i* surge ?r\gh  
m5 :o h1 l himself1 no exceptional comm&
 ( words1 c be writt5 d[n 9 music z     
symphonies4 ,n t ,moz>t & ,bee?ov5      
inv5t$ ^! applications ( _! art2 b !y 7 
! fir/ ^: works made x cle> t ! dramatic
 & subjective p[]s ( s\nd 7 en?rall+    
en\gh to /& by !mselves q ap>t f !      
decorative musical /ructures ( :i* !y _h
 hi!rto be5 a m]e feature4 ,aft] !      
f9ales 9 ,fig>o & ,don ,giovanni1 !     

possibility ( ! mod]n music drama lay   
b>e4 ,aft] ! symphonies ( ,bee?ov5 x 0  
c]ta9 t ! poetry t lies too deep = words
 does n lie too deep = music1 & t !     
vicissitudes ( ! s\l1 f ! r\ghe/ fun to 
! l(tie/ aspiration1 c make symphonies  
)\t ! aid ( dance tunes4 ,z mu*1 p]haps1
 w be claim$ = ! preludes & fugues (    
,ba*2 b ,ba*'s me?od 0 unatta9able3 8   
compositions 7 wond]ful webs (          
exquisitely beautiful ,go?ic trac]ies 9 
s\nd1 q beyond all ord9>y human tal5t4  
,bee?ov5's f> blunt] craft 0 ?or\ghly   
popul> & practicable3 n to save 8 s\l   
c\ld he h drawn "o long ,go?ic l9e 9    
s\nd z ,ba* c\ld1 mu* less h wov5 sev]al
 ( !m toge!r ) s apt a h>mony t ev5 :5 !
 compos] is unmov$ its progressions     
saturate !mselves ) ! emotion :i* 7z    
mod]n critics are a little apt to =get7 
spr+s z w>mly f our delicately t\*$     
admiration z f our sympa?ies1 &         
sometimes makes u give a compos] cr$it =
 pa!tic int5tions :i* he does n ent]ta91
 j z a boy imag9es a treasure ( t5d]ness

 & noble wisdom 9 ! beauty ( a woman4   
,besides1 ,ba* set comic dialogue to    
music exactly z he set ! recitatives ( !
 ,passion1 !re be+ = him1 app>5tly1 only
 "o recitative possible1 & t ! musically
 be/4 ,he res]v$ ! expression ( 8 m]ry  
mood = ! regul> set numb]s 9 :i* he c\ld
 make "o ( 8 wond]ful contrapuntal      
trac]ies ( pure ornam5t ) ! requisite   
gaiety ( l9e & movem5t4 ,bee?ov5 b[$ to 
no ideal ( beauty3 he only s\ght !      
expression = 8 feel+4 ,to him a joke 0 a
 joke2 & if x s\nd$ funny 9 music he 0  
satisfi$4 ,until ! old habit ( judg+ all
 music by its decorative symmetry _h    
worn out1 musicians 7 %ock$ by 8        
symphonies1 &1 misund]/&+ 8 integrity1  
op5ly que/ion$ 8 sanity4 ,b to ^? :o 7 n
 look+ = pretty new s\nd patt]ns1 b 7   
long+ = ! expression ( _! moods 9 music1
 he a*iev$ revelation1 because1 be+ s+le
 9 8 aim to express 8 own moods1 he     
anticipat$ ) revolution>y c\rage &      
frankness all ! moods ( ! ris+ g5]ations
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  ,! result 0       

inevitable4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 no  
long] necess>y to be a born patt]n      
design] 9 s\nd to be a compos]4 ,"o _h b
 to be a dramati/ or a poet completely  
susceptible to ! dramatic & descriptive 
p[]s ( s\nd4 ,a race ( lit]>y & !atrical
 musicians appe>$2 & ,mey]be]1 ! fir/ ( 
!m1 made an extraord9>y impression4 ,!  
frankly deliri\s description ( 8 ,rob]t 
! ,devil 9 ,balzac's %ort /ory entitl$  
,gambra1 & ,goe!'s a/oni%+ly mi/ak5     
notion t he c\ld h compos$ music =      
,fau/1 %[ h[ completely ! en*antm5ts ( !
 new dramatic music upset ! judgm5t (   
arti/s ( em95t disc]nm5t4 ,mey]be] 01 p 
said 7old g5tlem5 /ill say s 9 ,p>is71 !
 successor ( ,bee?ov53 he 01 if a less  
p]fect musician ?an ,moz>t1 a pr(\nd]   
g5ius4 ,above all1 he 0 orig9al & d>+4  
,wagn] himself rav$ ab\t ! duet 9 ! f\r?
 act ( ,les ,hugu5ots z wildly z anyone4
  ,yet all ?is effect ( orig9ality &    
pr(undity 0 produc$ by a q limit$ tal5t 
= turn+ /rik+ phrases1 exploit+ c]ta9   
curi\s & r cat*+ rhy?ms & modulations1 &

 devis+ sugge/ive or ecc5tric           
in/rum5tation4 ,on its decorative side1 
x 0 ! same ph5om5on 9 music z ! ,b>oque 
s*ool 9 ar*itecture3 an en]getic /ruggle
 to enliv5 organic decay by me*anical   
oddities & novelties4 ,mey]be] 0 no     
symphoni/4 ,he c\ld n apply ! !matic    
sy/em to 8 /rik+ phrases1 & s _h to     
cobble !m into metric patt]ns 9 ! old   
/yle2 & z he 0 no absolute musician     
ei!r1 he h>dly got 8 metric patt]ns     
beyond m]e quadrille tunes1 :i* 7 ei!r  
:olly undi/+ui%$1 or else made rem>kable
 by c]ta9 brusqu]ies :i*1 9 ! true      
rococo mann]1 ow$ _! s+ul>ity to _!     
s5selessness4 ,he c\ld produce nei!r a  
?or\gh music drama nor a *>m+ op]a4 ,b )
 all ?is1 & worse1 ,mey]be] _h "s g5u9e 
dramatic en]gy1 & ev5 passion2 &        
sometimes rose to ! occasion 9 a mann]  
:i*1 :il/ ! imag9ation ( 8 contempor>ies
 rema9$ on fire ) ! novelties ( dramatic
 music1 l$ !m to ov]rate him ) an       
extravagance :i* provok$ ,wagn] to      
conduct a long critical campaign aga9/ 8

 lead]%ip4 ,?irty ye>s ago ?is campaign 
0 m5tably ascrib$ to ! pr(essional      
jeal\sy ( a disappo9t$ rival4 ,n[adays  
"y p _c und]/& h[ anyone c\ld ev] h tak5
 ,mey]be]'s influ5ce s]i\sly4 ,^? :o    
rememb] h[ 8 reputation /ood half a     
c5tury ago1 & :o realize :at a          
no?or\ghf>e ! pa? he op5$ prov$ to be1  
ev5 to himself1 "k h[ inevitable & h[   
imp]sonal ,wagn]'s attack 04  ,wagn] 0 !
 lit]>y musician p> excell5ce4 ,he c\ld 
n1 l ,moz>t & ,bee?ov51 produce         
decorative tone /ructures indep5d5tly ( 
any dramatic or poetic subject matt]1   
because1 t craft be+ no long] necess>y =
 8 purpose1 he did n cultivate x4 ,z    
,%akespe>e1 comp>$ ) ,t5nyson1 appe>s to
 h an exclusively dramatic tal5t1 s     
exactly does ,wagn] comp>$ )            
,m5delssohn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he _h n to g 
to ?ird rate lit]>y hacks = librettos to
 set to music3 he produc$ 8 own dramatic
 poems1 ?us giv+ dramatic integrity to  
op]a1 & mak+ symphony articulate4 ,a    
,bee?ov5 symphony 7except ! articulate  

"p ( ! n9?7 expresses noble feel+1 b n  
?\ght3 x has moods1 b no ideas4 ,wagn]  
add$ ?\ght & produc$ ! music drama4     
,moz>t's l(tie/ op]a1 8 ,r+1 s to speak1
 ,! ,magic ,flute1 has a libretto :i*1  
?\gh none ! worse = seem+1 l ,! ,rh9e   
,gold1 ! m]e/ ,*ri/mas tomfool]y to     
%all[ spectators1 is ! product ( a tal5t
 immeasurably inf]ior to ,moz>t's own4  
,! libretto ( ,don ,giovanni is co>se & 
trivial3 its transfiguration by ,moz>t's
 music may be a m>vel2 b nobody w v5ture
 to cont5d t su* transfigurations1 h[ev]
 s$uctive1 c be z satisfactory z tone   
poetry or drama 9 :i* ! musician & !    
poet are at ! same level4 ,"h1 !n1 we h 
! simple secret ( ,wagn]'s preemm95ce z 
a dramatic musician4 ,he wrote ! poems z
 well z compos$ ! music ( 8 /age fe/ival
 plays1 z he call$ !m4  ,up to a c]ta9  
po9t 9 8 c>e] ,wagn] paid ! p5alty (    
und]tak+ two arts in/ead ( "o4 ,moz>t _h
 8 trade z a musician at 8 f+]s' ends :5
 he 0 tw5ty1 because he _h s]v$ an      
ardu\s appr5tice%ip to t trade & no o!r4

 ,wagn] 0 v f> f hav+ atta9$ equal ma/]y
 at ?irty-five3 inde$ he himself has    
told u t n until he _h pass$ ! age at   
:i* ,moz>t di$ did he compose ) t       
complete spontaneity ( musical          
expression :i* c only be atta9$ by w9n+ 
entire fre$om f all preoccupation ) !   
difficulties ( te*nical processes4 ,b :5
 t "t came1 he 0 n only a consummate    
musician1 l ,moz>t1 b a dramatic poet & 
a critical & philosophical essayi/1     
ex]cis+ a consid]able influ5ce on 8     
c5tury4 ,! sign ( ?is consummation 0 8  
ability at la/ to play ) 8 art1 & ?us to
 add to 8 already fam\s a*ievem5ts 9    
s5tim5tal drama t ligh!>t$ art ( com$y (
 :i* ! greate/ ma/]s1 l ,moli]e &       
,moz>t1 are s mu* r>] ?an ! trag$ians & 
s5tim5tali/s4 ,x 0 !n t he compos$ !    
fir/ two acts ( ,siegfri$1 & lat] on ,! 
,ma/]s+]s1 a pr(ess$ly com$ic "w1 & a q 
,moz>tian g>d5 ( melody1 h>dly cr$ible z
 ! "w ( ! /ra9+ artifices ( ,tanehaus]4 
,only1 z no man ev] le>ns to d "o ?+ by 
do+ some?+ else1 h[ev] closely alli$ !  

two ?+s may be1 ,wagn] /ill produc$ no  
music indep5d5tly ( 8 poems4 ,! ov]ture 
to ,! ,ma/]s+]s is delightful :5 y "k   
:at x is all ab\t2 b only ^? to :om x   
came z a conc]t piece )\t any su* clue1 
& :o judg$ its reckless c\nt]po9t by !  
/&>d ( ,ba* & ( ,moz>t's ,magic ,flute  
ov]ture1 c realize h[ atroci\s x us$ to 
s\nd to musicians ( ! old s*ool4 ,:5 ,i 
fir/ he>d x1 ) ! cle> m>* ( ! polyphony 
9 ,ba*'s ,b m9or ,mass fre% 9 my memory1
 ,i confess ,i ?\ght t ! p>ts _h got    
dislocat$1 & t "s ( ! b& 7 half a b>    
beh9d ! o!rs4 ,p]haps !y 72 b n[ t ,i am
 famili> ) ! "w1 & ) ,wagn]'s h>mony1 ,i
 c /ill q und]/& c]ta9 passages produc+ 
t effect organ admir] ( ,ba* ev5 :5     
p]=m$ ) p]fect accuracy4     ,,! ,,music
 ,,( ,,! ,,future  ,! success ( ,wagn]  
has be5 s prodigi\s t to 8 dazzl$       
disciples x seems t ! age ( :at he call$
 absolute music mu/ be at an end1 & !   
musical future de/9$ to be an           
exclusively ,wagn]ian "o inaugurat$ at  
,bayreu?4 ,all great g5iuses produce ?is

 illusion4 ,wagn] did n beg9 a movem5t3 
he consummat$ x4 ,he 0 ! summit ( !     
n9ete5? c5tury s*ool ( dramatic music 9 
! same s5se z ,moz>t 0 ! summit 7! ^w is
 ,g\nod's7 ( ! eighte5? c5tury s*ool4 ,&
 ^? :o attempt to c>ry on 8 ,bayreu?    
tradition w assur$ly %>e ! fate ( !     
=gott5 purveyors ( second-h& ,moz>t a   
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,z to ! expect$        
sup]session ( absolute music1 x is      
suffici5t to po9t to ! fact t ,g]many   
produc$ two absolute musicians ( ! fir/ 
class dur+ ,wagn]'s lifetime3 "o1 !     
greatly gift$ ,goetz1 :o di$ "y2 ! o!r1 
,brahms1 ^: absolute musical end[m5t 0 z
 extraord9>y z 8 ?\ght 0 commonplace4   
,wagn] _h = him ! contempt ( ! orig9al  
?9k] = ! man ( second-h& ideas1 & ( !   
/r5u\sly dramatic musician = m]e brute  
musical faculty2 b ?\gh 8 contempt 0    
p]haps des]v$ by ! ,triumphli$s1 &      
,s*icksalsli$s1 & ,elegies & ,requiems 9
 :i* ,brahms took 8 bra9s s s]i\sly1    
nobody c li/5 to ,brahms' natural       
utt]ance ( ! ri*e/ absolute music1      

especially 9 8 *amb] compositions1 )\t  
rejoic+ 9 8 amaz+ gift4 ,a reaction to  
absolute music1 />t+ p>tly f ,brahms1 & 
p>tly f su* revivals ( m$ieval music z  
^? ( ,de ,lange 9 ,holl& & ,mr4 ,arnold 
,dolmets* 9 ,engl&1 is bo? likely &     
promis+2 :]eas !re is no m hope 9       
attempts to out-,wagn] ,wagn] 9 music   
drama ?an !re 0 9 ! old attempts--or = !
 matt] ( t1 ! new ones--to make ,h&el ! 
/>t+ po9t ( a great s*ool ( oratorio4   
,,bayreu?  ,:5 ! ,bayreu? ,fe/ival      
,playh\se 0 at la/ complet$1 & op5$ 9   
#ahgf ) ! fir/ p]=mance ( ,! ,r+1       
,european society 0 compell$ to admit t 
,wagn] 0 a success4 ,royal p]sonages1   
dete/+ 8 music1 sat out ! p]=mances 9 ! 
r[ ( boxes set ap>t = pr9ces4 ,!y all   
complim5t$ him on ! a/oni%+ pu% ) :i*1 9
 ! tee? ( all ob/acles1 he _h turn$ a   
fabul\s & vision>y project into a       
concrete comm]cial reality1 patroniz$ by
 ! public at a p\nd a head4 ,x is z well
 to "k t ^! congratulations _h no o!r   
effect ^u ,wagn] ?an to op5 8 eyes to ! 

fact t ! ,bayreu? exp]im5t1 z an attempt
 to evade ! ord9>y social & comm]cial   
conditions ( !atrical ent]prise1 0 a    
failure4 ,8 own acc\nt ( x contra/s !   
reality ) 8 int5tions 9 a ve9 :i* w\ld  
be bitt] if x 7 n s humor\s4 ,!         
precautions tak5 to keep ! seats out ( !
 h&s ( ! frivol\s public & 9 ! h&s (    
e>ne/ disciples1 b&$ toge!r 9 little    
,wagn] ,societies ?r\gh\t ,europe1 _h   
end$ 9 _! =e/all+ by ticket speculators 
& _! sale to j ! sort ( idle            
globe-trott+ t\ri/s aga9/ :om ! temple 0
 to h be5 /rictly clos$4 ,! money1      
suppos$ to be contribut$ by ! fai?ful1 0
 begg$ by en]getic subscription-hunt+   
ladies f p :o mu/ h _h ! mo/ grotesque  
misconceptions ( ! compos]'s aims--among
 o!rs1 ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt & ! ,sultan ( 
,turkey6  ,! only *ange t has occurr$   
s9ce !n is t subscriptions are no long] 
ne$$2 = ! ,fe/ival ,playh\se app>5tly   
pays its own way n[1 & is comm]cially on
 ! same foot+ z any o!r !atre4 ,! only  
qualification requir$ f ! visitor is    

money4 ,a ,london] sp5ds tw5ty p\nds on 
a visit3 a native ,bayreu!r sp5ds "o    
p\nd4 ,9 ei!r case ! ,folk1 on ^: behalf
 ,wagn] turn$ out 9 #ahdi1 are          
effectually exclud$2 & ! ,fe/ival       
,playh\se mu/ !re=e be class$ z         
inf9itely less ,wagn]ian 9 its "* ?an   
,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4 ,nobody knew ?is
 bett] ?an ,wagn]2 & no?+ c be fur!r (f 
! m>k ?an to *att] ab\t ,bayreu? z if x 
_h succe$$ 9 escap+ f ! conditions ( our
 mod]n civilization any m ?an ! ,gr&    
,op]a 9 ,p>is or ,london4  ,)9 ^!       
conditions1 h[ev]1 x effect$ a new      
dep>ture 9 t excell5t ,g]man in/itution1
 ! summ] !atre4 ,unlike our op]a h\ses1 
:i* are con/ruct$ s t ! audi5ce may     
pres5t a spl5did pageant to ! delight$  
manag]1 x is design$ to secure an       
un9t]rupt$ view ( ! /age1 & an undi/urb$
 he>+ ( ! music1 to ! audi5ce4 ,!       
dramatic purpose ( ! p]=mances is tak5 )
 entire & elaborate s]i\sness z ! sole  
purpose ( !m2 & ! managem5t is jeal\s = 
! reputation ( ,wagn]4 ,! comm]cial     

success :i* has foll[$ ?is policy %[s t 
! public wants summ] !atres ( ! highe/  
class4 ,!re is no reason :y ! exp]im5t  
%\ld n be tri$ 9 ,engl&4 ,if our        
en?usiasm = ,h&el c support ,h&el       
,fe/ivals1 laughably dull1 /upid &      
anti-,h&elian z ^! *oral mon/rosities   
are1 z well z annual prov9cial fe/ivals 
on ! same model1 !re is no likelihood ( 
a ,wagn] ,fe/ival fail+4 ,suppose1 =    
in/ance1 a ,wagn] !atre 7 built at      
,hampton ,c\rt or on ,ri*mond ,hill1 n  
to say ,m>gate pi]1 s t we c\ld h a     
delightful summ] ev5+ holiday1 ,bayreu? 
fa%ion1 pass+ ! h\rs betwe5 ! acts 9 !  
p>k or on ! riv] be=e sunset1 is x      
s]i\sly cont5d$ t !re w\ld be any lack (
 visitors8 ,if a little ( ! money t is  
wa/$ on gr& /&s1 ,eiffel t[]s1 & dismal 
,halls by ! ,sea1 all z mu* ti$ to brief
 annual seasons z ,bayreu?1 7 appli$ 9  
?is way1 ! pr(it w\ld be f> m c]ta9 & ! 
social utility prodigi\sly great]4 ,any 
,engli% en?usiasm = ,bayreu? t does n   
take ! =m ( clamor = a ,fe/ival         

,playh\se 9 ,engl& may be set aside z   
m]e pilgrimage mania4  ,^? :o g to      
,bayreu? nev] rep5t x1 al?\gh !         
p]=mances !re are (t5 f> f delectable4  
,! s++ is sometimes tol]able1 &         
sometimes abom9able4 ,"s ( ! s+]s are   
m]e animat$ be] casks1 too lazy &       
conceit$ to practise ! self-control &   
physical tra9+ t is expect$ z a matt] ( 
c\rse f an acrobat1 a jockey or a       
pugili/4 ,! wom5's dresses are prudi% & 
absurd4 ,x is true t ,kundry no long]   
we>s an e>ly ,victorian ball dress )    
ru*+s1 & t ,fre% has be5 provid$ ) a    
qua9tly modi% copy ( ! fl[]$ g[n ( ,spr+
 9 ,botticelli's fam\s picture2 b !     
mailclad ,brynhild /ill climbs ! m\nta9s
 ) h] legs c>efully hidd5 9 a long :ite 
skirt1 & looks s exactly l ,mrs4 ,leo   
,hunt] z ,m9]va t x is q impossible to  
feel a ray ( illusion :il/ look+ at h]4 
,! ideal ( womanly beauty aim$ at rem9ds
 ,engli%m5 ( ! b>maids ( ! sev5ties1 :5 
! craze = gold5 hair 0 at its wor/4     
,fur!r1 :il/ ,wagn]'s /age directions   

are sometimes disreg>d$ z un9tellig5tly 
z at ,cov5t ,g>d51 an intol]ably        
old-fa%ion$ tradition ( half rhetorical1
 half hi/orical-pictorial attitude &    
ge/ure prevails4 ,! mo/ /rik+ mom5ts ( !
 drama are conceiv$ z tableaux vivants )
 pos$ models1 in/ead ( z passages (     
action1 motion & life4  ,i ne$ h>dly add
 t ! sup]natural p[]s ( control         
attribut$ by cr$ul\s pilgrims to ,madame
 ,wagn] d n exi/4 ,prima donnas & t5ors 
are z unmanageable at ,bayreu? z any:]e 
else4 ,ca/s are caprici\sly *ang$2 /age 
bus9ess is insuffici5tly rehe>s$2 !     
public are compell$ to li/5 to a        
,brynhild or ,siegfri$ ( fifty :5 !y h  
c>efully arrang$ to see "o ( tw5ty-five1
 mu* z 9 any ord9>y op]a h\se4 ,ev5 !   
conductors upset ! arrangem5ts          
occasionally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we leave 
! vag>ies ( ! />s out ( acc\nt1 we may  
safely expect always t 9 ?or\ghness (   
prep>ation ( ! *ief "w ( ! season1 9    
/r5u\s arti/ic pret5ti\sness1 9 pi\s    
conviction t ! "w is ( su* enorm\s      

importance z to be wor? do+ well at all 
co/s1 ! ,bayreu? p]=mances w des]ve _!  
reputation4 ,! b& is plac$ out ( sight (
 ! audi5ce1 ) ! m =midable in/rum5ts    
b5ea? ! /age1 s t ! s+]s h n to s+      
,,?r\gh ! brass4 ,! effect is q p]fect4 
,,bayreu? ,,9 ,,engl&  ,i purposely     
dwell on ! faults ( ,bayreu? 9 ord] to  
%[ t !re is no reason 9 ! _w :y z good &
 bett] p]=mances ( ,! ,r+ %\ld n be giv5
 9 ,engl&4 ,wagn]'s scores are n[ be=e !
 _w2 & nei!r 8 wid[ nor 8 son c pret5d  
to h&le !m ) great] au?ority ?an any    
arti/ :o feels ! impulse to int]pret !m4
 ,nobody w ev] "k :at ,wagn] himself    
?\ght ( ! arti/s :o e/abli%$ ! ,bayreu? 
tradition3 he 0 obvi\sly n 9 a position 
to criticize !m4 ,= in/ance1 _h ,rub9i  
surviv$ to create ,siegmund1 x is q     
c]ta9 t we %\ld n h _h f ,wagn]'s p5 s  
amus+ & vivid a description z we h ( 8  
,ottavio 9 ! old ,p>is days4 ,wagn] 0 "u
 great obligations to ! h]oes & h]o9es (
 #ahgf2 & he naturally said no?+ to     
disp>age _! triumphs2 b !re is no reason

 to believe t all or inde$ any ( !m     
satisfi$ him z ,s*norr ( ,c>olsfeld     
satisfi$ him z ,tri/an1 or ,s*rod]      
,devri5t z ,fidelio4 ,x is j z likely z 
n t ! next ,s*norr or ,s*rod] may arise 
9 ,engl&4 ,if t %\ld actually happ51    
nei!r ( !m w ne$ any fur!r au?ority ?an 
_! own g5ius & ,wagn]'s scores = _!     
guidance4 ,c]ta9ly ! less _! spontane\s 
impulses are sophi/icat$ by ! v /agey   
traditions :i* ,bayreu? is h&+ d[n f !  
age ( ,crummles1 ! bett]4     ,,wagn]ian
 ,,s+]s  ,no nation ne$ h mu* difficulty
 9 produc+ a race ( ,wagn]ian s+]s4 ,) !
 s+le exception ( ,h&el1 no compos] has 
writt5 music s well calculat$ to make   
its s+]s vocal a?letes z ,wagn]4        
,abom9ably z ! ,g]mans s+1 x is a/oni%+ 
h[ !y ?rive physically on 8 lead+ p>ts4 
,8 secret is ! ,h&elian secret4 ,in/ead 
( specializ+ 8 vocal p>ts aft] ! mann] (
 ,v]di & ,g\nod = high sopranos1 scream+
 t5ors1 & high b>itones ) an effective  
compass ( ab\t a fif? at ! extreme      
tiptop ( _! ranges1 & = contraltos ) *e/

 regi/]s =c$ all ov] _! compass 9 !     
mann] ( music hall s+]s1 he employs !   
entire range ( ! human voice freely1    
dem&+ f ev]ybody v ne>ly two effective  
octaves1 s t ! voice is well ex]cis$ all
 ov]1 & "o "p ( x relieves ! o!r        
heal?ily & cont9ually4 ,he uses         
extremely high notes v sp>+ly1 & is     
especially consid]ate 9 ! matt] (       
in/rum5tal accompanim5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! s+]  
appe>s to h all ! ?und]s ( ! full       
or*e/ra rag+ aga9/ him1 a glance at !   
score w %[ t he is well he>d1 n because 
( any exceptionally /5torian p[] 9 8    
voice1 b because ,wagn] meant him to be 
he>d & took ! greate/ c>e n to ov]:elm  
him4 ,su* brutal opacities (            
accompanim5t z we f9d 9 ,ross9i's ,/abat
 or ,v]di's ,trovatore1 :]e ! /r+s play 
a rum-tum accompanim5t :il/ ! entire w9d
 b& bl>es away1 =tissimo1 9 unison ) !  
un=tunate s+]1 are nev] to be f\nd 9    
,wagn]'s "w4 ,ev5 9 an ord9>y op]a h\se1
 ) ! or*e/ra rang$ directly betwe5 !    
s+]s & ! audi5ce1 8 in/rum5tation is m  

transp>5t to ! human voice ?an t ( any  
o!r compos] s9ce ,moz>t4 ,at ! ,bayreu? 
,buhn5fe/spielhaus1 ) ! brass "u ! /age1
 x is p]fectly s4  ,on e po9t1 !n1 a    
,wagn] !atre & ,wagn] fe/ivals are mu* m
 g5]ally practicable ?an ! old] & m     
artificial =ms ( dramatic music4 ,a     
pres5table p]=mance ( ,! ,r+ is a big   
und]tak+ only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !          
con/ruction ( a railway is a big        
und]tak+3 t is1 x requires pl5ty ( "w & 
pl5ty ( pr(essional skill2 b x does n1 l
 ! old op]as & oratorios1 require ^?    
extraord9>y vocal gifts :i* only a few  
individuals scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t    
,europe are born )4 ,s+]s :o c\ld nev]  
execute ! r\lades ( ,semiramis1 ,assur1 
& ,arsaces 9 ,ross9i's ,semiramide1 c\ld
 s+ ! p>ts ( ,brynhild1 ,wotan & ,erda  
)\t miss+ a note4 ,any ,engli%man c     
und]/& ?is if he consid]s = a mom5t !   
diff]5ce betwe5 a ,ca!dral s]vice & an  
,italian op]a at ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,! s]vice
 is a mu* m s]i\s matt] ?an ! op]a4 ,yet
 prov9cial tal5t is suffici5t = x1 if ! 

requisite indu/ry & devotion are =?com+4
 ,let u admit t g5iuses ( ,european     
celebrity are indisp5sable at ! ,op]a   
7?\gh ,i "k bett]1 hav+ se5 lu/y troop]s
 & port]s1 )\t art or mann]s1 accept$ by
 fa%ion z pr9cipal t5ors at t in/itution
 dur+ ! long int]val betwe5 ,m>io &     
,jean de ,reszke72 b let u rememb] t    
,bayreu? has recruit$ its ,p>sifals f ! 
peasantry1 & t ! artisans ( a village 9 
! ,bav>ian ,alps are capable ( a fam\s &
 elaborate ,passion ,play1 & !n consid] 
:e!r ,engl& is s poor 9 tal5t t its     
amateurs mu/ j\rney to ! c5tre ( ,europe
 to witness a ,wagn] ,fe/ival4  ,! tru? 
is1 !re is no?+ wrong ) ,engl& except ! 
weal? :i* attracts tea*]s ( s++ to h]   
%ores 9 suffici5t numb]s to ext+ui% !   
voices ( all natives :o h any tal5t z   
s+]s4 ,our salvation mu/ come f ! class 
t is too poor to h lessons4